gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Short-range optical OFDM (2012)

This paper presents a proof-of-concept for a short range underwater optical wireless communication system. It investigates of the use of Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OOFDM) as a modulation scheme and presents the characteristics of the underwater propagation channel for amplitude modulated optical waves. Although system under investigation utilizes a data rate of 1 Mbpsm, it is evident that higher data rates are possible with minor changes in the optical front-end hardware and the signal processing chain. To evaluate the system performance, tests were conducted in clear water for distances up to three meters and in three simulated scenarios of dirty water (deep, medium and shallow) for a distance of half a meter. All test were performed in a controlled laboratory environment using a water tank. The performance of the system has been evaluated using offline processing of the received OOFDM symbols. The Bit-Error Rate (BER) performance of the system is investigated as function of bandwidth, distance of transmission, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Additionally, the transfer function of the optical underwater channel characteristics are presented along with measured statistics of delay spread of the channel to show the presence or absence of multi-path effects. It should be noted that the intended application of this system is docking of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles, where high speed data transfers are essential. Another possible application is data collection from deployed sensors gathering data over a long periods of time.
Account: ZEKE spectroscopy: high resolution laser spectroscopy in a modified time-of-flight mass spectrometer (1996)

In this article, a method for high-resolution laser spectroscopy of ions—termed ZEro-Kinetic Energy spectroscopy (ZEKE)—is reviewed. Emphasis will be put on a more recent, mass-selective version (mass-analyzed ZEKE). A detailed description of the apparatus, designed and built at the Technische Universität München, will first be given. In a second part, we outline two applications which are particularly suited to illustrate the potential of the method. We hope to demonstrate to the mass spectrometry community the close connection between a ZEKE spectrometer and a conventional reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Adding one single electrostatic field lens to the extraction field region of a TOF-MS allows to go far beyond mass analysis, distinguishing, for example, between isomeric structures or determining the geometric structure of molecular ions.
Determining the vertical correlation of interfacial roughness in multilayer films using x-ray scattering* (1994)

Multilayers have many interesting and potentially useful properties (mechanical, electronic, magnetic, and optical). They have drawn considerable scientific and technological interest. Their performance is frequently closely related to their structural perfection. Interfacial roughness is an imperfection that is always present in multilayers. The sources of interfacial roughness can be considered broadly as induced by either the film formation itself or by interdiffusion between species during or after the completion of the interface. Interfacial roughness contains information about the underlying atomic mechanisms during growth. An accurate description of the interfacial roughness is crucial not only in understanding the influence of roughness on the performance of multilayers, but also in elucidating the atomic processes that occur during growth.
Maximizing the output energy of a linear channel with a time- and amplitude-limited input (1992)

The problem of maximizing the output energy of a linear time-invariant channel, given that the input signal is time and amplitude limited, is considered. It is shown that a necessary condition for an input mu to be optimal, assuming a unity amplitude constraint is that it satisfy the fixed-point equation=sgn (F( mu )), where the functional F is the convolution of mu with the autocorrelation function of the channel impulse response. It is also shown that all solutions to this equation for which mod mu mod =1 almost everywhere correspond to local maxima of the output energy. Iteratively recomputing mu from the fixed-point equation leads to an algorithm for finding local optima. Numerical results are given for the cases where the transfer function is ideal low-pass and has two poles. These results support the conjecture that in the ideal low-pass case the optimal input signal is a single square pulse. A generalization of the preceding fixed-point condition is also derived for the problem of maximally separating N outputs of a discrete-time, linear, time-invariant channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Synthesis of sucrose carbonates in aqueous medium (1998)

Mono-O-allyloxycarbonyl sucrose derivatives have been prepared by reaction of unprotected sucrose with allyl chloroformate in pure water, whereas the presence of a co-solvent is necessary in the case of the reaction with octyl chloroformate, for which polysubstitution is favoured because of hydrophobic interactions.
Production of Prednisolone by n Pseudo-Crystallo-Fermentation Technique : Effect of Fermentation Parameters (1989)

Effect of various fermentation parameter was investigated on the production of prednisolone by microbial '-dehydrogenation of hydrocortisone. The microbial conversion process was conducted by using pseudo-crystallo-fermentation techniques. The optimum temperature for the bioconversion process was found to be 35. It was noted that the production rate of prednisolone was little affected within the initial pH range of 6.5-7.8, and also by the use of surfactant, Tween 80. Production rate of prednisolone was significantly reduced by the use of the antifoam agent, neolin. In a fermentor operation, however, large amount of antifoam agent should be used to remove foams generated by the high aeration rate, which resulted in n lower production rate of prednisolone than that from the shake flask experiment.
PICTIVE---an exploration in participatory design (1991)

This paper describes PICTIVE, an experimental participatory design technique that is intended to enhance user participation in the design process. PICTIVE combines low-tech objects with high(er)-tech video recording. The low-tech objects — i.e., non-computer representations of system functionality — are intended to insure that all participants have equal opportunity to contribute their ideas. The video recording makes record-keeping easy, reduces social distance during the design session, and may give rise to informal video “design documents.” The session proeeedsbyakind ofbrainstorming, with the low-tech objects used to express each participant’s ideas to the others. This paper describes our initial experiences with the PICTIVE technique, informal analyses about why the teehnique works, and several Bellcore projeets and products to which it has been applied.
Damage Evolution of Delayed Fracture in Woven GFRP under Hot Water Environment (2009)

Present paper deals with the delayed fracture in woven GFRP underwater at elevated temperature. The tensile test of GFRP after water immersion was conducted to evaluate the residual strength ater immersion at various water temperatures. The residual strength of GFRP decreased with the increase in the water temperature and the immersion time. In fact, the transition in failure mode with water immersion was ascertained from SEM observation of the fracture surface. Additionally, creep test in air and under hot water at 95°C was conducted. The creep rupture time decreased drastically with water immersion, in contrast, creep rupture wasn’t observed from the creep test in air. It was clarified that the water immersion generated the transition in the failure mode of GFRP and therefore led to the acceleration of the strength degradation.
ICMP Locator Update message (2011)

This note specifies an experimental ICMPv6 message type used with the
Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP). This message is used to
dynamically update Identifier/Locator bindings for an existing ILNP
session. This is a product of the IRTF Routing RG.
Claudin-2 deficiency associates with hypercalciuria in mice and human kidney stone disease (2020)

The major risk factor for kidney stone disease is idiopathic hypercalciuria. Recent evidence implicates a role for defective calcium reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. We hypothesized that claudin-2, a paracellular cation channel protein, mediates proximal tubule calcium reabsorption. We found that claudin-2-null mice have hypercalciuria due to a primary defect in renal tubule calcium transport and papillary nephrocalcinosis that resembles the intratubular plugs in kidney stone formers. Our findings suggest that a proximal tubule defect in calcium reabsorption predisposes to papillary calcification, providing support for the vas washdown hypothesis. Claudin-2-null mice were also found to have increased net intestinal calcium absorption, but reduced paracellular calcium permeability in the colon, suggesting that this was due to reduced intestinal calcium secretion. Common genetic variants in the claudin-2 gene were associated with decreased tissue expression of claudin-2 and increased risk of kidney stones in 2 large population-based studies. Finally, we describe a family in which males with a rare missense variant in claudin-2 have marked hypercalciuria and kidney stone disease. Our findings indicate that claudin-2 is a key regulator of calcium excretion and a potential target for therapies to prevent kidney stones.
Gate-workfunction engineering using poly-(Si,Ge) for high-performance 0.18 μm CMOS technology (2002)

We show that poly-SiGe can be readily integrated as a gate material into an existing CMOS technology to achieve significant increase in the transistor performance. In order to preserve the standard salicidation scheme, a buffer poly-Si layer is introduced in the gate stack. PMOST channel profiles are optimized to account for the change of the gate workfunction. High-performance CMOS 0.18 /spl mu/m devices are manufactured using p- and n-type poly-Si/Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ gates.
Hydro-MRI of the Small Bowel: Effect of Contrast Volume, Timing of Contrast Administration, and Data Acquisition on Bowel Distention (2006)

The data indicate that sufficient contrast consumption and optimal timing of data acquisition are essential to distention of the small bowel. Oral contrast agent protocols should be adapted to the bowel region in question.
The design of a universal class store (2002)

Persistent object stores have invoked much interest in recent years with the combination of the concepts of an object repository and the reuse of code and class definitions. One such store implemented at the University of Cape Town (UCT), exhibits the problems underlying most of these stores in that they require to have their own environment and open their own operating system, thus making them inaccessible to users on standard computer systems. Perhaps the most efficient methods of implementing such stores, in modern large address space computers uses memory mapping and distributed shared memory to provide access to the object store. Whereas if the use of memory mapping for objects is very efficient in a high speed local environment it presents problems when implemented over a wide area network. One alternative approach is the access of the object store by means of remote procedure calls to an object server. This paper describes work being undertaken to combine these two approaches by using the facilities provided by the OSF DCE to provide high reliability remote access, while using the distributed shared memory paradigm to provide high speed local access. The description of the object store and the access mechanisms using DCE are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Iodine Mono Chloride with Some Alcohols (1973)

Abstract Kinetics of the reaction of ICl with some aliphatic alcohols, methanol to n-butanol and isobutyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, have been studied by the conductance method at five different temperatures. Arrhenius parameters have been determined. Plot of log k against the reciprocal of dielectric constant has been drawn to test the applicability of the Amis and Jaffé equation. Energy of activation has been correlated with polarity of alcohols. The IR analysis of the product shows a sharp peak at 1620 cm−1, which confirms a (O–I) bond stretching in the product. From these results a reasonable mechanism has been suggested as follows: ICl\xrightarrowfastI++Cl− (1) R–O–H+I+\xrightarrowslowR–O–I+H+ (2)
Low-Complexity Energy-Efficient Scheduling for Uplink OFDMA (2011)

Energy-efficient wireless communication is very important for battery-constrained mobile devices. For mobile devices in a cellular system, uplink power consumption dominates the wireless power budget because of RF power requirements for reliable transmission over long distances. Our previous work in this area focused on optimizing energy efficiency by maximizing the instantaneous bits-per-Joule metric through iterative approaches, which resulted in significant energy savings for uplink cellular OFDMA transmissions. In this paper, we develop energy efficient schemes with significantly lower complexity when compared to iterative approaches, by considering time-averaged bits-per-Joule metrics. We consider an uplink OFDMA system where multiple users communicate to a central scheduler over frequency-selective channels with high energy efficiency. The scheduler allocates the system bandwidth among all users to optimize energy efficiency across the whole network. Using time-averaged metrics, we derive energy optimal techniques in "closed forms" for per-user link adaptation and resource scheduling across users. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes not only have low complexity but also perform close to the globally optimum solutions obtained through exhaustive search.
The Quantitative Measurement of DNA Hybridization from Renaturation Rates (1970)

A new method is proposed to measure relatedness amongst bacteria, based on renaturation rate determinations of DNA types and their mixture. The equations, relating the degree of binding with renaturation rates, are calculated for several cases. The optimal conditions for measurements are given. The method was checked in several ways. The advantages are summarized.
Expression of the P2Y1Nucleotide Receptor in Chick Muscle: Its Functional Role in the Regulation of Acetylcholinesterase and Acetylcholine Receptor (2001)

In vertebrate neuromuscular junctions, ATP is stored at the motor nerve terminals and is co-released with acetylcholine during neural stimulation. Here, we provide several lines of evidence that the synaptic ATP can act as a synapse-organizing factor to induce the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in muscles, mediated by a metabotropic ATP receptor subtype, the P2Y(1) receptor. The activation of the P2Y(1) receptor by adenine nucleotides stimulated the accumulation of inositol phosphates and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in cultured chick myotubes. P2Y(1) receptor mRNA in chicken muscle is very abundant before hatching and again increases in the adult. The P2Y(1) receptor protein is shown to be restricted to the neuromuscular junctions and colocalized with AChRs in adult muscle (chicken, Xenopus, and rat) but not in the chick embryo. In chicks after hatching, this P2Y(1) localization develops over approximately 3 weeks. Denervation or crush of the motor nerve (in chicken or rat) caused up to 90% decrease in the muscle P2Y(1) transcript, which was restored on regeneration, whereas the AChR mRNA greatly increased. Last, mRNAs encoding the AChE catalytic subunit and the AChR alpha-subunit were induced when the P2Y(1) receptors were activated by specific agonists or by overexpression of P2Y(1) receptors in cultured myotubes; those agonists likewise induced the activity in the myotubes of promoter-reporter gene constructs for those subunits, actions that were blocked by a P2Y(1)-specific antagonist. These results provide evidence for a novel function of ATP in regulating the gene expression of those two postsynaptic effectors.
Drastic alterations in the loop structure around colchicine upon complex formation with an engineered lipocalin indicate a conformational selection mechanism (2023)

Using Anticalin technology, a lipocalin protein dubbed Colchicalin, with the ability to bind the toxic plant alkaloid colchicine with picomolar affinity, has previously been engineered, thus offering a potential antidote in vivo and also allowing its sensitive detection in biological samples. To further analyze the mode of ligand recognition, the crystal structure of Colchicalin is now reported in its unliganded form and is compared with the colchicine complex. A superposition of the protein structures revealed major rearrangements in the four structurally variable loops of the engineered lipocalin. Notably, the binding pocket in the unbound protein is largely occupied by the inward-bent loop #3, in particular Ile97, as well as by the phenylalanine side chain at position 71 in loop #2. Upon binding of colchicine, a dramatic shift of loop #3 by up to 11.1 Å occurs, in combination with a side-chain flip of Phe71, thus liberating the necessary space within the ligand pocket. Interestingly, the proline residue at the neighboring position 72, which arose during the combinatorial engineering of Colchicalin, remained in a cis configuration in both structures. These findings provide a striking example of a conformational adaptation mechanism, which is a long-known phenomenon for antibodies in immunochemistry, during the recognition of a small ligand by an engineered lipocalin, thus illustrating the general similarity between the mode of antigen/ligand binding by immunoglobulins and lipocalins.
Constructing LDPC Codes by 2-Lifts (2007)

With the motivation of constructing Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes with low error floors, we propose a new code construction scheme based on random 2-lifts. An analysis on stopping set distributions of the proposed code ensembles is presented. The analysis shows that low-weight stopping sets in the resulting codes are typically the results of stopping sets with weak graph expansion properties in the base graphs. Based on this analysis, we propose a set of design criteria for constructing codes with low error floors. According to the design criteria, stopping sets with weak graph expansion properties should be avoided in the base graphs. We present numerical results on constructing capacity-approaching codes over Binary Erasure Channels (BEC). The numerical results show that the codes by the proposed scheme have significantly lower error floors compared with the codes by the standard construction.
Diversity of tRNA genes in eukaryotes (2006)

We compare the diversity of chromosomal-encoded transfer RNA (tRNA) genes from 11 eukaryotes as identified by tRNAScan-SE of their respective genomes. They include the budding and fission yeast, worm, fruit fly, fugu, chicken, dog, rat, mouse, chimp and human. The number of tRNA genes are between 170 and 570 and the number of tRNA isoacceptors range from 41 to 55. Unexpectedly, the number of tRNA genes having the same anticodon but different sequences elsewhere in the tRNA body (defined here as tRNA isodecoder genes) varies significantly (10-246). tRNA isodecoder genes allow up to 274 different tRNA species to be produced from 446 genes in humans, but only up to 51 from 275 genes in the budding yeast. The fraction of tRNA isodecoder genes among all tRNA genes increases across the phylogenetic spectrum. A large number of sequence differences in human tRNA isodecoder genes occurs in the internal promoter regions for RNA polymerase III. We also describe a systematic, ligation-based method to detect and quantify tRNA isodecoder molecules in human samples, and show differential expression of three tRNA isodecoders in six human tissues. The large number of tRNA isodecoder genes in eukaryotes suggests that tRNA function may be more diverse than previously appreciated.
Reducing conditions are the key for efficient production of active ribonuclease inhibitor in Escherichia coli (2011)

DTT highly improved both, periplasmic and cytoplasmic accumulation and activity of RI at low synthesis rate, i.e. in constructs harbouring weak recombinant synthesis rate stipulating genetic elements together with cultivation at low temperature. In a stirred bioreactor environment RI folding was strongly improved by repeated pulse addition of DTT at low aeration conditions.
EDM Drilling of Non-Conducting Materials in Deionised Water (2018)

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) of non-conducting materials currently is only possible with the help of an auxiliary conductive layer, known as assisting electrode, which must be regenerated after each discharge. Therefore, an assisting conductive layer is applied to the surface of the workpiece to initiate the discharge process. In order to continue erosion, the eroded surface regions must have a new conductive layer in contact with the original assisting conductive layer, which is typically achieved by depositing carbonaceous material through dielectric oil decomposition. In this paper, the renewal of such conductive layer is proposed to be done by material deposition from the tool electrode. This alternative solution enables machining of non-conductive materials in deionized water instead of dielectric oil. The deposition of material from tool electrode is achieved through erosion in very narrow interelectrode gaps and controlled short circuiting. It is shown that machining of zirconium dioxide ceramic (ZrO2) is possible in deionised water using the alternative method. This method shows the feasibility to machine holes up to 1.5 mm depth in ceramic applying 1 mm diameter electrode in deionised water. Further improvements in the process may lead to industrial applications, where the cooling holes in ceramic coated turbine blades can be drilled by the same machine and process.
A compliant, underactuated hand for robust manipulation (2014)

This paper introduces the iRobot-Harvard-Yale (iHY) Hand, an underactuated hand driven by five actuators that is capable of performing a wide range of grasping and in-hand repositioning tasks. This hand was designed to address the need for a durable, inexpensive, moderately dexterous hand suitable for use on mobile robots. The primary focus of this paper will be on the novel simplified design of the iHY Hand, which was developed by choosing a set of target tasks around which the hand was optimized. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of underactuated fingers that are capable of both firm power grasps and low-stiffness fingertip grasps using only the compliant mechanics of the fingers. Experimental results demonstrate successful grasping of a wide range of target objects, the stability of fingertip grasping, and the ability to adjust the force exerted on grasped objects using high-impedance actuators and underactuated fingers.
Electrically tunable power efficient dispersion compensating fiber Bragg gratings for dynamic operation in nonlinear lightwave systems (2003)

We demonstrate a power efficient (<0.5 W) tunable dispersion compensating fiber Bragg grating device and show for the first time dynamic optimization of dispersion in a nonlinear lightwave system. Operation is demonstrated in a 20 Gbit/s single channel NRZ system where the device was used to adjust the dispersion to the power-dependent optimal dispersion required for optimum performance.