gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boundaries of High-Temperature Co-Electrolysis Towards Direct CO2-Electrolysis (2021)

High-temperature co-electrolysis of CO 2 and H 2 O at elevated temperatures between 700 °C and 900 °C valorises CO 2 to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ), called syngas. Co-electrolysis has the great advantage over conventional processes, that the desired syngas ratios of downstream processes can be realized by varying process parameters such as temperature and feed gas composition accordingly in a one step process. Co-electrolysis can also play a vital role in counteracting power fluctuations of renewable energy sources by storing temporarily unused electricity through conversion to other energy resources like chemicals or heat for later use. The underlying processes in co-electrolysis for CO production are direct electrochemical CO 2 reduction and reverse water gas shift equilibrium (RWGS). Their specific significance has not been clarified in detail yet and was controversially discussed in literature up to this day [1,2]. The impact of the equilibrium partial pressure of H 2 O on the physical processes in the transition boundary of co-electrolysis towards direct CO 2 -electrolysis was investigated by AC and DC measurements for various gas compositions. The analysis led to identifying the role of the underlying electrochemical processes during co-electrolysis, in particular the electrochemical CO 2 reduction compared to the conversion of CO 2 in the reverse water-gas shift reaction and the electrochemical H 2 O reduction. The area specific resistance (ASR) was, amongst others, taken as an indicator to determine, which of the reduction reactions (H 2 O or CO 2 reduction) is dominant depending on the gas composition. The experiments were conducted using commercially available cathode-supported full cells (Elcogen) made of Ni-8YSZ/8YSZ/CGO/LSC. Results as seen in Figure 1 show that the ASR for an equilibrium concentration of 5 % H 2 O is considerably larger than for higher H 2 O contents. Above 15 % H 2 O, the ASR shows no dependency on the gas composition and is comparable to pure H 2 O-electrolysis [3]. These observations underline the hypothesis that CO 2 -electrolysis becomes pre-dominant compared to H 2 O-electrolysis for low H 2 O content during co-electrolysis. With increasing H 2 O content, CO 2 -electrolysis becomes less significant and carbon dioxide is converted in the reverse water gas shift equilibrium. The origin of the discrepancy in literature was found to be the different operating H 2 O concentrations. A threshold has been established for the perception of CO 2 -electrolysis during co-electrolysis experiments. figure caption: Arrhenius plot of ASR OCV for different steam concentrations at 6 l·h -1 . [1] C. Stoots, J. O'Brien, J. Hartvigsen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2009, 34 , 4208. [2] S. D. Ebbesen, R. Knibbe, M. Mogensen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159 , F482-F489. [3] L. Dittrich, M. Nohl, E. E. Jaekel, S. Foit, L.G.J. (Bert) de Haart, R.-A. Eichel J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 166 , F971-F975. Figure 1
An Overlay Framework for QoS Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2006)

For a delay-sensitive application, it is important to maintain the probability that the end-to-end delay is greater than a certain threshold as small as possible. In order to satisfy such a constraint, a shortest path in terms of hop-count is generally chosen. However, hop-count is a very crude measure of the path latency and also if the shortest path breaks before the end of the transmission, it is likely that the delay constraint will not be met. In this paper, we propose an overlay framework that considers both delay and mobility to satisfy the QoS requirements of the delay-sensitive application. Also, we propose network and application layer QoS and mobility management schemes which utilize both reactive and proactive methods.
Investigation of TiO2 Photocatalytic Properties of Concrete Samples with Dielectric Constant Applications (2021)

There is a going interest to reduce emission and improve air quality of the environment through the use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) topical treatments. TiO2 is regarded as one of the most efficient and environment-friendly ultraviolet light-sensitive materials for the photocatalytic degradation of various pollutants. The effort to reduce nitrogen dioxides in the ambient air is proposed to be implemented on the surfaces of streets and sidewalks. Two methods are used to quantify photocatalytic performance: direct and the indirect. The direct method measures the difference of NO concentrations before and after surface treatment, but this method may be highly inaccurate due to the influence of various parameters, time, and costs. The indirect method, on the other hand, quantifies the photocatalysis performance by using the measured surface dielectric to estimate the amount of oxidized NOx byproducts that have accumulated on the surface. This approach is entirely non-destructive and constitutes a new protocol to assess the field-effectiveness of photocatalytic topical treatments based on reproducible and logical monitoring procedures. Finally, mass balance computation was used to validate the effectiveness of this protocol and check the accuracy of the proposed method.
ChemInform Abstract: MICROBIOLOGICAL HYDROXYLATION PART 14, HYDROXYLATION IN THE TERMINAL RINGS OF DIOXYGENATED 5ALPHA‐ANDROSTANES WITH THE FUNGI WOJNOWICIA GRAMINIS AND OPHIOBOLUS HERPOTRICHUS (1975)

Abstract Zahlreiche Dioxo‐α‐androstane wie (I), (III) oder (Va), in denen eine Ketogruppe im Ring A oder Dund die andere im Ring B oder C lokalisiert ist, werden durch die Pilze Wojnowicia graminis (W. gr.) bzw. Ophiobolus herpotrichus (O. herp.) am jeweils anderen Außenring (Dbzw A) hydroxyliert.
Global Access Considerations for HIV Vaccine Trials (2016)

Abstract In chapter 14, Mary Marovich analyzes the complex issues surrounding the only HIV vaccine candidate regimen at the phase III trial stage: RV144. The chapter examines the experience of RV144 for the lessons learned about biomedical research and innovation aimed at a difficult medical problem and for the financing, logistical, and stakeholder aspects of the effort that illustrated the planning and foresight necessary to develop, finance, and distribute a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine. It discusses how the results of the RV144 phase III trial encouraged the formation of the Pox-Protein Public-Private Partnership (P5) and its effort to build a successful and effective Global Vaccine Access Plan. The chapter concludes by examining how the P5 plans to build on the RV144 study and also what an effective Global Vaccine Access Plan must include if a successful HIV vaccine candidate is ever developed.
Development and application of a real-time testbed for multiagent system interoperability: A case study on hierarchical microgrid control (2017)

This paper presents the development and application of a real-time testbed for multiagent system interoperability. As utility independent private microgrids are installed constantly, standardized interoperability frameworks are required to define behavioral models of the individual agents for expandability and plug-and-play operation. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive hybrid agent framework combining the foundation for intelligent physical agents (FIPA), IEC 61850, and data distribution service (DDS) standards. The IEC 61850 logical node concept is extended using FIPA based agent communication language (ACL) with application specific attributes and deliberative behavior modeling capability. The DDS middleware is adopted to enable a real-time publisher-subscriber interoperability mechanism between platforms. The proposed multi-agent framework was validated in a laboratory based testbed involving developed intelligent electronic device (IED) prototypes and actual microgrid setups. Experimental results were demonstrated for both decentralized and distributed control approaches. Secondary and tertiary control levels of a microgrid were demonstrated for decentralized hierarchical control case study. A consensus-based economic dispatch case study was demonstrated as a distributed control example. It was shown that the developed agent platform is industrially applicable for actual smart grid field deployment.
Approaches for the computationally efficient assessment of the plug-in HEV impact on the grid (2012)

Realistic duty cycles are critical for design and assessment of hybrid propulsion systems, in particular, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The analysis of the PHEV impact requires a large amount of data about daily missions for ensuring realism in predicted temporal loads on the grid. This paper presents two approaches for the reduction of the computational effort while assessing the large scale PHEV impact on the grid, namely 1) "response surface modelling" approach; and 2) "daily driving schedule modelling" approach. The response surface modelling approach replaces the time-consuming vehicle simulations by response surfaces constructed off-line with the consideration of the real-world driving. The daily driving modelling approach establishes a correlation between departure and arrival times, and it predicts representative driving patterns with a significantly reduced number of simulation cases. In both cases, representative synthetic driving cycles are used to capture the naturalistic driving characteristics for a given trip length. The proposed approaches enable construction of 24-hour missions, assessments of charging requirements at the time of plugging-in, and temporal distributions of the load on the grid with high computational efficiency.
Composite theoretical performance (1991)

Export controls require that computer systems, specifically Digital Central Processing units, be characterized as to performance. Absolute performance measurement is not required, rather a very wide range of CPUs, from micros to supercomputers, must be rank ordered. Ranking is based on a synthetic characterization and is influenced by the design details of the particular processor that make it useful for one or more strategic applications. This paper describes the strategic export control concerns, the rationale involved in the choice of a metric, the technical considerations, and the elements included in the CTP metric.
Adaptive Savitzky-Golay filtering and its applications (2020)

Noise reduction is a central issue of the theory and practice of signal processing. The Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing and differentiation filter is widely acknowledged as a simple and efficient method for denoising. However only few book on signal processing contain this method. As is well known, the performance of the classical SG-filter depends on the appropriate setting of the window length and the polynomial degree, which should match the scale of the signal since, in the case of signals with high rate of change, the performance of the filter may be limited. This paper presents a new adaptive strategy to smooth irregular signals based on the Savitzky-Golay algorithm. The proposed technique ensures high precision noise reduction by iterative multi-round smoothing and correction. In each round the parameters dynamically change due to the results of the previous smoothing. Our study provides additional support for data compression based on optimal resolution of the signal with linear approximation. Here, simulation results validate the applicability of the novel method.
Observed Redox Potential Range of Li2BeF4Using a Dynamic Reference Electrode (2016)

A compact electrochemical probe has been used to measure the redox potential ranges of molten Li2BeF4, a candidate nuclear reactor coolant commonly referred to as flibe, via a dynamic beryllium reference electrode. This probe is capable of operating on a loop, but was used on a static system in salt at temperatures up to 600°C. The probe has been used to measure Li2BeF4 salt with observed redox potentials ranging from –1.792 ± 0.002 V to –0.465 ± 0.134 V, yielding individual errors as low as ± 4 mV, and weighted groupings with errors as low as ± 1 mV. The most reducing measurement taken with acceptable error was –0.962 ± 0.011 V. This probe can be adapted for use in many laboratory experiments using flibe and should be considered for any corrosion experiment supporting the development of a next-generation molten salt reactor.
Fast Quench Propagation Conductor for Protecting Canted Cos-Theta Magnets (2023)

Canted Cos-Theta (CCT) magnet design offers remarkable advantages such as a low number of parts and the ability to intercept with the formers the Lorenz forces acting on the windings. However, by principle, it is very challenging to design a self-protected CCT magnet, even with relatively low stored energy and conductor current density. This is predominantly due to the normal zone being unable to propagate along the magnet axial direction. Fast Quench Propagation Conductors (FQPCs) for quench protection of CCT magnets are proposed and studied. FQPC is a superconducting conductor carrying the magnet transport current and placed along the main axis of the CCT magnet in good thermal contact with the turns of the windings. FQPC is connected electrically in series with the CCT windings but electrically insulated at the thermal contacts by the electric insulation of the conductors. The FQPCs aim to spread the normal zones in the CCT windings via a shorter axial path rather than only the path along CCT conductors and between them in the formers channels. Typically, ribs of the former inhibit axial quench propagation, and the FQPCs thermally connect CCT windings in the axial direction. The FQPCs quench due to the heat generated in the quenched turn and then act effectively like quench heaters powered by the magnet current. It means a completely passive system powered by the magnet energy that becomes inactive after magnet current decay. Quench protection transients are calculated using a consecutive-simulation approach involving two software tools developed as part of the STEAM framework at CERN: a finite element (FE) based tool called FiQuS coupled with a finite difference (FD) based tool called LEDET. This approach allows for a three-dimensional (3D) quench simulation and introduces a great level of geometrical detail while maintaining a reasonable computational effort. The benefits of the FQPCs depend on their number, placement, and duration of quench transient, which is affected by the CCT magnet size. These dependencies are studied in terms of the winding maximum temperature and voltage-to-ground that result from single, hot-spot-induced quenches in various locations in the windings.
cis- and trans-2-Substituted 1-methylindanes (1970)

The previously described 1-methylindane-2-carboxylic acid (II), prepared by the reduction of 3-methylindene-2-carboxylic acid (I) with sodium amalgam, has been shown to be a mixture of the cis- and trans-isomers. When the indene acid (I) was reduced catalytically only the cis-isomer (IIa) was obtained. The preparations of the corresponding cis- and trans-2-amino- and 2-carbamoyl derivatives are described.
Steady-State Plasma Levels and Pharmacokinetics of Guanfacine in Patients with Renal Insufficiency (1989)

The steady-state pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of guanfacine were studied in patients with renal insufficiency. Apparent total body and renal clearances of guanfacine, as well as apparent volume of distribution, decreased in parallel with the decline in renal function. Higher plasma levels of guanfacine were observed in patients with GFR less than 30 ml/min. The steady state t 1/2 of guanfacine in the presence of renal insufficiency was insignificantly prolonged relative to that observed in the presence of normal renal function and appeared to be independent of the degree of renal insufficiency.
Inclusion of temporal effects in forecasting building electrical loads for demand resource planning (2013)

This paper presents a method of load forecasting specifically for predicting a building's electrical load for demand resource planning. This forecasting method allows the manager of a controllable load to assess his or her risk and capabilities when participating in the energy market. Correlation studies are performed using demand data collected for the main library building at Drexel University in order to identify important factors that drive the electrical demand of the building as well as importance of temporal load dependencies. Incorporating these temporal dependencies is the primary focus of this work. A general problem formulation for building-specific load forecasting based on previous research is first presented. The remainder of the paper focuses on a simple engineering method of including temporal effects into the forecaster. The forecasting method presented here is tested using the data collected at Drexel University and the results compared to the case when temporal load dependencies are ignored, demonstrating its ability as a demand resource planning tool.
A 4-Mbit Non-Volatile Chalcogenide Random Access Memory (2005)

During the first stage of a multi-year research program, BAE SYSTEMS and Ovonyx have designed, fabricated and tested a series of test chips to demonstrate full integration of a chalcogenide-based non-volatile memory element into a radiation hardened CMOS process. The test structures range from simple two- and four-point-probe material characterization macros, such as sheet resistance monitors and chalcogenide memory elements, to fully wired 64kbit memory arrays. Process integration has progressed from the previously demonstrated stand-alone chalcogenide memory elements through full memory array fabrication. Results of successful integration of the chalcogenide material used for phase-change applications in re-writable optical storage (Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Sb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Te <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> ) with BAE SYSTEMS' 0.5mum radiation hardened CMOS to produce 64kbit arrays have been reported in the past. In this paper we present a description of the architecture and design of a 4Mbit, chalcogenide non-volatile memory for a 0.25mum radiation hardened CMOS process. Fabrication of the design was completed in early 2005. Electrical test results of the 4Mb chalcogenide memory hardware are presented at the conference. In addition, results from the C-RAM process transition (from BAE SYSTEMS' 0.5mum to the radiation hardened 0.25mum process) are presented
High rate sodium ion battery anodes from block copolymer templated mesoporous nickel–cobalt carbonates and oxides (2015)

A soft templating approach enables facile synthesis of ordered mesoporous nickel cobaltite. These materials act as efficient anodes for high rate sodium ion batteries.
Package Plants: a cost‐effective solution to small water system treatment needs (1981)

Many small and rural water systems have both cost and quality problems. As drinking water quality standards become more stringent, costs will increase and both problems will be compounded. One economical alternative to conventional treatment is the package plant—a self‐contained unit that can be installed at minimum cost.
Application of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Smartphone Sensors for Indoor Localization (2019)

Indoor localization systems are susceptible to higher errors and do not meet the current standards of indoor localization. Moreover, the performance of such approaches is limited by device dependence. The use of Wi-Fi makes the localization process vulnerable to dynamic factors and energy hungry. A multi-sensor fusion based indoor localization approach is proposed to overcome these issues. The proposed approach predicts pedestrians’ current location with smartphone sensors data alone. The proposed approach aims at mitigating the impact of device dependency on the localization accuracy and lowering the localization error in the magnetic field based localization systems. We trained a deep learning based convolutional neural network to recognize the indoor scene which helps to lower the localization error. The recognized scene is used to identify a specific floor and narrow the search space. The database built of magnetic field patterns helps to lower the device dependence. A modified K nearest neighbor (mKNN) is presented to calculate the pedestrian’s current location. The data from pedestrian dead reckoning further refines this location and an extended Kalman filter is implemented to this end. The performance of the proposed approach is tested with experiments on Galaxy S8 and LG G6 smartphones. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve an accuracy of 1.04 m at 50 percent, regardless of the smartphone used for localization. The proposed mKNN outperforms K nearest neighbor approach, and mean, variance, and maximum errors are lower than those of KNN. Moreover, the proposed approach does not use Wi-Fi for localization and is more energy efficient than those of Wi-Fi based approaches. Experiments reveal that localization without scene recognition leads to higher errors.
The Effectiveness and Safety of Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Medications in Individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (2015)

Our data show that treatment with antipsychotics and antidepressants may be effective while being relatively safe in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Antipsychotic and antidepressant medications should be considered in any individual with 22q11.2DS who has a psychiatric morbidity, such as psychosis or mood or anxiety disorders. Although the psychotropic medications were generally well tolerated in our sample, more rigorous metabolic and cardiovascular measures are required in future studies to conclusively verify the safety of these medications.