gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuel Additive Effects on Soot Across a Suite of Laboratory Devices, Part 2: Nitroalkanes (2011)

This is the second in a series of papers to summarize results of the impact of nonmetallic fuel additives on soot. The research was conducted by a university, industry, and government team with the primary objective of obtaining fundamental understanding of the mechanisms through which additive compounds blended into a fuel affect soot emissions. The work involved coordinated testing across a suite of laboratory devices: a shock tube, a well-stirred reactor, a premixed flat flame, an opposed-jet diffusion flame, and a high-pressure turbulent reactor. This article summarizes results on the addition of nitroalkanes to a base fuel consisting of n-heptane and toluene as a simple surrogate for jet fuels. In these experiments, the nitroalkanes serve as chemical probes of key reactions leading to soot. The effects of nitroalkane addition on soot were found to be device and condition dependent with no simple trends across the suite of devices.
Fiber-reinforced composite bridge and splint. Replacing congenitally missing teeth. (2004)

The congenital absence of permanent teeth, also known as partial anodontia, is a relatively common problem. The patient missing one or both lateral incisors is a frequent occurrence. The treatment of missing laterals involves both functional and esthetic considerations. Options include: cuspid lateralization; implant placement; conventional three-unit bridge; Maryland bridge; and a fiber-reinforced composite bridge (direct or indirect). Direct fiber-reinforced composite bridges provide a minimally invasive restorative option that allows for future implant placement. Selection of appropriate fiber reinforcement and placement of the fibers allows long-term clinical success. Adherence to appropriate adhesive protocol is mandatory.
Impact of breast glandular description on average glandular dose and radiation risk assessment in mammography (2013)

International audience
Ant Colony System-Based Algorithm for Constrained Load Flow Problem (2005)

This paper presents the ant colony system (ACS) method for network-constrained optimization problems. The developed ACS algorithm formulates the constrained load flow (CLF) problem as a combinatorial optimization problem. It is a distributed algorithm composed of a set of cooperating artificial agents, called ants, that cooperate among them to find an optimum solution of the CLF problem. A pheromone matrix that plays the role of global memory provides the cooperation between ants. The study consists of mapping the solution space, expressed by an objective function of the CLF on the space of control variables [ant system (AS)-graph], that ants walk. The ACS algorithm is applied to the IEEE 14-bus system and the IEEE 136-bus system. The results are compared with those given by the probabilistic CLF and the reinforcement learning (RL) methods, demonstrating the superiority and flexibility of the ACS algorithm. Moreover, the ACS algorithm is applied to the reactive power control problem for the IEEE 14-bus system in order to minimize real power losses subject to operating constraints over the whole planning period.
Rapid assessment of undersea ambient noise (1999)

Undersea ambient noise is a critical parameter in determining the performance of passive sonar systems, and sometimes active systems. There are many properties of the ambient noise that must be considered in a rapid ambient noise field assessment, including mean and percentile levels as a function of frequency, temporal and spatial variation, vertical and horizontal directionality, and depth dependence. In addition, rapid interpretation and extrapolation of the measured and analyzed ambient noise results require a credible onboard ambient noise prediction model and collateral noise model input measurements of oceanographic, acoustic, meteorological, and noise source parameters, e.g., sea and swell height, wind speed, and the positions, speeds, courses, and lengths of near and distant ships. Finally, turnkey data processing programs and time proven analysis procedures must be utilized with onboard graphics and word processing capabilities to generate the assessment document onboard in final form. The methods and techniques used by the SACLANT Undersea Research Centre (SACLANTCEN) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for rapid onboard assessment of the ambient noise are presented and discussed. [Work supported by Project 01 of SACLANTCEN and the Office of Naval Research through the management of the WISPR Filter Development and Evaluation Project by NRL.]
Hybrid Nanostructures of Silicon and Vertically Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Reversible High Capacity Lithium-Ion Anodes (2010)

Abstract not Available.
Enhancing packaging board properties using micro- and nanofibers prepared from recycled board (2020)

Abstract In this study, cellulose microfibers and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) prepared from recycled boxboard pulp using a mechanical fine friction grinder were used as reinforcements in a board sheet. Micro- and nanofibers manufactured by mechanical grinding have typically broad particle size distribution, and they can contain both micro- and nano-sized fibrils. Deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride and urea was used as a non-hydrolytic pretreatment medium for the CNF, and reference CNF were used without any chemical pretreatment. The CNF were ground using three grinding levels (grinding time) and their dosage in the board varied from 2 to 6 wt%. The results indicate that the board properties could be tailored to obtain a balance between the processability and quality of the products by adjusting the amount of CNF that was added (2–6 wt%). A preliminary cost assessment indicated that the most economical way to enhance the board strength properties was to add around 4% of CNF with a moderate grinding level (i.e., grinding energy of 3–4 kWh/kg). Overall, the strength properties of the manufactured board sheets improved by several dozen percentages when CNF was used as the reinforcement.
Immunity, Inflammation, and Remodeling in the Airway Epithelial Barrier: Epithelial-Viral-Allergic Paradigm (2002)

The concept that airway inflammation leads to airway disease has led to a widening search for the types of cellular and molecular interactions responsible for linking the initial stimulus to the final abnormality in airway function. It has not yet been possible to integrate all of this information into a single model for the development of airway inflammation and remodeling, but a useful framework has been based on the behavior of the adaptive immune system. In that paradigm, an exaggeration of T-helper type 2 (Th2) over Th1 responses to allergic and nonallergic stimuli leads to airway inflammatory disease, especially asthma. In this review, we summarize alternative evidence that the innate immune system, typified by actions of airway epithelial cells and macrophages, may also be specially programmed for antiviral defense and abnormally programmed in inflammatory disease. Furthermore, this abnormality may be inducible by paramyxoviral infection and, in the proper genetic background, may persist indefinitely. Taken together, we propose a new model that highlights specific interactions between epithelial, viral, and allergic components and so better explains the basis for airway immunity, inflammation, and remodeling in response to viral infection and the development of long-term disease phenotypes typical of asthma and other hypersecretory airway diseases.
Phenolic Glycosides from the Stem Bark of Albizzia julibrissin. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ON THE CRITICAL LOWER LEVEL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN MAN WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CAROTID SURGERY (1975)

BOYSEN, G.; ENGELL, H. C.; PISTOLESE, G. R.; FIORANI, P.; AGNOLI, A.; LASSEN, N. A. Author Information
Water Content Effect on Oxides Yield in Gas and Liquid Phase Using DBD Arrays in Mist Spray (2016)

Electric discharge in and in contact with water can accompany ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electron impact, which can generate a large number of active species such as hydroxyl radicals (OH), oxygen radical (O), ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this paper, a nonthermal plasma processing system was established by means of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) arrays in water mist spray. The relationship between droplet size and water content was examined, and the effects of the concentrations of oxides in both treated water and gas were investigated under different water content and discharge time. The relative intensity of UV spectra from DBD in water mist was a function of water content. The concentrations of both O3 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in DBD room decreased with increasing water content. Moreover, the concentrations of H2O2, O3 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in treated water decreased with increasing water content, and all the ones enhanced after discharge. The experimental results were further analyzed by chemical reaction equations and commented by physical principles as much as possible. At last, the water containing phenol was tested in this system for the concentration from 100 mg/L to 9.8 mg/L in a period of 35 min.
Entanglement Networks of 1,2-Polybutadiene Cross-Linked in States of Strain. I. Cross-Linking at 0 ° (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEntanglement Networks of 1,2-Polybutadiene Cross-Linked in States of Strain. I. Cross-Linking at 0 °Ole Kramer, Rick L. Carpenter, Violeta Ty, and John D. FerryCite this: Macromolecules 1974, 7, 1, 79–84Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60037a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60037a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views139Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Chemical Sensitivity and Electrical Activity of Individual Olfactory Sensory Neurons to a Range of Sex Pheromones and Food Odors in the Goldfish (2018)

Although it is well established that the olfactory epithelium of teleost fish detects at least 6 classes of biologically relevant odorants using 5 types of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), little is understood about the specificity of individual OSNs and thus how they encode identity of natural odors. In this study, we used in vivo extracellular single-unit recording to examine the odor responsiveness and physiological characteristics of 109 individual OSNs in mature male goldfish to a broad range of biological odorants including feeding stimuli (amino acids, polyamines, nucleotides), sex pheromones (sex steroids, prostaglandins [PGs]), and a putative social cue (bile acids). Sixty-one OSNs were chemosensitive, with over half of these (36) responding to amino acids, 7 to polyamines, 7 to nucleotides, 5 to bile acids, 9 to PGs, and 7 to sex steroids. Approximately a quarter of the amino acid-sensitive units also responded to polyamines or nucleotides. Three of 6 amino acid-sensitive units responded to more than 1 amino acid compound, and 5 sex pheromone-sensitive units detected just 1 sex pheromone. While pheromone-sensitive OSNs also responded to the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, amino acid-sensitive OSNs responded to either forskolin or a phospholipase C activator, imipramine. Most OSNs responded to odorants and activators with excitation. Our results suggest that pheromone information is encoded by OSNs specifically tuned to single sex pheromones and employ adenylyl cyclase, suggestive of a labeled-line organization, while food information is encoded by a combination of OSNs that use both adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C and are often less specifically tuned.
A 20-year trend of prevalence and susceptibility to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a single secondary care hospital in Korea (2023)

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that can cause serious infection. We aimed to analyze the prevalence and susceptibility rates to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole of S. maltophilia. We conducted a retrospective study of S. maltophilia isolates from a university hospital from 2001 to 2020. Clinical information, the numbers of isolates and susceptibility rates were analyzed by year. Susceptibility rates and changes in respiratory and non-respiratory samples were compared. 1805 S. maltophilia isolates were identified, of which 81.4% (1469/1805) were from respiratory samples. There was a male predominance and 52% of the isolates were from general wards. The average susceptibility rate was 87.7% and there was no significant annual trend (P = .519). The susceptibility rate was 88.7% in respiratory samples and 84.1% in non-respiratory samples (P = .018). Susceptibility analyses using clinical data over long periods can guide the choice of antimicrobials especially for pathogen whose treatment options are limited.
An improved technique for measuring optical loss in slab waveguides (2003)

A technique has been developed to measure optical losses in slab waveguides. The technique relies on coupling light with a prism into a film coated on a substrate. The total transmitted light at the end of the cleaved substrate is measured with a photodetector as a function of the distance from the prism coupler. This technique is useful for low loss and low scattering films and is accurate to +/- 0.15 dB/cm.
Cascaded thermionic converters (1992)

A combination of experimental results and analytical work indicates the feasibility of a cascaded thermionic converter comprised of a barium‐cesium stage with an emitter temperature of 2000 K and a cesium close‐spaced stage with a collector temperature of 740 K having an overall lead efficiency of 27%. This cascaded converter has potential beneficial applications to space nuclear power, space terrestrial solar power and topping cycles in fossil or nuclear central stations.
Space-time block coding for channels with intersymbol interference (2001)

The downlink of many wireless communication systems can be a MISO channel. An important problem for a MISO channel is how to code across space and time to obtain the same ML receiver as for the corresponding SIMO channel. For fiat fading channels, space-time block coding (STBC) is a recent breakthrough solution to this problem. STBC has been generalized to channels with intersymbol interference (ISI) for the case of two transmit antennas and one receive antenna. In this paper we first revisit the generalized STBC scheme of et al. (2000), and show that it has the same appealing properties as the standard STBC for flat fading channels. Then we go on to present an extension of the scheme in Lindskog to ISI channels with any number of transmit and receive antennas.
Neuroimaging Paradigms to Identify Patients for Reperfusion Therapy in Stroke of Unknown Onset (2018)

Despite the proven efficacy of intravenous alteplase or endovascular thrombectomy for the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke, only a minority receive these treatments. This low treatment rate is due in large part to delay in hospital arrival or uncertainty as to the exact time of onset of ischemic stroke, which renders patients outside the current guideline-recommended window of eligibility for receiving these therapeutics. However, recent pivotal clinical trials of late-window thrombectomy now force us to rethink the value of a simplistic chronological formulation that "time is brain." We must recognize a more nuanced concept that the rate of tissue death as a function of time is not invariant, that still salvageable tissue at risk of infarction may be present up to 24 h after last-known well, and that those patients may strongly benefit from reperfusion. Multiple studies have sought to address this clinical dilemma using neuroimaging methods to identify a radiographic time-stamp of stroke onset or evidence of salvageable ischemic tissue and thereby increase the number of patients eligible for reperfusion therapies. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current state of neuroimaging techniques to select patients with unwitnessed stroke for revascularization therapies and speculate on the future direction of this clinically relevant area of stroke research.
Second-harmonic generation by an astigmatic partially coherent beam (2007)

We investigate second-harmonic generation by an astigmatic partially coherent beam. An explicit expression for the second-order correlation function of the second-harmonic field is obtained. The properties of the generated field and the conversion efficiency for second-harmonic generation are studied numerically. We find that using an astigmatic instead of a stigmatic partially coherent pump beam can increase the conversion efficiency of the second-harmonic generation.
Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator‐monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.In vivoselective brain monoamine oxidase inhibition and prevention of MPTP‐induced striatal dopamine depletion (2005)

Several multifunctional iron chelators have been synthesized from hydroxyquinoline pharmacophore of the iron chelator, VK-28, possessing the monoamine oxidase (MAO) and neuroprotective N-propargylamine moiety. They have iron chelating potency similar to desferal. M30 is a potent irreversible rat brain mitochondrial MAO-A and -B inhibitor in vitro (IC50, MAO-A, 0.037 +/- 0.02; MAO-B, 0.057 +/- 0.01). Acute (1-5 mg/kg) and chronic [5-10 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (p.o.) once daily for 14 days]in vivo studies have shown M30 to be a potent brain selective (striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum) MAO-A and -B inhibitor. It has little effects on the enzyme activities of the liver and small intestine. Its N-desmethylated derivative, M30A is significantly less active. Acute and chronic treatment with M30 results in increased levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin(5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and decreases in DOPAC (dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), HVA (homovanillic acid) and 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid) as determined in striatum and hypothalamus. In the mouse MPTP (N-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) model of Parkinson's disease (PD) it attenuates the DA depleting action of the neurotoxin and increases striatal levels of DA, 5-HT and NA, while decreasing their metabolites. As DA is equally well metabolized by MAO-A and -B, it is expected that M30 would have a greater DA neurotransmission potentiation in PD than selective MAO-B inhibitors, for which it is being developed, as MAO-B inhibitors do not alter brain dopamine.
Mast Cell Responses to Viruses and Pathogen Products (2019)

Mast cells are well accepted as important sentinel cells for host defence against selected pathogens. Their location at mucosal surfaces and ability to mobilize multiple aspects of early immune responses makes them critical contributors to effective immunity in several experimental settings. However, the interactions of mast cells with viruses and pathogen products are complex and can have both detrimental and positive impacts. There is substantial evidence for mast cell mobilization and activation of effector cells and mobilization of dendritic cells following viral challenge. These cells are a major and under-appreciated local source of type I and III interferons following viral challenge. However, mast cells have also been implicated in inappropriate inflammatory responses, long term fibrosis, and vascular leakage associated with viral infections. Progress in combating infection and boosting effective immunity requires a better understanding of mast cell responses to viral infection and the pathogen products and receptors we can employ to modify such responses. In this review, we outline some of the key known responses of mast cells to viral infection and their major responses to pathogen products. We have placed an emphasis on data obtained from human mast cells and aim to provide a framework for considering the complex interactions between mast cells and pathogens with a view to exploiting this knowledge therapeutically. Long-lived resident mast cells and their responses to viruses and pathogen products provide excellent opportunities to modify local immune responses that remain to be fully exploited in cancer immunotherapy, vaccination, and treatment of infectious diseases.
Estimating the Risk for Secondary Cancer After Targeted α-Therapy with211At Intraperitoneal Radioimmunotherapy (2022)

Intraperitoneal <sup>211</sup>At-based targeted α-therapy (TAT) may hold great promise as an adjuvant therapy after surgery and chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer to eradicate any remaining undetectable disease. This implies that it will also be delivered to patients possibly already cured by the primary treatment. An estimate of long-term risks is therefore sought to determine whether the treatment is justified. <b>Methods:</b> Baseline data for risk estimates of α-particle irradiation were collected from published studies on excess cancer induction and mortality for subjects exposed to either <sup>224</sup>Ra treatments or Thorotrast contrast agent (25% ThO<sub>2</sub> colloid, containing <sup>232</sup>Th). Organ dosimetry for <sup>224</sup>Ra and Thorotrast irradiation were taken from the literature. These organ-specific risks were then applied to our previously reported dosimetry for intraperitoneal <sup>211</sup>At-TAT patients. <b>Results:</b> Risk could be estimated for 10 different organ or organ groups. The calculated excess relative risk per gray (ERR/Gy) could be sorted into 2 groups. The lower-ERR/Gy group, ranging up to a value of approximately 5, included trachea, bronchus, and lung, at 0.52 (95% CI, 0.21-0.82); stomach, at 1.4 (95% CI, -5.0-7.9); lymphoid and hematopoietic system, at 2.17 (95% CI, 1.7-2.7); bone and articular cartilage, at 2.6 (95% CI, 2.0-3.3); breast, at 3.45 (95% CI, -10-17); and colon, at 4.5 (95% CI, -3.5-13). The higher-ERR/Gy group, ranging from approximately 10 to 15, included urinary bladder, at 10.1 (95% CI, 1.4-23); liver, at 14.2 (95% CI, 13-16); kidney, at 14.9 (95% CI, 3.9-26); and lip, oral cavity, and pharynx, at 15.20 (95% CI, 2.73-27.63). Applying a typical candidate patient (female, age 65 y) and correcting for the reference population mortality rate, the total estimated excess mortality for an intraperitoneal <sup>211</sup>At-monoclonal antibody treatment amounted to 1.13 per 100 treated. More than half this excess originated from urinary bladder and kidney, 0.29 and 0.34, respectively. Depending on various adjustments in calculation and assumptions on competing risks, excess mortality could range from 0.11 to 1.84 per 100 treated. <b>Conclusion:</b> Published epidemiologic data on lifelong detriment after α-particle irradiation and its dosimetry allowed calculations to estimate the risk for secondary cancer after <sup>211</sup>At-based intraperitoneal TAT. Measures to reduce dose to the urinary organs may further decrease the estimated relative low risk for secondary cancer from <sup>211</sup>At-monoclonal antibody-based intraperitoneal TAT.