gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluoro-olefin chemistry. Part X. Some additions to 1-fluoropropene under ionic and free-radical conditions (1976)

The reactions of bromine with cis- or trans-1-fluoropropene under ionic conditions result in stereospecific anti-additions, and the addition of hydrogen bromide gives 1-bromo-1-fluoropropane exclusively. Photoreaction of hydrogen bromide with the olefin affords hydrogen, the 1 : 1 adducts, MeCH2·CHFBr and MeCHBr·CH2F, in the ratio 90 : 10, and the olefin dibromide. Similarly photoreaction of trifluoroiodomethane with the olefin also results in bidirectional addition and the adducts, CF3·CHMe·CHFl and MeCHl·CHF·CF3, are formed in the ratio 49 : 51; under thermal conditions the adduct ratio is 46 : 54. The photoreaction of methanethiol with the olefin gives hydrogen, dimethyl disulphide, and 1,1-bis(methylthio)propane; 1 : 1 adducts were not detected in the products.
The Effect of Animated Transitions on User Navigation in 3D Tree-Maps (2006)

This paper describes a user study conducted to evaluate the use of smooth animated transitions between directories in a three-dimensional, tree-map visualization. We looked specifically at the task of returning to a previously visited directory after either an animated or instantaneous return to the root location. The results of the study show that animation is a double-edged sword. Even though users take more shortcuts, they also make more severe navigational errors. It seems as though the promise of a more direct route to the target directory, which animation provides, somehow precludes users who navigate incorrectly from applying a successful recovery strategy.
Motion Blur Corner Cases (2021)

This chapter describes efficient ways to handle some corner cases in motion-blurred acceleration structures for ray tracing. We discuss the handling of geometries sampled at different time intervals, how to efficiently ound the movement of geometries undergoing linear transformation and linear deformation at the same time, and a heuristic for bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) construction that helps the surface area heuristic adapt to the presence of incoherent motion.
Quantum Superposition of Macroscopic Persistent-Current States (2000)

Microwave spectroscopy experiments have been performed on two quantum levels of a macroscopic superconducting loop with three Josephson junctions. Level repulsion of the ground state and first excited state is found where two classical persistent-current states with opposite polarity are degenerate, indicating symmetric and antisymmetric quantum superpositions of macroscopic states. The two classical states have persistent currents of 0.5 microampere and correspond to the center-of-mass motion of millions of Cooper pairs.
Subcellular Localization of the Sigma-1 Receptor in Retinal Neurons — an Electron Microscopy Study (2015)

The Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is known to play a protective role in the central nervous system including the retina. A major barrier for understanding the underlying mechanism is an ambiguity of S1R subcellular localizations. We thus conducted the first electron microscopy (EM) study of S1R subcellular distribution in the mouse retina. Immuno-EM imaging showed previously under-appreciated S1R presence in photoreceptor cells. Unlike in other cell types in previous reports, in photoreceptor cells S1R was found in the nuclear envelope but not localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), raising a possibility of S1R-mediated modulatory mechanisms different than conventionally thought. While in bipolar cells S1R was detected only in the nuclear envelope, in ganglion cells S1R was identified predominantly in the nuclear envelope and found in the ER as well. A predominant localization of S1R in the nuclear envelope in all three retinal neurons implicates a potential role of S1R in modulating nuclear activities. Moreover, its absence in the plasma membrane and presence in the subsurface ER cisternae that are juxtaposed to the plasma membrane in ganglion cells may lend mechanistic insights generally important for frequently reported S1R modulations of ion channels in neurons.
Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with alterations in placental lipoprotein receptors and maternal lipoprotein composition (2006)

Among other factors, fetal growth requires maternal supply of cholesterol. Cellular cholesterol uptake is mainly mediated by the LDL receptor (LDL-R) and the scavenger receptor family. We hypothesized that expression levels of key receptors of these families were regulated differently in placentas from IUGR pregnancies with varying degrees of severity. Third-trimester placentas from IUGR pregnancies with (IUGR-S) and without (IUGR-M) fetal hemodynamic changes and from control (AGA) pregnancies were studied. LDL-R, LDL-R-related protein (LRP-1), and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) mRNA and protein levels were measured. Cholesterol concentration and composition of lipoproteins were analyzed enzymatically and by lipid electrophoresis, respectively, in maternal and umbilical cord blood. LDL-R mRNA levels in IUGR-M were similar to AGA but lower (P < 0.05) in IUGR-S. In contrast, LDL-R protein was twofold (IUGR-M) and 1.8-fold (IUGR-S) higher (P < 0.05) than in the AGA group. LRP-1 mRNA and protein levels were not altered in the IUGR cases. SR-BI mRNA was unchanged in IUGR, but protein levels were lower (P < 0.05) in IUGR-S than in the other groups. Maternal plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol were higher (P < 0.05) in the AGA group (188.5 +/- 23.6 mg/dl) than in the IUGR-S group (154.2 +/- 26.1). Electrophoretic mobility of the LDL fraction in maternal plasma demonstrated significant changes in migration toward higher values (AGA 0.95 +/- 0.06, IUGR-M 1.12 +/- 0.11, P < 0.001; IUGR-S 1.28 +/- 0.20, P = 0.002). We conclude that LDL-R and SR-BI levels are altered in IUGR pregnancies. These differences were associated with changes in LDL, but not HDL, mobility and cholesterol concentration in maternal circulation.
Synthesis of five and six‐membered cyclic glycerilic carbonates bearing exocyclic urethane functions (2012)

Abstract Five (5CGC) and six (6CGC) membered cyclic glycerilic carbonates having exocyclic urethane functions, as potential monomers for polyurethanes and polycarbonates, were prepared by two different routes: “two‐steps” and the “one‐pot” synthesis. For the “two‐steps” route, based on the consecutive aminolysis and transesterification reactions, a catalyst screening has been performed. Phosphazene showed the best catalytic activity and provided 5CGC and 6CGC in appreciable amounts whereas the other catalysts favored 5CGC formation. An increase in molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) increased the yield and the conversion. In the “one‐pot” synthesis, where aminolysis and transesterification were simultaneous, a competition between products formation was demonstrated. In addition to the formation of mono‐hydroxyurethanes and glycerilic cyclic carbonates (5CGC and 6CGC), the fast aminolysis of 6CGC and the slower aminolysis of 5CGC was responsible for a partial di‐hydroxyurethanes production. The controlled and combined effects of catalyst and DMC excess acting as solvent and reagent allowed to selectively controlling the aminolysis and the transesterification reactions. The same reaction conditions were used for the synthesis of bicyclic carbonates. These new molecules enriched with urethane functions, provided novel and more environmentally friendly synthons for the synthesis of polyurethanes without the use of phosgene or isocyanate.
A new architecture for FPGA implementation of a MAC unit for digital signal processors using mixed number system (2012)

Execution of arithmetic operations at very high speed in real time is the major concern in digital signal processing (DSP) because DSP algorithms are computation intensive. In recent times, Residue Number Systems (RNS) are considered as alternative to binary number system because of their capabilities of performing "carry-free" addition and Multiplication. Double Base Number Systems (DBNS), another non-binary number systems are also increasingly becoming attractive for signal processing applications due to their capabilities of handling arithmetic operations, particularly multiplication efficiently. However, the complexity involved in converting binary to DBNS becomes a major bottleneck and the efficiency of performance decreases considerably due to large conversion time. So RNS Adder and DBNS Multiplier can be used to implement multiply &amp; accumulate (MAC) units. Because RNS adders are less complex and faster compared to DBNS and DBNS multipliers are efficient compared to RNS multiplier. MAC units are the key units in Digital Signal Processors. In this paper we have shown how FIR filter can be implemented using the proposed "Mixed Number System MAC units".
Point smoke density measurement system design based on photoelectricity (2011)

Point smoke density measurement system plays the most important role while calibrating fire detector. Based on dimmer principle and photoelectricity technology, a measurement system is designed in this paper. As the emitting device, infrared LED provides light into the smoke measured. Corresponding driving circuit is designed to control On/Off of the LED and provide constant current. As the receiving device, photodiode is chosen to convert infrared light into weak current. The conditioning circuit converts the weak current into standard voltage to be measured. As the central unit, Sing Chip Microcomputer (SCM) acquires the standard voltage and communicate with PC by RS485 interface. The system designed possesses such advantages as high accuracy, more flexibility, lower power consume.
Direct measurement of gate depletion in high breakdown (405 V) AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors (2002)

A new measurement technique that directly reveals the extent of the gate depletion region in FETs by using floating Schottky gates as potential probes is presented. Measurements on GaN heterojunction field heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) show that large extension of the depletion width is responsible for the high dc breakdown voltages in these HFETs.
Rational Chemical Strategies for Carbon Nanotube Functionalization (2003)

Whereas the chemistry of fullerenes is well-established, the chemistry of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is a relatively unexplored field of research. Investigations into the bonding of moieties onto SWNTs are important because they provide fundamental structural insight into how nanoscale interactions occur. Hence, understanding SWNT chemistry becomes critical to rational, predictive manipulation of their properties. Among the strategies discussed include molecular metal complexation with SWNTs to control site-selective chemistry in these systems. In particular, work has been performed with Vaska's and Wilkinson's complexes to create functionalized adducts. Functionalization should offer a relatively simple means of tube solubilization and bundle exfoliation, and also allows for tubes to be utilized as recoverable catalyst supports. Solubilization of oxidized SWNTs has also been achieved through derivatization by using a functionalized organic crown ether. The resultant adduct yielded concentrations of dissolved nanotubes on the order of 1 g L(-1) in water and at elevated concentrations in a range of organic solvents, traditionally poor for SWNT manipulation. To further demonstrate chemical processability of SWNTs, we have subjected them to ozonolysis, followed by treatment with various independent reagents, to rationally generate a higher proportion of oxygenated functional groups on the nanotube surface. This protocol has been found to purify nanotubes. More importantly, the reaction sequence has been found to ozonize the sidewalls of these nanotubes. Finally, SWNTs have also been chemically modified with quantum dots and oxide nanocrystals. A composite heterostructure consisting of nanotubes joined to nanocrystals offers a unique opportunity to obtain desired physical, electronic, and chemical properties by adjusting synthetic conditions to tailor the size and structure of the individual sub-components, with implications for self-assembly.
On the quantitative assessment of the Lane Departure Warning System based on road scenes simulator (2012)

Vision-based Lane Departure Warning Systems (LDWSs) have been studied for over two decays. This paper presents an Objective Evaluation Platform of LDWS (OEP-LDWS). It provides simulated road scenes with the possible data as ground truth, such as the vehicle to road relation, vehicle's states and the real Time-to-Lane-Crossing (TLC) value. In our OEP-LDWS, different kinds of driving maneuver can be simulated with the road model, the vehicle model, the camera model and a vehicle trajectory generator. At the same time, the road scene that may be captured by the on board camera can be generated. Using our OEP-LDWS, one can not only evaluate the warning performance of the LDWS quantitatively, but also assess the whole performance under varying circumstance, such as different road surfaces, different road curvatures and so on. Actually, those assessments can hardly be evaluated through real driving test, and are very important aspects for a LDWS, such as warning strategy selection, system tailor. Using our OEP-LDWS, we assess our LDWS with three different warning strategies, and reach the conclusion that the PTLC is the best under the low false warning criterion.
A new approach to preparing Bi2Zr2O7 photocatalysts for dye degradation (2018)

A new synthetic route is presented to prepared pure Bi2Zr2O7 material, in which a NaNO3/KNO3 molten salt is used to obtain the resulting Bi2Zr2O7 at a relatively low temperature of 400 °C under atmospheric pressure. Powder x-ray diffraction confirmed the structure type and purity of the as-prepared sample, and further revealed that a single-source Bi(OH)3 · Zr(OH)4 · nH2O complex precursor plays a crucial role to synthesize Bi2Zr2O7 nanocrystals. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope show the morphologies and sizes of Bi2Zr2O7 crystal in detail, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance measurements evidenced the wide light absorption range. Furthermore, the as-synthesized Bi2Zr2O7 with smaller particle size and larger specific surface area exhibit superior photocatalytic activities compared with the sample obtained without adding molten salts.
Non-refractive modulators for encoding and capturing scene appearance and depth (2008)

We analyze the modulation of a light field via non-refracting attenuators. In the most general case, any desired modulation can be achieved with attenuators having four degrees of freedom in ray-space. We motivate the discussion with a universal 4D ray modulator (ray-filter) which can attenuate the intensity of each ray independently. We describe operation of such a fantasy ray-filter in the context of altering the 4D light field incident on a 2D camera sensor. Ray-filters are difficult to realize in practice but we can achieve reversible encoding for light field capture using patterned attenuating mask. Two mask-based designs are analyzed in this framework. The first design closely mimics the angle-dependent ray-sorting possible with the ray filter. The second design exploits frequency-domain modulation to achieve a more efficient encoding. We extend these designs for optimal sampling of light field by matching the modulation function to the specific shape of the band-limit frequency transform of light field. We also show how a hand-held version of an attenuator based light field camera can be built using a medium-format digital camera and an inexpensive mask.
APOE genotype modifies microglial immunometabolism (2022)

Abstract Background Metabolic dysfunction and neuroinflammation characterize Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but it is unclear if these two facets of the disease are linked. The E4 allele of Apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late‐onset AD and is associated with increased neuroinflammation. Recent data from our lab and others show that E4 is also associated with increased aerobic glycolysis. These two findings may be intrinsically linked through the concept of ‘immunometabolism’ ‐ an emerging paradigm that implicates increased glycolysis as a core requirement during pro‐inflammatory activation, whereas increased oxidative phosphorylation is required for anti‐inflammatory responses. Method Primary microglia were isolated from targeted replacement mice expressing human APOE isoforms and stimulated with pro‐inflammatory (lipopolysaccharide (LPS); IFNγ + TNFα) or anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10; IL‐4 + IL‐13) cytokines. Metabolic responses were measured using the Agilent Seahorse platform and targeted metabolomics. We also performed single‐cell RNA sequencing on brains from APOE targeted replacement mice at 3‐, 10‐, and 18 months of age +/‐ LPS. Result Seahorse revealed increased glycolysis and decreased mitochondrial respiration in E4 microglia. Targeted metabolomics revealed increased lactate and succinate in E4 microglia, metabolites known to accumulate in pro‐inflammatory macrophages. Aged E4 brains were uniquely found to harbor a metabolically distinct subcluster of microglia that expressed a signature similar to the established ‘disease associated microglia’ phenotype, even in the absence of neuropathology. SCENIC regulon analysis linked this cluster to the transcription network of HIF1a , and increased expression of HIF1a was validated in E4 microglia. In LPS‐treated animals, two distinct microglia subclusters emerged in E4 brains that were defined by altered expression of genes relating to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function. Conclusion Our findings reveal that age and LPS treatment induce a distinct metabolic response in E4 microglia. The accumulation of lactate and succinate and increased glycolysis in E4 microglia indicate altered metabolic preference conducive to pro‐inflammatory activation, whereas the decreased mitochondrial respiration may preclude effective anti‐inflammatory responses. We propose that this altered metabolism skews E4 microglia towards a phenotype that favors chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus, reprogramming metabolism in E4 microglia may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD.
1310 Prototyping of Cooperative Visualization Environment and Its application to Transdisplinary Fluid Integration Research (2007)

In this paper, we present the prototype of a novel cooperative visualization environment, called VIDELICET (<VI>___-sualization <DE>___-sign and <LI>___-fe C__-yclE__- managemenT__-), and explore datasets from transdisciplinary fluid integration research to illustrate the effective usage of the system.
Finite Element Modeling of Thermopiezomagnetic Smart Structures (2002)

Linearconstitutiveequationsofa thermopiezomagneticmedium involving mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal e elds are presented with the aid of a thermodynamic potential. A thermopiezomagnetic medium can be formed by bonding together a piezoelectric and magnetostrictive composite. Two energy functionals are dee ned. It is shown via Hamilton’ s principle that these functionals yield the equations of motion for the mechanical e eld, Maxwell’ s equilibrium equations for the electrical and magnetic e elds, and the generalized heat equation for the thermal e eld. Finite element equations for the thermopiezomagnetic media are obtained by using the linear constitutive equations in Hamilton’ s principle together with the e nite element approximations. The e nite element equations are utilized on an example two-layer smartstructure, which consistsof a piezoceramic (barium titanate ) layer at the bottom and a magnetoceramic (cobalt ferrite ) layer at the top. An electrostatic e eld applied to the piezoceramic layer causes strain in the structure. This strain then produces magnetic e eld in the magnetoceramic layer.
Photophone—an optical telephone receiver (1975)

The photophone (name originally given by A.G. Bell) is an optical telephone receiver based on the optoacoustic effect. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 58, Suppl. No. 1, Fall 1975.S53 90th Meeting: Theory will be given for a modern version intended to operate on a few mW of power modulated light from an optical fiber. The receiver consists of an absorption cell, a response-equalizing device such as an air column or diaphragm, a tapered acoustic tube acting as a transformer, and an earpiece similar to a conventional telephone earpiece including a response equalizing device. In an alternative version, the cell is directly coupled to the earpiece without a transformer. The photophone gives a flat (3 dB) response to power modulated light over the telephone voice band 300–3300 Hz. The optoacoustic effect is treated theoretically on the basis of a pseudogas model for solid absorbers in the form of a fine mesh. We find that the sensitivity (the optical power modulation required to produce a sound pressure level SPL =81 dB in a closed volume of 6 cm3, representing the earpiece pressed against the ear) is 2.8, 0.9 and 51 mW for the air-filled, xenon-filled, and direct-coupled photophones, respectively.
A wideband, dual-polarized connected crossed-dipole scalable array for SATCOM (2010)

This paper presents the design of a wideband connected crossed-dipole array with dual-polarization for SATCOM. The element design is able to cover a bandwidth of approximately 2:1, with wider bandwidths possible depending mainly on array size and balun design. This design also allows wide scanning (up to +/- 60 degrees across the full bandwidth) because elements are compact. Because the crossed dipoles have excellent isolation from each other (approx 30 dB), dual polarization can be achieved. The elements are also low-profile, with a height of 0.36 wavelengths at the high end of the frequency range. Feeding the elements requires only one vertical cable per element and polarization, and the elements themselves are contained in a single two-layer printed circuit board suspended over the ground plane. This array is highly suitable for use on SATCOM satellites, as it is lightweight, robust, efficient, easy to fabricate, able to handle high power, and straightforward to scale up or down in frequency. An 8×8 array panel has been fabricated, and measured directivities compare well with simulation.