gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Holography and the Wigner Function (2017)

There is barely any other invention which had more influence on optical sciences than holography. One of the major steps in developing Gabor’s original concept into a practical method for wavefront recording and reconstruction is marked by the introduction of the offset reference wave by E. Leith and J. Upatnieks. The ability to separate the object wavefront spatially from other parts of the reconstructed wave is the basis for numerous applications of holography. Holography also forms the theoretical framework for many other optical phenomena and techniques. This includes the design of diffractive optical elements as a specialized case of computer-generated holography. Interferometric techniques, which are also based on a coherent superposition of two wavefronts, can be interpreted as a holographic recording of a complex wavefront. Generalized holography, where the wavefront is recorded on arbitrary surfaces, serves as a framework for solving the inverse source problem and for understanding tomographic imaging techniques. The latter is closely related to synthetic aperture radar imaging and acoustic imaging, both of which expand the holographic principle beyond its use with optical radiation. The importance of holography has prompted numerous interpretations focused either on a rigorous analysis or a rather intuitive explanation. In this context, we mention Roger’s explanation of holography, which explains the recorded pattern of a Gabor in-line hologram as the superposition of the plane reference wave and the spherical wave originating from each object point. This essentially interprets the hologram as the superposition of Fresnel zone patterns.Another useful interpretation is the analysis of the Leith–Upatnieks offset hologram as a phase-modulated spatial carrier, where the phase modulation corresponds to the information that is lost in a conventional photographic recording. This interpretation also provides the basis for computer-generated holography, and in particular for the coding of complex amplitudes as detour holograms. This chapter presents an alternative explanation of holography based on the Wigner distribution function (WDF), which was originally published by E.Wigner in 1932 as a phase-space representation of quantum mechanical systems. The French scientist J. Ville would introduce it about 15 years later as a tool for signal processing. It is the fact that WDF combines insight into physical phenomena with signal processing capabilities that makes it unique among other time-frequency transformations. The WDF was introduced into optics primarily by the work of Bastiaans during the late 70s and early 80s.
"IT'S A BEAUTIFUL DAY." (2016)

It was a horrible day at the end of our surgical clerkship. Days were getting shorter and colder. The weather was foul and all of us were exhausted and miserable. At the beginning of the didactic session, Dr. Charles J. McCabe asked one of the students, &quot;What kind of a day is it?&quot; The student's reply: &quot;It's a horrible day.&quot; Dr. McCabe would reply, &quot;No, it's a beautiful day.&quot;
Noise and signal decoupling in maximum likelihood reconstructions and Metz filters for PET images (2003)

The authors have chosen some Metz filters for FBP (filtered backprojection) reconstructions based on matching the mean signal amplitude spectra of FBP images with those of ML (maximum likelihood) reconstructions. It is demonstrated that, for the mean signal behavior, FBP with Metz filters of various orders can achieve similar performance to ML over a range of image resolution. However, for images with resolution beyond the intrinsic detector resolution, the variance as shown by the noise power spectrum increased significantly for FBP compared to ML. This suggested that the noise was decoupled from the signal in the process of signal recovery for ML due to its noise model and nonlinearity. Such decoupling is not possible with FBP. However, ML has very limited advantages over FBP for most images with resolution equivalent to or lower than the intrinsic resolution, or if mean signals are obtained from a large number of noisy ensembles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Unraveling Complexity: A Strategy for the Characterization of Anisotropic Core Multishell Nanoparticles (2020)

Abstract In this work, a widely applicable routine to characterize the core, surface, stability, and optical properties of CdSe/CdS/ZnS core–shell–shell nanorods after multiple growth steps is established. First, size, shape, and shell thickness of the nanorods are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and small angle X‐ray/neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS). In the next step, Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and SANS measurements are applied to determine the surface species of nanorods. Then, the colloidal stability of the nanorods is investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) after different washing cycles. Finally, photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the nanorods during washing and sample storage is determined. With this highly complementary routine for particle characterization, the core, surface, stability, and optical properties of nanorods after multiple growth steps are resolved. The results demonstrate the importance of the developed toolbox to characterize such highly complex, anisotropic nanorods for a technical environment. This is of major importance for the handling of colloidal quantum materials and their quality control in industrial applications.
Nature’s assembly line: biosynthesis of simple phenylpropanoids and polyketides (2008)

Plants produce large amounts of phenylpropanoids, both in terms of molecular diversity and absolute quantity of these compounds. The phenylpropanoids, and the related plant polyketides, have multiple biological functions. They serve to attract pollinators, support secondary cell-wall growth, provide protection against various plant diseases, and interact with beneficial soil microbes. Their basic chemical properties also make them useful in the biofuel and biomaterial industries. Phenylpropanoid metabolism begins with the amino acid phenylalanine, which feeds into various biosynthetic pathways that generate a wide range of structurally related polyphenolic compounds. This review focuses on four sub-groups of these polyphenolic compounds - polyketides, stilbenes, isoflavones and catechins. We discuss the biosynthesis of these molecules, their physiological role in plants, and their striking pharmacological and physiological effects on humans. This review also highlights metabolic engineering efforts aimed at increasing or decreasing the amounts of each class of compound in various model plants and crops.
Nerve Block Induction Rooms-Physical Plant Setup, Monitoring Equipment, Block Cart, and Resuscitation Cart (2005)

International Anesthesiology Clinics: Summer 2005 - Volume 43 - Issue 3 - p 55-68 doi: 10.1097/01.aia.0000166189.91190.7d
Acceleration of non-relativistic electrons at a dielectric grating structure: Status report (2012)

We report on an experiment aiming at a proof-of-concept of a non-relativistic direct laser accelerator. The system is based on a fused-silica transmission grating illuminated by Titanium:sapphire femtosecond pulses in order to excite evanescent spatial modes, which propagate synchronously with 28 keV electrons originating from an electron column of a scanning electron microscope. The grating period is 750 nm, and we use the third spatial harmonic to continuously accelerate the non-relativistic electrons. With a laser pulse energy of about 150 nJ numerical simulations show expected accelerating gradients of up to 60 MeV/m and an energy gain of around 300 eV at a distance of 100 nm away from the grating surface. The current status of the experiment is reported.
Die Ampullentechnik, eine einfache Präzisionsmethode für gaschromatographische Untersuchungen (1961)

Abstract Diese Arbeitstechnik ist zur gaschromatographischen Untersuchung hochsiedender Flüssigkeiten oder Festsubstanzen (Hochpolymeren) geeignet, kann aber auch bei der Reaktionsgaschromatographie angewandt werden. Man schmilzt die Probe in eine evakuierte Glasampulle ein und unterwirft sie dann z. B. einer schonenden Pyrolyse oder Hydrolyse. Anschließend wird die Ampulle zertrümmert und deren Inhalt mit dem Trägergas in den Gaschromatographen gespült. An der Zersetzung von Polyoxymethylenen wird die Arbeitstechnik erläutert; die hier erzielte Genauigkeit liegt bei etwa 1%.
Effect of thioacetamide on the pentose phosphate pathway and other NADP-linked enzymes of rat liver cytosol: chronology of the perturbations and metabolic significance. (1981)

Since the NADP oxidation-reduction system plays a primary role in activating and detoxifying chemical carcinogens, the activities of the hepatic enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway as well as other cytosolic NADP-linked enzymes were studied in the rat in vivo during the administration of thioacetamide (TAM). Metabolite couples related to the cytosolic and mitochondrial NADP systems were also investigated. Malic enzyme and transaldolase activities were increased earlier than glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases. Transketolase and soluble NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activities did not change significantly during the 8 weeks of the experiment. This pattern of enzyme activities indicates an increased capacity for generation of NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate and is interpreted to favor detoxifying mechanisms and de novo nucleic acid biosynthesis. The state of reduction of the NADP system in TAM-treated livers as calculated by the metabolite indicator method was more oxidized than expected considering the increased capacity for NADPH generation. This finding is interpreted to be the result of a simultaneously increased utilization of NADPH in the synthesis of glutamate as well as in the NADPH-requiring biosynthetic processes.
Raw Materials for Lime Burning (Limestone, Fuel and Refractories) (1998)

This chapter contains sections titled: General Limestone Fuel Refractory Linings References
Adsorption of a Switchable Cationic Surfactant on Natural Carbonate Minerals (2014)

Abstract A switchable cationic surfactant, e.g., tertiary amine surfactant Ethomeen C12, has been previously described as a surfactant that can be injected in high pressure CO2 for foam mobility control. C12 can dissolve in high pressure CO2 as a nonionic surfactant and equilibrate with brine as a cationic surfactant. Here we describe the adsorption characteristics of this surfactant in carbonate formation materials. The adsorption of this surfactant is sensitive to the equilibrium pH, the electrolyte composition of the brine, and the minerals in carbonate formation materials. Pure C12 is a nonionic surfactant. When it is mixed with brine, the solution has high pH and limited solubility. However, when the surfactant solution in brine is equilibrated with high pressure CO2, the pH is about 4, the surfactant switches to a cationic surfactant and becomes soluble. Thus the adsorption is also a function of pH. The adsorption of C12 on calcite at low pH is low, e.g., 0.5 mg/m2. However, if the carbonate formation contains silica or clays, the adsorption is high, as is typical for cationic surfactants. The adsorption of C12 on silica decreases with increase in divalent (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and trivalent (Al3+) cations. This is due to the competition for the negatively charged silica sites between the multivalent cations and the monovalent cationic surfactant. An additional effect of the presence of divalent cations in the brine is that it reduces the dissolution of calcite or dolomite in presence of high-pressure CO2. The dissolution of calcite and dolomite is harmful because of formation damage and increased alkalinity. The latter raises the pH and thus increases adsorption of C12 or even cause surfactant precipitation.
BITMIX: A hardware accelerated randomized symmetric encryption method (2016)

We propose a probabilistic symmetric encryption method that heavily relies on true-random numbers, both to XOR the plaintext with a random block of at least equal length (just like OTP) and to disperse resulting data at bit-level into even more randomness. Our method has several highly needed security properties. It has resistance against both CPA2 and CCA2 attacks, and it has provable ideal statistical properties - assuming that the attacker cannot break in the same time two different 256 bit hash functions and a good randomness source is available. Relying on multiple encryption layers, we argue that our method remains safe even if the involved second layer block cipher (in our implementation example AES256) and/or at most one of the implied hash functions is mathematically broken. The proposed method generates considerable ciphertext expansion and the bit-level operations take significantly more time compared with Intel hardware accelerated AES. However, our implementation shows that the Intel BMI2 instruction set can offer an over 30x speedup for the underlying bit-level dispersion algorithm, thus making our approach performance-wise affordable.
A novel dual heuristic programming based optimal control of a series compensator in the electric power transmission system (2004)

In this paper, the dual heuristic programming (DHP) optimization algorithm is used for the design of a nonlinear optimal neurocontroller that replaces the proportional-integral (PI) based conventional linear controller (CONVC) in the internal control of a power electronic converter based series compensator in the electric power transmission system. The performance of the proposed DHP based neurocontroller is compared with that of the CONVC with respect to damping low frequency oscillations. Simulation results using the PSCAD/EMTDC software package are presented.
X‐Ray Optics (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Multilayers for Soft and Hard X-rays Single Capillaries X-ray Optics Polycapillary X-ray Optics Parabolic Compound Refractive X-ray Lenses
Supplementary Figure S4 from PR55α Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A Supports the Tumorigenic and Metastatic Potential of Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Sustaining Hyperactive Oncogenic Signaling (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Decrease of PR55Î± expression in pancreatic cancer cells inhibits tumor growth.&lt;/p&gt;
Impact of body mass index on post‐thyroidectomy morbidity (2019)

Obesity does not increase intraoperative and postoperative morbidity of TT, despite a longer duration of the procedure.
Improving food security in developing countries: a role for the IMF (2013)

The focus of the present paper is upon the problem of short-term food insecurity, as manifested in variability in year to year per capita consumption. The author argues that fluctuations in per capita food consumption levels are the direct result of a shortage of foreign exchange which limits the capacity of low income countries to obtain the level of food imports necessary to offset a sudden shortfall in domestic production and/or an increase in world prices. It is suggested, therefore, that the international community could play a significant role in the alleviation of the food insecurity problem in LDCs through the provision concessionary finance for the funding of exceptional food import requirements. JEL: F31, F33, Q18
Some Complexes of Organotin(1V) Chldrlde with Salicylaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone (1999)

Abstract A few di- and triorganotin(1V) derivatives of the Schiff base (H2L) derived from salicylaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide have been synthesised by the reaction of the corresponding di- and triorganotin(IV) chlorides with the sodium salt of salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone in the desired molar ratios. These derivatives have been characterised by elemental analyses, molecular weights, conductivity measurements, IR and NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectral studies. a Ths article is dedicated to (late) Dr. R. J. Rao, School of Studies in Chemistry, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.), India.
Electric-Field-Induced Reorientation of the Magnetic Easy Plane in a Co-Substituted BiFeO3 Single Crystal (2017)

Single crystals of BiFe<sub>0.9</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and BiFe<sub>0.892</sub>Mn<sub>0.008</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, room temperature ferroelectric ferromagnets, were successfully grown by a flux method at a high pressure of 3 GPa. Remanent magnetization measurements along 18 crystallographic directions revealed the existence of a magnetic easy plane perpendicular to the electric polarization. Reorientation of the magnetic easy plane occurred in connection with 71° ferroelectric switching by applying an electric field. This is the first demonstration of an electric field affecting the local magnetic moment of Co-substituted BiFeO<sub>3</sub>.
Detection of Meals and Physical Activity Events From Free-Living Data of People With Diabetes (2022)

The meal and exercise times detected by the RNN models can be used to warn people for entering meal and exercise information to hybrid closed-loop automated insulin delivery systems. Reliable accuracy for event detection necessitates powerful ML and large data sets. The use of additional sensors and algorithms for detecting these events and their characteristics provides a more accurate alternative.
X-ray micromodulated luminescence tomography in dual-cone geometry (2014)

We propose a scanning method utilizing dual-cone beams of x-rays to induce luminescence from nanophosphors and reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution of these particles in a biological sample or a small animal. For this purpose, x-rays are focused through a polycapillary lens onto a spot of a few micrometers in size. Such x-ray scanning can be point-wise performed to acquire photon emission data on an object surface. The x-ray-induced luminescence data allow for reliable image reconstruction with high spatial resolution and large imaging depth. We describe several numerical simulation studies to demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed approach.
Actuation mechanisms for microengineering - principles and practice (1995)

In this paper we review many of the methods of actuation used in microengineered devices: their principles, materials and advantages. (3 pages)
Supplementary Methods and Table S3 from Androgen-Induced Differentiation and Tumorigenicity of Human Prostate Epithelial Cells (2023)

Supplementary Methods and Table S3 from Androgen-Induced Differentiation and Tumorigenicity of Human Prostate Epithelial Cells
SLC6A14, a Pivotal Actor on Cancer Stage: When Function Meets Structure (2019)

SLC6A14 (ATB<sup>0,+</sup>) is a sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and dibasic amino acid transporter that regulates the distribution of amino acids across cell membranes. The transporter is overexpressed in many human cancers characterized by an increased demand for amino acids; as such, it was recently acknowledged as a novel target for cancer therapy. The knowledge on the molecular mechanism of SLC6A14 transport is still limited, but some elegant studies on related transporters report the involvement of the 12 transmembrane α-helices in the transport mechanism, and describe structural rearrangements mediated by electrostatic interactions with some pivotal gating residues. In the present work, we constructed a SLC6A14 model in outward-facing conformation via homology modeling and used molecular dynamics simulations to predict amino acid residues critical for substrate recognition and translocation. We docked the proteinogenic amino acids and other known substrates in the SLC6A14 binding site to study both gating regions and the exposed residues involved in transport. Interestingly, some of these residues correspond to those previously identified in other LeuT-fold transporters; however, we could also identify a novel relevant residue with such function. For the first time, by combined approaches of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, we highlight the potential role of these residues in neutral amino acid transport. This novel information unravels new aspects of the human SLC6A14 structure-function relationship and may have important outcomes for cancer treatment through the design of novel inhibitors of SLC6A14-mediated transport.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical and EPR Studies of Carotenoid Cation Radicals and Dications: Effect of Deuteration. (1990)

Abstract The cyclic voltammograms of the carotenoids (I) in CH 2 Cl 2 indicate a reversible transfer of two electrons.
A case of brain metastasis from genital squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. (2001)

I report a case of 50-year-old male with brain metastasis from genital squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. At his first visit, a giant tumor was seen on his lower abdomen and metastases to para-aortic lymph nodes were already observed as well as to inguinal and external iliac nodes. The tumor had slightly decreased in size by chemotherapy and irradiation. He complaint of loss of power in his both legs five months after his first visit. Multiple metastases to vertebrae, iliac bone and brain were detected by computed tomographic examination. He died of the tumor eight months after his first visit.Brain metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is extremely rare, and to our best of knowledge, no other case has been reported other than direct invasion from squamous cell carcinoma arising on face. [Skin Cancer (Japan) 2001; 16: 44-46]
Neuralgic amyotrophy manifested by severe axillary mononeuropathy limited only to the anterior branch (2014)

This case provides another unique manifestation of NA and augments the theory of selective fascicular vulnerability.
Genomic Heterogeneity Within Individual Prostate Cancer Foci Impacts Predictive Biomarkers of Targeted Therapy (2018)

Untreated patients' tumors have alterations that predict response to targeted therapies, but the presence of a biomarker is dependent on what region of the tumor was evaluated.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A New Technique for Achilles Tendon Allograft Preparation (2006)

We describe a new technique in Achilles tendon allograft preparation for use in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction that allows for secure bony interference fixation on each side of the joint and aperture fixation for all patients. In addition, preparation of the graft in this manner avoids some problems that are frequently encountered with patellar tendon allografts, including graft tunnel mismatch and limited availability. Previous studies have reported successful results with Achilles tendon allograft use in ACL reconstruction with soft tissue fixation in the tibial tunnel. Bony interference fixation on the tibial side can be achieved by suturing a free bone plug to the tendon end of an Achilles allograft. We use a 9-mm circular oscillating saw to harvest a free 30-mm length bone plug from the remaining calcaneal bone block. This is then sutured directly to the tendon end of a bone-Achilles tendon allograft with the use of No. 1 nonabsorbable suture placed through 3 equally spaced drill holes in the free bone plug. Tendon length between the bone plugs can be individually set for each patient at a distance equivalent to the length of the native ACL (intra-articular distance between the femoral and tibial tunnels). After graft passage, the construct is tensioned and secured with interference screws, similar to a traditional bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. The senior author (S.G.) has performed 40 procedures with excellent results and reports no cases of tibial fixation failure. Biomechanical and long-term follow-up studies are in progress.