gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical studies for improving radiotherapy with 2-deoxy-D-glucose: Present status and future prospects (2009)

Higher rates of glucose usage generally correlate with poor prognosis in several types of malignant tumours. Experimental studies (both in vitro and in vivo) have shown that 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analog and glycolytic inhibitor, enhances radiation-induced damage selectively in tumor cells while protecting normal cells, thereby suggesting that 2-DG can be used as a differential radiomodifier to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy. Clinical trials undertaken to study the feasibility, safety, and validity of this suggested approach will be described. Based on 2-DG-induced radiosensitization observed in primary organ cultures of cerebral glioma tissues, clinical trials were designed taking into consideration the radiobiology of gliomas and pharmacokinetics of 2-DG. Phase I/II clinical trials have unequivocally demonstrated that a combination of 2-DG (200-300 mg 2-DG per kg body weight orally administered after overnight fasting, 20 min before irradiation) with large weekly fractions (5 Gy/fraction) of low-LET radiotherapy is well tolerated without any acute toxicity or late radiation damage to the normal brain tissue. Nonserious transient side effects similar to hypoglycemia induced disturbances like restlessness, nausea, and vomiting were observed at the 2-DG doses used. Data from these trials involving more than 100 patients have clearly indicated a moderate increase in the survival, with a significant improvement in the quality of life with clinicopathological evidence of protection of normal brain tissue. A phase III multicentric trial to evaluate the efficacy of the combined treatment is in progress. Directions for future studies are discussed.
A Robust Audio Sonic Watermarking Algorithm Oriented Air Channel (2011)

A robust audio sonic watermarking algorithm oriented air channel has been proposed. The algorithm is based on DCT transform, using Barker code as synchronization code sequence. Coefficients of low frequency were chosen to be modified for completing embedding. This algorithm can effectively resist various attacks and interference with air channel, Also it can effectively against cropping MP3 compression attacks and 30% resample. While the watermark detection does not require the original audio, it achieves blind watermarking extraction. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has good hidden effect and large embedding capacity.
A constraint-driven methodology for placement of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (2008)

Layout design of analog and mixed-signal circuits is often a manual and time-consuming, trial-and-error task. Stringent constraints that must be considered simultaneously are a major reason why layout design is often not automated. To overcome this bottleneck in the design process, we present a new <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">constraint-driven</i> design methodology. We have verified our methodology by applying it to the placement of both analog and mixed-signal circuits. Our approach allows us to verify whether a solution that satisfies all constraints exists prior to the time consuming optimization process. If a solution exists, an initial placement with a maximum constraint robustness is constructed. Next, the initial placement is optimized. Unlike the optimization engines known so far, our implementation is driven not only by the placement objectives, but also by the adaptively weighted constraints. This allows efficient searching in the solution space of the constraints.
Learning On-Road Visual Control for Self-Driving Vehicles With Auxiliary Tasks (2019)

A safe and robust on-road navigation system is a crucial component of achieving fully automated vehicles. NVIDIA recently proposed an End-to-End algorithm that can directly learn steering commands from raw pixels of a front camera by using one convolutional neural network. In this paper, we leverage auxiliary information aside from raw images and design a novel network structure, called Auxiliary Task Network (ATN), to help boost the driving performance while maintaining the advantage of minimal training data and an End-to-End training method. In this network, we introduce human prior knowledge into vehicle navigation by transferring features from image recognition tasks. Image semantic segmentation is applied as an auxiliary task for navigation. We consider temporal information by introducing an LSTM module and optical flow to the network. Finally, we combine vehicle kinematics with a sensor fusion step. We discuss the benefits of our method over state-of-the-art visual navigation methods both in the Udacity simulation environment and on the real-world Comma.ai dataset.
Fullerene-assisted electron-beam lithography for pattern improvement and loss reduction in InP membrane waveguide devices (2014)

In this Letter, we present a method to prepare a mixed electron-beam resist composed of a positive resist (ZEP520A) and C60 fullerene. The addition of C60 to the ZEP resist changes the material properties under electron beam exposure significantly. An improvement in the thermal resistance of the mixed material has been demonstrated by fabricating multimode interference couplers and coupling regions of microring resonators. The fabrication of distributed Bragg reflector structures has shown improvement in terms of pattern definition accuracy with respect to the same structures fabricated with normal ZEP resist. Straight InP membrane waveguides with different lengths have been fabricated using this mixed resist. A decrease of the propagation loss from 6.6 to 3.3 dB/cm has been demonstrated.
Design and Characterization of an Improved Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Substrate-Trapping Mutant (2002)

Although members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) family share a common mechanism of action (hydrolysis of phosphotyrosine), the cellular processes in which they are involved can be both highly specialized and fundamentally important. Identification of cellular PTPase substrates will help elucidate the biological functions of individual PTPases. Two types of substrate-trapping mutants are being used to isolate PTPase substrates. In the first, the active site Cys residue is replaced by a Ser (e.g., PTP1B/C215S) while in the second, the general acid Asp residue is substituted by an Ala (e.g., PTP1B/D181A). Unfortunately, only a limited number of PTPase substrates have been identified with these two mutants, which are usually relatively abundant cellular proteins. Based on mechanistic considerations, we seek to create novel PTPase mutants with improved substrate-trapping properties. Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the newly designed PTP1B mutants indicates that PTP1B/D181A/Q262A displays lower catalytic activity than that of D181A. In addition, D181A/Q262A also possesses 6- and 28-fold higher substrate-binding affinity than those of D181A and C215S, respectively. In vivo substrate-trapping experiments indicate that D181A/Q262A exhibits much higher affinity than both D181A and C215S for a bona fide PTP1B substrate, the epidermal growth factor receptor. Moreover, D181A/Q262A can also identify novel, less abundant substrates, that are missed by D181A. Thus, this newly developed and improved substrate-trapping mutant can serve as a powerful affinity reagent to isolate and purify both high- and low-abundant protein substrates. Given that both Asp181 and Gln262 are invariant among the PTPase family, it is predicted that this improved substrate-trapping mutant would be applicable to all members of PTPases for substrate identification.
Deterministic Worst-Case Performance Analysis for Wireless Sensor Networks (2008)

Dimensioning wireless sensor networks requires formal methods to guarantee network performance and cost in any conditions. Based on network calculus, this paper presents a deterministic analysis method for evaluating the worst-case performance and buffer cost of sensor networks. To this end, we introduce three general traffic flow operators and derive their delay and buffer bounds. These operators are general because they can be used in combination to model any complex traffic flowing scenarios in sensor networks. Furthermore, our method integrates variable duty cycle to allow the sensor nodes to operate at lower rates thus saving power. Moreover, it incorporates traffic splitting mechanisms in order to balance network workload and nodes' buffers. To show how our method applies to real applications, we conduct a case study on a fresh food tracking application, which monitors the food freshness in realtime. The experimental results demonstrate that our method can be either used to perform network planning before deployment, or to conduct network reconfiguration after deployment.
Chemistry of adamantane. Part IX. 1,2-Difunctional adamantanes; synthesis and reactions of protoadamantane-4-spiro-oxiran (1976)

The synthesis of protoadamantane-4-spiro-oxiran {octahydrospiro[2,5-methano-1H-indene-7,2′-oxiran]} and its isomerisation to protoadamantane-4-carbaldehyde are described. Electrophilic cleavage of the oxiran ring with simultaneous rearrangement gives 1,2-difunctional adamantane derivatives. Reactions of lithium carbenoids, from benzylidyne chloride and benzylidene bromide, with protoadamantan-4-one mainly lead to protoadamantan-4-yl phenyl ketone. 4-Phenylprotoadamantan-4-ols on treatment with acid preferentially undergo elimination to give 4-phenylprotoadamantene.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REGIOSPECIFIC CATALYTIC INVERSION OF (+)‐DEHYDROABIETIC ACID TO (‐)‐PODOCARPIC ACID (1979)

Abstract Das aus dem 5α,10β‐Podocarpatrienoat (I) durch Behandlung mit Aluminiumchlorid gebildete isomere 5α,10α‐Derivat (II) liefert in siedendem Schwefelkohlenstoff in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid und Acetylchlorid die 12‐Acetylverbindung (III), die über Palladiumkohle in siedendem Triglyme zum 5β‐Derivat isomerisiert wird.
Watch360: A Device to Enable and Detect Tilt, Translation and Rotation of a Watch Bezel (2019)

The popularity of smartwatches has grown in recent years. Different input modalities such as touch, voice and physical buttons have been explored for a smartwatch and one of them is the watch bezel which was first commercialized in the Samsung GearS smartwatch. We here extend the idea of the rotating bezel to include additional movements of tilt and translation. In this paper we propose a bezel design that enables these degrees of movement of the bezel and a magnetic sensing system to detect bezel movement as small as 0.5mm. A hardware prototype is built and integrated with a custom VR game to demonstrate its applicability. The accuracy of the system is evaluated and user feedback on the experience is also gathered.
Hybrid-Dimensional Finite Volume Discretizations for Fractured Porous Media (2017)

Over the last decade, finite volume discretizations for flow in porous media have been extended to handle situations where fractures dominate the flow. These discretizations have successfully been combined with the discrete fracture-matrix models to yield mass conservative methods capable of explicitly incorporating the impact of fractures and their geometry. When combined with a hybrid-dimensional formulation, two central concerns are the restrictions arising from small cell sizes at fracture intersections and the coupling between fractures and matrix. Focusing on these aspects, we demonstrate how finite volume methods effectively can be extended to handle fractures, providing generalizations of previous work. We address the finite volume methods applying a general hierarchical formulation, facilitating implementation with extensive code reuse and providing a natural framework for coupling of different subdomains. Furthermore, we demonstrate how a Schur complement technique may be used to obtain a robust and versatile method for fracture intersection cell elimination. We investigate the accuracy of the proposed elimination method through a series of numerical simulations in 3D and 2D. The simulations, performed on fractured domains containing permeability heterogeneity and anisotropy, also demonstrate the flexibility of the hierarchical framework.
Biochemical analysis of cell-derived apoE3 particles active in stimulating neurite outgrowth (2001)

Susceptibility to the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease is increased for individuals harboring one or more apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) alleles. Although several isoform-specific effects of apoE have been identified, the relationship between biochemical function and risk factor assessment is unknown. Our previous studies showed that a physiologically relevant cell-derived apoE3 particle stimulates neurite outgrowth in an isoform-specific manner. In an attempt to delineate the biochemical mechanism responsible for the stimulatory effects of apoE3 on neurite outgrowth, we performed a detailed physical characterization of cell-derived apoE3 and apoE4 particles. Immunoaffinity chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE illustrated homogeneity in protein content (apoE >95%). The affinity-purified particles contained phospholipid and 1 mol of cholesterol per mole of apoE but no core lipids. Nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis identified two major particle populations with hydrated diameters of 8.0 and 9.2 nm. Neurite outgrowth assays performed with the affinity-purified particles resulted in similar isoform-specific differences as seen previously, apoE3 stimulatory and apoE4 neutral. Interestingly, we did not observe a reduction in apoE medium concentrations over the duration of the neurite outgrowth assays, suggesting little or no endocytic uptake. Ligand blot analysis demonstrated that the affinity-purified apoE particles bind to several Neuro-2a membrane proteins. Western blots of the Neuro-2a membrane proteins indicated that the LDL receptor, gp330, and LR8B might be involved in the apoE-binding event. These results discriminate against the lipid delivery hypothesis and suggest that the biological activity of the phospholipid apoE3 particles may be due to cell surface signaling.
Metal nanoslit lenses with polarization-selective design (2011)

We present comprehensive studies on thin diffraction lenses made of arrays of subwavelength, parallel nanoslits in a gold film. Such a nanoslit lens can operate either as a conventional convex or concave lens. The lenses can be designed to focus linearly polarized light with polarization either perpendicular (TM-lens) or parallel to the slits (TE-lens), while the orthogonal polarization diverges when passing through the lens. The designs of each lens are initially built on the dispersion relations for wave propagation through a parallel-plate waveguide. Both TM- and TE-lenses were realized experimentally, and full-wave numerical simulations fully support the experimental results.
Methyl Mercury Decreases the Eggshell Thickness and Inhibits the Ca2+ Uptake in a Homogenate of the Eggshell Gland Mucosa and its Subcellular Fractions from the Domestic Fowl (1987)

In the domestic fowl 20 mg of methyl mercuric chloride (MeHg) in a single oral dose given a day before egg-laying reduced the eggshell index by 35% and decreased the Ca content of the eggshell by 31% compared with those in the eggs laid on the previous days. The plasma concentration of Ca was reduced by MeHg by 50% in comparison with controls. The Ca concentration in the shell gland mucosa was not decreased by MeHg in relation to the control value. The rate of ATP-dependent Ca2+ binding by the homogenate of the mucosa was reduced by 33% by MeHg in relation to the control rate. The activity of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase was not changed.
Role of semiconductivity and ion transport in the electrical conduction of melanin (2012)

Melanins are pigmentary macromolecules found throughout the biosphere that, in the 1970s, were discovered to conduct electricity and display bistable switching. Since then, it has been widely believed that melanins are naturally occurring amorphous organic semiconductors. Here, we report electrical conductivity, muon spin relaxation, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of melanin as the environmental humidity is varied. We show that hydration of melanin shifts the comproportionation equilibrium so as to dope electrons and protons into the system. This equilibrium defines the relative proportions of hydroxyquinone, semiquinone, and quinone species in the macromolecule. As such, the mechanism explains why melanin at neutral pH only conducts when "wet" and suggests that both carriers play a role in the conductivity. Understanding that melanin is an electronic-ionic hybrid conductor rather than an amorphous organic semiconductor opens exciting possibilities for bioelectronic applications such as ion-to-electron transduction given its biocompatibility.
Experiments concerning phosphorus chemiluminescence (1985)

A variety of experimental techniques have been employed in a spectroscopic investigation of the strong visible chemiluminescence from the phosphine–nitrous oxide reaction system. Reaction was initiated by a fast electrical discharge in PH3/N2O mixtures over the pressure range 18–666 Torr. The predominant emission is a true continuum extending from a threshold wavelength at 3300 Å to beyond 1 μm. The results are consistent with the possible existence of a chemically formed (PO)2* exciplex molecule as the source of the visible continuum emission, but another molecular emitter containing only phosphorus and oxygen atoms, such as PO2, cannot be ruled out. Because of the possible use of this reaction system for a tunable, visible laser source, laser cavity tests and absorption and stimulated emission tests were carried out; these gave negative results. The photon yield from 3300 to 9000 Å was determined to vary linearly with pressure; a maximum yield of 8.5×10−3 was reached at the highest pressure investigated of 666 Torr. The broad spectral range of emission and low photon yield indicates that the ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous emission did not exceed 0.02 at any wavelength shorter than 9000 Å.
Ovalbumin-induzierte Atemwegshyperreagibilität in isoliert perfundierten Mauslungen (2005)

Hintergrund : Wesentliches Kennzeichen des Asthma bronchiale ist neben der chronischen Inflammation und reversiblen Obstruktion die erhöhte Reagibilität der Atemwege. Ziel unseres Projektes war, ein ex vivo-Modell an isolierten Lungen sensibilisierter Mäuse zur Untersuchung der Atemwegshyperreagibilität zu entwickeln.
Formacion de endosporas en Clostridium y su interaccion con el proceso de solventogenesis (2013)

La solventogenesis y la esporulacion son mecanismos de las celulas de Clostridium para resistir ambientes hostiles Este segundo proceso ha sido estudiado utilizando como modelo lo que sucede con Bacillus aunque se reconocen diferencias marcadas entre los dos generos especialmente en el inicio especificamente en los eventos por medio de los que se da la fosforilacion del regulador maestro Spo0A En la actualidad se ha avalado la teoria que afirma que tres histidin quinasas huerfanas diferentes a las proteinas Spo0B histidin quinasa y Spo0Ffosfotransferasa en Bacillus son las encargadas de fosforilar en Clostridium de forma directa a Spo0A que posteriormente activa la transcripcion de diferentes factores sigma relacionados de forma similar en los dos generos bacterianos La proteina Spo0A perteneciente a la familia de reguladores de respuesta se comporta como una entidad regulatoria global que tiene injerencia sobre los procesos de formacion de esporas y solventes modulando genes necesarios para que se produzcan acetona y butanol ademas de genes de esporulacion El entendimiento de este proceso ha llevado a los investigadores a emplear diferentes tecnicas moleculares que permitan incrementar la produccion de solventes asi como eliminar la propiedad de las celulas de producir endosporas Por tal razon este escrito presenta un resumen de estas dos redes de expresion de genes conectadas por el regulador maestro Spo0A
Bounds on net delays for VLSI circuits (1992)

The problem of finding net delay bounds for all the nets of VLSI circuits is formulated. A polynomial-time algorithm, IMP, is presented to solve this problem efficiently. Some basic properties of this algorithm are investigated, and proofs are provided. A modification of this algorithm to further improve its time efficiency, is also proposed. Applications of net delay bound algorithm are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Response of Corn (Zea maysL.) Inbreds and Hybrids to Sulfonylurea Herbicides (1993)

Extensive field and greenhouse studies were done to characterize varietal response of three recently commercialized sulfonylurea corn herbicides: nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and thifensulfuron. Most of the 94 varieties tested were highly tolerant to these herbicides. The 37 inbreds represented all major inbred families now used in hybrid seed production as well as several sensitive experimentals. Twenty-one defined hybrids from these inbreds as well as 36 commercially coded hybrids were also tested. Sensitive inbreds produced tolerant hybrids when crossed with tolerant inbreds. Sensitive hybrids occurred when both parents were sensitive. Genetic analysis of sensitive by tolerant crosses showed that sensitivity is controlled by a single recessive gene. Nicosulfuron had the widest corn safety margin and fewest sensitive varieties. Dose response analysis showed varieties can vary more than 40 000-fold in sensitivity. Only corn varieties with the AHAS-modified XA-17 gene showed any change in enzyme sensitivity. This gene overcame sensitivity to sulfonylureas, even when the organophosphate insecticide terbufos was present. Thus, breeders have three options to eliminate sulfonylurea sensitivity: backcross sensitive inbreds with tolerant, always use at least one tolerant hybrid parent, or use the XA-17 gene.
Laser induced gas breakdown: A bibliographical review (1969)

This paper provides a review of papers published on laser induced gas breakdown. The material is divided into four parts: 1) breakdown mechanism, 2) plasma expansion under the influence of the laser pulse, 3) plasma decay after the end of the laser pulse, and 4) bibliography of papers published on the subject up to the end of May, 1968.
Optimizing autologous bone contribution to implant osseointegration (2020)

Compared with conventional drills or bone scrapers, a new cutting instrument enabled concomitant site preparation with autologous bone chip collection. Histology/histomorphometric analyses revealed that the bone chips generated by this new tool were more osteogenic and could be further enhanced by exposure to a WNT therapeutic. Even though gaps still existed in placebo controls and liposomal WNT3A (L-WNT3A) cases, the area of peri-implant bone was significantly greater in L-WNT3A treated sites.
The predictive value of maternal serum testing for detection of fetal anemia in red blood cell alloimmunization (1995)

The maternal Marsh score can be performed in conjunction with standard indirect Coombs' titers to enhance the predictability of fetal anemia.