gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Atomizer Performance in Production of Respirable Spray-Dried Particles (1998)

The purpose of this study was to analyze atomizer performance in the production of respirable spray-dried particles. An ultrasonic nebulizer and a plain-jet airblast atomizer were evaluated in an open cycle, cocurrent spray-drying tower using a 0.5% w/v disodium fluorescein solution. The plain-jet airblast atomizer produced smaller initial droplet sizes (D32 = 4.5-4.8 microns) relative to the ultrasonic nebulizer (D32 = 20-48 microns) over a range of atomizer operating conditions. The airblast atomizer was selected for further analysis in two spray-drying tower configurations: grounded and electrostatically charged. The spray-dried particles produced by the airblast atomizer were of a size range (mass median aerodynamic diameter [MMAD] < 1.6 microns) suitable for inhalation. Significant differences were observed for the grounded and electrostatically charged tower configurations, the latter producing the smaller median particle size at the expense of decreased collection efficiency. The electrostatically charged tower was size selective because of diffusion charging, retaining particles with an aerodynamic diameter (Dae) in the range 1 < Dae < 2 microns. The particle size was reduced with decreasing ambient relative humidity, although a controlled study of this parameter would be required to explicitly define its effects.
Factors associated with ADL dependence: A comparative study of residential care home and community‐dwelling elderly in Japan (2002)

Background: Since the start of Long Term Nursing Insurance in Japan in April 2000, there has been much discussion about and emphasis on leading healthy and active twilight years, without ever being bedridden if possible. In an attempt to address some of these concerns, this comparative study examines the factors associated with dependence in the activities of daily living (ADL) in two samples of elderly people living in two different environments. Methods: In this cross‐sectional, self‐reported study, 262 and 968 elderly people from a residential care home and Yogo town completed a 65‐item questionnaire. Questions pertaining to ADL, medical and social history, quality of life (QOL) and the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale were included in the questionnaire. Using logistic regression model, factors associated with ADL dependence were determined. Results: In the residential care home group, age, female gender, instrumental ADL, communication‐related ability, history of falls, stroke, and osteoarthropathy, depressive tendency and low satisfaction with life emerged as the factors associated with ADL dependence, after multivariate logistic regression. The corresponding factors in the community‐dwelling elderly group were age, depressive tendency, history of osteoarthropathy, and low sense of health. Conclusion: Age and female gender were the two non‐modifiable risk factors associated with ADL dependence. Stroke, followed by osteoarthropathy and falls were the main medical conditions predisposing to functional dependence. Dependence in instrumental ADL, independence in communication‐related ADL, depressive tendency and components of QOL were factors associated with ADL dependence. Awareness of these factors not only helps to identify at‐risk patients, to initiate preventive measures and to promote disability‐delaying activities, but also helps in the holistic management of geriatric patients.
Pharmacokinetics and Model-Based Dosing to Optimize Fludarabine Therapy in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients (2017)

A prospective multicenter study was conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of fludarabine plasma (f-ara-a) and intracellular triphosphate (f-ara-ATP) in children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and receiving fludarabine with conditioning. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected over the course of therapy for quantitation of f-ara-a and f-ara-ATP. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to develop the PK model, including identification of covariates impacting drug disposition. Data from a total of 133 children (median age, 5 years; range, .2 to 17.9) undergoing HCT for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders were available for PK-PD modeling. The implementation of allometric scaling of PK parameters alone was insufficient to describe drug clearance, particularly in very young children. Renal impairment was predicted to increase drug exposure across all ages. The rate of f-ara-a entry into PBMCs (expressed in pmoles per million cells) decreased over the course of therapy, resulting in 78% lower f-ara-ATP after the fourth dose (1.7 pmoles/million cells [range, .2 to 7.2]) compared with first dose (7.9 pmoles/million cells [range, .7 to 18.2]). The overall incidence of treatment-related mortality (TRM) was low at 3% and 8% at days 60 and 360, respectively, and no association with f-ara-a exposure and TRM was found. In the setting of malignancy, disease-free survival was highest at 1 year after HCT in subjects achieving a systemic f-ara-a cumulative area under the curve (cAUC) greater than 15 mg*hour/L compared to patients with a cAUC less than 15 mg*hour/L (82.6% versus 52.8% P = .04). These results suggest that individualized model-based dosing of fludarabine in infants and young children may reduce morbidity and mortality through improved rates of disease-free survival and limiting drug-related toxicity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01316549.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIELLE ANTITUMORAGENTIEN 4. MITT. 4‐SUBSTITUIERTE 1‐FORMYL‐ISOCHINOLIN‐THIOSEMICARBAZONE (1970)

Abstract Zur Sicherung der strukturellen Erfordernisse für die biologische Aktivität von (I) als Antineoplasticum, wurden die Hydroxy‐ und die Acetoxy‐Gruppe, die in 5‐Stellung eine Wirkungssteigerung hervorrufen, in die 4‐Stellung eingeführt.
The stability of storage models with shot noise input (1996)

We examine the existence of limiting behavior, or stability, for storage models with shot noise input and general release rules. The shot noise feature of the input process allows the individual inputs to gradually enter the store. We first show that a store under the unit release rule is stable if and only if the traffic intensity is less than one; this extends the classic result of Prabhu (1980) to the case of shot noise input. The stability of the unit release rule store and various stochastic orderings are then used to derive a sufficient condition for a store with a general release rule to be stable. Finally, we show that when restricted to a compact state space, our storage model is always stable. An important component of the paper is the methodology employed: coupling and stochastic monotonicity play a key role in analyzing the non-Markov processes encountered.
Semblance processing of borehole acoustic array data (1984)

Abstract A new method of processing borehole acoustic array data is described. The method detects arrivals by computing the scalar semblance for a large number of possible arrival times and slownesses. Maxima of semblance are interpreted as arrivals. Their associated slownesses are plotted on a graph whose axes are slowness and depth. The processing makes few prior assumptions about data and the algorithm is uncomplicated. Results of the processing applied to data from a 12-receiver device are presented for both open and cased holes.--Modified journal abstract.
A Coastal Process Investigation, Coffs Harbour, NSW (1981)

An investigation of the active coastal processes in the Coffs Harbour region of northern N.S.W. has been undertaken. The aim of the study was to provide a factual basis for coastal planning decisions in the region. The harbour construction has intersected the northerly longshore drift which is estimated at 75,000 cubic metres per annum. Boambee Beach to the south of the harbour and Jetty Beach within the harbour are accreting. Shoaling is occurring to the south and east of the breakwaters and the harbour is infilling at an increasing rate, presently estimated at 25,000 cubic metres per annum. The longshore supply to the northern beaches has been interrupted and the beaches reflect this sediment deficit. They are narrow with prominent erosion escarpments and the sediments are coarser than on the southern beaches.
Streptococcal IdeS: therapeutic potential for Guillain–Barré syndrome (2015)

Plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin are effective in treating Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) probably because the former removes IgG autoantibodies and complement and the latter inhibits complement activation subsequent to the autoantibody binding to peripheral nerve antigens. IgG degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) can cleave the pathogenic autoantibodies into F(ab')2 and Fc. The purpose of this study is to show whether IdeS has novel therapeutic potential for GBS. Sera with anti-ganglioside IgG antibodies from 15 patients with GBS or Miller Fisher syndrome were used. We tested whether IdeS cleaved the anti-ganglioside IgG antibodies and inhibited deposition of activated complement component on ELISA plates. IdeS efficiently cleaved IgG and blocked complement activation mediated by anti-GM1, anti-GD1a and anti-GQ1b IgG antibodies. IdeS has therapeutic potential for GBS and related conditions.
Quadrature Spatial Modulation OFDM System Performance in the Presence of High Power Amplifier Nonlinearities (2019)

This paper proposes a combination between quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) aiming to benefit from their superior inherent advantages. The proposed system uses multiple transmit antennas and applies QSM technique on the different OFDM sub-carriers transmitted from the multiple antennas. Therefore, at each frequency sub-carrier, one antenna will be transmitting a real part of the modulated symbol and another or the same antenna will be transmitting the imaginary part of that symbol. As such, many of the transmitted sub-carriers in one OFDM symbol will be un-modulated and transmitting no data, which promises major reduction in the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Typical OFDM systems generally suffer from high PAPR, which causes major performance degradation in the presence of high power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities. It is revealed, in this paper, that the proposed system achieves superior performance as compared to it's spatial modulation and spatial multiplexing counterpart systems. Analytical analysis on the overall bit error probability is provided and corroborated through Monte Carlo simulation results.
J061013 Development of an SOFC with a Ni-aligned anode (2013)

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) consist of three layers; a cathode, an electrolyte and an anode. The anode is composed of three phases; Yttria-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), Ni and pore. In the anode, oxide ion, electron, and gas spieces pass through YSZ, Ni and pore, respectively. In a conventional anode, three phases are randomly distributed and the structure is not always appropriate for the paths of oxide ion, electron and gases. Our purpose is to increase the efficiency of SOFC anode by aligning three phases in the anode thickness direction with magnetic field and by changing the volume ratio of Ni and YSZ. The maximum power density with magnetic field (360 mT) was at most 1.6 times as high as that without magnetic field. The maximum power density of the anode with Ni:YSZ=33:67 vol% was 1.7 times as high as that of Ni:YSZ = 50:50 vol%. It is indicated that the power generation performance can be improved by magnetic field and by changing the volume ratio of Ni and YSZ.
Automated Quantification of Fragmented Red Blood Cells: Neonatal Reference Intervals and Clinical Disorders of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients with High Values (2018)

Our study suggests that a high FRC could prompt investigation into, or inform follow-up of, a neonatal microangiopathic or extremely microcytic disorder.
Backoff inspired features for maximum entropy language models (2014)

Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) language models [1, 2] are linear models that are typically regularized via well-known L1 or L2 terms in the likelihood objective, hence avoiding the need for the kinds of backoff or mixture weights used in smoothed ngram language models using Katz backoff [3] and similar techniques. Even though backoff cost is not required to regularize the model, we investigate the use of backoff features in MaxEnt models, as well as some backoff-inspired variants. These features are shown to improve model quality substantially, as shown in perplexity and word-error rate reductions, even in very large scale training scenarios of tens or hundreds of billions of words and hundreds of millions of features. Index Terms: maximum entropy modeling, language modeling, n-gram models, linear models
Novel torque magnetometry for uniaxial anisotropy constants of thin films and its application to FePt granular thin films (2018)

A technique based on torque magnetometry is proposed for precise determination of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant, Ku, of perpendicularly magnetized thin films, in particular for Ku larger than 106 J/m3, by electrical detection of the anomalous Hall effect and exact determination of the magnetic field direction. This technique can measure the Ku value of several-nanometer-thick polycrystalline films. Further, the Ku value of FePt–C granular films, which are expected to be useful for high-density magnetic recording media, is evaluated. The intrinsic Ku value of 4-nm-thick FePt–C thin films fabricated at 450 °C is approximately 3 MJ/m3 for carbon contents up to 34 vol % C.
Beyond the diffusion standard model in fixed rat spinal cord with combined linear and planar encoding (2021)

Information about tissue on the microscopic and mesoscopic scales can be accessed by modelling diffusion MRI signals, with the aim of extracting microstructure-specific biomarkers. The standard model (SM) of diffusion, currently the most broadly adopted microstructural model, describes diffusion in white matter (WM) tissues by two Gaussian components, one of which has zero radial diffusivity, to represent diffusion in intra- and extra-axonal water, respectively. Here, we reappraise these SM assumptions by collecting comprehensive double diffusion encoded (DDE) MRI data with both linear and planar encodings, which was recently shown to substantially enhance the ability to estimate SM parameters. We find however, that the SM is unable to account for data recorded in fixed rat spinal cord at an ultrahigh field of 16.4 T, suggesting that its underlying assumptions are violated in our experimental data. We offer three model extensions to mitigate this problem: first, we generalize the SM to accommodate finite radii (axons) by releasing the constraint of zero radial diffusivity in the intra-axonal compartment. Second, we include intracompartmental kurtosis to account for non-Gaussian behaviour. Third, we introduce an additional (third) compartment. The ability of these models to account for our experimental data are compared based on parameter feasibility and Bayesian information criterion. Our analysis identifies the three-compartment description as the optimal model. The third compartment exhibits slow diffusion with a minor but non-negligible signal fraction (∼12%). We demonstrate how failure to take the presence of such a compartment into account severely misguides inferences about WM microstructure. Our findings bear significance for microstructural modelling at large and can impact the interpretation of biomarkers extracted from the standard model of diffusion.
„Umgang mit Sterben, Tod und Trauer. Ein Konzept für Schülerinnen und Schüler der Jahrgangsstufen 9 bis 13.“ – Auf dem Weg zu einer bundesweiten Umsetzung (2014)

Fragestellung: Aufgrund der positiven Rückmeldungen von Schülern, Lehrern und Experten nach Durchführung eines Projektunterrichts an allen Schulformen ist fraglich, wie eine bundesweite Implementierung in den Schulen umgesetzt werden kann.
Zebrafish Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein: Differential Circadian Expression Among Cone Subtypes (1996)

Retinoid trafficking between the photoreceptors and pigmented epithelium is probably mediated by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), a 124-145 kDa glycolipoprotein in mammals and amphibians. In these animals, IRBP is composed of four homologous regions (modules) 300 amino acids in length. We have determined the primary structure of zebrafish IRBP and its expression pattern by northern analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization under a variety of lighting conditions. Zebrafish IRBP is half the size (66.3 kDa) of mammalian IRBP because it is composed of only two modules, similar to goldfish IRBP. The first half of the zebrafish protein is most similar to the first module of mammalian IRBP and the second half to the fourth module of mammalian IRBP. This suggests that during the evolution of the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), the middle two modules were lost. Each of the modules contains conserved hydrophobic domains which may form the ligand-binding pocket. The expression of zebrafish IRBP mRNA is sevenfold higher in the middle of the light period (at mid-light) than in the middle of the dark period (at mid-dark). This rhythm persists for 2 days under conditions of constant light or constant darkness, then dampens to an intermediate level by 8 days of constant conditions. At mid-light, IRBP mRNA is expressed by all cone types and to a lesser extent by the rods. At mid-dark, the mRNA is restricted to the ultraviolet-sensitive short single cones. These data suggest that IRBP expression is regulated by circadian and light-driven mechanisms that act differentially on the various photoreceptor subtypes in the zebrafish retina.
Using artificial intelligence for data reduction in mechanical engineering (2007)

In this paper artificial neural networks and support vector machines are used to reduce the amount of vibration data that is required to estimate the Time Domain Average of a gear vibration signal. Two models for estimating the time domain average of a gear vibration signal are proposed. The models are tested on data from an accelerated gear life test rig. Experimental results indicate that the required data for calculating the Time Domain Average of a gear vibration signal can be reduced by up to 75% when the proposed models are implemented.
CMOS Image Sensor With Per-Column ΣΔ ADC and Programmable Compressed Sensing (2012)

A CMOS image sensor architecture with built-in single-shot compressed sensing is described. The image sensor employs a conventional 4-T pixel and per-column ΣΔ ADCs. The compressed sensing measurements are obtained via a column multiplexer that sequentially applies randomly selected pixel values to the input of each ΣΔ modulator. At the end of readout, each ADC outputs a quantized value of the average of the pixel values applied to its input. The image is recovered from the random linear measurements off-chip using numerical optimization algorithms. To demonstrate this architecture, a 256x256 pixel CMOS image sensor is fabricated in 0.15 μm CIS process. The sensor can operate in compressed sensing mode with compression ratio 1/4, 1/8, or 1/16 at 480, 960, or 1920 fps, respectively, or in normal capture mode with no compressed sensing at a maximum frame rate of 120 fps. Measurement results demonstrate capture in compressed sensing mode at roughly the same readout noise of 351 μV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> and power consumption of 96.2 mW of normal capture at 120 fps. This performance is achieved with only 1.8% die area overhead. Image reconstruction shows modest quality loss relative to normal capture and significantly higher image quality than downsampling.
Endotoxin-Inhalation: Wirkung auf die Lungenfunktion beim Gesunden (2004)

Einleitung: Die Inhalation von gereinigtem Endotoxin (LPS) kann als Modell zur Untersuchung von Entzündungsvorgängen in der Lunge dienen. Die hierzu in der Literatur vorgestellten Modelle variieren jedoch bei kumulativer Provokation.
Anxiety‐ and activity‐related effects of paracetamol on healthy and neuropathic rats (2017)

Paracetamol has recently been suggested to affect emotion processing in addition to alleviating pain in humans. We investigated in adult male Hannover-Wistar rats whether acute intraperitoneally administrated paracetamol affects behavior in tests measuring anxiety, mood, motor activity, and memory. Unoperated rats received saline or a low (50 mg/kg) or high (300 mg/kg) dose of paracetamol, while rats with a spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathy and sham-operated rats received saline or the low dose of paracetamol. Rats were tested on open-field (OFT), elevated plus-maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB), novel-object recognition (NOR), sucrose preference, rotarod, and monofilament tests. In unoperated rats, both the low and high dose of paracetamol reduced line crossings, and grooming time in the OFT, and novel preference in NOR. The high dose of paracetamol increased the time spent in the closed arm in EPM, reduced the number of rearings and leanings in OFT, the time spent in the light box in LDB, and sucrose preference. Paracetamol had no significant effect on the rotarod test measuring motor activity. The low dose of paracetamol suppressed mechanical pain hypersensitivity in SNI rats, without influencing pain behavior in sham-operated rats. Saline- but not paracetamol-treated SNI rats spent more time than sham-operated rats in the closed arm in the EPM test. Together the results suggest that a high dose of paracetamol increases anxiety-like and anhedonic behavior, and impairs recognition memory in unoperated controls, while in neuropathy, a low dose of paracetamol reduces nerve injury-associated anxiety probably by reducing neuropathic pain.
Industrial Utilization of Tobacco Stalks (1) Preliminary Evaluation for Biomass Resources (1999)

In an attempt to establish tobacco stalks as a raw material for biomass resources, a preliminary evaluation of their chemical and physical properties in comparison with wood species prior to their utilization for various wood-based applications is indispensable and, hence, the main object of this study.
Thin Film Tin Selenide (SnSe) Thermoelectric Generators Exhibiting Ultralow Thermal Conductivity (2018)

Tin selenide (SnSe) has attracted much attention in the field of thermoelectrics since the discovery of the record figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 ± 0.3 along the b-axis of the material. The record ZT is attributed to an ultralow thermal conductivity that arises from anharmonicity in bonding. While it is known that nanostructuring offers the prospect of enhanced thermoelectric performance, there have been minimal studies in the literature to date of the thermoelectric performance of thin films of SnSe. In this work, preferentially orientated porous networks of thin film SnSe nanosheets are fabricated using a simple thermal evaporation method, which exhibits an unprecedentedly low thermal conductivity of 0.08 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> between 375 and 450 K. In addition, the first known example of a working SnSe thermoelectric generator is presented and characterized.