gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy and angular momentum control of the specific opacity functions in the Ba+HI→BaI+H reaction (1996)

Crossed-beam and beam-gas experiments on the reaction Ba+HI→BaI+H have been performed, in which the most probable collision energy ranges from 3 to 17 kcal/mol. The results, combined with previous experimental studies on this reaction system, show a remarkable collision energy dependence. Between low and high collision energies, a transition occurs in the intensity, width, and peak location of the product vibrational and rotational population distributions. The onset of this transition is estimated to occur at approximately 5 kcal/mol. For collision energies smaller than 5 kcal/mol, the product vibrational distribution is bell shaped and peaks at v=12. For collision energies larger than 5 kcal/mol, a second maximum appears at v=0 in the vibrational distribution. The rotational distributions of the crossed-beam experiments are extremely narrow but broaden at lower collision energies. As the collision energy is increased above 5 kcal/mol, the BaI rotational excitation is very near the energetic limit, and the maximum for the BaI(v=0) rotational population distribution moves from J=415.5 to J=538.5. In contrast, below the transition onset, the maximum remains unchanged around J=420.5. Moreover, the peaks of the BaI(v=1) and BaI(v=2) rotational distributions appear at successively lower J values, as expected from energy conservation arguments. The nature of the kinematic constraints for this reaction allows the determination of the opacity functions for the production of the BaI product in a specific vibrational level v. Detailed analysis of the collision energy dependence of the specific opacity functions offers insight into the role of conservation of energy and angular momentum in influencing this reaction. At low collision energies, the maximum reactive impact parameter, bmax, is determined by an angular momentum (centrifugal) barrier. At collision energies larger than 5 kcal/mol, conservation of energy dictates the value of bmax. These two processes are identified as the mechanisms that control the Ba+HI reaction cross section. The transition between the two mechanisms provides an interpretation for the bimodal character of the BaI product internal-state distribution.
Illusion of Causality in Visualized Data (2019)

Students who eat breakfast more frequently tend to have a higher grade point average. From this data, many people might confidently state that a before-school breakfast program would lead to higher grades. This is a reasoning error, because correlation does not necessarily indicate causation - X and Y can be correlated without one directly causing the other. While this error is pervasive, its prevalence might be amplified or mitigated by the way that the data is presented to a viewer. Across three crowdsourced experiments, we examined whether how simple data relations are presented would mitigate this reasoning error. The first experiment tested examples similar to the breakfast-GPA relation, varying in the plausibility of the causal link. We asked participants to rate their level of agreement that the relation was correlated, which they rated appropriately as high. However, participants also expressed high agreement with a causal interpretation of the data. Levels of support for the causal interpretation were not equally strong across visualization types: causality ratings were highest for text descriptions and bar graphs, but weaker for scatter plots. But is this effect driven by bar graphs aggregating data into two groups or by the visual encoding type? We isolated data aggregation versus visual encoding type and examined their individual effect on perceived causality. Overall, different visualization designs afford different cognitive reasoning affordances across the same data. High levels of data aggregation by graphs tend to be associated with higher perceived causality in data. Participants perceived line and dot visual encodings as more causal than bar encodings. Our results demonstrate how some visualization designs trigger stronger causal links while choosing others can help mitigate unwarranted perceptions of causality.
Low-Complexity PTS Scheme for PAPR Reduction in FBMC-OQAM Systems (2018)

Most of the peak-to-average power ration (PAPR) reduction techniques, such as partial transmit sequence (PTS) algorithm and selective mapping algorithm, for conventional OFDM systems are not directly applied to filter bank multi-carrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC-OQAM) systems because of the overlapping structure of FBMC-OQAM signals. Furthermore, the complexity of the existing algorithms based on PTS is very high for the FBMC-OQAM systems. In this letter, we propose a low-complexity PTS based on hybrid processing algorithm (H-PTS) to reduce the PAPR values of FBMC-OQAM systems. Firstly, the proposed algorithm processes phase factors of the PTS by double-layer search. As a result, the complexity of searching the optimal phase factors is simplified. Moreover, an efficient algorithm of estimating the PAPR values of the FBMC-OQAM signals is employed to further reduce computational complexity. Simulation results show that, compared with the conventional PTS algorithm and segmental PTS algorithm, the proposed H-PTS algorithm could achieve a better PAPR reduction as well as lower computational complexity.
Continuous vocalization control of a full-scale assistive robot (2012)

We present a physical robotic arm performing real-world tasks using continuous non-verbal vocalizations for control. Vocalization control provides fewer degrees of control freedom than are necessary to directly control complex robotic platforms. To bridge this gap, we evaluated three control methods: direct joint angle control of a selectable subset of joints, inverse kinematics control of the end effector, and control in a reduced-dimensionality synergy space. The synergy method is inspired by neural solutions to biological body redundancy problems. We conducted several evaluations of the three methods involving the real-world tasks of water bottle recycling and grocery bag moving. Users with no prior exposure to the system were able to perform these tasks effectively and were able to learn to be more efficient. This study demonstrates the feasibility of continuous non-verbal vocalizations for control of a full-scale assitive robot in a realistic context.
Production of a New Polysaccharide with Cryptoccus laurentii var. flavescens (1962)

Conditions were investigated for the production of a new gum by the yeast Cryptococcus laurentii var. flavescens NRRL Y-1401 in shaken flasks and 20-liter fermentors. The most suitable medium contained 6% commercial glucose, 0.25% autolyzed brewer's yeast, and 0.001% MnSO(4) and had an initial pH of 6.5. Polysaccharide yields, as measured by the dry weight of the alcohol precipitates, were in the range of 30 to 35% based on initial glucose.
Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by silver nanoparticles in human liver HepG2 cells in different dispersion media (2015)

Abstract Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been widely used in medical and healthcare products owing to their unique antibacterial activities. However, their safety for humans and the environment has not yet been established. This study evaluated the cellular proliferation and apoptosis of Ag NPs suspended in different solvents using human liver HepG2 cells. The ionization of Ag NPs in different dispersion media [deionized water, phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), saline and cell culture] was measured using an Ag ion selective electrode. The MTT assay was used to examine the cell proliferation activities. The effects of Ag NPs on cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were analyzed using flow cytometry. The degree of Ag NPs ionization differed with dispersion media, with the concentrations of silver ions in deionized water being the highest in all suspensions. Ag NPs could inhibit the viability of HepG2 cells in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. Ag NPs (40, 80 and 160 µg ml −1 ) exposure could cause cell‐cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, significantly increasing the apoptosis rate and ROS generation, and decreasing the MMP in HepG2 cells more sensitive to deionized water than in cell culture. These results suggested that the cellular toxicological mechanism of Ag NPs might be related to the oxidative stress of cells by the generation of ROS, leading to mitochondria injury and induction of apoptosis. It also implies that it is important to assess the physicochemical properties of NPs in the media where the biological toxicity tests are performed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
An Experimental Study of the Skype Peer-to-Peer VoIP System (2005)

Despite its popularity, relatively little is known about the traf-fic characteristics of the Skype VoIP system and how they differ from other P2P systems. We describe an experimen-tal study of Skype VoIP traffic conducted over a one month period, where over 30 million datapoints were collected re-garding the population of online clients, the number of su-pernodes, and their traffic characteristics. The results indi-cate that although the structure of the Skype system appears to be similar to other P2P systems, particularly KaZaA, there are several significant differences in traffic. The number of active clients shows diurnal and work-week behavior, corre-lating with normal working hours regardless of geography. The population of supernodes in the system tends to be rela-tively stable; thus node churn, a significant concern in other systems, seems less problematic in Skype. The typical band-width load on a supernode is relatively low, even if the su-pernode is relaying VoIP traffic. The paper aims to aid further understanding of a signifi-cant, successful P2P VoIP system, as well as provide exper-imental data that may be useful for design and modeling of such systems. These results also imply that the nature of a VoIP P2P system like Skype differs fundamentally from ear-lier P2P systems that are oriented toward file-sharing, and music and video download applications, and deserves more attention from the research community. 1
Theoretical Approach To Predict the Stability of Supported Single-Atom Catalysts (2019)

Heterogeneous single-atom catalysts involve isolated metal atoms anchored to a support, displaying high catalytic performance and stability in many important chemical reactions. We present a general theoretical framework to establish the thermodynamic stability of metal single atoms and metal nanoparticles on a support in the presence of adsorbates. As a case study, we establish for Pt-CeO 2 the CO partial pressure and temperature range within which Pt single atoms are more stable than Pt nanoparticles. Density functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that Pt atoms doped into the CeO 2 surface exhibit a very high CO oxidation activity and thermodynamic stability in comparison to models involving Pt single atoms on terraces and steps of CeO 2 . An intermediate CO adsorption strength is important to explain a high activity. Our work provides a systematic strategy to evaluate the stability and reactivity of single atoms on a support.
Energy-Efficient Cluster-based Distributed Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

In this paper, we consider the cluster-based distributed estimation in wireless sensor networks where energy is a constrained resource. First, we present a hybrid cluster-based estimator and show its potential to save energy while keep the estimation performance. Next the optimal tradeoff between the cluster size and the number of clusters is analyzed for a special network ring network. Then, we propose two greedy algorithms to cluster the general sensor networks to minimize the total energy cost of cluster-based estimation scheme by modelling the network as a directed or undirected graph. Simulation results not only show that the energy cost is reduced by cluster-based estimation scheme compared with the parallel estimation scheme while keeping the estimation performance, but also show that more energy is saved by our proposed clustering methods compared with the k-mean clustering method
XML compression via DAGs (2013)

Unranked trees can be represented using their minimal dag (directed acyclic graph). For XML this achieves high compression ratios due to their repetitive mark up. Unranked trees are often represented through first child/next sibling (fcns) encoded binary trees. We study the difference in size (= number of edges) of minimal dag versus minimal dag of the fcns encoded binary tree. One main finding is that the size of the dag of the binary tree can never be smaller than the square root of the size of the minimal dag, and that there are examples that match this bound. We introduce a new combined structure, the hybrid dag, which is guaranteed to be smaller than (or equal in size to) both dags. Interestingly, we find through experiments that last child/previous sibling encodings are much better for XML compression via dags, than fcns encodings. This is because optional elements are more likely to appear towards the end of child sequences.
Successfully Navigating Food and Drug Administration Orphan Drug and Rare Pediatric Disease Designations for AAV9-hPCCA Gene Therapy: The National Institutes of Health Platform Vector Gene Therapy Experience (2023)

Orphan drug designation (ODD) is an important program intended to facilitate the development of orphan drugs in the United States. An orphan drug benefiting pediatric patients can qualify as a drug for a Rare Pediatric Disease Designation (RPDD) as well. The ODD and RPDD programs provide financial incentives for development of diagnostic drugs, preventive measures, and treatment of diseases affecting small patient populations (adult and pediatric) for which commercial development would otherwise be very challenging. In 2019, a multidisciplinary group of collaborators at National Institutes of Health (NIH) embarked upon a gene therapy platform program called Platform Vector Gene Therapy (PaVe-GT) intended to develop gene therapies for four such rare disorders. An important part of PaVe-GT is to publicly share scientific and regulatory experience gained at different stages during the implementation of the PaVe-GT platform utilizing illustrative examples. The PaVe-GT team recently obtained ODD and RPDD for an adeno-associated virus gene therapy to treat propionic acidemia. Given an increasing interest in obtaining ODD for gene therapy, especially by small companies, research investigators, and patient groups, we overview the submission process and subsequently provide examples of our ODD and RPDD applications. Our ODD and RPDD applications and templates can also be found on the PaVe-GT website. Shared reference documents will have great utility to assist parties who may have limited experience with the preparation of similar applications for their orphan product.
Single-longitudinal-mode diamond Raman lasers in the near-infrared spectral region (2017)

Lasers operating in single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) are of great importance for high-precision measurements in nonlinear optics and spectroscopy as well as for applications in remote sensing, laser cooling and the flourishing field of gravitational wave detection. However, stable SLM in standing-wave inversion lasers is impeded by spatial hole burning which causes mode instability and can only be overcome at the expense of power limitations and/or higher complexity of the laser system, e.g. by means of injection-seeding, ring or microchip laser designs. As an alternative approach, we demonstrate that the nonlinear optical process of stimulated Raman scattering provides a spatial hole burning free gain which enables the generation of SLM output that is intrinsically stable [1]. The underlying mechanism was harnessed for the development of two compact Raman laser configurations which were realized as external standing-wave cavities, without use of any mode-selective elements, and containing only the CVD diamond Raman-active gain medium. Efficient frequency conversion of a tunable Yb-fiber-amplified distributed feedback (DFB) laser emitting around 1064 nm to the first-and second-order Stokes components produced SLM output in the near-infrared spectral region at powers up to 7 W, while wavelength tuning over a range of 700 GHz was accomplished by varying the temperature of the DFB pump laser, as depicted in Fig. 1a.
A Free-Radical Mechanism in a Novel Metalloporphyrin-Catalyzed Oxidation of Phenols by t-BuOOH (1996)

Abstract Metalloporphyrins, a chemical model of cytochrome P450, catalyze the oxidation of phenols with the para-position free to the corresponding p-quinones. Evidences of a free-radical mechanism are reported, including the results obtained with p-cresol.
Inelastic Proton Scattering on Holmium-165 and Gadolinium-156 (1963)

Elastic and inelastic scattering of 17.5-MeV protons by the low-lying rotational levels of holmium-165 and gadolinium-156 has been studied using a telescopic array of solid-state detectors with a resolution of about 60 keV. Angular distributions were obtained for the ground state ($\frac{7}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$), first excited state ($\frac{9}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$), and second excited state ($\frac{11}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$) of holmium-165, and the ground state (${0}^{+}$), first excited state (${2}^{+}$), and second excited state (${4}^{+}$) of gadolinium-156. The cross section for the first excited state of ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$ is an order of magnitude below that of the ground state. The ratio of the first excited state of ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$ to that of the second does not agree with the prediction given by first-order direct reaction theory. There is some evidence that the third excited state of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{156}$ (${6}^{+}$) is weakly excited by 17.5-MeV protons.
Superluminal k-gap solitons in photonic time-crystals with Kerr nonlinearity (2022)

We find superluminal solitons residing in the momentum gap of nonlinear photonic time-crystals and explore their faster-than-light pulse propagation in view of Einstein’s causality, the instantaneous response of time-varying permittivity, and signal velocity forerunners.
Isolation and Identification of Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Biting Deterrent Fatty Acids from Male Inflorescences of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) (2012)

Dried male inflorescences of breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis , Moraceae) are burned in communities throughout Oceania to repel flying insects, including mosquitoes. This study was conducted to identify chemicals responsible for mosquito deterrence. Various crude extracts were evaluated, and the most active, the hydrodistillate, was used for bioassay-guided fractionation. The hydrodistillate and all fractions displayed significant deterrent activity. Exploratory GC-MS analysis revealed more than 100 distinctive peaks, and more than 30 compounds were putatively identified, including a mixture of terpenes, aldehydes, fatty acids, and aromatics. A systematic bioassay-directed study using adult Aedes aegypti females identified capric, undecanoic, and lauric acid as primary deterrent constituents. A synthetic mixture of fatty acids present in the most active fraction and individual fatty acids were all significantly more active than N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). These results provide support for this traditional practice and indicate the potential of male breadfruit flowers and fatty acids as mosquito repellents.
The miR156‐SPL9‐DFR pathway coordinates the relationship between development and abiotic stress tolerance in plants (2014)

Young organisms have relatively strong resistance to diseases and adverse conditions. When confronted with adversity, the process of development is delayed in plants. This phenomenon is thought to result from the rebalancing of energy, which helps plants to coordinate the relationship between development and stress tolerance; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains mysterious. In this study, we found that miR156 integrates environmental signals to ensure timely flowering, thus enabling the completion of breeding. Under stress conditions, miR156 is induced to maintain the plant in the juvenile state for a relatively long period of time, whereas under favorable conditions, miR156 is suppressed to accelerate the developmental transition. Blocking the miR156 signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana with 35S::MIM156 (via target mimicry) increased the sensitivity of the plant to stress treatment, whereas overexpression of miR156 increased stress tolerance. In fact, this mechanism is also conserved in Oryza sativa (rice). We also identified downstream genes of miR156, i.e. SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9) and DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (DFR), which take part in this process by influencing the metabolism of anthocyanin. Our results uncover a molecular mechanism for plant adaptation to the environment through the miR156-SPLs-DFR pathway, which coordinates development and abiotic stress tolerance.
Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of ABS Parts Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modelling (2012)

Layered manufacturing (LM) methods have traditionally been used for rapid prototyping (RP) purposes, with the primary intention of fabricating models for visualization, design verification, and kinematic functionality testing of developing assemblies during the product realization process (Caulfield et al., 2007). Without any need for tooling or fixturing, LM allows for the computer-controlled fabrication of parts in a single setup directly from a computerized solid model. These characteristics have proven beneficial in regard to the objective of reducing the time needed to complete the product development cycle (Chua et al., 2005).
Glucose 6P Binds and Activates HlyIIR to Repress Bacillus cereus Haemolysin hlyII Gene Expression (2013)

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium causing food poisoning and serious opportunistic infections. These infections are characterized by bacterial accumulation despite the recruitment of phagocytic cells. We have previously shown that B. cereus Haemolysin II (HlyII) induces macrophage cell death by apoptosis. In this work, we investigated the regulation of the hlyII gene. We show that HlyIIR, the negative regulator of hlyII expression in B. cereus, is especially active during the early bacterial growth phase. We demonstrate that glucose 6P directly binds to HlyIIR and enhances its activity at a post-transcriptional level. Glucose 6P activates HlyIIR, increasing its capacity to bind to its DNA-box located upstream of the hlyII gene, inhibiting its expression. Thus, hlyII expression is modulated by the availability of glucose. As HlyII induces haemocyte and macrophage death, two cell types that play a role in the sequestration of nutrients upon infection, HlyII may induce host cell death to allow the bacteria to gain access to carbon sources that are essential components for bacterial growth.
Dobesilate inhibits the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and the expression of cyclin D1 and bcl-XL in glioma cells (2006)

Treatment with inhibitors of FGF down-regulates the STAT3 signaling pathway. These alterations could be correlated to the already observed inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis in glioma cell cultures by dobesilate. The reported results may open new avenues for developing new treatments against these tumors.