gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-time Funnel Generation for Restricted Motion Planning (2019)

In autonomous systems, a motion planner generates reference trajectories which are tracked by a low-level controller. For safe operation, the motion planner should account for inevitable controller tracking error when generating avoidance trajectories. In this article we present a method for generating provably safe tracking error bounds, while reducing over-conservatism that exists in existing methods. We achieve this goal by restricting possible behaviors for the motion planner. We provide an algebraic method based on sum-of-squares programming to define restrictions on the motion planner and find small bounds on the tracking error. We demonstrate our method on two case studies and show how we can integrate the method into already developed motion planning techniques. Results suggest that our method can provide acceptable tracking error wherein previous work were not applicable.
A 125-mm/sup 2/ 1-Gb NAND flash memory with 10-MByte/s program speed (2002)

A single 3-V only, 1-Gb NAND flash memory has been successfully developed. The chip has been fabricated using 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS STI technology. The effective cell size including the select transistors is 0.077 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. To decrease the chip size, a new architecture is introduced. The in-series connected memory cells are increased from 16 to 32. Furthermore, as many as 16 k memory cells are connected to the same wordline. As a result, the chip size is decreased by 15%. A very small die size of 125 mm/sup 2/ and an excellent cell area efficiency of 70% are achieved. As for the performance, a very fast programming and serial read are realized. The highest program throughput ever of 10.6-MByte/s is realized: 1) by quadrupling the page size and 2) by newly introducing a write cache. In addition, the garbage collection is accelerated to 9.4-MByte/s. In addition, the write cache accelerates the serial read operation and a very fast 20-MByte/s read throughput is realized.
Radiological Bile Acid Absorption Test 75SeHCAT in Patients with Diarrhoea of Unknown Cause (1996)

Pathological bile acid retention, studied with the radiological 75SeHCAT test, is common in patients with diarrhoea of unknown cause. The test should be performed earlier in the course of disease in order to prevent unnecessary radiological investigations and to reduce patient suffering and distress.
Antimicrobial peptide-modified silver nanoparticles for enhancing the antibacterial efficacy (2020)

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming a serious threat to public health worldwide. To address this problem, we have developed multifunctional peptide (MFP)-coated silver nanoparticles (MFP@AgNPs) for antibacterial studies. MFPs, which can physically adsorb to AgNPs <i>via</i> electrostatic interactions are comprised of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cleavable sequence (PVGLIG), an antimicrobial peptide (tachyplesin-1), and a target peptide (PGP-PEG). The resulting MFP@AgNPs were characterized by various technologies, including UV-vis spectrophotometry, zeta potential analyzer, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The MIC and MBC were investigated against both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity <i>in vivo</i> was evaluated on MDR-AB (multidrug-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>) infected mice. We found that MFP@AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Compared to bare AgNPs, MFP@AgNPs-1 killed MDR-AB faster and more efficiently. SEM images showed that MFP@AgNPs-1 induced cell disruption <i>via</i> cell membrane damage. <i>In vivo</i> studies further confirmed the enhanced antibacterial activity against MDR-AB infections. The developed MFP@AgNPs-1 reduced the cytotoxicity of AgNPs and enhanced the antibacterial activity against MDR-AB <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, providing a possible solution against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and myocardial infarction (2019)

The incidence of investigator diagnosed myocardial infarction (MI) is greater in patients treated with haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) than controls. Clinical trials and literature pertaining to possible HBOC toxicity mechanisms have been analyzed in order to identify possible reasons for this imbalance. MI diagnosis is hampered by potential interference of troponin assays by haemoglobin, haemolysis and bilirubin. Nevertheless, insofar as the reported incidence correlates with actual occurrence, there is a positive relationship between MI and HBOC dose and size. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that direct cardiac toxicity and coronary vasoconstriction are unlikely. More probable are detrimental intravascular interactions between HBOCs and components of the coagulation cascade, particularly dysfunctional endothelium. Elucidation of mechanisms is impeded by a lack of clinical data. Measurement of relevant biomarkers would be extremely useful in this regard and in improving patient selection criteria. Conduct of clinical trials in carefully selected patient populations after the development of improved protocols for MI diagnosis, along with concomitant biomarker data collection, is recommended.
Торможение развития катаракты у крыс под влиянием смеси N-ацетилкарнозина и D-пантетина (2014)

Изучено влияние смеси N-ацетилкарнозина и D-пантетина (1:1, m/m) на УФА-индуцированную катаракту у крыс. Показано, что инстилляция 5 % смеси в глаза или внутрибрюшинные инъекции (25 или 150 мг/мл) замедляют формирование катаракты, начиная с 82 сут эксперимента (p &lt; 0,03), в дальнейшем защитный эффект препарата существенно возрастал (p = 0,0003). УФ-облучение достоверно (p &lt; 0,01) увеличивало содержание водонерастворимых белков в хрусталике. Применение смеси N-ацетилкарнозина и D-пантетина препятствовало (p &lt; 0,001) увеличению содержания водонерастворимых белков под действием УФ-облучения. Гельпроникающая хроматография показала, что в группе контроля водонерастворимые белки состоят из 3 фракций массой 40, 100 – 200 и более 1000 кДа, соответственно. УФ-облучение снижает количество белка во фракции 1 и увеличивает количество белка во фракциях 2 и 3. Применение смеси соединений уменьшало эффект УФ. Авторы связывают эффект соединений с их шапероноподобными свойствами.
Homogeneous Catalysis in Supercritical Fluids:  Hydrogenation of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid, Alkyl Formates, and Formamides (1996)

Rapid, selective, and high-yield hydrogenation of CO2 can be achieved if the CO2 is in the supercritical state (scCO2). Dissolving H2, a tertiary amine, a catalyst precursor such as RuH2[P(CH3)3]4 or RuCl2[P(CH3)3]4, and a promoting additive such as water, CH3OH, or DMSO in scCO2 at 50 °C leads to the generation of formic acid with turnover frequencies up to or exceeding 4000 h-1. In general, experiments in which a second phase was formed by one or more reagents or additives had lower rates of reaction. The high rate of reaction is attributed to rapid diffusion, weak catalyst solvation, and the high miscibility of H2 in scCO2. The formic acid synthesis can be coupled with subsequent reactions of formic acid, for example, with alcohols or primary or secondary amines, to give highly efficient routes to formate esters or formamides. With NH(CH3)2, for example 420 000 mol of dimethylformamide/mol of Ru catalyst was obtained at 100 °C. The demonstrated solubility and catalytic activity of complexes of tertiary phosphines in scCO2 suggest that scCO2 could be an excellent medium for homogeneous catalysis and that many phosphine-containing homogeneous catalysts could be adopted for use in supercritical media.
The use of polymers for coating of cells (2002)

Abstract Bare cells or tissues are sometimes exposed to external hazardous conditions, physical (thermal changes), chemical or biological (such as enzymes, bacteria and viruses). Liquids, semi‐liquids (e.g. gels) or solid films are often used to surround individual cells or tissues in order to protect them and to achieve greater stability in laboratory and industrial uses. On the one hand there is a need for isolation and creating a barrier between the cell and its surroundings, and on the other hand this should not affect the metabolism and viability of the cell used. Polymers are major substances for cell encapsulation and entrapment. These preparations are often used for the manufacture of drugs and other cell metabolites. There are only a few publications describing single‐cell coating. We can consider a definition of coating as a process of surrounding an object with a thin film, having a thickness of only a small fraction of the object's dimensions. Taking this definition into account, in fact, most coating experiments actually deal with entrapment or immobilization rather than coating. The latest research shows for the first time the ability to coat a single cell by producing a thin gel layer around it. Xenopus laevis eggs and embryos were used as a model system for coating with thin films composed of low‐methoxy pectin (LMP), alginate, and ι‐ and κ‐carrageenans. These gums have different compositions and structures and accordingly created different coatings around the cells. The first goal was to achieve a thin film (∼50 µm) around an individual non‐fertilized egg (one cell). Next, the influence of coating an early‐stage toad embryo was tested. All coated embryos appeared to develop normally, similar to non‐coated embryos. The survival percentages after hatching of coated embryos were significantly higher than of the non‐coated control. In addition, the coating served as a barrier to microbial contamination and thus improved survival prospects. The coatings delayed hatching by 18 to 24 hr. At hatch, the embryos were at a more developed stage than their non‐coated counterparts. Thus, coating cells by polymeric thin film appears to be a suitable tool for laboratories interested in performing longer‐term experiments with cells or embryos. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Linear Alkylbenzenes: An Overview of the CommercialHFand Detal™ Process Unit Alkylation Technology (Case Study) (2023)

Linear alkylbenzene (LAB) is the precursor to the biodegradable detergent surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). This chapter will review the two predominant commercial alkylation routes for LAB production: homogenous acid alkylation using hydrofluoric (HF) acid and solid acid alkylation. HF alkylation was the preferred route until 1995 when UOP (now Honeywell UOP) and Cepsa introduced a solid acid catalyst alternative – the Detal™ Process Unit. The Detal™ Process Unit produces LAB with an inherently safer and HF-free process and because of this, now represents the majority of new LAB manufacturing capacity. Since its first commercialization, the Detal™ Process Unit has been constantly renewed with innovations on many fronts, including utility savings, operability, product quality, and maximizing throughput. This chapter will summarize these technology advancements in detail.
Brain imaging abnormalities in CNS virus infections (2007)

Brain imaging abnormalities in CNS virus infectionsUnlike bacterial and fungal meningitis in which imaging abnormalities are not specific for a particular agent, many virus infections of the CNS produce MRI abnormalities not seen by any other infectious agent.The changes caused by the specific virus can also be produced by noninfectious disorders.Imaging changes must always be evaluated in conjunction with the clinical symptoms, signs, and laboratory abnormalities, particularly the presence of a CSF pleocytosis.The purpose of this montage is to ensure that the clinician includes the specific virus in the differential diagnosis (figure).
Coronary artery compression by pulmonary artery stenting after arterial switch operation: a novel indication for coronary compression test (2023)

Pulmonary artery stenosis is one of the most common complications after arterial switch operation. Stent implantation is an effective treatment with some risks related to coronary artery compression. We present the case of a patient affected by pulmonary stenosis after arterial switch operation. Coronary compression testing demonstrated compression of the left coronary artery from the balloon inflated in the left pulmonary artery. We should systematically consider the use of coronary balloon testing before stent implantation in patients with a history of switch operation.
Fire experiments in a test gallery to estimate the length of firebreak (1978)

After a serious fire resulting in flooding occurred at Horonai Coal Mine in November 1975, a series of experiments were carried out to establish the length and structure of a firebreak necessary to stop propagation of a mine fire. The experiments were carried out in a test gallery 400 m in length and 5.4 sq. m in cross-section. Changes in temperature, velocity of gas flow and combustion products were measured. Using wood lining with a length of 50m and density of 36 kg cu.m., the results showed that at an air velocity of l m/sec, the necessary length increased steeply to about 150 m. The fire in wood lining of the gallery propagated leeward at a rate proportional to air velocity, and extended windward only very slowly.
Characterization and Intracellular Distribution of Microtubule‐Associated Protein 2 in Differentiating Human Neuroblastoma Cells (1990)

The use of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against different determinants of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) enabled us to identify two distinct high-molecular-mass MAP2 species (270 and 250 kDa) and a substantial amount of MAP2c (70 kDa) in human neuroblastoma cells. The 250-kDa MAP2 species appears to be confined to the human neuroblastoma cells and was not observed in microtubules (MTs) from bovine and rat brain, mouse neuroblastoma, or MTs from human cerebellum. A new overlay method was developed, which demonstrates binding of tubulin to human neuroblastoma high-molecular-mass MAP2 by exposing nitrocellulose-bound MT proteins under polymerization conditions to tubulin. Bound tubulin was detected with a mAb directed against beta-tubulin. The binding of tubulin to MAP2 could be abolished by a peptide homologous to positions 426-445 of the C-terminal region of beta-tubulin. Immunological cross-reactivity with several mAbs directed against bovine brain MAP2, taxol-promoted coassembly into MTs, and immunocytochemical visualization within cells were further criteria utilized to characterize these proteins as true MAPs. Indirect immunofluorescence with anti-MAP2 and anti-beta-tubulin mAbs demonstrated that there is a change in the spatial organization of MTs during induced cell differentiation, as indicated by the appearance of MT bundles and the redistribution of MAP2.
A Comparative Analysis of Data Models for Optical Transport Networks (2019)

The proposal of using Software Defined Networking (SDN) techniques for operating optical transport networks has received a lot of attention. This approach provides centralised planning and control of network resources while collecting status and telemetry from the network to provide feedback and help with planning the delivery of services and optimising the network. A key component of SDN is how the central planning and management components communicate with the network equipment. The current approaches depend on a data model for each device, protocol, or component that is being controlled. These data models are most often written in the YANG language and passed between controller and device using the NETCONF protocol. Over the last several years a number of different standards organisations and open source initiatives have developed distinct modelling approaches for use in optical transport networks. Although the objectives are always the same, the models differ in details and high-level architecture meaning that equipment vendors, network management system developers, and network operators have to make choices or be faced with a complex ecosystem. It would be helpful if the various models and approaches could be consolidated to reduce the options while retaining flexible, high function. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the different data models available with a view to helping decision-makers understand the choices available.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBENE COMPLEXES. II. STERIC AND CONFOR (1978)

Abstract Das elektronenreiche Olefin (II) reagiert thermisch mit Hexacarbonyl‐Cr unter Bildung der Mono‐ und cis‐Dicarben‐Cr(0)‐Komplexe (I) und mit BenzoItricarbonyl‐Cr zu dem Monocarben‐Cr(O)‐Komplex (III).
Proton‐motive force during growth of Escherichia coli in the recycling fermentor (1986)

The proton‐motive force (Δ p ) has been determined during growth of Escherichia coli in a recycling fermentor and in a chemostat. The recycling fermentor has proven to be an easy and suitable technique for measuring Δ p in growing cells, especially at low specific growth rates. Δ p was determined by measuring the transmembrane gradient of protons, Δ p H, from the accumulation of benzoate anions, and the electrical gradient, ΔΨ, from the accumulation of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP + ). The accumulation of lactose was also used to calculate Δ p in two lactose operon constitutive, β‐galactosidase negative relaxed mutants. In the recycling fermentor the calculated Δ p values were independent of the specific growth rate and of the growth phase with both relaxed mutants. Δ p values measured in the chemostat at different specific growth rates yielded the same result. Results with a wild‐type E . coli that expresses the stringent response at specific growth rates lower than 0.01 h − , corresponding to generation times greater than 70 h, showed that Δ p varies inversely with specific growth rate. These results indicate that a relationship exists between Δ p and the expression of the stringent response.
Catalysis of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Bimetallic PtCu Nanostructures (2013)

We describe the design and synthesis of Pt-Cu electrocatalysts with well-defined, tunable morphology and composition. Electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis indicate our catalysts have extremely high porosity, which acts to maximize mass transport, increase active surface area, and minimize the overall precious metal content. Production of these catalysts is quite facile and begins with synthesis of a porous Cu substrate, formed by etching Al from a Cu-Al alloy. The porous Cu substrate is then coated with a Pt layer via galvanic replacement with K2PtCl4. Growth of the Pt layer is manipulated by time, temperature, concentration of K2PtCl4, and convection rate during galvanic replacement. Data from inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirm multiple Pt loadings have been achieved via the galvanic replacement process. The Pt layer was found to enhance the oxygen reduction activity 30%-75% relative to the current state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst and act as a barrier towards corrosion of the Cu understructure. The high ORR activity obtained indicates that high catalytic activity could potentially be achieved from fine-tuning this technique for other bimetallic Pt-based catalysts.
PolyWorld: Polygonal Building Extraction with Graph Neural Networks in Satellite Images (2021)

While most state-of-the-art instance segmentation methods produce binary segmentation masks, geographic and cartographic applications typically require precise vector polygons of extracted objects instead of rasterized output. This paper introduces PolyWorld, a neural network that directly extracts building vertices from an image and connects them correctly to create precise polygons. The model predicts the connection strength between each pair of vertices using a graph neural network and estimates the assignments by solving a differentiable optimal transport problem. Moreover, the vertex positions are optimized by minimizing a combined segmentation and polygonal angle difference loss. PolyWorld significantly outperforms the state of the art in building polygonization and achieves not only notable quantitative results, but also produces visually pleasing building polygons. Code and trained weights are publicly available at https://github.com/zorzi-s/PolyWorldPretrainedNetwork.
Global optimization of the illumination distribution to maximize integrated process window (2006)

This paper extends our previous work on globally optimizing source shapes for lithography. A key extension is our global optimization against metrics that involve process window through focus. For example, the user can determine the particular source shape which maximizes the area of the ED window (common exposure-defocus window) across all patterns. In nominal terms, integrated process window is a highly nonlinear objective function; for example, ED window is defined in terms of fractional (i.e. percentage or relative) exposure latitude, and dose is proportional to the reciprocal of intensity, which means that when ED window is calculated the source variables appear in both numerator and denominator of a ratio of reciprocals. In addition, exposure and focus latitudes are defined in terms of the common window as bounded by all features, and the determination of which features are gating is a conditional and non-differentiable function of the source variables. Also, the focus integration should only extend to the plane where ED window first closes down to zero; this limit also depends on the variables in a nonlinear way. However, despite these complexities, it proves possible under quite benign approximations to reformulate ED window maximization as a near-linear-programming problem that can be solved globally, in polynomial time. The algorithm can be extended in several ways, e.g. to account for effects like mask linewidth errors (MEF). In some cases MEF-optimized sources can substantially reduce the sensitivity to mask error, and may differ appreciably from sources optimized for individual perturbed masks. Resist effects can be approximated by influence/diffusion kernels operating on the exposing image within the film. The area of an inscribed rectangular process band can be optimized in place of the full ED window. Source pixelation can be structured to account for finite illuminator resolution and constraints on minimum pole size. Multiple exposures can also be handled, and polarization can be selected optimally on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
Sorption and chemical transformation of PAHs on coal fly ash. Technical progress report No. 3, May 1--July 31, 1992 (1992)

The results obtained to date indicate that toluene is a useful ``probe solute`` for measuring the relative affinities of various fly ash fractions for aromatic solutes. In general, the adsorption isotherms obtained for toluene on fly ash fractions can be fit to a Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation, which implies that the adsorbent surface in question is heterogeneous. For most fly ash fractions studied thus far, the measured heat of adsorption decreases as the quantity of toluene injected onto the column increases. This observation also indicates that the fly ash surfaces are heterogeneous. For a homogeneous (or nearly homogeneous) surface, virtually all adsorption ``sites`` for a particular solute exhibit approximately the same affinity for the solute; hence, the measured heat of adsorption is virtually independent of the amount of solute that is brought into contact with the surface. However, when the surface is heterogeneous, the measured heat of adsorption decreases as the amount of solute is increased; this variation can be used to make inferences regarding surface site energy distributions if certain assumptions and approximations are made. Data obtained to date are summarized.