gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B cells differentially regulate acute and chronic cardiac, renal, and skin allograft rejection (145.42) (2010)

Abstract T cells contribute to both acute and chronic allograft rejection, but the roles of B cells and alloantibody are less clear. Therefore, CD20 and CD19 mAbs were used to deplete mature or total B cells, respectively, in mice before allografting. Both CD20 and CD19 mAbs effectively depleted mature B cells, but CD19 mAb also depleted &amp;gt;70% of CD138+ plasma cells in flow cytometry assays, as well as &amp;gt;66% of Ab-secreting cells in ELISPOT assays. Consequently, CD19 mAb treatment depleted serum IgG levels by 80% in naïve mice, while CD20 mAb did not. Neither CD20 nor CD19 mAb treatment affected acute cardiac allograft rejection, with all grafts rejected within 7-9 days. However, CD19 mAb treatment prevented the generation of allo-IgG. In a second model of rejection, treatment with CD19 mAb before renal transplant significantly delayed and prevented chronic renal allograft rejection, reduced kidney pathology, and abrogated the development of allo-IgG, while CD20 mAb did not. In additional experiments, CD19 mAb treatment also depleted pre-existing allo-IgG levels in serum. In a third allograft model, pretreatment with CD20 mAb exacerbated acute skin allograft rejection and augmented the proliferation of adoptively transferred alloantigen-specific CD4+ T cells by 2-fold, indicating that B cells negatively regulate acute skin graft rejection and CD4+ T cell responses. Thus, depending on the nature of the allograft, B cells can either positively or negatively regulate allograft rejection.
Comment on ‘The use of the Henyey–Greenstein phase function in Monte Carlo simulations in biomedical optics’ (2006)

In this letter the authors highlight the presence of an error appearing in the discussion of the note 'The use of the Henyey-Greenstein phase function in Monte Carlo simulations in biomedical optics' previously published by them (Binzoni et al 2006 Phys. Med. Biol. 51 N313). In the light of this error, the discussion and conclusions in the original paper are revised in this letter and the role of the use of the phase functions in MC simulations, interpreted in probabilistic terms, is better clarified. The exact definition for the probability density function for the deflection angle, in the case of the Henyey-Greenstein model, is also given.
Benzyl Cation Initiated Intramolecular Cyclizations. Synthesis of 1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octene derivatives (1998)

Benzyl cation inititiated intramolecular cyclization reactions with conjugated CC double bonds were performed providing rac. endo-exo isomers of 1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes (2 and 3). Formation of the endo isomer 2 is favoured. Compounds 2 possess dopamine uptake inhibitory effect with an additional selective MAO-B enzyme inhibitory potential. The remarkable in vitro effects do not correspond to in vivo antidepressant activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Imidazo(4,5‐e)(1,4)diazepine and Imidazo(4,5‐e)(1,4)oxazepine Derivatives Using Caffeidine, a Hydrolysis Product of Caffeine. (1987)

Abstract Caffeidine (I) is converted to the amide (II) which does not cyclize to form the bisamide (III).
Maintaining I/O Data Coherence in Embedded Multicore Systems (2009)

In embedded systems, multiple cores mean multiple caches and often multiple cache levels. Consequently, maintaining coherency between the cores' caches and the data generated or consumed by I/O devices is challenging, with different solutions trading off hardware versus software complexity. The optimal approach for I/O data coherence depends on application and system characteristics, and might require a combination of techniques.
Rapid fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes using bionanoscaffolds in capillary microfluidics (2015)

This paper reports the utilization of capillary microfluidics to rapidly create nanostructure-patterned electrodes for energy storage applications. Using patterned photoresist as open-channel capillary microfluidics, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) bio-nanoscaffolds suspended in solution are autonomously delivered onto planar gold electrodes over a 1 cm2 area. The TMVs assemble on the electrode and form a dense bio-nanoscaffold layer due to enhanced evaporation-assisted assembly in the open-channel capillary microfluidic device within an hour. The TMV structures are coated with Ni/NiO through electroless plating and thermal oxidation to form supercapacitor electrodes. The galvanostatic charge/discharge cycle showed a 3.6-fold increase in areal capacitance for the nanostructured electrode compared to planar structures.
Convenient Procedures for Obtaining Pure C60and C70in Relatively Large Quantities (1993)

Abstract It is shown that by using appropriate mixtures of activated charcoal and silica gel as adsorbents, relatively large quantities of C60 and C70 can be prepared in pure form, by a simple filtration procedure.
Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS): A Potential Arthroscopic Tool for Quantitative Assessment of Articular Cartilage (2009)

Conventional ultrasound examination of the articular cartilage performed externally on the body surface around the joint has limited accuracy due to the inadequacy in frequency used. In contrast to this, minimally invasive arthroscopy-based ultrasound with adequately high frequency may be a better alternative to assess the cartilage. Up to date, no special ultrasound transducer for imaging the cartilage in arthroscopic use has been designed. In this study, we introduced the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for this purpose. An IVUS system with a catheter-based probe (Ø approximately 1mm) was used to measure the thickness and surface acoustical reflection of the bovine patellar articular cartilage in vitro before and after degeneration induced by enzyme treatments. Similar measurement was performed using another high frequency ultrasound system (Vevo) with a probe of much larger size and the results were compared between the two systems. The thickness measured using IVUS was highly correlated (r = 0.985, p < 0.001) with that obtained by Vevo. Thickness and surface reflection amplitude measured using IVUS on the enzymatically digested articular cartilage showed changes similar to those obtained by Vevo, which were expectedly consistent with previous investigations. IVUS can be potentially used for the quantitative assessment of articular cartilage, with its ready-to-use arthroscopic feature.
Response of Natural and Factitious Hosts to the Ectoparasite Euplectrus plathypenae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (1988)

We tested natural and factitious host insects for their physiological responses to stinging by the gregarious ectoparasite, Euplectrus plathypenae Howard, and observed hosts injected with tissue from the lower reproductive tract of the female parasitoid. Tests included eight recorded lepidopteran hosts and larvae of 36 other species of Lepidoptera not previously recorded as hosts, plus 19 species in six other orders. The arrestment of development produced by E. plathypenae was expressed in all natural hosts and in most, but not all, insects outside the natural host range of the parasite.
EUV experiments for the 0.1 micron lithography generation (1997)

The 10x-II laboratory EUVL tool has been used as a test bed for dose, vibration and overlay development. An integrating EUV dose control system achieves precise average dose to wafer. Spatial dose variation of 45% has been measured using a thinned PN diode installed in the wafer stage. Floor vibrations have been measured to be 105 micro inches per second, which satisfies the most stringent requirements in common use today. Wafer stage stability of 5.5 nm RMS has been achieved with all systems in full operation. Mask-to-wafer alignment sensitivity has been demonstrated down to 15 nm RMS. The mask-to-wafer alignment mirror has been replaced by a more robust design to improve overlay.
Cutting Edge: Apoptosis of Superantigen-Activated T Cells Occurs Preferentially After a Discrete Number of Cell Divisions In Vivo (1999)

Staphylococcal enterotoxins are bacterial products that display superantigen activity in vitro as well as in vivo. For instance, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) polyclonally activates T cells that bear the Vbeta8 gene segment of the TCR. SEB-activated T cells undergo a burst of proliferation that is followed by apoptosis. Using an in vivo adaptation of a fluorescent cell division monitoring technique, we show here that SEB-activated T cells divide asynchronously, and that apoptosis of superantigen-activated T cells is preferentially restricted to cells which have undergone a discrete number of cell divisions. Collectively, our data suggest that superantigen-activated T cells are programmed to undergo a fixed number of cell divisions before undergoing apoptosis. A delayed death program may provide a mechanistic compromise between effector functions and homeostasis of activated T cells.
Double-Swivel Mechanism For Reliable Release (1990)

Double-swivel toggle mechanism releases large, heavy objects reliably. Double-swiveling action of mechanism ensures it clears restraining pins upon release. Pins retain toggle and its load. If pin fails to withdraw at designated time for releasing payload, toggle swivels about its upper ball, and ring swivels about lower ball so ring flange clears failed pin. Double-swivel action ensures disengagement even it two pins fail to withdraw.
[Dietary exposure assessment of some important Fusarium toxins in cereal-based products in China]. (2010)

Children dietary exposure to DON, NIV and ZEN was higher than adults. Children are the populations at the high risk of dietary exposure to these three mycotoxins. The risk to health caused by long-term consumption of wheat flour and corn-based products heavily contaminated with such high concentration of DON and ZEN was relatively high. The present tolerance limit for DON and ZEN in foods implemented in China should be revised on the basis of assessment results.
Correction: Estrogen Signalling and the Metabolic Syndrome: Targeting the Hepatic Estrogen Receptor Alpha Action (2019)

&lt;p&gt;Correction: Estrogen Signalling and the Metabolic Syndrome: Targeting the Hepatic Estrogen Receptor Alpha Action&lt;/p&gt;
Oxidation of Carbon in Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites (2008)

The oxidation behavior of carbon is evaluated in the temperature range of 700 to 1200°C. Analytical solutions for the recession of carbon in a non-reactive matrix are calculated as a function of temperature, pressure, fiber/interface thickness, and chemical reaction sequence. Experimental observations on two microcomposites systems are correlated to the analytical models.
Data from Phase I Study of PSMA-Targeted Docetaxel-Containing Nanoparticle BIND-014 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; First-in-human phase I trial to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of BIND-014, a novel, tumor prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)–targeted nanoparticle, containing docetaxel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Patients with advanced solid tumors received BIND-014 every three weeks (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 28) or weekly (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 27), with dose levels ranging from 3.5 to 75 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and 15 to 45 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; BIND-014 was generally well tolerated, with no unexpected toxicities. The most common drug-related toxicities (&gt;20% of patients) on either schedule included neutropenia, fatigue, anemia, alopecia, and diarrhea. BIND-014 demonstrated a dose-linear pharmacokinetic profile, distinct from docetaxel, with prolonged persistence of docetaxel-encapsulated circulating nanoparticles. Of the 52 patients evaluable for response, one had a complete response (cervical cancer on the every three week schedule) and five had partial responses (ampullary adenocarcinoma, non–small cell lung, and prostate cancers on the every-three-week schedule, and breast and gastroesophageal cancers on the weekly schedule). Responses were noted in both PSMA-detectable and -undetectable tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; BIND-014 was generally well tolerated, with predictable and manageable toxicity and a unique pharmacokinetic profile compared with conventional docetaxel. Clinical activity was noted in multiple tumor types. The recommended phase II dose of BIND-014 is 60 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; every three weeks or 40 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; weekly. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3157–63. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
A trial on continuous human support during labor: feasibility, interventions and mothers' satisfaction (1990)

This paper reports the results of two trials using midwifery students and a small pilot trial using laywomen as support persons during labor and the feasibility and experiences in organizing such support. In the trials with students, healthy mothers with single, full-term infants not expected to have immediate delivery were randomly allocated to support (n=122) and control (n=118) groups; most mothers had the father of the baby with them. In the support group, a student stayed with the mother constantly. Many students and midwives did not consider constant support by professionals important or requiring special skills. Mothers were very satisfied with having a midwifery student stay with them. The length of hospital stay before birth was shorter and the number of women whose contractions stopped after randomization was smaller. Otherwise, the progress of labor, interventions and the mother's and infant's health were similar in the two groups. In the trial with laywomen, nine out of the ten mothers were very satisfied with their presence. Our study suggests that constant support may be important for successful birth.
End-to-Side Neurorrhaphy Resulting in Limited Sensory Axonal Regeneration in a Rat Model (1997)

This study evaluated reinnervation of an end-to-side neurorrhaphy and the resultant functional recovery in a rat model. The cut distal posterior tibial nerve was repaired to the side of an intact peroneal nerve. In one group, the epineurium of the peroneal nerve was left intact; in another group, the epineurium was stripped; in the third experimental group, a perineurial slit was created. Evaluations included walking track analysis, nerve conduction studies, muscle mass measurements, retrograde nerve tracing, and histologic evaluation. Walking tracks indicated poor functional recovery. No significant difference in nerve conduction between the experimental and control groups was seen. Gastrocnemius muscle mass measurements revealed no functional recovery in the end-to-side groups. Retrograde nerve tracing revealed minimal staining of motor neurons. However, sensory neuronal staining of the dorsal root ganglia occurred in all groups. Histology revealed minimal myelinated axonal regeneration. These results suggest that predominantly sensory neural regeneration occurs in an end-to-side neurorrhaphy at an end point of 16 weeks.
Smoothing‐based compressed state Kalman filter for joint state‐parameter estimation: Applications in reservoir characterization and CO2 storage monitoring (2017)

Abstract The operation of most engineered hydrogeological systems relies on simulating physical processes using numerical models with uncertain parameters and initial conditions. Predictions by such uncertain models can be greatly improved by Kalman‐filter techniques that sequentially assimilate monitoring data. Each assimilation constitutes a nonlinear optimization, which is solved by linearizing an objective function about the model prediction and applying a linear correction to this prediction. However, if model parameters and initial conditions are uncertain, the optimization problem becomes strongly nonlinear and a linear correction may yield unphysical results. In this paper, we investigate the utility of one‐step ahead smoothing, a variant of the traditional filtering process, to eliminate nonphysical results and reduce estimation artifacts caused by nonlinearities. We present the smoothing‐based compressed state Kalman filter (sCSKF), an algorithm that combines one step ahead smoothing, in which current observations are used to correct the state and parameters one step back in time, with a nonensemble covariance compression scheme, that reduces the computational cost by efficiently exploring the high‐dimensional state and parameter space. Numerical experiments show that when model parameters are uncertain and the states exhibit hyperbolic behavior with sharp fronts, as in CO 2 storage applications, one‐step ahead smoothing reduces overshooting errors and, by design, gives physically consistent state and parameter estimates. We compared sCSKF with commonly used data assimilation methods and showed that for the same computational cost, combining one step ahead smoothing and nonensemble compression is advantageous for real‐time characterization and monitoring of large‐scale hydrogeological systems with sharp moving fronts.
Capacitance-voltage profiling and the characterisation of III-V semiconductors using electrolyte barriers (1986)

This article is a personal review of the principles, capabilities, limitations and potential of the technique of electrochemical capacitance-voltage (C-V) carrier concentration profiling of compound semiconductors and the associated technique of photovoltage absorption spectroscopy. The profiling technique was developed by Ambridge and co-workers (1973-5, 1980) to overcome the depth limitation in depletion C-V profiling by using an electrolyte barrier to measure the carrier density and to etch the material in a controlled electrolytic process. The electrolyte also provides a transparent barrier which facilitates observation of absorption spectra, hence providing the added capability of band-gap profiling. The author summarises the basic principles of C-V profiling and analyses the balance between measurement accuracy and instrumental depth resolution, and considers the effect of series resistance. In reviewing the principles of electrochemical C-V profiling he pays particular attention to the electrolyte (Helmholtz) capacitance, the high electrolyte resistance and the definition of contact area. In considering these problems, and those of depth resolution and the influence of deep states, he takes account of the use of a fixed low reverse bias in electrochemical C-V profiling compared with an increasing bias in depletion profiling. The interpretation of photovoltage spectra from single layers and heterostructures is described and examples are given of band-gap profiling of laser structures. The article concludes with examples of the characterisation of multiple quantum-well structures including carrier density profiles and photovoltage spectra on structures with periods less than 200AA.
A process for improving software testability (2004)

The process of software engineering creates a unique problem for testability. MediServe Information Systems has developed a process for creating test harnesses in an automated testing environment. The process is allowing MediServe to build maintainable products that contain hooks for testability at the time of the products release.
Conexiones entre la enseñanza de la geografía y la teledetección en el sistema educativo británico (1992)

Este artículo describe la enseñanza de la teledetección en la Educación Primaria, Secundaria y Universitaria en Gran Bretaña. Una breve explicación de la organización de los dos primeros niveles de la educación servirá para situar al lector.\n\t\t\t\t A continuación se describe el lugar que ocupa la teledetección en el nuevo Curriculum Nacional. Por último se comentan, en términos generales, los cursos impartidos en la enseñanza universitaria,\n\t\t\t\t tanto en licenciaturas como en masters.
Structure analysis of soccer video with hidden Markov models (2002)

In this paper, we present algorithms for parsing the structure of produced soccer programs. The problem is important in the context of a personalized video streaming and browsing system. While prior work focuses on the detection of special events such as goals or corner kicks, this paper is concerned with generic structural elements of the game. We begin by defining two mutually exclusive states of the game, play and break based on the rules of soccer. We select a domain-tuned feature set, dominant color ratio and motion intensity, based on the special syntax and content characteristics of soccer videos. Each state of the game has a stochastic structure that is modeled with a set of hidden Markov models. Finally, standard dynamic programming techniques are used to obtain the maximum likelihood segmentation of the game into the two states. The system works well, with 83.5% classification accuracy and good boundary timing from extensive tests over diverse data sets.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment for myasthenia gravis (2014)

Except for one small and inconclusive trial of intranasal neostigmine, no other randomised controlled trials have been conducted on the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in myasthenia gravis. The response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in observational studies is so clear that a randomised controlled trial depriving participants in a placebo arm of treatment would be difficult to justify.
Spectroscopic Detection of Stratospheric Hydrogen Cyanide (1981)

A number of features have been identified as absorption lines of hydrogen cyanide in infrared spectra of stratospheric absorption obtained from a high-altitude aircraft. Column amounts of stratospheric hydrogen cyanide have been derived from spectra recorded on eight flights. The average vertical column amount above 12 kilometers is 7.1 +/- 0.8 x 10(14) molecules per square centimeter, corresponding to an average mixing ratio of 170 parts per trillion by volume.
Growth of Individual Austenite Grains Measured with 3DXRD Microscopy (2007)

Studying austenitisation in steel, so far, was either limited to observations at the surface of the material or to the determination of the average grain growth behavior in the bulk. The development of the three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD) microscope at beam line ID11 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, made it possible to study the transformation kinetics in-situ and at the level of individual grains in the bulk of the material. Unique in-situ observations of austenite growth kinetics during continuous heating experiments were made for two commercial low-alloy steels (C22 and C35). The observed growth behavior of individual austenite grains gives a valuable contribution to understanding the phase transformations on heating, i.e. austenite formation from ferrite and pearlite.
An Immunoperoxidase Plaque Assay for Reticuloendotheliosis Virus and Its Application to a Sensitive Serum Neutralization Assay (1994)

A rapid assay for the enumeration of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is described. Chicken embryo fibroblast monolayer cultures were infected with REV and incubated 6 days under an agar overlay. After removal of the overlay, cells were fixed with acetone/ethanol. Foci of infection (hereafter referred to as plaques) were detected using either an anti-REV envelope monoclonal antibody or convalescent chicken serum as the primary antibody; the secondary antibody was either horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (for use with monoclonals) or goat anti-chicken IgG (for use with chicken serum). Staining with a substrate solution containing diaminobenzidine, CoCl2, and H2O2 revealed individual dark plaques on a light gray background. This method worked equally well for the SNV, CSV, and REV-T strains of REV; further, it detected all six field isolates tested. Results indicate that this immunoperoxidase technique is a rapid and reliable method for detection and titration of REV as well as for the assay of neutralizing antibody in chicken serum.