gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 4. Sensing with Poly(vinyl alcohol)−Polyelectrolyte Blend Modified Optically Transparent Electrodes (1999)

The feasibility of using polymer blend thin films covalently attached to indium tin oxide−glass, via the silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, for performing spectroelectrochemical modulation is demonstrated in aqueous solutions. The polymer blends were formulated by entrapping three polyelectrolytespoly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PVTAC), poly(acrylic acid), and Nafionin cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix for the purpose of selectively incorporating solution-phase anions and cations. Ru(BiPy)32+ (BiPy = 2,2‘-bipyridine), Ru(CN)64-, and Fe(CN)63- were chosen as the analytes for their suitable optical and electrochemical properties. Peak current enhancements, compared with the bare electrode under the same conditions, ranging from 2 to 7 were observed for these systems with the largest being for Fe(CN)63- at an electrode coated with PVA−PVTAC blend. The optical absorbance change under attenuated total reflection during cyclic voltammetry (spectroelectrochemical modulation) was observed for all systems. The effects of potential window, electrochemical reversibility of the analyte, and potential scan rate on the resulting absorbance−time plot for modulation by cyclic voltammetry are reported for the different analyte−polymer blend systems. The modulation transfer ratios of analyte−polymer systems were studied. Modulation at 450 nm resulting from oxidation/reduction of the Ru(BiPy)32+/3+ couple at 1.30 and 0.90 V vs Ag/AgCl with varying concentrations was used to construct analytical working curves for the spectroelectrochemical sensor.
Study on the polishing mechanism of low temperature co-fired ceramic for microsystem application(Surface and edge finishing) (2005)

Multilayer ceramics based on the low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) are gaining increasing interests in the manufacturing of highly-integrated systems for microelectronic and micro-system applications. The polishing experiments of sintered LTCC using a custom-built precision polishing machine are reported in this paper. First, a micro-fluidic distributor was fabricated using LTCC. Then, the polishing of this meso-MEMS system was studied using several polishing parameters. By optimizing the polishing parameters, the surface roughness of these sintered LTCC can be reduced to 4nm.
Molecular Packing Dependent Solid State Fluorescence Response of Supramolecular Metal–Organic Frameworks: Phenoxo-Bridged Trinuclear Zn(II) Centered Schiff Base Complexes with Halides and Pseudohalides (2018)

Molecular packing plays a key role in determining the photophysical properties in the aggregated state, but fine controlling of molecular packing is a great challenge. Here we report a series of new phenoxo-bridged homometallic trinuclear Zn (II) metal complexes (BN3, BNCS, BN(CN)2, BCl, BBr, and BI [complexes 1–6] having different anions with an aim to vary the photophysical properties of the complexes, where B stands for the ligand, N,N′-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidenimino)-1,4-diaminobutane. All the complexes are structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The crystallographic investigation indicates that the complexes contain two types of Zn (II) centers: distorted square pyramidal and octahedral. The crystal structures are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding and C–H---π interactions leading to distinct supramolecular frameworks. The ground state and excited state electronic properties of these metal complexes have been investigated. In solution state, all the metal complexes are found to be moderately fluorescent and emit at similar wavelengths with no significant effect of anions on fluorescence emission. However, interestingly, solid state emission properties have been found to be significantly dependent on molecular assembly. In this series, dicyanamide [2] and thiocyanate [3] complexes exhibit significantly red-shifted high fluorescence response in the solid state which is attributed to their distinct packing in comparison to others. To the best of our knowledge, these complexes are the first example of Schiff base complexes demonstrating intriguing molecular packing dependent fluorescence emission.
The absorption and metabolism of iron amino acid chelate. (2001)

This paper summarizes several studies which describe significant increases in the intestinal absorption of iron from iron amino acid chelate compared to inorganic iron salts. While these increased uptakes of iron from the amino acid chelate into mucosal tissue are highly significant, this paper also demonstrates that there is a mechanism in the mucosal tissue which controls the quantity of iron from the amino acid chelate that is transferred to the plasma. For example, the higher the hemoglobin value, the less iron transferred. When considered together these studies demonstrate that iron amino acid chelate is both a safe and effective source of iron for treatment of iron deficiencies.
Optimal Design of Composite Shells with Multiple Cutouts Based on POD and Machine Learning Methods (2018)

Due to the high specific stiffness and strength, composite shells have been widely used in fuel tanks of launch vehicles. The buckling analysis of composite shells with cutouts based on the finite element (FE) method is too time-consuming. From the point-of-view of model size reduction, a novel Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD)-based buckling method is proposed in this paper, which can significantly increase the computational efficiency of buckling analysis. In order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of prediction and optimization of composite shells with multiple cutouts, the POD method is integrated into an optimization framework that uses Gaussian process (GP) machine learning method. First, the training set used for the machine learning training is generated efficiently by means of the POD method. Then, the obtained set is trained and tested based on the Gaussian process method. The inputs are ply angles of the composite shell and the output is the buckling load of the composite shell containing cutouts. In order to maximize the buckling load of the composite shell against cutouts, the Genetic Algorithm is combined with the trained Gaussian process method to search for the optimal ply angles. Finally, an illustrative example is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed prediction and optimization framework.
Regioselective Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of 2-Furaldehyde (2001)

An efficient regioselective method for the direct arylation of 2-furaldehyde to provide a range of pi-diverse 5-aryl-2-formylfuran derivatives is described. The method employs functionalized aryl halides and a catalytic amount of palladium(II) chloride under relatively mild conditions.
Priority sampling for estimation of arbitrary subset sums (2007)

From a high-volume stream of weighted items, we want to create a generic sample of a certain limited size that we can later use to estimate the total weight of arbitrary subsets. Applied to Internet traffic analysis, the items could be records summarizing the flows of packets streaming by a router. Subsets could be flow records from different time intervals of a worm attack whose signature is later determined. The samples taken in the past thus allow us to trace the history of the attack even though the worm was unknown at the time of sampling. Estimation from the samples must be accurate even with heavy-tailed distributions where most of the weight is concentrated on a few heavy items. We want the sample to be weight sensitive, giving priority to heavy items. At the same time, we want sampling without replacement in order to avoid selecting heavy items multiple times. To fulfill these requirements we introduce priority sampling, which is the first weight-sensitive sampling scheme without replacement that works in a streaming context and is suitable for estimating subset sums. Testing priority sampling on Internet traffic analysis, we found it to perform an order of magnitude better than previous schemes. Priority sampling is simple to define and implement: we consider a steam of items i = 0,…, n − 1 with weights w i . For each item i , we generate a random number α i ∈ (0,1] and create a priority q i = w i /α i . The sample S consists of the k highest priority items. Let τ be the ( k + 1)th highest priority. Each sampled item i in S gets a weight estimate ŵ i = max{ w i , τ}, while nonsampled items get weight estimate ŵ i = 0. Magically, it turns out that the weight estimates are unbiased, that is, E[ ŵ i ] = w i , and by linearity of expectation, we get unbiased estimators over any subset sum simply by adding the sampled weight estimates from the subset. Also, we can estimate the variance of the estimates, and find, surprisingly, that the covariance between estimates ŵ i and ŵ j of different weights is zero. Finally, we conjecture an extremely strong near-optimality; namely that for any weight sequence, there exists no specialized scheme for sampling k items with unbiased weight estimators that gets smaller variance sum than priority sampling with k + 1 items. Szegedy settled this conjecture at STOC'06.
Iontophoresis: Applications in Transdermal Medication Delivery (1995)

This article presents a review of the literature relating to iontophoresis. This technique has been used in physical therapy to introduce ionic medications through the skin, primarily for a local effect. Recently, there has been increased interest in using this technique for the transdermal delivery of medications, both ionic and nonionic. This article includes an overview of the history of iontophoresis and a discussion of the physico-chemical and biological factors affecting iontophoretic drug transfer for both local and systemic effects. Factors affecting skin injury and techniques for optimizing iontophoretic drug delivery through the use of current modulation, electrode construction, and skin permeation enhancers are also discussed. Clinical applications of iontophoresis in physical therapy and the pharmacology of selected medications are presented. Thoughts for future potential uses of this technique and needs for further research are also discussed.
Feature analysis and neural network-based classification of speech under stress (1996)

It is well known that the variability in speech production due to task-induced stress contributes significantly to loss in speech processing algorithm performance. If an algorithm could be formulated that detects the presence of stress in speech, then such knowledge could be used to monitor speaker state, improve the naturalness of speech coding algorithms, or increase the robustness of speech recognizers. The goal in this study is to consider several speech features as potential stress-sensitive relayers using a previously established stressed speech database (SUSAS). The following speech parameters are considered: mel, delta-mel, delta-delta-mel, auto-correlation-mel, and cross-correlation-mel cepstral parameters. Next, an algorithm for speaker-dependent stress classification is formulated for the 11 stress conditions: angry, clear, cond50, cond70, fast, Lombard, loud, normal, question, slow, and soft. It is suggested that additional feature variations beyond neutral conditions reflect the perturbation of vocal tract articulator movement under stressed conditions. Given a robust set of features, a neural network-based classifier is formulated based on an extended delta-bar-delta learning rule. The performance is considered for the following three test scenarios: monopartition (nontargeted) and tripartition (both nontargeted and targeted) input feature vectors.
Thermogravimetry Analysis of CO2 and H2O Reduction from Solar Nanosized Zn Powder for Thermochemical Fuel Production (2012)

This study addresses the thermochemical production of CO and H2 as high-value solar fuels from CO2 and H2O using reactive Zn nanoparticles. A two-step thermochemical cycle was considered: Zn-rich nanopowder was first synthesized from solar thermal ZnO dissociation in a high-temperature solar chemical reactor and the reduced material was then used as an oxygen carrier during the CO2 and H2O reduction reactions. The kinetics of CO2 and H2O reduction was investigated by thermogravimetry to demonstrate that the solar-produced nanoparticles react efficiently with CO2 and H2O. Zn started to react from 513 K and almost complete Zn conversion (reaction extent over 95%) was achieved at 633–773 K in less than 5 min, thus confirming that the active Zn-rich nanopowder exhibits rapid fuel production kinetics during H2O and CO2 dissociation. The reaction mechanism was best described by a nucleation and growth model with an activation energy of 43 kJ/mol and an oxidant order of 0.8. The high reactivity of zinc was attributed to the specific solar synthesis route involving ZnO thermal dissociation and condensation of Zn vapor as nanoparticles.
A 1-V 6-b 50-MSamples/s current-interpolating CMOS ADC (2000)

CMOS analog-to-digital converters (ADC's) require either bootstrapping techniques or low-threshold devices to function at low supply voltages. A 6-b 50-MSamples/s ADC in normal-threshold CMOS operates with a single battery cell as low as 0.9 V without bootstrapping. A current-interpolation approach is taken to configure a 1-V ADC system that does not allow more than one V/sub GS/ plus one V/sub DSsat/ between the supply rails. The prototype takes a rail-to-rail input and works with a single system clock. The chip fabricated in 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS occupies an area of 2.4/spl times/2 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 10 mW each in analog and digital supplies.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Halo‐2H‐azirines. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Wideband tunable, high-power, graphene mode-locked ultrafast lasers (2011)

Ultrafast passively mode-locked lasers with spectral tuning capability and high output power have widespread applications in biomedical research, spectroscopy and telecommunications. Currently, the dominant technology is based on semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs). However, these typically have a narrow tuning range, and require complex fabrication and packaging. A simple, cost effective alternative is to use Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) and Graphene. Wide-band operation is possible using SWNTs with a wide diameter distribution. However, SWNTs not in resonance are not used and may contribute to unwanted insertion losses. The linear dispersion of the Dirac electrons in graphene offers an ideal solution for wideband ultrafast pulse generation. Here, we report graphene saturable absorbers (GSA) for wideband tunable and high power ultrafast pulse generation. Tunable ultrafast pulses are generated with an Erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked by GSA.
A practical Alzheimer’s disease classifier via brain imaging-based deep learning on 85,721 samples (2022)

Abstract Beyond detecting brain lesions or tumors, comparatively little success has been attained in identifying brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Many machine learning algorithms to detect AD have been trained using limited training data, meaning they often generalize poorly when applied to scans from previously unseen scanners/populations. Therefore, we built a practical brain MRI-based AD diagnostic classifier using deep learning/transfer learning on a dataset of unprecedented size and diversity. A retrospective MRI dataset pooled from more than 217 sites/scanners constituted one of the largest brain MRI samples to date (85,721 scans from 50,876 participants) between January 2017 and August 2021. Next, a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network, Inception-ResNet-V2, was built as a sex classifier with high generalization capability. The sex classifier achieved 94.9% accuracy and served as a base model in transfer learning for the objective diagnosis of AD. After transfer learning, the model fine-tuned for AD classification achieved 90.9% accuracy in leave-sites-out cross-validation on the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI, 6,857 samples) dataset and 94.5%/93.6%/91.1% accuracy for direct tests on three unseen independent datasets (AIBL, 669 samples / MIRIAD, 644 samples / OASIS, 1,123 samples). When this AD classifier was tested on brain images from unseen mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, MCI patients who converted to AD were 3 times more likely to be predicted as AD than MCI patients who did not convert (65.2% vs. 20.6%). Predicted scores from the AD classifier showed significant correlations with illness severity. In sum, the proposed AD classifier offers a medical-grade marker that has potential to be integrated into AD diagnostic practice.
Banking relationships during financial distress: The evidence from Japan (2003)

Over the last decade, the Japanese banking system has experienced a sizable deterioration in its financial condition. Commercial banks have recorded cumulative loan losses of about ¥83 trillion (16.5 percent of 2002
Dietary supplementation with green tea EGCG at high dose promotes inflammatory response (2010)

Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) has been shown to have anti‐inflammatory activity. The majority of supporting evidence is from cell‐based in vitro studies in which EGCG is added at levels often unachievable by oral intake. The in vivo studies utilizing disease model animals have shown inconsistent findings. To determine the anti‐inflammation efficacy of and the body's tolerance to dietary EGCG, we fed C57BL/6 mice a diet containing 0, 0.15, 0.3, or 1% (w/w) EGCG for 6 wk. EGCG supplementation dose‐dependently reduced weight gain. Contrary to the assumption that EGCG would reduce the inflammatory response, mice fed 0.15 and 0.3% EGCG diet showed no change, whereas those fed 1% EGCG diet had even higher levels of inflammatory response. Splenocytes and macrophages (MΦ) showed a higher capacity to produce proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β and lipid inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E 2 , and splenocytes showed a lower capacity to produce anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐4. Furthermore, spleens from mice fed 1% EGCG diet had higher proportions of regulatory T cells, MΦ, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells compared to those from mice fed other diets. These results suggest that high intake of EGCG may induce an inflammatory response, and this change may be associated with a disturbed homeostasis of immune cells involving the change in both function and number of specific populations. While the mechanisms and clinical significance for this effect of EGCG require further investigation, our results suggest that taking high doses of EGCG may cause an inflammatory effect rather than inhibit it. Supported by USDA #58‐1950‐7‐707.
Typing of Staphylococcus strains by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) (1998)

To select potentially aromatic strains of Micrococcaceae, a collection of 16 Staphylococci strains (mainly S. xylosus), isolated from french sausages with a high aromatic potential was typed in accordance to their genomes. Two different techniques were used: The RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and the PFGE (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis) combined with rare cutting endonucleases. In both cases, ten genotypes were obtained. However, a better typing was allowed by the PFGE. This method was chosen to achieve the implantation control process of ten strains having a unique profile in dry sausage making.
Highly Sensitive Exceptional Degeneracy in Coupled Transmission Lines With Balanced Gain and loss (2022)

We proposed a highly sensitive circuit scheme based on an exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) using two finite-length coupled transmission lines terminated on balanced gain and loss. EPD is a point in a system's parameter space in which two or more eigenmodes coalesce in both their resonance frequency and eigenvectors into a single degenerate eigenmode by varying the system's parameter. We demonstrate that two PT-symmetric finite-length coupled transmission lines (CTLs), can generate an EPD at a desired frequency. We find the EPDs in this circuit and the bifurcation diagram that exhibits the ultra-sensitivity behavior to the system's perturbations. The very high sensitivity induced by an EPD can be used to conceive a new generation of high-sensitive sensors.
What is the Nature of the First‐Formed Intermediates in the Electrophilic Halogenation of Alkenes, Alkynes, and Allenes? (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Phase II trial of gemcitabine for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (2004)

The minimal activity of gemcitabine highlighted the need for novel treatment approaches.
Single‐shot 3D GRASE with cylindrical k‐space trajectories (2008)

Development of GRASE (gradient- and spin-echo) pulse sequences for single-shot 3D imaging has been motivated by physiologic studies of the brain. The duration of echo-planar imaging (EPI) subsequences between RF refocusing pulses in the GRASE sequence is determinant of image distortions and susceptibility artifacts. To reduce these artifacts the regular Cartesian trajectory is modified to a circular trajectory in 2D and a cylindrical trajectory in 3D for reduced echo train time. Incorporation of "fly-back" trajectories lengthened the time of the subsequences and proportionally increased susceptibility artifact but the unipolar readout gradients eliminate all ghost artifacts. The modified cylindrical trajectory reduced susceptibility artifact and distortion artifact while raising the signal-to-noise ratio in both phantom and human brain images.
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR REMOVAL OF PHENOL BY NANO ZERO VALENT IRON IMPREGNATED CASHEW NUT SHELL (2015)

Objective: The present research is an attempt to optimize the process parameters for phenol removal from aqueous solution using Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) impregnated cashew nut shell (NZVI-CNS) by adopting statistical tool Response Surface Methodology-Box Behnken Design (RSM-BB). Methods: Box Behnken Design (RSM-BB) design was used to explore the effect of variables on the removal of phenol. In RSM-BB method, high and low values were assigned for the five variables viz. initial pH, NZVI-CNS dosage, initial concentration, contact time and temperature. The preparation was carried out by simple liquid-phase reduction method, namely borohydride reduction method. Results: The results of RSM-BB method showed the significant effect of pH (A), Dose (B), initial concentration (C), time (D), and temperature (E) on phenol removal from aqueous solution. The results of ANOVA and regression of the second order model showed that the linear effects of Dose (B) and Temperature and cross products effects of temperature and pH were more significant. All the critical variables having the greatest effect on the removal of phenol from Nano zero valent iron impregnated cashew nut shell. Conclusion: Nano zero valent iron impregnated cashew nut shell successfully employed to remove phenol from aqueous solution. The factors optimized in the present work would helpful in phenol removal from aqueous solution.