gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unsaturated heterocyclic systems. XC. Uniparticulate electrophilic addition as a probe of possible bicycloaromatic and antibicycloaromatic carbonium ion character. Reactions of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate with exocyclic methylene precursors to such cations (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUnsaturated heterocyclic systems. XC. Uniparticulate electrophilic addition as a probe of possible bicycloaromatic and antibicycloaromatic carbonium ion character. Reactions of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate with exocyclic methylene precursors to such cationsLeo A. Paquette and Michael J. BroadhurstCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 10, 1893–1902Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00950a024Request reuse permissionsArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
What do exam results really measure? (1996)

Students are evaluated using examinations, but how do we evaluate whether the examination is correctly measuring the students' knowledge or skill? This paper presents a methodology which we have used in an experiment: students' exam results were analysed to reveal which different cognitive skills were used in answering different questions. The analysis revealed that students were approaching several questions in ways that the instructor had not anticipated. Sometimes questions the instructor considered straightforward actually tested students' conceptual understanding; on other questions which were intended to require problem-solving, many students never identified the concepts involved, so that grades measured primarily the ability to avoid distraction. In other cases, we demonstrated that questions did assess deep understanding of the fundamental concepts, rather than rote-learning or simple patternmatching.
Reactant concentration difference induced microstructure transformation of large-area vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (2013)

We explore the effect of mass transport on the microstructure formation of chemical-vapor-deposited carbon nanofibers (CNFs), considering the decrease in carbon source gas concentration along the large-area substrate surface. The microstructures of the CNFs grown along the substrate are transformed from porous, to platelet, to herringbone, and exhibit increased graphite ordering. A model for CNF growth under different reactant concentrations is suggested. The results indicate the critical role of mass transport on the CNF growth mechanism and suggest that adjusting the reactant concentration is an easy way of controlling the CNF microstructures during large-area synthesis.
Which Software Modules have Faults which will be Discovered by Customers? (1999)

Software is the medium for implementing increasingly sophisticated features during the maintenance phase as successive releases are developed. Software quality models can predict which software modules are likely to have faults that will be discovered by customers. Such models are key components of a system such as Enhanced Measurement for Early Risk Assessment of Latent Defects (EMERALD). It is a sophisticated system of decision support tools used by software designers and managers at Nortel to assess risk and improve software quality and reliability of legacy software systems. This paper reports an approach to software quality modelling that is suitable for industrial systems such as EMERALD. We conducted a case study of a large legacy telecommunications system in the maintenance phase to predict whether each module will be considered fault-prone. The case study is distinctive in the following respects. (1) Fault-prone modules were defined in terms of faults discovered by customers, which represent only a small fraction of the modules in the system. (2) We developed models based on software product and process metrics that can make useful predictions at the end of the coding phase and at the time of release. (3) The modelling approach is suitable for very large systems. We anticipate that refinements of this case study's models will be incorporated into EMERALD. A similar approach could be taken for other systems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing Attacks on Physical Layer Key Agreement for Automotive Controller Area Networks (2018)

Efficient key management for automotive networks (CAN) is critical, governing the adoption of security in the next generation of vehicles. A recent promising approach for dynamic key agreement between groups of nodes, Plug-and-Secure for CAN, has been demonstrated to be information theoretically secure based on the physical properties of the CAN bus. In this paper, we illustrate side-channel attacks on the scheme, leading to nearly-complete leakage of the derived secret key bits to an adversary that is capable of probing the CAN bus. We identify the fundamental network properties that lead to such attacks and propose ideas to minimize the information leakage at the hardware, controller and system levels.
New non-interactive key agreement and progression (NIKAP) protocols and their applications to security in ad hoc networks (2005)

Symmetric cryptographic primitives are preferable in designing security protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) because they are computationally affordable for resource-constrained mobile devices forming a MANET. Most proposed key-distribution and key-agreement schemes for symmetric cryptosystem assume services from on-line centralized authorities, or require the interaction between communicating parties. However, the presence of a centralized authority violates the ad hoc definition of MANETs, and interactive schemes require the routing of the ad hoc network to be established before the key agreement, which is difficult to ensure in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). We propose a new non-interactive key agreement and progression (NIKAP) scheme for MANETs, which does not require an on-line centralized authority, can establish and update pairwise shared keys between any two nodes in a non-interactive manner, is configurable to operate synchronously (S-NIKAP) or asynchronously (A-NIKAP), and is able to provide differentiated security services w.r.t. specified security policies. As the name implies, NIKAP is especially valuable to scenarios in which shared secret keys are desired to be computed without negotiation between nodes over insecure channels, and need to be updated frequently
Differences between intrinsic and acquired nucleoside analogue resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia cells (2021)

Summary Background SAMHD1 mediates resistance to anti-cancer nucleoside analogues, including cytarabine, decitabine, and nelarabine that are commonly used for the treatment of leukaemia, through cleavage of their triphosphorylated forms. Hence, SAMHD1 inhibitors are promising candidates for the sensitisation of leukaemia cells to nucleoside analogue-based therapy. Here, we investigated the effects of the cytosine analogue CNDAC, which has been proposed to be a SAMHD1 substrate, in the context of SAMHD1. Methods CNDAC was tested in 13 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML cell lines), in 26 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines, ten AML sublines adapted to various antileukaemic drugs, 24 single cell-derived clonal AML sublines, and primary leukaemic blasts from 24 AML patients. Moreover, 24 CNDAC-resistant sublines of the AML cell lines HL-60 and PL-21 were established. The SAMHD1 gene was disrupted using CRISPR/Cas9 and SAMHD1 depleted using RNAi, and the viral Vpx protein. Forced DCK expression was achieved by lentiviral transduction. SAMHD1 promoter methylation was determined by PCR after treatment of genomic DNA with the methylation-sensitive HpaII endonuclease. Nucleoside (analogue) triphosphate levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. CNDAC interaction with SAMHD1 was analysed by an enzymatic assay and by crystallisation. Results Although the cytosine analogue CNDAC was anticipated to inhibit SAMHD1, SAMHD1 mediated intrinsic CNDAC resistance in leukaemia cells. Accordingly, SAMHD1 depletion increased CNDAC triphosphate (CNDAC-TP) levels and CNDAC toxicity. Enzymatic assays and crystallisation studies confirmed CNDAC-TP to be a SAMHD1 substrate. In 24 CNDAC-adapted acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) sublines, resistance was driven by DCK (catalyses initial nucleoside phosphorylation) loss. CNDAC-adapted sublines displayed cross-resistance only to other DCK substrates (e.g. cytarabine, decitabine). Cell lines adapted to drugs not affected by DCK or SAMHD1 remained CNDAC sensitive. In cytarabine-adapted AML cells, increased SAMHD1 and reduced DCK levels contributed to cytarabine and CNDAC resistance. Conclusion Intrinsic and acquired resistance to CNDAC and related nucleoside analogues are driven by different mechanisms. The lack of cross-resistance between SAMHD1/ DCK substrates and non-substrates provides scope for next-line therapies after treatment failure.
Kinesthetic coupling between operator and remote manipulator (1980)

A universal force-reflecting hand controller has been developed which allows the establishment of a kinesthetic coupling between the operator and a remote manipulator. The six-degree-of-freedom controller was designed to generate forces and torques on its three positional and three rotational axes in order to permit the operator to accurately feel the forces encountered by the manipulator and be as transparent to operate as possible. The universal controller has been used in an application involving a six-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm equipped with a six-dimensional force-torque sensor at its base. In this application, the hand controller acts as a position control input device to the arm, while forces and torques sensed at the base of the mechanical hand back drive the hand controller. The positional control relation and the back driving of the controller according to inputs experienced by the force-torque sensor are established through complex mathematical transformations performed by a minicomputer. The hand controller is intended as a development tool for investigating force-reflecting master-slave manipulator control technology.
Brief Announcement (2017)

Self-stabilization refers to the ability of systems to recover after temporal violations of conditions required for their correct operation. Such violations may lead the system to an arbitrary state from which it should automatically recover. Today, beyond recovering functionality, there is a need to recover security and confidentiality guarantees as well. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no self-stabilizing protocols that also ensure recovering confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity properties. Specifically, self-stabilizing systems are designed to regain functionality which is, roughly speaking, desired input output relation, ignoring the security and confidentiality of computation and its state. Distributed (cryptographic) protocols for generic secure and privacy-preserving computation, e.g., secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC), usually ensure secrecy of inputs and outputs, and correctness of computation when the adversary is limited to compromise only a fraction of the components in the system, e.g., the computation is secure only in the presence of an honest majority of involved parties. While there are MPC protocols that are secure against a dishonest majority, in reality, the adversary may compromise all components of the system for a while; some of the corrupted components may then recover, e.g., due to security patches and software updates, or periodical code refresh and local state consistency check and enforcement based on self-stabilizing hardware and software techniques. It is currently unclear if a system and its state can be designed to always fully recover following such individual asynchronous recoveries. This paper introduces Secure Self-stabilizing Computation which answers this question in the affirmative. Secure self-stabilizing computation design ensures that secrecy of inputs and outputs, and correctness of the computation are automatically regained, even if at some point the entire system is compromised. We consider the distributed computation task as the implementation of virtual global finite satiate machine (FSM) to present commonly realized computation. The FSM is designed to regain consistency and security in the presence of a minority of Byzantine participants, e.g., one third of the parties, and following a temporary corruption of the entire system. We use this task and settings to demonstrate the definition of secure self-stabilizing computation. We show how our algorithms and system autonomously restore security and confidentiality of the computation of the FSM once the required corruption thresholds are again respected.
A 0.18-/spl mu/m 256-Mb DDR-SDRAM with low-cost post-mold tuning method for DLL replica (2000)

A 200-MHz double-data-rate synchronous-DRAM (DDR-SDRAM) was developed. The chip contains a delay-locked loop (DLL) which performs over a wide range of operating conditions. Post-mold-tuning allows precise replica programming. A 200-MHz intra-chip data bus is suitable for DDR operation.
Peptic Digestion of Streptococcal M Protein II. Extraction of M Antigen from Group A Streptococci With Pepsin (1974)

M protein of group A streptococci was extracted by mild peptic digestion. Optimal amounts of type-specific M protein were released after 20 min of digestion with 0.02 mg of pepsin per ml at pH 5.8. Immunological analysis revealed that, unlike conventional HCl extracts, pepsin extracts lacked the surface C carbohydrate antigen and contained less non-type-specific, heat-stable cellular antigens; they also lacked detectable heat-labile T protein. Similar to HCl extracts, however, the pepsin-extracted M protein precipitated homologous-type M antisera and inhibited type-specific opsonization of homologous group A streptococci. Furthermore, the pepsin extract was capable of inducing type-specific opsonic M antibody in rabbits. This method may provide a useful initial step in the purification of M protein by reducing contaminating antigens.
The Authors Reply (2012)

We thank Prof. Simpson (1) for drawing attention to this potential, if unexpected, explanation for our observation of the large increase in the male:female sex ratio that occurred in Cuba in the 1990s (2).If Prof. Simpson is correct, we have spent a year puzzling over a problem arising from a shortage of glue!We wonder how many other reports of the impact of societal change on sex ratio at livebirth might be accountable to such simple, mundane events.
Approximating Number of Hidden layer neurons in Multiple Hidden Layer BPNN Architecture (2012)

Hidden layers plays a vital role in the performance of Back Propagation Neural Network especially in the case where problems related to arbitrary decision boundary to arbitrary accuracy with rational activation functions are encountered. Also, multiple hidden layer can approximate any smooth mapping to any accuracy. The process of deciding the number of hidden layers and number of neurons in each hidden layer is still confusing. In this paper, an survey is made in order to resolved the problem of number of neurons in each hidden layer and the number of hidden layers required.
Development and Application of a Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Oxidative Stress Based on Differential Reactivity of Linked Cyanine Dyes (2010)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) operate as signaling molecules under various physiological conditions, and overproduction of ROS is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Therefore, fluorescent probes for visualizing ROS are promising tools with which to uncover the molecular mechanisms of physiological and pathological processes and might also be useful for diagnosis. Here we describe a novel fluorescence probe, FOSCY-1, operating in the physiologically favorable near-infrared region. The probe consists of two differentially ROS-reactive cyanine dyes connected by a linker; reaction of the more susceptible dye with ROS releases intramolecular fluorescence quenching of the less susceptible dye. We successfully applied this probe to detect ROS produced by HL60 cells and porcine neutrophils and for imaging oxidative stress in a mouse model of peritonitis.
Relevance of Endothelial-Haemostatic Dysfunction in Cigarette Smoking (2007)

Cigarette smoking plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality for coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. In spite of the abundance of epidemiological evidence that links cigarette smoking to vascular disease, the pathologic mechanisms for such interaction are not clear. The endothelium is a major target organ that undergoes activation when exposed to common vascular triggers, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycaemia and smoking. Changes in endothelial function may lead to a dysfunctional vascular phenotype characterized by anomalous responses of the vascular tone, abnormal endothelial proliferation and prothrombotic activation. Several studies have demonstrated that smoking may alter endothelial function by a direct toxic effect and consequently trigger haemostatic activation and thrombosis. In this article we will review the evidence that loss of normal endothelial function may result in a loss of the balance of the haemostatic system and in changes of the platelet physiology that may be relevant for the pathogenic effect of smoking on the development of atherothrombosis.
The Utilization of Autoantibodies in Approaches to Precision Health (2018)

Precision health (PH) applied to autoimmune disease will need paradigm shifts in the use and application of autoantibodies and other biomarkers. For example, autoantibodies combined with other multi-analyte "omic" profiles will form the basis of disease prediction allowing for earlier intervention linked to disease prevention strategies, as well as earlier, effective and personalized interventions for established disease. As medical intervention moves to disease prediction and a model of "intent to PREVENT," diagnostics will include an early symptom/risk-based, as opposed to a disease-based approach. Newer diagnostic platforms that utilize emerging megatrends such as deep learning and artificial intelligence and close the gaps in autoantibody diagnostics will benefit from paradigm shifts thereby facilitating the PH agenda.
Emergence of Clinical Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates with Concurrent Resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin (2014)

Salmonella infection is an important public health issue for which the needs of antimicrobial treatment are increasing. A total of 546 human clinical S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates were recovered from patients in hospitals in China during the period of 2005 to ∼ 2011. Twenty percent of the isolates exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin, and 4% were resistant to ceftriaxone. Importantly, for the first time, 12 (2%) S. Typhimurium isolates resistant to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were recovered; among these 12 isolates, two were also resistant to azithromycin, and one was resistant to all other drugs tested. The combined effects of various transferrable extended-spectrum β-lactamase determinants and a novel efflux-based ciprofloxacin resistance mechanism encoded by the mobile efflux gene oqxAB were responsible for the emergence of these extremely (highly) drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhimurium isolates. The dissemination of resistance genes, such as those encoding ESBLs and the OqxAB pump, among Salmonella organisms will speed up the selection of XDR Salmonella, posing a huge threat to public health and Salmonella infection control.
Nucleation, Pattern Development, and Fidelity in the Photoelectrodeposition of Se-Te Nanostructures (2020)

The electrochemical growth of Se-Te under polarized illumination results in anisotropic, highly-ordered lamellar nanostructures, tunable by input wavelength. This spontaneous growth occurs at room temperature, in an isotropic solution, with no templating or chemically-directing agents, and with mW-cm -2 illumination intensity with no requirement for coherency. The deposition process is compatible with a wide variety of conductive substrates and can be performed over large areas of unpatterned substrates. However, pattern fidelities in these films are generally low. Improving the potentially broad applicability of this patterning method requires an understanding of pattern development and of factors contributing to the long-range order of films deposited through this phenomenon. Methods of quantifying pattern fidelity have been developed using Fourier-transform (FT) analysis of large-area images of photoelectrodeposited Se-Te films. Nominally identical illumination conditions during the deposition of Se-Te on crystalline (111)-oriented Si substrates doped degenerately with either p- or n-type dopants produced a variation in the morphology of Se-Te films. Films deposited on p + -Si generally displayed much less defective patterns, with a higher degree of anisotropy and a more well-defined pattern period versus films deposited on n + -Si. These results are attributed to the energetics at the dynamic junction formed by growing Se-Te and the Si substrate. Analysis of film morphologies at early levels of mass addition to growth substrates elucidate the mechanism by which junction energetics affect resulting film morphologies. Higher nucleation densities are generally observed under conditions that produced Se-Te films with relatively higher pattern fidelities. Control of pattern fidelity by control of nucleation density, through substrate choice and tuning of applied deposition potential, is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL) AND ITS ANALOGS. 19. REARRANGEMENT OF VINYLALLENES TO 1‐HYDROXYLATED VITAMIN D MODEL SYSTEMS LACKING THE D RING AND SIDE CHAIN (1981)

Abstract Aus Cyclohexanon entsteht mit Acetylen das Alkinol (I), das in bekannter Weise zum Bromallen (IIa) umgesetzt wird.