gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Smart Roads: An Overview of What Future Mobility Will Look Like (2020)

Transport engineering has recently undergone several significant changes and innovations, one of which is the appearance and spread of autonomous vehicles; with this technology becoming more common and ordinary by the day, it is now necessary to implement some systems and contexts to facilitate autonomous vehicle operations. Consequently, a different perspective is now arising when dealing with road infrastructures, aiming to simplify and improve efficiency and maintenance of the existing roads, increase the life cycle of newly built ones, and minimize the economic and financial impact at the same time. Roadway pavements are one of the primary factors affecting vehicle operations; over time, this distinctive aspect has gone through various mechanical and physical changes due to the adoption of new materials or design methods. Consequently, to the spread of autonomous vehicles, scientific research has begun to study and develop systems to make road pavements and platforms not exclusively aimed at bearing loads, but rather at considering them as a means of communication and information exchange, if not even as a source of energy. This new approach introduces the so-called “Smart Roads,” i.e., road infrastructures capable of communicating with vehicles and self-monitoring fundamental perspectives concerning driverless vehicles and the roadway platform life cycle. This paper examines the characteristics of Smart Roads, considering their broad field of application and their potential advantages and drawbacks. This paper also pursues the objective of describing the global vision, the possible future direction of these innovations concerning the automotive and transport industries, and a particular focus on infrastructures and roadways.
Effect of Thermal Exposure on Residual Properties of Wet Layup Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites (2022)

Ambient cured wet layup carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites used extensively in the rehabilitation of infrastructure and in structural components can be exposed to elevated temperature regimes for extended periods of time of hours to a few days due to thermal excursions. These may be severe enough to cause a significant temperature rise without deep charring as through fires at a small distance and even high-temperature industrial processes. In such cases, it is critical to have information related to the post-event residual mechanical properties and damage states. In this paper, composites are subjected to a range of elevated temperatures up to 260 °C over periods of time up to 72 h. Exposure to elevated temperature regimes is noted to result in a competition between the mechanisms of post-cure that can increase the levels of mechanical characteristics, and the deterioration of the resin and the bond between the fibers and resin that can reduce them. Mechanical tests indicate that tensile and short beam shear properties are not affected negatively until the highest temperatures of exposure considered in this investigation. In contrast, all elevated temperature conditions cause deterioration in resin-dominated characteristics such as shear and flexure, emphasizing the weakness of this mode in layered composites formed from unidirectional fabric architectures due to resin deterioration. Transitions in failure modes are correlated through microscopy to damage progression both at the level of fiber-matrix interface integrity and through the bulk resin, especially at the inter-layer level. The changes in glass transition temperature determined through differential scanning calorimetry can be related to thresholds that indicate changes in the mechanisms of damage.
Applicability of Small Fast Reactor "4S" for Oil Sands Recovery (2009)

Chevron Canada Ellis River 100,000 767 KNOC BlackGold 20,000 153CNRL Birch Mountain 30,000 230 Laricina Germain 1,800 14CNRL Gregoire Lake 30,000 230 MEG Christina Lake 23,880 183CNRL Kirby 30,000 230 NAOSC (Statoil) Kai Kos Dehseh 140,000 1073CNRL Leismer 15,000 115 Nexen Long Lake 72,000 552CNRL Primrose/Wolf Lake 120,000 920 Nexen Long Lake South 70,000 537Connacher Great Divide 10,000 77 North Peace Energy Red Earth 1,000 8ConocoPhillips Surmont 25,000 192 Patch Ells River 10,000 77Devon Jackfish 35,000 268 Petrobank (Whitesands) 90,000 690EnCana Borealis 32,500 249 Petro-Canada Chard 40,000 307EnCana Christina Lake 30,000 230 Petro-Canada Meadow Creek 40,000 307EnCana Foster Creek 30,000 230 Petro-Canada Lewis 40,000 307Enerplus Kirby 25,000 192 Petro-Canada MacKay River 40,000 307Husky Caribou Lake 10,000 77 Shell (BlackRock) Orion (Hilda Lake)10,000 77Husky Sunrise 50,000 383 Shell Peace River 50,000 383Husky Tucker 30,000 230 Suncor Firebag 68,000 521Imperial Oil Cold Lake 30,000 230 Total (Deer Creek) Joslyn 15,000 115JACOS Hangingstone 25,000 192 Value Creation Terre de Grace 40,000 307
Material and Process Development for KrF Lithography using Tri-level Resist Process. (2001)

A material and process development for tri-level resist process is carried out in terms of both lithography and RIE processes. The goal is to introduce the tri-level resist process into 0.13μm DRAM fabrication. The film stack of the tri-level resist process consists of thermally cross-linked novolak resin (I-line photo resist) as a bottom layer (500-900nm thickness), spin-on-glass (SOG) as a middle layer (70-90nm thickness) and an environmentally stable chemical amplified positive (ESCAP) type KrF photo resist as a top layer (200-300nm thickness). The lithographic process window for 130nm L/S structure using the KrF photo resist is determined to be 0.6um depth of focus (DOF) and 16% exposure latitude, under the exposure condition of 0.68NA, 0.75 sigma and 2/3 annular illumination. The resist pattern of the top layer is transferred to the middle layer and the bottom layer using conventional RIE techniques.A WSi gate structure (nested and isolated lines) capped with SiN film in 0.13um DRAM is formed using the tri-level resist processing.
ACCELERATED FOLLICLE DEPLETION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS USING THE COMBINATION OF 4-VINYLCYCLOHEXENE DIEPOXIDE AND TRIPTOLIDE (2013)

Rodent pests cause major damage to the world's agricultural crops and food stores. Rodenticides used since World War II did not lead to sustained reduction of rodent populations, and so fertility control is becoming attractive because rats reproduce with great efficiency. Chemical acceleration of ovarian failure via oral dosing also would improve management of rat pest populations. The chemical 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is orally efficacious, causing depletion of nonregenerating primordial ovarian follicles of Sprague-Dawley rats. However, to cause rapid reduction in pups in the first breeding cycle after dosing, all stages of ovarian follicle development must be targeted. To achieve this goal, the Chinese herb triptolide was tested because it can precipitate apoptosis and deplete growing follicles. The impact of triptolide was tested in cultured postnatal day 4 Sprague-Dawley rat pup ovaries. Triptolide at 5 nM caused 100% primordial, primary, and secondary follicle depletion after 8 days of culture, compared to 38% follicle depletion caused by VCD at 30 microM. Next, a palatable rat bait was developed, containing 1% VCD with increasing concentrations of triptolide at 25, 50, and 100 microg/kg body weight. Rats ate an average 3-6% of their body weight/day over 15 feeding days. Two days after the end of baiting, rats were euthanized to conduct necropsies and collect ovaries to count all follicular stages and corpora lutea. At 50 microg triptolide/kg body weight, there was significant reduction of all follicular stages; primordial follicles were 50% lower, secondary follicles were 64% lower, antral follicles were 80% lower, and there were no corpora lutea. These results suggest that combining VCD and triptolide in an oral bait leads to significantly compromised rat ovarian function and reduced ovulations, and is likely to reduce pup production.
Innovative techniques for non destructive analysis (2012)

This study identifies some of the factors that account for a relatively flexible gender role orientation among adolescent mothers. Education and support from family, peers, and the father of the child(ren) were predictive of a positive attitude toward combining career and child-care roles and competing in the labor market on an equal basis with males. The implications are relevant for school-based and social programs designed to enhance competent attitudes and performance among young mothers who are preparing for careers.
Organische Reaktionen in Mikrotröpfchen: Analyse von Reaktionsbeschleunigungen durch Massenspektrometrie (2016)

Abstract Die bemerkenswerte Entdeckung, dass eine Reaktionsbeschleunigung in Lösungen mit begrenztem Volumen erfolgt, wirft ein augenscheinliches Rätsel auf. Durch Spray‐Ionisation gebildete Mikrotröpfchen können genutzt werden, um den Verlauf von Reaktionen in der Bulkphase zu verfolgen und außerdem Reaktionen zwischen den Reagentien in solch einer Reaktion zu beschleunigen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden Beschleunigungsphänomene in Tröpfchen und dünnen Filmen vorgestellt und moderne Methoden, die zur Untersuchung beschleunigter Reaktionen in Lösungen mit begrenztem Volumen und großer Oberfläche angewendet werden, zusammengefasst. Bedingungen, die entweder eine einfache Verfolgung oder eine Beschleunigung bestimmen, werden beim Auftreten von diskontinuierlicher und vollständiger Desolvatisierung als Endpunkt der Tropfenentwicklung abgestimmt. Die gegensätzlichen Merkmale von Reaktionen in Mikrotröpfchen und in Bulklösung werden in Verbindung mit möglichen Mechanismen, nach denen eine Reaktionsbeschleunigung in Mikrotröpfchen erfolgt, beschrieben. Derzeitige Anwendungen von Tröpfchen als Mikroreaktoren werden im Hinblick auf eine Reaktionsbeschleunigung in begrenzten Volumina und ein mögliches zukünftiges Scale‐up angeführt.
Migration of the Double Bond in the Side Chain of Sterols with Iodine. (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMigration of the Double Bond in the Side Chain of Sterols with Iodine.Nobuo Ikekawa, Yasushi Honma, Naoko Morisaki, and Kiyoshi SakaiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 12, 4145–4148Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1970Publication History Published online12 August 2002Published inissue 1 December 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00837a602https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00837a602research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Atomic and Molecular Hydrogen Impurities in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells (2022)

Hydrogen interstitials are expected to be important in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites; however, the characteristics and behaviors of hydrogen in perovskites remain poorly understood. Here, on the basis of density functional theory calculations, we quantitatively reported that both atomic and molecular hydrogen interstitials can form in hybrid MAPbI3 and MASnI3 perovskites. Whereas molecular hydrogen interstitial, H2, is chemically inert, atomic hydrogen interstitial, Hi, serves as an electrically active negative-U defect. We identify high-density Hi+ as a significant origin of ionic conductivity in p-type MAPbI3 under the hydrogen-rich conditions, with the calculated activation energy being comparable to that measured in experiments. The highly diffusive Hi+ ions are expected to impact hysteresis, charge separation, device polarization, and photogenerated field-screening effect and consequently degrade the solar cell performance. We evaluated approaches for mitigating such detrimental effects and suggested that synthesizing the perovskites with slightly extra iodine addition or tin alloying can effectively suppress the concentration of Hi+. Our results are important to understand the fundamental aspects of hydrogen in perovskites in general and offer valuable insight for further improving the performance of perovskite solar cells and other optoelectronic devices via defect engineering.
Endogenous opioid peptide modulation of LH secretion in the ewe lamb: possible involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (1988)

Evidence from several species suggest that the endogenous opioid peptides participate in the regulation of gonadotrophin and prolactin secretion. The aim of the present study involving intact and ovariectomized prepubertal ewe lambs was to compare the effects in vivo of an opioid peptide agonist [D-Ala2,N-Phe4,Met(0)ol5]-enkephalin (FK 33-824) and antagonist, naloxone, on concentrations of LH and prolactin in plasma, and levels of neurotransmitter metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with their effects in vitro on the release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and neurotransmitters from isolated median eminences. Infusion of FK 33-824 (0.5 mg/30 min) in vivo depressed plasma LH levels in both intact and ovariectomized lambs; this effect could be reversed by naloxone. In ovariectomized lambs, the inhibitory action of FK 33-824 on plasma LH levels was associated with a 13% rise in the concentration of the metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA). Concurrent administration of naloxone resulted in an abrupt 33% fall in CSF levels of 5-HIAA. No significant changes in plasma concentrations of prolactin or CSF concentrations of the metabolites of dopamine were observed in response to the administration of FK 33-824 or FK 33-824 plus naloxone. That FK 33-824 inhibited LH release through a central mechanism was confirmed using superfused median eminences in vitro. Thus FK 33-824 (1 mumol/l) greatly diminished the release of GnRH induced by the introduction of a depolarizing stimulus (36 mmol K+/l) in tissue obtained from both intact and ovariectomized ewe lambs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Varying Concentrations of Bleach on in vitro HIV-1 Replication and the Relevance to Injection Drug Use (2000)

The use of bleach (hypochlorite) as a disinfectant for drug injection equipment in the intravenous-drug-using population was recommended early in the HIV-1/AIDS epidemic. Epidemiological studies have challenged the use of bleach as an effective measure to prevent HIV-1 transmission. However, in vitro HIV-1 coculture studies have shown that a high concentration of bleach is an effective cytotoxic and potentially virucidal agent. In this study, we demonstrate that HIV-1 peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures containing low concentrations of hypochlorite in the media showed earlier conversion to HIV-1 positivity, as measured by the presence of p24 antigen. HIV-1 cocultures with high concentrations of hypochlorite in the culture media, which appeared to be highly cytotoxic, and HIV-1 cocultures without bleach in the media did not exhibit this early p24 antigen positivity. Hypochlorite chemically disinfects by releasing free chlorine that is a potent oxidant. In injection drug equipment, a low residual concentration of bleach is likely to remain in cleaned equipment despite rinsing with water. Low concentrations of oxidants have been shown to enhance tissue inflammation, in vivo, as well as HIV-1 replication in vitro. Previous studies have shown that despite vigorous cleaning of blood-contaminated injection syringes with bleach followed by water, microaggregates of residual blood remained in bleach-cleaned blood-contaminated syringes. Hypothetically, oxidant effects of the residual bleach in the bleach-cleaned syringes could enhance the possibility of infection by remaining HIV-1 contained in a contaminated syringe. We suggest that the likelihood of an injection drug user contracting HIV-1 through the sharing of a bleach-cleaned blood-contaminated syringe may be increased by the cotransmission of residual bleach and its localized tissue-inflammatory effects; however, this has not been statistically proven in epidemiological studies.
Top‐down Identification of Shiga Toxin (and Other Virulence Factors and Biomarkers) from Pathogenic E. coli using MALDI‐TOF/TOF Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2023)

This chapter details the advantages and limitations of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for top-down proteomic identification of bacterial proteins including Shiga toxin from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Topics discussed are: the utility of post-source decay (PSD) as a dissociation technique; the aspartic acid effect (AAE) and residue-specific top-down proteomic analysis; protein denaturation and its effect on protein collision cross-section, energy deposition and protein ion fragmentation; antibiotic induction and gene expression of target proteins for top-down proteomic analysis.
Structure and morphology of an intumescent polypropylene blend (2004)

Abstract This article deals with the study of the efficiency of different compatibilizing agents in the intumescent polypropylene/polyamide‐6/ammonium polyphosphate (PP/PA‐6/APP) blend. The migration of additive was first investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The study showed that ethylene–butyl acrylate–maleic anhydride is not efficient in preventing the exudation of APP to the surface. However, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) prevented such a phenomenon. Second, the modifications in the blends were analyzed as a function of their compositions. Optical microscopy analysis showed that adding EVA to PP/PA‐6/APP promoted a decrease in the size of PA‐6 droplets. X‐ray diffraction was used to characterize the effect of each component on the PP crystallinity. It was clearly shown that the crystallinity depends on the composition of the blend. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 402–411, 2004
FENS-1 and DFCP1 are FYVE domain-containing proteins with distinct functions in the endosomal and Golgi compartments (2001)

FENS-1 and DFCP1 are recently discovered proteins containing one or two FYVE-domains respectively. We show that the FYVE domains in these proteins can bind PtdIns3P in vitro with high specificity over other phosphoinositides. Exogenously expressed FENS-1 localises to early endosomes: this localisation requires an intact FYVE domain and is sensitive to wortmannin inhibition. The isolated FYVE domain of FENS-1 also localises to endosomes. These results are consistent with current models of FYVE-domain function in this cellular compartment. By contrast, exogenously expressed DFCP1 displays a predominantly Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and vesicular distribution with little or no overlap with FENS-1 or other endosomal markers. Overexpression of DFCP1 was found to cause dispersal of the Golgi compartment defined by giantin and gpp130-staining. Disruption of the FYVE domains of DFCP1 causes a shift to more condensed and compact Golgi structures and overexpression of this mutant was found to confer significant protection to the Golgi against brefeldin-induced dispersal. These properties of DFCP1 are surprising, and suggest FYVE domain-localisation and function may not be exclusively endosomal. Movies available on-line
Einfluss von Alterung auf Schweregrad und antientzündliche Therapie des experimentellen Trockenen Auges (2017)

<b>Purpose</b> Aging is an important factor in dry-eye disease that has not been studied in the context of therapeutic measures. Aging-associated modifications of the ocular immune system implicate that anti-inflammatory therapies may act differently among younger individuals in terms of onset and effect of different substances. The goal of this study was to determine differences in clinical phenotype and topical anti-inflammatory therapy using a desiccating stress mouse model. <b>Methods</b> An experimental dry-eye disease (desiccating stress model) was induced in 12-week and 12-month-old female BALB/c mice. Topical therapy included 0.05% cyclosporine/F4H5 (Novaliq), F4H5, 0.05% cyclosporine (Restasis<sup>®</sup>, Allergan) and dexamethasone (Monodex<sup>®</sup>, Thea Pharma) for 3 consecutive weeks. A control group received no therapy whatsoever. Readout parameters included tear secretion, corneal fluorescein staining at 5 timepoints and histological analysis of goblet cell count at the end of the experiments. <b>Results</b> The older mice demonstrated a significantly stronger dry eye phenotype than the younger mice. Following therapy, the older mice responded to topical anti-inflammatory therapy significantly later than the younger individuals. Regarding the different substances used, cyclosporine/F4H5 showed a significantly faster decrease in corneal fluoresceine staining after only 1 week of therapy in comparison to all other groups. This substance was also superior regarding tear secretion and goblet cell count in age matched groups and in comparison to younger mice. <b>Conclusions</b> These experimental data support the implication that aging should be considered as an important factor in daily clinical practice. Furthermore, the differences found between substance classes, such as calcineurin antagonists and steroids, as well as different drug formulations, should be considered in future pre-clinical and clinical trials.
EUFAR goes hyperspectral in FP7 (2009)

Two FP6 initiatives i) HYRESSA, hyperspectral remote sensing in Europe specific support action, and ii) EUFAR, European Facility for Airborne Research in Environmental and Geo-sciences, have joined forces in FP7. The FP7 Integrating Activity EUFAR (including HYRESSA) is now a network of 33 European airborne data providers and experts in airborne measurements. With the support of the European Commission, EUFAR provides European scientists with trans-national access to 6 airborne instruments (including hyperspectral imaging sensors) and 20 instrumented aircraft and early-stage researchers and university lecturers with training courses on airborne measurements. This paper reports on EUFAR activities and opportunities for European researchers with special attention to activities and opportunities related to airborne hyperspectral imaging.