gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acids (2006)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 3. Production of Natural Fatty Acids 3.1. Resources and Raw Materials 3.2. Fat Splitting 3.2.1. Hydrolysis – Principles 3.2.2. Hydrolysis – Industrial Procedure 3.2.3. Hydrolysis – Enzymatic Processes 3.3. Separation of Fatty Acids 3.3.1. Distillation 3.3.2. Crystallization 3.4. Modification of Fatty Acids 3.4.1. Hydrogenation 3.4.2. Double Bond Isomerization 3.4.3. Dehydration 3.4.4. Dimerization 3.4.5. Ozonolysis 3.4.6. Thermal Decomposition 3.4.7. Bio‐Oxidation of Fatty Acids 3.4.8. Enzymatic Esterification 4. Production of Synthetic Fatty Acids 4.1. Hydroformylation 4.2. Hydrocarboxylation 4.3. Other Commercial and Noncommercial Processes 5. Analysis 6. Storage and Transportation 7. Environmental Protection, Toxicology and Occupational Health 8. Uses 9. References
Combinations of olmesartan and a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic in elderly hypertensive patients (2014)

Despite no significant difference in cardiovascular events, the different safety profiles suggest that the combination of olmesartan and CCB may be preferable to that of olmesartan and diuretic.
Harmonizing tax policies in Central America (1989)

This report proposes an action plan for the rationalization of tax structures for Central America. To harmonize tax policies among Central American nations, the report recommends the following: (a) continuing trade liberalization, by reducing thelevel and dispersion of effective trade protection; (b) shifting the tax system from reliance on trade to reliance on domestic transactions and income; (c) making the value added tax the backbone of the tax system; and (d) improving tax administration. It also recommends; (e) harmonizing taxes on inputs and exempting nontraditional exporters from paying import duties; (f) moving toward coordinating factor incomes to avoid double taxation; (g) eliminating all quantitative import restrictions, prior imports deposits, non-common import tariffs and other restrictions on imports from other Central American Common Market (CACM) members; (h) applying similar principles in designing export taxes on coffee and bananas; and (i) not using differential exchange rates to discriminate against regional trade. If implemented, it is hoped that these reforms, along with other structural reforms, would help spark the latent growth potential in Central American economies.
Risk of Rupture in Coronary Vulnerable Plaques: Fluid-Structure Interaction Studies Using Patient Based Micro-CT and IVUS Measurements (2011)

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations were conducted in patient-specific coronary vulnerable plaque (VP) geometries reconstructed from Micro-CT and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), in order to study the effects of microcalcification (micro-Ca), anisotropic vessel properties, and hypertension on plaque vulnerability. The models reconstructed from IVUS included vessel wall, fibrous cap, lipid core and large calcifications. A model reconstructed post mortem from a coronary specimen of a patient with confirmed VP was scanned using high resolution micro-CT. This enabled capture of micro calcifications embedded in the VP fibrous cap in addition to the plaque components mentioned above. Regions susceptible to tissue failure were studied. The thin fibrous cap regions of the plaque were characterized by high stress concentrations. The presence of single or multiple micro-calcified spots embedded within the fibrous cap was studied as well. Micro-Ca significantly enhanced stresses within the fibrous cap, significantly contributing to the risk of rupture.
Inside Cover: Light‐Activated Release of Nitric Oxide with Fluorescence Reporting in Living Cells (ChemMedChem 9/2011) (2011)

The inside cover picture shows a molecular conjugate incorporating a nitric oxide (NO) photodispenser and a masked fluorescent unit within the same molecular skeleton. This conjugate causes photoregulated NO release leading to remarkable mortality in cancer cells and the generation of a strongly fluorescent coproduct that serves as an optical reporter for the NO concentration released. For more details, see the Communication by Salvatore Sortino et al. p. 1551 ff.
Understanding climate-induced migration through computational modeling: A critical overview with guidance for future efforts (2016)

Climate change has the potential to displace large populations in many parts of the developed and developing world. Understanding why, how, and when environmental migrants decide to move is critical to successful strategic planning within organizations tasked with helping the affected groups, and mitigating their systemic impacts. One way to support planning is through the employment of computational modeling techniques. Models can provide a window into possible futures, allowing planners and decision makers to test different scenarios in order to understand what might happen. While modeling is a powerful tool, it presents both opportunities and challenges. This paper builds a foundation for the broader community of model consumers and developers by: providing an overview of pertinent climate-induced migration research, describing some different types of models and how to select the most relevant one(s), highlighting three perspectives on obtaining data to use in said model(s), and the consequences associated with each. It concludes with two case studies based on recent research that illustrate what can happen when ambitious modeling efforts are undertaken without sufficient planning, oversight, and interdisciplinary collaboration. We hope that the broader community can learn from our experiences and apply this knowledge to their own modeling research efforts.
Propagation Direction Interleaved Cladding Pumped 19-core EDFA in L-band (2020)

Core-to-core crosstalk of an L-band 19-core EDFA is reduced by propagation direction interleaving technique. Characteristics change of gain and noise figure for the cores with backward direction, which C-band ones shows no change, are confirmed.
Theory of Polymer–Nanopore Interactions Refined Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations (2013)

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to refine a theoretical model that describes the interaction of single polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules with α-hemolysin (αHL) nanopores. The simulations support the underlying assumptions of the model, that PEG decreases the pore conductance by binding cations (which reduces the number of mobile ions in the pore) and by volume exclusion, and provide bounds for fits to new experimental data. Estimation of cation binding indicates that four monomers coordinate a single K(+) in a crown-ether-like structure, with, on average, 1.5 cations bound to a PEG 29-mer at a bulk electrolyte concentration of 4 M KCl. Additionally, PEG is more cylindrical and has a larger cross-section area in the pore than in solution, although its volume is similar. Two key experimental quantities of PEG are described by the model: the ratio of single channel current in the presence of PEG to that in the polymer's absence (blockade depth) and the mean residence time of PEG in the pore. The refined theoretical model is simultaneously fit to the experimentally determined current blockade depth and the mean residence times for PEGs with 15 to 45 monomers, at applied transmembrane potentials of -40 to -80 mV and for three electrolyte concentrations. The model estimates the free energy of the PEG-cation complexes to be -5.3 kBT. Finally the entropic penalty of confining PEG to the pore is found to be inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration.
DARE UK PRiAM Project D2 Report: A Privacy Risk Assessment Framework for Safe Collaborative Research: Risk Tiers for a consistent and transparent use of the five safes framework (2022)

Sharing data for research, when carried out responsibly, can have huge public benefits. However, without appropriate protections in place, institutions risk losing the trust of individuals. Hence, privacy risk assessment should be baked into the decision-making processes for sharing or providing access to data. The current approaches for assessing privacy risk are ad hoc, manual, opaque, and inconsistent across different organisations or even different individuals in the same organisation. In this report, we propose a new privacy risk assessment framework that can improve consistency and transparency in data sharing decisions. Our intention is to support shared subjectivity in decision-making among various stakeholders and enforce the subjective decisions consistently.<br> Our privacy risk assessment framework is built on top of the Five Safes, which is widely used across different public institutions in the UK. In the first PRiAM report (D1), we explored how various organisations using the Five Safes framework interpret it differently. It is impossible to assess if the framework is being used effectively, unless more details regarding how each of these safes were accounted for are available. The proposed privacy risk assessment framework aims to facilitate better usage of the Five Safes. The key idea is to enable data custodians to explicitly list the criteria they consider for assessing privacy risk, thereby enhancing transparency. These criteria are then used to categorise different data sharing scenarios into discrete tiers of risk that can further be tied to decisions around data sharing, therefore providing consistency in decision-making. Creating discrete levels of risk encourages comparison-based reasoning about risk in different scenarios as well as provides a starting point for the creation of standard benchmarks.
New Nanofiber Composition for Multiscale Bubble Capture and Separation (2022)

Bubble dynamics inside a liquid medium and its interactions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces are crucial for many industrial processes. Electrospinning of polymers has emerged as a promising fabrication technique capable of producing a wide variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer nanofibers and membranes at a low cost. Thus, knowledge about the bubble interactions on electrospun hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanofibers can be utilized for capturing; separating; and transporting macro-, micro-, and nanobubbles. In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PMMA-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) electrospun nanofibers were fabricated to investigate gas bubble interactions with submerged nanofiber mats. To improve their durability, the nanofibers were reinforced with a plastic mesh. The ultimate tensile strengths of PMMA and PMMA-30%PEG nanofibers were measured as 0.35 and 0.30 MPa, respectively. With the use of reinforcement mesh, the mechanical properties of final membranes could be improved by a factor of 70. The gas permeability of the electrospun and reinforced nanofibers was also studied using the high-speed visualization technique and a homemade setup to investigate the effect of electrospun nanofibers on the bubble coalescence and size in addition to the frequency of released bubbles from the nanofiber mat. The diffusion rate of air bubbles in hydrophobic PMMA electrospun nanofibers was measured as 10 L/s for each square meter of the nanofiber. However, the PMMA-30%PEG mat was able to restrict the diffusion of gas bubbles through its pores owing to the van der Waals force between the water molecules and nanofiber surface as well as the high stability of the thin water layer. It has been shown that the hydrophobic electrospun nanofibers can capture and coalesce the rising gas bubbles and release them with predictable size and frequency. Consequently, the diameter of bubbles introduced to the hydrophobic PMMA membrane ranged between 2 and 25 mm, whereas the diameter of bubbles released from the hydrophobic electrospun nanofibers was measured as 8 ± 1 mm. The proposed mechanism and fabricated electrospun nanofibers can enhance the efficiency of various systems such as heat exchangers, liquid-gas separation filters, and direct air capture (DAC) systems.
A molten globule-to-ordered structure transition of Drosophila melanogaster crammer is required for its ability to inhibit cathepsin (2011)

Drosophila melanogaster crammer is a novel cathepsin inhibitor that is involved in LTM (long-term memory) formation. The mechanism by which the inhibitory activity is regulated remains unclear. In the present paper we have shown that the oligomeric state of crammer is pH dependent. At neutral pH, crammer is predominantly dimeric in vitro as a result of disulfide bond formation, and is monomeric at acidic pH. Our inhibition assay shows that monomeric crammer, not disulfide-bonded dimer, is a strong competitive inhibitor of cathepsin L. Crammer is a monomeric molten globule in acidic solution, a condition that is similar to the environment in the lysosome where crammer is probably located. Upon binding to cathepsin L, however, crammer undergoes a molten globule-to-ordered structural transition. Using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, we have shown that a cysteine-to-serine point mutation at position 72 (C72S) renders crammer monomeric at pH 6.0 and that the structure of the C72S variant highly resembles that of wild-type crammer in complex with cathepsin L at pH 4.0. We have determined the first solution structure of propeptide-like protease inhibitor in its active form and examined in detail using a variety of spectroscopic methods the folding properties of crammer in order to delineate its biomolecular recognition of cathepsin.
Clinical Quantitation of Prostate-specific Antigen Biomarker in the Low Nanogram/Milliliter Range by Conventional Bore Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) Coupling and Correlation with ELISA Tests (2008)

Proteomics discovery leads to a list of potential protein biomarkers that have to be subsequently verified and validated with a statistically viable number of patients. Although the most sensitive, the development of an ELISA test is time-consuming when antibodies are not available and need to be conceived. Mass spectrometry analysis driven in quantitative multiple reaction monitoring mode is now appearing as a promising alternative to quantify proteins in biological fluids. However, all the studies published to date describe limits of quantitation in the low microg/ml range when no immunoenrichment of the target protein is applied, whereas the concentration of known clinical biomarkers is usually in the ng/ml range. Using prostate-specific antigen as a model biomarker, we now provide proof of principle that mass spectrometry enables protein quantitation in a concentration range of clinical interest without immunoenrichment. We have developed and optimized a robust sample processing method combining albumin depletion, trypsin digestion, and solid phase extraction of the proteotypic peptides starting from only 100 microl of serum. For analysis, mass spectrometry was coupled to a conventional liquid chromatography system using a 2-mm-internal diameter reverse phase column. This mass spectrometry-based strategy was applied to the quantitation of prostate-specific antigen in sera of patients with either benign prostate hyperplasia or prostate cancer. The quantitation was performed against an external calibration curve by interpolation, and results showed good correlation with existing ELISA tests applied to the same samples. This strategy might now be implemented in any clinical laboratory or certified company for further evaluation of any putative biomarker in the low ng/ml range of serum or plasma.
Distilling Knowledge from Graph Convolutional Networks (2020)

Existing knowledge distillation methods focus on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), where the input samples like images lie in a grid domain, and have largely overlooked graph convolutional networks (GCN) that handle non-grid data. In this paper, we propose to our best knowledge the first dedicated approach to distilling knowledge from a pre-trained GCN model. To enable the knowledge transfer from the teacher GCN to the student, we propose a local structure preserving module that explicitly accounts for the topological semantics of the teacher. In this module, the local structure information from both the teacher and the student are extracted as distributions, and hence minimizing the distance between these distributions enables topology-aware knowledge transfer from the teacher, yielding a compact yet high-performance student model. Moreover, the proposed approach is readily extendable to dynamic graph models, where the input graphs for the teacher and the student may differ. We evaluate the proposed method on two different datasets using GCN models of different architectures, and demonstrate that our method achieves the state-of-the-art knowledge distillation performance for GCN models. Code is publicly available at https://github.com/ihollywhy/DistillGCN.PyTorch.
FPGA based hardware architecture for HIT/DLR hand (2005)

In this paper, FPGA (field programmable gate array) based hardware architecture for the HIT/DLR hand has been investigated. With the FPGAs for lower level control and DSP (digital signal processor) for higher level control, the whole hardware is very intelligent. By using the high capacity of FPGAs, the additional hardware such as communication controller and PWM generators, can be implemented in a single chip and the hardware system is more flexible and compact. In each finger there is an FPGA for data collection, brushless DC motors control and communication with palm's FPGA by point-to-point serial communication (PPSeCo). The kernel of the hardware system is a PCI-based high speed floating-point DSP for data processing, and FPGA for high-speed (up to 25Mbps) real-time serial communication with the palm's FPGA. There needs only 4 cables for the data transmission and the sampling cycle for each sensor is only 200 /spl mu/s. This paper presents the basic ideas behind the HIT/DLR hand's hard- and software architecture adapted to new needs in data processing.
Neurologic complications of petrosal sinus sampling. (1992)

Petrosal sinus sampling has been described as an innocuous, essentially risk-free procedure. The authors report on two patients from two different institutions who sustained brain stem injury as a result of petrosal sinus sampling and two other patients in whom brain stem injury was avoided. Major neurologic complications have occurred in only 0.2% of procedures (one of 508) performed at the National Institutes of Health and in 0.5% of a subset of these procedures (one of 184) that were performed with a specially designed petrosal sinus catheter. The cause of these complications is unclear but is presumed to be localized venous hypertension. Tip-deflector catheter-guide-wire systems, if available, are recommended for petrosal sinus sampling. Inadequate data exist to permit recommendation of any other catheter. Brain stem injury is preventable if the catheter is withdrawn at the earliest sign of even a minor, seemingly insignificant problem. Subtle symptoms and signs that may not appear to be neurologic may herald a clinical catastrophe if not heeded.
Structurally silent peptide anchor modifications allosterically modulate T cell recognition in a receptor-dependent manner (2021)

Presentation of peptides by class I MHC proteins underlies T cell immune responses to pathogens and cancer. The association between peptide binding affinity and immunogenicity has led to the engineering of modified peptides with improved MHC binding, with the hope that these peptides would be useful for eliciting cross-reactive immune responses directed toward their weak binding, unmodified counterparts. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that T cell receptors (TCRs) can perceive such anchor-modified peptides differently than wild-type (WT) peptides, although the scope of discrimination is unclear. We show here that even modifications at primary anchors that have no discernible structural impact can lead to substantially stronger or weaker T cell recognition depending on the TCR. Surprisingly, the effect of peptide anchor modification can be sensed by a TCR at regions distant from the site of modification, indicating a through-protein mechanism in which the anchor residue serves as an allosteric modulator for TCR binding. Our findings emphasize caution in the use and interpretation of results from anchor-modified peptides and have implications for how anchor modifications are accounted for in other circumstances, such as predicting the immunogenicity of tumor neoantigens. Our data also highlight an important need to better understand the highly tunable dynamic nature of class I MHC proteins and the impact this has on various forms of immune recognition.
Effective Carrier Sensing in CSMA Networks under Cumulative Interference (2011)

This paper proposes the concept of safe carrier-sensing range under the cumulative interference model that guarantees interference-safe (also known as hidden-node-free) transmissions in CSMA networks. Compared with a previous related concept of safe carrier-sensing range under the commonly assumed but less realistic pairwise interference model, we show that the safe carrier-sensing range under the cumulative interference model is larger by a constant multiplicative factor. For example, the factor is 1.4 if the SINR requirement is 10dB and the path-loss exponent is 4 in a noiseless case. We further show that the concept of a safe carriersensing range, although amenable to elegant analytical results, is inherently not compatible with the conventional power-threshold carrier-sensing mechanism (e.g., that used in IEEE 802.11). Specifically, the absolute power sensed by a node in the conventional carrier-sensing mechanism does not contain enough information for the node to derive its distances from other concurrent transmitting nodes. We show that, fortunately, a new carrier-sensing mechanism called Incremental-Power Carrier-Sensing (IPCS) can realize the carrier-sensing range concept in a simple way. Instead of monitoring the absolute detected power, the IPCS mechanism monitors every increment in the detected power. This means that IPCS can separate the detected power of every concurrent transmitter, and map the power profile to the required distance information. Our extensive simulation results indicate that IPCS can boost spatial reuse and network throughput by more than 60% relative to the conventional carrier-sensing mechanism. Last but not least, IPCS not only allows us to implement the safe carrier-sensing range, but also ties up a loose end in many other prior theoretical works that implicitly used a carrier-sensing range (interference-safe or otherwise) without an explicit design to realize it. Biography Liqun Fu is currently a postdoctoral fellow with the Institute of Network Coding at CUHK. She received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Xiamen University in 2003, the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Tsinghua University in 2006, and the Ph.D. Degree in Information Engineering from The Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2010. From June to November 2009, she worked as a visiting research student in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University. Her research interests are in the area of wireless communications and networking, with current focus on physical-layer network coding, resource allocation, distributed protocol design, and wireless greening. **ALL ARE WELCOME ** Host: Professor Raymond W.H. Yeung (Tel: 3943-8375, Email: whyeung@ie.cuhk.edu.hk) Enquiries: Information Engineering Dept., CUHK (Tel.: 3943-8388)
Single-mode large-mode area fiber amplifier with higher-order mode suppression and distributed passband filtering of ASE and SRS (2010)

A Large-Mode Area (LMA) single-mode Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier with distributed narrow passband filtering is demonstrated. The fiber passband is ~ 40nm wide and centered at 1070nm for efficient filtering of both short- and longwavelength Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) as well as Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS). The fiber design provides Higher-Order Mode (HOM) suppression and is polarization maintaining. It has a mode field diameter of 27&#956;m and exhibits a slope efficiency of &gt;60%.