gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
9-kW peak power and 150-fs duration blue-violet optical pulses generated by GaInN master oscillator power amplifier (2017)

Blue-violet optical pulses of 9-kW peak power and 150-fs duration were obtained from a GaInN master oscillator power amplifier system using a nonlinear dispersion compensator. Seed pulses from a dispersion-compensated GaInN mode-locked semiconductor laser diode were stretched to 3-ps duration using a nonlinear dispersion compensator with a spatial light modulator that added second-order phase dispersion to an optimized nonlinear phase dispersion compensating the higher-order dispersion of the optical pulses. The stretched phase-optimized pulses were efficiently amplified to 3.0 nJ by a GaInN semiconductor optical amplifier. The amplified pulses were subsequently compressed using a linear pulse compressor, yielding 1.4-nJ femtosecond pulses. The obtained results show the highest peak-power ever reported for an electrically-pumped semiconductor gain medium.
Heterostructure integrated thermionic refrigeration (2002)

Thermionic emission in heterostructures is investigated for integrated cooling of high power electronic and optoelectronic devices. This evaporative cooling is achieved by selective emission of hot electrons over a barrier layer from the cathode to the anode. As the energy distribution of emitted electrons is almost exclusively on one side of Fermi energy, upon the current flow, strong carrier-carrier and carrier-lattice scatterings tend to restore the quasi equilibrium Fermi distribution in the cathode by absorbing energy from the lattice, and thus cooling the emitter junction. An analytic expression for the optimum barrier thickness is derived. It describes the interplay between Joule heating in the barrier and heat conduction from the hot to the cold junction. It is shown that by choosing a barrier material with high electron mobility and low thermal conductivity it is possible to cool electronic devices by 5 to 40 degrees in a wide range of temperatures.
Peculiarities of the RuIV‐Alkylidene Triggered Cyclopolymerization of N‐(bis(alkyloxy)aryl)‐ Containing 1,6‐Heptadiynes (2007)

Abstract Summary: Some peculiarities in the cyclopolymerization of 1,6‐heptadiynes containing an amine‐nitrogen at the 4‐position are presented and discussed within the context of cyclopolymerization of N‐free 1,6‐heptadiynes.
Leukocyte recruitment during onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is CCR1 dependent (2000)

We have shown that macrophages and microglia present within demyelinating plaques of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are immunoreactive for the chemokine receptor CCR1 and its ligand, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha. To test the importance of CCR1 to the pathogenesis of MS, we studied the progression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in CCR1(+/+) vs. CCR1(-/-) mice. After immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide, nearly all CCR1(+/+) mice developed EAE (95% incidence, severity 2.5+/-0.1), whereas CCR1(-/-) mice had less severe disease (55% incidence, p<0.001; severity 1. 2+/-0.2, p<0.001). CCR1(+/+) mice showed elevated brain mRNA for the chemokines immune protein (IP)-10, RANTES and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 prior to disease onset, whereas only IP-10 mRNA was elevated in CCR1(-/-) mice. Both groups of mice had comparable in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production upon stimulation with MOG peptide, and similar cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, suggesting that CCR1(-/-) mice were not systemically immunosuppressed. These data demonstrate that deletion of a chemokine receptor is at least partially protective in EAE, and suggest that targeting of CCR1 may be of therapeutic significance clinically.
Immunofluorescence Labeling of Pollen Tubes (2014)

Pollen tube is regarded as an excellent single-cell model system in plant cell studies. This protocol describes the use of a rapid and reliable immunofluorescence labeling method for studying in situ localization of proteins in pollen tubes. The whole experiment contains two major steps: pollen tube in vitro germination, and pollen tube fixation and immunolabeling. It takes about 2 days from pollen tube germination to immunofluorescence detection.
Intrinsic Folding Proclivities in Cyclic β‐Peptide Building Blocks: Configuration and Heteroatom Effects Analyzed by Conformer‐Selective Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry (2015)

This work describes the use of conformer-selective laser spectroscopy following supersonic expansion to probe the local folding proclivities of four-membered ring cyclic β-amino acid building blocks. Emphasis is placed on stereochemical effects as well as on the structural changes induced by the replacement of a carbon atom of the cycle by a nitrogen atom. The amide A IR spectra are obtained and interpreted with the help of quantum chemistry structure calculations. Results provide evidence that the building block with a trans-substituted cyclobutane ring has a predilection to form strong C8 hydrogen bonds. Nitrogen-atom substitution in the ring induces the formation of the hydrazino turn, with a related but distinct hydrogen-bonding network: the structure is best viewed as a bifurcated C8/C5 bond with the N heteroatom lone electron pair playing a significant acceptor role, which supports recent observations on the hydrazino turn structure in solution. Surprisingly, this study shows that the cis-substituted cyclobutane ring derivative also gives rise predominantly to a C8 hydrogen bond, although weaker than in the two former cases, a feature that is not often encountered for this building block.
Motion based vehicle detection on motorways (2002)

In this paper I describe a vision based algorithm for the detection of vehicles, overtaking or getting into lane on motorways. The transversal components of the image flow field are used. The basic idea is to extract the parts of the motion field which do not obey the epipolar constraint [1], assuming a translatory or a combination of a translatory and a rotatory ego-motion field. In the first case the induced motion field radially diverges from the FOE (focus of expansion) and all nonradial components of the motion field belong to objects with a relative movement related to the observer. This relative motion (e.g. of an overtaking car with the motion vectors pointing in the opposite direction of the induced motion field) is independent from the ego-motion field and easily can be detected and predicted. A feature-based optical flow approach is used, permitting fast computation for the estimation of the image flow. A preprocessing, consisting of a local orientation coding, extracts the image features relevant for optical flow computation and encodes them in bit strings. The following correlation measurement of the feature correspondences reduces therefore to a fast XOR-operation, where the Hamming distance defines the distance between two image features in a spatiotemporal neighborhood. The motion field is calculated for different velocities at different scales of a gaussian pyramid. Then a set of direction-selective prediction filters is applied. The outputs are fuzzy regions of interest at locations where overtaking or merging vehicles can be observed.
Rate of shrinkage of tendon collagen: Heat, entropy, and free energy of activation of the shrinkage of untreated tendon; effect of acid, salt, pickle, and tannage on the activation of tendon collagen (1949)

From isothermal m easurem ents of th e rate of shrinkage of tendon collagen, it is concluded that shrinkage is a rate process in vol ving a reaction of first ord er . The effects of ten sion an d length of soaking before shrinkage a re s tudied. Average values of heat, entropy, and free energy of shrinkage of untreated tendon are ob tain ed by app lication of t he theory of absolute reaction rates to t h e data. These values are found to be 141 kcal/ mole, 349 call mole deg, a nd 24.7 kcal /mole at 60 C, resp ectively, with standard deviations of 15 kcal/mole, 43 cal/m ole deg, and 0.6 k cal/mo.le at 60 C, respectively. M easurem ents of shrinkage temperatures are disc ussed. The effects of pH , salt, tanning, and pretannage t reatments on t he Itctivation process are studied. H eat, entropy, and free energy decrease in acid and alkaline media. Salt solut ions cause a decrease in heat and entropy but an inc rease in free energy in concentrated solutions. The effect of salt and acid in combination is co mplex, but in concentrated salt solu t ions an increase in free energy is observed. All tannages investigated, with t he exception of chrome tanning, appear to r educe t he en tropy more than the heat, t h ereby in creasing t he free energy. Chrom e tann ing in creases h eat, entropy, an d free energy markedly. An interpretation of the results is given.
Dialysis-related amyloidosis: visceral involvement and protein constituents (1996)

beta 2-M amyloidosis mainly concerns dialysis patients and typically presents with osteoarticular symptoms. In order to precise the incidence and gravity of visceral involvement, subcutaneous abdominal fat aspirates, skin and rectal biopsies, as well as echocardiograms were performed in 26 patients with severe beta 2-M amyloidosis. Visceral amyloidosis was confirmed in 58% and the numbers were even higher when including heart abnormalities suggestive of amyloidosis (81%). Clinical manifestations of visceral involvement were usually not severe and include odynophagia, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, kidney stones, myocardial dysfunction and subcutaneous tumours. The removal and synthesis rates of beta 2-M were assessed during dialysis. Serum 131I-beta 2-M levels decreased by 5-10% with cuprophane and by 40-45% with polysulfone and polyacrylonitrile membranes. These reduction rates were higher than those found with unlabelled beta 2-M suggesting an increased synthesis or release during dialysis. The protein constituents of amyloid deposits were studied. Two different preparative methods to extract the proteins from amyloid deposits were used. TCA precipitation showed the presence of several proteins which were not observed with PBS homogenizing and resuspending in guanidine. The protein constituents of amyloid fibrils were studied by both, two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-gel) as well as protein sequencing after gel filtration. Similarly, the technical approach used for protein analysis greatly influenced the results. It was observed that 2D-gel displayed the presence of proteins which were missed by the gel filtration technique. Some of the proteins contained in amyloid deposits in addition to beta 2-M, were identified as globin chains, kappa and lambda light chains of immunoglobulins, and alpha 2 macroglobulin. A putative participation of these other protein constituents on the pathogenesis of beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis is discussed.
Developing an interactive approach in teaching medical informatics. (2006)

A new masters program in medical informatics is proposed for development at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Timisoara. Given the rapidly changing technology itself and its deployment in biomedical science, the master's program curriculum has to be multidisciplinary, comprehensive and coherent in conveying the concepts, as well as the interdisciplinary character, of medical informatics (MI). We describe the rationale and methods for a pilot study to develop a new, interactive approach in teaching MI. The study is being conducted within the existing MI course offered for the medical students in order to evaluate its impact on instruction and determine if a larger scale design is feasible. Two teaching teams of four instructors have been assigned to one of two tracks in our pilot study: traditional instruction or interactive instruction. After one term we have gained important information about how the structural and instructional aspects of the pilot design may influence confidence and attitudes.
An electrically alterable nonvolatile memory cell using a floating-gate structure (1979)

An electrically alterable, floating-gate, nonvolatile memory transistor has been developed, with a cell area of under 500 µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and using an advanced n-channel, polysilicon gate process. Cell programming occurs via hot-electron injection, exhibiting three distinct operating regimes. Erase, on the other hand, is based on field emission from floating gate to control gate. The magnitude of electrical erase is determined by applied bias, device parameters, and processing history, particularly the interlevel oxidation temperature. Analysis of experimental data shows that electrical erase does change programming characteristics significantly, and must be accounted for in circuit design. Memory retention, determined by thermal stress, is comparable to commercially available EPROM's. The memory cell exhibits better than 1000-cycle write/erase capability, with degradation in interlevel conduction being the principal factor limiting endurance. A 5-V, 16K high-speed EAROM has been developed which shows successful programming and erase behavior at nominal voltages of 25 and 35 V, respectively.
Correlation between X-ray chemical shift and partial charge in Tc(IV) complexes: Determination of Tc partial charge in TcnOy(4n-2y)+ (2006)

The chemical shift of the X-ray absorption K -edge of Tc(IV) complexes determined by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) measurement was studied. A correlation between edge position (Δ E ) and partial charge on Tc atoms (δ Tc ) was determined. This correlation was used to determinate δ Tc in Tc n O y (4n-2y)+ . Furthermore, a theoretical relation between δ Tc and the charge of Tc n O y (4n-2y)+ , was also established and the overall charge of this complex was estimated.
Analysis of the circular RNA transcriptome in endometrial cancer (2017)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a naturally occurring family of non-coding RNA that may regulate gene expression in mammals. circRNAs are more stable than messenger RNAs due to their resistance to RNA exonuclease. A growing body of evidence has shown that the expression of circRNAs is regulated during development in a tissue-specific manner. CircRNAs have been implicated in a number of cancers; however, their role in endometrial cancer (EC) is completely unknown. Here, we report the circular transcriptome specific for EC as determined by RNA sequencing. We found that the overall abundance of circRNAs is lower in EC than in normal endometrium. Further, there are numerous 'hotspot' genes from which circRNAs are transcribed that may account for alterations in circRNA expression between the normal and malignant endometrium. Most importantly, we have also identified circRNAs that are differentially expressed between malignant and normal endometrial tissue. The functional significance of these circRNAs in cancer remains to be determined, but they may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of EC or monitoring of EC progression.
Emergence of size induced metallic state in the ferromagnetic insulating Pr0.8Sr0.2MnO3 manganite: Breaking of surface polarons (2015)

Nano-dimensional effects on electronic-, magneto-transport properties of granular ferromagnetic insulating (FMI) Pr0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (PSMO) manganite (down to 40 nm) have been investigated in details. From the electronic and magnetic transport properties, a metallic state has been observed in grain size modulation by suppressing the ferromagnetic insulating state of PSMO bulk system. A distinct metal-insulator transition (MIT) temperature around 150 K has been observed in all nanometric samples. The observed insulator to metallic transition with size reduction can be explained with surface polaron breaking model, originates due to enhanced grain surface disorder. This proposed phenomenological polaronic model plays a significant role to understand the polaronic destabilization process on the grain surface regime of these phase separated nano-mangnatie systems. Temperature dependent resistivity and magnetoresistance data in presence of external magnetic fields are investigated in details with various compatible models.
Rapid nonadiabatic loading in an optical lattice (2011)

We present a scheme for nonadiabatically loading a Bose-Einstein condensate into the ground state of a one-dimensional optical lattice within a few tens of microseconds, i.e., typically in less than half the Talbot period. This technique of coherent control is based on sequences of pulsed perturbations, and the experimental results demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness. As the loading process is much shorter than the traditional adiabatic loading time scale, this method may find many applications.
Ultrafast reversible ligand isomerisation in Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O single crystals (2010)

We present a time-resolved absorption study on the light-induced generation of reversible linkage NO isomers in single crystals of Na(2)[Fe(CN)(5)NO] x 2 H(2)O using laser pulses of 160 fs width. Using the pump wavelength lambda = 500 nm the singlet-singlet (1)A(1)-->(1)E excitation induces the NO rotation by about 90 degrees from the linear Fe-N-O configuration to a side-on configuration [structure: see text]. The formation of the isomer is monoexponential with a characteristic time of tau = 300(20) fs and proceeds along a diabatic potential surface without occupation of further intermediate states. The side-on structure has a lifetime of 270(30) ns at T = 23 degrees C.
Interrupted quinestrol therapy for inhibition of ovulation: efficacy, duration, and side effects. (1967)

This investigation was undertaken to obtain information concerning the effectiveness of interrupted quinestrol therapy as an inhibitor of ovulation to observe the duration of ovulation suppression after stopping treatment and to note any adverse side-effects. A single 5 mg dose of quinestrol seemed to be consistently effective in achieving suppression of ovulation. The duration of ovulation suppression after stopping the monthly 5 mg dose was more than 50 days in each of the 3 cases. The 300 mcg per day dose of quinestrol 2 weeks on and 2 weeks off seems to be unreliable as an ovulation inhibiter since one of the 3 patients ovulated while on this schedule. Increased cervical mucus discharge of moderate to marked degree was observed in all cases studied. It is apparent from the incidence of breakthrough bleeding and the occurrence of endometrial hyperplasia seen on biopsy material that effective ovulation-inhibiting doses of quinestrol would be impractical unless combined with appropriate progestational therapy in order to regulate menstrual flow and the degree of endometrial stimulation. If such a combination did indeed prove effective well-tolerated and reversible it could provide a long acting form of oral contraception that might be used once a month.
Spontaneous Septic Subscapular Abscess (2004)

Gollwitzer, Hans MD; Langer, Rupert MD; Diehl, Peter MD; Mittelmeier, Wolfram MD Author Information
A fully digital clock and data recovery with fast frequency offset acquisition technique for MIPI LLI applications (2013)

A new frequency offset compensation technique for the MIPI Low Latency Interface (LLI) application is proposed. The proposed clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit has a composite structure of bang-bang and oversampling phase detectors with an offset estimator. Digitally estimated frequency offset is used to determine the gain of the 2nd order digital CDR. An elastic FIFO for the oversampled multi-phase data stream is not needed, because the proposed offset estimator can compensate for frequency offset instead. With a frequency offset ranging from −60,000ppm to +60,000ppm, the proposed CDR has a very fast and almost constant lock acquisition time of less than 15 unit intervals and a short recovery logic latency of 1 unit interval. The proposed digital CDR is implemented using 65-nm CMOS technology. It consumes 5.1mW from a 1.2-V power supply at 5.8Gb/s.
Aqueous Polymers for Treating Clays in Oil and Gas (1976)

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. Abstract Protection of water sensitive formations Protection of water sensitive formations is a serious problem in the production of hydrocarbons. Water sensitivity is usually the result of fines migrating which is triggered by introduction of foreign water. The migrating fines tend to lodge in constrictions in the formation flow channels where they severely reduce production. Water sensitivity can be simple clay swelling, but fines migration causes more permanent damage. However, swelling of clays in fines is an important mechanism for dislodging fines and starting the migration. The sodium clays are the important form of swelling or dispersing clays. Since sodium ion is easily replaced by others a successful method of helping to prevent swelling and migration is to treat the clays with potassium, calcium, ammonium or hydrogen ions. With these ions the clays are relatively inactive if not quiescent. However, this is temporary protection because sodium ion from formation water protection because sodium ion from formation water quickly counter replaces the non-swelling ions and the clay returns to the swelling or dispersing form. A new series of certain polymer materials has proved to be effective in treating water sensitive formations. These polymers adsorb tenaciously to surfaces of clay minerals and other formation fines, helping to prevent clays from swelling and fines from migrating should foreign water be introduced into the formation. The polymers win easily in competition with other simple ions (such as ammonium, calcium or potassium) for being deposited on clay surfaces. Furthermore, once deposited on clay surfaces, the polymers are not easily replaced by exchange with other ions. Subsequent acidizing treatments cause no detectable harm to the ability of the polymers to protect the clay. protect the clay. Laboratory test data with sand packs and cores are presented and annotated. The encouraging results of these tests are supported by the results of fracturing treatments, acidizing treatments, and other operations, which are tabulated and discussed. Introduction Many oil and/or gas producing formations contain clays, clay minerals, silica fines, and other fines.
Mechanical Properties of Water-Assembled Graphene Oxide Langmuir Monolayers: Guiding Controlled Transfer (2015)

Liquid-phase transfer of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) monolayers is investigated from the perspective of the mechanical properties of these films. Monolayers are assembled in a Langmuir-Blodgett trough, and oscillatory barrier measurements are used to characterize the resulting compressive and shear moduli as a function of surface pressure. GO monolayers are shown to develop a significant shear modulus (10-25 mN/m) at relevant surface pressures while RGO monolayers do not. The existence of a shear modulus indicates that GO is acting as a two-dimensional solid driven by strong interaction between the individual GO sheets. The absence of such behavior in RGO is attributed to the decrease in oxygen moieties on the sheet basal plane, permitting RGO sheets to slide across one another with minimum energy dissipation. Knowledge of this two-dimensional solid behavior is exploited to successfully transfer large-area, continuous GO films to hydrophobic Au substrates. The key to successful transfer is the use of shallow-angle dipping designed to minimize tensile stress present during the insertion or extraction of the substrate. A shallow dip angle on hydrophobic Au does not impart a beneficial effect for RGO monolayers, as these monolayers do not behave as two-dimensional solids and do not remain coherent during the transfer process. We hypothesize that this observed correlation between monolayer mechanical properties and continuous film transfer success is more universally applicable across substrate hydrophobicities and could be exploited to control the transfer of films composed of two-dimensional materials.