gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mis-regulating segmentation gene expression in Drosophila (1991)

We have used the hunchback (hb) gap-gene promoter to drive ectopic expression of the pair-rule genes fushi tarazu (ftz), even-skipped (eve) and hairy (h). Unexpectedly, flies transformed with such constructs are viable, despite spatial and temporal mis-regulation of pair-rule expression caused by the fusion genes. We show that fusion gene expression is transcriptionally regulated, such that ectopic expression is suppressed when pattern is established, and present evidence indicating that interstripe hb-ftz expression is repressed by eve. These results are considered in terms of redundant control of pair-rule gene striping. We also discuss the potential dangers of using mis-regulated gene expression to analyse normal function.
Operation analysis of a wave energy converter under different load conditions (2011)

This study analyses the electrical behaviour of a direct-driven linear generator under different load conditions. The studied generator is used in a wave energy converter (WEC) that converts the energy in ocean waves into electric energy. To enable a grid connection of a WEC, the voltage must be converted, and thereby, the generator will be subjected to a non-linear damping. Depending on how the conversion system is designed, the damping will be different. In the case studied, the voltage is first rectified, and on the dc-side of the rectifier the voltage is kept constant by controlling the power through a converter. In order to study the electrical behaviour of the generator in this operation mode, a simulation model was made in MATLAB Simulink. The model of the generator was verified with experimental data from an offshore operating WEC. The result of the study shows that the model of the generator agrees with the real generator and can be used for analysing the electrical behaviour of the WEC. Moreover, the results show that the operation with a non-linear load will be different compared to a linear load case.
Testing Glass as a Food Packaging Material (2017)

As a packaging material, glass has an extremely long history. The first glass objects used for holding food are believed to have been developed around 3000 BC (Moody 1963). Glass is defined as “an amorphous inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing” (Scholze 1991). Although there are variations in the composition of glass, typically it is made by cooling a heated mixture of silicates, limestone, and soda ash to the point of fusion. In general, the glass for packaging is a variant of sodium or calcium salt. Silica (SiO2) from sand acts as a verifying agent, sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate acts as a melting agent, and small quantities of sodium sulfate as a refining agent (Hugel and Pajean 1996). Calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) act as stabilizing agents; cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se) are found in trace quantities as decolorants; iron oxides, chrome, manganese, cobalt, and so on act as coloring agents; and sulfates, carbon, and sulfides either act as colors and or as filtering properties. The production of glass containers involves preparation of vitrifiable raw material composition by heating a mixture of silica, sodium carbonate (the melting agent), and limestone/calcium carbonate and alumina (stabilizers) to high temperatures (1400°C–1450°C) until the materials melt into a thick liquid mass in the melting furnace. The mass is then poured into molds, followed by chemical conditioning of the glass and surface protection treatment. The glass containers then move for heat treatment and re-annealing in ovens to relive the stress generated by machine forming. Finally, each container is inspected for defects by appropriate equipment before being packed in a box or on a pallet.
Structure-activity relationship studies of CNS agents. Part VIII. Bulk tolerance around the protonation center of 4-substituted 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazines at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. (1993)

The effect of a steric hindrance around the protonation center of the model 4-substituted 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazines 1-9 and 11-14 on their affinity for 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor sites was investigated. Additional evidence for hydrophobic interactions between the N-4 hydrocarbon substituents and 5-HT1A receptors has been presented. However, the hydrophobic forces play a minor role in stabilization of the bioactive complex with 5-HT2 receptors. It has also been found that even bulky substituents around the protonation center of 1-aryl-piperazines are well tolerated at both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 sites.
A Markov Decision Problem Approach to Goal Attainment (2007)

A new Markov decision problem (MDP)-based method for managing goal attainment (GA), which is the process of planning and controlling actions that are related to the achievement of a set of defined goals in the presence of resource and time constraints, is proposed. Specifically, we address the problem as one of optimally selecting a sequence of actions to transform the system and/or its environment from an initial state to a desired state. We begin with a method of explicitly mapping an action-GA graph to an MDP graph and developing a dynamic programming (DP) recursion to solve the MDP problem. For larger problems having exponential complexity with respect to the number of goals, we propose guided search algorithms such as AO*, AO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">epsiv</sub> *, and greedy search techniques, whose search power rests on the efficiency of their heuristic evaluation functions (HEFs). Our contribution in this part stems from the introduction of a new problem-specific HEF to aid the search process. We demonstrate reductions in the computational costs of the proposed techniques through performance comparison with standard DP techniques. We conclude this paper with a method to address situations in which alternative strategies (e.g., second best) are required. The new extended AO* algorithm identifies alternative control sequences for attaining the organizational goals.
Reconstructing Compressor Nonuniform Circumferential Flow Field From Spatially Undersampled Data—Part 2: Practical Application for Experiments (2021)

Abstract In the previous part of the paper, a novel method to reconstruct the compressor nonuniform circumferential flow field using spatially undersampled data points is developed. In this part of the paper, the method is applied to two compressor research articles to further demonstrate the potential of the novel method in resolving the important flow features associated with these circumferential nonuniformities. In the first experiment, the static pressure field at the leading edge of a vaned diffuser in a high-speed centrifugal compressor is reconstructed using pressure readings from nine static pressure taps placed on the hub of the diffuser. The magnitude and phase information for the first three dominant wavelets are characterized. Additionally, the method shows significant advantages over the traditional averaging methods for calculating repeatable mean values of the static pressure. While using the multi-wavelet approximation method, the errors in the mean static pressure with one dropout measurement are 70% less than the pitchwise-averaging method. In the second experiment, the full annulus total pressure field downstream of Stator 2 in a three-stage axial compressor is reconstructed from a small segment of data representing 20% coverage of the annulus. Results show very good agreement between the reconstructed total pressure profile and the experiment at a variety of spanwise locations from near hub to near shroud. The features associated with blade row interactions accounting for passage-to-passage variations are resolved in the reconstructed total pressure profile.
Model Life Cycle in the Chemical Industry Using an Example of Virtual Commissioning (2017)

Abstract In der industriellen Praxis werden in verschiedenen Phasen des Lebenszyklus einer Anlage unterschiedliche Simulationswerkzeuge eingesetzt. Momentan ist noch keine Durchgängigkeit dieser Werkzeuge gegeben. Besonders der Wiederverwendung von Modellen sind enge Grenzen gesetzt. Aus diesem Grunde wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Verfahren entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, dynamische mid‐fidelity Modelle aus schon vorhandenen stationären rigorosen Modellen systematisch und mit geringem Aufwand zu erzeugen und sie später für die virtuelle Inbetriebnahme von Automatisierungsapplikationen einzusetzen.
Variability of position of the P2 glomerulus within a map of the mouse olfactory bulb (2001)

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that express a common odorant receptor molecule target specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. We systematically assessed the location of the olfactory glomeruli that receive input from ORNs expressing P2 receptors in the P2-internal ribosome entry site-tau-lacZ mouse. We present a new mapping method that includes an Internet-accessible computer program for generating two- and three-dimensional maps of the glomerular sheet in the olfactory bulbs of mice. Cylindrical coordinates were used to define glomerular location: The coordinates were given as the anteroposterior (AP) distance parallel to the long axis of the bulb (rostrocaudal; RC) and angular measurements with origin defined by the remnant ependymal layer in the center of the granule cell layer in the bulb. Using this method, we can apply rigorous statistical methods to give objective estimates of position and variability. At the 95% confidence interval, the lateral P2 glomerulus lies at coordinates 1,008 μm ± 306 μm AP × 146° ± 12°, and the medial P2 glomerulus lies at 1,828 μm ± 196 μm AP × 204° ± 8°. We estimate that these coordinates encompass a domain containing 29 and 37 of the 1,800 glomeruli (∼2%) for the lateral and medial glomeruli, respectively. Furthermore, the data reported here demonstrate that the rostrocaudal position of small P2 glomeruli is three times more variable than that of large glomeruli. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:351–362, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Report From the 1st International NOD Mouse T-Cell Workshop and the Follow-Up Mini-Workshop (2001)

A workshop on autoreactive T-cell responses in NOD mice was held to optimize autoreactive T-cell detection methodologies. Using different proliferation assay protocols, 1 of the 11 participating laboratories detected spontaneous T-cell responses to GAD(524-543) and insulin(9-23) in their NOD mice. Two other laboratories were able to detect autoreactive responses when using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of cytokines in culture supernatants, suggesting that these assays provided greater sensitivity. To address the divergent findings, a follow-up mini-workshop tested NOD mice from four different colonies side-by-side for T-cell proliferative responses to an expanded panel of autoantigens, using the protocol that had enabled detection of responses in the 1st International NOD Mouse T-Cell Workshop. Under these assay conditions, 16 of 16 NOD mice displayed proliferative responses to whole GAD65, 13 of 16 to GAD(524-543), 9 of 16 to GAD(217-236), 7 of 16 to insulin(9-23), and 5 of 16 to HSP277. Thus, spontaneous proliferative T-cell responses can be consistently detected to some beta-cell autoantigens and peptides thereof. Overall, the results suggest that more sensitive assays (e.g., ELISPOT, ELISA analysis of cytokines in supernatants, or tetramer staining) may be preferred for the detection of autoreactive T-cells.
Continuous Flow Solar Desorption of CO2 from Aqueous Amines (2021)

Recovery of captured carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the most energy-intensive stage of postcombustion CO2 capture strategies by aqueous amines. In response, an optically transparent flow reactor with continuous in operando CO2 collection using light-absorbing, graphite-titania composite microparticles is developed for the energy-efficient solar desorption of CO2 from saturated aqueous amine absorbents. The synthesized graphite-titania composite microparticles are demonstrated to be a more effective packing material for continuous CO2 solar desorption in the packed-bed flow reactor compared to other candidates, including titania and carbon black. The effect of continuous and discrete parameters, including irradiance, residence time, amine concentration, and amine chemical structure on the efficiency of solar-enabled CO2 desorption using the developed continuous flow strategy with the graphite-titania composite microparticle packing is studied in detail. Furthermore, the potential for the implementation of a control strategy by adjusting the aqueous amine stream flow rate to achieve constant CO2 desorption efficiency with dynamic solar irradiance is discussed. Finally, the continuous CO2 desorption stability over an extended period of time (12 h) is examined with an average single-pass efficiency of 64%.
Enzyme-bound pentadienyl and peroxyl radicals in purple lipoxygenase (1990)

Samples of purple lipoxygenase prepared by addition of either 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid or linoleic acid and oxygen to ferric lipoxygenase contain pentadienyl and/or peroxyl radicals. The radicals are identified by the g values and hyperfine splitting parameters of natural abundance and isotopically enriched samples. The line shapes of their EPR spectra suggest the radicals are conformationally constrained when compared to spectra of the same radicals generated in frozen linoleic acid. Further, the EPR spectra are unusually difficult to saturate. The radicals are stable in buffered aqueous solution at 4 degrees C for several minutes. All of this implies that these species are bound to the enzyme, possibly in proximity to the iron. Only peroxyl radical is seen when the purple enzyme is generated with either hydroperoxide or linoleic acid in O2-saturated solutions. Addition of natural abundance hydroperoxide under 17O-enriched O2 leads to the 17O-enriched peroxyl radical, while the opposite labeling results in the natural abundance peroxyl radical, demonstrating the exchange of oxygen. Both radicals are detected in samples of purple lipoxygenase prepared with either linoleic acid or hydroperoxide under air. Addition of the hydroperoxide in the absence of oxygen favors the pentadienyl radical. We propose that addition of either linoleic acid or hydroperoxide to ferric lipoxygenase leads to multiple mechanistically connected enzyme complexes, including those with (hydro)peroxide, peroxide, peroxyl radical, pentadienyl radical, and linoleic acid bound. This hypothesis is essentially identical with the proposed radical mechanism of oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenase.
Development of a novel compact tension specimen to mitigate premature compression and buckling failure modes within fibre hybrid epoxy composites (2018)

A Notched Curved Compact Tension (NCCT) and Extended Notched Curved Compact Tension (ENCCT) specimen geometries are presented for the measurement of translaminar critical strain energy release rates in composite laminates with low compressive to tensile strengths. Premature compressive and buckling failure occurred when a conventional Compact Tension (CT) specimen geometry (similar to ASTM E399 (2013)) was utilised for monolithic Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) S2-Glass/MTM57 epoxy composite and an interlayer fibre hybrid T700 carbon spread tow/NCF S2-glass epoxy composite. The NCCT and ENCCT specimen design methodology and manufacturing routes are presented where premature compressive failure was mitigated through a curvature at the rear of the profile and the introduction of a through-thickness groove that had been pre-cured along the crack growth region. The latter ensured that buckling was eliminated, whilst stable crack growth was achieved. The development involved FE model material validation and optimisation for the novel specimen design. Experimental tests presented both interlayer and intralayer fibre hybrid composites with good repeatability and low scatter within the results.
A Framework for SIP-Based Wireless Medical Applications (2005)

With advances in wireless networks and portable handheld devices, it becomes natural to use such technologies to improve the effectiveness of health service providers. These technologies enable hospital staff to remain connected to their critical systems regardless of their location in the medical facility. In this paper, we describe how SIP, Zigbee and WLAN technologies are used to support mobility and event management in the medical environment SIP, a signaling protocol, is now adopted as a standard for VoIP. It is also used for presence monitoring, event management, and instant messaging. In conjunction with SIP, WLAN networks are widely deployed in many campuses, enabling mobility. Zigbee is a new standard that can be used for short range, low rate, low power wireless device level communications providing sensing and data acquisition. WLAN and Zigbee proved suitable for deployment in medical premises causing no interferences with medical equipments. In this paper we describe an integrated framework for mobility, presence and event management using SIP, WLAN and Zigbee.
A Time Synchronization Algorithm with Delay Jitter Tolerance in Single Twisted Pair Ethernet (2020)

The single twisted pair ethernet uses one twisted pair to provide ethernet service with fast data transmission and low cost. It can reuse the cables in the field bus, such that it becomes a promising solution for connecting field devices to the industrial internet. Nevertheless, due to delay jitter generated by the relatively harsh transmission media, the accuracy of time synchronization can hardly be guaranteed in the single twisted pair ethernet. To solve this problem, in this paper, we build a testbed of single twisted pair ethernet, and analyze its performance of time synchronization. Based on the study of the delay jitter, we propose a time synchronization algorithm which uses an adaptive offset threshold to tolerate the delay jitter. Experiments are executed in the testbed to prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE INFLUENCE ON COMPRESSION- RECOVERY BEHAVIOR OF WOOD (2003)

The primary limitation of non-veneer wood composites for applications in moist environments is dimensional instability.Thickness instabilities from moisture absorption primarily result from damaged cell structures that recover upon absorption of moisture.Previous research has shown that manipulating the pressing parameters involved in the manufacture of non-veneer wood composites (i.e., temperature and moisture) can lead to a more dimensionally stable product.However, the precise phenomena controlling these changes are not fully defined.To understand development of pressing-induced damage, the large strain, compression-recovery behavior of wood and polyurethane (PUR) foam (i.e., as a model system) was studied at a variety of compression temperatures spanning the glassy to rubber transition.The behavior is then related to polymer phase transitions to discern the role of viscoelastic behavior in damage evolution.The elastic modulus (E) and yield stress ( y ) were used to characterize the elastic region of compression, whereas fractional recovery (R) and dissipated energy (E) represented the inelastic component.The PUR foam displayed a distinct glassy plateau region dominated by E, y , and E as well as low R. Wood with 22 and 12% MC behaved similarly to the elastomeric PUR foam; however, limits on environmental control prevented testing in the rubbery regime for the 12% MC samples.The E and y also decreased with increasing compression temperature for ovendried yellow-poplar.However, in contrast to yellow-poplar with either 12 or 22% MC, an increase in E was accompanied by a decrease in R with increasing compression temperature of the oven-dried yellow-poplar.An apparent change in mechanism occurs when compressing wood at high temperatures without moisture present.This change was attributed to kinetic effects such as thermal degradation or crosslinking reactions.
A Regulated Differential Fluorometer for the Assay of Oxidative Metabolism in Intact Tissues (1966)

A fluorometer is described which records the difference in intensity of the light emitted by a fluorescing sample (the biological specimen) and by a reference material. Stabilization of the instrument was achieved by feedback to maintain constant signal level from the reference source in the presence of severe changes in the intensity of the excitation light. Illumination and comparison of the two fluorescent intensities occurs at half the frequency of the ac driving the mercury arc lamp. The necessity for this feature strongly implies that mutually independent fluctuations occur between the intensities of the two arc-lamp flashes for each ac cycle.
High-Temperature Treatment of Porous Silicon (1987)

Structure and lattice deformation of porous silicon layers and silicon wafer bending as a result of high, temperature treatment in H2 atmosphere at 900 to 1200 °C are investigated by SEM and X-ray analysis. A significant expansion of the Si lattice of (2 to 4) × 10−4 is observed to appear in as-grown porous silicon. It results in arising of elastic stress and bending of the wafer. High tempreature treatment leads to the evolution of a porous silicon structure, compression of porous silicon lattice, and reverse of wafer deformation. Porous silicon after annealing is found to be crystalline with spheroidal voids of 50 to 500 nm. A model based on the capillary mechanism and sintering theory is developed to explain the experimental results. [Russian Text Ignored].
Reactions of Amino-Substituted Cyclodextrins with 2-Arylpropanoic Acid Derivatives (1997)

Reactions of 6A-amino-6A-deoxy-ß-cyclodextrin and 3A-amino-3A-deoxy-(2A S ,3A S )-ß-cyclodextrin with the 3-nitrophenyl esters of 2-phenylpropanoic acid and Ibuprofen occur with only low diastereoselectivity, to afford the corresponding arylpropanamido-substituted cyclodextrins. These amides are also formed by decarboxylation of corresponding malonates, again with only low diastereoselectivity. The n.m.r. spectra of the amido-substituted cyclodextrins indicate that the aryl substituent is included within the cyclodextrin annulus at low temperature, but becomes dissociated from the cavity as the temperature is increased.
Aging: The Reality: Biomarkers of Aging: From Primitive Organisms to Humans (2004)

Leading biologists and clinicians interested in aging convened to discuss biomarkers of aging. The goals were to come to a consensus, construct an agenda for future research, and make appropriate recommendations to policy makers and the public-at-large. While there was not total agreement on all issues, they addressed a number of questions, among them whether biomarkers can be identified and used to measure the physiological age of any individual within a population, given emerging information about aging and new technological advances. The hurdles to establishing informative biomarkers include the biological variation between individuals that makes generalizations difficult; the overlapping of aging and disease processes; uncertainty regarding benign versus pathogenic age-related changes; the point at which a process begins to do damage to the organism, and, if so, when does it occur; and when to distinguish critical damage from noncritical damage. Finally, and significantly, it is difficult to obtain funding for this research.