gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutatis mutandis: Are we diagnosing too many people with non-celiac gluten sensitivity? Multiple case report (2014)

We report three patients presenting with gluten-related signs and symptoms. Since villous height/crypt depth ratio, intraepithelial lymphocyte count, and serum antibody tests were not diagnostic for celiac disease (CD), a diagnosis of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) was suggested. On the other hand, antibodies suggestive for CD surprisingly showed positive results in the duodenal biopsy organ culture of all three cases. The reported cases suggest the precious potential role that organ culture systems may play in differentiating CD from NCGS. This method should be recommended when gluten-related disorders are suspected in order to reduce the inappropriate diagnosis of NCGS.
Synthese, Struktur und Cope‐Umlagerung einiger 3,7‐Dicyan‐1,5‐dimethylsemibullvalene (1986)

Abstract Addition von Trimethylsilylcyanid an das Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan‐3,7‐dion 8 und nachfolgende Umsetzung der diastereomeren O ‐silylierten Biscyanhydrine 12 mit Trichlorphosphanoxid in siedendem Pyridin ergibt ein 2:1‐Gemisch der regiosiomeren ungesättigten Dinitrile C 2 ‐ 13 und C s ‐ 13. Diese werden mit überschüssigem N ‐Bromsuccinimid in die Tribrom‐ ( 14a ) und isomeren Tetrabromdinitrile 14b und 15a übergeführt, die durch Kristallisation und selektive Reaktion von 15a mit Diethylphosphit/Triethylamin getrennt werden. Die Struktur des überwiegenden, unsymmetrischen Tetrabromdinitrils 15a wird durch eine Röntgenstrukturbestimmung aufgeklärt. Zink/Kupfer in siedendem Ether debromiert die Tetrabromdinitrile 14b und 15a glatt zu dem 2,6‐ ( 2b ) bzw. 2,4‐Dibrom‐3,7‐dicyansemibullvalen 2a. Längeres Erhitzen von 15a mit Zink/Kupfer in Tetrahydrofuran führt dagegen zum Brom‐3,7‐dicyansemibullvalen 1c⇌1c ′. Brom/Lithium‐Austausch an 1c⇌1c ′ mit tert ‐Butyllithium bei −100°C und Umsetzung des Lithio‐3,7‐dicyansemibullvalens 1d mit Methanol, Methan‐[D]ol und Dicyan ergeben die Semibullvalene 1a, 1b⇌1b ′ bzw. 1e⇌1e ′. Die Geschwindigkeit der entarteten Cope‐Umlagerung der Dibrom‐3,7‐dicyansemibullvalene 2a und b wird aus der Austauschverbreiterung von 13 C‐NMR‐Signalen im Bereich von 200–290 K bestimmt. Bei 200 K gilt für 2a k = 260 s −1 , Δ G ≠ = 39.1±1.5 kJ·mol −1 , für 2b k = 1160 s −1 , Δ G ≠ = 36.6±0.6 kJ·mol −1 . Die starke Verzögerung der entarteten Cope‐Umlagerung im Vergleich zu der des 3,7‐Dicyansemibullvalens 1a ( k = 1.53·10 6 s −1 , Δ G ≠ = 24.6±0.3 kJ·mol −1 bei 200 K) hängt somit nur wenig von der Stellung der Bromatome ab. Die Konstanten K der Valenztautomerie‐Gleichgewichte der 3,7‐Dicyansemibullvalene 1b⇌1b ′ ( K = 1.112±0.001 bei 298 K), 1c⇌1c ′ (0.065±0.02 bei 300 K), 1e⇌1e ′ (0.29±0.02 bei 300 K) und der bekannten Bromsemibullvalene 18⇌18 ′ (0.2±0.02 bei 300 K) werden aus relativen Temperaturgradienten 13 C‐chemischer Verschiebungen bzw. mit Hilfe von Saunders ' Isotopenstörungs‐Methode erhalten. Die durch Röntgenstrukturbestimmung ermittelten Atomabstände der Brom‐3,7‐dicyansemibullvalene 1c und 2a zeigen, daß bei beiden im Kristall keine Cope‐Umlagerung stattfindet. Dagegen beobachtet man eine statistische Orientierungsfehlordnung im Kristall des 2,6‐Dibrom‐3,7‐dicyansemibullvalens 2b , die auf eine entartete Cope‐Umlagerung im festen Zustand hinweist.
Isotope‐coded N‐terminal sulfonation of peptides allows quantitative proteomic analysis with increased de novo peptide sequencing capability (2004)

Recently various methods for the N-terminal sulfonation of peptides have been developed for the mass spectrometric analyses of proteomic samples to facilitate de novo sequencing of the peptides produced. This paper describes the isotope-coded N-terminal sulfonation (ICenS) of peptides; this procedure allows both de novo peptide sequencing and quantitative proteomics to be studied simultaneously. As N-terminal sulfonation reagents, 13C-labeled 4-sulfophenyl[13C6]isothiocyanate (13C-SPITC) and unlabeled 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate (12C-SPITC) were synthesized. The experimental and reference peptide mixtures were derivatized independently using 13C-SPITC and 12C-SPITC and then combined to generate an isotopically labeled peptide mixture in which each isotopic pair differs in mass by 6 Da. Capillary reverse-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry experiments on the resulting peptide mixtures revealed several immediate advantages of ICenS in addition to the de novo sequencing capability of N-terminal sulfonation, namely, differentiation between N-terminal sulfonated peptides and unmodified peptides in mass spectra, differentiation between N- and C-terminal fragments in tandem mass spectra of multiply protonated peptides by comparing fragmentations of the isotopic pairs, and relative peptide quantification between proteome samples. We demonstrate that the combination of N-terminal sulfonation and isotope coding in the mass spectrometric analysis of proteomic samples is a viable method that overcomes many problems associated with current N-terminal sulfonation methods.
The electrical and mechanical properties of Au–V and Au–V2O5 thin films for wear-resistant RF MEMS switches (2008)

To explore alternatives to the use of pure Au in Ohmic contact RF microelectromechanical switches, we have measured changes in the electrical resistivity and nanoindentation hardness of a series of sputter deposited Au–V and Au–V2O5 thin films. Increasing V content in the Au–V alloys increases resistivity and hardness, which is consistent with solid solution strengthening. In the Au–V2O5 films, the increase in resistivity is greatly reduced and the hardness is further increased as expected for dispersion strengthening with V2O5 particles. These two phenomena are explained in terms of solute and particle effects on electron scattering and bowing of dislocations, respectively.
BANDWIDTH CONSIDERATIONS FOR A MICROSTRIP REFLECTARRAY (2008)

The paper describes a theoretical investigation into a limited bandwidth operation of a microstrip reflectarray. Two main factors limiting the bandwidth are considered. One is related to the requirement of phase compensation to convert a spherical wavefront launched by a feed into a planar wavefront. The other one is linked to the limited phasing range of microstrip antenna elements. The two factors contribute to the reflectarray phasing errors that in turn reduce its gain as a function of frequency. Simple formulas for an upper bound of gain bandwidth are derived, assuming the phase compensation by the elements is independent of frequency changes and verified against the results produced by other researchers. It is shown that the phase errors incurred in the path equalization to obtain conversion from spherical to planar wavefronts have a more profound effect on the reduction of operational bandwidth of the reflectarray than the phase truncation implemented on the required phase from each element.
Development of a Robotic Shear Wave Elastography System for Noninvasive Staging of Liver Disease in Murine Models (2022)

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an ultrasound-based stiffness quantification technology that is used for noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment. However, despite widescale clinical adoption, SWE is largely unused by preclinical researchers and drug developers for studies of liver disease progression in small animal models due to significant experimental, technical, and reproducibility challenges. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a tool designed specifically for assessing liver stiffness and echogenicity in small animals to better enable longitudinal preclinical studies. A high-frequency linear array transducer (12-24 MHz) was integrated into a robotic small animal ultrasound system (Vega; SonoVol, Inc., Durham, NC) to perform liver stiffness and echogenicity measurements in three dimensions. The instrument was validated with tissue-mimicking phantoms and a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Female C57BL/6J mice (n = 40) were placed on choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet and imaged longitudinally for 15 weeks. A subset was sacrificed after each imaging timepoint (n = 5) for histological validation, and analyses of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed. Results demonstrated that robotic measurements of echogenicity and stiffness were most strongly correlated with macrovesicular steatosis (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.891) and fibrosis (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.839), respectively. For diagnostic classification of fibrosis (Ishak score), areas under ROC (AUROCs) curves were 0.969 for ≥Ishak1, 0.984 for ≥Ishak2, 0.980 for ≥Ishak3, and 0.969 for ≥Ishak4. For classification of macrovesicular steatosis (S-score), AUROCs were 1.00 for ≥S2 and 0.997 for ≥S3. Average scanning and analysis time was <5 minutes/liver. Conclusion: Robotic SWE in small animals is feasible and sensitive to small changes in liver disease state, facilitating in vivo staging of rodent liver disease with minimal sonographic expertise.
Certification of standard reference material 3389 ginsenoside calibration solution (2019)

Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3389 is intended as a calibration solution for use in the determination of ginsenosides in natural matrix samples. A unit of SRM 3389 consists of two different ampule solutions: (1) four ampules of a six-component mixture of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 and (2) one ampule of a single component ginsenoside Rf. This publication documents the production, analytical methods, and statistical evaluations involved in production of this SRM.
Role of Steric Stabilization on the Arrested Growth of Silver Nanocrystals in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2002)

Perfluorodecanethiol-stabilized silver (Ag) nanocrystals were synthesized in supercritical (sc)-CO2 through arrested precipitation, by reducing silver acetylacetonate (Ag(acac)) with hydrogen in the presence of fluorinated thiol. The CO2 density used during synthesis controls the particle size and polydispersity. At high solvent densities, (P > 250 bar, T = 80 °C), the ligands provide a strong steric barrier that maintains small particles with a 20 Å diameter. At lower solvent densities (P < 250 bar, T = 80 °C), the osmotic repulsions between capping ligands are weak, resulting in 40 Å diameter nanocrystals with higher polydispersity. At early stages in the growth process, metal core coagulation competes with ligand adsorption. Conditions effective for steric stabilization, such as long ligands and high solvent density, quench nanocrystal growth at relatively low ligand binding densities, which leads to smaller nanocrystals. Under poor solvent conditions, particles grow to larger sizes before the coverage of capping ligand is sufficient to prevent coagulation of metal particles. Perfluorodecanethiol-coated silver nanocrystals, synthesized in either good or poor solvent conditions, readily redisperse in acetone, fluorinated solvents, and sc-CO2 (at high density). The precursor concentration, thiol:precursor ratio, and reaction time do not affect the nanocrystal size appreciably, although these parameters do affect the polydispersity.
Lanthanide Voltammetry: Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry in Acetonitrile (2016)

An electrochemical method has been developed to allow voltammetric interrogation of lanthanides in common organic, electrochemical solvents [1, 2]. Lanthanide electrochemistry was enabled in acetonitrile at an ion exchange polymer (Nafion) modified platinum electrode with triflate ligands. Under these conditions, formal potentials of the lanthanides are shifted into the potential window of acetonitrile and voltammetry is enabled. Here, voltammetry of lanthanides on the benchtop and evidence of electrocatalysis of reactions important in energy and environment are presented. For several lanthanide triflate complexes, the voltammetry is reviewed. For five lanthanides, two reductions are observed under cyclic voltammetric conditions. For each lanthanide triflate complex, LN(OTf) 3 where LN is a lanthanide, two well resolved reduction waves are observed. The first is for LN 3+ to LN 2+ . The second wave about a volt negative of the first is for reduction of the LN(II) triflate. Under cyclic voltammetric conditions, the reverse sweep to positive potentials is less well resolved. The mechanistic path for the LN(OTf) 3 is considered. Electrochemical reactions of small molecule, ubiquitous species play important roles in energy and the environment. This includes the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), carbon dioxide reduction, and the chemistry of other organic species that contain one carbon, such as methanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide. Many of these reactions are kinetically limited. ORR limits performance of many fuel cell and air batteries. Increased rates of HER facilitate energy generation. The sequence of single carbon species both maps the thermodynamic advantages of organic electrochemical fuels and identifies the dominant kinetic limitations of their exploitation in practical, low temperature electrochemical energy systems. Carbon dioxide is the highest oxidation state of carbon and so the focus of study for reduction to regenerate fuels and value added products as well as to remediate greenhouse gases. Voltammetry undertaken in the presence of some of these species will be presented. For example, there is clear cyclic voltammetric evidence of increased rates of oxygen reduction in acetonitrile when lanthanide triflates are present in solution and the Nafion film on the electrode. References [1] Krysti L. Knoche, Ph.D., University of Iowa, 2014. [2] J. Leddy and K. L. Knoche, “Lanthanide Electrochemistry,” Published U.S. Patent Application, 12 November 2015, 20150322581-A1.
Reliability of a New Algorithm for Automatic Mode Switching from DDDR to DDIR Pacing Mode in Sinus Node Disease Patients with Chronotropic Incompetence and Recurrent Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (1996)

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new algorithm for automatic mode switching (AMS) from DDD-DDDR to DDIR, 26 patients, 16 females and 10 males, mean age 73 +/- 6 years of age, affected by sinus node disease, chronotropic incompetence, and recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) received the Medtronic Thera DR pacemaker. The device continuously calculates, in ms, the running average of the intrinsic atrial rate (MAR) and compares the current atrial interval (CAI) with the stored MAR. When the CAI is greater than the MAR it increases by 8 ms, and when the CAI is less than the MAR, it decreases by 23 ms. When MAR < or = 330 ms (182 beats/min), tachycardia is detected and AMS is activated. All patients had clinical evaluation, 12-lead ECG, Holter monitoring, and exercise testing after implantation and every 3 months for 1 year. The results were compared with the data stored in the pacemaker memory: AMS episodes number; the histogram of the last 14 episodes; and atrial electrogram recording. Twenty-two Holter recordings in 13 patients showed PAF and in all of them AMS occurred simultaneously. AMS lasted between 10 seconds and 20 hours, and MAR ranged from 195-400 beats/min. No episode of PAF and no AMS were recorded in 39 Holter recordings in 22 patients. Appropriate AMS was confirmed in five patients by stored atrial electrogram and in nine by 12-lead ECG and pacemaker event markers. Mean atrial sensing was 2.13 +/- 1.04 mV during PAF and 3.18 +/- 1.46 mV during sinus rhythm. No PAF episode and no AMS were recorded during exercise testing. In conclusion, this new algorithm was very reliable, sensitive, and specific.
Herpesvirus cyprini: Biological and oncogenic properties. (1985)

In the present paper, we described the general biological properties and the oncogenicity of Herpesvirus cyprini or cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CHV) (SANO, et al., 1984) which were isolated from nine papilloma tissues developed on the skin or the caudal fin of Japanese carp. The virus size were as follows; envelope diameter 190.4&plusmn;27.2 nm, projection length 20.5&plusmn;4.4 nm, capsid diameter 113.4&plusmn;8.6 nm. This herpesvirus showed good significant growth on FHM and MCT. The virus titer on FHM cells reached more than 105.5 TCID50/ml at 20°C incubation temperature for 14 days. Syncytium formation was not found in these cell lines. Both FHM and EPC cells infected with this virus possessed intranuclear inclusion, Cowdry type A. It occupied a relatively large area revealing rather irregular shape. The virus titer reduction of over 103 TCID50/ml occurred before and after treatment with ether, pH 3, 50°C heating and IUdR.A cluster of the virus particles was found inside and outside inclusion body in FHM cells infected with the virus. Virus particles were more numerous in the karyoplasm undergoing karyorrhexis. Budding immature virus particle from the nuclear membrane, as well as released virions in intracellular space, were observed.Oncogenicity trial which we performed using common carp revealed grossly tumors on three fish out of ten. These tumor formations occurred more than five months after inoculation at 15.2°C of rearing temperature. The tumor cells induced in Asagi carp inoculated with the virus showed many virus particles in the karyoplasm and the cytoplasm. The experimentally induced tumors on common carp and spontaneously-developed tumors on colored carp possessed the property to be desquamated at the natural condition.
Distribution of molecules mediating thymocyte-stroma-interactions in human thymus, thymitis and thymic epithelial tumors. (1994)

Two findings in thymic epithelial tumors are correlated with the occurrence of myasthenia gravis(MG): (1) the expression of an acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-like-epitope in the neoplastic epithelium, and (2) the preservation of thymus-like features in the neoplasms, indicated by the presence of immature thymocytes. On this background it has been proposed that paraneoplastic MG may start with an intratumorous abnormal T cell selection due to aberrantly expressed AChR-epitopes (self-peptides). As appropriate thymocyte-stroma-interactions are prerequisites for thymocyte development in the thymus (and probably in MG-associated thymic tumors, too), we analyzed the expression of CD28/B7(BB1), CD2/:LFA3, LFA-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 in human thymus and thymomas by immunohistochemistry. In normal thymuses and thymitis the stromal molecules were expressed at higher levels in the medulla than in the cortex. This was particularly true for B7(BB1) that was undetectable by immunoperoxidase techniques in the cortex. In contrast, cortical-type thymic epithelial tumors (cortical thymoma and well differentiated thymic carcinoma), known to exhibit the highest association with myasthenia, expressed the stromal molecules at almost medullary levels. The findings may be a clue to a functional difference between neoplastic and normal cortical epithelial cells: while we find the former to have the capacity to present soluble antigen to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro, normal cortical epithelium failed to do so. This altered microenvironment in thymomas might contribute to the autoimmunization by stimulating mature recirculating AChR-specific T cells.
Investigating the variation in CO[subscript 2] sequestration supply curves (2011)

CCS projects that can bring together all pieces of the system—capture, transport, and storage—at the lowest cost will likely be the first to become operational. We have modeled the cost per tonne of CO2 of a geologic sequestration system that stores CO2 in saline aquifers in the United States. The model includes aspects of capture, transport, storage, and finance, and we present the sensitivity of the model to various sourceand sink-specific parameters. From our cost model we developed CO2 sequestration supply curves for CO2 sources within 100 miles of nine identified CO2 sinks in the Illinois Basin. The supply curves present the amount of CO2 that can be sequestered under current economic and technical conditions at a given CO2 price, and can and should be used by policy makers and commercial organizations to determine the most economical combinations of sources and sinks for CCS on national, regional, and local levels. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
An electronic scanning spatial multiplexing technique for interferometric optical fiber sensor arrays (1995)

A new electronic scanning spatial multiplexing technique based on a digital image processing system and a noniterative phase retrieval and tracing algorithm is presented. It greatly reduces the number of optical devices in the network, and thus the overall cost of the system, and allows the favorable characteristics of optical fiber to be fully utilized in sensing applications. Experimental results for quasi-static and dynamic strain measurements have been obtained to assess the feasibility and performance of the system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Functional divergence of the TFL1‐like gene family in Arabidopsis revealed by characterization of a novel homologue (2001)

The phenotypes of transgenic plants over-expressing ATC suggest that the ATC protein can functionally substitute for TFL1. However, the pattern and level of expression and the loss-of-function phenotype indicate that ATC does not participate in the regulation of IM identity, but rather has a role that is different from that of TFL1.
[Reconstruction of the nose in deep extensive facial burns]. (1995)

The nose is in the medial portion of the face and is frequently injured in trauma of this area. Due to its situation its structure and shape, and its essential function, this organ is particularly exposed in the case of facial burns. These injuries, are usually associated with larger injuries, and frequently with systemic problems, such as respiratory problems. The authors describe nasal burns in the larger context of facial burns, and summarize recent data on this topic. They then recall the fascinating story of rhinopoiesis through the ages. The third part is devoted to their personal approach to reconstruction of the nose in severe panfacial burns, using a forehead flap with one or several tissue expanders.
Te whariki o nga whanau ki te ao hurihuri, whanau ora : whanau Maori in this changing world, weaving and healing with the whanau when whanau violence is the presenting problem (2008)

This is a study of whanau Maori violence. I explore my own personal journey through family violence into the light, and compare it to the journey of my own people through the injustices of colonialism, and the impact of official violence on whanau violence.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe study assesses a range of responses - individualistic, expert and punitive – the only constant being the glaring and gross lack of success and effectiveness of these responses as problems continue to escalate.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe need for an alternative response emerges, a response which is relational, explanatory and holistic. An integration is required, which includes all the forms of family violence, from all people at all levels.&#13;\n&#13;\nA constructivist approach is then taken, validating the way that people make sense of their worlds and the usefulness of their constructions for changing the world. The findings identified that for Maori the goal is to reject the negative deficit approaches, to one which celebrates and validates Maori knowledge and wisdom.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe substance of the research involved talking to Maori about their experiences and wisdom. That experience and wisdom becomes a practical model of community and whanau development in Wairoa.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe conclusions support key recommendations for change.