gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Reaction of Peroxynitrite with Morpholine (Secondary Amines) Revisited: The Overlooked Hydroxylamine Formation (2006)

Abstract The reaction of peroxynitrite/peroxynitrous acid with morpholine as a model compound for secondary amines is reinvestigated in the absence and presence of carbon dioxide. The concentration‐ and pH‐dependent formation of N ‐nitrosomorpholine and N ‐nitromorpholine as reported in three previous papers ([25] [26] [14]) is basically confirmed. However, 13 C‐NMR spectroscopic product analysis shows that, in the absence of CO 2 , N ‐hydroxymorpholine is, at pH ≥ 7, the major product of this reaction, even under anaerobic conditions. The formation of N ‐hydroxymorpholine has been overlooked in the three cited papers. Additional (ring‐opened) oxidation products of morpholine are also detected. The data account for radical pathways for the formation of these products via intermediate morpholine‐derived aminyl and α ‐aminoalkyl radicals. This is further supported by EPR‐spectrometric detection of morpholine‐derived nitroxide radicals, i.e. , morpholin‐4‐yloxy radicals. N ‐Nitrosomorpholine, however, is very likely formed by electrophilic attack of peroxynitrite‐derived N 2 O 4 . 15 N‐CIDNP Experiments establish that, in the presence of CO 2 , N ‐nitro‐ and C ‐nitromorpholine are generated by radical recombination. The present results are in full accord with a fractional (28 ± 2%) homolytic decay of peroxynitrite/peroxynitrous acid with release of free hydroxyl and nitrogen dioxide radicals.
Noncontact Heart Rate Measurement Based on an Improved Convolutional Sparse Coding Method Using IR-UWB Radar (2019)

Impulse radio ultrawideband radar is a critical remote sensing tool for life detection and noncontact monitoring of vital signals. In noncontact monitoring via radar, the disturbance from respiration and environmental noise is considered critical for the estimation of heart rates. However, the heartbeat signal is generally distorted by breath harmonics and fluctuations in the time domain, and the frequencies of the vital signals are closely situated; thus, it is difficult to employ an ordinary frequency filter for separation. To solve this problem, a novel method was developed to extract heartbeat information. In this study, convolutional sparse coding, which is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, was first used to model the heartbeat signal in the time domain, given the respiration and relative artifacts. The proposed scheme was then used to decompose the time-domain signals and directly obtain the heartbeat component by exploiting the sparsity of the heartbeat signal in the time domain. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed scheme was improved using a noise-assisted method, and the process was accelerated by learning from the K-singular value decomposition strategy. Finally, by testing the vital sign signals collected from the finite differences time-domain simulation and experiments, the results obtained indicate that the proposed approach is effective for the extraction of low-amplitude heartbeat signals from the respiration signal, and that it significantly improves the accuracy of heart rate evaluation.
Statistical Translation, Heat Kernels and Expected Distances (2012)

High dimensional structured data such as text and images is often poorly understood and misrepresented in statistical modeling. The standard histogram representation suffers from high variance and performs poorly in general. We explore novel connections between statistical translation, heat kernels on manifolds and graphs, and expected distances. These connections provide a new framework for unsupervised metric learning for text documents. Experiments indicate that the resulting distances are generally superior to their more standard counterparts.
A low-cost calibration facility for high-frequency acoustic backscatter instruments (2011)

Full-system calibration of acoustic instruments used to measure high-frequency backscatter from zooplankton and small fish in the ocean is required if the data are to be used to estimate biomass and populations from signals at different frequencies. Here we describe a test tank facility for calibrating high-frequency, narrow-band sonars operating at one or more frequencies from 125 kHz to 775 kHz and with beam-widths between 1.8 and 11 degrees. The all steel tank is cylindrical with a diameter of 2.43 metres and a length of 6.10 metres and holds 28.5 cubic metres of water. The absorbing material on the end wall is a coarse artificial turf which is easily available at minimal cost and reduces high-frequency reverberations in the tank to negligible levels after 6 reflections. Pulsed operation at pinging rates up to 10 Hz is therefore possible without interference from reverberations. Echoes from the target are recorded over a series of pings; the difference between the target strength computed from the mean of those echoes and the known target strength is a measure of the accuracy of the nominal instrument response calculated from the manufacturer's transducer characteristics and bench measurements of the system electronics, and therefore allows a calibration correction to be made. An acoustic propagation model of the tank has also been developed to characterize the response of instruments placed in it and to identify optimum target placements.
The Difference Between the Inner- and Outer-Cell Populations in the Generation of CM and AP (1972)

Literature review reveals that kanamycin creates highly selective damage primarily to the hair cells and the sequence of the damage to the hair cells is relatively regular in such a way that the degeneration of the outer hair cells starts at the basal turn and spreads upward, followed by the degeneration of the inner hair cells starting at the upper turns and spreading basalward, when the dosage per day and the number of days of kanamycin injection increase. The experiment was designed to create a pure cochlear lesion with selective damage only to the outer hair cells at least in the basal turn by careful control of the dosage of kanamycin and to obtain electrophysiological data including CM and AP from a pair of electrodes in the basal turn. The results show that the outer hair cell population is dominant over the inner hair cell population in generating CM, and the latter is about 25 to 30 dB less sensitive than the former in terms of the pseudothreshold of the onset AP. However, a “recruitment”-type phenomenon can be demonstrated for the AP input-output function in that in spite of the sensitivity change the maximum reaches near-normal magnitude. [Supported by grants from the NINDS.]
Vector instruction set support for conditional operations (2000)

Vector instruction sets are receiving renewed interest because of their applicability to multimedia. Current multimedia instruction sets use short vectors with SIMD implementations, but long vector, pipelined implementations have a number of advantages and arc a logical next step in multimedia ISA development. Support for conditional operations (as occur in loops containing IF statements) is an important aspect of a vector ISA. Seven ISA alternatives for implementing conditional operations are systematically explored. Performance considerations are discussed through evaluation of a typical IF loop over a range of vector lengths and true conditional values. An approach using masked operations is shown to be one of the better methods, especially if its implementation is able to skip over blocks of false mask bits. Additional analyses of complex IF loops and parallel pipeline implementations support the masked operation approach. The paper concludes with a practical implementation of masked operations that skips over power-of-2-length blocks of false values. This implementation is simpler than skipping arbitrary-length blocks and provides similar performance.
microRNA: Past and present (2006)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22 nucleotide (nt) non-coding RNAs that participate in gene regulation. MiRNAs confer their regulation at a post-transcriptional level, where they either cleave or repress translation of mRNAs. Over 3000 identified mature miRNAs exist in species ranging from plants to humans, suggesting that they are ancient players in gene regulation. A relatively small number of miRNAs have been experimentally tested for their function. Of those tested, functions including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, anti-viral defense and cancer have been proposed. Improved software programs are now able to predict the targets of miRNAs in a more efficient manner, thus facilitating the elucidation of miRNA function. Furthermore, methods such as real-time PCR and microarray have been enhanced for studying miRNA expression. Using these tools, scientists are able to discover novel functions for miRNAs. It is possible that miRNAs will be revealed as having a role in virtually every aspect of gene regulation. This review guides readers through the biogenesis of miRNAs, their mechanism of action on their target mRNAs, the functional outcomes of their action on mRNAs and the current techniques to investigate these processes.
The clinical pharmacology profile of the new antiepileptic drug perampanel: A novel noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist (2014)

The clinical pharmacology profile of a drug critically determines its therapeutics, and this review summarizes the characteristics associated with the antiepileptic drug (AED) perampanel. A PubMed literature search was performed for perampanel. Congress abstract data are included where necessary and Eisai Ltd provided access to unpublished data on file. After oral ingestion, perampanel is rapidly absorbed and peak plasma concentrations occur 0.5-2.5 h later; its bioavailability is ~100%. Although the rate of perampanel absorption is slowed by food co-ingestion, the extent absorbed remains unchanged; therefore, perampanel can be administered without regard to meal times. The pharmacokinetics of perampanel are linear and predictable over the clinically relevant dose range (2-12 mg); perampanel is 95% protein-bound to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein. Perampanel is extensively metabolized (>90%) in the liver, primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, to various pharmacologically inactive metabolites. In healthy volunteers, the apparent terminal half-life is ~105 h, whereas the calculated effective half-life is 48 h. These half-life values allow for once-daily dosing, which will aid patient compliance and in the event of a missed dose, will have minimal impact on seizure control. In healthy volunteers prescribed carbamazepine, half-life decreases to 25 h. Clearance values are not significantly different in adolescents (~13.0 ml/min) and the elderly (~10.5 ml/min) compared with adults (10.9 ml/min). Perampanel has minimal propensity to cause pharmacokinetic interactions. However, it is the target of such interactions and CYP3A4-inducing AEDs enhance its clearance; this can be used to advantage because dose titration can be faster and thus optimum therapeutic outcome can be achieved sooner. Perampanel 12 mg, but not 4 or 8 mg, enhances the metabolism of the progesterone component of the oral contraceptive pill, necessitating the need for an additional reliable contraceptive method. Overall, perampanel has a favorable clinical pharmacology profile, which should aid its clinical use.
Intersubband relaxation time in the valence band of Si/Si1−xGex quantum wells (1996)

We have investigated the saturation of intersubband absorption and the intersubband relaxation time in the valence band of Si/SiGe quantum wells. The quantum wells consist of 3 nm thick p-doped Si0.8Ge0.2 layers separated by 20 nm thick silicon barriers. At room temperature, these quantum wells exhibit intersubband absorption in p polarization (component of the electric field parallel to the growth axis), which peaks around 130 meV (≊10 μm). The saturation of intersubband absorption has been investigated using a picosecond free electron laser by two different techniques. The intersubband absorption is first analyzed as a function of the pump intensity. The saturation is found to occur around 90 MW/cm2, which yields a characteristic lifetime T1≊0.7 ps. In a second set of experiments, the lifetime is determined by time-resolved pump and probe experiments in cross polarization. The intersubband transition is pumped in p polarization and the saturated absorption is probed with a delayed beam in s polarization. An intersubband lifetime ≊0.4 ps is deduced by this technique. The saturation behavior is analyzed in terms of an inhomogeneously broadened two-level system.
Preparation and Phase Separation Behavior of (Co,Fe) 3 O 4 Films (1993)

(Co,Fe) 3 O 4 films were synthesized by the sol–gel method through metalorganic compounds. The (Co,Fe) 3 O 4 films (Co:Fe = 2:1) showed the characteristic behavior of the spinodal decomposition by heat treatments within the miscibility gap. The coercive force of the spinodally decomposed films increased from 0.9 kOe for a solid solution to 2.0 kOe for films that underwent the spinodal decomposition. The nonmagnetic phase (rich in Co) formed by the spinodal decomposition contributes to the pinning of the movement of magnetic domain walls. On the other hand, the (Co,Fe) 3 O 4 films (Co:Fe = 1:1) showed the typical feature of binodal decomposition during heat treatment within the miscibility gap. The binodally decomposed films showed a slight increase in the coercive force depending upon the evolution of the magnetic region.
Silver-Containing Hydroxyapatite Coating Reduces Biofilm Formation by Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusIn Vitro and In Vivo (2016)

Biofilm-producing bacteria are the principal causes of infections associated with orthopaedic implants. We previously reported that silver-containing hydroxyapatite (Ag-HA) coatings exhibit high antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). In the present study, we evaluated the effects of Ag-HA coating of implant surfaces on biofilm formation. Titanium disks (14-mm diameter, 1-mm thickness), one surface of which was coated with HA or 0.5%-3.0% Ag-HA with a thermal spraying technique, were used. In vitro, the disks were inoculated with an MRSA suspension containing 4 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU and incubated for 1-2 weeks. In vivo, MRSA-inoculated HA and 3% Ag-HA disks (8.8-10.0 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU) were implanted subcutaneously on the back of rats for 1-7 days. All disks were subsequently stained with a biofilm dye and observed under a fluorescence microscope, and biofilm coverage rates (BCRs) were calculated. The BCRs on the Ag-HA coating were significantly lower than those on the HA coating at all time points in vitro (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Similar results were observed in vivo (<i>p</i> < 0.001) without argyria. Ag-HA coating reduced biofilm formation by MRSA in vitro and in vivo; therefore, Ag-HA coating might be effective for reducing implant-associated infections.
A-D-A-D-A-Type Oligothiophenes for Vacuum-Deposited Organic Solar Cells (2010)

Novel A-D-A-D-A-type oligothiophenes incorporating electron-withdrawing benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTDA) as core and trifluoroacetyl (TFA) as terminal acceptor groups have been developed. Vacuum-processed planar heterojunction organic solar cells incorporating these new oligomers as donor and C(60) as acceptor showed very high open circuit voltages up to 1.17 V, resulting in power conversion efficiencies of 1.56% under AM1.5G conditions.
Activation of Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Inhibits the Production of RANTES in Glial Cell Cultures (2002)

The chemokine RANTES is critically involved in neuroinflammation and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. We examined the possibility that activation of G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors regulates the formation of RANTES in glial cells. A 15 hr exposure of cultured astrocytes to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma induced a substantial increase in both RANTES mRNA and extracellular RANTES levels. These increases were markedly reduced when astrocytes were coincubated with l-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate (l-AP-4), 4-phosphonophenylglycine, or l-serine-O-phosphate, which selectively activate group III mGlu receptor subtypes (i.e., mGlu4, -6, -7, and -8 receptors). Agonists of mGlu1/5 or mGlu2/3 receptors were virtually inactive. Inhibition of RANTES release produced by l-AP-4 was attenuated by the selective group III mGlu receptor antagonist (R,S)-alpha-methylserine-O-phosphate or by pretreatment of the cultures with pertussis toxin. Cultured astrocytes expressed mGlu4 receptors, and the ability of l-AP-4 to inhibit RANTES release was markedly reduced in cultures prepared from mGlu4 knock-out mice. This suggests that activation of mGlu4 receptors negatively modulates the production of RANTES in glial cells. We also examined the effect of l-AP-4 on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. l-AP-4 was subcutaneously infused for 28 d by an osmotic minipump that released 250 nl/hr of a solution of 250 mm of the drug. Detectable levels of l-AP-4 ( approximately 100 nm) were found in the brain dialysate of EAE rats. Infusion of l-AP-4 did not affect the time at onset and the severity of neurological symptoms but significantly increased the rate of recovery from EAE. In addition, lower levels of RANTES mRNA were found in the cerebellum and spinal cord of EAE rats infused with l-AP-4. These results suggest that pharmacological activation of group III mGlu receptors may be useful in the experimental treatment of neuroinflammatory CNS disorders.
Population genetic structure in duckweed (Lemna minor, Lemnaceae) (1996)

Allozyme variation in 11 Minnesota populations of Lemna minor L. was studied, using 11 enzyme systems, resolving 16 putative loci from 285 plants. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg frequencies occurred in several populations that had excesses of heterozygotes at several loci. While genotypic diversity and evenness measures are similar to other vegetatively reproducing plants (D = 0.541, E = 0.607), very few multilocus genotypes per population were found (mean = 4.0). Substantial population structure was evident (F ST = 0.407), apparently reflecting low levels of gene flow (Nm = 0.30) despite the capacity of this species for dispersal of plantlets. This low level of gene flow and apparent low frequency of sexual reproduction has produced substantial levels of genetic divergence among populations, despite an absence of morphological differentiation. Keywords: allozymes, genetic structure, hydrophily, Lemna, vegetative dispersal, vegetative reproduction.
Preparation of Asymmetric Alumina Membrane by Sol-Gel Techniques (1998)

The clear stable sols were obtained above 50℃ with about 100:1 suitable H2O/Al3+mol ratio,5.1 ROH/H+, 0.07:1 H+/Al3+ concentrations of peptizant acid. Crack-free alumina membranes were obtained by rapid gelation processing of sols in shorten gel time. The suitable concentration of the sol was between 0.5~1.4 mol AlOOH/l sol, the suitable spraying distance shorter than 200mm. The pore size of the membrane was influenced by the size of boehmite grain, the pore size of γ-Al2O3 prepared by the boehmite sol with 3 nm grain size was about 3nm. Asymmetric alumina membrane was obtained by further modifying alumina supporter by using the clear stable sol. When the mean diameter of the colloidal particles was equivalent to the most pore size of the supporter, the crack-free gel film can be stably deposited on the supporter. With 0.1μm of the most pore size as the supporter, the γ-Al2O3 membrane of 3nm pore size was obtained by using the spraying sol of 100nm colloidal particles.
Can allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation be curative in classical Crohn's disease? (2022)

The article by Moser et al. details the outcomes of 11 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as the main manifestation of their immune deficiency syndrome who are treated with allogeneic transplantation. The authors report low rates of complications (including graft-versus-host disease) and resolution of symptoms. Here we outline whether allogeneic transplantation should be considered more broadly for IBD. Commentary on: Moser et al. Treatment of inborn errors of immunity patients with inflammatory bowel disease phenotype by allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2023;200:595-607.
Silicone and Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (1994)

A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and silicone elastomers was synthesized by extrusion of the polymers into ribbons and then biaxially stretching the material into thin films. The resultant membranes have tensile strengths of 3580-8960 kPa and increasing transparency as the silicone content increases. Although the films are effective liquid water barriers, they exhibit excellent water vapor permeability, which suggests uses as filtration membranes, protective barrier textiles, and wound-care products.
Effect of Vibration on Drawing and Annealing of High- Speed Spun Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) Fiber (2007)

Abstract The physical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) fibres were improved by means of vibration in the hot-drawing and annealing, which may be caused by the developed molecular packing. For high-speed spun PTT fibers, it was not until at the take-up speed of 3~4 km/min that the orientation induced crystallization started to emerge due to extensional stress occurred in spin line; confirmed from the results of WAXD and DSC. The PTT fibers obtained at the take-up speeds of 2~3 km/min and then drawn and annealed with vibration possessed low density and weight-crystallinity, but their birefringence was especially high. Moreover, the estimation of both refractive index parallel and normal directions to fiber axis using the interference microscopy showed that the refractive index parallel to the fiber axis was very high, which enhanced the mechanical properties of PTT fiber. Accordingly, the well-oriented chains along the fiber axis allow the PTT fiber to have better physical property such as elastic recovery although the PTT fiber has low density and crystallinity compared to PET and PBT. In effect, the PTT fiber possesses lower birefringence of over 10 times than those of PET and PBT due to its chain conformational characteristics. Therefore, we do suggest that the structural assessment against the subsequent mechanical properties according to various processes in the PTT fiber is preferred to be estimated through the respective refractive indices of parallel and normal to the fiber axis rather than conventional methods such as birefringence, crystallinity, and crystalline orientation.
Optimal production run for a process having multilevel tool wear (1988)

This paper considers the problem of selecting the most economical production run for a continuous process having multi-tool machines. Each tool may have different but similar wear characteristics. The process produces a certain type of product having two measurable quality control characteristics which jointly determine the effectiveness of the product. Simultaneous gradual changes in process means and process variances are experienced as the time passes due to tools wearing out. The process is also subject to the occurrence of an assignable cause which could shift the process means. This assignable cause, however, will not affect the process variances. Thus, at any point in time, a total change in the product quality may result from drift or shift or both. The process is in control at the beginning of the production run and stopped at the end when all the tools are changed or reset. An expected total cost per unit is developed which consists of the cost of resetting the tools, the cost of defective items, the loss of production cost due to shutdown, and the sampling cost. An optimal production run is determined by employing a one-dimensional Fibonacci search technique on the expected total cost function. A graphical method is also provided to determine the optimal production run. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the applications of the model.