gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dying-Arm Disease in Grapevines:  Diagnosis of Infection with Eutypa lata by Metabolite Analysis (2005)

Dying-arm disease in grapevines, produced by infection with the ascomycete Eutypa lata, is responsible for major production losses in vineyards. Dieback of the shoots and cordon is believed to be due to acetylenic phenol metabolites produced by the fungus. To identify specific metabolites that could potentially be used for diagnosis of infection, eight E. lata isolates were grown in vitro on hot water extracts from grape varieties with various degrees of tolerance to the foliar symptoms of E. lata dieback. HPLC analysis showed that eutypinol was consistently produced in large amounts, together with smaller amounts of methyleutypinol and eulatachromene; eutypine, the putative toxin, was produced solely on Sauvignon Blanc extract and then in only barely detectable amounts. When E. lata isolates from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot were grown on identical media, the amounts of metabolites produced differed significantly between isolates but the pattern of metabolites was quite similar, with eutypinol again predominating. The consistent production of eutypinol indicated that this was the most suitable metabolite for which to analyze in order to diagnose the presence of E. lata. Extraction and analysis of grapevine tissues exhibiting symptoms of dieback failed to show the presence of any metabolites. However, when infected cordon sections were placed in water and cultured for 5 days, eutypinol was readily detected in the aqueous solution; metabolites were not produced from uninfected tissue. This provides a method for detection of infected tissue and indicates that the toxic metabolites react at the point of production, disrupting the vascular structure and inhibiting transport of nutrients, rather than being translocated to tissues that exhibit symptoms.
Heegard–Berger and Cascade Source Coding Problems With Common Reconstruction Constraints (2012)

In lossy source coding with side information at the decoder (i.e., the Wyner–Ziv problem), the estimate of the source obtained at the decoder cannot be generally reproduced at the encoder, due to its dependence on the side information. In some applications, this may be undesirable, and a common reconstruction (CR) requirement, whereby one imposes that the encoder and decoder be able to agree on the decoder's estimate, may be instead in order. The rate-distortion function under the CR constraint has been derived recently for a point-to-point (Wyner–Ziv) problem. In this paper, this result is extended to three multiterminal settings with three nodes, namely the Heegard–Berger (HB) problem, its variant with cooperating decoders, and the cascade source coding problem. The HB problem consists of an encoder broadcasting to two decoders with respective side information. The cascade source coding problem is characterized by a two-hop system with side information available at the intermediate and final nodes. For the HB problem with the CR constraint, the rate-distortion function is derived under the assumption that the side information sequences are (stochastically) degraded. The rate-distortion function is also calculated explicitly for three examples, namely Gaussian source and side information with quadratic distortion metric, and binary source and side information with erasure and Hamming distortion metrics. The rate-distortion function is then characterized for the HB problem with cooperating decoders and (physically) degraded side information. For the cascade problem with the CR constraint, the rate-distortion region is obtained under the assumption that side information at the final node is physically degraded with respect to that at the intermediate node. For the latter two cases, it is worth emphasizing that the corresponding problem without the CR constraint is still open. Outer and inner bounds on the rate-distortion region are also obtained for the cascade problem under the assumption that the side information at the intermediate node is physically degraded with respect to that at the final node. For the three examples mentioned above, the bounds are shown to coincide. Finally, for the HB problem, the rate-distortion function is obtained under the more general requirement of constrained reconstruction, whereby the decoder's estimate must be recovered at the encoder only within some distortion.
Single molecule diffusion coefficient estimation by image analysis of simulated CCD images to aid high-throughput screening (2009)

Extension of one-dimensional signal analysis to two-dimensional image analysis could accelerate conventional methods of high-throughput screening in the discovery of new pharmaceutical agents. This work describes a first step taken towards this goal - the evaluation of image-analysis based estimation strategies of the diffusion coefficient of a single molecule transported within a microfabricated flowcell. A computer simulation of single-molecule imaging by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is used to determine if it is possible to distinguish three different types of molecules with different diffusion coefficients. The Gaussian fitting algorithm finds the variance of the transverse trajectory, which increases linearly with the diffusion coefficient; the path analysis algorithm determines the diffusion coefficient from cumulative summation of the squared displacement along the imaged path; the detector area analysis algorithm determines the number of resolvable positions or pixels in the imaged trajectory. Of the three methods, the path analysis strategy appears to provide the most reliable measure of diffusion coefficient with relative error of 13.6% and 6.4% between single molecules with diffusion coefficients of 2.85e-7 and 1.425e-7 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /s. The detector area analysis method can statistically distinguish between single molecules with diffusion coefficients of 5.7e-7 and 1.425e-7 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /s at the p <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.05</sub> level.
Comparative Study of Metal‐Catalyzed Iminations of Sulfoxides and Sulfides (2007)

A comparative study of the imination of sulfur compounds with various metal catalysts in combination with isolated or in situ generated iminoiodinanes (PhI==NR) as nitrogen sources is presented. The influence of the metal catalyst towards the imination of a variety of substituted sulfoxides has been evaluated. Moreover, the effect of the different oxidation states of sulfur on the reactivity and selectivity of the nitrogen transfer redox process in the formation of sulfilimines and sulfoximines was studied. Depending on both the specific metal catalyst as well as the employed nitrene precursor, the sulfide/sulfoxide imination ratio varied in transformations of thianthrene-5-oxide and substituted para-thio phenylsulfoxides.
Managing Stored Voice in the Etherphone System (Extended Abstract). (1987)

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is becoming an important method in the field of motor rehabilitation because of its ability to non-invasively influence ongoing brain oscillations at arbitrary frequencies. However, substantial variations in its effect across individuals are reported, making tACS a currently unreliable treatment tool. One reason for this variability is the lack of knowledge about the exact way tACS entrains and interacts with ongoing brain oscillations. The present crossover stimulation study on 20 healthy subjects contributes to the understanding of cross-frequency effects of gamma (70 Hz) tACS over the contralateral motor cortex by providing empirical evidence which is consistent with a role of low- (12 -20 Hz) and high- (20- 30 Hz) beta power as a mediator of gamma-tACS on motor performance.
Individually Optimized Hemodynamic Therapy Reduces Complications and Length of Stay in the Intensive Care Unit (2013)

Early goal-directed hemodynamic therapy based on cardiac index, stroke volume variation, and optimized global end-diastolic volume index reduces complications and length of ICU stay after cardiac surgery.
CFTR Correctors and Antioxidants Partially Normalize Lipid Imbalance but not Abnormal Basal Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in CF Bronchial Epithelial Cells (2021)

A deficiency in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function in CF leads to chronic lung disease. CF is associated with abnormalities in fatty acids, ceramides, and cholesterol, their relationship with CF lung pathology is not completely understood. Therefore, we examined the impact of CFTR deficiency on lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling in airway epithelium using mass spectrometric, protein array. We observed a striking imbalance in fatty acid and ceramide metabolism, associated with chronic oxidative stress under basal conditions in CF mouse lung and well-differentiated bronchial epithelial cell cultures of CFTR knock out pig and CF patients. Cell-autonomous features of all three CF models included high ratios of ω-6- to ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and of long- to very long-chain ceramide species (LCC/VLCC), reduced levels of total ceramides and ceramide precursors. In addition to the retinoic acid analog fenretinide, the anti-oxidants glutathione (GSH) and deferoxamine partially corrected the lipid profile indicating that oxidative stress may promote the lipid abnormalities. CFTR-targeted modulators reduced the lipid imbalance and oxidative stress, confirming the CFTR dependence of lipid ratios. However, despite functional correction of CF cells up to 60% of non-CF in Ussing chamber experiments, a 72-h triple compound treatment (elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor surrogate) did not completely normalize lipid imbalance or oxidative stress. Protein array analysis revealed differential expression and shedding of cytokines and growth factors from CF epithelial cells compared to non-CF cells, consistent with sterile inflammation and tissue remodeling under basal conditions, including enhanced secretion of the neutrophil activator CXCL5, and the T-cell activator CCL17. However, treatment with antioxidants or CFTR modulators that mimic the approved combination therapies, ivacaftor/lumacaftor and ivacaftor/tezacaftor/elexacaftor, did not effectively suppress the inflammatory phenotype. We propose that CFTR deficiency causes oxidative stress in CF airway epithelium, affecting multiple bioactive lipid metabolic pathways, which likely play a role in CF lung disease progression. A combination of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and CFTR targeted therapeutics may be required for full correction of the CF phenotype.
51.2: The Development of a High Mobility Zinc Oxynitride TFT for AMOLED (2015)

TFTs with zinc oxynitride (ZnON) as active layer were developed, and a saturation mobility over 50 cm 2 /Vs was achieved. The ZnON TFTs show superior I‐V performance and Vth uniformity. A 14 inch WOLED panel driven by ZnON TFT was demonstrated. The reliability of ZnON panels was evaluated at high‐temperatureoperation and low‐temperature‐operation conditions, and satisfied results were achieved.
Surface modification of semiconductor photoelectrodes (2015)

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells have emerged as promising devices that afford the direct conversion of solar energy into electric power and/or chemical fuels. Apart from the obvious importance of the bulk properties of semiconductor materials employed as photoelectrodes, the semiconductor-liquid interface has proven to strongly govern surface-related processes, i.e. the stability, charge separation/recombination and catalytic activity. Because of this, numerous surface treatments have been reported in an effort to tailor the physicochemical properties of the semiconductor-liquid interface, and in turn, the overall PEC response. In this Perspective article we provide a brief conceptual overview of these surface engineering treatments, connecting the particular effects on the interfacial energetics with the respective consequences on the performance. The beneficial effects that arise from surface treatment are categorized as (i) the protection of the surface against photocorrosion, (ii) the passivation of deleterious surface states, (iii) the modification of the band edge positions or band bending, and (iv) the selective extraction of carriers and improved catalytic activity. State-of-the-art surface treatments such as the adsorption of organic molecules or ions, the deposition of semiconductor overlayers and metal nanoparticles or etching procedures are exemplified and described with respect to the observed beneficial effects. A common emerging theme from recent work is that one single surface treatment can lead to multiple distinct effects. Overall, we suggest that surface engineering holds the key for effectively managing the intrinsic common defects of native semiconductor photoelectrodes regardless of their nature, leading to improved light harvesting efficiency.
New oligonucleotide derivatives as unreactive substrate analogues and potential inhibitors of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1 (2015)

Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1 is one of the key enzymes of the base excision DNA repair system. The main biological function of APE1 is the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond on the 5'-side of an apurinic/apyrimidinic site (AP-site) to give the 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl group. It has long been known that AP-sites have mutagenic and cytotoxic effects and their accumulation in DNA is a potential hazard to the cell lifecycle. The structural and biochemical studies of APE1 are complicated by its high catalytic activity towards the AP-site and its cyclic or acyclic analogues. This work has focussed on the design, synthesis and analysis of oligonucleotide derivatives as potentially unreactive APE1 substrates. We have shown that the replacement of oxygen atoms in the phosphate group on the 5'-side from the AP-site analogue tetrahydrofuran (F) considerably decreases the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of modified oligonucleotides. We have calculated that a N3'-P5' phosphoramidate linkage is hydrolysed about 30 times slower than the native phosphodiester bond while phosphorothioate or primary phosphoramidate linkages are cleaved more than three orders of magnitude slower. The value of IC50 of the oligonucleotide duplex containing a primary phosphoramidate linkage is 2.5 × 10(-7) M, which is in accordance with the APE1 association constant of DNA duplexes containing AP-sites. Thus, it is demonstrated that oligonucleotide duplexes with chemical modifications could be used as unreactive substrates and potential competitive inhibitors of APE1.
State change modal method for numerical simulation of dynamic processes\n in a nuclear reactor (2017)

Modeling of dynamic processes in nuclear reactors is carried out, mainly, on\nthe basis of the multigroup diffusion approximation for the neutron flux. The\nbasic model includes a multidimensional set of coupled parabolic equations and\nordinary differential equations. Dynamic processes are modeled by a successive\nchange of the reactor states, which are characterized by given coefficients of\nthe equations. In the modal method, the approximate solution is represented as\nan expansion on the first eigenfunctions of some spectral problem. The\nnumerical-analytical method is based on the use of dominant time-eigenvalues of\na multigroup diffusion model taking into account delayed neutrons. Numerical\nsimulations of the dynamic process were performed in the framework of the\ntwo-group approximation for the VVER-1000 reactor test model. The last is\ncharacterized by the fact that some eigenvalues are complex.\n
Imaging and Tuning Molecular Levels at the Surface of a Gated Graphene Device (2014)

Gate-controlled tuning of the charge carrier density in graphene devices provides new opportunities to control the behavior of molecular adsorbates. We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) to show how the vibronic electronic levels of 1,3,5-tris(2,2-dicyanovinyl)benzene molecules adsorbed onto a graphene/BN/SiO2 device can be tuned via application of a backgate voltage. The molecules are observed to electronically decouple from the graphene layer, giving rise to well-resolved vibronic states in dI/dV spectroscopy at the single-molecule level. Density functional theory (DFT) and many-body spectral function calculations show that these states arise from molecular orbitals coupled strongly to carbon-hydrogen rocking modes. Application of a back-gate voltage allows switching between different electronic states of the molecules for fixed sample bias.
Numerical simulation about trapping two particles in microfluidic dielectrophoretic chip (2012)

A kind of microfluidic chip based on dielectrophoresis (DEP) was designed for the purpose of trapping two particles with different sizes. In order to reach the purpose, the shape of electrode and the shape of the flow channel was designed, the electric field and the flow field of the chip was simulated. At last, the trajectory of the particles was obtained. The results show that the chip can complete pairing two particles with different sizes.
An analytic solution of the choppers ripple currents (2002)

The authors show that the combined application of Fourier and complex analysis results in the analytic solution of the chopper ripple current as a function of circuit and control parameters. It is shown how the squared RMS of the chopper ripple currents can be derived, and some practical cases are analyzed. The analysis is performed using a three-phase chopper. The method is experimentally verified on model chopper drives with the DC motor as a load.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Peripheral Subsystem Optimized for Computer Image Generation Applications (1986)

Requirements for ever increasing realism in real time computer image generation for military mission and commercial training, have generated the need for a higher performance, more cost effective front-end processor. Current computer image generators front-end general purpose computers are reaching their performance limits in current architectures. The tasks of this processor include: realtime computations, magnetic disk control, data transfer and direct memory access to and from the balance of the image generator. A new front-end processor system is under development. This multiple-bus, multiprocessor architecture in and of itself does not address disk and external data transfer. A peripheral subsystem is therefore researched to satisfy these requirements. Industry standard peripheral buses and protocols are evaluated. A peripheral subsystem, compatible with this new front-end processor architecture, is proposed. The Intelligent Peripheral Interface is selected as the optimum peripheral subsystem for computer image generation application. An abbreviated design specification for the proposed subsystem is presented. The subsystem performs magnetic disk control, data transfer and direct memory access to and from the balance of the computer image generator while not compromising front-end computational performance. It is capable of addressing new levels of performance. Several Intelligence Peripheral Interface issues, specific to this computer image generation application, are investigated.
Searching for the factors which affect self-healing capacitor degradation under non-sinusoidal voltage (1999)

The purpose of this paper is to show how voltage distortion may cause accelerated aging of insulation systems, particularly of self-healing capacitors. Distortion is due to the presence, in the supply voltage waveform, of harmonics which are typically detected in distribution ac networks. These harmonics sum up to the fundamental component giving rise to voltage waveforms which can considerably differ, for peak value and shape, from the sinusoidal waveform. The results of life tests carried out on capacitors subjected to non-sinusoidal voltage allow an investigation on the most significant factors which affect endurance to be performed, resorting to appropriate statistical techniques. The peak voltage seems to be the most significant factor for aging acceleration, but also waveshape and RMS voltage play a significant role. A life model is thus derived, which provides a relationship between failure time, defined as the time required to reach a given decrease of capacitance, and appropriate figures derived from the voltage waveform. These figures take into account peak voltage, waveshape and RMS voltage.
Copolymerization between Nonconjugated Bicyclic Dienes and Maleic Anhydride (1971)

Abstract Alternating copolymers of maleic anhydride and 5-ethylidene-, 5-methylene-, and 5-vinylbicyclo(2.2.1)-2-heptene were synthesized and found to contain the comonomers in a 1:1 ratio. Evidence is presented which supports a bicyclic structure which incorporates maleic anhydride as part of a six- or seven-membered ring in the repeat unit.
Harmonic distortion at the electrode/electrolyte interface: A physical interpretation of Schwan's empirical model (2001)

This paper concerns the modelling and interpretation of the non-linear harmonic behaviour of biomedical electrode/electrolyte interfaces. For the first time a physical interpretation of the published work on this phenomenon by Schwan and his colleagues (1999) is given. Higher order harmonics were calculated based on the assumption that the non-linearity of the interfacial impedance is dominated at low frequencies by the faradaic charge transfer resistance which shunts the relatively linear non-faradaic double layer capacitance. The dependence of harmonic components on the applied signal amplitude was compared between (i) a model based on the Butler-Volmer equation and (ii) Schwan's experimental and empirical results. A good agreement was found, between the theoretical model and Schwan's empirical observations.
Integration of COPD management across primary and secondary care: Feasibility and impact (2011)

Introduction: Integration of COPD treatment across primary and secondary care aims to maximize resources, reduce waste, and optimize care. We evaluated a service innovation in COPD across two hospitals and two primary care trusts (PCTs) between 2008 and 2011. Method: Five enhanced services: hospital-based admission-response; integrated pulmonary rehabilitation (PR); intermediate care COPD service; bespoke electronic COPD clinical record; 24/7 emergency telephone support service. The evaluation used routinely collected data to assess COPD admissions, primary care COPD prescribing, contacts in the new services, interventions and outcomes in the intermediate care service, and impact of 24/7 telephone support, and compared outcomes to two adjacent PCTs. Results: 6068 patients with COPD were identified in a population of 511,000 served by 98 practices. 2308 (38%) patients were referred to PR, an increase of 35%. 1100 patients were seen by the admission response service, 1230 in the intermediate care service, and 453 were registered to use the 24/7 emergency telephone line. Average admissions were 980/year, stable during the project, and did not differ from admissions in 2.75 years before the project. Steady increase in prescribing of tiotropium and of inhaled combination long-acting bronchodilators and corticosteroids. No differences in numbers of COPD admissions or prescribing rates compared to two adjacent PCTs over the same period. No differences in admissions compared to 29 London PCTs Conclusions: No impact of integrated COPD care was seen despite substantial numbers of patients and practices taking part. Rising prescriptions of COPD drugs were not reflected in a fall in admissions.