gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Location of a lepidopteran specificity region in insecticidal crystal protein CryllA from Bacillus thuringiensis (1994)

The Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein CryIIA has both high mosquito activity and gypsy moth activity; in contrast CryIIB, which is 87% homologous, displays no mosquito activity and has a three-fold lower gypsy moth activity. The regions responsible for specificity against gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larvae were located by introducing MluI and XhoI sites into homologous positions within the putative domain II of both cryIIA and cryIIB genes, which divided almost equally the respective second domains into three regions. Taking advantage of naturally occurring NheI and NarI sites that border the putative domain II, a set of seven chimeric proteins were produced by exchanging all combinations of those regions between CryIIA and CryIIB. Analysis of the toxicity of these chimeric proteins demonstrated that the lepidopteran and dipteran specificity regions of CryIIA were not colinear. While the specificity region of CryIIA against mosquito larvae involved region 1 and probably also region 2, the specificity region of CryIIA against gypsy moth larvae was located within region 2.
Measurement correlation and tool matching of multiple CD-SEMs (2003)

A methodology is proposed to evaluate measurement correlation and matching feasibility between CDSEMs from different vendors in a multiple tool environment. Two CDSEMs from different vendors are used in this study. The measurement correlation and matching feasibility is identified through a series of steps. The pixel oversampling of both CDSEMs were first adjusted to the same extent in order to achieve the same scan pixel signal-to-noise ratio on both CDSEMs. Then the corresponding linescan smoothing and averaging were lowered but optimized with the precision criterion of less than 2 nm. The scan pixel magnification calibrations on both CDSEMs were traced back to an internal pitch standard. The corresponding measurement linearity was checked against a resolution mask from which wafers with pitch ranging from 400 to 800 nm were generated using a 248 nm stepper. The resulting scanning magnification correction factors for both CDSEMs in two scan orientations were determined for the follow-on measurement corrections on 248 nm resist focus exposure pattern (FEM) wafers and e-beam resist wafers obtained from e-beam lithography. The algorithms' characteristics between two CDSEMs were identified and they were adjusted to use only the information derived from the first linescan derivative in order to maintain maximum algorithm similiarity. The 120 nm process window on 248 nm resist wafers has a positive 1.6 nm offset from CDSEM A to B through focus. Both CDSEMs report the same process latitude for 110 nm process window identification. The measurement correlation study on e-beam resist shows offsets of negative 1.5 and 2 nm from CDSEM A to B, depending on which CDSEM is used first for the measurement sequence. Analysis-of-variance was used to analyze the measurement correlation. It is found that there is no significant difference in offsets generated regardless of which CDSEM is used first for performing the measurement for the 248 nm resist system. However, the offset generated for e-beam resist is dependent on measurement sequence. We conclude that CDSEMs from different vendors can be adjusted to maintain a constant offset over a CD variation range since after tuning all the factors mentioned both CDSEMs have very similar responses toward resist line secondary characteristics. Therefore these two CDSEMs are viewed as matched from a process development and process control prospective. All other CDSEMs in the same vendor group are then matched to each of the two bridged CDSEMs following the correposponding vendor's routine without any major procedure change.
Compact Diplexers With Folded Circular SIW Cavity Filters (2020)

This work presents diplexers realized with folded circular substrate integrated waveguide (FCSIW) cavity filters. The properties of such cavities are analyzed, and empirical equations for calculating the resonant frequencies are given. The analysis relies on an even-/odd-mode decomposition. A 10-GHz filter is designed based on this approach. In the second step, its size is reduced, still maintaining the passband behavior. An asymmetric taper is used to connect two such filters to realize a diplexer. Two diplexers with center frequencies of 10/15 and 12/13.5 GHz are presented. The diplexers are several times more compact than comparable devices reported in the literature. The components are manufactured, and the functionality is demonstrated by simulation and measurements.
[Disruption of the D(2) dopamine receptor produces adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension]. (2002)

Hypertension in the D(2) mutant mice may be caused by absent inhibitory effect of D(2) receptors on sympathetic outflow coupled with increased ETB2 activity.
Epitaxial growth, magnetoresistance, and electronic band structure of GdSb magnetic semimetal films (2022)

Motivated by observations of extreme magnetoresistance (XMR) in bulk crystals of rare-earth monopnictide (RE-V) compounds and emerging applications in novel spintronic and plasmonic devices based on thin-film semimetals, we have investigated the electronic band structure and transport behavior of epitaxial GdSb thin films grown on III-V semiconductor surfaces. The Gd3+ ion in GdSb has a high spin S=7/2 and no orbital angular momentum, serving as a model system for studying the effects of antiferromagnetic order and strong exchange coupling on the resulting Fermi surface and magnetotransport properties of RE-Vs. We present a surface and structural characterization study mapping the optimal synthesis window of thin epitaxial GdSb films grown on III-V lattice-matched buffer layers via molecular beam epitaxy. To determine the factors limiting XMR in RE-V thin films and provide a benchmark for band structure predictions of topological phases of RE-Vs, the electronic band structure of GdSb thin films is studied, comparing carrier densities extracted from magnetotransport, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. ARPES shows hole-carrier rich topologically-trivial semi-metallic band structure close to complete electron-hole compensation, with quantum confinement effects in the thin films observed through the presence of quantum well states. DFT predicted Fermi wavevectors are in excellent agreement with values obtained from quantum oscillations observed in magnetic field-dependent resistivity measurements. An electron-rich Hall coefficient is measured despite the higher hole carrier density, attributed to the higher electron Hall mobility. The carrier mobilities are limited by surface and interface scattering, resulting in lower magnetoresistance than that measured for bulk crystals.
High-Performance Software Protection Using Reconfigurable Architectures (2006)

One of the key problems facing the computer industry today is ensuring the integrity of end-user applications and data. Researchers in the relatively new field of software protection investigate the development and evaluation of controls that prevent the unauthorized modification or use of system software. While many previously developed protection schemes have provided a strong level of security, their overall effectiveness has been hindered by a lack of transparency to the user in terms of performance overhead. Other approaches take to the opposite extreme and sacrifice security for the sake of this transparency. In this work we present an architecture for software protection that provides for a high level of both security and user transparency by utilizing field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology as the main protection mechanism. We demonstrate that by relying on FPGA technology, this approach can accelerate the execution of programs in a cryptographic environment, while maintaining the flexibility through reprogramming to carry out any compiler-driven protections that may be application-specific.
Approach to Determine Corrosion Propensity in Post-Tensioned Tendons with Deficient Grout (2013)

After corrosion failure of post-tensioned tendons was identified in a Florida bridge in early 2011, laboratory tests were conducted in this study on extracted sections from the failed tendons to identify the grout properties and makeup leading to the failure and also to elucidate the mechanism of corrosion. The initial steps in identification of PT tendons with a high propensity for corrosion initiation or damaged included a detailed visual inspection and identification of voids in the grout. Voids in tendon can be a result of bleed water formation or construction problems. General characteristics of the deficient grout and corrosion behavior of steel in the affected bridge gave a first approach to assessing grout deficiency and corrosion susceptibility. However, refinements in the understanding of the mechanisms causing grout segregation and the elucidation of the role of sulfates, oxygen content, and pore water pH in corrosion development are required.
Depth resolution and multiexponential lifetime analyses of reflectance-based time-domain fluorescence data (2011)

Time-domain fluorescence imaging is a powerful new technique that adds a rich amount of information to conventional fluorescence imaging. Specifically, time-domain fluorescence can be used to remove autofluorescence from signals, resolve multiple fluorophore concentrations, provide information about tissue microenvironments, and, for reflectance-based imaging systems, resolve inclusion depth. The present study provides the theory behind an improved method of analyzing reflectance-based time-domain data that is capable of accurately recovering mixed concentration ratios of multiple fluorescent agents while also recovering the depth of the inclusion. The utility of the approach was demonstrated in a number of simulations and in tissuelike phantom experiments using a short source-detector separation system. The major findings of this study were (1) both depth of an inclusion and accurate ratios of two-fluorophore concentrations can be recovered accurately up to depths of approximately 1 cm with only the optical properties of the medium as prior knowledge, (2) resolving the depth and accounting for the dispersion effects on fluorescent lifetimes is crucial to the accuracy of recovered ratios, and (3) ratios of three-fluorophore concentrations can be resolved at depth but only if the lifetimes of the three fluorophores are used as prior knowledge. By accurately resolving the concentration ratios of two to three fluorophores, it may be possible to remove autofluorescence or carry out quantitative techniques, such as reference tracer kinetic modeling or ratiometric approaches, to determine receptor binding or microenvironment parameters in point-based time-domain fluorescence applications.
Focused ion-beam imaging of defects on deep-UV single-layer halftone masks (1996)

At the first stage of defect repair on masks with focused ion beam (FIB), it is necessary to recognize defects by imaging. One of the problems in halftone mask imaging by FIB is that the contrast between halftone (HT) film and quartz (Qz) substrate is not sufficient to recognize material. We investigated the methods of the defect area distinction in deep UV silicon nitride (SiN<sub>x</sub>) single-layer halftone masks to avoid the transmittance decrease of masks induced by FIB irradiation. The cause of the difficulty in the area distinction is that the difference between the mean secondary electron intensity of HT area and that of Qz area is small in comparison with the width of the secondary electron intensity distributions. A conventional filter was found to be effective to narrow the intensity distributions and the area of defects on halftone masks could be recognized by means of the image filter in the images obtained with a low FIB dose.
Effects of chronic lead exposure on release of endogenous catecholamines: a preliminary communication. (1984)

The release of endogenous dopamine and norepinephrine from six brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum, s. nigra, n. accumbens-o. tubercle) of chronically lead-exposed rats was compared to release from controls. Prenatal and postnatal chronic lead intoxication was induced by 1000 ppm lead acetate in the drinking water of dams 70 days prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Offspring were also maintained on 1000 ppm lead acetate until sacrificed at approximately 60 days of age. Release was measured in vitro from tissue minces prepared from both lead-exposed and control rats. There were no significant differences in spontaneous or potassium-stimulated norepinephrine release between lead-exposed and control rats. Potassium and amphetamine both stimulated striatal dopamine release; however, no marked differences between lead-exposed and control tissue were seen. Potassium-stimulated release of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle area was increased in the lead-exposed animals. This is interesting in light of the postulated role of the n. accumbens in the central regulation of motor activity and the reported alterations in activity in lead-exposed rodents.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolo(1,4)diazepines, via Thermolysis of Carbonyl Azides, and (3,2,2) Cyclazines, via Diels‐Alder Reaction of (f)Indolizines, Anellated to ( 1)Benzothiophene. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Spatially coherent white-light interferometer based on a point fluorescent source (1993)

We developed a point-fluorescent-source-based white-light interferometer for high-resolution reflectometry, range-gating imaging, and group-velocity-dispersion measurement. The laser-pumped point fluorescent source has 9 mW of power and a spatial coherence of 0.97, which allows it to be used like a laser beam. Owing to its 40-nm FWHM spectral width, the width of its temporal autocorrelation is only 19 fs, which corresponds to that of 14-fs Gaussian pulses.
Strategies to Develop Earth‐Abundant Heterogeneous Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts for pH‐Neutral or pH‐Near‐Neutral Electrolytes (2020)

The anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the bottleneck of water splitting to produce hydrogen due to its sluggish kinetics. In order to lower the energy cost, highly active and cost-efficient OER catalysts need to be used to overcome the OER reaction barrier, especially in neutral pH. Compared to alkaline or acidic electrolytes, pH-neutral or pH-near-neutral electrolytes are considered to be cheaper and safer, and water from rivers and the sea could be used directly under such conditions. However, OER under neutral pH is challenging compared to the OER catalysts for alkaline conditions. Therefore, OER catalysts for neutral or near-neutral pH have not been pursued significantly and, hence, there are limited advances in this area. Here, the progress made in the research and development of earth-abundant heterogeneous catalysts for OER in three pH-neutral or pH-near-neutral systems, namely, the phosphate system, the carbonate system, and the borate system, are systematically reviewed and summarized for the first time. Strategies to develop high-performance OER catalysts for neutral pH are reviewed and summarized. In addition, future challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed, which may shed some light on the future developments of earth-abundant heterogeneous catalysts for OER in neutral or near-neutral pH.
Effect of Ni content on weld hot cracking susceptibility of fully austenitic Fe‐Cr‐Ni alloy ‐ Investigation on weld hot cracking susceptibility of fully austenitic Fe‐Cr‐Ni alloy (report 1) (2001)

The effect of Ni content on weld hot cracking susceptibility of Fe-20%Cr-Ni alloys, which solidify as austenitic single phase, was investigated. In addition, the effect and effect mechanism of alloying elements on weld hot cracking susceptibility of such alloys was studied in the varied ranges of Ni constitution. A theory that can explain general effect and effect mechanism of alloying elements on weld hot cracking susceptibility has not completely been established in the different ranges of major constituents. However, there are many reports concerning the improvement of hot cracking susceptibility in only limited ranges of major constituents.As an experiment, a Trans-Varestraint test and hot tensile test were conducted. The influence of alloying elements on solidification temperature range and liquid fraction during solidification was also investigated using Thermo-Calc. Solidification sequence of Fe-20%Cr-Ni alloys was also investigated by freezing the solidification microstructure with liquidtin quenching during gas tungsten arc welding.As a result, the maximum hot cracking susceptibility of Fe-20%Cr-Ni alloys was observed in the Ni content range from 30% to 60%. Therefore, dependence of hot cracking susceptibility on Ni content can be explained qualitatively by the effect of increase in solidification temperature range around 45%Ni.
Frequency agile microstrip patch antenna using ferroelectric thin film varactor technology (2009)

This work demonstrates a useful application of the ferroelectric thin film varactor technology in the design of reconfigurable microstrip patch antennas. Results show that the resonant frequency of the microstrip patch antenna can be tuned by varying the applied DC voltages on the ferroelectric varactor. A resonance frequency shift from 12.4 GHz to 13.8 GHz was observed for a small dc bias voltage of only 2.5 V.
Heterogeneous Oxygen Concentrations in a Structured Clay Soil (1990)

A healthy agricultural system requires available oxygen in the soil. An adequate oxygen supply is indispensable to the growth and functioning of a root system. However, assessment of oxygen concentrations in heavy clay soils is difficult because of their definite soil structure. Oxygen distribution is strongly related to the cracking pattern in the soil so the actual oxygen partial pressure measurements require undisturbed specification of the cracking pattern. A procedure for obtaining such combined measurements is presented in this paper. Oxygen micro-electrodes are used to directly measure the oxygen concentration in this process while the soil structure is concurrently determined with the aid of a x-ray computer tomograph. Good agreement was found between the soil structure and oxygen concentration distribution. The resulting technique provides a new method for use in the anaerobic zone and soil structure studies.
Logic Gates of Terahertz Spoof Surface Plasmons (2022)

Abstract Spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) interconnects have great potential for the next‐generation wireless communications and terahertz (THz) integrated circuits. SSPP logic gates are reported to meet the above development requirements. However, the reported SSPP logic gates consist of 3D domino waveguide structure and conversion structure with a funnel‐shaped metasurface; and hence, suffer from the size limit of the compact on‐chip integrations. To explore a more compact and flexible design, a series of logic gates in the planar THz SSPP platform, including OR, AND, XOR, NOT, and NAND gates, is experimentally demonstrated. Owing to the flexible dispersion behaviors, different phase differences between inputs can be controlled by manipulating the SSPP waveguide structure, such as the SSPP Mach–Zehnder interferometer, thereby realizing various THz SSPP logic gates, which will enable powerful potential in large‐scale on‐chip systems, future wireless communications, and intelligent computing.
3D monitoring of tumor volume in an in vivo model (2020)

The described method can be used to assess the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the growth of tumors that have been grafted onto the CAM and further advance personalized cancer therapy. In summary, we established a promising protocol that enables in vivo real-time tracking of tumor growth in the CAM model using a digital microscope.
Supplemental Materials and Methods from Bridging Population and Tissue Scale Tumor Dynamics: A New Paradigm for Understanding Differences in Tumor Growth and Metastatic Disease (2023)

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Blading Aerodynamics Design Optimization With Mechanical and Aeromechanical Constraints (2006)

A blading design optimization system has been developed using an aeromechanical approach and harmonic perturbation method. The developed system has the capability to optimize aero-thermal performance with constraints of mechanical and aeromechanical integrity at the same time. ‘Aerodynamic mode shape’ is introduced to describe geometry deformation which can effectively reduce the number of design parameters while preserving surface smoothness. Compared to the existing design optimization practices, the present system is simpler, more accurate and effective. A redesign practice of the NASA rotor-67 at the peak efficiency point shows that the aero thermal efficiency can be improved by 0.4%, whilst the maximum static stress has been increased by 33%. Aeromechanical analysis of the optimized blade shows that the aerodynamic damping of the least stable first flap mode is still well above the critical value though the natural frequencies of the first 5 modes have been reduced by 1∼4%. The present finding highlights the need for more concurrent integrations of mechanics, aerodynamics and aeromechanics design optimization.
ChemInform Abstract: METHYL‐SUBSTITUTED 2‐PICOLINAMINE N‐OXIDE COMPLEXES OF COPPER(II) PERCHLORATE (1979)

Abstract Durch Reaktion von hydratisiertem Cu‐perchlorat in einer 1:1‐MeOH: Dimethoxypropan‐Mischung mit den Liganden in MeOH wurden die quadratisch‐planaren Titelkomplexe dargestellt.
Deep Active Surface Models (2021)

Active Surface Models have a long history of being useful to model complex 3D surfaces. But only Active Contours have been used in conjunction with deep networks, and then only to produce the data term as well as meta-parameter maps controlling them. In this paper, we advocate a much tighter integration. We introduce layers that implement them that can be integrated seamlessly into Graph Convolutional Networks to enforce sophisticated smoothness priors at an acceptable computational cost.We will show that the resulting Deep Active Surface Models outperform equivalent architectures that use traditional regularization loss terms to impose smoothness priors for 3D surface reconstruction from 2D images and for 3D volume segmentation.
Core-level binding energies of Ba, Sr, Ca, and Y for high-Tcsuperconductors and related oxides: A measure of hole concentration (1995)

We find a universal relationship between core-level binding energies of the Ba 3${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$, Sr 3${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$, Ca 2${\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$, and Y 3${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$ levels and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ among several hole-type high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and related oxides (the Y, Bi, and Pb systems) with two Cu-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ planes in a unit structure. The binding-energy dependence of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is very similar to the hole-concentration dependence of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. This suggests that the local electronic states around Ba, Sr, Ca, and Y should be common and the core-level binding energies of these elements can be a measure of the hole concentration for these oxides.