gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon nitride back-end optics for biosensor applications (2013)

Silicon nitride (SiN) is a promising candidate material for becoming a standard high-performance solution for integrated biophotonics applications in the visible spectrum. As a key feature, its compatibility with the complementary-oxidemetal- semiconductor (CMOS) technology permits cost reduction at large manufacturing volumes that is particularly advantageous for manufacturing consumables. In this work, we show that the back-end deposition of a thin SiN film enables the large light-cladding interaction desirable for biosensing applications while the refractive index contrast of the technology (&Delta;n &asymp; 0.5) also enables a considerable level of integration with reduced waveguide bend radii. Design and experimental validation also show that several advantages are derived from the moderate SiN/SiO<sub>2</sub> refractive index contrast, such as lower scattering losses in interconnection waveguides and relaxed tolerances to fabrication imperfections as compared to higher refractive index contrast material systems. As a drawback, a moderate refractive index contrast also makes the implementation of compact grating couplers more challenging, due to the fact that only a relatively weak scattering strength can be achieved. Thereby, the beam diffracted by the grating tends to be rather large and consequently exhibit stringent angular alignment tolerances. Here, we experimentally demonstrate how a proper design of the bottom and top cladding oxide thicknesses allows reduction of the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) and alleviates this problem. Additionally, the inclusion of a CMOS-compatible AlCu/TiN bottom reflector further decreases the FWHM and increases the coupling efficiency. Finally, we show that focusing grating designs greatly reduce the device footprint without penalizing the device metrics.
Solutions to selected exercises in Computer architecture : a quantitative approach (1996)

1 Fundamentals of Computer Design Introduction to the Chapter 1 Exercises Exercise 1.1 Exercise 1.2 Exercise 1.4 Exercise 1.5 Exercise 1.7 Exercise 1.8 Exercise 1.9 Exercise 1.11 Exercise 1.12 Exercise 1.13 Exercise 1.14 Exercise 1.15 2 Instruction Set Principles and Examples Introduction to the Chapter 2 Exercises Exercise 2.1 Exercise 2.2 Introduction to Exercises 2.6-2.9 Exercise 2.6 Exercise 2.9 Exercise 2.10 Exercise 2.12 3 Pipelining Introduction to the Chapter 3 Exercises Exercise 3.1 Exercise 3.2 Exercise 3.3 Exercise 3.7 Exercise 3.9 Exercise 3.10 Exercise 3.11 Exercise 3.14 4 Advanced Pipelining and Instruction-Level Parallelism Introduction to the Chapter 4 Exercises Exercise 4.1 Exercise 4.4 Exercise 4.8 Exercise 4.10 Exercise 4.14 The Classic Five-Stage DLX The DLX with Scoreboarding The Tomasulo DLX Exercise 4.17 Exercise 4.18 Exercise 4.20 5 Memory-Hierarchy Design Introduction to the Chapter 5 Exercises Exercise 5.1 Exercise 5.3 Exercise 5.4 Exercise 5.5 Exercise 5.6 Exercise 5.8 Exercise 5.10 Exercise 5.14 6 Storage Systems Introduction to the Chapter 6 Exercises About the Fallacy on Page 549 and Figures 6.43 and 6.2 Exercise 6.3 Exercise 6.5 Exercise 6.6 Exercise 6.10 Exercise 6.17 Exercise 6.19 7 Interconnection Networks Introduction to the Chapter 7 Exercises Exercise 7.1 Exercise 7.3 Exercise 7.5 Exercise 7.6 Exercise 7.9 Exercise 7.12 Exercise 7.13 8 Multiprocessors Introduction to the Chapter 8 Exercises Exercise 8.1 Exercise 8.5 Exercise 8.7 Exercise 8.9 Exercise 8.13 Exercise 8.23 A Computer Arithmetic Introduction to the Appendix A Exercises Exercise A.3 Exercise A.4 Exercise A.6 Exercise A.7 Exercise A.11 Exercise A.12 Exercise A.14 Exercise A.20 Exercise A.21 Exercise A.27 Exercise A.28 B Vector Processors Introduction to the Appendix B Exercises Convoys, Chimes, and Cycles Exercise B.2 Exercise B.3 Exercise B.4 Exercise B.5 Exercise B.6 Exercise B.7 Exercise B.8 Exercise B.10 Exercise B.11
Staphylococcus aureus‐derived extracellular vesicles induce neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation via both Th1 and Th17 cell responses (2012)

Staphylococcus aureus EV can induce Th1 and Th17 neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation, mainly in a TLR2-dependent manner. Additionally, S. aureus EV enhance the development of airway hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens.
Lineshape Morphology in Modulation Spectroscopy (2013)

A generalized expression of complex dielectric functions and their modulated spectra is derived for the one-, two- and three-dimensional critical points. The modulated spectra are discussed in terms of the first- and third-derivatives of the unperturbed dielectric functions, in connection with experimentally-observed optical spectra in modulation spectroscopy. Variations of the modulated optical spectra with respect to crystal symmetry are also examined with particular attention to the continuous change in band anisotropy from two- or one- to three-dimension, so that the calculated result may be correlated with the spectral assignment for layer-type and chain-like crystals.
Electrochemical Deposition of Highly Catalytically Active Palladium Nanoparticles - Application to Methanol Fuel Cell Anodes and its Kinetic Studies (2022)

Fuel cell technology is a green and promising energy source for the future generation. Amongst all fuel cells, methanol oxidation with very low overpotential at modified electrodes is important for understanding and developing methanol fuel cell anodes. Platinum (Pt) is a well-known catalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction. However, Pt is expensive and also methanol oxidation intermediates adsorbs very strongly onto its surface. In the present study, a less expensive and highly active electrocatalyst was developed using palladium (Pd) by simple electrochemical technique. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) displays that small sized nanoparticles are in the range of 4-8 nm. The prepared material shows excellent electrocatalytic activity with quite low overpotential at room temperature. In addition, to understand the kinetics, energy of activation was determined by studying the methanol oxidation reaction at different temperature. The onset potential decrease with increasing temperature implies that the kinetics of the process improves at elevated temperature. The lowest activation energy was found to be 20 kJ/mol which is almost comparable with many Pd based materials.
Isolation of α-amylase from malted rice (Wita 7) extract using cassava starch column procedure (2013)

The current study investigated the production and purification of α-amylase from malted rice (Wita 7) extract. In the course of the study, malting parameters such as germination energy, malt yield as well as malt loss of rice (Wita 7) were estimated. An appraisal of α-amylase production during malting with rice (Wita 7) revealed that, the production level peaked on the 8th day of germination with an estimated activity of 19.436 U/ml. The crude α-amylase from the 8th day malt extract was subsequently purified using starch column procedure. The purified extract recorded an estimated activity of 75.549 U/ml. The project further examined the effects of varying the ratios of starch adsorbent height to column diameter (L/D) during the purification step. For the columns employed (ID = 2.45 cm; 4.15 cm), the 2nd elution fractions from the experiments which were conducted with L/D ratios greater than 0.33 contained the highest amount of α-amylase. In summary, we have revealed that, the 8th day malt was most effective (optimum malting time) for starch hydrolysis. Again, the purification process produced a 4-fold enzyme activity ratio of 19:75. Finally, the greater the L/D ratio, the higher the efficacy for purification. Keywords : Alpha Amylase, Wita 7 rice, Malting, Starch adsorbent, Elution fraction African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(23), pp. 3738-3744
Electrostatically-Driven Resonator on Soi with Improved Temperature Stability (2007)

This paper deals with a single-crystal-silicon (SCS) MEMS resonator with improved temperature stability. While simulations have shown that the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency can be down to 1 ppm/degrees C, preliminary measurements on non-optimised structures gave evidence of a temperature coefficient of 29 ppm/degrees C. Design, optimisation, experimental results with post process simulation and prospective work are presented.
Broadband THz reflective polarization rotator by multiple plasmon resonances (2014)

We demonstrate a metamaterials-based THz broadband polarization rotator which is able to rotate linearly polarized THz wave by 90 degree within a wide frequency range (0.44 to 0.76 THz). The device is characterized both theoretically and experimentally. Analyses show that the multiple-plasmon-resonance is the key for the broadband feature and the phase-shift difference of the two reflection components is critical for the polarization conversion. The approach demonstrated in the work can be useful for constructing building blocks for THz polarimetry.
Resilience and efficiency in transportation networks (2017)

Urban transportation systems are vulnerable to congestion, accidents, weather, special events, and other costly delays. Whereas typical policy responses prioritize reduction of delays under normal conditions to improve the efficiency of urban road systems, analytic support for investments that improve resilience (defined as system recovery from additional disruptions) is still scarce. In this effort, we represent paved roads as a transportation network by mapping intersections to nodes and road segments between the intersections to links. We built road networks for 40 of the urban areas defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. We developed and calibrated a model to evaluate traffic delays using link loads. The loads may be regarded as traffic-based centrality measures, estimating the number of individuals using corresponding road segments. Efficiency was estimated as the average annual delay per peak-period auto commuter, and modeled results were found to be close to observed data, with the notable exception of New York City. Resilience was estimated as the change in efficiency resulting from roadway disruptions and was found to vary between cities, with increased delays due to a 5% random loss of road linkages ranging from 9.5% in Los Angeles to 56.0% in San Francisco. The results demonstrate that many urban road systems that operate inefficiently under normal conditions are nevertheless resilient to disruption, whereas some more efficient cities are more fragile. The implication is that resilience, not just efficiency, should be considered explicitly in roadway project selection and justify investment opportunities related to disaster and other disruptions.
Ultra–sensitive droplet digital PCR for detecting a low–prevalence somatic GNAQ mutation in Sturge–Weber syndrome (2016)

Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), a method for measuring target nucleic acid sequence quantity, is useful for determining somatic mutation rates using TaqMan probes. In this study, the detection limit of copy numbers of test DNA by ddPCR was determined based on Poisson distribution. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which strongly hybridises to target lesions, can inhibit target amplification by PCR. Therefore, by combination of PCR with PNA and ddPCR (PNA-ddPCR), the detection limit could be lowered. We reanalysed a somatic GNAQ mutation (c.548G > A) in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) using ddPCR and PNA-ddPCR. Importantly, among three patients previously found to be mutation negative by next-generation sequencing, two patients had the GNAQ mutation with a mutant allele frequency of less than 1%. Furthermore, we were able to find the same mutation in blood leukocyte or saliva DNA derived from four out of 40 SWS patients. Vascular anomalies and blood leukocytes originate from endothelial cells and haemangioblasts, respectively, which are both of mesodermal origin. Therefore, blood leukocytes may harbour the GNAQ mutation, depending on the time when the somatic mutation is acquired. These data suggest the possibility of diagnosis using blood DNA in some patients with SWS.
Detection of Construction Equipment Using Deep Convolutional Networks (2017)

The ITC Digital Library has an ambition to provide a single point of entry to scholarly and research publication from the domain of construction informatics alias construction information technology. We believe that works, in full text, should be available for free, to the researchers, students and the industry.
P2‐173: Internalization of Abeta amyloid peptides in neuronal cells depending of their sequence and their structural assembly (2009)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides in amyloid deposits in the cerebral tissue. Current evidence indicates that intraneuronal accumulation of Abeta is an early pathological biomarker for the onset of AD and may contribute to a cascade of neurodegenerative events. Many reports found strong evidence that intermediates in the aggregation process call 'oligomers' are the principal pathogenic species that drive neuronal dysfunction rather the large amyloid aggregates. Oligomeric soluble forms of Abeta have toxic properties and are believed to induce synaptic degeneration. Active zones are the sites along nerve terminals where synaptic vesicles dock and undergo exocytosis during synaptic transmission. They are characterized by active endocytosis and exocytosis. There are studies suggesting that cellular membranes play a major role in Abeta oligomerization process. However, interaction of Abeta peptides with the plasma membrane, endocytosis of Abeta oligomers and the effect on membrane dynamics at the synapse level is still poorly understood. Polymorphisms in amyloid structure has been shown to be responsible the toxicity of Abeta peptides. Familial mutations (FAD) affecting the Abeta sequence are known to enhance Abeta oligomers formation and toxicity against neuronal cells. We investigated the link between the in vitro amyloid structure and the capability of the Abeta peptides to be internalized in neuronal cells. We analyze the kinetic of binding at the plasma membrane, internalization and aggregation of small oligomers of various Abeta peptide variants by confocal imaging and Congo Red staining. Using an endocytosis assay base on the use of cleavable biotin, we found that the kinetic of adhesion at the plasma membrane of several Abeta variants clearly correlates with their capability to aggregate. Moreover, small oligomers further elongate, not only at the plasma membrane but also in endocytic compartments. Inhibition of Abeta aggregation affects both adhesion at the plasma membrane and internalization. Together our data strongly suggest that the toxicity of small Abeta oligomers correlates with their capability to aggregate at the plasma membrane and in an endocytic compartment, possibly by affecting plasma membrane dynamics and thereby resulting in cell dysfunction.
Hydrocortisone and some other hormones enhance the expression of HTLV‐III (1986)

The ability to productively infect fresh normal human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes with HTLV-III was improved by supplementing cell culture medium with either the gonadal steroid, chorionic gonadotropin, or insulin, and more substantially with the adrenocortical steroid, hydrocortisone. Several other sex hormones and another corticosteroid, dexamethasone, had no significant effect. In addition, the isolation of HTLV-III from lymphocytes established in culture from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS-related complex (ARC), and healthy, at-risk donors was greatly facilitated by the inclusion of hydrocortisone in cell culture media. In 13/20 primary cell cultures tested from AIDS and ARC patients from whom virus was isolated, the amount of virus produced was elevated from low to easily detectable levels in those containing hydrocortisone. In 3/20 specimens tested, virus was detected and isolated from cell cultures supplemented with hydrocortisone but was undetectable in those lacking the hormone. These experiments demonstrate that hydrocortisone, a readily available, inexpensive supplement to cell culture media, can facilitate the detection and isolation of HTLV-III. These studies, furthermore, suggest a role for corticosteroids and possibly gonadal steroids in the modulation of virus expression and/or release and suggest that the viral inductive capacity of these and other compounds should be considered as they are evaluated for clinical use.
Concept, Design and Performance of a Shape Variable Mashrabiya as a Shading and Daylighting System for Arid Climates (2014)

The design of a solar protection system that can minimize solar gains while maximizing daylight and view to the outside is particularly challenging in arid climates, such as in the Middle-East, where sand, wind and corrosion impose specific constraints. We propose a system that provides a trade-off for three requirements: (i) maximize diffuse sunlight and view to the outside, (ii) efficiently block direct sunlight and (iii) transform a fraction of it into diffuse light for indoor daylighting. Compliance with this last requirement provides a solution for the common problem of insufficient daylighting even in the presence of abundant solar radiation, which often forces occupants to fully close their shading system and use electric lighting. In addition, our design potentially copes well with these extreme environmental conditions and preserves local architectural character (mashrabiya-inspired design). In this paper, we establish quantitative specifications for these three requirements, provide the working principle of our shading and daylighting system and its design, which consists of a shape variable mashrabiya (SVM). We calculate and analyze the annual daylighting performance of our SVM and benchmark it against the performance of Venetian blinds and diffuse sunlight alone. Finally, we provide the minimum reflectance required for the SVM to comply with our third requirement. We built a mock-up of our SVM to investigate the validity of our simulation model.
Emigration and transportation stress of juvenile Chinook salmon relative to their reintroduction upriver of Shasta Dam, California, 2017–18 (2018)

First posted October 22, 2018 For additional information, contact: Director, Western Fisheries Research CenterU.S. Geological Survey6505 NE 65th StreetSeattle, Washington 98115 The Bureau of Reclamation supports the Shasta Dam Fish Passage Evaluation (SDFPE; Yip, 2015) program, and in 2016 set out to determine the feasibility of reintroducing winter-run and spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) to tributaries upstream of Shasta Dam. Ideally, reintroduction strategy includes trapping naturally produced downstream-migrating juvenile fish at the head of Lake Shasta (upstream of Shasta Dam), or near the mouth of the tributaries where they flow into the lake. However, evaluations of a juvenile collection system in one of the target tributaries (McCloud River) was delayed because of concerns about the fish source to be used as surrogate for winter-run Chinook salmon and the location and impact of the trap-and-haul operations.In 2017, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was contracted to evaluate the reintroduction of winter-run salmon into tributaries upstream of Shasta Dam, and the McCloud River, having the most suitable spawning and rearing habitat for salmon adjacent to Shasta Reservoir (Lake) was the chosen study area. The first stage of the project was to assess the feasibility using a head-of-reservoir fish trap to collect juvenile salmon, but these efforts were delayed, so efforts were used to assess how juvenile Chinook salmon would distribute within the McCloud River and Shasta Reservoir and help determine the feasibility of collecting fish at Shasta Dam. Importantly, NOAA fisheries was also conducting an acoustic telemetry project through the Sacramento River, and they provided the additional acoustic detection data on our tagged fish to San Francisco Bay. These data were collected beyond original study goals, but added a large contribution to the findings and inferences from this study.
Influence of light-curing sources on polymerization reaction kinetics of a restorative system. (2007)

PAC produced the highest total conversion and conversion rate for the resin composite (P < 0.05). Total conversion was lower for dentin bonding adhesive using PAC than with LED or QTH (P < 0.05). LED provided the highest proportion of conversion at the maximum rate with respect to conversion at 300 seconds for both materials. QTH demonstrated the lowest maximum rate value that occurred at a longer time into exposure (P < 0.05). Polymerization kinetic parameters varied greatly between the restorative materials as well as among light-curing unit types when compared to values observed when using a QTH light as control.
Oxidation of chloride to chlorine by ceric ions mediated by the three forms of crystalline carbon (1994)

A. Mills and G. Meadows, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 2059 DOI: 10.1039/C39940002059
ChemInform Abstract: Mediator Enhanced Water Oxidation Using Rb4[RuII(bipy)3]5 [{RuIII4O4(OH)2 (H2O)4} (γ‐SiW10O36)2] Film Modified Electrodes. (2014)

Abstract The H 2 O insoluble complex of title ([Ru II bipy] 5 [Ru III 4 POM]) is prepared by reduction of Rb 8 K 2 [{Ru IV 4 O 4 (OH) 2 (H 2 O) 4 } (γ‐SiW 10 O 36 ) 2 ] with NaBH 4 followed by precipitation with [Ru(bipy) 3 ]Cl 2 .
α-Mangostin extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostanaLinn) reduces tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in an immunocompetent xenograft model of metastatic mammary cancer carrying a p53 mutation (2011)

Since lymph node involvement is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer patients, the antimetastatic activity of α-mangostin as detected in mammary cancers carrying a p53 mutation in the present study may have specific clinical applications. In addition, α-mangostin may have chemopreventive benefits and/or prove useful as an adjuvant therapy, or as a complementary alternative medicine in the treatment of breast cancer.
A Fast Majorize–Minimize Algorithm for the Recovery of Sparse and Low-Rank Matrices (2011)

We introduce a novel algorithm to recover sparse and low-rank matrices from noisy and undersampled measurements. We pose the reconstruction as an optimization problem, where we minimize a linear combination of data consistency error, nonconvex spectral penalty, and nonconvex sparsity penalty. We majorize the nondifferentiable spectral and sparsity penalties in the criterion by quadratic expressions to realize an iterative three-step alternating minimization scheme. Since each of these steps can be evaluated either analytically or using fast schemes, we obtain a computationally efficient algorithm. We demonstrate the utility of the algorithm in the context of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reconstruction from sub-Nyquist sampled measurements. The results show a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and image quality compared with classical dynamic imaging algorithms. We expect the proposed scheme to be useful in a range of applications including video restoration and multidimensional MRI.