gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing X-Ray Optical Prescriptions for Wide-Field Applications (2010)

X-ray telescopes with spatial resolution optimized over the field of view (FOV) are of special interest for missions, such as WFXT, focused on moderately deep and deep surveys of the x-ray sky, and for solar x-ray observations. Here we report on the present status of an on-going study of the properties of Wolter I and polynominal grazing incidence designs with a view to gain a deeper insight into their properties and simply the design process. With these goals in mind, we present some results in the complementary topics of (1) properties of Wolter I x-ray optics and polynominal x-ray optic ray tracing. Of crucial importance for the design of wide-field x-ray optics is the optimization criteria. Here we have adopted the minimization of a merit function, M, which measures the spatial resolution averaged over the FOV: M= ((integral of d phi) between the limits of 0 and 2 pi) (integral of d theta theta w(theta) sigma square (theta,phi) between the limits of 0 and theta(sub FOV)) (integral of d phi between the limits of 0 and phi/4) (Integral of d theta theta w(theta) between the limits of 0 and theta(sub FOV) where w(theta(sub 1) is a weighting function and Merit function: sigma-square (theta, phi) = summation of (x,y,z) [ - (exp 2)] is the spatial variance for a point source on the sky at polar and azimuthal off-axis angles (theta,phi).
IDEXX Bovine Pregnancy Test (2011)

Accurate and timely detection of pregnancy in dairy cows is an essential component of today’s reproductive management programs. Veterinarians and farmers use early detection of non-pregnant (open) cows to enable faster rebreeding and shorten the calving interval, thereby maximizing milk production and revenue for the farm. IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. has developed an ELISA for the accurate detection of pregnancy as early as 28 days post breeding, providing veterinarians and dairy farmers with another tool for the early identification of open cows.
Impedance to Defibrillation Countershock: Does an Optimal Impedance Exist? (1995)

Defibrillation is thought to occur because of changes in the transmembrane potential that are caused by current flow through the heart tissue. Impedance to electric countershock is an important parameter because it is determined by the magnitude and distribution of the current that flows for a specific shock voltage. The impedance is comprised of resistive contributions from: (1) extra-tissue sources, which include the defibrillator, leads, and electrodes; (2) tissue sources, which include intracardiac and extra-cardiac tissue; and (3) the interface between electrode and tissue. Tissue sources dominate the impedance and probably contribute to the wide range of impedance values presented to the defibrillation pulse. Because impedance is not constant within or between subjects, defibrillators must be designed to accommodate these differences without compromising patient safety or therapeutic efficacy. Experimental investigations in animals and humans suggest that impedance changes at several different time scales ranging from milliseconds to years. These alterations are believed to be a result of both electrochemical and physiological mechanisms. It is commonly thought that impedance is optimized when it has been decreased to a minimum, since this allows the most current flow for a given voltage shock. However, if the impedance is lowered by changing the location or size of the electrodes in such a way that current flow is decreased in part of the heart even though current flow is increased elsewhere, then the total voltage, current, and energy needed for defibrillation may increase, not decrease, even though impedance is decreased. A simple boundary element computer model suggests that the most even distribution of current flow through the heart is achieved for those electrode locations in which the impedance across the heart is at or near the maximum cardiac impedance for any location of these particular electrodes. Thus, the optimum shock impedance is achieved when impedance is minimized for extra-tissue and extra-cardiac tissue sources and is at or near a maximum for intracardiac tissue sources.
Electron Born Self-Energy Model for Dark Energy (2021)

Dark Energy, a form of repulsive gravity, is causing an accelerated expansion of the Universe. Recent astrophysical measurements have confirmed this accelerated expansion where the ΛCDM model provides a quantitative description of this expansion rate. As is well known there are a number of free parameters of unknown origin in the ΛCDM model. In particular, the cosmological constant Λ (or Dark Energy (DE)) forms one of these free parameters. In this contribution we describe a recent model that attributes DE to the Born self-energy contained within the electric field which surrounds a finite-sized electron within the WHIM (Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium). Upon using readily available literature values for the intergalactic (IG) baryon density, IG hydrogen ionization fraction, the best estimate for the electron radius, as well as, Hubble parameter data many properties associated with DE can be quantitatively explained. In particular, our model provides an explanation for (i) the magnitude of DE today, (ii) the DE to ordinary matter mass ratio today, (iii) has an equation of state of w = −1, as expected for DE, and (iv) exhibits a deceleration-acceleration transition at a redshift of z~0.8 in agreement with Hubble parameter observations. (v) Finally, the model provides a viable candidate for Dark Matter; the CDM in the ΛCDM model.Further details regarding this DE model can be found in Astrophys. Space Sci 2020, 365, 64.
The Transcriptome of Human Cytotoxic T Cells: Measuring the Burden of CTL-Associated Transcripts in Human Kidney Transplants (2008)

Having defined CTL-associated transcripts (CATs) in CTL in vitro, we used microarrays to quantify the burden of CAT sets compared with individual transcripts in human renal transplant biopsies with T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR). CAT sets in TCMR resembled diluted CTL RNA, maintaining overall hierarchy of expression relative to CTL in vitro. NK selective sets were not detected in TCMR, indicating the CATs mainly reflect T cells. We selected 25 highly expressed CATs that diluted quantitatively in kidney RNA (QCATs) and remained detectable after 32-fold dilution. QCAT burden in 14 kidneys with TCMR was 3 to 15% of CTL RNA, correlating with infiltration. One biopsy diagnosed as TCMR only by endothelialitis had little interstitial infiltrate and lowest CAT burden. CAT sets were more consistent than individual CATs such as perforin or granzyme B, which showed heterogeneity. In luster and principal component analysis, QCATs grouped biopsies with TCMR together, in close relationship to in vitro CTL. Thus QCAT sets robustly measure the burden of CTL and effector memory T cells in biopsies as %CTL RNA, in a manner not achieved by measurement of individual transcripts.
Osteodifferentiation of Human Preadipocytes Induced by Strontium Released from Hydrogels (2012)

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in interactive application principles of biology and engineering for the development of valid biological systems for tissue regeneration, such as for the treatment of bone fractures or skeletal defects. The application of stem cells together with biomaterials releasing bioactive factors promotes the formation of bone tissue by inducing proliferation and/or cell differentiation. In this study, we used a clonal cell line from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs or preadipocytes), named PA2-E12, to evaluate the effects of strontium (Sr(2+)) released in the culture medium from an amidated carboxymethylcellulose (CMCA) hydrogel enriched with different Sr(2+) concentrations on osteodifferentiation. The osteoinductive effect was evaluated through both the expression of alkaline phophatase (ALP) activity and the hydroxyapatite (HA) production during 42 days of induction. Present data have shown that Sr(2+) released from CMCA promotes the osteodifferentiation induced by an osteogenic medium as shown by the increase of ALP activity at 7 and 14 days and of HA production at 14 days. In conclusion, the use of biomaterials able to release in situ osteoinductive agents, like Sr(2+), could represent a new strategy for future applications in bone tissue engineering.
Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of the Charge Carrier Kinetics of Gold‐Decorated Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanorods (2017)

Abstract The interfacial transfer of charge carriers across the semiconductor nanoparticle/electrolyte boundary is an elementary process for applications such as photoelectrochemical sensing and photocatalysis. This mechanism is investigated for systems based on complex shaped semiconductor and metal‐semiconductor nano‐heteroparticles. In the present work the influence of the presence of a CdSe domain within the CdS nanorod as well as the influence of gold domain decoration is investigated spectroelectrochemically. Therefore, the mentioned nanoparticles are linked to transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides via (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS). This preparation yields sub‐monolayers of the particles. External photocurrent quantum efficiency spectra are measured in the range from λ =350–650 nm. Intensity‐modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements are applied to the samples in order to reveal and explain the differences of the electrochemical kinetics between the four different particle types (CdS, CdSe/CdS, CdS−Au, and CdSe/CdS−Au nanorods). We demonstrate that the presence of gold domains affects the carrier dynamics of various involved processes. An equivalent circuit model is derived and fitted to the impedance data to explain changes of the kinetics in the system.
Measurement of the Boltzmann constant by the Doppler broadening technique at a 3.8 × 10 − 5 accuracy level (2009)

In this article, we describe an experiment performed at the Laboratoire de physique des lasers and dedicated to an optical measurement of the Boltzmann constant <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . With the proposed innovative technique, determining <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> comes down to an ordinary frequency measurement. The method consists in measuring as accurately as possible the Doppler absorption profile of a rovibrational line of ammonia in thermal equilibrium. This profile is related to the Maxwell–Boltzmann molecular velocity distribution along the laser beam. A fit of the absorption line shape leads to a determination of the Doppler width proportional to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> and thus to a determination of the Boltzmann constant. The laser source is an ultra-stable CO 2 laser with a wavelength <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mtext>μm</mml:mtext> </mml:math> . The absorption cell is placed in a thermostat, keeping the temperature at 273.15 K within 1.4 mK. We were able to measure <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> with a relative uncertainty as small as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>3.8</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , which represents an improvement of an order of magnitude for an integration time comparable to our previous measurement published in 2007.
Quasi-two-dimensional exciton in ZnSe/ZnMgSSe single quantum well (1995)

We have studied the quasi-two-dimensional exciton in ZnSe/ZnxMg1−xSySe1−y (x=0.85, y=0.21) single quantum wells (SQWs) by photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. Self-consistent calculations of the peak energies for a series of SQWs give the conduction band discontinuity ΔEc=0.40ΔEg and the binding energy of the n=1 heavy-hole exciton Eb(hh1)=22.1 meV for an 8 nm well width. We believe that the binding energy of the n=1 heavy-hole exciton is smaller than the LO phonon energy our samples resulting in a very large exciton-phonon interaction strength observed through the broadening of the exciton resonance with temperature.
Fast and Slow Spindles during the Sleep Slow Oscillation: Disparate Coalescence and Engagement in Memory Processing (2011)

The finding that fast and slow spindles occur at different times of the SO cycle points to disparate generating mechanisms for the 2 kinds of spindles. The reported temporal relationships during SO sequences suggest that fast spindles, driven by the SO up-state feed back to enhance the likelihood of succeeding SOs together with slow spindles. By enforcing such SO-spindle cycles, particularly after prior learning, fast spindles possibly play a key role in sleep-dependent memory processing.
Abstract A15: High miRNA-26a and low EZH2 expression levels are associated with favorable outcome to tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer (2010)

Abstract Background: In breast cancer we have recently discovered that decreased EZH2 expression levels are associated with a favorable outcome to tamoxifen in advanced disease. Furthermore, EZH2 knockdown in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 resulted in estrogen receptor (ER) upregulation and increased sensitivity to anti-estrogens. Interestingly, EZH2 has been identified as target of miRNA-26a and miRNA-101. Objective: The main objective of this study is to investigate miRNA-26a and miRNA-101 for: A) their association with EZH2 and B) their predictive value in breast cancer patients treated with first-line tamoxifen monotherapy. Materials &amp; Methods: Expression levels of miRNA-26a, miRNA-101, EZH2 and references were measured using quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) in 235 ER-positive primary breast cancer specimens from patients with advanced disease. The levels of expression were related to clinicopathologic factors and disease outcome. Computations were performed with STATA and P-values &amp;lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Expression levels of miRNA-26a and miRNA-101 were not correlated with age, tumor grade, tumor size, and nodal status. The miRNA-26a levels were significantly associated with progesterone (PgR) levels, HER2-status and EGFR levels, whereas miRNA-101 levels showed significant relations with PgR expression and menopausal status. The miRNA-26a and miRNA-101 levels showed an inverse relation with EZH2 mRNA levels (Spearman Rank Correlation of −0.21 and −0.15, respectively, P&amp;lt;0.05). As continuous variable in univariate analysis, miRNA-26a (Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.13, 95% CI: 0.06-0.28) correlated with Time To Progression (TTP), whereas miRNA-101 did not (HR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.70-1.07). In multivariate analysis including traditional predictive factors, the tertile with highest miRNA-26a levels (HR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.35-0.75) alone, and combined with the tertile with lowest EZH2 levels (HR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.41-0.85) were associated with a favorable TTP independently of traditional factors. Conclusion &amp; Discussion: The miRNA-26a and miRNA-101 levels have an inverse relation with EZH2, but only miRNA-26a has predictive value in advanced breast cancer. High levels of miRNA-26a and low EZH2 levels are associated with a favorable outcome to tamoxifen therapy. Interestingly, estrogens repress miRNA-26a expression suggesting that ER-positive tumors have less miRNA-26a than ER-negative tumors. This contradicts, however, with the lower EZH2 levels observed in ER-positive compared to ER-negative breast cancers. To clarify this paradox, future (functional) studies will focus on miRNA-26a and EZH2 in different breast cancer subtypes and determine their activated pathways in relation with response to anti-estrogens. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(7 Suppl):A15
Portable hard x-ray source for nondestructive testing and medical imaging (1998)

A portable hard x-ray source has been developed for nondestructive testing, medical imaging, and flash x-ray radiography. The source is powered by a Marx generator that produces a 200 kV, 1.2 kA pulse of 60 ns full width at half maximum. The x-ray tube is composed of a tungsten anode and a mesh cathode. The time dependence of the voltage, current, and x-ray emission were measured and were in good agreement with computer simulations. The simulation model accounted for the 15 capacitors and 15 spark gap switches of the Marx generator and the perveance of the electron flow across the anode–cathode gap. The simulations indicated that the 5 J energy that was stored in the Marx generator was efficiently delivered to the x-ray tube. The measured x-ray exposure, 34 mR at a distance of 30 cm, was in good agreement with the calculated exposure. X-ray images are presented that demonstrate the capabilities of the x-ray source for medical imaging, nondestructive testing, and flash x-ray radiography.
Corroded applied lead-based decoration (hyomon) on Japanese lacquer: Principles and case studies (2014)

Keywords: Lead corrosionJapanese lacquerElectrolytic reductionConductive polymerAgarose gel關鍵詞:: 鉛銹蝕日本漆器電解還原導電性聚合物瓊脂糖凝膠
High Performance Metal Sulfide Electrode for Lithium Battery (2020)

The global energy and ecological crisis is reaching its critical point and effective actions for its mitigation cannot be postponed any longer, and renewable energy and ecological transport industries are demonstrating tremendous growth. These applications demand the next generation batteries with excellent performance and reliability and lower cost. This turns our society to investigate the materials with diverse structure to design high performance electrodes for such systems. The studies on electrode materials, in general, showed the essential tendencies besides the electrode material itself: in its morphology, microstructure and chemical composition [1]. One of the promising electrode materials for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries are the metal sulfides, as they possess high electronic conductivity and higher theoretical capacity than commonly used LiCoO 2 . Nowadays, copper sulfide is attracting the attention of researchers due to its wide range of stoichiometric composition (Cu x S, x =1-2) and diverse application in energy devices [2]. Extensive studies demonstrate the possibility for numerous copper sulfide synthesis methods such as hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, melt diffusion, mixed solvents method, chemical deposition, sol-gel method, spray pyrolysis (SP), microwave-assisted growth, chemical vapor transport, template synthesis, and electrodeposition [3,4]. However, all these methods are costly and time-consuming. In this study, we present a facile and straightforward novel method of preparation of flower-like structured copper sulfide (Cu x S) (Fig. 1) with excellent electrochemical properties and cycling stability. Detailed studies on the electrochemical reaction mechanism for the new composition of the Cu x S phase will also be presented in this work. Figure 1. (a,b) SEM images of Cu x S electrode with different magnifications after preparation on Cu foam surface. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the project 091019CRP2114 “Three-Dimensional All Solid State Rechargeable Batteries” from Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan. References: [1] G. Zubiab, R. Dufo-López, M. Carvalho, G. Pasaoglu, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 89 (2018) 292-308. [2] C. Feng, L. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Song, K. Sun, F. Wu, G. Liu, J. Power Sources, 269 (2014) 550-555. [3] G. Kalimuldina, I. Taniguchi, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5 (2017) 6937-6946. [4] C. Feng, L. Zhang, M. Yang,. X. Song, H. Zhao, Z. Jia, K. Sun, G. Liu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7 (2015), 15726−15734. Figure 1
Performance evaluation of Websocket protocol for implementation of full-duplex web streams (2014)

Besides traditional synchronous HTTP request-response communication paradigm that was used on the Web for decades, modern Web services require more flexible communication system that enables asynchronous messaging between clients and servers, as well as server-initiated data delivery. Among several Web-based asynchronous communication paradigms emerged recently, the Websocket protocol and corresponding Websocket API are accepted as a pivotal framework for implementation of full-duplex asynchronous Web streams. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Websocket protocol with respect to underlying TCP protocol. We compare the two against the latency and amount of generated network traffic. The results show that, except a small overhead imposed due to initial handshaking, Websocket-based communication does not consume any more network traffic than plain TCP based communication. However, it is still slightly inferior in terms of latency.
브랜드 공간의 공간마케팅에 관한 국내 선행 연구 동향 분석 -국내 등재지 논문을 중심으로- (2015)

브랜드 공간에 있어서 공간마케팅 개념은 소비와 직접적으로 연관되어 경제적인 효과창출 뿐만 아니라 공간 활성화를 위한 필연적인 전략이라 할수 있다. 이러한 배경을 기반으로 본 연구는 브랜드 공간과 관련된 공간마케팅 선행 연구 문헌을 조사하고 다양한 연구의 접근방식과 연구동향을 분석하고 파악하여 브랜드 공간의 방향성을 제안하는데 있어 기초 연구 기반을 마련하고자 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 본 연구는 문헌조사에 의한 방법으로 128건의 국내 등재 혹은 등재후보지 논문을 대상으로 한다. 본 연구의 범위는 브랜드 공간을 그 대상으로, 공간 에서 경제적 활동이 이루어지고 있으며, 공간을 홍보하거나 판매행위를 위한 브랜드를 가지고 이를 표현하고 있는 공간으로 정한다. 공간마케팅 관련 연구는 2007년 이후 급증하였고, 특히 예술 체육분야에서, 실증적 연구방법을 통한 연구 사례가 많았다. 주로 사용자의 소비를 주축으로 하는 판매 공간과 식음공간이 대한 연구가 많았고 사례분석에 의한 평가방법에 집중한 것으로 나타나 추후 정량적인 시도를 통한 다양화된 연구 주제 설정 또한 필요하다. 1994년의 선행연구를 시작으로 조사된 연구 결과는 향후 브랜드 공간 분야의 연구주제 설정 등의 다양한 연구 방향성을 제시하는 데 있어 중요한 기초 자료로서의 의의를 갖는다.
Activation of a SiSi Bond by η-Coordination to a Transition Metal (2005)

Reaction of the disilenide 1 with Cp2ZrCl2 yields 2, the first transition metal complex with an eta1-sigma-bonded disilene moiety. The compound 2 exhibits a strongly red-shifted UV-vis absorption, resulting in an intensely green color. The Si=Si bond in 2 is considerably activated as shown by the rearrangement to a silyl-substituted zirconocene 3. X-ray diffraction studies on 2 reveal that the Si=Si bond is significantly longer than that in the precursor 1. Conversely, the Zr-Si distance is considerably smaller than the corresponding distance in 3, suggesting a certain degree of electron donation toward the 16e- zirconium center.
Four New Ursane-Type Triterpenes, Olibanumols K, L, M, and N, from Traditional Egyptian Medicine Olibanum, the Gum-Resin of Boswellia carterii (2010)

Four new ursane-type triterpenes, olibanumols K (1), L (2), M (3), and N (4), were isolated from traditional Egyptian medicine olibanum, the exuded gum-resin from Boswellia carterii BIRDW. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence.