gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantifying neural information content: a case study of the impact of hippocampal adult neurogenesis (2019)

Neural networks have an intrinsic information content encapsulated by neural firing behaviors and constituted by their neural encoding. Shannon entropy is a fundamental method to quantize the amount of information in a variety of sources such as communication channels. Many approaches have been devised to apply this sort of information measure to neurons with mixed success. However, doing so typically requires knowledge of the firing behavior probability distributions for the neurons of interest (whether modeled or recordings), and furthermore often is only applicable for single neurons and not ensembles. We have observed that conventional compression methods may help overcome some of the limiting factors of standard techniques and allows us to approximate information in neural data. To do so we have used compressibility as a measure of complexity in order to estimate entropy to quantitatively assess information content of neural ensembles.
Will Voluntary and Educational Programs Meet Environmental Objectives? Evidence from a Survey of New York Dairy Farms (2001)

This paper presents the results from a survey of New York dairy farms that links manure management practices and farmer willingness to participate in voluntary environmental programs, focusing on those operations that are not automatically designated as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. A wide divergence is found between actual and recommended manure management practices on individual dairy farms (high), the apparent ability of farms to divert financial resources to environmental practices (mixed), and the willingness to participate in voluntary programs at various annual costs per cow (low). These findings have policy implications for the USDA/USEPA National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations.
Twinning and oxygen ordering in Ba2YCu3O7−x crystals (1990)

Formation of twins in Or-BYCO crystals was studied by transforming them to T-phase by electron beam irradiation in the microscope. It is known that during the transformation the crystals developed twinning (STW), Ortho-II phase (1×2 superstructure), tweed structure. These structures occur in that order by the irradiation and the structural changes are caused by oxygen deficiency and oxygen atoms ordering. This work is aimed at elucidation of oxygen atom ordering by examining the structural evolution in terms of morphologies of the twins. Atypical evolution of an Or-BYCO crystal is shown in a series of micrographs in Figs. 1 to 5. As-grown twin (FTW) boundaries have a characteristic lens shape extending in the &lt; 110&gt; direction and terminate at a twin boundary in horizontal direction (Fig.1). These boundaries don't accompany strain contrast which is developed in the crystal after a brief irradiation (Fig.2). The strain contrasts, which are differentiated easily from the thickness contrast, appear parallel to the boundaries and change slowly across the boundaries.
Bis-adamantylidenemethane (1970)

J. Strating, A. H. Alberts and H. Wynberg, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1970, 818a DOI: 10.1039/C2970000818A
Experimental demonstration of high quality factor, x-dipole modes in InAs∕InP quantum dot photonic crystal microcavity membranes (2006)

The authors study the quality factor Q of the x-dipole mode in single missing hole defect photonic crystal microcavities in InAs∕InP quantum dot membranes as a function of the structural design parameters. Photoluminescence experiments show an optimized Q in excess of 28 000 for a wavelength close to λ=1550nm. This is to be compared with a Q of 57 000 determined by finite difference time domain calculations. The fabrication tolerances necessary to achieve experimental Q values close to those predicted by theory are identified.
C is for the Circulatory system… (2016)

This month, we continue our series that takes the form of an extended alphabetical adventure around the body, helping children to get to know themselves a little better.
Modulated Sn Oxidation States over a Cu2O-Derived Substrate for Selective Electrochemical CO2 Reduction (2020)

Pursuing high catalytic selectivity is challenging but paramount for an efficient and low-cost CO<sub>2</sub> electrochemical reduction (CO<sub>2</sub>R). In this work, we demonstrate a significant correlation between the selectivity of CO<sub>2</sub>R to formate and the duration of tin (Sn) electrodeposition over a cuprous oxide (Cu<sub>2</sub>O)-derived substrate. A Sn electrodeposition time of 120 s led to a cathode with a formate Faradaic efficiency of around 81% at -1.1 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which was more than 37% higher than those of the Sn foil and the sample treated for 684 s. This result highlights the significant role of the interface between deposited Sn and the cuprous-derived substrate in determining the selectivity of CO<sub>2</sub>R. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed that the residual cuprous species at the Cu/Sn interfaces could stabilize Sn species in oxidation states of 2+ and 4+, a mixture of which is essential for a selective formate conversion. Such modulation effects likely arise from the moderate electronegativity of the cuprous species that is lower than that of Sn<sup>2+</sup> but higher than that of Sn<sup>4+</sup>. Our work highlights the significant role of the substrate in the selectivity of the deposited catalyst and provides a new avenue to advance selective electrodes for CO<sub>2</sub> electrochemical reduction.
Surface Topography Characterization of Electro-galvanized Steel Sheets (2004)

Surface morphologies of electro-galvanized steel sheets were quantitatively characterized, and the relationship between the surface morphologies and the appearances were studied. First, the surface morphologies were directly connected to the appearances by comparing the laser microscope images with the scanning electron microscope images. Consequently, the relationship between the appearance and the surface morphology was qualitatively explained. Then the surface morphologies were measured using topographic scanning electron microscope and were quantitatively characterized calculating 3D parameters from the topographic data. The surface morphologies of the electrogalvanized steel sheets consisted of the shape of the Zn deposit and the roughness of the substrate. Extracting the shape of the Zn deposit from the surface morphology data by means of high-pass filtering, 3D parameters according with the qualitative explanation were obtained.
Nonlinear surface waves in soil (2006)

Nonlinear effects in surface waves propagating in soil are investigated theoretically. Analytic solutions are derived for the second harmonics and difference frequency waves generated by a bifrequency primary wave propagating at moderate amplitude. The soil is modeled as an isotropic solid. As such, its elastic properties are described by five elastic constants, two at second order in the strain energy density (the shear and bulk moduli) and three at third order. Nonlinear propagation of the surface waves is based on a theory developed previously [Zabolotskaya, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 2569–2575 (1992)]. Elements of the nonlinearity matrix associated with the interacting spectral components are expressed in terms of the five elastic constants. It was found convenient to express the nonlinearity matrix for soil as a function of a nonlinearity parameter corresponding to B/A for liquids, particularly for saturated soils exhibiting liquidlike properties. This nonlinearity parameter can vary by several orders of magnitude. For soils with shear wave speeds less than 20% of the compressional wave speeds, the nonlinearity of surfaces waves is found to be independent of the third-order elastic constants and dependent only on the shear modulus. [Work supported by ONR.]
Design of Optical Flow Switched Network with Generalized Survivable Network (2010)

Generalized Survivable Network (GSN) can improve the performance of Optical Flow Switched (OFS) network in short flow scenario (&lt; 1 second) and enhance the application of OFS network. The design problem of OFS network with GSN becomes an important problem. In this paper, we propose a solution approach to solve the problem of designing OFS network with GSN for arbitrary mesh topologies. We demonstrate the performance of our proposed approach by some numerical experiments.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Reduces Pulmonary Vascular Resistance More Than Prostaglandin E1 During Heart Transplantation (2000)

Nitric oxide inhalation selectively reduces pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure immediately after heart transplantation which facilitates weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass.
Integrated Model for Microstructural Evolution and Properties of Steel Plates Manufactured in Production Line. (1992)

The mathematical model for the prediction of microstructural evoiution and mechanical properties shown in the previous report is integrated with the process models those calculate the strain and temperature distribution through thickness at multiple points in the plate during the rolling and the cooling steps for the adoption to a commercial production line. The experiments that cover the wide range of the chemical compositions and the manufacturing conditions of steel plates were conducted and the obtained results such as microstructures and mechanical properties of the plates were comparedwith the calculated results of the present integrated model. The main points of the present report are summarized as follows:
The Plant Pathology Challenge 2020 data set to classify foliar disease of apples (2020)

This data set will contribute toward development and deployment of machine learning-based automated plant disease classification algorithms to ultimately realize fast and accurate disease detection. We will continue to add images to the pilot data set for a larger, more comprehensive expert-annotated data set for future Kaggle competitions and to explore more advanced methods for disease classification and quantification.
Interaction of UWB Tag Backscattering With Close Metallic Reflectors (2014)

Ultrawideband (UWB) radio frequency identification (RFID) systems for real-time objects identification and localization represent a promising solution for a future generation of RFID, as they can overcome current narrowband technology limitations. As is well known from the literature, it is very challenging to ensure a reliable RFID communication when tags are placed in proximity of metallic reflectors. For this reason, we here investigate the interaction between a UWB RFID tag and a close metallic disturber, assuming semi-passive tags operating in modulated backscattering. The impact of the metallic reflector on the tags backscattering pattern and RFID system coverage is evaluated, showing how tag detection is affected since the energy is mainly concentrated in certain directions.
La rationalité scientifique (2020)

Les études sur les sciences se font actuellement dans des cadres divers, tant à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur des sciences proprement dites. Les contributions des scientifiques à la réflexion sur leurs propres domaines au cours du siècle dernier ont été particulièrement marquantes, mettant en valeur la singularité de l’entreprise scientifique. Qu’en est-il de la rationalité scientifique aujourd’hui, dans un contexte où les questions de société ont un rôle de plus en plus déterminant dans les orientations touchant les sciences et dans la conception de ce que sont les sciences par rapport à d’autres activités sociales ? Des spécialistes de disciplines variées réfléchissent sur leurs démarches propres et sur les voies de leur créativité. Les textes réunis dans cet ouvrage sont pour la plupart issus du colloque « Les scientifiques et l’épistémologie : la rationalité scientifique aujourd’hui » (10 décembre 2014), organisé par le Comité Histoire des sciences et épistémologie de l’Académie des sciences.
Numerical Investigation of the Mixing of Highly Viscous Liquids with Cowles Impellers (2019)

This work is aimed at investigating the mixing process of highly viscous paints, used to colour leathers in the tanning industry, through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In particular, a mixing tank is fed with a master liquid and different liquid pigments and then stirred by Cowles impellers in order to obtain a paint of a uniform colour. The typical dynamic viscosity of the liquids in this process is μ ~ O(0.1-10) Pa·s, while the Cowles rotational speed is usually very high, i.e. 3000-5000 rpm. The numerical model is based on the solution of the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations for continuity, momentum and species mass fractions, the latter being used to describe the different components. The impeller motion is modelled through the Sliding Deforming Mesh (SDM) approach, using rotating (unstructured) meshes in the impeller region and a static (structured) mesh in the remainder of the tank. The master liquid and coloured pigments are assumed to stratify within the tank at initial time and the steady rotational speed is then imposed abruptly to the impellers. The level of homogeneity in the stirred tank is evaluated through the analysis of component concentration fields over time. In particular, such local concentrations can be used to determine the mixture colour in different regions of the tank, and hence predict the degree of homogeneity at different times; this is accomplished by defining a proper homogeneity indicator based on the spatial variance of the estimated colour. The proposed numerical model provides an efficient method to investigate the colour of the mixture and to evaluate an appropriate mixing time. The methodology gives also important indications for the tank design, especially useful in the case of non-conventional impellers, high rotation rates and viscous fluids.
Community- and Hospital-acquired Staphylococcal Infections (2011)

The purpose of this Chapter is to give the reader a broad overview of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The Chapter will focus on several aspects of this organism in relation to the problems it causes in the healthcare setting. Staphylococci are the topic of an extensive literature and many books. As a consequence, the information here will not deal with any particular subject in great depth, but will point the reader to literature which will aid in their accessing an understanding of the more important aspects of S. aureus biology. We will provide a short general introduction and then examine aspects of which infections S. aureus cause and how they cause them. The issue of bacterial resistance to antibiotics will be discussed and the latter half of the Chapter will deal with hospital-acquired S. aureus infections and the more recent advent of community-acquired MRSA. Finally, information on current treatments for staphylococcal infections will be presented, incorporating new and proposed treatments.
Supraventricular arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy associate with long-term outcome after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardias (2017)

SVT and older age are associated with the recurrence of VT after catheter ablation in patients with ARVD/C.
Cardiac Troponin T Elevation After Stroke: Relationships Between Elevated Serum Troponin T, Stroke Location, and Prognosis (2008)

Elevated cTnT in acute ischemic stroke was associated with severe neurological deficits at stroke onset and damages to the insular lobe. The outcome of acute ischemic stroke was worse for patients with elevated cTnT than for those with normal cTnT. The pathomechanism underlying acute ischemic stroke and subclinical myocardial damage warrants further study.
Synthesis of Polymandelide:  A Degradable Polylactide Derivative with Polystyrene-like Properties (2007)

Polymandelide, an aryl analogue of polylactide, was synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of mandelide, the cyclic dimer of mandelic acid. The poor solubility of rac-mandelide limited the synthesis of polymandelide via solution polymerization, but polymerization of mandelide at 70 °C as a heterogeneous slurry in acetonitrile yielded first-order kinetic plots and polydispersities <1.2. High molecular weight polymer prepared by melt polymerizations at T > 150 °C exhibit properties that mimic those of polystyrene. Polymandelide is a glassy amorphous polymer with a Tg of 100 °C, with rheological properties comparable to polystyrene, and thermal gravimetric analyses under nitrogen show that the polymer is stable to ∼300 °C. Racemization during polymerization precluded formation of a crystalline polymer. Degradation of polymandelide in pH 7.4 buffer at 55 °C is consistent with a bulk erosion model and, due to its high Tg, proceeds at ∼1/100 the rate of polylactide under similar conditions.
Selective oestrogen receptor modulators lasofoxifene and bazedoxifene inhibit joint inflammation and osteoporosis in ovariectomised mice with collagen-induced arthritis (2015)

The anti-osteoporotic drugs LAS and BZA were found to be potent inhibitors of joint inflammation and bone destruction in experimental arthritis. This study provides new important knowledge regarding the treatment regimen of post-menopausal women with RA who suffer from increased risk for osteoporosis.
In vivo bone response to porous calcium phosphate cement (2003)

We conducted an in vivo experiment to evaluate the resorption rate of a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) with macropores larger than 100 microm, using the CPC called Biocement D (Merck Biomaterial, Darmstadt, Germany), which after setting only shows pores smaller than 1 microm. The gas bubble method used during the setting process created macroporosity. Preset nonporous and porous cement implants were inserted into the trabecular bone of the tibial metaphysis of goats. The size of the preset implants was 6 mm and the diameter of the drill hole was 6.3 mm, leaving a gap of 0.3 mm between implant surface and drill wall. After 2 and 10 weeks, the animals were euthanized and cement implants with surrounding bone were retrieved for histologic evaluation. Light microscopy at 2 weeks revealed that the nonporous implants were surrounded by connective tissue. On the cement surface, we observed a monolayer of multinucleated cells. Ten weeks after implantation, the nonporous implants were still surrounded by connective tissue. However, a thin layer of bone now covered the implant surface. No sign of cement resorption was observed. In contrast, the porous cement evoked a completely different bone response. At 2 weeks, bone formation had already occurred inside the implant porosity. Bone formation even appeared to occur as a result of osteoinduction. Also, at their outer surface, the porous implants were completely surrounded by bone. At 2 weeks, about 31% of the initial cement was resorbed. After 10 weeks, 81% of the initial phosphate cement was resorbed and new bone was deposited. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that the creation of macropores can significantly improve the resorption rate of CPC. This increased degradation is associated with almost complete bone replacement.
Inferring Ancient Relationships with Genomic Data: A Commentary on Current Practices (2018)

Contemporary phylogeneticists enjoy an embarrassment of riches, not only in the volumes of data now available, but also in the diversity of bioinformatic tools for handling these data. Here, I discuss a subset of these tools I consider well-suited to the task of inferring ancient relationships with coding sequence data in particular, encompassing data generation, orthology assignment, alignment and gene tree inference, supermatrix construction, and analysis under the best-fitting models applicable to large-scale datasets. Throughout, I compare and critique methods, considering both their theoretical principles and the details of their implementation, and offering practical tips on usage where appropriate. I also entertain different motivations for analyzing what are almost always originally DNA sequence data as codons, amino acids, and higher-order recodings. Although presented in a linear order, I see value in using the diversity of tools available to us to assess the sensitivity of clades of biological interest to different gene and taxon sets and analytical modes, which can be an indication of the presence of systematic error, of which a few forms remain poorly controlled by even the best available inference methods.
Experimental investigations on water droplet oscillation and partial discharge inception voltage on polymeric insulating surfaces under the influence of AC electric field stress (2013)

Water droplets on hydrophobic surfaces of polymeric insulators oscillate under applied high voltage electric field stress. Deformation of the droplets increases local electric field stress in the triple zones, causing lower partial discharge inception voltage and consequently affecting the ageing performance of the insulator. For this contribution dominant modes of single water droplet oscillation on hydrophobic surfaces were investigated in a wide range of droplet volume and frequency of applied electric field using a high speed camera. 3D frame analysis showed for all volumes an increasing trend of mode number with frequency in the range of 20 to 100 Hz. Experimentally found resonance frequencies for water droplets on a hydrophobic surface approximately correlate with published frequencies of free water droplets. Conductivity showed no effect on the pattern of water droplet oscillation. Partial discharge inception voltages on two different hydrophobic surfaces (silicone rubber and epoxy resin) with conductive and non-conductive (distilled) water droplets were measured. These measurements showed that inception voltage makes a step whenever the oscillation mode of water droplet changes. Conductivity of the water droplets was found to have no effect on the inception voltage on silicone rubber surfaces having a high degree of hydrophobicity, whereas conductive droplets on epoxy resin with lower hydrophobicity lead to lower inception voltages.
Compressing Femtosecond Pulses in a Single Iteration in Real Time (2004)

Utilizing a programmable liquid crystal spatial light modulator and SPIDER a technique is demonstrated for correcting arbitrary spectral phase aberrations in a single iteration with no reference pulse. The setup has shown promise for correcting dynamic spectral phase changes, compressing complicated pulses from nearly picosecond length back to near transform-limited pulses.
Non-English Response Detection Method for Automated Proficiency Scoring System (2011)

This paper presents a method for identifying non-English speech, with the aim of supporting an automated speech proficiency scoring system for non-native speakers. The method uses a popular technique from the language identification domain, a single phone recognizer followed by multiple languagedependent language models. This method determines the language of a speech sample based on the phonotactic differences among languages. The method is intended for use with nonnative English speakers. Therefore, the method must be able to distinguish non-English responses from non-native speakers’ English responses. This makes the task more challenging, as the frequent pronunciation errors of non-native speakers may weaken the phonetic and phonotactic distinction between English responses and non-English responses. In order to address this issue, the speaking rate measure was used to complement the language identification based features in the model. The accuracy of the method was 98%, and there was 45 % relative error reduction over a system based on the conventional language identification technique. The model using both feature sets furthermore demonstrated an improvement in accuracy for speakers at all English proficiency levels. 1