gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROOT CAUSES OF DEFECTS INJECTED INTO THE SOFTWARE BY THE SOFTWARE TEAM: AN INDUSTRIAL STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTED HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM (2013)

A root cause is a source of software defect, whose removal decreases or removes the defect. A root cause of software defect is injected into the software by software engineers during the development process. One of the main concerns of the software team leader, such as the project manager, is to determine who injected various root causes of the defects into the software and when these have been injected. In this paper, a cost-benefit scheme is presented, which allows a software team to determine skill weakness and improve team capability. The scheme provides effective in-process feedback based on the causal analysis of software defects. The proposed analysis scheme includes orthogonal root cause definitions, role-based root cause types, and gradational correction actions. In the experiment, the projects of a distributed health-care system are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed scheme. The results show that the root cause ratios (RCR) are 33.8%, 30.6%, 21.9%, 10.7%, and 3.0% in design, implementation, analysis, business and deployment, respectively. The defects in the projects mainly occurred during the design and implementation phases of the projects. Correction activities to enhance the designers’ skills, such as exception handling (40.5%) and DB/data schema (25.0%), are the top priorities that must be addressed by the software team. The findings can help the team leader to determine methods to improve these weaknesses.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. 4‐SUBSTITUIERTER (3)‐1,7‐DICARBA‐NIDO‐DODECAHYDROUNDECABORAT(‐1)‐IONEN UND 3‐SUBSTITUIERTER 1,8‐DICARBA‐CLOSO‐UNDECABORANE‐(11) (1970)

Abstract Aus 1,8‐Dicarba‐closo‐undecaboran(1l)(I) werden mit geeigneten Carbanionen die 4‐substituierten (3)‐1,7‐Dicarba‐nido‐dodecahydroundecaborat(‐1 )‐ ‐Ionen (II) bzw. (III) als Salze mit Cs oder Tetramethylammonium erhalten (38‐80% Ausbeute).
Neuroimaging Findings in Cardiac Myxoma Patients: A Single-Center Case Series of 47 Patients (2015)

Ischemic stroke and intracranial oncotic aneurysm were found in a substantial proportion of cardiac myxoma patients undergoing neuroimaging. Patients presenting with embolic complications of cardiac myxoma are more likely to have intracranial hemorrhage, intracranial oncotic aneurysms, and cerebral metastatic disease.
Addition and correction: the NF-κB-like DNA binding activity observed inDictyosteliumnuclear extracts is due to the GBF transcription factor (2001)

We have previously reported that a NF-kappa B transduction pathway was likely to be present in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. This conclusion was based on several observations, including the detection of developmentally regulated DNA binding proteins in Dictyostelium nuclear extracts that bound to bona fide kappa B sequences. We have now performed additional experiments which demonstrate that the protein responsible for this NF-kappa B-like DNA binding activity is the Dictyostelium GBF (G box regulatory element binding factor) transcription factor. This result, along with the fact that no sequence with significant similarity to components of the mammalian NF-kappa B pathway can be found in Dictyostelium genome, now almost entirely sequenced, led us to reconsider our previous conclusion on the occurrence of a NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway in Dictyostelium.
Early Life Maternal Separation and Maternal Behaviour Modulate Acoustic Characteristics of Rat Pup Ultrasonic Vocalizations (2019)

Early separation of preterm infants from their mothers has adverse, long-term neurodevelopmental consequences. We investigated the effects of daily maternal separation (MS) of rat pups from postnatal days 2-10 (PND2-10) on neurobehavioural responses to brief isolation at PND12 compared with pups receiving controlled handling without MS. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) were measured at PND12 during two, 3-minute isolations occurring immediately before and after a 3-minute maternal reunion. There were no significant differences in acoustic characteristics between MS and control animals in the first isolation. However, in the second isolation, MS pups produced a greater proportion of high (~60 kHz) vs low (~40 kHz) frequency calls. During this isolation, control pups made longer and louder low frequency calls compared to the first isolation, whereas MS pups did the opposite. Maternal behaviour of control and MS mothers modulated pup acoustic characteristics in opposite directions; higher maternal care was associated with more low frequency calls in control pups but more high frequency calls in MS pups. We hypothesize that MS results in USV emission patterns reflective of a greater stress response to isolation. This translational model can be used to identify mechanisms and interventions that may be exploited to overcome the negative, long-term effects of MS.
Retrosynthetic and synthetic chemistry on amphotericin B. Synthesis of C(1)–C(20) and C(21)–C(38) fragments and construction of the 38-membered macrocycle (1986)

For the first time, amphotericin B (I) has been successfully derivatized and degraded to intermediates that have been converted into compounds (II)[C(1)–C(20) fragment] and (III)[C(21)–C(38) fragment], projected as major key intermediates for a total synthesis; methods have been developed for the coupling of fragments (II) and (III) to give the ketophosphonate–aldehyde (28) and for the cyclization of this preculrsor to the 38-membered macrocyclic heptaenone (29) in 70–80% yield.
Image segmentation by clustering (1979)

This paper describes a procedure for segmenting imagery using digital methods and is based on a mathematical-pattern recognition model. The technique does not require training prototypes but operates in an "unsupervised" mode. The features most useful for the given image to be segmented are retained by the algorithm without human interaction, by rejecting those attributes which do not contribute to homogeneous clustering in N-dimensional vector space. The basic procedure is a K-means clustering algorithm which converges to a local minimum in the average squared intercluster distance for a specified number of clusters. The algorithm iterates on the number of clusters, evaluating the clustering based on a parameter of clustering quality. The parameter proposed is a product of between and within cluster scatter measures, which achieves a maximum value that is postulated to represent an intrinsic number of clusters in the data. At this value, feature rejection is implemented via a Bhattacharyya measure to make the image segments more homogeneous (thereby removing "noisy" features); and reclustering is performed. The resulting parameter of clustering fidelity is maximized with segmented imagery resulting in psychovisually pleasing and culturally logical image segments.
Understanding Service Composition with Non-Functional Properties Using Declarative Model-to-Model Transformations (2009)

Developing applications comprising service composition is a complex task. Therefore, to lower the skill barrier for developers, it is important to describe the problem at hand on an abstract level and not to focus on implementation details. This can be done using declarative programming which allows to describe only the result of the problem (which is what the developer wants) rather than the description of the implementation. We therefore use purely declarative model-to-model transformations written in a universal model transformation language which is capable of handling even non functional properties using optimization and mathematical programming. This makes it easier to understand and describe service composition and non-functional properties for the developer.
High-order DDCC-based general mixed-mode universal filter (2006)

The transconductance and the transresistance modes might act as the bridge transferring from voltage mode to current mode and vice versa, respectively. This paper presents a new mixed-mode (including voltage, current, transconductance, and transresistance modes) high-order universal filter structure using n+1 differential difference current conveyors (DDCCs), n grounded capacitors and n+2 grounded resistors, which are the minimum components necessary for realising an nth-order mixed-mode universal filtering response (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject, and all-pass) from the same topology. Moreover, the proposed circuit simultaneously achieves nearly all of the main advantages. H-Spice simulation results confirm the theory.
A 5 Gb/s 9-port application specific SRAM with built-in self test (2002)

Describes the architecture of a time-slot interchange (TSI) SRAM for a SONET switching application and its associated BIST architecture. To reduce the number of data RAMs required for full switching, the memory throughput is boosted by providing multiplexed access to the core at twice the system clock rate. The nature of the memory requires a novel BIST architecture to ensure full test coverage and ensure easy access of the BIST function at different levels of system integration.
Single-Photon Avalanche Diode-Based Detection and Imaging: Bringing the Photodiode Out of Its Comfort Zone (2018)

Our society is becoming more and more reliant on images, and we are getting used to having a visual representation of everything. However, our eyes are, in some ways, quite limited; they can see "just" colors and their intensity. What could we see if we were able to capture every piece of information that a single photon carries? Being able to measure, for example, the position, direction, wavelength, polarization, and time of arrival of every photon would give us the basis for having an almost fully complete understanding of the scene. Even though not all of these quantities need to be measured together, single-photon sensing can enable more and new dimensions to be added to the information space that we are gathering during an image acquisition.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTILEUKEMIC COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM THE CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF MACROCYCLIC TRICHOTHECENES. 1. DERIVATIVES OF VERRUCARIN A (1981)

Abstract Das aus Pflanzen oder durch mikrobielle Fermentation erhaltene Verrucarin A wurde in die Derivate (I) übergeführt, die teilweise antileukämische Wirkung besitzen.
Dynamic Quantitative Assays of Phagosomal Function (2013)

Much of the activity of the macrophage as an effector cell is performed within its phagocytic compartment. This ranges from the degradation of tissue debris as part of its homeostatic function to the generation of the superoxide burst as part of its microbicidal response to infection. We have developed a range of real-time readouts of phagosomal function that enable these activities to be rigorously quantified. This unit contains descriptions of several of these assays assessed by different methods of quantitation, including a fluorescence resonance emission transfer (FRET) assay for phagosome/lysosome fusion measured by spectrofluorometry, a fluorogenic assay for the superoxide burst measured by flow cytometry, and a fluorogenic assay for bulk proteolysis measured by confocal microscopy. These assays illustrate both the range of parameters that can be quantified and the flexibility of instrumentation that can be exploited for their quantitation.
Epsilon-aminocaproic Acid for Treatment of Fibrinolysis during Liver Transplantation (1987)

In 97 adult patients receiving liver transplants, the coagulation system was monitored by thrombelastography and by coagulation profile including PT; aPTT; platelet count; level of factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII; fibrin degradation products; ethanol gel test; protamine gel test; and euglobulin lysis time. Preoperatively, fibrinolysis defined as a whole blood clot lysis index of less than 80% was present in 29 patients (29.9%), and a euglobulin lysis time of less than 1 h was present in 13 patients. Fibrinolysis increased progressively during surgery in 80 patients (82.5%) and was most severe on reperfusion of the graft liver in 33 patients (34%). When whole blood clot lysis (F less than 180 min) was observed during reperfusion of the graft liver, blood coagulability was tested by thrombelastography using both a blood sample treated in vitro with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (0.09%) and an untreated sample. Blood treated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid showed improved coagulation without fibrinolytic activity in all 74 tests. When whole blood clot lysis time was less than 120 min, generalized oozing occurred, and the effectiveness of epsilon-aminocaproic acid was demonstrated in vitro during the pre-anhepatic and post-anhepatic stages, epsilon-aminocaproic acid (1 g, single intravenous dose) was administered. In all 20 patients treated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid, fibrinolytic activity disappeared; whole blood clot lysis was not seen on thrombelastography during a 5-h observation period, and whole blood clot lysis index improved from 28.5 +/- 29.5% to 94.8 +/- 7.4% (mean +/- SD, P less than 0.001). None of the treated patients had hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Covalent immobilization of lipase in organic solvents (1989)

Lipase from Rhizopus sp. has been immobilized covalently on tresyl activated silica. Three different coupling media were evaluated: aqueous buffer, n-hexane, and a microemulsion based on n-hexane, aqueous buffer, and the nonionic surfactant triethylene glycol monododecyl ether. In addition, coupling via a very long, hydrophilic spacer arm, polyethylene glycol 1500 (PEG 1500), was compared with attachment to the silica via a short silane bridge only. The enzyme preparations were tested in hydrolysis and transesterification reactions. In the hydrolysis no marked differences in activity were found between the coupling media used. In the transesterification, on the other hand, the choice of immobilization medium had a very large effect on lipase activity, the preparation from microemulsion being the most active one. The use of the hydrophilic spacer had a large effect on activity in the hydrolysis reaction. Whereas direct coupling gave an activity of immobilized lipase of 26-34% of that of free enzyme, depending on the reaction medium, lipase bound via the spacer exhibited 56-67% activity. The latter values are considerably higher than previously reported in the literature for covalently immobilized lipase. The hydrophilic spacer had no effect on enzyme activity in the transesterification, however, a fact which is attributed to the hydrophobic medium of this reaction. The spacer is incompatible with the reaction medium and will, therefore, adsorb on the particles rather than stretch out into the bulk phase. The stability of the bound lipase was extremely good, no loss in activity being observed after a period of three weeks in aqueous solution of 37 degrees C.
Effect of Drying Conditions on Paper Quality on Wood-Containing Light Weight Coated Paper. (1993)

The effect of different drying configurations and drying profiles on offset print mottling was studied on a pilot coater utilizing a drying simulation program and a laboratory sheet fed four color offset print. The existence, as well as significance, of a drying critical area was demonstrated. The key factor in drying critical area is the coating color solidification process. On the base stock/ coating color combination studied the critical solids content starts at 73% and ends at 81%. During this drying phase, specific evaporation should be low and rates of about 15 kg/m2h or higher clearly will increase the print mottling.
Efficient implementation of time domain equalizer for DMT/OFDM systems (2010)

In this paper we propose an efficient implementation of time domain equalizer for discrete multitone and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. By properly using fast Fourier transform modules, the proposed two-branch implementation can reduce the computational complexity significantly compared with the conventional implementation method.
99mTc-Labeled Duramycin as a Novel Phosphatidylethanolamine-Binding Molecular Probe (2008)

99mTc-duramycin is a stable, low-molecular-weight PtdE-binding radiopharmaceutical, with favorable in vivo imaging profiles. It is a strong candidate as a molecular probe for PtdE imaging and warrants further development and characterization.
Genetic variation in a phylogenetic context: Responses of two specialized leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to host plants of their congeners (1994)

Abstract This work explores the possibility that constraints on genetic variation guide host shifts and are responsible for the evolutionary conservatism of host affiliation in phytophagous insects. To this end, we used full‐ and half‐sib breeding designs to screen two species of the North American bettle genus Ophraella for genetic variation in larval and adult feeding responses to several host plants of other species of Ophraella . All the plants are in the family Asteraceae. In O. conferta , we observed effectively no feeding response, and hence no genetic variation in response, to three of five test plant species; only those plants related to the species' natural hosts evoked genetically variable responses. In O. artemisiae , adults displayed genetic variation in response to a congener of the natural host, but not to two distantly related plants. However, significant variation among full‐sib broods in larval feeding suggests the existence of nonadditive genetic variance in feeding response to all five species of test plants—although survival was very low on most of them. The results suggest that patterns of presence versus apparent absence of detectable genetic variation may be related to the chemical similarity of plants to the insects' natural hosts, but not evidently to the phylogenetic history of host affiliation within the genus. Almost all genetic correlations in responses to host plants were not significantly different from zero; the few significant correlations were positive, and negative correlations that might explain host specificity were not found. Our data do not explain why exclusive shifts to new hosts should occur, but the apparent lack of genetic variation in responses to some plants suggests that the direction of host shifts is genetically constrained.
GLENOID RIM MORPHOLOGY IN RECURRENT ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY (2003)

We introduced a method to evaluate the morphology of the glenoid rim and to quantify the osseous defect in a simple and practical manner with three-dimensionally reconstructed computed tomography with elimination of the humeral head. Fifty percent of the shoulders with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability had an osseous Bankart lesion; 40% did not have an osseous fragment but demonstrated loss of the normal circular configuration on the en face view and an obtuse contour on the oblique view, suggesting erosion or compression of the glenoid rim.
Gradient based intensity normalization (2010)

Intensity normalization is important in quantitative image analysis, especially when extracting features based on intensity. In automated microscopy, particularly in large cellular screening experiments, each image contains objects of similar type (e.g. cells) but the object density (number and size of the objects) may vary markedly from image to image. Standard intensity normalization methods, such as matching the grey-value histogram of an image to a target histogram from, i.e. a reference image, only work well if both object type and object density are similar in the images to be matched. This is typically not the case in cellular screening and many other types of images where object type varies little from image to image, but object density may vary dramatically. In this paper, we propose an improved form of intensity normalization which uses grey-value as well as gradient information. This method is very robust to differences in object density. We compare and contrast our method with standard histogram normalization across a range of image types, and show that the modified procedure performs much better when object density varies between images.
Effects of asthma on breathing during reading aloud (2017)

Our aim was to investigate the breathing patterns of children aged 5–9 years with asthma as they read aloud stories of increasingly difficulty. Eleven children with asthma were recruited from an outpatient clinic and 11 controls of similar age and sex were recruited from local schools. Non-contact respiratory monitoring methods were employed to yield acoustic recordings during baseline tasks and reading aloud from books which increased in difficulty. Measurements included breathing rate, pause time, and time ratio between inspiration and expiration (I/E ratio). The analysis showed that children with asthma breathed more slowly when reading books that were the most difficult for them and paused for longer compared to children without asthma. Among children with asthma those with severe asthma were more notably affected. The current research is the first of its kind and provides a base for future studies to investigate the relationship between breathing and the reading of children with asthma, which may be related to reported low reading achievement.
Effects of sample handling on the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in oral fluids by reverse-transcription real-time PCR (2018)

We evaluated effects of handling procedures on detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in oral fluids (OFs) by reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR). The experiments were conducted using a composite sample of PRRSV-positive OF collected from 5-wk-old pigs vaccinated 15 d earlier with a modified-live PRRSV vaccine. Five pre-extraction sample-handling steps and all combinations thereof were evaluated: 1) thaw temperature (4°C or 25°C); 2) sample diluent (1:1 dilution with nuclease-free water or guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol); 3a) sonication of the sample (yes or no); 3b) temperature (4°C or 25°C) at which step 3a was conducted; and 4) temperature at which the sample was maintained after step 3b and until RNA extraction was initiated (4°C or 25°C). All combinations of the 5 sample-handling steps (i.e., 32 unique treatments) were tested in a completely randomized factorial design with 4 replicates and 1 negative control for each treatment. The entire experiment was repeated on 5 separate days to produce a total of 800 PRRSV RT-rtPCR results. Binary (positive or negative) data were analyzed by logistic regression and results (Ct) were analyzed using a generalized linear model. Overall, 1 false-positive result was observed among 160 negative controls (99.4% specificity), and 85 false-negative results were observed among the 640 known-positive samples (86.7% sensitivity). The most significant factor affecting test outcome was thaw temperature (4°C or 25°C); samples thawed at 4°C had higher positivity rate (94% vs. 80%, p < 0.0001) and lower Ct (36.2 vs. 37.5, p < 0.0001).
Tunability of the optical band edge in thin PbS films chemically deposited on GaAs(100) (2010)

The optical properties of chemical-solution-deposited thin films of lead sulfide (PbS) were investigated using infrared transmission and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The synthesized films are characterized by a wide range of microstructures, from 15 nm nanocrystals up to monocrystals. Energy bandgap values for bulk and nanostructured layers varied from 0.41 eV up to 0.48 eV, respectively. Blueshifts in both absorbance and emission peaks of the nanostructured layers were obtained due to quantum size effects. The optical properties of the films are shown to be size-dependent, with the band edge increasing with temperature.