gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Black phosphorus avalanche photodetector (2017)

The strong light-matter interaction of atomically-thin layered black phosphorus (BP) has attracted great attention recently. Exfoliated few-layer and monolayer BP flakes have a layer-tunable direct bandgap that varies from 2.0 eV for monolayer to 0.3 eV for bulk, which makes BP a very promising optoelectronic material in the visible and telecom wavelengths [1-3]. The high mobility of BP devices suggested its utilization as an active material of an avalanche photodetector (APD). Recently, APDs utilizing two-dimensional (2D) materials such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (e.g. MoS <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) and layered III-VI semiconductors (e.g. InSe) have been demonstrated [4,5]. Both of these 2D materials possess wide bandgaps that discourage their usage in the infrared [6,7]. The successful demonstration of waveguide-integrated BP photodetector working at 1.55 μm wavelength [1] has stimulated the pursuit of high-performance BP APDs. In this work, we report on the first 2D material-based BP APD featuring high external quantum efficiency (EQE) and avalanche gain. These results provide strong evidence that BP is a promising material for high-performance optical communication and imaging systems.
An Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Antibody to Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)‐like Antigen in Human Pancreatic Cancer (1978)

An immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)‐like antigen was isolated from the ascites fluid of a patient with pancreatic cancer by ammonium sulfate precipitation (25–55% saturation) and subsequent purification by gel filtrations on Sephadex G‐200 and Sepharose 6B followed by protein A‐Sepharose CL‐4B chromatography. The IgM antibody was found to be in complex with a CEA‐like antigen as revealed by the multiple precipitin lines obtained on immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion with a mixture of antihuman IgM and anti‐CEA. Dissociation of the complex with 0.2M glycine HCl buffer pH 2.5 and further chromatography on Sepharose CL‐6B. followed by Sepharose 6B separated the IgM antibody from the CEA‐like antigen. The IgM antibody formed an immunoprecipitate upon double diffusion with a homologous CEA cross‐reactive antigen isolated from the liver metastasis of another patient with pancreatic cancer. The antigen (molecular weight 70,000 ± 15,000 daltons) which reacted with the IgM antibody was purified by Con A Sepharose affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration on BioGel A 1.5M. The IgM antibody reacted with tumor antigens from pancreatic cancer only. These results suggest that the human IgM antibody response to antigens may be specific to the tumor type involved.
Video quality representation classification of Safari encrypted DASH streams (2016)

The increasing popularity of HTTP adaptive video streaming services has dramatically increased bandwidth requirements on operator networks, which attempt to shape their traffic through Deep Packet Inspection (DPI). However, Google and certain content providers have started to encrypt their video services. As a result, operators often encounter difficulties in shaping their encrypted video traffic via DPI. This highlights the need for new traffic classification methods for encrypted HTTP adaptive video streaming to enable smart traffic shaping. These new methods will have to effectively estimate the quality representation layer and playout buffer. We present a new method and show for the first time that video quality representation classification for (YouTube) encrypted HTTP adaptive streaming is possible. We analyze the performance of this classification method with Safari over HTTPS. Based on a large number of offline and online traffic classification experiments, we demonstrate that it can independently classify, in real time, every video segment into one of the quality representation layers with 96.13% average accuracy.
Ovarian Steroid Modulation of Gonadotropin Secretion and Pituitary Responsiveness to Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone in the Female Hamster* (1978)

The significance of ovarian estradiol (E2) and progesterone secretion in the regulation of pituitary LH and FSH secretion and pituitary responses to LHRH was investigated in the hamster. Cycling females showed increased LH and FSH responses to LHRH on the morning of proestrus as compared to the responses observed on diestrus day 2. Pituitary responsiveness to LHRH declined on the evening of proestrus, after the preovulatory LH/FSH release. The secondary increase in serum FSH concentration on the morning of estrus was accompanied by a selective increase in the pituitary FHS response to exogenous LHRH. Hamsters ovariectomized (ovx) on diestrus day 2 exhibited daily afternoon LH surges but not FSH surges for at least 10 days after ovx. The magnitude of the LH surges in ovx hamsters was approximately 30-50% of that observed in proestrous females. The pituitary LH response to exogenous LHRH in ovx animals was about 25% as great as in proestrus hamsters. Serum FSH concentrations in ovx females increased by only 30% after LHRH injection, while similar treatment with LHRH resulted in 3- to 4-fold increments in serum FSH in proestrous hamsters. Implantation of E2 capsules in ovx hamsters resulted in increased gonadotropin responses to exogenous LHRH. Serum LH concentrations in the E2-implanted, LHRH-injected animals were as great as those observed after LHRH injection in proestrous females. Administration of LHRH, LH, or progesterone on the morning of proestrus failed to detectably alter the timing or magnitude of the proestrus afternoon FSH surge. The present results suggest that the increasing serum titers of estrogen on diestrus and early proestrus result in increased pituitary sensitivity to LHRH, and this increased sensitivity probably contributes to the magnitude of the preovulatory LH surge. The increases in LH and progesterone which occur during the afternoon do not seem to be responsible for triggering the proestrous FSH surge.
Noncontact probing of metal-oxide-semiconductor inversion layer mobility (1996)

We have measured absorption of terahertz radiation pulses by metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) inversion layers and thereby determined carrier mobility without the need for source and drain contacts. This has allowed for the determination of inversion layer mobility prior to subsequent high temperature processing. An unannealed MOS sample was found to have a mobility value of 400 cm2/V s, which increased to 700 cm2/V s after a 950 °C anneal.
Catalytic Generation of Lift Gases for Balloons (2011)

A lift-gas cracker (LGC) is an apparatus that generates a low-molecular-weight gas (mostly hydrogen with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide) at low gauge pressure by methanol reforming. LGCs are undergoing development for use as sources of buoyant gases for filling zero-gauge-pressure meteorological and scientific balloons in remote locations where heavy, high-pressure helium cylinders are not readily available. LGCs could also be used aboard large, zero-gauge-pressure, stratospheric research balloons to extend the duration of flight.
Intrahepatic Role of Exchangeable Apolipoproteins in Lipoprotein Assembly and Secretion (2012)

Exchangeable apolipoproteins, composed mainly of amphipathic α-helices, are associated with various plasma lipoproteins and play an important role in the metabolism of those lipoproteins to which they bind. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that exchangeable apolipoproteins, such as apoE, apoA-IV, and apoC-III, also play a role intracellularly in facilitating lipid recruitment at different stages of very low-density lipoprotein assembly and trafficking through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi secretory compartments. Experimental evidence also suggests that apoA-I may become lipidated intracellularly through mechanisms dependent on or independent of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Thus, expression of these secretory proteins may exert an impact on hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis during their transit from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi apparatus. This review summarizes findings related to the modulation of intracellular assembly of very low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein by exchangeable apolipoproteins.
Telechelic Aminooxy Polystyrene Synthesized by ATRP and ATR Coupling (2007)

Aminooxy α- and α,ω-end-functionalized polystyrene were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and atom transfer radical (ATR) coupling. A 1-bromoethylphenyl initiator possessing an N-hydroxyphthalimide group was used for copper-mediated ATRP of styrene. The polymerization kinetics indicated good control with high initiator efficiency, and the resulting polymers had polydispersity indices (PDIs) as low as 1.12. N-Hydroxyphthalimide−polystyrene was then dimerized using Cu(0)-mediated ATR coupling, and GPC results indicated high coupling efficiency. Hydrazine deprotection of both the α and α,ω-end-functionalized polystyrene to the aminooxy groups was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. End-group reactivity was verified by reaction with 4-bromobenzaldehyde to form the oxime linkages.
Recursive Modeling of Stateflow as Input/Output-Extended Automaton (2013)

Stateflow, a graphical interface tool for Matlab, is a common choice for design of event-driven software and systems. In order for their offline analysis (testing/verification) or online analysis (monitoring), the Stateflow model must be converted to a form that is amenable to formal analysis. In this paper, we present a systematic method, which translates Stateflow into a formal model, called Input/Output Extended Finite Automata (I/O-EFA). The translation method treats each state of the Stateflow model as an atomic module, and applies composition/refinement rules for each feature (such as state-hierarchy, local events) recursively to obtain the entire model. The size of the translated model is linear in the size of the Stateflow chart. Our translation method is sound and complete in the sense that it preserves the discrete behaviors as observed at the sample times. Further, the translation method has been implemented in a Matlab tool, which outputs the translated I/O-EFA model that can itself be simulated in Matlab.
Biofilm-Induced Type 2 Innate Immunity in a Cystic Fibrosis Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2017)

Biofilm-producing strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In these patients, increased levels of IL-17 as well as of IL-5 and IL-13 along with arginase (Arg)-positive macrophages have been observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. While IL-17 is a strong proinflammatory cytokine associated with host defense against bacterial and fungal infections and is also elevated in several autoimmune diseases, IL-5/IL-13 and Arg1-positive M2 macrophages are part of the anti-inflammatory type 2 (Th2) immunity. To study whether increased IL-5 and IL-13 levels are related to biofilm formation, which is frequently observed in CF patients colonized by <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, we utilized an agarose bead-embedded <i>P. aeruginosa</i> rat model commonly employed in <i>in vivo</i> biofilm studies. We showed that "sterile" agarose bead instillation in rat notably increased lung transcript levels of IL-5 and IL-13 at two post-instillation study-points, day 1 and day 3. Concurrently, increased infiltration of type 2 innate cells such as eosinophils and Arg1 positive M2 activated macrophages (Arg1+CD68+) was also observed both at day 1 and day 3 while the proportion of M1 activated macrophages (iNOS+CD68+) at these time-points decreased. In contrast, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>-loaded beads caused a drastic elevation of proinflammatory Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-12a) and antibacterial Th17 (IL-17a, IL-17f, IL-22, IL-23a) cytokines along with a high influx of neutrophils and M1 macrophages, while Th2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) drastically declined at day 1 post-infection. Interestingly, at day 3 post-infection, both Th1 and Th17 cytokines sharply declined and corroborated with decreased M1 and increased M2 macrophages. These data suggest that while IL-17 is linked to episodes of acute exacerbations of infection in CF patients, the increased Th2 cytokines and M2 macrophages observed in these patients are largely due to the biofilm matrix. The data presented here has important implications for clinical management of CF patients.
Β-Cleavage (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Band-gap engineering of III-V semiconductors by MBE using electron beam evaporation of Group III metals (1990)

Graded band gap ITT-V semiconductor structures have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy using electron beam evaporation of Group III metals. The deposition rates of the Group III metals are measured and controlled in real-time using Inficon Sentinel III rate monitors. The rapid response of the electron beam evaporation sources allows precise alloy grading over distances as short as 1 nm. A variety of novel 111-V device structures have been realized by this technique.
[Role of platelet activating factor in the injury of intestinal immuno-barrier function in young rats]. (2006)

PAF plays roles in the injury of intestinal immuno-barrier function. Preventive and remedial use of PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 may relieve intestinal injury.
Collaborative Data Analytics Using Virtual Reality (2019)

Immersive analytics allows a large amount of data and complex structures to be concurrently investigated. We propose a collaborative analytics system that benefits from new advances in immersive technologies for collaborators working in the early stages of data exploration. We implemented a combination of Star Coordinates and Star Plot visualisation techniques to support the visualisation of multidimensional data and the encoding of datasets using simple and compact visual representations. To support data analytics tasks, we propose tools and interaction techniques for users to build decision trees for visualising and analysing data in a top-down method.
Low latency long wave infrared visible fusion (2014)

Human factors issues related to head mounted imaging systems have driven the requirements for system latency to nearly the bounds of sensor physics. Image processing must therefore be performed in an envelope that is ever decreasing in size. This paper presents a complete method for intelligent fusion of a long wave infrared and visible sensor, including contrast enhancement in both spectrums, with end to end processing latency of less than 1 millisecond. The use of image statistics and opponent color theory allows fusion with minimal computational resources and latency. This algorithm has demonstrated performance without inducing any noticeable human factors issues during user trials.
Modelling autonomous vehicle interactions with bicycles in traffic simulation (2023)

With the undeniable advance of automated vehicles and their gradual integration in day-today urban traffic, many new technologies have been developed that offer great potential for this emerging field of research. However, testing automated vehicle technologies in real road traffic with vulnerable road users (VRUs) is still a complicated and time consuming procedure. The virtual development and evaluation of automated vehicles using simulation tools offers a good opportunity to test new functions efficiently. However, existing models prove to be insufficient in modeling the interaction between autonomous vehicles and vulnerable road users such as bicyclists and pedestrians. In this paper, an automated vehicle model for microscopic traffic simulation tools is developed with the open-source traffic simulation software Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and evaluated in common traffic interaction scenarios with bicyclists. A controller model is proposed using different path-finding algorithms from the field of robotic and automated vehicle research, which covers all important control levels of a self-driving vehicle. Finally, its performance is compared to existing car-following and lane-changing models. Results showcase that the autonomous vehicle model achieves either comparable results or has a much steadier and more realistic driving behavior when compared to existing driving models while interacting with bicyclists. The whole source code developed over the course of this work is freely accessible at: https://github.com/FlixFix/Kimarite.
Efficacy of drug-eluting balloon in patients with bare-metal or drug-eluting stent restenosis. (2015)

This real-world registry provided less favorable long-term results for drug-eluting balloons in the treatment of BMS restenosis and in DES restenosis, compared to the promising mid-term results of previous studies. The TLR rate was slightly but not significantly higher after DES restenosis compared to BMS restenosis treatment.
A Technique for Local Measuring the Pyroelectric Coefficient (1990)

Abstract The technique described in the paper is a version of the well known Chynoweth method for the dynamic measurements of the pyroelectric coefficient. It is based on the detection of the repolarization current caused by heat pulses applied to a sample.
SAR/Galileo Initial Service: A European Contribution to International Search and Rescue Efforts (2017)

The International Cospas-Sarsat system is a satellite based Search and Rescue distress alert detection and information distribution system which was established in 1988 by Canada, France, the USA and the former USSR (replaced by The Russian Federation in 1992). The system allows the detection and localization of distress beacons transmitting signals in the protected 406MHz band. The Cospas-Sarsat was initially established with LEO satellites where distress localization is based on Doppler measurements. This LEOSAR system has provided significant contributions to the SAR efforts for the last 35 years. In 2000 the USA, the European Union in association with the European Space Agency and Russia began consultations with Cospas-Sarsat regarding the feasibility of installing Search and Rescue (SAR) payloads on their respective Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) navigation satellite systems and incorporating a 406 MHz MEOSAR capability in Cospas-Sarsat. The MEOSAR Programs are called SAR-GPS for the USA, SAR/GLONASS for Russia and SAR/Galileo for Europe. In December 2016, Cospas-Sarsat MEOSAR Early Operational Capability (EOC) operations were started; concurrently with the start of SAR/Galileo Initial Service as a contribution to MEOSAR EOC. The SAR/Galileo Initial Service ensures the worldwide detection and localization of the beacon distress signals by relaying these distress signals through SAR repeaters on board the Galileo satellites. In total, the SAR/Galileo Initial Service currently operates 16 SAR repeaters in L-Band. In addition the SAR/Galileo Initial Service contributes to the ground segment coverage with 3 MEOLUTs (Medium altitude Earth Orbit Local User Terminal) stations deployed in Spain, Norway and Cyprus. These MEOLUTs are in charge of detecting and computing the distress beacons location based on the measurements done on the signals relayed by several SAR repeaters in visibility of the station. The management of the system operations and service provision is carried from the SAR/Galileo Service Centre located in Toulouse in the premises of the French National Space Agency (CNES). SAR/Galileo offers much reduced latencies for the detection and localization of distresses compared to LEOSAR which is critical for rescue operations. Furthermore, the coordination of the three SAR/Galileo MEOLUTs from the SAR/Galileo Service Centre leads to outstanding detection and localization performances over the European Coverage area. In this paper, the authors present an overview of the SAR/Galileo Service, its architecture, operations and current performances. In addition, insight on the service evolution is also provided.
Nanogrids with energy storage for future electricity grids (2014)

Increased penetration of distributed renewable energy sources to the grid has enabled to develop independent smaller power systems such as microgrids. This paper focuses on nanogrids, which are basic building blocks of microgrids. The paper first describes the nanogrid concept, its key components and benefits of nanogrids. Potential markets that can benefit from nanogrids are provided afterwards. Finally, the two use cases developed address typical examples of nanogrids and show the potential value streams that can be obtained by the energy storage component of the nanogrid.
High-Speed Pressure and Accelerometer Measurements Characterize Dynamic Behavior During Perforating Events in Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (2004)

Abstract With the current oilfield trend to pursue prolific oil and gas producers in the deepwater markets around the world; operators are drilling and completing larger boreholes to deliver and accelerate the production stream more effectively. Typically, in deepwater environments, the intervals to be perforated tend to be longer than on shelf-type completions. In addition, deepwater completions are more complicated with stacked pay zones that require additional completion steps and associated hardware. To execute these larger completions, operators normally opt to choose the largest perforating assembly that will yield the best charge performance (casing-entrance hole diameter and formation penetration) at in-situ conditions. These larger perforating systems with higher shot densities and total explosive load have the potential to create very large fluid-pressure waves and solid shock loads that can cause damage to the completion (unset packers, move bridge plugs, buckle tubing, split casing, etc.) under certain conditions. Because of the added expense of completing wells in the deepwater arena, problems during the perforation process can considerably increase completion expenditure. To help minimize potential risk during the completion program, it is critical to understand the dynamic pressure and shock events that occur during perforating. This paper will present a new numerical model that helps to ensure service quality by improving reliability on deepwater completions. The model has been validated with field measurements and employs high-speed recorders that were previously dedicated primarily to validating burn parameters for propellant-type equipment.