gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of solid and liquid aerosol transport in a horizontal square channel (2020)

Various industrial applications such as medical/pharmaceutical sprays, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and other solid/liquid atomization processes benefit from the characterization of flow and deposition mechanisms of solid/liquid aerosols. This work aimed to experimentally study the transport of solid and liquid aerosol particles which represented aerosolized fission products in a nuclear reactor. We measured the flow field, free-stream concentration, and surface deposition of solid/liquid aerosols flowing in a horizontal square channel with Reynolds number of 750–7, 000. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was applied to acquire the flow field characteristics such as mean velocity fields and turbulent kinetic energy. The effects of Reynolds number and particle diameter were investigated by studying the particle deposition and penetration of two micron-sized particle types. The experimental results of particle deposition velocity agreed well with the correlations published previously and with the associated numerical results. For the Reynolds numbers tested in this study, solid and liquid particle deposition was found to be governed by gravitational sedimentation. Increasing the Reynolds number for a given particle diameter increased the particle relaxation time and penetration efficiency but decreased the particle deposition velocity. Decreasing the particle diameter for a given Reynolds number increased the effect of gravitation sedimentation. By altering the surface properties with the addition of a carbon nanotube coating, the penetration was shown to decrease for the same flow conditions when compared with a smooth surface. Secondary flow vortices located in the corners, unique to turbulent flow in a square channel, were experimentally shown to increase particle deposition in the corners.Copyright © 2020 American Association for Aerosol Research
Adult‐born hippocampal neurons promote cognitive flexibility in mice (2012)

The hippocampus is involved in segregating memories, an ability that utilizes the neural process of pattern separation and allows for cognitive flexibility. We evaluated a proposed role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cognitive flexibility using variants of the active place avoidance task and two independent methods of ablating adult-born neurons, focal X-irradiation of the hippocampus, and genetic ablation of glial fibrillary acidic protein positive neural progenitor cells, in mice. We found that ablation of adult neurogenesis did not impair the ability to learn the initial location of a shock zone. However, when conflict was introduced by switching the location of the shock zone to the opposite side of the room, irradiated and transgenic mice entered the new shock zone location significantly more than their respective controls. This impairment was associated with increased upregulation of the immediate early gene Arc in the dorsal dentate gyrus, suggesting a role for adult neurogenesis in modulating network excitability and/or synaptic plasticity. Additional experiments revealed that irradiated mice were also impaired in learning to avoid a rotating shock zone when it was added to an initially learned stationary shock zone, but were unimpaired in learning the identical simultaneous task variant if it was their initial experience with place avoidance. Impaired avoidance could not be attributed to a deficit in extinction or an inability to learn a new shock zone location in a different environment. Together these results demonstrate that adult neurogenesis contributes to cognitive flexibility when it requires changing a learned response to a stimulus-evoked memory.
Wearable Thermocells Based on Gel Electrolytes for the Utilization of Body Heat (2016)

Converting body heat into electricity is a promising strategy for supplying power to wearable electronics. To avoid the limitations of traditional solid-state thermoelectric materials, such as frangibility and complex fabrication processes, we fabricated two types of thermogalvanic gel electrolytes with positive and negative thermo-electrochemical Seebeck coefficients, respectively, which correspond to the n-type and p-type elements of a conventional thermoelectric generator. Such gel electrolytes exhibit not only moderate thermoelectric performance but also good mechanical properties. Based on these electrolytes, a flexible and wearable thermocell was designed with an output voltage approaching 1 V by utilizing body heat. This work may offer a new train of thought for the development of self-powered wearable systems by harvesting low-grade body heat.
EGF-like Ligands Stimulate Osteoclastogenesis by Regulating Expression of Osteoclast Regulatory Factors by Osteoblasts (2007)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like ligands and their receptors constitute one of the most important signaling networks functioning in normal tissue development and cancer biology. Recent in vivo mouse models suggest this signaling network plays an essential role in bone metabolism. Using a coculture system containing bone marrow macrophage and osteoblastic cells, here we report that EGF-like ligands stimulate osteoclastogenesis by acting on osteoblastic cells. This stimulation is not a direct effect because osteoclasts do not express functional EGF receptors (EGFRs). Further studies reveal that EGF-like ligands strongly regulate the expression of two secreted osteoclast regulatory factors in osteoblasts by decreasing osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression and increasing monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) expression in an EGFR-dependent manner and consequently stimulate TRAP-positive osteoclast formation. Addition of exogenous OPG completely inhibited osteoclast formation stimulated by EGF-like ligands, while addition of a neutralizing antibody against MCP-1 exhibited partial inhibition. Coculture with bone metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells had similar effects on the expression of OPG and MCP1 in the osteoblastic cells, and those effects could be partially abolished by the EGFR inhibitor PD153035. Because a high percentage of human carcinomas express EGF-like ligands, our findings suggest a novel mechanism for osteolytic lesions caused by cancer cells metastasizing to bone.
High-Performance Low Operation Power Transistor for 45nm Node Universal Applications (2006)

High-performance low operation power (LOP) transistors were developed for 45nm node universal applications. A high uniaxial strain and low resistance NiSi technique, enhanced by a slit under the slim and high Young's modulus (YM) offset spacer covered with dual stress liner (DSL), were used for electron and hole mobility enhancement and parasitic resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sd</sub> ) reduction. The junction profile was also carefully optimized for low leakage current. As a result of a 12% mobility improvement and a 30% R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sd</sub> reduction, enhancements of 19 and 14% and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> (@I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> = 5 nA/μm) of 620 and 830 μA/μm were achieved for NMOS at 0.85 and 1.0V, respectively. As a result of a 45% mobility improvement and a 25% R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sd</sub> reduction, the enhancements of 32 and 22% and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on </sub> of 330 and 440 μA/μm were achieved for PMOS at 0.85 and 1.0V, respectively. These results are the best I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> -I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off </sub> tradeoff characteristics among the recent LOP transistors
Extension of Context Free Grammar for Intermediate Code and Peephole Optimization Rule Parsers (2015)

For the purpose of writing and constructing compilers, interpreters and optimizers the parsing of code is mandatory. The syntactic analysis of the input intermediate code into its component parts is known as parsing. And for the implementation of such parsers we need a Context Free Grammar (CFG) which helps to analyses the input code. This paper mainly focuses on extension of the CFG in an EBNF form which describes the parser for intermediate code and different peephole optimization rules. The peephole optimizer basically applies some strategies to perform optimization on the intermediate code based on optimization rules but for that it requires parsers which help to determine the intermediate code and optimization rules accordingly.
A semimicro salt bridge (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA semimicro salt bridgeThomas McCullough C. S. C.Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 11, 781Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1973Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 November 1973Published inissue 1 November 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/ed050p781RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views193Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (339 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Channel estimation for MIMO OFDM in correlated fading channels (2005)

Multiple transmit and receive antennas (MIMO) have been used in OFDM systems for capacity improvement. In practice, channel state information has to be estimated for diversity combining or space-time decoding. Previous work on channel estimation assumes that MIMO channels are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). In certain propagation environments, there exists spatial correlation among channels corresponding to different pairs of transmit and receive antennas. The spatial correlations can he exploited to improve channel estimation. In this paper, we develop a minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) channel estimator for MIMO-OFDM systems that can make full use of the spatial correlation. We also design optimum training sequences that minimize the channel estimation error. When MIMO channels are i.i.d., the training sequences for different transmit antennas are orthogonal and with equal power. However, when MIMO channels are spatially correlated, the power allocation for training sequences can be further optimized. Our simulation results show that the proposed MMSE estimator can exploit spatial and frequency correlations of MIMO channels in OFDM systems and therefore has good performance.
Aerosol Jet Direct Writing Polymer-Thick-Film Resistors for Printed Electronics (2021)

ABSTRACT To improve performance and reduce size of printed-circuit board (PCB) in electronics industry, embedding discrete components within a board substrate has been an effective approach by reducing solder joints and their associated impedance mismatching, inductive reactance, etc. With its unique capabilities for non-contact precision material deposition, the Aerosol Jet® direct-write technology has been enabling additive manufacturing of fine-feature electronics conformally onto flexible substrates of complicated shapes. The CAD/CAM controlled relative motions between substrate and print head allows convenient adjustment of the pattern and pile height of deposited material at a given ink volumetric deposition rate. To date in the printed electronics industry, additively printing embedded polymer-thick-film (PTF) resistors has mostly been done with screen printing using carbon-based paste inks. Here we demonstrate results of Aerosol Jet® printed PTF resistors of resistance values ranging from ~50 Ω to &gt; 1 kΩ, adjustable (among several variable parameters) by the number of stacked layers (or print passes with each pass depositing a fixed amount of ink) between contact pads of around 1 mm apart with footprint line typically &lt; 0.3 mm. In principle, any ink material that can be atomized into fine droplets of 1 to 5 microns can be printed with the Aerosol Jet® system. However, the print quality such as line edge cleanliness can be significantly influenced by ink rheology which involves solvent volatility, solids loading, and so on. Our atomizable carbon ink was made by simply diluting a screen printing paste with a compatible solvent of reasonable volatility, which can be cured at temperatures below 200°C. We show that Aerosol Jet® printed overlapping lines can be stacked to large pile height (to reduce the resistance value) without significant increase of line width, which enables fabricating embedded resistors with adjustable resistance values in a limited footprint space.
Match and mismatch between objective and subjective improvements in upper limb function after stroke (2013)

Mismatches between objective and subjective outcomes are relevant for practitioners evaluating rehabilitation goals, and for defining outcome variables in future upper limb rehabilitation trials. Implications for Rehabilitation In upper limb rehabilitation after stroke, a match between capacity and self-perception outcome measures is not self-evident. Regarding these potential mismatches, practitioners and patients should consider carefully which goals to set, and how to evaluate upper limb rehabilitation after stroke; preferably with capacity measures and self-perception measures combined.
Elucidating the Expression Profile of EZH2 Isoforms in Endometriosis: An immunohistochemical study (2016)

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent gynecological disease that affects 1 out of 10 women of reproductive age causing severe pelvic pain and infertility. Factors including genetics, environment, inflammation, and recently epigenetics have been shown to play roles in the pathophysiology of this disease. Histone methylation is an epigenetic modification that modulates gene expression by causing changes in the chromatin structure. Trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27me3) is a histone mark related to gene repression. EZH2 is the histone methyltransferase (HMT) responsible of catalyzing H3K27me3. It has been shown that the EZH2 is involved in carcinogenesis; however, the specific role of EZH2 in endometriosis is unknown. This is important because there are drugs available that block this enzyme’s functioning, and could serve as a potential new treatment.\nWe have previously shown that endometriotic lesions are characterized by high H3K27me3 nuclear immunostaining. Therefore, we hypothesize that EZH2 will be highly expressed in lesions compared to endometrium of patients and controls. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) of an endometriosis Tissue Micro Array (TMA), EZH2α and β nuclear intensity were assessed using specific antibodies. We observed that pelvic endometriotic lesions (peritoneal and fallopian tube) have higher EZH2α intensity scores compared to control tissues. EZH2β nuclear immunostaining analysis is ongoing. We expect to observe a higher nuclear intensity score in endometriotic lesions compared to endometriosis free endometria.\nThis study is the first to analyze the expression profile of EZH2 isoforms in endometriosis. These studies will help better understand the role of EZH2 in this disease.
Developmental regulation of human gamma-globin genes in transgenic mice. (1993)

We report results showing that several gamma gene promoter elements participate in the developmental control of gamma-globin genes. Four gamma gene constructs with 5' truncated at -141, -201, -382, and -730 of the A gamma gene promoter linked to a micro locus control region (microLCR) cassette were used for production of transgenic mice and analysis of gamma gene expression during development. Mice carrying a microLCR -141 A gamma construct displayed downregulation of gamma gene expression in the adult stage of development, indicating that the proximal promoter contains elements participating in gamma gene silencing. Mice carrying a microLCR -201 A gamma or a microLCR -382 A gamma construct displayed high gamma gene expression in the fetal stage of development and complete loss of gamma gene downregulation in the adult stage, suggesting that the -141 to -201 gamma gene sequence contains elements which upregulate gamma gene expression and are dominant over the negative element 3' to -141. Extension of the promoter to -730 resulted in reappearance of gamma gene downregulation, suggesting that the -382 to -730 sequences contain an adult-stage-specific silencer. gamma gene expression in the microLCR -201 A gamma and the microLCR -382 A gamma transgenic mice was copy number dependent. All the microLCR -730 A gamma transgenic mice expressed gamma mRNA; however, gamma gene expression was copy number independent, indicating that levels of gamma gene expression were modulated by the surrounding chromatin. Our results suggest that multiple elements participate in gamma gene silencing. The findings in the microLCR-201 A gamma and microLCR -382 A gamma transgenic mice are interpreted to indicate that the LCR interacts not only with the minimal gamma gene promoter but also with sequences of the upstream promoter. We postulate that gamma gene downregulation is achieved when the interaction between LCR and the upstream promoter is disturbed by the silencer located in the -382 to -730 region. We propose that gamma gene silencing is achieved by the combined effect of negative elements located 3' to -141, the negative element located between -382 and -730, and the competition by the beta gene promoter during the adult stage of development.
Data from An Expression-Based Site of Origin Diagnostic Method Designed for Clinical Application to Cancer of Unknown Origin (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Gene expression profiling offers a promising new technique for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. We have applied this technology to build a clinically robust site of origin classifier with the ultimate aim of applying it to determine the origin of cancer of unknown primary (CUP). A single cDNA microarray platform was used to profile 229 primary and metastatic tumors representing 14 tumor types and multiple histologic subtypes. This data set was subsequently used for training and validation of a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, demonstrating 89% accuracy using a 13-class model. Further, we show the translation of a five-class classifier to a quantitative PCR–based platform. Selecting 79 optimal gene markers, we generated a quantitative-PCR low-density array, allowing the assay of both fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Data generated using both quantitative PCR and microarray were subsequently used to train and validate a cross-platform SVM model with high prediction accuracy. Finally, we applied our SVM classifiers to 13 cases of CUP. We show that the microarray SVM classifier was capable of making high confidence predictions in 11 of 13 cases. These predictions were supported by comprehensive review of the patients' clinical histories.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Fast matching design on fuel cell hybrid system of tram (2017)

Based on the objective of optimizing the parameters of the fuel cell hybrid system of tramway, this paper establishes the power supply module model of fuel cell, battery and super- capacitor, the topology and control strategy of hybrid power supply system, and gives the matching design method. Finally, the matching results are verified.
Lignin bioengineering (2014)

Lignin is one of the most abundant aromatic biopolymers and a major component of plant cell walls. It occurs via oxidative coupling of monolignols, which are synthesized from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Lignin is the primary material responsible for biomass recalcitrance, has almost no industrial utility, and cannot be simply removed from growing plants without causing serious developmental defects. Fortunately, recent studies report that lignin composition and distribution can be manipulated to a certain extent by using tissue-specific promoters to reduce its recalcitrance, change its biophysical properties, and increase its commercial value. Moreover, the emergence of novel synthetic biology tools to achieve biological control using genome bioediting technologies and tight regulation of transgene expression opens new doors for engineering. This review focuses on lignin bioengineering strategies and describes emerging technologies that could be used to generate tomorrow's bioenergy and biochemical crops.
Designing pixel parallel, localized drivers of a 3D 1Gfps image sensor family (2024)

Currently, the highest frame rate achieved by a solid-state image sensor is 16.7 Mfps. To further increase the frame rate to 1Gfps, an image-sensing unit is proposed, which consists of a cluster of CCD pixels and a CMOS driver circuit in close proximity to it. Each pixel has multiple collection gates (MCG) that are driven by a local ring oscillator (RO) through level shifters and XNOR gates. One tape-out was completed, where several pixel arrays and driver circuits were implemented separately in a IMEC 0.13µm CMOS technology. Based on our results, a complete image sensor featuring localized drivers, 3D stacking, and backside illumination is currently being designed to achieve 1Gfps.
Enantioselective synthesis of gem-disubstituted N-Boc diazaheterocycles via decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation (2018)

An enantioselective synthesis of diverse <i>N</i>4-Boc-protected α,α-disubstituted piperazin-2-ones using the palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylic alkylation reaction has been achieved. Using a chiral Pd-catalyst derived from an electron deficient PHOX ligand, chiral piperazinones are synthesized in high yields and enantioselectivity. The chiral piperazinone products can be deprotected and reduced to valuable <i>gem</i>-disubstituted piperazines. This reaction is further extended to enable the enantioselective synthesis of α,α-disubstituted tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones, which are hydrolyzed into corresponding chiral β<sup>2,2</sup>-amino acids.
Size Dependent Transitions in Nanoscale Dissipation (2013)

The irreversible loss of energy that occurs when a nanoscale tip vibrates over a surface can be monitored and quantified in amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy (AM AFM). Furthermore, two distinct dissipative processes can be identified and related to viscous and hysteretic forces respectively. Here, experimental evidence of a transition from viscous to hysteretic prevalent dissipation during mechanical contact is provided as the size of the tip increases from a few nm to 10 nm or more. Long range dissipation, defined as distances for which mechanical contact does not occur, is also investigated and related to capillary interactions. Experiments conducted on freshly cleaved mica samples show that energy dissipation increases with tip size and relative humidity in the long-range before mechanical contact occurs. Long- and short-range interactions are discussed in terms of observables both experimentally and by numerically integrating the equation of motion.