gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Fixed-Parameter Tractability of Some Matching Problems Under the Color-Spanning Model (2018)

Given a set of $n$ points $P$ in the plane, each colored with one of the $t$ given colors, a color-spanning set $S\subset P$ is a subset of $t$ points with distinct colors. The minimum diameter color-spanning set (MDCS) is a color-spanning set whose diameter is minimum (among all color-spanning sets of $P$). Somehow symmetrically, the largest closest pair color-spanning set (LCPCS) is a color-spanning set whose closest pair is the largest (among all color-spanning sets of $P$). Both MDCS and LCPCS have been shown to be NP-complete, but whether they are fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) when $t$ is a parameter is still open. Motivated by this question, we consider the FPT tractability of some matching problems under this color-spanning model, where $t=2k$ is the parameter. The problems are summarized as follows: (1) MinSum Matching Color-Spanning Set, namely, computing a matching of $2k$ points with distinct colors such that their total edge length is minimized; (2) MaxMin Matching Color-Spanning Set, namely, computing a matching of $2k$ points with distinct colors such that the minimum edge length is maximized; (3) MinMax Matching Color-Spanning Set, namely, computing a matching of $2k$ points with distinct colors such that the maximum edge length is minimized; and (4) $k$-Multicolored Independent Matching, namely, computing a matching of $2k$ vertices in a graph such that the vertices of the edges in the matching do not share common edges in the graph. We show that the first three problems are polynomially solvable (hence in FPT), while problem (4) is W[1]-hard.
Assessing the prognostic utility of smoldering multiple myeloma risk stratification scores applied serially post diagnosis (2021)

The Mayo-2018 smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) risk score is used routinely in the clinical setting but has only been validated at diagnosis. In SMM patients, the progression risk decreases over time. However, the utility of applying risk stratification models after diagnosis is unknown. We retrospectively studied 704 SMM patients and applied the Mayo 2018 and IMWG-2020 risk stratification models at annual landmark timepoints up to 5 years post diagnosis. The Mayo-2018 and IMWG-2020 models reliably stratified patients based on progression risk when applied post diagnosis. The respective 2-year progression risk in Mayo-2018 high risk patients versus IMWG-2020 intermediate-high risk patients was 51% versus 62% at the 1-year landmark and 47% versus 45% at the 4-year landmark. We showed that patients categorized at Mayo-2018 high-risk at follow-up had a similar risk of progression if the baseline risk assessment was low-intermediate versus high-risk (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.46-2.36, p = 0.931 at 5-year landmark). Patients migrating to a higher risk category during follow up had a higher progression risk compared to patients with stable/decreased risk categorization. Our findings support the use of these risk scores post-diagnosis and suggest that patients evolving to a high-risk category may benefit from early intervention therapeutic approaches.
Sleep Versus Wake Classification From Heart Rate Variability Using Computational Intelligence: Consideration of Rejection in Classification Models (2008)

Reliability of classification performance is important for many biomedical applications. A classification model which considers reliability in the development of the model such that unreliable segments are rejected would be useful, particularly, in large biomedical data sets. This approach is demonstrated in the development of a technique to reliably determine sleep and wake using only the electrocardiogram (ECG) of infants. Typically, sleep state scoring is a time consuming task in which sleep states are manually derived from many physiological signals. The method was tested with simultaneous 8-h ECG and polysomnogram (PSG) determined sleep scores from 190 infants enrolled in the collaborative home infant monitoring evaluation (CHIME) study. Learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network, multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, and support vector machines (SVMs) are tested as the classifiers. After systematic rejection of difficult to classify segments, the models can achieve 85%-87% correct classification while rejecting only 30% of the data. This corresponds to a Kappa statistic of 0.65-0.68. With rejection, accuracy improves by about 8% over a model without rejection. Additionally, the impact of the PSG scored indeterminate state epochs is analyzed. The advantages of a reliable sleep/wake classifier based only on ECG include high accuracy, simplicity of use, and low intrusiveness. Reliability of the classification can be built directly in the model, such that unreliable segments are rejected.
Sex differences in social modulation of learning in rats (2015)

In its simplest form, empathy can be characterized as the capacity to share the emotional experiences among individuals, a phenomenon known as emotional contagion. Recent research shows that emotional contagion and its adaptive role can be studied in rodents. However, it is not known whether sex differences observed in human empathy extend to its more primitive forms. In the present study, we used a rat model of emotional contagion to compare the behavioral consequences of social transfer of information about threat, and the subsequent neural activation patterns in male and female rats. We found that: (1) males and females display a similar behavioral pattern during the interaction with either a fear-conditioned or a control rat; (2) interaction with a fear-conditioned conspecific positively modulates two-way avoidance learning in male and diestral female rats but not in estral females; and (3) such interaction results in increased c-Fos expression in the central and lateral nuclei of the amygdala and the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex in males, whereas in females no such changes were observed. Collectively, our results point to the occurrence of sex and estrus cycle phase differences in susceptibility to emotional contagion and underlying neuronal activation in rodents.
Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma in children (2014)

Corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension is a known entity in adults; however, there is limited information regarding this phenomenon in children. This is of great importance as children are less likely to voice their concerns and likely to present when there are advanced ocular complications. It is also known that intraocular pressure responses due to corticosteroid use are exaggerated in children. In addition, monitor- ing of intraocular pressure in children is usually more difficult than in adults; and there is still debate on what is the most accurate and effective mode of measuring intraocular pressure. This review aims to present an overview on the currently available literature on corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension in children with respect to different steroid preparations, anatomic factors and measurement controversies. Guidelines about the use of topical corticosteroids in Chinese children may help in clinical management when this common medication is used.
Sensitivity of the band-edge selectivity of various classical filters (2002)

Many filters have a band-edge selectivity (BES) that is a function of parameters other than filter order. When this is the case, the band-edge selectivity of these filters can be maximized without increasing their order. However, we must temper our intent by the sensitivity of the BES to the varying parameters. We study here the sensitivity of the band-edge selectivity of various classical filters, these being described by polynomials approximating the ideal brick-wall filter magnitude response.
Induction of hemangiosarcoma in mice after chronic treatment with S1P-modulator siponimod and its lack of relevance to rat and human (2018)

A high incidence of hemangiosarcoma (HSA) was observed in mice treated for 2 years with siponimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) functional antagonist, while no such tumors were observed in rats under the same treatment conditions. In 3-month rat (90 mg/kg/day) and 9-month mouse (25 and 75 mg/kg/day) in vivo mechanistic studies, vascular endothelial cell (VEC) activation was observed in both species, but VEC proliferation and persistent increases in circulating placental growth factor 2 (PLGF2) were only seen in the mouse. In mice, these effects were sustained over the 9-month study duration, while in rats increased mitotic gene expression was present at day 3 only and PLGF2 was induced only during the first week of treatment. In the mouse, the persistent VEC activation, mitosis induction, and PLGF2 stimulation likely led to sustained neo-angiogenesis which over life-long treatment may result in HSA formation. In rats, despite sustained VEC activation, the transient mitotic and PLGF2 stimuli did not result in the formation of HSA. In vitro, the mouse and rat primary endothelial cell cultures mirrored their respective in vivo findings for cell proliferation and PLGF2 release. Human VECs, like rat cells, were unresponsive to siponimod treatment with no proliferative response and no release of PLGF2 at all tested concentrations. Hence, it is suggested that the human cells also reproduce a lack of in vivo response to siponimod. In conclusion, the molecular mechanisms leading to siponimod-induced HSA in mice are considered species specific and likely irrelevant to humans.
The Catalytic Activity of “Naked” Gold Particles (2004)

Reducing size helps to oxidize: Unsupported gold particles behave as an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of glucose, showing a similar activity to enzymatic systems. The catalytic activity is inversely proportional to the particle diameter (d, see graph). With carbon-supported gold, no gold–support interaction is found; however, the use of a support avoids particle aggregation thus preserving the original activity for longer.
Intermediate Phase in Calcium–Silicate–Hydrates: Mechanical, Structural, Rigidity, and Stress Signatures (2019)

Topological constraint theory classifies disordered networks as flexible, stressed–rigid, or isostatic based on the balance between the number of topological constraints and degrees of freedom. In contrast with the predictions from a mean-field enumeration of the constraints, the isostatic state—wherein the network is rigid but free of stress—has been suggested to be achieved within a range of compositions, the intermediate phase, rather than at a fixed threshold. However, our understanding of the nature and potential structural signatures of the intermediate phase remains elusive. Here, based on molecular dynamics simulations of calcium–silicate–hydrate systems with varying compositions, we seek for some mechanical and structural signatures of the intermediate phase. We show that this system exhibits a composition-driven rigidity transition. We find that the fracture toughness, fracture energy, mechanical reversibility, and creep compliance exhibit an anomalous behavior within a compositional window at the vicinity of the isostatic threshold. These features are argued to constitute a mechanical signature of an intermediate phase. Notably, we identify a clear structural signature of the intermediate phase in the medium-range order of this system, which is indicative of an optimal space-filling tendency. Based on these simulations, we demonstrate that the intermediate phase observed in this system arises from a bifurcation between the rigidity and stress transitions. These features might reveal to be generic to isostatic disordered networks.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydration of Carboxamides to Nitriles with a Zirconia Catalyst. (1987)

Abstract The dehydration of the carboxamides (I), yielding the nitriles (II), is carried out in various solvents in the presence of a zirconia catalyst which has already been described.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Targeting the IKKβ/mTOR/VEGF Signaling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Obesity-Related Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 47K, Dietary-induced obesity promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis.&lt;/p&gt;
A novel dromedary camel enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae from dromedaries in the Middle East (2015)

The recent emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from the Middle East and the discovery of the virus from dromedary camels have boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. Whilst picornaviruses are known to infect various animals, their existence in dromedaries was unknown. We describe the discovery of a novel picornavirus, dromedary camel enterovirus (DcEV), from dromedaries in Dubai. Among 215 dromedaries, DcEV was detected in faecal samples of four (1.9 %) dromedaries [one (0.5 %) adult dromedary and three (25 %) dromedary calves] by reverse transcription PCR. Analysis of two DcEV genomes showed that DcEV was clustered with other species of the genus Enterovirus and was most closely related to and possessed highest amino acid identities to the species Enterovirus E and Enterovirus F found in cattle. The G+C content of DcEV was 45 mol%, which differed from that of Enterovirus E and Enterovirus F (49-50 mol%) by 4-5 %. Similar to other members of the genus Enterovirus, the 5' UTR of DcEV possessed a putative type I internal ribosome entry site. The low ratios of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site to the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (Ka/Ks) of various coding regions suggested that dromedaries are the natural reservoir in which DcEV has been stably evolving. These results suggest that DcEV is a novel species of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. Western blot analysis using recombinant DcEV VP1 polypeptide showed a high seroprevalence of 52 % among serum samples from 172 dromedaries for IgG, concurring with its much higher infection rates in dromedary calves than in adults. Further studies are important to understand the pathogenicity, epidemiology and genetic evolution of DcEV in this unique group of animals.
Seasonal variations in the muon-induced neutron flux and background of natural radioactivity at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory (2017)

Cosmic ray muons at average energies of 280 GeV and muon-induced neutrons are detected by the LVD (Large Volume Detector). An analysis of seasonal variations in the neutron flux, based on data collected over 15 years, is presented. Measuring of the seasonal variations in the specific number of neutrons generated by muons allows us to determine the magnitude of variations in the average energy of the muon flux at the depth of the LVD’s location. The source of the seasonal variations in the total neutron flux is a change in the intensity and average energy of the muon flux. An analysis of the long-term monitoring of the LVD’s low-energy background is also presented.
Plastics derived endocrine‐disrupting compounds and their effects on early development (2020)

Despite the fact that the estrogenic effects of bisphenols were first described 80 years ago, recent data about its potential negative impact on birth outcome parameters raises a strong rationale to investigate further. The adverse health effects of plastics recommend to measure the impacts of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as bisphenols (BPA, BPS, BPF), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in human health. Exposure to these compounds in utero may program the diseases of the testis, prostate, kidney and abnormalities in the immune system, and cause tumors, uterine hemorrhage during pregnancy and polycystic ovary. These compounds also control the processes of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset diseases by modulating DNA methylation and epimutations in reproductive cells. The early developmental stage is the most susceptible window for developmental and genomic programming. The critical stages of the events for a normal human birth lie between the many transitions occurring between spermatogenesis, egg fertilization and the fully formed fetus. As the cells begin to grow and differentiate, there are critical balances of hormones, and protein synthesis. Data are emerging on how these plastic-derived compounds affect embryogenesis, placentation and feto-placental development since pregnant women and unborn fetuses are often exposed to these factors during preconception and throughout gestation. Impaired early development that ultimately influences fetal outcomes is at the center of many developmental disorders and contributes an independent risk factor for adult chronic diseases. This review will summarize the current status on the impact of exposure to plastic derived EDCs on the growth, gene expression, epigenetic and angiogenic activities of the early fetal development process and their possible effects on birth outcomes.
<title>Critical dimension photomask metrology tool requirements for 0.25 um and future microlithography</title> (1996)

Resolution enhancement techniques, such as optical proximity correction and phase shifting mask, have been extensively examined to extend the optical lithography capability to meet advanced lithography requirements. It also challenges the mask technology. As the minimum feature size decreases, the effect of proximity effect, resist slope, chrome slope, chrome edge roughness, and pattern corner rounding on defining the true critical dimension is significant. Increasing the sample size of mask CD measurement is inevitable to support the wafer fabs to characterize the wafer lithography process and product performance. The need to define the pattern fidelity, such as corner rounding of the optical proximity correction patterns, is emerging. Low voltage CD SEM, confocal microscope, and Atomic Force Microscope have been developed to improve the precision of sub-micron mask CD measurement. The AIMS system, applying microlithography simulation techniques, provides a promising method to predict the linewidth versus stepper dose, linewidth versus depth of focus, and correction between mask and wafer geometries. At Intel, we have developed a technique to magnify the image on the microscope to improve the precision and linearity of the CD metrology system. This newly developed technique which digitizes the measurement image and uses a gray level selective display improves the signal to noise ratio and enhances the image contrast and pattern edge detectability. This enables us to measure high resolution patterns, contacts, and curves of rounded features with high precision. The automatic measurement file creation software developed by Intel through downloading coordinates, automating measurements, and uploading data improves the measurement throughput in the production environment. In this paper, the current issues concerning CD measurements will be discussed. These issues include the effects of proximity effect, resist slope, chrome slope, chrome edge roughness, and pattern corner rounding on the true critical dimension. This paper will also present the user with a discussion on the current CD metrology tool capability. Most importantly, this paper will outline the requirements of future CD metrology tools, which will be vital to the accurate and descriptive measurement of photomask critical dimensions.
Buried graphene electrodes on GaN-based ultra-violet light-emitting diodes (2012)

We report that the oxidation of graphene-based highly transparent conductive layers to AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN ultra-violet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was suppressed by the use of SiNX passivation layers. Although graphene is considered to be an ideal candidate as the transparent conductive layer to UV-LEDs, oxidation of these layers at high operating temperatures has been an issue. The oxidation is initiated at the un-saturated carbon atoms at the edges of the graphene and reduces the UV light intensity and degrades the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. The oxidation also can occur at defects, including vacancies. However, GaN-based UV-LEDs deposited with SiNX by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition showed minimal degradation of light output intensity and I-V characteristics because the graphene-based UV transparent conductive layers were shielded from the oxygen molecules. This is a simple and effective approach for maintaining the advantages of graphene conducting layers as electrodes on UV-LEDs.
The information bottleneck method (2000)

A Python package for working with the Information Bottleneck [Tishby, Pereira, Bialek 2001] and the Deterministic (and Generalized) Information Bottleneck [Strouse and Schwab 2016]. Embo is especially geared towards the analysis of concrete, finite-size data sets. See on PyPI <strong>How to cite:</strong> Piasini, E., Filipowicz, A.L.S., Levine, J. and Gold, J.I., 2021. Embo: a Python package for empirical data analysis using the Information Bottleneck. <em>Journal of Open Research Software</em>, 9(1), p.10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/jors.322
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelofibrosis harboring the MPL mutation (2019)

These retrospective data suggest that MPL-mutated myelofibrosis patients have a favorable outcome after allogeneic transplantation with very low rate of disease relapse (5.5%) in comparison with the available historical controls regarding myelofibrosis in all.
Cooling of weapons with graphite foam (2023)

Disclosed are examples of an apparatus for cooling a barrel 12 of a firearm 10 and examples of a cooled barrel assembly 32 for installation into an existing firearm 10. When assembled with the barrel 12, a contact surface 16 of a shell 14 is proximate to, and in thermal communication with, the outer surface of the barrel 18. The shell 14 is formed of commercially available or modified graphite foam.
Selective C−H Activation α to Primary Amines. Bridging Metallaaziridines for Catalytic, Intramolecular α-Alkylation (2009)

Selective alpha-C-H activation results in the synthesis of the first bridging metallaaziridine complex for the catalytic alpha-alkylation of primary amines. Reaction development led to the preparation of new Zr 2-pyridonate complexes for this useful transformation. No nitrogen protecting groups are required for this reaction, which is capable of assembling quaternary chiral centers alpha to nitrogen. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest bridging metallaaziridine species are the catalytically active intermediates for this alpha-functionalization reaction, while monomeric imido complexes furnish azepane hydroamination products.