gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomic orbital alignment and coherence in N2O photodissociation at 193.3 nm (1999)

Strong recoil-frame orbital alignment is observed in the O1D2 product following photodissociation of N2O at 193.3 nm. Velocity map imaging allows for investigation of the angular distribution of this alignment, providing insight into the dynamics in the frame of the molecule. Analysis of the results using a rigorous quantum mechanical theory yields alignment anisotropy parameters having direct physical significance. This alignment is dominated by strong incoherent parallel and perpendicular contributions. In addition, evidence is shown of a contribution from a perpendicular coherence. These results provide detailed insight into the dynamics of the photodissociation process and the nature of the electronic transitions responsible for the initial excitation.
A new family of modular IGBT converters for traction applications (2005)

Electrical locomotives and trains are nowadays driven by asynchronous motors, which are fed by voltage source inverters. The IGBT two level inverter allows a standardization of the topology and the control strategy over the whole power and voltage range. However, different application conditions (cooling, dc-link voltage, power range) lead to different converters. To allow a flexible converter design with proven components, a family of power electronic building blocks was developed, which uses 3.3 kV and 6.5 kV IGBT and achieves an output power of up to 3 MW
Two classes of mouse mast cells delineated by monoclonal antibodies. (1983)

A panel of rat monoclonal antibodies was used to classify mouse mast cells from four different sources on the basis of their surface determinants. Three populations of mast cells were derived by culturing normal bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood cells, whereas the fourth population was isolated directly from the peritoneal cavity. For each population, a surface antigen phenotype was determined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and compared to the phenotypes of the other populations of mast cells. The results showed that culture-derived mast cells, regardless of origin, had nearly identical antigen phenotypes, suggesting that these populations were comparable. By contrast, peritoneal mast cells had a different phenotype, suggesting that they represented a class distinct from culture-derived mast cells. These findings, which corroborate classification schemes based on nonimmunologic methods, demonstrate that subpopulations of mouse mast cells can be distinguished antigenically.
Differential expression of type I adrenal steroid receptors in immune tissues is associated with tissue-specific regulation of type II receptors by aldosterone. (1993)

We examined the influence of the type I adrenal steroid receptor agonist, aldosterone, on type II adrenal steroid receptor binding in the rat spleen and thymus after adrenalectomy. In the spleen, adrenalectomy was associated with a significant up-regulation of type II receptors, which was blocked by the concurrent administration of aldosterone (1 microgram/h) via sc osmotic minipumps. Neither adrenalectomy nor aldosterone treatment altered type II receptor binding in the thymus. Despite high doses of aldosterone (10 micrograms/h), which resulted in supra-physiological blood concentrations of this hormone, there was no evidence of type II receptor decreases in spleen or thymus below receptor levels found in sham-adrenalectomized rats. The effect of aldosterone on type II receptor binding appeared to be mediated by the type I receptor, since there was no aldosterone effect on the thymus, which did not exhibit detectable levels of type I receptor binding. Moreover, there was no evidence that aldosterone competed for the type II receptor in vivo or in vitro as determined by measurements of the type II receptor dissociation constant in the spleen of adrenalectomized, aldosterone-treated animals. Since selective activation of the type I receptor occurs in the spleen under physiological conditions, these results indicate that type I receptors may play a tonic inhibitory role in type II receptor expression in immune cells which express both receptor subtypes and reside in this tissue. Furthermore, the findings suggest that there may be different mechanisms involved in the up-regulation vs. the down-regulation of type II adrenal steroid receptors, and effects mediated solely via the type I adrenal steroid receptor appear only to influence the former process.
Representing time in multimedia systems (1993)

As multimedia systems deal with a variety of temporally interrelated media items, synchronization is an important issue in those systems. One part of synchronization is the representation of temporal information. In contrast to traditional computing tasks, multimedia imposes new requirements on the representation of time. Specifically, a fine-grained and a flexible temporal model is required. Therefore, a number of temporal models have been suggested by various authors. This paper evaluates and classifies a selection of the most common existing models applying fundamental statements of the time theory and temporal logic. Learning from the deficits of the existing models, a new temporal model based on interval operators is proposed for multimedia systems.
NMR Studies of the Interaction of Tryparedoxin with Redox-Inactive Substrate Homologues (2003)

Tryparedoxins (TXNs) are trypanothione-dependent peroxiredoxin oxidoreductases involved in hydroperoxide detoxification that have been shown to determine virulence in trypanosomatids. The structure of (15)N,(13)C-doubly-labeled, C-terminally-His-tagged tryparedoxin 1 from Crithidia fasciculata (Cf TXN1) was elucidated by three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Global folding was found to be similar to the crystal structure, but regions near the active site, especially the onset of helix alpha1 with the redox-active Cys 43 and helix alpha2 relevant to substrate binding, were less well defined in solution. The redox-inactive inhibitory substrate analogue N(1),N(8)-bis(ophthalmyl)spermidine was used to study the substrate/TXN interaction by two-dimensional (1)H,(15)N NMR spectroscopy. The NMR data complemented by molecular modeling revealed several alternative modes of ligand binding. The results confirm and extend the concept of TXN action and specificity derived from X-ray analysis and site-directed mutagenesis and thus improve the rational basis for inhibitor design.
Reconstitution of Proapoptotic BAK Function in Liposomes Reveals a Dual Role for Mitochondrial Lipids in the BAK-driven Membrane Permeabilization Process (2011)

BAK is a key effector of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) whose molecular mechanism of action remains to be fully dissected in intact cells, mainly due to the inherent complexity of the intracellular apoptotic machinery. Here we show that the core features of the BAK-driven MOMP pathway can be reproduced in a highly simplified in vitro system consisting of recombinant human BAK lacking the carboxyl-terminal 21 residues (BAKΔC) and tBID in combination with liposomes bearing an appropriate lipid environment. Using this minimalist reconstituted system we established that tBID suffices to trigger BAKΔC membrane insertion, oligomerization, and pore formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that tBID-activated BAKΔC permeabilizes the membrane by forming structurally dynamic pores rather than a large proteinaceous channel of fixed size. We also identified two distinct roles played by mitochondrial lipids along the molecular pathway of BAKΔC-induced membrane permeabilization. First, using several independent approaches, we showed that cardiolipin directly interacts with BAKΔC, leading to a localized structural rearrangement in the protein that "primes" BAKΔC for interaction with tBID. Second, we provide evidence that selected curvature-inducing lipids present in mitochondrial membranes specifically modulate the energetic expenditure required to create the BAKΔC pore. Collectively, our results support the notion that BAK functions as a direct effector of MOMP akin to BAX and also adds significantly to the growing evidence indicating that mitochondrial membrane lipids are actively implicated in BCL-2 protein family function.
Activation of factor IX zymogen results in exposure of a binding site for low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein (2000)

The interaction between the endocytic receptor low density lipoprotein receptor–related protein (LRP) and either coagulation factor IX or its active derivative factor IXa was studied. Purified factor IX was unable to associate with LRP when analyzed by surface plasmon resonance. By contrast, factor XIa–mediated conversion of factor IX into factor IXa resulted in reversible dose- and calcium-dependent binding to LRP. Active-site blocking of factor IXa did not affect binding to LRP, whereas LRP binding was efficiently inhibited in the presence of heparin or antibodies against factor IX or LRP. The factor IXa–LRP interaction could be described by a 2-site binding model with equilibrium dissociation constants of 27 nmol/L and 69 nmol/L. Consistent with this model, it was observed that factor IXa binds to 2 different recombinant receptor fragments of LRP (denoted cluster II and cluster IV) with equilibrium dissociation constants of 227 nmol/L and 53 nmol/L, respectively. The amount of factor IXa degraded by LRP-deficient cells was 35% lower than by LRP-expressing cells, demonstrating that LRP contributes to the transport of factor IXa to the intracellular degradation pathway. Because ligand binding to LRP is often preceded by binding to proteoglycans, the contribution of proteoglycans to the catabolism of factor IXa was addressed by employing proteoglycan-deficient cells. Degradation of factor IXa by proteoglycan-deficient cells proceeded at a 83% lower rate than wild-type cells. In conclusion, the data presented here indicate that both LRP and proteoglycans have the potential to contribute to the catabolism of factor IXa.
TBK1 and IKKε act like an OFF switch to limit NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation (2021)

NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is beneficial during infection and vaccination but, when uncontrolled, is detrimental and contributes to inflammation-driven pathologies. Hence, discovering endogenous mechanisms that regulate NLRP3 activation is important for disease interventions. Activation of NLRP3 is regulated at the transcriptional level and by posttranslational modifications. Here, we describe a posttranslational phospho-switch that licenses NLRP3 activation in macrophages. The ON switch is controlled by the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) downstream of a variety of NLRP3 activators in vitro and in lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis in vivo. The OFF switch is regulated by two closely related kinases, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and I-kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKKε). Pharmacological inhibition of TBK1 and IKKε, as well as simultaneous deletion of TBK1 and IKKε, but not of either kinase alone, increases NLRP3 activation. In addition, TBK1/IKKε inhibitors counteract the effects of PP2A inhibition on inflammasome activity. We find that, mechanistically, TBK1 interacts with NLRP3 and controls the pathway activity at a site distinct from NLRP3-serine 3, previously reported to be under PP2A control. Mutagenesis of NLRP3 confirms serine 3 as an important phospho-switch site but, surprisingly, reveals that this is not the sole site regulated by either TBK1/IKKε or PP2A, because all retain the control over the NLRP3 pathway even when serine 3 is mutated. Altogether, a model emerges whereby TLR-activated TBK1 and IKKε act like a "parking brake" for NLRP3 activation at the time of priming, while PP2A helps remove this parking brake in the presence of NLRP3 activating signals, such as bacterial pore-forming toxins or endogenous danger signals.
Growth Mechanism of Precipitated Hydroxyapatite at the Surface of Diopside. (1995)

In this study, we ultra structurally evaluated the interface between granular diopside and diopside-induced hydroxyapatite (HAp), and presented a growth mechanism of HAp at the surface of diopside.Specimens were prepared in the following two experiments.1) Granular diopside immersed in the simulated body fluid for 5 days.2) Granular diopside implanted into the rabbit bone cavity and left for 1 month.In the first step, epitaxial crystal growth of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) occurs in the diopside surface layer.The epitaxial relationship of OCP on diopside are as follows, (001) di// (010) ocp[110] di, // [100] ocpThe lattice mismatch between the c-axis of OCP and [110] of diopside is 3.7% whereas between the a-axis of OCP and three times of [110] period of diopside is 0.05%.In second step, OCP changed to HAp by topotactic phase transition. The topotactic relationship between OCP and HAp are as follows, aocp=2a HApbocp=bHApcocp=cHApIn the early period, HAp crystals observed were platelet-shaped.It is influecned considerably by the shape of OCP. HAp grows into a hexagonal prism shape.
H2 ikasgelako diskurtso didaktikoa: ba al dakigu nola hitz egiten dugun eskolak ematean? (2016)

Irakasle izateak hainbat gaitasun eskuratzea eta garatzea dakar; ez baita nahikoa gaitasun komunikatibo ona izatea edota jaiotzetiko hiztuna izatea. Horrenbestez, guztiz gomendagarria da ikasgelan egiten den jarduna aztertzea, ikas-irakasprozesuan azaleratzen diren indarguneak eta ahulguneak ikusteko. Horrela, proposamen honen helburua da ikertzea ikasgelan ikasleekin izaten den interakzioan erabiltzen den diskurtsoa aztertzea.
Metrics of spectral image complexity with application to large area search (2012)

Spectral image complexity is an ill-defined term that has been addressed previously in terms of dimensionality, multivariate normality, and other approaches. Here, we apply the concept of the linear mixture model to the question of spectral image complexity at spatially local scales. Essentially, the "complexity" of an image region is related to the volume of a convex set enclosing the data in the spectral space. The volume is estimated as a function of increasing dimensionality (through the use of a set of endmembers describing the data cloud) using the Gram Matrix approach. It is hypothesized that more complex regions of the image are composed of multiple, diverse materials and will thus occupy a larger volume in the hyperspace. The ultimate application here is large area image search without a priori information regarding the target signature. Instead, image cues will be provided based on local, relative estimates of the image complexity. The technique used to estimate the spectral image complexity is described and results are shown for representative image chips and a large area flightline of reflective hyperspectral imagery. The extension to the problem of large area search will then be described and results are shown for a 4-band multispectral image.
Inverter output voltage synthesis using novel dead time compensation (2002)

In this paper, a novel dead time compensation method is presented which produces inverter output voltages equal to reference voltages. The experimental result is also presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. It shows that the compensation of the distorted voltage is possible up to sub-microsecond range. The reference voltage can be used as a feedback value, which is essential for sensorless vector control and flux estimation. The method is based on space vector PWM strategy and it can be carried out automatically by an inverter controller for initial set-up without any extra hardware.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Field and laboratory procedures for oriented core analysis of Devonian shales (1977)

Field and laboratory procedures for handling, performing a lithologic description, marking azimuth directions, mapping the native fractures, and measuring directional physical properties of oriented cores are described. In the fulfillment thereof, directional properties of tensile strength, and sonic velocity are correlated with preferred planes of weakness and orientation of visible fractures in the core to ascertain the preferred direction of fracture orientation that should occur in the hydraulic fracturing process. Characterization of the lithology is required to identify intervals for stimulation. Measurements of hardness are conducted to identify containment barriers to fracture growth vertically. All information is required to assist in the design and the development of a pattern of fractured wells for commercialization. Definition and description of the activities required to extract and characterize the oriented cores should serve as the standard methodology for all Devonian Shale core analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF POLYCYCLIC ARENE IMINES. I. SUBSTITUTION AT THE NITROGEN ATOM OF 1A,9B‐DIHYDRO‐1H‐PHENANTHRO(9,10‐B)AZIRINE (1982)

Abstract Aus dem Phenanthrenirnin (III) erhält man mit Säurechloriden (II) die Spaltprodukte (I), während mit Diethyl‐chlorphosphat (IIe) in Gegenwart von Triethylamin das N‐Phosphonato‐ Derivat (IV) entsteht.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis (2014)

The results of this study establish that there are racial/ethnic differences in experimental and clinical pain and function in older individuals with knee OA. Our findings indicating that different QST measures were associated with clinical pain within the 2 racial/ethnic groups, whereas reduced pain inhibition was important in all participants, warrant further study in order to elucidate the common and group-specific pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to clinical pain in OA.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Hydrocarboxylation of Alkynes Using Carbon Dioxide and Hydrosilanes. (2011)

Abstract Copper complexes (I) bearing an N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand are efficient catalysts for the hydrocarboxylation of unsymmetrical or symmetrical alkynes using SiH(OEt) 3 as reducing agent to give α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids as (E)‐isomers.
Superconducting Microresonator Detectors for Neutrino Physics in Milano (2014)

Superconducting microwave microresonators are low temperature detectors compatible with large-scale multiplexed frequency domain readout. Our aim is to adapt and further advance the technology of microresonator detectors to develop new devices applied to the problem of measuring the neutrino mass. More specifically, we aim to develop detector arrays which can be applied to the calorimetric measurement of the energy spectra of 163Ho EC decay (Q ∼ 2-3 keV) for a direct measurement of the neutrino mass. In order to achieve this goal, a study aimed to the selection of the best design and material for the detectors is required. A recent advance in microwave microresonator technology was the discovery that some metal nitrides, such as TiN, possess properties consistent with very high detector sensitivity. In this contribution, our progress on the design and test of Ti/TiN multilayer films is presented. We report measurements made on stoichiometric TiN, sub-stoichiometric TiN and multilayer Ti/TiN films including the critical temperature, the gap parameter and the quasi-particle recombination time extrapolated from ∼keV X-ray pulses. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Structural insights into polysaccharide recognition by Flavobacterium johnsoniae dextranase, a member of glycoside hydrolase family 31 (2019)

Glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 31 contains a large variety of enzymes, but the major members are enzymes that act on relatively small oligosaccharides such as α-glucosidase. Here, we determined the crystal structure of Flavobacterium johnsoniae dextranase (FjDex31A), an enzyme from F. johnsoniae that hydrolyzes a polysaccharide, dextran. FjDex31A is composed of four domains: an N-terminal domain, a catalytic domain, a proximal C-terminal domain, and a distal C-terminal domain, as observed in typical GH31 enzymes. However, the architecture of active site residues in FjDex31A, other than subsite -1, is markedly different from that of other GH31 enzymes. The FjDex31A structure in complex with isomaltotriose shows that Gly273 and Tyr524, both of which interact with an α-glucose residue at subsite -2, as well as Trp376 and Leu308-cisGln309, are especially unique to FjDex31A. Site-directed mutagenesis of Gly273 and Tyr524 resulted in a decrease in the hydrolysis of polysaccharides dextran and pullulan, as well as that of the disaccharide isomaltose. These results suggest that, regardless of the length of sugar chains of the substrates, binding of FjDex31A to the substrates at subsite -2 is likely to be important for its activity. DATABASE: Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 6JR6, 6JR7, and 6JR8.
Cellular Immune Response to Viral Peptides in Patients Exposed to HIV (1988)

In efforts to identify B cell and T cell epitopes of HIV-1 structural components, serum as well as lymphocytes from HIV-1-seropositive individuals were reacted with several recombinant and native peptides representing defined viral gag and env determinants. Several areas of discordance between humoral and cellular reactivity were identified. Specifically, the principal neutralizing site within HIV-1, the major envelope glycoprotein gp120, failed to elicit detectable cellular reactivities. The carboxyl portion of gp120 and the transmembrane gp41 region were uniformly recognized by patient antibodies but did not produce significant lymphocyte blastogenesis. However, the amino half of gp120 elicited cellular responses in a majority of the immunocompetent individuals tested, despite its extremely low reactivity with patient sera. Last, the major HIV-1 structure component p24 was found to be the most consistent T cell activation antigen among the panel tested.
Entanglement as a resource in adiabatic quantum optimization (2015)

We explore the role of entanglement in adiabatic quantum optimization by performing approximate simulations of the real-time evolution of a quantum system while limiting the amount of entanglement. To classically simulate the time evolution of the system with a limited amount of entanglement, we represent the quantum state using matrix-product states and projected entangled-pair states. We show that the probability of finding the ground state of an Ising spin glass on either a planar or non-planar two-dimensional graph increases rapidly as the amount of entanglement in the state is increased. Furthermore, we propose evolution in complex time as a way to improve simulated adiabatic evolution and mimic the effects of thermal cooling of the quantum annealer.
Injuries in the Chinese Arena Football League: American Versus Chinese Players (2018)

The overall risk of injuries was similar between Chinese and American athletes, but Chinese athletes showed statistically higher rates of significant injuries than their American counterparts. Years of experience was the only factor that was associated with severe injuries. As professional sports become more global, medical personnel must take into account the distinct differences and levels of experience between the national and international professional athletes. The results of this study will be used to make recommendations to develop preventive training measures, including techniques to improve tackling.
Der Mars (1978)

Helmuths beschreibt hier den Planeten Mars.Das volistăndige Zitat lautet: "Seine mittlere Weite von der Erde betrăgt 30 Millionen, 841 tausend 498 Meilen, und sein scheinbarer Diameter in seiner mittlern Entfernung ist 7 Sekunden und 36 Tertien.Nach der wahren Griisse ist die Marskugel 3 und fast ein Drittelmal kleiner als die Erde.Aus dieser Ursach ist die Erdkugel fUr die Bewohner des Mars ein prăchtigerer Stern am Himmel, als die Marskugel fUr uns.