gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Matched subspace detectors (1994)

We formulate a general class of problems for detecting subspace signals in subspace interference and broadband noise. We derive the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) for each problem in the class. We then establish the invariances for the GLR and argue that these are the natural invariances for the problem. In each case, the GLR is a maximal invariant statistic, and the distribution of the maximal invariant statistic is monotone. This means that the GLR test (GLRT) is the uniformly most powerful invariant detector. We illustrate the utility of this finding by solving a number of problems for detecting subspace signals in subspace interference and broadband noise. In each case we give the distribution for the detector and compute performance curves.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
How Funding Ratios Affect Pension Plan Portfolio Allocations (2005)

Executive Summary. This article examines how a pension plan's funding ratio can affect the portfolio allocation decision. Specifically, an asset / liability model of pension plan decision-making is developed. Typical mean-variance models estimate allocations to both public and private real estate as high as 50%. In the asset / liability model, predicted allocations to both private and public real estate are much lower and closer to what is actually observed. In addition, the results show that as a pension plan becomes more underfunded, the allocation to private real estate falls while the allocation to public real estate stays about the same. As a plan becomes more overfunded, allocations to both private and public real estate increase but still by less than what is predicted in mean-variance models.
Anisotropic Topological Anderson Transitions in Chiral Symmetry Classes (2023)

We study quantum phase transitions of three-dimensional disordered systems in the chiral classes (AIII and BDI) with and without weak topological indices. We show that the systems with a nontrivial weak topological index universally exhibit an emergent thermodynamic phase where wave functions are delocalized along one spatial direction but exponentially localized in the other two spatial directions, which we call the quasilocalized phase. Our extensive numerical study clarifies that the critical exponent of the Anderson transition between the metallic and quasilocalized phases, as well as that between the quasilocalized and localized phases, are different from that with no weak topological index, signaling the new universality classes induced by topology. The quasilocalized phase and concomitant topological Anderson transition manifest themselves in the anisotropic transport phenomena of disordered weak topological insulators and nodal-line semimetals, which exhibit the metallic behavior in one direction but the insulating behavior in the other directions.
p53 protein subcellular localization and apoptosis in rodent corneal epithelium cell culture following ultraviolet irradiation (2013)

The tumor-suppressor gene p53 encodes a phosphoprotein involved in the control of cell growth. p53 expression and function have been documented in malignancy, apoptosis and the aging processes. Recently, p53 has been mapped and characterized in the normal cornea across different species. In the present study, high levels of cytoplasmic p53 protein were noted in normal primary corneal epithelium cultures by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the level of cytoplasmic p53 protein expression was increased beginning from 30 min and lasting until 6 h post-irradiation and then returned close to control levels by 24 h. Cytoplasmic p53 phosphorylation was detected from 30 min following UV treatment until 6 h post-irradiation. p53 protein became apparent in the nucleus in a fraction of these cultured cells beginning 30 min following UV irradiation and was still present 24 h later. We also found that p53 colocalized with mitochondria 2 h following UV irradiation in some of the cells and remained there up to 24 h. As the expression levels of p53 transcription following UV irradiation were not significantly altered, the increase in cytoplasmic p53 protein expression may be conditional only upon post-translational stabilization. We also observed that the apoptotic index increased following UV irradiation in the same time frame as the p53 nuclear transfer and was partially suppressed by pifithrin-α, which is a reversible inhibitor of p53-mediated apoptosis and p53-dependent gene transcription. The present study offers new evidence suggesting that cytoplasmic p53 in rodent corneal epithelium is functionally active.
Cost Analysis and Fuzzy Control for Collapsible Container Usage Based on Closed-Loop Supply Chain Model (2017)

In the last decade, global competition has forced manufacturers to optimize logistics. The implementation of collapsible containers provides a new perspective for logistics cost savings, since using collapsible containers reduces the frequency of shipping freight. However, optimization of logistic cost is complicated due to the interactions in a system, such as market demand, inventory, production throughput, and uncertainty. Therefore, a systematic model and accurate estimation of the total cost and system performance are of great importance for decision making. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to describe deterministic and stochastic scenarios for a closed-loop container dynamic flow system. The uncertainties in a factory and a supplier are considered in the model. The performance evaluation of the collapsible container system and total cost estimation are provided through model analysis. Furthermore, fuzzy control method is proposed to monitor the processing rate of the supplier and the factory and to adjust the rate of the supplier operation then further reduce the logistic cost. A case study with a matlab simulation is presented to illustrate the accuracy of the mathematical model and the effectiveness of the fuzzy controller.
Numerical solution of the spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation and verification of the nonlocal approach for an argon plasma (1995)

The spatially dependent description of the electron kinetics is of vital interest for the modeling of complete plasma devices. A possible method of dealing with this problem is by the solution of the Boltzmann equation accounting for the spatial inhomogeneity. This approach can be a complicated task. On the other hand, this method may be much more efficient than the treatment of the electron kinetics by simulation techniques. In this paper, the numerical solution of the spatially dependent Boltzmann equation for an argon plasma in cylindrical geometry is reported. A detailed discussion on the boundary conditions is presented. The numerical results are compared to results of the ``nonlocal approach,'' which is a very efficient method for the solution of the spatially dependent Boltzmann equation for the limiting case that the energy relaxation length of electrons exceeds the discharge dimensions. The range of applicability of the nonlocal approach is discussed in terms of the neutral gas density and the inhomogeneity of the electric field.
Halogen-bonded cocrystals of aromatic amines: the competition between halogen and hydrogen bonds (2016)

Halogen bonds that form between polarisable and electron-deficient halogen atoms (Br, I) and electron-rich Lewis bases have been utilised as alternatives to hydrogen bonds in the planned construction of crystal materials. Typical halogen bonds are similar to hydrogen bonds both in terms of length and directionality. In our studies of halogen-bonded cocrystals we focused on aromatic amines containing a potentially halogen bond acceptor groups: 4-aminoacetophenone (4aap), 4-aminobenzophenone (4ab), 3-aminopyridine (3ap), 5-amino-2-methoxypyridine (5a2mp), 3-aminobenzonitrile (3abn) and 4-nitroaniline (4noa). Such compounds, that contain good halogen bond acceptor species and good hydrogen bond donors, are significant from a crystal engineering standpoint, because they offer a possibility of constructing crystal structures containing both hydrogen and halogen bonds. As a good counterpart to amines, we selected 1, 4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (tfib), a well-known commercially available halogen bond donor. A cursory search of the Cambridge Structural Database revealed that data on tfib halogen bonded to our specified acceptor sites (Figure 1) is very scarce. In this work we report the mechanochemical synthesis of halogen-bonded cocrystals via liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) of amine and tfib, i.e. by grinding solid reactants in the presence of a small quantity of liquid phase (acetonitrile). To observe mechanosynthesis, as well as to facilitate the characterisation of the new cocrystals by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, LAG experiments were accompanied by crystallization from the reactant solution. All reactants and products have been characterised by means of powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Crystal structure analysis revealed that (3abn)(tfib) and (3ap)(tfib) crystallize in a 1:1 ratio, while other four prepared cocrystals crystallize in a 2:1 ratio. To the best of our knowledge, the (4noa)2(tfib) cocrystal represents the first known cocrystal where tfib molecules form I∙∙∙O halogen bonds with nitro group oxygen atoms. Interestingly, crystal structure analysis of the (4aap)2(tfib) cocrystal demonstrated that the carbonyl oxygen atom is a good halogen bond acceptor, in contrast with the (4ab)2(tfib) cocrystal, where it preferentially forms strong N–H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds, allowing only for the formation of I∙∙∙π halogen bonds. Furthermore, the amino group proved its potential to be a simultaneous hydrogen bond donor and halogen bond acceptor, as has been found out in the (3abn)(tfib) and (5a2mp)2(tfib) cocrystals. In (3ap)(tfib), unlike the other cocrystals, one of the tfib iodine atoms forms an expected I∙∙∙N halogen bond with a pyridine nitrogen atom, while the other atom participates in a I∙∙∙I halogen interaction with another tfib molecule. All halogen bonded complexes amine-tfib are connected into a 2D or 3D network via N–H∙∙∙X (X=O, F, N or I) hydrogen bonds.
Purification and Partial Characterization of the Allergen Ag-54 from <i>Cladosporium herbarum</i> (1985)

One important allergen, Ag-54, was extracted from Cladosporium herbarum and purified by a combination of diafiltration, gel filtrations and isoelectric focusing. The allergen, when examined by gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography, was found to be essentially homogeneous with a molecular weight of about 20,000 daltons. Ag-54 is of glycoprotein nature. It contained 19.5% protein, calculated from its amino acid composition and 80.2% carbohydrate, quantified by methanolysis, trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas-liquid chromatography. The carbohydrate moiety was composed only of mannose, galactose and glucose in the ratio 1.0:0.6:1.3. Frequently occurring amino sugars like glucosamine and galactosamine could not be detected. Mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl-derivatized methylglycosides demonstrated that sialic acid was not present.
Exome-first approach identified a novel gloss deletion associated with Lowe syndrome (2016)

Lowe syndrome (LS) is an X-linked disorder affecting the eyes, nervous system and kidneys, typically caused by missense or nonsense/frameshift <i>OCRL</i> mutations. We report a 6-month-old male clinically suspected to have LS, but without the Fanconi-type renal dysfunction. Using a targeted-exome sequencing-first approach, LS was diagnosed by the identification of a deletion involving 1.7 Mb at Xq25-q26.1, encompassing the entire <i>OCRL</i> gene and neighboring loci.
Colliding nuclei to colliding galaxies: Illustrations using a simple colliding liquid-drop apparatus (2015)

A simple apparatus suitable for observing the collisions between drops of fluids of various properties is described. Typical results are shown for experiments performed by undergraduate students using various types of fluids. The collisions take place under free-fall (zero-g) conditions, with analysis employing digital video. Two specific types of collisions are examined in detail, head-on collisions and peripheral, grazing collisions. The collisions for certain fluids illustrate many types of nuclear collisions and provide useful insight into these processes, including both fusion and non-fusion outcomes, often with the formation of exotic shapes or emission of secondary fragments. Collisions of other liquids show a more chaotic behavior, often resembling galactic collisions. As expected, the Weber number associated with a specific collision impact parameter is found to be the important quantity in determining the initial outcome of these colliding systems. The features observed resemble those reported by others using more elaborate experimental techniques.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressures Resulting From Experimental Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in a Pig Model (2013)

Despite considerable effort over the last four decades, research has failed to translate into consistently effective treatment options for spinal cord injury (SCI). This is partly attributed to differences between the injury response of humans and rodent models. Some of this difference could be because the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer of the human spine is relatively large, while that of the rodents is extremely thin. We sought to characterize the fluid impulse induced in the CSF by experimental SCIs of moderate and high human-like severity, and to compare this with previous studies in which fluid impulse has been associated with neural tissue injury. We used a new in vivo pig model (n = 6 per injury group, mean age 124.5 days, 20.9 kg) incorporating four miniature pressure transducers that were implanted in pairs in the subarachnoid space, cranial, and caudal to the injury at 30 mm and 100 mm. Tissue sparing was assessed with Eriochrome Cyanine and Neutral Red staining. The median peak pressures near the injury were 522.5 and 868.8 mmHg (range 96.7-1430.0) and far from the injury were 7.6 and 36.3 mmHg (range 3.8-83.7), for the moderate and high injury severities, respectively. Pressure impulse (mmHg.ms), apparent wave speed, and apparent attenuation factor were also evaluated. The data indicates that the fluid pressure wave may be sufficient to affect the severity and extent of primary tissue damage close to the injury site. However, the CSF pressure was close to normal physiologic values at 100 mm from the injury. The high injury severity animals had less tissue sparing than the moderate injury severity animals; this difference was statistically significant only within 1.6 mm of the epicenter. These results indicate that future research seeking to elucidate the mechanical origins of primary tissue damage in SCI should consider the effects of CSF. This pig model provides advantages for basic and preclinical SCI research due to its similarities to human scale, including the existence of a human-like CSF fluid layer.
Adaptive passivity-based control strategies of doubly fed induction wind power generator systems (2010)

Nonlinear control strategies of variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) wind power generator systems, especially passivity-based control (PBC) methods, have been a focus in the literature. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a control algorithm that forces the wind driven doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) to track reference flux and speed trajectories with time-varying load torque. To achieve this, an adaptive PBC method based on Euler-Lagrange (EL) system is developed. PBC combined with adaptive control scheme not only reserves the advantages of PBC such as nonexistence of singularity, but also repressed the harmonic current tracking error caused by resistance and inductance variation. This leads to a simple control structure and enhances the robustness of the control system. The reasonability and validity is testified by the experimental results based on dSPACE.
Thin Films and Superlattices in the Bi-Fe-O System Prepared by ALD (2014)

Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO 3 ) is one of the most technologically promising multiferroics with a simple perovskite structure and high ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic ordering temperatures. High-quality heteroepitaxial growth of BiFeO 3 thin films has been demonstrated mainly by PLD, MBE, RF sputtering and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). While the first three techniques listed above require ultrahigh vacuum and thus are rather expensive, particularly when used on an industrial scale, MOCVD may serve as an appropriate deposition method for the device fabrication. However, as nanoelectronic device sizes shrink, the demand for a high-precision deposition of thin layers on high-aspect-ratio structures grows stronger. ALD simply does not encounter this obstacle and can produce atomically smooth coverage on structures with extremely high aspect ratio. We will discuss the growth of BiFeO 3 thin films and (Bi-O) x (Fe-O) y superlattices by ALD and the influence of the growth parameters on the phase composition of the resulting films. In short, the preparation of the films involved two stages: the deposition of the amorphous films and superlattices on Si wafers, SrTiO 3 (001), Nb:SrTiO 3 (001) at 250 C and a subsequent annealing of as-deposited films at various temperatures. Using XRD analysis and TEM imaging the annealed BiFeO 3 films were demonstrated to be highly crystalline; piezoresponse force microscopy showed an expected response of the ferroelectric phase. The ALD growth of BiFeO 3 will provide a new way of convenient, technologically-oriented and commercially realizable deposition of a promising multiferroic for nanoelectronic devices. This work was supported by the NSF DMR under 1124696 and by the ARO under W911.
S. pombegenome deletion project: An update (2010)

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a model organism used widely to study various aspects of eukaryotic biology. A collection of heterozygous diploid strains containing individual deletions in nearly all S. pombe genes has been created using a PCR based strategy. However, deletion of some genes has not been possible using this methodology. Here we use an efficient knockout strategy based on plasmids that contain large regions homologous to the target gene to delete an additional 29 genes. The collection of deletion mutants now covers 99% of the fission yeast open reading frames.
Effects of potentised homeopathic medicines on the germination, growth and photosynthetic activity of Pisum sativum L. (2013)

The present study evaluates the possible effect of potentised homeopathic medicine, Arsenicum album and Baryta carbonica on germination, growth and photosynthetic activity of pea seedlings ( Pisum sativum L .). The seedlings of pea were treated with three different centesimal potencies (8CH, 32CH, 202CH) of both the medicine. With the increase in potency, the morphological parameters viz. length of plumule and radical increased. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotinoids, and pheophytin) also showed the similar result. Hence, a stimulating effect was observed on growth as well as photosynthetic activity at the higher potency as compared to untreated one even after the dilution of drug beyond the Avogadro’s number.
A Simplified Alkaline Phosphotungstate Assay for Uric Acid in Serum (1971)

Abstract An alkaline phosphotungstate procedure was developed in which the phosphotungstic acid reagent is used both as protein-precipitating and oxidizing reagent. The procedure requires only a 0.2-ml sample and fewer reagents and manipulations than similar procedures, but yields results equivalent to those obtained by Henry’s alkaline phosphotungstate procedure. Recovery, precision, and linearity were good over a wide range of uric acid concentrations. Standardization was easy with use of aqueous albumin standards or of commercial calibration reference sera.
Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of Alkaloid Constituents of Angostura Bark, Galipea officinalis (1999)

The activity of an ethanolic extract of Galipea officinalis bark against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was shown to reside mainly in the basic alkaloidal fraction although the major part of the alkaloids present were in the neutral fraction. Six alkaloids were isolated from the bark including two other alkaloids not previously reported from G. officinalis and a new quinoline named allocuspareine, whose structure was determined by spectroscopic methods. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data for three of these compounds are reported for the first time. Isolation and testing of fractions and individual alkaloids against ten strains of M. tuberculosis showed that all the alkaloids possessed some activity but that the unidentified most polar basic fraction exhibited the greatest effect.
Priming of Head Premotor Circuits During Oculomotor Preparation (2006)

Large, rapid gaze shifts necessitate intricate coordination of the eyes and head. Brief high-frequency bursts of activity within the intermediate and deeper layers of the superior colliculus (dSC) encode desired gaze shifts regardless of component movements of the eyes and head. However, it remains unclear whether low-frequency activity emitted by oculomotor neurons within the dSC and elsewhere has any role in eye-head gaze shifts. Here we test the hypothesis that such low-frequency activity contributes to eye-head coordination by selectively priming head premotor circuits. We exploited the capacity for short-duration (10 ms, 4 pulses) dSC stimulation to evoke neck muscle responses without compromising ocular stability, stimulating at various intervals of a "gap-saccade" task. Low-frequency neural activity in many oculomotor areas (including the dSC) is known to increase during the progression of the gap-saccade task. Stimulation was passed during either a fixation-interval while a central fixation point was illuminated, a 200-ms gap-interval between fixation point offset and target onset, or a movement-interval following target onset. In the two monkeys studied, the amplitude of evoked responses on multiple neck muscles tracked the known increases in low-frequency oculomotor activity during the gap-saccade task, being greater following stimulation passed at the end of the gap- versus the fixation-interval, and greater still when the location of stimulation during the movement interval coincided with the area of the dSC generating the ensuing saccade. In one of these monkeys, we obtained a more detailed timeline of how these results co-varied with low-frequency oculomotor activity by stimulating, across multiple trials, at different times within the fixation-, gap- and movement-intervals. Importantly, in both monkeys, baseline levels of neck EMG taken immediately prior to stimulation onset did not co-vary with the known pattern of low-frequency oculomotor activity up until the arrival of a transient burst associated with visual target onset. These baseline results demonstrate that any priming of the head premotor circuits occurs without affecting the output of neck muscle motoneurons, We conclude that low-frequency oculomotor activity primes head premotor circuits well in advance of gaze shift initiation, and in a manner distinct from its effects on the eye premotor circuits. Such distinctions presumably aid the temporal coordination of the eyes and head despite fundamentally different biomechanics.