gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave Blood Plasma Defroster (1991)

A microwave blood plasma defroster capable of thawing up to four bags of frozen blood plasma at a time is described. The unit stops automatically when the plasma reaches a preset temperature, and all operating parameters are monitored for safety. Comparative testing showed that blood plasma thawed in this device was indistinguishable from plasma thawed in a water bath.
Emerging non‐apoptotic functions of tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)/Apo2L (2004)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that mediates tumor necrosis. To date, 20 different members of the TNF super-family and 21 different receptors have been identified. All ligands of the TNF super-family have been found to activate transcription factor NF-kappa B and c-Jun kinase. Members of this family have diverse biological effects, including induction of apoptosis, promotion of cell survival, and regulation of the immune system and hematopoiesis. The current review focuses on the biological effects of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a TNF super-family member which, a few years ago, generated considerable enthusiasm for its anticancer activity, not accompanied by general toxicity in most normal tissues and organs.
The effect of structural design parameters on FPGA-based feed-forward space-time trellis coding-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channel encoders (2010)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based feed-forward space-time trellis code (FFSTTC) encoders can be synthesised as very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) designs. Evaluation of their FPGA implementation can lead to conclusions that help a designer to decide the optimum implementation, given the encoder structural parameters. VLSI architectures based on 1-bit multipliers and look-up tables (LUTs) are compared in terms of FPGA slices and block RAMs (area), as well as in terms of minimum clock period (speed). Area and speed graphs versus encoder memory order are provided for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 8 phase shift keying (8-PSK) modulation and two transmit antennas, revealing best implementation under these conditions. The effect of number of modulation bits and transmit antennas on the encoder implementation complexity is also investigated.
Tide and Storm Surge Predictions Using Finite Element Model (1992)

A finite element (FE) model is used to study tides and hurricane storm surge in the Gulf of Mexico in the region ranging from the Mississippi Sound to the northwest coast of Florida. Issues that are emphasized include the use of large domains, the importance of a high degree of grid resolution in coastal regions of interest, the use of meshes with highly varying nodal densities to minimize the size of the discrete problem, and the use of the generalized wave‐continuity equation (GWCE) for FE‐based solutions to the shallow‐water equations. The computations presented are unprecedented in their scope, level of localized detail, and degree of grid‐size variability. The GWCE‐based FE model leads to very accurate and efficient flow solutions.
A Survey of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Regarding Environmental Attitudes, Knowledge, and Organization (2016)

Our planet is in the midst of an environmental crisis. Government and international agencies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change urge radical and transformative change at every level of how we conduct our personal and professional lives. The health care industry contributes to climate change. According to a study from the University of Chicago, the health care sector accounts for 8% of the United States' total greenhouse gas emissions. In an effort to understand the current state of environmental practice, attitudes, and knowledge among anesthesiologists in the United States, we conducted a survey of American anesthesiologists regarding environmental sustainability. The environmental survey was sent out by e-mail to a random sampling of 5200 members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. This process was repeated a second time. A total of 2189 anesthesiologists of 5200 responded to the survey, a 42% response rate. Of the survey respondents, 80.1% (confidence interval, 78.2%-81.9%) were interested in recycling. Respondents reported recycling in 27.7% of operating rooms where they work. The majority of respondents (67%; confidence interval, 64%-69%) reported there was insufficient information on how to recycle intraoperatively. Respondents supported sustainability practices such as reprocessing equipment, using prefilled syringes, and donating unused equipment and supplies. The affirmative response rate was 48.4% for reprocessing equipment, 56.6% for using prefilled syringes, and 65.1% for donating equipment and supplies to medical missions. Questions about hospital-wide organization of sustainability programs elicited many "I don't know" responses. Eighteen percent of responders indicated the presence of a sustainability or "green" task force. A total of 12.6% of responders indicated the presence of a mandate from hospital leadership to promote sustainability programs. Two important conclusions drawn from the survey data are a lack of hospital-wide organization of sustainability programs and a belief among survey responders that they lack adequate information on recycling and sustainability.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein is an independent prognostic factor for renal cell carcinoma (1999)

Evident PTHrP(109-141) expression is present in the majority of RCCs. The results of the current study indicate PTHrP(109-141) may be a possible marker of cellular differentiation and may be useful for predicting recurrence free survival in RCC patients after radical nephrectomy.
Reactivity of the Organometallic fac-[(CO)3ReI(H2O)3]+ Aquaion. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Properties of H2O Substitution (2003)

The water exchange process on [(CO)(3)Re(H(2)O)(3)](+) (1) was kinetically investigated by (17)O NMR. The acidity dependence of the observed rate constant k(obs) was analyzed with a two pathways model in which k(ex) (k(ex)(298) = (6.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(-3) s(-1)) and k(OH) (k(OH)(298)= 27 +/- 1 s(-1)) denote the water exchange rate constants on 1 and on the monohydroxo species [(CO)(3)Re(I)(H(2)O)(2)(OH)], respectively. The kinetic contribution of the basic form was proved to be significant only at [H(+)] < 3 x 10(-3) M. Above this limiting [H(+)] concentration, kinetic investigations can be unambiguously conducted on the triaqua cation (1). The variable temperature study has led to the determination of the activation parameters Delta H(++)(ex) = 90 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1), Delta S(++)(ex) = +14 +/- 10 J K(-1) mol(-1), the latter being indicative of a dissociative activation mode for the water exchange process. To support this assumption, water substitution reaction on 1 has been followed by (17)O/(1)H/(13)C/(19)F NMR with ligands of various nucleophilicities (TFA, Br(-), CH(3)CN, Hbipy(+), Hphen(+), DMS, TU). With unidentate ligands, except Br(-), the mono-, bi-, and tricomplexes were formed by water substitution. With bidentate ligands, bipy and phen, the chelate complexes [(CO)(3)Re(H(2)O)(bipy)]CF(3)SO(3) (2) and [(CO)(3)Re(H(2)O)(phen)](NO(3))(0.5)(CF(3)SO(3))(0.5).H(2)O (3) were isolated and X-ray characterized. For each ligand, the calculated interchange rate constants k'(i) (2.9 x 10(-3) (TFA) < k'(I) < 41.5 x 10(-3) (TU) s(-1)) were found in the same order as the water exchange rate constant k(ex), the S-donor ligands being slightly more reactive. This result is indicative of I(d) mechanism for water exchange and complex formation, since larger variations of k'(i) are expected for an associatively activated mechanism.
A Survey on Binary Tree Codings (1991)

Several combinatorial and other programs deal with the structure (or the shape) of binary trees paying no attention to the data possibly maintained by the tree. For such programs it is useful to represent the structure without pointers and records. This paper surveys such representations. Especially, we concentrate on different ways of representing the structure of a binary tree by using a sequence of integers.
Extending the plane wave based Fast Irregular Antenna Field Transformation Algorithm for amplitude-only data (2015)

The Fast Irregular Antenna Field Transformation Algorithm (FIAFTA) is extended and employed to construct a near-field far-field transformation algorithm using amplitude-only data. The problem is posed as a minimization of a quadratic functional and it is solved in an iterative fashion using FIAFTA and the nonlinear conjugate gradient method. Since the linear radiation operator inside the nonlinear formulation is evaluated with FIAFTA, its characteristics are inherited and have a beneficial effect when solving the nonlinear problem. Numerical results show the usefulness of the method.
Stimulus‐induced change in long‐range temporal correlations and scaling behaviour of sensorimotor oscillations (2004)

The human brain spontaneously generates large-scale network oscillations at around 10 and 20 Hz. The amplitude envelope of these oscillations fluctuates intermittently and was recently reported to exhibit power-law decay of the autocorrelation for hundreds of seconds. This indicates that the underlying networks are in a dynamic state resembling the self-organized critical state known to exist in many complex systems. Based on the mechanism of how correlations emerge in these systems, we hypothesized that the physiological basis of long-range power-law correlations is the buildup of a memory of past activity by a continuous modification of the network's functional connectivity by the ongoing oscillations. In this framework, exogenous perturbations of ongoing oscillations would degrade or abolish this dynamic network memory. We investigated the sensitivity of the temporal correlations in sensorimotor 10- and 20-Hz oscillations to median nerve stimulation that is known to have immediate effects on ongoing oscillations. Our results show that the amplitude fluctuations of these oscillations were effectively modulated by the somatosensory stimuli but still exhibited long-range temporal correlations and power-law scaling behaviour. The magnitude of the temporal correlations was, however, attenuated and the power-law exponents were decreased. This implies that the stimuli indeed degraded the network's memory of its past.
Strain Stability and Carrier Mobility Enhancement in Strained Si on Relaxed SiGe-on-Insulator (2009)

A low thermal budget process to fabricate strained Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) on a strain-relaxed silicon–germanium-on-insulator (SGOI) by strain engineering is described. The strain stability in the top strained Si is studied after low temperature oxidation, ion implantation, and rapid thermal annealing, and only 7–9% relaxation is observed. The Ge content distribution in a strained-silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is investigated to validate the process with a low thermal budget. Ge, reaching the strained interface, inevitably degrades the gate oxide properties. The electron and hole mobility values in the biaxial strained-SOI are investigated and compared to those in MOSFETs fabricated in strain-relaxed SGOI and SOI substrates. Both carrier mobilities are enhanced, and the process is much simpler than using uniaxial strained Si. The relaxed-SGOI MOSFETs possess the lowest carrier mobility, and both the electron and hole mobility values in the strained-SOI MOSFETs are enhanced compared to the devices fabricated in the control samples and bulk Si. The SiGe layer in strained-SOI can lead to a larger leakage current.
Dependence of Lidocaine Potency on pH and Pco2 (1987)

Lidocaine solutions with different concentrations of CO2, NaOH, and HCl in two buffering systems were applied to frog sciatic nerves. The peak of the compound action potential (APc) and the firing threshold for single axons were measured. The amount of lidocaine required at steady state to double the firing threshold of single fibers or to reduce the peak of the APc by 40% was used as the index of potency. Acidification with CO2 increased potency (less lidocaine was needed to achieve either criterion), whereas acidification with HCl diminished potency, as compared with alkaline conditions. These results were true whether or not the perineurium was present. Frequency-dependent block (Bf) increased in acid conditions produced by CO2, whereas Bf was less under acid conditions produced with HCl (P less than 0.02). The experiments indicate that CO2 potentiates conduction block with lidocaine either by a direct effect on the membrane or by its indirect action on intracellular pH, but not from effects on the extracellular pH.
X-Ray Diffraction Measurement of the Effect of Layer Thickness on the Ferroelectric Transition in EpitaxialKTaO3/KNbO3Multilayers (1998)

${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}/{\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$ strained-layer superlattices of variable periodicity were grown by pulsed laser deposition on ${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}$ substrates. The ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$ layers were found to be strained in plane to match the substrate lattice parameter. Therefore, the applied strain is independent of the layer thickness. High-temperature x-ray diffraction was used to measure the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition temperature ${T}_{c}$. For superlattice periodicity $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\le}5.1\mathrm{nm}$, ${T}_{c}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}475\mathrm{K}$, independent of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. For $\ensuremath{\Lambda}&gt;5.1\mathrm{nm}$, ${T}_{c}$ increases to 825 K at $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}33.8\mathrm{nm}$.
Countercurrent Electrolysis in a Cell Where Porous Membranes Have Been Connected in Series with Ion-Exchange Membranes. Part 2. Experimental Verification (1988)

Abstract Countercurrent electrolysis in a cell wehre porous membranes have been connected in series with ion-exchange membranes has been studied experimentally for the ternary system NaCl-KC1-H2O. The number of porous membranes was varied from one to four, and the effect of cationic fluxes on separation was also studied. A comparison between three different kinds of cell arrangements was made, and the present method was found to be the most attractive for practical purposes.
Subcellular trafficking and endocytic recycling of KATP channels (2022)

Sarcolemmal/plasmalemmal ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> (K<sub>ATP</sub>) channels have key roles in many cell types and tissues. Hundreds of studies have described how the K<sub>ATP</sub> channel activity and ATP sensitivity can be regulated by changes in the cellular metabolic state, by receptor signaling pathways and by pharmacological interventions. These alterations in channel activity directly translate to alterations in cell or tissue function, that can range from modulating secretory responses, such as insulin release from pancreatic β-cells or neurotransmitters from neurons, to modulating contractile behavior of smooth muscle or cardiac cells to elicit alterations in blood flow or cardiac contractility. It is increasingly becoming apparent, however, that K<sub>ATP</sub> channels are regulated beyond changes in their activity. Recent studies have highlighted that K<sub>ATP</sub> channel surface expression is a tightly regulated process with similar implications in health and disease. The surface expression of K<sub>ATP</sub> channels is finely balanced by several trafficking steps including synthesis, assembly, anterograde trafficking, membrane anchoring, endocytosis, endocytic recycling, and degradation. This review aims to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological implications of K<sub>ATP</sub> channel trafficking and mechanisms that regulate K<sub>ATP</sub> channel trafficking. A better understanding of this topic has potential to identify new approaches to develop therapeutically useful drugs to treat K<sub>ATP</sub> channel-related diseases.
Dislocation Breakaway Damping in AA7050 Alloy (2020)

The AA7050 alloy prepared through the standard industrial hot-forging cycle has been investigated by means of isothermal mechanical spectroscopy (MS) from room temperature up to 185 °C. Each MS test consisted of a cycle with two stages, at increasing and decreasing strain. After each cycle the damping value resulted to be higher than the original one indicating the occurrence of an irreversible transformation. Such phenomenon, observed for all the test temperatures, becomes more relevant for T ≥ 150 °C. The irreversible transformation has been discussed and explained by considering the evolution of the mean dislocation link length between pinning points represented by nanometric MgZn2 precipitates. The breakaway of dislocation segments from pinning points occurs in the stage at increasing strain and is not fully recovered during the second stage at decreasing strain thus the mean link length increases in a MS test cycle. The onset of thermal activated dislocation cross-slip at about 150 °C favors the dislocation breakaway and consequently enhances the effect on damping.
Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smads Signaling Induces Transcription of the Cell Type–Restricted Ankyrin Repeat Protein CARP Gene Through CAGA Motif in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2001)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays a major role in the development of vascular diseases. Despite the pleiotropic effects of TGF-ss on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), only a few genes have been characterized as direct targets of TGF-beta in VSMCs. Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) has been thought to be expressed exclusively in the heart. In the present study, we showed that CARP is expressed in the vasculature after balloon injury and in cultured VSMCs in response to TGF-beta. Analysis of a half-life of the cytoplasmic CARP mRNA levels and the transient transfection of the CARP promoter/luciferase gene indicates that the regulation of CARP expression is increased by TGF-beta at the transcriptional level. Transfection of expression vectors encoding Smads significantly activated the CARP promoter/luciferase activity. Deletion analysis and site-specific mutagenesis of the CARP promoter indicate that TGF-beta response element is localized to CAGA motif at -108 bp relative to the transcription start site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the binding activity to the CAGA motif was increased in nuclear extracts of cultured VSMCs by TGF-beta. Cells transfected with adenovirus vector expressing CARP showed a significant decrease in DNA synthesis. Overexpression of CARP enhanced the TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of the DNA synthesis. These data indicate that CARP is a downstream target of TGF-beta/Smad signaling in VSMCs and suggest a role of CARP in mediation of the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta on the proliferation of VSMCs.
Crystal structure of Cbl-b TKB domain in complex with Cblin (Cbl-b inhibitor) (2011)

of strains of this malaria parasite resistant to conventional drug therapy has stimulated the search for antimalarials with novel modes of action. Fosmidomycin [3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxyamino) propylphosphonic acid] has proved to be efficient in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in recent clinical trials conducted in Gabon and Thailand. It has a novel mode of action through the inhibition of 1deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), an enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, which is absent in humans. However, the structural detail of the DXR inhibition by fosmidomycin in P. falciparum is unknown.
Amphibian peptides : their structures and bioactivity / by Kate Louise Wegener. (2001)

mass spectrometry advice and Craig Brinkworth for his help with the Q-TOF mass spectrometer and Edman sequencing.Thanks also to the members of the Bowie research group, especially Craig Brinkworth
Biological reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene to ethylene under methanogenic conditions (1989)

A biological process for remediation of groundwater contaminated with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) can only be applied if the transformation products are environmentally acceptable. Studies with enrichment cultures of PCE- and TCE-degrading microorganisms provide evidence that, under methanogenic conditions, mixed cultures are able to completely dechlorinate PCE and TCE to ethylene, a product which is environmentally acceptable. Radiotracer studies with [14C]PCE indicated that [14C]ethylene was the terminal product; significant conversion to 14CO2 or 14CH4 was not observed. The rate-limiting step in the pathway appeared to be conversion of vinyl chloride to ethylene. To sustain reductive dechlorination of PCE and TCE, it was necessary to supply an electron donor; methanol was the most effective, although hydrogen, formate, acetate, and glucose also served. Studies with the inhibitor 2-bromoethanesulfonate suggested that methanogens played a key role in the observed biotransformations of PCE and TCE.
The mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol particles in northern and southern California measured during CARES and CalNex 2010 (2012)

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols impact climate directly by scattering and absorbing radiation, and hence play a major, although highly uncertain, role in global radiative forcing. Commonly, ambient carbonaceous aerosols are internally mixed with secondary species such as nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, which influences their optical properties, hygroscopicity, and atmospheric lifetime, thus impacting climate forcing. Aircraft-aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (A-ATOFMS), which measures single-particle mixing state, was used to determine the fraction of organic and soot aerosols that are internally mixed and the variability of their mixing state in California during the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) and the Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field campaigns in the late spring and early summer of 2010. Nearly 88% of all A-ATOFMS measured particles (100–1000 nm in diameter) were internally mixed with secondary species, with 96% and 75% of particles internally mixed with nitrate and/or sulfate in southern and northern California, respectively. Even though atmospheric particle composition in both regions was primarily influenced by urban sources, the mixing state was found to vary greatly, with nitrate and soot being the dominant species in southern California, and sulfate and organic carbon in northern California. Furthermore, mixing state varied temporally in northern California, with soot becoming the prevalent particle type towards the end of the study as regional pollution levels increased. The results from these studies demonstrate that the majority of ambient carbonaceous particles in California are internally mixed and are heavily influenced by secondary species that are most prevalent in the particular region. Based on these findings, considerations of regionally dominant sources and secondary species, as well as temporal variations of aerosol physical and optical properties, will be required to obtain more accurate predictions of the climate impacts of aerosol in California.