Modern earth buildings : materials, engineering, construction and applications (2012)

Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Preface Part I: Introduction to modern earth buildings Chapter 1: Overview of modern earth building Abstract: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition of modern earth building 1.3 The significance of modern earth building in the current and future construction industries 1.4 Changes in the modern earth building industry 1.5 Managing the demands of the modern construction industry Chapter 2: Hygrothermal behaviour and occupant comfort in modern earth buildings Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Hygrothermal loads and modelling 2.3 Thermal and hygric properties of earth materials 2.4 Hygrothermal behaviour and passive air conditioning 2.5 Indoor health and air quality 2.6 Sources of further information 2.8 Appendix: nomenclature Chapter 3: Fabric insulation, thermal bridging and acoustics in modern earth buildings Abstract: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Approaches to fabric insulation 3.3 Thermal bridging theory 3.4 Thermal bridging simulation tools 3.5 Acoustic reverberation 3.6 Sources of further information 3.8 Appendix: nomenclature Chapter 4: Modern earth building codes, standards and normative development Abstract: 4.1 Introduction: a short history of building codes for using earth as a building material 4.2 Types of 'standards' for earth buildings 4.3 Normative documents for earth building 4.4 Selecting the parameters for earth building standards 4.5 New developments in earth building standards 4.6 Conclusions Chapter 5: Passive house design: a benchmark for thermal mass fabric integration Abstract: 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Description of Passive House 5.3 Functional principles of Passive House 5.4 Case studies of Passive Houses in different climates 5.5 Examples of Passive House architecture in Germany 5.6 Future trends 5.7 Sources of further information Part II: Earth materials engineering and earth construction Chapter 6: Soil materials for earth construction: properties, classification and suitability testing Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Soil formation 6.3 Soil types 6.4 Soil consistency 6.5 Compaction of soil 6.6 Conclusion 6.8 Appendix Chapter 7: Alternative and recycled materials for earth construction Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Classification 7.3 Types of alternative material 7.4 Characteristics of alternative and recycled materials 7.5 Form of recycled and alternative materials: bulk or binder 7.6 Leaching 7.7 Physical and mechanical properties of alternative and recycled materials 7.8 The use and reuse life cycle 7.9 Future trends and conclusions 7.10 Sources of further information 7.12 Appendix Chapter 8: Soil mechanics and earthen construction: strength and mechanical behaviour Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basic mechanics 8.3 Fundamental soil behaviour 8.4 Effective stress 8.5 Models of shear strength for soils 8.6 Unsaturated soil behaviour 8.7 The use of soil mechanics in earthen construction 8.8 Future trends 8.9 Sources of further information Chapter 9: Soil stabilisation and earth construction: materials, properties and techniques Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Lime stabilisation 9.3 Cement and pozzolans 9.4 Bituminous binders and emulsions 9.5 Synthetic binders, polymers and adhesives 9.6 Fibre reinforcement 9.7 Selection tool for modern stabilised earth construction Chapter 10: Integral admixtures and surface treatments for modern earth buildings Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Integral admixtures for modern earth construction 10.3 Surface treatment for modern earth buildings 10.4 Future trends 10.5 Sources of information Chapter 11: Weathering and durability of earthen material and structures Abstract: 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Water content increase in earthen walls 11.3 Strategies to increase the durability of earth walls 11.4 Current tests for assessing the durability of earthen materials 11.5 Surface coatings and finishes of earth structures 11.6 Long-term performance testing of earth walls 11.7 Future trends and conclusions 11.8 Acknowledgements Part III: Earth building technologies and earth construction techniques Chapter 12: History of earth building techniques Abstract: 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Earth building techniques in Asia 12.3 Earth building techniques in Africa 12.4 Earth building techniques in Europe 12.5 Earth building techniques in North America 12.6 Earth building techniques in South America 12.7 Earth building techniques in Australasia 12.8 Conclusions Chapter 13: Stabilised soil blocks for structural masonry in earth construction Abstract: 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Soil stabilisation techniques 13.3 Production of stabilised soil blocks (SSBs) 13.4 Characteristics of stabilised soil blocks (SSBs) 13.5 Cement-soil mortars for stabilised soil block masonry 13.6 Stabilised soil block masonry 13.7 Long-term performance, repair and retrofitting of stabilised soil block buildings 13.8 Case studies of cement-stabilised soil block (CSSB) buildings Chapter 14: Modern rammed earth construction techniques Abstract: 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Material sourcing 14.3 Proportioning and mixing 14.4 Formwork 14.5 Installation 14.6 Future trends and conclusions Chapter 15: Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques Abstract: 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials used for pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction 15.3 The forming system 15.4 Reinforcement of pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) walls 15.5 Equipment for proportioning, mixing and placement 15.6 The pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) method 15.7 Conclusion 15.8 Appendix Chapter 16: Conservation of historic earth buildings Abstract: 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Common causes of deterioration on historic earth buildings 16.3 Conservation of earth architecture 16.4 Case study of the UNESCO heritage site of Diriyah in the Atturaif region of Saudi Arabia 16.5 Case study of earth buildings in Italy: Loreto Aprutino in the Abruzzo region 16.6 Conclusions Part IV: Modern earth structural engineering Chapter 17: Earth masonry structures: arches, vaults and domes Abstract: 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Structural theory for arches, vaults and domes 17.3 Earth masonry arches 17.4 Earth masonry vaults 17.5 Earth masonry domes 17.6 Material properties of earth masonry structure 17.7 Design and construction criteria for earth masonry structures 17.8 Future trends 17.9 Acknowledgments Chapter 18: Structural steel elements within stabilised rammed earth walling Abstract: 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Structural steel for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling 18.3 Design parameters for using structural steel within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling 18.4 The use of steel lintels for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) applications 18.5 Steel columns embedded within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walls 18.6 Structural systems for elevated or 'precast' stabilised rammed earth (SRE) panels 18.7 North American structural steel 18.8 Conclusion 18.9 Acknowledgements 18.10 Sources of further information Chapter 19: Natural disasters and earth buildings: resistant design and construction Abstract: 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Earthquakes and earth buildings 19.3 Earthquake engineering 19.4 Wind and storms 19.5 Earth building design for wind resistance 19.6 Flood hazards and earth buildings 19.7 Volcanoes and landslides 19.8 Future trends Chapter 20: Embankments and dams Abstract: 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Types and selection of embankment dams 20.3 Zoning of embankment dams and construction materials 20.4 Embankment dam construction specifications 20.5 Stability analysis of embankment dams 20.6 Dam freeboard requirement 20.7 Failure mechanisms 20.8 Maintenance of embankment dams 20.9 Future trends 20.10 Norms and standards Part V: Application of modern earth construction: international case studies Chapter 21: North American modern earth construction Abstract: 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Seventh generation thinking and earth construction 21.3 The interplay of indoor and outdoor weather 21.4 Applications of earth construction in hot climates 21.5 Applications of earth construction in wet and cold climates 21.6 Optimizing rammed earth compressive strength 21.7 North American-style rammed earth 21.8 Case studies of North American earth construction 21.9 Design elegance of modern earth buildings 21.10 Future trends 21.11 Sources of further information 21.12 Acknowledgments Chapter 22: Australian modern earth construction Abstract: 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Uses of stabilised rammed earth in different regions of Australia 22.3 Approaches to material type and selection 22.4 Formwork and construction techniques: the 'Stabilform system' 22.5 Stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walls 22.6 Designing for thermal comfort 22.7 Standards and specifications for modern earth construction in Australia 22.8 The cost of stabilised rammed earth (SRE) construction in Australia 22.9 Case studies of modern earth buildings in Victoria, Australia 22.10 Future trends 22.11 Sources of further information 22.12 Acknowledgements Chapter 23: European modern earth construction Abstract: 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Conservation and revival of traditional techniques 23.3 Modern earth construction techniques 23.4 Case studies of modern earth buildings throughout Europe 23.5 Future trends 23.6 Acknowledgements Chapter 24: Modern rammed earth construction in China Abstract: 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Challenges for modern rammed earth construction in China 24.3 Opportunities for modern rammed earth construction in China 24.4 Approaches to material type and selection 24.5 Construction techniques and formwork 24.6 Case studies 24.7 Future trends Appendices Appendix 1: Techno-economic analysis and environmental assessment of stabilised rammed earth (SRE) building construction Appendix 2: Techno-economic analysis and environmental assessment of stabilized insulated rammed earth (SIREWALL) building Index