gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rate allocation for transform domain Wyner-Ziv video coding without feedback (2008)

In this paper, we propose a new rate allocation algorithm for transform domain Wyner-Ziv video coding (WZVC) without feedback. In contrast to conventional video coding, Wyner-Ziv video coding aims to design simple intra-frame encoding and complex inter-frame decoding based on the Slepian-Wolf and Wyner-Ziv distributed source coding theorems. To allocate proper number of bits to each frame, most existing Wyner-Ziv video coding solutions need a feedback channel (FC) at the decoder. However, in many video coding applications, the FC is not allowed. Moreover, the FC will introduce latency and an increase of decoder complexity because several iterative decoding operations may be needed to decode the data to achieve target video quality. The proposed algorithm predicts the number of bits for each Wyner-Ziv frame at the encoder as a function of the coding mode and the quantization parameters. Such predictions will not significantly increase the complexity at the encoder. However, the prediction will be able to properly select the best mode and quantization parameter for encoding each Wyner-Ziv frame. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms is able to achieve good encoder rate allocation while still maintains consistent coding efficiency. Comparing to the WZVC coder with FC, this new WZVC coder without FC induces only a small loss in Rate-Distortion performance.
Composing adaptive software (2004)

Interest in adaptive computing systems has increased dramatically in the past few years, and a variety of techniques now allow software to adapt dynamically to its environment. Compositional adaptation enables software to modify its structure and behavior dynamically in response to change in its execution environment. A review of current technology compares how, when, and where recomposition occurs.
Reducing Them Down To Charge Them Up: Low Temperature Catalyst Activation (2016)

The largest industrial application of olefin metathesis today is the synthesis of propylene from ethylene and butenes(1) employing WO₃ on SiO₂, a relatively long-lived and regenerable catalyst that operates at 350–400 °C. It is widely proposed that high temperatures are required because the percentage of metal sites actually involved in the metathesis reaction is extremely low, or the reaction that generates alkylidenes is not a high yield reaction, or both. A recent paper by Copéret, Mashima, and co-workers(2) tackles head-on the question concerning how in WO₃/SiO₂ catalysts the alkylidene is formed from an olefin alone. Hundreds of papers have attempted to answer this question, although one has to admit that there may not be a single answer for all supported oxide catalysts or all olefins.
Classical Music On The Web - User Interfaces And Data Representations. (2015)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
A universal ion implantation model for all species into single-crystal silicon (2002)

A physically based model for ion implantation of any species into single crystal silicon has been developed, tested and implemented in the ion implant simulator, UT-MARLOWE. In this model, an interpolation scheme, based on mathematical properties of ion-target interatomic potential, was employed and implemented to calculate the scattering process. Using this scheme, the resulting energy, direction and momentum of the ion and target can be derived from the existing scattering tables of UT-MARLOWE without calculating the entire scattering process. The method has advantages in terms of both accuracy and computational efficiency, as well as significantly reduced cost of code development. The impurity profiles and damage profiles predicted by the model simulations have been compared with secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), and excellent agreement with experimental data has been achieved.
SUCCESS OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ON APPROPRIATE CLINICAL USE OF INHALED INSULIN THERAPY (2015)

Rapid-acting insulin analogs increase insulin bioavailability and reduce interpatient and intrapatient variability; however, they are still absorbed too slowly to replicate the rapid and transient postprandial spike of endogenous insulin.[1,2] The faster time course and less-prolonged action of ultra-rapid insulin formulations more accurately recapitulate physiologic prandial insulin release, thereby reducing hypoglycemia risk and limiting postprandial glucose excursions.[3] We sought to determine if participating in a curriculum of educational activities related to the clinical use of a new rapidacting insulin formulation could improve the knowledge, competence, and clinical decision-making of primary care physicians (PCPs) and diabetologists/ endocrinologists (diab/endos) in the United States. Educational Interventions
Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Glycolate Alkylation, Investigation of the Scope, and Application to the Synthesis of (−)-Ragaglitazar (2005)

[Reaction: see text]. Asymmetric glycolate alkylation using a protected acetophenone surrogate under solid-liquid phase-transfer conditions is a new approach to the synthesis of 2-hydroxy esters and acids. Diphenylmethyloxy-2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone 1 with a trifluorobenzyl cinchonidinium bromide catalyst 9 (10 mol %) and cesium hydroxide provided S-alkylation products 2 at -35 degrees C in high yield (80-99%) and with excellent enantioselectivities using a wide range of electrophiles (80-90% ee). Alkylated products were elaborated to useful alpha-hydroxy intermediates 3 using bis-TMS peroxide Baeyer-Villiger conditions and selective transesterification reactions. The ester products have been enantioenriched by simple recrystallization from ether to give a single isomer (99% ee). A tight ion-pair model is proposed for the observed S-stereoinduction that includes van der Waals contacts between the extended enolate and the isoquinoline of the catalyst. To demonstrate the utility of the new methodology, the anti-diabetes drug (-)-ragaglitazar 24 was synthesized in six steps from a key 2-alkoxy-3-p-phenoxypropionic acid 26 that was made using PTC glycolate alkylation.
Prolactin-Suppressive Effects of Two Aminotetralin Analogs of Dopamine: Their Use in the Characterization of the Pituitary Dopamine Receptor* (1979)

To characterize the conformational requirements of the anterior pituitary dopamine (DA) receptor, we have examined the PRL-suppressive effects of two semirigid DA agonists of the 2-aminotetralin series: 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (A-5.6-DTN), an a-rotamer, and 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (A-6,7-DTN), the corresponding β-rotamer. In vivo studies were conducted on conscious, estrogen-primed male rats bearing indwelling right atrial catheters; in vitro studies utilized isolated rat anterior pituitary cells in 4-day primary culture. Both compounds exhibited full agonist activity in both systems, as judged by dose-response curves parallel to that of DA and identical maximal PRL suppression. In vivo A-5,6-DTN was equipotent to DA, and A-6,7-DTN was 8 times as potent as DA. The effects of all three agonists were unaltered by phentolamine or propranolol and were attenuated to a similar extent by haloperidol. The in vitro potency ratios were A-6,7-DTN:DA:A-5,6-DTN = 13.2:1:0.085. The reduced in vitro potency of the α-rotamer suggested that pharmacokinetic differences had contributed to the in vivo findings. The effects of all three agonists were completely blocked by haloperidol and were attenuated by high concentrations of phentolamine and propranolol; the latter effect has been attributed to nonspecific dopaminergic suppression. Results obtained with a series of other agonists and antagonists suggested that only specific DA receptor mediation is of importance in the PRL-suppressive action of the 2-aminotetralin analogs of DA. The DA agonists, apomorphine, bromocryptine, and piribidil, which have little or no activity in the vascular DA receptor model, exhibited strong dopaminergic activity in vitro. Dibutyryl cAMP, theophylline, and isobutylmethylxanthine stimulated PRL release in vitro. The present results differ from those in the renovascular and striatal adenylate cyclase DA receptor models and appear independent of adenylate cyclase mediation. It is suggested that the β-rotameric form is the preferred conformation for activation of the anterior pituitary DA receptor.
D1-like receptors distinguishing thieno-azecine regioisomers (2015)

Design of novel azecine derivatives with modulated dopaminergic receptor selectivity and affinity profiles.
Studies on heterocyclic chemistry. Part XIX. Synthesis of 4-aroyl-1-arylpyrazoles from α-aroyl-β-anilinoacrylonitriles and photochemistry of 4-carbonyl-substituted pyrazoles (1974)

4-Aroyl-1-arylpyrazoles are synthesised by the deamination of 5-amino-4-aroyl-1-arylpyrazoles which are obtained by the reaction of α-aroyl-β-anilinoacrylonitriles with arylhydrazines. These ketones and 1-arylpyrazole-4-carbaldehydes, when irradiated with 2537 Å light, undergo ring transposition and photoreduction, producing 1,2-bis-(1-arylimidazol-4-yl)ethane-1,2-diols.
Key Metabolites and Mechanistic Changes for Salt Tolerance in an Experimentally Evolved Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium, Desulfovibrio vulgaris (2017)

ABSTRACT Rapid genetic and phenotypic adaptation of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough to salt stress was observed during experimental evolution. In order to identify key metabolites important for salt tolerance, a clone, ES10-5, which was isolated from population ES10 and allowed to experimentally evolve under salt stress for 5,000 generations, was analyzed and compared to clone ES9-11, which was isolated from population ES9 and had evolved under the same conditions for 1,200 generations. These two clones were chosen because they represented the best-adapted clones among six independently evolved populations. ES10-5 acquired new mutations in genes potentially involved in salt tolerance, in addition to the preexisting mutations and different mutations in the same genes as in ES9-11. Most basal abundance changes of metabolites and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were lower in ES10-5 than ES9-11, but an increase of glutamate and branched PLFA i17:1ω9c under high-salinity conditions was persistent. ES9-11 had decreased cell motility compared to the ancestor; in contrast, ES10-5 showed higher cell motility under both nonstress and high-salinity conditions. Both genotypes displayed better growth energy efficiencies than the ancestor under nonstress or high-salinity conditions. Consistently, ES10-5 did not display most of the basal transcriptional changes observed in ES9-11, but it showed increased expression of genes involved in glutamate biosynthesis, cation efflux, and energy metabolism under high salinity. These results demonstrated the role of glutamate as a key osmolyte and i17:1ω9c as the major PLFA for salt tolerance in D. vulgaris . The mechanistic changes in evolved genotypes suggested that growth energy efficiency might be a key factor for selection. IMPORTANCE High salinity (e.g., elevated NaCl) is a stressor that affects many organisms. Salt tolerance, a complex trait involving multiple cellular pathways, is attractive for experimental evolutionary studies. Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough is a model sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) that is important in biogeochemical cycling of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen, potentially for bio-corrosion, and for bioremediation of toxic heavy metals and radionuclides. The coexistence of SRB and high salinity in natural habitats and heavy metal-contaminated field sites laid the foundation for the study of salt adaptation of D. vulgaris Hildenborough with experimental evolution. Here, we analyzed a clone that evolved under salt stress for 5,000 generations and compared it to a clone evolved under the same condition for 1,200 generations. The results indicated the key roles of glutamate for osmoprotection and of i17:1ω9c for increasing membrane fluidity during salt adaptation. The findings provide valuable insights about the salt adaptation mechanism changes during long-term experimental evolution.
Genetic variants in the inflammation pathway as predictors of recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (2017)

In a two-stage study, we identified several genetic variants in the inflammation pathway associated with recurrence and progression in early-stage bladder cancer. In particular, variant rs7089861 was validated for progression among patients who underwent BCG immunotherapy. Several other variants showed marginal association with recurrence or progression. These findings suggest that inflammatory pathway genetic variants may influence clinical outcome of bladder cancer patients and help to select patients most appropriate for BCG treatment.
Electrical curing of concrete (1949)

Summary: The effects of a number of variables on the compressive strength of concrete, heated by an alternating electric current passing through it, have been examined and tests made at refrigeration temperatures with a view to relaying small areas of the floors of cold storage chambers. A constant voltage was applied to the concrete so that the temperature increased quickly to a maximum (somewhat below the boiling point of water) and then gradually decreased; no control of the current was required. The relationship between the compressive strengths of treated concrete and the same mix cured normally has been examined in detail; it was found to vary with the maximum temperature and the time of treatment. Analysis of temperature and resistance measurements showed that the rise in temperature to the maximum was directly proportional to the rate of heating per unit volume of concrete. The possibility of employing the principle of electrical curing for accelerated compressive strength tests is discussed briefly, and the application of the method to the repair of the floors of cold storage chambers is outlined.
Molecular beam epitaxial GaAs optical detectors on silica fibers (1988)

By using molecular beam epitaxy and post-growth annealing techniques, we have successfully made GaAs interdigitated photoconductive detectors on D-shaped silica fibers. The detectors exhibit low leakage current and internal photoconductive gains of up to 15 are measured. To our knowledge this is the first realization of active III-V optoelectronic devices on fibers and opens up the possibility of realizing optoelectronic integration and circuits directly on fibers.
A Note on Groups with Just-Infinite Automorphism Groups (2012)

An infinite group is said to be just-infinite if all its proper homomorphic images are finite.We investigate the structure of groups whose full automorphism group is just-infinite
Lung Nodule Growth Analysis from 3D CT Data with a Coupled Segmentation and Registration Framework (2007)

In this paper we propose a new framework to simultaneously segment and register lung and tumor in serial CT data. Our method assumes nonrigid transformation on lung deformation and rigid structure on the tumor. We use the B- Spline-based nonrigid transformation to model the lung deformation while imposing rigid transformation on the tumor to preserve the volume and the shape of the tumor. In particular, we set the control points within the tumor to form a control mesh and thus assume the tumor region follows the same rigid transformation as the control mesh. For segmentation, we apply a 2D graph-cut algorithm on the 3D lung and tumor datasets. By iteratively performing segmentation and registration, our method achieves highly accurate segmentation and registration on serial CT data. Finally, since our method eliminates the possible volume variations of the tumor during registration, we can further estimate accurately the tumor growth, an important evidence in lung cancer diagnosis. Initial experiments on five sets of patients ' serial CT data show that our method is robust and reliable.
Linking HIV Prevention and Care for Community Interventions Among High-Risk Women in Burkina Faso—The ARNS 1222 “Yerelon” Cohort (2011)

The integration of HIV care services, including the provision and support of ART, with a peer-led primary prevention package is pivotal to reduce HIV incidence and is likely to modify the local HIV dynamics.
Assessment of the effects of scatterer size distributions on effective scatterer diameter estimates (2010)

Scattering models used in most quantitative ultrasound studies assume distributions of identical scatterers. However, actual tissues may exhibit multiple levels of spatial scales. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to use both simulations and experiments to analyze the effects of scatterer size distributions when using a fluid-sphere model for estimating effective scatterer diameter (ESD). Simulations were conducted with populations of scatterers with uniformly distributed sizes within [25, 100], [25, 50], [50, 100], and [50, 75] μm. Simulated backscatter coefficients (BSCs) used as inputs for the ESD estimator were obtained using two methods: (1) using portions of the theoretical BSC with different center frequencies between 1 and 40 MHz and 100% fractional bandwidth, and (2) processing simulated radiofrequency data from computer phantoms using f/4 transducers with center frequencies of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 MHz and 100% fractional bandwidth. Experiments were conducted using a gelatin phantom with Sephadex spheres ranging in diameter from 30 μm to 140 μm and 3.5, 7.5, 10, and 13 MHz focused transducers. ESD estimates obtained with both simulation methods were approximately inversely proportional to frequency and mostly independent of the underlying scatterer size distribution for sufficiently high analysis frequencies. For frequencies higher than 13 MHz the ESD estimates were below 50 μm for all considered size distributions even though two of them had no scatterers smaller than 50 μm. Further, the asymptotic behavior of ESD vs. frequency estimates was also observed experimentally. The results of this work highlight some of the effects of continuous scatterer size distributions when obtaining ESD estimates, and challenge the hypothesis that different frequency ranges are more sensitive to different spatial scales when using a single-size scattering model. Although the results presented here are not necessarily universal and most likely will be affected by the actual size distribution and frequency-dependent BSC of the individual scatterers, this work suggests that caution must be exerted when interpreting ESD estimates at different frequency ranges. This work was supported by a grant from the NIH R21CA139095.
Massively Parallel Server Processors (2019)

Modern data centers enjoy massive degrees of request-level parallelism with significant cross-request similarity. Although similar requests follow similar instruction sequences, conventional processors service them individually and do not take full advantage of cross-request similarity. Single-Instruction Multiple-Thread (SIMT) architectures can leverage this similarity, however, existing SIMT processors-chief among them, GPUs-are ill-suited for server applications, as they are specifically designed to maximize throughput at the expense of latency, preventing them from meeting server QoS requirements. We advocate a new approach to SIMT server processors, namely Massively Parallel Server Processors (MPSPs), which we outline in this paper. To begin to understand their architectural needs, we measure the degree of control-flow and memory-access divergence encountered when running unmodified server applications on MPSP-style processors. Our preliminary results indicate that a software scheduler that bundles together similar requests can minimize control-flow divergence, making SIMT execution of unmodified server code feasible. Moreover, we find that memory-access divergence, although significant in raw numbers, can be tackled with changes in stack and heap layouts. Overall, our results encourage further consideration of MPSPs as a promising architecture for server processors.
Flow processing and the rise of commodity network hardware (2009)

The Internet has seen a proliferation of specialized middlebox devices that carry out crucial network functionality such as load balancing, packet inspection and intrusion detection. Recent advances in CPU power, memory, buses and network connectivity have turned commodity PC hardware into a powerful network platform. Furthermore, commodity switch technologies have recently emerged offering the possibility to control the switching of flows in a fine-grained manner. Exploiting these new technologies, we present a new class of network architectures which enables flow processing and forwarding at unprecedented flexibility and low cost.
Proline/Pipecolinic Acid-Promoted Copper-Catalyzed P-Arylation (2006)

We have developed a convenient and efficient approach for P-arylation of organophosphorus compounds containing P-H. Using commercially available and inexpensive proline and pipecolinic acid as the ligands greatly improved the efficiency of the coupling reactions, so the method can provide an entry to arylphosphonates, arylphosphinates and arylphosphine oxides.
A New Test Setup for Experimental Test of RC Beams under Combined Shear and Torsion (2011)

Studying the RC beams’ behavior, when they are exposed to combined shear and torsion is one of the most important problems in civil engineering which has been going on for half a century. In this study, to build a suitable set up and to load the beams properly, is of special importance when an area of little bending as the test area is needed in the pure shear and torsion test. In this investigation, based on the primary principle of structure analysis and fixed support, a setup is developed and its efficiency has been evaluated. Also this support system has been tested for five RC beams under the eccentricity of zero (pure shear) to extreme (pure torsion) and its efficiency has been evaluated and confirmed through these five tests.
Remodeling of Articular Defects in an Animal Model (2004)

When treating displaced intraarticular fractures, the goal has been to restore normal articular cartilage contour to decrease local contact stresses that may lead to the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. To confirm observations that articular cartilage step-offs can remodel with time and to determine how the articular surface and subchondral bone remodels after an intraarticular fracture, joint surface changes were examined in a weightbearing sheep model with an intraarticular fracture. Articular surface pressure changes were observed across a 1-mm osteotomy. Twelve weeks after an intraarticular osteotomy, there was a decrease in differential pressure distribution between the normal articular cartilage and the depressed articular surface. Histologic analysis showed thinning of the articular cartilage on the high side of the osteotomy with collagen compression and bending of the collagen fibrils. On the low side of the osteotomy, increased chondrocyte cellularity and hypertrophy were observed. In addition, bending of collagen fibrils was observed in an unloaded state in an attempt to form a smooth overlapping shelf at the osteotomy site. Because intraarticular incongruency, with resultant joint contact pressure differences, seems to be involved in the development of posttraumatic arthritis, methods to improve cartilage remodeling may improve outcome after intraarticular fractures.