gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AASG Wells Data for the EGS Test Site Planning and Analysis Task (2013)

Temperature measurement data obtained from boreholes for the Association of American State Geologists (AASG) geothermal data project. Typically bottomhole temperatures are recorded from log headers, and this information is provided through a borehole temperature observation service for each state. Service includes header records, well logs, temperature measurements, and other information for each borehole. Information presented in Geothermal Prospector was derived from data aggregated from the borehole temperature observations for all states. For each observation, the given well location was recorded and the best available well identifier (name), temperature and depth were chosen. The "Well Name Source," "Temp. Type" and "Depth Type" attributes indicate the field used from the original service. This data was then cleaned and converted to consistent units. The accuracy of the observation's location, name, temperature or depth was note assessed beyond that originally provided by the service. Bottom hole temperature datasets from the AASG were downloaded from repository.usgin.org between May 16 and May 24, 2013. The data were cleaned to remove null and non-real entries, and units were standardized across all datasets. When selecting key attributes, specific criteria were used to determine the best available values. For temperature, corrected temperature was preferred, followed by measured temperature. For depth, depth of measurement was prioritized, with true vertical depth and driller total depth used as alternatives. Well identification was assigned based on the API number when available, followed by the well name, with the observation URI used as a last option.
Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of C N Functions (2009)

Abstract Chiral amines are important targets for synthetic chemists and attempts to prepare such compounds via enantioselective hydrogenation of an appropriate CN function date back to 1941. Originally, only heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts such as Pt black, Pd/C, or Raney nickel were employed. Remarkable progress has been made since the 1990s and a variety of very selective catalysts are now available for the enantioselective reduction of different types of CN functions. The first industrial application was announced in 1996. Despite progress, the enantioselective hydrogenation of prochiral CN groups such as imines, oximes, or hydrozones is still a challenge. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the enantioselective hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of various CN functions using chiral catalysts. Because the net transformation is the same for both types, the results of various substrate types are summarized together. In many cases, different catalyst types are required. For example, if hydrogen is used, the metal must be able to activate the very strong HH bonds, In contrast, the activation seems to be more facile for the transfer of donor molecules such as formic acid and Hantzch esters, which form aromatic products. This review covers the literature up to September 2007.
Deposition-temperature dependence of texture and magnetic properties of sputtered Ni/Fe multilayers (1997)

We present the effect of deposition temperature (Ts) on the structural and magnetic properties of sputtered Ni/Fe multilayers. As Ts increases above room temperature, a systematic change in texture from (111) to (200) and an increase in grain size are observed. Superlattice modulations are clearly visible in low-angle x-ray reflectivity measurements for all the multilayers deposited up to 250 °C. However, superlattice peaks intensities decrease with increasing Ts indicating enhanced mixing of Ni and Fe across interfaces. Nonmonotonic variations in electrical resistivity (ρs) and coercivity (Hc) with Ts are seen and explained in terms of the interplay between the increase in grain size and alloying at the interfaces. The total anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) as well as its field sensitivity increase with Ts.
The rice NLR pair Pikp-1/Pikp-2 initiates cell death through receptor cooperation rather than negative regulation (2020)

Abstract Plant NLR immune receptors are multidomain proteins that can function as specialized sensor/helper pairs. Paired NLR immune receptors are generally thought to function via negative regulation, where one NLR represses the activity of the second and detection of pathogen effectors relieves this repression to initiate immunity. However, whether this mechanism is common to all NLR pairs is not known. Here, we show that the rice NLR pair Pikp-1/Pikp-2, which confers resistance to strains of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae ) expressing the AVR-PikD effector, functions via receptor cooperation, with effector-triggered activation requiring both NLRs to trigger the immune response. To investigate the mechanism of Pikp-1/Pikp-2 activation, we expressed truncated variants of these proteins, and made mutations in previously identified NLR sequence motifs. We found that any domain truncation, in either Pikp-1 or Pikp-2, prevented cell death in the presence of AVR-PikD, revealing that all domains are required for activity. Further, expression of individual Pikp-1 or Pikp-2 domains did not result in cell death. Mutations in the conserved P-loop and MHD sequence motifs in both Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 prevented cell death activation, demonstrating that these motifs are required for the function of the two partner NLRs. Finally, we showed that Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 associate to form homo- and hetero-complexes in planta in the absence of AVR-PikD; on co-expression the effector binds to Pikp-1 generating a tripartite complex. Taken together, we provide evidence that Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 form a fine-tuned system that is activated by AVR-PikD via receptor cooperation rather than negative regulation.
Supplementary Methods and References from Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early Proteins Promote Stemness Properties in Glioblastoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Description of additional methods and procedures used in the study. Also includes Supplementary References.&lt;/p&gt;
Metabolic Imaging in Multicellular Spheroids of Oncogene-transfected Fibroblasts (2000)

Four rat embryo fibroblast (REF) cell lines with defined oncogenic transformation were used to study the relationship between tumorigenic conversion, metabolism, and development of cell death in a 3D spheroid system. Rat1 (spontaneously immortalized) and M1 (myc-transfected) fibroblasts represent early nontumorigenic transformation stages, whereas Rat1-T1 (T24Ha-ras-transfected Rat1) and MR1 (myc/T24Ha-ras-co-transfected REF) cells express a highly tumorigenic phenotype. Localized ATP, glucose, and lactate concentrations in spheroid median sections were determined by imaging bioluminescence. ATP concentrations were low in the nonproliferating Rat1 aggregates despite sufficient oxygen and glucose availability and lack of lactate accumulation. In MR1 spheroids, a 50% decrease in central ATP preceded the development of central necrosis at a spheroid diameter of around 800 micrometer. In contrast, the histomorphological emergence of cell death at a diameter of around 500 micrometer in Rat1-T1 spheroids coincided with an initial steep drop in ATP. Concomitantly, reduction in central glucose and increase in lactate before cell death were recorded in MR1 but not in Rat1-T1 spheroids. As shown earlier, myc transfection confers a considerable resistance to hypoxia of MR1 cells in the center of spheroids, which is reflected by their capability to maintain cell integrity and ATP content in a hypoxic environment. The data obtained suggest that small alterations in the genotype of tumor cell lines, such as differences in the immortalization process, lead to substantial differences in morphological structure, metabolism, occurrence of cell death, and tolerance to hypoxia in spheroid culture.
Expanding Role of T-Cell Costimulators in Regulatory T-Cell Function: Recent Advances in Accessory Molecules Expressed on Both Regulatory and Nonregulatory T Cells (2004)

A subpopulation of T cells harbors a suppressor phenotype and can significantly dampen autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. These regulatory T (Treg) cells, which can arise naturally in the thymus and encompass a CD25+CD4+ T-cell repertoire or be antigenically induced, are central players in the maintenance of self-tolerance. A plethora of O-cell costimulatory and accessory receptor molecules expressed by Treg and/or non-regulatory T cells, such as GITR, OX40, and CTLA-4, are involved in modulating the pathogenesis of numerous autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection, and tumor immunity, as well as the control of infections. Exciting new evidence shows that O-cell costimulators, some of which are identified as hopeful discriminative Treg-cell markers, appear to mediate Treg-cell homeostasis and function. Understanding the biological significance of the O-cell costimulatory molecules and the accessory molecules expressed by Treg cells is a prerequisite to better characterizing this regulatory T-cell population. We provide a synopsis of the current understanding of several costimulatory molecules that can orchestrate the function of both naturally arising and antigen-inducible Treg cells.
Energy management of a battery storage and D-STATCOM integrated power system using fractional order sliding mode control (2020)

At present, the power system is more inclined towards disturbances, such as voltage variations and unbalanced load conditions, due to the grid's complexity and load growth. These challenges emphasize the integration of the compensating devices, such as battery storage (BS) and D-STATCOMs. In this regard, this current paper exhibits a novel energy management system (EMS) of a combined BS and D-STATCOM to compensate the power system during disturbances. The EMS is based on a fractional order sliding mode control (FOSMC) to drive the voltage source converters (VSCs) such that the active power is independently absorbed/injected by the BS, whereas the reactive power is independently absorbed/injected by the D-STATCOM depending upon the disturbance situation. FOSMC is a robust non-linear controller in which the Riemann-Liouville (RL) function is employed to design the sliding surface and the exponential reaching law is used to minimize the chattering phenomenon. The stability of the FOSMC in the proposed EMS is proved using the Lyapunov candidate function. In order to validate the performance of the proposed EMS, a model of a 400 V, 180 kVA radial distributor along with a BS and D-STATCOM is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment in two test cases. The results prove that the proposed EMS with FOMSC effectively compensates the power system under voltage variations and unbalanced load conditions with rapid tracking, fast convergence and upright damping. Furthermore, the results have been compared with the classical proportional integral (PI) control and fixed frequency SMC (FFSMC), and they demonstrate the superiority of the proposed EMS with FOSMC in power system applications.
Investigation of antifouling universality of polyvinyl formal (PVF) membranes utilizing atomic force microscope (AFM) force curves (2015)

Adhesion force between proteins and PVF/F127 membranes with different ratios are measured by AFM force curves with well calibrated cantilevers.
Rejuveinix Reverses Severe Inflammatory Lung Damage in a Mouse Model of Fatal Sepsis (2021)

Abstract We set out to determine if our anti-sepsis drug candidate Rejuveinix (RJX) can effectively treat systemic inflammation in a mouse model of sepsis when used at a dose level that is &gt;10-times lower than its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for human subjects. Our findings obtained in the LPS-GalN mouse model of fatal sepsis provide experimental evidence that RJX exhibits potent single-agent anti-inflammatory activity and reverses very severe inflammatory lung injury when used therapeutically, thereby significantly improving the survival outcome. These findings demonstrate the clinical impact potential of RJX for the treatment of severe sepsis.
Detection and typing of molluscum contagiosum virus in skin lesions by using a simple lysis method and polymerase chain reaction (1996)

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid detection and typing of molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) was developed. The target DNA was a 393 base pair (bp) segment, which is present in the coding region of the MCV p43K gene product. Release of MCV DNA from skin lesions was performed by using a simple procedure that provided suitable template DNA for amplification, and allowed detection of MCV directly in clinical material. The PCR yielded a unique 393 bp product when MCV DNA was used as template. This product was not shown with DNA from other viruses and bacterial pathogens causing skin diseases. The specific PCR product was obtained with individual lesions from all patients clinically diagnosed with MCV infection, whereas no products were detected with skin samples from healthy individuals. Sequencing of this PCR product allowed determination of the virus subtype on the basis of previously described nucleotide differences between subtypes MCVI and MCVII. To avoid the sequencing process, a second PCR assay was developed, in which the target DNA sequence included a MCVI-specific recognition site for the restriction endonuclease BamHI. This PCR assay yielded a unique 575 bp product with lesions from either MCVI- or MCVII-infected patients. However, only the MCVI-derived product was susceptible to BamHI digestion, which generated two fragments of 291 and 284 bp, respectively. Amplification of specific MCV DNA sequences from single, individual lesions provides a sensitive and reliable method for laboratory diagnosis and molecular epidemiology studies of molluscum contagiosum.
Toxic Cyanobacteria in Svalbard: Chemical Diversity of Microcystins Detected Using a Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Precursor Ion Screening Method (2018)

Cyanobacteria synthesize a large variety of secondary metabolites including toxins. Microcystins (MCs) with hepato- and neurotoxic potential are well studied in bloom-forming planktonic species of temperate and tropical regions. Cyanobacterial biofilms thriving in the polar regions have recently emerged as a rich source for cyanobacterial secondary metabolites including previously undescribed congeners of microcystin. However, detection and detailed identification of these compounds is difficult due to unusual sample matrices and structural congeners produced. We here report a time-efficient liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) precursor ion screening method that facilitates microcystin detection and identification. We applied this method to detect six different MC congeners in 8 out of 26 microbial mat samples of the Svalbard Archipelago in the Arctic. The congeners, of which [Asp³, ADMAdda⁵, Dhb⁷] MC-LR was most abundant, were similar to those reported in other polar habitats. Microcystins were also determined using an Adda-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Adda-ELISA). <i>Nostoc</i> sp. was identified as a putative toxin producer using molecular methods that targeted 16S rRNA genes and genes involved in microcystin production. The <i>mcy</i> genes detected showed highest similarities to other Arctic or Antarctic sequences. The LC-MS precursor ion screening method could be useful for microcystin detection in unusual matrices such as benthic biofilms or lichen.
Consortium Blockchain Smart Contracts for Musical Rights Governance in a Collective Management Organizations (CMOs) Use Case (2020)

Private and permissioned blockchains are conceptualized and mostly assembled for fulfilling corporations’ demands and needs in the context of their own premises. This paper presents a complete and sophisticated end-to-end permissioned blockchain application for governance and management of musical rights endorsed by smart contract development. In a music industry use case, this disclosed solution monitors and regulates conflicting musical rights of diverse entities under a popular permissioned distributed ledger technology network. The proposed implementation couples various and distinct business domains across the music industry organizations and non-profit blockchain associations.
Envelope amplifier based on a hybrid series converter with the slow-envelope technique (2012)

High frequency dc-dc switching converters are used as envelope amplifiers in RF transmitters. The dc-dc converter should operate at very high frequency to track an envelope in the MHz range to supply the power amplifier. One of the circuits suitable for this application is a hybrid topology composed of a switched converter and a linear regulator in series that work together to adjust the output voltage to track the envelope with accuracy. This topology can take advantage of the reduced slew-rate technique where switching dc-dc converter provides the RF envelope with limited slew rate in order to avoid high switching frequency and high power losses, while the linear regulator performs fine adjustment in order to obtain the exact replica of the RF envelope. The combination of this control technique with this topology is proposed in this paper. Envelopes with different bandwidth will be considered to optimize the efficiency of the dc-dc converter. The calculations and experiments have been done to track a 2MHz envelope in the range 0–12V for an EER RF transmitter.
Flexible framework for dynamic management of multi-core systems (2009)

In this paper, we propose a dynamic management framework for multi-core systems. Power management and temperature control are two crucial components for multi-core system control. Therefore, in this paper we propose a flexible and scalable framework which is very effective in reducing the power consumption and the temperature by adjusting the number of active cores on a Linux-based multi-core system. To manage the states of a multi-core system, both dynamic power management (DPM) and dynamic voltage/frequency scaling (DVFS) can be selectively applied depending on the type of cores. So unnecessary cores can be shut down or idling cores can be slowed down. To show the effectiveness and flexibility of our framework, we implemented the framework on both Intel Centrino Duo and ARM-11 MPCore platforms. By conducting various experiments with the proposed framework, we could successfully reduce the power consumption and the temperature.
Ensuring predictor tracking in ADPCM speech coders under noisy transmission conditions (2003)

The problem of predictor mistracking for narrowband signals in adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) speech coders is shown to arise through feedback from the signal reconstruction filter to the predictor adaptation process. A class of residual signal driven lattice predictors is defined, which guarantees tracking for all signals without regard to the order of prediction. Under error-free transmission conditions, a segmental SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) drop for speech of as much as 2 dB may be encountered for this lattice predictor. In more practical telecommunication applications, however, this degradation is outweighed by the enhanced speech and dual tone multifrequency signal transmission performance due to improved robustness in the presence of errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Chiroptical Properties of a Thermally Annealed Film of Chiral Substituted Polyfluorene Depend on Film Thickness (2003)

The degree of circular polarization in the absorption of light by a thermally annealed film of chirally substituted polyfluorene depends strongly on the film thickness. This indicates that the exceptionally high dissymmetry ratios observed for these films originate on a nanoscopic level and are related to the long‐range correlation in the polymer chain orientation. Circular polarizations (see Figure) of up to 50 % can be reached.
Protocol conformance testing using multiple UIO sequences (1992)

Automatic generation of conformance test sequences for communication protocols by means of unique input/output (UIO) sequences is addressed. It is shown that if multiple minimum-length UIO sequences are computed for each state of the finite-state-machine (FSM) specification, then the length of the resulting test sequence is significantly reduced without an appreciable increase in the time needed to compute the sequence. An algorithm for assignment of the multiple UIO sequences is given. This algorithm, which is based on network flow, is polynomial in the number of states and transitions of the FSM and is effective in reducing the overall length of the test sequence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sunflower‐Shaped Cyclodextrin‐Conjugated Poly(ε‐Lysine) Polyplex as a Controlled Intracellular Trafficking Device (2005)

Lowering your cholesterol. Outward-facing β-cyclodextrins in a conjugated poly(ε-lysine) polyplex (see scheme) promote the removal of cholesterol from the cell membrane; this can induce local membrane disturbances and assist the transfer of pDNA into cells. Furthermore, we propose that the secondary amines of the polyplex promote a proton-sponge effect to significantly enhance transfection.
VEGF Requires the Receptor NRP-1 To Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-Dependent Dendritic Cell Maturation (2016)

Abstract To stimulate a productive T cell response, dendritic cells (DC) must undergo maturation characterized by heightened cell surface expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules as well as cytokine production. Conversely, the inhibition of DC maturation is a central mechanism of immune tolerance. The control of the DC maturation process relies on the integration of several cellular stimulatory or inhibitory signals. The soluble factors and their receptors controlling this central aspect of DC biology are incompletely characterized. We show that murine bone marrow–derived DC (BMDC) maturation induced by LPS, as opposed to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or cytosine-phosphate-guanine, is robustly inhibited by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a previously identified immunosuppressive cytokine. Using BMDC from wild type and conditional knockout mice, we show that neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), a known receptor of VEGF, is necessary to suppress LPS-dependent BMDC maturation. The absence of NRP-1 had no ostensible effects on the biology of BMDC in the absence of VEGF. However, NRP-1–deficient BMDC remained completely insensitive to the VEGF-dependent inhibition of BMDC maturation in culture. In the presence of VEGF, NRP-1 directly interacted with the LPS receptor TLR4 and suppressed downstream signaling through ERK and NF-κβ, resulting in a sharp inhibition of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86) expression as well as proinflammatory cytokine production. Consequently, we identify NRP-1 as a target to optimize DC maturation within environments that are rich in VEGF, such as tumors.
West Nile virus and the safety of plasma derivatives: verification of high safety margins, and the validity of predictions based on model virus data (2003)

Our investigation verifies the safety margins of plasma derivatives against a potential transmission of WNV and that the model virus concept is valid for predicting the behavior of closely related viruses.