gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep detection and classification of mitotic figures (2019)

Breast cancer is the second largest cause of cancer death among women after skin cancer. Mitotic count is an important biomarker for predicting the breast cancer prognosis according to Nottingham Grading System. Pathologists look for tumour areas and select 10 HPF(high power field) images and assign a grade based on the number of mitotic counts. Mitosis detection is a tedious task because the pathologist has to inspect a larger area. The pathologist’s views about mitotic cell are also subjective. Because of these problems, an assisting tool for the pathologist will generalize and reduce the time for diagnosis. Due to recent advancements in whole slide imaging, CAD(computer-aided diagnosis) systems are becoming popular. Mitosis detection for scanner images is difficult because of variability in shape, color, texture and its similar appearance to apoptotic nuclei, darkly stained nuclei structures. In this paper, the mitotic detection task is carried out with state of the art object detector (Faster R-CNN) and classifiers (Resnet152, Densenet169, and Densenet201) for ICPR 2012 dataset. The Faster R-CNN is used in two ways. In first, it was treated as an object detector which gave an F1-score of 0.79 while in second, it was treated as a Region Proposal Network followed by an ensemble of classifiers giving an F1-score 0.75.
Butanol production by Clostridium pasteurianum using biodiesel-derived crude glycerol (2011)

Butanol, C4H9OH, is an aliphatic saturated alcohol with potential as fuel/fuel additive that can also be used as intermediate in chemical synthesis and as solvent for a wide variety of industrial applications. The increasing demand for using renewable resources as feedstock for the production of chemicals, combined with advances in biotechnology, is generating a renewed interest in fermentative butanol production. In this context, glycerol, generated as a by-product during the production of biodiesel, arises as a potential substrate for butanol production. In Europe alone, the production of glycerol has tripled within the last 10 years and its price has been considerable reduced. Although fermentation of low-grade glycerol to butanol has been proven, there is still place for process optimization. The main goals of the current thesis are to improve the yield of butanol production from glycerol by Clostridium pasteurianum and to reduce the butanol toxicity towards this microorganism.
Tricuspid valve repair using the proportion between segments of normal tricuspid annulus as a parameter for annuloplasty Plastia tricúspide utilizando anuloplastia baseada na proporção entre os segmentos do anel da valva tricúspide normal (2007)

AbstractObjective: To determine the proportion between thesegments of the normal human tricuspid valve (TV) annulusand its use as a parameter for ring annuloplasty “in vitro” and “in vivo” . Methods: Digital images of the tricuspid ring of 30 humancadaveric hearts, without fixation and without tricuspidregurgitation (TR), were analyzed and the proportionbetween the antero-posterior and septal segments wasdetermined. This proportion was used for TV annuloplastywith bovine pericardium (BP) malleable rings on 15 heartsfrom adult cadavers with TR and ring dilatation. The sameproportion and technique were used for TV repair on 11patients with functional TR. Preoperatively, seven patientshad severe and four moderate TR; five patients were classIV and six class III (NYHA). Results: The mean ratio between the antero-posteriorand septal segments was 2.43±0.212 in the 30 hearts withoutTR. The mean size of the BP malleable ring used for “invitro” surgical procedure was 71.5±5.2 mm, median 70 mm,and there was no TR after that in all 15 hearts. The meansize of the orthesis used on the patients was 73.4±6.5 mm,median 72 mm. There was one hospital death. Six monthsafter surgery, seven patients had no TR and three had mildTR; six patients were in NYHA class I, three in class II andone in class III.
Magnetic Phase Transitions and Magnetocaloric Effect in R<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>17</sub> (R = Y, Tb, Er) (2015)

The direct measurements of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and the magnetization for R 2 Fe 17 (R = Y, Tb, Dy) compounds are reported. The maximal values of the MCE for different R 2 Fe 17 compounds are almost the same at the Curie temperature and are equal to 0.8 – 0.85 K at Λ H = 13.5 kOe. The field dependencies of the magnetization and MCE and the dependence of MCE via magnetization deviates from the classical regularities and describes by the thermodynamic theory attracting the higher terms. Obviously the occurrence of the mixed exchange interactions in these compounds leads to the requirement of consideration both thermal and local fluctuations of the exchange integrals near the magnetic transition temperature.
Defective fluid shear stress mechanotransduction mediates hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (2016)

Morphogenesis of the vascular system is strongly modulated by mechanical forces from blood flow. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited autosomal-dominant disease in which arteriovenous malformations and telangiectasias accumulate with age. Most cases are linked to heterozygous mutations in Alk1 or Endoglin, receptors for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 9 and 10. Evidence suggests that a second hit results in clonal expansion of endothelial cells to form lesions with poor mural cell coverage that spontaneously rupture and bleed. We now report that fluid shear stress potentiates BMPs to activate Alk1 signaling, which correlates with enhanced association of Alk1 and endoglin. Alk1 is required for BMP9 and flow responses, whereas endoglin is only required for enhancement by flow. This pathway mediates both inhibition of endothelial proliferation and recruitment of mural cells; thus, its loss blocks flow-induced vascular stabilization. Identification of Alk1 signaling as a convergence point for flow and soluble ligands provides a molecular mechanism for development of HHT lesions.
Touch screens with feeling (2009)

One of the most sought after new features on mobile devices is the touch screen. But that name is a misnomer, according to a group of researchers at Northwestern University, in Evanston, Ill., who point out the obvious-that these displays offer minimal tactile feedback. But suppose touch screens could touch you back: You could "feel," say, the edges of the buttons on a virtual keypad or the links on a Web page.
Zero backreflection condition for a grating-frustrated coupler (2003)

A complete theoretical analysis of a modified grating-frustrated coupler involving a second grating in an input channel is presented. We show that this second grating allows for improved performance of the device, especially in terms of backreflected light. The condition for zero backreflection is found analytically, and a physical interpretation of the results is given.
Antibacterial Effect of Copaifera duckei Dwyer Oleoresin and Its Main Diterpenes against Oral Pathogens and Their Cytotoxic Effect (2018)

This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of the <i>Copaifera duckei</i> Dwyer oleoresin and two isolated compounds [eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic acid and polyalthic acid] against bacteria involved in primary endodontic infections and dental caries and assesses the cytotoxic effect of these substances against a normal cell line. MIC and MBC assays pointed out the most promising metabolites for further studies on bactericidal kinetics, antibiofilm activity, and synergistic antibacterial action. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid but not eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic provided encouraging MIC and MBC results at concentrations lower than 100 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid activities depended on the evaluated strain. A bactericidal effect on <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> (ATCC 11578 and clinical isolate) emerged before 8 h of incubation. For all the tested bacteria, the oleoresin and polyalthic acid inhibited biofilm formation by at least 50%. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid gave the best activity against <i>Actinomyces naeslundii</i> (ATCC 19039) and <i>L. casei</i> (ATCC 11578), respectively. The synergistic assays combining the oleoresin or polyalthic acid with chlorhexidine did not afford interesting results. We examined the cytotoxicity of <i>C. duckei</i> oleoresin, eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic acid, and polyalthic acid against Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid were cytotoxic at concentrations above 78.1 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>, whereas eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic displayed cytotoxicity at concentrations above 312.5 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>. In conclusion, the oleoresin and polyalthic acid are potential sources of antibacterial agents against bacteria involved in primary endodontic infections and dental caries in both the sessile and the planktonic modes at concentrations that do not cause cytotoxicity.
Cardiomyocyte‐specific Adhesion G Protein‐Coupled Receptor F5 mediates cardiac homeostasis and contractility (2022)

G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve as pharmacological targets for a third of all currently prescribed drugs, including gold‐standard heart failure (HF) therapeutics. However, the second largest class of GPCRs, adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs), have yet to be established as clinical targets, representing an area of highly unexplored druggable potential. RNA‐sequencing analysis of left ventricle (LV) tissue isolated from healthy hearts of adult mice identified ADGRF5 as the most highly expressed aGPCR, which was validated in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes (AMCM) and shown to increase in response to transaortic constriction (TAC) surgery. To determine the impact of ADGRF5 on cardiac parameters normally or during HF, we generated constitutive cardiomyocyte‐specific (αMHC‐Cre‐driven) ADGRF5 knockout mice (CM‐ADGRF5‐KO), which displayed normal cardiac structure and function at 12 weeks of age, as assessed via echocardiography, gravimetrics and immunohistochemistry. However, over time CM‐ADGRF5‐KO mice developed worsened cardiac function and remodeling with increased mortality, even in the absence of pathologic insult, suggesting ADGRF5 provides a homeostatic regulatory function in the heart. Further, we observed that CM‐ADGRF5‐KO mice experienced an accelerated decrease in cardiac function following transaortic constriction injury (TAC) surgery with greater pathologic remodeling. To identify the mechanistic underpinnings which underlie these phenotypes, we have identified an increase in NFAT‐luciferase activity following stimulation of CM‐ADGRF5 using a synthetic ligand, GAP10, to activate CM‐ADGRF5, in vitro. This suggests that the receptor couples to Gαq signaling to mediate its effects, an intriguing finding which requires further investigation. In all, these results suggest that ADGRF5 plays an integral role in the maintenance of cardiac health normally and during the development of HF.
High‐Resolution Phased‐Array MRI of the Human Brain at 7 Tesla: Initial Experience in Multiple Sclerosis Patients (2010)

Recent advancement for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involves the incorporation of higher-field strengths. Although imagers with higher magnetic field strengths were developed and tested in research labs, the direct application to patient MR studies have been extremely limited. Imaging at 7 Tesla (7T) affords advantages in signal-to-noise ratio and image contrast and resolution; however, these benefits can only be realized if the correct coils exist to capture the images. The objective of this study was to develop optimized high-resolution 7T MRI techniques using high sensitivity, specialized phased-array coils, for improved gray matter (GM) and white matter differentiation, in an effort to improve visualization of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in vivo. Twenty-three subjects were enrolled in this preliminary study, 17 with clinically definite MS (11 females, 6 males; mean age 43.4 years; range 22-64 years) and 6 healthy controls (2 females, 4 males; mean age 39.0 years; range 27-67 years). MR imaging of MS patients at 7T was demonstrated to be safe, well tolerated, and provided high-resolution anatomical images allowing visualization of structural abnormalities localized near or within the cortical layers. Clear involvement of the GM was observed with improved morphological detail in comparison to imaging at lower-field strength.
Lipopolysaccharide subtypes of Haemophilus influenzae type b from an outbreak of invasive disease (1984)

Thirty isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b were obtained during an outbreak of invasive H. influenzae type b disease and were classified by the electrophoretic profile of their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS was extracted by a rapid micromethod and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. The isolates could be divided into 1 of 14 subtypes based on the profile of two to four bands. No subtype was predominant. However, all isolates obtained from duplicate sites of the same individual were of the same subtype. Isolates obtained from two patients (6 weeks apart) who attended the same day-care center differed in LPS subtype but were identical in their major outer membrane protein electrophoretic profile. Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from healthy children, their immediate families, and employees of the day-care center. Of 13 H. influenzae isolates examined from these contacts, only 1 was type b, which was obtained from a day-care worker and had the same LPS subtype and major outer membrane protein electrophoretic profile as one of the disease isolates. The remaining nasopharyngeal isolates were untypable, and most, but not all, were different in LPS pattern. Thus, LPS subtyping of H. influenzae type b may be useful in examining the predominance or transmission of a strain during an outbreak and may distinguish some strains not differentiated by outer membrane protein pattern.
Glucose-stimulated Expression of Txnip Is Mediated by Carbohydrate Response Element-binding Protein, p300, and Histone H4 Acetylation in Pancreatic Beta Cells (2009)

Recently, we identified Txnip (thioredoxin-interacting protein) as a mediator of glucotoxic beta cell death and discovered that lack of Txnip protects against streptozotocin- and obesity-induced diabetes by preventing beta cell apoptosis and preserving endogenous beta cell mass. Txnip has therefore become an attractive target for diabetes therapy, but although we have found that txnip transcription is highly induced by glucose through a unique carbohydrate response element, the factors controlling this effect have remained unknown. Using transient transfection experiments, we now show that overexpression of the carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) transactivates the txnip promoter, whereas ChREBP knockdown by small interfering RNA completely blunts glucose-induced txnip transcription. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that glucose leads to a dose- and time-dependent recruitment of ChREBP to the txnip promoter in vivo in INS-1 beta cells as well as human islets. Furthermore, we found that the co-activator and histone acetyltransferase p300 co-immunoprecipitates with ChREBP and also binds to the txnip promoter in response to glucose. Interestingly, this is associated with specific acetylation of histone H4 and recruitment of RNA polymerase II as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Thus, with this study we have identified ChREBP as the transcription factor that mediates glucose-induced txnip expression in human islets and INS-1 beta cells and have characterized the chromatin modification associated with glucose-induced txnip transcription. In addition, the results reveal for the first time that ChREBP interacts with p300. This may explain how ChREBP induces H4 acetylation and sheds new light on glucose-mediated regulation of chromatin structure and transcription.
Telephones in the sky (1989)

Following the rapid growth of land mobile radio, increased attention is being paid to the provision of aircraft passenger telephony services. This paper reviews the requirements for such services and outlines how modern technology will shortly enable worldwide aeronautical telephony to become a reality—via satellite. The current service provisions and enabling technologies are described and an insight provided into an experimental airline passenger telephone system.
Wind-power generation on a large scale a design idea (1976)

Windmills are today the subject of some intensive research to provide an alternative source of power. In this article, a retired engineer recalls the Orkney windmill project circa 1950 with which he was closely associated, and outlines the design of a 10 MW windmill generator
Coherent Temporal Oscillations of Macroscopic Quantum States in a Josephson Junction (2002)

We report the generation and observation of coherent temporal oscillations between the macroscopic quantum states of a Josephson tunnel junction by applying microwaves with frequencies close to the level separation. Coherent temporal oscillations of excited state populations were observed by monitoring the junction's tunneling probability as a function of time. From the data, the lower limit of phase decoherence time was estimated to be about 5 microseconds.
Numerical analysis of transient heat transfer and temperature response in a metal during a laser irradiation (1997)

This paper describes numerical analysis of transient heat transfer in a metal specimen during high-power laser irradiation. Three-dimensional finite element models of the heat flow are developed and solved, where both the convection and the radiation effects from the surfaces and the temperature dependence of all thermo-physical properties are taken into account. In this calculation, properties of iron (SS400) are used. Continuous (CW) laser irradiation of which maximum heat input 320 W, corresponding to 4 kW laser power, is applied to metal with stationary and a constant moving velocity conditions. The laser beam shapes are assumed circular or elliptical. We investigate the effects of heat input on the temperature distribution and its response based upon the model. As a result of the simulation, the heat-conduction effects are the most significant factor affecting the heat transfer processes, but the convection and radiation effects from the surface are negligible under the present conditions. Only a very thin layer (less than 0.5 mm) near the surface heated by the heat input can be high temperature regions. Simulated temperature responses along the central axis are compared with experimental results of temperature distribution obtained by a two-dimensional infrared thermometer, and both results are in good agreement, which indicated the validity of the present models. The maximum cooling rate can be estimated in the heated region, where the cooling rates is typically 103 - 104 °C/s, linearly depending on the heat input. Experimental results of laser hardening on the iron (SS400) specimen are compared with the cooling rate of these simulated results. The dependency of the hardening on the cooling rate is obtained.
Microwave and physical behavior of micro-machined structures on membrane for space applications (2004)

This article addresses the reliability of micro-machined structures on membrane. RF filters on membrane have been used. The aim of the present work is to prove that these micro-electro-mechanical structures (MEMS) possess an adequate behavior with respect to spatial constraints. We studied the S parameter evolution in function of the temperature and the mechanical reliability towards shocks and vibration. The structures show a very good resistance towards these preliminary constraints.
<title>Diffuse hologram for indoor infrared wireless communication</title> (2002)

A diffuse hologram was designed, fabricated and tested. The application of this hologram is to create a uniform light distribution environment so that shadowing problem encountered in infrared-red communication could be overcome. Our hologram is a binary-phase level with an array of pixel of 256 x 256 and was computer generated. The hologram was fabricated using both the direct laser writer and electron beam writer technique, and followed by reactive ion etching on quartz substrate. The feature size of the holograms is ~11 mm and ~2 mm for the direct laser writer and e-beam lithography respectively. To evaluate the hologram, it was reconstructed in a dark room of size 4.6m x 3.6m x 2.61m and light distribution across the room was measured.
Spectrometer on chip: a monolithic WDM component (1992)

There is currently considerable interest in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems. In telecommunications, this ranges from full exploitation of the fiber bandwidth in very high bit rate links, through service segregation, to supplying customers in the local loop on different wavelengths (see Fig. 1).1 Sophisticated wavelength routing architectures are also being studies. Also, in computing it is now recognized that the numerous connections required between processors is imposing serious electronic bottleneck problems. Optical interconnects are offered as the solution2 and, again, full utilization occurs with the use of multiple wavelengths.
Characteristics of PM Synchronous Motor with Trapezoidal EMF driven by Novel PWM Strategy (2004)

A new modified trapezoidal modulating signal for pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter suitable for the Permanent Magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive is proposed in this paper. A new modulating signal for the PMSM drive is determined by the condition of reducing torque ripple of the motor with various electromotive force (EMF). Proposed modulating signal is able to decrease the torque ripple even if the motor has sinusoidal EMF or non-sinusoidal EMF. By using the proposed modulating signal, the system reduced the torque ripple as well as achieving the effective utilization of the DC supply voltage for the inverter. Many improvements are accomplished by the PWM strategy adapting the modified trapezoidal modulating signal without a change in hardware.
Quiescence Preconditioned Human Multipotent Stromal Cells Adopt a Metabolic Profile Favorable for Enhanced Survival under Ischemia (2016)

A major impediment to the development of therapies with mesenchymal stem cells/multipotent stromal cells (MSC) is the poor survival and engraftment of MSCs at the site of injury. We hypothesized that lowering the energetic demand of MSCs by driving them into a quiescent state would enhance their survival under ischemic conditions. Human MSCs (hMSCs) were induced into quiescence by serum deprivation (SD) for 48 hours. Such preconditioned cells (SD-hMSCs) exhibited reduced nucleotide and protein syntheses compared to unpreconditioned hMSCs. SD-hMSCs sustained their viability and their ATP levels upon exposure to severe, continuous, near-anoxia (0.1% O<sub>2</sub> ) and total glucose depletion for up to 14 consecutive days in vitro, as they maintained their hMSC multipotential capabilities upon reperfusion. Most importantly, SD-hMSCs showed enhanced viability in vivo for the first week postimplantation in mice. Quiescence preconditioning modified the energy-metabolic profile of hMSCs: it suppressed energy-sensing mTOR signaling, stimulated autophagy, promoted a shift in bioenergetic metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and upregulated the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes, such as PEPCK. Since the presence of pyruvate in cell culture media was critical for SD-hMSC survival under ischemic conditions, we speculate that these cells may utilize some steps of gluconeogenesis to overcome metabolic stress. These findings support that SD preconditioning causes a protective metabolic adaptation that might be taken advantage of to improve hMSC survival in ischemic environments. Stem Cells 2017;35:181-196.
Phenylketonuria (2001)

Abstract Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting in increased phenylalanine concentrations. This treatable condition is a leading cause of mental retardation.