gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
"GREEN GAS" AS SNG (SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS) A RENEWABLE FUEL WITH CONVENTIONAL QUALITY (2006)

”Green Gas” as SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) can play an important role in the transition process from the present Dutch fossil fuel-based energy supply to a renewable fuel-based economy. Anaerobic digestion and supercritical water gasification have been assessed for SNG production from wet biomass streams. For relatively dry biomass streams steam-blown indirect gasification, pressurised oxygenblown gasification, hydrogasification, and co-production of both Fischer-Tropsch diesel and SNG have been considered. All cases with upstream gasification are followed, after gas cleanup, by a downstream methanation step. Although upgrading of landfill gas, or biogas produced via anaerobic digestion of wet biomass, will be interesting for the short-term introduction of “Green Gas” in the Dutch energy supply, the supercritical water gasification processes seem to be more promising for conversion of wet biomass to “Green Gas” on the longer term. Based on the modelling results, the upstream-pressurised oxygen-blown CFB and indirect atmospheric steam-blown gasification with downstream methanation routes were identified to be the most promising options for stand-alone SNG production from relatively dry biomass feedstocks. In combination with downstream methanation, SNG production efficiencies up to 70% (LHV) can be achieved. The successful integrated lab-scale demonstration of “Green Gas” production confirmed the potential of the ECN gas cleanup concept to deliver a product gas that can satisfy, among others, the specifications for downstream methanation. For 100 MWth stand-alone systems and biomass costs of 2.3 €/GJwood, the SNG production costs range from 7.8 to 8.5 €/GJSNG and the CO2 emission reduction costs range from 83 to 95 €/tonne. “Green Gas” production via biomass gasification with downstream methanation will become an economic feasible process in the Netherlands, when “Green Gas” receives the same tax exemptions as currently are given to green electricity.
Exercise excess pressure and exercise-induced albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2015)

Exercise-induced albuminuria is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in response to maximal exercise, but the response to light-moderate exercise is unclear. Patients with T2DM have abnormal central hemodynamics and greater propensity for exercise hypertension. This study sought to determine the relationship between light-moderate exercise central hemodynamics (including aortic reservoir and excess pressure) and exercise-induced albuminuria. Thirty-nine T2DM (62 ± 9 yr; 49% male) and 39 nondiabetic controls (53 ± 9 yr; 51% male) were examined at rest and during 20 min of light-moderate cycle exercise (30 W; 50 revolutions/min). Albuminuria was assessed by the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) at rest and 30 min postexercise. Hemodynamics recorded included brachial and central blood pressure (BP), aortic stiffness, augmented pressure (AP), aortic reservoir pressure, and excess pressure integral (Pexcess). There was no difference in ACR between groups before exercise (P > 0.05). Exercise induced a significant rise in ACR in T2DM but not controls (1.73 ± 1.43 vs. 0.53 ± 1.0 mg/mol, P = 0.002). All central hemodynamic variables were significantly higher during exercise in T2DM (i.e., Pexcess, systolic BP and AP; P < 0.01 all). In T2DM (but not controls), exercise Pexcess was associated with postexercise ACR (r = 0.51, P = 0.002), and this relationship was independent of age, sex, body mass index, heart rate, aortic stiffness, antihypertensive medication, and ambulatory daytime systolic BP (β = 0.003, P = 0.003). Light-moderate exercise induced a significant rise in ACR in T2DM, and this was independently associated with Pexcess, a potential marker of vascular dysfunction. These novel findings suggest that Pexcess could be important for appropriate renal function in T2DM.
The electrodeposition of FeCrNi stainless steel: microstructural changes induced by anode reactions (2014)

The FeCrNi alloy, whose composition is close to that of stainless steel 304, was prepared by electrodeposition and characterized. Nanocrystalline FeCrNi (nc-FeCrNi) was obtained by employing a double-compartment cell where the anode is separated from the cathode compartment, while amorphous FeCrNi (a-FeCrNi) was deposited in a conventional single electrochemical cell. The carbon content of nc-FeCrNi was found to be significantly lower than that of a-FeCrNi, suggesting that carbon inclusion is responsible for the change in the microstructure. The major source of carbon is associated with the reaction compounds at the anode electrode, presumably decomposed glycine. Crystal structure analysis by XRD and TEM revealed that the as-deposited nc-FeCrNi deposits consist of α-Fe which transforms to γ-Fe upon thermal annealing. Nanoindentation tests showed that nc-FeCrNi exhibits higher hardness than a-FeCrNi, which is consistent with the inverse Hall-Petch behavior.
Macromolecular organization and fine structure of the human basilar membrane - RELEVANCE for cochlear implantation (2015)

There are several important similarities and differences between the morphology of the BM in humans and animals. Unlike in animals, it does not contain a distinct pars tecta (arcuate) and pectinata. Its width increases and thickness decreases as it travels apically in the cochlea. Findings show that the human BM is thinnest and probably most vibration-sensitive at the outer pillar feet/Deiter cells at the OHCs. The inner pillar and IHCs seem situated on a fairly rigid part of the BM. The gradient design of the BM suggests that its vulnerability increases apical wards when performing hearing preservation CI surgery.
InP-based multiple quantum well lasers with an integrated tapered beam expander waveguide (1994)

We demonstrate the integration of a laterally tapered adiabatic mode expander waveguide inside the cavity of diode lasers operating at 1.3 and 1.55 μm wavelengths. This integration results in narrow output beam divergence with FWHM of 70 and 50 vertically and laterally respectively. The loss caused by the passive waveguide is minor and for devices operating at 1.55 (1.3) μm threshold currents as low as 12 (22) mA and quantum efficiencies as high as 52% (51%) are obtained. Coupling to a cleaved optical fiber yields broad alignment tolerance with 1 dB excess loss for misalignment of /spl plusmn/2.6 μm vertically and /spl plusmn/3.1 μm laterally, with a minimum coupling loss of -3.5 dB.
Laser Direct Write Compensation of Reflective Array Compressors (1987)

plied to trim frequency response characteristics of reflective-array compressors (RACs) on YZ-LiNb03. Two separate laser-activated microchemical processes define separate correction patterns on featureless thin-film strips of MO and Cr/CrpO3 cermet contained between RAC gratings. developed microchemical process in an 02 atmosphere has been used to provide a suitable amplitude trimming capability. A process previously reported by us is retained to remove MO in a C12 atmosphere for phase trimming. for high-resolution trimming are obtained by deconvolving the effects of the grating kernel function from the measured frequency-domain response. Several RAC models of varying complexity exist from which the required kernel function can be determined. Results will be discussed of a sequence of experiments
<title>Analysis of normal and diseased colon mucosa using ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy</title> (1996)

Ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy was used to characterize normal and diseased colon mucosa in vitro. A tunable mode-locked Titanium:Sapphire laser operating at 76 MHz was used to irradiate normal and diseased colon tissue samples with 251 nm light generated from the third harmonic of the fundamental radiation. The Raman scattered light was collected and analyzed using a 1 meter spectrometer fitted with a UV coated, liquid nitrogen cooled CCD detector. The measured spectra show prominent bands that correspond to those of known tissue constituents including nucleic acids, aromatic amino acids and lipids. Using the Raman lineshapes measured from pure solutions of nucleotides, tryptophan, tyrosine, FAD, and from lipid-rich serosal fat, the colon spectra were modeled by a least square fitting algorithm whereby the colon spectra were assumed to be a linear combination of the pure biochemical lineshapes. The relative Raman scattering cross section of each biochemical was determined so that the relative concentration of each compound with respect to the others, could be extracted from a given tissue spectrum.
Biosurfactant-producing and oil-degrading Bacillus subtilis strains enhance oil recovery in laboratory sand-pack columns (2013)

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) technology uses microorganisms and their metabolites to retrieve unrecoverable oil from mature reservoirs. In situ stimulation of biosurfactant-producing and oil-degrading microorganisms reduces the capillary forces retaining the oil inside the reservoir and decreases its viscosity, thus promoting oil flow and consequently production. In this work, a sand-pack column model was designed to simulate oil recovery operations and evaluate mobilization of residual oil by the selected microorganisms. Four different hydrocarbon mixtures and three Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from crude oil samples were used. Additional oil recoveries ranged from 6 to 24% depending on the hydrocarbon mixture and microorganism used. Biosurfactant production was observed with all the microorganisms and hydrocarbon mixtures studied. The oils recovered after incubation with B. subtilis isolates showed a reduction in the percentage of long-chain n-alkanes and lower viscosity when compared with the original oils. The results obtained suggest that stimulation of the selected B. subtilis strains in situ can contribute to mobilize entrapped oil in mature reservoirs.
Structure of an archaeal PCNA1–PCNA2–FEN1 complex: elucidating PCNA subunit and client enzyme specificity (2006)

The archaeal/eukaryotic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) toroidal clamp interacts with a host of DNA modifying enzymes, providing a stable anchorage and enhancing their respective processivities. Given the broad range of enzymes with which PCNA has been shown to interact, relatively little is known about the mode of assembly of functionally meaningful combinations of enzymes on the PCNA clamp. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of the Sulfolobus solfataricus PCNA1-PCNA2 heterodimer, bound to a single copy of the flap endonuclease FEN1 at 2.9 A resolution. We demonstrate the specificity of interaction of the PCNA subunits to form the PCNA1-PCNA2-PCNA3 heterotrimer, as well as providing a rationale for the specific interaction of the C-terminal PIP-box motif of FEN1 for the PCNA1 subunit. The structure explains the specificity of the individual archaeal PCNA subunits for selected repair enzyme 'clients', and provides insights into the co-ordinated assembly of sequential enzymatic steps in PCNA-scaffolded DNA repair cascades.
A Theory of D-E Hysteresis Loop Based on the Avrami Model (1994)

The D - E hysteresis loop of ferroelectrics is theoretically studied on the basis of the extended Avrami theory. If the sideway velocity depends only on the instant value of the applied field, the volume fraction of the reversed area is expressed as q ( E )=1-exp (- f - d Φ( E )), where f and d are, respectively, the frequency of the applied field and the growth dimension of domains, and Φ is a function of E . This result is obtained irrespective of the waveform of the applied field and the field dependence of the sideway velocity, if the nucleation event is deterministic. For the stochastic nucleation due to thermal fluctuation, on the other hand, the above result is modified as q ( E )=1-exp (- f -( d +1) Φ( E )). The effect of the delay of wall motion is also discussed.
Virtual Visits in Ophthalmology: Timely Advice for Implementation During the COVID-19 Public Health Crisis (2020)

Virtual visits (VVs) are necessitated due to the public health crisis and social distancing mandates due to COVID-19. However, these have been rare in ophthalmology. Over 3.5 years of conducting >350 ophthalmological VVs, our group has gained numerous insights into best practices. This communication shares these experiences with the medical community to support patient care during this difficult time and beyond. We highlight that mastering the technological platform of choice, optimizing lighting, camera positioning, and "eye contact," being thoughtful and creative with the virtual eye examination, and ensuring good documenting and billing will make a successful and efficient VV. Moreover, we think these ideas will stimulate further VV creativity and expertise to be developed in ophthalmology and across medicine. This approach, holds promise for increasing its adoption after the crisis has passed.
Requirements for accurate estimation of anisotropic material parameters by magnetic resonance elastography: A computational study (2017)

Multiple shear waves, both slow and fast, with different propagation directions, must be present in the displacement field for accurate parameter estimates in ITI materials. Experimental design and data analysis can ensure that these requirements are met. Magn Reson Med 78:2360-2372, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Tumor Monocyte Cross Talk Promotes Chemotherapy Resistance In Lymphoma (2013)

Abstract Background Immune editing is a major mechanism used by tumors to promote their survival. We have previously reported the presence of immunosuppressive monocytes (CD14+HLA-DR low/neg) in a number of cancers. Increased presence of these cells was associated with decreased treatment response and OS. Here we report an in vitro model to examine tumor monocyte cross talk and demonstrate that these monocytes may directly promote tumor cells’ resistance to chemotherapy. Method Monocytes from healthy donors were co-cultured with lymphoma cell lines (OCI-Ly1, OCI-Ly3, OCI-Ly7, OCI-Ly10, Su-DHL2, Su-DHL6, Jeko-1, Granta-519) with or without doxorubicin (DOX). Cultured cells were assessed for phenotype, viability, proliferation, and induced protein expression. Changes in vitro were confirmed in primary tissue by gene expression profile from 48 primary diffuse large B cell (DLBCL) lymphoma tumors. Results Monocytes converted CD14+HLA-DR+ to the CD14+HLA-DRlow/neg phenotype by co-culture with 5 of the 8 B cell lymphoma cell lines. The HLA-DR suppression was not due to the known regulatory effects of IL-10 nor was the effect seen in co-culture using B cells from healthy donors. Thus, the magnitude of DR loss is mediated by a yet undetermined mechanism. DOX incubation induced apoptosis in all of the cell lines. Co-culture with monocytes improved lymphoma cell survival in 3 of the 4 lymphoma cell lines. For example, untreated OCI-Ly3 had a 1.3±0.2 fold expansion that was reduced to 0.6±0.1 when treated with DOX (p&lt;0.0001, n=13). However, when the cells were treated with DOX and co-cultured with monocytes the survival improved to 0.8±0.2 (p&lt;0.0001, n=13). Having previously shown that CD14+HLA-DRlow/neg were capable of suppressing patient immunity, partially through arginase I, we determined if co-culture of monocytes with tumor cells increased arginase I expression in either monocytes or tumor cells. Not only did we see arginase I expression increases during co-culture(n=10, p&lt;0.01), but surprisingly, the greatest increases were seen during co-culture and DOX treatment (n=10, p=0.01). To determine if our in vitro observations reflect human tumors, we used gene expression data obtained from 48 DLBCL tumors and found that increased CD14 gene expression was positively correlated with increased arginase I expression (n=48, p=0.02). Conclusions We have demonstrated that certain tumor cells induced phenotype changes in monocytes in an IL-10 independent and a tumor specific way. In those cells where tumors factors mediate monocyte phenotype, the monocytes can promote tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic killing by DOX, thus demonstrating a cross-talk between monocyte and tumor function. We found that in an environment of monocyte/tumor cross talk, arginase I expression is further increased in a cytotoxic environment. Together, this data demonstrates an active cross talk between monocytes and tumors resulting in multiple mechanisms of tumor resistance to chemotherapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Ultra-thick lithography for advanced packaging and MEMS (2002)

An ever increasing need exists for thick resist layers in the processing of MEMS and for advanced packaging. Applications in the MEMS field include bulk micromachining, surface micromachining, and the actual creating of active device structures. For advanced packaging, the applications are in redistribution and passivation layers, and micromolds for metal bumps. The various applications can require resist layer thicknesses up to and exceeding 1000 micrometers . In order to properly achieve these thicknesses, appropriate coating materials were developed by manufacturers. These materials include AZ P4620, Shipley SPR220, AZ PLP100XT, JSR THB 611P, and SU-8. Finally, equipment was developed to handle these materials, in the form of specialized coating equipment and contact/proximity aligners.
Authors' Reply (2009)

This article is a reply to the article "Comments on 'feedback stabilization over signal-to-noise ratio constrained channels'," by A. J. Rojas.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Parameters of the Gamma Distribution and Their Bias (1969)

The numerical technique of the maximum likelihood method to estimate the parameters of Gamma distribution is examined. A convenient table is obtained to facilitate the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters and the estimates of the variance-covariance matrix. The bias of the estimates is investigated numerically. The empirical result indicates that the bias of both parameter estimates produced by the maximum likelihood method is positive.
A bent monomeric conformation of myosin from smooth muscle. (1982)

Smooth muscle myosin filaments formed in 0.15 M KCl are depolymerized by MgATP to a 10S component, rather than to the 6S component typical of myosin monomer in high salt concentrations. This 10S species is also monomeric as determined by sedimentation equilibrium and calculated from the diffusion and sedimentation coefficients. The conformation of 10S myosin is, however, very different from that of 6S myosin, which has a flexible but extended rod. The Stokes radius and the viscosity of 10S myosin are less than those of 6S myosin, consistent with a structure in which the rod is bent. Electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed preparations confirmed that the light meromyosin region of the rod is bent back on subfragment 2, that region of the rod adjacent to the two globular heads. MgATP and dephosphorylation of the 20,000 molecular weight light chain increase the amount of 10S myosin present in 0.15 M KCl; addition of salt converts 10S myosin back to the typical 6S conformation. We conclude that smooth muscle myosin preferentially forms a bent or folded conformation instead of the extended shape usually associated with skeletal muscle myosin, provided that the salt concentration is kept sufficiently low.
Quantum Optical State Comparison Amplifier (2013)

It is a fundamental principle of quantum theory that an unknown state cannot be copied or, as a consequence, an unknown optical signal cannot be amplified deterministically and perfectly. Here we describe a protocol that provides nondeterministic quantum optical amplification in the coherent state basis with high gain and high fidelity and which does not use quantum resources. The scheme is based on two mature quantum optical technologies: coherent state comparison and photon subtraction. The method compares favorably with all previous nondeterministic amplifiers in terms of fidelity and success probability.
A space-time multiscale mortar mixed finite element method for parabolic equations (2021)

We develop a space-time mortar mixed finite element method for parabolic problems. The domain is decomposed into a union of subdomains discretized with non-matching spatial grids and asynchronous time steps. The method is based on a space-time variational formulation that couples mixed finite elements in space with discontinuous Galerkin in time. Continuity of flux (mass conservation) across space-time interfaces is imposed via a coarse-scale space-time mortar variable that approximates the primary variable. Uniqueness, existence, and stability, as well as a priori error estimates for the spatial and temporal errors are established. A space-time non-overlapping domain decomposition method is developed that reduces the global problem to a space-time coarse-scale mortar interface problem. Each interface iteration involves solving in parallel space-time subdomain problems. The spectral properties of the interface operator and the convergence of the interface iteration are analyzed. Numerical experiments are provided that illustrate the theoretical results and the flexibility of the method for modeling problems with features that are localized in space and time.
25‐Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Markers of Subclinical Myocardial Damage and Wall Stress: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (2016)

Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased 6-year change in hs-cTnT levels. Hypothesis-generating differences in associations by age and sex, but not race, were observed. If these associations are causal, further research is needed to understand mechanisms by which low 25(OH)D confers increased risk in these subgroups and whether treating deficient 25(OH)D can prevent myocardial damage and wall stress.
Accumulation of nicotine and its metabolites in rat brain after intermittent or continuous peripheral administration of [2'-(14)C]nicotine. (2001)

Concentrations of nicotine, cotinine, and nornicotine in brain and blood following both intermittent and continuous administration of [2'-(14)C]nicotine to rats were determined to assess nicotine metabolite accumulation in brain following repeated nicotine administration. For intermittent studies, rats were administered s.c. 1 to 10 doses of nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, 15 or 25 microCi of [2'-(14)C]nicotine; 30-min interinjection interval). For continuous administration studies, rats were implanted s.c. with an osmotic minipump delivering nicotine (0.8 mg/kg/day, 25 or 50 microCi of [2'-(14)C]nicotine for 1-21 days). Whole brain and trunk blood was collected. The concentration of [2'-(14)C]nicotine and its metabolites was determined via high-pressure liquid radiochromatography. Brain concentrations of nicotine, cotinine, and nornicotine increased 2-, 12-, and 9-fold, respectively, following 10 injections, reaching a plateau following the fifth injection. Brain blood ratios indicate an enhanced preferential distribution of nornicotine to brain with increasing numbers of injections. Across the 21-day period of continuous infusion, blood nicotine and nornicotine concentrations remained relatively constant, whereas concentrations in brain increased approximately 4-fold. Generally, cotinine concentrations in brain and blood did not change across the infusion period. Brain/blood ratios indicate an increase in nicotine distribution into brain across days of nicotine infusion. Results demonstrate that both nicotine and its metabolites accumulate in brain following repeated nicotine administration, and indicate that brain nicotine concentration can not be extrapolated from plasma cotinine or nicotine concentrations. Thus, nornicotine accumulation following repeated nicotine administration suggests that this metabolite plays a contributory role in the neuropharmacological effects of nicotine.