gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Reduction Potential of the Active Site Disulfides of Human Protein Disulfide Isomerase Limits Oxidation of the Enzyme by Ero1α (2010)

Disulfide formation in newly synthesized proteins entering the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum is catalyzed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is itself thought to be directly oxidized by Ero1α. The activity of Ero1α is tightly regulated by the formation of noncatalytic disulfides, which need to be broken to activate the enzyme. Here, we have developed a novel PDI oxidation assay, which is able to simultaneously determine the redox status of the individual active sites of PDI. We have used this assay to confirm that when PDI is incubated with Ero1α, only one of the active sites of PDI becomes directly oxidized with a slow turnover rate. In contrast, a deregulated mutant of Ero1α was able to oxidize both PDI active sites at an equivalent rate to the wild type enzyme. When the active sites of PDI were mutated to decrease their reduction potential, both were now oxidized by wild type Ero1α with a 12-fold increase in activity. These results demonstrate that the specificity of Ero1α toward the active sites of PDI requires the presence of the regulatory disulfides. In addition, the rate of PDI oxidation is limited by the reduction potential of the PDI active site disulfide. The inability of Ero1α to oxidize PDI efficiently likely reflects the requirement for PDI to act as both an oxidase and an isomerase during the formation of native disulfides in proteins entering the secretory pathway.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Acetal Cleavage Using New Organoaluminum Reagents. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
In vivo measurement of T1ρ dispersion in the human brain at 1.5 tesla (2004)

T1rho-weighted MRI provides images of the brain with superb contrast and detail. T1rho values measured in the different brain tissues will serve as useful baseline values for analysis of T1rho changes associated with pathology.
Data from Agonists of the TRAIL Death Receptor DR5 Sensitize Intestinal Stem Cells to Chemotherapy-Induced Cell Death and Trigger Gastrointestinal Toxicity (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The combination of TRAIL death receptor agonists and radiochemotherapy to treat advanced cancers continues to be investigated in clinical trials. We previously showed that normal cells with a functional DNA damage response (DDR) upregulate the expression of death-inducing receptor DR5/TRAILR2/TNFRSF10B in a p53-dependent manner that sensitizes them to treatment with DR5 agonists. However, it is unclear if targeting DR5 selectively sensitizes cancer cells to agonist treatment following exposure to DNA-damaging chemotherapy, and to what extent normal tissues are targeted. Here, we show that the combined administration of the DR5 agonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) and chemotherapy to wild-type mice triggered synergistic gastrointestinal toxicities (GIT) that were associated with the death of Lgr5&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; crypt base columnar stem cells in a p53- and DR5-dependent manner. Furthermore, we confirmed that normal human epithelial cells treated with the human DR5-agonistic mAb and chemotherapeutic agents were also greatly sensitized to cell death. Interestingly, our data also indicated that genetic or pharmacologic targeting of Chk2 may counteract GIT without negatively affecting the antitumor responses of combined DR5 agonist/chemotherapy treatment, further linking the DDR to TRAIL death receptor signaling in normal cells. In conclusion, the combination of DR5-targeting agonistic mAbs with DNA damaging chemotherapy may pose a risk of developing toxicity-induced conditions, and the effects of mAb-based strategies on the dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapy must be considered when establishing new combination therapies. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 76(3); 700–12. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The impact of self‐identified race on epidemiologic studies of gene expression (2011)

Although population differences in gene expression have been established, the impact on differential gene expression studies in large populations is not well understood. We describe the effect of self-reported race on a gene expression study of lung function in asthma. We generated gene expression profiles for 254 young adults (205 non-Hispanic whites and 49 African Americans) with asthma on whom concurrent total RNA derived from peripheral blood CD4(+) lymphocytes and lung function measurements were obtained. We identified four principal components that explained 62% of the variance in gene expression. The dominant principal component, which explained 29% of the total variance in gene expression, was strongly associated with self-identified race (P<10(-16)). The impact of these racial differences was observed when we performed differential gene expression analysis of lung function. Using multivariate linear models, we tested whether gene expression was associated with a quantitative measure of lung function: pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)). Though unadjusted linear models of FEV(1) identified several genes strongly correlated with lung function, these correlations were due to racial differences in the distribution of both FEV(1) and gene expression, and were no longer statistically significant following adjustment for self-identified race. These results suggest that self-identified race is a critical confounding covariate in epidemiologic studies of gene expression and that, similar to genetic studies, careful consideration of self-identified race in gene expression profiling studies is needed to avoid spurious association.
Spectral characteristics of normal breath sounds (1981)

An objective and accurate measurement and characterization of breath sounds was carried out by a fast-Fourier-transform frequency-domain analysis. Normal vesicular breath sounds, picked up over the chest wall of 10 healthy subjects showed a characteristic pattern: the power of the signal decreased exponentially as frequency increased. Since the log amplitude vs. log frequency relationships were linear, they could be characterized by the values of the slope and the maximal frequency. The average slope of the power spectrum curves was found to be (in dB/oct +/- SD) 13.0 +/- 1.4 over the base of the right lung, 12.6 +/- 2.4 over the base of the left lung, 9.8 +/- 1.4 over the interscapular region, and 14.4 +/- 4.3 over the right anterior chest. The maximal frequencies of inspiratory and expiratory breath sounds, picked up over the base of the right lung, were (in Hz +/- SD) 446 +/- 143 and 286 +/- 53 (P less than 0.01), over the base of the left lung 475 +/- 115 and 284 +/- 47 (P less than 0.01), over the interscapular region 434 +/- 130 and 338 +/- 77 (P less than 0.05), and over the right anterior chest 604 +/- 302 and 406 +/- 205 (P less than 0.05). Breath sounds picked up over the trachea were characterized by power spectra typical to a broad spectrum sound with a sharp decrease of power at a cut-off frequency that varied between 850 and 1,600 Hz among the 10 healthy subjects studied.
Yield Performance Of Two Locally Adapted And Two Introductions Of Common Cowpea In Response To Amended In-Row-Spaces And Planting Dates (2015)

A field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural<br> Research Station, at El-Ghoraieb, Assiut to study dry seed yield<br> performance of two locally adapted cultivars (‘Azmerly’ and ‘Cream<br> 7’) and two line introductions (IT81D-1032 and IT82D-812) of<br> common cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) grown at three<br> different within-row spaces (20, 30 and 40 cm) and two planting<br> dates in the summer (April 15th and 30th) and in the fall season (Aug.<br> 12th and 27th) of two successive seasons. The data showed that total<br> dry-seed yield produced by plants grown at 20 cm was greater than at<br> 30 cm in all cvs/lines in both years. Increases in 1000-seed weight<br> were detected in cv ‘Azmerly’ and line IT82D-812 when they were<br> grown at 30 cm as compared with 20 cm in the summer season.<br> However, in the fall season such increases were found in all cvs/lines.<br> Planting at 40 cm produced seeds of greater weight than planting at<br> 30 cm for all cvs/lines in the fall season and also in cv. Cream 7 and<br> line IT82D-812 in the summer season, while all cvs/lines in the fall<br> Planting on April 15th in the summer and also planting on Aug. 12th<br> in the fall had plants which showed increases in 1000-seed weight<br> and total dry-seed yield. The greatest 1000-seed weight was found in<br> the line IT81D-1032 in the summer season and in the line IT82D-812<br> in the fall season. The sum up results revealed that ‘Azmerly’<br> produced greater dry-seed yield than ‘Cream 7’ and both of them<br> were superior to the line IT82D-812 and IT81D-1032 in the summer<br> season. In the fall, however, the line IT82D-812 produced greater<br> dry-seed yield than the other cultivars/lines.
Characterization of urinary EVs in transplanted patients. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Urinary EVs were obtained from patients (n = 25) undergoing renal transplant. &lt;b&gt;Panel A&lt;/b&gt;. Mean number of EVs/day in the urine of transplanted patients were similar at day 1 and 7 after transplant, counted as described in Material and Methods. Data are mean ± SD of all samples. &lt;b&gt;Panel B and C&lt;/b&gt;. Characterization of EVs showing expression of CD9 and CD81 exosome markers and NanoSight analysis of size distribution profile. Similar results were obtained for samples from all transplanted patients at day 1 and 7. &lt;b&gt;Panel D&lt;/b&gt;. Representative western blot analysis showing the donor origin of the extracellular vesicle using typing sera containing antibodies directed against HLA class I antigens of the donor not shared by the recipient, at 1 and 7 days after transplant. In the table are reported the HLA typing of the recipient and the donor and the HLA-antigen recognized by the typing serum (TORP1262). HLA-B5 (bold) is present in the donor and not in the recipient. Three patients were tested with similar results.&lt;/p&gt;
Immune Suppression Mediated by STAT4 Deficiency Promotes Lymphatic Metastasis in HNSCC (2020)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a prevalent form of cancer with 5-years survival rates around 57%, and metastasis is a leading cause of mortality. Host-derived immunological factors that affect HNSCC tumor development and metastasis are not completely understood. We investigated the role of host-derived signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) during experimental HNSCC using an aggressive and metastatic HNSCC cell line, LY2, which was orthotopically injected into the buccal sulcus of wild type (WT) and STAT4 deficient (<i>Stat4</i><sup>-/-</sup>) BALB/c mice. Necropsies performed at terminal sacrifice revealed that <i>Stat4</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice displayed comparable primary tumor growth to the WT mice. However, the rate and extent of lymph node and lung metastasis among <i>Stat4</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice was significantly higher. Downstream analyses performed on primary tumors, draining lymph nodes, spleens and bone marrow revealed significant upregulation of lymphocytic immunosuppressive biomarkers as well as an accumulation of granulocytic MDSC subpopulations in draining lymph nodes of metastatic <i>Stat4</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice. Further, we observed a significant decrease in T<sub>H</sub>1, T<sub>H</sub>17, and cytotoxic activity in tumor bearing <i>Stat4</i><sup>-/-</sup> compared to WT mice. Our results demonstrate that STAT4 mediates resistance to HNSCC metastasis, and activation of STAT4 could potentially mitigate lymphatic metastasis in HNSCC patients.
CNTF: A Putative Link between Dopamine D2 Receptors and Neurogenesis (2008)

Despite a preponderance of evidence highlighting the involvement of dopamine in the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Previous results demonstrated that dopaminergic nigrostriatal projections regulate neural precursor cell
Postcallosotomy language impairments in patients with crossed cerebral dominance (1990)

Language impairments were reviewed retrospectively in patients who underwent partial or total corpus callosum section for medically refractory secondary generalized epilepsy. Postoperatively, four of 32 patients had clinically significant language impairments that were not present prior to the operation. All involved primarily verbal output (speech and writing) and spared verbal comprehension. Written language skills (reading and spelling), verbal memory, and verbal reasoning abilities were impaired to varying degrees. These impairments were associated with crossed cerebral dominance. Three patients with severe difficulties after surgery were right hemisphere-dominant for speech and were right-handed. One left hemisphere speech-dominant, left-handed patient was agraphic after surgery, but spoke normally. It is concluded from these data and from other reports in the literature that three syndromes of language disturbance may follow callosotomy. The first, involving speech difficulty but but sparing writing, is attributable to buccofacial apraxia. The second involves speech and writing difficulties and occurs in right hemisphere-dominant right-handed patients. The third involves dysgraphia with intact speech and occurs in left hemisphere-dominant left-handed patients.
Competitive Adsorption of Xylenes at Chemical Equilibrium in Zeolites (2021)

The separation of xylenes is one of the most important processes in the petrochemical industry. In this article, the competitive adsorption from a fluid-phase mixture of xylenes in zeolites is studied. Adsorption from both vapor and liquid phases is considered. Computations of adsorption of pure xylenes and a mixture of xylenes at chemical equilibrium in several zeolite types at 250 °C are performed by Monte Carlo simulations. It is observed that shape and size selectivity entropic effects are predominant for small one-dimensional systems. Entropic effects due to the efficient arrangement of xylenes become relevant for large one-dimensional systems. For zeolites with two intersecting channels, the selectivity is determined by a competition between enthalpic and entropic effects. Such effects are related to the orientation of the methyl groups of the xylenes. <i>m</i>-Xylene is preferentially adsorbed if xylenes fit tightly in the intersection of the channels. If the intersection is much larger than the adsorbed molecules, <i>p</i>-xylene is preferentially adsorbed. This study provides insight into how the zeolite topology can influence the competitive adsorption and selectivity of xylenes at reaction conditions. Different selectivities are observed when a vapor phase is adsorbed compared to the adsorption from a liquid phase. These insight have a direct impact on the design criteria for future applications of zeolites in the industry. MRE-type and AFI-type zeolites exclusively adsorb <i>p</i>-xylene and <i>o</i>-xylene from the mixture of xylenes in the liquid phase, respectively. These zeolite types show potential to be used as high-performing molecular sieves for xylene separation and catalysis.
Prevention of Toxicity (2004)

A summary of the most important statutes governing protection from chemical toxicity followed by prevention of toxicity in different environments including the home and workplace. The role of education in toxicity prevention is also considered.
Phase II Study of a Combination of Irinotecan and S-1 in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer (OGSG0002) (2007)

The combination therapy of CPT-11 and S-1 provided prolonged TTP with low toxicity, and the results warrant a further phase III study to define the efficacy in improvement of survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Images of Platypnea‐Orthodeoxia Due to Patent Foramen Ovale (2013)

Mini‐Abstract We present echocardiographic images of a patient with platypnea‐orthodeoxia syndrome associated with the patent foramen ovale that was successfully diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiogram in the sitting position. The postural changes of the patent foramen ovale, which is difficult to detect with transthoracic echocardiography, were dynamically detected by real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Because patients with interatrial communication are not rare, this syndrome might be overlooked in patients with unexplained dyspnea. Therefore, it is necessary to enter this entity in differential diagnosis when one sees alteration of oxygen saturation by posture change.
Deletion of Hexose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activates the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway and Induces Skeletal Myopathy (2008)

Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) is the initial component of a pentose phosphate pathway inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that generates NADPH for ER enzymes. In liver H6PD is required for the 11-oxoreductase activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which converts inactive 11-oxo-glucocorticoids to their active 11-hydroxyl counterparts; consequently, H6PD null mice are relatively insensitive to glucocorticoids, exhibiting fasting hypoglycemia, increased insulin sensitivity despite elevated circulating levels of corticosterone, and increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscles normally enriched in type II (fast) fibers, which have increased glycogen content. Here, we show that H6PD null mice develop a severe skeletal myopathy characterized by switching of type II to type I (slow) fibers. Running wheel activity and electrically stimulated force generation in isolated skeletal muscle are both markedly reduced. Affected muscles have normal sarcomeric structure at the electron microscopy level but contain large intrafibrillar membranous vacuoles and abnormal triads indicative of defects in structure and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). SR proteins involved in calcium metabolism, including the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), calreticulin, and calsequestrin, show dysregulated expression. Microarray analysis and real-time PCR demonstrate overexpression of genes encoding proteins in the unfolded protein response pathway. We propose that the absence of H6PD induces a progressive myopathy by altering the SR redox state, thereby impairing protein folding and activating the unfolded protein response pathway. These studies thus define a novel metabolic pathway that links ER stress to skeletal muscle integrity and function.
DWT and CVQ based image coding for a low bit rate (1995)

A low bit rate coding method using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and classified vector quantisation (CVQ) is presented. An image is decomposed by DWT; then, the transformed image is encoded by CVQ. The proposed method allows the decoder to self-generate the class information for CVQ rather than requiring that it be received from the encoder. This results in improved compression performance.
Cysteine, γ-Glutamylcysteine, and Glutathione Levels in Maize Seedlings (1991)

The levels of cysteine (Cys), gamma-glutamylcysteine (gammaEC), and glutathione (GSH) were measured in the endosperms, scutella, roots, and shoots of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. GSH was the major thiol in roots, shoots, and scutella, Cys predominated in endosperms. The endosperm, scutellum, and functional phloem translocation were required for maintenance of GSH pools in roots and shoots of 6-day-old seedlings. Exposure of roots to 3 micromolar Cd, besides causing a decline in GSH, caused an accumulation of gammaEC, as if the activity of GSH synthetase was reduced in vivo. [(35)S]Cys injected into endosperms of seedlings was partly metabolized to [(35)S]sulfate. The scutella absorbed both [(35)S]sulfate and [(35)S]Cys and transformed 68 to 87% of the radioactivity into [(35)S]GSH. [(35)S]GSH was translocated to roots and shoots in proportion to the tissue fresh weight. Taken together, the data supported the hypothesis that Cys from the endosperm is absorbed by the scutellum and used to synthesize GSH for transfer through the phloem to the root and shoot. The estimated flux of GSH to the roots was 35 to 60 nanomoles per gram per hour, which totally accounted for the small gain in GSH in roots between days 6 and 7. For Cd-treated roots the GSH influx was similar, yet the GSH pool did not recover to control levels within 24 hours. The estimated flux of GSH to the entire shoot was like that to the roots; however, it was low (11-13 nanomoles per gram per hour) to the first leaf and high (76-135 nanomoles per gram per hour) to the second and younger leaves.
Nonuniform filter banks: a reconstruction and design theory (1993)

A general procedure for the design of analysis-synthesis systems based on nonuniform filter banks is described. The procedure is based on a time-domain analysis of nonuniform systems, which results in a set of conditions for the exact reconstruction of the input signal at the output. These conditions are used as part of a powerful iterative algorithm for designing finite impulse response (FIR) filter banks with an arbitrary nonuniform frequency resolution. This new framework permits the design of systems with arbitrary rational decimation rates in different bands. Systems based on maximally or nonmaximally decimated filter banks, on low and minimum delay systems, and on block decimators are also among the systems that can be designed using this method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Current pharmacological treatments for COVID‐19: What's next? (2020)

Since December 2019 SARS-Cov-2 was found responsible for the disease COVID-19, which has spread worldwide. No specific therapies/vaccines are yet available for the treatment of COVID-19. Drug repositioning may offer a strategy and a number of drugs have been repurposed, including lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir and tocilizumab. This paper describes the main pharmacological properties of such drugs administered to patients with COVID-19, focusing on their antiviral, immune-modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory actions. Where available, data from clinical trials involving patients with COVID-19 are reported. Preliminary clinical trials seem to support their benefit. However, such drugs in COVID-19 patients have peculiar safety profiles. Thus, adequate clinical trials are necessary for these compounds. Nevertheless, while waiting for effective preventive measures i.e. vaccines, many clinical trials on drugs belonging to different therapeutic classes are currently underway. Their results will help us in defining the best way to treat COVID-19 and reducing its symptoms and complications. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
Flow Chemistry for Developing Plant Biostimulants: Designed Grafting of Hydroxycinnamic Acids to Chitosan (2022)

A plant biostimulant (PBs) is any substance or microorganism applied to plants and intended to enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or crop quality traits, regardless of its nutrient content [...]