gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Equivalence analysis and its application in improving the efficiency of program slicing (2002)

Existing methods for handling pointer variables during dataflow analyses can make such analyses inefficient in both time and space because the data-flow analyses must store and propagate large sets of data facts that are introduced by dereferences of pointer variables. This article presents equivalence analysis , a general technique to improve the efficiency of data-flow analyses in the presence of pointer variables. The technique identifies equivalence relations among the memory locations accessed by a procedure, and ensures that two equivalent memory locations share the same set of data facts in a procedure and in the procedures that are called by that procedure. Thus, a data-flow analysis needs to compute the data-flow information for only a representative memory location in an equivalence class. The data-flow information for other memory locations in the equivalence class can be derived from that of the representative memory location. The article also shows the extension to an interprocedural slicing algorithm that uses equivalence analysis to improve the efficiency of the algorithm. Our empirical studies suggest that equivalence analysis may effectively improve the efficiency of many data-flow analyses.
Upper Extremity Function in Persons with Tetraplegia: Relationships Between Strength, Capacity, and the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (2009)

The SCIM III self-care category reflects upper extremity performance as it contains especially useful and valid items that relate to upper extremity function and capacity tests.
Aspects of ZN rank-2 gauge theory in (2+1) dimensions: Construction schemes, holonomies, and sublattice one-form symmetries (2023)

Rank-2 toric code (R2TC), a prototypical archetype of the discrete rank-2 symmetric gauge theory, has properties that differ from those of the standard toric code. Specifically, it features a blending of UV and IR in its ground state, restricted mobility of its quasiparticles, and variations in the braiding statistics of its quasiparticles based on their position. In this paper, we investigate various aspects of ${\mathbb{Z}}_{N}$ rank-2 gauge theory in $(2+1)$-dimensional spacetime. Firstly, we demonstrate that $U(1)$ rank-2 gauge theory can arise from $U(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ rank-1 gauge theory after condensing the gauge charges in a specific way. This construction scheme of $U(1)$ rank-2 gauge theory carries over to the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{N}$ case simply by Higgsing $U(1)$ to ${\mathbb{Z}}_{N}$, after which the resulting rank-2 gauge theory can be tuned to the R2TC. The holonomy operators of R2TC are readily identified using this scheme and are given clear physical interpretation as the pair creation/annihilation of various monopoles and dipoles. Explicit tensor network construction of the ground states of R2TC is given as two copies of the ground states of Kitaev's toric code that are ``sewn together'' according to the condensation scheme. In addition, through a similar anyon condensation protocol, we present a double semion version of rank-2 toric code whose flux excitations exhibit restricted mobility and semionic statistics. Finally, we identify the generalized discrete symmetries of the R2TC, which are much more complex than typical 1-form symmetries. They include conventional and unconventional 1-form symmetries, such as framed 1-form symmetries and what we call sublattice 1-form symmetries. Using these, we interpret the R2TC's unique properties (UV/IR mixing, position-dependent braiding, etc.) from the modern perspective of generalized spontaneous symmetry breaking and 't Hooft anomalies.
Magnetic Resonance-visible Coating for Endovascular Device Visualization: Gadolinium(III)–Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid-based Insoluble Polymer Coating (2010)

Abstract A gadolinium(III)–diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-based MR (magnetic resonance)-visible polymer composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic subunits was developed. A catheter and guidewire coated with the polymer yielded strong MR signal, high stability of Gd3+, and excellent surface lubricity, which were essentially required for the devices used for MR-guided endovascular interventions.
특집논문 2 : 1910년대 독립운동과 세브란스 (2009)

올해로 창립 124주년을 맞는 세브란스는 한국 서양의학 도입 및 교육 뿐 아니라 기독교도입 등 다방면에 걸쳐 한국 사회에 크게 이바지해 왔다. 특별히 올해는 3.1운동이 일어난지 90주년이 되는 해로서, 독립선언서 33인 중의 한 사람인 이갑성, 34인으로 일컬어지는 스코필드, 학생 대표 이용설 등 많은 세브란스인들이 3.1운동을 포함한 항일 독립운동에 적극 참여하였다. 이 글에서는 1885년 창립 이후 1919년까지 제중원－세브란스로 이어지는 초기의 주요역사와 함께, 1910년대 졸업생들이 독립운동에 적극 뛰어들게 된 배경을 살펴보았다.
More about monaural noise edge pitch (2016)

Lowpass noise with a sharp spectral cutoff generates a monaural noise edge pitch (MNEP) that listeners match with a sine tone having a frequency somewhat below the noise cutoff frequency (negative pitch shift). If the MNEP is a proper musical pitch, listeners should be able to identify musical intervals made using only the MNEP stimulus. Open-set MNEP experiments in the edge-frequency range of 600-2400 Hz found that four out of four listeners with musical training correctly identified octaves, fifths, fourths, and major thirds, proving that the MNEP is a musical pitch. The MNEP can be heard for edge frequencies at least as low as 100 Hz, but the negative pitch shift becomes larger than a semitone, consistent with a timing model of the MNEP having a fixed integration time. If the MNEP reflects the expected quasi-periodic timing response of the auditory system to a sharp spectral edge, the pitch should become inaudible if the edge frequency becomes too high for neural synchrony—expected to be about 5000 Hz. Sine tone pitch matching experiments showed that such a limit clearly applies for most listeners, but less clearly for others. [Work supported by the USAFOSR.]
Secondary Prophylaxis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial of Lactulose Versus Placebo (2009)

Purpose: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with a poor prognosis. Lactulose is used for the treatment of HE. There is no study on the prevention of recurrence of HE using lactulose. Methods: Consecutive cirrhotic patients who recovered from HE were randomized to receive lactulose (HE-L group) or placebo (HE-NL group). All patients were assessed by psychometry [(number connection test (NCT-A and B), figure connection test if illiterate (FCT-A and B), digit symbol test (DST), object assembly test (OAT)], critical flicker frequency test (CFF) and blood ammonia at inclusion. Primary endpoint was development of overt HE. Results: Of 300 patients with HE who recovered, 140(46.6%) met the inclusion criteria and were included. There was high prevalence of abnormal psychometry tests (NCT-A, 67.5%, NCT-B, 62.5%, DST, 70% and OAT in 80%), FCT -A and B were abnormal in 10 of 14 patients. CFF was <38Hz in 77 patients (55%). Twelve (19.6%) of 61 patients in HE-L group and 30(46.8%) of 64 in HE-NL group (p=0.001) developed HE over median follow up of 14 mo (range 1-20 months). Readmission rate due to causes other than HE (HE-L vs. HE-NL, 9:6, p=ns) and deaths (HE-L vs. HE-NL, 5:11, p=0.18) in two groups were similar. Recurrence of overt HE was significantly associated with two or more abnormal psychometric tests after the recovery of an episode of HE (r=0.369, p=0.02). Conclusion: Lactulose is effective for prevention of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis.Figure
Adversarial Attacks Against Automatic Speech Recognition Systems via Psychoacoustic Hiding (2019)

Voice interfaces are becoming accepted widely as input methods for a diverse set of devices. This development is driven by rapid improvements in automatic speech recognition (ASR), which now performs on par with human listening in many tasks. These improvements base on an ongoing evolution of deep neural networks (DNNs) as the computational core of ASR. However, recent research results show that DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, which allow attackers to force the transcription into a malicious output. In this paper, we introduce a new type of adversarial examples based on psychoacoustic hiding. Our attack exploits the characteristics of DNN-based ASR systems, where we extend the original analysis procedure by an additional backpropagation step. We use this backpropagation to learn the degrees of freedom for the adversarial perturbation of the input signal, i.e., we apply a psychoacoustic model and manipulate the acoustic signal below the thresholds of human perception. To further minimize the perceptibility of the perturbations, we use forced alignment to find the best fitting temporal alignment between the original audio sample and the malicious target transcription. These extensions allow us to embed an arbitrary audio input with a malicious voice command that is then transcribed by the ASR system, with the audio signal remaining barely distinguishable from the original signal. In an experimental evaluation, we attack the stateof-the-art speech recognition system Kaldi and determine the best performing parameter and analysis setup for different types of input. Our results show that we are successful in up to 98 % of cases with a computational effort of fewer than two minutes for a ten-second audio file. Based on user studies, we found that none of our target transcriptions were audible to human listeners, who still understand the original speech content with unchanged accuracy.
Monitoramento tecnológico dos agentes dessensibilizantes dentinários (2014)

O uso estrategico das informacoes cientificas e tecnologicas referentes aos dessensibilizantes dentinarios pode possibilitar oportunidades de projetos cientifico-tecnologicos em consonância com politicas publicas de estimulo a inovacao. Objetivo: Realizar um monitoramento tecnologico na area de dessensibilizantes a fim de obter um panorama que possibilite analisar o contexto atual e obter oportunidades para prospeccao tecnologica. Metodo: Foi realizada uma busca sistematica nas bases de dados de patentes americana (USPTO), japonesa (JPO), brasileira (INPI) e europeia (EPO). Adicionalmente, o sistema Questel Orbit foi utilizado como fonte de consulta. A informacao cientifica foi obtida das bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Scielo. Foram selecionados artigos e documentos patentarios referente a dessensibilizantes do periodo entre janeiro de 1965 e outubro de 2013. Para montagem e revisao do banco de dados, os softwares Questel Orbit e Microsoft Office Excel 2010 foram utilizados. Resultados: 261 patentes e 728 artigos satisfizeram os criterios de inclusao. Os Estados Unidos detem 51% da prioridade de patentes, seguido pelo Japao com 20%. Alem disso, os principais autores dos artigos nao estao prospectando nessa tecnologia, uma vez que nao houve relacao entre eles e os principais inventores das patentes. Conclusoes: Foi possivel obter um panorama do setor de dessensibilizantes, que demonstra uma baixa apropriacao tecnologica brasileira nessa industria odontologica. A consolidacao de politicas publicas de estimulos a projetos entre instituicoes cientificas e tecnologicas, em areas de fronteira de conhecimento ainda pouco exploradas, sao alternativas estrategicas para uma presenca efetiva da industria brasileira neste setor de mercado.
Cloning of the glutamine synthetase gene from group B streptococci (1997)

The glnA gene from the human pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae was cloned from a genomic library prepared with the lambda phage vector lambdaDASHII. A 4.6-kb DNA fragment of one of the recombinant phages was subcloned in pUC18. This Escherichia coli clone expressed a 52-kDa protein encoded by a 1,341-bp open reading frame. The nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame and the deduced amino acid sequence shared a significant degree of homology with the sequences of other glutamine synthetases (GS). The highest homology was between our deduced protein and GS of gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmids with the cloned streptococcal glnA were able to complement E. coli glnA mutants grown on minimal media. Rabbit antisera to streptococcal GS recombinant protein recognized not only the recombinant protein but also a similar-sized band in mutanolysin extracts of all group B streptococcal strains tested, regardless of polysaccharide type or surface protein profile. The amino acid sequence of the deduced protein had similarities to other streptococcal cell-surface-bound proteins. The possible functional role of the immunological features of streptococcal GS is discussed.
[Problem of bioterrorism under modern conditions]. (2002)

It is practically impossible to discuss the problem of bioterrorism (BT) and to develop effective programs of decreasing the losses and expenses suffered by the society from the BT acts without evaluation of the threat and prognosis of consequences based on research and empiric data. Stained international situation following the act of terrorism (attack on the USA) on September 11, 2001, makes the scenarios of the bacterial weapon use (the causative agents of plague, smallpox, anthrax, etc.) by international terrorists most probable. In this connection studies on the analysis and prognostication of the consequences of BT, including mathematical and computer modelling, are necessary. The authors present the results of initiative studies on the analysis and prognostication of the consequences of the hypothetical act of BT with the use of the smallpox causative agent in a city with the population of about 1,000,000 inhabitants. The analytical prognostic studies on the operative analysis and prognostication of the consequences of the BT act with the use of the smallpox causative agent has demonstrated that the mathematical (computer) model of the epidemic outbreak of smallpox is an effective instrument of calculation studies. Prognostic evaluations of the consequences of the act of BT under the conditions of different reaction of public health services (time of detection, interventions) have been obtained with the use of modelling. In addition, the computer model is necessary for training health specialists to react adequately to the acts of BT with the use of different kinds of bacteriological weapons.
Concerning the Glass Transition Temperature of Coal (2003)

The evidence for the presence of a glass transition temperature (Tg) in certain coals near 100 °C has been examined. A transition reported previously using differential scanning calorimetry measurements could not be reproduced in this work. In addition, thermomechanical measurements gave no evidence for the large changes in modulus that are characteristic of the Tg. A small structural rearrangement near 180 °C was detected, however.
Differentiation of Mast Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells (2012)

In this unit, we describe a simple coculture-free method for obtaining mast cells from mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Much of our knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which mast cells are activated comes from studies of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Studies of human mast cells have been hampered by the limited sources from which they can be cultured, the difficulty in introducing specific genetic changes into these cells, and differences between established cultures that reflect the unique genetic makeup of the tissue donor. Derivation of mast cells from embryonic stem cells addresses these limitations. ES-derived mast cells can be generated in numbers sufficient for studies of the pathways involved in mast cell effector functions. These ES cell-derived mast cells respond to antigens and other stimuli by releasing histamine, cytokines, lipids, and other bioactive mediators. The derivation of human mast cells from ES cells carrying mutations introduced by homologous recombination should provide a novel means of testing the function of genes in both the development and the effector functions of mast cells.
Ultrafast Fiber Switching Devices and Systems (1992)

From the Publisher:
A complete tour of the key research issues and approaches in ultrafast switching, and the treatment is cross-disciplinary, covering basic physical principles, device physics and systems applications.
Laser-spectroscopic distance meter on the basis of a tunable injection laser and germanium photodiode (λ=764 nm) (2000)

The progress of semiconductor tunable lasers allows to put the question about development of new navigation systems. For the successful solution of this problem the tunable injection lasers for red spectral region were explored and the laboratory metrology installation is designed with the high spectral resolution for measuring a laser radiation absorption in the region of wavelengths 760 nm, corresponding to rotationally oscillatory transitions in a molecule of oxygen.
Pancreatic islet of Langerhans' cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure in normal glucose tolerance and in type 2 diabetes mellitus (2018)

While a number of structural and cellular abnormalities occur in the islet of Langerhans in diabetes, and in particular in type 2 diabetes, the focus has been mostly on the insulin producing β-cells and only more recently on glucagon producing α- and δ-cells. There is ample evidence that in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in addition to a progressive decline in β-cell function and associated insulin resistance in a number of insulin-sensitive tissues, alterations in glucagon secretion are also present and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia both in the fasting and in the postprandial state. Recently, a number of studies have showed that there are also functional and structural alterations in glucagon-producing α-cells and somatostatin-producing δ-cells. Thus, it is becoming increasingly clear that multiple cellular alterations of multiple cell types occur, which adds even more complexity to our understanding of the pathophysiology of this common and severe disease. We believe that persistent efforts to increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of hormone secretion in the islets of Langerhans will also improve our capability to better prevent and treat diabetes mellitus.
Motor neuron pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: studies in THY1-YFP transgenic mice (2005)

Using adult male C57BL/6 mice that express a yellow fluorescent protein transgene in their motor neurons, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG peptide) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Control mice of the same transgenic strain received CFA without MOG peptide. Early in the course of their illness, the EAE mice showed lumbosacral spinal cord inflammation, demyelination and axonal fragmentation. By 14 weeks post-MOG peptide, these abnormalities were much less prominent, but the mice remained weak and, as in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis, spinal cord atrophy had developed. There was no significant loss of lumbar spinal cord motor neurons in the MOG peptide-EAE mice. However, early in the course of the illness, motor neuron dendrites were disrupted and motor neuron expression of hypophosphorylated neurofilament-H (hypoP-NF-H) immunoreactivity was diminished. By 14 weeks post-MOG peptide, hypoP-NF-H expression had returned to normal, but motor neuron dendritic abnormalities persisted and motor neuron perikaryal atrophy had appeared. We hypothesize that these motor neuron abnormalities contribute to weakness in this form of EAE and speculate that similar motor neuron abnormalities are present in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis.
Re: Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain (2011)

No AccessJournal of UrologyInvestigative Urology1 Jul 2011Re: Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain Anthony AtalaM.D. Anthony AtalaAnthony Atala More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(11)60319-4AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Re: Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain." The Journal of Urology, 186(1), p. 342 © 2011 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 186Issue 1July 2011Page: 342 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2011 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Anthony Atala More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Depth Map Generation for 2D-to-3D Conversion by Short-Term Motion Assisted Color Segmentation (2007)

This paper presented a novel depth map generation method - the short-term motion assisted color segmentation, which combines the pictorial, monocular and binocular depth cues of human vision. The proposed method utilizes a motion/edge registration technique to avoid the motion jitter error in common motion segmentation. And the motion/image segment adaptation algorithm matches the connected components with the motion segments. Even for static scene, the connected component algorithm is still working for the depth map generation. The experimental results show that the adaptation of motion and image segmentation improves quality and smoothness of the depth map both in the spatial and temporal domain.
Electrical behavior of β-Ga2O3 Schottky diodes with different Schottky metals (2017)

Schottky diodes based on (2¯01) β-Ga2O3 substrates and (010) β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial layers were formed using five different Schottky metals: W, Cu, Ni, Ir, and Pt. Based on a comparison of the effects of different wet chemical surface treatments on the Ga2O3 Schottky diodes, it was established that a treatment with an organic solvent, cleaning with HCl and H2O2, and rinsing with deionized water following each step yielded the best results. Schottky barrier heights calculated from current–voltage (I-V) and capacitance–voltage (C-V) measurements of the five selected metals were typically in the range of 1.0–1.3 and 1.6–2.0 eV, respectively, and showed little dependence on the metal work function. Several diodes also displayed inhomogeneous Schottky barrier behavior at room temperature. The results indicate that bulk or near-surface defects and/or unpassivated surface states may have a more dominant effect on the electrical behavior of these diodes compared to the choice of Schottky metal and its work function.
A visual representation for knowledge structures (1989)

Knowledge-based systems often represent their knowledge as a network of interrelated units. Such networks are commonly presented to the user as a diagram of nodes connected by lines. These diagrams have provided a powerful visual metaphor for knowledge representation. However, their complexity can easily become unmanageable as the knowledge base (KB) grows.
A photo-cross-linkable polymeric binder for silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries (2013)

A new photo-cross-linkable poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymer functionalized with a photoreactive benzophenone group (PAA-BP) was synthesized and examined as a binder for Si-based anodes. Upon UV irradiation, the PAA-BP binders formed an irreversible cross-linked structure through the formation of a new three-dimensional C–C bond network between the benzophenone moiety and the PAA backbone. The photo-cross-linked PAA-BP binder demonstrated a marginal volume expansion (38%) after full lithiation, compared to conventional binders and this resulted in an improved cycle performance of the Si anode over 100 cycles with a high reversible capacity of ca. 1600 mA h g−1. We attributed this phenomenon to the enhanced mechanical properties of the photo-cross-linked PAA-BP binder, which were evaluated using nanoindentation and swelling measurements.