gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In situ electrochemical grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering: From the design of an electrochemical cell to an exemplary study of fuel cell catalyst degradation (2020)

Nowadays, electrochemistry has a considerable technological impact, involving fuel cells, super capacitors and batteries. These devices are based on complex architectures, which complicates monitoring their evolution in situ under operating conditions to reveal the reasons for reduced lifetime and performances. Here, we present a design of a multipurpose electrochemical cell for grazing incidence small and wide angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS) where the environment for operating conditions can be recreated. We focus on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) which operational conditions are simulated by means of potentiodynamic-based accelerated stress tests, applied to a thin film of Pt nanoparticles representing a model system of a benchmark catalyst. Two different upper potentials are used to mimic fuel cell operating conditions: at 1.0 V RHE the catalyst film preserves its initial morphology, while at 1.5 V RHE (simulating fuel cell start-up/shut-down cycles) significant coarsening has been observed. The initial dimension of the Pt particles of 4.0 nm increases to 8.7 nm due to the predominant process of coalescence and final Ostwald ripening. In parallel, the distance between the particles increases, the catalyst film (9 nm thick) becomes thinner at first and exhibit a higher roughness at the end.
Assessing the compatibility of primary human hepatocyte culture within porous silk sponges (2020)

Donor organ shortages have prompted the development of alternative implantable human liver tissues for patients suffering from end-stage liver failure. Purified silk proteins provide desirable features for generating implantable tissues, including sustainable sourcing from insects/arachnids, biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties and degradation rates, and low immunogenicity upon implantation. While different cell types were previously cultured for weeks within silk-based scaffolds, it remains unclear whether such scaffolds can be used to culture primary human hepatocytes (PHH) isolated from livers. Therefore, here we assessed the compatibility of PHH culture within porous silk scaffolds that enable diffusion of oxygen/nutrients through the pores. We found that incorporation of type I collagen during the fabrication and/or autoclaving of porous silk scaffolds, as opposed to simple adsorption of collagen onto pre-fabricated silk scaffolds, was necessary to enable robust PHH attachment/function. Scaffolds with small pores (73 ± 25 μm) promoted larger PHH spheroids and consequently higher PHH functions than large pores (235 ± 84 μm) for at least 1 month in culture. Further incorporation of supportive fibroblasts into scaffolds enhanced PHH functions up to 5-fold relative to scaffolds with PHHs alone and 2D co-cultures on plastic. Lastly, encapsulating PHHs within protein hydrogels while housed in the silk scaffold led to higher functions than protein hydrogel-only or silk-only controls. In conclusion, porous silk scaffolds containing extracellular matrix proteins can be used for the culture of PHHs ± supportive non-parenchymal cells, which can be further built on in the future to create optimized silk-based liver tissue surrogates for cell-based therapy.
DNA diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 2. Altered coding sequence of the merlin tumor suppressor in an extended pedigree (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To define the DNA mutation causing neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), a severe genetic disorder involving the development of multiple nervous system tumors in adulthood, in a large, well-studied NF2 pedigree previously used to chromosomally map and to isolate the disease gene. <h3>Design.</h3> —Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequence analysis of the NF2 gene amplified from affected and unaffected family members. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Affected, unaffected, and at-risk members of a large pedigree segregating NF2, an autosomal dominant disorder caused by inactivation of the<i>merlin</i>tumor suppressor encoded in chromosome band 22q12. <h3>Results.</h3> —A DNA alteration in the<i>merlin</i>coding sequence caused a shift on SSCP gels that was characteristic of the disease chromosome in this NF2 pedigree, being transmitted with the disorder, present only in affected members of the pedigree, absent in unaffected members of the family, and absent from 158 unrelated individuals. The alteration caused substitution of a tyrosine for an asparagine at position 220 of the<i>merlin</i>protein, in a region highly conserved in closely related members of the family of cytoskeletal-associated proteins. The DNA change could also be detected by restriction enzyme digestion with<i>Rsa</i>I. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Current practice dictates screening of all those "at risk" for NF2 with magnetic resonance imaging, but the frequency and duration of screening are problematic because of the variable course of the disease. The identification of a DNA alteration in the NF2 gene will permit predictive molecular testing of individuals at risk in this specific family, sparing the expense and emotional burden of protracted screening programs. This information, by providing diagnostic certainty, should also reduce psychological and financial burdens and improve medical care for affected family members. A similar approach to defining the underlying lesion and developing a predictive test is applicable in any documented NF2 family. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:2316-2320)
Donepezil Is Ineffective in Promoting Motor and Cognitive Benefits after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in Male Rats (2012)

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor donepezil is used as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease and has been recommended as a treatment for enhancing attention and memory after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although select clinical case studies support the use of donepezil for enhancing cognition, there is a paucity of experimental TBI studies assessing the potential efficacy of this pharmacotherapy. Hence, the aim of this pre-clinical study was to evaluate several doses of donepezil to determine its effect on functional outcome after TBI. Ninety anesthetized adult male rats received a controlled cortical impact (CCI; 2.8 mm cortical depth at 4 m/sec) or sham injury, and then were randomly assigned to six TBI and six sham groups (donepezil 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 mg/kg, and saline vehicle 1.0 mL/kg). Treatments began 24 h after surgery and were administered i.p. once daily for 19 days. Function was assessed by motor (beam balance/walk) and cognitive (Morris water maze) tests on days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. No significant differences were observed among the sham control groups in any evaluation, regardless of dose, and therefore the data were pooled. Furthermore, no significant differences were revealed among the TBI groups in acute neurological assessments (e.g., righting reflex), suggesting that all groups received the same level of injury severity. None of the five doses of donepezil improved motor or cognitive function relative to vehicle-treated controls. Moreover, the two highest doses significantly impaired beam-balance (3.0 mg/kg), beam-walk (2.0 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg), and cognitive performance (3.0 mg/kg) versus vehicle. These data indicate that chronic administration of donepezil is not only ineffective in promoting functional improvement after moderate CCI injury, but depending on the dose is actually detrimental to the recovery process. Further work is necessary to determine if other AChE inhibitors exert similar effects after TBI.
Performance considerations of network functions virtualization using containers (2016)

The network performance of virtual machines plays a critical role in Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and several technologies have been developed to address hardware-level virtualization shortcomings. Recent advances in operating system level virtualization and deployment platforms such as Docker have made containers an ideal candidate for high performance application encapsulation and deployment. However, Docker and other solutions typically use lower-performing networking mechanisms. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using technologies designed to accelerate virtual machine networking with containers, in addition to quantifying the network performance of container-based VNFs compared to the state-of-the-art virtual machine solutions. Our results show that containerized applications can provide lower latency and delay variation, and can take advantage of high performance networking technologies previously only used for hardware virtualization.
The Association of Growth Hormone Parameters with Skeletal Muscle Phosphocreatine Recovery in Adult Men (2010)

IGF-I, peak stimulated GH, and GH AUC are associated with skeletal muscle PCr recovery in men.
Fabrication of single color centers in sub‐50 nm nanodiamonds using ion implantation (2023)

Diamond color centers have been widely studied in the field of quantum optics. The negatively charged silicon vacancy (SiV<sup>-</sup>) center exhibits a narrow emission linewidth at the wavelength of 738 nm, a high Debye-Waller factor, and unique spin properties, making it a promising emitter for quantum information technologies, biological imaging, and sensing. In particular, nanodiamond (ND)-based SiV<sup>-</sup> centers can be heterogeneously integrated with plasmonic and photonic nanostructures and serve as <i>in vivo</i> biomarkers and intracellular thermometers. Out of all methods to produce NDs with SiV<sup>-</sup> centers, ion implantation offers the unique potential to create controllable numbers of color centers in preselected individual NDs. However, the formation of single color centers in NDs with this technique has not been realized. We report the creation of single SiV<sup>-</sup> centers featuring stable high-purity single-photon emission through Si implantation into NDs with an average size of ∼20 nm. We observe room temperature emission, with zero-phonon line wavelengths in the range of 730-800 nm and linewidths below 10 nm. Our results offer new opportunities for the controlled production of group-IV diamond color centers with applications in quantum photonics, sensing, and biomedicine.
Property is only another name for monopoly (2018)

Objective: to consider the possibility of a property tax promoting allocative efficiency without losses to investment efficiency. Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, enabling to analyze them in their historical development and functioning in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the existing system of private property interferes with allocative efficiency by giving owners the power to hold out for excessive prices. The authors propose a remedy in the form of a tax on property, based on the value self-assessed by its owner at intervals, along with a requirement that the owner sell the property to any third party willing to pay a price equal to the self-assessed value. The tax rate would reflect a tradeoff between gains from allocative efficiency and losses to investment efficiency, likely in the range of 5 to 10 percent annually for most assets. The detailed design of this system is discussed from an economic and legal perspective. Scientific novelty: the author proposes a paradigm of new economy relying not on the private property institution, but on the partial property with Harberger taxation system. Practical significance: the authors view practical examples of Harberger taxation implementation for various property types and objects. It is shown that the global trends towards economy digitalization, in particular, the Internet of Things (IoT), the blockchains, the electronic auctions and geo-positioning of the property objects are the key technologies for practical implementation of Harberger taxation system.
A New Insight on the Bistability and Relevant Phenomena in Ferroelectric Smectic C* Liquid Crystals (2005)

ABSTRACT The physics of the bistability and relevant phenomena in smectic C* liquid crystals has been discussed. The problem is treated in terms of the director and not of its projection onto the smectic plane (the so-called c-director). As in the case of nematic liquid crystals, two anchoring energies are considered to be important, the zenithal and the azimuthal ones, both are unpolar. This allows the derivation of a new, basic criterion for the bistability of the director switching in the ferroelectric cells without alignment layers or with strongly conductive alignment layers. In the case of weakly conductive alignment layers, an additional criterion has been found that originates from the internal field in a liquid crystal cell opposite to the external field. This field can cause monostable director switching or an inverse bistability. It is also responsible for the hysteresis-free switching and the electrooptical V-shape effect in the smectic C* phase. Keywords: bistabilityferroelectricityliquid crystalssimulationV-shape effect Acknowledgments Authors are grateful to M. I. Barnik, A. R. Geivandov, S. A. Pikin, E. P. Pozhidaev for many discussions and acknowledge the financial support from Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants no.03-02-17288 and 04-02-16466). S. P. Palto has also been supported by Russian Science Support Foundation.
Radical Redistribution of the4dOscillator Strength Observed in the Photoabsorption of the Ba,Ba+, andBa++Sequence (1981)

The vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectra of isolated Ba, ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{++}$ have been measured. In Ba and ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ most of the $4d$ absorption oscillator strength is in the continuum, but in ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{++}$ several very strong discrete transitions are observed. Such behavior has never before been observed in the $4d$ photoabsorption of vapors, solids, or compounds. An interpretation is given in terms of the partial collapse of the $\mathrm{nf}$ bound states in ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{++}$.
Local and systemic functions of bone fat and its contribution to the energy metabolism--the effect of diabetes and obesity on bone. (2009)

Osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity are major public health concerns due to their prevalence in economically developed countries. The current estimates and the future prognosis for the occurrence of these diseases in the United States are alarming and indicate that 40% of the population are obese, 20% of elderly individuals are osteoporotic and almost 8% of the population are diabetic. Thus, the economic burden to treat these diseases is very high and it will be rising. New clinical evidence indicates that diabetic patients have increased fracture risk as compared to non-diabetics. In addition, a class of anti-diabetic drugs, thiazolidinediones (TZD), causes bone loss and further increases fracture risk in diabetic individuals. A number of evidence indicates that osteoporosis, obesity and diabetes share several features including genetic predispositions, molecular controls and a common cell progenitor. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARA) transcription factor is a DNA-binding nuclear receptor, which regulates glucose metabolism, energy expenditure, fat development and bone mass. In bone, PPARA controls lineage commitment of multipotential marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) toward bone forming cells (osteoblasts) and fat cells (adipocytes). Specifically, PPARA2 isoform acts as a positive regulator of adipocyte differentiation and a dominant-negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation 1 . PPARA is also expressed in hematopoietic cells and controls osteoclast differentiation 2 . With aging bone
Combinational and sequential logic with transistors based on individual carbon nanotubes (2011)

We report on the fabrication of FETs based on individual CNTs with switching frequencies above 1 MHz and load resistors based on vacuum-deposited carbon films, and their integration into combinational and sequential logic circuits.
The Benefits of Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Training on Simulated Arthroscopy Performance (2012)

Current theories of skill learning suggest that novices learn optimally in a simplified environment. This information can be incorporated in simulator designs. Our purpose was to assess whether basic visuospatial training is beneficial for performance on an arthroscopy model. One group of trainees practiced three visuomotor tasks while the other group was not given this opportunity. Both groups then performed three different surgical tasks on a simulated arthroscopy model. Practice with the visuomotor tasks enhanced performance on two of the tasks on the arthroscopy model. The basic navigational skills learned through practice transferred to the performance of arthroscopic surgery tasks and these skills should be included in the design of a comprehensive arthroscopy simulator.
Photonic crystals for improving light absorption in organic solar cells (2015)

We theoretically and experimentally study the structuration of organic solar cells in the shape of photonic crystal slabs. By taking advantage of the optical properties of photonic crystals slabs, we show the possibility to couple Bloch modes with very low group velocities in the active layer of the cells. These Bloch modes, also called slow Bloch modes (SBMs), allow increasing the lifetime of photons within the active layer. Finally, we present experimental demonstration performed by using nanoimprint to directly pattern the standard poly-3-hexylthiophène:[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butiryc acid methyl ester organic semiconductor blend in thin film form in the shape of a photonic crystal able to couple SBMs. In agreement with the model, optical characterizations will demonstrate significant photonic absorption gains.
Evaluating the Performance of the Astral Mass Analyzer for Quantitative Proteomics Using Data Independent Acquisition (2023)

We evaluate the quantitative performance of the newly released Asymmetric Track Lossless (Astral) analyzer. Using data independent acquisition, the Thermo Scientific™ Orbitrap™ Astral™ mass spectrometer quantifies 5 times more peptides per unit time than state-of-the-art Thermo Scientific™ Orbitrap™ mass spectrometers, which have long been the gold standard for high resolution quantitative proteomics. Our results demonstrate that the Orbitrap Astral mass spectrometer can produce high quality quantitative measurements across a wide dynamic range. We also use a newly developed extra-cellular vesicle enrichment protocol to reach new depths of coverage in the plasma proteome, quantifying over 5,000 plasma proteins in a 60-minute gradient with the Orbitrap Astral mass spectrometer.
Implementation of a pooled surveillance testing program for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in K-12 schools and universities (2021)

Skoll Foundation generously provided funding to Mobilizing Foundation and Mirimus for these studies.
VSE++: Improving Visual-Semantic Embeddings with Hard Negatives (2017)

We present a new technique for learning visual-semantic embeddings for cross-modal retrieval. Inspired by hard negative mining, the use of hard negatives in structured prediction, and ranking loss functions, we introduce a simple change to common loss functions used for multi-modal embeddings. That, combined with fine-tuning and use of augmented data, yields significant gains in retrieval performance. We showcase our approach, VSE++, on MS-COCO and Flickr30K datasets, using ablation studies and comparisons with existing methods. On MS-COCO our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods by 8.8% in caption retrieval and 11.3% in image retrieval (at R@1).
Cardiac profiles of liposomal anthracyclines (2004)

Although conventional doxorubicin is associated with favorable clinical outcomes in patients with a variety of tumor types, it long has been associated with the risk of development of cardiotoxicity. Therefore, researchers have focused their efforts on the development of new formulations to improve efficacy while minimizing associated toxicities. The most successful strategy reported to date has been liposomal encapsulation, which alters the pharmacokinetics of the drug, with the goal of maintaining efficacy and improving the therapeutic index. The cardiac profiles of three liposomal anthracyclines, liposomal daunorubicin, nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, were reviewed. More studies will be needed to determine the cardiac safety of liposomal daunorubicin. Although nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin demonstrated more favorable cardiac safety compared with conventional doxorubicin, its cardiac safety appeared to be mitigated when high bolus doses were administered. Of the liposomal formulations, the strongest evidence of cardiac safety was observed with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Compared with conventional doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin was associated with a significantly lower risk of development of cardiac events (P < 0.001). Moreover, the risk of cardiotoxicity was not increased in patients who were treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin at cumulative doses > 450 mg/m(2) or in patients at increased risk for cardiotoxicity, such as those with prior adjuvant doxorubicin use. Liposomal doxorubicin formulations provided a favorable advantage over conventional doxorubicin in terms of cardiac safety. Recent evidence also suggests that the improved cardiac safety of liposomal doxorubicin formulations is reflected by their successful use in combination with trastuzumab and other chemotherapy agents.
Abstract 761: Oral Anti-CD3 Antibody Treatment Induces CD4+LAP+ Regulatory T Cells and Ameliorates the Development of Atherosclerosis in Mice (2007)

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that several subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which actively mediate immunologic tolerance play crucial roles in atherogenesis. Recently, orally admi...
New treatments for multiple myeloma. (2005)

In 2004, multiple myeloma was diagnosed in more than 15,000 people in the United States and will account for approximately 20% of deaths due to hematologic malignancies. Although traditional therapies such as melphalan (Alkeran)/prednisone, combination chemotherapy with VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin [Adriamycin], and dexamethasone), and high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation have shown some success, median survival remains between 3 to 5 years. Treatment options for patients with multiple myeloma have increased in recent years, with the promise of improvement in survival. New agents, such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade), the antiangiogenic and immunomodulator thalidomide (Thalomid) and its analogs, such as lenalidomide (Revlimid), together with other small molecules, including arsenic trioxide (Trisenox), and other targeted therapies, have been studied alone and in combination with other antineoplastic therapies, either as induction therapy prior to stem cell transplantation or in patients with relapsed disease. Bortezomib recently was approved in the United States for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy. The use of bortezomib-based regimens as front-line therapy as well as the use of other agents in multiple myeloma remain under investigation, and approvals for both thalidomide and lenalidomide are hoped for soon, with the overall prospect of patient outcome continuing to be increasingly positive.