gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of the current status of KRAS mutation testing in France in 2011: The Flash-KRAS study. (2012)

e14129 Background: KRAS testing is required before treatment initiation of cetuximab in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The objective of the study was to examine the current situation in 2011 regarding KRAS testing in the initial management of mCRC. Methods: This observational, retrospective, national study was carried out between March 28th and April 8th 2011. During this period 538 patients with mCRC were included across 160 french hospitals. The main objective was to assess the rate of KRAS testing in patients who had started first line (L1) treatment for mCRC. The secondary objectives were to describe the time taken and techniques used for KRAS testing, the possible reasons this test was not requested, to describe and analyse the clinical characteristics of the patients and the planned L1 treatments and those finally received. Results: KRAS testing was carried out for 433 patients (81.1%) and not carried out for 101 patients (18.9%). The main reasons for not requesting the KRAS status were (several answers possible): anti-EGFR not prescribed (n=58), candidate for surgery (n=8), samples not useable (n=5), age of the patient (n=3), other (n=24), data missing (n=13). The genotyping results were available after a mean delay of 23.6 ± 28.2 days. The KRAS testing was requested by an oncologist (45.5%), a gastroenterologist (31%), a surgeon (11.2%), a pathologist (7.2%) or a multidisciplinary group (5.1%) approximately 15 days (-66.5;33.6) median (min ; max) after the diagnosis of metastases, and 15 days (-66.9;3.7) median (min ; max) before the start of L1 treatment. Result of KRAS status had not been received before the L1 treatment was chosen in 56.6% of the patients. For patients with wild-type KRAS status whose therapeutic management was modified after the result of KRAS testing (n=108), this change was a prescription of an anti-EGFR in 77.8% of the cases. Conclusions: The Flash-KRAS study is the first one to assess the current modalities of KRAS genotyping in France. It shows that in 2011 the KRAS test is an integral part of the management of patients with mCRC. Nonetheless, it shows disparities between regions in terms of time to obtain results, which need to be improved to be compatible with the therapeutic management.
Essential techniques for military modeling and simulation (1998)

The article identifies and explores the essential techniques necessary for modern military training simulations. It provides a brief historical introduction followed by discussions of: system architecture; simulation interoperability; event and time management; distributed simulation; and verification, validation, and accreditation. This is followed by fundamental principles in modeling and specific military modeling domains. The growth in government sponsored simulation programs has drawn engineers and scientists from other fields. These practitioners bring valuable skills, but lack an appreciation for the historical and technical foundations of simulation. The article familiarizes readers with important areas and gives them an appreciation for the complexity of developing large simulations. We suggest that a need exists for academic and commercial courses that focus on this topic. The article may serve as a template for one such course.
Multiple Inner-Shell Ionization of Aluminum by High-Velocity Medium-ZBeams (1973)

High-resolution studies of aluminum $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays produced by O, F, and Cl beams at beams energies \ensuremath{\gtrsim} 1 MeV/amu have been performed with a crystal spectrometer. Fluorescence yields are calculated for the various single $K$-shell, multiple $L$-shell vacancy configurations. A simple model of the ionization process has been assumed that allows determination of average $2s$ and $2p$ ionization probabilities from the experimental x-ray yields using the calculated fluorescence yields.
Does a bipolar hemiprosthesis offer advantages for elderly patients with neck of femur fracture? A clinical trial with 261 patients (2013)

These short-term results suggest that unipolar implants share many of the advantages of the bipolar prosthesis but can be manufactured at substantially lower cost. These implants may be appropriate for the less-active elderly patient, particularly when used with bone cement.
Large astronomical liquid mirrors (1993)

We present a design for large rotating liquid mirrors. These mirrors are stiff light-weight structures designed to support a thin reflective mercury surface layer. The general design features and fabrication techniques are described and approximate analytic formulae are derived describing the flexural, vibrational and stability characteristics of these mirrors. As an example, we describe in detail the 2.7-meter mirror of the UBC/Laval liquid mirror observatory. We conclude by considering the feasibility of employing this design for very large liquid mirrors.
Evaluation of Real-Time PCR versus PCR with Liquid-Phase Hybridization for Detection of Enterovirus RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid (2003)

A LightCycler and two TaqMan real-time PCR assays were evaluated against an older PCR with liquid-phase hybridization method for the detection of enterovirus RNA in 74 patient samples. The two-step LightCycler and the two-step TaqMan formats correlated well with each other (r(2) = 0.90) and were equally sensitive compared to the liquid-phase hybridization method, whereas the one-step recombinant Tth DNA polymerase format was rather insensitive, detecting enterovirus RNA in only about one-half of those patient samples previously positive by liquid-phase hybridization. The two-step TaqMan method was optimized utilizing 10 micro l of cDNA and demonstrated the highest degree of analytical sensitivity among the methods evaluated in our study, being able to reproducibly quantify down to 510 copies of enteroviral RNA/ml of cerebrospinal fluid. This new assay can be performed in 4 h, is much less labor intensive, and showed less cross-reactivity with rhinovirus than the liquid-phase hybridization assay. Thus, the two-step TaqMan assay should prove useful in the diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis versus bacterial meningitis, thereby resulting in timely and appropriate clinical management that can amount to significant cost savings to the patient and health care system.
EDITORIAL (Hot Topic: New Developments on Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Applications) (2012)

Nanomaterials and their composites (various forms) (both inorganic and organic) are still evolving and encouraging scientist community to explore their various possibilities and applications in developing Science and technology. In this era, we are experiencing and realizing a vital role of Nanotechnology as we are seeing in smart phones, millimeter sized storage devices, micro devices, digital voice/telecommunications etc. All these developments are possible because of small matters so called “Nanoparticles”. In the same way, electrochemistry is undertaking a big role in all areas of science and engineering. For ex; Electroanalytical methods have potential advantages in (bio) chemical sensing and biomedical science. Cyclic voltammetry is a classical tool to investigate and derive the reaction mechanisms of electroactive inorganic and organic materials. This special issue of article will address the recent developments of nanomaterials and their applications in the electrochemical solid-state science. In the first article, Prof. Subramaniam et al. reported about graphene and its charge storage performance. His group found that graphene enhanced charge storage performance in the Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC). Secondly, Karthick et al. developed a reliable method for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au- NPs) using a medicinally valued Adhatoda vasica Nees. It is a rapid and eco-friendly method which may help researchers to synthesize Au-NPs covered with bioactive compounds and is expected to have potential applications in biomedical science. Thirdly, Felix et al. have successfully synthesized IrO2 and demonstrated it as an effective anodic electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in solid polymer electrolyte. In the fourth article, Arockiasamy et al. deposited titanium nitride (TiN)/nickel (Ni) composite by plasma assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (PAMOCVD) using organo-metallic and metal-organic complexes. They proposed that Ni/TiN composite is useful to create super hard coatings. Lastly, Sundramoorthy et al. have proposed a conducting redox-polymer coated sensor for the detection of reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in physiological condition with lower detection limit. This new electrode system may be useful for real-sample analysis. We kindly appreciate all of the contributors for their timely support and co-operation. We hope our articles will be useful for academic and industrial researchers.
Environmental influences on the activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (2007)

The typical Western diet is high in fat, and there is evidence of a higher incidence of breast cancer in U.S. women due to this diet. Adipocytokines regulate expression of many proteins that are expressed in both adipocytes and breast cancer cells, including plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). PAI‐1 inhibits uPA, which blocks plasmin generation and regulates fibrinolysis. In addition, PAI‐1 is involved in cell motility and angiogenesis. Due to these broad biological abilities PAI‐1 is involved both in carcinogenesis and in invasion‐metastasis, although the exact mechanisms are unclear. We have analyzed the effects of insulin, IGF‐1, TNFα, glucose, and IL‐6 in the breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF10AT, using uPA activity assays to measure the balance of uPA and PAI‐1 and western blots. Adipocytokines do not alter cell viability at the concentrations being used. IGF‐1 and IL‐6 increase uPA activity in MDA‐MB‐231’s, while causing no change in MCF10AT’s. In addition, TNFα decreases uPA activity in the MDA‐MB‐231’s yet increases the same activity in MCF10ATs. These effects will be further studied using cell motility assays. We believe that a methodological study of these cell lines will help us understand the role of the plasminogen activator system in cancer. Supported by Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation BCTR45206 (FCC) and NIEHS 5‐T32ES07017‐33 (JAG).
Modular architecture for fully non-blocking silicon photonic switch fabric (2017)

Integrated photonics offers the possibility of compact, low energy, bandwidth-dense interconnects for large port count spatial optical switches, facilitating flexible and energy efficient data movement in future data communications systems. To achieve widespread adoption, intimate integration with electronics has to be possible, requiring switch design using standard microelectronic foundry processes and available devices. We report on the feasibility of a switch fabric comprised of ubiquitous silicon photonic building blocks, opening the possibility to combine technologies, and materials towards a new path for switch fabric design. Rather than focus on integrating all devices on a single silicon chip die to achieve large port count optical switching, this work shifts the focus towards innovative packaging and integration schemes. In this work, we demonstrate 1×8 and 8×1 microring-based silicon photonic switch building blocks with software control, providing the feasibility of a full 8×8 architecture composed of silicon photonic building blocks. The proposed switch is fully non-blocking, has path-independent insertion loss, low crosstalk, and is straightforward to control. We further analyze this architecture and compare it with other common switching architectures for varying underlying technologies and radices, showing that the proposed architecture favorably scales to very large port counts when considering both crosstalk and architectural footprint. Separating a switch fabric into functional building blocks via multiple photonic integrated circuits offers the advantage of piece-wise manufacturing, packaging, and assembly, potentially reducing the number of optical I/O and electrical contacts on a single die.
A New Approach for Electrodeposition of poly (3, 4- ethylenedioxythiophene)/polyaniline (PEDOT/PANI)Copolymer (2015)

In this study, poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI) based copolymer was synthesized by electrochemical oxidative polymerization using chronoamperometry technique. A new approach was used to perform the copolymerization process. The copolymer film was prepared at a potential obtained from the intercept point in the LSV of the both monomers. The electrodeposition was performed in solution containing 10 mM of concentrations of each monomer and 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4). The resulting conducting polymer films were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to study the surface morphology, chemical properties and the presence of the functional groups of the conducting polymer films. The FTIR and Raman spectra proved the successful formation of the conductive polymers and copolymer onto the ITO glass. The electrochemical properties of the resultant polymer films were further analyzed using the cyclic voltammetry and electrical impedance spectroscopy.
Catalytic Redox-Initiated Glycolate Aldol Additions of Silyl Glyoxylates (2020)

Lanthanide triisopropoxides catalyze a rapid, tandem MPV reduction/Brook rearrangement/aldol sequence between silyl glyoxylates and aldehydes that achieves catalytic turnover through alkoxide transfer from a strain-release Lewis acidic silacycle.
Mini-WhegS&#x2122; climbing steep surfaces with insect-inspired attachment mechanisms (2007)

We previously presented a remote-controlled robot, Climbing Mini-Whegstrade, which scales vertical glass walls using passive compliant feet on simple rotating wheel-legs [1]. With a single drive motor, the legs of the robot press the feet against the glass, then gradually peel them away, mimicking the foot motions observed in insects. With feet made of scotch tape, the robot was able to walk on glass walls and ceilings and transition between surfaces intersecting at interior angles. This paper demonstrates that using passively compliant feet on simple rotating wheel-legs a robot can apply adhesive feet, spines, and Velcro in order to climb various steep substrates.
Unexpected switch in regioselectivity of tether-directed Bingel-type biscyclopropanations depending on the leaving groups at tethered active methylene moietiesThis paper is dedicated to Emeritus Professor Soichi Misumi on the occasion of his 77th birthday. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: NMR, IR, UV/Vis and mass spectroscopies of t-2a and e-2a. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b211337f/ (2003)

The regioselectivity of tether-directed Bingel-type biscyclopropanations of [60]fullerene was switched depending on the leaving groups at tethered active methylene moieties; the reactions of [60]fullerene with unhalogenated tethered bis(active methylene) derivatives/I2 and with brominated derivatives in the presence of 1,7-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene gave trans-4-adducts predominantly, while the reactions with chlorinated derivatives afforded equatorial-adducts almost exclusively.
Discovery, Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ketol‐Acid Reductoisomerase Inhibitor (2020)

Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI), the second enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway, is a potential drug target for bacterial infections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we have screened the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box against purified M. tuberculosis (Mt) KARI and identified two compounds that have K<sub>i</sub> values below 200 nm. In Mt cell susceptibility assays one of these compounds exhibited an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.8 μm. Co-crystallization of this compound, 3-((methylsulfonyl)methyl)-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-2-one (MMV553002), in complex with Staphylococcus aureus KARI, which has 56 % identity with Mt KARI, NADPH and Mg<sup>2+</sup> yielded a structure to 1.72 Å resolution. However, only a hydrolyzed product of the inhibitor (i.e. 3-(methylsulfonyl)-2-oxopropanic acid, missing the 2-aminophenol attachment) is observed in the active site. Surprisingly, Mt cell susceptibility assays showed that the 2-aminophenol product is largely responsible for the anti-TB activity of the parent compound. Thus, 3-(methylsulfonyl)-2-oxopropanic acid was identified as a potent KARI inhibitor that could be further explored as a potential biocidal agent and we have shown 2-aminophenol, as an anti-TB drug lead, especially given it has low toxicity against human cells. The study highlights that careful analysis of broad screening assays is required to correctly interpret cell-based activity data.
Permeability of observed three dimensional fracture networks in spent fuel pins (2018)

The three-dimensional fracture network within a spent fuel pin is characterised using sequential grinding, and its permeability is numerically estimated. Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGRs) produce spent fuel pins consisting of an outer steel cladding enclosing ceramic uranium dioxide (UO2) pellets. During irradiation, fuel pellets may undergo fracturing due to thermal, densification and swelling effects. Fracture patterns are usually observed on the surface of the pellet or through a cross section or longitudinal plane along the pellet. In this work, the three-dimensional fracture pattern within the pellet is characterised using an optical microscope. The pellet is progressively ground and polished, providing sequential cross sections, which together yield a three-dimensional discrete fracture pattern. Multiple large fractures grow to connect the cladding to the internal region of the pellet. Multiple surface fractures are observed that do not penetrate into the matrix of the pellet. The porosity of the UO2 and apertures of the fractures are estimated by sampling microscopic images. Darcy flow is numerically solved using the finite element method, computing flow through the matrix and fractures simultaneously. The equivalent tensorial permeability of the system is estimated for various approximate fracture apertures. The fracture network raises the permeability of the pellet by an order of magnitude.
FPGA based real-time image segmentation for medical systems and data processing (2005)

3D image segmentation is one of the most demanding tasks in image processing. The applications comprise industrial and scientific tasks. Due to the high data volume advanced algorithms cannot be processed on standard hardware in real time. We propose the perfectly parallelizable 3D grey-value structure code (3D-GSC) for image segmentation on a new FPGA custom machine. This 128-bit FPGA co-processing board features an up-to-date Virtex-II Pro architecture, two large independent DDR-SDRAM channels, two fast independent ZBT-SRAM channels, and PCI-X bus and CameraLink interfaces. The hardware speeds up the segmentation algorithm and allows processing of a 512 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> image (16 bpv) in about 2 sec
Regeneration and reusability of anion exchange resin used in perfluorooctane sulfonate removal by batch experiments (2013)

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been increasingly considered an environmental micropollutant in recent years. The adsorption of PFOS by anion exchange resins and granular activated carbon was studied in this work. Additionally, the regeneration and reusability of the selected resin were further studied. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted well by the Freundlich isotherm for all adsorbents. PFA300 had the highest adsorption capacity (455 mg/g) and the fastest adsorption rate. Regeneration studies of PFA300 were conducted using different types of regeneration solutions. The regeneration efficiency of PFA300 exceeded 99%. Regenerated PFA300 was reused as an adsorbent and showed high PFOS removal efficiency for six cycles. In this study, PFA300 had the highest adsorption capacity as well as good regeneration and reusability. Therefore, PFA300 is a promising adsorbent that can be used to remove PFOS in aqueous solution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 884‐890, 2013
Preparation of Eukaryotic Lysates for 2D Gel Electrophoresis (2006)

INTRODUCTIONCultured mammalian cell lines are widely used as study models in biomedical research. The protocol described here has been used successfully for many human colon carcinoma cell lines and fibroblast cell lines. Although most cellular proteins can be extracted by this protocol, some DNA-binding proteins may not be recovered. If DNA-binding proteins are to be studied, a nuclease (e.g., Benzonase) should be included. Expression proteomic studies frequently require the detection of low-abundance proteins.
Facile Synthesis of Multimeric Micelles (2012)

Pärchenbildung: Die Synthese dimerer Micellen (siehe Schema) führt zur Bildung von spezifisch verknüpften Janus-artigen Micellen. Die Reaktionsbedingungen für die Bildung der dimeren Micellen wurden optimiert und die resultierenden Micellen charakterisiert. Trimere, tetramere und multimere Micellen wurden ebenfalls synthetisiert. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Thermal Modeling of Flooded Rotor Electrical Machines for Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (2007)

The paper describes a method of modeling heat flow in flooded rotor electrical machines for electro-hydrostatic actuators. In particular, a novel technique for lumped parameter representation of the transient thermal behavior of hydraulic fluid in the airgap is presented. The technique has been applied to a flooded rotor brushless permanent magnet motor for an aerospace application, and it is shown that there is good agreement between measurements and predictions.
Patched 2, located in 1p32-34, is not mutated in high stage neuroblastoma tumors. (2000)

Neuroblastoma is a childhood malignancy originating from cells of the sympathetic nervous system, exhibiting a marked diversity in outcome, with spontaneous regression at one end of the spectrum and severe disease and death at the other end. Features associated with frequent recurrence, a poor prognosis, and high tumor stage are loss of heterozygosity in the distal region of chromosome 1p and amplification of the N-myc gene. Patched 2 is a novel homologue to the tumor suppressor gene Patched 1, and has been mapped to 1p32-34, a part of chromosome 1 frequently deleted in high stage neuroblastoma tumors. RT-PCR analysis of 9 neuroblastoma cell lines showed expression of both Patched 1 and 2. We analyzed 14, mainly high stage, neuroblastoma tumors for mutations in the Patched 2 gene with denaturing HPLC using the Wave DNA fragment analysis system. In four tumor samples variations were detected within the coding sequence, and two of them gave rise to amino-acid substitutions. These variations were, however, also detected in normal DNA from the respective patients. We conclude that Patched 2 is expressed, but not frequently mutated, in high stage neuroblastomas and is therefore not likely to be involved in the genesis of this tumor.
Stndies on Lignin. II (1941)

リグニンを大別すれば2種類に分れる.即ちその構成因子としてSyringyl基及びGuaiacyl基の兩方を含むもの及びGuaiacyl基のみを含むものとがある.而して一般に前者は硬材のリグニン,後者は軟材のリグニンと呼ばれて居る.併し桐の如き極めて柔かい木材のリグニンもSyringyl基を含み,且つその他の性質も所謂硬材に類似して居る.故に木材のリグニンを硬材,軟材によつて分類することは不適當である.恐らく例へば濶葉樹,針葉樹によつて區別されるべきものと考ヘられる.