gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Physical Layer: Sending Bits (2023)

The goal of the physical layer is to send a stream of bits between two devices connected by a communication channel. The communication channel can either be a wire connecting the devices (fiber or copper) or a wireless “link” in free space. While the fundamental concepts underlying communication are the same for wireless and wired channels, there are many unique challenges associated with wireless communication. This chapter provides an informal, high-level overview of wireless communication. Our goal is twofold. First, the chapter provides the foundation needed to explain the properties of the wireless technologies presented in the next two chapters chapter. Second, we will discuss how the unique challenges associated with wireless communications channels impact network performance in various physical environments. More detailed information on the physical layer can be found in several textbooks on wireless communication and networking (Beard and Stallings, 2016); (Molisch, 2011); (Garg, 2007).
An iterative route to “decorated” ethylene glycol-based linkers (2006)

Iterative copper-catalyzed cycloadditions of azides to alkynes were used to join functionalized triethylene glycol molecules to give "linkers" of defined lengths equipped with several different end-group functionalities.
Green Tea Polyphenols Induce Apoptosis in vitro in Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes of Adult T‐Cell Leukemia Patients (2000)

Green tea polyphenols (TEA) are known to exhibit antioxidative activity as well as tumor-suppressing activity. In order to examine the tumor-suppressing activity of TEA against adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), we cultivated peripheral blood T lymphocytes of ATL patients (ATL PBLs), an HTLV-I-infected T-cell line (KODV) and healthy controls (normal PBLs) for 3 days in the presence of TEA and its main constituent, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg), to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis, and to quantitate mRNAs of HTLV-I pX and beta-actin genes of the cultured cells. Growth of ATL PBLs was significantly inhibited by 9-27 microg/ml of TEA and EGCg, in contrast to minimal growth inhibition of T cells of normal PBLs. Inhibition of KODV was intermediate between ATL PBLs and normal PBLs. The ATL PBLs and KODV treated with 27 microg/ml of either TEA or EGCg induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation, producing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, while the normal PBLs treated with the same concentration of TEA or EGCg produced a negligibly small number of TUNEL-positive cells, in which apoptotic DNA fragmentation was not detectable. Expression of HTLV-I pX mRNA was suppressed more than 90% in ATL PBLs by treatment with 3-27 microg/ml of either TEA or EGCg, while expression of beta-actin mRNA was much less suppressed by treatment with the same concentration of TEA or EGCg. These results indicate that TEA and EGCg inhibit growth of ATL PBLs, as well as HTLV-I-infected T-cells, by suppressing HTLV-I pX gene expression and inducing apoptotic cell death.
Use of green fluorescent protein labeled non-tuberculous mycobacteria to evaluate the activity quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants and antibiotics (2016)

Although infections with NonTuberculous Mycobacteria have become less common in AIDS patients, they are important opportunistic infections after surgical procedures, likely because they are ubiquitous and not efficiently killed by many commonly used disinfectants. In Venezuela there have recently been many non-tuberculous mycobacteria soft tissue infections after minor surgical procedures, some apparently related to the use of a commercial disinfectant based on a Quaternary Ammonium Compound. We studied the activity of this and other quaternary ammonium compounds on different non-tuberculous mycobacteria by transforming the mycobacteria with a dnaA-gfp fusion and then monitoring fluorescence to gauge the capacity of different quaternary ammonium compounds to inhibit bacterial growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration varied for the different quaternary ammonium compounds, but M. chelonae and M. abscessus were consistently more resistant than M. smegmatis, and M. terrae more resistant than M. bovis BCG.
Chronic post-traumatic headache: clinical findings and possible mechanisms (2013)

Chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTHA), the most frequent complaint after traumatic brain injury (TBI), dramatically affects quality of life and function. Despite its high prevalence and persistence, the mechanism of CPTHA is poorly understood. This literature review aimed to analyze the results of studies assessing the characteristics and sensory profile of CPTHA in order to shed light on its possible underlying mechanisms. The search for English language articles published between 1960 and 2013 was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed. Studies assessing clinical features of headache after TBI as well as studies conducting quantitative somatosensory testing (QST) in individuals with CPTHA and in individuals suffering from other types of pain were included. Studies on animal models of pain following damage to peripheral tissues and to the peripheral and central nervous system were also included. The clinical features of CPTHA resembled those of primary headache, especially tension-type and migraine headache. Positive and negative signs were prevalent among individuals with CPTHA, in both the head and in other body regions, suggesting the presence of local (cranial) mechanical hypersensitivity, together with generalized thermal hypoesthesia and hypoalgesia. Evidence of dysfunctional pain modulation was also observed. Chronic post-traumatic headache can result from damage to intra- and pericranial tissues that caused chronic sensitization of these tissues. Alternatively, although not mutually exclusive, CPTHA might possibly be a form of central pain due to damage to brain structures involved in pain processing. These, other possibilities, as well as risk factors for CPTHA are discussed at length.
Experimental Comparison of Velocity Observers: A Scissored Pair Control Moment Gyroscope Case Study (2020)

We consider scissored pair gyroscopes as an auxiliary stabilization system for legged robots. A standard state-feedback control can stabilize the system if all states are available; thus, the velocity estimation becomes the key element for the stabilization. To this end, we implement and experimentally compare a model-free linear differentiator, a model-based full-state linear observer with time-varying gains, and a model-based homogeneous nonlinear differentiator. Moreover, we also show that the considered system cannot be partially linearized via a change of coordinates, and thus is not suitable for a recently reported class of nonlinear observers. The proposed designs are tested on an experimental scissored pair control moment gyroscope setup constructed for a walking robot stabilization.
Fibrillin‐1 staining anomalies are associated with increased staining for TGF‐β and elastic fibre degradation; new clues to the pathogenesis of emphysema (2009)

We recently demonstrated aberrant staining of fibrillin-1 in lung tissue specimens with emphysematous lesions. In this study, we have extended this observation by an elaborate analysis of the elastic fibre. Using domain-specific antibodies to fibrillin-1, and to other elastin fibre-associated molecules, lung tissue derived from patients without obvious clinical emphysema, but harbouring various degrees of microscopical emphysematous lesions, was analysed. In addition, the fibrillin-regulated growth factor TGF-beta was studied. Electron microscopy and biochemical analysis of desmosine (a marker for elastin) were also performed. Results were compared with lung tissue derived from patients with clinical emphysema. Domain-specific antibodies recognizing the C-terminal, N-terminal, and middle part of fibrillin-1 showed aberrant staining patterns associated with increasing degrees of microscopical emphysema. Staining for elastin, emilin-1, and fibulin-2 was, however, not aberrant. TGF-beta staining was markedly increased. On the electron microscopic, but not light microscopical, level, initial elastic fibre degradation was noticed in specimens with microscopical emphysema. Lung specimens from patients with clinical emphysema also displayed fragmented fibrillin-1 staining and, in addition, displayed extensive degradation of the elastic fibre. The results suggest that fibrillin-1 anomalies and TGF-beta overexpression are associated with initial events occurring during the emphysematous process. Based on these and other data, a mechanism for emphysematogenesis is proposed.
UFOM: Unified fuzzy ontology matching (2014)

Unified Fuzzy Ontology Matching (UFOM) is an ontology matching system designed to discover semantic links between large real-world ontologies populated with entities from heterogeneous sources. In such ontologies, several entities in different ontologies are expected to be related to each other but not necessarily with one of the typical well-defined correspondence relationships (equivalent-to, subsumed-by). In particular, we define a new kind of correspondence relation called Relevance that reflects the relation between entities when they share a certain amount of mutual information. UFOM uses fuzzy set theory as a general framework for fuzzy ontology alignment. The framework enables representation of multiple types of correspondence relations and characterization of the uncertainty in the correspondence discovery process. UFOM computes multiple measures of similarity among ontology entities - syntactic, semantic, and structural. These measures are composed in a principled manner for ontology alignment. The system is evaluated using publicly available ontologies provided by Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI). The performance of the proposed system is comparable to the top performing ontology matchers in OAEI. We also evaluate the UFOM system on a dataset from an enterprise application domain.
New insights into atopic dermatitis (2004)

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with cutaneous hyperreactivity to environmental triggers and is often the first step in the atopic march that results in asthma and allergic rhinitis. The clinical phenotype that characterizes atopic dermatitis is the product of interactions between susceptibility genes, the environment, defective skin barrier function, and immunologic responses. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis and the implications for new management strategies.
Different components of far-infrared photoresponse of quantum Hall detectors (2002)

We have performed time-resolved measurements of the far-infrared photoresponse of two-dimensional electron systems in the quantum Hall regime. The photoresponse consists of two equally important components: the longitudinal component, caused by the photoinduced change of the longitudinal resistance Rxx, and the transversal component, caused by the photoinduced Hall currents and by the photoinduced change of Rxy. Both these components are connected with two mechanisms of the photoresponse: a nonresonant bolometric, and a cyclotron-resonant contribution.
Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites (2017)

Infections with different helminth species have been observed to ameliorate a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. Herein, we show that the natural murine helminth species, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hp) is capable of attenuating disease severity in two different inflammatory arthritis models. Furthermore, we show that excretory-secretory (ES) products from Hp directly suppress osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Taken together, these results demonstrate that helminth infections can dampen autoimmune diseases and highlight a previously unrecognized and important role for ES products, by directly impacting on bone destruction.
Fertility after hysteroscopic myomectomy (1995)

The available data concerning hysteroscopic myomectomy for submucous myomas has been reviewed with the aim of evaluating the safety and efficacy of this technique in infertile women who wish to preserve or to enhance their fertility potential. A total of 134 infertile patients undergoing hysteroscopic myomectomy by resectoscope or by Nd: YAG laser or by scissors have been collectively recorded. Of these, 79 (58.9%) patients conceived. This clinical outcome is similar to that occurring after laparotomic submucous myomectomy. Moreover, the hysteroscopic approach has several advantages over its abdominal counterpart, such as reduction of length of time of hospitalization, less morbidity and no hysterotomy. The operative risk of hysteroscopic myomectomy is < 3%. Uterine perforation, distension system hazard, infection and haemorrhage are the commonest complications. Hysteroscopic myomectomy is a safe, effective and relatively simple surgical procedure for the restoration of fertility.
Pt(iv) complexes based on cyclohexanediamines and the histone deacetylase inhibitor 2-(2-propynyl)octanoic acid: synthesis, characterization, cell penetration properties and antitumor activity (2021)

The Pt(iv) complexes based on (SP-4-2)-dichlorido(cyclohexane-1,4-diamine)platinum(ii) (kiteplatin) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor 2-(2-propynyl)octanoic acid (POA) were investigated. Since POA contains a chiral carbon, all the possible Pt(iv) isomers were prepared and characterized, and their antiproliferative activity on six cancer cell lines was compared with that of the corresponding Pt(iv) complexes containing the cyclohexane-1R,2R-diamine equatorial ligand. To justify the very good antiproliferative activity (nanomolar IC<sub>50</sub>), the polarity, lipophilicity, permeability, and cell accumulation of the complexes were studied. Overall, the two series of Pt(iv) complexes showed similar cell penetration properties, being significantly better than that of the Pt(ii) reference compounds. Finally, a representative compound of the whole set of complexes (i.e., that based on cyclohexane-1R,2R-diamine and racemic POA) was tested in vivo on mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma, showing good tumor growth inhibition with negligible body weight loss.
P2‐080: Functional and structural effects of amyloid aggregate on Xenopus laevis oocytes (2012)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that leads to major debilitating cognitive deficits in the elderly. New advances have deciphered several mechanisms that induce AD, but many remain largely unknown, slowing the development new therapies. Thus, we propose the use of frog oocyte and follicles as experimental models to determine electric changes induced by amyloid aggregate. This approach will potentially speed up the screening for drugs against amyloid aggregation and its action on membranes. Xenopus laevis oocytes exposed to amyloid-β aggregate generated oscillatory electric activity (blips) that was recorded by two-microelectrode voltage-clamp. The cells exhibited a series of “spontaneous” blips ranging in amplitude from 3.8 ± 0.9 nA at the beginning of the recordings to 6.8 ± 1.7 nA after 15 min of exposure to 1 μM aggregate. These blips were similar in amplitude to those induced by the channel-forming antimicrobial agents amphotericin B (7.8 ± 1.2 nA) and gramicidin (6.3 ± 1.1 nA). The amyloid aggregate-induced currents were abolished when extracellular calcium was removed from the bathing solution, suggesting a central role for this cation in generating the spontaneous electric activity. The amyloid aggregate also affected the calcium-dependent chloride currents of oocytes, as shown by increased amplitude of the transient-outward chloride current (Tout) and the serum-activated, oscillatory chloride currents. Electron microcopy revealed that amyloid aggregate induce the dissociation of the follicular cells that surround the oocyte, thus leading to a failure in the electro-chemical communication between these cells. This was also evidenced by the suppression of the oscillatory calcium-dependent ATP-currents, which require proper coupling between oocytes and the follicular cell layer. These observations, made using the X. laevis oocytes as a versatile experimental model, may help to understand the effects of amyloid aggregate on cellular communication.
Absence of Nrf2 or Its Selective Overexpression in Neurons and Muscle Does Not Affect Survival in ALS-Linked Mutant hSOD1 Mouse Models (2013)

The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) governs the expression of antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes. Nrf2 activation can prevent or reduce cellular damage associated with several types of injury in many different tissues and organs. Dominant mutations in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons and subsequent muscular atrophy. We have previously shown that Nrf2 activation in astrocytes delays neurodegeneration in ALS mouse models. To further investigate the role of Nrf2 in ALS we determined the effect of absence of Nrf2 or its restricted overexpression in neurons or type II skeletal muscle fibers on symptoms onset and survival in mutant hSOD1 expressing mice. We did not observe any detrimental effect associated with the lack of Nrf2 in two different mutant hSOD1 animal models of ALS. However, restricted Nrf2 overexpression in neurons or type II skeletal muscle fibers delayed disease onset but failed to extend survival in hSOD1(G93A) mice. These results highlight the concept that not only the pharmacological target but also the cell type targeted may be relevant when considering a Nrf2-mediated therapeutic approach for ALS.
Enhancement of diamond growth under UV irradiation (1995)

Diamond was grown under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation by the hot filament-assisted chemical vapor deposition method (HFCVD), and the effects of UV irradiation, carbon sources and substrate materials on diamond growth rate were investigated. Diamond growth was promoted by UV irradiation in all reactant systems tested over a temperature range of 400-800{degrees}C, and was strongly influenced by gaseous carbon sources. Acetone and ethylene were especially effective in enhancing the diamond growth. Transition metal substrates such as molybdenum and tantalum promoted the growth rate.
GikiCLEF: Crosscultural issues in multilingual information access (2010)

In this paper we describe GikiCLEF, the first evaluation contest that, to our knowledge, was specifically designed to expose and investigate cultural and linguistic issues involved in multimedia collections and searching, and which was organized under the scope of CLEF 2009. We present the task, its motivation, the results of the participants and the GIRA resource that is offered to the community for training and further evaluating systems with the topics gathered. We end the paper with some discussion of what we learned and possible ways to reuse the data. 1.
Proteolytic Cleavage of the Developmentally Important Cadherin BT-R1 in the Midgut Epithelium of Manduca sexta (2002)

BT-R1 (Mr = 210 kDa) represents a new type of insect cadherin that is expressed specifically in the midgut epithelium during growth and development of Manduca sexta larvae. It also is a target receptor for the Cry1A toxins of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Expression of BT-R1, which varies during larval development, correlates with the abundance of the protein and with the differential cleavage of the molecule at each developmental stage. The cleavage of BT-R1 is calcium dependent, and consequently, Ca2+ directly influences the structural integrity of BT-R1. Indeed, removal of calcium ions by chelating agents promotes cleavage of the BT-R1 ectodomain, resulting in formation of fragments that are similar to those observed during larval development. Partial purification of proteins from brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) by gel filtration chromatography hinders the cleavage of BT-R1 in the presence of EDTA and EGTA, indicating that there is specific proteolytic activity associated with the BBMV. This specific proteolytic cleavage of BT-R1 not only alters the integrity of BT-R1 but it most likely is implicated in cell adhesion events during differentiation and development of M. sexta midgut epithelium. We propose a model for calcium-dependent protection of BT-R1 as well as a cleavage pattern that may modulate the molecular interactions and adhesive properties of its ectodomain. Molecular characterization of such a protection mechanism should lead to a better understanding of how the function of specific cadherins is modulated during tissue differentiation and insect development.
A Small‐Molecule Fluorescence Probe for Nuclear ATP (2023)

Abstract Fluorescence monitoring of ATP in different organelles is now feasible with a few biosensors developed, which, however, show low sensitivity, limited biocompatibility, and accessibility. Small‐molecule ATP probes that alleviate those limitations thus have received much attention recently, leading to a few ATP probes that target several organelles except for the nucleus. We disclose the first small‐molecule probe that selectively detects nuclear ATP through reversible binding, with 25‐fold fluorescence enhancement at pH 7.4 and excellent selectivity against various biologically relevant species. Using the probe, we observed 2.1–3.3‐fold and 3.9–7.8‐fold higher nuclear ATP levels in cancerous cell lines and tumor tissues compared with normal cell lines and tissues, respectively, which are explained by the higher nuclear ATP level in the mitosis phase. The probe has great potential for studying nuclear ATP‐associated biology.
Minimal residual disease- and graft-vs.-host disease-guided multiple consolidation chemotherapy and donor lymphocyte infusion prevent second acute leukemia relapse after allotransplant (2016)

ChiCTR-ONC-12002912 . Donor lymphocyte infusion for the treatment of leukemia relapse following allogeneic hematopoeitic stem cell transplant.
ChemInform Abstract: CONFORMATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF MEDIUM‐SIZED RINGS. PART 15. 1,19,17‐TRIAZA(2.2.2)METACYCLOPHANE‐2,10,18‐TRIONE DERIVATIVES (1982)

Abstract Ausgehend vom Aminosäureester (I) wird sukzessiv über die angegebenen Stufen das Triazametacyclophantrion (Va) synthetisiert, das weiter in die Derivate (Vb) bzw. (Vc) übergeführt wird.
Integrin expression in human bone (1993)

Integrins are a family of heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that are known to mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Members of the VLA (very late activation) family, which consists of beta 1 integrin in association with the VLA alpha chains (alpha 1-6), mediate adhesion of a wide range of cells to matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, collagen, and laminin, and may therefore be important for cell-matrix interactions in bone. Integrin expression in human bone was studied immunohistochemically using cryostat sections of fracture callus, tumor-associated reactive bone, and neonatal costochondral junctions, with a panel of well-characterized antibodies against beta 1-4 integrins, alpha 1-6 and alpha V integrins, and the alpha V beta 3 dimer (the classic vitronectin receptor). All cell types present in bone expressed beta 1 and alpha 5 integrins; a subpopulation of osteoblastic cells expressed alpha 4. The alpha V was uniformly expressed by osteoblasts but was heterogeneously expressed by osteocytes. Osteoclasts also expressed alpha 2, alpha V, and alpha V beta 3. These results demonstrate differential expression of a restricted range of integrins in bone. This supports the possibility that integrins may mediate the differing interactions of cells of the osteoblast and osteoclast lineages with the matrix of bone.