gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevation of aldose reductase gene expression in rat primary hepatoma and hepatoma cell lines: Implication in detoxification of cytotoxic aldehydes (1995)

Aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase are members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, and participate in the reduction of a wide range of carbonyl compounds. We have purified aldose reductase from rat lens and raised antiserum against it in rabbits. Immunoblot analyses using this antibody showed that a significant amount of aldose reductase was expressed in cell lines derived from hepatomas while it was negligible in normal hepatocytes. Elevated expression of aldose reductase was also observed in cancerous lesions of 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB)-induced hepatocarcinomas. Expression of aldose reductase mRNA was confirmed in these cells by Northern-blot analysis, suggesting that the induction occurred at the stage of gene transcription. The level of aldehyde reductase, however, did not change in cancerous tissue or in the cell lines. The viability of hepatoma cells in the presence of 3-deoxyglucosone and glyceraldehyde was decreased by an aldose reductase inhibitor, ONO-2235 (5-[1Z,2E)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropenylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxo -3- thiazolidineacetic acid). Taken together, induction of aldose reductase gene expression during hepatocarcinogenesis may render cancer cells resistant to various toxic carbonyl compounds produced during metabolism or administered as anti-cancer drugs.
Imiquimod induced regression of clinically diagnosed superficial basal cell carcinoma is associated with early infiltration by CD4 T cells and dendritic cells (2004)

Imiquimod is presumed to clear basal cell carcinoma (BCC) through apoptosis mediated by cytokines and lymphocytes, with erosion often observed correlating with complete clearance. The objective was to determine the cellular immune response early in the course of treatment in order to examine whether cell mediated immunity could be responsible for imiquimod mediated regression of BCC. Sixteen adults with clinically diagnosed BCC were openly assigned to 5 days per week of drug (1, 2 or 4 weeks) or placebo (2 weeks) in groups of four. No baseline biopsy was performed. Post-treatment excision specimens were examined by routine and immunohistochemical staining. Treatment was associated with the early appearance of CD4 cells, activated dendritic cells and macrophages, with later infiltration by CD8 T cells. Dendritic cells continually increased with time, while macrophages reached a maximum at 1 week and then declined slightly. There were comparatively few neutrophils or gammadelta T cells. Early infiltrates were most prominent in the tumour and upper dermis. The results are consistent with a cell mediated immune response being responsible for the clearance of the BCC. Several immune-mediated tumour destruction mechanisms are likely to be involved.
Atlas-based segmentation of medical images locally constrained by level sets (2005)

Atlas-based segmentation has become a standard paradigm for exploiting prior knowledge in medical image segmentation. In this paper, we propose a method to exploit both the robustness of global registration techniques and the accuracy of a local registration based on level set tracking. First, the atlas is globally put in correspondence with the patient image by an affine and an intensity-based non rigid registration. Based on this rough initialisation, the level set functions corresponding to particular objects of interest of the deformed atlas are used to segment the corresponding objects in the patient image. We propose a technique to derive a dense deformation field from the motion of these level set functions. This is particularly important when we want to infer the position of invisible structures like the brain sub-thalamic nuclei from the position of visible surrounding structures. This can also be advantageously exploited to register an atlas following a hierarchical approach. Results are shown on 2D synthetic images and 2D real images extracted from brain and prostate MR volumes and neck CT volumes.
Manipulating the interaction between localized and delocalized surface plasmon-polaritons in graphene (2014)

The excitation of localized or delocalized surface plasmon-polaritons in nanostructured or extended graphene has attracted a steadily increasing attention due to their promising applications in sensors, switches, and filters. These single resonances may couple and intriguing spectral signatures can be achieved by exploiting the entailing hybridization. Whereas thus far only the coupling between localized or delocalized surface plasmon-polaritons has been studied in graphene nanostructures, we consider here the interaction between a localized and a delocalized surface plasmon-polariton. This interaction can be achieved by two different schemes that reside on either evanescent near-field coupling or far-field interference. All observable phenomena are corroborated by analytical considerations, providing insight into the physics and paving the way for compact and tunable optical components at infrared and terahertz frequencies.
Hepatitis Viruses (2006)

Abstract Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem throughout the world, affecting many hundreds of millions of people. Hepatitis is a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in the human population both from acute infection and chronic sequelae, which include, with hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection, chronic liver damage, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer.
Impaired development of hippocampal mossy fibre synapses in mouse mutants for the presynaptic scaffold protein Bassoon (2010)

Bassoon, a protein highly concentrated at the synaptic active zone, is thought to participate in the organization of the cytomatrix at the site of neurotransmitter release. Bassoon is amongst the first proteins to accumulate at newly formed synaptic junctions, raising the question of the functional role of this protein in the early stages of synaptic development. Here we show that the course of synaptic maturation of hippocampal mossy fibre (MF) synapses (glutamatergic synapses with multiple release sites) is markedly altered during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development in mutant mice lacking the central region of Bassoon (Bsn(-/-) mice). At postnatal day 7 (P7), Bsn(-/-) mice display large amplitude MF-EPSCs with decreased paired pulse ratios, an abnormality which may be linked to deficits in the organization of the presynaptic active zone. Surprisingly, 1 week later, decreased MF-EPSCs amplitude is observed in Bsn(-/-) mice, consistent with the inactivation of a subset of synaptic release sites. Finally, at more mature states a decreased posttetanic potentiation is observed at MF-synapses. These results support the notion that Bassoon is important for organizing the presynaptic active zone during the postnatal maturation of glutamatergic synapses.
Semiconducting polymers: the Third Generation (2010)

There has been remarkable progress in the science and technology of semiconducting polymers during the past decade. The field has evolved from the early work on polyacetylene (the First Generation material) to a proper focus on soluble and processible polymers and co-polymers. The soluble poly(alkylthiophenes) and the soluble PPVs are perhaps the most important examples of the Second Generation of semiconducting polymers. Third Generation semiconducting polymers have more complex molecular structures with more atoms in the repeat unit. Important examples include the highly ordered and crystalline PDTTT and the ever-growing class of donor-acceptor co-polymers that has emerged in the past few years. Examples of the latter include the bithiophene-acceptor co-polymers pioneered by Konarka and the polycarbazole-acceptor co-polymers pioneered by Leclerc and colleagues. In this tutorial review, I will summarize progress in the basic physics, the materials science, the device science and the device performance with emphasis on the following recent studies of Third Generation semiconducting polymers: stable semiconducting polymers; self-assembly of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) materials by spontaneous phase separation; bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%; high detectivity photodetectors fabricated from BHJ materials.
Microstructural stability of γ′ strengthened Co–Cr–Ti alloys (1983)

A study has been made of the microstructural stability of various Co–Cr–Ti alloys. The alloy Co–16Cr–5Ti, when solution treated and cooled, forms a microstructure consisting of a homogeneous precipitation of Co3Ti (γ′) particles in an fcc (γ) matrix. This structure remains relatively stable during heat treatment between 600 and 800°C. The addition of 3%Mo to the alloy causes transformation of the structure in this temperature range both by an fcc → hcp transformation and by discontinuous reprecipitation. The kinetics of these transformations are reported. The addition of 11%Ni to the Mo containing alloy suppresses the fcc → hcp transformation but not the discontinuous transformation. The fcc → hcp transformation, though martensitic in appearance, exhibits thermally activated kinetics. Possible explanations for this are discussed and possible reasons for the enhancement of the discontinuous transformation by Mo are also examined.
High density COS/MOS 1024 bit static RAM (1974)

A static 1024 × 1 self-aligned silicon gate COS/MOS Random Access Memory has been developed using `self-registry' techniques to achieve high packing density. The techniques developed permitted a 7500 transistor COS/MOS memory circuit to be fabricated in a 0.134 × 0.168 inch <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> chip, with a 13.4 mil <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> cell. Such packing density is approximately 5 times that of conventional metal gate COS/MOS circuits.
Hemocompatible polyurethane surfaces (2011)

With the aim of improving the hemocompatibility of blood‐contacting devices, antithrombotic or fibrinolytic biological molecules‐containing polyurethane (PU) materials have been developed. Cationic PU surfaces were prepared by grafting poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and quaternizing the tertiary amino groups with iodomethane. The surfaces were characterized by water contact angles and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The materials (PU‐CH 3 I) were treated with antithrombotic or fibrinolytic drugs, such as hirudin or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in Tris‐buffered saline (pH 9.0) to yield hirudin‐loaded or tPA‐loaded PU surfaces. The hirudin and tPA quantity of the surfaces was observed using a radiolabeling method. The quantities of hirudin and tPA taken up by the cationic surfaces were significantly greater than those on the unmodified PU: approximately 200‐fold greater for hirudin and 10‐fold for tPA. The release of the bound hirudin and tPA from the materials in contact with plasma was slow, and at 48 h, ~78% of the initial hirudin and ~26% of the initial tPA remained bound. The activity of the bound hirudin and tPA, as measured by a plasma recalcification assay, was largely preserved. This approach may have potential for the development of surfaces having antithrombotic or fibrinolytic properties. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Necropsy or Autopsy? It’s All About Communication! (2011)

Several of us have decided that communication is more important than tradition. Yes, Virginia, we were all drilled in the discipline of veterinary pathology by traditionalists. We’re stubborn individualists, aren’t we? Greats like John King have necropsied thousands of animals, and we want our procedure to be distinguished from the ‘‘other’’ side—the RDs (well okay, the MDs). The short answer is that ‘‘necropsy’’ literally means ‘‘death examination’’ or examination of death and finds its application in the study of bodies following death. The term is general without reference to species. ‘‘Autopsy’’ literally means ‘‘self-examination,’’ and some of us were taught that the frame of reference for ‘‘self’’ referred to the postmortem examination of ‘‘ourselves’’ or our own species, humans. As such, postmortem examination of nonhumans was proscribed from using the term and was designated ‘‘necropsy.’’ But hold on there a minute, let’s see what Webster has to say. Or as Don Meuten likes to say, ‘‘Show me the reference!’’
Infrared characteristics of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a transparent matrix (2009)

Effect of magnetic nanoparticles on the transparency of a transparent matrix is studied in the infrared wavelength region. We used the iron oxide - potassium bromide system for this study. Several samples were prepared with different concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles. IR microscopy and transmission measurements were performed to determine the resonance characteristics of aggregates of nanoparticles. We observed a sharp strong absorption peak at 7.22 &mu;m. The amplitude of the absorption peak was dependent on the nanoparticle concentration. Effect of interface diffusion on the morphology and transmission was studied by annealing the sample at 175 C and 500C. High temperature annealing indicated interpenetration and affected the transparency significantly.
Experimental Determination of Octanol−Water Partition Coefficients of Quercetin and Related Flavonoids (2005)

Octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) values were determined for flavonoids from the flavone, flavonol, flavanone, and isoflavonoid subclasses. Each flavonoid was dissolved in an octanol-water system and allowed to equilibrate, and then both fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. log P was calculated as log[ratio of the concentration in the octanol phase to the concentration in the aqueous phase at pH 7.4]. The aglycons were more lipophilic than any conjugate. The conjugate moiety had a more significant effect on log P than the aglycon moiety. Quercetin was the least lipophilic aglycon (log P = 1.82 +/- 0.32) and, together with kaempferol (log P = 3.11 +/-0.54), gave the most variable results. The isoflavones genistein and daidzein and the isoflavone metabolite equol gave relatively high log P values (3.04 +/- 0.02, 2.51 +/- 0.06, and 3.20 +/- 0.13, respectively), while glycitein had an unexpectedly low value of 1.97 +/- 0.05. The conjugation characteristics and hydroxylation pattern were the most important determinants of log P in general, and log P was highly variable within the flavonoid subclass. The results are discussed in terms of further understanding of the in vivo fate of the flavonoids as important dietary bioactives.
Endothelial Cell Migration onto Metal Stent Surfaces Under Static and Flow Conditions (2000)

Restenosis associated with intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis at sites of balloon angioplasty or stent placement remains an important clinical problem. It is likely that loss or damage to the arterial endothelium associated with these interventional procedures as well as the rate of its restoration plays a critical role in the extent of restenosis. Migration of arterial endothelial cells from adjacent intact endothelium is the predominant source of cells involved in re-endothelialization of the injured site. In this paper, we review the influence of hemodynamics on endothelial cell migration, both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we present recent in vitro studies demonstrating the importance of the nature of metal substrates in modulating endothelial cell migration rate. Finally, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms likely involved in governing endothelial cell migration, and relate them to a possible scenario of endothelial response to injury at sites of arterial intervention. Understanding the important factors regulating endothelial migration may provide insights that will ultimately lead to methods to accelerate endothelial healing and reduce the occurrence of arterial restenosis.
PtCo alloy nanoparticles supported on graphene nanosheets with high performance for methanol oxidation (2012)

PtCo alloy nanoparticles are deposited onto graphene sheets through a facile and reproducible hydrothermal method. During the hydrothermal reaction, the reduction of graphene oxide and PtCo alloy nanoparticles loading can be achieved. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses reveal a good crystallinity of the supported Pt nanoparticles in the composites and the formation of PtCo alloy. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) results depict that Pt mainly exists in the metallic form, while much of the cobalt is oxidized. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations show that the PtCo alloy nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on graphene nanosheets compared with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). This PtCo-graphene composite exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity and high poison tolerance toward poisoning species for methanol oxidation reaction, far outperforming the Pt-graphene or PtCo-MWNTs composites with the same feeding ratio of Pt/carbon.
A Shocking Case of Pacemaker Lead Perforation (2022)

We report on a 66-year-old man who presented with presyncope, chest discomfort, and pectoralis muscle stimulation after pacemaker implantation. Imaging confirmed lead perforation through the myocardium and reaching the anterior chest wall. (<b>Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.</b>).
Quinone Cofactors (2013)

Abstract Quinone cofactors are used by several classes of enzymes, which catalyse the oxidation of biogenic amines and alcohols, to help catalyse these reactions. Before 1990 only one cofactor, the peptide‐derived pyrroloquinoline quinone had been identified. During 1990–2001, however, four new quinone prosthetic groups derived from naturally occurring amino acids were discovered. The first protein‐derived, nondissociable cofactor identified was 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone, designated topaquinone (TPQ) in copper amine oxidases . The discovery of TPQ led to the identification of a series of new quinone cofactors, including lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) in lysyl oxidase, cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ) in quinohaemoprotein amine dehydrogenase and tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) in bacterial methylamine dehydrogenase . These cofactors contribute electrophillic capabilities (and stabilise free radical intermediates) that naturally occurring, unmodified amino acid side chains are unable to provide. Key Concepts: Quinone cofactors are a class of cofactors used by many enzymes to catalyse the oxidation of amines and alcohols. Five quinone cofactors have been characterised: PQQ, TPQ, LTQ, TTQ and CTQ. PQQ is a peptide‐derived cofactor that involves the expression of six genes located within an operon. TPQ is derived from a precursor tyrosine and requires only Cu 2+ and O 2 for biogenesis. LTQ is formed by the cross‐linking of a tyrosine residue and a lysine residue, also requiring only Cu 2+ and O 2 . TTQ is formed by the cross‐linking of two tryprophan resides, with MauG completing biogenesis. CTQ, the most recently discovered quinone cofactor, is formed by the cross‐linking of a cysteine reside and a tryptophan residue.
Engineering of Serine-Deamination pathway, Entner-Doudoroff pathway and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to improve poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production in Escherichia coli (2014)

Significant levels of PHB biosynthesis from different kinds of carbon sources can be achieved by engineering the Serine-Deamination pathway, Entner-Doudoroff pathway and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in E. coli JM109 harboring the PHB biosynthesis genes from Ralstonia eutropha. This work demonstrates a novel strategy for improving PHB production in E. coli. The strategy reported here should be useful for the bio-based production of PHB from renewable resources.
Towards the Augmented Pathologist: Challenges of Explainable-AI in Digital Pathology (2017)

Digital pathology is not only one of the most promising fields of diagnostic medicine, but at the same time a hot topic for fundamental research. Digital pathology is not just the transfer of histopathological slides into digital representations. The combination of different data sources (images, patient records, and *omics data) together with current advances in artificial intelligence/machine learning enable to make novel information accessible and quantifiable to a human expert, which is not yet available and not exploited in current medical settings. The grand goal is to reach a level of usable intelligence to understand the data in the context of an application task, thereby making machine decisions transparent, interpretable and explainable. The foundation of such an "augmented pathologist" needs an integrated approach: While machine learning algorithms require many thousands of training examples, a human expert is often confronted with only a few data points. Interestingly, humans can learn from such few examples and are able to instantly interpret complex patterns. Consequently, the grand goal is to combine the possibilities of artificial intelligence with human intelligence and to find a well-suited balance between them to enable what neither of them could do on their own. This can raise the quality of education, diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of cancer and other diseases. In this paper we describe some (incomplete) research issues which we believe should be addressed in an integrated and concerted effort for paving the way towards the augmented pathologist.
Biomarkers of green roof vegetation: anthocyanin and chlorophyll as stress marker pigments for plant stresses of roof environments (2009)

Sedum plants are broadly utilized in green roofs. To establish biomarkers for stress evaluation of green roof vegetation, anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents in Sedum plants grown on the green roof were examined. Total anthocyanin content in shoots was 12- to 17-fold higher in the stressed group than in the less-stressed group of Sedum acre L., S. makinoi Maxim., and S. uniflorum Hook. et Arnot subsp. Japonicum (Sieb. ex Miq.) H. Oba. The stressed group of another Sedum species, S. polytrichoides Hemsl. subsp. yabeanum (Makino) var. setouchiense (Murata et Yuasa) H. Oba. accumulated anthocyanin only 3 times as much as the less-stressed one. Total chlorophyll content was reduced in the stressed group of S. acre, S. uniflorum and S. polytrichoides, but not in S. makinoi. Chlorophyll a/b ratio was lower in the stressed group of S. makinoi and S. uniflorum, but remained the same level in S. acre and S. polytrichoides. The results indicate that anthocyanin accumulation and chlorosis can be plant biomarkers for rooftop environmental stresses. Difference in anthocyanin accumulation and chlorosis among species suggests that the rooftop environmental stress consists of multiple stress factors and each species possess different sensitivities to each stress factor.
An Optimization Control Algorithm of Traffic Signals for Urban Arterials (2009)

An optimization model to the application of signal coordination for traffic arterials based on multi-group partition is proposed. The approach divides a large signalized arterial into subgroups with three to five signals in each subgroup according to actual traffic conditions. In each subgroup, signal coordination between neighboring intersections is built by a common cycle and offsets. A case study was presented to illustrate how the proposed approach could be applied, and the signal timing solutions were compared with the solutions from traditional signal coordination method using well-known TRANSYT-7F. Evaluation of the timing solutions using CORSIM simulator indicated that the proposed approach improved efficiencies for traffic arterials and reduced the vehiclespsila delay time.