gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Summer MONEX Onset Phase Tropospheric Wind Analyses (1981)

The Summer Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) was conducted during the summer of 1979 over the Indian Ocean. This dataset contains forty-six days of u- and v-wind components at 850, 700, and 200 millibars for the monsoon onset phase from mid-May to late-June.
Ultra High Density Data Storage by Atomic Manipulation (1994)

Nanometer and atomic scale surface modification using scanning probe microscopes is a new and promising method to store data with ultra high densities [1]-[3]. It is expected that this technique has the potential to achieve a storage density of more than 100 Gb/in 2 and even 1 Tb/in 2 . Advances in storage techniques using several local probe methods such as tunneling, force and near-field optical microscopes have been reported recently. One of the most simple way is to form ultra small pits or dots on a substrate by means of field evaporation of tip surface atoms. Another method is related to the switching phenomena similar to conventional magneto-optical disk memories and by using a sharp tip to heat a point area of the storage medium.
Correlation of Scattering Loss, Sidewall Roughness and Waveguide Width in Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Ridge Waveguides (2009)

We use star couplers to measure the relative scattering losses of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) ridge waveguides of various widths over the range of 1.75 to 0.2 mum in a single measurement. The scattering loss data obtained for waveguides fabricated by different photolithography and e-beam base processes correlate well with the measured root-mean-square roughness of the waveguide sidewalls obtained using SEM image analysis, and are in qualitative agreement with the prediction of simple scattering loss theory.
Explosive invasion of plant mitochondria by a group I intron (1998)

Group I introns are mobile, self-splicing genetic elements found principally in organellar genomes and nuclear rRNA genes. The only group I intron known from mitochondrial genomes of vascular plants is located in the cox1 gene of Peperomia, where it is thought to have been recently acquired by lateral transfer from a fungal donor. Southern-blot surveys of 335 diverse genera of land plants now show that this intron is in fact widespread among angiosperm cox1 genes, but with an exceptionally patchy phylogenetic distribution. Four lines of evidence-the intron's highly disjunct distribution, many incongruencies between intron and organismal phylogenies, and two sources of evidence from exonic coconversion tracts-lead us to conclude that the 48 angiosperm genera found to contain this cox1 intron acquired it by 32 separate horizontal transfer events. Extrapolating to the over 13,500 genera of angiosperms, we estimate that this intron has invaded cox1 genes by cross-species horizontal transfer over 1,000 times during angiosperm evolution. This massive wave of lateral transfers is of entirely recent occurrence, perhaps triggered by some key shift in the intron's invasiveness within angiosperms.
4-Oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic Acids as Mg2+ Selective, Fluorescent Indicators (2001)

In this paper, we present the synthesis of a new series of substituted 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acids and the evaluation of their fluorescent response upon complexation with Mg2+ and Ca2+. This has led to the development of the first Mg2+-selective, ratioable fluorescent indicators. We found that 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylates are excellent fluorophores which show a strong fluorescent response to Mg2+ but not to Ca2; the latter metal ion often causing interference during Mg2+ measurements with previously described indicators. The dissociation constants of the studied fluorophores-around 1.0 mM-are of the same order of magnitude as is usually observed for intracellular Mg2+.
A Source-to-Source Translation of Coarray Fortran with MPI for High Performance (2018)

Coarray Fortran (CAF) is a partitioned global address space (PGAS) language that is a part of standard Fortran 2008. We have implemented it as a source-to-source translator as a part of the Omni XcalebleMP compiler. Since the output is written in Fortran standard, the translator must utilize Fortran conventions such as the assumed-shape array and generic function in order to reduce both development costs and runtime overhead. The runtime library uses either GASNet, MPI-3, or Fujitsu's low-level Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) interface (FJ-RDMA) for one-sided communication.
Impairment of alternative splice sites defining a novel gammaretroviral exon within gagmodifies the oncogenic properties of Akv murine leukemia virus (2007)

We present here the first example of a doubly spliced transcript within the group of gammaretroviruses, and we show that mutation of the alternative splice sites that define this novel RNA product change the oncogenic potential of Akv murine leukemia virus.
Low-Rate Parallel Scrambling Techniques for Today's Lightwave Transmission Parallel scrambling techniques enable low-rate realizations of high-speed scrambling processes in today's lightwave transmission, which otherwise might be impossible due to technology limitations. Such parallel scrambling techniques are now available for FSS, DSS, and SSS, in bit-interleaved as well as byte-interleaved multiplexing environments. (1995)

crambling, by nature, is a bit-level randomizing processing applied to digital transmission signals just prior to transmission, with the goal of improving the clock recovery capability and data detection reliability. The scrambling processing is an essential function in digital transmission, as it can stabilize the clock recovery in the receiving terminal, reduce jitters, and decrease inter-symbol interferences, thus effectively increasing data detection accuracy and reliability. In the conventional low-rate Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) systems, the transmission signals instead relied more on sophisticated linecoding techniques such as AMI, BnZS, and HDBn to achieve this goal, with only auxiliary supports from scrambling. However, in the lightwave transmission systems, with the rates ranging from several hundred Mb/s to a few Gb/s and beyond, it is not desirable to employ these complex and multilevel line-coding techniques. Fortunately, the optical cables for lightwave transmission proved to be a very reliable transmission media, and therefore a simple NRZ or RZ line-coding turned out to be satisfactory only if a well-functioning scrambling techniques are matched in front. Therefore, the role of scrambling technique has become ever more important in today’s lightwave transmission, assuming all the responsibilities that previously belonged to line coding techniques. There are three representative scrambling techniques that have been introduced to us during the past decades: frame synchronous scrambling (FSS), distributed sample scrambling (DSS), and selfsynchronous scrambling (SSS). They all exhibit performances satisfactoryenough to fulfill the expected objectives in lightwave transmission, but the occasions for their effective applications differ. The most distinctive examples of their applications can be found in the synchronous optical network (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) transmissions for FSS; in the cell-based asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) transmission for DSS; and in the SDH-based ATM transmission for SSS. The lightwave based packet-mode JAN or MAN transmission can also be enhanced by employing DSS.
Fertility preferences in Thailand. (1999)

This study examined the fertility preferences of currently married women and its variations across a range of variables using data from a completed national survey of contraceptive use in Thailand. Results of this study showed that fertility is below the replacement level, indicating a total fertility rate of 2.0. The main factor in the decline has been the acceptance of contraception and the couples' desire to have two children in the family. Furthermore, there is a variation in the number of desired children among women living in different areas, and among women with different levels of education and occupations. The findings also indicated that the desire for families with a balanced sex composition has resulted in a desire for 2 children, thus lowering the limit for marital fertility. However, while it is clear that most women do desire a balanced sex composition, a significant proportion of women have no sex preferences for the children they desire, thus resulting in the possibility of further lowering the desired number of children.
[The future of clinical pathology]. (1991)

Predictions of the future of pathology must encompass not only anticipation of scientific advances, but the important relationships with other physicians, scientists, health care agencies, hospitals, the public, and the government. The last fifty years have seen advances dwarfing all medical science throughout previous time, with sweeping changes in laboratory medicine in more recent years. For example, advent of molecular pathology will generate opportunities for the pathologist to lead not only in diagnosis, but to accurately predict and prevent disease, and to participate in treatment. Genetic engineering, which promises revolutionary improvement in medicine with already exciting advances in heritable disease. Immune status abnormalities, organ transplantation, and even mental disease, offers great opportunities for clinical pathologists. Currently there is much variation in definition and practice of anatomic and clinical pathology throughout the world. Scientific advances will merge the roles of these two branches more closely. The American Board of Pathology already foresees changing the current separate certifications in anatomic and clinical pathology into one certification in pathology. Multiple subcertifications will be offered to meet the certain increase in applicable clinical science in many related disciplines. The pathologist expert in a new field will assume a more activist role in clinical medicine and will be positioned to become the "information specialist" who will be required, with the aid of computerization, to assemble, correlate, and apply this burgeoning medical knowledge, which in many cases will transcend the abilities of any one medical specialist or allied scientist. The public become insatiable for knowledge and then access to this new medical science.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
X-Band Multi-Beam Klystron Design and Progress Report (2016)

Progress on the development of a 5MW 16 beam x-band multi-beam klystron is presented. The power from each of the 16 klystrons is combined using a matched waveguide network. Mechanical and electric models and simulations are discussed. The status of procuring and assembling parts is presented.
Parkinson's disease: a motor control study using a wrist robot (2007)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most common surgical procedure for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). DBS has been shown to have a positive effect on PD symptoms; however, its specific effects on motor control are not yet understood. We introduce the novel use of a wrist robot in studying the effects of stimulation on motor performance and learning. We present results from patients performing reaching movements in a null field and in a force field with and without stimulation. We discuss special cases where robotic testing reveals otherwise undiagnosed impairments, and where clinical scores and robot-based scores display opposing trends.
Characteristics of CliniMACS® System CD34-Enriched T Cell-Depleted Grafts in a Multicenter Trial for Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) Protocol 0303 (2011)

Eight centers participated in the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) protocol 0303 to determine the effect of extensive T cell depletion (TCD) on the outcome of HLA matched sibling donor transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. One goal of the study was to determine if TCD could be performed uniformly among study sites. TCD was achieved using the CliniMACS(®) CD34 Reagent System for CD34 enrichment. Processed grafts needed to contain ≥ 2.0 × 10(6) CD34(+)cells/kg with a target of 5.0 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg and <10(5) CD3(+) T cells/kg. Up to 3 collections were allowed to achieve the minimum CD34(+) cell dose. In total, 86 products were processed for 44 patients. Differences in the starting cell products between centers were seen in regard to total nucleated cells, CD34(+) cells, and CD3(+) T cells, which could in part be ascribed to a higher dose of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor used for mobilization early in the trial. Differences between centers in processing outcomes were minimal and could be ascribed to starting cell parameters or to differences in graft analysis methods. Multivariate analysis showed that CD34(+) cell recovery (66.1% ± 20.3%) was inversely associated with the starting number of CD34(+) cells (P = .02). Median purity of the CD34 enriched fraction was 96.7% (61.5%-99.8%) with monocytes and B cells the most common impurity. All patients received the minimum CD34(+) cell dose, and 39 patients (89%) came within 10% or exceeded the target CD34(+) cell dose without exceeding the maximum T cell dose. All patients proceeded to transplantation and all achieved initial engraftment. Products processed at multiple centers using the CliniMACS System for CD34 enrichment were comparably and uniformly highly enriched for CD34(+) cells, with good CD34(+) cell recovery and very low CD3(+) T cell content.
Dehydrogenative Imination of Low-Valent Sulfur Compounds─Fast and Scalable Synthesis of Sulfilimines, Sulfinamidines, and Sulfinimidate Esters (2023)

Herein, we describe an electrochemical pathway for the synthesis of sulfilimines, sulfoximines, sulfinamidines, and sulfinimidate esters from readily available low-valent sulfur compounds and primary amides or their analogues. The combination of solvents and supporting electrolytes together act both as an electrolyte as well as a mediator, leading to efficient use of reactants. Both can be easily recovered, enabling an atom-efficient and sustainable process. A broad scope of sulfilimines, sulfinamidines, and sulfinimidate esters with <i>N</i>-EWGs is accessed in up to excellent yields with broad functional group tolerance. This fast synthesis can be easily scaled up to multigram quantities with high robustness for fluctuation of current densities of up to 3 orders of magnitude. The sulfilimines are converted into the corresponding sulfoximines in an ex-cell process in high to excellent yields using electro-generated peroxodicarbonate as a green oxidizer. Thereby, preparatively valuable NH sulfoximines are accessible.
Apoptosis in Melanoma (2007)

Apoptosis deficiency seems to be involved in the high resistance of melanoma to therapeutic treatment. This has come into focus because the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents via apoptosis are known. Extensive investigations have been made analyzing the role of alterations in the apoptotic pathway in melanoma. The molecular changes affect antiapoptotic, as well as proapoptotic, processes and survival signals and involve various molecules. These mechanisms are also discussed in light of their use in further therapeutical strategies. Actually, a number of these findings have already been employed to test their therapeutical applicability in melanoma treatment. Furthermore, two concepts have been translated from the cell system via animal models into clinical trials.
Emerging Viruses (2014)

Emerging viruses are viruses that appear suddenly in the human population. These are viruses to which man has no history of exposure and thus no or limited immunity; they are not new evolutionary creations, but are viruses than man meets due to environmental changes, such as deforestation, entering into new habitats, or viruses that are transmitted from one species of animal to humans. Most of these viruses are terrifying, and cause hemorrhagic fever, a complete destruction of the circulation system; they include Lassa fever, Nipah virus, Ebola, HIV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and, recently, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which is the latest in a series of “new” respiratory viruses infecting man. It is possible that unknown emerging viruses are the cause of death, often listed as “death due to an unknown cause,” as in the retrospective cases of HIV. Emerging viruses might also include poliovirus and influenza, since their introduction into the human population is (was) often sudden and due to changes in the environment or due to contact with other animal species. For examples, polio was a result of changes in sanitation in the countries of North America and Western Europe, and influenza is constantly jumping from aquatic birds to man and other animal species where genomic reassortment occurs.
Physics of Membrane-Based Phase Separation in Flow Boiling of a Binary Mixture (2013)

This study investigates the physics of water desorption from a lithium bromide (LiBr) solution film. The study was conducted on a membrane-based desorber in which the solution flows through an array of microchannels capped by a porous membrane. The membrane allows the vapor to exit the flow and retains the liquid. The solution film velocity and thickness as well as the solution and vapor pressures are independently controlled. Effects of different parameters such as wall temperature, solution and vapor pressures, solution flow velocity, and the solution inlet temperature on desorption rate were studied. Two different mechanisms of desorption are observed and analyzed. These mechanisms consisted of: (1) direct diffusion of water molecules out of the solution and their subsequent flow through the membrane and (2) formation of water vapor bubbles within the solution and their exit through the membrane. Direct diffusion was the dominant desorption mode at low surface temperatures and its magnitude was directly related to the vapor pressure, the solution concentration, and the heated wall temperature. Desorption at the boiling regime was predominantly controlled by the solution flow pressure. Overall, an order of magnitude higher desorption rate compare to a previous study on a membrane-based desorber was achieved.
Eluting mode of photodynamic nanofibers without photosensitizer leakage for one-stop treatment of outdoor hemostasis and sterilizing superbacteria (2021)

Bleeding in outdoor environments is often accompanied by bacterial infection. Due to poor outdoor conditions, it is essential to use the same materials to achieve one-stop treatment of fast hemostasis and simultaneously sterilizing bacteria, especially multidrug-resistant bacteria. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can kill superbacteria, and local PDT through a nanofiber platform can effectively reduce damage to normal tissue. However, current photosensitizers whether in the interior or on the surface of fibers would leak into the wound and inhibit collagen regeneration. Herein, we use a battery-powered handheld electrospinning device that can work outdoors. It directly spins fibers onto the wound, which facilitates fast hemostasis due to its excellent adhesion to the wound. Eluting holes in the hydrophobic fibers by wound tissue fluid are also proposed to accelerate the escape of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the interior of the fibers to the wound. After photosensitizers were coated on upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), they formed clusters whose size (∼55 nm) was much larger than the uniform elution hole (∼4 nm), which prevented photosensitizers from leaking out into the wound tissue. This cluster structure can also tailor the photosensitizers to be triggered by near infrared (NIR) light, whose deeper penetration depth in tissue can facilitate treating deep infections. Because of the combination of the in situ fiber deposition method with the designed elution mode, ROS is effectively poured out onto the fiber surface and is quickly delivered to the wound. Thus, after rapid hemostasis (<7 s), this one-stop treatment followed by photodynamic sterilizing of superbacteria can promote collagen regeneration and reduce wound healing time from 24 to 16 days.
High output direct-current power fabrics based on the air breakdown effect (2021)

The finger-sized FDC-TENG can light up 99 commercial bulbs and 1053 LEDs and drive watches and calculators easily and directly by sliding it manually.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of How punctual ablation of regulatory T cells unleashes an autoimmune lesion within the pancreatic islets. (2009)

CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are known to control the progression of autoimmune diabetes, but when, where, and how they exert their influence in this context are questions still under vigorous debate. Exploiting a transgene encoding the human diphtheria toxin receptor, we punctually and specifically ablated Foxp3(+) cells in the BCD2.5/NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Strikingly, overt disease developed within 3 days. The earliest detectable event was the activation of natural killer (NK) cells directly within the insulitic lesion, particularly the induction of Ifng gene expression within 7 hours of Treg cell ablation. Interferon-gamma had a strong impact on the gene-expression program of the local CD4(+) T effector cell population, unleashing it to aggressively attack the islets, which was required for the development of diabetes. Thus, Treg cells regulate pancreatic autoimmunity in situ through control of a central innate immune system player, NK cells. PMID: 19818653 Funding information This work was supported by: NIDDK NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 DK59658 NIDDK NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 DK059658-08 NIDDK NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 DK059658
A Three Dimensional Multigrid Multiblock Multistage Time Stepping Scheme for the Navier-Stokes Equations (1992)

A general multiblock method for the solution of the three-dimensional, unsteady, compressible, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations has been developed. The convective and pressure terms are spatially discretized using Roe’s flux differencing technique while the viscous terms are centrally differenced. An explicit Runge-Kutta method is used to advance the solution in time. Local time stepping, adaptive implicit residual smoothing, and the Full Approximation Storage (FAS) multigrid scheme are added to the explicit time stepping scheme to accelerate convergence to steady state. Results for three-dimensional test cases are presented and discussed.
Etiology of acute diarrhoea among children in developing countries: a multicentre study in five countries. (1991)

A 2-year etiological survey of acute diarrhoea in children aged 0-35 months who were attending treatment facilities was carried out using a standardized protocol in five hospitals in China, India, Mexico, Myanmar, and Pakistan. A total of 3640 cases of diarrhoea and 3279 age- and sex-matched controls were studied; about 60% of the patients were aged less than 1 year and 60% were male. An enteric pathogen was detected in 68% of the cases and in 30% of the controls. In all the study centres, the pathogens most strongly associated with disease were rotavirus (16% of cases, 2% of controls), Shigella spp. (11% of cases, 1% of controls) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (16% of cases, 5% of controls). Rotavirus was commonest among 6-11-month-olds, accounting for 20% of all cases in this age group; 71% of all rotavirus episodes occurred during the first year of life. Shigella spp. were commonest among those aged 12-23 months and 24-35 months, accounting for 22% and 27% of the cases, respectively. The proportion of cases that yielded no pathogen was inversely related to age, being highest (41%) among infants below 6 months of age and lowest (19%) among those aged 24-35 months. These results suggest that microbe-specific intervention strategies for the control of childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries should focus on rotavirus, Shigella spp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli.