gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mixture Models of Endhost Network Traffic (2012)

In this work we focus on modeling a little studied type of traffic, namely the network traffic generated from endhosts. We introduce a parsimonious parametric model of the marginal distribution for connection arrivals. We employ mixture models based on a convex combination of component distributions with both heavy and light-tails. These models can be fitted with high accuracy using maximum likelihood techniques. Our methodology assumes that the underlying user data can be fitted to one of many modeling options, and we apply Bayesian model selection criteria as a rigorous way to choose the preferred combination of components. Our experiments show that a simple Pareto-exponential mixture model is preferred for a wide range of users, over both simpler and more complex alternatives. This model has the desirable property of modeling the entire distribution, effectively segmenting the traffic into the heavy-tailed as well as the non-heavy-tailed components. We illustrate that this technique has the flexibility to capture the wide diversity of user behaviors.
Antibodies to Citrullinated Proteins (ACPA) Associate with Markers of Osteoclast Activation and Bone Destruction in the Bone Marrow of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (2021)

Normalizing bone metabolism is a challenge in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies in mice suggest that anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) can trigger osteoclast activation and bone resorption in the bone marrow. However, data on the presence and role of ACPAs in human bone marrow are scarce. We investigated whether ACPAs can contribute to osteoclast activation and bone erosion in RA bone marrow. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP Abs), osteoclast activation indicators-the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) and cathepsin K, and bone degradation marker-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) were measured in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of RA patients using ELISAs. We found that ACPAs present in RA bone marrow was associated with increased amounts of TRAP5b, cathepsin K and CTX-I in this location. Levels of IL-8, the key mediator of anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-induced bone resorption, were also elevated in bone marrow containing anti-CCP Abs and positively correlated with TRAP5b and cathepsin K concentrations. Higher levels of TRAP5b, cathepsin K, CTX-I and IL-8 in bone marrow compared to peripheral blood indicate local generation of these molecules. Our results complement data from animal studies and highlight the relevance of ACPAs and bone marrow in bone resorption in RA.
Effect of Powder Particle Size and Hot Isostatic Pressing Temperature on the Properties of Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn (1980)

Materials made by powder metallurgical techniques can exhibit mechanical properties and microstructures which are attributable to both the powder characteristics and the powder consolidation conditions. In this study powders of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn made by the rotating electrode process have been characterized, classified, and consolidated under different hot isostatic pressing (HIP) conditions. Classification yielded powders with three different size distributions: 250 to 500 microns, less than 500 microns, and less than 250 microns. Samples of each distribution were hot isostatically pressed for three hours at 103 MPa and 900°,980°, or 1095°C. In the as-HIP condition the yield and ultimate tensile strengths are insensitive to either the powder particle size or HIP temperature. The ductility decreases with increasing HIP temperature, but is insensitive to powder particle size, except for the 1095°C temperature. At 1095°C the ductility is enhanced by the finer-size distribution. The correlation between microstructures and mechanical properties as well as the effects of post-consolidation heat treatments are discussed.
BLOOD CONTAMINATION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID AFTER AMNIOCENTESIS IN RELATION TO PLACENTAL LOCATION (1996)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate blood contamination of the amniotic fluid collected in 20 patients undergoing a second amniocentesis performed 2 weeks after a first procedure that had failed due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of the cell cultures. Red blood cell and haemoglobin concentrations in the amniotic fluid were significantly higher in patients who had undergone a transplacental procedure compared with patients in whom the placenta was not traversed with the needle. For both groups, blood contamination of the amniotic fluid was significantly higher compared with a control group of 20 patients undergoing amniocentesis for the first time. Significant blood contamination of the amniotic fluid after amniocentesis occurs in every instance if evaluated at a "second-look' procedure; the blood contamination is higher when an anterior placenta is traversed with the needle. The clinical significance of these findings needs to be further evaluated.
Correction: HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancers Amplify FGFR Signaling upon Acquisition of Resistance to Dual Therapeutic Blockade of HER2 (2019)

In the original version of this article (1), the stated disclosure of the author Carlos L. Arteaga is incorrect. The error has been corrected in the latest online HTML and PDF versions of the article. The authors regret this error.
Thermal-gradient-driven elemental segregation in Ge2Sb2Te5 phase change memory cells (2019)

Thermal gradients have been predicted to play a large role in compositional segregation leading to failure in phase change memories. We have developed a methodology for isolating thermal-gradient driven segregation effects without interference from the electric field. In Ge2Sb2Te5 functional layers, Sb and Te move along the temperature gradient, while Ge segregates in the opposite direction. The direction of segregation is consistent for devices that were repeatedly melted, as well as for devices that were never melted and remained in the polycrystalline state. The results have implications for the reliability of phase change memories.
Performance and construction of polar codes on symmetric binary-input memoryless channels (2009)

Channel polarization is a method of constructing capacity achieving codes for symmetric binary-input discrete memoryless channels (B-DMCs). In the original paper, the construction complexity is exponential in the blocklength. In this paper, a new construction method for arbitrary symmetric binary memoryless channel (B-MC) with linear complexity in the blocklength is proposed. Furthermore, new upper bound and lower bound of the block error probability of polar codes are derived for the BEC and arbitrary symmetric B-MC, respectively.
Structure of the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus strain Copenhagen. XII. Isolation and characterization of β-1,4-N-acetylmuramyl-N-acetylglucosamine and its O-acetyl derivative (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus strain Copenhagen. XII. Isolation and characterization of β-1,4-N-acetylmuramyl-N-acetylglucosamine and its O-acetyl derivativeD. J. Tipper, M. Toemoda, and J. L. StromingerCite this: Biochemistry 1971, 10, 25, 4683–4690Publication Date (Print):December 7, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 7 December 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00801a014https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00801a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Colloidal Properties of Bio-Oils Obtained by Vacuum Pyrolysis of Softwood Bark. Storage Stability (2003)

Bio-oil obtained via the vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark residues is a multiphase, viscous, unstable system composed of water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. Using centrifugation, the bio-oil can be separated into an upper layer (ca. 16 wt %) and a bottom layer (ca. 84 wt %). The upper layer exhibits low contents of water, solid, and ash, as well as a low density, a low acidity, a high content of methanol-insoluble materials, a high viscosity, and a high calorific value. The physicochemical properties of the bottom layer are similar to those of the whole bio-oil, except the bottom layer contains greater contents of ash and water. Microscopic analysis of the bio-oil has revealed a multiphase complex colloidal system that is composed of solid particles, three-dimensional structures, and droplets. The upper layer represents the dispersed droplet phase, which is rich in waxy materials (fatty and resin acids) and water-insoluble compounds. It is the upper layer that, overall, provides the unique colloidal properties to this type of bio-oil. The morphology of the bottom layer is similar to that of the bio-oil matrix. The presence of microstructures in the whole bio-oil has been revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and rheology. The microstructures (e.g., waxy materials) in the bio-oil matrix are, in part, responsible for the bio-oil high viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior that is observed at low temperature (<50 °C). This behavior disappears when the heating temperature reaches the melting point of the three-dimensional structures contained in the bio-oil. The results have confirmed the colloidal nature of the bio-oil investigated.
Towards Autonomous Process Control—Digital Twin for CHO Cell-Based Antibody Manufacturing Using a Dynamic Metabolic Model (2022)

The development of new biologics is becoming more challenging due to global competition and increased requirements for process understanding and assured quality in regulatory approval. As a result, there is a need for predictive, mechanistic process models. These reduce the resources and time required in process development, generating understanding, expanding the possible operating space, and providing the basis for a digital twin for automated process control. Monoclonal antibodies are an important representative of industrially produced biologics that can be used for a wide range of applications. In this work, the validation of a mechanistic process model with respect to sensitivity, as well as accuracy and precision, is presented. For the investigated process conditions, the concentration of glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and glutamine have been identified as significant influencing factors for product formation via statistical evaluation. Cell growth is, under the investigated process conditions, significantly dependent on the concentration of glucose within the investigated design space. Other significant amino acids were identified. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate the cultivation run with an optimized medium resulting from the sensitivity analysis. The precision of the model was shown to have a 95% confidence interval. The model shown here includes the implementation of cell death in addition to models described in the literature.
FAirControl-A Formal Airport Control Model (2007)

Remote Tower Operation (RTO) describes the goal of remote control of small airports. In 2005 the DLR project RapTOr was initiated in order to realize a RTO experimental system as extension of the Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) at the Braunschweig research airport. &#13;\nThe design and development of the experimental RTO HMI and the new Remote-Controller work position is supported by a cognitive work and task analysis the presently existing work environment and decision processes at airport Leipzig. The formalised results serve as input data of a Formal Airport Control Model (FAirControl) for the simulation of the controller decision making processes at the tower work positions. This poster presents a formal model for the description of the whole Human Machine System.&#13;\nIt is shown how the results of a cognitive work analysis on a medium size airport are transferred into a formal executable human machine model for simulating the controllers work processes in relation to the airport processes. The executable model supports the identification of controllers’ strategies in task organization and pursuance of goals. The formal model serves for an evaluation of different variants of work organization, a design of a new working position and monitoring of psychological parameters. The model is implemented with Coloured Petri Nets. The mathematical basis of Petri Nets allows a formal analysis of the whole system. Critical system states and inconsistencies in the human machine system are identified through comparison of the knowledge state of the controllers with process states of the airport system by using State Space analysis. The graphically represented formal work process model provides a valuable support for the communication between domain experts and system developers.
Measurement of the branching ratios for the decays ofDs+toηπ+,η′π+,ηρ+,andη′ρ+ (1998)

Using a data sample with an integrated luminosity of $3.9{\mathrm{fb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ collected in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation with the CLEO-II detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, we have measured the branching ratios for the decay modes ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\eta},{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\eta},{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\ensuremath{\rho}}^{+}$ relative to ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\varphi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}.$ These decay modes are among the most common hadronic decays of the ${D}_{s}^{+},$ and can be related by factorization to the semileptonic decays ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\eta},{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathcal{l}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{l}.$ The results obtained are compared with previous CLEO results and with the branching ratios measured for the related semileptonic decays. We also report results on the Cabibbo-suppressed decays of the ${D}^{+}$ to the same final states.
Direct, Chemoselective N‐tert‐Prenylation of Indoles by CH Functionalization (2009)

Four steps in one: The direct prenylation of indoles at N-1 can be achieved by CH functionalization in the presence of a PdII source. This reaction proceeds by direct intermolecular olefin amination, tolerates a broad range of functional groups, and can be carried out on a gram scale, as demonstrated by the formal syntheses of a number of natural products and the synthesis of an antifungal natural product (see scheme).
Entropy Rate Estimation for Markov Chains with Large State Space (2018)

Estimating the entropy based on data is one of the prototypical problems in distribution property testing and estimation. For estimating the Shannon entropy of a distribution on $S$ elements with independent samples, [Paninski2004] showed that the sample complexity is sublinear in $S$, and [Valiant--Valiant2011] showed that consistent estimation of Shannon entropy is possible if and only if the sample size $n$ far exceeds $\frac{S}{\log S}$. In this paper we consider the problem of estimating the entropy rate of a stationary reversible Markov chain with $S$ states from a sample path of $n$ observations. We show that: (1) As long as the Markov chain mixes not too slowly, i.e., the relaxation time is at most $O(\frac{S}{\ln^3 S})$, consistent estimation is achievable when $n \gg \frac{S^2}{\log S}$. (2) As long as the Markov chain has some slight dependency, i.e., the relaxation time is at least $1+Ω(\frac{\ln^2 S}{\sqrt{S}})$, consistent estimation is impossible when $n \lesssim \frac{S^2}{\log S}$. Under both assumptions, the optimal estimation accuracy is shown to be $Θ(\frac{S^2}{n \log S})$. In comparison, the empirical entropy rate requires at least $Ω(S^2)$ samples to be consistent, even when the Markov chain is memoryless. In addition to synthetic experiments, we also apply the estimators that achieve the optimal sample complexity to estimate the entropy rate of the English language in the Penn Treebank and the Google One Billion Words corpora, which provides a natural benchmark for language modeling and relates it directly to the widely used perplexity measure.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,(ω‐1)‐Dienes: Solvent Controlled Unilateral or Bilateral Metalation. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Assessing Apoptosis of Developing T Cells by Flow Cytometry (2003)

Apoptosis is a highly regulated process by which eukaryotic cells undergo cell death (1–4). Often synonymous with “cell suicide” and “programmed cell death,” apoptosis is distinguishable from another major form of cell death, necrosis, by a number of key morphological and biochemical features (3–6). First and arguably most importantly, plasma membrane integrity is maintained throughout apoptosis. On the other hand, membrane damage is a key characteristic of necrosis, which often occurs as a result of gross tissue and cellular injury. The containment of cytosolic material during apoptosis likely abrogates inflammatory reactions which could be detrimental to normal biological events. Second, apoptosis is an active process and requires cellular energy to systematically activate both signaling and catabolic enzymes. Necrosis, on the other hand, occurs as a result of a loss in a cell’s ability to maintain energy levels and does not involve the regulated activation of signaling or enzyme cascades.
From “Serum Sickness” to “Xenosialitis”: Past, Present, and Future Significance of the Non-human Sialic Acid Neu5Gc (2019)

The description of "serum sickness" more than a century ago in humans transfused with animal sera eventually led to identification of a class of human antibodies directed against glycans terminating in the common mammalian sialic acid <i>N-</i>Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), hereafter called "Neu5Gc-glycans." The detection of such glycans in malignant and fetal human tissues initially raised the possibility that it was an oncofetal antigen. However, "serum sickness" antibodies were also noted in various human disease states. These findings spurred further research on Neu5Gc, and the discovery that it is not synthesized in the human body due to a human-lineage specific genetic mutation in the enzyme <i>CMAH</i>. However, with more sensitive techniques Neu5Gc-glycans were detected in smaller quantities on certain human cell types, particularly epithelia and endothelia. The likely explanation is metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from dietary sources, especially red meat of mammalian origin. This incorporated Neu5Gc on glycans appears to be the first example of a "xeno-autoantigen," against which varying levels of "xeno-autoantibodies" are present in all humans. The resulting chronic inflammation or "xenosialitis" may have important implications in human health and disease, especially in conditions known to be aggravated by consumption of red meat. In this review, we will cover the early history of the discovery of "serum sickness" antibodies, the subsequent recognition that they were partly directed against Neu5Gc-glycans, the discovery of the genetic defect eliminating Neu5Gc production in humans, and the later recognition that this was not an oncofetal antigen but the first example of a "xeno-autoantigen." Further, we will present comments about implications for disease risks associated with red meat consumption such as cancer and atherosclerosis. We will also mention the potential utility of these anti-Neu5Gc-glycan antibodies in cancer immunotherapy and provide some suggestions and perspectives for the future. Other reviews in this special issue cover many other aspects of this unusual pathological process, for which there appears to be no other described precedent.
Summary and initial results of the 2013-2014 speaker recognition i-vector machine learning challenge (2014)

During late-2013 through early-2014 NIST coordinated a special i-vector challenge based on data used in previous NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluations (SREs). Unlike evaluations in the SRE series, the i-vector challenge was run entirely online and used fixed-length feature vectors projected into a low-dimensional space (i-vectors) rather than audio recordings. These changes made the challenge more readily accessible, especially to participants from outside the audio processing field. Compared to the 2012 SRE, the i-vector challenge saw an increase in the number of participants by nearly a factor of two, and a two orders of magnitude increase in the number of systems submitted for evaluation. Initial results indicate the leading system achieved an approximate 37% improvement relative to the baseline system.
Combining access control and trust negotiations in an On-line Social Network (2010)

Protection of On-line Social Networks (OSNs) resources has become a primary need since today OSNs are the hugest repository of personal information on the Web. This has resulted in the definition of some access control models tailored to the protection of OSN resources. One of the key parameter on w
FAIR Data Cube, a FAIR data infrastructure for integrated multi-omics data analysis (2023)

Abstract Motivation We are witnessing an enormous growth in the amount of molecular profiling (-omics) data. The integration of multi-omics data is challenging. Moreover, human multi-omics data may be privacy-sensitive and can be misused to de-anonymize and (re-)identify individuals. Hence, most biomedical data is kept in secure and protected silos. Therefore, it remains a challenge to reuse these data without infringing the privacy of the individuals from which the data were derived. Federated analysis of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data is a privacy-preserving solution to make optimal use of these multi-omics data and transform them into actionable knowledge. Results The Netherlands X-omics Initiative is a National Roadmap Large-Scale Research Infrastructure aiming for efficient integration of data generated within X-omics and external datasets. To facilitate this, we developed the FAIR Data Cube (FDCube), which adopts and applies the FAIR principles and helps researchers to create FAIR data and metadata, to facilitate re-use of their data, and to make their data analysis workflows transparent, and in the meantime ensure data security and privacy.