gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes on PCA, Regularization, Sparsity and Support Vector Machines (1998)

We derive a new representation for a function as a linear combination of local correlation kernels at optimal sparse locations and discuss its relation to PCA, regularization, sparsity principles and Support Vector Machines. We also discuss its Bayesian interpretation and justification. We first review previous results for the approximation of a function from discrete data (Girosi, 1998) in the context of Vapnik&amp;apos;s feature space and dual representation (Vapnik, 1995). We apply them to show 1) that a standard regularization functional with a stabilizer defined in terms of the correlation function induces a regression function in the span of the feature space of classical Principal Components and 2) that there exist a dual representations of the regression function in terms of a regularization network with a kernel equal to a generalized correlation function. We then describe the main observation of the paper: the dual representation in terms of the correlation function can be sparsified ...
Discovery of novel genetic networks associated with 19 economically important traits in beef cattle (2009)

Quantitative or complex traits are determined by the combined effects of many loci, and are affected by genetic networks or molecular pathways. In the present study, we genotyped a total of 138 mutations, mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from 71 functional genes on a Wagyu x Limousin reference population. Two hundred forty six F(2) animals were measured for 5 carcass, 6 eating quality and 8 fatty acid composition traits. A total of 2,280 single marker-trait association runs with 120 tagged mutations selected based on the HAPLOVIEW analysis revealed 144 significant associations (P < 0.05), but 50 of them were removed from the analysis due to the small number of animals (< or = 9) in one genotype group or absence of one genotype among three genotypes. The remaining 94 single-trait associations were then placed into three groups of quantitative trait modes (QTMs) with additive, dominant and overdominant effects. All significant markers and their QTMs associated with each of these 19 traits were involved in a linear regression model analysis, which confirmed single-gene associations for 4 traits, but revealed two-gene networks for 8 traits and three-gene networks for 5 traits. Such genetic networks involving both genotypes and QTMs resulted in high correlations between predicted and actual values of performance, thus providing evidence that the classical Mendelian principles of inheritance can be applied in understanding genetic complexity of complex phenotypes. Our present study also indicated that carcass, eating quality and fatty acid composition traits rarely share genetic networks. Therefore, marker-assisted selection for improvement of one category of these traits would not interfere with improvement of another.
Mitotic Clonal Expansion during Preadipocyte Differentiation: Calpain-mediated Turnover of p27 (2000)

Evidence is presented that calpain, a calcium-activated protease, degrades the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27, during the mitotic clonal expansion phase of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Calpain activity is required during an early stage of the adipocyte differentiation program. Thus, inhibition of calpain with N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN) blocks clonal expansion and acquisition of the adipocyte phenotype only when added between 12 and 24 h after the induction of differentiation. Likewise, inhibition of calpain by overexpression of calpastatin, the specific endogenous inhibitor of calpain, prevents 2-day post-confluent preadipocytes from reentering the cell cycle triggered by the differentiation inducers. Inhibition of calpain with ALLN causes preadipocytes to arrest just prior to S phase and prevents phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product, DNA replication, clonal expansion, and subsequent adipocyte differentiation but does not affect the expression of immediate early genes (i.e. fos, jun, C/EBPbeta, and C/EBPdelta). Inhibition of calpain by either ALLN or by overexpression of calpastatin blocks the degradation of p27. p27 is degraded in vitro by cell-free extracts from clonally expanding preadipocytes that contain "active" calpain but not by extracts from pre-mitotic preadipocytes that do not. This action is inhibited by calpastatin or ALLN. Likewise, p27 in preadipocyte extracts is a substrate for purified calpain; this proteolytic action was inhibited by heat inactivation, EGTA, or ALLN. Thus, extracellular signals from the differentiation inducers appear to activate calpain, which degrades p27 allowing density-dependent inhibited preadipocytes to reenter the cell cycle and undergo mitotic clonal expansion.
Is C3N4 Chemically Stable toward Reactive Oxygen Species in Sunlight-Driven Water Treatment? (2017)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key oxidants for the degradation of organic pollutants in sunlight-driven photocatalytic water treatment, but their interaction with the photocatalyst is easily ignored and, hence, is comparatively poorly understood. Here we show that graphitic carbon nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, a famous visible-light-responsive photocatalyst) is chemically stable toward ozone and superoxide radical; in contrast, hydroxyl radical (<sup>•</sup>OH) can tear the heptazine unit directly from C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> to form cyameluric acid and further release nitrates into the aqueous environment. The ratios of released nitrogen from nanosheet-structured C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and bulk C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> that finally exists in the form of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> reach 9.5 and 6.8 mol % in initially ultrapure water, respectively, after 10 h treatment by solar photocatalytic ozonation, which can rapidly generate abundant <sup>•</sup>OH to attack C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. On a positive note, in the presence of organic pollutants which compete against C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> for <sup>•</sup>OH, the C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> decomposition has been completely or partially blocked; therefore, the stability of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> under practical working conditions has been obviously preserved. This work supplements the missing knowledge of the chemical instability of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> toward <sup>•</sup>OH and calls for attention to the potential deactivation and secondary pollution of catalysts in <sup>•</sup>OH-involved water treatment processes.
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Between Infections and Vaccinations (2015)

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune condition characterized by low platelet count and mucocutaneous bleeding. Antibody-coated platelets undergo reticuloendothelial phagocytosis, resulting in reduced platelet survival. Furthermore, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell-mediated responses are both implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thrombocytopenia. The onset can be primary or secondary following infections including, among others, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. A number of vaccines have been associated with the development of ITP, including measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), influenza, hepatitis B, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines. Several immune-mediated mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in ITP pathogenesis, including molecular mimicry and bystander and polyclonal activation. Given that the course and outcome of ITP can be very serious, even fatal, it is fundamental to recognize its underlying causes.
Catalytic properties of Ni/ceria-yttria electrode materials for partial oxidation of methane (2010)

电极材料 Ni/Ce1-xYxO2-d 的催化性质(x = 0.05， 0.10， 0.15 和 0.20 ) 为甲烷(POM ) 的部分氧化被调查。CeO2-Y2O3 稳固的答案被 co-precipitaion 方法准备。在稳固的答案上支持的基于 Ni 的催化剂用受精方法被获得。结构，准备催化剂的表面和氧化还原作用特征系统地借助于 X 光检查被检验衍射(XRD ) ， N2 吸附解吸附作用(Brunauer-Emmet-Teller 赌注方法) ， H2 规划温度的减小(H2-TPR ) 和 X 光检查光电子光谱学(XPS ) 方法。结果显示了在 ceria 系统做的那氧化钇，形成一个好稳固的解决方案，乐意地导致了赞成了催化活动和 coking 抵抗的改进的更多的缺点和氧空缺。在 600 鈥 ? 的温度范围 50 掳 C， Ni/Ce0.90Y0.10O1.950 催化剂在四测试催化剂之中展出了最好的催化活动与 CH4 变换， 78.8% ， 90.6% 和 89.8% 的公司选择和 H2 选择，分别地在 850 掳 C。并且在 Ni/Ce0.90Y0.10O1.950 催化剂的产品的 H2/CO 臼齿的比率接近了 2.0 的理论价值。为所有催化剂的抵抗行为清楚地是的优秀 coking 由热分析表明了。
Research of the wear resistance of 35CrMoA steel in laser quenching /nitrided layer (2011)

Laser quenching and nitriding treatment has been performed on 35CrMoA steel, and the microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of laser quenching/nitrided layer were investigated by means of OM, XRD and TEM, microhardness tester and wear equipment compared with the gas nitrided layers. The results show that both nitrided layer consisted of ε, γ', and Cr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> N. The content of ε-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N is higher in the laser quenching/nitrided white layer while the content of the brittle ζ-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> N is lower than that of the gas nitrided layer. Especially the Cr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> N particles are much finer. Spherical particles of cementite were formed in lower strip bainite. The scratch in worn surface of laser quenching/nitrided layer is shallow, but the gas nitriding worn surface has the deep plow furrow and flaking. After laser quenching/nitriding treatment, the depth of the nitrided layer increases, and hardness and wear resistance were improved dramatically.
The Mast Cells of the Mammalian Central Nervous System (1985)

There are four potentially granular or frankly granular cells within the connective tissue compartment of the mammalian central nervous system, whether this is part of the surface leptomeninges or the leptomeningeal sleeves around parenchymal blood vessels larger than capillaries. These are: Cells that behave like macrophages, part of the mononuclear phagocyte system of the body; they are granular to varying degrees (containing lysosomes). Brown-pigmented granular cells which are mainly located on the surface but are also seen for varying distances along blood vessels as they pass inside the CNS of pigmented animals. Mast cells (MCs) which are granular and located especially prominently in surface leptomeninges of young mammals, and, in adults, are restricted to special parts of the CNS. Granular cells, referred to by me as neurolipomastocytoid cells (NLMs), are numerous, ubiquitously distributed, and seem to have morphological features in common with those of both MCs and macrophages. The exact identity of these NLMs still needs to established. One approach was to study the development of all three non-pigmented cells in the immature brain of the albino rat, especially at the ultrastructural level. This communication represents the findings regarding the MCs. The MCs appear to arise from a small mononuclear cell and to go through maturation stages identical to those described by others for MCs outside the CNS. The greatly flattened adjacent leptomeningeal cells are an easily identifiable entity especially due to their peculiar glycogen content in the young.
Thermal comfort and perceived air quality of a PEC system (2011)

A personal environmental conditioning (PEC) system using air-jet cooling was evaluated for its thermal comfort, perceived air quality (PAQ), and eye comfort. The room surroundings and the air jets were both fixed at 28ºC and 50% RH. Two 4W fans directed room air toward the occupant’s breathing zone from opposite sides. The premise was that facial air movement would both cool the occupant and disrupt potential PAQ in the body plume. Eighteen subjects participated in 90 3.5-hour tests. Comfort was assessed both at the workstation and during periodic breaks away from it. Comfort persisted throughout ten-minute standing/conversation breaks. After 15-minute step-climbing breaks had ensured discomfort, comfort resumed immediately upon the occupants’ return. The influence of body plume on PAQ was examined using a plume-deflecting collar and a menthol scent applied at the waist. The collar significantly reduced the scent intensity, and the PEC air jets had the same effect.
A sensitive and stable confocal Fabry-Pérot interferometer for surface ultrasonic vibration detection (2001)

A new confocal Fabry-Pérot interferometer (CFPI) has been constructed. By using both of the conjugate rays, the sensitivity of the system was doubled. Moreover, the negative feedback control loop of a single-chip microcomputer (MCS-51) was applied to stabilize the working point at an optimum position. The system has been used in detecting the piezoelectric ultrasonic vibration on the surface of an aluminium sample.
Supplementary Table 1 from Loss of <i>Xeroderma Pigmentosum C</i> (<i>Xpc</i>) Enhances Melanoma Photocarcinogenesis in <i>Ink4a-Arf</i>–Deficient Mice (2023)

Supplementary Table 1 from Loss of &lt;i&gt;Xeroderma Pigmentosum C&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Xpc&lt;/i&gt;) Enhances Melanoma Photocarcinogenesis in &lt;i&gt;Ink4a-Arf&lt;/i&gt;–Deficient Mice
Physician Office Visits for Low Back Pain (1995)

Back pain remains a major reason for all physician office visits. This study describes visit, referral, and management patterns among specialties providing the most care.
Derivation of the Energy and Flux Morphology in an Aurora Observed at Midlatitude Using Multispectral Imaging (2018)

Abstract Energies and fluxes of precipitating electrons in an aurora over Lowell, MA on 22–23 June 2015 were derived based on simultaneous, high‐resolution (≈ 0.02 nm) brightness measurements of (427.8 nm, blue line), OI (557.7 nm, green line), and OI (630.0 nm, red line) emissions. The electron energies and energy fluxes as a function of time and look direction were derived by nonlinear minimization of model predictions with respect to the measurements. Three different methods were compared; in the first two methods, we constrained the modeled brightnesses and brightness ratios, respectively, with measurements to simultaneously derive energies and fluxes. Then we used a hybrid method where we constrained the individual modeled brightness ratios with measurements to derive energies and then constrained modeled brightnesses with measurements to derive fluxes. Derived energy, assuming Maxwellian distribution, during this storm ranged from 109 to 262 eV and the total energy flux ranged from 0.8 to 2.2 ergs·cm −2 ·s −1 . This approach provides a way to estimate energies and energy fluxes of the precipitating electrons using simultaneous multispectral measurements.
A low-fibronectin-binding mutant of Staphylococcus aureus 879R4S has Tn918 inserted into its single fnb gene (1996)

A low-fibronectin-binding mutant of Staphylococcus aureus strain 879R4SSp generated by transposon Tn918 mutagenesis is attenuated in a rat endocarditis model (J.M. Kuypers & R.A. Procter, 1989, Infect Immun 57, 2306-2312). PCR and Southern hybridization analysis with primers and probes, respectively, for the fnbA and fnbB genes of strains 8325-4 showed that strain 879R4SSp possesses a single fnb gene which is homologous to fnbA. This was confirmed by sequencing 41 bp of 5' non-coding and 237 bp of 5' coding DNA, which showed 97% base identity to fnbA. Southern hybridization and sequencing showed that Tn918 was inserted 41 bp 5' to fnbA in the mutant 879R4SSp/1536, between the promoter and initiation codon. Reduced adherence of the mutant to surface-bound fibronectin correlated with lower expression of a 180 kDa wall-associated fibronectin-binding protein.
Network-centric angle only tracking (2009)

The coordinated use of multiple distributed sensors by network communication has the potential to substantially improve track state estimates even in the presence of enemy countermeasures. In the modern electronic warfare environment, a network-centric tracking system must function in a variety of jamming scenarios. In some scenarios hostile electronic countermeasures (ECM) will endeavor to deny range and range rate information, leaving friendly sensors to depend on passive angle information for tracking. In these cases the detrimental effects of ECM can be at least partially ameliorated through the use of multiple networked sensors, due to the inability of the ECM to deny angle measurements and the geometric diversity provided by having sensors in distributed locations. Herein we demonstrate algorithms for initiating and maintaining tracks in such hostile operating environments with a focus on maximum likelihood estimators and provide Cramer-Rao bounds on the performance one can expect to achieve.
Physical Activity-Related Metabolites Are Associated with Mortality: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (2021)

Habitual physical activity can diminish the risk of premature death. Identifying a pattern of metabolites related to physical activity may advance our understanding of disease etiology. We quantified 245 serum metabolites in 3802 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study using chromatography-mass spectrometry. We regressed self-reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) against each metabolite, adjusting for traditional risk factors. A standardized metabolite risk score (MRS) was constructed to examine its association with all-cause mortality using the Cox proportional hazard model. We identified 10 metabolites associated with LTPA (<i>p</i> < 2.04 × 10<sup>-4</sup>) and established that an increase of one unit of the metabolic equivalent of task-hours per week (MET·hr·wk<sup>-1</sup>) in LTPA was associated with a 0.012 SD increase in MRS. During a median of 27.5 years of follow-up, we observed 1928 deaths. One SD increase of MRS was associated with a 10% lower risk of death (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85-0.95). The highest vs. the lowest MRS quintile rank was associated with a 22% reduced risk of death (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62-0.94). The effects were consistent across race and sex groups. In summary, we identified a set of metabolites associated with LTPA and an MRS associated with a lower risk of death. Our study provides novel insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the health impacts of physical activity.
Gastrointestinal Tracking and Gastric Emptying of Coated Capsules in Rats with or without Sedation Using CT imaging (2020)

Following oral administration, gastric emptying is often a rate-limiting step in the absorption of drugs and is dependent on both physiological and pharmaceutical factors. To guide translation into humans, small animal imaging during pre-clinical studies has been increasingly used to localise the gastrointestinal transit of solid dosage forms. In contrast to humans, however, anaesthesia is usually required for effective imaging in animals which may have unintended effects on intestinal physiology. This study evaluated the effect of anaesthesia and capsule size on the gastric emptying rate of coated capsules in rats. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was used to track and locate the capsules through the gastrointestinal tract. Two commercial gelatine mini-capsules (size 9 and 9h) were filled with barium sulphate (contrast agent) and coated using Eudragit L. Under the effect of anaesthesia, none of the capsules emptied from the stomach. In non-anaesthetised rats, most of the size 9 capsules did not empty from the stomach, whereas the majority of the smaller size 9h capsules successfully emptied from the stomach and moved into the intestine. This study demonstrates that even with capsules designed to empty from the stomach in rats, the gastric emptying of such solid oral dosage forms is not guaranteed. In addition, the use of anaesthesia was found to abolish gastric emptying of both capsule sizes. The work herein further highlights the utility of CT imaging for the effective visualisation and location of solid dosage forms in the intestinal tract of rats without the use of anaesthesia.
Investigation of contralateral leg response to unilateral stiffness perturbations using a novel device (2014)

The etymology of the word “Anthropos”, the Greek word for Human, includes one of the defining characteristics of human beings, which is the ability to stand upright and walk. Locomotion is one of the human's most important functions that serve survival, progress and interaction. The force stimulus generated by the interaction of the foot with the walking surface is a vital part of human gait. Although there have been many studies trying to decipher the load feedback mechanisms of gait, there is a need for the development of a versatile system that can advance research and provide new functionality. Moreover, the role of the load feedback in inter-leg coordination during walking is still not well understood. In this paper, we present a series of studies that attempt to shed light on the role of load feedback on inter-leg coordination using a novel system, called Variable Stiffness Treadmill (VST). The device is capable of controlling load feedback stimulus by regulating the walking surface stiffness in real time. We first present the main functionality of the VST, focusing on the real-time closed-loop control of stiffness. Using perturbations of the treadmill stiffness on one leg of healthy subjects, we investigate the inter-leg coordination mechanisms, in body-weight-supported gait. Results show that ipsilateral stiffness perturbations, affect the contralateral (unperturbed) leg in body-weight-supported gait, while their effect is dependent on the timing of the induced stiffness perturbations. The developed system and experimental protocols are uniquely useful for gait research, can improve our understanding of gait, and create new avenues of research on gait analysis, walking robots and gait rehabilitation.
Effect of sinusoidal electrical cortical stimulation on brain cells (2019)

ABSTRACT Background Electrical cortical stimulation is often used in patients with neurological disorders but it is unclear how it modulates different types of brain cells. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sinusoidal electrical brain stimulation (SEBS) on different types of brain cells and to identify the exact types of brain cells that are stimulated. Methods The study subjects were 40 male Sprague Dawley rats (weight 300–350 g; age 9 weeks). SEBS was delivered continuously at frequencies of 20, 40, 60, or 100 Hz to the sensory parietal cortex using epidurally placed electrodes for 1 week. Transverse rat brain tissue sections were immunolabeled with calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and parvalbumin (PV) antibodies and with c-Fos for counting of activated excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Computer simulation was performed to cross-validate the frequency-specific cell stimulation results. Results Inhibitory neurons were more excited than excitatory neurons after epidural EBS. Most excitatory neural activity was evoked at 40 Hz ( p &lt;0.05) and most inhibitory neuronal activity was evoked at 20 Hz ( p &lt;0.01). The contralateral sensory cortex was activated significantly more at 40 Hz ( p &lt;0.05) and the corticothalamic circuit at 20 Hz ( p &lt;0.001). Stimulation-induced excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activation was widest at 20 Hz. Conclusions Epidural electrical stimulation targets both excitatory and inhibitory neurons and the related neural circuits. Further exploration is needed to identify circuits that promote the plasticity needed for recovery in patients with specific neurological diseases. Graphical Abstract