gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro comparison of the molecular adsorbent recirculation system (MARS) and single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) (2004)

The detoxification capacities of single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD), the molecular adsorbents recirculation system, (MARS) and continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) were compared in vitro. In each experiment 4,100 mL of toxin-loaded human plasma was processed for 6.5 hours. MARS treatment (n = 6) was undertaken in combination with CVVHDF. For SPAD (n = 6) and CVVHDF (n = 6) a high-flux hollow fiber hemodiafilter (identical to the MARS filter) was used. Levels of ammonia, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and bile acids were determined. Concentrations before and after application of detoxification procedures were expressed as differences and were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Post hoc comparisons for pairs of groups were adjusted according to Bonferroni-Holm. Time, group, and interaction effects were tested using the nonparametric ANOVA model for repeated measurements. SPAD and CVVHDF induced a significantly greater reduction of ammonia levels than MARS. No significant differences were found among SPAD, MARS, and CVVHDF with respect to other water-soluble substances. SPAD induced a significantly greater reduction in bilirubin levels than MARS. Reductions in bile acid levels were similar for SPAD and MARS. When operating MARS in continuous veno-venous hemodialysis mode, as recommended by the manufacturer, no significant differences in the removal of bilirubin, bile acids, urea, and creatinine were found. However, MARS in continuous veno-venous hemodialysis mode was significantly less efficient in removing ammonia than MARS in CVVHDF mode. In conclusion, the detoxification capacity of SPAD is similar to or even greater than that of MARS.
Transfer Reaction of .BETA.-Fructofuranosidase from Arthrobacter sp. K-1. (1992)

Arthrobacter sp. K-1 β-fructofuranosidase catalyzed both transfructosylation and hydrolytic action, when it was incubated with sucrose alone. But in the presence of a suitable acceptor such as D-xylose and lactose, the enzyme catalyzed mostly transfructosylation and transferred the fructose residue preferentially to the acceptor. The enzyme had wide acceptor specificities. D-Xylose, D-galactose, L-sorbose, D- and L-fucose, D- and L-arabinose, maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose, lactose, melibiose, xylobiose, maltotriose, methyl β-glucoside, and galactoside were efficient acceptors in the transfructosylation. On the other hand, D-ribose, L-rhamnose, D-mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-galactosamine, D-galacturonic acid, and 1-kestose were not efficient acceptors. Various primary alcohols, polyhydric alcohols including some sugar alcohols, and some glycosides acted as acceptors, but secondary alcohols with one hydroxyl group such as 2-propanol and 2-butanol were not effective as acceptors. The requirement for an acceptor of the transfructosylation by the enzyme is that the structure must have free hydroxyl groups of the equatorial bonds at C2 and C3 on 4C1 or 1C4 conformation. The main transfer products to aldoses and ketoses by the enzyme were nonreducing oligosaccharides, which had a fructofuranosyl residue bounded to their hemiacetal hydroxyl groups. In the case of D-galactose and L-arabinose, the enzyme produced not only non-reducing oligosaccharides, but also reducing oligosaccharides, identified as 3-O-β-D-fructofuranosyl-D-galactose and 4-O-β-D-fructofuranosyl-L-arabinose, respectively. In the cases of glycosides such as methyl a-D-glucoside, the enzyme transferred the fructofuranosyl residue only to C6 hydroxyl group. This enzyme is useful to synthesize heterooligosaccharide containing fructose. The lactosucrose has been produced on industrial scale by using this enzyme, and supplied in large quantities for food applications. The lactosucrose is not digestible in the human small intestine, but it is fermented by human intestinal microorganisms, especially by Bif dobacterium. The administration of the saccharide will improve the intestinal bacterial flora.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed [3C + 2C + 2C] Cycloaddition of Enynylidenecyclopropanes: Efficient Construction of Fused 5‐7‐5 Tricyclic Systems. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Lyn but Not Fyn Kinase Controls IgG-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis (2012)

Anaphylaxis is a rapid, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction. Until recently, it was mainly attributed to histamine released by mast cells activated by allergen crosslinking (XL) of FcεRI-bound allergen-specific IgE. However, recent reports established that anaphylaxis could also be triggered by basophil, macrophage, and neutrophil secretion of platelet-activating factor subsequent to FcγR stimulation by IgG/Ag complexes. We have investigated the contribution of Fyn and Lyn tyrosine kinases to FcγRIIb and FcγRIII signaling in the context of IgG-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). We found that mast cell IgG XL induced Fyn, Lyn, Akt, Erk, p38, and JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, IgG XL of mast cells, basophils, and macrophages resulted in Fyn- and Lyn-regulated mediator release in vitro. FcγR-mediated activation was enhanced in Lyn-deficient (knockout [KO]) cells, but decreased in Fyn KO cells, compared with wild-type cells. More importantly, Lyn KO mice displayed significantly exacerbated PSA features whereas no change was observed for Fyn KO mice, compared with wild-type littermates. Intriguingly, we establish that mast cells account for most serum histamine in IgG-induced PSA. Taken together, our findings establish pivotal roles for Fyn and Lyn in the regulation of PSA and highlight their unsuspected functions in IgG-mediated pathologies.
Detection of Small Pulmonary Nodules with Ultrashort Echo Time Sequences in Oncology Patients by Using a PET/MR System (2015)

A free-breathing UTE sequence has high sensitivity for the detection of small pulmonary nodules (4-8 mm) and outperformed a three-dimensional dual-echo GRE technique for the detection of small, non-fluorodeoxyglucose-avid nodules.
Expressed Anti-HBV Primary MicroRNA Shuttles Inhibit Viral Replication Efficiently In Vitro and In Vivo (2008)

The use of RNA interference (RNAi) to inhibit gene expression is potentially applicable in the treatment of viral infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence. Although efficient HBV gene silencing by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expressed from RNA polymerase (Pol) III promoters has been reported, constitutive high-level transcription may cause harmful side effects. Here, we report an approach that allows the use of a Pol II promoter to improve transcription regulation of expressed RNAi effecters. Pol II [cytomegalovirus (CMV)] or Pol III (U6) promoter cassettes that transcribe anti-HBV primary microRNA (pri-miR)-122 and pri-miR-31 shuttles were generated. In cultured cells both types of pri-miR-like sequences effected knockdown of markers of viral replication (>80%) and were processed to form intended 21-nucleotide guides. The concentration of CMV-expressed miRs was approximately 85-fold lower than the U6 shRNA-derived guide RNA. When cells were co-transfected with pri-miR expression cassettes, attenuation of independent RNAi-mediated gene silencing was not observed, which is in contrast to the action of U6 shRNA expression cassettes. The efficacy of the anti-HBV pri-miR shuttles in vivo was verified using the murine hydrodynamic injection model. Employing Pol II-expressed pri-miR mimics may be useful in the treatment of HBV infection, and potentially also for generic application in RNAi-based therapy.
Bitterbrush and Cheatgrass Quality on 3 Southwest Idaho Winter Ranges (2001)

Nutritional stress is an important mortality factor for wintering mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus Rafinesque), particularly fawns. The rate at which fawns utilize existing fat stores is at least partially dependent upon the quality of available forage during winter. Although numerous studies have determined the nutritive value of various forage species, more research is needed to determine whether individual forage species vary in quality across the landscape. We determined whether differences existed in the nutritional quality of antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) and cheatgrass brome (Bromus tectorum L.) among 3 winter ranges and 6 habitats within the winter ranges. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of bitterbrush varied among winter ranges in 1996 and 1997 (P &lt; 0.001). The highest mean IVDMD measured on a winter range was 29.8% (n = 36, SD = 3.87) in 1997 while the lowest was 15.2% (n = 38, SD = 4.42) in 1996. Bitterbrush crude protein (CP) was different among habitats in 1997 (P = 0.005), with mean CP values ranging from 7.0% (n = 19, SD = 0.73) to 8.0% (n = 13, SD = 0.70). The length and diameter of available bitterbrush leaders varied within and among winter ranges because of differential utilization. Bitterbrush IVDMD and CP varied in relation to the mean diameter of leaders obtained from each random sampling site (P 0.001). The quality of bitterbrush decreased as browse intensity increased. Cheatgrass IVDMD was different between winter ranges (P &lt; 0.001) in 1996, with mean values ranging from 65.8% (n = 36, SD = 4.34) to 69.6% (n = 36, SD = 3.83). Site-specific variation should be considered when evaluating the nutritional quality of mule deer habitat, at least during winter when species diversity in deer diets is limited.
Reasoning about Time Constraints in a Mixed-Initiative Calendar Manager (2013)

Scheduling support is very important for calendar man-agement in order to automatize the execution of pos-sibly complex reasoning tasks. However, an interactive approach is desirable to enable the user to steer the allo-cation of events, which is a rather personal and critical kind of activity. This paper proposes a mixed-initiative scheduling model supporting the user’s awareness dur-ing the exploration of the solution space. The paper de-scribes the temporal reasoning techniques underlying MARA (Mixed-initiAtive calendaR mAnager), focus-ing on the generation of scheduling options and on the characterization of their properties, needed to present the pros and cons of each possible solution to the user.
Nanoparticles for controlled release of anti-biofilm agents WO2014130994 (A1): a patent evaluation (2015)

Nanoparticles based on poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-propylacrylic acid-co-butyl methacrylate) (p-DMAEMA-b-(DMAEMA-co-PAA-co-BMA)) were loaded with farnesol or apigenin for the controlled, pH-dependent release of the two agents to inhibit pathogenic bacteria-producing biofilms. The inventions are mainly directed against Streptococcus mutans, the oral cavity bacterium responsible for dental caries.
Measurement of scattered radiation in a volumetric 64-slice CT scanner using three experimental techniques (2010)

Compton scatter poses a significant threat to volumetric x-ray computed tomography, bringing cupping and streak artefacts thus impacting qualitative and quantitative imaging procedures. To perform appropriate scatter compensation, it is necessary to estimate the magnitude and spatial distribution of x-ray scatter. The aim of this study is to compare three experimental methods for measurement of the scattered radiation profile in a 64-slice CT scanner. The explored techniques involve the use of collimator shadow, a single blocker (a lead bar that suppresses the primary radiation) and an array blocker. The latter was recently proposed and validated by our group. The collimator shadow technique was used as reference for comparison since it established itself as the most accurate experimental procedure available today. The mean relative error of measurements in all tube voltages was 3.9 +/- 5.5% (with a maximum value of 20%) for the single blocker method whereas it was 1.4 +/- 1.1% (with a maximum value of 5%) for the proposed blocker array method. The calculated scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR) using the blocker array method for the tube voltages of 140 kVp and 80 kVp was 0.148 and 1.034, respectively. For a larger polypropylene phantom, the maximum SPR achieved was 0.803 and 6.458 at 140 kVp and 80 kVp, respectively. Although the three compared methods present a reasonable accuracy for calculation of the scattered profile in the region corresponding to the object, the collimator shadow method is by far the most accurate empirical technique. Nevertheless, the blocker array method is relatively straightforward for scatter estimation providing minor additional radiation exposure to the patient.
A case of eosinophilic myositis in continuum from localized nodular myositis (2008)

We report a 72-year-old man with eosinophilic myositis (EM). At age 71 he noticed a painful nodule in his left calf. A biopsy (first biopsy) showed marked infiltration of mononucleated cells and necrotic muscle fibers. Several phagocytosed fibers were also seen. He was diagnosed as having myositis. The painful nodule disappeared spontaneously. At age 72, he again had a painful nodule, but this time in his right calf; again, this disappeared spontaneously on the first admission. Just after discharge, he noted painful nodules in the left thigh and right anterior tibial muscles and was again admitted (second admission). Neurological examination revealed mild proximal-dominant weakness in all four extremities but no other abnormalities. Laboratory studies showed elevated creatine kinase (CK) level (38,803 U/l; normal 62-287) and positive Jo-1 antibody, but no eosinophilia. Needle electromyography of the limb muscles showed myogenic patterns. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lower limbs demonstrated several T2-high and gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced lesions. Muscle biopsy (second biopsy) from the left quadriceps femoris showed marked infiltration of eosinophils; he was diagnosed as having EM. Administration of prednisolone was initiated at 60 mg/day and then gradually tapered. After starting treatment with steroids, his muscle weakness gradually ameliorated, CK level dramatically decreased, and the nodules disappeared. Clinically, the patient had developed localized nodular myositis (LNM), but pathologically it was EM without peripheral blood eosinophilia and positive Jo-1 antibody that is occasionally found in polymyositis (PM). Thus, this patient demonstrated overlapping characteristics of EM, LNM, and possibly PM, suggesting that a common mechanism underlay these conditions. As discussed, the involvement of eosinophils in three inflammatory myopathies was indicated.
MSFD:Multi-Scale Receptive Field Face Detector (2018)

We aim to study the multi-scale receptive fields of a single convolutional neural network to detect faces of varied scales. This paper presents our Multi-Scale Receptive Field Face Detector (MSFD), which has superior performance on detecting faces at different scales and enjoys real-time inference speed. MSFD agglomerates context and texture by hierarchical structure. More additional information and rich receptive field bring significant improvement but generate marginal time consumption. We simultaneously propose an anchor assignment strategy which can cover faces with a wide range of scales to improve the recall rate of small faces and rotated faces. To reduce the false positive rate, we train our detector with focal loss which keeps the easy samples from overwhelming. As a result, MSFD reaches superior results on the FDDB, Pascal-Faces and WIDER FACE datasets, and can run at 31 FPS on GPU for VGA-resolution images.
Image-based correction for mismatched attenuation in PET images (2008)

Attenuation correction is essential for quantification in PET. The attenuation estimate is normally based on an additional measurement, e.g. transmission scan or CT, or on some calculation. If the estimate is inaccurate, the resulting emission images will show artefacts. For instance, a common problem is patient movement between the PET and CT scan. Using approximations we show that the error in the emission image is essentially local to where the attenuation mismatch occurred. We derive formulas for the error in the emission image and show that it is proportional to the error in the attenuation image. We present an approximate method to correct the emission image if it was computed with the wrong attenuation estimate. The method only needs the current emission image and an estimate for the attenuation mismatch, i.e. no further reconstruction is necessary. Moreover the correction term can be computed very fast. We show results with FBP and OSEM reconstructed images.
An ab initio study of the mechanism of oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides by dioxirane (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn ab initio study of the mechanism of oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides by dioxiraneJoseph J. W. McDouallCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 10, 2861–2864Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00036a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00036a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views103Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Discovering Nature’s Fingerprints: Isotope Ratio Analysis on Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometers (2023)

For a generation or more, the mass spectrometry that developed at the frontier of molecular biology was worlds apart from isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a label-free approach done on optimized gas-source magnetic sector instruments. Recent studies show that electrospray-ionization Orbitraps and other mass spectrometers widely used in the life sciences can be fine-tuned for high-precision isotope ratio analysis. Since isotope patterns form everywhere in nature based on well-understood principles, intramolecular isotope measurements allow unique insights into a fascinating range of research topics. This Perspective introduces a wider readership to current topics in stable isotope research with the aim of discussing how soft-ionization mass spectrometry coupled with ultrahigh mass resolution can enable long-envisioned progress. We highlight novel prospects of observing isotopes in intact polar compounds and speculate on future directions of this adventure into the overlapping realms of biology, chemistry, and geology.
Supercritical fluid extraction: Present status and prospects (2002)

Supercritical extraction (SFE), using primarily environmentally-benign carbon dioxide (CO2) as the extracting agent, is reviewed with respect to its present status and future use. SFE was developed for analytical application in the mid 1980’s in response to the desire to reduce the use of organic solvents in the laboratory environment and is becoming a standard method for the preparation and analysis of lipid-containing sample matrices. Currently, analytical SFE is predominately practiced in the off-line mode, using both sequential and parallel extraction modes. Depending on the instrumental configuration, the preparation of up to 24 samples can be accomplished on one instrument on a daily basis. Several other benefits can be achieved using SFE, such as the processing of thermally-sensitive analytes and rapid analyte extraction kinetics relative to extraction with liquid solvents. Examples are provided not only of the analytical SFE of oils and fats, but of volatile solutes from an array of sample types. Finally, the relevance of analytical SFE to processing with supercritical fluids (SFs) is documented using examples from our own research involving a combinatorial approach to optimising processing conditions.
The antagonism of prostaglandin FP receptors inhibits the evolution of spreading depolarization in an experimental model of global forebrain ischemia (2020)

Spontaneous, recurrent spreading depolarizations (SD) are increasingly more appreciated as a pathomechanism behind ischemic brain injuries. Although the prostaglandin F2α - FP receptor signaling pathway has been proposed to contribute to neurodegeneration, it has remained unexplored whether FP receptors are implicated in SD or the coupled cerebral blood flow (CBF) response. We set out here to test the hypothesis that FP receptor blockade may achieve neuroprotection by the inhibition of SD. Global forebrain ischemia/reperfusion was induced in anesthetized rats by the bilateral occlusion and later release of the common carotid arteries. An FP receptor antagonist (AL-8810; 1 mg/bwkg) or its vehicle were administered via the femoral vein 10 min later. Two open craniotomies on the right parietal bone served the elicitation of SD with 1 M KCl, and the acquisition of local field potential. CBF was monitored with laser speckle contrast imaging over the thinned parietal bone. Apoptosis and microglia activation, as well as FP receptor localization were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. The data demonstrate that the antagonism of FP receptors suppressed SD in the ischemic rat cerebral cortex and reduced the duration of recurrent SDs by facilitating repolarization. In parallel, FP receptor antagonism improved perfusion in the ischemic cerebral cortex, and attenuated hypoemic CBF responses associated with SD. Further, FP receptor antagonism appeared to restrain apoptotic cell death related to SD recurrence. In summary, the antagonism of FP receptors (located at the neuro-vascular unit, neurons, astrocytes and microglia) emerges as a promising approach to inhibit the evolution of SDs in cerebral ischemia.
Closed-Loop Multi-Satellite Scheduling Based on Hierarchical MDP (2019)

In this paper, a Markov Decision Process (MDP) based closed-loop solution for the optical Earth Observing Satellites (EOSs) scheduling problem is proposed. In this MDP formulation, real-world problems, such as the communication between satellites and ground stations, the uncertainty of clouds, the constraints on energy and memory, are considered. To provide a feasible solution within a reasonable computation time, spatial and temporal approximation methods are provided to reduce the state and action space. A hierarchical MDP, which includes a sequential global MDP and local MDPs, is proposed and formulated to take full use of the computational resource on the satellite and the information gathered by the satellites about the clouds to refine the policy provided by the global MDP from the ground stations. Preliminary results are presented and discussed the feasibility of using an optimal feedback framework.