gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shock tube experiments and numerical simulation of the single-mode, three-dimensional Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (2009)

A vertical shock tube is used to perform experiments in which an interface is formed using opposed flows of air and SF6. A three-dimensional single-mode perturbation is created by the periodic vertical motion of the gases within the shock tube. Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is produced by an impulsive acceleration by a weak shock wave (Ms=1.2). Planar laser induced fluorescence produces still images, and planar Mie scattering produces movies of the experiment. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of this experiment utilizing the Eulerian adaptive mesh refinement code, RAPTOR, was also conducted. Good agreement is obtained between experiments and the simulations. However, existing late time models, which have a 1/t dependence, disagree with measurements of the late time instability development. In contrast, both the experiments and simulation suggest a t−0.54 late time dependence for the overall growth rate. Comparisons with individual bubble and spike velocities show the bubbles appear to decay approximately at 1/t and the spikes to decay at a much slower rate of t−0.38.
Hierarchical self-assembly of a small monomer with two orthogonal binding sites: from discrete hexagonal containers to a stimuli-responsive supramolecular gel (2017)

A small self-complementary monomer 1 is described, with two orthogonal binding interactions based on ion pairing and metal-ligand coordination, which is reversibly switchable between monomer, cyclic oligomers as well as linear- and 3D-netlike polymers in polar solution (DMSO). The aggregation was studied by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, helium ion microscopy (HIM) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY NMR). First, at lower concentrations, hexagonal cyclic containers are formed, whereas at higher concentrations hierarchical self-assembly leads to a metallogel. This gel can be switched between the sol/gel-state using different stimuli like pH, temperature changes or the addition of metal and metal-chelators, respectively. The supramolecular gel is rather stable and shows interesting shear thinning behavior.
Research on the development of the detection satellite technology in oceanographic lidar (2020)

Started with needs of the national marine strategy, the necessity of China’s oceanographic lidar developing was analyzed, the characteristics and domestic overseas’ development of the oceanographic lidar were summarized; the oceanographic lidar current construction and planning at home and abroad and the launched spaceborne lidar’s situation were analyzed, the future spaceborne ocean lidar’s development direction was put forward and on-orbit data application product was expected, the key technology of the spaceborne ocean lidar was discussed, the application prospect of developing the oceanographic lidar during the 14th five year plan oceanographic was given.
Effects of estriol administration on human postmenopausal endometrium. (1987)

Forty eight women with atrophic endometrium were treated with estriol, 1 mg twice daily, by mouth for a minimum of 10 days and a maximum of 25 days. Vaginal hysterectomy was then performed and specimens were examined histologically. Results showed that estriol produces endometrial hyperplasia in 70.8% of the examined women; only 29.2% of the patients retained atrophic endometrium after treatment.
Cry1Aa binding to the cadherin receptor does not require conserved amino acid sequences in the domain II loops (2012)

Characterizing the binding mechanism of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cry toxin to the cadherin receptor is indispensable to understanding the specific insecticidal activity of this toxin. To this end, we constructed 30 loop mutants by randomly inserting four serial amino acids covering all four receptor binding loops (loops α8, 1, 2 and 3) and analysed their binding affinities for Bombyx mori cadherin receptors via Biacore. High binding affinities were confirmed for all 30 mutants containing loop sequences that differed from those of wild-type. Insecticidal activities were confirmed in at least one mutant from loops 1, 2 and 3, suggesting that there is no critical amino acid sequence for the binding of the four loops to BtR175. When two mutations at different loops were integrated into one molecule, no reduction in binding affinity was observed compared with wild-type sequences. Based on these results, we discussed the binding mechanism of Cry toxin to cadherin protein.
Dark Current in Silicon Photomultiplier Pixels: Data and Model (2012)

The dark current behavior of the pixels forming the Si photomultiplier as a function of the applied overvoltage and operation temperature is studied. The data are modeled by assuming that dark current is caused by current pulses triggered by events of diffusion of single minority carriers injected from the peripheral boundaries of the active area depletion layer and by thermal emission of carriers from Shockley–Read–Hall defects in the active area depletion layer.
Motor Cortex Stimulation for Post-Stroke Pain: Comparison of Spinal Cord and Thalamic Stimulation (2001)

We analyzed the effects of spinal cord stimulation (SCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic nucleus ventralis caudalis (VC) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS) in 45 patients with post-stroke pain. Satisfactory pain control was obtained more frequently as the stimulation site was moved to higher levels (7% by SCS, 25% by DBS and 48% by MCS). A painful sensation was sometimes produced by stimulation of the VC as well as the post-central, pre-central and pre-frontal cortices. Such a sensation occurred less frequently as the stimulation site was moved to higher levels (50% at the VC, 39% at the post-central cortex, 6% at the pre-central cortex and 3% at the pre-frontal cortex). These findings imply that abnormal processing of nociceptive information develops at the level of deafferentation and spreads to higher levels to a varying extent. This may be one of the reasons why satisfactory pain control was obtained more frequently as the stimulation site was moved to higher levels.
Shorting via arrays for the elimination of package resonance to reduce power supply noise in multi-layered area-array IC packages (2002)

This paper presents full-wave electromagnetic field simulations on the effects of shorting via arrays for the reduction of power and ground noise in IC packages. Properties of internal resonance in multilayered packages are studied. Effects of area-array power and ground vias of different densities are evaluated by examining the input impedances of the package power supply. It is shown that, by properly selecting the density of shorting via arrays, package resonance can be removed from a DC to multi-gigahertz frequency range.
5-fluorouracile : données sur le métabolisme et place actuelle dans le traitement des cancers digestifs (2002)

Pancreatic cancer was considered to be one of the contraindications of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy, but a large number of studies have shown that laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy is safe and feasible for surgeons who have passed the learning curve in high-volume hospitals.Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy can provide high-resolution intraoperative exploration and unique operative perspective,which can help to reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications,dissect lymph nodes more thoroughly and reduce intraoperative metastasis of tumors,so as to promote the development of postoperative adjuvant therapy and improve patients' quality of life.However,due to the long learning curve and unclear survival outcome, the application of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with pancreatic cancer is still controversial.This article summarizes the existing literature and the experience of the author's team,exploring the value and controversy of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.Further,suggestions are put forward on how to improve the laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy in China.
Driver's Drowsiness Estimation by Combining EEG Signal Analysis and ICA-based Fuzzy Neural Networks (2006)

The public security has become an important issue in recent years, especially, the safe manipulation and control of vehicles in preventing the growing number of traffic accident fatalities. Accidents caused by drivers' drowsiness have a high fatality rate due to the decline of drivers' abilities in perception, recognition, and vehicle control abilities while sleepy. Preventing such an accident requires a technique for detecting, estimating, and predicting the level of alertness of a driver and a mechanism to maintain the driver's maximum performance of driving. The ICAFNN is a fuzzy neural network (FNN) capable of parameter self-adapting and structure self-constructing to acquire a small number of fuzzy rules for interpreting the embedded knowledge of a system from the given training data set. Our experiments show that the ICAFNN can achieve significant improvements in the accuracy of drowsiness estimation compared with our previous works.
High-power wavelength stabilized 970nm tilted cavity laser with a 41.3dB side mode suppression ratio (2007)

We studied wavelength stabilized all-epitaxial 970nm spectral range GaAs∕GaAlAs tilted cavity lasers (TCLs). Single transverse mode edge-emitting 4-μm-wide ridge lasers demonstrated spatial and spectral single mode continuous wave operation with a longitudinal side mode suppression ratio up to 41.3dB. Small signal modulation bandwidth of 3GHz with a resonance peak of 6dB at the relaxation oscillation frequency was measured for a 870μm long device. TCL modulation efficiency is 0.36GHz∕(mA)1∕2. S-parameter measurements indicate that much higher frequencies may be expected in case of more advanced processing and/or shorter cavity lengths.
Development and evaluation of a reagent carrier with a new reaction sequence for the determination of creatinine in blood, plasma, serum and urine. (1993)

After a short outline of the history of creatinine determination methods we describe the development of a dry-reagent-carrier system for the reflometric determination of the creatinine concentration in blood, plasma, serum and urine (Reflotron Creatinine (new)). The method is based on a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed reactions producing H2O2, but which in contrast to the previously used procedure do not lead to the formation of creatine as an intermediate. Hence, pretreatment of sample material to eliminate endogenous creatine is no longer necessary. In the indicator reaction, use is made of an imidazole derivative as the chromogen. The dye formed in the presence of peroxidase can be measured by reflectance photometry beyond the long-wave absorption bands of haemoglobin and bilirubin at 642 nm. We present in detail the results of the multicentre evaluation of the analytical properties of this new test principle. The data obtained show that Reflotron Creatinine (new) correlates well with the routine method Creatinine PAP, which was used as a comparison method, with respect to accuracy and precision and even surpasses it with respect to specificity. Advantages over the first generation of Reflotron Creatinine are: shorter reaction time, longer stability of the reagent carrier, no interference by bilirubin and reduced interference by haemoglobin.
Electricity Pricing aware Deep Reinforcement Learning based Intelligent HVAC Control (2020)

Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based intelligent control of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) has gained a lot of attention due to DRL's ability to optimally control HVAC for minimizing operational cost while maintaining resident's comfort. The success of such DRL-based techniques largely depends on the articulation of the problem in terms of states, actions, and reward function. Inclusion of the electricity pricing information in the problem formulation can play an important role in saving the cost of HVAC operation. However, less attention has been given in the literature on formulating well-crafted state features based on electricity pricing. In this work, we propose an approach for training the DRL model with a specific focus on feature engineering based on electricity pricing. During training, we generate random but sufficiently realistic electricity price signals so that the pre-trained DRL model is robust and adaptive to the dynamic and variable electricity prices. The validation results are encouraging and show the potential of ≈12%-15% savings in the one day cost of HVAC operation, proving the usefulness of including electricity pricing related features as state features.
Secretion of Virulence Proteins from Campylobacter jejuni Is Dependent on a Functional Flagellar Export Apparatus (2004)

Campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative motile bacterium, secretes a set of proteins termed the Campylobacter invasion antigens (Cia proteins). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the flagellar apparatus serves as the export apparatus for the Cia proteins. Mutations were generated in five genes encoding three structural components of the flagella, the flagellar basal body (flgB and flgC), hook (flgE2), and filament (flaA and flaB) genes, as well as in genes whose products are essential for flagellar protein export (flhB and fliI). While mutations that affected filament assembly were found to be nonmotile (Mot-) and did not secrete Cia proteins (S-), a flaA (flaB+) filament mutant was found to be nonmotile but Cia protein secretion competent (Mot-, S+). Complementation of a flaA flaB double mutant with a shuttle plasmid harboring either the flaA or flaB gene restored Cia protein secretion, suggesting that Cia export requires at least one of the two filament proteins. Infection of INT 407 human intestinal cells with the C. jejuni mutants revealed that maximal invasion of the epithelial cells required motile bacteria that are secretion competent. Collectively, these data suggest that the C. jejuni Cia proteins are secreted from the flagellar export apparatus.
Using 2D-Phthalocyanine Metal Organic Framework-Based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media (2022)

Developing high performance electrocatalysts to improve the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is essential in expanding fuel cell applications. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), given their high surface area, tunable pore size, and diverse metal choices, are promising candidates to catalyze such a reaction. Herein, we report a family of nine 2D-phthalocyanine MOF-based catalysts for alkaline ORR, where M = Co, Ni, Cu. Structurally, these bimetallic materials have two distinct metal sites, where M1 is a phthalocyanine moiety and M2 is a node, existing as M-N4 moiety. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) shows that all as-prepared MOFs have similar structures and inter-layer spacing. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) shows slight shifts in binding energy when the same element is placed in a M1 or M2 site, which indicates that the M1 and M2 sites are chemically distinct. Through cyclic voltammetry we evaluate the role of the metal sites for ORR activity and selectivity in 0.1 M KOH. All materials are active for alkaline ORR, while Ni (M1) – Co (M2) has the best overall kinetic activity performance of - 5 mA cm -2 at 0.7 V vs. RHE. Cu – Cu, on the other hand, is the least active combination under the same testing conditions. Within composition series where M2 = Co, the activity trend for M1 is Ni &gt; Cu ~ Co. From a 2-electron selectivity perspective, M1 = Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Co. From these general trends we hypothesize that Co M2 and Ni M1 sites are essential in promoting 4- and 2-electron selectively, respectively. On average we find a nominal ORR performance trend where M2 = Co &gt; Cu &gt; Ni. Interestingly, we note that the M1 identity also plays a non-linear role in activity and selectivity modulation. Though we identify one of the metal sites (M1 or M2) as the dominating site for activity and/or selectivity, the other site also contributes to the total performance. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation supports our experimental results and finds out that Ni as M1 is highly selective for H 2 O 2 formation whereas Co as M2 shows excellent activity for ORR. Our predicted volcano plot shows that MOF with Ni – Co and Cu – Co combinations at Co active site offering lowest ORR overpotential among all other combinations, which is also in good agreement with experimental findings. By evaluating different metal sites performance through electrochemical testing, we can better understand the active species in the MOF catalytic system. By pairing theory with experiment, we gain active site insight to design new specific enhanced active motifs. We believe that these performance trends can assist in better designing efficient MOF-based ORR catalysts that can lead to advances in clean energy technology for sustainable development.
The complex isotopologue space of glucose as a framework for the study of human intermediary metabolism (2015)

The positional distributions of stable isotopes in metabolites provide specific fingerprints of the pathways and fluxes that have occurred in the organisms under study. In particular, modern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy enables the detailed assignment of isotope patterns in natural products, for example, in metabolites obtained from labelling experiments using (13)C-enriched precursors, such as glucose, acetate or CO2. In this study, the transient (13)C-isotopologue composition of blood glucose from an adult human volunteer after intravenous supply of [U-(13)C6]glucose was determined by high-resolution (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The non-linear progression curves displaying the relative amounts of eight (13)C-glucose isotopologues reflected the contributions of glucose metabolism by glycolytic cycling, the pentose phosphate pathway and anaplerotic reactions involving the citric acid cycle. The pilot study suggests that the experimental setting can be useful in analysing under non-invasive conditions the impact of physiological and pharmacological constraints on glucose turnover in humans.
An AUVs path planner using genetic algorithms with a deterministic crossover operator (2010)

Path planning is an optimization process in which a path between two points is to be found that results in a user-defined optimum satisfaction of a given set of requirements. For small scale path planning, exact algorithms such as linear programming and dynamic programming are usually adopted which are able to give optimum solutions in short time. However, due to their memory intensive nature and computational complexity, exact algorithms are not applicable for medium to large scale path planning. Meta-heuristic algorithms such as evolutionary algorithms can provide sub-optimum solution without the full understanding of the search space and are widely used in large-scaled path planning. However, extra precautions are needed to avoid meta-heuristic algorithms from being trapped in local optimum points. In this paper, a path planner combining genetic algorithms (GA) with dynamic programming (DP) is proposed to solve an autonomous under-water vehicles (AUVs) path planning problem. The proposed path planner inherits the speed of exact algorithms and the scalable nature of meta-heuristic algorithms. Simulation results show that when comparing with conventional GA-based path planners, the proposed path planner can greatly improve the convergence rate and solution quality.
The Need of Drainage After Cholecystectomy (1989)

In an attempt to rationalize the use of intraperitoneal drainage of the subhepatic space after simple, elective cholecystectomy, a prospective study was designed to compare the post-operative course with and without drainage. There was a higher incidence of postoperative fever of unknown origin and wound infection in the drained group. In the group without drainage the hospital postoperative stay was shorter and there were no complications. The results suggest that routine surgical drainage after uncomplicated cholecystectomy is unnecessary and could be a source of postoperative fever and a higher incidence of wound infection.
Temporomandibular Ankylosis: Treatment by Unilateral Condylectomy in Two Dogs and Two Cats (1996)

Four cases of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in dogs and cats were treated successfully by unilateral condylectomy. In all four cases, the ability to open the mouth was reestablished and in three cases was maintained long-term.
The structure and infrastructure of Finnish research literature1 (2006)

Abstract The structure and infrastructure of the Finnish research literature is determined. A representative database of technical articles was extracted from the Science Citation Index for the years 2003–2004, with each article containing at least one author with a Finnish address. Document clustering was used to identify the main technical themes (core competencies) of Finnish research. Four of the pervasive technical topics identified from the clustering (Wireless Networks and Mobile Communication, Signal Processing, Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry) were analyzed further using bibliometrics, in order to identify the infrastructure of these research areas. Finally, the citation performance of Finnish research in the four pervasive technical topics above, and in other technical topics obtained by analysis of Abstract phrases, was compared to that of two Scandanavian countries with similar population and GDP, Norway and Denmark.
Crystal structure of tricyclo-DNA: an unusual compensatory change of two adjacent backbone torsion angles (2008)

The crystal structure of a DNA duplex with tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) residues explains the increased RNA affinity of tc-DNA relative to DNA and tc-DNA's superior resistance to nucleases.
On hierarchies and communication (2011)

Many economic and political organizations have some relational structure, meaning that participating agents do not only differ with respect to certain individual characteristics such as wealth and preferences, but also belong to some relational structure in which they usually take different positions. Two examples of such structures are communication networks and hierarchies. In the literature, the distinction between these two types of relational structures is not always clear. In models of restricted cooperation, this distinction should be defined by properties of the set of feasible coalitions. We characterize the sets of feasible coalitions in communication networks and compare them with sets of feasible coalitions arising from hierarchies.
Cleaved-Caspase-3, Caspase-3-Cleaved Tau And Chronic Microvascular Reorganization In The Thalamus After Tbi (2018)

Cleaved-Caspase-3, Caspase-3-Cleaved Tau And Chronic Microvascular Reorganization In The Thalamus After Tbi