gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comminution Properties of Biomass in Hammer Mill and its Particle Size Characterization (2008)

Biomass particle size impacts handling, storage, conversion, and dust control systems. Size reduction mechanical energy was directly measured for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn stover (Zea mays L.) in an instrumented hammer mill. Direct power inputs were determined for different operating speeds from 2000 to 3600 rpm for 3.175 mm integral classifying screen and mass input rate of 2.5 kg/min with 90 and 30 edges on hammers. Overall accuracy of power measurement was calculated to be 0.003 kW. Particle sizes were examined for hammer mill operating factors using ISO sieve sizes from 4.75 to 0.02 mm in conjunction with Ro-tap sieve analyzer. A total specific energy (kWh/Mg) was defined as size reduction energy expended for a particular mill design. Effective specific energy was defined as the energy that can be assumed to reach the biomass. The difference is parasitic or idle energy. Total specific energy for switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover grinding increased with hammer mill speed for both 90 and 30 hammers. Effective specific energy decreased marginally for switchgrass and considerably for wheat straw and it increased for corn stover with 90 hammers. However, effective specific energy increased with speed to certain extent and then decreased for 30 hammers. Rosin-Rammler equation fitted the switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover grind size distribution data with R2 > 0.995. Mass relative span was greater than 1, which indicated a wide distribution of particle sizes. Uniformity coefficient was less than 4.0 for wheat straw, which indicated uniform mix of particles, and it was about 4.0 for switchgrass and corn stover, which indicated a large assortment of particles and also represented a well graded particle size distribution. Geometric mean diameter had strong correlations with Rosin-Rammler size parameter, median diameter, and effective size. Distribution related parameters, namely, mass relative span, Rosin-Rammler distribution parameter, inclusive graphic skewness, graphic kurtosis, uniformity index, uniformity coefficient, coefficient of gradation and distribution geometric standard deviation had strong correlation among themselves and a weak correlation with mill speed. Results of this extensive analysis of specific energy and particle sizes can be applied to selection of hammer mill operating parameters to produce a particular size of switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover grind.
Evaluation and management of women with endometriosis (2003)

Endometriosis is a condition that often leads to a variety of symptoms that range from pain complaints to infertility. Endometriosis is also found in women who are asymptomatic. The diagnosis of endometriosis can be made clinically with reliability similar to that of one made surgically. Medical treatment options are effective, as are surgical treatment options. Complications associated with surgery, however, push the balance in favor of medical therapy whenever possible. Based on the body of evidence available at present, women with endometriosis-related complaints should be treated with a first-line medical therapy. If that fails, a second-line medical therapy is warranted under most conditions. Laparoscopic surgery should be reserved for patients in whom second-line medical therapy has failed or is contraindicated by desire to conceive immediately or as soon as possible.
Mechanism and Characteristics of Stimuli-Dependent ROS Generation in Undifferentiated HL-60 Cells (2005)

It has been widely believed that undifferentiated human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) have no ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) responding to stimuli. We report here that undifferentiated HL-60 cells possess NADPH oxidase and that generation of superoxide can be measured using a highly sensitive chemiluminescence dye, L-012. Five subunits of NADPH oxidase, namely, gp91(phox), p22(phox), p67(phox), p47(phox), and Rac 2, were detected in undifferentiated HL-60 cells by immunoblotting analysis. The contents of these NADPH oxidase components in the cells were increased with the differentiation induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), except for p22(phox). Messenger RNAs of these subunits were also detected by the RT-PCR method, and their expressions increased except that of p22(phox) with the differentiation induced by PMA. Kinetic analysis using L-012 revealed that HL-60 cells generated substantial amounts of ROS by various stimulants, including formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, PMA, myristic acid, and a Ca2+ ionophore, A23187. Both diphenyleneiodonium (an inhibitor of FAD-dependent oxidase) and apocynin (a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) suppressed this stimuli-dependent ROS generation. Genistein, staurosporine, uric acid, and sodium azide inhibited the ROS generation in undifferentiated HL-60 cells in a similar way to that in undifferentiated neutrophils. These results suggested that the mechanism of ROS generation in undifferentiated HL-60 cells is the same as that in primed neutrophils.
A Systematic Study of Noncross-linking Wet Strength Agents (2013)

Cellulosic fibers are inherently hydrophilic, and the modification of them to withstand moisture is important both commercially and scientifically. The usual methods are based on the cross-linking chemistry of reactive groups such as epichlorohydrins. Here, we present that it is possible to attain paper with wet strength from a combination of polymers that lack cross-linking chemistry, namely, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Polybrene. To accomplish this, we first altered the surface charge of the fibers by adsorption of CMC. Subsequent adsorption of Polybrene, forming the fibers as paper sheets, and drying yielded paper with wet strength properties. The wet strengthening was further investigated by (i) varying the molecular weight of the CMC, (ii) varying the cationic polyelectrolyte, and (iii) synthesizing polymers called ionenes to study the structural properties behind the wet strength of Polybrene. The results showed that (i) drying was necessary to obtain wet strength, (ii) wet strength seemed to be a surface effect, (iii) high Mw CMC played an important role in the development of wet strength, and (iv) only asymmetric ionenes ([3,6] and [6,12]-ionenes) could attain wet strength while symmetric [3,3] and [6,6]-ionenes failed to show wet strength properties.
A Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Sentence Boundary Detection for the Clinical Domain. (2016)

Sentence boundary detection (SBD) is a critical preprocessing task for many natural language processing (NLP) applications. However, there has been little work on evaluating how well existing methods for SBD perform in the clinical domain. We evaluate five popular off-the-shelf NLP toolkits on the task of SBD in various kinds of text using a diverse set of corpora, including the GENIA corpus of biomedical abstracts, a corpus of clinical notes used in the 2010 i2b2 shared task, and two general-domain corpora (the British National Corpus and Switchboard). We find that, with the exception of the cTAKES system, the toolkits we evaluate perform noticeably worse on clinical text than on general-domain text. We identify and discuss major classes of errors, and suggest directions for future work to improve SBD methods in the clinical domain. We also make the code used for SBD evaluation in this paper available for download at http://github.com/drgriffis/SBD-Evaluation.
Human microglial cells express a functional IL-12 receptor and produce IL-12 following IL-12 stimulation (2001)

Microglial cells (MC) are IL-12 producers in the central nervous system. Here, we found that IL-12 receptor subunits beta1 and beta2 were both constitutively expressed, and up-regulated by IFN-gamma, in human primary MC. IL-12p70, after binding to its receptor, is internalized into vesicles that qualify as early endosomes as indicated by intracellular colocalization with transferrin. IL-12 induced tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT4. IL-12 signaling in human MC also involved members of the NFkappaB family. IL-12p70 and, more effectively, the combination of IL-12p70 and IFN-gamma, induced IL-12p40 mRNA expression and bioactive IL-12p70 production. Human MC, thus, express a functional IL-12 receptor and produce bioactive IL-12 following IL-12 stimulation.
Electrical through-wafer interconnects with sub-picofarad parasitic capacitance [MEMS packaging] (2002)

This paper presents a technology for high density and low parasitic capacitance electrical through-wafer interconnects to an array of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) on a silicon wafer. Vertical wafer feedthroughs (interconnects) connect an array of sensors or actuators from the front side (transducer side) to the backside (packaging side) of the wafer. A 20 to 1 high aspect ratio 400 /spl mu/m long and 20 /spl mu/m diameter interconnect is achieved by using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Reduction of the parasitic capacitance of the polysilicon pads to the substrate can be achieved by using reversed-biased pn-junction diodes operating in the depletion region. A parasitic capacitance of 0.3 pF has been achieved by this means. This three-dimensional architecture allows for elegant packaging through simple flip-chip bonding of the chip's back side to a printed circuit board (PCB) or a signal processing wafer.
The thyrotropin (TSH) receptor transmembrane domain mutation (Pro556-Leu) in the hypothyroid hyt/hyt mouse results in plasma membrane targeting but defective TSH binding. (1995)

The hyt/hyt mouse is hypothyroid because of a mutation in the TSH receptor (TSH-R). In this report, we confirm the presence of a Pro to Leu mutation in amino acid 556 of the fourth transmembrane domain (TM4) of the TSH-R. This Pro is highly conserved in members of the G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane family of receptors. Insertion of this mutation into the wild-type rat receptor eliminated TSH binding and receptor function in transfected 293 and COS cells. Wild-type TSH-R conferred a 7.4-fold increase in cAMP and a 2.3-fold stimulation of a cAMP-responsive reporter gene. The P556L mutant receptor elicited no increase in cAMP or the reporter gene. Cells transfected with wild-type receptor bound TSH with a Kd of 3.3 x 10(-10) M, whereas no TSH binding was detected with the P556L mutant. Because the P556L mutation occurs in a receptor region (TM4) that is not expected to alter the binding of TSH, additional studies were performed to examine receptor processing and cellular localization. Mutant receptors from solubilized membranes also failed to bind TSH, indicating that the absence of binding to intact cells was not accounted for intracellular trapping of the mutant receptor. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the mutant and wild-type receptors were processed through a similar series of precursors and that a mature 95-kilodalton form of the mutant TSH-R was produced, consistent with its insertion into the plasma membrane. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed expression of the P556L mutant on the cell surface of transfected cells and in thyroid tissue from hyt/hyt mice. Although the extracellular domain of the TSH-R is sufficient for high affinity binding of TSH, we conclude that the hyt mutation in the fourth transmembrane domain eliminates TSH binding. These results suggest interactions between the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the TSH-R and indicate that this highly conserved proline is required for normal receptor structure and function.
A 4 GHz dielectric continuous output multiplexer for satellite applications (2002)

A 4-GHz output multiplexer which significantly reduces the size and weight of satellite transponders is described. The multiplexer utilizes dielectrically loaded cavities, mounted and tuned in a novel way to increase power handling up to 80 W per channel. A coaxial T-junction coupled manifold eases tuning and results in a very small and light multiplexer unit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Computing on Encrypted Data: Theory and Application (2016)

This report documents the development of second generation Fully Homomorphic Encryption FHE schemes providing simple and efficient FHE operations based on standard cryptographic hardness assumptions. These solutions form the current state-of-the-art in fully homomorphic encryption. This was further developed into attribute based encryption schemes, reusable garbled circuits, functional encryption schemes and secure multi-party computations solutions.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL INSTRUMENT TO EVALUATE BIOMECHANICALLY THE SPINAL COLUMN IN PREGNANT WOMEN (2009)

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices-BIODEVICES: Porto, Portugal: jan. 14-17, 2009
Quasiparticle Poisoning and Josephson Current Fluctuations Induced by Kondo Impurities (2008)

We introduce a toy model that allows us to study the physical properties of a spin impurity coupled to the electrons in the superconducting island. We show that, when the coupling of the spin is of the order of the superconducting gap Delta, two almost degenerate subgap states are formed. By computing the Berry phase that is associated with the superconducting phase rotations in this model, we prove that these subgap states are characterized by a different charge and demonstrate that the switching between these states has the same effect as quasiparticle poisoning (unpoisoning) of the island. We also show that an impurity coupled to both the island and the lead generates Josepshon current fluctuations.
Least Median of Squares Regression (1984)

Abstract Classical least squares regression consists of minimizing the sum of the squared residuals. Many authors have produced more robust versions of this estimator by replacing the square by something else, such as the absolute value. In this article a different approach is introduced in which the sum is replaced by the median of the squared residuals. The resulting estimator can resist the effect of nearly 50% of contamination in the data. In the special case of simple regression, it corresponds to finding the narrowest strip covering half of the observations. Generalizations are possible to multivariate location, orthogonal regression, and hypothesis testing in linear models.
Volumetric Modeling of Adrenal Gland Size in Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia (2020)

Volumetric modeling of adrenal gland size may associate with biochemical severity in patients with PBMAH, with particular utility in Black patients.
How Should Iron and Titanium be Combined in Oxides to Improve Photoelectrochemical Properties? (2016)

We discuss here for the first time how to combine iron and titanium metal ions to achieve a high photoelectrochemical activity for TiO2-based photoanodes in water splitting devices. To do so, a wide range of photoelectrode materials with tailored Ti/Fe ratio and element vicinity were synthesized by using the versatility of aqueous sol–gel chemistry in combination with a microwave-assisted crystallization process. At low ferric concentrations, single phase TiO2 anatase doped with various Fe amounts were prepared. Strikingly, at higher ferric concentrations, we observed the concomitant crystallization of two polymorphs of Fe2TiO5. The as-synthesized compounds were tested as photoelectrodes and compared with pure nanoparticles of TiO2, Fe2TiO5, and α- or γ-Fe2O3 and with corresponding nanocomposites. When TiO2 is slightly doped by Fe, the performance of this photoelectrode improves particularly in the low-bias region (<1.0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode.) The photoanode exhibits a higher photocurrent than nanocomposite with TiO2/Fe2O3 and FeTi2O5 and more cathodic onset potential. The former can be partly explained by a lower bandgap and a hole with a longer lifetime. For the latter, we propose that the nature of the heterojunction impacts charge carrier recombination. The results presented herein not only answer whether iron and titanium should be combined in the same structure or into heterostructured systems but also on the importance of the arrangement of ions in the structure to improve the performances of the photoanode.
Evaluation of determinants of the serological response to the split-inactivated influenza vaccine (2021)

Abstract The seasonal influenza vaccine is only effective in half of the vaccinated population. To identify determinants of vaccine efficacy, we used data from &gt;1,300 vaccination events to predict the response to vaccination measured as seroconversion as well as hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) levels one year after. We evaluated the predictive capabilities of age, body mass index (BMI), sex, race, comorbidities, prevaccination history, and baseline HAI titers, as well as vaccination month and vaccine dose in multiple linear regression models. The models predicted the categorical response for &gt;75% of the cases in all subsets with one exception. Prior vaccination, baseline titer level, and age were the strongest determinants on seroconversion, all of which had negative effects. Further, we identified a gender effect in older participants, and an effect of vaccination month. BMI played a surprisingly small role, likely due to its correlation with age. Comorbidities, vaccine dose, and race had negligible effects. Our models can generate a new seroconversion score that is corrected for the impact of these factors which can facilitate future biomarker identification.
Estimation of Human Age According to Telomere Shortening in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Tibetan (2009)

In most normal somatic cells, the terminal restriction fragments (TRF) length and age are inversely correlated, which can be used to determine individual age. However, very little is known about the quantitative relationship between human telomeres and age. The aim of the present study was to investigate age-, gender-, and ethnicity-related changes in telomere length in human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Changes with age in telomere lengths were assessed by Southern blotting. The results shown that telomeres shorten in human PBLs in an age-dependent manner (r = -0.913, P < 0.01). The formula for age estimation according to telomere shortening was Y = -16.539X + 236.287 (Y: age, year; X: mean TRF length, kb). We analyzed the mean TRF length in males and females and found that males had shorter telomeres than females. Moreover, we compared the TRF length of Tibetan and Han population in China and found that telomere length did not differ between 2 populations. We conclude that estimation of human age according to telomere shortening in PBLs is a novel method especially when there is no morphologic information, furthermore, the gender must be considered when age estimation is carried out based on telomere shortening.
MultiFunctional Molecular Scratchcards (2007)

Plasmachemical nanolayering in combination with localized removal of an upper passivation layer is shown to be a simple route for the fabrication of patterned functional surfaces. Protein and DNA arrays can be prepared utilizing a dual layer structure in which the outer layer is nonbinding, and the exposed underlayer specifically immobilizes the respective biomolecule.
Imaging Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease: Distinct Contributions of Cortical MRI Atrophy and FDG-PET Hypometabolism (2018)

18FDG-PET hypometabolism extent is associated with the pathological processes and clinical severity of AD, while MRI atrophy seems to be influenced by the cognitive reserve. In the context of mild AD dementia, these two biomarkers of neurodegeneration are thus not interchangeable and require to be considered in combination rather than in isolation.
Initiation of RNA-primed DNA synthesisin vitroby DNA polymerase α-primase (1995)

The initiation of new DNA strands at origins of replication in animal cells requires de novo synthesis of RNA primers by primase and subsequent elongation from RNA primers by DNA polymerase alpha. To study the specificity of primer site selection by the DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex (pol alpha-primase), a natural DNA template containing a site for replication initiation was constructed. Two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules were hybridized to each other generating a duplex DNA molecule with an open helix replication 'bubble' to serve as an initiation zone. Pol alpha-primase recognizes the open helix region and initiates RNA-primed DNA synthesis at four specific sites that are rich in pyrimidine nucleotides. The priming site positioned nearest the ssDNA-dsDNA junction in the replication 'bubble' template is the preferred site for initiation. Using a 40 base oligonucleotide template containing the sequence of the preferred priming site, primase synthesizes RNA primers of 9 and 10 nt in length with the sequence 5'-(G)GAAGAAAGC-3'. These studies demonstrate that pol alpha-primase selects specific nucleotide sequences for RNA primer formation and suggest that the open helix structure of the replication 'bubble' directs pol alpha-primase to initiate RNA primer synthesis near the ssDNA-dsDNA junction.
Effect of Strain on the Weathering Resistance of Styrene-butadiene Rubber (2021)

Assuming the degradation of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) during its practical usage, the accelerated weathering tests were conducted with various pre-strains. Although the isotropic narrower cracks form under no pre-strain (0% strain), the wider crazes orients perpendicular to the pre-strained direction under 20% pre-strain. The larger prestrain of 40% induces the vertical penetration of these crazes vertically from the exposed surface. The cross-sectional observation under 80% pre-strain suggests that the further craze propagation finally tears the sample inside. Correspondingly, both of breaking strength and strain significantly decreased with increasing pre-strain. In contrast, the post-strain applied after the accelerated weathering test under no pre-strain gave only the middle cracks, suggesting that the initial narrower cracks grow into the latter wider crazes during the accelerated weathering tests under prestrained. The origin of such initial narrower cracks is attributable to the pre-strained structure before the accelerated weathering test, which was confined by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) observation. The distribution of carbon black (CB) mixed in the base rubber was biased even at the low strain. The characteristic phase separation of CB domains gave the narrower cracks during the accelerated weathering test, which further grow into the wider crazes and inside tearing.
Heat treatment studies of a TLCP fiber (1993)

Abstract This work deals with the heat treatment of fibers and nonoriented specimens made of the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer Vectra A900 in the light of tensile properties and DSC measurements. In calorimetric measurements, there seem to be some differences in the effects of the treatment between macroscopically isotropic (nonoriented) and highly oriented fiber specimens. Nonisothermal treatments also produce some effects on the tensile properties, which may be attributable to the thermal history of samples. Under the conditions of this study, a multistep treatment, ending at a final stage where the temperature was higher than the original melting point of the polymer, did not cause any acceleration in the rate at which tensile properties increase. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.