gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Entropy of Tamil Language and Prioritized Coding Algorithm for Encoding of Tamil Letters (2018)

In this paper, the value of entropy of Tamil language estimated using statistical analysis is presented. The statistical method makes use of samples of text taken from different Tamil texts and entropy is calculated for the specific text. The value of entropy of the language as a whole is calculated by computing the average of the entropy obtained by considering various Tamil text samples. This paper also presents prioritized coding algorithm for efficient translation of Tamil letters to binary digits.. This paper discusses the basic model of prioritized coding algorithm with its implementation steps and compares its performance with other algorithms. The places where this algorithm performs better than Huffman coding algorithm is discussed and the relationship between the distribution of letters in the respective positions and the effect it has on the success of prioritized coding algorithm is highlighted. Also the text is encoded using an algorithm called as predictive guess coding based on the idea of converting the symbols to the number of guesses it takes to predict the symbol as proposed by C.E Shannon in his paper.
Coherent mode-selective Raman excitation towards standoff detection (2008)

We report the detection of characteristic Raman lines for several chemicals using a single-beam coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique from a 12 meter standoff distance. Single laser shot spectra are obtained with sufficient signal to noise ratio to allow molecular identification. Background and spectroscopic discrimination are achieved through binary phase pulse shaping for optimal excitation of a single vibrational mode. These results provide a promising approach to standoff detection of chemicals, hazardous contaminants, and explosives.
Effect of Human Faecal Donor on in Vitro Fermentation Variables (1989)

Homogenized and diluted human faeces (66.6 g/l) collected from six individuals were incubated with four standard substrates (oat bran, wheat bran, kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and guar gum) for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility coefficients, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (mmol/g organic matter (OM], and gas production (ml/g OM) were significantly affected by donor, substrate, and donor X substrate interactions, within an incubation time, but substrate fermentability rankings were similar at 24 h for all six donors. Substrate differed in NDF digestibilities at all incubation times, whereas SCFA and gas productions differed only at 8, 12, and 24 h. The results indicate that inoculum source (donor) can influence in vitro fermentation variables but not the substrate fermentability ranking at 24 h. It is recommended that several donors, at least three, be used to improve the accuracy of in vitro estimates of colonic fermentation.
FISH analysis of 15 chromosomes in human day 4 and 5 preimplantation embryos: the added value of extended aneuploidy detection (2006)

All but one of the meiotic aneuploidies found in this study would have been detected by the probe set most frequently used in PGS clinics. However, aneuploid cell lines originating from mitotic errors could be detected for almost all chromosomes, so screening of six additional chromosomes mainly increased the proportion of mosaic embryos. The added value of screening for six additional chromosomes in PGS for clinical practice will remain undetermined as long as the fate of mosaic embryos after transfer is unclear.
PCSK9 Modulates the Secretion But Not the Cellular Uptake of Lipoprotein(a) Ex Vivo (2016)

To elucidate how the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor alirocumab modulates lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] plasma levels, the authors performed a series of Lp(a) uptake studies in primary human hepatocytes and dermal fibroblasts and measured Lp(a) secretion from human hepatocytes. They found that Lp(a) cellular uptake occurred in a low-density lipoprotein receptor-independent manner. Neither PCSK9 nor alirocumab altered Lp(a) internalization. By contrast, the secretion of apolipoprotein (a) from human hepatocytes was sharply increased by PCSK9, an effect that was reversed by alirocumab. They propose that PCSK9 does not significantly modulate Lp(a) catabolism, but rather enhances the secretion of Lp(a) from liver cells.
A digitally skew correctable multi-phase clock generator using a master-slave DLL (2003)

This paper presents a digitally skew correctable multi-phase clock generator using a master-slave delay-locked-loop(DLL). The multi-phase clock generator is for a distributed S/H stage in interleaved ADC's. The delay of the slave DLLs, whose outputs are used for S/H circuits, is controlled by a very short pulse generated by a master DLL. This technique allows us to control the skew of the multi-phase clocks with the resolution of less than 1 ps. The master-slave DLL also has a good stability to the power supply fluctuations. Simulation results show that the clock skew can be corrected with the resolution of 0.2ps using a current output DAC with a resolution of 0.1 /spl mu/A.
λ‐radiolysis of mitomycin c derivatives (1994)

Abstract The λ‐Radiolysis reactions of mitomycin C ( 1 ) and its derivatives were studied in the hope of developing a radiation‐induced drug (RID). The λ‐radiolysis reactions were carried out in aqueous solutions under the condition where hydrated electron (e − aq ) was generated as a principal reactive species. The competitive λ‐radiolysis studies revealed that the rate constants for the reactions of 1 with e − aq at room temperature was 3.6 × 10 10 dm 3 mol −1 s −1 . Among mitomycin C derivatives, the 5 H ‐6‐alkoxyimino derivatives 11 and 12 , and compound 13 in which ring A of 1 has the 4‐hydroxy‐6‐hydroxyimino structure cleaved to give 1 . The mechanic aspect of these λ‐radiolysis reactions is discussed.
Calibration of a multi-sensor system laser rangefinder/camera (2002)

This paper proposes a new calibration method for a perception system designed for a mobile robot. The perception system we use is made of a gray-level CCD camera and a laser rangefinder. The problem is to match data provided by those two sensors and therefore to identify the laser rangefinder/camera transformation. A calibration process based upon a specific calibration pattern is used to identify such a transformation. Adapted procedures define a geometric relationship between these two sensors. We have tested in simulation several models in order to identify the transformation. The most efficient one has been chosen and implemented on the perception system of an experimental mobile robot. Experimental results are presented.
A Fermi‐Level‐Pinning‐Free 1D Electrical Contact at the Intrinsic 2D MoS2–Metal Junction (2019)

Currently 2D crystals are being studied intensively for use in future nanoelectronics, as conventional semiconductor devices face challenges in high power consumption and short channel effects when scaled to the quantum limit. Toward this end, achieving barrier-free contact to 2D semiconductors has emerged as a major roadblock. In conventional contacts to bulk metals, the 2D semiconductor Fermi levels become pinned inside the bandgap, deviating from the ideal Schottky-Mott rule and resulting in significant suppression of carrier transport in the device. Here, MoS<sub>2</sub> polarity control is realized without extrinsic doping by employing a 1D elemental metal contact scheme. The use of high-work-function palladium (Pd) or gold (Au) enables a high-quality p-type dominant contact to intrinsic MoS<sub>2</sub> , realizing Fermi level depinning. Field-effect transistors (FETs) with Pd edge contact and Au edge contact show high performance with the highest hole mobility reaching 330 and 432 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at 300 K, respectively. The ideal Fermi level alignment allows creation of p- and n-type FETs on the same intrinsic MoS<sub>2</sub> flake using Pd and low-work-function molybdenum (Mo) contacts, respectively. This device acts as an efficient inverter, a basic building block for semiconductor integrated circuits, with gain reaching 15 at V<sub>D</sub> = 5 V.
IBM POWER6 accelerators: VMX and DFU (2007)

The IBM POWER6™ microprocessor core includes two accelerators for increasing performance of specific workloads. The vector multimedia extension (VMX) provides a vector acceleration of graphic and scientific workloads. It provides single instructions that work on multiple data elements. The instructions separate a 128-bit vector into different components that are operated on concurrently. The decimal floating-point unit (DFU) provides acceleration of commercial workloads, more specifically, financial transactions. It provides a new number system that performs implicit rounding to decimal radix points, a feature essential to monetary transactions. The IBM POWER™ processor instruction set is substantially expanded with the addition of these two accelerators. The VMX architecture contains 176 instructions, while the DFU architecture adds 54 instructions to the base architecture. The IEEE 754R Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic Standard defines decimal floating-point formats, and the POWER6 processor—on which a substantial amount of area has been devoted to increasing performance of both scientific and commercial workloads—is the first commercial hardware implementation of this format.
PsbS-dependent enhancement of feedback de-excitation protects photosystem II from photoinhibition (2002)

Feedback de-excitation (qE) regulates light harvesting in plants to prevent inhibition of photosynthesis when light absorption exceeds photosynthetic capacity. Although the mechanism of qE is not completely understood, it is known to require a low thylakoid lumen pH, de-epoxidized xanthophylls, and the photosystem II protein PsbS. During a short-term 4-h exposure to excess light, three PsbS- and qE-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that differed in xanthophyll composition were more photoinhibited than the wild type. The extent of photoinhibition was the same in all of the mutants, suggesting that qE capacity rather than xanthophyll composition is critical for photoprotection in short-term high light, in contrast to longer-term high light conditions (days) when additional antioxidant roles of specific xanthophylls are evident. Plants with a 2-fold increase in qE capacity were generated by overexpression of PsbS, demonstrating that the level of PsbS limits the qE capacity in wild-type Arabidopsis. These results are consistent with the idea that variations in PsbS expression are responsible for species-specific and environmentally induced differences in qE capacity observed in nature. Furthermore, plants with higher qE capacity were more resistant to photoinhibition than the wild type. Increased qE was associated with decreased photosystem II excitation pressure and changes in the fractional areas of chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetime distributions, but not the lifetime centers, suggesting that qE protects from photoinhibition by preventing overreduction of photosystem II electron acceptors. Engineering of qE capacity by PsbS overexpression could potentially yield crop plants that are more resistant to environmental stress.
Spatiotemporal Control of Light Transmission through a Multimode Fiber with Strong Mode Coupling (2016)

We experimentally generate and characterize eigenstates of the Wigner-Smith time-delay matrix, called principal modes, in a multimode fiber with strong mode coupling. The unique spectral and temporal properties of principal modes enable global control of temporal dynamics of optical pulses transmitted through the fiber, despite random mode mixing. Our analysis reveals that well-defined delay times of the eigenstates are formed by multipath interference, which can be effectively manipulated by spatial degrees of freedom of input wave fronts. This study is essential to controlling dynamics of wave scattering, paving the way for coherent control of pulse propagation through complex media.
l -Proline Accumulation and Freeze Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Are Caused by a Mutation in the PRO1 Gene Encoding γ-Glutamyl Kinase (2003)

We previously isolated a mutant which showed a high tolerance to freezing that correlated with higher levels of intracellular L-proline derived from L-proline analogue-resistant mutants. The mutation responsible for the analogue resistance and L-proline accumulation was a single nuclear dominant mutation. By introducing the mutant-derived genomic library into a non-L-proline-utilizing strain, the mutant was found to carry an allele of the wild-type PRO1 gene encoding gamma-glutamyl kinase, which resulted in a single amino acid replacement; Asp (GAC) at position 154 was replaced by Asn (AAC). Interestingly, the allele of PRO1 was shown to enhance the activities of gamma-glutamyl kinase and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase, both of which catalyze the first two steps of L-proline synthesis from L-glutamate and which together may form a complex in vivo. When cultured in liquid minimal medium, yeast cells expressing the mutated gamma-glutamyl kinase were found to accumulate intracellular L-proline and showed a prominent increase in cell viability after freezing at -20 degrees C compared to the viability of cells harboring the wild-type PRO1 gene. These results suggest that the altered gamma-glutamyl kinase results in stabilization of the complex or has an indirect effect on gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase activity, which leads to an increase in L-proline production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The approach described in this paper could be a practical method for breeding novel freeze-tolerant yeast strains.
Mutation load estimation model as a predictor of the response to cancer immunotherapy (2018)

The determination of the mutation load, a total number of nonsynonymous point mutations, by whole-exome sequencing was shown to be useful in predicting the treatment responses to cancer immunotherapy. However, this technique is expensive and time-consuming, which hampers its application in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to construct a mutation load estimation model for lung adenocarcinoma, using a small set of genes, as a predictor of the immunotherapy treatment response. Using the somatic mutation data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, a computational framework was developed. The estimation model consisted of only 24 genes, used to estimate the mutation load in the independent validation cohort precisely (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.7626). Additionally, the estimated mutation load can be used to identify the patients with durable clinical benefits, with 85% sensitivity, 93% specificity, and 89% accuracy, indicating that the model can serve as a predictive biomarker for cancer immunotherapy treatment response. Furthermore, our analyses demonstrated the necessity of the cancer-specific models by the constructed melanoma and colorectal models. Since most genes in the lung adenocarcinoma model are not currently included in the sequencing panels, a customized targeted sequencing panel can be designed with the selected model genes to assess the mutation load, instead of whole-exome sequencing or the currently used panel-based methods. Consequently, the cost and time required for the assessment of mutation load may be considerably decreased, which indicates that the presented model is a more cost-effective approach to cancer immunotherapy response prediction in clinical practice.
A Model for Using a Concept Inventory as a Tool for Students' Assessment and Faculty Professional Development (2010)

This essay describes how the use of a concept inventory has enhanced professional development and curriculum reform efforts of a faculty teaching community. The Host Pathogen Interactions (HPI) teaching team is composed of research and teaching faculty with expertise in HPI who share the goal of improving the learning experience of students in nine linked undergraduate microbiology courses. To support evidence-based curriculum reform, we administered our HPI Concept Inventory as a pre- and postsurvey to approximately 400 students each year since 2006. The resulting data include student scores as well as their open-ended explanations for distractor choices. The data have enabled us to address curriculum reform goals of 1) reconciling student learning with our expectations, 2) correlating student learning with background variables, 3) understanding student learning across institutions, 4) measuring the effect of teaching techniques on student learning, and 5) demonstrating how our courses collectively form a learning progression. The analysis of the concept inventory data has anchored and deepened the team's discussions of student learning. Reading and discussing students' responses revealed the gap between our understanding and the students' understanding. We provide evidence to support the concept inventory as a tool for assessing student understanding of HPI concepts and faculty development.
Easily reversible memory switching in Ge - As - Te glasses (1996)

Electrical switching behaviour of melt-quenched and glasses have been studied in the I - V mode, using a constant current source with incremental current steps. The samples are found to stay in the high-resistance OFF state up to a critical voltage (corresponding to a critical current ). Above , the sample switches to a low-resistance ON state with a stable negative resistance region, and lock-on to this state even if the current is reduced to zero. If the compliance voltage is turned off and switched on again, the switching transient introduced is found to reset the glasses back to the OFF state. The samples are found to switch again. The switching - resetting - switching cycle is repeated 50 times, with % variation in the switching voltages.
Patient Setup Optimization for External Conformal Radiotherapy (1995)

The aim of conformal radiotherapy is to deliver precisely a specific dose of radiation to a planning target volume, concurrently radiating as little healthy tissue and organs as possible. This can be accomplished only with the accurate positioning of the patient with respect to the radiotherapy system. In this paper, we describe a system to achieve a higher overall accuracy in the delivery of a prostatic radiation boost for treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. The system is based on the use of ultrasound images for measuring the actual position of the patient's prostate just before the radiation. Since these images are registered with pretreatment computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, the position and orientation of the planning target volume are computed with respect to the radiotherapy system and can be corrected as needed. This system is under clinical evaluation.
Monitoring Solid-Phase Glycoside Synthesis with 19F NMR Spectroscopy (2001)

[structure: see text] A simple and efficient method for monitoring and optimizing carbohydrate synthesis on polymeric support by using (19)F NMR spectroscopy is described. The method relies on the use of fluorinated variants of protective groups that are in common use in oligosaccharide synthesis.
Synthesis, Decay Properties, and Identification of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in [sup 48]Ca-induced Reactions (2007)

Thirty‐four new nuclides with Z = 104–116, 118 and N = 161–177 have been synthesized in the complete‐fusion reactions of 238U, 237Np, 242,244Pu, 243Am, 245,248Cm, and 249Cf targets with 48Ca beams. The masses of evaporation residues were identified through measurements of the excitation functions of the xn‐evaporation channels and from cross bombardments. The decay properties of the new nuclei agree with those of previously known heavy nuclei and with predictions from different theoretical models. A discussion of self‐consistent interpretations of all observed decay chains originating from the parent isotopes 282,283112, 282113, 286–289114, 287,288115, 290–293116, and 294118 is presented. Decay energies and lifetimes of the neutron‐rich superheavy nuclei as well as their production cross sections indicate a considerable increase in the stability of nuclei with the approach to the theoretically predicted nuclear shells with N = 184 and Z = 114.
Online Models for Content Optimization (2008)

We describe a new content publishing system that selects articles to serve to a user, choosing from an editorially programmed pool that is frequently refreshed. It is now deployed on a major Yahoo! portal, and selects articles to serve to hundreds of millions of user visits per day, significantly increasing the number of user clicks over the original manual approach, in which editors periodically selected articles to display. Some of the challenges we face include a dynamic content pool, short article lifetimes, non-stationary click-through rates, and extremely high traffic volumes. The fundamental problem we must solve is to quickly identify which items are popular (perhaps within different user segments), and to exploit them while they remain current. We must also explore the underlying pool constantly to identify promising alternatives, quickly discarding poor performers. Our approach is based on tracking per article performance in near real time through online models. We describe the characteristics and constraints of our application setting, discuss our design choices, and show the importance and effectiveness of coupling online models with a randomization procedure. We discuss the challenges encountered in a production online content-publishing environment and highlight issues that deserve careful attention. Our analysis of this application also suggests a number of future research avenues. 1
Long-Range Order in Non-porous Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Silicon-Based Materials by Sol–Gel Processing (2002)

Hybrid organic–inorganic materials with a long-range order organization (see Figure) have been prepared by a classical sol–gel process. Precursors such as (MeO)3Si–R–Si(OMe)3, R being a thermotropic mesogen-like organic group, have been studied and a self-association process in solution between the molecular units during the formation of the Si–O–Si network is found.
Conversion of frequency-domain data to the time domain (1986)

The advantages and disadvantages of three different algorithms for transforming frequency-domain data to the time domain are reviewed. The algorithms are a direct computation of the Fourier series, the fast Fourier transform, and the chirp-z transform. It is concluded that the fast Fourier transform still has the advantage of speed, but the chirp-z transform offers some additional flexibility that makes it more useful in many applications.
Lightweight behavioral malware detection for windows platforms (2017)

We describe a lightweight behavioral malware detection technique that leverages Microsoft Windows prefetch files. We demonstrate that our malware detection achieves a high detection rate with a low false-positive rate of 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , and scales linearly for training samples. We demonstrate the generalization of our malware detection on two different Windows platforms with a different set of applications. We study the loss in performance of our malware detection in case of concept drift and its ability to adapt. Finally, we measure our malware detection against evasive malware and present an effective auxiliary defensive technique against such attacks.