gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model Predictive Control with Reinforcement Learning for Drug Delivery in Renal Anemia Management (2006)

Treatment of chronic conditions often creates the challenge of an adequate drug administration. The intra- and inter-individual variability of drug response requires periodic adjustments of the dosing protocols. We describe a method, combining model predictive control for simulation of patient response and reinforcement learning for estimation of dosing strategy, to facilitate the management of anemia due to kidney failure
Backwards-compatible error propagation recovery for the amr codec over erasure channels (2013)

This paper presents a recovery scheme for the error-propagation distortion which frequently appears after a frame erasure in CELP-based speech coders, in particular the AMR codec. The extensive use of predictive filters and parameter encoding allow a high-quality speech synthesis in these codecs, but makes them more vulnerable to frame erasures. Thus, when a frame is lost, an additional distortion appears in the subsequent frame, although that was correctly received, further degrading the speech quality. This degradation can also propagate over several frames, being even more damaging than the loss itself. This well known fact has motivated the development of techniques which prevent or mitigate the error propagation. Nevertheless, the previously proposed methods in some respect modify the transmission scheme (by including additional frames, FEC codes, etc.) making them incompatible with the original decoder. In this work, we apply a steganographic technique to embed recovery data to assist the decoder after a frame loss. This data mainly consist of resynchronization pulses and correction vectors for the excitation signal and the spectral envelope, respectively. PESQ results confirm that our proposal achieves a higher robustness against error propagation while the full backwards-compatibility with the AMR standard is retained.
Functional Comparison of Posterior Cruciate Retention and Substitution Knee Replacement (2000)

Thirty-eight matched pairs of osteoarthritic knees from patients who underwent primary total knee replacements with minimum 2 years of followup were studied to compare the functional outcome between a cruciate retention and posterior stabilized design with essentially identical articulation surfaces. Patients were matched for age, weight, gender, diagnosis, activity, deformity of the knee, type of tibial component, and duration of followup. The patients were evaluated functionally by three methods: the Knee Society scoring system; a self-administered questionnaire; and an activity rating based on distance walked. In addition, in vivo fluoroscopic examination was performed in 10 cruciate retention and 10 posterior stabilized knees to determine the functional knee kinematics. Results showed that by patient self-assessment, functional improvement was achieved in 35 (92%) cruciate retention knees and 36 (95%) posterior stabilized knees. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the clinical evaluations. Fluoroscopic kinematics showed that the posterior stabilized knee experienced anteroposterior femorotibial translation more similar to the normal knee during normal gait and deep knee bend. These clinically equivalent results are not in agreement with the predicted better functional results of cruciate retained knees as determined by gait studies.
Homo‐oligohistidines (1986)

Conformational studies (CD, i.r., 1 H n.m.r.) are reported for a series of N (α)‐t‐butoxycarbonyl, N (π)‐benzyloxymethyl‐homo‐oligo‐L‐histidine methyl esters ranging from the dipeptide to the heptapeptide. In chloroform at high dilution the extent and stability of intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded folded forms were assessed as a function of chain length. In this low‐polarity solvent at high concentration the heptapeptide adopts a well developed intermolecularly hydrogen‐bonded β‐structure. In polar solvents such as 1,1,1,3,3,3,‐hexafluoro‐propan‐2‐ol and dimethylsulphoxide, unordered solvated forms were found to predominate.
A C-band Accelerator for an X-ray Free-electron Laser (XFEL) Facility (2012)

In the fields of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics, accelerating cavities or structures are used to accelerate particles such as electrons, positrons, and protons to high energies. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has been developing various production technologies in order to provide the accelerating cavities and structures required for new research and experimental work. The C-band accelerator used in the X-ray free electron laser facility SACLA (the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free Electron Laser) was manufactured using one of these production technologies. Here, we describe our C-band accelerator products and the associated manufacturing technology.
Non-Discriminative Data or Weak Model? On the Relative Importance of Data and Model Resolution (2019)

We explore the question of how the resolution of the input image ("input resolution") affects the performance of a neural network when compared to the resolution of the hidden layers ("internal resolution"). Adjusting these characteristics is frequently used as a hyperparameter providing a trade-off between model performance and accuracy. An intuitive interpretation is that the reduced information content in the low-resolution input causes decay in the accuracy. In this paper, we show that up to a point, the input resolution alone plays little role in the network performance, and it is the internal resolution that is the critical driver of model quality. We then build on these insights to develop novel neural network architectures that we call Isometric Neural Networks. These models maintain a fixed internal resolution throughout their entire depth. We demonstrate that they lead to high accuracy models with low activation footprint and parameter count.
INDUCTION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 BY ZINC-bis-(DLHYDROGENASPARTATE) REDUCES CYTOKINE LIBERATION, APOPTOSIS, AND MORTALITY RATE IN A RAT MODEL OF LD100 ENDOTOXEMIA (1997)

A prospective, randomized model of LD100/24 h endotoxemia was performed in male Wistar rats (n = 26; 250-300 g). The animals were divided into four groups: Group I (n = 5; saline treatment only), Group II (n = 5; Zn2+ treatment only), Group III (n = 8; saline pretreatment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment), and Group IV (n = 8; Zn2+ pretreatment, LPS treatment). Zn2+ pretreatment was carried out by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg zinc-bis-(DL-hydrogenaspartate) (10 mg/kg Zn2+). LD100/24 h endotoxemia was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg LPS of the Escherichia coli strain WO111:B4. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HSP70 expression in the lungs, the liver, and the kidneys was determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and an HSP70 ELISA. Apoptosis was also detected by an in situ apoptosis detection kit (TUNEL) and a cell death detection ELISA, respectively. This rat model of endotoxemia proves the close relationship between HSP70 expression, cytokine liberation, and development of apoptosis. The data demonstrate that: 1) Zn2+ is a potent inducer of HSP70 expression; 2) the application of Zn2+ leads to slightly increased cytokine plasma levels; and 3) the manipulation of the heat shock response by Zn2+ significantly increases the survival rate after LD100 endotoxemia. Enhanced survival rate in animals pretreated with Zn2+ may be explained by increased tissue levels of HSP70, a subsequent significantly decreased liberation of the proinflammatory cytokines after LPS challenge, and a significantly decreased rate of apoptosis.
Now is the Time to Sample for Corn Nematodes (2008)

Interest in plant-parasitic nematodes as pests of corn in Iowa, and much of the Midwest, has increased dramatically in the past few years. Damage from these microscopic worms, which feed from within the roots and on the outside of roots, can cause overall stunting of the plant and yellowing of foliage. Ears may be stunted and poorly filled due to damage by this pest. Feeding by some nematode species also causes swelling of corn roots. None of these symptoms are unique and useful in identifying fields in which such damage is occurring.
G4: a fault-tolerant CMOS mainframe (2002)

G4 is IBM's fourth generation CMOS microprocessor-based S/390 mainframe but the first to achieve fault tolerant equivalence-or superiority-with its predecessor ECL mainframes. CMOS technology provides much greater density and integration, assuring superior fault avoidance characteristics. The reduced power of CMOS makes bulk power redundancy and battery backup practical. However, the high density and circuit properties of CMOS pose new challenges for detection, recovery, and online repair. G4 implements an innovative design for a high performance, fault tolerant, single-chip microprocessor. Microprocessor sparing is used as a concurrent repair mechanism. Increased memory density requires new (76,64) S4EC/DED Error Correction Codes so that all single chip failures are correctable. As many as four I/O interfaces are packaged on an individual card, requiring both configuration management and automated maintenance procedures to assure all devices maintain connectivity during online repair.
Resource management of cataract patients: Can visual rehabilitation be achieved in three visits? (1996)

The three-episode model for the management of patients with cataract could result in significant financial savings. Such savings could be used to treat patients with cataract who otherwise would not have treatment or would have their surgery delayed.
Discovery and Optimization of a Novel Class of Orally Active Nonpeptidic Endothelin-A Receptor Antagonists (1996)

A novel class of endothelin-A receptor ligands was discovered by high-throughput screening. Lead structure optimization led to highly potent antagonists which can be synthesized in a short sequence. The compounds are endothelin-A-selective, are orally available, and show a long duration of action.
The ability of konjac‐glucomannan to suppress spontaneously occurring dermatitis in NC/Nga mice depends upon the particle size (2004)

Konjac glucomannan (GM) is a well-known dietary fiber with various beneficial functions, which the higher viscous GM is proposed to have the stronger potencies. Application of highly viscous GM to various food industries is limited for the sake of long elapsed time required to solubilize the GM. Thus, the exploration into any physiological function of low-viscous GM remained undone for a long time. Male 4-week-old NC/Nga mice, a model of atopic dermatitis (AD), were fed for 8 weeks on diets containing 5% each of a high-viscous GM powder, ordinary konjac or highly purified GM, and a low-viscous GM powder, pulverized GM or re-granulated fine GM. Striking suppression to the aggravation of dermatitis and the increases in scratching behaviors and IgE levels was significantly observed only in mice fed on the pulverized GM diet, but not in mice fed on the other GM diets or a control diet. We concluded that the low-viscous GM possesses a novel immunoregulatory function and the intensity of the function depends upon the particle size rather than the viscosity.
Resistant hypertension: baroreflex stimulation as a new tool (2012)

Uncontrolled hypertension remains a significant public health challenge. In recent years, a new baroreflex stimulator has been used to treat these patients. Initial observations suggest that the electrical field stimulation of carotid baroreceptors acutely attenuates sympathetic activation of the vasculature, heart and kidney while augmenting cardiac vagal regulation. During the long-term treatment an average blood pressure (BP) drop of 30-40/15-25 mmHg was observed with a responder rate (>10 mmHg reduction in BP) of up to 80% after 1 year of treatment. Some of this effect can be explained by a 'placebo' effect as suggested by the double-blind Pivotal Trial. The complication rate with the first generation device was 20-30%. With a second generation device, these problems have been reduced to <10%. Even though additional data from controlled clinical trials will be required before more widespread use can be recommended, this treatment option is now approved in Europe for the treatment of severe resistant hypertension and is performed in selected centres with experienced vascular surgeons and hypertension specialists.
Evidence for Uptake of Plamid DNA into Intact Plants (Lemna perpusilla) Proved by an E. coli Transformation Assay (1980)

The water plant Lemna perpusilla has been incubated with the E. coli plasmids pMB9 and pBR325, respectively. Uptake of plasmids has been shown by subsequent transformation of E. coli cells to tetracycline resistance after treatment with Lemna DNA from plasmid-incubated plants. In 7 out of 15 assays we found stable transformants. From the transformation rate an amount of 10(-4) to 10(-6) micrograms plasmid DNA per 10 micrograms of plant DNA can be calculated.
Industry Need Analysis for Developing New Skills in Nano-Electronics (2012)

NanoSkills[Nan, 2012] is a project belonging to Leonardo program and sponsored by EACEA[EAC, 2012]. Its is developed by a consortium of both universities and SMEs. The role of the the universities is to develop online courses on nanoelectronics while the SMEs will help to setup a professional environment and to validate it. The goal of the project is to provide master level courses to both students and employees. The content of the courses should bring the learners, the skills expected by the industry to work on the most advanced topics of nano-electronics. In order to fulfill the industry needs, a preliminary analysis has been performed among the various customers. This paper describes this analysis. We will fist detail the elaboration of the questionnaire. We will then review the answers, and finally analyze the results in order to select the most important courses to be developed
Unmet Technology Challenges in Laser Medicine (2008)

Laser-based diagnostic and treatment systems have already made a large impact in health care; that will continue to the extent that unmet needs can be solved. Specific problems and opportunities abound. For example, high speed imaging catheters have recently been demonstrated for cardiovascular and endoscopic applications using optical frequency domain interferometry. These may stimulate major progress if integrated with optical treatment technologies, to provide real time see-and-treat combinations. The most accurate, effective and tissue-sparing form of cancer surgery is now used only for largely nonlethal skin cancers. Optical technologies may now be poised to change the paradigm of surgical oncology. Ultrafast (fs) laser-tissue interactions also pose unique opportunities and challenges for precise surgery, which will be discussed. Some classical medical laser applications have been only partially successful, which pose worthwhile technology challenges. For example, about ¼ of US adults now have skin tattoos made with about 100 various inks that consist of colored nanoparticles. Laser tattoo removal as now practiced with ns pulses at fixed wavelengths, is unpredictable and inefficient. It is well established that ps pulses are much more effective for tattoo removal, but have not been commercialized. Spectroscopic identification of the various “inks” is also a challenge. As optical nanoparticles are being developed for diagnostic and therapeutic uses, the potential for laser-pumped particles that target various diseases is being explored. These and other optical technology challenges driven by particular biomedical needs will be discussed.
Lesions Observed in Arterial Autogenous Vein Grafts (1973)

Autogenous vein grafts used for canine femoral and aortocoronary arterial bypasses were evaluated from 2 to 365 days postoperatively. Femoral grafts showed focal endothelial disruption, mural fibrin deposition, and medial edema with inflammatory infiltrates during the first week; loss of medial smooth muscle cells and focal subendothelial lesions with intact endothelium by 2 weeks; and diffuse subendothelial lesions by 12 weeks, Coronary grafts studied at 6, 9, and 12 months had medial fibrosis and extensive intimal proliferation causing up to 90% luminal narrowing. Extension of the intimal process into the coronary artery distal to the bypass graft also compromised the arterial lumen. Coronary grafts obtained from humans dying 17 and 57 days after graft insertion revealed a similar subendothelial proliferation. Electron microscopy showed that the subendothelial lesions were composed of mature smooth muscle cells and collagen primarily oriented parallel to the axis of blood flow. Recurrent endothelial cell damage, followed by mural fibrin deposition and organization, appears to be the cause of the subendothelial proliferative lesions.
Bionized Nanoferrite Particles Alter the Course of Experimental Cryptococcus neoformans Pneumonia (2022)

Cryptococcosis is a devastating fungal disease associated with high morbidity and mortality even when treated with antifungal drugs. Bionized nanoferrite (BNF) nanoparticles are powerful immunomodulators, but their efficacy for infectious diseases has not been investigated. Administration of BNF nanoparticles to mice with experimental cryptococcal pneumonia altered the outcome of infection in a dose response manner as measured by CFU and survival. The protective effects were higher at lower doses, with reductions in IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-α, consistent with immune modulation whereby reductions in inflammation translate into reduced host damage, clearance of infection, and longer survival.
Bright Bose-Einstein Gap Solitons of Atoms with Repulsive Interaction (2004)

We report on the first experimental observation of bright matter wave solitons for 87Rb atoms with repulsive atom-atom interaction. This counterintuitive situation arises inside a weak periodic potential, where anomalous dispersion can be realized at the Brillouin zone boundary. If the coherent atomic wave packet is prepared at the corresponding band edge, a bright soliton is formed inside the gap. The strength of our system is the precise control of preparation and real time manipulation, allowing the systematic investigation of gap solitons.
Advanced Avionics and Processor Systems for Space and Lunar Exploration (2009)

NASA's newly named Advanced Avionics and Processor Systems (AAPS) project, formerly known as the Radiation Hardened Electronics for Space Environments (RHESE) project, endeavors to mature and develop the avionic and processor technologies required to fulfill NASA's goals for future space and lunar exploration. Over the past year, multiple advancements have been made within each of the individual AAPS technology development tasks that will facilitate the success of the Constellation program elements. This paper provides a brief review of the project's recent technology advancements, discusses their application to Constellation projects, and addresses the project's plans for the coming year.
Pupil Dilation as an Index of Verbal Fluency (2020)

Abstract Verbal fluency tasks are widely used as a neuropsychological test of language production. We assessed pupil dilation during a verbal fluency task and during a control task. On the verbal fluency task, we asked 45 healthy participants (mean age = 23.55 years) to generate as many words as possible beginning with the letter “P,” whereas on the control task we asked them to count aloud. In both tasks we recorded pupil dilation with eye-tracking glasses. Results demonstrated that, compared with counting, verbal fluency resulted in a larger pupil dilation. The larger pupil dilation observed during verbal fluency compared with counting can be attributed to the cognitive load of verbal fluency, which involves both linguistic processing and executive function. By highlighting how verbal fluency can increase pupil dilation, our findings pave the way for the physiological assessment of verbal processing in healthy and pathological populations.
Neue Synthese und Cycloreaktionen der α‐Acyl‐ und α‐Sulfonylketenimine (1983)

Abstract Die Titelverbindungen 4 werden durch Thermolyse der 2‐Diazo‐1,3‐diketone bzw. 2‐Diazo‐2‐sulfonylketone 1 mit Triphenylphosphanimiden dargestellt. Die Acylketenimine addieren Isonitrile 6 zu den noch nicht bekannten 2,3‐Dihydro‐2,3‐diiminofuranen 10 . Dimorth‐Umlagerung zu den 3‐Imino‐2‐pyrrolon‐Derivaten 15 , 16 findet nicht statt. Diese werden ausgehend von 2‐Pyrrolon erhalten. Analog 10 bilden das Imidoylketenimin 18 und das Imidoylketen 21 mit 6 das 4,5‐Diimino‐2‐pyrrolin 19 bzw. das Isatin‐2‐imid 22 . Dagegen reagieren C ‐bzw. N ‐(Arylsulfonyl)keten‐imine mit 6 unter Anellierung, wobei das 3‐Iminoindolin 11 bzw. das 1‐Iminoinden 12 gebildet werden.
Mechanism of inhibition of herpes simplex virus (HSV) ribonucleotide reductase by a nonapeptide corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of its subunit 2. Specific binding of a photoaffinity analog, [4′- azido-Phe6] HSV H2-6(6-15), to subunit 1. (1988)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) ribonucleotide reductase activity is specifically inhibited by a synthetic peptide, Tyr-Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Val-Asn-Asp-Leu (HSV H2-(7-15], corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of its subunit 2 (H2). In order to elucidate the mechanism of action of the nonapeptide a photoreactive analog, [4'-azido-Phe6]HSV H2-(6-15), was synthesized. The photoaffinity probe inhibits HSV ribonucleotide reductase activity, and when radioiodinated, it specifically labeled three viral proteins of 144, 95, and 85 kDa. We demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of the 144- and 95-kDa photolabeled proteins with antibodies specific to subunit 1 (H1) of HSV ribonucleotide reductase that the nonapeptide interacts with H1 and probably with its degradation products. Moreover, we obtained evidence that this specific binding is directly responsible for the ribonucleotide reductase inhibition.
An adaptive grouping scheme in collaborative virtual environment systems (2005)

Collaborative virtual environment (CVE) systems support many users to share a virtual world and to do collaborative work and entities exchange information on network by sending messages to maintain the consistency of the systems. To maintain the scalability, interest management is usually adopted in designing a large-scale CVE system. Entities in the CVE system are divided into groups and each entity only sends updates to the entities that are interested in it in order to reduce network traffic. This paper describes several grouping strategies: entity-based grouping and cell-based grouping and proposes an adaptive grouping scheme based on template matching for the tradeoff of reducing the superfluous messages and the cost of maintaining groups in order to minimize the overhead of grouping. The simulation results show that the scheme is fit for the implementation of a cost-effective and high performance CVE system
IL-21 Signaling in Immunity (2016)

IL-21 is a type I cytokine produced by T cells and natural killer T cells that has pleiotropic actions on a wide range of immune and non-immune cell types. Since its discovery in 2000, extensive studies on the biological actions of IL-21 have been performed in vitro and in vivo. Recent reports describing patients with primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations of IL21 or IL21R have further deepened our knowledge of the role of this cytokine in host defense. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that mediate IL-21's actions has provided the rationale for targeting IL-21 and IL-21 downstream mediators for therapeutic purposes. The use of next-generation sequencing technology has provided further insights into the complexity of IL-21 signaling and has identified transcription factors and co-factors involved in mediating the actions of this cytokine. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the biology and signaling of IL-21 and how this knowledge can be potentially translated into clinical settings.