gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acute sleep deprivation during pregnancy in rats: Rapid elevation of placental and fetal inflammation and kynurenic acid (2019)

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the dominant pathway for tryptophan degradation in the mammalian body and emerging evidence suggests that acute episodes of sleep deprivation (SD) disrupt tryptophan metabolism via the KP. Increases in the neuroactive KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) during pregnancy may lead to a higher risk for disrupted neurodevelopment in the offspring. As pregnancy is a critical period during which several factors, including sleep disruptions, could disrupt the fetal environment, we presently explored the relationship between maternal SD and KP metabolism and immune pathways in maternal, placenta, and fetal tissues. Pregnant Wistar rat dams were sleep deprived by gentle handling for 5 h from zeitgeber time (ZT) 0 to ZT 5. Experimental cohorts included: i) controls, ii) one session of SD on embryonic day (ED) 18 or iii) three sessions of SD occurring daily on ED 16, ED 17 and ED 18. Maternal (plasma, brain), placental and fetal (plasma, brain) tissues were collected immediately after the last session of SD or after 24 h of recovery from SD. Respective controls were euthanized at ZT 5 on ED 18 or ED 19. Maternal plasma corticosterone and fetal brain KYNA were significantly elevated only after one session of SD on ED 18. Importantly, maternal plasma corticosterone levels correlated significantly with fetal brain KYNA levels. In addition, placental levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were increased following maternal SD, suggesting a relationship between placental immune response to SD and fetal brain KYNA accumulation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that sleep loss during the last week of gestation can adversely impact maternal stress, placental immune function, and fetal brain KYNA levels. We introduce KYNA as a novel molecular target influenced by sleep loss during pregnancy.
Turnover of Mitochondrial Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein by Lon Protease: The Unexpected Effect of Proteasome Inhibitors (2007)

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is a vital mitochondrial protein promoting transfer of cholesterol into steroid making mitochondria in specialized cells of the adrenal cortex and gonads. Our previous work has demonstrated that StAR is rapidly degraded upon import into the mitochondrial matrix. To identify the protease(s) responsible for this rapid turnover, murine StAR was expressed in wild-type Escherichia coli or in mutant strains lacking one of the four ATP-dependent proteolytic systems, three of which are conserved in mammalian mitochondria-ClpP, FtsH, and Lon. StAR was rapidly degraded in wild-type bacteria and stabilized only in lon (-)mutants; in such cells, StAR turnover was fully restored upon coexpression of human mitochondrial Lon. In mammalian cells, the rate of StAR turnover was proportional to the cell content of Lon protease after expression of a Lon-targeted small interfering RNA, or overexpression of the protein. In vitro assays using purified proteins showed that Lon-mediated degradation of StAR was ATP-dependent and blocked by the proteasome inhibitors MG132 (IC(50) = 20 microm) and clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone (cLbetaL, IC(50) = 3 microm); by contrast, epoxomicin, representing a different class of proteasome inhibitors, had no effect. Such inhibition is consistent with results in cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells demonstrating that degradation of StAR in the mitochondrial matrix is blocked by MG132 and cLbetaL but not by epoxomicin. Both inhibitors also blocked Lon-mediated cleavage of the model substrate fluorescein isothiocyanate-casein. Taken together, our former studies and the present results suggest that Lon is the primary ATP-dependent protease responsible for StAR turnover in mitochondria of steroidogenic cells.
The Unified Grass Genome: Synergy in Synteny (1997)

The grasses, members of the family Gramineae or Poaceae, are represented by over 10,000 species (Kellogg and Birchler 1993). Three of the domesticated grasses, rice, wheat, and maize, account for about half of total world food production. Although the oldest known grass fossils have been found in paleocene-eocene deposits that are ∼50–60 million years old (Crepet and Feldman 1991), morphological and molecular clock data suggest that the grasses had a monophyletic (single) origin over 70 million years ago (Linder 1986; Clark et al. 1995). Grasses are morphologically distinct from other plant families but are also highly diverse in morphology and growth habit. Grass species differ greatly in chromosome number and genome size. The genome of rice, for instance, is >11-fold smaller than the genome of barley (Arumuganathan and Earle 1991), despite their equivalent diploid states and apparently similar morphological and physiological complexity.
Role for Microphthalmia Transcription Factor in the Diagnosis of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma (2002)

Microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf), a protein critical for the embryonic development and postnatal viability of melanocytes, is a master lineage regulator and modulates extracellular signals. Recently, an anti-Mitf antibody, D5, was shown to be both a sensitive and a specific marker of epithelioid melanoma. Those data suggested that Mitf expression was specific for melanocytic differentiation because it was not detected in six different carcinoma types. To broaden the spectrum of melanomatous and nonmelanomatous tumors tested with this antibody, the authors investigated the sensitivity and specificity of the D5 anti-Mitf antibody in 36 metastatic melanomas and 102 nonmelanomatous tumors. Twenty-nine of 36 (81%) melanomas examined were reactive for D5. Of these, 29 of 32 (91%) epithelioid melanomas were reactive, whereas all 4 melanomas with spindle cell morphology were nonreactive. Six of 102 (5.8%) nonmelanomatous tumors (1 breast carcinoma, 1 malignant mixed mullerian tumor, 2 renal cell carcinomas, and 2 leiomyosarcomas) were reactive for D5. All melanomas were reactive for S-100 protein (a criteria for inclusion in the study), whereas 8 of 102 (7.8%) of nonmelanomatous tumors were reactive. Twenty-five of 36 melanomas (69%) were reactive for HMB-45, whereas no nonmelanomatous tumors were reactive. Twenty-one of 28 (75%) melanomas were reactive for Melan-A. Reactivity for Melan-A was detected in 5 of 102 (4.9%) nonmelanomatous tumors. As with D5, HMB-45 and Melan-A failed to detect all spindle-cell melanomas. Results of this study confirm that D5 is a sensitive marker for epithelioid melanomas; however, the authors found D5 neither quite as sensitive nor quite as specific as in previous studies. Nevertheless, the authors believe that positive staining for D5 when taken in clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical context may be diagnostically useful. In particular, D5 is helpful in the evaluation of epithelioid neoplasms, but not spindle-cell tumors.
THE EFFECT OF DRUGS ON THE CARDIAC MEMBRANE POTENTIALS IN THE RABBIT (1959)

Using the ultramicroelectrode method developed by Ling and Gerard (1), Trautwein et al. (2) and Coraboeuf and Weidmann (3) have recorded slow diastolic depolarization from the pacemaker areas in isolated Purkinje fibers displaying spontaneous beats. Such electrical patterns of spontaneous activity have subsequently been recorded from all cardiac pacemakers studied by the intracellular microelectrode method. It is believed that the slow diastolic depolarization is responsible for the intrinsic rhythmicity of the sinus venosus of the frog heart (4-7), the sinus venosus of the turtle heart (8), the sinoatrial node of the rabbit heart (9), ectopic atrial pacemakers in the dog heart (10) and Purkinje fiber pacemakers from different mammals (2, 3, 11-14).Observations on the effects of drugs on pacemaker areas of single cardiac muscle fibers would greatly contribute to the clarification of their action to a degree hitherto unattainable by conventional method, but until recently there have been very few reports regarding the effect of drugs on the intracellulary recorded membrane potentials of pacemaker areas. West et al. (9, 15) described the use of the ultramicroelectrode technique in localizing and recording from the sinoatrial node of the rabbit atria, and recorded the change in configuration of the pacemaker potentials as a result of rate modification either by acetylcholine or epinephrine.The present report was designed to record the changes in configuration of the pacemaker potentials in the sinoatrial node of the isolated spontaneously beating rabbit atria after the application of a chelating agent, aconitine and antiarrhythmic agents.
Effects of Extruder Screw Speeds on Physical Properties and In Vitro Starch Hydrolysis of Precooked Pinto, Navy, Red, and Black Bean Extrudates (2012)

ABSTRACT Precooked pinto, navy, red, and black bean flours were extruded at different screw speeds (320, 380, and 440 rpm) with a twin‐screw extruder. Effect of speed on physical properties and in vitro starch hydrolysis was investigated. Increasing screw speeds reduced water activity, expansion index, and texture. Extrudates could not be obtained from pinto bean flour at 440 rpm because of the high shear effect. Water absorption index and water solubility index were not significantly affected by screw speed but were significantly higher than for unextruded precooked flour. A significant change in color was observed in navy beans, characterized by increasing b values on the Hunter color scale. Resistant starch ranged from 3.65 to 4.83% db and was not significantly affected by screw speed. Glycemic index of all extrudates was high, ranging from 81.3 to 86.9.
The high affinity calcium-binding site involved in protein C activation is outside the first epidermal growth factor homology domain. (1992)

Binding Ca2+ to a high affinity site in protein C and 4-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-domainless protein C results in a conformational change that is required for activation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex, the natural activator of protein C. It has been hypothesized that this high affinity Ca(2+)-binding site is located in the NH2-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF) homology region of protein C. We have expressed in human 293 cells a deletion mutant of protein C (E2-PD) which lacks the entire Gla region as well as the NH2-terminal EGF homology region of protein C. Ca2+ inhibits activation of E2-PD or Gla-domainless protein C by thrombin with half-maximal inhibition occurring at Ca2+ concentrations of 103 +/- 11 and 70 +/- 7 microM, respectively, but is required for both E2-PD and Gla-domainless protein C activation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex with half-maximal acceleration occurring at Ca2+ concentrations of 87 +/- 8 and 89 +/- 8 microM, respectively. Both E2-PD and Gla-domainless protein C exhibit a reversible, Ca(2+)- but not Mg(2+)-dependent decrease (6 +/- 1%) in fluorescence emission intensity with Kd = 38 +/- 3 microM Ca2+. We conclude that the high affinity Ca(2+)-binding site important for the activation of protein C is located outside of the NH2-terminal EGF homology region and that the metal-binding site in the NH2-terminal EGF homology region may not be a high affinity site in intact protein C.
Time base modulation: a new approach to watermarking audio (2003)

A novel method is presented for inaudibly hiding information in an audio signal by subtly applying time-scale modification to segments of the signal. The sequence, duration, and degree of the time-scale modifications are the parameters which encode information in the altered signal. By comparing the altered signal with a reference copy, compressed and expanded regions can be identified and the hidden data recovered. This approach is novel and has several advantages over other methods: it is theoretically noiseless, it introduces no spectral distortion, and it is robust to all known methods of reproduction, compression, and transmission.
Series- or Parallel-Connected Composite Amplifiers (1986)

Power amplifiers based on combining two power stages where one supplies the bulk of the load power and the other ensures high output signal quality are discussed. The entire class of such combinations is described with particular attention given to a unique parallel topology. Experimental and theoretical results show that this topology has high performance without large efficiency or hardware penalties.
Data from Gene Expression Profiles Classify Human Osteosarcoma Xenografts According to Sensitivity to Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, and Ifosfamide (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; In osteosarcoma, aggressive preoperative and postoperative multidrug chemotherapy given to all patients has improved patient survival rate to the present level of ∼60%. However, no tumor marker is available that reliably can identify those patients who will or will not respond to chemotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; In an attempt to find leads to such markers, we have obtained microarray gene expression profiles from a panel of 10 different human osteosarcoma xenografts and related the results to their sensitivity to ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The expression data identified genes with highly significant differential expression between poor and good responder xenografts to the three different drugs: 85 genes for doxorubicin, 74 genes for cisplatin, and 118 genes for ifosfamide. Technical validation with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed good correlation with the microarray expression data. Gene Ontology–guided analysis suggested that properties of the poorly responsive xenografts were resistance to undergo programmed cell death and, particularly for ifosfamide, a drive toward dedifferentiation and increased tumor aggressiveness. Leads toward metabolic alterations and involvement of mitochondrial pathways for apoptosis and stress response were more prominent for doxorubicin and cisplatin. Finally, small interfering RNA–mediated gene silencing of IER3 and S100A2 sensitized the human osteosarcoma cell line OHS to treatment with 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The expression profiles contained several novel biomarker candidates that may help predict the responsiveness of osteosarcoma to doxorubicin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide. The potential of selected candidates will be further validated on clinical specimens from osteosarcoma patients. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7161–9)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Further evaluation of alternative air-filtration systems for reducing the transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by aerosol. (2006)

The purpose of this study was to compare 4 methods for the reduction of aerosol transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration, 2x-low-cost filtration, bag filtration, and use of a filter tested against particles derived from dioctylphthalate (DOP). The HEPA-filtration system used a prefilter screen, a bag filter (Eurovent [EU] 8 rating), and a HEPA filter (EU13 rating). The low-cost-filtration system contained mosquito netting (prefilter), 2 fiberglass furnace filters, and 2 electrostatic furnace filters. Bag filtration involved the use of a filter rated EU8 and a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 14. The 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm-filtration system involved a pleat-in-pleat V-bank disposable filter with a 95% efficiency rating for particles 0.3 microm or greater in diameter and ratings of EU9 and MERV 15. No form of intervention was used in the control group. The experimental facilities consisted of 2 chambers connected by a 1.3-m-long duct containing the treatments. Recipient pigs, housed in chamber 2, were exposed to artificial aerosols created by a mechanically operated mister containing modified live PRRSV vaccine located in chamber 1. Aerosol transmission of PRRSV occurred in 0 of the 10 HEPA-filtration replicates, 2 of the 10 bag-filtration replicates, 4 of the 10 low-cost-filtration replicates, 0 of the 10 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm-filtration replicates, and all 10 of the control replicates. Using a similar approach, we further evaluated the HEPA- and 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm-filtration systems. Infection was not observed in any of the 76 HEPA-filtration replicates but was observed in 2 of the 76 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm replicates and 42 of the 50 control replicates. Although the difference between the 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm and control replicates was significant (P < 0.0005), so was the level of failure of the 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm system (P = 0.02). In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, some methods of air filtration were significantly better than others in reducing aerosol transmission of PRRSV, and HEPA filtration was the only system that completely prevented transmission.
Transport properties of magnetic amorphous alloys (1979)

We discuss several aspects of the transport properties of magnetic amorphous alloys : contributions from magnetic ordering and from Kondo effect to the resistivity, resistivity minima of non-magnetic origin, magnetoresistance, resistivity anisotropy, extraordinary Hall effect.
Longitudinal and lateral control for automated lane change maneuvers (2015)

This paper considers the trajectory planning problem of a vehicle system for automated lane change maneuvers. By considering a lane change maneuver as primarily a longitudinal planning problem, the proposed trajectory planning algorithm determines whether there exists a longitudinal trajectory which allows the ego vehicle to safely position itself in a gap between surrounding vehicles in the target lane. If such a longitudinal trajectory exists, the algorithm plans the corresponding lateral trajectory. The lane change trajectory planning problem is thereby reduced to solving low-complexity model predictive control problems resulting in loosely coupled longitudinal and lateral motion trajectories. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the proposed algorithm to generate smooth collision-free trajectories for lane change maneuvers.
SOL-GEL ALUMINA AND SILICA COATED CARBONYL IRON POWDERS (2009)

Carbonyl iron powders were coated by boehmite (γ-AlOOH) or silicon hydroxide Si(OH)4 nanoparticles derived from the hydrolysis of tri-secbutoxide (Al(OC4H9)3) or tetramethylsilane (Si(OCH3)4) using colloidal and polymeric sol-gel method. The coated powders were dried at 100°C and calcined at 400°C for 3 hours in air. Surface morphology and crosssection of coated carbonyl iron powders were investigated by SEM/EDX analysis. Coated Fe micro-particles were round or elliptic shapes with „shell/core“ structures. The shells consisted of an amorphous layer with different thicknesses (200-800 nm) and the core represented a carbonyl iron. There was observed xerogel morphology of dried alumina coatings composed of nanoparticles of iron oxyhydroxides (lepidocrocite γFeOOH and goethite α-FeOOH) and γ-AlOOH with a shell thickness of ~100-150 nm around iron particles. In coatings based on silica xerogels with thickness of ~200-500 nm, the coatings consisted of iron oxyhydroxides and Si(OH)4. From XRD diffractograms it resulted that hematite (α-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) were formed in calcined colloidal and polymeric alumina or silica coated iron powders. The X-ray diffraction patterns did not verify the presence of γ-Al2O3 or SiO2 which indicates the amorphous or nanocrystalline structure of alumina or silica.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of (Fluorocarbethoxymethylene)tri‐n‐butylphosphorane: A Facile Entry to α‐Fluoroalkanoates. (1990)

Abstract The phosphine (I) reacts with ethyl bromofluoroacetate (II), forming the phosphonium bromide (III) which is treated with BuLi and subsequently coupled with the halides (IV) to give the alkylation products (V).
Contextual Bandits in a Survey Experiment on Charitable Giving: Within-Experiment Outcomes versus Policy Learning (2022)

We design and implement an adaptive experiment (a ``contextual bandit'') to learn a targeted treatment assignment policy, where the goal is to use a participant's survey responses to determine which charity to expose them to in a donation solicitation. The design balances two competing objectives: optimizing the outcomes for the subjects in the experiment (``cumulative regret minimization'') and gathering data that will be most useful for policy learning, that is, for learning an assignment rule that will maximize welfare if used after the experiment (``simple regret minimization''). We evaluate alternative experimental designs by collecting pilot data and then conducting a simulation study. Next, we implement our selected algorithm. Finally, we perform a second simulation study anchored to the collected data that evaluates the benefits of the algorithm we chose. Our first result is that the value of a learned policy in this setting is higher when data is collected via a uniform randomization rather than collected adaptively using standard cumulative regret minimization or policy learning algorithms. We propose a simple heuristic for adaptive experimentation that improves upon uniform randomization from the perspective of policy learning at the expense of increasing cumulative regret relative to alternative bandit algorithms. The heuristic modifies an existing contextual bandit algorithm by (i) imposing a lower bound on assignment probabilities that decay slowly so that no arm is discarded too quickly, and (ii) after adaptively collecting data, restricting policy learning to select from arms where sufficient data has been gathered.
Double sided minority carrier collection in silicon solar cells (2000)

Several new cell structures are under development in order to lower the module fabrication cost by designing cells for easier encapsulation. Most of these structures have a carrier collecting emitter adjacent to the front surface and an option to use part of the rear surface for additional collection. The double collecting structures that can be made in this way are expected to show an increased short circuit current. In this paper, a detailed comparison between single- and double-sided collecting structures is presented. By means of one- and two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) simulations, a detailed description is presented of the physical behavior of the double collecting structures, where an increased short circuit current is accompanied by a decreased open circuit voltage. It is shown that for the material quality presently used in industry, an efficiency gain up to 0.4% absolute can be obtained by using part of the rear surface for additional collection.
S88 Invited —Nanoscale Diffraction Microscopy at the CNM/APS Hard X-ray Nanoprobe Beamline (2008)

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A Case of Giant Ureteric Polyp (1973)

A case of giant ureteric polyp is reported. Histologically it was classified as a ureteric hamartoma showing a predominantly fibrovascular pattern. Conservative excision of the polyp gave a satisfactory result. The problems encountered in the diagnosis and management are discussed. A new classification of tumorous lesions of the ureter is suggested. This essentially separates the true tumours from the ureteric polyps.
Developments and advances in in situ transmission electron microscopy for catalysis research (2021)

Recent developments and advances in <italic>in situ</italic> TEM have raised the possibility to study every step during the catalysts' lifecycle. This review discusses the current state, opportunities and challenges of <italic>in situ</italic> TEM in the realm of catalysis.