gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of Promoter Complexes with a Single Ribonucleoside Triphosphate (1975)

Under specific binding conditions RNA polymerase forms complexes at several sites of the replicative form DNA of bacteriophage fd. One of these complexes becomes stable to both high salt and low temperature after incubation with GTP. None of the complexes is stabilized by ATP. The stabilization by GTP results from the synthesis of an oligo(G) chain, which is bound in the complex. Size and pyrimidine fingerprints of the DNA segment protected by the enzyme against digestion with DNase are not changed upon initiation of oligo(G) synthesis. This result indicates that binding site and initiation site are identical parts of a promoter region.
The role of microplastics biofilm in accumulation of trace metals in aquatic environments (2022)

Microplastics are one of the major contaminants of aquatic nature where they can interact with organic and inorganic pollutants, including trace metals, and adsorb them. At the same time, after the microplastics have entered the aquatic environments, they are quickly covered with a biofilm - microorganisms which are able to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that can facilitate sorption of trace metals from surrounding water. The microbial community of biofilm contains bacteria which synthesizes EPS with antimicrobial activity making them more competitive than other microbial inhabitants. The trace metal trapping by bacterial EPS can inhibit the development of certain microorganisms, therefore, a single microparticle participates in complex interactions of the diverse elements surrounding it. The presented review aims to consider the variety of interactions associated with the adsorption of trace metal ions on the surface of microplastics covered with biofilm, the fate of such microplastics and the ever-increasing risk to the environment caused by the combination of these large-scale pollutants - microplastics and trace metals. Since aquatic pollution problems affect the entire planet, strict regulation of the production, use, and disposal of plastic materials is needed to mitigate the effects of this emerging pollutant and its complexes could have on the environment and human health.
Controllable growth of Al nanorods for inexpensive and degradation-resistant surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (2014)

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has the capacity of detecting trace amount of biological or chemical matter, even single molecules, through the use of metallic nanostructures such as nanorods. Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanorods have led to the impressive enhancement of Raman signals, but they are either expensive, degrade fast over time, or suffer from poor sample repeatability. In contrast, Al is much less expensive, and Al nanorods could potentially be resistant to degradation over time due to the protection from native aluminum-oxide layers. Unfortunately, the controllable growth of Al nanorods has not been reported so far. This Letter reports, for the first time, the controllable growth of Al nanorods using physical vapor deposition (PVD); through the use of oxygen (O) surfactants. The enhancement factor of the Al nanorods in SERS is as high as 1250, and shows nearly no degradation after storage in ambient for 30 days or annealing at 475 K for one day.
New Synthesis and New Bio-Application of Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complexes for Fast Mediated Electron Transfer with Peroxidase and Glucose Oxidase (2001)

An easy synthesis of the orthoruthenated compounds [Ru(o-C6H4-X)(LL)(LL‘)]PF6, where X = 2-pyridinyl or CH2NMe2 and LL and LL‘ are 2,2‘-bpy or 1,10-phen type ligands, involves a direct cleavage of the sp2-C−H bonds of 2-phenylpyridine or N,N-dimethylbenzylamine by [(η6-C6H6)Ru(μ-Cl)Cl]2 in MeCN followed by the interaction of the [Ru(o-C6H4-X)(MeCN)4]PF6 formed with LL or LL‘ in refluxing methanol. Cycloruthenated compounds, such as 5b, are oxidized by horseradish peroxidase with the rate constants of 108 M-1 s-1, whereas rates of their reduction by glucose oxidase exceed 107 M-1 s-1.
Reliability of Magneto-Optical Memory Disks (1987)

TbFeCo recording layers were deposited onto polycarbonate (PC) and PMMA substrate disks and their characteristics were examined and compared. The more durable PC substrate disks had lower C/N ratios than the PMMA disks. The use of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> protective layers improved the bit-error rate (BER) of the PC substrates from 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> to 7 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> , and there was no changes in the C/N ratios even after 1000 h.
A Multi-Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Images Using Inception V3燼nd燚CT (2022)

Medical images are a critical component of the diagnostic process for clinicians. Although the quality of medical photographs is essential to the accuracy of a physician’s diagnosis, they must be encrypted due to the characteristics of digital storage and information leakage associated with medical images. Traditional watermark embedding algorithm embeds the watermark information into the medical image, which reduces the quality of the medical image and affects the physicians’ judgment of patient diagnosis. In addition, watermarks in this method have weak robustness under high-intensity geometric attacks when the medical image is attacked and the watermarks are destroyed. This paper proposes a novel watermarking algorithm using the convolutional neural networks (CNN) Inception V3 and the discrete cosine transform (DCT) to address above mentioned problems. First, the medical image is input into the Inception V3 network, which has been structured by adjusting parameters, such as the size of the convolution kernels and the typical architecture of the convolution modules. Second, the coefficients extracted from the fully connected layer of the network are transformed by DCT to obtain the feature vector of the medical image. At last, the watermarks are encrypted using the logistic map system and hash function, and the keys are stored by a third party. The encrypted watermarks and the original image features are performed logical operations to realize the embedding of zero-watermark. In the experimental section, multiple watermarking schemes using three different types of watermarks were implemented to verify the effectiveness of the three proposed algorithms. Our NC values for all the images are more than 90% accurate which shows the robustness of the algorithm. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the robustness under both conventional and high-intensity geometric attacks of the proposed algorithm.
Cancer statistics, 2022 (2022)

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and outcomes. Incidence data (through 2018) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2019) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2022, 1,918,030 new cancer cases and 609,360 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States, including approximately 350 deaths per day from lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death. Incidence during 2014 through 2018 continued a slow increase for female breast cancer (by 0.5% annually) and remained stable for prostate cancer, despite a 4% to 6% annual increase for advanced disease since 2011. Consequently, the proportion of prostate cancer diagnosed at a distant stage increased from 3.9% to 8.2% over the past decade. In contrast, lung cancer incidence continued to decline steeply for advanced disease while rates for localized-stage increased suddenly by 4.5% annually, contributing to gains both in the proportion of localized-stage diagnoses (from 17% in 2004 to 28% in 2018) and 3-year relative survival (from 21% to 31%). Mortality patterns reflect incidence trends, with declines accelerating for lung cancer, slowing for breast cancer, and stabilizing for prostate cancer. In summary, progress has stagnated for breast and prostate cancers but strengthened for lung cancer, coinciding with changes in medical practice related to cancer screening and/or treatment. More targeted cancer control interventions and investment in improved early detection and treatment would facilitate reductions in cancer mortality.
Achieving the Trade‐Off between Selectivity and Activity in Semihydrogenation of Alkynes by Fabrication of (Asymmetrical Pd@Ag Core)@(CeO2 Shell) Nanocatalysts via Autoredox Reaction (2016)

(Asymmetrical Pd@Ag core)@(CeO<sub>2</sub> shell) nanostructures are successfully fabricated via a clean and facile modified autoredox reaction by the preaddition of Pd seeds in the growth solution. In a subsequent catalytic test, it is found that the as-obtained bimetallic core@shell nanoparticles exhibit excellent catalytic performance in semihydrogenation of alkynes. The trade-off between selectivity and activity is well realized.
Management and Analysis of Large Scientific Datasets (1992)

The method of empirical eigenfunctions (Karhunen-Loève procedure) is developed within a framework suitable for dealing with large scientific datasets. It is shown that this furnishes an intrinsic representation of any given database which is always, in a well-defined mathematical sense, the optimal description. The methodology is illustrated by a variety of examples, arising out of current research and taken from pattern recognition, turbulent flow, physiology, and oceanographic flow. In each instance examples of the empirical eigenfunctions are presented.
Response to Comment on: Harmancey et al. (2007) Adrenomedullin Inhibits Adipogenesis Under Transcriptional Control of Insulin: Diabetes 56:553–563 (2007)

We thank Dr. Takahashi for his interest (1,2). First, the main reason for using 100 nmol/l adrenomedullin was to compensate for the uncontrolled catabolism of exogenously added adrenomedullin. Several reports point out that human adipocytes express neprilysin, one of the main enzymes that degrade adrenomedullin (3,4). The metalloprotease is also expressed by 3T3-F442A preadipocytes during differentiation (R.H., F.S., unpublished data). Moreover, we observed in preliminary experiments that omapatrilat, a dual vasopeptidase inhibitor of neprilysin and ACE, increased adipogenesis in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes.

We also …
Tax-targeted DC vaccine for ATL. (2017)

ATL is a HTLV-1 induced T-cell malignancy with extremely poor prognosis. HTLV-1 Tax which is regulatory protein encoded in the pX region plays a crucial role in HTLV-1 leukemo- genesis and is a major target antigen for CTL. We conducted a clinical trial of Tax targeted therapeutic vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (Tax-DC). The good quality of lives and long-term treatment-free survival were observed for more than 3 years in two of three patients enrolled in the pilot study. Tax-specific proliferative CTL responses were ob- served in all cases and the sporadic augmented responses also have been detected subse- quently. Tax-DC vaccine might be a well-tolerated and long-lasting maintenance therapy that is acceptable for even elderly patients.
R. A. Fisher and multivariate analysis (1996)

This paper reviews R. A. Fisher's many fundamental contributions to multivariate statistical analysis--from the derivation of the distribution of the sample correlation coefficient to discriminant analysis. The emphasis here is on the conceptual and mathematical development. All of his papers on multivariate analysis will be included in this survey.
Stimulation of Steroidogenesis in Tissue Culture by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Its Neutralization by Specific Antiserum (1974)

Y1 adrenal cells in monolayer tissue culture react to culture filtrates from enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli, but not to those from nontoxigenic strains, by undergoing morphological changes similar to those inducible by cholera enterotoxin and increasing their production of steroids. Heating destroys the ability of crude preparations of the E. coli enterotoxin to effect these tissue culture changes. None of a number of culture filtrates of other enteric or enteropathogenic bacteria were capable of inducing either the morphological changes or steroidogenesis. The maximal degree of steroidogenesis achievable with E. coli enterotoxin was comparable to that of cholera enterotoxin and could not be further increased by combination of the two toxins. As with cholera enterotoxin, removal of the E. coli toxin from the tissue culture medium after an initial brief exposure of the cells to the toxin was accompanied by some decrease in maximal steroidogenesis and no changes in either the onset or the permanency of the morphological changes. Antiserum raised to one of the crude E. coli enterotoxins was capable of completely neutralizing the steroidogenic effects and preventing the morphological changes secondary to a variety of different enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli. At the concentrations tested, this antiserum was not effective in preventing these same tissue culture changes inducible by cholera enterotoxin. The results of these and other related experiments suggest that cholera and heat-labile E. coli enterotoxins have similar mechanisms of action which are dissimilar to those of the other enterotoxins thus far described and tested.
The Coupling between Epilepsy and Cortical Spreading Depression of Leão (2023)

Objectives: The discovery of cortical spreading depression 80 years ago by Leão was intimately connected to epilepsy research. In our studies we found that monitoring of brain hemodynamics, metabolic ionic and electrical activities are very similar in the two pathophysiological events. Here we are presenting the coupling between epilepsy and cortical spreading depression while monitoring of mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-NADH together with other physiological parameters in real time in vivo. Methods: Rats and Mongolian gerbils were used in three models of induction of epilepsy, namely injection of pentylenetetrazol-metrazol, exposure of the rats to hyperbaric oxygenation in a pressure chamber and using a strain of gerbils that are developing seizures spontaneously. We monitored brain oxygen levels, mitochondrial NADH, extracellular potassium levels, Direct Current-DC steady potential and electroencephalography-EEG in the very slightly anesthetized animals. Results: The results could be summarized as follows: 1. In almost all animal tested cortical spreading depression was developed and recorded after 1-3 minutes of seizures activity. 2. Mitochondrial NADH redox state was more oxidized during the two events. 3. The oxidation of NADH during the Cortical Spreading Depression- CSD was 3-4 times relative to the seizure’s interval. 4. The increase in extracellular potassium levels was also 3-4 times higher during the CSD event. Significance: Under the two recorded events a clear correlation between the process of oxygen (energy) demand or consumption and oxygen (energy) supply was found. The results suggest that the accumulation of extracellular potassium during the epileptic activity is probably the trigger for the development of CSD in the 3 model used.
Fabrication and performance of hybrid photoconductive devices based on freestanding LT-GaAs, Ultrafast Phenomena in Semiconductors and Nanostructure Materials VIII, (2004)

We report on fabrication and high-frequency performance of our photodetectors and photomixers based on freestanding low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs). In our experiments, the LT-GaAs/AlAs bilayers were grown on 2-inch diameter, semi-insulating GaAs wafers by a molecular beam epitaxy. Next, the bilayer was patterned to form 10 × 10 μm2 to 150 × 150 μm2 structures using photolithography and ion beam etching. The AlAs layer was then selectively etched in diluted HF solution, and the LT-GaAs device was lifted from its substrate and transferred on top of a variety of substrates including Si, MgO/YBaCuO, Al2O3, and a plastic foil. Following the transfer, metallic coplanar transmission lines were fabricated on top of the LT-GaAs structure, forming a metal semiconductor-metal photodetectors or photomixer structures. Our freestanding devices exhibited above 200 V breakdown voltages and dark currents at 100 V below 3×10-7 A. Device photoresponse was measured using an electro-optic sampling technique with 100-fs-wide laser pulses at wavelengths of 810 nm and 405 nm as the excitation source. For 810-nm excitation, we measured 0.55 ps-wide electrical transients with voltage amplitudes of up to 1.3 V. The signal amplitude was a linear function of the applied voltage bias, as well as a linear function of the laser excitation power, below well-defined saturation thresholds. Output power from the freestanding photomixers was measured with two beam laser illumination experimental setup. Reported fabrication technique is suitable for the LT-GaAs integration with a range of semiconducting, superconducting, and organic materials for high-frequency hybrid optoelectronic applications.
Frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) interacting with autologous tumor via the T‐cell receptor: Limiting dilution analysis of specific CTLp in peripheral blood and tumor‐invaded lymph nodes of melanoma patients (1994)

The frequencies of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) that lyse autologous tumor by a T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent mechanism (specific CTLp) were evaluated by limiting dilution analysis (LDA) using lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBL) and from surgically resected, tumor-invaded lymph nodes (LNL) in 9 melanoma patients. The frequency of specific CTLp was determined in PBLs and/or LNIs of all patients by a modified LDA assay, enabling us to measure lytic activity on the autologous tumor that could be significantly inhibited by an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb). This assay allowed us to detect frequencies of specific CTLp ranging from 1/720 to 1/32,037 in peripheral blood and from 1/328 to 1/22,061 in tumor-invaded lymph nodes. These frequencies indicated that lymphoid populations from PBLs or LNLs of melanoma patients may contain as low as 30 to as much as 3,000 specific CTLp/10(6) lymphocytes. In addition, comparison of wells containing specific CTLp with those showing no inhibition by anti-CD3 MAb indicated that specific CTLp represent between 3 and 88% of all precursors with lytic activity on the tumor. In 6 of 9 patients, no marked differences between PBLs and LNIs in specific CTLp frequencies were found. A 10-fold increase of specific CTLp, in comparison to PBL and LNL, was found only in lymphocytes isolated from a subcutaneous metastasis of one patient. Our results indicate that CTLp interacting with autologous tumor by a TCR-dependent mechanism exist in PBL and LNL of most melanoma patients, although a wide variation in their absolute number is evident among different patients.
Optimum array-like structures for high-speed arithmetic (1975)

Array-like structures for high-speed multiplication, division, square and square-root operations have been described in this paper. In these designs the division and square-rooting time have been made to approach to that of multiplication operation. These structures are optimum from speed and versatility point of view. Most of the cellular arrays described in the literature are adequately slow. The time delay is particularly significant in the division and square-rooting operations due to the ripple effect of the carries. Though the carry-save technique has been widely utilized for multiplication operation, it has been only recently employed by Cappa et. al. in the design of a non-restoring divider array. This requires sign-bit detection that makes the array non-uniform. Such an array has been named as an array-like structure. The carry-save method has been extended here for restoring division operation. Due to sign-detection and overflow correction requirements, the restoring method is slightly complex. But the main advantage of such restoring array is in its simple extension for multiplication operation. The array for the two operations, when pipelined, will have more computing power than all other multiplier-divider arrays. Suggestions have also been included for further speed improvement. The technique applied for division operation is as well applicable for the square-rooting and an array-like structure for square-square-rooting operations has also been given. For performing any one of the four operations, the only manipulation to be done is to combine the two arrays; one for multiplication-division and another for square-square-rooting. Possible methods of combining the two arrays have been indicated and their relative advantages and disadvantages have been mentioned. Finally, a generalized pipeline array-like structure with complete internal details and for 4-bit operation, has been shown. Due consideration has also been given to the possibility of large-scale-integration of different arrays presented in this paper.
Stereochemically non-rigid silanes, germanes, and stannanes. Part 5. Characterization of non-degenerate rearrangements in methylcyclopentadienyl derivatives using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1980)

The intramolecular rearrangement behaviour of silyl(methyl)cyclopentadiene, (1), germyl(methyl)cyclopentadiene, (2), trimethylgermyl(methyl)cyclopentadiene, (3), and trimethylstannyl(methyl)cyclopentadiene, (4), has been investigated using variable-temperature 13C Fourier-transform n.m.r. spectroscopy. The exchange process is discussed in terms of (a) vanishingly small equilibrium concentration for the geminal isomer compared with those of the two possible non-geminal isomers, (b) predominance of the non-geminal isomer with the substituents on non-adjacent carbon atoms of the C5 ring over that with substituents on adjacent carbon atoms where one of these configurations is preferred. From the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for compound (3) the enthalpy difference between the non-geminal isomers is estimated to be ca. 2 kJ mol–1 and may be even smaller for compounds (1) and (2). The frequency separation between the 13C resonances in fast-limiting spectra due to the two pairs of equivalent carbon atoms is correlated with the equilibrium ratio of the species participating in the non-degenerate exchange.
Structuring total angular momentum of light along the propagation direction with polarization-controlled meta-optics (2021)

Recent advances in wavefront shaping have enabled complex classes of Structured Light which carry spin and orbital angular momentum, offering new tools for light-matter interaction, communications, and imaging. Controlling both components of angular momentum along the propagation direction can potentially extend such applications to 3D. However, beams of this kind have previously been realized using bench-top setups, requiring multiple interaction with light of a fixed input polarization, thus impeding their widespread applications. Here, we introduce two classes of metasurfaces that lift these constraints, namely: i) polarization-switchable plates that couple any pair of orthogonal polarizations to two vortices in which the magnitude and/or sense of vorticity vary locally with propagation, and ii) versatile plates that can structure both components of angular momentum, spin and orbital, independently, along the optical path while operating on incident light of any polarization. Compact and integrated devices of this type can advance light-matter interaction and imaging and may enable applications that are not accessible via other wavefront shaping tools.