gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The NYU Ultracomputer—Designing an MIMD Shared Memory Parallel Computer (1983)

We present the design for the NYU Ultracomputer, a shared-memory MIMD parallel machine composed of thousands of autonomous processing elements. This machine uses an enhanced message switching network with the geometry of an Omega-network to approximate the ideal behavior of Schwartz's paracomputer model of computation and to implement efficiently the important fetch-and-add synchronization primitive. We outine the hardware that would be required to build a 4096 processor system using 1990's technology. We also discuss system software issues, and present analytic studies of the network performance. Finally, we include a sample of our effort to implement and simulate parallel variants of important scientific p̀rograms.
Optical Spectroscopy of Spin Noise (2013)

Spontaneous fluctuations of the magnetization of a spin system in thermodynamic equilibrium (spin noise) manifest themselves as noise in the Faraday rotation of probe light. We show that the correlation properties of this noise over the optical spectrum can provide clear information about the composition of the spin system that is largely inaccessible for conventional linear optics. Such optical spectroscopy of spin noise, e.g., allows us to clearly distinguish between optical transitions associated with different spin subsystems, to resolve optical transitions that are unresolvable in the usual optical spectra, to unambiguously distinguish between homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened optical bands, and to evaluate the degree of inhomogeneous broadening. These new possibilities are illustrated by theoretical calculations and by experiments on paramagnets with different degrees of inhomogeneous broadening of optical transitions [atomic vapors of 41K and singly charged (In,Ga)As quantum dots].
Resveratrol and liver disease: from bench to bedside and community (2010)

Liver diseases incorporate several maladies, which can range from benign histological changes to serious life-threatening conditions. These may include inborn metabolic disease, primary and metastatic cancers, alcoholic cirrhosis, viral hepatitis and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Liver disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality with significant economic and social costs. Several novel approaches are currently being studied which may provide a better therapeutic outcome. The use of naturally occurring phytochemicals, some of them obtained from dietary sources, in the amelioration of illness have recently gained considerable popularity. These agents, having anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, provide a safe and effective means of ameliorating chronic disease. Resveratrol, a grape polyphenol, has shown considerable promise as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of the aforementioned liver ailments. Several studies have highlighted the hepatoprotective properties of resveratrol. Resveratrol has been shown to prevent hepatic damage because of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines, induce anti-oxidant enzymes and elevate glutathione content. Resveratrol has also been shown to modulate varied signal transduction pathways implicated in liver diseases. This review critically examines the current preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on the preventive and therapeutic effects of resveratrol in liver diseases. The review highlights the pharmacological mechanisms involved in mediating the aforementioned effects. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and clinical bioavailability of resveratrol are also reviewed in this article. The challenges involved, future directions and novel approaches such as site-specific drug delivery in the use of resveratrol for the prevention and treatment of liver disease are also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State and Surface Spectroscopic Characterization of BaTiO3 Fine Powders. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Novel poly(n‐butyl methacrylate)/titanium oxide alloys produced by te sol–gel process for titanium alkoxides (1990)

Abstract A method has been developed to cast novel organic/inorganic hybrid films from multicomponent solutions containing titanium alkoxides, poly( n ‐butyl methacrylate), water, and isopropanol of prescribed compositions. The sol–gel reactions and controlled drying procedure yielded materials of mechanical integrity for which the multistep thermal degradation profile of the organic polymer has been significantly modified. A crystallization exotherm, presumably due to anatase formation, is seen for tetraethyl titanate‐derived films beyond the organic degradation temperature. The trend of mechanical tensile parameters with increasing Ti oxide content depicts progressive material strengthening. FT‐IR as well as the thermal and mechanical studies of these films suggest a highly unconnected and heterogeneous Ti oxide phase.
Fluorescent nanopigments: Quantitative assessment of their quantum yield (2010)

In the last few years, an intense research effort has focused on the synthesis of fluorescent nanopigments for functional inks, light harvesting, tagging, tracing, (bio)labeling, imaging, and lighting applications. Moreover, combined with dielectric matrices, these fluorescent nanoparticles may open the way to the realization of novel optophotonic devices. In particular, due to the large variety of available organic fluorescent dyes, their encapsulation into either an inorganic or an organic host is a very promising approach to synthesize a large palette of new fluorescent nanopigments. However, since the dye encapsulation may affect the fluorescence efficiency, measuring the quantum yield of fluorescent nanopigments is of paramount importance for the development of any connected application. In this article, we present a diffuse reflectance (DR) technique that enables the quantitative assessment of the quantum yield of fluorescent nanoparticles such as zeolite L nanocrystals and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanospheres both loaded with fluorescent perylene molecules. Our method is validated by measuring a well known fluorescence standard and by comparing the results obtained for a model zeolite nanopigment with those provided by an alternative DR technique. Reliable and reproducible quantum yield values are obtained for both low- and high-efficiency fluorescent nanoparticles. Our technique can thus enable systematic and quantitative studies that may yield an important insight in the mechanisms affecting the fluorescence efficiency of a large variety of nanopigments.
Induction of myocardial insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in left ventricular hypertrophy. (1994)

We conclude that (1) hypertension induces significant increases in cardiac IGF-I mRNA and protein that occur coordinately with its onset and early in the development of hypertrophy, (2) IGF-I mRNA levels normalize as the hypertrophic response is established, (3) in comparison to IGF-I, both c-myc and IGF-I receptor genes are differentially controlled in experimental hypertension. These findings suggest that IGF-I may participate in initiating ventricular hypertrophy in response to altered loading conditions. The consistency of these findings in models of high-, moderate-, and low-renin hypertension suggests that they occur independently of the systemic renin-angiotensin endocrine axis.
Cytochrome P-450 epitope typing in animals and humans with monoclonal antibodies to ethanol induced rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450et) (1986)

Hybridomas were prepared from mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from BALB/c female mice that had been immunized with P-450et. The monoclonal antibody (MAb)-producing hybridomas were screened by RIA. Thirty one independent hybrid clones were isolated with each producing an MAb of a single immunoglobulin subclass. All of these MAbs had high affinities for P-450et but only one MAb had a strong inhibitory effect on aniline rho-hydroxylase and N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase. Western blots and RIAs based on ten MAbs (C1-C10) were used to determine the epitope homology of purified cytochromes P-450 from rats, rabbits, and humans. All ten MAbs had high affinity for both P-450et and a rat P-450 which is induced by acetone (P-450ac). Classes of these MAbs were identified which crossreacted toward different forms of rat P-450. In addition, several MAbs (C3, C6, C9) recognized a P-450 form of human liver, while other MAbs (C7, C9) recognized P-450/sub LM2/ of rabbits. Three MAbs (C4, C5, C8) were specific for only P-450et and P-450ac. These results demonstrate the different degrees of epitope relatedness among the multiple forms of cytochrome P-450.
Continuous Tuning and Efficient Intracavity Second-Harmonic Generation in a Semiconductor Disk Laser With an Intracavity Diamond Heatspreader (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Using a wedged and antireflection-coated diamond heatspreader, a continuously tunable semiconductor disk laser with intracavity second-harmonic generation (SHG) is demonstrated. Output powers of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>${&gt; 600}~\hbox{mW}$</tex></formula> tunable over 10 nm around 530 nm are obtained. Finite-element modeling shows that the use of a diamond heatspreader for thermal management—in contrast to substrate thinning approaches—permits power scaling across the 670-2300-nm range of these lasers. Using a green laser as an exemplar, this paper details the issues involved in translating this spectral coverage to the ultraviolet and visible via SHG. Polarization and wavelength selection are discussed and the adopted approaches presented. Almost 1 W of second-harmonic light at 530 nm is demonstrated, with an efficiency of 11% with respect to the incident pump power. </para>
Le rôle du catalyseur dans la cyclisation des esters glutamiques (1963)

Abstract Lactam formation from glutamic acid diesters is subject to catalysis by carbo‐xylic acids in general and to base catalysis in alcohols. Kinetic measurements prove that catalysis by carboxylic acids is based on a push‐pull mechanism provoked by the undissociated acid molecule and that the base catalysed reaction is due to the alcoholate anion and is therefore absent in aprotic solvents. Carboxylic acids exhibit catalysis as well as ‐ at higher concentration ‐ inhibition.
Acknowledgement (1984)

We gratefully acknowledge the partial support of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences through Training Grant #T32 ESO 7018 and Research Grant #ROI ESO 2286, also the partial support of Special Projects funded by COllncil for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc.
争取第二次独立的斗争：非洲空间的社会-政治建构 (2001)

非洲比在世界其他任何地方更为明显地表明,20世纪是一个空前大变革的时代.这样的变革在任何一个生活领域里都比不上非洲大陆社会政治组织领域里那样激烈.在20世纪初,非洲绝大部分地区,特别是撒哈拉沙漠以南,刚刚出现前封建或者封建的社会结构.稍后,欧洲殖民冒险家们来到了这里,他们对于征服和殖民地的贪欲,随着产业革命完全展开而拥有的技术能力增强以及欧洲繁荣的资本主义新经济市场的扩张主义需要,急剧膨胀,他们的到来改变了非洲的面貌.
Graphene: Its Fundamentals to Future Applications (2011)

Currently, graphene is a topic of very active research fields from science to potential applications. For various RF circuit applications, including low-noise amplifiers, the unique ambipolar nature of graphene field-effect-transistors can be utilized for high-performance frequency multipliers, mixers, and high-speed radiometers. Potential integration of graphene on silicon substrates with CMOS compatibility would also benefit future RF systems. The future success of the RF circuit applications depends on vertical and lateral scaling of graphene MOSFETs to minimize parasitics and improve gate modulation efficiency in the channel with zero or a small bandgap. In this paper, we highlight recent progress in graphene materials, devices, and circuits for RF applications. For passive RF applications, we show its transparent electromagnetic shielding in <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ku</i> -band and transparent antennas, where its success depends on the quality of materials. We also attempt to discuss future applications and challenges of graphene.
Control of dielectric chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) using an interferometry based endpoint sensor (2002)

We report on the application of an optical endpoint sensor to various dielectric CMP processes. First, we demonstrate that this endpoint sensor can be used as an in-situ rate monitor. Since this sensor is based on interferometric measurements, the removal rate determined from the endpoint trace agrees well with that calculated from ex-situ measurements (less than 3% error on average). Secondly, we show that this endpoint technique provides excellent control on both shallow trench isolation (STI) and low level interlayer dielectrics (ILD). Although this technique is difficult for high level ILDs, it is the first CMP endpoint technology in the literature that is able to cover a wide variety of dielectric CMP processes.
Control of a pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) with model-based hysteresis compensation (2009)

Due to the inherent hysteresis in a PAM, the accompanying control of such actuator becomes complicated. In this paper, the pressure/length hysteresis is mathematically described by applying a Maxwell-slip model. The model of this hysteresis is then fed forward to compensate for the actuator nonlinearities. The designed controller is therefore just a simple PI-controller. It shows robust performance in PAM positioning control regarding not only at different equilibrium positions but also with different loads.
Partitioning of Function in a Distributed Graphics System. (1985)

Although recent advances in graphics workstations promise much computing power for the future needs of researchers, traditional approaches to software organization waste much of this power. Most systems treat the workstation as either a fixed-function terminal or a self-contained personal computer; these roles have limitations that can be overcome by considering the workstation a multi-function component of a distributed system. Traditional standard graphics packages and object-oriented window systems offer important functionality, but a third approach, virtual terminal management systems, is more appropriate for a distributed operating system. This thesis discusses the trade-offs involved in partioning of function in a distributed graphics system. Performance is one important property traded for advanced functionally or decreased cost. To provide adequate performance in a distributed system, communication costs should be kept low, as well as the frequency of the communication. By providing modeling as well as viewing facilities, the VGTS(Virtual Graphics Terminal Service) reduces the communication required between applications and the service.
Alveolar albumin leakage during large tidal volume ventilation and surfactant dysfunction (2001)

Detergent given as an aerosol and large tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) have been observed, by us, to promote lung injury by an additive effect on alveolocapillary barrier function. The surfactant system may be further damaged if protein leakage occurs into the alveoli. The aim was to study the effect of detergent and LTVV on the alveolar leakage of albumin and also the effect of detergent on surface activity of lung washings and lung tissue extracts. Technetium-99m-labelled human serum albumin was given intravenously. The alveolar leakage of albumin was measured after perturbing the surfactant system with the detergent dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate either singly or in combination with LTVV. Four groups of rabbits were studied after 3 h of experimental ventilation. Surface tension measurements of tissue extracts, lung mechanics and gas exchange did not show any differences between groups. Wet lung weight and albumin leakage were significantly increased in the two groups subjected to LTVV compared with groups given normal tidal volume ventilation. Low doses of detergent did not affect surface activity of lung tissue extracts or alveolar leakage of albumin. LTVV increased alveolar leakage of albumin and produced oedema. No additive effect was seen when detergent and LTVV were combined.
Stenosis Caused by Suture-Mediated Vascular Closure Device in an Angiographic Normal Common Femoral Artery: Its Mechanism and Management (2018)

Vascular closing devices (VCDs) are widely used to replace manual compression at the femoral puncture site and to reduce the discomfort of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedure by shortening bed rest. Among the vascular complications related to these devices, the femoral artery stenosis or occlusion is rarely reported, and its standard management is not well established. We report a case of symptomatic femoral artery stenosis caused by suture-mediated VCD and managed using rotational atherectomy device and balloon angioplasty. In addition, we propose the possible mechanisms for this complication.
Nanotubes of Group 4 Metal Disulfides (2002)

Thermal decomposition of the respective trisulfides in a reducing (H2/inert gas) atmosphere has enabled nanotubes of HfS2, ZrS2, and TiS2 to be synthesized and characterized. The dimensions of the nanotubes formed depend on the Group 4 metal used. The transmission electron micrograph image shows nanotubular structures of HfS2 with outer diameters of 55–60 nm and inner core diameters of 17–30 nm.
Proinsulin C‐peptide abrogates type‐1 diabetes‐induced increase of renal endothelial nitric oxide synthase in rats (2007)

The results indicate that C-peptide suppresses diabetes-induced abnormal renal eNOS expression, by which C-peptide may exert beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathy.
Binding of a Variant of Human Growth Hormone to Liver Plasma Membranes (1982)

The binding of human growth hormone (hGH) and a naturally occurring variant of hGH (20K) to rat and rabbit liver membrane has been compared. The concentration of hormone causing half maximal displacement (ED50) of 125I-hGH from rat liver plasma membranes was 1.6 nM for hGH and 46 nM for 20K. The ED50 for hGH and 20 K against 125I-hGH binding to rabbit liver plasma membranes was 1.6 mM for hGH and 28 nM for 20K. Significant binding of 125I-20K did occur to rat and rabbit liver membranes but the relative capacities for 20K were 12 and 6 fold less in rat and rabbit liver membranes, respectively when compared to hGH. The competitive binding characteristics of 20K to pregnant rabbit liver membranes indicated lack of competition between bovine GH and 125I-20K for binding. However, significant binding of 125I-20K to male rabbit liver membranes was present and displaceable by hGH and oPrl. We conclude that deletion of a portion of the hGH molecule (defined as residues 32-46) results in significant alterations in the binding characteristics of the molecule. This indicates primary or secondary involvement of this portion of the hGH molecules in the binding process and may define a portion of the binding domain for hGH.
Uptake, distribution, and metabolism of trivalent arsenic in the pregnant mouse (1988)

To investigate the distribution of trivalent arsenic (arsenite) in the pregnant rodent, CD-1 mice were dosed with sodium arsenite by ip injection or by gavage on gestation d 18 (copulation plug day = d 1). Doses were 8 (ip) or 25 (po) mg/kg, and samples of maternal blood, liver, and kidneys, as well as fetuses and pooled placentas, were analyzed for total arsenic at intervals of up to 24 h. Fetal tissue was also analyzed for relative proportions of inorganic arsenic and methylated metabolites. Arsenic uptake was significantly greater in the injected mice and their fetuses (as a proportion of the administered dose), with levels highest at 10 min to 4 h in maternal tissues and 24 h in fetuses. Peak maternal arsenic levels (as microgram/g or microgram/ml) ranged from 2.36 (blood) to 26.15 (liver) for the ip injected and 1.25 (blood) to 17.64 (liver) for the gavaged treatment group. The rate of arsenic elimination from maternal samples was not significantly influenced by administration route, with first-order elimination rate constants (k) of 0.215 and 0.234 h-1 for the po and ip dosed mice, respectively. Fetal tissue arsenic peaks were 2.10 and 0.77 micrograms/g for the ip and po treatment groups, respectively. The proportion of methylated arsenic in fetuses increased to 79% in the ip treatment group and 88% in the po group by 24 h. Such results show that much of the arsenic reaching the mouse fetus has been methylated to less toxic metabolites. They also confirm that assumptions made regarding hazard to the fetus must reflect the likelihood that a portion of any maternal dose of inorganic arsenite reaching a fetus may have been methylated, and they support previous findings that arsenite is toxic to the conceptus at lower doses when given by injection than by gavage.
Oseltamivir‐resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in a severely ill patient: the first Australian case (2010)

After a 10-day course of oral oseltamivir for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza infection, a renal transplant recipient developed rapid-onset severe primary viral pneumonia due to oseltamivir-resistant virus. Respiratory failure progressed despite high-dose oral oseltamivir, nebulised zanamivir and cessation of immunosuppressive medications, but his condition improved with intravenous zanamivir. He subsequently died of non-respiratory complications. This is the first case of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Australia and the first report of resistance in a solid organ transplant recipient.
Designing new commercial motorcycles through a highly reconfigurable virtual reality-based simulator (2003)

In order to make a simulation more realistic, motion base simulators provide users with inertial cues, exerting linear accelerations and angular rates on the mock-up vehicle, in addition to the more common visual, audio and instrumentation feedbacks. A common choice for the design of such simulators is the use of a Stewart platform parallel manipulator. With respect to fixed base simulators, motion base ones can complete the driving experience felt by the user during a simulation. The present article presents the MORIS simulator, a motorcycle simulator intended to be a tool in the hands of motorbike designers. The system allowes designers to test new prototypes before actually building them, thus cutting down costs of the design phases. The key idea is that it should be easier and cheaper to mathematically model a new prototype and test its maneuverability in different driving conditions than to actually build it. In order to meet the strict specifications required by such a type of tool, the performances of the overall system must be very high. In the following the architecture of the simulator is presented and discussed. This includes the mechanical system, the kinematics and dynamic relations that regulate motion, the actuation system, the control system, the motorcycle dynamic model, and the motion controller unit.
Electric-field-induced strain of (Li,Na,K)NbO3-based multilayered piezoceramics under electromechanical loading (2020)

Lead-free (Li,Na,K)NbO3-based multilayered piezoceramics were prepared, and their large-signal piezoelectric properties, under combined electrical and mechanical loadings, were characterized from 25 °C to 100 °C. Under zero stress, the multilayer exhibited a high large-signal piezoelectric constant d33∗ (=Smax/Emax) ≈ 350 pm/V with an applied unipolar field of 6 kV/mm. The stress-dependent d33∗, with a unipolar field of 6 kV/mm, featured a pronounced sensitivity to the electric field with an evolving peak at −80 MPa, which was not observed at 100 °C. The disappearance of the evolving peak with increasing temperature suggests a strong influence of the crystallographic phase on the electromechanical properties of (Li,Na,K)NbO3-based multilayers. Further investigations of the stress–strain loop and stress–polarization change revealed that the field-dependent peak below 100 °C was due to the non-180° domain orientation induced by the combined electric field and compressive stress.