gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum cascade lasers with integrated plasmonic antenna-array collimators (2008)

We demonstrated in simulations and experiments that by defining a properly designed two-dimensional metallic aperture-grating structure on the facet of quantum cascade lasers, a small beam divergence angle can be achieved in directions both perpendicular and parallel to the laser waveguide layers (denoted as theta perpendicular and theta parallel, respectively). Beam divergence angles as small as theta perpendicular=2.7 degrees and theta parallel=3.7 degrees have been demonstrated. This is a reduction by a factor of approximately 30 and approximately 10, respectively, compared to those of the original lasers emitting at a wavelength of 8.06 microm. The devices preserve good room temperature performance with output power as high as approximately 55% of that of the original unpatterned lasers. We studied in detail the trade-off between beam divergence and power throughput for the fabricated devices. We demonstrated plasmonic collimation for buried heterostructure lasers and ridge lasers; devices with different waveguide structures but with the same plasmonic collimator design showed similar performance. We also studied a device patterned with a "spider's web" pattern, which gives us insight into the distribution of surface plasmons on the laser facet.
A Comparison of Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice: Divergent Policy Practices in Sweden (2017)

This paper compares the implementation of the two economic evaluation methods Cost-Effectiveness/Utility (CEA/CUA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) as tools for allocation of national public funds in the health and transport sector in Sweden, respectively. We compare the recommended values for important economic parameters such as the social discount rate, the marginal cost of public funds, and the explicit and implicit valuation of health, and document a number of substantial and unexplained differences in implementation. Such differences are problematic considering that the increasing use of economic evaluations to guide policy decisions also has implied an overlap of application areas. We conclude with a discussion on the need of a harmonized procedure for economic evaluations in the public sector in order to reduce the risk of inefficient allocations purely due to different applications of the methods. Published: Online February 2017. In print December 2017.
Leptin and the Regulation of Body Weight (2010)

The discovery of leptin has led to the elucidation of a robust physiologic system that maintains fat stores at a relatively constant level. Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue in proportion to its mass. This hormone circulates in blood and acts on the hypothalamus to regulate food intake and energy expenditure. When fat mass falls, plasma leptin levels fall stimulating appetite and suppressing energy expenditure until fat mass is restored. When fat mass increases, leptin levels increase, suppressing appetite until weight is lost. By such a mechanism total energy stores are stably maintained within a relatively narrow range. Recessive mutations in the leptin gene are associated with massive obesity in mice and some humans. Treatment with recombinant leptin markedly reduces food intake and body weight. The low leptin levels in patients with leptin mutations are also associated with multiple abnormalities including infertility, diabetes and immune abnormalities all of which are corrected by leptin treatment. These findings have established important links between energy stores and many other physiologic systems and led to the use of leptin as a treatment for an increasing number of other human conditions including a subset of obesity, some forms of diabetes including lipodystrophy and hypothalamic amennorhea, the cessation of menstruation seen in extremely thin women. Identification of a physiologic system that controls energy balance establishes a biologic basis for obesity and further establishes links between leptin and numerous other physiologic responses.
Glutathione reductase activity correlates with concentration of extracellular matrix degradation products in synovial fluid from patients with joint diseases. (2009)

The mechanisms underlying cartilage matrix degradation in joint diseases is not fully understood but reactive oxygen species are implicated as main causative factors. Comparative studies of glutathione reductase (GR) activity in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), reactive arthritis (ReA) and osteoarthritis (OA) as well as correlations between GR activity and concentration of the major cartilage components in synovial fluid are presented in this study. We found significantly higher activity of GR in RA (about three-fold) and ReA (about two-fold) than in OA. In RA and ReA patients, GR activity in synovial fluid correlates negatively with the concentrations of collagen and degradation products of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. In OA patients the activity of GR was significantly lower than in RA and ReA, which positively correlated with the concentration of collagen and showed a tendency for positive correlation with the degradation products of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Our results suggest that in RA and ReA patients increased activity of GR does not prevent the increased degradation of collagen and proteoglycans by ROS.
Post-synthetic modification of epitaxially grown, highly oriented functionalized MOF thin films (2011)

Thin films of MOFs grown on solid substrates offer a huge potential with regard to tailoring the properties of a surface, in particular if used in connection with post-synthesis modification (PSM). Here, we report on the PSM of surface-supported crystalline MOFs, with target molecules using an amine-based coupling strategy.
Renal damage in mice after treatment with cisplatin and x-rays: comparison of fractionated and single-dose studies. (1988)

Functional kidney damage in mice was measured after bilateral irradiation with x-rays alone or in combination with cisplatin (c-DDP). A single drug dose (6 mg/kg) was injected 30 minutes before the first of four or eight x-ray doses, given as four fractions per day with a minimum interval of 5 hours between treatments. A 30-fraction schedule was also investigated, with 15 fractions given in the first week (3 fractions per day), followed by a 2-week rest period and another 15 fractions in the fourth week. The c-DDP (4 mg/kg) was administered 30 minutes before the first fraction of each week, giving a total drug dose of 8 mg/kg. Renal function was assessed monthly from 10 to 37 weeks after the start of treatment by the clearance of 51Cr-labeled EDTA. The combined treatment caused more kidney damage than either agent alone for all fractionation schedules. Enhancement of the radiation damage by c-DDP changed only slightly with fractionation; dose enhancement factors were 1.2 for 1 fraction to 1.3 for 30 fractions. Modeling studies showed that this was consistent with the additive toxic effects of the two agents. There was no change in the alpha/beta for renal damage after x-rays plus c-DDP, compared with x-rays alone (alpha/beta = 1.9 Gy), implying that there was no reduction in repair and no modification of the x-ray response by c-DDP.
An analog CMOS high-speed continuous-time FIR filter (2000)

A new analog CMOS high-speed continuous-time FIR filter is presented. The filter has five taps with 6- bit weights and operates at an effective sampling rate of 606 MS/s. The circuit was fabricated in a 0.5 µm CMOS process and dissipates 51 mW while operating from a single 3 volt supply.
Expression of the human Dp 71 (apo-dystrophin 1) gene from a 760 kb reconstructed human distal DMD YAC transferred to mouse cells (1994)

In a program to re-introduce and study the 2.5 mb human DMD gene in a mouse background, we have first reconstructed the gene on a single YAC by homologous recombination. We are now testing pilot gene transfer of a 760 kb YAC generated during the process and covering the 3{prime} region of the gene. This YAC contains exons 52-79 and thus includes the internal genes of Dp 71 (apo-dystrophin 1) and Dp 116 (apo-dystrophin 2). To facilitate selection in mammalian cells, the YAC was modified by recombinational insertion (retrofitting) of a neomycin-resistance gene in the right vector-arm. This YAC, yneo(18-25)C, was introduced in mouse LA-9 cells by PEG-mediated cell fusion. G418 resistant transformants were characterized by DMD-exon-PCR and Southern blotting. One of the six clones analyzed accommodated the entire intact YAC-DNA. Expression of the human DMD gene was studied by RT-PCR and revealed expression of the human Dp 71 gene but not of the Dp 116 gene in the full-length clone LA-9/3A. Remarkably, differences were observed in the 3{prime} region of the mouse and the human mRNAs, due to alternative splicing of exons 71 (absent in the human mRNA, present in the mouse mRNA) and 78 (present in the humanmore » mRNA, absent in the mouse mRNA). The splicing pattern of the human transcript mirrors that of the major product in human blood cells, suggesting that in this murine cell line processing of the human and the mouse DMD transcripts maintains the exon selectivity of the original species.« less
Joint Source-Channel Coding Using Real BCH Codes for Robust Image Transmission (2007)

In this paper, a new still image coding scheme is presented. In contrast with standard tandem coding schemes, where the redundancy is introduced after source coding, it is introduced before source coding using real BCH codes. A joint channel model is first presented. The model corresponds to a memoryless mixture of Gaussian and Bernoulli-Gaussian noise. It may represent the source coder, the channel coder, the physical channel, and their corresponding decoder. Decoding algorithms are derived from this channel model and compared to a state-of-art real BCH decoding scheme. A further comparison with two reference tandem coding schemes and the proposed joint coding scheme for the robust transmission of still images has been presented. When the tandem scheme is not accurately tuned, the joint coding scheme outperforms the tandem scheme in all situations. Compared to a tandem scheme well tuned for a given channel situation, the joint coding scheme shows an increased robustness as the channel conditions worsen. The soft performance degradation observed when the channel worsens gives an additional advantage to the joint source-channel coding scheme for fading channels, since a reconstruction with moderate quality may be still possible, even if the channel is in a deep fade
HIV1 and HIV2: two ancient viruses for a new disease? (1989)

The availability of serum specimens collected in 1965 in a rural region of the Ivory Coast for a serosurvey of infection with rickets and arbovirus led to the findings that human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) 1 and 2 have a long history. The sera were screened for antibodies to HIV 1 and 2 through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and positive findings were confirmed by Western blot. Of the 349 sera analyzed, 9 were positive only for HIV 1, 3 were positive only for HIV 2, and 15 were positive for both HIV 1 and 2. When Western blot analysis was performed, 13 sera recognized only some gag-coded proteins (especially P25 and 55) on HIV 1 blots without any reaction to HIV 2 antibodies. 2 contained antibodies against env-, gag-, and pol-coded proteins; 1 on an HIV 2 blot form 1965 and 1 on both viruses in the 1969 batch. These findings indicate that 2 people were infected with HIV 2 during the 1960s and 13 (3.7%) had antibodies against an infectious agent that shared epitopes with HIV 1 gag-coded proteins but not HIV 2.
[Regulation of the biosynthesis of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, eco-1,4-beta-glucosidase and cellobiase in Aspergillus terreus]. (1983)

This work was aimed at studying how the biosynthesis of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, exo-1,4-beta-glucosidase and cellobiase, components of the cellulase complex was regulated in an Aspergillus terreus strain isolated from soil. The biosynthesis of endoglucanase and cellobiase was suppressed by readily metabolizable substrates and stimulated in the course of growth on lactose and celluloses. The activity of exoglucosidase was found in the medium only when the strain was grown on celluloses. Catabolite repression was assumed to be an important mechanism regulating the biosynthesis of cellulases by the culture. The derepression was insufficient however to stimulate the biosynthesis of all the three enzymes. Besides lactose and celluloses, cellobiose taken at a low concentration also exhibited the inducing effect. Under the conditions of derepression and induction, the activity of the three enzymes, the components of the complex, increases in the growth medium in parallel to the cultural growth. The synthesis and excretion of endoglucanase and exoglucosidase coincided in time whereas a considerable portion of the cellobiase activity was displayed by the cells. The results suggest that the regulation of endoglucanase, exoglucosidase and cellobiase biosynthesis are coordinated at the level of catabolite repression and induction.
Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-5- aminomethylbenzaldehydes (2018)

Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry includes communications, full papers (articles), short papers, green chemistry, reviews, and perspectives. Specifically, these include synthesis, synthetic methods and regents, mechanism of reactions, biologically active compounds with their possible mechanism of action, natural products, in vitro and in vivo tests of compounds, computational chemistry, physical-analytical-inorganic chemistry, nanotechnology, drug carriers, proteomics and genomics. Rapid synthesis of new compounds following eco-friendly methods and their functions as medicinally active agents is certainly the central part of chemical and medicinal research in modern times. On the basis of this fact, significant emphasis is placed to rapid publication and disseminates original discoveries in this new journal.
Refined security proof of the round-robin differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution and its improved performance in the finite-sized case (2019)

Among many quantum key distribution protocols, the round-robin differential-phase-shift (RRDPS) protocol is unique in that it can upper-bound the amount of information leakage without monitoring signal disturbance. To expedite implementation of the protocol, however, the number of pulses forming a single block should be kept small, which significantly decreases the key rates in the original security proof. In the present paper, we refine the security proof of the RRDPS protocol in the finite-sized regime and achieve a tighter estimation for the information leakage with neither monitoring signal disturbance nor changing the original experimental setups. As a consequence, we obtain better key rates in both asymptotic and finite-sized cases while keeping the preferable features of the protocol, such as omission of phase randomization.
Pilonidal sinus (Jeep's disease): an improved model of care (2011)

A pilonidal sinus or sacrococcygeal fistula, is a cyst, abscess or sinus tract located at the natal cleft of the buttocks, that often contains hair and/or an epithelialised sinus tract that delays wound healing. This paper discusses 20 patients with pilonidal sinuses who were analysed over a three-year period. Ten cases had a new treatment regimen applied while 10 cases were treated with traditional therapy. The former group resulted in full healing in nine out 10 cases, as opposed to three of 10 in the traditionally treated group. Although the sample size is too small to make definitive recommendations, certain observations can be drawn.
Frontispiece: Chasing the Mond Cation: Synthesis and Characterization of the Homoleptic Nickel Tetracarbonyl Cation and its Tricarbonyl‐Nitrosyl Analogue (2021)

Coordination Complexes In their Communication on page 14800, Ingo Krossing et al. report the synthesis of the first homoleptic nickel carbonyl cation [Ni(CO)4]·+ and the nickel tricarbonyl-nitrosyl cation [Ni(CO)3(NO)]+ in the condensed phase.
Modeling, control, and design of input-series-output-parallel-connected converter for high-speed-train power system (2001)

In this paper, a charge control with an input voltage feedforward is proposed for an input-series-output-parallel-connected converter configuration for the high-speed-train power system application. This control scheme accomplishes the output current sharing. For the output-parallel-connected modules as well as the input voltage sharing for the input-series-connected modules for all operating conditions including the transients. It also offers the robustness for the input voltage sharing control according to the component value mismatches among the modules. This configuration enables the usage of a MOSFET for a high-voltage system allowing a higher switching frequency for a lighter system weight and smaller size. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified through the experimental results.
Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration in angiographically assessed coronary artery disease (2002)

Expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in atherosclerotic plaques has been well documented, and there are findings to indicate that arterial inflammation is reflected in increased serum concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). In coronary atherosclerosis, there is enhanced expression of this MMP, which may be predictive of the severity of the disease. We determined the concentrations of serum MMP-9 in 61 patients (47 males, 14 females) who had >50% obstruction in one or more coronary arteries as assessed by coronary angiography before bypass surgery. In a control group of 19 patients (9 males, 10 females) there were no pathological findings in coronary angiography. ANOVA showed that serum MMP-9 concentrations were highest in patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) (57.3+/-39.1 microg/L, p=0.011). The difference remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, diabetes and sex (p=0.025, ANCOVA). When the groups were compared with each other, serum MMP-9 concentration was higher in the patients with 3-vessel CAD than in those with 1- or 2-vessel CAD (40.4+/-25.1 microg/L, p=0.044) or in the controls (32.2+/- 16.1 microg/L, p=0.007). These results show that serum MMP-9 is elevated in patients with severe coronary stenosis compared with controls. Since MMP-9 has been suggested to reflect inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, it may be useful in the evaluation of the severity of cardiovascular disease.
Humidity Sensor Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films (2010)

The properties of the humidity sensors made of chemically treated and untreated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) thin films are investigated systematically. It shows that both the chemically treated and untreated MWCNT thin films demonstrate humidity sensitive properties, but the former have stronger sensitivity than the latter. In the range of 11%–98% relative humidity (RH), the resistances of the chemically treated and untreated MWCNT humidity sensors increase 120% and 28%, respectively. Moreover, the treated humidity sensors showed higher sensitivity and better stability. In addition, the response and recover properties, and stabilization of the humidity sensors are measured, and the humidity sensitive mechanisms of the sensors are analyzed. The humidity sensitivity of carbon nanotube thin films indicates it promise as a kind of humidity sensitive material.
<title>Diode laser radar for low-cost weapon guidance</title> (1992)

Since 1986, the USAF Wright Laboratories, at Eglin Air Force Base has conducted a series of related test programs and technology development activities with the purpose of determining the feasibility of using diode-laser radar systems as sensors for autonomous targeting guided weapons. Schwartz Electro-Optics, working under a USAF contract to develop a diode-laser radar for submunition applications, has developed a real-time (30 Hz frame rate) imaging diode-laser radar system which employs a proprietary algorithm for target recognition and classification. In captive flight testing using a remotely piloted vehicle (RPV), the system has been used to detect, classify, and determine aim-points of targets (tanks, trucks) in a high-clutter environment; false-color range and gray-scale reflectance imagery were displayed in real-time. The testing yielded excellent target acquisition performance. The 42,000 frames of range and reflectance data which were obtained during the testing are being used for further development of the target recognition and classification algorithm. This paper reviews the imaging diode-laser radar development and the captive flight testprogram
Optimization of wavelength selection for multispectral image acquisition: a case study of atrial ablation lesions (2018)

In vivo autofluorescence hyperspectral imaging of moving objects can be challenging due to motion artifacts and to the limited amount of acquired photons. To address both limitations, we selectively reduced the number of spectral bands while maintaining accurate target identification. Several downsampling approaches were applied to data obtained from the atrial tissue of adult pigs with sites of radiofrequency ablation lesions. Standard image qualifiers such as the mean square error, the peak signal-to-noise ratio, the structural similarity index map, and an accuracy index of lesion component images were used to quantify the effects of spectral binning, an increased spectral distance between individual bands, as well as random combinations of spectral bands. Results point to several quantitative strategies for deriving combinations of a small number of spectral bands that can successfully detect target tissue. Insights from our studies can be applied to a wide range of applications.
Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture (2020)

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. The findings could be useful for immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines and testing in fish will be desirable to study the clone's properties in vivo.