gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ice Cream and Frozen Desserts (2015)

This chapter an overview of the manufacture of ice cream and other frozen desserts. In these products, a sugar solution is the common denominator. Two manufacturing practices that affect the characteristics of frozen desserts are the freezing technique and degree of freezing. The freezing technique may involve stirring (agitation) during freezing, or without stirring (quiescent) or a combination of the two. The chapter also discusses trade classification of ice cream, concentrated sources of milk fat, concentrated sources of serum solids, balancing ingredients, and stabilizers and emulsifiers. The ice cream mix contains fat, MSNF, sweeteners, stabilizers and emulsifiers, and in some instances other additives. The preferred source of fat is milk fat and the flavor quality of cream and milk should be carefully monitored. Flavors are added in at least three different ways: directly to the mix prior to freezing, immediately post freezing, or postfreezing prior to packaging.
Perception of maxillary dental midline shift in asymmetric faces. (2015)

Facial asymmetries such as nose and chin inclinations have an impact on the perception of maxillary dental midline shift. Direction of dental midline shift can be a major factor in this perception.
Field‐Controlled Electrical Switch with Liquid Metal (2017)

When immersed in an electrolyte, droplets of Ga-based liquid metal (LM) alloy can be manipulated in ways not possible with conventional electrocapillarity or electrowetting. This study demonstrates how LM electrochemistry can be exploited to coalesce and separate droplets under moderate voltages of ~1-10 V. This novel approach to droplet interaction can be explained with a theory that accounts for oxidation and reduction as well as fluidic instabilities. Based on simulations and experimental analysis, this study finds that droplet separation is governed by a unique limit-point instability that arises from gradients in bipolar electrochemical reactions that lead to gradients in interfacial tension. The LM coalescence and separation are used to create a field-programmable electrical switch. As with conventional relays or flip-flop latch circuits, the system can transition between bistable (separated or coalesced) states, making it useful for memory storage, logic, and shape-programmable circuitry using entirely liquids instead of solid-state materials.
Pitting Corrosion of Titanium (1994)

The breakdown of native and anodically grown oxide films on Ti electrodes is investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), video microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and voltammetry. SECM is used to demonstrate that the oxidation of Br− on Ti occurs at microscopic surface sites (10 to 50 μm diam, 30 sites/cm2) that are randomly positioned across the oxide surface. After determining the position of the active sites for Br− oxidation, breakdown of the oxide is initiated by increasing the electrode potential to more positive values. Direct correspondence is observed between the location of the electroactive sites and corrosion pits, indicating that oxide breakdown is associated with a localized site of high electrical conductivity. The potential at which pitting is observed in voltammetric experiments is found to be proportional to the average oxide thickness, for values ranging between 20 and 100 Å, indicating that breakdown is determined either by the magnitude of the electric field within the oxide or by the interfacial potential at the oxide/Br−solution interface. Pitting occurs at significantly lower potentials in Br− solutions than in Cl− solutions, suggesting a strong chemical interaction between the surface and Br−. A mechanism of oxide breakdown is proposed that is based on the potential‐dependent chemical dissolution of the oxide at microscopic surface sites.
Combining luminescence spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis and quantum chemistry to reveal metal speciation – a case study of uranyl(vi) hydrolysis (2014)

This study of aqueous metal speciation is an advanced combination of theoretical and experimental methods. Continuous wave (CW) and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) data of uranyl(vi) hydrolysis were analyzed using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Distribution patterns of five major species were thereby derived under a fixed uranyl concentration (10<sup>-5</sup> M) over a wide pH range from 2 to 11. UV (180 nm to 370 nm) excitation spectra were extracted for individual species. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations revealed ligand excitation (water, hydroxo, oxo) in this region and ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) responsible for luminescence. Thus excitation in the UV region is extreme ligand sensitive and specific. Combining findings from PARAFAC and DFT the [UO<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> cation (aquo complex 1 : 0) and four hydroxo complexes (1 : 1, 3 : 5, 3 : 7 and 1 : 3) were identified. The methodological concept used here is applicable to luminescent metals in general and thus enables acquisition of refined structural and thermodynamical data of lanthanide and actinide complexation.
Temperature‐Gradient‐Controlled Method Enabling Shape Control of 2D Perovskite Single Crystals for Photodetection (2021)

2D hybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have been reported as promising photodetection active semiconductor materials due to their excellent photoelectric properties and stability. However, the solution growth of 2D crystal materials is affected adversely by narrow process windows, low process reproducibility, and small crystal sizes. Herein, a temperature‐gradient‐controlled method to grow high‐quality 2D perovskite crystals on the order of centimeters is developed. Using this new method, BA 2 PbI 4 and mixed‐cation BA 2 FA x MA 1− x Pb 2 I 7 crystals are produced with shape control and improved quality at the bottom of the precursor solution. Subsequently, their photoelectric responses are investigated comprehensively. Photodetectors based on these single crystals exhibit outstanding performances, affording 10 −11 A dark current, &gt; 10 3 on–off ratio, ≈10 mA W −1 responsivity, excellent stability, and linear photoresponse. Moreover, the annealing of crystals effectively reduces the dark current of the detectors. The mixed‐cation BA 2 FA 0.4 MA 0.6 Pb 2 I 7 crystal demonstrates improved photoelectric response and a significant change in morphology.
Fano-Kondo effect in a two-level system with triple quantum dots (2007)

We theoretically study the Fano-Kondo effect in a triple quantum dot (QD) system where two QDs constitute a two-level system and the other QD works in a detector with electrodes. We found that the Fano dip is clearly modulated by strongly coupled QDs in a two-level system and a slow detector with no interacting QD. This setup suggests another method of reading out qubit states.
Respiratory Cycle-Related EEG Changes: Response to CPAP (2012)

RCREC tends to diminish acutely with alleviation of upper airway obstruction by PAP. These data in combination with previous observations support the hypothesis that RCREC reflect numerous, subtle, brief, but consequential inspiratory microarousals.
An exploratory study of apex fence flaps on a 74 deg delta wing (1985)

An exploratory wind tunnel investigation was performed to observe the flow field effects produced by vertically deployed apex fences on a planar 74 degree delta wing. The delta shaped fences, each comprising approximately 3.375 percent of the wing area, were affixed along the first 25 percent of the wing leading edge in symmetric as well as asymmetric (i.e., fence on one side only) arrangements. The vortex flow field was visualized at angles of attack from 0 to 20 degrees using helium bubble and oil flow techniques; upper surface pressures were also measured along spanwise rows. The results were used to construct a preliminary description of the vortex patterns and induced pressures associated with vertical apex fence deployment. The objective was to obtain an initial evaluation of the potential of apex fences as vortex devices for subsonic lift modulation as well as lateral directional control of delta wing aircraft.
A new algorithm for detection of lung boundary (2003)

A solution to the image segmentation problem, especially boundary detection for chest X-ray images, is presented. The properties of the boundary are determined by rescaling and thresholding of the gray-level image, Laplacian filtering, and a contour-following algorithm. A heuristic lung boundary searching algorithm is then used to make a sharp distinction between the lung region and the exterior of the lung. Some experimental results that show the fast and accurate performance of this search algorithm in comparison with others are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Trial of Favipiravir and Hydroxychloroquine combination in Adults Hospitalized with moderate and severe Covid-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2020)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04392973 , 19 May 2020 FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.
The use of solid triglyceride stearines as fluid shortening ingredients (1958)

Summary One deficiency of liquid oils as all‐purpose shortenings is their failure to cause the aeration in the mixing of conventional cake batters which is a normal function of the shortening ingredient. The addition of substantially insoluble, solid triglycerides in very finely divided form to liquid oils, with the object of improving their cake performance but not destroying fluidity, has been studied. Stearines made from rapeseed and mustardseed oils and certain peanut‐oil fractions possessed the desired properties. The effective triglycerides in these stearines were of the monobehenodistearin and stearopalmitobehenin type.
Photonics in optically-induced lattices (2004)

We overview our results on nonlinear photonics in optically-induced one- and two-dimensional lattices, including Bragg scattering, Bloch-wave interaction, formation of gap and vortex solitons.
Exploring response signals and targets in aggressive unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of targeted therapy phase 1 trials (2015)

In our heavily-pretreated HCC patients, the phase I PFS was comparable to that of 2nd-line therapy, highlighting a potential role for clinical trials after progression on first-line therapy. The response rate (SD>6 months/PR) of 20% was observed with early signals of activity in regimens combining inhibitors of angiogenesis, multiple kinases and mTOR with preliminary molecular analysis revealing prevalence of PTEN loss.
Lambertson magnet with shortened loop for nuclotron injection and extraction systems (2016)

Systems of beam injection from the Booster and fast beam extraction for injection into the collider will be developed in order for the Nuclotron to operate in the framework of the NICA accelerator complex. All systems are based on the Lambertson magnets. The shortened superconducting loop is used for compensating scattered fields in the circulating beam chamber. The finite weld resistance (on an order of several nΩ) results in gradual current storage in the loop, which influences the beam upon injection. To eliminate this effect, a heater for converting the loop into the normal conducting state in the pause between cycles is applied.
A Prospective Study of Relative Telomere Length and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk (2009)

During breast cancer progression, a substantial increase in chromosomal aberrations is observed in the transition from ductal hyperplasia to carcinoma in situ. Telomeres are essential structures to chromosomal integrity. Consequently, telomere dysfunction, which leads to genomic instability, is hypothesized to play a causal role in the progression of breast cancer. However, the few epidemiologic studies that have assessed the relationship between telomere length and breast cancer risk have been inconsistent. We used quantitative real-time PCR to measure relative telomere length in genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and examined its association with postmenopausal breast cancer risk in 1,122 invasive breast cancer cases and 1,147 matched controls free of diagnosed cancer nested within the prospective Nurses' Health Study. Our data show that relative telomere length was not associated with a significant elevation in postmenopausal breast cancer risk [below versus above median; odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.60; P(trend) = 0.20]. Estrone and estradiol hormone levels were significantly inversely associated with relative telomere length (P = 0.02). Other established breast cancer risk factors such as family history of breast cancer and history of benign breast disease were not associated with relative telomere length in separate linear regression models each adjusted for age and disease status (P > or = 0.07). Our results provide little support for an important role of telomere length, as measured in peripheral blood leukocytes, as a biomarker of breast cancer risk.
Implementation of a gene expression index calculation method based on the PDNN model (2004)

hbjorn@cbs.dtu.dk.
Industrial Cost Effective N-Pasha Solar Cells with >20% Cell Efficiency (2013)

The n-Pasha cell is a bifacial solar cell concept with average efficiencies, depending on the material quality, between 19.8% and 20%. Our process has been optimized to enable high efficiencies with narrow distribution on wafers from complete n-type ingots (2 to 10 -cm). This reduces the so-called electrical yield losses from a wafer point of view, which is important since the wafer costs make up the largest part (~40%) of the total module costs for n-Pasha modules. We found that the costs/Wp for the 20% n-Pasha cell and module process are very similar to those of a 19% p-type cell, assuming the same absolute wafer and module manufacturing costs. In the paper the successful implementation of a reduction of &gt;60% in BBr3 consumption, and a reduction of &gt;50% in Ag consumption are described, while keeping the n-Pasha cell efficiency at the same level. According to our calculations, the achieved reduction of the Ag and BBr3 consumption will lower the costs/Wp for n-Pasha modules below that of p-type modules. For our current n-Pasha cells majority of the efficiency losses are due to recombination in the diffused layers and below the contact regions. By tuning both the emitter and BSF profile, an efficiency of 0.4% abs. was already obtained, but, there is still room for improvements. Based on the simulations and experimental results, the path towards further optimization and efficiencies approaching 21% is discussed in more detail.
Efficient Spatial Pattern Analysis for Variation Decomposition Via Robust Sparse Regression (2013)

In this paper, we propose a new technique to achieve accurate decomposition of process variation by efficiently performing spatial pattern analysis. We demonstrate that the spatially correlated systematic variation can be accurately represented by the linear combination of a small number of templates. Based on this observation, an efficient sparse regression algorithm is developed to accurately extract the most adequate templates to represent spatially correlated variation. In addition, a robust sparse regression algorithm is proposed to automatically remove measurement outliers. We further develop a fast numerical algorithm that may reduce the computational time by several orders of magnitude over the traditional direct implementation. Our experimental results based on both synthetic and silicon data demonstrate that the proposed sparse regression technique can capture spatially correlated variation patterns with high accuracy and efficiency.
Net hepatic and splanchnic metabolism of lactate, pyruvate and propionate in dairy cows in vivo in relation to lactation and nutrient supply (1980)

1. Circulating concentrations of glucose, propionate, lactate and pyruvate, and net exchange of these compounds across the liver and gut, were measured in lactating and non-lactating dairy cows (a) in the normal fed state, (b) before, during and after intravenous infusion of an aqueous solution of glucose, propionate or lactate (lactating cows only) in fed animals, and (c) before and during 6 days of food deprivation. 2. In the normal fed state, gut output of propionate, hepatic output of glucose and hepatic uptake of lactate were all higher in the lactating group. There was a net uptake of pyruvate across the liver in the lactating cows and a net output in the non-lactating cows. In the lactating cows there was a net uptake of lactate and pyruvate by the splanchnic bed (i.e. gut and liver combined). 3. In the lactating cows, the glucose and propionate infusions had the following effects: decrease in net hepatic uptake of lactate; a switch in pyruvate exchange across the liver from uptake to output; suppression of uptake of lactate and pyruvate by the splanchnic bed; increase in the magnitude of the liver (propionate uptake)/(glucose output) ratio. Lactate infusion did not affect hepatic propionate uptake. 4. Food deprivation increased hepatic extraction of lactate and pyruvate and decreased the liver (propionate uptake)/(glucose output) ratio in both groups. 5. It is concluded that mechanisms exist to ensure an inverse relationship between the availability to the cow of glucose or propionate and utilization by the splanchnic bed of endogenously derived lactate and pyruvate.
Generating porous metal surfaces as a mean to incorporate thymol-loaded nanoparticles (2023)

Porous metals have gained interest in many fields such as biomedicine, electronics, and energy. Despite the many benefits that these structures may offer, one of the major challenges in utilizing porous metals is to incorporate active compounds, either small molecules or macromolecules, on these surfaces. Coatings that contain active molecules have previously been used for biomedical applications to enable the slow release of drugs, e.g., with drug-eluting cardiovascular stents. However, direct deposition of organic materials on metals by coatings is very difficult due to the challenge of obtaining uniform coatings, as well as issues related to layer adherence and mechanical stability. Our study describes an optimization of a production process of different porous metals, aluminum, gold, and titanium, using wet-etching. Pertinent physicochemical measurements were carried out to characterize the porous surfaces. Following the production of porous metal surface, a new methodology for incorporating active materials onto the metals by using mechanical entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in metal pores was developed. To demonstrate our concept of active material incorporation, we produced an odor-releasing metal object with embedded particles loaded with thymol, an odoriferous molecule. Polymer particles were placed inside nanopores in a 3D-printed titanium ring. Chemical analysis, followed by smell tests, indicated that the smell intensity lasts significantly longer in the porous material containing the nanoparticles, compared with the free thymol.
Resource Allocation and Outage Control for Solar-Powered WLAN Mesh Networks (2007)

In this paper, resource allocation and outage control are considered for solar-powered WLAN mesh networks. Solar-powered nodes are a very cost effective option in WLAN mesh deployments where continuous power sources are not practical. In such nodes, the cost of the solar panel and battery can be a significant fraction of the total and, therefore, reducing AP power consumption is very important. A solar panel/battery configuration methodology is introduced based on a proposed AP power-aware version of IEEE 802.11. Public meteorological data is used to provision each node based on an averaged offered capacity profile. Since a node is configured statistically, it is possible that future loading may result in nonzero outage even when negligible outage is the design target. Control algorithms are introduced which can improve node outage performance by sometimes introducing an access point capacity deficit. Results are presented which show the value of the proposed configuration methodology and show that the control algorithms can prevent outage even at high levels of excess loading.
Purification and Identification of a Major Activator for p38 from Osmotically Shocked Cells (1996)

A stress-activated, serine/threonine kinase, p38 (also known as HOG1 or MPK2) belongs to a subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily molecules. An activity to activate p38 (p38 activator activity) as well as p38 activity itself were greatly stimulated by hyperosmolar media in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. The activator activity has been purified by sequential chromatography. A 36-kDa polypeptide that was coeluted with the activity in the final chromatography step was identified as MAPK kinase 6 (MAPKK6) by protein microsequencing analysis. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant MAPKK6 recognized specifically the 36-kDa MAPKK6 protein but did not cross-react with MKK3 proteins. The use of these anti-MAPKK6 antibodies revealed that two major peaks of the p38 activator activity in the first chromatography step reside in the activated MAPKK6. Using a genetic screen in yeast, we isolated MKK3b, an alternatively spliced form of MKK3. Like MKK3 and MAPKK6, MKK3b was shown to be a specific activator for p38 and was activated by osmotic shock when expressed in COS7 cells. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that MAPKK6 is expressed highly in HeLa and KB cells and scarcely in PC12 cells, whereas MKK3 and MKK3b are expressed in all cells examined. Immunodepletion of MAPKK6 from the extracts obtained from L5178Y cells and KB cells exposed to hyperosmolar media depleted them of almost all of the p38 activator activity, indicating that MAPKK6 is a major activator for p38 in an osmosensing pathway in these cells. In addition, MAPKK6 was activated strongly by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, H2O2, and okadaic acid and moderately by cycloheximide in KB cells. Thus, there are at least three members of p38 activator, MKK3, MKK3b, and MAPKK6, and MAPKK6 may function as a major activator for p38 when expressed.
Distribution of type II collagen mRNA in Xenopus embryos visualized by whole-mount in situ hybridization. (1992)

We have developed a whole-mount histochemical method to monitor the distribution of expressed genes within the intact, developing vertebrate embryo. Background problems that result from alkaline phosphatase- or horseradish peroxidase-based stains have been minimized, enabling both early and late stages of Xenopus embryogenesis to be monitored. The feasibility and utility of this non-isotopic method has been demonstrated by using a specific DNA probe to localize Xenopus laevis Type II collagen mRNA expression to areas surrounding the vacuoles of the notochord in Stage 30 embryos. Expression expands by Stage 41/42 to form a visually striking distribution pattern that includes a variety of chondrogenic tissues such as the vertebrae, otocysts, mandible, and periocular region. Although these experiments focused on expression of a structural gene, the high resolution and sensitivity of the method should allow it also to monitor expression of less abundant mRNA products of non-structural genes such as transcription factors, cytoplasmic regulators, and growth factors. In addition, this approach should be a successful tool to probe expression in normal and perturbed embryos not only of amphibians but also of other vertebrates, including avians and mammals.