gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
We're Afraid Language Models Aren't Modeling Ambiguity (2023)

Ambiguity is an intrinsic feature of natural language. Managing ambiguity is a key part of human language understanding, allowing us to anticipate misunderstanding as communicators and revise our interpretations as listeners. As language models (LMs) are increasingly employed as dialogue interfaces and writing aids, handling ambiguous language is critical to their success. We characterize ambiguity in a sentence by its effect on entailment relations with another sentence, and collect AmbiEnt, a linguist-annotated benchmark of 1,645 examples with diverse kinds of ambiguity. We design a suite of tests based on AmbiEnt, presenting the first evaluation of pretrained LMs to recognize ambiguity and disentangle possible meanings. We find that the task remains extremely challenging, including for GPT-4, whose generated disambiguations are considered correct only 32% of the time in human evaluation, compared to 90% for disambiguations in our dataset. Finally, to illustrate the value of ambiguity-sensitive tools, we show that a multilabel NLI model can flag political claims in the wild that are misleading due to ambiguity. We encourage the field to rediscover the importance of ambiguity for NLP.
Controlling the XenoServer Open Platform (2004)

This paper presents the design of the XenoServer Open Platform: a public infrastructure for wide-area computing, capable of hosting tasks that span the full spectrum of distributed programming. The platform integrates resource management, charging and auditing. We emphasize the control-plane aspects of the system, showing how it supports service deployment with a low cost of entry and how it forms a substrate over which other distributed computing platforms can be deployed.
Bureau d’Etude COMACH : une collaboration Industrie/Ecole pour une synthèse des enseignements en Mécatronique (2010)

Le bureau d’étude « Conception Machine » (COMACH) proposé aux élèves de 3ème année option TEMA (Transformation de l’énergie et Mécatronique Avancée) du Département Génie Electrique Automatique de l’ENSEEIHT est un enseignement transversal permettant d’effectuer la synthèse des connaissances acquises durant la scolarité. Sur la base d’un cahier des charges de système électromécanique pour l’aéronautique proposé par l’industriel donneur d’ordre (AIRBUS), les élèves, organisés en groupe de projet (4 équipes animées par un élève chef de projet), fournissent une proposition technique complète selon un déroulement d’appel d’offre industriel. Guidés en cela par un industriel expert de ce genre de démarches (NOVATEM), les élèves appliquent les méthodologies académiques enseignées, visualisent leurs limites et appréhendent une approche industrielle pragmatique pour le dimensionnement d’un tel système. Le groupe d’élèves est considéré par Airbus comme un équipementier mis en compétition parmi d’autres. Les élèves se retrouvent donc idéalement placés entre un environnement purement industriel (tendant à favoriser le juste choix technico-économique) et un cadre scolaire de bureau d’études rassurant (favorisant les solutions alternatives et la prise de risques). Les enseignants de la thématique conversion électromécanique du département deviennent une ressource qui donne des conseils et des voies de recherche dans la définition de la solution. En fin de bureau d’étude, les élèves livrent leur solution à Airbus lors d’une présentation devant un jury dirigé par les industriels en justifiant les choix et dimensionnement effectués ainsi que les technologies employées (structure de moteurs, d’électronique, capteurs, système de commande, plans mécaniques et matériaux choisis). Les élèves montrent un réel enthousiasme dans la réalisation de ce projet car ils sont dans une situation qui leur donne une vision réaliste des contraintes du milieu industriel que ce soit d’un point de vue scientifique, technique ou même relationnel et de gestion de projet.
Follow-up of isolated mitral valve prosthesis, 1964-86. (1989)

We review the data of 141 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement between 1964 and 1986. In the majority of patients, a tilting disk or a Cage ball prosthesis was implanted. Overall operative mortality was 14.8%, and 120 patients who were followed for a mean period of 4.5 +/- 2 years (540 patient years) showed a late mortality (greater than 30 days postoperatively) of 20.8%. The actuarial survival was 84% at 5 years and 44% at 20 years. Most of the late deaths were cardiac related, with sudden death as the leading cause. The incidence of prosthetic valve-related complications--thromboembolism, bacterial endocarditis and warfarin-related hemorrhage--were higher than in other series; however, long-term survival was comparable. Delay in advising mitral valve surgery is the probable cause of some of the results observed in this series.
Thiol Activation of Endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15 (1997)

Endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) is a thermolysin-like metalloendopeptidase involved in the regulated metabolism of a number of neuropeptides. Unlike other thermolysin-like peptidases EP24.15 displays a unique thiol activation, a mechanism that is not clearly understood. In this study we show that both recombinant and tissue-derived EP24.15 are activated up to 8-fold by low concentrations (0.1 mM) of dithiothreitol. Additionally, under non-reducing conditions, recombinant and native EP24.15 forms multimers that can be returned to the monomeric form by reduction. We have also shown that competitive inhibitor binding occurs only to the monomeric form, which indicates that catalytic site access is restricted in the multimeric forms. Through systematic site-directed mutagenesis we have identified that cysteine residues 246, 253, and possibly 248 are involved in the formation of these multimers. Furthermore, both a double mutant (C246S/C253S) and a triple mutant (C246S/C248S/C253S) are fully active in the absence of reducing agents, as measured by both inhibitor binding and hydrolysis. The formation and disruption of disulfide bonds involving these cysteine residues may be a mechanism by which EP24.15 activity is regulated through changes in intra- and extracellular redox potential.
Enhanced Biodegradation of Pesticides in the Environment (1990)

The soil environment comprises a diverse ecosystem in which the recycling of organic matter provides a key link with global carbon and nutrient cycles. Soil contains populations of microorganisms that have exceptional degradative capabilities and the ability to adapt to utilize the variety of allochthonous organic materials that enter the soil carbon cycle. As man has come to rely upon the use of soil-applied pesticides in many agroecosystems, he has learned that the residual control provided by these compounds is modulated by both abiotic and biotic degradative processes. The ability of microorganisms to adapt for rapid catabolism of some soil pesticides has in some cases resulted in economically significant pest control failures. The phenomenon of enhanced pesticide degradation has become a significant concern requiring the development of management strategies. Yet, this unwelcome occurrence has led to valuable opportunities to investigate the remarkable adaptability and complexity of the soil microbial ecosystem.
Cross-spectral envelope phase discrimination for FM signals (1989)

Previous measures of cross-spectral envelope phase sensitivity have used amplitude-modulated sinusoidal carriers. To the extent that these measures reflect the fidelity of the auditory signal representation of complex signals, it should be possible to predict phase disparity thresholds for arbitrary classes of signals. Modulation phase discrimination functions were obtained for sinusoidal FM carriers at 500 and 2000 Hz. For a 0-deg phase disparity between the modulators of the standard, sensitivity to a disparity in the phase of FM modulation is monotonically related to the product of modulation frequency and modulation index over the range of modulation frequencies studied (8–64 Hz). A simple model of this discrimination task assumes that FM signals are converted into AM signals through bandpass filtering at the auditory periphery. This model was tested by demodulating the FM signals through auditory filters tuned to 500 and 2000 Hz. Thresholds obtained for these “FM-equivalent” AM signals were nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the original thresholds and it was necessary to “de-tune” the auditory filters (5- to 10-dB slopes) to fit the FM data. [This research was supported by a grant from the AFOSR.]
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 2ND-ORDER NLO-ACTIVE POLYSTYRENE AND AMYLOSE BASED MATERIALS (1993)

INTRODUCTION Second order non-linear optical effects in organic materials might lead to novel applications as integrated electro-optic devices, a blue laser and so forth. Maximum effects can be expected from special designed materials that must have a non-centrosymmetric structure. There are several ways to achieve this noncentrosymmetry. The Langmuir-Blodgett technique and poling of NLO-active polymers are possibilities. We have studied two kinds of NLO-active materials. The first is polystyrene based and is suitable for poling. The second is amylose based and suitable for ordening with the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. In previous studies is shown that amylose esters are good materials to be used as spreading material on the water surface. In this paper we will describe the synthesis of both kind of materials. We have studied the poling properties and NLO-activity of one of the synthesized polystyrene based materials. Of one of the amylose based material some preliminary LB-properties will be described.
Fiber optics for astronomical spectroscopy - The Medusa Spectrograph (1983)

An instrument has been built to obtain simultaneous spectra of 32 objects in the field of view of the Steward Observatory 2.3 m telescope. Short lengths of optical fiber are used to bring light from galaxy images at the focus of the telescope into a line at the spectrograph slit. This multi-fiber aperture plate instrument has been dubbed the Medusa Spectrograph. The Medusa is now producing spectra of about 100 galaxies per clear night. An optimized version of the instrument called the MX Spectrometer is being constructed to record spectra at a higher rate. This new instrument will have remotely positioned fibers under computer control. A Charge Coupled Device will be used as the spectrograph detector to allow sky subtraction, give increased dynamic range and provide more accurate wavelength calibration. Transmission characteristics of some commercial fibers are discussed, and the microlens optics used to match the telescope and the spectrograph to the fibers to avoid focal ratio degradation are described.
Preclinical development of G1T38: A novel, potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases 4/6 for use as an oral antineoplastic in patients with CDK4/6 sensitive tumors (2020)

Inhibition of the p16INK4a/cyclin D/CDK4/6/RB pathway is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Although efficacious, current treatment regimens require a dosing holiday due to severe neutropenia potentially leading to an increased risk of infections, as well as tumor regrowth and emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, a next generation CDK4/6 inhibitor that can inhibit proliferation of CDK4/6-dependent tumors while minimizing neutropenia could reduce both the need for treatment holidays and the risk of inducing drug resistance.
<title>Spatiotemporal partitioning of computational structures onto configurable computing machines</title> (1998)

A complete computing system supports a design path from problem description to implementation. The term configurable computing refers to complete computing systems that support the development of applications for configurable computing machines. Configurable computing systems generally include a microprocessor-based host, a configurable processing array and the tools necessary for capturing the problem and mapping it into software for the host and configurations for the hardware. This work proposes a framework for a set of platform independent configurable computing tools. The proposed tools temporally partition large designs, described in a textual language, into stages that can be mapped onto the computing array. The temporal partitions are spatially partitioned to support multiple FPGA arrays. These results are then given to platform specific backends that convert the tool's description of the design into functional FPGA configurations, hardware controllers and host-based control code.
Modifying the Heat Transfer and Capillary Pressure of Loop Heat Pipe Wicks with Carbon Nanotubes (2011)

Porous material is a critical component in the loop heat pipe (LHP) device, the efficiency of which depends on the thermal conductivity of the wick and its capillary capacity. A new bilayer wick based on ceramic material and carbon nanotubes in the outer surface has been designed. The thermal conductivity and capillary pressure of the surface of a ceramic LHP wick prototype have been modified by growing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The presence of a thin layer of MWCNTs increased the thermal conductivity of wick specimens between 18.87 and 26.42% for temperatures ranging from −50 to 50 °C. The thermal conductivity of the grown MWCNTs calculated considering a mean layer thickness of 5 μm was 59 W/mK. The effective pore diameter of zircon ceramic wicks decreased from 0.54 to 0.31 μm leading to an important increase in capillary pressure. The maximum heat transfer capacity and thermal resistance of the designed by-layer wick have been determined. The presence of carbon nanotubes decreases the thermal resistance and enabled the enhancement of the thermal and porous characteristics of the wicks in a promising way so as to optimize their performance as LHPs wicks.
A Fortran 90 environment for research and prototyping of enclosure algorithms for nonlinear equations and global optimization (1995)

An environment for general research into and prototyping of algorithms for reliable constrained and unconstrained global nonlinear optimization and reliable enclosure of all roots of nonlinear systems of equations, with or without inequality constraints, is being developed. This environment should be portable, easy to learn, use, and maintain, and sufficiently fast for some production work. The motivation, design principles, uses, and capabilities for this environment are outlined. The environment includes an interval data type, a symbolic form of automatic differentiation to obtain an internal representation for functions, a special technique to allow conditional branches with operator overloading and interval computations, and generic routines to give interval and noninterval function and derivative information. Some of these generic routines use a special version of the backward mode of automatic differentiation. The package also includes dynamic data structures for exhaustive search algorithms.
Furopyridines. XIII. Reaction of 2‐methylfuro[2,3‐b]‐, ‐[3,2‐b]‐, ‐[2,3‐c]‐ and ‐[3,2‐c]pyridines with lithium diisopropylamide (1993)

Abstract Lithiation of 2‐methylfuro[2,3‐ b ]‐ 1a , ‐[2,3‐ c ]‐ 1c and ‐[3,2‐ c ]pyridine 1d with lithium diisopropylamide at −75° and subsequent treatment with deuterium chloride in deuterium oxide afforded 2‐monodeuteriomethyl compounds 2a, 2c and 2d , while 2‐methylfuro[3,2‐ b ]pyridine 1b gave a mixture of 1b, 2b , 2‐methyl‐3‐deuteriofuro[3,2‐ b ]pyridine 2′b and 2‐(1‐proynyl)pyridin‐3‐ol 5 . The same reaction of 1a at −40° gave 3‐(1,2‐propadienyl)pyridin‐2‐ol 3 and 3‐(2‐propynyl)pyridin‐2‐ol 4 . Reaction of the lithio intermediates from 1a, 1c and 1d with benzaldehyde, propionaldehyde and acetone afforded the corresponding alcohol derivatives 6a, 6c, 6d, 7a, 7c, 7d, 8a, 8c and 8d in excellent yield; while the reaction of lithio intermediate from 1b gave the expected alcohols 6b and 8b in lower yields accompanied by formation of 3‐alkylated compounds 9, 11, 12 and compound 5 . While reaction of the intermediates from 1a, 1b and 1d with N,N ‐dimethylacetamide yielded the 2‐acetonyl compounds 13a, 13b and 13d in good yield, the same reaction of 1c did not give any acetylated product but recovery of the starting compound almost quantitatively.
Notch inhibition by the ligand Delta-Like 3 defines the mechanism of abnormal vertebral segmentation in spondylocostal dysostosis (2010)

Mutations in the DELTA-LIKE 3 (DLL3) gene cause the congenital abnormal vertebral segmentation syndrome, spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD). DLL3 is a divergent member of the DSL family of Notch ligands that does not activate signalling in adjacent cells, but instead inhibits signalling when expressed in the same cell as the Notch receptor. Targeted deletion of Dll3 in the mouse causes a developmental defect in somite segmentation, and consequently vertebral formation is severely disrupted, closely resembling human SCD. In contrast to the canonical Notch signalling pathway, very little is known about the mechanism of cis-inhibition by DSL ligands. Here, we report that Dll3 is not presented on the surface of presomitic mesoderm (PSM) cells in vivo, but instead interacts with Notch1 in the late endocytic compartment. This suggests for the first time a mechanism for Dll3-mediated cis-inhibition of Notch signalling, with Dll3 targeting newly synthesized Notch1 for lysosomal degradation prior to post-translational processing and cell surface presentation of the receptor. An inhibitory role for Dll3 in vivo is further supported by the juxtaposition of Dll3 protein and Notch1 signalling in the PSM. Defining a mechanism for cis-inhibition of Notch signalling by Dll3 not only contributes greatly to our understanding of this ligand's function during the formation of the vertebral column, but also provides a paradigm for understanding how other ligands of Notch cis-inhibit signalling.
Replicase, Excisionase, and Integrase Genes of the Streptomyces Element pSAM2 Constitute an Operon Positively Regulated by the pra Gene (1998)

pSAM2 is a site-specific integrative element from Streptomyces ambofaciens. The pra gene described earlier as an activator of pSAM2 replication is shown here to be also involved in the activation of its integration and excision. This was evidenced with derivatives of pSAM2 mutant B3 in which the pra gene was placed under the control of the inducible tipAp promoter. Transformation of Streptomyces lividans by these derivatives was efficient only when pra expression was induced, indicating its involvement in pSAM2 integration activation. Once established, these constructions remained integrated in the chromosome under noninduced conditions. Activation of the pra expression provoked strong activation of their excision, leading to the appearance of free forms. The results of functional, transcriptional, and sequence analyses allowed to conclude that the three genes repSA, xis, and int coding for the pSAM2 replicase, excisionase, and integrase, respectively, constitute an operon directly or indirectly activated by pra.
PCR in the differential diagnosis of Tuberculosis: A comparative study (2011)

This study is to assess prospectively the performance of PCR in the diagnosis of Tuberculosis. The repetitive sequence IS6110 is used as a target for PCR. A total of five samples were analyzed all of which were found to be PCR positive. The results were compared with AFB staining, culture on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). PCR was found to be sensitive and specific and provides a definitive diagnosis of TB. Hence it is an effective tool for TB diagnosis.
Changes in Gene Expression during G-CSF–Induced Emergency Granulopoiesis in Humans (2016)

Emergency granulopoiesis refers to the increased production of neutrophils in bone marrow and their release into circulation induced by severe infection. Several studies point to a critical role for G-CSF as the main mediator of emergency granulopoiesis. However, the consequences of G-CSF stimulation on the transcriptome of neutrophils and their precursors have not yet been investigated in humans. In this work, we examine the changes in mRNA expression induced by administration of G-CSF in vivo, as a model of emergency granulopoiesis in humans. Blood samples were collected from healthy individuals after 5 d of G-CSF administration. Neutrophil precursors were sorted into discrete stages of maturation by flow cytometry, and RNA was subjected to microarray analysis. mRNA levels were compared with previously published expression levels in corresponding populations of neutrophil precursors isolated from bone marrow of untreated, healthy individuals. One thousand one hundred and ten mRNAs were differentially expressed >2-fold throughout terminal granulopoiesis. Major changes were seen in pathways involved in apoptosis, cytokine signaling, and TLR pathways. In addition, G-CSF treatment reduced the levels of four of five measured granule proteins in mature neutrophils, including the proantibacterial protein hCAP-18, which was completely deficient in neutrophils from G-CSF-treated donors. These results indicate that multiple biological processes are altered to satisfy the increased demand for neutrophils during G-CSF-induced emergency granulopoiesis in humans.
Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease (2008)

Overall, subthalamic nucleus stimulation improved levodopa-responsive freezing of gait in most patients, although it was not always as effective as levodopa to improve gait impairments. In addition, surgery can induce gait problems in some patients.
A synthetic distributed genetic multi-bit counter (2021)

A design for genetically encoded counters is proposed via repressor-based circuits. An <i>N</i>-bit counter reads sequences of input pulses and displays the total number of pulses, modulo <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The design is based on distributed computation with specialized cell types allocated to specific tasks. This allows scalability and bypasses constraints on the maximal number of circuit genes per cell due to toxicity or failures due to resource limitations. The design starts with a single-bit counter. The <i>N</i>-bit counter is then obtained by interconnecting (using diffusible chemicals) a set of <i>N</i> single-bit counters and connector modules. An optimization framework is used to determine appropriate gate parameters and to compute bounds on admissible pulse widths and relaxation (inter-pulse) times, as well as to guide the construction of novel gates. This work can be viewed as a step toward obtaining circuits that are capable of finite automaton computation in analogy to digital central processing units.