gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic domain switching in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ‐0.30PbTiO 3 single crystals with rhombohedral structure (2018)

Abstract Anisotropic domain switching paths in [001]‐, [011]‐, and [111]‐poled Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ‐0.30PbTiO 3 single crystals were studied by in situ polarized light microscopic driven by an antiparallel electric field. Orientation‐dependent electric field induced polarization and strain behaviors were investigated systematically. For [001]‐oriented crystals, only one‐step 71° switching occurred during the domain switching process, resulting in the appearance of stripe domain walls whose traces on (001) plane were along 45° or 135° with respect to [100] direction. But for [011]‐oriented samples, a two‐step 71° switching was observed during 109° switching and the projections of formed twin domain walls on the (011) plane are along 35.3° or 144.7° with respect to [01 ] direction. Moreover, a three‐step 71° switching was found during 180° switching in [111]‐oriented samples. It was demonstrated by the produced domain walls whose projections on the (1 0) plane are along 35.3°, 90° or 160.6° with respect to [11 ] direction. The energetically motivated mechanism based on multistep polarization switching process was also proposed to explain the anisotropic domain switching paths. Our results provided a visualized observation on the ferroelectric domain switching process and also laid the solid foundations for controlling polarization order parameter in ferroelectric single crystals.
Introduction to Biofuels (2010)

What role will biofuels play in the scientific portfolio that might bring energy independence and security, revitalize rural infrastructures, and wean us off of our addiction to oil? The shifting energy landscape of the 21st century, with its increased demand for renewable energy technology, poses a worrying challenge. Discussing the multidisciplin
Applications of single cell profiles of PBMC:Improvements of cell type classification (2021)

Single-cell-derived-class (SCDC) profiles capture characteristic gene expression from single cells representing types and subtypes and their conditions. SCDC profiles show high reproducibility across similar single-cell types processed under the same conditions. We have demonstrated two applications of SCDC profiles-classification of single cells from PBMC into six main classes (B cells, cDC, pDC, monocytes, NK cells, and T cells) and into three super-classes (BC+pDC,MC+cDC, and TC+NK). The minimum number of individual cells required for building an effective reference SCDC profile has been assessed to be between 160 and 640 cells. The variability of SCDC gradually decreases as the number of cells used to derive the profile increases from 10-cells to 640-cells. The classification accuracy of PBMC extracted by PBMC separation by SCDC profiles was 85-100% and 95-100% for supertypes depending on the cell type or supertype. Classification accuracy for PBMC cell types is lower for samples that are processed by cell sorting, or other sample processing steps.
Femtosecond optical generation and detection of coherent acoustic phonons in GaN single crystals (2007)

We report our experimental and theoretical studies on the time-resolved generation and detection of coherent acoustic phonons (CAPs) in very high quality bulk GaN single crystals, performed using a femtosecond, two-color, all-optical pump-probe technique. A train of ultraviolet laser pulses with energy above the GaN energy gap induced the transient electronic stress at the GaN surface, responsible for the CAP generation. Subsequent CAP oscillations, propagating without any measurable intrinsic attenuation, were observed by scanning the transient differential reflectivity signal $(\ensuremath{\Delta}R∕R)$ of the near-infrared, far-below-band-gap probe beam. The $\ensuremath{\Delta}R∕R$ CAP oscillation amplitude was of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ and was dependent only on the pump-photon absorption coefficient spectral characteristics. The CAP oscillation frequency was dispersionless (proportional to the probe-beam wave vector) with the slope corresponding to $8002\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}22\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}∕\mathrm{s}$---the speed of sound in GaN---while the CAP signal phase was constant within the entire range of our experiments. The above experimental results are in excellent agreement with our theoretical modeling and the published literature data.
N‐[2‐Methyl‐5‐(triazol‐1‐yl)phenyl]pyrimidin‐2‐amine as a Scaffold for the Synthesis of Inhibitors of Bcr‐Abl (2011)

N-[2-Methyl-5-(triazol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their potential use as inhibitors of Bcr-Abl. The design is based on the bioisosterism between the 1,2,3-triazole ring and the amide group. The synthesis involves a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) as the key step, with the exclusive production of anti-(1,4)-triazole derivatives. One of the compounds obtained shows general activity similar to that of imatinib; in particular, it was observed to be more effective in decreasing the fundamental function of cdc25A phosphatases in the K-562 cell line.
Selective incorporation of proteinaceous over nonproteinaceous cationic amino acids in model prebiotic oligomerization reactions (2019)

Numerous long-standing questions in origins-of-life research center on the history of biopolymers. For example, how and why did nature select the polypeptide backbone and proteinaceous side chains? Depsipeptides, containing both ester and amide linkages, have been proposed as ancestors of polypeptides. In this paper, we investigate cationic depsipeptides that form under mild dry-down reactions. We compare the oligomerization of various cationic amino acids, including the cationic proteinaceous amino acids (lysine, Lys; arginine, Arg; and histidine, His), along with nonproteinaceous analogs of Lys harboring fewer methylene groups in their side chains. These analogs, which have been discussed as potential prebiotic alternatives to Lys, are ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Orn, Dab, and Dpr). We observe that the proteinaceous amino acids condense more extensively than these nonproteinaceous amino acids. Orn and Dab readily cyclize into lactams, while Dab and Dpr condense less efficiently. Furthermore, the proteinaceous amino acids exhibit more selective oligomerization through their α-amines relative to their side-chain groups. This selectivity results in predominantly linear depsipeptides in which the amino acids are α-amine-linked, analogous to today's proteins. These results suggest a chemical basis for the selection of Lys, Arg, and His over other cationic amino acids for incorporation into proto-proteins on the early Earth. Given that electrostatics are key elements of protein-RNA and protein-DNA interactions in extant life, we hypothesize that cationic side chains incorporated into proto-peptides, as reported in this study, served in a variety of functions with ancestral nucleic acid polymers in the early stages of life.
GaInP/AlGaInP nanolasers optimized for red-shifted excitation and two-photon pumping to sense from within living cells (Conference Presentation) (2022)

Biointegrated microlasers can act as highly localized sensors and report minute refractive index changes from within living cells. We previously reported non-obstructive and biointegrated whispering gallery mode nanolasers made from high-index semiconductor materials. Arsenide-free III/V alloys are attractive for this application due to minimal toxicity and high performance at visible wavelengths. Here, the band gaps of GaInP/AlGaInP quantum wells were engineered for absorption and emission at (far)-red wavelengths, allowing sub-pJ pumping at 642 nm and two-photon pumping with lasing thresholds around 80 pJ. This facilitates the wider integration of the nanolaser technology with popular fluorescence and multiphoton microscopy techniques.
Recursive estimation of selective catalyst reduction system parameters using modified Gauss-Newton method (2014)

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is a complex chemical process which is used to treat exhaust gas in many applications, e.g. diesel engines in automobiles. An SCR model was constructed by General Motors (GM) and the problem considered was to estimate the unknown kinetic parameters on-line taking into account aging effects. There are a number of application constraints that must be taken into consideration, including inaccessible model structure, parametric identifiability difficulties and limited measurement data. In this work, the complexity and identifiability of this estimation problem is investigated through global sensitivity analysis and cost-function based analysis methods. One of the problems is to determine the parameters where the model is most sensitive and should thus be estimated onboard. A modified Gauss-Newton method was proposed and evaluated for this estimation problem. Simulation studies have confirmed that sensitive kinetic parameters of the SCR model can be estimated and tracked recursively using the proposed method.
A theory for wave-power absorption by oscillating bodies (1976)

A theory is given for predicting the absorption of the power in an incident sinusoidal wave train by means of a damped, oscillating, partly or completely submerged body. General expressions for the efficiency of wave absorption when the body oscillates in one or, in some cases, two modes are given. It is shown that 100% efficiency is possible in some cases. Curves describing the variation of efficiency and amplitude of the body with wavenumber for various bodies are presented.
SILK: Scale-space integrated Lucas-Kanade image registration for super-resolution from video (2013)

Registration between low-resolution images is a crucial step in super-resolution. Conventional methods tend to separate scale estimation from translation and rotation estimation. This is because the scale parameter is inherently related to the image resolution. In this paper, we present an area-based image registration technique that can simultaneously estimate translation, rotation, and scale parameters and also take into account differences in resolution between two images. We first develop a scale-space model that relates each reference pixel to a single observation pixel with a scale parameter. This model is then easily generalized to include x-y shift and rotation parameters. By integrating the scale-space model into a non-linear least squares method, the method can iteratively estimate the transformation (x-y shift, rotation, and scale) in an accurate and efficient manner. We compare our proposed scale-space integrated Lucas-Kanade's method (SILK) against Lucas-Kanade's optical flow and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) matching and show that our method is suitable for super-resolution from very low resolution image sequences.
Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers: A Long-Standing Problem Has Been Solved (1999)

A breakthrough in the synthesis of diaryl ethers has been achieved as shown in Equation (1). The coupling of phenols with aryl boronic acids in the presence of copper(II) acetate and a base proceeds under very mild conditions (room temperature) as described simultaneously by Evans et al. and Chan et al. Examples: R(1)=2-Cl, 2-I, 2-OMe, 4-tBu, 4-CH(2)CH(NHCOOtBu)CO(2)Me, 3,5-tBu(2); R(2)=2-Me, 3-OMe, 3-NO(2), 4-H, 4-F, 4-OMe.
Piston Motion Performance Analysis of a 3DOF Electrothermal MEMS Scanner for Medical Applications (2014)

MEMS scanners are useful for medical applications as optical coherence tomography and laser microsurgery. Although widespread design of MEMS scanners have been presented, their behavior is not well known, and thus, their motions are not easily and efficiently controlled. This deficiency induces several difficulties (limited resolution, accuracy, cycle time, etc.), and to tackle this problem, this article presents the modeling of an ISC electrothermally actuated MEMS mirror and the experimental characterization for the piston motion. Modeling and characterization are important to implement the control. A multiphysic model is proposed, and an experimental validation is performed with a good correspondence for a voltage range from 0 V to 3.5 V with a maximum displacement up to 200 µm and with a relative tilting difference of 0.1°. The article also presents a simple and efficient experimental setup to measure a displacement in dynamic and static mode, or a mirror plane tilting in static mode.
Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Flaxseed Post-Infarction Are Associated with Changes in MicroRNA Expression (2020)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) such as miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-135a, and miR-29b play a key role in many cardiac pathological remodeling processes, including apoptosis, fibrosis, and arrhythmias, after a myocardial infarction (MI). Dietary flaxseed has demonstrated a protective effect against an MI. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that dietary flaxseed supplementation before and after an MI regulates the expression of above-mentioned miRNAs to produce its cardioprotective effect. Animals were randomized after inducing MI by coronary artery ligation into: (a) sham MI with normal chow, (b) MI with normal chow, and (c-e) MI supplemented with either 10% milled flaxseed, or 4.4% flax oil enriched in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or 0.44% flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. The feeding protocol consisted of 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after the surgery. Dietary flax oil supplementation selectively upregulated the cardiac expression of miR-133a, miR-135a, and miR-29b. The levels of collagen I expression were reduced in the flax oil group. We conclude that miR-133a, miR-135a, and miR-29b are sensitive to dietary flax oil, likely due to its rich ALA content. The cardioprotective effect of flaxseed in an MI could be due to modulation of these miRNAs.
Rethinking prostitution and 'consent' (2000)

There is a significant international and feminist debate at present about prostitution and consent. However, most authors have argued that consent to prostitution is impossible. For radical feminists this is because prostitution is always a coercive sexual practice. Others simply suggest that economic coercion makes the sexual consent of sex workers highly problematic if not impossible. In my own view, it is usually more appropriate to talk about prostitution in the realm of work rather than sexuality. In the realm of work there is a general lack of freedom and choice for most workers, that is it is a realm of 'normal' economic coercion. So why would we want to treat sex work as a special case and insist on the particular relevance of the language of choice and consent in this area? However, there are some important reasons to reconsider this position. In particular, when sex workers get raped (by their clients, employers, pimps or others) it is important that their claims can be made visible in the criminal justice system. If the consent and non-consent of sex workers is deemed irrelevant or impossible, then they are going to be even less able than other women to pursue complaints of rape. As part of a general examination of consent and non-consent in prostitution, this paper will investigate several British and Australian legal cases where sex workers have pursued complaints of rape.
On the Gibbs Phenomenon and Its Resolution (1997)

The nonuniform convergence of the Fourier series for discontinuous functions, and in particular the oscillatory behavior of the finite sum, was already analyzed by Wilbraham in 1848. This was later named the Gibbs phenomenon. This article is a review of the Gibbs phenomenon from a different perspective. The Gibbs phenomenon, as we view it, deals with the issue of recovering point values of a function from its expansion coefficients. Alternatively it can be viewed as the possibility of the recovery of local information from global information. The main theme here is not the structure of the Gibbs oscillations but the understanding and resolution of the phenomenon in a general setting. The purpose of this article is to review the Gibbs phenomenon and to show that the knowledge of the expansion coefficients is sufficient for obtaining the point values of a piecewise smooth function, with the same order of accuracy as in the smooth case. This is done by using the finite expansion series to construct a different, rapidly convergent, approximation.
Relações entre idade, porcentagem de consoantes corretas e velocidade de fala (2009)

Speech performance, measured by the PCC, and speech rate increased according to age, resulting in significant differences between the three age groups. The increase of the PCC indexes and of speech rate were directly proportional.
Total-Scattering Pair-Distribution Function of Organic Material from Powder Electron Diffraction Data (2014)

This paper shows that pair-distribution function (PDF) analyses can be carried out on organic and organometallic compounds from powder electron diffraction data. Different experimental setups are demonstrated, including selected area electron diffraction and nanodiffraction in transmission electron microscopy or nanodiffraction in scanning transmission electron microscopy modes. The methods were demonstrated on organometallic complexes (chlorinated and unchlorinated copper phthalocyanine) and on purely organic compounds (quinacridone). The PDF curves from powder electron diffraction data, called ePDF, are in good agreement with PDF curves determined from X-ray powder data demonstrating that the problems of obtaining kinematical scattering data and avoiding beam damage of the sample are possible to resolve.
New phosphine ligands with the OPN donor configuration (2000)

New, functionalised phosphines with an OPN donor set which are potentially capable of square planar co-ordination were synthesized by stepwise introduction of the oxygen and nitrogen functional substituents to phosphorus. The secondary phosphines (phenyl)(tetrahydrofurfuryl)phosphine, 1, and [2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl](phenyl)phosphine, 2, were first prepared before the introduction of the nitrogen donor substituents. The OPN phosphines (phenyl)(D1)(D2)phosphine {D1 = tetrahydrofurfuryl, D2 = 2-pyridylmethyl or pyridyl; D1 = 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl, D2 = 2-pyridylmethyl}, 3–5, were obtained. This approach was not appropriate for the preparation of an OPN ligand with an ester functionality. Therefore the synthesis of methyl 3-[(phenyl)(2-pyridylmethyl)phosphino]propanoate, 7, was achieved via a radical induced coupling of methyl acrylate to (phenyl)(2-pyridylmethyl)phosphine 6. All new ligands, 1–5, 7, were characterised by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The methods developed allowed the ligands to be synthesized in high yields and purity such that further purification was generally unnecessary for subsequent applications.
Thermopile Infrared Detector Based on Black Silicon as Absorption (2012)

Considering the infrared detector's demand for the absorption material,the design and text of black silicon is present as the surface layer for its high absorption of part wavelength of infrared light.This paper researched on black silicon's absorption rate for different wavelengths of infrared light.According to the IR basic theory,feasibility and compatibility iqn MEMS process,a type of MEMS thermopile infrared detector was designed with the two materials in thermocouple of detector placed on the single layer of SiO2 membrane vertically.Besides,the detector took polysilicon on SiO2 as the substrate to release devise by using XeF2 front dry etching in order to solve the difficulty when releasing the Si substrate and the high cost of SOI.The method can improve the performance of detector and reduce the cost.
Environmentally-safe bimetallic Ag@Co magnetic nanocomposites with antimicrobial activity (2011)

In this communication we describe the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the bactericide activity of a superparamagnetic bimetallic Ag/Co polymeric nanocomposite material for the treatment of bacteria contaminated aqueous solutions.
Simulation of Interfacial Phonon Transport in Si–Ge Heterostructures Using an Atomistic Green’s Function Method (2006)

An atomistic Green’s function method is developed to simulate phonon transport across a strained germanium (or silicon) thin film between two semi-infinite silicon (or germanium) contacts. A plane-wave formulation is employed to handle the translational symmetry in directions parallel to the interfaces. The phonon transmission function and thermal conductance across the thin film are evaluated for various atomic configurations. The contributions from lattice straining and material heterogeneity are evaluated separately, and their relative magnitudes are characterized. The dependence of thermal conductance on film thickness is also calculated, verifying that the thermal conductance reaches an asymptotic value for very thick films. The thermal boundary resistance of a single Si∕Ge interface is computed and agrees well with analytical model predictions. Multiple-interface effects on thermal resistance are investigated, and the results indicate that the first few interfaces have the most significant effect on the overall thermal resistance.
Experimental investigation of the Cu–Si phase diagram at x(Cu)>0.72 (2011)

Cu-Si phase equilibria have been investigated at compositions greater than 72 at.% Cu by X-ray diffraction, optical and electronic microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and differential thermal analysis. The general aspects of the phase equilibria already reported in literature have been substantially confirmed, but selected composition ranges and the nature of a few invariant equilibria have been modified. In particular stability ranges of the <i>β</i>, <i>δ</i> and <i>η</i> phases have been slightly modified as well as temperature and nature of the invariant equilibria related to the <i>γ</i> ⇄ <i>δ</i> transformation. Stability of the ɛ-(Cu<sub>15</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>) phase has been especially investigated concluding that it is thermodynamically stable but kinetically inhibited by nucleation difficulties which become especially effective when samples are synthesized in very high purity conditions. Crystal structure and composition ranges of the high temperature <i>β</i> and <i>δ</i> phases, despite difficulties by the non-quenchability of these phases, have been investigated by different methods including high temperature XRD.
Toward wave-based sound synthesis for computer animation (2018)

We explore an integrated approach to sound generation that supports a wide variety of physics-based simulation models and computer-animated phenomena. Targeting high-quality offline sound synthesis, we seek to resolve animation-driven sound radiation with near-field scattering and diffraction effects. The core of our approach is a sharp-interface finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) wavesolver, with a series of supporting algorithms to handle rapidly deforming and vibrating embedded interfaces arising in physics-based animation sound. Once the solver rasterizes these interfaces, it must evaluate acceleration boundary conditions (BCs) that involve model-and phenomena-specific computations. We introduce acoustic shaders as a mechanism to abstract away these complexities, and describe a variety of implementations for computer animation: near-rigid objects with ringing and acceleration noise, deformable (finite element) models such as thin shells, bubble-based water, and virtual characters. Since time-domain wave synthesis is expensive, we only simulate pressure waves in a small region about each sound source, then estimate a far-field pressure signal. To further improve scalability beyond multi-threading, we propose a fully time-parallel sound synthesis method that is demonstrated on commodity cloud computing resources. In addition to presenting results for multiple animation phenomena (water, rigid, shells, kinematic deformers, etc.) we also propose 3D automatic dialogue replacement (3DADR) for virtual characters so that pre-recorded dialogue can include character movement, and near-field shadowing and scattering sound effects.