gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipids Enhance Apolipoprotein C-II-Derived Amyloidogenic Peptide Oligomerization but Inhibit Fibril Formation (2009)

We investigated the effect of submicellar lipids on amyloid fibril formation. Thioflavin T fluorescence studies showed that submicellar levels of the short-chain phospholipids, dipentanoylphosphatidylcholine and dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine, strongly inhibited amyloid fibril formation by an 11-residue peptide derived from human apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II(60-70)). In contrast, sedimentation equilibrium analysis of these peptide-lipid mixtures indicated the presence of soluble oligomeric complexes. To acquire insight into the atomic level influences of these lipids on the initial stages of aggregation of the peptide, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with umbrella sampling to determine dimerization free energies of a number of beta-stranded and random coil dimer complexes, both in the presence and absence of lipids. The simulations indicate that, in contrast to their inhibitory effects on fibril formation, short-chain phospholipids promote the formation and stabilization of dimers by enhancing intersubunit hydrophobic interactions. On the basis of these experimental and computational results, we propose that peptide-bound lipids can inhibit amyloid fibril formation by trapping of dimers and other oligomeric species in diverse nonfibril forming conformations, reducing their likelihood of acquiring subunit conformations prone to fibril nucleation and growth. In light of the demonstrated cytotoxicity of amyloid peptide oligomers, our results suggest that, by enhancing the stability of oligomeric peptide species, the presence of solvated lipids may contribute to the cytotoxicity of fibrillogenic proteins and peptides.
Bistable microvalve with pneumatically coupled membranes (1996)

The paper reports on a novel bistable electrostatic actuator with pneumatic coupling. Two buckled Si/SiO/sub 2/ membranes span over connected air filled cavities with enclosed driving electrodes. The membranes operate in counteraction. If one electrode is pulled down electrostatically, the other is pushed up pneumatically, and vice versa. The actuator module is designed to achieve a deflection of /spl plusmn/10 /spl mu/m and will be integrated in a microvalve for liquids. With first completed actuator modules the electrostatic/pneumatic driving principle could be demonstrated. Grey-tone lithography has been developed to fabricate curved driving electrodes on the cavity bottom. It is calculated that compared to flat electrodes the driving voltage then can be reduced up to a factor of five. The curved cavity bottom also improves the pneumatic coupling since the enclosed air volume is minimized.
Media handling for conferencing in MANETs (2007)

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are formed by devices set up temporarily to communicate without using a pre-existing network infrastructure. Devices in these networks are disparate in terms of resource capabilities (e.g. processing power, battery energy). Multihop Cellular Networks (MCNs) incorporate multihop mobile ad-hoc paradigms into 3G conventional single-hop cellular networks. Conferencing, an essential category of applications in MANETs and MCNs, includes popular applications such as audio/video conferencing. It is defined as an interactive multimedia service comprising online exchange of multimedia content among several users. Conferencing requires two sessions: a call signaling session and a media handling session. Call signaling is used to set up, modify, and tear down conference sessions. Media handling deals with aspects such as media transportation, media mixing, and transcoding. In this thesis, we are concerned with media handling for conferencing in MANETs and MCNs. We propose an architecture based on two overlay networks: one for mixing and one for control. The first overlay is composed of nodes acting as mixers. Each node in the network has a media connection with one mixer in the first overlay. A novel distributed mixing architecture that minimizes the number of mixers in end-to-end paths is proposed as an architectural solution for this first overlay. A sub-network of nodes, called controllers, composes the second overlay. Each controller controls a set of mixers, and collectively, they manage and control the two-overlay network. The management and control tasks are assured by a media signaling architecture based on an extended version of Megaco/H.L248. The two-overlay network is self-organizing, and thus automatically assigns users to mixers, controls mixers and controllers, and recovers the network from failures. We propose a novel self-organizing scheme that has three components: self-growing, self-shrinking and self-healing. Self-growing and self-shrinking use novel workload balancing schemes that make decisions to enable and disable mixers and controllers. The workload balancing schemes use resources efficiently by balancing the load among the nodes according to their capabilities. Self-healing detects failed nodes and recovers the network when failures of nodes with responsibilities (mixers and controllers) occur. Detection of failed nodes is based on a novel application-level failure detection architecture. A novel architecture for media handling in MCNs is proposed. We use mediator concepts to connect the media handling entities of a MANET with the media entities of a 3G cellular network. A media mediator assures signaling and media connectivity between the two networks and acts as a translator of the different media handling protocols.
Locality-constrained Spatial Transformer Network for Video Crowd Counting (2019)

Compared with single image based crowd counting, video provides the spatial-temporal information of the crowd that would help improve the robustness of crowd counting. But translation, rotation and scaling of people lead to the change of density map of heads between neighbouring frames. Meanwhile, people walking in/out or being occluded in dynamic scenes leads to the change of head counts. To alleviate these issues in video crowd counting, a Locality-constrained Spatial Transformer Network (LSTN) is proposed. Specifically, we first leverage a Convolutional Neural Networks to estimate the density map for each frame. Then to relate the density maps between neighbouring frames, a Locality-constrained Spatial Transformer (LST) module is introduced to estimate the density map of next frame with that of current frame. To facilitate the performance evaluation, a large-scale video crowd counting dataset is collected, which contains 15K frames with about 394K annotated heads captured from 13 different scenes. As far as we know, it is the largest video crowd counting dataset. Extensive experiments on our dataset and other crowd counting datasets validate the effectiveness of our LSTN for crowd counting.
Formation of Microcrystals, Micropuddles, and Other Spatial Inhomogenieties in Surface Reactions under Ambient Conditions:  An Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Water and Nitric Acid Adsorption on MgO(100) and CaCO3(1014) (2005)

In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to image freshly cleaved MgO(100) and CaCO3(104) as these surfaces undergo reaction with water and nitric acid under ambient conditions of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. The reaction of water and nitric acid results in the formation of hydroxylated and nitrated surfaces, respectively. It is clear from the AFM images that there are spatial inhomogenieties and surface features that form on micrometer and nanometer length scales as these reactions proceed. These features, which include hillocks, patches, microcrystallites, and micropuddles, are due to surface and phase segregation as a result of facile ion mobility in the presence of adsorbed water. In addition, instabilities and oscillations in the AFM images provide an indication of liquid formation and the deliquescence (i.e., a solid to liquid-phase transition) of nitrate salts as a function of relative humidity.
Binary Polygonal Shape Image Reconstruction From a Small Number of Projections (1997)

Tomographic image reconstruction using X rays consists in determining an object function from its projections. In many applications such as non destructive testing, we know that the object function has a constant value inside a region (fault region) and another constant value outside that region (homogeneous surrounding region). The image reconstruction problem becomes then the determination of the shape of the fault region. In this work we model this shape by a polygonal region and propose a new method for the estimation of its vertex coordinates directly from a very limited number of its projections.
Investigation on Joint Strength of Dissimilar Resistance Spot Welds of Aluminum Alloy and Low Carbon Steel (2011)

Resistance spot welding was used to join low carbon steel and A5250 Aluminum alloy sheets. Mechanical properties and failure behavior of the spot welds in terms of peak load, failure energy and failure mode, were evaluated using tensile- shear test. Relationship between welding current and mechanical properties was investigated. It was found that the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds in the weld fusion zone is the key governing factor for mechanical properties of dissimilar Al alloy/low carbon steel resistance spot weld. Increasing welding current, increases both peak load and energy absorption due to increasing overall bond area and transition in failure mode from interfacial to pullout failure mode.
Eco-friendly cellulose nanofiber paper-derived separator membranes featuring tunable nanoporous network channels for lithium-ion batteries (2012)

Eco-friendly cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), a core constituent of cellulose, have garnered increasing attention as a promising sustainable building block source for advanced materials in various application fields. In the present study, we successfully fabricate a cellulose nanofiber paper from a CNF suspension and explore its potential application to a separator membrane for lithium-ion batteries. In contrast to macro/microscopic cellulose fibers that have been commonly used for typical papers, the CNFs are characterized by the nanometer-scale diameter/length up to several micrometers and highly crystalline domains, contributing to excellent mechanical/thermal properties and nanoporous structure evolution. A salient feature of the cellulose nanofiber paper-derived separator membrane (referred to as “CNP separator”) is an electrolyte-philic, nanoscale labyrinth structure established between closely piled CNFs. The unusual porous structure is fine-tuned by varying the composition ratio of the solvent mixture (= isopropyl alcohol (IPA)–water) in the CNF suspension, wherein IPA is introduced as a CNF-disassembling agent while water promotes dense packing of CNFs. Based on a solid understanding of separator characteristics, electrochemical performances of cells assembled with the CNP separators are investigated. Notably, the CNP separator manufactured with IPA–water = 95/5 (vol/vol%) exhibits highly interconnected nanoporous network channels and satisfactory mechanical properties, which play a significant role in improving separator properties and cell performance. This study underlines that the porous structure-tuned cellulose nanofiber papers provide a promising new route for the fabrication of advanced separator membranes, which will also serve as a key component to boost the development of next-generation paper batteries.
Demand paging in perspective (1968)

The method of storage allocation known as "demand paging," first introduced by the designers of the Atlas computer, has a very appealing conceptual simplicity. Furthermore, the possibility that this technique could be used to allow programmers to ignore the problems of organizing information flow between working storage and one or more levels of backing storage was, to say the least, very tempting.
Homologous recombination between single-stranded DNA and chromosomal genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1987)

Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains was examined by using the URA3 and TRP1 genes cloned into M13 vectors in the absence of sequences capable of promoting autonomous replication. These constructs transform S. cerevisiae cells to prototrophy by homologous recombination with the resident mutant gene. Single-stranded DNA was found to transform S. cerevisiae cells at efficiencies greater than that of double-stranded DNA. No conversion of single-stranded transforming DNA into duplex forms could be detected during the transformation process, and we conclude that single-stranded DNA may participate directly in recombination with chromosomal sequences. Transformation with single-stranded DNA gave rise to both gene conversion and reciprocal exchange events. Cotransformation with competing heterologous single-stranded DNA specifically inhibited transformation by single-stranded DNA, suggesting that one of the components in the transformation-recombination process has a preferential affinity for single-stranded DNA.
Resistance in Constant Exposure Livestock Insect Control Systems: A Partial Review with Some Original Findings on Cyromazine Resistance in House Flies (1989)

Insecticide resistance development in three continuous exposure livestock insect control systems is discussed. These include residual pyrethroid sprays and cyromazine feed-through for house flies, and insecticide cattle ear tags for horn flies. All three of these systems selected for resistance problems in the field within two years. Other discontinuous use patterns of these same chemicals have been used on the same insects in the field and selected for much lower or no resistance. The conclusion is that these systems waste the resource of insect susceptibility, especially with mobile insects with short generation time such as the flies discussed here.
Imipramine as an alternative to formamide to detubulate rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (2019)

Cardiac T-tubules are membrane invaginations essential for excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Imipramine, like other cationic amphiphilic drugs, interferes with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub> ) interactions with proteins maintaining the tubular system connected to the cell surface. Our main purpose was to validate imipramine as a new detubulating agent in cardiomyocytes. Staining adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVMs) with di-4-ANEPPS, we showed that unlike formamide, imipramine induces a complete detubulation with no impact on cell viability. Using the patch-clamp technique, we observed a ∼40% decrease in cell capacitance after imipramine pretreatment and a reduction of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> amplitude by ∼72%. These parameters were not affected in atrial cells, excluding direct side effects of imipramine. β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation of the remaining I<sub>Ca,L</sub> with isoproterenol (Iso) was still effective. ECC was investigated in ARVMs loaded with Fura-2 and paced at 1 Hz, allowing simultaneous measurement of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient (CaT) and sarcomere shortening (SS). Amplitude of both CaT and SS was decreased by imipramine and partially restored by Iso. Furthermore, detubulated cells exhibited Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis perturbations. Real-time cAMP variations induced by Iso using a Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor revealed ∼27% decreased cAMP elevation upon β-AR stimulation. To conclude, we validated a new cardiomyocyte detubulation method using imipramine, which is more efficient and less toxic than formamide. This antidepressant agent induces the hallmark effects of detubulation on ECC and its β-AR stimulation. Besides, we provide new insights on how an imipramine overdose may affect cardiac function and suggest that PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub> is crucial for maintaining T-tubule structure.
A novel control strategy for small wind generation system based on the converter without DC storage components (2010)

In small-scale grid-connected wind energy conversion systems with DC-link energy storage components, traditional PWM technology is usually used to produce sine wave output current. However, for the converter topology without DC-link energy storage components used in the wind generation system with a high-inductance permanent magnetic synchronous generator, the DC current in the DC-link of the converter would be fluctuant. In this case, the traditional PWM method can not provide high quality power to the utility. To solve the problem above, a novel control strategy is proposed through detailed analysis of operating characteristics of the system, and an accurate math model of modulation index in accordance with the proposed control scheme is deduced on the basis of energy balance law as well. A simulation model is established for the verification of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the waveform and amplitude of the grid-connected current can be well controlled by the proposed method and control strategy.
Structure and Magnetic Ordering of the Anomalous Layered (2D) Ferrimagnet [NEt4]2MnII3(CN)8 and 3D Bridged‐Layered Antiferromagnet [NEt4]MnII3(CN)7 Prussian Blue Analogues (2012)

The reaction of Mn(II) and [NEt(4)]CN leads to the isolation of solvated [NEt(4)]Mn(3)(CN)(7) (1) and [NEt(4)](2) Mn(3)(CN)(8) (2), which have hexagonal unit cells [1: R3m, a = 8.0738(1), c = 29.086(1) Å; 2: P3m1, a = 7.9992(3), c = 14.014(1) Å] rather than the face centered cubic lattice that is typical of Prussian blue structured materials. The formula units of both 1 and 2 are composed of one low- and two high-spin Mn(II) ions. Each low-spin, octahedral [Mn(II)(CN)(6)](4-) bonds to six high-spin tetrahedral Mn(II) ions through the N atoms, and each of the tetrahedral Mn(II) ions are bound to three low-spin octahedral [Mn(II)(CN)(6)](4-) moieties. For 2, the fourth cyanide on the tetrahedral Mn(II) site is C bound and is terminal. In contrast, it is orientationally disordered and bridges two tetrahedral Mn(II) centers for 1 forming an extended 3D network structure. The layers of octahedra are separated by 14.01 Å (c axis) for 2, and 9.70 Å (c/3) for 1. The [NEt(4)](+) cations and solvent are disordered and reside between the layers. Both 1 and 2 possess antiferromagnetic superexchange coupling between each low-spin (S = 1/2) octahedral Mn(II) site and two high-spin (S = 5/2) tetrahedral Mn(II) sites within a layer. Analogue 2 orders as a ferrimagnet at 27(±1) K with a coercive field and remanent magnetization of 1140 Oe and 22,800 emuOe mol(-1), respectively, and the magnetization approaches saturation of 49,800 emuOe mol(-1) at 90,000 Oe. In contrast, the bonding via bridging cyanides between the ferrimagnetic layers leads to antiferromagnetic coupling, and 3D structured 1 has a different magnetic behavior to 2. Thus, 1 is a Prussian blue analogue with an antiferromagnetic ground state [T(c) = 27 K from d(χT)/dT].
Platelet size does not correlate with platelet age (1983)

The relationship between platelet size and in vivo aging was investigated in the baboon using size-dependent platelet subpopulations separated by counterflow centrifugation. The separation characteristics, size, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and dense- body content of the baboon platelet subpopulations were similar to those previously observed in studies of human platelets. Three independent labeling techniques were used: (1) in vivo labeling with 75Se-methionine, (2) in vitro labeling with 51Cr, and (3) in vivo labeling with 14C-serotonin. Maximal incorporation of all three labels showed a close correlation between the mean platelet volume (MPV) of each fraction and the platelet radioactivity. The onset of incorporation and rate of accumulation of 75Se-methionine were comparable in all fractions when corrected for differences in volume, suggesting that platelet size heterogeneity was present from the time of release of the platelets from the bone marrow. Survival studies using 51Cr and 14C-serotonin showed no translocation of the label from one fraction to another in the circulation over time. In vivo survival values for the three radionuclides showed a slight but significant correlation between the lifespan and the MPV of the fractions. The data suggest that large platelets were not younger platelets, but rather platelets with a longer life-span. Platelet size heterogeneity is the result of production factors in the bone marrow and not maturation in the circulation.
A Method for Selecting Velocity Filter Cut-Off Frequency for Maximizing Impedance Width Performance in Haptic Interfaces (2014)

This paper analyzes the effect of velocity filtering cut-off frequency on the Z-width performance of haptic interfaces. Finite difference method (FDM) cascaded with a low pass filter is the most commonly used technique for estimating velocity from position data in haptic interfaces. So far, there is no prescribed method for obtaining the FDM + filter cut-off frequency that will maximize Z-width performance. We present a simulation based method to demonstrate that there exists such an ideal FDM + filter cut-off frequency, and that it can be predicted by numerical simulation based on an identified model of a haptic interface. Experiments are conducted on a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) linear haptic interface to validate the simulation results.
Wild-type IDH2 contributes to Epstein–Barr virus-dependent metabolic alterations and tumorigenesis (2020)

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a well-recognized oncogenic virus that can induce host cell metabolic reprogramming and tumorigenesis by targeting vital metabolic enzymes or regulators. This study aims to explore the role of wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) in metabolic reprogramming and tumorigenesis induced by EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Mechanistic dissection of wild-type IDH2 in EBV-LMP1-induced tumorigenesis was investigated using western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunochemistry, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase assay. The role of wild-type IDH2 was examined by cell viability assays/Sytox Green staining in vitro and xenograft assays in vivo. IDH2 over-expression is a prognostic indicator of poorer disease-free survival for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). IDH2 expression is also upregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC, a subtype of HNSCC) tissues, which is positively correlated with EBV-LMP1 expression. EBV-LMP1 contributes to NPC cell viability and xenograft tumor growth mediated through wild-type IDH2. IDH2-dependent changes in intracellular α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) contribute to EBV-LMP1-induced tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Elevated serum 2-HG level is associated with high EBV DNA and viral capsid antigen-immunoglobulin A (VCA-IgA) levels in patients with NPC. A significantly positive correlation exists between serum 2-HG level and regional lymph node metastases of NPC. EBV-LMP1 enhances the binding of c-Myc with the IDH2 promoter and transcriptionally activates wild-type IDH2 through c-Myc. Targeting IDH2 decreased intracellular 2-HG levels and survival of EBV-LMP1-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the EBV-LMP1/c-Myc/IDH2WT signaling axis is critical for EBV-dependent metabolic changes and tumorigenesis, which may provide new insights into EBV-related cancer diagnosis and therapy.