gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
고등학교 생물 수업에서 교사 설명의 역동적 구조 수준과 정보의 양이 학습에 미치는 영향 (1996)

School education is based on the verbal communication by teacher. Therefore, it is necessary to search for more effective verbal communication method in biology teaching. This study investigated: 1. The effects of variations in the kinetic structure on students` achievement and cognitive structure. 2. The effects of variations in the amount of information included in discourse unit(D.U.) on students` achievement and cognitive structure. 3. The difference of the effects of the kinetic structure and the amount of information between the sexes. First, as to the results of investigations on the effects of kinetic structure, the group with high structure lesson showed higher achievement than the group with low and this difference was statistically meaningful(F=24.803, p=0.0001). And according to the analysis of students` cognitive structure, the former group showed higher integration index(I) and differentiation index(D) than the latter. Second, as to the results of investigations on the effects of the amount of information, the group with a few information lesson showed higher achievement than the group with many, and this difference was also statistically meaningful(F=16.874, p=0.0001). And according to the analysis of students` cognitive structure, the former group showed higher articulation index(A) and differentiation index(D) than the latter. These results suggests that the kinetic structure and the amount of information included in D.U. of teachers` verbal communication might have some effects on learners` achievements and cognitive structure. Third, when the results were analyzed by sex, there was a difference between boys and girls, especially boys were more affected by communication method than girls. Based on these results, it is suggested that contiguous discourse units in teachers` verbal communication should hold a large proportion of their verbal elements in common and the length of each D.U. should be short as possible. And teachers should give special attention to verbal communication method in boys class.
Electron emission of carbon nitride films and mechanism for the nitrogen-lowered threshold in cold cathode (2003)

Carbon nitride films have been deposited by rf reactive magnetron sputtered graphite carbon in an N2 discharge. The process parameters, viz., nitrogen partial pressure (PN2), substrate temperature (Ts), and substrate bias (Vb) were varied in order to investigate their influence on the field emission properties. The effective work function for carbon nitride films determined using the Fowler–Nordheim equation is in the range of 0.01–0.1 eV. Insight is presented into the nitrogen-lowered threshold of cold cathode electron emission of carbon from the perspective of nitride tetrahedron bond formation. The involvement of nonbonding (lone pair) and lone-pair-induced antibonding (dipole) states is suggested to be responsible for lowering the work function and hence the electron emission threshold. It is found that the substrate temperature of 200 °C, floating potential at the substrate, and nitrogen partial pressure of 0.3 Pa are favorable to promote the reaction that lowers the work function.
Memory-efficient H.264/AVC CAVLC for fast decoding (2006)

A fast decoding method is presented for memory-efficient context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC). The CAVLC algorithm in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC significantly increased the compression ratio compared with variable length coding (VLC) of conventional video coding standards such as H.263 and MPEG-4 visual because of adaptive use of neighboring blocks' context. Implementation of the CA VLC decoding algorithm, however, is much more complicated than existing VLC decoding methods because of frequent access to the unstructured VLC tables, adaptive switching of tables, and five syntax elements. Especially in mobile video terminals such as digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) and digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) player, conventional CAVLC decoding algorithms result in increased power consumption due to frequent memory access. This paper presents a new CA VLC decoding method using arithmetic operations instead of the conventional table look-up method that requires a lots of memory access. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has 50% higher speed and 95% less memory access comparing with three conventional CAVLC algorithms, such as table look-up by sequential search, table look-up by binary search, and Moon's method
Characterization, Modeling, and Test of Intermediate State Defects in STT-MRAMs (2021)

Understanding defects in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) and their faulty behaviors are paramount for developing high-quality test solutions for STT-MRAM. This article applies the advanced device-aware test to intermediate (IM) state defects in MTJ devices based on silicon measurements and circuit simulations. An IM state manifests itself as an abnormal third resistive state, which differs from the two bi-stable states of MTJ. We performed silicon measurements on MTJ devices with diameter ranging from 60 nm to 120 nm; the results show that the occurrence probability of IM state strongly depends on the switching direction, device size, and bias voltage. We demonstrate that the conventional resistor-based fault modeling and test approach fails to appropriately model and test such a defect. Therefore, device-aware test is applied. We first physically model the defect and incorporate it into a Verilog-A MTJ compact model and calibrate it with silicon data. Thereafter, this model is used for a systematic fault analysis based on circuit simulations to obtain accurate and realistic faults in a pre-defined fault space. Our simulation results show that an IM state defect leads to intermittent write transition faults. Finally, we propose and implement a device-aware test solution to detect the IM state defect.
Impact of Cerebral Microcirculatory Changes on Cerebral Blood Flow During Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2000)

In addition to the marked luminal narrowing of large arteries detected as severe angiographic vasospasm, microcirculatory changes detected as prolonged peripheral CCT affected cerebral ischemia during cerebral vasospasm. These results suggested that impaired autoregulatory vasodilation or decreased luminal caliber in intraparenchymal vessels may take part in cerebral ischemia during cerebral vasospasm.
Role of thermal decomposition process in the photocatalytic or photoluminescence properties of BiPO4 polymorphs (2020)

Thermal decomposition process was used to obtain modified photocatalytic and/or photoluminescence properties of bismuth phosphate polymorphs. The precursor BiPO<sub>4</sub> , 0.7H<sub>2</sub> O was synthesized by a coprecipitation route. The observed polymorphs were the hexagonal P3<sub>1</sub> 21 hydrate phase BiPO<sub>4</sub> , 0.7H<sub>2</sub> O at 25°C, a mix system of hexagonal and monoclinic P2<sub>1</sub> /n phases at 200°C and 400°C, a mix system of monoclinic phases P2<sub>1</sub> /n and P2<sub>1</sub> /m at 600°C, and a unique monoclinic phase P2<sub>1</sub> /m at 900°C. The X-ray diffraction analyses allowed evidencing lattice deformations due to structural defects. The photocatalytic activities in the presence of rhodamine B in aqueous solution were determined using UV light irradiation. The best photocatalytic efficiencies were observed with the mix systems resulting from thermal decomposition at 400 and 600°C. Photoluminescence experiments performed under UV-laser light irradiation revealed unexpected emissions in the green-orange range, with optimal intensities for the mix systems observed at 400°C. The role of structural defects resulting from decomposition process is discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Thermal decomposition is used to introduce structural defects in BiPO<sub>4</sub> polymorphs The BiPO<sub>4</sub> intermediate systems are used to photodegrade rhodamine B Active species trapping experiments are performed Photoluminescence experiments highlight green-orange emissions Structural defects are at the origin of this photoluminescence.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): land remote sensing for global change research (1998)

The first Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument is planned for launch by NASA in 1998. This instrument will provide a new and improved capability for terrestrial satellite remote sensing aimed at meeting the needs of global change research. The MODIS standard products will provide new and improved tools for moderate resolution land surface monitoring. These higher order data products have been designed to remove the burden of certain common types of data processing from the user community and meet the more general needs of global-to-regional monitoring, modeling, and assessment. The near-daily coverage of moderate resolution data from MODIS, coupled with the planned increase in high-resolution sampling from Landsat 7, will provide a powerful combination of observations. The full potential of MODIS will be realized once a stable and well-calibrated time-series of multispectral data has been established. In this paper the proposed MODIS standard products for land applications are described along with the current plans for data quality assessment and product validation.
Chromosomal Lesion Suppression and Removal in Escherichia coli via Linear DNA Degradation (2003)

RecBCD is a DNA helicase/exonuclease implicated in degradation of foreign linear DNA and in RecA-dependent recombinational repair of chromosomal lesions in E. coli. The low viability of recA recBC mutants vs. recA mutants indicates the existence of RecA-independent roles for RecBCD. To distinguish among possible RecA-independent roles of the RecBCD enzyme in replication, repair, and DNA degradation, we introduced wild-type and mutant combinations of the recBCD chromosomal region on a low-copy-number plasmid into a DeltarecA DeltarecBCD mutant and determined the viability of resulting strains. Our results argue against ideas that RecBCD is a structural element in the replication factory or is involved in RecA-independent repair of chromosomal lesions. We found that RecBCD-catalyzed DNA degradation is the only activity important for the recA-independent viability, suggesting that degradation of linear tails of sigma-replicating chromosomes could be one of the RecBCD's roles. However, since the weaker DNA degradation capacity due a combination of the RecBC helicase and ssDNA-specific exonucleases restores viability of the DeltarecA DeltarecBCD mutant to a significant extent, we favor suppression of chromosomal lesions via linear DNA degradation at reversed replication forks as the major RecA-independent role of the RecBCD enzyme.
Detection of protection-impacting changes during software evolution (2018)

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) is often used in web applications to restrict operations and protect security sensitive information and resources. Web applications regularly undergo maintenance and evolution and their security may be affected by source code changes between releases. To prevent security regression and vulnerabilities, developers have to take re-validation actions before deploying new releases. This may become a significant undertaking, especially when quick and repeated releases are sought. We define protection-impacting changes as those changed statements during evolution that alter privilege protection of some code. We propose an automated method that identifies protection-impacting changes within all changed statements between two versions. The proposed approach compares statically computed security protection models and repository information corresponding to different releases of a system to identify protection-impacting changes. Results of experiments present the occurrence of protection-impacting changes over 210 release pairs of WordPress, a PHP content management web application. First, we show that only 41% of the release pairs present protection-impacting changes. Second, for these affected release pairs, protection-impacting changes can be identified and represent a median of 47.00 lines of code, that is 27.41% of the total changed lines of code. Over all investigated releases in WordPress, protection-impacting changes amounted to 10.89% of changed lines of code. Conversely, an average of about 89% of changed source code have no impact on RBAC security and thus need no re-validation nor investigation. The proposed method reduces the amount of candidate causes of protection changes that developers need to investigate. This information could help developers re-validate application security, identify causes of negative security changes, and perform repairs in a more effective way.
A human chromosome 9-specific alphoid DNA repeat spatially resolvable from satellite 3 DNA by fluorescent in situ hybridization (1991)

We have isolated a DNA clone (pMR9A) that identifies an alphoid DNA subset specific for chromosome 9. This alphoid subset is characterized by a dimeric organization as revealed by Southern blot analysis after digestion with HaeIII, HinfI, or StuI. Nonradioactive in situ hybridization demonstrated that pMR9A hybridizes only to the centromeric region of chromosome 9 and reveals chromosome 9 aneuploidies in interphase nuclei. In addition, the probe detects quantitative differences in alpha satellite DNA on chromosome 9, but these quantitative differences are not correlated with the size of the heterochromatic region. Double-labeling experiments, using a chromosome 9-specific satellite 3 clone and pMR9A, enabled us spatially to distinguish the alphoid and satellite 3 domains on metaphase chromosomes after treatment of the cultures with 5-azacytidine.
Simulation numérique des réacteurs gaz-liquide utilisés en traitement de l'eau (1998)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeThe main objective in water industry is to ensure the adequate treatment process, guarantee its maximum efficiency and contain investment and operating costs. Due to the increasing power of computers, Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling approach becomes an efficient tool to reach this objective. This paper resumes some applications of the CFD modelling to the study of the hydrodynamic and mass transfer performance of single- and multi-phase biological and/or chemical reactors used in water and wastewater treatment. Numerical simulations together with experimental measurements have been performed on laboratory and full-scale plants in order to gain better understanding of the physical phenomena (mixing, interfacial transfer) occurring in these systems in order to improve their design and process efficiency. The exemples described in the paper allow to highlight the feasibility and the provisional limitations of the CFD modelling tools. In most of the cases complementary work is necessary to be carried on in order to improve the mathematical models related basically to a better knowledge of the physical parameters controlling the hydrodynamics of the reactors.
Scale-Up of Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Solution Phase (2003)

Solution-phase methods have been used for the first synthesis of an internucleotidic bond () and, some 20 years ago, had a glorious period during the first gene synthesis. At that time, their present-day competitor, the polymer support technique, was also developed and saw some first applications to oligonucleotide preparations (), but it took nearly 15 further years until the solid-phase methods became a serious rival to solution methods. The efficiency of the phosphoramidite chemistry, combined with the development of mechanization, brought about a dramatic change ca. 10 years ago, putting polymer-support synthesis into first place. Yet, solution methods were never completely replaced, and the following survey will testify to their vitality.
ChemInform Abstract: Free Energy Simulations Come of Age: Protein—Ligand Recognition (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Design and analysis of the reflection grating arrays for the X-Ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM) (2021)

The Reflection Grating Spectrometer Experiment (RGS), which has been selected for flight on the European Space Agency's X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM), includes two arrays of reflection gratings that are placed in the X-ray optical path behind two separate grazing incidence X-ray telescopes. Each of the gratings arrays picks off roughly half the X-ray light emanating from its telescope and diffracts it to a dedicated strip of charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors offset from the telescope focal plane. The arrays contain 224 100 mm X 200 mm gratings, each mounted at a graze angle of 1.58{degree} to the incident beam. The gratings are produced by epoxy replication of a common master onto very thin substrates. Both the gratings and the detector are mounted on a Rowland circle which also includes the telescope focus. In this paper, we review the current state of both the engineering and the optical designs for the grating arrays. 4 refs., 9 figs.
Stress memorization technique (SMT) by selectively strained-nitride capping for sub-65nm high-performance strained-Si device application (2004)

An advanced stress memorization technique (SMT) for device performance enhancement is presented. A high-tensile nitride layer is selectively deposited on the n+ poly-Si gate electrode as a stressor with poly amorphorization implantation in advance. And, this high-tensile nitride capping layer will be removed after the poly and S/D activation procedures. The stress modulation effect was found to be enhanced and memorized to affect the channel stress underneath the re-crystallized poly-Si gate electrode after this nitride layer removal. More than 15% current drivability improvement was obtained on NMOS without any cost of PMOS degradation. Combining the high tensile nitride sealing layer deposition after silicide process. it was found to gain additional /spl sim/10% improvement to NMOS. The device integrity and reliability were verified with no deterioration by this simple and compatible SMT process. which is a promising local strain approach for sub-65nm CMOS application.
In vivoTargeting of Human Neutralizing Antibodies against CD55 and CD59 to Lymphoma Cells Increases the Antitumor Activity of Rituximab (2007)

An in vivo model of human CD20+ B-lymphoma was established in severe combined immunodeficiency mice to test the ability of human neutralizing miniantibodies to CD55 and CD59 (MB55 and MB59) to enhance the therapeutic effect of rituximab. The miniantibodies contained single-chain fragment variables and the hinge-CH2-CH3 domains of human IgG(1). LCL2 cells were selected for the in vivo study among six B-lymphoma cell lines for their high susceptibility to rituximab-dependent complement-mediated killing enhanced by MB55 and MB59. The cells injected i.p. primarily colonized the liver and spleen, leading to the death of the animals within 30 to 40 days. Thirty percent of mice receiving biotin-labeled rituximab (25 microg) i.p. on days 4 and 11 after cell injection survived to 120 days. Administration of biotin-labeled rituximab, followed by avidin (40 microg) and biotin-labeled MB55-MB59 (100 microg) at 4-h intervals after each injection resulted in the survival of 70% of mice. Surprisingly, 40% of mice survived after the sole injection of avidin and biotin-labeled MB55-MB59, an observation consistent with the in vitro data showing that the miniantibodies induced killing of approximately 25% cells through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. In conclusion, MB55 and MB59 targeted to tumor cells represent a valuable tool to enhance the therapeutic effect of rituximab and other complement-fixing antitumor antibodies.
Establishing Specifications for Ecological Indicators for the Prediction of Sustainability (2002)

In Chapter 22, Robert T. Lackey presented in detail the difficulties in using the term ecological health for the management of ecological structures. Although this phrase is pervasive in popular print, radio, and television, the lack of a quantitative description of ecosystem health prevents its use in a scientific process. Lackey also states that currently an alternative model for setting the priorities of managing ecological structures does not exist. Allan K. Fitzsimmons (Chapter 23) details effectively the problems in using ecosystem health to make policy and to manage ecological structures. This chapter provides a further critique of the use of ecosystem health as a metaphor, evaluates current definitions of sustainability, and presents an alternative quantitative model, The Box. Finally, we present criteria for the development of indicators to facilitate the management of sustainable ecological structures.
CO 2 laser treatment for stabilization of the superhydrophobicity of carbon nanotube surfaces (2010)

In this work, the authors demonstrate the formation of stable superhydrophobic vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube (VACNT) surfaces through CO2 laser irradiance, in which the contact angle value reached 161°. VACNT arrays were synthesized by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition using N2/H2/CH4 [10/90/14 SCCM (SCCM denotes cubic centimeter per minute at STP)]. CO2 laser technique was applied on VACNT surfaces with irradiance at different laser powers to promote the great stability of superhydrophobic surfaces. Contact angle measurement reveals that irradiated VACNT surface is superhydrophobic at all irradiances tested. Unlike as-grown VACNT, the samples treated with CO2 laser show no sign of water seepage even after a prolonged period of time (∼24 h). This characteristic is very interesting and has various possible functional applications in micro- and nanomaterials and devices.
Neural bases of food perception: Coordinate-based meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies in multiple modalities (2013)

These findings suggest visual food-cue paradigm as promising candidate for imaging studies addressing the neural substrate of therapeutic interventions.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP TO MEASURE COHERENT BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND BEAM PROFILES IN RHIC. (2002)

A proposal for an experiment to detect and measure with an array infrared detector either the infrared radiation from the beam-beam coherent bremsstrahlung or from the synchrotron light from the edge effect of large DX RHIC magnet is described. Predictions for the 100 GeV/nucleon gold and 250 GeV proton signals from both bremsstrahlung and synchtrotron radiation magnet edge effect are shown.
Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for the Prediction of CYP2D6‐Mediated Gene–Drug–Drug Interactions (2019)

The aim of this work was to predict the extent of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in different CYP2D6 genotypes using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Following the development of a new duloxetine model and optimization of a paroxetine model, the effect of genetic polymorphisms on CYP2D6-mediated intrinsic clearances of dextromethorphan, duloxetine, and paroxetine was estimated from rich pharmacokinetic profiles in activity score (AS)1 and AS2 subjects. We obtained good predictions for the dextromethorphan-duloxetine interaction (Ratio of predicted over observed area under the curve (AUC) ratio (R<sub>pred/obs</sub> ) 1.38-1.43). Similarly, the effect of genotype was well predicted, with an increase of area under the curve ratio of 28% in AS2 subjects when compared with AS1 (observed, 33%). Despite an approximately twofold underprediction of the dextromethorphan-paroxetine interaction, an R<sub>pred/obs</sub> of 0.71 was obtained for the effect of genotype on the area under the curve ratio. Therefore, PBPK modeling can be successfully used to predict gene-drug-drug interactions (GDDIs). Based on these promising results, a workflow is suggested for the generic evaluation of GDDIs and DDIs that can be applied in other situations.