gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From Anthramycin to Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)‐Containing Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs) (2016)

The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a family of sequence-selective DNA minor-groove binding agents that form a covalent aminal bond between their C11-position and the C2-NH<sub>2</sub> groups of guanine bases. The first example of a PBD monomer, the natural product anthramycin, was discovered in the 1960s, and the best known PBD dimer, SJG-136 (also known as SG2000, NSC 694501 or BN2629), was synthesized in the 1990s and has recently completed Phase II clinical trials in patients with leukaemia and ovarian cancer. More recently, PBD dimer analogues are being attached to tumor-targeting antibodies to create antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a number of which are now in clinical trials, with many others in pre-clinical development. This Review maps the development from anthramycin to the first PBD dimers, and then to PBD-containing ADCs, and explores both structure-activity relationships (SARs) and the biology of PBDs, and the strategies for their use as payloads for ADCs.
Efficiency characterization of vacuum ultraviolet molecular fluorine (F/sub 2/) laser (157 nm) excited by an intense electric discharge (1991)

Detailed experimental results of a discharge-excited high-pressure F/sub 2/ laser are compared with a model prediction. Special emphasis is placed on the output performance of the discharge-pumped F/sub 2/ laser at extremely high excitation rates (10 approximately 35 MW/cm/sup 3/) by using high-pressure laser mixtures up to 8 atm. The kinetics model predicts fractional contributions of excited F/sub 2/ formation channels, relaxation channels, and absorption channels together with the formation and extraction efficiencies at the experimental conditions. Although the only experimental quantity compared with the model prediction is laser output energy, it is enough to obtain a better understanding of major F/sub 2/ laser kinetics and key issues for improving the efficiency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Anomalous Stability of Carbon Dioxide in pH‐Controlled Bubble Coalescence (2011)

A new piece of the puzzle: Bubbles represent one of the simplest and most pervasive entities in the world around us, occurring in almost all liquid systems. The controlled collision between two microbubbles in water was investigated (see experimental setup) to understand the effect of gas type and solution pH on their stability, using ubiquitous gases—pure CO2, air, nitrogen, and argon. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Dietary supplements: red wine, ortolans, and chondroitin sulfate (2006)

Yves Mirande would dazzle his juniors, French and American, by dispatching a lunch of raw Bayonne ham and fresh figs, a hot sausage in crust, spindles of filleted pike in a rich rose sauce Nantua, a leg of lamb larded with anchovies, artichokes on a pedestal of foie gras, and four or five kinds of cheese, with a good bottle of Bordeaux and one of champagne, after which he would call for the Armagnac and remind Madame to have ready for dinner the larks and ortolans she had promised him, with a few langoustes and a turbot. . . .
Dr. Stamm responds to Ms. Loss' letter (1987)

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nip, a Symbiotic Medicago truncatula Mutant That Forms Root Nodules with Aberrant Infection Threads and Plant Defense-Like Response (2004)

To investigate the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, we isolated and studied a novel symbiotic mutant of the model legume Medicago truncatula, designated nip (numerous infections and polyphenolics). When grown on nitrogen-free media in the presence of the compatible bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, the nip mutant showed nitrogen deficiency symptoms. The mutant failed to form pink nitrogen-fixing nodules that occur in the wild-type symbiosis, but instead developed small bump-like nodules on its roots that were blocked at an early stage of development. Examination of the nip nodules by light microscopy after staining with X-Gal for S. meliloti expressing a constitutive GUS gene, by confocal microscopy following staining with SYTO-13, and by electron microscopy revealed that nip initiated symbiotic interactions and formed nodule primordia and infection threads. The infection threads in nip proliferated abnormally and very rarely deposited rhizobia into plant host cells; rhizobia failed to differentiate further in these cases. nip nodules contained autofluorescent cells and accumulated a brown pigment. Histochemical staining of nip nodules revealed this pigment to be polyphenolic accumulation. RNA blot analyses demonstrated that nip nodules expressed only a subset of genes associated with nodule organogenesis, as well as elevated expression of a host defense-associated phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene. nip plants were observed to have abnormal lateral roots. nip plant root growth and nodulation responded normally to ethylene inhibitors and precursors. Allelism tests showed that nip complements 14 other M. truncatula nodulation mutants but not latd, a mutant with a more severe nodulation phenotype as well as primary and lateral root defects. Thus, the nip mutant defines a new locus, NIP, required for appropriate infection thread development during invasion of the nascent nodule by rhizobia, normal lateral root elongation, and normal regulation of host defense-like responses during symbiotic interactions.
Directly Induced Neural Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Using Three-Dimensional Culture System of Conductive Microwell with Electrical Stimulation (2017)

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into neural precursor cells which can be used for nerve regeneration. However, their inherently low neurogenic differentiation efficiency limits further clinical applications. This study was designed to promote neurogenic differentiation efficacy of ADSCs by integrating conductive hydrogel-based microwells with electrical stimulation (ES). We hypothesize that ADSCs will differentiate more efficiently into neural precursor cells when electrically stimulated in conductive hydrogel microwells. To make the conductive hydrogel-based microwell, polyethylene glycol (PEG) diacrylate aqueous solution mixed with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) was patterned with the polydimethylsiloxane mold and exposed to UV light to induce photo-cross-linking of the conductive hydrogel. After seeding the ADSCs in the microwells, the cells formed distinct cell spheres in PEG microwells and wide disks in the PEG/PEDOT:PSS microwells. Although the microwells yielded varying three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregate structure, cell viability was not affected. After neurogenic differentiation with ES, the ADSC aggregates in PEG/PEDOT:PSS microwells with ES expressed greater positive neuronal differentiation markers compared to nonstimulated PEG/PEDOT:PSS microwells. Although all neuronal gene expression levels were greater in PEG microwells with ES, the increased rates of gene expression levels between treated and untreated PEG/PEDOT:PSS microwells were much higher compared to PEG microwells. This would mean that electrically stimulating ADSC aggregates in conductive microwells is an effective method in increasing neurogenic differentiation. Therefore, we propose a most effective strategy taking advantage of a 3D conductive culture system which can be useful in a wide variety of electrical application.
Separation of macrophages from mouse peritoneal exudate cells with substrata coated with chemically modified collagens (1984)

A cell-separation technique was designed on the basis of specific interaction between macrophages and chemically modified collagens in the presence of serum. When unseparated mouse peritoneal exudate cells containing approximately 50% macrophages and 50% lymphocytes were incubated in dishes coated with unmodified and chemically modified collagens, only macrophages adhered more rapidly and in greater numbers to succinylated and methylated collagen than to unmodified collagen. The adherent macrophages could be easily detached from the substrata by divalent cation chelating agents. The purity and recovery of macrophages separated by this method were approximately 92-94% and 41-48%, respectively.
Biophysical Characterization of Complexation of DNA with Block Copolymers of Poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl) Methacrylate, Poly(ethylene oxide), and Poly(propylene oxide) (2005)

The interactions of DNA (salmon testes) with two new cationic block copolymers made of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate and poly(ethylene oxide), PEO-pDMAEMA, or poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide), L92-pDMAEMA, were studied with the aim to understand their different in vitro transfection efficiencies when used as nonviral delivery vectors. PEO-pDMAEMA does not show surface activity while L92-pDMAEMA is as surface active as its parent Pluronic L92. Surface tension, titration microcalorimetry, ethidium bromide displacement, and zeta-potential measurements were carried out in phosphate buffers at pH 5 and 7. The association of L92-pDMAEMA with DNA was strongly exothermic at both pHs; the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) corresponded to a N/P ratio of 0.3, the maximum energy evolved was reached for N/P ratios of 0.82 and 1.27 at pH 5 and pH 7, respectively, and the saturation occurred for N/P ratios close to 2. The presence of L92 in the structure of this new block copolymer apparently did not modify the thermodynamic parameters of the interaction with DNA. In contrast, the interaction with PEO-pDMAEMA was significantly less exothermic, and CAC and saturation occurred for N/Ps equal to 0.43 and 1.37, respectively. The strong affinity of L92-pDMAEMA for DNA was reflected in its capacity to displace ethidium bromide and in the jump in the values of the zeta potential when N/P is near 1. Above the N/P ratio at which electroneutral polyplexes are formed, only at pH 5 an excess of L92-pDMAEMA is incorporated in the complexes, resulting in positively charged complexes. The profile of the zeta-potential values obtained for mixtures of L92-pDMAEMA with Pluronic P123 showed a shift to a lower N/P ratio, owing to an easier interaction of L92-pDMAEMA molecules with DNA in the presence of P123. Additionally, a visual inspection of the systems indicates that P123 contributes to stabilize/solubilize the DNA/cationic polymer aggregates, by avoiding the typical phase separation near the charge neutralization point. The information obtained can be particularly useful to optimize the conditions to form efficient polyplexes for gene delivery systems.
Short pulse and high repetition rate Q-switched Yb:YAG microchip laser (2005)

In this paper, we report a diode-pumped passively Q-switched Yb:YAG laser that is an excellent candidate for a ladar master oscillator. This microchip laser has 1 ns pulse duration, 68 &#956;J pulse energy, 700 mW average power, 10 kHz repetition rate, and 29% optical slope efficiency. Additionally, the microchip oscillates in the fundamental TEM<sub>00</sub> mode. The peak power was measured as high as 66 kW. We compare the pulse shape and duration, and the beam quality to simulation. We study the effects of Q-switch absorption, output coupler reflectivity, cavity length, and pump power on the laser's pulse duration, pulse energy, average power, and repetition rate.
A novel lectin with a fibrinogen‐like domain and its potential involvement in the innate immune response of Armigeres subalbatus against bacteria (2004)

Mosquitoes have an efficient cellular innate immune response that includes phagocytosis of microbial pathogens and encapsulation of metozoan parasites. In this study, we describe a novel lectin in the mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus (aslectin or AL-1). The 1.27 kb cDNA clone for the AL-1 gene (AL-1) encodes a 279 deduced amino acid sequence that contains a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain. AL-1 is transcribed in all life stages. AL-1 mainly exists in the haemolymph of adult female mosquitoes, and is upregulated following both Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus challenge. AL-1 specifically recognizes N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and is able to bind both E. coli and M. luteus. These results suggest that AL-1 might function as a pattern recognition receptor in the immune response in Ar. subalbatus.
Perception-Based Transparency Optimization for Direct Volume Rendering (2009)

The semi-transparent nature of direct volume rendered images is useful to depict layered structures in a volume. However, obtaining a semi-transparent result with the layers clearly revealed is difficult and may involve tedious adjustment on opacity and other rendering parameters. Furthermore, the visual quality of layers also depends on various perceptual factors. In this paper, we propose an auto-correction method for enhancing the perceived quality of the semi-transparent layers in direct volume rendered images. We introduce a suite of new measures based on psychological principles to evaluate the perceptual quality of transparent structures in the rendered images. By optimizing rendering parameters within an adaptive and intuitive user interaction process, the quality of the images is enhanced such that specific user requirements can be met. Experimental results on various datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method.
Multi-Person Visual Focus of Attention from Head Pose and Meeting Contextual Cues (2008)

Abstract. This paper presents a model for visual focus of attention (VFOA) and conversational estimation in meetings from audio-visual perceptual cues. Rather than independently recognizing the VFOA of each participant from his own head pose, we propose to recognize participants’ VFOA jointly in order to introduce context dependent interaction models that relates to group activity and the social dynamics of communication. To this end, we designed a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) , whose hidden states are the joint VFOA of all participants, and the meeting conversational events. The observation used to infer the hidden states are the people’s head poses and speaking status. Interaction models are introduced in the DBN by the use of the conversational events, and the projection screen activity which are contextual cues that affect the temporal evolution of the joint VFOA sequence, allowing us to model group dynamics that accounts for people’s tendency to share the same focus, or to have their VFOA driven by contextual cues such as projection screen activity or conversational events. The model is rigorously evaluated on a publicly available dataset of 4 real meetings of a total duration of 1h30 minutes. IDIAP–RR 08-47 1 1
Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Networks: A Standards Perspective (2020)

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mesh networking is an emerging technology domain that promises an important role in the Internet of Things. Significant market opportunities for BLE mesh networking have motivated the recent development of two different BLE mesh networking standards, Bluetooth Mesh and 6BLEMesh, produced by the Bluetooth SIG and IETF, respectively. These two standards follow different technical approaches. In this article, we present the main features of Bluetooth Mesh and 6BLEMesh, and investigate their performance characteristics and trade-offs.
Recombinant IgM expression in mammalian cells: A target protein challenging biotechnological production (2013)

For many years, the potential of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies was not fully understood because of characteristics different to the well-known immunoglobulin G type like low target affinity, cross reactivity and complex protein structure. In the meanwhile IgMs have been positively evaluated for their use as therapeutic agent in the mucosal environment but also in serum to eradicate upcoming tumor cells and invading antigens. Therefore IgM class of antibodies will play a significant role in clinical applications but also diagnosis in the future. To evaluate the full potential of this kind of antibody molecules large amounts of high quality product will be needed. In this review the focus is set on the biotechnological aspect of producing IgM class antibodies recombinantly in mammalian cells. Current achievements in expression and purification of this molecule are highlighted and compared.
Sigma 2 receptors as potential biomarkers of proliferation in breast cancer. (1997)

sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors have been shown to exist in a number of rodent and human tumor cell lines. Although their expression is heterogeneous and their function is unknown, sigma receptors have been proposed as potential targets for diagnostic tumor-imaging agents. In this study, the density of sigma 2 receptors in proliferative (P) and quiescent (Q) cells of the mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, line 66, was examined. Scatchard analyses of sigma 2 receptors were performed on membrane preparations of 66 P cells from 3-day cultures and 66 Q cells from 7-, 10-, and 12-day cultures. The Scatchard studies revealed that 66 P cells had approximately 10 times more sigma 2 receptors/cell than the 66 Q cells from 10-day cultures. Although > 97% of the cells were quiescent after 7 days in culture, the maximum differential in the sigma 2 expression between 66 P and 66 Q cells was not attained until these cells had been in culture for 10 days. These data suggest that ligands labeled with positron-emitting or single photon-emitting radionuclides, which selectively bind sigma 2 receptors, have the potential to noninvasively assess the proliferative status of human breast tumors.
Improved Lower Bounds for the Capacity of i.i.d. Deletion and Duplication Channels (2007)

This paper considers the capacity of binary deletion channels, where bits are deleted independently with probability d. It improves significantly upon the best previous framework used to obtain provable lower bounds on this capacity by utilizing a stronger definition of a typical output from the channel. The new results give the best known provable bounds on the capacity for all values of d. Moreover, the techniques presented here extend to yield lower bounds for channels with certain types of random insertions, namely, duplications, or combinations of duplications and deletions. To demonstrate these techniques in this context, two binary channels are analyzed: a channel where each transmitted bit is copied with probability nu and a channel where each transmitted bit is copied a geometrically distributed number of times.
Factors that influence treatment decisions: A qualitative study of racially and ethnically diverse patients with low‐ and very‐low risk prostate cancer (2022)

Our study adds to the current literature by expounding on racial and ethnic differences in the multidimensional, nuanced factors related to decision-making. Our findings suggest that factors associated with prostate cancer decision-making can manifest differently across racial and ethnic groups, and provide some guidance for future research.
Supplementary Figures from Inhibition of the V-ATPase by Archazolid A: A New Strategy to Inhibit EMT (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 1: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HMLE Twist1-ER cells; Supplementary Figure 3: Archazolid A does not induce apoptosis in HMLE Twist1-ER cells;Supplementary Figure 2: Archazolid A inhibits V-ATPase activity of HMLE Twist1-ER cells; Supplementary Figure 4: Archazolid A does not influence self-renewal markers Sox2 and OCT-4;Supplementary Figure 5: Archazolid A does not influence EMT markers at mRNA level; Supplementary Figure 6: Vesicle Tracking&lt;/p&gt;
Liquid-crystal laser optics: design, fabrication, and performance (1988)

We describe the development of laser optics utilizing liquid crystals. Devices discussed constitute passive optical elements for both low-power and high-power laser systems, operating in either the pulsed or cw mode. Designs and fabrication methods are given in detail for wave plates, circular polarizers, optical isolators, laser-blocking notch filters, and soft apertures. Performance data in the visible to near infrared show these devices to be useful alternatives to other technologies based on conventional glasses, crystals, or thin films. The issue of laser damage is examined on the basis of off-line threshold testing and daily use in OMEGA, the 24-beam Nd:glass laser system at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. Results demonstrate that long-term survivability has been achieved.
Optimal dynamic scheduling in Jackson networks (1989)

A Jackson-like network that supports J types of interactive traffic (e.g., interactive messages) as well as I types of noninteractive traffic (e.g., file transfers, facsimile) is considered. The service-time distributions and the internal routing are homogeneous for all traffic types but can be node (queue) dependent. The problem is to find a scheduling control that minimizes a weighted sum of the average end-to-end delay for the interactive types and at the same time ensures that the average end-to-end delays for the interactive types will be below given design constraints. Conservation laws are first established and shown to yield the base of a polymatroid. The optimal control problem is then transformed into a linear program with the feasible region being the polymatroid base truncated by delay constraints. An optimal control is identified that partitions the traffic types into I+r (0<or=r<or=J) ordered groups and applies a strict priority rule among the groups. An algorithm is developed that does the grouping and solves the optimization problem. A decentralized implementation of the optimal control is also discussed.<<ETX>>
Formal Aryne Polymerization: Use of [2.2.1]Oxabicyclic Alkenes as Aryne Equivalents (2014)

Despite the high utility of aryne in organic synthesis, its polymerization has long been a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. A critical bottleneck in this process is the intrinsic instability of aryne and consequent short lifetime for polymerization. In order to circumvent the problem, we focus on a synthetic equivalent of aryne, [2.2.1]oxabicyclic alkene, as a monomer for polymerization. Palladium-catalyzed coordination-insertion polymerization of [2.2.1]oxabicyclic alkenes produced the corresponding polymers having an aliphatic main chain. Subsequent acid-promoted dehydration allowed the aliphatic main chain to be converted into an aromatic main chain to form poly(o-arylene)s. These sequential processes represent the first formal aryne polymerization, which offers an efficient method to synthesize a variety of poly(o-arylene)s in a chain-growth polymerization manner.
Investigation of the copper(i) catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAC) in molten PEG2000 (2015)

A comprehensive study of the CuAAC in PEG<sub>2000</sub> as the solvent showed that Cu(<sc>i</sc>) is stabilised regardless of the source of the catalyst.