gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transgenic Expression of Haemonchus contortus Cytochrome P450 Hco-cyp-13A11 Decreases Susceptibility to Particular but Not All Macrocyclic Lactones in the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans (2022)

The number of reported macrocyclic lactones (ML) resistance cases across all livestock hosts is steadily increasing. Different studies in the parasitic nematode <i>Haemonchus contortus</i> assume the participation of cytochrome P450s (Cyps) enzymes in ML resistance. Still, functional data about their individual contribution to resistance or substrate specificity is missing. Via microinjection, transgenic <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> expressing HCON_00141052 (<i>transgene-Hco-cyp-13A11</i>) from extrachromosomal arrays were generated. After 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of ivermectin (IVM), ivermectin aglycone (IVMa), selamectin (SEL), doramectin (DRM), eprinomectin (EPR), and moxidectin (MOX), motility assays were performed to determine the impact of the <i>H. contortus</i> Cyp to the susceptibility of the worms against each ML. While <i>transgene</i>-<i>Hco-cyp-13A11</i> significantly decreased susceptibility to IVM (four-fold), IVMa (2-fold), and SEL (3-fold), a slight effect for DRM and no effect for MOX, and EPR was observed. This substrate specificity of <i>Hco-cyp-13A11</i> could not be explained by molecular modeling and docking studies. Hco-Cyp-13A11 molecular models were obtained for alleles from isolates with different resistance statuses. Although 14 amino acid polymorphisms were detected, none was resistance specific. In conclusion, Hco-cyp-13A11 decreased IVM, IVMa, and SEL susceptibility to a different extent, but its potential impact on ML resistance is not driven by polymorphisms.
The Role of Nitric Oxide in Parkinson's Disease (2003)

Neurodegenerative disorders are adult-onset disabling neurologic conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD) in which specific subsets of brain neurons are dying. Without exception, the frequency of these disorders is increasing dramatically as the proportion of elderly in our society grows. The search for efficacious therapies, if not to prevent, at least to slow down or halt the progression of these diseases, is of major public health importance. However, this goal can only be achieved through a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms by which neurons die in these degenerative disorders. We review here the question of nitric oxide (NO), a small and ubiquitous molecule believed to be a pivotal element in the cascade of deleterious events underlying neurodegeneration in PD. Since NO synthases (NOS) are the only known enzymes that produce NO, in this chapter particular attention is paid to the anatomic distribution and catalytic activity of these enzymes in the brain. We also provide several experimental protocols commonly used for quantitative and qualitative studies of NOS.
Monte Carlo simulations for the ANTARES underwater neutrino telescope (2021)

Monte Carlo simulations are a unique tool to check the response of a detector and to monitor its performance. For a deep-sea neutrino telescope, the variability of the environmental conditions that can affect the behaviour of the data acquisition system must be considered, in addition to a reliable description of the active parts of the detector and of the features of physics events, in order to produce a realistic set of simulated events. In this paper, the software tools used to produce neutrino and cosmic ray signatures in the telescope and the strategy developed to represent the time evolution of the natural environment and of the detector efficiency are described.
History and development of the apodized diffractive intraocular lens (2006)

The ReSTOR intraocular lens presents a unique apodized diffractive design within a refractive foldable acrylic optic, which makes an unprecedented level of mulifocal optical performance available. We describe the history and principles of diffractive optics used in the development of this refractive-diffractive IOL.
Self-Excited Synchronous Machine Using Airgap Harmonics (2020)

This article introduces a self-excitation technology for field wound synchronous machines (FWSMs) to eliminate conventional components required by brushless and brushed static excitation systems. This technology is based on the utilization of pre-existing airgap flux harmonics, so no exciter or brush is required. The energy of these airgap harmonics at the slotting frequency is captured using rotor-mounted harvesting coils. A power electronic converter is then used to rectify the induced harvesting coil voltage and regulate the field winding current of the FWSM. Simulation results are presented showing the efficacy of the proposed method for a prototype FWSM under various loading conditions. For demonstration, a full-scale 5.4-MVA synchronous generator is used for design and validation.
Comment on “Density and Spin Response of a Strongly Interacting Fermi Gas in the Attractive and Quasirepulsive Regime” (2012)

This is a comment on Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 080401 (2012) by Palestini et al. We pointed out that the diagrammatic method in that article violates gauge invariance. As a consequence, there will a Meissner effect in the normal phase and the contribution from collective modes are not mentioned in the symmetry-broken phase.
Design of an ocu‐Metal‐Organic Framework for a Photocatalysis Reaction (2023)

Abstract Empowered by reticular chemistry, an ocu‐metal‐organic framework (MOF) catalyst has been created for the first time. The catalyst, SYD‐1, was rationally designed and successfully synthesised by assembling 8‐c prismatic zirconium oxo‐clusters and 6‐c octahedral Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ‐based metalloligands into a three‐dimensional structure. Catalytically active metal sites were then attached to the coordinatively unsaturated sites on the Zr oxo‐clusters postsynthetically via a sequential practice of solvent‐assisted ligand exchange and metalation processes, giving rise to SYD‐1‐CuNi. SYD‐1‐CuNi was thoroughly characterised via an array of X‐ray diffraction, 77 K N 2 sorption experiments, nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, microscopic analysis, optical absorption spectra analysis and electrochemical measurements to demonstrate the successful synthesis of the targeted SYD‐1‐CuNi and its potential in photocatalysis. The photocatalytic performance of SYD‐1‐CuNi was illustrated by driving a model reaction, namely photocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction (yield of CH 4 19.2 μmol g −1 h −1 )/hydrogen evolution reaction (yield of H 2 200.4 μmol g −1 h −1 ) concomitantly with oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde (286.6 μmol g −1 h −1 ). The present work highlights the power and potential of reticular chemistry in the at‐will synthesis of MOF materials for a specific application.
Simple and Efficient Traversal Methods for Quadtrees and Octrees (2002)

Abstract Quadtrees and octrees are used extensively throughout computer graphics and in many other diverse fields such as computer vision, robotics, and pattern recognition. Managing information stored in quadtrees and octrees requires basic tree traversal operations such as point location, region location, and neighbor searches. This paper presents simple and efficient methods for performing these operations that are inherently nonrecursive and reduce the number of comparisons with poor predictive behavior. The methods are table-free, thereby reducing memory accesses, and generalize easily to higher dimensions. Source code is available online.
Monoclonal Antibodies which Preferentially Bind to 22K Human Growth Hormone Rather than Its 20k Variant. (1989)

We have established 13 hybridoma cell lines which secrete mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) to human growth hormone (hGH). Binding affinity and binding specificity of McAbs were analyzed by competitive radioimmunoassay. Among these McAbs, CL. B1 showed a high affinity of 9.8 x 10(8) l/mol, and all McAbs so far tested showed very weak cross-reactivity or none at all with human prolactin (hPRL) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS; human placental lactogen). Analysis of binding sites of McAbs using hGH variant and fragments in both ELISA and RIA demonstrated that McAbs could be classified into two groups. All the McAbs obtained in this study bound to plasmin-digested fragment S2 (hGH 1-134 and 141-191) and fragment alpha 3 (hGH 1-134 and 147-191). However, five (such as 1D2) out of 13 McAbs bound to fragment F1 (hGH 1-134) and others (such as CL. B1) did not. The McAb CL. B1 in the latter group showed low affinity with 20 K hGH (residue 32-46 deleted in native 22 K hGH) in contrast to high affinity with hGH (22 K). This suggests that the former McAbs recognize an epitope located at the N-terminal two-third part of hGH. In contrast, the McAbs of the latter group are likely to recognize three-dimensional structure of native 22 K hGH.
Computer Simulation of Cochlear-Microphonic Potential Augmentation During Intracochlear Perfusion (1972)

In previous studies, “start-stop” perfusion of scala tympani by artificial solutions produced temporary augmentation of the CM recorded by differential electrodes. The significance of hydrodynamic changes in scala tympani and the differential action of the artificial and natural perilymph on the hair cells in this phenomenon was investigated by computer simulation. In particular, it was determined from fluid-dynamic and experimental considerations that the artificial perilymph perfusate could be spontaneously replaced by natural perilymph at a rate of 0.8 μliter/min. The effect of this replacement was simulated on a computer model of the mechanoacoustical and mechano-electrical transduction process of the guinea-pig ear [C. A. Laszlo, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 38, 93(A) (1971)]. After simulated injection of a solution whose action was to suppress the CM generated by individual hair cells, the modeled gross CM was temporarily augmented by 40% above the preperfusion control, comparable to that observed in our perfusion experiments. The results indicate that the experimentally observed CM augmentation may be due to partial suppression and spontaneous progressive recovery of the CM generators, resulting in the detection of an apparant rather than a real CM augmentation. [Work supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada.]
Estimation of affine geometric transformations of several objects from global measurements (2009)

We consider the problem of jointly estimating the affine transformations of multiple objects from a single noisy observation, where each object is undergoing a different affine transformation. The derived algorithm is employed directly, such that prior segmentation of the observation into the distinct objects is avoided. Explicit expressions recovering the parameters of the transformation of each object are derived, assuming only knowledge of the template of each object. In the absence of noise the solution is exact and is not affected by the magnitudes of the deformations. In the presence of noise, the parameters are obtained using a linear least squares solution.
Insect apolipophorin III. Purification and properties. (1984)

The hemolymph of adult Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) contains a 17,000-dalton protein that can associate reversibly with the insect lipoprotein lipophorin. The protein is abundant in the hemolymph of the adult, but is found in larval hemolymph in only small amounts, and does not associate with larval lipophorin. On the basis of its association with adult lipophorin, we have designated the protein apolipophorin III. Apolipophorin III was dissociated from adult lipophorin by guanidinium chloride treatment and isolated by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography. The unassociated apolipophorin III was also purified from lipophorin-free hemolymph by gel permeation, ion exchange, and lectin chromatography. Both preparations have identical isoelectric points and amino acid composition as well as the following properties. Apolipophorin III is a non-glycosylated polypeptide lacking cysteine and tryptophan. The 17,000-dalton polypeptide dimerizes in solution to a protein of Mr = 34,000.
The helical-scan magnetic tape recorder as a digital communication channel (1979)

The properties of a magnetic tape recorder are viewed in terms of a digital magnetic recording/playback channel which exhibits fading (reduction of playback-signal level) and nonlinear behavior. A method is presented whereby channel nonlinearity may be quantified in a format useful for signal and receiver design. Measurements show this nonlinearity to be relatively small for symmetric two-level signals. Deep fades (dropouts) are the most significant source of errors in digital tape recordings. Fading is considered as multiplicative noise on an essentially linear channel, and measurements are made of the fade probability distribution and an associated additional time dispersion. While the fading process appears to occur relatively slowly (compared with the bit period), neither its probability distribution nor its associated dispersion encourage the use of a receiver which is able to adapt to the changing channel characteristics. Finally an attempt is made to ascribe the fading process to repeatable variations in head-tape separation, and a corresponding probability distribution for this separation is obtained. A helical-scan video recorder was used throughout the measurements because of its low cost and its potential as a high-density storage facility.
Accurate Segmentation of CT Male Pelvic Organs via Regression-Based Deformable Models and Multi-Task Random Forests (2016)

Segmenting male pelvic organs from CT images is a prerequisite for prostate cancer radiotherapy. The efficacy of radiation treatment highly depends on segmentation accuracy. However, accurate segmentation of male pelvic organs is challenging due to low tissue contrast of CT images, as well as large variations of shape and appearance of the pelvic organs. Among existing segmentation methods, deformable models are the most popular, as shape prior can be easily incorporated to regularize the segmentation. Nonetheless, the sensitivity to initialization often limits their performance, especially for segmenting organs with large shape variations. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to guide deformable models, thus making them robust against arbitrary initializations. Specifically, we learn a displacement regressor, which predicts 3D displacement from any image voxel to the target organ boundary based on the local patch appearance. This regressor provides a non-local external force for each vertex of deformable model, thus overcoming the initialization problem suffered by the traditional deformable models. To learn a reliable displacement regressor, two strategies are particularly proposed. 1) A multi-task random forest is proposed to learn the displacement regressor jointly with the organ classifier; 2) an auto-context model is used to iteratively enforce structural information during voxel-wise prediction. Extensive experiments on 313 planning CT scans of 313 patients show that our method achieves better results than alternative classification or regression based methods, and also several other existing methods in CT pelvic organ segmentation.
Performance of soft-in soft-out stack decoding (2002)

In this paper, we discuss sequential decoding of recursive systematic convolutional codes using a modified stack decoding technique. The classical stack decoder is extended to generate a twin stack decoder. The motivation for the twin stack decoder is to get soft information from a stack decoder. We present some performance predictors for various constraint lengths of the encoder, with and without side information, and compare it with actual simulation results.
A Research on the Development of an Evaluation Model for Universals of Vowel Systems of Natural Languages. (2017)

We see from the vowel systems of the world that vocalic phonology generally consists of the three basic vowels, /a i u/ and some other vowels in an ordered fashion. Nevertheless, it is obvious that vowel system of one language differs from another in number of vowels it contains and its inventory. It is well known that vowels are basically classified by the three conventional parameters for vowel description, namely height, position in a front-to-back dimension and lip-rounding. One might say based on this that different vowel systems are different in the three primary parameters. However, a simple description on whether or not a specific vowel, say the high front rounded vowel /y/ is present or absent in a system cannot judge whether the system is universal or very isolated. The question that then arises is which types of vowel system are more universal, and what determines whether the system is universal or not. This paper aims to develop and provide an evaluation model or standards for the vowel systems of natural languages. The model in this paper consists of six standards, two from the property of vocalic typology in relation with number of vowels, and four from the three conventional properties for timbre of a vowel sound. The two standards, [Number of vowels] and [Vowel inventory] fall into the former, and the standards, [Lowness], [Equilibrium and Symmetry], [Frontness] and [Lip roundness] into the latter.
Facile hydrothermal synthesis of calcium silicate nanostructures for removal of Hg(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous media (2021)

In this work, we have synthesised a mixture consisting of sodium calcium silicate and calcium silicate nanostructures in the presence and absence of the hydrothermal method. The synthesised products were identified utilising many techniques such as XRD, EDS, FT-IR, HR-TEM, and FE-SEM. The XRD demonstrated that the mean crystallite size of the product, which was synthesised in the absence of the hydrothermal method, is 72.71 nm. The average crystallite size of the products, which were synthesised using the hydrothermal method at 160℃ for 4, 8, and 16 h, are 44.85, 34.89, and 37.38 nm, respectively. HR-TEM confirmed that all the products consist of irregular and rod shapes. The product, which was synthesised after 8 h of hydrothermal treatment, was operated as an adsorbent for the efficient removal of toxic ions (Cd(II) and Hg(II)) from aqueous media. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent towards Hg(II) and Cd(II) ions are 177.94 and 199.20 mg/g, respectively. The removal process of the studied ions was fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir equilibrium isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the removal process of the studied ions was spontaneous, chemical, and endothermic.
Biomechanics of bipolar hip endoprostheses (1984)

The bipolar endoprosthesis was designed to alleviate problems encountered with conventional hip endoprostheses. Recent designs have advocated the use of offset centers of rotation between the inner and outer joint-bearing surfaces to generate a valgus-producing moment on loading (antivarus head dynamics). This study was undertaken to justify this biomechanical feature by performing (a) cyclic loading of the bipolar head in the varus position, (b) analysis of motion between the inner and outer bearing surfaces, and (c) evaluation of antivarus head dynamic function. Four endoprosthetic designs were studied: the Bateman UPF, Osteonics UHR, Giliberty II, and Bi-Centric. Significant plastic deformation occurred in the UPF and UHR prostheses when loaded in an extreme varus position. Theoretically, motion is most likely to occur at the inner bearing if the frictional coefficients are equal at both surfaces. The UHR prosthesis with eccentric offset of bearing centers can provide the antivarus effect in laboratory conditions. Whether the antivarus effect and/or the dominant inner bearing motion will occur in vivo awaits careful clinical study.
Space Charge Evolution in XLPE with Long-term Aging under DC Voltage - the Effect of Temperature and Polarity Reversals (2006)

DC field long-term breakdown characteristics of commercially available cable-grade cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and tree retardant XLPE (TR-XLPE) were investigated. At room temperature, under a unipolar field of 50 kV/mm, more than 90% of XLPE specimens survived 52, 000 h (~6 yrs) of aging, whereas all TR-XLPE specimens broke down within less than 1, 200 h. Reversing the polarity increased the life-time of TR-XLPE by more than 20 times but reduced significantly the life-time of the XLPE specimens. At 75 degC and with polarity reversals both materials survived almost 21, 000 h without any breakdown. These results are discussed in terms of the space charge accumulation and retention properties of the two materials with emphasis on the role of additives in determining insulation properties under DC fields.
Genes expressed during early stages of rice infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (2001)

summary A system-wide approach was adopted to further elucidate mechanisms regulating disease outcome between rice and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. First, a cDNA library was constructed from M. grisea infected rice at 48 h post-inoculation. The 5' end-sequencing of 619 randomly selected clones revealed 359 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that had not previously been described. A total of 124 from 260 ESTs with high and moderate similarity scores, based on BlastX, were organized into categories according to their putative function. The largest category of sequences (21%) contained stress or defence response genes. Eleven per cent of identified ESTs were redundant. In a second approach, differential hybridization analysis of the cDNA library using high-density filters resulted in the identification of novel genes and previously characterized M. grisea genes, including several that had previously been implicated in the infection process. A survey of up-regulated cDNA clones revealed clone 29003, which corresponded to the rice peroxidase POX22.3. This gene is known to be expressed in rice upon infection with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen. Importantly, this approach demonstrates the utility of gene discovery, through ESTs, for revealing novel genes in addition to those previously characterized as being potentially implicated in host-pathogen interactions.
Large Scale Evolution of Convolutional Neural Networks Using Volunteer Computing (2017)

This work presents a new algorithm called evolutionary exploration of augmenting convolutional topologies (EXACT), which is capable of evolving the structure of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). EXACT is in part modeled after the neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) algorithm, with notable exceptions to allow it to scale to large scale distributed computing environments and evolve networks with convolutional filters. In addition to multithreaded and MPI versions, EXACT has been implemented as part of a BOINC volunteer computing project, allowing large scale evolution. During a period of two months, over 4,500 volunteered computers on the Citizen Science Grid trained over 120,000 CNNs and evolved networks reaching 98.32% test data accuracy on the MNIST handwritten digits dataset. These results are even stronger as the backpropagation strategy used to train the CNNs was fairly rudimentary (ReLU units, L2 regularization and Nesterov momentum) and these were initial test runs done without refinement of the backpropagation hyperparameters. Further, the EXACT evolutionary strategy is independent of the method used to train the CNNs, so they could be further improved by advanced techniques like elastic distortions, pretraining and dropout. The evolved networks are also quite interesting, showing "organic" structures and significant differences from standard human designed architectures.
Small-Scale Supersonic Inlet Test Facility (1981)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.