gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First report of the potentially toxic marine diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia simulans (Bacillariophyceae) from the East Australian Current (2020)

SUMMARY Certain species of the marine diatom genus Pseudo‐nitzschia are responsible for the production of the domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that can bioaccumulate in the food chain and cause amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in animals and humans. This study extends our knowledge by reporting on the first observation of the potentially toxic species Pseudo‐nitzschia simulans from this region. One clonal strain of P. simulans was isolated from the East Australian Current and characterized using light and transmission electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analyses based on regions of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the D1–D3 region of the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear‐encoded ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA), as well as examined for DA production as measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Although this strain was non‐toxic under the defined growth conditions, the results unambiguously confirmed that this isolate is the potentially toxic species P. simulans – the first report of this species from the Southern Hemisphere.
Room temperature measurements of the 3D orientation of single CdSe quantum dots using polarization microscopy (2003)

Simple far-field emission polarization microscopy reveals that the emission transition dipole of CdSe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is twofold degenerate at room temperature. We measure, model, and compare polarization anisotropy statistics of CdSe QDs and DiI (a one-dimensional emitter). We find excellent agreement between experiment and theory if the transition dipole of CdSe QDs is assumed to be twofold degenerate. This implies that the three-dimensional orientation of the unique crystal axis in QDs can be determined at room temperature with polarization microscopy. We describe an optical setup to measure four polarization angles of multiple single QDs simultaneously and in real time (approximately equal to 16 Hz). We use this setup in a proof-of-concept experiment to demonstrate that the rotational motion of QDs can be monitored in various host matrices.
Characteristics of C4F8 plasmas with Ar, Ne, and He additives for SiO2 etching in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor (2003)

We have characterized the effect of adding Ar, Ne, and He noble gases to C4F8 inductively coupled plasmas for SiO2 etching. The systematic variation of their ionization potentials, metastable energy levels, and mass of the dominant ion in C4F8/X% discharges (X=He, Ne, or Ar) containing a high percentage of the noble gas provides a means to evaluate the relative importance of gas phase and surface processes in the etching of SiO2. The total ion flux, ion composition, FC deposition and etching rates, and composition of the surface reaction layer formed on Si or SiO2 in these discharges show systematic differences as a function of process parameters because of the different electron impact ionization thresholds for Ar, Ne, and He gases, and differences in the mass of the dominant ion for discharges containing a large proportion of the noble gas. For given experimental conditions (600 W and 20 mTorr for most of this work), Ar addition gives rise to the largest ion current density, and He to the smallest ion current density. When the noble gases are added to C4F8, the Ar+ ion flux contributes the largest percentage and He+ the smallest percentage of the total ion flux for the same dilution of C4F8 with the noble gases. Ion compositional analysis shows that CF+, CF3+, and CF2+ are the dominant ionic fluorocarbon (FC) species (in order of importance), and that they show similar trends as a function of added Ar, Ne, and He percentage. The fluxes of the more highly dissociated C+, F+, and SiFx+/COFx+ ions are greater when Ne and He are added to C4F8 than for Ar addition. Ion energy distributions of all ions are displaced to lower energies for C4F8/Ar discharges as compared with C4F8/Ne or C4F8/He plasmas. Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy was used to determine absolute densities of neutral CF, CF2, and COF2 radical species as a function of gas composition. The densities of CF2 and COF2 radical species were enhanced when Ne and He were added to C4F8 in comparison to Ar addition. Fluorocarbon deposition rates on unbiased Si substrates were measured and greater for C4F8 discharges with Ne or He additives than when Ar was added. Upon rf biasing of the substrates, the ion energies required for etching to take place are lowest for C4F8/Ar discharges, followed by C4F8/He and C4F8/Ne discharges. A comparison of x-ray photoelectron spectra of SiO2 surfaces exposed to C4F8/X% discharges at −10 V self-bias voltage shows pronounced differences in the chemical bond distribution of fluorocarbon films which can be explained by differences in momentum transfer to the surface and the associated bond breaking of deposited fluorocarbon layers on the surface. A comparison of SiO2 and Si etching rates in C4F8/X% discharges shows that for C4F8/Ne discharges containing more than 70%Ne the highest SiO2/Si but lowest SiO2/resist etching rate ratio is obtained.
Regulation of apical transporter of L‐DOPA in human intestinal Caco‐2 cells (2002)

The present study examined the nature of the apical inward L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) transporter in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, and whether protein kinases modulate the activity of this transporter. The apical inward transfer of L-DOPA was promoted through an energy-dependent and sodium-insensitive transporter (Km=33 microM; Vmax=2932 pmol/mg protein/6 min). This transporter was insensitive to N-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid, but competitively inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH; IC50=83 microM). The organic cation inhibitor decynium 24 failed to affect the accumulation of L-DOPA, whereas the organic anion inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocynatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) competitively inhibited L-DOPA uptake (IC50=83 microM). However, the apical-to-basal and basal-to-apical transepithelial transport and the cell accumulation of [3H]-PAH was close to that of [14C]-sorbitol and insensitive to DIDS (300 microM). Modulators of protein kinase A (PKA) [cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), forskolin, H-89 and cholera toxin], protein kinase G (PKG) [cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), zaprinast, LY 83583 and sodium nitroprusside] and protein kinase C (PKC) (phorbol 12,13-dibutirate and chelerythrine) failed to affect the accumulation of L-DOPA. The Ca2+/calmodulin inhibitors calmidazolium and trifluoperazine inhibited L-DOPA uptake (IC50s of 53 and 252 microM, respectively), but the rise of intracellular Ca2+ by A23187 (1 microM) and thapsigargin (1 microM) played no role on L-DOPA uptake. It is concluded that Caco-2 cells take up L-DOPA over the apical cell border through the sodium-independent and pH-sensitive L-type amino acid transporter.
Graphic simulation for inverse kinematics algorithms in visual servoing applications (2008)

A kinematical 3D model for hyper-redundant robots is created. A development environment for control applications for tentacle robots is created. This environment includes a personal library of mathematical functions typical for tentacle robots, a complex graphical engine to represent realist animations to illustrate the plane motion of the hyper-redundant robots, and a library of programming functions for creating, accessing, modification and destroying the instances of the different implemented classes. The advantages of such an application are numerous, the costs reduction and educational use of the simulator being the most important.
Life Cycle Assessment of CdTe PV Module Recycling (2009)

The photovoltaic industry considerably increased in the last years. Thin film technologies have grown at an even more significant rate than conventional silicon solar technologies. A market share of about 20 % for thin film solar modules is forecasted for the year 2020 and worldwide measures to increase the production capacities of photovoltaic manufacturers are recognized. Besides the increasing implementation of photovoltaic’s on the market it is strongly important not to lose sight of possible end-of-life strategies for used PV modules, like take back systems and recycling options. Due to the long life expectancy, today’s returns of used PV modules are relatively low, but it is expected that there will be a significant increase from the year 2020. PV manufacturers already identified the need for research on further treatment options of used PV modules and to develop technology specific recycling processes. Based on advanced recycling procedures, most materials used in PV modules can be returned on the market as valuable materials, or in case of plastics, energetically recovered. Regarding thin film technologies, the recycling of used modules could also provide an additional source of rare metals like tellurium or indium to satisfy the increasing demand of these materials on the market. For ecological purposes, the recycling of modules can furthermore contribute to a reduction of the environmental profile of the whole module life cycle. Using the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), these environmental benefits due to the recycling of PV modules can be quantified. At Chair of Building Physics (LBP) a Life Cycle Assessment study was carried out to evaluate the environmental profile of the recycling of CdTe modules. Based on latest industry data, the study presents LCA result of an already applied recycling process of CdTe solar modules. Within this study a detailed LCA model of the recycling is built up including the processing of used modules, the recycling and energy recovery of materials as well as the further treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. The study showed that the recycling of materials would contribute to a significant reduction of the environmental profile of end-of-life of CdTe modules. In total, the recycling of outgoing materials would reduce the Primary Energy demand in the End-of-Life from 81 MJ/m² to -12MJ/m² (reduction from around -93MJ/m²) and in terms of the Global Warming Potential from 6kg CO2-equiv./m² to -2,5 CO2-equiv./m² (reduction from around -8,5 kg CO2-equiv./m²). The paper gives an overview on the approach of the study, discusses the main outcomes and analyses the significance of recycling in relation to the environmental profile of the production and total life cycle of CdTe modules.
Shotokuseki Extract Promotes Keratinocyte Differentiation Even at a Low Calcium Concentration (2022)

The switch between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation is regulated by extracellular calcium levels, requiring high concentrations (&gt;1 mol/L) of extracellular calcium to induce differentiation. The Shotokuseki extract (SE) contains various ions such as calcium, but its effect on keratinocytes is unknown. This study focused on calcium-induced differentiation of keratinocytes and investigated the effects of simultaneous application of calcium and other ions on keratinocyte differentiation. The expression of differentiation markers increased when SE was added to a keratinocyte culture but not when only calcium was added at the same concentration present in SE. The calcium concentration in SE was found to be too low (0.01 mol/L) to induce differentiation of keratinocytes. In addition, the application of SE increased intracellular calcium concentration compared with calcium solution alone. Therefore, the induction of keratinocyte differentiation by SE is not calcium-dependent, or SE may alter the calcium sensitivity of keratinocytes. In our study, we found that simultaneous application of multiple ions and/or the application of trace ions may alter calcium sensitivity and the epidermal cell response. The function of ion transporters associated with these ions and the response of cells to ions depends largely on the balance among various ions and the function of trace ions.
Blocking of human immunodeficiency virus infection depends on cell density and viral stock age (1991)

Quantitative infectivity assays were used to study how the blocking activity of soluble CD4 (sCD4) is affected by sCD4 concentration, target cell density, and viral stock age. During incubation with 20 nM sCD4, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) stocks underwent irreversible inactivation. In contrast, inactivation with 2 nM sCD4 was almost entirely reversible. At lower sCD4 concentrations (less than or equal to 2 nM) and target cell densities of 6.25 x 10(4) ml-1, sCD4 blocking activity for HIV-1 gave a gp120-sCD4 association constant (Kassoc) of 1.7 x 10(9) M-1, which agrees with chemical measurements. At the higher density of 1.6 x 10(7) cells ml-1, however, the blocking activity was 20-fold less. During incubation of HIV-1 stock optimized for infectivity by rapid harvest, sCD4 blocking activity increased 20-fold during a 3-h window. These results show that competitive blocking activity depends strongly on target cell density and virion age. Thus, unappreciated variations in HIV stocks and assay conditions may hinder comparisons of blockers from laboratory to laboratory, and the age of HIV challenge stocks may influence studies of drug and vaccine efficacy. The results also suggest that blocking of viral particles in lymphoid compartments will require very high competitive blocker concentrations, which may explain the refractory outcomes from sCD4-based drug trials in humans.
An Empirical Study on Weak-Form of Market Efficiency of Selected Asian Stock Markets (2012)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the weak form of market efficiency of Asian four selected stock markets. We have taken a daily closing price of stock markets under the study from the 1st January 2000 to 31st March 2011 and also divided full sample in three interval periods, and have applied various test like Runs Test, Unit Root Test, Variance Ratio, Auto Correlation and other test. BSE Sensex has given the highest mean returns to the investor followed by SSE Composite and HANGSENG. BSE Sensex could be considered as high risk markets as it has reported the highest Standard Deviation. During the period BSE Sensex, HANGSENG and SSE Composite markets showed positive average daily returns except NIKKEI. The Runs Test indicated BSE Sensex and NIKKEI markets are weak form inefficient whereas HANSENG and SSE Composite hold weak form of efficiency. The time series for the full as well as sample period did not have a presence of unit root in the markets understudy. According to Auto correlation test it is inferred that the equity markets of the Asian region under the study remained inefficient for some lag whereas they were efficient for the other lag.
Characterization of cytochrome b5 reconstituted with a ferric chlorin and a ferric oxochlorin (1989)

The role of the electronic properties of the heme group of rat cytochrome b5 in biological electron transfer was investigated by substituting chlorin analogues for the native protoporphyrin IX prosthetic group. The resultant purified proteins displayed physical and chemical properties distinct from those of the native enzyme. Optical spectroscopy of the ferric chlorin substituted cytochrome b5 revealed a blue-shifted Soret at 404 nm and a band at 586 nm characteristically red-shifted from the protohemin absorption band. The reduced, reconstituted protein displayed maxima at 406, 418, 563, and 600 nm. The oxidized cytochrome b5 containing the oxochlorin analogue produced a red-shifted Soret with maxima at 338, 416, and 602 nm. The reduced species differed only in the visible region with absorption maxima at 508, 554, and 600 nm. Characterization by EPR spectroscopy of the oxochlorin-substituted cytochrome b5 yielded g values of 2.566, 2.375, and 1.756 and respective axial delta/lambda and rhombic V/lambda components of 2.857 and 3.287, indicating significant electronic distortion in the chlorin ring and an increase in electron donation from the axial histidine ligands. A decrease in the reduction potential of 52 +/- 5 mV (50 mM KPi, pH 7.0, 25 degrees C) for the chlorin-reconstituted cytochrome b5 was determined with respect to that of native cytochrome b5. The reduction potential for the oxochlorin-containing cytochrome b5 was unchanged from that of the native system. Both of the reconstituted proteins were found to be capable of transferring electrons to cytochrome c in a reconstituted system dependent on NADH and cytochrome b5 reductase, thus stimulating the activity of native cytochrome b5.
Efficient diode-pumped Er:KLu(WO_4)_2 laser at ∼161  μm (2018)

We report on an efficient diode-pumped continuous-wave erbium-doped monoclinic double tungstate laser. It is based on a 1 at. % Er<sup>3+</sup>:KLu(WO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (Er:KLuW) crystal cut along the N<sub>g</sub> optical indicatrix axis. The Er:KLuW microchip laser, diode pumped at 0.98 μm, generates 268 mW at 1.610 μm with a slope efficiency of 30%. The output is linearly polarized (E||N<sub>m</sub>), and the laser beam is nearly diffraction limited (Mp,m2<1.1). Spectroscopic properties of Er<sup>3+</sup> in KLuW are also presented. The stimulated-emission cross-section σ<sub>SE</sub> is 0.46×10<sup>-20</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> at ∼1.609 μm for E||N<sub>m</sub>. The microchip Er:KLuW laser outperforms the commercial Er,Yb:glass.
SU‐E‐T‐340: Predictive Models for Dosimetry of the Organs‐At‐Risk in Interstitial Gynecologic Brachytherapy (2013)

Purpose: In this work, mathematical models for the prediction of the D2cc of rectum and bladder in interstitial gynecologic brachytherapy based on geometric information, without the generation of a treatment plan, are discussed and validated. Methods: Previous plans were used to establish the relationship between D2cc and the overlapping volume of the organ‐at‐risk with the targeted area (C0) or a 1‐cm expansion of the target area (C1). Three mathematical models were evaluated: D2cc = a*C1+b (LIN); D2cc = a — exp(‐b*C0) (EXP); and a mixed approach (MIX), where both C0 and C1 were inputs of the model. The model's parameters were optimized on a training set, and the model predictive error (predicted D2cc — real D2cc) was calculated on a validation set. The data of 20 patients treated with interstitial gynecologic brachytherapy were used to perform a K‐fold cross validation analysis, with K = 2, 4, 6,8, 10, and 20. Results: MIX was associated with the smallest mean prediction error with error &lt;6.4% for an 18‐patient training set; LIN had an error &lt;8.5%; EXP had an error &lt; 8.3%. Best‐case‐scenario analysis showed that an error &lt;5% could be achieved for a 10‐patient training set with MIX, error &lt;7.5% for LIN and error &lt;7.0% for EXP. The error decreases with the increase in training set size, with the most marked decrease observed for MIX. Conclusion: Ten training cases allow the MIX model to predict D2cc for the organs‐at‐risk with an error &lt;5%. While clearly specific to clinical practice, the model can be used in the development of quality assurance tools to identify treatment plans with sub‐optimal sparing of the organs‐at‐risk. It can also be used to improve preplanning and in the development of real‐time intra‐operative planning tools.
Spergularia salina J.& K. Presl (1990)

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/4712/thumbnail.jpg
Thioflavin T as a fluorescence light-up probe for G4 formation (2014)

Thioflavin T (ThT) becomes fluorescent in the presence of the G-quadruplex structure such as that formed by the human telomeric motif. In this report, we extend and generalize these observations and show that this dye may be used as a convenient and specific quadruplex probe. In the presence of most, but not all, G4-forming sequences, we observed a large increase in ThT fluorescence emission, whereas the presence of control duplexes and single strands had a more limited effect on emission. This differential behavior allowed us to design a high-throughput assay to detect G4 formation. Hundreds of different oligonucleotides may be tested in parallel for G4 formation with a simple fluorescence plate reader. We applied this technique to a family of aptamers not previously recognized as G4-forming sequences and demonstrated that ThT fluorescence signal may be used to predict G4 formation.
High-resolution optical coherence tomography over a large depth range with an axicon lens (2002)

In optical coherence tomography, axial and lateral resolutions are determined by the source coherence length and the numerical aperture of the sampling lens, respectively. Whereas axial resolution can be improved by use of a broadband light source, there is a trade-off between lateral resolution and focusing depth when conventional optical elements are used. We report on the incorporation of an axicon lens into the sample arm of an interferometer to overcome this limitation. Using an axicon lens with a top angle of 160 degrees , we maintained 10-microm or better lateral resolution over a focusing depth of at least 6 mm. In addition to having high lateral resolution, the focusing spot has an intensity that is approximately constant over a greater depth range than when a conventional lens is used.
Purification and Cloning of an Apoptosis-Inducing Protein Derived from Fish Infected with Anisakis simplex , a Causative Nematode of Human Anisakiasis (2000)

While investigating the effect of marine products on cell growth, we found that visceral extracts of Chub mackerel, an ocean fish, had a powerful and dose-dependent apoptosis-inducing effect on a variety of mammalian tumor cells. This activity was strikingly dependent on infection of the C. mackerel with the larval nematode, Anisakis simplex. After purification of the protein responsible for the apoptosis-inducing activity, we cloned the corresponding gene and found it to be a flavoprotein. This protein, termed apoptosis-inducing protein (AIP), was also found to possess an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (C-terminal KDEL sequence) and H2O2-producing activity, indicating that we had isolated a novel reticuloplasimin with potent apoptosis-inducing activity. AIP was induced in fish only after infection with larval nematode and was localized to capsules that formed around larvae to prevent their migration to host tissues. Our results suggest that AIP may function to impede nematode infection.
Wave propagation and noncollisional heating in neutral loop and helicon discharges (2011)

Heating mechanisms in two types of magnetized low pressure rf (13.56 MHz) discharges are investigated: a helicon discharge and a neutral loop discharge. Radial B-dot probe measurements demonstrate that the neutral loop discharge is sustained by helicon waves as well. Axial B-dot probe measurements reveal standing wave and beat patterns depending on the dc magnetic field strength and plasma density. In modes showing a strong wave damping, the plasma refractive index attains values around 100, leading to electron-wave interactions. In strongly damped modes, the radial plasma density profiles are mainly determined by power absorption of the propagating helicon wave, whereas in weakly damped modes, inductive coupling dominates. Furthermore, an azimuthal diamagnetic drift is identified. Measurements of the helicon wave phase demonstrate that initial plane wave fronts are bent during their axial propagation due to the inhomogeneous density profile. A developed analytical standing wave model including Landau damping reproduces very well the damping of the axial helicon wave field. This comparison underlines the theory whereupon Landau damping of electrons traveling along the field lines at speeds close to the helicon phase velocity is the main damping mechanism in both discharges.
Confined Sol-Gel route to epitaxial Octahedral Molecular Sieve nanowires on silicon (2014)

26-30 Mai 2014
The Major Histocompatibility Complex Conserved Extended Haplotype 8.1 in AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (2009)

The CEH 8.1-specific haplotype association of MHC class III variants with AIDS-NHL closely resembles that observed for non-AIDS NHL. Corroboration of an MHC determinant of AIDS and non-AIDS NHL alike would imply an important pathogenetic mechanism common to both.