gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suburban Land Development in Antebellum Boston (2015)

Historians generally agree that American suburbanization began in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, brought on by a combination of technological innovation (particularly in transportation), economic restructuring, and changing tastes of the urban middle classes. Essential to this process was the rise of a suburban real estate industry, which converted agricultural land into a consumer commodity. Using a microhistorical study of a single farm in the Boston suburb of Brookline, Massachusetts, the origins of the process of suburban land development are examined from 1770 to 1850. Land records, local history, and genealogical information were used to reconstruct the process by which farm land became the site of suburban neighborhoods. Before 1840, when nearly all land transactions were between individuals who knew each other personally, there was no infrastructure of real estate professionals and developers to facilitate suburban growth. During the 1840s, sales between strangers, facilitated by agents or auctioneers, quickly became the norm, and residential subdivisions aimed at varying income levels appeared, accompanied by developers and builders. Land went from being the essential component of family farming to a general commodity freely bought and sold, part of the broader evolution of the American economy into one dominated by market-based industrial and financial capitalism.
Cladding-Pumped Hybrid Single- and Higher-Order-Mode (HOM) Amplifier (2018)

We demonstrate a cladding-pumped hybrid-amplifier for low-power input seed-signals, by concatenating single-mode and HOM Yb-fibers. An 115mW average-power pulsed-source (8ns, 250kHz) was amplified to 52W output, using a 120W, 975nm multimode-pump, yielding 57% slope-efficiency.
Balanced-to-Balanced Series Feeding Network with Common-Mode Suppression (2018)

In this paper, a balanced-to-balanced series feeding (BBSF) network with common-mode suppression is proposed. Design requirements of the BBSF network is extracted at 2GHz, and constraining rules of the mixed-mode S-parameters are expressed by using matrix transformation. In the proposed structure, in order to obtain an in-phase power division, a balanced input signal is fed from one side of the feeding network into a balanced series of loads, using transmission lines (TLs) with a length of one guided-wavelength (λg). Furthermore, microstrip crossover is used to avoid the use of multilayer PCB design, resulting in the elegant transfer of intersecting RF signals. The simulation and measurement results show acceptable mixed-mode results, confirming that the common-mode suppression is achieved. In the measurements, the differential-mode insertion loss is 4.5 dB, the best differential-mode return loss is 20 dB, and the fractional bandwidth is approximately 15.2%.
Automated Bright-Field Dual-Color In Situ Hybridization for MDM2: Interobserver Reproducibility and Correlation With Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in a Series of Soft Tissue Consults (2016)

-This study highlights excellent concordance between DDISH and FISH in MDM2 copy number assessment. Moreover, excellent interobserver reproducibility of the DDISH assay was found among reviewers with varying levels of experience evaluating bright-field assays.
Specificity of Barkhof Criteria in Predicting Conversion to Multiple Sclerosis When Applied to Clinically Isolated Brainstem Syndromes (2004)

The infratentorial lesion criterion is responsible for the lower specificity of Barkhof criteria in CISB.
Superconducting millimeter-wave E-plane filters (1991)

The authors report on the measured performance of a three-pole E-plane filter constructed from high-T/sub c/ superconducting bulk materials at 34.5 GHz. Experimental results are presented for the insertion loss and return loss of the filter at 77 K. The problems associated with the use of bulk materials at the millimeter-wave range are addressed. Other possible superconducting waveguide filter configurations are proposed. While the experimental results are taken at low input power level, the current distribution inside the filter structure is calculated, and the power handling capability of the superconducting filter is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Reagent assessment for detection of ammonium ion‐molecule complexes (2013)

An MS-based framework was developed to quantitatively assess API ion-molecule reagent chemistries based on ammonium selectivity versus competing ions, and intrinsic ammonium binding strength and complex survivability for detection. Methyl acetoacetate is an attractive ammonium reagent for vapor-phase API techniques given its high vapor pressure, preferential selectivity, and high critical energy for dissociation.
Locating Zigbee Devices in a Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor Network: an ESD-based Integrated Solution (2012)

Abstract—Recent advances in the technology of wireless electronic devices have made possible to build ad-hoc Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) using inexpensive nodes consisting of low power processors, a modest amount of memory and simple wireless transceivers. Over the last years, many novel applications have been envisaged for distributed WSNs in the area of monitoring, communication and control. One of the key enabling and indispensable services in WSNs is localization (i.e., positioning), given that the availability of nodes ’ location may represent the fundamental support for various protocols (e.g., routing) and applications (e.g., habitat monitoring). Furthermore, WSNs are now being increasingly used for real-time applications having stringent Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements, such as timeliness and reliability. Towards this end, Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 and the Cluster-Tree model are considered among the most promising candidates. Building from (i) our proposed Enhanced Steepest Descent (ESD) algorithm to solve positioning of nodes in a fully distributed fashion, (ii) the mechanism to evaluate at run-time the site-specific parameters for the correct operation of the ESD (i.e., RSSI-based ranging) and (iii) the recent availability of Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 implementations over TinyOS, the main output of this paper is to outline how a positioning service can be fully integrated into a communication protocol stack. Keywords-positioning service; communication protocol; Zig-Bee/IEEE 802.15.4; system integration. I.
Refined physical and genetic mapping of the NF1 region on chromosome 17. (1989)

A total of 15 polymorphic markers were used to construct a genetic map that encompasses the NF1 locus on chromosome 17. The markers were a subset of a large collection of chromosome 17-specific probes and were selected for marker typing in NF1 families after physical localization to the pericentric region of the chromosome. Multilocus data for a total of 17 informative NF1 families and 39 other families were included in genetic analyses. No recombination was observed between NF1 and four markers, one or more of which was informative in 86% of parents. More-refined physical mapping studies demonstrated that all four of the markers are proximal to the chromosome 17 translocation breakpoints from two NF1 patients bearing balanced translocations. The region flanking the disease locus spans a distance of 1 centimorgan (cM) in males and 9 cM in females. Close flanking markers were informative in 76% of meioses. Sex differences in recombination rates in the pericentric region were highly significant statistically.
Effects of N/S Molar Ratio on Product Formation in Psychrophilic Autotrophic Biological Removal of Sulfide (2017)

The excessive H2S presence in water and wastewater can lead to corrosion, toxicity, and biological processes inhibition—i.e., anaerobic digestion. Production of H2S can occur in psychrophilic conditions. Biological removal of HS− by addition of NO3− as an electron acceptor under psychrophilic (10 °C) conditions in a continuous flow experiment is evaluated here. Four different N/S molar ratios—0.35, 0.40, 0.60, and 1.30—were tested in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor. Samples were analyzed daily by ion chromatography. Efficient psychrophilic HS− removal with sulfur products oxidation control by NO3− supply is documented. The highest HS− removal was obtained at N/S = 0.35 and 1.30 (89.1 ± 2.2 and 89.6 ± 2.9%). Removal of HS− was less at mid-N/S with the lowest value (76.9 ± 2.6%) at N/S = 0.60. NO3− removal remained high for all N/S ratios. N/S molar ratio influenced the sulfur products distribution with less S0 and increase in SO42− effluent concentration with increasing N/S ratio. Oxidation of HS− and accumulated S0 occurred simultaneously at N/S ratios &gt;0.35. The observations are explained by culture flexibility in utilizing available resources for energy gain.
Magnetization‐prepared GRASP MRI for rapid 3D T1 mapping and fat/water‐separated T1 mapping (2021)

This work demonstrated the initial performance of MP-GRASP and MP-Dixon-GRASP MRI for rapid 3D T1 mapping and 3D fat/water-separated T1 mapping in the brain (without motion) and in the liver (during free breathing). With fat/water-separated T1 estimation, MP-Dixon-GRASP could be potentially useful for imaging patients with fatty-liver diseases.
High-temperature UV-VIS-NIR absorption and emission spectroscopy of soda-lime-silica glasses doped with Nd203 (2002)

Absorption spectra were recorded from a glass with the basic composition 16Na 2 O.10CaO.74SiO 2 doped with 4 wt% Nd 2 O 3 at temperatures in the range from 25 to 1400°C. The effective width of the observed absorption peaks increased with increasing temperature, while the peak positions remained nearly constant. Some absorption coefficients decreased with temperature while that at a wavelength of 657 nm increased notably. Emission spectra were recorded from glass melts exhibiting a temperature gradient at the surface (cold surface). The spectra showed distinguished minima at those wavelengths where the absorption maxima occurred. Numerical simulation of the emission spectra assuming a constant temperature gradient at the surface is in agreement with the experimental spectra.
Circulating insulin-like growth factors-I and -II and substrates in fetal sheep following restriction of placental growth (1994)

To determine the relationship between placental delivery of oxygen and glucose, circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and fetal growth, the effect of variable restriction of placental growth was determined in sheep in late gestation. Arterial blood was obtained via indwelling catheters at 120 and 127 days of gestation, prior to necropsy at 130 days to measure fetal and placental weights. Plasma was acidified and subjected to size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography at pH 2.8 to dissociate and separate IGFs from their binding proteins. The acid-dissociated IGF fraction was analysed by sensitive and highly specific radioligand assays for IGF-I and IGF-II, previously defined using ovine IGFs. Fetal weight and blood pO2 and glucose at 120 and 127 days of gestation correlated positively with placental weight. Plasma IGF-I was positively associated with fetal weight and fetal liver weight, and with blood pO2 and glucose at both ages. Plasma IGF-II levels also correlated positively with fetal weight, fetal liver weight and with blood glucose and pO2, but only at 127 days of gestation. In the most severely growth-retarded fetal sheep, blood glucose and pO2 and plasma IGF-I were significantly reduced when compared with normal fetuses at 120 days. All decreased further by 127 days of gestation as did plasma IGF-II in severely growth-retarded fetal sheep compared with normal fetuses. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that both IGF-I and IGF-II are chronically regulated by oxygen and nutrition in utero and mediate part of the influence of placental supply of substrate over fetal growth.
Enhancing women's contribution to economic development in Latin America and the Caribbean region : the World Bank experience (1994)

This report reviews the abundant evidence of how much women contribute to development in Latin American and Caribbean countries. It proceeds to identify the reasons why these regions have not been as effective in maximizing the development of women's potential. Subsequently, the report presents the politics and strategy of the Bank to successfully achieve women's participation in development. Finally, it reviews the Bank's experience with women in development in its policy application and in the politics of the region.
Method for studying muscle properties under orderly stimulated motor units with tripolar nerve cuff electrode (1989)

An electrical nerve stimulation technique, using single tripolar electrode, was shown to be capable of recruiting motor units according to their size, while allowing simultaneous but independent control of firing rate in the active units. Test paradigms consisting of established fundamental physiological concepts of soleus-gastrocnemius architecture, firing rate behaviour of motor units of different sizes, and their susceptibility to fatigue were employed to validate the technique and demonstrate its utility as a basic and applied research tool.
The Bloom's Syndrome Gene Product Interacts with Topoisomerase III (2000)

Bloom's syndrome is a rare genetic disorder associated with loss of genomic integrity and a large increase in the incidence of many types of cancer at an early age. The Bloom's syndrome gene product, BLM, belongs to the RecQ family of DNA helicases, which also includes the human Werner's and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome gene products and the Sgs1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This family shows strong evolutionary conservation of protein structure and function. Previous studies have shown that Sgs1p interacts both physically and genetically with topoisomerase III. Here, we have investigated whether this interaction has been conserved in human cells. We show that BLM and hTOPO IIIalpha, one of two human topoisomerase III homologues, co-localize in the nucleus of human cells and can be co-immunoprecipitated from human cell extracts. Moreover, the purified BLM and hTOPO IIIalpha proteins are able to bind specifically to each other in vitro, indicating that the interaction is direct. We have mapped two independent domains on BLM that are important for mediating the interaction with hTOPO IIIalpha. Furthermore, through characterizing a genetic interaction between BLM and TOP3 in S. cerevisiae, we have identified a functional role for the hTOPO IIIalpha interaction domains in BLM.
Uni6Dv2: Noise Elimination for 6D Pose Estimation (2022)

Uni6D is the first 6D pose estimation approach to employ a unified backbone network to extract features from both RGB and depth images. We discover that the principal reasons of Uni6D performance limitations are Instance-Outside and Instance-Inside noise. Uni6D's simple pipeline design inherently introduces Instance-Outside noise from background pixels in the receptive field, while ignoring Instance-Inside noise in the input depth data. In this paper, we propose a two-step denoising approach for dealing with the aforementioned noise in Uni6D. To reduce noise from non-instance regions, an instance segmentation network is utilized in the first step to crop and mask the instance. A lightweight depth denoising module is proposed in the second step to calibrate the depth feature before feeding it into the pose regression network. Extensive experiments show that our Uni6Dv2 reliably and robustly eliminates noise, outperforming Uni6D without sacrificing too much inference efficiency. It also reduces the need for annotated real data that requires costly labeling.
Machine Learning for Automatic Structure Analysis and Experimental Design (2019)

Self-assembly is a ubiquitous process that holds great promise for the design and engineering of new materials and systems. While chemistry today is largely based on combining a few building blocks into molecules with desirable properties, recent advances in colloidal and nanoscale self-assembly have allowed us to move beyond the periodic table of elements to design building blocks with attributes tailored to their desired applications. With this great flexibility, however, comes a cost: both experiments and models of these systems are often laden with many tunable parameters, frustrating analysis and engineering efforts. Furthermore, it is often not known whether only a subset of these parameters is important or if observed behaviors depend on the confluence of multiple variables. In this work, we show examples of complex design spaces for colloidal and nanoscale self-assembly—including systems of far-from-equilibrium, anisotropic particles. We further show how machine learning can be applied to two major problems involved in studying self-assembly in silico: analyzing three-dimensional structure and engineering building blocks with many design variables.
Dosimetry of an iodine-123-labeled tropane to image dopamine transporters. (1996)

Relatively high-contrast images of the presynaptic dopamine transporters in the basal ganglia can be acquired with 185 MBq (5 mCi) of [123I]IPT. The radiation exposure that results is significantly less than the maximum allowed by current safety guidelines for research volunteers.
Structural Systematics of Rare Earth Complexes. VII. Crystal Structure of Bis(2,2'/6',2␛-Terpyridinium) Octaaquaterbium(III) Heptachloride Hydrate (1994)

The room-temperature single-crystal X-ray structural characterization of the title compound (tpyH2)2[Tb(OH2)8]Cl7.~2?H2O is recorded. Crystals are triclinic, Pi , a 17.063(5), b 16.243(3), c 7.878(3) ?, a 84.78(2), ß 84.39(3), ? 87.81(2)°, Z = 2 formula units; 3167 'observed' diffractometer reflections were refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a residual of 0.057. Notable features of interest of the compound are the 'chelation' of chloride ions by the terpyridinium cations , and the existence of a free [Tb(OH2)8]2+ cation in the presence of an abundance of chloride ions.
A multi-technique comparison of the electronic properties of pristine and nitrogen-doped polycrystalline SnO2 (2016)

Nitrogen doped tin(iv) oxide (SnO2) materials in the form of nanometric powders have been prepared by precipitation with ammonia. Their properties have been compared with those of undoped materials obtained in a similar way using various physical techniques such as photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS and UPS), UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Nitrogen doping leads to the formation of various nitrogen containing species, the more relevant of which is a nitride-type ionic species, based on the substitution of a lattice oxygen atom with a nitrogen atom. This species exists in two forms, paramagnetic (hole centre, formally N(2-)) and diamagnetic (N(3-)). The mutual ratio of the two species varies according to the oxidation state of the material. The doped solid, like most of the semiconducting oxides, tends to lose oxygen forming oxygen vacancies upon annealing under vacuum and leaving an excess of electrons in the solid. The stoichiometry of the solid can thus be markedly changed depending on the external conditions. Excess electrons are present both as itinerant electrons in the conduction band and as Sn(ii) states lying close to the valence band maximum. The presence of nitride-type centres, which are low energy states located below the top of the valence band, decreases the energy cost for the formation of oxygen vacancies by O2 release from the lattice. This particular feature of the doped system represents a severe limit to the preparation of a p-type SnO2via nitrogen doping.
Evaluation of Automobile Disposal System Based on the System Boundary of Zero Emission (2003)

Although Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as an important method of evaluating environmental loads of a product or technology, it is difficult in conventional LCA to evaluate the effect of discarding appropriately. It is because there is a problem in setting of the system boundary of waste disposal. It is not taken into account that the waste which is reclaimed into land does influence to environment over many years by the reaction with the atmosphere or rain water. Recently, it is proposed to set the system boundary of a zero emission type that presumes the processing of harmlessness technologies of waste. In this study, we simulated the car disposal system as an example based on the system boundary of zero emission. As a result, the environmental loads for the vehicle system in this assessment are much larger than those in the conventional LCI. Besides, the environmental loads when the Pb-Sn plating steel board for the fuel tank was substituted for the Zn-Sn-Ni plating one were compared with the case by the old model. In the evaluation by old model, the effect of decrease in the environmental loads due to the heavy metal substitution was as low as 0.01 kg of CO2 in the disposal stage. On the other hand, it counted 0.38 kg in the evaluation based on virtual processes of harmlessness technology. It is concluded that the influence of a heavy metal on the environment was properly estimated by using the system boundary of a zero emission type.
Novel Use of Osmotic Tissue Expanders to Treat Difficult Anterior Palatal Fistulas (2010)

The use of osmotic tissue expanders is a viable alternative for repair of large anterior palatal fistulas, especially in a scarred or previously operated palate. Patients were also no longer symptomatic.
Purified reconstituted inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Thiol reagents act directly on receptor protein. (1994)

Thimerosal, a sulfhydryl oxidizing reagent, has been shown to induce Ca2+ mobilization in several cell types and to increase the sensitivity of intracellular Ca2+ stores to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Using purified IP3 receptor (IP3R) protein reconstituted in vesicles, we demonstrate pronounced stimulation by thimerosal of its Ca2+ channel activity. Effects of thimerosal are dependent on the redox state of the receptor, implying an action of thimerosal on a critical sulfhydryl group(s) of IP3R. Thimerosal enhances the affinity of IP3R for IP3 binding. The manner in which thimerosal modulates IP3R responsiveness to IP3 provides evidence for receptor heterogeneity with implications for mechanisms of quantal Ca2+ release. These results clarify regulation of IP3R activity by redox modulation.
Environmental, Synthetic, and Materials Applications of Molybdenum Trioxide (2006)

The objective of this research was the development of new methods for the synthesis of metal molybdates using molybdenum trioxide. The latter is also used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated water. In the case of uranium, it was found that MoO 3 could absorb up to 165% by weight of uranium when reacted with uranyl acetate. The insoluble product was identified as the mineral umohoite [(UO 2 )MoO 4 (H 2 O)](H 2 O). A regeneration process was successfully achieved by treating the product with an aqueous solution of 15% ammonium hydroxide. The recovery of molybdenum oxide was 98.9% by weight and the efficiency of separation of uranium from umohoite was 96.1% by weight. When applying the same technique to different transition metals and alkaline-earth metals, the products obtained after heating at moderate temperatures were in the form of MMoO 4 (M= Mn, Co, Zn, Cd, Pd, Ca, Sr, Ba). The latter could be used as heterogeneous catalysts for several oxidation processes. The method was further extended to synthesize lanthanide molybdates. In the case of lanthanum, a mixed metal oxyacetate was obtained that converted to the cubic form of La 2 Mo 2 O 9 (an oxide conductor) upon heating to 550 �C. On the other hand, the reaction of gadolinium acetate with molybdenum oxide yielded hydrous mixed metal oxides that converted to the ferroelectric Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 at higher temperature. Molybdenum trioxide was determined to be an excellent tool for removal of heavy metals from water. The process involves the formation of mixed metal molybdates, which play significant role in many areas of chemistry, physics and material sciences.