gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variable frequency transformer - a new alternative for asynchronous power transfer (2006)

A new power transmission technology has been developed. The variable frequency transformer (VFT) is a controllable, bi-directional transmission device that can transfer power between asynchronous networks. Functionally, the VFT is similar to a back-to-back HVDC converter. The core technology of the VFT is a rotary transformer with three-phase windings on both rotor and stator. A motor and drive system are used to adjust the rotational position of the rotor relative to the stator, thereby controlling the magnitude and direction of the power flowing through the VFT. The world's first VFT was recently installed in Hydro-Quebec's Langlois substation, where it will be used to exchange up to 100 MW of power between the asynchronous power grids of Quebec (Canada) and New York (USA). This paper describes the VFT technology and provides an overview of the VFT equipment installed at Langlois substation. Results of commissioning tests are also included
High speed modulation of InP membrane DFB laser diodes (2016)

Heterogeneously integrated DFB lasers, consisting of thin InP membranes coupled to low loss Si wire waveguides possess several advantages compared to traditional all-InP DFB lasers. The thin membranes give a large optical confinement factor and their small surface area results in relatively small parasitic capacitances. Both properties make these lasers very well suited for high speed direct modulation. The low loss silicon wire waveguides furthermore lend themselves very well for the implementation of low loss external cavities. Coupling membrane DFB lasers to such an external cavity allows exploiting photon-photon resonances in the modulation response. In this paper we report on the high speed modulation results of our heterogeneously integrated DFB laser diodes. Below we mainly focus on results for on-off-keying, but at the conference we will also present eye diagrams and BER curves for duobinary and PAM-4 modulation formats. We also discuss link experiments done with the lasers and some ideas for further improvement. The excellent large signal modulation and transmission results and the potential to integrate them into WDM modules make the laser diodes particularly suited as transmitters for longer distance optical interconnects inside or between data centers.
In Vivo Detection of Cyclic-di-AMP in Staphylococcus aureus (2022)

Cyclic-di-AMP (CDA) is a signaling molecule that controls various cellular functions including antibiotic tolerance and osmoregulation in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>). In this study, we developed a novel biosensor (<i>bsuO</i> P6-4) for in vivo detection of CDA in <i>S. aureus</i>. The fluorescent biosensor is based on a natural CDA riboswitch from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> connected at its P6 stem to the dye-binding aptamer Spinach. Our study showed that <i>bsuO</i> P6-4 could detect a wide concentration range of CDA in both laboratory and clinical strains, making it suitable for use in both basic and clinical research applications.
Analysis of billiard ball collisions in two dimensions (1988)

An analysis of billiard ball collisions in two dimensions with a full account of frictional effects is presented. An experiment designed to test the predictions of the analysis is described. Data are presented showing that the angle between the directions of travel of billiard balls after a collision in which one ball is initially stationary depends on the impact parameter in a rather complicated way, and is not 90 deg as is commonly claimed.
Multidimensional diffusion MRI (2016)

Principles from multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, and in particular solid-state NMR, have recently been transferred to the field of diffusion MRI, offering non-invasive characterization of heterogeneous anisotropic materials, such as the human brain, at an unprecedented level of detail. Here we revisit the basic physics of solid-state NMR and diffusion MRI to pinpoint the origin of the somewhat unexpected analogy between the two fields, and provide an overview of current diffusion MRI acquisition protocols and data analysis methods to quantify the composition of heterogeneous materials in terms of diffusion tensor distributions with size, shape, and orientation dimensions. While the most advanced methods allow estimation of the complete multidimensional distributions, simpler methods focus on various projections onto lower-dimensional spaces as well as determination of means and variances rather than actual distributions. Even the less advanced methods provide simple and intuitive scalar parameters that are directly related to microstructural features that can be observed in optical microscopy images, e.g. average cell eccentricity, variance of cell density, and orientational order - properties that are inextricably entangled in conventional diffusion MRI. Key to disentangling all these microstructural features is MRI signal acquisition combining isotropic and directional dimensions, just as in the field of multidimensional solid-state NMR from which most of the ideas for the new methods are derived.
A Highly Selective Turn-on Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Aluminum and Its Application to Bio-Imaging (2019)

Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust and acts as a non-essential element for biological species. The accumulation of excessive amounts of aluminum can be harmful to biological species. Thus, the development of convenient and selective tools for the aluminum detection is necessary. In this work, a highly selective aluminum ion fluorescent probe N'-(2,5-dihydroxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide (Al-II) has been successfully synthesized and systemically characterized. The fluorescence intensity of this probe shows a significant enhancement in the presence of Al<sup>3+</sup>, which is subject to the strong quench effects caused by Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>. The binding ratio of probe-Al<sup>3+</sup> was determined from the Job's plot to be 1:1. Moreover, the probe was demonstrated to be effective for in vivo imaging of the intracellular aluminum ion in both living <i>Drosophila</i> S2 cells and Malpighian tubules.
Free volume in glassy poly(arylene ether ketone)s (1992)

Abstract Amorphous polyarylene ether ketones were examined in the glassy state by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and in the melt by standard rheological techniques. Specimens were well‐characterized fractions of two isomeric structures. PALS clearly shows that the polymer with meta linkages in its backbone contains larger voids (&gt; 0.25 nm radius). Thus despite their similar bulk densities, the two materials must pack very differently on a local scale. On the other hand, the free volumes inferred from the WLF treatment of melt viscosity data are practically identical in both materials ca. 4% at T g . The comparison between techniques sheds some light on the distribution of free volume. © 1992 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
A robust global fast terminal sliding mode controller for quadrotor helicopters (2017)

This paper investigated a robust global fast terminal sliding mode control approach for quadrotor helicopters with time-varying uncertainties. The controller adopts inner-outer loop control structure. The inner loop is the attitude subsystem, while the outer loop is the position subsystem. Based on the global fast terminal sliding mode control theory, the position and attitude subsystems are designed respectively, and the intermediate command generated by position subsystem is passed to the attitude subsystem. The proposed control scheme is to achieve the fast, high precision and finite time control performance. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy is effective and robust in the presence of time-varying uncertainties.
Acetobacter indonesiensisBacteremia in Child with Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (2016)

type (ST) 354. Isolates PET01 and PET05, identified from cats, belonged to ST93 and a new ST strain, respectively. Isolates EC08 and EC09, from the patients who shared the same hospital room with the pet shop worker, were ST156 (Table ). Results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were consistent with multilocus sequence typing results and showed that isolates consisted of 5 types (types I to V; online Technical Appendix, http://wwwnc. cdc.gov/EID/article/22/9/16-0464-Techapp1.pdf). Isolate EC07 was clonally related to 4 E. coli strains from dogs, according criteria described by Tenover et al. ( Colistin resistance was successfully transferred to E. coli C600 through conjugation in all isolates, suggesting that mcr-1 was located on transferable plasmids.
"I didn't click": What users say when reporting phishing (2023)

When people identify potential malicious phishing emails one option they have is to contact a help desk to report it and receive guidance.While there is a great deal of effort put into helping people identify such emails and to encourage users to report them, there is relatively little understanding of what people say or ask when contacting a help desk about such emails.In this work, we qualitatively analyze a random sample of 270 help desk phishing tickets collected across nine months.We find that when reporting or asking about phishing emails, users often discuss evidence they have observed or gathered, potential impacts they have identified, actions they have or have not taken, and questions they have.Some users also provide clear arguments both about why the email really is phishing and why the organization needs to take action about it.
Spartinoxide, a New Enantiomer of A82775C with Inhibitory Activity toward HLE from the Marine-derived Fungus Phaeosphaeria spartinae (2010)

The fungus Phaeosphaeria spartinae is an endophyte of the marine alga Ceramium sp. Investigation of this marine-derived fungus led to the isolation of spartinoxide (1), which is the enantiomer of the known compound A82775C (2). Additionally, the known metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-prenyl-benzoic acid (4) and anofinic acid (5) were obtained. The structures of all compounds were established from extensive spectroscopic investigations. Compounds 1, 4 and 5 were assayed against the enzymes human leukocyte elastase (HLE), trypsin, acetylcholinesterase and cholesterolesterase. Compounds 1 and 4 showed potent inhibition of HLE with IC50 values of 1.71 +/- 0.30 microg/mL (6.5 microM) and 1.67 +/- 0.32 microg/mL (8.1 microM), respectively.
An Adaptive Control Approach for Opening Doors and Drawers Under Uncertainties (2016)

We study the problem of robot interaction with mechanisms that afford one degree of freedom motion, e.g., doors and drawers. We propose a methodology for simultaneous compliant interaction and estimation of constraints imposed by the joint. Our method requires no prior knowledge of the mechanisms' kinematics, including the type of joint, prismatic or revolute. The method consists of a velocity controller that relies on force/torque measurements and estimation of the motion direction, the distance, and the orientation of the rotational axis. It is suitable for velocity-controlled manipulators with force/torque sensor capabilities at the end-effector. Forces and torques are regulated within given constraints, while the velocity controller ensures that the end-effector of the robot moves with a task-related desired velocity. We give proof that the estimates converge to the true values under valid assumptions on the grasp, and error bounds for setups with inaccuracies in control, measurements, or modeling. The method is evaluated in different scenarios involving opening a representative set of door and drawer mechanisms found in household environments.
Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) (2010)

Injected cholera vaccines appear to be safe and relatively more effective than usually realized. Protection against cholera persists for up to two years following a single dose of vaccine, and for three years with an annual booster. However, they have been superseded by oral vaccines.
Linear Calibration Technology Based on Build-in Calibration of Peak Power Sensors (2019)

In order to solve the disadvantages of peak power sensors calibration and compensation by external calibration source, such as high cost, long calibration time and poor operability, this paper designs the linear calibration technology based on build-in calibration of peak power sensors. The practice results show that this technique not only reduces the power meter cost, shortens the calibration time and improves the user experience, but also improves the power measurement accuracy of peak power sensors in the entire dynamic range.
Some Aspects of the Kinetics of Molecular Reactions (1969)

Experimental data on the kinetics of elementary gas-phase reactions undergone by molecules are reviewed. The classification of reactions is discussed on the basis of the structure of activated complexes. Reaction mechanisms of various types are analysed in detail. The activation energy is shown to be determined additively mainly by activated bonds: the presence of substituents, which play no direct part in the reaction, has little effect on the activation energy. An analysis is made of the effect of conjugated and cumulative π-bonds in the activated complex on the activation energy. Conjugation and cumulation substantially lower the potential barrier to reaction. A list of 206 references is included.
Heptamethine Cyanine Dye Mediated Drug Delivery: Hype or Hope (2020)

This review covers the application of heptamethine cyanine dye (HMCD) mediated drug delivery. A relatively small number of HMCDs possess tumor targeting abilities, and this has spurred interest from research groups to explore them as drug delivery systems. Their tumor selectivity is primarily attributed to their uptake by certain isoforms of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) which are overexpressed in cancer tissues, although there are other possible mechanisms for the observed selectivity still under investigation. This specificity is confirmed using various cancer cell lines and is accompanied by moderate cytotoxicity. Their retention in tumor tissue is facilitated by the formation of albumin adducts as revealed by published mechanistic studies. HMCDs are also organelle selective dyes with specificity toward mitochondria and lysosomes, and with absorption and emission in the near-infrared region. This makes them valuable tools for biomedical imaging, especially in the field of fluorescence-guided tumor surgery. Furthermore, conjugating antitumor agents to HMCDs is providing novel drugs that await clinical testing. HMCD development as theranostic agents with dual tumor targeting and treatment capability signals a new approach to overcome drug resistance (mediated through evasion of efflux pumps) and systemic toxicity, the two parameters which have long plagued drug discovery.
A Comparative Performance Analysis of Interweave and Underlay Multi-Antenna Cognitive Radio Networks (2015)

In this paper, an analytical performance study for multi-antenna Cognitive Radio (CR) systems is presented. The two most popular CR approaches, namely, the interweave and underlay system designs, are considered and based on the derived analytical framework, a throughput-based comparison of these two system designs is presented. The system parameters are selected such that a quality of service (QoS) constraint on primary communication, is satisfied. Closed form expressions for the outage probability at the Primary User (PU), as well as expressions for the ergodic rate of the Secondary User (SU) are derived, for both system designs. The derived expressions are functions of key design parameters, such as the sensing time and the detection threshold in the case of interweave CR, and the maximum allowable interference power received by the PU, in the case of underlay CR. Based on the derived expressions, for interweave CR, the sensing parameters, i.e., sensing time and energy detection threshold, are optimized such as to maximize the secondary system rate. By comparing the throughput performance for both system designs, the existence of specific regimes (in terms of primary activity, number of transmit and receive antennas as well as the outage probability of the PU), where one CR approach outperforms the other, is highlighted.
Detection, Occurrence and Fate of Indirubin in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants (2008)

Indirubin which has been isolated from human urine is an extremely potent AhR agonist. This paper first established an analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for indirubin in complex environmental waters, and then applied this method to investigate its occurrence and fate in sewage treatment plants (STPs). For the various types of aqueous matrices considered, the absolute recoveries were from 64 to 81%, and the limits of quantification were below 0.05 ng/L Among the seven STPs studied, the average concentrations of indirubin in influents ranged from 8.3 to 29.7 ng/L, and their aqueous-phase removal rates were 72-91%. In the receiving waters, the Tonghui and Qinghe Rivers, the concentrations of indirubin (0.65-3.7 ng/L) in some samples were much higher than those in their corresponding STP effluents, suggesting that there is random discharging of untreated sewage. The fate of indirubin was investigated in mechanical and biological sewage treatment as well as in sewage-sludge treatment at a STP consisting of anoxic, anaerobic, and aerobic tanks. The indirubin was largely removed in the anoxic tank and the secondary clarifier mainly due to the biodegradation and sorption on sludge, respectively. An increase of indirubin was observed in the aerobic tank, which was due to the cleavage of indirubin conjugates.
Surface Segregation in Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Thin Films and Its Potential Effect on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (2017)

A limiting factor for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance is the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that occurs at the cathode surface. This study examines changes in the surface composition of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3 (LSM-20), a well-known SOFC cathode material. Heteroepitaxial thin films of LSM-20 were grown on lattice matched single crystal LaAlO3 and NdGaO3 substrates. Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) measurements showed surface manganese enrichment on annealing at 800°C in air. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) showed that this leads to a redistribution of manganese 3+, 4+, and 2+ valence states at the surface. This was confirmed by defect modeling, which showed that surface Mn segregation leads to an increase in the surface concentration of oxygen vacancies and the Mn+4 species, both of which are expected to be beneficial for ORR.
Prediction of mRNA expression in cow&rsquo;s milk using mRNA secondary structures and Machine Learning classifiers (2017)

The mRNA molecules expressed in cow&rsquo;s milk are important molecular biomarkers for different physiological and pathological conditions in cattle. The prediction of the quantity that a specific mRNA type could be expressed in cow&rsquo;s milk is a challenging theoretical task. The current study presents for the first time several different Machine Learning models to predict the mRNA expression using the mRNA secondary structure fragments. This unique methodology is based on a dataset of experimental mRNA expression data. Each mRNA molecule has a specific secondary structure represented as a string that can be used to read all the possible mRNA secondary structure fragments. This information is used as input for the Machine Learning methods from Weka software in order to obtain classification models that can predict low, medium and high expression of new mRNA types in the cow&rsquo;s milk. The mRNA expression levels have been measured with High Throughput Screening techniques. The initial features included the counting of the mRNA secondary structure fragments for each expressed mRNA. The model features were transformed in frequencies and the expression levels were converted into low and high classes. In order to reduce the high number of possible features, a feature selection method has been applied. Thus, the best classification model was obtained with BayesNet method and is based on 24 features and 4067 cases. The model has the true positive rate for the low mRNA expression class of 0.78 (average true positive rate of 0.66). Further studies are needed improve the current results, using datasets with different feature sets and more advanced Machine Learning methods.
Bioelectronics of The Cellular Cytoskeleton: Monitoring Cytoskeletal Conductance Variation for Sensing Drug Resistance (2018)

Actin and microtubules form cellular cytoskeletal network, which mediates cell shape, motility and proliferation and are key targets for cancer therapy. Changes in cytoskeletal organization dramatically affect mechanical properties of the cells and correlate with proliferative capacity and invasiveness of cancer cells. Changes in the cytoskeletal network expectedly lead to altered nonmechanical material properties including electrical conductivity as well. Here we applied, for the first time, microtubule and actin based electrical measurement to monitor changes in the electrical properties of breast cancer cells upon administration of anti-tubulin and anti-actin drugs, respectively. Semiconductive behavior of microtubules and conductive behavior of actins presented different bioelectrical responses (in similar frequencies) of the cells treated by anti-tubulin with respect to anti-actin drugs. Doped silicon nanowires were applied as the electrodes due to their enhanced interactive surface and compatibility with electronic fabrication process. We found that treatment with Mebendazole (MBZ), a microtubule destabilizing agent, decreases electrical resistance while treatment with Paclitaxel (PTX), a microtubule stabilizing agent, leads to an increase in electrical resistance. In contrast, actin destabilizing agents, Cytochalasin D (CytD), and actin stabilizing agent, Phalloidin, lead to an increased and decreased electrical resistance, respectively. Our study thus provides proof-of-principle of the usage of determining the electrical function of cytoskeletal compartments in grading of cancer as well as drug resistance assays.
Sensitivity to DNA Damage Is a Common Component of Hormone-Based Strategies for Protection of the Mammary Gland (2005)

An early full-term pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of getting breast cancer in women. In animals, this protection can be mimicked by a short-term exposure to physiologic doses of estrogen plus progesterone. Sensitization of p53 and up-regulation of transforming growth factor beta are believed to be important aspects of the mechanism by which protection is imparted. Little is known, however, about the use of this pathway in response to other chemopreventive agents. In this article, we investigated the ability of retinoids, such as 9-cis retinoic acid, all-trans retinoic acid, and N-4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR), to sensitize the ductal epithelial cells of virgin mammary glands to DNA damage responses. Using a whole-organ culture system, we observed enhanced cell death in response to gamma-irradiation in the virgin tissues treated with retinoids for 72 hours. These retinoids were partially dependent on p53 and transforming growth factor beta to exert their radiosensitizing effects. However, 4-HPR seemed to sensitize other cells or activate these pathways in a different manner as costimulation with ovarian hormones and 4-HPR was additive, whereas coculture of ovarian hormones and the natural retinoids did not increase amount of death. Taken together, these data suggest that sensitization of the mammary epithelium to p53-dependent apoptosis is a common pathway, which is engaged by retinoids as well as ovarian hormones.