gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lowering the limits of detection of X‐ray fluorescence analysis in the electron microscope (1994)

Abstract A transmission‐type attachment for energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence analysis was developed. The attachment was designed for analysis to be carried out in a CAMEBAX microanalyzer, where the energy‐dispersive spectrometer detector views the specimen through a hole in the objective lens and the space between the specimen and the pole piece of the objective lens is fairly small. Nevertheless, this type of attachment can be applied in other microanalyzers or scanning electron microscopes. Detection limits between 0.5 and 5 ppm on SRM 612 glass (NIST) and the applicability to the analysis of small particles (SRM 470 glass sphere 90 μm in diameter) are demonstrated.
Saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 serology using at-home collection kits returned via mail (2022)

Serology provides tools for epidemiologic studies, and may have a role in vaccine prioritization and selection. Automated serologic testing of saliva, especially specimens that are self-collected at home and sent to a laboratory via the mail without refrigeration, could be a highly-scalable strategy for population-wide testing. In this prospective study, non-vaccinated patients were recruited after PCR testing to self-collect saliva and return their specimens via mail. Longitudinal specimens were analyzed in order to monitor seroconversion in the weeks after a diagnostic PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Diverse users self-collected saliva and returned specimens via mail in compliance with shipping regulations. At our pre-established threshold (0.963 AU/mL), salivary IgG reactivity to full-length spike protein achieved 95.8% sensitivity and 92.4% specificity at 2-4 weeks after diagnostic testing, which is comparable to the typical sensitivity and specificity achieved for serum testing. Reactivity to N antigen also was detected with 92.6% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity at 4-8 weeks after diagnostic testing. Moreover, serologic testing for endemic coronaviruses performed in multiplex with SARS-CoV-2 antigens has the potential to identify samples that may require retesting due to effects of pre-analytical factors. The easy-to-use saliva collection kit, coupled with thresholds for positivity and methods of flagging samples for retest, provides a framework for large-scale serosurveillance of SARS-CoV-2.
Discovery of allosteric non-covalent KRAS inhibitors that bind with sub-micromolar affinity and disrupt effector binding (2018)

Abstract Approximately 15% of all human tumors harbor mutant KRAS, a membrane-associated small GTPase and a notorious oncogene. Somatic mutations that render KRAS constitutively active lead to uncontrolled cell growth, survival, proliferation, and eventually cancer. KRAS is thus a critical anticancer drug target. However, despite aggressive efforts in recent years, there is no drug on the market that directly targets KRAS. In the current work, we combined molecular simulation and high-throughput virtual screening with a battery of cell-based and biophysical assays to discover a novel, pyrazolopyrimidine-based allosteric KRAS inhibitor that exhibits promising biochemical properties. The compound selectively binds to active KRAS with sub-micromolar affinity, slightly modulates exchange factor activity, disrupts effector Raf binding, significantly reduces signal transduction through mutant KRAS and inhibits cancer cell growth. Moreover, by studying two of its analogues, we identified key chemical features of the compound that are critical for affinity, effect on effector binding and mode of action. We propose a set of specific interactions with key residues at the switch regions of KRAS as critical for abrogating effector binding and reducing the rate of nucleotide exchange. Together, these findings not only demonstrate the viability of direct KRAS inhibition and offer guidance for future optimization efforts, but also show that pyrazolopyrimidine-based compounds may represent a first-in-class lead toward a clinically relevant targeting of KRAS by allosteric non-covalent inhibitors.
A Triangular Prism Spatial Interpolation Method for Mapping Geological Property Fields (2017)

Abstract: The spatial interpolation of property fields in 3D, such as the temperature, salinity, and organic content of ocean water, is an active area of research in the applied geosciences. Conventional interpolation methods have not adequately addressed anisotropy in these data. Thus, in our research we considered two interpolation methods based on a triangular prism volume element, as a triangular prism structure best represents directivity, to express the anisotropy inherent in geological property fields. A linear triangular prism interpolation is proposed for layered stratum that achieves a complete continuity based on the volume coordinates of the triangular prism. A triangular prism quadric interpolation (a unit function of a triangular prism spline with 15 nodes) is designed for a smooth transition between adjacent triangular prisms with approximately continuity, expressing the continuity of the entire model. We designed a specific model which accounts for the different spatial correlations in three dimensions. We evaluated the accuracy of our proposed linear and triangular prism quadric interpolation methods with traditional inverse distance weighting (IDW) and kriging interpolation approaches in comparative experiments. The results show that, in 3D geological modeling, the linear and quadric triangular prism interpolations more accurately represent the changes in the property values of the layered strata than the IDW and kriging interpolation methods. Furthermore, the triangular prism quadric interpolation algorithm with 15 nodes outperforms the other methods. This study of triangular prism interpolation algorithms has implications for the expression of data fields with 3D properties. Moreover, our novel approach will contribute to spatial attribute prediction and representation and is applicable to all 3D geographic information; for example, in studies of atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, water temperature, salinity, and three-dimensional pollutant diffusion.
BB, a novel epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (2009)

Commentary to: Induction of apoptosis by lupeol in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells through regulation of mitochondrial, Akt/PKB and NF-kappaB signaling pathways Sahdeo Prasad, Esha Madan, Nidhi Nigam, Preeti Roy, George Jasmine, Yogeshwer Shukla
Array Antennas With Jointly Optimized Elements Positions and Dimensions Part I: Linear Arrays (2013)

The paper describes a deterministic algorithm based on simple analytical expressions for designing linear sparse array antennas, composed of not overlapping linear sub-apertures with pre-assigned power levels, where the positions and the dimensions of the radiating elements are jointly optimized and exploited. The obtained arrays permit maximizing the aperture filling and, as a consequence, the aperture efficiency and directivity.
Datacenter Traffic Control: Understanding Techniques and Trade-offs (2017)

Datacenters provide cost-effective and flexible access to scalable compute and storage resources necessary for today’s cloud computing needs. A typical datacenter is made up of thousands of servers connected with a large network and usually managed by one operator. To provide quality access to the variety of applications and services hosted on datacenters and maximize performance, it deems necessary to use datacenter networks effectively and efficiently. Datacenter traffic is often a mix of several classes with different priorities and requirements. This includes user-generated interactive traffic, traffic with deadlines, and long-running traffic. To this end, custom transport protocols and traffic management techniques have been developed to improve datacenter network performance. In this tutorial paper, we review the general architecture of datacenter networks, various topologies proposed for them, their traffic properties, general traffic control challenges in datacenters and general traffic control objectives. The purpose of this paper is to bring out the important characteristics of traffic control in datacenters and not to survey all existing solutions (as it is virtually impossible due to massive body of existing research). We hope to provide readers with a wide range of options and factors while considering a variety of traffic control mechanisms. We discuss various characteristics of datacenter traffic control, including management schemes, transmission control, traffic shaping, prioritization, load balancing, multipathing, and traffic scheduling. Next, we point to several open challenges as well as new and interesting networking paradigms. At the end of this paper, we briefly review inter-datacenter networks that connect geographically dispersed datacenters, which have been receiving increasing attention recently and pose interesting and novel research problems. To measure the performance of datacenter networks, different performance metrics have been used, such as flow completion times, deadline miss rate, throughput, and fairness. Depending on the application and user requirements, some metrics may need more attention. While investigating different traffic control techniques, we point out the tradeoffs involved in terms of costs, complexity, and performance. We find that a combination of different traffic control techniques may be necessary at particular entities and layers in the network to improve the variety of performance metrics. We also find that despite significant research efforts, there are still open problems that demand further attention from the research community.
<title>Photoinduced charge transfer in BSO:Cr3+ homegrown single crystal at room temperature during grating formation under Ar+ laser illumination in EPR experiment</title> (1996)

With a view to understand the microscopic origin of photoinduced charge transfer in the cubic BSO crystal, we have studied the EPR spectrum of BSO:Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> and the effect of laser illumination on the EPR signal during photorefractive grating formation at liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. The BSO:Cr crystal was grown at Alabama A&M University using Czochralski technique and the EPR spectrum was recorded at room temperature. Three EPR signals were observed. The EPR signals are due to the main dopant Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> and the weak presence of Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> which is inherent in BSO crystal. The effect of Ar<SUP>+</SUP> laser illumination revealed new facts about the behavior of Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> under laser illumination which is opposite to the behavior of Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> in BSO:Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> under laser illumination. Forming a grid on the face of the crystal increases the light-induced charge transfer Cr<SUP>2+</SUP>/Cr<SUP>4+</SUP> is equivalent to Cr<SUP>3+</SUP>. The use of laser illumination helped to shed more understanding on the assignment of the EPR signals as well as the dynamic behavior of the charge transfer processes.
Surgical treatment of Bell's palsy: Current attitudes (2011)

Disagreement persists among practicing otologists about the role of surgical decompression for Bell's palsy. More convincing clinical evidence will be needed before there is widespread consensus regarding the surgical treatment of this condition.
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes: the next generation separators for all vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs)? (2011)

NF membranes, as an alternative to traditional ion exchange membranes, were first proposed and successfully prepared for VRBs based on a totally new concept of tuning the vanadium/proton selectivity viapore size exclusion. The results showed that membranes show increasing vanadium ion/proton (V/H) selectivity with decreasing pore size distribution. VRBs assembled with prepared NF membranes exhibited comparable performance to that of commercialized Nafion. The concept could potentially overcome the traditional restriction from ion exchange membranes and provide much more material options for VRB membranes.
An investigation of the performance of a positive displacement reciprocating pump at low pressure NPSH incorporating a three phase cavitation model (2014)

A 61-year-old elderly male, hypertensive patient presented to the retina clinic with sudden drop in vision in the left eye for 6 days. His best-corrected visual acuity at presentation was counting fingers close to face. Fundus examination of the left eye revealed the presence of subretinal and preretinal haemorrhage at the macula along with hypertensive retinopathy changes in both eyes. Fluorescein angiography was done, which showed a retinal artery macroaneurysm at the optic nerve head. Optical coherence tomogram through the optic nerve head also confirmed the presence of retinal artery macroaneurysm. The patient was treated with injection of 0.4 cc of 100% C3F8 to displace the blood off the macula. At final follow-up visit at 2 months post treatment, his vision improved to 6/12, N8. Fundus examination showed a small residual altered blood nasal to the fovea. No treatment was however done to the retinal artery macroaneurysm due to its atypical location and chance of spontaneous involution. In conclusion, retinal artery macroaneurysm at the optic disc is extremely uncommon. Identification of the retinal artery macroaneurysm lesion is more difficult in glaucoma patients due to the large and deep optic cup. Fluorescein angiography remains the main investigative modality to confirm the diagnosis. Spontaneous involution still remains the mainstay of treatment in optic disc retinal artery macroaneurysm.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE (GIP) AND ITS POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE ENTEROINSULAR AXIS IN NEONATES (1980)

Little is known on the development of the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in neonates or on its potential role in the enteroinsular axis. Using cross-section data collection we studied: (a) 100 preterm neonates either at birth (cord blood), or before or after a feed on the sixth or 24th day and (b) 63 term neonates at birth or on the sixth day. Blood samples were assayed for GIP, insulin and glucose. At birth plasma GIP concentrations were low compared with fasting adults (p less than 0.01). Basal plasma levels were significantly higher at six days in fed infants, but not in a group of sick preterm infants who had never been fed orally. On the sixth day there was no GIP response to a feed, but by 24th day there was a marked postprandial elevation (p less than 0.01). In preterm infants the insulin response was 68% greater at 24 days than at six days in spite of a similar glycaemic response. We hypothesize that this increasing postnatal insulin response to enteral feeding may be due to the commencement of the postprandial release of GIP, thought to be an important effector in the enteroinsular axis.
Effects of Gabapentin and Topiramate in primary rat astrocyte cultures (2001)

We studied in vitro the effects of anticonvulsant drugs Gabapentin and Topiramate on the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO), the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), and cell viability in primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes which are intimately involved in the normal functioning of neurons. We investigated the effects of these drugs at concentrations within the therapeutic range (1, 10 and 50 microg/ml). We observed that, in cultured astrocytes, Gabapentin induced a weak increase in the biosynthesis of NO, a mild decrease in GS activity and cell viability, and minor induction of a stress condition. Topiramate was observed to induce even greater stressor effects on these cells.
Bulk Minority Carrier Lifetime from Luminescence Intensity Ratios Measured on Silicon Bricks (2010)

Bulk lifetime measurements on silicon bricks based on the ratio of two photoluminescence images taken with different spectral filters in front of the camera are demonstrated. This new method allows bulk lifetime to be measured with high lateral spatial resolution and with measurement times that are compatible with production throughput. Compared to a previous photoluminescence imaging measurement technique that is based on the analysis of the absolute luminescence intensity in a single luminescence image the methodology presented here is advantageous as it does not require a separate resistivity measurement for normalisation of the measured luminescence intensity and avoids related experimental inaccuracies. Since this new method relies on the analysis of an intensity ratio between two luminescence measurements it is also less sensitive to long term drifts in experimental parameters such as the intensity or uniformity of the external illumination. Experimental results on industrial boron doped multicrystalline silicon brick are presented and compared to experimental data from previous studies.
Trialkylstibine Complexes of Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, and Indium Trihalides: Synthesis, Properties, and Bonding (2018)

The reaction of BX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) with SbR3 (R = Et,iPr) in anhydrous hexane or toluene produced moisture-sensitive [BX3(SbR3)], whose stability increases with halide: Cl &lt; Br &lt; I. Unstable [BF3(SbR3)] species were also characterized spectroscopically but lose BF3 very readily. The [MX3(SbR3)] (M = Al, Ga, In) complexes were isolated from hexane solution; the Ga and In complexes can be recrystallized unchanged from CH2Cl2, but [AlX′3(SbR3)] (X′ = Br, I) undergoes X′/Cl exchange with the solvent. The new complexes were characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C{1H}, 11B, 27Al, 71Ga, 115In, as appropriate). X-ray crystal structures are reported for [BX3(SbR3)] (X = Br, I; R = Et, iPr; X = Cl, R = iPr), [AlI3(SbiPr3)], [GaX3(SbR3)] (X = Cl, I; R = iPr), [GaBr3(SbEt3)], and [InX3(SbR3)] (X = Cl, I; R = Et, iPr); all contain pseudotetrahedral geometries at both the group 13 and antimony atoms, and comparisons with phosphine and arsine analogues are discussed. The donor–acceptor bond lengths are unexceptional, but coordination of the stibine is accompanied by a significant widening of the C–Sb–C angles and a small reduction in C–Sb distances. DFT calculations confirm these results from significant changes in the antimony 5s and 5p contributions to the Sb–C bonds, with corresponding increases in the 5p character of the antimony-based “lone pair” on coordination. Intermolecular hypervalent Cl···Sb interactions are present in the two [InCl3(SbR3)] complexes but absent in the others.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON 3‐(BETA‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)‐5,7‐DIHYDROXY‐1H‐PYRAZOLO(4,3‐D)PYRIMIDIN (VIIB) (1971)

Abstract Aus dem nach bekannten Verfahren hergestellten 3,4,6‐Tri‐O‐benzyl‐1‐desoxy‐1‐ureido‐2,5‐anhydro‐D‐allit (Ia) erhält man über die N‐Nitroso‐Verbindung (Ib) das Diazomethan‐Derivat (II), das mit Acetylendicarbonsäuredimethylester (III) in das Pyrazol (IVa) übergeht.
Dynamic voltage balancing method for fast-switching SiC MOSFETs with high dv/dt rates (2017)

With their intrinsic superiorities such as high breakdown electric field and high thermal conductivity, SiC MOSFETs are replacing Si IGBTs in power electronics applications. However, at higher voltages SiC MOSFETs are at early stage of development and are not commercialized yet. Stacking individual semiconductors is an effective way of reaching higher voltages, however the inherent dynamic voltage sharing problem needs to be solved. The existing voltage balancing methods are mostly developed for Si-based semiconductors with slow switching speeds. This paper proposes a method for dynamic voltage sharing among stacked SiC MOSFETs with high dv/dt rates. The proposed method has the advantage of balancing voltage across stacked switches with minimum losses added. The method is validated via simulations in SABER environment, as well as experiments. The paper will demonstrate voltage balancing on two SiC MOSFETs stacked, however the method can be generalized to more SiC MOSFETs stacked in series.
Influencia del potencial sobre el rendimiento catódico en la electrodeposición de cinc en un baño alcalino exento de cianuro (2004)

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de las posibles ventajas de la utilización de un método potenciostático en procesos industriales de galvanizado. Se ha analizado el comportamiento de un baño de cinc alcalino exento de cianuro, utilizando como parámetro de control el rendimiento catódico del proceso. Mediante ensayos de redisolución anódica (medida de la relación Qox/Qred) se ha fijado el intervalo de potencial al cual el rendimiento catódico es máximo. Finalmente, como paso previo a la implantación en la industria y para comprobar la estabilidad de los resultados, se ha realizado el escalado del método a una planta piloto de laboratorio, midiendo el rendimiento por diferencia de pesada.
Modeling the variability of architectural patterns (2010)

Architectural patterns provide proven solutions to recurring design problems that arise in a system context. A major challenge for modeling patterns in a system design is effectively expressing pattern variability. However, modeling pattern variability in a system design remains a challenging task mainly because of the infinite pattern variants addressed by each architectural pattern. This paper is an attempt to solve this problem by categorizing the solution participants of patterns. More precisely, we identify variable participants that lead to specializations within individual pattern variants and participants that appear over and over again in the solution specified by several patterns. With examples and a case study, we demonstrate the successful applicability of this approach for designing systems. Using the UML extension mechanism, we offer extensible architectural modeling constructs that can be used for modeling several pattern variants.
Enriching Unsupervised User Embedding via Medical Concepts (2022)

Clinical notes in Electronic Health Records (EHR) present rich documented information of patients to inference phenotype for disease diagnosis and study patient characteristics for cohort selection. Unsupervised user embedding aims to encode patients into fixed-length vectors without human supervisions. Medical concepts extracted from the clinical notes contain rich connections between patients and their clinical categories. However, existing unsupervised approaches of user embeddings from clinical notes do not explicitly incorporate medical concepts. In this study, we propose a concept-aware unsupervised user embedding that jointly leverages text documents and medical concepts from two clinical corpora, MIMIC-III and Diabetes. We evaluate user embeddings on both extrinsic and intrinsic tasks, including phenotype classification, in-hospital mortality prediction, patient retrieval, and patient relatedness. Experiments on the two clinical corpora show our approach exceeds unsupervised baselines, and incorporating medical concepts can significantly improve the baseline performance.