gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-time fluorescence imaging for visualization and drug uptake prediction during drug delivery by thermosensitive liposomes (2019)

<b>Objective:</b> Thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin (TSL-Dox) is a promising stimuli-responsive nanoparticle drug delivery system that rapidly releases the contained drug in response to hyperthermia (HT) (>40 °C). Combined with localized heating, TSL-Dox allows highly localized delivery. The goals of this study were to demonstrate that real-time fluorescence imaging can visualize drug uptake during delivery, and can predict tumor drug uptake. <b>Methods:</b> Nude mice carrying subcutaneous tumors (Lewis lung carcinoma) were anesthetized and injected with TSL-Dox (5 mg/kg dose). Localized HT was induced by heating tumors for 15, 30 or 60 min via a custom-designed HT probe placed superficially at the tumor location. <i>In vivo</i> fluorescence imaging (excitation 523 nm, emission 610 nm) was performed before, during, and for 5 min following HT. After imaging, tumors were extracted, drug uptake was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and correlated with <i>in vivo</i> fluorescence. Plasma samples were obtained before and after HT to measure TSL-Dox pharmacokinetics. <b>Results:</b> Local drug uptake could be visualized in real-time during HT. Compared to unheated control tumors, fluorescence of heated tumors increased by 4.6-fold (15 min HT), 9.3-fold (30 min HT), and 13.2-fold (60 min HT). HT duration predicted tumor drug uptake (<i>p</i> = .02), with tumor drug concentrations of 4.2 ± 1.3 µg/g (no HT), 7.1 ± 5.9 µg/g (15 min HT), 14.1 ± 6.7 µg/g (30 min HT) and 21.4 ± 12.6 µg/g (60 min HT). There was good correlation (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.67) between fluorescence of the tumor region and tumor drug uptake. <b>Conclusions:</b> Real-time <i>in vivo</i> fluorescence imaging can visualize drug uptake during delivery, and can predict tumor drug uptake.
3SP8-05 The latest irradiation technique of synchrotron X-ray and its application to radiation biology(3SP8 Frontier in Biological Research Using Various Irradiation Systems : from microbeam to field irradiation,The 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan) (2009)

TheBiophysicalSociety of
Visualization of 2-D and 3-D Tensor Fields (1995)

In previous work we have developed a novel approach to visualizing second order symmetric 2-D tensor fields based on degenerate point analysis. At degenerate points the eigenvalues are either zero or equal to each other, and the hyperstreamlines about these points give rise to trisector or wedge points. These singularities and their connecting hyperstreamlines determine the topology of the tensor field. In this study we are developing new methods for analyzing and displaying 3-D tensor fields. This problem is considerably more difficult than the 2-D one, as the richness of the data set is much larger. Here we report on our progress and a novel method to find, analyze and display 3-D degenerate points. First we discuss the theory, then an application involving a 3-D tensor field, the Boussinesq problem with two forces.
Reaction Safety:  A Critical Parameter in the Development of a Scaleable Synthesis of 2,3-Bis-chloromethylpyridine Hydrochloride (2002)

This report describes the development of a scaleable process to prepare 2,3-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine hydrochloride, 2, that is safe, economical, and environmentally acceptable. On a small scale this material is prepared using thionyl chloride as the solvent. However, this reaction is not readily scaleable because of environmental and disposal issues. Reaction calorimetry is used to evaluate a number of potentially viable chlorination procedures. In the course of this investigation potentially hazardous reagent/solvent incompatibilities were identified. The use of thionyl chloride in MTBE is particularly hazardous owing to solvent decomposition in the presence of HCl and subsequent outgassing of large amounts of isobutylene. Reaction conditions employing thionyl chloride and 1% v/v DMF in toluene were found to be safe for scale-up. As a result, an environmentally acceptable, safe process has been developed and scaled to produce multikilogram amounts of material.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Transition Metal Nitrides via Thermolysis of Metal—Ammine Complexes. Part 1. Chromium Nitride. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Some issues in experimental testing and methodologies in the thermal management of telecommunication components, systems and enclosures (2002)

In many telecommunications applications, switching/signal processing equipment is continuously increasing in capabilities, and more importantly, heat dissipation. The equipment often must be housed in enclosures that more often than not will be placed outdoors. The housed equipment generates heat that must dissipated while keeping the air temperature inside the cabinets within prescribed limits for optimum performance. However, before any attempt at designing a thermal management system can take place, the designer must know how much heat the equipment dissipates, how to thermally characterize the equipment and how to conduct experimental programs to validate the designs. This paper tries to assess and point out the necessary methodologies commonly used in the experimental characterization and validation of telecommunications subcomponents, components and cabinets. The indispensable use of wind tunnel testing for racks and boards, heat sinks, complete rectifier systems, and overall systems (cabinets) is discussed. The need to benchmark in-house cooling equipment such as air-to-air heat exchangers is also covered.
Dispersion Characteristics of Metamaterial Cloaking Structures (2008)

Abstract In this article, we analyze the dispersion features of cloaking structures formed by plasmonic materials and/or metamaterials. Following our recent proposal for realizing a cloaking metamaterial shell capable of drastically suppressing the total scattering of moderately-sized objects, we investigate the frequency response and dispersion behavior of this anomalous phenomenon. Insights into the scattering reduction and possibility of multi-frequency response are presented, considering the inherent dispersion constraints of passive materials.
Optimal diabatic bases via thermodynamic bounds (2011)

Describing kinetic processes within a perturbation theory approach such as Fermi's golden rule requires an understanding of the initial and final states of the system. A number of different methods have been proposed for obtaining these diabatic-like states, but a robust criterion for evaluating their accuracy has not been established. Here, we approach the problem of determining the most appropriate set of diabatic states for use in incoherent rate expressions. We develop a method that rotates an initial set of diabats into an optimized set beginning with a zeroth-order diabatic Hamiltonian and choosing the rotation that minimizes the effect of non-diabatic terms on the thermodynamic free energy. The Gibbs-Bogoliubov (GB) bound on the Helmholtz free energy is thus used as the diabatic criterion. We first derive the GB free energy for a two site system and then find an expression general for any electronic system Hamiltonian. Efficient numerical methods are used to perform the minimization subject to orthogonality constraints, and we examine the resulting diabats for system Hamiltonians in various parameter regimes. The transition from localized to delocalized states is clearly seen in these calculations, and some interesting features are discussed.
Accelerated Neighbor Discovery in Bluetooth Based Personal Area Networks (2002)

The recent industry standard and specification Bluetooth promises low cost replacement of communication cabling with moderate symbol-rate, short-range wireless links. The same specification also addresses the establishment of point-to-multipoint piconets and the interconnection of several of these piconets into scatternets, enabling Bluetooth to be used as a technology for realizing personal area networks (PAN). In Bluetooth, to establish piconets, nodes have to go through three phases of link activation: i) neighboring device discovery or inquiry, ii) handshake with discovered devices or paging, and iii) negotiation of link parameters. In this paper we are going to investigate the first phase; point out why the current inquiry procedure is inefficient for PAN scenarios, and propose and investigate a novel but backwards Bluetooth compliant modification to the specification with which device discovery can be accelerated. 1.
Checkpoint Kinases Regulate a Global Network of Transcription Factors in Response to DNA Damage (2013)

DNA damage activates checkpoint kinases that induce several downstream events, including widespread changes in transcription. However, the specific connections between the checkpoint kinases and downstream transcription factors (TFs) are not well understood. Here, we integrate kinase mutant expression profiles, transcriptional regulatory interactions, and phosphoproteomics to map kinases and downstream TFs to transcriptional regulatory networks. Specifically, we investigate the role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae checkpoint kinases (Mec1, Tel1, Chk1, Rad53, and Dun1) in the transcriptional response to DNA damage caused by methyl methanesulfonate. The result is a global kinase-TF regulatory network in which Mec1 and Tel1 signal through Rad53 to synergistically regulate the expression of more than 600 genes. This network involves at least nine TFs, many of which have Rad53-dependent phosphorylation sites, as regulators of checkpoint-kinase-dependent genes. We also identify a major DNA damage-induced transcriptional network that regulates stress response genes independently of the checkpoint kinases.
Evaluation of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with Androgen Receptor–Axis Imaging (2016)

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the lethal form of prostate cancer, and more than 26,000 men will die from this disease in 2016. The pathophysiology of CRPC is clearly multifactorial, but most often, androgen receptor (AR) upregulation is associated with its earliest beginnings and the AR increase is part of the multimolecular complex including downstream effector proteins linked to AR (AR-axis) responsible for rapid proliferation and malignant features of the malignant cell. In both animal models and patients, glycolysis (Warburg effect) is also an early manifestation of CRPC transformation. At Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, we have focused our energies on imaging studies of the AR-axis in CRPC, using <sup>18</sup>F-FDG, <sup>18</sup>F-16β-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone (<sup>18</sup>F-FDHT), and a variety of radiolabeled antibodies targeting downstream effectors, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Small-molecular-weight PSMA-targeting agents are not part of this review. In this review, we will focus on molecular imaging of the AR-axis in metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) and discuss our personal experience with these tracers. Our goal is to put these radiopharmaceuticals in the context of mCRPC biology and diagnosis (e.g., <sup>18</sup>F-FDHT).
Isolation, characterization and crystallization of an iron-superoxide dismutase from the crenarchaeonSulfolobus acidocaldarius (1996)

An iron containing superoxide dismutase from the cytosol of the thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (DSM 639) has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. It comprises at least 11% of the cytosolic protein. The isolated protein consists of two identical subunits with an apparent molecular mass of 22.4 kDa. It contains one iron atom per dimer. The protein shows the typical EPR spectrum of a S = 3/2, rhombic high-spin iron center. It is extremely resistant against thermal and chemical denaturation. Simultaneous treatment with heat and detergent resulted in the conversion into a more active tetrameric form. Similar enzymes appear to be present in the cytosol of other members of the Sulfolobaceae. The dimeric form of the protein from S. acidocaldarius has been crystallized.
Ion radicals. XXV. Reactions of thianthrene and phenothiazine perchlorates with nitrite ion, pyridine, and other nucleophiles (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIon radicals. XXV. Reactions of thianthrene and phenothiazine perchlorates with nitrite ion, pyridine, and other nucleophilesHenry J. Shine, Juana J. Silber, Robert J. Bussey, and Tadashi OkuyamaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 17, 2691–2697Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00982a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00982a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views723Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
THE COMPOSITION AND VITAMIN A VALUE OF THE CAROTENOIDS OF PUMPKINS OF DIFFERENT COLORS (1987)

The carotenoid pigments of the yellow and orange flesh varieties of the pumpkins Cucurbita moschata and C.maxima were identified and quantified, α-Carotene, β-carotene, ζ-carotene, β-carotene 5,6-epoxide, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, taraxanthin, zeaxanthin, luteoxanthin and auroxanthin were detected in the pumpkins. The difference was that the yellow variety of C. moschata had no zeaxanthin. The quantitative patterns of the two varieties were similar. Although some quantitative variation was observed, lutein, β-carotene and luteoxanthin predominated. The difference in the color between the two varieties resulted from these quantitative differences in carotenoid composition. The vitamin A activity of the C. moschata variety with yellow flesh was higher than that of the C. maxima, which had many oxygenated carotenoids.
A NEW BIOLOGICALLY POTENT STEROID: 1-DEHYDRO-9α-FLUOROHYDROCORTISONE ACETATE (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA NEW BIOLOGICALLY POTENT STEROID: 1-DEHYDRO-9α-FLUOROHYDROCORTISONE ACETATER. F. Hirschmann, R. Miller, R. E. Beyler, L. H. Sarett, and M. TishlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 11, 3166–3167Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01616a094https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01616a094research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
CHALCONE SYNTHASE GENE FROM ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS IN ANTISENSE ORIENTATION SUCCESSFULLY SUPPRESSED THE PETALS PIGMENTATION OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (2000)

ISHS XIX International Symposium on Improvement of Ornamental Plants CHALCONE SYNTHASE GENE FROM ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS IN ANTISENSE ORIENTATION SUCCESSFULLY SUPPRESSED THE PETALS PIGMENTATION OF CHRYSANTHEMUM
Acquiring musculoskeletal information in active environments, using a wearable system (2015)

Poor body form and incorrect muscle usage are a leading cause of injuries in active sports and exercise. For this reason, monitoring of human muscle activity and skeletal motion i.e., musculoskeletal sensing, is important for alleviating injury. Many current monitoring systems are not conducive for this because they are either too invasive, or unable to mitigate the noise induced in the sensed signal by body motion. Our work focuses on creating a framework for acquiring musculoskeletal information in active environments, using a conducive wearable monitoring system. Upon completion, our work will provide an understanding of how to acquire musculoskeletal information, and propose a hardware implementation as well as body motion noise mitigation techniques.
Laccases in Food Industry: Bioprocessing, Potential Industrial and Biotechnological Applications (2020)

Laccase is a multi-copper oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of one electron of a wide range of phenolic compounds. The enzyme is considered eco-friendly because it requires molecular oxygen as co-substrate for the catalysis and it yields water as the sole by-product. Laccase is commonly produced by fungi but also by some bacteria, insects and plants. Due it is capable of using a wide variety of phenolic and non-phenolic substrates, laccase has potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and environmental industries; in addition, it has been used since many years in the bleaching of paper pulp. Fungal laccases are mainly extracellular enzyme that can be recovered from the residual compost of industrial production of edible mushrooms as <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> and <i>Pleurotus ostreatus.</i> It has also been isolated from microorganisms present in wastewater. The great potential of laccase lies in its ability to oxidize lignin, one component of lignocellulosic materials, this feature can be widely exploited on the pretreatment for agro-food wastes valorization. Laccase is one of the enzymes that fits very well in the circular economy concept, this concept has more benefits over linear economy; based on "reduce-reuse-recycle" theory. Currently, biorefinery processes are booming due to the need to generate clean biofuels that do not come from oil. In that sense, laccase is capable of degrading lignocellulosic materials that serve as raw material in these processes, so the enzyme's potential is evident. This review will critically describe the production sources of laccase as by-product from food industry, bioprocessing of food industry by-products using laccase, and its application in food industry.
A vectorized long-period shift-register random number generator (2002)

A pseudorandom number generator, based on a linear-feedback shift-register sequence, is presented. The very long period of the generator, 2/sup 1279/-1, makes it useful in modern statistical simulations. The proposed generator overcomes the limitations of multiplicative-congruential generators with modulus 2/sup 31/-1. The properties of linear-feedback shift-register sequences are reviewed, and a sequence of order p=1279 is proposed as a source of pseudorandom numbers. Results of the vectorization of shift register algorithm and of statistical tests are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Fluoro‐2′‐deoxy‐β‐uridine. (1987)

Abstract The stereoselective synthesis of 5‐fluoro‐2'‐deoxy‐β‐uridine (IVb) from the silylated pyrimidine (I) and the ribofuranosyl chloride (II) in the presence of p‐nitrophenol (III) and iron(III) chloride is optimized.
Studies on 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and its related compounds. Synthesis of 3-chloro- and 3-bromo-4-aminoquinoline 1-oxide and presentation of chemical evidence for a new type of aromatic rearrangement of N,O-diarylhydroxylamines. (1975)

The present paper deals with thermolyses of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4HAQO) in acidic media and a new type of rearrangement of N, O-diarylhydroxylamine derived from 4HAQO and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline. Thermolyses of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline or-pyridine derivatives in hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid gave corresponding 3-halo-4-amino derivatives in relatively high yield. It was also found that N, O-di(4-quinolyl) hydroxylamine and N-(4-quinolyl)-O-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl) hydroxylamine were rearranged to a corresponding diaryl derivative, 3, 3'-(4-amino-4'-hydroxy) biquinoline and 3-(2'-hydroxy-3', 5'-dinitrophenyl)-4-aminoquinoline, respectively. Those facts presented the first chemical evidences for an aromatic rearrangement of N, O-diarylhydroxylamine which had already been predicted by Dewar.
Russell body formation and apoptosis in myocilin‐caused primary open‐angle glaucoma: rescue by the chemical chaperone sodium 4‐phenylbutyrate (2007)

Primary open‐angle glaucoma with elevated intraocular pressure is a leading cause of blindness. Mutations of myocilin (MYOC) play a critical role in the manifestation of the disease. However, the molecular pathogenesis of MYOC‐glaucoma is poorly defined. We show that heteromeric complexes of wild‐type and mutant MYOC were retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and aggregated to form Russell bodies. This induced the unfolded protein response proteins BiP and PERK with subsequent activation of caspase 12 and 3 and expression of CHOP/GADD153 leading to apoptosis. Treatment with sodium 4‐phenylbutyrate reduced the amount of detergent‐insoluble MYOC aggregates, diminished MYOC interaction with calreticulin and restored the secretion of mutant MYOC. In parallel, ER stress was relieved and apoptosis rate was significantly reduced. Together, ER‐stress induced apoptosis is a pathway to explain the reduction of trabecular meshwork cells in MYOC‐ glaucoma. The phagocytotic capacity of the remaining trabecular meshwork cell population will be insufficient for effective cleaning of aqueous humor which would constitute a major pathogenetic factor for the development of increased intraocular pressure. However, sodium 4‐phenylbutyrate protects cells from the deleterious effects of ER‐retained aggregated mutant MYOC. Supported by the Velux Stiftung, the Kamillo Eisner Stiftung and the Canton of Zurich.
Thiocyanation of 2-Aminothiazoles. II (1960)

In continuation of the preceding work, thiocyanation was carried out by the Kaufmann method on 2-formamido-, 2-formamido-4-methyl-, 2-ethoxycarbonylamino-, and 2-ethoxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-thiazoles, and four kinds of corresponding 5-thiocyano derivatives were prepared. Of these derivatives, 2-formamido-5-thiocyanothiazole had the best solubility in solvents and seemed hopeful as the antifungal agent.