gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fully human targeted cytotoxic fusion proteins: new anticancer agents on the horizon. (2012)

Cytotoxic fusion proteins for tumor therapy are composed of an antibody-based targeting moiety and an effector molecule. Effectors may possess enzymatic activity confering cytoxicity after internalization or be an antibody-targeted death-receptor ligand that induces apoptosis after interaction with a death receptor. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic fusion proteins which, in most cases, are composed of fully human targeting and effector moieties. Regarding the first category, as outlined above, we focus on fusion proteins based on ribonucleases, granzyme B, apoptosis-inducing factor and death-associated protein kinases. The second category of fusion proteins makes use of cell-death inducing ligands such as tumor-necrosis factor, tumor necrosis factor α-related, apoptosis-inducing ligand fas ligand and a tumor-targeting antibody moiety. For the latter category, prodrug-related concepts are also covered. The critical issues to be resolved for improved efficacy and safety are discussed.
Alterations in Gene Expression of Proprotein Convertases in Human Lung Cancer Have a Limited Number of Scenarios (2013)

Proprotein convertases (PCs) is a protein family which includes nine highly specific subtilisin-like serine endopeptidases in mammals. The system of PCs is involved in carcinogenesis and levels of PC mRNAs alter in cancer, which suggests expression status of PCs as a possible marker for cancer typing and prognosis. The goal of this work was to assess the information value of expression profiling of PC genes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for the first time to analyze mRNA levels of all PC genes as well as matrix metalloproteinase genes MMP2 and MMP14, which are substrates of PCs, in 30 matched pairs of samples of human lung cancer tumor and adjacent tissues without pathology. Significant changes in the expression of PCs have been revealed in tumor tissues: increased FURIN mRNA level (p<0.00005) and decreased mRNA levels of PCSK2 (p<0.007), PCSK5 (p<0.0002), PCSK7 (p<0.002), PCSK9 (p<0.00008), and MBTPS1 (p<0.00004) as well as a tendency to increase in the level of PCSK1 mRNA. Four distinct groups of samples have been identified by cluster analysis of the expression patterns of PC genes in tumor vs. normal tissue. Three of these groups covering 80% of samples feature a strong elevation in the expression of a single gene in cancer: FURIN, PCSK1, or PCSK6. Thus, the changes in the expression of PC genes have a limited number of scenarios, which may reflect different pathways of tumor development and cryptic features of tumors. This finding allows to consider the mRNAs of PC genes as potentially important tumor markers.
Radon signals in the Gavnunim intrusion, Makhtesh Ramon, Israel (2009)

High time resolution monitoring of radon, using alpha detectors is carried out in a massive and jointed syenite located in arid southern Israel. Monitoring, at a resolution of 15-min, is conducted in two boreholes at depths of 1.2 and 85–90 m, resulting in more then 10-yr long time-series. Systematic temporal variation patterns, manifesting large relative signals are composed primarily of annual (AR), multiday (MD), daily (DR) and subdaily (SDR) radon signals. Prominent periodic diurnal variation underlies the DR and probably also the SDR signals. Diurnal (S1; 24-hr) and semidiurnal (S2; 12-hr) constituents characterize the DR signal at 1.2 m, while diurnal constituents typical for gravity related periodicities (M2, O1) are absent. The amplitudes of the S1 and S2 constituents, calculated for consecutive 512-hr-long time intervals, exhibit a similar covarying annual pattern. The periodic DR signal is absent at 85 m depth. The peak time of SDR signals, occurring at this depth in some days, exhibits a 24- and 12-hr periodicity. Time offsets of hours are observed between time-series of the measured signal from the two levels. The lag, investigated for the decomposed MD signal, using consecutive 20-d-long time intervals, shows that the signal at depth systematically lags by around 9 hr the signal at the shallow level. Discrepancy of the patterns of the temporal variation in the time domain, and also in the frequency and time-frequency domains of the diurnal periodic components, indicates that atmospheric influence on the radon signal is insignificant even at a depth of 1.2 m. Combining this conclusion with the compound interrelations occurring among the different radon signals suggests that other geophysical processes are driving the radon variation in the subsurface geogas. It is suggested that the significant S1 and S2 signatures, and their modulations, are imposed on the radon system by means of a direct link with solar radiation tide.
Direct Spectroscopic Evidence for Isolated Silanols in SiOx/Al2O3 and Their Formation Mechanism (2017)

The preparation and unambiguous characterization of isolated Brønsted-acidic silanol species on silica–alumina catalysts presents a key challenge in the rational design of solid acid catalysts. In this report, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and liquid-phase preparation (chemical liquid deposition, CLD) are used to install the SiOx sites on Al2O3 catalysts using the same Si source (tetraethylorthosilicate, TEOS). The ALD-derived and CLD-derived SiOx sites are probed with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced 29Si–29Si double-quantum/single-quantum (DQ/SQ) correlation NMR spectroscopy. The investigation reveals conclusively that the SiOx/Al2O3 material prepared by ALD and CLD, followed by calcination under an O2 stream, contains fully spatially isolated Si species, in contrast with those resulting from the calcination under static air, which is widely accepted as a postgrafting treatment for CLD. Insight into the formation mechanism of these sites is obtained via in situ monitoring of the TEOS + γ-Al2O3 reaction in an environmental diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) cell. Upon calcination, the DRIFTS spectra of SiOx/Al2O3 reveal a signature unambiguously assignable to isolated Brønsted-acidic silanol species. Surprisingly, the results of this study indicate that the method of preparing SiOx/Al2O3 catalysts is less important to the final structure of the silanol sites than the post-treatment conditions. This finding should greatly simplify the methods for synthesizing site-isolated, Brønsted-acidic SiOx/Al2O3 catalysts.
Decline in working memory associated with HIV infection (1995)

HIV infection has been associated with decline in a number of cognitive functions that are components of 'working memory'. Thus, tests of working memory that require the interaction of these components may be particularly sensitive to cognitive dysfunction that arises from HIV infection. To assess this possibility, working memory was examined in 147 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 38 HIV-seronegative (HIV-) males using the Reading Span Test and the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Speed of information processing, a component of some working memory tasks, was assessed with a version of the Sternberg Memory Scanning task. Results indicated that symptomatic HIV+ subjects were impaired relative to HIV- control subjects on the Reading Span and Digit Span tests. Asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic HIV+ groups exhibited a trend toward impairment on these tests, and on the whole, a greater proportion of HIV+ subjects than HIV- subjects were impaired. The groups did not differ significantly in information processing speed. These results indicate that deficits in working memory are apparent in at least a subset of HIV-infected individuals. These deficits are most apparent in symptomatic HIV+ individuals, but the decline may begin during the asymptomatic phase of infection.
Blind Identification of the Central Aortic Pressure Waveform from Multiple Peripheral Arterial Pressure Waveforms (2006)

We introduce a blind identification technique to reconstruct the clinically more relevant central aortic pressure waveform from multiple less invasively measured peripheral arterial pressure waveforms. We conducted initial testing of the technique in two swine in which peripheral arterial pressure waveforms from the femoral and radial arteries and reference central aortic pressure were simultaneously measured during diverse hemodynamic conditions. We report an overall error between the estimated and measured central aortic pressure waveforms of 4.8%. Potential clinical applications of the technique may include critical care monitoring with respect to invasive catheter systems and emergency and home monitoring with respect to non-invasive arterial pressure transducers.
Colonization and Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Nursery Piglets (2011)

A transmission experiment was performed to evaluate the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in nursery piglets. Reproduction ratios (R(0)) in three experimental groups were found to vary between 3.92 and 52.54, indicating that after introduction, MRSA ST398 will spread easily among weaned piglets, with a tendency to become established.
IFNγ producing CD8+T cells modified to resist major immune checkpoints induce regression of MHC class I-deficient melanomas (2015)

Tumors with reduced expression of MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules may be unrecognized by tumor antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and thus constitute a challenge for cancer immunotherapy. Here we monitored development of autochthonous melanomas in TiRP mice that develop tumors expressing a known tumor antigen as well as a red fluorescent protein (RFP) reporter knock in gene. The latter permits non-invasive monitoring of tumor growth by biofluorescence. One developing melanoma was deficient in cell surface expression of MHC-I, but MHC-I expression could be rescued by exposure of these cells to IFNγ. We show that CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells specific for tumor antigen/MHC-I were efficient at inducing regression of the MHC-I-deficient melanoma, provided that the T cells were endowed with properties permitting their migration into the tumor and their efficient production of IFNγ. This was the case for CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells transfected to express an active form of STAT5 (STAT5CA). The amount of IFNγ produced <i>ex vivo</i> from T cells present in tumors after adoptive transfer of the CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells was correlated with an increase in surface expression of MHC-I molecules by the tumor cells. We also show that these CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells expressed PD-1 and upregulated its ligand PDL-1 on melanoma cells within the tumor. Despite upregulation of this immunosuppressive pathway, efficient IFNγ production in the melanoma microenvironment was found associated with resistance of STAT5CA-expressing CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells to inhibition both by PD-1/PDL-1 engagement and by TGFβ1, two main immune regulatory mechanisms hampering the efficiency of immunotherapy in patients.
A platelet-mediated paradigm for the targeted delivery of microencapsulated, clot-augmenting biotherapeutics (2017)

Reported herein is a paradigm-shifting, targeted drug delivery system that leverages the patient’s own platelets to sense and actuate targeted delivery of a clot-augmenting therapeutic to a site of vascular injury. In this system, platelets target microencapsulated drugs through their natural aggregation behavior in the clot formation process and then deliver the drug by physically rupturing the microcapsule through contractile forces exerted during clot contraction. This cell-mediated, targeted drug delivery system utilizes polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules that hybridize with the patient’s own platelets upon intravenous administration and rupture upon platelet contraction, enabling the targeted and controlled “burst” release of an encapsulated biotherapeutics. As platelets are the “first responders” in the blood clot formation process, this platelet-hybridized system is ideal for the targeted delivery of clot augmenting biotherapeutics wherein immediate therapeutic efficacy is required. As proof-of-concept, we tailored this system to deliver the pro-clotting biotherapeutic, factor VIII (fVIII) for hemophilia A patients who have developed inhibitory anti-fVIII antibodies. The polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules physically shield the encapsulated fVIII from the patient’s inhibitors during circulation, preserving its bioactivity until it is delivered at the target site via platelet contractile force. Using an in vitro microfluidic vascular injury model with fVIII-inhibited blood, we demonstrate a 3.8x increase in induced fibrin formation using capsules loaded with fVIII at a concentration an order of magnitude lower than that used in systemic delivery. We further demonstrate that clot formation occurs 18 minutes faster when fVIII loaded capsules are used compared to systemic delivery at the same concentration. Because platelets are integral in the pathophysiology of thrombotic disorders, cancer, and innate immunity, this paradigm-shifting smart drug delivery system can be similarly applied to these diseases.
3′‐Nitro‐1‐Phenylethanol by addition of Methyltriisopropoxytitanium to m ‐Nitrobenzaldehyde (2003)

Abstract 3′‐Nitro‐1‐Phenylethanol by addition of Methyltriisopropoxytitanium to m ‐Nitrobenzaldehyde product: 3′‐nitro‐1‐phenylethanol
On the Role of the Refinement Layer in Multiple Description Coding and Scalable Coding (2011)

We clarify the relationship among several existing achievable multiple description rate-distortion regions by investigating the role of refinement layer in multiple description coding. Specifically, we show that the refinement layer in the El Gamal-Cover (EGC) scheme and the Venkataramani-Kramer-Goyal (VKG) scheme can be removed; as a consequence, the EGC region is equivalent to the EGC* region (an antecedent version of the EGC region) while the VKG region (when specialized to the 2-description case) is equivalent to the Zhang-Berger (ZB) region. Moreover, we prove that for multiple description coding with individual and hierarchical distortion constraints, the number of layers in the VKG scheme can be significantly reduced when only certain weighted sum rates are concerned. The role of refinement layer in scalable coding (a special case of multiple description coding) is also studied.
Evaluation of Adjusted Calcium Levels in Patients of Chronic Renal Failure with Hypo-Albuminemia (2023)

Objective: To compare adjusted calcium levels with ionised Calcium in chronic renal failure patients with hypoalbuminemia for the correct assessment of their Calcium status.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Mar 2020 to Jan 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 304 individuals aged 18 to 90 years, of either gender were included in the study. Participants were differentiated into stages of Chronic renal failure based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated through the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Serum total Calcium, urea and creatinine were analysed on ADVIA 1800R Clinical Chemistry Auto analyser. In addition, ionised Calcium was analysed on Cobas b221 blood gas and electrolyte analyser.&#x0D; Results: Mean age of the study participants was 56.3±16.03 years. 130(42.5%) individuals had stage-5 while 102(33.3%) had stage 4 chronic kidney disease. Based on ionised Calcium concentration, 37.3% of participants had hypocalcaemia, 57.2% had normocalcaemia, and 4.9% had hypercalcaemia. 57.5% had albumin concentration between 20-29g/L. Cohen’s Kappa statistical analysis showed adjusted Calcium to be a poor predictor of the correct Calcium status of the patients with hypoalbuminemia.&#x0D; Conclusion: Adjusted Calcium, using the Modified Payne formula, overestimates Calcium status in patients of chronic renal failure with hypoalbuminemia when compared with total unadjusted Calcium levels hence misclassifying true hypocalcaemic patients as normocalcaemic.Keywords: Adjusted calcium, Chronic renal failure, Estimated glomerular filtration rate, Hypoalbuminemia, Ionised calcium.
DC and pulse-light illuminated optical responses of microwave GaAs-MESFET oscillators (1984)

Experimental results of two kinds of optical effects, optical tuning and optical switching, of GaAs MESFET oscillators are presented. For optical tuning, the oscillation frequency decreases with optical illumination and the maximum tuning range depends principally on oscillator mode (common-source, common-drain or common-gate), with 3.8% and 1.9% being achieved at S band and X band, respectively, with an optical power density of 0.5 mW/mm2. The oscillator power output generally increases with optical illumination, the increase being around 1 to 2 dB at 0.5 mW/mm2 light intensity. For optical switching, power output switching from no oscillation to 7.5 mW was obtained at X band with illumination from a 2 mW laser diode. The optical response of microwave GaAs MESFET oscillators is attributed to the capture of holes by two kinds of hole traps in the Schottky-gate depletion region. The oscillation frequency and power output changes with optical illumination become appreciably reduced with increase of optical modulation rate, becoming 10% of the constant-illumination induced change at an optical modulation rate of 1 MHz and negligibly small at 10 MHz. The drain current bias still responds above 10 MHz, with a response amount about 0.5 mA attributed to the photoconductivity effect in the channel.
Sensitivity of a Wave Energy Converter Dynamics Model to Nonlinear Hydrostatic Models (2015)

A three dimensional time-domain model, based on Cummins equation, has been developed for an axisymmetric point absorbing wave energy converter (WEC) with an irregular cross section. This model incorporates a number of nonlinearities to accurately account for the dynamics of the device: hydrostatic restoring, motion constraints, saturation of the power-take-off force, and kinematic nonlinearities. Here, an interpolation model of the hydrostatic restoring reaction is developed and compared with a surface integral based method. The effects of these nonlinear hydrostatic models on device dynamics are explored by comparing predictions against those of a linear model. For the studied WEC, the interpolation model offers a large improvement over a linear model and is roughly two orders-of-magnitude less computationally expensive than the surface integral based method.
Network attached storage architecture (2000)

SAN with Fibre Channel network hardware that has a greater effect on a user's purchasing decisions. This article is about how emerging technology may blur the network-centric distinction between NAS and SAN. For example, the decreasing specialization of SAN protocols promises SAN-like devices on Ethernet network hardware. Alternatively, the increasing specialization of NAS systems may embed much of the file system into storage devices. For users, it is increasingly worthwhile to investigate networked storage core and emerging technologies.
Ligand-Enabled, Palladium-Catalyzed Beta-C (sp3)–H Arylation of Weinreb Amides (2018)

We report the development of Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation of Weinreb amides. A pyridinesulfonic acid ligand is designed to accommodate the weak, neutral coordinating property of Weinreb amides via preserving the cationic character of Pd center through zwitterionic assembly of Pd/ligand complexes. DFT studies of the C–H cleavage step indicate that the superior reactivity of 3-pyridinesulfonic acid ligand compared to pyridine, Ac-Gly-OH, and ligandless conditions originates from the stabilization of overall substrate-bound Pd species.
Thermal Expansion and Phase Transition Behavior of Al2-xMx(WO4)3 (M=Y, Ga and Sc) Ceramics (2007)

In order to obtain materials with a tailored thermal expansion, in particular zero-thermal-expansion between -50~100°C, the possibility of preparation, thermal expansion behavior and phase transition of Al2-xMx(WO4)3 (M: Y, Ga and Sc) have been examined. Y was not substituted for the Al site in Al2(WO4)3. Al2-xGax(WO4)3 single phase could be prepared in x range as high as 0.4. The phase transition temperature involving abrupt expansion increased with an increase of Ga content, resulting in no phase transition for Al1.6Ga0.4(WO4)3 between -50~100°C. However, zero-thermal expansion could not be obtained in Al2-xGax(WO4)3 at the temperature range. Al2-xScx(WO4)3 single phase was obtained for the whole x range. The temperature of the phase transition decreased with an increase of Sc content and the abrupt expansion due to the phase transition disappeared above -50°C for the specimen with x larger than 0.3. The thermal expansion coefficient could be controlled with Sc content and zero-thermal-expansion was observed for the specimens with x around 0.1 and 1.5.
Separation of B. subtilis DNA into complementary strands. 3. Direct analysis. (1968)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Accelerated progression of coronary artery calcification in hypertension but also prehypertension (2016)

CAC progression, a sign of ongoing target organ damage, is already accelerated in prehypertensive patients, a substantial proportion of our urban population.