gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Connection between the Local Chemistry Curriculum and Chemistry Terms in the Global News: The Glocalization Perspective (2015)

The purpose of chemistry education in elementary and secondary school is not only to inspire some students to be professional scientists but also to prepare all students to be savvy consumers of the chemistry that is part of our everyday lives. This development of the public's chemistry literacy has been a long-standing goal of chemistry educators and researchers. In this global age where chemistry and technology dominate, it is vital that all people, including non-science majors, understand common scientific issues in the media. Also, the content of chemistry-related news may influence people's conceptions about chemistry. However, little is known about the connection between chemistry curriculum and the content of chemistry news. In this chapter, we introduced a research study that has been carried out using keywords in chemistry to show their connection between chemistry-related news reports and school chemistry curricula. Local news reported by the three major newspapers (i.e., United Daily News, The China Times, and The Liberty Times) in Taiwan were the local target data sources analyzed. The international newspapers included The New York Times and The Times. The results showed that there was a disparity in the distribution of terms used in the international and local newspapers and the chemistry curricula guidelines in Taiwan. How to eliminate the gap between the knowledge used in one's daily life and in school chemistry instruction needs to be addressed by reforms in the chemistry curriculum. The results shed light on the need to bridge formal school chemistry with chemistry in everyday life and on efforts toward glocalization in chemistry education.
Structural and Functional Analysis of Tetracenomycin F2 Cyclase from Streptomyces glaucescens (2004)

Tetracenomycin F2 cyclase (tcmI gene product), catalyzes an aromatic rearrangement in the biosynthetic pathway for tetracenomycin C in Streptomyces glaucescens. The x-ray structure of this small enzyme has been determined to 1.9-A resolution together with an analysis of site-directed mutants of potential catalytic residues. The protein exhibits a dimeric betaalphabeta ferredoxin-like fold that utilizes strand swapping between subunits in its assembly. The fold is dominated by four strands of antiparallel sheet and a layer of alpha-helices, which creates a cavity that is proposed to be the active site. This type of secondary structural arrangement has been previously observed in polyketide monooxygenases and suggests an evolutionary relationship between enzymes that catalyze adjacent steps in these biosynthetic pathways. Mutational analysis of all of the obvious catalytic bases within the active site suggests that the enzyme functions to steer the chemical outcome of the cyclization rather than providing a specific catalytic group. Together, the structure and functional analysis provide insight into the structural framework necessary to perform the complex rearrangements catalyzed by this class of polyketide cyclases.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2′-O-Aryluridine Derivatives (2009)

A new method for the synthesis of 2'-O-aryluridines was developed via the microwave-mediated reaction of 2,2'-anhydrouridine with aromatic alcohols. Aminophenol and aminonaphthol derivatives underwent selective 2'-O-arylation with 2,2'-anhydrouridine to produce 2'-O-(aminoaryl)uridine derivatives. These reactions proved to proceed without the need for any bases or solvents, but better results were obtained by use of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) as the solvent in some cases.
IPv6 Flow Label Specification (2011)

This document specifies the IPv6 Flow Label field and the minimum requirements for IPv6 nodes labeling flows, IPv6 nodes forwarding labeled packets, and flow state establishment methods. Even when mentioned as examples of possible uses of the flow labeling, more detailed requirements for specific use cases are out of the scope for this document.
Secondary hyperoxalemia caused by vitamin C supplementation in regular hemodialysis patients. (1986)

Oxalosis can be a problem in renal failure. As vitamin C is a precursor of oxalate in patients on regular hemodialysis, we have measured plasma levels of vitamin C, oxalate, pyridoxine, thiamine and creatinine twice before and 4 weeks after a change of vitamin C dosage in 49 dialysis patients who had been receiving 500 mg of oral vitamin C daily for more than 6 months. Ten unsupplemented dialysis patients served as controls. The mean plasma levels of vitamin C and oxalate were 3.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dl and 50.4 +/- 8.2 mumol/l respectively. Four weeks after the vitamin C dosage was changed from 500 to 100, 50 and 0 mg, plasma oxalate levels were 34.1 +/- 1.4, 33.3 +/- 3.7, and 25.7 +/- 3.9 mumol/l respectively. There was a strong correlation between plasma vitamin C and oxalate levels (r = 0.755, p less than 0.01) but none between pyridoxine and oxalate. A significant correlation was also noted between the duration of hemodialysis and plasma oxalate levels (r = 0.582, p less than 0.01). Our results suggest that hyperoxalemia in regular hemodialysis patients is aggravated by routine vitamin C supplementation. The administration of vitamin C should be restricted to a dose necessary to correct vitamin C deficiency.
Biomembrane Phase Transitions (1974)

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry has been applied to the study of some simple model biomembranes, i.e. lipid-water systems, and the endothermic phase transitions which they exhibit when transforming from the gel to liquid crystal phase have been studied. These studies show that: 1. When lipids of the same class, e.g. lecithins with dissimilar chain lengths C14 and C16 are mixed, a continuous series of solid solutions are formed below the Tc line and co-crystallization occurs. No great change in the range of the thermal transition occurs as a result of the mixing. 2. When lipids of different classes, i.e. lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine classes but of the same chain length, are mixed, a considerable increase in transition range occurs. Clusters of gel and liquid crystalline lipids can coexist within this temperature range. 3. Small amounts of 1,2-dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine present in a lecithin bilayer cause pronounced effects associated with the head group transition of the lecithin. This appears to be an example of a more general effect, i.e. the presence of small amounts of a foreign molecule in a membrane surface can sometimes affect the packing of the polar groups of many other lipid molecules in the surface. 4. Interactions of divalent cations with the polar groups of the lipids raise the gel to liquid crystalline transition temperature. This behavior parallels the properties observed in monolayer systems. 5. Electrostatic binding of proteins and basic polypeptides to the (anionic) polar groups of phospholipids shifts the temperature of the gel-liquid crystal transition of the lipid and also affects the energy barrier for reorientation of a spin label in the hydrocarbon phase. This behavior may be relevant to the interpretation of thermal transitions observed with some biomembranes. 6. Admixture of the ionophore gramicidin A with dipalmitoyl lecithin at low concentrations affects the lipid polar group packing and at higher concentrations causes a marked decrease in the energy associated with the lipid endothermic phase transition. This effect may occur because of intercalation of gramicidine A molecules among the lipid chains.
Ten Years of the AAAI Mobile Robot Competition and Exhibition (2002)

Summer 2001 marked the tenth AAAI Mobile Robot Competition and Exhibition. A decade of contests and exhibitions have inspired innovation and research in AI robotics. Here we look back at the origins of the contest and how it evolved. We also reflect on how the contest has served as an arena for important debates in the AI and robotics communities. The article closes with a speculative look forward to the next decade of AAAI robot competitions.
Alterations in Glucocorticoid Receptor Conformation by Molybdate (1980)

Glucocorticoid receptor activities in cytosol from lactating rat mammary glands were greatly stabilized by molybdate against inactivation during incubation at 25 degrees C. The sedimentation coefficient was 9-10S in the presence of 10 mM Na2MoO4, but 6-7S in the absence of the ion. These data strongly suggest that alterations in receptor conformation induced by direct interaction with molybdate are involved in the stabilization process.
Dynamic Connectivity in ALOHA Ad Hoc Networks (2008)

In a wireless network the set of transmitting nodes changes frequently because of the MAC scheduler and the traffic load. Previously, connectivity in wireless networks was analyzed using static geometric graphs, and as we show leads to an overly constrained design criterion. The dynamic nature of the transmitting set introduces additional randomness in a wireless system that improves the connectivity, and this additional randomness is not captured by a static connectivity graph. In this paper, we consider an ad hoc network with half-duplex radios that uses multihop routing and slotted ALOHA for the MAC contention and introduce a random dynamic multi-digraph to model its connectivity. We first provide analytical results about the degree distribution of the graph. Next, defining the path formation time as the minimum time required for a causal path to form between the source and destination on the dynamic graph, we derive the distributional properties of the connection delay using techniques from first-passage percolation and epidemic processes. We consider the giant component of the network formed when communication is noise-limited (by neglecting interference). Then, in the presence of interference, we prove that the delay scales linearly with the source-destination distance on this giant component. We also provide simulation results to support the theoretical results.
Frequency upconversion of orange light into blue light inPr3+-doped fluoroindate glasses (1994)

Excitation of the transition $^{3}$${\mathit{H}}_{4}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2}$ in a ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$-doped fluoroindate glass at \ensuremath{\sim}588 nm results in efficient blue emission at \ensuremath{\sim}480 nm which is ascribed to the $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{0}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{3}$${\mathit{H}}_{4}$. The upconversion process is due to an energy transfer involving a pair of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ions. The dynamical behavior of the anti-Stokes emission is described using a rate-equation model which allows one to obtain the energy-transfer rates involving the pair states which contribute to the upconversion process.
Remote sensing satellite’s attitude control system: rapid performance sizing for passive scan imaging mode (2020)

Purpose Attitude determination and control subsystem (ADCS) is a vital part of earth observation satellites (EO-Satellites) that governs the satellite’s rotational motion and pointing. In designing such a complicated sub-system, many parameters including mission, system and performance requirements (PRs), as well as system design parameters (DPs), should be considered. Design cycles which prolong the time-duration and consequently increase the cost of the design process are due to the dependence of these parameters to each other. This paper aims to describe a rapid-sizing method based on the design for performance strategy, which could minimize the design cycles imposed by conventional methods. Design/methodology/approach The proposed technique is an adaptation from that used in the aircraft industries for aircraft design and provides a ball-park figure with little engineering man-hours. The authors have shown how such a design technique could be generalized to cover the EO-satellites platform ADCS. The authors divided the system requirements into five categories, including maneuverability, agility, accuracy, stability and durability. These requirements have been formulated as functions of spatial resolution that is the highest level of EO-missions PRs. To size, the ADCS main components, parametric characteristics of the matching diagram were determined by means of the design drivers. Findings Integrating the design boundaries based on the PRs in critical phases of the mission allowed selecting the best point in the design space as the baseline design with only two iterations. The ADCS of an operational agile EO-satellite is sized using the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the complexity and time duration of the performance sizing process of ADCS in EO-satellites with an acceptable level of accuracy. Originality/value Rapid performance sizing of EO-satellites ADCS using matching diagram technique and consequently, a drastic reduction in design time via minimization of design cycles makes this study novel and represents a valuable contribution in this field.
Virtual microscopy for learning and assessment in pathology (2004)

Virtual slides are high-magnification digital images of tissue sections, stored in a multi-resolution file format. Using appropriate software, these slides can be viewed in a web browser in a manner that closely simulates examination of glass slides with a real microscope. We describe the successful implementation of teaching microscopic pathology with virtual slides and, for the first time, their use in summative assessment. Both students and teaching staff readily adapted to the use of virtual microscopy. Questionnaire feedback from students strongly indicated that virtual slides solved a number of problems in their learning, while providing good to excellent image quality. A deliberate policy of allocating two students per workstation promoted collaboration and helped to maintain interest in microscopic pathology. The use of a secure browser facilitated assessment using virtual slides, with no technical or security issues arising despite high peak demand. The new Medicine programme at the University of New South Wales will exclusively utilize virtual microscopy for the study of both histology and histopathology. We believe that the use of high-quality learning resources such as virtual slides can ensure that microscopic examination of tissues remains both meaningful and interesting.
Desulfated Heparin Blocks Platelet Activation Induced by HIT Antibodies / Heparin: A New Approach to Patient Management. (2004)

Abstract Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) represents a disease spectrum triggered by an immune response to heparin. The most dramatic clinical expression of HIT is HIT antibody-driven thrombosis. Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a promising new class of drugs for treatment of the acute phase of HIT; however, they have a narrow safety/efficacy window (high bleeding risk) and morbidity/mortality have not been eliminated. In addition, the high probability of developing thrombosis in HIT combined with extreme mortality, has led to a bias for prophylactic treatment. Thus, there remains a clinical need to identify optimal treatment options for patients with HIT. A new concept is to use an agent that can effectively compete with heparin in a manner that prevents the HIT antibody from inducing platelet activation, i.e., amelioration. We evaluated a 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ParinGenix, Inc.; Tucson, AZ) to determine its ability to ameliorate HIT antibody/heparin induced platelet activation. The test agent was added to a mixture of known-reactive platelets and pre-formed immune complexes (heparin, PF4, HIT antibodies), and SRA and flow cytometry were performed. Due to the inherent biological variability of HIT antibodies, sera from four different patients (clinically diagnosed as HIT; SRA positive) were used. Two concentrations of heparin which reflect typical prevention (0.1 U/ml) and treatment (0.5 U/ml) clinical doses were used. The 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin produced an amelioration of HIT antibody/heparin induced platelet activation as demonstrated in the SRA by inhibition of 14C serotonin release from activated platelets, and in flow cytometric analysis by inhibition of platelet microparticle formation and platelet cell surface P-selectin expression. Significant amelioration activity was initiated at 6.25 μg/ml 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin and complete inhibition of the induced platelet activation (equal to the 100 U/ml heparin HIT assay ‘no response’) was achieved with 50 μg/ml of the agent. Since this new treatment approach blocks platelet activation caused by HIT antibody/heparin (not a characteristic of DTIs), we propose that a non-anticoagulant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) may be useful in improving the clinical management of patients with HIT. The concept of amelioration differs from all previous options for the clinical management of patients with HIT including the use of danaparoid, fondaparinux, DTIs and other drugs that target thrombin/thrombin generation inhibition. Although not directed at platelet activation inhibition, this type of GAG effects an inhibition of HIT antibody mediated platelet activation, which is the source of the pathophysiology of HIT. The data of this study suggest that this 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin may be effective as either an adjunct or sole treatment of an ongoing HIT pathology, or as a preventive measure in patients who will be exposed to heparin.
Protein Patterning Techniques and Analysis of Interfaces Phenomenon (2006)

We review here several recent studies on protein patterning with microcontact printing (μCP), microfluidic networks (μFN), and dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). Microcontact printing (μCP) is a softolithographic technique and has been found to be appropriate for direct-printing with various proteins onto glass substrates at the monolayer level. However, little is known about the mechanism of the μCP process, in which the protein monolayer is transferred from the PDMS stamp to the substrate surface. Microfluidic network (μFN) features parallel microfluidic channels to make multi-color patterning with proteins, which allows us a high-throughput platform for multi-immunoassay named as “micromosaic immunoassay”. By combining the techniques of μFN and μCP, multi-color printing is possible with a single stamping. In DPN, relatively larger molecules such as immunoglobrin can be transferred from a cantilever probe to the substrate with nm-resolution. The transfer mechanism might be shared with μCP.
Controlling powdery mildew and rust in roses (1988)

Powdery mildew is undoubtedly the most widespread disease of roses. The causal fungus, Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae, appears as a white or gray powdery or mealy coating on the leaves, tender stems, and flower buds. It distorts and discolors those areas, causes defoliation, and reduces plant vigor.
fDOT for in vivo follow-up of tumor development in mice lungs (2007)

This paper presents in vivo experiments conducted on cancerous mice bearing mammary murine tumors. In order to reconstruct the fluorescence yield even in highly attenuating and heterogeneous regions like lungs, we developed a fDOT reconstruction method which at first corrects the light propagation model from optical heterogeneities by using the transmitted excitation light measurements. The same approach is also designed to enable working without immersing the mouse in adaptation liquid. The 3D fluorescence map is then reconstucted from the emitted signal of fluorescence and from the corrected propagation model by an ART (Algebraic Reconstruction Technique) algorithm. The system ability to reconstruct fluorescence distribution in presence of high attenuating objects has been validated on phantoms presenting a fluorescent absorbent inclusion. A study was conducted on mice to follow up lungs at different stages of tumor development. The mice were imaged after intravenous injection to the animal of a cancer specific fluorescent marker. A control experiment was conducted in parallel on healthy mice to ensure that the multiple injections of fluorophore did not induce parasite fluorescence distribution. These results validate our system performances for studying small animal lungs tumor evolution. Detection and localization of the fluorophore fixations expresses the tumor development.
N-Acetylserotonin Increases Cell Proliferation and Differentiating Neuroblasts with Tertiary Dendrites through Upregulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Mouse Dentate Gyrus (2011)

In this study, we investigated the effects of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse dentate gyrus using anti-Ki67 and anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibodies. Ki67 is expressed in the nucleus or on the surface of chromosomes during all of the active phases of the cell cycle, and DCX is expressed in neuronal precursor cells as well as in immature neurons. At 17 weeks of age, 20 mg/kg of NAS or the same volume of vehicle was intraperitoneally administered once a day for 3 weeks. The animals were sacrificed 2 hr after the last vehicle or NAS treatment. NAS treatment significantly increased the number of Ki67-positive nuclei and DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts with well-developed dendrites (tertiary dendrites) compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, the number of DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts without tertiary dendrites was not changed. The administration of NAS also significantly increased the protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the dentate gyrus. This result suggests that NAS significantly promotes cell proliferation and the number of differentiating neuroblasts with tertiary dendrites through an increase in BDNF levels in the mouse dentate gyrus.
Usefulness of a Body Composition Analyzer, InBody 2.0, in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (2006)

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether InBody 2.0 might be useful in measuring the dry weight of chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Thirty-five HD patients (22 males and 13 females; mean age 62.6 +/- 14.0 years; mean HD duration 101.0 +/- 118.06 months) were examined. Multifrequency bioelectric impedance analysis was used to estimate the ratio of extracellular water (ECW) to total body water (TBW). The body resistance was measured at frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The impedance index was determined at a low frequency (5 kHz) and correlated closely with ECW, using sodium bromide dilution as standard comparison. The levels of serum albumin, prealbumin, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), transferrin, and human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP) were measured by routine methods in our hospital. The ECW/TBW ratio was significantly associated with the levels of hANP (p < 0.05). However, no associations between the levels of serum albumin, TC, TG, or transferrin and the ECW/TBW were observed. It appears that the body composition analyzer, InBody 2.0, may be useful for estimating the dry weight in chronic HD patients.
Synthesis and Properties of 2-Guanidinopurines (2006)

2-Guanidinopurines were prepared as derivatives of 2,6-diamino-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-9 H -purine (PMEDAP) ( 1 ), which shows an important antiviral activity. It completes earlier described synthesis of 6-guanidinopurine derivatives. The title compounds were obtained by the reaction of the corresponding 2-chloropurines with guanidine. 2- And 6-guanidinopurines were used as model compounds for determination of dissociation constants (p K a ) of their ionogenic groups by capillary zone electrophoresis. The p K a values of ionogenic groups of the above compounds were compared with those of the corresponding aminopurines. The p K a of guanidino group at the purine moiety varies from 7.77 to 10.32. There is no protonation of N 1 -position in contrast to aminopurines. None of these compounds showed any antiviral activity.