gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Mutations in Wolframin on Psychiatric Disorders (2021)

Wolfram Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by early-onset diabetes mellitus, neurodegeneration, and psychological disorders. Mutations in the gene <i>WFS1</i>, coding for the protein wolframin, cause Wolfram Syndrome and are associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This report aims to connect <i>WFS1</i> mutations to their impact on protein expression and structure, which ultimately translates to altered cell function and behavioral alterations of an individual. <b>Methods:</b> Published data were used to compile <i>WFS1</i> mutations associated with psychiatric symptoms, both in homozygous patients and heterozygous carriers of <i>WFS1</i> mutations. These mutations were evaluated <i>in silico</i> using SNAP2, PolyPhen-2, and PROVEAN to predict the effects of sequence variants. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the correlation between the locations of the mutations and the damage prediction scores. <b>Results:</b> Several mutations, clustering in the center and C-terminus of the <i>WFS1</i> polypeptide, such as A559T and R558C, are found in individuals with psychiatric diseases and appear particularly impactful on protein structure. Our analysis showed that mutations in all regions of wolframin were present in patients with schizophrenia whereas only cytoplasmic and ER luminal mutations were reported in patients with manic episodes and bipolar disorders. According to Poly-Phen-2 predictions, 82.4% of the ER lumen mutations and 85.7% of the membrane mutations are damaging. <b>Conclusion:</b> We propose mood disorders in Wolfram Syndrome and heterozygous carriers of <i>WFS1</i> mutations are the consequence of specific mutations in <i>WFS1</i> that alter the structure of wolframin, resulting in intracellular calcium dysregulations and impaired cell signaling, Understanding the effect of <i>WFS1</i> mutations on bipolar disorder and schizoprenia is integral to designing clinically targeted treatments for both diseases, which need more specialized treatments.
Development of biphasic hydroxyapatite/dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) bone graft using polyurethane foam template:in vitroandin vivostudy (2011)

AbstractIn this research, we characterise a new porous calcium phosphate composite composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) prepared by foam casting method using polyurethane foam, designed for osteoconductive and osteoinductive scaffolds. According to the obtained results, the values of elastic modulus, compressive strength and density of the samples reduced with increasing percentage of DCPD phase. The mechanical properties of the prepared samples were near the natural compact bone. After in vitro examination and confirming the bone-like apatite ability of the prepared composites, in vivo examination was employed, and for this purpose, a rabbit model was developed. New bones formed on the outside surface and on the macropore walls of the samples, as osteoids and osteoclasts, were evident 2 months post-operatively. Considering these properties, the prepared composite scaffolds made from HAp and DCPD could be considered as highly bioactive and potential bone tissue engineering implants.
Growth of Bulk GaN Crystals by the Basic Ammonothermal Method (2007)

A remarkable progress was made in GaN wafer fabrication via the basic ammonothermal method. Bulk GaN crystals were grown on GaN platelets in supercritical ammonia at 575 °C and 220 MPa with sodium amide. The grown crystals showed three-dimensional polyhedron shape in size of more than 5 mm. Clear crystallographic facets of N-face and m planes were observed although Ga-face was decorated with angled facets of {1011} planes. X-ray diffraction revealed multiple grains whose individual full width half maximum of ω scan was 200–400 arcsec. C plane and m plane wafers were fabricated by slicing the GaN boules.
Tobacco Specific N-Nitrosamines: Occurrence, Carcinogenicity, and Metabolism (1979)

It is now widely accepted that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer (1,2). It is less widely known that smoking is also correlated with an increased incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas and bladder (2,3,4,5,6). Tobacco chewing can also cause oral cavity and esophageal cancer (3,4,7). In fact, oral cavity cancer is a major cancer among men in India, where the habit of chewing the betel quid containing tobacco is widespread (8). Cigarette smoke is known to contain tumor initiators such as the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and tumor promoters and cocarcinogens, such as catechol (9). These agents can explain many of the observed effects of cigarette smoke condensates in experimental animals and almost certainly are involved in some of the human cancers associated with smoking. However, nitrosamines may also be causative factors in the tobacco related cancers, especially in those organs which are remote from direct contact with
Tropical Anemia: One of Africa's Great Killers and a Rationale for Linking Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Control to Achieve a Common Goal (2008)

Wiping out malaria would join the eradication of smallpox as one of the greatest accomplishments in human history.
An Optimization Method for Sound Speed Profile Inversion Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis (2020)

In this paper, the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of historical Argo data and sea surface parameters were used to invert the sound speed profile (SSP), the inversion results cannot restore the details of the SSP, so an optimization method was proposed to improve the inversion results by using historical water temperature. Set the Argo SSP as reference, the root mean square error (RMSE) of inversion SSP is 1.4502, and the RMSE of optimized inversion SSP is 0.6302. It shows that the optimized inversion SSP is closer to the actual results than the non-optimized ones. In order to furtherly verify the effect of the optimized inversion SSP, the Bellhop model were adopted to calculate the acoustic propagation characteristics under three kinds of SSP (Argo SSP, non-optimized inversion SSP, optimized inversion SSP). The comparing results show that the optimized inversion SSP can accurately reflect the acoustic channel feature better than the inversion SSP.
Fabrication and characterization of replicated and lacquer-coated grazing incidence optics for x-ray astronomy (1992)

In this paper we discuss the fabrication and testing of electroformed replica Wolter I optics made from gold-coated lacquered mandrels. We also discuss testing of gold- and palladium- coated lacquered test flats. X ray and (5 keV for Wolter I mirror and 8 - 40 keV for test flats) and optical (Wyko NCP-1000 profiler measurements were used to evaluate the mirrors.
Structure optimization of phosphates by 17O NMR and first-principles calculations (2007)

Oral
Securing Downlink Massive MIMO-NOMA Networks With Artificial Noise (2019)

In this paper, we focus on securing the confidential information of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks by exploiting artificial noise (AN). An uplink training scheme is first proposed with minimum mean-squared-error estimation at the base station. Based on the estimated channel state information, the base station precodes the confidential information and injects the AN. Following this, the ergodic secrecy rate is derived for downlink transmission. An asymptotic secrecy performance analysis is also carried out for a large number of transmit antennas and high-transmit power at the base station, respectively, to highlight the effects of key parameters on the secrecy performance of the considered system. Based on the derived ergodic secrecy rate, we propose the joint power allocation of the uplink training phase and downlink transmission phase to maximize the sum secrecy rates of the system. Besides, from the perspective of security, another optimization algorithm is proposed to maximize the energy efficiency. The results show that the combination of massive MIMO technique and AN greatly benefits NOMA networks in term of the secrecy performance. In addition, the effects of the uplink training phase and clustering process on the secrecy performance are revealed. Besides, the proposed optimization algorithms are compared with other baseline algorithms through simulations, and their superiority is validated. Finally, it is shown that the proposed system outperforms the conventional massive MIMO orthogonal multiple access in terms of the secrecy performance.
High-performance metal/silicide antifuse (for CMOS technology) (1992)

A low-programmed-resistance low-thermal-budget, high-performance metal/silicide antifuse is reported. The programmed ON-State resistance of the metal/silicide antifuse is around 60 Omega , which is a factor of 10 less than that of Si-based antifuses (poly/n/sup +/ and poly/poly). Metal/silicide antifuses also eliminate the nonlinear ON-state resistance seen in Si-based antifuses. Programming of the antifuse can be done in 2 ms at 14 V, which is comparable to Si-based antifuses. Both ON- and OFF-state reliability of the metal/silicide antifuse are shown to be satisfactory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Geometrical Barriers in High-Temperature Superconductors (1994)

A theoretical description of vortex dynamics in thin flat samples is derived and is found to compare favorably with experimental results. In perpendicular applied magnetic field the vortex penetration is delayed significantly due to the presence of a potential barrier of geometrical origin. This novel geometrical barrier effect results in hysteretic magnetization and in the existence of an irreversibility line in the absence of bulk pinning. Among the unique characteristics of the barrier are a vortex concentration in the center of the sample and a zero-field peak in the magnetization loops.
Self‐Assembled Complexes of Horseradish Peroxidase with Magnetic Nanoparticles Showing Enhanced Peroxidase Activity (2012)

Abstract Bio‐nanocatalysts (BNCs) consisting of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) self‐assembled with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) enhance enzymatic activity due to the faster turnover and lower inhibition of the enzyme. The size and magnetization of the MNPs affect the formation of the BNCs, and ultimately control the activity of the bound enzymes. Smaller MNPs form small clusters with a low affinity for the HRP. While the turnover for the bound fraction is drastically increased, there is no difference in the H 2 O 2 inhibitory concentration. Larger MNPs with a higher magnetization aggregate in larger clusters and have a higher affinity for the enzyme and a lower substrate inhibition. All of the BNCs are more active than the free enzyme or the MNPs (BNCs &gt; HRP ≫ MNPs). Since the BNCs show surprising resilience in various reaction conditions, they may pave the way towards new hybrid biocatalysts with increased activities and unique catalytic properties for magnetosensitive enzymatic reactions.
THE INFLUENCE OF SUSPENSION NEBULIZATION OR INSTILLATION ON PARTICLE UPTAKE BY GUINEA PIG ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (2001)

Phagocytosis represents a crucial event in the host defense against pathogens. Experimental methods are required that allow a range of particle doses to be delivered. However, it is not clear that these methods result in the same sites of deposition or mechanisms of clearance. The effect of particle administration by nebulization or instillation on the uptake by guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AMs) has been studied. Suspensions of escalating quantities of 1-microm fluorescent polystyrene latex microspheres were delivered by 15 min of nebulization (1.4 x 10(7)-11.1 x 10(7) particles) or instillation (19 x 10(7)-152 x 10(7) particles) into the lungs of guinea pigs. These doses were selected to maximize delivery using each of these methods. Macrophages were collected by alveolar lavage 6 h postadministration. The total number of cells recovered was 3 x 10(6) and the cell viability was >97%, which was measured by trypan blue exclusion. Differential cell counts of lavaged cell suspensions were conducted and results showed no difference for the two methods of administration with various concentrations of latex particles and control samples. The uptake of particles was measured using epifluorescence, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. AMs showed a dose-dependent increase in associated particles measured by microscopy and flow cytometry. There was a direct correlation (R(2) =.99) in the phagocytic indices (PIs) measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The PI was 15 times higher after instillation than that obtained after particle nebulization. The percentage of AMs involved in phagocytosis observed after instillation was 55% and after nebulization 23%. The uptake of aerosolized particles by AMs and the number of cells involved in phagocytosis were dependent on the particle dose and the efficiency of aerosol delivery to the lungs.
Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Cardiac Syncope in Western Countries (2012)

This article updates our current understanding of the epidemiology and economic impact of syncope in western countries. Unfortunately, both of these aspects of syncope are inadequately understood; in part the problem is due to the difficulty in public health data separating 'true syncope' from conditions that cause other forms of transient loss of consciousness. However, in certain respects, the epidemiology of syncope is becoming clearer. Similarly, we have come to understand that the economic impact of syncope is substantial and is much larger than is necessary, primarily because management, especially excessive hospitalization, often remains suboptimal.
Surface Assistant Charge Separation in PEC Cu2S–Ni/Cu2O Cathode (2019)

Fabrication of a high efficiency photocathode is a challenging issue in photoelectrocatalysis (PEC). In this work, a Cu<sub>2</sub>S-Ni/Cu<sub>2</sub>O photocathode was constructed via electrodeposition followed by a two-step overlayer deposition procedure including direct-current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and ion exchange reaction. We found that the presence of Ni in the inner-layer could not only affect the morphology but also enhance the formation rate of the outer-layer Cu<sub>2</sub>S. The XPS results indicate that the Ni exist as NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> instead of Ni<sup>0</sup>. The photocurrent of Cu<sub>2</sub>S-Ni/Cu<sub>2</sub>O achieved 2 times of it on the pristine Cu<sub>2</sub>O. The charge dynamic characterizations, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel slopes, and photoluminescence (PL) spectra, demonstrated that the Ni can promote the hydrogen evolution reaction follow the Heyrovsky reaction, while Cu<sub>2</sub>S shows a crucial role on the surface charge separation. At last, surface photovoltage microscopy (SPVM) technology was used to reveal the function of each overlayer. It gives direct evidence for the charge transportation pathway in the system and explains the function of each component.
Pitfall: A Pseudo Tumor Within the Left Liver Lobe Presenting with Abdominal Pain, Jaundice and Severe Weight Loss (1999)

A 51 year old male patient with a history of chronic alcohol consumption and recurrent pancreatitis was referred to our hospital with jaundice, epigastric pain, severe diarrhoea and weight loss of 28 kg within the last 12 months. A CT scan of the abdomen 4 months before admission had shown a pancreatitis with free fluid around the corpus and tail of the pancreas as well as dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and a cavernous transformation of the portal vein. Moreover, a tumor (3.5 x 3.0 x 3.6 cm) with irregular contrast enhancement was seen within the left liver lobe. The patient was referred to us for further evaluation and treatment. The initial B-Mode sonogram revealed a bull's eye like well defined lesion (8.1 x 7.5 x 7.0 cm) within the left liver lobe, consistent with a tumour or abscess. Prior to a diagnostic needle biopsy a PTCD was performed in this case presenting with dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and having a history of Billroth II operation. An additional colour coded Duplex Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated a visceral artery aneurysm and prevented us from performing the diagnostic puncture. The aneurysm was assumed to originate from a variant or a branch of the left hepatic artery. Angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery and coil embolization was performed because of the increasing size and the risk of a bleeding complication. Postinterventional colour duplex ultrasound measurement showed no blood flow within the aneurysm. Retrospectively, the pseudoaneurysm must have led to a compression of the common bile duct, since the patient did not develop cholestasis after embolization and removal of the PTCD. Thus, a pseudoaneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery must be included in the differential diagnosis of liver tumours in patients with chronic pancreatitis, despite its unusual localization near the liver. Therefore, we suggest that colour coded ultrasonography should be applied to any unclear, bull's eye like lesion, even though this method alone cannot exactly determine the origin of the pseudoaneurysm. Interventional angiography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and therapy of visceral artery aneurysm.
Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation (2020)

Optimization of bioprocesses to increase the yield of desired products is of importance in the biopharmaceutical industry. This can be achieved by strain selection and by developing bioprocess parameters. Shake flasks have been used for this purpose. They, however, lack the capability to control the process parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen (DO). This limitation can be overcome with the help of an automated micro-bioreactor. These bioreactors mimic cultivation at a larger scale. One of the major advantages of this system is the integration of the Design of Experiment (DOE) in the software. This integration enables establishing a design where multiple process parameters can be varied simultaneously. The critical process parameters and optimum bioprocess conditions can be analyzed within the software. The focus of the work presented here is to introduce the user to the steps involved in process design in the software and incorporation of the DOE within the cultivation run.
Human Visual System Based Multi-Histogram Equalization for Non-Uniform Illumination and Shoadow Correction (2007)

Images that do not have uniform brightness pose a challenging problem for image enhancement systems. As histogram equalization has been successfully used to correct for uniform brightness problems, we propose a new histogram equalization method that utilizes human visual system based thresholding as well as logarithmic processing techniques. Whereas previous histogram equalization methods have been limited in their ability to enhance these images, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this new method by enhancing a range of images with shadowing effects and inconsistent illumination. The images shown include images captured professionally and with cell phone cameras. Comparison with other methods are presented.
Reflection, rewinding, and coin-toss in EasyCrypt (2022)

In this paper we derive a suite of lemmas which allows users to internally reflect EasyCrypt programs into distributions which correspond to their denotational semantics (probabilistic reflection). Based on this we develop techniques for reasoning about rewinding of adversaries in EasyCrypt. (A widely used technique in cryptology.) We use our reflection and rewindability results to prove the security of a coin-toss protocol.
Effects of intra-fraction motion on IMRT dose delivery: statistical analysis and simulation (2002)

There has been some concern that organ motion, especially intra-fraction organ motion due to breathing, can negate the potential merit of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). We wanted to find out whether this concern is justified. Specifically, we wanted to investigate whether IMRT delivery techniques with moving parts, e.g., with a multileaf collimator (MLC), are particularly sensitive to organ motion due to the interplay between organ motion and leaf motion. We also wanted to know if, and by how much, fractionation of the treatment can reduce the effects. We performed a statistical analysis and calculated the expected dose values and dose variances for volume elements of organs that move during the delivery of the IMRT. We looked at the overall influence of organ motion during the course of a fractionated treatment. A linear-quadratic model was used to consider fractionation effects. Furthermore, we developed software to simulate motion effects for IMRT delivery with an MLC, with compensators, and with a scanning beam. For the simulation we assumed a sinusoidal motion in an isocentric plane. We found that the expected dose value is independent of the treatment technique. It is just a weighted average over the path of motion of the dose distribution without motion. If the treatment is delivered in several fractions, the distribution of the dose around the expected value is close to a Gaussian. For a typical treatment with 30 fractions, the standard deviation is generally within 1% of the expected value for MLC delivery if one assumes a typical motion amplitude of 5 mm (1 cm peak to peak). The standard deviation is generally even smaller for the compensator but bigger for scanning beam delivery. For the latter it can be reduced through multiple deliveries ('paintings') of the same field. In conclusion, the main effect of organ motion in IMRT is an averaging of the dose distribution without motion over the path of the motion. This is the same as for treatments with conventional beams. Additional effects that are specific to the IMRT delivery technique appear to be relatively small, except for the scanning beam.
A new similarity measure between intuitionistic fuzzy values (2013)

In this paper, we propose a new similarity measure between intuitionistic fuzzy values based on the medians of intervals, the Hausdorff distance, and the hesitancy degrees of intuitionistic fuzzy values. Most of the existing similarity measures between intuitionistic fuzzy values ignored the importance of hesitancy degrees and are focused on the truth-membership part and the false-membership part of intuitionistic fuzzy values. In this paper, besides the truth-membership part and the false-membership part of intuitionistic fuzzy values, we take hesitancy degrees into consideration and develop a new similarity measure between intuitionistic fuzzy values. We also show some properties of the proposed similarity measure and make a comparison of the experimental results of the proposed method with some existing methods. The proposed method can overcome the drawbacks of some existing methods for measuring the degree of similarity between intuitionistic fuzzy values.