gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Indole Derivatives with Oxiranes and Aziridines on Silica. Synthesis of β-Carbolin-1-one Mimic of Pancratistatin (2005)

[reaction: see text] Indole and several indoles functionalized at C-2 were condensed with oxiranes, vinyloxiranes, aziridines, and vinylaziridines in the solid state on the surface of silica. The yields of these reactions were compared to those obtained from Lewis acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions performed in solution and found to be superior in each case. The solid-phase aziridine opening constituted a key step in the synthesis of the beta-carbolin-1-one mimic of pancratistatin. Methyl 2-indolecarboxylate was found to react on the silica gel surface with N-tosylvinylaziridine in 68% yield. A nine-step synthesis of the pancratistatin mimic has been attained. The additional key transformation in this synthesis involved silica gel-catalyzed opening of an epoxide and hydrolysis of an acetonide. Detailed experimental procedures and full characterization are reported for all new compounds.
Inactivating mutations of CASP10 gene in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (2002)

Caspase 10 (Mch4/FLICE2) is a caspase homologous to caspase 8. A recent report described that inherited CASP10 gene mutations underlie defective lymphocyte and dendritic cell apoptosis in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). In this study, to explore the possibility that mutation of this gene might be involved in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), we have analyzed the entire coding region and all splice sites of the CASP10 gene for the detection of somatic mutations in 117 human NHLs. Overall, 17 NHLs (14.5%) were found to have CASP10 mutations, which were identified in the coding regions of the prodomain (n = 3), the p17 large protease subunit (n = 11), and the p12 small protease subunit (n = 3). We expressed the tumor-derived caspase 10 mutants in 293 cells and found that apoptosis was suppressed. These data suggest that the inactivating mutations of the CASP10 gene might lead to the loss of its apoptotic function and contribute to the pathogenesis of some human NHLs.
Nitric oxide synthase in circulating vs. extravasated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (1995)

It is becoming increasingly apparent that certain forms of acute and chronic inflammation are associated with enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO). Although substantial information has been obtained describing the regulation of NO synthase (NOS) in macrophages, little information is available regarding the biochemistry and molecular biology of NOS in circulating vs. extravasated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The objective of this study was to characterize the molecular and biochemical properties of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in circulating vs. extravasated rat and human PMNs. Circulating rat and human PMNs were purified from peripheral blood and extravasated PMNs were elicited in rats by intraperitoneal injection of 1% oyster glycogen or in humans by peritoneal dialysis of patients with peritonitis. Inducible NOS mRNA from circulating and elicited PMNs was quantified using slot blot hybridization analysis with a cDNA probe specific for iNOS. iNOS protein was identified using Western immunoblot analysis, and NOS activity was quantified by measuring the NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA)-inhibitable conversion of 14C-labeled L-arginine to L-[14C]citrulline. In a separate series of experiments, circulating or extravasated PMNs were cultured for 4 h and the accumulation of L-NMMA-inhibitable nitrite (NO2-) in the supernatant was determined and used as a measure of NO production in vitro. We found that circulating PMNs (rat or human) contained no iNOS mRNA, protein, or enzymatic activity. Furthermore, circulating rat or human PMNs (2 x 10(6) cells/well) were unable to generate significant amounts of NO2- when cultured for 4 h in vitro. In contrast, iNOS mRNA levels in 4- and 6-h elicited rat PMNs increased 21- and 42-fold, respectively, when compared with circulating cells. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of iNOS protein in the elicited rat PMNs and iNOS enzymatic activity increased from normally undetectable levels in circulating rat PMNs to 81 and 285 pmol/min/mg for the 4- and 6-h elicited rat PMNs, respectively. Approximately 20-30% of the total iNOS activity was Ca(2+)-dependent. Nitrite formation by elicited rat PMNs in the absence of any exogenous stimuli increased from normally undetectable amounts for circulating PMNs to approximately 8 and 11 microM/10(6) cells for the 4- and 6-h elicited PMNs, respectively. Highly enriched preparations of extravasated human PMNs contained neither message, protein nor iNOS enzymatic activity. Taken together our data demonstrate that inflammation-induced extravasation of rat PMNs upregulates the transcription and translation of iNOS in a time-dependent fashion and that 20-30% of the total inducible NOS is Ca(2+)-dependent. In contrast, neither circulating nor extravasated human PMNs contained iNOS message, protein, or enzymatic activity. These data suggest that the human PMN iNOS gene is under very different regulation than is the rat gene.
Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites from Thermally Stable Trialkylimidazolium-Treated Montmorillonite (2002)

The limited thermal stability of alkylammonium cations intercalated into smectite minerals (e.g., montmorillonite, MMT) and the processing instability of some polymers [polyamide-6 (PA-6) and polystyrene (PS)] in the presence of nanodispersed MMT have motivated the development of improved organophillic treatments for layered silicates. Success in this regard should enable the preparation of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites from thermoplastic polymers that require high melt-processing temperatures or long residence times under high shear and from thermoset resins with high cure temperatures. Our efforts to address some of these issues focus on the use of new thermally stable imidazolium-treated layered silicates for the preparation of nanocomposites. Several trialkylimidazolium salt derivatives were prepared with propyl, butyl, decyl, and hexadecyl alkyl chains attached to the imidazolium through one of the nitrogens. These imidazolium salts were used to prepare the corresponding treated layered silicates. We report here that the use of 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium salts to replace the sodium in natural MMT gives organophillic MMT with a 100 °C improvement in thermal stability (in N2) as compared to the alkylammonium-treated MMT. The use of 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium salt in fluorinated synthetic mica (FSM) also gives a 100 °C improvement in thermal stability. The use of 1,2-dimethyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium-treated MMT gives an exfoliated PA-6 nanocomposite and, depending on processing conditions, either a partially exfoliated or an intercalated polystyrene nanocomposite.
Electrical conductivity of graphene filled PLA/PMMA blends: Experimental investigation and modeling (2018)

In order to gain a fundamental understanding about the influences of filler characteristic on the electrical properties of polymer blend nanocomposites two types of graphene, graphene nanoplates (GNPs) and functionalized graphene (FG), were added to immiscible blend of poly (lactic acid)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PLA/PMMA) and experimental and theoretical studies were carried out. Structure and properties of graphenic nanoparticles were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The state of dispersion and distribution of fillers within the blend were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy as well as XRD patterns. Theoretical modeling was carried out by several statistical and thermodynamic based models. Results showed that FG was more homogenously dispersed in the PLA matrix compared with GNP which results in lower percolation threshold and better electrical conductivity in the FG filled blends, despite its poor intrinsic electrical conductivity. For the PLA/PMMA blends filled composites, electrical conductivity modeling results showed that thermodynamic‐based models exhibit more satisfactory estimations than Power law statistical model. Thus, the electrical conductivity of two‐phase polymer blend filled with graphenic materials is predictable with thermodynamic models. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:704–715, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Oxybutynin 3% gel for the treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis in adolescents and young adults (2018)

Oxybutynin 3% gel reduced hyperhidrosis severity and improved health-related quality of life in this small pilot study. Safety and efficacy should be further evaluated in a large, prospective, placebo-controlled study.
Theory of genome-wide association for QTL detection (2020)

To identify the regions on the genome that influence traits, Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) uses the information of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) between a QTL and neighboring genetic markers. LD is created by mutations and recombinations, but populations mixture also generates gametic phase disequilibrium at the genome level. Commonly GWAS are performed using a mixed model. The statistical model contains the unknown SNP effect and interest is in estimating this effect based on the sample obtained from the population, and testing its significance. Instead of analyzing one SNP at a time, it is also possible to include all SNP simultaneously in the model. It is common to control the overall type 1 error rate to avoid false positives. A single SNP GWAS analysis of egg weight in layers illustrates this chapter on the theory of GWAS for QTL detection. In conclusion, GWAS advantages and limitations are discussed.
Deep neural networks for cochannel speaker identification (2015)

Speaker identification (SID) in cochannel speech, where two speakers are talking simultaneously over a single recording channel, is a challenging problem. Previous studies address this problem in the anechoic environment under the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) framework. On the other hand, cochannel SID in reverberant conditions has not been addressed. This paper studies cochannel SID in both anechoic and reverberant conditions. We explore deep neural networks (DNNs) for cochannel SID and propose a DNN-based recognition system. Evaluation results demonstrate the proposed DNN-based system outperforms the two state-of-the-art cochannel SID systems in both anechoic and reverberant conditions and various target-to-interferer ratios.
Sanglifehrin−Cyclophilin Interaction:  Degradation Work, Synthetic Macrocyclic Analogues, X-ray Crystal Structure, and Binding Data (2003)

Sanglifehrin A (SFA) is a novel immunosuppressive natural product isolated from Streptomyces sp. A92-308110. SFA has a very strong affinity for cyclophilin A (IC(50) = 6.9 +/- 0.9 nM) but is structurally different from cyclosporin A (CsA) and exerts its immunosuppressive activity via a novel mechanism. SFA has a complex molecular structure consisting of a 22-membered macrocycle, bearing in position 23 a nine-carbon tether terminated by a highly substituted spirobicyclic moiety. Selective oxidative cleavage of the C(26)=C(27) exocyclic double bond affords the spirolactam containing fragment 1 and macrolide 2. The affinity of 2 for cyclophilin (IC(50) = 29 +/- 2.1 nM) is essentially identical to SFA, which indicates that the interaction between SFA and cyclophilin A is mediated exclusively by the macrocyclic portion of the molecule. This observation was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure resolved at 2.1 A of cyclophilin A complexed to macrolide 16, a close analogue of 2. The X-ray crystal structure showed that macrolide 16 binds to the same deep hydrophobic pocket of cyclophilin A as CsA. Additional valuable details of the structure-activity relationship were obtained by two different chemical approaches: (1) degradation work on macrolide 2 or (2) synthesis of a library of macrolide analogues using the ring-closing metathesis reaction as the key step. Altogether, it appears that the complex macrocyclic fragment of SFA is a highly optimized combination of multiple functionalities including an (E,E)-diene, a short polypropionate fragment, and an unusual tripeptide unit, which together provide an extremely strong affinity for cyclophilin A.
Crystal structure of the 1:1 adduct of 2,3-diphenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,3-thiazin-4-one with triphenyltin chloride (2016)

The title adduct, chlorido-(2,3-diphenyl-3,4,5,6-tetra-hydro-2H-1,3-thia-zin-4-one-κO)tri-phenyl-tin, [Sn(C6H5)3Cl(C16H15NOS)], resulted from reaction of 2,3-diphenyl-3,4,5,6-tetra-hydro-2H-1,3-thia-zin-4-one with tri-phenyl-tin chloride. The thia-zine ring has an envelope conformation with the S atom forming the flap. The mol-ecule has five phenyl rings, two of them attached to the thia-zine ring at positions 2 and 3, and three in coordination with the Sn(IV) atom. The three rings of the tri-phenyl-tin group are involved in intra-molecular inter-actions of different types, C-H⋯O, edge-to-face (or T-type) π-π inter-actions with the 3-phenyl ring of the thia-zine, T-type inter-actions with both phenyl rings of the thia-zine etc. On the other hand, all the phenyl rings participate in inter-molecular π-π inter-actions. There is one instance of a 'parallel-displaced'-type inter-action extending continuously along the a-axis direction and seven instances of T-type inter-actions stabilizing the crystal lattice.
Selective three‐dimensional visualization of the coronary arterial lumen using arterial spin tagging (2002)

Conventional coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) techniques display the coronary blood-pool along with the surrounding structures, including the myocardium, the ventricular and atrial blood-pool, and the great vessels. This representation of the coronary lumen is not directly analogous to the information provided by x-ray coronary angiography, in which the coronary lumen displayed by iodinated contrast agent is seen. Analogous "luminographic" data may be obtained using MR arterial spin tagging (projection coronary MRA) techniques. Such an approach was implemented using a 2D selective "pencil" excitation for aortic spin tagging in concert with a 3D interleaved segmented spiral imaging sequence with free-breathing, and real-time navigator technology. This technique allows for selective 3D visualization of the coronary lumen blood-pool, while signal from the surrounding structures is suppressed.
Direct laser deposition process within spectrographic analysis in situ (2010)

Direct Laser Deposition (DLD) is an emerging technology which shows great potential for direct manufacture. The high accuracy required makes DLD process control a challenge, especially compositional monitoring in real-time. The in situ application of spectroscopy is a very powerful tool to get more information about the created composition. Identification of elements by spectra lines can determine how the melt pool composition has been changed by laser irradiation in real-time. The work reported here centres on studies performed with laser cladding system and investigates the feasibility of applying real-time spectroscopy and fast digital imaging to the DLD process.
Red and processed meat consumption within two different dietary patterns: Effect on the colon microbial community and volatile metabolites in pigs (2019)

Pigs were fed either red and processed meat or chicken meat within either a prudent or a Western dietary pattern for four weeks (2 × 2 full factorial design). The colon microbial community and volatile organic compounds were assessed (either quantified or based on their presence). Results show that Lactobacilli were characteristic for the chicken × prudent dietary pattern treatment and Paraprevotella for the red and processed meat × prudent dietary pattern treatment. Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrio were characteristic for the chicken × Western dietary pattern treatment and Butyrivibrio for the red and processed meat × Western dietary pattern treatment. Campylobacter was characteristic for chicken consumption and Clostridium XIVa for red and processed meat, irrespective of the dietary pattern. Ethyl valerate and 1-methylthio-propane were observed more frequently in pigs fed red and processed meat compared to chicken meat. The prevalence of 3-methylbutanal was >80% for pigs receiving a Western dietary pattern, whereas for pigs fed a prudent dietary pattern the prevalence was <35%. The concentration of butanoic acid was significantly higher when the prudent dietary pattern was given, compared to the Western dietary pattern, but no differences for other short chain fatty acids or protein fermentation products were observed.
Quaternion to Euler angles conversion: A direct, general and computationally efficient method (2022)

Current methods of the conversion between a rotation quaternion and Euler angles are either a complicated set of multiple sequence-specific implementations, or a complicated method relying on multiple matrix multiplications. In this paper a general formula is presented for extracting the Euler angles in any desired sequence from a unit quaternion. This is a direct method, in that no intermediate conversion step is required (no quaternion-to-rotation matrix conversion, for example) and it is general because it works with all 12 possible sequences of rotations. A closed formula was first developed for extracting angles in any of the 12 possible sequences, both "Proper Euler angles" and "Tait-Bryan angles". The resulting algorithm was compared with a popular implementation of the matrix-to-Euler angle algorithm, which involves a quaternion-to-matrix conversion in the first computational step. Lastly, a single-page pseudo-code implementation of this algorithm is presented, illustrating its conciseness and straightforward implementation. With an execution speed 30 times faster than the classical method, our algorithm can be of great interest in every aspect.
Large periphery, high power pseudomorphic HEMTs (1993)

The authors have simultaneously demonstrated 10 W output power, 13.5 dB gain and 63% power-added efficiency on a single 16.8 mm pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) device at 2.45 GHz. This result represents the highest output power from a single transistor at S-band frequencies. The power density exhibited by the PHEMT device was 625 mW/mm which is significantly higher than a typical MESFET power density of 400 mW/mm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A randomized controlled experimental study comparing chitosan coated polypropylene mesh and Proceed™ mesh for abdominal wall defect closure (2015)

Chitosan coated polypropylene mesh was found to have similar efficacy to Proceed™ mesh. Chitosan coated polypropylene mesh, can act as an anti adhesive barrier when used in the repair of incisional hernias and abdominal wall defects.
Easy alignment and effective nucleation activity of ramie fibers in injection‐molded poly(lactic acid) biocomposites (2012)

The poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/ramie fiber biocomposites were fabricated, which exhibited considerable reinforcement effect comparable to the glass fiber at the same loading. The attempts were made to understand the flow-induced morphology of ramie fibers and PLA crystals in the injection-molded PLA/ramie fiber biocomposites, thus revealing its relationship to biocomposite mechanical properties. The polarized optical microscopy (POM) and two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (2D-WAXD) were for the first time used to determine the distribution of nature fibers, which interestingly showed the ramie fibers aligned well along the flow direction over the whole thickness of injection-molded parts, instead of skin-core structure. This easy alignment of ramie fibers during the common processing was ascribed to the intrinsically high flexibility of ramie fibers and strong interfacial interaction between PLA chains and cellulose molecules of ramie fibers. Both 2D-WAXD and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements suggested that the PLA matrix in its ramie biocomposites had rather high orientation degree and crystallinity, which was attributed to effective heterogeneous nucleation induced by ramie fibers and local shearing field in the vicinity of fiber surface. Remarkable improvement of mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties was achieved for PLA/ramie fiber biocomposites, without sacrifice of toughness and ductility. Addition of 30wt% ramie fibers increased the tensile strength and modulus of PLA/ramie fiber biocomposites from 65.6 and 1468 MPa for pure PLA to 91.3 and 2977 MPa, respectively. These superior mechanical properties were ascribed to easy alignment of ramie fibers, high crystallinity of PLA, and favorable interfacial adhesion as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and theoretical analysis based on dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data.
Use Of Fringe Scanning Method In Electron Holographic Interferometry (1988)

Phase analysis technique for reconstructed images of an electron holographic microscope is described. The fringe scanning method is applied to gain high sensitivity in phase detection. An example of measuring a magnetic field of a fine particle is presented. The measurement accuracy in the case of median filtering is about 1/70 fringe.
Working with dialogue : selected papers from the 7th IADA Conference Birmingham 1999 (2000)

This volume brings together contributors from 30 universities in 22 countries. It includes both theoretical papers which present new methods of analysis and practical studies of dialogue, much of which was recorded in work settings - a binary focus encapsulated in the title, Working with Dialogue. The settings from which the data was collected are diverse: the media, the courtroom, the classroom, the home and the clinic, as well as from literary texts. The book is ordered in such a way that each paper links theoretically, methodologically and/or topically with those on either side of it.
Improved vessel enhancement for fully automatic coronary modeling (2009)

3D coronary modeling extracts the centerlines and width of the coronary arteries from a rotational sequence of angiographies. This process heavily relies on a preliminary filtering of the 2D angiograms that enhances the vessels. We propose an improved vessel enhancement method specifically designed for this application. It keeps the advantages of Hessian-based extraction methods (speed, robustness, multiscale) while bypassing its more important limitations: the blurring of bifurcations, and the incomplete filling of very large vessels. The major contributions of this paper are twofold. First, the classical centered kernel used in Hessian-based methods is substituted with an elongated off-centered kernel. The new filter detects the different orientations involved at a bifurcation: it can answer properly to 'half vessels' beginning at the considered pixel (as opposed to the centered classical filter). The proposed "semi-oriented ridge" filter is also more robust to noise, and it stays multi-scale and quickly computable. Second, an original bifurcation detection and enhancement method is presented, based on the following heuristics: "bifurcations have three vessels (at least) in their immediate neighborhood". More precisely, the semi-oriented ridges answers in each tested orientation &theta;&isin;]-&pi;,&pi;] are stored in a circular histogram. The proposed bifurcation energy is the height of the third peak in this histogram: it will have a significant value at bifurcations only. The performance of the complete framework is demonstrated both on the produced vessel maps and on the final modeling results.