gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Creating Structural Manifolds from a Common Precursor: Basicity Gradient-Driven Isomerization of Halopyridines (2002)

5-Chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine, an intermediate in the manufacturing process of an industrial pesticide, can be hydrolyzed to 5-chloro-3-fluoro-2H-pyridinone and the latter converted into 2,5-dichloro-3-fluoropyridine (1a), 2-bromo-5-chloro-3-fluoropyridine (1b), 5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-iodopyridine (1c) and 3-chloro-5-fluoropyridine (1d). Consecutive treatment of these four substrates with lithium diisopropylamide and carbon dioxide or lithium diisopropylamide and iodine affords the corresponding 4-pyridinecarboxylic acids 2 and 4-iodopyridines 3, respectively. Amide-promoted deprotonation of such 4-iodopyridines 3 triggers an isomerization in which lithium and iodine change places. The resulting species can be trapped with carbon dioxide to give the acids 5a−c or neutralized to give the halopyridines 4a−c. The iodopyridines 4a and 4b can be converted into the acids 6a and 6b, the latter product leading also to the congeners 6c and 6d. The diiodopyridine 4c provides an entry to the halopyridine 4d, which at the same time may act as the precursor to the acid 5d, the acid 7 or the bisacid 8. Finally, the acid 9 is accessible from either one of the 5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-halopyridines 1b and 1c. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Thermal Cross‐Linking of Poly(Vinyl Methyl Ether). III. Rheological Kinetics of Cross‐Linking Reaction (2004)

Abstract The kinetics of the thermally activated cross‐linking reaction of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) were investigated rheologically by evaluating the viscoelastic material functions such as elastic storage modulus, G′, viscous loss modulus, G″ and complex dynamic viscosity, η*, during the curing process, both isothermally and nonisothermally. The isothermal kinetics reaction was described using a phenomenological equation based on the Malkin and Kulichikhin model, which was predicated originally for the isothermal curing kinetics of thermosetting polymers followed by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and was found to be applicable for rheokinetic reactions as well. An excellent representation of the data was obtained using this model; the rate of the reaction was found to be second order regardless of the temperature, which is in good agreement with literature data. The temperature dependence of the cross‐linking rate constant was described by an Arrhenius plot with an apparent activation energy equal to 60–62 kJ mol−1, in reasonable agreement with the value obtained previously from the temperature dependence of gel time, t gel. The nonisothermal kinetics reaction rate was described by a model that included the classical rate equation, the Arrhenius equation, and the time–temperature relationships. The apparent activation energy obtained nonisothermally was found to be frequency independent and equal to 72 kJ mol−1, in very good agreement with the value obtained isothermally from the temperature dependence of t gel in part II.
Impact of Routine Stenting on Clinical Outcome in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (2006)

STEMI, ST-segment
Effects of biperiden and acute tryptophan depletion and their combination on verbal word memory and EEG (2017)

These results indicate that both BIP and ATD impair episodic memory. However, an interaction between the serotonergic and cholinergic system on memory performance is not supported.
Spatial aspects of neural induction in Xenopus laevis (1989)

A monoclonal antibody, 2G9, has been identified and characterised as a marker of neural differentiation in Xenopus. The epitope is present throughout the adult central nervous system and in peripheral nerves. Staining is first detected in embryos at stage 21 in the thoracic region. By stage 29 it stains the whole central nervous system, except the tail tip. The epitope is present in a 65K Mr protein, and includes sialic acid. The antibody also reacts with neural tissue in mice and axolotls and newts. 2G9 was used to show that both notochord and somites are capable of neural induction, and the stimulus is present as late as stage 22. Attempts to demonstrate the induction of nervous system by developing nervous system (homoiogenetic induction) were unsuccessful. The view that the lateral extent of the nervous system might be determined by that of the inductive stimulus is discussed. Neural induction was detected as early as stage 10 and occurs in embryos without gastrulation and without cell division from stage 7 1/2.
Isolation and sequencing of the cDNA coding for spinach 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Comparisons with the yeast, mammalian, and bacterial proteins. (1992)

The one-carbon metabolism enzymes 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.3), 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.9), and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.5) can be found on a single trifunctional protein in the eukaryotes examined. The one exception is in spinach leaves where 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase is monofunctional (Nour, J. M., and Rabinowitz, J. C. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18363-18369). In the prokaryotes examined, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase is either absent or is monofunctional. A cDNA clone encoding spinach leaf 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase was isolated through the use of antibodies to the purified enzyme. This clone had an open reading frame of 1914 base pairs and encoded for a protein containing 636 amino acids with a calculated M(r) of 67,727. The percentage identity between spinach 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase and the synthetase domains in the four trifunctional eukaryotic enzymes and the two monofunctional prokaryotic enzymes that have been cloned and sequenced was: 64.9% human, 63.8% rat, 55.6% yeast cytoplasm, 53.8% yeast mitochondria, 47.8% Clostridium acidi-urici, and 47.9% Clostridium thermoaceticum. Clearly the spinach monofunctional protein had greatest homology with the mammalian proteins. The spinach protein is longer than the two other monofunctional prokaryotic proteins. Possible reasons for this are presented. The codon usage and the putative translation initiation sites are examined and compared with other spinach proteins.
Parenting Experiences of Specialized Foster Parents (2021)

본 연구의 목적은 전문가정위탁부모를 대상으로 양육 경험을 심층적으로 규명하고 당사자의 목소리로 한국적 현실에 적합한 전문가정위탁의 실현가능성을 탐색하는 것이다. 시범사업에 참여한 전문가정위탁부모를 대상으로 전문가정위탁 부모의 양육 경험을 위탁 시작 동기, 위탁 양육 과정, 위탁 종결 과정 3개의 시점으로 구분한, 총 6개의 주제가 도출되었다. 위탁부모의 시작 동기는 ‘아동에 관한 사랑과 일반위탁의 경험이 전문위탁으로 이끎’, 위탁 양육 과정은 ‘알을 깨고 나오기’, ‘진정한 부모가 되어가기’, 위탁종결 과정은 ‘일반위탁과는 달랐던 전문가정위탁 경험’, ‘종결을 준비하며 느끼는 복잡스러운 감정’, ‘전문가정위탁 정착을 위한 필요 지원’등이다. 마지막으로 이 결과에 기반하여 아동복지 실천적 및 정책적 함의에 대해 논의하였다.
Azeotropic Distillation in a Middle Vessel Batch Column. 1. Model Formulation and Linear Separation Boundaries (1999)

A mathematical model for the middle vessel batch distillation column (MVC) is developed using the concept of warped time analysis and used to study the qualitative dynamics of the MVC when it is used to separate multicomponent azeotropic mixtures. A limiting analysis is then developed for a MVC with an infinite number of trays, operated under infinite reflux/reboil ratios, under the assumption of linear separation boundaries. It is determined that, under limiting conditions, the distillate product drawn from the MVC is given by the α limit set of the MVC still pot composition, while the bottoms product drawn from the MVC is given by the ω limit set of the MVC still pot composition. The net product composition is determined by taking a convex combination of the two products. The notions of steering the still pot composition, the vector cone of possible motion for the still pot composition, and the equivalency of the MVC to the combined operation of a batch rectifier and a stripper are also explored. The definition of batch distillation regions for the MVC operated at a given value of the middle vessel parameter λ, and the bifurcation of these regions with the variation of λ, are investigated. Lastly, a mathematical model incorporating the concept of warped time is developed for a multivessel column. The MVC can be viewed as a specific case of the multivessel column.
Thermally responsive polymer-dispersed liquid crystal diffusers fabricated using laser speckle pattern irradiation (2021)

This study examined the thermal response of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) diffusers, patterned using a two-lens imaging system. Optical modulation was achieved by modifying the PDLC transmittance using temperature-induced changes to liquid crystal (LC) orientation. PDLCs with controllable scattering properties were obtained by irradiating LC-polymer composites with laser speckle patterns. The variation of the scattering characteristics of the PDLCs with temperature, average speckle size, and LC orientation order was analyzed to determine the most suitable parameters for a diffuser for smart window solar-ray control applications. The findings of these experiments demonstrate that using speckle patterns, a one-time laser exposure process, can provide a simple fabrication method of novel optical devices.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Positive Inotropic Agents: Synthesis and Biological Activities of 6‐(3‐Amino‐2‐hydroxypropoxy)‐2(1H)‐quinolinone Derivatives. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Conifer UDP-Sugar Dependent Glycosyltransferase Contributes to Acetophenone Metabolism and Defense against Insects (2017)

Acetophenones are phenolic compounds involved in the resistance of white spruce (<i>Picea glauca</i>) against spruce budworm (<i>Choristoneura fumiferiana</i>), a major forest pest in North America. The acetophenones pungenol and piceol commonly accumulate in spruce foliage in the form of the corresponding glycosides, pungenin and picein. These glycosides appear to be inactive against the insect but can be cleaved by a spruce β-glucosidase, PgβGLU-1, which releases the active aglycons. The reverse glycosylation reaction was hypothesized to involve a family 1 UDP-sugar dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) to facilitate acetophenone accumulation in the plant. Metabolite and transcriptome profiling over a developmental time course of white spruce bud burst and shoot growth revealed two UGTs, PgUGT5 and PgUGT5b, that glycosylate pungenol. Recombinant PgUGT5b enzyme produced mostly pungenin, while PgUGT5 produced mostly isopungenin. Both UGTs also were active in vitro on select flavonoids. However, the context of transcript and metabolite accumulation did not support a biological role in flavonoid metabolism but correlated with the formation of pungenin in growing shoots. Transcript levels of <i>PgUGT5b</i> were higher than those of <i>PgUGT5</i> in needles across different genotypes of white spruce. These results support a role of PgUGT5b in the biosynthesis of the glycosylated acetophenone pungenin in white spruce.
Average CT in PET studies of colorectal cancer patients with metastasis in the liver and esophageal cancer patients (2010)

Average CT (ACT) and PET have a similar temporal resolution and it has been shown to improve registration of the CT and PET data for PET/CT imaging of the thorax. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of ACT attenuation correction on PET for gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation with standardized uptake value (SUV) for liver and esophageal lesions. Our study included 48 colorectal cancer patients with metastasis in the liver and 52 esophageal cancer patients. These patients underwent a routine PET/CT scan followed by a cine CT scan of the thoracic region for ACT. Differences between the two PET data sets (PET HCT and PET ACT ) corrected with the helical CT (HCT) and ACT were quantified by analyzing image alignment, maximum SUV (SUV max ), and GTV. The 67% of the colorectal and 73% of the esophageal studies demonstrated misregistration between the PET HCT and HCT data. ACT was effective in removing misregistration artifacts in 65% of the misregisted colorectal and in 76% of the misregisted esophageal cancer patients. Misregistration between the CT and PET data affected GTVs due to the change in SUV max with ACT. A change of SUV max greater than 20% between PET HCT and PET ACT was found in 15% of the colorectal and 17% of the esophageal cases. Our results demonstrated a more pronounced effect of misregistration for the smaller lesions (< 5 cm 3 ) near the diaphragm (< 5 cm). ACT was effective in improving registration between the CT and PET data in PET/CT for the colorectal and esophageal cancer patients.
HIGH-VACUUM ELECTRON-BEAM FUSION WELDING (1958)

A newly developed welding process is described for welding in a high vacuum without introducing contaminating material into the system as a part of the welding operation. (J.E.D.)
Dynamic transfer among alternative controllers and its relation to antiwindup controller design (1996)

Advanced control strategies and modern consulting provide new challenges for the classical problem of bumpless transfer. It can, for example, be necessary to transfer between an only approximately known existing analog controller and a new digital or adaptive controller without accessing any states. Transfer ought to be bidirectional and not presuppose steady state, so that an immediate back-transfer is possible if the new controller should drive the plant unstable. We present a scheme that meets these requirements. By casting the problem of bidirectional transfer into an associated tracking control problem, systematic analysis and design procedures from control theory can be applied. The associated control problem also has a correspondence to the design of antiwindup controllers. The paper includes laboratory and industrial applications.
De-Oiler System for Improved Oil Containment (2006)

Oil containment is a critical design requirement that affects overall system safety and reliability of gas turbine engines. This paper examines a new method to enhance oil containment by use of an improved de-oiler that creates a favorable bearing compartment differential pressure environment even at low power settings. Typically gas turbine engines require seals to contain oil within the bearing compartment. These seals, both contacting and non-contacting configuration styles, rely on secondary airflow to buffer the sealing interface and force oil mist and droplets back into the compartment. This is not difficult to achieve at high or moderate power conditions since there is generally sufficient air flow and pressure available to meet the sealing requirements. However, at idle conditions, the engine low-pressure compressor (LPC) may not turn fast enough to produce sufficient airflow to buffer the seals. To address these concerns the authors propose a method where the de-oiler creates a vacuum at idle speed, which results in favorable compartment seal differential pressures and also acts as a restrictor at higher speeds, where limiting the contact pressure and increasing the service life of mechanical seals become desirable design goals. The paper will examine a specific case study with both analytical and experimental results.
Cytotoxic T-cell capacity after autologous bone marrow transplantation. (1985)

A total of 19 patients, treated for aggressive tumors with high-dose chemo/radiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT), were studied for concanavalin-A (Con A)-induced proliferation and Con-A-induced cytotoxicity. Ten patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies before BMT showed increased Con-A-induced cytotoxicity before and from 100 days after BMT, while Con-A-induced proliferation decreased to less than 10% of control values after BMT and remained so. Nine CMV-negative patients showed normal cytotoxic capacity before and after BMT, while Con-A-induced proliferation recovered slowly from day +30 after BMT. Con-A-induced cytotoxicity was not significantly different between CMV-positive and CMV-negative patients, while Con-A-induced proliferation showed significant differences from day +100 onward.
Joint Dimensionality Reduction, Classification and Segmentation of Hyperspectral Images (2006)

Dimensionality reduction, spectral classification and segmentation are the three main problems in hyperspectral image analysis. In this paper we propose a Bayesian estimation approach which gives a solution for these three problems jointly. The data reduction problem is modeled as a blind sources separation (BSS) where the sources are the images which must be mutually independent and piecewise homogeneous. To insure these properties, we propose a hierarchical model for the sources with a common hidden classification variable which is modelled as a Potts-Markov field. The joint Bayesian estimation of this hidden variable as well as the sources and the mixing matrix of the BSS problem gives a solution for all the three problems of dimensionality reduction, spectra calassification and segmentation of hyperspectral images. For the Bayesian computation, we propose to use either Gibbs Sampling (GS) or Mean Field Approximation (MFA) methods. A few simulation results illustrate the performances of the proposed method and some comparison with other classical methods of PCA and ICA used for BSS.
Chordoid meningioma with polyclonal gammopathy (2001)

The authors present a case of chordoid meningioma in a 55-year-old woman who manifested headache and personality change. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cerebral angiography demonstrated a mass in the right frontal lobe that resembled a typical convexity meningioma. However, the pathological diagnosis was chordoid meningioma, a rare subtype of this tumor that usually occurs in adolescence and is known to be associated with Castleman syndrome. A meningothelial meningiomatous pattern suggestive of a meningothelial origin was focally present, and cytokeratin-positive squamoid cells were noted in the tumor. The lesion lacked dense infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Polyclonal gammopathy was the only sign of Castleman syndrome and hypochromic microcytic anemia was absent in this case. Polyclonal gammopathy resolved completely 6 months after total removal of the mass.
[Antibiotic prophylaxis with cefotiam in percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. (1989)

The percutaneous extraction of renal calculi in patients whose urines are sterile is considered to be a "clean-contaminated" surgery. The post-operatory infection is thought to be the result of the urethral catheter and the nephrostomy tube. The bacteria that are more after implicated are the Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore we found useful to give as a prophylactic treatment cefotiam, which is a 3rd generation cephalosporin, and have the advantage or reaching elevated urinary concentration as well as having a broad-spectrum activity on both Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus. It has been used as follow: 1) with the anesthetic induction give 2 g IV push; 2) these give 1 g IV 12 hourly four times. It has been noted, that in all patients receiving this regimen, no post-operatory infection or urinary tract infection was found during the 48 hours following surgery. Therefore we think that due to the reasonable cost of the regimen, we advise it for this type of surgery.
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Treatment of Osteoid Osteomas (1997)

Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation has become a highly successful alternative to surgical management of osteoid osteoma. This review discusses the reasons for intervention, and the background scientific data that supports the radiofrequency approach. The technique is described in detail, followed by a description of the results of 59 procedures. Finally, some comparisons between the radiofrequency method and other percutaneous interventions are discussed.
A Novel Pathway for Biosynthesis of the Herbicidal Phosphonate Natural Product Phosphonothrixin Is Widespread in Actinobacteria (2023)

Phosphonothrixin is an herbicidal phosphonate natural product with an unusual, branched carbon skeleton. Bioinformatic analyses of the <i>ftx</i> gene cluster, which is responsible for synthesis of the compound, suggest that early steps of the biosynthetic pathway, up to production of the intermediate 2,3-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid (DHPPA) are identical to those of the unrelated phosphonate natural product valinophos. This conclusion was strongly supported by the observation of biosynthetic intermediates from the shared pathway in spent media from two phosphonothrixin producing strains. Biochemical characterization of <i>ftx</i>-encoded proteins confirmed these early steps, as well as subsequent steps involving the oxidation of DHPPA to 3-hydroxy-2-oxopropylphosphonate and its conversion to phosphonothrixin by the combined action of an unusual heterodimeric, thiamine-pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent ketotransferase and a TPP-dependent acetolactate synthase. The frequent observation of <i>ftx</i>-like gene clusters within actinobacteria suggests that production of compounds related to phosphonothrixin is common within these bacteria. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Phosphonic acid natural products, such as phosphonothrixin, have great potential for biomedical and agricultural applications; however, discovery and development of these compounds requires detailed knowledge of the metabolism involved in their biosynthesis. The studies reported here reveal the biochemical pathway phosphonothrixin production, which enhances our ability to design strains that overproduce this potentially useful herbicide. This knowledge also improves our ability to predict the products of related biosynthetic gene clusters and the functions of homologous enzymes.
Dissecting the forces that shape crops: an interview with Ryohei Terauchi (2018)

Ryohei Terauchi is a Professor at Kyoto University and a Group Leader at the Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Japan, studying the evolution of crops and their pathogens. In this interview, Ryohei describes his research interests, how the revolution in sequencing technology helped improve our understanding of orphan crops, and who are the scientists that inspire him.
Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications (2019)

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are demonstrated. The ink synthesis is based on a simple wet chemical reaction and the inkjet printing protocol is a facile step by step method. The inkjet printed thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, and electronic transport measurements. X-ray diffraction of the printed quantum dot films indicates a crystal structure consistent with an orthorhombic room temperature phase with (001) orientation. In conjunction with other characterization methods, the X-ray diffraction measurements show high quality films can be obtained through the inkjet printing method.