gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[A case of advanced gastric cancer with portal vein thrombus leading to liver metastases]. (2014)

A 68-year-old man presenting with anorexia was admitted to our hospital; he was diagnosed with pyloric stenosis arising from a type 3 tumor in the antrum of the stomach. Pathological examination revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma; immunohistochemical staining tested positive for alpha fetoprotein(AFP), and negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2). Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a portal vein thrombus and enlarged lymph nodes. Since the clinical finding was Stage IV(T4aN3M1), curative surgery was ruled out. Following stent placement for food intake, TS-1 plus cisplatin (CDDP) neoadjuvant chemotherapy was initiated. TS-1(80 mg/m² / day) was administered orally for 2 weeks followed by a drug-free 1-week period, and CDDP (60 mg/m²) was administered intravenously on day-1 as 1 course. After 5 courses of this regimen, lymph nodes were reduced in size and the portal vein thrombus disappeared. However, grade 4 thrombocytopenia was observed, and the treatment schedule was modified to include several other chemotherapies. Two years after the initiation of chemotherapy, liver metastasis was detected via elevated AFP. The patient died 27 months after initial treatment. Although the prognosis for gastric cancer with portal vein thrombus is very poor, it is possible to prolong survival with multimodality therapy.
Component-based tracking (2006)

This thesis presents a visual tracking framework, Component-based Tracking. This framework combines low-level visual clues and constraints in a systematic way. It is based on a probabilistic graphical model to infer the marginal probability density function of the state of a tracked target. In this framework, all potential functions are approximated as weighted sums of multivariate Gaussians so probabilistic inference by message passing is equivalent to hypotheses combination and evaluation. The possibility of low level detectors not providing useful information is taken into account by the introduction of a null hypothesis. Simulation is conducted to verify the framework. 
In addition, a new kind of image-level region tracking method is studied. The estimation error of transformation parameters from using kernels is analyzed, and algorithms are proposed to select and construct optimal kernels to minimize the estimation errors of various types of geometric transformations. The algorithms are verified and compared against the method of sum-of-square differences (SSD) by both simulation and using real images. This optimal kernel tracker can be either used by itself or as a part of the component-based tracking framework. 
Finally, an experimental application on face tracking by the component-based tracking framework with optimal kernels is developed. Its performance is analyzed and compared against that of particle filters with various numbers of particles.
Video fingerprinting and encryption principles for digital rights management (2004)

This paper provides a tutorial and survey of digital fingerprinting and video scrambling algorithms based on partial encryption. Necessary design tradeoffs for algorithm development are highlighted for multicast communication environments. We also propose a novel architecture for joint fingerprinting and decryption that holds promise for a better compromise between practicality and security for emerging digital rights management applications.
Tight bounds for algebraic gossip on graphs (2010)

We study the stopping times of gossip algorithms for network coding. We analyze algebraic gossip (i.e., random linear coding) and consider three gossip algorithms for information spreading Pull, Push, and Exchange. The stopping time of algebraic gossip is known to be linear for the complete graph, but the question of determining a tight upper bound or lower bounds for general graphs is still open. We take a major step in solving this question, and prove that algebraic gossip on any graph of size n is O(Δn) where Δ is the maximum degree of the graph. This leads to a tight bound of Θ(n) for bounded degree graphs and an upper bound of O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) for general graphs. We show that the latter bound is tight by providing an example of a graph with a stopping time of Ω(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). Our proofs use a novel method that relies on Jackson's queuing theorem to analyze the stopping time of network coding; this technique is likely to become useful for future research.
Analysis of morphodynamical processes with a nautical X-band radar (2003)

The morphodynamic processes in coastal areas are affected by tidal currents and the sea state leading to a transport of sand along the seafloor. Morphodynamic changes can be observed by radars. Radars image the small scale roughness at the sea surface. The backscatter indirectly depends on the bathymetry. It is known from the analysis of satellite images that the observable signatures depend on the tidal currents and the wind situation. The aim of the study is to investigate this processes in detail. The advantage of using a ground based radar in comparison to other observing instruments is the possibility of continuous observation over a long time period. The radar was mounted near the lighthouse List West on the island of Sylt in the German Bight. The presented radar images show List West, the Lister Landtief, and parts of the Lister Tief. The motivation for the observation of the coastal area at Sylt is its high morphodynamical activity. A sand bar between the Lister Landtief and the Lister Tief is in process of breaking, which will change the flood stream situation dramatically. The instrument used for the observation is a ground based nautical X-band radar with horizontal polarisation. The radar was mounted from February to June 1997 observing an area of a radius of approximately 2 km. During the observation period measurements were taken hourly.
Effect of (60)Co-.GAMMA. Radiation on Potato Starch Characteristics (2011)

Potato starch samples were radiated by 0,4,8,10,12,16 kGy and 20 kGy 60Co-γ,respectively.The changes of starch granule morphology and the transparency,viscosity thermo-stability and viscosity cold-stability of starch paste were measured.After 60Co-γ radiation,the granular appearance of potato starch underwent little change,and the average size became smaller.The transparency,viscosity thermo-stability and viscosity cold-stability of potato starch paste increased while the peak viscosity revealed opposite changes.When the radiation dose was higher than 10 kGy,the peak viscosity,viscosity thermo-stability and viscosity cold-stability of potato starch tended to be stable.These results can provide a theoretical basis for producing modified potato starch.
Plasma Surface Interaction (PSI) studies at DIII-D (2013)

Understanding of Plasma Surface Interactions (PSI) and the selection of suitable plasma facing materials are critical areas for current tokamak experiments and future D-T burning facilities including ITER and FNSF. In support of PSI studies, DIII-D uses the Divertor Materials Evaluation System (DiMES), which contains a removable probe where material samples can be exposed to as few as a single well-characterized plasma shot. Experiments, consisting of a carbon DiMES probe surface with metal coatings of Be, W, V, Mo or Al, have been exposed to the DIII-D lower divertor strike point plasma for cumulative discharge times of 4-20s. Extensive DIII-D divertor diagnostics provided well-characterized plasmas for modeling efforts. Experimental results were benchmarked with modeling codes to validate and extend the predictive capability of the codes. Reported in this paper are two recent experiments and results. The first is on the net and gross erosion of Mo coatings and the extension of these results to an extrapolated all Mo surface DIII-D machine. The second is on the exposure to vertical displacement discharges and X-point plasma discharges of W-fuzz buttons, which were prepared by the PISCES (UCSD) laboratory. The surprising results are the robustness of the W-fuzz and that W impurity was not detected in the plasma core at the conditions studied.
Revascularization of the peroneal artery. (1976)

In the absence of a suitable popliteal or tibial arterial system with direct communication to a pedal arch, the peroneal artery may be used for distal anastomosis with the expectation of achieving patency rates exceeding 60 per cent. Morbidity can be minimized by careful patient selection and by imporved surgical technique and materials. In 14 of 23 peroneal bypasses, patency was maintained compared with 27 to 35 bypasses to the tibial artery system. Limb salvage was 57 per cent for th peroneal artery group compared with 71 per cent for tibial artery reconstruction.
Towards Interpreting Zoonotic Potential of Betacoronavirus Sequences With Attention (2021)

Current methods for viral discovery target evolutionarily conserved proteins that accurately identify virus families but remain unable to distinguish the zoonotic potential of newly discovered viruses. Here, we apply an attention-enhanced long-short-term memory (LSTM) deep neural net classifier to a highly conserved viral protein target to predict zoonotic potential across betacoronaviruses. The classifier performs with a 94% accuracy. Analysis and visualization of attention at the sequence and structure-level features indicate possible association between important protein-protein interactions governing viral replication in zoonotic betacoronaviruses and zoonotic transmission.
Oxygen isotope evidence for input of magmatic fluids and precipitation of Au-Ag-tellurides in an otherwise ordinary adularia-sericite epithermal system in NE China (2021)

Abstract Tellurium-rich (Te) adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits are an important current and future source of precious and critical metals. However, the source and evolution of ore-forming fluids in these deposits are masked by traditional bulk analysis of quartz oxygen isotope ratios that homogenize fine-scale textures and growth zones. To advance understanding of the source of Te and precious metals, herein, we use petrographic and cathodoluminescence (CL) images of such textures and growth zones to guide high spatial resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) oxygen isotope analyses (10 µm spot) and spatially correlated fluid inclusion microthermometric measurements on successive quartz bands in contemporary Te-rich and Te-poor adularia-sericite (-quartz) epithermal Au-Ag vein deposits in northeastern China. The results show that large positive oxygen isotope shifts from –7.1 to +7.7‰ in quartz rims are followed by precipitation of Au-Ag telluride minerals in the Te-rich deposit, whereas small oxygen isotope shifts of only 4‰ (–2.2 to +1.6‰) were detected in quartz associated with Au-Ag minerals in the Te-poor deposits. Moreover, fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures are higher in comb quartz rims (avg. 266.4 to 277.5 °C) followed by Au-Ag telluride minerals than in previous stages (~250 °C) in the Te-rich deposit. The Te-poor deposit has a consistent temperature (~245 °C) in quartz that pre- and postdates Au-Ag minerals. Together, the coupled increase in oxygen isotope ratios and homogenization temperatures followed by precipitation of Au-Ag tellurides strongly supports that inputs of magmatic fluid containing Au, Ag, and Te into barren meteoric water-dominated flow systems are critical to the formation of Te-rich adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits. In contrast, Te-poor adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits show little or no oxygen isotope or fluid-inclusion evidence for inputs of magmatic fluid.
On the almost sure convergence of a general stochastic approximation procedure (1986)

A set of conditions for the almost sure convergence of a stochastic iterative procedure is given. The conditions are framed in terms of the behaviour of the random adjustment made the n-th step rather than in terms of some underlying regression model.
Water-soluble Schiff base-actinyl complexes and their effect on the solvent extraction of f-elements (2016)

Conventional solvent extraction of selected f-element cations by bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) yields increased extraction from aqueous to organic solution along the series Np(v) < Cm(iii) < Eu(iii) < U(vi), with distribution ratios all within two orders of magnitude. However, in the presence of the water-soluble tetradentate Schiff base (N,N'-bis(5-sulfonatosalicylidene)-ethylenediamine or H<sub>2</sub>salenSO<sub>3</sub>), selective complexation of the two actinyl cations (Np(v) and U(vi)) resulted in an extraction order of Np(v) < U(vi) ≪ Eu(iii) < Cm(iii). The extraction of neither Cm(iii) or Eu(iii) by HDEHP are significantly impacted by the presence of the aqueous phase Schiff base. Despite observed hydrolytic decomposition of H<sub>2</sub>salenSO<sub>3</sub> in aqueous solutions, the calculated high conditional stability constant (β<sub>11</sub> = 26) for the complex [UO<sub>2</sub>(salenSO<sub>3</sub>)]<sup>2-</sup> demonstrates its capacity for aqueous hold-back of U(vi). UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy of solutions prepared with a Np(vi) stock and H<sub>2</sub>salenSO<sub>3</sub> suggest that reduction of Np(vi) to Np(v) by the ligand was rapid, resulting in a pentavalent Np complex that was substantially retained in the aqueous phase. Results from <sup>1</sup>H NMR of aqueous solutions of H<sub>2</sub>salenSO<sub>3</sub> with U(vi) and La(iii), Eu(iii), and Lu(iii) provides additional evidence that the ligand readily chelates U(vi), but has only weak interactions with trivalent lanthanide ions.
Test-Bed Infrastructure for Industrial Control Systems Validation (2006)

To properly deal with the increasing complexity of industrial distributed and agile manufacturing control systems, the use of methods and tools that support the designer in the definition, implementation and verification of intelligent logic control software is more and more necessary. Nowadays, many different software tools are available to face the rapid prototyping and closed loop simulation based verification of an automation system control software. The possibility to validate the control strategies of an automation system for industrial plant during its design phases is very advantageous. In fact the control system validation on plant site is very expensive, both for the high man power costs and for the long time required to implement and test the software code implemented in the control system devices. Scope of this paper is to present the hardware/software infrastructure designed to interface an industrial PLC to a laboratory process simulator and to a real small scale plant, in order to validate the industrial PLC software control code before the real plant commissioning phase. In particular the PLC, communicating with its remote input/output terminal boards via Profibus, is firstly connected to the process simulator for a roughly control algorithm validation, secondly it is interfaced to a small scale plant so to deeply test the PLC logic control solution.
Investigation of the Absorption of Nanosized lamotrigine Containing Nasal Powder via the Nasal Cavity (2020)

Nasal drug delivery has become a popular research field in the last years. This is not surprising since the nose possesses unique anatomical and physical properties. Via the nasal mucosa local, systemic, and directly central nerve systemic (CNS) effect is achievable. Powders have favorable physicochemical properties over liquid formulations. Lamotrigine (LAM) is an antiepileptic agent with a relatively mild side effect spectrum, but only available in tablet form on market. Reducing the particle size to the nano range can affect the bioavailability of pharmaceutical products. The aim of this article was to continue the work started, compare the in vitro properties of a nanonized lamotrigine containing nasal powder (nanoLAMpowder) and its physical mixture (PM) that were prepared by dry milling. Moreover, to study their trans-epithelial absorption to reach the blood and target the brain by axonal transport. Due to the dry milling technique, the particle size of LAM, their surface and also their structure changed that led to higher in vitro dissolution and permeability rate. The results of the in vivo tests showed that the axonal transport of the drug was assumable by both intranasal formulations because the drug was present in the brain within a really short time, but the LAM from the nanoLAMpowder liberated even faster.
Pathogenicity of Different Rabies Virus Variants Inversely Correlates with Apoptosis and Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Expression in Infected Primary Neuron Cultures (1999)

The mouse-adapted rabies virus strain CVS-24 has stable variants, CVS-B2c and CVS-N2c, which differ greatly in their pathogenicity for normal adult mice and in their ability to infect nonneuronal cells. The glycoprotein (G protein), which has previously been implicated in rabies virus pathogenicity, shows substantial structural differences between these variants. Although prior studies have identified antigenic site III of the G protein as the major pathogenicity determinant, CVS-B2c and CVS-N2c do not vary at this site. The possibility that pathogenicity is inversely related to G protein expression levels is suggested by the finding that CVS-B2c, the less pathogenic variant, expresses at least fourfold-higher levels of G protein than CVS-N2c in infected neurons. Although there is some difference between CVS-B2c- and CVS-N2c-infected neurons in G protein mRNA expression levels, the differential expression of G protein appears to be largely determined by posttranslational mechanisms that affect G protein stability. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the G protein of CVS-B2c is degraded more slowly than that of CVS-N2c. The accumulation of G protein correlated with the induction of programmed cell death in CVS-B2c-infected neurons. The extent of apoptosis was considerably lower in CVS-N2c-infected neurons, where G protein expression was minimal. While nucleoprotein (N protein) expression levels were similar in neurons infected with either variant, the transport of N protein into neuronal processes was strongly inhibited in CVS-B2c-infected cells. Thus, downregulation of G protein expression in neuronal cells evidently contributes to rabies virus pathogenesis by preventing apoptosis and the apparently associated failure of the axonal transport of N protein.
Decomposing Biochemical Networks Into Elementary Flux Modes Using Graph Traversal (2013)

Elementary Flux Mode (EFM) analysis is a fundamental network decomposition technique used for cellular pathway analysis in Systems Biology and Metabolic Engineering. EFM analysis has been utilized to examine robustness, regulation and microbial stress responses, to increase product yield, and to assess plant fitness and agricultural productivity. An EFM is a thermodynamically feasible path operating at steady state in a biochemical network, and is independent of other EFMs in the sense that it cannot be generated as a non-negative linear combination of other EFMs. We present in this paper a pathway analysis algorithm, termed graphical EFM or gEFM, based on graph traversal. Graph theoretical approaches were previously assumed to be less competitive than techniques based on the double-description method, a computational technique used for enumerating the extreme rays of a pointed cone. Importantly, we show that a practical graph-based traversal approach for computing EFMs is competitive with existing techniques. Applied to several biochemical networks, we show runtime speedups in the range of 2.5 × to 31 × when compared to the state-of-the-art tool (EFMTool).
Synthetic applications of hypophosphite derivatives in reduction (2015)

The development of new tools for the reduction of organic functions to reach high chemo- and stereo-selectivity is an important research domain. Although, aluminum and boron hydrides are commonly used, they suffer from environmentally and safety issues. In particular, at industrial scale, the search for more specific and efficient reagents with a lower ecological impact remains one of the main objectives of organic chemists. This review captures highlights from literature concerning phosphonic and phosphinic acid derivatives as reducing agents and evaluates their potential as alternatives, in particular to boron and aluminum hydrides.
Particulate Matter Emission Reduction from Marine Diesel Engines by Electrohydrodynamic Methods (2019)

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds (SO 2 , NO x , VOC) emitted by diesel engines causes serious global environmental problems and health impact. Despite numerous evidences about the harmfulness of diesel particles, the PM emission by diesel engines used by ships, cars, agricultural machines, or power generators is still unregulated, and the efficient removal of PM from diesel exhausts is still the major technological challenge. In order to comply with the International Maritime Organization regulation, the NOx emission is reduced by using selected catalytic reactor, and sulphur oxide emission has been reduced by using fuels of low sulphur content. However, both of those measures cannot be used for the reduction of PM emission produced during combustion of marine fuels. The lack of appropriate regulations results from insufficiently developed technology, which could remove those particles from exhaust gases. Conventional scrubbers currently available on the market remove only sulphur oxide with required collection efficiency, but the collection efficiency for PM2.5 is below 50%. The article discusses the technical means used for the removal of PM from marine diesel engines via applying electrohydrodynamic methods, in particular electrostatic agglomeration, as a method of nanoparticles coagulation to larger agglomerates, which could operate in two-stage electrostatic precipitation systems, and electrostatic scrubbers, which remove particles by electrically charged water droplets. The experimental results were obtained for a 2-stroke 73 kW diesel engine fuelled with marine gas oil (MGO). The agglomerator allowed increasing the collection efficiency from diesel exhausts for PM2.5 particles by about 12%, compared to electrostatic precipitator operating without agglomerator, and the total mass collection efficiency was above 74%. The collection efficiency of electrostatic scrubber was higher than 95wt.%. The advantage of using the electrostatic scrubber is that it can also reduce the SO 2 emission by more than 90%, when HFO is used.
AN ADAPTIVE APPROACH FOR SEGMENTATION OF 3D LASER POINT CLOUD (2012)

Abstract. Automatic processing and object extraction from 3D laser point cloud is one of the major research topics in the field of photogrammetry. Segmentation is an essential step in the processing of laser point cloud, and the quality of extracted objects from laser data is highly dependent on the validity of the segmentation results. This paper presents a new approach for reliable and efficient segmentation of planar patches from a 3D laser point cloud. In this method, the neighbourhood of each point is firstly established using an adaptive cylinder while considering the local point density and surface trend. This neighbourhood definition has a major effect on the computational accuracy of the segmentation attributes. In order to efficiently cluster planar surfaces and prevent introducing ambiguities, the coordinates of the origin's projection on each point's best fitted plane are used as the clustering attributes. Then, an octree space partitioning method is utilized to detect and extract peaks from the attribute space. Each detected peak represents a specific cluster of points which are located on a distinct planar surface in the object space. Experimental results show the potential and feasibility of applying this method for segmentation of both airborne and terrestrial laser data.