gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
When is Psychology Research Useful in Artificial Intelligence? A Case for Reducing Computational Complexity in Problem Solving (2021)

A problem is a situation in which an agent seeks to attain a given goal without knowing how to achieve it. Human problem solving is typically studied as a search in a problem space composed of states (information about the environment) and operators (to move between states). A problem such as playing a game of chess has <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>120</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:annotation>$10^{120}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> possible states, and a traveling salesperson problem with as little as 82 cities already has more than <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>120</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:annotation>$10^{120}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> different tours (similar to chess). Biological neurons are slower than the digital switches in computers. An exhaustive search of the problem space exceeds the capacity of current computers for most interesting problems, and it is fairly clear that humans cannot in their lifetime exhaustively search even small fractions of these problem spaces. Yet, humans play chess and solve logistical problems of similar complexity on a daily basis. Even for simple problems humans do not typically engage in exploring even a small fraction of the problem space. This begs the question: How do humans solve problems on a daily basis in a fast and efficient way? Recent work suggests that humans build a problem representation and solve the represented problem-not the problem that is out there. The problem representation that is built and the process used to solve it are constrained by limits of cognitive capacity and a cost-benefit analysis discounting effort and reward. In this article, we argue that better understanding the way humans represent and solve problems using heuristics can help inform how simpler algorithms and representations can be used in artificial intelligence to lower computational complexity, reduce computation time, and facilitate real-time computation in complex problem solving.
Interaction of α‐gliadin with polyanions: Design considerations for sequestrants used in supportive treatment of celiac disease (2009)

Copolymers of sodium 4-styrene sulfonate (SS) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were investigated as sequestrants of alpha-gliadin, a gluten protein, for the treatment of gluten intolerance. The interactions of alpha-gliadin with poly(SS) and poly(HEMA-co-SS) with 9 and 26 mol% SS content were studied at gastric (1.2) and intestinal (6.8) pH using circular dichroism and measurements of turbidity, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential. The interactions and their influence on alpha-gliadin secondary and aggregated structures depended mainly on the ratio of polymer negative and protein positive charges at pH 1.2, and on polymer SS content at polymer concentrations providing in excess of negative charges at either pH. Poly(SS) could not form complex particles with alpha-gliadin in a sufficient excess of negative charges. Copolymerization with HEMA enhanced the formation of complex particles. Poly(HEMA-co-SS) with intermediate SS content was found to be the most effective sequestrant for alpha-gliadin. This study provides insight into design considerations for polymer sequestrants used in the supportive treatment of celiac disease.
Positively Charged Iridium(III) Triazole Derivatives as Blue Emitters for Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells (2010)

Abstract Cationic blue‐emitting complexes with (2,4‐difluoro)phenylpyridine and different 1,2,3‐triazole ligands are synthesized with different counterions. The influence of the substituents on the triazole ligand is investigated as well as the influence of the counterions. The substituents do not change the emission energy but, in some cases, slightly modify the excited‐state lifetimes and the emission quantum yields. The excited‐state lifetimes, in apolar solvents, are slightly dependent on the nature of the counterion. A crystal structure of one of the compounds confirms the geometry and symmetry postulated on the basis of the other spectroscopic data. Light‐emitting electrochemical cell devices are prepared and the recorded emission is the bluest with the fastest response time ever reported for iridium complexes.
Wet etching characteristics of a HfSiON high-kdielectric in HF-based solutions (2010)

The wet etching properties of a HfSiON high-k dielectric in HF-based solutions are investigated. HF-based solutions are the most promising wet chemistries for the removal of HfSiON, and etch selectivity of HF-based solutions can be improved by the addition of an acid and/or an alcohol to the HF solution. Due to densification during annealing, the etch rate of HfSiON annealed at 900 °C for 30 s is significantly reduced compared with as-deposited HfSiON in HF-based solutions. After the HfSiON film has been completely removed by HF-based solutions, it is not possible to etch the interfacial layer and the etched surface does not have a hydrophobic nature, since N diffuses to the interface layer or Si substrate formation of Si–N bonds that dissolves very slowly in HF-based solutions. Existing Si–N bonds at the interface between the new high-k dielectric deposit and the Si substrate may degrade the carrier mobility due to Coulomb scattering. In addition, we show that N2 plasma treatment before wet etching is not very effective in increasing the wet etch rate for a thin HfSiON film in our case.
Wellfar-e-link\textregistered: true life lab testing of a homecare communication tool (2015)

International audience
The introduction of postpartum intrauterine devices in the People's Republic of China (1983)

In China, which has a commitment to family planning and, in particular, to the one-child family, a postpartum IUD should be widely accepted and could have significant impact on the Chinese family planning program. This report presents the introduction of the Delta T and Delta Loop devices, with 200 immediate postpartum insertions. Fifty-two deliveries were by cesarean section. The 6-month expulsion rates were 13.3 and 17.2 for the Delta T and Delta Loop, respectively. There was one pregnancy reported. Analysis suggests that the two devices are suitable for use in the postpartum period for Chinese women.
Edelfosine (ET-18-OCH3) a Promising Alkylphospholipid against Resistant Trichomonas vaginalis (2017)

Edelfosine (ET-18-OCH3) is an alkylphospholipid with an analogous structure to miltefosine. Both molecules are active against kinetoplastids (Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei). [...]
Kinetics of the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of dodecylsulphate and dodecyldiethoxysulphate surfactants in concentrated micellar solutions. Part 1.—Effects of acid and surfactant concentrations and of the nature and concentration of counterions (1983)

The rates of the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and sodium dodecyldiethoxysulphate (SDE2S) have been investigated in concentrated surfactant solutions (0.035–0.6 mol dm–3). The acid concentration dependence of the initial rates shows a ‘saturation’ effect, whereas increasing surfactant concentrations above the c.m.c. lead to a maximum in the k2, obs values, beyond which they decrease sharply. These results are discussed in terms of the ion-exchange pseudophase model of the miceller reaction. The nature of the counterion has an effect on k2, obs, the values following the sequence NH4 > Li > Na Mg. This has been ascribed to differences in the ion-exchange constants, KH/X, of these cations in the Stern layer of the micelles with the hydrogen ion. Maintaining the total counterion concentration and the ratio of concentrations of surfactant counterion to the concentration of hydrogen ion constant (at 30, i.e. 0.6:0.02 mol dm–3) largely eliminates the decrease in the k2, obs values with increasing surfactant concentration, as expected from the pseudo-phase ion-exchange model. Quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is less good, however, owing at least partly to deviations from ideality in solutions of high ionic strength.
Directivity of GHz shear acoustic waves launched by the absorption of short laser pulses at the interface between a transparent and an absorbing material (2018)

When a short laser pulse is focused at the interface between a transparent and an absorbing material, an expansion source is created that generates mainly longitudinal acoustic pulses in the absorbing material. However, the interaction of these waves with the interface favours the excitation of shear acoustic pulses. In this paper, we present an analytical prediction of the directivity of shear waves launched in a semi-infinite absorbing medium, and we introduce corrections in order to account for detection in an absorbing layer. Experiments were performed with a picosecond ultrasonic set-up focusing femtosecond laser pulses to a micron spot size along the interface between sapphire and titanium. In this configuration, acoustic wave-fronts were reflected at the free surface of the micron titanium layer, and then optically detected at the interface. We also present an approach to filter and enhance the shear waves by processing measured wave-fronts recorded at multiple locations along the interface. In the resulting signals, the contribution of GHz shear acoustic waves, propagating mainly in directions that are oblique with respect to the interface, is enhanced.
A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing: The Communication Perspective (2017)

Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized mobile cloud computing toward mobile edge computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also discuss a set of issues, challenges, and future research directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.
Time-domain terahertz spectrometer based on high-speed asynchronous optical sampling (2007)

We present a terahertz time-domain spectrometer with large bandwidth, high spectral resolution, and high sensitivity. A bandwidth of larger than 3 THz, a resolution of 1 GHz and a sensitivity of larger than 60 dB dynamic range are achieved in a data acquisition time of less than 60 s. The spectrometer is based on high-speed asynchronous optical sampling which employs two femtosecond lasers of 1 GHz repetition rate stabilized to 10 kHz off-set of the repetition rates employing a 3 GHz frequency shifter. This technique opens new perspectives to perform high-resolution THz spectroscopy under rapidly varying environmental conditions.
An Investigation of Mn−Ce−Based Conversion Coating on LZ91 Magnesium Alloy (2018)

Most of the magnesium alloys are relatively reactive and tend to suffer corrosion. Consequently, surface modifications are performed to enhance the corrosion resistance and paint adhesion of the base magnesium alloys. This work discuss with the non-chromate conversion coating on LZ91 magnesium alloy. The conversion coating treatment is conducted in an acidic cerium/permanganate solution with adding the different acidity regulators. These additives can adjust the pH value of the solution and influence the formation of anti-corrosion coatings on LZ91 substrate. The microstructure and composition of the conversion coating are characterized using SEM, EDS and cross-sectional TEM. The potentiodynamic polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt spray test results show that the corrosion resistance of LZ91 alloy is markedly improved by the acidic cerium/permanganate conversion coating. The corrosion protection efficiency is related with the acidity regulator in the conversion solution. The film thickness also depends upon the acidity regulator used. Besides, micro-cracks are more obvious on the coating formed in the phosphoric acid bath. Therefore, the coating formed in the sulfuric acid bath does provide the LZ91 plate better corrosion protection when compared to the coating formed in the phosphoric acid bath.
Fabrication of LiNbO3 Microfiber Core/Clad Structure by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (1997)

Fabrication of a LiNbO 3 microfiber core/clad structure consisting of a Nd-doped core fiber grown using the micro-pulling-down method and a Mg-doped cladding layer formed using liquid phase epitaxy is discussed. Etching experiments revealed an inverted ferroelectric domain structure of the cladding layer grown on the core fiber surface oriented toward the + z direction.
Tip−Sample Interactions in Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Quantitative Measurement of the Local Surface Potential (2008)

We study the influence of different experimental parameters on the interaction between the probe and the sample in Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements. We provide a precise and reproducible determination of the local surface potential (SP) of clean macroscopic highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples and of organic semiconducting nanostructures of an alkyl-substituted perylene-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) self-assembled at surfaces. We distinguish two different terms in the measured SP, intrinsic and extrinsic, containing the electrical properties of the studied object and the experimental artifacts, respectively. We investigate the effect of the most relevant experimental parameters including tip−sample distance, relative humidity (RH), and potential applied to the tip, which govern the extrinsic term of the measured SP. Moreover, we devise a theoretical description of the tip−sample interaction taking into account the extra modulation of the probe due to the applied ac potential during the KPFM scan. A deep understanding of all the terms which contribute to the measured SP in air environment made it possible to devise a new protocol to quantify the electrical properties of nano-objects leading to an improvement of the achieved lateral resolution, as demonstrated by the good agreement between the proposed model and the experimental results.
Design and Real-Time Implementation of a Robust APC Coder for Speech Transmission Over 16 kb/s Noisy Channels. Volume 2 Real-Time Implementation—Final Report July 79–Dec. 80 (1982)

First Page
Abiotic and Biotic Perchlorate removal in an activated carbon filter (2002)

Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration experiments demonstrated that perchlorate was removed by ion exchange rather than by chemical reduction. A column ion‐exchange capacity of 0.172 mg perchlorate per g GAC was calculated. Batch tests confirmed that ion exchange was the dominant mechanism of perchlorate removal by GAC. When influent dissolved oxygen (DO) was 2.5 mg/L and an electron donor solution was supplied, efficient reduction of 50 μg/L perchlorate was achieved using biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration. Perchlorate reduction decreased as the concentration of nitrate in the filter increased. With low influent DO and nitrate concentrations and excess electron donor added, the BAC filter removed 50 μg/L perchlorate to below detection for 103 days of flow at a 25‐min empty bed contact time. Batch biological experiments verified the occurrence of biological reduction and demonstrated that microorganisms in the BAC filter converted perchlorate completely to chloride.
Non-volatile holographic data storage media based on dye-doped thermoplastic (2006)

Holographic data storage materials are currently being developed at General Electric. These materials are based on a thermoplastic host doped with narrow-band absorption dyes. The dyes are photosensitive and undergo non-reversible photochromic reactions upon exposure. Samples were produced using different dyes and various concentrations in a polycarbonate host with a focus on sensitivity and capacity of the media. A challenging obstacle for a successful photochromic system is the inherent remaining photosensitivity of the material after the writing process. This paper will introduce the concept of a highly sensitive yet non-volatile photochromic data storage system. The chromophore is subjected to a post-treatment step at a second wavelength which removes the photosensitivity. The stored data can therefore be secured against degradation during read-out at the writing wavelength.
Molecular and biologic characterization and drug sensitivity of pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor–resistant acute myeloid leukemia cells (2008)

Hydroxamic acid analog pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HA-HDIs) have shown preclinical and clinical activity against human acute leukemia. Here we describe HA-HDI-resistant human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) HL-60 (HL-60/LR) cells that are resistant to LAQ824, vorinostat, LBH589, and sodium butyrate. HL-60/LR cells show increased expression of HDACs 1, 2, and 4 but lack HDAC6 expression, with concomitant hyperacetylation of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90). Treatment with HA-HDI failed to further augment hsp90 acetylation, or increase the levels of p21 or reactive oxygen species (ROSs), in HL-60/LR versus HL-60 cells. Although cross-resistant to antileukemia agents (eg, cytarabine, etoposide, and TRAIL), HL-60/LR cells are collaterally sensitive to the hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG. Treatment with 17-AAG did not induce hsp70 or deplete the hsp90 client proteins AKT and c-Raf. HL-60/LR versus HL-60 cells display a higher growth fraction and shorter doubling time, along with a shorter interval to generation of leukemia and survival in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Thus, resistance of AML cells to HA-HDIs is associated with loss of HDAC6, hyperacetylation of hsp90, aggressive leukemia phenotype, and collateral sensitivity to 17-AAG. These findings suggest that an hsp90 inhibitor-based antileukemia therapy may override de novo or acquired resistance of AML cells to HA-HDIs.
Multi-User Collusion-Resistant Searchable Encryption with Optimal Search Time (2021)

The continued development of cloud computing requires technologies that protect users' data privacy even from the cloud providers themselves. Multi-user searchable encryption is one such kind of technology. It allows a data owner to selectively enable users to perform keyword searches over her encrypted documents that are stored at a cloud server. For privacy purposes, it is important to limit what an adversarial server can infer about the encrypted documents, even if it colludes with some of the users. Clearly, in this case it can learn the content of documents shared with this subset of "corrupted" users, however, it is important to ensure that this collusion does not reveal information about parts of the dataset that are only shared with the remaining "uncorrupted" users via cross-user leakage. In this work, we propose three novel multi-user searchable encryption schemes for this setting that achieve different trade-offs between performance and leakage. Compared to previous ones, our first two schemes are the first to achieve asymptotically optimal search time. Our third scheme achieves minimal user storage and forward privacy with respect to document sharing, but slightly slower search performance. We formally prove the security of our schemes under reasonable assumptions. Moreover, we implement and evaluate their performance both on a single machine and over WAN. Our experimental results are encouraging, e.g., the search computation time is in the order of a few milliseconds.
[beta]-Caryophyllene, a dietary CB2 receptor selective cannabinoid mitigates myocardial fibrosis in a mice model of diabetic cardiomyopathy (2022)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
Abstract 226: Recurrent trisomies, variable selection and precancerous evolution in the normal gastric epithelium (2022)

Abstract Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally and is often associated with infectious agents such as the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. However, the background mutational landscape in normal gastric epithelium and the first genomic steps towards the formation of gastric cancer remain poorly understood. Here, we use whole-genome sequencing of microdissected gastric glands (n=271) from 30 patients, 18 of whom had gastric cancer. We show that gastric glands are clonal structures and accrue approximately 27 single base substitutions per year. While the mutational signatures in most normal glands reflect age-related mutagenesis, gastric glands sampled close to a tumor showed exposure to a mutagenic process enriched in tumors (COSMIC reference mutational signature SBS17). Phylogenetic analysis shows that acquisition of SBS17 substitutions is closely linked to overt malignant transformation. We also observe widespread trisomies of specific chromosomes, which are recurrently and independently acquired in many gastric glands of the same patient. Mutations in genes encoding epigenetic modifiers and chromatin remodelers showed evidence of positive selection and were highly enriched in some patients. This was confirmed by targeted sequencing of cancer genes in a further 1008 gastric glands. Strikingly, glands that exhibit driver mutations, a recurrent trisomy or elevated mutation loads only overlap minimally, suggesting a highly variable and patient-specific mutation and selection landscape in the normal gastric epithelium. Taken together, these results give novel insights into the preclinical evolution of gastric malignancies. Citation Format: Tim H. Coorens, Grace Collord, Hyungchul Jung, Yichen Wang, Sonia Zumalave, Daniel Leongamornlert, Luiza Moore, Krishnaa Mahbubani, Kourosh Saeb-Parsy, Suet Yi Leung, Michael R. Stratton. Recurrent trisomies, variable selection and precancerous evolution in the normal gastric epithelium [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 226.
Synthesis of 6,7,8-Trisubstituted Purines via a Copper-Catalyzed Amidation Reaction (2008)

We report herein an efficient method for the synthesis of 6,7,8-trisubstituted purines via a copper-catalyzed amidation reaction from easily accessible starting materials. Furthermore, the resulting 6-benzylsulfanyl-substituted purine derivatives may be readily oxidized for substitution by nucleophiles to give access to 6,7,8-trisubstituted purines for biological screening purposes.