gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Category Recognition in E-Commerce using Sequence-to-Sequence Hierarchical Classification (2021)

E-commerce platforms often use a predefined structured hierarchy of product categories. Apart from helping buyers sort between different product types, listing categorization is also critical for multiple downstream tasks, including the platform's main listing search. Traditionally, when creating a new listing, sellers need to assign the product they sell to a single category. However, the high diversity of product types in the platform, along with the hierarchy's low level of granularity result in tens of thousands of different possible categories that sellers need to pick from. This, in turn, creates a unique classification challenge, especially for sellers with a large number of listings. Moreover, the expected cost of making a category classification error is high, as it can impact the likelihood that their listing will get discovered by relevant buyers, and eventually sold.
Fusobacterium necrophorum in North American Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) Pneumonia (2016)

Fusobacterium necrophorum has been detected in pneumonic bighorn sheep (BHS; Ovis canadensis ) lungs, in addition to the aerobic respiratory pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica , Bibersteinia trehalosi , Pasteurella multocida , and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae . Similar to M. haemolytica , F. necrophorum produces a leukotoxin. Leukotoxin-induced lysis and degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophages are responsible for acute inflammation and lung tissue damage characteristic of M. haemolytica -caused pneumonia. As one approach in elucidating the role of F. necrophorum in BHS pneumonia, we determined the frequency of the presence of F. necrophorum in archived pneumonic BHS lung tissues, and susceptibility of BHS leukocytes to F. necrophorum leukotoxin. A species-specific PCR assay detected F. necrophorum in 37% of pneumonic BHS lung tissues (total tested n=70). Sequences of PCR amplicons were similar to the less virulent F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme. Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxin exhibited cytotoxicity to BHS PMNs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. As with the M. haemolytica leukotoxin, F. necrophorum leukotoxin was more toxic to BHS PMNs than domestic sheep PMNs. It is likely that F. necrophorum enters the lungs after M. haemolytica and other aerobic respiratory pathogens enter the lungs and initiate tissue damage, thereby creating a microenvironment that is conducive for anaerobic bacterial growth. In summary, Fusobacterium leukotoxin is highly toxic for BHS leukocytes; however, based on the PCR findings, it is unlikely to play a direct role in the development of BHS pneumonia.
Sorting (2016)

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Cleavage of Lumican by Membrane-Type Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Abrogates This Proteoglycan-Mediated Suppression of Tumor Cell Colony Formation in Soft Agar (2004)

The small leucine-rich proteoglycan lumican was identified from a human placenta cDNA library by the expression cloning method as a gene product that interacts with membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP). Coexpression of MT1-MMP with lumican in HEK293T cells reduced the concentration of lumican secreted into culture medium, and this reduction was abolished by addition of the MMP inhibitor BB94. Lumican protein from bovine cornea and recombinant lumican core protein fused to glutathione S-transferase was shown to be cleaved at multiple sites by recombinant MT1-MMP. Transient expression of lumican in HEK293 cells induced expression of tumor suppressor gene product p21/Waf-1, which was abrogated by the coexpression of MT1-MMP concomitant with a reduction in lumican concentration in culture medium. Stable expression of lumican in HeLa cells induced expression of p21 and reduction of colony formation in soft agar, which were both abolished by the expression of MT1-MMP. HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells stably transfected with the lumican cDNA (HT1080/Lum), which express endogenous MT1-MMP, secreted moderate levels of lumican; however, treatment of HT1080/Lum cells with BB94 resulted in accumulation of lumican in culture medium. The expression levels of p21 in HT1080/Lum were proportional to the concentration of secreted lumican and showed reverse corelation with colony formation in soft agar. These results suggest that MT1-MMP abrogates lumican-mediated suppression of tumor cell colony formation in soft agar by degrading this proteoglycan, which down-regulates it through the induction of p21.
Clustering techniques for neuroimaging applications (2015)

Clustering has been proven useful for knowledge discovery from massive data in many applications ranging from market segmentation to bioinformatics. In this study, we focus on clustering large amounts of medical image data of the human brain to identify structures of interest. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques enable unprecedented insights into the complex processes in the brain. However, especially for clinical studies, a huge amount of data has to be processed in order to find patterns characterizing the structure and function of the healthy brain and its alternations associated with diseases. We survey clustering methods specifically designed for neuroimaging applications such as segmentation of fiber tracks and lesions, as well as methods that can deal with multimodal imaging data. Furthermore, we will illustrate how clustering enables knowledge discovery from data by enhancing the performance of supervised techniques and discovering meaningful subgroups of subjects. The main purpose of this study is to give an introduction on how versatile clustering techniques can be applied in neuroimaging to tackle different applications where automated methods are desired. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:22–36. doi: 10.1002/widm.1174 This article is categorized under: Algorithmic Development &gt; Biological Data Mining Application Areas &gt; Health Care Technologies &gt; Structure Discovery and Clustering
Synthesis of 3-Acylindoles by Visible-Light Induced Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclization ofo-AlkynylatedN,N-Dialkylamines (2014)

A visible-light photoredox synthesis of 3-acylindoles through intramolecular oxidative cyclization of o-alkynylated N,N-dialkylamines is developed. The reaction proceeds effectively under mild reaction conditions using air as the oxidant, and only water is generated as a side product. A plausible mechanism involving the addition of α-amino alkyl radicals to alkynes, followed by C-O bond formation, is proposed.
Challenges of Secure Routing in MANETs: A Simulative Approach using AODV-SEC (2006)

In this paper we present a new secure routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) based on AODV called AODV-SEC. Our security approach is using certificates and a public key infrastructure as trust anchor. To verify the correct functionality of the protocol we implemented it in the NS-2 simulator using genuine cryptography and performed extensive simulations and performance evaluations. In addition we present the need for a new certificate type for secure routing in MANETs called mCert. In our opinion the results point out the current difficulties of secure routing protocol design. The paper contains two main sections, one presenting the protocol implementation, the other presenting the simulation settings and the simulation results. The paper closes with a conclusion
Table S3 from Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen for Essential Cell Growth Mediators in Mutant KRAS Colorectal Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table showing the genes targeted in the secondary sgRNA library screen&lt;/p&gt;
Multi-Fidelity Probabilistic Aerodynamic Database Generation with the ProForMA Tool (2023)

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-0653.vid Advanced aircraft designs are being explored for both long distance transport and air taxi applications with increasingly novel concepts and significant departures from previous designs. The unconventional designs allow for unforeseen performance benefits, but also make the process of Test and Evaluation (T&E) more expensive. In order to determine the aircraft performance and certify the aircraft for different maneuvers, aerodynamic databases have to be created. Traditionally, the creation of these databases has relied on wind tunnel and flight tests, which can quickly become expensive. However, with improvements in computational resources and increasing acceptance of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) techniques, efforts are underway to allow use of simulation tools in creation of these databases and reduce the burden on experiments. At the same time, complete reliance on simulations is also not possible at this stage. Hence, there is a need to merge information from computational methods with experiment data in an informed manner, for the creation of multi-fidelity aerodynamic databases. Moreover, these databases have to incorporate estimates of uncertainty in the data, which is inevitable in the design and certification process. To address these concerns, we have been developing a toolset for creation of probabilistic aerodynamic databases that use multi-fidelity data and combine them using enhanced implementations of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR). An adaptive Design of Experiments (DOE) approach has also been developed to determine the next sampling locations for maximum benefit (informed by the application of interest). This paper describes the main features of the toolset and discusses recent enhancements including a graphical user interface, estimation of dynamic stability derivatives, and implementation of a lateral-directional certification maneuver for the GMATT aircraft.
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Favor the Immunosuppressive T Cells Skewing in a Helicobacter Pylori Model of Gastric Cancer (2013)

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) play an important role in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. While the mechanism is not well understood, BM-MSCs have been shown to contribute to the immunosuppressive response found in a number of diseases. Here, BM-MSCs were transplanted into the stomach of mice with a 44-week mouse-adapted H. pylori infection. At day 28 post-transplantation, BM-MSCs migrated from the subserosal to the mucosal layer of the stomach. The grafted BM-MSCs significantly stimulated systemic and local interleukin-10 (IL-10)-secreting T cell and regulatory T cell (Treg) functions. This observation was correlated with an increased percentage of CD4⁺IL-10⁺ cells and CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ cells in splenic mononuclear cells compared with H. pylori-infected mice not receiving BM-MSCs. Moreover, inhibitory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 increased in the gastric tissue, while there was a decrease in inflammatory interferon-γ (IFN-γ). BM-MSC-transplanted mice also developed elevated IL-10/IFN-γ secreting and Treg/Th17 ratios. A coculture system in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs was also established to evaluate the immune responses in vitro. An increase in IL-10-secreting T cells and Tregs, associated with increased expression of Gata-3 and FoxP3, generation of IL-10 in the supernatant, and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells (GECs) was observed. These findings demonstrate that transplantation of BM-MSCs into a chronic H. pylori-infected mouse model results in the generation of an immunosuppressive environment. The local and systemic immunosuppression mediated by BM-MSCs likely contributed to an environment that is compatible with the development of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer.
Vascular changes and demyelination induced by the intraneural injection of tumour necrosis factor (1995)

Several observations suggest that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) plays a role in demyelination, although direct evidence for this is lacking. We have examined ultrastructurally rat sciatic nerves injected with TNF-alpha or TNF-beta: the effects of the two cytokines were found to be qualitatively similar. One day after injection nerves were oedematous and contained many inflammatory cells. Leucocytes were adherent to the walls of endoneurial vessels and sometimes were packed into the sub-endothelial layer apparently occluding the vascular lumen. Occasional myelinated axons were associated with macrophages and showed signs of myelin damage. By 3 days the inflammatory changes had diminished: some axons were degenerating or demyelinating. By 6-7 days, the vascular changes had resolved, and the endoneurium contained significant numbers of demyelinating and degenerating axons. Control nerves, which received injections of vehicle, showed no vascular changes and either no, or significantly fewer, degenerating or demyelinating axons. We conclude that the intraneural injection of TNF produces inflammatory vascular changes within the endoneurium, together with demyelination and axonal degeneration. We have also observed demyelination and degeneration in a preliminary study of the effects of TNF-alpha in mice. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Domestic communications services via satellites - Comsat pilot program. (1969)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Improvement of safe bromine electrolytes and their cell performance in H2/Br2 flow batteries caused by tuning the bromine complexation equilibrium (2021)

Hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries utilize bromine electrolytes in their positive half cell, offering capacities larger than 100 Ah L−1. Addition of quaternary ammonium compounds, so-called bromine complexing agents (BCA), may increase safety as they reduce the vapour pressure of bromine in the posolyte. However, they have not been applied so far. They (a) interact with perfluorosulfonic acid membranes leading to significant reduction of membrane conductivity and (b) they form a low conductive ionic liquid with polybromides, leading to high overvoltage if the formation happens at the electrode. In this work a solution to this problem is proposed by an excess addition of Br2 to these electrolytes. The excess bromine leads to a permanent bromine fused salt phase in the tank. Bromine formed in the cell stays in the aqueous phase and bromine transfer between the two phases happens in the tank. Transfer of Br2 without the transfer of [BCA]+ cations exists between the phases, while [C2Py]+ cations remain in the fused salt and do not influence cell performance. For the first time a posolyte capacity of 179.6 Ah L−1 based on 7.7 M hydrobromic acid with BCA is achieved compared to previous investigations with e.g. 53.9 Ah L−1.
A model for generating paired complete blood count and oblique back-illumination capillaroscopy data in tissue-realistic microfluidic chambers (2022)

Oblique back-illumination capillaroscopy (OBC) has recently demonstrated clear images of unlabeled human blood cells in vivo. Combined with deep learning-based algorithms, this technology may enable non-invasive blood cell counting and analysis as flowing red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells can be observed in their native environment. To harness the full potential of OBC, new techniques and methods must be developed that provide ground truth data using human blood cells. Here we present such a model, where human blood cells with paired ground truth information are imaged flowing in a custom tissue-mimicking micro fluidic device. This model enables the acquisition of OBC datasets that will help with both training and validating machine learning models for applications including the complete blood count, specific blood cell classification, and the study of hematologic disorders such as anemia.
Antisense oligonucleotide suppression of serum amyloid A reduces amyloid deposition in mice with AA amyloidosis (2011)

AA amyloid patients who experience disease progression and develop renal failure have not received sufficient benefit from agents that treat inflammation or infection. We have begun to explore the potential application of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to specifically suppress SAA production and thereby reduce amyloid deposition. Proof-of-concept experiments conducted in mice initially examined ASO ability to reduce serum levels of SAA during an acute inflammatory response. Peak SAA levels in ASO-treated mice were reduced as much as 65% relative to levels in saline-treated mice. The extent of suppression was dose-dependent and influenced by the time interval between ASO administration and inflammatory stimulation. Subsequent experiments tested whether ASO suppression of SAA was sufficient to mitigate amyloid deposition. Amyloidosis was induced by amyloid-enhancing factor and silver nitrate injection; ASO treatment was initiated 1 week later and continued 1× or 3× per week; inflammation was re-triggered by subsequent injection(s) of silver nitrate; mice were sacrificed after 4-5 weeks. Examination of tissues by Congo red staining and SAA/AA immunohistochemistry revealed consistently less amyloid in the organs of ASO-treated mice compared to saline-treated counterparts. These findings provide rationale for further investigation of SAA-specific ASOs as a potential therapy for AA amyloidosis.
Solving the Issue of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neurotoxicity by Using Novel Cell Models and State of the Art Accelerator Facilities (2020)

Cognitive dysfunction induced by ionizing radiation remains a major concern in radiation therapy as well as in space mission projects. Both fields require sophisticated approaches to improve protection of the brain and its neuronal circuits. Radiation therapy related research focusses on advanced techniques imposing maximal effect on the tumor while minimizing toxicity to the surrounding tissue. Research for example has led to the revival of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) and the advent of FLASH radiotherapy. To investigate the influence of the space radiation environment on brain cells, low dose, high LET radiation in addition to simulated microgravity have to be studied. Both research areas, however, call for cutting-edge cellular systems that faithfully resemble the architecture of the human brain, its development and its regeneration to understand the mechanisms of radiation-induced neurotoxicity and their prevention. In this review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of neurotoxicity such as the loss of complexity within the neuronal networks, vascular changes, or neuroinflammation. We compare the current in vivo and in vitro studies of neurotoxicity including animal models, animal and human neural stem cells and neurosphere models. Particularly, we will address the new and promising technique of generating human brain organoids and their potential use in radiation biology.
Ableitung einer Solltrajektorie aus einem neuronalen Netz zur Fahrspurerkennung (2020)

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Aufstellung einer Trajektorie fur ein autonomes Fahrzeug. Als Basis dient eine Vorarbeit, bei der ein neuronales Netz das Bild einer Frontkamera eines Autos in Fahrspur und Nicht-Fahrspur segmentiert. Darauf aufbauend wird das Bild zunachst in die Vogelperspektive transformiert. Anschliesend folgen eine Detektion der Fahrspurkanten sowie ein Clustering-Verfahren, um linke und rechte Kantenabschnitte zu separieren. Weiter wird die Trajektorie diskret in Form von Parametern des Kreisbogenmodells aufgenommen. Die Pradiktion dieser Parameter erfolgt mittels eines Extended Kalman-Filters. Die abschliesende Validierung der Algorithmen erfolgt durch eine synthetisch generierte Fahrspur.
Pyrrolopyrimidine nucleosides VII. A study on electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution at position six of certain pyrrolo[2,3‐d] pyrimidine nucleosides (1971)

Abstract A study involving the reactivity of the pyrrolo[2,3‐ d ] pyrimidine ring system at position 6 with another exocyclic group (CN or magnified image ‐NH 2 ) already residing at C5 has established that hydrogen and bromine are susceptible to electrophilic and acid‐catalyzed nucleophilic substitution, respect‐tively. In one instance a strong nucleophile (hydrazine) gave nucleophilic substitution at position 6 which was followed by a reaction with the o ‐nitrile group to afford the tricyclic nucleoside 4,5‐diamino‐8‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3′, 4′ :5,4] pyrrolo[2,3‐ d ] pyrimidine (4).
Manganese‐enhanced MRI of mouse heart during changes in inotropy (2001)

Recently the dual properties of manganese ion (Mn2+) as an MRI contrast agent and a calcium analogue to enter excitable cells has been used to mark specific cells in brain and as a potential intracellular cardiac contrast agent. Here the hypothesis that in vivo manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) can detect changes in inotropy in the mouse heart has been tested. T1-weighted images were acquired every minute during an experimental time course of 75 min. Varying doses of Mn2+ (3.3–14.0 nmoles/min/g BW) were infused during control and altered inotropy with dobutamine (positive inotropy due to increased calcium influx) and the calcium channel blocker diltiazem (negative inotropy). Infusion of MnCl2 led to a significant increase in signal enhancement in mouse heart that saturated above 3.3 ± 0.1 nmoles/min/g BW Mn2+ infusion. At the highest Mn2+ dose infused there was a 41–47% increase in signal intensity with no alteration in cardiac function as measured by MRI-determined ejection fractions. Dobutamine increased both the steady-state level of enhancement and the rate of MRI signal enhancement. Diltiazem decreased both the steady-state level of enhancement and the rate of MRI signal enhancement. These results are consistent with the model that Mn2+-induced enhancement of cardiac signal is indicative of the rate of calcium influx into the heart. Thus, the simultaneous measurement of global function and calcium influx using MEMRI may provide a useful method of evaluating in vivo responses to inotropic therapy. Magn Reson Med 46:884–890, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized Fluoroalkyl Heterocycles by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions with γ‐Fluoro‐α‐nitroalkenes. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Improved Large-Margin Softmax Loss for Speaker Diarisation (2020)

Speaker diarisation systems nowadays use embeddings generated from speech segments in a bottleneck layer, which are needed to be discriminative for unseen speakers. It is well-known that large-margin training can improve the generalisation ability to unseen data, and its use in such open-set problems has been widespread. Therefore, this paper introduces a general approach to the large-margin softmax loss without any approximations to improve the quality of speaker embeddings for diarisation. Furthermore, a novel and simple way to stabilise training, when large-margin softmax is used, is proposed. Finally, to combat the effect of overlapping speech, different training margins are used to reduce the negative effect overlapping speech has on creating discriminative embeddings. Experiments on the AMI meeting corpus show that the use of large-margin softmax significantly improves the speaker error rate (SER). By using all hyper parameters of the loss in a unified way, further improvements were achieved which reached a relative SER reduction of 24.6% over the baseline. However, by training overlapping and single speaker speech samples with different margins, the best result was achieved, giving overall a 29.5% SER reduction relative to the baseline.