gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compressive Sensing for Missing Data Imputation in Noise Robust Speech Recognition (2010)

An effective way to increase the noise robustness of automatic speech recognition is to label noisy speech features as either reliable or unreliable (missing), and to replace (impute) the missing ones by clean speech estimates. Conventional imputation techniques employ parametric models and impute the missing features on a frame-by-frame basis. At low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), these techniques fail, because too many time frames may contain few, if any, reliable features. In this paper, we introduce a novel non-parametric, exemplar-based method for reconstructing clean speech from noisy observations, based on techniques from the field of Compressive Sensing. The method, dubbed sparse imputation, can impute missing features using larger time windows such as entire words. Using an overcomplete dictionary of clean speech exemplars, the method finds the sparsest combination of exemplars that jointly approximate the reliable features of a noisy utterance. That linear combination of clean speech exemplars is used to replace the missing features. Recognition experiments on noisy isolated digits show that sparse imputation outperforms conventional imputation techniques at SNR = -5 dB when using an ideal `oracle' mask. With error-prone estimated masks sparse imputation performs slightly worse than the best conventional technique.
Effective Petroleum Source Rocks of the World: Stratigraphic Distribution and Controlling Depositional Factors (1) (1991)

Six stratigraphic intervals, representing one-third of Phanerozoic time, contain source rocks that have provided more than 90% of the world's discovered original reserves of oil and gas (in barrels of oil equivalent). The six intervals are (1) Silurian (generated 9% of the world's reserves), (2) Upper Devonian-Tournaisian (8% of reserves), (3) Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian (8% of reserves), (4) Upper Jurassic (25% of reserves), (5) middle Cretaceous (29% of reserves), and (6) Oligocene-Miocene (12.5% of reserves). This uneven distribution of source rocks in time displays no obvious cyclicity and the factors that controlled the formation of source rocks vary from interval to interval. Maps that show facies, structural forms, and source rocks were prepared for this study. Analysis of the maps indicates that several primary factors controlled the areal distribution of source rocks, their geochemical type, and their effectiveness (i.e., the amounts of discovered original conventionally recoverable reserves of oil and gas generated by these rocks). These factors are geologic age, paleolatitude of the depositional areas, structural forms in which the deposition of source rocks occurred, and the evolution of biota. The maturation time of these source rocks demonstrates that the majority of discovered oil and gas is very young; almost 70% of the world's original reserves of oil and gas has been generated since the Coniacian, and nearly 50% of the world's petrole m has been generated and trapped since the Oligocene. The term petroleum as used in this study includes oil, gas-condensate, and gas, but does not include bitumen and other solid and semisolid oil derivatives.
Time-dependent structural transformation analysis to high-level Petri net model with active state transition diagram (2010)

Building ASTD is a useful means to convert a hybrid model dealing with discrete, continuous and more complicated events to finite time-dependent states. Based on ASTD, various analytical approaches can be applied to obtain new insights into not only systematic mechanisms but also dynamics.
Supplementary Table S1 from Small Molecule–Mediated Activation of RAS Elicits Biphasic Modulation of Phospho-ERK Levels that Are Regulated through Negative Feedback on SOS1 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Protein kinase inhibition profile for 1. Compound 1 was tested against a panel of 342 kinases at a single dose concentration of 20 μM. Columns labeled 'Data 1' and 'Data 2' indicate data from technical replicates. Control compound staurosporine was tested in a 10-dose IC50 format using 4-fold serial dilution at a starting concentration of 20 μM. Reactions were carried out using 10 μM ATP. Data shown are normalized to a DMSO vehicle control and displayed as % enzyme activity. ND indicates that compound was not tested against the specific kinase indicated. Compound 1 data are conditionally formatted on a red to green scale so that kinases inhibited to a greater degree are highlighted in red, and kinases inhibited to a lesser degree are highlighted in green. Reaction Biology Corp. conducted the experiments.&lt;/p&gt;
[Effect of proanthocyanidins on COX-2 enzyme activity and COX-2 mRNA /protein expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells]. (2005)

Proanthocyanidins had no effect on the activity of COX-2 enzyme in LPS-induced RAW264. 7 cells. Proanthocyanidins inhibited significantly the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.
Fiber Bragg Gratings (1999)

* Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications* Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques* Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers* Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book. This fully revised, updated and expanded second edition covers the substantial advances in the manufacture and use of FBGs in the years since the publication of the pioneering first edition. It presents a comprehensive treatise on FBGs and addresses issues such as the merits of one solution over another; why particular fabrication methods are preferred; and what advantages a user may gain from certain techniques. Beginning with the principles of FBGs, the book progresses to discuss photosensitization of optical fibers, Bragg grating fabrication and theory, properties of gratings, specific applications, sensing technology, glass poling, advances in femtosecond laser writing of Bragg gratings and FBG measurement techniques. In addition to material on telecommunications usage of FBGs, application areas such as fiber lasers and sensors are addressed in greater detail. This special version of Picwave is limited to modelling only the passive fibre devices covered in this book. However the full PicWave package is capable of modelling other non-linear and active devices such as laser diodes and SOAs as discussed in Chapter 8. More information about PicWave can be found at www.photond.com/products/picwave.htm. In addition to researchers, scientists, and graduate students, this book will be of interest to industrial practitioners in the field of fabrication of fiber optic materials and devices. Raman Kashyap, Canada Research Chair holder on Future Photonics Systems, and Professor at cole Polytechnique, University of Montr al since 2003, has researched optical fibers and devices for over 30 years. He pioneered the fabrication of FBGs and applications in telecommunications and photonics. * Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications* Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques* Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers* Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE HYDROLYSE VON ALPHA,ALPHA′‐DIMETHOXYDIHYDROFURANEN (1972)

Abstract Durch elektrolytische Methoxylierung der Furane (Ia) und (Ib) entstehen die 2,5‐Dimethoxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐furane (II), die bei Hydrolyse in Eisessig die Dione (III) ergeben.
Measurement of thermal properties of biological tissues and tissue-mimicking phantom with a dual-needle sensor (2022)

This work presents the measurement of the thermal properties of ex vivo biological tissues (i.e., porcine liver and kidney tissues) as a function of temperature, along with the thermal characterization of a tissue-mimicking agar-based phantom. The evaluation of the thermal properties was performed by the dual needle technique, adopting a sensor equipped with two needles, capable to deliver thermal energy to the biomaterial and monitor the related tissue thermal behavior. Measurements of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity were conducted at room temperature and at temperatures relevant from a biological point of view, namely, body temperature and temperatures of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\boldsymbol{\sim 60\ ^{\circ}\mathrm{C}-65\ ^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}$</tex> , which are typically correlated to instantaneous thermal damage in tissue. Thermal properties of biological tissue remained rather constant at the investigated temperatures: average values of thermal conductivity ranged from 0.515 W/(m·K) to 0.575 W/(m·K), thermal diffusivity ranged from 0.144 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /s to 0.163 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /s, whilst the average volumetric heat capacity was from 3.48 MJ/(m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ·K) to 3.72 MJ/(m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ·K). Furthermore, the thermal properties of the realized agar phantom were comparable to the ones of biological tissues. The results of this study provide valuable information for the characterization of porcine liver and kidney tissues, in terms of their thermal properties, to be used in predictive mathematical models of thermal therapies and validate the usage of agar phantoms as tissue-mimicking materials.
Energy efficient continuous location determination for pedestrian information systems (2012)

Nowadays, many modern mobile computing devices such as smartphones are equipped with GPS hardware but using it is rather energy demanding. The systems' uptime strongly depends on the frequency of performed positioning requests. Especially if applications require a continuous location determination (navigation system, tourist guides, etc.), energy becomes an important and limiting factor. Most of these applications do not need exact position data, but less precise (semantic) location information. In this paper, we discuss the idea of postponing position measures until the location could have changed. We focus on walking pedestrians. We present the theoretical framework and implementation aspects. The evaluation results show that our approach requires less energy than GPS polling, but offers a suitable precision.
Cardiac safety of the lapatinib/letrozole combination as first-line therapy in patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) (2009)

1095 Background: Cardiotoxicity of traztuzumab therapy increases in pts pretreated with anthracyclines (A), radiotherapy to left breast, hypertension, or low baseline ejection fraction (EF). We report the cardiac safety profile of lapatinib, an oral, dual EGFR/HER-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in a chemotherapy naïve or A-exposed pts with MBC. Methods: Women (n = 1286) with endocrine sensitive, previously untreated MBC received lapatinib and letrozole (L+L) or letrozole and placebo (L+P): 33% received previous A; 48% previous tamoxifen; &lt;1% previous trastuzumab (T); &lt;2% previous aromatase inhibitor. EF was evaluated by MUGA or echocardiogram at baseline, every 8 wk and at study withdrawal. Rate of cardiac events (NCI CTCAE grading), median time to onset, and duration of EF depression were assessed. Results: Cardiac events (CE; MEDRA terms: ejection fraction decreased, left ventricular dysfunction, ventricular dysfunction and cardiac failure) were infrequent in both arms. Grade 3/4 and 1/2 CE were reported in 0.9% and 4.0% of pts, respectively, in the L+L arm, and in 0.3% and 2.1%, respectively, in the L+P arm. The only symptomatic CE was a grade 4 event in the L+L arm. There was no apparent relationship between previous A exposure and CE frequency and severity. Median L exposure was 40 wk on L+L, 38 wk on L+P. Median time to onset and duration of EF decrease were 21.8 and 8.1 wk, respectively, on L+L, and 34.6 and 5.4 wk, respectively on L+ P. On the L+L arm, the dose was adjusted/interupted for 8 CE cases, discontinued for 6, and unchanged for 22. On the L+P arm, interuption of L was reported for 2 CE cases, discontinuation for 5, and in 7 CE events there was no change in therapy. Eight CE on L+L and 1 CE on L+P had not resolved as of the last report. Conclusions: This is the first long-term evaluation of lapatinib cardiac signals in a controlled trial in a trastuzumab-naïve MBC pt population. The frequency of cardiac events and degree of absolute EF decrease was low and occurred at similar rates in pts with or without anthracycline exposure. These encouraging cardiac safety data in first line metastatic BC study are promising for the ongoing study of lapatinib in patients with early HER-2+ BC treated on ALTTO trial. [Table: see text]
A Digital Closed-Loop Sense MEMS Disk Resonator Gyroscope Circuit Design Based on Integrated Analog Front-end (2020)

A digital closed-loop system design of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) disk resonator gyroscope (DRG) is proposed in this paper. Vibration models with non-ideal factors are provided based on the structure characteristics and operation mode of the sensing element. The DRG operates in force balance mode with four control loops. A closed self-excited loop realizes stable vibration amplitude on the basis of peak detection technology and phase control loop. Force-to-rebalance technology is employed for the closed sense loop. A high-frequency carrier loaded on an anchor weakens the effect of parasitic capacitances coupling. The signal detected by the charge amplifier is demodulated and converted into a digital output for subsequent processing. Considering compatibility with digital circuits and output precision demands, a low passband sigma-delta (ΣΔ) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is implemented with a 111.8dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The analog front-end and digital closed self-excited loop is manufactured with a standard 0.35 µm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The experimental results show a bias instability of 2.1 °/h and a nonlinearity of 0.035% over the ± 400° full-scale range.
Study of the Parameters Controlling Nanoparticle Dispersion for Nanocomposite Geomembrane Applications (2017)

Nanocomposites give an innovative method to increase the mechanical, thermal, and barrier performance of geomembranes. However, all this can only be achieved if the nanoparticles are properly dispersed in the polymer matrix. For that purpose, nanoclay particles are functionalized with organic groups for instance. Polar compatibilizing agents are also often included in the nanocomposite formulation to improve the dispersion. Still, the optimal conditions for a perfect dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix that will lead to maximal performance of the nanocomposite geomembrane are yet to be identified. To help answer this question, this paper analyses the relative importance of different parameters that affect the dispersion of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. The effectiveness of the approach is tested with data involving high density and linear low density polyethylene, various percentages of organically-modified nanoclay, and different compatibilizing agents.
CVD Tungsten Carbide and Titaniutm Carbide Coatings for Aerospace Components (1989)

Commercial applications of ceramic coatings for improving the wear resistance and tribology of stainless steel components such as compressor blades and ball bearings are under development. This paper reviews two coating systems: a proprietary erosion-resistant tungsten carbide coating system and a licensed wear-resistant titanium carbide coating, which as been qualified for use in several critical navigational gyroscope systems in the U.S. and European aerospace industries. Both have demonstrated performance and applicability superior to other protective coatings. 27 refs.
Screening for Colorectal Cancer (1990)

Considerable indirect evidence, based on the natural history of colorectal cancer and the ability of tests to detect adenomas and invasive cancers, suggests that screening for colorectal cancer reduces mortality. Without screening, a 50-year-old person at average risk has approximately a 530-in-10,000 chance of developing invasive colorectal cancer in the rest of his or her life and approximately a 250-in-10,000 chance of dying from it. Analysis of indirect evidence with a mathematic model indicates that screening persons for 25 years, from the age of 50 to the age of 75 years should reduce the chance of developing or dying from colorectal cancer by 10% to 75%, depending on which screening tests are used and how often screening is done. Screening for colorectal cancer is optional. A possible recommendation is that annual fecal occult blood tests and 65-cm flexible sigmoidoscopy every 3 to 5 years be done for average-risk men and women who are between 50 and 75 years of age. In addition to having annual fecal occult blood tests, persons with first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer can be offered barium enemas instead of sigmoidoscopies every 3 to 5 years.
Polystyrene microspheres enable 10‐color compensation for immunophenotyping of primary human leukocytes (2015)

Compensation is a critical process for the unbiased analysis of flow cytometry data. Numerous compensation strategies exist, including the use of bead-based products. The purpose of this study was to determine whether beads, specifically polystyrene microspheres (PSMS) compare to the use of primary leukocytes for single color based compensation when conducting polychromatic flow cytometry. To do so, we stained individual tubes of both PSMS and leukocytes with panel specific antibodies conjugated to fluorochromes corresponding to fluorescent channels FL1-FL10. We compared the matrix generated by PSMS to that generated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Ideal for compensation is a sample with both a discrete negative population and a bright positive population. We demonstrate that PSMS display autofluorescence properties similar to PBMC. When comparing PSMS to PBMC for compensation PSMS yielded more evenly distributed and discrete negative and positive populations to use for compensation. We analyzed three donors' PBMC stained with our 10-color T cell subpopulation panel using compensation generated by PSMS vs.PBMC and detected no significant differences in the population distribution. Panel specific antibodies bound to PSMS represent an invaluable valid tool to generate suitable compensation matrices especially when sample material is limited and/or the sample requires analysis of dynamically modulated or rare events.
Tom40, the Pore-Forming Component of the Protein-Conducting Tom Channel in the Outer Membrane of Mitochondria (2001)

Tom40 is the main component of the preprotein translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM complex). We have isolated Tom40 of Neurospora crassa by removing the receptor Tom22 and the small Tom components Tom6 and Tom7 from the purified TOM core complex. Tom40 is organized in a high molecular mass complex of ∼350 kD. It forms a high conductance channel. Mitochondrial presequence peptides interact specifically with Tom40 reconstituted into planar lipid membranes and decrease the ion flow through the pores in a voltage-dependent manner. The secondary structure of Tom40 comprises ∼31% β-sheet, 22% α-helix, and 47% remaining structure as determined by circular dichroism measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electron microscopy of purified Tom40 revealed particles primarily with one center of stain accumulation. They presumably represent an open pore with a diameter of ∼2.5 nm, similar to the pores found in the TOM complex. Thus, Tom40 is the core element of the TOM translocase; it forms the protein-conducting channel in an oligomeric assembly.
Verification and change-impact analysis of access-control policies (2005)

Sensitive data are increasingly available on-line through the Web and other distributed protocols. This heightens the need to carefully control access to data. Control means not only preventing the leakage of data but also permitting access to necessary information. Indeed, the same datum is often treated differently depending on context.System designers create policies to express conditions on the access to data. To reduce source clutter and improve maintenance, developers increasingly use domain-specific, declarative languages to express these policies. In turn, administrators need to analyze policies relative to properties, and to understand the effect of policy changes even in the absence of properties.This paper presents Margrave, a software suite for analyzing role-based access-control policies. Margrave includes a verifier that analyzes policies written in the XACML language, translating them into a form of decision-diagram to answer queries. It also provides semantic differencing information between versions of policies. We have implemented these techniques and applied them to policies from a working software application.
From environmental bacteria to obligate pathogen: the study of adaptations enhancing the persistence of tuberculosis bacilli (2019)

The highly contagious human pathogen <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> is responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths each year. A major feature of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> is its unique capacity to survive within the host for decades. In contrast, the evolutionary early-branching rare tubercle bacilli <i>Mycobacterium canettii</i>, which is thought to have originated from the same pool of ancestors as <i>M. tuberculosis</i>, rarely causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans and has a reduced capacity to persist and cause disease in the mouse model. Our objectives are to identify the genetic adaptations which allow persistence of TB bacilli within the host, and to characterise their functional consequences. Using an experimental evolution strategy, we have shown that recurrent <i>in vivo</i> passaging of a <i>M. canettii</i> strain (for more than 2 years) allows clones to emerge as “persistent mutants” that have a greater ability to survive in the host, and gain the characteristics of classical <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains. Several “persistent mutants” were selected and the persistence phenotype was confirmed in several mouse genetic backgrounds. Next, these mutants were subjected to extensive phenotypic characterisation and were found to have enhanced resistance to stress encountered during infection, and increased virulence in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Currently, the mutations responsible for these phenotypes are being characterised. Comparing the genetic differences between the parental <i>M. canettii</i> strain, the “persistent” <i>M. canettii</i> clones and <i>M. tuberculosis</i> will help identify the molecular mechanisms driving evolution from putative generalist mycobacteria, towards professional human pathogen.
ChemInform Abstract: New Technologies to Store Electric Energy Generated by Photovoltaic Processes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.