gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Elastic DLC Film on Rubber by T-shape Filtered Arc Deposition (2003)

T-shape filtered arc deposition (T-FAD) is specially designed for removing melted and un-melted macrodroplets from cathodic arc plasma and shows a superior ability to prepare droplet-free thin solid films. Furthermore, T-FAD has a feature that the film formation is done mostly by ions, since the plasma transported magnetically in T-FAD system is ionized nearly 100%. In the present study, by using T-FAD system with graphite cathode, carbon film was deposited on various rubbers. The film was verified as diamond-like carbon (DLC) by Raman spectroscopy. The DLC film was adhered well to the rubber and was not peeled off when the rubber was bended and stretched. The surface morphology, coefficient of friction, and adherence of the prepared DLC film were investigated. The surface of DLC film on rubber was not flat and has random texture structure. The coefficient of friction was lower than 0.2 in most cases. In pulling-off test (JIS K 6256) for adherence evaluation, some rubbers were broken without exfoliation of the DLC film, and the DLC films on other rubbers were peeled off at 1.3-kN/m load.
A Playbook(trademark) for Real-Time, Closed-Loop Control (2005)

Abstract : SIFT has been developing an approach to adaptable automation control of multiple Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) we call a Playbook because it is based on the metaphor of a sports team's book of acceptable plays. Playbook represents a delegation approach to human-automation interactions because it allows a human operator to task or delegate authority to automation with much of the same flexibility with which a human supervisor or team captain can delegate objectives, methods, constraints and even detailed instructions to subordinates. In previous work, we have described the Playbook architecture and approach, illustrated interfaces, presented initial data clarifying its benefits and describing collaborative interactions with it. Here, we review the Playbook concept and previous work and then report on newly implemented play capabilities including the ability for the Playbook to coordinate the activities of multiple UAVs to track a ground-based moving target -- a play that requires Playbook to dynamically replan within authority delegated to it by the human operator.
Explain the concepts and approaches of polycentricity urban regions; The conceptual framework (2021)

Background: Early decentralization and changes in information technology, transportation, and communications led to major structural changes in cities that led to the emergence of polycentric urban region (PUR). In recent years, however, polycentric urban development has become an important topic of discussion among urban researchers, geographers, planners, economists, and urban policymakers, and each has addressed and defined it from its own perspective. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical approaches of polycentricism and explain it from the perspective of related concepts and approaches to explain a conceptual framework for understanding the spatial structure. Method: These operational concepts and definitions were derived from theoretical discussions, which included the first step, planning. Research sources were examined based on the world's most authoritative scientific database. In the second step, resource retrieval was performed based on keywords, title and abstract, and finally, in the third step, analysis and conceptual model were developed. Result: The findings of the analysis showed that the concept of polycentric can be explained based on the dimension of intra-urban and inter-urban geographical scale and the nature of analysis and prescriptive. Studies have also shown that the functional polycentric urban area is less well understood than the morphological. The morphological approach is based on population, activity, or employment, and the functional approach emphasizes infrastructure networks, flows, and interactions between urban nodes as inter-city relationships, distance, daily traffic, and network activity. The distribution of currents in this approach can be one-way or two-way. Also, urban systems with spatial integration may have a functional structure, be unbalanced, and on the other hand, functionally balanced urban systems may have weak or strong spatial integrity. Conclusion: For polycentric urban region, the four dimensions of analytical-descriptive research to show, measure, and determine the status quo of a spatial structure are a conceptual dimension for the spatial configuration of such a structure, the spatial dimension for the realization of an analytical conceptual dimension. Prescription and functional dimension and morphology are recognizable.
Prolactin Content of the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Turkey Hens in Diiferent Reproductive Stages (1962)

Anterior pituitary glands from broody turkey hens were shown to have 4 times as much prolactin per milligram of fresh tissue as glands from laying and nonlaying turkeys. The prolactin activity was determined by intradermal injections over the crop glands of White King pigeons and estimated from a dose-response curve. Electron micrographs of sections of the pituitary glands from broody turkeys showed a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum in acidophils as compared with little development in these cells in nonlaying turkeys. This suggests a high rate of protein synthesis in the glands of broody turkeys that may be correlated with the increase in the prolactin content of these glands. The granules appear to be smaller in the acidophilic cells of the glands from broody birds as compared with the granules from the pituitary of nonlaying turkeys.
Gradient distribution of radial structure of PAN-based carbon fiber treated by high temperature (2014)

High-performance graphite fibers were prepared and analyzed. The gradient distribution of radial structure of PAN-based carbon fibers was characterized by two different Raman test methods (incident laser beam perpendicular to and parallel to the fiber axis) and studied by the distribution of graphitization degree. Meanwhile difference between the two Raman test methods was used to describe the orientation of the graphite crystallite along the fiber axis. The results showed that the radial structure of PAN-based carbon fiber presented different gradient distribution states at different heat treatment temperatures, and the graphitization degree in the skin region changed more rapidly compared with the core region since the skin region was more affected by temperature which resulted in the obvious difference between skin and core structures. The difference of graphitization degree (Δg) characterized by two different Raman test methods increased with heat treatment temperature, indicating that the high temperature treatment (HTT) promoted further stacking of graphite crystallite, and the orientation degree of the graphite crystallite along the fiber axis was continuously increased.
Tongue Image Quality Assessment Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network (2020)

Abstract Background: With the wide application of digital tongue diagnosis instrument, massive tongue images will be produced. Adequate image quality is the prerequisite to ensure accurate tongue image analysis. In the process of tongue image collection, improper operation may lead to many poor-quality images (fogging, underexposure, overexposure, blurred focus, wrong tongue posture, etc.), which seriously affect the image processing and the accuracy of image analysis. However traditional pattern recognition is difficult to evaluate the quality of tongue images by extracting features and manual removal of tongue images with bad quality consumes a lot of labor and has a high error rate. In this research, we utilized a deep convolutional neural network to automatically select bad quality tongue images. Methods: The present study was conducted to identify the most appropriate CNN model for Tongue Image Quality Assessment based on deep CNN. The CNN model was evaluated by using Residual neural network and compared with VGGNet and DenseNet. Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were used for CNN model performance. Results: A detection model is established for tongue image quality control based on deep residual network, with an average accuracy of 99.04%, accuracy of 99.05%, recall of 99.04%, and F1-score of 99.05%, which can be used for quality screening of massive tongue images. Conclusions: Our research findings demonstrate various CNN models in the decision-making process for the selection of tongue image quality assessment and prove that applying deep learning methods, specifically deep CNN, to evaluate bad quality tongue images is feasible.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORINE‐CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. 3. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS AND UNUSUAL CONFORMATIONAL FEATURES OF THREO‐ AND ERYTHRO‐3‐FLUOROPHENYLALANINE (1984)

Abstract Aus den Brenztraubensäureestern (I) entstehen bei der direkten Fluorie‐ rung die Fluorketoester (II), die zu (III) verseift und dann durch reduktive Aminie‐ rung in die Fluorphenylalanine (IV) in der erythro‐Form übergeführt werden.
Novel Prognostic Scoring System after Surgery for Klatskin Tumor (2013)

Klatskin tumor is a rare hepatobiliary malignancy whose outcome and prognostic factors are not clearly documented. Between April 1998 and January 2007, 96 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent resection. Data were collected prospectively. Thirty-one variables were evaluated for prognostic significance. There were 40 trisectionectomies, 40 hemihepatectomies, five central hepatectomies, and 11 biliary hilar resections. Thirty-seven (n = 37) patients required vascular reconstruction. There were 68 R0, 26 R1, and two R2 resections. Age (P = 0.048), pT status (P = 0.046), R class (P = 0.034), and adjuvant chemoradiation (P = 0.045) showed predictive significance by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. A point scoring system was determined as follows: age younger than 62 years:age 62 years or older = 1:2 points; pT1:pT2 to 4 = 1:2 points; R0:R1/2 = 1:2 points; and chemoradiation yes:no = 1:2 points. The only model that reached statistical significance (P = 0.0332) described the following three groups: score 6 or less; score = 7; and score = 8. Median survival for score 6 or less, score = 7, and score = 8 was 26.5, 12, and 2.2 months, respectively (P = 0.032). The corresponding 1- and 3-year survival rates were 73 to 56 per cent, 52 to 38 per cent, and 17 to 0 per cent, respectively. We propose a scoring system predictive of long-term surgical outcome that could potentially improve patient selection for further postoperative oncologic treatment for Klatskin tumors.
Magnetization Reversal and Magnetic Domain Structures in Gd–Yb–BIG Crystals (2014)

We report about magneto-optical studies of magnetization reversal processes and magnetic domain structures in rare-earth Bi-substituted iron garnets in a wide temperature range. Measurements were done by a standard magneto-optical technique in Faraday geometry. Changes of both hysteresis loops shape and magnetic domain structures with temperatures indicate the presence of the branching domain structures above 130 K and the compensation temperature at 96 K.
Organocatalytic Atroposelective Formal Diels–Alder Desymmetrization of N-Arylmaleimides (2015)

The atroposelective desymmetrization of N-arylmaleimides was realized by means of a primary amine catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction of enones. The chiral axis as new element of chirality is generated under the remote control of the catalyst that selectively drives the formal Diels-Alder reaction through an exclusive stereochemical outcome.
D2-02_07 REAL TIME ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN SMART GRID (2013)

The issue of sustainability and eco-friendliness at smart grid causes a challenge to match demand with supply at different levels. We need to improve the existing power grid infrastructure by utilizing intelligent grid-state-aware optimal generation, distribution, and loads. We model the smart grid energy management as a feedback system and analysis of its dynamics from stability, efficiency and user comfort viewpoints. In this paper, we discuss the modelling methodologies to handle large scale power grid problems, solution methods for such large problems and interpretation of these solutions to estimate benefits. Modelling of energy management as the price-setting demand-response mechanism is discussed. Since even a 1000-customer problem each having 10 appliances with hourly varying time slots and 10 supply side options results in a mixed integer linear program (MILP) with millions of variables, the grid wide optimization is computationally intractable, and convexification techniques and heuristics have to be used. The model to be presented is an extension of standard MILP formulations, to incorporate aggregation for computational tractability, and extensions to handle constraints such as user comfort, emission limits, and appliance level constraints. The Comfort criterion limits the maximum waiting time to service customer requests. The emission constraint limits the total generation, and possibly its split into categories/locations. A novel feature of our work is modelling of the appliance at a detailed level (major electrical characteristics; power flow, response times, DR variables) and mutual inclusion and exclusion of appliances as constraints and complex inter dependent appliance constraints. A major feature of this model is the incorporation of uncertainty, in an intuitive fashion, using substitutive, complementary and general constraints. The model used is an extension of robust optimization, incorporating information of theoretic concepts to estimate the number of future scenarios covered by the optimization.
High Facial Diastereoselectivity in Intra‐ and Intermolecular Reactions of Chiral Benzylic Cations. (2005)

Chiral carbenium ions can be attacked by arene nucleophiles with high facial diastereoselectivity (dr ≥ 94/6). Benzylic cations, such as &lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;, were generated under acidic conditions and reacted with arenes in intra- and intermolecular Friedel−Crafts alkylation reaction. The depicted reaction &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt; → &lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt; represents one example for the unprecedented, highly diastereoselective intermolecular Friedel−Crafts alkylation reactions which were observed in this study.
Islet amyloid, metabolic syndrome, and the natural progressive history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2002)

The presence of amyloid within the islet of the pancreas may be one of the best kept secrets in clinical medicine and translation of this century old finding may help to better understand the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with multiple metabolic toxicities which result in an elevated tension of redox stress within the islet. Redox stress is associated with damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids which may have a profound affect upon the structure and function of the islet. Earlier diagnosis at the stage of impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) and intervention may have a positive outcome on stabilization of the vulnerable islet and beta cell as well as the multiple diabetic complications. The natural history and a shift in the treatment paradigm of type 2 diabetes mellitus is explored as a result of these century old findings.
Akuttherapie und Prävention des ischämischen Schlaganfalls (2010)

In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden die wichtigsten neuen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zur Akuttherapie und Sekundärprävention des ischämischen Insultes referiert. Bei der systemischen Thrombolyse mit rt-PA konnte die Wirksamkeit auch in einem erweiterten Zeitfenster von 34,5 Stunden nachgewiesen werden. Bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern, die Kontraindikationen gegen eine orale Antikoagulation haben, ist die Kombinationstherapie von Clopidogrel und Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS) der ASS-Monotherapie überlegen. Die Kombinationstherapie hat allerdings ein erhöhtes Blutungsrisiko. Dabigatran, ein oraler direkter Thrombinantagonist, ist in niedriger Dosis zur Prävention des Schlaganfalls bei Vorhofflimmern genauso wirksam wie Vitamin-K-Antagonisten, hat allerdings eine niedrigere Rate an schwerwiegenden Blutungskomplikationen. Die höhere Dosis ist wirksamer als Warfarin und hat ebenfalls eine geringere Rate an zerebralen Blutungen. Bei Patienten mit symptomatischen Karotisstenosen bleibt die Karotisendarteriektomie Therapie der ersten Wahl. Immobile Schlaganfallpatienten profitieren nicht zusätzlich zur Gabe von Heparin oder niedermolekularen Heparinoiden von Kompressionsstrümpfen.
Aptamer−Nanoparticle Strip Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of Cancer Cells (2009)

We report an aptamer-nanoparticle strip biosensor (ANSB) for the rapid, specific, sensitive, and low-cost detection of circulating cancer cells. Known for their high specificity and affinity, aptamers were first selected from live cells by the cell-SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) process. When next combined with the unique optical properties of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), ANSBs were prepared on a lateral flow device. Ramos cells were used as a model target cell to demonstrate proof of principle. Under optimal conditions, the ANSB was capable of detecting a minimum of 4000 Ramos cells without instrumentation (visual judgment) and 800 Ramos cells with a portable strip reader within 15 min. Importantly, ANSB has successfully detected Ramos cells in human blood, thus providing a rapid, sensitive, and low-cost quantitative tool for the detection of circulating cancer cells. ANSB therefore shows great promise for in-field and point-of-care cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Antiphospholipid antibodies induce translocation of TLR7 and TLR8 to the endosome in human monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (2011)

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by thromboembolic events and/or fetal loss in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). The mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of aPLs are still poorly understood. Here we show that 3 human monoclonal aPLs as well as IgG fractions from patients with the APS increase mRNA expression of the intracellular toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and TLR8 in monocytes. Simultaneously they induce the translocation of TLR7 or TLR8 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endosome. These effects depend on the uptake of aPLs into the endosome, subsequent activation of endosomal NADPH oxidase, and generation of superoxide. As a consequence cells are dramatically sensitized to ligands for TLR7 and TLR8. This observation delineates a novel signal transduction pathway in innate immunity originating from the endosome. Because the overexpression of TLR7 can also be detected in plasmacytoid dendritic cells from patients with the APS ex vivo, our results provide an explanation for proinflammatory and procoagulant effects of aPLs. Because inappropriate expression of TLR7 has been implicated in the development of systemic autoimmunity, these findings may also be relevant for the understanding of autoimmunity.
TGFβ Signaling in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Fibrosis and Immune Evasion to Facilitate Tumorigenesis (2016)

In early pancreatic carcinogenesis, TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor due to its growth-inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. However, in advanced disease, TGFβ appears to promote tumor progression. Therefore, to better understand the contributions of TGFβ signaling to pancreatic carcinogenesis, we generated mouse models of pancreatic cancer with either epithelial or systemic TGFBR deficiency. We found that epithelial suppression of TGFβ signals facilitated pancreatic tumorigenesis, whereas global loss of TGFβ signaling protected against tumor development via inhibition of tumor-associated fibrosis, stromal TGFβ1 production, and the resultant restoration of antitumor immune function. Similarly, TGFBR-deficient T cells resisted TGFβ-induced inactivation ex vivo, and adoptive transfer of TGFBR-deficient CD8(+) T cells led to enhanced infiltration and granzyme B-mediated destruction of developing tumors. These findings paralleled our observations in human patients, where TGFβ expression correlated with increased fibrosis and associated negatively with expression of granzyme B. Collectively, our findings suggest that, despite opposing the proliferation of some epithelial cells, TGFβ may promote pancreatic cancer development by affecting stromal and hematopoietic cell function. Therefore, the use of TGFBR inhibition to target components of the tumor microenvironment warrants consideration as a potential therapy for pancreatic cancer, particularly in patients who have already lost tumor-suppressive TGFβ signals in the epithelium. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2525-39. ©2016 AACR.
HOT MWIR detectors on silicon substrates (2018)

The main driving force for High Operating Temperature (HOT) detectors is the strong need for low cost, compact IR imaging solution capable of supporting a wide range of military and civilian applications. In the HOT regime where imagers can be cooled with multi-stage thermoelectric coolers, the major portion of the cost is due to the die-level back-end process, from the chip hybridization to final packaging. We present here an approach to achieve significant cost reduction of MWIR imagers by monolithically integrating III-V devices directly on Silicon substrates for wafer-scale fabrication and packaging of focal plane arrays (FPAs). High quality InAs films can be grown on a blanket Silicon wafer by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in a low growth temperature regime that complies with the thermal budget of the Si-electronics. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy reveals predominantly oriented, single-crystal-like InAs films, with Σ3(111) twin boundaries, which our band structure calculations predict to be electrically benign. More intriguingly, selective-area growth on SiO<sub>2</sub>-masked ROIC-like templates is demonstrated with single-crystal-like InAs film nucleation at small Si(001) openings, together with the suppression of unwanted deposition on the dielectric mask. High crystallinity lateral epitaxial overgrowth of the InAs islands and film coalescence is achieved, enabling the potential to fully cover the entire patterned substrate. MBE-grown MWIR devices (λcut-off = 4.1 μm) on blanket InAs/Si templates exhibit a dark current of 2x10<sup>-5</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> , a specific detectivity of 6x1011 Jones and a quantum efficiency (QE) above 60% at 100K. The QE remains constant at high temperatures (&lt;200K) where the dark current approaches that of baseline single-crystal HOT devices grown on native substrates At 230K, it is 6x10<sup>-2</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, yielding a specific detectivity of 10<sup>10</sup> Jones.
Studies of chondrogenesis in rotating systems (1993)

A great deal of energy has been exerted over the years researching methods for regenerating and repairing bone and cartilage. Several techniques, especially bone implants and grafts, show great promise for providing a remedy for many skeletal disorders and chondrodystrophies. The bioreactor (rotating-wall vessel, RWV) is a cell culture system that creates a nurturing environment conducive to cell aggregation. Chondrocyte cultures have been studied as implants for repair and replacement of damaged and missing bone and cartilage since 1965 [Chesterman and Smith, J Bone Joint Surg 50B:184-197, 1965]. The ability to use large, tissue-like cartilage aggregates grown in the RWV would be of great clinical significance in treating skeletal disorders. In addition, the RWV may provide a superior method for studying chondrogenesis and chondrogenic mutations. Because the RWV is also reported to simulate many of the conditions of microgravity it is a very useful ground-based tool for studying how cell systems will react to microgravity.