gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Versatile Heat Transfer Module (2022)

Development of micro-reactors that can be easily transported to remote areas for civilian or military applications is an immediate focus of U.S. nuclear industry and therefore is being pursued by multiple reactor vendors (e.g. HolosGen LLC, Westinghouse, Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation, URENCO, etc.) and actively supported by DOE-NE, DOE-ARPA-E and by the Department Of Defense (DoD). Very-high-temperature gas-cooled (VHTR) and heat pipe cooled reactor technologies are regarded as promising concepts for microreactors applications since they enable compact power conversion systems and display beneficial inherent safety features. Development of microreactors with enhanced performance must be supported by innovations in nuclear technologies. Several technologies being developed by the microreactor industry are being revisited with material technologies developed at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Innovative high-temperature compatible solutions are developed to enable advanced thermal-spectrum microreactor designs featuring improved neutronics performance at high-temperature operating conditions to enable high thermal efficiency and economic competitiveness. This report focuses on the Versatile Heat Transfer Module (VHTM) technology that is developed at ANL for heat-transfer in thermal-spectrum microreactors. This technology is built on a liquid alkali metal heat pipe concept while leveraging advanced nuclear material technologies for high-temperature applications at reduced neutronic penalty with potential improvement in inherent safety behavior. The VHTM can be applied to design high-temperature thermal-spectrum microreactor systems with reduced size, weight, uranium enrichment, or increased lifetime. The INFINIT technology deriving from the VHTM enables design of a highly compact long-life microreactor concept for fission surface power (FSP). Demonstration of multiphysics modeling capability was also completed to showcase the added inherent safety benefits obtained with this concept. The VHTM technology remain at an early development stage with low Technology Readiness Level and Manufacturing Readiness Level. The current demonstration of these technologies has focused on manufacturing capability, on performance of the hydrogen diffusion barrier under thermal cycling, while radiation tolerance demonstration is planned. The next step of the demonstration plan will be the assembly of miniature VHTM for high-temperature testing, which can be used as a prototype for future pilot scale demonstration. Such research is critical to pursue development of these technologies that have the clear potential to significantly improve the performance of currently investigated micro-reactors systems.
Power emulation: a new paradigm for power estimation (2005)

In this work, we propose a new paradigm called power emulation, which exploits hardware acceleration to drastically speedup power estimation. Power emulation is based on the observation that most power estimation tools typically perform the following sequence of operations: simulating the circuit to obtain value traces or statistics for the inputs of its constituent components, evaluating power models for each circuit component based on the input values seen during simulation, and aggregating the power consumption of individual components to compute the circuit's power consumption. We further recognize that the steps involved in power estimation (power model evaluation, aggregation) can themselves be thought of as synthesizable functions and implemented as hardware circuits. Thus, any given design can be enhanced by adding to it .power estimation hardware., and the resulting power model enhanced circuit can be mapped onto a hardware prototyping platform. While drastic speedups in power estimation (orders of magnitude) are possible using this approach, a significant challenge arises due to the increase in circuit size as a result of adding power estimation hardware. We propose a systematic methodology to reduce the size of the power model enhanced circuit through a suite of techniques, including power model reuse across different circuit components, regulating the granularity of components for power modeling, exploiting inter-component power correlations, resource sharing for power model computations, and the use of block memories for efficient storage within power models. We demonstrate the benefits of the proposed power emulation paradigm by applying it to register-transfer level (RTL) power estimation for industrial designs, resulting in speedups from around 10X to over 500X compared to state-of-the-art commercial power estimation tools.
Effective Matrix Acidizing in High-Temperature Environments (2007)

Abstract World demand for energy is substantial and continues to grow. By 2020, it is expected that the world will need approximately 40% more energy than today, for a total of 300 million barrels of oil-equivalent energy every day. Meeting higher energy demands will require a portfolio of energy-generation options including but not limited to oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, steam, hydro, biomass, solar and wind. New horizons are being explored. Wells are drilled in greater water depths. Drilling units are continually upgraded to target deeper hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Wellbore tubular metallurgy is continually upgraded. Drilling, completion and stimulation fluids are being developed for extreme temperature and pressure environments. As the preferred technology to enhance "oilfield" energy production, well stimulation has and will continue to have an important role in fulfilling the world's future energy needs. Well stimulation generally uses fluids to create or enlarge formation flow channels, thereby overcoming low permeability, as in "tight" formations, and formation damage, which can occur in any formation type. A common and very successful stimulation option, matrix acidizing, utilizes acids that react to remove mineral phases restricting flow. Depending on the formation and acid type, flow is increased by removing pore-plugging material; or by creating new or enlarged flow paths through the natural pore system of the rock. However, higher-temperature environments present a challenge to matrix acidizing effectiveness. High temperatures can negatively affect stimulation fluid properties and certain acid reactions. Thus, careful fluid choice and treatment designs are critical to successful high-temperature matrix acidizing. With proper fluid selection, design, and execution, matrix acidizing can be applied successfully to stimulate high-temperature oil &amp; gas wells and geothermal wells. These types of wells have some common features, but they also have significant differences (e.g., completions, mineralogy, formation fluids and formation flow) that influence stimulation designs and fluid choices. This paper summarizes best practices for designing matrix acidizing treatments and choosing stimulation fluids for high-temperature oil &amp; gas wells and geothermal wells. Included are case histories from Central America. Lessons learned about differences and commonalities between stimulation practices in these well types are also discussed.
Corrective line sources for paraboloids (1958)

By applying optical laws and ray tracing techniques to paraboloidal reflectors, it has been possible to derive the focusing and phasing criteria for obtaining wide angle performance of a paraboloidal microwave antenna system. Although this optics approach represents an approximation to the exact solutions, the experimental results indicate it is satisfactory for practical uses. The analysis indicates the sections of the paraboloidal reflecting surface best suited to line source correction. The reflector peripheral contour which tends to minimize sidelobes has been indicated. Two types of midpoint correctors are discussed. These will produce beams fanned in the elevation plane and well focused in the azimuth plane. Experimental results are presented from a midpoint corrector covering 60 degrees in elevation while maintaining well focused azimuth patterns over the entire elevation interval. Several pencil beams may be produced using one reflector by placing ridge line correctors at the appropriate angles on the focusing surfaces.
Evaluation of Internal Elemental Markers for Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Reared on Tagged Artificial Diets1 (1983)

Ten elements (Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Rh, Sn, Sr, and Zn) were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES) for their ability to be assimilated by Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Flies were reared on tagged and control artificial diets, collected 0 to 2, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16 days after eclosion and prepared for ICP-AES and FAES analysis by using an HNO3-H2O2 digestion scheme. Of the 10 elements, Fe, Rb, Sr, Mn, and Cu showed favorable results as markers when compared with controls. Adverse effects were observed in flies reared on diets with high concentrations of Co, Zn, Mn, and Cu.
Draft Genome Sequence of Curtobacterium sp. Strain UCD-KPL2560 (Phylum Actinobacteria ) (2016)

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of the actinobacterium Curtobacterium sp. strain UCD-KPL2560, which was isolated from the running surface of an indoor track field house in Medford, MA, USA (42.409716°N, -71.115169°W). The genome assembly contains 3,480,487 bp in 156 contigs.
Minute Effects of Sex on the Aging Brain: A Multisample Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (2009)

Age is associated with substantial macrostructural brain changes. While some recent magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported larger age effects in men than women, others find no sex differences. As brain morphometry is a potentially important tool in diagnosis and monitoring of age-related neurological diseases, e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is important to know whether sex influences brain aging. We analyzed cross-sectional magnetic resonance scans from 1143 healthy participants from seven subsamples provided by four independent research groups. In addition, 96 patients with mild AD were included. Estimates of cortical thickness continuously across the brain surface, as well as volume of 17 subcortical structures, were obtained by use of automated segmentation tools (FreeSurfer). In the healthy participants, no differences in aging slopes between women and men were found in any part of the cortex. Pallidum corrected for intracranial volume showed slightly higher age correlations for men. The analyses were repeated in each of the seven subsamples, and the lack of age x sex interactions was largely replicated. Analyses of the AD sample showed no interactions between sex and age for any brain region. We conclude that sex has negligible effects on the age slope of brain volumes both in healthy participants and in AD.
Critical role of STAT3 in melanoma metastasis through anoikis resistance (2014)

Anoikis is an anchorage-independent cell death. Resistance to anoikis is one of the key features of metastatic cells. Here, we analyzed the role of STAT3 in anoikis resistance in melanoma cells leading to metastasis. When grown under anchorage-independent conditions, significant proportion of cells resisted anoikis and these resistant cells had higher rate of migration and invasion as compared to the cells grown under anchorage-dependent conditions. The anoikis resistant cells also had significantly higher expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 at Y705 than the cells that were attached to the basement membrane. STAT3 inhibitors, AG 490 and piplartine (PL) induced anoikis in a concentration-dependent manner in anoikis resistant cells. Over-expression of STAT3 or treatment with IL-6 not only increased anoikis resistance, but also protected the cancer cells from PL-induced anoikis. On the other hand, silencing STAT3 decreased the potential of cancer cells to resist anoikis and to migrate. STAT3 knock-down cells and PL treated cells did not form tumors as well as failed to metastasize in SCID-NSG mice as compared to untreated anchorage-independent cells, which formed big tumors and extensively metastasized. In summary, our results for the first time establish STAT3 as a critical player that renders anoikis resistance to melanoma cells and enhance their metastatic potential.
The Effect of Human Anaphylatoxins and Neutrophils on Histamine Release from Isolated Human Skin Mast Cells (1992)

The concept of mast cell heterogeneity has been studied extensively. Recently developed techniques to enzymatically disperse skin mast cells from human skin have shown that skin mast cells are somehow different from those of other organs such as lung and intestine. In this report, we have isolated and partially purified human skin mast cells from human neonatal foreskins by collagenase and hyaluronidase digestion. These mast cells are morphologically intact by histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic criteria. These human skin mast cells secrete histamine significantly (max. net histamine release, 20-30%) in a dose-related, temperature- and time-dependent fashion following stimulation with purified human C5a and C3a (over the ranges of 5 x 10(-8) M to 10(-7) M and 3 x 10(-7) M to 6 x 10(-6) M, respectively). On the other hand, interactions between human skin mast cells and other leukocytes have long been suspected of playing a very important role in cutaneous inflammation. Recently, a human neutrophil-derived histamine-releasing activity termed HRA-N was partially purified. HRA-N has been shown to cause human and rat basophil leukemia cells to degranulate. This study was also undertaken to assess the ability of HRA-N to directly induce histamine release from isolated human skin mast cells. HRA-N causes dose- and time-dependent histamine release as do human anaphylatoxins. These results suggest that HRA-N may lead to a better comprehension of allergic and inflammatory reactions and their modulation in the skin.
Full-chip TSV-to-TSV coupling analysis and optimization in 3D IC (2011)

This paper studies TSV-to-TSV coupling in 3D ICs. A full-chip SI analysis flow is proposed based on the proposed coupling model. Analysis results show that TSVs cause significant coupling noise and timing problems despite that TSV count is much smaller compared with the gate count. Two approaches are proposed to alleviate TSV-to-TSV coupling, namely TSV shielding and buffer insertion. Analysis results show that both approaches are effective in reducing the TSV-caused-coupling and improving timing.
Evidence that High Polymer Viscosity Accelerates and Increases Oil Response in Grimbeek Manantiales Behr (2021)

Summary Increasing oil recovery because of induced flow from low permeability to high permeability driven by the ratio polymer viscosity/oil viscosity has been around for more than 30 years. This phenomenon occurs when there is a surface of contact and you inject polymer which creates a higher pressure drop across the polymer slug. Does an increase in the ratio polymer viscosity/oil viscosity always increase recovery and accelerate oil response? How is this ratio affected by the combination of geological heterogeneity oil viscosity? How do multiple surfaces in fluvial systems enable the crossflow or create bypassed oil during water injection? Is there any universality that captures this phenomenon across the combination of geological heterogeneity and fluids viscosity? Initial simulations indicated that incremental oil will start to ramp up after 6 months of stable polymer injection at the target viscosity. Two groups of polymer injection units started polymer injection between the August-2019 and September-2019. During that time, we faced problems in water supply, therefore we had to reduce the water injection rate from Qi=100 m3/d to Qj=70 m3/d. The target polymer concentration was Ci=2500 ppm which means a 0.5 polymer/oil viscosity ratio at reservoir conditions. Conceptual pore-scale simulations give the insight that increasing the polymer viscosity could make a higher pressure in the polymer zone that could induce additional crossflow. We tested this hypothesis in the simulator by compensating the rate reduction by increasing the polymer dosage. The simulations show that increasing concentration can compensate for the reduction in incremental oil production because of the injection rate reduction. Thus, we injected 70 m3/d @ 3775 ppm-polymer concentration. The increase in concentration raised also to 1.15 the polymer/oil viscosity ratio at reservoir conditions. Unpredictably, the actual oil rate was 20% higher and the response faster than simulations. Multiscale crossflow is one of the leading recovery mechanisms in polymer injection (Sorbie, 2019). We risk saying that standard modelling lacks the level of heterogeneity needed to estimate better the remaining oil in the subsurface and we normally underpredict the polymer flooding potential especially in heavily water flooded reservoir -more than 30-year waterflooding. Therefore, we have undertaken enormous efforts to construct very detailed models that aim to capture the many possible surfaces of contact between different facies. The good recovery values, thus, may indicate the efficacy of the proposed higher concentration dosage mechanism for inducing additional crossflow.
Rational approximation of frequency domain responses by vector fitting (1999)

The paper describes a general methodology for the fitting of measured or calculated frequency domain responses with rational function approximations. This is achieved by replacing a set of starting poles with an improved set of poles via a scaling procedure. A previous paper (Gustavsen et al., 1997) described the application of the method to smooth functions using real starting poles. This paper extends the method to functions with a high number of resonance peaks by allowing complex starting poles. Fundamental properties of the method are discussed and details of its practical implementation are described. The method is demonstrated to be very suitable for fitting network equivalents and transformer responses. The computer code is in the public domain, available from the first author.
Potential Coverage of the 4CMenB Vaccine against Invasive Serogroup BNeisseria meningitidisIsolated from 2009 to 2013 in the Republic of Ireland (2018)

<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> is a common cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults worldwide. The 4CMenB vaccine (Bexsero), developed to combat meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) disease, contains subcapsular antigens that may induce immunity against strains of <i>N. meningitidis</i>, regardless of serogroup. Owing to differential levels of expression and peptide diversity in vaccine antigens across meningococcal strains, the <u>m</u>eningococcal <u>a</u>ntigen <u>t</u>yping <u>s</u>ystem (MATS) was developed to estimate the potential MenB strain coverage of 4CMenB. Prior to introducing the 4CMenB vaccine into routine use, we sought to estimate the potential 4CMenB coverage against invasive MenB strains isolated in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) over four consecutive epidemiological years. MATS was applied to a panel of 105 invasive MenB strains isolated during July 2009 to June 2013. Sequence data characterizing the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) alleles and the major 4CMenB target peptides were extracted from isolate genome sequence data, hosted in the Bacterial Isolate Sequencing database (BIGSdb). MATS data indicated that 4CMenB may induce protective immunity against 69.5% (95% confidence interval [CI<sub>95%</sub>], 64.8% to 84.8%) of circulating MenB strains. Estimated coverage was highest against the most prevalent disease-causing lineage, cc41/44, where the most frequently observed sequence types, ST-154 and ST-41 (21% of isolates, collectively), were typically covered by three antigens. No significant temporal trends were observed. Overall, these data provide a baseline of strain coverage prior to the introduction of 4CMenB and indicate that a decrease in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is predicted following the introduction of 4CMenB into the routine infant immunization schedule in the RoI.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures both the levels of expression and the immune reactivity of the three recombinant 4CMenB antigens. Together with PorA variable-region sequence data, this system provides an estimation of how susceptible MenB isolates are to killing by 4CMenB vaccine-induced antibodies. Assays based on subcapsular antigen phenotype analyses, such as MATS, are important in situations where conventional vaccine coverage estimations are not possible. Subcapsular antigens are typically highly diverse across strains, and vaccine coverage estimations would require unfeasibly large efficacy trials and screening of an exhaustive strain panel for antibody functional activity. Here, MATS was applied to all invasive meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) strains isolated over four consecutive epidemiological years (<i>n</i> = 105) and predicted reasonably high 4CMenB vaccine coverage in the Republic of Ireland.
Roadway Departure Crashes: How Can They Be Reduced? (2008)

Roadway departure crashes, which result from a vehicle crossing an edge line or center line or leaving the roadway, were responsible for 58% of accident fatalities in 2006. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the problem of roadway departure crashes. Research has shown that roadway departure crashes mostly occur on two-lane local highways and are overrepresented on horizontal curves. Alcohol, fatigue, distraction and speed are contributing factors. Decreasing these crashes will require a comprehensive plan with integrated safety activities developed through participation at all levels of highway agencies. The actions required to ensure data-driven decisions and cost-effective implementation currently are taking place. Research is being funded to investigate the relationship among safety and operational and design elements. Practitioners are receiving training and political guidance to assist in their effort to increase highway safety. These steps should help to reduce the incidence of roadway departure crashes.
Optimal Output Back-Off in OFDM Systems with Nonlinear Power Amplifiers (2009)

A well-known problem of OFDM signals is their high peak-to-average power ratio, which can cause the clipping of peaks in the transmitted signal due to the limited linear range of high power amplifiers. Operating the amplifier solely in the linear region, i.e., with a large output back-off, results in an undistorted transmitted signal, but at the expense of a low SNR at the receiver. Driving the amplifier into saturation, on the other hand, maximizes the received SNR, but causes severe nonlinear signal distortions. In this paper we study the resulting tradeoff. We show both theoretically and by simulations that, despite the distortions, it is optimal to operate the amplifier close to saturation. Furthermore, we analytically derive a modification of the Bussgang noise cancellation algorithm which was recently shown in the literature to improve the EXIT characteristic of the algorithm.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Algal Cultivation Using Wastewater Nutrients (1997)

Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated in wastewater discharged from a steel-making plant with the aim of developing an economically feasible system to remove ammonia from wastewater and CO2 from flue gas simultaneously. Since no phosphorus compounds existed in wastewater, external phosphate (15·3–46·0 g m−3) was added to the wastewater. After adaptation to 5% (v/v) CO2, the growth of C. vulgaris was significantly improved at a typical concentration of CO2 in flue gas of 15% (v/v). Growth of C. vulgaris in raw wastewater was better than that in wastewater buffered with HEPES at 15% (v/v) CO2. CO2 fixation and ammonia removal rates were estimated as 26·0 g CO2 m−3 h−1 and 0·92 g NH3 m−3 h−1, respectively, when the alga was cultivated in wastewater supplemented with 46·0 g PO43 m−3 without pH control at 15% (v/v) CO2. © 1997 SCI.