gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fat Feeding and Muscle Fat Deposition Eliciting Insulin Resistance (2008)

Skeletal muscle insulin resistance, defined as a reduced ability of insulin to stimulate tissue utilization and storage of glucose, is an early and major perturbation in the metabolic syndrome. Clinical conditions under the umbrella of the metabolic syndrome include obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, and are known to be influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet and activity. The metabolic syndrome is reaching alarming proportions in many societies. This chapter considers the increasingly compelling evidence that links insulin resistance with the situation when fatty acid supply exceeds energy demand in muscle, resulting in an accumulation of lipid in this tissue. This chapter is an update of a similar-titled chapter written some five years ago (1), and we highlight how knowledge has progressed since 2000. Considered are evidence for the association between fatty acid metabolism and muscle insulin resistance, possible causal links whereby increased muscle lipid accumulation could result in impaired insulin signalling and insulin resistance, and therapeutic options for ameliorating insulin resistance based on a “lipid-lowering” approach. We also consider how a scenario of excess fatty acid supply to muscle stands in relation to other emerging theories of factors contributing to muscle insulin resistance in obesity and similar states.
Graph indexing of road networks for shortest path queries with label restrictions (2010)

The current widespread use of location-based services and GPS technologies has revived interest in very fast and scalable shortest path queries. We introduce a new shortest path query type in which dynamic constraints may be placed on the allowable set of edges that can appear on a valid shortest path (e.g., dynamically restricting the type of roads or modes of travel which may be considered in a multimodal transportation network). We formalize this problem as a specific variant of formal language constrained shortest path problems, which we call the Kleene Language Constrained Shortest Paths problem. To efficiently support this type of dynamically constrained shortest path query for large-scale datasets, we extend the hierarchical graph indexing technique known as Contraction Hierarchies. Our experimental evaluation using the North American road network dataset (with over 50 million edges) shows an average query speed and search space improvement of over 3 orders of magnitude compared to the naïve adaptation of the standard Dijkstra's algorithm to support this query type. We also show an improvement of over 2 orders of magnitude compared to the only previously-existing indexing technique which could solve this problem without additional preprocessing.
Ultrathin metal layer, ITO film and ITO/Cu/ITO multilayer towards transparent antenna (2009)

The authors have investigated radioelectrical performances of monopole antennas fabricated from transparent conducting films. Ultrathin copper layer, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) film and ITO/Cu/ITO multilayer have been deposited by r.f. sputtering. For each sample, sheet resistance, optical transparency, radioelectrical performances have been evaluated and discussed. This research shows that multilayer technology is suitable for UHF band applications.
Role of the Support and Reaction Conditions on the Vapor-Phase Deoxygenation of m-Cresol over Pt/C and Pt/TiO2 Catalysts (2016)

The catalytic deoxygenation of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors offers a promising route for the sustainable production of liquid transportation fuels. However, a clear understanding of the mechanistic details involved in this process has yet to be achieved, and questions remain regarding the role of the catalyst support and the influence of reaction conditions. In order to gain insight into these questions, the deoxygenation of m-cresol was investigated over Pt/C and Pt/TiO2 catalysts using experimental and computational techniques. The performance of each catalyst was evaluated in a packed-bed reactor under two conditions (523 K, 2.0 MPa and 623 K, 0.5 MPa), and the energetics of the ring hydrogenation, direct deoxygenation, and tautomerization mechanisms were calculated over hydrogen-covered Pt(111) and oxygen vacancies on the surface of TiO2(101). Over Pt(111), ring hydrogenation to 3-methylcyclohexanone and 3-methylcyclohexanol was found to be the most energetically favorable pathway. Over TiO2(101), tautomerization and direct deoxygenation to toluene were identified as additional energetically favorable routes. These calculations are consistent with the experimental data, in which Pt/TiO2 was more active on a metal site basis and exhibited higher selectivity to toluene at 623 K relative to Pt/C. On the basis of these results, it is likely that the reactivity of Pt/TiO2 and Pt/C is driven by the metallic phase at 523 K, while contributions from the TiO2 support enhance deoxygenation at 623 K. These results highlight the synergistic effects between hydrogenation catalysts and reducible metal oxide supports and provide insight into the reaction pathways responsible for their enhanced deoxygenation performance.
A W-band channelized monolithic receiver (2003)

The authors report on the design, fabrication, and performance of several monolithic integrated circuits intended for use in a W-band (75 to 110 GHz) channelized monolithic receiver. The integrated circuits consist of a four-channel monolithic multiplexer, an ion-implanted W-band monolithic balanced mixer, a broadband low-noise intermediate-frequency IF amplifier, and a monolithic Gunn local oscillator. The integration of these circuits into a wideband monolithic receiver front-end using a four-channel downconverter chip and two dual-channel local oscillator chips is also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
SNR-Based Denoising Dynamic Statistical Threshold Detection of FBG Spectral Peaks (2022)

This paper targets a Denoising Dynamic Statistical Threshold (DDST) detection algorithm to detect the “presence” of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) spectral peaks in noise with changing Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in a sensing channel. Computing the DDST is based on statistical parameters of the background noise. The DDST is determined by adjusting it using the SNR via determining the targeted probability of false alarms ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>FA</i></sub> ). The proposed algorithm incorporates the effect of background noise fluctuations, nonlinear signal attenuation of a Single-Mode Fiber (SMF), as well as influence of the short-term interference. The implemented sliding wavelength window technique in conjunction with the FBG spectral peaks power scaling allow automatic adjusting of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>FA</i></sub> and the DDST. During the possible FBGs resonant wavelengths overlap resulting from approaching/colliding spectral power responses of FBGs, the proposed algorithm also improves the detection robustness and resolving of these overlaps. The DDST marginally takes into account spectral shapes of FBGs resonant wavelength peaks. Advantageously, DDST wavelength resolving is independent of FBG spectral peaks shapes. Our DDST algorithm is also simple to implement. Measurements done by two Optical Spectral Analyzers (OSAs) confirmed significant improvements in the background noise reduction (i.e. signal denoising), noisy FBG spectral peaks shapes smoothing and SNR, improved adjacent FBG spectral peaks detectability and resolving. Our experiments also confirmed usability of the DDST algorithm under severe network conditions (with low reflected FBG power below <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math></inline-formula> 75 dB and low <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SNR</i> <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt; $</tex-math></inline-formula> 4 dB resulting a standard deviation of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma &gt;$</tex-math></inline-formula> 7 dB in the background noise fluctuations) with resolution of 3.43 pm.
Long-term Amelioration of Feline Mucopolysaccharidosis VI After AAV-mediated Liver Gene Transfer (2010)

Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is caused by deficient arylsulfatase B (ARSB) activity resulting in lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). MPS VI is characterized by dysostosis multiplex, organomegaly, corneal clouding, and heart valve thickening. Gene transfer to a factory organ like liver may provide a lifetime source of secreted ARSB. We show that intravascular administration of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) 2/8-TBG-felineARSB in MPS VI cats resulted in ARSB expression up to 1 year, the last time point of the study. In newborn cats, normal circulating ARSB activity was achieved following delivery of high vector doses (6 × 10(13) genome copies (gc)/kg) whereas delivery of AAV2/8 vector doses as low as 2 × 10(12) gc/kg resulted in higher than normal serum ARSB levels in juvenile MPS VI cats. In MPS VI cats showing high serum ARSB levels, independent of the age at treatment, we observed: (i) clearance of GAG storage, (ii) improvement of long bone length, (iii) reduction of heart valve thickness, and (iv) improvement in spontaneous mobility. Thus, AAV2/ 8-mediated liver gene transfer represents a promising therapeutic strategy for MPS VI patients.
9 Initiation of Transcription by RNA Polymerase II (1992)

OVERVIEW Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (pol II) requires the formation of a complex containing the basal factors TFIID, TFIIB, TFIIE/F, and polymerase. Additional factors have been suggested as important for initiation, and the relationship among these factors has not been well defined. The initiation complex is assembled in an ordered pathway commencing with the binding of TFIID and TFIIA to the TATA element. Interactions between polymerase and TFIIF in solution stimulate the binding of polymerase to the template-associated complex containing TFIID and TFIIB. This interaction also generates a polymerase-DNA conformation similar to that previously characterized for “open” prokaryotic polymerase-promoter complexes. Such a complex can rapidly initiate transcription, and its formation is rate-limiting for many prokaryotic promoters. Transcription factors that bind specific sequences in the vicinity of a promoter stimulate or suppress the rate of initiation through modulation of the basal reaction. The rate-limiting step in this basal process probably varies between different promoters, and thus there may be multiple mechanisms by which transcription factors regulate initiation. INTRODUCTION Intricate and important processes such as development and oncogenesis cannot be understood without considering the process of transcription initiation in some detail. A sufficiently precise model may soon be at hand. Several of the general transcription factors have been cloned, and the molecular events leading to transcription initiation by RNA pol II are slowly emerging. The model of initiation presented here is based on studies using a minimal pol II promoter, defined as a TATA element and an initiation site....
Derivation of the Born rule from operational assumptions (2004)

The Born rule is derived from operational assumptions, together with assumptions of quantum mechanics that concern only the deterministic development of the state. Unlike Gleason's theorem, the argument applies even if probabilities are defined for only a single resolution of the identity, so it applies to a variety of foundational approaches to quantum mechanics. It also provides a probability rule for state spaces that are not Hilbert spaces.
Polarization Study of Acid Stratification in a Vented Lead-acid Battery (2014)

To well understand the mechanism of acid stratification in vented lead-acid batteries, the distributions of sulfuric acid in the vertical direction were measured by a refractive index meter. Also, the measurement of the electrochemical potential distributions in the vertical direction was tried using four dynamic hydrogen electrodes (DHEs). The acid stratification and its relaxation were confirmed by the measurement of sulfuric acid distributions during the charge/discharge and the rest state. There was a difference of four times in the time constant of the acid stratification relaxation between the upper part (top) and the lower part (bottom). This suggests that the acid diffusion is not a dominant reaction of the acid stratification relaxation. The local charge and discharge simultaneously must be occurred on the positive and negative electrode individually due to the electrochemical potential difference. In other words, the electrochemical potential difference probably is the dominant driving force of the acid stratification relaxation. The electrochemical potential distributions in the vertical direction were actually measured using the four DHEs.
MIMO channel capacity gains in mm-wave LOS systems with irregular sparse array antennas (2017)

This paper investigates potential advantages of linear irregular sparse antenna arrays over their regular counterparts in a mm-wave line-of-sight (LOS) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scenario. The comparison is based on numerical computations of MIMO eigenvalues of the corresponding channel matrices and the resulting channel capacity. Identical linear antenna arrays are assumed at the transmitter and the receiver sides. The compared regular and irregular arrays have an equal aperture length. Mutual coupling between elements within an array is assumed negligible due to the array sparsity. A 4×4 MIMO channel is studied, where we change the position of the two inner elements to obtain irregularly spaced arrays. It is shown that for some specific distances between TX and RX, the irregular array distribution can significantly improve the channel capacity in LOS. This observation opts for reconfigurable array designs.
Ultra Low-Voltage static precharge NAND/NOR gates (2014)

The Ultra Low-Voltage (ULV) NAND and NOR gates are presented in this paper. These gates are based on the ULV precharge inverter presented in [11]. We intend to verify the gates' logical expression of NAND and NOR. The inbound precharge logical behaviours of the gate have been previously discussed, and therefore we aim to compare these new NAND and NOR designs to traditional Domino and CMOS logic styles. This paper focuses on the aspect of delay. All results are obtained by simulation in Cadence for a 90 nm TSMC fabrication process.
Investigation of Kronecker-Based Recovery of Compressed ECG Signal (2019)

Continuous measurement of electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is required for detecting various cardiac abnormalities, such as arrhythmia. Wearable devices have become ubiquitous as continuous monitoring devices. Due to power and memory restrictions in wearable devices, signal acquisition may need to be done in smaller segments using compressive sensing (CS) techniques. However such acquisitions may lead to poor recovery of compressed measurements. A Kronecker-based novel recovery technique has been recently proposed to improve the recovery of compressed signals where the recovery is achieved through a single recovery of concatenated compressed signal segments. In this article, a mathematical reasoning for improvement using the Kronecker-based recovery over standard CS recovery procedure is presented. A detailed investigation of Kronecker-based recovery technique of compressed ECG signal is presented using ECG signals from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database. As a part of this investigation, the quality of recovery with random and deterministic sensing of ECG signals and impact of choice of sparsifying dictionaries under various compression ratios (CRs) are considered. Deterministic sensing with deterministic binary block diagonal (DBBD) matrix and discrete cosine transform (DCT) as sparsifying basis is seen to provide the best recovery for ECG signals. Kronecker-based recovery of noisy ECG signals is possible with DBBD measurement matrix.
Computer simulations of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ideal grain growth (2006)

We developed an efficient computation scheme for the phase-field simulation of grain growth, which allows unlimited number of the orientation variables and high computational efficiency independent of them. Large-scale phase-field simulations of the ideal grain growth in two-dimensions (2D) and three-dimensions (3D) were carried out with holding the coalescence-free condition, where a few tens of thousands grains evolved into a few thousand grains. By checking the validity of the von Neumann-Mullins law for individual grains, it could be shown that the present simulations were correctly carried out under the conditions of the ideal grain growth. The steady-state grain size distribution in 2D appeared as a symmetrical shape with a plateau slightly inclined to the small grain side, which was quite different from the Hillert 2D distribution. The existence of the plateau stems from the wide separation of the peaks in the size distributions of the grains with five, six, and seven sides. The steady-state grain size distribution in 3D simulation of the ideal grain growth appeared to be very close to the Hillert 3D distribution, independent of the initial average grain size and size distribution. The mean-field assumption, the Lifshitz-Slyozov stability condition, and all resulting predictions in the Hillert 3D theory were in excellent agreement with the present 3D simulation. Thus the Hillert theory can be regarded as an accurate description for the 3D ideal grain growth. The dependence of the growth rate in 3D simulations on the grain topology were discussed. The large-scale phase-field simulation confirms the 3D growth law obtained from the Surface Evolver simulations in smaller scales.
Speeding up elliptic cryptosystems using a new signed binary representation for integers (2003)

Two new signed binary representations are presented that simplify hardware or software necessary in elliptic curve cryptosystems. Simplified algorithms are presented for computing the new binary representations. This speeds up elliptic cryptosystems. The algorithms are useful for smart card and digital signature verification applications. The first algorithm computes a new representation for an integer d and speeds up the computation of d/spl times/P, where P is a point on an elliptic curve. The second algorithm computes a new representation for two integers g and h and speeds up the computation of (g/spl times/P)+(h/spl times/Q), where P and Q are points on an elliptic curve.
Polymeric Nanocapsules for Enzyme Stabilization in Organic Solvents (2018)

Herein we report an approach to encapsulate enzymes within polymeric nanocapsules dispersed in an organic solvent via inverse miniemulsion periphery RAFT polymerization (IMEPP). Glucose oxidase (GOx), which has various applications but is unstable at elevated temperature and in organic solvents, was chosen as a model enzyme. In this study, we have explored the use of photoinitiation under visible (blue) light instead of thermal initiation to avoid enzyme denaturation by heating. GOx was successfully encapsulated within polymeric nanocapsules (∼200 nm) and showed high activity (71–100% relative to free GOx in PBS) dispersed in toluene/t-BuOH. The nanocapsules were thus able to protect GOx and enable it to function in an organic solvent mixture where native GOx would otherwise undergo denaturation. This approach of enzyme encapsulation is significant as it may lead to increased industrial applications of enzyme biocatalysis, expanding the use of enzymes as nontoxic and environmentally friendly biocompatible catalysts.
Diet preference and meal patterns of weanling pigs offered diets containing either spray-dried porcine plasma or dried skim milk2 (1994)

Preference tests and meal pattern analyses were conducted to examine the feed intake response of weanling pigs to spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP). In Exp. 1, 36 weanling pigs (mean +/- SD; 6.2 +/- .8 kg and 26 d of age) were allowed to choose between a SDPP diet (8.5% SDPP, 20% dried whey, 10% lactose, and .13% DL-methionine) and a dried skim milk (DSM) diet (20% each of DSM and dried whey) throughout 21 d postweaning. Twenty-eight pigs preferred the SDPP diet and seven pigs preferred the DSM diet. Preference for SDPP became apparent by d 2 (60% of total feed consumption) and increased (P < .01) to d 21 (71% of total feed consumption). Average daily feed consumption was 371 and 172 g for the SDPP and DSM diets, respectively (P < .01). The meal patterns of 16 weanling pigs (mean +/- SD; 7.2 +/- .3 kg and 26 d of age) offered either the SDPP or the DSM diet were examined in Exp. 2. On d 3, 7, and 14 postweaning, feeding behavior was observed continuously for 18 h (0600 to 2400). Time spent consuming feed and time between periods of feeding were recorded. Although the difference was not significant, pigs fed the SDPP diet consumed 27 and 6% (P = .38) more feed than pigs fed the DSM diet during the first 7 d and during the entire 21-d period, respectively. This difference was reflected in increased (P < .05) rate of feed consumption on d 3 and 7. Diet had no effect (P > .10) on meal size, the number of meals, or the percentage of time spent consuming feed. Weanling pigs prefer diets containing SDPP to those containing DSM, and the increased consumption of diets containing SDPP may be due to greater palatability.
Probing the Role of Secondary versus Tertiary Amine Donor Ligands for Indium Catalysts in Lactide Polymerization (2014)

The role of the central amine donor in a previously reported dinuclear indium catalyst, [N(Me2)N(H)O)InCl]2(μ-Cl)(μ-OEt) (1), for the polymerization of lactide was investigated through experimental methods. The solid state structural data of a series of dimeric complexes related to 1, including the previously reported bromide derivative [(N(Me2)N(H)O)InBr](μ-Br)(μ-OEt) (2) and the newly synthesized methylated derivative [(N(Me2)N(Me)O)InCl]2(μ-Cl)(μ-OEt) (6), showed that weak hydrogen bonding may be present within some of these complexes in the solid state. The polymerization of rac-lactide with 2, 6, and a related achiral complex [(L(H))InCl]2(μ-Cl)(μ-OEt) (8) synthesized for this study indicates that hydrogen bonding may not influence the reactivity of these compounds. The nature of the central amine donor may play a role in tuning the reactivity of these types of catalysts. Catalysts with central secondary amine donors, such as complexes 1, 2, and 8, are 2 orders of magnitude more reactive than those with central tertiary amine donors, such as complex 6.