gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from cherry (Prunus avium). (2011)

Endophytic fungi are currently considered as symbionts which can colonize a wide range of hosts and do not induce any pathological signs. The main aim of this study was to identify the endophytic fungi colonizing different organs (root, twig and leaf) of cherry (Prunus avium). Samples were collected from eight-year-old trees of the Hungarian cultivar ‘Peter’ grafted on 11 different rootstocks. After surface sterilization samples were put on potato dextrose agar and outgrowing fungal colonies were visually classified after 1 and 2 weeks. Then monosporation and monohyphation technique was applied to generate single colonies of each individual fungus, and the isolated colonies were classified morphologically. Molecular identification at genus or species level was performed by applying the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and by sequence comparison of the PCR products. A total of 150 endophyte strains were isolated from 4500 tissue segments. About 25 species were identified as belonging to the genera Acremonium, Alternaria, Botryotinia, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Embellisia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Glomerella, Macrophomina, Neonectria, Phoma, Diaporthe/Phomopsis, Pyronema, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopycnis, Rosellinia and Xylaria. Endomycota showed the highest diversity in roots, while in twigs and leaves we predominantly found Alternaria. Further analyses are being carried out to verify which endophytes can be used to improve the physiological functions and tolerance threshold of the grafted trees against environmental stresses.
Distant Collision Response in Rigid Body Simulations (2020)

Abstract We use a finite element model to predict the vibration response of objects in a rigid body simulation, such that rigid objects are augmented to provide a plausible elastic collision response between distant objects due to vibration. We start with a generalized eigenvalue decomposition of the elastic model to precompute a response to an impact at any point on an elastic object with fixed boundary conditions. Then, given a collision between objects, we generate an approximate response impulse to distribute to other objects already in contact with the colliding bodies. This can lead to distant impacts causing an object to slip, or a delicate stack of objects to fall. We also use a geodesic distance based spatial attenuation approximation for travelling waves in objects to respond to an impact at one contact with an impulse at other locations. This response ultimately allows a long distance relationship between contacts, both across a single object being struck, but also traversing the contact graph of a larger collection of objects. We qualitatively validate our approach with a ground truth simulation, and demonstrate a number of scenarios where a long distance relationship between contacts is valuable.
Online Measurement of the Grain Size Distribution of Sand 0–4 mm used for the production of concrete (1984)

Abstract An apparatus is described for the fast and automatic measurement of the grain size distribution of sand ranging from 0 to 4 mm. A sample of sand continuously introduced at a rate of 30 g/min is separated by the apparatus into seven fractions of 0–0.063, 0.063–0.125, 0.125–0.25, 0.25–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, and 2–4 mm. The amount of sand in each of these fractions is determined and the results are given in time intervals of 1 minute. The sand is separated in a separation chamber through which water streams in a horizontal laminar flow. The samples are separated according to their settling velocities. The four coarse fractions descend to the bottom of the chamber. They are collected and weighed under water. The three fine fractions remain suspended in three effluent water streams. The quantity of sand is measured in flow cells by absorption of laser light. Control of the system as well as the collection and processing of the measured data are done by means of an electronic control unit and a microcomputer.
Effect of CL 184,005, a Platelet-Activating Factor Antagonist in a Murine Model of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Gram-Positive Sepsis (1994)

Experiments using a murine model of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus-induced gram-positive bacterial sepsis indicate that the lethal bacterial effects can be prevented if mice are pretreated with CL 184,005, a platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist. CL 184,005 was ineffective when administered after bacterial challenge. Plasma of mice pretreated with CL 184,005 contained significantly less tumor necrosis factor (TNF), suggesting that CL 184,005 interferes with TNF synthesis induced by S. aureus. Spleen-associated TNF protein was also decreased by pretreatment with CL 184,005. Although TNF levels were significantly decreased in mice treated with CL 184,005, interleukin-6 levels in serum were significantly increased. Athymic mice were also susceptible to the lethal effects of S. aureus, suggesting that T cells were not involved. When rats rendered hypotensive with S. aureus were treated with CL 184,005, their blood pressure was normalized. Mice treated with enterotoxin B were not protected if they were pretreated with CL 184,005; however, TNF levels in these mice were significantly lower, suggesting that mediators other than PAF and TNF may contribute to the lethal effects of enterotoxin.
Vanillin production using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli under non-growing conditions (2007)

Ferulic acid can be efficiently converted to vanillin, without accumulation of undesirable vanillin reduction/oxidation products, using E. coli JM109 cells expressing genes from the ferulic acid-degrader Pseudomonas fluorescens BF13. Optimization of culture conditions and bioconversion parameters, together with the reuse of the biomass, leaded to a final production of 2.52 g of vanillin per liter of culture, which is the highest found in the literature for recombinant strains and the highest achieved so far applying such strains under resting cells conditions.
Palladium-Catalyzed Aryl–Aryl Coupling (2003)

In this chapter the authors discuss the Pd-catalyzed reactions of aryl, alkenyl, benzyl, alkyl, and acyl electrophiles with metal nucleophiles leading to carbon-metal bond formation. The Sonogashira and related Heck-type alkyne hydrogen substitution reactions are presented. Genuine examples of the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of preformed alkynylmetals with organic halides and the conjugate substitution reactions are outlined. The chapter also includes special discussion of the following classes of compounds: heteroaromatics; chiral compounds and their asymmetric synthesis; conjugated oligomers of biological significance; conjugated oligomers and polymers of materials chemical interest and natural products.
Polymerization of vinyl chloride with organolithium compounds. V. Flow behavior of concentrated solutions of high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) in cyclohexanone (1977)

Abstract The flow behavior of 10, 15, and 25% solutions of high molecular weight, thermally stable poly(vinyl chloride) in cyclohexanone was studied in the temperature range 50–140°C with respect to fiber‐forming properties. The flow behavior of such solutions at shear rates ranging from 1–10 3 sec −1 is pronouncedly non‐Newtonian with the exception of the 10% solution at 70°C. It can be adequately described by known empirical linear relationships. The apparent viscosities and activation energies are considerably higher than those for the usual types of poly(vinyl chloride), but vary within limits acceptable for the preparation and spinning of solutions.
Using machine learning on cardiorespiratory fitness data for predicting hypertension: The Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project (2018)

This study evaluates and compares the performance of different machine learning techniques on predicting the individuals at risk of developing hypertension, and who are likely to benefit most from interventions, using the cardiorespiratory fitness data. The dataset of this study contains information of 23,095 patients who underwent clinician-referred exercise treadmill stress testing at Henry Ford Health Systems between 1991 and 2009 and had a complete 10-year follow-up. The variables of the dataset include information on vital signs, diagnosis and clinical laboratory measurements. Six machine learning techniques were investigated: LogitBoost (LB), Bayesian Network classifier (BN), Locally Weighted Naive Bayes (LWB), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Tree Forest (RTF). Using different validation methods, the RTF model has shown the best performance (AUC = 0.93) and outperformed all other machine learning techniques examined in this study. The results have also shown that it is critical to carefully explore and evaluate the performance of the machine learning models using various model evaluation methods as the prediction accuracy can significantly differ.
Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Object Classification and Detection Within X-Ray Baggage Security Imagery (2018)

We consider the use of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with transfer learning for the image classification and detection problems posed within the context of X-ray baggage security imagery. The use of the CNN approach requires large amounts of data to facilitate a complex end-to-end feature extraction and classification process. Within the context of X-ray security screening, limited availability of object of interest data examples can thus pose a problem. To overcome this issue, we employ a transfer learning paradigm such that a pre-trained CNN, primarily trained for generalized image classification tasks where sufficient training data exists, can be optimized explicitly as a later secondary process towards this application domain. To provide a consistent feature-space comparison between this approach and traditional feature space representations, we also train support vector machine (SVM) classifier on CNN features. We empirically show that fine-tuned CNN features yield superior performance to conventional hand-crafted features on object classification tasks within this context. Overall we achieve 0.994 accuracy based on AlexNet features trained with SVM classifier. In addition to classification, we also explore the applicability of multiple CNN driven detection paradigms, such as sliding window-based CNN (SW-CNN), Faster region-based CNNs (F-RCNNs), region-based fully convolutional networks (R-FCN), and YOLOv2. We train numerous networks tackling both single and multiple detections over SW-CNN/ F-RCNN/R-FCN/YOLOv2 variants. YOLOv2, Faster-RCNN, and R-FCN provide superior results to the more traditional SW-CNN approaches. With the use of YOLOv2, using input images of size <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$544\times 544$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , we achieve 0.885 mean average precision (mAP) for a six-class object detection problem. The same approach with an input of size <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$416\times 416$ </tex-math></inline-formula> yields 0.974 mAP for the two-class firearm detection problem and requires approximately 100 ms per image. Overall we illustrate the comparative performance of these techniques and show that object localization strategies cope well with cluttered X-ray security imagery, where classification techniques fail.
Light Touch Contact based Postural Sway Reduction using a Cane-type Assistive Robot (2018)

In this paper, we introduce a cane-type walking assistive robot capable of autonomously accompanying a user for safe walking. We have previously developed a series of cane-type robots, named “Intelligent Cane,” as a mobile handholding device to provide physical support for its users. This paper presents a human tracking control method to provide Light Touch Contact for a user to reduce postural sway during treadmill walking at a desirable relative position nearby the user. We conduct an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in gait assistance.
COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY (2011)

Requiring all massless elementary fields to have conformal scaling symmetry removes the conflict between gravitational theory and the quantum theory of elementary particles and fields. Extending this postulate to the scalar field of the Higgs model, dynamical breaking of both gauge and conformal symmetries determines parameters for the interacting fields. In uniform isotropic geometry a modified Friedmann cosmic evolution equation is derived with nonvanishing cosmological constant. Parameters determined by numerical solution are consistent with empirical data for redshifts z ≤ z * = 1090, including luminosity distances for observed type Ia supernovae and peak structure ratios in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The theory does not require dark matter.
Arsenic Characterisation in Industrial Soils by Chemical Extractions (2001)

The purpose of this research was to find a reliable and easy to use method to characterise As in iron-rich industrial or mining site soils. In this objective classical sequential extraction schemes and single extractions with EDTA and phosphate solutions were used. Results showed that classical Tessier's scheme overestimated residual As. A scheme specific to anionic species was also not really suitable to evaluate As distribution in these iron-rich soils. A more complex scheme using specific iron reagents indicated a correlation between iron dissolution and arsenic leaching and these results were confirmed by single extractions with EDTA and oxalate solutions. Finally a simplified and less time consuming scheme was established, tested on diverse industrial soils and validated on a certified sediment reference material. It allowed evaluation in 24 hours of the easily extractable fraction, amount solubilized under reducing conditions and As strongly bound to the soil.
Non-invasive imaging of Kupffer cell status using radiolabelled mannosylated albumin (2014)

Objectives Kupffer cells (KCs) play a key role in maintaining liver homeostasis, hepatotoxicity and in liver pathology, but their functional status cannot be directly assessed in vivo (1-5). We report a PET tracer for noninvasive translational imaging of KCs. Methods A mannosylated human serum albumin (18mHSA), that binds to CD206 receptor [on KCs and M2-macrophages(6-7)], was synthesized, labelled by conjugation with N-succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]FB). Pharmacological properties of [18F]FB18mHSA were investigated by ex vivo biodistribution and blocking studies at 30, 60 min (n=5). A 60min dynamic PET imaging studies with arterial blood sampling were performed in rats after injection of ~15 MBq of [18F]FB18mHSA (n=5). Results [18F]FB18mHSA was stable rat plasma in vitro, but showed significant metabolism in vivo (16% parent at 60 min). Radioactivity in blood decreased from the first time-point (10 sec) onward. Ex vivo biodistribution showed hepatic uptake was high (SUV 11.4±2.4 (mean±SD) at 30 min; SUV 8.9±3.3 at 60 min), as was accumulation in the kidney (SUV 24±7), due to metabolism in liver and rapid clearance of radioactivity from the blood pool via renal-urinary route. Blocking with a 20 fold excess of the unlabelled 18-mHSA, significantly decreased the uptake in liver (SUV 0.8±1.2 at 30 min, p&lt;0.0005; SUV 4.5±0.7 at 60 min; p&lt;0.05) and organs with immune function like bone-marrow (84%, p&lt;0.0005) and spleen (90%, p&lt;0.0005). PET data was analysed by Logan and Patlak graphical analysis using the metabolite-corrected plasma curve. Data was well described by Logan model, but not by Patlak model, indicating reversible binding kinetics. Conclusions [18F]FB18mHSA allows quantitative noninvasive PET imaging of the KCs and this novel method might be useful to investigate liver toxicity and fibrosis.
Model studies of thymidylate synthetase. Neighboring-group facilitation of electrophilic substitution reactions of uracil furanosides (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTModel studies of thymidylate synthetase. Neighboring-group facilitation of electrophilic substitution reactions of uracil furanosidesDaniel V. Santi and Curtis F. BrewerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 22, 6236–6238Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01024a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01024a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views130Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A pathogen-induced putative NAC transcription factor mediates leaf rust resistance in barley (2022)

Abstract Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei , is one of the most widespread and damaging foliar diseases affecting barley ( Hordeum spp.). The barley leaf rust resistance locus Rph7 , located on the short arm of chromosome 3H, confers defence at all growth stages and was previously shown to have unusually high sequence and haplotype divergence. Earlier, four candidate genes for Rph7 were reported and, despite an in-depth comparative sequence analysis and haplotypic characterisation, the causal gene could not be resolved. Here, we successfully cloned Rph7 utilising a fine mapping approach in combination with an RNA-Seq based expression analysis. We identified three up-regulated and pathogen-induced genes with presence/absence variation (PAV) at this locus. Sequence analysis of chemically induced Rph7 knockout mutant lines identified multiple independent non-synonymous variants, including a premature stop codon in a single non-canonical resistance gene that encodes a 302-amino acid protein. Progeny from four independent transgenic lines segregated for the expected avirulent Rph7 infection type in response to several avirulent P. hordei pathotypes, however, all plants were susceptible to a single virulent pathotype confirming the specificity. Structural analysis using an AlphaFold2 protein model suggests that Rph7 encodes a putative NAC transcription factor, as it shares structural similarity to ANAC019 from Arabidopsis , with a C-terminal BED domain. A global gene expression analysis suggests Rph7 is involved in the activation of basal defence.
<title>Telecentric zoom lens used in metrology applications</title> (2001)

A 10:1 telecentric zoom lens has been designed for metrology purposes. In addition to the specifications for high quality imaging, and less than 0.5 percent distortion throughout the range of magnification, the system has to fit within a predetermined mechanical space, and allow for coaxial illumination inserted directly into the optical axis in the space after the objective lens. This combination of specifications eliminates the possibility of using a conventional zoom lens type, primarily because the entrance pupil requirement would necessarily place the aperture stop where both size and aberrations could not be controlled. The design described includes a reimaging relay lens between the collimating objective and the zoom lens. The use of this reimaging relay lens allows for full correction of all of the aberrations, including distortion, and satisfies the mechanical requirements because the entrance pupil position for the zooming groups can be nearly ideally located. Because the coaxial illumination is a source of unwanted surface reflections from the objective lens, the objective lens must have a minimum number of air-glass surfaces. A cemented triplet including an aspherical surface satisfies this requirement.
Spherical blend skinning (2005)

Skin deformation based on an underlying skeleton is a common method to animate believable organic models. The most widely used skeletal animation algorithm, linear blend skinning, is also known as skeleton subspace deformation, vertex blending, or enveloping. It runs in real-time even on a low-end hardware but it is also notorious for its failures, such as the collapsing-joints artifacts. We present a new algorithm which removes these shortcomings while maintaining almost the same time and memory complexity as the linear blend skinning. Unlike other approaches, our method works with exactly the same input data as the popular linear version. This minimizes the cost of upgrade from linear to spherical blend skinning in many existing applications: the data structures and models need no change at all. The paper discusses also theoretical properties of rotation interpolation, essential to spherical blend skinning.
Kinetic Resolution of (±)-1-Phenylbutan-1-ol by Means of CALB-Catalyzed Aminolyses: A Study on the Role of the Amine in the Alcohol Resolution (2001)

The kinetic resolution of (±)-1-phenylbutan-1-ol [(±)-1] by means of CALB-catalyzed aminolysis of its acetyl derivative [(±)-2] using (±)-1-phenylethanamine [(±)-3] as nucleophile is a slower but more enantioselective process (E = 50) than the corresponding CALB-catalyzed transesterification of (±)-1 with vinyl acetate (E = 19). The use of triethylamine and acetanilide as additives in the transesterification of (±)-1 enhanced the enantiomeric ratio (E = 43 and 38, respectively), thus showing that both the basic character of the amine as well as its structural nature could be responsible for the enantioselectivity differences observed between the transesterification and aminolysis reactions. We have also carried out the aminolysis of (±)-2 using different chiral and non-chiral amines. Enantiomeric ratio values varied significantly with the amine employed, but the enzyme always remained more selective towards the R-enantiomer of the substrate. Among all the amines tested, (±)-1-phenylpropan-1-amine [(±)-5] was the nucleophile of choice. Analysis of the conversion values for each enantiomer of (±)-2 showed that the selectivity differences exhibited by the lipase in the aminolysis reactions were due to the different stabilization of the fast-reacting enantiomer of the substrate [(R)-2] during the catalytic process. The CALB behavior in these reactions could be explained on the basis of substrate imprinting effects, which were corroborated by means of enzyme recycling experiments. Finally, a solvent screening allowed the kinetic resolution of this alcohol for synthetic purposes.
Exosome Transfer Between Pancreatic-cancer Cells Is Associated With Metastasis in a Nude-mouse Model (2021)

Exosome transfer between cancer cells is associated with metastasis. Exosome transfer may play a role in increasing the metastatic capability of the recipient cells.