gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterisation and Evaluation of Trimesic Acid Derivatives as Disulphide Cross-Linked Polymers for Potential Colon Targeted Drug Delivery (2017)

Discovery and use of biocompatible polymers offers great promise in the pharmaceutical field, particularly in drug delivery systems. Disulphide bonds, which commonly occur in peptides and proteins and have been used as drug-glutathione conjugates, are reductively cleaved in the colon. The intrinsic stability of a disulphide relative to thiol groups is determined by the redox potential of the environment. The objective of this study was to synthesise a trimesic acid-based disulphide cross-linked polymer that could potentially be used for targeted delivery to the colon. The monomer was synthesised by an amide coupling reaction between trimesic acid and (triphenylmethyl) thioethylamine using a two-step synthesis method. The <i>s</i>-trityl group was removed using a cocktail of trifluoroacetic acid and triethylsilane to expose the thiols in preparation for further polymerisation. The resulting polymers (P10, P15, P21, P25, and P51, generated using different molar ratios) were reduced after 1.5 h of reduction time. Scanning electron microscopy images of the polymers showed spherical, loose, or tight patterns depending on the molar ratio of polymerisation. These polymers also exhibited efficient dissolution under various gastrointestinal conditions. Of the five polymers tested, P10 and P15 appeared to be promising drug delivery vehicles for poorly soluble drugs, due to the hydrophobic nature of the polymers.
Drift of Scroll Wave Filaments in an Anisotropic Model of the Left Ventricle of the Human Heart (2015)

Scroll waves are three-dimensional vortices which occur in excitable media. Their formation in the heart results in the onset of cardiac arrhythmias, and the dynamics of their filaments determine the arrhythmia type. Most studies of filament dynamics were performed in domains with simple geometries and generic description of the anisotropy of cardiac tissue. Recently, we developed an analytical model of fibre structure and anatomy of the left ventricle (LV) of the human heart. Here, we perform a systematic study of the dynamics of scroll wave filaments for the cases of positive and negative tension in this anatomical model. We study the various possible shapes of LV and different degree of anisotropy of cardiac tissue. We show that, for positive filament tension, the final position of scroll wave filament is mainly determined by the thickness of the myocardial wall but, however, anisotropy attracts the filament to the LV apex. For negative filament tension, the filament buckles, and for most cases, tends to the apex of the heart with no or slight dependency on the thickness of the LV. We discuss the mechanisms of the observed phenomena and their implications for cardiac arrhythmias.
Interaction‐Dependent Semantics for Illustrative Volume Rendering (2008)

Abstract In traditional illustration the choice of appropriate styles and rendering techniques is guided by the intention of the artist. For illustrative volume visualizations it is difficult to specify the mapping between the 3D data and the visual representation that preserves the intention of the user. The semantic layers concept establishes this mapping with a linguistic formulation of rules that directly map data features to rendering styles. With semantic layers fuzzy logic is used to evaluate the user defined illustration rules in a preprocessing step. In this paper we introduce interaction‐dependent rules that are evaluated for each frame and are therefore computationally more expensive. Enabling interaction‐dependent rules, however, allows the use of a new class of semantics, resulting in more expressive interactive illustrations. We show that the evaluation of the fuzzy logic can be done on the graphics hardware enabling the efficient use of interaction‐dependent semantics. Further we introduce the flat rendering mode and discuss how different rendering parameters are influenced by the rule base. Our approach provides high quality illustrative volume renderings at interactive frame rates, guided by the specification of illustration rules.
Development and preliminary evaluation of PCM thermal energy storage for air cooling in buildings (2017)

This study presents the development of a real-scale latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) device based on an air-PCM (phase change material) heat exchanger. The device uses the outdoor ambient temperature difference between night and day to refresh the indoor air and shift or completely avoid the use of air-conditioning in air-cooling in the building sector. The design is based on an extensive set of numerical simulations, performed by the commercial software ANSYS Fluent, focused on a parametric study allowing to identify the optimum value of different design parameters in order to have 10 hours of temperature shift. The numerical simulations were supported by experimental measurements done with a small-scale test rig. Additionally, the thermal response of the PCM to cooling and heating was also studied in a controlled temperature and humidity environment.
Pangola stunt virus infecting pangola grass and summer grass in Australia (1988)

A widespread disease of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and summer grass (D. ciliaris) in south-eastern Queensland was characterized by a bunched and stunted growth habit, yellow or red discolouration of the foliage, seed heads with crimped, distorted racemes, and sometimes premature plant death. Virus-like particles present in extracts of diseased plants were unstable, 50-70 nm in diameter, had a core and outer coat and were morphologically similar to particles of viruses in the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae. The particles were shown by immune electron microscopy to be serologically closely related to pangola stunt and maize rough dwarf viruses, but unrelated to oat sterile dwarf virus. Similar virus-like particles were observed in crystalline arrays in ultrathin sections of cells in vein enations of D. ciliaris. Extracts of diseased pangola grass and summer grass contained 10 double-stranded RNA species, which were somewhat similar in size to those reported for pangola stunt virus. A planthopper, Sogatella kolophon, which is related to the South American vector of pangola stunt virus, S. furcifera, was associated with diseased pangola grass and summer grass in the field, and was shown to be a vector. However, efforts to infect maize, a major host of maize rough dwarf virus, were unsuccessful. On the basis of these properties the Australian virus is considered to be pangola stunt virus.
Testing of a rapid-fire compensated pulsed alternator system (1989)

A compensated pulsed alternator (compulsator) has been designed and fabricated to drive a rapid-fire railgun system. Initial testing of the compulsator resulted in the failure of the compensation shield at full speed. An ambitious rebuild effort was undertaken, allowing testing to begin in August 1987. Since then, several rapid-fire shots have been performed, firing two 3 m guns at a 60-Hz repetition rate. A 65-g solid armature projectile was accelerated to 1.8 km/s during the initial tests with the compulsator operating at half-speed and reduced excitation. These preliminary results suggest a high probability that the compulsator rapid-fire system will meet and exceed the design goals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Social Media and the Arab Spring: Politics Comes First (2013)

The goal of this article is to place the role that social media plays in collective action within a more general theoretical structure, using the events of the Arab Spring as a case study. The article presents two broad theoretical principles. The first is that one cannot understand the role of social media in collective action without first taking into account the political environment in which they operate. The second principle states that a significant increase in the use of the new media is much more likely to follow a significant amount of protest activity than to precede it. The study examines these two principles using political, media, and protest data from twenty Arab countries and the Palestinian Authority. The findings provide strong support for the validity of the claims.
Articles : Identification of Triterpenoids and Flavonoids from the Seeds of Tartary Buckwheat (2013)

Phytochemical constituents were isolated from the seeds of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) by open column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated as β-sitosterol (1), β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (2), oleanolic acid (3), kaempferol (4), quercetin (5), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (6), and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (7) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including 1H-, 13C-NMR, and MS. To our knowledge, oleanolic acid (3) has been isolated for the first time from the seeds of Fagopyrum species. The total contents of compounds 4 - 7 were 0.500 mg/g in Daesan maemil, 0.312 mg/g in Yangjul maemil, and 2.185 mg/g in tartary buckwheat.
Facile Aluminum Induced Synthesis of (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (1995)

An efficient trifluoromethylation of chlorotrimethylsilane with aluminum powder in N-methylpyrrolidinone is described. The reaction affords the title compound on a preparative scale in 62% isolated yield.
Organic sulfur compounds. VII. Some reactions of benzothiazine hydroxamic acids (1970)

Treatment of (3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)acetic acid (1a) with sodium hydroxide yields the corresponding lactam, i.e. (3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)acetic acid, together with the α,β-unsaturated acid, 3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazine-Δ 2,α -acetic acid. The 6-methyl- and 6-bromo-derivatives of 1a behaved similarly when reacted with sodium hydroxide but when 3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazine was so treated a more complex reaction occurred.Methyl (6-bromo-3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)acetate was also treated with hydrochloric acid. The two products isolated were (6-bromo-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)acetic acid and (6-bromo-7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)acetic acid.The action of hydrochloric acid on 3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazine also gave two products. One was the corresponding lactam; the other was unexpected and has been tentatively identified as bis[2-(3,4-dihydro-7-methyl-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzothiazine].
Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Traditional Chinese and Indian Medicinal Herbs (2013)

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a fast-growing epidemic affecting people globally. Furthermore, multiple complications and comorbidities are associated with T2DM. Lifestyle modifications along with pharmacotherapy and patient education are the mainstay of therapy for patients afflicted with T2DM. Western medications are frequently associated with severe adverse drug reactions and high costs of treatment. Herbal medications have long been used in the treatment and prevention of T2DM in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and traditional Indian medicine (TIM). This review examines in vivo, in vitro, and clinical evidence supporting the use of various herbs used in TCM and TIM. The problems, challenges, and opportunities for the incorporation of herbal frequently used in TCM and TIM into Western therapy are presented and discussed.
The Match On Card Technology (2001)

To make biometric veriflcation secure, it is important to store the biometric data in a secure way. To be able to keep the biometric information in a closed environment, it is essential that the matching is performed in the same environment where the data is stored. This document describes the Match on Card technology, and why the technology is needed to gain secure biometric veriflcation. The document also discusses Match on Card in combination with smart cards and PKI.
Biphasic Response of the Metallothionein Promoter to Ultraviolet Radiation in Human Melanoma Cells (1997)

Because metallothionein (MT) is elevated and may be protective in UV-irradiated skin, we have studied the effects of UV and other agents on MT transcription using the sheep MT 1A promoter, linked to the beta-galactosidase gene and stably transfected into human cell lines. beta-galactosidase reporter activity was inducible by adding Zn2+ ions to the medium (100 microM for 2-4 h). Two differentiating agents, butyric acid and azelaic bishydroxamic acid (ABHA), significantly increased the response to Zn2+ in a melanoma cell line (MM96L-gal). UVB (280-315 nm) had two distinct, time-dependent effects. During the first 4 h after irradiation, high doses of UVB inhibited induction by Zn2+, an effect that was made more acute by simultaneous exposure to the differentiating agents. These changes in reporter activity were not due to alterations in Zn2+ transport into the cell. The UVB-depressed MT response subsequently recovered and by 24 h was double the control, yet remained sensitive to ABHA. Reporter activity in transfected HeLa cells differed from that in MM96L, being depressed 4 and 24 h after UVB and insensitive to ABHA at both times. Galactosidase reporter activity driven by non-MT promoters was not affected by these treatments. Dependence of MT transcriptional activity on UV-related DNA damage could be inferred because equitoxic UVC (254 nm) affected the response to Zn2+ in a similar fashion, whereas UVA, cisplatin and a methylating agent had no effect. The MT response was partly dependent on the PKC signal transduction pathway because it was inhibited by phorbol ester in HeLa, and by bisindolyl maleimide in HeLa and MM96L. The biphasic MT transcriptional response may model a signal transduction pathway that gives an early, depressed response to acute UV damage, with exacerbation by concurrent differentiation stimuli, but switches to a positive, cell-specific and potentially protective response at later times.
If I were a rich man …, … my accident record wouldn’t be so bad! (2020)

Understanding jet aircraft accident statistics has always been hampered by low average yearly accident numbers and unavailability of detailed utilization data. Hence, throughout the years only very few parameters have been identified that are a factor in (differences in) accident rates. As such have been recognized: original in-service entry’ date of the type and geographic region of operation. To attain a better understanding of the latter factor, an exercise has been undertaken to statistically investigate the differences in accident rates of the B737, DC9 and F28 aircraft. A major element in the approach has been to use the accident rates of the B737 and the DC9 and then apply the F28 utilization distribution for determination of how the hypothetical B737 and DC9 accident rates would have been if they would have been operated by the same mix of operators as the F28. The strength of the economy of the country of the operator appeared to be the overruling influence factor, explaining for most of the differences in accident rates. This finding indicates that addressing the traditional ‘human factor’ will not succeed in bringing down accident rates worldwide if the economic environment in which individual airlines operate (the ‘prosperity factor’) is left untouched.
Achieving Secure and Differentially Private Computations in Multiparty Settings (2017)

Sharing and working on sensitive data in distributed settings from healthcare to finance is a major challenge due to security and privacy concerns. Secure multiparty computation (SMC) is a viable panacea for this, allowing distributed parties to make computations while the parties learn nothing about their data, but the final result. Although SMC is instrumental in such distributed settings, it does not provide any guarantees not to leak any information about individuals to adversaries. Differential privacy (DP) can be utilized to address this; however, achieving SMC with DP is not a trivial task, either. In this paper, we propose a novel Secure Multiparty Distributed Differentially Private (SM-DDP) protocol to achieve secure and private computations in a multiparty environment. Specifically, with our protocol, we simultaneously achieve SMC and DP in distributed settings focusing on linear regression on horizontally distributed data. That is, parties do not see each others' data and further, can not infer information about individuals from the final constructed statistical model. Any statistical model function that allows independent calculation of local statistics can be computed through our protocol. The protocol implements homomorphic encryption for SMC and functional mechanism for DP to achieve the desired security and privacy guarantees. In this work, we first introduce the theoretical foundation for the SM-DDP protocol and then evaluate its efficacy and performance on two different datasets. Our results show that one can achieve individual-level privacy through the proposed protocol with distributed DP, which is independently applied by each party in a distributed fashion. Moreover, our results also show that the SM-DDP protocol incurs minimal computational overhead, is scalable, and provides security and privacy guarantees.
Intensive Conditioning of Alfalfa: Drying Rate and Leaf Loss (2006)

A laboratory test fixture was used to evaluate the effect of roll type, roll clearance, mass-flow-rate and swath density. These variables were also considered in field-tests with mower-conditioners and windrowers. Intensive crushing rolls improved drying rate by 3 to 6% (test fixture) compared to intermeshing urethane or steel rolls, respectively, and by 0 to 22% (field tests) compared to intermeshing steel rolls. In field tests, intensive crushing rolls had 38% greater DM loss than the intermeshing steel rolls (4.0 vs. 2.9%) primarily due to poor feeding with the former roll type. Intensive steel rolls with high specific crushing area (96%) and an intermesh to aid in feeding increased drying rate by an average of 7% compared to intermeshing urethane rolls with no difference in DM loss. Machined rolls with many lugs in a closely intermeshing involute pattern produced an average drying rate 17% faster than intermeshing urethane rolls. With two roll types, there was a trend for smaller clearance to improve the drying rate with the most evident improvement when clearance was less than 2 mm. Mass-flow-rate through the conditioners did not significantly affect drying rate. Tandem roll conditioning did not significantly improve drying rate compared a single roll set. Drying rate of conditioned windrows, unconditioned swaths, and conditioned swaths was greater than an unconditioned windrow by an average of 24, 30 and 61%, respectively. There was no statistical difference in drying rate between conditioned material in a windrow and unconditioned material in a swath.
Selective Epitaxy of III–V Compounds by Low‐Temperature Hydride VPE (1990)

In this paper we report on the selective epitaxy of , , and accomplished in a double‐barrel hydride vapor‐phase epitaxy (VPE) reactor, using films as the pattern‐defining masks. All growths were done at temperatures as low as 482°–570°C and with reactant concentrations about 10X lower than in usual hydride VPE processes. Some of the experiments were done using separated Group III and Group V reactant streams to attempt atomic layer epitaxy growths. We also discuss room‐temperature plasma etching with mixtures of and and the regrowth of in the etched features. Completely selective, morphologically smooth regrowth was demonstrated at temperatures below 570°C and with low reactant concentrations. The above techniques could lead to novel processing procedures for a variety of devices,e.g., optoelectronic integrated circuits, optical waveguides, 2‐ and 3‐dimensional quantum structures, etc.
Electrochemical Detection of Multianalyte Biomarkers in Wound Healing Efficacy (2020)

The targeted diagnosis and effective treatments of chronic skin wounds remain a healthcare burden, requiring the development of sensors for real-time monitoring of wound healing activity. Herein, we describe an adaptable method for the fabrication of carbon ultramicroelectrode arrays (CUAs) on flexible substrates with the goal to utilize this sensor as a wearable device to monitor chronic wounds. As a proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate the electrochemical detection of three electroactive analytes as biomarkers for wound healing state in simulated wound media on flexible CUAs. Notably, to follow pathogenic responses, we characterize analytical figures of merit for identification and monitoring of bacterial warfare toxin pyocyanin (PYO) secreted by the opportunistic human pathogen <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. We also demonstrate the detection of uric acid (UA) and nitric oxide (NO<sup>•</sup>), which are signaling molecules indicative of wound healing and immune responses, respectively. The electrochemically determined limit of detection (LOD) and linear dynamic range (LDR) for PYO, UA, and NO<sup>•</sup> fall within the clinically relevant concentrations. Additionally, we demonstrate the successful use of flexible CUAs for quantitative, electrochemical detection of PYO from <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains and cellular NO<sup>•</sup> from immune cells in the wound matrix. Moreover, we present an electrochemical examination of the interaction between PYO and NO<sup>•</sup>, providing insight into pathogen-host responses. Finally, the effects of the antimicrobial agent, silver (Ag<sup>+</sup>), on <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PYO production rates are investigated on flexible CUAs. Our electrochemical results show that the addition of Ag<sup>+</sup> to <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in wound simulant decreases PYO secretion rates.
Automatic construction of faceted terminological feedback for context-based information retrieval (1999)

This thesis explores the automatic construction of structured terminological feedback to support a style of textual information seeking which we call context-based retrieval. Context-based retrieval sees the retrieval task as a two step process of first establishing a logical subset of a collection to serve as a search context and then performing one or more high precision subsearches to focus on specific topics within the context. Our hypothesis is that nominal compounding, a linguistic device commonly used for making categorial distinctions, can be exploited to extract and expose underlying themes of document subcollections. 
We explore two approaches for employing automatically extracted families of noun compounds as a medium of data visualization and query refinement. The first exploits document clustering to pre-define a set of search contexts and feedback terms, while the second allows the user's initial query to define a context on the fly. A key finding is support for the lexical dispersion hypothesis—that the tendency for categories central to a domain to appear in a range of lexical compounds can be used for the purpose of diagnosing topical dimensions of document sets. 
We develop an algorithm based on lexical dispersion analysis to construct faceted terminological feedback from query result sets. Since this approach does not rely on a fixed, a priori classification scheme, it can keep pace with the dynamism of today's online databases and reflect categorial distinctions made from the perspective of the result sets themselves. Query logs and session analysis from a live system employing this algorithm indicate that phrasal feedback mediated by lexical categories provides a natural bridge between an initial broad query and more specific queries couched in the language of the target documents.