gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparing long-term toxicity between external beam radiotherapy modalities: A SEER/Medicare database study. (2012)

118 Background: The use of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for the treatment of prostate cancer (CaP) has been widely promoted due to the hypothesized benefit of low late toxicity. Methods: The SEER-Medicare database was queried for CaP patients treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), 1991-2007. CPT billing codes were used to identify patients treated with IMRT or standard EBRT (sEBRT), which was comprised of conformal radiotherapy or a four-field technique. Patients without a treatment billing code were excluded from the analysis. Information on dose is unavailable. CPT codes were also used to identify procedures associated with gastrointestinal (GI) or genitourinary (GU) toxicity related treatments. Cumulative incidence rates for GI and GU toxicity were calculated with death treated as a competing event. Results: A total of 137,427 patients who were 65 years or older at the time of CaP diagnosis and who had CaP as their only cancer diagnosis were retrieved from the SEER-Medicare database: 60,806 were treated with EBRT and a treatment billing code was identified for 35,388 patients. No patient received combined therapy. Seventeen percent of patients received IMRT. The median follow-up for patients receiving IMRT is 40 months (mo) (range 2-157) vs 77 mo (range 0-203) for patients receiving sEBRT. Overall, 3,699 (10%) patients experienced a toxicity requiring an intervention. The five year rate of GI The gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity comparisons are listed in the table. For both endpoints, rate of toxicity at five years was higher for the IMRT group. The most common GU toxicity for both groups was dilation of a urethral stricture (3.8% of all sEBRT patients vs 3.4 of all IMRT patients). Cauterization of rectal bleeding was the most common GI toxicity (2.4% of all sEBRT patients vs 1.6 of all IMRT patients). Conclusions: While the rates of GI toxicity between IMRT and sEBRT are comparable, of concern is the higher rate of GU toxicity for the IMRT patients despite this group having a shorter follow up than the sEBRT group. [Table: see text]
72 Angiopoietin-like 4, A Novel Mechnoresponse Protein Involved In Tendinopathy (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Tendinopathy is often viewed as the result of failed or inadequate healing response in response to subclinical injury.<sup>1</sup> Previous authors have suggested there may be an association between pain and neurovascular changes resulting from a failed healing response in tendinopathy patients.<sup>2,3</sup> Our previous study has shown that cyclic strain induces an array of angiogenic genes in human tendon cells which promote angiogenesis.<sup>4</sup> Our recent data introduced a new mechanoresponse protein named Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) which regulates angiogenesis. In this study we characterised the function of ANGPTL4 protein in tendon and its regulatory pathways in response to mechanical stimuli. <h3>Methods</h3> The angiogenic activity of ANGPTL4 was determined with an endothelial cell tube-formation assay. Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analyses were conducted with mouse patellar tendons which were harvested after injection with ANGPTL4 protein or saline control. By using a Flexcell Tension System, isolated tendon cells from human hamstring tendons were exposed to cyclic tension. ANGPTL4 concentration and TGF-β activity in conditioned media were determined with ELISA and dual-luciferase reporter assays respectively. The following conditions were applied to evaluate the mechanisms regulating ANGPTL4 production: TGF-β protein and its receptor antagonist, hypoxia, and a HIF-1α stabiliser and/or inhibitor. Human cuff rotator tendon biopsies were examined by immunostaining with ANGPTL4, HIF-1α and CD-31 antibodies. <h3>Results</h3> ANGPTL4 protein induces endothelial cell tube formation, and angiogenic markers in mouse patellar tendon. The protein also induces MMP3 expression in the mouse tendon (Figure 1). Our findings illustrate that cyclic strain induces expression and release of ANGPTL4 through increased activity of TGF-β and stabilising HIF-1α (Figure 2). The data from immunostaining of human rotator tendon tissue indicate a correlation between the expression of ANGPTL4, HIF-1α and endothelial cell marker which support the role of HIF-1α in induction of ANGPTL4 followed by angiogenesis (Figure 3). <h3>Discussion</h3> This study has begun to unravel the potential role of ANGPTL4 protein in tendon. It seems that HIF-1α and TGF-β pathways modulate the expression and release of ANGPTL4 in response to cyclic loading. Therefore, these pathways might regulate neovascularization during overuse tendinopathy. Our future studies on animal models will examine the effects of ANGPTL4 during the course of tendon healing and injury. <h3>References</h3> Dirks RC, Warden SJ. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2011;11(2):141–149 Divani K, <i>et al</i>. Man Ther. 2010;15(5):463–468 Magnusson SP, <i>et al</i>. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(5):262–268 Mousavizadeh R, <i>et al</i>. PLoS One 2014;9(5):e97356
A Cost-Effective and Efficient Scheme for Optical OFDM in Short-Range IM/DD Systems (2014)

We propose a cost-effective and efficient modulation scheme for intensity-modulated and direct-detection (IM/DD) optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) systems, which combines complex-to-real transform (C2RT) and fast Hartley transform (FHT), named as fast-fast Fourier transform (FFT). The proposed scheme can modulate the complex constellation by the real-valued operations. Compared with the FFT method, the same OFDM signal can also be generated by fast-FFT, but the computational complexity nearly halved. Meanwhile, compared with the FHT scheme, fast-FFT can modulate the complex constellations by adding a simple C2RT module for a wide applicable range. The transmission experiment of over 50-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) has been implemented to verify the feasibility of fast-FFT-based IM/DD O-OFDM systems, including asymmetrically clipping and DC-bias O-OFDM systems. It reveals that fast-FFT shares the same bit-error-rate (BER) performance as FFT, but fast-FFT shows superiority on computational complexity.
Can great research be taught? (2008)

This paper describes a course we have developed for preparing new Ph.D. students in computer science for a career in research. The course is intended to teach the skills needed for research and independent work, prepare students psychologically and socially for years lying before them, and help them find a good Ph.D. topic by providing principles and examples. In this course, we emphasize and encourage impact through cross-disciplinary research and broader societal outreach. To our knowledge, the course represents a first-of-its-kind systematic introduction to a graduate research career. This paper describes our high-level goals for this curricular initiative, the structure of the course (including lecture components and assignments), and the challenges we faced in developing this course. As we continue to develop this course, which is now in its second year, we hope it will serve as a model "introduction of Ph.D. research" course for other computer science departments.
Reversible watermarking utilising weighted median-based prediction (2012)

Reversible digital watermarking techniques enable the recovery of the original ‘cover image’ from a watermarked image in a distortion-free way. Reversible watermarking techniques find application in military and medical imagery, where integrity of the cover image is of utmost importance. In this study, we propose a reversible digital image watermarking algorithm that predicts a pixel greyscale value exploiting its correlation with its neighbouring pixels, and embeds watermark bits into the prediction errors. Our algorithm succeeds in providing high embedding capacity with very low distortion, without ‘multilayer embedding’, hence reducing the computational burden compared with existing state-of-the-art algorithms. In addition, our results indicate that the resulting data overhead requirement is extremely low.
miR-429 regulates the transition between Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)1A and HIF3A expression in human endothelial cells (2016)

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) are heterodimeric transcription factors that allow cells to adapt and survive during hypoxia. Regulation of HIF1A and HIF2A mRNA is well characterized, whereas HIF3A mRNA regulation and function are less clear. Using RNA-Seq analysis of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we found two isoforms of HIF3A were expressed, HIF3A2 and HIF3A3. Comparing HIF3A expression profiles to HIF1A mRNA during 48 hours of hypoxia revealed that HIF1A message peaked at 4 hours, whereas HIF3A expression increased while HIF1A was decreasing. Given that HIF1A mRNA is regulated by miR-429, we tested miR-429 effects on both HIF3A isoforms and found that they too were regulated by miR-429. Analysis of a HIF-3 target, DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4, a key survival gene, indicated that DDIT4 mRNA is induced by HIF-3 and negatively regulated by miR-429 through miR-429's actions on HIF3A message. This provides a compelling model for how hypoxia-induced miR-429 regulates the switch between HIF-1 adaptive responses to HIF-3 survival responses by rapidly decreasing HIF1A levels while simultaneously slowing the progression of HIF3A expression until the miR-429 levels drop below normoxic levels. Since HIF-1 drives HIF3A and miR-429 expression, this establishes a regulatory network in which miR-429 plays a pivotal role.
Noise Analysis and Noise-based Optimization for Resonant MEMS Structures (2008)

This paper presents a detailed noise analysis and a noise-based optimization procedure for resonant MEMS structures. A design for high sensitivity of MEMS structures needs to take into account the noise shaping induced by damping phenomena at micro scale. The existing literature presents detailed models for the damping at microscale, but usually neglects them in the noise analysis process, assuming instead a white spectrum approximation for the mechano-thermal noise. The present work extends the implications of the complex gas-solid interaction into the field of noise analysis for mechanical sensors, and provides a semi-automatic procedure for behavioral macromodel extraction and sensor optimization with respect to signal-to-noise ratio.
Multi-Modal Biological Destruction by Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Capability and Mechanism (2021)

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a near-room-temperature, partially ionized gas composed of reactive neutral and charged species. CAP also generates physical factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thermal and electromagnetic (EM) effects. Studies over the past decade demonstrated that CAP could effectively induce death in a wide range of cell types, from mammalian to bacterial cells. Viruses can also be inactivated by a CAP treatment. The CAP-triggered cell-death types mainly include apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-associated cell death. Cell death and virus inactivation triggered by CAP are the foundation of the emerging medical applications of CAP, including cancer therapy, sterilization, and wound healing. Here, we systematically analyze the entire picture of multi-modal biological destruction by CAP treatment and their underlying mechanisms based on the latest discoveries particularly the physical effects on cancer cells.
Field Experiments Demonstrate Fuel Savings for Close-Following (2000)

The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Report for MOU 321
Contagious ecthyma virus-vaccination failures (1984)

Cross-protection experiments were undertaken to investigate reasons for contagious ecthyma (CE) virus-vaccination failures. Vaccination with sheep-passaged or with cell culture-passaged virus did not protect lambs against development of lesions after challenge inoculation with sheep-passaged virus. However, lesions which developed after challenge exposure with sheep-passaged CE virus healed significantly faster than did those induced by the initial vaccination with sheep-passaged virus (P less than 0.001). A significant decrease in the healing time was not observed for lambs initially vaccinated with cell culture-passaged CE virus after challenge exposure with sheep-passaged virus (P greater than 0.05). Protection was evident when lambs were challenge inoculated with the less virulent cell culture-passaged virus and cross-protection between the ST and CSL isolates was detected. This study indicated that complete protection even against homologous strain challenge was not achieved. Antigenic differences between vaccinal and field strains appeared an unlikely cause of vaccination failures. It also is evident that cell culture-propagated CE virus preparations are less effective for vaccination purposes than are those propagated in sheep.
Calculation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with use of triglyceride/cholesterol ratios in lipoproteins compared with other calculation methods. (1988)

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated with a formula that utilizes the triglyceride/cholesterol ratios in the different lipoprotein fractions, and also with different modifications of the Friedewald formula. Results of the former calculation correlated well with the ultracentrifugation-derived values and performed better than the other calculations at different lipid concentrations.
The arrangement of collagen fibres in human secondary osteones (1960)

The investigation reported in this paper was part of a larger study of the relationship of the histological structure of bone to its physical properties, parts of which have already been published (Walmsley and Smith 1957, Smith and Walmsley 1960). Haversian systems or secondary osteones (Biedermann 1914) are the most characteristic of the structural units in adult human long bones. The interpretation of the fibre patterns in these units which was based on the work ofGebhardt (1905) and Weidenreich (1923 a and b, 1930) was generally accepted for many years. Recently, however, with the introduction of new methods of investigation, such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction techniques and microradiography, new conceptions of the structure of secondary osteones have been formulated. At present the subject is in a controversial state, and this stimulated the re-examination of the subject which forms the basis of the present report. AGE CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF BONE During the growth and maturation of the shaft of a human long bone the collagenous and mineral elements of the whole structure remain fairly constant both qualitatively and quantitatively (Rogers, Weidmann and Parkinson 1952). On the other hand the disposition
Automated 3D Reconstruction of Interiors from Point Clouds (2010)

We present a new technique for the fully automated 3D modelling of indoor environments from a point cloud. The point cloud is acquired with several scans and is afterwards processed in order to segment planar structures, which have a noticeable architectural meaning (floor, ceiling and walls) in the interior. The basic approach to data segmentation is plane sweeping based on a hypothesis-and-test strategy. From the segmentation results, the ground plan is created through cell decomposition by trimming the two-dimensional ground space using half-space primitives. An extension in height of the ground contours makes the generation of the 3D model possible. The so-reconstructed indoor model is saved in CAD format for analysis and further applications or, simply, as a record of the interior geometry.
126 Sound quality evaluation of electric vehicles and their positions among internal combustion engine vehicles (2007)

Recently, global warming becomes serious problem all over the world. One reason for the greenhouse gas is CO2 in the exhaust gas from automobile. It is necessary to develop high- efficient engine such as hybrid system using internal combustion engine and electric motor or only electric motor. The purpose of this research is to analyze the sound quality of electric vehicles and to estimate their positions among conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. First, subjective evaluations of internal combustion engine and electric vehicle in the case with train and without it are examined by semantic differential method. Then, the specific factors of both cases are extracted by factor analysis. Moreover, the sound quality of the electric vehicle is characterized for next-generation.
ChemInform Abstract: The Ammonia‐Synthesis Catalyst of the Next Generation: Barium‐Promoted Oxide‐Supported Ruthenium. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
In situ stress azimuth and magnitude from well log measurements. Final report, May 1993-May 1995 (1996)

The objective of Part 1 is to: (1) theoretically relate static to dynamic moduli in rocks with clays; (2) give a theoretical method for calculating horizontal from vertical stress in rocks with stress-induced anisotropy; and (3) give a theoretical method for accounting for velocity-frequency dispersion in saturated rocks. The new theory of cementation is used to describe stress-strain laws and dynamic moduli in high-porosity granular rocks with clay. The objective of Part 2 is to prove the feasibility of determining maximum and minimum in situ stress azimuth and magnitude from dipole velocity data. The conclusion is that a flexural wave splits into two flexural waves, a slow one and a fast one, that are polarized along the minimum and maximum horizontal stress directions, respectively.
1 Laser Stabilization on a Fiber Ring Resonator and Application to RF Filtering (2008)

Abstract — The potential of optical fiber ring resonators for RF or microwave signals filtering on optical carriers is demonstrated on a short length high Q resonator. The problem of the frequency shift due to the resonator self heating with the optical power is solved thanks to a Pound-Drever feedback loop. A multi frequency RF filter is obtained, with a frequency step of 205 MHz between resonances, and a 3 dB bandwidth of 2.4 MHz. This corresponds to the computed optical resonator 3 dB bandwidth, and thus represents an efficient technique for the measurement of ultra high Q optical resonators. In the field of microwave applications, the equivalent Q factor obtained is particularly interesting in the upper microwave range. Index Terms—High Q optical resonator, fiber ring resonator, frequency locking, microwave filters, optical filters, microwaveoptical systems. I.
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentration increases in amniotic fluid with the onset of labour in women: characterization of sites of release within the uterus (1999)

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor is a potent inhibitor of neutrophil function, a mediator of mucosal immunity and an inhibitor of NF|gkB regulated inflammatory responses. However, its source, function and regulation within the uterus during pregnancy and at parturition are not well defined. In amniotic fluid, the concentration of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor increased significantly from 2nd trimester (24+/-3 ng/ml; mean+/-s.e.m.; n=20) to term (751+/-53 ng/ml; P<0.05; n=15) with a further profound increase (P<0.005) with the onset of labour (3929+/-1076 ng/ml; n=15). To establish the intra-uterine sites of secretion, explants (n=6 different patients per tissue) were collected at term after elective caesarean section. High levels of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor were released by decidua (135.2+/-12.4 pg/mg; mean+/-s.e.m.) and chorio-decidua (325.1+/-26.4 pg/mg) with less by amnion (55.6+/-6.0 pg/mg) and placenta (9.2+/-1.9 pg/mg). Intense immunoreactivity for secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor was detected predominantly in decidua parietalis cells adherent to the chorion laeve and myometrium, and also in decidua basalis. We propose that, within the pregnant uterus, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor is released by decidua, fetal membranes and potentially the fetal lung. The increase in secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor may act to modulate pro-inflammatory paracrine interactions for the maintenance of pregnancy and limit those occurring at parturition within the uterus.
Carrier concentration dependent photoluminescence properties of Si-doped InAs nanowires (2018)

We report the effects of intentional n-type doping on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of InAs nanowires (NWs). Employing silicon (Si) as a dopant in molecular beam epitaxy grown NWs, the n-type carrier concentration is tuned between 1 × 1017 cm−3 and 3 × 1018 cm−3 as evaluated from Fermi-tail fits of the high-energy spectral region. With the increasing carrier concentration, the PL spectra exhibit a distinct blueshift (up to ∼50 meV), ∼2–3-fold peak broadening, and a redshift of the low-energy tail, indicating both the Burstein-Moss shift and bandgap narrowing. The low-temperature bandgap energy (EG) decreases from ∼0.44 eV (n ∼ 1017 cm−3) to ∼0.41 eV (n ∼ 1018 cm−3), following a ΔEG ∼ n1/3 dependence. Simultaneously, the PL emission is quenched nearly 10-fold, while the pump-power dependent analysis of the integrated PL intensity evidences a typical 2/3-power-law scaling, indicative of non-radiative Auger recombination at high carrier concentrations. Carrier localization and activation at stacking defects are further observed in undoped InAs NWs by temperature-dependent measurements but are absent in Si-doped InAs NWs due to the increased Fermi energy.
Image fusion using blur estimation (2010)

In this paper, a new wavelet based image fusion method is proposed. In this method, the blur levels of the edge points are estimated for every slice in the stack of images. Then from corresponding edge points in different slices, the sharpest one is brought to the final image and others are eliminated. The intensities of non-edge pixels are assigned by the slice of its nearest neighbor edge. Results are promising and outperform other methods in most cases of the tested methods.