gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Investigating laser/blood-vessel interaction with color Doppler optical coherence tomography</title> (1998)

A non-invasive method of imaging laser irradiated blood vessels, and of tracking the healing response, has been achieved using Color Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (CDOCT). This method may increase understanding of the mechanisms behind treatment of vascular disorders such as port wine stains. The CDOCT system uses a superluminescent diode with a center wavelength of 1280 nm. Pulsed dye and KTP lasers operating at 585 and 532 nm, respectively, were used to irradiate rat and hamster dorsal skin flap window models. The window model is a chronic preparation which exposes subdermal blood vessels while maintaining a thickness of normal skin. Irradiation sites were imaged with CDOCT prior to and immediately after laser irradiation, and at intervals up to several days following irradiation. The CDOCT signal was processed to provide both magnitude and color Doppler images. The Doppler signal provides an estimate of the blood flow velocity. The response of blood vessels to radiant exposures above and below the threshold for vessel coagulation was measured. An increase in the blood vessel backscattered signal was observed as blood and vessel walls were coagulated. Changes in blood flow velocity were noted in cases where vessels constricted or flow became occluded.
Optimal positioning of active and passive monitoring devices (2005)

Network measurement is essential for assessing performance issues, identifying and locating problems. Two common strategies are the passive approach that attaches specific devices to links in order to monitor the traffic that passes through the network and the active approach that generates explicit control packets in the network for measurements. One of the key issues in this domain is to minimize the overhead in terms of hardware, software, maintenance cost and additional traffic.In this paper, we study the problem of assigning tap devices for passive monitoring and beacons for active monitoring. Minimizing the number of devices and finding optimal strategic locations is a key issue, mandatory for deploying scalable monitoring platforms. In this article, we present a combinatorial view of the problem from which we derive complexity and approximability results, as well as efficient and versatile Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) formulations.
Characterization of tri-o-methylcellulose by one- and two-dimensional NMR methods (1999)

Tri-O-methylcellulose was prepared from partially O-methylated cellulose and its chemical shifts (1H and 13C), and proton coupling constants were assigned using the following NMR methods: (1) One-dimensional 1H and 13C spectra of the title compound were used to assign functional groups and to compare with literature data; (2) double quantum filtered proton–proton correlation spectroscopy (1H, 1H DQF-COSY) was used to assign the chemical shifts of the network of 7 protons in the anhydroglucose portion of the repeat unit; (3) the heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum was used to establish connectivities between the bonded protons and carbons; (4) the heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) spectrum was used to connect the hydrogens of the methyl ethers to their respective sugar carbons; (5) the combination of HSQC and HMBC spectra was used to assign the 13C shifts of the methyl ethers; (6) all spectra were used in combination to verify the assigned chemical shifts; (7) first-order proton coupling constants data (JH,H in Hz) were obtained from the resolution-enhanced proton spectra. The NMR spectra of tri-O-methylcellulose and other cellulose ethers do not resemble the spectra of similarly substituted cellobioses. Although the 1H and 13C shifts and coupling constants of 2,3,6-tri-O-methylcellulose closely resemble those of methyl tetra-O-methyl-β-D-glucoside, there are differences with regard to the chemical shifts and the order of appearances of the resonating nuclei of the methyl ether appendages and the proton at position 4 in the pyranose ring. H4 in tri-O-methylcellulose is deshielded by the acetal system comprising the β-1→4 linkage, and it resonates downfield. H4 in the permethylated glucoside is not as deshielded by the equitorial O-methyl group at C4, and it resonates upfield. The order of appearance of the 1H and 13C resonances in the spectra of the tri-O-methylcellulose repeat unit (from upfield to downfield) are H2 < H3 < H5 < H6a < H3a < H2a < pro R H6B < H4 < pro S H6A ≪ H1 and C6a < C3a < C2a < C6 < C5 < C4 < C2 < C3 ≪ C1, respectively. Close examination of the pyranose ring coupling constants of the repeat unit in tri-O-methylcellulose supports the 4C1 arrangement of the glucopyranose ring. Examination of the proton coupling constants about the C5-C6 bond (J5,6A and J5,6B) in the nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectra revealed that the C6 O-methyl group is predominantly in the gauche gauche conformation about the C5-C6 bond for the polymer in solution. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4019–4032, 1999
A Hybrid Hierarchical Multi-Hop Wireless Network: From Wireless Sensors to the Fixed Infrastructure (2007)

The hybrid hierarchical architecture (HHA) represents a particular case of wireless hybrid network, where sensor nodes transmit their samples to an infrastructure network through multiple hops. In the HHA, gateway terminals implementing both cellular and infrastructure-less air interfaces, allow integration of the two separate paradigms characterising the wireless sensor network (WSN) and the cellular network. In this paper, in particular we study a hierarchical network where an IEEE 802.15.4 WSN is connected, through a mobile gateway, to an infrastructure network using a cellular air interface like UMTS. In such scenario, the mobile gateway receives data from sensors with an inter-arrival time distribution which depends on the WSN topology, the sensor node density, and the parameters set in the 802.15.4 MAC protocol, such as the superframe order, the number of guaranteed time slots, etc. Such distribution is analysed in this paper through simulation. The outcome of this work provides useful hints to the characterisation of the traffic generated by the mobile gateway and provided to the infrastructure network. The design of the scheduling techniques implemented at the infrastructure side requires suitable knowledge of the characteristics of such traffic.
Phase Behavior of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Nanogel Dispersions: Temperature Dependent Particle Size and Interactions (2009)

The phase behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous medium is investigated as a function of temperature using static and dynamic light scattering techniques. The diameter, d of the particles, as determined by dynamic light scattering measurements on dilute dispersion showed a decrease in size from 273 nm at 25 degrees C to 114 nm at 40 degrees C as function of temperature with a sudden collapse of particle volume (volume phase transition) at 32.4 degrees C. Further this nanoparticle dispersion is found to turn turbid beyond volume phase transition. Static light scattering measurements on samples with intermediate concentration and high concentration showed liquid-like order and crystalline order respectively. The intensity of the Bragg peak of the crystallized sample when monitored as a function of temperature showed crystal to liquid transition at 26.2 degrees C and a fluid to fluid transition at 31 degrees C. The occurrence of melting at a volume fraction of 0.85 and the absence of change in number density across the fluid-to-fluid transition suggest that interparticle interaction is repulsive soft-sphere below the volume phase transition. The reported results on the phase behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanogel suspensions are discussed in the light of the present results.
Antenna diversity system for the mobile reception of satellite digital radio (2009)

Satellite radio is a fast growing market. An increasing number of users are enjoying the wide range of radio stations and better reception quality being offered through satellite radio. Although the quality of the reception is excellent, this quality is sometimes disturbed when the antenna reception is harmed; e.g. in fading scenario underneath dense foliage. In order to avoid this, fast switching antenna diversity-systems are investigated, which include also the phase alignment and linear combination of multiple antenna signals. These systems are able to react on the fast changing in the field in a fast fading scenario and yield an additional antenna gain. No additional tuner in the receiver and no additional RF-cable between the antenna module and the receiver are required. The diversity antennas are combined in a small module at one mounting point. Realization of a prototype is described and test results in real scenario are discussed.
Homogeneous nucleation with magic numbers: Aluminum (2009)

Homogeneous nucleation of clusters that exhibit magic numbers is studied numerically, using as an example aluminum at 2000 K, based on recent calculations of free energies [Li et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 16227 (2007)] and condensation rate constants [Li and Truhlar, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 11109 (2008)] that provide a database for Al(i) up to i=60. The nucleation behavior for saturation ratios greater than about 4.5 is found to be dominated by a peak in the free energy change associated with the reaction iAl-->Al(i) at i=55, making it the critical size over a wide range of saturation ratios. Calculated steady-state nucleation rates are many orders of magnitude lower than predicted by classical nucleation theory (CNT). The onset of nucleation is predicted to occur at a saturation ratio of about 13.3, compared to about 5.1 in CNT, while for saturation ratios greater than about 25 the abundance of magic-numbered clusters becomes high enough to invalidate the assumption that cluster growth occurs solely by monomer addition. Transient nucleation is also predicted to be substantially different than predicted by CNT, with a much longer time required to reach steady state: about 10(-4) s at a saturation ratio of 20, compared to about 10(-7) s from CNT. Magic numbers are seen to play an important role in transient nucleation, as the nucleation currents for clusters of adjacent sizes become equal to each other in temporally successive groups, where the largest cluster in each group is the magic-numbered one.
An unlabeled antibody macromolecule technique using hemocyanin for the identification of type B and type C retrovirus envelope and cell surface antigens by correlative fluorescence, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. (1979)

The present resolution (75-100 A) of the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its ability to image the surfaces of large numbers of whole cells in situ permit the approach of problems such as viral and cell surface antigen localization by immunological labeling with visual markers. Identification of virus and cell surface antigens in situ has been accomplished in indirect reactions by unconjugated markers. Hemocyanin (Hcy) from whelk, Busycon canniculatum, has been developed as an immunospecific marker for virion and cell surface labeling in the electron microscope. Its size (30 x 50 nm) and distinct cylindrical shape permit easy visualization in the SEM and the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Hcy method involves the preparation of antisera to Hcy in appropriate hosts for use in an unlabeled antibody macromolecule procedure based exclusively on antigen-antibody affinity to couple the macromolecule to the antigen site. Further correlative data from fluorescence microscopy can be obtained from similarly labeled samples by binding fluorescein to the bridging antibodies used in the Hcy technique. The usefulness of the Hcy marker system was demonstrated by employing highly specific antisera to the major envelope and cell surface glycoprotein (gp70) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV), a type C retrovirus. The antiserum was shown to bind to the virion and cell surfaces of virus-infected cells in the homologous virus-infected cell system. It also demonstrated the expression of R-MuLV gp70-related antigens on a murine cell line Mm5mt/c1 which produces mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), a type B retrovirus. Furthermore, when used in the Hcy marker system the anti-gp70 serum was able to distinguish type B from type C budding virus on the same cell. Methods for the preparation of immunoreagents and labeling of cells are discussed.
Video coding with H.264/AVC: tools, performance, and complexity (2004)

H.264/AVC, the result of the collaboration between the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group and the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group, is the latest standard for video coding. The goals of this standardization effort were enhanced compression efficiency, network friendly video representation for interactive (video telephony) and non-interactive applications (broadcast, streaming, storage, video on demand). H.264/AVC provides gains in compression efficiency of up to 50% over a wide range of bit rates and video resolutions compared to previous standards. Compared to previous standards, the decoder complexity is about four times that of MPEG-2 and two times that of MPEG-4 Visual Simple Profile. This paper provides an overview of the new tools, features and complexity of H.264/AVC.
<title>Second harmonic generation in nematic liquid crystals</title> (1997)

Due to inversion symmetry, uniform nematic liquid crystals do not show second harmonic generation (SHG) in the bulk. The inversion symmetry may be broken by spatial variation of the director field. We have studied SHG in nematic cells with spatially periodic distortions of the director field. Cells were constructed with optically patterned alignment layers on the cell walls, and filled with the liquid crystal E7. Using 35 ps pulses from a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser at 1.06 microns, we observed bulk SHG, and measured the intensity and polarization of the SH signal as a function of angle, pump polarization and temperature. We propose a simple model for the symmetry breaking polarization and the resulting SHG, and consider phase matching in inhomogeneous periodic birefringent media.
A Generalist Feeding on Brassicaceae: It Does Not Get Any Better with Selection (2021)

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) are ostensibly defended in part against generalist insect herbivores by toxic isothiocyanates formed when protoxic glucosinolates are hydrolysed. Based on an analysis of published host records, feeding on Brassicas is widespread by both specialist and generalists in the Lepidoptera. The polyphagous noctuid moth <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> is recorded as a pest on some Brassicas and we attempted to improve performance by artificial selection to, in part, determine if this contributes to pest status. Assays on cabbage and kale versus an artificial diet showed no difference in larval growth rate, development times and pupal weights between the parental and the selected strain after 2, 21 and 29 rounds of selection, nor in behaviour assays after 50 generations. There were large differences between the two Brassicas: performance was better on kale than cabbage, although both were comparable to records for other crop hosts, on which the species is a major pest. We discuss what determines "pest" status.
Genome Editing Applications in Cancer T Cell Therapy (2022)

T lymphocytes are part of the adoptive immune system that develop in the thymus, where they are selected to recognize foreign antigen using their specific receptor, the T cell receptor (TCR). ACT includes the generation of T cells expressing TAA-specific recombinant TCR or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). There are currently numerous clinical trials with CAR T cells targeting a range of different cancer types with remarkable results in patient with refractory hematological cancers. With recent technical advancements in gene editing, the ability to perform precise gene disruption (KO), gene targeting (KI), and large screens have transformed research in T cell immunology as well as adoptive T cell therapies. In this chapter, the authors summarize the impact of gene editing on the field of CAR/TCR T cells and what future prospective of clinical applications might look like.
Perinatal Outcomes in the Setting of Active Phase Arrest of Labor (2009)

Henry, D.E.; Cheng, Y.W.; Shaffer, B.L.; Kamala, A.J.; Bianco, K.; Caughey, A.B. Author Information
An electronic coincidence system for 'in frame' DAQ from a double side mu -strip silicon detector exposed to X-rays (1992)

In the framework of an experimental study of the possibility of using a double-sided silicon strip detector for digital radiography, and electronic system has been developed to make the signals coming from the two sides of the crystal coincide and hence to define the impact point of X-rays, giving an image matrix as final output. It is based on commercial PALs, and has been built and tested for 32*32 channels. In this configuration the dead time between two subsequent events is <or=34 ns. Its logic is easily extendable to a large number of channels with a limited increase of the overall dead time and its various stages have been devised in view of a future integration as VLSI.<<ETX>>
Design of a Novel Nanofibre FO Membrane (2015)

This chapter introduces a novel forward osmosis (FO) membrane, nanofiber FO membrane, which is made of an electrospun nanofiber support layer and a thin active layer. Conventional FO membranes consist of a dense active layer and an asymmetric porous support layer that supports phase-inversion processes. One challenge this asymmetric porous support layer inevitably faces is the internal concentration polarization phenomenon. A customer-designed electrospinning setup was used to fabricate the nanofiber support layer on a nonwoven fabric. The pore structures of FO membranes were observed by a Zeiss Evo 50 Scanning Electron Microscopy and a Joel JSM 7600F thermal FESEM. The chapter paves the way for the development of next-generation FO membranes with high water production rate. The active layers could be modified with mesoporous materials to present ion-selective and high flux performance.
Preparation and Reactivity of Acyclic Chiral Allylzinc Species by a Zinc‐Brook Rearrangement (2016)

The zinc-Brook rearrangement of enantiomerically enriched α-hydroxy allylsilane produces a chiral allylzinc intermediate, which reacts with retention of configuration in the presence of an electrophile. Two remarkable features of this transformation are the stereochemical outcome during the formation of the allylzinc species and the complete stereocontrol in the organized six-membered transition state, which leads to an overall and complete transfer of chirality within the reaction sequence.
Systematic Evaluation of Biophysical and Functional Characteristics of Selenomethylene-Locked Nucleic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of miR-21 (2016)

miRNAs constitute an important layer of gene regulation mediated by sequence-specific targeting of mRNAs. Aberrant expression of miRNAs contributes to a host of pathological states. Promoting cancer, miR-21 is upregulated in variety of cancers and promotes tumor progresion by suppressing a network of tumor suppressor genes. Here we describe a novel class of bicyclic RNA analogues, selenomethylene-locked nucleic acid (SeLNA), that display high affinity, improved metabolic stability, and increased potency for miR-21 inhibition. The thermal stability (T<sub>m</sub>) for duplexes was increased significantly with incorporation of SeLNA monomers as compared to that of the unmodified DNA-RNA hybrid. A comprehensive thermodynamic profile obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry revealed a favorable increase in the enthalpy of hybridization for SeLNA containing DNA and target RNA heteroduplexes. SeLNA modifications displayed remarkable binding affinity for miR-21 target RNA with a K<sub>a</sub> of ≤1.05 × 10<sup>8</sup> M<sup>-1</sup>. We also observed enhanced serum stability for SeLNA-RNA duplexes with a half-life of ≤36 h. These in vitro results were well correlated with the antisense activity in cancer cells imparting up to ∼91% inhibition of miR-21. The functional impact of SeLNA modifications on miR-21 inhibition was further gauged by investigating the migration and invasion characterisitics of cancer cells, which were drastically reduced to ∼49 and ∼55%, respectively, with SeLNA having four such modifications. Our findings demonstrate SeLNA as a promising candidate for therapeutics for disease-associated miRNAs.
The experimental study on the electronic instrument transformer harmonic accuracy (2014)

Harmonic measurement is the top priority of the harmonic governance, and the transformer as the basis of measuring the parameters of power system equipment, is the direct approach of harmonic measurement. Because of the advantage of wide frequency band, fast response, unsaturated, the electronic transformer is the first selection of harmonic measurement sensor. The electronic instrument transformer harmonic accuracy testing method is put forward in this paper. Using the high-power stable source of harmonic current and harmonic voltage source, the high harmonic accuracy current comparator as the standard harmonic current sensors, the coaxial capacitive harmonic voltage sensor as the standard harmonic voltage sensors, the 24-bits high precise data acquisition card for acquisition system, the innovation of harmonic compensation algorithm for error calculation method in this harmonic of the electronic instrument transformer accuracy testing method. This system can satisfy the harmonic accuracy measurement detection of electronic current transformer with the range of 0A~1000A, frequency of 0~1000Hz, and the electronic voltage transformer with the range of 0~110kV, frequency of 0z~1000Hz. The detection device can meet the requirement of 0.2 class electronic instrument transformer for harmonic accuracy testing.
Ephrin‐A2 and ‐A5 influence patterning of normal and novel retinal projections to the thalamus: Conserved mapping mechanisms in visual and auditory thalamic targets (2005)

Sensory axons are targeted to modality-specific nuclei in the thalamus. Retinal ganglion cell axons project retinotopically to their principal thalamic target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd), in a pattern likely dictated by the expression of molecular gradients in the LGd. Deafferenting the auditory thalamus induces retinal axons to innervate the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). These retino-MGN projections also show retinotopic organization. Here we show that ephrin-A2 and -A5, which are expressed in similar gradients in the MGN and LGd, can be used to pattern novel retinal projections in the MGN. As in the LGd, retinal axons from each eye terminate in discrete eye-specific zones in the MGN of rewired wild-type and ephrin-A2/A5 knockout mice. However, ipsilateral eye axons, which arise from retinal regions of high EphA5 receptor expression and represent central visual field, terminate in markedly different ways in the two mice. In rewired wild-type mice, ipsilateral axons specifically avoid areas of high ephrin expression in the MGN. In rewired ephrin knockout mice, ipsilateral projections shift in location and spread more broadly, leading to an expanded representation of the ipsilateral eye in the MGN. Similarly, ipsilateral projections to the LGd in ephrin knockout mice are shifted and are more widespread than in the LGd of wild-type mice. In the MGN, as in the LGd, terminations from the two eyes show little overlap even in the knockout mice, suggesting that local interocular segregation occurs regardless of other patterning determinants. Our data demonstrate that graded topographic labels, such as the ephrins, can serve to shape multiple related aspects of afferent patterning, including topographic mapping and the extent and spread of eye-specific projections. Furthermore, when mapping labels and other cues are expressed in multiple target zones, novel projections are patterned according to rules that operate in their canonical targets.