gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Turbulent Co-Current Gas-Liquid Flow in a Tube With and Without Swirl (1979)

The fluid dynamic effects of swirl generation on boiling flow in a tube were simulated experimentally by the flow of a water film surrounding a core of air down the interior of a vertical tube. Each of the two fluids could be injected with swirl. Water injection with swirl thickened the subregion of the film not contacted by the air-water interface. Air injection with swirl reduced interfacial disturbances. Transitional phenomena were identified. No transition was correlated with the appearance of dry patches on the test section inner wall. Models for estimating mean film thickness and axial pressure gradient were evaluated.
Thermal carrier emission and nonradiative recombinations in nonpolar (Al,Ga)N/GaN quantum wells grown on bulk GaN (2012)

We investigate, via time-resolved photoluminescence, the temperature-dependence of charge carrier recombination mechanisms in nonpolar (Al,Ga)N/GaN single quantum wells (QWs) grown via molecular beam epitaxy on the a-facet of bulk GaN crystals. We study the influence of both QW width and barrier Al content on the dynamics of excitons in the 10-320 K range. We first show that the effective lifetime of QW excitons τ increases with temperature, which is evidence that nonradiative mechanisms do not play any significant role in the low-temperature range. The temperature range for increasing τ depends on the QW width and Al content in the (Al,Ga)N barriers. For higher temperatures, we observe a reduction in the QW emission lifetime combined with an increase in the decay time for excitons in the barriers, until both exciton populations get fully thermalized. Based on analysis of the ratio between barrier and QW emission intensities, we demonstrate that the main mechanism limiting the radiative efficiency in our set of samples is related to nonradiative recombination in the (Al,Ga)N barriers of charge carriers that have been thermally emitted from the QWs.
Estimation of vehicle driving-load with application to vehicle intelligent cruise control (2001)

This paper describes a vehicle driving-load estimation method for application to vehicle Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC). Vehicle driving-load consists of aerodynamic force, rolling resistance, and gravitational force due to road slope and is unknown disturbance in a vehicle dynamic model. The vehicle driving-load has been estimated from engine and wheel speed measurements using a vehicle dynamic model and a least square method. The estimated driving-load has been used in the adaptation of throttle/brake control law. The performance of the control law has been investigated via both simulation and vehicle tests. The simulation and test results show that the proposed control law can provide satisfactory vehicle-to-vehicle distance control performance for various driving situations.
A therapeutic vaccine strategy to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunocompromised host in a non-human primate model of HIV and Pneumocystis co-infection (2022)

These studies present a novel strategy for stimulating durable anti-<i>Pneumocystis</i> humoral immunity in the context of complex, chronic SIV-induced immunosuppression and may be further applied to immunization of other immunosuppressed populations, and toward other common recall antigens.
Investigations on Silicon Composite Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2011)

A porous electrode model for silicon anodes was developed and used to understand its performance. The model includes the volume change in Si and the phase transformation during the first intercalation reaction in addition to the porous electrode effect, kinetic behavior of Li+ intercalation/de-intercalation in Si, thermodynamic relationships, and mass and charge transport of Li+ in solid and liquid phases. First, the simulations were performed on a very thin (10 μm) and highly porous (80%) electrode in order to estimate the solid-phase diffusion coefficient of Li+ ions in to the Si nanoparticles. This model and experiment based investigation predicts the value of Li+ diffusion in Si to be as low as 3.25x10-16 cm2/s. Good agreement was seen between the model predictions and experimental data. The effect of particle size on the performance of Si electrode and the conditions under which Li15Si4 formation occurs during intercalation are analyzed. Next, the model was used to analyze the performance of Si when the electrode capacity is matched to a NCA cathode of 80 µm thickness and 35% porosity with a loading of 3.6 mAh/cm2 loading. The matching of the anode to cathode was performed for various cycling capacities for the Si (1000, 2000, and 3000 mAh/g) and simulations were conducted to understand the effect of rate on the charging of the anode and the associated concentration and design effects.
Impact—Shredding Processing of Whole-Plant Corn: Machine Performance, Physical Properties, and In Situ Ruminant Digestion (2023)

An intensive processing mechanism that combined impact and shredding was applied to create physical disruption of whole-plant corn as a means to increase in situ dry matter (DM) digestion in lactating dairy cows. A ratio of treatment leachate conductivity relative to that of an ultimately processed treatment, defined as a processing level index, was used to quantify material physical disruption. Two processing levels were compared to a control treatment, which applied conventional chopping and kernel processing. The non-grain fraction was substantially size-reduced by processing such that only 28% to 51% by mass of this material remained greater than 6.4 mm length. After processing with the experimental processor, greater than 85% of kernels passed through a 4.75 mm screen, and the corn silage processing score (CSPS) was 18 to 27 percentage points greater than the control. The highly fiberized material was more compliant; thus, compacted density was 9% to 17% greater than the control. During in situ digestion experiments, processing significantly increased the rapidly soluble DM fraction by 10 percentage points and the extent of DM disappearance by 5 percentage points through 16 h incubation.
A generalized model for visualizing library popularity, adoption, and diffusion within a software ecosystem (2018)

The popularity of super repositories such as Maven Central and the CRAN is a testament to software reuse activities in both open-source and commercial projects alike. However, several studies have highlighted the risks and dangers brought about by application developers keeping dependencies on outdated library versions. Intelligent mining of super repositories could reveal hidden trends within the corresponding software ecosystem and thereby provide valuable insights for such dependency-related decisions. In this paper, we propose the Software Universe Graph (SUG) Model as a structured abstraction of the evolution of software systems and their library dependencies over time. To demonstrate the SUG's usefulness, we conduct an empirical study using 6,374 Maven artifacts and over 6,509 CRAN packages mined from their real-world ecosystems. Visualizations of the SUG model such as `library coexistence pairings' and `dependents diffusion' uncover popularity, adoption and diffusion patterns within each software ecosystem. Results show the Maven ecosystem as having a more conservative approach to dependency updating than the CRAN ecosystem.
The dangerous allure of advanced AI (2018)

Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Max Tegmark
Chlorophyll fluorescence from single cells: Interpretation of flow cytometric signals (1989)

The relationship between flow cytometric fluorescence signals and photosynthetic pigments was investigated in three species of marine eucaryotic phytoplankton, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Hymenomonas carterae, and Amphidinium carteri. The species were grown over a range of light intensities to provide a spectrum of pigment compositions for the study. Both interspecific and intraspecific differences were observed. Variations among the species in fluorescence per unit of chlorophyll a (Chl a ) could be explained by differences in the relative abundance of Chl a and accessory pigments. Amphidinium carteri had much greater fluorescence per unit of Chl a than the other two species and it had the highest Chi c :Chl a ratio. Fluorescence per unit of Chl a decreased as Chl a per cell increased in H . carterae and A. carteri, whereas it remained the same in T. weissflogii. We interpret these differences to have their origins in the “package” effect on light absorption. This effect seems to be least evident in the diatom because cell size increased as Chl a per cell increased in low‐light‐grown cells. In H. carterae and A. carteri the opposite was true, such that the intracellular concentration of Chl a increased substantially in the low‐light cells. Based on these data, we find that to interpret fluorescence signals among species, differences in the relative abundances of Chl a and accessory pigments must be considered, while for intraspecific fluorescence differences, the package effect may be more important.
A Kalman Filter Based Attitude Heading Reference System Using a Low Cost Inertial Measurement Unit (2015)

This paper describes, the development of a sensor fusion algorithm-based Kalman lter ar- chitecture, in combination with a low cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for an Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS). A low cost IMU takes advantage of the use of MEMS technology enabling cheap, compact, low grade sensors. The use of low cost IMUs is primar- ily targeted towards Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications due to the requirements for small package size, light weight, and low energy consumption. The high dynamics nature of smaller airframes, coupled with the typical vibration induced noise of UAVs require an e cient, reliable, and robust AHRS for vehicle control. To eliminate the singularities at 90 on the pitch and roll axes, and to keep the computational e ciency high, quaternions are used for state attitude representation.
Fulvadienes Derived from Fluorenes and Their Oxidation to Spirodiazatetracenes (2010)

Based on the acylation reaction of fluorenyl anions with the bis(imidoyl) chlorides of oxalic acid, a short and efficient synthesis for a series of novel bis(arylamino) fulvadienes was developed. The products were isolated as red colored and crystalline compounds in good yields. Their structures were determined by elemental­ analysis, MS, NMR, and additionally by X-ray crystal structural analysis. Monoimidoyl chlorides showed the same reactivity. Enamines were isolated in good yields as products. The bis(arylamino) fulvadienes can be transformed by an oxidation-ring annulation sequence into diazatetracene derivatives. These to date unknown bis-spiro derivatives of diazatetracene are well soluble in common solvents and display green fluorescence in solution.
Vibration Control of an ER Seat Suspension for a Commercial Vehicle (2003)

This paper presents a semi-active seat suspension with an electrorheological (ER) fluid damper. A cylindrical ER seat damper is devised on the basis of a Bingham model of an arabic gum-based ER fluid and its field-dependent damping characteristics are empirically evaluated. A semi-active seat suspension is then constructed, and the governing equations of motion are derived by treating the driver mass as a parameter uncertainty. A sliding mode controller, which has inherent robustness to system uncertainties, is formulated to attenuate seat vibration due to external excitations. The controller is then experimentally realized, and controlled responses are presented in both time and frequency domains. In addition, a full-car model consisting of primary, cabin, and seat suspensions is established, and a hardware-in-the-loop simulation is undertaken to demonstrate a practical feasibility of the proposed seat suspension system showing ride comfort quality under various road conditions.
Expression of protamine-1 and -2 mRNA during human spermiogenesis (2000)

During spermiogenesis, the histone-to-protamine replacement causes the compaction of the spermatid chromatin. The genes for protamines, PRM-1 and PRM-2, are transcribed in round and elongating spermatids. The transcripts are stored in a translationally-repressed state by the binding of protein repressors before being translated in elongating and elongated spermatids. RNA extracts from homogenized whole testis samples supply only average data, and cell-specific and stage-specific expression cannot be addressed. Therefore, we used UV-laser-assisted cell-picking (UV-LACP) to select spermatids of defined differentiation steps. Subsequent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with intron-spanning primer pairs allowed the detection of DNA-free and pseudogene-free PRM-1 and PRM-2 cDNA. Additional in-situ hybridization with digoxygenin-labelled cRNA probes exhibited PRM-1 and PRM-2 mRNA from step 1/2 spermatids to step 4 spermatids, but not in elongated spermatids. RT-PCR revealed amplicons for PRM-1 and PRM-2 in all spermatids except step 3 round spermatids. Applying proteinase K digestion, PRM-1 and PRM-2 transcripts were also detected in step 3 spermatids indicating that protein repressors may bind to both PRM-1 and PRM-2 mRNA in step 3 round spermatids. These data demonstrate that the combination of UV-LACP and non-radioactive in-situ hybridization appear to be a suitable approach for the study of cell-specific and stage-specific gene expression during spermiogenesis.
Sample Preparation Variables in Platelet Proteomics for Biomarker Research (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Selection of Test Subjects and Blood Collection Blood Sampling Platelet Purification Separation from Plasma Proteins Cell Lysis Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References
Practice parameter: Temporal lobe and localized neocortical resections for epilepsy (2003)

A single Class I study and 24 Class IV studies indicate that the benefits of anteromesial temporal lobe resection for disabling complex partial seizures is greater than continued treatment with antiepileptic drugs, and the risks are at least comparable. For patients who are compromised by such seizures, referral to an epilepsy surgery center should be strongly considered. Further studies are needed to determine if neocortical seizures benefit from surgery, and whether early surgical intervention should be the treatment of choice for certain surgically remediable epileptic syndromes.
High-Throughput CAMP Assay (HiTCA): A Novel Tool for Evaluating the Vitamin D-Dependent Antimicrobial Response (2023)

Vitamin D is known to modulate human immune responses, and vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to infection. However, what constitutes sufficient levels or whether vitamin D is useful as an adjuvant therapeutic is debated, much in part because of inadequate elucidation of mechanisms underlying vitamin D’s immune modulatory function. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) has potent broad-spectrum activity, and the CAMP gene is regulated in human innate immune cells by active 1,25(OH)2D3, a product of hydroxylation of inactive 25(OH)D3 by CYP27B1-hydroxylase. We developed a CRISPR/Cas9-edited human monocyte-macrophage cell line containing the mCherry fluorescent reporter gene at the 3′ end of the endogenous CAMP gene. The High Throughput CAMP Assay (HiTCA) developed here is a novel tool for evaluating CAMP expression in a stable cell line that is scalable for a high-throughput workflow. Application of HiTCA to serum samples from a small number of human donors (n = 10) showed individual differences in CAMP induction that were not fully accounted for by the serum vitamin D metabolite status of the host. As such, HiTCA may be a useful tool that can advance our understanding of the human vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial response, which is being increasingly appreciated for its complexity.
The importance of the light chain for the epitope specificity of human anti-U1 small nuclear RNA autoantibodies present in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. (1999)

Abs to U1 RNA are frequently found in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus overlap syndromes and Ab titers correlate with disease activity. We describe the isolation of the first human anti-U1 RNA autoantibodies from a combinatorial IgG library made from the bone marrow of a systemic lupus erythematosus patient. With the use of phage display technology, two anti-U1 RNA single-chain variable fragment (scFv) Abs were selected. Both high affinity anti-U1 RNA Ab fragments (Kd approximately 1 nM) recognize stem II of U1 RNA and were derived from the same heavy chain gene (VH3-11) and the same lambda (3r) light chain gene although somatic mutations, predominantly present in the complementarity-determining regions, are different. Experiments, in which the heavy chain genes of both anti-U1 RNA scFvs were reshuffled with the original light chain repertoire of the patient resulted, after selection on stem loop II, in a large number of RNA-binding Ab fragments. All these stem loop II-specific RNA binding clones used a similar, but not identical, 3r lambda light chain. When scFvs were selected from the reshuffled libraries by stem loop IV, representing the other autoantigenic site of U1 RNA, most selected Ab clones did react with stem loop IV, but no longer with stem loop II. The stem loop IV-reactive Ab clones contained different, not 3r-related, light chains. These results point to a major role for the light chain in determining the sequence specificity of these disease-related anti-U1 RNA Abs. The possibility that secondary light chain rearrangements are involved in this autoimmune response is discussed.
More Words and Bigger Pictures (2012)

Object recognition is a little like translation: a picture (text in a source language) goes in, and a description (text in a target language) comes out. I will use this analogy, which has proven fertile, to describe recent progress in object recognition. We have very good methods to spot some objects in images, but extending these methods to produce descriptions of images remains very difficult. The description might come in the form of a set of words, indicating objects, and boxes or regions spanned by the object. This representation is difficult to work with, because some objects seem to be much more important than others, and because objects interact. An alternative is a sentence or a paragraph describing the picture, and recent work indicates how one might generate rich structures like this. Furthermore, recent work suggests that it is easier and more effective to generate descriptions of images in terms of chunks of meaning (”person on a horse”) rather than just objects (”person”; ”horse”). Finally, if the picture contains objects that are unfamiliar, then we need to generate useful descriptions that will make it possible to interact with them, even though we don’t know what they are. About the Speaker David Forsyth is currently a full professor at U. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he moved from U.C Berkeley, where he was also full professor. He has published over 130 papers on computer vision, computer graphics and machine learning. He has served as program chair and as general chair for various international conferences on computer vision. He received an IEEE technical achievement award for 2005 for his research and became an IEEE fellow in 2009. His textbook, ”Computer Vision: A Modern Approach” (joint with J. Ponce and published by Prentice Hall) is widely adopted as a course text. A second edition appeared in 2011. He was named editor in chief of IEEE TPAMI for a term starting in Jan 2013.
Behavioral analysis of anisotropic diffusion in image processing (1996)

In this paper, we analyze the behavior of the anisotropic diffusion model of Perona and Malik (1990). The main idea is to express the anisotropic diffusion equation as coming from a certain optimization problem, so its behavior can be analyzed based on the shape of the corresponding energy surface. We show that anisotropic diffusion is the steepest descent method for solving an energy minimization problem. It is demonstrated that an anisotropic diffusion is well posed when there exists a unique global minimum for the energy functional and that the ill posedness of a certain anisotropic diffusion is caused by the fact that its energy functional has an infinite number of global minima that are dense in the image space. We give a sufficient condition for an anisotropic diffusion to be well posed and a sufficient and necessary condition for it to be ill posed due to the dense global minima. The mechanism of smoothing and edge enhancement of anisotropic diffusion is illustrated through a particular orthogonal decomposition of the diffusion operator into two parts: one that diffuses tangentially to the edges and therefore acts as an anisotropic smoothing operator, and the other that flows normally to the edges and thus acts as an enhancement operator.
Nanoengineering of the Cu2ZnSnS4–TiO2 interface via atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 for high sensitivity photodetectors and solid state solar cells (2018)

Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoislands on the Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> interface prevented Sn doping and optimized the band alignment for high performance photodetectors and solar cells.
Spectral purification and infrared light recycling in extreme ultraviolet lithography sources (2014)

We present the design of a novel collector mirror for laser produced plasma (LPP) light sources to be used in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. The design prevents undesired infrared (IR) drive laser light, reflected from the plasma, from reaching the exit of the light source. This results in a strong purification of the EUV light, while the reflected IR light becomes refocused into the plasma for enhancing the IR-to-EUV conversion. The dual advantage of EUV purification and conversion enhancement is achieved by incorporating an IR Fresnel zone plate pattern into the EUV reflective multilayer coating of the collector mirror. Calculations using Fresnel-Kirchhoff's diffraction theory for a typical collector design show that the IR light at the EUV exit is suppressed by four orders of magnitude. Simultaneously, 37% of the reflected IR light is refocused back the plasma.
Annotated mitochondrial genome with Nanopore R9 signal for Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (2017)

<i>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</i>, a nematode parasite of rodents, has a parasitic life cycle that is an extremely useful model for the study of human hookworm infection, particularly in regards to the induced immune response. The current reference genome for this parasite is highly fragmented with minimal annotation, but new advances in long-read sequencing suggest that a more complete and annotated assembly should be an achievable goal. We <i>de-novo</i> assembled a single contig mitochondrial genome from <i>N. brasiliensis</i> using MinION R9 nanopore data. The assembly was error-corrected using existing Illumina HiSeq reads, and annotated in full (i.e. gene boundary definitions without substantial gaps) by comparing with annotated genomes from similar parasite relatives. The mitochondrial genome has also been annotated with a preliminary electrical consensus sequence, using raw signal data generated from a Nanopore R9 flow cell.
Noise Power Spectrum in PROPELLER MR Imaging (2015)

The noise power spectrum (NPS), an index for noise evaluation, represents the frequency characteristics of image noise. We measured the NPS in PROPELLER (Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, a nonuniform data sampling technique, as an initial study for practical MR image evaluation using the NPS. The 2-dimensional (2D) NPS reflected the k-space sampling density and showed agreement with the shape of the k-space trajectory as expected theoretically. Additionally, the 2D NPS allowed visualization of a part of the image reconstruction process, such as filtering and motion correction.