gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
5-Acetoxy-2-pyrrolidinone as a Precursor for N-Acylimminium Ion (1983)

Synthesis of 5-acetoxy-2-pyrrolidinone (2) and its reactions via N-acylimminium ion ( I with nucleophiles are described, especially in comparison with 5-alkoxy-2-pyrrolidinone (1) and 3-pyrrolin-2-one (g).In the previous paper1 w e have described that the reactions of 5-ethoxy-2-pyrrolidinone (1) with nucleophiles such as carbamates, amides, amines, indole, and diethylaniline afford 5-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones (2) in low to moderate yields (7-52%).These results demonstrate the additional examples of the reaction y & N-acylimminium ion ( Q , which is known as a reactive intermediate formed from 5-3 alkoxy-and 5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinones (r, 2)2 and pyrrolin-2-ones (4, 5) .In this communication we wish to describe the synthesis and reactions of 5-acetoxy-2-pyrrolidinone (1) as a new type of precursors for &.While 4-acetoxy-2-azetidinone performs a very important role in the chemistry of p-lactam antibiotics4, no experimental data for 5-acetoxy-2-pyrrolidinone (2) have been reported up to date. 2 was easily prepared from 1 as follows: A solution of 1 (300 mgl in acetic acid (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h to give -an e q u i l i b r i u m mixture of 1 and ( t h e approximate r a t i o 1 : 9 ) .S t i r r i n g was
Transient shear rheology and rheo‐optical microstructural characterization of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (2005)

Abstract The shear rheology and the corresponding microstructure evolution during transient flow of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP; Vectran V400P) are reported; the polymer does not display a crystalline melting phenomenon. The steady shear viscosity displays three regions that are typical of LCPs. However, the transient shear stress displays a local stress maximum at a strain of ≈ 2, a local minimum at a strain of ≈ 20, and then a stress overshoot at a strain of ≈ 100 before attaining a steady state value. The transient first normal stress difference exhibits a distinct overshoot at ≈ 100 strain units. The steady‐state first normal stress difference is always positive in the tested shear rate range 0.1–10 s –1 . In situ rheo‐optical characterization revealed that the melt shows a threaded texture at rest. Upon start up of shear flow, this threaded texture becomes deformed, and the domains initially appear to stretch and align in the shearing direction. Next, the domains break up, and a significant drop in the optical intensity is observed. These microstructural features are used to explain the presence of the first maximum and the minimum observed in the transient shear stress. Polym. Eng. Sci. 45:187–197, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Polar quantizing for coded PSK transmission (1990)

The issue of demodulator quantization prior to decoding in error control systems employing M-ary phase-shift keying (PSK) as a modulation technique is considered. The use of angle-only, or polar, quantization with J>or=M levels, which is an easily implemented alternative to rectangular quantization, is described. The R/sub 0/ parameter is presented as an effective indicator of coding potential for quantized M-ary PSK channels, and different designs in the R/sub 0/ context are discussed. The principal results are that for J=2M, a polar quantizer satisfies the necessary condition for optimality, and it is conjectured that the design is in fact optimal. The corresponding performance closes about half the gap (in decibels) between the hard-decision demodulator and the unquantized demodulator. Angle-only quantization, in the limit of fine precision, costs only a fraction of a decibel in performance for typically operated coded 8-PSK and 16-PSK. Numerical results for quantizers with J=2M and J=4M are presented, and the case of an added erasure zone is considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach Toward the Inhibition of Ribonucleases: A Water‐Stable Ribonucleoside‐Technetium Chelate. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) induced metabolome changes in asthmatics (2020)

This is the first study to compare the relative systemic metabolomic and lipidomic bioactivity dose-responses for ICS. Plasma for metabolomic and lipidomic analysis was obtained from 54 subjects (GSK study 203162, NCT02991859) who received weekly escalating doses (µg/d) of FF (25,100, 200, 400, 800), FP (50, 200, 500,1000, 2000), BUD (100, 400, 800,1600, 3200) or placebo. Samples (pre &amp; post-dose) were analysed on LC/MS/MS and polar LC-platforms and ions were matched to a library of standards for identification and quantification. Statistical analysis was by repeated measures ANOVA, cross-over model, random forest and principal component analysis using log-transformed data. Across all ICS and doses, few quantifiable metabolites (n=1971) had significant <b>mean % changes</b>[increases/decreases] (p&lt;0.05) versus placebo: FF <b>1.32</b> [0.41/0.91], FP <b>1.93</b> [0.41/1.52] and BUD <b>2.03</b> [0.61/1.47]. At therapeutic doses, fewer changes were also seen with FF <b>0.96</b> [0.36/0.61] versus FP <b>1.67</b> [0.46/1.22] and BUD <b>1.42</b> [0.56/0.91]. Qualitatively, dose related changes were similar including: reduced adrenal steroids (cortisone, cortisol, pregnenolone, androgens and metabolites), increased plasma amino acids, increased glycolysis, reduced fatty acid β-oxidation and branched chain amino acids. Qualitative differences included: altered secondary bile acid profiles for BUD and FF indicating changes in gut microbiome, significantly lowered neurotransmitters (dopamine metabolites) for BUD. Our findings support the safety of low/mid ICS therapeutic doses with FF 100 µg/d having least effect on most susceptible pathways involving adrenal steroid metabolites. There were few qualitative differences of note except BUD induced neurotransmitter changes.
Review of tc-2018-286 (2019)

In this paper, the authors address the problem of converting more readily obtained snow depth measurements to snow water equivalent values. The problem is highly topical as airborne lidar and airborne and satellite-based photogrammetric snow depths become more readily available for widespread use. The authors primarily build on the method described by Sturm, Taras, Liston, Derksen, Jonas and Lea (2010), with the main difference in their method being the replacement of climate classes of snow by
User Perceptions of Privacy in Smart Homes. (2018)

Despite the increasing presence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices inside the home, we know little about how users feel about their privacy living with Internet-connected devices that continuously monitor and collect data in their homes. To gain insight into this state of affairs, we conducted eleven semi-structured interviews with owners of smart homes, investigating privacy values and expectations. In this paper, we present the findings that emerged from our study: First, users prioritize the convenience and connectedness of their smart homes, and these values dictate their privacy opinions and behaviors. Second, user opinions about who should have access to their smart home data depend on the perceived benefit. Third, users assume their privacy is protected because they trust the manufacturers of their IoT devices. Our findings bring up several implications for IoT privacy, which include the need for design for privacy and evaluation standards.
Ecological Health Risk Assessment and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil Based on a High Geochemical Background: A Case Study in Southwest China (2022)

A total of 28,095 surface soil samples were collected in areas with high natural background levels; the potential ecological risk is generally low, and the high-risk area is small and mainly affected by lead−zinc mines. The contribution to the potential ecological risk factor (RI) is as follows: Hg > Cd > As > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > Zn, with noncarcinogenic chronic risks of Cr > As > Cd > Pb > Ni > Cu > Hg > Zn; furthermore, dermal contact is the main pathway of exposure causing health risks. The total carcinogenic risks caused by heavy metals were as follows: Cr > Cd > As > Pb; and the risks posed by Cr, Cd, and As were higher than the threshold value (1.0 × 10−4); people face a higher threat to heavy metals in soils in Zhenxiong, Ludian, Huize, Weixin, and Zhaoyang. The evaluation result of the EPA PMF model shows that the soil heavy metals are mainly composed of five sources, of which basalt, Permian, and Triassic carbonate rock parent material constitute the natural background source, while the mining activities of lead−zinc mines and the emissions of coal burning by residents constitute the anthropogenic source. The contribution was ranked in order of lead−zinc mining (26.7%) > Triassic carbonate (23.7%) > basalt (20.9%) > coal burning and automobile emissions (16.1%) > Permian carbonate (12.6%).
DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TO BLOCK NF-KB PATHWAY INDUCE THE FORMATION OF POTENT TYPE-1-LIKE T REGULATORY CELLS (TREG) (2004)

O248* It has been documented that NF-kB is central to DC immunostimulatory function as NF-kB decoys or dnIKK2 (dominant negative IkB kinase 2) overexpression blocked DC-induced T cell allostimulation. However the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. In this study we used immature DCs, obtained through transfection of BN rat bone marrow derived DCs with adenoviral vector encoding for dnIKK2 (dnIKK2-DCs), to test the hypothesis that immature DCs induced T cell-hyporesponse through the induction of Treg and to investigate the phenotype of induced Treg. DCs transfected with null adenovirus were used as control mature DCs (Ad0-DCs). FACS analysis showed that both dnIKK2-DCs and Ad0-DCs expressed CD11c, while MHC II and B7-2 molecule expression was very low in dnIKK2-DCs as compared to Ad0-DCs. DnIKK2-DCs failed to induce a proliferative response of allogeneic LW rat T cells during primary (1ry) MLR (480±162 cpm with dnIKK2-DCs vs 46,980±7,740 cpm with Ad0-DCs, n=5; DC/T cell ratio: 1/100). After 1ry MLR with dnIKK2-DCs, CD4+ T cells acquired a CD4+CD25-/dim phenotype and expressed high IL-10 and TGF-β, intermediate IFN-γ very low IL-2 while IL-4 was undetectable (by real time RT-PCR). In co-culture experiments, dnIKK2-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells potently suppressed a naïve MLR (106 LW T cells+106 irradiated BN splenocytes) up to 1/1000 ratio with naïve syngeneic T cells (185±43 cpm vs 21,500±5,545 of naïve co-culture with Ad0-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells, n=3). Addition of IL-2 to a co-culture with dnIKK2-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells failed to reverse the hyporesponsiveness, indicating that dnIKK2-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells did not induce a state of anergy. To evaluate the role of immunomodulatory cytokines, co-culture experiments were repeated in the presence of either anti-IL-10 or anti-TGF-β blocking antibodies. Only the combination of the two antibodies partially reverted the suppressive effect of dnIKK2-DC-generated CD4+ T cells on a naive allogeneic MLR (1,105±514 cpm, n=3). To investigate whether cell-to-cell contact was dispensable to the regulatory activity of dnIKK2-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells, co-cultures were repeated using a transwell system. The degree of inhibition was superimposable to that obtained in direct co-culture of dnIKK2-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells with a naïve MLR. To confirm the role of soluble factors, conditioned medium, harvested at the end of co-culture carried out in the presence of dnIKK2-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells was tested on a naïve MLR. Inhibition of a naïve MLR was observed till the dilution of 1/106 (naïve MLR: 15,633 cpm; naïve MLR+conditioned medium: 293 cpm), while medium collected at the end of co-culture with Ad0-DC-generated-CD4+ T cells had no effect (14,277 cpm). The above results indicate that dnIKK2-DCs generate Tr1-like cells which inhibit naïve T cell response through the release of soluble factors. This finding may have a relevant impact to the control of T cell reactivity in autoimmunity and transplantation.
Galanin Stimulates Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Secretion from Arcuate Nucleus-Median Eminence Fragmentsin Vitro: Involvement of an α-Adrenergic Mechanism (1990)

Galanin (GAL), a 29-amino acid peptide originally isolated from porcine intestine, has been shown to be widely distributed not only in the gut, but also in the central nervous system. Several studies have shown that GAL participates in the hypothalamic regulation of PRL, GH, and LH secretion. In this study, we evaluate the effects of rat GAL (rGAL) on LHRH and prostaglandin (PG) E2 release from arcuate nucleus-median eminence fragments in vitro. Fragments were incubated for 30-min periods in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing the different test substances. The addition to the medium of rGAL in concentrations ranging from 5-1000 nM increased the release of both LHRH and PGE2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The ED50 values were approximately 55 and 80 nM for LHRH and PGE2, respectively. rGAL-induced LHRH and PGE2 release were related, as suggested by the finding that the addition to the medium of indomethacin (10 microM), a PG synthesis blocker, completely blocked rGAL-induced LHRH release. In addition, an active catecholaminergic system appears to be necessary for obtaining the stimulatory effect of rGAL. The addition to the medium of the alpha-adrenergic blocker phentolamine or prazosin impaired the ability of rGAL to release both LHRH and PGE2. rGAL-induced stimulation of LHRH and PGE2 release was blocked by phentolamine at doses of 1-10 microM, while prazosin was able to block it at doses as low as 0.1 microM. In summary, rGAL stimulates LHRH and PGE2 release from arcuate nucleus-median eminence fragments in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. Such an effect is blocked by both indomethacin and alpha-adrenergic blockers, indicating that rGAL-induced stimulation of LHRH secretion is exerted through alpha-adrenergic receptors and requires PGE2 as an intracellular mediator.
Machine Vision in Practice (1983)

A framework for understanding machine vision is developed by drawing a comparison between components of human vision and machine vision and also between factory uses of human and machine vision. Three major components of a machine vision system (camera, illumination, and process) are discussed, the last by use of several examples.
A group-based wear-leveling algorithm for large-capacity flash memory storage systems (2007)

Although NAND flash memory has become one of the most popular storage media for portable devices, it has a serious problem with respect to lifetime. Each block of NAND flash memory has a limited number of program/erase cycles, usually 10,000-100,000, and data in a block become unreliable after the limit. For this reason, distributing erase operations evenly across the whole flash memory media is an important concern in designing flash memory storage systems.In this paper, we propose a memory-efficient group-based wear-leveling algorithm. Our group-based algorithm achieves a small memory footprint by grouping several logically sequential blocks and managing only the summary information for each group. We also propose an effective group summary structure and a method to reduce unnecessary wear-leveling operations in order to enhance the wear-leveling performance. The evaluation results show that our group-based algorithm consumes only 8.75% of memory space compared to the previous scheme that manages per-block information, while showing roughly the same wear-leveling performance.
Genetic epidemiology of breast cancer: Segregation analysis of 200 Danish pedigrees (1984)

An investigation of the genetic epidemiology of breast cancer involving complex segregation analysis of 200 breast cancer pedigrees of Danish extraction is presented. The observed distribution of breast cancer is compatible with transmission of an autosomal-dominant gene with no evidence for residual family resemblance. The gene frequency of the abnormal allele is 0.00756, and the displacement between the homozygous genotype means is 1.695. The gene frequency accounts for a significant proportion of breast cancer in young women, whereas by an advanced age a majority (87%) of affected women are phenocopies. Genetic modeling of other breast cancer families and results of linkage studies are reviewed.
Comparison of face detection and image classification for detecting front seat passengers in vehicles (2014)

Due to the high volume of traffic on modern roadways, transportation agencies have proposed High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes and High Occupancy Tolling (HOT) lanes to promote car pooling. However, enforcement of the rules of these lanes is currently performed by roadside enforcement officers using visual observation. Manual roadside enforcement is known to be inefficient, costly, potentially dangerous, and ultimately ineffective. Violation rates up to 50%–80% have been reported, while manual enforcement rates of less than 10% are typical. Therefore, there is a need for automated vehicle occupancy detection to support HOV/HOT lane enforcement. A key component of determining vehicle occupancy is to determine whether or not the vehicle's front passenger seat is occupied. In this paper, we examine two methods of determining vehicle front seat occupancy using a near infrared (NIR) camera system pointed at the vehicle's front windshield. The first method examines a state-of-the-art deformable part model (DPM) based face detection system that is robust to facial pose. The second method examines state-of-the-art local aggregation based image classification using bag-of-visual-words (BOW) and Fisher vectors (FV). A dataset of 3000 images was collected on a public roadway and is used to perform the comparison. From these experiments it is clear that the image classification approach is superior for this problem.
Venlafaxine in depressed geriatric outpatients: an open-label clinical study. (1995)

A 12-month open-label clinical trial was conducted to evaluate patient acceptance and safety of venlafaxine, a novel antidepressant, in ambulatory geriatric depressed patients. The sample consisted of 58 depressed patients aged 65 years and older who needed long-term antidepressant treatment. The setting was multiple study sites in California, Florida, New York, Utah, and Washington. All patients took venlafaxine; 52 qualified for the intent-to-treat analysis, and 24 completed 12 months of treatment. Repeated-measures analysis of variance within subjects showed significant improvements in Clinical Global Impressions severity and improvement, Modified Symptom Checklist, and Quality of Life Questionnaire scores. One patient developed a rash that was judged to be a serious drug-related side effect. The most common side effects were headache (n = 25), nausea (n = 21), insomnia (n = 18), dry mouth (n = 18), and sweating (n = 18). The results demonstrate the safety and patient acceptance of venlafaxine in depressed geriatric outpatients for acute and maintenance treatment.
Micro-Electron Diffraction data from Cyclophilin A, source of 6U5G structure (2020)

MicroED structure of a FIB-milled CypA Crystal
Experimental investigation to verify if excessive plastic sheeting shielding produce micro clusters of SARS-CoV-2 (2021)

Abstract We experimentally investigated indoor air ventilation using the CO 2 tracer technique to verify the infection cluster of SARS-CoV-2 that erupted at an office space. Multi-placed observations revealed extremely low air change rates (0.1/h) at the site. The local infection clusters were observed several meters away from a door that is the only ventilation in the office, which suggests a negative effect of plastic sheeting shielding. The thermo-fluid simulation showed that the plastic sheet blocked the airflow and trapped the exhaled air in each partition cell. As risk suppression methods, improving air ventilation by opening windows and using fans were verified, and significant improvements (10–28/h) were observed for each partition cells.
Ratio statistics of gene expression levels and applications tomicroarray data analysis (2002)

e-dougherty@tamu.edu
Experimental validation of a parallel hybrid modular multilevel voltage source converter for HVDC transmission (2013)

This paper discusses a small scale laboratory model constructed to validate the operation of a recently proposed parallel hybrid modular multilevel voltage source converter which is intended for HVDC applications. The converter is characterized by a `chainlink' arrangement composed of a number of half bridge cells capable of operating with bidirectional current and an associated full bridge converter for each converter phase arrangement. Each half bridge cell is made up of two bidirectional switches and a local storage capacitor. The voltages on the local storage capacitors of the `chainlink' cells need to be controlled within a tolerance band to ensure sustainable operation of the converter. The paper also presents a capacitor voltage balancing scheme for this converter and further demonstrates black start capability using a lower rated auxiliary DC source. Four quadrant operation of the converter is also demonstrated as would be expected of a grid connected voltage source converter. Simulation and experimental results are presented to support the converter operation.
Initial formation of corrosion products on pure zinc in saline solution (2018)

Corrosion product formed on zinc sample during 2 weeks immersion in saline solution has been investigated. The corrosion layer morphology as well as its chemical composition, was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical measurement was used to analyze the corrosion behavior. Zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide and zinc hydroxide chloride were formed on zinc surface in saline solution. The thickness of corrosion layer increased with the time increased. The pure Zn has an estimated corrosion rate of 0.063 mm y<sup>-1</sup> after immersion for 336 h. Probable mechanisms of zinc corrosion products formation are presented.
Reactor Performance and Safety Characteristics of Beryllium-Based Composite Moderators as Replacements for Graphite in mHTGRs (2022)

This study evaluates beryllium-based two-phase composite moderators as an alternative to graphite in an evaluation of reactor performance and safety characteristics. Historically, modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (mHTGRs) use graphite as a moderator because of its high moderating ratio and reasonable thermal properties; however, graphite has unfavorable properties under irradiation, which can require component replacement and a significant radioactive waste burden. In this assessment, we explore advanced moderators comprised of magnesium oxide (MgO) as the host matrix and beryllium metal and/or beryllium oxide (Be and/or BeO) as the entrained moderating phase. For the reactor performance and thermal-hydraulic safety analysis, the core design model of the General Atomics mHTGR-350 was used to demonstrate the feasibility of a “drop-in” replacement of graphite using the beryllium-based moderators. We employed the neutronics code Serpent to analyze the moderating behavior of the composite moderators with comparisons drawn to graphite. We performed a scoping analysis of accidents for mHTGRs using RELAP to show that these moderators do not present impediments to safety and are expected to stay within temperature limits. Measured thermophysical properties of the composite moderators are used in the thermal-hydraulic assessments. Our analysis reveals that the two-phase composite MgO-matrix beryllium-based moderators are a suitable replacement for graphite.