gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulated emission depletion microscopy on lithographic nanostructures (2005)

Stimulated emission, predicted by Albert Einstein in 1917, not only prepared the grounds for the invention of the laser, but also for a far-field fluorescence microscopy with diffraction-unlimited resolution. In stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, stimulated emission is not used for light amplification but for a saturated quenching of the fluorescence emission. After demonstrating a five-fold improvement of the lateral (x and y) resolution over the diffraction barrier, we apply STED microscopy to nanostructures of stained PMMA. For the first time, periodic line structures of 80 nm width and 40 nm gaps are resolved with focused visible light.
Single Event Upset Behavior of CMOS Static RAM Cells (1993)

An improved state-space analysis of the CMOS static RAM cell is presented. Introducing the concept of the dividing line, the critical charge for heavy-ion-induced upset of memory cells can be calculated considering symmetrical as well as asymmetrical capacitive loads. From the critical charge, the upset-rate per bit-day for static RAMs can be estimated.
Show and Tell: Lessons Learned from the 2015 MSCOCO Image Captioning Challenge (2016)

Automatically describing the content of an image is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence that connects computer vision and natural language processing. In this paper, we present a generative model based on a deep recurrent architecture that combines recent advances in computer vision and machine translation and that can be used to generate natural sentences describing an image. The model is trained to maximize the likelihood of the target description sentence given the training image. Experiments on several datasets show the accuracy of the model and the fluency of the language it learns solely from image descriptions. Our model is often quite accurate, which we verify both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, given the recent surge of interest in this task, a competition was organized in 2015 using the newly released COCO dataset. We describe and analyze the various improvements we applied to our own baseline and show the resulting performance in the competition, which we won ex-aequo with a team from Microsoft Research.
p‐Bromo(diacetoxyiodo)benzene, an Efficient Oxidant for Conversion of Oximes into Nitroso Compounds. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Registration of BARBREN-713 Germplasm Line of Upland Cotton Resistant to Reniform and Root-Knot Nematodes (2014)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm line BARBREN-713 (Reg. No. GP-987, PI 671965) was developed and released by the USDA–ARS, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, and Cotton Incorporated in 2012. The objective of the release was to provide public and private breeders with an agronomically desirable germplasm that is resistant to both the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira) and the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood]. The line also has excellent seedling vigor in fields infested with nematodes and fungal root rot pathogens, such as Thielaviopsis basicola, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp. Resistance to reniform nematode was transferred from G. barbadense GB713 (PI 608139) and is associated primarily with the Ren2GB713 gene on chromosome 21. Resistance to root-knot nematode was transferred from the germplasm line M-315 RNR (PI 592514), ‘LA 887’, or ‘Acala Nem-X’ and is associated primarily with the Mi-1 gene on chromosome 11. The codominant simple sequence repeat markers, BNL 3279_105 and CIR 316_202, respectively, were closely linked to the resistance genes. A single nucleotide polymorphism marker, Gl-187401, also was developed to detect the Ren2GB713 gene. In controlled environment assays, BARBREN-713 suppressed reproduction of both nematodes by 90% or more. It also reduced reniform nematode populations in the field at eight locations in four states. The line has fiber quality similar to M-315 RNR but yielded more than M-315 RNR in reniform nematode-infested fields.
Resource sharing in heterogeneous and Cloud Radio Access Networks (2012)

This paper analyzes performance of cellular systems with shared resources, where the network with overlapping cells is modeled as a circuit switched network with direct routing. The influence of the degree of sharing, represented by cell overlap percentage, on the call blocking probability is investigated for three scenarios, including cells with proportional offered traffic and resources, cells dimensioned according to fixed blocking probability, and fixed improvement function. The numerical results show that by sharing the resources between the operators, the overall system efficiency can be improved. The benefits of individual operators are not equal but highly depend on the initial network dimensioning. Furthermore, we demonstrate that under specific conditions the blocking probability in an area is lower than for fully accessible system and therefore, sharing agreements may be more beneficial for some operators.
Enhanced expression of anti‐apoptotic proteins in human papillomavirus–immortalized and cigarette smoke condensate–transformed human endocervical cells: Correlation with resistance to apoptosis induced by DNA damage (1998)

Apoptosis plays an important role in various biological processes including embryogenesis, differentiation, homeostasis, and oncogenesis. We have developed a system composed of primary human endocervical cells (HEN), HEN immortalized by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, and their counterparts subsequently malignantly transformed by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). To understand the role of apoptosis in the multistep oncogenesis of human cervical cells, we examined the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in our in vitro model system. The results showed no significant difference in the levels of apoptosis-inducing proteins bak and bax among all the cell types examined. On the other hand, the levels of apoptosis-inhibiting proteins bcl-2, bcl-xL and BAG-1 increased progressively after immortalization and transformation. The p53 protein level decreased in the HPV16-immortalized HEN and increased in one of two lines of the CSC-transformed HEN. Further, the increased levels of apoptosis-inhibiting proteins in the HPV16-immortalized and the CSC-transformed HEN correlated with progressively increased resistance of these cells to apoptosis induced by staurosporine or cisplatin. This study provided the first evidence that overexpression of apoptosis-inhibiting proteins is important for both multistep oncogenesis and resistance of human endocervical cells to apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging reagents. Mol. Carcinog. 22:95–101, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Complement to Chapter 7 (2002)

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Data from Voltage-Gated Na<sup>+</sup> Channel <i>SCN5A</i> Is a Key Regulator of a Gene Transcriptional Network That Controls Colon Cancer Invasion (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Voltage-gated Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; channels (VGSC) have been implicated in the metastatic potential of human breast, prostate, and lung cancer cells. Specifically, the &lt;i&gt;SCN5A&lt;/i&gt; gene encoding the VGSC isotype Na&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;1.5 has been defined as a key driver of human cancer cell invasion. In this study, we examined the expression and function of VGSCs in a panel of colon cancer cell lines by electrophysiologic recordings. Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; channel activity and invasive potential were inhibited pharmacologically by tetrodotoxin or genetically by small interfering RNAs (siRNA) specifically targeting &lt;i&gt;SCN5A&lt;/i&gt;. Clinical relevance was established by immunohistochemistry of patient biopsies, with strong Na&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;1.5 protein staining found in colon cancer specimens but little to no staining in matched-paired normal colon tissues. We explored the mechanism of VGSC-mediated invasive potential on the basis of reported links between VGSC activity and gene expression in excitable cells. Probabilistic modeling of loss-of-function screens and microarray data established an unequivocal role of VGSC &lt;i&gt;SCN5A&lt;/i&gt; as a high level regulator of a colon cancer invasion network, involving genes that encompass Wnt signaling, cell migration, ectoderm development, response to biotic stimulus, steroid metabolic process, and cell cycle control. siRNA-mediated knockdown of predicted downstream network components caused a loss of invasive behavior, demonstrating network connectivity and its function in driving colon cancer invasion. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6957–67. ©2010 AACR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Microfluidic Technologies for Accelerating the Clinical Translation of Nanoparticles (2020)

This chapter highlights the advances in microfluidic systems that can synthesize libraries of nanoparticles in a well-controlled, reproducible and high-throughput manner. In fact, translation of nanoparticles to the clinic has been slow compared with small-molecule drugs, with the majority of nanoparticles not even reaching the point of in vivo evaluation, and even fewer reaching clinical trials. Amphiphilic molecules such as block copolymers and lipids can self-assemble into nanoparticles when they experience a change in solvent quality. Similarly, inorganic nanoparticles comprising transition metals such as gold, iron and cadmium, among others, undergo self-assembly where metal solutes nucleate, grow and agglomerate into nanoclusters. Nanoparticles exhibiting promising results in vitro are subsequently evaluated in vivo, which is considerably more expensive and resource intensive, especially in non-human primates. Microfluidics — the science and technology of manipulating nanolitre volumes in microscale fluidic channels — has impacted a range of applications, including biological analysis, chemical synthesis, single-cell analysis and tissue engineering.
Polymeric Micelle‐Mediated Delivery of DNA‐Targeting Organometallic Complexes for Resistant Ovarian Cancer Treatment (2015)

Three half-sandwich iridium and ruthenium organometallic complexes with high cytotoxicity are synthesized, and their anticancer mechanisms are elucidated. The organometallic complexes can interact with DNA through coordination or intercalation, thereby inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation of resistant cancer cells. The organometallic complexes are then incorporated into polymeric micelles through the polymer-metal coordination between poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(glutamic acid) [PEG-b-P(Glu)] and organometallic complexes to further enhance their anticancer effects as a result of the enhanced permeability and retention effect. The micelles with particle sizes of ≈60 nm are more efficiently internalized by cancer cells than the corresponding complexes, and selectively dissociate and release organometallic anticancer agents within late endosomes and lysosomes, thereby enhancing drug delivery to the nuclei of cancer cells and facilitating their interactions with DNA. Thus, the micelles display higher antitumor activity than the organometallic complexes alone with a lack of the systemic toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer. These results suggest that the polymeric micelles carrying anticancer organometallic complexes provide a promising platform for the treatment of resistant ovarian cancer and other hard-to-treat solid tumors.
Isthmin inhibits glioma growth through antiangiogenesis in vivo (2012)

Among glioma treatment strategies, antiangiogenesis emerges as a meaningful and feasible treatment approach for inducing long-term survival. Isthmin is a gene highly expressed in the isthmus of the midbrain–hindbrain organizer in Xenopus, and has recently been identified as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor. However, the potential of isthmin on the glioma angiogenesis has not been well studied. In the present study, we demonstrated that the recombinant adenovirus isthmin (Ad-isthmin) could inhibit VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway. In addition, Ad-isthmin significantly suppressed glioma growth through antiangiogenesis without apparent side effects. Taken together, our results demonstrated that isthmin could act as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor and might be utilized in the glioma antiangiogenesis therapy.
Reduction of Surgical-Site Infections in Cardiothoracic Surgery by Elimination of Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (1996)

The results of this study indicate that perioperative elimination of nasal carriage using mupirocin nasal ointment significantly reduces the SSI rate in cardiothoracic surgery patients and warrants a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled efficacy trial. This preventive measure may be beneficial in other categories of surgical patients as well.
Neuro-Mediated Repolarization Abnormalities (2003)

Physiology implies adaptative variations to environmental conditions so that it is characterized by flexibility. Variations of state are more important than the baseline state itself because they reflect the impact of the modulating factors, essentially formed in the field of ventricular repolarization by cardiac rate and the autonomic nervous system. Studies were mainly devoted to QT duration, an already difficult but very promising field. Studying the QT interval should not be restricted to the static aspect of its duration. QT length forms on its own a limited information if not considered in the context of its environment that conditions its dynamicity. The basic difficulty of studying the physiology of the QT interval is that ventricular repolarization mainly depends on cardiac cycle length (RR Interval), but both QT and RR variables are in fact modulated by rateindependent factors, particularly the autonomic nervous system. Finally, because the repolarization phase on the surface ECG results from the algebraic sum of the action potentials of the multiple layers of myocardial fibers, the morphology of the slow phase of the ECG probably is more important than the QT interval because it really reflects the electrical activity of myriads of cells. Presently however, the morphology of ventricular repolarization cannot be adequately quantified.
Genetics and Alcoholism (2001)

It has long been recognized that alcoholism is familial. First-degree relatives of alcoholics have significantly increased risk for alcoholism compared with control samples (1), The basis for this familiality has been studied in over 20 twin and adoption studies, and the evidence supports the role of genetic influences on alcoholism in men (2,3). The contributions of the more recent studies are in addressing the etiology of alcoholism in women and for understanding sex differences. The study of sex differences in alcoholism is useful because sex is associated with variation in both biological and cultural risk factors. An understanding of the mechanisms influencing sex differences in liability can also help to illuminate the basis for variabiiity within the sexes.
Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria (2004)

Certain anaerobes grow by respiring selenium oxyanions, which are in turn reduced to elemental selenium [Se(0)]. From the study of 3 different species of Se-respiring bacteria we report that, while they can form large (/spl sim/500 nm) intracellular particles of Se, most of the Se granules accumulated is extracellular. These external /spl sim/300 nm granules consist of stable, uniform nanospheres whose structure, as determined by electron diffraction and EDS, corresponds to monoclinic Se(0). The optical properties of the purified particles revealed large differences between Se(0) produced by the different bacteria, which in turn was distinct from Se(0) formed via abiotic means. Our study points to the bacterial synthesis of unique nanospheres that internally contain different compacted forms and/ or chain arrangements of Se.
A Simple Method to Improve Autonomous GPS Positioning for Tractors (2011)

Error is always present in the GPS guidance of a tractor along a desired trajectory. One way to reduce GPS guidance error is by improving the tractor positioning. The most commonly used ways to do this are either by employing more precise GPS receivers and differential corrections or by employing GPS together with some other local positioning systems such as electronic compasses or Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). However, both are complex and expensive solutions. In contrast, this article presents a simple and low cost method to improve tractor positioning when only a GPS receiver is used as the positioning sensor. The method is based on placing the GPS receiver ahead of the tractor, and on applying kinematic laws of tractor movement, or a geometric approximation, to obtain the midpoint position and orientation of the tractor rear axle more precisely. This precision improvement is produced by the fusion of the GPS data with tractor kinematic control laws. Our results reveal that the proposed method effectively reduces the guidance GPS error along a straight trajectory.
Atom Economy—A Challenge for Organic Synthesis: Homogeneous Catalysis Leads the Way (1995)

Abstract Enhancing the efficiency of the synthesis of complex organic products constitutes one of the most exciting challenges to the synthetic chemist. Increasing the catalogue of reactions that are simple additions or that minimize waste production is the necessary first step. Transition metal complexes, which can be tunable both electronically and sterically by varying the metal and/or ligands, are a focal point for such invention. Except for catalytic hydrogenation, such methods have been rare in complex synthesis and virtually unknown for CC bond formation until the advent of cross‐coupling reactions. These complexes may orchestrate a variety of CC bond‐forming processes, important for creation of the basic skeleton of the organic structure. Their ability to insert into CH bonds primes a number of different types of additions to relatively nonpolar π‐electron systems. Besides imparting selectivity, they make feasible reactions that uncatalyzed were previously unknown. The ability of these complexes to preorganize π‐electron systems serves as the basis both of simple additions usually accompanied by subsequent hydrogen shifts and of cycloadditions. The ability to generate “reactive” intermediates under mild conditions also provides prospects for new types of CC bond‐forming reactions. While the examples reveal a diverse array of successes, the opportunities for new invention are vast and largely untapped.
Sirtuin-1 and HIV-1: An Overview (2013)

Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases, which regulate cell survival and energy metabolism, inflammation and cancer. Recent studies have shown that sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) modulates Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 transcription. The HIV-1 Tat protein is a substrate for the deacetylase activity of SIRT1; SIRT1 recycles Tat to its unacetylated form, catalyzing a fundamental step to start new cycles of viral transcription. Moreover, Tat has been reported to promote T-cell hyperactivation by suppressing SIRT1 activity. In fact, Tat blocks the ability of SIRT1 to deacetylate lysine 310 in the p65 subunit of nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) by interacting with the deacetylase domain of SIRT1. This mechanism leads therefore to the hyperactivation of NF- κB proinflammatory pathway and may likely contribute to the chronic immune activation state of HIV-infected individuals. In the present review we first briefly describe the biological functions of sirtuins, then we delineate the interplay between SIRT1 and HIV-1 and discuss the potential role of SIRT1 as a pharmacological target of HIV-1 replication.
Study on the biological half-life and organ-distribution of tritiated lysine-vasopressin in Brattleboro rats. (1980)

The biological half-life and organ-distribution of triated lysine-vasopressin were determined in R-Amsterdam rats, and in homozygous and heterozygous Braddleboro rats with hereditary central diabetes insipidus. It was found that the biological half-life of the tritiated lysin-vasopressin in the Brattleboro rats did not differ significantly from that found in the R-Amsterdam rats. The highest radioactivities were observed in the neuro- and adenohypophyses and in the kidneys of both the R-Amsterdam and the Brattleboro rats. The accumulation of tritiated LVP was higher in the small intestine of the Brattleboro rats than in that of the R-Amsterdam animals. The results have led to the conclusion that the accelerated elimination of vasopressin and its pathologic organ-accumulation are probably not involved in the water metabolism disturbance of Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.
Eye on the prize: Fixational stability as a metric for the recovery of visual acuity in amblyopia (2020)

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder which leads to impaired form vision and oculomotor abnormalities including eccentric and unsteady fixation. Increased fixational unsteadiness is associated with poor visual acuity and stereopsis. In this study, we investigated whether improvements in visual function with treatment are accompanied by changes in fixational stability, i.e., whether changes in fixation stability can serve as an objective proxy for changes in visual acuity in children undergoing treatment for amblyopia. Five children with amblyopia currently undergoing patching treatment or vision therapy (3 strabismic, 2 anisometropic, mean age 8.2 years) and five normally sighted children (control group, mean age 9.4 years) participated in 3 sessions over 3 months. During each session, we measured visual acuity and stereopsis. To measure fixational stability, observers were asked to look at a 1-degree colorful smiley face on a black screen for 20-second intervals. To ensure attention, the smiley face changed color after 10 (+/-3) seconds and observers responded when the color changed. There were ten 20 second trials in total. Eye movements were recorded with an Eyelink II eyetracker. We calculated the 68% isoline area (ISOA) values (similar to the more common bivariate contour ellipse metric, but without assumptions of normality) as a measure of fixational stability, and computed correlations between clinical measurements and ISOA. ISOA showed a correlation with visual acuity (r-squared=.41), and stereopsis (r-squared=.46) replicating previous work. Importantly, the change (pre/post ratio) in ISOA showed a correlation with changes in visual acuity (r-squared=.59), but not stereopsis (r-squared=.02). Although stereopsis is correlated with fixational stability by session, the changes in fixational stability during the treatment of amblyopia do not track changes in stereopsis. As improvements in visual acuity are accompanied by changes in fixational stability, novel interventions for amblyopia may consider tracking eye movements as a measure of recovery of visual function.