gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric fields and forces in semi-insulating liquids (1975)

With the dual objectives of providing case studies for the teaching of electromagnetic field theory and of documenting electrohydrodynamic phenomena of basic and practical interest, the film “Electric Fields and Moving Media” was produced by the Educational Development Center for the National Committee on Electrical Engineering Films. Because they give substance and motivation to field solutions that are generally regarded as being classical, the sequence of case studies presented is useful in the teaching of basic field theory <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1, 2</sup> or a more advanced subject concerned with electromechanics. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> In a discussion aimed at researchers concerned with electromechanical effects in semi-insulating liquids, connections are made here between the case studies and documented research. Reviews of electrohydrodynamics concerned with coupling through charge monolayers, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> and the categorization of electrohydrodynamic phenomena as a whole <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> give further insights.
Blood flow redistribution during isocapnic hypoxia in foetal lamb. (1988)

Circulatory responses to hypoxaemia were studied in 16 foetal lambs in 120-129 and 135-145 days of gestation (term: 147 days). Under general anaesthesia catheters were inserted into the foetal vessels and the umbilical blood was measured during antipyrine infusion by the Fick steady-state diffusion method. The combined ventricular output and actual organ blood flows were calculated from injections of radionuclide-labelled microspheres into a forelimb and a hindlimb vein. Isocapnic hypoxia was produced by giving the ewe a breathing gas mixture of 9% O2 and 3% CO2 in N2 for 30 min. A significant increase was found in the blood flow of the myocardium, the lungs, the brain and in the combined ventricular output between 0.80 and 0.95 gestation times. Under isocapnic hypoxaemia blood flow increased to the brain, heart and adrenals, whilst it decreased to the lungs, kidneys, gut and carcass. The observed changes were different at the two measurement times. Under hypoxia, depending on the gestation time, the blood flow increased in the diencephalon, midbrain, hypophysis and in the cervical cord. In the cerebral, cerebellar and lumbosacral cord it remained unchanged, while decreasing in the chorioid plexus and in the hippocampus. In the gestation period under examination the foetal circulation undergoes significant redistribution.
Introduction (2017)

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Systems approach to computing dependability in and out of Hitachi: Concept, applications and perspective (2004)

ion. Linearization and segmentation transform the problems in the second to the first. On the other hand, the forth cuts the expert knowledge of a selected domain out of the third. Knowledge Engineering begun by the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project (HPP). Knowledge Engineering aims to deduct the problem that is characterized by undefined structure and less-arithmetic knowledge. The combination of knowledge is dynamically varies by the contents of accumulated knowledge. In order to extract expertise, knowledge engineers and support environments were proposed. Stored program system in the first is made use with interpreting instead of compiling. We, having a lot of experiences in the first and the second went in the forth as the remained area in 1980. Our first attempts to utilize linguistic knowledge targeted computerization of shallow expertise that consisted of pairs of situations and actions to be taken for higher level of goal attainments. The attempts covered diagnosis of nuclear power plants, quality control of semiconductor manufacturing [KuKo 89], project management for construction of fossil power plants [NiSa 84], and so on. It was found that applications in physical process should incorporate with existing mathematical models in addition to experts’ linguistic knowledge. In parallel with these trials, a couple of AI development systems were developed including EUREKA that combined production and object oriented programming, LONLI that was based on Prolog, and KRIT for design and diagnosis of dynamic systems. After number of trials, we formulated knowledge engineering approach for practical situations, but we needed powerful inference engines for the practices in real-time environment. We developed a fast pattern matching algorithm that permitted operation guidance by mini-computers in real-time situations. One of the most successful applications was a guidance system for blast furnace operation. The inference engine named EUREKA II was so powerful that enjoyed diversified applications including operation guidance of public utility plants, generation assistance of train diagrams, construction planning and project management support, financial investment assessment, and so on [TaMa 87][TsMa 88][TsKa 92][TsEg 96][TsEg 99]. Rich experiences of knowledge engineering provided further advancement of knowledge utilization. The guiding framework was predictive control where predictive simulation based on the knowledge of the controlled objects was conducted so as to select the best control alternative. Train operation control in the Sendai subway succeeded first commercial use of fuzzy logics in the world where fuzzy logics were used in evaluating control alternatives even though train dynamics were described by a set of traditional differential equations [YaMi 83]. The application Systems Approach to Computing Dependability In and Out of Hitachi 345
Genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: update and future direction. (2008)

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) both have substantive genetic determinants. Numerous candidate regions and genes have now been replicated in disease susceptibility, and to a lesser extent in disease expression, in both disease entities. Intensive efforts are now under way or are being planned to perform genome-wide association scans (GWAS) in psoriasis and PsA. A major determinant of success for GWAS is likely to be accumulation of multiple large well-phenotyped cohorts, sophisticated data management, and verification of the findings. At the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA), members of the GRAPPA genetics committee presented a discussion of the genetics of psoriasis and PsA, including future trends. This article is a summary of that presentation and a review of the literature.
Noncytolytic terminal complement complexes may serve as calcium gates to elicit leukotriene B4 generation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (1986)

Complement effects on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) have generally been ascribed to the anaphylatoxin C5a, which induces degranulation, superoxide anion generation, migration, and cell aggregation via interaction with membrane receptors. We here report that complement activation on the surface of antibody-sensitized human PMN provokes generation of the potent lipid mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in strict dependence on complement component C8, but in the absence of detectable C9. The kinetics of LT generation are rapid, comparable with those observed after challenge with the calcium-ionophore A23187. LTB4 release is a distinct event that is dissociable from cytotoxicity as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (dependent on C9) and from superoxide generation (independent of C8 and C9). It is dose dependent on extracellular calcium and is not observed in the absence of calcium. It is inhibited by substances interfering with calcium-calmodulin function (trifluoperazine and W7), but not by blockers of physiologic calcium channels (nimodipine, verapamil, and D 888). Addition of purified C8 to cells bearing C5b-7 induces a severalfold increase in their passive permeability to 45calcium. Sieving experiments with the use of marker molecules of different sizes collectively indicate the existence of small hydrophilic channels consisting exclusively or predominantly of C5b-8 complexes, which allow passive transmembrane flux of small molecules with Mr less than 200. Thus, noncytolytic terminal complement complexes may serve as a biological bypass gate for calcium in PMN membranes, triggering the arachidonic acid cascade with generation of LTB4 at doses well below the threshold required to invoke overt cell damage.
Tumonoic Acids K and L, Novel Metabolites from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium citrinum (2012)

Three new compounds, namely tumonoic acids K (1), L (2), and methyl 2-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethylphenyl)acetate ( 3), together with nine known compounds, were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum.The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical derivatization.This study is the first to report on tumonoic acid analogues derived from a fungus.
Entry by Pressure-driven Flow or Molecular Diffusion? A Reassessment of 222Rn Concentrations Measured in an Energy-Efficient House* (1988)

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 and Environmental Engineering Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 (Received 7 May 1987) * This manuscript has benefited from the comments of R. G. Sextro. This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Office of Building and Community Systems, Building Systems Division of the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098.
Sensing characteristics of SnO2 thin film gas sensor (1982)

The Pd-doped SnO2 thin film detector for gaseous components has been developed, whose detection is based on the fact that the adsorption and desorption of gases cause the remarkable change in electrical resistivity of the semiconductor. This property of SnO2 film is applicable to the preferential detector for gaseous components, especially ethanol gas. SnO2 thin film was prepared on the polished ferrite substrate which SiO was precoated. Both the preparation and the precoating were done by vacuum deposition. Subsequently the oxidation for SnO2 film in air was done at 500–550 °C for 30–60 min. The rise rate and fall rate of temperature were 2.5 and 1.7 °C/min, respectively. The thickness of SnO2 film was about 0.3–0.35 μm.
Fatigue mechanisms of brazed Al-Mn alloys used in heat exchangers (2011)

The ratio of aluminium alloys used in the automotive industry tends to increase as a consequence of the enforcement of tougher environmental regulation (minimization of vehicles weight). For example, thanks to their good thermal, corrosion and mechanical properties, aluminium alloys have steadily replaced copper alloys and brass for manufacturing heat exchangers in cars or trucks. Such components have been constantly optimized in terms of exchange surface area and, nowadays, this has led to Al components in heat exchangers with a typical thickness of the order of 0.2 to 1.5 mm. With such small thicknesses, the load levels experienced by heat exchangers components has drastically increased leading to an important research effort in order to improve the resistance to damage development during service life. This paper focuses on the resistance to fatigue damage of thin sheets of brazed co-rolled aluminium alloys used for manufacturing heat exchangers and particularly on the mechanisms of fatigue cracks initiation. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) has been used to monitor damage development during constant amplitude fatigue tests of thin (0.27 mm) samples. Fatigue cracks have been found to initiate from deformation bands which presence can be correlated with solidification drops at the sample’s surface resulting from the brazing process. X-ray tomography has been used to obtain the spatial distribution of drops as well as their characteristics (height, surface...), on the sample gauge length. Those 3D data have been used to produce finite element meshes of the samples in order to assess the influence of the drops on fatigue crack initiation.
Epistemological Empiricisms (2020)

Abstract The chapter considers the rise of modern epistemological empiricism, from Gassendi and Locke to Spencer and the positivists. The chapter studies empirical philosophy in France (Condillac, Diderot, La Mettrie, Maine de Biran); Claude Bernard’s experimental medicine; the concept of experience in British idealism; the idea of “experimental life” in J. S. Mill and Nietzsche; Dilthey’s concept of experience (Erlebnis); Russell’s concept of sense data; and the value of experience in scientific philosophy (Mach) and logical empiricism (Carnap). Additionally the chapter discusses the emergence of observation as a scientific practice, the contributions of the social studies of science to our understanding of experimental practice, and surveys modern thought concerning visual perception.
Toward More Precise Radiotherapy Treatment of Lung Tumors (2011)

A computational framework for modeling the respiratory motion of lung tumors provides a 4D parametric representation that tracks, analyzes, and models movement to provide more accurate guidance in the planning and delivery of lung tumor radiotherapy.
Minimum Energy-Loss Control of Electro- and Hydro-Mechanical Modulated Convertor Drives (1981)

Most servomechanism drives optimized for speed of response are incapable of returning any of the energy stored in a reactive load to the source. Even transmissions incorporating dynamic braking are often not fully optimized with respect to energy recovery. In this paper, drives based on modulated convertors such as separately excited d.c. motors and variable-displacement hydraulic motors are studied to discover optimum control strategies for operation in all four quadrants of the torque-speed plane, i.e., for power supply and recovery. Quite different results are found for the two nominally analogous types of converters. Although several types of energy loss are not considered in the simplified mathematical models used, the effects of electrical armature resistance and hydraulic line pressure loss together with constant voltage and constant pressure accumulators indicate basically different optimum control strategies. For the types of systems studied, it is found that gyrotors such as electric motors have good efficiency for sustained high speeds while transformer systems such as hydraulic motors are relatively more efficient for transient operation near zero speed. Naturally, the absolute efficiency of a practical drive system depends on a number of additional factors not considered here.
Agent-oriented model for managing long-lived transaction, based on work-flow and task-graph (2003)

The management of long lived transactions is an interesting topic in the application of databases for long term enterprise requests. Some methods have been proposed to manage this type of transaction well: nested transaction model, SAGAS model, etc. However, the models are not always successful at controlling various classes of long lived transactions effectively. We describe our 3-layer model of long lived transaction which was developed to avoid such troublesome problems, and address the management strategy to be constructed under the 3-layer model, based on work flow and task graph.
Transmission delays in hardware clock synchronization (1988)

Various methods, both with software and hardware, have been proposed to synchronize a set of physical clocks in the system. Software methods are very flexible and economical but suffer an excessive time overhead, whereas hardware methods require no time overhead but are unable to handle transmission delays in clock signals. The effects of nonzero transmission delays in synchronization have been studied extensively in the communication area in the absence of malicious or Byzantine faults. The authors show that it is easy to incorporate the ideas from the communication area into the existing hardware clock synchronization algorithms in order to take into account the presence of both malicious faults and nonzero transmission delays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Algorithmic complexity analysis on data transfer rate and data storage for multidimensional signal processing (2013)

Algorithmic complexity, such as data storage size and data transfer rate, is dramatically increased in multidimensional signal processing, including visual computing exploiting temporal and spatial information to achieve better visual quality. This paper present a systematic method, which is a new paradigm of designing on the complex multidimensional signal and is called as algorithm/architecture co-exploration, to efficiently quantify the algorithmic complexity, including data storage and data transfer rate, whose characteristics are independent from platforms. By exploring design space based on the dataflow with different executing orders and various data granularities, the trade-off between data storage size and data transfer rate is made by a systematic manner and hence the algorithm could be smoothly mapped onto architecture. Case studies reveal that our framework can effectively characterize the complexity of algorithms, and that the extracted complexity can facilitate design space exploration at various data granularities.
Improved matrix algorithms via the Subsampled Randomized Hadamard Transform (2012)

Several recent randomized linear algebra algorithms rely upon fast dimension reduction methods. A popular choice is the Subsampled Randomized Hadamard Transform (SRHT). In this article, we address the efficacy, in the Frobenius and spectral norms, of an SRHT-based low-rank matrix approximation technique introduced by Woolfe, Liberty, Rohklin, and Tygert. We establish a slightly better Frobenius norm error bound than currently available, and a much sharper spectral norm error bound (in the presence of reasonable decay of the singular values). Along the way, we produce several results on matrix operations with SRHTs (such as approximate matrix multiplication) that may be of independent interest. Our approach builds upon Tropp's in "Improved analysis of the Subsampled Randomized Hadamard Transform".
Quantitative Evaluation of Fully Actuated versus Nonactuated Coordinated Phases (2008)

Intersections on coordinated arterials typically run in a semiactuated mode, where the end of green for the coordinated phases is fixed in time. During cycles when demand for the coordinated phases is low, the intersection tends to become idle while vehicles wait on minor movements. Actuating a portion at the end of the coordinated phase enables the controller to allocate the green time in response to demand for the coordinated movement. Green time is reallocated to other phases when demand for the coordinated movement is low but is retained by the coordinated movement when demand is high. The operational impacts of actuating the last 9.6 to 11.6 s of the coordinated phases (10% of cycle) at an actuated intersection are investigated by using cycle-by-cycle calculations of measures of effectiveness. The use of fully actuated instead of nonactuated coordinated phases can better balance volume-to-capacity ratios and decrease split failures for minor street movements without major impacts on progression through the coordinated movements. It is recommended that agencies consider actuating coordinated phases to provide robust control that more effectively responds to changing traffic conditions.
In Vivo Imaging of Retinal Oxidative Stress Using a Reactive Oxygen Species–Activated Fluorescent Probe (2015)

Hydrocyanine-800CW detects retinal ROS in vivo and shows potential as a novel biomarker for ROS levels in ophthalmic diseases.
A Beta-Particle Emitting Radioisotope Stent for the Prevention of Restenosis. (1996)

as a means for catheter–based coronary revascularization has rapidly changed the face of interventional cardiology. At many leading centers, 60-70% of all percutaneous coronary interventions now utilize stenting. The relatively rapid acceptance and increasingly widespread use of stents has been driven by an improvement in the predictability of intervention with lessened acute and subacute closure, and convincing randomized data (at least with the Palmaz–Schatz stent) of improved intermediate and long–term clinical outcomes.1 3 Although stenting has clearly made a substantial impact in improving the restenosis problem after angioplasty, in stent restenosis remains a problem particularly after stenting longer lesions, smaller vessels, ostial lesions and saphenous vein grafts. In these subsets clinically important restenosis still occurs in 25-45%. This paper will address the rationale, development, i n vitro and in vivo data relevant to the development of a beta–particle (electron) emitting radioisotope stent intended to further decrease restenosis after stenting. Mechanism of Restenosis: Stenting versus Balloon Angioplasty. Figure 1 shows a photomicrograph of a Palmaz–Schatz stent 7 months after implantation in the left circumflex coronary artery of a cardiac transplant patient with accelerated transplant atherosclerosis. The patient received a second heart transplant, and we were able to examine the stented segment. One can appreciate a tremendous volume of neointimal hyperplasia within the lumen, inside the stent. The stent remains well expanded, without evidence of extrinsic stent compression. This finding is consistent with recently presented intravascular ultrasound data4 following human coronary stent implantation. This picture contrasts with the recent IVUS data regarding the mechanisms of restenosis after balloon angioplasty and directional atherectomy.5 , 6 In those patients it is becoming increasingly clear that a substantial proportion of late luminal loss is due to late constriction (“unfavorable remodeling”) of the treated segment, with a more modest contribution from neointimal hyperplasia. Thus, the impact of stents upon improved long–term outcome is in large part related to the scaffolding effect of the stent which prevents late constriction of the segment. Interestingly, late loss secondary to neointimal hyperplasia appears to be significantly increased after stenting as compared to balloon angioplasty alone.2 This important observation leads one to the logical next step in the prevention of restenosis; namely the A Beta–Particle Emitting Radioisotope Stent for the Prevention of Restenosis
Tradeoffs among types of scene detail for simulating low-altitude flight (2003)

The effects of three types of flight simulator visual scene detail on detection of altitude change were evaluated. Results showed that the density of vertical objects in scenes and the presence of complex texture on terrain surfaces both had a positive, but somewhat independent, effect on performance. The level of detail of individual objects had no effect on performance. The present results indicate that a broad conceptualization of simulator visual scene content along the lines of global scene detail is inadequate. Adding polygons to scenes by increasing object density was effective, whereas adding polygons by increasing individual object detail was not. Adding texture to scenes by mapping texture globally on terrain surfaces was effective whereas mapping texture onto individual objects was not. The relative independence of texture and object density further indicates that the presence of one type of failure may not compensate for the lack of another.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>