gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Custom Spindt Cathode for Diamond Based BWO (2006)

A diamond-based sub-mm backward-wave oscillator (BWO) presently under development by Genvac Aerospace places daunting requirements on the device's cathode. Because of the high interaction impedance of the bi-planar, inter-digital, slow-wave circuit used by Genvac; these BWOs operate with beam currents in the range of 1.5 to 2.0 mA. However, due to the very small dimensions required for sub mm BWO operation, these currents translate into cathode current densities of several hundred amps/cm . This, along with the very small physical dimensions, makes the use of a thermionic cathode unrealistic. However a microfabricated cold field emitter array cathode of the kind developed by SRI can produce the required current and current density with an average emission of 15 muA per tip, which is well within the envelope of demonstrated performance for the these cathodes. The need to operate the BWO over a wide frequency range requires a wide range of operating voltages while maintaining constant current. This is most conveniently realized by designing a dual anode electron gun. The first anode is held to a voltage of 1.8 kV that is compatible with reliable cathode operation, while the second anode is adjusted to provide the desired electron velocity for operation over range of frequencies. Typically SRI cathodes have been packaged and operated in TO-5 headers for convenience in handling and making electrical connections. However, for this application the TO-5 header is much too large. It will be necessary to fabricate the emitter array on a "mesa" as schematically shown in this paper. The cathode "mesa" will then be inserted into a concave lithographically formed structure for precise alignment with the BWO body. The fabrication of a cathode in this format is a significant departure from previous SRI practice. Details of the design and emission performance for the sub-mm BWO cathode were given
Identifying competitive tin- or metal-free catalyst combinations to tailor polyurethane prepolymer and network properties (2020)

Polyurethane-based mastics, industrially obtained<italic>via</italic>a prepolymerization/crosslinking process, benefit from catalyst selection at both stages.
Small Molecule Near-Infrared Boron Dipyrromethene Donors for Organic Tandem Solar Cells (2017)

Three furan fused boron dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) with a CF<sub>3</sub> group on the meso-carbon are synthesized as near-infrared absorbing materials for vacuum processable organic solar cells. The best single junction device reaches a short-circuit current (j<sub>sc</sub>) of 13.3 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.1%. These values are highly promising for an electron donor material with an absorption onset beyond 900 nm. In a tandem solar cell comprising a NIR BODIPY subcell and a matching "green" absorber subcell, complementary absorption is achieved, resulting in PCE of ∼10%.
Abnormal uterine bleeding: A well‐travelled path to iron deficiency and anemia (2020)

The FIGO Committee on Menstrual Disorders (The Menstrual Disorders Committee, or MDC), established in 2012, is dedicated to addressing non-gestational abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the reproductive years as well as associated morbidity. The MDC continues its efforts to standardize nomenclature for AUB symptoms (FIGO System 1) as well as potential causes of the spectrum of menstrual symptoms experienced by women (FIGO System 2, PALM-COEIN), with the most recent revisions published in IJGO in late 2018. 1 These systems are increasingly used in education and clinical care as well as in the design and interpretation of basic, translational, and clinical research on women and girls with AUB symptoms. It has been recognized that
Shear-induced platelet adherence and activation in an in-vitro dynamic multiwell-plate system (2018)

Circulating blood cells are prone to varying flow conditions when contacting cardiovascular devices. For a profound understanding of the complex interplay between the blood components/cells and cardiovascular implant surfaces, testing under varying shear conditions is required. Here, we study the influence of arterial and venous shear conditions on the in vitro evaluation of the thrombogenicity of polymer-based implant materials.Medical grade poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films were included as reference materials. The polymers were exposed to whole blood from healthy humans. Blood was agitated orbitally at low (venous shear stress: 2.8 dyne · cm-2) and high (arterial shear stress: 22.2 dyne · cm-2) agitation speeds in a well-plate based test system. Numbers of non-adherent platelets, platelet activation (P-Selectin positive platelets), platelet function (PFA100 closure times) and platelet adhesion (laser scanning microscopy (LSM)) were determined.Microscopic data and counting of the circulating cells revealed increasing numbers of material-surface adherent platelets with increasing agitation speed. Also, activation of the platelets was substantially increased when tested under the high shear conditions (P-Selectin levels, PFA-100 closure times). At low agitation speed, the platelet densities did not differ between the three materials. Tested at the high agitation speed, lowest platelet densities were observed on PDMS, intermediate levels on PET and highest on PTFE. While activation of the circulating platelets was affected by the implant surfaces in a similar manner, PFA closure times did not reflect this trend.Differences in the thrombogenicity of the studied polymers were more pronounced when tested at high agitation speed due to the induced shear stresses. Testing under varying shear stresses, thus, led to a different evaluation of the implant thrombogenicity, which emphasizes the need for testing under various flow conditions. Our data further confirmed earlier findings where the same reference implants were tested under static (and not dynamic) conditions and with fresh human platelet rich plasma instead of whole blood. This supports that the application of common reference materials may improve inter-study comparisons, even under varying test conditions.
Glacial Lakes Mapping Using Multi Satellite PlanetScope Imagery and Deep Learning (2020)

Glacial lakes mapping using satellite remote sensing data are important for studying the effects of climate change as well as for the mitigation and risk assessment of a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). The 3U cubesat constellation of Planet Labs offers the capability of imaging the whole Earth landmass everyday at 3–4 m spatial resolution. The higher spatial, as well as temporal resolution of PlanetScope imagery in comparison with Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, makes it a valuable data source for monitoring the glacial lakes. Therefore, this paper explores the potential of the PlanetScope imagery for glacial lakes mapping with a focus on the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya (HKKH) region. Though the revisit time of the PlanetScope imagery is short, courtesy of 130+ small satellites, this imagery contains only four bands and the imaging sensors in these small satellites exhibit varying spectral responses as well as lower dynamic range. Furthermore, the presence of cast shadows in the mountainous regions and varying spectral signature of the water pixels due to differences in composition, turbidity and depth makes it challenging to automatically and reliably extract surface water in PlanetScope imagery. Keeping in view these challenges, this work uses state of the art deep learning models for pixel-wise classification of PlanetScope imagery into the water and background pixels and compares the results with Random Forest and Support Vector Machine classifiers. The deep learning model is based on the popular U-Net architecture. We evaluate U-Net architecture similar to the original U-Net as well as a U-Net with a pre-trained EfficientNet backbone. In order to train the deep neural network, ground truth data are generated by manual digitization of the surface water in PlanetScope imagery with the aid of Very High Resolution Satellite (VHRS) imagery. The created dataset consists of more than 5000 water bodies having an area of approx. 71km2 in eight different sites in the HKKH region. The evaluation of the test data show that the U-Net with EfficientNet backbone achieved the highest F1 Score of 0.936. A visual comparison with the existing glacial lake inventories is then performed over the Baltoro glacier in the Karakoram range. The results show that the deep learning model detected significantly more lakes than the existing inventories, which have been derived from Landsat OLI imagery. The trained model is further evaluated on the time series PlanetScope imagery of two glacial lakes, which have resulted in an outburst flood. The output of the U-Net is also compared with the GLakeMap data. The results show that the higher spatial and temporal resolution of PlanetScope imagery is a significant advantage in the context of glacial lakes mapping and monitoring.
Development of the mouse retinal vasculature: angiogenesis versus vasculogenesis. (2002)

These observations imply that in the mouse retina the spindle-shaped cells preceding the forming vasculature are immature retinal astrocytes and not vascular precursor cells and that the primary vascular network in the retina develops by angiogenesis (budding from existing vessels) and not vasculogenesis (assembly of dispersed angioblasts).
Weekly Paclitaxel and Carboplatin Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (2011)

Therapy was active but patients must be carefully selected and monitored. Compared with the historical controls, dose dense and intense induction chemotherapy decreased distant failure rate without compromising the locoregional control.
Antiproliferative effect of the HSP90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 is determined by the expression of PTEN in esophageal cancer (2012)

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a molecular chaperone, has provoked great interest as a promising molecular target for cancer treatment, due to its involvement in regulating the conformation, stability and functions of key oncogenic proteins. At present, a variety of chemical compounds targeting HSP90 have been developed and have shown convincing anti-neoplastic activity in various preclinical tumor models. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antitumor effects of a novel HSP90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, in esophageal squamous cancer cells (ESCC). Four ESCC cell lines (TE-1, TE-4, TE-8, TE-10) were examined. NVP-AUY922 potently inhibited the proliferation of ESCC, particularly in PTEN-null TE-4 cells with a 2-3 times lower IC50 than the other three cell lines. Western blot analysis showed that PTEN-null TE-4 cells exhibited higher AKT and ERK activity, which contribute to cell proliferation and survival. NVP-AUY922 significantly suppressed the activity of AKT and ERK in TE-4 but not in PTEN-proficient TE-10 cells. Genetic modification experiments demonstrated that the sensitivity to NVP-AUY922 was decreased by exogenous transduction of PTEN in TE-4 and increased by silencing PTEN expression in intact PTEN-expressing TE-10, suggesting that the expression of PTEN may be associated with cell sensitivity in HSP90 inhibition. Furthermore, the enhanced activity of AKT in PTEN-silenced TE-10 was more easily suppressed by NVP-AUY922. Collectively, NVP-AUY922 exhibits a strong antiproliferative effect, revealing its potential as a novel therapeutic alternative to current ESCC treatment. The effect may be improved further by impeding PTEN expression.
Multi-resource fair allocation for consolidated flash-based caching systems (2022)

Using a flash-based layer to serve the caching and buffering needs of multiple workloads has become a common practice. In such settings, resource demands will inevitably exceed available capacity sometimes. "Fair" resource allocation may offer a systematic way of partitioning resources across competing workloads during such periods of scarcity. Existing works only offer fair allocation strategies for a single resource (capacity or bandwidth) within a flash device in isolation. However, since there exist multiple critical resources that need to be partitioned within a flash device and they are correlated to each other, fair allocation of a single resource may result in a waste of other resource(s) or performance degradation of workload(s). To this end, we make a case for multi-resource fair allocation solutions for flash-based caches that consolidate multiple workloads. Furthermore, we argue that device lifetime, which depends on the behavior of running workloads, should also be considered as a first-class resource on par with capacity and bandwidth. Specifically, we build upon existing ideas related to dominant resource fairness (DRF) to devise flash-specific multi-resource fair algorithms: (i) nDRF, that jointly allocates capacity and bandwidth taking their non-linear relationship into account; (ii) ℓDRF, that explicitly considers lifetime as well in its allocation; and (iii) several variants of these. Our experimental evaluation offers important findings: (i) both nDRF and ℓDRF result in superior performance fairness compared to the state-of-the-art techniques that partition capacity in isolation; (ii) ℓDRF additionally offers improved device "wear" behavior; and (iii) our algorithms combined with reasonable demand prediction work very well in online settings with workload dynamism and uncertainty.
Inductively coupled plasma etching of bulk 6H-SiC and thin-film SiCN in NF3 chemistries (1998)

A parametric study of the etching characteristics of 6H p+ and n+ SiC and thin-film SiC0.5N0.5 in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) NF3/O2 and NF3/Ar discharges has been performed. The etch rates in both chemistries increase monotonically with NF3 percentage and rf chuck power. The etch rates go through a maximum with increasing ICP source power, which is explained by a trade-off between the increasing ion flux and the decreasing ion energy. The anisotropy of the etched features is also a function of ion flux, ion energy and atomic fluorine neutral concentration. Indium-tin-oxide masks display relatively good etch selectivity over SiC (maximum of ∼70:1), while photoresist etches more rapidly than SiC. The surface roughness of SiC is essentially independent of plasma composition for NF3/O2 discharges, while extensive surface degradation occurs for SiCN under high NF3:O2 conditions.
Selective Harmonics Elimination for a three-level diode clamped five-phase inverter based on Particle Swarm Optimization (2011)

In this paper Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHE-PWM) based on Particle Swarm Optimization is proposed for the control of a five-phase three-level NPC inverter. The aim of using this method is the enhancement of the output voltage quality. To achieve this requirement such as a desired fundamental magnitude and the elimination of a defined number of low order harmonics, the SHE-PWM is presented by the minimization of a constrained nonlinear objective function. It is based on the calculation of the switching angles vector solution representing the best minimal value for the objective function. The results obtained prove the effectiveness of the proposed method due to its simplicity and rapid convergence.
Preface of the symposium “Advanced Engineering Systems and Computer Applications: Theory and Practice” (2018)

First Page
Second Order Differentiability of Convex Functions in Banach Spaces (1994)

We present a second order differentiability theory for convex functions on Banach spaces.
Rosette nanotubes show low acute pulmonary toxicity in vivo (2008)

Nanotubes are being developed for a large variety of applications ranging from electronics to drug delivery. Common carbon nanotubes such as single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been studied in the greatest detail but require solubilization and removal of catalytic contaminants such as metals prior to being introduced to biological systems for medical application. The present in vivo study characterizes the degree and nature of inflammation caused by a novel class of self-assembling rosette nanotubes, which are biologically inspired, naturally water-soluble and free of metal content upon synthesis. Upon pulmonary administration of this material we examined responses at 24 h and 7d post-exposure. An acute inflammatory response is triggered at 50 and 25 microg doses by 24 h post-exposure but an inflammatory response is not triggered by a 5 microg dose. Lung inflammation observed at a 50 microg dose at 24 h was resolving by 7d. This work suggests that novel nanostructures with biological design may negate toxicity concerns for biomedical applications of nanotubes. This study also demonstrates that water-soluble rosette nanotube structures represent low pulmonary toxicity, likely due to their biologically inspired design, and their self-assembled architecture.
Energy absorption of sandwiched honeycombs with facesheets under in-plane crushing (2013)

Abstract The in-plane crushing and energy absorption of sandwiched honeycomb cores with facesheets are examined through finite element simulations. Assuming no debonding between the facesheet and honeycomb core (which would be the case if manufacturing techniques such as brazing are used to produce very strong bonds between the facesheeet and the core), intracellular buckling mode for thin facesheets, and wrinkling mode for thick facesheets are observed. In the dimpling mode, deformation is governed by the core, honeycomb vertical cell walls do not deform, and the inclined wall deformation does not vary through the cell depth. In the wrinkling mode, deformation is governed by the facesheet, the vertical cell walls deform significantly, and the inclined cell wall deformation varies through the cell depth. Increasing cell angle increased Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) for honeycombs with thin facesheets. Decreasing vertical cell wall length increased SEA for honeycombs with thick facesheets. Increasing wall thickness and decreasing core depth increased SEA for honeycombs with thin and thick facesheets. With geometric changes, SEA increased ~3 times over the baseline configurations. For a given keel beam dimensions, using fewer rows of larger cells reduces the effective non-dimensional core-depth, thereby increasing the effect of the facesheet and the SEA significantly. The SEA of sandwiched honeycombs with facesheets in in-plane crushing appears to be competitive with, or better than, SEA honeycombs in out-of-plane crushing.
Hepatic Elimination of Indocyanine Green with Special Reference to Distribution Kinetics and the Influence of Plasma Protein Binding (1998)

Unitless Unitless (111) pmol. min-l pmol. min-l min-' S-' ml. min-' . liver-' or ml . s-' . (g liver)-' pmol. I-' pmol. I-' Unitless crn.s-' Unitless pmol. min-I cm2. (g 1 . (kg BW)-l 1. (kg BW)-' 0
CO2‐welded venous anastomosis: Enhancement of weld strength with heterologous fibrin glue (1990)

The milliwatt CO2 laser was used to perform end-to-end anastomoses in canine jugular veins. There was a high disruption rate (50%) in laser-welded veins (n = 10). Fibrin glue (n = 17), formed from human fresh-frozen plasma, enhanced the weld strength decreasing the disruption rate (18%), resulting in an 82% patency which nearly equaled the contralateral sutured vein patency (93%). The bursting strength was improved with fibrin glue. Transmural necrosis was present initially in all groups but extended for a longer distance in the vessel wall in laser-welded anastomoses. Sutured anastomoses exhibited a greater inflammatory response. In laser-welded anastomoses endothelial cells were not as confluent as in sutured anastomoses by six weeks. Carbon dioxide laser-welded end-to-end vein anastomoses appear to be impractical because they disrupt too easily. However, the addition of heterologous fibrin glue to the weld results in a reasonably strong anastomosis with histologic properties that may be beneficial in vein bypass grafts.
Benign-by-design preparation of humin-based iron oxide catalytic nanocomposites (2017)

Catalytic nanocomposites can be prepared <italic>via</italic> solvent-free methodologies using biomass-derived humin by-products and iron salts, found active in the conversion of isoeugenol to vanillin.
Improving walking capacity by surgical correction of equinovarus foot deformity in adult patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury: A systematic review (2012)

Further validation of surgical correction of equinovarus foot deformity following stroke or traumatic brain injury is required, using higher level study designs with validated assessment tools. Comparing surgical techniques with other interventions is necessary to generate evidence upon which treatment algorithms could be based.
Detection and mitigation of misbehavior in cooperative wireless communications (2009)

Cooperative diversity protocols are designed with the assumption that wireless users always cooperate in a socially efficient manner. This assumption may not be valid in commercial wireless networks where users may violate rules of cooperation for malicious or selfish reasons. In the presence of misbehavior, it is difficult to ensure a socially efficient cooperation without techniques to enforce cooperation. In this dissertation, we develop techniques to detect and mitigate misbehavior in cooperative wireless networks. 
We first examine effects of misbehavior on performance of existing cooperative protocols. We show both analytically and by simulation the incurred performance degradation. We show based on game theoretic arguments that existing cooperative schemes are characterized by a non-cooperative Nash equilibrium. We examine using evolutionary game dynamics effects of a small number of mutants on the behavior of a population of cooperators.
We then propose two classes of misbehavior detection techniques. The first class of detectors determine behavior of relay nodes using signals transmitted over source-destination channel as a side information. The second class of detectors are developed for cooperative networks with hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol. We develop optimal detection techniques (1) based on uniformly most powerful (UMP) test; (2) based on sequential probability ratio test (SPRT). Misbehavior is determined based on control packets exchanged to reveal status of transmissions. Performance of the proposed detection techniques is evaluated based on detection delay, computational complexity and memory requirement.
The proposed detection techniques provide only a localized view of the cooperative system. However, to mitigate further effects of misbehavior a mechanism is required to give each node a global view of the network. To this end, we formulate cooperative communications as a dynamic game with incomplete information, which provides a framework (1) to develop a model for selfish behavior and (2) for designing a reliable partner selection scheme in the presence of uncertainty. We show that the proposed dynamic Bayesian game model captures vital aspects of cooperative communications. We show that the proposed dynamic Bayesian game satisfies the requirements for the existence of Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium.
Super-Hydrophobic Stearic Acid Layer Formed on Anodized High Purified Magnesium for Improving Corrosion Resistance of Biodegradable Implants (2017)

Magnesium and its alloys are ideal candidates for biodegradable implants. However, they can dissolve too rapidly in the human body for most applications. In this research, high purified magnesium (HP-Mg) was coated with stearic acid in order to slow the corrosion rate of magnesium in simulated body fluid at 37°C. HP-Mg was anodized to form an oxide/hydroxide layer, then it was immersed in a stearic acid solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization were used to estimate the corrosion rate of HP-Mg specimens. The results confirm that the hydrophobic coating can temporarily decrease the corrosion rate of HP-Mg by 1000x.