Applications of environmental aquatic chemistry : a practical guide (2013)

Water Quality Defining Environmental Water Quality Sources of Water Impurities Measuring Impurities Contaminant Behavior in the Environment: Basic Principles Behavior of Contaminants in Natural Waters What Are the Fates of Different Pollutants? Processes that Remove Pollutants from Water Some Major Contaminant Groups and Natural Pathways for their Removal from Water Chemical and Physical Reactions in the Water Environment Partitioning Behavior of Pollutants Intermolecular Forces Origins of Intermolecular Forces: Electronegativities, Chemical Bonds, and Molecular Geometry Solubility and Intermolecular Attractions References Major Water Quality Parameters and Applications Interactions Among Water Quality Parameters pH Carbon Dioxide, Bicarbonate, and Carbonate Acidity and Alkalinity Oxidation-Reduction Potential Hardness Dissolved Oxygen Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand Solids (Total, Suspended, and Dissolved) Temperature Drinking Water Treatment References Nutrients and Odors: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Nutrients and Odors Nitrogen: Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate Phosphorus Nutrient (N + P) Contamination: The Eutrophication and Algae Problems Sulfide (S2-) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Odors of Biological Origin in Water (Mostly from Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Products) References Behavior of Metal Species in the Natural Environment Metals in Water Mobility of Metals in Water/Soil Environments General Behavior of Dissolved Metals in Water Adjusting pH to Remove Metals from Water by Precipitation Your Results May Vary How ORP Affects the Solubility of Metals ORP-Sensitive and ORP-Insensitive Metals Metal Water Quality Standards Applications References Soil, Groundwater, and Subsurface Contamination Nature of Soils Soil Profiles Organic Matter in Soil Soil Zones Contaminants Become Distributed in Water, Soil, and Air Partition Coefficients Mobility of Contaminants in the Subsurface Particulate Transport in Groundwater: Colloids Case Study: Clearing Muddy Ponds Ion Exchange Agricultural Water Quality General Properties of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids and the Behavior of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface Types and Properties of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids General Characteristics of Petroleum Liquids: The Most Common LNAPL Behavior of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface Formation of Petroleum Contamination Plumes Estimating the Amount of LNAPL Free Product in the Subsurface Estimating the Amount of Residual LNAPL Immobilized in the Subsurface Chemical Fingerprinting of LNAPLs Simulated Distillation Curves and Carbon Number Distribution Curves References Behavior of Dense Nonaqueous Liquids in the Subsurface Phase DNAPL Properties DNAPL Free Product Mobility Testing for the Presence of DNAPL Polychlorinated Biphenyls References Biodegradation and Bioremediation of LNAPLs and DNAPLs Biodegradation and Bioremediation Basic Requirements for Biodegradation Biodegradation Processes Natural Aerobic Biodegradation of NAPL Hydrocarbons Determining the Extent of Bioremediation of LNAPL Bioremediation of Chlorinated DNAPLs References Behavior of Radionuclides in the Water and Soil Environment Introduction Radionuclides Emissions and Their Properties Units of Radioactivity and Absorbed Radiation Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes in the Environment Technologies for Removing Uranium, Radium, and Radon from Water References Selected Topics in Environmental Chemistry Treatment of Pollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Profile of Groundwater in Coal-Bed Methane Formations Indicators of Fecal Contamination: Coliform and Streptococci Bacteria Reusing Municipal Wastewater: The Problem of Pathogens Oil and Grease Analysis Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Environmental Sampling Deicing and Sanding of Roads: Controlling Environmental Effects Appendices A Selective Dictionary of Water Quality Parameters and Pollutants Solubility of Slightly Soluble Metal Salts Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in this Book Answers to Selected Chapter Exercises