gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Exact Method for Numerically Simulating the Stochastic Coalescence Process in a Cloud (1975)

A computer-oriented Monte Carlo algorithm for simulating the stochastic coalescence process in a warm cloud is presented. The computational procedures used in the algorithm are rigorously derived from the fundamental premise of the stochastic model. The algorithm is more general, more accurate and more efficient than previously proposed Monte Carlo procedures; in addition, it is more exact than computations based on the stochastic coalescence equation, since it takes proper account of correlations that are artificially ignored in the derivation of that equation. The mechanics of the algorithm, its advantages and its limitations are discussed in general terms; applications to specific coalescence kernels are deferred to future publication.
Metal oxide arresters on distribution systems: fundamental considerations (1989)

The authors compare the reliability of metal oxide and silicon carbide distribution arresters by examining the likelihood of failure as a result of moisture leakage and contamination, overvoltages, and lightning surges of high magnitude and long duration. It is found that metal oxide distribution arresters should be highly reliable in most applications because the arresters are far less likely than silicon carbide arresters to fail as a result of moisture ingress and contamination. Metal oxide arresters are more likely to fail as a result of system overvoltages because they conduct current in response to the overvoltages, and for this reason somewhat more care must be exercised in application to match the magnitude and time duration of system overvoltages to the temporary overvoltage capability of the arresters. Comparison of published metal oxide arrester energy absorbing capability against the energy absorbed in lightning surges that have been shown to exist indicates that the probability of failure may be high in areas of high lightning intensity. The authors suggest changes in the ANSI/IEEE C62.11 standard for metal oxide arresters to improve arrester reliability on lightning surges.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Orthopedics (2008)

Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become a popular clinical treatment in a variety of soft tissue and hard tissue applications. Clinicians use PRP to harvest the platelets' natural ability to promote hemostasis and to release cytokines into the wound bed with hopes of stimulating the rate of healing and improving tissue quality. Platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor and connective tissue growth factor are among the more notable cytokines released from platelets. To understand the utility of PRP in orthopedics, a review of the preclinical studies with PRP reveals a wide breadth of models where PRP enhances the outcomes. However, it is apparent that PRP is most successful when paired with the appropriate matrices and/or cell therapies for optimal results. Reviews of peer-reviewed clinical studies, ranging from Level I evidence clinical trials to Level IV case series reports, also reveal a wide range of clinical utility for PRP. Future clinical trials should attempt to refine the clinical application of PRP for each indication for use. These studies must be designed with the appropriate outcome measures and follow-up time-points to capture the benefits of PRP. Given the data published to date, PRP appears to be a powerful autologous therapy for surgeons looking to enhance bone and soft tissue formation. Future investigations will further define PRP's optimal role in medicine.
Melt Blowing Dies with Louvers (2015)

A slot die is the most common type of spinning device used to make melt blown fibers. A pair of louvers was installed in the air flow field of a melt blowing die. Air velocity measurements were taken in the presence of the louvers and in the absence of the louvers. In some experiments, the louvers were parallel with the airflow. In other experiments, the louvers were angled relative to the airflow at angles up to 6°. If higher air velocities can be achieved with louvers, then the melt blowing process can be improved.
A phase I/II study of combination olaparib and radium-223 in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases (COMRADE): A trial in progress. (2021)

TPS182 Background: Radium-223 is an α-emitting radioisotope that induces DNA double-stranded breaks leading to cell death and has demonstrated improvement in overall survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with bone metastases. PARP inhibitors, including olaparib and rucaparib, inhibit repair of DNA single-stranded beaks and have demonstrated clinical efficacy in mCRPC patients harboring alterations in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. In extensive preclinical cancer models, PARP inhibitors have shown efficacy as radiosensitizing agents. We designed a phase 1/2 trial to test the clinical hypothesis that the combination of radium-223 with olaparib will demonstrate anti-tumor activity in patients with mCRPC irrespective of underlying HRR deficiency status. Methods: This is an open label, multi-center, phase 1/2 study (NCT03317392) evaluating the dosing, safety and efficacy of olaparib in combination with radium-223 in men with mCRPC with bone metastases. Patient must have 2 or more bone metastases and at least 1 bone metastasis that has not been treated with prior radiation therapy. Key exclusion criteria include the presence of visceral metastases or malignant lymphadenopathy exceeding 4 cm and prior therapy with radium-223 and/or PARP inhibitors. The phase 1 component of the study uses a 3+3 dose escalation design to determine the recommended phase 2 dose of olaparib in combination with standard of care dosing of Radium-223. The primary endpoint of the phase 1 component is safety. The phase 2 component of the study is an open-label, randomized study evaluating the combination of olaparib and radium-223 compared to radium-223 alone. The primary endpoint of the phase 2 component is radiographic progression-free survival as defined by Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 guidelines for bone metastases and RECIST v1.1 for non-bone metastases. Secondary endpoints include time to PSA progression, PSA response, time to subsequent therapy, time to first skeletal event, overall survival, and safety. Exploratory endpoints include stratification of response based on HRR alterations, whole exome sequencing of plasma cell free DNA both at baseline, on treatment, and at progression, and evaluation of changes in the tumor immune microenvironment with therapy. As of October 1, 2020, the phase 1 component has completed accrual and we anticipate opening the phase 2 component by December 2020. Clinical trial information: NCT03317392.
Experimentally Validated Models of O-Ring Seals for Tiny Hydraulic Cylinders (2014)

To enable simulation of tiny hydraulic systems, including predicting system efficiency, it is necessary to determine the effect of the hydraulic cylinder piston seal. For tiny cylinders whose bore is less than 10 mm, O-ring seals are convenient. Simplified models for the O-ring were used to describe piston leakage and friction and based on the models, the force and volumetric efficiencies for tiny cylinders were predicted for a range of steady state operating conditions. To validate the models, a test stand was constructed to collect experimental data for 4, 6 and 9 mm bore cylinders, which were in the form of a vertical ram with a single O-ring seal. The ram was fully extended and put under load. A needle valve was then cracked to cause the ram to descend at different speeds. Pressure, load and velocity were recorded and the data used to calculate cylinder efficiencies, which were then compared to model predictions. The model and the experiment showed essentially zero leakage. The experimental force efficiency had good agreement with the model over a range of operating conditions. The study showed that simple O-ring models for tiny hydraulic cylinders suffice for building system level simulation models.
Prehospital exenatide in hyperglycemic stroke—A randomized trial (2019)

We found no evidence that prehospital exenatide had effect on hyperglycemia. However, it was given without adverse events in this study with limited sample size that was prematurely stopped due to slow inclusion.
An InSAR processor for on-board performance monitoring of the SRTM/X-SAR interferometer (1998)

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) will use C- and X-band single-pass/dual-antenna SAR interferometers to map the Earth's topography. In order to monitor antenna co-alignment and, hence, coherence, a medium-resolution near real-time onboard InSAR processor for the X-band channels is proposed. The implementation details and the various tricks to achieve the required throughput are described.
Histidine degradation in bacteria. (2017)

The ability to degrade histidine is both broadly distributed and highly conserved within the bacterial kingdom. In many cases, the complete catabolism of histidine to glutamate, ammonia and either formate or formamide allows the use of histidine as a carbon source, nitrogen source, or both. In some cases, the cells use intermediates and components of the pathway to generate important signalling molecules that affect properties such as virulence or biofilm formation. The strong conservation of the enzymes that are involved and the genetic clustering of the genes of the histidine utilization (Hut) pathway suggests horizontal transfer over evolutionary time.
Heuristic model predictive modulation in high power multi-level converters (2015)

Phase shifted carrier modulation is an industry standard in its application to multi-level H-bridge Converters. The major advantage of this scheme over level shifted and space vector modulation schemes is its inherent ability to evenly distribute losses between semiconductor devices. However, it has been demonstrated in literature that level shifted and space vector schemes have superior harmonic performance. This paper develops a model predictive modulation scheme which achieves the harmonic performance of level shifted modulation with the equal loss distribution achieved by phase shifted modulation. The proposed modulation is orders of magnitude more computationally efficient than existing model predictive modulation schemes. Simulation and experimental results are presented that confirm the correct operation of the modulation strategy.
18 Reliable Networks (2018)

In chapter 16, we saw how the transmission of data could be protected by error-correcting codes, so that information could be received accurately in spite of occasional noise. Such codes are an important ingredient in getting reliable communication, but not the whole story. Although such codes can correct or detect a small number of bits lost or garbled, often there's a bigger failure to be overcome. In a typical packet network, a whole packet (of many bits) can be lost all at once. What can we do to ensure that communication still succeeds despite that kind of loss?
Probing the Drug Dynamics and Mode-of-Action of Chemotherapeutics Using Metasurface-Enhanced Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy of Live Cells (2022)

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy has drawn considerable interests in biological applications, but the measurement of live cells is impeded by the attenuation of infrared light in water. Metasurfaceenhanced infrared reflection spectroscopy (MEIRS) had been shown to mitigate the problem, enhance the cellular infrared signal through surface-enhanced infrared absorption, and encode the cellular vibrational signatures in the reflectance spectrum at the same time. In this study, we used MEIRS to study the dynamic response of live cancer cells to a newly developed chemotherapeutic metal complex with distinct modes of action (MoAs): tricarbonyl rhenium isonitrile polypyridyl (TRIP). MEIRS measurements demonstrated that administering TRIP resulted in long-term (several hours) reduction in protein, lipid, and overall refractive index signals, and in short-term (tens of minutes) increase in these signals that was consistent with the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The unique tricarbonyl IR signature of TRIP in the bio-orthogonal spectral window was monitored in real time, and was used as an infrared tag to detect the precise drug delivery time that was shown to be closely correlated with the onset of the phenotypic response. These results demonstrate that MEIRS is an effective label-free real-time cellular assay capable of detecting and interpreting the early phenotypic responses of cells to IR-tagged chemotherapeutics.
Distance Bounds for Periodically Time-Varying and Tail-Biting LDPC Convolutional Codes (2010)

Existence type lower bounds on the free distance of periodically time-varying LDPC convolutional codes and on the minimum distance of tail-biting LDPC convolutional codes are derived. It is demonstrated that the bound on free distance of periodically time-varying LDPC convolutional codes approaches the bound on free distance of general (nonperiodic) time-varying LDPC convolutional codes as the period increases. The proof of the bound is based on lower bounding the minimum distance of corresponding tail-biting LDPC convolutional codes, which is of interest in its own right.
Transformer coupled plasma etch technology for the fabrication of subhalf micron structures (1993)

A transformer coupled plasma (TCP) source has been integrated into a production tool and characterized for subhalf micron etching of thin films. A planar 13.56 MHz plasma is produced over a wide pressure range of 1–500 mTorr. Langmuir probe measurements below 10 mTorr show ion densities ≳1012 cm−3 and low plasma potentials. These properties are favorable for high etch rates and low damage to device structures. Radio-frequency power is also supplied to the wafer electrode for dc bias control. Separation of the plasma generation and dc bias functions allows the control of microloading effects upon the etch profiles of dense and isolated lines. Performance of the tool is described for the etching of polysilicon and tungsten polycide films on substrates up to 200 mm in size. The evaluated characteristics include etch rate, selectivity, and microloading. The TCP is shown to be an advanced source with the capability for meeting 64 megabit device requirements.
Localization of near-field radiating sources with an arbitrary antenna array (2008)

In this paper we introduce a mathematical modelling of signal which is considered to be received from the near-field of an arbitrary antenna array. The signal model of our formulation is almost similar to beamspace processing but not exactly same. This modeling is also different from element space processing because the range of signal source is also incorporated to account the near-field curvature effect of signal. Finally we use the well known MUSIC algorithm to determine the azimuth angle and range of radiating sources. Simulation results are presented to show the localization performance of arbitrary array with conventional MUSIC algorithm.
COMING DOWN: THROWING MECHANICS OF BASEBALL CATCHERS (2010)

Catchers are asked to make quick, highly accurate throws from a deep squat starting position. The purpose of this study was to define the throwing mechanics of catchers. Comparisons of their throwing biomechanics were made with pitching and long toss. Motion data were collected on collegiate catchers (n=8) and pitchers (n=22) making such throws in game-like situations. Catchers exhibited a significantly different stride pattern, greater elbow flexion through arm cocking, and less forward trunk tilt at ball release. The stresses on the shoulder and elbow during catchers’ throws were similar to pitching and long toss, but produced significantly less ball velocity, suggesting a less efficient motion. This inefficiency is most likely compensation in order to complete the throw in less time. Coaches should be aware of this tendency when teaching catchers throwing mechanics.
“Can We Deliver TMS to Patients With Implanted Devices?” A Practical Summary of the Recent Safety Recommendations (2023)

Tendler et al argue that, in considering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment, providers should refer to recent guidelines and literature reports instead of universally excluding patients based on outdated, conservative manufacturer guidance documents.
Crystalline-buffer-layer-aided (CBL) sputtering technique for mega-bit ferroelectric memory devices with SrBi/sub 2/Ta/sub 2/O/sub 9/ capacitors (2002)

A crystalline-buffer-layer-aided (CBL) SrBi/sub 2/Ta/sub 2/O/sub 9/ film deposition using two step sputtering technique has been developed through investigation of the interface structure between the Pt bottom electrode and SrBi/sub 2/Ta/sub 2/O/sub 9/. A layer having an amorphous structure, obtained by the Ar sputtering of the first step, leads to a depletion of Bi at the interface, whereas a crystalline structure, obtained by Ar/O/sub 2/ sputtering of the first step, inhibits such depletion. The two step sputtering deposition process is implemented to form a Bi-rich crystalline interface layer which improves the polarization characteristics. The remnant polarization values was improved up to 10 /spl mu/C/cm/sup 2/ by the modified deposition process.
Development and Evaluation of 3-D SiP with Vertically Interconnected Through Silicon Vias (TSV) (2007)

For high density and performance of microelectronic devices, the 3-D system in package (SiP) has been considered as a superb microelectronic packaging system. The development and evaluation of stacked chip type 3-D SiP with vertically interconnected TSV are reported. The process includes; 55μm-diameter via holes by reactive ion etching (RIE), SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> dielectric layer by thermal oxidation, Ta and Cu seed layers by ionized metal plasma (IMP), Cu via filling by electroplating, Cu/Sn bump for multi-chip stacking and finally chip-to-PCB bonding with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder and ENIG pad. A prototype 3-D SiP with 10 stacked chips was successfully fabricated. High frequency electrical model of the TSV was proposed and the model parameters were extracted from the measured S-parameters. The proposed model was verified by TDR/TDT (time domain reflectometry/time domain transmission) and eye-diagram measurement. And then, contact resistances of Cu via and bump joint were discussed.
A DC-to-40 GHz four-bit RF MEMS true-time delay network (2001)

A monolithic true-time delay (TTD) network containing sixteen metal-to-metal contact RF microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches has been successfully fabricated and characterized. The TTD network was designed to produce flat delay time over a dc-to-40 GHz bandwidth with full 360-degree phase control at 22.5-degree intervals at 10.8 GHz. Measurements show a close match to the designed delay times for all sixteen switch states with 2.2 to 2.6 dB of insertion loss at 10 GHz. The worst group delay ripple in the dc-to-30 GHz range was 3 ps, well within the single bit delay time of 5.8 ps.
Miss Distance Error Analysis of Exoatmospheric Interceptors (2004)

A miss distance error analysis of exoatmospheric interceptors with liquid divert thrusters in endgame is presented. The analysis relates miss distance uncertainty to 1) infrared/electrooptic seeker noise, 2) seeker latencies caused by image processing and motion compensation and integration to detect the target on the focal plane, 3) seeker scan angle measurement errors of gyro, 4) range error or time-to-go error, and 5) filtration of all these errors through a Kalman filter for estimating the line-of-sight (LOS) rates. With the relationships developed, the missile designer/analyst can predict a probable miss distance with the hardware parameters of the selected divert thrusters and sensor suite, as well as software parameters of the selected guidance policy. The analyst can also arrive at the LOS rate estimation accuracy requirements about the azimuth and elevation axes, to be achieved by a tracking Kalman filter for specified miss distance statistics. The analysis provides insight and predicts reliably the miss distances expected from Monte Carlo simulations and hardware-in-the-loop laboratory tests. I. Introduction M ISS distance error analysis of air missiles seems to be well understood, 1,2 but that of exoatmospheric interceptors equipped with infrared sensors and liquid divert thrusters appears to be lagging behind. To be sure, Refs. 3‐6 provide a system engineer design tools to arrive at hardware/software requirements for exoatmospheric interceptors to meet a specific miss or hit accuracy without the use of an elaborate trajectory simulation. However, these references do not specifically address unique features of exoatmospheric interceptors with liquid propulsion systems. This paper attempts to fill this gap.
Square-wave pressure generator using a novel rotating valve (1999)

To generate dynamic pressure precisely at low- and medium-pressure levels and in a low-frequency range, we have developed a square-wave pressure generator using a novel rotating valve. The main features of the valve are chambers in the rotor and grooves inside the stator. Pressurized air from two sources is continuously supplied to each chamber through the grooves. The valve switches the pressure alternately by its rotation, producing square-wave pressure. The amplitude and fundamental frequency of the generated pressure can be changed arbitrarily. The measured waveform is a periodic well-shaped square wave. The experimental results show that the repeatability of the system is good for a dynamic pressure source.
Cellular Interference Alignment with Imperfect Channel Knowledge (2009)

Interference alignment is evaluated as a technique to mitigate inter-cell interference in the downlink of a cellular network using OFDMA. The sum mutual information achieved by interference alignment together with a zero-forcing receiver is considered, and upper and lower bounds are derived for the case of imperfect channel knowledge. The sum mutual information achieved by interference alignment when the base stations share their information about the channels is shown to compare favorably to the achievable sum-rate of methods where the base stations do not cooperate, even under moderately accurate knowledge of the channel state.
Reverse Engineering and Analysis of Genome-Wide Gene Regulatory Networks from Gene Expression Profiles Using High-Performance Computing (2011)

Regulation of gene expression is a carefully regulated phenomenon in the cell. “Reverse-engineering” algorithms try to reconstruct the regulatory interactions among genes from genome-scale measurements of gene expression profiles (microarrays). Mammalian cells express tens of thousands of genes; hence, hundreds of gene expression profiles are necessary in order to have acceptable statistical evidence of interactions between genes. As the number of profiles to be analyzed increases, so do computational costs and memory requirements. In this work, we designed and developed a parallel computing algorithm to reverse-engineer genome-scale gene regulatory networks from thousands of gene expression profiles. The algorithm is based on computing pairwise Mutual Information between each gene-pair. We successfully tested it to reverse engineer the Mus Musculus (mouse) gene regulatory network in liver from gene expression profiles collected from a public repository. A parallel hierarchical clustering algorithm was implemented to discover “communities” within the gene network. Network communities are enriched for genes involved in the same biological functions. The inferred network was used to identify two mitochondrial proteins.