gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variational Adversarial Active Learning (2019)

Active learning aims to develop label-efficient algorithms by sampling the most representative queries to be labeled by an oracle. We describe a pool-based semi-supervised active learning algorithm that implicitly learns this sampling mechanism in an adversarial manner. Our method learns a latent space using a variational autoencoder (VAE) and an adversarial network trained to discriminate between unlabeled and labeled data. The minimax game between the VAE and the adversarial network is played such that while the VAE tries to trick the adversarial network into predicting that all data points are from the labeled pool, the adversarial network learns how to discriminate between dissimilarities in the latent space. We extensively evaluate our method on various image classification and semantic segmentation benchmark datasets and establish a new state of the art on CIFAR10/100, Caltech-256, ImageNet, Cityscapes, and BDD100K. Our results demonstrate that our adversarial approach learns an effective low dimensional latent space in large-scale settings and provides for a computationally efficient sampling method. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>
High energy efficiency biped robot controlled by the human brain for people with ALS disease (2014)

This paper analyses the adoption of novel robotic technologies to help people suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The work starts with the analysis of problems that mostly affect these patients in order to understand where science and technology can be used to help them. In particular brain-computer interfaces and their implementation with a high energy efficiency humanoid robot for domestic assistance will be taken into account. The features that this kind of technology must have in order to satisfy the required need will be discussed, with some preliminary tests implemented in existing platforms.
Plasmonic Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles Enable Dark Contrast in Optical Coherence Tomography (2020)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique affording noninvasive optical biopsies. Like for other imaging techniques, the use of dedicated contrast agents helps better discerning biological features of interest during the clinical practice. Although bright OCT contrast agents have been developed, no dark counterpart has been proposed yet. Herein, plasmonic copper sulfide nanoparticles as the first OCT dark contrast agents working in the second optical transparency window are reported. These nanoparticles virtually possess no light scattering capabilities at the OCT working wavelength (≈1300 nm); thus, they exclusively absorb the probing light, which in turn results in dark contrast. The small size of the nanoparticles and the absence of apparent cytotoxicity support the amenability of this system to biomedical applications. Importantly, in the pursuit of systems apt to yield OCT dark contrast, a library of copper sulfide nanoparticles featuring plasmonic resonances spanning the three optical transparency windows is prepared, thus highlighting the versatility and potential of these systems in light-controlled biomedical applications.
Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci Modify Cochlear Hair Cell Degeneration in the Beethoven (Tmc1Bth) Mouse Model of Progressive Hearing Loss DFNA36 (2006)

Dominant mutations of transmembrane channel-like gene 1 (TMC1) cause progressive sensorineural hearing loss in humans and Beethoven (Tmc1Bth/+) mice. Here we show that Tmc1Bth/+ mice on a C3HeB/FeJ strain background have selective degeneration of inner hair cells while outer hair cells remain structurally and functionally intact. Inner hair cells primarily function as afferent sensory cells, whereas outer hair cells are electromotile amplifiers of auditory stimuli that can be functionally assessed by distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) analysis. When C3H-Tmc1Bth/Bth is crossed with either C57BL/6J or DBA/2J wild-type mice, F1 hybrid Tmc1Bth/+ progeny have increased hearing loss associated with increased degeneration of outer hair cells and diminution of DPOAE amplitudes but no difference in degeneration of inner hair cells. We mapped at least one quantitative trait locus (QTL), Tmc1m1, for DPOAE amplitude on chromosome 2 in [(C/B)F1xC]N2-Tmc1Bth/+ backcross progeny, and three other QTL on chromosomes 11 (Tmc1m2), 12 (Tmc1m3), and 5 (Tmc1m4) in [(C/D)F1xC]N2-Tmc1Bth/+ progeny. The polygenic basis of outer hair cell degeneration in Beethoven mice provides a model system for the dissection of common, complex hearing loss phenotypes, such as presbycusis, that involve outer hair cell degeneration in humans.
Boosting the Heavy Atom Effect by Cavitand Encapsulation: Room Temperature Phosphorescence of Pyrene in the Presence of Oxygen (2018)

A deep cavitand is used to encapsulate the aromatic molecule pyrene in its interior while also binding Tl<sup>+</sup> ions with its terminal carboxylates. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic experiments, along with quantum yield measurements, quantify the enhancements of intersystem crossing and room temperature phosphorescence due to cavitand encapsulation. These results are compared to those obtained for pyrene contained in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, which is the usual system used to generate room temperature phosphorescence. The combination of selective binding and strong Tl<sup>+</sup> recognition by the cavitand enhances the intersystem crossing and decreases the phosphorescence radiative lifetime from ∼30 to 0.23 s. The cavitand also decreases the rate of O<sub>2</sub> quenching by a factor of 100. Together, these factors can boost the room temperature phosphorescence signal by several orders of magnitude, allowing it to be detected in water without O<sub>2</sub> removal. Host:guest recognition provides a route to molecular-scale triplet emitters that can function under ambient conditions.
Analysis of Polkadot: Architecture, Internals, and Contradictions (2022)

Polkadot is a network protocol launched in 2020 with the ambition of unlocking the full potential of blockchain technologies. Its novel multi-chain protocol allows arbitrary data to be transferred across heterogeneous blockchains, enabling the implementation of a wide range of novel use cases. The Polka-dot architecture is based on the principles of sharding, which promises to solve scalability and interoperability shortcomings that encumber many existing blockchain-based systems. Lured by these impressive features, investors immediately appreciated the Polkadot project, which is firmly ranked among the top 10 cryptocurrencies by capitalization (around 10 Billions USD). However, Polkadot has not received the same level of attention from academia that other proposals in the crypto domain have received so far, like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Algorand, to cite a few. Polkadot architecture is described and discussed only in the grey literature, and very little is known about its internals. In this paper, we provide the first systematic study on the Polka-dot environment, detailing its protocols, governance, and economic model. Then, we identify several limitations-supported by an empirical analysis of its ledger-that could severely affect the scalability and overall security of the network. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide future directions to inspire researchers to investigate further the Polkadot ecosystem and its pitfalls in terms of performance, security, and network aspects.
Tribromo(tetrahydrofuran)aluminium(III) (2003)

In the title compound, [AlBr3(C4H8O)], (I), the Al atom, the O atom and one of the Br atoms are located on a crystallographic mirror plane; as a result, there is one half mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. Tetra­hydro­furan shows a disorder due to puckering of the five-membered ring. (I) is isomorphous with [AlCl3(C4H8O)] and [GaCl3(C4H8O)].
Where Does One Look When Viewing Artwork in a Museum? (2010)

Four participants viewed artwork (5 abstract and 9 representational paintings) displayed in a museum, while wearing a portable eye tracker. We tested whether features in the paintings would determine the viewers' saccade-fixation patterns and viewing times. Participants produced unique eye-movement patterns that varied with each painting, regardless of genre. Some fixations clustered on features, predefined as informative of a narrative illustrated by the painting, whereas other fixations fell on homogenous patches of color; however, the features selected for fixation varied considerably across viewers and paintings. Participants' mean fixation durations for abstract artwork increased as viewing time progressed, suggesting that eye movement patterns change over time. Participants' aesthetic judgments of the paintings were not significantly correlated with fixation durations or viewing time, contrary to our predictions. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive factors that may influence eye movements made when viewing artwork in a real-world setting.
Protein/enzyme inactivation during different chromatographic methods of separation. (1990)

Protein denaturations encountered during the different types of chromatographic separations are presented. The analysis of different protein denaturations presented along with the causes of such denaturations provides a judicious framework to compare protein denaturations encountered by such separation techniques. Especially of interest are those studies which compare the mass recovery of proteins and the retention of activity by different chromatographic techniques. Reversed-phase chromatography is presented even though it is utilized nowadays only for specialized cases such as separation of small peptides. It appears that relatively mild interactions that are encountered generally in hydrocarbon-interaction chromatography are favorable to the preservation of the native (active) protein state. The few available mechanistic studies presented provide judicious physical insights into protein conformational behavior on chromatographic columns.
Hexagonal boron nitride monolayers on metal supports: Versatile templates for atoms, molecules and nanostructures (2018)

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) monolayers have attracted considerable interest as atomically thin sp2-hybridized sheets that are readily synthesized on various metal supports. They complement the library of two-dimensional materials including graphene and open perspectives for van der Waals heterostructures. In this review, we discuss the surface science of hBN including its growth, the hBN/metal interface and its application as template for adsorbates. We mainly focus on experimental studies on hBN/metal single crystals under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The interfaces are classified regarding their geometric structure - ranging from planar to strongly corrugated overlayers - and their electronic properties - covering weakly and strongly interacting systems. The main part of this review deals with hBN/metal substrates acting as supports for adsorbates such as individual atoms, metal clusters, organic molecules, metal-organic complexes and networks. We summarize recent surface science studies that reveal the unique role of the hBN/metal interfaces in tailoring characteristic properties of such adsorbates. Central aspects include templating and self-assembly, catalytic activity and on-surface reactions, electronic and magnetic structure. As many of the resulting systems feature superstructures with periodicities in the nanometer range, a length scale also reflecting the size of adsorbates, scanning probe microscopy is one of the most common techniques employed. In short, the goal of this review is to give an overview on the experimental and complementary theoretical studies on hBN templates available to date and to highlight future perspectives.
Optimal feature selection and decision rules in classification problems with time series (1978)

The problem to be considered is that of classifying a given time series <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Z_{N} = (y(1), \cdots ,y(N))</tex> into one of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</tex> classes <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_{i}, i= 1, \cdots ,r</tex> . The stochastic process <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y(\cdot)</tex> is assumed to obey an autoregressive structure involving a parameter vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\theta</tex> , whose probability density <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(\theta|C_{i})</tex> depends on the class to which <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Z</tex> or <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y(\cdot)</tex> belongs. Assuming appropriate expressions for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(\theta|C_{i})</tex> , it is shown that the probability density of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Z_{N}</tex> characterizing each class, namely <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(Z_{N}|C_{i})</tex> , possesses a vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\bar{\theta}</tex> of sufficient statistics, i.e., all the information about <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Z_{N}</tex> needed for the discrimination between the various classes is contained in the vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\bar{\theta}=(\bar{\theta}_{1}(Z_{N}), \cdots , \bar{\theta}_{m+1}(Z_{N}))^{T}</tex> , where the functions <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\bar{\theta}_{i}(Z_{N}), i=1, \cdots ,m+1</tex> have the same structure for all <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> . Thus the best possible feature set for the problem is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\bar{\theta}</tex> From this is deduced the optimal decision rule to minimize the average probability of error. The optimal feature set and the corresponding optimal decision rule are compared with other feature sets and decision rules mentioned in the literature on speech recognition.
Efficient 2D-3D Matching for Multi-Camera Visual Localization (2019)

Visual localization, i.e., determining the position and orientation of a vehicle with respect to a map, is a key problem in autonomous driving. We present a multi-camera visual inertial localization algorithm for large scale environments. To efficiently and effectively match features against a pre-built global 3D map, we propose a prioritized feature matching scheme for multi-camera systems. In contrast to existing works, designed for monocular cameras, we (1) tailor the prioritization function to the multi-camera setup and (2) run feature matching and pose estimation in parallel. This significantly accelerates the matching and pose estimation stages and allows us to dynamically adapt the matching efforts based on the surrounding environment. In addition, we show how pose priors can be integrated into the localization system to increase efficiency and robustness. Finally, we extend our algorithm by fusing the absolute pose estimates with motion estimates from a multi-camera visual inertial odometry pipeline (VIO). This results in a system that provides reliable and drift-less pose estimation. Extensive experiments show that our localization runs fast and robust under varying conditions, and that our extended algorithm enables reliable real-time pose estimation.
Chemical reactions of bikaverin. (1978)

Methylation of bikaverin (Ib) with diazomethane afforded monomethylbikaverin (Ic). Reductive acetylation of Ia, b, c with acetic anhydride and sodium acetate in the presence of zinc powder gave rise to benzoxanthene derivatives (IIc, d, e), respectively. Ib was hydrolyzed with aqueous sodium hydroxide to give everninic acid (III) and orcinol (IV). However, hydrolysis of Ic with alcoholic potassium hydroxide gave rise to cyclopentenoxanthene derivative (V). Ozonolysis of Ic gave xanthone derivative (XI).
Optimizing video encoding for adaptive streaming over HTTP (2012)

Adaptive streaming over Hyper-Text Transport protocol (HTTP) is the new trend in video delivery on the Internet and is expected to be supported by consumer electronic devices such as Blu-ray players and DVRs. Proprietary solutions have been around for a couple of years and standardization efforts are entering the final stage. In order to make this platform successful, optimized content preparation algorithms are needed. We propose a contentbased segmentation process for adaptive streaming over HTTP. This solution offers a good balance between network delivery requirements and rate-distortion (RD) performance. Resulting video stream is tailored for better quality of experience (QoE) for the end user. Experiments confirm that our algorithm outperforms popular segmentation techniques and saves10% of bandwidth on average for the same objective quality levels. This saving is significant given the volume of traffic that video delivery generates every day on the Internet.
[Epidermotropic T-cell gamma/delta lymphoma]. (1993)

Les lymphocytes T possedent 2 types de recepteurs membranaires aux antigenes: le recepteur αβ et γδ. Les lymphocytes T exprimant le recepteur γδ constituent une fraction minoritaire des cellules T humaines puisqu'ils ne representent que moins de 10 p. 100 des lymphocytes T circulants (1). Leur fonction exacte est encore inconnue, mais certains travaux laissent penser qu'ils pourraient etre impliques dans la reconnaissance et la cytotoxicite dirigee vis-a-vis de certains antigenes tels que ceux de mycobacteries (2). Au sein de la peau normale, la presence de lymphocytes T γδ a ete demontree, mais leur nombre reste tres bas: il y en a 5 a 6 par centimetre d'epiderme (3) ou moins de 0,1 p. 100 des cellules epidermiques (4)
Proceedings of the 19th Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games (2015)

Welcome to the 2015 ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games! This 19th meeting of the symposium is being held February 27-March 1 in San Francisco, California. As in 2014, the event is being held back-toback with the Game Developers Conference. We hope this will continue to motivate the high academia-industry interaction that is always present at I3D. This year's program consists of 15 papers selected by a rigorous peer review process from amongst 41 submissions. In addition, we continue our collaboration with IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. A selection of I3D papers will be invited to submit extended versions to a special issue of TVCG. We are also continuing our partnership with the Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques. Five papers originally published in JCGT will be presented in the I3D plenary session, and a selection of I3D papers will also be invited to submit extended versions for publication in JCGT. We hope these partnerships will continue bringing additional attention to I3D and the quality of the work published here.
Crystal Structure of an Ammonium Nickel Molybdate Prepared by Chemical Precipitation (1996)

A layered ammonium nickel molybdate was prepared by precipitation from a solution of nickel nitrate and ammonium heptamolybdate. The compound obtained, (NH(4))HNi(2)(OH)(2)(MoO(4))(2), is trigonal with hexagonal unit cell parameters a = 6.0147(4) Å, c = 21.8812(13) Å, and Z = 3. A powder X-ray diffraction pattern was obtained using synchrotron radiation. The structure was generated from three-dimensional Patterson and difference Fourier density maps and refined in the space group R&thremacr;m by the Rietveld method. The structure consists of molybdate tetrahedra and nickel octahedra forming layers perpendicular to the c axis. There are three layers per unit cell, with ammonium ions incorporated between the layers. The structure is a member of a solid solution series of (NH(4))H(2)(x)()Ni(3)(-)(x)()O(OH)(MoO(4))(2), where 0 </= x </= (3)/(2). The nonstoichiometry arises from variable occupancy of the nickel position and allows for the formation of these compounds having Ni/Mo ratios varying from 0.75 to 1.5.
Introduction of a Degassing Membrane Technology into Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment (2013)

The effectiveness of degasification using a degassing membrane to improve chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was investigated using a bench-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Vacuum degasification was able to transfer dissolved gas in the bulk liquid of the UASB reactor inside the membrane. Such a process might provide thermodynamically favorable conditions for the degradation of organic compounds. The COD-removal efficiency improved from 83% during normal operation to 90% during the degassing operation.
The assessment of DNA from marine organisms via a modified salting-out protocol (2006)

We developed a rapid, practical and non-toxic salting-out method for the extraction of DNA from marine organisms, and tested it on two representative species of Porifera and Cnidaria, both living in association with symbiotic zooxanthellae. We tested the efficiency of the protocol by comparing the output of the method for fresh tissue, frozen tissue and tissue stored in ethanol. It proved to be effective for extracting DNA in the case of the methods of preservation considered here, and for obtaining quantities of DNA comparable to those obtained via the traditional approach. The DNA from both species was of good quality. The DNA obtained was amplified by PCR using specific primers for the large ribosomal subunit, allowing the identification of the presence of both the host and symbiont genomes.
Selection of Raman laser materials (1966)

In order to select Raman laser materials for a specific purpose, it is important to know which frequency shifts and excitation power thresholds can be expected from various substances. The thresholds are strongly dependent on the peak scattering cross sections of the corresponding incoherent Raman lines, and these cross sections can vary by several orders of magnitude between Raman lines from different molecules as well as between Raman lines from a single molecule. This paper points out how the rules concerning frequencies, intensities, degrees of depolarization, and line widths, established for incoherent Raman scattering, can be used as a guide for the prediction of Raman laser performance for new materials. Subsequently, all substances and participating vibrations which have been reported to exhibit stimulated Raman scattering to date are listed and discussed.
A unified platform for optoelectrowetting and optoelectronic tweezers (2011)

A platform capable of seamlessly unifying both optoelectrowetting and optoelectronic tweezers is presented. This enables the user to manipulate aqueous droplets (with electrowetting) as well as individual particles within those droplets (with dielectrophoresis). The device requires no photolithography and droplet/particle manipulation can occur continuously over the entire surface of the device. Droplet and 10 µm polystyrene particle speeds of up to 8 mm s(-1) and 60 µm s(-1), respectively, are demonstrated. Particle concentration within, and subsequent splitting of, a droplet is performed resulting in average concentration efficiencies of 93%. Serial concentration is also demonstrated resulting in exponentially increasing particle concentrations and a 10× concentration increase. Finally, the platform is used to select a single cell out of a cohort and subsequently encapsulate it in its own aqueous droplet.