gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positive Displacement Motor Modeling: Skyrocketing the Way We Design, Select, and Operate Mud Motors (2016)

Abstract We present in this paper a comprehensive and universal tool/model for the mud motor power section. The model includes performance, fatigue, and hysteresis heating simulation capability. It can be used for improved and optimized power section design, motor selection prior to jobs, drilling parameters optimization, failures analysis, and training. Model predictions are compared with real field cases with good accuracy. There are many challenges to build a proper model of the power section: a geometry that involves complex kinematics with progressive cavities moving in a spiral motion, unusual contact mechanism with high deformation from the elastomer, the elastomer itself being a highly nonlinear material that experiences hysteresis heating, the fluid aspect with complex 3D path, the interaction between the fluid and the elastomer, the sliding and rotating operating modes, and the load fluctuation in typical downhole instable conditions. To build an adequate model we have developed a set of modules with a unique apparatus helping to make cross-interacting links between them. The present simulation capability allows us to predict the performance and the fatigue life of the power sections with good precision. We have already run many different power section simulations under different conditions showing good correlation with field data. We provide here direct field operation applications with comparative results between some field failures and model predictions. In addition, we expose how combining accurate profile measurements of the rotor and the stator with the modeling capability can prevent failures due to wrong interference fit or incompatibility between rotors and stators. Besides that, a comparative study with different elastomers in the same power section is also considered. We show also how we can use the model for well planning by selecting the right motor for the right application. Moreover, during the well execution, by combining its prediction and the monitoring system to derive optimized drilling parameters for performance and reliability, one can achieve higher shoe-to- shoe rate of penetration (ROP).
A new hybrid anti-islanding algorithm in grid connected three-phase inverter system (2006)

Passive and active methods are two major categories of anti-islanding approaches which are being widely used in grid-connected distributed generation (DG) systems. Passive anti-islanding techniques have no negative impact on the inverter's performance however large non-detection zone is the shortcoming of these techniques. On the other hand, active approaches have smaller non-detection zone, but these active approaches inevitably have negative impact on inverter's performance. To solve these problems, a new hybrid of both passive and active anti-islanding algorithm is proposed in this paper. A covariance index is used as a passive indicator to activate an active anti-islanding action, adaptive reactive power shift action, which can intelligently vary the output reactive power of the DG system to realize the anti-islanding protections. Both simulation and experimental results have demonstrated that this new algorithm can provide a fast anti-islanding protection while assure the zero or the least perturbation in inverter's grid-connected operation.
사회심리학적 관점에서 조명해 본 뷔히너의 『보이첵』 (2003)

In der vorliejenden Arbeit versuchte ich Bu¨chners letztes Drama Woyzeck anhand einer sozialpsychologischen Methode zu anlaysieren. Dabei dienten als Analyseraster Ich-Schwa¨che, Projektion, Su¨ndenbock-Strategie, Leerformel usw. Aus dem Streben nach Geborgenheit und Sicherheit schlieBen sich die Menschen zu Gruppen zusammen. Sie suchen sich daru¨ber hinaus aus Ich-Schwa¨che durch Identifikation mit der Macht des Kollektives einen Ersatz. Diese Unvollkommenheit und Schwa¨che ruft beim Einzelmenschen Angstgefu¨hl hervor. Wenn man solche Angst durch zu stillen und die Ich-Schwa¨che u¨berma¨Big zu verhu¨llen versucht, entsteht hier Gefahr, dem ideologischen Vorurteil zu verfallen. Projektion - so erkla¨rt der Sozialpsychologe Allport - kann als Vermo¨gen definiert werden, das anderen Menschen fa¨lschich Motive oder Eigenschaften zuordnet, die nus zukommen oder unsere Motive und Eigenschaften erkla¨ren oder rechtfertigen. Die Schwa¨che, die tief im Inneren des Menschen versteckt ist, wird ihm zum Feind, wenn sich Unglu¨cks sei. Da er aber zu schwach ist, um diesen Feind in sich zu beka¨mpfen, sucht er einen schwa¨cheren, den er ohne weiteres schlagen kann. Auf diese Weise wird ein Schuldloser ohne irgendwelche legitimen Gru¨nde zum da¨monisierten Feind, d. h. Su¨ndenbock. Fu¨r die in Vorurteil befangenen Menschen bestect die Welt nur aus zwei Polen, und zwar aus dem Guten und dem Bo˝sen. Sie kennen die Vielfa¨ltigkeit der Welt nicht oder sie wollen von ihr nicht wissen. Sie bipolarisieren immer die Welterscheinungen, indem sie die vielfa¨ltigen Gesichtspunkte und Pha¨nomene in der Realita¨t auf ein Entweder -Oder, ein Fu¨r-mich oder Gegen-mich, ein Freund-Feind-Verha¨ltnis zu reduzieren versuchen. Um die bipolare Weltdeutung aufrechtzuerhalten, verhu¨llen sie die Wahrheit bzw. die Wirklichkeit. Ihre Aussagen richten sich nicht nach der Wirklichkeit, sondern sie sind durch ihre eigenen Interessen bedingt. Sie beruhen also nicht auf Vernunft, sondern auf Unvernunft(Affekt, Emotion usw.). Die Verhu¨llung kommt oft dadurch zustande, daB man interessenbedingte Werturteile im Gewand von Tatsachenaussagen auftreten la¨Bt. Es ist auch nicht zu u¨bersehen, daB die Sprache Zur Verhu¨llung der Wahrheit im groBen MaBe beitra¨gt. Die Sprache, die gewo¨hnlich im Alltag verwendet wird, entha¨lt mehr oder weniger a-theoretische komponenten. Diese sich gegen den Verstand wendenden Komponenten treten vor allem bei den Leerformeln in Erscheinung. Leerformel ko¨nnen pseudo-empirischer Natur sein, d. h. mit dem Anspruch aufterten, u¨ber die empirische Realita¨t zu informieren, obwohl sie tatsa¨chlich keinen na¨her angebbaren oder zumindest nur eine sehr geringen Informationsgehalt besitzen. Auf diesen sozialpsychlogischen Grundlagen wird untersucht, wie und unter welchen Bedingungen Vorurteile bei dem Drama Woyzeck entstehen und, wie sie sich entwickeln und schlieBlich welche Wirkungen sie ausu¨ben. Dabei spielt natu¨rlich der besitzlose Woyzeck(bzw. Marie) die Rolle desjenigen, der durch Vorurteile zum Opfer fallt, wa¨hrend die Reichen, na¨mlich der hauptmann und der Doctor als dessen Antipoden auftreten.
Compressed sensing for radio interferometric imaging: Review and future direction (2011)

Radio interferometry is a powerful technique for astronomical imaging. The theory of compressed sensing (CS) has been applied recently to the ill-posed inverse problem of recovering images from the measurements taken by radio interferometric telescopes. We review novel CS radio interferometric imaging techniques, both at the level of acquisition and reconstruction, and discuss their superior performance relative to traditional approaches. In order to remain as close to the theory of CS as possible, these techniques necessarily consider idealised interferometric configurations. To realise the enhancement in quality provided by these novel techniques on real radio interferometric observations, their extension to realistic interferometric configurations is now of considerable importance. We also chart the future direction of research required to achieve this goal.
<title>Photonic polymers in passive and active waveguide devices</title> (1993)

The performance and processing of passive and active polymeric integrated optic devices are described. Results obtained with several processed batches are compared, to evaluate the reproducibility of devices realized using polymer technology. The wafer-to-wafer differences in electro-optic switching properties were less than 10% for routinely fabricated devices, despite of the partially manual production process. Also, the stability of electro-optic polymers has been evaluated, both intrinsically and in devices. Using new polymers, with higher glass- transition temperatures, devices with long term stabilities up to at least 100 degree(s)C are expected in due time.
Ultrasonic quantification of the tissue microstructure of spontaneous mammary tumors in rats (2003)

The quantification of tissue microstructure using ultrasound can aid in the detection and classification of disease. Eight retired breeder were acquired that had developed spontaneous mammary tumors. Two-dimensional B-mode images of the rat tumors were constructed from backscattered echoes. After scanning, tumors were dissected free from each rat, trimmed in the plane of ultrasound exposure, fixed in 10 % neutral-buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 /spl mu/m, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Tumors were diagnosed microscopically as mammary gland fibroadenomas. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) were selected in the tumors and surrounding tissues and scatterer properties (average scatterer size and acoustic concentration) were estimated from the backscattered RF signal. Scatterer estimates were made by using least squares to fit a line to the measured form factor that was calculated from the backscattered power spectrum. Noise reduces the ability to make estimates of scatterer properties. A weighting scheme was used to reduce the effects of noise and increase the ability to make accurate estimates. Comparison of scatterer estimates made between normal tissues and tissues inside the tumors were made. On average, the estimated scatterer diameters inside the tumors were 30 % larger at 107 micrometers than estimates of scatterer diameters outside the tumors averaging 82 micrometers. Similarly, the average acoustic concentration estimated inside the tumor was 3.16/spl times/10/sup -2/ mm/sup -3/ as opposed to 0.746 mm/sup -3/ for outside the tumor. In all but one of the rats, there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between estimates of scatterer properties made inside the tumors and in surrounding healthy tissues. Enhanced B-mode images were constructed by superimposing colored pixels that corresponding to the estimated scatterer properties on the gray-scale B-mode images. The enhanced B-mode images also showed differences between tissues inside and outside the tumors.
Development of a Panel of Immunoassays for Monitoring DDT, Its Metabolites, and Analogues in Food and Environmental Matrices (1998)

A panel of antisera was prepared using analogues and derivatives of metabolites of the organochlorine insecticide, p,p‘-DDT as haptens. The assays developed exhibited differing cross-reactions for different DDT analogues and metabolites, and the choice of hapten for the detecting enzyme conjugate had almost as much effect on assay specificity and sensitivity as the structure of the hapten used for antibody production. Those assays developed using hapten I, based on esters of bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA), typically detected DDA with greater sensitivity than p,p‘-DDT or p,p‘-DDE. The most sensitive assay for p,p‘-DDT (lower limit of detection of 0.3 μg/L) was obtained using an immunogen based on bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol (hapten IV), although a significant cross-reaction with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDD) and DDE was obtained. The most specific assay for p,p‘-DDT was obtained using an immunogen (hapten VI) that includes all elements of the DDT structure, except that one of the p-chloro groups was replaced by β-alanine carboxamide for coupling to carrier proteins. Antibodies based on a similar DDE hapten (V) exhibited specificity for p,p‘-DDE over p,p‘-DDT. Greater specificity and sensitivity for dicofol were obtained by using an immunogen derived from ester hydrolysis of chlorbenzilate (hapten II). The assays provided methods for detection of p,p‘-DDT plus p,p‘-DDE either by using the antibody raised to hapten IV with conjugate based on hapten Ib or by using the assay based on hapten V, with treatment of samples with warm alcoholic KOH, which converted DDT to DDE. Some of the immunoassays were applied to the detection of DDT and DDE in water, soil, and selected foods. Keywords: DDT; DDE; organochlorine; ELISA; immunoassay; water; soil; food
Laser spectroscopy of magnesium oxide in magnesium metal combustion (2001)

A study of the combustion of bulk samples of magnesium (Mg) in atmospheres of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxygen (O2) is currently being conducted at the Univeristy of Colorado. Although there has been much work on metal reaction kinetics, the combustion of bulk metals remains an incompletely understood phenomenon. This is due to the interaction of several complex processes, including low-temperature surface oxidation, heterogeneous reactions, product condensation, high-emissivity products, convective action, non-premixed combustion, and multi-phase thermodynamics. The motivation for this work is to examine the feasibility of Mg-CO2 combustion as a rocket propulsion source for exploration of Mars and other planetary bodies. Our work focuses on fundamental aspects of bulk metal combustion. This work is supported by the NASA Micogravity Combustion Program (grant NAG3-2220).
Solidification of undercooled Ni-Sn eutectic alloy under microgravity conditions in the Space Shuttle (1987)

The Space Shuttle Columbia carried an Alloy Undercooling Experiment on its STS 61-C mission in January, 1986. The experiment was performed in an electromagnetic levitator. A sample of Ni-32.5 wt pct Sn eutectic was melted and solidified under microgravity conditions in the Space Shuttle. The specimen achieved only a fairly small undercooling, probably less than 30 K. The specimen was examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The surface and cross-sectional microstructures were primarily composed of normal lamellar eutectic, but showed several interesting features, including an apparent surface nucleation site, curved dendrites with nonorthogonal secondary arms, dendrite fragments with extremely fine arm spacing, submicron precipitates, and faceted crystals. The results of the space experiment are presented and compared with ground-based results obtained with the same alloy.
Mechanisms and Strategies for Insulin Resistance in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (2003)

Abnormalities of glucose regulation, including impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, are often seen among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Insulin resistance in this population may result from antiviral medication directly impairing glucose uptake in the muscle, effects of HIV per se, or indirect effects, such as fat redistribution. Insulin resistance may increase the risk of coronary heart disease among this population of patients, in part by inhibiting normal thrombolysis. The optimal treatment for insulin resistance and impaired glucose intolerance in HIV-infected patients is not known, but preliminary studies have suggested that metformin, an insulin sensitizing agent, improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Initial studies of thiazolidinediones also suggest the potential utility of such agents to improve insulin sensitivity, decrease hepatic steatosis, and increase subcutaneous fat. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal treatment strategy for insulin resistance in this population.
Forecasting and Inventory Management of Short Life-Cycle Products (1996)

In this paper, we provide an integrated framework for forecasting and inventory management of short life-cycle products. The literature on forecasting and inventory management does not adequately address issues relating to short life-cycle products. We first propose a growth model that can be used to obtain accurate monthly forecasts for the entire life cycle of the product. The model avoids limiting data requirements of traditional methods. Instead, it extracts relevant information from past product histories and utilizes the information on total life-cycle sales and the peak sales timing. Using disguised demand data from a personal computer (PC) manufacturer, we validate the model. Next, we model the inventory management problem for the short life-cycle environment. The uncertainty in demand is modeled through the uncertainty in the realized values of the parameters of the forecasting model. The high cost of terminal inventory, shortages, and rapidly changing procurement costs are all included in the model. Extensions to the basic model are also developed. Using optimal control theory, we derive a solution that provides valuable information on procurement cutoff time and terminal service levels. A detailed example explains the characteristics of the policy and its relevance in decision making. Many of the issues covered in the models were brought to our attention while implementing a forecasting model at a PC manufacturer. The benchmark monthly forecasts and the associated inventory levels provide information that can be very helpful in planning and controlling marketing, sales, and production.
Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs (2011)

Prodrug design is an important part of drug discovery. Prodrugs can offer many advantages over parent drugs such as increased solubility, enhanced stability, improved bioavailability, reduced side effects, and better selectivity. Many prodrugs have been used successfully in the clinic; examples include oseltamivir in anti-influenza therapy, enalapril in anti-hypertension therapy, capecitabine in cancer therapy, and omeprazole in the treatment of peptic ulcer. A key step in prodrug design is the incorporation of an activation mechanism that can convert the prodrug into the active species in an efficient and/or controlled manner to meet the needs of a given medical application. Prodrug activation can be achieved through enzyme-mediated hydrolytic or oxidoreductive processes while activation of some prodrugs may proceed through pure chemical nonenzymatic processes. This review focuses on the hydrolytic enzymes that have been used in prodrug activation, including transferases, hydrolases, and lyases.
Geometric algorithms for manufacturing of freeform multi-material objects using reconfigurable tools (2008)

In this research, geometric algorithms for representation and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) freeform multi-material objects using a rapidly reconfigurable moulding process have been presented. The rapidly reconfigurable moulding system consists of many discrete arrays of pins each forming the mould face of a mould block. A new material representation scheme is proposed for freeform multi-material objects. The geometric algorithms detailed in this paper analyse the given multi-material object and decompose it based on the material regions and manufacturability of the regions using silhouette-edge based method. The processing sequence is then determined to fabricate the decomposed multi-material object using the reconfigurable moulding process. Computer implementation and illustrative examples are also presented.
Leptomeningeal Metastasis: Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment (2011)

As therapeutic options and supportive care for the treatment of neoplastic disease have improved, there has been an associated increase in the incidence of leptomeningeal disease. In this review, the clinical presentation, natural history, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options for this often devastating sequela of solid tumors, lymphoma, and leukemia will be summarized. The therapeutic efficacy of ionizing radiation, systemic agents, and intrathecal drugs will be examined from the existing literature. Additionally the pathophysiology, which in part defines the therapeutic limitations in approaching this patient population, will be discussed in order to assist in individualized clinical decision making.
HCV selection and HVR1 evolution in a chimpanzee chronically infected with HCV‐1 over 12 years (2008)

HCV selection was observed from the inoculum to the inoculated chimpanzee and from the early acute hepatitis to the persistent chronic infection. The selection occurred at three levels: among subtypes after transmission, among isolates during acute hepatitis and among quasispecies in chronic infection.
RF-recharged microbattery for powering miniature sensors (2006)

A novel power source for miniature sensors, comprising an RF-recharged microbattery is presented. The microbattery comprises a silicon wafer-fabricated aqueous Ni-Zn microbattery that is capable of delivering /spl sim/10 mA for a few seconds. In this paper, we present charge/discharge test results on the microbattery itself and details of the RF charger circuit design and experimental test results on fabricated RF charger boards. Finally, we present test results on a sensor platform comprising an Analog Devices MEMS accelerometer, a microchip microcontroller, and an RF transmitter, all powered by the RF recharged microbattery.
Saccharin: a cheap and mild acidic agent for the synthesis of azo dyes via telescoped dediazotization (2018)

Abstract Green synthesis methods are considered as a safer alternative to the conventional synthetic processes due to their eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and easy handling. In the present study, an eco-friendly and sustainable method for the synthesis of stable arenediazonium has been developed using saccharin as a cheap and mild acidic agent and tert -butyl nitrite as a diazotization reagent for the first time. These stable intermediates were used in the azo coupling reaction with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde via telescoped dediazotization. The current method has advantages such as reduced waste by avoiding solvent for the purification of intermediate in diazotization step, cost-effectiveness, simple experimental procedure, good yield of azo dyes, metal-free waste, and environmentally benign conditions. An interesting aspect of this study is the recovery of saccharin from the reaction, which could be reused.
CD1d expression by hepatocytes is a main restriction element for intrahepatic T-cell recognition. (2005)

The liver has specific mechanisms to protect itself from infectious agents and to avoid autoimmunity, indicating an important role of the hepatic tissues in antigen presentation and tolerance induction. Since intrahepatic lymphocytes may contribute to the innate immunity and to the liver pathology, it is of interest to analyze the expression of antigen presenting molecules and of the related T cell recognition in liver, and how these change in relation to different diseases. We analyzed the expression of MHC class I, and of CD1-a, -b, -c, and -d proteins on liver tissues from patients with different hepatic diseases. Moreover, in the same patients we studied the intrahepatic and peripheral NKT cell recognition of alpha-galactosyl ceramide antigen in the context of CD1d. Unlike in other tissues, classical MHC class I molecules were poorly expressed in the hepatic compartment, suggesting that inflamed hepatocytes may trigger weak MHC-restricted T cell responses. Nevertheless, we observed a prevalent expression of HLA class I-like CD1d isoform on the hepatocyte surface, indicating that CD1d is the main restriction element in the liver. In patients with viral hepatitis, the intrahepatic CD1d expression parallels the recruitment of CD56+Valpha24Vbeta11+ NKT cells in the liver which recognize CD1d presenting glycolipids such as alpha-galactosyl ceramide, suggesting that the intrahepatic T cell immunity may focus on glycolipid antigens.