gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors produces additive anorectic effects (1991)

In food-deprived mice the D1 dopamine agonist SKF 38393 induced dose dependent anorexia (ED50 = 2.6 mg/kg). This effect was reversed by the D1 antagonist SCH 23390. In similar conditions, the D2 dopamine agonist RU 24926 also induced dose dependent anorexia (ED50 = 0.19 mg/kg). This effect was reversed by the D2 antagonist (+/-) sulpiride. The mixed D1/D2 agonist apomorphine also induced an anorectic effect (150 micrograms/kg sc) which was completely reversed by (+/-) sulpiride (25 mg/kg, ip) but unaffected by SCH 23390 (5-30 micrograms/kg). The dose response curve obtained by associating SKF 38393 (2.5 mg/kg) with increasing doses of RU 24926 was roughly parallel to that obtained with RU 24926 alone. This indicates that effects of two drugs were additive. Although both D1 and D2 receptors regulate food consumption, the anorectic effect of apomorphine appears to involve only D2 receptors.
Defining the Public Health Threat of Food Fraud (2011)

Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food protection threat that has not been defined or holistically addressed. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to the development of food defense as an autonomous area of study and a new food protection discipline. As economically motivated adulteration grows in scope, scale, and awareness, it is conceivable that food fraud will achieve the same status as an autonomous concept, between food safety and food defense. This research establishes a starting point for defining food fraud and identifying the public health risks.
Evaporative Clean-Up of Water-Blocks in Gas Wells (2005)

Abstract The flow of a gas in to a wellbore in a production well can result in the evaporative cleanup of water blocks. This occurs primarily due to the expansion of gas resulting in additional water being evaporated in the near wellbore region. This study presents for the first time, equations and a model to calculate the rate at which the water block is removed in both fractured and unfractured gas wells. It is shown that the removal of water by the expanding gas leaves behind a saturation profile that is qualitatively different for low and high permeability rocks. As a consequence the increase in gas relative permeability or the well productivity with time can vary substantially depending on the rock permeability and the well drawdown. The model allows us to compute the impact of evaporative cleaning on well productivity. It is seen that high permeability rocks clean up significantly faster. It is also observed that unfractured wells may require a very long time to cleanup. Large pressure drawdowns as well as the use of more volatile fluids such as alcohols result in significantly faster cleanup. A distinctive feature of the study is that the model equations are formulated and solved completely without the assumption of skin factors for the damage zone. Thus the prediction of cleanup rates can be made more accurately.
A Method for Visualizing the Acrosome by Light Microscopy (1986)

A silver staining technique applied to squash preparations of material previously fixed in 3:1 ethanol:acetic acid produces differential staining of the acrosomal region of spermatids during spermiogenesis in orthopteroid species. The method includes treatment with saline sodium citrate solution for 15 min at 60 C, and staining with 50% aqueous silver nitrate adjusted to pH 2.9 with formic acid.
Evaluation of New Anti-Infective Drugs for the Treatment of Toxoplasma Encephalitis (1992)

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that exists in three forms, all of which are potentially infectious for humans. After acute infection, cysts persist in the central nervous system and extraneural tissue. Human hosts with compromised immunity, particularly those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, are vulnerable to reactivation and dissemination. The most common clinical expression of toxoplasma infection is encephalitis. The diagnosis is established by clinical presentation, computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging, and detection of antibodies to T. gondii in serum of patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Brain biopsy may be performed. Protocols may be developed for the evaluation of new regimens for the treatment of acute encephalitis, the suppression of disease after treatment, or the prevention of reactivation before the onset of clinical disease. Assessment of clinical outcome is paramount.
Meta-analysis when only the median survival times are known: A comparison with individual patient data results (2005)

We show that using median survival times or survival rates at a particular point in time are not reasonable surrogate measures for meta-analyses of survival outcomes and that, wherever possible, HRs should be calculated. Individual trial publications reporting on time to event outcomes, therefore, should provide more detailed statistical information, preferably logHRs and their variances, or their estimators.
The real costs of outsourcing (1995)

Nearly every public and private organization is expected to take a serious look at outsourcing for at least part of their operations. Yet the emotional costs that employees pay and the productivity loss a company risks can offset the potential cost savings. An Informed decision on whether to outsource hinges on understanding the roles and responsibilities of management, contractors, and consultants.
Programming 2D/3D shape-shifting with hobbyist 3D printers (2017)

Materials and devices with advanced functionalities often need to combine complex 3D shapes with functionality-inducing surface features. Precisely controlled bio-nanopatterns, printed electronic components, and sensors/actuators are all examples of such surface features. However, the vast majority of the refined technologies that are currently available for creating functional surface features work only on flat surfaces. Here we present initially flat constructs that upon triggering by high temperatures change their shape to a pre-programmed 3D shape, thereby enabling the combination of surface-related functionalities with complex 3D shapes. A number of shape-shifting materials have been proposed during the last few years based on various types of advanced technologies. The proposed techniques often require multiple fabrication steps and special materials, while being limited in terms of the 3D shapes they could achieve. The approach presented here is a single-step printing process that requires only a hobbyist 3D printer and inexpensive off-the-shelf materials. It also lends itself to a host of design strategies based on self-folding origami, instability-driven pop-up, and 'sequential' shape-shifting to unprecedentedly expand the space of achievable 3D shapes. This combination of simplicity and versatility is a key to widespread applications.
Processing and post-refinement of oscillation camera data (1979)

When collecting data using oscillation photography, it is necessary to distinguish between those reflections which have passed completely through the Ewald sphere (`full reflections') and those whose penetration is incomplete (`partial reflections'). Such differentiation requires an accurate knowledge of crystal setting parameters. This is particularly necessary if partial reflections are to be used when adjacent films do not originate from the same crystal. In general this is the case where diffracted intensities are weak, as in crystals of oligomeric proteins and viruses. Estimates of setting parameters can be obtained by comparing a partial reflection on one film with a full observation of the same reflection on the same or another film [Schutt, C. E. & Winkler, F. K. (1977). The Rotation Method in Crystallography, edited by U. W. Arndt & A. J. Wonacott, pp. 173–186. Amsterdam: North-Holland]. A measure of the observed degree of partiality, pobs, can thus be made and related to the calculated value, pcalc, derived from the crystal setting parameters. Least-squares minimization of E = Σω(pobs − pcalc)2 leads to the refinement of (1) the orientation of each crystal, (2) the crystal cell dimensions and (3) each crystal's effective mosaic spread. Examples of this technique are provided from the processing of high-resolution southern bean mosaic virus data.
Quantifying Generalization in Reinforcement Learning (2018)

In this paper, we investigate the problem of overfitting in deep reinforcement learning. Among the most common benchmarks in RL, it is customary to use the same environments for both training and testing. This practice offers relatively little insight into an agent's ability to generalize. We address this issue by using procedurally generated environments to construct distinct training and test sets. Most notably, we introduce a new environment called CoinRun, designed as a benchmark for generalization in RL. Using CoinRun, we find that agents overfit to surprisingly large training sets. We then show that deeper convolutional architectures improve generalization, as do methods traditionally found in supervised learning, including L2 regularization, dropout, data augmentation and batch normalization.
Comment on “Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple” (1998)

A Comment on the Letter by John P. Perdew, Kieron Burke, and Matthias Ernzerhof, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.Received 2 June 1997DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.890©1998 American Physical Society
Further spectroscopic and kinetic studies on carbonyloxyl radicals (1991)

UV-visible absorption spectra and kinetic data obtained at room temperature are reported for three (alkenylcarbonyl)oxyls: trans-(CH 3) 3CCH=CHC(O)O •, 1a; trans-C 6H 5CH=CHC(O)O •, 1b; (CH 3) 2C=CHC(O)O •, 1c; and two (alkynylcarbonyl)oxyls: (CH 3) 3CC≡CC(O)O •, 2a; C 6H 5C≡CC(O)O •, 2b. Rate constants for decarboxylation of 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b are estimated to be ≤1.1 × 10 7, 1 × 10 6, 5 × 10 5 and 2 × 10 5 s -1, respectively. The first-order decay of 1c would appear to occur primarily by an intramolecular H atom abstraction, k ∼ (2 ± 1) × 10 7 s -1. The (alkynylcarbonyl)oxyls are more reactive than the (alkenylcarbonyl)oxyls in a variety of H atom abstraction reactions, e.g., with c-C 6H 12, and addition reactions, e.g., with C 6H 5CH=CH 2. Combining the present and earlier 5-7 kinetic data for carbonyloxyls yields the following order of decreasing reactivity for hydrogen abstraction and addition reactions: RC≡CC(O)O • ≥ ROC(O)O • > RR′C=CHC(O)O • ≥ C 6H 5C(O)O •. The reactivities of meta- and para-substituted aroyloxyls can be correlated with the intrinsic acidities and with the pK a's of the corresponding benzoic acids, reactivity increasing with acid strength.
Different patient case mix by applying the 2003 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS sepsis definitions instead of the 1992 ACCP/SCCM sepsis definitions in surgical patients: a retrospective observational study (2009)

The prevalence and mortality rates of various sepsis severity stages differ if defined by the 1992 or the 2003 definitions. Thus, transferring conclusions drawn from data sets regarding severity of sepsis generated with the 1992 definitions to the same population applying the 2003 definitions may be misleading. The 1992 definitions may under-classify patients with severe sepsis.
An Optical Study of Spark Ignition and Flame Kernel Development Near the Lean Limit at Elevated Pressure (2010)

Spark ignition of lean and dilute fuel-air mixtures provides emission reductions of NOx. Furthermore, operation at the lean-dilute limit increases engine efficiency through reduced pumping loses and reduced heat transfer. However, ignition near the lean flammability limit becomes more stochastic and exhibits substantially decreased flame propagation rates. In this work, spark ignition and the subsequent flame kernel development and propagation are studied in a constant volume optical combustion vessel. The vessel provides full field orthogonal and line-of-site optical access via sapphire windows. Additionally, an automated process controller with a versatile gas system enables the creation of a wide range of fuel-air mixtures, including lean and dilute mixtures of hydrocarbons, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ambient conditions including in-chamber temperature and pressure levels, along with dilution conditions, can be set independently. Ignition is provided by an automotive spark plug in the chamber. Optical diagnostics including simultaneous CH* chemiluminescence and shadowgraph imaging are utilized to characterize initial kernel growth and flame development under elevated pressure conditions, from atmospheric to 17.3 bar. Chemiluminescence images are quantified to determine flame intensity and kernel radius to understand the success of initial flame kernel development and propagation. Increasing the pressure yields a slower rate of flame kernel development and propagation, with a thickening flame front, which in turn increases the effects of buoyancy and heat loss. Leaning the mixture can yield unsuccessful kernel development due to heat loss to the large electrode which may cause a failed sustaining of combustion. This knowledge on kernel development near the lean limit benefits the engine community by characterizing the importance of ambient conditions including pressure and mixture properties in sustaining flame growth and propagation.
Effects of heating on salt-occluded zeolite (1996)

The electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel generates a waste stream of fission products in the electrolyte, LiCl-KCl eutectic salt. Argonne National Laboratory is developing a mineral waste form for this waste stream. The waste form consists of a composite formed by hot pressing salt-occluded zeolite and a glass binder. Pressing conditions must be judiciously chosen. For a given pressure, increasing temperatures and hold times give denser products but the zeolite is frequently converted to sodalite. Reducing the temperature or hold time leads to a porous zeolite composite. Therefore, conditions that affect the thermal stability of salt-occluded zeolite both with and without glass are being investigated in an ongoing study. The parameters varied in this stage of the work were heating time, temperature, salt loading, and glass content. The heat-treated samples were examined primarily by X-ray diffraction. Large variations were found in the rate at which salt-occluded zeolite converted to other phases such as nepheline, salt, and sodalite. The products depended on the initial salt loading. Heating times required for these transitions depended on the procedure and temperature used to prepare the salt-occluded zeolite. Mixtures of glass and zeolite reacted much faster than the pure salt-occluded zeolite and were almost always converted to sodalite.
The Crystal Structure of Bis[4-(5′-carboxylpentyloxy)acetophenon]azine (1990)

Abstract Bis[4-(5′-carboxylpentyloxy)acetophenon]azine, C28H36N2O6, is a dicarboxylic acid containing a mesogenic core. It has been taken into account as a model compound for main chain liquid crystalline polymers containing mesogenic groups and flexible spacers in alternating sequence. The crystal and molecular structure has been determined, at room temperature, by direct methods. Crystals belong to the triclinic system, space group P1, a = 6.519(2)Å, b = 7.665(2)Å, c = 26.215(7)Å, α = 91.97(2)°, β = 93.70(2)°, γ = 84.77(2)°, with two molecules per unit cell. The structure was refined, by full matrix least squares method, to R = 0.064 for 2679 observed independent reflections, having I > 3[sgrave](I). Molecules are bonded along extended rows through hydrogen bonds between carboxylic groups. The conformation around the central =N-N= bond of the crystallographic independent molecule is not fully transplanar and the phenyl rings belonging to a molecule are twisted with respect to each other, their average planes making a dihedral angle of 63.8(1)°.
Identification of Differentially Expressed miRNAs between a Wheat K-type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Line and Its Near-Isogenic Restorer Line (2019)

K-type cytoplasmic male sterility (KCMS) lines were ideal material for three-line hybrid wheat system due to the major role in hybrid wheat production. In this study, the morphology of developing microspore and mature pollen was compared between a KCMS line and its near-isogenic restorer line (KCMS-NIL). The most striking difference is that the microspore was unable to develop into tricellular pollen in the KCMS line. MicroRNA plays vital roles in flowering and gametophyte development. Small RNA sequencing identified a total of 274 known and 401 novel miRNAs differentially expressed between two lines or two developmental stages. Most of miRNAs with high abundance were differentially expressed at the uninucleate stage, and their expression level recovered or remained at the binucleate stage. Further degradome sequencing identified target genes which were mainly enriched in transcription regulation, phytohormone signaling and RNA degradation pathways. Combining with the transcriptome data, a correlation was found between the abnormal anther development, such as postmeiotic mitosis cessation, deformative pollen wall and the chromosome condensation of the vegetative cell, and the alterations in the related miRNA and their targets expression profiles. According to the correlation and pathway analysis, we propose a hypothetic miRNA-mediated network for the control of KCMS restoration.
Amygdala–hippocampal shape differences in schizophrenia: the application of 3D shape models to volumetric MR data (2020)

Evidence suggests that some structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental in origin. There is also growing evidence to suggest that shape deformations in brain structure may reflect abnormalities in neurodevelopment. While many magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies have investigated brain area and volume measures in schizophrenia, fewer have focused on shape deformations. In this MR study we used a 3D shape representation technique, based on spherical harmonic functions, to analyze left and right amygdala-hippocampus shapes in each of 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls matched for age, gender, handedness and parental socioeconomic status. Left/right asymmetry was also measured for both shape and volume differences. Additionally, shape and volume measurements were combined in a composite analysis. There were no differences between groups in overall volume or shape. Left/right amygdala–hippocampal asymmetry, however, was significantly larger in patients than controls for both relative volume and shape. The local brain regions responsible for the left/right asymmetry differences in patients with schizophrenia were in the tail of the hippocampus (including both the inferior aspect adjacent to parahippocampal gyrus and the superior aspect adjacent to the lateral geniculate nucleus and more anteriorly to the cerebral peduncles) and in portions of the amygdala body (including the anterior–superior aspect adjacent to the basal nucleus). Also, in patients, increased volumetric asymmetry tended to be correlated with increased left/right shape asymmetry. Furthermore, a combined analysis of volume and shape asymmetry resulted in improved differentiation between groups. Classification function analyses correctly classified 70% of cases using volume, 73.3% using shape, and 87% using combined volume and shape measures. These findings suggest that shape provides important new information toward characterizing the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and that combining volume and shape measures provides improved group discrimination in studies investigating brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. An evaluation of shape deformations also suggests local abnormalities in the amygdala–hippocampal complex in schizophrenia.
The Thermal Isomerization of 1,1-Dicyclopropylbutadiene (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Thermal Isomerization of 1,1-DicyclopropylbutadieneA. D. Ketley, J. L. McClanahan, and L. P. FisherCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 5, 1659–1661Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01016a512https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01016a512research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views45Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Biologically Inspired, Vision‐based Guidance System for Automatic Landing of a Fixed‐wing Aircraft (2014)

We describe a guidance system for achieving automatic landing of a fixed‐wing aircraft in unstructured outdoor terrain, using onboard video cameras. The system uses optic flow information for sensing and controlling the height above the ground, and information on the horizon profile, also acquired by the vision system for stabilizing roll and controlling pitch, and additionally, if required, for the control and stabilization of yaw and flight direction. At low heights, when optic flow is unreliable, stereo information is used to guide descent close to touchdown. While rate gyro information is used to augment attitude stabilization in one of the designs, this is not mandatory and it can be replaced by visual information. Smooth, safe landings are achieved with a success rate of 92.5%. The system does not emit active radiation and does not rely on any external information such as a global positioning system or an instrument landing system.
An Agriculturalist’s Viewpoint of Risks and Benefits of Herbicide-Resistant Cultivars (2018)

Herbicide-resistant cultivar (HRC) is now being utilized for weed control in crop production worldwide in developed countries or to a lesser extent in developing countries. Once a selective herbicide was identified, the environmental impact of that herbicide was then assessed. Concern about the use of HRC is common among the general public because genetically engineered organisms or biotechnology developments have received consider able adverse publicity in the popular press. Herbicide-resistant cultivars have been viewed anywhere from creating an environmental time bomb to more rapidly solving specific weed problems in crop production. Herbicide-resistant cultivars could be developed for herbicides that last only hours, or at most days, in soil or water, which would eliminate their accumulation or buildup in the environment. However, in some situations the more persistent herbicides have the advantage of providing weed control over an entire growing season and thus eliminating repeat applications.