gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry of Humic and Fulvic Acids:  Improvements and Comparisons (2001)

Full structural characterization of complex mixtures such as humic acid extracts has been elusive because of insufficient compound resolution with conventional techniques. Using electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we were able to resolve individual compounds within humic and fulvic acid mixtures (mass resolving power approximately 80000 at 300 m/z). We examined two samples in detail: (1) dissolved organic matter (primarily fulvic acids) from Suwannee River, GA, and (2) a humic acid extract from a degraded wood collected on Mt. Rainier, WA. Sample conditions (such as solvent, pH, and concentration) and instrument parameters (such as source voltages, trapping potentials, and excitation parameters) were optimized to yield the highest mass resolving power with the least mass discrimination in positive ion mode. High resolving power was achieved with low ion densities combined with coadding numerous scans. The increased resolution allowed molecular-level comparisons of the two samples which in turn could be used to estimate the relative similarity of individual compound distribution as well as an indication of the dominant diagenetic processes in the two source environments.
Spectral emission from the alkali inductively-coupled plasma: Theory and experiment (2018)

The weakly-ionized, alkali inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) has a long history as the light source for optical pumping. Today, its most significant application is perhaps in the rubidium atomic frequency standard (RAFS), arguably the workhorse of atomic timekeeping in space, where it is crucial to the RAFS’ functioning and performance (and routinely referred to as the RAFS’ “rf-discharge lamp”). In particular, the photon flux from the lamp determines the signal-to-noise ratio of the device, and variations in ICP brightness define the long-term frequency stability of the atomic clock as a consequence of the ac-Stark shift (i.e., the light-shift). Given the importance of Rb atomic clocks to diverse satellite navigation systems (e.g., GPS, Galileo, BeiDou) – and thereby the importance of alkali ICPs to these systems – it is somewhat surprising to find that the physical processes occurring within the discharge are not well understood. As a consequence, researchers do not understand how to improve the spectral emission from the lamp except at a trial-and-error level, nor do they fully understand the nonlinear mechanisms that result in ICP light instability. Here, we take a first step in developing an intuitive, semi-quantitative model of the alkali rf-discharge lamp, and we perform a series of experiments to validate the theory’s predictions.
The Out-of-Body Experience: Disturbed Self-Processing at the Temporo-Parietal Junction (2005)

Folk psychology postulates a spatial unity of self and body, a "real me" that resides in one's body and is the subject of experience. The spatial unity of self and body has been challenged by various philosophical considerations but also by several phenomena, perhaps most notoriously the "out-of-body experience" (OBE) during which one's visuo-spatial perspective and one's self are experienced to have departed from their habitual position within one's body. Here the authors marshal evidence from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and neuroimaging that suggests that OBEs are related to a failure to integrate multisensory information from one's own body at the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). It is argued that this multisensory disintegration at the TPJ leads to the disruption of several phenomenological and cognitive aspects of self-processing, causing illusory reduplication, illusory self-location, illusory perspective, and illusory agency that are experienced as an OBE.
Bactéries et Maladie de Crohn, (2011)

International audience
Wheat in the Third War Year: Major Developments, 1941-42 (1942)

Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade
Contribution of dissolved organic matter to submicron water-soluble organic aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the eastern equatorial Pacific (2016)

Abstract. Stable carbon isotopic compositions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and organic molecular markers were measured to investigate the relative contributions of the sea-surface sources to the water-soluble fraction of submicron organic aerosols collected over the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Tropical Ocean tRoposphere Exchange of Reactive halogens and Oxygenated VOCs (TORERO)/KA-12-01 cruise. On average, the water-soluble organic fraction of the total carbon (TC) mass in submicron aerosols was ~ 30–35 % in the open oceans, whereas it was ~ 60 % in the coastal oceans. The average stable carbon isotope ratio of WSOC (δ13CWSOC) was −19.8 ± 2.0 ‰, which was systematically higher than that of TC (δ13CTC) (−21.8 ± 1.4 ‰). We found that in both coastal and open oceans, the δ13CWSOC was close to the typical values of δ13C for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ranging from −22 ‰ to −20 ‰ in surface seawater of tropical Pacific oceans. This suggests an enrichment of marine biological products in WSOC aerosols in the study region regardless of the oceanic area. In particular, enhanced levels of WSOC and biogenic organic marker compounds together with high values of WSOC/TC (~ 60 %) and δ13CWSOC were observed over upwelling areas and phytoplankton blooms, which was attributed to planktonic tissues being more enriched in δ13C. The δ13C analysis estimated that on average, marine sources contribute ~ 90 ± 25 % of the aerosol carbon, indicating the predominance of marine-derived carbon in the submicron WSOC. This conclusion is supported by Lagrangian trajectory analysis, which suggests that the majority of the sampling points on the ship had been exposed to marine boundary layer air for more than 80 % of the time during the previous 7 days. The combined analysis of the δ13C and monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, indicated that DOC concentration was the major factor controlling the concentration levels of the submicron WSOC regardless of the oceanic areas over the study region.
Reservoir stress from microseismic source mechanisms (2015)

Abstract Microseismic monitoring allows an inversion of advanced parameters that characterize a reservoir such as a stress-field orientation in addition to usual locations and source mechanisms. By inverting source mechanisms of microseismic events induced by hydraulic fracturing in a shale reservoir and using those mechanisms, one can obtain the stress field. Stress-field inversions using source mechanisms inverted from manually and automatically picked P-wave arrival amplitudes were compared. Stress fields determined from manual and automated P-wave arrival amplitudes are consistent. This implies that one can use the automated inversion of source mechanisms to reliably determine the stress field. The resulting stress fields are stable and consistent with the regional stress field measured in the region on the World Stress Map. Obtained maximum regional stress in the vertical direction, which is typical for most sedimentary basins, and a maximum horizontal stress oriented approximately 75° from the direction of the drilled lateral sections of wells. Finally, an inverted-shape ratio is used to plot Mohr diagrams that illustrate the most likely fault planes activated through hydraulic fracturing.
How Organizing Collegiate Student-Athletes Under the National Labor Relations Act with the NCAA as a Joint Employer Can Lead to Significant Changes to the Student-Athlete Compensation Rules (2017)

This paper will provide an overview of how National Labor Relations Board cases of Northwestern University and Browning Ferris combined with the analysis presented in the National Labor Relations Board General Counsel Memorandum GC 17-01: General Counsel’s Report on the Statutory Rights of University Faculty and Students in the Unfair Labor Practice Context could impact the laws behind unionization, the contracts of university athletes, and, ultimately through contract negotiations, reintroduce the discussion regarding compensation of student-athletes.
Identification of the first non‐Jewish mutation in familial Dysautonomia (2003)

Familial Dysautonomia is an autosomal recessive disease with a remarkably high carrier frequency in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. It has recently been estimated that as many as 1 in 27 Ashkenazi Jews is a carrier of FD. The FD gene has been identified as IKBKAP, and two disease-causing mutations have been identified. The most common mutation, which is present on 99.5% of all FD chromosomes, is an intronic splice site mutation that results in tissue-specific skipping of exon 20. The second mutation, R696P, is a missense mutation that has been identified in 4 unrelated patients heterozygous for the major splice mutation. Interestingly, despite the fact that FD is a recessive disease, normal mRNA and protein are expressed in patient cells. To date, the diagnosis of FD has been limited to individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and identification of the gene has led to widespread diagnostic and carrier testing in this population. In this report, we describe the first non-Jewish IKBKAP mutation, a proline to leucine missense mutation in exon 26, P914L. This mutation is of particular significance because it was identified in a patient who lacks one of the cardinal diagnostic criteria for the disease-pure Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. In light of this fact, the diagnostic criteria for FD must be expanded. Furthermore, in order to ensure carrier identification in all ethnicities, this mutation must now be considered when screening for FD.
ChemInform Abstract: Lipase‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrolysis of Esters Having Remote Chiral/ Prochiral Centers. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Acute and Chronic Acetaminophen Use and Renal Disease: A Case-Control Study Using Pharmacy and Medical Claims (2012)

Acute prescription-acquired APAP use was associated with renal disease, while chronic use was not. Because this study assessed APAP use in pharmacy claims, further research accounting for over-the-counter APAP use is warranted before the safety of chronic APAP consumption can be firmly established.
Networking abstractions for GPU programs (2017)

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are becoming major general-purpose computing hardware for high-performance parallel computation. Despite their general computation capability and impressive performance, GPUs still lack important operating system (OS) services like networking, which makes building networking services or distributed systems on GPUs challenging. This thesis presents GPUnet, a native GPU networking layer that provides a socket abstraction and high-level networking APIs for GPU programs. GPUnet abstracts complicated coordination of processors and network interfaces from GPU applications, and streamlines the development of server applications on GPUs. We develop several applications that harness the benefit of GPUnet: our matrix multiplication server with GPUnet's performance matches or surpasses the performance of the server without GPUnet, with only 24-43% of lines of code. We also show the scalability of in-GPU-memory MapReduce (GimMR) applications across multiple GPUs. Its word count and K-means workloads can scale to four GPUs with speedups of 2.9-3.5x over one GPU. GPUnet addresses three key challenges: massive parallelism of GPU programs, memory copy overhead between CPU memory and GPU memory, and slow single-threaded performance of GPUs. To better support massively parallel GPU programs, the networking API invocations from multiple threads at the same point in a data-parallel code are coalesced. Direct communication between GPUs and the network devices reduces the copy overhead, and, to minimize the amount of time spent in the single-threaded operation, the control-intensive networking operations are offloaded to the network device.
PHOTOACTIVABLE FLUOROPHORES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FLUENCE IN TURBID MEDIA (1993)

Abstract Knowledge of the fluence distribution in biological tissue is essential for applications of lasers and light in medicine. A method using a photoactivable fluorophore as a chemical actinometer is presented to investigate the fluence (J/cm 2 ) distribution in tissue‐simulating phantoms. Such a chemical actinometer provides high spatial resolution (≤20 μm) while minimizing the disturbance of the fluence distribution. The actinometer substance, nonfluorescent in its native state, is incorporated into an acrylamide gel. Upon absorption of 351 nm radiation (λ act ), the actinometer substance becomes a Ruorophorc, which is excited at λ ex ≤ 485 nm. Thus the spatial distribution of the emitted fluorescence (λ em ≤ 515 nm) in the actinometer represents the fluence distribution of the activating radiation. Using histological techniques, 20 μm sections are cut from gel‐like optical phantoms containing the actinometric substance. The fluorescence intensity in the section is recorded under a standard fluorescence microscope equipped with a sensitive video camera. To simulate different biological tissues, the scattering and absorption properties of the gel phantoms arc varicd over a wide range. The experimentally obtained fluence distributions are compared with theoretical models of light distribution in turbid media.
Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering as a Probe of the Phase and Excitations of the Order Parameter of Superconductors (2013)

The capability to probe the dispersion of elementary spin, charge, orbital, and lattice excitations has positioned resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the forefront of photon science. Here we develop the scattering theory for RIXS on superconductors, calculating its momentum-dependent scattering amplitude. Considering superconductors with different pairing symmetries, we show that the low-energy scattering is strongly affected by the superconducting gap and coherence factors. This establishes RIXS as a tool to disentangle pairing symmetries and to probe the elementary excitations of unconventional superconductors.
Estimation of Changes in Full Bloom Date of 'Niitaka' Pear Tree with Global Warming (2010)

This study investigated the effect of global warming on full bloom date (FBD) of 'Niitaka' pear ( Nakai) tree by calculating the development stage index by hourly temperatures recorded at Pear Research Station, estimating the distribution of average FBD and the change of FBD according to temperature rising by integrating development rate at 67 locations in Korea Meteorological Administration site. Development stage index of 'Niitaka' pear tree was 0.9593 at Naju location. Differences between full bloom dates observed at Cheonan region and predictions by development stage index were 0-7 days, and matched year was 35.3%. FBDs of 67 locations were distributed from April 4 to May 28. When yearly temperature was raised 1, 2, 3, 4, and at 67 locations, predicted FBD was accelerated at most of the locations. However, FBD decelerated at south coast locations from rise and did not bloom at 'Gosan', 'Seogwipo', and 'Jeju' locations from rise. When monthly temperature was raised 1, 3, and at 67 locations, predicted FBD was the most accelerated at March temperature rise, and followed by April, February, January and December. Therefore, global warming will cause acceleration of the full bloom date at pear production areas in Korea.
Liquid Crystalline Networks Composed of Pentagonal, Square, and Triangular Cylinders (2005)

T-shaped molecules are designed in such a way that they self-organize into nanoscale liquid crystalline honeycombs based on polygons with any chosen number of sides. One of the phases reported here is a periodic organization of identical pentagonal cylinders; the other one is a structure composed of square-shaped and triangular cylinders in the ratio 2:1. These two different packing motifs represent duals of the same topological class. The generalization of the concept applied here allows the prediction of a whole range of unusual complex liquid crystalline phases.
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Morphological changes suggesting a viral cause (1981)

A 47-year-old man with a history of industrial exposure and interstitial lung disease was admitted for acute pulmonary decompensation. Clinical course was characterized by severe dyspnea at rest, fever, hypoxemia, and elevated pulmonary arterial pressures. At autopsy, pulmonary problems were explained by a selective veno-occlusive process. Associated with pulmonary phlebitis was cerebral vasculitis and lymph node enlargement with erythrophagocytosis suggesting underlying viral infection. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease should be considered in cases of pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension with cor pulmonale, and pulmonary edema and congestion with normal left atrial pressures. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;246:667-671)
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the epimeric 6C-methyl-D-mannoses from toluene (2001)

The title compounds 1 and 2, which are effective and specific inhibitors of phosphohexomutases, have been prepared in enantiomerically pure form from toluene. The initial step of the reaction sequence involves enzymatic cis-1,2-dihydroxylation of toluene by E. coli JM109 (pDTG601) to give the cis-1,2-dihydrocatechol 3. The latter compound is then converted, ia a series of chemical oxidation and reduction steps, into compounds 1 and 2. The X-ray crystal structures of the bis-acetonide derivatives 11, 13 and 14 have been determined.
Pulmonary Edema and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation After Intravenous Abuse of d-Propoxyphene (Darvon) (1972)

Darvon is used by heroin addicts to aid in the control of withdrawal symptoms. The patient described, following the self-administration of the drug, developed intravascular coagulation and hemolysis which required hemodialysis.
204 S9-Mix (2022)

This project originated more than 15 years ago with the intent to produce a glossary of drug metabolism terms having definitions especially applicable for use by practicing medicinal chemists. A first-draft version underwent extensive beta-testing that, fortuitously, engaged international audiences in a wide range of disciplines involved in drug discovery and development. It became clear that the inclusion of information to enhance discussions among this mix of participants would be even more valuable. The present version retains a chemical structure theme while expanding tutorial comments that aim to bridge the various perspectives that may arise during interdisciplinary communications about a given term. This glossary is intended to be educational for early stage researchers, as well as useful for investigators at various levels who participate on today’s highly multidisciplinary, collaborative small molecule drug discovery teams.
Impact of 18F-Fluciclovine PET on Target Volume Definition for Postprostatectomy Salvage Radiotherapy: Initial Findings from a Randomized Trial (2016)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the synthetic amino acid PET radiotracer <sup>18</sup>F-fluciclovine in modifying the defined clinical and treatment-planning target volumes in postprostatectomy patients undergoing salvage radiotherapy and to evaluate the resulting dosimetric consequences to surrounding organs at risk. <b>Methods:</b> Ninety-six patients were enrolled in a randomized, prospective intention-to-treat clinical trial for potential salvage radiotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after prostatectomy. The initial treatment plan was based on the results from conventional abdominopelvic CT and MRI. The 45 patients in the experimental arm also underwent abdominopelvic <sup>18</sup>F-fluciclovine PET/CT, and the images were registered with the conventional images to determine whether the results would modify the initial treatment plan. The 51 patients in the control arm did not undergo <sup>18</sup>F-fluciclovine PET/CT. For each patient, the clinical and treatment-planning target volumes that would have been treated before <sup>18</sup>F-fluciclovine registration were compared with those after registration. For organs at risk (rectum, bladder, and penile bulb), the volumes receiving 40 Gy and 65 Gy before registration were compared with those after registration. Statistical comparisons were made using the paired <i>t</i> test. Acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity as defined by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group was compared between the control and experimental arms using the χ<sup>2</sup> test. <b>Results:</b> In 24 cases, radiotherapy was planned to a clinical target volume consisting of the prostate bed alone (CTV) (64.8-66.6 Gy). In 21 cases, radiotherapy was planned to a clinical target volume consisting of the pelvis (CTV1) (45.0 Gy) followed by a boost to the prostate bed (CTV2) (19.8-25.2 Gy). In each case, the respective treatment-planning target volume expansion (PTV, PTV1, or PTV2) was 0.8 cm (0.6 cm posterior). With the exception of PTV2, all postregistration volumes were significantly larger than the corresponding preregistration volumes. Analysis of the rectum, bladder, and penile bulb volumes receiving 40 Gy and 60 Gy demonstrated that only the penile bulb volumes were significantly higher after registration. No significant differences in acute genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity were observed. <b>Conclusion:</b> Including information from <sup>18</sup>F-fluciclovine PET in the treatment-planning process led to significant differences in the defined target volume, with higher doses to the penile bulb but no significant differences in rectal or bladder dose or in acute genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity. Longer follow-up is needed to determine the impact of <sup>18</sup>F-fluciclovine PET on cancer control and late toxicity endpoints.
Reaction of CO2 with a Vanadium(II) Aryl Oxide: Synergistic Activation of CO2/Oxo Groups towards H‐Atom Radical Abstraction (2018)

Treatment of divalent (ONNO)V(TMEDA) (1; ONNO=[2,4-Me<sub>2</sub> -2-(OH)C<sub>6</sub> H<sub>2</sub> CH<sub>2</sub> ]<sub>2</sub> N(CH<sub>2</sub> )<sub>2</sub> NMe<sub>2</sub> ) with CO<sub>2</sub> afforded [(ONNO)V]<sub>2</sub> (μ-OH)(μ-formate) (2). Whereas the bridging hydroxo and formate groups both originated from CO<sub>2</sub> , the H atoms present on the two residues were obtained through H-atom radical abstraction from the solvent. DFT calculations revealed an initially linear CO<sub>2</sub> bonding mode, followed by deoxygenation, and highlighted a synergistic effect between the so-formed oxo group and an additional bridging CO<sub>2</sub> residue in promoting radical behavior.
SparTag.us (2008)

Tagging systems such as del.icio.us and Diigo have become important ways for users to organize information gathered from the Web. However, despite their popularity among early adopters, tagging still incurs a relatively high interaction cost for the general users. We introduce a new tagging system called SparTag.us, which uses an intuitive Click2Tag technique to provide in situ, low cost tagging of web content. SparTag.us also lets users highlight text snippets and automatically collects tagged or highlighted paragraphs into a system-created notebook, which can be later browsed and searched. We report several user studies aimed at evaluating Click2Tag and SparTag.us.