gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) using Supercritical Ammonia (2015)

초임계 암모니아 분위기와 CuI 촉매 하에서 p-Diiodobenzene(PDIB)를 아민화 반응시켜 p-Phenylenediamine(PPD)를 합성하는 방법을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 공정변수들이 PPD 생성 수율에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 반응 온도, 암모니아 초기 주입 양에 따른 반응 압력, 촉매의 유무 및 촉매 주입량, 반응 시간 등을 변화시키면서 이에 따른 PPD 수율 변화를 GC 분석을 통하여 조사하였다. 그 결과, 무촉매 반응 시에는 PPD가 전혀 생성되지 않음을 알 수 있었으며, 반응온도, 반응 압력, 촉매 주입량 및 반응시간이 증가함에 따라 PPD 생성 수율이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다 단, 반응온도의 경우 <TEX>$250^{\circ}C$</TEX> 이상에서는 열분해에 의해 PPD가 감소하여 <TEX>$200^{\circ}C$</TEX>가 최적의 온도임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, FT-IR과 <TEX>$^1H$</TEX>-NMR 분석을 통하여 아민기의 결합 특성과 PPD의 구조를 확인하였다. In this study, investigated the synthesis method of p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) by amination of p-Diiodobenzene (PDIB) under supercritical ammonia and CuI catalyst conditions. We examined the effects of various process variables (e.g., reaction temperature, pressure, amount of ammonia inserted, amount of catalyst inserted, and reaction time) on the production yield of PPD by analyzing the Gas Chromatography (GC). The experimental results demonstrated that PPD was not produced under non-catalyst conditions, and PPD production yield increased with increasing temperature, pressure, amount of catalyst inserted, and reaction time. However, for the reaction temperature case, it was found that <TEX>$200^{\circ}C$</TEX> was the optimal temperature, because thermal degradation of PPD occurred above <TEX>$250^{\circ}C$</TEX>. In addition, we confirmed the structure of PPD and the bonding characteristics of the amine group via FT-IR and H-NMR analysis.
New Insights into the Chemistry and Functions of Coenzyme Q (2015)

The oxidative phosphorylation is a crucial physiological process that leads to energy production in the living cells. In this processes, Coenzyme Q10 acts as a redox mediator in the mitochondrial membrane, where it facilitates the electron transfer between the complexes I, II and III, while transfering protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. We have recently shown that Coenzyme Q undergoes structural changes in highly alkaline media, but also in neutral media in presence of Cytochrome P-450 enzymes. The chemical reactions of Coenzyme Q with NaOH or with Cytochrome P-450 lead to scission of one or two methoxy groups from the Coenzyme Q structure, while giving as products hydroxyl derivatives of Coenzyme Q. The new hydroxylated Coenzyme Q derivatives have a chemical potential to bind Ca2+ and other earth-alkaline cations, and to transfer them across biomimetic membranes. Additionally, the newly synthesized hydroxyl Coenzyme Q derivatives can act as powerful antioxidants. The findings elaborated in this lecture explicitly show that the processes in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain can be switched in another direction under certain physiological conditions.
Comparative Analysis of Passive Micromixers at a Wide Range of Reynolds Numbers (2015)

Two novel passive micromixers, denoted as the Y-Y mixer and the H-C mixer, based on split-and-recombine (SAR) principle are studied both experimentally and numerically over Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 100. An image analysis technique was used to evaluate mixture homogeneity at four target areas. Numerical simulations were found to be a useful support for the design phase, since a general idea of mixing of fluids can be inferred from the segregation or the distribution of path lines. Comparison with a well-known mixer, the Tear-drop one, was also performed. Over the examined range of Reynolds numbers 1 ≤ Re ≤ 100, the Y-Y and H-C mixers showed at their exit an almost flat mixing index characteristic, with a mixing efficiency higher than 90%; conversely the Tear-drop mixer showed a relevant decrease of efficiency at mid-range. Furthermore, the Y-Y and the H-C showed significantly less pressure drop than the Tear-drop mixer.
Increased Nuclear Ploidy, Not Cell Proliferation, Is Sustained in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Treated Rat Liver (1997)

Peroxisome proliferators are believed to induce liver tumors in rodents due to sustained increase in cell proliferation and oxidative stress resulting from the induction of peroxisomal enzymes. The objective of this study was to conduct a sequential analysis of the early changes in cell-cycle kinetics and the dynamics of rat liver DNA synthesis after treatment with a peroxisome proliferator. Immunofluorescent detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into DNA during S phase we used to assess rat hepatocyte proliferation in vivo during dietary administration of Wy-14,643, a known peroxisome proliferator and hepatocarcinogen in rodents. Rats were placed on diet containing 0.1% WY-14,643 and implanted subcutaneously with 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine containing osmotic pumps 4 days prior to being sacrificed on days 4, 11, and 25 of treatment. Isolated liver nuclei labeled with fluorscein isothiocyanate (FITC)-anti-BrdU/PI and FITC-anti-PCNA/PI were analyzed for S-phase kinetics using flow cytometry. Morphometric analysis was performed to evaluate nuclear and cell size and enumeration of BrdU labeled cells, binucleated hepatocytes, and mitotic index. The BrdU labeling index increased 2-fold in livers of Wy-14,643-treated rats at day 4, but distribution of cells in G1, S phase, and G2-M did not differ significantly from controls. PCNA-positive cells decreased from 36% on day 4 to 17% on day 25, whereas the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in controls increased 2-fold from day 4 to day 11 and remained unchanged up to day 25. The differences in the number of PCNA-positive nuclei between control and Wy-14,643-treated groups were statistically significant only on day 4. Binucleated hepatocytes, determined by morphometric analysis, increased slightly on day 25 in treated rats parallel to an increase in the percentage of cells in G2-M phase. Significant shifts were noted in nuclear diameter and nuclear area after 11 and 25 days of treatment with Wy-14,643. Hepatic cell populations with nuclei > 9 microns diameter and nuclear area > 64 microns2 increased in Wy-14,643-fed rats during the treatment period compared with the control, indicating hepatic karyomegaly and hyperploidy, whereas percentage of distribution of nuclei based on diameter and area remained consistently unchanged in control animals from 4 through 25 days of sham treatment. The flow cytometric and morphometric analysis indicated an initial wave of DNA synthesis in response to Wy-14,643. The hepatomegaly was sustained over the treatment period accompanied by increase in ploidy with a significant shift toward hyperploidic hepatocytes. The increase in DNA content was almost entirely accounted for by the overall polypoidy increase rather than by an absolute increase in cells.
Geothermal well data (1976)

Drilling and completion cost estimates are given for well depths of 14,000, 16,000, and 18,000 feet, and production tubing sizes of 4/sup 1///sub 2/, 5/sup 1///sub 2/, and 7 in.
Erratum: Infrared (Er)BaY2F8 laser pumped through di- and tri-ionic upconversion processes [J. Appl. Phys. 6 7, 648 (1990)] (1990)

First Page
Voltammetric Acetylcholine Sensor using Mercaptohydroquinone Monolayer-Attached Gold Electrode as the Base Transducer (1997)

The reactions cat丑lyze(i by hydrolases，such as acetylcholinesterase(AChE，EC 3．1．L7)，can be fbllowedby monitoring the pH shi＆s ofthe substratecontaining media．Numerous studies have therefbre been perR)nned fbr the preparation of hydrolasebased s㎝sors with the use of potentiometric pHsensingdevices，suchaspH-9㎏sselecセ面es㎝d甘一 sensitive丘eld-e撫tセansist・rs，astheセansduGers1)． However，potentiometric methods血principle suf驚r 倉om the disadvantages of low accumcy and reproducibiliげ 3)l e．g．，±1mV error coπesponds to ±4％ of the analyte concentratiQn． To avoid the drawback，altemative measuring methods have been desiτed， Recent development in the sel卜ass㎝bly of various ㎞ctional groups onto speci行c sur伍ces makes it easy to prepare pH-indioator-attached
Cécile Yapaudjian-Labat (dir.), Les trajets de la lecture. Autour de Claude Simon (2018)

Faisant suite à la Journée d’étude « Lectures de Claude Simon aujourd’hui » organisée par Cécile Yapaudjian-Labat le 8 juin 2013 à Chartres (ÉSPÉ Centre-Val de Loire – Université d’Orléans), le numéro 112 de la revue Tangence publié en 2016, présente l’ensemble des contributions à cette journée, auquel s’ajoute l’article de Christine Genin, « Lire Claude Simon lisant Proust ». Cette journée avait été introduite par le seiziémiste Denis Bjaï, professeur à l’université d’Orléans, qui soulignait...
The Plenoptic Function and the Elements of Early Vision (1991)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Plenoptic Function, Plenoptic Structures, The Plenoptic Function and Elemental Measurements in Early Vision, Plenoptic Measurements in the Human Visual System, Periodic Tables for Early Vision, Further Computations, Conclusion, Appendix, References
A polyhydroxyalkanoates bioprocess improvement case study based on four fed‐batch feeding strategies (2021)

The modelling and optimization of a process for the production of the medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) by the bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 when fed a synthetic fatty acid mixture (SFAM) was investigated. Four novel feeding strategies were developed and tested using a constructed model and the optimum one implemented in further experiments. This strategy yielded a cell dry weight of 70.6 g l<sup>-1</sup> in 25 h containing 38% PHA using SFAM at 5 l scale. A phosphate starvation strategy was implemented to improve PHA content, and this yielded 94.1 g l<sup>-1</sup> in 25 h containing 56% PHA using SFAM at 5 l scale. The process was successfully operated at 20 l resulting in a cell dry weight of 91.2 g l<sup>-1</sup> containing 65% PHA at the end of a 25-h incubation.
First Synthesis of an Amythiamicin Pyridine Cluster. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ChemInform Abstract: USE OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS TO TRAP ELECTROGENERATED INTERMEDIATES: ACETAMIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS (1978)

Abstract Adamantan (I) wird an einer Platinelektrode in Acetonitril oxidiert und das entstandene Nitriliumion durch einen Kationenaustauscher, der Sulfonsäuregruppen enthält, abgefangen.
Characterization and Dynamics of [Pd(L−L)H(solv)]+, [Pd(L−L)(CH2CH3)]+, and [Pd(L−L)(C(O)Et)(THF)]+ (L−L = 1,2-(CH2PBut2)2C6H4):  Key Intermediates in the Catalytic Methoxycarbonylation of Ethene to Methylpropanoate (2002)

A detailed spectroscopic study has allowed the solution structure and dynamic properties of all the intermediates in the Pd-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of ethene to be established. [Pd(L−L)H(solv)]+ 1 (L−L = 1,2-(CH2PBut2)2C6H4; solv = MeOH, 1a; PrnOH, 1b; THF, 1c; EtCN, 1d) is static, and the two inequivalent P atoms do not become equivalent through solvent exchange over all the temperatures studied. 2, contains a strong β-agostic C−H interaction which is remarkably stable and is not displaced even in strongly coordinating solvents such as EtCN. Cα and Cβ of the ethyl group in 2 become equivalent via a stereospecific interchange involving [Pd(L−L)H(η2-C2H4)]+ without making the two P atoms equivalent; at higher temperatures these two inequivalent P atoms do become equivalent probably via a T-shaped intermediate. For [Pd(L−L)(C(O)Et)(solv)]+, 6, there is no β-agostic C−H interaction and multiple 13C-labeling of the C(O)Et group shows that the inequivalent P atoms become equivalent via movement of the intact C(O)Et group. The crystal structure of the related complex [Pd(L−L)(C(O)Et)Cl] cocrystallized with dibenzylacetone has been determined.
The linkage of (1–3)‐β‐glucan to chitin during cell wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)

Pulse-chase experiments with [14C]glucose demonstrated that in the cell wall of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae alkali-soluble (1-3)-beta-glucan serves as a precursor for alkali-insoluble (1-3)-beta-glucan. The following observations support the notion that the insolubilization of the glucan is caused by linkage to chitin: (i) degradation of chitin by chitinase completely dissolved the glucan, and (ii) disruption of the gene for chitin synthase 3 prevented the formation of alkali-insoluble glucan. These cells, unable to form a glucan-chitin complex, were highly vulnerable to hypo-osmotic shock indicating that the linkage of the two polymers significantly contributes to the mechanical strength of the cell wall. Conversion of alkali-soluble glucan into alkali-insoluble glucan occurred both early and late during budding and also in the ts-mutant cdc24-1 in the absence of bud formation.
Real-Time Tunable Colors from Microfluidic Reconfigurable All-Dielectric Metasurfaces (2018)

Structural colors arising from all-dielectric nanostructures are very promising for high-resolution color nanoprinting and high-density optical storage. However, once the all-dielectric nanostructures are fabricated, their optical performances are usually static or change slowly, significantly limiting the practical applications in advanced displays. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the real-time tunable colors with microfluidic reconfigurable all-dielectric metasurfaces. The metasurface is composed of an array of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoblocks, which are embedded in a polymeric microfluidic channel. By injecting solutions with a different refractive index into the channel, the narrow band reflection peak and the corresponding distinct colors of a TiO<sub>2</sub> metasurface can be precisely controlled. The transition time is as small as 16 ms, which is orders of magnitude faster than the current techniques. By varying the lattice size of TiO<sub>2</sub> metasurfaces, the real-time tunable colors are able to span the entire visible spectrum. Meanwhile, the injection and ejection of solvent have also shown the capability of the erasion and the restoration of information encoded in TiO<sub>2</sub> metasurfaces. The combination of all-dielectric nanostructures with microfluidic channels shall boost their applications in functional color display, banknote security, anticounterfeiting, and point-of-care devices.
Hot Rolling of Steel (1983)

Number ten of the Manufacturing Engineering and Material Processing series. Includes one page corrigenda laid-in. 800 illustrations clarifying key points. Thorough account of the hot-rolling process and facilities as well as follow-up treatments given to hot-rolled products. Companion volume to "Cold Rolling of Steel" by William Roberts circa 1978
Skin: the ultimate interface (2011)

The outer layer of the skin, the stratum corneum is a unique barrier membrane. On average it is only 20 μm thick (about a quarter the thickness of a normal sheet of paper) but it prevents us from losing excessive water and it protects us from our environment. It forms a special interface between our body, the air, water and various solids. In order to understand the barrier properties of the skin we need to determine its structure at various levels ranging from the macroscopic scale to the molecular level. This has been made easier by the advances that there have been over the recent decade. However, the amount of a material that is capable of penetrating this excellent barrier and reaching the underlying systemic circulation is still only of the order of 1 or 2 per cent of the total applied dose. The purpose of this publication is to explore the strategies currently employed to promote skin permeation and to consider the most exciting approaches currently under investigation. The limitations of current methodology to examine the problem are discussed. New opportunities to fill the gaps in our current knowledge are identified and the importance of interdisciplinary research in the field is emphasised.
Edge of Things: The Big Picture on the Integration of Edge, IoT and the Cloud in a Distributed Computing Environment (2017)

A centralized infrastructure system carries out existing data analytics and decision-making processes from our current highly virtualized platform of wireless networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. There is a high possibility that these existing methods will encounter more challenges and issues in relation to network dynamics, resulting in a high overhead in the network response time, leading to latency and traffic. In order to avoid these problems in the network and achieve an optimum level of resource utilization, a new paradigm called edge computing (EC) is proposed to pave the way for the evolution of new age applications and services. With the integration of EC, the processing capabilities are pushed to the edge of network devices such as smart phones, sensor nodes, wearables, and on-board units, where data analytics and knowledge generation are performed which removes the necessity for a centralized system. Many IoT applications, such as smart cities, the smart grid, smart traffic lights, and smart vehicles, are rapidly upgrading their applications with EC, significantly improving response time as well as conserving network resources. Irrespective of the fact that EC shifts the workload from a centralized cloud to the edge, the analogy between EC and the cloud pertaining to factors such as resource management and computation optimization are still open to research studies. Hence, this paper aims to validate the efficiency and resourcefulness of EC. We extensively survey the edge systems and present a comparative study of cloud computing systems. After analyzing the different network properties in the system, the results show that EC systems perform better than cloud computing systems. Finally, the research challenges in implementing an EC system and future research directions are discussed.
Anteromedial Release for Posttraumatic Flexion-pronation Contracture of the Wrist: Surgical Technique (2019)

Wrist stiffness can be a complication of trauma. A small percentage of patients fail to improve with nonoperative management and require operative intervention to regain range of motion and function. These group of patients can present with a soft tissue flexion-pronation contracture, which is hypothesized to be caused by capsular contraction of the distal radioulna joint, musculotendinous contracture of the flexor carpi ulnaris, contracture of the volar ulnar carpal ligaments and of the pronator quadratus muscle. This complication significantly restricts functional dart-thrower's range of motion and is highly disabling. A surgical option to manage this condition is release of pathologic structures with an anteromedial approach to the wrist. We describe a safe, effective, and reproducible technique to treat these patients.
Defenses to curb online password guessing attacks (2013)

Passwords are the most commonly used means of authentication as passwords are very convenient for users, easier to implement and user friendly. Password based systems suffer from two types of attacks: i) offline attacks ii) online attacks. Eavesdropping the communication channel and recording the conversations taking place on the communication channel is an example for offline attack. Brute force and dictionary attacks are the two types of online attacks which are widespread and increasing. Enabling convenient login for legitimate users while preventing such attacks is a difficult problem. The proposed protocol called Password Guessing Resistant Protocol (PGRP), helps in preventing such attacks and provides a pleasant login experience for legitimate users. PGRP limits the number of login attempts for unknown users to one, and then challenges the unknown user with an Automated Turing Test (ATT). There are different kinds of ATT tests such as CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart), security questions etc. In this system, a distorted text-based CAPTCHA is used. If the ATT test is correctly answered, the user is granted access else the user is denied access. The proposed algorithm analyzes the efficiency of PGRP based on three conditions: i) number of successful login attempts ii) number of failed login attempts with invalid password iii) number of failed login attempts with invalid password and ATT test. PGRP log files are used as data sets. The analysis helps in determining the efficiency of PGRP protocol.
The difference of EMG between of Up-stair gait and Down (2017)

The purpose of this study was to analyse diffrences of EMG in Up-stair gait and Down-stair gait. With these purposes in consideration, a total of 8 male were recruited to participate. The experiment was performed three gait(general gait, Up-stair gait and Down) while the EMG data was recorded and analyzed. Results show that there were significant differences between Up-stair gait and Down. All leg muscles(the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, anterior tibialis and soles of both side)were significant higher IEMG levels at the Up-stair gait than Down-sair gait. In gait and Up-stair gair, the highest muscle activity is anterior tibialis, however the rectus femoris were high activated at the down-stair gait. The leg muscles activity is higher 2-9 multiply Up-stair gait than flat-gait. All things considered, Up-stair gait makes more using leg muscles than down-stair gait. It is concluded that uo-stair gait is effective exercise for developing leg muscles.
Glycemic Variability Correlates Strongly With Postprandialβ-Cell Dysfunction in a Segment of Type 2 Diabetic Patients Using Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (2009)

PBCF appears to be an important target to reduce glucose fluctuations in OHA-treated type 2 diabetes.
Computerized Kinetic Modeling: A New Tool in the Quest for Adequacy in Peritoneal Dialysis (1997)

Until recently, kinetic modeling of peritoneal dialysis (PD) was performed by engineers, scientists, or nephrologists at major teaching institutions. Now there are several "user-friendly" computer programs which permit the practicing nephrologist and dialysis staff to monitor adequacy of the individual PD patient and to optimize the dialysis prescription. In this brief article, the capabilities, methods, and data requirements of three programs are reviewed, and specific recommendations for the selection of a particular program are discussed.
PABPN1 gene therapy for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (2017)

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is an autosomal dominant, late-onset muscle disorder characterized by ptosis, swallowing difficulties, proximal limb weakness and nuclear aggregates in skeletal muscles. OPMD is caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the PABPN1 gene that results in an N-terminal expanded polyalanine tract in polyA-binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1). Here we show that the treatment of a mouse model of OPMD with an adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy combining complete knockdown of endogenous PABPN1 and its replacement by a wild-type PABPN1 substantially reduces the amount of insoluble aggregates, decreases muscle fibrosis, reverts muscle strength to the level of healthy muscles and normalizes the muscle transcriptome. The efficacy of the combined treatment is further confirmed in cells derived from OPMD patients. These results pave the way towards a gene replacement approach for OPMD treatment.
[Modulators of intracellular metabolism in the treatment of diseases of the internal ear]. (1992)

Stress reactions develop in different organs as a result of the effect of unfavourable factors which increase the differential threshold for men. These derangements mainly occur in the organs where we can observe an inadequacy between high level of metabolism in the cell and instability of energy supply. Under such conditions stress reactions in the cells have the following stages in succession: intensiveness of the lipolysis in mitochondria, accumulation in the cells of fatty acid metabolites, destruction of the membranous apparatus of the cells, increase in the presence of Ca++ in the cells.
Microbiologie Les prélèvements bactériologiques des plaies (2009)

Les prelevements bacteriologiques des plaies peuvent etre realises dans un objectif diagnostique, de surveillance ou epidemiologique ■ Ils font partie des actes delegues (sur prescription medicale) ■ Ils ne determinent pas a eux seuls la presence ou non d'infections et doivent etre interpretes conjointement a une evaluation clinique.