gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tunable light‐harvesting polymers containing embedded dipolar chromophores for polymer solar cell applications (2012)

Abstract A series of light‐harvesting conjugated polymers were designed and synthesized for polymer solar cells. These newly designed polymers comprise an unusual two‐dimensional conjugated structure with an electron‐rich thiophene–triphenylamine backbone and stable planar indacenodithiophene π‐bridges terminated with tunable electron acceptors. It was found that the electron‐withdrawing strength of the acceptor could be used to manipulate the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and bandgap (as much as 0.3 eV), generating derivatives with complementary absorbance in the visible spectrum. This approach provides great flexibility in fine tuning the electronic and optical properties of the resultant polymers and facilitates the investigation of how these chemical modifications alter the subsequent photovoltaic properties of these materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics (1988)

CephalosporinsCephalosporins have been grouped into "generations" on the basis of their spectrum of activity against gram-negative rods (Table 4). Since the pharmacologic characteristics of first- and second-generation cephalosporins have previously been reviewed,197 198 199 200 201 202 only selected aspects of the most important agents will be mentioned here.First- and Second-Generation CephalosporinsFirst-generation cephalosporins, such as the parenteral drugs cephalothin (Keflin, Seffin) and cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol) and the oral agent cephalexin (Keflex), are the most active of all cephalosporins against staphylococci and nonenterococcal streptococci.197 Methicillin-resistant staphylococci and penicillin-resistant pneumococci are usually resistant to these agents.203 Even in instances in which in vitro susceptibility . . .
Surface Characteristics of T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations (1977)

T lymphocytes may function as helpers of B cells in the antibody response, as B-lymphocyte suppressors, and as cytotoxic killer cells. It has been demonstrated that, rather than being antigen-directed responses by a homogeneous multipotent population of T cells, these varied immunologic roles are played by specifically differentiated subpopulations bearing distinctive cell-surface components.
P3Q-1 Ultra Precision Grinding in the Fabrication of High Frequency Piezocomposite Ultrasonic Transducers (2006)

High frequency ultrasonic transducers are needed for high spatial resolution measurements in applications such as medical diagnosis and nondestructive testing. However, cost-effective fabrication of high performance transducers with frequencies above 20 MHz is challenging because of the need for a thin layer of active material. Piezocomposites are the material of choice in such transducers at lower frequencies, but current fabrication methods cannot easily achieve sufficiently thin active layers. Commercially, piezocomposite is usually finished to thickness by grinding, providing surface finish acceptable for most applications. However, conventional grinding is insufficiently precise for high frequency operation and is subject to undesirable intra-process variation. The most widely used alternative is precision lapping and polishing, but this is slow and therefore expensive. In the work reported here, an alternative process of ultra precision grinding was studied, using the Loadpoint PicoAce machine operating in the ductile machining mode. To determine the capabilities of this machine for piezocomposite processing, 1-3 connectivity material was fabricated using both a standard commercial process and a novel approach based on viscous polymer processing. Unsupported layers of piezocomposite of thickness much less than 100 mum have been achieved with surface roughnesses of less than 1 mun and minimal discontinuity between the ceramic and polymer phases. These results suggest that ultra precision grinding may have a role to play in practical implementation of high frequency piezocomposites for ultrasonic transducers
Investigation on the occurrence of mutual interference between pulsed terrestrial LIDAR scanners (2015)

LIDAR scanners are essential components of intelligent vehicles capable of autonomous travel. Mutual interference between LIDAR scanners has not been regarded as a problem yet. Mutual interference was identified as a problem of increased importance because of the appearance of safety functions and the increasing rate of vehicles equipped with LIDAR scanner. This paper will show the probability that any LIDAR scanner is probably interfered mutually by considering spatial and temporal overlaps. It will present three types of experiments and their results are showed, according to the arrangement of two LIDAR scanners.
Garlic and Related Allium Derived Compounds: Their Health Benefits in Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer (1998)

Garlic and garlic extracts have been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and carcinogenesis induced by certain chemicals and viruses. Total and LDL cholesterol are lowered by up to 8%, blood pressure by about 5%, but not HDL cholesterol or serum triglycerides. Platelet adhesion to fibrinogen was lowered by aged garlic extract by 30%, platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine by up to 80% and with collagen as stimulant a 25% reduction was noted. Induction of cancer by a number of chemical carcinogens could be inhibited by several thioallyl compounds derived from garlic and also H-ras oncogene transformed tumor growth was inhibited by an organosulfide from garlic. The biological effects of garlic can be attributed primarily to its organosulfur compounds.
Microbial Conversion of 4-Oxoisophorone by Thermophile,Thermomonospora curvata (1984)

Thermomonospora curvata IFO 12384 was selected from many thermophiles tested as a strain capable of converting 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione (4-oxoisophorone) into (6R)-2,2,6-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexaione ((3R)-dihydro-4-oxoisophorone) efficiently. The other conversion products were also isolated and identified by spectrometry. Based on the results of experiments with a degradation sequence, a conversion pathway for 4-oxoisophorone by this thermophile is proposed. The effects of nutritional conditions, temperature, initial pH and the concentration of the substrate on the conversion were examined. Under the optimal conditions, the conversion ratio of 4-oxoisophorone to (3R)-dihydro-4-oxoisophorone was over 95%. The production rate of (3R)-dihydro-4-oxoisophorone was 86 mg per 1 g of dry cells per hr.
EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL INSTILLATION OF 32% DEXTRAN 70 ON POSTOPERATIVE ADHESION FORMATION AFTER TUBAL SURGERY (1985)

The intraperitoneal instillation of 32% dextran 70 (HyskonR, Pharmacia AB, Sweden) has previously been reported to prevent the formation of postoperative adhesions. Against this background, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of HyskonR in counteracting peritoneal adhesions following tubal microsurgery. 105 infertile women were operated upon in a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter study. The intra-abdominal adhesions present from the beginning were classified by means of a standardized scoring scale and the extent of adhesions was again evaluated at follow-up laparoscopy 4-10 weeks later. A reduction in the extent of the intra-abdominal adhesions (statistically highly significant) was revealed in both the Hyskon group and the saline control group. The extent of adhesions in the Hyskon group was not lesser than in the saline group, however. The pregnancy rates in the two groups were also similar.
Genetic diversity of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) cultivars in Burkina Faso resistant to Striga gesnerioides (2010)

&nbsp; The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among cowpea&nbsp;(Vigna unguiculata&nbsp;L. Walp)&nbsp;genotypes used in breeding for resistance to&nbsp;Striga gesnerioides&nbsp;in Burkina Faso have been&nbsp;evaluated using simple sequence repeat(SSR)&nbsp;molecular markers. Sixteen primer combinations were used to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplify SSRs from 16 different cowpea genotypes yielding a total of 96&nbsp;(76.3%)&nbsp;polymorphic bands ranging in size from 220 to 1018 bp. High coefficients of genetic similarity were obtained among&nbsp;Striga&nbsp;resistant varieties. Very few (~22%) primer combinations showed polymorphic bands capable of discriminating&nbsp;Striga-resistant from susceptible cultivars. The 16 Burkinabe cowpea cultivars examined clustered into three main groups, two formed by resistant phenotypes (Group I: Gorom and Wango and Group II: B301, IT82D-849, HTR, KVX 745-11P, KVX 61-1 and IT84S-2049) and one by a combination of resistant and susceptible cultivars&nbsp;(Group III). These data will be helpful in designing streamlined breeding strategies for cowpea improvement for Burkina Faso and specifically for the introgression of the&nbsp;Striga&nbsp;resistance trait into local farmer acceptable types. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Cowpea, genetic diversity, germplasm, microsatellite, phylogenetic structure, simple sequence repeat.
Friedel–Crafts‐Type Alkylation with Bromodifluoro(phenylsulfanyl)methane through α‐Fluorocarbocations: Syntheses of Thioesters, Benzophenones and Xanthones (2011)

Abstract Bromodifluoro(phenylsulfanyl)methane undergoes a Friedel–Crafts‐type alkylation, through α‐fluorocarbocations, with activated aromatic compounds yielding thioesters and/or benzophenones. The methodology has been applied to the synthesis of naturally occurring xanthone derivatives.
A Survey on Failure Prognosis Research: Theory and Applications (2006)

The paper presents a survey of recent advances in the area of failure prognosis and highlights some of the engineering applications in this area. The theoretical aspects of data-driven and model-based prognosis and damage modeling are summarized. The paper also reviews a recently proposed intelligent modelbased diagnosis/prognosis structure and its components. Finally, some of the important industrial applications, in which prognosis techniques have been employed for anticipating failure occurrence and determining useful remaining life are discussed.
Analysis of colonization factor antigen I, an adhesin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O78:H11: fimbrial morphology and location of the receptor-binding site (1991)

Colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was dissociated into one type of subunit (15 kDa). The dissociation was achieved either by heating CFA/I in sodium dodecyl sulfate at 100 degrees C or by heating it for 20 min in water. Heating in water to 100 degrees C yielded only in the 15-kDa subunit, but heating to 85 degree C yielded small amounts of oligomers in addition. The monomeric subunits obtained after heating in water are stable, as demonstrated by gel permeation chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without heating prior to the electrophoretic run. These subunits inhibited CFA/I-induced hemagglutination, indicating that they had maintained their receptor-binding properties. When the hybridoma technique was used, two types of monoclonal anti-CFA/I antibodies were obtained. Antibodies obtained by immunization with the purified subunits were more reactive with subunits than with fimbriae, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These antibodies strongly inhibited CFA/I-induced hemagglutination. When examined by immunoelectron microscopy, these antibodies seemed to label the fimbrial tips. A similar labeling pattern was obtained with gold particles modified with the receptor ganglioside GM2. Antibodies obtained by immunization with fimbriae reacted in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays equally well with fimbriae and subunits. They inhibited CFA/I-induced hemagglutination only slightly. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that these antibodies labeled the fimbriae densely and regularly over their entire lengths. In a coagglutination experiment with Staphylococcus aureus and monoclonal antibodies, the subunits retained their receptor-binding properties. From these results, we conclude that CFA/I fimbriae consist entirely of one type of adhesive subunit, of which only the one at the tip is accessible to the receptor.
Multiproject Circuit Design and Layout in Lincoln Laboratory's 3D Technology (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction 3D Design and Layout Practice Design and Submission Procedures References
High Expression of Gene Encoding for MutL Fusion Protein and Research on Its Chaperon Function (2003)

A mutL gene for DNA mismatch repair (1848 bp) was obtained by PCR amplification from E. coli K-12 genome. The expression vector of the fusion protein Trx-His_(6)-Linker peptide-MutL (THLL) was constructed by attaching linker peptide coding sequence and mutL gene to pET32a(+), sequentially. The fusion protein THLL was expressed in E. coli AD494(DE3) by inducing with IPTG. SDS-PAGE revealed that the expected protein with a molecular weight 84 kD was soluble and amoutned to about 30% of the total bacterial protein. The fusion protein THLL was purified directly by immobilized metal (Co~(2+)) chelation affinity chromatography and the purity is over 90%. Characterization of the fusion protein THLL was performed through non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the fusion protein THLL could stimulate the binding of the fusion protein Trx-His_(6)-Linker peptide-MutS (THLS) to DNA but was significantly affected by ATP concentration.
The Role of MDM2 Amplification and Overexpression in Tumorigenesis (2016)

Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is a critical negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, playing a key role in controlling its transcriptional activity, protein stability, and nuclear localization. MDM2 expression is up-regulated in numerous cancers, resulting in a loss of p53-dependent activities, such as apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Genetic amplification and inheritance of MDM2 promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the two best-studied mechanisms for up-regulating MDM2 activity. This article provides an overview of these events in human cancer, highlighting the frequent occurrence of MDM2 amplification in sarcoma and the role of SNP309 and SNP285 in regulating MDM2 expression and cancer risk. The availability of large-scale genomic profiling datasets, like those from The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, have provided the opportunity to evaluate the consequences of MDM2 amplification and SNP inheritance across high-quality tumor samples from diverse cancer indications.
PTL: PCM Translation Layer (2012)

PCM (Phase Change Memory) has been used as NOR flash replacement in embedded systems, and poses interesting system-level challenges for transparent exploitation of these memory structures by embedded systems software. We propose such a system-level transparent framework, called PTL (PCM Translation Layer), to efficiently manage PCM. PTL's translation layer conceals the physical constraints of the PCM architecture so that embedded systems software can use PCMs in a transparent manner, while efficiently exploiting the idiosyncrasies of the PCM architecture. We study the requirements for transparently managing PCM in embedded systems, and propose the system architecture of PTL. As a case study, we propose a simple yet effective wear leaveling technique by exploiting application-specific features in embedded systems. The experimental results show that our wear leveling technique can effectively improve the lifetime of PCM chips compared with the previous work. We expect this work can serve as a first step towards the full exploration of PCM in embedded systems.
Self-powered hydrogels induced by ion transport (2017)

Electroactive hydrogels are needed to enable stretchable electronics because of their flexible mechanical characteristics and electrical conductive properties. We describe a class of viscoelastic, porous, ion-conductive, and self-powered hydrogels that are fabricated based on a PHEMA hydrogel (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)) and PPy (polypyrrole). They are capable of creating synchronous ionic current in electrolyte solution when enduring mechanical deformation. The conditions that impact the electric response of the hydrogel, such as stress, strain rate, pH of electrolyte solution, and concentration of ions in the electrolyte solution, have been investigated and reported in this paper. The mechanism of creating ionic current under deformation is elaborated through numerical simulation and experimental tests. Moreover, by embedding the electrically self-powered hydrogel into a movable object, such as a sports shoe, the patterns of mechanical actions (e.g. walking, running, or jumping) can be identified from the generated electrical current without any assistance of external batteries or power sources. It presents the outstanding potential of this hydrogel in building self-powered soft devices including active sensors and artificial skins.
Glomerular Microscopic Image Segmentation Based on Convolutional Neural Network (2019)

Accurate glomerular microscopic medical image segmentation is important for renal pathology for obtaining reliable diseases diagnosis. In this study, we construct a pixel-level labeled glomerular microscopic medical image segmentation dataset and improve a classic algorithm, Mask R-CNN, for implementing automatic segmentation of glomerular microscopic medical images. The Improved Mask R-CNN algorithm consists of two parts: in the first part, in order to enhance the accuracy of model training, the anchors in region proposal network are scaled down. In the second part, we increase the number of deconvolution layers in the head mask branch to further improve the glomerular segmentation precision. The experimental results indicate that the algorithm we improve offers higher precision than the original Mask R-CNN algorithm and achieves state-of-the-art segmentation of the glomerular microscopic medical image dataset.
Membrane currents and the resting membrane potential in cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. (1996)

1. We have used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to characterize the ionic conductances that determine the resting membrane potential in cultured endothelial cells from calf pulmonary artery (CPAE cells). 2. Resting membrane potentials were scattered between -88 and +5 mV with a mean +/- S.E.M. of -26 +/- 3 mV (n = 104). 3. The most prominent membrane current in resting cells was an inwardly rectifying K+ current. This current showed Na(+)-dependent inactivation and was efficiently blocked by external Ba2+ (EC50 = 2.2 microM), but was relatively insensitive to quinine, quinidine and TEA. 4. Hypertonic cell shrinkage inhibited an outwardly rectifying Cl- current, which was also efficiently blocked by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB; 100 microM), quinine (500 microM) and quinidine (500 microM). 5. A linear, time-independent background current remained after elimination of these two currents. This current was dependent on extracellular monovalent cations with a permeability sequence of Cs+ > Na+ > Li+ >> N-methyl-D-glucamine. It was partially blocked by millimolar concentrations of the divalent cations Ca2+, Ni2+ and Ba2+. Gd3+ (200 microM) had no significant effect on this background current. 6. Continuous measurements of the membrane potential confirm that the three described conductances are the major determinants of the membrane potential. Due to the low slope conductance in the region between -70 and 0 mV, small changes in one of the current components can evoke large depolarizations or hyperpolarizations, which explains the large scattering of the resting membrane potentials.
Disentangling ferroelectric domain wall geometries and pathways in\n dynamic piezoresponse force microscopy via unsupervised machine learning (2020)

Domain switching pathways in ferroelectric materials visualized by dynamic\nPiezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) are explored via variational autoencoder\n(VAE), which simplifies the elements of the observed domain structure,\ncrucially allowing for rotational invariance, thereby reducing the variability\nof local polarization distributions to a small number of latent variables. For\nsmall sampling window sizes the latent space is degenerate, and variability is\nobserved only in the direction of a single latent variable that can be\nidentified with the presence of domain wall. For larger window sizes, the\nlatent space is 2D, and the disentangled latent variables can be generally\ninterpreted as the degree of switching and complexity of domain structure.\nApplied to multiple consecutive PFM images acquired while monitoring domain\nswitching, the polarization switching mechanism can thus be visualized in the\nlatent space, providing insight into domain evolution mechanisms and their\ncorrelation with the microstructure.\n
A study of real-time and autonomous decentralized DSRC system for inter-vehicle communications (2002)

To realize the inter-vehicle communications (IVC) system, the development of a real-time and autonomous decentralized dedicated short range communication (RAD-DSRC) is necessary. In this paper, the performance of a physical layer of the RAD-DSRC system is evaluated considering the influence of the radio propagation characteristic for the IVC system. The performance of a media access control layer is also evaluated with the PL (packet loss) performance of a CSMA (carrier sense multiple access). It is clarified that the improvement of the PL for the CSMA is possible to utilize the spread spectrum technology.
Cellular capsules as a tool for multicellular spheroid production and for investigating the mechanics of tumor progression in vitro (2013)

Deciphering the multifactorial determinants of tumor progression requires standardized high-throughput preparation of 3D in vitro cellular assays. We present a simple microfluidic method based on the encapsulation and growth of cells inside permeable, elastic, hollow microspheres. We show that this approach enables mass production of size-controlled multicellular spheroids. Due to their geometry and elasticity, these microcapsules can uniquely serve as quantitative mechanical sensors to measure the pressure exerted by the expanding spheroid. By monitoring the growth of individual encapsulated spheroids after confluence, we dissect the dynamics of pressure buildup toward a steady-state value, consistent with the concept of homeostatic pressure. In turn, these confining conditions are observed to increase the cellular density and affect the cellular organization of the spheroid. Postconfluent spheroids exhibit a necrotic core cemented by a blend of extracellular material and surrounded by a rim of proliferating hypermotile cells. By performing invasion assays in a collagen matrix, we report that peripheral cells readily escape preconfined spheroids and cell-cell cohesivity is maintained for freely growing spheroids, suggesting that mechanical cues from the surrounding microenvironment may trigger cell invasion from a growing tumor. Overall, our technology offers a unique avenue to produce in vitro cell-based assays useful for developing new anticancer therapies and to investigate the interplay between mechanics and growth in tumor evolution.