gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lithography Options for the 32 nm Half Pitch Node and Beyond (2009)

Three major technological lithography options have been reviewed for high volume manufacturing at the 32 nm half pitch node: 193 nm immersion lithography with high index materials, enabling NA > 1.6; 193 nm double patterning and EUV lithography. In this paper the evolution of these three options over 2008 is discussed. The extendibility of these options beyond 32 nm half pitch is important for the final choices to be made. During 2008, the work on high index 193 nm immersion lithography has been stopped due to lack of progress in high index optical material and high index liquid development. Double patterning has made a lot of progress but cost concerns still exist. Preferred are those resists which support pattern or image freezing techniques in order to step away from the complex litho-etch-litho-etch approach and make double patterning more cost effective. For EUV, besides the high power light source, the resist materials need to meet very aggressive sensitivity specifications and need to maintain simultaneously performance in terms of resolution and line width roughness. Furthermore, EUV reticles encounter serious challenges, primarily related to mask defectivity.
Experimental characterization and modeling of the reliability of three-terminal dual-damascene Cu interconnect trees (2003)

Electromigration tests on Cu dual-damascene interconnect tree structures consisting of straight via-to-via (or contact-to-contact) lines with an extra via in the middle of the line have been carried out. Like Al-based interconnects, the reliability of a segment in a Cu-based interconnect tree strongly depends on the stress conditions of connected segments. The analytic model based on a nodal analysis developed for Al trees gives a conservative estimate of the lifetime of Cu-based interconnect trees. However, there are important differences in the results obtained under similar test conditions for Al-based and Cu-based interconnect trees. These differences are thought to be associated with variations in the architectural schemes of the two metallization systems. The absence of a conducting electromigration-resistant overlayer in Cu technology and the low critical stress for void nucleation at the Cu/interlevel diffusion barrier interface (e.g., the Cu/Si3N4 interface) leads to different failure modes between Cu and Al interconnects. As a result, the most highly stressed segment in a Cu-based interconnect tree is not always the least reliable. Moreover, the possibility of liner rupture at stressed dual-damascene vias lead to significant differences in tree reliabilities in Cu compared to Al. While an interconnect tree can be treated as a fundamental unit whose reliability is independent of that of other units in Al-based interconnect architectures, interconnect trees cannot be treated as fundamental units for circuit-level reliability analyses for Cu-based interconnects.
Crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of Ca2+-calmodulin-drug and apocalmodulin-drug complexes (1997)

Ca(2+)-calmodulin is crystallized with two new and potent drugs: a bisindol derivative (KAR-2, 3"-(beta-chloroethyl)-2",4"-dioxo-3,5"- spiro-oxazolidino-4-deacetoxy-vinblastine) with antitumor activity and an arylalkylamine fendiline analogue (N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-N'-[1-(3,4- di-n-butoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3-diaminopropane) with anticalmodulin activity. The crystals diffract beyond 2.8 A and differ in unit cell parameters from each other as well as from crystals of Ca(2+)-calmodulin or Ca(2+)-calmodulin-ligand complexes, as reported thus far. Attempts to crystallize Ca(2+)-free calmodulin without drugs failed, in consonance with earlier results; however, single Ca(2+)-free calmodulin crystals diffracting-beyond 2.5 A resolution were grown in the presence of KAR-2. Results indicate that binding of the two drugs to apocalmodulin or Ca(2+)-calmodulin may induce unique novel protein conformers, targets of further detailed X-ray studies.
Measurement of the temporal and spatial parameters of gait using a microcomputer based system (1987)

This paper describes a system for measuring the temporal and spatial parameters of gait. The basis of the system is a resistive grid walkway which is controlled by a microcomputer which also collects, processes and stores the data from the walkway. The data obtained from the system, including the temporal and spatial parameters of gait such as step and stride lengths, the durations of swing and support phases of the gait cycle and walking speed, are presented in both numerical and graphical forms. Accuracy to within 1 cm has been verified by analysing videotapes of foot placement during a walk. Special emphasis has been placed on making the system software user-friendly. The presentation of date uses several types of display, from a simple graphical summary of the walk statistics to a more complete report showing all the data from each stride. In the year during which the walkway system has been operational, it has been found easy to use by both subjects and operators, and it produces very useful data.
Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers (1990)

Voice quality variations include a set of voicing sound source modifications ranging from laryngealized to normal to breathy phonation. Analysis of reiterant imitations of two sentences by ten female and six male talkers has shown that the potential acoustic cues to this type of voice quality variation include: (1) increases to the relative amplitude of the fundamental frequency component as open quotient increases; (2) increases to the amount of aspiration noise that replaces higher frequency harmonics as the arytenoids become more separated; (3) increases to lower formant bandwidths; and (4) introduction of extra pole zeros in the vocal-tract transfer function associated with tracheal coupling. Perceptual validation of the relative importance of these cues for signaling a breathy voice quality has been accomplished using a new voicing source model for synthesis of more natural male and female voices. The new formant synthesizer, KLSYN88, is fully documented here. Results of the perception study indicate that, contrary to previous research which emphasizes the importance of increased amplitude of the fundamental component, aspiration noise is perceptually most important. Without its presence, increases to the fundamental component may induce the sensation of nasality in a high-pitched voice. Further results of the acoustic analysis include the observations that: (1) over the course of a sentence, the acoustic manifestations of breathiness vary considerably--tending to increase for unstressed syllables, in utterance-final syllables, and at the margins of voiceless consonants; (2) on average, females are more breathy than males, but there are very large differences between subjects within each gender; (3) many utterances appear to end in a "breathy-laryngealized" type of vibration; and (4) diplophonic irregularities in the timing of glottal periods occur frequently, especially at the end of an utterance. Diplophonia and other deviations from perfect periodicity may be important aspects of naturalness in synthesis.
Chromatin, TAFs, and a novel multiprotein coactivator are required for synergistic activation by Sp1 and SREBP-1a in vitro (1998)

The promoter selectivity factor Sp1 often cooperates with other enhancer-binding proteins to activate transcription. To study the molecular underpinnings of these regulatory events, we have reconstituted in vitro the synergy observed in vivo between Sp1 and the sterol-regulated factor SREBP-1a at the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) promoter. Using a highly purified human transcription system, we found that chromatin, TAFs, and a novel SREBP-binding coactivator activity, which includes CBP, are all required to mediate full synergistic activation by Sp1 and SREBP-1a. The SREBP-binding domain of CBP inhibits activation by SREBP-1a and Sp1 in a dominant-negative fashion that is both chromatin- and activator-specific. Whereas recombinant CBP alone is not sufficient to mediate activation, a human cellular fraction containing CBP can support high levels of chromatin-dependent synergistic activation. Purification of this activity to near homogeneity resulted in the identification of a multiprotein coactivator, including CBP, that selectively binds to the SREBP-1a activation domain and is capable of mediating high levels of synergistic activation by SREBP/Sp1 on chromatin templates. The development of a reconstituted chromatin transcription system has allowed us to isolate a novel coactivator that is recruited by the SREBP-1a activation domain and that functions in concert with TFIID to coordinate the action of multiple activators at complex promoters in the context of chromatin.
Intralayer and Interlayer Energy Transfer between Octadecyl Substituted Pyronine and Crystal Violet Incorporated in Langmuir−Blodgett Films:  A Time-Resolved Study (1997)

The intralayer and interlayer excitation energy transfer between dioctadecylpyronine (PYR18) and dioctadecyl crystal violet (CV18) in alternating multilayer Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films has been examined with picosecond time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements. The PYR18 fluorescence is efficiently quenched by energy transfer to CV18. The critical transfer distances of 65 and 67 Å for intralayer and interlayer energy transfer, respectively, were calculated from spectral overlap. For the intralayer energy transfer system the fluorescence decay can be fitted with a two-dimensional Förster energy transfer equation, whereas for the interlayer energy transfer system it was necessary to allow the dimension to float in the Förster equation. By use of global analysis, a “fractal dimension” equal to 2.6 was obtained. With single-curve analysis the two-dimensional system is seen to approach the three-dimensional one with increasing CV18 concentration.
Exploring the Catalytic Mechanism of Cas9 Using Information Inferred from Endonuclease VII (2018)

Elucidating the nature of the gene editing mechanism of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is an important task in view of the role of this breakthrough to the advancement of human medicine. In particular, it is crucial to understand the catalytic mechanism of Cas9 (one of the CRISPR associated proteins) and its role in confirming accurate editing. Thus, we focus in this work on an attempt to analyze the catalytic mechanism of Cas9. Considering the absence of detailed structural information on the active form of Cas9, we use an empirical valence bond (EVB) which is calibrated on the closely related mechanism of T4 endonuclease VII. The calibrated EVB is then used in studying the reaction of Cas9, while trying several structural models. It is found that the catalytic activation requires a large conformational change, where K848 or other positively charged group moves from a relatively large distance toward the scissile phosphate. This conformational change leads to the change in position of the Mg<sup>2+</sup> ion and to a major reduction in the activation barrier for the catalytic reaction. Our finding provides an important clue on the nature of the catalytic activation of CAS9 and thus should help in elucidating a key aspect of the gene editing process. For example, the approach used here should be effective in exploring the nature of off target activation and its relationship to the energetics of the unwinding process. This strategy may offer ways to improve the selectivity of Cas9.
Relationship between ice recrystallisation rates and the glass transition in frozen sugar solutions (2002)

Abstract The increase in ice crystal size that occurs through recrystallisation when many frozen products such as ice cream and frozen desserts are stored is one of the major factors contributing to the perceived deterioration of the product by the consumer. In order to reduce the rate of deterioration, a detailed understanding of the fundamental mechanism is needed. This study demonstrates that ice recrystallisation rates in a series of frozen sugar solutions are strongly correlated with the molecular mobilities of the water and solute molecules as measured by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance. The study also demonstrates that the proximity to the glass transition temperature as described by state diagrams correlates well with the measured ice recrystallisation rates. The temperature dependence in these systems is described by Williams, Landel and Ferry theory. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A Proposal of Fuzzy Modeling Method with Generation/Deletion of Membership Functions (1999)

ファジィモデリングは非線形対象の入出力関係を記述するのに有効な手法である。ファジィモデリングの重要な問題点の一つに各入力のメンバシップ関数の自動配置が挙げられる。これまでに、メンバシップ関数を生成しながら配置位置を決定する手法や、数多くのメンバシップ関数を用意しておいて、逐次メンバシップ関数を削除して配置位置を決定する手法が提案されている。本論文では、ルールの明示性を保持しつつ、メンバシップ関数の生成と削除を同時に行いながら、対象の非線形性に応じたメンバシップ関数配置を実現する手法を提案する。本手法では, 要求精度を満たすようにファジィニューラルネットワークの学習がなされ, その過程においてメンバシップ関数が対象の非線形性に応じて不均等に前件部台集合上に配置される。実験を行い、得られた結果からは、本手法が従来手法に比べて簡潔でより汎化性の高いモデルを獲得できることが判った。本手法と、メンバシップ関数生成機能のみによる配置手法および削除機能のみによる配置手法と比較した。
tRNA Modification Profiles and Codon-Decoding Strategies in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (2019)

tRNAs play a critical role in mRNA decoding, and posttranscriptional modifications within tRNAs drive decoding efficiency and accuracy. The types and positions of tRNA modifications in model bacteria have been extensively studied, and tRNA modifications in a few eukaryotic organisms have also been characterized and localized to particular tRNA sequences. However, far less is known regarding tRNA modifications in archaea. While the identities of modifications have been determined for multiple archaeal organisms, <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> is the only organism for which modifications have been extensively localized to specific tRNA sequences. To improve our understanding of archaeal tRNA modification patterns and codon-decoding strategies, we have used liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to characterize and then map posttranscriptional modifications on 34 of the 35 unique tRNA sequences of <i>Methanocaldococcus jannaschii</i> A new posttranscriptionally modified nucleoside, 5-cyanomethyl-2-thiouridine (cnm<sup>5</sup>s<sup>2</sup>U), was discovered and localized to position 34. Moreover, data consistent with wyosine pathway modifications were obtained beyond the canonical tRNA<sup>Phe</sup> as is typical for eukaryotes. The high-quality mapping of tRNA anticodon loops enriches our understanding of archaeal tRNA modification profiles and decoding strategies.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> While many posttranscriptional modifications in <i>M. jannaschii</i> tRNAs are also found in bacteria and eukaryotes, several that are unique to archaea were identified. By RNA modification mapping, the modification profiles of <i>M. jannaschii</i> tRNA anticodon loops were characterized, allowing a comparative analysis with <i>H. volcanii</i> modification profiles as well as a general comparison with bacterial and eukaryotic decoding strategies. This general comparison reveals that <i>M. jannaschii</i>, like <i>H. volcanii</i>, follows codon-decoding strategies similar to those used by bacteria, although position 37 appears to be modified to a greater extent than seen in <i>H. volcanii</i>.
Robust Object Tracking via Locality Sensitive Histograms (2016)

This paper presents a novel locality sensitive histogram (LSH) algorithm for visual tracking. Unlike the conventional image histogram that counts the frequency of occurrence of each intensity value by adding ones to the corresponding bin, an LSH is computed at each pixel location, and a floating-point value is added to the corresponding bin for each occurrence of an intensity value. The floating-point value exponentially reduces with respect to the distance to the pixel location where the histogram is computed. An efficient algorithm is proposed that enables the LSHs to be computed in time linear in the image size and the number of bins. In addition, this efficient algorithm can be extended to exploit color images. A robust tracking framework based on the LSHs is proposed, which consists of two main components: a new feature for tracking that is robust to illumination change and a novel multiregion tracking algorithm that runs in real time even with hundreds of regions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed tracking framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in challenging scenarios, especially when the illumination changes dramatically. Evaluation using the latest benchmark shows that our algorithm is the top performer.
[Three-dimensional computer aided design for individualized post-and-core restoration]. (2009)

The CAD of three-dimensional figures of the post-and-core restorations can fulfill clinical requirements. Therefore they can be used in computer-aided manufacture (CAM) of post-and-core restorations.
Leveraging beam deformation to improve the detection of resonances (2016)

Decades of work on beam deformation on reflection and especially on lateral shifts have spread the idea that a reflected beam is larger than the incident beam. However, when the right conditions are met, a beam reflected by a multilayered resonant structure can be 10% narrower than the incoming beam. Such an easily measurable change occurs on a very narrow angular range close to a resonance, which can be leveraged to improve the resolution of sensors based on the detection of surface-plasmon resonances by a factor of 3. We provide theoretical tools to deal with this effect and a thorough physical discussion that leads to expect similar phenomena to occur for temporal wave packets and in other domains of physics.
Partial purification and some physicochemical properties of phospholipases A2 from the venom of the bushmaster snake (Lachesis muta). (1993)

Screening of the biochemical-pharmacological properties of the crude venom from the snake Lachesis muta indicated the presence of phospholipase A2 (PLA2; 5260 U/mg protein), procoagulant (2630 U/mg protein), platelet aggregating (43 U/mg protein) and caseinolytic activities (6670 U/mg protein). These activities were separated by filtration of the crude venom on Sephacryl S-200. The material containing PLA2 activity was further fractioned by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography into four active fractions (F-I to F-IV, containing 1.7, 1.2, 0.3, and 0.05% of the crude venom protein, respectively) by stepwise elution with buffers of increasing ionic strength. All fractions presented a molecular weight of approximately 15,000 and isoelectric points in the range pH 4.6-6.0. In addition to their indirect hemolytic activity, the partially purified fractions inhibited platelet aggregation induced either by collagen or thrombin. p-Bromophenacyl bromide-treated fractions lost both phospholipase A2 activity and their inhibitory effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
Towards a Performance Model for Special Purpose ORB Middleware (2003)

General purpose middleware has been shown effective in meeting diverse functional requirements for a wide range of distributed systems. Advanced middleware projects have also supported single quality-of-service dimensions such as real-time, fault tolerance, or small memory foot-print. However, there is limited experience supporting multiple quality-of-service dimensions in middleware to meet the needs of special purpose applications. Even though general purpose middleware can cover an entire spectrum of functionality by supporting the union of all features required by each application, this approach breaks down for distributed real-time and embedded sys-tems. For example, the breadth of features supported may interfere with small memory footprint requirements. In this paper, we describe experiments comparing application-level and mechanism-level real-time perfor-\mance of a representative sensor-network application running on three middleware alternatives: (1) a real-time object request broker (ORB) for small-footprint networked embedded sensor nodes, that we have named nORB, (2) TAO, a robust and widely-used general-purpose Real-Time CORBA ORB, and (3) ACE, the low-level middleware framework upon which both nORB and TAO are based. This paper makes two main contributions to the state of the art in customized middleware for distributed real-time and embedded applications. First, we present mechanism-level timing measurements for each of the alternative middleware layers and compare them to the observed performance of the sensor-network application. Second, we provide a preliminary performance model for the observed application timing behavior based on the mechanism-level measurements in each case, and suggest further potential performance optimizations that we plan to study as future work.
A pyrrole–imidazole polyamide targeting transforming growth factor-β1 inhibits restenosis and preserves endothelialization in the injured artery (2008)

These findings suggest that the synthetic PI polyamide targeting the TGF-beta1 promoter may have the potential to suppress neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury by the down-regulation of TGF-beta1 and CTGF and the reduction of the extracellular matrix. As a result, PI polyamide targeting TGF-beta1 may therefore be a potentially effective agent for the treatment of in-stent restenosis, as a candidate agent for the next-generation DES.
The application of amorphous materials to computer memories (1973)

Two specific examples of the application to computer memories of order-disorder transitions in amorphous semiconductors are discussed. The particular physical changes utilized and accompanying the order-disorder transition are a resistance change and an optical change. The resistance change is applied to an electrically alterable Read-Mostly memory (RMM) and the optical change to a laser-alterable mass memory. The characteristics and mechanisms involved in each application are discussed briefly. The unique role of each memory in its respective area of applicability is described. For the RMM, the impact of manufacturing cost on array structure is discussed, and a new improved array of amorphous devices integrated with silicon is disclosed. For the amorphous mass memory, the effect of the interaction between high bit density laser addressing and practical engineering on the physical form of the first mass memory are discussed.
POF Optical Force Plate (2015)

Improved uptake and adherence to balance and strength exercises has been demonstrated to significantly improve functionality and reduce falls by 40%, helping people to remain independent and maintain their quality of life. Achieving this reduces the burden of illnesses such as osteoarthritis on the healthcare system. We propose a portable, inexpensive balance and lower limb strength rehabilitation device for home use with remote clinical connectivity based on polymer optical fibre (POF) technology. The device will measure balance and adherence to rehabilitation exercise, and ensure that the exercises are carried out correctly and effectively – even in the patient’s own home. Measurement of pressure, using POF technology, enables simultaneous and independent monitoring of the ball and heel of each foot forming four quadrants. This economical system displays postural balance and sway analysis as a stabilogram, which combines pressures exerted on all four zones to formulate Centre of Pressure (COP) and Centre of Gravity.
Ultrabroadband Nonlinear Optics in Dispersion Engineered Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides (2019)

We experimentally demonstrate the first g eneration of dispersion-engineered periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides. These waveguides achieve ultra-broadband second-harmonic generation (SHG) and multi-octave supercontinuum generation (SCG) with record-low pulse energies.