gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Size of the detector in confocal imaging systems (1987)

We consider the role of the detector size in the imaging of confocal systems. We introduce a criterion for detector size to give true confocal operation and show that the lateral resolution is considerably more sensitive to detector size than is the depth-discrimination or optical-sectioning property.
Butanol from Renewable Biomass: Highlights of Downstream Processing and Recovery Techniques (2017)

The concerns relating to global warming, climate change, and increasing energy demands have led to significant research in the development of alternative energy to fossil-based sources worldwide. The prime focus has been on the emerging technologies to recover the chemical energy from plant-based biomass and other organic wastes in the form of liquid and gaseous biofuels. For realizing the tangible potential of bioenergy, there is an immediate need for breakthrough research in understanding the physicochemical properties of biomass, conversion technologies, and advanced engineering for larger scale biomass processing. This chapter is focused on biobutanol as an advanced next-generation biofuel. It is dedicated to advancing new developments and approaches in acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation with a special emphasis on the butanol recovery techniques. The recovery techniques vividly discussed here include distillation, adsorption, liquid–liquid extraction, pervaporation, perstraction, gas stripping, and supercritical fluid extraction. The mechanisms for each recovery technology have been thoroughly discussed along with their benefits and limitations. Butanol is a progressive biofuel with fuel properties fairly compatible with gasoline; hence, advancements in its recovery technologies can mostly aid in its cost-effective production from lignocellulosic biomass and other waste resources.
Palladium‐ or Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Organozincs and Related Organometals (2009)

Abstract Introduction Overview of the Pd ‐ or Ni ‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Organozincs Recent Advances in the Pd ‐ or Ni ‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling with Organometals Containing Zn , Mg , Al and Zr Acknowledgment
Population pharmacokinetic study of Cyclosporine in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (2013)

Body surface area, administration route and postoperative days should be considered in individual pharmacotherapy of cyclosporine for HSCT patient to achieve the desired therapeutic target.
Electrocataytic oxidation of D-glucose in neutral media with electrodes catalyzed by 4,4',4'', 4'''-tetrasulfophthalocyanine (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrocataytic oxidation of D-glucose in neutral media with electrodes catalyzed by 4,4',4'', 4'''-tetrasulfophthalocyanineGregory G. Arzoumanidis and John J. O'ConnellCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1969, 73, 10, 3508–3510Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100844a070https://doi.org/10.1021/j100844a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views106Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Optimal control of the transient behavior of coupled solid-state lasers (2003)

We apply optimal control theory to substantially reduce transient times for transitions between in-phase and out-of-phase states in coupled solid-state lasers. The control is a time-varying optical field that is injected into the cavities of each laser. We have analytically derived the optimal control and numerically solved the optimality system. Numerical simulations indicate that transient times can be significantly reduced upon increasing the injection strength very briefly.
Depth-resolved wavefront aberrations using a coherence-gated Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (2010)

In the present paper we investigate the possibility of narrowing the depth range of a physical Shack - Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor (WFS) by using coherence gating. For the coherence gating, two low coherence interferometry (LCI) methods are evaluated and proof of principle configurations demonstrated: (i) a time domain LCI method based on phase shifting interferometry and (ii) a spectral domain LCI method, based on tuning a narrow band optical source. The two configurations are used to demonstrate each, the possibility of constructing a coherence gated (CG) SH/WFS. It is shown that these configurations produce spot patterns similar to those provided by a conventional SH/WFS. The two proof of principle configurations are also used to illustrate elimination of stray reflections in the interface optics which normally disturb the operation of conventional SH/WFSs. The speed and noise performance of the two CG-SH/WFS implementations are discussed.
Modelling of bonding pads and their effect on the high-frequency-noise figure of polysilicon emitter bipolar junction transistors (1996)

This paper presents detailed experimental results on the input impedance of bonding pads, and a simple electrical model that accurately describes the impedances of these pads as a function of frequency for five different types of pad structures. It also describes the effects of the bonding pads on the minimum high-frequency-noise figure (NF MIN ) of polysilicon emitter npn bipolar junction transistors as functions of collector current density and emitter areas. It was found that for devices with larger emitter areas (A E &gt; 48 μm 2 ) and relatively low base resistance (R B &lt; 30 Ω), the effects of the same bonding pads on the noise figure was not as pronounced as for the smaller area devices with larger base resistances. For a device with A E = 3.2 μm 2 operating at 1 GHz, biased with a collector density of 0.15 mA μm −2 , neglect of the effects of the bonding pads results in too low NF MIN (by 1–2 dB) when calculated values were compared to measurements. Finally, for devices with the same emitter areas, bonding pads with smaller impedance results in a larger NF MIN compared to measurements on similar transistors with pads of larger impedances.
Duraplasty with biosynthetic cellulose: an experimental study (1997)

In the search for a new synthetic substitute for the dura mater, the authors conducted a research study using 32 mongrel dogs divided into three groups. Group I animals (21 dogs) underwent a right-sided parietooccipital craniotomy and substitution of two 1-cm pieces of dura mater by two different grafts: one piece of biosynthetic cellulose (50 mu thick) and one fragment of temporal fascia. The animals were observed for 30, 90, or 180 days. Group II animals (five dogs) underwent a somewhat larger craniotomy, removal of a 2-cm piece of dura mater, and lesioning of the cortex made by a thin sharp forceps, which caused bleeding that was controlled by application of a thin film of cellulose (10 mu thick). Duraplasty was performed using a 50-mu-thick cellulose membrane to complete the procedure and the animals were observed over a period of 270 days. Group III animals (six dogs) underwent smaller (1-cm diameter) bilateral parietal craniectomy, which included additional covering of the dura on the left side with 50-mu-thick cellulose and a suture of temporalis muscle. This group was observed for 40, 60, 80, or 120 days. Transient mild clinical symptoms were observed during the early postoperative period. At autopsy, macroscopic examination demonstrated good acceptance of the grafts with few and moderate extradural fibrosis, which caused adherence of the implants to the bone fragment. No adherence to the cortex was observed. Microscopic examination demonstrated absence of graft adherence to the cortical surface even when the cortex was injured. The cellulose was enveloped by two layers of connective tissue, the external layer being thicker than the internal one. Cellulose fibers increased in thickness over time until 30 days and then decreased in thickness until 270 days. This decrease in thickness between 30 to 270 days was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The physical properties of biosynthetic cellulose and the low cellular reaction to its implantation qualify this material as a dural substitute. Additional long-term studies must be undertaken to complete this report.
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Risk of Adverse Clinical Outcomes After Coronary Angiography (2013)

CI-AKI is associated with an increased risk of mortality, cardiovascular events, renal failure, and prolonged hospitalization. However, the association between CI-AKI and mortality is strongly confounded by baseline clinical characteristics that simultaneously predispose to both kidney injury and mortality, and the risk attributable to CI-AKI is much lower than that reported from unadjusted studies.
Mechanical indentation improves cerebral blood oxygenation signal quality of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during breath holding (2013)

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a well-known technique for non-invasively measuring cerebral blood oxygenation, and many studies have demonstrated that fNIRS signals can be related to cognitive function. However, the fNIRS signal is attenuated by the skin, while scalp blood content has been reported to influence cerebral oxygenation measurements. Mechanical indentation has been shown to increase light transmission through soft tissues by causing interstitial water and blood flow away from the compressed region. To study the effects of indentation on fNIRS, a commercial fNIRS system with 16 emitter/detector pairs was used to measure cerebral blood oxygenation at 2 Hz. This device used diffuse reflectance at 730 nm and 850 nm to calculate deoxy- and oxy-hemoglobin concentrations. A borosilicate glass hemisphere was epoxied over each sensor to function as both an indenter and a lens. After placing the indenter/sensor assembly on the forehead, a pair of plastic bands was placed on top of the fNIRS headband and strapped to the head to provide uniform pressure and tightened to approx. 15 N per strap. Cerebral blood oxygenation was recorded during a breath holding regime (15 second hold, 15 second rest, 6 cycles) in 4 human subjects both with and without the indenter array. Results showed that indentation increased raw signal intensity by 85 &plusmn; 35%, and that indentation increased amplitude of hemoglobin changes during breath cycles by 313% &plusmn; 105%. These results suggest that indentation improves sensing of cerebral blood oxygenation, and may potentially enable sensing of deeper brain tissues.
DNA Damaging Agents Increase gadd153 (CHOP-10) Messenger RNA Levels in Bovine Preimplantation Embryos Cultured In Vitro1 (2001)

DNA damage and other forms of stress are believed to be important factors in reducing the efficiency of in vitro embryo transfer techniques in farm animals. The expression of mRNAs from stress-responsive genes such as gadd153 (CHOP-10, ddit3) may provide a means of assessing the quality of embryos produced in vitro. Treatment of bovine granulosa cell cultures with the DNA-damaging agents, methyl methane-sulphonate (MMS) or sodium arsenite, induced the expression of an mRNA, which hybridized with the hamster gadd153 cDNA. Part of the corresponding bovine cDNA was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned, and sequenced. Using a sensitive reverse transcriptase-PCR assay we have investigated the expression of gadd153 and beta-actin in blastocyst-stage bovine embryos treated with MMS or sodium arsenite. Both agents produced an increase in the ratio of gadd153 mRNA relative to beta-actin. These results show that there are changes in gene expression in blastocyst-stage bovine embryos in response to genotoxic stress, suggesting that an increase in gadd153 mRNA is a useful marker of DNA damage and metabolic stress in preimplantation embryos.
Giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Report of a case with upper gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosed by endoscopic brush cytology. (1978)

A case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding as the first and only manifestation of giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas invading the duodenum is described. The polypoid tumor was visualized during endoscopy. The diagnosis was made by a cytologic brush and confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. The rather uncommon presentation of pancreatic carcinoma and the possibility of establishing the diagnosis by a cytologic brush is discussed.
DOUBLE-CAPACITY OVERWRITABLE MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISK USING MAGNETIC TRIPLE-LAYER FILM (1993)

The characteristics of high capacity recording on an overwritable magneto-optical disk using light intensity modulation were investigated by means of (2,7)-RLL mark position recording. We examined the overwritable region of high laser power level PH and low level PL by adjusting the film structure and the recording pulse. A wide margin of ±30% was obtained for low power at a bit length of 0.8μm.
Atropine drops for drooling: a randomized controlled trial (2006)

This study failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of atropine over placebo in this population; we provide further discussion of results.
Validation of simple indexes to assess insulin sensitivity during pregnancy in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats (2008)

Insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, including gestational diabetes. The glucose clamp is considered the gold standard for determining in vivo insulin sensitivity, both in human and in animal models. However, the clamp is laborious, time consuming and, in animals, requires anesthesia and collection of multiple blood samples. In human studies, a number of simple indexes, derived from fasting glucose and insulin levels, have been obtained and validated against the glucose clamp. However, these indexes have not been validated in rats and their accuracy in predicting altered insulin sensitivity remains to be established. In the present study, we have evaluated whether indirect estimates based on fasting glucose and insulin levels are valid predictors of insulin sensitivity in nonpregnant and 20-day-pregnant Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. We have analyzed the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and the fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio (FGIR) by comparing them with the insulin sensitivity (SI(Clamp)) values obtained during the hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp. We have performed a calibration analysis to evaluate the ability of these indexes to accurately predict insulin sensitivity as determined by the reference glucose clamp. Finally, to assess the reliability of these indexes for the identification of animals with impaired insulin sensitivity, performance of the indexes was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and FGIR correlated significantly with SI(Clamp), exhibited good sensitivity and specificity, accurately predicted SI(Clamp), and yielded lower insulin sensitivity in pregnant than in nonpregnant rats. Together, our data demonstrate that these indexes provide an easy and accurate measure of insulin sensitivity during pregnancy in the rat.
A mutated p53 gene alters thyroid cell differentiation. (1995)

p53 is the gene most frequently found mutated in human neoplasias. In the majority of tumors, p53 mutations contribute to the progression towards stages of increasing malignancy with the appearance of an undifferentiated phenotype. Also in thyroid cancerogenesis, p53 mutations correlate with the loss of the differentiated phenotype. The results presented here, suggest a direct involvement of p53 in the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular differentiation in thyroid since a mutated p53 gene markedly affects the growth potential and differentiated functions of the rat thyroid cell line PC Cl 3. Blockage in the expression of the PAX-8 transcription factor seems to be a key event in the loss of thyroid differentiated functions induced by the mutated p53 gene. Thyroid cells carrying a mutated p53 gene did not form colonies in soft agar or tumors in athymic mice, suggesting that a mutation of the p53 gene is not sufficient for the induction of the malignant phenotype and probably a cooperation with other oncogenes is necessary to accomplish full malignancy. No effect on either growth or differentiation of thyroid cells was exerted either by overexpression of the wild-type p53 gene, or by the vector alone.
Secure Load Balancing for UAV-Assisted Wireless Networks (2021)

The unbalanced traffic distribution is a severe problem in cellular networks, which leads to congestion and reduces spectrum efficiency. To tackle this problem, we propose an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted wireless network architecture in which UAV acts as relay to divert the traffic from the overloaded cell to its neighbor underloaded cell. Considering that UAV communications are easily eavesdropped, we use the secrecy capacity to evaluate the performance of the network. To fully exploit the advantages of the proposed architecture, we formulate a joint UAV position optimization, user association, and time allocation problem to maximize the sum-log-rate of all users in two adjacent cells. To tackle the complicated joint optimization problem, we first design a genetic-based algorithm to optimize the UAV position, and then use the branch-and-bound method to devise a low-complexity algorithm to get the optimal user association and time allocation schemes. The simulation results indicate that the proposed UAV-assisted wireless network architecture is superior to the terrestrial network, and the proposed algorithms can further improve the network performance in comparison with the other schemes.
Some N-Disubstituted Amides of Long-Chain Fatty Acids as Vinyl Plasticizers (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome N-Disubstituted Amides of Long-Chain Fatty Acids as Vinyl PlasticizersFrank C. Magne, Robert R. Mod, and Evald L. SkauCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1958, 50, 4, 617–618Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50580a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50580a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Untersuchungen von polymeren im massenspektrometer, 4. Abbaureaktionen von polybenzylen (1974)

Abstract Die Abbaureaktionen von unsubstituierten Poly(1,4‐phenylenmethylen)en ( A ) (Polybenzylen), Poly[(2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylen)methylen] [Poly(2,5‐dimethylbenzyl)] ( B ), Poly[(2,3,5,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylen)methylen] [Poly(2,3,5,6‐tetramethylbenzyl)] ( C ) und Poly(1,4‐phenylenäthyliden) [Poly(α‐methylbenzyl)] ( D ) wurden durch direkte Pyrolyse im Massenspektrometer untersucht. Die Massenpyrogramme von unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen dargestellten Polybenzylen wurden verglichen, mit dem Ziel, direkt Informationen über Strukturunterschiede wie Kettenverzweigung und unterschiedliche Verknüpfung der Benzyleinheiten zu erhalten; hierbei konnten in einem Falle auf höhere Kettenverzweigung deutende Bruchstücke nachgewiesen werden. Der thermische Abbau der unsubstituierten Polybenzyle und des Poly(2,5‐dimethylben‐zy1)s verläuft uberwiegend unter Disproportionierung und Übertragung von Wasserstoff der Methylengruppen. Es werden bei diesen Polymeren monomere und oligomere Pyroly‐sebruchstücke mit gesättigten (Phenyl‐, Alkyl‐) und ungesättigten (Chinonmethid‐) Endgruppen gefunden, während beim Poly(α‐methylbenzyl) auch Bruchstiicke mit Vinyl‐End‐gruppen auftreten. Das Abbauverhalten des Poly(2,3,5,6‐tetramethylbenzyl)s unterscheidet sich aufgrund der sterischen Spannung durch die Kernsubstituenten erheblich von den anderen Polybenzylen; neben geringerer thermischer Stabilität werden Hinweise auf einen unterschiedlichen Abbaumechanismus gefunden. Die elektronenstoßinduzierte Fragmentierung der ionisierten Pyrolysebruchstucke verläuft überwiegend unter “α‐Benzyl‐”, “β‐Benzyl”‐, “Alkylspaltung” und ortho ‐ Umlagerung.
Contemporary glycoconjugation chemistry (2016)

Glycoproteins are typically expressed in nature with heterogeneous glycan components; understanding glycoprotein structure-function relationships is therefore challenging. This has been the driving force for increasing investigation for glycoconjugation techniques, in order to access homogenous natural glycoproteins and analogues thereof. These tools will be invaluable in efforts to unveil the precise role of each glycan structure. This mini-review provides a critical survey of glycoconjugation methodologies, with an emphasis on more recent progress in the field. Chemical and chemo-enzymatic glycoconjugation methods will be described, along with illustrations of typical applications.