gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced encapsulant systems for flip chip (2002)

Flip chip on board (FCOB) technology is a novel electronic assembly structure whereby a bare integrated circuit (IC) die is interconnected directly to an organic printed circuit board (PCB). Mechanical coupling of the die and PCB by an epoxy encapsulant enhances the performance of the FCOB assembly during reliability testing. Advanced encapsulant materials for FCOB must address the issues observed during assembly of consumer electronic products on a high volume manufacturing line. The development of these materials is critical to continue the integration of FCOB assemblies as an alternative packaging system in electronic products. Materials characterization studies were performed to determine the glass transition temperatures (Tg), tensile elastic and loss moduli (E' and E"), flow profiles, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), and apparent strengths of adhesion for several advanced encapsulants. In addition, reliability tests were conducted to observe the relationship between encapsulant materials properties and reliability responses.
Graphene films printable on flexible substrates for sensor applications (2016)

Fifteen-layered graphene films have been successfully deposited onto flexible substrates using a commercial ink consisting of graphene particles dispersed in an acrylic polymer binder. A value of 74.9 × 105cm−2 was obtained for the density of defects, primarily located at the flake edges, from the ratio of the D and G Raman peaks located at 1345cm1 and 1575cm1 respectively. 0.5μm thick drop-cast films on interdigitated silver electrodes exhibited Ohmic conduction with a small activation energy of 12meV over the temperature range from 260K to 330K . The photo-thermoelectric effect is believed to be responsible for photoconduction through graphene films under illumination intensity of 10mWm-2 at 270 nm, corresponding to the UV absorption peak. The photo-transient decay at the bias of 1V involves two relaxation processes when the illumination is switched off and values of 8.9 × 103𝑠 and 4.3 × 104𝑠 are found for the relaxation time constant using the Kohlrauch stretched exponential function analysis.
Anion Exchange Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells and Water Electrolyzers (2013)

Abstract not Available.
Quality of coverage: Conformity measures for stereotactic radiosurgery (2003)

In radiosurgery, conformity indices are often used to compare competing plans, evaluate treatment techniques, and assess clinical complications. Several different indices have been reported to measure the conformity of the prescription isodose to the target volume. The PITV recommended in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) radiosurgery guidelines, defined as the ratio of the prescription isodose volume (PI) over the target volume (TV), is probably the most frequently quoted. However, these currently used conformity indices depend on target size and shape complexity. The objectives of this study are to systematically investigate the influence of target size and shape complexity on existing conformity indices, and to propose a different conformity index-the conformity distance index (CDI). The CDI is defined as the average distance between the target and the prescription isodose line. This study examines five case groups with volumes of 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 cm(3). Each case group includes four simulated shapes: a sphere, a moderate ellipsoid, an extreme ellipsoid, and a concave "C" shape. Prescription dose coverages are generated for three simplified clinical scenarios, i.e., the PI completely covers the TV with 1 and 2 mm margins, and the PI over-covers one half of the TV with a 1 mm margin and under-covers the other half with a 1 mm margin. Existing conformity indices and the CDI are calculated for these five case groups as well as seven clinical cases. When these values are compared, the RTOG PITV conformity index and other similar conformity measures have much higher values than the CDI for smaller and more complex shapes. With the same quality of prescription dose coverage, the CDI yields a consistent conformity measure. For the seven clinical cases, we also find that the same PITV values can be associated with very different conformity qualities while the CDI predicts the conformity quality accurately. In summary, the proposed CDI provides more consistent and accurate conformity measurements for all target sizes and shapes studied, and therefore will be a more useful conformity index for irregularly shaped targets.
A novel fabrication technique for multiple-wavelength photonic-integrated devices in InGaAs-InGaAsP laser heterostructures (2002)

We report the fabrication of multiple wavelength chips in InGaAs-InGaAsP laser structure using a novel ion implantation induced quantum-well (QW) intermixing technique. This technique first consists of using a gray mask photolithography and reactive ion etching process to create a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> implant mask with variable thickness on the sample. This is followed by a single 360-keV phosphorus ion implantation at a dose of 1×10/sup 14/ cm/sup -2/ at 200/spl deg/C, which creates different amounts of point defects in the sample depending on the local thickness of the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> mask. A subsequent thermal annealing step induces QW intermixing through the diffusion of the point defects across the structure. With this technique, we have successfully fabricated 10-channel multiple wavelength laser diodes, with lasing wavelength spreading over 85 nm (between 1.47 and 1.55 μm), monolithically integrated on a single chip. Only a limited increase of threshold current density of 17% (i.e., from 1.2 to 1.4 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), has been observed between the least intermixed and the most intermixed lasers.
Ash2l interacts with Oct4-stemness circuitry to promote super-enhancer-driven pluripotency network (2019)

Pluripotency and cell fates can be modulated through the regulation of super-enhancers; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we showed a novel mechanism in which Ash2l directly binds to super-enhancers of several stemness genes to regulate pluripotency and self-renewal in pluripotent stem cells. Ash2l recruits Oct4/Sox2/Nanog (OSN) to form Ash2l/OSN complex at the super-enhancers of Jarid2, Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4, and further drives enhancer activation, upregulation of stemness genes, and maintains the pluripotent circuitry. Ash2l knockdown abrogates the OSN recruitment to all super-enhancers and further hinders the enhancer activation. In addition, CRISPRi/dCas9-mediated blocking of Ash2l-binding motifs at these super-enhancers also prevents OSN recruitment and enhancer activation, validating that Ash2l directly binds to super-enhancers and initiates the pluripotency network. Transfection of Ash2l with W118A mutation to disrupt Ash2l-Oct4 interaction fails to rescue Ash2l-driven enhancer activation and pluripotent gene upregulation in Ash2l-depleted pluripotent stem cells. Together, our data demonstrated Ash2l formed an enhancer-bound Ash2l/OSN complex that can drive enhancer activation, govern pluripotency network and stemness circuitry.
simple method for preparing elemental selenium nano- coating inside a silicone surface (2021)

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with a bright red colour have aroused worldwide attention due to their unique properties in selenium supplementation because of their low toxicity and favourable bioavailability. A simple method was developed for making a red selenium nanolayer on the inner surface of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and silicone tube. The selenium nanoparticles were produced by the reaction of sodium selenite and ascorbic acid. Red amorphous selenium nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the reaction of 500 mg dm-3 Se (sodium selenite) solution with 10 g dm-3 ascorbic acid solution at room temperature, and morphology was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The coating density was compared on PVC and silicone surfaces by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis. The nanolayer with about 16 µm thickness on the silicone surface significantly evenly distributed compared to the PVC surface. The selenium coated silicone tube could be a good source of selenium for a continuous, low-level selenium supplementation of farm animals via drinking water.
Role of Host and Parasite MIF Cytokines during Leishmania Infection (2020)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been extensively characterized in human disease and in mouse models. Its pro-inflammatory functions in mammals includes the retention of tissue macrophages and a unique ability to counteract the immunosuppressive activity of glucocorticoids. MIF also acts as a survival factor by preventing activation-induced apoptosis and by promoting sustained expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and nitric oxide. The pro-inflammatory activity of MIF has been shown to be protective against <i>Leishmania major</i> infection in mouse models of cutaneous disease, however the precise role of this cytokine in human infections is less clear. Moreover, various species of <i>Leishmania</i> produce their own MIF orthologs, and there is evidence that these may drive an inflammatory environment that is detrimental to the host response. Herein the immune response to <i>Leishmania</i> in mouse models and humans will be reviewed, and the properties and activities of mammalian and <i>Leishmania</i> MIF will be integrated into the current understandings in this field. Furthermore, the prospect of targeting <i>Leishmania</i> MIF for therapeutic purposes will be discussed.
Phase stability in gyro-traveling-wave-tubes (2001)

This paper describes theoretical and experimental studies of the phase stability in frequency-multiplying gyro traveling-wave-tubes (gyro-TWTs). The theory is developed under assumptions that 1) an input waveguide operates in a small-signal regime; 2) a drift region is free of microwaves; and 3) an output waveguide can be analyzed in a specified current approximation. By using these assumptions, one can develop an analytical theory describing the phase sensitivity of frequency-multiplying gyro-TWTs. The calculations were done for the parameters of a frequency-doubling gyro-TWT which was studied experimentally. In the experiments, the beam voltage and magnetic field phase pushing factors were measured. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. These results can be used for evaluating the restrictions on fluctuations in the beam voltage and current and the magnetic field which should be fulfilled for providing a required level of phase stability in gyro-TWTs.
Pseudomorphic spinel ferrite films with perpendicular anisotropy and low damping (2018)

We report on epitaxial thin films of spinel ferrite Ni0.65Zn0.35Fe1.2Al0.8O4 with strain-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and low magnetic damping. Static magnetometry and broadband ferromagnetic resonance experiments show a distinct change in the preferred direction of magnetization from in-plane to out-of-plane when the coherent strain in films changes from ∼2% compressive on (001) MgAl2O4 to ∼0.5% tensile on (001) MgGa2O4 substrates. Significant deviations from the spin-only value (2.0) of the g-factor suggest spin-orbit effects and further support our conclusion of strain-driven magnetic anisotropy in these films. The low Gilbert damping parameter of α = 5 × 10−3 in these ferrite films, combined with their PMA, makes them promising for spintronic and frequency-agile microwave device applications.
Power reactor services provided by the Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center (1993)

The power reactor industry emerged from extensive research and development performed at nonpower reactors (NPRs). As the industry matures, NPRs continue to support and enhance power reactor technology. With the closure of many government and private industry NPRS, there is an increasing call for the 33 universities with operating research reactors to provide the needed services. The Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC) includes a 1-MW pool-type pulsing TRIGA reactor, a neutron beam laboratory with real-time neutron radiography equipment, hot cells with master-slave manipulators for remote handling of radioactive materials, a gamma-ray irradiation pool, a low-level radiation monitoring laboratory, and extensive equipment for radiation monitoring, dosimetry, and material properties determination. While equipment is heavily utilized in the instructional and academic research programs, significant time remains available for service work. Cost recovery for service work generates income for personnel, equipment maintenance, and facility improvements. With decreasing federal and state funding for educational programs, it is increasingly important that facilities be fully utilized to generate supplementary revenue. The following are examples of such work performed at the RSEC.
Hafnia-based ferroelectric devices for lower power memory and AI applications (2023)

We address our recent activities on TiN/HfZrO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> (HZO)/TiN MFM capacitors, HZO/Si FeFETs for memory applications, and reservoir computing using HZO/Si FeFETs for AI applications. We have shown that MFM capacitors with 4-nm-thick HZO realizes low operating voltage and high read/write endurance. We have pointed out the importance of a large amount of electron traps in HZO on the FeFET memory characteristics. Also, we have demonstrated reservoir computing using FeFETs for applications of speech recognition.
Overcoming Losses with Gain in a Negative Refractive Index Metamaterial (2010)

On the basis of a full-vectorial three-dimensional Maxwell-Bloch approach we investigate the possibility of using gain to overcome losses in a negative refractive index fishnet metamaterial. We show that appropriate placing of optically pumped laser dyes (gain) into the metamaterial structure results in a frequency band where the nonbianisotropic metamaterial becomes amplifying. In that region both the real and the imaginary part of the effective refractive index become simultaneously negative and the figure of merit diverges at two distinct frequency points.
Unravelling Biological Pathways and the Identification of Clinical Markers and Targets in Renal Cancer (2004)

Renal Cancer – The Clinical Perspective Epidemiology Current Clinical Approaches and Clinical Challenges Immunotherapy for Renal Cancer Existing Markers or Therapeutic Targets Undergoing Clinical Evaluation Proteomic Studies Tissue-based Studies Primary and Established Cell Lines Biological Fluids Conclusions References
Reactivity of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein p7 zinc finger domains from the perspective of density-functional theory (1998)

The reaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein p7 (NCp7) with a variety of electrophilic agents was investigated by experimental measurements of Trp37 fluorescence decay and compared with theoretical measures of reactivity based on density-functional theory in the context of the hard and soft acids and bases principle. Statistically significant correlations were found between rates of reaction and the ability of these agents to function as soft electrophiles. Notably, the molecular property that correlated strongest was the ratio of electronegativity to hardness, chi2/eta, a quantity related to the capacity of an electrophile to promote a soft (covalent) reaction. Electronic and steric determinants of the reaction were also probed by Fukui function and frontier-orbital overlap analysis in combination with protein-ligand docking methods. This analysis identified selective ligand docking regions within the conserved zinc finger domains that promoted reaction. The Cys49 thiolate was found overall to be the NCp7 site most susceptible to electrophilic attack.
Pharmacokinetics of controlled‐release verapamil in healthy volunteers and patients with hypertension or angina (2002)

The results from this dose-ranging pharmacokinetic investigation in healthy volunteers and patients are consistent with previous reports in healthy subjects. S-verapamil is cleared more rapidly than R-verapamil and the estimated EC(50) for S-verapamil was 3.6-fold lower than for R-verapamil. Estimated EC(50) values for R- and S-verapamil decreased with increasing age and decreasing weight.
Social Instability in Laying Quail: Consequences on Yolk Steroids and Offspring's Phenotype (2010)

Individual phenotypic characteristics of many species are influenced by non-genetic maternal effects. Female birds can influence the development of their offspring before birth via the yolk steroid content of their eggs. We investigated this prenatal maternal effect by analysing the influence of laying females' social environment on their eggs' hormonal content and on their offspring's development. Social instability was applied to groups of laying Japanese quail females. We evaluated the impact of this procedure on laying females, on yolk steroid levels and on the general development of chicks. Agonistic interactions were more frequent between females kept in an unstable social environment (unstable females) than between females kept in a stable social environment (stable females). Testosterone concentrations were higher in unstable females' eggs than in those of stable females. Unstable females' chicks hatched later and developed more slowly during their first weeks of life than those of stable females. The emotional reactivity of unstable females' chicks was higher than that of stable females' chicks. In conclusion, our study showed that social instability applied to laying females affected, in a non-genetic way, their offspring's development, thus stressing the fact that females' living conditions during laying can have transgenerational effects.
Supplementary Data from Autologous Lymphocyte Infusion Supports Tumor Antigen Vaccine–Induced Immunity in Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Myeloma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary figures for Cohen et al. CIR-18-0198R2&lt;/p&gt;
The Relative Electrocatalytic Activity of Noble Metals in the Oxidation of Ethylene (1964)

A comparative study of the anodic oxidation of ethylene on five noble metal electrodes (Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh) in 1M sulfuric acid at 80°C is reported. Complete oxidation of ethylene to was observed on Pt, Ir, and Rh. On Au and Pd practically no could be detected and the main products of the reaction were aldehydes and acetone. The Tafel slopes as well as pH and pressure effects are also found to be different for the two groups of metals. The order of chemical reactivity in the two groups of metal catalysts is and .
Insights from Crystal Size and Band Gap on the Catalytic Activity of Monoclinic BiVO4 (2013)

Monoclinic BiVO 4 powders were synthesized from Bi(NO 3 ) 3• 5H 2 O and NH 4 VO 3 in dilute HNO 3 by homogenous co-precipitation followed by calcination at different temperatures ranging from 350 to 700 o C. The effects of increase in the calcination temperatures over the changes in the physicochemical parameters were evaluated by characterization techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman analysis and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM).The parameters responsible for the photochemical water oxidation were studied in detail and it was confirmed from our results that crystalline size and band gap of the BiVO 4 powders are the main responsible for its activity.It is also confirmed from the changes in the intensities and shift in the peak position of Raman analysis, the effect of calcination temperatures over the variations such as lone pair distortions on Bi 3+ and changes of V-O bond length in the local structure of BiVO 4 .
Invariant Object Recognition and Pose Estimation with Slow Feature Analysis (2011)

Primates are very good at recognizing objects independent of viewing angle or retinal position, and they outperform existing computer vision systems by far. But invariant object recognition is only one prerequisite for successful interaction with the environment. An animal also needs to assess an object's position and relative rotational angle. We propose here a model that is able to extract object identity, position, and rotation angles. We demonstrate the model behavior on complex three-dimensional objects under translation and rotation in depth on a homogeneous background. A similar model has previously been shown to extract hippocampal spatial codes from quasi-natural videos. The framework for mathematical analysis of this earlier application carries over to the scenario of invariant object recognition. Thus, the simulation results can be explained analytically even for the complex high-dimensional data we employed.
Effect of 3 g of intravenous paracetamol on post‐operative analgesia, platelet function and liver enzymes in patients undergoing tonsillectomy under local anaesthesia (2007)

During the initial hours after tonsillectomy, the administration of 3 g of i.v. paracetamol and 75 mg of diclofenac reduced the consumption of morphine. Both drugs also reduced the release of thromboxane B(2) from activated platelets but only diclofenac had a negative effect on platelet aggregation. In sensitive individuals, large doses of paracetamol may disturb the hepatocellular integrity. We do not recommend the use of i.v. doses of paracetamol higher than 1 g.
Effects of pre-existing orthopoxvirus-specific immunity on the performance of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza vaccines (2018)

The replication-deficient orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising vaccine vector against various pathogens and has an excellent safety record. However, pre-existing vector-specific immunity is frequently suggested to be a drawback of MVA-based vaccines. To address this issue, mice were vaccinated with MVA-based influenza vaccines in the presence or absence of orthopoxvirus-specific immunity. Importantly, protective efficacy of an MVA-based influenza vaccine against a homologous challenge was not impaired in the presence of orthopoxvirus-specific pre-existing immunity. Nonetheless, orthopoxvirus-specific pre-existing immunity reduced the induction of antigen-specific antibodies under specific conditions and completely prevented induction of antigen-specific T cell responses by rMVA-based vaccination. Notably, antibodies induced by vaccinia virus vaccination, both in mice and humans, were not capable of neutralizing MVA. Thus, when using rMVA-based vaccines it is important to consider the main correlate of protection induced by the vaccine, the vaccine dose and the orthopoxvirus immune status of vaccine recipients.