gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distributed-System Failures: Observations and Implications for Testing ; CU-CS-994-05 (2005)

Distributed software systems are notoriously difficult to test.As in all software testing, the space of potential test cases for distributed systems is intractably large and so the efforts of testers must be directed to the scenarios that are most important.Unfortunately, there does not currently exist a general-purpose, disciplined, and effective testing method for distributed systems.In this paper we present an empirical study of failures experienced by the users of seven open-source distributed systems.The goal of the study is to understand the extent to which there are patterns, commonalities, and correlations in the failure scenarios, such that one could define an improved testing method for distributed systems.Our results indicate that: a new generation of testadequacy criteria are needed to address the failures that are due to distribution; the configurations that cause user-reported failures are reasonably straightforward to identify; and generic failure observations (i.e., those for which reusable techniques can be developed) are strongly correlated to the distributed nature of system failures.The second two results in particular imply that there is a reasonable bound on the effort required to organize the testing activity.Overall, the study gives us some early confidence that it is feasible to consider a testing method that targets distributed systems.The results of this study are offered as a basis for future work on the definition of such a method.
THE PRICE OF MERCY: COMMENT TO THE PAPER "PREVENTION OF BETA-THALASSEMIA IN NORTHERN ISRAEL - A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS” BY KOREN ET AL (2014)

COMMENT TO THE PAPER "PREVENTION OF BETA-THALASSEMIA IN NORTHERN ISRAEL - A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS” BY KOREN ET AL
Splenectomy for Hematologic Disease (1984)

Between 1956 and 1981, 306 splenectomies for hematologic diseases were performed at the UCLA Medical Center. Of these operations, more than 75% were performed for therapeutic reasons to control anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or painful symptoms of splenomegaly. Of the 65 patients who had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 77% showed an excellent response, and of the 39 patients who had hereditary spherocytosis, 90% responded. Other diseases with predictably good response rates were autoimmune hemolytic anemias, Felty's syndrome, and hairy cell leukemia. Forty patients with Hodgkin's disease had splenectomies for diagnostic purposes the last 10 years. The overall morbidity and mortality were 24% and 6%, respectively, the most common complications being pneumonia, wound infections, and local postoperative bleeding, and the most common cause of death being sepsis. The review supports the thesis that in carefully selected patients, therapeutic splenectomy can have desirable palliative effects and that diagnostic splenectomy has a sufficiently low risk to warrant its consideration in patients with Hodgkin's disease.
유아의 시간이해 -4세 유아를 중심으로- (2009)

본 연구는 4세 유아들의 시간 이해 정도를 알아보고자하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 유아들의 시간에 관한 용어의 사용을 통한 시간 이해를 분석하고 시간의 순서, 연속에 대해 관찰 분석하였다. 이를 위해 경기도 성남시의 어린이집에 다니는 4세 유아들의 자유놀이 시간 그들의 상호작용을 관찰하였으며, Seefeldt(2005), Melendez, Beck, & Fletcher(2000)의 연구에 기초하여 본연구자가 설정한 11가지 질문 내용을 중심으로 유아들을 면접하여 그 내용을 분석하였다. 그 결과 4세 유아들은 시간에 관한 용어를 사용하고 있었으며, 그 용어에 대한 이해를 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 유아들은 일시적으로 일어나는 과거 현재 미래에 대한 사건의 순서를 판단하고 있었으며, 매일의 사건이 순환하며 연속된다는 사실을 알고 있음을 알 수 있었다.
ChemInform Abstract: Neolignans from Piper kadsura and Their Antineuroinflammatory Activity. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
7'-Substituted amino acid conjugates of naltrindole. Hydrophilic groups as determinants of selective antagonism of .delta.1 opioid receptor-mediated antinociception in mice (1995)

A series of amino acid conjugates (2-6) of naltrindole (1) were synthesized from 7'-carboxynaltrindole (7) in order to obtain delta antagonists that would have minimal access to the central nervous system (CNS) upon peripheral administration. All of the ligands (2-7) were tested in smooth muscle preparations and found to be potent and selective delta opioid antagonists. Receptor binding showed 2-7 to be highly delta-selective, with Ki ratios (mu/delta, kappa/delta) ranging from 127 to 38,000. Two of the more selective conjugates, the glycinate 2 and aspartate 3, were evaluated by the iv and icv routes in mice, and they afforded very high iv/icv dose ratios (112,766 and 46,667, respectively) consistent with poor CNS penetration. The in vivo testing revealed that 2 and 3 are delta 1-selective antagonists, in contrast to naltriben and related ligands which are delta 2-selective. The fact that the binding data are not consistent with the in vivo data suggests that the origin of the selectivity of naltrindole congeners may be related to selective access to tissue compartments in the CNS rather than to binding affinity differences between delta opioid receptor subtypes.
A new species of Mycoleptodiscus from living foliage of Chamaecyparis thyoides (1992)

An undescribed species of Mycoleptodiscus was isolated commonly as an endophyte from living leaves of Chamaecyparis thyoides in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.This fungus is described as a new species and is illustrated from culture.This is the first Mycoleptodiscus species known to occur on a coniferous host.
Elevated levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 in severe murine peritonitis increase neutrophil recruitment and mortality (1997)

We hypothesized that chemokines may play important roles in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of septic peritonitis in CD-1 mice. Concentrations of C-X-C (macrophage inflammatory protein 2 [MIP-2] and ENA-78) and C-C (MIP-1alpha and JE) chemokines were measured (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in serum, peritoneal lavage fluid, lung, and liver at 4, 8, 24, 48, and 96 h after CLP. Significant elevations in all measured chemokines occurred in peritoneal fluid after CLP (P < 0.05). MIP-2, in particular, increased dramatically (>400-fold, P < 0.001) in peritoneal fluid, serum, and to a lesser extent lung and liver (P < 0.05). Increased MIP-2 was correlated with severity of sepsis (P < 0.001). To determine the significance of this finding, mice were passively immunized prior to CLP with polyclonal antibody to MIP-2, which decreased mortality from 85 to 38% at 96 h (P < 0.01). To further understand the mechanism of the effect of MIP-2, additional measurements demonstrated that anti-MIP-2 prior to CLP decreased the percent neutrophils in peritoneal fluid (55% +/- 12%, compared with 82% +/- 10% in controls), but no significant changes in tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, or interleukin-10 occurred. MIP-2 contributes to the inflammatory response and overall mortality in this model of severe septic peritonitis, possibly by increasing recruitment of neutrophils, which clear bacteria but may also injure the host.
Characterization of Nickel-Decorated PLGA Particles Anchored with a His-tagged Polycation (2009)

The pharmacological impact of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) as transcription factors decoys (anti-sense) depends on the efficiency of cellular uptake. In this study, we sought to generate nickel-decorated particles to facilitate the entry of ODN into dendritic cells (DCs), the primary instigators of immune responses. Nickel ions were incorporated into the matrix of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles using the metal chelating lipid DOGS-NTA-Ni. Submicrometer-sized PLGA particles containing nickel ions (PLGA-Ni) were formed using a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. Infrared spectroscopy provided chemical proofs of nickel incorporation into the PLGA matrix. Binding of the polycation O10H6 raised the surface potential of PLGA-Ni from -17 mV to +13 mV. This change was partially reserved by the presence of free imidazole, suggesting the binding was mediated by nickel-histidine coordination. When compared to PLGA particles without nickel, ODN bound to O10H6-coated PLGA-Ni particles exhibited enhanced capacity to accumulate in DCs cultured in vitro. DCs exhibited cellular stress after exposure to PLGA-Ni complexed with O10H6 and DNA, but this effect can be prevented by serum and was reversed overnight. These data suggest PLGA-Ni should be further explored as a nucleic acid carrier in the context of anti-sense gene down-regulation.
Sequential parameter estimation using pseudoinverse (1974)

This correspondence presents the method for solution of the parameter estimation problem in an entirely sequential fashion. In this procedure each measurement is processed as it is received, without regard to whether it and the prior measurements have established a minimal observable data set, or without the assumption a priori of a covariance matrix in the manner of the Kalman filter. During the period prior to the establishment of the minimal data set the estimate maintains the character of the pseudo-inverse constraint, that of minimum norm. In addition at each measurement, a parameter is available for deciding whether this measurement has increased the observability of the system.
Analysis of R-R Intervals in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation at Rest and During Exercise (1970)

Serial autocorrelation functions and histograms of R-R intervals in patients with atrial fibrillation, with and without digitalis, at rest and during exercise, were produced by a computer. At rest with and without digitalis the first and higher order coefficients did not differ from zero. During exercise (also with and without digitalis) only the first autocorrelation coefficient became slightly positive (in the order of 0.07) whereas the form of the histograms was profoundly altered by both exercise and digitalis. The change in form of the histograms reveals the change in electrophysiologic properties of the A-V conduction system. Since the serial autocorrelation functions were not influenced by digitalis and only slightly by exercise, the conclusion seems justified that the refractory period of, and the concealed conduction in, the A-V system cannot be (solely) responsible for the random nature of the ventricular rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. The effect of randomly spaced atrial impulses of random strength reaching the A-V node from random directions can explain these results.
Atomic force microscopy analysis of cell volume regulation (2008)

Cells swell in response a hypoosmotic challenge. By converting osmotic pressure to hydrostatic pressure at the cell membrane via van't Hoff's law, and converting that to tension via Laplace's law one predicts that the cell membrane should stretch and become stiff. We tested this prediction using the atomic force microscopy. During osmotic swelling cells did not become stiff and generally became softer. This result contradicts the assumption of the cell membrane as the constraining element in osmotic stress but is consistent with the cytoskeleton acting as a cross-linked gel. Models of the cells' response to osmotic stress must include energy terms for three-dimensional stresses.
A simulation model for evaluation of distributed processing in multi-hop packet radio networks (2002)

The authors describe a simulation model developed to aid in the evaluation of distributed processing scenario in a highly dynamic environment such as a multihop packet radio network. The simulation model has a set of identical packet radio nodes, employs spread spectrum random access protocols, and has an error model that includes the effects of interference from concurrent transmission as well as that induced by an on-off partial band jammer. An abstract description of hierarchical primary and subtask structures has been devised wherein a distributed task is described by a script that specifies processing time, sequences of subtasks, and lengths of request and response messages. The features of multihop packet radio networks are described that are relevant to the effort. The details of the network simulation, including the transport features are given. The distributed task scenario description is outlined. Some typical numerical results obtained from simulations are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hemodynamic Consequences of Malignant Ascites in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Surgery* (2015)

Malignant ascites (MA) is most commonly observed in patients scheduled for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) surgery and is supposed as a major risk factor promoting perioperative hemodynamic deterioration. We aimed to assess the hemodynamic consequences of MA on systemic circulation in patients undergoing cytoreductive EOC surgery.This study is a predefined post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled pilot trial comparing intravenous solutions within a goal-directed algorithm to optimize hemodynamic therapy in patients undergoing cytoreductive EOC surgery. Ascites was used to stratify the EOC patients prior to randomization in the main study. We analyzed 2 groups according to the amount of ascites (NLAS: none or low ascites [<500 mL] vs HAS: high ascites group [>500 mL]). Differences in hemodynamic variables with respect to time were analyzed using nonparametric analysis for longitudinal data and multivariate generalized estimating equation adjusting the analysis for the randomized study groups of the main study.A total of 31 patients in the NLAS and 16 patients in the HAS group were analyzed. Although cardiac output was not different between groups suggesting a similar circulatory blood flow, the HAS group revealed higher heart rates and lower stroke volumes during surgery. There were no differences in pressure-based hemodynamic variables. In the HAS group, fluid demands, reflected by the time to reindication of a fluid challenge after preload optimization, increased steadily, whereas stroke volume could not be maintained at baseline resulting in hemodynamic instability after 1.5 h of surgery. In contrast, in the NLAS group fluid demands were stable and stroke volume could be maintained during surgery. Clinically relevant associations of the type of fluid replacement with hemodynamic consequences were particularly observed in the HAS group, in which transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was associated to an improved circulatory flow and reduced vasopressor and fluid demands, whereas the administration of artificial infusion solutions was related to opposite effects.Malignant ascites >500 mL implies increased fluid demands and substantial alterations in circulatory blood flow during cancer surgery. Fresh frozen plasma transfusion promotes recovering hemodynamic stability in patients with malignant ascites >500 mL, in whom artificial infusion solutions could not prevent from hemodynamic deterioration.
‘Big money’: The tournament player and the PGA, 1945–75 (2000)

(2000). ‘Big money’: The tournament player and the PGA, 1945–75. Contemporary British History: Vol. 14, Amateurs and Professionals in Post-War British Sport, pp. 60-80.
Defining functional DNA elements in the human genome (2014)

With the completion of the human genome sequence, attention turned to identifying and annotating its functional DNA elements. As a complement to genetic and comparative genomics approaches, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements Project was launched to contribute maps of RNA transcripts, transcriptional regulator binding sites, and chromatin states in many cell types. The resulting genome-wide data reveal sites of biochemical activity with high positional resolution and cell type specificity that facilitate studies of gene regulation and interpretation of noncoding variants associated with human disease. However, the biochemically active regions cover a much larger fraction of the genome than do evolutionarily conserved regions, raising the question of whether nonconserved but biochemically active regions are truly functional. Here, we review the strengths and limitations of biochemical, evolutionary, and genetic approaches for defining functional DNA segments, potential sources for the observed differences in estimated genomic coverage, and the biological implications of these discrepancies. We also analyze the relationship between signal intensity, genomic coverage, and evolutionary conservation. Our results reinforce the principle that each approach provides complementary information and that we need to use combinations of all three to elucidate genome function in human biology and disease.
A Note on Covariance-Invariant Digital Filter Design and Autoregressive Moving Average Spectrum Analysis (1979)

e (ARMA) discrete-time sequence {Xk} with covariance sequence {RJ. Equations are given for the solution of the AR coefficients {ak}; in terms of the covariances {Rk} ipl, and subsequent solution for the MA coefficients {bk}: in terms of the AR coefficients and the covariances {Rk}:-'. The results are derived and presented somewhat differently than usual to complement the results of [ 11 for the synthesis of covarianceinvariant digital fiiters. In the context of spectrum analysis, the results
Effects of Oxatomide and KW-4679 on Acetylcholine-Induced Responses in the Isolated Acini of Guinea Pig Nasal Glands (1995)

The antiallergic drugs oxatomide and KW-4679 were assessed to show inhibitory effects on ionic currents and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) increase induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in isolated acini of the guinea pig nasal gland. Both K+ and Cl- currents evoked by ACh were inhibited by addition of oxatomide and KW-4679 at the concentration of 10(-5) M. KW-4679 (10(-5) M) inhibited the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by ACh, whereas no effect of oxatomide (10(-5) M) on Ca2+ responses was observed. These findings suggest that both drugs suppress electrolyte and fluid secretion in the nasal glands by different mechanisms.
Synthesis and Application of Modular Phosphine–Phosphoramidite Ligands in Asymmetric Hydroformylation: Structure–Selectivity Relationship (2009)

A series of hybrid phosphine-phosphoramidite ligands has been designed and synthesized in moderate yields from chiral BINOL (1,1'-bi-2-naphthol) or NOBIN (2-amino-2'-hydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl). They have achieved highly regio- and enantioselectivities in Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylations of styrene derivatives (branched/linear ratio up to 56.6, ee up to 99 %), vinyl acetate derivatives (up to 98 % ee), and allyl cyanide (up to 96 % ee). Systematic variation of ligand structure showed that the steric factor on the phsophoramidite moiety determined the performance of the ligand. With the increased hindrance, the branched/linear ratio rose, while the ee value dropped in the hydroformylation of styrene. However, the N-substituents did not influence the selectivities much.
Individual-Based Modeling of Potential Poliovirus Transmission in Connected Religious Communities in North America With Low Uptake of Vaccination (2014)

Heterogeneity in immunization coverage represents a risk factor for potential outbreaks of polio if introduction of a LPV occurs, although overall high population immunity in North America suggests that transmission would remain relatively limited. Efforts to prevent spread between Amish church districts with any feasible measures may offer the best opportunity to contain an outbreak and limit its size.
N‐8‐Substituted Benztropinamine Analogues as Selective Dopamine Transporter Ligands. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and determination of absolute configuration of a non-peptidic αvβ6 integrin antagonist for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2016)

A diastereoselective synthesis of (S)-3-(3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-4-((R)-3-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoic acid (1), a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, which is currently undergoing Phase I clinical trials is reported. The key steps in the synthesis involved alkylation of 2-methylnaphthyridine with (R)-N-Boc-3-(iodomethyl)-pyrrolidine, and an asymmetric Rh-catalysed addition of an arylboronic acid to a 4-(N-pyrrolidinyl)crotonate ester. The overall yield of the seven linear step synthesis was 8% and the product was obtained in >99.5% ee proceeding with 80% de. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by an alternative asymmetric synthesis involving alkylation of an arylacetic acid using Evans oxazolidinone chemistry, acylation using the resulting 2-arylsuccinic acid, and reduction. The absolute configuration of the benzylic asymmetric centre was established as (S).
STUDIES INTO THE TRANSPLANTATION BIOLOGY OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-INDUCED TUMORS (1977)

The majority of skin tumors induced in mice by ultraviolet (UV) light are rejected when implanted into normal syngeneic recipients. Subcarcinogenic levels of UV light exposure render the normally resistant mice susceptible to tumor challenge. The immunoregulatory effect of UV light appears to be additive, since the growth rate of a tumor transplant is dependent upon the length of UV exposure administered prior to implantation. This suppressive influence does not appear to be directly mediated by the UV light, because the amputation of UV-irradiated tail skin allows for a retention of tumor resistance in otherwise tumor-susceptible hosts. UV-irradiated mice could also be immunized against UV tumors, which suggests that immune recognition of tumor-specific transplantation antigens has not been inhibited. The ability of UV exposure to alter normal immunological reactivity to UV-induced tumors is possibly an integral factor in the mechanism underlying UV carcinogenesis.
Increased growth ability and pathogenicity of American- and Pacific-subtype Zika virus (ZIKV) strains compared with a Southeast Asian-subtype ZIKV strain (2019)

We investigated the growth properties and virulence in mice of three Zika virus (ZIKV) strains of Asian/American lineage, PRVABC59, ZIKV/Hu/Chiba/S36/2016 (ChibaS36), and ZIKV/Hu/NIID123/2016 (NIID123), belonging to the three distinct subtypes of this lineage. The American-subtype strain, PRVABC59, showed the highest growth potential in vitro, whereas the Southeast Asian-subtype strain, NIID123, showed the lowest proliferative capacity. Moreover, PRVABC59- and NIID123-infected mice showed the highest and lowest viremia levels and infectious virus levels in the testis, respectively, and the rate of damaged testis in PRVABC59-infected mice was higher than in mice infected with the other two strains. Lastly, ZIKV NS1 antigen was detected in the damaged testes of mice infected with PRVABC59 and the Pacific-subtype strain, ChibaS36, at 2 weeks post-inoculation and in the epididymides of PRVABC59-infected mice at 6 weeks post-inoculation. Our results indicate that PRVABC59 and ChibaS36 exhibit increased abilities to grow in vitro and in vivo and to induce testis damage in mice.
Scientific Collaboration Results in Higher Citation Rates of Published Articles (2006)

A correlation exists between the number of authors and the number of times an article is cited in other articles. Investigators who are open to collaborations and those who seem to adequately manage those collaborations produce a superior product that results in a higher impact.