gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer Grafting Inside Wood Cellulose Fibers by Improved Hydroxyl Accessibility from Fiber Swelling (2019)

Chemical modification of wood cellulose fibers is important for tailored wood-polymer interfaces, reduced moisture sorption, and novel grades of chemical wood pulp. The present study shows how the reaction solvent system influences hydroxyl accessibility during chemical fiber modification. Surface initiated ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone from wood cellulose fibers was investigated in a wide range of solvent systems. The hydrogen bond donor strength of the solvent increased graft density and the amount of grafted polycaprolactone (PCL) on the fiber surface, and on nanoscale fibrils inside the fiber. Specifically, the reaction system with acetic acid as a new, green solvent for cellulose grafting increased graft density 24 times compared to bulk polymerization conditions. The results show relationships between solvent properties, hydroxyl accessibility, and grafting results in cellulosic plant fibers. The study clarifies the opportunities provided by controlling the interior of the cellulosic plant fiber cell wall during chemical modification so that the fiber becomes a swollen cellulose nanofibril gel.
Multiobject behavior recognition by event driven selective attention method (2000)

This paper presents a multiobject behaviour recognition approach based on assumption generation and verification, i.e., feasible assumptions about the present behaviors consistent with the input image and behavior models are dynamically generated and verified by finding their supporting evidence in input images. This can be realized by an architecture called the selective attention model, which consists of a state-dependent event detector and an event sequence analyzer. The former detects image variation (event) in a limited image region (focusing region), which is not affected by occlusions and outliers. The latter analyzes sequences of detected events and activates all feasible states representing assumptions about multiobject behaviors. We further extend the system by introducing colored-token propagation to discriminate different objects in state space, and integration of multiviewpoint image sequences to disambiguate the single-view recognition results. Extensive experiments of human behavior recognition in real world environments demonstrate the soundness and robustness of our architecture.
Applied Bayesian Forecasting and Times Series Analysis (1994)

DYNAMIC BAYESIAN MODELLING THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Practical Modelling and Forecasting Methodological Framework Analysis of the DLM Review of Distribution Theory Classical Time Series Models Application: Turkey Chick Sales Application: Market Share Application: Marriages in Greece Further Examples and Exercises INTERACTIVE TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING Installing BATS Tutorial: Introduction to BATS Files and Directories Tutorial: Introduction to Modelling Tutorial: Tutorial: Advanced Modelling Tutorial: Modelling with Incomplete Data Tutorial: Data Management BATS REFERENCE Communications Menu Descriptions
Solid State Gas Sensor for Fast Carbon Dioxide Detection (2007)

Some promising results on the behaviour of BaTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -CuO sputtered thin films under carbon dioxide atmospheres are presented. The sensing material response to different CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> concentrations is due to a reversible reaction based on the presence of BaCO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> in the material. The measurement of impedance changes allows monitoring the variation in CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> concentration. Resistance and capacitance variations are closely related to work function changes in the p-n heterojunction between BaTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> and CuO. The frequency response shows spatial-charge and relaxation phenomena that permit finding an optimal working frequency range. The sensing layer thickness influence in the response is reported and also the influence of Ag as additive in the film.
Rate-Adaptive Coding for Optical Fiber Transmission Systems (2010)

Future networks may employ rate adaptation, e.g., extending reach where regeneration is unavailable. Fixed-symbol-rate PM-QPSK with variable-rate codes yields bit rates of 100/50/25 Gbit/s over distances of 2000/3000/4000 km. Results are compared to information-theoretic limits.
Cumulative risk of developing a new symptom in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and its impact on prognosis (2022)

The cumulative risk of new symptom development is roughly 30% 20 years after diagnosis and could be predicted by factors including serum albumin levels, serum D-Bil level, and Paris II criteria.
ALD Coatings on Cathodes with Increased Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2013)

Abstract not Available.
Studies on Characteristics of the Room Temperature Molten Salt AlCl3-1-Butylpyridinium Chloride (1992)

The characteristics of ambient temperature molten salt, i.e., AlCl3-BPC, was investigated by the conductivity, viscosity, EMF, and NMR measurements. The conductivity and viscosity of the melt changed with temperature and AlCl3 content. The relationship between ion species and AlCl3 content in the melt was obtained from the equilibrium constants for the ion species, KM, K0, and K2 which are simulated by using the EMF values. The changes of the conductivity and the viscosity were attributed to the change of the content of ion species, especially AlCl4−, Al2Cl7−, and BP+, with the AlCl3 content and temperature of the melt. These facts were also supported from 27Al NMR and 1H NMR measurements.
Facilitation: a concept analysis (1997)

The term 'facilitation' appears to be open to a wide variety of definitions and interpretations. If teachers are to act as facilitators of learning they need a clearer understanding of facilitations as a strategy for nursing education. This concept analysis uses Walker and Avant's framework. Following a review of the literature related to facilitation, the paper postulates that there are four critical attributes for effective facilitation: genuine mutual respect; a partnership in learning; a dynamic, goal-orientated process; and critical reflection. The necessary antecedents and likely consequences are identified. Model and alternative cases are offered. A distinction is made between educational facilitation and facilitation in counselling. Recommendations are given regarding the future development of empirical referents. To enhance the reader's understanding of concept analysis, the paper incorporates a reflection on the process, together with a discussion of the way in which decisions regarding the attributes were reached.
Development of Paper-strip Test for 3-Hydroxybutyrate and its Clinical Application (1984)

A rapid paper-strip test for the semiquantitating 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHBA) has been developed. The color develops within 5 min after applying the serum to the paper strip, and the purple color was read either visually or by reflectance meter. This can detect 3-OHBA levels as low as 0.1 mmol/L up to 2.0 mmol/L. The more concentrated sample can be measured on serial dilution. Clinical usefulness has been tested in a summer camp for insulin-dependent diabetic children as well as in a routine diabetes clinic. Serum 3-OHBA levels ranged from greater than 100 mumol/L to 4 mmol/L in all the subjects before breakfast in a summer camp. In four subjects, 3-OHBA was elevated to the level of 2-4 mmol/L, and only one of these four subjects exhibited ketonuria by nitroprusside test. In a diabetes clinic, a new paper-strip test for 3-OHBA has revealed ketonemia in 34 (74%) of 46 diabetic subjects, while nitro-prusside test revealed ketonemia in only 4 (13%). The present paper-strip test for 3-OHBA is sensitive enough to detect levels as low as 0.1 mmol/L and is clinically useful for rapid detection of ketosis proneness as well as for monitoring of diabetes control.
ChemInform Abstract: Metalloporphyrin‐Promoted Rearrangement of 2‐Alkyloxaziridines. (1990)

Abstract Chloro(tetraphenylporphin)manganese is shown to be an effective catalyst for the isomerization of oxaziridines such as (I), forming the corresponding amides (II).
Compatibilization of polypropylene/poly(n-butylacrylate) blend: Functionalization of the poly(n-butylacrylate) phase by copolymerization (1996)

Compatibilization of a polypropylene (PP)/polybutylacrylate (PBuA) blend was studied, with the aim of achieving better adhesion at the interphase through modification of both the PP and PBuA phases. The compatibilization involved two separate stages: First, a small amount (2 and 5 mol %) of functional monomer copolymerizable with and soluble in BuA was added to the BuA initiator solution. Then, this solution was impregnated into PP pellets and polymerized inside the pellets by free-radical polymerization in a water suspension. The resulting blend was a thermoplastic elastomer consisting of PP as the matrix and functionalized PBuA as the partly crosslinked dispersed rubbery phase. The functionalities of the monomers were epoxy, oxazoline, hydroxyl, secondary amine, and carboxyl. In the second stage, two commercial graft copolymers of PP (PP grafted with either acrylic acid or maleic acid anhydride) were blended at the melt stage with the PP/functionalized PBuA blend. Here, the compatibilizing reactions took place between the functionalized components of the blend. The compatilization reactions were detected by FTIR analysis and by changes in mechanical or thermomechanical behavior of the blends. Morphology studies were carried out. As a result, the tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and tear strength of the final product were improved by about 15, 20, 160, and 50%, respectively, compared with the unfunctionalized blend. The hardness of the material remained unchanged in the compatibilization. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Behavioral adjustments to prior predation experience and food deprivation of a common cyprinid fish species vary between singletons and a group (2019)

Fish often undergo predation stress and food shortages in nature, and living in groups may provide the ecological benefits of decreased predator risk but the costs of increased food competition. The main aim of the present study was to test whether the behavioral response of qingbo (<i>Spinibarbus sinensis</i>) to predators and/or starvation differed between a singleton and a group. We measured the locomotor activity and distance to a predator and/or food item of prior predator-experienced, starved, double-treated and control qingbo; the qingbo were tested both as singletons and in a group (five individuals). Fish from all groups showed increased activity when tested collectively compared to individually. The predator-experienced fish showed decreased locomotor activity to predators as an antipredator strategy when tested as singletons; however, increased locomotor activity occurred when tested in a group, which might be partially due to the decreased predator risk when living in a group and thus higher levels of boldness. As expected, starvation elicited increased activity indicating increased foraging willingness when tested in a group; however, the difference between starved and normal-fed fish was no longer significant when they were tested as singletons, possibly due to the increased predation risk and decreased food competition when living individually and higher behavioral variation among individual fish than among those in a shoal. Compared with the control fish, the double-treated fish showed no difference in activity when tested both individually and collectively (except a slower speed when tested in a group). The reason for the results from the singletons might be an offset of the effect of predator exposure and starvation. The reason for this difference in the group might be due to the impaired body condition indicated by a slower swimming speed as a consequence of severe stress. The present study demonstrated that behavioral adjustment was closely related to the size of the group, which might be due to differences in the predation risk and food competition.
The Arp2/3 inhibitory protein Arpin is dispensable for chemotaxis (2017)

Arpin is an Arp2/3 inhibitory protein, which decreases the protrusion lifetime and hence directional persistence in the migration of diverse cells. Arpin is activated by the small GTPase Rac, which controls cell protrusion, thus closing a negative feedback loop that renders the protrusion intrinsically unstable. Because of these properties, it was proposed that Arpin might play a role in directed migration, where directional persistence has to be fine-tuned. We report here, however, that Arpin-depleted tumour cells and Arpin knock-out Dictyostelium amoeba display no obvious defect in chemotaxis. These results do not rule out a potential role of Arpin in other systems, but argue against a general role of Arpin in chemotaxis.
Plant Conservation and Biodiversity: The Place of Microorganisms (2006)

The total number of organisms that make up the array of living species thatcharacterise the thin ecosphere on Earth still remains unaccounted.Estimates range from eleven million species (of which 1.5 million have beendescribed) to over a billion (Table 1). Only now is the scientific communitybeginning to understand the monumental task of cataloguing life on earth.What this exercise is showing is that it is the unseen and forgotten world ofinvertebrates, fungi, non-flowering plants, marine organisms andPDF available from: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-48099-9_1 (subscription required)
Enhancing the Electron Mobility in Si-doped (010) $β$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ films with Low-Temperature Buffer Layers (2022)

We demonstrate a new substrate cleaning and buffer growth scheme in $β$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ epitaxial thin films using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). For the channel structure, a low-temperature (LT, 600 $^\circ$C) undoped Ga$_2$O$_3$ buffer is grown followed by transition layers to a high-temperature (HT, 810 $^\circ$C) Si-doped Ga$_2$O$_3$ channel layers without growth interruption. The (010) Ga$_2$O$_3$ Fe-doped substrate cleaning uses solvent cleaning followed by an additional HF (49% in water) treatment for 30 mins before the epilayer growth. This step is shown to compensate the parasitic Si channel at the epilayer-substrate interface that originates from the substrate polishing process or contamination from the ambient. SIMS analysis shows the Si peak atomic density at the substrate interface is several times lower than the Fe atomic density in the substrate - indicating full compensation. The elimination of the parasitic electron channel at the epi-substrate interface was also verified by electrical (capacitance-voltage profiling) measurements. In the LT-grown buffer layers, it is seen that the Fe forward decay tail from the substrate is very sharp with a decay rate of $\sim$ 9 nm$/$dec. These channels show record high electron mobility in the range of 196 - 85 cm$^2$/Vs in unintentionally doped and Si-doped films in the doping range of 2$\times$10$^{16}$ to 1$\times$10$^{20}$ cm$^{-3}$. Si delta-doped channels were also grown utilizing this substrate cleaning and the hybrid LT-buffers. Record high electron Hall mobility of 110 cm$^2$/Vs was measured for sheet charge density of 9.2$\times$10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$. This substrate cleaning combined with the LT-buffer scheme shows the potential of designing Si-doped $β$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ channels with exceptional transport properties for high performance gallium oxide-based electron devices.
Presence of Filterable and Nonfilterable mRNA in the Plasma of Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals (2002)

A substantial proportion of plasma mRNA species is particle-associated. In HCC patients, both circulating particle- and non-particle-associated plasma RNA are increased.
Detection of Edges Using Range Information (1983)

Range data provide an important source of 3-D shape information. This information can be used to extract jump boundaries which correspond to occluding boundaries of objects in a scene and ``edges'' which correspond to points lying between significantly different regions on the surface of objects. We are mainly interested in range data obtained from sensors such as lasers. The main problem with this type of range finder is the fact that the accuracy of the measurements depends on the power of the signal that reaches the receiver. This study describes how a range edge detection procedure can be designed that has low sensitivity to noise and imbeds all the knowledge available on the range measurement accuracy.
Climate suitability estimates offer insight into fundamental revegetation challenges among post-mining rehabilitated landscapes in eastern Australia (2012)

Abstract. Rehabilitation of post-mining sites in semi-arid/subtropical environments of eastern Australia have a general objective to establish specific types of native vegetation communities as defined in mine closure plans and in relation to the specific biotic and abiotic requirements of such communities. Critical for the success of rehabilitation is the availability of water and hence the climatic characteristic of this geographical region which is defined by a number of weather-bound factors (e.g. potentially erratic rainfall and periods of drought and flooding). However, specific estimates of climate suitability are seldom incorporated into current mined land rehabilitation design. To address this, our analysis combined various broad-scale climatic parameters (i.e. primarily relating to rainfall) to assess bioregional suitability-susceptibility within the context of plant early-establishment in the objective of informing rehabilitation schemes as to the inherent environmental challenges influencing both short- and long-term ecological development. Following our survey of available climate data, we derived site suitability-susceptibility indexes (that are otherwise currently not available within rehabilitation schemes) and compared the performance of 9 mine site locations in which our Centre has been engaged in environmental monitoring (Weipa, Mt. Isa, Ernest Henry, Eromanga, Kidston, Curragh, Tarong, North Stradbroke Island, and Newnes Plateau). More specifically, the sites were ranked from most-to-least suitable and compared with natural vegetation patterns (as estimated by the mean NDVI). Overall, it was determined that regular rainfall and relatively short periods of water-deficit are key characteristics of climate suitability (as found among the relatively more temperate coastal-hinterland sites), whereas high rainfall variability and (or) prolonged seasonal drought are primary characteristics of unsuitability (as found among the arid central-inland sites). Conceptual and practical considerations are provided which could inform rehabilitation schemes as to the inherent environmental challenges influencing both short- and long-term ecological development.
Pulmonary and Nasal Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Inhalation Aerosol Delivery Systems (2011)

Most respiratory infections, diseases and allergic reactions have varying degrees of inflammation. Inflammation is a natural immunodefensive response to the presence of allergens or foreign particles that come into contact or affect the cells and tissues within the respiratory tract. The three main types of therapeutic drug classes available for anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects are corticosteroids, antihistamines and decongestants. Corticosteroid drugs for pulmonary inhalation and/or nasal delivery include beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone furoate, fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate, and triamcinolone acetonide. Antihistamine drugs for nasal delivery include azelastine and olopatadine. Two common decongestants available are oxymetazoline and phenylephrine. Another therapeutic class, the anticholinergic agents, such as ipratropium bromide and tiotropium bromide, are used in pulmonary delivery in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mast cell stabilizer therapeutic class, cromolyn sodium, can be used to prevent and relieve nasal allergic symptoms. Additionally cromolyn sodium was the first dry powder inhaler product for pulmonary drug delivery several decades ago and currently is on the market as a pressurized metered dose inhaler for pulmonary inhalation delivery. Based on the devices used in pulmonary drug delivery, this route can be subdivided into three categories; namely nebulizers, pressurized metered dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers. Nasal delivery of anti-inflammatory and antiallergy drugs is most commonly available commercially in an aqueous spray form. This article comprehensively reviews and discusses different kinds of drugs used for anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects via the pulmonary and nasal delivery route, as well as their mechanisms of action, marketed products, disease state indications while highlighting drug delivery and therapeutic aspects.
A Design and Implementation of OpenFlow Controller Handling IP Multicast with Fast Tree Switching (2012)

We present a design of an OpenFlow controller handling IP multicast and a method to switch a multicast tree to the other with little packet loss. Reducing packet loss during reconstruction of multicast tree triggered by a failure has been an important problem to make multicast communications more reliable. One approach for this problem is to use redundant trees for multicast trees, but algorithms to compute redundant trees require centralized computation therefore cannot be used in IP network. We used OpenFlow, which has features of centralized control and programmability, to realize redundant multicast trees in the network. In this paper, we present a design of an OpenFlow controller supporting IP multicast and a method to set up multiple multicast trees of one multicast group in the network for fast tree switching. To avoid delivering duplicate packets to the receivers, we assign an ID to each tree, embed it into multicast packets, and select the tree to deliver multicast packets in the sender switch by rewriting the packet header. We showed little packet loss when switching the multicast tree triggered by the failure using implementation of the OpenFlow controller by the evaluation experiment.
Designing dual inhibitors of Mdm2/MdmX: Unexpected coupling of water with gatekeeper Y100/99 (2017)

Mdm2 and MdmX share high structural similarity in their N-terminal domains, yet dual inhibitors are challenging to design due to differences in the conformations of the binding pockets, and notably of the proposed gatekeeper residue, Y100/99. Analysis of crystal structures and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of complexes of Mdm2 and MdmX resulted in the identification of a water molecule with a long residence time that appears to be modulated by the conformation of Y100/99. These observations lead us to speculate that dual inhibitors either (i) stabilize both Mdm2 and MdmX with Y100/99 in the open conformation typically seen in complexes of Mdm2 with p53, or (ii) the dual inhibitors are agnostic to the conformation of Y100/99. The recently developed potent dual inhibitory stapled peptide Atsp7041 appears to be agnostic to the conformation of the gatekeeper residue. Proteins 2017; 85:1493-1506. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.