gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Urinary exosomes: is there a future? (2008)

Tiny vesicles called ‘exosomes’, recently discovered in normal urine [1], provide a non-invasive means of acquiring unique information about the physiological or pathophysiological state of their renal cells of origin. Exosomes are delivered to the urine from all renal epithelial cell types. Consequently, analysis of urinary exosomes may provide a source of protein biomarkers for diseases involving glomerular podocytes, the various renal tubule segments or the transitional epithelium lining the urinary drainage tract [1]. Here, we discuss possible applications of urinary exosome analysis, as well as barriers to the development of practical clinical tools for exosome analysis. Exosomes originate as the internal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in cells (Figure 1). They were first described as products of circulating blood cells [2], such as erythrocytes and lymphocytes, and are probably formed by most cell types throughout the body. In the kidney, exosomes are released to the urine by fusion of the outer membrane of the MVBs with the apical plasma membrane (Figure 1). Proteomic analysis of urinary exosomes using tandem mass spectrometry approaches [1] revealed membrane proteins from each cell type facing the urinary space. In addition, the lumens of exosomes contain many cytosolic proteins that are entrained when the exosomes are formed in the MVBs. Thus, urinary exosomes can provide the investigator with a sampling of membrane and cytosolic proteins from each renal epithelial cell type. Through the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), more than a thousand proteins have been detected (Gonzales, Pisitkun and Knepper, unpublished data). In urine from normal subjects, urinary exosomes account for ∼3% of the total urinary protein [3]. Hence, when exosomes are isolated, their constituent proteins are enriched >30-fold, enhancing the detectability of rare proteins that may have diagnostic value.
Warm rolling of eutectoid steels: Scale-up from hot torsion testing to pilot hot rolling trials (2012)

The goal of this research is the development of a new industrial thermomechanical schedule that leads directly to a fine spheroidized microstructure after hot rolling of a eutectoid steel. Hot torsion testing performed at temperatures close to Ar1 demonstrates that hot deformation accelerates the ?-topearlite transformation and leads to the spheroidisation of the cementite lamellae. Extended dynamic recovery occurs during warm deformation of ferrite and the subgrains are shown to transform progressively into high angle boundaries. This process can be referred to as continuous dynamic recrystallization (cDRX) and is responsible for the refinement of the ferrite grains down to 3 μm. To explore the industrial feasibility of this thermomechanical treatment, a similar schedule was performed on an instrumented pilot scale rolling mill. The resulting microstructures are fully spheroidized because warm deformation induces the fracture of the cementite lamellae. The formation of a well developed subgrain network by dynamic recovery is also observed. However, due to the higher strain rates (5-10 s-1) compared to the torsion testing (0,1 s-1), the evolution of low angle boundaries into high angle boundaries during rolling is not observed.
A CPW-fed Inductively Coupled Modified Bow-Tie Slot Antenna (2005)

A CPW-fed inductively coupled bow-tie slot antenna is introduced. Several geometric parameters of the antenna were varied to observe the impedance matching between the CPW-feed and the antenna. The inductively coupled CPW feeding mechanism makes the concept suitable for array applications. The bandwidth reduction for an inductively coupled straight-dipole slot is overcome by utilizing an inductively coupled bow-tie slot. Antenna models for operation at 2.45 and 5.5 GHz were constructed and return loss and radiation pattern results were obtained. The proposed antenna provides bandwidths of 8% and 13% at 2.45 and 5.5 GHz, respectively.
Comparison of single and multichannel cystometry in diagnosing bladder instability. (1984)

The abilities of single channel cystometry and standard multichannel cystometry to diagnose bladder instability were compared in 100 women taking part in a single blind crossover trial. In 93 of the women both tests yielded the same result. The single channel system detected every case of detrusor instability but in seven women suggested detrusor contractions that were not evident on multichannel cystometry. These were probably due to changes in abdominal pressure. It is concluded that single channel cystometry when used in conjunction with simple urethral tests can provide most of the information that is obtained in specialist centres investigating bladder function.
Single‐Phase All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Battery Using Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 as the Cathode, Anode, and Electrolyte (2017)

Abstract To realize an ideal interface between electrode and electrolyte, a single‐phase all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion battery is studied using Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ‐based NASICON‐type material as the cathode, anode, and electrolyte. A dense Li 3‐x V 2‐x Al x (PO 4 ) 3 pellet with the Pt current collectors on both the front and back surfaces successfully demonstrates charge‐discharge reactions based on the V 3+ /V 2+ (anode) and V 3+ /V 4+ (cathode) redox systems at 373 K. Al substitutional doping for V brings the suppression of the electronic conductivity and increase in the ionic conductivity. As a result, Al‐doped material (Li 3 V 1.6 Al 0.4 (PO 4 ) 3 ) exhibites the best charge‐discharge performance in the Li 3 V 2‐x Al x (PO 4 ) 3 system (x=0 ‐ 0.6) because of its high ionic conductivity and low electronic conductivity. The concept of a single‐phase battery with a single material offers a new approach to avoid side reactions during cell fabrication of oxide‐based all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries.
Transthyretin constitutes a functional component in pancreatic β-cell stimulus-secretion coupling (2005)

Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein for thyroxine and, in association with retinol-binding protein, for retinol, mainly existing as a tetramer in vivo. We now demonstrate that TTR tetramer has a positive role in pancreatic beta-cell stimulus-secretion coupling. TTR promoted glucose-induced increases in cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and insulin release. This resulted from a direct effect on glucose-induced electrical activity and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. TTR also protected against beta-cell apoptosis. The concentration of TTR tetramer was decreased, whereas that of a monomeric form was increased in sera from patients with type 1 diabetes. The monomer was without effect on glucose-induced insulin release and apoptosis. Thus, TTR tetramer constitutes a component in normal beta-cell function. Conversion of TTR tetramer to monomer may be involved in the development of beta-cell failure/destruction in type 1 diabetes.
Dynamics of Remote Communication: Movement Coordination in Video-Mediated and Face-to-Face Conversations (2022)

The present pandemic forced our daily interactions to move into the virtual world. People had to adapt to new communication media that afford different ways of interaction. Remote communication decreases the availability and salience of some cues but also may enable and highlight others. Importantly, basic movement dynamics, which are crucial for any interaction as they are responsible for the informational and affective coupling, are affected. It is therefore essential to discover exactly how these dynamics change. In this exploratory study of six interacting dyads we use traditional variability measures and cross recurrence quantification analysis to compare the movement coordination dynamics in quasi-natural dialogues in four situations: (1) remote video-mediated conversations with a self-view mirror image present, (2) remote video-mediated conversations without a self-view, (3) face-to-face conversations with a self-view, and (4) face-to-face conversations without a self-view. We discovered that in remote interactions movements pertaining to communicative gestures were exaggerated, while the stability of interpersonal coordination was greatly decreased. The presence of the self-view image made the gestures less exaggerated, but did not affect the coordination. The dynamical analyses are helpful in understanding the interaction processes and may be useful in explaining phenomena connected with video-mediated communication, such as "Zoom fatigue".
Generalization of the geometrical-optics scattering limit for a rough conducting surface (1998)

We consider the backscattering coefficient of a perfectly conducting, one-dimensional random rough surface in the physical-optics approximation. The high-frequency limit of physical optics yields the geometrical-optics scattering coefficient with Gaussian dependence on incidence angle. We demonstrate that for finite frequencies and surfaces with infinite slope variance the Gaussian form of the geometrical-optics limit generalizes to an α-stable distribution function. The proof of this result employs an asymptotic method that can be interpreted as a refinement of the central-limit theorem of probability theory for infinite-variance random variables. The theory leads to an effective cutoff of the surface-height power spectral density. The backscatter is not sensitive to surface components with wave number above this spectral cutoff, thus eliminating the nonphysical dependence of geometrical optics on surface features much smaller than the wavelength of the incident field. The composite or two-scale surface model is also derived as a term in a series expansion of the stable distribution. Comparison with numerical results shows that the approximation, although asymptotic, remains accurate for relatively low values of the surface roughness parameter.
Purification and properties of a novel type of exo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase (Avicelase II) from the cellulolytic thermophile Clostridium stercorarium (1991)

Avicelase II was purified to homogeneity from culture supernatants of Clostridium stercorarium. A complete separation from the major cellulolytic enzyme activity (avicelase I) was achieved by FPLC gel filtration on Superose 12 due to selective retardation of avicelase II. The enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 87 kDa and a pI of 3.9. Determination of the N-terminal amino acid indicates that avicelase II is not a proteolytically processed product of avicelase I. Maximal activity of avicelase II is observed between pH 5 and 6. In the presence of Ca2+, the enzyme is highly thermostable, exhibiting a temperature optimum around 75 degrees C. Hydrolysis of avicel occurs at a linear rate for three days at 70 degrees C. Avicelase II is active towards unsubstituted celluloses, cellotetraose and larger cellodextrins. It lacks activity towards carboxymethylcellulose and barley beta-glucan. Unlike other bacterial exoglucanases, avicelase II does not hydrolyze aryl-beta-D-cellobiosides. Avicel is degraded to cellobiose and cellotriose at a molar ratio of approximately 4:1. With acid-swollen avicel as substrate, cellotetraose is also formed as an intermediary product, which is further cleaved to cellobiose. The degradation patterns of reduced cellodextrins differ from that expected for a cellobiohydrolase attacking the non-reducing ends of chains; cellopentaitol is degraded to cellobiitol and cellotriose, while cellohexaitol is initially cleaved into cellobiitol and cellotetraose. These findings, taken together, indicate that avicelase II represents a novel type of exoglucanase (cellodextrinohydrolase), which, depending on the accessibility of the substrate, releases cellotetraose, cellotriose, or cellobiose from the non-reducing end of the cellulose chains.
Comparing Top-Down and Bottom-Up Neural Generative Dependency Models (2019)

Recurrent neural network grammars (RNNGs) generate sentences using phrase-structure syntax and perform very well in terms of both language modeling and parsing performance. However, since dependency annotations are much more readily available than phrase structure annotations, we propose two new generative models of projective dependency syntax, so as to explore whether generative dependency models are similarly effective. Both models use RNNs to represent the derivation history with making any explicit independence assumptions, but they differ in how they construct the trees: one builds the tree bottom up and the other top down, which profoundly changes the estimation problem faced by the learner. We evaluate the two models on three typologically different languages: English, Arabic, and Japanese. We find that both generative models improve parsing performance over a discriminative baseline, but, in contrast to RNNGs, they are significantly less effective than non-syntactic LSTM language models. Little difference between the tree construction orders is observed for either parsing or language modeling.
Retinal Gene Distribution and Functionality Implicated in Inherited Retinal Degenerations Can Reveal Disease-Relevant Pathways for Pharmacologic Intervention (2019)

The advent of genetic therapies for inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) has spurred the need for precise diagnosis and understanding of pathways for therapeutic targeting. The majority of IRDs that are clinically diagnosed, however, lack an identifiable mutation in established disease-causing loci and thus can be investigated with limited rational drug discovery methods. Transcriptome profiling of the retina can reveal the functional state of the tissue, and geographic profiling can uncover the various clinical phenotypic presentations of IRDs and aid in pharmaceutical intervention. In this investigation, we detail the retinal geographic expression of known retinal disease-causing genes in the primate retina and functional targetable pathways in specific IRDs. Understanding the genetic basis as well as the resulting functional consequences will assist in the discovery of future therapeutic interventions and provide novel insights to medicinal chemists. Herein, we report that, despite the genetic heterogeneity of retinal diseases, potential functional pathways can be elucidated for therapeutic targeting and be used for predictive phenotypic and genotypic modeling of novel IRD presentations.
On the Predictability of Lagrangian Trajectories in the Ocean (2000)

The predictability of particle trajectories in oceanic flows is investigated in the context of a primitive equation, idealized, double-gyre ocean model. This study is motivated not only by the fact that this is an important conceptual problem but also by practical applications, such as searching for objects lost at sea, and ecological problems, such as the spreading of pollutants or fish larvae. The original aspect of this study is the use of Lagrangian drifter data to improve the accuracy of predicted trajectories. The prediction is performed by assimilating velocity data from the surrounding drifters into a Gauss-Markov model for particle motion. The assimilation is carried out using a simplified Kalman filter.
3D Feature Extraction for Unstructured Grids (1996)

Visualization techniques provide tools that help scientists identify observed phenomena in scientific simulation. To be useful, these tools must allow the user to extract regions, classify and visualize them, abstract them for simplified representations, and track their evolution. Object Segmentation provides a technique to extract and quantify regions of interest within these massive datasets. This article explores basic algorithms to extract coherent amorphous regions from two-dimensional and three-dimensional scalar unstructured grids. The techniques are applied to datasets from Computational Fluid Dynamics and those from Finite Element Analysis.
Defect in Protective Protein/Cathepsin A (2012)

This chapter contains section titles: Epidemiology and clinical presentation Genetic basis Biochemistry Pathophysiology Diagnosis Mouse model Treatment References
Detecting Hidden Relations in Geographic Data (2010)

Abstract—The amount of linked data is growing rapidly, and so finding suitable entities to link together requires greater effort. For small data sets, it is easy enough to find entities in the data sources and link these together manually; however, doing so for large data sets is impractical. For large sets, a way is needed to discover entities and connect them automatically. In this paper, we present an algorithm to detect hidden owl:sameAs links or hidden relations in data sets. Since geographic names are often highly ambiguous, we used data sets comprising geographic names to implement and evaluate our algorithm. We experimentally compare our algorithm with a naı̈ve algorithm that only uses a URI’s name feature. We found that it is more accurate than the naı̈ve algorithm in most cases, especially for resources in which there is little matching information about features.
Salting-out Phenomenon and Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Aqueous Solution of Polar Nonelectrolyte (1982)

Abstract The Salting-out Phenomenon has been carefully observed by adding ammonium chloride into aqueous solutions of t-butyl alcohol, acetone, dioxane, and 2-butoxyethanol. The experimental results have been well explained by considering the formation of a clathrate hydrate-like local structure in the aqueous solution of each nonelectrolyte. In addition, the role of the chloride ion has been found to be the promotion of the aggregation of the clathrate hydrate-like local structures. The line-width measurement of 35Cl-NMR spectra has been shown to be an extremely powerful method for studying the state of mixing of ions in solutions.
A direct electrode-driven P450 cycle for biocatalysis (1997)

The large potential of redox enzymes to carry out formation of high value organic compounds motivates the search for innovative strategies to regenerate the cofactors needed by their biocatalytic cycles. Here, we describe a bioreactor where the reducing power to the cycle is supplied directly to purified cytochrome CYP101 (P450cam; EC 1.14.15.1) through its natural redox partner (putidaredoxin) using an antimony-doped tin oxide working electrode. Required oxygen was produced at a Pt counter electrode by water electrolysis. A continuous catalytic cycle was sustained for more than 5 h and 2,600 enzyme turnovers. The maximum product formation rate was 36 nmol of 5-exo-hydroxycamphor/nmol of CYP101 per min.
Evidence for glycine, GABAA, and GABAB receptors on rabbit OFF-alpha ganglion cells (2003)

Inhibitory synaptic transmission via GABA and glycine receptors plays a crucial role in shaping the excitatory response of neurons in the retina. Whole-cell recordings were obtained from ganglion cells in the intact rabbit eyecup preparation to correlate GABA- and glycine-activated currents with the presence of their specific receptors on morphologically identified a ganglion cells. Alpha ganglion cells were chosen based upon their large somata when viewing the retinal surface, and responses to light and dark spots were used to identify OFF-alpha ganglion cells. Light responses were abolished by superfusion of Ringer's containing cobalt to synaptically isolate the cell by blocking all Ca(2+)-mediated transmitter release. Pressure pulses of GABA and glycine were delivered to an area that encompassed the dendritic field while receptor antagonists were applied through superfusion to characterize the direct inhibition onto the ganglion cell. Physiological results indicated that OFF-alpha cells did not have any GABAc receptor-activated currents, but did express currents mediated by ionotropic GABAA receptors and metabotropic GABAB receptors that were blocked by their specific antagonists bicuculline and CGP55845, respectively. The amplitudes of strychnine-sensitive glycine-activated currents were always larger than the currents elicited by GABA. Confocal optical sections of physiologically identified, sulforhodamine B-stained cells displayed the localization of glycine and GABAA receptor subunit labeling dispersed over the stained dendrites. Although scant labeling of GABAB receptors was found on the more distal dendrites, the majority of these receptors were congregated at the soma and on the proximal dendrites close to the soma. No GABAc receptor immunoreactivity was found anywhere on these cells. Therefore, the immunocytochemical results corroborated the physiological evidence demonstrating that OFF-alpha ganglion cells in the rabbit retina express functional GABAA, GABAB, and glycine receptors, but no GABAc receptors.
ial Effects of Feedback i Semicon (1996)

Starting from Fresnel diffraction theory, we derive analytic expressions for the lateral spatial dependence of feedback fields for the cases of conventional and phase-conjugate optical feedback. By using numerical simulations we show that for narrow-stripe gain-guided lasers, both types of optical feedback from an external cavity can convert the twin-lobed far fields into a nearly single-lobed far field. We also find that conventional and phase-conjugate feedbacks in broad-area lasers induce a spatial modulation of the lateral field that increases the tendency for filamentation at moderate (-30 dB) feedback levels.
Differential Expression and Regulation of Leptin Receptor Isoforms in the Rat Brain: Effects of Fasting and Oestrogen (1998)

Leptin affects body weight and reproduction mainly via receptors in the central nervous system. Different isoforms of the leptin receptor (leptin-R) exist, including a long isoform (leptin-RL) with signalling capacity and short isoforms (leptin-RS) with unknown function. The aim of this study was to examine leptin-R gene expression in different regions of the brain under conditions with altered body weight, in the female rat, including ovariectomy (OVX), oestradiol (E2) treatment, fasting and a genetic model of obesity (Zucker fa/fa). Leptin-R gene expression was analysed by in situ hybridization using probes recognizing all receptor isoforms (leptin-R) or specifically leptin-RL. Transcripts recognized by the leptin-R probe were abundant in the choroid plexus (CP), arcuate nucleus (ARC), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), thalamus (TH) and piriform cortex (PC). Leptin-RL transcripts were detected in the ARC, VMN, TH and PC but not in the CP. Although no sex difference was observed, leptin-R gene expression was reduced by E2 administration and increased by OVX. Administration of E2 reduced leptin-RL gene expression in the ARC and VMN but did not alter the expression in the TH or PC. OVX had no effect on the expression of leptin-RL mRNA. Fasting also caused a differential regulation of leptin-R mRNAs, with an increase in abundance of leptin-RL transcripts in the TH despite a decrease in leptin-R in this area. Obese Zucker rats had a similar pattern of expression with an increased expression of leptin-RL transcripts in all brain areas analysed and a decrease in leptin-R gene expression. These results demonstrate a differential regulation of leptin-RL and leptin-RS which could provide a mechanism for regulating access to, and sensitivity of, discrete regions of the brain for circulating leptin. We suggest that fasting and E2 alter the balance between leptin-RL and leptin-RS and that this could increase tissue sensitivity to leptin.