gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FUEL ECONOMY FACTORS IN LUBRICANTS (1982)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper examines the various factors controlling the effect of lubricants on fuel economy. The main mechanisms that contribute to energy losses in a lubricant/machine system are discussed, and examples of the contributions of the corresponding parameters are given. Synergistic combinations of the principal energy-saving components are noted and applied, with an emphasis on engine oil formulations. It is concluded that the optimum 5W-30 formulation combines a base reinforced with a polyaphaolefin oligomer and a friction-modified additive package. This combination also would help solve other industry problems, such as low-temperature engine failures and excess wear and blowby situations at high temperatures.&lt;/div&gt;
160 Gb/s in 28-nm WDM transmission over 238 km of DSF with standard fiber compensation (1996)

160 Gb/s (8/spl times/20 Gb/s PRBS NRZ channels) have been transmitted on a 28-nm optical bandwidth over three DSF amplifier spans for a total distance of 238 km. The dispersion management technique, based upon the use of standard fiber, includes both partial in-line compensation and individual channel compensation at the output of the receiver demultiplexer.
Ectopic Norrin Induces Growth of Ocular Capillaries and Restores Normal Retinal Angiogenesis in Norrie Disease Mutant Mice (2005)

Norrie disease is an X-linked retinal dysplasia that presents with congenital blindness, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation. Norrin, the protein product of the Norrie disease gene (NDP), is a secreted protein of unknown biochemical function. Norrie disease (Ndp(y/-)) mutant mice that are deficient in norrin develop blindness, show a distinct failure in retinal angiogenesis, and completely lack the deep capillary layers of the retina. We show here that the transgenic expression of ectopic norrin under control of a lens-specific promoter restores the formation of a normal retinal vascular network in Ndp(y/-) mutant mice. The improvement in structure correlates with restoration of neuronal function in the retina. In addition, lenses of transgenic mice with ectopic expression of norrin show significantly more capillaries in the hyaloid vasculature that surrounds the lens during development. In vitro, lenses of transgenic mice in coculture with microvascular endothelial cells induce proliferation of the cells. Transgenic mice with ectopic expression of norrin show more bromodeoxyuridine-labeled retinal progenitor cells at embryonic day 14.5 and thicker retinas at postnatal life than wild-type littermates, indicating a putative direct neurotrophic effect of norrin. These data provide direct evidence that norrin induces growth of ocular capillaries and that pharmacologic modulation of norrin might be used for treatment of the vascular abnormalities associated with Norrie disease or other vascular disorders of the retina.
The efficacy of polyglycolic acid felt reinforcement in preventing postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticojejunostomy in patients with main pancreatic duct less than 3 mm in diameter and soft pancreas undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy (PLANET-PJ trial): study protocol for a multicentre randomized phase III trial in Japan and Korea (2019)

Partial pancreatoduodenectomy is performed for malignant and benign diseases of the pancreatic head region. The procedure is considered highly difficult and highly invasive. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is an important complication because of several consequent complications, including intraabdominal haemorrhage, often increasing hospital stays and surgical mortality. Although many kinds of pancreaticojejunostomy aimed at reducing POPF have been examined to date, the technique has not yet been standardized. We devised a new method using double-coated polyglycolic acid felt after pancreaticojejunostomy. The aim of the PLANET-PJ trial is to evaluate the superiority of polyglycolic acid felt reinforcement in preventing POPF after pancreaticojejunostomy in patients undergoing partial pancreatoduodenectomy to previous anastomosis methods. Patients diagnosed with pancreatic or periampullary lesions in whom it is judged that the main pancreatic duct diameter was 3 mm or less on the left side of the portal vein without pancreatic parenchymal atrophy due to obstructive pancreatitis are considered eligible for inclusion. This study is designed as a multicentre randomized phase III trial in Japan and the Republic of Korea. Eligible patients will be centrally randomized to either group A (polyglycolic acid felt reinforcement) or group B (control). In total, 514 patients will be randomized in 31 high-volume centres in Japan and Republic of Korea. The primary endpoint is the incidence of POPF (International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery grade B/C). The PLANET-PJ trial evaluates the efficacy of a new method using double-coated polyglycolic acid felt reinforcement for preventing POPF after pancreaticojejunostomy. This new method may reduce POPF. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03331718 . University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000029647. Registered on 30 November 2017. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000033874
Technical Aspects of SEEG and Its Interpretation in the Delineation of the Epileptogenic Zone (2020)

Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) has gained global popularity in recent years. In Japan, a country in which invasive studies using subdural electrodes (SDEs) have been the mainstream, SEEG has been approved for insurance coverage in 2020 and is expected to gain in popularity. Some concepts supporting SEEG methodology are fundamentally different from that of SDE studies. Clinicians interested in utilizing SEEG in their practice should be aware of those aspects in which they differ. Success in utilizing the SEEG methodology relies heavily on the construction of an a priori hypothesis regarding the putative seizure onset zone (SOZ) and propagation. This article covers the technical and theoretical aspects of SEEG, including the surgical techniques and precautions, hypothesis construction, and the interpretation of the recording, all with the aim of providing an introductory guide to SEEG.
Selecting patients with metastatic colorectal cancer for treatment with temozolomide using proteomic analysis of MGMT. (2017)

11601 Background: Temozolomide (TMZ) is a standard treatment for melanoma and glioblastoma and it has shown limited but encouraging activity in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In multiple cancer types, the DNA repair protein O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a resistance marker for TMZ; MGMT promoter methylation is associated with loss of MGMT expression and response to TMZ. We hypothesized that mCRC patients whose tumors expressed quantities of MGMT protein below a pre-defined cutoff would have better outcomes on TMZ than patients with MGMT expression above the cutoff. To test our hypothesis, we assessed MGMT by mass spectrometry in the tumor samples of patients with refractory mCRC and MGMT promoter methylation receiving TMZ. Methods: Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were obtained from 24 patients from two phase 2 trials. A pathologist marked the tumor areas, which were microdissected and solubilized. In each tumor sample, multiple protein biomarkers including MGMT were quantified with selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. An MGMT cutoff of 200 amol/ug was based on the limit of quantitation from a concentration curve. The Mantel-Cox log-rank and the Fisher’s exact tests were used for survival comparisons. Results: MGMT protein was detected in 13 of 24 (54.2%) colorectal tumor samples (range: 229.3-784.8 amol/µg). The overall response rate was 29%. Patients with MGMT protein levels below a cutoff of 200 amol/ug (n = 11) had a notably higher response rate than patients with MGMT levels above the cutoff (64% vs. 0%; p = 0.001 Fisher’s test). Also a longer progression-free survival was observed (4.3 vs. 1.6 months, HR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.13-1.10, p = 0.054). Results for overall survival were consistent but not statistically significant (8.9 vs 6.9 months, HR = 0.55, p = 0.221). Conclusions: Patients with mCRC whose tumors expressed low or undetectable levels of MGMT protein had a better outcomes following TMZ treatment than their counterparts. Quantitative proteomic analysis of MGMT could potentially be used to select CRC patients for TMZ treatment. The results of validation studies are forthcoming.
Differential Susceptibility to Extinction-Induced Despair and Age-Dependent Alterations in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Neurochemical Parameters (2008)

Clinical studies point to structural differences in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying early versus late onset of depression. However, studies examining the neuropathology of depressive-like behavior induced in the aged rodent are sparse. Extinction of learned behavior induces be- havioral 'despair', and is held to provide a conceptual and empirical model of human depression resulting from the withdrawal of reinforcement. We tested whether the neuroendocrinological and chemical concomitants of susceptibility to extinction-induced despair in aged animals differed from adult ones. Following the withholding of reinforcement (extinction of escape from a water maze), a number of aged and adult rats are prone to develop depressive-like behavior, i.e. immobility. Analysis of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis markers revealed an increase in the mineralocorticoid/glucocorticoid receptor (MR/GR) mRNA ratio in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in aged and adult despair animals; however, in dependence on age, divergent changes contributed to the enhanced ratio. While aged despair rats had less GR mRNA, adult despair rats had more MR mRNA. Furthermore, age- and despair-related interactions with hippocampal and cortical steroid receptor co-activators and neurotransmitter contents in diverse brain areas were found. For instance, adult despair rats had an increased, and aged despair rats a decreased, DOPAC/dopamine turnover compared to the respective non-despair group. These results show that neurobiological underpinnings of depression in the aged differ from those of adults, and underline the importance of investigating age-related alterations in HPA axis dynamics in conjunction with neurotransmitter systems to advance our knowledge about neuronal mechanisms of late-life and/or late-onset depression.
Telop and flip frame detection and character extraction from TV news articles (1999)

The purpose of this study is to automatically extract telop and flip characters. The process starts with the extraction of stable frame sections including the telop and flip characters. The next process is character region extraction and we propose the application of local line density to discriminate the telop characters from other elements such as lines and symbols. The final process is telop character extraction and we show the effectiveness of floating adaptive three level thresholding (FATLT) which thresholds the image intensity into three levels and finally binarizes the character regions precisely even at low contrast, taking topological relationships between characters and their background into consideration.
Reflections on Onboarding Practices in Mid-Sized Companies (2019)

The success of a software company is largely dependent upon the people who comprise the company. Given the pace at which most software needs to be produced, software companies need to make sure that new developers become as productive as quickly as possible when hired. The process of integrating new hires, often referred as onboarding, has been well studied in the context of large companies that have significant resources to bring to bear on the process. How onboarding occurs in smaller companies with fewer resources is less understood. To investigate how smaller companies address onboarding, we performed a case study, interviewing eight developers from a local company with a development team of about 100. We asked the developers what practices they experienced during their onboarding with the company. We found a high reliance on a buddy system and extensive use of code reviews to instruct developers in best practices.
Reductionistic versus organismic biology (1977)

&lt;p&gt;\n Divisorial gonality and stable divisorial gonality are graph parameters, which have an origin in algebraic geometry. Divisorial gonality of a connected graph G can be defined with help of a chip firing game on G. The stable divisorial gonality of G is the minimum divisorial gonality over all subdivisions of edges of G. In this paper we prove that deciding whether a given connected graph has stable divisorial gonality at most a given integer k belongs to the class NP. Combined with the result that (stable) divisorial gonality is NP-hard by Gijswijt, we obtain that stable divisorial gonality is NP-complete. The proof consists of a partial certificate that can be verified by solving an Integer Linear Programming instance. As a corollary, we have that the number of subdivisions needed for minimum stable divisorial gonality of a graph with n vertices is bounded by 2 \n &lt;sup&gt;p(n)&lt;/sup&gt;\n for a polynomial p. \n &lt;/p&gt;
An Exploration of Static Variability Bug Detection Through Desugaring (2023)

All data and tools used to evaluate Sugarlyzer (available here). KGenerate is all the files used to run the Sugarlyzer experiment, as well as KGenerate itself (requires installation of KMax). SugarlyzerResults are the alarm data used in all our evaluations and a script used to automatically compare them. SugarlyzerTiming is the log results from the experiments used to compile timing data, there are two runAll bash scripts which will compile all results. All scripts were built and run with Python 3.10.
An Error Control Scheme with Virtually Segmented Packets for Wireless Multicast Protocols (2006)

A new error control scheme is proposed for multicasting short messages over error-prone wireless networks. Data packets are virtually divided into small segments and each segment is appended with a 1-byte checksum. The segments are coded with forward error control (FEC) coding and decoded with erasure decoding. This limits error propagation to segments, which are an order shorter than packets. Simulations show significant performance improvement in wireless networks with medium to high error rates, and the effective data throughput increased by an order of magnitude. At low error rates the throughput is slightly reduced due to the overhead. The scheme is described in the framework of ACP 142 but can be applied to other multicast or unicast protocols, as long as the lower layers do not discard corrupted packets
The Structure of Polymethylmethacrylate Cement (1974)

Cameron, H. U. M.B., CH.B.; Mills, R. H. B.Sc.; Jackson, R. W. M.D., M.S., F.R.C.S.(C); Macnab, Ian M.B., Ch.B., F.R.C.S.(C)
A program to study CH reactions relevant to combustion/gasification processes: Final report, July 1986-July 1987 (1988)

In the first year of our present program, we investigated a chemical CW source of carbyne radicals suitable for kinetic studies in fast-flow reactors. The approach used alkali metal atoms (M = Na or K) to successively abstract halogen (X = Br or C/ell/) atoms from a haloform molecule, producing the CH radical and three alkali halide molecules. Early in the second year, attempts to observe CH reacting with O/sub 2/, H/sub 2/, and N/sub 2/ produced mixed results, suggesting that better separation between CH production and reaction zones was necessary. A pre-reactor assembly that permits variation of nearly all source parameters independent of main reactor conditions was constructed. The third year of the program yielded high-quality kinetic data for five CH reactions (CH + Cl/sub 2/, N/sub 2/O, CH/sub 4/, O/sub 2/, and H/sub 2/), and preliminary results for three others (D/sub 2/, NO and N/sub 2/) at 2 Torr and 290/degree/K. This was the first study of the CH + Cl/sub 2/ reaction. In addition, we made preliminary observations of significant OH production from both the CH + O/sub 2/ and NO reactions. Initial attempts to operate at higher temperatures (up to 1100 K) revealed a needed designmore » change in the source. Plans for the fourth year of this effort include completing a study of CH + N/sub 2/, H/sub 2/ and CO reaction kinetics, as a function of temperature, determining the OH yields for CH + O/sub 2/ and NO, and investigating mechanistically related reactions, such as /sup 12/CH + /sup 13/CO ..-->.. /sup 13/CH + /sup 12/CO. 20 refs., 8 figs.« less
High-throughput Confocal Imaging of Quantum Dot-Conjugated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimers to Track Binding and Endocytosis in HEK293T Cells (2022)

The development of new technologies for cellular fluorescence microscopy has facilitated high-throughput screening methods for drug discovery. Quantum dots are fluorescent nanoparticles with excellent photophysical properties imbued with bright and stable photoluminescence as well as narrow emission bands. Quantum dots are spherical in shape, and with the proper modification of the surface chemistry, can be used to conjugate biomolecules for cellular applications. These optical properties, combined with the ability to functionalize them with biomolecules, make them an excellent tool for investigating receptor-ligand interactions and cellular trafficking. Here, we present a method that uses quantum dots to track the binding and endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This protocol can be used as a guide for experimentalists looking to utilize quantum dots to study protein-protein interactions and trafficking in the context of cellular physiology.
Evidence for the mechanisms of formation of radiolysis products using a deutero labeled triglyceride (1977)

Abstract and Summary Several previous studies of the radiolysis of fats and related compounds such as pure triglycerides, fatty acid methyl esters, and free fatty acids, have led to the hypothesis that radiolytic products result from selective cleavages at specific locations. This hypothesis is confirmed by the results of mass spectrometric analysis of the compounds formed upon gamma irradiation of tributyrin labeled with deuterium in the glycerol moiety. Compounds derived from alkyl, acyl, and acyloxy cleavages are characterized by the absence of deuterium whereas those involving the glyceryl moiety are found to carry the deuterium labels.
Nitrogen balance and fate in a heavily impacted watershed (Oglio River, Northern Italy): in quest of the missing sources and sinks (2011)

Abstract. We present data from a comprehensive investigation carried out from 2007 to 2010, focussing on nitrogen pollution in the lower Oglio River basin (3800 km2, Po plain, Northern Italy). Nitrogen mass balances, computed for the whole basin with 2000 and 2008 data, suggest a large N surplus in this area, over 40 000 t N yr−1, and increasing between 2000 and 2008. Calculations indicate a very large impact of animal husbandry and agricultural activities in this watershed, with livestock manure and synthetic fertilizers contributing 85 % of total N inputs (about 100 000 t N yr−1) and largely exceeding crop uptake and other N losses (about 60 000 t N yr−1). Nitrogen from domestic and industrial origin is estimated as about 5800 and 7200 t N yr−1, respectively, although these loads are overestimated, as denitrification in treatment plants is not considered; nonetheless, they represent a minor term of the N budget. Annual export of nitrogen from the basin, calculated from flow data and water chemistry at the mouth of the Oglio River, is estimated at 13 000 t N yr−1, and represents a relatively small fraction of N inputs and surplus (~12 % and 34 %, respectively). After considering N sinks in crop uptake, soil denitrification and volatilization, a large excess remains unaccounted (~26 000 t N yr−1) in unknown temporary or permanent N sinks. Nitrogen removal via denitrification was evaluated in the Oglio riverbed with stable isotope techniques (δ15N and δ18O in nitrate). The downstream final segment of the river displays an enriched nitrate stable isotope composition but calculations suggest a N removal corresponding to at most 12 % of the unaccounted for N amount. Denitrification was also evaluated in riverine wetlands with the isotope pairing technique. Areal rates are elevated but overall N removal is low (about 1 % of the missing N amount), due to small wetland surfaces and limited lateral connectivity. The secondary drainage channel network has a much higher potential for nitrogen removal via denitrification, due to its great linear development, estimated in over 12 500 km, and its capillary distribution in the watershed. In particular, we estimated a maximum N loss up to 8500 t N yr−1, which represents up to 33 % of the unaccounted for N amount in the basin. Overall, denitrification in surface aquatic habitats within this basin can be responsible for the permanent removal of about 12 000 t of N per year; but the fate of some 14 000 t remains unknown. We provide evidences that an important N sink in this basin could be represented by groundwater. In the short term, the aquifers can store nitrogen and available data on nitrate concentration in wells support this hypothesis. In the mid-long term, part of the accumulated nitrate can be substantially recycled via springs and can pollute surface waters via river-groundwater interactions. This probably explains the ten fold increase of nitrate concentration in a reach of the lower Oglio River where no point pollutions sources are present.
Detection of mumps virus‐specific memory B cells by transfer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into immune‐deficient mice (2010)

Waning immunity to mumps after one or two doses of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine has been described. Using a human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL)-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model, MMR vaccine recipients with undetectable and high antibody titres against mumps were compared for the presence of circulating mumps-specific memory B cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from six donors (three subjects with undetectable and three with high antibody titres against mumps) were injected into the spleens of non-obese diabetic (NOD)-SCID mice (three mice per subject). Mice were pretreated with TMbeta1 and total body irradiation to improve engraftment. In vivo production of human antibodies against mumps was evaluated in mouse plasma on days 7, 10 and 13 with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), functional reduction neutralization test. Three donors had mumps antibody titres below the detection limit (titre < 230) and three had high antibody titres (range 5700-7300). None of the mice injected with PBMC from subjects with undetectable antibody titres showed detectable human antibody titres, despite the presence of cell-mediated immunity in two of the three donors. Seven out of nine mice injected with PBMC from subjects with high antibody titres acquired detectable antibody titres for mumps in their plasma. PBMC from vaccinees without detectable serum antibodies against mumps virus were unable to induce secretion of anti-mumps antibodies in the blood of recipient mice, whereas PBMC from vaccinees with high antibody titres were able to do so. This observation suggests that the frequency of mumps-specific memory B cells is very low in vaccinees with undetectable antibody titres. These individuals may therefore be at risk of developing mumps disease upon encounter with wild-type virus.