gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1997)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is among the most dire neurological diseases. The essential clinical feature of the disorder is relentless, lethal paralysis, usually beginning in midadult years. The disease is caused by a slow, progressive loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It usually begins focally and then spreads. In most cases, there is concurrent involvement of corticospinal (upper) and spinal (lower) motor neurons, although in some instances the spinal motor neuron features predominate. Involvement of the spinal motor neurons produces muscle denervation of the affected muscles and fasciculations, followed by muscle atrophy. When corticospinal motor neurons degenerate, the weakness is accompanied by spasticity. The mean age at onset of ALS is 55 years; the mean duration is about 4 years. The incidence of new cases is approximately 1 per 100,000 population. The total number of cases is about 5 per 100,000 population. In the United States, it is estimated that there are 20,000 to 30,000 cases. About 10% of cases are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; familial and sporadic ALS are clinically indistinguishable.
The SNAP-1 parallel AI prototype (1993)

The Semantic Network Array Processor (SNAP) is a parallel architecture for knowledge representation and reasoning that uses the marker-propagation paradigm. The primary application areas of SNAP are natural language understanding and speech processing. A first-generation SNAP-1 system has been designed and constructed using an array of 144 digital signal processors organized as 32 multiprocessing clusters with dedicated communication units, a tiered synchronization scheme, and multiported memory network. Issues in the design, performance, and scalability of a marker-propagation architecture are addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Interface Design and Imprementation for Instructing Distributed Placed Modular Robots (2002)

本研究ではカメラや移動機構などのモジュールの未知環境への配置によりシステムを構築し, 作業を実現するシステムを目指している。構築したシステムでの作業に際し, 多様な環境での認識は非常に困難である。これを踏まえ, 本研究では人間が環境認識に介在し, 作業を指示する立場をとる。具体的には環境中に分散配置したカメラの画像を操作者に提示し, 操作者が実画像上に環境の情報と作業の情報を描くことでシステムへの指示を行う。このインターフェイスにより, 環境の知識を予め持たないシステムに作業を提示し, 作業の自動化を図る。
Two-dimensional system identification using amplitude estimation (2002)

Stoica, Li and Li, (see IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.48, p.338-52, 2000) introduced an amplitude estimation based scheme for one-dimensional (1-D) system identification that overcomes several drawbacks (e.g., computational complexity, local convergence, and statistical inefficiency when spectrally colored noise is present) suffered by the conventional output error method (OEM). Along the same line, we herein propose a two-dimensional (2-D) system identification scheme that makes use of 2-D amplitude estimation. In particular, we consider the recently introduced 2-D amplitude and phase estimation (APES) amplitude estimator, which has been shown to yield superior performance over its competitors. To benchmark the proposed scheme, we also derive the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the 2-D system identification problem.
Long-term results of mitral valve repair. (1989)

(1) Carpentier techniques of repair are the dominant method today because of durability and reproducible results. (2) Mitral valve repair results in high survival, low risk of anticoagulant-related complications, and low risk of infective endocarditis. (3) Long-term anticoagulation is avoided in approximately half of the patients; yet, over the long term, thromboembolism occurs significantly less with repair than with valve replacement. (4) The rate of reoperation after mitral valve repair is not significantly different from that of mechanical valve replacement up to 10 postoperative years. (5) Mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation results in a higher freedom from reoperation at 5 years and beyond, compared with rheumatic causes of regurgitation. (6) Ischemic and congenital etiologies for mitral regurgitation demand repair whenever feasible. Results in these patient groups favor repair over other options.
Lipid modification of bacterial prolipoprotein. Transfer of diacylglyceryl moiety from phosphatidylglycerol. (1994)

The peptide, MKATKLVLGAVILGSTLLAGCSSN, corresponding to the N-terminal 24 amino acids of Braun's prolipoprotein, was used to study the lipid modification of prolipoprotein in Escherichia coli by measuring the rate of incorporation of either [2-3H]glycerol or [9,10-3H]palmitate from the corresponding labeled phosphatidylglycerol into the peptide. Using E. coli strains containing varying levels of prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl modification activities due to mutations in or overexpression of the gene involved in diacylglyceryl modification (lgt), we have shown that the activities based on the peptide assay correlated well with the prolipoprotein-based assay. Further, we have followed the fate of the lipid substrate, phosphatidylglycerol, during the modification reaction and found that lipid modification of prolipoprotein involves the transfer of diacylglyceryl moiety from phosphatidylglycerol to the sulfhydryl group of the cysteine residue with the concomitant formation of sn-glycerol 1-phosphate. This mechanism is contrary to the previously proposed two-step mechanism of an initial glyceryl transferase followed by O-acyl transfer (Chattopadhyay, P.K., and Wu, H.C. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 5318-5322). Accordingly, the enzyme that catalyzes this activity has been named phosphatidylglycerol-prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase. The revised pathway for the lipoprotein biogenesis in bacteria consists of three successive reactions catalyzed by prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase, signal peptidase II, and apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase.
Proposal for a dynamic rollover protective system test (2003)

Abstract Currently effective Rollover Protective Structure standards exist for Buses, Earthmoving Equipment and Agricultural Tractors. Construction guides for racing cars have also evolved. There are no well-recognised Rollover Protective System tests, standards or design guides for either Military or Civilian (4 Wheel Drive Vehicles) 4 × 4's. This paper presents a range of test protocols, procedures and demonstration methods that have been developed and used to evaluate and test Rollover Protective Structures for Military 4 × 4's. A dynamic test method developed by Exponent, Inc. is also examined. Based on the identified weaknesses of the above and the desire to develop a reproducible test method that simulates real world rollover crashes, a dynamic Rollover Protective System test is proposed. The proposed Test will enable evaluation of active safety systems, occupant restraints and structural performance via injury criteria developed for Anthropometric Test Dummies (ATD). A feasibility study of the proposed test concept will be carried out via MADYMO modelling and ¼ scale structure modelling prior to physical build of the test facility.
New Method for Determining Mineralogy and Matrix Properties from Elemental Chemistry Measured by Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Logging Tools (2014)

Abstract Methods for predicting mineralogy from logging tool measurements have been an active area of research for several decades. In spite of these efforts, methods for predicting quantitative mineralogy including clay types from well logging data were not fully achieved. The introduction of geochemical logging tools in the 1980s offered promise; however, early versions of geochemical logging tools did not measure elemental chemistry with enough accuracy and precision to enable reliable and quantitative determination of mineralogy. Recent advances in geochemical logging tool technology now enable accurate and robust measurements of the chemical elemental concentrations that are needed to determine continuous quantitative and detailed logs of mineralogy. This paper presents a novel approach for determining more accurate, detailed mineralogy from an elemental spectroscopy logging tool. This work was made possible by three recent developments: the introduction of a new high-performance neutron-induced gamma ray spectroscopy logging tool, a new high-quality research database consisting of chemistry and mineralogy measured on cores acquired worldwide from conventional and unconventional reservoirs, and a new model-independent inversion method that overcomes the limitations of previous model-dependent methods. The model-independent inversion makes use of the database which includes clean sands, shaly sands, shales, carbonates, and complex mixed lithologies. The database contains laboratory measurements of dry-weight elemental chemistry and mineralogy measured by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The database is used to derive a model-independent mapping function that accurately represents the complex functional relationship between the elemental concentrations and the mineral concentrations. Once the mapping function is determined from the database, it can be used to predict quantitative mineralogy from elemental concentrations derived from the logging tool measurements. Unlike previous inversion methods, the model-independent mapping function does not have any adjustable parameters or require any user inputs such as mineral properties or endpoints. The mapping function is used to predict continuous logs of matrix densities plus concentrations of 14 minerals (i.e., illite, smectite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz, calcite, dolomite, ankerite, plagioclase, orthoclase, mica, pyrite, siderite, and anhydrite) from eight dry-weight elemental concentrations derived from the logging tool. The new method has been applied to well log data acquired worldwide in numerous conventional and unconventional reservoirs having a wide variety of complex mineralogies. The predicted mineralogies and matrix densities are generally found to be in good quantitative agreement with core-derived mineralogies and matrix densities.
Depth-of-field-based alpha-matte extraction (2005)

In compositing applications, objects depicted in images frequently have to be separated from their background, so that they can be placed in a new environment. Alpha mattes are important tools aiding the selection of objects, but cannot normally be created in a fully automatic way. We present an algorithm that requires as input two images---one where the object is in focus, and one where the background is in focus---and then automatically produces an alpha matte indicating which pixels belong to the object. This algorithm is inspired by human visual processing and involves nonlinear response compression, center-surround mechanisms as well as a filling-in stage. The output can then be refined with standard computer vision techniques.
Monooxygenase‐Mediated Baeyer—Villiger Oxidations (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorescence Anisotropy of Nile Red and Oxazine 725 in an Isotropic Liquid Crystal (1997)

Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy for nile red and oxazine 725 in the isotropic phase of the liquid crystal p-methoxybenzylidene-n-butylaniline (MBBA) are measured in the temperature range 50−80 °C. The fluorescence characteristics of the dye molecules in the isotropic MBBA agree well with the Perrin equation over the investigated temperature range. The decay of the fluorescence anisotropy of the dye molecules in the isotropic liquid crystal follows the simple hydrodynamic (Debye−Stokes−Einstein) model rather than the Landau−de Gennes model for the orientational dynamics of neat isotropic liquid crystals. These results imply that the microscopic anisotropy, which is important in the dynamics of neat isotropic liquid crystals, has no effects on the reorientation dynamics of the dopant dye molecules. Attractive interactions among MBBA molecules are so strong that the dopant molecules are not embedded in the pseudonematic domains of the isotropic phase. The dielectric friction affects the reorientation dynamics to give small deviations from the simple hydrodynamic model.
Complexes with Dative Bonds between d‐ and s‐Block Metals: Synthesis and Structure of [(Cy3P)2PtBe(Cl)X] (X=Cl, Me) (2009)

A platinum-beryllium adduct (see structure) was prepared by the reaction of [Pt(PCy(3))(2)] and BeCl(2). Treatment with methyllithium resulted in ligand substitution at the beryllium center. Both complexes were structurally characterized and display unprecedented two-center two-electron bonds between a transition metal and beryllium.
Exchange Rate Constants of Invisible Protons in Proteins Determined by NMR Spectroscopy (2008)

Although labile protons that are exchanging rapidly with those of the solvent cannot be observed directly, their exchange rate constants can be determined by indirect detection of scalar-coupled neighboring nuclei. We have used heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy to measure the exchange rate constants of labile protons in the side chains of lysine and arginine residues in ubiquitin enriched in carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 at neutral pH. Exchange rate constants as fast as 40x10(3) s(-1) were thus measured. These results demonstrate that NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the characterization of lysine NH3(+) and arginine NH groups in proteins at physiologically relevant pH values.
Isolation and characterization of a xylose-glucose isomerase from a new strain Streptomyces thermovulgaris 127, var. 7-86 (2001)

A thermostable D-xylose-glucose isomerase was isolated from the thermophilic strain Streptomyces thermovulgaris 127, var. 7-86, as a result of mutagenic treatment by gamma-irradiation of the parent strain, by precipitation and sequential chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex A50, TSK-gel, FPLC-Mono Q/HR, and Superose 12 columns. The N-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid analysis shows 73-92% homology with xylose-glucose isomerases from other sources. The native molecular mass, determined by gel filtration on a Superose 12 column, is 180 kDa, and 44.6 and 45 kDa were calculated, based on amino acid analysis and 10% SDS-PAGE, respectively. Both, the activity and stability of the enzyme were investigated toward pH, temperature, and denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme activity showed a clear pH optimum between pH 7.2 and 9.0 with D-glucose and 7.4 and 8.3 with D-xylose as substrates, respectively. The enzyme is active up to 60-85 degrees C at pH 7.0, using D-glucose, and up to 50-60 degrees C at pH 7.6, using D-xylose as substrates. The activation energy (Ea = 46 kJ x mol(-1)) and the critical temperature (Tc = 60 degrees C) were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Tc is in close coincidence with the melting temperature of denaturation (Tm = 59 degrees C), determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The free energy of stabilization in water after denaturation with Gdn.HCl was calculated to be 12 k x mol(-1). The specific activity (km values) for D-xylose-glucose isomerase at 70 degrees C toward different substrates, D-xylose, D-glucose, and D-ribose, were determined to be 4.4, 55.5, and 13.3 mM, respectively.
Analysis of integration models for service composition (2002)

This paper studies service integration infrastructures that support the execution of megaservices --- large-scale applications that are composed of autonomous service modules. Integration infrastructures are classified according to their control-flow and data-flow structures. We analyze the effects of data-flows on the performances of the centralized and distributed data-flow models. A mathematical model is built to compare the performances of megaservices. Particularly, aggregated cost and response time metrics are defined and evaluated. We arrive at the conclusion that the distributed data-flow model is in general superior in performance. We also identify the key system parameters as well as system bottlenecks. The analysis provides recommendations for a few techniques to build high-performance and scalable service integration infrastructures based on the distribution of data-flows.
Corrigendum to Flemming J, Marczenke M, Rudolph I-M, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease modeling identifies ligand-induced decay of megalin as a cause of Donnai-Barrow syndrome. Kidney Int. 2020;98:159–167 (2021)

In the above-stated article, the given name and surname one of the authors, Erik Ilsoe Christensen, was presented inaccurately. The given name is Erik and the surname is Ilsoe Christensen. In addition, an additional affiliation of Maike Marczenke was omitted. The additional affiliation is the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease modeling identifies ligand-induced decay of megalin as a cause of Donnai-Barrow syndromeKidney InternationalVol. 98Issue 1PreviewDonnai-Barrow syndrome (DBS) is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by multiple pathologies including malformation of forebrain and eyes, as well as resorption defects of the kidney proximal tubule. The underlying cause of DBS are mutations in LRP2, encoding the multifunctional endocytic receptor megalin. Here, we identified a unique missense mutation R3192Q of LRP2 in an affected family that may provide novel insights into the molecular causes of receptor dysfunction in the kidney proximal tubule and other tissues affected in DBS. Full-Text PDF Open Access
Seasonal and hemispheric variations of the total auroral precipitation energy flux from TIMED/GUVI (2010)

The auroral hemispheric power (HP) has been calculated from the averaged energy flux derived from Far‐ultraviolet emission observations made by the global ultraviolet imager (GUVI) instrument on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite during 2002–2007. This HP was used to study how variations in seasonal and hemispheric asymmetries changed with changing geomagnetic activity. Our results showed that there were persistent seasonal and hemispheric differences in quiet conditions. There were HP differences of about 1–3 GW between the summer and winter seasons in each hemisphere and also between the two hemispheres during each solstice period for low geomagnetic activity ( Kp ≤ 3). The summer‐winter asymmetry was 4%–35% when HP was low. These summer‐winter differences became negligible when geomagnetic activity was moderate to active. Similarly, there were also HP differences of about 2 GW between local summers of the two hemispheres during geomagnetically quiet conditions ( Kp &lt; 3) but not during higher Kp conditions. The hemispheric asymmetries between the two summer solstices were about 10%–20% during quiet conditions, whereas there was no apparent hemispheric asymmetry between the two winter solstices under all Kp 1–5 conditions. Solar illumination effects were probably the primary cause of the seasonal and hemispheric variations of the auroral hemispheric power for these geomagnetically quiet conditions. During moderate and active conditions the conductivities were driven more by the production of ionization due to precipitation, so the precipitation was more symmetric.
Failure Mode Effect Analysis Applied to the Use of Infusion Pumps (2005)

Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) offers a prospective approach to reducing the risk associated with health care delivery. Beginning in February, 2002, an interdisciplinary team of fifteen individuals, including end-users, conducted an FMEA for the use of infusion pumps at UCSF Medical Center. The use of infusion pumps was identified as the area of highest risk, based on incident report data. The team identified sixteen potential failure modes, including their potential effects and causes, and assigned a risk priority number to each based on the potential severity, probability, and detectability of the failure. Notable failure modes included: incorrect programming; improper or inconsistent labeling of solution, tubing, and pump; potential use of malfunctioning or damaged pumps; and incorrect programming by nurses related to device design. The team then broke into smaller work groups and invited more end-users to perform root cause analyses and suggest recommended actions/outcome measures for each failure mode with a risk priority number of 32 or higher (on our scale of 1 to 64). Finally, the FMEA team assembled all of the data, prepared a final report, and assigned responsibility for key recommended actions.
Recruitment characteristics of nerve fascicles stimulated by a multigroove electrode (1997)

The recruitment characteristics of fascicle-selective nerve stimulation by a multigroove electrode have been investigated both theoretically and in acute experiments. A three-dimensional (3-D) volume conductor model of fascicles in a multigroove device and a model of myelinated nerve fiber stimulation were used to calculate threshold stimuli of nerve fibers in these fascicles. After their exposition, fascicles from rat sciatic nerve were positioned in different grooves of appropriate sizes and stimulated separately. The device appeared to be suitable for fascicle-selective stimulation, because both computer simulations and acute animal experiments showed that crosstalk between neighboring fascicles is not a problem, even when monopolar stimulation was used. The threshold stimulus was lower for a small fascicle than for a large one. When the amount of (conducting) medium between contact and perineurium or its conductivity was reduced, threshold stimuli were lower. Moreover, simulations predict that the slopes of recruitment curves are smaller and inverse recruitment order is less pronounced. Simulations also showed that a small contact is preferable to a large on, because a small contact gives a slightly smaller slope of the recruitment curve. Both experimentally and theoretically a significantly smaller slope of recruitment curves was obtained by stimulation with a cathode and an anode at opposite sides of the fascicle, driven by two current sources giving simultaneous pulses with different, but linearly dependent amplitudes.
A Study of the Chain Stiffness and Extension of Alginates, in Vitro Epimerized Alginates, and Periodate-Oxidized Alginates Using Size-Exclusion Chromatography Combined with Light Scattering and Viscosity Detectors (2006)

A series of alginates isolated from the stem and leaf of a brown algae (Laminaria hyperborea), bacterial mannuronan, in vitro epimerized mannuronans, and periodate oxidized alginates were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with online multiangle laser light scattering (MALS) and viscometry (collectively abbreviated SMV). Selected samples were also analyzed off-line using low-angle laser light scattering and capillary viscometry. Excellent agreement between the two methods was obtained for properly purified samples. In contrast, abnormal results were obtained for some industrial samples due to the presence of particulate material. Naturally occurring alginates and in vitro epimerized mannuronans were found to obey essentially the same RG-M and [eta]-M relations, and hence, the same Mark-Houwink-Sakurada (MHS) equations (valid for I = 0.10 M): 20 000 g/mol < M < 100 000 g/mol, [eta] = 0.0054 .M(1.00); 100 000 g/mol < M < 1 000 000 g/mol, [eta] = 0.071 .M(0.89). Application of the wormlike chain model to the [eta]-M data obtained by SMV yielded persistence lengths (q) of 15 nm for all alginates at an ionic strength of 0.17 M. Intrinsic viscosities corresponding to infinite ionic strength were estimated on the basis of Smidsrød's B-parameter, and the wormlike chain model then yielded q = 12 nm. Periodate oxidized alginates showed, in contrast, a pronounced decrease in persistence length with increasing degree of oxidation, reaching values below 4 nm at 44% oxidation. Periodate oxidation also resulted in some depolymerization, even in the presence of a free-radical scavenger.