gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation and Cycloaddition of 8,8-Dimethylisobenzofulvene (1972)

Abstract Transient 8,8-dimethylisobenzofulvene (5) was generated by thermal decomposition of two materials; one is formally an adduct of cyclopentadienone with 9-isopropylidenebenzonorbornadiene (6), and the other an adduct of 3,6-di(2′-pyridyl)-S-tetrazine with 6. The former was prepared by cycloaddition of 6 to tetrachlorodimethoxycyclopentadiene followed by dechlorination giving a ketal, then hydrolysis of the ketal function. Generation without any trapping reagent instantaneously yielded one kind of dimer of a stereospecific structure. In the presence of dimethyl maleate, dimethyl 9-isopropylidenebenzonorbornene-exo,cis-2,3-dicarboxylate and its endo-cis isomer were formed. In the presence of dimethyl fumarate, the trans isomer was obtained. Trapping with tropone led to a 1 : 1 adduct resulting from participation of the exocyclic C2–C8 double bond in 5. All attempts to isolate 5 or prepare a stable metal complex of 5 by conventional means were unsuccessful.
Effectiveness of Gorei-san (TJ-17) for Treatment of SSRI-Induced Nausea and Dyspepsia: Preliminary Observations (2003)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are apt to cause gastrointestinal adverse events such as nausea and dyspepsia. Gorei-san (TJ-17), which is composed of five herbs (Alismatis rhizoma, Atractylodis lanceae rhizoma, Polyporus, Hoelen, and Cinnamomi cortex), is a Japanese herbal medicine that has been used to treat nausea, dry mouth, edema, headache, and dizziness. The authors investigated the efficacy of TJ-17 for patients who experienced nausea or dyspepsia induced by SSRIs. Twenty outpatients who experienced nausea or dyspepsia induced by SSRIs were recruited for the study. Seventeen patients were female, three were male, and patient age ranged from 21 to 74 years (49.8 +/- 17.0 years). TJ-17 was added to the previous regimen. Nausea and dyspepsia disappeared completely in nine patients, decreased in four patients, decreased slightly in two patients, and did not change in five patients. No adverse events were associated with the addition of TJ-17 in any patient.
A new method in acquisition to detect GNSS spoofing signal (2013)

Spoofing is a huge threat to navigation system. Anti-spoofing in acquisition can firstly find spoofing signal. In this paper, a new method is proposed to alarm receiver whether there is a spoofing signal: in acquisition stage, if receiver finds two correlation peaks above a threshold for two times continuously, it indicates a spoofing signal; while if one peak, only if the rough signal-to-noise ratio is lower than a power threshold and the width of correlation function is lower than a width threshold, it has no spoofing signal. The theoretical calculation methods of thresholds above are all presented there. Also, the influence factors and performance analysis is presented. Results show that we give a quantitative power threshold; and by introducing the width of correlation function, it can deal with the condition that the authentic and spoofing signals are overlap, while methods existed can't. Our work is significant for designing anti-spoofing receiver.
Deep Dynamical Modeling and Control of Unsteady Fluid Flows (2018)

The design of flow control systems remains a challenge due to the nonlinear nature of the equations that govern fluid flow. However, recent advances in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have enabled the simulation of complex fluid flows with high accuracy, opening the possibility of using learning-based approaches to facilitate controller design. We present a method for learning the forced and unforced dynamics of airflow over a cylinder directly from CFD data. The proposed approach, grounded in Koopman theory, is shown to produce stable dynamical models that can predict the time evolution of the cylinder system over extended time horizons. Finally, by performing model predictive control with the learned dynamical models, we are able to find a straightforward, interpretable control law for suppressing vortex shedding in the wake of the cylinder.
Operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodes: Mechanism and identification of chemical products (2007)

Despite the importance of the operational lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in practical applications, little is known about the nature of chemical reactions associated with efficiency losses during operation. To gain an insight into a chemical mechanism of operational degradation, we studied operation-induced changes in chemical compositions of fluorescent and phosphorescent OLEDs utilizing carbazole derivatives in emissive layers. We detected substantial losses of the emissive components, including the carbazole-derived host 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)biphenyl (CBP) and, if present, phosphorescent dopant. Several different materials were found only in the degraded OLEDs, and some of them were isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. A similar set of products was found upon UV irradiation of CBP films. Structures of degradation products suggest that the key step in operational degradation of OLEDs is homolytic cleavage of weaker bonds, e.g., an exocyclic C–N bond in CBP, in the excited state, followed by radical addition reactions to yield stabilized π radicals. Overall, OLED operation leads to the accumulation of the neutral radical species and their reduced or oxidized forms, acting as nonradiative recombination centers and luminescence quenchers.
Planar multiple-valued decision diagrams (2002)

In VLSI, crossings occupy space and cause delay. Therefore, there is significant benefit to planar circuits. We propose the use of planar multiple-valued decision diagrams to produce planar multiple-valued circuits. Specifically, we show conditions on 1) threshold functions, 2) symmetric functions, and 3) monotone increasing functions that produce planar decision diagrams. Our results apply to binary functions, as well. For example, we show that all two-valued monotone increasing threshold functions of up to five variables have planar binary decision diagrams.
Asymmetric Catalysis in Ionic Liquids: Easy Recycling of Catalyst and Improvement of Catalytic Performances (2004)

Ambient temperature ionic liquids have recently come to be regarded as an eco-friendly alternative to volatile organic solvents in chemical processes, due to their negligible vapor pressure and high thermal stability. In these solvents, chiral catalysts having polar or ionic character can be immobilized without additional structural modification and thus the ionic solutions containing the catalyst can easily be separated from the reagents and reaction products, and then, be reused. More interestingly, switching from an organic solvent to an ionic liquid often results in an improvement in catalytic performance (e.g., rate acceleration, enantioselectivity improvement and an increase in catalyst stability).
Entanglement is Necessary for Emergent Classicality in All Physical Theories (2017)

One of the most striking features of quantum theory is the existence of entangled states, responsible for Einstein's so called "spooky action at a distance." These states emerge from the mathematical formalism of quantum theory, but to date we do not have a clear idea of the physical principles that give rise to entanglement. Why does nature have entangled states? Would any theory superseding classical theory have entangled states, or is quantum theory special? One important feature of quantum theory is that it has a classical limit, recovering classical theory through the process of decoherence. We show that any theory with a classical limit must contain entangled states, thus establishing entanglement as an inevitable feature of any theory superseding classical theory.
Design and performance of a 0.18 m2inductive detector for cosmic magnetic monopoles (1987)

A large detector for cosmic magnetic monopoles has been designed, tested and used for over a year. It contains three independent superconducting loops, whose currents are monitored by three RF SQUID sensors. Two of the loops, each of diameter 170 mm, are of gradiometric design; the third loop, 950 mm high and 115 mm wide, maximises the available detector area, but responds with a non-unique signal to a monopole. The detector assembly is shielded from the ambient magnetic field by a set of high-permeability room-temperature shields and a thick superconducting shield. Extensive precautions were taken to exclude mechanical and electrical interference. A computerised data acquisition system measures the detector loop currents 20 times per second, and simultaneously records the outputs of monitoring devices for vibration, RF interference, magnetic field and cryostat helium pressure. The detector has proved highly satisfactory, with an active observation time of over 90% of the running time.
PARP1 catalytic variants reveal branching and chain length-specific functions of poly(ADP-ribose) in cellular physiology and stress response (2020)

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation regulates numerous cellular processes like genome maintenance and cell death, thus providing protective functions but also contributing to several pathological conditions. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) molecules exhibit a remarkable heterogeneity in chain lengths and branching frequencies, but the biological significance of this is basically unknown. To unravel structure-specific functions of PAR, we used PARP1 mutants producing PAR of different qualities, i.e. short and hypobranched (PARP1\G972R), short and moderately hyperbranched (PARP1\Y986S), or strongly hyperbranched PAR (PARP1\Y986H). By reconstituting HeLa PARP1 knockout cells, we demonstrate that PARP1\G972R negatively affects cellular endpoints, such as viability, cell cycle progression and genotoxic stress resistance. In contrast, PARP1\Y986S elicits only mild effects, suggesting that PAR branching compensates for short polymer length. Interestingly, PARP1\Y986H exhibits moderate beneficial effects on cell physiology. Furthermore, different PARP1 mutants have distinct effects on molecular processes, such as gene expression and protein localization dynamics of PARP1 itself, and of its downstream factor XRCC1. Finally, the biological relevance of PAR branching is emphasized by the fact that branching frequencies vary considerably during different phases of the DNA damage-induced PARylation reaction and between different mouse tissues. Taken together, this study reveals that PAR branching and chain length essentially affect cellular functions, which further supports the notion of a 'PAR code'.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSELECTIVITY OF THE PROTOLYSIS OF (η3‐ALLYL)BIS(η5‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL)TITANIUM COMPLEXES WITH HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (1980)

Abstract Regioselektivität der Protolyse von (n3‐Allyl)bis(n5‐cyclopentadienyl)titan‐Komplexen mit Chlorwasserstoff.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Precursor: Characterization in Rat Brain (1986)

To characterize the precursor of mammalian thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a rat hypothalamic lambda gt11 library was screened with an antiserum directed against a synthetic peptide representing a portion of the rat TRH prohormone. The nucleotide sequence of the immunopositive complementary DNA encoded a protein with a molecular weight of 29,247. This protein contained five copies of the sequence Gln-His-Pro-Gly flanked by paired basic amino acids and could therefore generate five TRH molecules. In addition, potential cleavage sites in the TRH precursor could produce other non-TRH peptides, which may be secreted. In situ hybridization to rat brain sections demonstrated that the pre-proTRH complementary DNA detected neurons concentrated in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, the same location as cells detected by immunohistochemistry. These findings indicate that mammalian TRH arises by posttranslational processing of a larger precursor protein. The ability of the TRH prohormone to generate multiple copies of the bioactive peptide may be an important mechanism in the amplification of hormone production.
Doubting Driverless Dilemmas (2019)

The alarm has been raised on so-called ‘driverless dilemmas’, in which autonomous vehicles will need to make high-stakes ethical decisions on the road. We argue that these arguments are too contrived to be of practical use, are an inappropriate method for making decisions on issues of safety, and should not be used to inform engineering or policy.
An analytical approach to evaluate service coverage in slow frequency-hopping mobile radio systems (2001)

The performance of a time-division multiple-access mobile radio system adopting slow frequency hopping is analyzed by following an original procedure that allows the evaluation of thermal noise and fast fading (e.g., Rayleigh) effects on block-coded transmission with nonideal interleaving. Starting from this approach, service coverage can be analytically evaluated when the "slow" disturbances affecting the transmission are fixed. The method proposed is able to take several impairments and parameters into account, such as shadowing and discontinuous transmission. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the theoretical approach.
The software developers' view on product metrics - A survey-based experiment (2010)

Object-oriented metrics are becoming evermore popular and they are used&#13;\nin many diﬀerent areas of software development. Many researchers have&#13;\nshowed in practice that object-oriented metrics can be eﬃciently used for&#13;\nquality assurance. For example, a lot of experimental results conﬁrm that&#13;\nsome of the object-oriented metrics (like coupling, size, and complexity) are&#13;\nable to predict the fault-proneness of classes. Quality assurance experts usually&#13;\naccept that actively applying metrics can help their work. On the other&#13;\nhand, developers tend not to use metrics because they do not know about&#13;\nthem, or if they do know about them, they do not really know how to use&#13;\nthem. Hence we devised a Survey to ask developers with diﬀerent levels of experience&#13;\nabout the use of metrics. Our hypothesis was that developers with&#13;\ndiﬀerent levels of experience might have signiﬁcantly diﬀerent views about&#13;\nthe usefulness of metrics.&#13;\nIn the Survey four metrics (size, complexity, coupling, and code duplication)&#13;\nwere examined. The Survey asked questions about the participants’ experience&#13;\nand skills, then it asked questions about how the participants would&#13;\nprobably use these metrics for software testing or program comprehension,&#13;\nand at the end the relative importance of the metrics was assessed.&#13;\nThe main result of the Survey is a list which contains those cases where&#13;\nthe views about the metrics from developers having diﬀerent experience signiﬁcantly&#13;\ndiﬀer. We think that getting to know the developers’ views better&#13;\ncan help us to create better quality models based on object-oriented metrics.
Human bone and tissue allografts. Preparation and safety. (1994)

Currently, modern tissue banks routinely supply requested bone and soft-tissue allografts. These allografts are safe if tissue-bank personnel adhere to the existing methodology for excluding any donors with potential for disease transmission. The authors' discard rate after excision of tissues has been approximately 18%, reflecting their concern for allograft safety. The preparation of significant numbers of allografts is labor intensive and very expensive, as is multiphasic screening of donors. However, long-term success with a large number of bone or soft-tissue recipient patients has led physicians and patients to have confidence in the safety of allografts prepared as described.
Passive and active drag coefficients of the four conventional swimming techniques (2020)

Accepting the importance of the hydrodynamic profile in competitive swimming, we aimed to characterize (and compare) the active and passive drag coefficients of the four conventional swimming techniques for male and female swimmers, as well as to relate these variables with performance. Ten competitive swimmers (four males and six females of 14-20 years of age) had their passive drag estimated from the underwater gliding velocity/time curve and the active drag assessed using the velocity perturbation method. For obtaining passive and active drag coefficients swimmers cross sectional area was assessed through planimetry and body volume to the power 2/3. We observed that: (a) front crawl and backstroke active drag coefficients were higher in male than females (~0.35-0.45 vs. 0.25-0.30); (b) passive drag coefficients did not differ between genders (~0.40); (c) front crawl and butterfly active drag coefficients were lower than passive drag values for the total sample; (d) different techniques active drag coefficients did not relate with swimming performance (r = [-.59-.58], p > .05); and (e) backstroke passive drag coefficient relate directly with performance (r = .81, p .05) but this behaviour was not observed for the remaining techniques. Active and passive drag coefficients should not be interpreted alone but related with differences in body form and composition, and technical proficiency.
Analysis of Proteins (2006)

Abstract This overview discusses a broad array of aspects involved in protein purification, including historical background, determining the purpose for purifying a particular protein, and methods and recommendations for specific purification procedures. Strategies are discussed based on the classification of the protein according to shape, oligomeric structure, function, as well as location and associations within the cell. Specifically, critical issues are detailed for extracellular, cytoplasmic, and membrane‐associated proteins, as well as for insoluble proteins. Strategies for purification of both soluble and insoluble (inclusion bodies) recombinantly expressed proteins are also provided. Protein purification flow charts are presented to give a broad outline of the methods used for different types of proteins. Also covered are methods of analysis and detection, and techniques for characterizing a purified protein.
Regulation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling by Plant Flavonoids (2015)

Discovery of novel drugs that are able to prevent angiogenesis is a fast growing branch of cancer research. Current approaches to cancer chemotherapy include the use of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, platinum analogs and drugs derived from natural compounds. However, most of the currently used chemotherapeutic drugs have adverse side effects on normal healthy cells. In addition to the classical targets of cancer chemotherapy, prevention of angiogenesis through the regulation of indigenous angiogenic factors is a leading approach of developing selective novel anticancer drugs. Because of their low toxicity, there is increasing interest in exploring specific dietary phytochemicals as possible antiangiogenic agents. In this mini-review, selected flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and epigallocatechin-3- gallate, which are a group of plant polyphenols) that are able to regulate angiogenesis in in vitro and in vivo systems are discussed in the light of their potential to be exploited as novel anticancer drugs. Keywords: Angiogenesis, cancer, chemotherapy, flavonoids, HIF-1-α, polyphenols, VEGF.
Correction for Sarkadi et al., High-Level Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Guinea Pigs Immunized Intradermally with a Heat-Inactivated Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine (2015)

Volume 22, no. 5, p. [570–577][1], 2015. Page 576: The first paragraph of the Acknowledgments section should read as follows. “We thank the FastVac and the UNISEC consortia funded by the Health and the Research Programmes of the European Union and the participating member states for their
Case Report: Successful Conservative Management of Colorenal Fistula after Percutaneous Cryoablation of Renal-Cell Carcinoma (2007)

Contrary to previously reported animal and clinical studies, our case report demonstrates that it is possible to incur serious harm to the renal collecting system as a result of percutaneous renal cryoablation. In stable patients, an attempt at conservative management of a fistula should precede extensive reconstructive efforts.
TU‐B‐BRC‐01: Promise and Challenges of PET for Target Definition and Treatment Response Evaluation (2009)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images show physiological and biological information through the in vivo distribution of radioactive, positron‐emitting agents. PET imaging shows focal and distributed regions of cancer and its metastases. Initial PET uses in oncology include diagnosis and staging, which are important for determining treatment decisions. Current PET uses now include target definition for radiation planning followed by PET‐based assessment of treatment. Hybrid PET‐CT devices are becoming attractive radiation treatment simulators. PET imaging has coarse spatial resolution compared to CT and MR. PET's clinical use is valued because of its great sensitivity for cancer detection. While F‐18‐labled Fluoro‐deoxyglucose (FDG) remains the most promising agent for tumor diagnosis and staging, other, biologically more specific agents (e.g., FMISO, CuATSM for hypoxia imaging or FLT for cell proliferation imaging) might be more appropriate for target definition and treatment assessment. Although PET brings to radiation therapy of cancer the critical advantage of defining the tumor based on its molecular properties, delineating the gross tumor volume (GTV) with PET is problematic due to the uncertainties in the biological and physiological processes governing the tracer uptake and due to physical limitations for the accuracy of PET images. The main PET image degrading factors, including limited resolution, photon scatter and attenuation will be described and some of the current correction strategies will be introduced. A brief summary of the PET image segmentation methods will be presented. This course reviews PET‐CT hybrid scanning devices, uses of FDG and non‐FDG PET for oncology imaging, and quantitative aspects for PET‐based radiation target definition and treatment assessment. Example images demonstrate the potential contributions and limitations of FDG and non‐FDG PET oncology imaging. This review course is intended for both imaging and radiation oncology physicists. Learning Objectives 1. Understand the principle and the current physical limitations of PET 2. Become familiar with the types of PET‐based tumor segmentation methods 3. Discuss quantitative aspects of PET imaging for treatment assessment
Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIs (2016)

Machine learning (ML) models may be deemed confidential due to their sensitive training data, commercial value, or use in security applications. Increasingly often, confidential ML models are being deployed with publicly accessible query interfaces. ML-as-a-service ("predictive analytics") systems are an example: Some allow users to train models on potentially sensitive data and charge others for access on a pay-per-query basis. The tension between model confidentiality and public access motivates our investigation of model extraction attacks. In such attacks, an adversary with black-box access, but no prior knowledge of an ML model's parameters or training data, aims to duplicate the functionality of (i.e., "steal") the model. Unlike in classical learning theory settings, ML-as-a-service offerings may accept partial feature vectors as inputs and include confidence values with predictions. Given these practices, we show simple, efficient attacks that extract target ML models with near-perfect fidelity for popular model classes including logistic regression, neural networks, and decision trees. We demonstrate these attacks against the online services of BigML and Amazon Machine Learning. We further show that the natural countermeasure of omitting confidence values from model outputs still admits potentially harmful model extraction attacks. Our results highlight the need for careful ML model deployment and new model extraction countermeasures.