gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of different fixatives on detection of nucleic acids from paraffin-embedded tissues by in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes. (1991)

Detection of nucleic acids from paraffin-embedded material by in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes is increasingly being used. To determine the effect of fixation on the preservation of DNA and mRNA, we studied 18 lymphoid tissues fixed in B5, formalin, OmniFix, ethanol, and Bouin's fixatives and embedded in paraffin by in situ hybridization, using biotinylated oligonucleotide poly d(T) probes and immunoglobulin light chain probes. Detection of DNA using the poly d(T) probe was most consistent and most intense in tissue fixed in formalin, followed by OmniFix and ethanol, with B5 and Bouin's fixatives yielding unsatisfactory results. Detection of mRNA, using the light chain probes, was most consistent and most intense with tissue fixed in formalin and Bouin's solution, followed by B5 fixative, with OmniFix and ethanol fixatives yielding unsatisfactory results. The results of mRNA detection using the poly d(T) probe were found not to correlate with mRNA content as determined by the light chain probes for several fixatives, possibly owing to selective degradation of portions of the mRNA molecule.
Preparation and Properties of the Ammonium Phosphates (1929)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Properties of the Ammonium PhosphatesWm. H. Ross, Albert R. Merz, and K. D. JacobCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1929, 21, 3, 286–289Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1929Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1929https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50231a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50231a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views614Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Spectroscopic Measurements of the Ion Velocity Distribution at the Base of the Fast Solar Wind (2018)

In situ measurements of the fast solar wind reveal non-thermal distributions of electrons, protons and, minor ions extending from $0.3$ AU to the heliopause. The physical mechanisms responsible for these non-thermal properties and the location where these properties originate remain open questions. Here we present spectroscopic evidence, from extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy, that the velocity distribution functions (VDFs) of minor ions are already non-Gaussian at the base of the fast solar wind in a coronal hole, at altitudes of $&lt; 1.1 R_{\odot}$. Analysis of Fe, Si, and Mg spectral lines reveal a peaked line-shape core and broad wings that can be characteristed by a kappa VDF. A kappa distribution fit gives very small kappa indices off-limb of $κ\approx1.9-2.5$, indicating either (a) ion populations far from thermal equilibrium, (b) fluid motions such as non-Gaussian turbulent fluctuations or non-uniform wave motions, or (c) some combination of both. These observations provide important empirical constraints for the source region of the fast solar wind and for the theoretical models of the different acceleration, heating, and energy deposition processes therein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the ion VDF in the fast solar wind has been probed so close to its source region. The findings are also a timely precursor to the upcoming 2018 launch of the Parker Solar Probe, which will provide the closest in situ measurements of the solar wind at approximately $0.04$ AU ($8.5$ solar radii).
Reactive ion etching of piezoelectric Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 in a SF6 plasma (1999)

Reactive ion etching of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 (PZT) is demonstrated using pure SF6 gas. The variation of the etch rate with radio frequency (rf) power and process pressure has been investigated and rates up to 160 nm min−1 were obtained. The dependence of the etch rate on the plasma parameters seems to indicate an ion-induced mechanism. Analysis of photoresist erosion in the process has been performed using an atomic force microscope. It has been found that roughening of the resist surface is accelerated when high rf powers and high process pressures are used. Based on these studies a recipe for PZT etching with a photoresist mask is discussed.
The role of off‐focus radiation in scatter correction for dedicated cone beam breast CT (2017)

The results of the wire experiment and the clinical study indicate that the main difference between the LB and FP methods is whether the OFR-induced signals are included after scatter correction. Our study further shows that OFR significantly affects the image spatial resolution of CBBCT, indicating that the visualization of micro-calcifications is susceptible to OFR contamination. Our finding is therefore important in further improvement of diagnostic performance of CBBCT.
A Branch and Bound Algorithm for Computing k-Nearest Neighbors (1975)

Computation of the k-nearest neighbors generally requires a large number of expensive distance computations. The method of branch and bound is implemented in the present algorithm to facilitate rapid calculation of the k-nearest neighbors, by eliminating the necesssity of calculating many distances. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm. Typically, an average of only 61 distance computations were made to find the nearest neighbor of a test sample among 1000 design samples.
Satellite-Based Precipitation for Modeling Floods (2017)

Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards in terms of both the number of people affected globally and the proportion of individual fatalities. The prediction of flood hazard requires accurate precipitation estimation produced at fine space–time scales. The high space–time variability, the scarcity of ground-based sensors, and the observational limitations associated with their operation in mountainous terrain make monitoring of flood-producing storms and their hydrologic response a particularly challenging task. Precipitation measurements from space-borne sensors offer unique advantages relative to ground-based sensors, since they are uninhibited by terrain or spatial inconsistencies and can provide quantitative precipitation estimates at quasi-global scale. The significance of these advantages in quantitative precipitation estimation has been recognized by the hydrologic community, where numerous studies in the past decades have demonstrated the use of satellite precipitation data for the prediction of floods over the globe. This chapter provides an overview of the satellite precipitation applications in flood modeling to highlight current challenges and opportunities in satellite-precipitation-driven flood prediction.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites: Material Design and Performances (2006)

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber is considered as one of the most suitable polymeric fibers to be used as the reinforcement of engineered cementitious composites (ECC), though the unique microstructure characteristics of PVA fiber add challenge to the material design. In this paper, the micromechanics based design procedure for a PVA-ECC suitable for structural applications is described, and practical design considerations including requirements on interface bond, matrix toughness, and flaw system are outlined for achieving balanced composite performances. The properties of an exemplary PVA-ECC design are summarized, including tensile behavior and compressive strength development, bending response, Young’s modulus, autogenous and drying shrinkage, and freeze-thaw durability. 1.
Optimum incident angle of Ar cluster ion beam for super hard carbon film deposition (2004)

In this paper, we study influences of incident angles of Ar cluster ions during depositions on the carbon film properties, by bombardment of Ar cluster ions with various incident angles. Additionally, the angles to obtain the super hard carbon film were also optimized.
Flexible Thin-Film Tandem Solar Cells With >30% Efficiency (2014)

Alta Devices, Inc. has previously reported on single-junction thin-film GaAs photovoltaic devices on flexible substrates with efficiencies up to 28.8% under AM1.5G solar illumination at 1-sun intensity. Here, we show that the same technology platform can be extended to tandem devices that are capable of even higher efficiencies: so far up to 30.8%. Specifically, here, we report on a lattice-matched, series-connected, two-junction device with InGaP as the light-absorbing material of the top cell and GaAs as the absorber in the bottom cell. The material is grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition, and then, the device is lifted off by the epitaxial liftoff (ELO) process, as previously reported. This demonstrates that ELO is not only capable of record-setting single-junction performance but capable of achieving world-class efficiency with a multijunction architecture as well.
Commonly used animal models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. (2009)

Animal models are not only useful in revealing the etiology of NASH, but also are important platforms for the assessment of therapeutic strategies. Currently available models do not reflect the full picture of NASH in patients. Better animal models are needed for a full understanding of human NASH and the development of efficient therapies for this condition.
PMonitor: A Lightweight Performance Monitor for Virtual Machines (2009)

Performance monitor for virtual machines can monitor the performance metrics of virtual machines and gain the resource consumption status, and thus provide reliable basis for system performance evaluation and further management. However, at current stage, such performance monitor systems for the virtualized systems are inadequate and inefficient. In this paper, we propose a lightweight performance monitor system model for virtual machines, called PMonitor. Through prototype implementation and experiments, we find that PMonitor consumes very few processing power, which is much lower than other open source performance monitors running on the virtualized environments.
Synthetic Studies on Aromadendrane-Type Cpmpounds. I. Stereopselctive Construction of Aromadendrane- and Alloaromadendrane-Type Skeletons. (1994)

As a preliminary study for the synthesis of aromadendrane- and alloaromadendrane-type compounds, trans and cis B/C-ring compounds (18 and 22) were synthesized from (+)-(1S, 2R, 4R, 7R)-3, 3, 7-trimethyltricyclo[6.3.0.02, 4]undec-8-en-10-one (3) as a common intermediate, which was obtained from (+)-3-carene via an intramolecular aldol condensation as a crucial step.
Remanent magnetization of AgMn spin glasses (abstract) (1994)

Plots of the dc demagnetization remanence, Id, versus the isothermal remanent magnetization, Ir, have been used to determine the presence of interactions in concentrated magnetic systems. In terms of interacting entities within the system, the standard interpretation of these plots is that positive (negative) curvature indicates the presence of demagnetizing (magnetizing) interactions between the magnetic entities. We will report the first such analysis made on a spin glass (the archetypal spin glass system, AgMn, with three Mn concentrations). As prescribed, Id and Ir were normalized and plotted against each other. All of the plots of zero-field quenched specimens have positive curvature, indicating the presence of demagnetizing interactions. In these measurements the sample shape dependent demagnetizing field was not a factor because the magnetizing field was applied parallel to the long axis of the foils (0.50 in. × 0.15 in. ×∼0.005 in.). These results are consistent with a recent model for slow relaxation wherein interactions, not disorder, determine the quasilogarithmic time dependence of relaxation processes in these systems.
Fabrication of Ti/HA composite and functionally graded implant by three-dimensional printing (2015)

The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of fabricating titanium(Ti)/hydroxyapatite(HA) composite and functionally graded implant by three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology. Nano-scale Ti and HA powders were mixed at the ratio of 8:2 and prepared with water-soluble binder. The Ti/HA composite CAD model was designed to be in cylinder shape (25 mm in diameter, 20 mm in height) with the 100% bond area in each layer. The functionally graded implant was 25 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height with two segments. The upper segment was composed of 100% Ti in each layer, whereas the lower was composed of 80%Ti/20%HA. The composite and functionally graded implant were fabricated by 3DP and sintered at 1200°C under protective argon atmosphere. There occurred a chemical reaction between Ti and HA, in which new resultants of Ca3(PO4)2, CaTiO3, TiO2 and CaO were created. The sintered Ti/HA composite had the aperture size from 50 to 150 μm and the compressive strength of 184.3±27.1 MPa. The result of this study demonstrated that it was feasible to fabricate Ti/HA composite and functionally graded implant by 3DP technology. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/HA composite and functionally graded implant were conductive to bone cell ingrowth, resulting in the wide application of this biocomposite.
Optical configurations for an achromatic transflective liquid crystal cell (2006)

Abstract We propose optical configurations of a double‐cellgap liquid crystal cell for transflective displays with wide viewing angle and high contrast ratio. The reflective part is designed in the wide‐band quarter wave structure to achieve good dark state. For the transmissive part, the compensation method is applied to achieve the super‐achromatic dark state, and three switching methods are used: which are vertical switching, horizontal switching to 30° and horizontal switching to 120°, to achieve the bright state.
Molecular Docking Analysis of Caspase-3 Activators as Potential Anticancer Agents (2018)

Both suites explained the spatial disposition of the drug with the active amino acid in the ligand binding domain of the enzyme. The amino acid asparagine 273 (ASN 273) of target has shown hydrogen bond interaction with the top ranked ligand.
Lung infection with γ-herpesvirus induces progressive pulmonary fibrosis in Th2-biased mice (2005)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiology. A viral pathogenesis in IPF has been suggested since >95% of IPF patients have evidence of chronic pulmonary infection with one or more herpesviruses. To determine whether pulmonary infection with herpesvirus can cause lung fibrosis, we infected mice with the murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (MHV68). Because IPF patients have a T helper type 2 (Th2) pulmonary phenotype, we used IFN-gammaR-/-, a strain of mice biased to develop Th2 responses. Chronic MHV68 infection of IFN-gammaR-/- mice resulted in progressive deposition of interstitial collagen as shown by light and electron microscopy. A significant decrease in tidal volume paralleled the collagen deposition. Five features typically seen in IPF, increased transforming growth factor-beta expression, myofibroblast transformation, production of Th2 cytokines, hyperplasia of type II cells, and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7, were also present in chronically infected IFN-gammaR-/- mice. There also was altered synthesis of surfactant proteins, which is seen in some patients with familial IPF. MHV68 viral protein was found in type II alveolar epithelial cells, especially in lung areas with extensive alveolar remodeling. In summary, chronic herpesvirus pulmonary infection in IFN-gammaR-/- mice causes progressive pulmonary fibrosis and many of the pathological features seen in IPF.
An improved Akt reporter reveals intra- and inter-cellular heterogeneity and oscillations in signal transduction (2017)

Akt is a key node in a range of signal transduction cascades and play a critical role in diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Fluorescently-tagged Akt reporters have been used to discern Akt localisation, yet it has not been clear how well these tools recapitulate the behaviour of endogenous Akt proteins. Here, we observed that fusion of eGFP to Akt2 impaired both its insulin-stimulated plasma membrane recruitment and its phosphorylation. Endogenous-like responses were restored by replacing eGFP with TagRFP-T. The improved response magnitude and sensitivity afforded by TagRFP-T-Akt2 over eGFP-Akt2 enabled monitoring of signalling outcomes in single cells at physiological doses of insulin with subcellular resolution and revealed two previously unreported features of Akt biology. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, stimulation with insulin resulted in recruitment of Akt2 to the plasma membrane in a polarised fashion. Additionally, we observed oscillations in plasma membrane localised Akt2 in the presence of insulin with a consistent periodicity of 2 min. Our studies highlight the importance of fluorophore choice when generating reporter constructs and shed light on new Akt signalling responses that may encode complex signalling information.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Die Geschichte der Elektrokrampftherapie (2003)

Die therapeutische Anwendung von Elektrizität am Menschen ist jahrhundertealt. Schon in der Antike sollen elektrische Stimuli vom Torpedofisch bei Kopfschmerzen eingesetzt worden sein. Aber erst zur Zeit der Aufklärung im 18. Jahrhundert wurden elektrische und magnetische Phänomene differenziert und Elektrisiermaschinen erfunden, die zur Anwendung beim Menschen geeignet waren. Zunächst wurde die „Electrification“ bei fast allen Erkrankungen empfohlen, zur Auflösung der „Stauung von Körpersäften“, die man als Ursache vieler Krankheiten wähnte, z. B. bei Kopfschmerz, Schnupfen, Brustbeschwerden, bei Fieber und auch bei der Pest. Es wurden auch schon gelähmte Gliedmaßen behandelt, wobei die Elektrizität der Wirkung des „Nervensaftes“ als Antriebskraft an Nerven und Muskeln gleichgesetzt wurde. Hier kündigten sich schon frühe elektrophysiologische Vorstellungen an. Zu erwähnen ist auch der Arzt Franz Anton Mesmer, der auf der Grundlage seiner Hypothese der Existenz eines lebensnotwendigen allumfassenden animalischen Magnetismus regelrechte „Magnetkuren“ bei seinen häufig psychisch gestörten Patienten durchführte und mit Kräften der Suggestion konversionsneurotische Symptome auflösen konnte. Er wurde damit zu einem Vater der Psychotherapie (Übersichten bei Harms 1955; Endler 1988; Schott 2001).
Analysis of low molecular weight acids by monolithic immobilized pH gradient‐based capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with mass spectrometry (2011)

A novel method for the separation and detection of low molecular weight (LMW) acids was developed using monolithic immobilized pH gradient-based capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with mass spectrometry. Two main parameters, focusing conditions and delivery buffer conditions, which might affect separation efficiency, were optimized with the focusing time of 7 min at 350 V/cm and the delivery buffer of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile in 10 mmol/L ammonium formate (pH 3.0). Under these conditions, the linear correlation between the volume of delivery solvent and the pK(a) of the model components was observed. In addition, the separation mechanism of LMW acids was proposed as well. We suppose that this method may provide a useful tool for the characterization of LMW components (e.g. natural organic matter of different origins).
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation in Aqueous Media Using Resin-Supported Peptide Having a Polyleucine Tether (2008)

A resin-supported N-terminal prolyl peptide having a beta-turn motif and hydrophobic polyleucine chain effectively catalyzed the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation under aqueous conditions. The polyleucine tether provides a hydrophobic cavity in aqueous media that brought about a remarkable acceleration of the reaction. In addition, the polyleucine chain also turned out to be essential for high enantioselectivity.
Renal haemodynamic changes, renal tubular function, sodium and water homeostatic hormones in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and in healthy humans after intravenous infusion of amino acids (1994)

To determine whether renal reserve capacity was preserved in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis with well-preserved kidney function, and how sodium was handled in proximal and distal tubules, 13 healthy control subjects and 13 patients with biopsy-verified chronic glomerulonephritis were studied before and during a continuous 120-min amino-acid infusion. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and tubular function evaluated by the lithium clearance method, were determined during six clearance periods of 30 min each. Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), glucagon, amino acid and serum osmolality were determined before, 60, and 120 min after infusion. GFR and RPF increased about 10% in both groups; filtration fraction (FF) was unchanged. Proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water decreased, and distal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water increased, and thus the net excretion of sodium and water was unchanged. Angiotensin II and aldosterone were reduced in control subjects, but not in the patients. ANP and glucagon increased equally in both groups. Most amino acids increased two- or threefold. It is concluded that renal reserve capacity and glomerulotubular balance are intact in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis with well-preserved renal function, but there is an abnormal lack of suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to an amino acid infusion in these patients.
HSV-2 antigens formulated with Matrix M-2 induce balanced neutralizing antibody and durable polyfunctional T cell responses in mice (113.5) (2012)

Abstract An effective HSV-2 vaccine is still needed despite the prevalence of antiviral drugs. Recent HSV-2 vaccine clinical trials highlighted the need to elicit potent T cell responses since neutralizing antibodies alone were incapable of providing complete protection. Through proteomic screens using T cells of HSV-2-exposed donors several antigens were identified as promising vaccine targets. Two of these antigens, GB208 and GB217 (GEN-003), were formulated with a saponin-derived adjuvant Matrix M-2, which in recent avian influenza human clinical trials induced cellular and humoral immune responses. In preclinical studies, C57BL/6 mice were used to evaluate the ability of GEN-003 combined with Matrix M-2 to induce antigen-specific T cell and antibody responses. T cell effector functions were evaluated by IFNγ ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, and in vivo cytolysis of fluorescently labeled peptide-pulsed targets. Neutralizing antibody responses as well as total and subclass IgG titers were also assessed. Cellular and humoral immune responses were primed in mice after administering a wide range of protein and adjuvant doses. GB208- and GB217- specific T cell responses were polyfunctional, cytolytic, and persisted for more than 3 months. Antibody responses were neutralizing, and represented balanced Th1/Th2 phenotypes. In conclusion, GEN-003 combined with Matrix M-2 form a promising vaccine candidate that activates both arms of the immune system necessary for viral clearance.