gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-high efficiency multilayer blazed gratings through deposition kinetic control (2012)

Diffraction efficiency of multilayer-coated blazed gratings (MBG) strongly depends on the perfection of the sawtooth-shaped layers in the overall composite structure. Growth of multilayers on sawtooth substrates should be carefully optimized to reduce groove profile distortion and, at the same time, to avoid significant roughening of multilayer interfaces. In this work, we report on a way to optimize growth of sputter-deposited Mo/Si multilayers on sawtooth substrates through variation of the sputtering gas pressure. We believe a new record for diffraction efficiency of 44% was achieved for an optimized MBG with groove density of 5250 lines/mm at the wavelength of 13.1 nm.
Pattern Based GUI Testing for Mobile Applications (2014)

This paper presents a study aiming to assess the feasibility of using the Pattern Based GUI Testing approach, PBGT, to test mobile applications. PBGT is a new model based testing approach that aims to increase systematization, reusability and diminish the effort in modelling and testing. It is based on the concept of User Interface Test Patterns (UITP) that contain generic test strategies for testing common recurrent behaviour, the so-called UI Patterns, on GUIs through its possible different implementations after a configuration step. Although PBGT was developed having web applications in mind, it is possible to develop drivers for other platforms in order to test a wide set of applications. However, web and mobile applications are different and only the development of a new driver to execute test cases over mobile applications may not be enough. This paper describes a study aiming to identify the adaptations and updates the PBGT should undergo in order to test mobile applications.
An adaptive universal variable-to-fix lossless coding scheme (2002)

We suggest an adaptive, universal variable-to-fix (VF) lossless source coding technique which generates a dictionary that is sequentially adapted to the empirical distribution of the data observed so far. Since the dictionary varies, we also provide an algorithm to implement the VF code without an explicit specification of the dictionary, and so there is no need for dictionary storage. For i.i.d sources our algorithm converges to the entropy at a rate O(l/logM)+O(logn/n), where M is the dictionary size and a is the length of the sequence to be compressed. The adaptive dictionary construction algorithm has some resemblance to arithmetic coding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Estimates of the Continuously Publishing Core in the Scientific Workforce (2014)

The proportion of the scientific workforce that maintains a continuous uninterrupted stream of publications each and every year over many years is very limited, but it accounts for the lion's share of researchers with high citation impact. This finding may have implications for the structure, stability and vulnerability of the scientific workforce.
Scaling virtual health at the epicentre of coronavirus disease 2019: A case study from NYU Langone Health (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated the drive of health-care delivery towards virtual-care platforms. While the potential of virtual care is significant, there are challenges to the implementation and scalability of virtual care as a platform, and health-care organisations are at risk of building and deploying non-strategic, costly or unsustainable virtual-health systems. In this article, we share the NYU Langone Health enterprise approach to building and scaling an integrated virtual-health platform prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and offer lessons learned and recommendations for health systems that need to undertake or are currently undertaking the transition to virtual-care delivery.
Antibody-induced Desensitization of the Insulin Receptor (1980)

Antibodies against the insulin receptor (Anti-R), which are found in the serum of type B patients with the syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans, inhibit the binding of insulin to its receptor and mimic the actions of insulin when studied acutely in vitro. After prolonged exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to Anti-R, the insulinomimetic activity is lost, and the cells show a marked decrease in their maximal response to insulin (antibody-induced desensitization), thus providing a model for the insulin resistance seen in vivo. This study explores in detail the mechanism and specificity of desensitization in 3T3-L1 cells.Desensitization, like the insulinomimetic activity of Anti-R, requires bivalence. Monovalent preparations of Anti-R inhibit insulin binding and shift the insulin biological dose-response curve to the right, but do not decrease the maximal insulin response. The affinity of monovalent Anti-R is less than that of the native antibody. Cross-linking of monovalent Anti-R reconstitutes its insulinomimetic activity and partially reconstitutes desensitization. Desensitized cells are resistant to the insulinomimetic actions of concanavalin A, which interacts with the insulin receptor, but are not desensitized to spermine and vitamin K(5), insulinomimetic agents that are thought to act independently of the insulin receptor. Glucose, pyruvate, or certain hexoses are required in the incubation media for desensitization to occur. Although Anti-R is taken up into cells and degraded by lysosomes, chloroquine, cycloheximide, colchicine, and cytochalasin E have little influence on the induction of or recovery from antibody-induced desensitization. These data suggest that desensitization is not merely due to the inhibition of insulin binding, but is a complex process involving a decreased ability of the receptor to generate a biological response.
Divergence of canonical danger signals: The genome-level expression patterns of human mononuclear cells subjected to heat shock or lipopolysaccharide (2008)

These data demonstrate that the mononuclear cell responses to the canonical stress signals, heat shock and LPS, are highly divergent. However, there is a heretofore unrecognized common pattern of gene network expression corresponding to chemokine-related biology. The data also serve as a reference database for investigators in the field of stress signaling.
Development of Diagnostic SNP Markers To Monitor Hybridization Between Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) and Wapiti (Cervus elaphus) (2018)

Sika deer (<i>Cervus Nippon</i>) and wapiti (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) are closely related species and their hybridization can result in significant allele-shift of their gene pool. Additive genetic effects and putative heterotic effects of their hybridization on growth performance could confer considerable economic advantage in deer farming. Here, we used double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing technology (ddRAD-seq) and detected ∼320,000 genome-wide SNPs from 30 captive individuals: 7 sika deer, 6 wapiti and 17 F1 hybrids (reciprocal cross). By screening observed heterozygosity of each SNP across four taxonomic groups, we report for the first time a resource of 2,015 putative diagnostic SNP markers (species-specific SNPs for sika deer and wapiti), which can be used to design tools for assessing or monitoring the degree of hybridization between sika deer and wapiti. These ddRAD-seq data and SNP datasets are also valuable resources for genome-wide studies, including trait discovery for breeders of domestic deer.
Estimation of the level of blood alcohol from analysis of breath. (1950)

Studies are reported of the distribution of alcohol between alveolar air, or rebreathed air, and blood of human subjects; the temperature at which the breath leaves the mouth was studied as well as the reliability of the breath alcohol-carbon dioxide ratio for predicting blood alcohol. The possible loss of alcohol from condensed moisture inside the balloon was studied, as well as correlation between alcohol, and alcohol in a given volume of ordinary expired air. Experimental details are described and the study results are discussed.
Liver breath tests non-invasively predict higher stages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (2006)

Effectively assessing subtle hepatic metabolic functions by novel non-invasive tests might be of clinical utility in scoring NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) and in identifying altered metabolic pathways. The present study was conducted on 39 (20 lean and 19 obese) hypertransaminasemic patients with histologically proven NAFLD {ranging from simple steatosis to severe steatohepatitis [NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)] and fibrosis} and 28 (20 lean and eight overweight) healthy controls, who underwent stable isotope breath testing ([(13)C]methacetin and [(13)C]ketoisocaproate) for microsomal and mitochondrial liver function in relation to histology, serum hyaluronate, as a marker of liver fibrosis, and body size. Compared with healthy subjects and patients with simple steatosis, NASH patients had enhanced methacetin demethylation (P=0.001), but decreased (P=0.001) and delayed (P=0.006) ketoisocaproate decarboxylation, which was inversely related (P=0.001) to the degree of histological fibrosis (r=-0.701), serum hyaluronate (r=-0.644) and body size (r=-0.485). Ketoisocaproate decarboxylation was impaired further in obese patients with NASH, but not in patients with simple steatosis and in overweight controls. NASH and insulin resistance were independently associated with an abnormal ketoisocaproate breath test (P=0.001). The cut-off value of 9.6% cumulative expired (13)CO(2) for ketoisocaproate at 60 min was associated with the highest prediction (positive predictive value, 0.90; negative predictive value, 0.73) for NASH, yielding an overall sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 94%. In conclusion, both microsomal and mitochondrial functions are disturbed in NASH. Therefore stable isotope breath tests may usefully contribute to a better and non-invasive characterization of patients with NAFLD.
Sox10 Regulates Plasticity of Epithelial Progenitors toward Secretory Units of Exocrine Glands (2019)

Understanding how epithelial progenitors within exocrine glands establish specific cell lineages and form complex functional secretory units is vital for organ regeneration. Here we identify the transcription factor Sox10 as essential for both the maintenance and differentiation of epithelial KIT<sup>+</sup>FGFR2b<sup>+</sup> progenitors into secretory units, containing acinar, myoepithelial, and intercalated duct cells. The KIT/FGFR2b-Sox10 axis marks the earliest multi-potent and tissue-specific progenitors of exocrine glands. Genetic deletion of epithelial Sox10 leads to loss of secretory units, which reduces organ size and function, but the ductal tree is retained. Intriguingly, the remaining duct progenitors do not compensate for loss of Sox10 and lack plasticity to properly form secretory units. However, overexpression of Sox10 in these ductal progenitors enhances their plasticity toward KIT<sup>+</sup> progenitors and induces differentiation into secretory units. Therefore, Sox10 controls plasticity and multi-potency of epithelial KIT<sup>+</sup> cells in secretory organs, such as mammary, lacrimal, and salivary glands.
Investigation of Tightly Coupled Porphyrin Arrays Comprised of Identical Monomers for Multibit Information Storage (2000)

Our prior designs for molecular-based information storage devices have employed multiple redox-active units organized in weakly coupled, covalently linked arrays. To explore a simpler design, we report here the synthesis of porphyrin arrays where porphyrins with identical oxidation potentials are directly linked to one another instead of joined via a molecular linker. Oxidative coupling with AgPF(6) of zinc(II)-5,15-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-10-phenylporphyrin, obtained by a rational synthesis, afforded the expected dimer joined by a meso-meso linkage and an unexpected trimer joined by meso-meso linkages. For attachment to an electroactive surface we synthesized a meso-linked porphyrin dimer with a thiol-linker in one of the meso positions. The S-acetyl protecting group was used to avoid handling free thiol groups. Coupling of zinc(II)-5,10,15-tris(3, 5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin ("upper half") and zinc(II)-5-[4-(S-acetylthio)phenyl]-10,20-bis(3, 5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin ("lower half") afforded three different meso-linked dimers with the desired dimer as the main product. Electrochemical examination of the meso-linked dimer in solution shows that the first two oxidation potentials of the array differ by approximately 0.15 V and straddle the value exhibited by the monomeric constituents. The third and fourth oxidation potentials of the array are also split although to a lesser extent ( approximately 0.08 V) than the first and second. For the meso-linked trimer, the first three oxidation waves are also split; however, these waves are severely overlapped. The electrochemical behavior of the dimers and trimer is indicative of strong electronic interactions among the porphyrins. The thiol-derivatized meso-linked dimers form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold via in situ cleavage of the S-acetylthio protecting group. The porphyrin SAM exhibits four well-resolved oxidation waves. Regardless, the meso-meso linkage is relatively unstable upon formation of the pi-cation radical(s). This characteristic indicates that the structural motif is of limited utility for molecular information storage elements.
A novel fatty acid from the mushroom Hericium erinaceum. (1990)

In the course of our countinuing research into biologically active substances from mushrooms,1~4) we have reported the isolation of new cytotoxic phenols, hericenone A and B, from an edible "mushroom, Hericium erinaceum (Yamabushitake in Japanese), in the previous paper.5) Here are described the isolation and
Targeting risk factors for reducing the racially disparate burden in breast cancer (2019)

African-American (AA) women are more likely to die from breast cancer (BC), at any age, compared to European-American women. Although breakthroughs in pre-clinical studies have resulted in potentially actionable targets in AA BC, drugs that were rationally designed for these targets have performed poorly in clinical trials. Challenges with interpatient and intratumoral heterogeneity, lack of drug sensitivity and specificity, suboptimal biomarker cut-offs, lack of drug response predictive biomarkers, drug side effects, high costs of drug development, and under-representation of AAs in clinical trials complicate the development of targeted therapies for AA BC patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that racial disparities exist in non-genetic risk factors that can alter genetic and epigenetic programs to promote breast tumorigenesis. Herein, we present a "roadmap" that addresses non-genetic risk factors that are suspected to contribute to the racial disparity in BC mortality. Increased targeting of these non-genetic risk factors may proffer a safer and more economical route to alleviating the racially disparate burden in BC.
Pancreatic Duct Compliance After Secretin Stimulation (2011)

Combined EUS, sEUS, and ePFTs are feasible and safe, with preliminary results demonstrating a positive correlation between pancreatic ductal compliance and duodenal fluid [HCO3].
Efficient TEM_00-mode operation of a Nd:YAG laser end pumped by a three-bar high-power diode-laser array (1992)

We demonstrate an efficient Nd:YAG laser end pumped by a high-power (135-W peak power) three-bar diode-laser array. We have achieved an unpolarized TEM00-mode output energy of 6.7 mJ/pulse for a 27-mJ pump pulse. The optical-to-optical slope efficiency of the energy impinging upon the laser rod is 38% for round-trip losses of 2.4% and a 5% transmissive output coupler. The attainable multimode output energy is 8.4 mJ/pulse. We have also designed and constructed an optics module that efficiently concentrates the pumping radiation in the resonator mode region. This optics is a key component for this laser.
Donor Leg Morbidity and Function after Fibula Free Flap Mandible Reconstruction (1995)

The purpose of this study was to determine the donor leg morbidity and function after removal of the fibula free flap for mandible reconstruction. In the past 24 months, 29 consecutive patients underwent a total of 30 fibula free flap mandible reconstructions. A muscle-sparing technique was used to harvest the fibula flap, and the proximal 6 cm and distal 8 cm of fibula were left intact. Patients included 20 men and 9 women; their mean age was 58.8 years (range 29 to 82 years); the mean length of fibula removed was 14.5 cm (range 8 to 25 cm); osteocutaneous flaps were used in 27 patients (90 percent); and 16 patients (53 percent) required skin grafts to the donor leg. Donor leg morbidity and function were determined by patient questionnaire, physical examination, and isokinetic testing, with the opposite, unoperated leg serving as a control. Immediate postoperative morbidity occurred in 5 patients (17 percent) (infection, wound separation, or partial graft loss); none required additional surgery for donor complications. Patient questionnaires were completed by all patients at an average of 7.3 months after surgery. Patients were able to ambulate pain-free an average of 5.1 weeks (range 2 to 32 weeks) postoperatively and were all fully able to engage in all daily and recreational activities. Most (21 patients, 72 percent) were free of any donor pain, and the remainder (28 percent) had only occasional mild discomfort. Other complaints included ankle stiffness (41 percent), mild ankle instability (10 percent), and transient peroneal motor (7 percent) or sensory (28 percent) loss, which resolved in all patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wireless Channel Modeling Perspectives for Ultra-Reliable Communications (2019)

Ultra-reliable communication (URC) is one of the distinctive features of the upcoming 5G wireless communication, characterized by packet error rates going down to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> . In this paper, we analyze the tail of the cumulative distribution function of block fading channels in the regime of extremely rare events, i.e., the ultra-reliable (UR) regime of operation. Our main contribution consists of providing a unified framework for statistical description of wide range of practically important wireless channel models in the UR regime of operation. Specifically, we show that the wireless channel behavior in this regime can be approximated by a simple power law expression, whose exponent and offset depend on the actual channel model. The unification provides a channel-agnostic tool for analyzing and performance optimization of radio systems that operate in the UR regime. Furthermore, the unified model is particularly useful in the emerging measurement campaigns for empirical characterization of wireless channels in the regime of low outages. Finally, the asymptotic analysis can serve as an underlying building block for designing more elaborate, higher-layer technologies for URC. We showcase this by applying the power law results to analyze the performance of receiver diversity schemes and obtain a new simplified expression for maximum ratio combining.
TagSNP analyses of the PON gene cluster: effects on PON1 activity, LDL oxidative susceptibility, and vascular disease (2006)

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity is consistently predictive of vascular disease, although the genotype at four functional PON1 polymorphisms is not. To address this inconsistency, we investigated the role of all common PON1 genetic variability, as measured by tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs), in predicting PON1 activity for phenylacetate hydrolysis, LDL susceptibility to oxidation ex vivo, plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels, and carotid artery disease (CAAD) status. The biological goal was to establish whether additional common genetic variation beyond consideration of the four known functional SNPs improves prediction of these phenotypes. PON2 and PON3 tagSNPs were secondarily evaluated. Expanded analysis of an additional 26 tagSNPs found evidence of previously undescribed common PON1 polymorphisms that affect PON1 activity independently of the four known functional SNPs. PON1 activity was not significantly correlated with LDL oxidative susceptibility, but genotypes at the PON1(-108) promoter polymorphism and several other PON1 SNPs were. Neither PON1 activity nor PON1 genotype was significantly correlated with plasma Hcy levels. This study revealed previously undetected common functional PON1 polymorphisms that explain 4% of PON1 activity and a high rate of recombination in PON1, but the sum of the common PON1 locus variation does not explain the relationship between PON1 activity and CAAD.
Mitigate TSV Electromigration for 3D ICs - From the Architecture Perspective (2013)

International audience
Murine Leukemia Virus Nucleocapsid Mutant Particles Lacking Viral RNA Encapsidate Ribosomes (2002)

A single retroviral protein, termed Gag, is sufficient for assembly of retrovirus-like particles in mammalian cells. Gag normally selects the genomic RNA of the virus with high specificity; the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag plays a crucial role in this selection process. However, encapsidation of the viral RNA is completely unnecessary for particle assembly. We previously showed that mutant murine leukemia virus (MuLV) particles that lack viral RNA because of a deletion in the cis-acting packaging signal ("Psi") in the genomic RNA compensate for the loss of the viral RNA by incorporating cellular mRNA. The RNA in wild-type and Psi- particles was also found to be necessary for virion core structure. In the present work, we explored the role of RNA in MuLV particles that lack genomic RNA because of mutations in the NC domain of Gag. Using a fluorescent dye assay, we observed that NC mutant particles contain the same amount of RNA that wild-type virions do. Surprisingly enough, these particles contained large amounts of rRNAs. Furthermore, ribosomal proteins were detected by immunoblotting, and ribosomes were observed inside the particles by electron microscopy. The biological significance of the presence of ribosomes in NC mutant particles lacking genomic RNA is discussed.
Platelet Clumping in vitro (1964)

O sler (1874), Hayem (1878) and Eberth and Schimmelbusch (1886) showed that the process of blood clotting initiated platelet clumping in shed blood, and later workers (Roskam, 1922; Zucker and Borrelli, 1955; Bergsagel, 1956; Bounameaux, 1957) have shown that various coagulation factors released during the clotting process can produce this platelet clumping. There has, however, been a growing body of evidence to suggest that other mechanisms, not directly related to clotting, could also initiate platelet clumping (Sharp, 1958, 1961), and the existence of one such mechanism was confirmed by the observation that a protein‐free, heat‐stable, dialysable extract of human red cells could increase platelet adhesiveness (Hellem, 1960). Hellem called the active principle of his extract ‘Factor R’ fractionation of the extract showed that the active agent was adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and it was found that when this substance was added to platelet‐rich citrated plasma in concentrations as low as 0.02 μg./ml., platelet clumping was produced (Gaarder, Jonsen, Laland, Hellem and Owren, 1961). We have studied this clumping phenomenon in vitro, tested other substances for clumping activity and searched for materials which would modify the process. This paper reports the results of these studies.