gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new method for assessment of changes in retinal blood flow (1997)

This study validates the use of residence time distribution (RTD) functions in human subjects to assess changes in retinal flow by using the widely recognized model of flow changes due to oxygen breathing. Changes in retinal blood flow may provide important information for clinical decision-making in several populations, including those with diabetic retinopathy, sickle cell disease and retinitis pigmentosa. Normal volunteer subjects were studied before and after oxygen breathing. After i.v. injection, relative fluorescence was obtained using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy/image processing in all vessel branches (average, 17). For each experiment, 64 frames (2/s) were digitized and were normalized using the RTD method. Vessel diameters were measured using densitometry techniques on fundus photos, where the diameter data made it possible to weight each vessel according to relative cross-sectional area to obtain a true mean circulation time (MCT). MCT increased for the group of subjects when breathing oxygen compared to normal air (P = 0.001), representing a decrease in retinal blood flow. Average MCT increased 2.82 +/- 2.51 s for all subjects, with an increase of 2.93 +/- 2.26 s in repeat trials for one subject. The proposed method uses information from all retinal vessels and allows the assessment of overall, as well as selected, regional retinal flow. It is more comprehensive than previous methods analysing single vessel flow. This method will be potentially useful for assessing hemodynamic changes in the retina associated with a wide range of eye disease.
Étude par résonance magnétique nucléaire des mouvements dans le propionate de baryum-dicalcium (1967)

L’étude en RMN « large bande » de BaCa2 (CH3CH2CO2)6 montre que les groupements éthyles des ions propionates sont, à la température ambiante, animés d’un mouvement de réorientation qui permet d’expliquer la symétrie cubique du cristal.
Three-dimensional imaging of single isolated cell nuclei using optical projection tomography (2005)

A method is presented for imaging single isolated cell nuclei in 3D, employing computed tomographic image reconstruction. The system uses a scanning objective lens to create an extended depth-of-field (DOF) image similar to a projection or shadowgram. A microfabricated inverted v-groove allows a microcapillary tube to be rotated with sub-micron precision, and refractive index matching within 0.02 both inside and outside the tube keeps optical distortion low. Cells or bare cell nuclei are injected into the tube and imaged in 250 angular increments from 0 to 180 degrees to collect 250 extended DOF images. After these images are further aligned, the filtered backprojection algorithm is applied to compute the 3D image. To estimate the cutoff spatial frequency in the projection image, a spatial frequency ratio function is calculated by comparing the extended depth-of-field image of a typical cell nucleus to the fixed focus image. To assess loss of resolution from fixed focus image to extended DOF image to 3D reconstructed image, the 10-90% rise distance is measured for a dyed microsphere. The resolution is found to be 0.9 microm for both extended DOF images and 3D reconstructed images. Surface and translucent volume renderings and cross-sectional slices of the 3D images are shown of a stained nucleus from fibroblast and cancer cell cultures with added color histogram mapping to highlight 3D chromatin structure.
Instabilities of an Asymmetric Rotor With Asymmetric Shaft Mounted on Symmetric Elastic Supports (1976)

Instabilities of an asymmetric rotor with asymmetric shaft mounted on symmetric elastic supports are considered. The periodic coefficients which appear in the system equations are eliminated by transformation to a rotating coordinate system rotating at the constant angular speed of the rotor. The unstable speed regions are identified by studying the nature of the roots of the characteristic equation. The combined effects of the inertia and shaft asymmetry and the flexible supports are appreciated by representative numerical examples. The results are presented in three-dimensional diagrams to show how the asymmetry parameters affect the unstable speed regions for known values of support stiffness.
Kinetic Evidence Is Consistent with the Rocker-Switch Mechanism of Membrane Transport by GlpT (2007)

Secondary active transport of substrate across the cell membrane is crucial to many cellular and physiological processes. The crystal structure of one member of the secondary active transporter family, the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) transporter (GlpT) of the inner membrane of Escherichia coli, suggests a mechanism for substrate translocation across the membrane that involves a rocker-switch-type movement of the protein. This rocker-switch mechanism makes two specific predictions with respect to kinetic behavior: the transport rate increases with the temperature, whereas the binding affinity of the transporter to a substrate is temperature-independent. In this work, we directly tested these two predictions by transport kinetics and substrate-binding experiments, integrating the data on this single system into a coherent set of observations. The transport kinetics of the physiologically relevant G3P-phosphate antiport reaction were characterized at different temperatures using both E. coli whole cells and GlpT reconstituted into proteoliposomes. Substrate-binding affinity of the transporter was measured using tryptophan fluorescence quenching in detergent solution. Indeed, the substrate transport velocity of GlpT increased dramatically with temperature. In contrast, neither the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) nor the apparent substrate-binding dissociation constant (Kd) showed temperature dependence. Moreover, GlpT-catalyzed G3P translocation exhibited a completely linear Arrhenius function with an activation energy of 35.2 kJ mol-1 for the transporter reconstituted into proteoliposomes, suggesting that the substrate-loaded transporter is delicately poised between the inward- and outward-facing conformations. When these results are taken together, they are in agreement with a rocker-switch mechanism for GlpT.
Round and Round we Go: Cyclic Peptides in Disease (2006)

There is a need for novel drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. Cyclic peptides constitute a class of compounds that have made crucial contributions to the treatment of certain diseases. Penicillin, Vancomycin, Cyclosporin, the Echinocandins and Bleomycin are well-known cyclic peptides. Cyclic peptides, compared to linear peptides, have been considered to have greater potential as therapeutic agents due to their increased chemical and enzymatic stability, receptor selectively, and improved pharmacodynamic properties. They have been used as synthetic immunogens, transmembrane ion channels, antigens for Herpes Simplex Virus, potential immunotherapeutic vaccines for diabetes and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis - an animal model of Multiple Sclerosis, as inhibitors against alpha-amylase and as protein stabilizers. Herein, we review important cyclic peptides as therapeutic agents in disease.
Social-STAGE: Spatio-Temporal Multi-Modal Future Trajectory Forecast (2021)

This paper considers the problem of multi-modal future trajectory forecast with ranking. Here, multi-modality and ranking refer to the multiple plausible path predictions and the confidence in those predictions, respectively. We propose Social-STAGE, Social interaction-aware Spatio-Temporal multi-Attention Graph convolution network with novel Evaluation for multi-modality. Our main contributions include analysis and formulation of multi-modality with ranking using interaction and multi-attention, and introduction of new metrics to evaluate the diversity and associated confidence of multi-modal predictions. We evaluate our approach on existing public datasets ETH and UCY and show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state of the arts on these datasets.
Uniaxial crystal last optical element for second- and third-generation immersion lithography (2008)

In this paper, we show that uniaxial crystals and sapphire in particular, can be used as a lens material for high-index immersion lithography. Although uniaxial crystals are birefringent and anisotropic for unpolarized light, under certain conditions they are fully isotropic for transverse electric (TE) polarizations. The strong birefringence of the uniaxial crystal defocuses the residual TM polarization relative to the TE mode so that its image does not reach the photoresist but rather creates a small background. To manifest this property, a combination of pupil-fill polarization constraints, mask design rules and crystal alignment requirements must be satisfied. Sapphire is a well-known industrial optical material featuring high optical quality and homogeneity. Its refractive index of 1.928 at 193 nm, along with its high thermal conductivity and moderate absorption, are close to industry requirements. An implementation of sapphire under these conditions is proposed, suggesting a path to the continued scaling of 193 nm lithography numerical aperture.
Fast Simulation Sechnology to Tidal Current Animation with Lagrange Law (2009)

Simulation technologies in field of hydrodynamic specialization in the past were reviewed, and several kinds of popular simulation software compared with each other. Insufficiencies had been pointed out at the same time. Using the characteristics of hydrodynamic simulation, good algorithms and modern programming technologies were adopted to realize contour-fill due to the scalar value such as bathymetry, surface elevation, salinity, etc. An element querying algorithm calledrdquo block splittingrdquo is applied to tidal current animation. It dramatically reduces the amount of particles in each searching domain, so little time is needed to get the index number of an element by the location, so it greatly improves the efficiency of tracered-particles tracking in Lagrangian coordinate system.. Multi-threading technology is adopted for parallel data processing to improve performance. Techniques all above make it possible to do a real-time tidal current animation on PCs. Numerical tests prove that it can fulfill the requirements in hydrodynamic post-processing and achieve smooth demonstration effects.
Low-Density MIMO Codes (2008)

Multiple antenna systems are promising approaches to increase the data rate of wireless communication systems. There, modulated symbols are multiplexed on multiple transmission antennas. Typically an outer error correcting code is used additionally to ensure a desired quality of service for a given data rate. An appropriate communications performance can be achieved by iterative decoding, where probabilistic information are exchanged between outer decoder and the MIMO demodulator. However, in this case the MIMO demodulator has to calculate probabilistic soft-output values for each bit which can be very complex. In this paper we present a new class of codes named low-density MIMO codes which reduces the complexity of the MIMO soft-demodulator inherently by code design without decreasing the data rate of the overall system. This is achieved by trading-off parity check constraints of the outer code for the benefit of the MIMO soft-demodulation process. With this technique outstanding communications performance can be achieved which are demonstrated for design examples of a 16-QAM 4times4 antenna system. For a quasi-static fading channel we show that we can approach the capacity bound by 1.25 dB at an outage probability of FER = 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> with a codeword length of just 2000 bits. This is to the best of our knowledge the best communications performance reported so far.
Robotic Endoscopy (2018)

Endoscopes extend the eyes of the physician into the patient's body. They are widely used in gastrointestinal (GI) diagnostics and minimally invasive surgery. Endoscopes can be classified into 3 types: rigid, flexible, and capsule endoscopes. Rigid and flexible endoscopes are traditionally held and manipulated by the physician to visualize the region of interest, while capsule endoscopes move passively along with the GI peristalsis. With the advancement of technology, robotic endoscopy has been increasingly developed and accepted. In this work, robotic endoscopy from 3 categories (robot-assisted rigid endoscopy, robot-assisted flexible endoscopy, and active GI endoscopy including active flexible colonoscopy and active capsule endoscopy) is reviewed by PubMed search with the criteria ('Robotics' OR 'Robot') and ('Endoscopy' OR 'Endoscope').
Several Approaches to Cyanide Ion-catalyzed Synthesis of 4-Aroyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidines (1998)

4-Aroyl-I-phenyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-dlpyrimidines (5) were formed in low yields by reaction of 4-chloro-I-phenyl-l H-pyrazolo[3,4-dlpyrimidine (4) with arenecarbaldehydes (3) in the presence of potassium cyanide.Similar reaction of 4- tosyl-l -phenyl-l H-pyrazolo[3,4-dpyrimidine (9) with 3 gave the ketones (5) in higher yields (60-74%).In the presence of catalyt~c amounts of both sodiump-toluenesulfinate (10) and potassium cyanide, the reaction of 4 with 3 gave the ketones (5) in good yields.In the preceding papers, we have shown that aroylheteroarenes, such as aroylquinazolines and aroylpyrazolopyr~midines, can be easily synthesized by nucleophilic aroylation using arenecarbaldehydes.'Azolium salts, the 1,3-dimethylimidazolium salt ( l a ) and the I ,3-dimethylbenzimidazolium iodide (lb), are effectwe catalysts in this aroylation.We have funher shown that t h ~s aroylation proceeds through the formation Catalyst: Catalyst 0 0 + Ar-CHOm
Optimization of damascene feature fill for copper electroplating process (2003)

A copper electroplating process suitable for routine IC manufacturing use must deliver Cu films that reproducibly fill deep, narrow damascene features. In this paper, several important factors such as seed layer coverage, plating waveform (DC, reversed-pulse), and additive chemistry formulation were examined in terms of their effect on the elimination of localized void defects within filled structures. A combination of two-step DC plating and custom additive chemistry enabling complete fill of 9:1 aspect ratio (AR), 0.13 /spl mu/m trenches and 5:1 AR, 0.18 /spl mu/m vias was accomplished.
Zur Silylierung von 1‐tert‐Butyl‐1‐sila‐2,4‐cyclohexadienen in 2‐, 4‐ und 6‐Stellung (1984)

Abstract 1‐Sila‐2,4‐cyclohexadien ( 1 ) reagiert mit tert ‐Butyllithium zu 1‐ tert ‐Butyl‐1‐sila‐2,4‐cyclohexadien ( 3 ), welches durch Substitutionsreaktionen in 1‐ tert ‐Butyl‐1‐chlor‐ ( 2 ) und 1‐ tert ‐Butyl‐1‐methoxy‐1‐sila‐2,4‐cyclohexadien ( 4 ) übergeführt werden kann. Silylierungsreaktionen an den Pentadiensystemen 2, 3 und 4 führen zu den mono( 5, 6, 7 )‐, bis( 8, 9 )‐ und tris(trimethylsilyl)‐substituierten ( 10 ) 1‐ tert ‐Butyl‐1‐silacyclohexadienen. Die 1 H‐, 13 C‐ und 29 Si‐NMR‐Daten der Verbindungen werden beschrieben.
Annular Pancreas (2004)

An annular pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly in which a portion of the pancreatic tissue surrounds the duodenum. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is used extensively for evaluating the pancreatobiliary ducts. There have been only few cases in which MRCP clearly demonstrated the types of annular ducts, however. Two cases of an annular pancreas based on a new classification of the morphologic type are reported.
Efficient Access to Enantiopure γ4‐Amino Acids with Proteinogenic Side‐Chains and Structural Investigation of γ4‐Asn and γ4‐Ser in Hybrid Peptide Helices (2013)

Hybrid peptides composed of α- and β-amino acids have recently emerged as new class of peptide foldamers. Comparatively, γ- and hybrid γ-peptides composed of γ(4) -amino acids are less studied than their β-counterparts. However, recent investigations reveal that γ(4)-amino acids have a higher propensity to fold into ordered helical structures. As amino acid side-chain functional groups play a crucial role in the biological context, the objective of this study was to investigate efficient synthesis of γ(4)-residues with functional proteinogenic side-chains and their structural analysis in hybrid-peptide sequences. Here, the efficient and enantiopure synthesis of various N- and C-terminal free-γ(4)-residues, starting from the benzyl esters (COOBzl) of N-Cbz-protected (E)-α,β-unsaturated γ-amino acids through multiple hydrogenolysis and double-bond reduction in a single-pot catalytic hydrogenation is reported. The crystal conformations of eight unprotected γ(4)-amino acids (γ(4)-Val, γ(4)-Leu, γ(4)-Ile, γ(4)-Thr(OtBu), γ(4)-Tyr, γ(4)-Asp(OtBu), γ(4)-Glu(OtBu), and γ-Aib) reveals that these amino acids adopted a helix favoring gauche conformations along the central C(γ) -C(β) bond. To study the behavior of γ(4)-residues with functional side chains in peptide sequences, two short hybrid γ-peptides P1 (Ac-Aib-γ(4)-Asn-Aib-γ(4)-Leu-Aib-γ(4)-Leu-CONH2 ) and P2 (Ac-Aib-γ(4)-Ser-Aib-γ(4)-Val-Aib-γ(4)-Val-CONH2 ) were designed, synthesized on solid phase, and their 12-helical conformation in single crystals were studied. Remarkably, the γ(4) -Asn residue in P1 facilitates the tetrameric helical aggregations through interhelical H bonding between the side-chain amide groups. Furthermore, the hydroxyl side-chain of γ(4)-Ser in P2 is involved in the interhelical H bonding with the backbone amide group. In addition, the analysis of 87 γ(4)-residues in peptide single-crystals reveal that the γ(4)-residues in 12-helices are more ordered as compared with the 10/12- and 12/14-helices.
Multicellularity and Death (2023)

Abstract The chapter’s Narrative considers how single-celled organisms have no obligate death built into their life cycles—they divide in two—whereas multicellular organisms produce a mortal soma and an immortal germ line that produces the next generation. This arrangement allows the soma to adopt highly specialized traits, including animal brains and behaviors. The chapter’s Reflections consider how the death of loved ones and untimely or senseless deaths bring us deep sorrow, and anticipation of our own death can bring fear and, in many, a belief that an immortal soul will persist. The perspective is offered that it was the invention of death, of the germ/soma dichotomy, that makes possible the existence of our brains and hence our experiential modalities.
Tomographic Mapping Analysis in the Depth Direction of High-Ge-Content SiGe Layers with Compositionally Graded Buffers Using Nanobeam X-ray Diffraction (2017)

A high-Ge-content Si<sub>1-y</sub>Ge<sub>y</sub>/compositionally graded Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub>-stacked structure grown on Si(001) is now considered to be an important platform for the realization of advanced nanometer-scale complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices with high-mobility channel materials, such as III-V materials and Ge, and monolithically integrated photonic modules. The performance of such advanced devices is critically influenced by crystalline inhomogeneity in the stacked structure; therefore, precise characterization of the crystallinity is important. In particular, the development of a characterization method not only for in-plane crystallinity but also for in-depth crystallinity is strongly required. This is because the crystalline quality of the constant composition Si<sub>1-y</sub>Ge<sub>y</sub> is sensitively dependent on that of the compositionally graded Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> layers underneath. Here, we have demonstrated in-depth tomographic mapping of a high-Ge-content Si<sub>1-y</sub>Ge<sub>y</sub>/compositionally graded Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub>-stacked structure using position-dependent ω-2θ map measurement using nanobeam X-ray diffraction. This mapping technique is based on the correspondence of each 2θ value in the ω-2θ map to the lattice constant of stacked layers in the depth direction. Application of the proposed analytical procedure provides tomographic maps of the local variation in lattice plane tilting (VLPT) from the obtained ω-2θ maps. It is quantitatively verified that the local crystallinity in the layer at a certain depth is strongly influenced by that underneath the layer. The correlation between the local VLPT and real structural defects in the stacked structure is also discussed in detail.
Generalizing the Dempster-Schafer theory to fuzzy sets (1990)

A generalization of the Dempster-Schafer (D-S) theory to deal with fuzzy sets is described in which the belief and plausibility functions are treated as lower and upper probabilities. It is shown that computing the degree of belief in a hypothesis in the D-S theory can be formulated as an optimization problem. The extended belief function is thus obtained by generalizing the objective function and the constraints of the optimization problem. To combine bodies of evidence that may contain vague information, Dempster's rule (1967) is extended by (1) combining generalized compatibility relations based on the possibility theory, and (2) normalizing combination results to account for partially conflicting evidence. The generalization not only extends the application of the D-S theory but also illustrates a way that probability theory and fuzzy set theory can be integrated in a sound manner in order to deal with different kinds of uncertain information in intelligent systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Energy and symmetry of ordered 2D clusters in a parabolic confinement (2000)

We report an experimental study of 2D dipole clusters formed by small magnetic particles floating at the air-water interface. The particles form hexagonally ordered clusters due to interplay between dipole-dipole repulsion and confining external forces. Optical images of the clusters allow determination of area S, total energy E, and the chemical potential for different particle numbers N&lt;130. Asymptotic expressions for E(N), S(N) account fairly well for the smooth part of our experimental results. However, on top of the smooth dependences we observe quasiperiodic fluctuations with dips at ``magic'' numbers corresponding to particularly symmetric cluster configurations. The magnitude and occurrence of these fluctuations are related to the symmetry of the cluster and to the center of mass position. This is in full agreement with the recent prediction of Koulakov and Shklovskii for Wigner crystal island.
Improved limited discrepancy search (1996)

We present an improvement to Harvey and Ginsberg&amp;apos;s limited discrepancy search algorithm. Our version eliminates much of the redundancy in the original algorithm, generating each search path from the root to the maximum search depth only once. For a uniform-depth binary tree of depth d, this reduces the asymptotic complexity from O( d+2 2 2 d ) to O(2 d ). The savings is much less in a partial tree search, or in a heavily pruned tree. We also show that the overhead of the improved algorithm on a uniform-depth b-ary tree is only a factor of b=(b\\Gamma1) compared to depth-first search. This constant factor is greater on a heavily pruned tree. Finally, we present empirical results showing the utility of limited discrepancy search, as a function of problem difficulty, on the NP-Complete problem of number partitioning. 1 Introduction: Limited Discrepancy Search The best-known tree-search algorithms are breadth-first and depth-first search. Breadth-first search is rarely used in pra...
Family physician referral rates for lumbar spine computed tomography in Newfoundland and Labrador: a cross-sectional analysis using routinely collected data (2020)

The age- and sex-standardized rates suggest that there was a steady rate of lumbar spine CT examinations being ordered by family physicians in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2013-2016. Although all rate ratios were statistically significant, the magnitude of the difference between years is likely not clinically relevant. These rates are important because they serve as a benchmark for future initiatives to reduce unnecessary referrals for lumbar spine CT.