gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IMP Ta/Cu seed layer technology for high-aspect-ratio via fill by electroplating, and its application to multilevel single-damascene copper interconnects (1998)

Filling of high aspect ratio vias with electroplated copper requires smooth and continuous seed layer whereas prevention of copper diffusion into the adjacent dielectric requires adequate coverage of the barrier along the via sidewalls. Conventional PVD DC magnetron techniques were found to be inadequate for this application, because of insufficient step coverage especially that of Cu on the sidewalls of the high aspect ratio vias, and its agglomeration into discontinuous islands. Ionized metal plasma (IMP) based PVD technology provided superior step coverage of Ta and Cu because of the directionality of the deposited atoms and utilization of ion bombardment to sputter material from the bottom of the via to the sidewalls, thus yielding continuous and conformal barrier and seed layers. Furthermore, the seed layer morphology especially the roughness of the film on the sidewall was found to be quite sensitive to the deposition temperature. The seed layer thickness and film morphology, as well as other deposition parameters as the ratio of coil RF &amp; target DC plasma powers, Ar sputtering pressure, wafer bias and the Ar sputter etch prior to barrier deposition, were all found to affect the subsequent via filling by electroplating. Optimization of the processes enabled filling of high aspect ratio vias. Manufacturability and the process window for the barrier/seed layer processes was evaluated by extended runs and DOEs. The technology was successfully integrated into a multilevel interconnect scheme utilizing Cu plugs, and Cu damascene lines. The via resistance of the Cu plug using this metallization scheme, was found to be significantly lower than that of W plug currently used for Al interconnects. The cost of ownership (COO) of the IMP Ta/Cu seed layer was determined to be significantly lower compared to the current state-of- the-art IMP Ti/CVD TiN liner for W plug.
Charging method for the second battery in dual inverter drive systems for electric vehicles (2014)

A dual inverter with an open-end winding motor configuration is an attractive method to supply a higher voltage to a motor for electric vehicle (EV) applications. A topology utilizing two isolated dc sources is considered to reap the advantages of reliability and high voltage. Although this design may require two battery chargers, in this study, the use of only one charger to a main battery was considered. The central issue is to charge the secondary battery from the main battery via the motor, whether it is at a standstill or running. The inverter voltage margin remaining after motor torque production determines the charging capacity. The unity power factor operation is shown to be useful to maximize the charging power. Simulations and experiments are presented that show the validity of the proposed scheme.
The Research of Clinical Decision Support System Based on Three-Layer Knowledge Base Model (2017)

In many clinical decision support systems, a two-layer knowledge base model (disease-symptom) of rule reasoning is used. This model often does not express knowledge very well since it simply infers disease from the presence of certain symptoms. In this study, we propose a three-layer knowledge base model (disease-symptom-property) to utilize more useful information in inference. The system iteratively calculates the probability of patients who may suffer from diseases based on a multisymptom naive Bayes algorithm, in which the specificity of these disease symptoms is weighted by the estimation of the degree of contribution to diagnose the disease. It significantly reduces the dependencies between attributes to apply the naive Bayes algorithm more properly. Then, the online learning process for parameter optimization of the inference engine was completed. At last, our decision support system utilizing the three-layer model was formally evaluated by two experienced doctors. By comparisons between prediction results and clinical results, our system can provide effective clinical recommendations to doctors. Moreover, we found that the three-layer model can improve the accuracy of predictions compared with the two-layer model. In light of some of the limitations of this study, we also identify and discuss several areas that need continued improvement.
Information-entropic measure of energy-degenerate kinks in two-field models (2014)

We investigate the existence and properties of kink-like solitons in a class of models with two interacting scalar fields. In particular, we focus on models that display both double and single-kink solutions, treatable analytically using the Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield bound (BPS). Such models are of interest in applications that include Skyrmions and various superstring-motivated theories. Exploring a region of parameter space where the energy for very different spatially-bound configurations is degenerate, we show that a newly-proposed momentum-space entropic measure called Configurational Entropy (CE) can distinguish between such energy-degenerate spatial profiles. This information-theoretic measure of spatial complexity provides a complementary perspective to situations where strictly energybased arguments are inconclusive.
Structure-property relationships of degradable polyurethane elastomers containing an amino acid-based chain extender (2000)

A series of degradable polyurethanes of variable soft segment chemistry and content were synthesized and characterized. An amino acid-based diester chain extender was used to confer degradability and both polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were used as soft segments. In addition, the diisocyanate component was a potentially nontoxic diisocyanate (2,6-diisocyanato methyl caproate, LDI). The physicochemical properties of these unique series of polyurethanes were investigated. It was found that the PEO containing polyurethanes were generally weak, tacky amorphous materials. In contrast, the PCL polyurethanes were relatively strong, elastomeric materials which ranged from completely amorphous to semicrystalline as noted by differential scanning calorimetry. The PCL containing polyurethanes exhibited increasing tensile strength, modulus, and ultimate strain with increasing PCL molecular weight because of increasing phase separation and increasing soft segment crystallinity. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed significant hard segment urea and urethane hydrogen bonding which increased with hard segment content, although interphase bonding is believed to be significant for the PCL polyurethanes. Surface characterization carried out by contact angle analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated soft segment surface enrichment for all of the polyurethanes. The PEO-based polymers were very hydrophilic whereas the PCL-based polymers displayed significantly higher contact angles, indicating greater surface hydrophobicity. The observed diversity in material properties suggests that these polyurethanes may be useful for a wide range of applications. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1522–1534, 2000
Estudio técnico-económico de viabilidad de utilización del hidrógeno como combustible. Estado actual y perspectivas futuras del problema con particular aplicación al caso español (1977)

La utilizacion del hidrogeno como medio de acumulacion y transporte de energia y como combustible sintetico en plantas estacionarias y moviles esta recibiendo una importante y creciente atencion, estando en progreso numerosos programas de investigacion sobre sus problemas de produccion, transporte y utilizacion.
Effects of exercise-induced metabolic and mechanical loading on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in male rats (2022)

Over the past decades, a growing interest in eccentric (ECC) exercise has emerged, but mitochondrial adaptations to ECC training remain poorly documented. Using an approach for manipulating mechanical and metabolic exercise power, we positioned that for the same metabolic power, training using concentric (CON) or ECC contractions would induce similar skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations. Sixty adult rats were randomly assigned to a control (CTRL) or three treadmill training groups running at 15 m·min<sup>-1</sup> for 45 min, 5 days weekly for 8 wk at targeted upward or downward slopes. Animals from the CON (+15%) and ECC30 (-30%) groups were trained at iso-metabolic power, whereas CON and ECC15 (-15%) exercised at iso-mechanical power. Assessments were made of vastus intermedius mitochondrial respiration (oxygraphy), enzymatic activities (spectrophotometry), and real-time qPCR for mRNA transcripts. Maximal rates of mitochondrial respiration were 14%-15% higher in CON and ECC30 compared with CTRL and ECC15. Apparent <i>K</i><sub>m</sub> for ADP for trained groups was 40%-66% higher than CTRL, with statistical significance reached for CON and ECC30. Complex I and citrate synthase activities were 1.6 (ECC15) to 1.8 (ECC30 and CON) times values of CTRL. Complex IV activity was higher than CTRL (<i>P</i> < 0.05) only for CON and ECC30. mRNA transcripts analyses showed higher TFAM, SLC25A4, CKMT2, and PPID in the ECC30 compared with CTRL. Findings confirm that training-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial function adaptations are governed by the extent of metabolic overload irrespective of exercise modality. The distinctive ECC30 mRNA transcript pattern may reflect a cytoskeleton damage-repair or ECC adaptive cycle that differs from that of biogenesis.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Anticipating outcomes of eccentric versus concentric training is confounded by differences in mechanical efficiency. Our observations in groups of rats submitted to uphill and downhill running regimens inducing similar levels of metabolic demands or same external power outputs reaffirm that independent of modality, oxygen requirements and not external work governs skeletal muscle mitochondrial function adaptations.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydropyrans via a Formal [4 + 2]‐Annulation of Chiral Crotylsilanes. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Performance of dynamic and autoparametric dynamic vibration absorbers (2020)

A linear dynamic vibration absorber has been widely used for reducing vibration of excited structures like a building, a vehicle and so on. However, this absorber has a significant demerit that it requires a sufficient heavy mass for the high performance. In contrast, it is theoretically known that the autoparametric dynamic vibration absorber can sufficiently reduce the vibration of the main system even if the mass of the absorber is small. In this study, by using a cantilever-type dynamic vibration absorber as the linear dynamic vibration absorber and the autoparametric dynamic vibration absorber, we experimentally investigate each performance. While a linear dynamic vibration absorber experimentally shows high performance astheoretically predicted. The autoparametric dynamic vibration absorber does not work sufficiently due to the nonlinearity of the cantilever-type absorber.
Iridium Catalysis for CH Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes with Iodoarenes (2009)

Abstract Effiziente Kupplungen äquimolarer Mengen der Kupplungspartner und mehrfache C‐H‐Arylierungen gelingen mit einem Ir‐basierten Katalysesystem für die C‐H‐Arylierung elektronenreicher Heteroarene mit Iodarenen zum Aufbau ausgedehnter π‐Systeme. Ein drastischer Einfluss des Liganden auf die Effizienz der Reaktion führte zur Erkenntnis, dass der Crabtree‐Katalysator (siehe Schema; Cy=Cyclohexyl, Py=Pyridin) die optimale Katalysatorvorstufe ist. magnified image
Evidence that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase belongs to the ATPase/kinase superfamily (1999)

In this study the roles of invariant Asn-247, Asp-282, Gly-284, Gly-286 and Gly-319 of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. Recombinant kinases, wild-type, Asn-247Ala, Asp-282Ala, Gly-284Ala, Gly-286Ala and Gly-319Ala, were expressed in bacteria, purified, and characterized. Three mutant kinases, Asn-247Ala, Asp-282Ala and Gly-286Ala, lacked any appreciable activity. Two other mutants, Gly-284Ala and Gly-319Ala, were catalytically active, with apparent V(max) values close to that of the wild-type kinase (67 and 85 versus 70 nmol/min per mg, respectively). The apparent K(m) value of Gly-319Ala for nucleotide substrate increased significantly (1500 versus 16 microM). In contrast, Gly-284Ala had only a slightly higher K(m) value than the wild-type enzyme (28 versus 16 microM). ATP-binding analysis showed that Asn-247Ala, Asp-282Ala and Gly-286Ala could not bind nucleotide. The K(d) value of Gly-284Ala was slightly higher than that of the wild-type enzyme (7 versus 4 microM, respectively). In agreement with kinetic analysis, the Gly-319Ala mutant bound ATP so poorly that it was difficult to determine the binding constant. Despite the fact that Asn-247Ala, Asp-282Ala and Gly-286Ala lacked enzymic activity, they were still capable of binding the protein substrate, as shown by their negative-dominant effect in the competition assay with the wild-type kinase. The results of CD spectropolarimetry indicated that there were no major changes in the secondary structures of Asp-282Ala and Gly-286Ala. These results suggest strongly that the catalytic domain of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is located at the C-terminus. Furthermore, the catalytic domain is likely to be folded similarly to the catalytic domains of the members of ATPase/kinase superfamily [molecular chaperone heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), DNA gyrase B and histidine protein kinases].
<title>Hollow fibers for Nd:YAG and excimer lasers</title> (2000)

Hollow fibers are developed for transmitting high-power lasers emitting ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. For Nd:YAG lasers, a glass hollow fiber with silver and polymer inner coating enables low-loss transmission of high- peak power, pulsed laser light. For ArF-excimer lasers, a hollow fiber with inner aluminum coating transmits the ultraviolet laser light with low attenuation.
Combined Influence of Growth and Drying Conditions on the Activity of Dried Lactobacillus plantarum (1998)

The production of active dried starter cultures can be influenced at several levels in the production process. In this paper the following process factors are discussed: osmotic stress during growth and cell density prior to drying. Contradicting results are reported in the literature on the influence of osmotic stress during growth on the residual activity after drying. The combined approach in which two process factors were studied at a time resulted in an explanation for the discrepancy in earlier work. The cell density prior to drying had an important influence on the glucose fermenting activity after drying. Residual activities ranging from 0.10 to 0.83 were achieved using initial cell densities between 0.025 and 0.23 g of cell/g of sample, respectively. The drying tolerance of cells grown with osmotic stress of 1 M NaCl was low (residual activity = 0. 06) and was not related to the cell density prior to drying. The influence of osmotic stress during growth on the drying tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum was dependent on the cell density prior to drying.
Geophysical surveys in the capoterra coastal plain (Southern Sardinia - Italy) (2002)

The Capoterra coastal plain lies on the south-western tip of the Campidano Graben, few kilometers west of Cagliari, the main town of Sardinia (Fig.1). It was originated by the ancient Santa Lucia river delta and is bounded by salt-works and lagoons on the east, the seashore on the south-east and the Paleozoic basement on the west and south-west. The surface geology of the plain is characterized by Pleistocene and Holocene sand and alluvium; the Paleozoic bedrock is mainly constituted by Carboniferous granite and Cambrian-Ordovician schist (Fig.1). Concerning hydrogeology, to date the dominant theory is that two aquifers can be distinguished: a shallow phreatic aquifer and a deeper, multilayer, locally confined aquifer. Due to the large number of incorrectly drilled water-wells, these two aquifers, laterally recharged through the fractured Paleozoic rocks, are now communicating in several areas of the plain; moreover they are affected by saltwater intrusion coming from the sea and the neighbouring salt-works. In the past, several hydrogeological and geophysical surveys were carried out in the Capoterra plain , e.g. Balia et al., 1994; Barrocu et al., 1994; Godio et al., 1999; Montaldo, 1966; Sciabica, 1994; Vernier, 1999. Referring to most recent works, Sciabica (1994) afforded the the mathematical modeling of the aquifer system based on hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical data, while Vernier (1999) conducted a more general synthesis including all available data. However the overall information on the Capoterra plain is still inadequate for a reliable modeling of saltwater intrusion and its evolutionary trend, and very important aspects such as stratigraphy of Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentary cover, relationships between phreatic and confined aquifer and depth to Paleozoic basement must be further elucidated. Hence a new campaign of geophysical surveys including a gravity survey and then some seismic reflection profiles, properly designed on the basis of gravity interpretation, and TDEM soundings has been recently planned.
Embedded Actuation for Shape-Adaptive Origami (2021)

Abstract Origami-inspired approaches to deployable or morphing structures have received significant interest. For such applications, the shape of the origami structure must be actively controlled. We propose a distributed network of embedded actuators which open/close individual folds and present a methodology for selecting the positions of these actuators. The deformed shape of the origami structure is tracked throughout its actuation using local curvatures derived from discrete differential geometry. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to select an actuation configuration, which minimizes the number of actuators or input energy required to achieve a target shape. The methodology is applied to both a deployed and twisted Miura-ori sheet. The results show that designing a rigidly foldable pattern to achieve shape-adaptivity does not always minimize the number of actuators or input energy required to reach the target geometry.
Toward a laser-based noncontact acoustic land mine imager (2000)

Acoustic sensing shows promise for the detection of buried landmines. One of us has previously demonstrated successful imaging of mine simulants buried at depths from the surface to 15 centimeters, using speakers and a laser vibrometer, which collects spectral data at low frequencies. The strength of the method is in the contrast between the porous soil and the nonporous mine, while the limitations are the strong attenuation of the probing acoustic wave and coupling of the sound directly into the vibrometer.
Methods for Teaching : metode-metode pengajaran meningkatkan belajar siswa TK-SMA (2009)

Judul asli: Methods for teaching, Promoting student learning in K-12 classrooms
Buku ini menyajikan serangkaian konsep umum terkait dengan model-model pengajaran. Di dalamnya juga menawarkan metode-metode praktis siap-pakai untuk diterapkan dalam ruang kelas. Mulai dari upaya-upaya dalam mengatur ruang kelas (classroom management) hingga merencankan pengajaran yang efektif (planning for effective instruction). Buku ini juga mengajak kita untuk sejenak merenungkan bahwa dalam suatu ruang kelas, keragaman siswa (dari sisi kecerdasan, kebudayaan, dan bahasa) menjadi bagian yang tak terelakkan. Namun keragaman itu bukan untuk dimusnahkan. Srbaliknya, ia perlu diberdayakan. dan buku ini menawarkan langkah-langkah inovatif pada kita bagaimana menghadapi keragaman itu.
Role of Fig1, a Component of the Low-Affinity Calcium Uptake System, in Growth and Sexual Development of Filamentous Fungi (2012)

The function of Fig1, a transmembrane protein of the low-affinity calcium uptake system (LACS) in fungi, was examined for its role in the growth and development of the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The Δfig1 mutants failed to produce mature perithecia, and sexual development was halted prior to the formation of perithecium initials. The loss of Fig1 function also resulted in a reduced vegetative growth rate. Macroconidium production was reduced 70-fold in the Δfig1 mutants compared to the wild type. The function of the high-affinity calcium uptake system (HACS), comprised of the Ca(2+) channels Mid1 and Cch1, was previously characterized for F. graminearum. To better understand the roles of the LACS and the HACS, Δfig1 Δmid1, Δfig1 Δcch1, and Δfig1 Δmid1 Δcch1 double and triple mutants were generated, and the phenotypes of these mutants were more severe than those of the Δfig1 mutants. Pathogenicity on wheat was unaffected for the Δfig1 mutants, but the Δfig1 Δmid1, Δfig1 Δcch1, and Δfig1 Δmid1 Δcch1 mutants, lacking both LACS and HACS functions, had reduced pathogenicity. Additionally, Δfig1 mutants of Neurospora crassa were examined and did not affect filamentous growth or female fertility in a Δfig1 mating type A strain, but the Δfig1 mating type a strain failed to produce fertile fruiting bodies. These results are the first report of Fig1 function in filamentous ascomycetes and expand its role to include complex fruiting body and ascus development.
3703 Context-aware method for classification of human actions by use of a triaxial acceleration sensor (2008)

Recently developed classification schemes of human actions consider a limited number of actions and are therefore not adequate for modeling an entire daily life pattern. This paper presents a context-aware classification method of human actions, which allows for a large number of actions to be classified. The proposed method makes it possible to divide human actions into an adequate number of activities without .a priori knowledge of this number by using hierarchical clustering of 3-dimensional acceleration sensor and electrical potential sensor data. We defined a new index, the predicted information amount, that described the context. It was useful for determination of the optimum number of clusters used in the classification method. The proposed index was successfully applied in the discrimination of the actual context of situations encountered in daily life.