gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LOWPASS FILTER DESIGN OF HILBERT CURVE RING DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE (2007)

LOWPASSFILTERDESIGNOFHILBERTCURVERINGDEFECTEDGROUNDSTRUCTUREJ.Chen,Z.-B.Weng,Y.-C.Jiao,andF.-S.ZhangNational Key Laboratory of Antennas and Microwave TechnologyXidian UniversityXi’an 710071,ChinaAbstract—In this paper,a novel Hilbert curve ring (HCR) fractaldefected ground structure (DGS) and its equivalent circuit areinvestigated. Furthermore,an improved HCR DGS cell model withopen stubs loaded on the conductor line is then presented to improvethe out-band suppression. By employing three cascaded improvedHCR DGS cells,an L-band microstrip low-pass is designed andfabricated. This lowpass ﬁlter achieves a quite steep rejection property;a low in-band insertion loss of below 0.5dB and a high out-bandsuppression of more than 33dB.1. INTRODUCTIONRecently,there has been an increasing interest in the applicationsof defected ground structure (DGS) in microwave and millimeter-wave applications [1–3]. The DGS of the microstrip line employsan intentional defect on the ground and it provides band rejectioncharacteristic from the resonance property. The applications of theDGS are developed in divider,ﬁlter,and ampliﬁer circuits. Thedefect of the conventional DGS is with the dumbbell shape or therectangle shape,these conventional DGSs,however,have a ﬂat slopeof their rejection characteristic. To fabricate a lowpass ﬁlter with steeprejection property,many these DGSs are needed to be cascaded,whichalso means higher in-band insertion and larger size.Diﬀerent from Euclidean geometries,fractal geometries have twocommon properties,space-ﬁlling and self-similarity. It has been shownthat the self-similarity property of fractal shapes can be successfullyapplied to the design of multi-band fractal antennas,such as theSierpinski gasket antenna [4],while the space-ﬁlling property of fractalscan be utilized to reduce antenna size [5,6].
Strength Analysis of a Ferrite+Bainite Steel by AFM Ultra-micro Hardness Tester (2000)

AFM ultra-micro hardness test, micro Vickers hardness test and TEM observation were conducted for a ferrite+bainite steel, which consists of bainite and polygonal ferrite. The results obtained are in the following. (1) AFM ultra-micro hardness tests show that nanoscopic hardness is 155 near the center of bainitic ferrite grain and increases closer to its boundary. Nanoscopic hardness is kept constant at 151 in the polygonal ferrite grain. (2) Micro-Vickers hardness tests show that macroscopic hardness is 251 and 147 for the bainite and polygonal ferrite regions, respectively. (3) TEM observations show that many carbides precipitated along the grain boundaries of bainitic ferrite and the dislocation density was almost same in both grains of bainitic and polygonal ferrite.It is suggested from the above results that the strengthening by grain boundaries is important in the bainitic ferrite and this strengthening effect is enhanced by carbides along grain boundaries.
Survey of Radiology Residents: Breast Imaging Training and Attitudes (2003)

Residency training in breast imaging has improved in terms of time and curriculum. However, a majority of the residents would not consider a fellowship and did not want to interpret mammograms in their future practices.
Circular Fibres Made of Isotropic Materials (2012)

This chapter explains the transfer matrix method to solve for the modes of a circularly symmetric fibre made of uniform isotropic materials. The choice of planewaves as the expansion basis for the modes of a planar waveguide was motivated by the fact that the functional form of the basis functions allowed convenient handling of the field continuity conditions at the planar material interfaces are recalled. The chapter begins by finding circular symmetric solutions of the Maxwell’s equations in a uniform isotropic dielectric, and then formulates the transfer matrix technique to find the modes of a circular fibre. It estimates modal losses due to material absorption of the fibre materials. The chapter describes the dependence of the modal fields on the distance from the fibre core for the fundamental mode operating in the long-wavelength limit, as well as for the higher-order modes operating in the vicinity of their cutoff frequencies. Controlled Vocabulary Terms anisotropic conductive films; Maxwell equations; S-matrix theory
Feasibility of estimating leaf water content using spectral indices from WorldView-3’s near-infrared and shortwave infrared bands (2015)

A recently-launched high-resolution commercial satellite, DigitalGlobe’s WorldView-3, has 8 bands in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelength region, which may be capable of estimating canopy water content at 3.7-m spatial resolution. WorldView-3 also has 8 multispectral bands at 1.24-m resolution with two bands in the near-infrared (NIR). The relative spectral response functions for WorldView-3 were provided by DigitalGlobe, Inc., and band reflectances were determined for reflectance spectra of PROSPECT model simulations and leaf data from maize, trees, grasses, and broadleaf herbaceous eudicots. For laboratory measurements, the range of leaf water contents was extended by including drying leaves and leaf stacks of corn, soybean, oaks, and maples. Correlations between leaf water content and spectral indices from model simulations suggested that indices using SWIR band 1 (center wavelength 1210 nm) had low variability with respect to leaf water content, but also low sensitivity. Other indices using SWIR band 5 (2165 nm) had the highest sensitivity, but also had high variability caused by different values of the leaf structure parameter in PROSPECT. Indices using SWIR bands 2, 3 and 4 (1570, 1660, and 1730 nm, respectively) had high correlations and intermediate variability from the leaf structure parameter. Spectral indices calculated from the leaf data had the same overall patterns as the simulations for variation and sensitivity; however, indices using SWIR band 1 had low correlations, and the best correlations were from indices that used SWIR bands 2, 3 and 4. Spectral indices for maize, grasses, and herbaceous crops and weeds had similar responses to leaf water content; tree leaves had higher index values and saturated at lower leaf water contents. The specified width of NIR band 2 (860–1040 nm) overlaps the water absorption feature at 970 nm wavelength; however, the normalized difference of NIR band 1 and 2 was insensitive to water content because NIR band 2’s spectral response was most heavily weighted to wavelengths less than 930 nm. The high spatial resolution of the WorldView-3 SWIR data will help analyze how variation among plant species and functional groups affects spectral responses to differences in canopy water content.
Cell and Nucleus Shape as an Indicator of Tissue Fluidity in Carcinoma (2021)

Tissue, cell, and nucleus morphology change during tumor progression. In 2D confluent cell cultures, different tissue states, such as fluid (unjammed) and solid (jammed), are correlated with cell shapes. These results do not have to apply a priori to three dimensions. Cancer cell motility requires and corresponds to a fluidization of the tumor tissue on the bulk level. Here, we investigate bulk tissue fluidity in 3D and determine how it correlates with cell and nucleus shape. In patient samples of mamma and cervix carcinoma, we find areas where cells can move or are immobile. We compare 3D cell spheroids composed of cells from a cancerous and a noncancerous cell line. Through bulk mechanical spheroid-fusion experiments and single live-cell tracking, we show that the cancerous sample is fluidized by active cells moving through the tissue. The healthy, epithelial sample with immobile cells behaves more solidlike. 3D segmentations of the samples show that the degree of tissue fluidity correlates with elongated cell and nucleus shapes. This correlation links cell shapes to cell motility and bulk mechanical behavior. We find two active states of matter in solid tumors: an amorphous glasslike state with characteristics of 3D cell jamming and a disordered fluid state. Individual cell and nucleus shape may serve as a marker for metastatic potential to foster personalized cancer treatment.
High Pressure Oxidation of Silicon in Dry Oxygen (1982)

The effects of oxidant pressure on the kinetics of thermal oxidation of (100) and (111) oriented silicon wafers in dry ambients were investigated over the temperature range of 800°–1000°C and the pressure range of 1–20 atm. The parabolic and linear rate constants were found to be proportional to oxygen pressure to the power of 1 and 0.7, respectively. A change in activation energy similar to that observed for pyrogenic steam oxidation occurs around 900°C. Oxide charges in oxides prepared in high pressure dry ambients were characterized and found to be compatible with present technological requirements for VLSI device fabrication, although increases in electron trapping due to neutral traps have been observed.
Familial dyskinesia and facial myokymia (FDFM): Follow‐up of a large family and linkage to chromosome 3p21‐3q21 (2008)

We previously reported a five-generation family manifesting an autosomal dominant disorder of facial myokymia and dystonic/choreic movements (FDFM). The dyskinetic episodes are initially paroxysmal but may become constant. With increasing age they may lessen or even disappear. The previous study excluded nine candidate genes chosen for their association with myokymia or chorea and two regions containing single or clustered ion channel genes. We now report identification by whole genome linkage analysis of a broad region on chromosome 3p21-3q21 that segregates with the disease in all 10 affected members in three generations who participated in the study. GENEHUNTER-MODSCORE Version 2.0.1 provided a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.099. No other disorders primarily characterized by myokymia, dystonia, or chorea are known to map to this region. Identification of additional families with FDFM may narrow the critical region and facilitate the choice of candidate genes for further analysis.
Water‐Cement‐Density Ratio Law for the 28‐Day Compressive Strength Prediction of Cement‐Based Materials (2020)

In the present contribution, the water‐cement‐density ratio law for the standard curing 28‐day compressive strength of cement‐based materials including grout, normal concrete, ceramsite concrete, and foamed concrete is proposed. The standard curing 28‐day compressive strength of different grouts, normal concrete, ceramsite concrete, and foamed concrete was tested. Simulations for Abrams’ law, Bolomey’s formula, and water‐cement‐density ratio law were carried out and compared. The water‐cement‐density ratio law illustrates better simulations for the prediction of the 28‐day compressive strength of cement‐based materials. The water‐cement‐density ratio law includes both the water‐cement ratio and relative apparent density of the cement‐based material. Relative apparent density of the cement‐based material is an important one of all the factors determining the compressive strength of the cement‐based material. The water‐cement‐density ratio law will be beneficial for the precise and generalized prediction of the 28‐day standard curing compressive strength of cement‐based materials.
Paperboard as a substrate for biocompatible slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (2020)

Abstract Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces or SLIPS were first introduced in 2011 by Wong et al. who reported a bioinspired self-repairing surface with remarkable slippery properties. Generally, production of these surfaces includes fossil-based or expensive materials and processes that are available mainly in laboratory scale. In this study, slippery surfaces with sliding angles of less than 10° are obtained using fibre-based material – paperboard – that is commercially available in large-scale and also cheap compared to substrates generally used in this field. The hierarchical nanostructure that is a necessary condition for appropriate droplet mobility was obtained by the liquid flame spray method. This method is fast, scalable, has a variety of optimization parameters and can be utilized in roll-to-roll technology that is traditional in paper industry. In this work, paperboard serves not only as a substrate, but also as a reservoir for the lubricant, thus it is important to evaluate the affinity of the material for the oils and estimate the capillary movement. Therefore, Cobb and Klemm methods were used when choosing a paperboard material. In addition to synthetic oils, rapeseed oil was also utilized as a lubricant, which potentially leads to eco-friendly and recyclable slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces.
Performance comparison of space-time spreading and space-time transmit diversity in cdma2000 (2002)

Space-time spreading (STS) is considered as one of the transmit diversity schemes in the current cdma2000 standard. Space-time transmit diversity (STTD) has been proposed and specified in WCDMA standardization. In this paper, the performance of STS and STTD have been evaluated and compared in forward link CDMA2000 systems. The performance analysis and simulation results show that these two schemes have approximately the same performance on the frame error ratio in multipath fading channels even with imperfect channel estimation. But STS has more implementation complexity and higher peak to average ratio compared with STTD.
A RGB- gamma CCD camera with a novel color matrix (1989)

The authors describe a simplified RGB- gamma signal processing system with a single-chip CCD (charge-coupled device) imager and two BiCMOS LSIs, which led to the realization of a compact camera with good color reproduction. Two ICs, a signal processing IC and an imager drive IC, were developed. Adopting this simplified system, a CCD camera was realized which is small in size, free from aliasing, and excellent in color reproduction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Change in Your Pocket (2021)

We close the book by bringing the various threads of our argument together, assessing crowdfunding against our three models of democracy outlined in the first chapter, and invite the reader to reflect upon their own understanding and use of money in the hope they may recognise the change in their pocket and act to alter its destination.
Atomic Fluorescence Flame Spectrometry (1970)

Fluorescence flame spectrometry is based upon the absorption of radiation by an atomic vapor to produce excited atoms, and the measurement of the radiation emitted when a fraction of these excited atoms lose their energy by a radiational process or processes called atomic fluorescence. Mitchell and Zemansky [1] and Pringsheim [2] have discussed much of the original research on the fluorescence of atomic vapors in quartz containers. However, the first reference to the fluorescence of atomic vapors in flames was reported in 1924 by Nichols and Howes [3] who observed the atomic fluorescence of calcium, strontium, barium, lithium, and sodium in a Bunsen burner flame. In 1927, Badger [4] published a classic paper on the atomic fluorescence of thallium, mercury, magnesium, copper, silver, cadmium, and sodium in an ordinary Bunsen burner flame as well as in a separated flame. Few references to flame fluorescence can be found between the years 1927 and 1962. However, in 1962, Alkemade [5] discussed the principles of atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry, particularly with regard to the measurement of quantum efficiencies. In 1964, Winefordner and Vickers [6] published the first paper on atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry as an analytical method. Since then, numerous manuscripts concerning the basis [7–9], the instrumentation [10–20], and the possible uses and advantages [21–35] of atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry have been published. In this chapter, the basis, instrumentation, and current and possible future uses of flame fluorescence spectrometry will be discussed.
Organic synthesis through the transmetallation reaction of organotin compounds - Regio- and stereoselective synthesis. (1988)

Recent Studies on regio- and stereoselective synthesis using transmetallation reaction of organotin compounds were reviewed.Regioselective 1, 4-dianion formations and its rearrangements, [2, 3] -sigmatropic rearrangements of allylic lithiomethyl ether and its applications to the chiral transfer reaction of steroidal side-chain, and transmetallaion of α-alkoxystannyl compounds with retention of configuration were discussed. Some applications to the total synthesis of natural products were also described.
SOLUBILITY OFISO-COMPOUNDS IN WATER AND THEIR STATE IN SOLUTION (1960)

The solubility of isohumulone A and of mixed iso-compounds in water and wort at various pH levels is too high to account for the poor utilization of hop bitterness in brewing. Evidence of the state of ionization of isohumulone in solution derived from the determination of its pK value and from a study of its ultraviolet light absorption properties reveals unresolved differences between aqueous and alcoholic solutions. Dialysis indicates that if iso-compounds exist in the combined state in beer, either the binding is relatively weak or the products are of small size.
Polydopamine-filled bacterial nanocellulose as a biodegradable interfacial photothermal evaporator for highly efficient solar steam generation (2017)

A flexible, scalable and completely biodegradable photothermal evaporator for highly efficient solar steam generation is fabricated<italic>via in situ</italic>loading polydopamine particles in bacterial nanocellulose matrix during its growth.
Automated detection of serial endocardial borders from 2D-Magnetic Resonance Images of the left ventricle (1992)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new semi-automated method to identify left ventricular borders from cardiac Magnetic Resonance Images. The method is based on the use of cubic B-spline to modelize the shape of the cardiac cavity. It presents a good suppleness for the tracing and the interactive deformation of the LV borders, allowing a true clinical implementation of cardiac function quantitation.
Safe Corridor Learning For Model Predictive Path Following Control (2022)

Safe collision-free operation of autonomous systems, such as mobile robots in crowded, uncertain, only partially known environments, is challenging. We propose learning a collision-free corridor from demonstration via heteroscedastic Gaussian processes. We incorporate available deterministic obstacle information in the learning procedure to derive safety guarantees for the corridor. The learned passage is utilized in a model predictive path planning controller that steers the system safely through the environment. The achievable results are underlined in simulations considering a mobile robot.
Effect of some reducing and complexing agents on the extraction behavior of technetium in the TBP-HNO3 system (2011)

The effect of a series of complexing and reducing agents on the extraction-chemical behavior of technetium as applied to extraction splitting of uranium and plutonium in the Purex process was examined. Kinetic parameters of the catalytic decomposition of N2H5NO3 under the action of Tc in the presence of these agents were evaluated. Variation of the ratio of the oxidized and reduced Tc species in the course of the process and in the hydrazine-free systems was determined. Reagents preventing oxidation of the reduced technetium and decomposition of N2H5NO3 in nitric acid solutions (acetohydroxamic acid, hydroxylamine, ascorbic acid, etc.), inhibiting the reduction of Tc with hydrazine nitrate (H2O2, HN3, etc.), and known as complexing agents toward quadrivalent actinides but indifferent to Tc were considered. The possibilities of using these reagents for modifying the Tc behavior in the course of SNF extraction reprocessing with the aim to direct this element to different process streams were discussed.
On the Bias of Directed Information Estimators (2019)

When estimating the directed information between two jointly stationary Markov processes, it is typically assumed that the recipient of the directed information is itself Markov of the same order as the joint process. While this assumption is often made explicit in the presentation of such estimators, a characterization of when we can expect the assumption to hold is lacking. Using the concept of d-separation from Bayesian networks, we present sufficient conditions for which this assumption holds. We further show that the set of parameters for which these conditions are not also necessary has Lebesgue measure zero. Given the strictness of these conditions, we introduce a notion of partial directed information, which can be used to bound the bias of directed information estimates when the directed information recipient is not itself Markov. Lastly we estimate this bound on simulations in a variety of settings to assess the extent to which the bias should be cause for concern.
An UHF rectifier with 100% bandwidth based on a ladder LC impedance matching network (2017)

In this paper an efficient for low power input, low-cost and low-complexity rectifier is designed and simulated including component and layout parasitics. The rectifier consists of a charge pump and a ladder LC matching network. It has also a wideband RF-dc conversion efficiency which remains constant within ±2% from 300 MHz to 900 MHz. The rectifier was based on two commercial off-the-shelf Schottky diodes and low cost paper substrate was used for the layout. Three ladder LC impedance matching were simulated and it was verified that by increasing the number of LC sections to three, it is possible to cover the desired frequency bandwidth.
Rye lignan metabolism in the colon of pigs (1997)

Glitsø, L V1; Mazur, W2; Adlercreutz, H2; Sandström, B3; Knudsen, K E Bach1 Author Information
Crude extracts of, and purified compounds from,Pterocarpus angolensis, and the essential oil ofLippia javanica: their in-vitro cytotoxicities and activities against selected bacteria andEntamoeba histolytica (2009)

In a recent study, various extracts of Pterocarpus angolensis were prepared and tested against bacteria. The acetone&#13;\nextract was found to be the most active against all the bacteria investigated, with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying from 0.0156 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus to 2 mg/ml against Enterobacter cloacae. Seven pure compounds were subsequently isolated from the ethanol extract of P. angolensis. Using several&#13;\nchromatographic and spectroscopic methods, the structures of five of these compounds — phthalate and four derivatives of epicatechin [(-)-epicatechin, epicatechin-3-O-galate, epicatechin (4b–8)-epicatechin (B2), and a hexamer of epicatechin] — were successfully determined. The seven purified compounds were then further tested, in vitro, against Staphylococcus aureus and Entamoeba histolytica, and for their in-vitro cytotoxic activity. Although all&#13;\nseven were active against S. aureus, just one of the purified compounds from P. angolensis and piperitenone, a pure&#13;\ncompound isolated from Lippia javanica essential oil, were found to have marked activity against Entamoeba histolytica, with median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 25 and 100 mg/ml, respectively. The other P. angolensis compounds were either weakly active or showed no activity against the amoebae when tested at concentrations up&#13;\nto 400 mg/ml. All seven compounds isolated from P. angolensis showed less toxicity against cultures of human (HCT-8) cells than piperitenone, with IC50 of 175–375 mg/ml. The presence of epichatechin and derivatives (with strong antibacterial activities but generally weak activities against Entamoeba histolytica) in the stem bark of P.&#13;\nangolensis has thus been demonstrated. Further investigation of the activities of these compounds and their potential use in the treatment of bacterial diseases appears justified.