gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Velocity Impact Properties Characterization of Nano-Phased Bi-Layered Body Armor (2011)

It has been already established by different investigators that addition of nano-reinforcements to plastics and fibers further enhances the mechanical and thermal properties of these materials. In this investigation, we have tested a bi-layer composite armor made of a ceramic layer and a nano-reinforcement infused epoxy layer. Our objective is to determine whether the infusion of nano-reinforcements in an epoxy layer enhances the ballistic properties of this bi-layer armor system. This bi-layered armor which was made of an alumina layer and a nano-infused epoxy layer was tested by a Fragment Simulating Projectile (FSP) method. Silica nanoparticles and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a loading range of 0–1wt% were used for this purpose. Armors having the same thickness but made of only a single pure ceramic layer and a bi-layer composite made of a ceramic layer and a neat epoxy layer were also tested for comparison purposes. A gas gun with high velocity projectile was used to perform the experiment. A striking velocity of about 400m/s was used to hit the target armor plate. The striking velocity of the projectile was obtained by maintaining a breach end pressure of helium gas in the gas gun at about 500 psi. The striking velocity was chosen at a level which was well above the ballistic limits of the armor materials. A finite element analysis was also performed to evaluate the ballistic properties of the composite armor and to compare those with the experimental data. Numerical and experimental results for the residual velocity of the piercing bullets were found to be in good agreement. Details of the experimental and numerical data are presented in this paper.
Speaker transformation using sentence HMM based alignments and detailed prosody modification (2002)

This paper presents several improvements to our voice conversion system which we refer to as speaker transformation algorithm using segmental codebooks (STASC). First, a new concept, sentence HMM, is introduced for the alignment of speech waveforms sharing the same text. This alignment technique allows reliable and high resolution mapping between two speech waveforms. In addition, it is observed that energy and speaking rate differences between two speakers are not constant across all phonemes. Therefore a codebook based duration and energy scaling algorithm is proposed. Finally, a more detailed pitch modification is introduced that takes into account pitch range differences between source and target speakers in addition to mean pitch level differences. The proposed changes made a significant impact on the quality of transformed speech. Subjective listening tests showed that intelligibility is maintained at the same level as natural speech after the speaker transformation.
EFFECTS OF CYCLOSPORINE ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM IN DOGS1 (1992)

Neurological side effects associated with cyclosporine immunosuppressive therapy are generally believed to occur with CsA blood concentrations above the therapeutic range. The effects of high blood CsA levels on cerebral hemodynamics, metabolism, and electrophysiologic activity were studied in acute (no CsA prior treatment) and chronic (with CsA prior treatment) dogs. In acute animals, when parenteral CsA (10 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (CsA blood level 2000-22,000 ng/ml), slight but significant time-dependent decreases in cerebral blood flow (CBF), prolongation of absolute latencies of somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP), and brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAER) were noted. In the CsA chronically administered animals (oral CsA 25 mg/kg/24 hr for 14 days, CsA blood level 1077 ng/ml), baseline cerebral physiologic parameters were normal, and the cerebral responses to further administration of CsA (25 mg/kg, CSA blood level 56,000 ng/ml) intravenously were similar to those of the acute animals. Animals given Cremophor EL, the solvent for parenteral CsA preparation, showed similar cerebral responses to those observed in animals given CsA. Thus this study showed that CsA, regardless of the dose given, whether chronically or acutely administered, or the solvent for CsA all induced similar cerebral physiologic responses. We suggest that the cerebral physiologic and functional changes associated with parenteral CsA administration were small and were likely caused by its solvent, Cremophor EL, rather than CsA itself. Furthermore on the basis of our results, it is unlikely that high blood CsA per se can account for neurological side effects that occur in immunosuppressed patients.
Automated extraction of single H atoms with STM: tip state dependency (2017)

The atomistic structure of the tip apex plays a crucial role in performing reliable atomic-scale surface and adsorbate manipulation using scanning probe techniques. We have developed an automated extraction routine for controlled removal of single hydrogen atoms from the H:Si(100) surface. The set of atomic extraction protocols detect a variety of desorption events during scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-induced modification of the hydrogen-passivated surface. The influence of the tip state on the probability for hydrogen removal was examined by comparing the desorption efficiency for various classifications of STM topographs (rows, dimers, atoms, etc). We find that dimer-row-resolving tip apices extract hydrogen atoms most readily and reliably (and with least spurious desorption), while tip states which provide atomic resolution counter-intuitively have a lower probability for single H atom removal.
Permissive and nonpermissive channel closings in CFTR revealed by a factor graph inference algorithm (2022)

The closing of the gated ion channel in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator can be categorized as nonpermissive to reopening, which involves the unbinding of ADP or ATP, or permissive, which does not. Identifying the type of closing is of interest as interactions with nucleotides can be affected in mutants or by introducing agonists. However, all closings are electrically silent and difficult to differentiate. For single-channel patch-clamp traces, we show that the type of the closing can be accurately determined by an inference algorithm implemented on a factor graph, which we demonstrate using both simulated and lab-obtained patch-clamp traces.
Heme oxygenase-1 reverses HIV-1 Tat activity: prospects for AIDS prevention (2012)

Background Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a HEME regulator and plays a role in ameliorating HIV-1 infection. In particular, HO-1 inhibits Tat-dependent activation of HIV-1 LTR promoter inhibiting viral gene expression. This suggests that increasing HO-1 activity in HIV-infected cells can reverse Tat action which may contribute to AIDS prevention. However, the correlation between HO-1 and HIV-1 Tat has not been fully elucidated. In order to fully understand how increasing HO-1 activity reverses Tat action and result into the prevention of HIV infection, the mechanism behind the correlation between HIV-1 Tat and HO-1 should first be established.
Postoperative protocols following endoscopic skull base surgery: An evidence‐based review with recommendations (2022)

The evidence for postoperative ESBS precautions is heterogeneous, scarce, and generally of low quality. Although this review identified the best evidence available in the literature, it suggests the urgent need for more robust evidence. Therefore, additional high-quality studies are needed in order to devise optimal postoperative ESBS protocols.
Effects of exon sequences on splicing of model pre-mRNA substrates in vitro. (1996)

We used several related pre-mRNA substrates consisting of two introns and three exons to study effects of exon sequences on in vitro splicing. By varying the sequence of the internal exon and measuring the frequency of its skipping we confirmed that 26-nucleotide exon element naturally existing in beta-globin gene and previously analysed in vivo, has a strong stimulatory effect on splicing. Sequence analysis of this element suggests that it belongs to a family of purine-rich splicing elements found in exons of several alternatively spliced pre-mRNAs. The 26-nucleotide element can efficiently function in enhancing inclusion of internal exons regardless of their size and sequence composition, suggesting that it plays a role of a general exon recognition element. The purine-rich element is dispensable in exons flanked by strong splice sites, which promote efficient inclusion of otherwise poorly recognized exons. A row of six cytidines inserted into the internal exon (GC2 mutation) initially considered to stimulate exon inclusion to a similar extent as the purine-rich element (Dominski & Kole, 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23590-23596), appears not to affect splice site selection in vitro, and in vivo it is likely to act by stabilizing mRNA that includes the internal exon against rapid cytoplasmic degradation.
Prospective evaluation of the effect of rotator cuff integrity on patient outcomes following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (SS‐75) (2004)

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) has been reported to have good clinical results but 70% to 90% retear rates by ultrasound. This study prospectively evaluates postoperative cuff integrity, as assessed by MRI, and patient outcomes following arthroscopic RCR. Methods: Fifty-two consecutive patients after arthroscopic RCR by a single surgeon were prospectively enrolled for evaluation preoperatively and at one year follow-up, including a postoperative MRI. Any tendon defect was graded a retear, even if smaller than the original tear. Results: Thirty-two patients had completed the arthroscopic RCR protocol and were evaluated. Overall ASES scores improved from 46 to 77, and Constant scores from 52 to71 (P < .05). Strength in forward elevation and external rotation improved significantly, from 5.9 to 9.8 lb, and 9.4 to 13.3 lb (P < .05). The average preoperative tear size was 3.1 cm; 15 tears were <3 cm and 17 >3 m. 47% of the rotator cuffs were intact by MRI. Of tears <3 cm, 80% were intact at follow-up; of tears >3 cm, 18% were intact at follow-up. 13% of massive tears (≥5 cm) were intact by MRI. There was a trend to better scores with an intact cuff (Constant 80, ASES 90, P = .06) than with a retear (Constant 72, ASES 78). Patients with intact cuffs had significantly greater strength of elevation (P < .005) and strength in external rotation (P < .02). Conclusion: Arthroscopic RCR yields excellent clinical outcomes which are better if the tendon is intact at follow-up. Repairs of small and medium tears of the rotator cuff have a high rate of cuff integrity (80%) while the large and massive tears have a higher retear rate. It should be noted that these results evaluate early arthroscopic methods. As techniques continue to evolve, e.g., current use of a double row of anchors, it is hoped that security of repairs of larger tears will improve.
Abstract 10198: Using Weakly Supervised Machine Learning to Label Atrial Fibrillation in Real-World Intensive Care Unit Telemetry Data (2022)

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) alerts from clinical monitoring systems are often inaccurate. Recently reported AF detectors utilize curated, publicly-available databases for model training. Real-world data rather than curated databases would be better suited to improve upon these inaccuracies, but labeling high-frequency waveform data over ICU stays would require significant clinician hours. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that AF can be accurately and efficiently labeled in stored, real-world telemetry data through clinician-made heuristics describing AF that inform a weakly supervised AF detection model. Methods: We examined high-frequency telemetry data from 72 beds in a tertiary care center using a commercial monitoring system. Previously described time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability features centered over 10-second segments were calculated. K-means clustering was applied over RR interval Poincaré plots (RR n vs RR n+1 ) to describe rhythmic patterns. Over 20 features and associated clinician-driven heuristics delineating AF from other rhythms informed a weakly supervised AF labeling algorithm. Performance was evaluated on ~100 independent, hand-labeled segments. Results: Over 10,000 10-second telemetry segments from 657 ICU patients were used to train our weakly supervised model. The model had an AUC of 0.91 and accuracy of 88%. Positive predictive value and sensitivity were 0.67 and 0.82 for AF segments and 0.95 and 0.89 for non-AF segments. Compared to our commercial monitoring system, our model demonstrated significant improvement in AF F1 score (0.73 vs 0.56) with the same F1 score for non-AF rhythms (0.92). The most influential features on AUC included a standard measure of heart rate variability (pNN20) and rhythm clustering pattern (sum of squared error). Conclusions: We demonstrated a time-saving means of labeling AF in a large, real-world telemetry database through weak supervision. Features describing heart rate variability and RR interval irregularity through clustering techniques led to intuitive, clinically sound rules for identifying AF. Our contribution permits the creation of much larger, more clinically relevant datasets with AF clearly labeled for improved study and care of this population.
Spin-dependent scattering in weakly coupled nickel films (2000)

We report the spin-dependent magneto-transport in chemically homogeneous weakly coupled nickel films above their conductance percolation threshold. This is a new type of GMR system free of a non-magnetic spacer where a sharp reversal of local magnetic moments is achieved by dimensional confinement. Magnetoresistance increases with the films resistivity in a remarkable similarity to the tunnel-type GMR systems.
Synthesis of Medium and Large Ring Compounds, XXXVIII. Ring Enlargement of Cyclodecanone by a Chiral Building Block: Synthesis and Olfactory Properties of (12R)‐(+)‐12‐Methyl‐13‐Tridecanolide (1994)

Abstract The title compound (+)‐ 3 was synthesized in four steps by ring enlargement of cyclodecanone ( 6 ) with the chiral building block 5 . The protected hydroxy halide 5 , easily prepared from commercially available (2 S )‐(+)‐methyl 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoate ( 4 ), was introduced by HMPA‐mediated enolate alkylation and subsequent formation of the cyclic enol ether 8 . Ozonolysis and mild chemoselective reduction of the carbonyl function led to the optically active target molecule (+)‐ 3 , which possesses a very interesting clear musk note with elegant sandalwood aspects.
Reuse of autologous corneal epithelium (1992)

From St. Mary's Eye Center, Santa Monica, California. The author has no financial interest in the instrument described.
Microbial Communities across Global Marine Basins Show Important Compositional Similarities by Depth (2020)

The environmental surveys following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill identified a variety of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, and laboratory studies with field-collected water samples then demonstrated faster-than-expected hydrocarbon biodegradation rates at 5°C. Knowledge about microbial community composition, diversity, and functional metabolic capabilities aids in understanding and predicting petroleum biodegradation by microbial communities <i>in situ</i> and is therefore an important component of the petroleum spill response decision-making process. This study investigates the taxonomic composition of microbial communities in six different global basins where petroleum and gas activities occur. Shallow-water communities were strikingly similar across basins, while deep-water communities tended to show subclusters by basin, with communities from the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic zones sometimes appearing within the same cluster. Microbial taxa that were enriched in the water column in the Gulf of Mexico following the DWH spill were found across marine basins. Several hydrocarbon-degrading genera (e.g., <i>Actinobacteria, Pseudomonas</i>, and <i>Rhodobacteriacea</i>) were common across all basins. Other genera such as <i>Pseudoalteromonas</i> and <i>Oleibacter</i> were highly enriched in specific basins.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Marine microbial communities are a vital component of global carbon cycling, and numerous studies have shown that populations of petroleum-degrading bacteria are ubiquitous in the oceans. Few studies have attempted to distinguish all of the taxa that might contribute to petroleum biodegradation (including, e.g., heterotrophic and nondesignated microbes that respond positively to petroleum and microbes that grow on petroleum as the sole carbon source). This study quantifies the subpopulations of microorganisms that are expected to be involved in petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation, which is important information during the decision-making process in the event of a petroleum spill accident.
Model-Based Speech Enhancement With Improved Spectral Envelope Estimation via Dynamics Tracking (2011)

In this work, we present a model-based approach to enhance noisy speech using an analysis-synthesis framework. Target speech is reconstructed with model parameters estimated from noisy observations. In particular, spectral envelope is estimated by tracking its temporal trajectories in order to improve the noise-distorted short-time spectral amplitude. Initially, we propose an analysis-synthesis framework for speech enhancement based on harmonic noise model (HNM). Acoustic parameters such as pitch, spectral envelope, and spectral gain are extracted from HNM analysis. Spectral envelope estimation is improved by tracking its line spectrum frequency trajectories through Kalman filtering. System identification of Kalman filter is achieved via a combined design of codebook mapping scheme and maximum-likelihood estimator with parallel training data. Complete system design and experimental validations are given in details. Through performance evaluation based on a study of spectrogram, objective measures and a subjective listening test, it is demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves significant improvement over conventional methods in various conditions. A distinct advantage of the proposed method is that it successfully tackles the “musical tones” problem.
SAT Solving using FPGA-based Heterogeneous Computing (2015)

We present a heterogeneous computing solution to the Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem. Our field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based implementation for accelerating the common case computation within a SAT solver utilizes most of the FPGA resources and it seamlessly integrates with our software host. Algorithms and data structures were redesigned to maximize the strengths of customized computing and generalizable optimizations are proposed to maximize throughput, minimize communication latencies, and compact hardware memory. We are significantly faster than state-of-the-art SAT solvers in software and hardware.
Industrially Compatible Transfusable iPSC-Derived RBCs: Progress, Challenges and Prospective Solutions (2021)

Amidst the global shortfalls in blood supply, storage limitations of donor blood and the availability of potential blood substitutes for transfusion applications, society has pivoted towards in vitro generation of red blood cells (RBCs) as a means to solve these issues. Many conventional research studies over the past few decades have found success in differentiating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from cord blood, adult bone marrow and peripheral blood sources. More recently, techniques that involve immortalization of erythroblast sources have also gained traction in tackling this problem. However, the RBCs generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) still remain as the most favorable solution due to many of its added advantages. In this review, we focus on the breakthroughs for high-density cultures of hiPSC-derived RBCs, and highlight the major challenges and prospective solutions throughout the whole process of erythropoiesis for hiPSC-derived RBCs. Furthermore, we elaborate on the recent advances and techniques used to achieve cost-effective, high-density cultures of GMP-compliant RBCs, and on their relevant novel applications after downstream processing and purification.
Articulatory Representation and Speech Technology (1993)

In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of articulation-based approaches in two major areas of speech technology: speech recognition and speech synthesis. Our articulatory recognition model estimates probabilities of categories of manner and place of articulation, which establish the articulatory feature vector. The transformation from the articulatory level to the symbolic level is performed by hidden Markov models or multi-layer perceptions. Evaluations show that the articulatory approach is a good basis for speaker-independent and speaker-adaptive speech recognition. We are now working on a more realistic articulatory model for speech recognition. An algorithm based on an analysis by synthesis model maps the acoustic signal to 10 articulatory parameters which describe the position of the articulators. EMA (electro-magnetic articulograph) measurements recorded at the University of Munich provide good initial estimates of tongue coordinates. In order to improve articulatory speech synthesis we investigated an accurate physical model for the generation of the glottal source with the aid of a numerical simulation. This model takes into account nonlinear vortical flow and its interaction with sound-waves. The simulation results can be used to improve the articulatory synthesis model developed by Ishizaka and Flanagan (1972).
Identification of the Neurotransmitter/Neuromodulator Functions of the Neuropeptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide in the Porcine Antrum, Using the Antagonist (Led13-Ψ-CH2NH-Leu14)-Bombesin (1990)

We studied the effects of a new bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor antagonist, Leu13-psi-(CH2NH)-Leu14-bombesin, on the secretion of gastrin and somatostatin and on the motor activity of isolated perfused porcine antrum in response to infusions of GRP at 10(-10) or 10(-9) mol/l and in response to electric stimulation of the vagus nerves. GRP significantly increased the secretion of gastrin and somatostatin and increased the frequency of antral contractions threefold. At 0.5 x 10(-6) mol/l the antagonist completely abolished the effects on motality and gastrin secretion and strongly inhibited the effect on somatostatin secretion. Vagus stimulation significantly increased gastrin and somatostatin secretion and increased the contraction frequency threefold. The antagonist strongly inhibited the somatostatin response, abolished the motility effects and reversed the stimulatory effect on gastrin secretion to a significant inhibition. Assuming that the antagonist interacts specifically with GRP receptors, we conclude that our data strongly support the concept that GRP-producing nerves are essential for vagally induced secretion of gastrin and somatostatin from the antrum. The GRP nerves may also play a role in the control of gastric motor activity.