gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimum-width control-current pulse for Josephson logic gates (1980)

For a given level of overdrive, there exists a minimum-width control-current pulse that must be applied to switch a Josephson logic gate. Determination of this minimum pulsewidth is useful in setting limits on the speed of various Josephson circuit configurations and also in finding the narrowest pulse that a Josephson-junction gate can detect when it is employed as a pulse detector. The minimum control-current pulsewidth is a strong function of the overdrive factor of the control current. It scales as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(C/I_{m})^{1/2}</tex> , where I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> is the junction critical current, and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</tex> is the capacitance, and is on the order of 10 ps for Josephson quantum interferometers in 5-µm technology. Computer simulations have been done to find the dependence of minimum control-current pulsewidths on overdrive magnitude for a single-junction gate and for two- and three-junction interferometers. Analytic expressions of the minimum control-current pulsewidth that are in good agreement with simulations have been obtained for these three types of Josephson logic gates.
A Hole in my Heart, a Hole in my Head (2013)

A call for help and collaboration, told through the experiences of a medical student on his journey towards becoming a physician, in order to eradicate a nationwide trend of student alienation and disempowerment.
A Novel Platelet Activating Factor Antagonist, SM-12502, Attenuates Endotoxin-induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Acute Pulmonary Vascular Injury by Inhibiting TNF Production in Rats (1996)

Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation are important pathologic conditions affecting the outcome of patients with sepsis. To elucidate the possible therapeutic efficacy of SM-12502, a novel platelet activating factor antagonist, on acute lung injury and disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis, we investigated the effect of SM-12502 on an endotoxin (ET)-induced septic model in rats. SM-12502 prevented ET-induced increases in pulmonary vascular permeability and ET-induced histologic changes, such as leukocyte infiltration and pulmonary interstitial edema, 6 h following the administration of ET (5 mg/kg). SM-12502 also inhibited the decrease in fibrinogen and the increase in fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products observed following ET administration. SM-12502 prevented increases in the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 90 min following ET administration in vivo, and significantly inhibited the production of TNF-alpha by ET-stimulated monocytes in vitro. These findings suggest that SM-12502 attenuates the actions of endotoxin by the inhibition of TNF production.
Agile Requirements Definition: A View from Requirements Engineering (2002)

Agile methods are an attractive alternative for those pressured to produce code fast. Many programmers like the hands-on strategy of these approaches which also help them avoid some of the less exciting tasks, such as specification. On the other hand, some people appear to welcome agile methods as an excuse to throw overboard everything that requirements engineering has been teaching. This position paper looks at numerous aspects of requirements engineering and argues about their suitability for agile approaches. The aim is to elicit lessons from requirements engineering that agile methods might consider, if quality is a major concern.
High-resolution Mapping of Satellite Using Biotin-labeled DNA Probes DNA (2013)

A8STRACT We have developed a novel method for high resolution mapping of specific DN,5 sequences after in situ hybridization. DNA probes, labeled with biotin-nucleotides in conventional nick-translation reactions, are hybridized to cytological preparations and detected with affinity-purified rabbit antibiotin antibodies followed by antibodies to rabbit IgG that are conjugated to fluorescent or enzymatic reagents. Using peroxidase labeled anti-rabbit IgG, we are able to detect and localize specific sequences at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Initial studies were done with repeated DNA sequences previously mapped by light microscope autoradiography to assess the fidelity and resolution of this method. An analysis using biotin-labeled mouse satellite DNA is presented here. In situ hybridization, a procedure for the localization of specific polynucleotide sequences, was introduced in 1969 (1, 2). It has been used subsequently by numerous investigators to examine the intracellular or chromosomal location of specific DNAs or RNAs in many different species (3). Recently, the method had been refined to permit the direct localization of single copy
Structural Change Accompanying Crystallization in the Lithium Ion Conductive Li2S-SiS2-Li3PO4 Oxysulfide Glasses. (1999)

The structural change of the (100-x) (0.6Li2S⋅0.4SiS2)⋅xLi3PO4 oxysulfide glasses during crystallization was analyzed by means of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The unique tetrahedral units of SiOnS4-n (n=1, 2, 3) and POnS4-n (n=1, 2, 3) present in the glass samples vanished and the SiS4, SiO4, PS4 and PO4 units increased with proceeding of the crystallization process. Nonbridging sulfur and oxygen atoms decreased while bridging oxygens and S2- increased with proceeding of the crystallization process. Large structural difference between the glass and the corresponding crystallized sample explained the high stability against crystallization found in the oxysulfide glass with the composition of x=5.
Systems Avionics Applications (2012)

Abstract The adoption of composite materials for avionics applications is discussed here. The term avionics includes all electronic equipments installed onboard an aircraft. First, the typical architecture of onboard avionics is introduced, including the most common subsystems and interfaces. Subsequently, the avionics parts that are more frequently made with composite materials are presented, such as racks, electronics enclosures, and thermal planes (heat sinks). Finally, the most important issues involving the replacement of metallic parts with composite ones are discussed. In this framework, an in‐depth description of heat transfer (HT) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues is reported since these are the ones that require distinctive solutions by designers with respect to metallic units.
Issues to be considered for the introduction of new vaccines into national vaccination programmes (2005)

In 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended six vaccines for worldwide routine use within the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), namely vaccines against tuberculosis (BCG), poliomyelitis (OPV), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and measles[1]. In 1988, WHO recommended yellow fever (YF) vaccination of all infants in countries endemic for this disease and in 1992 hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine was added to the EPI list. In 1997, the scientific advisory group of the WHO global immunization programme endorsed use of the conjugated vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), according to national capacities and priorities, in countries where Hib disease is recognized as a public health problem. Since 1998, the WHO policy concerning the use of novel vaccines has been published in the Weekly Epidemiological Record (http://www.who.int/wer). Whereas the initial six vaccines cover approximately 80% of the annual global birth cohort, introduction of the vaccines against YF and HepB into the national immunization programmes (NIPs) has been relatively slow. As of August 2004, 33 of the 44 at-risk countries in Africa and Latin America have included the YF vaccine in their national programmes, but in many high-risk areas less than 50% of the young children were covered by this vaccination. Of the 214 countries and territories reporting to the WHO, about 160 had adopted infant vaccination against HepB. By 2003, the Hib vaccine had been introduced into the programmes of 88 of the 192 WHO member states, most of which belong to the industrialised world. Several other vaccines, such as the rubella, typhoid, and pneumococcal vaccines, are of documented public health value, but are clearly underused so far. It is therefore important to identify common hurdles to the introduction of new vaccines and to search for mechanisms that may facilitate world-wide acceptance of essential childhood immunization. This chapter reviews some of the issues to be considered before appropriately licensed, new vaccines may be introduced into the NIPs. Some Issues to be considered for the introduction of new vaccines into national vaccination programmes
Power-Aware Test Pattern Generation for Improved Concurrency at the Core Level (2006)

A functional automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for embedded core testing is presented that meets power constraints requirements and time to market consideration. Quick turnaround time for the ATPG is obtained by utilizing compact sets of test vectors. Use of test functions for the embedded cores control the switching activity so that the generated test vectors meet constraints on power dissipation. Concurrency is guaranteed with the use of test functions (as opposed to patterns) and appropriate I/O pin TAM allocations during a compact ATPG process that benefit from pre-existing test vectors. Low power dissipation is also facilitated by test functions and is driven by a metric that requires that a very small portion of each core net-list is available
A Prospective Study of Sleep Duration and Mortality Risk in Women (2004)

These results confirm previous findings that mortality risk in women is lowest among those sleeping 6 to 7 hours. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which short and long sleep times can affect health.
Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds (2020)

Abstract Dissipative assembly has great potential for the creation of new adaptive chemical systems. However, while molecular assembly at equilibrium is routinely used to prepare complex architectures from polyfunctional monomers, species formed out of equilibrium have, to this point, been structurally very simple. In most examples the fuel simply effects the formation of a single short‐lived covalent bond. Herein, we show that chemical fuels can assemble bifunctional components into macrocycles containing multiple transient bonds. Specifically, dicarboxylic acids give aqueous dianhydride macrocycles on treatment with a carbodiimide. The macrocycles are assembled efficiently as a consequence of both fuel‐dependent and fuel‐independent mechanisms; they undergo slower decomposition, building up as the fuel recycles the components, and are a favored product of the dynamic exchange of the anhydride bonds. These results create new possibilities for generating structurally sophisticated out‐of‐equilibrium species.
<title>High-capacity optical storage using multiple wavelengths, multiple layers, and volume holograms</title> (1995)

We propose a system that combines both the multilayer storage and the wavelength multiplexing afforded by using volume holograms to enhance by several fold, the optical data storage capacity of compact discs. The storage capacity and interchannel crosstalk are analyzed as a function of data-channel wavelength separation and reading beam spot size. A storage capacity of 9.7 Gbytes per disc is provided when 6 layers and 6 wavelengths are used.
2',7'-bis-(Carboxyethyl)-5-(6')-Caroboxyfluorescein (BCECF) as a probe for intracellular fluorescence polarization measurements (1997)

The utility of 28,78-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5-(68)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) for the execution of the structuredness of the cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) measurement for lymphocyte activation is investigated. Cells were incubated with BCECF/AM [28,78-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5(68)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethylester], a nonfluorescent lipophilic acetoxymethylester that readily enters cells and is enzymatically hydrolyzed to fluorescent BCECF once inside. Leakage of BCECF out of cells is negligible in comparison to that observed with fluorescein, greatly reducing one source of background fluorescence. However, spontaneous hydrolysis of BCECF/AM in aqueous solution does contribute significant background fluorescence, which can be minimized by staining at relatively high concentrations of cells and subsequent dilution. As is the case with fluorescein, the polarization spectrum of intracellular BCECF shows a wavelength dependence not seen in the spectrum of the dye in homogeneous media of various viscosities. The more pronounced wavelength dependence of the polarization observed with BCECF compared with fluorescein suggests that BCECF might be preferable to fluorescein as a marker for the SCM test.
Lewis Base Assisted Magnesium Complexes Incorporating Pyrrolyl and Ketiminate Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Characterization (2014)

Abstract A series of four, five and six‐coordinated magnesium derivatives integrating with substituted pyrrole and ketimine ligands are conveniently synthesized. Reaction of two equiv of 2‐dimethylaminomethyl pyrrole with Mg[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 in THF affords the monomeric magnesium complex Mg[C 4 H 3 N(2‐CH 2 NMe 2 )] 2 (THF) 2 ( 1 ) in high yield along with elimination of two equiv of HN(SiMe 3 ) 2 . Similarly, the reaction between two equiv of 2‐t‐butylaminomethyl pyrrole and Mg[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 in THF renders the magnesium derivative, Mg[C 4 H 3 N(2‐CH 2 NH t Bu)] 2 (THF)2 2 ( 2 ) in good yield. Interestingly, reaction between two equiv of 2‐t‐butylaminomethyl pyrrole and Mg[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 in toluene, instead of THF, generates Mg[C 4 H 3 N(2‐CH2NH t Bu)] 2 ( 3 ), also in high yield. Furthermore, the assembly of two equiv of ketimine ligand, HOCMeCHCMeNAr (Ar = C 6 H 3 ‐2,6‐ i Pr 2 ) and Mg[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 , yields five‐coordinated magnesium derivatives, Mg(OCMeCHCMeNAr) 2 (THF) ( 4 ) and Mg(OCMeCHCMeNAr) 2 (OEt 2 ) ( 5 ), using THF and diethyl ether, respectively. All the aforementioned derivatives are characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy as well as 1 , 3 , 4 and 5 are subjected to X‐ray diffraction analysis in solid state.
An Investigation of the Role of Cross-Linking and Photodegradation of Side-Chain Coumarin Polymers in the Photoalignment of Liquid Crystals (2001)

A surface anisotropy has been shown previously to be induced in thin films of photoreactive coumarin side-chain polymers by polarized UV illumination. Consequently, the resultant cross-linked polymer layers can be used as photoalignment layers for liquid crystal displays. Homogeneous alignment of a nematic liquid crystal in contact with a layer of a model coumarin side chain polymer is obtained with the director parallel or perpendicular to the UV polarization axis depending on the incident fluence. Spectroscopic analysis of the alignment layer now confirms that both photodegradation and cross-linking occur with different dependencies on fluence. Low UV fluences give parallel photoalignment and high cross-linking reactivity. However, the residual, unreacted polymer side chains show negligible anisotropy because of their freedom to move in an isotropic fashion. Hence, parallel liquid crystal alignment is attributed to a steric interaction between the liquid crystal and syn-dimerized side chains of the cross-linked polymer. A switch of the photoalignment direction accompanies the subsequent development of anisotropy of the intact, unreacted polymer side chains. The side-chain anisotropy and hence perpendicular liquid crystal alignment is ascribed to photodegradation rather than cross-linking.
Effects of Psychomotricity on Self-concept and Attitude toward the Disability of Non-disabled Siblings (2019)

연구목적: 본 연구에서는 심리운동이 비장애 형제의 자아개념과 장애 형제에 대한 행동에 미치는 효과를 살펴보았다. 연구방법: Y시에 위치한 발달 센터에 다니는 장애 형제의, 비장애 형제 7명을 대상으로 심리운동을 진행하였다. 연구 기간은 약 3개월이었으며, 심리운동을 주 1회로 총 12회기를 진행하였다. 연구결과: 비장애 형제의 자아개념과 장애 형제에 대한 행동에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 하지만 아동 7명의 총점수로 살펴보았을 때 자아수용, 자아존중, 자아신뢰 모든 영역에서 사후점수가 증가하였다. 장애 형제에 대한 행동 평정검사에서도 아동 7명의 총점수가 수용에서는 감소하였지만, 지지에서는 상승하였고, 적대와 당황에서 감소하였다. 또한, 심리운동 시간에 연구자의 관찰일지와 부모님과의 면담을 통해 검사 결과로는 파악하기 어려운, 각 아동의 변화된 모습을 관찰할 수 있었다. 결론: 본 연구는 조기에 비장애 형제의 긍정적 자아개념 형성과 장애 형제와의 관계를 위한 예방적 차원으로 움직임 활동을 기반으로 한 심리운동 프로그램을 진행하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.
Nonstoichiometric K 2 NiF 4 ‐Type Phases in the Lanthanum‐Cobalt‐Oxygen System (1986)

The K 2 NiF 4 ‐type phase in the La‐Co‐O system has been studied and vacancy formation on both the lanthanum and oxygen sublattices has been observed. The formula La 2 CoO 4 has generally been accepted for the K 2 NiF 4 ‐type phase in the La‐Co‐O system. However, a broad range of lattice constants are reported for this material, indicative of variations in composition. More recently, a range of stoichiometries has been suggested in the literature which is represented by the formula La 2 CoO 4+x . The variations in stoichiometry have previously been explained by the presence of excess oxygen or by inter‐growths of Ruddlesden‐Popper‐type phases, (AO(ABO 3 ) n ). In this work, X‐ray diffraction data confirmed the previous variations in lattice parameters but indicated that the material is lanthanum deficient, not rich in oxygen. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the existence of variable oxygen stoichiometry. These data were consistent with a range of compositions described by the general formula La 1.83 CoO 4‐x , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.13. These materials contain a maximum of 50% trivalent cobalt when x = 0. In addition, thermo‐gravimetric experiments in lower partial pressures of oxygen have enabled us to isolate a new, fully reduced form, La 1.83 CoO 3.75 , which contains only divalent cobalt. A two‐ phase region exists between La 1.83 CoO 3.75 and La 1.83 CoO 3.87 .
Doppler renal resistive index for early detection of acute kidney injury after major orthopaedic surgery (2014)

29-0512.
Numerical simulations of thermographic responses in composites (2016)

Numerical simulations of thermographic responses in composite materials have been useful for evaluating and optimizing thermographic analysis techniques. Numerical solutions are particularly beneficial for thermographic techniques, since the fabrication of specimens with realistic flaws is difficult. A quadrupole method for performing the simulations in two dimensions is presented. The results are compared to a finite element simulation of the same geometry. The technique is shown to be in good agreement with a finite element simulation of the same geometry, however, it requires about one hundredth of the computational time.
Domains of the Epstein--Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) involved in the transactivation of the latent membrane protein 1 and the EBNA Cp promoters (1995)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) is one of the first EBV-encoded gene products expressed after infection of primary B lymphocytes. EBNA2 is essential for the growth-transforming potential of the virus and it functions as a transcriptional activator of a set of viral and cellular genes. Sequence-specific DNA-binding by EBNA2 has not been demonstrated but the molecule is targeted to specific DNA regions by a cellular protein, RBP-J kappa, which recognizes the GTGGGAA sequence present in the regulatory region of all EBNA2-responsive promoters defined so far. We have determined the contribution of a RBP-J kappa recognition sequence, an adjacent interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) motif and a PU.1-binding site in the LMP1 regulatory sequence (LRS) to EBNA2-induced transactivation of the promoter by site-directed mutagenesis of LRS-carrying reporter plasmids. EBNA2 responsiveness was reduced by approximately twofold when either or both of the RBP-J kappa-binding and ISRE sequences were mutated. ISRE seemed to function as an EBNA2-independent positive element. On the other hand, mutation of the PU box resulted in a drastic reduction of EBNA2 responsiveness, irrespective of whether the RBP-J kappa site or the ISRE motif was present. A comparative study by deletion mutation identified regions of EBV B95-8 EBNA2 involved in the transactivation of the LMP1 and the EBNA Cp promoters. Two domains of EBNA2 defined by deletion of amino acids 247-337 and 437-476 were found to be important for the activation of both promoters, while two different domains corresponding to residues 4-18 and 118-198 were required solely for the LMP1 promoter. Thus, EBNA2 must activate the LMP1 and Cp promoters by different mechanisms. All deletions involved in transcriptional activation of the two promoters contained regions that are conserved in EBNA2 of B95-8 EBV (type 1), AG876 EBV (type 2) and herpesvirus papio origin.
On smooth multivariate spline functions (1983)

In this paper the dimensions of bivariate spline spaces with simple cross-cut grid partitions are determined and expressions of their basis functions are given. Consequently, the closures of these spaces over all partitions of the same type can be determined. A somewhat more detailed study on bivariate splines with rectangular grid partitions is included. The results in this paper can be applied to problems on interpolation and approximation by bivariate spline functions.
Spatial and Temporal Trends of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Traffic-Related Airborne Pollutants in New York City (2008)

Traffic-related air pollutants have been associated with adverse health effects. We hypothesized that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), elemental carbon (EC, diesel indicator), particulate matter (PM2.5), and a suite of metals declined from 1998 to 2006 in NYC due to policy interventions. PAH levels from personal monitoring of pregnant mothers participating in the Columbia's Center for Children's Environmental Health birth cohort study, and EC, PM2.5, and metal data from five New York State Department of Environmental Conservation stationary monitors were compared across sites and over time (1998-2006). Univariate analysis showed a decrease in personal PAHs exposures from 1998 to 2006 (p < 0.0001). After controlling for environmental tobacco smoke, indoor heat, and cooking, year of personal monitoring remained a predictor of decline in sigmaPAHs (beta = -0.269, p < 0.001). Linear trend analysis also suggested that PM2.5 declined (p = 0.09). Concentrations of EC and most metals measured by stationary site monitors, as measured by ANOVA, did not decline. Across stationary sites, levels of airborne EC and metals varied considerably. By contrast PM2.5 levels were highly intercorrelated (values ranged from 0.725 to 0.922, p < 0.01). Further policy initiatives targeting traffic-related air pollutants may be needed for a greater impact on public health.
Curved singular beams for three-dimensional particle manipulation (2015)

For decades, singular beams carrying angular momentum have been a topic of considerable interest. Their intriguing applications are ubiquitous in a variety of fields, ranging from optical manipulation to photon entanglement, and from microscopy and coronagraphy to free-space communications, detection of rotating black holes, and even relativistic electrons and strong-field physics. In most applications, however, singular beams travel naturally along a straight line, expanding during linear propagation or breaking up in nonlinear media. Here, we design and demonstrate diffraction-resisting singular beams that travel along arbitrary trajectories in space. These curved beams not only maintain an invariant dark "hole" in the center but also preserve their angular momentum, exhibiting combined features of optical vortex, Bessel, and Airy beams. Furthermore, we observe three-dimensional spiraling of microparticles driven by such fine-shaped dynamical beams. Our findings may open up new avenues for shaped light in various applications.