gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Incremental Learning and Prediction of Audio Signals (2010)

The artful play with the listener’s expectations is one of the supreme skills of a gifted musician. We present a system that analyzes an audio signal in an unsupervised manner in order to generate a musical representation of it on-the-fly. The system performs the task of next note prediction using the emerged representation. The main difference between our system and other existing music prediction systems is the fact that it dynamically creates the necessary representations as needed. Therefore it can adapt itself to any type of sounds, with as many timbre classes as there may be. The system consists of a conceptual clustering algorithm coupled with a modified hierarchical N-gram. The main flow of the system can be summarized in the following processing steps: 1) segmentation by transient detection, 2) timbre representation of each segment by Mel-cepstrum coefficients, 3) discretization by conceptual clustering, yielding a number of different sound classes (e.g. instruments) that can incrementally grow or shrink depending on the context resulting in a discrete sequence of sound events, 4) extraction of statistical regularities using hierarchical N-grams (Pfleger 2002), 5) prediction of continuation, and 6) sonification. The system is tested on voice recordings. We assess the robustness of the performance with respect to complexity and noise of the signal. Given that the number of estimated timbre classes is not necessarily the same as in the ground truth, we propose a performance measure (F-recall) based on pairwise matching. Finally, we sonify the predicted sequence in order to evaluate the system from a qualitative point of view. We evaluate separately the
Advanced plasma etch technologies for nanopatterning (2012)

Advances in patterning techniques have enabled the extension of immersion lithography from 65/45nm through 14/10nm device technologies. A key to this increase in patterning capability has been innovation in the subsequent dry plasma etch processing steps. Multiple exposure techniques such as litho-etch-litho-etch, sidewall image transfer, line/cut mask and self-aligned structures have been implemented to solution required device scaling. Advances in dry plasma etch process control, across wafer uniformity and etch selectivity to both masking materials and have enabled adoption of vertical devices and thin film scaling for increased device performance at a given pitch. Plasma etch processes such as trilayer etches, aggressive CD shrink techniques, and the extension of resist trim processes have increased the attainable device dimensions at a given imaging capability. Precise control of the plasma etch parameters affecting across design variation, defectivity, profile stability within wafer, within lot, and across tools have been successfully implemented to provide manufacturable patterning technology solutions. IBM has addressed these patterning challenges through an integrated Total Patterning Solutions team to provide seamless and synergistic patterning processes to device and integration internal customers. This paper will discuss these challenges and the innovative plasma etch solutions pioneered by IBM and our alliance partners.
Fumagillin suppresses HIV‐1 infection of macrophages through the inhibition of Vpr activity (2006)

HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) is one of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encoded proteins that have important roles in viral pathogenesis. However, no clinical drug for AIDS therapy that targets Vpr has been developed. Here, we have established a screening system to isolate Vpr inhibitors using budding yeast cells. We purified a Vpr inhibitory compound from fungal metabolites and identified it as fumagillin, a chemical already known to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Fumagillin not only reversed the growth inhibitory activity of Vpr in yeast and human cells, but also inhibited Vpr-dependent viral gene expression upon the infection of human macrophages.
Effects of High Injection Pressure, EGR and Charge Air Pressure on Combustion and Emissions in an HD Single Cylinder Diesel Engine (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;When increasing EGR from low levels to a level that corresponds to low temperature combustion, soot emissions initially increase due to lower soot oxidation before decreasing to almost zero due to very low soot formation. At the EGR level where soot emissions start to increase, the NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions are low, but not sufficiently low to comply with future emission standards and at the EGR level where low temperature combustion occurs CO and HC emissions are too high.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibilities for shifting the so-called soot bump (where soot levels are increased) to higher EGR levels, or to reduce the magnitude of the soot bump using very high injection pressures (up to 240 MPa) while reducing the NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions using EGR. The possibility of reducing the CO and HC emissions at high EGR levels due to the increased mixing caused by higher injection pressure was also investigated and the flame was visualized using an endoscope at chosen EGR values. In addition, flame temperatures and soot volume fractions were determined using two-color pyrometry.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A single-cylinder heavy duty direct injection Diesel engine equipped with an electronically controlled unit injector with variable needle opening pressure was used in the investigations, with geometry based on the Volvo D12C production engine but with the compression ratio reduced from 18.5 to 14.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The results from the studied cases showed that increasing EGR from 0 to 30% reduces both soot formation and oxidation resulting in higher engine-out soot emissions. Also, an increase in NOP for a case without EGR was found to give both high soot formation and high soot oxidation, resulting in reduced engine-out soot emissions. When EGR was added, increased NOP resulted in increased soot oxidation and thus in lower engine out soot emissions. An increase in NOP was also found to reduce HC and CO emissions at high EGR levels.&lt;/div&gt;
Chinese Event Detection Based on Multi-Feature Fusion and BiLSTM (2019)

With the rapid development of the Internet, the number of Internet users has grown rapidly, and the Internet has become more and more influential on people's lives. As a result, the amount of network text is increasing rapidly, and it is difficult to extract interested event information from it only by manual reading. Therefore, event extraction technique automatically extracting useful information from a large amount of unstructured texts becomes increasingly important. Event detection is the first step of event extraction task and plays a vital role in it. However, current event detection research lacks comprehensive consideration of the context of the trigger words. A Chinese event detection method based on multi-feature fusion and BiLSTM is proposed in this paper. The contextual information of word is divided into sentence-level and document-level in the method. The contextual information is captured based on BiLSTM model. At the same time, a word representation method suitable for trigger word classification tasks is proposed in this paper. The word representation incorporates semantic information, grammar information, and document-level context information of word. The word vectors in the sentence are sequentially inputted into BiLSTM model to obtain output vectors containing sentence-level contextual information. Finally, output vectors of BiLSTM are inputted into the Softmax classifier to realize the identification of the trigger words. The experimental results show that Chinese Event Detection Based on Multi-feature Fusion and BiLSTM method proposed in this paper has high accuracy.
Thermooptical switches using coated microsphere resonators (2002)

We report the development of a novel optical switching technique consisting of a silica microsphere optical resonator coated by a conjugated polymer. A 250-μm diameter silica microsphere was coated by dipping into a toluene solution of poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene). The resonator properties were characterized by evanescently coupling 1.55-μm light propagating along a stripline-pedestal antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide into optical whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of the microsphere. WGM resonant frequency shifts as large as 3.2 GHz were observed when 405-nm pump light with a power density of /spl sim/10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was incident on the microsphere. The time constant of the observed frequency shifts is approximately 0.165 s, leading us to attribute the frequency shift to thermooptic effects. As microsphere resonators with WGM linewidths less than 2 MHz (corresponding to cavity Q>10/sup 8/) can be easily fabricated, initial measurements indicate that such a system is capable of thermooptically switching the WGM resonant frequency at speeds on the order of 100 ms.
Levels of microRNA-181b and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are associated with hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy (2014)

The aim of the present study was to explore the association between the expression of microRNA (miRNA)-181b and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the placental tissue of pregnant females with a hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP). Placental tissue samples were obtained from 48 patients with HDCP and 40 females with a normal pregnancy. The levels of miRNA-181b and PAI-1 mRNA were determined by the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression of PAI-1 protein was analyzed by western blotting. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were transfected with the pEGP-miRNA-181b plasmid using Lipofectamine<sup>®</sup> 2000. Transfection efficiency was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. The levels of miRNA-181b in the placental tissue of patients with HDCP were lower than those in the control group, whereas the levels of PAI-1 mRNA in the placental tissue of patients with HDCP were higher than those in the control group. The expression of the PAI-1 protein in the HDCP group was higher than that in the control group. Following transfection of VSMCs with plasmid pGCMV/EGFP/miRNA-181b, the levels of PAI-1 mRNA were reduced while the levels of miRNA-181 were upregulated. Furthermore, the expression levels of PAI-1 protein were lower than those in the control group. The levels of miRNA-181b and PAI-1 mRNA were strongly associated with HDCP. Thus, miRNA-181b may play an important role in the regulation of PAI-1. PAI-1 and miRNA-181b may be novel biomarkers to be used in HDCP therapy.
Low-voltage double-sampled ΣΔ converters (1997)

An obvious way of achieving higher signal-to-noise ratio in oversampled data converters is by increasing the effective sampling rate. If all other components are kept constant, this translates into integrators with larger bandwidth that in turn results in higher overall power consumption. This work introduces the fully floating switched-capacitor configuration as a simple and robust technique to effectively double the sampling rate of oversampled data converters without compromising any aspect of the performance and yet maintaining the power levels of the conventional approach. The use of internal decimation in the switched-capacitor ladder structure of the digital-to-analog converter further helps in achieving the power budget goals. These converters have been implemented with circuitry capable of operating at a minimum supply voltage of 1.8 V under worst case process and temperature conditions and using clock bootstrapping for the transfer gates. The bootstrapping circuit described here uses a single internal capacitor and has functionality that limits the maximum clock voltage to safe levels under a wide range of supply voltages. The prototype was fabricated in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS double-poly technology. The analog-to-digital converter occupies a die area of 0.11 mm/sup 2/ dissipating 550 /spl mu/W while the digital-to-analog converter occupies 0.28 mm/sup 2/ dissipating 600 /spl mu/W.
A recombinant fragment of Human surfactant protein D binds Spike protein and inhibits infectivity and replication of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples (2020)

Abstract Rationale COVID-19 is an acute infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Human surfactant protein D (SP-D) is known to interact with spike protein of SARS-CoV, but its immune-surveillance against SARS-CoV-2 is not known. Objective This study aimed to examine the potential of a recombinant fragment of human SP-D (rfhSP-D) as an inhibitor of replication and infection of SARS-CoV-2. Methods rfhSP-D interaction with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and hACE-2 receptor was predicted via docking analysis. The inhibition of interaction between spike protein and ACE-2 by rfhSP-D was confirmed using direct and indirect ELISA. The effect of rfhSP-D on replication and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples was studied by measuring the expression of RdRp gene of the virus using qPCR. Measurements and Main Results In-silico interaction studies indicated that three amino acid residues in the RBD of spike of SARS-CoV-2 were commonly involved in interacting with rfhSP-D and ACE-2. Studies using clinical samples of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases (asymptomatic, n=7 and symptomatic, n=8 and negative controls n=15) demonstrated that treatment with 5μM rfhSP-D inhibited viral replication by ~5.5 fold and was more efficient than Remdesivir (100 μM). Approximately, a 2-fold reduction in viral infectivity was also observed after treatment with 5μM rfhSP-D. Conclusions These results conclusively demonstrate that the calcium independent rfhSP-D mediated inhibition of binding between the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE-2, its host cell receptor, and a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in-vitro .
Supplementary Text from Three-Year Interval for the Multi-Target Stool DNA Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Longitudinal Study (2023)

&lt;p&gt;This Supplemental Text file provides additional information regarding the clinical procedures and sample processing/lab procedures, as well as an explanation of the sensitivity and robustness analyses.&lt;/p&gt;
Regulating Vegetative Growth and Flowering with Gibberellic Acid in Intact Plants and Cultured Phylloclades of `Crimson Giant' Easter Cactus (1994)

Investigations were performed to determine the influence of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) on intact plants and cultured phylloclades of `Crimson Giant' Easter cactus [Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri (Regel) Moran]. Responses of intact plants depended on GA 3 concentration, number of spray applications, and application time. Single GA 3 applications delayed flowering and reduced the percentage of apical phylloclades flowering and number of flower buds per plant when applied before floral primordia formation [from 20 days before to the start of long days (LDs)], but hastened flowering and did not affect the percentage of apical phylloclades flowering or number of flower buds per plant when applied during floral bud development (20 days after the start of LDs). When sprays were applied at or before the start of LDs, increasing the GA, concentration resulted in fewer plants flowering, longer flowering delays, and further decreases in the number of flower buds per plant. Multiple GA 3 applications were more inhibitory to flowering than single applications. Whole plants and cultured phylloclades exhibited similar reactions to GA 3 , but cultured phylloclades were more responsive to GA 3 than intact plants. Intact plants and cultured phylloclades generally produced more new phylloclades as GA 3 concentration increased. Spine growth also increased when phylloclades were cultured in a GA 3 -containing medium. Flowering was accelerated by ≈55 days when GA, was applied to intact plants with 1- to 2-mm-long flower buds. GA, may be horticulturally useful for Easter cactus crop scheduling.
Correctors of ΔF508 CFTR restore global conformational maturation without thermally stabilizing the mutant protein (2012)

Most cystic fibrosis is caused by the deletion of a single amino acid (F508) from CFTR and the resulting misfolding and destabilization of the protein. Compounds identified by high-throughput screening to improve ΔF508 CFTR maturation have already entered clinical trials, and it is important to understand their mechanisms of action to further improve their efficacy. Here, we showed that several of these compounds, including the investigational drug VX-809, caused a much greater increase (5- to 10-fold) in maturation at 27 than at 37°C (<2-fold), and the mature product remained short-lived (T(1/2)∼4.5 h) and thermally unstable, even though its overall conformational state was similar to wild type, as judged by resistance to proteolysis and interdomain cross-linking. Consistent with its inability to restore thermodynamic stability, VX-809 stimulated maturation 2-5-fold beyond that caused by several different stabilizing modifications of NBD1 and the NBD1/CL4 interface. The compound also promoted maturation of several disease-associated processing mutants on the CL4 side of this interface. Although these effects may reflect an interaction of VX-809 with this interface, an interpretation supported by computational docking, it also rescued maturation of mutants in other cytoplasmic loops, either by allosteric effects or via additional sites of action. In addition to revealing the capabilities and some of the limitations of this important investigational drug, these findings clearly demonstrate that ΔF508 CFTR can be completely assembled and evade cellular quality control systems, while remaining thermodynamically unstable. He, L., Kota, P., Aleksandrov, A. A., Cui, L., Jensen, T., Dokholyan, N. V., Riordan, J. R. Correctors of ΔF508 CFTR restore global conformational maturation without thermally stabilizing the mutant protein.
Local Protein Synthesis in Axonal Growth Cones (2007)

While initially thought to be essentially a developmental characteristic, observed in artificial in vitro models, local protein synthesis in growth cones has been described in the adult, and more interestingly, during nerve regeneration. This emerging field is under intense investigation, revealing new functions of localized protein synthesis that include axon guidance, growth cone adaptation and sensitivity modulation at intermediate targets or axon regeneration. Here, we will review these functions and provide a short survey of the current knowledge on mechanisms of mRNA transport and regulation of localized protein synthesis. In addition, we will consider what lessons can be learned from localized protein synthesis in dendrites, and what developments can be expected next in the field. This latter question relates to the crucial point of which technical strategy to adopt for an ideal and pertinent analysis of the phenomenon.
Radiotracer medical imaging technologies applied to environmental remediation systems (2009)

We demonstrate an alternate application of high-sensitivity radiotracer imaging technologies developed for nuclear medical imaging. There are several available radioisotopes, namely <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">51</sup> Cr and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">99m</sup> Tc, that are particularly appealing for studying environmental remediation techniques, notably for modeling toxic element runoff through the soil near former nuclear facilities such as the Hanford reactors in Washington state (USA). <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">52</sup> Cr (stable) and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">99</sup> Tc (2.3?10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> year half-life) are important reactor-generated contaminants that have entered the groundwater. There are numerous studies being conducted to model transport of these compounds in different types of soil such as sand, clay, dirt and gravel. The speed and character of contaminant transport through medium depends on chemical composition of the particles, chemical composition of water, physical properties of the medium (particle size, homogeneity, temperature) and on content of different types of microorganisms. Measurements are typically performed by flowing water containing <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">52</sup> Cr or <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">99</sup> Tc through sediment columns (tubes a few cm in diameter and 0.5-1 meter long) and monitoring the in-and out- flows of contaminants. We will support the effort to develop different methods of reducing the contaminant transport speed by using SPECT imaging to study transport of the singlephoton emitting surrogates <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">51</sup> Cr and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">99m</sup> Tc. By quantitatively imaging the contaminant distribution in the sediment column as a function of time, a much richer set of data can be obtained. We will compare contaminant transport in various media under different conditions including standard diffusion and flow at different speeds and volumes. Experimental work will be supplemented with theoretical analysis and modeling of transport processes, including studies of diffusion and chemical exchange using a standard multi-compartment model. In this conference record, we present the results of two studies of technetium 99m transport in hydrated sand, including both planar and tomographic SPECT images of the columns acquired at different conditions.