gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lessons from the AdKDD'21 Privacy-Preserving ML Challenge (2022)

Designing data sharing mechanisms providing performance and strong privacy guarantees is a hot topic for the Online Advertising industry. Namely, a prominent proposal discussed under the Improving Web Advertising Business Group at W3C only allows sharing advertising signals through aggregated, differentially private reports of past displays. To study this proposal extensively, an open Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Challenge took place at AdKDD'21, a premier workshop on Advertising Science with data provided by advertising company Criteo. In this paper, we describe the challenge tasks, the structure of the available datasets, report the challenge results, and enable its full reproducibility. A key finding is that learning models on large, aggregated data in the presence of a small set of unaggregated data points can be surprisingly efficient and cheap. We also run additional experiments to observe the sensitivity of winning methods to different parameters such as privacy budget or quantity of available privileged side information. We conclude that the industry needs either alternate designs for private data sharing or a breakthrough in learning with aggregated data only to keep ad relevance at a reasonable level.
Harvesting Murine Alveolar Macrophages and Evaluating Cellular Activation Induced by Polyanhydride Nanoparticles (2012)

Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a versatile platform for the design and implementation of new intranasal vaccines against respiratory infectious diseases. Specifically, polyanhydride nanoparticles composed of the aliphatic sebacic acid (SA), the aromatic 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), or the amphiphilic 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) display unique bulk and surface erosion kinetics and can be exploited to slowly release functional biomolecules (e.g., protein antigens, immunoglobulins, etc.) in vivo. These nanoparticles also possess intrinsic adjuvant activity, making them an excellent choice for a vaccine delivery platform. In order to elucidate the mechanisms governing the activation of innate immunity following intranasal mucosal vaccination, one must evaluate the molecular and cellular responses of the antigen presenting cells (APCs) responsible for initiating immune responses. Dendritic cells are the principal APCs found in conducting airways, while alveolar macrophages (AMɸ) predominate in the lung parenchyma. AMɸ are highly efficient in clearing the lungs of microbial pathogens and cell debris. In addition, this cell type plays a valuable role in the transport of microbial antigens to the draining lymph nodes, which is an important first step in the initiation of an adaptive immune response. AMɸ also express elevated levels of innate pattern recognition and scavenger receptors, secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and prime naïve T cells. A relatively pure population of AMɸ (e.g., greater than 80%) can easily be obtained via lung lavage for study in the laboratory. Resident AMɸ harvested from immune competent animals provide a representative phenotype of the macrophages that will encounter the particle-based vaccine in vivo. Herein, we describe the protocols used to harvest and culture AMɸ from mice and examine the activation phenotype of the macrophages following treatment with polyanhydride nanoparticles in vitro.
Generalized Lorentz-Lorenz homogenization formulas for binary lattice metamaterials (2015)

Generalized Lorentz-Lorenz formulas are developed for the effective parameters of binary lattice metamaterials composed of a periodic arrangement of electric and/or magnetic inclusions. The proposed homogenization approach is based on a dual dipole approximation for the induced currents. The obtained formulas for the metamaterial effective electric and magnetic characteristics duly consider both electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the inclusions and completely describe the effects of frequency and spatial dispersion. Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the general applicability of the proposed formulas to different types of binary lattices and inclusions. It is shown that the proposed effective parameters have the capability of providing a physically sound and accurate description of wave propagation in the metamaterials in an extended range of frequencies in contrast to the equivalent parameters that can be defined in the absence of impressed sources and assuming a local anisotropic constitutive model, which hides inherent spatial dispersion effects and nonphysical features. To gain further insight into the metamaterial response and the physical meaningfulness of calculated effective parameters, the power flow of metamaterial supported modes is analyzed and its homogenized representation is compared to the complete description. A correspondence between the power flow due to the microscopic field and the effect of spatial dispersion in the homogenized parameters is established.
Effects of Porcine Growth Hormone on Pregnancy and Fetal/Neonatal Development in the Rat (1995)

Porcine growth hormone was given subcutaneously twice daily to two groups of 20 females at dose levels of 0.5 and 2.5 IU/kg (1 and 5 IU/kg/day). A control group of 20 females was similarly treated with vehicle. The females were given either vehicle or porcine growth hormone from gestation day (GD) 6 through GD 21, for 10 females that were cesarean sectioned, or through lactation day (LD) 21, for 10 females scheduled for natural delivery. There were no deaths, abortions, or drug-related physical signs in any treatment group. Drug-related effects during gestation were limited to significant (p < or = 0.05) pharmacologically mediated increases in F0 maternal body weight gain during GD 6-20 in the 2.5-IU/kg group, approximately 24% above controls. During LD 0-21, there were significant (p < or = 0.05) dose-related increases in average maternal body weight gain in the 0.5- and 2.5IU/kg groups (72 and 200% above controls, respectively). Consistent with these findings, there were dose-dependent increases in maternal serum growth hormone and IGF-1 levels noted on GD 21 and LD 21 in both drug-treated groups. There were no drug-related effects on embryonal/fetal survival, GD 21 fetal body weight, placental weight, fetal femur length and width, or fetal morphology as determined by external, visceral, and skeletal examinations. There were no drug-related effects on F1 pup mortality, physical signs, body weight, biparietal diameter, liver weight, and femur length or width. These data suggest that subcutaneous administration of growth hormone to pregnant and lactating rats, at a dose that produces significant (p < or = 0.05) increases in maternal body weight gain and serum IGF-1 levels, has no apparent effect on embryonal/fetal development or preweaning growth.
Startup optimization of a combined cycle power plant based on cooperative fuzzy reasoning and a neural network (1997)

A startup optimization control system for a gas and steam turbine combined cycle power plant is developed. The system can minimize startup time of the plant through cooperative fuzzy reasoning and a neural network autonomously adapting to varying process dynamics due to varying operational conditions, i.e. the ambient temperature and humidity. The operational conditions are taken into consideration by the neural network with a learning mechanism to optimize the schedule. The system is applied to a simulation for a plant with a three pressure staged reheat type 235.7 MW rated capacity, and the following points are seen. (1) The system can harmonize machines operations making good use of the operational margins, i.e. machine thermal stress and NO/sub x/ emission. (2) Startup time and energy loss are reduced by 35.6% and 26.3%, respectively, compared with the conventional off-line startup scheduling method.
The Academic Librarian: Buying Into, Playing Out, and Resisting the Teacher Role in Higher Education (2013)

This article reports the findings of a small-scale study in a UK university. The research investigated how academic librarians experienced the processes of becoming a teacher. As more librarians are drawn into a teaching role, understanding these developments becomes crucial. A narrative approach revealed the challenges faced as they participated in a program of teacher education. Institutional agendas and a diverse student population complicated these processes. This produced a complex interplay between identity and pedagogy, resulting in a lack of legitimacy in the teacher role. This has implications for the way in which academic librarians are supported in such transitions.
Human activity recognition from accelerometer data using Convolutional Neural Network (2017)

We propose a one-dimensional (1D) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based method for recognizing human activity using triaxial accelerometer data collected from users' smartphones. The three human activity data, walking, running, and staying still, are gathered using smartphone accelerometer sensor. The x, y, and z acceleration data are transformed into a vector magnitude data and used as the input for learning the 1D CNN. The ternary activity recognition performance of our 1D CNN-based method which showed 92.71% accuracy outperformed the baseline random forest approach of 89.10%.
Random Bias Initialization Improves Quantized Training (2019)

Binary neural networks improve computationally efficiency of deep models with a large margin. However, there is still a performance gap between a successful full-precision training and binary training. We bring some insights about why this accuracy drop exists and call for a better understanding of binary network geometry. We start with analyzing full-precision neural networks with ReLU activation and compare it with its binarized version. This comparison suggests to initialize networks with random bias, a counter-intuitive remedy.
Utilizing ethacrynic acid and ciclopirox olamine in liver cancer (2018)

Once aberrantly activated, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may result in uncontrolled proliferation and eventually cancer. Efforts to counter and inhibit this pathway are mainly directed against β-catenin, as it serves a role on the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In addition, specially-generated lymphocytes are recruited for the purpose of treating liver cancer. Peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes are expanded by the timely addition of interferon γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2 and anti-cluster of differentiation 3 antibody. The resulting cells are called cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. The present study utilised these cells and combine them with drugs inhibiting the Wnt pathway in order to examine whether this resulted in an improvement in the killing ability of CIK cells against liver cancer cells. Drugs including ethacrynic acid (EA) and ciclopirox olamine (CPX) were determined to be suitable candidates, as determined by previous studies. Drugs were administered on their own and combined with CIK cells and then a cell viability assay was performed. These results suggest that EA-treated cells demonstrated apoptosis and were significantly affected compared with untreated cells. Unlike EA, CPX killed normal and cancerous cells even at low concentrations. Subsequent to combining EA with CIK cells, the potency of killing was increased and a greater number of cells died, which proves a synergistic action. In summary, EA may be used as an anti-hepatocellular carcinoma drug, while CPX possesses a high toxicity to cancerous as well as to normal cells. It was proposed that EA should be integrated into present therapeutic methods for cancer.
Structure–property correlation of silicone hydrogels based on 3‐[tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate monomer (2020)

Abstract We have investigated silicone‐based hydrogels highlighting the effect of silyl comonomer, method of polymerization and nature of cross‐linker on their bulk as well as surface properties. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that solution thermal polymerization mitigated phase segregation of hydrophobic siloxane components over bulk thermal polymerization. 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate cannot provide transparent hydrogels with 3‐[tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate alone and requires equal weight percent of N, N‐dimethylacrylamide to compatibilize the comonomers to yield a silicone hydrogel network showing no microphase separation. The differentiated surface properties of silicone hydrogels containing varying amount of siloxane comonomers were also unraveled and rationally supported by surface infrared spectroscopic results. Different molecular states of water entrapped within hydrogel network were identified to understand the nature of gel‐mesh functionality. The effect of silicone pendant groups on the gel elasticity was also explored.
Morphologic and Mechanical Basis of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (2002)

Muscle pain after unaccustomed exercise is believed to result from repetitive active lengthening of skeletal muscle. This "eccentric exercise" initiates a sequence of events that includes muscle cytoskeletal breakdown, inflammation, and remodeling such that subsequent exercise sessions result in less injury and soreness. Recent studies of eccentric exercise using well-defined animal models have identified the mechanical and cellular events associated with the injury-repair process. In addition, neurophysiologic studies have elucidated mechanisms of pain that operate in skeletal muscle. Taken together, these studies improve our understanding of the muscle injury process and will lead to rational therapeutic interventions to facilitate recovery.
Chronology of extraintestinal manifestations relative to IBD diagnosis in the Swiss IBD Cohort (2012)

Background and Aims: Due to a p aucity of s uch data we aimed to a ssess the type and f requency o f extraintestinal manifestations ( EIM) in I BD p atients and to e valuate their chronologic behavior. Methods: A nalysis of d ata from t he Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort (SIBDCS) which c ollects data since 2 005 on a large sample o f IBD patients f rom hospitals and private practices across Switzerland. Results: A t total o f 1,143 patients were a nalyzed ( 572 (50%) female, mean age 42.1 ± 14.4 years), 629 with Crohn's disease (CD), 501 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 13 with indeterminate colitis ( IC). Of t hese, 3 74 (32.7%) presented o ne to five E IM (65% w ith CD, 3 3% w ith UC, 2% w ith IC). O f those patients suffering from EIM, 4 1.7% p resented two, 1 2.4% t hree, 5 .3% four, and 3.2% f ive E IM d uring lifetime. T he initial EIM presented with the following frequencies: p eripheral a rthritis (PA) 6 3.4%, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 8 .1%, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 6%, uveitis 5.7%, oral a phthosis 5.7%, erythema nodosum (EN) 5 %, other 3 .6%, pyoderma gangrenosum 1.8%, psoriasis 0.7%. In only 7.1% of cases, the EIM m anifested before IBD diagnosis was made (median time 28 months b efore IBD diagnosis, I QR 7 -60 months), in 9 2.9% EIM m anifested a fter e stablished IBD d iagnosis (median 72 months, IQR 9-147 months). Conclusions: EIM are a frequent problem in IBD patients. The vast m ajority of E IM m anifest a fter I BD d iagnosis has b een established. P eripheral a rthritis, a nkylosing spondylitis, a nd PSC represent the most frequent first manifestations of an EIM.
Der NMR‐spektroskopische Nachweis der m‐Substitution bei der Kondensation von chlormethylierten Nitrophenolen mit Methylphenolen (1971)

Abstract Die Kondensation von drei chlormethylierten Nitrophenolen mit p ‐Kresol und 2.4‐Dimethylphenol wurde untersucht. Mit Zinkchlorid als Katalysator und bei etwa 100°C entstehen stets zwei Hauptprodukte, die in allen Fällen getrennt und in rGeiner Form erhalten wurden. Hauptsächlich anhand ihrer NMR‐Spektren konnte gezeigt werden, daß es sich um die isomeren 2.2′‐Dihydroxy‐ bzw. 2.3′‐Dihydroxydiphenylmethanderivate handelt. Die Substitution erfolgt demnach nicht nur in ortho ‐, sondern auch in meta ‐Stellung zur phenolischen OH‐Gruppe. Das Verhältnis, in dem beide Produkte nebeneinander gebildet werden, konnte ebenfalls NMR‐spektroskopisch bestimmt werden. Der Anteil an 2.3′‐Dihydroxydiphenylmethanderivaten ist überraschend hoch und liegt im Bereich von 15 bis 55%.
Iatrogenic changes in the urinary tract (2016)

A handful of therapeutic procedures are used to treat malignancies of the urinary tract, most frequently intravesical immunotherapy or chemotherapy, but also neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy. These treatment modalities produce morphological changes in the urothelium that can be mistaken for carcinoma; in particular, these therapies frequently mimic urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) urothelial dysplasia or true invasive neoplasia. Drugs such as mitomycin C used after transurethral resection of bladder tumour to reduce recurrences, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) intravesical immunotherapy to treat high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and urothelial CIS and platin-based systemic chemotherapy to improve postcystectomy disease-specific survival are examples of therapy-related atypia seen in the urinary tract. To complicate the pathologist's life, a number of systemic drugs in use to treat other diseases, such cyclophosphamide, used to treat some autoimmune disorders or certain haematological malignancies or, in the case of anaesthetics, ketamine, used increasingly as an illegal recreational drug, may produce similarly relevant atypical changes in the urothelium, and therefore need to be differentiated from intraepithelial neoplasia. Other less frequent procedures, such as photodynamic and laser therapy or the newer gene therapy to treat urothelial neoplasia, remain experimental. An immunohistochemical approach to reactive urothelium versus carcinoma in situ using p53, cytokeratin 20 and CD44 is also valid in the post-therapy setting. The pathologist should be aware of these novelties, as he or she plays a crucial role in evaluating treatment efficacy, but at the same time needs to avoid misdiagnosing secondary atypia as intraepithelial neoplasia.
Augmentation of reperfusion by noninvasive, transcutaneous delivery of low-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound (2000)

There is a need for developing alternative safe, inexpensive and noninvasive methods for rapid and effective recanalization of thrombosed arteries and veins that can be commenced immediately upon admission to hospital, or even prior to admission. Transcutaneous delivery of low-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound has the potential to be used clinically in various types of thrombotically occluded blood vessels including acute myocardial infarction, strokes, ischemic limbs, obliteration of A-V fistulas of patients undergoing hemodialysis, retinal vein thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and even thrombotically stuck prosthetic heart valves. Thus far, various noninvasive ultrasound systems have been used in several animal models. These systems vary in the mode of ultrasound delivery (continuous versus pulse, diffuse versus concentrated or pulsed beam), frequency (between 20 kHz and 1 mHz), and intensity. In general, lower frequencies have better penetration through overlying tissue (skin, fat, bone) and, probably, better efficacy.
A New Perspective on the Natural History of Hereditary Hemochromatosis. (2005)

Abstract A few homozygotes for the C282Y mutation of HFE manifest severe and even fatal iron-storage disease; most have only a modest increase in iron stores, show no clinical manifestations, and have no shortening of lifespan. Screening for hemochromatosis has been advocated so that therapeutic phlebotomy could be offered to the mildly affected subjects, often termed "pre-cirrhotic", presumably protecting them against progression of the disease. The rationale of this approach depends upon the implicit assumption that the natural history of the disease is one of progressive accumulation of iron and consequently ever-increasing tissue damage. In 1998 we began screening for the C282Y homozygous genotype among patients in the Kaiser Permanente Health Appraisal Clinic in San Diego. We have now followed 144 patients from this cohort of 156 C282Y homozygotes with medical records spanning up to 10 years, including 35 patients who declined phlebotomy. Data from this analysis and other sources now suggest that the natural history of the disease might be quite different than has heretofore been assumed. Our revised perspective is based upon both cross-sectional and longitudinal observations. Cross-sectional analysis of levels of serum ferritin, a surrogate for total body iron, shows little or no change with age in C282Y homozygotes. Neither are abnormal liver function tests, which occur in a small minority of homozygotes, age-related. In Denmark, longitudinal analyses of serum ferritin levels in untreated patients show no increase over as much as 20 years. Our own longitudinal data on serum ferritin levels in homozygotes who were not phlebotomized confirm this observation. Longitudinal analyses of abnormal ALT levels in homozygotes show no upward trend over a four-year period. Accordingly, it seems likely that in hemochromatosis the maximum extent of disease has been achieved in most patients by the time they reach adulthood, and that patients who are diagnosed with mild disease are unlikely to show progression.
Synthesis of the Core Structure of the Fungal Metabolite Benesudon:  Use of Oxidative Decarboxylation (2005)

[chemical reaction: see text]. The core structure (5) of the fungal metabolite benesudon (1) was synthesized, the key step being oxidative decarboxylation of acid 17.
Exploratory analysis of left- versus right-sided colorectal carcinoma in RAISE: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial of ramucirumab (RAM) + FOLFIRI versus placebo (PBO) + FOLFIRI. (2017)

668 Background: Ramucirumab is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody antagonist of VEGFR-2. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 2 nd line FOLFIRI based treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) were improved with RAM therapy versus PBO in the RAISE trial. Recent work suggests mCRC primary tumor location is both prognostic and predictive; with improved OS and therapy-specific sensitivity observed in left (L)- vs right (R)-sided tumors. Given these findings, the RAISE trial data was subjected to post-hoc analysis to determine if sidedness influenced RAM efficacy. Methods: Primary tumor site was obtained. L-CRC was defined as the splenic flexure, descending and sigmoid colon, and rectum, while R-CRC included transverse, ascending colon and cecum. OS/PFS in L and R subgroups were analyzed via Kaplan-Meier method and unstratified log-rank test (treatments within subgroup), unstratified Cox proportional hazards model (estimate hazard ratio [HR] and 95% CI), and Wald test (treatment-by-subgroup interaction). Results: Tumor location was available for 1012/1072 (94%) patients, 699 L- and 313 R-CRC. Baseline characteristics were balanced between arms. RAM treatment enhanced L-CRC median OS by 2.5 mo (median 14.5 vs 12.0 mo) with a HR (95% CI) = 0.807 (0.675, 0.965), P = 0.019; compared to a 1.1 mo increase in median OS in R-CRC vs PBO (12.7 vs 11.6) with a HR (95% CI) = 0.971 (0.750, 1.258), P = 0.823; and, RAM enhanced L-CRC median PFS by 1.6 mo (6.0 vs 4.4 mo) and HR (95% CI) = 0.776 (0.664, 0.906), P = 0.001 compared to a 1.1 mo increase in median PFS R-CRC vs PBO (5.6 vs 4.5) with a HR (95% CI) = 0.855 (0.674, 1.084), P = 0.197. The treatment-by-subgroup interaction for both OS and PFS was not significant ( P = 0.276, 0.578, respectively). Conclusions: Despite L-CRC patients having longer OS/PFS and a seemingly stronger RAM treatment effect than R-CRC, the non-significant interaction test cannot verify sidedness as being predictive of RAM efficacy. The current study confirms ramucirumab benefits mCRC patients regardless primary tumor location. Clinical trial information: NCT01183780.