gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress and diabetic neuropathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives (2002)

Increased oxidative stress is a mechanism that probably plays a major role in the development of diabetic complications, including peripheral neuropathy. This review summarises recent data from in vitro and in vivo studies that have been performed both to understand this aspect of the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy and to develop therapeutic modalities for its prevention or treatment. Extensive animal studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress may be a final common pathway in the development of diabetic neuropathy, and that antioxidants can prevent or reverse hyperglycaemia-induced nerve dysfunction. Most probably, the effects of antioxidants are mediated by correction of nutritive blood flow, although direct effects on endoneurial oxidative state are not excluded. In a limited number of clinical studies, antioxidant drugs including alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E were found to reduce neuropathic symptoms or to correct nerve conduction velocity. These data are promising, and additional larger studies with alpha-lipoic acid are currently being performed.
Crystallization characteristics in supercooled liquid zinc during isothermal relaxation: A molecular dynamics simulation study (2016)

The crystallization characteristics in supercooled liquid Zn during isothermal relaxation were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations by adopting the cluster-type index method (CTIM) and the tracing method. Results showed that the crystallization process undergo three different stages. The size of the critical nucleus was found to be approximately 90-150 atoms in this system; the growth of nuclei proceeded via the successive formation of hcp and fcc structures with a layered distribution; and finally, the system evolved into a much larger crystal with a distinct layered distribution of hcp and fcc structures with an 8R stacking sequence of ABCBACAB by adjusting all of the atoms in the larger clusters according to a certain rule.
Tumours: Targeting of Monoclonal Antibodies for Imaging and Potential for Therapy (2012)

Abstract Antibodies by virtue of their unmatched specificity and diverse modes of action are the central components of the immune system to detect and combat pathogenic and nonpathogenic diseases. From the era of polyclonal antibodies to fully humanised monoclonal antibodies, a lot has been understood regarding their causal generation, molecular buildup, varied functioning and clearance from the biological system. This information has led to their widespread use in various arenas of pathogenesis including parasitic, bacterial and viral infections, heart diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Since cancer derives from self, it is both difficult to diagnose as well as treat. With over 20 antibody‐based drugs now in use and over 100 in clinical trials for cancer, antibodies form the basis of several diagnostic as well as therapeutic modalities for some lethal malignancies. Further, antibody engineering to improve their characteristics, such as pharmacokinetics, has made them a major attraction for the biopharmaceutical industry. Key Concepts: The efficacy of murine monoclonal antibodies is limited by the inefficient action of the murine‐derived constant region and human anti‐mouse antibody response, resulting in their rapid clearance from the blood. The success of an antibody‐based biopharmaceutical depends upon target antigen (location, distribution and density), targeted site (solid or haematological malignancy, tumour microenvironment) and targeting antibody (specificity, affinity, avidity, mode of action, origin and isotype). Antitumour antibodies mediate their effector functions by antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement‐dependent cytotoxicity and antibody‐dependent cellular phagocytosis. Antigenic heterogeneity, lack of tumour specificity, immunogenicity and nonuniform distribution of antibodies to the targeted site are major hurdles in successful use of antibody‐based therapeutics for solid tumours. Antibodies against molecules inhibiting effector functions of helper and cytotoxic T cells improve the efficacy of an antitumour immune response. Antibodies directed against co‐stimulatory receptors act as surrogate ligands and boost weak, ineffectual and endogenous antitumour immune responses.
Eine neue Fulvensynthese. 4. Mitteilung (1971)

Abstract Fulvenes are prepared by condensation of sodium cyclopentadienide with x‐acetoxy‐x‐chloro‐hydrocarbon derivatives, followed by elimination of acetic acid with triethylamine. The yields are approximately 60% for 6‐alkylfulvenes and similar to those of the classical synthesis for 6, 6‐polymethylenefulvenes. The reaction is carried out at low temperatures and under water‐free conditions. The purification of the fulvenes is simple.
Analysis of Mogrosides in Siraitia grosvenorii Fruits at Different Stages of Maturity (2019)

Monk fruit extract has been approved as a natural sweetener by many countries. Its major sweet components, mogrosides, display different sweet intensities and profiles. Therefore, it is important to understand the change of mogroside contents in Siraitia grosvenorii at different maturity stages. In this study, monk fruit cultivars were collected from 4 locations in GuangXi, GuiZhou, and HuNan, at different times. Mogroside IIe, mogroside III, mogroside IIIe, mogroside IV, mogroside V, isomogroside V, and siamenoside I in each sample were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS-MS). As a result, mogroside IIe was the major component at the early maturity stage. It is converted to mogroside III from 15 to 45 days, then continued the glycosylation rapidly to yield mogroside V which kept predominant after 60 days. Highly glycosylated mogrosides, such as mogroside V and siamenoside I, which provide a better taste profile, accumulated and stabilized from 75 to 90 days. It is recommended to harvest the fruit after 75 days of pollination.
A fault diagnosis approach for autonomous spacecraft based on transition-system model (2012)

For autonomous spacecraft, anomaly detection and fault diagnosis systems play a very important role. To meet the requirement of real-time diagnosis performance for the fault diagnosis system of an autonomous spacecraft, a new method based on transition system model is proposed. In order to improve the efficiency of fault diagnosis, we introduce the separation strategy to separate this process into two stages: the off-line stage at which to finish most computation works of conflict recognition, and the on-line stage at which to generate the fault candidate sets with the minimum matching space. In order to reduce the matching space effectively and avoid enumerating all the fault modes, we build a Conflict-Net to record the relation between the fault modes and the key variables. We have applied this method on a primary power subsystem of a certain satellite, and the result shows it can work more effectively.
VERIFICAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA NO USO DE METODOLOGIA ADOTADA PARA APLICAÇÃO DE CORRETIVOS DO CERRADO NA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO BRASIL (2011)

O objetivo do trabalho foi medir a eficiência do uso de corretivos adotadas no Nordeste Brasileiro e adaptadas da região dos Cerrados para aplicação de calcário e gesso agrícola. Para medir a eficiência, dados disponíveis para o teste foram adicionados a um sistema computacional denominado SISDASC elaborado em ambiente Windows, usando a planilha eletrônica Excel para operacionar os cálculos da calagem e gessagem. Para a quantidade de gesso e de calcário a aplicar, adotou-se o método de alumínio traçável disponíbilizado no sistema para posterior confronto com a pesquisa realizada por diversos estudos em diferentes condições de cultivo agrícola na Região Nordeste Brasileira. O índice de concordância “d”, para os dados considerados, revelou ótima concordância (d = 0,9985 para a calagem e d = 0,9957 para a gessagem). O que demonstra a eficiência no uso das metodologias adotadas para a elaboração das dosagens de corretivos do solo para a região Nordeste Brasileira. O uso da metodologia para aplicação de corretivo do solo serviu como ótima ferramenta no auxílio do manejo da fertilidade dos solos da região Nordeste do Brasil estudado.
Bioenergetics of Exercising Humans (2012)

Human muscles, limbs and supporting ventilatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems are well adapted for walking, and there is reasonable transfer of efficiency of movement to bicycling. Our efficiency and economy of movement of bipedal walking (≈30%) are far superior to those of apes. This overall body efficiency during walking and bicycling represents the multiplicative interaction of a phosphorylative coupling efficiency of ≈60%, and a mechanical coupling efficiency of ≈50%. These coupling efficiencies compare well with those of other species adapted for locomotion. We are capable runners, but our speed and power are inferior to carnivorous and omnivorous terrestrial mammalian quadrupeds because of biomechanical and physiological constraints. But, because of our metabolic plasticity (i.e., the ability to switch among carbohydrate (CHO)- and lipid-derived energy sources) our endurance capacity is very good by comparison to most mammals, but inferior to highly adapted species such as wolves and migratory birds. Our ancestral ability for hunting and gathering depends on strategy and capabilities in the areas of thermoregulation, and metabolic plasticity. Clearly, our competitive advantage of survival in the biosphere depends in intelligence and behavior. Today, those abilities that served early hunter-gatherers make for interesting athletic competitions due to wide variations in human phenotypes. In contemporary society, the stresses of regular physical exercise serve to minimize morbidities and mortality associated with physical inactivity, overnutrition, and aging.
Monolithic metasurface spatial differentiator enabled by asymmetric photonic spin-orbit interactions (2021)

Spatial differentiator is the key element for edge detection, which is indispensable in image processing, computer vision involving image recognition, image restoration, image compression, and so on. Spatial differentiators based on metasurfaces are simpler and more compact compared with traditional bulky optical analog differentiators. However, most of them still rely on complex optical systems, leading to the degraded compactness and efficiency of the edge detection systems. To further reduce the complexity of the edge detection system, a monolithic metasurface spatial differentiator is demonstrated based on asymmetric photonic spin-orbit interactions. Edge detection can be accomplished via such a monolithic metasurface using the polarization degree. Experimental results show that the designed monolithic spatial differentiator works in a broadband range. Moreover, 2D edge detection is experimentally demonstrated by the proposed monolithic metasurface. The proposed design can be applied at visible and near-infrared wavelengths by proper dielectric materials and designs. We envision this approach may find potential applications in optical analog computing on compact optical platforms.
Dining in with Trillions of Fascinating Friends: Exploring Our Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease (2011)

Our genetic landscape is a summation of the genes embedded in our human genome and in the genomes of our microbial symbionts (the microbiome). Similarly, our metabolic features (metabotypes) are an amalgamation of human and microbial traits. Therefore, understanding of the range of human genetic and metabolic diversity means that we must characterize our microbiomes, which contain at least several hundred-fold more genes than our human genome, as well as the factors that influence the properties of our microbial communities (microbiota). The results should provide an additional perspective about contemporary human biology as we assess how our changing lifestyles, cultural norms, socioeconomic status, and biosphere are influencing our microbial ecology and health status. I will discuss the results of our group's ongoing metagenomic studies of the interrelationships between diet and the structure and dynamic operations of the human gut microbiome. We believe that understanding these interrelationships is important for advancing our appreciation of the nutritional value of food ingredients, for creating new nutritional guidelines for humans at various stages of their lifespan, and for developing new ways to deliberately manipulate the properties of the gut microbiota to prevent or treat various diseases. We have developed a translational medicine pipeline that involves metagenomic analyses of the gut microbial communities of adult mono- and dizygotic twins living in the USA who are lean, or concordant or discordant for obesity, and twins aged 0–3 years living in developing countries who develop normally, or who become malnourished and are treated with a ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Intact fecal communities from these individuals, or ‘personal’ culture collections that capture the majority of bacterial diversity in their microbiota, are then transplanted into germ-free mice, which are fed the diets of the human donors, or systematically manipulated derivatives of these diets. The impact of diet and microbiota on these humanized mice, including the degree to which the human donor's physiologic/metabolic phenotypes can be transmitted to gnotobiotic animals via microbiota transplants, are then studied using a variety of methods.
GaN-based lateral and vertical devices: physical mechanisms limiting stability and reliability (2019)

GaN-based devices are creating a technological revolution and are expected to replace silicon transistors for the development of high-efficiency power converters. For this reason, a significant research effort is being spent towards the fabrication of high-performance and high-reliability GaN transistors. Despite this, the reliability of GaN HEMTs is still limited by a number of factors, that can significantly reduce device lifetime and lead to early failures. This paper presents an overview of the physical processes responsible for the failure of GaN transistors for power electronics, with focus on: (i) degradation under off-state conditions; (ii) degradation in semi-on conditions; (iii) degradation in the on-state (positive gate bias). The results presented here help understanding the most common degradation modes of GaN devices and can be used to improve manufacturing technology.
Characterization of Vta1p, a Class E Vps Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2004)

We identified VTA1 in a screen for mutations that result in altered vacuole morphology. Deletion of VTA1 resulted in delayed trafficking of the lipophilic dye FM4-64 to the vacuole and altered vacuolar morphology when cells were exposed to the dye 5-(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (CDCFDA). Deletion of class E vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes, which encode proteins that affect multivesicular body formation, also showed altered vacuolar morphology upon exposure to high concentrations of CDCFDA. These results suggest a VPS defect for Deltavta1 cells. Deletion of VTA1 did not affect growth on raffinose and only mildly affected carboxypeptidase S sorting. Turnover of the surface protein Ste3p, the a-factor receptor, was affected in Deltavta1 cells with the protein accumulating on the vacuolar membrane. Likewise the alpha-factor receptor Ste2p accumulated on the vacuolar membrane in Deltavta1 cells. We demonstrated that many class E VPS deletion strains are hyper-resistant to the cell wall disruption agent calcofluor white. Deletion of VTA1 or VPS60, another putative class E gene, resulted in calcofluor white hypersensitivity. A Vta1p-green fluorescent protein fusion protein transiently associated with a Pep12p-positive compartment. This localization was altered by deletion of many of the class E VPS genes, indicating that Vta1p binds to endosomes in a manner dependent on the assembly of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport. Membrane-associated Vta1p co-purified with Vps60p, suggesting that Vta1p is a class E Vps protein that interacts with Vps60p on a prevacuolar compartment.
Monocular optical constraints on collision control. (2001)

A simulated ball-hitting task was used to explore the optical basis for collision control. Ball speed and size were manipulated in Experiments 1 and 2. Results showed a tendency for participants to respond earlier to slower and larger balls. Early in practice, participants would consistently miss the slowest and largest balls. Experiments 3 and 4 examined performance as a function of the range of speeds. Performance for identical speeds differed depending on whether the speeds were fastest or slowest within a range. Asymmetric transfer between the 2 ranges of speeds showed that those trained with slow speeds were very successful when tested with a faster range of speeds. Those trained with fast speeds did not do as well when tested on slower speeds. The pattern of results across 4 experiments suggests that participants were using optical angle and expansion rate as separate degrees of freedom for solving the collision task.
Statistical Thermodynamics (Fowler, R. H.; Guggenheim, E. A.) (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNEXTStatistical Thermodynamics (Fowler, R. H.; Guggenheim, E. A.)T. F. Young Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1941, 18, 4, 198Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1941Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 April 1941Published inissue 1 April 1941https://doi.org/10.1021/ed018p198.3RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views877Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (827 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The Principles of Colour Television (1971)

The basic principles of colour television are explained.
A Pulsar Survey of 18 Supernova Remnants (1996)

We have performed a pulsar search of 18 known or probable supernova remnants with the Arecibo 305 m radio telescope at 430 and 1420 MHz. The remnants were selected to have angular sizes less than or of order a few telescope beam diameters ( ~ 10' at 430 MHz and ~ 3' at 1420 MHz). I~ some cases, l~~ger remnants with centrally brightened cores of this scale were also included. The obser~at10ns were sensitive to p~lsa~s with periods ~ 1 ms and flux densities as low as ~0.2 mJy. The targets mcluded two probable pleno~ic objects and several shell-type remnants with centrally brightened X-ray profiles. No_ new puls~rs were discovered in the survey, and we discuss some of the selection effects that_ r_nake the i~terp_retation of pul~ar surveys of supernova remnants problematic. Effects of high pulsar velocities, unce~tam distances, and high remnant brightness temperatures make it difficult to exclude the presence of a pulsar m most remnants.
Interplay of host microbiota, genetic perturbations, and inflammation promotes local development of intestinal neoplasms in mice (2014)

The preferential localization of some neoplasms, such as serrated polyps (SPs), in specific areas of the intestine suggests that nongenetic factors may be important for their development. To test this hypothesis, we took advantage of transgenic mice that expressed HB-EGF throughout the intestine but developed SPs only in the cecum. Here we show that a host-specific microbiome was associated with SPs and that alterations of the microbiota induced by antibiotic treatment or by embryo transfer rederivation markedly inhibited the formation of SPs in the cecum. Mechanistically, development of SPs was associated with a local decrease in epithelial barrier function, bacterial invasion, production of antimicrobials, and increased expression of several inflammatory factors such as IL-17, Cxcl2, Tnf-α, and IL-1. Increased numbers of neutrophils were found within the SPs, and their depletion significantly reduced polyp growth. Together these results indicate that nongenetic factors contribute to the development of SPs and suggest that the development of these intestinal neoplasms in the cecum is driven by the interplay between genetic changes in the host, an inflammatory response, and a host-specific microbiota.
Genomics and plant cells: application of genomics strategies to Arabidopsis cell biology (2002)

In this review I seek to describe how the complete catalogue of plant genes and proteins, revealed by genome sequencing, can provide novel insights into cell biology. Many new analytical methods have been developed to digest the flood of genome sequence data, including analysis of the transcriptome, proteome and metabolites. High-throughput analysis of protein targeting and other methods will ascribe new information to proteins and create important links with other large datasets. To fulfil the potential revealed by this genomic information, many challenges have to be met. Among these are organizational changes needed to create common datasets accessible to all scientists, and bioinformatics solutions to capture and integrate diverse datasets. Once harnessed, these new strategies will irrevocably change the way we conduct plant science.
Patient-Specific Biomechanical Model for the Prediction of Lung Motion From 4-D CT Images (2014)

This paper presents an approach to predict the deformation of the lungs and surrounding organs during respiration. The framework incorporates a computational model of the respiratory system, which comprises an anatomical model extracted from computed tomography (CT) images at end-expiration (EE), and a biomechanical model of the respiratory physiology, including the material behavior and interactions between organs. A personalization step is performed to automatically estimate patient-specific thoracic pressure, which drives the biomechanical model. The zone-wise pressure values are obtained by using a trust-region optimizer, where the estimated motion is compared to CT images at end-inspiration (EI). A detailed convergence analysis in terms of mesh resolution, time stepping and number of pressure zones on the surface of the thoracic cavity is carried out. The method is then tested on five public datasets. Results show that the model is able to predict the respiratory motion with an average landmark error of 3.40 ±1.0 mm over the entire respiratory cycle. The estimated 3-D lung motion may constitute as an advanced 3-D surrogate for more accurate medical image reconstruction and patient respiratory analysis.