gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NIR hyperspectral imaging using MOEMS scanning grating chips and linear detector array (2007)

"NIR Hyperspectral Imaging" is a universal tool to measure and control chemical properties of objects. The combination of digital imaging and molecular spectroscopy exhibits a great benefit, especially for in- and on-line analysis. However, a wide use is impeded at present due to the expensive and complex system approach. One reason is the high cost of two dimensional InGaAs detector arrays, another one is the special glass that is used in the near infrared NIR. In this paper a new approach for a NIR Imaging spectrometer is presented. The base of the new Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imager is a micromechanical scanning device with an integrated diffraction grating. This MOEMS device is made in a standard SOI fabrication process developed at Fraunhofer IPMS. For the Hyperspectral Imager, a new all-reflective optical system based on a Schiefspiegler setup has been developed. The simulated optical configuration and the achieved performance of the system will be presented.
High locking efficiency XeCl ring amplifier injection locked by backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (1987)

Performance of a XeCl ring amplifier injection locked by backward stimulated Brillouin scattering is described. High locking efficiency of ∼100% and a high-quality beam have been successfully obtained by using a Brillouin mirror.
Motor Neuron Disease (1999)

Motor neuron disease (MND) refers to the group of degenerative disorders characterized by progressive weakness and atrophy of skeletal muscle due to the selective dysfunction and degeneration of upper and/or lower motor neurons. In adults, the most common of these disorders is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, i.e., Lou Gehrig’s disease), which results from the degeneration of large motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, brain stem nuclei, and motor cortex. The most common form of MND in children is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a distinct form of MND characterized by the dysfunction and loss of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and lower brainstem nuclei without associated upper motor neuron findings. This chapter will focus on recent advances in understanding the molecular events leading to dysfunction and death of motor neurons in these two disorders.
Perfect Light Absorption in Ultra-thin Silicon Optical Nanocavity and its Application for Color Filters (2016)

We investigated perfect light absorption in silicon optical nanocavity comprising of ultrathin aluminum and silicon films deposited on an aluminum surface. The thickness of the silicon film cavity is 1/18 of the perfect absorption wavelength.
The adoption of open source software in business models (2009)

Free / Libre open source software (FLOSS/OSS) has gained increasing popularity and utilisation in commercial and governmental organisations. Universities like Harvard and Stanford now offer courses on open source as a business and also on how businesses can compete with open source firms. However, very little research has been published in regards to the influence of OSS on business strategies; the use of OSS as a viable business or its value proposition within a commercial entity. The business model, a powerful tool for extracting economic value from the potential of technological innovation, clearly plays an important role in the success of a business. In this paper we investigate the role of open source in the business models of Red Hat and IBM and describe how OSS has contributed to their success. A framework recently developed by some of the authors is used to evaluate and identify the key factors important to the integration of OSS strategies into traditional business models.
Freeze-Drying of Proteins (1994)

Although freeze drying is often the process of choice for production of therapeutic proteins, protein degradation may occur in-process and/or during storage. This review begins with a presentation of physical and engineering principles critical to process control and concludes with a discussion of the relationship between formulation and stability. In-process degradation is minimized by rapid freezing and drying below the relevant glass transition temperature to the optimum residual moisture, which is normally less than 1%. Formulation has a major impact on both process design and stability, but "mechanisms" of stability enhancement are controversial. It is tentatively concluded that: (a) stabilization during freezing is largely due to the increase in thermodynamic stability of the protein caused by solutes that are "excluded" from the protein/aqueous surface; (b) stability of the dried product is enhanced by immobilization in a glassy (chemically inert) matrix; and (c) stability enhancement during drying may involve aspects of both the immobilization and the "water substitute" mechanisms.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Polychlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin and Polychlorodibenzofuran in a Quadrupole Ion Trap. 1. Comparison of Single-Frequency, Secular Frequency Modulation, and Multifrequency Resonant Excitation Modes (1996)

An investigation has been carried out on three modes of resonant excitation in the development of an analytical protocol for the determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) by ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. The resonant excitation modes investigated are single-frequency irradiation (SFI), secular frequency modulation (SFM), and multifrequency irradiation (MFI) of isolated molecular ion species. Each excitation mode was examined for fragmentation channel selectivity so as to optimize instrument sensitivity. Collision-activated dissociation mass spectra obtained with each excitation mode are compared with those obtained by triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometry (TSQMS). While the same reaction channels (corresponding to losses of Cl•, COCl•, and 2COCl• for PCDDs and Cl•, COCl•, and COCl2 and COCl3• for PCDFs) were observed for each excitation mode, the fragment ion relative abundances differed among the resonant excitation modes and showed that internal energy deposition in the precursor ion was in the order MFI > SFI > SFM. In each resonant excitation mode, the observed conversion efficiency for loss of COCl• exceeded that observed with TSQMS. The procedure of tuning SFI to ion secular frequencies was laborious, while the required duration of irradiation with SFM was excessively long compared to the gas chromatographic time scale. The tuning requirements of MFI using 1 and 2 kHz bandwidth pulses were less rigorous than those for SFI, and the duration of irradiation was compatible with the gas chromatographic time scale.
Effects of BMP-12-Releasing Sutures on Achilles Tendon Healing (2014)

Tendon healing is a complex coordinated event orchestrated by numerous biologically active proteins. Unfortunately, tendons have limited regenerative potential and as a result, repair may be protracted months to years. Current treatment strategies do not offer localized delivery of biologically active proteins, which may result in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Surgical sutures coated with nanostructured minerals may provide a potentially universal tool to efficiently incorporate and deliver biologically active proteins directly to the wound. Additionally, previous reports indicated that treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-12 (BMP-12) improved tendon healing. Based on this information, we hypothesized that mineral-coated surgical sutures may be an effective platform for localized BMP-12 delivery to an injured tendon. The objective of this study was, therefore, to elucidate the healing effects of mineral-coated sutures releasing BMP-12 using a rat Achilles healing model. The effects of BMP-12-releasing sutures were also compared with standard BMP-12 delivery methods, including delivery of BMP-12 through collagen sponge or direct injection. Rat Achilles tendons were unilaterally transected and repaired using BMP-12-releasing suture (0, 0.15, 1.5, or 3.0 μg), collagen sponge (0 or 1.5 μg BMP-12), or direct injection (0 or 1.5 μg). By 14 days postinjury, repair with BMP-12-releasing sutures reduced the appearance of adhesions to the tendon and decreased total cell numbers. BMP-12 released from sutures and collagen sponge also tended to improve collagen organization when compared with BMP-12 delivered through injection. Based on these results, the release of a protein from sutures was able to elicit a biological response. Furthermore, BMP-12-releasing sutures modulated tendon healing, and the delivery method dictated the response of the healing tissue to BMP-12.
Site-specific mutagenesis by a propanodeoxyguanosine adduct carried on an M13 genome. (1994)

The spectrum of mutations induced upon in vivo replication of an M13 genome containing a site-specifically located propanodeoxyguanosine (PdG) adduct was determined. PdG was used as a model for the major deoxyguanosine adduct produced on reaction of DNA with the endogenous genotoxin malondialdehyde. PdG was introduced at position 6256 of M13MB102 by ligating the oligodeoxynucleotide 5'-GGT(PdG)TCCG-3' into an 8-base gap in the (-)-strand of duplex M13MB102. Replication of the adducted strand was maximized by incorporation of uracil into the unadducted (+)-strand. Following replication of dG-containing and PdG-containing M13MB102 genomes in Escherichia coli JM105, frameshift mutations were detected as phenotypic changes in the lacZ alpha marker gene. Base pair substitutions were detected by differential hybridization using 32P-labeled 13-mers bearing different bases opposite position 6256. Neither frameshift nor base pair substitution mutations were detected following replication of PdG-adducted genomes in non-SOS-induced JM105. However, PdG-->T transversions and PdG-->A transitions were detected following transformation of PdG-adducted M13MB102 into SOS-induced JM105. Both types of mutations were detected at comparable frequencies, and the total mutation frequency was approximately 2%. The results indicate that PdG is an efficient premutagenic lesion in E. coli strains in which the SOS response is induced.
Polarization-insensitive, omnidirectional fiber-optic ultrasonic sensor with quadrature demodulation (2020)

We report an ultrasonic sensor system based on a low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) formed by two weak chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) on a coiled single-mode fiber. The sensor system has several desirable features for practical applications in detecting ultrasound on a solid surface. By controlling the birefringence of the fiber coil during the sensor fabrication, the sensor is made insensitive to the polarization variations of the laser source. The circular symmetric structure of the fiber coil also renders the omnidirectional response of the sensor to ultrasound. While the fiber coil is bonded directly to the structure, the CFBGs are suspended from the structure and free from large background strains with little reduction to the sensitivity of the sensor. The low-finesse FPI features a sinusoidal reflection spectrum. Like the conventional phase-generated carried technique, a phase modulator is utilized to implement quadrature demodulation. Therefore, the sensing system is adaptive to large background perturbations experienced by the fiber coil.
Gandalf: Software development environments (1986)

Different programming projects require different environments, but handcrafting a separate environment for each project is not economically feasible. Gandalf solves this problem by permitting environment designers to generate families of software development environments semiautomatically without excessive cost. Environments generated using Gandalf address programming environments, which help ease the programming process, as well as system development environments, which reduce the degree to which a software project is dependent on the good will of its members. Gandalf environments integrate programming and system development, permitting interactions not available in traditional environments. The paper covers the basic characteristics of Gandalf environments. The method used to generate these environments, the structure and function of several existing environments, and ongoing research on the project.
Effects of Anesthesia on Urodynamic Studies in the Primate Model (1996)

These findings show that anesthesia has profound effects on the bladder, and careful interpretation of urodynamic data is suggested. These findings also suggest that ketamine is a suitable anesthetic for urodynamic studies in the subhuman primate.
Oil Droplet Removal from Produced Water Using Nanoparticles and Their Magnetic Separation (2016)

Abstract The removal of highly stable dispersed oil produced during oil recovery processes is very challenging, especially in offshore operations where the limited space does not allow use of equipment with long residence time for the required separation. Using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to remove the dispersed oil from produced water is a promising way to overcome the difficulties that the current treatment technologies face, since the MNPs-attached oil droplets can be quickly and efficiently separated with application of an external magnetic field. The MNPs can be also regenerated and reused, minimizing the generation of hazardous waste. We investigated not only the optimal operating conditions, such as MNP concentration and salinity, but also the mechanisms of MNPs-oil attachment and magnetic separation. We synthesized MNPs in the laboratory with a prescribed surface coating. The MNPs were superparamagnetic with an average individual particle size of ~10 nm. Crude oil content in separated water was reduced by as much as 99.9% using MNP concentrations as low as 0.04 wt% in 5 minutes after MNPs and oil were reacted. The electrostatic attraction between negatively charged oil-in-water emulsions and positively charged MNPs controls the attachment of MNPs to the droplet surface; and the subsequent aggregation of the electrically neutral MNPs-attached oil droplets plays a critical role for accelerated and efficient magnetic separation. The particle aggregation occurred fast, generally within one minute. Thus, the total magnetic separation time was dramatically reduced to as short as 1 second, contrary to that of free, individual MNPs where it took about 36~72 hours, depending on the MNP concentrations. Model calculations of magnetic separation velocity, accounting for the MNP magnetization and viscous drag, show that the velocity of free Amine functionalized MNPs (A-MNPs) increases about 1~3 orders of magnitude as the particles get closer to the magnet depending on the particle size. The smaller the particles, the greater the effect of the magnetic field on the velocity. A typical operating condition would be when the size of the MNPs-oil droplet aggregates is grown to be greater than 360 nm. Then, the total magnetic separation time will be approximately 5 minutes.
Ccl2 and Ccl3 mediate neutrophil recruitment through induction of protein synthesis and secondary generation of lipid mediators (2009)

CC chemokines Ccl2 and Ccl3 have recently been implicated in neutrophil migration. Here, we analyzed the role of endogenously generated lipid mediators for neutrophil recruitment in Ccl2‐ and Ccl3‐elicited inflammation in the mouse cremaster muscle using in vivo microscopy. Stimulation with Ccl2 and Ccl3 induced a significant increase in numbers of firmly adherent and transmigrated leukocytes (&gt; 80% Gr‐1 + neutrophils) as compared to controls, respectively. This increase was significantly attenuated in mice receiving inhibitors of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D) as well as antagonists of PAF (BN52021) and LTB 4 (MK‐886). In contrast, leukocyte responses elicited by PAF and LTB 4 themselves were not affected by actinomycin D, BN52021, or MK‐886. Conversely, PAF and LTB 4 , but not Ccl2 and Ccl3, induced shedding of CD62L and increased expression of CD11b on neutrophils as assessed by flow cytometry. Moreover, Ccl2‐ and Ccl3‐elicited leakage of FITC dextran as well as collagen IV remodeling within the venular basement membrane (BM) were completely absent in neutropenic mice. These data demonstrate that Ccl2‐ and Ccl3‐elicited firm adherence and (subsequent) transmigration of neutrophils require protein synthesis and secondary generation of lipid mediators such as PAF and LTB 4 which in turn directly activate neutrophils. Thereby, neutrophils facilitate BM remodeling and promote the microvascular leakage.
Investigation of a radio-frequency ion thruster with a ramjet discharge chamber (2022)

The paper describes a zero-dimensional balance mathematical model of a radio-frequency ion thruster with a ramjet discharge chamber and considers the case when the propellant is fed into the ionization chamber but is able to outflow through the ion-extraction system as well as through the inlet channel of the atmosphere gases intake device. Nitrogen was considered as the propellant. The mathematical model is distinctive as it takes into account the propellant dissociation and the influence of atmosphere gases intake device. The paper also gives the results of the first experiments with a laboratory model of the thruster. The comparison between the calculated and experimental data made it possible to obtain the discrepancies of less than 15 percent, which indicates the applicability of the developed mathematical model for a qualitative analysis of the processes occurring in the thruster.
Expression of platelet derived growth factor and platelet derived growth factor receptor mRNA in a glioblastoma from a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. (1995)

Expression of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF-receptor mRNA was examined from a glioblastoma taken from a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridisation showed very high concentrations of both PDGF-A and PDGF alpha-receptor mRNA in the tumour. The overall pattern of PDGF expression was similar to those found in sporadic glioblastomas. Mutations in p53 has been implicated as an early pathogenic event leading to sporadic low grade astrocytomas, and is the third most common tumour type in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, where they are predisposed due to a germline mutation in the p53 tumour suppressor gene. This study suggests that progression towards a glioblastoma in both the general population and in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome may involve potential autocrine and paracrine stimulation by growth factors such as PDGF.
Observation of "capacitance overshoot" in the transient current measurement of polysilicon TFT's (1999)

We have observed and analyzed a new effect in the transient current measurement of polysilicon TFT's: the presence of an "overshoot" in the transient response, which implies a time dependent gate capacitance exceeding C/sub ox/ WL. We have also performed two-dimensional (2-D) transient simulations to explain the experimental results. Our analysis indicates that a TFT circuit model based on lumped intranodal impedances cannot explain the observed transient current behavior. It follows that the "subtransistor" approach is essential for accurate dynamic circuit simulations.
Distributed traffic complexity management by preserving trajectory flexibility (2007)

In order to handle the expected increase in air traffic volume, the next generation air transportation system is moving towards a distributed control architecture, in which ground based service providers such as controllers and traffic managers and air-based users such as pilots share responsibility for aircraft trajectory generation and management. This paper presents preliminary research investigating a distributed trajectory oriented approach to manage traffic complexity, based on preserving trajectory flexibility. The underlying hypotheses are that preserving trajectory flexibility autonomously by aircraft naturally achieves the aggregate objective of avoiding excessive traffic complexity, and that trajectory flexibility is increased by collaboratively minimizing trajectory constraints without jeopardizing the intended air traffic management objectives. This paper presents an analytical framework in which flexibility is defined in terms of robustness and adaptability to disturbances and preliminary metrics are proposed that can be used to preserve trajectory flexibility. The hypothesized impacts are illustrated through analyzing a trajectory solution space in a simple scenario with only speed as a degree of freedom, and in constraint situations involving meeting multiple times of arrival and resolving conflicts.
Identification and Characterization of Layer-Specific Differences in Extraocular Muscle M-Bands (2007)

The expression pattern of M-bands and their constituents in EOMs provides mechanistic insight for their allotypic and layer-specific viscoelastic properties. Modeling the differential expression of M-bands between EOMs and TA predicts increased elasticity but reduced force and eccentric contraction (ECC)-mediated damage in EOMs and suggests a potential mechanism for the clinical sparing of EOMs noted in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD).
Arabidopsis RUGOSA2 encodes an mTERF family member required for mitochondrion, chloroplast and leaf development (2011)

Little is known about the mechanisms that control transcription of the mitochondrial and chloroplastic genomes, and their interplay within plant cells. Here, we describe the positional cloning of the Arabidopsis RUG2 gene, which encodes a protein that is dual-targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts, and is homologous with the metazoan mitochondrial transcription termination factors (mTERFs). In the loss-of-function rug2 mutants, most organs were pale and showed reduced growth, and the leaves exhibited both green and pale sectors, with the latter containing sparsely packed mesophyll cells. Chloroplast and mitochondrion development were strongly perturbed in the rug2-1 mutant, particularly in pale leaf sectors, in which chloroplasts were abnormally shaped and reduced in number, thereby impairing photoautotrophic growth. As expected from the pleiotropic phenotypes caused by its loss-of-function alleles, the RUG2 gene was ubiquitously expressed. In a microarray analysis of the mitochondrial and chloroplastic genomes, 56 genes were differentially expressed between rug2-1 and the wild type: most mitochondrial genes were downregulated, whereas the majority of the chloroplastic genes were upregulated. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that the rug2-1 mutation specifically increases expression of the RpoTp nuclear gene, which encodes chloroplastic RNA polymerase. Therefore, the RUG2 nuclear gene seems to be crucial for the maintenance of the correct levels of transcripts in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, which is essential for optimized functions of these organelles and proper plant development. Our results highlight the complexity of the functional interaction between these two organelles and the nucleus.
A ferrofluid seal technology for fluidic microactuators (2006)

Recent research revealed that microactuators driven by pressurized fluids are able to generate high power and force densities at microscale. Despite these promising properties, fluidic actuators are rare in microsystem technology. The main technological barrier in the development of these actuators is the fabrication of powerful seals with low leakage. This paper presents a seal technology for linear fluidic microactuators based on ferrofluids. An accurate design method for these seals has been developed and validated by measurements on miniaturized actuator prototypes. Our current actuator prototypes are able to seal pressures up to 16 bar without leakage. The actuator has an outside diameter of 2 mm, a length of 13 mm and the actuator is able to generate forces of 0.65 N and a stroke of 10 mm. Moreover, promising properties such as the restoration of the seal after a pressure overload have been observed.