gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
International Water Comprehensive Organization (IWCO): Creating alliances for improved water management and solving water conflicts (2023)

Abstract International organizations constitute the basis to increase water co-operation, prevent or reduce the possibility of conflicts between countries, and, were they to occur, achieve co-operation to resolve them. The proliferation of water-related conflicts, especially involving transboundary watersheds, the need for stakeholder co-operation, and the necessity of creating alliances between water organizations call for the formation of an organization to tackle the resolution of such conflicts. River Basin Organizations (RBOs) have been created in the water field in recent years, which have addressed a variety of water-related problems. Yet, there is no holistic agency at present tasked with the comprehensive review and resolution of water conflicts worldwide. This paper presents a plan to create an International Water Comprehensive Organization (IWCO) under the auspices of the United Nations that would address water conflicts worldwide, which would integrate other existing organizations with jurisdiction in the realm of water management. Furthermore, this work describes the objectives and needs for creating the IWCO, defines its structure, and outlines its main tasks and authorities. The IWCO would integrate existing water-related organizations for solving hydropolitical issues, and would provide logistic support leading to scientific and legal advances in the water field.
Initial experience with a new distal intermediate and aspiration catheter in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: clinical safety and efficacy (2015)

The SOFIA catheter is a safe and efficient catheter for endovascular stroke therapy.
Changes in outcome measures for impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction over two years in osteoarthritis of the lower extremities (2008)

Objective instruments measuring impairment in body structures and function are more sensitive to change over 2 years in patients with OA than self-reported measurements of impairment in body function, activity limitation, and participation restriction. These findings encourage development of new instruments to improve measurement of disease outcome in OA.
Memory Management Strategies for Data Serving with RDMA (2007)

Using remote direct memory access (RDMA) to ship data is becoming a very popular technique in network architectures. As these networks are adopted by the broader computing market, new challenges arise in transitioning existing code to use RDMA APIs. One particular class of applications that map poorly to RDMA are those that act as servers of file data. In order to access file data and send it over the network, an application must copy it to user-space buffers, and the operating system must register those buffers with the network adapter. Ordinary sockets-based networks can achieve higher performance by using the "sendfile" mechanism to avoid copying file data into user-space buffers. In this work we revisit time-honored approaches to sending file data, but adapted to RDMA networks. In particular, both pipelining and sendfile can be used, albeit with modifications to handle memory registration issues. However, memory registration is not well- integrated in current operating systems, leading to difficulties in adapting the sendfile mechanism. These two techniques make it feasible to create RDMA-based applications that serve file data and still maintain a high level of performance.
Differentiation of Lens-Like Structures from Newt Iris Epithelial Cells In Vitro (1974)

Dissociated cells of pigmented iris epithelium from adult newts grew intensively in monolayer cultures after a lag of two to three weeks. During the lag period, depigmentation occurred in many cells. When cultures became confluent five to six weeks after seeding, many tiny lens-like structures (30-70 per plate) differentiated from dense foci of amelanotic epithelial cells. These lens-like structures appeared in all cultures originated from cells of ventral as well as dorsal iris. The identification of these structures as lens was established by both immunological and ultrastructural techniques.
Explosive double salts and preparation (2023)

Applicants have discovered a new composition of matter which is an explosive addition compound of ammonium nitrate (AN) and diethylenetriamine trinitrate (DETN) in a 50:50 molar ratio. The compound is stable over extended periods of time only at temperatures higher than 46.degree. C., decomposing to a fine-grained eutectic mixture (which is also believed to be new) of AN and DETN at temperatures lower than 46.degree. C. The compound of the invention has an x-ray density of 1.61 g/cm.sup.3, explodes to form essentially only gaseous products, has higher detonation properties (i.e., detonation velocity and pressure) than those of any mechanical mixture having the same density and composition as the compound of the invention, is a quite insensitive explosive material, can be cast at temperatures attainable by high pressure steam, and is prepared from inexpensive ingredients. Methods of preparing the compound of the invention and the fine-grained eutectic composition of the invention are given.
Molecular Engineering of Conjugated Acetylenic Polymers for Efficient Cocatalyst‐free Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction (2019)

Abstract Conjugated polymers featuring tunable band gaps/positions and tailored active centers, are attractive photoelectrode materials for water splitting. However, their exploration falls far behind their inorganic counterparts. Herein, we demonstrate a molecular engineering strategy for the tailoring aromatic units of conjugated acetylenic polymers from benzene‐ to thiophene‐based. The polarized thiophene‐based monomers of conjugated acetylenic polymers can largely extend the light absorption and promote charge separation/transport. The C≡C bonds are activated for catalyzing water reduction. Using on‐surface Glaser polycondensation, as‐fabricated poly(2,5‐diethynylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) on commercial Cu foam exhibits a record H 2 ‐evolution photocurrent density of 370 μA cm −2 at 0.3 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode among current cocatalyst‐free organic photocathodes (1–100 μA cm −2 ). This approach to modulate the optical, charge transfer, and catalytic properties of conjugated polymers paves a critical way toward high‐activity organic photoelectrodes.
Properties of Semiconductor Surface Inversion Layers in the Electric Quantum Limit (1967)

The strong surface electric field associated with a semiconductor inversion layer quantizes the motion normal to the surface. The bulk energy bands split into electric sub-bands near the surface, each of which is a two-dimensional continuum associated with one of the quantized levels. We treat the electric quantum limit, in which only the lowest electric sub-band is occupied. Within the effective-mass approximation, we have generalized the energy-level calculation to include arbitrary orientations of (1) the constant-energy ellipsoids in the bulk, (2) the surface or interface, and (3) an external magnetic field. The potential associated with a charged center located an arbitrary distance from the surface is calculated, taking into account screening by carriers in the inversion layer. The bound states in the inversion layer due to attractive Coulomb centers are calculated for a model potential which assumes the inversion layer to have zero thickness. The Born approximation is compared with a phase-shift calculation of the scattering cross section, and is found to be reasonably good for the range of carrier concentrations encountered in InAs surfaces. The low-temperature mobility associated with screened Coulomb scattering by known charges at the surface and in the semiconductor depletion layer is calculated for InAs and for Si (100) surfaces in the Born approximation, using a potential that takes the inversion-layer charge distribution into account. The InAs results are in good agreement with experiment. In Si, but not in InAs, freeze-out of carriers into inversion-layer bound states is expected at low temperatures and low inversion-layer charge densities, and the predicted behavior is in qualitative agreement with experiment. An Appendix gives the phase-shift method for two-dimensional scattering and the exact cross section for scattering by an unscreened Coulomb potential.
Unscented Optimal Control for 3D Coverage Planning with an Autonomous UAV Agent (2023)

We propose a novel probabilistically robust controller for the guidance of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in coverage planning missions, which can simultaneously optimize both the UAV’s motion, and camera control inputs for the 3D coverage of a given object of interest. Specifically, the coverage planning problem is formulated in this work as an optimal control problem with logical constraints to enable the UAV agent to jointly: a) select a series of discrete camera field-of-view states which satisfy a set of coverage constraints, and b) optimize its motion control inputs according to a specified mission objective. We show how this hybrid optimal control problem can be solved with standard optimization tools by converting the logical expressions in the constraints into equality/inequality constraints involving only continuous variables. Finally, probabilistic robustness is achieved by integrating the unscented transformation to the proposed controller, thus enabling the design of robust open-loop coverage plans which take into account the future posterior distribution of the UAV’s state inside the planning horizon.
Agranulocytosis Associated With Disopyramide Therapy (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Disopyramide phosphate (Norpace) is a newly available type 1 antiarrhythmic drug.<sup>1</sup>It is not chemically related to other antiarrhythmic drugs in structure. Similar to quinidine and procainamide, it is useful in the treatment of ectopic ventricular contractions and episodes of ventricular tachycardia and is purported to have less adverse reactions in therapeutic dosages.<sup>2</sup>We have treated a patient who had agranulocytosis on two occasions after the administration of disopyramide. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 61-year-old man underwent a cholecystectomy during April 1978. During convalescence from surgery ventricular bigeminy developed and was initially treated with quinidine. Inadequate control of his arrhythmia was obtained, and quinidine therapy was discontinued on April 28. Therapy with disopyramide phosphate and procainamide hydrochloride was initiated; a normal WBC count and differential cell count were obtained on that date. On May 11, fever with a suppurative tonsillitis developed; the patient had a
Gut microbiome-brain-cirrhosis axis (2023)

Cirrhosis is characterized by inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis of liver tissue. Along with being the most common cause of liver failure and liver transplant, cirrhosis is a significant risk factor for several neuropsychiatric conditions. The most common of these is HE, which is characterized by cognitive and ataxic symptoms, resulting from the buildup of metabolic toxins with liver failure. However, cirrhosis patients also show a significantly increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and for mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. In recent years, more attention has been played to communication between the ways the gut and liver communicate with each other and with the central nervous system, and the way these organs influence each other's function. This bidirectional communication has come to be known as the gut-liver-brain axis. The gut microbiome has emerged as a key mechanism affecting gut-liver, gut-brain, and brain-liver communication. Clinical studies and animal models have demonstrated the significant patterns of gut dysbiosis when cirrhosis is present, both with or without concomitant alcohol use disorder, and have provided compelling evidence that this dysbiosis also influences the cognitive and mood-related behaviors. In this review, we have summarized the pathophysiological and cognitive effects associated with cirrhosis, links to cirrhosis-associated disruption of the gut microbiome, and the current evidence from clinical and preclinical studies for the modulation of the gut microbiome as a treatment for cirrhosis and associated neuropsychiatric conditions.
Alteration of endotracheal tube position Flexion and extension of the neck (1976)

Malposition of the endotracheal tube is a frequent complication in patients being treated for ventilatory failure. It was suspected that motion of the head might alter the position of the tube and result in malposition. Twenty adult patients with ventilatory failure, in tubated with an 8.0-mm endotracheal tube (5 oral and 15 nasal) were studied. The cuff was deflated in 10 of the 20 patients. With the patient in a semierect sitting position, standardized portable anterior-posterior chest roentgenograms were obtained with the neck in flexion, neutral, and hypertension and in 5 of the patients after right lateral head rotation. Movement of the endotracheal tube tip relative to the carina was measured from each roentgenogram. The endotracheal tube moved a similar distance regardless of the route of intubation or the inflation status of the cuff. Therefore, all groups were combined for analysis. The tube moved an average of 1.9 cm toward the carina with flexion from a neutral position, 1.9 cm away from the carina with extension, and 0.7 cm away with lateral head rotation. Malposition of the endotracheal tube may result from changes in head position. To minimize the possible injurious effects of that malposition, we recommend that the tip of the endotracheal tube be placed in the middle third of the trachea with the neck in a neutral position. Finally, knowledge of the head position is crucial to the proper radiographic interpretation of endotracheal tube position.
THEORETICAL STUDIES ON THE NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF 1-PHENYLETHYL CHLORIDES (1997)

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-phenylethyl chlorides (1-PEC; YC6H4CH(CH3)Cl) with phenoxides (XC6H4O-) and thiophenoxides (XC6H4S-) are investigated theoretically using the PM3 method. The Bronsted α and β values are greater for the phenoxides indicating a more advanced reaction in the transition state (TS) than for the thiophenoxides. This is supported by a greater magnitude of ρX (- 6.4 ∼ - 7.4) and ρXY (- 0.76) for the phenoxides than for the thiophenoxides (ρX = - 3.6 ∼ - 4.4 and ρXY = - 0.60). The percentage bond order changes, %Δn≠, suggest that the extents of bond making and breaking are similar for the phenoxides and hence the TS is symmetrical, but bond making is somewhat greater than bond cleavage for the thiophenoxides indicating an unsymmetrical TS. The reactions in the gas phase for both nucleophile series proceed by a SN2 mechanism with a tight TS and negative charge development on the reaction center carbon, Cα. The reactions in water investigated with model systems of benzyl and 1-phenylethyl chlorides using the Cramer-Truhlar solvation model (PM3-SM3) indicate that the reactions of 1-PEC are far more complex due to enhanced stabilization of the carbocation by the methyl substitution for a benzylic hydrogen.
Parasitoid of the Citrus Leafminer, Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (1969)

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was first detected in Florida in 1993 (Heppner 1993). This invasive pest spread rapidly throughout the citrus-growing areas and is now well established in Florida. The parasitoid Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophdae) was introduced during July 2003 into quarantine facilities in the Division of Plant Industry in Gainesville and the Department of Entomology and Nematology in Gainesville, where it is being evaluated for possible release into Florida's citrus to augment the role of the citrus leafminer's other natural enemies. This document is EENY-313, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: November 2003.&#x0D; EENY-313/IN589: Parasitoid of the Citrus Leafminer, Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). (ufl.edu)
Foliar Application of P. II. Yield Responses of Corn and Soybeans Sprayed with Various Condensed Phosphates and P‐N Compounds in Greenhouse and Field Experiments1 (1979)

Abstract Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted with corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybeans ( Glycine max L. Merr.) to evaluate the growth response of foliar sprays with several condensed phosphates and P‐N compounds. The maximum concentration of P tolerated in solutions of tri‐ and tetrapolyphosphates applied as sprays in the greenhouse was 1.3% with corn and 1.1% with soybeans. The maximum concentration of P tolerated as orthophosphate was 0.5% with corn and 0.4% with soybeans. With soybeans, the yields of plants sprayed with various condensed P compounds significantly exceeded the yields of the unsprayed control, which would not be classed as P‐deficient on the basis of the P content of the leaves. Spraying the plants, however, increased the P concentration in the leaves. Phosphoryl triamide produced the highest yields of above‐ground dry matter of corn plants in an experiment in which several P‐N compounds and condensed phosphates were brushed on the leaves. Several different condensed phosphates were sprayed on corn and soybeans in a field experiment on a fine loamy, mixed, mesic typic haplaquoll (Webster silt loam). An increase in yield of corn that was statistically significant at the 5% level was obtained from spraying. The yields with tri‐ and tetrapolyphosphate were, respectively, 760 and 754 kg/ha above the control yield of 10,234 kg/ha. With soybeans, the increase in yield due to treatment was significant at the 18% level, and the increase was equivalent to 256 kg/ha above the control yield of 3747 kg/ha.
Enhanced Adhesion Effect of Epoxy Resin on Metal Surfaces Using Polymer with Catechol and Epoxy Groups (2020)

Reinforcement of the interfacial interaction between epoxy adhesives and metallic materials was achieved by using poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) with N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)methacrylamide (DOPAm) fragments. The copolymer, namely P(GMA-co-DOMAm), was synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. Because of the catechol anchoring, the polymeric layer was successfully prepared by immersing metals in the copolymer solution for 1 h. The single-lap shear test demonstrated that the ultimate lap shear strength of the adherent with the polymeric layer was almost twice stronger than the bare one when the epoxy resin was utilized as adhesives. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement at the adherent/adhesive interface revealed that the catechol-anchoring effect, as well as the cross-linking between the polymer brush and adhesives dramatically improved the performance of epoxy adhesives.
Services or infrastructure: why we need a network service model (2002)

The Internet approach to networking, with its clean separation between underlying network technologies and overlying applications provided by the internetworking layer, has been extremely successful. However, the single class of best-effort service offered by the current Internet architecture is unable to adequately support the service requirements of multimedia applications. We argue that, to remedy this, the Internet should adopt a more general service model; that is, the Internet should offer a variety of qualities of service. We present one proposal for a new Internet service model that contains two forms of real-time service and multiple levels of best-effort service. Interoperability between networks is possible only if the Internet and other internetworking approaches, as well as the various supporting subnet technologies, jointly converge on a common service model. Community networks, if they are seen as part of this general communications infrastructure, should join this search for a common service model. The crucial question, which remains largely unanswered, is whether these community networks, as currently envisioned by their sponsors, are merely means to deliver specific services or are part of a more general communications infrastructure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Resonant Mode Engineering of Photonic Crystal Sensors Clad with Ultralow Refractive Index Porous Silicon Dioxide (2017)

Abstract Porous SiO 2 (PSiO 2 ) with ultralow refractive index ( n = 1.09) is incorporated as the cladding of a photonic crystal (PC) refractive index sensor with enhanced sensitivity through the establishment of resonant modes that principally reside in the liquid medium covering the PC surface. PSiO 2 , obtained by thermal oxidation of porous Si that has been transferred to a transparent substrate, is transparent at visible and near infrared wavelengths with a refractive index determined by its porosity. The PSiO 2 periodic grating structure (Λ = 590 nm) is patterned by nanoimprint lithography and reactive ion etching, then conformally coated by sputtering high refractive index TiO 2 to seal the pores from liquid infiltration. With the refractive index of PSiO 2 much lower than that of water, the resonant mode “flips” its spatial distribution from within the solid dielectric regions of the photonic crystal to reside mainly in the water media covering the PC, resulting in 4× greater resonant wavelength shift for a fixed refractive index change. This study demonstrates design, fabrication, and testing of the sensor as a refractometer, supported by electromagnetic simulations of the resonant mode spatial distribution, in which porous PC sensors are compared to nonporous PC sensors.
Is the Incidence of Hypospadias Increasing? Analysis of Finnish Hospital Discharge Data 1970-1994 (2000)

Reports suggesting an increasing incidence of male genitourinary anomalies such as hypospadias, possibly related to environmental factors such as environmental estrogen-like compounds, have recently received considerable publicity. These reports are based on birth defects registry data, and there may be variation in the completeness of the registries used. We analyzed temporal trends in the prevalence of hypospadias in Finland to assess the previously reported low overall prevalence and to detect any possible increasing tendencies during the past decade. We identified all patients who were surgically treated for hypospadias before the age of 9 years among boys born 1970-1986 in the national hospital discharge registry. We calculated the cumulative prevalence by dividing the number of patients by the number of male births, and we used Poisson regression analysis. Out of 549,176 boys born in Finland in 1970-1986, 1,543 were treated for hypospadias by the age of 8 years (28.1 surgically treated patients per 10,000 male live births; 95% confidence interval, 26.7-29.5). The prevalence of hypospadias in Finland remained constant throughout the study period and appears to have been approximately three times higher than previously reported. Changes in completeness of registration may account for a substantial proportion of the reported increases in the prevalence of hypospadias in Finland and possibly also elsewhere.