gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-healing coatings in anti-corrosion applications (2013)

Nonmetallic (based on polymers or oxides) and metallic protective coatings are used to protect metal products against the harmful action of the corrosion environment. In recent years, self-healing coatings have been the subject of increasing interest. The ability of such coatings to self-repair local damage caused by external factors is a major factor contributing to their attractiveness. Polymer layers, silica-organic layers, conversion layers, metallic layers and ceramic layers, to mention but a few, are used as self-healing coatings. This paper presents the main kinds of self-healing coatings and explains their self-healing mechanisms.
The Neural Bases of Tinnitus: Lessons from Deafness and Cochlear Implants (2020)

Subjective tinnitus is the conscious perception of sound in the absence of any acoustic source. The literature suggests various tinnitus mechanisms, most of which invoke changes in spontaneous firing rates of central auditory neurons resulting from modification of neural gain. Here, we present an alternative model based on evidence that tinnitus is: (1) rare in people who are congenitally deaf, (2) common in people with acquired deafness, and (3) potentially suppressed by active cochlear implants used for hearing restoration. We propose that tinnitus can only develop after fast auditory fiber activity has stimulated the synapse formation between fast-spiking parvalbumin positive (PV<sup>+</sup>) interneurons and projecting neurons in the ascending auditory path and coactivated frontostriatal networks after hearing onset. Thereafter, fast auditory fiber activity promotes feedforward and feedback inhibition mediated by PV<sup>+</sup> interneuron activity in auditory-specific circuits. This inhibitory network enables enhanced stimulus resolution, attention-driven contrast improvement, and augmentation of auditory responses in central auditory pathways (neural gain) after damage of slow auditory fibers. When fast auditory fiber activity is lost, tonic PV<sup>+</sup> interneuron activity is diminished, resulting in the prolonged response latencies, sudden hyperexcitability, enhanced cortical synchrony, elevated spontaneous γ oscillations, and impaired attention/stress-control that have been described in previous tinnitus models. Moreover, because fast processing is gained through sensory experience, tinnitus would not exist in congenital deafness. Electrical cochlear stimulation may have the potential to reestablish tonic inhibitory networks and thus suppress tinnitus. The proposed framework unites many ideas of tinnitus pathophysiology and may catalyze cooperative efforts to develop tinnitus therapies.
Current status of photodynamic technology for urothelial cancer (2021)

5-Aminolevulinic acid is a new-generation photosensitizer with high tumor specificity. It has been used successfully in the diagnosis, treatment, and screening of urological cancers including bladder cancer; specifically, it has been used in photodynamic diagnosis to detect tumors by illuminating the lesion with a specific wavelength of light to produce fluorescence in the lesion after administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid, in photodynamic therapy, which induces tumor cell death via production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, and in photodynamic screening, in which porphyrin excretion in the blood and urine is used as a tumor biomarker after administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid. In addition to these applications in urological cancers, 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic technology is expected to be used as a novel strategy for a large number of cancer types because it is based on a property of cancer cells known as the Warburg effect, which is a basic biological property that is common across all cancers.
A Statistical Approach to Inferring Business Locations Based on Purchase\n Behavior (2018)

Transaction data obtained by Personal Financial Management (PFM) services\nfrom financial institutes such as banks and credit card companies contain a\ndescription string from which the merchant, and an encoded store identifier may\nbe parsed. However, the physical location of the purchase is absent from this\ndescription. In this paper we present a method designed to recover this\nvaluable spatial information and map merchant and identifier tuples to physical\nmap locations. We begin by constructing a graph of customer sharing between\nbusinesses, and based on a small set of known "seed" locations we formulate\nthis task as a maximum likelihood problem based on a model of customer sharing\nbetween nearby businesses. We test our method extensively on real world data\nand provide statistics on the displacement error in many cities.\n
Evaluation of potential E. coli transport from on-site sewage facilities in a Texas watershed (2017)

Potential E. coli contamination in surface waters from on-site sewage facilities was investigated in the Dickinson Bayou watershed, Texas. This watershed is listed as impaired due to bacteria by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Two water quality monitoring stations, with flow meters and automatic water samplers, were installed in the watershed to assess E. coli concentrations in surface runoff. One monitoring station was installed in a neighborhood that solely used an on-site sewage facility (OSSF) and the second monitoring station, the control site, was installed in a neighborhood connected to a municipal sewage plant. For 16 runoff events at the OSSF site, the combined geometric mean E. coli concentration was 639 colony forming units (CFU)/100milliters while the geometric mean E. coli concentration for 13 runoff events at the control site was 371 CFU/100milliliters. The E. coli concentrations from the 2 sites were not statistically different, suggesting that OSSFs may not be the major cause of bacterial contamination in the Dickinson Bayou watershed. In addition, a bacterial source tracking method was employed, which concluded that a portion of the E. coli from both sites were of human origin. Citation: Morrison D, Karthikeyan R, Munster C, Jacob J, Gentry T. 2017. Evaluation of potential E. coli transport from on-site sewage facilities in a Texas watershed. Texas Water Journal. 8(1):18-28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v8i1.7041.
Purdue University Buildings Demolition, Construction Images, December 2014, POTR Building Camera 2 (2015)

&lt;p&gt;[[Video(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ssol8rt4BCA)]]&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Purdue&amp;#39;s campus landscape continues to change with the construction of new buildings and the remodel of old buildings. In 2012 the Engineering Administration Building (ENAD) and the iconic Heat and Power Plant-North (HPN) were targeted for demolition to make way for the construction of the Active Learning Center (ALC); a building with offices, collaborative spaces and classrooms with an emphasis on new instructional models. The Purdue University Lyles School of Civil Engineering capitalized on a key opportunity for education and research. Five cameras were installed to capture images from the demolition of the Engineering Administration Building and the Power Plant, to the construction of the Active Learning Center. The images from 3 fixed cameras situated on the Mathematical Sciences Building (MATH) and the Potter (A. A.) Engineering Center (POTR) can be accessed and used for educational and research purposes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Representative time lapse videos were created from these three cameras for each month of the project. The time lapse videos created from these images - 08:00 to 18:00, 7 days a week in each month - are accessible here: http://dx.doi.org/10.4231/R70P0WXD.&lt;/p&gt;
Hierarchical Model Predictive Control Strategy Based on Dynamic Active Power Dispatch for Wind Power Cluster Integration (2020)

Large-scale wind power cluster with distributed wind farms has generated the active power dispatch and control problems in the power system. In this paper, a novel hierarchical model predictive control (HMPC) strategy based on dynamic active power dispatch is proposed to improve wind power schedule and increase wind power accommodation. The strategy consists of four layers with refined time scales, including intra-day dispatch, real-time dispatch, cluster optimization and wind farm modulation layer. A dynamic grouping strategy is specifically developed to allocate the schedule for wind farms in cluster optimization layer. In order to maximize wind power output, downward spinning reserve and transmission pathway utilization are developed in wind farm modulation layer. Meanwhile, a stratification analysis approach for ultra-short-term wind power forecasting error is presented as feedback correction to increase forecasting accuracy. The proposed strategy is evaluated by a case study in the IEEE network with wind power cluster integration. Results show that wind power accommodation has been enhanced by use of the proposed HMPC strategy, compared with the conventional dispatch and allocation methods.
Coupling characteristic of micro planar lens for 2D photonic crystal waveguides (2007)

We report design, fabrication, and characterization of a high refractive index micro planar lens for coupling of light to 2D photonic crystal waveguides (PhC WG) on an AlGaAs membrane. The lens reduced coupling loss by 4dB and the depth of fine Fabry-Perot fringes in a transmission spectrum by 1/10, relative to a PhC waveguide terminated by a cleaved facet. The lens not only stabilizes a coupling performance over different waveguides formed on different chips but also considerably tolerates the degree of precision required in aligning external optical components.
Calmodulin (2007)

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Interactions with Metal Ions and Drugs 3 Calcium–Calmodulin Complex 4 Calcium–Calmodulin–Peptide Ternary Complexes 5 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Iterative Reinforcement Learning Based Design of Dynamic Locomotion Skills for Cassie (2019)

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising approach for developing legged locomotion skills. However, the iterative design process that is inevitable in practice is poorly supported by the default methodology. It is difficult to predict the outcomes of changes made to the reward functions, policy architectures, and the set of tasks being trained on. In this paper, we propose a practical method that allows the reward function to be fully redefined on each successive design iteration while limiting the deviation from the previous iteration. We characterize policies via sets of Deterministic Action Stochastic State (DASS) tuples, which represent the deterministic policy state-action pairs as sampled from the states visited by the trained stochastic policy. New policies are trained using a policy gradient algorithm which then mixes RL-based policy gradients with gradient updates defined by the DASS tuples. The tuples also allow for robust policy distillation to new network architectures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this iterative-design approach on the bipedal robot Cassie, achieving stable walking with different gait styles at various speeds. We demonstrate the successful transfer of policies learned in simulation to the physical robot without any dynamics randomization, and that variable-speed walking policies for the physical robot can be represented by a small dataset of 5-10k tuples.
High resolution adaptive bearing estimation using a complex-weighted neural network (1992)

A neuron-based algorithm for solving the complex principal components analysis problem and its application to adaptive bearing estimation are presented. The authors specify the bearing estimation problem in a narrowband version and use the eigen-decomposition method to achieve high resolution. Both input data and eigenvectors that span the signal subspace are complex values. So it is important to extract the complex principal components from the complex input data sequence. Previous methods do not offer complex algorithms. To overcome this problem, the authors propose a linear neural network with complex weights which is a generalized and modified version of E. Oja's (1985) and S.Y. Kung and K.I. Diamantaras's (1990) methods, and they use their own method to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Editorial – The Role of Spine Societies in Clinical Spine Practice (2021)

It is a great honor to participate as a guest editor for the inaugural issue of the Journal of Spine Practice, which is affiliated with the Saudi Spine Society. I have closely watched the early years of the relatively young Saudi Spine Society, and have been truly amazed by the growth and the multiple focused initiatives that the society has created. As I watch the tremendous growth of the Saudi Spine Society, I am pondering the purpose of any given spine society in the clinical practice of spine surgeons in any specific region, country, city, spine group, or individual practice. What follows are some personal thoughts on the relationship of spine societies with clinical practice. To read the full text, please download the PDF or view the article HTML.
Effects of addition agents on the cathode polarization potential during the electrodeposition of copper (1954)

L. L. Shreir and J. W. Smith, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1954, 50, 393 DOI: 10.1039/TF9545000393
Acid-induced unfolding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor results in the formation of a monomeric "A state" (1993)

Recombinant human brain-derived neurotrophic factor in acid undergoes a slow loss of tertiary structure as monitored by both near-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence, and appears to retain some secondary structure, as monitored by far-UV circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This loss of tertiary structure parallels a decrease in the weight average molecular weight, from dimer to monomer, when examined using light scattering. Increasing the temperature accelerates this slow reaction. This process may be described most simply as N2 in equilibrium with 2D where N and D are the native and denatured forms of the protein, respectively. However, the acid denaturation strongly depends on the protein concentration, with higher concentration resulting in a lower rate and extent of denaturation. This suggests that the more complicated mechanism N2 in equilibrium with 2N in equilibrium with 2D more accurately describes the denaturation, where the dissociation into a native monomer is the rate-limiting step, and the conversion of N to D occurs relatively rapidly. Size-exclusion chromatography (at neutral pH) at several points during denaturation further demonstrated that the amount of tertiary structure remaining paralleled the dimer concentration and also that the monomer form was long-lived, remaining as monomer during the course of the chromatography. Size-exclusion chromatography and sedimentation velocity determination indicated that the acid-denatured form is a compact molecule. On the basis of the above data, the acid-denatured form may be considered to be a monomeric compact intermediate A state with no tertiary structure but considerable secondary structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CHO cells provide access to novel N-glycans and developmentally regulated glycosyltransferases (1996)

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells express only a subset of the glycosyltransferases activities known to exist. They do not express several fucosyltransferases, galactosyltransferases, sialyltransferases or N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases. However, following mutagenesis or transfection with large amounts of DNA, rare mutants that express a transferase activity de novo have been obtained. The first CHO mutant of this type was LEC10, which expresses the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, GlcNAc-TIII, that adds the bisecting GlcNAc to complex N-glycans. Several analogous gain-of-function mutants have now been characterized and, all express a new glycosyltransferase activity. In several cases, expression is known to reflect gene activation at the transcriptional level. Thus, CHO cells contain quiescent glycosyltransferase genes that may be activated by mutational events. Several of these transferases have properties distinct from previously described enzymes. In fact, the most recently characterized dominant CHO mutants, LEC14 and LEC18, each express a GlcNAc-T activity that creates novel N-glycans never before observed in glycoproteins from any other source. In these and possibly other cases, it appears the CHO genome has provided access to new GlcNAc-Ts that may be difficult to identify by conventional methods.
Prospective Time Periodic Geographical Disease Surveillance Using a Scan Statistic (2001)

Summary Most disease registries are updated at least yearly. If a geographically localized health hazard suddenly occurs, we would like to have a surveillance system in place that can pick up a new geographical disease cluster as quickly as possible, irrespective of its location and size. At the same time, we want to minimize the number of false alarms. By using a space–time scan statistic, we propose and illustrate a system for regular time periodic disease surveillance to detect any currently ‘active’ geographical clusters of disease and which tests the statistical significance of such clusters adjusting for the multitude of possible geographical locations and sizes, time intervals and time periodic analyses. The method is illustrated on thyroid cancer among men in New Mexico 1973–1992.
β-Mannanase-catalyzed synthesis of alkyl mannooligosides (2018)

β-Mannanases catalyze the conversion and modification of β-mannans and may, in addition to hydrolysis, also be capable of transglycosylation which can result in enzymatic synthesis of novel glycoconjugates. Using alcohols as glycosyl acceptors (alcoholysis), β-mannanases can potentially be used to synthesize alkyl glycosides, biodegradable surfactants, from renewable β-mannans. In this paper, we investigate the synthesis of alkyl mannooligosides using glycoside hydrolase family 5 β-mannanases from the fungi Trichoderma reesei (TrMan5A and TrMan5A-R171K) and Aspergillus nidulans (AnMan5C). To evaluate β-mannanase alcoholysis capacity, a novel mass spectrometry-based method was developed that allows for relative comparison of the formation of alcoholysis products using different enzymes or reaction conditions. Differences in alcoholysis capacity and potential secondary hydrolysis of alkyl mannooligosides were observed when comparing alcoholysis catalyzed by the three β-mannanases using methanol or 1-hexanol as acceptor. Among the three β-mannanases studied, TrMan5A was the most efficient in producing hexyl mannooligosides with 1-hexanol as acceptor. Hexyl mannooligosides were synthesized using TrMan5A and purified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The data suggests a high selectivity of TrMan5A for 1-hexanol as acceptor over water. The synthesized hexyl mannooligosides were structurally characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, with results in agreement with their predicted β-conformation. The surfactant properties of the synthesized hexyl mannooligosides were evaluated using tensiometry, showing that they have similar micelle-forming properties as commercially available hexyl glucosides. The present paper demonstrates the possibility of using β-mannanases for alkyl glycoside synthesis and increases the potential utilization of renewable β-mannans.
High Accuracy Location Based Services CostBenefit Study: Final Report (2011)

This report presents a benefit and cost study of a Cooperative High‐Accuracy LOcation (C‐HALO) service. A High Accuracy Location service should be ubiquitous and reliable as the GPS constellation. A survey of the literature on location services reveals a body of work on the benefits of a high accuracy location service. Focusing on road travel, benefits are estimated to be between $160-$320 billion dollars over slightly more than 20 years. The benefits arise from smoother traffic flow on the roads leading to reduced travel delays, and fewer accidents leading to reduced injuries and saved lives; it may also yield climate‐change and public health benefits through its enabling of smoother traffic flow. The cost assessment considers where new infrastructure investment is required.
Novel insights in the allosteric activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (2014)

EGF receptor activation requires both ligand-binding and receptor-mediated dimerization through receptor domain II. The relationship between these processes, however, remains unclear. We have decoupled these processes to examine the ligand-binding affinity and the structure of constitutively-monomeric and -dimeric forms of the EGF receptor, as well as EGF receptor that dimerizes upon ligand-binding. Surprisingly, monomeric receptor binds to the ligands EGF and TGFα with an affinity equivalent to that of dimerizing receptor but with a unique binding enthalpy. This shows that monomeric, ligated EGF receptor adopts a state that is distinct from that of EGF receptor within a homodimer, and this state may be relevant to heterodimeric ErbB signaling complexes. Constitutively-dimerized receptor binds ligand with elevated affinity; however, it still requires ligand to form the receptor domain II dimeric interface. In the absence of ligand, no ordered, receptor domain II-mediated dimer interface is formed. Thus, the affinity effect does not arise from any pre-organization or stabilization of the ligand-binding sites on the receptor, but rather through an entropic effect of enforcing dimerization. Thus, pre-formed human receptor dimers require allosteric activation by ligand in order to signal, and this allosteric mechanism is distinct from that we recently observed for the D. melanogaster EGF receptor. Our observations on the allosteric mechanism of EGF receptor activation prompted us to ask whether other EGF receptor ligands may exert unique allosteric effects. To this end, we investigated the allosteric effects of the ligands Amphiregulin, Epiregulin, and Epigen on EGF receptor. We report that Epiregulin and Epigen, in particular, exert unique allosteric regulation on the receptor, as evidenced by divergent effects of EGFR variants on ligand-binding. Finally, we have studied ligand-binding and dimerization of receptors bearing activating extracellular mutations that cause glioblastoma. We report that these mutations elevate ligand-binding affinity, but they do not drive receptor dimerization. Our findings inform a revised model of ligand-induced receptor activation, in which the dimerization interface is highly sensitive to the presence and the identity of the bound ligand, and the domain I/domain II interface plays a crucial auto-inhibitory role.
Insecticidal 2-Aryl-3-trifluoromethylsulfonylpyrroles (1995)

This report describes the synthesis and insecticidal activity of a series of 2-aryl-3-trifluoromethylsulfonylpyrroles containing a variety of substituents on the 4- and 5-positions of the pyrrole ring. The broad spectrum insecticidal activity of the natural product dioxapyrrolomycin was the basis for the initiation of this work.
InAlGaAs/GaAs strained-layer superluminescent diodes (2002)

Summary form only given. We describe a high performance InAlGaAs/GaAs superluminescent diode operating in the 830 nm wavelength window, exhibiting spectral modulation below 1% at powers up to and exceeding 50 mW, with good coupling efficiency into polarisation maintaining (PMF) fiber, and high reliability. A longitudinal spatial hole burning model is used to describe device performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Two-year results of arthroscopic conjoint tendon transfer procedure for the management of failed anterior stabilization of the shoulder (2021)

Our results at a minimum of 2-year follow-up demonstrate that the arthroscopic transfer of the conjoint tendon confers clinical stability in patients with a failed primary labral repair who have minimal bone loss.