gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical Characterisation of Novel Silicon MOSFETs and finFETs. (2011)

To enable the advancement of Si based technology, necessary to increase computing power and the manufacture of more compact circuits, significant changes to the current planar transistor are a necessity. Novel transistor architectures and materials are currently being researched vigorously. This thesis, on the electrical characterisation of non-standard orientated MOSFETs and multi-gate transistors displays detailed insight into the carrier transport and resulting performance limiting mechanisms. The results are composed of three parts. Firstly, the standard method of extracting carrier effective mobility from electrical measurements on MOSFETs is reviewed and the assumptions implicit in this method are discussed. A novel technique is suggested that corrects the difference in drain bias during current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. It is further shown that the lateral field and diffusion corrections, which are commonly neglected, in fact cancel each other. The efficacy of the proposed technique is demonstrated by application to data measured on a quasi-planar SOI finFET at 300 K and 4 K. The second part is based on the electrical characterisation of n+poly-Si/SiO2/Si nand p- MOSFETs fabricated on (100) and (110) substrate orientations with the full range of channel directions. In depth analysis of the electron and hole mobility was performed at 300 K and 4 K. The 4 K mobilities were modelled in terms of ionised dopant impurity, local SiO2/Si interface charge and roughness scattering mechanisms. RMS (root mean squared) roughness values in the range 0.34 − 0.38nm and correlation lengths of 2.0 − 2.3 nm were extracted revealing comparable interface quality between the (100) and (110) surfaces. The third part examines the electrical characterisation of TiN/HfSiO2/Si n- and pfinFETs. Fin top surface and sidewalls are in the (100) and (110) planes respectively. Fins have a height of 65 nm with widths in the range of 1872 nm (quasi-planar) to 12 nm. Detailed analysis revealed vertical compressive strain induced by the gate into the fin sidewalls, which enhanced the electron mobility by 60% above the (110) reference, whilst leaving the hole mobility unaffected. Qualitative analysis of the 4 K mobilities suggests that roughness is higher on the sidewalls than on the top surface. This was attributed to the damage caused by the dry etch, used to pattern the fins. A model for remote charge scattering at the HfSiO2/SiO2 interface was developed. 4 K mobilities from the quasi-planar n- and pfinFETs were then modelled in terms of remote charge, ionised dopant impurity, local SiO2/Si interface charge and roughness scattering mechanisms. Remote charge densities of 8x1012 cm-2 were subsequently extracted. Scattering from these charges was shown to be the dominant scattering mechanism in the quasi-planar n-finFET mobility at 300 K.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and chronic cognitive impairment: A scoping review (2017)

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. With mTBI comes symptoms that include headaches, fatigue, depression, anxiety and irritability, as well as impaired cognitive function. Symptom resolution is thought to occur within 3 months post-injury, with the exception of a small percentage of individuals who are said to experience persistent post-concussion syndrome. The number of individuals who experience persistent symptoms appears to be low despite clear evidence of longer-term pathophysiological changes resulting from mTBI. In light of the incongruency between these longer-term changes in brain pathology and the number of individuals with longer-term mTBI-related symptoms, particularly impaired cognitive function, we performed a scoping review of the literature that behaviourally assessed short- and long-term cognitive function in individuals with a single mTBI, with the goal of identifying the impact of a single concussion on cognitive function in the chronic stage post-injury. CINAHL, Embase, and Medline/Ovid were searched July 2015 for studies related to concussion and cognitive impairment. Data relating to the presence/absence of cognitive impairment were extracted from 45 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Results indicate that, in contrast to the prevailing view that most symptoms of concussion are resolved within 3 months post-injury, approximately half of individuals with a single mTBI demonstrate long-term cognitive impairment. Study limitations notwithstanding, these findings highlight the need to carefully examine the long-term implications of a single mTBI.
Population sector in Pakistan: current demographic situation sectoral problems and issues and the way forward (2001)

Pakistan has experienced several stages of population dynamic during the last five decades. High fertility and rapidly declined mortality led to a high growth rates of 3.6 and 3.1 between 1960s and 1980s. Pakistan's population of 43 million in 1961 doubled in just 21 years. With falling fertility levels during late 1990s a declining trend in the growth rate has set in the demographic transition stage. With a current annual population growth rate of 2.1 (in 2001), Pakistan's population (142 million) would double in approximately 33 years. Pakistan is experiencing the beginning of demographic transition by virtue of falling fertility rates. This dynamic process which, all along received policy support and programmatic intervention, has given rise to a peculiar age structure. With lesser and lesser addition each year, the older cohorts will be the largest proportion ever Pakistan will ever have, if transition momentum is maintained.
Body centre of mass movement in the lame horse (2001)

The body centre of mass (BCM) is a key factor in the analysis of equine gait, as its position and movement determines the distribution and magnitude of loads on the limbs. Changes in the BCM movement are proposed to be important factors in the lameness management of horses. In this study, changes in the position and the 3-dimensional (3-D) movement of the BCM in horses with induced forelimb lameness were studied using a kinematic, segmental method. The kinematics of 30 markers representing 20 body segments were recorded in 12 horses while trotting (3.9 m/s) on a treadmill using a high speed video system. A transient lameness model, evoking pressure-induced pain on the hoof sole, was used to induce 2 degrees of forelimb lameness. Based on segmental inertial data from Buchner et al, (1997) 3-D segmental centres of mass as well as the BCM were calculated. The changes in BCM movement due to lameness and the influence of selected segments on the total centre of mass were analysed. During moderate forelimb lameness, vertical displacement of the BCM showed a 34% reduced amplitude during the stance phase of the lame limb and a 9% increased amplitude during the stance phase of the sound forelimb. In the sagittal direction, the BCM during midstance moved 9 mm backwards during the stance phase of the lame forelimb. Transversal movements showed a slight, but significant shift of the BCM to the side of the sound forelimb. Head/neck segment movement changed in a sagittal as well as in a vertical direction, but only a small amount, insufficient for considerable BCM position changes. The results show a similar pattern of BCM and trunk movement and only small adaptations of BCM position due to lameness. The influence of the sagittal position of the BCM has to be seen as a minor factor in lameness management compared to the dynamic influences of a changed vertical BCM movement and the moment caused by the typical head and neck movement.
Absorbing film assisted laser induced forward transfer of fungi (Trichoderma conidia) (2004)

We present an investigation on absorbing film assisted laser induced forward transfer (AFA-LIFT) of fungus (Trichoderma) conidia. A KrF excimer laser beam [λ=248nm,FWHM=30ns (FWHM, full width at half maximum)] was directed through a quartz plate and focused onto its silver coated surface where conidia of the Trichoderma strain were uniformly spread. The laser fluence was varied in the range of 0–2600mJ∕cm2 and each laser pulse transferred a pixel of target material. The average irradiated area was 8×10−2mm2. After the transfer procedure, the yeast extract medium covered glass slide and the transferred conidia patterns were incubated for 20 h and then observed using an optical microscope. The transferred conidia pixels were germinated and the areas of the culture medium surfaces covered by the pixels were evaluated as a function of laser fluence. As the laser fluence was increased from 0 to 355mJ∕cm2 the transferred and germinated pixel area increased from 0 to 0.25mm2. Further increase in fluence resulted in a drastic decrease down to an approximately constant value of 0.06mm2. The yield of successful transfer by AFA-LIFT and germination was as much as 75% at 355mJ∕cm2. The results prove that AFA-LIFT can successfully be applied for the controlled transfer of biological objects.
Genome Wide Analysis Reveals Host Genetic Variants that Associate with Reduction in Clostridium difficile Infection Recurrence (rCDI) in Patients Treated with Bezlotoxumab (2017)

Abstract Background Bezlotoxumab (BEZ) and actoxumab (ACT) are monoclonal antibodies against C. difficile toxins B and A, respectively. Patients receiving a single infusion of BEZ alone or with ACT in the MODIFY I/II trials showed a consistent reduction in the rate of rCDI over a 12-week period compared with a placebo (PBO) infusion. Exploratory genome wide analyses were conducted to determine whether genetic variants across the genome were associated with treatment response (rCDI). Methods DNA was extracted from blood obtained from patients who consented to genetic analysis (PGx population). Genetic data were generated on a commercial Axiom array platform (Affymetrix). Genotype imputation was performed using the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 reference data and Impute2 software after genetic quality control. Data from BEZ and ACT+BEZ arms were combined to provide increased power. The logistic regression with likelihood ratio test was used to search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were strongly associated with a treatment effect on rCDI. Results An SNP rs2516513 located in the extended major histocompatibility complex (xMHC), region with a minor allele frequency of 25% in the general population, was associated with rCDI (P = 3.04E-08) (Figure 1). rCDI rates for the PGx population and in subgroups at high/low risk for rCDI stratified by SNP rs2516513 are shown in Table 1. Carriers of the T allele of SNP rs2516513 were associated with a statistically significant reduction in rCDI in BEZ-treated patients but not in PBO-treated patients (DrCDI = -21.5%). The magnitude of the effect of the T allele on rCDI is most prominent in patients who have ≥1 risk factor for rCDI (DrCDI = -24.6%), but is also present in patients without risk factors (DrCDI = -10.6%). In CC homozygous patients, rCDI rates are similar in both treatment groups and in patients at high and low risk of rCDI. Conclusion An SNP variant rs2516513 is associated with a lower rate of rCDI recurrence in patients treated with BEZ. The location of the associated genetic variant on chromosome 6 within xMHC, suggests that a host driven, immunological mechanism may play a role in rCDI and may predict patients most likely to respond to BEZ. As this is an exploratory finding, the results should be replicated in an independent validation study. Disclosures P. Shaw, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: Employee, May own stock/hold stock options in Company; J. Shen, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: Employee, may hold stock/hold stock options in the Company; M. B. Dorr, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, may own stock/hold stock options in the Company; J. Li, BGI-Shenzhen: Employee, Salary; R. Mogg, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: Employee, May hold stock/stock options in the Company; D. V. Mehrotra, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: Employee, may own stock/hold stock options in the Company; R. L. Blanchard, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: Employee, may own stock/hold stock options in the Company
Sources of Resistance to Diaprepes Weevil in Subfamily Aurantiodeae, Rutaceae (2001)

Commercially used citrus rootstocks can all be seriously damaged by larvae of the sugar cane root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). Six greenhouse challenge experiments were used to compare the resistance of 24 selections of citrus rootstocks and related species to this weevil by measuring root damage, and larval growth and survival. The commercial rootstocks tested were found to be susceptible, while at least seven other species within the subfamily Aurantiodeae were observed to be significantly more resistant. The species Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf. was most resistant to weevil larvae, exhibited less root damage than commonly used rootstock cultivars, and significantly depressed larval growth and survival. The species Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa, Microcitrus australis (Planch.) Swing., Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swing., Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Tenore, Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils., and Citrus hystrix DC. suffered as much damage from the weevil as common rootstock cultivars but significantly depressed growth of larvae feeding on them. One new hybrid rootstock, HRS-801, also significantly depressed D. abbreviatus larval growth, but this effect has not yet been verified as having significance in a long-term or field situation. Several strategies are discussed for developing citrus rootstocks resistant to D. abbreviatus .
Interdatacenter Job Routing and Scheduling With Variable Costs and Deadlines (2015)

To reduce their operational costs, datacenter (DC) operators can schedule large jobs at DCs in different geographical locations with time- and location-varying electricity and bandwidth prices. We introduce a framework and algorithms to do so that minimize electricity and bandwidth cost subject to job indivisibility, deadlines, priorities, and DC resource constraints. In doing so, we provide a way for DC operators to predict their operational costs for different DC placements and capacities, and thus make informed decisions about how to expand their DC network. Our distributed algorithm uses estimated job arrivals and day-ahead electricity prices to optimize over sliding time windows. We demonstrate its effectiveness on a Google DC trace and investigate the effects of different cost and performance criteria. The algorithm leverages heterogeneous job resource requirements and routing and scheduling flexibility: even deadline and indivisibility constraints yield little cost increase, though they significantly improve job completion times and localization at only one DC, respectively. We show that our algorithm reduces the cost much more than optimizing only electricity, only bandwidth, or a combination of resource costs and job completion times.
3D two-photon printing of hetero-microstructures by in-situ alignment of liquid-crystal elastomers (2021)

We present a novel two-photon 3D printing approach based on a dedicated resist chamber in which we apply a quasi-static electric field with variable orientation and amplitude during the 3D printing process. This allows aligning the director of not yet polymerized liquid-crystal elastomer resist. After two-photon exposure, the alignment is “frozen” in the polymerized voxel. For the next voxel, the electric field vector can be changed, etc. In this manner, we can 3D print hetero-microstructures of liquid-crystal elastomers. We envision applications under ambient conditions where mechanical actuation is induced by temperature variation or by focused light.
Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of an Auxotrophic Mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Defective in l -Arginine Biosynthesis (2002)

A mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis defective in the metabolism of L-arginine was constructed by allelic exchange mutagenesis. The argF mutant strain required exogenous L-arginine for growth in vitro, and in the presence of 0.96 mM L-arginine, it achieved a growth rate and cell density in stationary phase comparable to those of the wild type. The mutant strain was also able to grow in the presence of high concentrations of argininosuccinate, but its auxotrophic phenotype could not be rescued by L-citrulline, suggesting that the DeltaargF::hyg mutation exerted a polar effect on the downstream argG gene but not on argH. The mutant strain displayed reduced virulence in immunodeficient SCID mice and was highly attenuated in immunocompetent DBA/2 mice, suggesting that L-arginine availability is restricted in vivo.
A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent Capable of Detecting Hydrogen Peroxide (2012)

The redox-active ligand N-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-N,N',N'-tris(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (Hptp1) was prepared and complexed to manganese(II). The isolated [Mn(Hptp1)(MeCN)](2+) serves as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, with an r(1) value comparable to those of other mononuclear gadolinium(III) and manganese(II) complexes. The metal and ligand are stable in aerated aqueous solutions, but the addition of H(2)O(2) causes the complex to oxidatively couple to itself through a bimolecular reaction involving the phenol groups of two Hptp1 ligands. The binuclear product is less paramagnetic per manganese(II) than its mononuclear precursor, lowering the measured r(1) per manganese(II). The manganese(II) complex with Hptp1 can thereby serve as a sensor for oxidative stress.
A Survey of Certificateless Encryption Schemes and Security Models. (2006)

In this paper we survey the different security models that have been proposed for certificateless encryption, comment on their practical significance, and propose a consistent, new nomenclature for these models. We also survey all known certificateless encryption schemes and point out that there are no known certificateless encryption schemes that achieve the highest levels of security without using the random oracle methodology. Lastly, we discuss the di#culties in proving the security of a certificateless scheme in the standard model, and propose possible ways of finding a solution to this problem.
Hypothalamic Apelin/Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Controls Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in the Onset of Diabetes (2013)

We show that icv apelin injection stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis via an over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), leading to fasted hyperglycemia. The effect of central apelin on liver function is dependent of an increased production of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species (ROS). These data are strengthened by experiments using lentiviral vector-mediated over-expression of apelin in hypothalamus of mice that present over-activation of SNS associated to an increase in hepatic glucose production. Finally, we report that mice fed a high-fat diet present major alterations of hypothalamic apelin/ROS signaling, leading to activation of glycogenolysis. INNOVATION/CONCLUSION: These data bring compelling evidence that hypothalamic apelin is one master switch that participates in the onset of diabetes by directly acting on liver function. Our data support the idea that hypothalamic apelin is a new potential therapeutic target to treat diabetes.
Image Contour Extraction Method based on Computer Technology (2016)

Effectively apply computer technology in image contour extraction can not only automatically detect surface image defects, but can better process image contour and realize the function of extracting single pixel image edge profile with high precision. It can meet the measurement requirements based on computer vision and play an active application value. This article is to discuss image contour extraction method with computer technology.
Primary Candida pneumonia. Experience at a large cancer center and review of the literature. (1993)

We reviewed the experience over 20 years with primary Candida pneumonia among fatal cancer cases at our hospital. Unequivocal evidence of primary Candida pneumonia has been reported in only 55 cases. We report here 31 such cases. Unlike patients with disseminated candidiasis, and contrary to previous studies concentrating on cancer patients, only 9 of our 31 patients had severe neutropenia. In this report, the lack of organ involvement other than the lungs at complete autopsy examination, the exclusion of patients with candidemia, the very high percentage of intrabronchial and intra-alveolar fungal involvement without vascular invasion, and the concomitant presence of candidal esophagitis in some patients suggest that the mechanism of entry of the infectious particles may have been aspiration of oropharyngeal contents. The major clinical manifestations of primary Candida pneumonia are fever and tachypnea. Radiologically, nonspecific patchy infiltrates can be seen. Histopathologically, there is prevalence of bronchopneumonia, hemorrhage, and necrosis. The only accepted criterion for the definitive diagnosis of Candida pneumonia is histologic demonstration of the fungus in lung tissue. In contrast to previous reports, we demonstrated that primary Candida pneumonia can be life-threatening in patients with cancer since it directly contributed to the death of 84% of the patients in the present series. Very little data are available on the therapy and outcome of patients with Candida pneumonia. However, primary Candida pneumonia in the compromised host should be treated as a life-threatening infection with systemic antifungal therapy.
Facial skin fluorescence as a marker of the skin's response to chronic environmental insults and its dependence on age (2005)

This is the first time that epidermal proliferation and its dependence on ageing have been measured noninvasively on the human face. The higher tryptophan fluorescence values on the face vs. the protected site are indicative of accelerated rates of epidermal proliferation in the presence of chronic environmental insults. The repair potential of facial skin, i.e. its ability to maintain high proliferation rates, is maximal in younger populations and gradually decreases with age.
Etude d'un résonateur stop-bande accordable basé sur le concept DBR (Dual Behavior Resonator) (2011)

Une nouvelle structure de resonateur stop-bande accordable est presentee. Celle-ci est basee sur le principe du resonateur Dual Behavior Resonator (DBR). Les interets de cette topologie sont sa compacite, sa flexibilite ainsi que sa facilite de conception, en effet, la synthese complete de ce resonateur est presentee dans cet article. Pour la realisation proposee, l'accord est effectue grâce a des varactors. L'accord obtenu est de l'ordre de 20% pour une frequence centrale de 3 GHz.
Blue monolithic AlInN-based vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode on free-standing GaN substrate (2012)

We report on III-nitride based blue vertical cavity surface emitting lasers using defect-free highly reflective AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors grown on c-plane free-standing GaN substrates. Lasing is demonstrated at room temperature under pulsed electrical injection. The high lasing threshold current density still prevents devices from continuous wave lasing because of large self-heating. The reasons for such a high threshold are discussed and we show that it mainly comes from large light absorption in the indium tin oxide current spreading layer. Properly tuning both its thickness and its position with respect to the electrical field could remarkably decrease the threshold.
Tribracchial lariat ethers, ‘TriBLEs,’ based on 4,10,16-triaza-18-crown-6: an apparent limit to sidearm contributions in lariat ether molecules (1989)

The development of an improved synthesis of 4,10,16-triaza-18-crown-6 (crystal structure shown) has permitted the synthesis of several novel derivatives of this well-known but little-studied compound and the finding that two-armed and three-armed derivatives exhibit comparable rather than markedly different cation binding strengths and selectivities.