gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cartilage Scaffolds (2006)

Abstract Perhaps due to its complex structure and composition, articular cartilage has been known to be one of the most common sources of pain and suffering in the body. Moreover, few biomaterials exist to treat the numerous problems associate cartilage decomposition and injury. This chapter will first present cartilage structure and properties useful in understanding cartilage problems and why it has been so difficult to repair cartilage damage. Then, this chapter will cover current technologies for articular cartilage repairs, emphasizing natural and synthetic materials. Lastly, this chapter will stress one promising approach for creating the next generation of cartilage scaffolds that involves nanotechnology. In this manner, this chapter will present a comprehensive view of cartilage structure, disease, and associate treatment methods. Many attempts to design better cartilage replacements are being attempted, from natural to synthetic materials. In the synthetic materials world, it seems that the best advances are being realized when attempting to mimic the unique nano‐ and micro‐structure of cartilage tissue, which includes mimicking the arrangement of collagen in each zone of cartilage tissue. It is through these attempts of manipulating chondrocyte function to regrow cartilage tissue that new materials may be found to heal this traditionally difficult anatomical area.
Upregulation of cyclase-associated actin cytoskeleton regulatory protein 2 in epithelial ovarian cancer correlates with aggressive histologic types and worse outcomes (2020)

CAP2 expression is upregulated in aggressive histologic types of epithelial ovarian cancer and serves as a novel prognostic biomarker for patient survival.
Wireless power transfer for mobile devices with consideration of ground effect (2015)

In this study, a wireless power transfer (WPT) system including three coils and working at 6.78 MHz is investigated. By employing a 2 × 3 metamaterial (MTM) array, the efficiency of the proposed WPT system is significantly enhanced. Experiments show that with the MTM array, a maximum efficiency improvement of 27 % is achieved at transfer distance of 35 cm. The impact of ground plane on the transfer efficiency is also studied. Several methods to reduce this impact are discussed and measured.
Involvement of conserved lysine 68 of Bacillus stearothermophilus leucine dehydrogenase in substrate binding. (1994)

Lysine 68 of Bacillus stearothermophilus leucine dehydrogenase is highly conserved in the corresponding regions of NAD(P)+-dependent amino acid dehydrogenase sequences. To elucidate its functional role, the lysyl residue of the recombinant enzyme has been replaced with alanine or arginine by site-directed mutagenesis. Either mutation resulted in nearly complete loss of activity in the oxidative deamination, whereas only the mutation to alanine led to a marked increase in Michaelis constants for both amino and keto acid substrates. On the other hand, an ionizable group in the wild-type enzyme with a pKa value of 10.1-10.7, which must be protonated for binding of substrate and competitive inhibitor with an alpha-carboxyl group, was unobservable in both mutant enzymes. These results altogether led to the conclusion that Lys-68 is located at the active site of the enzyme and involved in binding of the alpha-carboxyl group of substrate through an ionic interaction. In addition, the alanine mutant enzyme that is almost inactive in the deamination but significantly active in the amination was greatly stimulated by exogenously added ammonia, suggesting that proper binding of the substrate alpha-carboxyl group at Lys-68 is essential for catalysis.
Stromal Thickness in the Normal Cornea: Three-dimensional Display With Artemis Very High-Frequency Digital Ultrasound (2009)

Purpose: To characterize the stromal thickness profile in a population of normal eyes. Methods: Stromal thickness profile was measured in vivo by Artemis very high-frequency digital ultrasound scanning (ArcScan, Morrison, Colo) across the central 10-mm corneal diameter on 110 normal eyes. Maps of the average, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and range of stromal thickness were plotted. The average location of the thinnest stroma was found. The cross-sectional hemi-meridional stromal thickness profile was calculated using annular averaging. The absolute stromal thickness progression relative to the thinnest point was calculated using annular averaging as well as for 8 hemi-meridians individually. Results: The mean stromal thickness at the corneal vertex and at the thinnest point were 465.4±36.9 µ m and 461.8±37.3 µ m, respectively. The thinnest stroma was displaced on average 0.17±0.31 mm inferiorly and 0.33±0.40 mm temporally from the corneal vertex. The average absolute stromal thickness progression from the thinnest point could be described by the quadratic equation: stromal thickness = 6.411 × radius 2 + 2.444 × radius (R 2 = 0.999). Absolute stromal thickness progression was independent of stromal thickness at the thinnest point. The increase in hemi-meridional absolute stromal thickness progression was greatest superiorly and lowest temporally. Conclusions: Three-dimensional thickness mapping of the corneal stroma and stromal thickness progression in a population of normal eyes represent a normative data set, which may help in early diagnosis of corneal abnormalities such as keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration. Absolute stromal thickness progression was found to be independent of stromal thickness. [ J Refract Surg . 2009;25:776–786.]
A new header compression scheme for TCP streams in IP based wireless networks (2004)

Abstract The current trend in the telecommunication world is the proposal of a universal telecommunication system deriving from the convergence between mobile telephony and data transmission. To achieve such a convergence in an efficient way, it is presumably necessary to utilize a network platform totally based on TCP/IP architecture (an ‘All‐IP Network’). However, the encapsulation process of TCP/IP wastes a substantial part of the radio channel bandwidth for the transmission of control information (header) that does not have any specific function at radio level. Since this bandwidth is generally the most expensive and limited resource for wireless networks, it is necessary to adopt a header compression scheme that can reduce the protocol overhead while working efficiently and robustly under noisy links with time‐variant BER conditions. In this paper, a new header compression scheme for TCP streams as a specific header compression profile within the IETF ROHC (robust header compression) framework is proposed and analyzed through simulations exploiting network simulator (ns‐2). The proposed scheme, compliant with IETF requirements for TCP/IP header compression, is based on the distinct management of data and acknowledgment (ACK) streams associated with the TCP connection and exploits a robust header encoding technique for reducing the effect of error propagation. The results obtained, in terms of throughput, overhead and goodput, are reported as a function of bandwidth and BER. A comparison with the results obtained without compression allows us to evaluate the performance of the proposed compression scheme in a realistic and dynamic environment. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Abstract 4099: BMP4 and BMP5 in pancreatic cancer: novel bidirectional players (2010)

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are signaling molecules involved in diverse developmental phases and are able to regulate cell growth, apoptosis and differentiation. For the last decade, they have also been increasingly in focus in cancer research. Studies have demonstrated that BMPs are able to both promote and inhibit cancer progression. In pancreatic cancer, there are only very few papers that have evaluated the role of BMP signaling. In this work, we have first determined the expression of seven BMP ligands (BMP2- BMP8) and six BMP specific receptors in 16 pancreatic cancer cell lines and in 4 normal pancreatic tissues using qRT-PCR. Expression of six BMP specific receptors was seen in all pancreatic cancer cell lines as well as in normal pancreas samples indicating that these cells are able to respond to BMP signals. Transcripts of the ligands BMP2, BMP3, BMP6 and BMP7 were detected at similar expression levels in both cancer and normal sample groups. The relative expression levels of BMP5 and BMP8 were significantly decreased in cancer cell lines compared to the normal pancreas samples. Interestingly, in a subset (4/16) of the cancer cell lines BMP4 was detected at highly elevated expression level whereas in rest of the cancer and in all normal samples its expression was barely detectable. We chose to study further the potential role of BMP4 and BMP5 signaling in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. Changes in cell growth, migration, and invasion were examined in five pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, SU.86.86, MIAPaCa-2, HPAF-II, and PANC-1) after recombinant BMP4 or BMP5 treatment. BMP5 treatment reduced cell number in three cell lines up to 36% (MIAPaCa-2, HPAF-II, and PANC-1). BMP4 decreased growth in four cell lines with the most distinct difference seen in MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells (30% or 79% decrease in cell number, respectively). BMP5 and BMP4 induced growth inhibition were both mainly due the alterations in cell cycle. Despite the growth inhibitory effect, BMP5 simultaneously increased the migration and invasion of two cell lines (MIAPaCa-2 and HPAF-II). Similarly, BMP4 increased migration and invasion of three cell lines with clear growth reduction. BMP4 treatment resulted in 3.5-fold increase of invaded MIAPaCa-2 cells and 10.8-fold increase of invaded PANC-1 cells. All cell lines with phenotypic changes showed activation of the canonical SMAD pathway. In addition, phosphorylation of MAP-kinases p38 and ERK1/2 was detected in MIAPaCa-2 cells after BMP4 and BMP5 stimulation. Taken together, BMP4 and BMP5 are able to both inhibit the growth and promote migration and invasion of the same pancreatic cell line. In this regard they resemble a closely related cytokine, transforming growth factor β, with a demonstrated dual function in cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4099.
Influence on the Carotenoid Levels of Skin Arising from Age, Gender, Body Mass Index in Smoking/Non-Smoking Individuals (2011)

Introduction: Intakes of fruit and vegetables rich in carotenoids are associated with a lower risk for a variety of chronic diseases. Therefore, the carotenoid levels in the skin have been measured in various studies to investigate the effects of nutrition and lifestyle. However, statistically clear data regarding the influence of age, gender, body mass index, and smoking behaviour were not documented. Methods: Thus, non-invasive resonance Raman measurements were performed on 151 healthy volunteers in Berlin, Germany. Results: The investigations have shown significantly enhanced total carotenoid values in the skin for women and non-smokers; individuals with a BMI lower than 30 also showed a trend to higher values. In the case of lycopene, significantly enhanced values were found in people younger than 40 and nonsmokers. Conclusion: Influences of gender, and smoking or non-smoking must be taken into account when carrying out a study with respect to the carotenoids. Age does not play any role for total carotenoids but for lycopene.
A methodology for testing spreadsheets (2001)

Spreadsheet languages, which include commercial spreadsheets and various research systems, have had a substantial impact on end-user computing. Research shows, however, that spreadsheets often contain faults; thus, we would like to provide at least some of the benefits of formal testing methodologies to the creators of spreadsheets. This article presents a testing methodology that adapts data flow adequacy criteria and coverage monitoring to the task of testing spreadsheets. To accommodate the evaluation model used with spreadsheets, and the interactive process by which they are created, our methodology is incremental. To accommodate the users of spreadsheet languages, we provide an interface to our methodology that does not require an understanding of testing theory. We have implemented our testing methodology in the context of the Forms/3 visual spreadsheet language. We report on the methodology, its time and space costs, and the mapping from the testing strategy to the user interface. In an empirical study, we found that test suites created according to our methodology detected, on average, 81% of the faults in a set of faulty spreadsheets, significantly outperforming randomly generated test suites.
Successful Treatment of Esophageal Dysmotility and Raynaud's Phenomenon in Systemic Sclerosis and Achalasia by Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation: Increase in Plasma VIP Concentration (1987)

Dysphagia has been successfully treated by low-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) in two patients with achalasia and in six patients with systemic sclerosis. A 30- to 45-min stimulation session was followed by augmentation of peristalsis in the lower half of the esophagus and relaxation of the gastroesophageal sphincter, with relief of dysphagia. The sclerotic patients were also relieved of invaliding Raynaud's phenomenon. One 30-min daily stimulation session, and later one session every 2nd or 3rd day, was sufficient to prevent relapse. After months or years of TNS treatment the stimulation could in three patients be withdrawn with no recurrence. A stimulation session produced about 30% increase in plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptides. Activation of this neurornodulator is considered to be the cause of the beneficial effects on dysphagia and Raynaud's phenomenon.
Preparation of 2H-Furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Germination-Promoting Activity (2007)

The butenolide, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one (1), has recently been identified as the germination stimulant present in smoke that promotes the germination of seeds from a wide range of plant species. In this paper, we describe the preparation of a number of analogues of 1 and compare their efficacy in promoting seed germination of three highly smoke-responsive plant species, Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids (Asteraceae), Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. (Hydrophyllaceae), and Solanum orbiculatum Poir. (Solanaceae). The results show that the methyl substituent at C-3 in 1 is important for germination-promoting activity while substitution at C-7 reduces activity. In contrast, bioactivity is mostly retained with analogues substituted at C-4 or C-5.
A study on the tonsil with focal infections. With special referrence to the newly devised tonsillar cryptscope and the architecture of vessels in crypts. (1991)

It is well known that inflamed human palatine tonsils have many surface crypts showing characteristic lymphoepithelial symbiosis, which play an important role in immune response. The cryptepithelia are rich in blood vessels. This proliferation of blood vessels is said to be the initiation of various kinds of immune responses. We devised a tonsillar cryptscope in order to observe the tonsillar crypt. Scopy with the cryptscope confirmed seven characteristic types of capillary vessels. The cryptscopic figures showed different patterns in tonsillar diseases such as hypertrophic tonsil, recurrent tonsillitis and tonsil with focal infection (palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis vulgaris). In this study the significances of tonsillar cryptscopic figures were investigated through the study of three dimensional structures of blood vessels and immuno-histology. In order to understand the structure of capillary vessels in details, human palatine tonsils were studied using corrosion casting techniques with a scanning electron microscope. Horseshoe type capillary vessels corresponded to the curved capillary vessels in the epithelium. This type of capillary vessel was observed in the epithelia covering the interfollicular area. The tonsillar blood vessels, along with closely related substances in the epithelium and the parenchyma, were immuno-histologically examined. Where the lymphocytes had densely infiltrated the epithelium, the basement membrane became thickened and often disrupted; the endothelial cells were also enlarged. Adrian et al reported that lymphocytes invaded from the capillary vessels within the epithelia. Thus it was suggested that the horseshoe type was related to lymphocyte invasion of the epithelia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Metal-free regioselective C-3 nitration of quinoline N-oxides with tert-butyl nitrite (2015)

A direct, regioselective and eco-friendly C3-nitration of quinoline<italic>N</italic>-oxides using<italic>tert</italic>-butyl nitrite as both the nitro source and oxidant has been developed. This reaction undergoes a free radical process and can be smoothly scaled up to gram scale.
Breakthrough of selector technology for cross-point 25-nm ReRAM (2017)

In this paper, the authors report for the first time the outstanding selector performance from an innovative oxide selector. SiO2, one of conventional and common materials in semiconductor industry, was chosen as a matrix oxide material. Metal atoms which are non-mobile and easy to handle were injected into the oxide films. Off-current and threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) could be controlled by using arsenic (As), which doping method and concentration were carefully investigated to achieve threshold switching behavior. Finally ReRAM (Resistance switching Random Access Memory) cell array consisted of one selector-one resistor (1S1R) was successfully demonstrated with the full integration of the newly developed selector.
Future Evolution in Wireless Network Architectures: Towards a 'Cloud of Antennas' (2012)

This paper highlights the significant evolutionary potential in wireless communication networks, taking account of falling costs of RF hardware and increasing availability of powerful centralized signal processing. This so-called 'cloud of antennas' allows a central radio controller to manage a large number of remote antennas (RAs) with increasing control over their radio and radio access network behavior. By introducing autonomous terminal reporting and coordination of broadcast signaling over many RAs, the concepts of a self-organizing, and terminal-centric network are described. These could lead to significantly improved flexibility in the network deployment, reduced downlink transmit power, and reduced control signaling load for the ordinary management of the terminals. The CoA is also compared with other approaches currently being researched.
Catalyzed Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions with Controlled Enantio‐ and Diastereoselectivities (2009)

In control: A new catalytic vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction provides products with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % de and ee; see scheme). The relative and absolute stereochemistry of a representative product was rigorously assigned by NMR and CD spectroscopies (measured and calculated), X-ray diffraction, and quantum-chemical calculations.
Reduction of Unbalanced Magnetic Pull in Synchronous Machines due to Parallel Circuits (2011)

This paper describes an analysis of the damping of unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) in salient pole synchronous machines due to parallel stator circuits. Measurements of the UMP and currents in the parallel circuits have been performed on a 12-pole generator with the stator displaced relative to the rotor, creating a static eccentricity, and the stator winding connected as one circuit or two parallel circuits. Experiments were done at no-load conditions. Two numerical studies of the force reduction are also presented, one using a finite-element code and one using a permeance model. A good correspondence between measured and simulated forces is obtained. Results indicate that the reduction of UMP is strongly dependent on the direction of unbalance relative to the line of separation of the stator circuits. Eddy currents induced in the rotor during operation were found to reduce the standstill UMP with more than 20%.
Do RNNs learn human-like abstract word order preferences? (2018)

RNN language models have achieved state-of-the-art results on various tasks, but what exactly they are representing about syntax is as yet unclear. Here we investigate whether RNN language models learn humanlike word order preferences in syntactic alternations. We collect language model surprisal scores for controlled sentence stimuli exhibiting major syntactic alternations in English: heavy NP shift, particle shift, the dative alternation, and the genitive alternation. We show that RNN language models reproduce human preferences in these alternations based on NP length, animacy, and definiteness. We collect human acceptability ratings for our stimuli, in the first acceptability judgment experiment directly manipulating the predictors of syntactic alternations. We show that the RNNs' performance is similar to the human acceptability ratings and is not matched by an n-gram baseline model. Our results show that RNNs learn the abstract features of weight, animacy, and definiteness which underlie soft constraints on syntactic alternations.
Opportunistic Scheduling for Wireless Network Coding (2007)

This paper addresses a scheduling problem for wireless network coding which has been recently proposed as a novel method to enhance the throughput in wireless networks. The wireless network coding involves broadcast transmission of a network-coded packet which contains unicast data to several receiving nodes. These receiving nodes have time-varying fading links to the transmitting node, which can generate different instantaneous conditions for different links. In this paper, we introduce an opportunistic scheduling for such a wireless network coding, which selects a set of nodes whose packets are network - coded as well as the data rate for the broadcast transmission according to the instantaneous link conditions. We analyze the average capacity of such a scheduling, and discuss the impact of different parameters on the average capacity. We show that the opportunistic scheduling can maximize the average capacity by choosing the appropriate set of network-coded nodes according to the instantaneous link conditions. We also discuss the practical factors which can additionally affect the best scheduling strategy for wireless network coding.