gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Combined to Ultrasounds as Innovative Extraction Process Combination: Fundamental Aspects (2012)

To entirely recover and value orange peels by extracting both essential oils and antioxidant compounds, hydrodistillation and standard solvent extraction are usually used. These treatments are known as long, fastidious,and energy-consuming processes mainly because of a low diffusivity coupled with a low starting accessibility. Various innovative processes were recently proposed, studied and optimized. They could have their own advantages. By analyzing the fundamental aspects of different processes, it was possible to recognize the limiting phenomena.Therefor, combining adequate innovative processes intensified the whole operation.This will increase heat and mass transfers; both process performance and extract quality could be dramatically improved.DIC (Détente InstantanéeContrôlée), instant controlled pressure-drop treatment enhances autovaporization, which results in an expansion of the sample. The autovaporization enables a direct extraction of essential oils simultaneously triggering expansion, which enhances the availability of some molecules and also increases solvent diffusivity within the plant matrix. Ultrasound extraction process is fast in comparison with standard methods, thanks to a greater contact surface area between solid and liquid phase. It was possible to compare the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction to standard solvent extraction in terms of fundamental aspects, highlighted with a former experimental study. Fundamentals enabled the study and comprehension of the extraction modelling.As an example, orange peel extraction has been studied. In order to achieve innovative extraction, we combined and associated these two techniques. We carry outthe treatment by DIC to extract the essential oils and at the same time to obtain a textured vegetal material. Followed by ultrasound assisted solvent extraction, a great intensification of antioxidants extraction is generated. It was possible to compare the effect of ultrasound assisted extraction to standard solvent extraction both achieved on dried orange peels as raw material and DIC treated material. Combining DIC to ultrasounds enabled enhancing yields and extraction kinetics of antioxidant.
Petrologic and geophysical sources of long wavelength crustal magnetic anomalies. (1984)

The magnetic mineralogy and magnetic properties of the deep crust are studied as they pertain to the interpretation of long wavelength, or regional, crustal magnetic anomalies in satellite magnetic data and near surface magnetic data. The conclusions have relevance to the understanding of regional magnetic anomalies in magnetic field measuring satellite missions data. There are two separable studies: (1) a synthesis of available information of regional magnetic anomalies and the magnetization of metamorphic and igneous rocks, and (2) a detailed field, analytical, and experimental study of in situ and laboratory specimens from a terrain that offers exposures of high grade granlite facies rocks that have associated regional magnetic and gravity anomalies.
DEVELOPING MIXED CONVECTION IN AN INCLINED TUBE WITH CIRCUMFERENTIALLY NONUNIFORM HEATING AT ITS OUTER SURFACE (1999)

Abstract Conjugate heat transfer in an inclined tube combining developing mixed convection of a Boussinesq fluid with nonuniform heating of the outer tube surface has been studied numerically. Viscous dissipation and axial diffusion are neglected. Thus the governing equations are parabolic in the axial direction and elliptic in the other two directions. Although the bottom half of the outer tube surface is assumed adiabatic, circumferential conduction through the wall results in a significantly different heat flux distribution at the solid-fluid interface. Thus, far from the entrance, the fraction of the externally supplied heat reaching the fluid from the bottom half of the interface is 72% for copper, 60% for steel, and 30% for glass tubes. This significant redistribution of the heat flux influences the thermal and hydrodynamic fields and has important effects on the Nusselt number, which cannot be predicted if the thermal boundary condition is applied at the solid-fluid interface.
Association of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 5′ Polymorphism With Early-Onset Extreme Obesity (2005)

Murine models have been highly effective in identifying the monogenic forms of human obesity discovered to date. Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) has been shown to be significant in the downstream orexigenic activity of the leptin-melanocortin pathway by such models. In this study, the human MCHR1 gene was extensively characterized by sequencing 3.5 kb of coding, untranslated and intronic regions plus 1 kb of putative promoter region in 180 morbidly obese adults and 87 morbidly obese children, a total of >2.4 Mb of sequencing. Thirty-nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found, seven of which encode an amino acid change. One mutation, R248Q, appeared to cosegregate with the obesity trait in one pedigree but was also found to be a rare polymorphism in control samples. To investigate the possible polygenic role of MCHR1, the six common SNPs (minor allele frequency >5%) found in the sequenced regions were then screened in 557 morbidly obese adults, 552 obese children, and 1,195 nonobese nondiabetic control subjects. The plausible promoter SNP, rs133068, was found to be associated with protection against obesity in obese children only (allele frequency P = 0.006 and genotype frequency P = 0.004). Most significant results were found when using a dominant model (P = 0.001, odds ratio 0.695 [95% CI 0.560-0.863]). However, similar associations were found when both adults and children were analyzed together (P = 0.006, 0.783 [0.658-0.930]), suggesting that severe forms of obesity with early onset may be associated with SNPs in MCHR1.
Wideband characterization of dielectric material by new approaches based on near field microwave microscopy (2014)

We present in this paper an electromagnetic model based on finite elements method for the characterization of dielectric samples with a near field microwave microscopy, this proposed model is a useful tool to determine for, a given microcopy probe, the minimum substrate thickness required to extract accurately the substrate relative permittivity and loss tangent. This paper proposes a practical application with a wideband characterization apparatus.
Crowdsourcing for NLP (2015)

Crowdsourced applications to scientific problems is a hot research area, with over 10,000 publications in the past five years. Platforms such as Amazons Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower provide researchers with easy access to large numbers of workers. The crowds vast supply of inexpensive, intelligent labor allows people to attack problems that were previously impractical and gives potential for detailed scientific inquiry of social, psychological, economic, and linguistic phenomena via massive sample sizes of human annotated data. We introduce crowdsourcing and describe how it is being used in both industry and academia. Crowdsourcing is valuable to computational linguists both (a) as a source of labeled training data for use in machine learning and (b) as a means of collecting computational social science data that link language use to underlying beliefs and behavior. We present case studies for both categories: (a) collecting labeled data for use in natural language processing tasks such as word sense disambiguation and machine translation and (b) collecting experimental data in the context of psychology; e.g. finding how word use varies with age, sex, personality, health, and happiness. We will also cover tools and techniques for crowdsourcing. Effectively collecting crowdsourced data requires careful attention to the collection process, through selection of appropriately qualified workers, giving clear instructions that are understandable to non-?experts, and performing quality control on the results to eliminate spammers who complete tasks randomly or carelessly in order to collect the small financial reward. We will introduce different crowdsourcing platforms, review privacy and institutional review board issues, and provide rules of thumb for cost and time estimates. Crowdsourced data also has a particular structure that raises issues in statistical analysis; we describe some of the key methods to address these issues. No prior exposure to the area is required.
Intrathecal Hydromorphone for Chronic Nonmalignant Pain: A Retrospective Study (2001)

Hydromorphone can be a safe, analgesic alternative for long-term intrathecal management of nonmalignant pain among patients in whom morphine fails because of pharmacological side effects or inadequate pain relief.
Comments on “Large-Signal Theory of the Effect of Dispersive Propagation on the Intensity Modulation Response of Semiconductor Lasers” (2013)

In a previously published paper <citerefgrp xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><citeref refid="ref1"/> </citerefgrp> , a large-signal theory of propagation in a dispersive fiber of an optical wave with sinusoidal amplitude and frequency modulation has been proposed. Following the assumptions made in <citerefgrp xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><citeref refid="ref1"/></citerefgrp> , we have verified that some of the presented equations are incomplete; paradoxically, however, the missing terms in such equations could not always improve the model accuracy. In this comment, we present both the correct equations and an explanation for the referred paradox. In addition, we have corrected inconsistencies in the equation for the Fourier coefficients used in the exact large-signal theory in the Appendix A of <citerefgrp xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><citeref refid="ref1"/></citerefgrp> .
Light-Activatable TET-Dioxygenases Reveal Dynamics of 5-Methylcytosine Oxidation and Transcriptome Reorganization (2020)

Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) dioxygenases catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), the central epigenetic regulator of mammalian DNA. This activity dynamically reshapes the epigenome and transcriptome by depositing oxidized 5mC derivatives and initiating active DNA demethylation. However, studying this dynamic is hampered by the inability to selectively activate individual TETs with temporal control in cells. We report activation of TETs in mammalian cells by incorporation of genetically encoded 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl-l-serine as a transient active-site block, and its subsequent deprotection with light. Our approach enables precise insights into the impact of cancer-associated TET2 mutations on the kinetics of TET2 catalysis <i>in vivo</i>, and allows time-resolved monitoring of target gene activation and transcriptome reorganization. This sets a basis for dissecting the order and kinetics of chromatin-associated events triggered by TET catalysis, ranging from DNA demethylation to chromatin and transcription regulation.
Phase transitions and duality properties of a successional model (2005)

The first purpose of this article is to study the phase transitions of a new interacting particle system. We consider two types of particle, each of which gives birth to particles of the same type as the parent. Particles of the second type can die, whereas those of the first type mutate into the second type. We prove that the three possible outcomes of the process, that is, extinction, survival of the type-2s, or coexistence, may each occur, depending on the selected parameters. Our second, and main, objective, however, is to investigate the duality properties of the process; the corresponding dual process exhibits a structure somewhat different to that of well-known particle systems.
Space Time Adaptive Processing for DS-CDMA UWB Systems (2006)

In this paper, the application of Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) to Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) Ultra Wideband (UWB) multiuser systems for perfect equalization and Multi Access Interference (MAI) suppression is developed. In a single antenna system, the adaptive Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) receivers for DS-CDMA UWB systems are able to gather multipath energy and reject intersymbol interference (ISI) & interchip interference (ICI) to a much greater extent. Multi access interference (MAI) is suppressed to a certain extent using adaptive MMSE receivers. STAP processing has been proven to be an effective method for perfect equalization and interference suppression. The proposed STAP receiver for DS-CDMA UWB system preserves the desired array gain and robust to MAI. Simulation results show that the performance of the UWB STAP receiver is better than the single antenna adaptive MMSE receiver in multiuser and multipath environments.
Preparation of Phthalocyanines with Eight Benzylchalcogeno Substituents from 5,6‐Dibromo‐4,7‐diethylbenzo[1,2,3]trichalcogenoles. (2004)

Benzo[1,2,3]trichalcogenoles with two bromine atoms on the benzene ring, 5,6-dibromo-4,7-diethylbenzo[1,2,3]trichalcogenoles (&lt;b&gt;1a&lt;/b&gt;) and (&lt;b&gt;1b&lt;/b&gt;) (chalcogen: &lt;b&gt;1a&lt;/b&gt; = S; &lt;b&gt;1b&lt;/b&gt; = Se), were first prepared\nby treating 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1,4-diethylbenzene (&lt;b&gt;TBDEB&lt;/b&gt;) with elemental sulfur or amorphous\nselenium in DBU at 140 °C (for &lt;b&gt;1a&lt;/b&gt;) and 100 °C (for &lt;b&gt;1b&lt;/b&gt;) for 24 h. The structures of &lt;b&gt;1a&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;1b&lt;/b&gt; were\nverified by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. X-ray crystallographic\nanalysis ultimately showed that the substitution reactions of &lt;b&gt;TBDEB&lt;/b&gt; proceeded at the two adjacent\nbromine atoms. To apply &lt;b&gt;1a &lt;/b&gt;and&lt;b&gt; 1b&lt;/b&gt; to construction of phthalocyanine derivatives with sulfur or\nselenium functional groups, 4,5-bis(benzylchalcogeno)-3,6-diethylphthalonitriles (&lt;b&gt;5a&lt;/b&gt;) and (&lt;b&gt;5b&lt;/b&gt;) as\nkey intermediates were prepared by way of introduction of alkyl groups (2-cyanoethyl or\n4-nitrophenethyl groups) on two chalcogen atoms, substitution of two bromine atoms with nitrile\ngroups, and subsequent exchange of alkyl groups with benzyl groups. Compound &lt;b&gt;5a&lt;/b&gt; was treated\nwith lithium in &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-pentanol at 100 °C for 1 h to produce 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(benzylthio)-1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octaethylphthalocyanine (&lt;b&gt;6a&lt;/b&gt;). A similar treatment of&lt;b&gt; 5b&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-hexanol at 100\n°C for 2 h gave phthalocyanine &lt;b&gt;6b&lt;/b&gt;. The structures of &lt;b&gt;6a &lt;/b&gt;and&lt;b&gt; 6b &lt;/b&gt;were determined by &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H NMR\nspectroscopy and MALDI-TOFMS. X-ray crystallographic analysis of &lt;b&gt;6a&lt;/b&gt; was also performed. The\nQ-band absorptions (λ&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;) for &lt;b&gt;6a &lt;/b&gt;and &lt;b&gt;6b&lt;/b&gt; in UV−vis spectra were observed at 755 nm (log ε = 5.1)\nand 757 nm (log ε = 5.1), respectively, and their electrochemical properties were verified by cyclic\nvoltammetry in dichloromethane with Ag/AgNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; as a reference electrode. Compounds &lt;b&gt;6a &lt;/b&gt;and &lt;b&gt;6b&lt;/b&gt;\nwere further treated with lithium in THF/NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; at −78 °C and then with dibutyltin dichloride to\nproduce phthalocyanine derivatives &lt;b&gt;8a&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;8b&lt;/b&gt; with four dichalcogenastannole rings by way of\noctachalcogenate phthalocyanines &lt;b&gt;7a&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;7b&lt;/b&gt;.
OTILIA &#x2014; An architecture for the recommendation of teaching-learning techniques supported by an ontological approach (2014)

The creation of computer-based design tools to help teachers in designing learning scenarios, more precisely teaching-learning activities, has great importance in education. Those tools are most valuable if enriched with special features as, for example, templates, scripts or wizards used to guide the teacher through the design process. Recommendation mechanisms anchored in solid theoretical achievements are currently a huge challenge in the scientific research. This paper presents a proposal for teaching-learning techniques recommendation supported by an ontological modeling approach. The recommendation aims to assist educators in designing of teaching-learning activities. The recommendation process is part of the ACEM model which integrates an authoring design tool. We propose that the recommendation mechanism will help teachers preparing those activities and improving the use of different learning techniques.
Flurbiprofen: A Study of the Behavior of the Scalemate by Chromatography, Sublimation, and NMR (2021)

2-(2-Fluoro-4-biphenyl) propionic acid (flurbiprofen), from the phenylalkanoic acid family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s), is currently on the pharmaceutical market as a racemate. This racemic compound was tested for its propensity to undergo the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) phenomenon by various forms of chromatography (SDEvC), such as routine gravity-driven column chromatography, medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), as well as by sublimation (SDEvS). Furthermore, examination by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in various solvents found that flurbiprofen exhibited the phenomenon of self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism (SIDA). By measurement of the diffusion coefficient (D), the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), and the transverse relaxation time (T2) using NMR, as well as by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) examinations, the preferred intermolecular association was found to be solvent dependent, e.g., heterochiral association was preferred in toluene, while homochiral association was preferred in more polar solvents. This study also attempted, unsuccessfully, to correlate the NMR measurements of flurbiprofen with chromatographic outcomes for the rationalization and prediction of chromatographic results based on NMR measurements. Because the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the acid groups in flurbiprofen overwhelmingly predominates over other intermolecular interactions, flurbiprofen seemed to represent a good test case for this idea. The behavior of scalemic samples of flurbiprofen is important, as, although it is currently dispensed as a racemate, clinical applications of the R enantiomer have been investigated. SDEvC and SDEvS both have ramifications for the preparation, handling, and storage of enantioenriched flurbiprofen, and this concern applies to other chiral drugs as well.
Targeted Cytolysins Synergistically Potentiate Cytoplasmic Delivery of Gelonin Immunotoxin (2013)

Targeted endocytic uptake is a first step toward tissue-specific cytoplasmic macromolecular delivery; however, inefficient escape from the endolysosomal compartment makes this generally impractical at present. We report here a targeted cytolysin approach that dramatically potentiates endosomal release of an independently targeted potent gelonin immunotoxin. Fibronectin domains engineered for affinity to EGF receptor or carcinoembryonic antigen were fused to the plant toxin gelonin or bacterial pore-forming cytolysins. These fusion proteins display synergistic activity in both antigen-specific cytotoxicity in vitro, enhancing potency by several orders of magnitude, and in tumor growth inhibition in vivo. In addition, the number of internalized gelonin molecules required to induce apoptosis is reduced from approximately 5 × 106 to less than 103. Targeted potentiation shows promise for enhancing cytoplasmic delivery of other macromolecular payloads such as DNA, siRNA, and miRNA.
Different Dynamical Effects in Mesophilic and Hyperthermophilic Dihydrofolate Reductases (2014)

The role of protein dynamics in the reaction catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima (TmDHFR) has been examined by enzyme isotope substitution ((15)N, (13)C, (2)H). In contrast to all other enzyme reactions investigated previously, including DHFR from Escherichia coli (EcDHFR), for which isotopic substitution led to decreased reactivity, the rate constant for the hydride transfer step is not affected by isotopic substitution of TmDHFR. TmDHFR therefore appears to lack the coupling of protein motions to the reaction coordinate that have been identified for EcDHFR catalysis. Clearly, dynamical coupling is not a universal phenomenon that affects the efficiency of enzyme catalysis.
SURFACE AREA FORMATION IN DRY FGD SORBENTS (1989)

Abstract Dry flue gas desulfurization (DFGD) technologies are being developed which require sorbents with high specific surface areas capable of large sulfur dioxide uptake. Specifically, novel methods of controlling S02 in a fiuidized bed absorber are being studied which will have the capability of isothermal operation at optimum temperature for S02 uptake with alkaline sorbents. This paper reports on a study of surface area development with respect to time for three sorbent materials (pure calcium carbonate, dolomitic limestone and pressure hydrated dolomitic limestone) undergoing thermal decomposition in the temperature range of 600-850°C (1100-1550°F). Two of these sorbents (calcium carbonate and dolomitic limestone) confirm observations made by others of a lag time between recrystalization of the product from the reactant and the development of the maximum surface area. A model is presented which predicts the surface area development by accounting for the surface area generated by thermal decomposition and the surface area lost due to sintering. The parameters necessary for the model were obtained from the experimental data. The ability of the model to predict the surface area change with respect to time is shown to be good for the conditions tested.
In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Profile of a Novel and Long-Acting Inhaled Azole, PC945, on Aspergillus fumigatus Infection (2017)

The profile of PC945, a novel triazole antifungal designed for administration via inhalation, was assessed in a range of <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies. PC945 was characterized as a potent, tightly binding inhibitor of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51A and CYP51B) activity (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC<sub>50</sub>s], 0.23 μM and 0.22 μM, respectively) with characteristic type II azole binding spectra. Against 96 clinically isolated <i>A. fumigatus</i> strains, the MIC values of PC945 ranged from 0.032 to >8 μg/ml, while those of voriconazole ranged from 0.064 to 4 μg/ml. Spectrophotometric analysis of the effects of PC945 against itraconazole-susceptible and -resistant <i>A. fumigatus</i> growth yielded IC<sub>50</sub> (determined based on optical density [OD]) values of 0.0012 to 0.034 μg/ml, whereas voriconazole (0.019 to >1 μg/ml) was less effective than PC945. PC945 was effective against a broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi (with MICs ranging from 0.0078 to 2 μg/ml), including <i>Aspergillus terreus</i>, <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Candida glabrata</i>, <i>Candida krusei</i>, <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>, <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>, and <i>Rhizopus oryzae</i> (1 or 2 isolates each). In addition, when <i>A. fumigatus</i> hyphae or human bronchial cells were treated with PC945 and then washed, PC945 was found to be absorbed quickly into both target and nontarget cells and to produce persistent antifungal effects. Among temporarily neutropenic immunocompromised mice infected with <i>A. fumigatus</i> intranasally, 50% of the animals survived until day 7 when treated intranasally with PC945 at 0.56 μg/mouse, while posaconazole showed similar effects (44%) at 14 μg/mouse. This profile affirms that topical treatment with PC945 should provide potent antifungal activity in the lung.