gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lycojaponicumins A–C, Three Alkaloids with an Unprecedented Skeleton from Lycopodium japonicum (2012)

Lycojaponicumins A-C (1-3), three trace alkaloids isolated from Lycopodium japonicum, represent a unique heterocyclic skeleton formed by the new linkage C4-C9. Notably, lycojaponicumins A and B (1 and 2) are the first examples of natural products possessing a 5/5/5/5/6 pentacyclic ring system with a 1-aza-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane moiety. These structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction analysis. A plausible biogenetic pathway was proposed.
Verfahrensentwicklung zur Synthese eines δ-Hydroxy-β-ketohexanoates (2002)

No translation.
Selective Gut Decontamination Reduces Nosocomial Infections and Length of Stay but Not Mortality or Organ Failure in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients (1992)

Suppression of the gut luminal aerobic flora to reduce nosocomial infections was tested in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients in a surgical intensive care unit who had persistent hypermetabolism. Forty-six patients were randomized to receive either norfloxacin, 500-mg suspension every 8 hours, together with nystatin, 1 million units every 6 hours, or matching placebo solutions administered through a nasogastric tube within 48 hours of surgical intensive care unit admission. Selective gut decontamination with the experimental therapy or placebo solutions continued for at least 5 days or until the time of surgical intensive care unit discharge. Patients were monitored with routine surveillance cultures for the development of nosocomial infections, as defined by criteria from the Centers for Disease Control. All other therapy was given as clinically indicated, including systemic antibiotics. The selective gut decontamination group experienced a significant reduction in the incidence of nosocomial infections and a reduced length of stay. However, these results were not associated with a concomitant decrease in progressive multiple organ failure syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome, or mortality.
The Interplay between Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 In Chronic Inflammation and Cancer (2011)

The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine and other downstream metabolites that suppress effector T-cell function and favor the differentiation of regulatory T cells. IDO1 is traditionally viewed as a general suppressor of T-cell activation and mediator of immune escape in cancer. Recently, evidence has emerged to support a greater functional complexity of IDO1 as modifier of pathogenic inflammation. For instance, IDO1 activity may sustain autoantibody production by B cells, and elicit the development of cancer in the context of chronic inflammation. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 metabolizes the first enzymatic step in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostanoids. In particular, prostaglandin (PG)E2 generated at sites of inflammation and/or immune response is mainly COX-2-derived and has pro-inflammatory and immune regulatory activities. Pharmacological blockade of COX-2 in animal models of cancer translates into down-regulation of IDO1 expression at tumor sites and decreased levels of kynurenine in the circulation, underpinning the view that IDO1 might be downstream of COX-2. This article reviews preclinical studies focusing on IDO1 and COX-2 as inter-related molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in chronic inflammation and cancer. COX-2 inhibition might, in principle, be pursued in cancer-associated inflammation characterized by IDO1 hyper-activity, with the foreseeable aim at altering the immune response within the tumor microenvironment.
Air/Water Oxygen Transfer in a Biological Aerated Filter (2006)

The oxygen-transfer characteristics of an upflow biological aerated filter filled with angular clay media were determined over a wide range of gas and liquid flow rates. Liquid-side, oxygen-transfer coefficients (KLa) were measured using a nitrogen gas stripping method under abiotic conditions and were found to increase as both gas and liquid superficial velocity increases, with values ranging from 12 to 110h−1 based on empty bed volume. The effect of gas and liquid velocity, wastewater to clean water ratio, and temperature dependence was correlated to within ±20% of the experimental KLa value. Stagnant gas holdup is roughly double in wastewater compared to clean water, but the dynamic gas holdup is the same. The oxygen-transfer coefficient is directly proportional to the dynamic gas holdup. Stagnant gas holdup does not influence the rate of oxygen transfer. The results suggest that dynamic gas holdup largely determines the specific interfacial area (a), whereas the interstitial liquid velocity largely controls the oxygen-transfer coefficient (KL).
Behavioral high-frequency modeling of electrical motors (2013)

Reliable simulations of electromagnetic interference in motor drive power electronic systems ask for accurate high-frequency motor models. A methodology for creating frequency dependent behavioral circuit models of ac electrical motors is presented in this paper. It is based on the rational function fitting of measured motor network parameters. Stable, causal, and passive equivalent circuits are obtained and their accuracy verified by comparing the simulation results with frequency domain common- and differential-mode measurements.
Mechanical structures feel the chill (2005)

The botanist Robert Brown is renowned for his observations of pollen grains suspended in water. He discovered that the grains move randomly in an endless thermal dance, a property that applies to all sufficiently small objects. Indeed, in one of his five famous 1905 papers, Einstein presented a theoretical framework for Brownian motion that led others to prove the existence of atoms (see Physics World January 2005 pp19–22).
Thromboxane A2 Synthetase Inhibitors with Histamine H1-Blocking Activity: Synthesis and Evaluation of a New Series of Indole Derivatives. (1995)

A novel series of N-substituted 3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)indole carboxylic acid derivatives were prepared and evaluated for thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase-inhibitory and histaminergic H1-blocking activity. Among the compounds synthesized, indole-6-carboxylic acid derivatives showed higher activities than the other positional isomers of carboxylic acid. 1-[3-(4-Benzhydryl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]-3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl )-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid (12) had the strongest thromboxane synthetase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 5 x 10(-8) M) and H1-blocking activity (IC50 = 8 x 10(-9) M).
Reconstitution of Functionally ActiveThermus aquaticusLarge Ribosomal Subunits with in Vitro-Transcribed rRNA (1999)

Functionally active large ribosomal subunits of thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus have been assembled in vitro from ribosomal proteins and either natural or in vitro-transcribed 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA. Sedimentation properties of reconstituted subunits were similar to those of native ribosomal 50S subunits. Subunits reconstituted with in vitro-transcribed rRNAs exhibited high activity in the peptidyl transferase assay and in a poly(U)-dependent cell-free translation system (22 and 30%, respectively, compared to that of native 50S subunits). Catalytic activity of reconstituted subunits critically depended on the presence of 5S rRNA. rRNA mutations known to affect functions of the native ribosome produced similar effects in reconstituted T. aquaticus 50S subunits. Subunits assembled with in vitro-transcribed T. aquaticus 23S rRNA containing the G2267A mutation (G2252A in Escherichia coli), which interferes with binding of peptidyl-tRNA in the ribosomal P-site, showed drastically reduced peptidyl transferase activity, whereas clindamycin resistance mutation A2084G (A2058G in E. coli) rendered assembled subunits tolerant to clindamycin inhibition. Thus, reconstitution of functional subunits with in vitro-transcribed rRNA makes possible the use of in vitro genetics for mutational analysis of 23S rRNA functions in translation. In addition, the ability to assemble catalytically active 50S subunits from the rRNA transcript lacking any posttranscriptional modifications clearly demonstrates that modified nucleotides in 23S rRNA are dispensable for the principal activities of the ribosome.
Instrumentación en el estudio de superficies: AES, XPS, STM (2010)

El estudio de la superficie de los materiales se apoya en diversos metodos experimentales. En el presente trabajo se describen aquellas tecnicas y metodos que, dentro de este campo, son utilizados de forma mas extendida. Describiremos los procesos basicos, las bases experimentales de cada metodo, las informaciones que cada uno proporciona y algunas de sus limitaciones basicas. Por ultimo senalaremos algunos nuevos campos de interes, como son intercaras solido-liquido, biomateriales, modificacion superficial de polimetros, etc.
Metabolic transitions and the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during development of Ascaris suum . (2001)

The anaerobic microbial metabolism of A. suum, the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and the regulation of PDC activity are reviewed.
Social Justice Theory: Foundations, Elaborations, and Application of a Theory of Justice (2005)

In this essay Salazar explores the extent to which Political Action and Democ-ratic Participation, as basic tenets of democratic life, are grounded on the con-cepts of social justice and human rights.
Decay Patterns in Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum) Trees Converted from Roundovers to V-Trims (2006)

Trees growing beneath electrical power lines are often subjected to heading cuts made during roundover trimming. Heading cuts create wounds that allow decay to enter the branch, and a decay column will form if the tree does not contain it with compartmental reaction zones. The presence of a sizable decay column may predispose the leader to failure, especially when the tree has been converted from a roundover to a V-trim. The objectives of this study were to quantify the amount of decay in silver maples (Acer saccharinum L.) converted from roundover to V-trims and to develop models to allow utility arborists to estimate the extent of internal decay columns. Parent stems (leaders) were removed from converted trees, cut into 50 cm (20 in) sections, and measured for internal and external decay. Eighty percent of the leaders had internal decay columns beginning within 50 cm (20 in) of the heading cut and internal decay columns were found to be over 2 times longer than the length of external decay. Models are presented to predict the length and volume of internal decay from external measurements on the leader, including length of external decay.
Calibrazione di un modello costitutivo elastoplastico incrudente per terreni fini cementati mediante una metodologia innovativa (2011)

Tra le tecniche più diffuse di miglioramento meccanico di terreni rientrano quelle del deep soil mixing e il jet grouting; tali tecniche, miscelando il terreno in sito con cemento, creano dei legami intergranulari tra le particelle. Il comportamento meccanico del terreno cementato è solitamente descritto utilizzando modelli costitutivi semplici, quali ad esempio il modello elasto-perfettamente plastico di Mohr-Coulomb. Modelli costitutivi più avanzati, basati principalmente sull’elastoplasticità incrudente con opportune estensioni delle leggi di incrudimento, sono in grado di descrivere in modo decisamente più accurato il comportamento meccanico del terreno cementato. Il loro utilizzo è tuttavia ostacolato dalla difficoltà di calibrazione del maggior numero di parametri e di variabili di stato che utilizzano e pertanto il loro impiego nella pratica ingegneristica è limitato. Il presente lavoro intende mostrare una procedura di calibrazione innovativa di un modello costitutivo avanzato utilizzando semplici grandezze fisiche e meccaniche della miscela terreno-cemento: i) il rapporto tra indice dei vuoti e contenuto di cemento, ii) la resistenza a compressione semplice e iii) le proprietà meccaniche del materiale non cementato
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment: A Need for Mass Balance (2004)

Increasing attention has been focused on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) as pollutants in municipal wastewater. Recent studies have shown that these compounds can have a negative impact on the environment, and that in many cases they are not efficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Studies have also revealed that their destruction and transport out into the environment depend on the design and operational characteristics of these treatment systems and on the properties of the chemicals themselves. This paper reviews the current knowledge on EDCs, natural and synthetic hormones including estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in WWTP. Several key data gaps are addressed when assessing the removal of EDCs in WWTPs. First, analytical methods used by most researchers do not account for the inactive or conjugated form of the compounds, yet they can become deconjugated to active forms during treatment, leading to an additional source of contaminant load. Next, insufficient measurements are made at various stages within the WWTP preventing adequate analyses on how each u nit process contributes to degradation. Currently, there is no standardized procedure for assessing degradation of EDCs in WWTPs, and it is often difficult to compare published data generated by individual test protocols. This paper identifies streams that should be sampled in WWTPs and suggests a mass balance approach that takes into account all forms of the compound in both liquid and solid phases. Issues of potential concern in performing mass balances are discussed leading to a proposal of variables that should be analyzed and included in published articles. The adoption of similar methods by researchers in future work will produce a better picture of the presence and fate of these compounds in the environment.
[Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pancreatitis: an overview of current step-up approach and new options]. (2017)

- Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory disease, which leads to a severe decrease in quality of life and reduced life expectancy.- 85-90% of patients with chronic pancreatitis consult the doctor because of pain.- Pain in chronic pancreatitis has a multifactorial aetiology, with nociceptive and neuropathological components.- Current treatment of chronic pancreatitis uses a step-up approach, starting with lifestyle interventions and medication, followed by endoscopic or surgical treatment or a combination of these two.- Surgical drainage or resection is more effective than repeated endoscopic treatment for patients with advanced chronic pancreatitis who use opiates.- There are indications that early surgical intervention in painful chronic pancreatitis and a dilated pancreatic duct provides better results than the current step-up approach; this is currently being investigated in the ESCAPE trial.
Shifted Successive Decode-and-Forward Relaying: Towards the Optimal Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff for a Four-Node Cooperative Network (2010)

In this paper, a novel cooperative diversity transmission protocol is proposed for a four-node network where a single-antenna source communicates with its intended N-antenna destination with the help of two K-antenna decode-and-forward (DF) relays. Without requiring complex coding strategies at the relays, a sufficiently strong or weak inter-relay channel, or destination-source feedback, the proposed shifted successive DF relaying (SSDFR) protocol asymptotically achieves the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff performance the four-node network can provide.
Manipulation of Athermal Nuclei in Aqueous Poly(ethylene oxide) by Scanning Activity Gravimetric Analysis (2006)

We show that polymer solutions exhibit memory effects as they undergo repeated dissolution (deliquescence) and crystallization (efflorescence) transitions, similar to those previously observed in polymer melts. These memory effects have been probed using scanning activity gravimetric analysis (SAGA) on aqueous poly(ethylene oxide). SAGA is a new method that enables manipulation of the thermodynamic state of a polymer/solvent system under isothermal conditions. The measurements have been performed on individual micron-sized (∼10 ng) polymer particles that are levitated electrostatically and subjected to programmed changes in the activity of solvent vapor. The particle mass rapidly changes due to sorption or evaporation of solvent in response to changes in vapor activity, providing insights into the changing state of the polymer/solvent system. Repeated cycling of solvent activity within a levitated particle reveals systematic shifts up and down in the deliquescence and efflorescence activities depending upon the extreme activities reached. Melt memory effects have previously been attributed to remnants of lamellar crystals that persist beyond the nominal melting temperature. The present observations suggest that the thickness of these remnants evolves in solution, changing the supersaturation at which they may serve as athermal nuclei. An extension to the classical thermodynamic model of lamellae that includes a reduced interfacial tension at the perimeter of the high energy fold surface predicts the existence of a metastable radius that allows remnants to slowly increase or decrease in thickness under certain conditions, thereby rationalizing the ability to manipulate efflorescence behavior. We also present an analysis that suggests that SAGA can be extended to other polymer/solvent systems with the appropriate choice of temperature.
REDUCTION OF ALLERGENICITY AND INCREASING THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF BUFFALO'S MILK PROTEINS BY ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION (1995)

Buffalo milk proteins were covalently enriched with methionine (Met) during the enzymatic peptide modification (EPM) process. The maximal Met-enrichment occurred when the α-chymotryptic hydrolysate of buffalo's milk proteins was treated with methionine ethyl ester in the presence of α-chymotrypsin during the EPM. Methionine content of this product was more than three times (5.4%) higher than that of the original buffalo milk protein (1.5%). The electrophoretic patterns of the modified proteins showed that the enzymatic reaction was mainly characterized by transpeptidation. Molecular masses of the modified protein fractions were influenced by the concentration of L-methionine ethyl esters in the reaction mixture during the EPM. EPM products from the buffalo milk protein hydrolysates with α-chymotrypsin and trypsin or with pepsin and trypsin showed low allergenic activities compared with those when buffalo milk proteins were hydrolyzed with α-chymotrypsin or with pepsin alone.
Measurement of the neutronβ-asymmetry parameterA0with ultracold neutrons (2012)

We present a detailed report of a measurement of the neutron $\ensuremath{\beta}$-asymmetry parameter ${A}_{0}$, the parity-violating angular correlation between the neutron spin and the decay electron momentum, performed with polarized ultracold neutrons (UCN). UCN were extracted from a pulsed spallation solid deuterium source and polarized via transport through a 7-T magnetic field. The polarized UCN were then transported through an adiabatic-fast-passage spin-flipper field region, prior to storage in a cylindrical decay volume situated within a 1-T $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\ensuremath{\pi}$ solenoidal spectrometer. The asymmetry was extracted from measurements of the decay electrons in multiwire proportional chamber and plastic scintillator detector packages located on both ends of the spectrometer. From an analysis of data acquired during runs in 2008 and 2009, we report ${A}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}0.11966\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.{00089}_{\ensuremath{-}0.00140}^{+0.00123}$, from which we extract a value for the ratio of the weak axial-vector and vector coupling constants of the nucleon, $\ensuremath{\lambda}={g}_{A}/{g}_{V}=\ensuremath{-}1.27590\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.{00239}_{\ensuremath{-}0.00377}^{+0.00331}$. Complete details of the analysis are presented.
Low light level switching (2005)

Using coherence enhanced nonlinear optics we observe absorptive switching in hot Rubidium atoms. Electromagnetically induced transparency helps create a larger absorptive Kerr nonlinearity enabling strong absorptive switching with laser intensities of 10 microwatts per square centimeter. Switching is interpreted in terms of optical pumping into and out of the "dark" state.
Theory of response of radiation sensing field effect transistors (1985)

Radiation sensing field effect transistors display a variety of nonlinear and saturating responses to ionizing radiation. A model involving the numerical solutions to the photoconductivity equations is presented which describes the response under a wide range of radiation doses and applied fields. The large, unexpected, response for zero bias demonstrates the importance of diffusion of the photocarriers. The simulations are consistent with the known transport parameters for SiO2, with the main unknowns being the concentration of electron and hole traps. A variety of data at different applied voltages and doses can be fit with the same transport parameters.
Non-destructive all-optical readout through photoswitching of intramolecular excimer emission (2022)

We report the first intramolecular excimer photoswitching induced by molecular motion within a dithienylethene (DTE) molecule, without destructive readout. The photochromic compounds DTE 1 bears two pyrene chromophores, judiciously positioned to face each other in the DTE’s open form. The close proximity of the pyrenes in the open form is confirmed by NMR experiments and geometry optimization. Intense pyrene excimer luminescence is recorded, both upon one- and two-photon excitation (OPE and TPE). The photocyclization reaction of the DTE core induces a molecular motion of one pyrene moiety which thus prevents the possibility of formation of an excimer. Our DTE-based pyrene 1 is stable upon TPE irradiation and shows a high photo-cyclization quantum yield. Such properties specifications, allow us to report the original non-destructive readout fluorescence by alternative exposure to OPE and TPE.
Deterministic annealing for clustering, compression, classification, regression, and related optimization problems (1998)

The deterministic annealing approach to clustering and its extensions has demonstrated substantial performance improvement over standard supervised and unsupervised learning methods in a variety of important applications including compression, estimation, pattern recognition and classification, and statistical regression. The application-specific cost is minimized subject to a constraint on the randomness of the solution, which is gradually lowered. We emphasize the intuition gained from analogy to statistical physics. Alternatively the method is derived within rate-distortion theory, where the annealing process is equivalent to computation of Shannon's rate-distortion function, and the annealing temperature is inversely proportional to the slope of the curve. The basic algorithm is extended by incorporating structural constraints to allow optimization of numerous popular structures including vector quantizers, decision trees, multilayer perceptrons, radial basis functions, and mixtures of experts.