gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of the polymerase chain reaction to identify mosquito species of the Anopheles gambiae complex (1990)

A nonradiometric method has been developed for distinguishing between the sibling species Anopheles gambiae Giles and An. arabiensis Patton, two important Afrotropical vectors of malaria. DNA fragments of species diagnostic length are amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a small amount of unknown DNA and three different PCR primers. All three PCR primers are based on ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences. A universal plus-strand primer (A0) is derived from a conserved region at the 3' end of the 28S rDNA coding region. Two species-specific minus-strand primers (Aa0.5 and Ag1.3) are derived from sequences in the intergenic spacers. The Ag1.3 sequence is approximately 1.3 kb downstream of A0; the Aa0.5 sequence is about 0.5 kb downstream of A0. When mosquito DNA is amplified in the presence of all three primers, a 1.3 kb fragment is produced if An. gambiae DNA is used as template, and a 0.5 kb fragment is produced if An. arabiensis DNA is used. Amplification of DNA from An.gambiae/An. arabiensis hybrids produces both the 1.3 kb and the 0.5 kb fragments. Neither diagnostic fragment is produced when DNA from other species in the An. gambiae complex is used as template.
Electroluminescence analysis and simulation of the effects of injection and temperature on carrier distribution in InGaN-based LEDs with color-coded quantum wells (2012)

We report a study of the effects of temperature and current on carrier distribution and\nrecombination dynamics in InGaN-based LEDs grown on sapphire substrate. The active\nregion of the LEDs contains three quantum wells (QWs) with the same thickness and a\ndifferent indium content in each well, of 5%, 15%, and 25%, resulting in violet, blue and\ngreen emission, respectively. Two complementary structures, with the deepest QW closer to\nthe anode (“GBV”) or to the cathode (“VBG”), were grown.
Microbial Transformations of Natural Antitumor Agents, 25. Conversions of 3-Ketoaphidicolin (1984)

Microbial transformation experiments were conducted using 3-ketoaphidicolin (2) as a starting material. Metabolites were isolated by solvent extraction and chromatography, and structures were elaborated by cmr and pmr spectroscopy, ms, and ir analyses. Several microorganisms provided metabolites in excellent yields, including 3-epiaphidicolin (4), 6 beta-hydroxy-3-ketoaphidicolin (5), and 19-nor-16,17-dihydroxyaphidicolan-3-one (6). The last compound is formed via oxidation of the primary alcohol functional group at position 18 to the corresponding beta-keto acid derivative which spontaneously decarboxylates. This reaction is analogous to the metabolic demethylation of sterol intermediates. Each metabolite was tested for antitumor activity in the P-388 leukemic test system, and in the 6C631 colon tumor model system. None of the compounds were active in vivo, and all were less active than aphidicolin in the in vitro P-388 test system.
An enriched category theory of language: from syntax to semantics (2021)

State of the art language models return a natural language text continuation from any piece of input text. This ability to generate coherent text extensions implies significant sophistication, including a knowledge of grammar and semantics. In this paper, we propose a mathematical framework for passing from probability distributions on extensions of given texts, such as the ones learned by today's large language models, to an enriched category containing semantic information. Roughly speaking, we model probability distributions on texts as a category enriched over the unit interval. Objects of this category are expressions in language, and hom objects are conditional probabilities that one expression is an extension of another. This category is syntactical -- it describes what goes with what. Then, via the Yoneda embedding, we pass to the enriched category of unit interval-valued copresheaves on this syntactical category. This category of enriched copresheaves is semantic -- it is where we find meaning, logical operations such as entailment, and the building blocks for more elaborate semantic concepts.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrolytic Partial Fluorination of Organic Compounds. Part 8. Highly Regioselective Anodic Monofluorination of β‐Lactams. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Validating atlas-based lesion disconnectomics in multiple sclerosis: A retrospective multi-centric study (2021)

The translational potential of MR-based connectivity modelling is limited by the need for advanced diffusion imaging, which is not part of clinical protocols for many diseases. In addition, where diffusion data is available, brain connectivity analyses rely on tractography algorithms which imply two major limitations. First, tracking algorithms are known to be sensitive to the presence of white matter lesions and therefore leading to interpretation pitfalls and poor inter-subject comparability in clinical applications such as multiple sclerosis. Second, tractography quality is highly dependent on the acquisition parameters of diffusion sequences, leading to a trade-off between acquisition time and tractography precision. Here, we propose an atlas-based approach to study the interplay between structural disconnectivity and lesions without requiring individual diffusion imaging. In a multi-centric setting involving three distinct multiple sclerosis datasets (containing both 1.5 T and 3 T data), we compare our atlas-based structural disconnectome computation pipeline to disconnectomes extracted from individual tractography and explore its clinical utility for reducing the gap between radiological findings and clinical symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Results using topological graph properties showed that overall, our atlas-based disconnectomes were suitable approximations of individual disconnectomes from diffusion imaging. Small-worldness was found to decrease for larger total lesion volumes thereby suggesting a loss of efficiency in brain connectivity of MS patients. Finally, the global efficiency of the created brain graph, combined with total lesion volume, allowed to stratify patients into subgroups with different clinical scores in all three cohorts.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a look back and a look ahead. (1992)

A look back indicates that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, as a class, appear to be safe and effective for long term use and constitute a major drug addition for the control of hypercholesterolemia. Combination therapy may enhance effectiveness but close monitoring is needed when used in conjunction with fibrates and nicotinic acid because of potential muscle toxicity. A look ahead uncovers new properties that may be of potential benefit in the treatment of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cholelithiasis, mild renal disease and possibly thrombogenesis and cancer. In view of the fact that the magnitude of low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering is commensurate with the degree of atherosclerosis regression, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors provide a unique tool for the control of aggressive atherosclerotic vascular disease and for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease.
IgG Charge (2018)

It has been known since the 1930&amp;rsquo;s that all immunoglobulins carry a weak negative charge in physiological solvents. However, there has been no systematic exploration of this fundamental property. Accurate charge measurements have been made using membrane confined electrophoresis in two solvents (pH 5.0 and pH 7.4) on a panel of twelve mAb IgGs, as well as their F(ab&amp;rsquo;)2 and Fc fragments. The following observations were made at pH 5.0: 1) the measured charge differs from the calculated charge by ~40 for the intact IgGs, and by ~20 for the Fcs; 2) the intact IgG charge depends on both Fv and Fc sequences, but does not equal the sum of the F(ab)&amp;rsquo;2 and Fc charge; 3) the Fc charge is consistent within a class. In phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4: 1) the intact IgG charges ranged from 0 to -13; 2) the F(ab&amp;rsquo;)2 fragments are nearly neutral for IgG1s and IgG2s, and about -5 for some of the IgG4s; 3) all Fc fragments are weakly anionic, with IgG1 &amp;lt; IgG2 &amp;lt; IgG4; 4) the charge on the intact IgGs does not equal the sum of the F(ab&amp;rsquo;)2 and Fc charge. In no case is the calculated charge, based on H+ binding, remotely close to the measured charge. The charge on IgGs in physiological solvent is sufficiently small to minimize its contribution to thermodynamic nonideality. Some of the mAbs carried a charge in physiological salt that was outside the range observed for serum-purified human poly IgG. To best match physiological properties, a therapeutic mAb should have a measured charge that falls within the range observed for serum-derived human IgGs.
Hypervalent iodine oxidation of 1-phenyl-3-arylpyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde oximes: a facile and efficient synthesis of new 3,4-bis(1-phenyl-3-arylpyrazolyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole-N-oxides (2007)

Oxidation of pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde oximes 2 with iodobenzene diacetate leads to dimerization of initially formed nitrile oxides, thereby offering an easy and efficient method for the synthesis of new 3,4-bis(1-phenyl-3-arylpyrazolyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole-N-oxides (4).
High Expression of miR-34a Associated with Less Aggressive Cancer Biology but Not with Survival in Breast Cancer (2020)

Most breast cancer (BC) patients succumb to metastatic disease. MiR-34a is a well-known tumor suppressive microRNA which exerts its anti-cancer functions by playing a role in p53, apoptosis induction, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) suppression. Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts were used to test our hypothesis that miR-34a high BCs translate to less aggressive cancer biology and better survival in large cohorts. There was no association between miR-34a expression levels and clinicopathological features of BC patients except for HER2 positivity. MiR-34a high expressing tumors were associated with lower Nottingham pathological grades and lower MKI67 expression. In agreement, high miR-34a tumors demonstrated lower GSVA scores of cell cycle and cell proliferation-related gene sets. High miR-34a tumors enriched the p53 pathway and apoptosis gene sets. Unexpectedly, high miR-34a tumors also associated with elevated EMT pathway score and ZEB1 and two expressions. MiR-34a expression did not associate with any distant metastasis. Further, high miR-34a tumors did not associate with better survival compared with miR-34a low tumors. In conclusion, the clinical relevance of miR-34a high expressing tumors was associated with suppressed cell proliferation, enhanced p53 pathway and apoptosis, but enhanced EMT and these findings did not reflect better survival outcomes in large BC patient cohorts.
Born-Infeld Nonlinear Electromagnetism in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions (2023)

We study the effect of the limiting field strength of Born–Infeld electromagnetism on the dynamics of charged particle scattering. We formulate the Born–Infeld limiting field in an invariant manner, showing that it is the electric field-dominated eigenvalue " a " of the field tensor F µ,ν which is limited rather than the individual field vectors. Heavy ion collisions in particular provide uniquely large values of the field invariants that appear in the Born–Infeld action, amplifying nonlinear effects. Thus " a " is the dominant input into the force between heavy ions that we use to compute the scattering angle as a function of the impact parameter. We evaluate the Born–Infeld effects, showing relevance at small impact parameters and exhibiting their dependence on the value of the limiting field strength.
Development of a large scale bipolar NiH2 battery (1983)

The bipolar battery concept, developed in cooperation with NASA, is described in the context of the advantages afforded by near-term IPV and CVP cell technology. The projected performance, development requirements, and a possible approach to bipolar battery design are outlined. Consideration is given to packaging electrodes within a common hydrophobic plastic frame, electrode technology that involves a photochemically etched 0.1 mm thick nickel substrate coated with a 10 mg/sq cm mixture of platinum powder and TFE30, and an electrode design that eliminates the screen and doubles the electrode thickness (from the currently used 0.8 mm) while retaining the active material loading of 1.6-1.8 gm/cu cm. Also covered are thermal management, and electrolyte and oxygen management. It is concluded that a high voltage, high capacity, bipolar NiH2 cell can be configured with proper development for use in large power systems, and that it can provide considerable weight savings.
Exact Solutions of the Free Vibration of a System with Asymmetrical Single-Term Cubic Spring. (1991)

Exact solutions of the free vibration in a single-degree-of-freedom system having an offset forced single-term cubic spring are established. By employing a certain bilinear transformation, the equation of motion is successfully converted into a regular Duffing equation whose exact solution already exists. The constants included in the transformation and Duffing's nonlinear spring are determined by solving simultaneous nonlinear algebraic equations along with the given initial displacement. The waveform of the solution is composed of even, as well as odd, order harmonics and is distorted so as to resemble a suspension bridge. The skeleton curve is also asymmetrical and the maximum and minimum amplitudes must be distinguished. The response reveals combined soft and hard spring characteristics and possesses a two-branched property within a certain frequency range. The exact solution is successfully applied to check the accuracy of an analytical approximate solution by the perturbation method as well as of the numerical integral by the Runge-Kutta-Gill scheme.
Middle-ear input impedance and middle-ear sound transfer. (2010)

Measurements of the acoustic input impedance of the human eardrum, or tympanic membrane (TM), have been used as indicators of middle-ear sound transfer for over 70 years. Modern measurements include (i) middle-ear input impedance in single- and multi-frequency tympanometry, (ii) impedance-based estimates of ear-canal reflectance, a description of sound power absorption at the TM, and (iii) laser-Doppler measurements of the sound-induced velocity of specific points on the TM surface. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed, and their use in identifying and estimating the effects of different middle-ear pathologies is illustrated. A new technique, opto-electronic holography, which allows measurements of the volume displacement of the visible surface of the TM, is also discussed. Common themes are (i) the impedance of the middle ear varies widely within populations of normal hearing subjects and (ii) input-impedance based estimates of sound transfer through the middle ear are hindered by the presence of flexibility within the ossicular chain. It is concluded that while middle-ear input impedance may adequately describe the acoustic load on hearing-aid receivers, this impedance, by itself, is not always an accurate indicator of pathological alterations in sound transfer through the human middle ear.
DOA Estimation in Systems with Nonlinearities for MMWAVE Communications (2020)

Accurate and efficient methods for Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation play an important role in mmWave channel estimation methods. This estimation procedure can potentially be affected by the different RF and analog components in the communication system. Such components add an unknown, nonlinear distortion to the received signal. We address the DOA estimation problem for a general nonlinear distortion of the received signal. Two different angle recovery scenarios are considered: with and without the use of pilot symbols. The analysis focuses on the transformation of the signal subspace, resulting from the communication system nonlinearities. We prove that under certain conditions on the nonlinearity, the signal subspace is preserved. The derived result implies that the angles can be recovered without calibrating or inverting the nonlinearity.
An intestinal arsonist: pathobiont ignites IBD and flees the scene (2013)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Prediction during language comprehension has increasingly been suggested to play a substantive role in efficient language processing. Emerging models have postulated that predictive mechanisms are enhanced when neural networks fire synchronously, but to date, this relationship has been investigated primarily through oscillatory activity in narrow frequency bands. A recently-developed measure proposed to reflect broadband neural activity – and thereby synchronous neuronal firing – is 1/<i>f</i> neural noise extracted from EEG spectral power. Previous research (Voytek et al., 2015) has indicated that this measure of 1/<i>f</i> neural noise changes across the lifespan, and these neural changes predict age-related behavioral impairments in visual working memory. Using a cross-sectional sample of young and older adults, we examined age-related changes in 1/<i>f</i> neural noise and whether this measure would predict ERP correlates of successful lexical prediction during discourse comprehension. 1/<i>f</i> neural noise across two different language tasks revealed high within-subject correlations, indicating that this measure can provide a reliable index of individualized patterns of neural activation. In addition to age, 1/<i>f</i> noise was a significant predictor of N400 effects of successful lexical prediction, but noise did not mediate age-related declines in other ERP effects. We discuss broader implications of these findings for theories of predictive processing, as well as potential applications of 1/<i>f</i> noise across research populations.
3B-4 Therapeutic Potential Metric for Diagnostic Transducers (2007)

The goal of this work is to develop a 'therapeutic potential' metric and experimental protocol to define the expected efficacy of commercial, diagnostic transducers for thermal therapy. Temperature rises at the transducer face were measured using thin-film thermocouples (TFTs) on a tissue mimicking phantom for sequences with moderate acoustic output as an indicator of the risk of damage to the transducer during therapeutic applications. Several measurements were then taken to evaluate the focal heating of the transducer and compared with thermocouple measurements. The acoustic power was measured near the surface of the transducer. Spatial peak and spatial average intensities were measured in the focal plane at low system voltages to avoid nonlinear effects. Finally, ARFI imaging displacements within plusmn25% of the focus in a tissue-mimicking phantom were evaluated. Four transducers were compared using these protocols (two curvilinear arrays, one phased array, and one two-dimensional array). Without focal gain considerations, acoustic power is an inaccurate predictor of focal heating. ARFI displacement cannot easily be used to estimate focal heating, primarily due to confounding mechanical phenomena. After normalizing each measurement by the ultrasound system input, measurement device properties, focal configuration, and temporal properties, the therapeutic potential metric can most efficiently and accurately be defined by maximizing the ratio of the spatial peak intensity at the focus to the heating at the transducer face. The ratio of spatial average intensity or temperature at the focus to surface temperature can be used as alternative or additional metrics. The ID, phased array was determined to have the highest therapeutic potential for focal depths near 3.75 cm.
Learning Progress in a Chinese Order of Stroke Game: The Effects of Intrinsic Cognitive Load and Gameplay Interest Mediated by Flow Experience (2019)

When learning to write Chinese characters, it is essential for students to learn and maintain the correct order of the strokes. Chinese teachers often use computer-supported drill and practice to develop students' ability to write in the correct order, but such devices are rarely designed to stimulate learners' memory-manipulation in cognitive processes. To enhance the effect of the stimuli, a computer game called Chinese order of strokes was designed for students to practice their sensorimotor skill by providing a different color (i.e., red) to evoke learners' memory-manipulation cognitive processes. To understand the effect of this game, third-grade students from an elementary school in Taipei were invited to play Chinese order of strokes, and the correlates between their intrinsic cognitive load, gameplay interest, and flow experience were examined. The results showed that intrinsic cognitive load was negatively related to gameplay interest and flow, gameplay interest was positively related to flow, and flow was positively related to learning progress. The results imply that teachers can utilize a digital Chinese order of strokes to implement characters based on their own teaching materials and to facilitate the students' learning of the correct order of strokes.
Design and Performance Parameters of Vibrating Potato Diggers (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The performance of three similar types of vibrating potato digger blades was estimated by observing the potato separation and material flow on the bottom plate. Each machine was tested with different drive amplitudes, frequencies, and travel speeds. Blade performances were observed in three categories: (1) success by acceptable digging and soil/potato separation, (2) partial success by good material flow but poor soil/potato separation, and (3) failure by bulldozing or stalling. Three parameters, λ, the ratio of the vibrating blade speed to travel speed, ρ, the ratio of blade acceleration to travel speed, and K, the ratio of blade acceleration to gravitational acceleration, were compared to see which best predicted the interface between acceptable and marginal digging and separation. K was the most consistent predictor and a value of K ≥ 2.0 is suggested as an absolute minimum design criterion of a vibrating digger.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Cyanobacterial Toxins as Biolarvicides for Blood-Sucking Vectors (2018)

Mosquitoes are the major vectors considered to transmit diseases including dengue, malaria, filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis to humans. Mosquito populations thrive in the many breeding places made available and created by society. Although many synthetic ways are available to control mosquito vectors, natural approaches are ecofriendly, easily available, and come at a low cost. Here we review that the cyanobacteria were found to be a good biological agent as biolarvicide. The secondary metabolites from cyanobacterial genera such as Westiellopsis, Oscillatoria agardhii, and Synechococcus were found to control the larvae of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefaciatus and Culex pipiens by the synthesis of toxins like anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR. This chapter describes the isolation and characterization of mosquito larvicidal compounds from cyanobacteria and their unsaturated fatty acids to control mosquito populations.