gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infectious RNA: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Biology, Therapeutic Intervention, and the Quest for a Vaccine (2022)

Different mechanisms mediate the toxicity of RNA. Genomic retroviral mRNA hijacks infected host cell factors to enable virus replication. The viral genomic RNA of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encompasses nine genes encoding in less than 10 kb all proteins needed for replication in susceptible host cells. To do so, the genomic RNA undergoes complex alternative splicing to facilitate the synthesis of the structural, accessory, and regulatory proteins. However, HIV strongly relies on the host cell machinery recruiting cellular factors to complete its replication cycle. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) targets different steps in the cycle, preventing disease progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The comprehension of the host immune system interaction with the virus has fostered the development of a variety of vaccine platforms. Despite encouraging provisional results in vaccine trials, no effective vaccine has been developed, yet. However, novel promising vaccine platforms are currently under investigation.
Quantum statistical effect on ionizing collisions of ultracold metastable Kr isotopes (1995)

Ultracold ionizing collisions of laser-cooled Kr isotopes in the 1${\mathit{s}}_{5}$[4${\mathit{p}}^{5}$5s${:}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{2}$] metastable state are investigated. When the collision energy is reduced below the p-wave centrifugal barrier of 80 \ensuremath{\mu}K, the ratio of the ionizing collision rate between polarized and unpolarized $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}$ atoms is found to decrease. This is a direct evidence of the quantum interference of two identical Fermi particles. The experimental results are compared with the calculation based on the simplified inelastic collision theory.
Low-distortion bandpass Σ-Δ modulator for wireless radio receivers (2005)

A low-distortion bandpass sigma-delta modulator is proposed. It was found that the key to improving linearity is to add a feedforward signal path in a double-delay resonator bandpass structure. The proposed technique improves the tonal behaviour even at low oversampling ratio and can be applied for any order of modulator. Based on the proposed architecture, a fourth-order single-bit sigma-delta modulator can achieve a dynamic range of 84 dB and a spurious free dynamic range of 98 dB at 10.71 MHz with a signal bandwidth of 200 kHz, making it ideal for a narrowband IF-sampled wireless receiver designed for compliance with GSM/GPRS standards.
Changepoint inference in the presence of missing covariates for principal surrogate evaluation in vaccine trials (2020)

We consider the use of threshold-based regression models for evaluating immune response biomarkers as principal surrogate markers of a vaccine's protective effect. Threshold-based regression models, which allow the relationship between a clinical outcome and a covariate to change dramatically across a threshold value in the covariate, have been studied by various authors under fully observed data. Limited research, however, has examined these models in the presence of missing covariates, such as the counterfactual potential immune responses of a participant in the placebo arm of a standard vaccine trial had s/he been assigned to the vaccine arm instead. Based on a hinge model for a threshold effect of the principal surrogate on vaccine efficacy, we develop a regression methodology that consists of two components: (1) The estimated likelihood method is employed to handle missing potential outcomes, and (2) a penalty is imposed on the estimated likelihood to ensure satisfactory finite sample performance. We develop a method that allows joint estimation of all model parameters as well as a two-step method that separates the estimation of the threshold parameter from the rest of the parameters. Stable iterative algorithms are developed to implement the two methods and the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are established. In simulation studies, the proposed estimators are shown to have satisfactory finite sample performance. The proposed methods are applied to analyze a real dataset collected from dengue vaccine efficacy trials to predict how vaccine efficacy varies with an individual's potential immune response if receiving vaccine.
QUANTIFYING BENEFIT OF ANGLE CONSTRAINT ACTIVE MANAEMENT ON 33 KV DISTRIBUTION NETWORK (2015)

Active Network Management (ANM) is an effective approach to release more distribution network capacity for connecting distributed generation (DG) without expensive network reinforcements. A pilot project is commenced by ScottishPower Merseyside And North Wales Electricity Board (SP Manweb) in collaboration with Alstom Grid to trial a new ANM, namely Angle Constraint Active Management (ACAM), on the 33kV distribution network on Isle of Anglesey, North Wales. In the new approach, renewable generation is controlled based on voltage angle difference signals produced by Phasor Measurement Units, and a set of angle constraints derived through offline network simulations. ACAM would require fewer measuring devices and simpler control logics than other existing ANM solutions. In this paper, the approach to find the optimal capacity of non-firm windfarms that can be connected to the Isle of Anglesey distribution network with ACAM is described. The result are presented and compared to the capacity obtained using the ‘fit and forget’ method and a conventional ANM scheme.
Polycystin-2 Expression and Function in Adult Mouse Lacrimal Acinar Cells (2011)

The expression of TRPP channels in lacrimal acinar cells suggests a functional role of the proteins in the regulation of lacrimal fluid secretion under physiological and disease conditions, and provides the basis for future studies focusing on physiology and pharmacology.
Mechanical and laser impact effects on woven composites with hemp or glass fibres (2017)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the damage induced in “green” and synthetic composites under impact loading. Design/methodology/approach The study was focussed on epoxy-based composites reinforced with woven hemp or glass fibres. Six assessment techniques were employed in order to analyse and compare impact damages: eye observation, back face relief, terahertz spectroscopy, laser vibrometry, x-ray micro-tomography and microscopic observations. Findings Different damage detection thresholds for each material and technique were obtained. Damage induced by mechanical and laser impacts showed relevant differences, but the damage mechanisms are similar in both types of impact: matrix cracks, fibre failure, debonding at the fibres/matrix interface and delamination. Damage shape on back surfaces is similar after mechanical or laser impacts, but differences were detected inside samples. Originality/value The combination of these six diagnoses provides complementary information on the damage induced by mechanical or laser impacts in the studied green and synthetic composites.
The text/enriched MIME Content-type (1994)

MIME [RFC-1341, RFC-1521] defines a format and general framework for the representation of a wide variety of data types in Internet mail. This document defines one particular type of MIME data, the text/enriched type, a refinement of the text/richtext type defined in RFC 1341. The text/enriched MIME type is intended to facilitate the wider interoperation of simple enriched text across a wide variety of hardware and software platforms.
New techniques for best-match retrieval (1990)

A scheme to answer best-match queries from a file containing a collection of objects is described. A best-match query is to find the objects in the file that are closest (according to some (dis)similarity measure) to a given target. Previous work [5, 331] suggests that one can reduce the number of comparisons required to achieve the desired results using the triangle inequality, starting with a data structure for the file that reflects some precomputed intrafile distances. We generalize the technique to allow the optimum use of any given set of precomputed intrafile distances. Some empirical results are presented which illustrate the effectiveness of our scheme, and its performance relative to previous algorithms.
Probabilistic interpretations and bayesian methods for support vector machines (1999)

Support vector machines (SVMs) can be interpreted as maximum a posteriori solutions to inference problems with Gaussian process priors and appropriate likelihood functions. Focusing on the case of classification, the author shows first that such an interpretation gives a clear intuitive meaning to SVM kernels, as covariance functions of GP priors; this can be used to guide the choice of kernel. Next, a probabilistic interpretation allows Bayesian methods to be used for SVMs. Using a local approximation of the posterior around its maximum (the standard SVM solution), he discusses how the evidence for a given kernel and noise parameter can be estimated, and how approximate error bars for the classification of test points can be calculated.
Band‐Edge Photoluminescence at Room Temperature from ZnGeP2 and AgGaSe2 (1996)

Abstract Photoluminescence near the band edge has been observed at room temperature from bulk single crystals of ZnGeP 2 and AgGaSe 2 . Both of these materials are ternary chalcopyrite semiconductors, but they have quite different edgerelated emission behavior. The emission from ZnGeP 2 is observed to peak near 2.35eV and is dominated by transitions from the upper Γ 7 conduction band to the upper Γ 6 valence band. The lack of emission at 1.99eV from the lowest Γ 6 conduction band in ZnGeP 2 indicates a Γ 6 conduction‐band‐energy minimum at the high‐symmetry point T (T 1 + T 2 band), rather than at Γ(k = 0). In contrast, AgGaSe 2 is a direct‐band‐gap semiconductor and exhibits k = 0 radiative recombination at 1.793 eV. Based on the power dependence of the PL emis‐ sion intensity, this 1.793 eV band is shown to be excitonic in nature, thus giving a room‐temperature band‐gap energy near 1.814 eV for AgGaSe 2 .
High Percentages of Resistance to Tetracycline and Penicillin and Reduced Susceptibility to Azithromycin Characterize the Majority of Strain Types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates in Cuba, 1995???1998 (2003)

This study demonstrates high percentages of N gonorrhoeae isolates with penicillin and tetracycline resistance in Cuba. As has been noted in other studies in the Caribbean region and Latin America, resistance and reduced susceptibility to azithromycin are developing as emerging problems. Since penicillin and tetracycline continue to be widely used for the treatment of gonococcal infections in Cuba, this study indicates the importance of antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance so that effective antibiotics may be recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections.
Systematic Exploration of the Structural Features of Yatakemycin Impacting DNA Alkylation and Biological Activity (2007)

A systematic examination of the impact of the yatakemycin left and right subunits and their substituents is detailed along with a study of its unique three subunit arrangement (sandwiched vs extended and reversed analogues). The examination of the ca. 50 analogues prepared illustrate that within the yatakemycin three subunit structure, the subunit substituents are relatively unimportant and that it is the unique sandwiched arrangement that substantially increases the rate and optimizes the efficiency of its DNA alkylation reaction. This potentiates the cytotoxic activity of yatakemycin and its analogues overcoming limitations typically observed with more traditional compounds in the series (CC-1065, duocarmycins). Moreover, a study of the placement of the alkylation subunit within the three subunit arrangement (sandwiched vs extended and reversed analogues) indicates that it not only has a profound impact on the rate and efficiency of DNA alkylation but also controls and establishes the DNA alkylation selectivity as well, where both enantiomers of such sandwiched agents alkylate the same adenine sites exhibiting the same DNA alkylation selectivity independent of their absolute configuration.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Rock Bolt Grouting Quality by Analysis of Its Natural Frequencies (2020)

Grouted rock bolts represent one of the most used elements for rock mass stabilization and reinforcement and the grouting quality has a crucial role in the load transfer mechanism. At the same time, the grouting quality as well as the grouting procedures are the least controlled in practice. This paper deals with the non-destructive investigation of grouting percentage through an analysis of the rock bolt's natural frequencies after applying an artificial longitudinal impulse to its head by using a soft-steel hammer as a generator. A series of laboratory models, with different positions and percentages of the grouted section, simulating grouting defects, were tested. A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted and a high correlation between the grouting percentage and the first three natural frequencies of rock bolt models has been established. After validation of FEM numerical models based on experimentally obtained values, a further analysis includes consideration of grout stiffness variation and its impact on natural frequencies of rock bolt.
Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography measures are associated with antidepressant response from rTMS treatment for depression (2023)

Response rates to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for depression are 25-45%. Participant features obtained prior to treatment that are associated with response to rTMS may be clinically useful. TMS-evoked neural activity recorded via electroencephalography (EEG) prior to treatment may be associated with treatment response. We examined whether these measures could differentiate responders and non-responders to rTMS for depression. Thirty-nine patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) and 21 healthy controls received TMS during EEG recordings (TMS-EEG). MDD participants then completed 5-8 weeks of rTMS treatment. Repeated measures ANOVAs compared N100 amplitude, N100 slope, and theta power across 3 groups (responders, non-responders and controls), 2 hemispheres (left, F3, and right, F4), and 2 stimulation types (single pulse and paired pulses with a 100ms inter-pulse interval [pp100]). Neither N100 amplitude nor theta power differed between responders and non-responders. Responders showed a steeper negative N100 slope for single pulses and steeper positive slope for pp100 pulses at F3 than non-responders. Exploratory analyses suggested this may have been due to the responder group showing larger P60 and N100 amplitudes. Our study had a small sample size. Left hemisphere TEPs, in particular N100 slope, may be related to response rTMS treatment for depression. If our future research with larger sample sizes verifies this result, the finding may provide clinical utility in recommendations for rTMS treatment for depression.
Characterization of acoustic emissions resulting from particle collision with a stationary bubble (2013)

The present work characterizes the acoustic emissions resulting from the collision of a particle driven under gravity with a captive bubble. Conventional methods to investigate the bubble particle collision interaction model measure a descriptive parameter known as the collision time. During such a collision, particle impact may cause a strong deformation and a following oscillation of the bubble-particle interface generates detectable passive acoustic emissions (AE). Experiments and models presented show that the AE frequency monotonically decreases with the particle radius and is independent of the impact velocity, whereas the AE amplitude has a more complicated relationship with impact parameters.
Valence-bond isomer chemistry. Part VII. Photochemical interconversion of the perfluoroxylenes (1975)

U.v. irradiation in the vapour phase interconverts the perfluoroxylenes, with perfluoro-o-xylene the most photo-chemically reactive, and perfluoro-p-xylene the least. The process probably occurs via para-bonded and prismane valence-bond isomers, and of the possible six isomers of the former type, perfluoro-1,2-, 1,3-, and -2,5-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene have been characterised, and the 2,3- and 2,6-isomers tentatively identified.Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene undergoes the expected addition of bromine to the CF:CF bond, and substitution by sodium methoxide of the fluorine atom of the CF:C·CF3 double bond.
RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTIONAL DECLINE WITH AGING IN THE BABOON MODEL (2017)

As nonhuman primates, the baboons represent a unique model for translational studies on aging for extrapolation to humans. However, baseline right ventricle function with aging is not yet established in any primate species. Using cardiac MRI, we examined the key RV parameters in 28 male and female baboons at two age points. Cardiac MRI was performed to evaluate for RV systolic function to include steady-state free precession and tissue tagging sequences. Two groups of baboons were studied, young (YNG, N=16, 8M, 5.6yr) and elderly baboons (OLD, N=12,6M, 16yr). Data analysis was performed with CMR42 Circle and Harmonic Phase Flow. Statistical analysis: student’s t-test, linear regression, and Pearson correlation, significance p < 0.05. RV ejection fraction (EF) declined with aging (YNG 49 ± 2%, OLD 39 ± 3%, p<0.01). RV EF correlated with previously reported values of left ventricular EF (p < 0.05) without any sex differences. RV stroke volume, end-systolic volume, and end-diastolic volume correlated with body surface area (BSA) (p <0.01. After normalization, females demonstrated persistent lower stroke volume compared to males (M 25 ± 1mL/m2, F 18 ± 2mL/m2). Normalized RV stroke volume decreased in both sexes with age (YNG 27 ± 2mL/m2, OLD 18 ± 2mL/m2). Similar to previously reported human studies, sex difference in seen in RVSV/BSA but not RVEF. Greater age related decline is seen in the RVSV/BSA compared to humans. Additionally, age related decline in RV EF is seen, not previously reported in human studies.
Object recognition in ocean imagery using feature selection and compressive sensing (2011)

Ship recognition and classification in electro-optical satellite imagery is a challenging problem with important military applications. The problem is similar to that of face recognition, but with many unique considerations. A ship's appearance can vary dramatically from image to image depending on factors such as lighting condition, sensor angle, and ocean state, and there is often wide variation between ships of the same class. Collecting and labeling sufficient training data is another challenge. We consider how appropriate feature selection and description can assist in addressing these challenges. Our proposed algorithm for vessel classification combines shape invariant features such as SIFT with a well known face recognition algorithm from the theory of sparse representation and compressive sensing. We demonstrate improved classification accuracy using invariant features at significant key points instead of random features to represent images. We also discuss how algorithms such as this are currently implemented to detect and classify ships and other objects in ocean imagery.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia in a Healthy Elderly Population (2020)

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Magnetic Skyrmion as a Nonlinear Resistive Element: A Potential Building Block for Reservoir Computing (2018)

The topologically protected magnetic textures called skyrmions may provide a suitable basis for $r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}s\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r$ $c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}g$, one approach to brain-inspired cognitive computing. Reservoirs of self-organized skyrmions offer potential advantages in size, efficiency, and complexity, compared to systems of memristive devices, quantum-dot lasers, and atomic switches. The basic element here is an isolated skyrmion in a ferromagnetic ribbon; thus the authors examine current flow through magnetic skyrmions based on anisotropic magnetoresistance, analyzing the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. The scheme they provide offers a path to spintronic neuromorphic computing.
Infrared-transmitting fiber optics for biomedical applications (1999)

The availability of low loss and high strength chalcogenide fibers is enabling many applications, including biomedical. We report the fabrication and use of chalcogenide fibers for biomedical spectroscopy, scanning near field IR microscopy (SNIM) and laser power delivery. For example, lateral resolution of 20 nm and optical resolution of about 100 nm have been demonstrated for SNIM. The preliminary results are very encouraging and more work is being performed in lowering the losses and improving the performance of the fibers in the appropriate applications.
Automatic thumbnail extraction for DVR based on production technique estimation (2010)

The automatic recording function of DVR is a powerful tool for users. However, increase of the stored content makes it difficult to access desired content. To solve this issue, this paper proposes a new method of providing suitable thumbnails of TV programs by detecting important objects from them. Our approach is based on identifying typical shooting and editing techniques, which are estimated from camera motion and visual features density. The proposed method is independent of types of target object and it achieves detection accuracy of about 79%, which outperforms the existing object-dependent approaches. The method is applied to the prototype application on the DVR. It enables the user to find desired content intuitively and access important scenes easily.
Real-world evidence: new opportunities for osteoporosis research. Recommendations from a Working Group from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) (2023)

It is imperative that research using real-world data is conducted to the highest standards with close attention to limitations and biases of these data, and with transparency at all stages of study design, data acquisition and curation, analysis and reporting to increase the trustworthiness of RWE study findings.