gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel capillary filtration module bridges biomedical sciences and engineering to improve interdisciplinary education (2005)

The concepts underlying capillary filtration are fundamental topics in physiology courses taught to undergraduate and graduate biomedical engineering students as well as medical students. Conveying these complex biomedical concepts to diverse engineering audiences in the classroom requires novel techniques to achieve true mastery of the material. Over the years, students have reported anecdotally that this material is difficult to fully comprehend. Furthermore, student performance on exam questions regarding capillary filtration does not correlate with overall student exam performance. These concerns led us to strive to improve instruction of this material. Therefore, a module that presents capillary filtration in the context of glomerular filtration has been developed and incorporated into the curriculum of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) renal pathophysiology course. Module design is based on the learning and teaching principles outlined in How People Learn1. The module replaces the traditional instruction of capillary filtration, which consisted of a lecture, paper based problem set and assigned textbook reading with two new interactive online exercises that present content and provide real time formative assessment to students, separated by an in-class lecture. A novel java based simulation of glomerular filtration was developed to permit manipulation of independent variables
Autonomic changes with seizures correlate with postictal EEG suppression (2012)

The magnitude of both sympathetic activation and parasympathetic suppression increases with duration of EEG suppression after tonic-clonic seizures. These results provide autonomic correlates of postictal EEG suppression and highlight a critical window of postictal autonomic dysregulation that may be relevant in the pathogenesis of SUDEP.
Fault injection attacks on SoftMax function in deep neural networks (2021)

Softmax is commonly used activation function in neural networks to normalize the output to probability distribution over predicted classes. Being often deployed in the output layer, it can potentially be targeted by fault injection attacks to create misclassification. In this extended abstract, we perform a preliminary fault analysis of Softmax against single bit faults.
Surface Modification of pure magnesium and magnesium alloy AZ91 by Friction Stir Processing (2015)

In recent years an interest in magnesium and magnesium alloys not only for the automotive industry but also for medical applications was increasing due to the low density and good specific strength. Magnesium alloys show good castability but lower ductility and strength than wrought materials. For this reason, refinement of grains and homogenous distribution of intermetallic phases are needed to improve formability and mechanical properties. On the other hand, the degradation of the material by corrosion is influenced by the grain size and phase distribution. This work investigates the microstructure evolution of pure Mg and magnesium alloy AZ91 by friction stir processing (FSP) technique. FSP experiments are carried out by constant force, optimizing the rotation and feed rate to obtain a homogenous microstructure, free of defects stir zone, good surface finishing and stable conditions during the process. The results show that the grain size is affected by the spindle speed. Increasing the number of passes reduces also the size of the grains and the intermetallic phases in the AZ91 alloy. The overlapping of passes between overlapping ratio 0.5 to 1 determines an uniform depth of the stir zone over a larger surface area.Hardness measurements are performed to evaluate the influence of FSP parameters on the mechanical properties. The degradation rate of the studied FSP Mg alloys is determined by hydrogen evolution in corrosion immersion tests, which depend strongly on the phase distribution and grain size.
Reherniation after repair of the abdominal wall with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. (1994)

Defects of the abdominal wall that are not amendable to primary closure have to be bridged by synthetic materials. The use of a nonabsorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) soft-tissue patch is advocated for this purpose. To investigate the suitability of the ePTFE patch, abdominal wall defects in 30 rats were repaired with ePTFE and compared with polypropylene (PP) mesh. Herniations and adhesions were scored, qualitatively and quantitatively, eight weeks after implantation and the patches were histologically examined. Herniations, all observed at the fascia and patch interface, were significantly more frequent in abdominal wall defects repaired with ePTFE (60 percent) than with PP (zero percent) (p < 0.001, chi-square test). Adhesion formation was less frequently found in rats treated with ePTFE and adhesions were less strongly attached. Histologic examination revealed no ingrowth of fibro-collagenous tissue into the ePTFE patch, whereas the PP mesh was completely incorporated into fibrocollagenous tissue, which was continuous with the adjacent fascia. We conclude that this study confirms our clinical experience that reherniations at the fascia and patch interface in abdominal wall defects closed with an ePTFE soft-tissue patch are the result of insufficient ingrowth of fibrocollagenous tissue into the patch, which results in an insufficient anchorage of the patch to the fascia.
Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary (1966)

Botanical Latin is accepted by horticulturists and botanists everywhere as the medium for naming new plants, and botanical research is almost impossible without reference to the vast number of first descriptions in Latin-much information is available in no other language. For gardeners, too, a working knowledge of botanical Latin is essential for the accurate identification of plants in the garden. Now available in paperback, the fourth edition of this internationally renowned handbook summarizes the grammar and syntax of botanical Latin, and covers the origins of Latin and latinized geographical names, color terms, symbols and abbreviations, diagnoses and descriptions, the formation of names and epithets, and much more.
The LXCXE Retinoblastoma Protein-Binding Motif of FOG-2 Regulates Adipogenesis (2017)

GATA transcription factors and their FOG cofactors play a key role in tissue-specific development and differentiation, from worms to humans. Mammals have six GATA and two FOG factors. We recently demonstrated that interactions between retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and GATA-1 are crucial for erythroid proliferation and differentiation. We show here that the LXCXE pRb-binding site of FOG-2 is involved in adipogenesis. Unlike GATA-1, which inhibits cell division, FOG-2 promotes proliferation. Mice with a knockin of a Fog2 gene bearing a mutated LXCXE pRb-binding site are resistant to obesity and display higher rates of white-to-brown fat conversion. Thus, each component of the GATA/FOG complex (GATA-1 and FOG-2) is involved in pRb/E2F regulation, but these molecules have markedly different roles in the control of tissue homeostasis.
FGFR4 regulates tumor subtype differentiation in luminal breast cancer and metastatic disease (2020)

Mechanisms driving tumor progression from less aggressive subtypes to more aggressive states represent key targets for therapy. We identified a subset of luminal A primary breast tumors that give rise to HER2-enriched (HER2E) subtype metastases, but remain clinically HER2 negative (cHER2-). By testing the unique genetic and transcriptomic features of these cases, we developed the hypothesis that FGFR4 likely participates in this subtype switching. To evaluate this, we developed 2 FGFR4 genomic signatures using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model treated with an FGFR4 inhibitor, which inhibited PDX growth in vivo. Bulk tumor gene expression analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that the inhibition of FGFR4 signaling caused molecular switching. In the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) breast cancer cohort, FGFR4-induced and FGFR4-repressed signatures each predicted overall survival. Additionally, the FGFR4-induced signature was an independent prognostic factor beyond subtype and stage. Supervised analysis of 77 primary tumors with paired metastases revealed that the FGFR4-induced signature was significantly higher in luminal/ER+ tumor metastases compared with their primaries. Finally, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the FGFR4-induced signature also predicted site-specific metastasis for lung, liver, and brain, but not for bone or lymph nodes. These data identify a link between FGFR4-regulated genes and metastasis, suggesting treatment options for FGFR4-positive patients, whose high expression is not caused by mutation or amplification.
Glucose Biosensor Based on Oxygen Electrode Part III: Long-Term Performance of the Glucose Biosensor in Blood Plasma at Body Temperature (1995)

Abstract A potentially implantable glucose biosensor for continuous monitoring of glucose levels in diabetic patients has been developed. The glucose biosensor is based on an amperometric oxygen electrode and Glucose Oxidase immobilized on carbon powder held in a form of a liquid suspension. The enzyme material can be replaced (the sensor recharged) without sensor disassembly. Glucose diffusion membranes from polycarbonate (PC) and from polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) coated with silastic are used. Sensors were evaluated continuously operating in phosphate buffer solution and in undiluted blood plasma at body temperature. Calibration curves of the sensors were periodically obtained. The sensors show stable performance during at least 1200 hours of operation without refilling of the enzyme. The PTFE membrane demonstrates high mechanical stability and is little effected by long-term operation in undiluted blood plasma.
Continuum thermomechanics and the clinical treatment of disease and injury (2003)

Advances in laser, microwave, radio-frequency, and similar technologies have given rise to many new treatments of disease and injury that seek to raise the temperature of cells and tissues to supra-physiologic levels. Copious examples are found in, among other specialties, cardiology, dermatology, gynecology, neurosurgery, oncology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, and urology. Most of the particular clinical procedures are motivated primarily by the availability of a new technology, however, not by an understanding of the underlying biothermomechanics. This article reviews some of the literature on the effects of supra-physiologic temperatures on cells and tissues as well as some of the available mathematical models. Because of the absence of any textbook on biothermomechanics, some basic concepts are included for the interested student. Because of space limitations, however, most research findings are simply stated, and the reader is directed to the relevant papers for details. Finally, because of the desire to attract diverse researchers to the field, open problems are identified. Indeed, it is hoped that this review will generate excitement with regard to the potential of improving health care delivery through the important and challenging field of Continuum Biothermomechanics. There are 177 references cited in this review article.
Antimycins, Inhibitors of ATP-Citrate Lyase, from a Streptomyces sp. (1997)

A related group of compounds belonging to the antimycin class of antibiotics was found in culture broth produced by a Streptomyces species. The group includes known antimycins A1, A2, A3 and A4, and new antimycins A7 and A8. These compounds inhibit ATP-citrate lyase with Ki values of 4 to 60 microM against the substrate magnesium citrate. The structures of the new antimycins were determined by spectroscopic analyses.
Backbone‐assisted reactions of polymers. V. Kinetics of isomerization of poly(chloromethylthiirane) and poly(3‐chlorothietane) in solution (1983)

Abstract The reversible isomerization of poly(chloromethylthiirane) and poly(3‐chlorothietane) represents a new kind of polymer reaction and a new method of copolymer synthesis. In chloroform, in dichloromethane, or in nitrobenzene the reaction is well described by reversible first‐order kinetics. A rate increase of ca. 40% on changing the solvent from chloroform to nitrobenzene is consistent with an isomerization mechanism that involves a rate‐determining attack of the backbone sulfur atom on the neighboring carbon‐chlorine bond and rapid ring‐opening of the thiiranium ion intermediate by chloride ion.
"Choices for future interconnect materials and processing" (2006)

For the next couple of generations, physical vapor deposition (PVD) for interconnect metal barriers and seeds appears to be extendable. At the same time a variety of atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques are become available replacement options. New barrier materials such as Ru have also been considered. In this paper we discuss the motivations of these developments and the challenges for the implementation of these ideas
Sequential consistency versus linearizability (1994)

The power of two well-known consistency conditions for shared-memory multiprocessors, sequential consistency and linearizability , is compared. The cost measure studied is the worst-case response time in distributed implementations of virtual shared memory supporting one of the two conditions. Three types of shared-memory objects are considered: read/write objects, FIFO queues, and stacks. If clocks are only approximately synchronized (or do not exist), then for all three object types it is shown that linearizability is more expensive than sequential consistency. We show that, for all three data types, the worst-case response time is very sensitive to the assumptions that are made about the timing information available to the system. Under the strong assumption that processes have perfectly synchronized clocks, it is shown that sequential consistency and linearizability are equally costly. We present upper bounds for linearizability and matching lower bounds for sequential consistency. The upper bounds are shown by presenting algorithms that use atomic broadcast in a modular fashion. The lower-bound proofs for the approximate case use the technique of “shifting,” first introduced for studying the clock synchronization problem.
Differential expression of the polysialyl capsule during blood-to-brain transit of neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1 (2008)

Escherichia coli K1 isolates synthesize a polysialic acid (polySia) capsule, are components of the adult gastrointestinal microbiota and may cause lethal bacteraemia and meningitis if acquired maternally by newborn infants. We used a neonatal rat pup K1 infection model to establish that prompt administration of a selective capsule depolymerase reverses the bacteraemic state and prevents death of almost all pups. In untreated animals, bacteria colonize the gastrointestinal tract and gain entry to the blood compartment, where they express the non-O-acetylated form of polySia. The bacteria invade the major organs of the host; histological and histochemical analysis of brain sections revealed that at least some bacteria enter the central nervous system through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier at the choroid plexus prior to colonization of the meninges. Once in this location, they cease expression of polySia. The unexpected abrogation of polySia, a factor associated with the pathogenesis of meningitis and essential for transit through the blood, suggests that the neuropathogen dispenses with its protective capsule once it has colonized protected niches. Thus, systemic infections due to encapsulated pathogens may be resolved by capsule depolymerization only if the enzyme modifies the bacteria whilst they are in the blood compartment.
Guidance on the characterisation of microorganisms used as feed additives or as production organisms (2018)

This guidance document is intended to assist the applicant in the preparation and the presentation of an application, as foreseen in Article 7.6 of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003, for the authorisation of additives for use in animal nutrition. It specifically covers the characterisation of microorganisms used as feed additives or as production organisms.
Cyclic shearing interferometer for collimating short coherence-length laser beams (1992)

Until now there has not been an accurate method for measuring the radius of curvature, R, of a short coherence-length light source, such as a short-pulse or broadband laser. We show that the easily aligned cyclic shearing interferometer (CSI) solves this problem. The CSI produces a stable fringe pattern from which R can be determined and can be used on beams with short coherence times down to 300 fs because the two beams in the interferometer follow nearly the same path. Comparison with data from a broadband XeCl laser (30-ps coherence time) confirms that the CSI performs as theory predicts.
Using and refining simplifications: explanation-based learning of plans in intractable domains (1989)

This paper describes an explanation-based approach lo learning plans despite a computationally intractable domain theory. In this approach, the system learns an initial plan using limited inference. In order to detect plans in which the limited inference causes a faulty plan the system monitors goal achievement in plan execution. When a plan unexpectedly fails to achieve a goal (or unexpectedly achieves the goal) a refinement process is triggered in which the system constructs an explanation for the expectation violation. This explanation is then used to refine the plan. By using expectation failures to guide search the learner avoids a computationally intractable exhaustive search involved in constructing a complete proof of the plan. This approach has the theoretical property of convergence upon a sound plan.
The use of S-2-cyanoethyl phosphorothioate In the preparation of ollgo 5′-deoxy-5′-thlothymldylates (1975)

An improvement of our strategy for the stepwise synthesis of oligo 5'-deoxy-5'-thiodeoxyribonucleotides [Chladek and Nagyvary (1972) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 2079] involves the use of 5'-O-tosylthymidine 3'-S-2-cyanoethyl phosphorothioate. The displacement of the tosylate by thymidine 3'-phosphorothioate and subsequent alkaline deblocking afforded the dinucleotide (Tps)2. The process of displacement and deblocking was repeated three more times at an average yield of 30 percent per step. The corresponding bifunctional derivative of deoxyadenosine was found much less reactive and practically unsuitable for repeated chain elongation. The ORD and CD spectra of the analogs are similar to those of the natural oligonucleotides.
Probabilistic seismic demand models and fragility estimates for reinforced concrete bridges with base isolation (2013)

This paper proposes probabilistic models for estimating the seismic demands on reinforced concrete (RC) bridges with base isolation. The models consider the shear and deformation demands on the bridge columns and the deformation demand on the isolation devices. An experimental design is used to generate a population of bridges based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (AASHTO 2007) and the Caltrans' Seismic Design Criteria (Caltrans 1999). Ground motion records are used for time history analysis of each bridge to develop probabilistic models that are practical and are able to account for the uncertainties and biases in the current, common deterministic model. As application of the developed probabilistic models, a simple method is provided to determine the fragility of bridges. This work facilitates the reliability-based design for this type of bridges and contributes to the transition from limit state design to performance-based design.
Video enhancement on an adaptive image sensor (2008)

The high density pixel sensors of the latest imaging systems provide images with high resolution, but require long exposure times, which limit their applicability due to the motion blur effect. Recent technological advances have lead to image sensors that can combine in real-time several pixels together to form a larger pixel. Larger pixels require shorter exposure times and produce high-frame-rate samples with reduced motion blur. This work proposes ways of configuring such a sensor to maximize the raw information collected from the environment, and methods to process that information and enhance the final output. In particular, a super-resolution and a deconvolution-based approach, for motion deblurring on an adaptive image sensor, are proposed, compared and evaluated.
SOFIA telescope modal survey test and test-model correlation (2010)

The NASA/DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) employs a 2.5-meter reflector telescope in a Boeing 747SP. The telescope is housed in an open cavity and will be subjected to aeroacoustic and inertial disturbances. The image stability goal for SOFIA is 0.2 arc-seconds (RMS). Throughout the development phase of the project, analytical models were employed to predict the image stability performance of the telescope, and to evaluate pointing performance improvement measures. These analyses clearly demonstrated that key aspects which determined performance were: 1) Disturbance environment and relevant load-paths 2) Telescope modal behavior 3) Sensor and actuator placement 4) Control algorithm design The SOFIA program is now entering an exciting phase in which the characteristics of the telescope and the cavity environment are being verified through ground and airborne testing. A modal survey test (MST) was conducted in early 2008 to quantify the telescope modal behavior. We will give a brief overview of analytical methods which have been employed to assess/improve the pointing stability performance of the SOFIA telescope. In this context, we will describe the motivation for the MST, and the pre-test analysis which determined the modes of interest and the required MST sensor/shaker placement. A summary will then be given of the FEM-test correlation effort, updated end-to-end simulation results, and actual data coming from telescope activation test flights.
Panel session - great challenges in nanoelectronics and impact on academic research: More than Moore or Beyond CMOS? (2010)

This panel session will address the post-CMOS research great challenges and opportunities corresponding to the More Than Moore and Beyond CMOS domains. The opening talk of the panel will set the ground for discussion with some key examples placed at the intersection of the two domains. Especially the role of functional diversification and of new research and application drivers, different from scaling, will be critically discussed by a team of high-level experts in the field. Moreover, the impact of post-CMOS era on the way the academic research and the education of engineering are conceived today and should be adapted in the future will be the center of the debate.
Towards an asymmetric organocatalytic α-cyanation of β-ketoesters (2015)

This communication describes the first proof of concept for an asymmetric α-cyanation of β-ketoesters using a hypervalent iodine-based electrophilic cyanide-transfer reagent. A series of different organocatalysts has been investigated and it was found that the use of naturally occurring Cinchona alkaloids allows obtaining the target products in good yields and with moderate enantioselectivities up to er = 76:24 under operationally simple conditions.
Molecular genetics of Wilms' tumor: insights into normal and abnormal renal development. (1994)

Wilms' tumor is a pediatric malignancy of the kidney. Studies of the genetics of this disease have revealed a limited number of genes implicated in tumor initiation. The identification and characterization of these genes and their products represents an immediate challenge to further our understanding of the molecular events involved in tumor progression. Understanding the events leading to deregulation of cell growth and proliferation in Wilms' tumor has lead to the ability to predict a group of individuals at risk for this malignancy.