gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous Speech Recognition Based on General Factor Dependent Acoustic Models (2005)

This paper describes continuous speech recognition incorporating the additional complement information, e.g., voice characteristics, speaking styles, linguistic information and noise environment, into HMM-based acoustic modeling. In speech recognition systems, contextdependent HMMs, i.e., triphone, and the tree-based context clustering have commonly been used. Several attempts to utilize not only phonetic contexts, but additional complement information based on context (factor) dependent HMMs have been made in recent years. However, when the additional factors for testing data are unobserved, methods for obtaining factor labels is required before decoding. In this paper, we propose a model integration technique based on general factor dependent HMMs for decoding. The integrated HMMs can be used by a conventional decoder as standard triphone HMMs with Gaussian mixture densities. Moreover, by using the results of context clustering, the proposedmethod can determine an optimal number of mixture components for each state dependently of the degree of influence from additional factors. Phoneme recognition experiments using voice characteristic labels show significant improvements with a small number of model parameters, and a 19.3% error reduction was obtained in noise environment experiments.
Modification of CFR Test Engine Unit to Determine Octane Numbers of Pure Alcohols and Gasoline-Alcohol Blends (1982)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The CFR test engine unit was modified by the use of a variable fuel needle jet, instead of the carburetor main jet of standard size (ASTM research and motor method), as well as by an additional heating system for the air/fuel mixture pre-heating device (ASTM motor method). This enables octane ratings of pure alcohols and gasoline-alcohol blends without changing engine operating conditions as specified by ASTM. The applicability of the newly developed supplementary devices was verified and found appropriate by the members of a FAM Task Group, organized within the German Institute for Standardization (DIN).&lt;/div&gt;
Copy number variation as a genetic basis for heterotaxy and heterotaxy-spectrum congenital heart defects (2016)

Genomic disorders and rare copy number abnormalities are identified in 15–25% of patients with syndromic conditions, but their prevalence in individuals with isolated birth defects is less clear. A...
Fault tolerance in three-tier applications: focusing on the database tier (2003)

Discusses the issues involved in providing an integrated fault tolerance solution to enterprise applications with a distributed three-tier architecture. We examine end-to-end fault tolerance requirements for interactions between the tiers and describe available solutions. We perform a detailed assessment of fault tolerance technologies that are available for the database tier, which poses most challenging reliability and high-availability problems. In particular, we discuss and compare the tradeoffs made in commercial database systems between different aspects of fault tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric HIV‐1 Protease Inhibitors (I) from D‐ Mannitol. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Identification of Cellular Proteins Required for Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (2012)

Cellular proteins are essential for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and may serve as viable new targets for treating infection. Using gene trap insertional mutagenesis, a high-throughput approach based on random inactivation of cellular genes, candidate genes were found that limit virus replication when mutated. Disrupted genes (N=87) conferring resistance to lytic infection with several viruses were queried for an affect on HIV-1 replication by utilizing small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens in TZM-bl cells. Several genes regulating diverse pathways were found to be required for HIV-1 replication, including DHX8, DNAJA1, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, HAP1, KALRN, UBA3, UBE2E3, and VMP1. Candidate genes were independently tested in primary human macrophages, toxicity assays, and/or Tat-dependent β-galactosidase reporter assays. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that several host factors present in this study participate in canonical pathways and functional processes implicated in prior genome-wide studies. However, the genes presented in this study did not share identity with those found previously. Novel antiviral targets identified in this study should open new avenues for mechanistic investigation.
Steel research and development in the aspect for a sustainable society (2005)

For the realization of a sustainable society, the number of environmentally friendly products introduced in the recent decades has increased in iron and steel products. Such products are compatible with environmental regulations, are preferable from the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) viewpoint and save energy when used in the final products because of their improved properties. Hydro‐forming technology simplifies the production process, of automotive parts and reduces the parts' weight, contributing to an improvement in the fuel consumption rate of automobiles. In the steel‐refining process, reduction of slag emission is a key issue and is accomplished by improvements in dephosporization efficiency and the recycling of the refining slag as in the multiple refining converter (MURC) process. Electromagnetic casting reduces the number of defects in hot coils produced from the slab cast by its application and has the possibility of eliminating the slab surface treatment, which saves energy. Control of non‐metallic inclusions and segregation are now utilized for the generation of steel properties more suitable for environmental concerns. Hydrogen gas generation by using coke oven gas and waste plastic recycling by using a coke oven also contribute toward creating a sustainable society.
Unusual DNA structure in the regulatory region of the human papovavirus JC virus (1988)

The human papovavirus JC virus (JCV) was analyzed for the presence of unusual DNA conformations. Recombinant plasmids containing 60% of the JCV prototype Mad-1 strain DNA were constructed and analyzed with both enzymatic and chemical probes. Fine-mapping studies revealed that the most prominent S1 nuclease-sensitive and bromoacetaldehyde-modified sites were located within the TATA boxes of each 98-base-pair tandem repeat. Further studies revealed that the S1 nuclease-sensitive site in the first TATA box (proximal to the origin) was approximately 50-fold stronger than the site in the second TATA box (distal from the origin). Deletion of the first TATA box drastically reduced the extent of bromoacetaldehyde modification in the second TATA box, whereas deletion of the second TATA box had little or no effect on the reactivity at the first TATA box. Hence, the biological and conformational role of the second TATA box remains unclear. No supercoil-induced relaxation was found, and reactions with the probes were not pH dependent. Also, fragments containing this regulatory region did not appear to be bent, although the A+T-rich segment contained a tract of eight consecutive A's. We conclude that the regulatory region of JCV contains non-B, but right-handed, DNA conformations which account for this behavior.
Extracellular tumor DNA in plasma and overall survival in breast cancer patients (2006)

In this study, we examined whether free DNA extracted from the plasma of breast cancer patients, characterized as tumor DNA, could predict the overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients. In total, 147 patients and 35 healthy controls were studied. Plasma DNA was assessed in the same way as tumor DNA, following identification of similar alterations in polymorphic markers and TP53 gene mutations. Although OS was the main focus of this study, recurrence and disease-free survival (DFS) were also analyzed. In 61 of the 142 patients, with an average 58 months of follow-up, a similar molecular signature in tumor and plasma DNA was detected. OS was 71% (95% CI, 61%-81%), and distribution as regards tumor plasma DNA was 59% (95% CI, 45%-73%) for positive cases and 83% (95% CI, 73%-93%) for negative cases (P = 0.01). Univariate analysis revealed a predictive value for tumor plasma DNA (P = 0.018) hazard ratio (HR) 2.5 (95% CI, 1.2-5.3), while multivariate analysis did not (P = 0.3), HR 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6-4.4). DFS was 37% (95% CI, 19%-55%) for positive patients and 75% (95% CI, 57%-93%) for negative patients (P = 0.005). Among the 35 recurrences observed, 25 were positive for tumor plasma DNA and 10 were negative, (P < 0.001). These results indicate that tumor plasma DNA at diagnosis can serve as a prognostic marker of the OS of breast cancer patients.
Bioavailability and metabolism of coffee chlorogenic acids in humans (2011)

Chlorogenic acids are coffee bioactives that are becoming of great interest for their health promoting effects. However, human bioavailability of these compounds is not fully understood. We investigated plasma appearance of coffee chlorogenic (CGAs) and phenolic (PAs) acids after ingestion of coffee by healthy volunteers. Two groups of metabolites appeared over the 24h after coffee ingestion where plasma CGAs and PAs were measured after enzymatic treatment. Caffeoyl quinic, feruloyl quinic, caffeic, ferulic (FA) and isoferulic acid appeared rapidly with mean Cmax less than 2 hours after ingestion, indicative of intestinal absorption. Dihydrocaffeic and dihydroferulic acid peaked between 10 and 12h, which might suggest colonic metabolism and absorption. While colonic metabolites were present in high amounts (Cmax > 1μM), other PAs acids were present in lesser quantities (Cmax < 500nM). CGAs were present in low quantities (Cmax < 100nM), while di-caffeoylquinic acids were only detected in trace amounts. Surprisingly, FA and isoFA showed strong biphasic plasmatic curve while the methylated form of FA (dimethoxycaffeic acid) did not. Taken together, these data show the complexity of absorption and metabolism of coffee polyphenols in healthy humans. It also highlights the importance of this beverage as a significant dietary source of bioactive compounds.
UAV-assisted Aerial Survey of Railways using Deep Learning (2020)

Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) are currently in use for diverse applications such as critical infrastructure monitoring. Monitoring is based on video capture by a video camera and subsequent use of Deep Learning (DL) techniques to perform image recognition. In this paper we do a proof-of-concept validation of DL and UAV-assisted monitoring for vegetation and object detection on railways. The large diversity of vegetation, terrain and railway settings increases the challenges for object detection and classification. Moreover, the creation of an appropriate dataset for the training of a classifier is a nontrivial task per se. We show the related challenges in this setting, and we create from scratch a dedicated dataset with manual annotation for vegetation management on railways, based on publicly available video clips and our own video recordings at a railway. To the best of our knowledge this is the first dedicated dataset for this application. Next, we develop a DL pipeline on this dataset and evaluate its performance for different classes of vegetation and obstacles on the railways. Our approach leads to satisfactory detection accuracy, especially given the diversity of obstacles and the fact that most objects to be detected appear at the background of the frame image. Also, we test our classifier models in the NVIDIA Jetson Nano platform, which is the on-board computing system of a UAV that we used for on-site testing. The classifier may operate on the Jetson Nano board presenting a good and viable performance.
Re-configurable Completely Unpowered Wireless Sensors (2007)

A methodology for remotely and wirelessly reading any type of unpowered impedance varying sensor is described. Unpowered wireless sensors, in existence for a number of years, have been limited to low impedance sensors. Techniques for reading high impedance sensors are introduced here. The resulting methodology can be used to measure a wide range of different sensors, including temperature, pressure, light level, mechanical switch, acoustic emission, and acceleration. These sensors report physically measurable data in the same manner as do similar conventional sensors, but they do it remotely and without any local power source. The sensors are measured remotely using a radar-like interrogation device, and the sensors and their related communication electronics draw all of the power needed for communicating from the radar pulse.
Whistling in the Dark (2012)

Shortness of breath, fever, and cough productive of yellow sputum developed in a 38-year-old woman soon after the birth of her third child. Although her symptoms initially resolved with antibiotics, an intermittent nonproductive cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath soon followed.
Trans‐substitution and equilibration of phenols. Part IV. The influence of various catalysts on the trans‐tert‐butylation reaction of phenols; mechanistic aspects (1983)

Abstract The trans‐tert ‐butylation reaction by 2,6‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol has been studied for a number of phenols in the presence of different catalysts. Equilibria, as well as reaction kinetics, have been investigated. The mechanism involves the intermediacy of a tert ‐butyl ether. This mechanism is supported both by the kinetics and the initially high ortho/para ratio as well as by the reversed substituent effect.
Report on Water (1977)

Journal Article Report on Water Get access Theodore O Meiggs Theodore O Meiggs National Enforcement Investigations Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO 80225 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Volume 60, Issue 2, 1 March 1977, Pages 366–367, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/60.2.366 Published: 10 February 2020
Homogeneous Field Emission Cathodes With Precisely Adjustable Geometry Fabricated by Silicon Technology (2012)

Silicon-based cathodes with precisely aligned field emitter arrays of sharp tips applicable for miniaturized electron sources were successfully fabricated and characterized. This was made possible by an improved fabrication process using wet thermal oxidation, wet etching, and reactive-ion etching steps with adjustable anisotropy. As substrate materials, both p-doped silicon and n-doped silicon were used. The cathode chips contain about 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> Si tips/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a triangular array with tip heights of 2.5 μm, tip radii of less than 30 nm, and spacing of 20 μm. Well-aligned field emission (FE) and excellent homogeneity from all tips (i.e., 100% efficiency) and maximum stable currents of typically 0.1 μA (0.6 μA) for p (n)-type Si were reproducibly achieved. The current-voltage characteristics of the p-Si tips exhibit the expected saturation at around 10 nA with around ten times better current stability, whereas the n-Si tips show the usual Fowler-Nordheim behavior. Additional coating of the Si tips with 5-nm Cr and 10-nm Au layers resulted in improved stability and at least five times higher average FE current limits (about 3 μA) at about 30% higher operation voltage.
Pif1 helicase unfolding of G-quadruplex DNA is highly dependent on sequence and reaction conditions (2018)

In addition to unwinding double-stranded nucleic acids, helicase activity can also unfold noncanonical structures such as G-quadruplexes. We previously characterized Pif1 helicase catalyzed unfolding of parallel G-quadruplex DNA. Here we characterized unfolding of the telomeric G-quadruplex, which can fold into antiparallel and mixed hybrid structures and found significant differences. Telomeric DNA sequences are unfolded more readily than the parallel quadruplex formed by the c-MYC promoter in K<sup>+</sup> Furthermore, we found that under conditions in which the telomeric quadruplex is less stable, such as in Na<sup>+</sup>, Pif1 traps thermally melted quadruplexes in the absence of ATP, leading to the appearance of increased product formation under conditions in which the enzyme is preincubated with the substrate. Stable telomeric G-quadruplex structures were unfolded in a stepwise manner at a rate slower than that of duplex DNA unwinding; however, the slower dissociation from G-quadruplexes compared with duplexes allowed the helicase to traverse more nucleotides than on duplexes. Consistent with this, the rate of ATP hydrolysis on the telomeric quadruplex DNA was reduced relative to that on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), but less quadruplex DNA was needed to saturate ATPase activity. Under single-cycle conditions, telomeric quadruplex was unfolded by Pif1, but for the c-MYC quadruplex, unfolding required multiple helicase molecules loaded onto the adjacent ssDNA. Our findings illustrate that Pif1-catalyzed unfolding of G-quadruplex DNA is highly dependent on the specific sequence and the conditions of the reaction, including both the monovalent cation and the order of addition.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF COPOLYMER MODIFIED POLYMER BLENDS (1978)

SYNOPSIS Most polymers produced by industry have one or a few outstanding properties. Therefore, it was natural to combine different polymers into alloys, composites, or polyblends. It can be expected that a binary heterogeneous blend should have a modulus that is a not‐too‐complicated function of the moduli and of the volume fractions of the two polymers. Sometimes synergistic effects can be reached, leading to special features, as for instance, an unexpected high impact strength. In high‐impact polystrene and in other rubber‐modified toughened glassy polymers the adhesion between the rubber particles and the glassy matrix necessary for good properties is provided for by the presence of a graft copolymer formed during polymerization. The amounts and structures of such graft copolymers and of the partly cross‐linked elastomer particles are difficult to determine. Therefore, research was carried out on blends of polystrene (PS) and low‐density polyethylene (PE) or ethylene‐propylene copolymer (EP) to which well‐defined block and graft polymers PS‐b‐PE, PS‐g‐PE or PS‐g‐EP were added in the melt. Particle dimensions of the dispersed phase were strongly influenced by the viscosity of the molten blend and by the concentration of copolymer. Young's modulus of the PS blends as a function of the volume fractions of added copolymer and of homopolymers could be used as a tool for estimation of the number of phases and of the morphology, as investigated by optical and electronoptical means. The mechanisms of fracture under impact—crazing and shearing—were well correlated with the morphology observed.
Tungsten nanodisc-based spectrally-selective polarization-independent thermal emitters (2023)

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells convert thermally emitted photons into electrical power using photovoltaic (PV) detectors. To realize highly efficient thermal energy harvesting using TPV conversion, high-temperature stable spectrally-selective emitters are needed. The deployment of TPV technology lags behind conventional solar-PV technology due to the lack of large-scale fabrication of efficient thermal emitters, which would preferentially emit in the PV cell absorption band. In this work, we demonstrate a simple large-area nanofabrication method based on the hole-mask colloidal lithography and sputtering, which allows one to fabricate tungsten (W) nanodisc spectrally-selective emitters (consisting of a metal-insulator-metal configuration) with a high emissivity below the InGaAsSb PV-cell cut-off wavelength of 2.25 μm and a gradually decreasing emissivity (down to < 10%) in the mid-infrared region. Frequency-domain time-domain (FDTD) simulations reveal that the spectral selectivity is achieved due to the localized surface plasmon resonance of W nanodiscs strongly influenced by the insulator thickness. Importantly, the W emitters show thermal stability at temperatures of up to 1100 °C, and emissivity invariance to changes in polarization and incidence angles up to 65°. This work represents a significant step towards the realization of high-temperature stable efficient thermal emitters by a facile and cost-effective fabrication method, thereby promoting the implementation of photonic/plasmonic thermal emitters in the next-generation thermal energy harvesting systems. The method proposed in this study holds potential for scalability; however, empirical evidence to demonstrate this scalability has not yet been established. Subsequent studies are needed to confirm the scalability of the proposed method and its extensive applicability.
Mite control with low temperature washing–II. Elimination of living mites on clothing (1998)

It is possible to achieve mite control in delicate garments by washing at low temperature in the presence of a mite control additive providing a final concentration of 0.03% benzyl benzoate.
Guggulsterone Activates Adipocyte Beiging through Direct Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Indirect Effects Mediated through RAW264.7 Macrophages (2019)

<b>Background:</b> Plant-derived phytochemicals have been of emerging interest as anti-obesity compounds due to their apparent effects on promoting reduced lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Despite such promising evidence, little is known about the potential mechanisms behind their anti-obesity effects. The aim of this study is to establish potential anti-obesity effects of the phytochemical guggulsterone (GS). <b>Methods:</b> Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with GS, derived from the guggul plant native in northern India, to investigate its effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and adipocyte "beiging." Further, to explore the relationship between macrophages and adipocytes, 3T3-L1s were treated with conditioned media from GS-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and beiging were measured by western blot. <b>Results:</b> GS treatment in adipocytes resulted in increased mitochondrial density, biogenesis (PGC1α and PPARγ), and increased markers of a beige adipocyte phenotype (UCP1, TBX1, and β-3AR). This upregulation in mitochondrial expression was accompanied by increases oxygen consumption. In GS-treated macrophages, markers of M2 polarization were elevated (e.g., arginase and IL-10), along with increased catecholamine release into the media. Lastly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with conditioned media from macrophages induced a 167.8% increase in UCP1 expression, suggestive of a role of macrophages in eliciting an anti-adipogenic response to GS. <b>Conclusions:</b> Results from this study provide the first mechanistic understanding of the anti-obesity effects of GS and suggests a role for both direct GS-signaling and indirect stimulation of M2 macrophage polarization in this model.
Intracranial hemangiopericytoma (2011)

Adjuvant radiation may show promise in preventing tumor progression, but recurrence remains a common treatment outcome regardless of initial strategy. When safe and feasible, gross total resection should be pursued as an initial surgical strategy to maximize overall survival. The propensity of these tumors to metastasize makes detailed staging imaging necessary.