gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Free-space optical cross connect switch based on a 3D MEMS mirror array (2003)

The design and characteristics of a 3D MEMS mirror array and a compact optical fiber array as well as the free-space optical cross connect (OXC) switch module comprising them are presented.
Preparedness of Engineering Freshman to Inquiry-Based Learning (2007)

Educational experts, past and present, urge engineering colleges nationwide to transform their pedagogical paradigm from a predominantly lecture- to an inquiry-based teaching approach. Written comments by two seniors, deploring having to read and write in a required course of an ABET accredited program, highlight a common expectation of today’s students. Presented are the disturbing results of a survey that assessed the level of learning skills exhibited by 1,020 engineering freshmen. Time management not only surfaced as needing drastic remediation but it also correlated with the level of students’ motivation to succeed in college. Problems with poor time management were listed by 25% of the freshman cohort at the end of the first semester. From monitoring the submittals of online homework it was learned that timeliness corresponded with the final grade achieved in a course. The work presented in this paper indicates that universities need not only to address the students’ learning preferences but also equip them with the skills necessary to engage actively in the knowledge-building process, a necessary sea-change in engineering education.
A Small-Scale Robotic Spill Detection and Cleaning Method (2018)

Small-scale spill detection and removal represents a fundamental concern for a wide variety of industries such as food production plants. Often these spills are detected and cleaned manually resulting in slower operations and less productivity. In this design project, a robotic solution, including detection of the spill and removal of it, is presented to maintain high productivity and operations standards in a given organization. The design consists of a plastic structure including acrylic and polylactide (PLA), a vacuum motor, spill detection electronics using image processing and control apparatus. For initial testing purposes, the robotic attachment was mounted to iRobot Create 2 as a movement platform. Testing methods consisted of rounds of spill cleaning for a variety of materials including oil and syrup. As a result of those tests, the design can be scaled to different industries such as Oil and Gas, Energy, Supermarket and Warehouses. Results show improved spill detection and removal compared to manual methods.
◾ A Gameful Approach to Teaching Software Design and Software Testing (2015)

However, testing can be tedious and boring, especially for students who just want their programs to work. Although there have been a number of approaches to bring testing to students early in the curriculum [3,4,5], there have been significant setbacks due to low student engagement and interest in testing [1]. Past efforts to teach students the introductory testing practices have focused on formal testing practices, including approaches using test-driven development [1,4].
Nanosecond Analog Programming of Substoichiometric Silicon Oxide Resistive RAM (2016)

Slow access time, high power dissipation, and a rapidly approaching scaling limit constitute roadblocks for existing nonvolatile flash memory technologies. A new family of storage devices is needed. Filamentary resistive RAM (ReRAM) offers scalability, potentially sub-10 nm, nanosecond write times and a low power profile. Importantly, applications beyond binary memories are also possible. Here, we look at aspects of the electrical response to nanosecond stimuli of intrinsic resistance switching TiN/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /TiN ReRAM devices. Simple sequences of identical pulses switch devices between two or more states, leading to the possibility of simplified programmers. Impedance mismatch between the device under test and the measurement system allows us to track the electroforming process and confirm it occurs on the nanosecond timescale. Furthermore, we report behavior reminiscent of neuronal synapses (potentiation, depression, and short-term memory). Our devices therefore show great potential for integration into novel hardware neural networks.
Chlorination of Sulfides with Sulfuryl Chloride and Thionyl Chloride. I. Dimethyl Sulfide and Its Derivatives (1951)

Abstract not available
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Uses Host Triacylglycerol to Accumulate Lipid Droplets and Acquires a Dormancy-Like Phenotype in Lipid-Loaded Macrophages (2011)

Two billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb-infected macrophages are likely to be sequestered inside the hypoxic environments of the granuloma and differentiate into lipid-loaded macrophages that contain triacylglycerol (TAG)-filled lipid droplets which may provide a fatty acid-rich host environment for Mtb. We report here that human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and THP-1 derived macrophages incubated under hypoxia accumulate Oil Red O-staining lipid droplets containing TAG. Inside such hypoxic, lipid-loaded macrophages, nearly half the Mtb population developed phenotypic tolerance to isoniazid, lost acid-fast staining and accumulated intracellular lipid droplets. Dual-isotope labeling of macrophage TAG revealed that Mtb inside the lipid-loaded macrophages imports fatty acids derived from host TAG and incorporates them intact into Mtb TAG. The fatty acid composition of host and Mtb TAG were nearly identical suggesting that Mtb utilizes host TAG to accumulate intracellular TAG. Utilization of host TAG by Mtb for lipid droplet synthesis was confirmed when fluorescent fatty acid-labeled host TAG was utilized to accumulate fluorescent lipid droplets inside the pathogen. Deletion of the Mtb triacylglycerol synthase 1 (tgs1) gene resulted in a drastic decrease but not a complete loss in both radiolabeled and fluorescent TAG accumulation by Mtb suggesting that the TAG that accumulates within Mtb is generated mainly by the incorporation of fatty acids released from host TAG. We show direct evidence for the utilization of the fatty acids from host TAG for lipid metabolism inside Mtb. Taqman real-time PCR measurements revealed that the mycobacterial genes dosR, hspX, icl1, tgs1 and lipY were up-regulated in Mtb within hypoxic lipid loaded macrophages along with other Mtb genes known to be associated with dormancy and lipid metabolism.
Robust Nonparametric Segmentation of Infarct Lesion from Diffusion-Weighted MR Images (2007)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological disorders. In particular Diffusion-Weighted MRI (DWI) is highly sensitive in detecting early cerebral ischemic changes in acute stroke. Cerebral infarction lesion segmentation from DWI is accomplished in this work by applying nonparametric density estimation. The quality of the class boundaries is improved by including an edge confidence map, that is the confidence of truly being in the presence of a border between adjacent regions. The adjacency graph, that is constructed with the label regions, is analyzed and pruned to merge adjacent regions. The method was applied to real images, keeping all parameters constant throughout the process for each data set. The combination of region segmentation and edge detection proved to be a robust automatic technique of segmentation from DWI images of cerebral infarction regions in acute ischemic stroke. In a comparison with the reference infarct lesions segmentation, the automatic segmentation presented a significant correlation (r=0.935), and an average Tanimoto index of 0.538.
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP)–time for a reckoning? (2017)

3b.
Two new species of Begonia (sect. Platycentrum, Begoniaceae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam: B. villosula and B. lophura (2021)

Two new species of Begonia L., namely Begonia villosula T.S.Hoang &amp; C.W.Lin and B. lophura T.S.Hoang &amp; C.W.Lin, from the Central Highlands of Vietnam, are described and illustrated. They are assigned to Begonia sect. Platycentrum based on several characters including axillary inflorescence, 4-tepaled staminate flower and 5-tepaled pistillate flower with bilocular ovary, each with two placentae. Begonia villosula resembles B. thomsonii, but it is different in its leaf margins crenate to crenulate (vs. irregularly serrulate), stamens 80–120 (vs. 35–70), pistillate flower 4-tepaled (vs. 5-tepaled) and ovary hirsute (vs. villous). Begonia lophura is somewhat similar to B. pavonina, but it is different in having widely ovate (vs. ovate) and abaxially red hirsute (vs. glabrous) leaves, bracts persistent (vs. caducous), tepals hirsute (vs. glabrous) in both of staminate and pistillate flowers, capsule scabrous (vs. glabrous) and abaxial wing strongly swollen (vs. thin, not swollen). The conservation status of the two new species are assessed as Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List criteria.
Temperature-induced gelation of emulsions stabilised by responsive copolymers: A rheological study (2001)

The steady-state and dynamic rheological properties of 1-bromohexadecane-in-water emulsions stabilised by responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate) (poly(NIPAM-co-PEGMa)) copolymer have been investigated. The data were compared to measurements performed using dilute and concentrated poly(NIPAM-co-PEGMa) copolymer solutions. These solutions exhibit viscosities that decrease and increase, respectively, with increasing temperature. The increase in viscosity for the concentrated solution is attributed to transient network formation. The presence of dispersed oil droplets (volume fraction = 0.30) in the emulsion causes temperature-induced gelation even though the copolymer concentration in the aqueous phase is such that transient network formation due to overlapping copolymer chains throughout the aqueous phase does not occur. Dynamic rheological data confirmed gelation for the emulsions at elevated temperatures. Emulsion gelation is attributed to flocculation between neighbouring droplets. The adhesive droplets form a network that entraps the aqueous phase. The strength of the network increased with increasing temperature. To our knowledge these data represent the first comprehensive rheological investigation of reversible, temperature-induced gelation for an oil-in-water emulsion.
The Short-Term Effect of Weight Loss Surgery on Volumetric Breast Density and Fibroglandular Volume (2016)

Breast volume and fibroglandular volume decreased, and VBD increased following WLS, with the most significant change observed in postmenopausal women and non-diabetics. Further studies are warranted to determine how physical and biological alterations in breast density components after WLS may impact breast cancer risk.
Supplementary Figure 8 from CBS9106-Induced CRM1 Degradation Is Mediated by Cullin Ring Ligase Activity and the Neddylation Pathway (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 8: MLN4924 attenuates tumor growth inhibition by CBS9106 in human xenograft model. (A) SCID mice bearing HCT116 tumor xenografts are treated with vehicle (5% GA, p.o. + 10% HBC, s.c.), CBS9106 (250 mg/kg p.o. once per week), MLN4924 (10 or 60 mg/kg s.c. once per week), or combination of CBS9106 and MLN4924 (n = 6-8 mice/group) for two weeks. Data are expressed as the mean {plus minus} SEM. (B) Body weight change is measured during the treatment (means {plus minus} SEM). (C) Tumors are excised at 4 or 24 hours and the levels of Neddylated cullins and CRM1 are measured in the tumor lysates by western blot analysis (n = 3). Data are expressed as the mean {plus minus} SD. V:Vehicle.&lt;/p&gt;
Nitric oxide, malaria, and anemia: inverse relationship between nitric oxide production and hemoglobin concentration in asymptomatic, malaria-exposed children. (1999)

The cause of the anemia associated with chronic, intermittent, asymptomatic, low-level parasitemia in children in malaria-endemic endemic areas is not well understood. Nitric oxide (NO) decreases erythropoiesis, and it is likely an important mediator of anemia of chronic disease. Production of NO is decreased in acute uncomplicated and cerebral malaria, but it is increased in asymptomatic Tanzanian children (with or without parasitemia). We hypothesized that chronic overproduction of NO in these asymptomatic children contributes to the anemia associated with subclinical/subpatent malaria. In 44 fasting, asymptomatic, malaria-exposed, Tanzanian children, NO production (measured using fasting urine NOx excretion) was inversely associated with hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.03, controlling for age and gender). Using multiple linear regression, hemoglobin concentration was negatively associated with parasitemia (P = 0.005). After controlling for age and parasitemia, NO was no longer an independent predictor of anemia. One of the mechanisms of parasite-related anemia in such children may be through the adverse hematologic effects of parasite-induced NO production.
Effect of adding heterologous versus homologous bovine seminal plasma prior to cryopreservation on bull sperm quality after thawing (2018)

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding homologous or heterologous bovine seminal plasma (SP) to SP-free sperm samples before freezing on sperm quality after thawing. Ejaculates from bulls of known fertility were used as a source of SP. The SP was removed from further aliquots of the same ejaculates by colloid centrifugation to create SP-free sperm samples; the resuspended sperm pellets were treated with homologous or heterologous SP from high or low fertility bulls at 0%, 1% or 5% before freezing. After thawing, sperm quality was evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis and flow cytometry for membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species, chromatin structure, mitochondrial membrane potential and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Data were analysed using Proc MIXED, SAS®. Post-hoc comparisons were adjusted for multiplicity using Tukey's method. The addition of SP resulted in significant differences in sperm quality, namely velocity class A, Velocity Straight Line (VSL), Velocity Average Path (VAP), Velocity Curved Line (VCL), Amplitude of Lateral Head Displacement (ALH), Hyperactive (HYP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and % DNA fragmentation index (DFI) (P<0.05 for each). Although adding 5% homologous SP from high fertility bulls was beneficial to sperm kinematics, 5% heterologous SP from high fertility bulls had a deleterious effect on chromatin integrity and on sperm velocity. In conclusion, adding SP may have either a beneficial effect or a deleterious effect depending on the individuals involved. It might be feasible to use this method to improve sperm quality in some circumstances.
Identification of Two Anthocyanidin Reductase Genes and Three Red-Brown Soybean Accessions with Reduced Anthocyanidin Reductase 1 mRNA, Activity, and Seed Coat Proanthocyanidin Amounts (2011)

Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR; EC 1.3.1.77) catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs; also known as condensed tannins), flavonoid metabolites responsible for the brown pigmentation of seeds. Here, two ANR genes (ANR1 and ANR2) from the seed coat of brown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) have been isolated and their enzymatic function confirmed for the reduction of cyanidin to (-)-epicatechin in vitro. Biochemical and genetic comparisons of soybean lines differing in seed coat color revealed three red-brown lines to exhibit major reductions in the amounts of soluble PAs in the seed coat compared to brown soybean lines. Two spontaneous mutants with red-brown grain color had reduced ANR1 gene expression in the seed coat, and an EMS-mutagenized red-brown mutant had nonsynonymous substitutions that resulted in slightly reduced ANR1 activity in vitro. These results suggest that defects in the ANR1 gene can be associated with red-brown soybean grain color. These results suggest that suppressing ANR1 gene expression or activity may be a rational approach toward engineering seed coat color to enable the visual identification of genetically modified soybean grains.
Biosynthesis of Cucurbitacins inBryonia dioicaSeedlings (1981)

The biosynthesis of cucurbitacins during the seed germination of Bryonia dioica was studied by analysis of the cucurbitacin-triterpenoid fraction and by tracer experiments with acetate-[2- (14)C]. Isolation of 10alpha-cucurbita-5,24-dien-3beta-ol (9a), the simplest tetracyclic triterpene with a cucurbitane skeleton, supports the view that (9a) is the general precursor of cucurbitacins. Moreover, following the tracer experiments, cucurbitacin E (1a) was the first cucurbitacin formed, whereas the less oxygenated bryodulcosigenin (4a) was not detectable during germination of the plant. In the course of the present investigation, a new pentacyclic triterpene, isomultiflorenol (11a) (possible precursor of bryonolic acid (5a)), was also isolated.
Sparse Partial Least Squares Regression for Simultaneous Dimension Reduction and Variable Selection (2010)

Partial least squares regression has been an alternative to ordinary least squares for handling multicollinearity in several areas of scientific research since the 1960s. It has recently gained much attention in the analysis of high dimensional genomic data. We show that known asymptotic consistency of the partial least squares estimator for a univariate response does not hold with the very large p and small n paradigm. We derive a similar result for a multivariate response regression with partial least squares. We then propose a sparse partial least squares formulation which aims simultaneously to achieve good predictive performance and variable selection by producing sparse linear combinations of the original predictors. We provide an efficient implementation of sparse partial least squares regression and compare it with well-known variable selection and dimension reduction approaches via simulation experiments. We illustrate the practical utility of sparse partial least squares regression in a joint analysis of gene expression and genomewide binding data.
Imaging Heterogeneously Distributed Photo‐Active Traps in Perovskite Single Crystals (2018)

Organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) have demonstrated outstanding energy conversion efficiency in solar cells and light-emitting devices. In spite of intensive developments in both materials and devices, electronic traps and defects that significantly affect their device properties remain under-investigated. Particularly, it remains challenging to identify and to resolve traps individually at the nanoscopic scale. Here, photo-active traps (PATs) are mapped over OIHP nanocrystal morphology of different crystallinity by means of correlative optical differential super-resolution localization microscopy (Δ-SRLM) and electron microscopy. Stochastic and monolithic photoluminescence intermittency due to individual PATs is observed on monocrystalline and polycrystalline OIHP nanocrystals. Δ-SRLM reveals a heterogeneous PAT distribution across nanocrystals and determines the PAT density to be 1.3 × 10<sup>14</sup> and 8 × 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> for polycrystalline and for monocrystalline nanocrystals, respectively. The higher PAT density in polycrystalline nanocrystals is likely related to an increased defect density. Moreover, monocrystalline nanocrystals that are prepared in an oxygen- and moisture-free environment show a similar PAT density as that prepared at ambient conditions, excluding oxygen or moisture as chief causes of PATs. Hence, it is concluded that the PATs come from inherent structural defects in the material, which suggests that the PAT density can be reduced by improving crystalline quality of the material.
Synthesen in der Carotinoid‐Reihe. 10. Mitteilung. Anwendung der Wittig‐Reaktion zur Synthese von Estern des Bixins und Crocetins (1957)

Abstract A simple and efficient synthesis of norbixin and crocetin diesters is described following the schemes C 2 + C 2o + C 2 ,=C 24 and C 3 + C 14 + C 3 = C 20 respectively. By means of the Wittig reaction crocetin di‐aldehyde is condensed with a bromoacetic acid ester and a C 14 ‐dialdehyde with an α‐bromopropionic acid ester. The intermediate tri‐ phenylphosphorane compounds are crystalline and easily isolated in a pure state.
RAG1 and RAG2 Expression by B Cell Subsets from Human Tonsil and Peripheral Blood (2001)

It has been suggested that B cells acquire the capacity for secondary V(D)J recombination during germinal center (GC) reactions. The nature of these B cells remains controversial. Subsets of tonsil and blood B cells and also individual B cells were examined for the expression of recombination-activating gene (RAG) mRNA. Semiquantitative analysis indicated that RAG1 mRNA was present in all tonsil B cell subsets, with the largest amount found in naive B cells. RAG2 mRNA was only found in tonsil naive B cells, centrocytes, and to a lesser extent in centroblasts. Neither RAG1 nor RAG2 mRNA was routinely found in normal peripheral blood B cells. In individual tonsil B cells, RAG1 and RAG2 mRNAs were found in 18% of naive B cells, 22% of GC founder cells, 0% of centroblasts, 13% of centrocytes, and 9% of memory B cells. Individual naive tonsil B cells containing both RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA were activated (CD69(+)). In normal peripheral blood approximately 5% of B cells expressed both RAG1 and RAG2. These cells were uniformly postswitch memory B cells as documented by the coexpression of IgG mRNA. These results indicate that coordinate RAG expression is not found in normal peripheral naive B cells but is up-regulated in naive B cells which are activated in the tonsil. With the exception of centroblasts, RAG1 and RAG2 expression can be found in all components of the GC, including postswitch memory B cells, some of which may circulate in the blood of normal subjects.
Levels of procoagulant microparticles expressing phosphatidylserine contribute to bleeding phenotype in patients with inherited thrombocytopenia (2021)

Inherited thrombocytopenia is a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders with varying bleeding tendencies, not simply related to platelet count. Platelets transform into different subpopulations upon stimulation, including procoagulant platelets and platelet microparticles (PMPs), which are considered critical for haemostasis. We aimed to investigate whether abnormalities in PMP and procoagulant platelet function were associated with the bleeding phenotype of inherited thrombocytopenia patients. We enrolled 53 inherited thrombocytopenia patients. High-throughput sequencing of 36 inherited thrombocytopenia related genes was performed in all patients and enabled a molecular diagnosis in 57%. Bleeding phenotype was evaluated using the ISTH bleeding assessment tool, dividing patients into bleeding (n = 27) vs. nonbleeding (n = 26). Unstimulated and ADP, TRAP or collagen-stimulated PMP and procoagulant platelet functions were analysed by flow cytometry using antibodies against granulophysin (CD63), P-selectin (CD62P), activated GPIIb/IIIa (PAC-1) and a marker for phosphatidylserine expression (lactadherin). Procoagulant platelets were measured in response to collagen stimulation. An in-house healthy reference level was available. Overall, higher levels of activated platelets, PMPs and procoagulant platelets were found in nonbleeding patients compared with the reference level. Nonbleeding patients had higher proportions of phosphatidylserine and PMPs compared with bleeding patients and the reference level, in response to different stimulations. Interestingly, this finding of high proportions of phosphatidylserine and PMPs was limited to PMPs, and not present in procoagulant platelets or platelets. Our findings indicate that nonbleeding inherited thrombocytopenia patients have compensatory mechanisms for improved platelet subpopulation activation and function, and that generation of phosphatidylserine expressing PMPs could be a factor determining bleeding phenotype in inherited thrombocytopenia.