gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Crystal Structure of the HIV Protease Complex with L‐700,417 (I), an Inhibitor with Pseudo C2 Symmetry. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Incidence of lymph node metastases in clinical early‐stage mucinous and seromucinous ovarian carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study (2016)

Lymph node sampling can be omitted in clinical early-stage G1 and G2 mucinous ovarian cancer.
Natural Language Processing for Chatbots (2018)

This chapter is to get you started with Natural Language Processing (NLP) using Python needed to build chatbots. You will learn the basic methods and techniques of NLP using an awesome open-source library called spaCy. If you are a beginner or intermediate to the Python ecosystem, then do not worry, as you’ll get to do every step that is needed to learn NLP for chatbots. This chapter not only teaches you about the methods in NLP but also takes real-life examples and demonstrates them with coding examples. We'll also discuss why a particular NLP method may be needed for chatbots. Note that NLP in itself is a skill.
Learning codebook weights for action detection (2012)

In this work we present a discriminative codebook weighting approach for action detection. We learn global and local weights for the codewords by considering the spatio-temporal Hough voting space of the training sequences. In contrast to the Implicit Shape Model (ISM) where all the codewords that are matched to a local descriptor cast votes with uniform weights, we learn local weights for the matched codewords. In order to learn the local weights we employ Locality-constrained Linear Coding (LLC). Further, we formulate the learning of the global weights as a convex quadratic programming and use alternating optimization to solve for the weights. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm on KTH action dataset where we compare with the Hough detector using kmeans codebook.
Time dependence of singlet oxygen luminescence provides an indication of oxygen concentration during oxygen consumption (2007)

Singlet oxygen plays a major role in photodynamic inactivation of tumor cells or bacteria. Its efficacy depends critically on the oxygen concentration [O(2)], which can decrease in case oxygen is consumed caused by oxidative reactions. When detecting singlet oxygen directly by its luminescence at 1270 nm, the course of the luminescence signal is critically affected by [O(2)]. Thus, it should be feasible to monitor oxygen consumption during photo-oxidative processes. Singlet oxygen was generated by exciting a photosensitizer (TMPyP) in aqueous solution (H(2)O or D(2)O) of albumin. Chromatography shows that most of the TMPyP molecules are unbound, and therefore singlet oxygen molecules can diffuse in the solution. A sensor device for oxygen concentration revealed a rapid decrease of [O(2)] (oxygen depletion) in the solution during irradiation. The extent of oxygen depletion in aqueous albumin solution depends on the radiant exposure and the solvent. When detecting the luminescence signal of singlet oxygen, the shape of the luminescence signal significantly changed with irradiation time. Thus, local oxygen consumption could be monitored during photodynamic action by evaluating the course of singlet oxygen luminescence.
Preliminary Investigations into Complex Coarse Suspension Flows with the Aid of MRI (2000)

The advantages of high concentration wide size distribution hydraulic conveying systems are being exploited to provide stable transport systems that may be re-started at will. Such suspensions usually exhibit non-Newtonian behavior and are generally operated at velocities well below the minimum conveying velocity of their more conventional dilute counterparts. Likely candidate systems in the mineral industry are back fill and co-disposal pipelines. Despite their benign transport characteristics complete understanding of the flow mechanisms involved in these systems is yet to be fully established. The high concentration of solids precludes the use of conventional probes and other non-intrusive means must be sought if detailed understanding is to be obtained. This paper presents results of a preliminary investigation into flow through a 100mm pipe test loop of a complex suspension comprising coarse particles in a non-Newtonian carrier. Particle velocity and solid concentration profiles and maps obtained using Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques (MRI) demonstrate that apparently stable suspensions having transport characteristics similar to those of homogenous flows stratify to form sliding beds of solids.
Effect of rpoB Mutations Conferring Rifampin Resistance on Fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2004)

Rifampin is a major drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis infections, and increasing rifampin resistance represents a worldwide clinical problem. Resistance to rifampin is caused by mutations in the rpoB gene, encoding the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase. We examined the effect of three different rpoB mutations on the fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rifampin-resistant mutants were isolated from a virulent clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis (strain Harlingen) in vitro at a mutation frequency of 2.3 x 10(-8). Mutations in the rpoB gene were identified, and the growth rates of three defined mutants were measured by competition with the susceptible parent strain in laboratory medium and by single cultures in a macrophage cell line and in laboratory medium. All of the mutants showed a decreased growth rate in the three assays. The relative fitness of the mutants varied between 0.29 and 0.96 (that of the susceptible strain was set to 1.0) depending on the specific mutant and assay system. Unexpectedly, the relative fitness ranking of the mutants differed between the different assays. In conclusion, rifampin resistance is associated with a cost that is conditional.
Chronic poisoning by copper in tap water: II. Copper intoxications with predominantly systemic symptoms. (1999)

Copper can induce acute and chronic intoxications in humans. Copper in tap water has caused a series of severe systemic diseases in Germany in recent years (chronic copper poisoning, CCuP). From the clinical point of view it has been difficult to establish the diagnosis on the basis of clinical and laboratory methods. In a retrospective study, we therefore looked for essential clinical signs as well as laboratory findings which might be typical and essential for the diagnosis of CCuP. - We observed that in patients with severe systemic CCuP not only the liver but also several other organs have been the target of copper. As a proof copper overload has been measured. The latter results are presented here. - During or shortly after exposure "free" serum copper (= non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper) was significantly elevated in all patients (range 5.1 to 47.1 micromol/l, or 25.7 to 56.2 % of total serum copper). The normal upper limits in infants according to Salmenperä (8) are: 0.3 micromol/l, or 1.6 % of total serum copper. - Total serum copper was elevated in 14/16 patients: 13.7 to 30.1 micromol/l in sick infants (normal upper level: 12.6 micromol/l), and 17.0 to 27.2 in sick children (normal upper level for children and adults: 21.4 micromol/l). - Urine copper excretion was found elevated in 9/10 patients, with a range of 11 to 456 microg/dl (normal upper level in adults: 15 microg/dl). - Our results show that patients with systemic CCuP are in a "hypercupric" state. The data thus firstly prove that indeed the putative agent copper is found in excess in the patients and secondly show that the estimation of "free" copper in serum and the measurement of copper in urine are reliable diagnostic methods. Elevation of total serum copper (even though not specific) can give a first hint to the diagnosis. - The hypercupric state of systemic CCuP can be differentiated from that of Wilson's disease by (1) normal levels of ceruloplasmin and (2) the observation that values for free copper in serum or urinary copper normalize in an environment without copper in tap water, for instance in a hospital.
On the implementation of the Shannon sampling series for band-limited signals (Corresp.) (1983)

The sinc function occuring in the classical Shannon sampling theorem is replaced by algebraic polynomials. It turns out that it is not necessary to take the algebraic polynomial of best approximation to sinc <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t;</tex> a finite sum of the Taylor series expansion already suffices. The basic problem is to couple the number of terms taken of the truncated sampling expansion with that of the Taylor expansion in such a fashion that convergence of the modified sampling expansion is guaranteed. The resulting error is additive to the truncation error and is negligible in comparison with the latter. The results are illustrated by two representative examples.
Tumor Cell Resistance to Complement-Mediated Lysis (2006)

Complement-mediated tumor cell lysis is hampered by several protective mechanisms. Basal mechanisms of resistance are constitutively expressed in cells without a need for prior activation. These include the (over)expression of membrane-associated complement regulatory proteins, such as CD55 (DAF, Decay-Accelerating Factor), CD46 (MCP, Membrane Cofactor Protein) and CD59, on tumor cells. To generate a protective microenvironment, tumor cells secrete several soluble complement inhibitors and express on their surface ecto-proteases that degrade complement proteins or ecto-protein kinases which impair by phosphorylation the functional activity of certain complement components. Increased sialic acid expression also confers complement resistance to cancer cells and has been correlated with increased metastatic activity in certain tumors. Tumor cell protection can be also induced or augmented upon stimulation with cytokines, hormones, drugs or even with sublytic doses of complement and other pore-forming molecules. Intracellular protective pathways facilitate in cancer cells the removal of the membrane attack complexes and repair processes. Increase in cytosolic calcium ion concentration, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK, heat shock proteins, lipid metabolism and protein synthesis, have all been implicated in cancer cell protection from complement attack. First attempts are now being made to counteract these resistance mechanisms, including a targeted neutralisation of mCRP on tumor cells. Understanding the complex molecular mechanisms involved in basal and induced tumor cell resistance to complement is essential for development of strategies of interference with these evasion mechanisms and for effectively targeting the cytotoxic activity of the complement system to cancer cells.
Combined Desulphurization and Denitrification Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge and Wet Reduction Technique (2006)

Nitrogen oxides (NO + NO2) in most practical exhaust gases is mainly composed of NO. The injection of ozone, produced by dielectric barrier discharge, into the exhaust gas gives rise to rapid oxidation of NO into NO2. Once NO is converted into NO2, it can readily be reduced to N2 by a reducing agent in the next step. Sodium sulfide (Na2S) used as the reducing agent can also remove SO2 effectively, which makes it possible to treat NOx and SO2 simultaneously. The present two-step process through an ozonizing chamber and an absorber containing a reducing agent solution was able to remove about 95% of the NOx and 100% of the SO2, initially contained in the simulated exhaust gas. The formation of H2S from sodium sulfide was able to be suppressed by a basic reagent. The use of NaOH and CaCO3, together with the reducing agent not only prevented H2S from forming, but also cut down on the consumption of the reducing agent.
Soil Mineral Composition Matters: Response of Microbial Communities to Phenanthrene and Plant Litter Addition in Long-Term Matured Artificial Soils (2014)

The fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil is determined by a suite of biotic and abiotic factors, and disentangling their role in the complex soil interaction network remains challenging. Here, we investigate the influence of soil composition on the microbial community structure and its response to the spiked model PAH compound phenanthrene and plant litter. We used long-term matured artificial soils differing in type of clay mineral (illite, montmorillonite) and presence of charcoal or ferrihydrite. The soils received an identical soil microbial fraction and were incubated for more than two years with two sterile manure additions. The matured artificial soils and a natural soil were subjected to the following spiking treatments: (I) phenanthrene, (II) litter, (III) litter + phenanthrene, (IV) unspiked control. Total community DNA was extracted from soil sampled on the day of spiking, 7, 21, and 63 days after spiking. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer amplicons were quantified by qPCR and subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE analysis revealed that the bacterial community composition, which was strongly shaped by clay minerals after more than two years of incubation, changed in response to spiked phenanthrene and added litter. DGGE and qPCR showed that soil composition significantly influenced the microbial response to spiking. While fungal communities responded only in presence of litter to phenanthrene spiking, the response of the bacterial communities to phenanthrene was less pronounced when litter was present. Interestingly, microbial communities in all artificial soils were more strongly affected by spiking than in the natural soil, which might indicate the importance of higher microbial diversity to compensate perturbations. This study showed the influence of soil composition on the microbiota and their response to phenanthrene and litter, which may increase our understanding of complex interactions in soils for bioremediation applications.
Septischer Schock - Kausale, supportive und adjuvante Therapieoptionen (2011)

Der septische Schock ist die schwerste Verlaufsform einer Sepsis mit einer Letalität auf deutschen Intensivstationen von bis zu 62 %. In der Behandlung des septischen Schocks ist es daher essentiell, zügig die richtige Diagnose zu stellen und dann ohne unnötige Verzögerung die adäquate Therapie einzuleiten. Nur so kann das Ausmaß der Organschäden limitiert und die hohe Letalität reduziert werden. Die Behandlung besteht zum einen aus einer kausalen Therapie mit chirurgischer Herdsanierung und antimikrobieller Therapie. Die supportive Therapie zielt auf die Aufrechterhaltung und Unterstützung der Organfunktionen sowie Aufrechterhaltung eines adäquaten Kreislaufs. Die adjuvante Therapie kann zusätzlich zur kausalen und supportiven Therapie erfolgen. Welche der adjuvanten Therapieansätze beim einzelnen Patienten als sinnvoll zu erachten ist, muss individuell vom behandelnden Arzt evaluiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H/C—H Coupling and Eliminative SNH Reactions in Direct Functionalization of Imidazole Oxides with Indoles. (2013)

Abstract Pd(OAc) 2 / Cu(OAc) 2 ‐mediated reaction of imidazole oxides with indoles provides a new approach to indolylimidazole oxides (III).
Kinins and Kinin Receptors in Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases (2021)

This review addresses the physiological role of the kallikrein-kinin system in arteries, heart and kidney and the consequences of kallikrein and kinin actions in diseases affecting these organs, especially ischemic and diabetic diseases. Emphasis is put on pharmacological and genetic studies targeting kallikrein; ACE/kininase II; and the two kinin receptors, B1 (B1R) and B2 (B2R), distinguished through the work of Domenico Regoli and his collaborators. Potential therapeutic interest and limitations of the pharmacological manipulation of B1R or B2R activity in cardiovascular and renal diseases are discussed. This discussion addresses either the activation or inhibition of these receptors, based on recent clinical and experimental studies.
Towards sensor applications of a polymer/Ag nanoparticle nanocomposite film (2019)

We have demonstrated the capability of a nanocomposite film made of a 2D array of Ag nanoparticles embedded into a poly(glycidyl methacrylate), PGMA, matrix to monitor the presence of organic vapors in the atmosphere. Specifically, changes in the extinction spectra of the submicron nanocomposite film are used to sense the vapors. The transformations of the spectra are fully reversible and reproducible upon multiple exposures. We associate this reversibility and reproducibility with the construction of the nanocomposite film where the cross-linked PGMA network is able to spatially restore its structure upon deswelling. The structure of the extinction spectrum of the film is governed by a collective surface plasmon mode excited in the Ag NPs array. It was found that spectral bands associated with normal and tangential components of the plasmon mode change their width and position when the nanocomposite is exposed to organic vapors. This is due to increasing the spacing between neighboring NPs and a decrease of the refractive index of the polymer caused by swelling of the PGMA matrix. Therefore, the level of spectral transformation is directly related to the level of polymer-solvent thermodynamic affinity where the higher affinity corresponds to the higher level of the swelling. Therefore, we expect that the nanocomposite films (when designed for a particular solvent) can be effectively used as a sensing element in a low-cost volatile organic compounds (VOC) sensor device operating in visual light.
No benefit of ifosfamide in Ewing's sarcoma: a nonrandomized study of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. (1992)

We conclude that ifosfamide did not improve the outcome of the patients despite the fact that these two treatment regimens were not randomized.
A synthesis of 2-endo-amino-2-exo-hydroxymethylnorbornenes having inhibitory activity against protein kinase C. (1991)

2-endo-Hexadecylamino-2-exo-hydroxymethylnorbornene (1a) was synthesized from 2-acetamidonorbornene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (2) in a good overall yield. 2-endo-Hexadecylamino-2,3-exo-bis(hydroxymethyl)norbornene (1b) was synthesized starting from dimethyl acetamidofumarate based on Diels-Alder strategy. 1a and 1b inhibited protein kinase C at the IC51 values of 2 x 10(-5) and 1 x 10(-5) M, respectively, but not protein kinase A at a concentration of 1 x 10(-3) M. The structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Tree Biotechnology (2014)

Forest trees cover 30% of the earth's land surface, providing renewable fuel, wood, timber, shelter, fruits, leaves, bark, roots, and are source of medicinal products in addition to benefits such as carbon sequestration, water shed protection, and habitat for 1/3 of terrestrial species. However, the genetic analysis and breeding of trees has lagged
Neutral Endopeptidase (Neprilysin) in Therapy and Diagnostics: Yin and Yang (2019)

Neprilysin (NEP) is a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase that exists in organisms in both transmembrane and soluble forms. NEP substrates are involved in regulating the cardiovascular and nervous systems. In this review, we discuss some of the biochemical characteristics and physiological functions of this enzyme with special emphasis on the use of NEP as a therapeutic target. The history and various physiological aspects of applying NEP inhibitors for treating heart failure and attempts to increase NEP activity when treating Alzheimer's disease using gene and cell therapies are described. Another important issue discussed is the role of NEP as a potential marker for predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease complications. The diagnostic and prognostic performance of soluble NEP in various types of heart failure is analyzed and presented. We also discuss the methods and approaches for measuring NEP activity for prognosis and diagnosis, as well as a possible new role of natriuretic peptides (NEP substrates) in cardiovascular diagnostics.
Ripple-2 (2013)

The design of Ripple-2, a wireless in-situ soil moisture sensing system is presented in this paper. The main objective of such system is to collect high fidelity and fine grained data both spatially and temporally compared to radar remote sensing, which is the more traditional way of capturing soil moisture, and to use the former to validate and calibrate the latter. To do so, the in-site sensor network must cover a sufficiently large area, on the order of at least a few square kilometers. At the same time, cost constraints (both in deployment and in maintenance) puts a limit on the total number of sensor nodes, resulting in a very sparse (on average) network. The main challenge in designing the system lies in achieving reliability and energy efficiency in such a sparse network. For instance, in our pilot deployment, a 200mx400m area is covered by 22 nodes (average inter-node distance &gt; 50m). Traditional WSN technology typically calls for many more nodes to be deployed in such an area. Ripple-2 is introduced as a non-traditional WSN architecture where (1) the network is physically and logically segmented into isolated clusters, (2) a regular node (or end device, ED) only communicates with the cluster head (CH) of its segment, and (3) the ED-CH communication is distinct from the CH-sink (or CH-Data Server) and both links can use virtually any kind of point-to-point wireless technology. We use both simulated and empirical results to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ripple-2; it proves to be ideal for low duty-cycle data collection applications due to its exceptional small network overhead (typically smaller than 1%) and its robustness to the size of the network.
FrozenQubits: Boosting Fidelity of QAOA by Skipping Hotspot Nodes (2022)

Abstract Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the leading candidates for demonstrating the quantum advantage using near-term quantum computers. Unfortunately, high device error rates limit us from reliably running QAOA circuits for problems with more than a few qubits. In QAOA, the problem graph is translated into a quantum circuit such that every edge corresponds to two 2-qubit CNOT operations in each layer of the circuit. As CNOTs are extremely error-prone, the fidelity of QAOA circuits is dictated by the number of edges in the problem graph. We observe that majority of graphs corresponding to real-world applications follow the ``power-law`` distribution, where some hotspot nodes have significantly higher number of connections. We leverage this insight and propose ``FrozenQubits`` that freezes the hotspot nodes or qubits and intelligently partitions the state-space of the given problem into several smaller sub-spaces which are then solved independently. The corresponding QAOA sub-circuits are significantly less vulnerable to gate and decoherence errors due to the reduced number of CNOT operations in each sub-circuit. Unlike prior circuit-cutting approaches, FrozenQubits does not require any exponentially complex post-processing step. Our evaluations with 5,300 QAOA circuits on eight different quantum computers from IBM shows that FrozenQubits can improve the quality of solutions by 8.73x on average (and by up to 57x), albeit utilizing 2x more quantum resources.