gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Girdlestone-Taylor Flexor Extensor Tendon Transfer (2004)

In the treatment of deformities of the lesser toes, we have to differentiate between hammer and claw toes. The term ″hammertoes″ refers to a flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the lesser toe, in which the distal interphalangeal joint is in the neutral or extended position. The term ″claw toes″ refers to a deformity in which there is a flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints, and there is an extension deformity of the metatarsophalangeal joint. A determination has to be made as to how flexible or fixed the deformities are. This will dictate the treatment. The cause for these deformities can be neuromuscular, congenital, or acquired (overload, traumatic, etc.). Neuromuscular causes are the most frequent. After a thorough history and physical examination, which has to include the circulatory and neurologic status of the extremity, radiographs are needed to evaluate the magnitude of the bony deformities. Initial treatment of a flexible hammer or claw toe is conservative, which will include stretching exercises, accommodative shoe wear, and splinting techniques. After failure of an adequate conservative treatment, surgical treatment is indicated. A flexible hammer or claw toe is amenable to a flexor-to-extensor transfer, which will correct the deformity. If there is a fixed deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint, a resection arthroplasty can be added to the tendon transfer. If the metatarsophalangeal joint is fixed, a soft-tissue release, which includes a tenotomy and capsulotomy, can be added to the transfer. Good to excellent results can be expected in 80% to 90% of the cases. Stiffness of the proximal interphalangeal joint can be encountered in as many as 60% of the cases.
High-Field Characterization of Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Actuators (2004)

High-field theoretical and experimental analysis of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive actuators is presented. First, the analysis of a piezoelectric stack actuator (PiezoSystems Jena PAHL 120/20) is described. A theoretical model based on the linear theory of piezoelectricity is developed. Extensive experiments were conducted, aimed at lowfrequency dynamic electro-mechanical behavior characterization. Curve fitting procedures are used to adjust the model coefficients for various load levels. Through comparison with experimental data, the model is adjusted to include nonlinear terms related to higher losses on the unloading cycle. Second, the impedance analysis of a magnetostrictive actuator (Etrema AA140J025) is described. Linear piezomagnetism is assumed, as an approximation to nonlinear magnetostrictive behavior about a bias point. Low-field and high-field impedance measurements were performed, revealing left shifting of the actuator resonance as the power is increased. Model tuning of the impedance model on the experimental data showed material parameters trends similar with those reported in the literature. Although the numerical values developed during this phenomenological study are particular for the actuators under consideration, the characterization approach can be extended to analysis of other actuators of this type.
Loss of hepatocyte ERBB3 but not EGFR impairs hepatocarcinogenesis (2015)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERBB3 have been implicated in hepatocellular carcinogenesis (HCC). However, it is not known whether altering the activity of either EGFR or ERBB3 affects HCC development. We now show that Egfr(Dsk5) mutant mice, which have a gain-of-function allele that increases basal EGFR kinase activity, develop spontaneous HCC by 10 mo of age. Their tumors show increased activation of EGFR, ERBB2, and ERBB3 as well as AKT and ERK1,2. Hepatocyte-specific models of EGFR and ERBB3 gene ablation were generated to evaluate how the loss of these genes affected tumor progression. Loss of either receptor tyrosine kinase did not alter liver development or regenerative liver growth following carbon tetrachloride injection. However, using a well-characterized model of HCC in which N-nitrosodiethylamine is injected into 14-day-old mice, we discovered that loss of hepatocellular ERBB3 but not EGFR, which occurred after tumor initiation, retarded liver tumor formation and cell proliferation. We found no evidence that this was due to increased apoptosis or diminished phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity in the ERBB3-null cells. However, the relative amount of phospho-STAT3 was diminished in tumors derived from these mice, suggesting that ERBB3 may promote HCC through STAT3 activation.
ID16B: a hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the ESRF for nano-analysis (2015)

Within the framework of the ESRF Phase I Upgrade Programme, a new state-of-the-art synchrotron beamline ID16B has been recently developed for hard X-ray nano-analysis. The construction of ID16B was driven by research areas with major scientific and societal impact such as nanotechnology, earth and environmental sciences, and bio-medical research. Based on a canted undulator source, this long beamline provides hard X-ray nanobeams optimized mainly for spectroscopic applications, including the combination of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, X-ray excited optical luminescence, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and 2D/3D X-ray imaging techniques. Its end-station re-uses part of the apparatus of the earlier ID22 beamline, while improving and enlarging the spectroscopic capabilities: for example, the experimental arrangement offers improved lateral spatial resolution (∼50 nm), a larger and more flexible capability for in situ experiments, and monochromatic nanobeams tunable over a wider energy range which now includes the hard X-ray regime (5-70 keV). This paper describes the characteristics of this new facility, short-term technical developments and the first scientific results.
Fast-Response Dynamic Routing Balancing for high-speed interconnection networks (2009)

Communication requirements in High Performance Computing systems demand the use of high-speed Interconnection networks to connect processing nodes. However, when communication load is unfairly distributed across the network resources, message congestion appears. Congestion spreading increases latency and reduces network throughput causing important performance degradation. The Fast-Response Dynamic Routing Balancing (FR-DRB) is a method developed to perform a uniform balancing of communication load over the interconnection network. FR-DRB distributes the message traffic based on a gradual and load-controlled path expansion. The method monitors network message latency and makes decisions about the number of alternative paths to be used between each source-destination pair for message delivery. FR-DRB performance has been compared with other routing policies under a representative set of traffic patterns which are commonly created by parallel scientific applications. Experiments results show an important improvement in latency and throughput.
Proteins and lipids define the diffusional field of nitric oxide (2001)

Nitric oxide (NO) fluxes released from the surface of individual activated macrophages or cells localized in small aggregates were measured with a novel polarographic self-referencing microsensor. NO fluxes could be detected at distances from the cells of 100-500 microm. The initial flux and the distance from the cells at which NO could be detected were directly related to the number of cells in the immediate vicinity of the probe releasing NO. Thus, whereas NO fluxes of approximately 1 pmol. cm(-2). s(-1) were measured from individual macrophages, aggregates composed of groups of cells varying in number from 18 to 48 cells produced NO fluxes of between approximately 4 and 10 pmol. cm(-2). s(-1). NO fluxes required the presence of L-arginine. Signals were significantly reduced by the addition of hemoglobin and by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. NO fluxes were greatest when the sensor was placed immediately adjacent to cell membranes and declined as the distance from the cell increased. The NO signal was markedly reduced in the presence of the protein albumin but not by either oxidized or reduced glutathione. A reduction in the NO signal was also noted after the addition of lipid micelles to the culture medium. These results demonstrate that NO can be detected at significant distances from the cell of origin. In addition, both proteins and lipids strongly influence the net movement of free NO from macrophages. This suggests that these tissue components play an important role in regulating the biological activity of NO.
Flightless flies: Drosophila models of neuromuscular disease (2010)

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has a long and rich history as an important model organism for biologists. In particular, study of the fruit fly has been essential to much of our fundamental understanding of the development and function of the nervous system. In recent years, studies using fruit flies have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. Fly models of spinal muscular atrophy, spinobulbar muscular atrophy,myotonic dystrophy, dystrophinopathies and other inherited neuromuscular diseases recapitulate many of the key pathologic features of the human disease. The ability to perform genetic screens holds promise for uncovering the molecular mechanisms of disease, and indeed, for identifying novel therapeutic targets. This review will summarize recent progress in developing fly models of neuromuscular diseases and will emphasize the contribution that Drosophila has made to our understanding of these diseases.
Transition Noise Analysis of Recording Media With a Soft Underlayer (SUL) and an Antiferromagnetic Soft Underlayer (AF-SUL) (2012)

A perpendicular magnetic recording system has been modeled for the purpose of analyzing transition noise, particularly “jitter.” Conventional perpendicular media and “soft” exchange coupled composite (ECC) media with a conventional soft underlayer (SUL) and an antiferromagnetic soft underlayer (AF-SUL) have been investigated using micromagnetic simulation. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique and graphics processing unit (GPU)-based computing have been used to reduce the intensive computation time for magnetostatic interactions between the head, SUL, and recording layer. Interestingly, the jitter is always less dependent on reader offset from track center with the AF-SUL. Jitter for ECC media is also shown to depend less strongly on reader offset than for conventional media. The transition center deviation at the optimal anisotropy for both recording layers is lower with the AF-SUL at both linear densities considered. We further find that the track center moves alternately with direction of fringing field as expected from magnetostatic considerations.
Security server incorporating relay servers for distributed processing environments (2003)

A method is proposed that uses a security server to assure more secure communication without degrading the performance on the distributed object-oriented network architecture in the distributed processing environment (DONA-DPE). Security in communications is enhanced when the number of communication exchanges is minimized. To accomplish this, in the proposed model the security server incorporates within itself relay servers such as search engines. The model's effectiveness is discussed using sample applications: a search of its performance is discussed.
Results I: Overview (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Role and Need Major Components of the Results Section Physical Arrangement and Organization of Results in the Manuscript Tendencies to Avoid Getting Started with your Data General Guidelines for Development of the Text
Dialogue-Filling: Response Generation Control in Retrieval-Generation Dialogue System (2022)

Generation-base dialogue system tends to produce generic response sentences. In order to improve the diversity of response sentences by the generation-base dialogue system, the response text retrieved by the retrieval-base model can be input to the generation-base model as reference response text, so that the generation-base model can generate highly diverse response sentences. However, the prior works show that the generation-base dialogue system often ignores the reference response text, resulting in the response sentences that is unrelated to the reference response text. In this work, we propose the Dialogue-Filling method, which can utilize 100% of the reference response text by masking the response sentences with a text-filling technique. We built variants of Dialogue-Filling method with DialoGPT model. Experiments on the DailyDialog Dataset demonstrate that our Dialogue-Filling method outperforms the baseline method on the dialogue generation task.
A component-based architecture for software communication systems (2002)

We examine the usefulness of component-based software-engineering for the implementation of software communication systems. We present an architecture that allows to divide protocol software into fully de-coupled components that can be plugged together using visual builder tools to rapidly prototype flexible, robust, and application-tailored communication protocols. We show the feasibility of component-based protocol engineering by demonstrating how a simple transport protocol was realized. A discussion about advantages and impacts concludes this paper.
A Virtual Environment For Surgical Image Guidance in Intraoperative MRI (2002)

AbstractIntraoperative MRI has recently entered the operating room as a new imaging modality. Customized visualization systems might further facilitate the use of this imaging technology. A visualization system for use in die interventional MRI has been developed, providing a virtual environment for surgical navigation using real-time images and for controlling the scanner. The visualization system has customized features for certain clinical applications. A training and testing facility has also been established. The introduction of the visualization system in the interventional MRI overcame several ambiguities and inconsistencies that were previously present, and resulted in a more transparent man-machine interface approach. A pilot study using the software to place cryoprobes in an animal liver showed promising results. Augmentation of real-time MR images with 3D rendering and customized navigation features opens new possibilities in intraoperative MRI. The described system can also be extended to other intraoperative imaging modalities.Key Words: intraoperative imaginginterventional MRIsurgical navigation3D rendering
Towards a definition of "difference" in osteoarthritis. (2001)

To assess existing information regarding detectable differences in osteoarthritis (OA), a systematic literature search was conducted up to December 1999. Thirty-three articles were considered methodologically relevant to the definition and categorization of detectable differences in OA. It was determined that the musculoskeletal literature contains a wealth of information that relates to observed changes, much of which is derived from the clinical trials literature, but there have been relatively few methodological studies that have systematically evaluated the nature, categorization, and relevance of the change. Furthermore, most of those that have been published take the perspective of an individual or groups of experts other than that of the patient. This summary of the current literature reveals that the diverse sources of information go part way towards developing an understanding of detectable differences and their importance in the area of OA research and clinical practice. Stakeholders' interests as well as factors that modulate perceptions of importance need to be taken under consideration. In particular, the patient's perspective of the importance of change at an individual level requires further evaluation. This area of clinical research is relatively underdeveloped, but there is considerable opportunity for progress.
Malware Detection on Mobile Devices Using Distributed Machine Learning (2010)

This paper presents a distributed Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm in order to detect malicious software (malware) on a network of mobile devices. The light-weight system monitors mobile user activity in a distributed and privacy-preserving way using a statistical classification model which is evolved by training with examples of both normal usage patterns and unusual behavior. The system is evaluated using the MIT reality mining data set. The results indicate that the distributed learning system trains quickly and performs reliably. Moreover, it is robust against failures of individual components.
Generic Framework of Sensor Placement Optimization for Structural Health Modeling (2017)

Structural health modeling is a critical technology to maintain the functional performance and reliability of civil infrastructures. To undertake such a task, data acquisition in field tests should be well conducted to ensure the adequate capture of dynamic response characteristics, based on which the underlying structural properties can be identified. Sensor placement is necessary to enable data collection and thus needs to be wisely guided with well-developed methodologies. This paper presents a generic sensor placement framework, in which four methodologies were developed and implemented by integrating with a genetic algorithm–based optimization tool to facilitate sensor placement optimization. This framework provides a number of features to enhance application flexibility and robustness from an engineering perspective. To validate the effectiveness of the developed framework, a comprehensive sensor placement case study was undertaken for the Factor Building at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The results obtained show good improvement of optimized sensor placement when compared with those instrumented by experience.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Azines via Nucleophilic Oxidative Substitution of Hydrogen by Trifluoromethyl Carbanions (2007)

A novel, three-step method of trifluoromethylation of azines via oxidative nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in the heteroaromatic ring by a CF3- carbanion is presented. The key reaction of this process is the addition of the CF3- carbanion, generated by treatment of Me3SiCF3 with KF(s) and Ph3SnF catalyst, to N-alkylazinium salts. The resulting dihydroazines containing a trifluoromethyl group are relatively stable compounds and can be isolated in a pure form. Deprotection of the N-p-methoxybenzyl substituent and aromatization of the heterocyclic ring upon treatment with CAN provides azines with a CF3 group in the ring position originally occupied by hydrogen. The whole process can be thus considered as a nucleophilic oxidative displacement of hydrogen by a CF3- carbanion.
Bladder cancer cells secrete while normal bladder cells express but do not secrete AGR2 (2016)

Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a cancer-associated secreted protein found predominantly in adenocarcinomas. Given its ubiquity in solid tumors, cancer-secreted AGR2 could be a useful biomarker in urine or blood for early detection. However, normal organs express and might also secrete AGR2, which would impact its utility as a cancer biomarker. Uniform AGR2 expression is found in the normal bladder urothelium. Little AGR2 is secreted by the urothelial cells as no measurable amounts could be detected in urine. The urinary proteomes of healthy people contain no listing for AGR2. Likewise, the blood proteomes of healthy people also contain no significant peptide counts for AGR2 suggesting little urothelial secretion into capillaries of the lamina propria. Expression of AGR2 is lost in urothelial carcinoma, with only 25% of primary tumors observed to retain AGR2 expression in a cohort of lymph node-positive cases. AGR2 is secreted by the urothelial carcinoma cells as urinary AGR2 was measured in the voided urine of 25% of the cases analyzed in a cohort of cancer vs. non-cancer patients. The fraction of AGR2-positive urine samples was consistent with the fraction of urothelial carcinoma that stained positive for AGR2. Since cancer cells secrete AGR2 while normal cells do not, its measurement in body fluids could be used to indicate tumor presence. Furthermore, AGR2 has also been found on the cell surface of cancer cells. Taken together, secretion and cell surface localization of AGR2 are characteristic of cancer, while expression of AGR2 by itself is not.
<title>Cell-switch router (CSR): label-switching router supporting standard ATM interfaces</title> (1997)

Architecture overview of cell switch router (CSR), that is one of actual implementation using label switching paradigm, and the CSR prototype system supporting standard ATM interfaces are described. CSR can operate both with PVC (permanent virtual connection) and with SVC (switched virtual connection) as the VC for cut-through packet forwarding. CSR contains cell switch fabric and IP packet switch fabric to achieve high throughput IP forwarding. IP packets are forwarded either through a cut-through packet transmission, in which packet are forwarded without reassembling IP packet nor IP header processing, or through a conventional hop-by-hop IP packet forwarding. This paper describes and proposes the mechanism to forward the connectionless IP packet flows at the CSR. A CSR prototype system has developed. The CSR prototype system uses PVC and SVC connections to transfer the IP packets. With the CSR prototype system, we can make sure that CSR system could establish the cut-through packet transmission path between the adjacent node with acceptable establishment delay, that was less than few hundred second. The SVC connections for cut- through packet transmission are established on demand using ATM Forum UNI 3.0 or UNI 3.1.
Bulk ablation of soft tissue with intense ultrasound: Modeling and experiments (2005)

Methods for the bulk ablation of soft tissue using intense ultrasound, with potential applications in the thermal treatment of focal tumors, are presented. An approximate analytic model for bulk ablation predicts the progress of ablation based on tissue properties, spatially averaged ultrasonic heat deposition, and perfusion. The approximate model allows the prediction of threshold acoustic powers required for ablation in vivo as well as the comparison of cases with different starting temperatures and perfusion characteristics, such as typical in vivo and ex vivo experiments. In a full three-dimensional numerical model, heat deposition from array transducers is computed using the Fresnel approximation and heat transfer in tissue is computed by finite differences, accounting for heating changes caused by boiling and thermal dose-dependent absorption. Similar ablation trends due to perfusion effects are predicted by both the simple analytic model and the full numerical model. Comparisons with experimental results show the efficacy of both models in predicting tissue ablation effects. Phenomena illustrated by the simulations and experiments include power thresholds for in vivo ablation, differences between in vivo and ex vivo lesioning for comparable source conditions, the effect of tissue boiling and absorption changes on ablation depth, and the performance of a continuous rotational scanning method suitable for interstitial bulk ablation of soft tissue.
Planetary and gravity waves as seen by lidar in the middle atmosphere (1983)

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