gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel type of combined multilevel converter topologies (2005)

A novel type of combined multilevel converters is discussed, combining the conventional diode clamped or flying capacitor multilevel converters with two-level bridge legs. Compared with the conventional multilevel converters, this novel type requires much fewer clamping diodes and flying capacitors at the same number of output voltage levels. So the reliability of the circuit is improved and costs are reduced. The construction rule and modulation method of these topologies are presented in the paper. To confirm the validity of the new topologies, a combined diode clamped seven-level half-bridge inverter and a combined flying capacitor five-level half-bridge inverter are taken as examples for simulations and experiments, and the results proved the validity.
Temperature dependence of thermal expansion of ceramics and metals for electronic packages (1990)

The X-Y (in-plane) expansivity was measured over the -40-140 degrees C range for several of the ceramics used in modern hybrids, single-chip packages, and multichip modules. These thermal expansion data were compared to those of silicon and the materials used for leads, lids, heat spreaders, and sinks. The expansivity of aluminas of different purities (92-99.5%), low-temperature cofired ceramics, aluminum nitride, and beryllia was measured. A k=4.8 sample was expansivity-matched to Si, and a k=8.0 sample matched to alumina. No significant effect of metallization of the multilayers on the expansivity was found. Aluminum nitride was found to be well matched to silicon, whereas beryllia was found to be well matched to alumina, Kovar, Invar, Alloy 42, molybdenum, and two composites, namely copper-molybdenum-copper and copper-Invar-copper, were measured. Kovar is well matched to alumina ceramic at room temperature; below and above room temperature, however, the expansivity of Kovar diverges from that of alumina.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cryogen Droplet Impingement Onto Indented Surfaces Relevant to Dermatologic Laser Surgery Therapies (2004)

To protect the epidermis during selected dermatological laser surgeries, Cryogen Spray Cooling (CSC) is used as an auxiliary procedure to remove the heat generated in the epidermis by laser irradiation. The impingement of cryogen droplets onto the skin determines not only the effective amount of cryogen deposited on the surface, but also the dynamic behavior of the cryogen layer that forms on the skin surface and thus, it strongly affects the heat extraction process. Recently, it has been shown that the force of the spray alters the skin surface producing an indentation that in turn affects CSC efficiency. To achieve a better understanding of cryogen spray deposition, the impingement of a single cryogen (R-134a) droplet onto indented skin phantoms was experimentally studied. We first built an experimental pressure chamber where the pressure may be raised slightly above the saturation pressure of R-134a (600 kPa), with the objective to suppress and control the rapid evaporation that cryogen droplets undergo as they are released from the nozzles into ambient pressure. This allows us to focus on individual droplet impingement. Two nozzles of different outer diameters were used to generate droplets of different outer diameters were used to generate droplets of different sizes, which fall by gravity onto various indented skin phantoms. To maintain similarity, the range of Weber (We) and Reynolds (Re) numbers measured at the point of impact for typical cryogen spurts were matched with the We and Re of the individual droplets under study. A high-speed digital camera (500 fps) recorded the droplet impingement on indented surfaces resembling in vivo skin indentation measurements. Different indentation geometries were used since studies have shown that skin deformation depends on factors such as nozzle-to-skin distance, skin type and anatomical location. Experimental results showed different droplet impingement dynamics for droplets of two different sizes but same velocity. For We = 130 and Re = 25000 the amount of cryogen left at the bottom of the indentation after two droplets impinged consecutively was equivalent to the total mass of one droplet, whereas for We = 96 and Re = 18500, the amount of cryogen left at the bottom of indentation was twice as much as that after first droplet impingement. The effect of the depth and radius of curvature of the indentations appeared to have small effect on the droplet impingement behavior, compared to that associated with the droplet size (We and Re), as confirmed by the high speed videos.
Simultaneous OCT/SLO/ICG system (2006)

The authors report preliminary clinical results using an unique instrument which acquires and displays simultaneously an OCT image, a confocal image similar to that of a scanning laser ophthalmoscope and an indocyanine green fluorescence image. The three images are produced by three channels, an OCT and a confocal channel operating at 793 nm and a confocal channel tuned on the ICG fluorescence spectrum, which peaks at 835 nm. The system is based on our previously described ophthalmic Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)/confocal imaging system, where the same source is used to produce the OCT image and excite fluorescence in the ICG dye. The system is compact and assembled on a chin rest and it enables the clinician to visualise the same area of the eye fundus in terms of both <i>en-face</i> OCT slices and ICG angiograms, displayed at the same time. The images are collected by fast T-scanning (<i>en-face</i>) which are then used to build B-scan or C-scan images.
Development and Validation of a Multi-Analyte Biomarker Assay to Determine Preterm Birth Risk (2015)

Introduction: Preterm birth (PTB), a condition with complex etiological factors, is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Existing tests have poor performance, especially for nulliparous women. There is a compelling need to identify robust biomarkers of PTB to enable identification of at-risk women. A single-analyte assay may not be sufficient to detect women at risk for …
Hyperspectral Imaging and Spectroscopy of Fluorescently Coupled Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase in Insect Cells (2001)

A high-performance hyperspectral imaging module with high throughput of light suitable for low-intensity fluorescence microscopic imaging and subsequent analysis, including single-pixel-defined emission spectroscopy, was tested on Sf21 insect cells expressing green fluorescence associated with recombinant green fluorescent protein linked or not with the membrane protein acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. The imager utilized the phenomenon of optical activity as a new technique providing information over a spectral range of 220-1400 nm, and was inserted between the microscope and an 8-bit CCD video-rate camera. The resulting fluorescence image did not introduce observable image aberrations. The images provided parallel acquisition of well resolved concurrent spatial and spectral information such that fluorescence associated with green fluorescent protein alone was demonstrated to be diffuse within the Sf21 insect cell, and that green fluorescence associated with the membrane protein was shown to be specifically concentrated within regions of the cell cytoplasm. Emission spectra analyzed from different regions of the fluorescence image showed blue shift specific for the regions of concentration associated with the membrane protein.
The SCHOOL of nature. IV. Learning from viruses (2010)

During the co-evolution of viruses and their hosts, the latter have equipped themselves with an elaborate immune system to defend themselves from the invading viruses. In order to establish a successful infection, replicate and persist in the host, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to counter and evade host antiviral immune responses as well as exploit them for productive viral replication. These strategies include those that modulate signaling mediated by cell surface receptors. Despite tremendous advancement in recent years, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these critical points in viral pathogenesis remain unknown. In this work, based on a novel platform of receptor signaling, the Signaling Chain HOmoOLigomerization (SCHOOL) platform, I suggest specific mechanisms used by different viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human herpesvirus 6 and others, to modulate receptor signaling. I also use the example of HIV and CMV to illustrate how two unrelated enveloped viruses use a similar SCHOOL mechanism to modulate the host immune response mediated by two functionally different receptors: T cell antigen receptor and natural killer cell receptor, NKp30. This suggests that it is very likely that similar general mechanisms can be or are used by other viral and possibly non-viral pathogens. Learning from viruses how to target cell surface receptors not only helps us understand viral strategies to escape from the host immune surveillance, but also provides novel avenues in rational drug design and the development of new therapies for immune disorders.
Non-linear transverse electron beam dynamics in a modified betatron accelerator (1984)

The transverse electron beam dynamics in a modified betatron accelerator is studied using a new approach. This approach is based on the two exact constants of the motion and the potentials at the center of the beam. The main advantage of the present technique is that the ring orbits can be accurately determined over the entire minor cross-section of the torus and not only near the minor axis. Results indicate that the electron ring orbits, in the plane transverse to the toroidal magnetic field, always close inside the vacuum chamber and their topology is often substantially different than that predicted from the linear theory. (Author)
Superconductivity and electron microscopy (1977)

In this review article, two aspects of the role of superconductivity in electron microscopy are examined: (i) the development of superconducting devices (mainly lenses) and their incorporation in electron microscopes; (ii) the development of electron microscope techniques for studying fundamental and technological problems associated with superconductivity.
Gamma Glutamyltransferase Reduction Is Associated With Favorable Outcomes in Pediatric Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (2018)

Adverse clinical events in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) happen too slowly to capture during clinical trials. Surrogate endpoints are needed, but no such validated endpoints exist for children with PSC. We evaluated the association between gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) reduction and long-term outcomes in pediatric PSC patients. We evaluated GGT normalization (< 50 IU/L) at 1 year among a multicenter cohort of children with PSC who did or did not receive treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). We compared rates of event-free survival (no portal hypertensive or biliary complications, cholangiocarcinoma, liver transplantation, or liver-related death) at 5 years. Of the 287 children, mean age of 11.4 years old, UDCA was used in 81% at a mean dose of 17 mg/kg/day. Treated and untreated groups had similar GGT at diagnosis (314 versus 300, <i>P</i>= not significant [NS]). The mean GGT was reduced at 1 year in both groups, with lower values seen in treated (versus untreated) patients (99 versus 175, <i>P</i>= 0.002), but 5-year event-free survival was similar (74% versus 77%, <i>P</i>= NS). In patients with GGT normalization (versus no normalization) by 1 year, regardless of UDCA treatment status, 5-year event-free survival was better (91% versus 67%, <i>P</i>< 0.001). Similarly, larger reduction in GGT over 1 year (> 75% versus < 25% reduction) was also associated with improved outcome (5-year event-free survival 88% versus 61%, <i>P</i>= 0.005). <i>Conclusion:</i>A GGT < 50 and/or GGT reduction of > 75% by 1 year after PSC diagnosis predicts favorable 5-year outcomes in children. GGT has promise as a potential surrogate endpoint in future clinical trials for pediatric PSC.
Magnetic Shielding Simulation of Superconducting Film Magnetic Shield Covering Directly Coupled HTS dc-SQUID Magnetometer (2012)

An HTS SQUID magnetometer is a highly sensitive magnetic sensor. The SQUID magnetometer is, however, susceptible to magnetic noise. Hence, to enhance the robustness of the SQUID magnetometer with respect to magnetic noise, a cover with a superconducting film magnetic shield has been proposed. The superconducting film magnetic shield improves the robustness with respect to magnetic noise and widens the effective area of the SQUID sensor. It was also confirmed that the shape of the superconducting film magnetic shield affected the effectiveness in the magnetic shield in experiments. In our research, we have carried out a magnetic shielding simulation of the SQUID magnetometer covered with the superconducting film magnetic shield by using a 3D edge finite element method. To clarify the influence of the shape of the superconducting film magnetic shield on the effective area of the SQUID sensor, the simulation concerning a few shapes of the superconducting film magnetic shield was carried out. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the superconducting film magnetic shield, the supercurrent inside the SQUID magnetometer and the superconducting film magnetic shield are simulated. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that the effective area of the SQUID sensor is widened by attaching the superconducting film magnetic shield over the SQUID ring.
Historical Review The History of Left Septal Fascicular Block: Chronological Considerations of a Reality Yet to be Universally Accepted (2008)

There are several papers in literature that prove in a conclusive and incontestable way, that the left branch of the His bundle, in most instances (85% of the cases) splits into three fascicles of variable morphological pattern, and not into two: left anterior fascicle (LAF), left posterior fascicle (LPF), and left septal fascicle (LSF). The abovementioned papers have anatomical, histological, anatomo-pathological, electrocardiographic, and vectocardiographic, body surface potential mapping or ECG potential mapping and electrophysiological foundation. Additionally, the mentioned papers have been performed both in animal models (dogs) and in the human heart. Several clinical papers have shown that the left septal fascicular block (LSFB) may occur intermittently or transitorily as a consequence of a temporary dromotropic alteration, constituting an aberrant ventricular conduction, rate-dependent or by the application of atrial extra-stimuli, or naturally during the acute phase of infarction when this involves the anterior descending artery, before the septal perforating artery that supplies the central portion of the septum, where the mentioned LSF runs.
CDT retroelement (2008)

The resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum can tolerate up to 96% loss of its water content and recover from such extreme dehydration within several hours. This property is not shared by callus which has a strict requirement for exogenous abscissic acid (ABA) to survive severe water loss. ABA treatment and dehydration result in the induction of similar drought-responsive genes. Activation tagging led to the isolation of CDT-1 gene which renders callus desiccation tolerant bypassing the ABA requirement. This gene belongs to a retroelement family, members of which are induced by ABA and dehydration in callus, supporting its role in desiccation tolerance. Indeed, CDT genes have been detected in other desiccation tolerant Craterostigma species. CDT-1 RNA of both strands was identified by in situ hybridization and a CDT-1-derived short interfering RNA was detected in desiccation tolerant tissues and was able to induce dehydration genes in transfected protoplasts to the same extent as an ABA treatment. Thus, under environmental stress the induced transposition, over generations, directs the amplification of CDT-copy number in the genome and increases the desiccation tolerance phenomenon.
Long-term fluoxetine treatment induces input-specific LTP and LTD impairment and structural plasticity in the CA1 hippocampal subfield (2013)

Antidepressant drugs are usually administered for several weeks for the treatment of major depressive disorder. However, they are also prescribed in several additional psychiatric conditions as well as during long-term maintenance treatments. Antidepressants induce adaptive changes in several forebrain structures which include modifications at glutamatergic synapses. We recently found that repetitive administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine to naïve adult male rats induced an increase of mature, mushroom-type dendritic spines in several forebrain regions. This was associated with an increase of GluA2-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptors (AMPA-Rs) in telencephalic postsynaptic densities. To unravel the functional significance of such a synaptic re-arrangement, we focused on glutamate neurotransmission in the hippocampus. We evaluated the effect of four weeks of 0.7 mg/kg fluoxetine on long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the CA1 hippocampal subfield. Recordings in hippocampal slices revealed profound deficits in LTP and LTD at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses associated to increased spine density and enhanced presence of mushroom-type spines, as revealed by Golgi staining. However, the same treatment had neither an effect on spine morphology, nor on LTP and LTD at perforant path-CA1 synapses. Cobalt staining and immunohistochemical experiments revealed decreased AMPA-R Ca(2+) permeability in the stratum radiatum (s.r.) together with increased GluA2-containing Ca(2+) impermeable AMPA-Rs. Therefore, 4 weeks of fluoxetine treatment promoted structural and functional adaptations in CA1 neurons in a pathway-specific manner that were selectively associated with impairment of activity-dependent plasticity at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses.
Experimental and field results on the immunity induced by a rHVT-HA vector vaccine against H5N1 and other H5 type Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. (2015)

Vaccination against H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) is one of the possible means available for affected countries to control the disease once it has become endemic. Efficacy of vaccination against AI relies essentially, but not exclusively, on the capacity of the vaccine to induce immunity against the targeted virus (which is prone to undergo antigenic variations) as well as its capacity to overcome interference with maternal immunity transmitted by immunized dams to their progeny. This property of the vaccine is a prerequisite for its administration at the hatchery, which assures higher and more reliable vaccine coverage of the chicken populations than vaccination at farm. A vector vaccine (Vectormune AI) based on HVT carrying the haemagglutinin gene of an H5N1 HPAIV as an insert, has been used in several experiments conducted in various research laboratories as well as in controlled field studies. The results have demonstrated high degree of cross protection against various genetic clades of the H5N1 HPAIV and high degree of efficacy was even observed against challenge with the 1994 Mexican H5N2 HPAIV as well as the more recent 2014 Germany H5N8. Furthermore, active immunity induced by this vaccine was not impaired by the presence of passive immunity, but on the contrary, cumulated with it for improved early protection. The recorded levels of protection against the different challenge viruses showed some variations in terms of post-challenge mortality as well as challenge virus shedding. Although this should be further investigated, it is believed that this was probably more attributable to the variability in trials conditions, materials, methods and results, rather than variations in immunizing capability of the vaccine against various H5 strains of HPAIVs. The data highlight the possibilities offered by this vaccine to be used as a useful and reliable tool to complement biosecurity and sanitary policies for better controlling the disease due to H5 type AI.
Throughput Improvement of IEEE802.11DCF with Adaptive RTS/CTS Control on the Basis of Existence of Hidden Terminals (2011)

IEEE802.11 RTS/CTS handshake to avoid a packet collision with the transmissions from hidden terminals. Although RTS/CTS handshake effectively reduces packet collisions with hidden terminals, it also increases transmission overhead of IEEE802.11. In this paper, we discuss transmission overhead of IEEE802.11 induced by RTS/CTS handshake, and propose a new adaptive RTS/CTS control method on the basis of existence of hidden terminals, for mitigating transmission overhead ofIEEE802.11. Results from computer simulations confirm that our proposed method improve throughput performance in around the saturated traffic environment.
Ablation of HRC alleviates cardiac arrhythmia and improves abnormal Ca handling in CASQ2 knockout mice prone to CPVT (2015)

Our results suggest that rather than being functionally redundant, CASQ2 and HRC modulate cardiac ryanodine receptor-mediated (RyR2) Ca release in an opposing manner. In particular, while CASQ2 stabilizes RyR2 rendering it refractory in the diastolic phase, HRC enhances RyR2 activity facilitating RyR2 recovery from refractoriness.
Robust annotation positioning in digital documents (2001)

Increasingly, documents exist primarily in digital form. System designers have recently focused on making it easier to read digital documents, with annotation as an important new feature. But supporting annotation well is difficult because digital documents are frequently modified, making it challenging to correctly reposition annotations in modified versions. Few systems have addressed this issue, and even fewer have approached the problem from the users' point of view. This paper reports the results of two studies examining user expectations for robust annotation positioning in modified documents. We explore how users react to lost annotations, the relationship between types of document modifications and user expectations, and whether users pay attention to text surrounding their annotations. Our results could contribute substantially to effective digital document annotation systems.
Alkynyl triazenes enable divergent syntheses of 2-pyrones (2021)

The 2-pyrone motif occurs frequently in bioactive natural products and is appreciated as synthetic intermediates. However, only few methods allow for diversifying functional group modifications on this relevant heterocycle. The distinct properties of 1-alkynyl triazenes promote a smooth addition of propiolic acids across the triple bond. Addition of catalytic amounts of silver salt induces cyclization to 2-pyrones. Depending on the reaction temperature, either 6-triazenyl or 5-triazenyl 2-pyrones are selectively formed. The triazenyl unit is subsequently replaced by a variety of valuable groups in a one-pot process yielding for instance 2-fluoro pyrones. The substitution occurs with an intriguing 1,5-carbonyl transposition. Moreover, the triazenyl group serves as traceless activating group for subsequent Diels-Alder cycloadditions and as a constituting unit for rare fused aminopyrazole pyrone heterocycles.