gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of precision, accuracy and confidence of X-ray diffraction for determining crystallite size in nanopowders (2021)

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is often utilized as a method of determining bulk sample crystallite size in powder characterization. While it is generally accepted that XRD peak broadening allows for qualitative crystallite size comparisons, its use for quantitative information is still debated. This study investigates the quantitative capability of XRD for determining the crystallite sizes of magnesium oxide nanocrystals by examining the precision, accuracy and uncertainty using the whole pattern (WP) weighted least-squares and Williamson–Hall (WH) methods. The precision of the methods was investigated by re-preparing, re-running and re-analysing identical samples. Both methods were found to be precise within 2 nm. The accuracy of the methods was investigated by comparing them against independent crystallite size analyses using visual particle identification from scanning electron microscopy micrographs and from indirect calculations using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption-determined surface areas. The WP method was found to be more accurate than the WH method, which consistently underpredicted the crystallite size. Finally, the confidence of the methods was investigated using a Bayesian inference statistical inversion method. The WP method was found to have a narrower confidence distribution in its crystallite size determination than the WH method. The broad WH confidence indicates that reliable quantitative single-measurement crystallite size determinations are not feasible using the WH technique. However, the WP method demonstrated precision, accuracy and confidence, allowing quantitative crystallite size determinations to be made.
Hepatic and renal metallothionein induction in the rat and mouse after treatment with furosemide. (1991)

Induction of hepatic and and renal metallothionein by furosemide was studied in the rat and mouse. Treatment of mice with 200 and 300 mg/kg furosemide elevated hepatic metallothionein by 117% and 366%, while renal metallothionein was induced by 29% and 380%, respectively. In the rat the drug was less potent i.e. liver metallothionein was increased by 167% and 217% following injection of 300 and 400 mg/kg furosemide, respectively, whereas kidney was not significantly changed by this treatment. The mouse hepatic and renal metallothionein was identified as zinc-containing thionein by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration (Ve/Vo = 2.0). In both species maximal induction was observed 24 hours post exposure. However, the mouse hepatic and renal metallothionein content declined after additional 24 hours whereas the rat metalloprotein was not reduced even after 72 hours of treatment. It is suggested that alterations in metal homeostasis may be responsible for hepatic and renal metallothionein induction caused by furosemide.
Drop Impact and Rebound Dynamics on an Inclined Superhydrophobic Surface (2014)

Due to its potential in water-repelling applications, the impact and rebound dynamics of a water drop impinging perpendicular to a horizontal superhydrophobic surface have undergone extensive study. However, drops tend to strike a surface at an angle in applications. In such cases, the physics governing the effects of oblique impact are not well studied or understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct an experiment to investigate the impact and rebound dynamics of a drop at various liquid viscosities, in an isothermal environment, and on a nanocomposite superhydrophobic surface at normal and oblique impact conditions (tilted at 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°). This study considered drops falling from various heights to create normal impact Weber numbers ranging from 6 to 110. In addition, drop viscosity was varied by decreasing the temperature for water drops and by utilizing water-glycerol mixtures, which have similar surface tension to water but higher viscosities. Results revealed that oblique and normal drop impact behaved similarly (in terms of maximum drop spread as well as rebound dynamics) at low normal Weber numbers. However, at higher Weber numbers, normal and oblique impact results diverged in terms of maximum spread, which could be related to asymmetry and more complex outcomes. These asymmetry effects became more pronounced as the inclination angle increased, to the point where they dominated the drop impact and rebound characteristics when the surface was inclined at 60°. The drop rebound characteristics on inclined surfaces could be classified into eight different outcomes driven primarily by normal Weber number and drop Ohnesorge numbers. However, it was found that these outcomes were also a function of the receding contact angle, whereby reduced receding angles yielded tail-like structures. Nevertheless, the contact times of the drops with the coating were found to be generally independent of surface inclination.
Reaction and Kinetic Studies of Lactic Acid Conversion over Alkali-Metal Salts (1998)

Studies of lactic acid catalytic conversion over alkali salts and bases on silica demonstrate that the yield of 2,3-pentanedione (23P) increases with decreasing Lewis acidity of the alkali metal, from 15% for lithium hydroxide at 320 °C to 49% for cesium hydroxide at 280 °C. The rate of 23P formation varies linearly with alkali metal loading up to saturation at 2 mmol of catalyst/g of support. Experiments with different silica supports showed that acetaldehyde formation increases with support acidity, reducing 23P yield. Postreaction FTIR studies indicate the presence of alkali lactate as the dominant species on the support surface at reaction conditions. These results, along with the kinetic model developed, support the proposed mechanism of 23P formation as a condensation between lactic acid and alkali lactate.
Telomere Content and Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasm in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (2013)

A relation between less telomere content and treatment-related thyroid cancer was observed, suggesting that shorter telomeres may contribute to certain SMNs in childhood cancer survivors.
Supplementary Figure from Monitoring Therapeutic Response to Anti-FAP CAR T Cells Using [<sup>18</sup>F]AlF-FAPI-74 (2023)

Supplementary Figure from Monitoring Therapeutic Response to Anti-FAP CAR T Cells Using [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]AlF-FAPI-74
Investigation of styrene production over carbon catalysts using high-pressure XPS (2005)

J.A. Macia-Agullo, D. Cazorla-Amoros, A. Linares-Solano, M. Havecker, D. Teschner, E. Kleimenov, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schlogl. Dpto. Quimica Inorganica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain. *Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Project number: BESSY-ID.04.1.015 User contract: BI3A-15/210604
Soluble fas ligand in natural killer cell lymphoma (1999)

We measured serum soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) in a patient with natural killer cell lymphoma, and investigated relationship between sFasL and liver dysfunction. An elevated level of sFasL was decreased after local radiation therapy, and liver function improved. When lymphoma relapsed, liver dysfunction reappeared and the level of sFasL increased parallelly. Lymphoma cells expressed mRNA of FasL. This suggested that this liver dysfunction was induced by some remote effectors, and sFasL was one of candidates of these effectors. Am. J. Hematol. 62:253–255, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Meiotic recombination in the beta globin gene cluster causing an error in prenatal diagnosis of beta thalassaemia. (1988)

In the course of a prenatal diagnosis for beta thalassaemia by linkage analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, a homozygous beta thalassaemia fetus was misdiagnosed as beta thalassaemia trait. Extensive studies of the polymorphic sites within the beta globin gene cluster in all the members of the family resulted in the conclusion that the paternal chromosome 11 of the newborn was different from that expected. Paternity was confirmed by HLA typing and blood group studies. The analysis of another polymorphic locus on chromosome 11 within the family was in agreement with the possibility of a crossing over between the two paternal chromosomes in a region 5' to the beta gene, previously indicated to contain a 'hot spot' area for recombination. This report underlines the risk of performing prenatal diagnosis using restriction polymorphisms 5' to the beta gene.
Securing Near Field Communication (2009)

Near Field Communication (NFC) specifies a standard for a wireless communication protocol enabling data transfer by keeping two devices close together, about 10 cm maximum. NFC is designed for integration with mobile phones, which can communicate with other NFC phones (peer-to-peer) or read information on tags and cards (reader). An NFC device can also be put in card emulation mode, to offer compatibility with other contactless smart card standards. This enables NFC devices to replace traditional contactless plastic cards used in public transport ticketing, access control, ATMs and other similar applications. At the beginning of my work, there seemed to be no available security protocol for NFC. I therefore formed a hypothesis stating that NFC communication can be eavesdropped, with intention to present methods to secure the channel if needed. It should however turn out that ECMA has been working with a security protocol called NFC-SEC-01, which specifies a key agreement and secure channel protocol for NFC in peer-to-peer mode. My work does mainly focus on reader mode and card emulation mode, as I expect these to be the most interesting from a commercial point of view. This Master s thesis proves that it is possible to eavesdrop on NFC communication, and gives a thorough description of how this can be done using simple equipment and methods. The performed experiments show that the communication protocol does not offer any security in itself, and that transferred data can be picked up at a distance of approximately 20-30cm using an improvised antenna without any signal amplification or filtering circuitry. Using a proper radio receiver, this distance should increase significantly. As NFC in active communication mode has a far greater eavesdropping range than the passive mode, the latter should be preferred in typical banking and payment applications. A layered security model is presented to counterfeit the possible attacks against applications using NFC technology. This solution is meant to be an idea for a public NFC security framework. A publicly available security library would ease implementation of the desired security level when developing applications, and hopefully attract more applications to start using this technology instead of traditional plastic cards. This may save both cost and the environment, as plastic cards will be replaced by software implemented tokens. By introducing a common security protocol, cryptographic co processors can be implemented while manufacturing the devices. This will be more effective than implementing special software encryption for each application. The cryptographic mechanisms presented in my solution shall however work efficiently also for software implementations, which opens for a smooth transition period with coexisting applications using traditional contact based and contactless smart cards.
A Description of a Subtask Dataset with Glances (2019)

This paper describes a set of data made available that contains detailed subtask coding of interactions with several production vehicle human machine interfaces (HMIs) on open roadways, along with accompanying eyeglance data.
Localization under Topological Uncertainty for Lane Identification of\n Autonomous Vehicles (2018)

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) require accurate metric and topological location\nestimates for safe, effective navigation and decision-making. Although many\nhigh-definition (HD) roadmaps exist, they are not always accurate since public\nroads are dynamic, shaped unpredictably by both human activity and nature.\nThus, AVs must be able to handle situations in which the topology specified by\nthe map does not agree with reality. We present the Variable Structure Multiple\nHidden Markov Model (VSM-HMM) as a framework for localizing in the presence of\ntopological uncertainty, and demonstrate its effectiveness on an AV where lane\nmembership is modeled as a topological localization process. VSM-HMMs use a\ndynamic set of HMMs to simultaneously reason about location within a set of\nmost likely current topologies and therefore may also be applied to topological\nstructure estimation as well as AV lane estimation. In addition, we present an\nextension to the Earth Mover's Distance which allows uncertainty to be taken\ninto account when computing the distance between belief distributions on\nsimplices of arbitrary relative sizes.\n
Structures and Electronic States of Water Molecules on Graphene Surface: A Density Functional Theory Study (2010)

Effects of water molecules on the electronic states of graphene have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT methods at the PW91PW91 and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels of theory. Solvation caused by one to four water molecules ( n =1–4) was examined in the present study. A graphene composed of 14 benzene rings was used as a model of finite-sized graphene (C 42 H 16 ). The water molecules interact with the graphene surface via hydrogen bonding. The band gap of graphene was slightly red-shifted by the solvation. This shift was caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between H 2 O and the graphene surface. The electronic states of the graphene–water system were discussed on the basis of theoretical results.
Effects of processing sorghum and millets on their phenolic phytochemicals and the implications of this to the health‐enhancing properties of sorghum and millet food and beverage products (2014)

Sorghum and millet grains are generally rich in phytochemicals, particularly various types of phenolics. However, the types and amounts vary greatly between and within species. The food-processing operations applied to these grains, i.e. dehulling and decortication, malting, fermentation and thermal processing, dramatically affect the quantity of phenolics present, most generally reducing them. Thus the levels of phytochemicals in sorghum and millet foods and beverages are usually considerably lower than in the grains. Notwithstanding this, there is considerable evidence that sorghum and millet foods and beverages have important functional and health-promoting effects, specifically antidiabetic, cardiovascular disease and cancer prevention, due to the actions of these phytochemicals. Also their lactic acid bacteria-fermented products may have probiotic effects related to their unique microflora. However, direct proof of these health-enhancing effects is lacking as most studies have been carried out on the grains or grain extracts and not the food and beverage products themselves, and also most research work has been in vitro or ex vivo and not in vivo. To provide the required evidence, better designed studies are needed. The sorghum and millet products should be fully characterised, especially their phytochemical composition. Most importantly, well-controlled human clinical studies and intervention trials are required.
Tungsten-, Molybdenum-, and Cerium-Promoted Regioselective and Stereospecific Halogenation of 2,3-Epoxy Alcohols and 2,3-Epoxy Sulfonamides (2014)

The first catalytic regioselective and stereospecific halogenation of 2,3-epoxy alcohols and 2,3-epoxy sulfonamides has been developed. Under the catalysis of commercially available W- or Mo-salts, complemented by the method using cerium halides, the C-3 selective ring opening of structurally diverse epoxides with Cl-, Br-, and I-nucleophiles afforded various halohydrins in good yields and high regioselectivities.
FINDINGS FROM THE 2022 NORTH AMERICAN MASS TIMBER RESEARCH NEEDS ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP (2023)

Workshop sponsored by the US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory was held September 20-22, 2022. The purpose of the workshop was
Substrate utilization by bovine and ovine adipose tissue explants cultured for 2-7 d: effects of insulin and/or dexame (1994)

in amino-acid concentration enhanced amino- acid and glucose utilization for lipogenesis, with no increase of lipogenesis measured by glycerol incorporation for incubation times below 10 h.Insulin increased glycerol incorporation (+35%) into cellular lipids and consequently lipogenesis.Insulin increased more strongly amino-acid and glucose incorporation into cellular lipids, the glu- cose incorporation showed a synergistic effect between insulin and amino acids for up to 1.59 g/I amino acid in the medium (increase in the presence of insulin was of 2 at 0.3 g/I to 10.6 at 1.59
Automatic dimension inference and checking for object-oriented programs (2009)

This paper introduces UniFi, a tool that attempts to automatically detect dimension errors in Java programs. UniFi infers dimensional relationships across primitive type and string variables in a program, using an inter-procedural, context-sensitive analysis. It then monitors these dimensional relationships as the program evolves, flagging inconsistencies that may be errors. UniFi requires no programmer annotations, and supports arbitrary program-specific dimensions, thus providing fine-grained dimensional consistency checking. UniFi exploits features of object-oriented languages, but can be used for other languages as well. We have run UniFi on real-life Java code and found that it is useful in exposing dimension errors. We present a case study of using UniFi on nightly builds of a 19,000 line code base as it evolved over 10 months.
Derlin-2-Deficient Mice Reveal an Essential Role for Protein Dislocation in Chondrocytes (2011)

Protein quality control is a balance between chaperone-assisted folding and removal of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cell-based assays have been used to identify key players of the dislocation machinery, including members of the Derlin family. We generated conditional knockout mice to examine the in vivo role of Derlin-2, a component that nucleates cellular dislocation machinery. In most Derlin-2-deficient tissues, we found constitutive upregulation of ER chaperones and IRE-1-mediated induction of the unfolded protein response. The IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway is required for development of highly secretory cells, particularly plasma cells and hepatocytes. However, B lymphocyte development and antibody secretion were normal in the absence of Derlin-2. Likewise, hepatocyte function was unaffected by liver-specific deletion of Derlin-2. Whole-body deletion of Derlin-2 results in perinatal death. The few mice that survived to adulthood all developed skeletal dysplasia, likely caused by defects in collagen matrix protein secretion by costal chondrocytes.
Material Design of Polymers with Chromophores in Skeletons for Electroluminescent Devices (1996)

Abstract As the extension of molecular design concept of low molar mass dyes for vacuum-sublimed multilayer electroluminescent devices, concept of material design for electroluminescent polymers with charge transport and emissive chromophores on their skeletons were described. A 9,10-bis[4-(N,N-diphenylamino)-styryl]anthracene chromophore, which has both charge transporting and emissive capabilities was used as a model system.
Speech technology in 2001: new research directions. (1995)

Research in speech recognition and synthesis over the past several decades has brought speech technology to a point where it is being used in "real-world" applications. However, despite the progress, the perception remains that the current technology is not flexible enough to allow easy voice communication with machines. The focus of speech research is now on producing systems that are accurate and robust but that do not impose unnecessary constraints on the user. This chapter takes a critical look at the shortcomings of the current speech recognition and synthesis algorithms, discusses the technical challenges facing research, and examines the new directions that research in speech recognition and synthesis must take in order to form the basis of new solutions suitable for supporting a wide range of applications.
Acetaminophen extra strength capsules versus propoxphene compound-65 versus placebo: a double-blind study of effectiveness and safety. (1975)

A method for selecting items, the method comprising the steps of measuring (21) a pre-stimulus level of a physiological parameter of a user, selecting (22) an item based on a user profile and the pre-stimulus level of the physiological parameter, measuring (23) a post-stimulus level of the physiological parameter, determining (24) a stimulus effect by calculating a difference between the post-stimulus level and the pre-stimulus level, correcting (25) the stimulus effect using a model of an effect of the pre-stimulus level on the physiological parameter and updating (26) the user profile, using the corrected stimulus effect. The method may, e.g., be used for selecting media items in a music player or digital TV.
Design of energy-aware QoS routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks using reinforcement learning (2014)

Nowadays a major class of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications required a minimum quality of service parameters to be satisfied while the wireless sensor nodes might be mobile. Most of the standard WSN routing algorithms greedily choose the neighbor node with the best quality of service (QoS) parameter(s) as a next hop. However, the data packet might be able to be routed through other neighbors as it might require less QoS. So the energy of the neighbor node with the best QoS will deplete earlier than other nodes which will result in the reduction of network lifetime. Therefore, it is important for WSN QoS routing protocols to efficiently balance energy and other resources consumption throughout the network. In this paper, we proposed EQR-RL, energy-aware QoS routing protocol in WSNs using reinforcement learning. We compare the network performance of our proposed protocol with three other protocols (QoS-AODV, RSSI and RL-QRP). The packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and impact of the different traffic load on average end-to-end delay are investigated. Simulation results indicate the superiority of our proposed protocol over two others by considering different network traffic load and node mobility in terms of average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.
An Assessment of Village Drill Sustainability, With Recommendations (2017)

Sustainability is commonly broken into three categories: economic, environmental, and social. For products, there is a need for design tools that allow decision makers to handle the tradeoffs between each of these three pillars of sustainability. This paper simultaneously assesses all three pillars of sustainability for the Village Drill, a machine used to dig water wells in rural areas around the world. Using data and methods from Mattson et al. [1, 2] relationships are developed between the drill’s design parameters and key sustainability issues. These relationships are used to evaluate the sustainability of the current drill design as well as any alternatives. One million random sets of drill parameters are generated and the resulting drill alternatives are evaluated. A three-dimensional design space for the sustainability of the drill is found and recommendations are given with potential for improvements in each pillar of sustainability.
UEG and EAES rapid guideline: Update systematic review, network meta‐analysis, CINeMA and GRADE assessment, and evidence‐informed European recommendations on surgical management of GERD (2022)

This rapid guideline was developed in line with highest methodological standards and provides evidence-informed recommendations on the surgical management of GERD. It provides user-friendly decision aids to inform healthcare professionals' and patients' decision making.