gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rh(I)-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization Reactions of Alkynes with 2-Bromophenylboronic Acids Leading to Indenones (2007)

The Rh-catalyzed reaction of alkynes with 2-bromophenylboronic acids involves carbonylative cyclization to give indenones. The key steps in the reaction involve the addition of an arylrhodium(I) species to an alkyne and the oxidative addition of C-Br bonds on the adjacent phenyl ring to give vinylrhodium(I) species II. The regioselectivity depends on both the electronic and the steric nature of the substituents on the alkynes. A bulky group and an electron-withdrawing group favor the -position of indenones. In the case of silyl- or ester-substituted alkynes, the regioselectivity is extremely high. The selectivity increases in the order SiMe3 > COOR >> aryl >> alkyl. The reaction of norbornene with 2-bromophenylboronic acids under 1 atm of CO gives the corresponding indanone derivative. The reaction of alkynes with 2-bromophenylboronic acids under nitrogen gives naphthalene derivatives, in which two molecules of alkynes are incorporated. A vinylrhodium complex similar to II can also be generated by a different route by employing 2-bromophenyl(trimethylsilyl)acetylene and arylboronic acids in the presence of Rh(I) complex as the catalyst, resulting in the formation of indenones. The reaction of 1-(2-bromophenyl)-hept-2-yn-1-one with PhB(OH)2 in the presence of Rh(I) complex also resulted in carbonylative cyclization to give an indan-1,3-dione derivative.
Standardisation of Factor VIII and von Willebrand Factor in Plasma: Calibration of the 4th International Standard (97/586) (2001)

The 4th International Standard (IS) Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor (FVIII/VWF) plasma was calibrated in 25 laboratories by assay against the 3rd IS plasma and fresh normal plasma pools. Five parameters were measured, FVIII:coagulant activity (FVIII:C), FVIII:Antigen (FVIII:Ag), VWF:Antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF:Ristocetin Cofactor (VWF:RCof), and a new parameter, VWF:collagen binding (VWF:CB). Mean potency estimates for the 4th IS, calculated relative to the 3rd IS, were significantly greater than the mean estimates calculated relative to the fresh normal pools by 15, 14 and 20% respectively for FVIII:C, VWF:Ag and VWF:RCof. These results indicate a drift in the International Unit away from the fresh plasma unit. Partial rectification of this drift was achieved by assigning the mean of the estimates calculated relative to the 3rd IS and the fresh plasma pools, i.e. FVIII:C 0.57 IU/ampoule, VWF:Ag 0.79 IU/ampoule and VWF:RCof 0.73 IU/ampoule. This represents a shift in the IU between the 3rd and 4th IS of 7.5% for FVIII:C, 7% for VWF:Ag and 10% for VWF:RCof. Mean estimates of FVIII:Ag relative to the 3rd IS and the fresh normal pools agreed to give an assigned value of 0.89 IU/ampoule. Excessive inter-laboratory variability and a low number of estimates (n = 6) precluded the assignment of a potency for VWF:CB. The 4th IS Factor VIII/VWF plasma (97/586) was established in October 1998.
Purification and Characterization of a Glucuronyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of the HNK-1 Epitope on Glycoproteins from Rat Brain (1998)

The glucuronyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of the HNK-1 epitope on glycoproteins was purified to an apparent homogeneity from the Nonidet P-40 extract of 2-week postnatal rat forebrain by sequential chromatographies on CM-Sepharose CL-6B, UDP-GlcA-Sepharose 4B, asialo-orosomucoid-Sepharose 4B, Matrex gel Blue A, Mono Q, HiTrap chelating, and HiTrap heparin columns. The purified enzyme migrated as a 45-kDa protein upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, but eluted as a 90-kDa protein upon Superose gel filtration in the presence of Nonidet P-40, suggesting that the enzyme forms homodimers under non-denatured conditions. The enzyme transferred glucuronic acid to various glycoprotein acceptors bearing terminal N-acetyllactosamine structure such as asialo-orosomucoid, asialo-fetuin, and asialo-neural cell adhesion molecule, whereas little activity was detected to paragloboside, a precursor glycolipid of the HNK-1 epitope on glycolipids. These results suggested that the enzyme is specifically associated with the biosynthesis of the HNK-1 epitope on glycoproteins. Sphingomyelin was specifically required for expression of the enzyme activity. Stearoyl-sphingomyelin (18:0) was the most effective, followed by palmitoyl-sphingomyelin (16:0) and lignoceroyl-sphingomyelin (24:0). Interestingly, activity was demonstrated only for sphingomyelin with a saturated fatty acid, i.e. not for that with an unsaturated fatty acid, regardless of the length of the acyl group.
INTERCITY TRAVEL CHOICE BEHAVIOUR: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS . TRAVEL BEHAVIOR RESEARCH. 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR . REINFORCED EMBANKMENTS. THEORY AND PRACTICE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE REINFORCED EMBANKMENTS, THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE BRITISH ISLES, ORGANISED BY MMG CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, HELD AT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, SEPTEMBER 27 1989 (1989)

This paper discusses the methodological and practical issues associated with the development of a system of intercity travel demand models, based on analysis of individual travel choices and using a behaviourally based disaggregate modelling approach. This approach can represent more accurately the decision making process of the behavioural unit, which is the individual and associated household. The paper examines: (1) the modelling approach (aggregate versus disaggregate); (2) the behavioural framework and theoretical basis of the model system; (3) intercity travel data needs; (4) data structure; (5) the model structure; (6) the use of existing data to estimate and evaluate the proposed approach. The authors conclude that: (1) their model estimation results support the conceptual structure and the corresponding model structure that they describe; (2) the conceptual structure and the derived models reasonably represent intercity travel demand relationships in the USA; (3) there are several deficiencies in the estimation results, which can be attributed to the characteristics of the data set used in the study; (4) collection of data specifically to estimate a system of disaggregate intercity travel models is likely to provide a basis for developing a behaviourally consistent model system with high predictive accuracy. (TRRL)
Phantoms for performance verification and quality control in developing a photonics-based medical device (VASCOVID): a regulatory driven approach (2021)

We propose a standardized approach for performance assessment and quality-control of the novel VASCOVID system based on optical phantoms. This approach is tailored to meet the requirements of the Medical Device Regulation, and is extendable to other biophotonics devices.
Protein Kinase Cζ Regulates Cdk5/p25 Signaling during Myogenesis (2010)

Atypical protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta) is emerging as a mediator of differentiation. Here, we describe a novel role for PKCzeta in myogenic differentiation, demonstrating that PKCzeta activity is indispensable for differentiation of both C2C12 and mouse primary myoblasts. PKCzeta was found to be associated with and to regulate the Cdk5/p35 signaling complex, an essential factor for both neuronal and myogenic differentiation. Inhibition of PKCzeta activity prevented both myotube formation and simultaneous reorganization of the nestin intermediate filament cytoskeleton, which is known to be regulated by Cdk5 during myogenesis. p35, the Cdk5 activator, was shown to be a specific phosphorylation target of PKCzeta. PKCzeta-mediated phosphorylation of Ser-33 on p35 promoted calpain-mediated cleavage of p35 to its more active and stable fragment, p25. Strikingly, both calpain activation and the calpain-mediated cleavage of p35 were shown to be PKCzeta-dependent in differentiating myoblasts. Overall, our results identify PKCzeta as a controller of myogenic differentiation by its regulation of the phosphorylation-dependent and calpain-mediated p35 cleavage, which is crucial for the amplification of the Cdk5 activity that is required during differentiation.
A Note on Covering Edge Colored Hypergraphs by Monochromatic Components (2014)

For $r\geq 2$, $\alpha \geq r-1$ and $k\geq 1$, let $c(r,\alpha ,k)$ be the smallest integer $c$ such that the vertex set of any non-trivial $r$-uniform $k$-edge-colored hypergraph ${\cal H}$ with $\alpha ({\cal H})=\alpha$ can be covered by $c$ monochromatic connected components. Here $\alpha({\cal{H}})$ is the maximum cardinality of a subset $A$ of vertices in $\cal{H}$ such that $A$ does not contain any edges. An old conjecture of Ryser is equivalent to $c(2,\alpha,k)=\alpha (r-1)$ and a recent result of Z. Király states that $c(r,r-1,k)=\lceil \frac{k}{r}\rceil$ for any $r\ge 3$.Here we make the first step to treat non-complete hypergraphs, showing that $c(r,r,r)=2$ for $r\ge 2$ and $c(r,r,r+1)=3$ for $r\ge 3$.
Deeper learning in electrocatalysis: realizing opportunities and addressing challenges (2022)

Emerging techniques in deep learning have created exciting opportunities for next-generation electrochemical technologies. While deep learning has been revolutionizing many research fields, strategies for its implementation for electrocatalysis remain nascent. This Opinion calls on the electrocatalysis community to join together and introduce a paradigm shift by establishing standards for reporting and sharing data from electrocatalysis investigations. We speculate on a possible future where crowd-sourced and standardized data from experimental and computational researchers can be analyzed collectively to better understand fundamental electrochemistry, yielding unprecedented insights for the development of new electrocatalysts. We identify key barriers to realizing this opportunity and how they might be overcome.
Quantitative assessment of gene expression following acute spinal cord injury (2002)

A unique gene expression pattern/transcriptome characterizes the presentation of every disease state. Strategies for identification of gene families with altered expression patterns offer an information rich approach to initially assess the relevance of gene expression to disease pathology. To identify important candidate genes critical to the biochemical mechanisms mediating spinal cord injury (SCI), we have selected gene families that may have a relevant impact on SCI for analysis by real time PCR. Using this quantitative, fluorescence‐based method for the real time detection of PCR, we have evaluated the expression of 80 known genes at time points up to 24 h post SCI. These families/groups include the TGF‐β ligand, receptor and Smad superfamily; matrix metalloproteinases; and genes involved in angiogenesis and wound healing; free radical metabolism; cell death; as well as miscellaneous growth and regulatory factors. The gene expression patterns were evaluated in samples from 12 and 24 h post injury or sham controls using a rat contusion model. 36 genes had a two or greater cycle number difference between at least one injury time point and control. 10 genes exhibiting the largest change with a four or greater cycle number difference compared to controls were also analyzed at 2 and 6 h post injury. Additional real time PCR studies were performed on 4 of these 10 genes at all time points directly relating changes in cycle number with fold induction. The ability to rapidly and directly quantitate gene expression has provided a powerful approach to elucidate genes potentially relevant to cellular events in SCI.
The bile acid phospholipid conjugate ursodeoxycholate lysophoshatidylethanolamide acts by binding to calcium independent membrane phospholipase A2 type beta (2021)

Background: The hallmarks of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are inflammation, ongoing liver cell damage, and the accumulation of hepatic fat. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood yet, there is clear evidence that disease progression is associated with an increased ratio of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is an indicator of elevated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. The isoform iPLA2β is a member of the fatty acid uptake complex and has an intrinsic capability to generate LPC, while the bile acid phospholipid conjugate, ursodeoxycholate-lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) inhibits iPLA2β and suppresses pro-inflammatory LPC generation in a dose-dependent mode. However, the precise mode of activity of this inhibition is still enigmatic. Methods: In the present study, we used in silico techniques for predicting the potential docking sites of UDCA-LPE in iPLA2β. Results: We identified a region between Phe84 and Leu125 that should have a large affinity for UDCA-LPE. The proposed docking site is nearly identical with those that were determined for binding of pyrrophenone to the evolutionarily conserved PLA2α. Conclusions: The affinity of UDCA-LPE for iPLA2β might explain the rationale for the efficacy of UDCA-LPE in preventing hepatic fatty acid uptake.
Human ear detection in the thermal infrared spectrum (2012)

In this paper the problem of human ear detection in the thermal infrared (IR) spectrum is studied in order to illustrate the advantages and limitations of the most important steps of ear-based biometrics that can operate in day and night time environments. The main contributions of this work are two-fold: First, a dual-band database is assembled that consists of visible and thermal profile face images. The thermal data was collected using a high definition middle-wave infrared (3-5 microns) camera that is capable of acquiring thermal imprints of human skin. Second, a fully automated, thermal imaging based ear detection method is developed for real-time segmentation of human ears in either day or night time environments. The proposed method is based on Haar features forming a cascaded AdaBoost classifier (our modified version of the original Viola-Jones approach<sup>1</sup> that was designed to be applied mainly in visible band images). The main advantage of the proposed method, applied on our profile face image data set collected in the thermal-band, is that it is designed to reduce the learning time required by the original Viola-Jones method from several weeks to several hours. Unlike other approaches reported in the literature, which have been tested but not designed to operate in the thermal band, our method yields a high detection accuracy that reaches ~ 91.5%. Further analysis on our data set yielded that: (a) photometric normalization techniques do not directly improve ear detection performance. However, when using a certain photometric normalization technique (CLAHE) on falsely detected images, the detection rate improved by ~ 4%; (b) the high detection accuracy of our method did not degrade when we lowered down the original spatial resolution of thermal ear images. For example, even after using one third of the original spatial resolution (i.e. ~ 20% of the original computational time) of the thermal profile face images, the high ear detection accuracy of our method remained unaffected. This resulted also in speeding up the detection time of an ear image from 265 to 17 milliseconds per image. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the problem of human ear detection in the thermal band is being investigated in the open literature.
MVDR Algorithm Based on Estimated Diagonal Loading for Beamforming (2017)

Beamforming algorithm is widely used in many signal processing fields. At present, the typical beamforming algorithm is MVDR (Minimum Variance Distortionless Response). However, the performance of MVDR algorithm relies on the accurate covariance matrix. The MVDR algorithm declines dramatically with the inaccurate covariance matrix. To solve the problem, studying the beamforming array signal model and beamforming MVDR algorithm, we improve MVDR algorithm based on estimated diagonal loading for beamforming. MVDR optimization model based on diagonal loading compensation is established and the interval of the diagonal loading compensation value is deduced on the basis of the matrix theory. The optimal diagonal loading value in the interval is also determined through the experimental method. The experimental results show that the algorithm compared with existing algorithms is practical and effective.
Challenges and solutions of FinFET integration in an SRAM cell and a logic circuit for 22 nm node and beyond (2009)

FinFET integration challenges and solutions are discussed for the 22 nm node and beyond. Fin dimension scaling is presented and the importance of the sidewall image transfer (SIT) technique is addressed. Diamond-shaped epi growth for the raised source-drain (RSD) is proposed to improve parasitic resistance (R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">para</inf> ) degraded by 3-D structure with thin Si-body. The issue of V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> -mismatch is discussed for continuous FinFET SRAM cell-size scaling.
Biomimetic Control of Calcite Morphology with Homopolyanions (2009)

Biomineralization is an intricate process that relies on precise physiological control of solution and interface properties. Despite much research of the process, mechanistic details of biomineralization are only beginning to be understood, and studies of additives seldom investigate a wide space of chemical conditions in mineralizing solutions. We present a ternary diagram-based method that globally identifies the changing roles and effects of polymer additives in mineralization. Simple polyanions were demonstrated to induce a great variety of morphologies, each of which can be selectively and reproducibly fabricated. This chemical and physical analysis also aided in identifying conditions that selectively promote heterogeneous nucleation and controlled cooperative assembly, manifested here in the form of highly organized cones. Similar complex shapes of CaCO(3) have previously been synthesized using double hydrophilic block copolymers. We have found the biomimetic mineralization process to occur interfacially and by the assembly of precursor modules, which generate large mesocrystals with high dependence on pH and substrate surface.
Effects of post metallization annealing on Al2O3 atomic layer deposition on n-GaN (2022)

Abstract The chemical, physical and electrical properties and the robustness of post metallization annealed Al 2 O 3 atomic layers deposited on n -type GaN are investigated in this work. Planar metal insulator capacitors are used to demonstrate a gate-first with following ohmic contacts formation at elevated temperature up to 600 °C process flow. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that no new bonds in the Al 2 O 3 layer are formed due to exposure to the elevated annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction measurements show no crystallization of the oxide layer. Atomic force microscopy shows signs of degradation of the sample annealed at 600 °C. Electrical measurements indicate that the elevated annealing temperature results in an increase of the oxide depletion and the deep depletion capacitances simultaneously, that results in a reduction of the flat band voltage to zero, which is explained by fixed oxide charges curing. A forward bias step stress capacitance measurement shows that the total number of induced trapped charges are not strongly affected by the elevated annealing temperatures. Interface trap density of states analysis shows the lowest trapping concentration for the capacitor annealed at 500 °C. Above this temperature, the interface trap density of states increases. When all results are taken into consideration, we have found that the process thermal budget allows for an overlap between the gate oxide post metallization annealing and the ohmic contact formation at 500 °C.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance of Metal Nanodot Nanowire Arrays Studied by Far-Field and Near-Field Optical (2007)

A combination of AFM nanomachining and lift-off process based on the one-layer approach is a convenient method for the fabrication of metal nanostructures. For an obtained Au nanodot array with an average diameter of 72 nm, the resonance peak in the LSPR scattering spectrum is located at 548 nm and consistent with simulated spectrum from Mie theory. For the Au nanowire arrays, the LSPR scattering spectra are composed of two resonance peaks in the red and the blue regions. The two peaks can be attributed to resonances along the width and the thickness directions. It is found that the red peak experiences a red shift when the width increases, whereas the blue peak experiences a blue shift when the thickness increases. However, both peaks experience a red shift when the aspect ratio of width to thickness increases. Furthermore, a linear behavior is observed in all the relationships. Additionally, a propagating length of around 10 ?m is observed for the SPPs at a wavelength of 532 nm in an Au stripe.
Optical modeling of changeable laser image functionality with analysis of the viewing performance (2015)

Changeable laser image is a security feature commonly used on personalized documents. To understand and to predict the influence of different design parameters, a holistic optical modeling approach is essential. In this work a two-stage modeling process is performed using geometric ray tracing methods. The first stage, based on a basic optical model, allows us to identify the influencing parameters and to determine optimum solutions. The second stage, based on an advanced model, allows us to evaluate the optimum performance quantitatively in terms of the viewing angles and the contrast between two images. Simulation results are verified by experiments.
Quantum Sensing in a Physiological‐Like Cell Niche Using Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Embedded in Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers (2019)

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (fNDs) containing nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers are promising candidates for quantum sensing in biological environments. This work describes the fabrication and implementation of electrospun poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanofibers embedded with fNDs for optical quantum sensing in an environment, which recapitulates the nanoscale architecture and topography of the cell niche. A protocol that produces uniformly dispersed fNDs within electrospun nanofibers is demonstrated and the resulting fibers are characterized using fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) and longitudinal spin relaxometry results for fNDs and embedded fNDs are compared. A new approach for fast detection of time varying magnetic fields external to the fND embedded nanofibers is demonstrated. ODMR spectra are successfully acquired from a culture of live differentiated neural stem cells functioning as a connected neural network grown on fND embedded nanofibers. This work advances the current state of the art in quantum sensing by providing a versatile sensing platform that can be tailored to produce physiological-like cell niches to replicate biologically relevant growth environments and fast measurement protocols for the detection of co-ordinated endogenous signals from clinically relevant populations of electrically active neuronal circuits.