gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hearing protector fit-testing: Spectrum uncertainty budgets (2017)

Hearing protection devices (HPD) are widely used to protect workers exposed to dangerous levels of noise. Their effective attenuation can nowadays be routinely assessed using Field Attenuation Estimation Systems (FAES), colloquially referred to as fit-test systems. FAES typically rely on the Personal Attenuation Rating (PAR x% ), a single number factoring in the attenuation obtained at the seven octave band frequencies from 125 to 8000 Hz, and accounting for the spectrum uncertainty component resulting from the different attenuation profiles of HPDs across these frequencies. In the current study, this spectrum uncertainty has been computed, for many types of HPDs, from various published laboratory datasets, including the NIOSH Hearing Protector Device Compendium. The study includes a detailed spectrum uncertainty budget for the various categories of earplugs (roll-down foam, premolded, formable, push-to-fit, custom molded, etc.), semi-inserts and earmuffs. These values have been expressed at the 95 th percentile for a direct use in the upcoming ANSI S12.71 standard on FAES.
On the use of SSIM in HEVC (2013)

The Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index has been attracting an increasing amount of attention recently in the video coding community as a perceptual criterion for testing and optimizing video codecs. Meanwhile, the arrival of the new MPEG-H/H.265 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard creates new opportunities and challenges in perceptual video coding. In this paper, we first elaborate what are the attributes that make SSIM a good candidate for perception-based development of HEVC and future video coding standards for both testing and optimization purposes. We then address the computational issues in practical applications of SSIM in HEVC, in particular the trade-off between efficient computation and accurate estimation of SSIM when working with video codecs that have sophisticated block partitioning structures and aim for encoding videos with a wide range of spatial resolutions.
Experimental study of the spatial structure of high-energy ion sources in micropinch (2012)

Images of ion sources in the plasma of a micropinch discharge were recorded. The most intense ion source was found to be a ⩾1-mm-diameter 3-mm-long anode region. The main contribution to the images is made by single-charged ions of the plasma-forming element with energies of 10–50 keV.
Optimization of Carrier Multiplication for More Effcient Solar Cells: The Case of Sn Quantum Dots (2011)

We present calculations of impact ionization rates, carrier multiplication yields, and solar-power conversion efficiencies in solar cells based on quantum dots (QDs) of a semimetal, α-Sn. Using these results and previous ones on PbSe and PbS QDs, we discuss a strategy to select QDs with the highest carrier multiplication rate for more efficient solar cells. We suggest using QDs of materials with a close to zero band gap and a high multiplicity of the bands in order to favor the relaxation of photoexcited carriers by impact ionization. Even in that case, the improvement of the maximum solar-power conversion efficiency appears to be a challenging task.
Apoptosis in Brown Adipocytes: Implication in Obesity and Cancer (2000)

The maintenance of tissue homeostasis is a complex balance between the rate of cell proliferation and the rate of cell death, although the balance favours apoptosis during some stages of embryogenesis or during the physiological involution of adult tissues. Apoptosis is a physiological programmed cell death that only affect individual cells and did not produce inflammatory response. Many diseases are associated with the induction or inhibition of apoptosis, that leads to cell loss (neurodegenerative disorders or ischemic injury), or cell accumulation disorders (cancer or autoinmmune disorders). In our laboratory, we have developed a model of non fibroblastic mesenchymal cell, the foetal brown adipocytes, that respond to IGF-I/insulin increasing cellular proliferation and differentiation. Our results show that serum deprivation in a brown adipocyte cell line induces apoptosis. The inhibition of caspases rescues these cells from apoptosis, decreasing the expression of Bcl-xS and increasing Bcl-2 expression. Insulin and IGF-I are survival factors in these cells through a PI 3-kinase/Akt and MAPK-dependent
1-Methoxyallenyllithium (2001)

[61186-66-1] C4H5LiO (MW 76.03) (acryloyl carbanion equivalent; reagent for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, methoxybutadienes, acylsilanes, methoxycyclopropanes; reagent for annulation of 2-furanones, methoxyfurans, methylenecyclopentanones, and hydroxyquinones) Alternate Name: (1-methoxy-1,2-propadienyl)lithium. Physical Data: parent allene: bp 51.5–52.5 °C/760 mmHg;2 nD20 1.4264;2 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 6.77 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.48 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2 H), 3.42 (s, 3 H).3 Preparative Methods: methoxyallene2, 4 is easily prepared from Propargyl Alcohol by conversion to the methyl ether with aqueous Sodium Hydroxide and Dimethyl Sulfate followed by treatment with finely powdered Potassium tert‐Butoxide for 2–3 h at 70 °C. The overall yield of methoxyallene, following vacuum distillation, is 82% (eq 1).5 Use of a heating mantle should be avoided; uneven heating during the isomerization or the distillation leads to polymerization of the sensitive allene. The allene can be stored over K2CO3 at −20 °C for several weeks without appreciable decomposition. Abstraction of the α-hydrogen atom from methoxyallene takes place rapidly on treatment with n‐Butyllithium in ether at −30 °C.6 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the parent allene is best stored at −20 °C, or below, over anhydrous K2CO3. Hydrolysis or polymerization take place in the presence of acid.
Trajectory-Based Ball Detection and Tracking in Broadcast Soccer Video (2006)

This paper presents a novel trajectory-based detection and tracking algorithm for locating the ball in broadcast soccer video (BSV). The problem of ball detection and tracking in BSV is well known to be very challenging because of the wide variation in the appearance of the ball over frames. Direct detection algorithms do not work well because the image of the ball may be distorted due to the high speed of the ball, occlusion, or merging with other objects in the frame. To overcome these challenges, we propose a two-phase trajectory-based algorithm in which we first generate a set of ball-candidates for each frame, and then use them to compute the set of ball trajectories. Informally, the two key ideas behind our strategy are 1) while it is very challenging to achieve high accuracy in locating the precise location of the ball, it is relatively easy to achieve very high accuracy in locating the ball among a set of ball-like candidates and 2) it is much better to study the trajectory information of the ball since the ball is the "most active" object in the BSV. Once the ball trajectories are computed, the ball locations can be reliably recovered from them. One important advantage of our algorithm is that it is able to reliably detect partially occluded or merged balls in the sequence. Two videos from the 2002 FIFA World Cup were used to evaluate our algorithm. It achieves a high accuracy of about 81% for ball location
Structured and simultaneous Lyapunov functions for system stability problems (1989)

Abstract It is shown that many system stability and robustness problems can be reduced to the question of when there is a quadratic Lyapunov function of a certain structure which establishes stability of x = Ax for some appropriate A. The existence of such a Lyapunov function can be determined by solving a convex program. We present several numerical methods for these optimization problems. A simple numerical example is given.
A multi-representational design data capture system (2002)

A new design data capture system called FALcyber (function and logic cybernetic design framework) that unifies several different design representations is presented. To unify the representations, the system uses a database oriented toward design data objects. The database uses a base object from which all design representation data objects are derived. Design data are compiled incrementally into a common database used by a simulator, a logic synthesizer, and a functional test data generation assistant. System designers can select the representation most suitable for their needs and easily switch between representations. With this system, the readability of design data is greatly improved, easing the debugging process and resulting in substantial savings in design time. FALcyber was found to be an effective design tool for designs of over a million lines of HDL (hardware description language).
Adaptive responses of total artificial heart animals to treadmill exercise. (1994)

The hemodynamic and metabolic adaptations to exercise in five calves implanted with the Utah-100 total artificial heart (TAH) were investigated. The outputs of the left and right ventricles (LCO, RCO) were measured with a cardiac output monitoring and diagnostic unit (COMDU). Arterial and venous oxygen content (CaO2, CvO2) and blood lactate levels (Lac) were measured by blood gas analysis and enzymatic methods. Oxygen consumption (VO2), oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen extraction rate (EO2), index of metabolic adequacy (IMA), and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (SVR, PVR) were calculated. The intensity of exercise was categorized into three horizontal grades: low speed (LS) 0.7-1.0 mph, medium speed (MS) 1.0-1.4 mph, and high speed (HS) 1.4-1.8 mph, each for 30 min. During LS, MS, and HS exercise, the LCO, RCO, LAP, RAP, VO2, DO2, and EO2 all increased, and the SVR and PVR decreased. During exercise, there was a positive correlation between DO2, EO2, and VO2. The blood pH, BE, SBE, and lactate levels were within normal ranges, and the IMA exceeded 1.5, denoting that tissue perfusion was adequate and anaerobic metabolism did not occur. This study implies that Utah-100 TAH animals could physiologically accommodate to exercise with an intensity of up to 1.8 mph for 30 min by increasing cardiac preload, cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and oxygen extraction rate, and by decreasing systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance without transition to anaerobic metabolism.
Dynamic of Surface-Mediated Director Reorientation in a Cell with Dye Doped Liquid Crystal (2004)

We report on investigation of a light-induced anchoring of dye-doped liquid crystal(LC)in nematic phase. Contributions of light-induced dye adsorption and desorption processes as well as of the bulk-induced reorientation effect were separated by choosing specific geometries of the light irradiation. We propose a model that explains peculiarities of light-induced easy axis producing in nematic phase which differs from one in isotropic phase due to presence of anisotropic dark-adsorbed layer and effective bulk-induced director reorientation.
Photonics of cyanine dyes of different ionicity in matrices of halogen-containing derivatives of PEPC (2017)

Photonics of cyanine dyes of different ionicity in matrices of halogen-containing derivatives of PEPC polymers were studied. It was shown that in the presence of heavy atoms the intensity of both the fast and delayed fluorescence of the dyes is lower in comparison with the polymer matrix without atoms I or Br. The presence of heavy atoms in the structure of polymers leads to the appearance or enhancement of the phosphorescence of dyes due to an increase in the spin-orbit interaction in the dye molecule and an increase in the rate of singlet-triplet transitions in the presence of a polymer with a large number of heavy atoms.
ON AXIOMATIC PRODUCTS OF PDL AND S5: SUBSTITUTION, TESTS AND KNOWLEDGE ⁄ (2002)

Propositional dynamic logic (P DL for short) [5] is an expressive, powerful and convenient logical tool to reason about programs or actions. It has found applications in various fields of computer science, which range from program verification to multi-agent systems. In computer science
Interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α induce an immunoinhibitory molecule, B7-H1, via nuclear factor-κB activation in blasts in myelodysplastic syndromes (2010)

During disease progression in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), clonal blasts gain a more aggressive nature, whereas nonclonal immune cells become less efficient via an unknown mechanism. Using MDS cell lines and patient samples, we showed that the expression of an immunoinhibitory molecule, B7-H1 (CD274), was induced by interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) on MDS blasts. This induction was associated with the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nearly completely blocked by an NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). B7-H1(+) MDS blasts had greater intrinsic proliferative capacity than B7-H1(-) MDS blasts when examined in various assays. Furthermore, B7-H1(+) blasts suppressed T-cell proliferation and induced T-cell apoptosis in allogeneic cocultures. When fresh bone marrow samples from patients were examined, blasts from high-risk MDS patients expressed B7-H1 molecules more often compared with those from low-risk MDS patients. Moreover, MDS T cells often overexpressed programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) molecules that transmit an inhibitory signal from B7-H1 molecules. Taken together, these findings provide new insight into MDS pathophysiology. IFNgamma and TNFalpha activate NF-kappaB that in turn induces B7-H1 expression on MDS blasts. B7-H1(+) MDS blasts have an intrinsic proliferative advantage and induce T-cell suppression, which may be associated with disease progression in MDS.
Comparison of clinical outcomes and genomic characteristics of single focus and multifocal glioblastoma Anna K. PaulssonJordan A. HolmesAnn M. PeifferLance D. Miller • Wennuan LiuJianfeng XuWilliam H. HinsonGlenn J. Lesser • Adrian W. LaxtonStephen B. TatterWaldemar DebinskiMichael D. Chan (2014)

We investigate the differences in molecular signature and clinical outcomes between multiple lesion glioblastoma (GBM) and single focus GBM in the modern treatment era. Between August 2000 and May 2010, 161 patients with GBM were treated with modern radiotherapy techniques. Of this group, 33 were considered to have multiple lesion GBM (25 multifocal and 8 multicentric). Patterns of failure, time to progression and overall survival were compared based on whether the tumor was considered a single focus or multiple lesion GBM. Genomic groupings and methylation status were also investigated as a possible predictor of multifocality in a cohort of 41 patients with available tissue for analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival (p 0.3) between
Monoclonal antibodies against the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus strain AF2240 (2007)

The Malaysian velogenic-viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain AF2240 is the reference strain that has often been used for vaccine development. Eight hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against NDV strain AF2240 were established as a result of fusion between myeloma Sp2/0-Ag14 and Balb/c B-lymphocytes. Isotyping of mAbs showed that clones 1B9, 2D6 and 9D7 produced IgG1, clones ID5, 5A10 and 5F10 produced IgG2a and clones 2G3 and 5E10 produced IgG3. All the mAbs possessed kappa (K) light chain. The mAbs were reacted towards the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of the virus and able to inhibit in the haemagglutination with chicken red blood cells but not the haemolysis-inhibition test which confirmed that they were specific to the HN glycoprotein and not to fusion protein.
Production of pure water and dry salt from NaCl solutions via percrystallisation by supported carbon membranes (2023)

Membrane percrystallisation is an alternate crystallisation process where a membrane disperses aqueous salt solution into a thin film on the permeate side. This thin film can be instantaneously vaporised to form pure water vapor and dry, crystallised salt under vacuum conditions. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that supported carbon membranes are a viable configuration for the percrystallisation of saline solutions. Within the work, the carbon materials in powder and supported membrane form were produced from polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) by pyrolysis at temperatures ranging from 450 and 800 °C. Porosity analysis identified that the materials do not adsorb gas. This suggests that the materials are non-porous or the pores are not accessible at the analysis conditions. All produced membranes were of supported nature with approximate thickness of 8 μm. The flux measurement revealed that the membranes, despite being similar in thickness, resulted in variable flux exhibiting a parabolic profile, with a maximum flux obtained (18 kg m−2 h−1) when tested for percrystallisation at 50 °C. The membranes maintained structural integrity when operated with 3.5 to 10 wt% NaCl solutions at 50 °C. However, membranes began to degrade when operating with 20 wt% solutions at 70 °C. The solid product analysis showed that the NaCl produced by percrystallisation is crystalline NaCl, with various morphological properties. The analysis also revealed that the particle size and shape depends on the solution flux through the membrane with smaller crystals at higher fluxes. The results of this study are used to propose a mechanism of salt formation for the percrystallisation of aqueous salt solutions.
Digital and Analogue Instrumentation: Testing and measurement (2003)

A substantial update of his earlier IEE book, Modern Electronic Test and Measuring Instruments, the author provides a state-of-the art review of modern families of digital instruments. For each family he covers internal design, use and applications, highlighting their advantages and limitations from a practical application viewpoint.The book also treats new digital instrument families such as DSOs, Arbitrary Function Generators, FFT analysers and many other common systems used by the test engineers, designers and research scientists.
Vitamin D hydroxylases (1992)

There are three mixed function oxidases which catalyze hydroxylations of vitamin D and its derivatives. These include the hepatic mitochondrial or microsomal vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase and the two renal mitochondrial enzymes which further hydroxylate 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (25-OH-D3) to form 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the primary steroid hormonal derivative of vitamin D3. All three enzymes are cytochrome P450 dependent. The two renal mitochondrial enzymes are regulated, usually in a reciprocal fashion. The intracellular signalling systems involved in this regulation include 1,25(OH)2D3 itself and both protein kinases A and C. Recent progress has been made in the purification and cloning of the vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase and the 25-OH-D3-24-hydroxylase. When the 25-OH-D3-1-hydroxylase is purified and cloned, efforts which have thus far been frustrated by its low abundance, fertile new ground for the study of the regulation of vitamin D metabolism at the molecular level will be opened up.
ROAT: morphology of ROAT on arm, neck and face in formaldehyde and diazolidinyl urea sensitive individuals (2006)

The morphology of early allergic contact dermatitis reactions was studied in formaldehyde allergic individuals exposed to a cream product preserved with 4 different concentrations of diazolidinyl urea. The study was made using a dose-escalating design in 3 different anatomical regions, the upper arm, neck and face. On the arm and neck, the dominant initial morphology was an eczematous papular eruption. In the face, the initial skin changes were more homogeneous and infiltrated erythema.
Tryptophan 650 of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor, implicated in the activation of JAK2, is also required for G- CSF-mediated activation of signaling complexes of the p21ras route (1996)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces rapid phosphorylation of JAK kinases as well as activation of the p21ras route through interaction with its specific receptor (G-CSF-R). The cytoplasmic membrane-proximal region of G-CSF-R (amino acids 631 to 684) is necessary for proliferation induction and activation of JAK2. In contrast, activation of Shc and Syp, signaling molecules implicated in the p21ras signaling route, depends on the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues located in the membrane-distal region (amino acids 685 to 813) of G-CSF-R. We investigated whether G-CSF-induced activation of signaling complexes of the p21ras route depends on the function of the membrane-proximal cytoplasmic region of G-CSF-R. A G-CSF-R mutant was constructed in which tryptophan 650 was replaced by arginine and expressed in BAF3 cells (BAF/W650R). In contrast to BAF3 cell transfectants expressing wild-type G-CSF-R, BAF/W650-R cells did not proliferate and did not show activation of JAK2, STAT1, or STAT3 in response to G-CSF. Immunoprecipitations with anti-Shc and anti-Grb2 antisera showed that mutant W650R also failed to activate Syp and Shc. These data indicate that the membrane-proximal cytoplasmic domain of G-CSF-R is not only crucial for proliferative signaling and activation of JAK2 and STATs, but is also required for activation of the p21ras route, which occurs via the membrane-distal region of G-CSF-R.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRIDS: VOLUME 3 - POLYMERIC GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT OF EMBANKMENTS OVER WEAK SOILS. FINAL REPORT (1992)

This report reviews the state-of-the-art insofar as polymeric geogrid reinforcement of embankments over weak soils is concerned. It then proceeds into design concepts and geogrid properties and test methods. The focal section follows which is on geogrid specifications for reinforced embankments over weak soils along with two illustrative problems. The report ends with elements of construction guidelines insofar as the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is concerned. A set of Appendices is also offered which gives the different test procedures used in the design specification section of the report.
Medical Therapy for Stent Discomfort (2012)

Indwelling ureteral stents are associated with high rates of morbidity, including urinary frequency, urgency, and flank pain. These symptoms have been associated with increased narcotic requirement, decreased quality of life, and decreased attendance in the workplace. Methods to ameliorate stent-related morbidity are needed to provide comprehensive care following ureteroscopy with stent placement. The pathophysiology of stent discomfort is likely related to trigonal irritation, ureteral spasm, changes in stent position with ambulation, and vesicoureteral reflux. Ureteral contraction is mediated by intracellular calcium influx, and this process is regulated by alpha-stimulatory and beta-inhibitory adrenergic signaling. This system has served as the primary target for pharmacologic agents to reduce stent pain.Alpha blockers (tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily) and alfuzosin (10 mg daily) have demonstrated efficacy in reducing stent morbidity in multiple randomized clinical trials as well as recent meta-analyses. Anticholinergic therapy (tolterodine ER 4 mg daily) has also been demonstrated to reduce stent-related morbidity in a randomized trial. Calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and anti-inflammatories have shown promising effects in preclinical studies and other settings. Innovations in stent design (including drug-eluting ureteral stents) and intravesical therapies are likely to lead to improvements in stent-related morbidities.