gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of the higher eukaryotic gene function CDK2 using fission yeast (1994)

In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cdc2 function is required both in G1 to enter the cell cycle and in G2 to initiate mitosis. In higher eukaryotes, these functions appeared to be shared between several cdc2-like genes including CDK2. Temperature-sensitive mutations in S. pombe cdc2 that arrest the cell cycle in both G1 and G2 phases are not complemented by CDK2. We have used S. pombe to investigate what functions CDK2 can perform. We found that overexpression of the human homologue (HsCDK2) caused cell cycle arrest in G2/M showing that HsCDK2 interfered with mitotic events. Xenopus CDK2 (XlCDK2) overexpression did not cause cell cycle arrest and could rescue the G1 block but not the G2 block of a cdc2-M26 ts strain. A mutant XlCDK2-R33, which is inactive as a kinase, failed to rescue the G1 block, suggesting that the protein kinase activity of CDK2 is required to enter the cell cycle in these circumstances. We designed screens to select mutants that would require XlCDK2 expression for viability, hoping to isolate new gene functions interacting with, or that could be replaced by, XlCDK2 in G1, or new cdc2 mutants altered solely in their G1 role. From these screens several cell cycle mutants were selected that were XlCDK2-dependent. These were all cdc2 mutants altered only in their G2/M function. Therefore XlCDK2 can influence both the G1/S and G2/M transition points of cdc2 in S. pombe.
Nasopharyngeal Presentation of a Pharyngeal Cleft Cyst in a Dog (2022)

A 2 yr old castrated male shih tzu was presented for assessment of worsening chronic snoring since first detected at 3 mo of age. An upper respiratory endoscopic examination and a computed tomographic scan showed a well-circumscribed, fluid-filled nasopharyngeal mass located in the median plane on the nasal side of the soft palate. This lesion was removed using a ventral approach to the nasopharynx by blunt-sharp dissection from the submucosal tissues of the soft palate. Histopathology revealed a cystic lesion lined by a single layer of a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, characteristic of a pharyngeal cyst. Follow-up 5 mo after surgery revealed complete resolution of the clinical signs with no evidence of local recurrence. Pharyngeal cysts are developmental abnormalities of the branchial apparatus. Most derive from the second branchial arch and cause cysts, sinuses, and fistulae to develop in the neck region. In our case, the lesion was located in the nasopharynx, leading to snoring and exercise intolerance. This condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of suspected nasopharyngeal obstruction.
Adaptive alterations in the mesoaccumbal network after peripheral nerve injury (2020)

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are critical hubs in the brain circuitry controlling chronic pain. Yet, how these 2 regions interact to shape the chronic pain state is poorly understood. Our studies show that in mice, spared nerve injury (SNI) induced alterations in the functional connectome of D2-receptor expressing spiny projection neurons in the core region of the NAc-enhancing connections with prelimbic cortex and weakening them with basolateral amygdala. These changes, which were attributable in part to SNI-induced suppression of VTA dopaminergic signaling, were adaptive because mimicking them chemogenetically alleviated the anxiety and social withdrawal accompanying injury. By contrast, chemogenetic enhancement of activity in VTA dopaminergic neurons projecting to the medial shell of the NAc selectively suppressed tactile allodynia in SNI mice. These results suggest that SNI induces regionally specific alterations in VTA dopaminergic signaling in the NAc to promote environmental reengagement after injury. However, countervailing, homeostatic mechanisms limit these adaptive changes, potentially leading to the chronic pain state.
Umsetzungen von 0,3-Dialkyl-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-onen; Darstellung von P(III)-Derivaten / Reactions of 1,3-Dialkyl-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-ones; Preparation of P(III) Derivatives (1993)

The reaction of 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-one 1 with N-trimethylsilylacetamide 2 and 2-methylpiperidine hydrochloride furnished the P-substituted derivatives 3 and 4. The reaction of 1 with trimethylbromo- and trimethyliodosilane yielded the 2-bromo- and 2-iodo- substituted compounds 5 and 6. 1-Methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-one 8 was prepared in the reaction of N-methyl-N'-(2-chloroethyl)-anthranilamide 7 with phosphorus trichloride. The reaction of 8 with N-trifluoromethyl-3-nitrophenylamine 9 or with sodium fluoride led to the 2-fluorosubstituted product 11. From the unusual reaction of 8 with 9 in the presence of triethylamine N-difluoromethylene-3-nitrophenylimine 10 and the intermediate product, triethylamine hydrofluoride, were isolated. A mechanism of formation of 11 is proposed. The reaction of 8 with N-trimethylsilylacetamide 2 and bis-2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride furnished the expected substitution products 14 and 15, involving the 5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-one ring system. The characterization of 3-6, 8, 11, 14 and 15 rests, especially, on their 1 H-, 13 Cand 31 P-NMR spectra, and their mass spectra.
A Detector for Liquid Chromatography and Flow Injection Analysis Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (1988)

A successful interface between a high-performance liquid chromatograph and a Raman spectrometer is described. Surface-enhanced techniques are utilized to overcome the sensitivity problem inherent to conventional Raman spectrometry by adding a Ag sol to the chromatographic effluent in a post-column mixing coil. The system is designed so that Raman spectra may be obtained from chromatographic effluent or from flow injection analysis effluent. A common organic dye (pararosaniline hydrochloride) is used to evaluate the reproducibility, dynamic range, and analytical capabilities of the system. The SERS instrument is found to be a viable detector for HPLC and FIA, capable of providing structural information with a sensitivity comparable to that of other commonly used HPLC detectors.
Submicron-size particles of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene produced via nonsolvent and temperature-induced crystallization (2000)

Submicrometer size particles of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were produced by crystallization from dilute (0.1-1.0 wt % of UHMWPE) solvent/nonsolvent emulsions. The procedure consisted of mixing a hot solution of UHMWPE in decalin or decane with a nonsolvent (tetraglyme) at approximately 160 degrees C, followed by rapid cooling of the mixture to zero or subzero temperatures. The rapid cooling causes microphase separation between the two liquids, resulting in the formation of an emulsion, which consists of microdroplets of the supercooled UHMWPE solution dispersed in tetraglyme. The consequent crystallization of the polymer in the microdroplets produces a suspension of fine crystals of UHMWPE, which can easily be isolated. The particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. Their degree of crystallinity is between that of GUR 1050 original (powder) and processed (molded) polymer. By changing the polymer concentration, solvent to nonsolvent ratio, and temperature, the size (from 0.1-1.0 microm) and shape (spheroids or rods) of the particles can be controlled. These particles may be used for immunochemical investigations and the study of the influence of UHMWPE wear debris on cell response.
Building an environment model using depth information (1989)

The environment model's volumetric level, where information about free and occupied space is represented explicitly, is considered. At this model level, updating operations use raw sensory data from range sensors or processed data from any stereo or other depth recovery technique. In addition, this type of model can be used directly by path planning and navigation modules as well as for object recognition and manipulation modules. A system that uses the sensor-built model mode, in which there is initially little or no knowledge available about the domain and a model is incrementally constructed using the information provided by a sensor, is demonstrated. This mode of operation makes it possible to deal with unknown or dynamic environments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Thermal conduction in doped single-crystal silicon films (2002)

This work measures the thermal conductivities along free-standing silicon layers doped with boron and phosphorus at concentrations ranging from 1×1017 to 3×1019 cm−3 at temperatures between 15 and 300 K. The impurity concentrations are measured using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and the thermal conductivity data are interpreted using phonon transport theory accounting for scattering on impurities, free electrons, and the layer boundaries. Phonon-boundary scattering in the 3-μm-thick layers reduces the thermal conductivity of the layers at low temperatures regardless of the level of impurity concentration. The present data suggest that unintentional impurities may have strongly reduced the conductivities reported previously for bulk samples, for which impurity concentrations were determined from the electrical resistivity rather than from SIMS data. This work illustrates the combined effects of phonon interactions with impurities, free electrons, and material interfaces, which can be particularly important in semiconductor devices.
Erosive Burning Study of Composite Solid Propellants by Turbulent Boundary-Layer Approach (1979)

Erosive burning of composite solid propellants is investigated by analyzing a steady, two-dimensional, chemically reacting, turbulent boundary layer over a propellant surface. Predicted erosive burning rates agree closely with experimental data. The erosive burning rate augmentation is found to be caused by the increase in heat feedback introduced by the increase in transport coefficients, and the turbulence enhanced mixing and reaction of the oxidizer and fuel gases. The increase in freestream gas velocity brings the location of the peak turbulence intensity and the heat release zone closer to the propellant surface, thereby increasing the burning rate of a propellant.
Automatic, High-Resolution Analysis of Urine for Its Ultraviolet-Absorbing Constituents. (1967)

Over 300 compounds have been reported in human urine (1-4). These include inorganic compounds, organic acids, sugars, amino acids, purines and related compounds, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and their metabolites, estrogens, and many other organic compounds. The quantities of these constituents found in individual urine samples represent a wealth of information that can be used to evaluate body functions. Such quantitative data have been collected on a limited basis for many years and, as a result, many molecular constituents have been shown to have pathological significance. For example, a high uric acid content is associated with gout(5) and some leukemias (6); a high urocanic acid content is sometimes found in conjunction with asthma(7); large amounts of phenolic and indole amines appear to be excreted by schizophrenics(8), etc. The Molecular Anatomy (MAN) program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory(9) is concerned with the description, at the molecular level, of the structure and organization of cells and tissue. One of the aims of this program is to develop high-resolution, automated systems for the analysis of low-molecular-weight substances found either free in cells or as constituents of macro molecules. A logical extension of this work is the further development of such analytical systems for use with human body fluids. This laboratory is now developing an automatic, high resolution analytical system for quantitatively determining the molecular constituents of human urine. The approach is to modify and expand the capabilities of an existing nucleotide analyzer (10) for use as a urine analyzer. Initial results indicate that this concept is feasible; i.e., a high-pressure, high-resolution modification of the nucleotide analyzer has resolved over 100 chromatographic peaks of ultraviolet-absorbing constituents from a 2-ml urine sample. Twelve of these peaks have been tentatively identified.
Tuberculosis and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke (2009)

We conclude that patients with a tuberculosis diagnosis are at an increased risk for ischemic stroke but not hemorrhagic stroke in the next 3 years. Further research is necessary to investigate these findings in tuberculosis-endemic areas.
Stability analysis of an output feedback controller for the Penn State electrical ventricular assist device (2003)

The development of a controller which minimizes the energy consumption of the implanted electric ventricular assist device (EVAD) and remains stable for the duration of the implantation is considered. The EVAD model has four state variables, only one of which is measurable in vivo. An output feedback control law that utilizes the single available state and minimizes the EVAD's energy consumption has been derived. The inclusion of the output feedback gain in the model results in a time-varying plant for which stability has to be proved. The EVAD is a pulsatile device which operates in a periodic manner. By recognizing this periodic nature, the time-varying model can be transformed into a linear time-invariant model that describes the periodic values of the system states. This linear time-variant model is used for determining whether the output feedback control law can meet the necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
DNA Topoisomerases: Essential Enzymes and Lethal Targets (1994)

INTRODUCTION In 1971, Wang (1) discovered the first DNA topoisomerase in Escherichia coli. The enzyme (E. coli DNA topoisomerase I, or w protein) catalyzed relaxation of negatively supercoiled DNA in the absence of any energy cofactor (1). Wang proposed that this enzyme also catalyzed transient nicking of the DNA double helix and possessed both DNase and ligase activity in one polypeptide (1). The lack of any energy cofactor for the reaction also led Wang to the proposal that the enzyme may form a high-energy covalent bond between itself and the transiently broken DNA phosphodiester bond (1). Both of these predictions have turned out to be correct (2). Since the discovery of E. coli topoisomerase I, investigators have isolated many other DNA topoisomerases from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In 1972, Champoux & Dulbecco isolated an enzyme with activity similar to that of E. coli topoisomerase I from mouse embryo cells (3). In 1976, Gellert and his colleagues identified an enzyme activity opposing E. coli DNA topoisomerase I (4). They demonstrated that this enzyme (E. coli DNA topoisomerase II, or gyrase) catalyzed the conversion of relaxed DNA into negatively supercoiled DNA in a reaction requiring ATP hydrolysis (4). These two opposing activities are important for maintaining the super­ helical state of the chromosomal DNA during various DNA transactions (5-8). In 1979, Liu et al (9) isolated an enzyme from bacteriophage
Knowing who to trust: exploring the role of ‘ethical metadata’ in mediating risk of harm in collaborative genomics research in Africa (2014)

We identified three protective mechanisms--trust, the existence of a shared morality, and detailed contextual understanding--which together might play an important role in preventing the use of genomic data in ways that could harm the ethnic groups included in the study. We suggest that the current practice of sharing of datasets as isolated objects rather than as embedded within a particular scientific culture, without regard for the normative context within which samples were collected, may cause ethical tensions to emerge that could have been prevented or addressed had the 'ethical metadata' that accompanies genomic data also been shared.
Monocyte preseeding leads to an increased implant bed vascularization of biphasic calcium phosphate bone substitutes via vessel maturation (2016)

The present study analyzes the influence of the addition of monocytes to a biphasic bone substitute with two granule sizes (400-700 μm and 500-1000 μm). The majority of the added monocytes was detectable as mononuclear cells, while also low amounts of (chimeric) multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were found. No increase in the total number of MNGCs was established, but a significantly increased percent vascularization. Altogether, the results show that the added monocytes become involved in the tissue response to a biomaterial without marked changes in the overall reaction. Monocyte addition enables an increased implant bed vascularization especially via induction of vessel maturation and, thus intervenes positively in the healing reaction to a biomaterial. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2928-2935, 2016.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Ordering of R2Fe14C (R: Sm, Er, Tm). (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Bleeding tendency: a practical approach in dentistry. (1999)

The dental profession faces the problems of exaggerated bleeding on a daily basis. The hemostatic, as well as the fibrinolytic processes are better understood today, and the dentist should be familiar with them. The activation of coagulation factors and their clinical expression in the circulation are both described. The most frequently used blood coagulation tests are explained. Antithrombotic medications are frequently used and their implications in dentistry are accentuated. Protocols of prevention and treatment of exaggerated bleeding following dental procedures are included. Among them, the transfusion of clotting factors and the administration of antifibrinolytic medications (tranexamic acid) are recommended for both congenital or acquired bleeding tendencies.
A Fast Chaos-based True Random Number Generator for Cryptographic Applications (2006)

We present the design and the validation by means of state-of-the-art randomness tests of a high-quality true random number generator which internally exploits a pipeline analog-to-digital converter modified to operate as a set of interleaved chaotic maps. Developing the circuit design relying on pipeline A/D technology, which is ubiquity used in all mixed signal systems, allow us to design a fast and very reliable TRNG. A prototype has been implemented in AMS 0.35 ?m 2P3M technology and has a nominal throughput of 40 Mbits per second. The active area occupied by the chip is about 0.52 mm2 and the power consumption is less than 30 mW.
The selection of chemicals in CMP slurry via electrochemical screening (2014)

Corrosion is an important issue during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The surface protection should be considered during CMP and also after CMP post cleaning step. There are several parameters have an impact on corrosion of metal surfaces during CMP such as chelating agent (AC), corrosion inhibitor (I) and pH. Electrochemical behavior of cobalt, copper and tantalum are investigated for different type of chelating agent, corrosion inhibitor at various concentrations. It is observed that the presence of a specific AC at low pH value shows the best corrosion protection on cobalt, copper and tantalum surface based on the same concentration conditions. Moreover, corrosion inhibition with I02 was obtained to be better than I01 on cobalt and tantalum, but I02 was worse on copper. The galvanic corrosion behavior between cobalt and copper to tantalum were also demonstrated in this article. AC1 and I02 chelating agent-corrosion inhibitor couple were found to have good performance of galvanic corrosion performance.
Metasurface Holograms for Holographic Imaging (2017)

Abstract As a revolutionary three‐dimensional (3D) optical imaging technique, optical holography has attracted wide attention for its capability of recording both the amplitude and phase information of light scattered from objects. Holograms are designed to transform an incident wave into a desired arbitrary wavefront in the far field, which requires ultimate complex phase control in each hologram pixel. Conventional holograms shape the wavefront via the phase accumulation effect during the wave propagation through bulky optical elements, suffering issues of low‐resolution imaging and high‐order diffraction. Recently, metasurfaces, 2D metamaterials with ultrathin thickness, have emerged as an important platform to reproduce computer‐generated holograms due to their advantages in manipulating light with well‐controlled amplitude, phase, and polarization. In this article, the latest research progress in various types of metasurface holograms is reviewed from their design principles to versatile functional applications. At the end, more potential applications of metasurface holograms are discussed and some future research directions are also provided.
The molecular biology of prion propagation (2001)

Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in animals are associated with the accumulation in affected brains of a conformational isomer (PrP(Sc)) of host-derived prion protein (PrP(C)). According to the protein-only hypothesis, PrP(Sc) is the principal or sole component of transmissible prions. The conformational change known to be central to prion propagation, from a predominantly alpha-helical fold to one predominantly comprising beta structure, can now be reproduced in vitro, and the ability of beta-PrP to form fibrillar aggregates provides a plausible molecular mechanism for prion propagation. The existence of multiple prion strains has been difficult to explain in terms of a protein-only infectious agent but recent studies of human prion diseases suggest that strain-specific phenotypes can be encoded by different PrP conformations and glycosylation patterns. The experimental confirmation that a novel form of human prion disease, variant CJD, is caused by the same prion strain as cattle BSE, has highlighted the pressing need to understand the molecular basis of prion propagation and the transmission barriers that limit their passage between mammalian species. These and other advances in the fundamental biology of prion propagation are leading to strategies for the development of rational therapeutics.
Deformation behavior of thin, compliant layers under tensile loading conditions (2004)

Abstract In this article, a connection is made between the behavior of thin layers of Newtonian liquids under tensile loading conditions and the behavior of highly deformable elastic or viscoelastic solids, which are more commonly used as adhesives. The behavior of Newtonian liquids is understood in the most quantitative detail and serves as a starting point for understanding the origins of fingering and cavitation instabilities that appear when the tensile deformation rates applied to these layers are sufficiently large. Similar instabilities appear in solid systems and can be attributed to common features of the stress distribution for incompressible liquids and solids. A unifying treatment is presented that can be used to understand the overall deformation behavior and adhesive performance of a wide variety of solid and liquid systems that are typically applied as thin layers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4023–4043, 2004