gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collagen α1(I) Gene (COL1A1) Is Repressed by RFX Family (2005)

Collagen type I is composed of three polypeptide chains transcribed from two separate genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2) with different promoters requiring coordinate regulation. Our recent publications, centering on COL1A2 regulation, demonstrate that methylation in the first exon of COL1A2 at a regulatory factor for X box (RFX) site (at -1 to +20) occurs in human cancer cells and correlates with increased RFX1 binding and decreased collagen transcription (Sengupta, P. K., Erhlich, M., and Smith, B. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36649-36655; Sengupta, S., Smith, E. M., Kim, K., Murnane, M. J., and Smith, B. D. (2003) Cancer Res. 63, 1789-1797). In normal cells, RFX5 complex along with major histocompatibility class II transactivator (CIITA) is induced by interferon-gamma to occupy this site and repress collagen transcription (Xu, Y., Wang, L., Buttice, G., Sengupta, P. K., and Smith, B. D. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 41319-41332). In this paper, we demonstrate that COL1A1 has an RFX consensus binding site surrounding the transcription start site (-11 to +10) that contains three methylation sites rather than one in the COL1A2 gene RFX binding site. RFX1 interacts weakly with the unmethylated COL1A1 site, and binds with higher affinity to the methylated site. RFX1 represses the unmethylated COL1A1 less efficiently than COL1A2. COL1A1 promoter activity is sensitive to DNA methylation and the COL1A1 gene is methylated in human cancer cells with coordinately decreased collagen expression. The DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (aza-dC) increases collagen gene expression with time in human cancer cells. On the other hand, RFX5 interacts with both collagen type I genes with a similar binding affinity and represses both promoters equally in transient transfections. Two dominant negative forms of RFX5 activate both collagen genes coordinately. Finally, CIITA RNA interference experiments indicate that CIITA induction is required for interferon gamma-mediated repression of both collagen type I genes.
State of the Art on Neural Rendering (2020)

Abstract Efficient rendering of photo‐realistic virtual worlds is a long standing effort of computer graphics. Modern graphics techniques have succeeded in synthesizing photo‐realistic images from hand‐crafted scene representations. However, the automatic generation of shape, materials, lighting, and other aspects of scenes remains a challenging problem that, if solved, would make photo‐realistic computer graphics more widely accessible. Concurrently, progress in computer vision and machine learning have given rise to a new approach to image synthesis and editing, namely deep generative models. Neural rendering is a new and rapidly emerging field that combines generative machine learning techniques with physical knowledge from computer graphics, e.g., by the integration of differentiable rendering into network training. With a plethora of applications in computer graphics and vision, neural rendering is poised to become a new area in the graphics community, yet no survey of this emerging field exists. This state‐of‐the‐art report summarizes the recent trends and applications of neural rendering. We focus on approaches that combine classic computer graphics techniques with deep generative models to obtain controllable and photorealistic outputs. Starting with an overview of the underlying computer graphics and machine learning concepts, we discuss critical aspects of neural rendering approaches. Specifically, our emphasis is on the type of control, i.e., how the control is provided, which parts of the pipeline are learned, explicit vs. implicit control, generalization, and stochastic vs. deterministic synthesis. The second half of this state‐of‐the‐art report is focused on the many important use cases for the described algorithms such as novel view synthesis, semantic photo manipulation, facial and body reenactment, relighting, free‐viewpoint video, and the creation of photo‐realistic avatars for virtual and augmented reality telepresence. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the social implications of such technology and investigate open research problems.
Yellow lessens discomfort glare: physiological mechanism(s) (2005)

This report results from a contract tasking TNO Human Factors as follows: The Grantee will investigate the physiological mechanisms behind the perceived glare reduction obtained when using a yellow filter. The proposed project aims to place the reported heightened discomfort glare produced by blue light on a more scientific footing. The physiological mechanism of discomfort glare remains unclear. At least four hypotheses have been proposed: 1. Rod-cone interaction (Dr. Ian Bailey. UC Berkeley School of Optometry. personal communication) 2. Excessive iris contraction (Vos. 1900) 3. Chromatic aberration (Dr. Post. Wright-Patterson Lab. personal communication) 4. S-cone sensitivity (ophthalmological case studies) The research consists of a re-analysis of prior collected data and a new experiment. designed to discriminate among the hypotheses.
Focusing light through living tissue (2010)

Tissues such as skin, fat or cuticle are non-transparent because inhomogeneities in the tissue scatter light. We demonstrate experimentally that light can be focused through turbid layers of living tissue, in spite of scattering. Our method is based on the fact that coherent light forms an interference pattern, even after hundreds of scattering events. By spatially shaping the wavefront of the incident laser beam, this interference pattern was modified to make the scattered light converge to a focus. In contrast to earlier experiments, where light was focused through solid objects, we focused light through living pupae of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We discuss a dynamic wavefront shaping algorithm that follows changes due to microscopic movements of scattering particles in real time. We relate the performance of the algorithm to the measured timescale of the changes in the speckle pattern and analyze our experiment in the light of Laser Doppler flowmetry. Applications in particle tracking, imaging, and optical manipulation are discussed.
Coexistence curve of polystyrene in methylcyclohexane. III. Asymptotic behavior of ternary system near the plait point (1984)

Coexistence curve measurements were made on the systems of polystyrene (PS) in methylcyclohexane (MC) by using the refractive index method. The entire shape of the coexistence curve of the ternary system PS I(Mw=1.72×104)–PS II(Mw=7.19×105)–MC with ξ2=0.1704 is very different from those of the binary systems PS(I)–MC and PS(II)–MC, where ξ2 denotes a volume fraction of PS(II) to total polystyrene. The asymptotic shape of the ternary coexistence curve near the critical point was found to be characterized by the exponent βt=0.384±0.004, which is close to the fully renormalized critical exponent. The direction of tie lines near the critical point was found to be parallel to each other from the calculation with the classical empirical equation of the Gibbs free energy.
Novel growth stent for the permanent treatment of vessel stenosis in growing children: An experimental study (2004)

Stent implantation in stenotic vessels of infants and small children is problematic because there is no ideal stent model that is small enough to be easily introduced into the infant femoral vein or artery and, at the same time, large enough to be dilated during growth to adult vessel diameters. To overcome this problem, we designed a new stent, the growth stent. This growth stent is a balloon-expandable metal stent. Two longitudinal halves are connected with bioabsorbable sutures so that a circular stent is created. It was postulated that after absorption of the sutures the stent would not impede growth. Twenty of these stents were implanted in the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and inferior vena cava of piglets (average weight 6.9 kg). After 18 weeks (14-23 weeks) and a mean weight gain of 59 kg, none of the stented vessels showed any significant stenosis or pressure gradient, documented by angiography and catheter pullback. During fluoroscopy, the two halves of the stent were clearly separated in all animals. The growth stent has the potential to be nonrestrictive during vessel growth, and thus is a promising new device for the permanent treatment of stenotic vessels in infancy and childhood.
Performance of a high‐sensitivity dedicated cardiac SPECT scanner for striatal uptake quantification in the brain based on analysis of projection data (2013)

This implies that PD can be detected earlier with the dedicated system than with the conventional system; therefore, earlier identification of PD progression should be possible with the high-sensitivity dedicated SPECT camera.
From Seismic Monitoring to Tsunami Warning in the Mediterranean Sea (2021)

Abstract The Italian Tsunami Alert Center based at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (CAT-INGV) has been monitoring the Mediterranean seismicity in the past 8 yr to get fast and reliable information for seismically induced tsunami warnings. CAT-INGV is a tsunami service provider in charge of monitoring the seismicity of the Mediterranean Sea and of alerting Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)/UNESCO subscriber Member States and the Italian Department of Civil Protection of a potentially impending tsunami, in the framework of the Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas (NEAMTWS). CAT-INGV started operating in 2013 and became operational in October 2016. Here, after describing the NEAMTWS in the framework of the global effort coordinated by IOC/UNESCO, we focus on the tsunami hazard in the Mediterranean Sea. We then describe CAT-INGV mandate, functioning, and operational procedures. Furthermore, the article discusses the lessons learned from past events occurring in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the Kos-Bodrum in 2017 (Mw 6.6) and the Samos-Izmir in 2020 (Mw 7.0) earthquakes, which generated moderately damaging tsunamis. Based on these lessons, we discuss some potential improvements for the CAT-INGV and the NEAMTWS, including better seismic and sea level instrumental coverage. We emphasize the need for tsunami risk awareness raising, better preparation, and full implementation of the tsunami warning “last-mile” to foster the creation of a more integrated, interoperable, and sustainable risk reduction framework. If we aim to be better prepared for the next tsunami, these important challenges should be prioritized in the agenda of the IOC/UNESCO Member States and the European Commission.
Influence of volume variety of waste cooking palm oil as carbon source on graphene growth through double thermal chemical vapor deposition (2018)

In this paper, the growth of graphene on a nickel (Ni) substrate using waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) as a carbon precursor by double thermal chemical vapor deposition (DTCVD) has been reported. Various amounts of WCPO which comprised of 5μl, 10 μl, 50 μl and 100 μl are employed for the growth of graphene. At 10 μl, graphene effectively formed due to segregation and precipitation more appreciable amount of carbon on the Ni surface during cooling process. Using an ample amount of carbon source resulted in the formation of graphene oxide and thick amorphous carbon. The prepared samples were characterized using FESEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. FESEM analysis reveals prominent structural changes upon applying various amount of waste cooking palm oil. From Raman spectroscopy, 10 III samples suggesting multilayer of the graphene derived from the ratio peak intensity (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2D</sub> / I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> equal to ~0.30).
Optimal Decision Making Under Strategic Behavior (2024)

We are witnessing an increasing use of data-driven predictive models to inform decisions in high-stakes situations, from lending and hiring to university admissions. As decisions have implications for individuals and society, there is increasing pressure on decision makers to be transparent about their decision policies. At the same time, individuals may use knowledge, gained by transparency, to invest effort strategically in order to maximize their chances of receiving a beneficial decision. Our goal is to find decision policies that are optimal in terms of utility in such a strategic setting. First, we characterize how strategic investment of effort by individuals leads to a change in the feature distribution. Using this characterization, we show that, in general, optimal decision policies are hard to find in polynomial time, and there are cases in which deterministic policies are suboptimal. Then, we demonstrate that, if the cost individuals pay to change their features satisfies a natural monotonicity assumption, we can narrow down the search for the optimal policy to a particular family of decision policies with a set of desirable properties, which allow for a highly effective polynomial time-heuristic search algorithm using dynamic programming. Finally, under no assumptions on the cost, we develop an iterative search algorithm that is guaranteed to converge to locally optimal decision policies. Experiments on synthetic and real credit card data illustrate our theoretical findings and show that the decision policies found by our algorithms achieve higher utility than those that do not account for strategic behavior. This paper was accepted by Vivek Farias, data science. Funding: This work was supported by Machine Learning Cluster of Excellence [EXC #2064/1, Project #390727645], H2020 European Research Council [Grant 945719], and Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung [Grant 01IS18039B]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.02567
Detection of lung cancer by FDG-PET cancer screening program: a nationwide Japanese survey. (2014)

The FDG-PET screening program in Japan detected lung cancer at an early stage.
On-line cursive Korean character recognition by using curvature models (2002)

A cursive Korean character consists of several Korean alphabets where connection is present within and among the alphabets. Recognition of Korean characters can be carried out by splitting each character into smaller primitives. Small line segments can be used as the primitives. But this approach requires too much processing time, for there can be many candidate references to be matched to one input character and each reference usually consists of too many primitives. In this paper, we propose an approach using structural curvature models to overcome the difficulties of using small line segments. These models are obtained by segmenting the input character at the points showing sudden change in direction, excessive rotation, etc. By doing this, rather larger and structural curve segments can be used as the basic primitives to be matched resulting in the savings of processing time and better recognition rate.
Measurement of particle diffusion coefficients with high accuracy by dynamic light scattering (2007)

We present a novel optical scattering cell for the measurement of particle diffusion coefficients by dynamic light scattering, which may be utilised for particle size analysis and viscosity measurements. A major feature of the cell is that it allows measurements without knowledge of the refractive index of the dispersing liquid, which facilitates viscosity measurements over an extended range of temperature, where refractive indexes are often not found tabulated. This improvement is achieved by the use of a symmetrical set-up. The light scattering system has been tested by measuring the diffusion coefficient of silica particles in water, where the results showed a total standard deviation of 0.5% including measurements at various angles of incidence. In order to prove the capability of the system for accurate viscosity measurements, n-heptane, where reliable reference values are available, has been investigated in a temperature range of 20°–80°C. The viscosities measured showed a maximum deviation of the mean from the reference values of below 1.0%.
A Molecular-Scale Approach to Rare-Earth Beneficiation: Thinking Small to Avoid Large Losses (2020)

Separating rare-earth-element-rich minerals from unwanted gangue in mined ores relies on selective binding of collector molecules at the interface to facilitate froth flotation. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) exhibits enhanced selectivity for bastnäsite over calcite in microflotation experiments. Through a multifaceted approach, leveraging density functional theory calculations, and advanced spectroscopic methods, we provide molecular-level mechanistic insight to this selectivity. The hydroxamic acid moiety introduces strong interactions at metal-atom surface sites and hinders subsurface-cation stabilization at vacancy-defect sites, in calcite especially. Resulting from hydrogen-bond-induced interactions, SHA lies flat on the bastnäsite surface and shows a tendency for multilayer formation at high coverages. In this conformation, SHA complexation with bastnäsite metal ions is stabilized, leading to advanced flotation performance. In contrast, SHA lies perpendicular to the calcite surface due to a difference in cationic spacing. We anticipate that these insights will motivate rational design and selection of future collector molecules for enhanced ore beneficiation.
In-Vivo Histological Analysis of a Fractional CO2 Laser System Intended for Treatment of Soft Tissue. (2017)

Treatment of the skin using the fractional CO2 device leads to skin resurfacing via ablation and coagulation of the treated area at a depth proportional to the delivered energy. The higher the energy used, the greater the degree of ablation and coagulation in tissue, which can lead to a greater tissue response in terms of fibroblast activity, collagen remodeling, and new collagen formation. <em>J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(11):1085-1090.</em> .
Expression of cellular fibronectin and tenascin in the rabbit cornea after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy: a 12 month study. (1995)

An indirect immunohistochemical technique was used to monitor the expression of cellular fibronectin (cFN) and tenascin (TN) in the rabbit cornea after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in a 1 year follow up study. Rabbits received a 5.0 D myopic PRK, and were killed 3 days, 1, 3, 6, or 12 months after the operation. In most corneas, secondary epithelial defects appeared after the primary healing (mean 6.3 (SD 1.2) days). Corneal haze appeared a few weeks after PRK and was observed throughout the follow up. Three days after wounding an immunoreaction for cFN was observed as a bright narrow subepithelial line, but no immunoreaction for TN could be seen in the anterior third of the corneal stroma. However, at 1-6 months a similar location of immunoreactions for both cFN and TN was observed. Both were found in the anterior stroma at depths of 30-50 microns. At 12 months, only a trace of cFN immunoreaction but no TN immunoreaction could be discerned. Our results suggest that subepithelial scar tissue contains both cFN and TN up to 12 months.
A Hybrid HMM-SVM Method for Online Handwriting Symbol Recognition (2006)

This paper presents a combined approach for online handwriting symbols recognition. The basic idea of this approach is to employ a set of left-right HMMs as a feature extractor to produce HMM features, and combine them with global features into a new feature vector as input, and then use SVM as a classifier to finally identify unknown symbols. The new feature vector consists of the global features and several pairs of maximum probabilities with their associated different model labels. A recogniser based on this method inherits the practical and dynamical modeling abilities from HMM, and robust discriminating ability from SVM for classification tasks. This technique also reduces the dimensions of feature vectors significantly and solves the speed and size problem when using only SVM. The experimental results show that this combined hybrid approach outperforms several classifiers reported in recent researches, and could achieve recognition rates of 97.48%, 91.99% and 91.74% for digits and upper/lower case characters respectively on the UNIPEN database benchmarks
Disposition of [14C]Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in Mice (1986)

Disposition of [14C]Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in Mice. LIANG, Y.-Y., MARLOWE, C., AND WADDELL, W. J. (1986). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 6, 532–540. Dimercaptosuccinic acid labeled with 14C ([14C]DMSA) was administered to mice iv; the mice were frozen by immersion in dry ice/hexane at 6 and 20 min and 1, 3, 9, and 24 hr after injection. The frozen mice were sectioned and processed for whole-body autoradiography for soluble substances. The radioactivity was highly localized in extracellular fluids such as the subcutaneous, intrapleural, intraperitoneal, and periosteal spaces. There was a pronounced accumulation in the periosteal fluid above that in other fluids during the first hour after injection. Most of the radioactivity was eliminated by the kidney and liver. Pretreatment of a mouse with HgCl2 subcutaneously 1 hr before [14C [14C]DMSA produced an increase in radioactivity in the liver and decrease in lung. A high concentration of radioactivity was seen at the subcutaneous site of injection of the HgCl2. The results are interpreted to indicate that most of the DMSA is in the extracellular space but that it can cross cellular membranes to some extent. The pronounced accumulation in periosteal fluid may be an interaction of DMSA with Ca2+ in this space. No tissue had a pronounced retention of the compound, but lung retained more than most other tissues.
Induction of apoptosis--new targets for cancer chemotherapy. (1992)

Many anticancer agents induce an active cell death process, apoptosis, in sensitive tumour cells. Elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis may shed light on why some tumour cells survive chemotherapy, and may identify new targets for anticancer agents whose effects are not tightly linked to proliferative status. The signal transduction events which initiate apoptosis are unclear. A change in cytosolic calcium is generally assumed to be a key signal for apoptosis although the evidence for this is not conclusive. Other putative signal transducers which may modulate apoptosis are protein kinase C and cAMP. Genes which induce apoptosis in response to such signals are largely unidentified, but certain oncogenes, notably bcl-2, act to delay or suppress apoptosis in several cell types.
National Trends in Surgical Procedures for Degenerative Cervical Spine Disease: 1990–2000 (2005)

Compared with one decade ago, the surgical treatment of degenerative cervical spine disease has evolved to include a higher percentage of anterior and fusion procedures performed on a more diverse, older, and comorbid patient population, with shortened hospital stay and improved morbidity and mortality, although at substantially increased cost.