gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The plantaris muscle: too important to be forgotten. A review of evolution, anatomy, clinical implications and biomechanical properties (2019)

Plantaris muscle (lat. musculus plantaris) is a fusiform muscle of the superficial posterior leg compartment, characterized with a small muscle belly and very long and slender tendon. Many anatomical variations of plantaris muscle have been reported previously, including its inconstancy. Evolutional studies strongly suggest that plantaris muscle is a rudimentary muscle that plays minor role in gait biomechanics. However, plantaris muscle seems to have very important proprioceptive role since it has very high density of muscle spindles. Clinically, plantaris muscle is involved in differential diagnosis of posterior leg pain and several pathological entities such as: plantaris muscle rupture, non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy and popliteal artery compression syndrome. Different surgical specialties have recognized plantaris muscle tendon as a valuable graft. However, literature on plantaris muscle tendon biomechanical properties is rather scant and inconsistent with several limitations for proper data comparison and interpretation. Further comparative studies are needed to properly define biomechanical properties of plantaris muscle tendon grafts for various ligament and tendon reconstructive procedures.
Gel Point (2016)

Abstract The gel point (GP) marks the instant at which a material passes from liquid to solid due to gelation. A material at its GP, commonly called critical gel , is in a critical state with unique physical and chemical properties. Polymer gelation occurs in amorphous materials when its constituents connect internally by chemical or physical bonds to form macromolecular clusters. Gels often assemble from a mixture of different molecular or particular species. The chemical or physical GP is reached when the first macromolecular cluster has grown to infinite size. While the connectivity typically grows slowly during gelation, its reversal may occur rather rapidly. Reverse gelation due to the fluctuation or breakage of internal junctions will cause a gel to pass backwards through GP and, thus, assume its liquid state. GP is important industrially and in biology. Many soft materials, namely in food, pharmaceuticals, photographic media, adhesives, foams, crystallizing polymers, vibration dampeners, super absorbers, proteins, polysaccharides, clotting blood (to name a few), are close to their chemical of physical GP, that is they are liquids just before reaching their GP or they are solids that have barely passed the GP. The universality of the linear viscoelasticity at GP provides a powerful tool for developing new materials and processes.
Thermal Stability and Sublimation Pressures of Some Ruthenocene Compounds (2010)

We set out to study the use of a series of ruthenocenes as possible and promising sources for ruthenium and/or ruthenium oxide film formation.The thermal stability of a series of ruthenocenes, including (η5-C5H4R)(η5-C5H4R´)Ru (1), R = R´ = H (3), R = H, R´ = CH2NMe2 (5), R = H, R´= C(O)Me (6), R = R´ = C(O)Me (7), R = H, R´ = C(O)(CH2)3CO2H (8), R = H, R´ = C(O)(CH2)2CO2H (9), R = H, R´ = C(O)(CH2)3CO2Me (10), R = H, R´= C(O)(CH2)2CO2Me (11), R = R´ = SiMe3), (η5-C4H3O-2,4-Me2)2Ru (2), and (η5-C5H5-2,4-Me2)2Ru (4) was studied by thermogravimetry. From these studies, it could be concluded that 1–4, 6 and 9–11 are the most thermally stable molecules. The sublimation pressure of these sandwich compounds was measured using a Knudsen cell. Among these, the compound 11 shows the highest vapor pressure.
Occlusion alleviation through motion using a mobile robot (2014)

Object segmentation and classification is an important and difficult task in robotic vision. The task is complicated even further when the different objects are partially or completely occluded. Allowing a robot to take measurements from varying points of view can help in alleviating or completely removing occlusions. A robot equipped with an RGB-D sensor has the capability of searching for new and better points of view to facilitate object recognition. In this work, a motion control algorithm is designed and implemented on a mobile robot to facilitate object classification in RGB-D data of clustered objects.
Twitter event networks and the Superstar model (2021)

Condensation phenomenon is often observed in social networks such as Twitter where one "superstar" vertex gains a positive fraction of the edges, while the remaining empirical degree distribution still exhibits a power law tail. We formulate a mathematically tractable model for this phenomenon that provides a better fit to empirical data than the standard preferential attachment model across an array of networks observed in Twitter. Using embeddings in an equivalent continuous time version of the process, and adapting techniques from the stable age-distribution theory of branching processes, we prove limit results for the proportion of edges that condense around the superstar, the degree distribution of the remaining vertices, maximal nonsuperstar degree asymptotics and height of these random trees in the large network limit.
Augmented efficacy of brentuximab vedotin combined with ruxolitinib and/or Navitoclax in a murine model of human Hodgkin’s lymphoma (2016)

Despite relative success of therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), novel therapeutic agents are needed for patients with refractory or relapsed disease. Recently, anti-PD1 immunotherapy or treatment with the anti-CD30 toxin conjugate brentuximab vedotin (BV) have been associated with remissions; however, the median responses of complete responses (CRs) with the latter were only 6.7 mo. To obtain curative therapy, other effective agents, based on HL biology, would have to be given in combination with BV. Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells secrete cytokines including IL-6 and -13, leading to constitutive activation of JAK/STAT signaling. In the present study the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT6 and expression of c-Myc in the HL cell line HDLM-2. These changes were enhanced when, on the basis of a matrix screen of drug combinations, ruxolitinib was combined with the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor Navitoclax. The combination augmented expression of Bik, Puma, and Bax, and attenuated Bcl-xL expression and the phosphorylation of Bad. The use of the two-agent combination of either ruxolitinib or Navitoclax with BV or the three-agent combination strongly activated Bax and increased activities of cytochrome c and caspase-9 and -3 that, in turn, led to cleavage of poly(ADP ribose) polymerase and Mcl-1. Either ruxolitinib combined with Navitoclax or BV alone prolonged survival but did not cure HDLM-2 tumor-bearing mice, whereas BV combined with ruxolitinib and/or with Navitoclax resulted in a sustained, complete elimination of the HDLM-2 HL. These studies provide scientific support for a clinical trial to evaluate BV combined with ruxolitinib in select patients with HL.
Development of New Titanium Alloys for Use in Aggressive Geothermal Environments (2019)

Abstract The Salton Sea KGRA has long been known for its power generating potential, however, the corrosivity of the hypersaline fluid has limited power generation as well as the production casing material choices. In the 1990's UNS R56404 (titanium Grade 29) was utilized very successfully to line nearly all of the energy producing wells in this field. The material proved to be an excellent choice and has given 20-25 years' service life to date. Despite its excellent performance, Grade 29 is a high strength titanium alloy that is expensive to manufacture and finish. Recent wells (2012 and beyond) have utilized other (non-titanium) materials that were less expensive upfront, but appear to be degrading at a much faster rate than the Grade 29 titanium alloy. To date, these newer wells have required repairs in as little as 2-3 years after start-up. Several new alloys that will address both the cost and performance issues seen in this geothermal field have recently been developed. This paper will highlight the corrosion performance of these new alloys, along with their more cost effective manufacturing processes.
Photochemical property of the polymer‐bearing pendant norbornadiene moiety and storage stability of the resulting quadricyclane group in the polymer (1991)

Abstract A polymer bearing pendant norbornadiene (NBD) moieties and a low molecular weight model compound ([2‐carbobenzyloxy‐3‐phenyl‐2,5‐norbornadiene CBPNB)], were synthesized by substitution reaction of poly( p ‐chloromethylstyrene) and benzyl chloride, respectively, with the potassium salt of 3‐phenyl‐2,5‐norbornadiene‐2‐carboxylic acid. Photochemical valence isomerization and storage stabilities of the resulting polymer having corresponding pendant quadricyclane (QC) groups and the low molecular weight QC compound were investigated in dichloromethane solution. It was found that the rate of photochemical valence isomerization of the pendant NBD moiety in the polymer was the same as or slightly higher than that of CBPNB, and the storage stability of the QC group in the polymer was higher than that of the QC compound resulting from CBPNB in the solution. The photochemical reaction of the pendant NBD moiety within the polymer without catalyst proceeded quantitatively in the film state. However, the photochemical reaction of the polymer films blended with 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenyl‐21H,23H‐porphine cobalt (II) catalyst (Co‐TPP) did not proceed quantitatively, and the degree of conversion of the pendant NBD moiety in the polymer decreased with increasing amounts of Co‐TPP in the film. The QC group produced in the polymer by photo‐irradiation had excellent storage stability in the film state without Co‐TPP. On the other hand, the QC group in the polymer films blended with Co‐TPP Catalyst reverted gradually to the NBD group at room temperature.
Epigenetics and chromatin dynamics: a review and a paradigm for functional disorders (2012)

Abstract Background Motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders have high prevalence in the community, cause significant morbidity, and represent a major health care burden. Despite major advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of gastrointestinal neuromuscular functions, many of these diseases still defy mechanistic explanations. The biopsychosocial model underlying the current classification of functional gastrointestinal disorders recognizes and integrates the pathogenetic role of genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors but has not been associated with specific molecular mechanisms. Purpose Here, we propose that this integrative function is encoded in the chromatin, composed of the DNA and associated histone and non‐histone proteins and non‐coding RNA. By establishing epigenetically heritable ‘molecular memories’ of past stimuli including environmental challenges, the chromatin determines an individual’s responses to future insults and translates them into high‐order outputs such as symptoms and illness behavior. Thus, surveying epigenetic signatures throughout the genome of affected cells in individual patients may make it possible to better understand and ultimately control the phenomena described by the biopsychosocial model. In this review, we provide a high‐level but comprehensive description of the concepts and mechanisms underlying epigenetics and chromatin dynamics, describe the mechanisms whereby the environment can alter the epigenome and identify aspects of functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders where epigenetic mechanisms are most likely to play important roles.
Teaching persuasive texts : building a language of evaluation through hedging and moderated intensification (2014)

We identify two persuasive writing techniques – hedging and intensification – that pose difficulty for students in the middle years. We use examples of student writing from 3000 work samples collected as part of a larger Australian Research Council Linkage Project, URLearning (2009–2013). To realise the effective power of rhetorical persuasion, students need to be explicitly taught a range of hedging techniques to use to their advantage, and an expanded lexicon that does not rely on intensifiers. Practical teaching tips are provided for teachers.
The Combined Influence of Oral Contraceptives and Human Papillomavirus Virus on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2011)

The vast majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) will occur in those with fair complexion, tendency to burn, and high ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Organ transplant recipients also are an important population at great risk for CSCC. An association has been reported between oral contraceptive (OC) use, human papillomavirus virus (HPV) and cervical cancer, and there could be a similar association for CSCC. The cutaneous HPV β-E6 protein, a close cousin of the transformative E6 protein underlying anogenital cancers, has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in response to UVR damage and stimulate morphologic transformation in rodent fibroblast cell lines. Furthermore, OC use has been shown to enhance HPV transcription and may contribute to CSCC risk through this pathway.
A CMOS 18 THzΩ 248 Mb/s transimpedance amplifier and 155 Mb/s LED-driver for low cost optical fiber links (1994)

The realization of a complete low cost CMOS optical fiber link using a LED and PIN as optical components is presented. The driver and receiver are realized in a standard 0.8 /spl mu/m digital CMOS process which makes integration with a DSP possible. The driver is a current steering transistor combined with a small quiescent current source. The modulation current is 60 mA which allows a 155 Mb/s optical data-rate. The receiver is a three-stage transimpedance amplifier followed by a signal converter which provides digital output signal levels. The three-stage configuration makes possible the realization of a high transimpedance (150 k/spl Omega/), necessary to obtain a high sensitivity, combined with a high bandwidth. The achieved optical data-rate is 240 Mb/s for 1 /spl mu/A input modulation currents. This results in a transimpedance bandwidth of 18 THz/spl Omega/, which is one order of magnitude higher than recently published circuits. The speed performance of the total link is limited by the optical time-constant of the LED, leading to a 155 Mb/s optical link, designed for use in four-fiber interboard connections in 622 Mb/s B-ISDN systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Integrating Formal Verification into an Advanced Computer Architecture Course (2005)

This paper presents a sequence of three projects on design and formal verification of pipelined and superscalar processors: 1) a single-issue, five-stage DLX (an academic processor used widely for teaching pipelined execution and defined by Hennessy and Patterson in the first edition of their graduate textbook); 2) an extension of the DLX with exceptions and branch prediction; and 3) a dual-issue superscalar DLX. The projects were integrated into two editions of an advanced computer architecture course that was offered at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, in the summer and fall 2002 and was taught to 67 students (25 of whom were undergraduates) in a way that required them to have no prior knowledge of formal methods. Preparatory homework problems included an exercise on design and formal verification of a staggered Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), pipelined in the style of the integer ALUs in the Intel Pentium 4. The processors were designed and formally verified with a tool flow that was used to formally verify the M/spl middot/CORE processor at Motorola and detected bugs.
Dihydropyridazinone cardiotonics: discovery of LY195115 and elucidation of structural features necessary for optimal inotropic activity (1986)

A series of 4,5-dihydro-6-aryl-3(/sup 2/H)-pyridazinones has been examined for inotropic activity. The optimal compound of the series, LY195115 (1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-/sup 2/H-indol-2-one), is one of the most potent and long-acting oral inotropes described to date. ED/sub 50/'s of LY195115, CI-914 and milrinone after i.v. administration to pentobarbital anesthetized dogs were 6.8, 46 and 37 ..mu..g/kg, respectively. ED/sub 50/'s after oral administration to conscious dogs were 25, 1000 and 500 ..mu..g/kg, respectively. For optimal positive inotropic activity and oral bioavailability in this series, the following structural features are necessary: (1) dihydropyridazinone ring with the nitrogen unsubstituted; (2) a hydrogen-bond acceptor substituent with a sigma value of ca 0.0 para to the dihydropyridazinone moiety; and (3) additional sterically undemanding lipophilic substituents adjacent to the hydrogen-bond acceptor site.
A collaborative and feature-based approach to Context-Sensitive Service Discovery (2007)

The emergence of mobile devices has enforced the rapid evolvement of the mobile Web. We envision a new and cheap class of mobile devices, which uses Web Services to provide their functionality. These devices will be especially useful in developing countries where access to computers is dicult due to high costs or missing infrastructure. To help users finding the services appropriate to their unique needs, a discovery model is needed which takes context information and user feedback into account. This paper introduces a novel Web Service discovery approach, built up on a feature-based service context model. Our architecture also allows automated and implicit collaboration of users, who share common contexts, interests and service needs. This is especially valuable for novice users, e.g. from developing countries. So far, Web Service discovery has had little attention in the mobile domain and existing systems for Web Service discovery generally do not consider context and community oriented user collaboration. Motivated by this, our current research with the Deutsche Telekom Laboratories focuses on context-sensitive intelligence (CSI) 1 and its application to mobile service discovery.
The 11-year long-term follow-up study from the randomized BENEFIT CIS trial (2016)

This study provides Class IV evidence that early compared to delayed treatment prolongs time to CDMS in CIS after 11 years.
Stable oxygen, hydrogene and chlorine isotopes of mid-Atlantic abyssal peridotites (2009)

Serpentinized abyssal peridotites sampled by the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 209 along the mid-Atlantic Ridge near the 15°20'N Fracture Zone have been analyzed for oxygen, hydrogen, and chlorine isotope compositions in order to determine isotopic behavior under a wide range of serpentinization conditions and place constraints on fluid history. Oxygen and hydrogen thermometry suggests peak serpentinization temperatures of 300-500°C. Serpentine separates have low deltaD values possibly due to a magmatic fluid component or low-temperature exchange during seafloor weathering.Chlorine geochemistry focused on three holes: 1274A and 1272A (serpentinized peridotites) and 1268A (serpentinite locally altered to talc). Concentrations of both, water-soluble chloride (WSC) and structurally bound chloride (SBC) are significantly lower at Hole 1268A compared to Holes 1274A and 1272A. The delta37Cl values for WSC and SBC of serpentinites in Holes 1274A and 1272A are slightly positive (avg. WSC = 0.20 per mil, n = 22 and avg. SBC = 0.35 per mil, n = 22), representing typical seawater-hydration conditions commonly determined for abyssal peridotite. The SBC of serpentinites from Hole 1268A are also positive (avg. = 0.63 per mil); whereas, the SBC in talc-dominated samples is negative (avg. = -1.22 per mil). The WSC of both talc- and serpentine-dominated samples are also negative (avg. = -0.15 per mil).We interpret the chlorine isotope data to preserve a record of multiple fluid events. As seawater hydrated the peridotite, 37Cl was preferentially incorporated into the forming serpentine and water-soluble salts, yielding similar delta37Cl values on a regional scale as sampled by Holes 1268A, 1274A and 1272A. The resultant pore fluid was left depleted in 37Cl. Locally (Hole 1268A), this evolved fluid was remobilized possibly due to the initiation of hydrothermal circulation in response to emplacement of a mafic magma body. The low delta37Cl pore fluids attained elevated SiO2 and sulfur concentrations due to interaction with the gabbroic intrusion and, when ascending through the surrounding serpentinite, caused formation of isotopically negative talc. This secondary fluid also flushed the preserved serpentinite of its previously formed salts, resulting in negative delta37Cl WSC values. The delta37Cl SBC values of the serpentinite samples remained unmodified by reaction with the secondary fluid.
Prevalence ofGiardiaandCryptosporidiumand characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp. isolated from wildlife, human, and agricultural sources in the North Saskatchewan River Basin in Alberta, Canada (2002)

The environmental distribution of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. is dependent upon human, agricultural, and wildlife sources. The significance of each source with regard to the presence of parasites in the environment is unknown. This 2-year study examined parasite prevalence in human sewage influent, wildlife, and agricultural sources associated with the North Saskatchewan River Basin in Alberta, Canada. Fecal samples were collected from cow-calf, dairy, and hog operations in the watershed area. Sewage-treatment facilities were sampled bimonthly during the 2-year study, and wildlife scat was collected at locations along tributaries of the North Saskatchewan River. All samples were analyzed for the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, using sucrose-gradient separation followed by immunofluorescent microscopy. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in all three sources. The lowest prevalence of both Giardia (3.28%) and Cryptosporidium (0.94%) was found in wildlife, with 6 of 19 species testing positive. Sewage influent had the highest prevalence of Giardia (48.80%) and Cryptosporidium parvum-like oocysts (5.42%); however, the concentration of both parasites was minimal compared with the concentration detected in cattle feces. Cow-calf sources contained the highest concentration of Giardia (mean 5800/g feces, P < 0.01), and dairy sources contained the highest concentration of C. parvum-like oocysts (mean 295/g feces, P < 0.01). Although prevalence and concentration are higher in cattle feces than in sewage, the Giardia and Cryptosporidium in animal manure do not have direct access to water draining into the North Saskatchewan River. PCR-based characterization of rDNA from isolates of Cryptosporidium collected from Alberta human, pig, calf, mature steer, dog, cat, and beaver hosts revealed distinct genetic differences that may reflect host specificity.