gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GDM Intrusion Into Reactant Gas Channels and the Effect on Fuel Cell Performance (2006)

This paper reports on the study of gas diffusion media (GDM) intrusion into reactant gas channels and its effect on the performance of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The PEM fuel cell under consideration consists of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) sandwiched between two layers of gas diffusion media commonly made of carbon paper or cloth. The GDM/MEA/GDM assembly is then compressed between two adjacent bi-polar plates. In this configuration, the compression pressure is transmitted under the lands of the reactant gas flow-field onto GDMs on which the portion over the channels remain unsupported. Because of the relatively low bending and compressive stiffness, it is found that GDMs can easily intrude into the reactant gas channels. The direct consequence of GDM intrusion is the pressure drop increase in the reactant gases in the intruded channels. This is further compounded by cell-to-cell or channel-to-channel variation in GDM thickness and mechanical properties, which results in non-uniform reactant gas flow distribution and ultimately negatively impacts the fuel cell performance. In this study, we have developed a GDM intrusion model based on the finite element method (FEM. We have also devised an experimental setup to measure the GDM intrusion, in which we found good agreement between the model prediction and experimental measurement. Combining the FEM based intrusion model and a flow redistribution model we have investigated the effect of GDM channel intrusion on the reactant flow distribution and the impact on the fuel cell performance. It is found that a 20% reduction of reactant flow can be induced with a 5% additional blockage in channels by GDM intrusion. Based on the findings from the current study, we attribute the significant performance variation in a 30-cell fuel cell stack to the variation in reactant flow induced by the variation in GDM intrusion. The results from the analytical study and fuel cell testing both suggested that the product variations in GDM would need to be significantly reduced and the stiffness of the GDM would need to be increased if the PEM fuel cells of high power density were to be used reliably at a relatively low stoichiometry.
A Bile Salt Hydrolase of Brucella abortus Contributes to the Establishment of a Successful Infection through the Oral Route in Mice (2006)

Choloylglycine hydrolase (CGH), a bile salt hydrolase, has been annotated in all the available genomes of Brucella species. We obtained the Brucella CGH in recombinant form and demonstrated in vitro its capacity to cleave glycocholate into glycine and cholate. Brucella abortus 2308 (wild type) and its isogenic Deltacgh deletion mutant exhibited similar growth rates in tryptic soy broth in the absence of bile. In contrast, the growth of the Deltacgh mutant was notably impaired by both 5% and 10% bile. The bile resistance of the complemented mutant was similar to that of the wild-type strain. In mice infected through the intragastric or the intraperitoneal route, splenic infection was significantly lower at 10 and 20 days postinfection in animals infected with the Deltacgh mutant than in those infected with the wild-type strain. For both routes, no differences in spleen CFU were found between animals infected with the wild-type strain and those infected with the complemented mutant. Mice immunized intragastrically with recombinant CGH mixed with cholera toxin (CGH+CT) developed a specific mucosal humoral (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and IgA) and cellular (interleukin-2) immune responses. Fifteen days after challenge by the same route with live B. abortus 2308 cells, splenic CFU counts were 10-fold lower in mice immunized with CGH+CT than in mice immunized with CT or phosphate-buffered saline. This study shows that CGH confers on Brucella the ability to resist the antimicrobial action of bile salts. The results also suggest that CGH may contribute to the ability of Brucella to infect the host through the oral route.
Polycarboxylates in soda ash detergents (1988)

Abstract Calcium carbonate deposition on cotton fabric from soda ash‐based detergents containing polycarboxylates is measured and related to polymer composition and molecular weight, under varying conditions of temperature, water hardness and detergent composition. Deposition effects on fabric are compared with threshold inhibition effects and calcium binding capacities of the polymers. Polyacrylic acids with molecular weights of 2000–5000 are most effective in preventing calcium carbonate deposition on fabric. A 1.5:1 acrylic acid:maleic acid copolymer is more effective than polyacrylic acid. Detergents with LAS left somewhat higher calcium carbonate deposits than detergents with a nonionic surfactant. Prevention of visible calcium carbonate precipitation in the absence of fabric (“threshold effects”) appears at polymer levels considerably lower than those necessary to prevent calcium carbonate deposition on fabric. Deposition on fabric can be prevented at levels of polymer much less than that necessary to bind most of the calcium ions, as determined by the calcium binding capacity.
An Overview on Polymethacrylate Polymers in Gastroretentive Dosage Forms (2015)

Drugs with lower bioavailability need repeated dosing to reach the minimum effective therapeutic concentration in plasma. In order to retain the drug in upper part of gastro intestinal tract (GIT) which is the major absorption window for majority of drugs and also to have localized effect many advances in drug delivery were made. Researchers mainly emphasize on to get patient compliance by formulating single dose, targeted and minimal side effects dosage form. The design must give constant drug release for longer time period that could be achieved through proper selection of polymers. These approaches in dosage design may also be advantageous for local action, to prevent drug degradation, delivery of gastro-irritant, narrow absorption window drugs and to get pH dependent release throughout the GIT. Polymethacrylate polymers in different ratios are available for the above objective as they are inert materials, could stay for longer time and are resistant to body fluids. This review also discusses the physicochemical properties of different available grades along with their glass transition temperatures (Tg).
Aggregation, interaction and thermodynamic characteristics of cationic surfactant + moxifloxacin hydrochloride mixture in aquatic solutions of mono-/di-hydroxy compounds (2020)

Herein, the interaction of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic drug, moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MFH), which is extensively used for the treatment of wider ranges of bacterial infections, like pneumonia, endocarditis, tuberculosis, and other complicated dermal lesions, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, a cationic surfactant) has been observed by conductivity method in aqueous, alcoholic (C2H5OH, C3H7OH-2), and diol (C2H4(OH)2, C3H6(OH)2) solutions. For all of the MFH + CTAB cases studied, the appearance of a critical micelle concentration (cmc) demonstrated that the micellar system is dependent on the variation of temperature and the concentration of different additives. A change in the value of cmc manifests the existence of strong interaction prevailing amongst MFH and CTAB molecules. In presence of alcohols/diols, the value of cmc for the MFH + CTAB system was found higher compared to those values obtained for the MFH + CTAB system carried out in H2O, which indicates a favourable micellization process. The values of counter-ion dissociation were also found to be dependent on temperature. The ΔGmo values were observed negative, which, again, manifests a spontaneous micellization process. The free energy of transfer (ΔGm,tro) and the enthalpy–entropy compensation were also calculated and discussed.
Frequency shifts and lifetime changes of sodium atoms near rough metal surfaces (1997)

Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence measurements of transition frequencies and lifetimes of laser-excited Na atoms are presented as a function of distance (2-3nm) to metal surfaces of different roughness. We characterized the surface roughness by fitting a Gaussian height-height correlation function to force microscopic data. An unusually small red shift of the Na transition frequency of a few hundred megahertz was observed. In the framework of a quantum-mechanical linear optical response formalism we fitted the lifetime and the frequency shift data simultaneously to obtain effective parameters of a selvedge dielectric function. In that way we are able to take into account both surface roughness and nonlocality, which in turn result in the observed small frequency shifts.
Distribution kinetics theory of Ostwald ripening (2001)

Ostwald ripening occurs near equilibrium conditions when larger clusters grow at the expense of dissolving smaller clusters. We propose that ripening kinetics for growth and dissolution can be represented by a general population balance equation (PBE) for the cluster size distribution (CSD). This PBE can also describe cluster growth or dissolution in the absence of ripening. The Kelvin equation provides the effect of interfacial energy on solubility in terms of the cluster radius. The continuity equation conventionally applied to ripening or cluster growth is obtained as a Taylor series expansion of the governing PBE. Numerical and moment solutions of the PBE show the evolution of the CSD. The cluster number density declines, and the average cluster mass increases. The variance can initially increase as the CSD broadens by growth of large clusters, and then decrease until eventually vanishing. The final state after a long time is a single large cluster in equilibrium with the fluid solution.
A Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Flight Stability of Hawkmoth Hovering (2009)

A numerical analysis of dynamic flight stability of a hovering hawkmoth is presented. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method is used to simulate the unsteady flow about a realistic hawkmoth model and to compute the aerodynamic derivatives of the aerodynamic forces and pitching moment in response with a series of small disturbances. With these parameters, the techniques of eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis is employed to investigate dynamic flight stability of the hawkmoth hovering. In the longitudinal disturbance motion, three natural modes are identified of a stable oscillatory mode, a stable fast subsidence mode and a stable slow subsidence mode, which indicate that the hawkmoth hovering flight is stable. In short, a hovering hawkmoth, if the body motion is dynamically stable and hence the disturbance dies out fast, might not need to make any adjustment with wing motions and could return to the equilibrium state ‘automatically’.
Document markup for open information interchange (1994)

The principle goal of open information interchange is to allow data generated by one application to be displayed, referenced and/or copied to another application. Unlike dynamic data exchange, however, open information interchange is not postulated on a need for access to the application that originally generated the data. Instead the data itself contains, or is associated with, all of the information necessary for the processing of the data. This can be achieved in a number of ways, including: by relying on information captured as part of the encoding of one or more preformatted images, such as images encoded using standards developed by ISO; by incorporating all control information within the data file; by identifying the role of each part of the document within the data stream, but not the way in which data should be presented by the applications, using a generic markup language; by mixing, within the data stream, both generically defined formatting rules and local overrides that control the presentation of objects which do not confirm to the generic rules; by storing information about both the structure of the document and the way in which data is to be presented to users, in a file other than the data file, using a standard such as the Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime).
Elucidation of the coordination chemistry of the enzyme-substrate complex of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase by NMR spectroscopy (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElucidation of the coordination chemistry of the enzyme-substrate complex of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase by NMR spectroscopyLawrence Que Jr., Randall B. Lauffer, John B. Lynch, Bruce P. Murch, and Joseph W. PyrzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 18, 5381–5385Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00252a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00252a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views258Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Real-time breast sonography: application in 300 consecutive patients (1986)

Sonography, disappointing as a primary screening method, has emerged as the single most helpful adjunct to mammography in evaluation of the clinically and/or mammographically abnormal breast. Sonography can reliably diagnose simple cysts presenting as palpable masses or as indeterminate, nonpalpable lesions on mammography. However, differentiation of benign from malignant solid masses cannot be reliably accomplished by sonography. The expense of an automated breast sonographic scanner has deterred many radiologists from the purchase of such a unit. The authors have used both an automated breast scanner and a real-time 10-MHz hand-held unit. This paper describes their experience with the real-time unit, demonstrating both normal and pathologic anatomy. Special emphasis has been placed on the sonographic diagnosis of a simple cyst because this lesion was the cause of one-quarter of all palpable masses and nonpalpable, mammographically dominant masses. Cysts are sharply marginated and anechoic. Posterior enhancement visible in 78 of 80 cysts was not demonstrable on all images in 25% of cysts.
iForgot (2010)

Much effort has focused in recent years on developing more life-like robots. In this paper we propose a model of memory for robots, based on human digital memories, though our model incorporates an element of forgetting to ensure that the robotic memory appears more human and therefore can address some of the challenges for human-robot interaction.
Local Microstructure and Texture Development during Friction Stir Spot of 5182 Aluminum Alloy (2023)

The local microstructure, texture gradient and mechanical properties through the shoulder dimension (10 mm) of upper and lower AA5182 aluminum sheets were investigated using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and Vickers microhardness after friction stir spot welding (FSSW). Based on the microstructural features (mean grain size, grain boundary type and dynamic recrystallization (DRX)), the upper sheet was found to be mainly composed of the stir zone (SZ) and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) due to the high deformation induced simultaneously by the tool rotation and the shoulder download force, while the SZ, TMAZ, heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) were detected in the lower sheet due to the limited effect of the shoulder on the lower sheet. The texture changes, due to the nature of the deformation, demonstrated a shear-type texture at the SZ to a plane strain compression deformation type texture at the TMAZ and then a recrystallization texture at the HAZ and BM. The microhardness gradually decreased with the increasing distance from the keyhole along the SZ, TMAZ and HAZ regions. Eventually, the microstructure and microhardness evolutions were correlated based on the Hall–Petch relationship.
Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Mildly and Severely Salt-Stressed Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 Cells (2009)

Bacteria are able to cope with the challenges of a sudden increase in salinity by activating adaptation mechanisms. In this study, exponentially growing cells of the pathogen Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 were exposed to both mild (2.5% [wt/vol] NaCl) and severe (5% [wt/vol] NaCl) salt stress conditions. B. cereus continued to grow at a slightly reduced growth rate when it was shifted to mild salt stress conditions. Exposure to severe salt stress resulted in a lag period, and after 60 min growth had resumed, with cells displaying a filamentous morphology. Whole-genome expression analyses of cells exposed to 2.5% salt stress revealed that the expression of these cells overlapped with the expression of cells exposed to 5% salt stress, suggesting that the corresponding genes were involved in a general salt stress response. Upregulation of osmoprotectant, Na(+)/H(+), and di- and tripeptide transporters and activation of an oxidative stress response were noticeable aspects of the general salt stress transcriptome response. Activation of this response may confer cross-protection against other stresses, and indeed, increased resistance to heat and hydrogen peroxide could be demonstrated after preexposure to salt. A temporal shift between the transcriptome response and several phenotypic responses of severely salt-stressed cells was observed. After resumption of growth, these cells showed cellular filamentation, reduced chemotaxis, increased catalase activity, and optimal oxidative stress resistance, which corresponded to the transcriptome response displayed in the initial lag period. The linkage of transcriptomes and phenotypic characteristics can contribute to a better understanding of cellular stress adaptation strategies and possible cross-protection mechanisms.
Use of EV hosting capacity for management of low‐voltage distribution systems (2020)

With the increasing penetration of plug‐in electric vehicles (EVs), it has become important for utilities to identify how EV charging will affect their low‐voltage (LV) systems. In this context, EV hosting capacity can be useful to assist utility engineers. However, the appropriate strategy to estimate this index and determine its practical application for utilities is still unclear. In response, this study provides a framework to obtain and apply the hosting capacity information for EVs. Results of analyses are obtained considering the whole universe of a utility. Firstly, a method is developed for estimating this index based only on information readily available to utility engineers. The method is then used in a wide‐scale assessment of EV hosting capacity on 75,550 real LV systems. Quantitative results of this study provide insights into how to manage a system with high EV penetration. It is seen, e.g. that EV charging location is the most important variable to consider when stochastically assessing EV impacts, reducing difficulties to apply this type of solution for practical cases. Practical applications that employ EV hosting capacity statistics are also presented and discussed. Results are shown to be useful not only for utilities but also for regulatory agencies.
Comparation Interferon-Inducing and Antiviral Properties of 2-Amino-5-Bromo-6-Methyl-4-Pyrimidinol (U-25,166), Tilorone Hydrochloride, and Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (1977)

2-Amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (U-25,166), polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], and tilorone HCl induced high levels of serum interferon in mice. Each consequently protected mice against infection with several viruses. After daily injection of inducer, mice developed a reduced interferon response (hyporeactivity) to each compound. However, hyporeactivity developed more slowly to U-25,166 and poly(I:C) than to tilorone HCl. After onset of hyporeactivity, 5 to 6 days without each inducer were required before normal serum interferon levels could be stimulated. Animals also developed a hyporeactive state as a consequence of Semliki Forest or encephalomyocarditis virus infections. By day 2 of either infection, mice had a suppressed interferon response to tilorone HCl, but remains responsive to poly(I:C) or U-25,166 until day 4. In vivo, poly(I:C) stimulated interferon production in a variety of cells and organs, whereas the tilorone HCl and U-25,166 responses involved a nonlymphoid component of the reticuloendothelial system. In vitro, poly(I:C) induced interferon in a variety of murine cells, U-25,166 was active in murine thymus and spleen organ cultures, and tilorone was inactive. These data indicate that U-25,166 is an interesting low-molecular-weight interferon inducer.
Reduced complexity frequency estimator applied to burst transmission (2002)

In burst transmission, carrier recovery is a crucial point for synchronization systems. Indeed, an imprecise frequency estimation can cause cycle slips. An unbiased feedforward frequency estimator, for M-PSK modulated signals, in the non data aided mode (NDA) is derived from the maximum likelihood (ML) principle. A compromise is realized between noise filtering and estimation slip probability by minimizing the estimator variance. It is optimized to operate at low signal to noise ratio and short bursts. Its performance is compared to the ML estimator one. The estimator is applied in to a practical case (QPSK modulation in an all feedforward modem synchronization architecture in TDMA mode) with several burst lengths in order to exhibit the improvement due to estimation tracking with an integrating filter. The global performance of the modem synchronization unit is presented.
El modelo IMRyD de artículos científicos: ¿qué es y cómo se puede aplicar en humanidades y ciencias sociales? (2022)

El modelo IMRyD corresponde al acrónimo formado por los términos: Introducción, Métodos, Resultados y Discusión. Es una propuesta de estructura y es un estándar esperado por la mayoría de las revistas académicas a la hora de aceptar manuscritos que reportan resultados de investigación. Es importante para los investigadores noveles conocer sus componentes, pero sobre todo interpretar su significado en las ciencias humanas y sociales ya que puede ayudarles a tener éxito en la aceptación de manuscritos. Se presentan sus componentes siguiendo las normas APA (entre otras fuentes) y se discuten las posibilidades de aplicación a ámbitos distintos de las STEM, así como en el caso de metodologías cualitativas. Se concluye que nada en el modelo IMRyD impide su aplicación a investigaciones en humanidades y ciencias sociales. Por otro lado, aplicar IMRyD favorece l calidad y transparencia de los reportes de investigación e incrementa las posibilidades de aceptación de los manuscritos por parte de las revistas académicas.
Activation of µ-alkylidene ligands through oxidation–deprotonation: a new synthesis of µ-methyne, and is hydrogenation to µ-methyl (1985)

A new method of activating µ-alkylidene complexes is described, involving oxidation to dications followed by deprotonation, so that µ-CH2 is converted to µ-CHCH2+; the mono-cationic products react with nucleophiles to produce derivatives of the original µ-alkylidene, while µ-CH+ yields µ-CH3+ readily under pressure of hydrogen.