gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PWE-287 Breath volatile analysis for the recognition of harmful drinking, cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (2012)

Introduction Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric state which may complicate cirrhosis following the accumulation of toxic substances that cross the blood-brain barrier and affect brain function. Cirrhosis or portal-systemic shunting results in the accumulation of substances in the blood that may undergo alveolar gas exchange to be excreted in the breath. The aim of this work was to investigate the use of breath analysis as a non-invasive and simpler means of diagnosing HE, cirrhosis and harmful drinking. Methods A bespoke breath-sampling device was used to sample one litre of breath through adsorbent tubes from patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis with (n=11) and without HE (n=23), non-alcoholic cirrhosis without HE (n=19), harmful drinkers without cirrhosis (n=7), inflammatory respiratory disease (n=18), and healthy controls (n=15). Compounds trapped on these tubes were released via thermal desorption and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry for separation and detection. Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to identify volatile organic compounds to differentiate patients according to disease status and build models for disease classification. Results Models based on the presence or absence of volatiles were tested in the patient groups. HE was correctly classified in 91.0% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis could be discriminated from those without cirrhosis with 100% accuracy in drinkers. In patients without clinical signs of HE, alcohol was correctly predicted as the underlying cause of cirrhosis in 82.6% of patients and non-alcoholic causes of cirrhosis were correctly determined in 84.2% of patients. Non-alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and harmful drinking could also be discriminated from healthy controls with a sensitivity of 89.5%, 97.1% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Breath volatiles can be used to aid the diagnosis of HE, cirrhosis, and harmful levels of drinking, therefore breath testing may offer a means to detect liver conditions non-invasively at earlier and more treatable stages. Competing interests None declared.
Safety issues relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry (2000)

Hydrogen peroxide is used widely in professionally and self-administered products. Hydrogen peroxide is a highly reactive substance which can damage oral soft tissues and hard tissues when present in high concentrations and with exposures of prolonged duration. This report provides an overview of health issues relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide, with an emphasis on safety with prolonged exposure to low concentrations of peroxide products. There is good evidence for the safety of hydrogen peroxide when used at low concentrations on a daily basis over extended periods of time, in self-administered oral health care products such as dentifrices and mouthrinses. These low concentrations neither damage oral hard or soft tissues, nor do they pose a significant risk of adverse long-term effects. Caution should be exercised with the increasingly higher concentration peroxide products used for 'walking' or 'power' bleaching due to the possibility of chemical irritation of oral soft tissues with injudicious use. The volumes of material and application times should be controlled carefully. Thorough education of patients is particularly important with self-applied gels because of the lack of professional supervision with such products. Such education is part of the duty of care of the dentist who supplies bleaching gels for at-home use.
Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-Based Serotonin and Dopamine Receptor Antagonists. Molecular Modeling, Further Structure−Activity Relationship Studies, and Identification of Novel Atypical Antipsychotic Agents (2003)

Recently we reported the pharmacological characterization of the 9,10-dihydropyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine derivative (S)-(+)-8 as a novel atypical antipsychotic agent. This compound had an optimum pK(i) 5-HT(2A)/D(2) ratio of 1.21 (pK(i) 5-HT(2A) = 8.83; pK(i) D(2) = 7.79). The lower D(2) receptor affinity of (S)-(+)-8 compared to its enantiomer was explained by the difficulty in reaching the conformation required to optimally fulfill the D(2) pharmacophore. With the aim of finding novel atypical antipsychotics we further investigated the core structure of (S)-(+)-8, synthesizing analogues with specific substituents; the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was also expanded with the design and synthesis of other analogues characterized by a pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazepine skeleton, substituted on the benzo-fused ring or on the pyrrole system. On the 9,10-dihydro analogues the substituents introduced on the pyrrole ring were detrimental to affinity for dopamine and for 5-HT(2A) receptors, but the introduction of a double bond at C-9/10 on the structure of (S)-(+)-8 led to a potent D(2)/5-HT(2A) receptor ligand with a typical binding profile (9f, pK(i) 5-HT(2A)/D(2) ratio of 1.01, log Y = 8.43). Then, to reduce D(2) receptor affinity and restore atypicality on unsaturated analogues, we exploited the effect of specific substitutions on the tricyclic system of 9f. Through a molecular modeling approach we generated a novel series of potential atypical antipsychotic agents, with optimized 5HT(2A)/D(2) receptor affinity ratios and that were easier to synthesize and purify than the reference compound (S)-(+)-8. A number of SAR trends were identified, and among the analogues synthesized and tested in binding assays, 9d and 9m were identified as the most interesting, giving atypical log Y scores respectively 4.98 and 3.18 (pK(i) 5-HT(2A)/D(2) ratios of 1.20 and 1.30, respectively). They had a multireceptor affinity profile and could be promising atypical agents. Compound 9d, whose synthesis is easier and whose binding profile is atypical (log Y score similar to that of olanzapine, 3.89), was selected for further biological investigation. Pharmacological and biochemical studies confirmed an atypical antipsychotic profile in vivo. The compound was active on conditioned avoidance response at 1.1 mg/kg, a dose 100-times lower than that required to cause catalepsy (ED(50) >90 mg/kg), it induced a negligible increase of prolactin serum levels after single and multiple doses, and antagonized the cognitive impairment induced by phencyclidine. In conclusion, the pharmacological profile of 9d proved better than clozapine and olanzapine, making this compound a potential clinical candidate.
Interlocking Transcriptional Feedback Loops Control White-Opaque Switching in Candida albicans (2007)

The human pathogen Candida albicans can assume either of two distinct cell types, designated "white" and "opaque." Each cell type is maintained for many generations; switching between them is rare and stochastic, and occurs without any known changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genome. The two cell types differ dramatically in cell shape, colony appearance, mating competence, and virulence properties. In this work, we investigate the transcriptional circuitry that specifies the two cell types and controls the switching between them. First, we identify two new transcriptional regulators of white-opaque switching, Czf1 and white-opaque regulator 2 (Wor2). Analysis of a large set of double mutants and ectopic expression strains revealed genetic relationships between CZF1, WOR2, and two previously identified regulators of white-opaque switching, WOR1 and EFG1. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that Wor1 binds the intergenic regions upstream of the genes encoding three additional transcriptional regulators of white-opaque switching (CZF1, EFG1, and WOR2), and also occupies the promoters of numerous white- and opaque-enriched genes. Based on these interactions, we have placed these four genes in a circuit controlling white-opaque switching whose topology is a network of positive feedback loops, with the master regulator gene WOR1 occupying a central position. Our observations indicate that a key role of the interlocking feedback loop network is to stably maintain each epigenetic state through many cell divisions.
Pharmacologic Dissociation Between Impulsivity and Alcohol Drinking in High Alcohol Preferring Mice (2010)

Contrary to our hypothesis, none of the drugs tested here, while effective on either alcohol drinking or impulsivity, decreased both behaviors. These findings suggest that the genetic association between drinking and impulsivity observed in this population is mediated by mechanisms other than those targeted by the drugs tested in these studies.
Physically-Based Rendering for Indoor Scene Understanding Using Convolutional Neural Networks (2017)

Indoor scene understanding is central to applications such as robot navigation and human companion assistance. Over the last years, data-driven deep neural networks have outperformed many traditional approaches thanks to their representation learning capabilities. One of the bottlenecks in training for better representations is the amount of available per-pixel ground truth data that is required for core scene understanding tasks such as semantic segmentation, normal prediction, and object boundary detection. To address this problem, a number of works proposed using synthetic data. However, a systematic study of how such synthetic data is generated is missing. In this work, we introduce a large-scale synthetic dataset with 500K physically-based rendered images from 45K realistic 3D indoor scenes. We study the effects of rendering methods and scene lighting on training for three computer vision tasks: surface normal prediction, semantic segmentation, and object boundary detection. This study provides insights into the best practices for training with synthetic data (more realistic rendering is worth it) and shows that pretraining with our new synthetic dataset can improve results beyond the current state of the art on all three tasks.
La Crosse virus spread within the mosquito population in Knox County, TN (2021)

In Appalachia, La Crosse virus (LACV) is a leading pediatric arbovirus and public health concern for children under 16 years. LACV is transmitted via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Thus, it is imperative to understand the dynamics of the local vector population in order to assess risk and transmission. Using entomological data collected from Knox County, Tennessee in 2013, we formulate an environmentally-driven system of ordinary differential equations to model mosquito population dynamics over a single season. Further, we include infected compartments to represent LACV transmission within the mosquito population. Findings suggest that the model, with dependence on degree days and accumulated precipitation, can closely describe field data. This model confirms the need to include these environmental variables when planning control strategies.
Transient Calcium and Dopamine Increase PKA Activity and DARPP-32 Phosphorylation (2006)

Reinforcement learning theorizes that strengthening of synaptic connections in medium spiny neurons of the striatum occurs when glutamatergic input (from cortex) and dopaminergic input (from substantia nigra) are received simultaneously. Subsequent to learning, medium spiny neurons with strengthened synapses are more likely to fire in response to cortical input alone. This synaptic plasticity is produced by phosphorylation of AMPA receptors, caused by phosphorylation of various signalling molecules. A key signalling molecule is the phosphoprotein DARPP-32, highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons. DARPP-32 is regulated by several neurotransmitters through a complex network of intracellular signalling pathways involving cAMP (increased through dopamine stimulation) and calcium (increased through glutamate stimulation). Since DARPP-32 controls several kinases and phosphatases involved in striatal synaptic plasticity, understanding the interactions between cAMP and calcium, in particular the effect of transient stimuli on DARPP-32 phosphorylation, has major implications for understanding reinforcement learning. We developed a computer model of the biochemical reaction pathways involved in the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 on Thr34 and Thr75. Ordinary differential equations describing the biochemical reactions were implemented in a single compartment model using the software XPPAUT. Reaction rate constants were obtained from the biochemical literature. The first set of simulations using sustained elevations of dopamine and calcium produced phosphorylation levels of DARPP-32 similar to that measured experimentally, thereby validating the model. The second set of simulations, using the validated model, showed that transient dopamine elevations increased the phosphorylation of Thr34 as expected, but transient calcium elevations also increased the phosphorylation of Thr34, contrary to what is believed. When transient calcium and dopamine stimuli were paired, PKA activation and Thr34 phosphorylation increased compared with dopamine alone. This result, which is robust to variation in model parameters, supports reinforcement learning theories in which activity-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity requires paired glutamate and dopamine inputs.
STUDIES ON ANTIGENIC COMPETITION (1969)

Antigenic competition was studied in a haptenic system. It was found that: (a) The extent of competition is greater when larger doses of antigen are employed. (b) Antigenic competition appears to be independent of the carrier molecule. (c) The affinity of the antibody produced in antigenic competition is approximately equal to the affinity of antibody formed by animals immunized with only one antigen. (d) Antigenic competition only occurs when both antigens are injected so as to drain into the same regional lymph nodes. The results suggest that antigenic competition occurs locally at the site of antigen stimulation and is not mediated by a circulating factor, by tolerance induction, or by suppression due to synthesis of cross-reacting antibodies.
Device to analyze leakage current pathways in photovoltaic modules in real-time (2014)

Series connection of PV modules results in buildup of high voltage between the frame and cell circuit which leads to leakage current flow through the module packaging materials. Long term application of high voltage bias results in PV module degradation by Potential Induced Degradation (PID). A novel device called custom laminate is developed at Florida Solar Energy Center that can identify dominant leakage current paths in PV module packaging materials. In this paper, insulation resistance tests are carried out on a commercial 60-cell c-Si module and the nature of leakage current as a function of aluminum foil configuration, applied voltage and duration is studied. The insights gained from the analysis of leakage currents under various circumstances are used to obtain more accurate and reliable measurements from the custom laminate.
Urinary excretion of allantoin in steers fed on cereal based diet infused with different levels of urea-casein (1998)

Values of ammonia concentration in rumen liquid have been used as an index of nitrogen requirements of rumen microflora even though ammonia requirements seem to depend on the type of diet. Cellulollitic flora mainly use ammonia as N source, while bacteria that ferment non-structural carbohydrates use either ammonia or protein nitrogen. The aim of this experiment was to establish the minimum concentration of ammonia to optimise microbial synthesis in the rumen of steers fed concentrate-based diets.
Authentication for DHCP Messages (2001)

This document defines a new Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) option through which authorization tickets can be easily generated and newly attached hosts with proper authorization can be automatically configured from an authenticated DHCP server. DHCP provides a framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP network. In some situations, network administrators may wish to constrain the allocation of addresses to authorized hosts. Additionally, some network administrators may wish to provide for authentication of the source and contents of DHCP messages.
Georeferencing of multi-line CCD array optical sensors with a general photogrammetric model (2004)

This paper describes a general sensor model for the georeferencing of imagery from CCD linear array sensors with along-track stereo viewing. The software combines the standard photogrammetric triangulation with a sensor external orientation modeling and self-calibration. The sensor attitude and position, which are different for each image-line, are modeled with time-dependent piecewise polynomial functions while the systematic errors due to lens distortions are described by additional parameters. In case of sensors whose optical system consists of more lenses, the collinearity equations are extended in order to include additional parameters describing the relative orientations of each lens. Using ground control points and, additionally, tie points (TPs), the functions parameters and the ground coordinates of the TPs are estimated in a least-squares adjustment. The described procedures have been applied to imagery from different CCD linear sensors carried on airplane and satellite. In particular, the results obtained with MOMS-P2 imagery are presented and discussed.
The Wrickkened Pathways of FGF23, MEPE and PHEX (2004)

The last 350 years since the publication of the first medical monograph on rickets (old English term wrickken) (Glisson et al., 1651) have seen spectacular advances in our understanding of mineral-homeostasis. Seminal and exciting discoveries have revealed the roles of PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin in regulating calcium and phosphate, and maintaining healthy teeth and skeleton. However, it is clear that the PTH/Vitamin D axis does not account for the entire picture, and a new bone-renal metabolic milieu has emerged, implicating a novel set of matrix proteins, hormones, and Zn-metallopeptidases. The primary defects in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (HYP) and autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) are now identified as inactivating mutations in a Zn-metalloendopeptidase (PHEX) and activating mutations in fibroblast-growth-factor-23 (FGF23), respectively. In oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (OHO), several tumor-expressed proteins (MEPE, FGF23, and FRP-4) have emerged as candidate mediators of the bone-renal pathophysiology. This has stimulated the proposal of a global model that takes into account the remarkable similarities between the inherited diseases (HYP and ADHR) and the tumor-acquired disease OHO. In HYP, loss of PHEX function is proposed to result in an increase in uncleaved full-length FGF23 and/or inappropriate processing of MEPE. In ADHR, a mutation in FGF23 results in resistance to proteolysis by PHEX or other proteases and an increase in half-life of full-length phosphaturic FGF23. In OHO, over-expression of FGF23 and/or MEPE is proposed to result in abnormal renal-phosphate handling and mineralization. Although this model is attractive, many questions remain unanswered, suggesting a more complex picture. The following review will present a global hypothesis that attempts to explain the experimental and clinical observations in HYP, ADHR, and OHO, plus diverse mouse models that include the MEPE null mutant, HYP-PHEX transgenic mouse, and MEPE-PHEX double-null-mutant.
Formula feeding potentiates docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid biosynthesis in term and preterm baboon neonates (2004)

Infant formulas supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are now available in the United States; however, little is known about the factors that affect biosynthesis. Baboon neonates were assigned to one of four treatments: term, breast-fed; term, formula-fed; preterm (155 of 182 days gestation), formula-fed; and preterm, formula+DHA/ARA-fed. Standard formula had no DHA/ARA; supplemented formula had 0.61%wt DHA (0.3% of calories) and 1.21%wt ARA (0.6% of calories), and baboon breast milk contained 0.68 +/- 0.22%wt DHA and 0.62 +/- 0.12%wt ARA. At 14 days adjusted age, neonates received a combined oral dose of [U-13C]alpha-linolenic acid (LNA*) and [U-13C]linoleic acid (LA*), and tissues were analyzed 14 days after dose. Brain accretion of linolenic acid-derived DHA was approximately 3-fold greater for the formula groups than for the breast-fed group, and dietary DHA partially attenuated excess DHA synthesis among preterms. A similar, significant pattern was found in other organs. Brain linoleic acid-derived ARA accretion was significantly greater in the unsupplemented term group but not in the preterm groups compared with the breast-fed group. These data show that formula potentiates the biosynthesis/accretion of DHA/ARA in term and preterm neonates compared with breast-fed neonates and that the inclusion of DHA/ARA in preterm formula partially restores DHA/ARA biosynthesis to lower, breast-fed levels. Current formula DHA concentrations are inadequate to normalize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis to that of breast-fed levels.
The design and performance of a real-time CORBA event service (1997)

The CORBA Event Service provides a flexible model for asynchronous communication among objects. However, the standard CORBA Event Service specification lacks important features required by real-time applications. For instance, operational flight programs for fighter aircraft have complex real-time processing requirements. This paper describes the design and performance of an object-oriented, real-time implementation of the GORBA Event Service that is designed to meet these requirements.This paper makes three contributions to the design and performance measurement of object-oriented real-time systems. First, it illustrates how to extend the CORBA Event Service so that it is suitable for real-time systems. These extensions support periodic rate-based event processing and efficient event filtering and correlation. Second, it describes how to develop object-oriented event dispatching and scheduling mechanisms that can provide real-time guarantees. Finally, the paper presents benchmarks that demonstrate the performance tradeoffs of alternative concurrent dispatching mechanisms for real-time Event Services.
Imaging of Digital Versatile Rewritable Disc using the Reflection-Mode Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope (2001)

Recording marks written on the digital versatile rewritable disc (so called DVD-RAM) by a blue violet laser diode were observed using a reflection-mode scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (RS-SNOM) for the first time. The RS-SNOM is based on the atomic force microscope (AFM) and thus both the AFM and SNOM observations are simultaneously performed. In the AFM image, the land/groove structure was clearly observed and no other contrast appeared, while in the SNOM image, the 180-nm-long recording marks were clearly observed at the position of the groove. The contrast originated from the difference in the refractive index, faithfully traced in the SNOM image with a resolution of 50 nm. This result indicates that the RS-SNOM can be used as an observation tool for the next-generation high-density optical media.