gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The detection of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow from colorectal-cancer patients by a cytokeratin-20-specific nested reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction is related to the stage of disease (1996)

The dissemination of cancer cells is a prerequisite in the development of micrometastases and solid metastases. Our previous examinations of these cells were based on immunocytological staining of tumor-associated antigens and cytokeratins. We have now developed a highly sensitive and specific detection method based on a nested reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) of cytokeratin-20 (CK-20) mRNA. Using this method, we examined the bone marrow of 57 patients with colorectal cancer and detected increasing numbers of CK-20-positive samples, depending on the UICC stage. Some 35% of all bone-marrow samples tested positive for CK-20: none were found in colorectal cancer stage 1, 24% were in stage II, 31% in stage III and 71% in stage IV. Investigation of bone-marrow specimens of patients with pancreatic cancer showed that 4 out of 11 patients were positive for CK-20 mRNA. To confirm that sample positivity for CK-20 expression was due to disseminated tumor cells, we examined bone marrow from a control group (n = 16) without apparent carcinoma. In this group, 15 out of 16 donors were CK-20-negative, while one donor with familial adenomatous polyposis showed a CK-20-specific signal.
A Distinguishing Attack with a Neural Network (2013)

This paper proposes a new distinguishing-type attack to identify block ciphers. This attack utilises a multidisciplinary approach to the problem. It is grounded in a neural network, by means of a linguistic and an information retrieval approach, from patterns found on a set of cipher texts. This result is possible due to the existence of intrinsic properties in the mathematical basis of ciphers, which create signatures in the cipher texts. Experiments were performed on a set of cipher texts, which were encrypted by the finalist algorithms of AES contest: MARS, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent and Two fish, with a unique 128-bit key. The processes of clustering and classification were successful, allowing the formation of well-defined groups, where cipher texts encrypted by the same algorithm stayed close to each other, from a topological standpoint, which allow the identification of the cipher.
Preclinical and Clinical Results with an Ultrasonic Contrast Agent (1988)

In comparison to diagnostic radiology, ultrasound diagnostics has had no real contrast media. Theoretical considerations indicate that gas liquid systems seem to be favorable. The echocontrast agent SH U 454 is a system that releases minute gas bubbles that provide the contrast properties. Preclinical and clinical trials in more than 500 patients with right-heart lesions proved the efficacy and tolerance of the agent. Initial investigations showed that SH U 454 also may be useful in fields (eg, urology, gynecology) other than cardiology.
Some Applications of the Generalized Travelling Salesman Problem (1996)

In the Generalized Travelling Salesman Problem (GTSP), the aim is to determine a least cost Hamiltonian circuit or cycle through several clusters of vertices. It is shown that a wide variety of combinatorial optimization problems can be modelled as GTSPs. These problems include location-routeing problems, material flow system design, post-box collection, stochastic vehicle routeing and arc routeing.
Nucleotide sequence of a yeast Ty element: evidence for an unusual mechanism of gene expression. (1985)

We have determined the DNA sequence of the transposable element Ty912 of yeast. The 5918-base-pair element encodes two genes, tya912 and tyb912, which specify proteins similar to sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins of Escherichia coli and retroviral reverse transcriptases, respectively. The tyb912 gene is atypical of eukaryotic genes since (i) it begins 1336 nucleotides into the Ty912 mRNA (i.e., downstream of the tya912 gene) and (ii) the first in-frame AUG is 921 nucleotides into the coding frame. Protein blot analysis of Ty-lacZ fusions shows that the tyb912 gene is translated starting at the 5' end of the tya912 gene and that the primary translational product is a tya912::tyb912 fusion protein. We have shown that synthesis of this fusion protein probably does not occur by RNA splicing. The data are consistent with a mechanism of translational frameshifting occurring within the region of overlap between the 3' end of tya912 and the 5' end of tyb912.
Effect of post-induction nutrient feeding strategies on the production of bioadhesive protein inEscherichia coli (1998)

The effect of post-induction nutrient feeding strategies on the production of bioadhesive protein using an IPTG inducible expression system in Escherichia coli was investigated. Cells were cultured in an exponential fed-batch mode to the OD600 of ca. 100 (48 gDCW/L) prior to induction. Six different post-induction nutrient feeding strategies (pH-stat, exponential, constant and linear change in feeding rate with three different slopes) were then applied, and bioadhesive protein production was examined. It was found that post-induction cell growth was independent of nutrient feeding rate. However, bioadhesive protein production was significantly affected by post-induction feeding strategies. Linearly changing post-induction feeding rate with a suitable slope allowed production of bioadhesive protein up to 5.3 g/L, which was higher than that obtained by the other post-induction feeding strategies.
HYDRATION OF PLASMA-TREATED ALUMOSILICATE BINDERS (2014)

Plasma treatment offers several applications in material science. In this research, the potential of plasma treatment is explored on the hydration of hydrophilic CNT-enriched cement and hydrophilic fly ash. The evolution of the hydration heat and the compressive strength show that a hydrophilic surface slightly accelerates the early-age hydration kinetics, while the long-term properties remain unchanged.
Power analysis of multiplier blocks (2003)

In this study, three multiplier-blocks generated by different algorithms are analyzed for their power consumption via transition count based on their implementation on the Xilinx Virtex device. The high level Glitch-Path method, which is used for estimating the relative figures of transitions occurring at the outputs of the adders, has been refined for more accurate estimation and a new method GP Score is proposed. Several design issues are discussed regarding ways of reducing the transitions.
On the rate of channel polarization (2009)

A bound is given on the rate of channel polarization. As a corollary, an earlier bound on the probability of error for polar coding is improved. Specifically, it is shown that, for any binary-input discrete memoryless channel W with symmetric capacity I(W) and any rate R ≪ I(W), the polar-coding block-error probability under successive cancellation decoding satisfies P <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</inf> (N, R) ≤ 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−Nβ</sup> for any β ≪ 1/2 when the block-length N is large enough.
Using magnetic extractants for removal of pollutants from water via magnetic filtration (2006)

Scope and Method of Study: The objective of this research was the development of new magnetic methods for the removal of contaminants from water via magnetic filtration. These processes provide several advantages such as extremely rapid separations and remote operation that promotes safety and prevents health problems to workers. Since most of the pollutants in water are weakly magnetic or diamagnetic, they are not amenable to magnetic filtration. For this reason, magnetically-active extractants were synthesized that allow the separation of such species via magnetic filtration. In the first aspect of this research, novel composite materials were synthesized based on iron, hematite, or magnetite for removal of hydrocarbons. The surface of the iron and iron oxides were derivitized with alkylalkoxysilane reagents and siloxane polymers in order to provide hydrophobic active sites for hydrocarbons. All extractants demonstrated excellent performance and reduced the concentration of decane in spiked water to the parts per billon level. Indeed, some extractants showed a powerful ability to extract and remove decane concentration to less than 1 ppb. The second aspect involved the synthesis of coated magnetite nanoparticles prepared by treating magnetite nanoparticles with amino- or mercaptomethoxy-silane. The aminosilsesquioxane extractant was functionalized by a pyridine group. The performance of the synthesized extractants was investigated for the removal of radioactive substances (uranium) and heavy metals (mercury and copper) from water. It was found that the resulting materials were highly effective for purifying water contains these toxic metal ions. In the case of magnetite nanoparticles coated with diaminosilane, the uranium uptake can be as high as 125 % by weight.
Adversarial Personalized Ranking for Recommendation (2018)

Item recommendation is a personalized ranking task. To this end, many recommender systems optimize models with pairwise ranking objectives, such as the Bayesian Personalized Ranking (BPR). Using matrix Factorization (MF) - the most widely used model in recommendation - as a demonstration, we show that optimizing it with BPR leads to a recommender model that is not robust. In particular, we find that the resultant model is highly vulnerable to adversarial perturbations on its model parameters, which implies the possibly large error in generalization. To enhance the robustness of a recommender model and thus improve its generalization performance, we propose a new optimization framework, namely Adversarial Personalized Ranking (APR). In short, our APR enhances the pairwise ranking method BPR by performing adversarial training. It can be interpreted as playing a minimax game, where the minimization of the BPR objective function meanwhile defends an adversary, which adds adversarial perturbations on model parameters to maximize the BPR objective function. To illustrate how it works, we implement APR on MF by adding adversarial perturbations on the embedding vectors of users and items. Extensive experiments on three public real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of APR - by optimizing MF with APR, it outperforms BPR with a relative improvement of 11.2% on average and achieves state-of-the-art performance for item recommendation. Our implementation is available at: \urlhttps://github.com/hexiangnan/adversarial_personalized_ranking.
A novel 2 μm, frequency conversion based, laser transmitter for CO 2 DIAL (2009)

We report on a novel 2 &mu;m laser transmitter for CO<sub>2</sub> DIAL, based on a nanosecond parametric master oscillator-power amplifier architecture. The master oscillator is an entangled-cavity, doubly resonant, optical parametric oscillator, based on a type-II periodically poled Lithium Niobate nonlinear crystal. This device provides single-longitudinal-mode radiation, with a high frequency stability and high beam quality, with no need of an additional seeding source. The 2.05 &mu;m signal emission is amplified by multi-stage parametric amplifiers to generate more than 10 mJ. After amplification, both the spectral purity and beam quality are maintained: we demonstrate single-longitudinal-mode emission with a frequency stability better than 3 MHz rms, within a nearly diffraction limited beam, with a <i>M</i><sup>2</sup> quality factor close to 1.5. The unique performances of this parametric architecture make this device a relevant transmitter for CO<sub>2</sub> differential-absorption LIDAR. Such approach could be readily duplicated for the detection of other greenhouse gases.
Scaled particle theory for nonadditive hard spheres: Solutions for general positive nonadditivity (1978)

A complete scheme for a scaled particle theory for hard spheres with nonadditive diameters is developed. As macroscopic representation of the nonadditive hard spheres a cavity surrounded by a family of concentric selectively permeable membranes is used. The resulting equations are solved explicitly for a binary mixture with positive nonadditivity. Independent of the scheme used, scaled particle theory predicts a demixing phase transition at high density and sufficient nonadditivity. The critical value for the nonadditivity parameter is found to be ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{c}=0.215$. Agreement with the few Monte Carlo results available is good.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of Aryl(e)fused Pyrazolo(4,3‐c) pyridines with Potential Anxiolytic Activity. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Organic Chemistry YouTube Writing Assignment for Large Lecture Classes (2011)

This work describes efforts to incorporate and evaluate the use of a YouTube writing assignment in large lecture classes to personalize learning and improve conceptual understanding of chemistry through peer- and self-explanation strategies. Although writing assignments can be a method to incorporate peer- and self-explanation strategies, this method is not often incorporated in large lecture classes and lower-division science courses. This work primarily focuses on a YouTube “video script” writing assignment where a student selects an organic chemistry concept and describes how they would “teach” or creatively explain the concept to their fellow classmates using real-world examples in a popular YouTube video format. In a more elaborate version of the assignment, students then proceed to make a YouTube video based on this written assignment. Subsequent details and feedback about the assignment are also presented.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis pks12 Produces a Novel Polyketide Presented by CD1c to T Cells (2004)

CD1c-mediated T cells are activated by a mycobacterial phospholipid antigen whose carbohydrate structure precisely corresponds to mammalian mannosyl beta-1-phosphodolichol (MPD), but contains an unusual lipid moiety. Here, we show that this T cell antigen is a member of a family of branched, alkane lipids that vary in length (C30-34) and are produced by medically important mycobacteria such as M. tuberculosis and M. bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guerin. The alkane moiety distinguished these mycobacterial lipid antigens from mammalian MPDs and was necessary for activation of CD1c-restricted T cells, but could not be accounted for by any known lipid biosynthetic pathway. Metabolic labeling and mass spectrometric analyses suggested a mechanism for elongating lipids using alternating C2 and C3 units, rather than C5 isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Inspection of the M. tuberculosis genome identified one candidate gene, pks12, which was predicted to encode the largest protein in M. tuberculosis, consisting of 12 catalytic domains that correspond to key steps in the proposed pathway. Genetic deletion and complementation showed that Pks12 was necessary for antigen production, but did not affect synthesis of true isoprenols. These studies establish the genetic and enzymatic basis for a previously unknown type of polyketide, designated mycoketide, which contains a lipidic pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
A Boundary Element Model for CMUT-Arrays Loaded by a Viscoelastic Medium (2019)

This work is an extension of a model previously developed by our group to simulate the electroacoustic response of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT)-based linear arrays acoustically loaded by a fluid medium. The goal is to introduce the viscoelasticity effects of the propagation medium into the modeling. These effects are mainly due to the passivation layer used to protect the transducer, i.e., a silicon polymer, a few hundred micrometers thick. The passivation layer is also required to ensure good acoustic coupling between the transducer front face and human skin. The theoretical approach relies on the determination of a new boundary matrix to simulate the acoustic coupling between the CMUT array and the viscoelastic medium. The complete numerical implementation of a 3-D Green's function for a viscoelastic half-space is hence described. In order to reduce computing time, an optimization was carried out through vectorization and parallelization methods. A comparison is then performed with the analytical solutions, from the literature, obtained for elastic half-space. An experimental validation of shear viscosity effects is performed through electrical impedance measurements of the CMUT linear arrays loaded by oils of varying viscosity. A very good agreement is obtained, showing that the model correctly takes the shear viscosity effects on the mechanical response of the CMUT into account, i.e., a shift in the resonance frequency and a diminution in the mechanical quality factor are observed.
Fine Structure of Leukocytes in Infectious Mononucleosis: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies (1969)

Abstract The peripheral blood mononuclear cell population in patients with heterophile positive infectious mononucleosis is comprised of small and medium sized lymphocytes, monocytes, increased numbers of lymphoid-plasma (LP) cells, and large lymphocytoid cells with abundant polysomes. Cell-lines derived from these patients contain a spectrum of cells of the lymphoid plasma cell series. These cultures are morphologically indistinguishable from Burkitt lymphoma and leukemic suspension cultures. A large portion of the cells present in these continuous suspension cultures have fine structural features similar to phytomitogen stimulated lymphocytes, and to cells implicated in the immune response.
A gold foil electrode: extending the horizons for clinical electroretinography. (1979)

A gold foil ERG electrode is described. The device is inexpensive and simple to fabricate. Since it is hooked over the lower lid and makes minimal touch contact with the inferior limbal area, it can be used in circumstances which require prolonged testing of retinal function or in eyes with corneal pathology. Because the optics of the eye are not compromised, it is possible, with the use of appropriate stimuli and response-averaging techniques, to record local EFGs from relatively small retinal areas.
Highly Active and Thermally Stable Core-Shell Catalysts for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2011)

The effect of catalyst nanostructure on the performance of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes prepared by infiltration of an electronic conductor (45 wt % La(0.8)Sr(0.2)Cr(0.5)Mn(0.5)O(3), LSCM) and a catalyst (1 wt % Pd and 9 wt % CeO(2)) into porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds was examined. When Pd and CeO(2) were added by classical infiltration with nitrate salts, the initial electrode impedance in 97% H(2)-3% H(2)O at 973 K was similar to 0.1 Omega cm(2); however, the impedance was found to increase significantly with time at 973 K and with heating to 1173 K. SEM images showed that the loss of performance coincided with a large increase in the size of the Pd crystallites. When Pd@CeO(2) dispersible core-shell structures obtained through self-assembly were infiltrated into the anode and used as the catalytic component, the initial performance was excellent and the activity was remarkably stable with time at 973 K and upon heating to 1173 K. The improved stability is shown to be the result of greatly suppressed particle-size growth for Pd@CeO(2) within the electrode structure. This study highlights the potential use of core-shell materials as stable structures in various fields of materials science and heterogeneous catalysis
LIMK (LIM Kinase) Inhibition Prevents Vasoconstriction- and Hypertension-Induced Arterial Stiffening and Remodeling (2020)

Increased arterial stiffness and vascular remodeling precede and are consequences of hypertension. They also contribute to the development and progression of life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. Yet, there are currently no agents specifically aimed at preventing or treating arterial stiffening and remodeling. Previous research indicates that vascular smooth muscle actin polymerization participates in the initial stages of arterial stiffening and remodeling and that LIMK (LIM kinase) promotes F-actin formation and stabilization via cofilin phosphorylation and consequent inactivation. Herein, we hypothesize that LIMK inhibition is able to prevent vasoconstriction- and hypertension-associated arterial stiffening and inward remodeling. We found that small visceral arteries isolated from hypertensive subjects are stiffer and have greater cofilin phosphorylation than those from nonhypertensives. We also show that LIMK inhibition prevents arterial stiffening and inward remodeling in isolated human small visceral arteries exposed to prolonged vasoconstriction. Using cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, we determined that LIMK inhibition prevents vasoconstrictor agonists from increasing cofilin phosphorylation, F-actin volume, and cell cortex stiffness. We further show that localized LIMK inhibition prevents arteriolar inward remodeling in hypertensive mice. This indicates that hypertension is associated with increased vascular smooth muscle cofilin phosphorylation, cytoskeletal stress fiber formation, and heightened arterial stiffness. Our data further suggest that pharmacological inhibition of LIMK prevents vasoconstriction-induced arterial stiffening, in part, via reductions in vascular smooth muscle F-actin content and cellular stiffness. Accordingly, LIMK inhibition should represent a promising therapeutic means to stop the progression of arterial stiffening and remodeling in hypertension.
Anti-inflammation activity and chemical composition of flower essential oil from Hedychium coronarium (2009)

Hedychium coronarium Koen. (Family Zingiberaceae), popularly named butterfly ginger, is widely available in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been used in folk medicine for many conditions, such as contusion inflammation, anti-rheumatic and so on. In this study, chemical compositions and anti-inflammatory activity of this flowers’ essential oil were investigated for the first time. Followed by GC–MS analysis, a total of 29 components were identified and the main constituents included -transocimenone (28.05%), linalool (18.52%), 1,8-cineole (11.35%), -terpineol (7.11%), 10-epi--eudesmol (6.06%), sabinene (4.59%) and terpinen-4-ol (3.17%). We measured the antioxidant activity of the essential oil in vitro (DPPH reduction assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) and the antiinflammatory activity in vivo (carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats). The oil (100 mg/kg p.o.) produced significant inhibition of paw oedema, but showed poor antioxidant activity (with the DPPH IC50 value of 1091.00 g/ml and FRAP value of 0.22 mol Fe2+/mg). The results reveal that there is no direct correlation between anti-inflammatory effect and antioxidant activity of this essential oil.