gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preface (2019)

With recent advances in natural language understanding techniques and farfield microphone arrays, natural language interfaces, such as voice assistants and chatbots, are emerging as a popular new way to interact with computers. They have made their way out of the industry research labs and into the pockets, desktops, cars and living rooms of the general public. But although such interfaces recognize bits of natural language, and even voice input, they generally lack conversational competence, or the ability to engage in natural conversation. Today's platforms provide sophisticated tools for analyzing language and retrieving knowledge, but they fail to provide adequate support for modeling interaction. The user experience (UX) designer or software developer must figure out how a human conversation is organized, usually relying on commonsense rather than on formal knowledge. Fortunately, practitioners can rely on conversation science. This book adapts formal knowledge from the field of Conversation Analysis (CA) to the design of natural language interfaces. It outlines the Natural Conversation Framework (NCF), developed at IBM Research, a systematic framework for designing interfaces that work like natural conversation. The NCF consists of four main components: 1) an interaction model of "expandable sequences," 2) a corresponding content format, 3) a pattern language with 100 generic UX patterns and 4) a navigation method of six basic user actions. The authors introduce UX designers to a new way of thinking about user experience design in the context of conversational interfaces, including a new vocabulary, new principles and new interaction patterns. User experience designers and graduate students in the HCI field as well as developers and conversation analysis students should find this book of interest.
Transcriptional regulation of homeostatic and disease‐associated‐microglial genes by IRF1, LXRβ, and CEBPα (2019)

Microglia transform from homeostatic to disease-associated-microglia (DAM) profiles in neurodegeneration. Within DAM, we recently identified distinct pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory sub-profiles although transcriptional regulators of homeostatic and distinct DAM profiles remain unclear. Informed by these studies, we nominated CEBPα, IRF1, and LXRβ as likely regulators of homeostatic, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory DAM states and performed in-vitro siRNA studies in primary microglia to identify roles of each transcriptional factor (TF) in regulating microglial activation, using an integrated transcriptomics, bioinformatics and experimental validation approach. Efficient (>70%) silencing of TFs in microglia revealed reciprocal regulation between each TF specifically following pro-inflammatory activation. Neuroinflammatory transcriptomic profiling of microglia coupled with qPCR validation revealed distinct gene clusters with unique patterns of regulation by each TF, which were independent of LPS stimulation. While all three TFs (especially IRF1 and LXRβ) positively regulated core DAM genes (Apoe, Axl, Clec7a, Tyrobp, and Trem2) as well as homeostatic and pro-inflammatory DAM genes, LPS, and IFNγ increased pro-inflammatory DAM but suppressed homeostatic and anti-inflammatory DAM gene expression via an Erk1/2-dependent signaling pathway. IRF1 and LXRβ silencing suppressed microglial phagocytic activity for polystyrene microspheres as well as fAβ42 while IRF1 silencing strongly suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to LPS. Our studies reveal complex transcriptional regulation of homeostatic and DAM profiles whereby IRF1, LXRβ, and CEBPα positively regulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory DAM genes while activating stimuli independently augment pro-inflammatory DAM responses and suppress homeostatic and anti-inflammatory responses via Erk signaling. This framework can guide development of therapeutic immuno-modulatory strategies for neurodegeneration.
Adaptation of Maize to Temperate Climates: Mid-Density Genome-Wide Association Genetics and Diversity Patterns Reveal Key Genomic Regions, with a Major Contribution of the Vgt2 (ZCN8) Locus (2013)

The migration of maize from tropical to temperate climates was accompanied by a dramatic evolution in flowering time. To gain insight into the genetic architecture of this adaptive trait, we conducted a 50K SNP-based genome-wide association and diversity investigation on a panel of tropical and temperate American and European representatives. Eighteen genomic regions were associated with flowering time. The number of early alleles cumulated along these regions was highly correlated with flowering time. Polymorphism in the vicinity of the ZCN8 gene, which is the closest maize homologue to Arabidopsis major flowering time (FT) gene, had the strongest effect. This polymorphism is in the vicinity of the causal factor of Vgt2 QTL. Diversity was lower, whereas differentiation and LD were higher for associated loci compared to the rest of the genome, which is consistent with selection acting on flowering time during maize migration. Selection tests also revealed supplementary loci that were highly differentiated among groups and not associated with flowering time in our panel, whereas they were in other linkage-based studies. This suggests that allele fixation led to a lack of statistical power when structure and relatedness were taken into account in a linear mixed model. Complementary designs and analysis methods are necessary to unravel the architecture of complex traits. Based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimates corrected for population structure, we concluded that the number of SNPs genotyped should be at least doubled to capture all QTLs contributing to the genetic architecture of polygenic traits in this panel. These results show that maize flowering time is controlled by numerous QTLs of small additive effect and that strong polygenic selection occurred under cool climatic conditions. They should contribute to more efficient genomic predictions of flowering time and facilitate the dissemination of diverse maize genetic resources under a wide range of environments.
Enzyme-Inducing Anticonvulsants Increase Plasma Clearance of Dexmedetomidine (2015)

Flexman, Alana M.; Wong, Harvey; Wayne Riggs, K.; Shih, Tina; Garcia, Paul A.; Vacas, Susana; Talke, Pekka O. Author Information
Identification of Rydberg states in the atomic lanthanides and actinides (1977)

The study of Rydberg spectra and ionization thresholds of ten lanthanides using several variations of time-resolved resonant multistep techniques is reported. The ionization limits for the lanthanides determined in this way show a systematic dependence on atomic number. A physical model explaining these results is presented. 16 references. (JFP)
Supplementary Methods, Table 1, Figures 1-8 from Regulated Expression of a Tumor-Associated Antigen Reveals Multiple Levels of T-Cell Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Lung Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Methods, Table 1, Figures 1-8 from Regulated Expression of a Tumor-Associated Antigen Reveals Multiple Levels of T-Cell Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Lung Cancer
Effect of ventilatory rate on renal venous PGE2 and PGF2 alpha efflux in anesthetized dogs (1982)

In anesthetized laparotomized male mongrel dogs with ventilatory rate set at 10 breath.min-1, tidal volume was adjusted so that control arterial pH and PCO2 were within the normal range for unanesthetized dogs. Control renal venous PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations were comparable to those of unanesthetized dogs, namely, 57 +/- 10 and 114 +/- 18 pg.ml-1, respectively. In contrast, control arterial plasma renin activity (PRA), 6.6 +/- 1.2 ng.ml-1.h-1, was considerably greater than in unanesthetized dogs. Stepwise increases in ventilatory rate increased renal venous PGE2 and PGF2 alpha to 109 +/- 18 and 205 +/- 41 pg.ml-1, respectively. Hyperventilation reduced PCO2 and increased pH and PRA but had no effect on renal blood flow, arterial blood pressure, or arterial PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations. When the ventilatory rate was returned to control levels, pH, PCO2, PRA, and renal venous PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations returned to control. Ventilatory rate or some consequence of altering ventilatory rate is, therefore, a determinant of renal venous efflux of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. Moreover, it may be a more important determinant of "resting" concentrations of prostaglandins in renal venous blood than anesthesia, laparotomy, or PRA.
The utility of a 5-in-6 double catheter technique in treating complex coronary lesions via transradial approach: the DOCA-TRI study (2012)

The use of a 5-in-6 DC technique, especially as a bailout strategy, is a more effective back-up support of the guiding system, subsequently facilitating the success of transradial PCI for complex coronary lesions, than a conventional buddy-wire or balloon-anchoring approach.
Péptidos bloqueantes de termoreceptores y sus usos (2015)

La invención se relaciona con péptidos helicoidales&#13;\ncapaces de modular la activación de canales&#13;\ntermosensoriales y con sus aplicaciones. Más&#13;\nconcretamente, la invención se relaciona con péptidos&#13;\ncon capacidad de bloquear la activación de los&#13;\ncanales TRPV1 y TRPVA por parte de sus ligandos,&#13;\ncon composiciones farmacéuticas que comprenden&#13;\ndichos péptidos y con el uso de dichos péptidos y&#13;\ndichas composiciones farmacéuticas para el&#13;\ntratamiento de dolor, inflamación, prurito,&#13;\nenfermedades de las vías respiratorias,&#13;\nenfermedades de la piel, mucosa y/o uñas y&#13;\ndesórdenes asociados con desequilibrios del calcio.
Photoprotective effects of sweet potato leaf polyphenols and caffeic acid against UV-induced skin-damage in BALB/C nude mice (2022)

This study aimed at clarifying the mechanism by which sweet potato leaf polyphenols (SPLPs) ameliorate ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage, using the BALB/c hairless female mouse model. The moisture and hydroxyproline (HYP) contents of the model mouse skin and the thickness of the epidermis and dermis were determined by staining and histological examination. Anti-oxidative enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and protein carbonyl content in skin tissue and serum were investigated. Expression of inflammatory markers and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways were evaluated. Topical caffeic acid at 30 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> most strongly inhibited the decrease in skin moisture, HYP content, and the thickening of the epidermis. Topical SPLP at 100 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> most significantly inhibited the dermal thickening, increased the activities of the superoxide dismutase, catalase as well as glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the content of serum MDA and protein carbonyls markedly. Furthermore, the topical SPLP suppressed the UV-induced rise in the inflammatory markers MMP-1, TNF-α, and NF-κB, and alleviated phosphorylation levels of the stress-signaling proteins JNK and p38. Thus, topical SPLP provided the best overall protection for mouse skin from UV-induced damage.
Supplementary Figure 1 from MicroRNA Expression and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated with Adjuvant Chemotherapy after Complete Resection of Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from MicroRNA Expression and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated with Adjuvant Chemotherapy after Complete Resection of Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Complication Outcomes Based on Preoperative Admission and Length of Stay for Primary Palatoplasty and Cleft Lip/Palate Revision in Children Aged 1 to 6 Years (1994)

With increasing focus on outcome studies, there is continued need for data about whether same-day admission and reduced hospital stay have adverse effects on surgical treatment, including that for cleft lip and palate. In this study, medical records were inspected for all cleft lip and palate patients, aged 1 to 6 years, who had primary palatoplasty or cleft lip/palate revision in this treatment center between 1978 and 1992 (N = 329). Length of stay for 251 (96.5%) of the 260 subjects admitted the day before surgery was from 4 to 7 days; 9 remained in the hospital longer than 8 days. Length of stay for 67 (97.1%) of 69 patients admitted the day of surgery was from 2 to 3 days; 2 were in the hospital for 7 days, and none for 8 or more days. Thirty-seven instances of surgical complications were reported for the 260 patients admitted the day before surgery (14.2%). Twelve complications (17.4%) were recorded for the 69 patients admitted the day of surgery. There was no significant difference in the number of complications between the two groups of patients (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.5682). There was no significant difference in the types of complications observed between the two groups (Fisher's exact test). Surgery was performed at age 1 year for 61 of the 69 patients admitted on the day of surgery (88.4%). The mean age of this group was significantly younger than that of patients operated on earlier than 1989 and admitted on the day before surgery (Wilcoxon's test, p = .0001, Z = 4.48).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System with Low Temperature Anode Off-Gas Recirculation (2015)

At Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH an SOFC system with anode off-gas recirculation loop operating at temperatures up to 160°C is simulated. To analyze the effect of anode off-gas recirculation, a dynamical system model was implemented in Matlab/Simulink. The results show, that the recirculation rate has a significant effect on the electrical efficiency. In principle, at constant current density high recirculation rates decrease the cell voltage and increase the power demand of the recirculation blower. Therefore, the highest electrical efficiency can be reached with high system fuel utilization, low recirculation rate and in consequence high stack fuel utilization. On the other hand less amount of steam is available for the reforming reaction at low recirculation rates. Therefore, the minimum recirculation rate is determined by the risk of carbon formation. An optimal operation range to avoid carbon formation and to ensure a high electrical efficiency requires recirculation rates between 65 and 70% and system fuel utilizations above 90%.
Adhesion of RF bias-sputtered Cr thin films onto photosensitive polyimide substrates (2002)

The adhesion enhancement from inserting a RF bias-sputtered Cr layer between Cu and polyimide (PI) has been studied. The RF bias power applied in this study ranged from 0 to 400 W. Without the RF bias, the peel strength, which measures the adhesion strength, was nearly 0 g/mm. As the RF power was increased, the peel strength rose up to /spl sim/130 g/mm at 200 W, which remained constant with further increase of the RF bias power. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate the interfacial reaction between the Cr film and PI substrate during the bias sputtering. The Cr/PI interface without the application of RF bias showed a clean, sharp interface while the RF biased Cr/PI interface had about 10/spl sim/30 nm thick atomistically mixed interlayer between the metal film and PI substrate. This interlayer appeared to have resulted from the implantation of high energy adatoms during the RF bias sputtering of Cr film. This mixed layer serves as an interlocking layer, which enhances adhesion between the metal and PI layers.
Perforation of the bowel by suction drains (1992)

Extended lymph node dissection for rectal cancer, is it still under debate
New dimeric inhibitor of heterologous α‐amylases encoded by a duplicated gene in the short arm of chromosome 3B of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1989)

A new wheat dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitor, designated WDAI-3, has been characterized. WDAI-3 is a homodimeric protein active against alpha-amylase from human saliva and from the insect Tenebrio molitor, but inactive against that from pig pancreas or against trypsin. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence is closer to those of the wheat dimeric inhibitors 0.19 and 0.53 (89-91% identical positions in 44 residues) than to that of the monomeric 0.28 inhibitor (69% identical positions). Iha-B1-2, the gene encoding the new inhibitor, is located in the short arm of chromosome 3B, where it is part of an intrachromosomal gene duplication that also codes for the 0.53 inhibitor.
Key Nucleation Stages and Associated Molecular Determinants and Processes in pH-Induced Formation of Amyloid Beta Oligomers as Revealed by High-Speed AFM (2020)

Abstract Non-fibrillar oligomers formed via nucleation from amyloid beta (AB) peptides are currently implicated in the neurotoxicity of Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation is important for identifying targets for drug therapies. This is however an enduring challenge due to the inability to detect AB nucleation processes in the lag phase from bulk kinetic assays, while time-course analyses using a series of peptide solutions involve the discontinuous observation of dynamic nucleation processes and pathways. In this study, by adjusting the pH of AB42 peptide samples while simultaneously imaging with high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we show the in-situ, continuous visualization of dynamic AB42 nucleation at the molecular level. The process reveals a pH-induced saturation regime, enabling a critical monomer substrate concentration to initiate the birth of nucleation. A number of key nucleation phases are identified, including pre-nucleation, saturation regime (mass surface adsorption), nucleation and post-nucleation growth, eventually leading to the formation of predominately oligomer species. HS-AFM observations further reveal the distinct, molecular processes associated with each nucleation phase that constitute the path-dependent formation of different AB species, namely an intial monomer “diffuse-like” surface layer, followed by the emergence of nuclei and then subsequent formation and growth of new complexes and oligomers. In particular, the ability of individual nuclei to undergo surface diffusion and establish new complexes via binding interactions with other species encountered in the system was found to be a significant mechanism influencing the growth of oligomers. Herein, the study contributes to current AB nucleation theories by ascribing new molecular mechanisms. More generally, the knowledge gained from single molecule techniques can greatly assist in our current understanding of various biological processes of AB peptide such as nucleation, growth, aggregation and their related kinetic pathways.
Comparison Between Associative Classification And Decision Tree For Hcv Treatment Response Prediction (2013)

Combined therapy using Interferon and Ribavirin is the standard treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. However, the number of responders to this treatment is low, whereas its cost and side effects are high. Therefore, there is a clear need to predict patient’s response to the treatment based on clinical information to protect the patients from the bad drawbacks, Intolerable side effects and waste of money. Different machine learning techniques have been developed to fulfill this purpose. From these techniques are Associative Classification (AC) and Decision Tree (DT). The aim of this research is to compare the performance of these two techniques in the prediction of virological response to the standard treatment of HCV from clinical information. 200 patients treated with Interferon and Ribavirin; were analyzed using AC and DT. 150 cases had been used to train the classifiers and 50 cases had been used to test the classifiers. The experiment results showed that the two techniques had given acceptable results however the best accuracy for the AC reached 92% whereas for DT reached 80%.
Nonmigraine-associated TRESK K+ channel variant C110R does not increase the excitability of trigeminal ganglion neurons (2014)

Recent genetic studies suggest that dysfunction of ion channels and transporters may contribute to migraine pathophysiology. A migraine-associated frameshift mutation in the TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) channel results in nonfunctional channels. Moreover, mutant TRESK subunits exert a dominant-negative effect on whole cell TRESK currents and result in hyperexcitability of small-diameter trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, suggesting that mutant TRESK may increase the gain of the neuronal circuit underlying migraine headache. However, the nonmigraine-associated TRESK C110R variant exhibits the same effect on TRESK currents as the mutant subunits in Xenopus oocytes, suggesting that dysfunction of TRESK is not sufficient to cause migraine. Here, we confirmed that the C110R variant formed nonfunctional channels and exerted a dominant-negative effect on TRESK currents in HEK293T cells, similar to the migraine-associated mutant TRESK. To compare the functional consequences of TRESK mutations/variants in a more physiological setting, we expressed the mutant TRESK and the C110R variant in cultured mouse TG neurons and investigated their effects on background K+ currents and neuronal excitability. Both mutant TRESK and the C110R variant reduced the endogenous TRESK currents in TG neurons, but the effect of the C110R variant was significantly smaller. Importantly, only TG neurons expressing mutant TRESK subunits, but not those expressing the C110R variant, exhibited a significant increase in excitability. Thus only the migraine-associated TRESK mutation, but not the C110R variant, reduces the endogenous TRESK currents to a degree that affects TG excitability. Our results support a potential causal relationship between the frameshift TRESK mutation and migraine susceptibility.
Greedy Signature Processing with Arbitrary Location Distributions: A Divisible Load Framework (2012)

The optimal partition of a huge, linear (flat) file among processing nodes in a network to minimize the time to search for signatures of interest in the file is considered. First, an expression is developed for the expected time of finding the kth signature (including the last signature) of K signatures for a uniform distribution of signatures in the file. Secondly, for a single signature we propose processing data in the file in order from that with the most probability mass (i.e., data with the most a priori likelihood of containing the signature) to that with the least probability mass in a "greedy" manner to speed processing time. Applications of this work include radar, sensors, image processing, and search.
New Element Organic Frameworks Based on Sn, Sb, and Bi, with Permanent Porosity and High Catalytic Activity (2010)

We present new element organic frameworks based on Sn, Sb and Bi atoms connected via organic linkers by element-carbon bonds. The open frameworks are characterized by specific surface areas (BET) of up to 445 m2 g-1 and a good stability under ambient conditions resulting from a highly hydrophobic inner surface. They show good performance as heterogeneous catalysts in the cyanosylilation of benzaldehyde as a test reaction. Due to their catalytic activity, this class of materials might be able to replace common homogeneous element-organic and often highly toxic catalysts especially in the food industry.
Solution-Phase Molecular-Scale Computation With Deoxyribozyme-Based Logic Gates and Fluorescent Readouts (2006)

Recent development of solution-phase molecular-scale Boolean calculations using deoxyribozymes is potentially an important step toward the development of autonomous therapeutic and diagnostic devices. Here, the construction of basic YES, AND, ANDNOT, and ANDANDNOT deoxyribozyme-based logic gates is described. Protocols for testing gate activity using fluorescent oligonucleotide probes have been provided, and pointers for gate optimization are included.