gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization collision‐induced dissociation of linear single oligomers of nylon‐6 (2001)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, collision induced-dissociation (MALDI-CID) has been used to obtain structural information for linear single oligomers of nylon-6. The effects of matrix and cationization agent in MALDI-CID analysis have been investigated. Fragmentation mechanisms are proposed for the series of ions that are observed in the MALDI-CID spectra of the hexamer, octamer and dodecamer. Fragmentation processes observed in the MALDI-CID spectra include cleavage of the end groups followed by dissociation of the m/z 113 unit. Cleavage of the oligamide chain occurs at the amide linkage, as well as at adjacent bonds. For the four matrices and three cationization agents investigated, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and sodium chloride showed the best performance for MALDI-CID analysis of the dodecamer. In addition, yields of the fragment ions in MALDI-CID spectra were found to be dependent on the chain length distribution.
Precessional switching of a perpendicular anisotropy magneto-tunneling junction without a magnetic field (2017)

We describe an approach to implement precessional switching of a perpendicular-magnetic-anisotropy magneto-tunneling-junction (p-MTJ) without using any magnetic field. The switching is accomplished with voltage-controlled-magnetic-anisotropy (VCMA), spin transfer torque (STT) and mechanical strain. The soft layer of the p-MTJ is magnetostrictive and the strain acts as an effective in-plane magnetic field around which the magnetization of the soft layer precesses to complete a flip. A two-terminal energy-efficient p-MTJ based memory cell, that is compatible with crossbar architecture and high cell density, is designed.
Magneto‐Electrically Enhanced Intracellular Catalysis of FePt‐FeC Heterostructures for Chemodynamic Therapy (2021)

Intracellular catalytic reactions can tailor tumor cell plasticity toward high-efficiency treatments, but the application is hindered by the low efficiency of intracellular catalysis. Here, a magneto-electronic approach is developed for efficient intracellular catalysis by inducing eddy currents of FePt-FeC heterostructures in mild alternating magnetic fields (frequency of f = 96 kHz and amplitude of B ≤ 70 mT). Finite element simulation shows a high density of induced charges gathering at the interface of FePt-FeC heterostructure in the alternating magnetic field. As a result, the concentration of an essential coenzyme-β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-in cancer cells is significantly reduced by the enhanced catalytic hydrogenation reaction of FePt-FeC heterostructures under alternating magnetic stimulation, leading to over 80% of senescent cancer cells-a vulnerable phenotype that facilitates further treatment. It is further demonstrated that senescent cancer cells can be efficiently killed by the chemodynamic therapy based on the enhanced Fenton-like reaction. By promoting intracellular catalytic reactions in tumors, this approach may enable precise catalytic tumor treatment.
Portable array biosensors (2003)

The Bio-Agent Array Biosensor (BAABS) has been developed at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) with the goal of simultaneously detecting and identifying multiple target agents in complex samples. This paper will focus on recent improvements in both the biochemical and engineering aspects of this instrument. These new improvements have enabled the expansion of the repertoire of analytes detected, the number of replicates attainable, and the different sample matrices tested. Automation and miniaturization of the imaging and fluidics control have further brought us toward realization of a fully automated, fieldable multi-analyte biosensor.
Cell Structure Control of Porous Titanium Composite Synthesized by Combustion Reaction (2006)

Abstract Porous titanium matrix composites were fabricated by a reaction between titanium powder and boron carbide (B 4 C) powder. Precursors were made by compacting the elemental powder blend, and heated in an induction furnace to induce the reaction. The reaction was strongly exothermic and, therefore, it was a combustion mode when Ti/B 4 C blending ratio of the precursor was appropriate. The reaction products were titanium boride (TiB or TiB 2 ) and titanium carbide (TiC). By controlling the Ti/B 4 C blending ratio, it was possible to control the volume fraction of reaction products in the titanium matrix. The combustion synthesized material was porous and its cell structure was strongly affected by the processing condition of the precursor (porosity of the precursor and Ti/B 4 C blending ratio). The open cell structure was made from precursors with low Ti/B 4 C and high porosity. The cell size was varied from several tens of microns to about 500 microns by changing the combustion temperature.
New Aspects in Oxidation of Fullerenes (2001)

This article reviews recent studies on i) electrophilic, nucleophilic and radical oxygenations of C60 and C70 and ii) formation and quenching of singlet oxygen and related active oxygen species by C60.
An evaluation of the cyclophilin inhibitor Debio 025 and its potential as a treatment for chronic hepatitis C (2008)

Debio 025 is a cyclophilin (Cyp) inhibitor without calcineurin-binding properties. The drug inhibits viral replication of genotype 1b and 2a replicons in nanomolar concentrations and shows an additive to synergistic antiviral effect with interferon, ribavirin, and specifically targeted antiviral therapy for hepatitis C (STAT-C) drugs. There is no cross-resistance with protease and polymerase inhibitors. In humans, Debio 025 has shown activity against genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4, and displays an additive antiviral effect with pegylated interferon (peg-IFN)alpha2a in genotype 1 and 4 patients. The most prominent side effect is reversible hyperbilirubinaemia caused by inhibition of biliary transporters. Debio 025 is a potent anti-HCV drug, with a novel mechanism of action and an efficacy profile that makes it an attractive candidate for combination with current and future HCV treatments.
CRLH-based compact wideband antenna for mobile applications using U-shaped feed (2018)

In this article, a compact composite right/left-handed wideband antenna has been proposed and analysed using finite-difference time-domain for cellular applications. The proposed antenna operates at different wireless standards such as GSM1800, WCDMA, WiMAX, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. It exhibits wideband behaviour with a bandwidth of 55% (at 2.46 GHz). The proposed antenna is compact and has a radiating element size of 0.14 λo × 0.22 λo × 0.01 λo. In addition, commercial Ansys HFSS software has been used to verify the results and a prototype has also been fabricated to test the antenna experimentally. The proposed metamaterial antenna offers good radiation characteristics and is omni-directional in xz-plane with an average gain of 1.3 dBi in the operating bandwidth.
Morphometric variation in North AmericanPogonomyrmexandSolenopsisants: caste evolution through ecological release or dietary change? (2006)

Polymorphism in the ant Pogonomyrmex badius was studied using morphometric analysis. Head shape in P. badius was compared to 14 closely related monomorphic Pogonomyrmex believed to differ in worker morphology due to character displacement. Head shape in P. badius and two polymorphic Solenopsis species, one known to have a seed-milling caste (S. geminata) and the other continuously polymorphic (S. invicta), was also compared. Monomorphic species of Pogonomyrmex differed from P. badius in the rules of transformation that accompany changes in worker head size. Although workers of the Pogonomyrmex species studied changed in size primarily by increases in the area of the occipital region and the width of the head, polymorphic P. badius workers showed a significantly greater allometric increase in the occipital region. The comparative morphometrics of P. badius, monomorphic Pogonomyrmex and two polymorphic Solenopsis species did not support the hypothesis that size-related changes in head shape are due to competitive displacement, because head shapes in P. badius were not similar to head shapes in the monomorphic Pogonomyrmex. In contrast, results suggest that a dietary change may have led to the evolution of polymorphism in P. badius through selection for a seed-milling caste. This conclusion is supported by additional analyses that indicate the existence of two distinct modal head shapes in the caste distribution of P. badius and S. geminata, suggesting that bimodal shape variation might be a common evolutionary response to seed processing.
Understanding the Morphology of PTB7:PCBM Blends in Organic Photovoltaics (2013)

The structure–property relationships of PTB7‐phenyl‐C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)‐based organic photovoltaics are investigated. The morphology is investigated in an active layer setting where a multi‐length‐scale morphology is observed using a solvent additive‐assisted film processing. This multi‐length‐scale structure consists of a phase separated morphology with a characteristic length scale of ≈30 nm, which is critical for producing large currents in devices; a second length scale of ≈130 nm, arises from face‐on PTB7 crystalline aggregates. This latter morphological feature is also observed in films prepared without the use of an additive. By observing the structure formation in situ during solvent evaporation for blade coated thin films, the additive is found to promote the formation of ordered domains of the PTB7 at an earlier stage during the solvent evaporation, which is critical in the development of the final morphology. In studies on PTB7/PCBM bilayers, PCBM is found to diffuse into the PTB7 layer. However, the performance of devices prepared in this manner is low. This diffusion leads to a swelling of the PTB7 and a reduction in the crystallinity of the PTB7, reflecting the strong miscibility of PCBM with PTB7. The morphology resulting from the interdiffusion is single‐length‐scale with slightly large phase separation. This leads to devices with poor performance.
Texture classification system using colour space fusion (2005)

A novel colour texture classification system is presented based on an ensemble of independent classifiers each assigned to a different colour representation model. Gaussian Markov random fields features are used in a study to illustrate this previously unexplored approach and its potential to combine information from different colour spaces to improve accuracy. Experimental results illustrate that colour space information fusion results in significant improvements in accuracy.
Implantation of Functionalized Thermally Gelling Xyloglucan Hydrogel Within the Brain: Associated Neurite Infiltration and Inflammatory Response (2010)

To develop neural tissue engineering strategies that are useful for repairing damaged neural pathways in the central nervous system, it is essential to control and optimise neurone and neurite interactions with functional scaffolds. In this study, the suitability of thermally gelling xyloglucan hydrogels, along with xyloglucan-graft-poly-D-lysine (PDL) hydrogels, was assessed through their implantation within the caudate putamen of adult rats. The ability of the hydrogel scaffolds to encourage the infiltration of axons in a controlled manner was investigated, as was the inflammatory response associated with the implantation. The microglia reaction was the same for unmodified xyloglucan and the xyloglucan-graft-PDL scaffolds, peaking after 3 days before decreasing back to homeostatic levels after approximately 28 days. Penetration of the microglia into the scaffold was not observed, with these cells accumulating at the scaffold-tissue interface. For astrocytes, the other type of glial cell with migratory capacity, the peak activation occurred between 14 and 21 days. This reaction subsided more rapidly for the unmodified scaffold compared to the xyloglucan-graft-PDL scaffolds, which remained elevated 21-28 days before returning to homeostatic levels within 60 days. Most noteworthy was the discovery of increased infiltration levels for astrocytes and neurites with higher concentrations of grafted PDL. The timing of the astrocyte migration coincided with neurite infiltration within the scaffolds, suggesting that astrocytes may have facilitated this infiltration, possibly due to the secretion of laminin.
Efficacy of gaseous nitric oxide in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (2007)

ABSTRACT Bacterial burden significantly interferes with the healing process in chronic ulcers. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in regulating skin's response to infection and wound healing. In previous studies, we demonstrated that exogenous NO gas (gNO) at 200 parts per million (ppm) exhibits potent antimicrobial effects against a representative range of pathogens. The aim of the present study is to explore the antimicrobial properties of gNO in vivo and to determine skin cells' sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of gNO. To test gNO's antimicrobial effects, full‐thickness wounds were infected with Staphylococcus aureus on the dorsal skin surface of New Zealand White rabbit and treated with 200 ppm gNO for 8 hours/day for 3 consecutive days. Significant reduction in wound bacterial content was observed in the presence of gNO. In a separate experiment, primary cultures of human fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells were established to test gNO's cytotoxicity in the skin. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium proliferation assays demonstrated that human skin cells, unlike bacterial cells, exhibited significant resistance toward gNO cytotoxicity. In vitro migration studies on keratinocytes and endothelial cells revealed that gNO treatment does not seem to interfere with reepithelialization and angiogenesis during the process of wound healing. Following 24 hours of gNO treatment, fibroblasts expressed significantly higher levels of procollagen and, to a lesser degree, a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase ‐1 mRNA. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the potential application of high doses of gNO as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of infection in chronic nonhealing ulcers or burn patients, without compromising the viability, and function of skin cells.
Bridge: a high performance file system for parallel processors (2003)

A parallel file system called Bridge that distributes each file across multiple storage devices and processors has been designed and prototyped. The approach is based on the notion of an interleaved file, in which consecutive logical blocks are assigned to different physical nodes. Naive programs are able to access files just as they would with a conventional file system, while more sophisticated programs can export pieces of their code to the processors managing the data, for optimum performance. Early analytical and experimental results indicate that Bridge will deliver good parallel speedup for configurations in excess of 32 nodes with disks. High performance is achieved by exporting the I/O-related portions of an application into the processors closest to the data. A pair of applications that illustrate this technology is presented. General issues in the design of algorithms for Bridge are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Focusing through dynamic scattering media (2012)

We demonstrate steady-state focusing of coherent light through dynamic scattering media. The phase of an incident beam is controlled both spatially and temporally using a reflective, 1020-segment MEMS spatial light modulator, using a coordinate descent optimization technique. We achieve focal intensity enhancement of between 5 and 400 for dynamic media with speckle decorrelation time constants ranging from 0.4 seconds to 20 seconds. We show that this optimization approach combined with a fast spatial light modulator enables focusing through dynamic media. The capacity to enhance focal intensity despite transmission through dynamic scattering media could enable advancement in biological microscopy and imaging through turbid environments.
A high molecular weight form of pancreatic polypeptide was present in USP insulin and is absent in a more recent insulin preparation (1987)

The concentrations and molecular forms of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and glucagon were determined in USP XX and single-peak insulin preparations. In USP insulin the concentration of PP was 7 ng mg-1 insulin; on gel chromatography the PP immunoreactivity fractionated into two peaks of about equal size. One of the PP peaks was in the region of 4200 dalton PP, and the other PP peak eluted earlier in the region of a 7000-10,000 dalton peptide. The concentration of PP in single-peak insulin was 0.8 ng mg-1 insulin; the immunoreactivity eluted in a single peak in the region of [125I]PP. The concentration of glucagon in each preparation was 55 ng mg-1 insulin. On gel chromatography the immunoreactive glucagon in each insulin preparation eluted in the region of [125I]glucagon.
The Effect of Keto Defect Sites on the Emission Properties of Polyfluorene-Type Materials (2002)

Keto defect sites play a key role as the source of low-energy emission bands in polyfluorene type materials. The formation of fluorenone defect sites can be regarded as a dominant degradation mechanism in light-emitting devices based on polyfluorenes. The superiority of difunctionalization (see Figure) at the methylene group in –CR2– bridged polyphenylene and polyarylene derivatives is illustrated.
Capacity of a class of overlay cognitive MAC radios (2011)

This paper considers a class of overlay cognitive radios with three messages, referred to as overlay cognitive MAC radios. The system consists of two transmitters and receivers but three independent messages, two of which are to be decoded at one receiver while the third is destined for the other receiver. An achievable region and an outer bound for the “weak” and “strong” interference cases are presented for this channel, which are ultimately shown to match for the special class of “weak” Gaussian overlay cognitive MAC radios.
Direct Characterization of Motion-Dependent Parameters of Sperm in a Microfluidic Device: Proof of Principle (2013)

The proposed proof of principle enables substantial quantification of the motion-dependent properties of sperm. Because this approach requires only a current/voltage source and data analysis, it is economically advantageous compared with optical methods for characterizing sperm motion. Furthermore, this approach may be used to characterize sperm morphology.
Using a rendering engine to support the development of immersive virtual reality applications (2008)

This work presents the features of a flexible realtime 3D graphics engine aimed at the development of multimedia applications and collaborative virtual environments. The engine, called EnCIMA (Engine for Collaborative and Immersive Multimedia Applications), enables a quick development process of applications by providing a high level interface, which has been implemented using the C++ object-oriented programming paradigm. Important characteristics of the engine are the integration of several real time graphics techniques needed by visualization applications; access to network connection management to support collaboration; 3D sound capability; the support to various specialized interaction equipments such as 3D mice, haptic devices, 3D motion trackers, data-gloves, joypads, force feedback joysticks, and; the capacity to have rendering computation and Physics simulation assigned to GPUs and PPUs, respectively. The engine also enables the developer to choose how the scene should be rendered to, i.e. using standard display devices, stereoscopy, or even several simultaneous projection for spatially immersive displays. As part of the evaluation process, we have compared the performance of EnCIMA to a game engine and two scene graph toolkits, through the use of a testbed application.
0.52 V mm ITO-based Mach-Zehnder modulator in silicon photonics (2018)

Electro-optic modulators transform electronic signals into the optical domain and are critical components in modern telecommunication networks, RF photonics, and emerging applications in quantum photonics, neuromorphic photonics, and beam steering. All these applications require integrated and voltage-efficient modulator solutions with compact form factors that are seamlessly integrable with silicon photonics platforms and feature near-CMOS material processing synergies. However, existing integrated modulators are challenged to meet these requirements. Conversely, emerging electro-optic materials heterogeneously and monolithically integrated with Si photonics open up a new avenue for device engineering. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is one such compelling material for heterogeneous integration in Si exhibiting formidable electro-optic effect characterized by unity-order index change at telecommunication frequencies. Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate a monolithically integrated ITO electro-optic modulator based on a Mach Zehnder interferometer featuring a high-performance half-wave voltage and active device length product of VπL = 0.52 V mm. We show that the unity-strong index change enables a 30 μm-short π-phase shifter operating ITO in the index-dominated region away from the epsilon-near-zero point for reduced losses. This device experimentally confirms electrical phase shifting in ITO enabling its use in applications such as compact phase shifters, nonlinear activation functions in photonic neural networks, and phased array applications for LiDAR.
Predicting Levels of Influenza Incidence (2014)

Advanced techniques in fuzzy association rule data mining and integrating evidence from multiple sources are used to predict levels of influenza incidence several weeks in advance and display results on a map in order to help public health professionals prepare mitigation measures. This approach exploits the complicated relationships between disease incidence and measurable environmental, biological, and sociological variables that were found to have associations with the disease in other studies. Predictions were compared with data not used in model development in order to avoid exaggerated values of performance. The positive and negative predictive values were 0.941 and 0.935, respectively.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) and subsequent MRI /ultrasonography fusion‐guided biopsy increase the detection of anteriorly located prostate cancers (2014)

The results showed that FGB detects significantly more anteriorly located PCa than does TRUS-guided biopsy alone and it may serve as an effective tool for the subset of patients with such tumours.
Electron-beam-controlled lasers: discussion from the engineering viewpoint. Part I. Design of the 1 kJ and 10 kJ CO$sub 2$ lasers (1973)

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) CO/sub 2/ laser program was organized to design, fabricate, and evaluate highenergy, short-pulse CO/sub 2/ lasers for use in fusion studies. A general discussion of electron-beam- controlled lasers is included, along with details of component designs. This includes a discussion of the high-voltage pulsers, electron guns, pumping chamber vessels, timing, and operational experience with the 1-kJ CO/sub 2/ laser system components. In addition, the general design of the 10-kJ C0/sub 2/ laser system is presented. (auth)
The DIST-HAND robot (2002)

This paper presents the prototype of the DIST robotic hand developed at the Graal-Lab of the University of Genova. In the current version, the hand is formed by a palm supporting four fingers. Each finger has four rotational degrees of freedom, and is equipped with custom built position sensors using Hall-effect transducers. The actuation of each finger is done using six tendons driven by five computer controlled DC motors. A kinematic analysis has been performed using simulation tools, with the goal of building a mechanism with size and mobility similar to those of human hand.