gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perceptual effects of plosive feature modification (2012)

In the 1970-1980's, a number of papers explored the role of the transitional and burst features in consonant-vowel context. These papers left unresolved the relative importance of these two acoustic cues. This research takes advantage of refined signal processing methods, allowing for the visualization and modification of acoustic details. This experiment explores the impact of modifying the strength of the acoustic burst feature on the recognition scores P(c)(SNR) (function of the signal-to-noise ratio), for four plosive sounds /ta, ka, da, ga/. These results show high correlations between the relative burst intensity and the scores P(c)(SNR). Based on this correlation, one must conclude that these bursts are the primary acoustic cues used for the identification of these four consonants. This is in contrast to previous experiments, which used less precise methods to manipulate speech, and observe complex relationships between the scores, bursts and transition cues. In cases where the burst feature is removed entirely, it is shown that naturally existing conflicting acoustic features dominate the score. These observations seem directly inconsistent with transition cues playing a role: if the transition cues were important, they would dominate over low-level conflicting burst cues. These limited results arguably rule out the concept of redundant cues.
Lack of evidence for superantigen activity of Toxoplasma gondii towards human T cells (2001)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite whose life cycle may include man as an intermediate host. More than 500 million people are infected with this parasite worldwide. It has been previously reported that T. gondii contains a superantigen activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the putative superantigen activity of T. gondii would manifest towards human T cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from individuals with no previous contact with the parasite were evaluated for proliferation as well as specific Vbeta expansion after exposure to Toxoplasma antigens. Likewise, PBMC from individuals with the congenital infection were evaluated for putative Vbeta family deletions in their T cell repertoire. We also evaluated, over a period of one year, the PBMC proliferation pattern in response to Toxoplasma antigens in patients with recently acquired infection. Some degree of proliferation in response to T. gondii was observed in the PBMC from individuals never exposed to the parasite, accompanied by specific Vbeta expansion, suggesting a superantigen effect. However, we found no specific deletion of Vbeta (or Valpha) families in the blood of congenitally infected individuals. Furthermore, PBMC from recently infected individuals followed up over a period of one year did not present a reduction of the Vbeta families that were originally expanded in response to the parasite antigens. Taken together, our data suggest that T. gondii does not have a strong superantigen activity on human T cells.
Three ways to implement interfacial techniques: application to measurements of chromatic dispersion, birefringence, and nonlinear susceptibilities (1989)

Depending on the spectal width of the source illuminating an interferometer, measurement procedures can utilize either the whole interferogram, or only the fringe envelope, or only the fringe quick oscillations. With an ultraband spectrum source, a simplified adaptation of the methods of Fourier transform spectroscopy yields the variations of the test-fiber propagation constant over the whole wavelength-interval of the source. Chromatic dispersion can then be computed from a single interferogram. With narrower spectrum sources, only the fringe envelopes are utilized and yield measurements of mode delay, with application to chromatic and polarization mode dispersion. In this case, however, interferograms at several wavelengths are necessary. With even narrower spectrum sources, the fringe quick oscillations provide measurements of phase shifts, related to changes in the mode propagation constant, when outside perturbations are applied to the test fiber. A direct method for measuring the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities is discussed. In this case the outside perturbation is an intense pump laser field.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Composite Tin Dioxide-Titanium Dioxide Nanostructured Thin Film Electrodes As Lithium-Ion Anodes (2017)

An aerosol-chemical vapor deposition technique (ACVD) was utilized in order to deposit highly oriented, one-dimensional nanostructured metal-oxide thin films. Film morphology was controlled using various system parameters in order to obtained the desired columnar morphology. Tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) was chosen as an electrode material due to its high theoretical charge capacity (790 mA-h-g -1 ), and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) was chosen for its remarkable stability and low volume change during charging. The columnar morphology is particularly well suited to SnO 2 as the space between the columns allows for accommodation of the large volume expansion the material experiences during charging. Electrodes of SnO 2 columnar nanostructures were first synthesized using ACVD by depositing the structures directly on to the current collector. Depositing directly onto the current collector eliminates the need for binding agents and conductive additives during battery fabrication. Then a layer of TiO 2 was deposited on the surface of the SnO 2 columns using atomic layer deposition. A variety of column heights, ranging from 500 nm to 2 um, and TiO 2 layer thickness, ranging from no TiO 2 to a 100 nm layer, were synthesized and their electrochemical properties investigated. For all electrochemical characterization experiments, Swagelok-type coin cells were fabricated using lithium foil as a counter electrode and 1M LiPF 6 in 50/50 (v/v) EC/DEC as an electrolyte. Optimal electrochemical performance was observed in electrodes with a height of 800 nm and a 15 nm layer of TiO 2 . A rate capability test was performed to determine how the capacity of the electrodes changed at charging rates ranging from 100-2000 mA-g -1 . A stable capacity of 410 mA-h-g -1 was obtained at a charge rate 1000 mA-g -1 ; rapid capacity fade was observed at higher rates. Galvanostatic charge-discharge was performed for each cell for 100 cycles or until failure at a charge rate of 400 mA-g -1 , corresponding approximately to a charge rate of C/2. For the optimal electrode an initial irreversible capacity of 1164 mA-h-g -1 was observed as well as a stable capacity of 530 mA-h-g-1 after 100 cycles. This demonstrates a low cost synthesis of high performance anodes which provides an alternative to conventional electrode synthesis.
Approccio agronomico , biochimico e molecolare nello studio degli effetti di tecniche colturali applicate per migliorare la composizione delle uve di Sangiovese (2012)

L'approccio integrato molecolare, agronomico e biochimico applicato allo studio della defogliazione applicata alla pre fioritura e all'invaiatura e del diradamento ha rilevato l'importanza del rapporto tra foglie e frutti nel condizionare la composizione delle uve in maggior misura rispetto al microclima del grappolo
Synthesis of Amino-1,2,4-triazoles by Reductive ANRORC Rearrangements of 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles (2010)

The reaction of various 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with an excess of hydrazine in DMF has been investigated. 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazoles are produced through a reductive ANRORC pathway consisting of the addition of hydrazine to the 1,2,4-oxadiazole followed by ring-opening, ring-closure, and final reduction of the 3-hydroxylamino-1,2,4-triazole intermediate. The general applicability of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles ANRORC reactivity is demonstrated also in the absence of C(5)-linked electron-withdrawing groups.
AdaTag: Multi-Attribute Value Extraction from Product Profiles with Adaptive Decoding (2021)

Automatic extraction of product attribute values is an important enabling technology in e-Commerce platforms. This task is usually modeled using sequence labeling architectures, with several extensions to handle multi-attribute extraction. One line of previous work constructs attribute-specific models, through separate decoders or entirely separate models. However, this approach constrains knowledge sharing across different attributes. Other contributions use a single multi-attribute model, with different techniques to embed attribute information. But sharing the entire network parameters across all attributes can limit the model's capacity to capture attribute-specific characteristics. In this paper we present AdaTag, which uses adaptive decoding to handle extraction. We parameterize the decoder with pretrained attribute embeddings, through a hypernetwork and a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) module. This allows for separate, but semantically correlated, decoders to be generated on the fly for different attributes. This approach facilitates knowledge sharing, while maintaining the specificity of each attribute. Our experiments on a real-world e-Commerce dataset show marked improvements over previous methods.
Using Non-Verbal Expressions as a Tool in Naming Research (2021)

Variable and function names are extremely important for program comprehension. It is therefore also important to study how developers select names. But controlled experiments on naming are hindered by the need to describe to experimental subjects what it is they need to name. Words appearing in these descriptions may then find their way into the names, leading to a bias in the results. We suggest that this problem can be alleviated by using emojis or other small graphics in lieu of key words in the descriptions. A replication of previous work on naming, this time including such emojis and graphics, indeed led to a more diverse and less biased choice of words in the names than when using English descriptions.
Auditory Brainstem Implants: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives (2019)

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) was first developed nearly 40 years ago and provides auditory rehabilitation to patients who are deaf and ineligible for cochlear implant surgery due to abnormalities of the cochlea and cochlear nerve. The aims of the following review are to describe the history of the ABI and innovations leading up to the modern ABI system, as well as highlight areas of future development in implant design.
Utilization of Enzymatically Phosphopantetheinylated Acyl Carrier Proteins and Acetyl−Acyl Carrier Proteins by the Actinorhodin Polyketide Synthase (1997)

The functional reconstitution of two purified proteins of an aromatic polyketide synthase pathway, the acyl carrier protein (ACP) and holo-ACP synthase (ACPS), is described. Holo-ACPs were enzymatically synthesized from coenzyme A and apo-ACPs using Escherichia coli ACPS. Frenolicin and granaticin holo-ACPs formed in this manner were shown to be fully functional together with the other components of the minimal actinorhodin polyketide synthase (act PKS), resulting in synthesis of the same aromatic polyketides as those formed by the act PKS in vivo. ACPS also catalyzed the transfer of acetyl-, propionyl-, butyryl-, benzoyl-, phenylacetyl-, and malonylphosphopantetheines to apo-ACPs from their corresponding coenzyme As, as detected by electrophoresis and/or mass spectrometry. A steady state kinetic study showed that acetyl-coenzyme A is as efficient an ACPS substrate as coenzyme A, with kcat and Km values of 20 min-1 and 25 microM, respectively. In contrast to acetyl-coenzyme A, enzymatically synthesized acetyl-ACPs were shown to be efficient substrates for the act PKS, indicating that acetyl-ACP is a chemically competent intermediate of aromatic polyketide biosynthesis. Together, these methods provide a valuable tool for dissecting the mechanisms and molecular recognition features of polyketide biosynthesis.
A simple and efficient method for preparing partially purified phosvitin from egg yolk using ethanol and salts (2011)

The objective of this study was to develop a new protocol that could be used for large-scale separation of phosvitin from egg yolk using ethanol and salts. Yolk granules, which contain phosvitin, were precipitated after diluting egg yolk with 9 volumes of distilled water. The pH of the yolk solution was adjusted to pH 4.0 to 8.0 using 6 N HCl or NaOH, and then yolk granules containing phosvitin was separated by centrifugation at 3,220 × g for 30 min. Lipids and phospholipids were removed from the insoluble yolk granules using 85% ethanol. The optimal volumes and concentration of ethanol in removing lipids from the precipitants were determined. After centrifugation, the lipid-free precipitants were homogenized with 9 volumes of ammonium sulfate [(NH(4))(2)SO(4)] or NaCl to extract phosvitin. The optimal pH and concentration of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) or NaCl for the highest recovery rate and purity for phosvitin in final solution were determined. At pH 6.0, all the phosvitin in diluted egg yolk solution was precipitated. Among the (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and NaCl conditions tested, 10% (NH(4))(2)SO(4) or 10% NaCl at pH 4.0 yielded the greatest phosvitin extraction from the lipid-free precipitants. The recovery rates of phosvitin using (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and NaCl were 72 and 97%, respectively, and their purity was approximately 85%. Salt was removed from the extract using ultrafiltration. The salt-free phosvitin solution was concentrated using ultrafiltration, the impurities were removed by centrifugation, and the resulting solution was freeze-dried. The partially purified phosvitin was suitable for human use because ethanol was the only solvent used to remove lipids, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) or NaCl was used to extract phosvitin, and ultrafiltration was used to remove salt and concentrate the extract. The developed method was simple and suitable for a large-scale preparation of partially purified phosvitin.
Swelling Suppression in Phosphorus-Modified Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys During Neutron Irradiation (1990)

Phosphorus-containing austenitic alloys in the solution annealed condition were irradiated at 745 to 760 K (470 to 485°C) in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) reactor to doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 dpa. The alloys were variations on Fe-13Cr-15Ni-0.05P with respective additions of 0.8 silicon, 0.2 titanium, or 0.8 silicon plus 0.2 titanium; also included were low (0.01) and zero phosphorus compositions (all values in wt %). This alloy set was studied previously using heavy ion irradiations. The reference ternary and the two phosphorus-only variations contained little precipitation and numerous voids and swelled rapidly, while the three variants containing phosphorus with silicon or titanium or both showed little or no void formation and profuse phosphide precipitation. These results indicate that phosphorus in solution alone does not have a major influence on void swelling, whereas fine-scale phosphide precipitation is quite effective at suppressing void formation. The possible contributing role of impurity oxygen to void formation is considered, but this role is found to be secondary to the principal mechanism restricting swelling, which is the effect of the dense precipitate microstructure. These precipitates foster profuse cavity nucleation that in turn dilutes the helium accumulation per site. The cavities together thereby require more total helium atoms (and more time) in order for individual cavities to surpass their critical size and number of gas atoms necessary for subsequent growth as voids.
Construction of Fused Pyrrolidines and β‐Lactones by Carbene‐Catalyzed C−N, C−C, and C−O Bond Formations (2017)

Abstract A carbene‐catalyzed intermolecular C−N bond formation, which initiates a highly selective cascade reaction for the synthesis of pyrrolidine fused β‐lactones, is disclosed. The nitrogen‐containing bicyclic β‐lactone products are obtained with good yields and excellent stereoselectivities. Synthetic transformations of the reaction products into useful functional molecules, such as amino catalysts, can be efficiently realized under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistically, this study provides insights into modulating the reactivities of heteroatoms, such as nitrogen atoms, in challenging carbene‐catalyzed asymmetric carbon–heteroatom bond‐forming reactions.
Molecular Restructuring Kinetics and Low-Velocity Wetting of n-Alkane Rotator Phases by Polar Liquids (2002)

Advancing and receding contact angles were measured on n-alkane surfaces at substrate speeds below 300 μm/s for dimethyl sulfoxide, formamide, ethylene glycol, 2,2‘-thiodiethanol, and glycerol. The existence of plastic crystalline or rotator phases prior to the melting transition for n-alkane solids was utilized to provide a range of substrate molecular freedom. Contact angles for liquid-substrate combinations demonstrated velocity dependence for high interface velocities resulting in steady-state hysteresis. For measurements made on a commercial paraffin substrate in transition between the ordered crystalline and RII rotator phases corresponding to a high mechanical loss tangent, contact angles converged to apparent equilibrium values at low velocities. However, no such relaxation was observed for the ordered crystalline phase, and thus significant differences in relaxation behavior between tested liquids on the paraffin wax were not found for substrates possessing high and low molecular freedom. Differences in restructuring kinetics between liquids were observed on a C21-C23 binary n-alkane blend in the RI rotator phase with a moderate level of molecular freedom. The order of relaxation toward equilibrium contact angles was consistent with the order of liquid-phase molecular correlation times estimated from nuclear magnetic resonance spin−lattice relaxation, T1 inversion recovery measurements. The exception was glycerol, which had the longest correlation time but demonstrated greater convergence of measured advancing and receding contact angles than expected. We speculate that contributions originating from viscous forces due to glycerol's high capillary number may explain this behavior. Results of this study also demonstrate that water provides for anomalous wetting on n-alkane surfaces, a topic that will be addressed in a future publication.
Vascular hemodynamic profiles of vestibular schwannomas and glioblastoma using MRI. (2011)

2047 Background: Bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS) are the hallmark of neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), a tumor suppressor syndrome that affects the central nervous system. These benign tumors cause progressive hearing loss and brainstem compression. Current options, including surgery and radiotherapy, can cause hearing loss, facial weakness and dysphagia. Treatment with anti-VEGF antibody improves hearing and reduces tumor volume in the majority of patients. Our aim was to evaluate the angiogenic phenotype of VS compared to glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant tumor that is dependent on new blood vessel formation. Methods: Eleven patients with NF2 and eight patients with GBM were scanned on a 3 Tesla imaging spectrometer. Estimates of Ktrans (a measure of vascular permeability) were derived from dynamic contrast enhanced MRI, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC, a measure of tissue water content) estimates were derived from diffusion imaging, and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV, a measure of blood volume) estimates were derived from dynamic susceptibility MRI. The mean values for each parameter were compared for VS and GBM by a Student’s t-test. Results: The mean tumor volume for VS was 11.2 ml (range, 1.4 to 29.1 ml) and for GBM was 24.8 ml (range, 4.5 to 56.3 ml). The mean ADC value was significantly greater in VS than in GBM (1.406 x 10-3 mm2/sec vs. 1.014 x 10-3 mm2/sec; P=0.0001). The mean Ktrans estimate was higher in VS than in GBM (0.068 hour-1 vs. 0.021 hour-1), although this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.106). The mean rCBV value was similar between VS and GBM (2.294 vs. 1.934, P=0.269). Conclusions: Our results suggest that VS have strikingly abnormal vasculature, with features similar to that of GBM. The tumor vasculature is highly permeable and the tumors show increased diffusion of water molecules (eg., radiologic marker of tissue edema). Our preliminary data suggest that histologically benign tumors may have abnormal vessels and that these vessels may contribute to increased tissue edema. Anti-VEGF therapy is a rational approach to treatment of progressive VS through an anti-edema effect. Novel VEGF inhibitors may improve outcomes for this tumor.
Ropinirole in the treatment of motor deficits after stroke: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (2008)

Author(s): Cramer, Steven C; Dobkin, Bruce H; Noser, Elizabeth A; Rodriguez, Rachelle W; Enney, Lori A
Incidence and Prognosis of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery (2016)

Gastric bypass was associated with a significantly reduced risk and improved prognosis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, whereas gastric banding was not. This finding may be caused by the postoperative differences in nutrient intake and/or weight loss as well as differences in the secretion of hormones that potentially modulate inflammation.
The Solubility of Silver Chloride and the Concentrations of Silver-Containing Species in Ethanol-Water Mixtures (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Solubility of Silver Chloride and the Concentrations of Silver-Containing Species in Ethanol-Water MixturesK Anderson, E Butler, D Anderson, and E WoolleyCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1967, 71, 11, 3566–3569Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online2 September 2003Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100870a601https://doi.org/10.1021/j100870a601research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views998Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Effect of Selected Herbicides on Bacterial Growth Rates1 (1972)

Specific growth rate constants were used to evaluate the effects of selected herbicides on Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus sp. Comparison of growth rate constants permitted the identification of either stimulatory or inhibitory effects of these substances. E. carotovora was inhibited by 6,7-dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2′-c)pyrazinediium (diquat) and 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile (ioxynil) at 25 μg/ml; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (paraquat) at 50 μg/ml; and pentachlorophenol (PCP) at 10 μg/ml. P. fluorescens was inhibited by paraquat and PCP at 25 μg/ml and by 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) at 50 μg/ml. Stimulation of P. fluorescens was observed with 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) at 25 μg/ml. The Bacillus species was inhibited by diquat (25 μg/ml), ioxynil (10 μg/ml), and paraquat and PCP (5 μg/ml). No significant effect of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), or 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) on growth rates of the bacteria was observed at 25 and 50 μg/ml.