gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptide and Glycopeptide Thioesters through Side‐Chain‐Anchoring Strategies (2008)

An efficient new strategy for the synthesis of peptide and glycopeptide thioesters is described. The method relies on the side-chain immobilization of a variety of Fmoc-amino acids, protected at their C-termini, on solid supports. Once anchored, peptides were constructed using solid-phase peptide synthesis according to the Fmoc protocol. After unmasking the C-terminal carboxylate, either thiols or amino acid thioesters were coupled to afford, after cleavage, peptide and glycopeptide thioesters in high yields. Using this method a significant proportion of the proteinogenic amino acids could be incorporated as C-terminal amino acid residues, therefore providing access to a large number of potential targets that can serve as acyl donors in subsequent ligation reactions. The utility of this methodology was exemplified in the synthesis of a 28 amino acid glycopeptide thioester, which was further elaborated to an N-terminal fragment of the glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO) by native chemical ligation.
Experimentally verified, theoretical design of dual-tuned, low-pass birdcage radiofrequency resonators for magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain at 3.0 Tesla (1999)

A new theoretical method is presented for designing frequency responses of double-tuned, low-pass birdcage coils. This method is based on Kirchhoff's equations through a nonsymmetric matrix algorithm and extended through a modification of the corresponding eigenvalue system from a single-tuned mode. Designs from this method are verified for sodium/proton, dual-tuned, double-quadrature, low-pass birdcage coils at 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla and then are used to design dual-tuned, double-quadrature, lithium/proton and phosphorus/proton birdcage coils for 3.0 Tesla. All frequencies show experimental deviations of less than 3% from theory under unloaded conditions. The frequency shifts caused by loading and radiofrequency shielding are less than 1 MHz and can be compensated readily by adjustment of variable capacitors. Applications to human neuroimaging and spectroscopy are demonstrated.
Significance of the Peripheral Blood CD34+ Cell Count by Stem-Kit in Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Collection (2002)

Background : Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) has been widely used as a substitute of bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of various solid tumors or hematologic malignancies. The success of PBSCT is correlated with peripheral blood CD34+ cell count per kilogram of the recipient body weight. Standardization of flow cytometric CD34+ cell enumeration was improved by the modified International Society of Hematotherapy and Gene Engineering (ISHAGE) protocol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the peripheral parameters (WBCs, mononuclear cells, the CD 34+ cells) that may predict the total CD34+ cell count in the harvest product, using the Stem-Kit (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). Methods : The study tested 88 PBSC harvests and peripheral blood (PB) on the day before collection from 26 patients. The CD34+ cells were analyzed using the Stem-Kit. The WBC and MNC count were measured by Coulter STKS (Beckman Coulter Inc.). The correlation and regression analysis between peripheral parameters (WBCs, MNCs, CD34+ cells) and the total CD34+ cell count in the harvest product were performed. Results : The CD34+ cell count per weight (kg) of 88 PBSC harvests was 1.592.61 (0.01-17.35). The mean number of WBC, MNC, and CD34+ cell in PB prior to harvest were (1.50-32.50) /L, (0.39-7.43)/L, and (0.12-239.19)/L, respectively. With the CD34+ cells numbering under 3/L in peripheral blood (PB), we could not harvest more than /kg PBSC. With the cells numbering 3-6/L (59%) and 10-20/L (89%), however, we could harvest more than 0.5/kg and /kg, respectively. More than /kg of PBSC was collected with 10-20/L (31%). The peripheral blood CD34+ cell count prior to harvest significantly correlated with the total CD34+ cell count in the harvest product (r=0.97, P/kg if the peripheral blood CD34+ cell count was less than 3/L.
Purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S (1987)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces two distinct ADP-ribosyl transferases, exotoxin A and exoenzyme S, which differ in a number of properties including substrate specificity. Exoenzyme S was purified from culture supernatants of P. aeruginosa DG1. The procedure for purification consists of four major steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, acetone precipitation in the presence of 1 M NaCl, and G-100 Superfine gel filtration chromatography. Exoenzyme S was monitored during purification by an assay for ADP-ribosyl transferase activity, mouse toxicity, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified material exhibited ADP-ribosyl transferase activity, reacted with monoclonal antibodies to exoenzyme S, and was toxic to mice and a variety of tissue culture cell lines.
Lack of correlation between rejection of tumor cells co‐expressing interleukin‐2 and B7.1 and vaccine efficiency (1997)

Genetically modifying tumor cells to express a variety of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) or the co-stimulatory molecule B7.1 leads to increased immunogenicity and reduced tumorigenicity of tumors in several models with T cells involved in the process. We have previously reported decreased tumorigenicity of the murine plasmacytoma J558L [major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I+ and class II-] expressing IL-2 or B7.1. When systemic immunity was analyzed, immunization with either J558-IL2 or J558-B7.1 cells generated moderate protection against unmodified J558L tumor cells, comparable to immunization with a tumor cells/adjuvant Corynebacterium parvum mixture. In this study, we asked whether the co-expression of IL-2 and B7.1 in tumor cells would augment vaccine potency, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and protective immunity. Rejection of single IL-2 or B7.1 or co-transfected IL-2/B7.1 cells occurred in most syngeneic animals but not in T cell-deficient nude mice, thus confirming that T cells were required for tumor rejection. We knew from previous experiments that CD8+ T cells were responsible for rejection. Surprisingly, immunization with J558-IL2/B7.1 cells followed by challenge with parental J558L caused a reduction in systemic protection as compared to J558-B7.1 or J558-IL2 alone. We examined the mechanism underlying this unexpected result: 6 days after injection of J558-IL2/B7.1 cells, tumor were nearly completely destroyed and were almost devoid of CD8+ cells, while CD8+ cells were increased in both IL-2- and B7.1-transfected tumors. In addition, immunization with J558-IL2/B7.1 tumors had an adverse effect on the generation of CTL. Mice immunized with J558-B7.1 and to a lesser extent J558-IL2 cells mounted a CTL response against J558L cells while, in contrast, no CTL activity could be detected in mice immunized with J558-IL2/B7.1, thus showing a correlation between the absence of CTL activity and the lack of in vivo protection. We demonstrate that "hyperstimulation" of the immune response by genetically modified cancer vaccines can have adverse effects on tumor immunity, even though the mechanism is not yet completely understood.
Ru-TAP complexes with btz and pytz ligands: novel candidates as photooxidizing agents (2011)

Two ligands containing 1,2,3-triazole moieties 1 and 3 were easily prepared by a Cu(I)-catalysed "click reaction" between commercially available (trimethylsilyl)alkynes and benzyl azide. These ligands were used in the synthesis of Ru(II) complexes with TAP ligands, i.e. [Ru(TAP)(2)btz](2+)2 and [Ru(TAP)(2)pytz](2+)4. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of these complexes were investigated. The data show that both complexes should behave as highly oxidizing agents under illumination. However, complex 4 displays more attractive photophysical properties than complex 2 and constitutes thus a Ru-TAP compound that can be easily derivatized for photodamaging biomolecules.
Clostridia (1993)

The chapter contains sections titled: Introduction General Properties of Clostridia Growth Metabolism and Physiology Industrially Important Products References
Startup Scenario in a 110 GHZ, 1.5 MW CPI Gyrotron (2005)

Summary form only given. To realize continuous-wave (CW) operation of millimeter-wave gyrotrons at megawatt (MW)-power levels, these devices must operate at very high-order modes. To excite such an operating mode and to drive it into the regime of MW-level operation with high efficiency requires careful consideration of the startup scenario through which the operating parameters of the device are brought to their nominal values. In this work, the results of startup simulations for a 110 GHz, 1.5 MW gyrotron developed by Communications and Power Industries (CPI) will be presented. The simulations are done with MAGY, a multifrequency, self-consistent code developed at the University of Maryland. Simulations are aimed at tracking several competing modes and checking whether stable excitation of the desired mode at 1.5 MW level can be realized despite the presence of dangerous parasites in the resonator spectrum
Breaking down the barriers: siRNA delivery and endosome escape (2010)

RNA interference (RNAi)-based technologies offer an attractive strategy for the sequence-specific silencing of disease-causing genes. The application of small interfering (si)RNAs as potential therapeutic agents requires safe and effective methods for their delivery to the cytoplasm of the target cells and tissues. Recent studies have shown significant progress in the development of targeting reagents that facilitate the recognition of and siRNA delivery to specific cell types. However, most of these delivery approaches are not optimized to enable the intracellular trafficking of the siRNAs into the cytoplasm where they must associate with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to direct the cleavage of mRNAs bearing complementary binding sites. In particular, the trafficking of siRNAs from endosomes into the cytoplasm represents a major rate-limiting step for many delivery approaches. This Commentary focuses on novel strategies designed to enhance endosomal escape and thereby increase the efficacy of siRNA-mediated gene silencing.
Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveals the Antitumor Mechanism Underlying Shikonin in Colon Cancer (2020)

Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy occurring in the digestive system, which is the third common cause of cancer mortality in developed countries. Shikonin, a naphthoquinone compound extracted from the root of <i>Lithospermum erythrorhizon</i>, is extensively reported to exert antitumor activity against various types of cancer. However, the systematic effect of shikonin in colon cancer remains poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated the antitumor activity of shikonin in human colon cancer cells and the therapeutic effect on a xenograft mouse model. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were further integrated to provide a systematic perspective of the shikonin-induced antitumor mechanism. The results demonstrated that shikonin had a remarkable antitumor potency both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Moreover, metabolic pathways, including the purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, were perturbed and subsequently led to cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. In particular, the disturbance of purine metabolism may account for the major mechanism resulting from shikonin antitumor activity.
Intramolecular reactions of N-nitrenes: description of the transition state geometry for addition to alkenes (1987)

Oxidation of the N-aminoquinazolones (10) and (11) generates the corresponding N-nitrenes which add intramolecularly to both double bonds. Although nitrene addition is stereospecifically cis, both faces of each double bond are attacked and consequently stereoisomers are formed. From the different selectivity of the N-nitrenes for the two double bonds in (10) and (11)[or (29)] by comparison with (15) and (24), respectively and from a consideration of the stereoisomer ratios, it is concluded that concerted addition of the N-nitrene to the double bonds in (10) and (11) obtains via a transition-state geometry resembling that shown in (34).
Figure S2 from Impact of the Anticancer Drug NT157 on Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Networks (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Heatmap for Cluster 1.&lt;/p&gt;
Recent Progress on Chemical Biology of Pluripotent Stem Cell Selfrenewal, Reprogramming and Cardiomyogenesis (2011)

Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, hold great promise as a cell source for regenerative therapies to treat many major diseases characterized by an irreversible loss of functional tissues. However, the future clinical application of pluripotent stem cells faces a number of obstacles regarding the safety, efficiency and long-term benefits. Some of these challenges are being addressed by the chemical biology approach using small molecules. In this paper, we review the recent progress and patents on small molecules which promote pluripotent stem cell maintenance, reprogramming, and direct differentiation with a focus on cardiomyogenesis.
Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Plasma Lipid Transport (2009)

This memoir provides a history of the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of blood plasma over the last half-century. As precursors of low-density lipoproteins and in their own right, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are essential to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and to consequent ischemic vascular disease. The author recounts research at the National Heart Institute during 1953 to 1956 and continuing thereafter at the University of California San Francisco. Emphasis is placed on key insights arising from investigations of human disease, the interplay of fatty acid and triglyceride-transport involving the liver, small intestine, adipose tissue and muscle, and the role of the liver in the synthesis and catabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins.
Blood neutrophil fbnctions and cytokine release in hepatitis effect of corticosteroids severe alcoholic (2000)

Background/Aims: Several observations point to an important role of interactions between polymorpho- nuclear neutrophils and cytokines in severe alcoholic hepatitis. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil acti- vation status and the local and systemic pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokine responses were quantilled. The effect of corticosteroids, widely used in this setting, was evaluated using these parameters. Methods: We studied blood polymorphonuclear neu- trophil functions in terms of L-selectin and /?2-inte- grin expression, Hz02 production and IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor a synthesis capacity. We also measured IL-8 tumor necrosis factor a and IL-10 plasma and liver tissue levels. Fifteen patients with alcoholic hepa- titis were compared to 15 patients with alcoholic cir- rhosis without alcoholic hepatitis, and to 10 healthy volunteers. The impact of a 2%day course of cortico- steroids on blood neutrophils activation status and cytokine levels was evaluated in patients with al- coholic hepatitis. Results: Blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils were activated, as shown by increased HtOz production (4826 vs 2926 MFI in healthy controls), and de- creased L-selectin expression (300&61 vs 449&59 in healthy controls). Upon stimulation, polymorpho- nuclear neutrophils synthesized large amounts of IL- 8 (21.7k9.2 ng/ml vs 8.8*10 ng/ml in healthy con- trols) and tumor necrosis factor a (5242132 pg/ml vs 79*144 pg/ml in healthy controls). Tumor necrosis factor a and IL-8 plasma and tissue levels were mark- edly increased as IL-10 was barely detectable in al- coholic hepatitis patients, compared to cirrhotic pa- tients and healthy controls. During steroid therapy, plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 fell as early as day 14, while levels of the anti-in- flammatory cytokine IL-10 increased on day 21. Fi- nally, polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions re- turned to normal after treatment. Conclusion: Severe alcoholic hepatitis appears to be associated with polymorphonuclear neutrophil acti- vation and an imbalance between pro- and anti-in- flammatory cytokines; during steroid therapy a nor- malization of these parameters was observed.
Enhanced magnetoresistance of ultrathin(AuCo)nmultilayers with perpendicular anisotropy (1988)

We present magnetoresistance (MR) measurements performed on two Au/Co/Au sandwiches with ultrathin cobalt layers (0.32 and 0.76 nm) and on a bilayer Au/Co/Au/Co/Au (0.75 nm Co). The easy magnetization axis is shown to be perpendicular to the films, in agreement with previous magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance measurements. The hysteretic behavior is easily observed by measuring the MR, leading to a determination of the coercive fields of a few ${10}^{2}$G. The Co bilayer exhibits a drastic enhancement of the MR effect with respect to the corresponding monolayer ($\ensuremath{\delta}\frac{R}{R=1.3%}$ at 300 K and 3% at 4.2 K) and a square hysteresis loop. Different mechanisms for the enhancement of the MR are proposed.
TCPL drug delivery system: the effects of synthetic DHEA and Diosgenin using an ovariectomized rat model. (2000)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown in numerous studies to exhibit a host of benefits at the vital and reproductive organ levels. However, the use of naturally occurring DHEA is hindered by its inability to survive the first-pass metabolic process of the liver. One possible alternative means that deserves consideration is the administration of DHEA's precursor, namely, Diosgenin (DG). The specific objectives of this investigation were: 1) to deliver DHEA and DG at sustained levels by Tri-Calcium Phosphate Lysine (TCPL) drug delivery systems using ovariectomized (OVX) adult rats as a model, and 2) to evaluate the biochemical and histopathological changes associated with the sustained delivery of DHEA and DG. A total of 30 adult female rats were used in this investigation. The animals were further divided into 8 groups. Groups 1 and 2 animals served as intact control groups while each rat in groups 3-8 was ovariectomized (sham (33), n = 3 [group 3], sham (47), n = 4 [group 4]). Groups 5 and 6 were implanted with DHEA (group 5) and DG (group 6) loaded TCPL capsules immediately following the OVX procedure. Groups 7 and 8 were implanted with DHEA (group 7) and DG (group 8) loaded capsules 14 days following OVX. Surgical aseptic technique was employed according to standard laboratory protocols. Maliondialdehyde (MDA) and hormonal levels were measured from serum, collected semi-weekly, during the entire investigation (for 47 days) and X-rays were performed weekly. Pap smears were collected daily for 47 days to assess endometrial changes associated with DHEA and DG treatment. Following sacrifice (at day 33 for groups 1, 3, 5, and 6 and at day 47 for groups 2, 4, 7, and 8), routine H and E staining was conducted for histopathological evaluation of the reproductive and vital organs. Results of this investigation demonstrated: 1) OVX resulted in an increase in total body weight, and the use of DHEA and DG returned the body weight to near normal levels as compared to the intact control groups, 2) TCPL capsules delivered DHEA and DG at a sustained level during the 47 day study, 3) serum levels of MDA are as follows: DG > DHEA = OVX > control for the 33 day phase and OVX > DG > DHEA > control for the 47 day phase, 4) no significant changes were observed in total wet weights, as well as the morphology of the spleen, kidney, adrenal, heart, liver, and lung tissues, 5) OVX resulted in an atrophy and non-keratinization trend in the reproductive tissues, and sustained delivery of DHEA and DG showed no remarkable change in these tissues, 6) the use of sustained delivery of DHEA and DG resulted in higher weights of uteri compared to the OVX group. In conclusion, this study provided more information regarding the interrelationship between DHEA and DG, and the physiological responses encountered when they are administered continuously using the adult OVX rat as a model.
Smartphone-based secure authenticated session sharing in Internet of Personal Things (2015)

In the context of password-based authentication, a user can only memorize limited number of usernames and passwords. They are generally referred to as user-credentials. Longer character length of passwords further adds complication in mastering them. The expansion of the Internet and our growing dependency on it, has made it almost impossible for us to handle the big pool of user-credentials. Using simple, same or similar passwords is considered a poor practice, as it can easily be compromised by password cracking tools and social engineering attacks. Therefore, a robust and painless technique to manage personal credentials for websites is desirable. In this paper, a novel technique for user-credentials management via a smart mobile device such as a smartphone in a local network is proposed. We present a secure user-credential management scheme in which user’s account login (username) and password associated with websites domain name is saved into the mobile device’s database using a mobile application. We develop a custom browser extension application for client and use it to import user’s credentials linked with the corresponding website from the mobile device via the local Wi-Fi network connection. The browser extension imports and identifies the authentication credentials and pushes them into the target TextBox locations in the webpage, ready for the user to execute. This scheme is suitably demonstrated between two personal devices in a local network.
A Unified Kernel Approach for Learning Typed Sentence Rewritings (2015)

International audience
Reaction of Hypercoordinate Dichlorosilanes Bearing 8-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthyl Group(s) with Magnesium: Formation of the 1,2-Disilaacenaphthene Skeleton (SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-Synthetic Design) (2000)

The reaction of a hypercoordinate dichlorosilane bearing an 8-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthyl group(s) with magnesium affords a dimeric product that contains a 1, 2-disilaacenaphthene skeleton arising from silicon.silicon and silicon.naphthyl carbon bond formation and amino group migration from the naphthyl carbon atom to the coordinated silicon atom.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Protein Is Packaged into the Nucleoprotein Complex through an Interaction with Viral Genomic RNA (2001)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif protein plays a critical role in the production of infectious virions. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of small amounts of Vif in virus particles. However, Vif packaging was assumed to be nonspecific, and its functional significance has been questioned. We now report that packaging of Vif is dependent on the packaging of viral genomic RNA in both permissive and restrictive HIV-1 target cells. Mutations in the nucleocapsid zinc finger domains that abrogate packaging of viral genomic RNA abolished packaging of Vif. Additionally, an RNA packaging-defective virus exhibited significantly reduced packaging of Vif. Finally, deletion of a putative RNA-interacting domain in Vif abolished packaging of Vif into virions. Virion-associated Vif was resistant to detergent extraction and copurified with components of the viral nucleoprotein complex and functional reverse transcription complexes. Thus, Vif is specifically packaged into virions as a component of the viral nucleoprotein complex. Our data suggest that the specific association of Vif with the viral nucleoprotein complex might be functionally significant and could be a critical requirement for infectivity of viruses produced from restrictive host cells.