gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological motor control (2000)

The authors consider understanding what it will take for robots to run with the cockroaches. Nature has designed an elegant architecture that solves a number of engineering problems related to motor control. The neurobiological system utilizes large, parallel structures of repeatable elements to ensure maximum reliability. The motoneurons and muscle units interact to produce a diverse set of movements with a single architecture. This architecture guarantees efficient use of the muscle fibers while simplifying the control requirements. These biologically inspired principles can be applied to both electrical and bioengineering systems to solve real-world problems.
Deletion of the transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV4 impairs murine bladder voiding (2007)

Here we provide evidence for a critical role of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 (TRPV4) in normal bladder function. Immunofluorescence demonstrated TRPV4 expression in mouse and rat urothelium and vascular endothelium, but not in other cell types of the bladder. Intracellular Ca2+ measurements on urothelial cells isolated from mice revealed a TRPV4-dependent response to the selective TRPV4 agonist 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate and to hypotonic cell swelling. Behavioral studies demonstrated that TRPV4-/- mice manifest an incontinent phenotype but show normal exploratory activity and anxiety-related behavior. Cystometric experiments revealed that TRPV4-/- mice exhibit a lower frequency of voiding contractions as well as a higher frequency of nonvoiding contractions. Additionally, the amplitude of the spontaneous contractions in explanted bladder strips from TRPV4-/- mice was significantly reduced. Finally, a decreased intravesical stretch-evoked ATP release was found in isolated whole bladders from TRPV4-/- mice. These data demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for TRPV4 in voiding behavior, raising the possibility that TRPV4 plays a critical role in urothelium-mediated transduction of intravesical mechanical pressure.
Single cell RNA sequencing uncovers cellular developmental sequences and novel potential intercellular communications in embryonic kidney (2021)

Kidney development requires the coordinated growth and differentiation of multiple cells. Despite recent single cell profiles in nephrogenesis research, tools for data analysis are rapidly developing, and offer an opportunity to gain additional insight into kidney development. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing data obtained from embryonic mouse kidney were re-analyzed. Manifold learning based on partition-based graph-abstraction coordinated cells, reflecting their expected lineage relationships. Consequently, the coordination in combination with ForceAtlas2 enabled the inference of parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule and the inference of cells involved in the developmental process from the S-shaped body to each nephron segment. RNA velocity suggested developmental sequences of proximal tubules and podocytes. In combination with a Markov chain algorithm, RNA velocity suggested the self-renewal processes of nephron progenitors. NicheNet analyses suggested that not only cells belonging to ureteric bud and stroma, but also endothelial cells, macrophages, and pericytes may contribute to the differentiation of cells from nephron progenitors. Organ culture of embryonic mouse kidney demonstrated that nerve growth factor, one of the nephrogenesis-related factors inferred by NicheNet, contributed to mitochondrial biogenesis in developing distal tubules. These approaches suggested previously unrecognized aspects of the underlying mechanisms for kidney development.
D-Amino-acid oxidase gene from Rhodotorula gracilis (Rhodosporidium toruloides) ATCC 26217 (1998)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the DAO1 gene encoding D-amino-acid oxidase (DAAO) in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis (Rhodosporidium toruloides) ATCC 26217 has been determined. The primary structure of DAAO was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone that covered the entire amino acid coding sequence. Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences of DAO1 revealed the presence of five introns. Because this is the first gene of strain ATCC 26217 that has been cloned so far, the nucleotide sequences of these introns were compared to those from other fungi. Upstream of the structural gene there was a stretch of C + T-rich DNA similar to that found in the promoter region of a number of yeast genes. The cDNA gene, which encoded a protein of 368 amino acids (molecular mass 40 kDa), was overexpressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the strong lipoprotein promoter. Interestingly, a significant fraction (13-62%) of the total DAAO activity was recovered in its apoenzyme form, the percentage depending on the culture conditions. This fact allowed a rapid purification of the recombinant DAAO by affinity chromatography. The high level of expression achieved in E. coli and the possibility of modifying its catalytic properties by protein engineering provide a new model for the study of this enzyme.
Energy saving by hybridization of a city bus (2014)

Energy efficiencies of different hybrid systems are investigated in an urban bus cycle. A diesel bus is converted into a multihybrid bus also capable of operating in a direct diesel drive. The target is to investigate which kind of a hybrid system provides the lowest fuel consumption in different operating conditions.
Kinetics of polymerization of liquid-crystalline monomers: an exotherm and light scattering analysis (1994)

An increase in the rate of polymerization of a cholesteryl-modified methacrylate functionality in a smectic liquid crystalline phase, compared to an isotropic medium, was attributed to a substantial decrease in the termination rate. Distinct changes in the medium composition and order when polymerization was initiated with the monomer initially in an isotropic phase resulted in rate acceleration processes. The rate acceleration process was again attributed to a decrease in the rate of termination. Polymerization of the methacrylate monomer at lower temperatures resulted in incomplete conversion due to a glassy matrix effect. Similar polymerization rate behavior was demonstrated for two other liquid crystalline monomers of similar structure.
Optimization of phase-only computer-generated holograms using an ion-exchange process (1992)

A highly efficient phase-only hologram has been produced using an ion-exchange method. An optimum condition for the phase profile of the hologram is described. The ion density and the phase profile generated by the ion exchange were calculated by computer simulations. The diffraction patterns of different gratings are calculated based on these data, and an optimum phase distribution is estimated. The optimum condition has been verified experimentally.
A little knowledge … (1986)

The gulf between bank managers, clerics etc and the world of engineering as illustrated by J D Coleman (Physics Bulletin December 1985 p483) reminds me that there can be gaps between the theoretical and applied ends of our own profession. Long enough ago to be safe for me to recount the following, a very senior colleague arrived in the laboratory with several foreign visitors and proceeded to give an embarrassingly inaccurate account of the work in progress.
Searching for Health Information: The Cancer Information Service Model (1989)

Searching for Health Information reviews the research on the process of seeking health information and contributes to that literature by analyzing the largest available database on health-information-seeking behavior, the Cancer Information Service (CIS), a referral service sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. But the book is not only about CIS. Vicki S. Freimuth, Judith A. Stein, and Thomas J. Kean describe the general context in which people search for health information about a variety of diseases and other health concerns. They then present a theoretical overview of the nature of information and the way people search for it. By analyzing data obtained from more than a million calls to CIS over a four-year period and by studying follow-up surveys of over 7500 of these callers, the authors contribute to our understanding of the process of information seeking. The communication of health information is increasingly important, and this book breaks new ground in its analysis of one successful system
Application of in-situ ion irradiation TEM and 4D tomography to advanced scintillator materials. (2016)

Abstract not provided.
Pharmacokinetic Strategies in Deciphering Atypical Drug Absorption Profiles (2003)

Drug absorption is a very complex process that manifests itself through potential interaction with a host of physicochemical and physiological variables. Some factors that may affect the absorption processes include presystemic metabolism/efflux, the "absorption window" along the gastrointestinal tract, disease states, demographics (gender, age, ethnicity), and biopharmaceutical classification of solid dosage forms. Despite the complexity of the absorption processes, the analysis of the absorption kinetic data is mostly empirical, and the assumption of first-order absorption is axiomatic. Nevertheless, we often encounter irregular drug absorption profiles (such as double-peak, absorption window-type absorption profiles, etc.) that cannot be satisfactorily described by a simple first-order absorption process. The selection of an inappropriate absorption model would result in the misspecification of the pharmacokinetic model and subsequent erroneous prediction of the dosing regimen. This article presents several pharmacokinetic strategies in analyzing typical and atypical absorption profiles. The atypical absorption profiles discussed in this article include parallel first-order absorption, mixed zero-order and first-order absorption, Weibull-type absorption, absorption window with or without Michaelis-Menton absorption, time-dependent absorption, and inverse Gaussian density absorption. In any event, intravenous drug concentration-time data are generally needed to avoid the ambiguousness in the absorption analyses.
Action Spectrum for Photocross‐linking of Human Lens Proteins (1997)

The action spectrum for photocross-linking was measured for human lens beta gamma-crystallins from young adult noncataractous lenses at wavelengths of 297, 302, 313, 334 and 365 nm. The action spectrum had a maximal effectiveness at 297 nm that sharply decreased in effectiveness up to 313 nm, then remained flat until 334 nm and decreased markedly as wavelength increased to 365 nm. Radiation at 297 nm was 36 times more effective in producing cross-linking than 302 nm radiation. The 297 nm radiation was 220, 195 and 1300 times more effective than 313, 334 and 365 nm radiation, respectively. The action spectrum had a shape similar to the absorption spectrum of the lens proteins but the response was lower than expected from the absorption data, suggesting that some of the absorptions are not effective at cross-linking. Because most animal experimentation and epidemiological studies include broadband radiation, these studies would be useful in predicting the biological response of the lens to environmental UV stress.
Fecal Feline Coronavirus RNA Shedding and Spike Gene Mutations in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treated with GS-441524 (2022)

As previously demonstrated by our research group, the oral multicomponent drug Xraphconn® containing GS-441524 was effective at curing otherwise fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in 18 feline coronavirus (FCoV)-infected cats. The aims of the current study were to investigate, using samples from the same animals as in the previous study, (1) the effect of treatment on fecal viral RNA shedding; (2) the presence of spike gene mutations in different body compartments of these cats; and (3) viral RNA shedding, presence of spike gene mutations, and anti-FCoV antibody titers in samples of 12 companion cats cohabitating with the treated cats. Eleven of the eighteen treated FIP cats (61%) were shedding FCoV RNA in feces within the first three days after treatment initiation, but all of them tested negative by day 6. In one of these cats, fecal shedding reoccurred on day 83. Two cats initially negative in feces were transiently positive 1–4 weeks into the study. The remaining five cats never shed FCoV. Viral RNA loads in feces decreased with time comparable with those in blood and effusion. Specific spike gene mutations linked to systemic FCoV spread were consistently found in blood and effusion from treated FIP cats, but not in feces from treated or companion cats. A new mutation that led to a not yet described amino acid change was identified, indicating that further mutations may be involved in the development of FIP. Eight of the twelve companion cats shed FCoV in feces. All but one of the twelve companion cats had anti-FCoV antibodies. Oral treatment with GS-441524 effectively decreased viral RNA loads in feces, blood, and effusion in cats with FIP. Nonetheless, re-shedding can most likely occur if cats are re-exposed to FCoV by their companion cats.
Peroxidase activity of bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes: Modulation by fatty acids and organic solvents (2010)

The modulation of peroxidase activity by fatty acid additives and organic cosolvents was determined and compared for four bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes, thermostable P450 CYP119A1, the P450 domain of CYP102A1 (BMP), CYP152A1 (P450(bsbeta)), and CYP101A1 (P450(cam)). Utilizing a high-throughput microplate assay, we were able to readily screen more than 100 combinations of enzymes, additives and cosolvents in a convenient and highly reproducible assay format. We found that, in general, CYP119A1 and BMP showed an increase in peroxidative activity in the presence of fatty acids, whereas CYP152A1 revealed a decrease in activity and CYP101A1 was only slightly affected. In particular, we observed that the conversion of the fluorogenic peroxidase substrate Amplex Red by CYP119A1 and BMP was increased by a factor of 38 or 11, respectively, when isopropanol and lauric acid were present in the reaction mixture. The activity of CYP119A1 could thus be modulated to reach more than 90% of the activity of CYP152A1 without effectors, which is the system with the highest peroxidative activity. For all P450s investigated we found distinctive reactivity patterns, which suggest similarities in the binding site of CYP119A1 and BMP in contrast with the other two proteins studied. Therefore, this study points towards a role of fatty acids as activators for CYP enzymes in addition to being mere substrates. In general, our detailed description of fatty acid- and organic solvent-effects is of practical interest because it illustrates that optimization of modulators and cosolvents can lead to significantly increased yields in biocatalysis.
Upstream foraging by medusae (2006)

Convergence upon similar morphological traits is common among predators feeding on similar prey in similar environments. Aboral placement of tentacles during swimming appears to be such a trait and has evolved in parallel among several medusan lineages. Here we examine this trait in 1 scyphomedusa and 2 hydromedusae representing different lineages within the Medusozoa with the goal of evaluating whether aborally directed tentacles function similarly among these varied medusae. We analyzed flow generation, swimming kinematics and swimming behavior of Craspedacusta sowerbyi (Hydrozoa, Limnomedusa), Nausitho punctata (Scyphozoa, Coronata) and Solmissus albescens (Hydrozoa, Narcomedusa), and the prey capture mechanics of N. puncatata. The 3 species swam similarly and generated similar wake structures in comparison to each other and to oblate medusae with trailing tentacles. Foraging behavior, as measured by the percent of time spent swimming, was similar for medusae possessing both leading and trailing tentacle placement. These findings indicate that medusae possessing either type of tentacle placement swim and forage similarly but that medusae with leading tentacles capture prey 'upstream' while medusae with trailing tentacles capture prey 'downstream' of vortices generated at the bell margin during swimming. These differences in tentacle placement relative to flow around the medusae may have important consequences for prey capture and trophic interactions that lead to different prey-selection patterns.
Quenched crystal-field disorder and magnetic liquid ground states inTb2Sn2−xTixO7 (2015)

Solid solutions of the ``soft'' quantum spin ice pyrochlore magnets ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ with B = Ti and Sn display a novel magnetic ground state in the presence of strong B-site disorder, characterized by a low susceptibility and strong spin fluctuations to temperatures below 0.1 K. These materials have been studied using ac susceptibility and $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$ techniques to very low temperatures, and time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering techniques to 1.5 K. Remarkably, neutron spectroscopy of the ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ crystal-field levels appropriate to high B-site mixing ($0.5&lt;x&lt;1.5$ in ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$) reveal that the doublet ground and first excited states present as continua in energy, while transitions to singlet excited states at higher energies simply interpolate between those of the end members of the solid solution. The resulting ground state suggests an extreme version of a random-anisotropy magnet, with many local moments and anisotropies, depending on the precise local configuration of the six B sites neighboring each magnetic ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ ion.
Supplementary Table S1 and Figures S1-S7 from ODM-203, a Selective Inhibitor of FGFR and VEGFR, Shows Strong Antitumor Activity, and Induces Antitumor Immunity (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary table S1 shows the effect of ODM-203 in a large kinase panel. Supplementary figure S1 shows how ODM-203 is synthesized. Supplementary figure S2 shows the effect of ODM-203 on FRS2 phosphorylation. Supplement figure S3 shows the effect of ODM-203 in additional in vivo xenograft models. Supplement figure S4 shows the effect of ODM-203 on pFGFR in the SNU16 xenograft model. Supplement figure S5 shows the effect of ODM-203 on pFGFR in the KSM11 xenograft model. Supplement figure S6 shows the effect of ODM-203 angiogenesis in vivo. Supplement figure S7 shows the effect of ODM-203 on PD-L1 expression in vitro.&lt;/p&gt;
Cover Picture: History of the Woodward‐Hoffmann Rules. The No‐Mechanism Puzzle (Chem. Rec. 2/2022) (2022)

From the lands of no-mechanism reactions to the functional and advantageous pastures of orbital symmetry control of pericyclic reactions: This cover picture illustrates the energy barriers for knowledge that Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann as well as Luitzen Johannes Oosterhoff and Kenichi Fukui independently and successfully traversed and published in the early 1960s. Cartoon by Chip Cooper. See the Essay by Jeffrey I. Seeman (DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100212).
Thermogravimetry-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of the Pyrolysis of Willow Leaves, Stems, and Branches (2015)

The pyrolysis of willow samples from various plant positions was analysed using thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The results indicate that pyrolysis can be divided into four stages. The first stage from 30 to 120°C involves free evaporation of moisture, with a mass loss of 5%. The second stage from 120 to 200°C involves the pyrolysis of hemicellulose and unstable cellulose, with a mass loss of 4%. The third stage is from 200 to 400°C, with a weight loss of 60%, in which the chemical components of wood thermally decompose and emit heat, carbon dioxide, and so on. In the final stage, which occurs above 400°C, the pyrolysis of lignin and charring of cellulose occur, with a mass loss of 10%. Moreover, in FTIR, the samples exhibit the highest absorbance during the main pyrolysis phase, from which wood vinegar ingredients mainly arise, including CO 2 , H 2 O, CO, and small amounts of hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, acids, esters, and aromatic compounds. Additionally, leaves are decomposed more thoroughly before the main pyrolysis phase, whereas decomposition of branches occurs fullest during this phase. Finally, we put forward some suggestions to support further research on conversion of willow into wood vinegar products.
Influence of Post-Processing Atmosphere on Electrochemical Properties of Thermal Plasma Treated Graphite Particles (2003)

A kind of artificial graphite particles, so called as mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) particles was treated in Ar-H2 plasma atmosphere to create the functional surface, and to improve electrochemical properties of graphite particles. The electrochemical properties of plasma-treated MCMB particles and the influence of post-processing atmosphere on electrochemical properties were investigated as anode of lithium-ion rechargeable battery. The modification of surface morphology and structure by H2 plasma treatment, and the protection of adsorbing species on the surface by controlling post-processing atmosphere of dry Ar lead to the improvement of the first charge/discharge efficiency and the reversible capacity.
Peripheral Blood Stem Cells Versus Bone Marrow for Ablative Transplantation (2007)

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) are increasingly being used for related and unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Collection of PBSCs rather than bone marrow (BM) offers several advantages to the donor, including avoidance of anesthesia, hospitalization, and potential exposure to blood products, although controlled comparisons of PBSC and BM donation do not indicate substantial differences in serious adverse effects. There are numerous reports, including randomized trials, comparing recipient outcomes after PBSC and BM transplantation from HLA-matched sibling donors, but the median follow-up of surviving patients is less than 3 years.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE DURCH RIBOFLAVIN KATALYSIERTE PHOTOZERS. VON 9‐AMINOMETHYL‐ACRIDAN (1972)

Abstract Die Belichtung von 9‐Aminomethyl‐acridan (I) mit sichtbarem Licht in Gegenwart des Mononatriumsalzes von Riboflavin‐S‐phosphat ergibt Acridin (II).
Mode of Action of Immunosuppressive Substances in Sera of Tumor-Bearing Mice2 (1975)

Sera from mice with transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced tumors inhibited the proliferative response of normal mouse lymphocytes to mitogens and allogeneic cells. The sera were not toxic to these cells and did not inhibit mitogen responses by an increased binding of mitogen to serum components. The sera could have prevented the initiation of the proliferative response or could have inhibited cells already proliferating. The uptake of 3H-uridine, an event preceding DNA synthesis, was also suppressed. The sera had no effect on proliferation of a normal tissue culture line or an allogeneic tumor cell line induced by MCA. However, sera from tumor-bearing mice slowed growth of the autochthonous tumor cells and allogeneic lymphoma cells but did not completely block their proliferation. Exposure of lymphoid cells to the sera for a period as brief as 1 hour markedly decreased the ability of cells to respond subsequently to mitogens, and washing of the cells did not restore that ability. The inhibitory activity of the sera was only partially removed by absorption with lymphoid cells or cell lines.