gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the surface state and composition of highly selective nanocrystalline Ni–Cu alloy catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation of HMF (2017)

Surface composition of the highly selective Ni–Cu catalysts was characterized by NAP-XPS under the conditions relevant to the HDO reaction.
Real-Time Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents Using Multi-Wavelength Photoacoustics (2009)

We present a proof-of-concept study designed to investigate the utility of operating a conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy technique in a "multi-wavelength" mode applied to chemical vapor/aerosols for application of trace species detection and identification. The technique involves propagating three or more laser sources through a non-resonate, flow through photoacoustic cell. Each laser source is modulated at a different frequency, chosen at some convenient acoustic frequency. A portion of each laser's power is absorbed by a particular test gas/aerosol that is passing through the PA cell, resulting in a acoustic signal that is found to be proportional to the absorption cross section of the gas/vapor at the particular laser wavelength. A superposition of frequency component (equal to the number of laser wavelengths used), combines with the ambient acoustic noise spectrum and is recorded by an electret microphone housed in the photoacoustic cell. The signal is deconvolved using phase sensitive detection where each component (one corresponding to a particular modulation frequency for a particular laser) is amplified and recorded as function of species concentration. Ratios of the resultant absorption information are used to produce an identifiable metric that remains constant for all concentrations. For the study presented here, we used 3 laser wavelengths all lying in the spectrally rich long-wave infrared (LWIR), i.e., 8.72, 9.27, and 10.35 um. Test nerve agents simulants include (but not limited to), diethyl phosphonate (DEMP), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and diisopropyl phosphonate (DIMP). Measured photoacoustic absorption results compare well with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis that is conducted in situ with the photoacoustic portion of the measurement.
Beyond Rationalism: Symbols, Patterns and Behavior (1992)

Abstract Rationalism has been referred to as the tradition of explaining cognition in terms of logical structures. Much of the work in traditional AI can be seen within a rationalistic framework. Because of the problems with traditional AI, connectionist models have been proposed as an alternative. Connectionist models do solve a number of problems of AI in interesting ways, e.g. learning, generalization, and fault and noise tolerance. However, they do not automatically provide solutions to the basic conceptual problems which can be traced back to a neglect of the relation of AI systems with the real world. We will argue that if we are to make progress in the understanding of (intelligent) behavior the real issue is not whether connectionism is a better paradigm for cognitive science than traditional AI but whether a rationalistic perspective is appropriate and if not what the alternatives are. It is suggested that studying physically instantiated autonomous agents is an important step. However, we will show that building autonomous agents alone does not solve the problem either. What is needed is an appropriate embedding in a non-rationalistic framework. We will discuss a potential solution using an approach we have been developing in our group, called 'distributed adaptive control'. KEYWORDS: Autonomous agentsconnectionisminformation processing paradigmnon-rationalistic design'pattern rationality'rationalismdistributed adaptive control
Clinical Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Persons Younger Than 65 Years With High-Risk Medical Conditions (2005)

Persons with high-risk medical conditions of any age can substantially benefit from annual influenza vaccination during an epidemic.
CIMS balloon pump: a novel Left Ventricle Assist Device (2010)

Point-vortex models are presented for the generalized Euler equations, which are characterized by a fractional Laplacian relation between the active scalar and the stream function. Special focus is given to the case of the surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) equations, for which the existence of finite-time singularities is still a matter of debate. Point-vortex trajectories are expressed using Nambu dynamics. The formulation is based on a noncanonical bracket and allows for a geometrical interpretation of trajectories as intersections of level sets of the Hamiltonian and Casimir. Within this setting, we focus on the collapse of solutions for the three-point-vortex model. In particular, we show that for SQG the collapse can be either self-similar or non-self-similar. Self-similarity occurs only when the Hamiltonian is zero, while non-self-similarity appears for nonzero values of the same. For both cases, collapse is allowed for any choice of circulations within a permitted interval. These results differ strikingly from the classical point-vortex model, where collapse is self-similar for any value of the Hamiltonian, but the vortex circulations must satisfy a strict relationship. Results may also shed a light on the formation of singularities in the SQG partial differential equations, where the singularity is thought to be reached only in a self-similar way.
Generalized Intersection over Union: A Metric and A Loss for Bounding\n Box Regression (2019)

Intersection over Union (IoU) is the most popular evaluation metric used in\nthe object detection benchmarks. However, there is a gap between optimizing the\ncommonly used distance losses for regressing the parameters of a bounding box\nand maximizing this metric value. The optimal objective for a metric is the\nmetric itself. In the case of axis-aligned 2D bounding boxes, it can be shown\nthat $IoU$ can be directly used as a regression loss. However, $IoU$ has a\nplateau making it infeasible to optimize in the case of non-overlapping\nbounding boxes. In this paper, we address the weaknesses of $IoU$ by\nintroducing a generalized version as both a new loss and a new metric. By\nincorporating this generalized $IoU$ ($GIoU$) as a loss into the state-of-the\nart object detection frameworks, we show a consistent improvement on their\nperformance using both the standard, $IoU$ based, and new, $GIoU$ based,\nperformance measures on popular object detection benchmarks such as PASCAL VOC\nand MS COCO.\n
A Design for Distributed Backup and Migration of Distributed Hash Tables (2008)

To realize huge-scale information services, many Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based systems have been proposed. For example, there are some proposals to manage item-level RFID information with DHT In such services, service reliability is important. A DHT service is believed to be highly reliable because it is distributed. However, even if the entire service does not stop, the risk of data loss is unavoidable because a DHT consists of many physical nodes. Clearly, in order to avoid compromising the scalability of a DHT-based service, a scalable backup and loss-recovery scheme is required. To solve the problem, we propose a framework of distributed-to-distributed data copy. The proposed design utilizes the distributed manner of DHT algorithms, and it enables coping from a distributed system to a DHT system with minimal bottlenecks.
Abstract 3700: A window into human tumor progenitor cell subsets: Functionalizing a novel platform, the micropallet array, for molecular evaluation of single adherent cells with defined cell surface phenotype (2018)

Abstract The recognition of unique cellular elements such as cancer stem cells (CSCs) and processes such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) raises predictions that are biologically provocative and clinically impactful. To better understand the interplay between individual cellular elements, and improve current molecular and cellular characterizations of an individual's cancer, the development of a technology to rapidly identify, isolate, and evaluate a patient's tumor biopsy at single cell resolution is required. The micropallet array is a photoresist-based technology that provides a means to isolate and recover single adherent cells on individual pedestals, termed “micropallets”. We have functionalized this platform to identify cells of defined surface phenotype in heterogeneous mixtures, such as would be obtained from a tumor tissue biopsy, by incorporating multicolor immunofluorescent confocal imaging to interrogate the expression pattern of up to 6 different cell surface molecules on heterogeneous cell mixtures distributed over a micropallet array. The ability to interrogate the expression of multiple cell surface molecules provides a critical addition to the existing micropallet array platform, in that it enables the identification, enumeration, and along with the previously demonstrated capacity to release and retrieve micropallets carrying single adhered cells, the study of single cells of defined cell surface phenotype. Herein, we report functionalization of the platform and its application to human breast tumors as a proof of principle for its application. We demonstrate the capacity to identify, retrieve, and study single adherent cells that are characterized as; putative CSCs, endothelial progenitor cells, bulk malignant epithelium, leukocytes, and cells with hybrid cell surface phenotype suggestive of cells undergoing EMT, using a panel of antibodies to detect select surface molecules (CD24, CD44, CD45, CD133, CD309, and CD326 [Epithelial Surface Antigen or ESA]). Furthermore, we have applied single cell nanoString analyses to characterize their respective molecular profiles. This provides a unique and unmatched platform for the study of minimally perturbed, primary human tumor cellular subsets, obtained from standard small volume tumor biopsies, and to address biological and cancer biology questions, at single cell resolution, that have been heretofore beyond reach. Citation Format: Edward L. Nelson, Trisha Westerhof, Giulia Giammo, Guann-Pyng Li, Mark Bachman. A window into human tumor progenitor cell subsets: Functionalizing a novel platform, the micropallet array, for molecular evaluation of single adherent cells with defined cell surface phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3700.
Myeloid dendritic cell precursors generated from bone marrow suppress T cell responses via cell contact and nitric oxide production in vitro (2005)

Tolerogenic activity of myeloid dendritic cells (DC) has so far been attributed mostly to immature or semi-mature differentiation stages but never to their precursor cells. Although myeloid suppressor cells (MSC) have been isolated ex vivo, their developmental relationship to DC and their precise phenotype remained elusive. Here, we describe the generation of MSC as myeloid DC precursors with potent suppressive activity on allogeneic and OVA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. These MSC appear transiently in DC cultures of bone marrow (BM) cells after 8-10 days under low GM-CSF conditions or after 3-4 days under high GM-CSF conditions. They represent CD11c- myeloid precursor cells with ring-shaped nuclei and are Gr-1low (i.e. Ly-6C+, Ly-6Glow), CD11b+, CD31+, ER-MP58+, asialoGM1+ and F4/80+. Sorted MSC develop into CD11c+ DC within 6 days. Their suppressor activity partially depends on IFN-gamma stimulation. Suppression is mediated through mechanisms requiring cell contact and nitric oxide but is independent of TNF, CD1d and TGF-beta. Together, our data describe the generation of MSC with distinct suppressor mechanisms in vitro preceding their development into immature DC.
Polylithiated β-Peptides:like-SelectiveC-Terminal Alkylation of Boc-β-HVal-β-HAla-β-HLeu-OMe (1998)

A series of N-Boc-protected β-tripeptide derivatives with or without N-methyl groups and with free or Me-ester-protected C terminus has been prepared (8–14, 16, 17). As with α-peptides (→ A), the β-peptide derivatives can be polylithiated (→ B, C). No epimerization of stereogenic centers and no β elimination (exception 17 → 24) is observed upon treatment with bases as strong as tBuLi. The C terminal ester Li-enolate moiety of tetralithio β-tripeptides (cf. C) can be selectively alkylated with methyl, benzyl and allyl halides, and with tert-butyl bromoacetate in yields ranging from 35-80% (8 → 18, 14 → 20–23).
Risk Assessment in Forensic Practice (2022)

"Risk Assessment in Forensic Practice sets out a concise critical review of the way in which risk is assessed in current forensic practice. Setting the area in its historical context, this text outlines current practice and discusses major critiques as well as the ways in which current practice might be developed to improve public protection"--
Anti-Inflammatory Cembranoids from a Formosa Soft Coral Sarcophyton cherbonnieri (2020)

The present investigation on chemical constituents of the soft coral <i>Sarcophyton cherbonnieri</i> resulted in the isolation of seven new cembranoids, cherbonolides F-L (<b>1</b>-<b>7</b>). The chemical structures of <b>1</b>-<b>7</b> were determined by spectroscopic methods, including infrared, one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY), MS experiments, and a chemical reduction of hydroperoxide by triphenylphosphine. The anti-inflammatory activities of <b>1</b>-<b>7</b> against neutrophil proinflammatory responses were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory ability toward <i>N</i>-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLF/CB)-induced superoxide anion generation and elastase release in primary human neutrophils. The results showed that all isolates exhibited moderate activities, while cherbonolide G (<b>2</b>) and cherbonolide H (<b>3</b>) displayed a more active effect than others on the inhibition of elastase release (48.2% ± 6.2%) and superoxide anion generation (44.5% ± 4.6%) at 30 µM, respectively.
Cantonese tone production in pre-school Urdu–Cantonese bilingual minority children (2019)

Aim: In this study, we examine the production of Cantonese tones by preschool Urdu–Cantonese children living in Hong Kong. Methodology: 21 first language Urdu second language Cantonese children (ages 4–6) and 20 age-matched first language Cantonese children participated in a picture-naming experiment with 86 words (109 syllables in total). Data and Analysis: Acoustic analysis was carried out for perceptually correct and incorrect tone productions of each tone. Comparisons were also made across speaker groups regarding accuracy rates and error patterns. Findings: Overall, first-language Urdu participants had lower accuracy and greater tone confusion than first language Cantonese participants. The pattern is attributable to influence from Urdu prosody, ongoing Cantonese tone mergers, and general sensitivity to phonetic information. Originality: This is the first empirical study on the acquisition of Cantonese tones by children who are heritage speakers of a non-tone language. Significance: This study extends the literature of early bilingual phonology by furthering our understanding of an under-studied bilingual population, that is, heritage children of a non-tone language acquiring a tone language as the majority language. The findings of this study also produce implications for the practice of language educators and speech therapy professionals working with bilingual children.
6. Dynamic Properties of a Circuit Breaker with Friction‐Based Seismic Dampers (1996)

The design parameter of 1.05 g peak seismic ground acceleration for a 300 kV SF6 circuit breaker necessitated the provision of supplemental friction‐based dampers. This paper describes the dampers and the dynamic properties of the circuit breaker as obtained from a series of pull‐release tests with increasing force amplitudes. These tests permitted a determination of a wide range of damping ratios and natural frequencies as a function of displacements. A comparison is also presented between the measured and the calculated damping ratios and frequencies, using common engineering approximation of the energy dissipated per cycle for damping, and a discrete parameter and linearized stiffness approach for the calculation of natural frequency. Reasonable comparisons were achieved between the measured and calculated values.
A rate-splitting approach to robust multiuser MISO transmission (2016)

For multiuser MISO systems with bounded uncertainties in the Channel State Information (CSI), we consider two classical robust design problems: maximizing the minimum rate subject to a transmit power constraint, and power minimization under a rate constraint. Contrary to conventional strategies, we propose a Rate-Splitting (RS) strategy where each message is divided into two parts, a common part and a private part. All common parts are packed into one super common message encoded using a shared codebook and decoded by all users, while private parts are independently encoded and retrieved by their corresponding users. We prove that RS-based designs achieve higher max-min Degrees of Freedom (DoF) compared to conventional designs (NoRS) for uncertainty regions that scale with SNR. For the special case of non-scaling uncertainty regions, RS contrasts with NoRS and achieves a non-saturating max-min rate. In the power minimization problem, RS is shown to combat the feasibility problem arising from multiuser interference in NoRS. A robust design of precoders for RS is proposed, and performance gains over NoRS are demonstrated through simulations.
The U S 3 protein kinase of herpes simplex virus 1 mediates the posttranslational modification of BAD and prevents BAD-induced programmed cell death in the absence of other viral proteins (2001)

Earlier studies have shown that the d120 mutant of herpes simplex virus 1, which lacks both copies of the alpha4 gene, induces apoptosis in all cell lines tested. In some cell lines d120-induced apoptosis, manifested by the release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase 3, and fragmentation of cellular DNA, is blocked by the overexpression of Bcl-2. In these cells viral protein kinase U(S)3 delivered in trans blocks apoptosis induced by the mutant virus at a premitochondrial stage. We report that the U(S)3 protein kinase targets the pro-apoptotic BAD member of the Bcl-2 family. Specifically, the U(S)3 protein kinase mediates a posttranslational modification of BAD and blocks its cleavage, which is reported to activate apoptosis. Thus, U(S)3 protein kinase is the sole viral protein required to block activation of caspase 3, prevent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and block fragmentation of cellular DNA induced by BAD.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency type 1 transmission by Langerhans cells via an autocrine/paracrine feedback mechanism (2014)

Aim Peripheral neurones innervating mucosal epithelia are in direct contact with resident immune cells, including Langerhans cells (LCs). Such neurones secrete the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that modulates LCs function. We recently found that CGRP strongly inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission, by interfering with multiple steps of mucosal LC-mediated HIV-1 transfer, including increased expression of the LC-specific lectin langerin. Herein, we investigated the anti-HIV-1 mechanism of CGRP. Methods In the presence of CGRP, HIV-1 transfer from LCs to CD4+ T cells was tested with viral clones using either the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 (R5) or CXCR4 (X4). Surface expression of CCR5, CXCR4 and langerin was evaluated by flow cytometry. CGRP secretion by LCs was measured with an enzyme immunoassay. Expression of the multimeric CGRP receptor was examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immuno-fluorescent microscopy. Results Calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased transfer of HIV-1 R5, but increased that of X4. These opposing effects correlated with decreased CCR5 vs. increased CXCR4 surface expression in LCs. Inhibition of HIV-1 R5 transfer by CGRP involved signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) activation. Both αCGRP and βCGRP were similarly efficient in decreasing HIV-1 R5 transfer and increasing langerin expression. LCs secreted low basal levels of endogenous CGRP, which increased markedly following CGRP treatment. CGRP also increased expression of its cognate receptor in LCs. Conclusion CGRP engages a positive feedback mechanism that would further enhance its anti-HIV-1 activity. This information might be relevant for the therapeutic use of CGRP as a prophylactic agent against HIV-1.
Laser consolidation for the manufacturing of complex flextensional transducer shells (2001)

The folded shell projector (FSP) is a compact flextensional sound source being developed for low frequency sonar applications. The FSP radiates sound from a thin-walled cylindrical shell with superimposed corrugations. The initial prototype of the shell was built by electroforming, followed by NC machining. However, this was an expensive and time-consuming process providing limited choices for the shell material. A novel laser consolidation process for the manufacturing of complex FSP shells was investigated in this study. Advances in the laser consolidation process achieved by IMTI permitted the free-form production of the FSP shell directly from a CAD file delivered over the Internet. The investigation included changing the design of the shell during the program, proving that rapid design evolutions are readily accommodated, as no hard tooling is required. Four shells have been built using IN-625 alloy to validate the process, and assembled into projectors. The laser consolidated (LC) IN-625 shells have a wall thickness of typically 0.8 mm. The process parameters have been optimized for high accuracy and surface finish, with wall thickness tolerances of less than 0.02 mm. The calibration results reveal that the LC FSPs show a substantial improvement in performance over the electroformed prototype.
Research Issues for Software Testing in the Cloud (2010)

Cloud computing is causing a paradigm shift in the provision and use of computing services, away from the traditional desktop form to online services. This implies that the manner in which these computing services are tested should also change. This paper discusses the research issues that cloud computing imposes on software testing. These issues were gathered during interviews with industry practitioners from eleven software organizations. The interviews were analyzed using qualitative grounded theory method. Findings of the study were compared with existing literature. The research issues were categorized according to application, management, legal and financial issues. By addressing these issues, researchers can offer reliable recommendation for practitioners in the industry.