gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Showerhead-Enhanced Inertial Particle Deposition in Parallel-Plate Reactors (1998)

ABSTRACT Particle deposition is modeled in a parallel-plate reactor geometry characteristic of a wide range of semiconductor process tools: uniform downward flow exiting a perforated-plate showerhead separated by a small gap from a circular wafer resting on a parallel susceptor. Because the area available to flow is constricted inside the showerhead, high gas velocities within showerhead holes can accelerate particles and lead to inertia-enhanced particle deposition on the wafer below. Numerical models are presented for determining the extent of inertia-enhanced deposition in a parallel-plate geometry for particles originating upstream of the showerhead. The problem is treated in two steps, for which particle and fluid transport are determined: 1) within a showerhead-hole, and 2) between the showerhead and susceptor. Analytic expressions are presented for the gas velocity in the showerhead holes. Particle transport analysis leads to an analytic expression for the dimensionless particle velocity at the exit of the showerhead as a function of the dimensionless showerhead thickness, the showerhead porosity, and the particle Stokes number. The fluid flow field in the inter-plate region is calculated by both an analytic 1-D creeping-flow approximation and by a numerical 2-D finite element method; for Reynolds numbers less than about four, the two methods are found to be in good agreement. To calculate the net effect of inertia-enhanced deposition, the analysis of particle acceleration in the showerhead is coupled with that for inter-plate transport. The final result is the particle collection efficiency (fraction of particles entering the reactor that deposit on the wafer) as a function of the dimensionless parameters characterizing: showerhead porosity, showerhead thickness, inter-plate Reynolds number, dimensionless particle drift velocity (a measure of the strength of applied external forces), and particle Stokes number. Conditions are found under which particle acceleration in the showerhead greatly enhances particle deposition on wafers. Numerical predictions are presented for the critical Stokes number, which is the nondimensional particle size at which inertial effects lead to substantial particle deposition even in the absence of external forces. Specific guidelines for reducing inertia-enhanced particle deposition include: increase the number of and/or enlarge the size of the showerhead holes, make the showerhead very thin, keep the inter-plate gap large, apply an external force that resists deposition, use low mass flow rates, avoid low pressure, or use a high molecular weight gas. For Reynolds numbers less than four, particle deposition efficiencies calculated with the analytic inter-plate flow field approximation are found to be in good agreement with numerical 2-D simulations.
Automatic detection and rating of dementia of Alzheimer type through lexical analysis of spontaneous speech (2006)

Current methods of assessing dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) in older adults involve structured interviews that attempt to capture the complex nature of deficits suffered. One of the most significant areas affected by the disease is the capacity for functional communication as linguistic skills break down. These methods often do note capture the true nature of language deficits in spontaneous speech. We address this issue by exploring novel automatic and objective methods for diagnosing patients through analysis of spontaneous speech. We detail several lexical approaches to the problem of detecting and rating DAT. The approaches explored rely on character n-gram-based techniques, shown recently to perform successfully in a different, but related task of automatic authorship attribution. We also explore the correlation of usage frequency of different parts of speech and DAT. We achieve a high 95% accuracy of detecting dementia when compared with a control group, and we achieve 70% accuracy in rating dementia in two classes, and 50% accuracy in rating dementia into four classes. Our results show that purely computational solutions offer a viable alternative to standard approaches to diagnosing the level of impairment in patients. These results are significant step forward toward automatic and objective means to identifying early symptoms of DAT in older adults.
Extending the Frequency of Piezoelectric Resonators to Microwave Frequencies and Beyond. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
A study of Bitcoin as a currency for email-based micro-transactions (2016)

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that has been the focus of a lot of discussions lately and has attracted a large number of users. Its offers many possibilities for cheap transactions and unregulated finances which has been realized in numerous sites and applications on the web and in mobile phones. One medium that seem to have been neglected when it comes to Bitcoins development is email. This is curious since Bitcoin by its nature seem to have many properties that would work well with texted messages. The purpose of this study it to analyze the current papers about Bitcoin to find the current status of email based Bitcoin services, and try to analyze if email as a tool is a suitable medium to be used with Bitcoin. This analyze is done through a systematic literature review of current papers, followed by an examination of past and current Bitcoin companies that has used email as part of their service. In the end the results suggested that the low security in email, and the apparent lack of services that would benefit from an email based Bitcoin service suggest that a service like that would be hard to develop today and not very useful to the public.
Alkylperoxyl spin adducts of pyrroline-N-oxide spin traps: Experimental and theoretical CASSCF study of the unimolecular decomposition in organic solvent, potential applications in water (2017)

Spin trapping coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is the most direct method for detection of very low concentrations of free radicals, and it has been intensively used to detect superoxide or alkylperoxyl radicals in biological systems, using cyclic nitrones as spin traps. The half-life time of the ensuing spin adducts depends dramatically on the spin trap structure; however, their mechanism of decay has never been definitely established. We investigated at the MRMP2/CASSCF (MultiReference second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory/Complete Active Set Self Consistent Field) level of theory the mechanism of decay of methylperoxyl and tert-butylperoxyl spin adducts formed with various cyclic nitrones. We showed that no transition state can be located for the O─O homolytic cleavage, which yields an intermediate biradical with the following sequence •O─N─C─O•. Then, homolytic cleavage of the N─C bond yields a nitrosoaldehyde, through an early transition state with a very low activation energy. For each nitrone used as spin trap, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of the spin trapping mixture allowed to detect the presence of the expected nitrosoaldehyde. We generated tert-butylperoxyl spin adducts in toluene, and we found a good correlation between their half-life time and the bond dissociation energy of their peroxidic O─O bond. The theoretical method was then extended to hydroperoxyl spin adducts in water and provided promising results.
How Outer Coordination Sphere Modifications Can Impact Metal Structures in Proteins: A Crystallographic Evaluation (2019)

A challenging objective of de novo metalloprotein design is to control of the outer coordination spheres of an active site to fine tune metal properties. The well-defined three stranded coiled coils, TRI and CoilSer peptides, are used to address this question. Substitution of Cys for Leu yields a thiophilic site within the core. Metals such as Hg<sup>II</sup> , Pb<sup>II</sup> , and As<sup>III</sup> result in trigonal planar or trigonal pyramidal geometries; however, spectroscopic studies have shown that Cd<sup>II</sup> forms three-, four- or five-coordinate Cd<sup>II</sup> S<sub>3</sub> (OH<sub>2</sub> )<sub>x</sub> (in which x=0-2) when the outer coordination spheres are perturbed. Unfortunately, there has been little crystallographic examination of these proteins to explain the observations. Here, the high-resolution X-ray structures of apo- and mercurated proteins are compared to explain the modifications that lead to metal coordination number and geometry variation. It reveals that Ala substitution for Leu opens a cavity above the Cys site allowing for water excess, facilitating Cd<sup>II</sup> S<sub>3</sub> (OH<sub>2</sub> ). Replacement of Cys by Pen restricts thiol rotation, causing a shift in the metal-binding plane, which displaces water, forming Cd<sup>II</sup> S<sub>3</sub> . Residue d-Leu, above the Cys site, reorients the side chain towards the Cys layer, diminishing the space for water accommodation yielding Cd<sup>II</sup> S<sub>3</sub> , whereas d-Leu below opens more space, allowing for equal Cd<sup>II</sup> S<sub>3</sub> (OH<sub>2</sub> ) and Cd<sup>II</sup> S<sub>3</sub> (OH<sub>2</sub> )<sub>2</sub> . These studies provide insights into how to control desired metal geometries in metalloproteins by using coded and non-coded amino acids.
MAYAVI: A Cyber-Deception Hardware for Memory Load-Stores (2023)

Rapid evolution of security attacks presents a perpetual challenge to computer system defenders in terms of continuously upgrading their defense capabilities and being aware of adversarial tactics. Emerging technologies like cyber-deception offer the unique advantage of intelligently surveying hostile behavior while actively safeguarding sensitive assets by manipulating the malware execution flow to non-useful states or misrepresenting critical data.
Racial heterogeneity of IgA1 hinge-region O-glycoforms in patients with IgA nephropathy (2022)

Galactose (Gal)-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is involved in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) pathogenesis. To reflect racial differences in clinical characteristics, we assessed disease- and race-specific heterogeneity in the <i>O</i>-glycosylation of the IgA1 hinge region (HR). We determined serum Gd-IgA1 levels in Caucasians (healthy controls [HCs], n = 31; IgAN patients, n = 63) and Asians (HCs, n = 20; IgAN patients, n = 60) and analyzed profiles of serum IgA1 HR <i>O</i>-glycoforms. Elevated serum Gd-IgA1 levels and reduced number of Gal residues per HR were observed in Caucasians. Reduced number of <i>N</i>-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues per HR and elevated relative abundance of IgA1 with three HR <i>O</i>-glycans were common features in IgAN patients; these features were associated with elevated blood pressure and reduced renal function. We speculate that the mechanisms underlying the reduced GalNAc content in IgA1 HR may be relevant to IgAN pathogenesis.
A formal MIM specification and tools for the common exchange of MIM diagrams: an XML-Based format, an API, and a validation method (2011)

The work presented here provides key foundational components to promote software development for the MIM notation. These components will speed up the development of interoperable tools supporting the MIM notation and will aid in the translation of data stored in MIM diagrams to other standardized formats. Several projects utilizing this implementation of the notation are outlined herein. The MIM specification is available as an additional file to this publication. Source code, libraries, documentation, and examples are available at http://discover.nci.nih.gov/mim.
Immunohistochemical analysis of Na+/I- symporter distribution in human extra-thyroidal tissues (1999)

131Iodine concentration has been described in several extra-thyroidal tissues. Recent evidence has shown that iodine uptake is achieved by the recently cloned human Na(+)/I(-) symporter (hNIS) gene. However, conflicting results were observed in the expression of hNIS transcripts in extra-thyroidal tissues. In order to document further the distribution of hNIS, we investigated its expression using an immunohistochemical method, based on a polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide. Various extra-thyroidal tissues were examined, particularly from the digestive tract. Our results confirm that the salivary glands and the stomach express hNIS protein significantly. In contrast, hNIS was undetectable in the colon but the rectal mucosa, which has never been examined, exhibited positive immunohistochemical staining. Other digestive tissues, including the oesophagus, small intestine and appendix, were negative. Weak staining was observed in the mammary gland, indicating that hNIS is expressed in this tissue. The pancreas, skin, ovaries, spleen and kidney showed no positive immunostaining.
Parametric approaches to micro-scale characterization of tissue volumes in vivo and ex vivo: Imaging microvasculature, attenuation, birefringence, and stiffness(Conference Presentation) (2016)

INVITED TALK Advances in imaging tissue microstructure in living subjects, or in freshly excised tissue with minimum preparation and processing, are important for future diagnosis and surgical guidance in the clinical setting, particularly for application to cancer. Whilst microscopy methods continue to advance on the cellular scale and medical imaging is well established on the scale of the whole tumor or organ, it is attractive to consider imaging the tumor environment on the micro-scale, between that of cells and whole tissues. Such a scenario is ideally suited to optical coherence tomography (OCT), with the twin attractions of requiring little or no tissue preparation, and in vivo capability. OCT’s intrinsic scattering contrast reveals many morphological features of tumors, but is frequently ineffective in revealing other important aspects, such as microvasculature, or in reliably distinguishing tumor from uninvolved stroma. To address these shortcomings, we are developing several advances on the basic OCT approach. We are exploring speckle fluctuations to image tissue microvasculature and we have been developing several parametric approaches to tissue micro-scale characterization. Our approaches extract, from a three-dimensional OCT data set, a two-dimensional image of an optical parameter, such as attenuation or birefringence, or a mechanical parameter, such as stiffness, that aids in characterizing the tissue. This latter method, termed optical coherence elastography, parallels developments in ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Parametric imaging of birefringence and of stiffness both show promise in addressing the important issue of differentiating cancer from uninvolved stroma in breast tissue.
Oscillations, complex spatiotemporal behavior, and information transport in networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons (1994)

Various types of spatiotemporal behavior are described for two-dimensional networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons with time delayed interactions. It is described how the network behaves as several structural parameters are varied, such as the number of neurons, the connectivity, and the values of synaptic weights. A transition from spatially uniform oscillations to spatiotemporal chaos via intermittentlike behavior is observed. The properties of spatiotemporally chaotic solutions are investigated by evaluating the largest positive Lyapunov exponent and the loss of correlation with distance. Finally, properties of information transport are evaluated during uniform oscillations and spatiotemporal chaos. It is shown that the diffusion coefficient increases significantly in the spatiotemporal phase similar to the increase of transport coefficients at the onset of fluid turbulence. It is proposed that such a property should be seen in other media, such as chemical turbulence or networks of oscillators. The possibility of measuring information transport from appropriate experiments is also discussed.
An agent based framework for virtual medical devices (2002)

In this paper we present the telemedical environment based on VMDs implemented with Java mobile agent technology, called aglets. The agent based VMD implementation provides ad-hoc agent interaction, support for mobile agents and different user interface components in the telemedical system. We have developed a VMD agent framework with four types of agents: data agents, processing agents, presentation agents, and monitoring agents. Data agents abstract data source, creating uniform view on different types of data, independent of data acquisition device. Processing agents produce derived data, such us FFT power spectrum, from raw data provided by the data agents. Presentation agents supply user interface components using a variety of user data views. User interface components are based on HTTP, SMS and WAP protocols. Monitoring agents collaborate with data and processing agents providing support for data mining operations, and search for relevant patterns. Typical example is monitoring for possible epileptic attacks. We have applied VMDs to facilitate distributed EEG analysis. We have found that the flexibility of distributed agent architecture is well suited for the telemedical application domain. This flexibility is particularly important in the case of an emergency, enabling swift system reconfiguration on the fly.
Volatility conditional on price trends (2005)

The influence of the past price behaviour on the realized volatility is investigated in the present article. The results show that trending (drifting) prices lead to increased (decreased) realized volatility. This ``volatility induced by trend'' constitutes a new stylized fact. The past price behaviour is measured by a product of 2 non overlapping returns, of the form r L[r] where L is the lag operator. The effect is studied empirically using USD/CHF foreign exchange data, in a large range of time horizons. A set of ARCH based processes are modified in order to include the trend effect, and their forecasting performances are compared. For a better forecast, it is shown that the main factor is the shape of the memory kernel (i.e. power law), and the following factor is the inclusion of the trend effect.
High-Resolution, Noninvasive, Two-Photon Fluorescence Measurement of Molecular Concentrations in Corneal Tissue (2011)

TPF is an effective, high-resolution, noninvasive method of quantifying the diffusion and concentration of fluorescent molecules across the cornea.
Bismuth(III)-Catalyzed Hydration of Terminal Alkynes: Sustainable Synthesis of Methyl Ketones in Batch and Flow (2019)

Environmentally benign synthesis of methyl ketones is demonstrated via unprecedented bismuth(III)-catalyzed activation and Markovnikov-type hydration of terminal acetylenes. Besides a batch process operating under reasonably mild conditions, a chemically intensified high-temperature continuous-flow methodology has also been developed using a coil reactor. The preparative capabilities of the flow process were demonstrated with multigram-scale alkyne hydrations. The methods presented rely on readily available bismuth(III) salts as “green” catalysts and exhibit less environmental concerns than earlier methods.
A wireless and batteryless 130mg 300&#x00B5;W 10b implantable blood-pressure-sensing microsystem for real-time genetically engineered mice monitoring (2009)

In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and in vivo evaluation results of a wireless, batteryless, less-invasive, implantable blood-pressure-sensing microsystem for real-time monitoring of genetically engineered mice. The microsystem merges MEMS technology and low-power CMOS integrated circuit design through a high level of system integration, together with a conventional molding-based packaging technique. The implanted microsystem, consisting of a blood-pressure-monitoring unit interfaced with a low-power ASIC, can detect the blood pressure inside a vessel and wirelessly transmit the information to a nearby receiver, while using adaptive RF powering to ensure a stable system power supply. The system employs an instrumented elastic sensing cuff made of bio-compatible silicone by using a conventional molding process.
Low temperature synthesis of ITO nanoparticles with cubic structure by calcining a mixture of indium tin hydroxide and sodium chloride (2014)

Abstract The indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles with cubic structure were synthesized by heating a mixture of indium tin hydroxide and sodium chloride at low temperature of 300 °C for 2 h and washing with water. The effects of sodium chloride addition on the ITO phase and morphology were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that sodium chloride addition helps the formation of cubic structure of ITO nanoparticles. The particle size of the resulted ITO powder is about 3 nm.
1053: IMIPRAMINE IMPROVES ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION IN A MURINE ALI MODEL INDUCED BY LPS (2016)

Copyright © 2016 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Dual‐source parallel RF transmission for diffusion‐weighted imaging of the abdomen using different b values: Image quality and apparent diffusion coefficient comparison with conventional single‐source transmission (2012)

Parallel RF transmission significantly improved the image quality and homogeneity of the RF field. The RF transmission had a significant influence on measured ADC of lateral left hepatic lobe and spleen. At b = 0/500 the influence was minimum for all abdominal organs.
Image Updating for Brain Shift Compensation During Resection (2017)

We have developed an image-updating system to compensate for brain deformation during resection using a computational model with data assimilation of displacements measured with intraoperative stereovision imaging that maintains TREs less than 2 mm on average.
Frequency Controlled Bidirectional Ratcheting Biomimetic Motion (2006)

This paper describes a frequency controlled bidirectional ratcheting biomimetic motion of a cylindrical soft body similar to the motion of limbless creatures such as worms and some insects. Using a laterally vibrating shaker table, we achieved a bidirectional motion by simply attached two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods with opposing saw-tooth shaped legs. These two parts have different ratchet density and leg height. The polymeric body was floating on a thin silicone lubricating oil 20 μm in thickness. While vibrated at a constant amplitude of 0.2 mm, the micromobile soft cylinder (2x2x20 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> in dimensions) changed its motion direction at a cross-over frequency of 156 Hz. This cross-over phenomena is due to difference between the static and kinetic friction of the two opposing parts.
Perspective of Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) as a Drug Target (2012)

Deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has been associated with many cancer types and has evoked an interest in chemical inhibitors with possible therapeutic benefit. While most known inhibitors display broad selectivity towards multiple CDKs, recent work highlights CDK9 as the critical target responsible for the anticancer activity of clinically evaluated drugs. In this review, we discuss recent findings provided by structural biologists that may allow further development of highly specific inhibitors of CDK9 towards applications in cancer therapy. We also highlight the role of CDK9 in inflammatory processes and diseases.