gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visual Perception: More than Meets the Eye° (2001)

Science is about knowing the world that surrounds and is perceptually accessible to each human being. It is generally assumed that science activities or demonstrations provide perceptual data (explained by theory to be learned) in a unique way. In this article, a detailed investigation into the phenomenology of visual perception is described, which draws on data from a scientific research laboratory, a tenth-grade physics course, and a first-person account of perception in unfamiliar terrain. The study shows the perceptual world (rather than being given in an instant) is historically constituted and mediated actions, social processes, and tools. The results of this study have tremendous implication for teaching, for science educators can no longer assume that students perceive exactly those objects and events that the scientific concepts and theory (to be learned) explain. ° Paper prepared for the biannual conference of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction, Fribourg, Switzerland, August 28-September 1, 2001. All correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Wolff-Michael Roth, Lansdowne Professor, Applied Cognitive Science, MacLaurin Building A548, University of Victoria, PO Box 3100 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3N4. E-mail: mroth@uvic.ca. Tel: 1-250-721-7885. FAX: 1-250-721-7767.
Discovering Conservation Rules (2012)

Many applications process data in which there exists a ``conservation law'' between related quantities. For example, in traffic monitoring, every incoming event, such as a packet's entering a router or a car's entering an intersection, should ideally have an immediate outgoing counterpart. We propose a new class of constraints -- Conservation Rules -- that express the semantics and characterize the data quality of such applications. We give confidence metrics that quantify how strongly a conservation rule holds and present approximation algorithms (with error guarantees) for the problem of discovering a concise summary of subsets of the data that satisfy a given conservation rule. Using real data, we demonstrate the utility of conservation rules and we show order-of-magnitude performance improvements of our discovery algorithms over naive approaches.
A teleoperation interface using past images for outdoor environment (2008)

We proposed a vehicle remote control method using past images. This method provides an operator with a birdpsilas-eye view image of the vehicle for easy remote control in a remote environment. This method was mainly adapted to a flat indoor environment. In this paper, we extend it to a 3D outdoor environment by using a GPS and a three-axis attitude sensor.
Flip-chip on FR-4 integrated circuit packaging (2002)

Technology advances have made it possible to extend the IBM C4 (Controlled Collapse Chip Connection) IC attachment method, also known as flip-chip, to printed circuit boards with low-cost dielectrics, such as FR-4. This new technology is referred to as Flip Chip Attach (FCA). In the past, C4 attachment had been limited to ceramic substrates due to the high temperature (360/spl deg/C) required to renew the low tin solder on the chips, and the need for the substrate to have its thermal expansion relatively closely matched to that of the silicon chip. The development of methods to deposit uniform, small (approximately 1/spl times/10/sup -3/ mm/sup 3/) volumes of eutectic tin/lead solder on printed circuit cards has allowed C4 bumped chips to be reflow soldered to the cards using standard SMT joining time/temperature profiles. The high melt (3-5% tin, balance lead) solder bump on the chip is used simply as a solder wettable device lead in this case. The resulting solder joint is not a true controlled collapse joint, but the process still maintains the self-aligning characteristic of C4, due to the surface tension of the molten eutectic solder and the low mass of the chip. The other enabling technology development for FCA is the use of a controlled expansion epoxy encapsulant between the chip and the substrate to minimize the cyclic strain on the solder joints induced by thermal expansion mismatch between the silicon chip and the FR-4 card. Without the use of such an encapsulant, the thermal cycle fatigue life of the FCA joints would be totally unacceptable, and the technology would be useless. In this paper we will explain how the enabling technologies work to make FCA a viable packaging method, and present reliability data for several different chips using FCA packaging.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Novel interleaved multiphase proposal for a three level neutral point clamped buck converter (2015)

This paper introduces a new multiphase phase interleaved three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) buck converter. Compared to the conventional three phase buck, this new topology allows to split the output current between two inductors, increasing the energy density and thus reducing the inductor size. Furthermore, the output voltage and current ripple can be significantly reduced and the ripple frequency is fourth times the switching one, allowing to employee a smaller output capacitance. The operating modes and switching intervals of the proposed topology are presented and discussed. A simulation model of the converter has been developed in the standalone PLECS tool, including conduction and switching loss models, based on commercial silicon carbide power devices. Extensive simulation have been performed in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposal and to highlight the specific features of this converter, mainly phase and output current ripple reduction, nested current/voltage control scheme and current sampling issues, losses and efficiency.
Commemorative biography of Academician Ivan Ivanovich Shmal'gauzen (Schmalhausen) (1965)

Ivan Ivanovich Shmal'gauzen (1884-1963) taught at the Universities of Yur'yev, Voronezh, and Kiev. He served as Director of the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and later, as Director of the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology of the U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences. In 1939 he organized the Department of Darwinism at Moscow University. His research can be divided into four periods: evolution of vertebrate limbs and of the unpaired fins of fishes (1905-1922); experimental work on morphogene-Sis and growth (1923-1936); evolutionary theory, with emphasis on rate of evolution (1936-1948); and origin of land vertebrates, based in part on studies of amphibian embryology (1949-1963). — F. C. Whitmore, Jr.
Detection of mandibular fractures on panoramic radiographs using deep learning (2022)

Mandibular fractures are among the most frequent facial traumas in oral and maxillofacial surgery, accounting for 57% of cases. An accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan are vital in achieving optimal re-establishment of occlusion, function and facial aesthetics. This study aims to detect mandibular fractures on panoramic radiographs (PR) automatically. 1624 PR with fractures were manually annotated and labelled as a reference. A deep learning approach based on Faster R-CNN and Swin-Transformer was trained and validated on 1640 PR with and without fractures. Subsequently, the trained algorithm was applied to a test set consisting of 149 PR with and 171 PR without fractures. The detection accuracy and the area-under-the-curve (AUC) were calculated. The proposed method achieved an F1 score of 0.947 and an AUC of 0.977. Deep learning-based assistance of clinicians may reduce the misdiagnosis and hence the severe complications.
Impact of Genetic Variation on CRISPR-Cas Targeting (2018)

The CRISPR-CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease system offers the ability to perform unprecedented functional genetic experiments and the promise of therapy for a variety of genetic disorders. The understanding of factors contributing to CRISPR targeting efficacy and specificity continues to evolve. As CRISPR systems rely on Watson-Crick base pairing to ultimately mediate genomic cleavage, it logically follows that genetic variation would affect CRISPR targeting by increasing or decreasing sequence homology at on-target and off-target sites or by altering protospacer adjacent motifs. Numerous efforts have been made to document the extent of human genetic variation, which can serve as resources to understand and mitigate the effect of genetic variation on CRISPR targeting. Here, we review efforts to elucidate the effect of human genetic variation on CRISPR targeting at on-target and off-target sites with considerations for laboratory experiments and clinical translation of CRISPR-based therapies.
Presentation: Is Climate Change Increasing Hurricane Activity? (2006)

Are hurricanes becoming more powerful and destructive? Are these changes due to a natural cycle of hurricane activity or are they caused by human-induced climate change? Although this is currently a hot debate among scientists, new research suggests that the destructive potential of hurricanes is increasing due to the heating of the oceans. Two weeks before Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, leading hurricane expert Dr. Kerry Emanuel published that he had discovered statistical evidence that hurricanes were indeed affected by global warming. He found that the duration and intensity of hurricanes worldwide have increased by about 50 percent since the 1970s and that this trend directly corresponds with a global increase in tropical sea surface temperature. Dr. Emanuel will share his groundbreaking research on how climate change can affect hurricane activity, provide an engaging portrayal of the science behind these awe-inspiring meteorological events, and discuss how to predict the long-term risk of hurricanes.
Interference Aware Adaptive MAC Protocol for MC-CDMA ADHOC Wireless Lans (2006)

Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) is recently considered as a key technology for future wireless systems. Its high capacity and collision avoidance capability can fulfill the increasing demand for high throughput and quality of service (QoS). The application of MC-CDMA divides the frequency channel in many parallel channels, separated from each other in code domain. We refer to these parallel channels as code channels (cchs). In order to exploit the advantages of this spread spectrum technique, the medium access control (MAC) protocol has to be aware of the multichannel structure of the MC-CDMA network. Mobile stations (MSs) should be equally distributed among the cchs for better utilization of the resources and collision avoidance. Additionally, the assignment of a link to a cch should be done under consideration of the interference situation in the network. This is very important for the prompt operation of the link as the different cchs loose their orthogonality in asynchronous systems. In this paper we present an adaptive, interference aware MAC protocol for MC-CDMA adhoc wireless local area networks (WLANs), which adapts the allocation of resources to both interference and utilization degree of the different cchs, in order to achieve high capacity.
Structure, depolymerization, and cytocompatibility evaluation of glycol chitosan (2007)

Glycol chitosan, a water soluble chitosan derivative being investigated as a new biomaterial, was fractionated via two different methods. Initial characterization of the glycol chitosan with (1)H NMR spectroscopy illustrated the presence of both secondary and tertiary amine groups, contradictory to its widely accepted structure. Fractionation of glycol chitosan with nitrous acid resulted in a significant reduction in the number average molecular weight, specifically, from 170 to approximately 7 kDa for a pH 3 and below. However, the reaction altered its chemical structure, as the secondary amine groups were converted to N-nitrosamines, which are potentially carcinogenic. An increase in the pH of the reaction limited this formation, but not entirely. Free radical degradation initiated with potassium persulfate was not as effective at reducing the molecular weight as the nitrous acid approach, yielding molecular weights around 12 kDa under the same molar ratio of degrading species, but did retain the structural integrity of the glycol chitosan. Additionally, control of the molecular weight appears feasible with potassium persulfate. When assessed in vitro for cytocompatibility, the polymer exhibited no toxicity on monolayer-cultured chondrocytes, and in fact stimulated cell growth at low concentrations.
A High Volume Cascade Seive Impactor (1974)

Abstract A high volume cascade sieve impactor was designed and developed to be used in collecting large amounts of respirable airborne particles. The sampler which operates at 50 cfm and collects particles on glass fiber media was calibrated with four mono-dispersed aerosols produced with a spinning disk aerosol generator. The amount of each aerosol collected on the five stages was measured and these data were plotted to form the calibration curves. From these curves the 50% effective cut-off diameter (ECD) and the geometric standard deviations were determined. The 50% ECD's were 0.3, 0.6, 1.7, 3.2, and 6.0 microns for stages five thru one, respectively.
Supramolecular Complexes Formed by the Self-assembly of Hydrophobic Bis(Zn<sup>2+</sup>-cyclen) Complexes, Copper, and Di- or Triimide Units for the Hydrolysis of Phosphate Mono- and Diesters in Two-Phase Solvent Systems (Cyclen=1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane) (2016)

We previously reported on supramolecular complexes 4 and 5, formed by the 4 : 4 : 4 or 2 : 2 : 2 assembly of a dimeric zinc(II) complex (Zn2L(1)) having 2,2'-bipyridyl linker, dianion of cyanuric acid (CA) or 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid (Bar), and copper(II) ion (Cu(2+)) in an aqueous solution. The supermolecule 4 possesses Cu2(μ-OH)2 centers and catalyzes hydrolysis of phosphate monoester dianion, mono(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (MNP), at neutral pH. In this manuscript, we report on design and synthesis of hydrophobic supermolecules 9 and 10 by 4 : 4 : 4 and 2 : 2 : 2 self-assembly of hydrophobic Zn2L(2) and Zn2L(3) containing long alkyl chains, CA or Bar, and Cu(2+) and their phosphatase activity for the hydrolysis of MNP and bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNP) in two-phase solvent systems. We assumed that the Cu2(μ-OH)2 active sites of 9 and 10 would be more stable in organic solvent than in aqueous solution and that product inhibition of the supermolecules might be avoided by the release of HPO4(2-) into the aqueous layer. The findings indicate that 9 and 10 exhibit phosphatase activity in the two-phase solvent system, although catalytic turnover was not observed. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of BNP catalyzed by the hydrophobic 2 : 2 : 2 supermolecules in the two-phase solvent system is described.
Neutralizing monoclonal antibody against Anthrax lethal factor inhibits intoxication in a mouse model (2004)

Anthrax toxin is the dominant virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis; drugs blocking its action could therefore have therapeutic benefit. We report here the production of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against anthrax lethal factor (LF) and the inhibition by the antibody of anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) formation. The anti-LF monoclonal antibody LF8 neutralized the LeTx challenge both in vitro with macrophage J774A.1 cells and in vivo in nude mice. Our data suggested that LF8 binds LF at or near the PA binding domain. A set of dodecameric peptides was selected from a phage-displayed peptide library through their specific binding to anti-LF neutralizing mAb LF8. These small peptides compete with LF to bind LF8. Further investigation is undergoing to test the potential application of these peptides to the clinical treatment of anthrax infection by blocking LeTx formation.
Calculation of the Interior Force of Soil Nails and Case Analysis (2002)

On the basis of analyzing the current design and calculation methods of soil nail, the authors point out their deficiency and put forward a new method based on limiting equilibrium. To check the reliability of this method, an in-situs test of the interior force of soil nail in a practice engineering was made. The measured results show that the actual force of the nail is only a eighth of the result from the current calculation method. But the proposed method by the authors can produce very close result to the in-situs measured ones.
More Content and More Depth: Coping with New GCSEs. (2017)

SOLO taxonomy models the levels of understanding within a topic; its hierarchal nature
can support progression and challenge. Flipped learning is a strategy that uses homework to build background knowledge, thereby maximising the impact of lesson time. Both flipped learning and SOLO taxonomy can be used to support student learning, either combined or used separately.
Religion and HIV in Tanzania: influence of religious beliefs on HIV stigma, disclosure, and treatment attitudes (2009)

The decision to start ARVs hinged primarily on education-level and knowledge about ARVs rather than on religious factors. Research results highlight the influence of religious beliefs on HIV-related stigma and willingness to disclose, and should help to inform HIV-education outreach for religious groups.
Valorisation industrielle des microalgues photosynthétiques (2011)

Avec quelques milliers de tonnes par an, la filière des microalgues est focalisée sur la biomasse sèche et sur des produits à haute valeur obtenus par une simple extraction. Actuellement, l'attention se porte sur les microalgues photosynthétiques dans une stratégie de valorisation de déchets (« waste-to-value ») : le CO2 de diverses sources industrielles, ainsi que des effluents nitrates, phosphates, etc. peuvent être convertis en produits valorisables par raffinage de la biomasse en huiles, protéines, carbohydrates, engrais, biopolymères, biogaz, biocarburants, oxygène, etc.
Data storage technology comparisons (1990)

The role of data storage and data storage technology is an integral, though conceptually often underestimated, portion of data processing technology. Data storage is important in the mass storage mode in which generated data is buffered for later use. But data storage technology is also important in the data flow mode when data are manipulated and hence required to flow between databases, datasets and processors. This latter mode is commonly associated with memory hierarchies which support computation. VLSI devices can reasonably be defined as electronic circuit devices such as channel and control electronics as well as highly integrated, solid-state devices that are fabricated using thin film deposition technology. VLSI devices in both capacities play an important role in data storage technology. In addition to random access memories (RAM), read-only memories (ROM), and other silicon-based variations such as PROM's, EPROM's, and EEPROM's, integrated devices find their way into a variety of memory technologies which offer significant performance advantages. These memory technologies include magnetic tape, magnetic disk, magneto-optic disk, and vertical Bloch line memory. In this paper, some comparison between selected technologies will be made to demonstrate why more than one memory technology exists today, based for example on access time and storage density at the active bit and system levels.
New materials for 157-nm photoresists: characterization and properties (2000)

The design of an organic material satisfying all of the requirements for a single layer photolithography resist at 157 nm is a formidable challenge. All known resists used for optical lithography at 193 nm or longer wavelengths are too highly absorbing at 157 nm to be used at film thicknesses greater than approximately 90 nm. Our goal has been to identify potential, new photoresist platforms that have good transparency at 157 nm (thickness normalized absorbance of 2.5 micrometer<SUP>-1</SUP> or less), acceptable plasma etch resistance, high T<SUB>g</SUB> and compatibility with conventional 0.26 N tetramethylammonium hydroxide developers. We have been investigating partially fluorinated resins and copolymers containing transparent acidic groups as potential 157 nm photoresist binders; a variety of material with promising initial sets of properties (transparency, etch resistance, solubility in aqueous TMAH) have been identified. Balancing these properties with imaging performance, however, remains a significant challenge.
Mimosa‐Inspired Design of a Flexible Pressure Sensor with Touch Sensitivity (2014)

A bio-inspired flexible pressure sensor is generated with high sensitivity (50.17 kPa(-1)), quick responding time (<20 ms), and durable stability (negligible loading-unloading signal changes over 10 000 cycles). Notably, the key resource of surface microstructures upon sensor substrates results from the direct molding of natural mimosa leaves, presenting a simple, environment-friendly and easy scale-up fabrication process for these flexible pressure sensors.
Effect of bias voltage waveform on ion energy distribution (2000)

Ion energy distribution (IED) is one of the primary factors governing the etching or deposition characteristics in plasma-aided microelectronics manufacturing processes. This article explores the influence of rf bias voltage waveform and frequency on the IED. It is demonstrated that the sheath voltage above the wafer is reasonably similar to the rf voltage on the biased substrate. Since the IED correlates well with the sheath voltage if the ion transit time through the sheath is smaller than the rf time period, the IED can be controlled by means of the rf bias voltage. The voltage waveform controls the shape of the distribution while the frequency determines its width. The sinusoidal waveform leads to a distribution that peaks at high energies and gradually decreases with decreasing energy. Square wave results in a sharp step in the IED at high energies, the width of which can be controlled by means of the blocking capacitance. The triangular waveform generates a constant IED over a considerable range of energy. It is also demonstrated that, by utilizing the correlation between the IED and applied voltage waveform, one can design voltage waveforms that produce distributions with specific features.
Crack width evaluation for flexural RC members (2012)

Some building code equations and equations developed by researchers are used for the calculation of the crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. To investigate codes’ provisions beside some equations found in the literature concerning the crack width calculation of reinforced concrete members subjected to flexure, five reinforced concrete rectangular models were investigated theoretically. The models include different parameters such as reinforcement steel ratio, steel rebar arrangement and reinforcement grade. Also, to verify the accuracy of the building code equations and the equations developed by researchers a comparison against some experimental data available in the literature was carried out. The experimental data include some variables affecting the crack width such as steel stress, concrete cover, flexural reinforcement ratio and rebar arrangement. The study showed a large scatter among the different code equations, however, most of the code equations overestimate the effect of concrete cover on the calculated values of the crack width. Also, the Egyptian code equation should limit the value of the mean steel stress as given by Eurocode equation to overcome the underestimated values obtained in the case of sections having low steel ratio. Moreover, the reinforcement detailing (bars distribution) is an important factor affecting the crack width.