gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autopsy Proven Pulmonary Embolism in Hospital Patients: Are We Detecting Enough Deep Vein Thrombosis? (1989)

To investigate the present status of pulmonary embolism as a cause of death in a general hospital patient population, a 5-year retrospective study of all autopsy reports and associated hospital records was undertaken. Pulmonary embolism was thought to be the cause of death in 239 of 2388 autopsies performed (10%): 15% of these patients were aged less than 60 years and 68% did not have cancer. Of these patients, 83% had deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs at autopsy, of whom only 19% had symptoms of DVT before death. Only 3% of patients who had DVT at autopsy had undergone an investigation for such before death. Twenty-four per cent of patients who died from pulmonary embolism had undergone surgery a mean of 6.9 days before. Screening tests for DVT should be applied widely in the hospital population.
Synthesis and anticholinergic properties of the enantiomers of 4-(isopropylamino)-2-(2-pyridyl)-2-phenylbutyramide, the mono-N-dealkylated metabolite of disopyramide (1981)

The 2R and 2S enantiomers of 4-isopropyl-2-(2-pyridyl)-2-phenylbutyramide [(2R)-2 and (2S)-2] were prepared from the respective 2R and 2S enantiomers of disopyramide [(2R)-1 and (2S)-1] by oxidation with peracid, Cope elimination, and subsequent zinc/HCl reduction of the resulting hydroxylamines (2R)-3 and (2S)-3. The enantiomers were tested as antagonists to the contraction of guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle produced in response to electrically stimulated release of acetylcholine. The enantiomers showed IC50 values of 5.0 X 10(-6) and 14 X 10(-6) M for (2S)-2 and (2R)-2 respectively, about a 3-fold difference between enantiomers. Data are presented showing direct antagonism of acetylcholine in the guinea pig ileum assay. In a comparison of the anticholinergic effects of 2 and 1, the metabolite (2) was slightly less potent than disopyramide (1).
A new ring transformation of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles into furan-2-carbothioamides (2006)

2-(5-Amino-1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-ylmethylene)malonates transform into furans containing thioamide groups.
Predictors of Resectability and Survival in Patients With Borderline and Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer who Underwent Neoadjuvant Treatment With FOLFIRINOX (2017)

BR/LA PDAC patients with no progression on neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX should be offered surgical exploration. Except size, traditional pathological parameters fail to predict survival among resected FOLFIRINOX patients. Resected FOLFIRINOX patients have survival that appears to be superior than that of resectable patients who go directly to surgery.
Results from the International Heliophysical Year (IHY) (2010)

The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) involved the effort of thousands of scientists from over 70 countries, ended in February 2009. The major objectives of the IHY included over 60 collaborative studies of universal physical processes in the solar system, the deployment of arrays of small instruments to observe heliophysical processes, a unique program of educational and public outreach, and the preservation of the history of the IGY, during a two year period. A follow on effort, the International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) is designed to build on the momentum developed during the IHY to develop the capability to observe, understand, and predict space weather phenomena.
Shaping Single Offset Reflector Antennas Using Local Axis-Displaced Confocal Quadrics (2016)

This work investigates a novel numerical procedure for the solution of an exact formulation for the Geometrical Optics synthesis of a single reflector antenna by simultaneously imposing Snell’s Law and Conservation of Energy in a tube of rays, yielding a second-order nonlinear partial differential equation of Monge-Ampère type, which can be solved as a boundary value problem. The investigation explores the interpolating properties of confocal quadrics to locally represent the shaped reflector surface. It allows the partial derivatives involved in the formulation to be analytically expressed. To illustrate the method, two examples of offset single reflectors shaped to radiate a Gaussian power density within a superelliptical contoured beam are presented. The results are validated by Physical Optics analysis with equivalent edge currents.
Preferential increase of glutathione S-transferase class alpha transcripts in cultured human hepatocytes by phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, and dithiolethiones. (1993)

In rodents, a diversity of compounds are able to protect against acute and chronic toxicities of various xenobiotics including carcinogens, at least in part through induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes including glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. We have posed the question as to whether or not these compounds also induce GSTs in human liver. Primary human hepatocyte cultures were exposed to phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, and two dithiolethiones [1,2-dithiole-3-thione and its 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl derivative, oltipraz], and steady-state mRNA levels of GST classes alpha, mu, and pi were determined by Northern blot analysis. After 3 daily treatments, the two dithiolethiones were the most potent inducers; phenobarbital was also effective but to a lesser extent and 3-methylcholanthrene increased GST mRNA in only 2 of the 6 samples, although it stimulated cytochrome P-450 1A2 mRNA in all cell preparations. Whatever the compound only GSTA1 and/or A2 transcripts were induced. GST M1 mRNAs were not responsive or only slightly responsive, and GST P1 mRNAs, which were mostly undetectable in control cells, were not affected by treatment with any of the four chemicals. Large individual variations were observed in the level of induction of GST A1 and/or A2 mRNAs, and no sex difference could be demonstrated. These results clearly indicate that phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, and dithiolethiones are able to markedly increase mRNA levels of GST in human hepatocytes and that the GST alpha class is preferentially involved.
Direct chip interconnect using polymer bonding (2003)

High-density, fine-pitch interconnection is now possible with polymer bonding systems. Polymer bonding methods for the direct interconnection of integrated circuit (IC) components are considered. Emerging concepts using polymer materials engineered for direct mechanical and electrical connection of ICs are covered. Polymer thick-film (PTF) technology, the earliest approach to printed circuits, has moved from the simple membrane switch arena to the more complex and demanding realm of circuitry. PTF technology, in addition to lowering cost, can relieve the high-density interconnect bottleneck. Anisotropic conductive adhesive technology, both for tape automated bonding (TAB) and flip-chip bonding strategies, is examined. The use of isotropically conductive and nonconductive polymer bonding agents for direct mechanical and electrical connection of bare die to circuit boards is also examined. Although some of these technologies remain experimental, anisotropic conductive adhesive bonding of electronic components has reached high-volume production status.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Robust Face Alignment Under Occlusion via Regional Predictive Power Estimation (2015)

Face alignment has been well studied in recent years, however, when a face alignment model is applied on facial images with heavy partial occlusion, the performance deteriorates significantly. In this paper, instead of training an occlusion-aware model with visibility annotation, we address this issue via a model adaptation scheme that uses the result of a local regression forest (RF) voting method. In the proposed scheme, the consistency of the votes of the local RF in each of several oversegmented regions is used to determine the reliability of predicting the location of the facial landmarks. The latter is what we call regional predictive power (RPP). Subsequently, we adapt a holistic voting method (cascaded pose regression based on random ferns) by putting weights on the votes of each fern according to the RPP of the regions used in the fern tests. The proposed method shows superior performance over existing face alignment models in the most challenging data sets (COFW and 300-W). Moreover, it can also estimate with high accuracy (72.4% overlap ratio) which image areas belong to the face or nonface objects, on the heavily occluded images of the COFW data set, without explicit occlusion modeling.
Analytical methods for the determination of aldehydes (1981)

A review of analytical methods for the determination of aldehydes is given with 140 references. It is excerpted from material presented in Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1981.
Anatomic and Neurophysiological Methods for the Targeting and Lesioning of the Subthalamic Nucleus: Cuban Experience and Review (2003)

The combination of computed tomographic imaging, semimicroelectrode recording, and microstimulation provides an effective method to identify the STN lesion in parkinsonian patients. The method used for anatomic localization and electrophysiological mapping of the subthalamus was found to be effective in reaching the sensorimotor region of the nucleus. We carried out an accurate determination of the subthalamus location and its volume in the lesioning.
Patient-Specific Identification of Atrial Flutter Vulnerability–A Computational Approach to Reveal Latent Reentry Pathways (2019)

Atypical atrial flutter (AFlut) is a reentrant arrhythmia which patients frequently develop after ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Indeed, substrate modifications during AF ablation can increase the likelihood to develop AFlut and it is clinically not feasible to reliably and sensitively test if a patient is vulnerable to AFlut. Here, we present a novel method based on personalized computational models to identify pathways along which AFlut can be sustained in an individual patient. We build a personalized model of atrial excitation propagation considering the anatomy as well as the spatial distribution of anisotropic conduction velocity and repolarization characteristics based on a combination of a priori knowledge on the population level and information derived from measurements performed in the individual patient. The fast marching scheme is employed to compute activation times for stimuli from all parts of the atria. Potential flutter pathways are then identified by tracing loops from wave front collision sites and constricting them using a geometric snake approach under consideration of the heterogeneous wavelength condition. In this way, all pathways along which AFlut can be sustained are identified. Flutter pathways can be instantiated by using an eikonal-diffusion phase extrapolation approach and a dynamic multifront fast marching simulation. In these dynamic simulations, the initial pattern eventually turns into the one driven by the dominant pathway, which is the only pathway that can be observed clinically. We assessed the sensitivity of the flutter pathway maps with respect to conduction velocity and its anisotropy. Moreover, we demonstrate the application of tailored models considering disease-specific repolarization properties (healthy, AF-remodeled, potassium channel mutations) as well as applicabiltiy on a clinical dataset. Finally, we tested how AFlut vulnerability of these substrates is modulated by exemplary antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone, dronedarone). Our novel method allows to assess the vulnerability of an individual patient to develop AFlut based on the personal anatomical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological characteristics. In contrast to clinical electrophysiological studies, our computational approach provides the means to identify all possible AFlut pathways and not just the currently dominant one. This allows to consider all relevant AFlut pathways when tailoring clinical ablation therapy in order to reduce the development and recurrence of AFlut.
A Tutorial on Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications in 6G: Integrating Domain Knowledge into Deep Learning (2020)

As one of the key communication scenarios in the 5th and also the 6th generation (6G) of mobile communication networks, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) will be central for the development of various emerging mission-critical applications. State-of-the-art mobile communication systems do not fulfill the end-to-end delay and overall reliability requirements of URLLC. In particular, a holistic framework that takes into account latency, reliability, availability, scalability, and decision making under uncertainty is lacking. Driven by recent breakthroughs in deep neural networks, deep learning algorithms have been considered as promising ways of developing enabling technologies for URLLC in future 6G networks. This tutorial illustrates how domain knowledge (models, analytical tools, and optimization frameworks) of communications and networking can be integrated into different kinds of deep learning algorithms for URLLC. We first provide some background of URLLC and review promising network architectures and deep learning frameworks for 6G. To better illustrate how to improve learning algorithms with domain knowledge, we revisit model-based analytical tools and cross-layer optimization frameworks for URLLC. Following that, we examine the potential of applying supervised/unsupervised deep learning and deep reinforcement learning in URLLC and summarize related open problems. Finally, we provide simulation and experimental results to validate the effectiveness of different learning algorithms and discuss future directions.
Reconstruction tomographique 2D : une nouvelle méthode de rétro-projection filtrée (2017)

National audience
Effect of Resection of the Ampullary-Isthmic Junction on Estrogen Induced Tubal Locking of Ova in the Rabbit (1978)

Estrogen induced retardation of tubal ovum transport was examined in rabbits using microsurgical techniques. Rabbits underwent unilateral microsurgical transection or resection of the ampullary-isthmic junction of the oviduct (AIJ) followed by microsurgical end-to-end tubal anastomosis. Neither treatment interfered with the ability of 250 µg depo estradiol given at the time of hCG administration to retard tubal ovum transport. Mean ovum recovery rates of 85 to 97% were obtained. All ova were located within or in close proximity to the AIJ or anastomosis site in all animals 72 h post hCG, estrogen administration. It is concluded that estrogen retards transport in the rabbit by acting upon the tubal isthmus rather than through selective action upon the AIJ.
Time-dependent Properties of Embedment Soils Back-calculated from Deflections of Buried Pipes (1986)

The viscoelastic solution which can model time-dependent soil-pipe interaction was transformed from a linearelastic solution using the 'correspondence principle' is presented. A method is now available by which the relaxation modulus of the soil surrounding a pipe can be back-calculated from the pipe deflections which have been measured over a period of time. Since the relaxation properties of the pipe material can be obtained easily from the laboratory or from published data, the pipe deflection caused by the relaxation of the pipe material under a constant load can be calculated. The relaxation modulus of the surrounding soil can then be calculated from the remaining deflection which is contributed by the relaxation of the soil. Relaxation moduli and compaction level of the sandy soils surrounding six pipes were back-calculated from pipe deflections obtained over a twelve year period using the viscoelastic solution. The method presented here suggests an in situ measurement technique which is capable of determining the viscoelastic properties of soil.
Our Perception of Developmental Plasticity Esse Est Percipi (to be is to be Perceived)? (2006)

The continuing interest in the biology of stem cells is enhanced by new discoveries surrounding developmental plasticity of both embryonic and adult stem cells. Adoptive transfer of concepts and definitions from the hematopoietic system to other tissue stem cells suggests inclusion of characteristics such as ability to self-renew and differentiate to functionally reconstitute a tissue/organ of origin. How adequate and accurate are these definitions? Within the great unknown of how these cells function, modulate their gene expression patterns and respond to extrinsic signals, it is apparent that there are numerous levels of stemness. We may envision a scale of developmental flexibility. At one end of the scale are positioned the embryonic stem cells, and at the other end are positioned partially-differentiated, differentiation restricted (committed) tissue/organ stem cells. There is evidence that some stem cells in the adult are pluripotent, thus positioned close to the embryonic end of the stem scale. It is uncertain yet to what extent stem cells can move back and forth along the stem scale.
A simple real-space scheme for periodic Dirac operators (2021)

We address in this work the question of the discretization of two-dimensional periodic Dirac Hamiltonians. Standard finite differences methods on rectangular grids are plagued with the so-called Fermion doubling problem, which creates spurious unphysical modes. The classical way around the difficulty used in the physics community is to work in the Fourier space, with the inconvenience of having to compute the Fourier decomposition of the coefficients in the Hamiltonian and related convolutions. We propose in this work a simple real-space method immune to the Fermion doubling problem and applicable to all two-dimensional periodic lattices. The method is based on spectral differentiation techniques. We apply our numerical scheme to the study of flat bands in graphene subject to periodic magnetic fields and in twisted bilayer graphene.
Mechanism of the formation of macrocycles during the cationic polymerization of cyclotrisiloxanes. End to end ring closure versus ring expansion (1977)

Abstract Studies of the distribution of cyclic oligomers formed in the first step of the cationic polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane disclosed a correlation between the kinetically controlled concentrations of cyclic species and the statistical conformations adopted by the corresponding acyclic chains. The correlation found experimentally is in good agreement with the theoretical one predicted by the macrocyclization theory for non‐equilibrium chemical system and can be taken as evidence for the formation of macrocycles (even those containing about 100 atoms in the skeleton) by the intramolecular reaction between chain ends, a process which competes with the linear growth of the macromolecule. This approach may be useful in solving mechanistic problems involving polyreactions.
Hybrid Microwave Treatment of SRS TRU and Mixed Wastes (1999)

A new process, using hybrid microwave energy, has been developed as part of the Strategic Research and Development program and successfully applied to treatment of a wide variety of non-radioactive materials, representative of SRS transuranic (TRU) and mixed wastes. Over 35 simulated (non-radioactive) TRU and mixed waste materials were processed individually, as well as in mixed batches, using hybrid microwave energy, a new technology now being patented by Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC).
Fabrication of Large-Area Imprint Mold with High-Aspect-Ratio Nanotip Arrays of Sub-Micron Diameter (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
A 20Gb/s SerDes transmitter with adjustable source impedance and 4-tap feed-forward equalization in 65nm bulk CMOS (2008)

The design and wafer probe test results of a 20 Gb/s Source-Series Terminated SerDes transmitter are presented. The integrated circuit, fabricated in a 65 nm bulk CMOS technology, transmits pre-emphasized data through the use of a 4-tap feed-forward equalizer. Transmitter output impedance is adjustable from 45 to 55 ohms. A power consumption of 167 mW at 1.1 V was measured at a transmit rate of 20 Gb/s.
Timing and Severity of Postharvest Water Stress Affect Following-year Productivity and Fruit Quality of Field-grown `Snow Queen' Nectarine (2005)

The effects of the timing and severity of postharvest water stress on the productivity and fruit quality of field-grown nectarine [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Snow Queen] were studied for two consecutive years. Three levels of postharvest water status (midday stem water potentials of -1.2, -2.0, and -2.8 MPa) were examined. They were designated as High, Med, and Low, respectively. In the second year two additional treatments were examined in which Low and Med water status were interchanged on 1 Sept. 2002, and these treatments were designated as Low/Med and Med/Low. The percentages of double fruits and of those having a deep suture increased with decreasing postharvest midday stem water potential during the previous year, and most of these defects were stimulated by water deficits that occurred prior to 1 Sept. Postharvest water stress led to decreased crop yield in the subsequent year because there were fewer fruits per tree. Flower buds with double pistils were first noticed in mid-September, and by mid-November the ranking of double pistils in the various treatments were similar to the ranking of double fruits measured a month after bloom in the subsequent season. Postharvest water stress delayed flower bud development. The percentage of double fruits increased from 10% in 2002 to 40% in 2003 and the higher percentage in 2003 was associated with higher air temperatures during the reproductive bud development stage in 2002 than in 2001. Our data and others suggest that high temperatures create a potential for the occurrence of double fruits, but that the fulfillment of that potential is highly dependent on postharvest tree water status. The occurrence of double and deep suture fruits were highly correlated with midday stem water potential in August of the previous year, i.e., during the initial stages of flower bud development. The occurrence of double fruits was observed to increase sharply as the midday stem water potentials fell below -2.0 MPa, which suggests that a midday stem water potential of -2.0 MPa could serve as a threshold for postharvest irrigation scheduling.
Sparse Attention with Linear Units (2021)

Recently, it has been argued that encoder-decoder models can be made more interpretable by replacing the softmax function in the attention with its sparse variants. In this work, we introduce a novel, simple method for achieving sparsity in attention: we replace the softmax activation with a ReLU, and show that sparsity naturally emerges from such a formulation. Training stability is achieved with layer normalization with either a specialized initialization or an additional gating function. Our model, which we call Rectified Linear Attention (ReLA), is easy to implement and more efficient than previously proposed sparse attention mechanisms. We apply ReLA to the Transformer and conduct experiments on five machine translation tasks. ReLA achieves translation performance comparable to several strong baselines, with training and decoding speed similar to that of the vanilla attention. Our analysis shows that ReLA delivers high sparsity rate and head diversity, and the induced cross attention achieves better accuracy with respect to source-target word alignment than recent sparsified softmax-based models. Intriguingly, ReLA heads also learn to attend to nothing (i.e. 'switch off') for some queries, which is not possible with sparsified softmax alternatives.