gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of adipokines in developmental programming: evidence from animal models (2019)

Alterations in the environment during critical periods of development, including altered maternal nutrition, can increase the risk for the development of a range of metabolic, cardiovascular and reproductive disorders in offspring in adult life. Following the original epidemiological observations of David Barker that linked perturbed fetal growth to adult disease, a wide range of experimental animal models have provided empirical support for the developmental programming hypothesis. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, adipose tissue has been highlighted as playing a key role in the development of many disorders that manifest in later life. In particular, adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, primarily secreted by adipose tissue, have now been shown to be important mediators of processes underpinning several phenotypic features associated with developmental programming including obesity, insulin sensitivity and reproductive disorders. Moreover, manipulation of adipokines in early life has provided for potential strategies to ameliorate or reverse the adverse sequalae that are associated with aberrant programming and provided insight into some of the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic disease across the lifecourse.
Hierarchical Generative Models (2015)

The discovery of self-similarity and the quest to model it required a radical departure from previous practices. Before this discovery, workload items were considered to be independent of each other. Modeling could then be done by sampling workload items from the relevant distributions, subject to desired correlations between workload attributes. But self-similar workloads have an internal structure. Workload items are no longer distributed uniformly along time – they come in bursts, in many different time scales.
Small hydrokinetic turbines (2021)

Chapter Contents: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The need/potential market 3.3 Potential problems with HKTs 3.4 Differences between hydrokinetic and wind energy 3.4.1 Limited flow depth 3.4.2 Tidal and river flow velocities are lower than wind 3.4.3 Ocean current flow velocities are even lower 3.4.4 Much higher fluid density 3.4.5 Cavitation 3.4.6 Predictability 3.4.7 Unidirectional and bidirectional flow 3.4.8 Limited flow field: blockage 3.5 Turbine types 3.5.1 Axial flow turbines 3.5.2 Crossflow turbines 3.5.3 Flying wing 3.6 Ducts and diffusers 3.7 Oscillating foils 3.8 Vortex shedding 3.9 Tidal sails 3.10 Floating debris clogging turbines and damage from floating logs 3.11 Blockage and water surface gradient 3.11.1 Apparently exceeding the Betz limit 3.12 Tidal and river level variation 3.13 Fast-flowing rivers 3.14 Canals 3.15 Economics 3.16 Actual progress to date 3.17 Future prospects References
Searching for Life on Mars: Degradation of Surfactant Solutions Used in Organic Extraction Experiments (2014)

Life-detection instruments on future Mars missions may use surfactant solutions to extract organic matter from samples of martian rocks. The thermal and radiation environments of space and Mars are capable of degrading these solutions, thereby reducing their ability to dissolve organic species. Successful extraction and detection of biosignatures on Mars requires an understanding of how degradation in extraterrestrial environments can affect surfactant performance. We exposed solutions of the surfactants polysorbate 80 (PS80), Zonyl FS-300, and poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-[3-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)propyl]methylsiloxane] (PDMSHEPMS) to elevated radiation and heat levels, combined with prolonged storage. Degradation was investigated by measuring changes in pH and electrical conductivity and by using the degraded solutions to extract a suite of organic compounds spiked onto grains of the martian soil simulant JSC Mars-1. Results indicate that the proton fluences expected during a mission to Mars do not cause significant degradation of surfactant compounds. Solutions of PS80 or PDMSHEPMS stored at -20 °C are able to extract the spiked standards with acceptable recovery efficiencies. Extraction efficiencies for spiked standards decrease progressively with increasing temperature, and prolonged storage at 60°C renders the surfactant solutions ineffective. Neither the presence of ascorbic acid nor the choice of solvent unequivocally alters the efficiency of extraction of the spiked standards. Since degradation of polysorbates has the potential to produce organic compounds that could be mistaken for indigenous martian organic matter, the polysiloxane PDMSHEPMS may be a superior choice of surfactant for the exploration of Mars.
Knowledge Bases in mArachna (2006)

Automated extraction of knowledge from natural language texts is a major technical challenge that remains largely unsolved. Scientific texts in general, and mathematical texts in particular, are characterised by the use of complex language constructs with the intent to transfer knowl-edge. To a large extend, mathematical texts possess a strict internal structuring and can be separated into text elements such as definitions, theorems etc. These text elements are princi-pal carriers of mathematical information. In addition, these elements show a characteristic linguistic structuring well suited for natural language processing techniques. In this paper we present MARACHNA, a system for extracting mathematical relations from texts and integrating them into a knowledge base. In response to user queries, parts of the knowledge base are visualised using XML Topic Maps. In particular, MARACHNA aims to provide an overview of single fields of mathematics, as well as showing intra-field relations between mathematical objects and concepts.
The Isolation and Characterization of a Broad Host Range Bcep22-like Podovirus JC1 (2022)

Bacteriophage JC1 is a <i>Podoviridae</i> phage with a C1 morphotype, isolated on host strain <i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i> Van1. Phage JC1 is capable of infecting an expansive range of <i>Burkholderia cepacia</i> complex (Bcc) species. The JC1 genome exhibits significant similarity and synteny to Bcep22-like phages and to many <i>Ralstonia</i> phages. The genome of JC1 was determined to be 61,182 bp in length with a 65.4% G + C content and is predicted to encode 76 proteins and 1 tRNA gene. Unlike the other <i>Lessieviruses</i>, JC1 encodes a putative helicase gene in its replication module, and it is in a unique organization not found in previously analyzed phages. The JC1 genome also harbours 3 interesting moron genes, that encode a carbon storage regulator (CsrA), an N-acetyltransferase, and a phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase. JC1 can stably lysogenize its host Van1 and integrates into the 5' end of the gene <i>rimO</i>. This is the first account of stable integration identified for Bcep22-like phages. JC1 has a higher global virulence index at 37 °C than at 30 °C (0.8 and 0.21, respectively); however, infection efficiency and lysogen stability are not affected by a change in temperature, and no observable temperature-sensitive switch between lytic and lysogenic lifestyle appears to exist. Although JC1 can stably lysogenize its host, it possesses some desirable characteristics for use in phage therapy. Phage JC1 has a broad host range and requires the inner core of the bacterial LPS for infection. Bacteria that mutate to evade infection by JC1 may develop a fitness disadvantage as seen in previously characterized LPS mutants lacking inner core.
The Spongistatins: Architecturally Complex Natural Products—Part Two: Synthesis of the C(29–51) Subunit, Fragment Assembly, and Final Elaboration to (+)-Spongistatin 2 (2001)

An advanced ABCD fragment (see picture) constructed on the way to the total synthesis of the potent antitumor agent (+)-spongistatin 2 has also been used in a formal total synthesis of (+)-spongistatin 1. In both cases the critical step was an acid-mediated epimerization in the presence of Ca2+ ions to stabilize the axial–equitorial CD spiroketal.
Computerized planning of prostate cryosurgery with pullback operation (2008)

This study is a part of an ongoing project to develop computerized tools for cryosurgery planning. Prostate cryosurgery is frequently performed as a two-stage process in which the first-stage targets are frozen with the cryoprobes at a greater insertion depth, while the second stage of freezing is performed after some cryoprobes are pulled back to new locations, this process being known as the pullback procedure. This paper proposes a method to generate computationally a preferred cryoprobe layout for the pullback operation, using a previously proposed bubble-packing method for cryosurgery planning. For this purpose, additional constraints are imposed to align packed bubbles along the same insertion path between the different stages, and to vary the number of bubbles at each stage. The method is demonstrated on 3D patient models from four individuals, using cryoprobes with a diameter of 1.5 mm and an active length of 15 mm. Results are verified with bioheat transfer simulations, and compared with the non-pullback operations using cryoprobes with longer (25 mm) active lengths. When compared with results of the non-pullback procedure, results with pullback suggest some improvement in freezing in the apex region of the prostate, with a slight increase in overall freezing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
A Case of Cushing Syndrome Secondary to Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Producing Carcinoid of the Duodenum (2005)

Cushing syndrome caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production from solid tumors can result in life-threatening hypercortisolemia. Ectopic ACTH production is most commonly associated with bronchial carcinoids and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We report a case of Cushing syndrome caused by ectopic ACTH production from a carcinoid of the duodenum. The patient presented to an outside hospital in hypertensive crisis and diabetic ketoacidosis. After stabilization, diagnostic studies including a serum cortisol level, and computed tomography (CT) scans of the head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed hypercortisolemia and a large mass in the head of the pancreas. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. Pathologic investigation revealed a 1-cm carcinoid of the duodenum with two large metastatic lymph nodes near the head of the pancreas. This is the first reported case in the English literature of Cushing syndrome caused by ectopic ACTH production from a carcinoid of the duodenum.
Massive calcium–activated endocytosis without involvement of classical endocytic proteins (2010)

We describe rapid massive endocytosis (MEND) of >50% of the plasmalemma in baby hamster kidney (BHK) and HEK293 cells in response to large Ca transients. Constitutively expressed Na/Ca exchangers (NCX1) are used to generate Ca transients, whereas capacitance recording and a membrane tracer dye, FM 4-64, are used to monitor endocytosis. With high cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphate (ATP; >5 mM), Ca influx causes exocytosis followed by MEND. Without ATP, Ca transients cause only exocytosis. MEND can then be initiated by pipette perfusion of ATP, and multiple results indicate that ATP acts via phosphatidylinositol-bis 4,5-phosphate (PIP(2)) synthesis: PIP(2) substitutes for ATP to induce MEND. ATP-activated MEND is blocked by an inositol 5-phosphatase and by guanosine 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate (GTPγS). Block by GTPγS is overcome by the phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, and PIP(2) induces MEND in the presence of GTPγS. MEND can occur in the absence of ATP and PIP(2) when cytoplasmic free Ca is clamped to 10 µM or more by Ca-buffered solutions. ATP-independent MEND occurs within seconds during Ca transients when cytoplasmic solutions contain polyamines (e.g., spermidine) or the membrane is enriched in cholesterol. Although PIP(2) and cholesterol can induce MEND minutes after Ca transients have subsided, polyamines must be present during Ca transients. MEND can reverse over minutes in an ATP-dependent fashion. It is blocked by brief β-methylcyclodextrin treatments, and tests for involvement of clathrin, dynamins, calcineurin, and actin cytoskeleton were negative. Therefore, we turned to the roles of lipids. Bacterial sphingomyelinases (SMases) cause similar MEND responses within seconds, suggesting that ceramide may be important. However, Ca-activated MEND is not blocked by reagents that inhibit SMases. MEND is abolished by the alkylating phospholipase A(2) inhibitor, bromoenol lactone, whereas exocytosis remains robust, and Ca influx causes MEND in cardiac myocytes without preceding exocytosis. Thus, exocytosis is not prerequisite for MEND. From these results and two companion studies, we suggest that Ca promotes the formation of membrane domains that spontaneously vesiculate to the cytoplasmic side.
Pseudoresistance to Pediculicides in a Case of Pubic Lice (1988)

A 23-year-old male presented with pubic lice refractory to repeated treatments with either permethrin or lindane. Further evaluation identified untreated pubic lice in his scalp.
Virtual Screening as a Technique for PPAR Modulator Discovery (2009)

Virtual screening (VS) is a discovery technique to identify novel compounds with therapeutic and preventive efficacy against disease. Our current focus is on the in silico screening and discovery of novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists. It is well recognized that PPARgamma agonists have therapeutic applications as insulin sensitizers in type 2 diabetes or as anti-inflammatories. VS is a cost- and time-effective means for identifying small molecules that have therapeutic potential. Our long-term goal is to devise computational approaches for testing the PPARgamma-binding activity of extensive naturally occurring compound libraries prior to testing agonist activity using ligand-binding and reporter assays. This review summarizes the high potential for obtaining further fundamental understanding of PPARgamma biology and development of novel therapies for treating chronic inflammatory diseases through evolution and implementation of computational screening processes for immunotherapeutics in conjunction with experimental methods for calibration and validation of results.
Latest developments on Non-linear and Time-varying Metasurfaces and Topological Antennas (2020)

In this contribution, we present the latest developments from our group on metasurfaces for antenna applications. In particular, we present the properties and a possible implementation of non-linear and time-varying metasurfaces: the first one have been used for conceiving powerdependent and waveform-dependent mantle cloaks for antennas, allowing them to become invisible/visible to an electromagnetic wave depending on the power level or waveform of the incident wave, respectively; the second one allows to realize Doppler mantle cloaking, which can vanish the Doppler frequency shift due to the motion of the antenna system. Finally, we present the design of patch antennas with reconfigurable radiation characteristics exploiting the position of the phase singularities of vortex fields.
Ein einfacher Weg zu 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylfulven und zu 1-funktionalisierten 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylcyclopentadienen (1992)

A Simple Route to 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylfulvene and to 1-Functionalized 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylcyclopentadienes 5-Bromo-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopenta-1,3-diene, which is available in good yield from 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopenta-1,3-diene, reacts with potassium tert-butoxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of 18-crown-6 under dehydrobromination to give 1,2,3,4-tetramethylfulvene (1,2,3,4-methyl-5-methylenecyclopenta-1, 3-di-ene, 1) in high yield. Compound 1 can be used to prepare various 1-functionalized 2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadiene systems. For example, reaction of lithium dimethylamide, allylmagnesium chloride, potassium indenide or 1,3-dithian-2-yllithium with 1 leads, after hydrolysis, to the corresponding substituted cyclopentadiene systems 3-6 in high yield.
Invariant-length PAM model considering virtualweight and PI compensation (2016)

This paper proposes a model of a length-invariant McKibben pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM). The model is realized by adding virtual load changes to the previously-proposed PAM model. Moreover, the validity of the proposed model is demonstrated, compared simulation data with experimental data.
Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Sera (2020)

Abstract Passive transfer of antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients is being used as an experimental treatment for eligible patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections. The United States Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guidelines for convalescent plasma recommends target antibody titers of 160. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in sera from recovered COVID-19 patients using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) at low (PRNT50) and high (PRNT90) stringency thresholds. We found that neutralizing activity increased with time post symptom onset (PSO), reaching a peak at 31-35 days PSO. At this point, the number of sera having neutralizing titers of at least 160 was ∼93% (PRNT50) and ∼54% (PRNT90). Sera with high SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (&gt;960 ELISA titers) showed maximal activity, but not all high titer sera contained neutralizing antibody at FDA recommended levels, particularly at high stringency. These results underscore the value of serum characterization for neutralization activity.
Electric Propulsion Thrusters: Laboratory Investigation of Jets by Probe Methods (2018)

Features of probe measurements of plasma jet parameters of the electric propulsion thrusters under laboratory conditions are studied. Effect of the pressure of the residual gas in the vacuum chamber onto plasma jet formation and spread are investigated.
Measurement and Removal of Adherent Endotoxin from Titanium Particles and Implant Surfaces (2000)

JBJS was founded by the American Orthopaedic Association in 1903 and is the Official Journal of the American Orthopaedic Association. EXCELLENCE THROUGH PEER REVIEW The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (JBJS) has been the most valued source of information for orthopaedic surgeons and researchers for over 125 years and is the gold standard in peer-reviewed scientific information in the field. A core journal and essential reading for general as well as specialist orthopaedic surgeons worldwide, JBJS publishes evidence-based research to enhance the quality of care for orthopaedic patients. Standards of excellence and high quality are maintained in everything we do, from the science of the content published to the customer service we provide. JBJS is an independent, non-profit journal. JBJS.org is the version of record of The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. JBJS is published twice a month on the first and third Wednesday of each month, each time adding to a comprehensive PDF archive dating back to 1889. Additional features online include: article commenting, social sharing links, instructional videos, podcasts, and continuing medical education activities. Contributions from anywhere in the world are welcome and considered on their merits. The manuscript must be written in English and should be submitted as outlined in the Instructions for Authors. Manuscripts are subject to blinded peer review by experts and a final decision by the editor. Papers are judged by the quality and relevance of the work. Our aim is to publish the best material available from anywhere in the world.
Indusion: Fusion of Multispectral and Panchromatic Images Using the Induction Scaling Technique (2008)

The fusion of multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) images is a useful technique for enhancing the spatial quality of low-resolution MS images. Liu recently proposed the smoothing-filter-based intensity modulation (SFIM) fusion technique. This technique upscales MS images using bicubic interpolation and introduces high-frequency information of the PAN image into the MS images. However, this fusion technique is plagued by blurred edges if the upscaled MS images are not accurately coregistered with the PAN image. In the first part of this letter, we propose the use of the Induction scaling technique instead of bicubic interpolation to obtain sharper, better correlated, and hence better coregistered upscaled images. In the second part, we propose a new fusion technique derived from induction, which is named ldquoIndusion.rdquo In this method, the high-frequency content of the PAN image is extracted using a pair of upscaling and downscaling filters. It is then added to an upscaled MS image. Finally, a comparison of SFIM (with both bicubic interpolation and induction scaling) is presented along with the fusion results obtained by IHS, discrete wavelet transform, and the proposed Indusion techniques using Quickbird satellite images.
Structural anomaly in the reticular formation in narcolepsy type 1, suggesting lower levels of neuromelanin (2019)

The aim of this study was to investigate structural changes in the brain stem of adolescents with narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, fragmented night-time sleep, and cataplexy. For this purpose, we used quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to obtain R1 and R2 relaxation rates, proton density, and myelin maps in adolescents with narcolepsy (n = 14) and healthy controls (n = 14). We also acquired resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for brainstem connectivity analysis. We found a significantly lower R2 in the rostral reticular formation near the superior cerebellar peduncle in narcolepsy patients, family wise error corrected p = .010. Narcolepsy patients had a mean R2 value of 1.17 s<sup>-1</sup> whereas healthy controls had a mean R2 of 1.31 s<sup>-1</sup>, which was a large effect size with Cohen d = 4.14. We did not observe any significant differences in R1 relaxation, proton density, or myelin content. The sensitivity of R2 to metal ions in tissue and the transition metal ion chelating property of neuromelanin indicate that the R2 deviant area is one of the neuromelanin containing nuclei of the brain stem. The close proximity and its demonstrated involvement in sleep-maintenance, specifically through orexin projections from the hypothalamus regulating sleep stability, as well as the results from the connectivity analysis, suggest that the observed deviant area could be the locus coeruleus or other neuromelanin containing nuclei in the proximity of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Hypothetically, the R2 differences described in this paper could be due to lower levels of neuromelanin in this area of narcolepsy patients.
Linear Plasmon Dispersion in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and the Collective Excitation Spectrum of Graphene (2008)

We have measured a strictly linear pi plasmon dispersion along the axis of individualized single-wall carbon nanotubes, which is completely different from plasmon dispersions of graphite or bundled single-wall carbon nanotubes. Comparative ab initio studies on graphene-based systems allow us to reproduce the different dispersions. This suggests that individualized nanotubes provide viable experimental access to collective electronic excitations of graphene, and it validates the use of graphene to understand electronic excitations of carbon nanotubes. In particular, the calculations reveal that local field effects cause a mixing of electronic transitions, including the "Dirac cone," resulting in the observed linear dispersion.