gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cavernous Malformations: Kjellberg's Experience with Proton Beam Therapy in 98 Cases at the Harvard Cyclotron (1999)

In reply: We appreciate the comments put forth by Porter et al. Regarding the surgical inaccessibility of the lesions in our series, judgments concerning unacceptable surgical morbidity were more restrictive early in the series than in subsequent years, when advances in techniques and technology ensued (2). We agree that radiographic evidence of lesion removal is useful after surgical resection of CMs, as demonstrated in the example provided by Porter et al. and in our own analysis, presented in a recent publication (2), of the surgical management of CMs. The lack of radiographic criteria for successful treatment refers purely to lesions treated with radiosurgery. We share the concerns raised regarding interpretation of hemorrhage rates. The determination of the length of time a lesion has truly been present and at risk of hemorrhage cannot be determined retrospectively. However, determination of rates of subsequent hemorrhage can be applied retrospectively. In our analysis of hemorrhage rates, we therefore analyzed only those patients who had experienced previous hemorrhage. The high rates observed for our patients are not uncharacteristics of those of other reports of patients experiencing subsequent hemorrhage (1,5), which suggests that the rates of hemorrhage are increased after initial bleeds. Interpretation of hemorrhage rates for CMs often rests on the assumption that the hemorrhage rate is constant over time. However, a hemorrhage rate that is higher after a clinically evident bleed and then falls spontaneously would explain the "clustering" of hemorrhages that has often been reported. We have investigated this issue by determining the risk of subsequent hemorrhage over time from CMs after initial hemorrhage in 142 untreated patients (3). We found that the risk of subsequent bleeding was initially high and then decreased spontaneously after 2 years. Subsequent analysis of hemorrhage rates from Kjellberg's radiosurgery group revealed that there was still a 70% reduction in risk of hemorrhage 2 years after proton beam therapy, even adjusting for a spontaneous decline (3). Despite this benefit, considering the high rates of complications, we think that radiosurgery should presently be considered only rarely for deep, inaccessible lesions that hemorrhage repeatedly and cause progressive neurological deficit. Last, although information regarding histopathological changes after radiosurgical treatment is sparse, a previous case of the extensive, although incomplete, obliteration of a CM has been reported (4). In our series, the patient with autopsy evidence of CM obliteration and radiation necrosis emphasizes our assertion that the beneficial effects of radiosurgery (i.e., lesion obliteration and hemorrhage reduction) are frequently obtained at the cost of radiation-induced injury. Sepideh Amin-Hanjani Fred G. Barker III Christopher S. Ogilvy Boston, Massachusetts
Genes encoding adrenergic receptors are not clustered on the long arm of human chromosome 5 (1994)

The distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q) contains a large number of genes encoding membrane receptors belonging to various gene families, including G protein-coupled adrenergic receptors. Previous reports indicated that the genes for two of the adrenergic receptors, ADRB2 and ADRA1B, were within 300 kb of one another on 5q. In an effort to determine if a third adrenergic receptor assigned to 5q, ADRA1A, was physically close to the genes encoding the other adrenergic receptors, we attempted to place all three loci on a radiation hybrid map of 5q. The results conflicted with previous mapping results in two ways. First, ADRA1B is on 5q but is several million bases, rather than a few hundred thousand bases, from ADRB2. Second, ADRA1A is not on chromosome 5, but rather on chromosome 20. Thus, even though 5q contains an extraordinary number of genes encoding receptors for various hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters, there is no particular clustering of genes encoding adrenergic receptors in this region.
Slaframine: A parasympathomimetric from Rhizoctonia leguminicola (1968)

Abstract An interesting cholinergic compound has been isolated from the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola grown on extracts of red clover hay . The compound was characterized as 1‐acetoxy‐8‐aminooctahydroindolizidine and given the name “slaframine.” It has been shown that slaframine is not the active compound but is converted to the active metabolite by liver microsomal enzymes. Physiological studies with slaframine point out that it is a potent stimulator of exocrine glands. In addition, its long duration of action and low toxicity suggest that it may have therapeutic value. Preliminary data suggest that slaframine is a potent stimulator of pancreatic activity, and its long duration of action results in a stimulation of protein synthesis by the gland.
Subpicosecond KrF laser-produced plasma as a possible reflective nonlinear medium (1995)

We have observed the second harmonic radiation (124 nm) of a subpicosecond KrF laser using an ultrashort scale length plasma produced by the same laser. It is demonstrated that an ultrashort scale plasma with a steep density gradient acts as a reflective nonlinear medium. A model predicts that the second harmonic conversion efficiency of 10−4 would be obtainable at 124 nm.
Interface Microstructure and Weld Strength of Steel/Aluminum Alloy Joints by Resistance Spot Welding (2011)

In this study, in order to investigate effects of welding conditions and alloy element Cu in aluminum alloy on growth of intermetallic compounds at weld interfacial zones and weld strength of steel/aluminum alloy joints, the pure aluminum A1050 and the aluminum alloy A2017 to cold-rolling steel SPCC were welded by resistance spot welding. Two intermetallic layers were observed, and the major phases are Fe 2 Al 5 adhering to the steel and FeAl 3 adhering to the aluminum. The results of EPMA suggested that diffusion of alloy element Cu in the A2017 happened at the interface, which may be the reason for that the anisotropic growth of Fe 2 Al 5 might be inhibited. The tensile-shear strength of A2017/SPCC joint decreased with an increasing of the thickness of r=0.5, considering the nugget radius as 1.
GPI-based Secrecy Rate Maximization Beamforming Scheme for Wireless Transmission with AN-aided Directional Modulation (2017)

In a directional modulation network, a general power iterative (GPI) based beamforming scheme is proposed to maximize the secrecy rate (SR), where there are two optimization variables required to be optimized. The first one is the useful precoding vector of transmitting confidential messages to the desired user while the second one is the artificial noise (AN) projection matrix of forcing more AN to eavesdroppers. In such a secure network, the paramount problem is how to design or optimize the two optimization variables by different criteria. To maximize the SR (Max-SR), an alternatively iterative structure (AIS) is established between the AN projection matrix and the precoding vector for confidential messages. To choose a good initial value of iteration process of GPI, the proposed Max-SR method can readily double its convergence speed compared to the random choice of initial value. With only four iterations, it may rapidly converge to its rate ceil. From simulation results, it follows that the SR performance of the proposed AIS of GPI-based Max-SR is much better than those of conventional leakage-based and null-space projection methods in the medium and large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regions, and its achievable SR performance gain gradually increases as SNR increases.
Surgical Intervention and Capsular Contracture After Breast Augmentation (2005)

Epidemiologic data on local complications after breast augmentation are scarce. In particular, few prospectively collected data are available on modern breast implants on this issue. Using data from the Danish Registry for Plastic Surgery of the Breast, the authors examined determinants of surgery-requiring complications and capsular contracture grades III to IV among 2277 women who underwent cosmetic breast implantation from June 1999 through April 2003. During an average follow-up period of 1.6 years after implantation, 4.3% of these women (3% of implants) required secondary surgery as a result of short-term complications. The most frequent clinical indications for surgery were displacement of the implant (38%), capsular contracture grades III to IV (16%), ptosis (13%), and hematoma (11%). Overall, the authors found that inframammary incision and subglandular placement were associated with decreased risks of developing complications requiring surgical intervention, whereas implants larger than 350 mL increased the risk of such complications (relative risk [RR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.0). Thirty-nine Baker III to IV capsular contractures were identified, of which 22 were treated surgically within the study period. Submuscular placement of the implant decreased the risk of capsular contracture grades III to IV (RR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8), whereas surgical routes other than inframammary and drainage of implant cavity were associated with increased risk of capsular contracture. Current surgical practices and modern implants used for breast augmentation produce fewer short-term complications than procedures and devices of the past. This prospective study indicates that surgical procedures are more important predictors for local (short-term) complications than implant or patient characteristics.
Emerging Technologies in Software, Hardware, and Management Aspects Toward the 5G Era: Trends and Challenges (2018)

5G networks would be a heterogeneous networks (HetNets), meaning that different networks will be integrated all together to a unified system, enabling aggregation of multiple existing radio access technologies (RATs) such as LTE-A, Wi-Fi, D2D, and even lightly licensed. 5G will be designed to be a viable, robust, and scalable technology. Another positive result with the introduction of 5G communication systems will be the drastic energy consumption reduction and energy harvesting that will help the industry to have an astounding usage growth. This chapter elaborates on the main 5G requirements and presents the status and challenges in hardware and software development. It focuses on the status and challenges in 5G wireless communications by focusing on physical layer, MAC and radio resource management (RRM). The chapter investigates the benefits of machine learning in 5G network management. It describes the use of various machine learning mechanisms for the service classification problem and also investigates the performance of different algorithms.
Clinical Outcomes of TP53 Mutations in Cancers (2016)

High-throughput sequencing of cancer genomes is increasingly becoming an essential tool of clinical oncology that facilitates target identification and targeted therapy within the context of precision medicine. The cumulative profiles of somatic mutations in cancer yielded by comprehensive molecular studies also constitute a fingerprint of historical exposures to exogenous and endogenous mutagens, providing insight into cancer evolution and etiology. Mutational signatures that were first established by inspection of the TP53 gene somatic landscape have now been confirmed and expanded by comprehensive sequencing studies. Further, the degree of granularity achieved by deep sequencing allows detection of low-abundance mutations with clinical relevance. In tumors, they represent the emergence of small aggressive clones; in normal tissues, they signal a mutagenic exposure related to cancer risk; and, in blood, they may soon become effective surveillance tools for diagnostic purposes and for monitoring of cancer prognosis and recurrence.
Model checking and abstraction (1994)

We describe a method for using abstraction to reduce the complexity of temporal-logic model checking. Using techniques similar to those involved in abstract interpretation, we construct an abstract model of a program without ever examining the corresponding unabstracted model. We show how this abstract model can be used to verify properties of the original program. We have implemented a system based on these techniques, and we demonstrate their practicality using a number of examples, including a program representing a pipelined ALU circuit with over 10 1300 states.
Screening Recombinant Libraries by Polymerase Chain Reaction (2003)

The complexity of the genome of a particular organism or the relative abundance of a particular mRNA, within the cell type from which a cDNA library was constructed, affects the ability with which one can isolate a gene or cDNA clone of interest. With respect to genomic libraries, the number of clones needed to be screened to isolate a single-copy sequence is a function of the complexity of the genome and the average size of the cloned fragments in the library (). In the case of cDNA libraries, the frequency of a given clone of interest depends on the abundance of the messenger RNA. Highly abundant messages can represent 10% or more of total mRNA, whereas very rare messages can be as low as one in 106. In addition, the representation of some sequences in a cDNA library, particularly the 5′ ends of large mRNAs, will be less than expected due to the technical difficulties in converting the mRNA into full-length cDNA copies. In some cases, a particular sequence of interest can be depleted or lost at various steps of screening due to its inefficiency to be replicated relative to other clones in the library.
The effects of atmospheric channel on coherent laser communication and suppression method (2012)

In this paper, we studied the influencing factors of the atmospheric turbulence to the frequency mixing efficiency of Coherent laser communication on the base of the transmission characteristics of the atmospheric channel laser, and discussed the inhibition method of its impact.
Passive Aircraft Anti Icing System Using Waste Heat (1998)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A passive anti icing system for the engine cowl of the &lt;i&gt;Global Hawk&lt;/i&gt; UAV was designed and evaluated under a NASA Phase I SBIR Program. The system utilizes five Loop Heat Pipes to remove 3.8 kW of waste heat from the hydraulic system and deliver it to the engine inlet during icing conditions. During non-icing conditions the heat is bypassed to relief valves on the fuel ullage tank to maintain their temperature above freezing. The system masses 18.5 kg and replaces some 15 lbs of existing equipment. A Phase II program to integrate the system aboard the aircraft is underway with the goal of starting flight tests in early 1999.&lt;/div&gt;
Novel V2O5/BiVO4/TiO2 Nanocomposites with High Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of Toluene (2014)

In an effort to develop nanostructured photocatalysts to achieve high performance in heterogeneous photocatalysis, a novel composite V2O5/BiVO4/TiO2 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by using a sequentially hydrothermal and adhering method. The structural and optical properties of the as-prepared samples were comparatively characterized. The formed ternary nanojunctions were composed of TiO2 nanobelts and V2O5/BiVO4 nanorods which were self-assembled by smaller V2O5 and BiVO4 nanoparticles. Compared to pure TiO2 nanobelts and V2O5/BiVO4 nanorods, the V2O5/BiVO4/TiO2 composite exhibited higher photocatalytic activity in decomposition of gaseous toluene under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). Electron spin resonance examination confirmed that the photoinduced active species (•OH and O2•–) were involved in the photocatalytic degradation of toluene. A detailed mechanism accounting for the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the V2O5/BiVO4/TiO2 nanocomposite was proposed in terms of the energy band structures of the components. The rationally designed ternary nanojunctions could effectively enhance the photocatalytic performance by increasing photoinduced charge carriers through the charges separation across their multiple interfaces.
Violence Exposure, Catecholamine Excretion, and Blood Pressure Nondipping Status in African American Male Versus Female Adolescents (2002)

Objective Nondipping status (<10% decrease in blood pressure [BP] from awake to asleep) has been associated with end-organ disease (stroke and left ventricular hypertrophy) in adults. Nondipping status has also been observed in 30% of healthy African American adolescents, but little is known about the correlates of nondipping status in adolescents. This study examined the relationship between violence exposure, catecholamine excretion, and BP nondipping status in 56 healthy African American adolescents (27 boys, 29 girls; ages 11–18 years). Methods Participants completed the Survey of Exposure to Community Violence, wore an ambulatory BP monitor and provided one timed day and night urine collection for determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion. Results Boys had higher daytime epinephrine (5.1 ± 3.3 vs. 2.6 ± 2.3 ng/min, p < .001) and norepinephrine excretion (29.2 ± 25.1 vs. 16.5 ± 14.9 ng/min, p < .05) and showed a greater prevalence of mean BP nondipping status than girls (37% vs. 10%, p < .03). Mean BP nondipping status was positively associated with victimization (r = 0.42, p < .0001). Regression analyses indicated a significant interaction between hearing about violence and sex for predicting daytime epinephrine (p < .02), with male nondippers showing a stronger positive association (partial correlation = 0.59, p < .05) than females (partial correlation = 0.03, p = NS). Logistic regressions also demonstrated a significant interaction between hearing about violence and sex for predicting mean BP dipping status, with male nondippers reporting the greatest exposure. Conclusions Mean BP nondipping was associated with victimization in both boys and girls. Boys who reported higher levels of hearing about violence showed greater daytime epinephrine excretion and were more likely to be classified as nondippers.
Robust optical flow for Driver Assistance (2010)

Optical flow in Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) must be robust to variations in illumination and handle large disparities in real time. Although a pyramidal variation of Total Variation Regularized L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> (TV-L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ) optical flow can handle large disparities, TV-L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> is not adequate for real world DAS since the ambient light changes dynamically in typically encountered scenes. We present a novel improved TV-L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> with high boost filtering, which by enhancing high frequency components, becomes robust to illumination changes. Experiments show that our method can measure large disparities even under large dynamic illumination variations.
Use of a bilayer stacking gel to improve resolution of lipopolysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides in polyacrylamide gels (1999)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) are important antigenic and integral components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Alteration or heterogeneity of LPS/LOS structure is most often assessed by alteration of electrophoretic band profiles using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In order to discern minor differences in the electrophoretic profile of closely spaced bands, particularly the low molecular weight bands of LOS, optimum resolution is required. Unfortunately, many publications of LPS/LOS in polyacrylamide gels show a diffuse, smeared pattern without discernible bands. We report here a formulation for polyacrylamide gels that reproducibly yields LPS/LOS bands with sharp resolution. A key feature of this formulation is the use of a separate comb gel containing electrode buffer layered on top of the conventional stacking gel.
Plasma surface modification of polymers using atmospheric pressure discharges (2003)

Summary form only given. Atmospheric pressure plasmas, and corona discharges in particularly, are used to treat polymer films to improve their wetting and adhesion properties. Production of O, OH and HO/sub 2/ radicals in humid air discharges have been found to result in surface oxidation of the polymer and produce Low Molecular Weight Oxidized Material (LMWOM). Although a widely used industrial process, the fundamental plasma surface interactions which produce LMWOM and modify surface properties are not well understood. Results from a computational investigation of corona treatment of polypropylene will be discussed with the goal of determining the reaction mechanism which produce LMWOM and improve wetting properties. The gas phase plasma chemistry is modeled using a global kinetics model, GLOBAL-KIN, coupled to a surface kinetics model which addresses the plasma surface interactions. The region above the polymer surface is divided into two zones: a) a homogeneous bulk plasma; and b) a diffusion layer. Radicals produced in the bulk plasma diffuse to the polymer surface where they may adsorbed or directly react with surface sites. The products desorb from the polymer surface, transporting back through the diffusion layer to the bulk plasmas. The surface processes are simulated using a site-balance model with a variable area density of surface sites to account for modification of the surface morphology by the plasma. The surface reaction mechanism distinguishes between processes which produce hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Comparisons can then be made with experimental data for corona treated polypropylene based on wettability (contact angle). Results will be discussed for corona treatment of polypropylene in web-type reactors while varying energy density, humidity and web-speed. As probabilities of polymer surface reactions are in general uncertain, sensitivity studies will be made on the reaction mechanism. Comparison to experiments by industrial collaborators at 3M will aid in refining the mechanism.
Molecular evolution in court: analysis of a large hepatitis C virus outbreak from an evolving source (2013)

We have developed a procedure to integrate molecular phylogenetic reconstructions of rapidly evolving viral populations into a forensic setting adequate for molecular epidemiological analysis of outbreaks and transmission events. We applied this procedure to a large outbreak of hepatitis C virus caused by a single source and the results obtained played a key role in the trial that led to the conviction of the suspected source.
Device Quality SiO2 Deposited by Distributed Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition without Substrate Heating (1992)

The deposition of high electrical quality SiO 2 films on Si wafers has been achieved without substrate heating, ( T &lt;∼100°C), using distributed electron cyclotron resonance (DECR) microwave plasmas. We have studied the effects of the reactant gas mixture composition (O 2 /SiH 4 ) on the dielectric behavior of DECR SiO 2 . The electrical performances of both Si-SiO 2 interfaces and SiO 2 films in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures were assessed by several characterization methods including critical field ( E c ) evaluation, fixed charge densities ( Q ox ) and interface traps densities ( D it ) determinations. We report typical values of E c around 6 MV·cm -1 , and Q ox and D it densities around 2×10 10 cm -2 and 3×10 10 cm -2 ·eV -1 respectively. Thin film SOI-MOSFETs have also been fabricated to prove the DECR oxide quality.