gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
18F-Radiofluorination of Aryl C-H Bonds using a Tandem Ir C-H Borylation/Cu Radiofluorination Strategy (2020)

585 Objectives: Our group and others have previously described Cu mediated radiofluorination of aryl organoboron compounds with [18F]fluoride.(1,2) Using this in conjunction with iridium catalysed C-H borylation,(3,4) we have developed a tandem borylation/radiofluorination for the conversion of aromatic C-H bonds to C-18F bonds. We anticipate that this methodology will be amenable to the chemoselective and regioselective late-stage radiofluorination of densely functionalised radiotracer precursor scaffolds.
 Methods: Organoboronates were synthesised using Ir catalysed C-H borylation. A solution of Iridium catalyst, pinacolborane and substrate were heated and monitored with NMR spectroscopy. Fluorine-18 was produced in a cyclotron via the 18O(p, n)18F nuclear reaction and azeotropically dried using standard methods. To the dried [18F]fluoride was added solvent, which was added to a solution of crude aryl organoboronate, Cu complex, and additives (where applicable). The reaction mixture was heated for 20 min, quenched, and analysed by radio-TLC and -HPLC.
 Results: The efficiency and selectivities of the aromatic C-H borylation have been well documented, with electron-rich and electron-deficient arenes displaying high reactivities. A model substrate 1,3-dimethoxybenzene can be C-H functionalised in high (>90%) NMR yield. The corresponding crude organoboronate undergoes radiofluorination in excellent (>70%) RCY. For reference, the RCY using pure, independently synthesised organoboronate is >90%, demonstrating that the radiofluorination is highly tolerant of the C-H borylation reagents. Other electron rich and electron-deficient arenes are also amenable in moderate to excellent RCYs. Conclusions: We successfully developed a method for the tandem borylation/radiofluorination of aromatic C-H bonds. This approach offers greater operational simplicity than previously reported methods, and can be employed for the synthesis of fluorine-18 radiolabelled aromatics in excellent RCCs. The application of this method to the synthesis of clinically relevant radiotracers is currently underway.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH (R01EB021155).
References: [1] Tredwell M, Preshlock SM, Taylor NJ, Gruber S, Huiban M, Passchier J, et al. A General Copper-Mediated Nucleophilic 18F Fluorination ofArenes. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014;53(30):7751-5. [2] Mossine A V, Brooks AF, Makaravage KJ, Miller JM, Ichiishi N, Sanford MS, et al. Synthesis of [18F]Arenes via the Copper-Mediated [18F]Fluorination of Boronic Acids. Org Lett, 2015;17(23):5780-3. [3] Ishiyama T, Takagi J, Ishida K, Miyaura N, Anastasi NR, Hartwig JF. Mild iridium-catalyzed borylation of arenes. High turnover numbers, room temperature reactions, and isolation of a potential intermediate. J Am Chem Soc. 2002;124(3):390-1. [4] Cho J-Y, Tse MK, Holmes D, Maleczka RE, Smith MR. Remarkably Selective Iridium Catalysts for the Elaboration of Aromatic C-H Bonds. Science,2002;295:305-8.
Vertically-integrated multimode interferometer coupler for 3D photonic circuits in SOI (2011)

Vertical optical coupling is demonstrated in a multimode interferometer structure fabricated using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material. These CMOS-compatible couplers are suitable to be used to transfer optical power between stacked waveguide layers of a three-dimensional photonic circuit. Coupling between these layers can be restricted to certain regions by selectively fabricating a silicon channel between them, resulting in an isolated multimode waveguide section. Standard photolithography and etching techniques were used to fabricate proof-of-concept devices consisting of a channel waveguide coupling into a silicon waveguide that is vertically multimode. An optical coupling ratio of 93±4% between the upper and lower waveguide regions of the device was achieved with a coupler length of 241 µm.
Refractive and Diffractive Diamond Optics (2013)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Windows and Domes Refractive Devices Diffractive Components Polishing Micromachining Coatings Applications Conclusions and Outlook References
New Approaches to Selecting Resistance or Tolerance to SDS and Fusarium Root Rot (2017)

Fusarial rots are a significant problem worldwide affecting roots (and sometimes fruits) of most major crops including soybean, maize and wheat. Cultivar variation in partial resistance or tolerance is widespread and significant. Different cultivars of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have both resistance/tolerance to the leaf scorch known as Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) and to the infection and root rot by the causal organism, Fusarium virguliforme (ex. F. solani f. sp glycines) hence the syndrome is composed of two diseases (1-3). Thirteen loci have been identified from analysis of 7 different crosses (2). Using new strains and new methods resistance loci in ‘Hartwig’ and ‘Forrest’, resistant cultivars clearly showed two loci underlie root resistance (lower LG G and D2) and four to eleven loci underlie leaf scorch resistance, depending on the cross made(eg, C2, F, I and upper G in ExF). Transcript abundance analysis of roots in response to F. virguliforme shows an orthologous set of transcripts accumulate during infection of resistant soybean cultivars and Arabidopsis thaliana that include the pathways leading to phenylpropanoid metabolism and its control, guanyl cylase a common second messenger and several transcription factors. Guanyl cyclase is also implicated in resistance in maize. In root disease resistance the genes implicated were known to be stress related. Therefore, A. thaliana is partially resistant and can be used to test both transgenes and mutants in candidate genes. Trangenics show fine maps to BACs have isolated some genes. For example, by fine mapping in NILs candidate genes underlying the controlling loci programming root resistance was a multi-stress resistance protein (lower G; Rfs1). For leaf scorch (Rfs4) an ascorbate peroxidase (C2) has been targeted. Also, Rfs2, a receptor like kinase (G) has been used to generate stable transgenic soybeans. Identification of the genes and loci conferring SDS resistance has provided options to breed improved cultivars with resistance to SDS.
Electron transfer quenching in light adapted and mutant forms of the AppA BLUF domain (2014)

The Blue Light Using Flavin (BLUF) domain proteins are an important family of photoreceptors controlling a range of responses in a wide variety of organisms. The details of the primary photochemical mechanism, by which light absorption in the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin is converted into a structure change to form the signalling state of the protein, is unresolved. In this work we apply ultrafast time resolved infra-red (TRIR) spectroscopy to investigate the primary photophysics of the BLUF domain of the protein AppA (AppABLUF) a light activated antirepressor. Here a number of mutations at Y21 and W104 in AppABLUF are investigated. The Y21 mutants are known to be photoinactive, while W104 mutants show the characteristic spectral red-shift associated with BLUF domain activity. Using TRIR we observed separately the decay of the excited state and the recovery of the ground state. In both cases the kinetics are found to be non-single exponential for all the proteins studied, suggesting a range of ground state structures. In the Y21 mutants an intermediate state was also observed, assigned to formation of the radical of the isoalloxazine (flavin) ring. The electron donor is the W104 residue. In contrast, no radical intermediates were detected in the studies of the photoactive dark adapted proteins, dAppABLUF and the dW104 mutants, suggesting a structure change in the Y21 mutants which favours W104 to isoalloxazine electron transfer. In contrast, in the light adapted form of the proteins (lAppABLUF, lW104) a radical intermediate was detected and the kinetics were greatly accelerated. In this case the electron donor was Y21 and major structural changes are associated with the enhanced quenching. In AppABLUF and the seven mutants studied radical intermediates are readily observed by TRIR spectroscopy, but there is no correlation with photoactivity. This suggests that if a charge separated state has a role in the BLUF photocycle it is only as a very short lived intermediate.
Developmental Changes in Brain Network Hub Connectivity in Late Adolescence (2015)

The human brain undergoes substantial development throughout adolescence and into early adulthood. This maturational process is thought to include the refinement of connectivity between putative connectivity hub regions of the brain, which collectively form a dense core that enhances the functional integration of anatomically distributed, and functionally specialized, neural systems. Here, we used longitudinal diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to characterize changes in connectivity between 80 cortical and subcortical anatomical regions over a 2 year period in 31 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 years. Connectome-wide analysis indicated that only a small subset of connections showed evidence of statistically significant developmental change over the study period, with 8% and 6% of connections demonstrating decreased and increased structural connectivity, respectively. Nonetheless, these connections linked 93% and 90% of the 80 regions, respectively, pointing to a selective, yet anatomically distributed pattern of developmental changes that involves most of the brain. Hub regions showed a distinct tendency to be highly connected to each other, indicating robust "rich-club" organization. Moreover, connectivity between hubs was disproportionately influenced by development, such that connectivity between subcortical hubs decreased over time, whereas frontal-subcortical and frontal-parietal hub-hub connectivity increased over time. These findings suggest that late adolescence is characterized by selective, yet significant remodeling of hub-hub connectivity, with the topological organization of hubs shifting emphasis from subcortical hubs in favor of an increasingly prominent role for frontal hub regions.
Morphology and Structure of Oxide Films Formed on MgAl Alloys by Exposure to Air and Water (1996)

Morphology and structure of oxide films formed naturally on magnesium‐aluminum alloys by exposure to humid air and water have been investigated by use of ultramicrotomed cross sections by transmission electron microscopy and compared to the properties of films formed on pure magnesium. Similar to pure magnesium, the initial air‐formed film is amorphous and dense. The film formed in water has a three‐layered structure consisting of a hydrated inner layer, a dense intermediate layer similar in structure to the air‐formed film, and a top layer with platelet‐like morphology. With increasing aluminum content of the alloy, all layers become dehydrated and enriched in aluminum oxide. Furthermore, the innermost and outermost layers decrease in thickness. These changes are particularly significant when the aluminum content of the alloy is increased above 4%, which corresponds to about 35% Al in the innermost layer. This threshold is characterized by a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance. The improvement is attributed to the alumina component of this inner layer becoming the dominating factor in determining the passivity of the surface, presumably by forming a continuous skeletal structure in an amorphous mixture of aluminum and magnesium (hydr‐)oxides.
Light Scattering Study of the Effects of 1-Pentanol on Solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in NaCl-H2O Solutions (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLight Scattering Study of the Effects of 1-Pentanol on Solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in NaCl-H2O SolutionsShanna M. Stephany, Thomas M. Kole, and Michael R. FischCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 43, 11126–11128Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100094a022https://doi.org/10.1021/j100094a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Chained In-Order/Out-of-Order DoubleCore Architecture (2006)

Complexity is one of the most important problems facing microarchitects. It is exacerbated by the application of optimizations, by scaling to higher issue widths and, in general, by increasing the size of microprocessor structures. This paper presents a new microarchitecture, the chained in-order/out-of-order doublecore architecture (CIO2), designed to attack the problems of complexity and energy. The CIO2 architecture reorganizes the microarchitecture using the concepts of a centralized register file and the future file. The resulting architecture decouples that program state from the execution units. The simplicity of the architecture enables the implementation of three optimizations with little effort: register file banking, writeback filtering and instruction pre-execution. These optimizations allow a reduction of up to 75% in register file energy consumption. Instruction pre-execution further allows around 40% of all integer instructions to execute in the in-order front-end, considerably reducing the activity of the power-hungry issue queues in the out-of-order back-end. Moreover, these improvements are achieved with a negligible performance loss.
Multilevel diversity coding with distortion (1995)

In a Diversity Coding System, an information source is encoded by a number of encoders. There are a number of decoders, each of which can access a certain subset of the encoders. We study a diversity coding problem in which there are two levels of decoders. The reconstructions of the source by decoders within the same level are identical, and are subject to the same distortion criterion. Our results imply a principle of superposition when the source consists of two independent data streams. Practical codes achieving zero error can easily be constructed for this special case. A class of open problems on this topic is also suggested.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dynamic analysis of thick beams with functionally graded porous layers and viscoelastic support (2020)

This study presents dynamic responses of a composite thick beam with a functionally graded porous layer under dynamic sine pulse load. The boundary conditions of the composite beam are considered as viscoelastic supports. Three layers are considered, and face sheet layers have porous functionally graded materials in which the distribution of material gradation through the graded layer is described by the power law function, and the porosity is depicted by three different distributions (i.e., symmetric distribution, X distribution, and ◊ distribution). The layered composite thick beam is modeled as a two-dimensional plane stress problem. The equation of motion is obtained by Lagrange’s equations. In formation of the problem, the finite element method is used with a 12-node 2D plane element. In the solution process of the dynamic problem, a numerical time integration method of the Newmark method is used. In numerical analyses, influences of stiffness and damping coefficients of viscoelastic supports, material gradation index, porosity parameter, and porosity models on the dynamic response of thick functionally graded porous beam are investigated under the pulse load.
Bounds for heat transport in a porous layer (1973)

Strongly nonlinear heat transport across a porous layer is studied using Howard's (1963) variational method. The analysis explores a bifurcation property of Busse's (1969) multi-a solution of this variational problem and complements the 1972 study of Busse &amp; Joseph by further restricting the fields which are allowed to compete for the maximum heat transported a t a given temperature difference. The restriction arises, as in the case of infinite Prandtl number convection studied by Chan (1971), from letting a parameter tend to infinity from the outset; here, however, the parameter which is assumed infinitely large (the Prandtl-Darcy number) is actually seldom smaller than O (10 7 ). The theoretical bounding heat-transport curve is computed numerically. The maximizing Nusselt number ( Nu ) curve is given a t first by a functional of the single-a solution; then this solution bifurcates and the Nusselt number functional is maximized for an interval of Rayleigh numbers ( R ) by the two-a solution. The agreement between the numerical analysis and recent experiments is striking. The theoretical heat-transport curve is found to be continuously differentiable but has piecewise discontinuous second derivatives. The results of an asymptotic ( R → ∞) analysis following Chan (1971) are in qualitative agreement with the results of numerical analysis and give the asymptotic law Nu = 0.016 R . This law is consistent with the result of the porous version of the well-known dimensional argument leading to the one-third power law for regular convection. The asymptotic results, however, do not appear to be in good quantitabive agreement with the numerical results.
Nomenclatura y diagnóstico de las lesiones intraepiteliales cervicales (2006)

Se realiza una revisión sobre la evolución de la nomenclatura de las lesiones cervicales, así como los elementos en los que se basa el citopatólogo para brindar su información sobre el tema.
Amperometric TNT Biosensor Based on the Oriented Immobilization of a Nitroreductase Maltose Binding Protein Fusion (2001)

The preparation and characterization of an amperometric 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) biosensor based on the surface immobilization of a maltose binding protein (MBP) nitroreductase (NR) fusion (MBP-NR) onto an electrode modified with an electropolymerized film of N-(3-pyrrol-1-ylpropyl)-4,4'-bipyridine (PPB) are described. The MBP domain of MBP-NR exhibits a high and specific affinity toward electropolymerized films of PPB with the immobilized enzyme retaining virtually all of its enzymatic activity. Under similar conditions, the wild-type NR enzyme (i.e., without the MBP domain) loses most of its enzymatic activity. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction between the biosensor and TNT and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) were characterized using rotated disk electrode and cyclic voltammetry techniques, and values of 1.4 x 10(4) and 7.1 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) were obtained for TNT and DNT, respectively. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constants (KM) for MBP-NR in solution and on the surface, using TNT as substrate, were determined to be 27 and 95 microM, respectively. The corresponding value for "wild-type" NR in solution containing TNT was 78 microM, which is very close to the value obtained for MBP-NR on the surface. The limits of detection for both TNT and DNT were estimated to be 2 microM, and the sensitivities were determined to be 205 and 222 nA/microM, respectively.
Treatment of herpes zoster with botanical interventions (2021)

Abstract Rationale: Herpes zoster or shingles is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus which lays dormant in the ganglia after a primary infection with varicella, most commonly known as chickenpox. Approximately 1 in 3 people in the United States will develop shingles in their lifetime. Patient concerns and diagnosis: A 26-year-old Caucasian female presented with a diagnosis of herpes zoster with small lesions on her mid-right abdomen and large weeping lesions on her mid-left abdomen and back with physical complaints of severe burning, pain and itching. Interventions: An alternative, botanical based topical therapy was used in this case including extracts of Melissa officinalis , Hypericum perforatum, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Lavandula officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Sarracenia spp. prepared in a Versabase gel preparation. Outcomes: Notably during the first few days of topical treatment, substantial improvement was observed regarding lesion size, lesion number and pain level. Lessons: This case demonstrates the potential efficacy of a topical botanical formulation for the treatment of an active herpes zoster outbreak.
MRI gradient waveform design by numerical optimization (1993)

This manuscript describes a method of gradient waveform design by nonlinear constrained optimization. Methods of formulation and solution of the waveform optimization problem are briefly described for minimization of root mean squared current and minimization of waveform moments. Waveforms generated using these objectives are presented and compared with those obtained with other objectives. The method uses waveforms which are defined as a set of discrete amplitudes in order to remove artificial constraints on waveform shape imposed by "multilobe" designs. These point-to-point amplitudes are the parameters determined in the optimization procedure which includes knowledge of the specific imaging conditions and the specific gradient hardware system. Some beneficial results of this design approach are: a) physically realizable waveforms which optimally achieve specific imaging and motion artifact reduction goals, b) waveforms which are guaranteed to be optimal with respect to one of several possible objective, c) less reliance on the experience of the designer, and d) a potential reduction in waveform design time.
Photonic frequency conversion for dynamic spectral access and signal remoting (2016)

The rapidly changing RF landscape creates a requirement for flexible frequency access as well as the ability to move signals over long distances. This paper presents the characterization and experiments of a wide band photonics enabled transceiver. The architecture, SFDR, noise figure, and gain are presented, followed by the results of communications experiments involving up to 25 km of remoting fiber and up to 40 GHz RF frequency.
<title>K<formula><inf><roman>2</roman></inf></formula>AI<formula><inf><roman>2</roman></inf></formula>B<formula><inf><roman>2</roman></inf></formula>O<formula><inf><roman>7</roman></inf></formula>: a new nonlinear optical crystal</title> (1998)

A new NLO crystal K<SUB>2</SUB>Al<SUB>2</SUB>B<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> (Potassium Aluminum Borate, KAB) has been discovered. The material crystallizes in the Trigonal system with a equals 8.5669(8) Angstrom, C equals 8.467(1) Angstrom and Z equals 3, KAB possesses similar space arrangement of SBBO. KAB crystal with dimensions of 18 X 14 X 3 mm was grown by flux method. The optical properties of KAB was measured.