gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Developmental Toxicology Evaluation of 60-Hz Horizontal Magnetic Fields in Rats (1996)

Abstract Epidemiological and laboratory studies have indicated various biological effects resulting from exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields. The possibility of early embryonic loss and fetal malformations arising from such exposures required investigation. A replicate study, using large numbers of animals, was conducted to determine if 60-Hz magnetic fields would produce developmental toxicity in rats. Systems used previously for electric field exposures were retrofitted to provide magnetic field exposures to small laboratory animals. Large coils, separated from the rat cages, were energized by computer-controlled function generators providing a relatively pure, 1000-μT, 60-Hz, horizontal magnetic field for the high exposure group. Leakage fields to a second system provided a second exposure group with average exposures of 0.61 μT. Ambient fields within a third (control) system were 0.09 μT. Field intensities utilized in this study represent a range of exposures encountered by humans; however, they do not encompass the extremes of human exposure. Mated female rats were exposed for 20 h/day from the day of mating until very near term, 20 days later. Gestational body weight gain was not different in exposed animals when compared with control animals. Evaluation of uterine contents revealed a decrease in the number of fetuses per litter in rats exposed to 1000 μT in replicate A. This decrease, however, did not repeat in replicate B, and significant differences between groups could not be statistically confirmed in combined replicate data. Fetal body weight and incidences of malformations and variations were equivalent among the groups. As tested, 60-Hz magnetic fields of intensities at or below the 1000-μT level would not be classified as either embryotoxic, fetotoxic, or teratogenic in rats.
Therapy of Hypoventilation (2009)

Hypoventilation can present as the primary manifestation or as a part of the clinical spectrum in a variety of diseases. It often goes unrecognized by clinicians and health care providers, especially if the presentation is subacute. If untreated, it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Some of the consequences of hypoventilation (e.g., cor pulmonale and pulmonary hypertension) may be irreversible. It becomes imperative that conditions commonly associated with hypoventilation (e.g., obesity hypoventilation syndrome, muscular dystrophy, and rigid chest wall diseases) be carefully evaluated and appropriate treatment implemented to prevent these complications. The ability to ventilate patients without invasive procedures is now available. These noninvasive therapies can be successfully implemented and are tolerated well by patients. The noninvasive positive pressure ventilation not only improves nocturnal hypoventilation during sleep but may improve muscle strength during the daytime. This review provides an overview of the treatment of hypoventilation in various diseases with emphasis on noninvasive positive pressure therapy. Treatment needs to be individualized to a given patient and the primary pathology. Success is impacted by the experience of the respiratory team caring for the patient.
Do Pheromone Receptors that Receive the Same or Similar Signal Molecules Have the Same or Similar Structure? (1992)

No, they have different structures! This answer to the question in the title of this communication was deduced from electrophysiological measurements with the enantiomers of chiral pheromone derivatives. The acetate receptor on the antennae of the butterfly species Antherea pernyi, for example, differentiates between the (13R) and (13S) enantiomer of the acetate 1 a by a factor of 3 (the (S) enantiomer binds preferentially), while the aldehyde receptor distinguishes between the enantiomers of the analogous aldehyde 1 b by a factor of 10 (here, however, the (R) enantiomer is favored).
Electrocardiographic Evidence of Cardiac Disease by Sex and HIV Serostatus in Mbarara, Uganda (2019)

Global Heart is the official and primary publication of the World Heart Federation, offering a platform for the dissemination of knowledge on research, developments, trends, solutions and public health programmes in the area of cardiovascular disease. Global Heart welcomes research results, points of view and educational material on the prevention, treatment and control of cardiovascular disease with a special focus on low and middle-income countries which are facing the brunt of epidemiological transition.Global Heart strongly encourages authors to adhere to CONSORT, STROBE, STARD, and PRISMA guidelines for reporting of clinical trials, observational studies, diagnostic test accuracy papers, and systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Authors are required for submission to download and complete the appropriate Equator Network checklist: http://www.equator-network.org/.
Morphological changes in the respiratory system: an MRI investigation of differences between the supine and left lateral decubitus positions (2021)

Preoperative serial imaging of the torso is typically carried out in the supine position (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], CT), however, intraoperative patient positioning is often lateral, and for some procedures may involve deflation and/or ventilation of the lungs. This study examined the differences in lung anatomy between the supine and lateral decubitus positions. MRI data for 10 healthy female adult volunteers lying in supine and left lateral decubitus positions were analysed. 2D measurements in coronal, transverse and sagittal planes were used to calculate the cross-sectional area, height and width of the lungs and the shape of the diaphragm. 3D surface reconstructions of the lungs and bronchi were created to determine the volume change between positions. The volume of the right lung was found to increase due to the caudal shift of the insertion points of the right hemidiaphragm (mean volume increase of 25% ± 11, p ≪ 0.05). There was minimal change in the left lung parameters with no significant change in left lung volume between positions (mean volume change = 0% ± 44%, p > 0.05). This study presents new information characterising anatomical changes in the respiratory system when a patient is positioned in the lateral decubitus compared to supine position.
Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of (+)-Lactacystin and Analogs (2000)

Since its isolation in 1991, (+)-lactacystin (1) has attracted considerable attention among leading synthesis laboratories due to its highly selective and potent inhibition of the 20S proteasome. The syntheses of this molecule described herein demonstrate several important strategies in the area of acyclic stereocontrol including the use of chiral metal enolate and chiral allylmetal-based bond construction methods. Several analogs of 1 and of the related β-lactone 2 are also presented, which provide insight into the structure activity relationship relative to the molecule’s inhibition of the 20S proteasome. Additionally, an analog of 2 is discussed regarding its clinical evaluation for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and stroke.
Diastereo‐ und enantioselektive Synthese von (1H,3H)‐Caronaldehydsäure‐methylester und (1H,3H)‐Chrysanthemumsäure‐methylester aus (H)‐Glycerinaldehyd‐acetonid (1983)

Abstract Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983 , 23. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198300230
Improvement of Spatial Resolution with Staggered Arrays As Used in The Airborne Optical Sensor Ads40 (2004)

Using pushbroom sensors onboard aircrafts or satellites requires, especially for photogrammetric applications, wide image swaths with a high geometric resolution. One approach to satisfy both demands is to use staggered line arrays, which are constructed from two identical CCD lines shifted against each other by half a picel in line direction. Practical applications of such arrays in remote sensing include SPOT, and in the commercial environment the Airborne Digital Sensor, or ADS40, from Leica Geosystems. Theoretically, the usefulness of staggered arrays depends from spatial reslution, which is defined by the total point spread function of the imaging system and Shannon's sampling theorem. Due to the two shifted sensor lines staggering results in a double number of sampling points perpendicular to the flight direction. In order to simultaneously double the sample number in the flight direction, the line readout rate, or integration time, has to produce half a pixel spacing on ground. Staggering in combination with a high-resolution optical system can be used to fulfil the sampling condition, which means that no spectral components above the critical spatial frequency 2/D are present. Theoretically, the resolution is as good for a non-staggered line with half pixel size D/2, but radiometric dynamics should be twice as high. In practice, the slightly different viewing angle of both lines of a staggered array can result in a deteration of image quality due to aircraft motion, attitude fluctuations or terrain undulation. Fulfilling the sampling condition further means that no aliasing occurs. This is essential for the image quality in quasiperiodical textured image areas and for photogrammetric sub-pixel accuracy. Furthermore, image restoration methods for enhancing the image quality can be applied more efficently. The panchromatic resolution of the ADS40 opties is optimised for image collection by a staggered array. This means, it transfers spatial frequencies of twice the Nyquist frequency of its 12k sensors. First experiments, which were carried out some years ago, indicated alrady a spatial resolution improvement by using image restitution the ADS 40 staggered 12k pairs. The results of the restitution algorithm, which is integrated in the ADS image processing flow, has now been analysed quantitatively. This paper presents the theory of high resolution image restitution from staggered lines and practical results with ADS40 high resolution panchromatic images and high resolution colour images, created by sharpening 12k colour images with high resolution pan-chromatic ones.
Transient Analysis of a Micro-Reactor Using the DireWolf Code Suite (2022)

Transient analyses of heat pipe micro-reactors are necessary to ensure that hypothetical accident scenarios do not comprise reactor safety. Due to its small size and reliance on heat-pipes for cooling, the micro-reactor design introduced in this paper is a tightly coupled system which requires multi-physics tools to accurately model transient events. Idaho National Laboratory’s DireWolf code suite based on the MOOSE framework is tailor-built to model heat-pipe reactors. This paper demonstrates DireWolf’s ability to simulate the coupled thermal-neutronics transient behavior of a heat-pipe micro-reactor. The transient events presented here include an inadvertent rotation of all control drums simultaneously and a sudden complete ejection of a single control drum. A detailed description of each event is provided along with simulation results, including time dependent power and temperature distributions, and discussion. This is a Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC) led publication.
Management of Metadata for the Virtual Solar Observatory - Experiences from EGSO. (2003)

The erectile dysfunction (impotence of the man) affects 10% of the male population. It is mostly due to physical problems but also due to mental causes. A hormone deficiency due to age affects only a small percentage of the patients. A differentiated urologic diagnostic is necessary. Therapy includes pharmacological and partly surgical treatment. The different options are demonstrated.
A repetitive process approach to modeling and control for ‘bootstrap’ self‐servowriting in hard disk drives (2007)

Abstract This paper considers modeling and correction signal design for self‐servowriting in hard disk drives. Self‐servowriting is a process whereby the position and timing burst information are written on the disk surface by using the servo information from a previously written track (i.e. ‘bootstrap’) as a reference (seed) for writing the burst information on a subsequent track, and repeating the process. An obstacle to this process is radial error propagation, whereby the distortion in the successive written tracks builds up. In this paper, a reference correction signal is designed which when added to the position error signal prevents the radial error propagation. The design of the correction signal is carried out through a repetitive systems analysis and does not require several revolutions of track following in order to compute it. The analysis is verified by means of simulations, which show the containment of radial error propagation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Variations on the CSC model (2018)

Over the past decade, the celebrated sparse representation model has achieved impressive results in various signal and image processing tasks. A convolutional version of this model, termed convolutional sparse coding (CSC), has been recently reintroduced and extensively studied. CSC brings a natural remedy to the limitation of typical sparse enforcing approaches of handling global and high-dimensional signals by local, patch-based, processing. While the classic field of sparse representations has been able to cater for the diverse challenges of different signal processing tasks by considering a wide range of problem formulations, almost all available algorithms that deploy the CSC model consider the same $\ell_1 - \ell_2$ problem form. As we argue in this paper, this CSC pursuit formulation is also too restrictive as it fails to explicitly exploit some local characteristics of the signal. This work expands the range of formulations for the CSC model by proposing two convex alternatives that merge global norms with local penalties and constraints. The main contribution of this work is the derivation of efficient and provably converging algorithms to solve these new sparse coding formulations.
47‐Year‐Old Man with Left Leg Numbness (2013)

A 47-year-old white male with a history of uveitis, hypercalcemia and nephrolithiasis presented with acute onset partial seizure. On exam he had decreased sensation to light touch on his left lower extremity. A Brain MRI revealed a right frontal mass, which was initially thought to be a metastatic lesion or a primary brain tumor. However, biopsy of the lesion revealed it to be a non-caseating granulomatous lesion consistent with neurosarcoidosis.
Cover Picture: Enthalpy–Entropy Compensation Combined with Cohesive Free‐Energy Densities for Tuning the Melting Temperatures of Cyanobiphenyl Derivatives (Chem. Eur. J. 26/2013) (2013)

Lipophilic methyl-substituted cyanobiphenyls can be considered as molecular salmon that jump out of the condensed phase, but are limited by an increase in size of their rigid core. The concept of cohesive free-energy densities applied to melting processes correlates the molecular volumes of the constituents with the macroscopic enthalpic and entropic changes that accompany the phase transitions of the bulk materials. For more details see the Full Paper by E. Terazzi, C. Piguet et al. on page 8447 ff. Lipophilic methyl-substituted cyanobiphenyls can be considered as molecular salmon that jump out of the condensed phase, but are limited by an increase in size of their rigid core. The concept of cohesive free-energy densities applied to melting processes correlates the molecular volumes of the constituents with the macroscopic enthalpic and entropic changes that accompany the phase transitions of the bulk materials. For more details see the Full Paper by E. Terazzi, C. Piguet et al. on page 8447 ff. Drug Protection Skin photosensitivity remains one of the main limitations in photodynamic therapy. In this Concept article by B. Therrien on page 8378 ff., a strategy is described to overcome this limitation, in which the photosensitizer is hidden inside the hydrophobic cavity of a water-soluble organometallic cage. The metallacage not only protects the photosensitizer from light, but also facilitates its delivery to cancer cells.1 Nanoparticle Functionalization A photochemical thiol-yne reaction was used to functionalize iron oxide nanoparticles with various thiols. This metal-free click reaction is easy to use, versatile, chemoselective, and applicable to biomolecules. In their Communication on page 8388 ff., E. Guénin et al. show that this technique can be used to perform chemoselective double functionalization of nanoparticle surfaces.1 Heterobimetallic Cuprates Several bimetallic silyl halido cuprates of the general formula [CuX{Si(3,5-Me2pz)3Mo(CO)3}]− are reported in the Full Paper by F. Breher et al. on page 8436 ff. The electronic and structural properties of the complexes were probed in detail by X-ray diffraction analysis, IR-induced multiphoton dissociation studies, cyclic voltammetry, gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The picture shows a van der Waals plot of the silyl chloro cuprate in the background and the different characterization techniques applied in the foreground.1
Post-SELEX Optimization and Characterization of a Prostate Cancer Cell-Specific Aptamer for Diagnosis (2020)

The RNA aptamer A4 binds specifically to tumor prostate cells. A4 was modified (mA4) by adding deoxyribonucleotides to its ends to remove the reactive 2' hydroxyl groups of RNA's sugar at the ends of the aptamer and to make it more stable to widespread RNase contamination in laboratories. Thus, mA4 would be more suitable to use in the clinical settings of prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to characterize this optimized oligonucleotide to verify its potential as a diagnostic tool. The sequences and structures of A4 and mA4 were compared through in silico approaches to corroborate their similarity. Then, the degradation of mA4 was measured in appropriate media and human plasma for in vitro tests. In addition, the binding abilities of A4 to prostate cells were contrasted with those of mA4. The effects of mA4 were assessed on the viability, proliferation, and migration of human prostate cell lines RWPE-1 and PC-3 in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. mA4 showed configurational motifs similar to those of A4, displayed a half-life in plasma substantially higher than A4, and exhibited a comparable binding capacity to that of A4 and unaltered viability, proliferation, and migration of prostatic cells. Therefore, mA4 maintains the crucial 3D structures of A4 that would allow binding to its target, as suggested by in silico and binding analyses. mA4 may be a good PCa reporter as it does not change cellular parameters of prostate cells when incubated with it. Its additional deoxyribonucleotides make mA4 inherently more chemically stable than A4, avoiding its degradation and favoring its storage and handling for clinical applications. These characteristics support the potential of mA4 to be used in diagnostic systems for PCa.
On the Flow of a Compressible Fluid through Orifices (1955)

By making certain basic assumptions, the author has determined a theoretical expression for the contraction coefficient, C, appropriate to an orifice when transmitting a compressible fluid, either above or below the critical pressure ratio, provided that the corresponding value for incompressible flow, C i , be known.
Defect structure and phase transitions in epitaxial metastable cubic Ti0.5Al0.5N alloys grown on MgO(001) by ultra-high-vacuum magnetron sputter deposition (1991)

Ti0.5Al0.5N alloy films, typically 1.5 μm thick, were grown on MgO(001) at temperatures Ts between 400 and 850 °C by ultra-high-vacuum reactive magnetron sputtering in pure N2. Films grown at Ts between ≂480 and 560 °C were single crystals in which the lattice misfit strain was partially relieved by glide of 〈001〉 misfit dislocations, with Burgers vector =a0/2〈011〉, on {011̄} planes. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy investigation showed no evidence of residual extended defects in the films until thicknesses of ≂150 nm at which point threading dislocations, oriented along the [001] growth direction, were observed. Surface-initiated spinodal decomposition, resulting in the formation of compositionally modulated NaCl-structure platelets along [001] with width ≂1 nm, occurred over a narrow growth temperature range between 540 and 560 °C as a precursor to bulk phase separation of wurtzite-structure AlN at Ts≥560 °C. The alloy was continuously depleted of AlN at higher growth temperatures until the equilibrium two-phase structure, cubic TiN and wurtzite AlN, was obtained at Ts≥750 °C.
Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on passive respiratory mechanics in early infancy (1995)

We studied the effect of prenatal maternal cigarette smoking on passive expiratory mechanics in 53 healthy infants tested early in infancy (mean +/- SD, 5.1 +/- 1.5 weeks). Maternal smoking was measured by: 1) questionnaire reports of the number of cigarettes smoked per day; and 2) urine cotinine concentrations (corrected for creatinine) at each visit. Respiratory system mechanics were assessed by the single-breath occlusion-passive-flow-volume maneuver. In ten infants born to smoking mothers the time constant of the respiratory system was 23% reduced [0.34 vs. 0.44 s; 95% confidence interval (CI), -45% + 1%; P = 0.06]. This was related to an estimated 13% decrease in respiratory system compliance (4.86 vs. 5.62 mL/cmH2O; 95%CI, -33% + 6%; P = 0.18) and a 10% reduction in respiratory system resistance (0.073 vs. 0.081 cm H2O/mL/s; 95%CI, -42% + 22%; P = 0.56). Functional residual capacity (FRC), measured by helium-dilution, was also decreased by 13% (78 vs. 90 mL; 95%CI, -27% + 0.3%; P = 0.06) in smoke-exposed infants. Forced expiratory flow rates at FRC obtained by thoraco-abdominal compression were reduced by 28% in infants of smoking mothers (VFRC, 99 vs. 138 mL/s; 95%CI, -54% + 2%; P = 0.04) as reported previously in a larger sample from this population. This study was limited by small numbers of infants exposed to smoking during pregnancy and by ethnic imbalance among the smoking-exposed and unexposed groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Drug Residues in Foods of Animal Origin (2000)

In our quest for sustenance in the form of protein food, we have evolved from hunter to producer, through individual to communal farmer, and come to rely upon complex massproduction animal husbandry practices in order to supply a large percentage of our protein foods. Sophisticated animal husbandry practices are necessary for modern-day civiliza­ tions to prosper and flourish. Such operations involve large numbers of animals raised simultaneously in high-density populations under carefully controlled conditions. Ideal environmental conditions that include scientifically formulated feeds and strict medical regimes serve to produce high-quality, uniform products. In addition, high-density popula­ tions, or confined animals, minimizes the ability of the animals to move about, resulting in improved feed conversion. The most totally integrated mass-production operations areevidenced in the poultry and aquaculture industries, with swine and bovine production being less integrated. Young animals or hatchlings may be supplied as feeder stock to individual operations in which they are fattened for market or used for egg production. Although the individual animals may come from multiple local producers, they are fat­ tened and maintained under exacting conditions.