gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of stacking faults in (11$ \bar 2 $0) and (11$ \bar 2 $2) GaN films by ELO techniques and benefit on GaN wells emission (2007)

Abstract New conditions for one‐step ELO were implemented to grow coalesced (11 $ \bar 2 $ 0) non‐polar and (11 $ \bar 2 $ 2) semi‐polar GaN layers starting, respectively, from R ‐ and M ‐plane sapphire. A great part of the stacking faults (SFs) and dislocations are filtrated resulting in GaN material with better structural and optical properties. In the ELO‐like (11 $ \bar 2 $ 0) and (11 $ \bar 2 $ 2) films, the near band edge emission dominates photoluminescence spectra and is in the range 3.45–3.48 eV depending on lattice deformation. The strongest emission is met for the semi‐polar (11 $ \bar 2 $ 2) ELO. When mask stripes are not normal to the c ‐axis, a singular ELO is developed with inclined coalescence facets. However, in this case, SFs overgrow above the mask and so lead to poor optical properties, dominated by SF and dislocation related peaks. In any case, the internal electric field reduction in (Al,Ga)N/GaN non‐ or semi‐polar quantum‐wells stacks is better viewed when the heterostructures are grown on ELO with stripes normal to the c ‐axis. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Cembranoid‐Type Diterpenes from Red Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton glaucum: Isolation and Antiproliferative Activity Against HepG2 Cells. (2014)

Abstract Three new cembranoids, sarcophytol (I), sarcophytolide B (II), and sarcophytolide C (III), are isolated along with three known metabolites.
Multiphoton Ionization of Hydrogen and Rare-Gas Atoms (1966)

A perturbation theory of the ionization of atoms by simultaneous absorption of several photons, each of whose energy is less than the ionization potential, is developed from the evolution-operator formalism. A precise computation is made for the hydrogen atom, giving transition rates as a function of photon energy for two- through twelve-photon photoionization. The eighth-order ionization rate (in cgs units) at the 1.78-eV ruby-laser line is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}244}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${(\mathrm{photon}\mathrm{flux})}^{8}$ and should be observable using available techniques. Good agreement is obtained with Zernik's exact calculation of the two-photon ionization rate of metastable $2S$ hydrogen. Approximate calculations are made for the rare gases. Assuming "typical" experimental conditions of a gas density of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{20}$ atoms ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a ruby laser focused into a volume of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, we find that the flux required to liberate one electron during a 10-nsec pulse is \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{29}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Xe, Kr, and Ar and \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{30}$ photons ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Ne and He. These gases ionize with the simultaneous absorption of 7, 8, 9, 13, and 14 photons, respectively. The predicted rate for Xe is found to be in excellent agreement with the recent direct measurements of Voronov and Delone. We conclude that multiphoton ionization provides the initial electrons required for the optical breakdown of gases, though it does not account for the over-all growth of the discharge except possibly at very low pressures. Impurity atoms (particularly heavy rare gases) may be the source of "initiating" electrons in Ne and He.
Parental Longevity and Diabetes Risk in the Diabetes Prevention Program (2011)

Parental longevity is associated with lower diabetes incidence in adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes.
Catalytic Oxidative Dehydration of Butanol Isomers: 1-Butanol, 2-Butanol, and Isobutanol (2011)

Abstract : The catalytic production of economically important four-carbon olefins was achieved through catalytic oxidative dehydration of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and isobutanol using a millisecond contact time reactor. Both alumina foam and rhodium-alumina foam catalysts convert these four-carbon alcohols into four-carbon olefins, with contact time equal to 25 ms over a wide range of equivalence ratios (phi) from 0.176 to 6.338 (or C/O(air) ratio from 0.0659 to 2.11). The cracking of the carbon backbone was found to be minimal. A mixture of butene isomers was obtained due to the isomerization of the carbocation intermediates. The degree of this isomerization was determined by analyzing the ratios of butenes/(total olefins), 1-butene/2-butene, cis-2- butene/trans-2-butene, and isobutene/(linear butenes). In addition, a reaction mechanism of the catalytic oxidative dehydration of butanol in short contact times was proposed. In this mechanism, the C-O bond of the majority of butanol was broken to form olefinic species on the alumina surface. These surface olefinic species would undergo successive oxidation to form CO and/or CO(2), depending on the availability of oxygen.
Bisulfite treatment and single-molecule real-time sequencing reveal D-loop length, position, and distribution (2020)

Displacement loops (D-loops) are signature intermediates formed during homologous recombination. Numerous factors regulate D-loop formation and disruption, thereby influencing crucial aspects of DNA repair, including donor choice and the possibility of crossover outcome. While D-loop detection methods exist, it is currently unfeasible to assess the relationship between D-loop editors and D-loop characteristics such as length and position. Here, we developed a novel in vitro assay to characterize the length and position of individual D-loops with near base-pair resolution and deep coverage, while also revealing their distribution in a population. Non-denaturing bisulfite treatment modifies the cytosines on the displaced strand of the D-loop to uracil, leaving a permanent signature for the displaced strand. Subsequent single-molecule real-time sequencing uncovers the cytosine conversion patch as a D-loop footprint. The D-loop Mapping Assay is widely applicable with different substrates and donor types and can be used to study factors that influence D-loop properties.
Evidence of Avian Pneumovirus Spread Beyond Minnesota Among Wild and Domestic Birds in Central North America (2004)

To detect avian pneumovirus (APV) in central North America, nasal turbinates or choanal deft tissues from domestic turkeys and wild birds were examined for the presence of APV RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whereas serum samples from domestic turkeys were analyzed for APV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In 2002, the seroprevalence of disease in domestic turkeys in Minnesota remained high (42.3% of the flocks). In addition, there is evidence the disease has spread to turkey flocks in North Dakota (8.2%), South Dakota (7%), Iowa (10%), and Wisconsin (8.6%) as detected by RT-PCR and/or ELISA. House sparrows and ring-billed gulls sampled in Minnesota and snow geese from Saskatchewan, Canada, were found to harbor APV RNA. Sequence analysis of wild bird APV strains showed high amino acid sequence identity among wild bird isolates (<97%) and between wild bird and turkey viral isolates (93.2%-99.3%). This study demonstrated that APV infections were present in domestic turkey flocks and wild birds outside the state of Minnesota; however, the role of wild birds in spreading APV to domestic turkeys remains unclear.
Mouse Heterotopic Cervical Cardiac Transplantation Utilizing Vascular Cuffs (2022)

Murine models of cardiac transplantation are frequently utilized to study ischemia-reperfusion injury, innate and adaptive immune responses after transplantation, and the impact of immunomodulatory therapies on graft rejection. Heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice was first described in 1991 using sutured anastomoses and subsequently modified to include cuff techniques. This modification allowed for improved success rates, and since then, there have been multiple reports that have proposed further technical improvements. However, translation into more widespread utilization remains limited due to the technical difficulty associated with graft anastomoses, which requires precision to achieve adequate length and caliber of the cuffs to avoid vascular anastomotic twisting or excessive tension, which can result in damage to the graft. The present protocol describes a modified technique for performing heterotopic cervical cardiac transplantation in mice which involves cuff placement on the recipient's common carotid artery and the donor's pulmonary artery in alignment with the direction of the blood flow.
Nonlinear acoustic technique of crack location (2000)

It is known that cracks have high nonlinear elasticity. It causes nonlinear acoustic responses, in particular the modulation of an ultrasound wave passing through or reflected from a crack by low frequency vibration. Such responses can be used for nonlinear acoustic nondestructive evaluation (NANDE). Early developed NANDE techniques based on the use of CW acoustic waves cannot give information on crack location. In this paper new methods of nonlinear acoustic crack location are introduced. They are based on modulation of acoustic pulses reflected from a crack in a solid by low frequency vibration. The first method employs the modulation of a single ultrasound pulse by rather high frequency vibration. This modulation is observed inside one ultrasound pulse. The second method utilizes the modulation of long series of pulses by low frequency vibrations. Both methods were experimentally verified in metal rods. Experiments show that the nonlinear modulation pulse technique can be an effective tool for location and identification of cracks.
Knowing More Than the Knowns in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (2021)

Not all genetic testing is the same, and interpretation of genetic testing gains accuracy when a patient’s ancestry is considered. In this issue of JAMA Cardiology, Sturm and colleagues1 explore these issues for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) genetic testing.
Measuring modal birefringence along a holey fiber by photon-counting OTDR (2005)

A photon-counting optical-time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) with spatial resolution of 8 cm is used to measure the modal birefringence along a holey fiber. Modal birefringence of /spl sim/10/sup -6/ is successfully recorded at 650 and 835 nm. The birefringence measured by the OTDR well coincides with that obtained from the measurements of polarization-mode dispersion.
Canonical correlations and canonical time series (2002)

In this paper, we revisit the problem of interrelations between large correlated data sets by considering cross correlations between a few linear combinations of the elements of each. This problem was studied by Hotelling (see Biometrika, vol.28, p.321-77) and Anderson (1958). We generalize the problem by studying linear transformations of the data sets, and applying our results to the case where one of the transformed data sets is noise corrupted. We derive best reduced-rank linear transformations and present asymptotic results. We conclude the paper by studying a causal filtering version of this problem and connecting it with the asymptotic case.
To me, Goffman Was a Shakespearean Figure, the Fool Who Spoke the Wisdom of the Play (2010)

Dr. Marvin B. Scott, Professor Emeritus at Hunter College, wrote this memoir at the request of Jackie Wiseman.
Neuroprotective Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (2014)

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs, collectively called sartans) are widely used compounds therapeutically effective in cardiovascular disorders, renal disease, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. It has been more recently recognized that ARBs are neuroprotective and have potential therapeutic use in many brain disorders. ARBs ameliorate inflammatory and apoptotic responses to glutamate, interleukin 1β and bacterial endotoxin in cultured neurons, astrocytes, microglial, and endothelial cerebrovascular cells. When administered systemically, ARBs enter the brain, protecting cerebral blood flow, maintaining blood brain barrier function and decreasing cerebral hemorrhage, excessive brain inflammation and neuronal injury in animal models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and other brain conditions. Epidemiological analyses reported that ARBs reduced the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and clinical studies suggested amelioration of cognitive loss following stroke and aging. ARBs are pharmacologically heterogeneous; their effects are not only the result of Ang II type 1(AT1) receptor blockade but also of additional mechanisms selective for only some compounds of the class. These include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation and other still poorly defined mechanisms. However, the complete pharmacological spectrum and therapeutic efficacy of individual ARBs have never been systematically compared, and the neuroprotective efficacy of these compounds has not been rigorously determined in controlled clinical studies. The accumulation of pre-clinical evidence should promote further epidemiological and controlled clinical studies. Repurposing ARBs for the treatment of brain disorders, currently without effective therapy, may be of immediate and major translational value.
S-adenosylmethionine and its metabolite induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells: Role of protein phosphatase 1 and Bcl-xS (2004)

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and its metabolite 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) are proapoptotic in HepG2 cells. In microarray studies, we found SAMe treatment induced Bcl-x expression. Bcl-x is alternatively spliced to produce two distinct mRNAs and proteins, Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-x(S). Bcl-x(L) is antiapoptotic, while Bcl-x(S) is proapoptotic. In this study we showed that SAMe and MTA selectively induced Bcl-x(S) in a time- and dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. There are three transcription start sites in the human Bcl-x gene which yield only Bcl-x(L) in control HepG2 cells. SAMe and MTA treatment did not affect promoter usage, but while one promoter yielded only Bcl-x(L), the other two yielded both Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-x(S), with Bcl-x(S) as the predominant messenger RNA (mRNA) species. Trichostatin A, 3-deaza-adenosine, cycloleucine, and okadaic acid had no effect on Bcl-x(S) induction by SAMe or MTA. Calyculin A and tautomycin, on the other hand, blocked SAMe and MTA-mediated Bcl-x(S) induction and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. SAMe and MTA increased protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunit mRNA and protein levels and dephosphorylation of serine-arginine proteins, with the latter blocked by calyculin A. The effects of SAMe and MTA on Bcl-x(S), PP1 expression, and apoptosis were also seen in 293 cells, but not in primary hepatocytes. Induction of Bcl-x(S) by ceramide in HepG2 cells also resulted in apoptosis. In conclusion, we have uncovered a highly novel action of SAMe and MTA, namely the ability to affect the cellular phosphorylation state and alternative splicing of genes, in this case resulting in the induction of Bcl-x(S) leading to apoptosis.
Exploring developmental changes in infant anticipation and perceptual processing: EEG responses to tactile stimulation (2021)

There is an increasing interest in alpha-range rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in relation to perceptual and attentional processes. The infant mu rhythm has been extensively studied in the context of linkages between action observation and action production in infancy, but less is known about the mu rhythm in relation to cross-modal processes involving somatosensation. We investigated differences in mu responses to cued vibrotactile stimulation of the hand in two age groups of infants: From 6 to 7 months and 13 to 14 months. We were also interested in anticipatory neural responses in the alpha frequency range prior to tactile stimulation. Tactile stimulation of infants' left or right hand was preceded by an audiovisual cue signaling which hand would be stimulated. In response to the tactile stimulus, infants demonstrated significant mu desynchronization over the central areas contralateral to the hand stimulated, with higher mu peak frequency and greater contralateral mu desynchronization for older infants. Prior to the tactile stimulus, both age groups showed significant bilateral alpha desynchronization over frontocentral sites, which may be indicative of generalized anticipation of an upcoming stimulus. The findings highlight the potential of examining the sensorimotor mu rhythm in the context of infant attentional development.
Bistatic Localization of Objects in Very Shallow Water (2019)

Bistatic or multi-static systems use spatially distributed sources and/or receivers to ensonify scattering objects over a distance to obtain the acoustic images of individual targets for classification purposes. The targets need to be localized first and separated from the clutter. To reach targets at a distance, low frequency sound is often used; targets can in principle be classified based on the frequency and azimuthal angle response of the echo return, referred to as acoustic color. Practical application of this technology is limited by the array size and the ability to localize the target and extract the scattering echo. Deconvolution of conventional beamforming (CBF) has been shown to achieve a narrow beam width and low side lobe levels equivalent to CBF of an array of much larger aperture. This method is applied to active sonar in this paper. Analysis of simulated and tank experimental data demonstrated a better separation of targets and a higher target-to-reverberation ratio than that using CBF.
Vision-based automatic landing of a rotary UAV (2017)

A hybrid-like (continuous and discrete-event) approach to controlling a small multi-rotor unmanned aerial system (UAS) while landing on a moving platform is described. The landing scheme is based on positioning visual markers on a landing platform in a detectable pattern. After the onboard camera detects the object pattern, the inner control algorithm sends visual-based servo-commands to align the multi-rotor with the targets. This method is less computationally complex as it uses color-based object detection applied to a geometric pattern instead of feature tracking algorithms, and has the advantage of not requiring the distance to the objects to be calculated. The continuous approach accounts for the UAV and the platform rolling/pitching/yawing, which is essential for a real-time landing on a moving target such as a ship. A discrete-event supervisor working in parallel with the inner controller is designed to assist the automatic landing of a multi-rotor UAV on a moving target. This supervisory control strategy allows the pilot and crew to make time-critical decisions when exceptions, such as losing targets from the field of view, occur. The developed supervisor improves the low-level vision-based auto-landing system and high-level human-machine interface. The proposed hybrid-like approach was tested in simulation using a quadcopter model in Virtual Robotics Experimentation Platform (V-REP) working in parallel with Robot Operating System (ROS). Finally, this method was validated in a series of real-time experiments with indoor and outdoor quadcopters landing on both static and moving platforms. The developed prototype system has demonstrated the capability of landing within 25 cm of the desired point of touchdown. This auto-landing system is small (100 x 100 mm), light-weight (100 g), and consumes little power (under 2 W).
Rainfall Profiling Using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Vertically Pointing 8-mm Wavelength Radars (2006)

Abstract An attenuation-based method to retrieve vertical profiles of rainfall rate from vertically pointing Ka-band radar measurements has been refined and adjusted for use with the U.S. Department of Energy’s cloud radars deployed at multiple Atmospheric Radiation Program (ARM) test bed sites. This method takes advantage of the linear relationship between the rainfall rate and the attenuation coefficient, and can account for a priori information about the vertical profile of nonattenuated reflectivity. The retrieval method is applied to a wide variety of rainfall events observed at different ARM sites ranging from stratiform events with low-to-moderate rainfall rates (∼5 mm h−1) to heavy convective rains with rainfall rates approaching 100 mm h−1. The Ka-band attenuation-based retrieval results expressed in both instantaneous rainfall rates and in rainfall accumulations are compared to available surface data and measurements of a scanning C-band precipitation polarimetric radar located near the Darwin, Australia, ARM test bed site. The Ka-band retrievals are found to be in good agreement with the C-band radar estimates, which are based both on conventional radar reflectivity approaches and on polarimetric differential phase shift measurements. Typically, the C-band–Ka-band radar estimate differences are within the expected retrieval uncertainties. The magnitude of the Ka-band rainfall-rate estimate error depends on the retrieval resolution, rain intensity, and uncertainties in the profiles of nonattenuated reflectivity. It is shown that reasonable retrieval accuracies (∼15%–40%) can be achieved for a large dynamic range of observed rainfall rates (4–100 mm h−1) and the effective vertical resolution of about 1 km. The potential enhancements of the Ka-band attenuation-based method by including a priori information on vertical profiles of nonattenuated reflectivity and increasing the height range of the retrievals by using Ka-band polarization measurements are also discussed. The addition of the precipitation products to the suite of ARM hydrometeor retrievals can enhance the overall characterization of the vertical atmospheric column.
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Epilepsy (2020)

Neurostimulation in epilepsy is a long standing established concept, and through experimental and clinical uses, our understanding of neurostimulation and neuromodulation has grown substantially. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques use electromagnetic principles to noninvasively modulate brain activity in a spatiotemporally targeted manner. This review focused on the two predominant forms of noninvasive neurostimulation: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation, and their current applications in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy. A number of small randomized sham-controlled studies suggest that both TMS and transcranial direct current stimulation may have a beneficial effect in decreasing seizure frequency in patients with medically refractory epilepsy, without significant side effects. Small pilot studies also suggest that TMS in combination with EEG may be used to develop quantitative biomarkers of cortical hyperexcitability in patients with epilepsy. Furthermore, TMS is already Food and Drug Administration-cleared for presurgical mapping of eloquent cortex, and preliminary studies suggest that navigated TMS represents a highly valuable clinical supplement for preoperative functional planning. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation have shown great potential benefit for patients with epilepsy; however, further large multicenter randomized sham-controlled studies are needed to better optimize stimulation settings and protocols, define mechanisms of action, assess long-term effects, and clearly define roles and determine efficacy.