gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Impairment in Patients with Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature (2009)

The most common primary end-point of the trial on treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is the degree of impairment. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Standards have been widely used to assess motor function and pin-prick and light-touch sensory function. In addition, pain assessment is another clinically relevant aspect of the impairment in individuals with SCI. Given this, we sought to systematically review the studies that focused on the psychometric properties of ASIA Standards and all previously used outcome measures of pain in the SCI population in the acute care setting. For the primary literature search strategy, the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were sought out. Subsequently, a secondary search strategy was carried out using the articles listed in the references of meta-analysis, systematic, and non-systematic review articles. Two reviewers (JCF and VN) independently selected the articles that fulfill the inclusion and exclusion, assessed the level of evidence of each article, and appraised the psychometric properties of each instrument. Divergences during those steps were solved by consensus between both reviewers. Of 400 abstracts captured in our primary search strategy on the ASIA Standards, 16 full articles fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. An additional 40 references were obtained from two prior systematic reviews on ASIA Standards. While 45 of 56 of the studies on ASIA Standards provided level 4 evidence, there were 11 level 2b evidence studies. Convergent construct validity (n = 34), reliability (n = 12), and responsiveness (n = 10) were the most commonly studied psychometric properties of the ASIA Standards, but two prior studies examined their content validity. Of the 267 abstracts yielded in our primary search on pain assessment, 24 articles with level 4 evidence fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was no study that examined pain assessment in the acute care setting. While 18 of 24 articles studied an instrument for assessment of pain intensity, the remaining six studies were focused on classifications of pain in the SCI population. In conclusion, the ASIA Standards represent an appropriate instrument to categorize and evaluate spinal cord injured adults over time with respect to their motor and sensory function. Nevertheless, further investigation of the psychometric properties of the ASIA Standards is recommended due to a lack of studies focused on some key elements of responsiveness, including minimal clinically important difference. The visual analog scale (VAS) is the most commonly studied instrument of assessment of pain intensity in the SCI population. However, further investigation is required with regard to its reliability and responsiveness in the SCI population. Our results also suggest that there is no instrument with appropriate psychometric properties for this particular population.
Electrolytic CO2 Reduction in Tandem with Oxidative Organic Chemistry (2017)

Electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> into carbon-based products using excess clean electricity is a compelling method for producing sustainable fuels while lowering CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Previous electrolytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction studies all involve dioxygen production at the anode, yet this anodic reaction requires a large overpotential and yields a product bearing no economic value. We report here that the cathodic reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO can occur in tandem with the anodic oxidation of organic substrates that bear higher economic value than dioxygen. This claim is demonstrated by 3 h of sustained electrolytic conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> into CO at a copper-indium cathode with a current density of 3.7 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> and Faradaic efficiency of >70%, and the concomitant oxidation of an alcohol at a platinum anode with >75% yield. These results were tested for four alcohols representing different classes of alcohols and demonstrate electrolytic reduction and oxidative chemistry that form higher-valued carbon-based products at both electrodes.
Calibration-free approach to 3D reconstruction using light stripe projections on a cube frame (2002)

This paper presents a new approach based on light striping for reconstructing a 3D model from a real object. The proposed system consists of a light plane projector, camera and cube frame with LEDs attached. As in other light striping systems, the correspondence problem is solved by projecting light plane onto an object inside a frame. However, we use only cross-ratios and vanishing points to set up the world coordinates of the object, while the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the camera and the position of light source are not required. As such, the proposed system does not calibrate the camera and the light source. Furthermore, the computed 3D point data does not require by registration process because the data is directly measured based on unified world coordinates. Experimental results proved the accuracy of the measurements and consistency of the outcomes without any knowledge of the camera and light source parameters.
Analysis of the Reaction of Carbon with NO/N2O Using Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Theory (1999)

An attempt was made to analyze the reaction of carbon with NO or N2O by using an ab initio molecular orbital theory. This method allows the simulation of the chemisorption process of these gas molecules on zigzag and armchair edge sites of carbon. It was found that NO adsorption with the N atom down is more thermally favorable than the adsorption with the O atom down, while the O down mode is more favorable than the N down one for N2O adsorption because the former process releases a stable N2 molecule to form a surface oxygen complex. The chemisorption of NO or N2O with its bond axis parallel to the edge line gave the most stable chemisorbed species. The presence of surface oxygen complexes (quinone-type carbonyl group) on the edge decreases the strength of some bonds in NO- and N2O-chemisorbed species and consequently lowers their thermal stability. Furthermore, the N2 formation process in the C−NO/N2O reaction was analyzed and possible N2 formation routes were proposed. The routes predicted by the molecular orbital theory were compared with the previous experimental results.
2 ps InGaAs photoconductors and their speed-of-response evaluation by optical pulse mixing at inherent nonlinearities (1988)

Miniaturized In0.53Ga0.47As/InP photoconductors with nanosecond response times were integrated into broadband coplanar 50 Ω microwave structures and their response times shortened by 14 MeV Be3+-ion implants. Using Carruther’s pulse-mixing technique, which relies on the nonlinearities present in many photoconductors, we determined their speed of response to be of the order of 2 ps. Taking band-to-band recombination as the most probable cause of the slightly nonlinear behavior, we show that the response times determined from the mixing of partially overlapping optical pulses are indeed the intrinsic response times of the photoconductors.
Producción y purificacion de hidrógeno mediante "steam-iron" a partir de biogás enriquecido en metano (2017)

Se ha analizado experimentalmente, en reactor de lecho fijo, el efecto de adicionar agua junto con un biogás rico en metano en el proceso "steam-iron". Al conseguir disminuir la acumulación de coque se garantiza la correcta operación del sisteama, así como la producción de un hidrógeno de alta pureza.
A Sketch-based Network Traffic Analysis Implementation on Commodity OpenFlow Switches (2018)

The paradigm of Software-defined Networking (SDN) provides excellent flexibility where the traffic monitoring applications can be implemented in the SDN controller. The objective of this work is to develop a software implementation of a Sketch-based network traffic analysis system on commodity OpenFlow switches. A sketch data structure is implemented inside the Open vSwitch as the extra table to collect flow statistics. The OpenFlow protocol is extended to support sketch request and reply messages such that the controller can collect the sketch data structure from the switches. The implementation of heavy-change detection is provided to showcase the flexibility of this implementation. Performance evaluations are conducted with real-world network traffic traces. The system is capable of finding flows with significant volume changes above a predefined threshold.
The PAX2‐null immunophenotype defines multiple lineages with common expression signatures in benign and neoplastic oviductal epithelium (2014)

The oviducts contain high-grade serous cancer (HGSC) precursors (serous tubal intraepithelial neoplasia or STINs), which are γ-H2AX(p) - and TP53 mutation-positive. Although they express wild-type p53, secretory cell outgrowths (SCOUTs) are associated with older age and serous cancer; moreover, both STINs and SCOUTs share a loss of PAX2 expression (PAX2(n) ). We evaluated PAX2 expression in proliferating adult and embryonic oviductal cells, normal mucosa, SCOUTs, Walthard cell nests (WCNs), STINs, and HGSCs, and the expression of genes chosen empirically or from SCOUT expression arrays. Clones generated in vitro from embryonic gynaecological tract and adult Fallopian tube were Krt7(p) /PAX2(n) /EZH2(p) and underwent ciliated (PAX2(n) /EZH2(n) /FOXJ1(p) ) and basal (Krt7(n) /EZH2(n) /Krt5(p) ) differentiation. Similarly, non-ciliated cells in normal mucosa were PAX2(p) but became PAX2(n) in multi-layered epithelium undergoing ciliated or basal (WCN) cell differentiation. PAX2(n) SCOUTs fell into two groups: type 1 were secretory or secretory/ciliated with a 'tubal' phenotype and were ALDH1(n) and β-catenin(mem) (membraneous only). Type 2 displayed a columnar to pseudostratified (endometrioid) phenotype, with an EZH2(p) , ALDH1(p) , β-catenin(nc) (nuclear and cytoplasmic), stathmin(p) , LEF1(p) , RCN1(p) , and RUNX2(p) expression signature. STINs and HGSCs shared the type 1 immunophenotype of PAX2(n) , ALDH1(n) , β-catenin(mem) , but highly expressed EZH2(p) , LEF1(p) , RCN1(p) , and stathmin(p) . This study, for the first time, links PAX2(n) with proliferating fetal and adult oviductal cells undergoing basal and ciliated differentiation and shows that this expression state is maintained in SCOUTs, STINs, and HGSCs. All three entities can demonstrate a consistent perturbation of genes involved in potential tumour suppressor gene silencing (EZH2), transcriptional regulation (LEF1), regulation of differentiation (RUNX2), calcium binding (RCN1), and oncogenesis (stathmin). This shared expression signature between benign and neoplastic entities links normal progenitor cell expansion to abnormal and neoplastic outgrowth in the oviduct and exposes a common pathway that could be a target for early prevention.
Immobilization of Proteins on Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Nanopatterns (2012)

The immobilization of proteins on nanopatterned surfaces was investigated using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ex situ infrared reflectance-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). The AFM-based lithography technique of nanografting provided control of the size, geometry, and spatial placement of nanopatterns within self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Square nanopatterns of carboxylate-terminated SAMs were inscribed within methyl-terminated octadecanethiolate SAMs and activated using carbodiimide/succinimide coupling chemistry. Staphylococcal protein A was immobilized on the activated nanopatterns before exposure to rabbit immunoglobulin G. In situ AFM was used to monitor changes in the topography and friction of the nanopatterns in solution upon protein immobilization. Complementary studies with ex situ IRAS confirmed the surface chemistry that occurred during the steps of SAM activation and subsequent protein immobilization on unpatterned samples. Since carbodiimide/succinimide coupling chemistry can be used for surface attachment of different biomolecules, this protocol shows promise for development of other aqueous-based studies for nanopatterned protein immobilization. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA).
An Exploratory User Study of Visual Causality Analysis (2019)

Abstract Interactive visualization tools are being used by an increasing number of members of the general public; however, little is known about how, and how well, people use visualizations to infer causality. Adapted from the mediation causal model, we designed an analytic framework to systematically evaluate human performance, strategies, and pitfalls in a visual causal reasoning task. We recruited 24 participants and asked them to identify the mediators in a fictitious dataset using bar charts and scatter plots within our visualization interface. The results showed that the accuracy of their responses as to whether a variable is a mediator significantly decreased when a confounding variable directly influenced the variable being analyzed. Further analysis demonstrated how individual visualization exploration strategies and interfaces might influence reasoning performance. We also identified common strategies and pitfalls in their causal reasoning processes. Design implications for how future visual analytics tools can be designed to better support causal inference are discussed.
Closed-cycle refrigerator-cooled scanning SQUID microscope for room-temperature samples (2001)

We have designed, built, and operated a scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope that uses a closed-cycle refrigerator to cool a YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) dc SQUID to 77 K. The SQUID is mounted in custom vacuum housing that has a thin sapphire window that maintains thermal isolation of the SQUID while allowing samples to be imaged in air at room temperature. Samples are mounted on an x–y scanning table and can be brought to within about 60 μm of the SQUID for magnetic field imaging. The SQUID has an effective pick-up area of 1.2×10−9 m2 and a level of flux noise of 10.5 μΦ0/Hz1/2 in the white noise region (above 500 Hz). We describe the performance of the system and present images of a variety of samples.
MATLAB Control Systems Engineering (2014)

MATLAB is a high-level language and environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java. MATLAB Control Systems Engineering introduces you to MATLAB and its Control System Toolbox, with practical hands-on examples so that youâll learn how to create control systems in MATLAB, from models of linear invariant systems, time as transfer functions, zero/pole/amplification or form of State space. Youâll see how you can manipulate both discrete and continuous time systems, and make conversions between various representations of models. Once youâve mastered the MATLAB Control System Toolbox, youâll also be able to calculate and graph time response, frequency response, and loci of roots. Plus how to perform placement of Poles, optimal control, and estimates.
Manipulation of DNA for use in microfluidic devices (1998)

MEMS microfluidic systems are becoming increasingly popular as a way to integrate sample preparation and biological assays on a single substrate. The resulting reduction in manual operations and reduced reagent use can lead to significant cost savings in performing biological tests. The authors have explored the use of small scale dielectrophoresis and electrophoresis as a way to manipulate DNA for sample preparation in DNA-based assays. The use of electric fields to manipulate DNA is readily achieved in MEMS devices using standard photolithography techniques to add electrodes to etched flow channels. Dielectrophoresis allows for manipulation of cells and DNA independently of the liquid. This ability is useful in small, valveless fluidic microchips. An advantage of the use of the dielectrophoretic force over an electrophoretic force is that dielectrophoresis works equally well using an AC field, thus reducing trapping of small ions and mitigating electrochemical effects at the electrodes. However, the dielectrophoretic force on the DNA is a function of the volume of the particle; thus, there is a lower practical limit to use of the dielectrophoretic force. Consequently they have also explored methods of manipulating smaller DNA fragments using what they refer to as a stepped electrophoresis method.
Improved x-ray laser system, x-ray laser and method (1991)

Disclosed is an x-ray laser system comprising (a) a laser containing generating means for emitting short wavelength radiation, and (b) means external to said laser for energizing said generating means, wherein when the laser is in an operative mode emitting radiation, the radiation has a transverse coherence length to width ratio of from about 0.05 to 1. Also disclosed is a method of adjusting the parameters of the laser to achieve the desired coherence length to laser width ratio.
Arabidopsis Nonsymbiotic Hemoglobin AHb1 Modulates Nitric Oxide Bioactivity (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a widespread signaling molecule, and numerous targets of its action exist in plants. Whereas the activity of NO in erythrocytes, microorganisms, and invertebrates has been shown to be regulated by several hemoglobins, the function of plant hemoglobins in NO detoxification has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana nonsymbiotic hemoglobin AHb1 scavenges NO through production of S-nitrosohemoglobin and reduces NO emission under hypoxic stress, indicating its role in NO detoxification. However, AHb1 does not affect NO-mediated hypersensitive cell death in response to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting that it is not involved in the removal of NO bursts originated from acute responses when NO mediates crucial defense signaling functions.
Use of Split Bregman denoising for iterative reconstruction in fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (2013)

Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (fDOT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that makes it possible to quantify the spatial distribution of fluorescent tracers in small animals. fDOT image reconstruction is commonly performed by means of iterative methods such as the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). The useful results yielded by more advanced l1-regularized techniques for signal recovery and image reconstruction, together with the recent publication of Split Bregman (SB) procedure, led us to propose a new approach to the fDOT inverse problem, namely, ART-SB. This method alternates a cost-efficient reconstruction step (ART iteration) with a denoising filtering step based on minimization of total variation of the image using the SB method, which can be solved efficiently and quickly. We applied this method to simulated and experimental fDOT data and found that ART-SB provides substantial benefits over conventional ART.
The molecular biology and pyridoxine responsiveness of X-linked sideroblastic anaemia. (1998)

Pyridoxine-responsive, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia (XLSA) has been shown to be caused by missense mutations in the erythroid-specific ALA synthase gene, ALAS2. These are scattered widely across the part of the gene encoding the catalytic domain and in half the cases affect residues conserved throughout evolution. Only a loose correlation has been found between the in vitro kinetics and stability of the catalytic activity of the recombinant variant enzymes and the in vivo severity and pyridoxine-responsiveness of the anaemia. Enhanced instability in the absence of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) or decreased PLP and substrate binding have been noted. A detailed explanation of the anaemia and its response to pyridoxine, however, requires greater insight into the structure-function relationships of this protein than we have at present. Knowledge of its tertiary structure and further knowledge of intracellular factors which impinge on the ability of normal and variant ALAS2 to contribute to haemoglobin production are also required. Mutations in the same gene which affect mitochondrial processing, terminate translation prematurely, or are thought to abolish function altogether cause an XLSA that is refractory to treatment with pyridoxine. A major complication of this disorder is its accompanying increased iron absorption and iron overload which occurs in patients and female heterozygotes. Mutation detection enables the early diagnosis of those affected, targeted education of families, early treatment with pyridoxine and prevention of iron overload. It also allows for a distinction to be made between late-onset variants of this condition and the more insidious refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts. The next few years of investigation should be illuminating as tools now exist to study all aspects of this protein from the gene to the mitochondrial matrix.
A 32 nm Embedded, Fully-Digital, Phase-Locked Low Dropout Regulator for Fine Grained Power Management in Digital Circuits (2014)

The need for fine-grained power management in digital ICs has led to the design and implementation of compact, scalable low-drop out regulators (LDOs) embedded deep within logic blocks. While analog LDOs have traditionally been used in digital ICs, the need for digitally implementable LDOs embedded in digital functional units for ultrafine grained power management is paramount. This paper presents a fully-digital, phase locked LDO implemented in 32 nm CMOS. The control model of the proposed design has been provided and limits of stability have been shown. Measurement results with a resistive load as well as a digital load exhibit peak current efficiency of 98%.
Effects of a chemically derived homo zwitterionic polysaccharide on immune activation in mice (2009)

In this study, a chemically modified homo zwitterionic polysaccharide (ZPS), sulfated chitosan, was used to examine its effects on murine immune response. The results showed that homoZPS could markedly promote the proliferation of both splenic T/B cells and adhesive cells. In particular, flow cytometry assay demonstrated that the sulfated chitosan could non-specifically activate CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells proliferation in vitro. The effectiveness of sulfated chitosan as adjuvant was tested using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and diphtheria toxin (DT) as antigens and compared with that of aluminum hydroxide. The levels of specific antibodies to BSA and DT significantly increased after homoZPS vaccination. Both homoZPS and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants could protect mice against the attack of DT from edemas of spleen and tail. The present findings demonstrated the chemically derived homoZPS could be a potential candidate in the development of T-lymphocyte dependent vaccine adjuvants.