gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of heat transfer and air cooling in a power rectifier cabinet for generator excitation system (2015)

As an important part of the modern generator excitation system, the power rectifier cabinet accommodates the silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) whose junction temperature should be kept within limit at all times. For excitation systems of 1000MW steam turbine generator and 700WM hydro generator, the required output DC current for each rectifier cabinet can be as high as 4,000A, which raises challenge for cooling design. Meanwhile, under normal operation conditions, excessive cooling wastes energy and causes frequent change of air filter due to high volume cooling air flow. In order to optimize the cooling design, the heat transfer and cooling processes are simulated for a power rectifier cabinet with 6 SCRs and using forced air cooling. First the heat generated by the SCR is calculated as a function of the rectifier cabinet output current. 3D implicit unsteady k-ε turbulent model is used to simulate the air flow. The energy is coupled between the solid and the fluid (air) to reflect the heat transfer from the SCR to the heat sink and then to the cooling air. For given output current and inlet air velocity, the temperature of the SCRs, heat sinks and the cooling air is simulated; the air velocity at each location in the cabinet is also calculated. The simulation results showed good agreement with the experiment data which laid the foundation for future application of the simulation tool.
Did Circulating Tumor Cells Tell us all they Could? The Missed Circulating Tumor Cell Message in Breast Cancer (2015)

Different approaches for CTC detection probably identify distinct tumor cell subpopulations, but need technical standardization before their clinical validity and biological specificity may be adequately investigated. The distinct role of CTMs compared with CTCs as prognostic and predictive biomarkers represents a further challenge.
Supplemental Figure 2 from Human Papillomavirus Regulates HER3 Expression in Head and Neck Cancer: Implications for Targeted HER3 Therapy in HPV<sup>+</sup> Patients (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Transient knockdown of E6 and E7 increases apoptosis without abrogating MAPK or Src Family Kinase signaling&lt;/p&gt;
Experience with a yes–no single-interval maximum-likelihood procedure (2000)

The report in 1993 by Green [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 2096-2105 (1993)] describing the application of a new psychophysical method requiring few trials and little time to measure auditory thresholds has generated considerable interest among experimentalists. The procedure uses a single-interval stimulus presentation, requests a yes-no decision by subjects, and implements a maximum-likelihood calculation to determine the next trial stimulus level within an adaptive track, as well as the final threshold estimate. Data are presented here describing separate experiences with this procedure in two laboratories in both detection and discrimination tasks. Issues addressed include comparisons with more traditional psychophysical methods, variability in threshold estimates, experimental time required, and possible minor modifications to improve the basic procedure. Results using this procedure are comparable in terms of variability of estimates to those emerging from more lengthy procedures. However, because it may be difficult for some listeners to maintain a consistent criterion and because attentional lapses may be costly, experimenters must be willing to monitor performance closely and repeat some tracks in cases where excessively high variability is noted. Further, this procedure may not be suitable for tasks for which the form of the psychometric function is not well-established. Modifications allowing a variable slope parameter in the maximum-likelihood evaluations of psychometric functions may be of benefit.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Propargylic Alcohols for the Intramolecular Pauson−Khand Cycloaddition (2010)

Several methods for the catalytic asymmetric alkyne addition to aldehydes are used to prepare the propargylic alcohol-based chiral en-ynes. Protection of the propargylic alcohols with either an acetyl or a methyl group allows the resulting en-ynes to undergo the intramolecular Pauson-Khand reaction to form the corresponding optically active 5,5- and 5,6-fused bicyclic products with high diastereoselectivity and high enantiomeric purity. In the major product, the propargylic substituent and the bridgehead hydrogen are cis with respect to each other on the fused bicyclic rings. The enantiomeric purity of the propargylic alcohols generated from the asymmetric alkyne addition is maintained in the cycloaddition products. The allylic ethers of the chiral propargylic alcohols are prepared which can also undergo the highly diastereoselective Pauson-Khand cycloaddition with retention of the high enantiomeric purity. This study has shown that the size of the substituents at the propargylic position as well as on the alkyne is important for the diastereoselectivity with the greater bulkiness of the substituents giving higher diastereoselectivity.
Pharmacodynamics to combat resistance (2000)

The ability to identify agents with the optimal combination of potency, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics should help to maximize bacteriological cure and thus minimize the potential for selection and spread of resistance. Gemifloxacin demonstrated excellent correlation between efficacy and the AUC0-24h/MIC ratio whereas there was little correlation with time above MIC. Thus, gemifloxacin is similar to other quinolones in that it is the amount of drug present, not the frequency of administration, that determines antibacterial effect. In a neutropenic murine thigh model of infection, caused by Gram-negative bacilli, a AUC0-24h/MIC ratio of approximately 100 was necessary to protect >90% of the animals, which is similar to data reported previously for other quinolones. However, in order to achieve the same protection in an immunocompetent murine infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the AUC-24h/MIC ratio was approximately 25. The magnitude of this AUC0-24h/MIC ratio did not alter for strains exhibiting penicillin or macrolide resistance. Importantly, when gemifloxacin was examined against strains of S. pneumoniae with well-characterized ciprofloxacin resistance (including mutations in gyrase, parC and parE as well as efflux strains) there was little impact on the in vivo efficacy. Overall, the data showed a trend towards a decrease in the AUC0-24h/MIC ratio for these more resistant strains. The lower AUC0-24h/MIC ratio was especially noticeable for the efflux mutants suggesting that the quinolone efflux mechanism may be down-regulated in vivo and may be of minimal relevance to the clinical activity of gemifloxacin against S. pneumoniae. The efficacy of gemifloxacin, in comparison with other oral agents used to treat respiratory infections, has also been evaluated in a rat model using doses, and therefore AUC0-24h/MIC ratios, that approximate those in man. These data confirm the excellent activity of gemifloxacin against strains of Haemophilus influenzae and S. pneumoniae, including those demonstrating penicillin, macrolide and quinolone resistance.
Adaptive predistortion linearization of RF power amplifiers using lookup tables generated from subsampled data (2003)

This paper discusses a new architecture for adaptive predistortion linearization of power amplifiers, whereby subsampled data (i.e. lower than Nyquist rate) from the input and output baseband waveforms is used to construct a lookup table. The technique utilizes a sampling downconverter that accurately captures a waveform sample in a narrow aperture before digitization. Because aliasing effects are the same for both input and output waveforms, information may be obtained regarding the amplitude and phase distortion characteristics of the power amplifier. The concept is validated using a test bed consisting of two sampling downconverters and a dual channel receiver. Results achieved indicate that 10-12 dB of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) improvement may be obtain using sampling rates as low as 33% of the Nyquist rate of the baseband output signal bandwidth.
United States regulatory requirements for skin and eye irritation testing (2018)

To advance the implementation of alternative testing methods, a dialog on the confidence of these methods to protect public health and the environment must be undertaken at all levels.
High resolution beamforming of SIMRAD EM3000 bathymetric multibeam sonar data (1999)

Originally, beamforming meant forming the transmit beam for some purpose. Today, we use the word beamforming both for the transmit – and the receive beam. The beam is simply the mainlobe of the array’s radiation – or response pattern. Changing this pattern, either by weighting the array elements or by steering its direction, is what beamforming is all about.\nIn most signal processing applications, there is a tradeoff between different needs.\nThe tradeoff in bathymetric sonars is between cross-track coverage, accuracy and resolution. The goal of this thesis, is to improve the resolution of a bathymetric sonar, working only with the output of the array – after the tradeoff is done.\nTo achieve this, the Fourier transform method for beamforming and some high-resolution, also called adaptive, methods have been studied.\nIn this thesis, the performance of several high-resolution beamformers are studied: Minimum-Variance, Eigen-Vector, MUSIC, Minimum-Norm, root-MUSIC and ESPRIT. The conventional Fourier transform, used for beamforming in many array systems today, suffers from low resolution. It has low ability of resolving closely\nspaced sources. For bathymetric sonars, this may lead to incorrect mapping of the sea-floor.\nDifferent ways of estimating the spatial covariance matrix are investigated, and a method aimed to reduce structured noise in this matrix is developed. Some quantitative measures are developed and used as part of the evaluation of the high-resolution beamformers. The measures show that estimation of the spatial covariance matrix has a large impact on the performance of the beamformers, and that\nmost methods perform better when the structured noise in this matrix is reduced. An alternative approach for a high-resolution beamformer (root-MUSIC) is also developed, and is found to perform better than the one given in literature.\nIt is found that among the high-resolution beamformers studied here, MUSIC and ESPRIT perform best with regard to the quantitative measures used for evaluation. These results are supported by visual examination of different spectra for the beamformers. Finally, some interesting research areas based on the observations in the thesis are\nproposed, and a new way of obtaining bathymetric measures is suggested.
Controlled porous structures of graphene aerogels and their effect on supercapacitor performance (2015)

The design and optimization of 3D graphene nanostructures are critically important since the properties of electrochemical energy storages such as supercapacitors can be dramatically enhanced by tunable porous channels. In this work, we have developed porous graphene aerogels from graphene suspensions obtained via electrochemical exfoliation and explored their application as supercapacitor electrodes. By adjusting the content of the electrolyte in the exfoliation process, the aspect ratio of graphene sheets and the porosity of the graphene network can be optimized. Furthermore, the freezing temperature in the freeze drying step is also found to play a critical role in the resulting pore size distributions of the porous networks. The optimized conditions lead to meso- and macroporous graphene aerogels with a high specific surface area, extremely low densities and superior electrical properties. As a result, the graphene aerogel supercapacitors exhibit a specific capacitance of 325 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1) and an energy density of 45 Wh kg(-1) in a 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte with high electrochemical stability and electrode uniformity required for practical usage. This research provides a practical method for lightweight, high-performance and low-cost materials in the effective use of energy storage systems.
Deterioration in right ventricular structure and function over time in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (2018)

While previous attention has centred on the left ventricle in HFpEF, these data show that right ventricular structure and function deteriorate to greater extent over time when compared with changes in the left ventricle. Further study is required to evaluate whether interventions targeting modifiable risk factors identified for incident RVD, including abnormal haemodynamics, AF, coronary disease, and obesity, can prevent RVD and thus improve outcomes.
Vascular and Interventional Radiology: Principles and Practice (2003)

Vascular and Interventional Radiology: Principles and PracticeDaniel P. LinkAudio Available | Share
The role of antiglycolipid antibodies in peripheral neuropathies (2000)

The role of antiglycolipid antibodies in peripheral neuropathy continues to be defined in terms of clinical-serological associations and innovative experimental work establishing the role of these antibodies in pathogenesis. The present review focuses on the major developments in this field over the past 12 months.
[Surgical treatment for subacute left ventricular free wall rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction--pericardial patch gluing method]. (1996)

We reviewed 22 cases with surgical repair for subacute left ventricular free wall rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction. Different operative technique was used. Direct closure or patch repair with infarctectomy was preformed in first patients with a great difficulty in hemostasis. Since 1988 we sutured a large pericardial patch covering the infarcted myocardium under extra corporeal circulation in 11 patients (pericardial patch suture technique). From 1993 we began to glue a pericardial patch with Aron alpha without cardiopulmonary bypass (pericardial patch gluing technique). There were eight early death and four late death. Most common cause of death was low cardiac output syndrome (LOS). With medical therapy 13 patients in cardiogenic shock improved before surgery and only three developed postoperative LOS, but all six patients with sustained shock developed LOS without survivor (p = 0.007). Two of the five patients underwent direct closure or infarctectomy and seven of the 11 employed pericardial patch suture technique developed LOS, but none of the six used pericardial patch gluing technique developed LOS. Medical treatment such as intraaortic balloon pumping, catecholamine and subxyphoid drainage in order to improve hemodynamic condition before surgery is extremely important. Pericardial patch gluing technique seems to be useful since cardiac function would be maximally preserved.
Total Synthesis of (6R,10R,13R,14R,16R,17R,19S,20R,21R,24S, 25S,28S,30S,32R,33R,34R,36S,37S,39R)‐Azaspiracid‐3 Reveals Non‐Identity with the Natural Product (2017)

A convergent and stereoselective total synthesis of the previously assigned structure of azaspiracid-3 has been achieved by a late-stage Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi coupling to form the C21-C22 bond with the C20 configuration unambiguously established from l-(+)-tartaric acid. Postcoupling steps involved oxidation to an ynone, modified Stryker reduction of the alkyne, global deprotection, and oxidation of the resulting C1 primary alcohol to the carboxylic acid. The synthetic product matched naturally occurring azaspiracid-3 by mass spectrometry, but differed both chromatographically and spectroscopically.
Easy Access to Glycosyl Phosphorothioates with Microwaves Technique (2006)

A simple, efficient, and general method for the synthesis of glycosyl phosphorothioate through a one‐pot reaction of glycosyl bromide with diethyl phosphite, ammonium acetate, and sulphur in the presence of alumina under solvent‐free conditions using microwave irradiation has been developed.
Interactions of Retroviral and Cellular Transforming Genes with Hematopoietic Cells (1987)

Investigations of a small group of RNA tumor viruses, the acute transforming retroviruses, have led to important insights into the mechanisms by which their cell‐derived oncogenes confer to the virus properties essential for the induction and maintenance of the transformed state. While oncogenes were initially discovered as cellular genes captured by acute transforming retroviruses, it has become apparent in recent years that these same cellular genes or proto‐oncogenes may be frequent targets for the genetic changes that lead normal cells along the pathway to malignancy under natural conditions, independent of retrovirus involvement. The conversion of proto‐oncogenes to oncogenes can be due to DNA rearrangements resulting from chromosomal translocations, gene amplification, and other mechanisms affecting their normal regulation and expression. Even genetic changes as subtle as point mutations have been shown to lead to oncogene activation. The present review summarizes knowledge of the functions of oncogenes, their effects on hematopoietic cells, and the current stage of knowledge linking these genes to human hematopoietic malignancies.
The synthesis and reactions of β‐substituted ethyl sulfates (1972)

Abstract The synthesis of β‐substituted ethyl sulfates and their reactions with nucleophilic reagents has been studied. Amines, phenolates, carboxylates, amine oxides, carbanions, and thiophenolates reacted with ethylene sulfate in high yield, with short reaction times, and at low temperatures, to form β‐substituted ethyl sulfates. The β‐substituted ethyl sulfates were easily hydrolyzed and in some cases were converted into polymeric material.
Identification of frictional ignition potential for rocks in Australian coal mines (1997)

The relative propensity for the different rock types in Australian underground coal mines to ignite methane-bearing atmospheres through frictional contact, either with mining equipment or with other rock materials, has been evaluated by laboratory testing, and the results compared to petrographic composition and related chemical properties. Recent experience in New South Wales collieries has also been taken into account. Conglomerates, lithic or quartzose sandstones with low clay and carbonate contents and siliceous cherty tuffs appear to represent the most potentially incendive materials in roof and floor strata, along with siliceous or pyritic impregnations that may sometimes occur within the coal seam itself. Laboratory tests indicate that temperatures in excess of 1400{degree}C may be developed within less than one second during rock-on-rock contacts with potentially incentive materials, with ignitions in such cases emanating from the actual contact point rather than from hot particles (sparks) ejected during the friction process. Geologists should be aware of the need to evaluate the frictional ignition characteristics of the strata associated with a mined seam, including any potentially incentive intra-seam materials, in areas where dangerous concentrations of methane are likely to develop. 20 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Stereoisomers of 3-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl)quinuclidine: Preparation and muscarinic receptor affinities (1998)

The four stereoisomers of the antimuscarinic 3-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl)quinuclidine have been prepared by a method involving chromatographic separation of the racemic diastereoisomers as borane complexes. The relative and absolute configurations of the stereoisomers were determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. The crystal structure of (2'R,3R)-3-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl)quinuclidine.HCl.H2O contains two independent molecules with different conformations of both the quinuclidine moiety and the dihydrofuran ring.
3D characterization of a W/TiN/ Ti/Si contact structure using MULSAM (1998)

The W/TiN/Ti/Si contact structures needed for ultra-large-scale integrated circuits have been studied using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and multi-spectral Auger electron microscopy. Access to the Ti/Si interface for chemical characterization using SEM, Auger and electron energy-loss imaging and spectroscopy has been achieved by using a novel method of bevelled polishing of the silicon substrate material. Cross-sectional TEM was used to calibrate the depth scale in the MULSAM image sets, so allowing measurements of the thicknesses of various interfacial layers and the penetration of the ohmic contacts into the silicon. The TiN layer, providing adhesion of the tungsten as well as acting as a diffusion barrier, appears to have a domed shape, which penetrates the tungsten overlayer to a greater extent in the contact centres. The results of this work, combined with earlier, related, studies, enable a three-dimensional characterization of the bottom and sidewall structures in these contacts. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High bit-rate OTDM transmission over standard fiber using mid-span spectral inversion and its limitations (2000)

An accurate modeling of very high bit-rate transmission systems over standard-fiber using mid-span spectral inversion (MSSI) is reported. As for the pulsewidth, comparison of simulations with experimental data in an 80-Gb/s transmission system over 106 km shows that second-order group velocity dispersion (GVD) is the limiting factor in this transmission scheme. Additionally, it is shown that even though first-order GVD can be compensated easily second-order GVD, is still remaining. It is pointed out that the performance of the system is very sensitive to the length of the different fiber spans.
Acute effects of nitric oxide on left ventricular relaxation and diastolic distensibility in humans. Assessment by bicoronary sodium nitroprusside infusion. (1994)

The present study reveals reduced LV pressure development, an LV relaxation-hastening effect, and improved LV diastolic distensibility during global intracoronary infusion of the NO donor substance sodium nitroprusside. These effects appeared to be unrelated to systemic vasodilation or to pericardial constraint and could be explained by a direct myocardial effect of NO, probably through activation of guanylyl cyclase to increase cyclic GMP or through modification of other cellular proteins.
Design and evaluation of a continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography system (1999)

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) can image spatial variations in highly scattering optical media. We have built an inexpensive and portable continuous-wave DOT system containing 18 laser diode sources (9 at 780nm and 9 at 830nm) and 16 silicon detectors, which can acquire 288 independent measurements in less than 4 seconds. These data can then be processed using a variety of imaging algorithms. We first discuss the design of diffuse imaging equipment in general, and then describe our instrument, along with the technical issues that influenced its design. The technical challenges involved in performing DOT over large optode areas are discussed. We also present rat brain measurements following electrical forepaw stimulation using DOT. These results clearly demonstrate the capabilities of DOT and set the stage for advancement to quantitative functional brain imaging.