gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Co-Attention Network With Question Type for Visual Question Answering (2019)

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a challenging multi-modal learning task since it requires an understanding of both visual and textual modalities simultaneously. Therefore, the approaches used to represent the images and questions in a fine-grained manner play key roles in the performance. In order to obtain the fine-grained image and question representations, we develop a co-attention mechanism using an end-to-end deep network architecture to jointly learn both the image and the question features. Specifically, textual attention implemented by a self-attention model will reduce unrelated information and extract more discriminative features for question-level representations, which is in turn used to guide visual attention. We also note that a lot of finished works use complex models to extract feature representations but neglect to use high-level information summary such as question types in learning. Hence, we introduce the question type in our work by directly concatenating it with the multi-modal joint representation to narrow down the candidate answer space. A new network architecture combining the proposed co-attention mechanism and question type provides a unified model for VQA. The extensive experiments on two public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our model as compared with several state-of-the-art approaches.
Predicting Apnoeic Events in Preterm Infants (2020)

Apnoea, a pause in respiration, is almost ubiquitous in preterm infants born before completing 30 weeks gestation. Apnoea often begets hypoxemia and/or bradycardia, and has the potential to result in adverse neurodevelopmental consequences. Our current inability to predict apnoeic events in preterm infants requires apnoea to first be detected by monitoring device/s in order to trigger an intervention by bedside (medical or nursing) staff. Such a reactive management approach is laborious, and makes the consequences of apnoeic events inevitable. Recent technological advances and improved signal processing have allowed the possibility of developing prediction models for apnoeic events in preterm infants. However, the development of such models has numerous challenges and is only starting to show potential. This paper identifies requisite components and current gaps in developing prediction models for apnoeic events, and reviews previous studies on predicting apnoeic events in preterm infants.
A New Class of Cationic Organoiron Polynorbornenes Containing Azo Dyes (2003)

Abstract Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of novel organoiron norbornene monomers functionalized with azobenzene chromophores using the Grubbs catalyst resulted in the production of the corresponding cationic organoiron polynorbornenes. UV‐vis analysis of the organometallic polymers in DMF showed maxima from 420–430 nm, and upon acidification a bathochromic shift to 510–520 nm was observed. Cyclic voltammetric studies showed that the iron centers underwent reversible reduction steps between −1.2 and −1.4 V. Thermogravimetric analysis of the organoiron polymers showed two weight loss steps from 225 to 255 °C and from 400 to 510 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the cationic organoiron polynorbornenes had glass transition temperatures ( T g ) between 145 and 178 °C, while the T g values of their organic analogs occurred between 99 and 104 °C. image
Incremental Testing Of Object-Oriented Class Structures† (2005)

Although there is much interest in creating libraries of well-designed, thoroughly-tested classes that can be confi- dently reused for many applications, few class testing techniques have been developed. In this paper, we present a class testing technique that exploits the hierarchical nature of the inheritance relation to test related groups of classes by reusing the testing information for a parent class to guide the testing of a subclass. We initially test base classes having no parents by designing a test suite that tests each memberfunction individually and also tests the interactions among member functions. To design a test suite for a subclass, our algorithm incrementally updates the history of its parent to reflect both the modified, inherited attributes and the subclass's newly defined attributes. Only those new attributes or affected, inherited attributes are tested and the parent class test suites are reused, if possible, for the testing. Inherited attributes are retested in their new context in a subclass by testing their interactions with the subclass's newly defined attributes. We have incorporated a data flow tester into Free Software Foundation, Inc's C++ compiler and are using it for our experimentation.
Up-conversion in YLF:Yb,Tm Laser Crystals (1998)

The importance of development of the visible lasers emitting in the green-blue spectral range under the laser-diode pumping enforces search for the new and optimization of the known active media for lasers pumped via up-conversion schemes. The YLF:Tm crystals are well-known active media for lasing on a number of lines over a wide spectral range from 0.450 to 2.35 μm upon selective laser, laser diode, and flash lamp pumpings, including up-conversion and ‘'avalanche” excitation mechanisms.
Characterization of prostaglandin‐F 2α‐binding sites on rat hepatocyte plasma membranes (1993)

Prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha has previously been shown to increase glucose output from perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes, where it stimulated glycogen phosphorylase via an inositol-trisphosphate-dependent signal pathway. In this study, PGF2 alpha binding sites on hepatocyte plasma membranes, that might represent the putative receptor, were characterized. Binding studies could not be performed with intact hepatocytes, because PGF2 alpha accumulated within the cells even at 4 degrees C. The intracellular accumulation was an order of magnitude higher than binding to plasma membranes. Purified hepatocyte plasma membranes had a high-affinity/low-capacity and a low-affinity/high-capacity binding site for PGF2 alpha. The respective binding constants for the high-affinity site were Kd = 3 nM and Bmax = 6 fmol/mg membrane protein, and for the low-affinity site Kd = 426 nM and Bmax = 245 fmol/mg membrane protein. Specific PGF2 alpha binding to the low-affinity site, but not to the high-affinity site, could be enhanced most potently by GTP[gamma S] followed by GDP[beta S] and GTP, but not by ATP[gamma S] or GMP. PGF2 alpha competed most potently with [3H]PGF2 alpha for specific binding to hepatocyte plasma membranes, followed by PGD2 and PGE2. Since the low-affinity PGF2 alpha-binding site had a Kd in the concentration range in which PG had previously been shown to be half-maximally active, and since this binding site showed a sensitivity to GTP, it is concluded that it might represent the receptor involved in the PGF2 alpha signal chain in hepatocytes. A biological function of the high-affinity site is currently not known.
Antibacterial Modification Of Polyethylene By Multistage Process Utilizing Low-temperature Plasma (2014)

Limiting factor of PE application in healthcare is high susceptibility of polyethylene towards bacterial growth. For this reason, antibacterial treatment of PE foils using appropriate antibacterial agents was used in this work. Benzalkonium chloride and bronopol were selected due to their satisfactory antibacterial effect confirmed by applications in medical and cosmetic industry. These antibacterial agents were immobilized onto PE surface by a multistage approach via polyacrylic acid brushes grafting onto the PE surface pre-treated by low-temperature plasma. Measurements of surface energy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used for investigation of surface changes after antibacterial modification of PE. Moreover, the antibacterial effect was evaluated by inhibition zone measurements of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains.
Stereochemical Studies. V. Intramolecular C-H Bond Insertion Reaction of Acyl Nitrene generated from optically Active Acyl Azide (1970)

In order to determine the spin state of the acyl nitrene (VII) which is thought to intervene in the insertion reaction at the intramolecular aliphatic C-H bond, optically active (R)-5-methyl-6-phenylhexanoyl azide ((R)-XVII) was synthesized from ((S) (+)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropionic acid ((S) (+)-XVIII), and submitted to photochemical decomposition in methylene dichloride solution. (S) (-)-6-Benzyl-6-methyl-2-piperidone ((S) (-)-XIX) was obtained as a reaction product in a 4.3% yield with 98% retention of configuration. These results show that the singlet state acyl nitrene (XXXVIII) produced from (R)-XVII by irradiation, had inserted into the intramolecular optically active C-H bond through the transition state (IL), as in the intramolecular insertion reaction of alkoxycarbonyl nitrene. Independent synthesis of (S) (-)-XIX from (R)-α-methylphenylalanine ethyl ester ((R) (+)-XX), and preliminary experiments on racemic compounds are also reported.
CS364A: Algorithmic Game Theory Lecture #10: Kidney Exchange and Stable Matching (2013)

Many people suffer from kidney failure and need a kidney transplant. Currently, the US waiting list for kidneys has about 100,000 people on it. An old idea, used also for other organs, is deceased donors — when someone dies and is a registered organ donor, their organs can be transplanted into others. One special feature of kidneys is that a healthy person has two of them and can survive just fine with only one of them. This creates the possibility of living organ donors, such as a family member of the patient in need. Unfortunately, having a living kidney donor is not always enough — sometimes a patient-donor pair is incompatible, meaning that the donor’s kidney is unlikely to function well in the patient. Blood and tissue types are the primary culprits for incompatibilities. For example, a patient with O blood type can only receive a kidney from a donor with the same blood type, and similarly an AB donor can only donate to an AB patient. Suppose patient P1 is incompatible with its donor D1 because they have blood types A and B, respectively. Suppose P2 and D2 are in the opposite boat, with blood types B and A, respectively (Figure 1). Even though (P1,D1) may never have met (P2,D2), exchanging donors seems like a pretty good idea — P1 can get its kidney from D2 and P2 from D1. This is called a kidney exchange. A few kidney exchanges were done, on an ad hoc basis, around the beginning of this century. These isolated successes make clear the need for a nationwide kidney exchange, where incompatible patient-donor pairs can register and be matched with others. How should such an exchange be designed? The goal of such an exchange is to thicken the kidney exchange market to enable as many matches as possible. National kidney exchanges sprang up around the middle of last decade. We’ll cover some of the early design ideas for these exchanges, as well as current challenges. These exchanges ∗ c©2013, Tim Roughgarden.
Chapman, K.E., Higgins, S.J. (Ed.): Regulation of Gene Expression (2002)

Biologia plantarum, an international journal for experimental botany founded in 1959 by Professor Bohumil NÄmec. Covers all branches of experimental botany ranging from molecular biology and biotechnology to whole-plant and stand functioning.
Clinical and computed tomographic features of tracheal bronchus in children. (1999)

We retrospectively reviewed the records of all children who received bronchoscopic studies in our hospital from July 1994 through June 1998, to identify cases of tracheal bronchus. During the 4-year period, 462 children underwent a total of 492 bronchoscopic studies. Eleven (2.4%) of these children (9 boys, 2 girls, aged 1 mo to 11 yrs) had tracheal bronchus. Most of these patients underwent bronchoscopy because of respiratory difficulties, but the symptoms were not attributable to tracheal bronchus in 10 of the 11 children. Six out of the 11 patients had coexisting tracheobronchial stenosis. Bronchoscopy indicated high bifurcation of the carina in one patient, and direct coronal computed tomography demonstrated concomitant tracheal stenosis and tracheal bronchus. Most patients with tracheal bronchus can be treated conservatively. Correction of the underlying abnormalities is of paramount importance for the relief of respiratory symptoms.
Sensitivity analysis and automation for intraoperative implementation of the atlas-based method for brain shift correction (2013)

The use of biomechanical models to correct the misregistration due to deformation in image guided neurosurgical systems has been a growing area of investigation. In previous work, an atlas-based inverse model was developed to account for soft-tissue deformations during image-guided surgery. Central to that methodology is a considerable amount of pre-computation and planning. The goal of this work is to evaluate techniques that could potentially reduce that burden. Distinct from previous manual techniques, an automated segmentation technique is described for the cerebrum and dural septa. The shift correction results using this automated segmentation method were compared to those using the manual methods. In addition, the extent and distribution of the surgical parameters associated with the deformation atlas were investigated by a sensitivity analysis using simulation experiments and clinical data. The shift correction results did not change significantly using the automated method (correction of 73&plusmn;13% ) as compared to the semi-automated method from previous work (correction of 76&plusmn;13%). The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the atlas could be constructed by coarser sampling (six fold reduction) without substantial degradation in the shift reconstruction, a decrease in preoperative computational time from 13.1&plusmn;3.5 hours to 2.2&plusmn;0.6 hours. The automated segmentation technique and the findings of the sensitivity study have significant impact on the reduction of pre-operative computational time, improving the utility of the atlas-based method. The work in this paper suggests that the atlas-based technique can become a ‘time of surgery’ setup procedure rather than a pre-operative computing strategy.
The Effect Duration of Candesartan Cilexetil Once Daily, in Comparison with Enalapril Once Daily, in Patients with Mild to Moderate Hypertension (2001)

The results of the present study suggest that advantages may be attributed to the use of candesartan cilexetil, as compared to enalapril in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension. In comparison with enalapril 20 mg, candesartan cilexetil 16 mg more effectively lowered blood pressure at trough and in particular on the day following the day after the last dose.
Antimicrobial Peptides in Insect Immunity (2003)

With around one million named species and probably 8–10 times that number unnamed, insects account for the great majority of animal species on earth. Insects can be found in almost all terrestrial and freshwater habitats, from the driest deserts to freshwater ponds, from the canopy of a tropical rainforest (where their diversity is unbelievably great) to the arctic wastes. They are a tremendously successful group. They are a fundamental part of our ecosystem. They are responsible for the pollination of many plants; the decomposition of organic materials, facilitating the recycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other essential nutrients; the control of populations of harmful invertebrate species (including other insects); the direct production of certain foods (honey, for example); and the manufacture of useful products such as silk. However, they are often considered as negative, mainly because they are important vectors of animal and human diseases.
Image-guided therapies in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A multidisciplinary perspective (2014)

A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has led to improvements in screening, detection, and treatments. Interventional techniques include thermal ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and radioembolization whilst stereotactic body radiation therapy also uses imaging to target the radiation. Both survival rates and cure rates have improved markedly since the introduction of these techniques. This review article describes the image guided techniques used for the treatment of HCC.
Endovascular versus open repair for descending thoracic aortic rupture: institutional experience and meta-analysis (2008)

Rupture of thoracic aneurysm, acute type B dissection, blunt thoracic trauma, and penetrating aortic ulcer can present with a similar clinical profile of thoracic aortic rupture. We report a meta-analysis of comparative studies evaluating endoluminal graft versus open repair of these lesions as well as the early experience from our institution. We searched the following databases for reports of endovascular versus open repair of acute descending thoracic aortic rupture: Medline/PubMed, OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews. We used the random-effects model to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mortality, paraplegia/paraparesis and stroke rates. Also, the medical records of the patients treated in our institution with this technique from 2000 to 2008 were reviewed. Demographics, comorbidities and operative procedure information were retrieved. Outcomes examined were mortality, paraplegia and stroke. Meta-analysis indicates that endoluminal graft repair is accompanied by lower procedure related mortality (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.78, p=0.005) and paraplegia rates (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08-0.65, p=0.005), as compared to open repair. There was no difference in stroke rate between the two methods (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.26-2.8, p=0.8). We have treated 13 patients with endoluminal stent-grafts. No conversion to open repair was necessary. Stroke rate was 15%, no patient died as a result of the stent-graft placement, one patient died as a result of massive head injury (overall 30-day mortality: 7.5%). There were no spinal cord ischemic complications. Our experience and meta-analysis indicate that thoracic endograft repair has low mortality and spinal cord complication rates for treatment of acute thoracic aortic rupture. If this method proves to be durable, it could replace open repair as the treatment of choice for these critically ill patients.
Designing of a Virtual System with Fingerprint Security by considering many Security threats (2010)

In these days there is a requirement of reliable security system for process industry, in banks, homes etc. We have taken one of the Biometric modality i.e. fingerprints for this purpose which is the most reliable security tool for security of the system. Fingerprint recognition has long been favored among many biometric identification technologies due to its uniqueness and permanence. Nowadays, fingerprint recognition is considered to be the best choice for most applications from network security systems to compact devices, due to its accuracy, speed, reliability, non-intrusive interfaces, and cost-effectiveness. We have made a fingerprint matching system using MATLAB. After collecting the database we provide a security to a virtual process that has been designed in LABVIEW and make an efficient HMI.The fingerprint recognition system may suffer attacks at different points during the authentication process. Somtimes the fingerprints gives 100% matching but it may be false fingerprint.The most common attacks occur by the use of fake fingerprint during the capture of image. The transmission channel between the feature extractor and matching may also be intercepted and the fingerprint feature may be stored for the later use. The main problem relies on how to differentiate a live finger from that one made of some synthetic material. In This Paper we disscuss the all such type of attacks as well as some other interseting and other topics related to fingerprints like these may be damage or stolen by some personand effect of illlness to them. This paper gives an approch to remove such type of attacks by using a virtual system. Along with this virtual system some aspects related to secure fingerprint is also be considered in this paper.
Diverse conjugative elements silence natural transformation in Legionella species (2019)

Natural transformation (i.e., the uptake of DNA and its stable integration in the chromosome) is a major mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Although the vast majority of bacterial genomes carry the genes involved in natural transformation, close relatives of naturally transformable species often appear not competent for natural transformation. In addition, unexplained extensive variations in the natural transformation phenotype have been reported in several species. Here, we addressed this phenomenon by conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a panel of isolates of the opportunistic pathogen <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> GWAS revealed that the absence of the transformation phenotype is associated with the conjugative plasmid pLPL. The plasmid inhibits transformation by simultaneously silencing the genes required for DNA uptake and recombination. We identified a small RNA (sRNA), RocRp, as the sole plasmid-encoded factor responsible for the silencing of natural transformation. RocRp is homologous to the highly conserved and chromosome-encoded sRNA RocR which controls the transient expression of the DNA uptake system. Assisted by the ProQ/FinO-domain RNA chaperone RocC, RocRp acts as a substitute of RocR, ensuring that the bacterial host of the conjugative plasmid does not become naturally transformable. Distinct homologs of this plasmid-encoded sRNA are found in diverse conjugative elements in other <i>Legionella</i> species. Their low to high prevalence may result in the lack of transformability of some isolates up to the apparent absence of natural transformation in the species. Generally, our work suggests that conjugative elements obscure the widespread occurrence of natural transformability in bacteria.
Non-local stresses in highly non-uniformly flowing suspensions: The shear-curvature viscosity (2018)

For highly non-uniformly flowing fluids, there are contributions to the stress related to spatial variations of the shear rate, which are commonly referred to as non-local stresses. The standard expression for the shear stress, which states that the shear stress is proportional to the shear rate, is based on a formal expansion of the stress tensor with respect to spatial gradients in the flow velocity up to leading order. Such a leading order expansion is not able to describe fluids with very rapid spatial variations of the shear rate, like in micro-fluidics devices and in shear-banding suspensions. Spatial derivatives of the shear rate then significantly contribute to the stress. Such non-local stresses have so far been introduced on a phenomenological level. In particular, a formal gradient expansion of the stress tensor beyond the above mentioned leading order contribution leads to a phenomenological formulation of non-local stresses in terms of the so-called "shear-curvature viscosity". We derive an expression for the shear-curvature viscosity for dilute suspensions of spherical colloids and propose an effective-medium approach to extend this result to concentrated suspensions. The validity of the effective-medium prediction is confirmed by Brownian dynamics simulations on highly non-uniformly flowing fluids.