gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-World Humanoid Locomotion with Reinforcement Learning (2023)

Humanoid robots that can autonomously operate in diverse environments have the potential to help address labour shortages in factories, assist elderly at homes, and colonize new planets. While classical controllers for humanoid robots have shown impressive results in a number of settings, they are challenging to generalize and adapt to new environments. Here, we present a fully learning-based approach for real-world humanoid locomotion. Our controller is a causal transformer that takes the history of proprioceptive observations and actions as input and predicts the next action. We hypothesize that the observation-action history contains useful information about the world that a powerful transformer model can use to adapt its behavior in-context, without updating its weights. We train our model with large-scale model-free reinforcement learning on an ensemble of randomized environments in simulation and deploy it to the real world zero-shot. Our controller can walk over various outdoor terrains, is robust to external disturbances, and can adapt in context.
Isolation and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MIS1 gene encoding mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase. (1988)

C1-Tetrahydrofolate synthase is a trifunctional polypeptide found in eukaryotic organisms that catalyzes 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.3), 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.9), and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.5) activities. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase is found in both the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. The gene encoding yeast mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase was isolated using synthetic oligonucleotide probes based on the amino-terminal sequence of the purified protein. Hybridization analysis shows that the gene (designated MIS1) has a single copy in the yeast genome. The predicted amino acid sequence of mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase shares 71% identity with yeast C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase and shares 39% identity with clostridial 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Chromosomal deletions of the mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase gene were generated using the cloned MIS1 gene. Mutant strains which lack a functional MIS1 gene are viable and can grow in medium containing a nonfermentable carbon source. In fact, deletion of the MIS1 locus has no detectable effect on cell growth.
Energetics of human muscle: Exercise‐induced ATP depletion (1986)

The energetics of human muscle have been investigated in vivo during and after fatiguing aerobic, dynamic exercise. Changes in cytoplasmic pH and concentrations of phosphocreatine, ATP and Pi were followed using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ATP was significantly depleted in 6 out of 12 experiments and in these 6 experiments decreased to 55 +/- 5% of the pre-exercise concentration. Depleted muscle had a lower phosphocreatine concentration (17 +/- 5% of resting value) and lower pH (6.12 +/- 0.04) than fatigued muscle in which ATP loss was not observed (26 +/- 5% for phosphocreatine and 6.37 +/- 0.09 for pH). The free energy of hydrolysis of ATP was not significantly different in the two groups and was also similar in exhausted and nonexhausted muscle. Loss of ATP was associated with altered recovery of the muscle: [phosphocreatine], [Pi], and pH returned more slowly to their pre-exercise values and the initial rate of oxidative phosphorylation was diminished. The restitution of [ATP] to its pre-exercise value was much slower than that of the other metabolites.
Big data and HPC collocation: Using HPC idle resources for Big Data analytics (2017)

Executing Big Data workloads upon High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastractures has become an attractive way to improve their performances. However, the collocation of HPC and Big Data workloads is not an easy task, mainly because of their core concepts' differences. This paper focuses on the challenges related to the scheduling of both Big Data and HPC workloads on the same computing platform. In classic HPC workloads, the rigidity of jobs tends to create holes in the schedule: we can use those idle resources as a dynamic pool for Big Data workloads. We propose a new idea based on Resource and Job Management System's (RJMS) configuration, that makes HPC and Big Data systems to communicate through a simple prolog/epilog mechanism. It leverages the built-in resilience of Big Data frameworks, while minimizing the disturbance on HPC workloads. We present the first study of this approach, using the production RJMS middleware OAR and Hadoop YARN from the HPC and Big Data ecosystems respectively. Our new technique is evaluated with real experiments upon the Grid5000 platform. Our experiments validate our assumptions and show promising results. The system is capable of running an HPC workload with 70% cluster utilization, with a Big Data workload that fills the schedule holes to reach a full 100% utilization. We observe a penalty on the mean waiting time for HPC jobs of less than 17% and a Big Data effectiveness of more than 68% in average.
LEGGERE LA COSTITUZIONE- Una lezione americana (2005)

Nel volume Dorf e Tribe si pongono il problema della definizione del sistema di valori, dei riferimenti testuali ed extratestuali, del contesto di lettura che di volta in volta influenzano l'interpretazione delle norme costituzionali. L'interrogativo di fondo a cui i due autori cercano di rispondere è se vi siano metodi o strumenti di lettura e interpretazione oggettivi od oggettivabili del testo fondamentale dell'ordinamento.Pur nel riferirsi esclusivamente al sistema statunitense, e quindi ad un ordinamento che riconosce come preminente il dato della applicazione giudiziaria del fato normativo, l'opera pone interrogativi e propone soluzioni traducibili nell'esperienza di paesi a "civil law".
Multiclass CBCT Image Segmentation for Orthodontics with Deep Learning (2021)

Accurate segmentation of the jaw (i.e., mandible and maxilla) and the teeth in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans is essential for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Although various (semi)automated methods have been proposed to segment the jaw or the teeth, there is still a lack of fully automated segmentation methods that can simultaneously segment both anatomic structures in CBCT scans (i.e., multiclass segmentation). In this study, we aimed to train and validate a mixed-scale dense (MS-D) convolutional neural network for multiclass segmentation of the jaw, the teeth, and the background in CBCT scans. Thirty CBCT scans were obtained from patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment. Gold standard segmentation labels were manually created by 4 dentists. As a benchmark, we also evaluated MS-D networks that segmented the jaw or the teeth (i.e., binary segmentation). All segmented CBCT scans were converted to virtual 3-dimensional (3D) models. The segmentation performance of all trained MS-D networks was assessed by the Dice similarity coefficient and surface deviation. The CBCT scans segmented by the MS-D network demonstrated a large overlap with the gold standard segmentations (Dice similarity coefficient: 0.934 ± 0.019, jaw; 0.945 ± 0.021, teeth). The MS-D network-based 3D models of the jaw and the teeth showed minor surface deviations when compared with the corresponding gold standard 3D models (0.390 ± 0.093 mm, jaw; 0.204 ± 0.061 mm, teeth). The MS-D network took approximately 25 s to segment 1 CBCT scan, whereas manual segmentation took about 5 h. This study showed that multiclass segmentation of jaw and teeth was accurate and its performance was comparable to binary segmentation. The MS-D network trained for multiclass segmentation would therefore make patient-specific orthodontic treatment more feasible by strongly reducing the time required to segment multiple anatomic structures in CBCT scans.
A new mass-spectrometric C-terminal sequencing technique finds a similarity between γ-interferon and α2-interferon and identifies a proteolytically clipped γ-interferon that retains full antiviral activity (1983)

A novel mass-spectrometric technique is described that permits the identification of the C-terminal peptide of a protein. The technique involves the incorporation of 18O into all alpha-carboxy groups liberated during enzyme-catalysed partial hydrolysis of the protein, followed by mass spectrometry to identify as the C-terminal peptide the only peptide that did not incorporate any 18O. The technique has been used to identify the true C-terminal tryptic peptide of a bacterially produced gamma-interferon and to distinguish it from a peptide produced by anomalous tryptic cleavage. It was found that a closely similar sequence segment of bacterially produced alpha 2-interferon undergoes an analogous cleavage. The technique was also used to identify the C-terminus of a clipped gamma-interferon that retains full antiviral activity.
Surgical treatment of symptomatic pineal cysts without hydrocephalus—meta-analysis of the published literature (2021)

Although the results support the role of surgery in the management of nhSPCs, they have to be interpreted with a great deal of caution as the current evidence is limited, consisting only of case reports and retrospective surgical series. Inherent to such studies are inhomogeneity and incompleteness of data, selection bias and bias related to assessment of outcome carried out by the treating surgeon in the majority of cases. Prospective studies with patient-reported and objective outcome assessment are needed to provide higher level of evidence.
NEHYDROLYTICKÉ METODY PŘÍPRAVY HLINITOFOSFOREČNANŮ (2003)

Hlinitofosforecnany jsou slouceniny izoelektronove s
hlinitokřemicitany a vykazuji take obdobnou variabilitu
strukturnich typů jako zeolity. Připravuji se hydrothermalni
metodou z oxidů, hydroxidů nebo alkoxidů hlinitých a kyseliny
fosforecne hydrolytickými a kondenzacnimi reakcemi. Vylouceni
vody z reakcni směsi bylo umožněno přechodem k dealkylaminacnim
nebo dehalosilylacnim reakcim trimethylsilyl esteru kyseliny
fosforecne s amidy a chloridy kovů1. V teto praci jsme
prostudovali využiti cyklickeho organohlinitofosforecnanu2,
[Me2Al(m-O)2P(OSiMe3)2]2 k připravě aluminofosfatových gelů.
Reakce s Bronstedovými a Lewisovými kyselinami a bazemi vedou k
substitucnim reakcim nebo k otevřeni kruhu a k nasledným
kondenzacnim reakcim. Pro srovnani jsme jako modelove
slouceniny využili i [Me2Al(m-O)2PPh2]2 a
[Me2Al(m-O)2P(t-Bu)(OSiMe3)]2, jejichž reaktivita na atomu
fosforu je blokovana alkylovými nebo arylovými skupinami.
Meziprodukty reakci byly charakterizovany multinuklearni NMR
spektroskopii a výsledne materialy byly studovany pomoci IR a
NMR spektroskopie a termicke a elementarni analýzy.
Design of Photocage Ligands for Light-Activated Changes in Coordination of d-block Transition Metals (2010)

&lt;p&gt;The concept of light-activated "caged" metal ions was first introduced for Ca2+. These high affinity coordination complexes are activated by UV light to release calcium ions intracellularly and have found widespread use in understanding the many roles of calcium in biological processes. There is an unmet need for photocaging ligands for biologically relevant transition metal ions. Described here are the first examples of uncaging biologically important d-block metal ions using photoactive ligands. &lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;New nitrogen-donor ligands that contain a photoactive nitrophenyl group within the backbone have been prepared and evaluated for their metal binding affinity. Exposure of buffered aqueous solutions of apo-cage or metal-bound cage to UV light induces cleavage of the ligand backbone reducing the denticity of the ligands. Characterization of several caging compounds reveals that quantum efficiency and metal binding affinity can be tuned by modifications to the parent structure. The change in reactivity of caged vs. uncaged metal for promoting hydroxyl radical formation was demonstrated using the in vitro deoxyribose assay. The function of several of these compounds in vivo pre- and post-photolysis has been validated using MCF-7 cells. This strategy of caging transition metals ions is promising for applications where light can trigger the release of metal ions intracellularly to study metal trafficking and distribution, as well as, selectively impose oxidative stress and/or metal toxicity on malignant cells causing their demise.&lt;/p&gt;
Transition-metal-doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles for oxygen evolution reaction (2018)

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) has been extensively studied as a promising photocatalyst, with the capacity to split water under visible light. To tune its electronic structure and improve the performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), high-quality single crystals of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized and doped by various transition metals (M=V, Cr, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ti) by a molten-salt flux method. Optical, electronic and catalytic properties of transition-metal-doped α-Fe2O3 (TM-doped α-Fe2O3) have been systematically investigated. Cobalt has been identified as the best dopant for α-Fe2O3, reducing the OER overpotential by 0.16 V with respect to the undoped.
Blockade of mTOR Signaling via Rapamycin Combined with Immunotherapy Augments Antiglioma Cytotoxic and Memory T-Cell Functions (2014)

The success of immunotherapeutic approaches targeting glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) demands a robust antiglioma T-cell cytotoxic and memory response. Recent evidence suggests that rapamycin regulates T-cell differentiation. Herein, we tested whether administration of rapamycin could enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy utilizing Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Ad-Flt3L) and thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (Ad-TK/GCV). Using the refractory rat RG2 glioma model, we demonstrate that administration of rapamycin with Ad-Flt3L + Ad-TK/GCV immunotherapy enhanced the cytotoxic activity of antitumor CD8(+) T cells. Rats treated with rapamycin + Ad-Flt3L + Ad-TK/GCV exhibited massive reduction in the tumor volume and extended survival. Rapamycin administration also prolonged the survival of Ad-Flt3L + Ad-TK/GCV-treated GL26 tumor-bearing mice, associated with an increase in the frequency of tumor-specific and IFNγ(+) CD8(+) T cells. More importantly, rapamycin administration, even for a short interval, elicited a potent long-lasting central memory CD8(+) T-cell response. The enhanced memory response translated to an increased frequency of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells within the tumor and IFNγ release, providing the mice with long-term survival advantage in response to tumor rechallenge. Our data, therefore, point to rapamycin as an attractive adjuvant to be used in combination with immunotherapy in a phase I clinical trial for GBM.
Export Prices and Market Access of Exporting Countries: Theories and Evidence (2012)

I investigate theoretically and empirically how bilateral and multilateral market access affects product-level FOB export prices. Bilateral market access is measured by product transport costs from a country to a particular destination market, while multilateral market access is measured by overall relative distance of a country from the rest of the world. In the theory chapter, I model an open economy with four countries based on the quality heterogeneous-firms trade model and explain how market access affects export prices through a selection mechanism. The higher the transport costs from a country to a destination market, or the less remote a country with its higher wage, the more capable are the firms that select into the foreign market. The model yields opposite predictions for two types of industries. In price-competing industries, where the more capable firms have low marginal costs and sell at low prices, export prices decrease with transport costs, but do not vary with remoteness. In contrast, in quality-competing industries, where the more capable firms have high quality and high marginal cost, and sell at high prices, export prices increase with transport costs, but decrease with remoteness, and these effects are magnified as the scope for quality heterogeneity increases. In the empirical chapter, I test the model's prediction by examining U.S. import data at a very narrowly-defined product level with remoteness and transport costs used as proxies for multilateral and bilateral market access, respectively. To address potential endogeneity issues, I use distance and import quantity as instruments for product-country level transport ii costs and find negative remoteness and positive transport costs effects on FOB unit values of imported products to the U.S., which support the model's prediction under quality competition. By using industry-specific proxies for the scope for quality heterogeneity, such as the quality ladder length and the quality industry indicator, I further explore cross-industry variations in the magnitude of these effects. Note: Abstract extracted from PDF text
LOOP POWER FLOW CONTROL BY SERIES CONTROLLABLE REACTANCES FOR OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MANAGEMENT (2002)

The electric power industry is currently un- dergoing an unprecedented reform worldwide. The dereg- ulation has introduced new opportunity for competition to reduce the cost and cut the price. The power flow control ability of series FACTS devices produces feasible solutions on the transmission congestion management and the trans- mission loss reduction in power systems with loops or par- allel paths. As a result, it contributes to the cost reduction of power industry. This paper presents an optimal power flow calculation by determining the control amount of series reactance which assuming the use of FACTS, in which the interior point method is selected to obtain the optimal solu- tion. A method to determine the effective assignment of se- ries controllable reactance is derived based on the sensitivity analysis.
Radiation therapy for "wet" type macular degeneration shows promise in early trials (1997)

EARLY clinical trials of an experimental treatment for the leading cause of blindness in developed countries have yielded encouraging although not yet convincing results. In the trials, a majority of patients with age-related macular degeneration of the "wet" type, who received lowdose external beam radiation to halt the proliferation of blood vessels beneath their retinas, experienced stabilized or improved vision. However, some ophthalmologists and others are not yet convinced that the improvement and stabilization of vision reported was a result of the treatment. Because the vision of patients with macular degeneration often stabilizes or improves without treatment, at least for a while, randomized controlled trials are necessary, they say, before this therapy can be considered effective. <h3>2 Types of Disorder</h3> There are 2 kinds of age-related macular degeneration, and the causes of both are unknown. The "wet" type is marked by a proliferation of blood vessels beneath the retina that
Methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) are consistently detected across ancestry, developmental stage, and tissue type (2014)

These data give us insight into how SNPs impact gene regulation and support the notion that peripheral blood may be a reliable correlate of physiological processes in other tissues.
A facile preparation of pyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles (1997)

Reductive ring contraction of dimethyl 5H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole-1,4-dicarboxylate produced dimethyl 2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indole-1,3-dicarboxylate.
Properties of high-energy electrically pulsed CO2lasers (1970)

The output properties of an electrically pulsed CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser have been investigated as a function of partial gas pressure and discharge voltage. The output pulse became sharper with increasing CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> pressure. The output pulse energy increased with increasing helium pressure up to a pressure where the output became independent of further increases. Output pulses of 24 joules at 3.6 MW and 3.6 percent efficiency were obtained at 1/10 atmosphere in a 3.5-meter-long 5-cm-bore laser tube.
The M-phase regulatory phosphatase PP2A-B55δ opposes protein kinase A on Arpp19 to initiate meiotic division (2021)

Abstract Oocytes are held in meiotic prophase for prolonged periods until hormonal signals trigger meiotic divisions. Key players of M-phase entry are the opposing Cdk1 kinase and PP2A-B55δ phosphatase. In Xenopus , the protein Arpp19, phosphorylated at serine 67 by Greatwall, plays an essential role in inhibiting PP2A-B55δ, promoting Cdk1 activation. Furthermore, Arpp19 has an earlier role in maintaining the prophase arrest through a second serine (S109) phosphorylated by PKA. Prophase release, induced by progesterone, relies on Arpp19 dephosphorylation at S109, owing to an unknown phosphatase. Here, we identified this phosphatase as PP2A-B55δ. In prophase, PKA and PP2A-B55δ are simultaneously active, suggesting the presence of other important targets for both enzymes. The drop in PKA activity induced by progesterone enables PP2A-B55δ to dephosphorylate S109, unlocking the prophase block. Hence, PP2A-B55δ acts critically on Arpp19 on two distinct sites, opposing PKA and Greatwall to orchestrate the prophase release and M-phase entry.
[Immune phenotyping of mononuclear infiltrate in bullous pemphigoid]. (1992)

In bullous pemphigoid, autoantibodies alone are not capable of blister formation. In addition, they need complement and various inflammatory cells. The role of mononuclear cells, however, is poorly understood. Therefore, we studied the inflammatory infiltrate in 21 patients with bullous pemphigoid and 11 controls (normal skin, n = 5; eczematous skin, n = 6) using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. In bullous pemphigoid, 60% of the mononuclear infiltrate consists of CD3+ T-lymphocytes, while 25% represents monocytes/macrophages (MOMA); B-lymphocytes are absent. In the area of the basement zone (BMZ), which was studied separately, MOMA predominate. In 30% of bullous pemphigoid biopsies we found a close, almost linear attachment of MOMA to the BMZ. Along the BMZ, lymphocytes belong to the CD3+, CD4+ T-helper subset. CD8+ T-cytotoxic-suppressor cells, however, are rarely encountered there, and other cytotoxic lymphocytes are not found at all. All lymphocytes along the BMZ are memory cells. In small, early bullous pemphigoid lesions, MOMA are frequently the only effector cells. Eosinophilic granulocytes are rare in these lesions. Our findings suggest that mononuclear cells, and particularly MOMA, may be more important than believed hitherto in the inflammatory process resulting in separation of the BMZ.