gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low cost flip chip processing and reliability of fast-flow, snap-cure underfills (2003)

Flip chip technology is finding increasing applications in the electronics manufacturing and packaging industries and is projected to grow at a 30-40% rate into the next decade. Development of new material systems will enable this growth provided they reduce manufacturing time and enhance reliability. Among these new materials are fast-flow, snap-cure underfills. These underfills can significantly decrease manufacturing costs by eliminating excessive underfill flow times and lengthy dedicated cure cycles. This is especially true in double sided board assembly where snap-cure underfills can be cured during the soak stage of a typical second side reflow cycle while the reflow spike forms the second side interconnects and also provides additional curing. This work presents a study of fast-flow, snap-cure underfill materials and includes data on the reliability in air to air thermal cycling (-55/spl deg/C to 125/spl deg/C) and JEDEC Level 3 Moisture Sensitivity Preconditioning prior to thermal cycling of FCOB test vehicles. Samples cured using a second reflow pass are compared to baseline samples snap-cured in a standard batch oven at the underfill manufacturers' recommended cure schedule. The goal of this work is to determine the performance of fast-flow, snap-cure underfills in the context of low cost flip chip processing using second side reflow for underfill cure. The approach evaluates commercial fast-flow, snap-cure underfills with respect to JEDEC Level 3 Moisture Sensitivity Testing and air to air thermal cycling both with and without the preconditioning.
Evaluation of a Social Marketing Campaign to Support Mexico City's Comprehensive Smoke-Free Law (2010)

Social marketing campaigns can reinforce knowledge and attitudes that favor smoke-free laws, thereby helping to establish smoke-free norms.
An Integrated Therapeutic Delivery System for Enhanced Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2018)

Abstract Nanomaterials hold promise for the treatment of human carcinomas but integrating multiple functions into a single drug carrier system remains challenging. Herein, an integrated therapeutic delivery system for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is reported, which is based on rhodamine B (RhB) end‐labeled cationic poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) and hydrophobic poly(3‐azido‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PGMA‐N 3 ) segments equipped with a covalently bound galactose. This biocompatible and safe platform RhB‐PDMAEMA25‐c‐PGMA50‐Gal micelles (Gal‐micelles) offers four advantages: (1) Galactose ligands enhance cellular uptake by targeting the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is overexpressed on HCC cell lines surfaces; (2) RhB end‐labeling facilitates real‐time imaging for tracking both in vitro and in vivo; (3) the acidic tumor microenvironment protonates the carrier system for efficient drug release as well as gene transfection, (4) codelivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and B‐cell lymphoma 2 small interfering RNA (Bcl‐2 siRNA) works synergistically against tumor growth in both subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC bearing mouse models. This integrated therapeutic delivery system holds potential for future clinical HCC treatment.
Emerging concepts of shear stress in placental development and function (2019)

Blood flow, and the force it generates, is critical to placental development and function throughout pregnancy. This mechanical stimulation of cells by the friction generated from flow is called shear stress (SS) and is a fundamental determinant of vascular homeostasis, regulating remodelling and vasomotor tone. This review describes how SS is fundamental to the establishment and regulation of the blood flow through the uteroplacental and fetoplacental circulations. Amongst the most recent findings is that alongside the endothelium, embryonic stem cells and the villous trophoblast are mechanically sensitive. A complex balance of forces is required to enable effective establishment of the uteroplacental circulation, while protecting the embryo and placental villi. SS also generates flow-mediated vasodilatation through the release of endothelial nitric oxide, a process vital for adequate placental blood flow. The identification of SS sensors and the mechanisms governing how the force is converted into biochemical signals is a fast-paced area of research, with multiple cellular components under investigation. For example, the Piezo1 ion channel is mechanosensitive in a variety of tissues including the fetoplacental endothelium. Enhanced Piezo1 activity has been demonstrated in response to the Yoda1 agonist molecule, suggesting the possibility for developing tools to manipulate these channels. Whether such agents might progress to novel therapeutics to improve blood flow through the placenta requires further consideration and research.
Model-based estimation for dynamic cardiac studies using ECT (1994)

The authors develop a strategy for joint estimation of physiological parameters and myocardial boundaries using ECT (emission computed tomography). They construct an observation model to relate parameters of interest to the projection data and to account for limited ECT system resolution and measurement noise. The authors then use a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator to jointly estimate all the parameters directly from the projection data without reconstruction of intermediate images. They also simulate myocardial perfusion studies based on a simplified heart model to evaluate the performance of the model-based joint ML estimator and compare this performance to the Cramer-Rao lower bound. Finally, the authors discuss model assumptions and potential uses of the joint estimation strategy.
Cement Paste and Concrete (1973)

Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical ...Read More
New developments in synchrotron-based microtomography (2004)

State-of-the-art synchrotron-based microtomography devices have nowadays to fulfill very stringent requirements in term of spatial resolution, detection efficiency and data throughput. The most used detection system is based on collecting the light produced by a thin scintillation screen with microscope optics and conveying it to a high-performance charge coupled device (CCD) camera. With the chip-size of currently available CCDs installed at high brilliance sources like the Swiss Light Source (SLS) raw data are produced at rate of gigabyte/minute. It is crucial therefore to provide the necessary infrastructure to be able to post-process the data in real time, and provide to the user 3D information immediately after the end of the scan. The visible-light-based detection system is intrinsically limited by scintillation properties, optical coupling and CCD granularity to a practical limit of about 1 micron spatial resolution and efficiency of a few percent. A novel detector, called Bragg magnifier, is one of the techniques recently proposed to efficiently trespass the micrometer barrier. It exploits two-dimensional asymmetric Bragg diffraction from flat crystals to produce X-ray images with magnification factors up to 150x150 and pixel sizes less than 100x100 nm<sup>2</sup>. The infrastructure devoted to microtomography at the SLS is described, as well as some very promising experiments. The layout of a novel, tomography dedicated beamline is also presented.
Distinct Treatment Outcomes of Antiparasitic Therapy in Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Children Is Associated With Early Changes in Cytokines, Chemokines, and T-Cell Phenotypes (2018)

<b>Background:</b> In contrast to adults, <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>-infected children have more broadly functional <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>-specific T cells, and the total T-cell compartment exhibits fewer signs of immune exhaustion. However, not much is known about the link between immunocompetence and the treatment efficacy for human Chagas disease. <b>Methods:</b> Using cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) polychromatic flow cytometry, cytometric bead assay, multiplex serological assays and quantitative PCR, we evaluated <i>T. cruzi</i>-specific T-cell and antibody immune responses, T-cell phenotypes and parasitemia in children in the early chronic phase of Chagas disease undergoing anti-<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> treatment. <b>Results:</b> Treatment with benznidazole or nifurtimox induced a decline in <i>T. cruzi</i>-specific IFN-γ- and IL-2-producing cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. T-cell responses became detectable after therapy in children bearing T-cell responses under background levels prior to treatment. The total frequencies of effector, activated and antigen-experienced T cells also decreased following anti-<i>T. cruzi</i> therapy, along with an increase in T cells expressing the receptor of the homeostatic cytokine IL-7. Posttreatment changes in several of these markers distinguished children with a declining serologic response suggestive of successful treatment from those with sustained serological responses in a 5-year follow-up study. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that lower frequency of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD45RA<sup>-</sup>CCR7<sup>-</sup>CD62L<sup>-</sup> T cells prior to drug therapy was an independent indicator of successful treatment. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings further validate the usefulness of alternative metrics to monitor treatment outcomes. Distinct qualitative and quantitative characteristics of T cells prior to drug therapy may be linked to treatment efficacy.
Complications of Cutaneous Laser Surgery. A Review (1998)

Continuous wave (CW) lasers, the first medical lasers to be used, continue to be effective, but are extremely operator dependent and can potentially result in significant risks, including scarring. In 1983, the theory of selective photothermolysis was introduced, which enabled physician-scientists to design lasers that were highly selective and safer to operate. These newer lasers are capable of affecting a specific target tissue without a high risk of scarring and pigmentary changes. They accomplish this task by producing a wavelength and pulse duration that is best absorbed by a specific target. However, not all modern lasers employ this theory and, therefore, may operate in either a CW, quasi-CW, pulsed, or Q-switched mode. CW lasers are least selective and tend to produce unwanted tissue damage and scarring through heat dissipation. Quasi-CW lasers attempt to limit unwanted thermal damage by producing a series of brief laser pulses or by the chopping of a CW beam; however, they still have a relatively high risk of causing nonspecific tissue damage and thermal injury. The pulsed and Q-switched systems adhere most closely to the principles of selective photothermolysis and result in the most selective destruction with the lowest risk of scarring and unwanted thermal diffusion. Of course, any laser system can potentially result in scarring and tissue damage; therefore, adequate operator education and skill are essential when utilizing medical lasers.
Evaluation of Locomotive Cable Insulation Life Under Varying Temperature Loading (1985)

A method is described for evaluating the life of cable insulation subjected to the varying temperature and time electrical service conditions of a locomotive. This type of evaluation becomes more important as the current ratings of higher fuel efficiency locomotives are increased, subjecting cable insulation materials to higher operating temperatures. Insulations evaluated by this proposed technique are first tested at several elevated constant temperatures to determine their thermal aging characteristics. Based on the material performance data, the insulation life consumed by the thermal stresses imposed by the locomotive duty cycle is calculated. This method can be readily applied to measure the effects of temperature cycles on cable life, objectively compare the performance of different insulations, and assess the design margin of locomotive cables. It may also be used to establish Association of American Railroads (AAR) specification requirements for thermal aging tests based on the conditions of actual field application. A method for evaluating cable life through testing and duty cycle analysis has been developed and verified by examination of cables in service. A new high performance insulation developed by the General Electric Wire and Cable Business Department is shown to offer reliable service life under the varied and demanding operating conditions of today's higher performance locomotives.
Insulin attenuates apoptosis in neuronal cells by an integrin-linked kinase-dependent mechanism (2019)

Insulin promotes neuronal survival by activating a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/AKT-dependent signaling pathway and reducing caspase activation. We investigated a role for integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in insulin-mediated cell survival in cultured neurons and differentiated R28 cells. We used a serum and depolarization withdrawal model to induce apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons and a serum withdrawal model to induce apoptosis in differentiated R28 cells. ILK knock-out decreased insulin-mediated protection as did the addition of pharmacological inhibitors of ILK, KP-392 or QLT-0267. Prosurvival effects of insulin were rescued by Boc-Asp (O-methyl)-CH<sub>2</sub>F (BAF), a pancaspase inhibitor, in the presence of KP-392. Insulin and IGF-1 decreased caspase-3 activation, an effect that was inhibited by KP-392 and QLT-0267. Western blot analysis indicates that insulin-induced stimulation of AKT Ser-473 phosphorylation was decreased after the ILK gene was conditionally knocked-out, following overexpression of AKT-DN or in the presence of QLT-0267. Insulin and IGF-1 stimulated ILK kinase activity in primary neurons and this was inhibited following ILK-DN overexpression. Western blot analysis indicates that insulin exposure upregulated the expression of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein c-IAP2 in an extracellular matrix-dependent manner, an effect blocked by KP-392. These results indicate that ILK is an important effector in insulin-mediated neuroprotection.
Short-rotation woody crops for bioenergy and biofuels applications (2009)

Purpose-grown trees will be part of the bioenergy solution in the United States, especially in the Southeast where plantation forestry is prevalent and economically important. Trees provide a "living biomass inventory" with existing end-use markets and associated infrastructure, unlike other biomass species such as perennial grasses. The economic feasibility of utilizing tree biomass is improved by increasing productivity through alternative silvicultural systems, improved breeding and biotechnology. Traditional breeding and selection, as well as the introduction of genes for improved growth and stress tolerance, have enabled high growth rates and improved site adaptability in trees grown for industrial applications. An example is the biotechnology-aided improvement of a highly productive tropical Eucalyptus hybrid, Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. This tree has acquired freeze tolerance by the introduction of a plant transcription factor that up-regulates the cold-response pathways and makes possible commercial plantings in the Southeastern United States. Transgenic trees with reduced lignin, modified lignin, or increased cellulose and hemicellulose will improve the efficiency of feedstock conversion into biofuels. Reduced lignin trees have been shown to improve efficiency in the pre-treatment step utilized in fermentation systems for biofuels production from lignocellulosics. For systems in which thermochemical or gasification approaches are utilized, increased density will be an important trait, while increased lignin might be a desired trait for direct firing or co-firing of wood for energy. Trees developed through biotechnology, like all transgenic plants, need to go through the regulatory process, which involves biosafety and risk assessment analyses prior to commercialization.
Blue-Yellow Signals Are Enhanced by Spatiotemporal Luminance Contrast in Macaque V1 (2004)

We measured the color tuning of a population of S-cone-driven V1 neurons in awake, fixating monkeys. Analysis of randomly chosen color stimuli that were effective in evoking action potentials showed that these neurons received opposite sign input from the S cones and a combination of L and M cones. Surprisingly, these cells also responded to LM cone contrast irrespective of polarity, a nonlinear sensitivity that was masked by conventional linear analysis methods. Taken together, these observations can be summarized in a nonlinear model that combines nonopponent and opponent signals such that luminance contrast enhances color processing. These findings indicate that important aspects of the cortical representation of color cannot be described by classical linear analysis, and reveal a possible neural correlate of perceptual color-luminance interactions.
Laser ablation mechanism of transparent layers on semiconductors with ultrashort laser pulses (2011)

Transparent dielectric layers on semiconductors are used as anti-reflection coatings both for photovoltaic applications and for mid-infrared optical elements. We have shown recently that selective ablation of such layers is possible using ultrashort laser pulses at wavelengths being absorbed by the semiconductor. To get a deeper understanding of the ablation mechanism, we have done ablation experiments for different transparent materials, in particular SiO<sub>2</sub> and SixNy on silicon, using a broad range of wavelengths ranging from UV to IR, and pulse durations between 50 and 2000 fs. The characterization of the ablated regions was done by light microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Utilizing laser wavelengths above the silicon band gap, selective ablation of the dielectric layer without noticeable damage of the opened silicon surface is possible. In contrast, ultrashort pulses (1-2 ps) at mid-infrared wavelengths already cause damage in the silicon at lower intensities than in the dielectric layer, even when a vibrational resonance (e.g. at &lambda; = 9.26 &mu;m for SiO<sub>2</sub>) is addressed. The physical processes behind this, on the first glance counterintuitive, observation will be discussed.
Peptide-Mediated Gene Transfer into Marine Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria (2020)

Use of photosynthetic organisms is one of the sustainable ways to produce high-value products. Marine purple photosynthetic bacteria are one of the research focuses as microbial production hosts. Genetic transformation is indispensable as a biotechnology technique. However, only conjugation has been determined to be an applicable method for the transformation of marine purple photosynthetic bacteria so far. In this study, for the first time, a dual peptide-based transformation method combining cell penetrating peptide (CPP), cationic peptide and Tat-derived peptide (dTat-Sar-EED) (containing D-amino acids of Tat and endosomal escape domain (EED) connected by sarcosine linkers) successfully delivered plasmid DNA into Rhodovulum sulfidophilum, a marine purple photosynthetic bacterium. The plasmid delivery efficiency was greatly improved by dTat-Sar-EED. The concentrations of dTat-Sar-EED, cell growth stage and recovery duration affected the efficiency of plasmid DNA delivery. The delivery was inhibited at 4 °C and by A22, which is an inhibitor of the actin homolog MreB. This suggests that the plasmid DNA delivery occurred via MreB-mediated energy dependent process. Additionally, this peptide-mediated delivery method was also applicable for E. coli cells. Thus, a wide range of bacteria could be genetically transformed by using this novel peptide-based transformation method.
16 PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE DOES NOT ALTER THERMOREGULATION DURING EXERCISE IN COLD AIR (1994)

Sawka, M. N. FACSM; Young, A. J. FACSM; Frcund, B. J. FACSM; Roberts, D. E. Author Information
624. Effect of an Oncolytic HSV Mutant Expressing ICP34.5 under Control of a Nestin Promoter for Brain Tumor Therapy (2004)

HSV mutants (e.g. G207 and MGH1), possessing deletions in both copies of the ICP34.5 gene and an insertional mutation in the ICP6 gene (ribonucleotide reductase), have proven safe through a number of animal experiments and clinical trials. Although these double mutants clearly demonstrate oncolytic effects as well as anti-tumor immunization, their oncolytic effects are markedly reduced. ICP34.5-null viruses fail to grow in a variety of cultured cells due to their inability to prevent RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. In HSV-infected cells, viral double-stranded RNA will activate PKR by autophosphorylation, and activated PKR phosphorylates eIF-2a, which inhibits initiation of protein translation within the cells and in turn inhibits viral replication. The ICP34.5 dephosphorylates eIF-2a, thus allowing continued protein synthesis and viral replication. In order to increase therapeutic efficacy and tumor selectivity, glioma selective expression of ICP34.5 in oncolytic HSV has been explored. As a candidate for glioma selective promoters, we examined a synthetic nestin promoter, which consists of the nestin enhancer and hsp68 minimum promoter. We first performed RT-PCR to examine nestin expression in various types of cultured cells. All the glioma cell lines tested (U251, U87dEGFR, Gli36d5, T98G, MGH238, U138) were confirmed to be positive for nestin expression. Astrocytes, on the other hand, were negative. We, therefore, constructed a novel HSV mutant, rQNestin34.5, which expresses ICP34.5 under control of the synthetic nestin promoter. In the experiments using cultured human glioma cell lines in vitro, rQNestin34.5 showed remarkable enhancements in both viral propagation and oncolysis compared to the ICP34.5-null virus (rHsvQ1). In four primary glioblastoma cells, rQNestin34.5 also showed remarkable enhancement in both viral propagation and oncolysis compared to control rHsvQ1. In normal human astrocytes, rQNestin34.5 showed equivalent toxicity to control rHsvQ1. We also performed Western blotting to examine the phosphorylation state of eIF2a. In glioma cell lines infected with rQNestin34.5, the level of phspho-eIF2a was lower than that of control rHsvQ1, confirming that the ICP34.5 is expressed selectively in glioma cells and resulted in a decrease of phospho-eIF2a level. This was responsible for its efficient propagation in glioma cells. We further characterized the anti-cancer efficacy of this new virus in vivo using an athymic mouse subcutaneous tumor model (U87dEGFR cells) and a brain tumor model (U87dEGFR cells). The rQNestin34.5 showed significantly more potent inhibition of tumor growth compared to control rHsvQ1. The mice with brain tumor treated by rQNestin34.5 survived longer than those treated by rHsvQ1.
Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurfaces (2019)

We study space-time modulated digital coding metasurfaces that enable simultaneous manipulations of electromagnetic waves in both space and frequency domains, including harmonic beam steering/shaping and scattering-signature control. Our theoretical predictions are in good agreement with experimental results at microwave frequencies, and may find interesting applications to a variety of fields, including wireless communications, cognitive radars, adaptive beamforming, and holographic imaging.
Continuous wavelength tuning of Brewster angled semiconductor lasers (1991)

A Brewster angled InGaAsP/InP semiconductor laser coupled to an external two grating cavity has been tuned continuously over 55 nm spectral range. This was made possible by making high spectral selectivity of the external feedback.