gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive least error rate algorithm for neural network classifiers (2002)

We consider sample-by-sample adaptive training of two-class neural network classifiers. Specific applications that we have in mind are communication channel equalization and code-division multiple-access (CDMA) multiuser detection. Typically, training of such neural network classifiers is done using some stochastic gradient algorithm that tries to minimize the mean square error (MSE). Since the goal should really be minimizing the error probability, the MSE is a "wrong" criterion to use and may lead to a poor performance. We propose a stochastic gradient adaptive minimum error rate (MER) algorithm called the least error rate (LER) for training neural network classifiers.
Large-Scale Production of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns with High Purity (2008)

To increase the practical daily capacity to produce single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) with high purity by CO2 laser ablation of graphite, we made a new three-chamber system composed of a target reservoir, a laser ablation chamber, and a collection chamber. The frequency of exchanging targets was reduced by increasing the target size (diameter, 10 cm; length, 50 cm), and the time taken to exchange targets was reduced by adding an automated exchange mechanism. Most of the SWNHs produced in the laser ablation chamber were immediately swept into the collection chamber by an Ar gas carrier. This avoided the problem of fluffy SWNHs blocking the laser beam irradiating the target and enabled the CO2 laser to be operated continuously. The resulting SWNHs had a purity of 92−95% under the optimized conditions of laser power density (15−30 kW/cm2) and target rotation speed (1−3 rpm). This increase in purity represents a remarkable improvement on the previous level of 85−90%. A practical production capacity of 1 kg/day was achieved, which is about 100 times greater than the daily capacity attained by the previous single-chamber system.
Iron- and Hepcidin-Independent Downregulation of the Iron Exporter Ferroportin in Macrophages during Salmonella Infection (2017)

Retention of iron in tissue macrophages <i>via</i> upregulation of hepcidin (HAMP) and downregulation of the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN) is thought to participate in the establishment of anemia of inflammation after infection. However, an upregulation of FPN has been proposed to limit macrophages iron access to intracellular pathogens. Therefore, we studied the iron homeostasis and in particular the regulation of FPN after infection with <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium in mice presenting tissue macrophages with high iron (AcB61), basal iron (A/J and wild-type mice), or low iron (<i>Hamp</i> knock out, <i>Hamp</i><sup>-/-</sup>) levels. The presence of iron in AcB61 macrophages due to extravascular hemolysis and strong erythrophagocytosis activity favored the proliferation of <i>Salmonella</i> in the spleen and liver with a concomitant decrease of FPN protein expression. Despite systemic iron overload, no or slight increase in <i>Salmonella</i> burden was observed in <i>Hamp</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice compared to controls. Importantly, FPN expression at both mRNA and protein levels was strongly decreased during <i>Salmonella</i> infection in <i>Hamp</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice. The repression of <i>Fpn</i> mRNA was also observed in <i>Salmonella</i>-infected cultured macrophages. In addition, the downregulation of FPN was associated with decreased iron stores in both the liver and spleen in infected mice. Our findings show that during <i>Salmonella</i> infection, FPN is repressed through an iron and hepcidin-independent mechanism. Such regulation likely provides the cellular iron indispensable for the growth of <i>Salmonella</i> inside the macrophages.
Experimental work with 3He (1959)

The report describes all aspects of experimental work on 3He: methods of extracting 3He from a mixture of isotopes and the sources from which it is obtained, details of the most efficient methods and apparatus, experiments on saturated vapour pressure and the critical point, the equation of state of gaseous 3He, thermomolecular pressure rates, melting curve and α-β transition in solid 3He, experiments and data on the density of liquid, gaseous and solid 3He, the thermal properties of 3He - latent heat, specific heat and entropy - the magnetic properties of 3He, and the phenomena of viscosity and thermal conductivity, results of experiments on the temperature discontinuities at the boundary between 3He and a solid, the velocity of sound, the compressibility of 3He and adsorption on activated charcoal, the construction and specifications of the work of cryostats, which enable us to obtain and maintain temperatures to 0·3°K by pumping off 3He vapour.
Observation of phase-locking in an all-optical frequency-by-three divider (2000)

Summary form only given. Phase coherent division of optical frequencies by three using continuous wave optical parametric oscillators (cw-OPOs) is of interest for precision metrology spanning wide optical ranges. We believe we report on the first all-optical frequency-by-three divider OPO proving that its signal and idler frequency are phase-locked to exactly two-thirds and one-third of the pump laser frequency, respectively.
Synthesen, Charakterisierungen und Anwendungen von Zinkperoxid-Nanopartikeln (2017)

The aim of this work was the synthesis of zinc peroxide nanoparticles via a high pressure impinging-jet reactor and via classical flask reaction. The nanoparticles were in situ stabilized and functionalized with six different stabilizer molecules: BMEP, o-PEA, citrate, glucose-1-phospahte, UDP-glucose and AOT. These molecules interacted with the particle surface via phosphate, carboxylate and sulfonate functions causing nanoparticle stabilization, while their other functional groups (methacrylates, amines, corboxylates, glucose functions) introduced new accessible functionalities. All synthesis approaches resulted in small and uniform nanoparticles with varying diameter between 2.1±0.6 and 14.4±5.2 nm depending on parameter like reaction time, stabilizer type and concentration. Further the investigations revealed that the nanoparticles were capable of releasing oxygen. This release could be triggered through elevated temperatures (T&gt;190.0 °C) or through acidic aqueous environment (pH&lt;7.4). Thereby the amount of released oxygen was dependent on the nanoparticle sizes, the sample compositions and the pH values of the corresponding dispersions.This special property made the nanoparticles suitable for the bleaching or recycled PET or as antibacterial agent against anaerobe bacteria. PET becomes grayer during the recycling process caused through the reduction of catalyst remnants inside the polymer. The oxygen released from zinc peroxide nanoparticles (temperature induced) present during the recycling process can oxidize these catalyst remnants leading to a color change from black to white. Additionally the zinc peroxide nanoparticles were converted to zinc oxide during oxygen release which can act as white pigments increasing the white grade enhancement even further. It could be shown that the color enhancement was dependent on the type of nanoparticle stabilizer, the particle size and the amount of used nanoparticles. Furthermore the antibacterial properties of the biofunctionalized nanoparticles (glucose-1-phospahte, UDP-glucose) could be proven. The antibacterial efficiency against different bacteria like Enterococcus faecalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia was determined and quantified trough the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). The investigations showed that the antibacterial effect increased with decreasing oxygen tolerance of the bacteria and with increasing nanoparticle concentration.Further the o-PEA and citrate stabilized nanoparticles were incorporated into PVCL/GMA respectively PNIPAm microgels. The ZnO2/o-PEA nanoparticles could be chemisrobed through the formation of covalent bonds, while the ZnO2/citrate nanoparticles were phisisorbed mostly through the formation of hydrogen bonds. The amount of immobilized nanoparticles could be tuned through the initial reactant ratios, which also influenced the hydrodynamic radii of the loaded microgels. This synthesis approach led to the formation of thermoresponsive, oxygen releasing composites.
Characterization of Polymer Movement in Fiber Welded Cellulose Composites (2010)

Several examples of fiber welding were characterized by visible, fluorescent, and scanning electron microscopies to evaluate polymer reorganization. Distinct morphologies were observed that are process dependent. The characterization of process controlled sample morphology is the basis for understanding observed bulk physical properties such as tensile strength and the modulus.
Properties of electrical steel sheets under strong mechanical stress (2006)

The measurements done on magnetic bearings usually give higher losses than have been expected through the simulations. One of the reasons for the difference might be that the stresses introduced by mechanical or thermal treatments are not taken into account when a model is developed. In this paper, a core loss model of the magnetic bearings, taking the stresses in the laminations of the rotor into account is proposed. The model is used in the finite element analysis of radial magnetic bearings.
The Parent Magma of the Nakhla (SNC) Meteorite: Reconciliation of Composition Estimates from Magmatic Inclusions and Element Partitioning (1993)

The composition of the parent magma of the Nakhla meteorite was difficult to determine, because it is accumulate rock, enriched in olivine and augite relative to a basalt magma. A parent magma composition is estimated from electron microprobe area analyses of magmatic inclusions in olivine. This composition is consistent with an independent estimate based on the same inclusions, and with chemical equilibria with the cores of Nakhla's augites. This composition reconciles most of the previous estimates of Nakhla's magma composition, and obviates the need for complex magmatic processes. Inconsistency between this composition and those calculated previously suggests that magma flowed through and crystallized into Nakhla as it cooled.
Markers of radioresistance in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. (1997)

Patients whose tumor expressed p53 with low growth fraction (ki-67 < 20%) had a strong probability not to respond to radiation therapy. Similarly, absence of p53 expression with a high cell proliferation predicted an excellent outcome after radiotherapy even for patients with advanced disease. Prediction of the outcome of radiotherapy would eventually facilitate the early choice of an adequate treatment.
Analysis of high-level S-layer protein secretion inCaulobacter crescentus (2010)

Caulobacter crescentus exhibits a hexagonally arranged protein layer on its outermost surface. RsaA, the sole protein of this "S-layer", is secreted by a type I (ABC) transporter. Few type I transporters show high-level secretion, and few bacterial S-layers have been carefully examined for the amount of protein synthesis capacity needed to maintain cell coverage. Here we determined RsaA levels by quantitative immunoblotting methods, learned that very stable mRNA is a key factor in high-level secretion, and found that the transporter was capable of still higher secretion. A propensity for RsaA to aggregate was a barrier to quantitation, but with the use of S-layer shedding mutants and methods to keep RsaA soluble, we learned that approximately 31% of cell protein is RsaA. When multiple copies of rsaA were introduced, the level increased to approximately 51% of cell protein, a higher level than we are aware of for any protein in any bacterium. Unexpectedly, in comparing normal and S-layer shedding strains, an assembled S-layer was not a significant barrier to elevated secretion. The rsaA mRNA half-life was determined by real-time PCR to be 36 min, ranking with the most stable known in bacteria. A modification of the 5' region resulted in a shorter half-life and a reduction in maximum protein synthesis levels. If secretion was prevented by knockout of type I transporter genes, RsaA levels dropped to 10% or less of normal, but with no significant reduction in rsaA mRNA. Overall, normal levels of RsaA were unexpectedly high, and still higher levels were not limited by transporter capability, the presence of an assembled S-layer, or the capacity of the cell's physiology to produce large amounts of one protein. The normal upper limit of RsaA production appears to be controlled only by the level of an unusually stable message. Significant down-regulation is possible and is accomplished posttranscriptionally.
Complexes of Rhodium(I) and Iridium(I) with the Chiral Tridentate Phosphane Pigiphos: Structure and Reactivity Studies (2003)

Abstract The chiral ferrocenyltriphosphane Pigiphos [bis{( S )‐1‐[( R )‐2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]ethyl}cyclohexylphosphane] forms four‐coordinate complexes with Ir I and Rh I . The tridentate ligand assumes different conformations in the derivatives [Rh(CO)(Pigiphos)]OTf ( 4 ) and [IrCl(Pigiphos)] ( 1b ), the latter also showing a drastic deviation from the square‐planar geometry. Reactivity studies have focussed on the more reactive 1b . The HCl and O 2 adducts have been characterized in solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Clinical evaluation of corneal topography (1993)

Topographic mapping of the cornea has progressed markedly in the past few years with many improvements in computer hardware and software. This diagnostic technique, commonly referred to as computer-assisted videokeratography (CAVK), is performed with one of the corneal topography machines currently available. Many anterior segment surgeons use corneal topography in planning and monitoring their cataract and refractive surgery. Because of increased interest in this area, several surgeons were asked to comment on the role computer-assisted corneal topographic analysis plays in their practice of cataract and refractive surgery. They were asked what they felt were the best methods for measuring and analyzing corneal irregularities and how corneal topography should be used in cases of cataracts with astigmatism and in planning myopia and astigmatism surgery.
Osteoclast recruiting activity in bone matrix (1994)

An activity that recruits osteoclasts has been identified and partially characterized from bone matrix. Bone-derived osteoclast recruiting activity (BORA) was co-purified with osteogenin, a bone inductive protein. Osteogenin was extracted from bovine bone with 6 M urea and purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite, heparin-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The biologically active osteoclast formation-stimulating material was further purified by C18 reverse phase HPLC. BORA is obviously distinct from osteogenin and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), since further purified osteogenin and pure TGF-beta did not stimulate the formation of osteoclast-like cells. BORA (0.1-10 micrograms/ml) stimulated the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells (MNC) in a dose-dependent manner. These multinucleated cells resorbed bone when cultured on bovine bone slices. The effect of BORA is primarily directed to differentiate osteoclast precursors, since it did not stimulate osteoclast function in in vitro resorption assay where disaggregated rat osteoclasts were cultured on bovine bone slices. However, after 24 h preincubation with 50 nM PTH in the mouse calvaria assay, BORA at 10 micrograms/ml significantly stimulated bone resorption.
Aberration correction in STED microscopy (2019)

Im letzten Jahrzehnt sind hochauflösende Mikroskopietechniken zu einem wertvollen Hilfsmittel für die Untersuchung subzellulärer Strukturen mit einer Auflösung unterhalb der Beugungsgrenze geworden. &#13;\nDie Verwendung von hochauflösender Mikroskopie in der Hirnforschung erfordert es die Strukturen tief im Hirngewebe der lebenden Maus aufzulösen. Die einzige hochauflösende Mikroskopietechnik, die bisher im lebenden Gehirn von Mäusen eingesetzt wurde, ist die STED-Mikroskopie. Die Eindringtiefe der STED-Mikroskopie in den Cortex einer lebenden Maus ist jedoch auf eine Tiefe von 40µm begrenzt. In dieser Arbeit zeige ich, wie man mit Hilfe von adaptiver Optik die Eindringtiefe der STED-Mikroskopie in Gewebe verbessern kann. &#13;\nGewebe mit Lichtmikroskopie zu untersuchen wird durch Lichtstreuung und Aberrationen, welche durch den inhomogenen Brechungsindex des Gewebes entstehen, behindert. Letzteres kann verbessert werden, indem adaptive Optik verwendet wird, um die, durch die Probe induzierten, Aberrationen im Vorhinein zu korrigieren. Da es nicht möglich ist diese Aberrationen direkt zu messen, verwende ich einen sensorlosen Ansatz zur Korrektur der drei wichtigsten Aberrationen (Astigmatismus, Koma, sphärische Aberrationen) und reduziere gleichzeitig die Anzahl der dafür erforderlichen Bilder auf ein Minimum. Dazu setze ich eine adaptive Optik (deformierbarer Spiegel) in einem selbstgebauten STED-Mikroskop ein, um alle Strahlen gleichzeitig zu korrigieren. Lediglich die hellsten 5% der Pixel eines Bildes werden als Messgröße für den sensorlosen Ansatz genutzt, um die Genauigkeit der Korrektur zu optimieren und die Gesamtzahl der erforderlichen Bilder zu reduzieren.&#13;\nErste Experimente zeigen, dass ein einzelner deformierbarer Spiegel zusammen mit der neuartigen 5%-Metrik ausreicht, um Aberrationen in einer Gewebetiefe von 80µm zu korrigieren.
Interrelationship of Optical Coherence Tomography and Multifocal Visual-Evoked Potentials after Optic Neuritis (2010)

The finding of structural-functional discrepancy at the postinflammatory stage may support the concept that neural plasticity contributes to functional recovery after acute ON.
Growth and Characteristics of Near-UV LED Structures on Wet-etched Patterned Sapphire Substrate (2006)

Abstract—Patterned sapphire substrates (PSS) were fabricated by a simple wet etching process with SiO2 stripe masks and a mixed solution of H2SO4 and H3PO4. GaN layers were epitaxially grown on the PSS under the optimized 2-step growth condition of metalorganic vapor deposition. During the 1st growth step, GaN layers with triangular cross sections were grown on the selected area of the surface of the PSS, and in the 2nd growth step, the GaN layers were laterally grown and coalesced with neighboring GaN layers. The density of threading dislocations on the surface of the coalesced GaN layer was 2~4 × 107 cm-2 over the entire region. The epitaxial structure of near-UV light emitting diode (LED) was grown over the GaN layers on the PSS. The internal quantum efficiency and the extraction efficiency of the LED structure grown on the PSS were remarkably increased when compared to the conventional LED structure grown on the flat sapphire substrate. The reduction in TD density and the decrease in the number of times of total internal reflections of the light flux are mainly attributed due to high level of scattering on the PSS. Index Terms—Dislocation, GaN, Light emitting diodes, Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, Patterned
Treatment of periprosthetic acetabular fractures after previous hemi- or total hip arthroplasty (2016)

Treatment of displaced periprosthetic acetabular fractures in elderly patients. The goal is to stabilize an acetabular fracture independent of the fracture pattern, by inserting the custom-made roof-reinforcement plate and starting early postoperative full weight-bearing mobilization. Acetabular fracture with or without previous hemi- or total hip arthroplasty. Non-displaced acetabular fractures. Watson-Jones approach to provide accessibility to the anterior and supraacetabular part of the iliac bone. Angle-stable positioning of the roof-reinforcement plate without any fracture reduction. Cementing a polyethylene cup into the metal plate and restoring prosthetic femoral components. Full weight-bearing mobilization within the first 10 days after surgery. In cases of two column fractures, partial weight-bearing is recommended. Of 7 patients with periprosthetic acetabular fracture, 5 were available for follow-up at 3, 6, 6, 15, and 24 months postoperatively. No complications were recognized and all fractures showed bony consolidation. Early postoperative mobilization was started within the first 10 days. All patients except one reached their preinjury mobility level. This individual and novel implant is custom made for displaced acetabular and periprosthetic fractures in patients with osteopenic bone. It provides a hopeful benefit due to early full weight-bearing mobilization within the first 10 days after surgery. In case of largely destroyed supraacetabular bone or two-column fractures according to Letournel additional synthesis via an anterior approach might be necessary. In these cases partial weight bearing is recommended.
Aspergillus and Fusarium Corneal Infections Are Regulated by Th17 Cells and IL-17–Producing Neutrophils (2014)

Fusarium and Aspergillus species of mold are major causes of corneal infections in the United States and worldwide, resulting in severe visual impairment and blindness. As there is evidence for T cell responses to these pathogenic fungi in infected individuals, we examined the role of IL-17A (IL-17) and IFN-γ in murine models of fungal keratitis. We found that C57BL/6 mice given intratracheal or s.c. immunization of conidia prior to corneal infection exhibited enhanced fungal killing and lower corneal opacity compared with unimmunized mice. Protective immunity was associated with temporal recruitment of IL-17-producing neutrophils and Th17 and Th1 cells and dependent on production of IL-17 but not IFN-γ. Protection was also impaired in neutrophil-depleted and Rag2(-/-) mice. Together, the results of these studies identify an essential role for IL-17-producing neutrophils and Th17 cells in regulating the growth of fungal hyphae and the severity of corneal disease.