gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Myelination deficits in the auditory brainstem of a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome, a possible mechanism for auditory phenotypes (2021)

1 Abstract Auditory symptoms are one of the most frequent sensory issues described in people with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the most common genetic form of intellectual disability. However, the mechanisms that lead to these symptoms are under explored. In this study, we examined whether alterations in myelination in auditory brainstem circuitry contribute to auditory impairments in FXS mice. Specifically, we studied myelinated fibers that terminate in the Calyx of Held, which encode temporally precise sound arrival time, and are some of the most heavily myelinated axons in the brain. We measured anatomical myelination characteristics using coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and electron microscopy (EM) in a FXS mouse model in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) where the Calyx of Held synapses. We measured number of mature oligodendrocytes (OL) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to determine if changes in myelination were due to changes in the number of myelinating or immature glial cells. The two microscopy techniques (EM and CARS) showed a decrease in fiber diameter in FXS mice. Additionally, EM results indicated reductions in myelin thickness and axon diameter, and an increase in g-ratio, a measure of structural and functional myelination. Lastly, we showed an increase in both OL and OPCs in MNTB sections of FXS mice suggesting that the myelination phenotype is not due to an overall decrease in number of myelinating OLs. This is the first study to show that a potential myelination mechanism can explain alterations seen in FXS at the level of the auditory brainstem.
Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Co Doped SnO2 Based Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (2009)

With the aim of understanding the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Co doped SnO2 diluted magnetic semiconductors, prepared by the tartaric acid gel route, a systematic investigation as a function of annealing temperature has been carried out. The precursor was characterized by TG-DTA to determine thermal decomposition and crystallization temperature. The XRD, TEM, FT-IR, and laser Raman studies revealed that all the samples have a tetragonal rutile structure with single phase. The average particle sizes obtained from TEM are in the range of 18−50 nm. The changes in Raman spectra were analyzed with varying crystallite size. The optical absorbance measurements revealed that the nanometric size of the materials influences the energy band gap values. From the XPS studies, the oxidation state of cobalt is found to be +2, and particle size induced implications in the core level XPS peaks of Co 2p and O 1s have been analyzed. The presence of room temperature ferromagnetism has been confirmed by the magnetization studies. Finally, it has been concluded that the ferromagnetic properties depend not only on the surface diffusion of Co ions and the distribution of defects such as oxygen vacancies or vacancy clusters but also on nanometric size of the materials and their surface conditions.
Conophylline Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Activated Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Through Suppression of G Protein–coupled Receptor 68 (2021)

Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently challenging. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote the malignancy of HCC cells via production of cytokines. Conophylline (CnP), a vinca alkaloid obtained from <i>Ervatamia microphylla</i> leaves, has been reported to suppress activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis in rats. We examined the efficacy of CnP in suppressing tumor growth in HCC. Specifically, we investigated whether CnP could inhibit CAFs, which were derived from HCC tissues <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> Same as previous reports, CAFs promoted proliferative and invasive ability of HCC cells. CnP suppressed α-smooth muscle actin expression of CAFs, and inhibited their cancer-promoting effects. CnP significantly suppressed CAFs producting cytokines such as IL6, IL8, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, angiogenin, and osteopontin (OPN). Combined therapy with sorafenib and CnP against HCC cells and CAFs <i>in vivo</i> showed to inhibit tumor growth the most compared with controls and single treatment with CnP or sorafenib. Transcriptome analysis revealed that GPR68 in CAFs was strongly suppressed by CnP. The cancer-promoting effects of cytokines were eliminated by knockdown of GPR68 in CAFs. CnP inhibited the HCC-promoting effects of CAFs by suppressing several HCC-promoting cytokines secreted by CAFs expressing GPR68. Combination therapy with CnP and existing anticancer agents may be a promising strategy for treating refractory HCC associated with activated CAFs.
Enzymic explorations of the structures of starch and glycogen (1971)

With many a winding bout of linked sweetness, long drawn out (Milton, 1631) I am not aware that Milton had starch and glycogen in mind when he composed the couplet with which I introduce this Lecture. Its uncanny aptness in describing the constitution of these polysaccharides was noted by Sir Norman Haworth, the head of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Birmingham, where I received my training as an organic chemist. I had won a Brewers' Society Scholarship to study biochemistry at Birmingham, under R. H. Hopkins, but on arrival was informed that wartime regulations would pre- vent me from taking a degree in Hopkin's Depart- ment. I was advised to take a degree in chemistry and maybe the war would be over before my studies were complete, when I could switch to biochemistry. This was in 1942, and I graduated in chemistry before the war's end, continuing as a Ph.D student in that Department, working on an antisubmarine device. My plans to receive at least some bio- chemical instruction were thwarted by Haworth's forbidding me to attend Hopkin's lectures, which I nevertheless did, sub rosa. Haworth's hostility to biochemists, typical of the organic chemist of that period, was, however, tempered by the excellent biochemistry in progress in his own Department, under the direction of Stanley Peat, with whom I had the good fortune
Optical far-infrared properties of a graphene monolayer and multilayer (2007)

We analyze the features of the graphene mono- and multilayer reflectance in the far-infrared region as a function of frequency, temperature, and carrier density taking the intraband conductance and the interband electron absorption into account. The dispersion of plasmon mode of the multilayers is calculated using Maxwell's equations with the influence of retardation included. At low temperatures and high electron densities, the reflectance of multilayers as a function of frequency has the sharp downfall and the subsequent deep well due to the threshold of electron interband absorption and plasmon excitations.
Chronic Intake of a Hydrogenated Ergot Alkaloid Causing Peripheral Vascular Ischemia—A Case Report (1987)

Ergotism is known to cause peripheral vascular ischemia. This case report describes the occurrence of peripheral gangrene in a thirty seven year old woman who had been taking a hydrogenated ergot alkaloid, ergoloid mesylates, 3 x 25 dr./24h, for nine years. Negative results from exhaustive clinical, labora tory and technical investigations and the disappearance of symptoms after with drawal of the drug compel the conclusion that chronic intake of ergoloid mesylates led to the vascular problems presented by the patient. Six months after the second amputation of necrotic toes the patient was painfree and showed no signs of recurring ischemia. The amputation would have healed sat isfactorily.
Bacterial proteins that mediate the association of a defined subset of T cell receptor:CD4 complexes with class II MHC. (1990)

We have examined the responses of cloned T cell lines and of normal T cells to staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C1 (SEA, SEB, and SEC1). SEA, SEB, and SEC1 are all very potent mitogens for T cells in the presence of Ia+ APC. The minimal activating dose of all these SE varies from 1 to 100 ng/ml. As determined by mAb blocking of the responses of both normal T cells and cloned T cell lines, SEA required either the I-A or the I-E molecule on APC for stimulating T cells, whereas SEB required the I-E molecule predominantly over I-A molecule. The TCR:CD4 complex is also involved in the response to SE. The responses to SEB and SEC1 were inhibited by anti-V beta 8 antibody F23.1, whereas the response to SEA and to PHA was not affected by this antibody. Anti-CD4 effectively inhibited responses to all SE but not to PHA. The involvement of the TCR was also confirmed by flow microfluorimetry analysis of T cell blasts responding to SE and the responses of a panel of cloned T cell lines, both of which showed that V beta 8+ T cells preferentially responded to SEB, whereas V beta 8+ T cells failed to respond to SEA. By using fixed APC, it could be shown that processing is not required for the presentation of SE. Furthermore, pulsing experiments showed that SEB can bind to relevant sites on either B cells or T cells, whereas with conventional Ag only prepulsing of the APC has worked. In one case, SEB activates a cloned T cell line in the absence of APC, and this same clone also responds directly to anti-V beta 8 antibody. Thus, SEB appears to bring together V beta 8-expressing TCR with the I-E molecule, whereas SEA apparently has the same effect on TCR expressing different V beta with either the I-A or the I-E molecule, probably depending upon which TCR is bound. The close resemblance between T cell responses to SE and those to mixed-lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) locus suggests to us that a novel SE-like protein that binds both to class II MHC molecules on the APC surface and to V beta gene products on TCR could be the product of the Mls locus.
Sol−Gel-Derived Alumina-Supported Copper Oxide Sorbent for Flue Gas Desulfurization (1998)

Nanostructed mesoporous CuO/γ-Al2O3 granular sorbents were prepared by the sol−gel method. Performance of the sol−gel-derived CuO/γ-Al2O3 sorbents for SO2 removal was studied in a fixed-bed adsorption system. SO2 breakthrough curves with a feed stream of air containing 2000 ppm SO2 were measured at different temperatures (300−500 °C) and flow rates (interstitial velocity of 0.25−6.96 cm/s). The optimum sulfation and regeneration temperature on the sol−gel-derived sorbent was found to be 400 °C. The properties of the sol−gel-derived sorbents are compared with a similar sorbent from a commercial source used in the pilot-scale copper oxide flue gas desulfurization process. At high temperatures (>400 °C) the sol−gel-derived CuO sorbents exhibit catalytic properties for converting SO2 to SO3. The crush strength of the sol−gel-derived sorbents is about 5 times that of the commercial sample, while the attrition rate of the former is about 4−10 times smaller than the latter. The SO2 sorption capacity of the sol−gel-derived sorbent is about 3 times that of the commercial sorbent with a similar amount of CuO loading. The better mechanical properties and higher sulfation capacity of the sol−gel-derived alumina-supported copper oxide sorbents are due to their unique microstructure and the method used for coating CuO. The sulfation and regeneration study shows good regenerability and stability of the sol−gel-derived CuO/γ-Al2O3 sorbents.
Total plasma Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine and sRAGE levels are inversely associated with a number of metabolic syndrome risk factors in non-diabetic young-to-middle-aged medication-free subjects (2013)

In young-to-middle-aged non-diabetic medication-free subjects plasma total CML/albumin and sRAGE levels decrease prior to the manifestation of Metsy. With regards to RAGE-mediated CML trapping into adipose tissue inducing dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and the development of obesity-related insulin resistance, and the potential involvement of sRAGE in feedback regulation of the toxic effects of AGE/RAGE-mediated signaling, this early decline might be of clinical impact in development of type 2 diabetes and its complications.
A Phase Corrected Substrate Integrated Waveguide Horn Antenna with Air Holes for Narrow Beamwidth in the H-plane (2020)

In this paper, a novel method of using air holes as a phase correct structure of an H-plane substrate-integrated horn antenna is proposed. The operating mechanism of the antenna is studied. By combining the proposed air hole structure with the loaded dipole array structure, a H-plane substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) horn with an impedance bandwidth of 42.4%(26-40GHz), a gain up to 11 dBi and a narrower beamwidth of the H-plane radiation pattern is obtained. A corrected phase distribution of the electric field over the horn aperture is achieved. The proposed method that can narrow the beamwidth in the H-plane is valuable to the horn antenna array with the reduced sidelobe.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network Accelerator Featuring Conditional Computing and Low External Memory Access (2020)

This paper presents an ASIC accelerator for deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) featuring a novel conditional computing scheme that synergistically combines precision-cascading with zero-skipping. To reduce many redundant convolution operations that are followed by max-pooling operations, we propose precision-cascading, where the input features are divided into a number of low-precision groups and approximate convolutions with only the most significant bits (MSBs) are performed first. Based on this approximate computation, the full-precision convolution is performed only on the maximum pooling output that is found. This way, the total number of bit-wise convolutions can be reduced by ~2× without affecting the output feature values and with <; 0.8% degradation in final ImageNet classification accuracy. Precision-cascading provides the added benefit of increased sparsity per low-precision group, which we exploit with zero-skipping to eliminate clock cycles as well as external memory access that involve zero inputs. By jointly optimizing the conditional computing scheme and hardware architecture, the 40nm prototype chip demonstrates a peak energy-efficiency of 8.85 TOPS/W at 0.9V supply and low external memory access of 55.31 MB (or 0.0018 access/MAC) for ImageNet classification with VGG-16 CNN.
A COMMENT ON H‐2‐RESTRICTED T CELL RECOGNITION OF Mls DETERMINANTS: A QUESTION OF PERSPECTIVE (1988)

Data presented here addressed the question of whether T lymphocyte recognition of Mls determinants is MHC restricted. Using isolated T cell blasts from primary MLCs involving H-2-identical, Mls-disparate strain combinations as responding cell populations in secondary MLCs, and measuring their responses against fresh stimulating cells from different strains, has permitted the study of reactions towards Mls determinants in the presence of MHC antigenic differences. Results strongly suggest that recognition of Mlsc (Mls-2 locus) determinants is H-2 restricted. In contrast, there is still little evidence that the recognition of Mlsa (Mls-1 locus) determinants is H-2 restricted. Furthermore, data are also presented which refute the notion that different H-2 haplotypes possess different abilities to present Mlsa determinants to responding T cells.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Altered Microstructure in Corticospinal Tract in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Comparison with Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease with Dementia (2011)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous neuropathologic studies in chronic hydrocephalus have suggested the presence of white matter damage, presumably from mechanical pressure due to ventricular enlargement and metabolic derangement. This study aimed to investigate the diffusional properties of the CST in patients with iNPH by using DTI and to determine whether this method could be used as a new diagnostic tool to differentiate patients with iNPH from those with AD and PDD and control subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 18 patients with iNPH, 11 patients with AD, 11 patients with PDD, and 19 healthy control subjects. Diffusion tensor metrics of the segmented CST, including FA values, axial eigenvalues, and radial eigenvalues, were evaluated by using tract-specific analysis. The anisotropy color-coding tractography of the CST was visually evaluated. The DTI findings were compared among groups. RESULTS: Tract-specific analysis of the CST showed that FA values and axial eigenvalues were significantly increased (P .001), whereas radial eigenvalues were not significantly altered, in patients with iNPH compared with other subjects. The CST tractographic images in patients with iNPH was visually different from those in other subjects (P .001). In discriminating patients with iNPH from other subjects, the CST FA values had a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 80% at a cutoff value of 0.59. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that patients with iNPH have altered microstructures in the CST. Quantitative and visual CST evaluation by using DTI may be useful for differentiating patients with iNPH from patients with AD or PDD or healthy subjects. ABBREVIATIONS: AD Alzheimer disease; CST corticospinal tract; DTI diffusion tensor imaging; FA fractional anisotropy; iNPH idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination; PD Parkinson disease; PDD Parkinson disease with dementia; ROI region of interest; SLF superior longitudinal fasciculus
Current noise enhancement: channel mixing and possible nonequilibrium phonon backaction in atomic-scale Au junctions (2016)

We report measurements of the bias dependence of the Fano factor in ensembles of atomic-scale Au junctions at 77 K. Previous measurements of shot noise at room temperature and low biases have found good agreement of the Fano factor with the expectations of the Landauer-Büttiker formalism, while enhanced Fano factors have been observed at biases of hundreds of mV (Chen et al 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4221). We find even stronger enhancement of shot noise at 77 K with an 'excess' Fano factor up to ten times the low bias value. We discuss the observed ensemble Fano factor bias dependence in terms of candidate models. The results are most consistent with either a bias-dependent channel mixing picture or a model incorporating noise enhancement due to current-driven, nonequilibrium phonon populations, though a complete theoretical treatment of the latter in the ensemble average limit is needed.
Molecular imaging of tumor invasion and metastases: the role of MRI (2010)

The processes of tumor invasion and metastasis have been well characterized at the molecular level, and numerous biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness have been discovered. Molecular imaging offers the opportunity to depict specific cell markers relevant to tumor aggressiveness. Here, we describe the role of MRI in identifying tumor invasiveness and metastasis with reference to other methods. Target-specific molecular imaging probes for tumor invasiveness have been developed for positron emission tomography and optical imaging, but progress in MRI has been slower. For example, proteases associated with tumor invasion, such as specific matrix metalloproteinases or cathepsins, can be targeted in vivo using optical and positron emission tomography methods, but have not yet been successful with MRI. In addition, we describe the use of MRI to detect metastases. Novel MR contrast agents based on iron oxide and dendrimer nanomaterials allow for better characterization of tumor metastases. Organ-specific MR contrast agents are used to identify metastatic disease in the liver. Finally, diffusion-weighted whole-body MRI is discussed as an alternative offered by MRI that does not require the use of molecular probes to screen distant metastases.
Feasibility of immersion lithography (2004)

Feasibility of ArF (193nm) immersion lithography is reported based on our recent experimental and theoretical studies. Local fill method of water, edge shot, high NA projection optics, focus sensing, water supply, polarization effect, polarized illumination and resist are investigated. Although we recognize there are some remaining engineering risks, we have judged that ArF immersion lithography is basically feasible and is a very promising method that can reach the half pitch required for the 45nm node. On this basis we have planned our development schedule of immersion exposure tools.
Analytical Validation of Potentiometric Method for Cetirizinium Ion (2006)

Abstract Accuracy and reliability of the analytical results are crucial for ensuring quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. However, to ensure these criteria, analytical validation is required. In this matter, many official documents describing the criteria of validation are available. However, these concern mainly chromatography analysis and bio‐analytical methods of pharmaceutical products, but they do not propose any experimental protocol for direct potentiometric methods using ion‐selective electrodes applied in pharmaceutical analysis. In this work, we are proposing a validation strategy based on the normative and regulatory guidelines applied to a potentiometric method with a polymeric membrane selective to cetirizine dihydrochloride. The statistical analysis obtained from raw data is described for all steps of this protocol. Also this validated method was successfully applied to the determination of cetirizine in pharmaceutical preparations using direct potentiometry with a mean relative standard deviation of 0.57% and a mean recovery of 99.63%.
Design and Analysis of a Micro-Position Parallel-Type Gripping and ing Mechanism (1998)

In this work, a parallel-type gripping and micropositioning mechanism is proposed. This device hm a parallelogramic platform which can be flexibly folded. Therefore, this mechanism not only can be used to grasp an object having irregular shape or large volume, but also can be utilized as a micro-positioning device aftr grasping the object. Configuration parameter for configuration control of the proposed gripping mechanism is defined. Grasping force and isotropic characteristic of the mechanism are considered as design indices for optimal design of the gripping mechanism. The proposed mechanism is expected to be used as an adaptable gripping and micro-positioning device by attaching it at the end-point of a robot.
Clinical activity of irofulven in hormone refractory prostate cancer (2004)

4766 Background: Irofulven, a novel DNA binding antitumor agent, is a semisynthetic derivative of the natural product illudin S. It inhibits DNA synthesis, induces S-phase arrest, has activity independent of common resistance mechanisms such as multidrug resistance and apoptosis inhibiting proteins, and causes a potent induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Strong antitumor activity alone and synergistic activity in combination with mitoxantrone or docetaxel has been demonstrated against androgen-independent prostate cancer in both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. Furthermore, irofulven monotherapy and combination therapy regimens have demonstrated antitumor activity in patients (pts) with a variety of solid tumors with a safety profile characterized primarily by mild to moderate thrombocytopenia. Throughout phase I and II monotherapy and combination therapy studies, consistent evidence of activity in HRPC has been reported. Methods: An update of HRPC data, including ongoing and recently completed studies, is presented to establish a basis for further development work. Results: A summary of results is shown in the table. Conclusion: Additional HRPC patients will be enrolled in ongoing IROF phase I combination studies with oxaliplatin, capecitabine, docetaxel and gemcitabine. Phase II evaluation of IROF combination regimens in taxane-pretreated HRPC patients is planned. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Cvitkovic & Associes Consultants; MGI Pharma, Inc. MGI Pharma, Inc. MGI Pharma, Inc. MGI Pharma, Inc. MGI Pharma, Inc.