gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A human lectin, galectin-3 ( epsilon bp/Mac-2), stimulates superoxide production by neutrophils. (1995)

Abstract A family of soluble animal lectins, galectins, with beta-galactoside-binding activity, is gaining increased attention. One member of this family, galectin-3, has been previously designated by this group as epsilon bp, for its IgE-binding activity. On the basis of the saccharide specificity and other biochemical characteristics of epsilon bp, it is possible that this lectin could have an important extracellular modulatory role, functioning through recognition of critical cell surface glycoproteins on many cell types. We present evidence here that recombinant human epsilon bp activates human neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated by superoxide production. The observed activity is dependent on the lectin property of epsilon bp intrinsic to its carboxyl-terminal domain, as it could be inhibited effectively by lactose, a known saccharide ligand of epsilon bp. However, the amino-terminal domain is also necessary for the observed activity, as epsilon bp-C (the carboxyl-terminal domain fragment) is devoid of neutrophil-activating activity, even though it retains the carbohydrate-binding property. Affinity purification of lysates from cell surface-radio-iodinated neutrophils revealed two major protein bands of M(r) 115,000 and M(r) 180,000 that are recognized by epsilon bp and preliminary data suggested that one of these proteins is NCA-160, a human carcinoembryonic Ag-related glycoprotein. This study thus lends further support to our view of an extracellular function for epsilon bp and suggests that this protein has an important role in inflammation and host defense through modulating the function of neutrophils.
Erste funktionalisierte 6,12-Diazatetrakishomocubane (2000)

Die Photodimerisierung unsymmetrischer 4-Aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine liefert im Unterschied zu den bislang bekannten [2+2]-Photocycloadditionen symmetrischer 4-Aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine völlig überraschend neuartige 6,12-Diazatetrakishomocubane 1.
An Epornitic of Duck Virus Enteritis (Duck Plague) in California (1973)

SUMMARY An epornitic of duck virus enteritis ( dve ) in an outdoor aviary in San Francisco, Calif., resulted in the death of an entire resident population of Muscovy ducks (46/46) and presumably other species of waterfowl. Clinical signs were usually not seen, but some birds were depressed and had diarrhea prior to death. Necropsy of 5 Muscovy ducks revealed lesions typical of the disease; these were ulceration with pseudomembranes in the small intestine, annular band ulceration in the small intestine, ulceration with plaque-like pseudomembranes in the esophagus, and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes near foci of necrosis in the liver. The diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation and identification (by serum neutralization).
Crowds replace experts: Building better location-based services using mobile social network interactions (2012)

Location-based services are growing in popularity due to the ubiquity of smartphone users. The relevance of location-based query results is very important, especially for mobile phones with limited screen size. Location-based data frequently changes; this introduces challenges in indexing and ranking places. The growing popularity of mobile social networks, such as Twitter, FourSquare and Facebook Places, presents an opportunity to build better location-based services by leveraging user interactions on these networks. In this paper, we present SocialTelescope, a location-based service that automatically compiles, indexes and ranks locations, based on user interactions with locations in mobile social networks. We implemented our system as a location-based search engine that uses geo-tweets by Twitter users to learn about places. We evaluated the coverage and relevance of our system by comparing it against current state-of-the-art approaches including page-rank (Google Local Search), expert-based (Zagat) and user-review based (Yelp). Our results show that a crowd-sourced location-based service returns results that match those returned by current approaches in relevance, at a substantially lower cost.
Identification of Biochemical Network Modules Based on Shortest Retroactive Distances (2011)

Modularity analysis offers a route to better understand the organization of cellular biochemical networks as well as to derive practically useful, simplified models of these complex systems. While there is general agreement regarding the qualitative properties of a biochemical module, there is no clear consensus on the quantitative criteria that may be used to systematically derive these modules. In this work, we investigate cyclical interactions as the defining characteristic of a biochemical module. We utilize a round trip distance metric, termed Shortest Retroactive Distance (ShReD), to characterize the retroactive connectivity between any two reactions in a biochemical network and to group together network components that mutually influence each other. We evaluate the metric on two types of networks that feature feedback interactions: (i) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and (ii) liver metabolism supporting drug transformation. For both networks, the ShReD partitions found hierarchically arranged modules that confirm biological intuition. In addition, the partitions also revealed modules that are less intuitive. In particular, ShReD-based partition of the metabolic network identified a 'redox' module that couples reactions of glucose, pyruvate, lipid and drug metabolism through shared production and consumption of NADPH. Our results suggest that retroactive interactions arising from feedback loops and metabolic cycles significantly contribute to the modularity of biochemical networks. For metabolic networks, cofactors play an important role as allosteric effectors that mediate the retroactive interactions.
Chemokinetic behaviour of insect haemocytes in vitro (1986)

Time-lapse microphotography was used to film the locomotory behaviour of cockroach haemocytes in vitro, and the cell tracks were analysed for speed and persistence; the percentage mobilization and the diffusion rate of the population were calculated. Haemocytes are either fast locomotor or spread moving cells, or non-motile spread or rounded cells; the first three types are plasmatocytes and their behaviour is interchangeable. Approximately 20% of the cells are motile under control conditions and there is no correlation between orthokinesis and klinokinesis. If activated haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS), a source of components of the prophenoloxidase enzyme sequence, is added to the cell monolayer, up to 80% of the cells switch to fast locomotor behaviour, rounding up and moving faster and for longer in straight lines. Neither heat-inactivated HLS nor zymosan supernatant, used to activate HLS, had any effect. If the chemokinins present in activated HLS are also released in vivo on haemocyte activation or during cuticular wounding, then they and the induced changes in haemocyte adhesion could contribute to haemocyte recruitment to sites of infection.
Improved Sensitivity with Low Limit of Detection of a Hydrogen Gas Sensor Based on rGO-Loaded Ni-Doped ZnO Nanostructures (2018)

We report enhanced hydrogen-gas-sensing performance of a Ni-doped ZnO sensor decorated with the optimum concentration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Ni-doped ZnO nanoplates were grown by radio frequency sputtering, rGO was synthesized by Hummer's method and decorated by the drop cast method of various concentration of rGO (0-1.5 wt %). The current-voltage characteristics of the rGO-loaded sensor are highly influenced by the loading concentration of rGO, where current conduction decreases and sensor resistance increases as the rGO concentration is increased up to 0.75 wt % because of the formation of various Schottky heterojunctions at rGO/ZnO interfaces. With the combined effect of more active site availability and formation of various p-n heterojunctions due to the optimum loading concentration of rGO (0.75 wt %), the sensor shows the maximum sensing response of ∼63.8% for 100 ppm hydrogen at moderate operating temperature (150 °C). The rGO-loaded sensors were able to detect a minimum of 1 ppm hydrogen concentration and showed high selectivity. However, a further increase in the rGO concentration (1.5 wt %) leads to the reduction of the relative response of hydrogen gas, ascribed to the formation of interconnections of rGO between electrodes. Therefore, it reduces the total resistance of the sensor and minimizes the effect of p-n heterojunction on sensor response.
An energy‐efficient self‐organizing global extremity reporting scheme for sensor networks (2008)

Abstract In this paper we propose an energy‐efficient self‐organizing global extremity reporting scheme for wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme assists applications of periodic reporting of extreme values (such as maximum or minimum temperature/pressure) across a wireless sensor field, back to the sink. Furthermore, an event‐driven counterpart is supplied for individual sensor nodes to supply their instantaneous sensed values back to the sink, once queried. The targeted sensors initially establish their relative distances to the sink in regards to number of hops, whilst the highest hopcount nodes (HHNs) from the sink identify themselves. The broadcast initiation of the HHNs have the ability to penetrate all nodes within the network towards the sink, and hence obtain the extreme value of the entire network in an efficient manner. This is due to the relative position of these special nodes within the network. Furthermore, the scheme does not require nodes to possess location information of themselves or other nodes, avoiding the need for the global positioning system (GPS) or other location‐aware methods. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in its target application. In particular, the advantage of HHN‐initiated broadcasting can be seen in both uniformly and randomly distributed topology networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Role of IGF1R+ MSCs in modulating neuroplasticity via CXCR4 cross-interaction (2016)

To guide the use of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward clinical applications, identifying pluripotent-like-markers for selecting MSCs that retain potent self-renewal-ability should be addressed. Here, an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R)-expressing sub-population in human dental pulp MSCs (hDSCs), displayed multipotent properties. IGF1R expression could be maintained in hDSCs when they were cultured in 2% human cord blood serum (hUCS) in contrast to that in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Cytokine array showed that hUCS contained higher amount of several growth factors compared to FCS, including IGF-1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). These cytokines modulates the signaling events in the hDSCs and potentially enhances engraftment upon transplantation. Specifically, a bidirectional cross-talk between IGF1R/IGF1 and CXCR4/SDF-1α signaling pathways in hDSCs, as revealed by interaction of the two receptors and synergistic activation of both signaling pathways. In rat stroke model, animals receiving IGF1R(+) hDSCs transplantation, interaction between IGF1R and CXCR4 was demonstrated to promote neuroplasticity, therefore improving neurological function through increasing glucose metabolic activity, enhancing angiogenesis and anti-inflammatiory effects. Therefore, PDGF in hUCS-culture system contributed to the maintenance of the expression of IGF1R in hDSCs. Furthermore, implantation of IGF1R(+) hDSCs exerted enhanced neuroplasticity via integrating inputs from both CXCR4 and IGF1R signaling pathways.
RECURRENT RHABDOMYOLYSIS PRECIPITATED BY ALCOHOL: A CASE REPORT WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (1966)

SUMMARY The case history is reported of a male chronic alcoholic, aged 40 years, who presented with muscle cramps and weakness, the passage of a decreasing quantity of dark urine, and a past history of similar episodes, all of which followed periods of acute alcoholism. The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was confirmed by the demonstration of myoglobinuria and the histological findings in skeletal muscle. Management of the accompanying hyperkalæmia and acute renal failure was by a potassium‐binding resin and mannitol diuresis. Physiological studies of forearm skeletal muscle revealed a decreased exercise ability, but a normal vascular and biochemical response to exercise and intra‐arterial infusion of adrenaline. Intra‐arterial infusion of alcohol caused a decrease in the blood flow through forearm muscle. Electron microscopic examination of skeletal muscle obtained during the acute attack revealed patchy cellular and mitochondrial damage. The latter appeared to precede myofibrillar damage, as normal myofibrils were found adjacent to injured mitochondria; but normal mitochondria were not found adjacent to damaged myofibrils. Without information about the degree of muscle ischæmia produced by alcohol or about the effects of ischæmia on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle cells, it is not possible at present to determine whether rhabdomyolysis is caused by ischæmia or by some other mechanism.
<title>Second, third, and fourth harmonic generation of amplified femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser pulses</title> (1996)

We studied both experimentally and theoretically, the conversion efficiency of 150-fs-duration Ti:sapphire laser pulses to the second, third and fourth harmonic. The laser pulses at the wavelength of 780 nm have a spectral width of 10 nm and were amplified to 0.8 mJ energy in a regenerative amplifier. With a repetition rate of 1 kHz intensity of up to 150 GW/cm<SUP>2</SUP> could be reached by focusing the beam with a lens. KDP, BBO and LilO<SUB>3</SUB> crystals of different length were used for the conversion process. The experimentally observed conversion efficiency to the second, third and fourth harmonic does not exceed 50%, 15% and 8%, correspondingly. It is shown theoretically that one possible process limiting the conversion efficiency of the femtosecond pulses at low as well as high intensity is the modulation of the phase of the fundamental wave.
The organization of the ookinete and observations on nuclear division in oocysts of Plasmodium berghei (1973)

Ultramicroscopic features of the ookinete/oocyst transformation in Plasmodium berghei are described. The apical complex of organelles and some pellicular components, believed to be responsible respectively for cell penetration and body form were resorbed into the cytoplasm shortly after the ookinete came to rest under the basal lamina of the midgut wall. Within a single digitate nucleus, spindles at different phases of division were observed with kinetochores in early and late anaphase position. From the number of kinetochores the chromosome complement was estimated at 5–10.
[Current status of radiotherapy in treatment of esophageal cancer]. (1990)

An improvement of the quality of life by alleviating pain, improving swallowing and increasing weight is achieved in about 80% of patients with esophageal cancer. With survival rates of 41%, 21% and 11% after 1, 2 and 5 years, respectively the curative potential of radiotherapy is considered low. Survival is significantly better in patients with small tumors than with large tumors. Radiochemotherapy must still be considered an experimental modality. Afterloading may be helpful for palliation. Postoperative and postradiation results are relatively positive due to improved local control and patient selection.
A methodology for detecting and exploring non-convulsive seizures in patients with SAH (2013)

A methodology for understanding and de- tecting nonconvulsive seizures in individuals with sub- arachnoid hemorrhage is introduced. Specifically, begin- ning with an EEG signal, the power spectrum is esti- mated yielding a multivariate time series which is then ana- lyzed using empirical orthogonal functional analysis. This methodology allows for easy identification and observation of seizures that are otherwise only identifiable though ex- pert analysis of the raw EEG.
Proton-bound dimers of nitrogen heterocyclic molecules: Substituent effects on the structures and binding energies of homodimers of diazine, triazine, and fluoropyridine (2014)

The bonding energies of proton-bound homodimers BH(+)B were measured by ion mobility equilibrium studies and calculated at the DFT B3LYP/6-311++G** level, for a series of nitrogen heterocyclic molecules (B) with electron-withdrawing in-ring N and on-ring F substituents. The binding energies (ΔH°(dissoc)) of the proton-bound dimers (BH(+)B) vary significantly, from 29.7 to 18.1 kcal/mol, decreasing linearly with decreasing the proton affinity of the monomer (B). This trend differs significantly from the constant binding energies of most homodimers of other organic nitrogen and oxygen bases. The experimentally measured ΔH°(dissoc) for (1,3-diazine)2H(+), i.e., (pyrimidine)2H(+) and (3-F-pyridine)2H(+) are 22.7 and 23.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The measured ΔH°(dissoc) for the pyrimidine(·+)(3-F-pyridine) radical cation dimer (19.2 kcal/mol) is signifcantly lower than that of the proton-bound homodimers of pyrimidine and 3-F-pyridine, reflecting the stronger interaction in the ionic H-bond of the protonated dimers. The calculated binding energies for (1,2-diazine)2H(+), (pyridine)2H(+), (2-F-pyridine)2H(+), (3-F-pyridine)2H(+), (2,6-di-F-pyridine)2H(+), (4-F-pyridine)2H(+), (1,3-diazine)2H(+), (1,4-diazine)2H(+), (1,3,5-triazine)2H(+), and (pentafluoropyridine)2H(+) are 29.7, 24.9, 24.8, 23.3, 23.2, 23.0, 22.4, 21.9, 19.3, and 18.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The electron-withdrawing substituents form internal dipoles whose electrostatic interactions contribute to both the decreased proton affinities of (B) and the decreased binding energies of the protonated dimers BH(+)B. The bonding energies also vary with rotation about the hydrogen bond, and they decrease in rotamers where the internal dipoles of the components are aligned efficiently for inter-ring repulsion. For compounds substituted at the 3 or 4 (meta or para) positions, the lowest energy rotamers are T-shaped with the planes of the two rings rotated by 90° about the hydrogen bond, while the planar rotamers are weakened by repulsion between the ortho hydrogen atoms of the two rings. Conversely, in ortho-substituted (1,2-diazine)2H(+) and (2-F-pyridine)2H(+), attractive interactions between the ortho (C-H) hydrogen atoms of one ring and the electronegative ortho atoms (N or F) of the other ring are stabilizing, and increase the protonated dimer binding energies by up to 4 kcal/mol. In all of the dimers, rotation about the hydrogen bond can involve a 2-4 kcal/mol barrier due to the relative energies of the rotamers.
Mechanisms of contrast agent destruction (2001)

Various applications of contrast-assisted ultrasound, including blood vessel detection, perfusion estimation, and drug delivery, require controlled destruction of contrast agent microbubbles. The lifetime of a bubble depends on properties of the bubble shell, the gas core, and the acoustic waveform impinging on the bubble. Three mechanisms of microbubble destruction are considered: fragmentation, acoustically driven diffusion, and static diffusion. Fragmentation is responsible for rapid destruction of contrast agents on a time scale of microseconds. The primary characteristics of fragmentation are a very large expansion and subsequent contraction, resulting in instability of the bubble. Optical studies using a novel pulsed-laser optical system show the expansion and contraction of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles with the ratio of maximum diameter to minimum diameter greater than 10. Fragmentation is dependent on the transmission pressure, occurring in over 55% of bubbles insonified with a peak negative transmission pressure of 2.4 MPa and in less than 10% of bubbles insonified with a peak negative transmission pressure of 0.8 MPa. The echo received from a bubble decorrelates significantly within two pulses when the bubble is fragmented, creating an opportunity for rapid detection of bubbles via a decorrelation-based analysis. Preliminary findings with a mouse tumor model verify the occurrence of fragmentation in vivo. A much slower mechanism of bubble destruction is diffusion, which is driven by both a concentration gradient between the concentration of gas in the bubble compared with the concentration of gas in the liquid, as well as convective effects of motion of the gas-liquid interface. The rate of diffusion increases during insonation, because of acoustically driven diffusion, producing changes in diameter on the time scale of the acoustic pulse length, thus, on the order of microseconds. Gas bubbles diffuse while they are not being insonified, termed static diffusion. An air bubble with initial diameter of 2 microns in water at 37 degrees C is predicted to fully dissolve within 25 ms. Clinical ultrasound contrast agents are often designed with a high molecular weight core in an attempt to decrease the diffusion rate. C3F8 and C4F10 gas bubbles of the same size are predicted to fully dissolve within 400 ms and 4000 ms, respectively. Optical experiments involving gas diffusion of a contrast agent support the theoretical predictions; however, shelled agents diffuse at a much slower rate without insonation, on the order of minutes to hours. Shell properties play a significant role in the rate of static diffusion by blocking the gas-liquid interface and decreasing the transport of gas into the surrounding liquid. Static diffusion decreases the diameter of albumin-shelled agents to a greater extent than lipid-shelled agents after insonation.
Nanowire-based 2-D and 3-D XoY electronics (2010)

The authors discuss the 3-D and 2-D X-on-Y (XoY) assembly techniques, utilizing specific examples to illustrate the potential of these methods for the fabrication of high performance devices on arbitrary substrates. For fabrication of 3-D structures, a templated nanomaterial growth technique is used. Specifically, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is used as the growth template. Alternatively, for 2-D assembly, a nanomaterial transfer process is used, where the nanostructures are first grown on a convenient growth substrate, and then deterministically placed on a substrate of choice using photolithography in conjunction with a printing process. 2-D and 3-D XoY assembly and integration of nanostructured materials are demonstrated for electronics, sensing, and energy applications. The presented devices illustrate the versatility and potential of XoY techniques for the fabrication of a large array of high performance devices on flexible and low-cost substrates.
Behavior of implanted hydrogen in thermally stimulated blistering in silicon (2003)

The processes of accumulation of ion implanted hydrogen in blisters in silicon and its release during the thermal treatment from 350 to 1020 °C have been studied by optical techniques. It was established that accumulation of gaseous hydrogen inside blisters takes place at temperatures lower than ∼450–500 °C and is accompanied by the growth of blister thickness and deformation of their caps. At higher temperatures the gaseous hydrogen goes out of the cavities dissolving in silicon. Due to the internal pressure dropping the elastically deformed top layer partially relaxes and the blister thickness decreases. Etching of the surface layer reveals the agglomerations of small voids (<0.3 mm) located in the place of blisters approximately at their depth. Proceeding from the fact that the processes in blistering are similar to those in ion cut, the following conclusions with respect to the latter were drawn. The exfoliation processes themselves occur at temperatures lower than ∼500 °C. The exfoliation efficiency particularly at the higher temperatures is essentially dependent on the heating rate.