gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Inhaler Devices - The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (2014)

Drug delivery to the lungs is an effective way of targeting inhaled therapeutic aerosols and treating obstructive airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the past 10 years, several new drugs for the management of asthma and COPD have been marketed and more are under development. These new therapeutic respiratory drugs have been furthered by innovations in all categories of pulmonary drug delivery systems to ensure optimal aerosolisation performance, consistency in efficacy and satisfactory patient adherence. In this review, we discuss the technological advances and innovations in recent inhaler devices and the evolving roles of pressurised metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers and nebulisers, as well as their impact on patient adherence to treatment.
Gene Expression Profiling of Metastatic and Nonmetastatic Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines (2002)

cDNA microarrays were used to compare the gene expression pattern of a nonmetastatic colorectal cancer cell line (SW480) with its metastatic derivative (SW620). Co-hybridization of euores- cently labeled cDNA generated from SW480 (Cy3) and SW620 (Cy5) total RNA to microarrays containing 4000 human cDNA clones revealed differential expression of 129 genes involved in the regulation of tran- scription, cell-cycle control and division, cell signaling, cell adhesion, and cell metabolism. The results of this microarray analysis corresponded to previously reported gene expression proeling experiments with SW480 and SW620 using SAGE. Predictably, the metastatic cell line SW620 exhibited underexpression of genes involved in cell adhesion and overexpression of genes involved in transcription and translation compared with its nonmetastatic counterpart SW480. Finally, by applying a novel bioinformatics approach to the gene expression data, a number of genes underexpressed in SW620 compared with SW480 were demonstrated to map to chromosomal band 17q21-23, a region that may be associated with loss of heterozygosity during the metastatic progression of colorectal cancer.
Left Atrial Appendage Thrombi in Stroke Patients: Detection with Two-Phase Cardiac CT Angiography versus Transesophageal Echocardiography (2009)

Two-phase 64-section cardiac CT angiography is a noninvasive sensitive modality for detecting LAA thrombi and differentiating thrombus from circulatory stasis in stroke patients.
Inverse problem for four-layer leaky waveguides (1996)

Abstract New inverse method is proposed to determine the four-layer leaky waveguide parameters from the set of experimentally measured effective refractive indices. The sensitivity of each parameter to the measurement error in effective refractive indices is investigated. An algorithm is proposed to find the best-fit values of the waveguide parameters.
Intravesical instillation therapy with bacillus Calmette‐Guérin for superficial bladder cancer: Study of the mechanism of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin immunotherapy (2007)

We suggested that the urinary levels of TNF-alpha might be essential in antitumor activity after BCG therapy and might play an important role in the prevention of bladder tumor recurrence.
Refinement of the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Locus to the Interval between D5S435 and MAP1B (1993)

The childhood-onset SMA locus has been mapped to chromosome 5q13, in a region bounded by the proximal locus, D5S6, and the closely linked distal loci, D5S112 and MAP1B. We now describe a highly polymorphic, tightly linked microsatellite marker (D5S435) that is very likely the closest proximal marker to the SMA locus. Multipoint linkage analysis firmly establishes the following order of markers at 5q13: centromere-D5S76-D5S6-D5S435-MAP1B/D5S112- D5S39-telomere. The data indicate that SMA resides in an approximately 0.7-cM (range 0.1-2.1) region between D5S435 and MAP1B. This finding reduces by approximately fourfold the genetic region that most likely harbors the SMA locus and will facilitate the physical mapping and cloning of the disease gene region.
The Werner Syndrome Helicase/Exonuclease Processes Mobile D-Loops through Branch Migration and Degradation (2009)

RecQ DNA helicases are critical for preserving genome integrity. Of the five RecQ family members identified in humans, only the Werner syndrome protein (WRN) possesses exonuclease activity. Loss of WRN causes the progeroid disorder Werner syndrome which is marked by cancer predisposition. Cellular evidence indicates that WRN disrupts potentially deleterious intermediates in homologous recombination (HR) that arise in genomic and telomeric regions during DNA replication and repair. Precisely how the WRN biochemical activities process these structures is unknown, especially since the DNA unwinding activity is poorly processive. We generated biologically relevant mobile D-loops which mimic the initial DNA strand invasion step in HR to investigate whether WRN biochemical activities can disrupt this joint molecule. We show that WRN helicase alone can promote branch migration through an 84 base pair duplex region to completely displace the invading strand from the D-loop. However, substrate processing is altered in the presence of the WRN exonuclease activity which degrades the invading strand both prior to and after release from the D-loop. Furthermore, telomeric D-loops are more refractory to disruption by WRN, which has implications for tighter regulation of D-loop processing at telomeres. Finally, we show that WRN can recognize and initiate branch migration from both the 5' and 3' ends of the invading strand in the D-loops. These findings led us to propose a novel model for WRN D-loop disruption. Our biochemical results offer an explanation for the cellular studies that indicate both WRN activities function in processing HR intermediates.
Typical-use contraceptive failure rates in 43 countries with Demographic and Health Survey data: summary of a detailed report (2016)

Our findings help us to highlight those methods, subregions and population groups that may be in need of particular attention for improvements in policies and programs to address higher contraceptive failure rates.
The infrared laser photoisomerization of HONO in solid N2 and Ar (1982)

The IR induced photoisomerization of HONO in solid N2 and Ar is a single photon process. The isomerization is not first order but follows a rate law (d [HONO]/dt) = (kc/π r2l)[I0−I][HONO]. Extensive energy migration occurs in these solids. The reaction occurs at sites where the isomerization is least hindered by the cage. There is evidence for the importance of direct coupling of the excited mode and the reaction coordinate.
Post-β-Lactamase-Inhibitor Effect of Tazobactam in Combination with Ceftolozane on Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Strains (2014)

The post-β-lactamase-inhibitor effect (PBLIE) of tazobactam combined with ceftolozane was evaluated by time-kill assays on two clinical Escherichia coli strains producing CTX-M-15 with or without TEM-1. The organisms were exposed (2 h) to 4 μg/ml/4 μg/ml of ceftolozane-tazobactam (4× MIC), 4 μg/ml of ceftolozane, and medium containing no drug, washed, and resuspended in medium alone or medium containing ceftolozane-tazobactam or ceftolozane. The PBLIE was determined as 1.3 to 2.1 h, and a postantibiotic effect was measured as 0.8 to 0.9 h.
Single-Step Detection of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Using Bacterially-Produced Quenchbodies (2018)

We have successfully generated a Quenchbody that enables the detection of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), in a simple and convenient manner. By two-site labeling of the bacterially-produced anti-HA Fab with ATTO520, its fluorescence intensity was increased to 4.4-fold, in the presence of a nanomolar concentration of H1N1 HA. Our results indicate the potential use of this Quenchbody, as a sensor for the simple in situ detection of influenza A virus.
The cadherin superfamily: diversity in form and function (2001)

Over recent years cadherins have emerged as a growing superfamily of molecules, and a complex picture of their structure and their biological functions is becoming apparent. Variation in their extracellular region leads to the large potential for recognition properties of this superfamily. This is demonstrated strikingly by the recently discovered FYN-binding CNR-protocadherins; these exhibit alternative expression of the extracellular portion, which could lead to distinct cell recognition in different neuronal populations, whereas their cytoplasmic part, and therefore intracellular interactions, is constant. Diversity in the cytoplasmic moiety of the cadherins imparts specificity to their interactions with cytoplasmic components; for example, classical cadherins interact with catenins and the actin filament network, desmosomal cadherins interact with catenins and the intermediate filament system and CNR-cadherins interact with the SRC-family kinase FYN. Recent evidence suggests that CNR-cadherins, 7TM-cadherins and T-cadherin, which is tethered to the membrane by a GPI anchor, all localise to lipid rafts, specialised cell membrane domains rich in signalling molecules. Originally thought of as cell adhesion molecules, cadherin superfamily molecules are now known to be involved in many biological processes, such as cell recognition, cell signalling, cell communication, morphogenesis, angiogenesis and possibly even neurotransmission.
Therapies for the management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (2019)

Introduction The genitourinary syndrome of menopause is a new term that describes various menopausal symptoms and signs including not only genital symptoms (dryness, burning, and irritation) and sexual symptoms (lack of lubrication, discomfort or pain, and impaired function), but also urinary symptoms (urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections). Methods We conducted a systematic scoping review of data in women therapies with genitourinary syndrome of menopause or vulvovaginal atrophy in peer-reviewed, English-language publications in the last 20 years. Results The terms vulvovaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis, which were generally used up until recently, had a limitation because they did not cover the full spectrum of symptoms and did not imply that the symptoms are related to a decreased sex steroid level in menopause. The concept of genitourinary syndrome of menopause was recently introduced and has been gaining widespread use. Since genitourinary syndrome of menopause may have a profound negative impact on the quality of life of postmenopausal women, patients should be made aware of these problems and treated with an appropriate effective therapy. Therefore, in this review we introduce therapies for this syndrome, both local and systemic, and discuss the importance of genitourinary syndrome of menopause comprehension and the need to have an active treatment of this syndrome in postmenopausal women. Conclusion The increasing number of therapies for menopausal symptoms opens up new options. In addition, new products have been designed and developed by pharmaceutical companies as new possibilities for patients who did not have any treatment available and also to improve compliance.
I. Antigen presentation in the intestine: new rules and regulations (1998)

The recognition that immune responses in the intestine differ from those seen systemically has led to a search for novel pathways involved in mucosal immunoregulation. One cell type that has surfaced as a prime candidate for such a regulatory role is the intestinal epithelial cell. A number of laboratories have documented that intestinal epithelial cells sample luminal antigens and process and present these to primed T cells. However, several unique features have emerged, making their potential role as antigen-presenting cells a critical part of mucosal homeostasis.
Simulated Seismic‐Load Tests on Full‐Scale Five‐Story Masonry Building (1994)

The first U.S. full‐scale five‐story building test under simulated seismic loads was conducted at the University of California, San Diego. The full‐scale reinforced masonry (RM) research building consisted of coupled, flanged, fully grouted concrete masonry walls and precast prestressed hollow‐core plank floors with reinforced‐concrete topping. The seismic‐simulation tests were conducted under the direction of the Technical Coordinating Committee for Masonry Research (TCCMAR) to validate new analysis and design models for masonry buildings in seismic zones. The complete seismic simulation testing of the five‐story structural wall building under recorded earthquake ground‐motion segments was possible through soft coupling between the loading system and the stiff test structure, and improvements to the on‐line actuator‐control algorithm as part of the implicit time‐integration scheme. The development and implementation of the generated sequential displacement (GSD) procedure for the experimental multidegree‐of‐freedom seismic‐load simulation is described and illustrated by detailed examples of responses.
Theia: Visual Signatures for Problem Diagnosis in Large Hadoop Clusters. (2013)

Diagnosing performance problems in large distributed systems can be daunting as the copious volume of monitoring information available can obscure the root-cause of the problem. Automated diagnosis tools help narrow down the possible root-causes—however, these tools are not perfect thereby motivating the need for visualization tools that allow users to explore their data and gain insight on the root-cause. In this paper we describe Theia, a visualization tool that analyzes application-level logs in a Hadoop cluster, and generates visual signatures of each job’s performance. These visual signatures provide compact representations of task durations, task status, and data consumption by jobs. We demonstrate the utility of Theia on real incidents experienced by users on a production Hadoop cluster. 1
Application of Monolithic Silica for Microfluidic Analysis (2005)

モノリスシリカは骨格と流路を一体化した構造を持ち，しかも合成の際にミクロサイズの貫通孔，及び骨格表面のナノサイズの細孔を制御することができる特性を有する．そこで，新材料として注目され，分析化学の各分野でもその応用が大いに考えられる．本論文では，近年，著者らが検討した，1）ポーラスモノリスシリカを基に，化学修飾したキラルモノリスカラムの開発とキャピラリー電気クロマトグラフィー及びマイクロカラム液体クロマトグラフィーへの応用，2）酵素を固定化したモノリスリアクターの開発と生体分子の連続的なモニタリングへの応用，並びに3）高い圧力を制御できる電気浸透流ポンプの開発と流動分析及びエレクトロスプレーへの応用に関し，その有効性を概説した．
Research of semi-active suspension self-adjust sky/ground-hook hybrid control simulation (2011)

On the basis of the MRD 1/4 vehicle model, and combined with the thought of mixed control of skyhook damper and ground-hook damper, a hybrid semi-active control strategy that the coordinated parameters are adjusted automatically according to the vehicle speed is put forward in order to meet the requirements of the riding comfort and the adhesive performance under different working conditions. Based on the reconfigured standard Grade B and C road excitation signals, simulation researches on vertical vibration of vehicle body, dynamic deflection of vehicle suspension and dynamic loads of tires are carried on respectively at the speed of 10m/s, 20m/s and 30m/s. As shown in the results of the simulations, compared with passive suspension the vibration is decreased about 10 percent, the dynamic loads of tires maintain the same level on the whole, and the suspension deflection had increased in certain degree. This demonstrates that the devised control strategy of semi-active suspension can effectively improve the riding comfort and the adhesive performance of vehicles at various speeds.
New masks for complementary source-pupil filtering (1990)

Rhodes and Koizumi 1 introduced the complementary source-pupil filtering system, which performed contrast and edge enhancement and exhibited good immunity to coherent artifact noise. In addition, some simple spatial filtering was demonstrated. Their system is partially coherent, and the nonlinear equations describing its behavior do not provide much insight. We introduce two useful classes of masks for use in complementary source-pupil filtering systems that have simple analytical models. The first class of pupil masks is a random array of dark spots on a clear background. Low-contrast objects illuminated by the complementary source yield high-contrast images with no sign of speckle noise. The system can be approximated as a high-pass coherent spatial filter followed by an incoherent system in which the optical transfer function is determined by the pupil mask. The width of the individual dark spots determines the width of the stop band of the high-pass coherent system. The second class of pupil masks is a regular array of dark spots on a clear background. The complementary source produces images with reduced contrast and removes square-wave terms with a spatial frequency determined by the spacing of the dark spots. The system can be modeled as a coherent system designed to notch a particular spatial frequency followed by a clear-aperture incoherent system.
Ultrathin, Multilayered Polyelectrolyte Films as Nanofiltration Membranes (2003)

This study shows that alternating polyelectrolyte deposition on porous supports can yield nanofiltration membranes that allow high water flux along with selective ion transport. Membranes composed of 4.5−5 layer pairs of poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PSS/PAH) on porous alumina allow water fluxes of 1−2 m3 m-2 day-1 at 4.8 bar while exhibiting MgSO4 rejections of 96%. Rejections of CaCl2 and Na2SO4 depend on polyelectrolyte deposition conditions and the composition of the outer layer of the membrane. In general, divalent-ion rejection increases when the charge of the outer layer of the membrane has the same sign as the divalent ion being rejected. Increasing the concentration of the supporting electrolyte present during deposition of the terminating PSS layer of PSS/PAH membranes results in a higher surface charge, and hence higher Na2SO4 rejections (up to 95%). Nanofiltration with mixed solutions of NaCl and Na2SO4 yields Cl-/SO42- selectivities of about 30 when the top layer of PSS/PAH membranes is deposited from a solution of high ionic strength. Capping PSS/PAH films with a layer of PAA increases Cl-/SO42- selectivities to values as high as 80. Interestingly, Cl-/SO42- selectivities in mixed solutions are higher than those determined from single-salt measurements, presumably because diffusion potentials are different in the two cases. The high selectivities, water fluxes, and ion rejections of PSS/PAH membranes make them potentially attractive for applications in water and salt purification.
Hot Pressing of Fused Silica (1960)

The hot pressing of powdered fused silica at temperatures below the melting and devitrification regions is described. The fabrication of high‐density shapes of fused silica is possible by this process. A relation expressing densification as a function of viscosity, time, applied pressure, and initial compaction is essentially substantiated.
MOLLUSCA AND FORAMINIFERA FROM THE LOWER ALBIAN OF THE NEGEV (SOUTHERN ISRAEL) (1954)

A molluscan fauna from the so-called first marine intercalation of the Makhtesh Gadol (The Great Cirque) or Wadi Hathira is recorded. This fauna points to the early Albian age of the deposit. In one of the layers, composed of brown limestone containing limonitic pseudo-oolites, the surface of the latter is often covered by numerous Foraminifera belonging to a new species of the genus Bullopora and described herein as B. negevensis Avnimelech and Reiss. The taxon- omy and systematic position of the genus Bullopora are discussed.
Abnormal Metabolic Pattern Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson'S Disease: A Validation Study (2015)

Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been associated with a specific metabolic covariance pattern. Although the expression of this PD cognition-related pattern (PDCP) correlates with neuropsychological performance, it is not known whether the PDCP topography is reproducible across PD populations. We therefore sought to identify a PDCP topography in a new sample comprised of 19 Dutch PD subjects. Network analysis of metabolic scans from these individuals revealed a significant PDCP that resembled the original network topography. Expression values for the new PDCP correlated (P=0.001) with executive dysfunction on the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Subject scores for the new PDCP correlated (P<0.001) with corresponding values for the original pattern, which also correlated (P<0.005) with FAB scores in this patient group. For further validation, subject scores for the new PDCP were computed in an independent group of 86 American PD patients. In this cohort, subject scores for the new and original PDCP topographies were closely correlated (P<0.001); significant correlations between pattern expression and cognitive performance (P<0.05) were observed for both PDCP topographies. These findings suggest that the PDCP is a replicable imaging marker of PD cognitive dysfunction.
Measurement of Postcryopreservation Viability (1987)

For any tissue, there is a cell viability threshold below which the ability of the tissue to maintain itself and function will eventually be compromised. During cryopreservation and subsequent thawing of tissues there are many steps involved, each with attendant potential risks for reduction of viability. To determine the effectiveness of any cryopreservation procedure it is important to select appropriate assays. In this manuscript viability assays, in general, are reviewed from a biological viewpoint prior to review of methods employed for assessment of heart valve viability. Both in situ and in vitro assays of heart valve viability indicate that valve mechanical properties and the majority of fibroblasts, which are responsible for maintenance of the valve connective tissue, are retained after cryopreservation.
Electronic transport in tin-doped indium oxide thin films prepared by sol-gel technique (1998)

Hall effect measurements have been performed on tin-doped indium oxide thin films prepared by the dipping method. The apparent variation of electron mobility with carrier concentration in these films has been quantitatively interpreted in terms of scattering at charged and neutral impurities. An electrical resistivity as low as 3.2×10−4 Ω cm was obtained for the films doped with about 6 at. % Sn. A further increase in the doping content lead to the formation of neutral defects without contributing carriers to the material.
The mitochondrial genomes of Cambaroides similis and Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae): the phylogenetic implications for Reptantia (2012)

Kim, S., Park, M.‐H., Jung, J.‐H., Ahn, D.‐H., Sultana, T., Kim, S., Park, J.‐K., Choi, H.‐G. &amp; Min, G.‐S. (2012). The mitochondrial genomes of Cambaroides similis and Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae): the phylogenetic implications for Reptantia. — Zoologica Scripta , 41 , 281–292. We determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences of two northern hemisphere freshwater crayfish species, Cambaroides similis and Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae). These species have an identical gene order with typical metazoan mt genome compositions. However, their gene arrangement was very distinctive compared with the pan‐crustacean ground pattern because of the presence of a long inverted block, which included 19 coding genes and a control region (CR). Because the CR was inverted, their nucleotide frequencies showed a reversed strand‐specific bias compared with the other decapods. Based on a comparative analysis of mt genome arrangements between southern and northern hemisphere crayfish and their putative close marine relative ( Homarus americanus , a true clawed lobster), we postulated that the ancestor of freshwater crayfish had a typical pan‐crustacean mtDNA gene order, similar to its marine relatives. Based on this assumption, we traced the most parsimonious gene rearrangement scenario of the northern hemisphere crayfish. In a phylogenetic study on the infraordinal relationships in reptan decapods, the lineage Lineata [Thalassinidea (Brachyura, Anomura)] was well supported, while the infraorder positions of Achelata and Astacidea remained unidentified.