gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Atmospheric Profiling During the 2010 Winter Olympics Using Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry (2011)

Ground-based microwave radiometer profilers in the 20–60-GHz range operate continuously at numerous sites in different climate regions. Recent work suggests that a 1-D variational (1-DVAR) technique, coupling radiometric observations with outputs from a numerical weather prediction model, may outperform traditional retrieval methods for temperature and humidity profiling. The 1-DVAR technique is applied here to observations from a commercially available microwave radiometer deployed at Whistler, British Columbia, which was operated by Environment Canada to support nowcasting and short-term weather forecasting during the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. The analysis period included rain, sleet, and snow events ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex></formula> 235-mm total accumulation and rates up to 18 mm/h). The 1-DVAR method is applied “quasi-operationally,” i.e., as it could have been applied in real time, as no data were culled. The 1-DVAR-achieved accuracy has been evaluated by using simultaneous radiosonde and ceilometer observations as reference. For atmospheric profiling from the surface to 10 km, we obtain retrieval errors within 1.5 K for temperature and 0.5 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{g/m}^{3}$</tex></formula> for water vapor density. The retrieval accuracy for column-integrated water vapor is 0.8 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$ \hbox{kg/m}^{2}$</tex></formula> , with small bias <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$(-0.1\ \hbox{kg/m}^{2})$</tex> </formula> and excellent correlation (0.96). The retrieval of cloud properties shows a high probability of detection of cloud/no cloud (0.8/0.9, respectively), low false-alarm ratio (0.1), and cloud-base height estimate error within <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex></formula> 0.60 km.
Ataenius Adult Control, 1996 (1997)

Abstract A grid of 15 X 15 ft plots was established in the heavy clay soil fairway of hole # 14 at a golf course near South Lyon in Oakland County, MI. The actual area sprayed was 12 X 12 ft, leaving a 1.5 ft buffer on all sides. Four 8-dram vials were half filled with ethylene glycol and were buried in each plot as pitfall traps. Liquid products were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer from R&amp;D Sprayers. The applications were made at 50 psi with a boom holding four 8008 nozzles. Liquid insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 4 gal/1000 ft2 (175 gpa). Applications were made on 13 May after placing the vials in the plots. It was 45°F and sunny with 0—5 mph wind. The vials were examined on 20 and 28 May to count the number of ataenius beetles trapped in each.
Real-time pedestal optimization and ELM control with 3D fields and gas flows on DIII-D (2020)

The capabilities of the DIII-D tokamak's plasma control system (PCS) were expanded to allow for pedestal optimization and edge localized mode (ELM) control. Three proof of principle control schemes are presented herein that were successfully implemented and tested. These use multiple inputs from real-time (RT) diagnostics like a $D_\alpha$ based ELM monitor and edge profile measurements from Thomson scattering (TS) as well as 3D, i.e. non-axisymmetric, magnetic fields and gas puffs as actuators to regulate the density pedestal. The first scheme targets to optimize the access of ELM suppression induced by non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations (MPs). The conducted set of experiments identifies a path dependence of plasma confinement on the applied MP amplitude. The controller aims to transition into ELM suppression at the minimum 3D field amplitude and reduces it further afterwards, allowing for partial confinement recovery. Another pedestal control scheme is deployed to compensate the density 'pump-out' in MP ELM suppression by regulating the gas puff. This uses RT TS diagnostic data, extracting the pedestal height from the electron density ($n_{\mathrm{e}}$) profiles and enables studies of the transition into and out of MP ELM suppression at constant density. A limit cycle behavior of edge rotation and MP amplitude persists under these conditions. The third control scheme combines MPs and gas puffs as actuators to perform pedestal density trajectory control to access Super high confinement mode (H-mode) and furthermore, allowing the integration of a radiative divertor in this regime. While MPs mainly impact the pedestal top density, the control scheme allows to loosen the tight coupling of pedestal top and separatrix density evolution. With respect to ITER, the achieved results emphasize the need for an advanced control system to keep MP amplitude close to but above the ELM suppression threshold at all times, enabling high confinement and, respectively, at high fusion energy gain factor (Q). Lastly, pedestal control enables detailed physics studies in present-day tokamaks and allows the exploration of core-edge integrated plasma scenarios.
Wirksamkeit von Akupunktur zur Symptomkontrolle in der Palliativmedizin – Pilotprojekt und Qualitative Untersuchung (2010)

Hintergrund: Alternative und komplementärmedizinische Behandlungen wie die Akupunktur erfreuen sich auch in der Palliativmedizin zunehmender Beliebtheit. Die Datenlage zur Wirksamkeit der Akupunktur zur Symptomkontrolle in der Palliativmedizin ist derzeit noch ungenügend, jedoch existiert eine Vielzahl von positiven Untersuchungen für die gleichen Symptome bei anderer Genese.
New Strategic Reactions for Organic Synthesis:  Catalytic Asymmetric C−H Activation α to Oxygen as a Surrogate to the Aldol Reaction (2003)

The C-H activation of silyl ethers by means of rhodium carbenoid-induced C-H insertion represents a very direct method for the stereoselective synthesis of silyl-protected beta-hydroxy esters. The reaction can proceed with very high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity and represents a surrogate to the aldol reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by the rhodium prolinate complex Rh(2)(S-DOSP)(4). A critical requirement for the high chemoselectivity is the use of donor/acceptor-substituted carbenoids such as those derived from methyl aryldiazoacetates. A range of silyl ethers may be used such as allyl silyl ethers, tetraalkoxysilanes, and even simple trimethylsilyl alkyl ethers. In general, C-H activation preferentially occurs at methylene sites, as the reactivity is controlled by a delicate balance between steric and electronic effects.
Cognitive Function in Acquired Bilateral Vestibulopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study on Cognition, Hearing, and Vestibular Loss (2019)

This study has found general cognitive deficits in a large sample size of BVP patients. Multiple linear regression models revealed that both vestibular and hearing dysfunction were associated with different subscales of the cognitive test battery, the RBANS-H. Whereas hearing loss was associated with worse performance on total RBANS-H score, immediate memory and language, vestibular loss was observed to negatively affect attention performance.
A nano-enclatherated-gel-composite for the treatment of alcohol abuse and addiction (2022)

Alcoholism is a highly prevalent disease, with successful rehabilitation being poor due to irrepressible cravings that result in relapse. This study developed and analysed an intramuscular injection capable of providing a sustained release of disulfiram over one month. Statistically optimized disulfiram-loaded nanomicelles were prepared and incorporated into a thermosensitive gel resulting in a nano-enclatherated-gel-composite (NEGC). The nanomicelle system demonstrated a drug loading capacity and entrapment efficiency of 33.66% and 50.98%, respectively, with a sustained release of 65% of the administered disulfiram achieved after 28 days through the thermosensitive hydrogel. Additionally, ex vivo release studies have been undertaken using rat muscle tissue with in vivo biodistribution, plasma levels, histopathology and myotoxicity following oral disulfiram administration and intramuscular NEGC administration also assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats. Results obtained in this study have indicated that the designed delivery system has the potential to successfully release disulfiram in a sustained manner for the treatment of alcohol abuse.
Polysaccharides from Moroccan Green and Brown Seaweed and Their Derivatives Stimulate Natural Defenses in Olive Tree Leaves (2022)

This study aims to assess for the first time the ability of marine polysaccharides and their derivatives to stimulate natural defenses in olive tree leaves. Alginates, ALSM, and ALCM were isolated from the brown algae Sargassum muticum and Cystoseira myriophylloides, respectively. The OASM and OACM fractions were obtained after radical depolymerization of ALSM and ALCM, respectively. Three sulfated polysaccharides, arabinogalactans (AGB and AGP) and fucoidans (FUCCM) were extracted from the green alga Codium decorticatum and the brown seaweed C. myriophylloides, respectively. The extraction yield of different extracts was in the range of 0.82–32% and the average molecular weight (Mw) varied from 3000 Da to 2173 kDa. The M/G ratios of ALSM and ALCM were 0.87 and 1.12, respectively. FUCCM contained 53% of fucose and 12.83% of sulfates. The AGB and AGP fractions were characterized by the presence of a high degree of sulfation and protein (12–23% (w/w)) and were composed mainly of galactose, glucose, and arabinose. The aqueous saccharide solutions were applied to the leaf discs of the olive tree at 0.5 g/L, 1 g/L, and 2 g/L, for 24 h. These molecules triggered defense responses, by showing a differential capacity to induce the activity of the phenylalanine and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL and PAL), polyphenols, and lignin contents in the leaves of the olive tree. Alginates and their derivatives as well as arabinogalactans exhibited an important induction of TAL activity compared to the PAL. The sulfated polysaccharides were more effective compared to the unsulfated polysaccharides (alginates) which were active at a low concentration. The optimum concentration for most of the studied elicitors was 2 g/L. These results suggest the valorization of these molecules derived from marine biomass as inducers of natural defenses of the olive tree to protect against phytopathogens in the context of sustainable development.
Evaluating the performance of demultiplexing strategies for real-time CORBA (2002)

Efficient and predictable demultiplexing is necessary to provide real-time support for distributed object computing applications developed with CORBA. This paper presents two contributions to the study of demultiplexing for real-time CORBA endsystems. First, we present an empirical study of four CORBA request demultiplexing strategies (linear search, perfect hashing, dynamic hashing, and active demultiplexing) for a range of target objects and operations. Second, we describe our use of the perfect hashing and active demultiplexing strategies to develop a high-performance, real-time object request broker (ORB) called TAO.
Murine CD4 T Cells Selected in a Highly Disparate Xenogeneic Porcine Thymus Graft Do Not Show Rapid Decay in the Absence of Selecting MHC in the Periphery (2002)

CD4 repopulation can be achieved in T cell-depleted, thymectomized mice grafted with xenogeneic porcine thymus tissue. These CD4 T cells are specifically tolerant of the xenogeneic porcine thymus donor and the recipient, but are positively selected only by porcine MHC. Recent studies suggest that optimal peripheral survival of naive CD4 T cells requires the presence of the same class II MHC in the periphery as that of the thymus in which they were selected. These observations would suggest that T cells selected on porcine thymic MHC would die rapidly in the periphery, where porcine MHC is absent. Persistent CD4 reconstitution achieved in mice grafted with fetal porcine thymus might be due to increased thymic output to compensate for rapid death of T cells in the periphery. Comparison of CD4 T cell decay after removal of porcine or murine thymic grafts ruled out this possibility. No measurable role for peripheral murine class II MHC in maintaining the naive CD4 pool originating in thymic grafts was demonstrable. However, mouse class II MHC supported the conversion to, survival, and/or proliferation of memory-type CD4 cells selected in fetal porcine thymus. Thus, the same MHC as that mediating positive selection in the thymus is not critical for maintenance of the memory CD4 cell pool in the periphery. Our results support the interpretation that xenogeneic thymic transplantation is a feasible strategy to reconstitute CD4 T cells and render recipients tolerant of a xenogeneic donor.
Effect of recombinant human transforming growth factor‐β2 dose on bone formation in rat femur titanium implant model (2009)

Previously, we reported that application of 10 microg recombinant human TGF-beta2 (rhTGF-beta2) enhanced peri-implant bone formation and bone-implant contact in a rat model. To further investigate the dose effect, the present experiment evaluated doses of rhTGF-beta2 bracketed around 10 microg (5, 10, 20 microg) using the same model. Four groups (including buffer-only control) received femoral implantation of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate-coated titanium implants. Four weeks post-surgery, all femurs were collected and analyzed by micro computed tomography followed by a mechanical test or histology. Compared with control, all rhTGF-beta2-treated groups had significantly higher bone volume. Bone-implant contact was not different between the control, 5, and 10 microg groups; however, the 20 microg group had less contact than the control. There were significant decreases in the strength of fixation in all rhTGF-beta2 treated groups compared with the control. In particular, while rhTGF-beta2 was able to enhance bone formation in the vicinity of the implant, the relative lack of bone-implant contact in the 20 microg group depressed the strength of fixation, suggesting that the location as well as the amount of new bone formed is important for implant fixation.
Coronary artery bypass grafting supported with intracardiac microaxial pumps versus normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective randomized trial (2002)

The intracardiac pump for the right heart is difficult to introduce. As a consequence the right side pump underwent design modifications. There were no differences in clinical outcome between both groups. The inflammatory response is significantly reduced in the ICP group.
Holographic Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy (2011)

Holographic second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is a non-scanning imaging technique that retrieves both the amplitude and the phase of SHG. Here, we present an overview of the technique and its applications.
Mistletoe lectin activates caspase-8/FLICE independently of death receptor signaling and enhances anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. (1999)

Mistletoe lectin I (ML-I) is a major active component in plant extracts of Viscum album that is increasingly used in adjuvant cancer therapy. ML-I exerts potent immunomodulating and cytotoxic effects, although its mechanism of action is largely unknown. We show that treatment of leukemic T- and B-cell lines with ML-I induced apoptosis, which required the prior activation of proteases of the caspase family. The involvement of caspases is demonstrated because (a) a peptide caspase inhibitor almost completely prevented ML-I-induced cell death and (b) proteolytic activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 was observed. Because caspase-8 has been implicated as a regulator of apoptosis mediated by death receptors, we further investigated a potential receptor involvement in ML-I-induced effects. Cell death triggered by ML-I was neither attenuated in cell clones resistant to CD95 nor in cells that were rendered refractory to other death receptors by overexpressing a dominant-negative FADD mutant. In contrast, ML-I triggered a receptor-independent mitochondria-controlled apoptotic pathway because it rapidly induced the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Because ML-I was also observed to enhance the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs, these data may provide a molecular basis for clinical trials using MLs in anticancer therapy.
The quest for the last 5% (2000)

This paper relates to ongoing work in relation to the creation of live television subtitles by speaking them. It describes an editing interface which has been developed to rapidly correct errors produced by the speech recogniser.
Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Synthetic Approaches, Derivatives and Biological Activity (2016)

Despite being a common viral disease, influenza has very negative consequences, causing the death of around half a million people each year. A neuraminidase located on the surface of the virus plays an important role in viral reproduction by contributing to the release of viruses from infected host cells. The treatment of influenza is mainly based on the administration of neuraminidase inhibitors. The neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir, laninamivir, oseltamivir and peramivir have been commercialized and have been demonstrated to be potent influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitors against most influenza strains. In order to create more potent neuraminidase inhibitors and fight against the surge in resistance resulting from naturally-occurring mutations, these anti-influenza drugs have been used as templates for the development of new neuraminidase inhibitors through structure-activity relationship studies. Here, we review the synthetic routes to these commercial drugs, the modifications which have been performed on these structures and the effects of these modifications on their inhibitory activity.
In Vitro and in Vivo13C and 31P NMR analyses of phosphocholine metabolism in rat glioma cells (1994)

In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has revealed that phosphomonoesters (PME) such as phosphocholine (PCho) and phosphoethanolamine (PEth) are elevated in tumors and rapidly proliferating tissues. The regulation of PME levels and their relationship to proliferation are not well known. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of PCho and PEth levels in rat glioma cells grown in vivo and in vitro using 31P and 13C MRS. However, the ability of cells to produce choline endogenously is variable. To fully understand regulation of PCho levels, it is necessary to characterize the activity of the endogenous pathway, if it exists. This was first investigated by following the metabolic fate of 13C-labeled methionine of 9L glioma tumors in vivo. Our results indicate that there is a significant amount of de novo choline synthesis in vivo. However, similar experiments performed in vitro using cells cultured in bioreactors indicated that glioma cells themselves are unable to synthesize choline de novo, suggesting that the in vivo results were due to the involvement of extra-tumoral organs, e.g., liver. Further in vitro experiments demonstrated that the uptake and phosphorylation of physiologically relevant concentrations of exogenous choline is very active in these systems. Thus, it appears that the exogenous pathway for PCho biosynthesis predominates and regulates PCho levels in glioma cells. Our results also demonstrate that PCho levels are lowest, and PEth levels are highest, in non-proliferating cells. These observations indicate that there is a decrease in the biosynthesis of PCho concomitant with a reduction in culture growth. The source of the increased PEth is, as yet, undefined.
Mid-IR supercontinuum from 24 to 54  μm in a low-loss fluoroindate fiber (2016)

A mid-infrared supercontinuum extending up to 5.4 μm is generated in a low-loss fluoroindate fiber. It is pumped with an erbium-doped fluoride fiber amplifier seeded with 400 ps pulses at 2.75 μm. Both fibers are fusion spliced to increase the robustness and long-term stability of the system. With more than 82% of the total power beyond 3 μm, this approach is promising for efficient mid-IR light generation.
Thiazole-Based Stereoselective Routes to Leucine and Phenylalanine Hydroxyethylene Dipeptide Isostere Inhibitors of Renin and HIV-1 Aspartic Protease (1995)

A new synthesis of hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres for Leu-Leu and Phe-Phe in their y-lactone form la and lb employing β-amino-a-hydroxy aldehydes with singly and doubly protected nitrogen has been developed. These key intermediates, which are available through the thiazole—aldehyde synthesis from L-leucine and L-phenylalanine, weee converted to alkanoates by Wittig olefination and reduction of the ethylenic double bond. Lactonization and stereoselective alkylation at C-2 of the resulting lactones completed the building up of the structural framework. Overall yields weee in the range 16—19% for la and 22—23% for lb. © 1995, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Heterogeneity of Extracellular Vesicles and Particles: Molecular Voxels in the Blood Borne “Hologram” of Organ Function, Dysfunction and Cancer (2023)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particles (EPs) serve as unique carriers of complex molecular information with increasingly recognized roles in health and disease. Individual EVs/EPs collectively contribute to the molecular fingerprint of their producing cell, reflecting its identity, state, function and phenotype. This property is of particular interest in cancer where enormous heterogeneity of cancer cells is compounded by the presence of altered stromal, vascular and immune cell populations, which is further complicated by systemic responses elicited by the disease in individual patients. These diverse and interacting cellular compartments are dynamically represented by myriads of EVs/EPs released into the circulating biofluids (blood) during cancer progression and treatment. Current approaches of liquid biopsy seek to follow specific elements of the EV/EP cargo that may have diagnostic utility (as biomarkers), such as cancer cell-derived mutant oncoproteins or nucleic acids. However, with emerging technologies enabling high-throughput EV/EP analysis at a single particle level, a more holistic approach may be on the horizon. Indeed, each EV/EP carries multidimensional information (molecular "voxel") that could be integrated across thousands of particles into a larger and unbiased landscape (EV/EP "hologram") reflecting the true cellular complexity of the disease, along with cellular interactions, systemic responses and effects of treatment. Thus, the longitudinal molecular mapping of EV/EP populations may add a new dimension to crucial aspects of cancer biology, personalized diagnostics, and therapy.