gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RNA-sequencing from single nuclei (2013)

It has recently been established that synthesis of double-stranded cDNA can be done from a single cell for use in DNA sequencing. Global gene expression can be quantified from the number of reads mapping to each gene, and mutations and mRNA splicing variants determined from the sequence reads. Here we demonstrate that this method of transcriptomic analysis can be done using the extremely low levels of mRNA in a single nucleus, isolated from a mouse neural progenitor cell line and from dissected hippocampal tissue. This method is characterized by excellent coverage and technical reproducibility. On average, more than 16,000 of the 24,057 mouse protein-coding genes were detected from single nuclei, and the amount of gene-expression variation was similar when measured between single nuclei and single cells. Several major advantages of the method exist: first, nuclei, compared with whole cells, have the advantage of being easily isolated from complex tissues and organs, such as those in the CNS. Second, the method can be widely applied to eukaryotic species, including those of different kingdoms. The method also provides insight into regulatory mechanisms specific to the nucleus. Finally, the method enables dissection of regulatory events at the single-cell level; pooling of 10 nuclei or 10 cells obscures some of the variability measured in transcript levels, implying that single nuclei and cells will be extremely useful in revealing the physiological state and interconnectedness of gene regulation in a manner that avoids the masking inherent to conventional transcriptomics using bulk cells or tissues.
Smad6 Interacts with Runx2 and Mediates Smad Ubiquitin Regulatory Factor 1-induced Runx2 Degradation (2005)

Runx2 is a bone-specific transcription factor that plays a critical role in bone development, postnatal bone formation, and chondrocyte maturation. The protein levels of Runx2 are regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In previous studies we discovered that E3 ubiquitin ligase Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) induces Runx2 degradation in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner, and Smurf1 plays an important role in osteoblast function and bone formation. In the present studies we investigated the molecular mechanism of Smurf1-induced Runx2 degradation. Smurf1 interacts with the PY motif of substrate proteins, and a PY motif has been identified in the C terminus of the Runx2 protein. To determine whether Smurf1 induces Runx2 degradation through the interaction with the PY motif of Runx2, we created a mutant Runx2 with a PY motif deletion and found that Smurf1 retained some of its ability to induce the degradation of the mutant Runx2, suggesting that Smurf1 could induce Runx2 degradation through an indirect mechanism. Smurf1 has been shown to interact with Smads 1, 5, 6, and 7, and Smads 1 and 5 also interact with Runx2. In the present studies we found that Smads 1 and 5 had no effect on Smurf1-induced Runx2 degradation. Although Smads 6 and 7 bind Smurf1, it is not known if Smads 6 or 7 interacts with Runx2 and mediate Runx2 degradation. We performed immunoprecipitation assays and found that Smad6 but not Smad7 interacts with Runx2. Smad6 enhances Smurf1-induced Runx2 degradation in an ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that in addition to its interaction with the PY motif of Runx2, Smurf1 induces Runx2 degradation in a Smad6-dependent manner. Smurf1-induced Runx2 degradation serves as a negative regulatory mechanism for the BMP-Smad-Runx2 signaling pathway.
Epitaxial GaAsP/Si Solar Cells with High Quantum Efficiency (2020)

We review recent progress in GaAsP/Si tandem cells and present a GaAsP/Si tandem cell with a high total short-circuit current density of 38.2 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Comparing the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of this tandem cell with benchmark perovskite/Si tandem cells reveals that at identical top cell bandgap, the GaAsP top cell exhibits higher or comparable EQE at all wavelengths, while the GaAsP-filtered Si bottom cell exhibits insufficient light trapping and parasitic absorption. Future improvement in the transparency of the GaAsyP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-y</sub> graded buffer layer and the light trapping in the Si bottom cell promises GaAsP/Si tandem cells with a short circuit density above 20 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Fabrication of P+-N-N+ silicon solar cells by simultaneous diffusion of boron and phosphorus into silicon through silicon dioxide (1981)

A process of fabrication of P+-N-N+ silicon solar cells by simultaneous diffusion of boron and phosphorus into N-type silicon through a thermally grown silicon dioxide layer ∼0.1 μm thick is described. The inherent problems of cross doping and usefulness of silicon dioxide in minimizing them are briefly discussed. The process is well suited for large-scale production of P+-N-N+ back surface field silicon solar cells. With this process, the cells fabricated from single-crystalline silicon wafers of 100 Ω cm resistivity have shown open-circuit voltages ∼0.6 V at 28 °C under 100 mW/cm2 (AM1) intensity, and the cells fabricated from polycrystalline silicon wafers of 1–2 mm in grain size and 7–27 Ω cm resistivity have shown conversion efficiencies between 10.4 and 11.4% (AM1) at 28 °C.
Differential Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae During Heterologous Expression of G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptors (2006)

G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are a vital class of integral membrane proteins involved in a wide range of signaling events in the cell. Obtaining adequate amounts of receptor for analysis is a common bottleneck in GPCR research due to low levels of expression in homologous systems. In cases of heterologous expression in which reasonable protein levels are obtained, the receptor is often nonfunctional, requiring a refolding step, often more challenging. We aim to examine the causes of nonfunctional expression in yeast. Previously, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae to express high levels of functional adenosine A 2A receptor. Expression of a different GPCR, the tachykinin NK 1 receptor, gave high‐level expression, but the protein was retained in nonfunctional form in post‐Golgi vesicles. Here we report the differential activation of the yeast Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) during the inducible expression of these receptors. We find that NK 1 R expression stimulates the UPR, while A 2A expression does not. We are currently investigating how this differential response impacts receptor localization. Support provided by NIH to C.R.R and A.S.R. and NSF to J.M.W.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-4-Benzyloxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTEnantioselective Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-4-Benzyloxy-2-cyclohexen-1-oneHidetaka Suzuki, Naoki Yamazaki, and Chihiro KibayashiView Author Information School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan [email protected]Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 4, 1494–1496Publication Date (Web):January 25, 2001Publication History Received25 September 2000Published online25 January 2001Published inissue 1 February 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo001413lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo001413lbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1122Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amides,Enantioselective synthesis,Enones,Lithium,Molecular structure Get e-Alerts
Supplementary Methods from Simultaneous Targeting of Tumor Antigens and the Tumor Vasculature Using T Lymphocyte Transfer Synergize to Induce Regression of Established Tumors in Mice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Methods - PDF file 91K, Supplementary methods&lt;/p&gt;
Basal expression of bradykinin B1 receptor in the spinal cord in humans and rats (2001)

The bradykinin B(1) receptor has been considered as a receptor induced by tissue injury and inflammation mainly in the peripheral tissues. In the present study, we have investigated whether there is a basal expression in the spinal cord by both reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining methods. Southern blotting of the DNA reverse-transcribed from human and rat spinal cord mRNA and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed a substantial basal B(1) receptor expression in both human and rat spinal cord. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated B(1)-positive neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn, suggesting that the B(1) receptor is constitutively expressed by spinal neurons.
Political Assassination and its Impact on Emerging Markets’ Financial Assets (2004)

This paper examines the impact of the assassination of Mexico’s leading presidential candidate on Mexican Brady bonds and its spillover effects to other emerging financial markets. On the day of the assassination, Mexican Brady bonds declined by a significant 0.97 percent and continued to experience significant declines over the following three trading sessions. However, with the naming of Ernesto Zedillo as the ruling party’s presidential candidate, Mexican Brady bonds recovered over 75 percent of the losses incurred during the previous four trading days. The assassination did not significantly affect other emerging financial markets. The availability of a $6 billion swap facility, holding of large foreign reserves, selection of Ernesto Zedillo, and well managed responses by the Mexican government all served to attenuate spillover effects from the Mexican political crisis.
Progress in Stability of Organic Solar Cells (2020)

The organic solar cell (OSC) is a promising emerging low-cost thin film photovoltaics technology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has overpassed 16% for single junction and 17% for organic-organic tandem solar cells with the development of low bandgap organic materials synthesis and device processing technology. The main barrier of commercial use of OSCs is the poor stability of devices. Herein, the factors limiting the stability of OSCs are summarized. The limiting stability factors are oxygen, water, irradiation, heating, metastable morphology, diffusion of electrodes and buffer layers materials, and mechanical stress. The recent progress in strategies to increase the stability of OSCs is surveyed, such as material design, device engineering of active layers, employing inverted geometry, optimizing buffer layers, using stable electrodes and encapsulation materials. The International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability guidelines are also discussed. The potential research strategies to achieve the required device stability and efficiency are highlighted, rendering possible pathways to facilitate the viable commercialization of OSCs.
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF Rg_2 ON ANOXIC CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONAL CELLS IN NEWBORN RATS IN VITRO (2006)

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect and its mechanism of Rg_2 in anoxic cultured hippocampal neuronal cells in newborn rats. Methods Anoxic cultured hippocampal neuronal cells of newborn rats were divided into control group,nimodipine group(5 μmol/L),Rg_2 1(0.025 mmol/L) group and Rg_2 2(0.050 mmol/L) group.The activities of the neurons were tested by trypan blue staining.The morphological changes were observed by Giemsa staining.The concentration of cellular free calcium in the cells was tested by Fluorescence spectrophotometer(Fura-2). Results In vitro,compared with the control group,nimodipine and Rg_2 significantly increased the activities of hippocampal neuronal cells,decreased the apoptosis rate and the concentration of cellular free calcium in the cells,and the most effective in Rg_2 0.050 mmol/L group. Conclusion The Rg_2 could protect hippocampal neuronal cells against anoxia by decreasing the concentration of cellular free calcium in the cells to inhibit the cell death.
Recent advancement in transcranial brain imaging using photoacoustic computed tomography (2014)

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) holds great promise for transcranial brain imaging. However, the strong reflection, scattering, and attenuation of acoustic waves by the skull present significant challenges for image reconstruction. In this talk, we will review our recent progress on transcranial PACT image reconstruction. Our contributions include the following: (1) development of a methodology to establish a discrete transcranial PACT image model by use of adjunct X-ray CT data; (2) development of image reconstruction methods that can compensate for speed-of-sound and density variations within the skull; and (3) a detailed investigation of the role of shear waves in transcranial PACT. Computer-simulated and experimental data are employed to demonstrate the feasibility of transcranial PACT.
Broadband dielectric rod antenna (2012)

In this article, a circularly polarized (CP) dielectric rod antenna (DRA) is proposed and analyzed. Based on the analysis results, a CP rod antenna is designed and fabricated. The reflection, polarization, and radiation characteristics of the antenna are studied. A good agreement between the simulated and measured results is achieved, and a measured return loss of greater than -10dB is obtained over a frequency bandwidth of 20.1%. The radiation characteristics of the antenna are also demonstrated with the measured gain of better than 6.2dBi. The measured 3dB axial ratio (AR) CP bandwidth reaches 17.7%.
Lipid Composition of the Roots of Plantago Species: Response to Alteration of the Level of Mineral Nutrition and Ecological Significance (1978)

Abstract In a study of the adaptation of Plantago species to their specific environment the lipid composition of the roots of several species: Plantago major L. ssp. major, Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma Pilger, Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago media L., Plantago maritima L., Plantago coronopus L. was studied as well as the effect of the nutritional regime. Upon exposure to low‐salt conditions Plantago major L. ssp. major L. and Plantago maritima L. maintained the level of free sterols in the roots, despite a depressed level of total sterols, and the root lipids were more saturated than under high‐salt conditions. Both factors may reduce nutrient leakage from the roots to the low‐salt condition. Upon exposure to low‐salt conditions, all Plantago species showed a decreased level of galactolipid (exception: Plantago coronopus ) and a decreased level of sitosterol (exception: Plantago maritima ); the latter being compensated by an elevated level of cholesterol + tocopherol in Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma, Plantago lanceolata and Plantago media. Plantago coronopus was the only species which under low‐salt conditions showed an increased level of free sterols, among which cholesterol was the most important; thus indicating a high degree of regulation of membrane permeability under alternating nutritional conditions. The level of sulfolipid was kept constant in all Plantago species, with the highest level observed in Plantago maritima . The role which various lipids may play in maintenance of membrane integrity under alternating nutritional conditions is discussed.
Elevated Frequency of Microsatellite Mutations in TK6 Human Lymphoblast Clones Selected for Mutations at the Thymidine Kinase Locus (1994)

A major question in carcinogenesis is, How can a normal cell accumulate multiple mutations in different genes on different chromosomes, when the mutation rate of each gene is in the range of 10(-8) to 10(-5) per cell division? We hypothesize that many mutations may not be isolated events but rather are accompanied by concomitant mutations elsewhere in the genome. To test this hypothesis, 331 independent clones selected for new mutations at the thymidine kinase (TK) locus on chromosome 17q, and 243 nonselected control clones were examined for mutations in 12 random microsatellite loci dispersed throughout the genome. A total of 24 second-site mutations were identified in the TK mutant clones, compared with 3 in the control clones not selected for mutations at TK. The mutations include small deletions, insertions, and loss of heterozygosity. These results provide evidence that a global trans-acting mutagenic process exists in human cells. The activation of this process could be responsible for causing multiple essential mutations in tumor cells.
High-Tension Double-Row Footprint Repair Compared with Reduced-Tension Single-Row Repair for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears (2008)

Domb, Benjamin G. MD; Glousman, Ronald E. MD; Brooks, Adam BA; Hansen, Matthew MD; Lee, Thay Q. PhD; ElAttrache, Neal S. MD Author Information
ANALYSISAND COMPARISON OFA FASTTURN ON SERIESIGBT STACKAND HIGHVOLTAGE RATED COMMERCIAL IGBTS (2005)

switching, lowconduction loss, andhighimpedance gatecontrol. However, therewillalwaysbe an Highvoltage rated solid-state switches suchas unrelenting demandforhigher performance devices. insulated-gate bipolartransistors (IGBTs)are Manufacturers aretherefore motivated todevelop commercially available upto6.5kV.Suchvoltage switches withextended voltage ratings andcurrent ratings areattractive forpulsed powerandswitch-mode carrying capability. Currently, commercial off-the-shelf converter applications. However, astheIGBTvoltage (COTS)highvoltage IGBTshaveachieved ratings up ratings increase, therateofcurrent rise andfall are to6.5kVfrommultiple manufacturers. Highvoltage (> generally reduced. Thistrade-off isdifficult toavoid as 1200V)IGBTsarecommonly soldasmodules with IGBTsmustmaintain a lowresistance inthen- ratings from200A toover2000A,aimedatmotor epitaxial ordrift region layer. Forhighvoltage rated control andtraction applications. IGBTswiththickdrift regions, thehighcarrier Increasing thevoltage ratings ofIGBTsgenerally concentrations areinjected atturn-on andremoved at reduces turn-on andturn-off di/dt andincreases the turn-off, whichslows theswitching speed. An option switching loss[1]. Forsystems whichrequire higher forfaster switching istoseries multiple, lower voltage switching frequencies suchashighvoltage switch rated IGBTs. A customized IGBTstack withsix, 1200 mode powersupplies (SMPS)andpulsepower V rated IGBTsinseries hasbeenexperimentally tested. applications, fastswitching is essential to the Thesix-seriesed IGBTstack consists ofindividual,performance ofthesystem withsubsequent lowturn-on optically isolated, gatedrivers andaluminum cooling andturn-off losses. Assuch, areview oftheinherent plates forforced aircooling whichresults inacompact device structure isimportant tounderstanding theloss package. EachIGBT isovervoltage protected by mechanisms. transient voltage suppressors. TheIGBTcanbemodeled asaMOSFETcontrolled
Genipin Cross-Linked Fibrin Hydrogels for in vitro Human Articular Cartilage Tissue-Engineered Regeneration (2009)

Our objective was to examine the potential of a genipin cross-linked human fibrin hydrogel system as a scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Human articular chondrocytes were incorporated into modified human fibrin gels and evaluated for mechanical properties, cell viability, gene expression, extracellular matrix production and subcutaneous biodegradation. Genipin, a naturally occurring compound used in the treatment of inflammation, was used as a cross-linker. Genipin cross-linking did not significantly affect cell viability, but significantly increased the dynamic compression and shear moduli of the hydrogel. The ratio of the change in collagen II versus collagen I expression increased more than 8-fold over 5 weeks as detected with real-time RT-PCR. Accumulation of collagen II and aggrecan in hydrogel extracellular matrix was observed after 5 weeks in cell culture. Overall, our results indicate that genipin appeared to inhibit the inflammatory reaction observed 3 weeks after subcutaneous implantation of the fibrin into rats. Therefore, genipin cross-linked fibrin hydrogels can be used as cell-compatible tissue engineering scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration, for utility in autologous treatments that eliminate the risk of tissue rejection and viral infection.
Antioxidant Effect of Bio-Oil Additive ESP on Asphalt Binder (2009)

This paper describes how bio-oil is a dark brown, mobile liquid derived from the thermo-chemical processing of bio-mass. Bio-oils generally contain water and lignin. Lignins are highly-available, well-studied carbohydrate derivative known for their antioxidant properties. For asphalt pavements, oxidation can cause deterioration, a longterm aging process, and eventually result in cracking. Therefore, bio-oil could potentially serve as an antioxidant additive in asphalt mixtures. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of lignin-containing bio-oil for utilization in asphalt binder. Using bio-oil as an antioxidant in asphalt production could prove to be an economical alternative to conventional methods while being conscious of the environment and increasing the longevity and performance of asphalt pavements. Three bio-oils derived from corn stover, oak wood, and switch grass are tested and evaluated by blending with three conventional asphalt binders. The binders in order of their susceptibility to oxidative aging, include two binders from the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) Materials Reference Library (MRL), AAM-1 and AAD-1, as well as a locally produced polymer modified asphalt binder (LPMB). Bio-oil was added to the asphalt binders in three different percentages by weight, 3%, 6%, and 9%. The Superpave testing and performance grading procedure from AASHTO M 320 was used to examine the antioxidant effects and determine the optimum fraction of bio-oil added to the binders. In addition, performance tests for an asphalt mixture containing the bio-oil modified asphalts were conducted. The experimental asphalt samples for dynamic modulus testing were mixed by adding optimum percentages of bio-oil modified asphalt in the aggregate with a common gradation. Statistical methods are applied and used to determine the statistically significant bio-oil treatment effects. Generally, the corn stover, oak wood, and switch grass derived bio-oil indicate that there is potential to increase the high temperature performance of asphalt binders. However, the increase in high temperature performance adversely affects the low temperature binder properties. The overall performance grade ranges vary depending on the combinations of three different binders and bio-oils. According to the data, some binders show antioxidant effects. Interestingly, the dynamic modulus test results do not necessarily coincide with the asphalt binder test results and suggest greater mix performance improvement than identified by the binder test results.