gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Are soft breakdown and hard breakdown of ultrathin gate oxides actually different failure mechanisms? (2000)

By means of a statistical analysis, the soft breakdown and hard breakdown of thin gate SiO/sub 2/ films in MOS devices are shown to have a common physical origin. Being triggered by identical microscopic defects, these breakdown modes can be actually considered to be the same failure mechanism. In particular, it is shown that the soft breakdown conduction path is not precursor of the final hard breakdown event, which generally appears at a different spatial location. The huge differences between the soft and hard post-breakdown current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are attributed to differences in the breakdown spot area and to point contact energy funneling effects.
The Cleavage of Sulfides and Sulfones by Alkali Metals in Liquid Amines.1 I (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Cleavage of Sulfides and Sulfones by Alkali Metals in Liquid Amines.1 IWilliam E. Truce, David P. Tate, and David N. BurdgeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 11, 2872–2876Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01496a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01496a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views904Altmetric-Citations86LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Indoor Navigation with MEMS sensors (2009)

Accurate positioning becomes extremely important for modern application like indoor navigation and location-based services. Standalone GPS cannot meet this accuracy. In this paper a method to couple GPS and a high resolution MEMS pressure sensor is presented to improve vertical as well as horizontal (in urban canyon environment) positioning. Further, a step counter based on an accelerometer is improved with an altimeter for stair detection and automatic step length adaptation for dead reckoning inside buildings. Finally, a stand-alone system accurately tracks floor levels inside buildings, using only a pressure sensor.
Microstructured Magnetoelastic Membrane for Magnetic Bioactuators and Soft Artificial Muscles Applications (2023)

In the growing field of mechanobiology, artificial mechano‐reactive systems play an essential role in the generation of mechanical forces and control of material deformations. Free‐standing magnetic nanoparticles have been studied for the mechanical stimulation of living cells. Magnetic composite materials are also used to mimic muscles at macroscale. In this study, a new magnetically actuated membrane is focused, which can be used for various applications in soft robotics or as a bioreactor. It consists of a few microns thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane in which an array of magnetic microdisks is embedded. These membranes have a large tuneable flexibility, and they are transparent, biocompatible, and waterproof. They are usable in biology and optics, both potentially combined. The membrane deformations under magnetic field have been experimentally characterized and modeled. By growing pancreatic cells on such membranes, it has been demonstrated that insulin production from the cells can be enhanced thanks to the mechanical stimulation of the cells provided by the actuated membrane.
The Mechanisms of Intracranial Pressure Modulation by Epidural Blood and Other Injectates in a Postdural Puncture Rat Model (2002)

A rat model was developed to evaluate different drugs that may be injected epidurally to treat postdural puncture headache. Epidural injection of blood or fibrin glue was the most effective method of maintaining increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure after dural puncture. Sealing the dural defect does not effectively correct cerebrospinal fluid pressure unless an epidural tamponade effect is maintained.
Automatisation de tunnels IPSec imbriqués pour établir des communications anonymes (2008)

De nos jours, la sécurité et le respect de la vie privée sont devenues des challenges techniques critiques pour les courantes et future génération de système de communication. Depuis les années 1980, beaucoup de systèmes définissent des solutions, principalement dérivées de l'approche bien connue des réseaux de MIX (Chaum), visant à assurer l'anonymat des flux au niveau du réseau. Bien qu'efficaces, ces solutions souffrent d'un manque d'intégration d'approches IP standardisées et par conséquent, ne permettent pas une large adoption par le grand public. Ce papier propose une solution d'établissement de circuits anonymes, dérivés du très célèbre concept MIX, et bénéficiant du standard IPSec. Cette solution a été implémentée et expérimentée sur un vrai démonstrateur dans l'optique d'analyser les impacts de la solution sur la transmission de flux de bout en bout.
Superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O films by sputtering using a single oxide target (1989)

We have prepared superconducting thin films of Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O with Tc (R=0) at 82 K and a 20% sharp drop in resistivity around 115 K by RF magnetron sputtering using a single oxide target. The nominal target composition is (metal cations) 2:1.56:1.09:1.86 of Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu. The as‐deposited films have a compositional ratio of Bi2Sr1.9Ca1.3Cu2.6Ox (±5%) as determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). The substrates used here are single‐crystal SrTiO3(100) and MgO(100). With heat treatments at temperatures above 860 °C, we have obtained superconducting films with an almost single‐phase Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 as revealed by both X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The films are highly textured with the c‐axis perpendicular to the film plane. The room‐temperature resistivity of the films is low around 100–200 μΩ‐cm. High critical current densities, in zero magnetic field, are of 105 A/cm2 measured by the transport method at temperatures 10 K below Tc (R=0). The superconducting properties such as Tc’s and Jc’s are independent of the film thickness in the range between 0.07 to 0.2 μm.
The therapeutic potential of inducing molecules (1997)

Many fundamental developmental mechanisms that result in the generation and formation of specific cells and organ systems are not limited to embryogenesis. Regenerative processes in the adult serve to help regulate cellular turnover in systems where specific cell numbers or balance is crucial. In addition, these processes can be re-activated to replace cell populations which are lost due to damage or disease. Induction of differentiation of one cell type by another is one mechanism that also acts as a regenerative process in the adult. Molecules which direct these processes are termed inducing molecules and they are prevalent and active in many adult organ systems such as the haematopoietic, osteogenic and reproductive systems. To date, recombinant forms of inducing molecules identified in the haematopoietic system are being used clinically to stimulate production of specific cell types that are depleted during chemotherapy or dialysis treatments. The prospect that other inducing molecules for other organ systems may be as effective clinically has prompted intense research. The ability to harness inducing molecules as effective therapeutic agents to treat cell deficits in congenital or acquired disease states is the goal of several biotechnology companies.
Method for determining photonuclear production of radioisotopes using high‐energy electron beams (1999)

Linear accelerators can produce electrons at high power and energy. These electrons can be targeted at materials to produce radionuclides. Monte Carlo simulation is used to follow the path of the linac electrons (15-35 MeV) through materials. The production of photons and their passage through the material is modeled. The method of using this Monte Carlo information to calculate activation in the materials is presented. It is found that kilowatt power levels can produce mCi amounts of radioactivity in minutes. This work permits systematic evaluation of the potential for designing linear accelerators for in-house production of radionuclides.
Monitoring of environmentally monolithic metal-oxide relevant gases by a digital microsensor array (2005)

In this paper, measurements of environmentally relevant gases (CO, CH/sub 4/ and NO/sub 2/) with a novel single-chip digital microhotplate array are presented. The array consists of three tin-oxide-coated microhotplates with integrated MOS-transistor heaters and specifically designed circuitry. The programmable digital temperature controllers enable individual regulation of the microhotplate temperatures in continuous or dynamic mode. Nanocrystalline tin-oxide thick films with different Pd dopings (undoped, 0.2 wt% and 3 wt%) were tested. Excellent discrimination between the three gases was achieved with detection limits of less than 1 ppm for CO, 100 ppm for CH/sub 4/ (40% RH) and 10 ppb of NO/sub 2/ (30%/70% RH).
Electrochemical and In Situ XAFS-XRD Investigation of Nb[sub 2]O[sub 5] for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (2006)

exhibits various crystal systems, such as orthorhombic , tetragonal , and monoclinic , among which synthesized at is commercially used as a cathode material of the lithium ion battery. The battery performances depended on the structure of , and the synthesized at exhibited an excellent cycling performance with a large discharge capacity of . The structural variations of during electrochemical reaction were examined. The in situ synchrotron radiation-X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement indicated that - and maintain their original crystal lattices, accompanying a small change in the cell volume even after the Li intercalation. The in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis of - and revealed that the continuous variation from to took place during the intercalation process. A significant rearrangement of the Nb–O octahedra accompanied by the change of Nb–O and Nb–Nb interactions occurred in both structures with Li intercalation. XRD and XAFS data suggests that the two-dimensional layer structure of seems to be more flexible regarding the Li intercalation compared with the three-dimensional structure of . This may account for the better cyclic performance of the former material as the electrode material.
A Correlation, Measurement and Data Decoding Co-processor for Multi-GNSS Receivers (2017)

The objective of this work is to enable the implementation of several computationally expensive, sophisticated Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal processing algorithms in real-time receivers. Detailed design of coprocessor digital hardware that handles all the receiver data path computations succeeding the digitized intermediate frequency (IF) sample generation leading up to the navigation solution computation, is presented. The data path computations of the co-processor include signal correlation, acquisition metric generation, code and carrier tracking loops, data bit synchronization, code and carrier measurement generation, and navigation data decoding. The proposed co-processor exposes all the critical design parameters and allows itself to be programmed from an external processing unit thus maintaining the design flexibility. In addition, the proposed co-processor core is fundamentally independent of the GNSS signal type it is programmed to process, and this feature enables the receiver designer to deploy multiple co-processors to design a multi-GNSS receiver. Thus the proposed coprocessor aims to meet the objective by substantial acceleration of time critical computations, thereby creating opportunities for further exploration of real-time GNSS receiver performance enhancement.
An efficient list-moving algorithm using constant workspace (1976)

An efficient algorithm is presented for moving arbitrary list structures, using no storage (apart from program variables) other than that required to hold the original list and the copy. The original list is destroyed as it is moved. No mark bits are necessary, but pointers to the copy must be distinguishable from pointers to the original. The algorithm is superior in execution speed to previous algorithms for the same problem. Some variations and extensions of the algorithm are discussed.
Successful use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system in a HIV positive woman. (1999)

After trying other contraceptive methods a woman with HIV disease found use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (IUS) very satisfactory, and benefited from the amenorrhoea it induced. She continued to use condoms. Other advantages of using the IUS were freedom from regular clinic visits, no need for daily pill taking, and absence of drug interactions.
38.5 km error free transmission at 10 Gbit/s instandard fibre using a low chirp,spectrally filtered, directly modulated 1.55 µm DFB laser (1997)

1.55 µm DFB lasers with extremely high bandwidth and low wavelength chirp for local distribution at 10 Gbit/s are described. Time resolved chirp measurements direct from the laser, and after a transient chirp reducing filter, show very small wavelength variations, allowing error free transmission over 18.4 km (without filter) and 38.5 km (with filter) in standard singlemode fibre without the use of dispersion compensation.
Ductile silica/methacrylate hybrids for bone regeneration (2016)

Bioglass® was the first synthetic material capable of bonding with bone without fibrous encapsulation, and fulfils some of the criteria of an ideal synthetic bone graft. However, it is brittle and toughness is required. Here, we investigated hybrids consisting of co-networks of high cross-linking density polymethacrylate and silica (class II hybrid) as a potential new generation of scaffold materials. Poly(3-(methoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (pTMSPMA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were used as sol-gel precursors and hybrids were synthesised with different inorganic to organic ratios (I<sub>h</sub>). The hybrids were nanoporous, with a modal pore diameter of 1 nm. At I<sub>h</sub> = 50%, the release of silica was controlled by varying the molecular weight of pTMSPMA while retaining a specific surface area above 100 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>. Strain to failure increased to 14.2%, for I<sub>h</sub> = 50% using a polymer of 30 kDa, compared to 4.5% for pure glass. The modulus of toughness (U<sub>T</sub>) increased from 0.73 (pure glass) to 2.64 GPa. Although, the hybrid synthesised in this report did not contain calcium, pTMSPMA/SiO<sub>2</sub> hybrid was found to nucleate bone-like mineral on its surface after 1 week of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), whereas pure silica sol-gel glass did not. This increase in apatite forming ability was due to the ion-dipole complexation of calcium with the ester moieties of the polymer that were exposed after release of soluble silica from TEOS. No adverse cytotoxicity for MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells was detected and improved cell attachment was observed, compared to a pure silica gel. pTMSPMA/SiO<sub>2</sub> hybrids have potential for the regeneration of hard tissue as they overcome the major drawbacks of pure inorganic substrates while retaining cell attachment.
Prenatal diagnosis of anomalous origin of pulmonary artery (2018)

Abnormal origin of the pulmonary artery has a characteristic ultrasonographic appearance. The branch of the pulmonary artery cross section can provide important clues to the diagnosis of abnormal pulmonary artery origin. Pulmonary artery abnormalities are often associated with pulmonary atresia or stenosis.
Explosive silicidation in nickel/amorphous-silicon multilayer thin films (1990)

Self-propagating explosive reactions can occur in multilayer thin films. Explosive silicidation in nickel/amorphous-silicon multilayer thin films has been investigated using a combination of high-speed photography, high-speed temperature measurements, plan-view transmission electron microscopy, and thin film x-ray diffraction. The multilayer films had an atomic concentration ratio of 2 Ni atoms to 1 Si atom. The silicide phase formed by explosive silicidation was Ni2 Si. This was the same phase formed by conventional thermal annealing of the multilayer thin film. The temperature of the explosive reaction front was measured to be approximately 1565 K. The reaction-front velocity was found to vary from 22 to 27 m/s and to be at most weakly dependent on the modulation period and the total film thickness. The resulting Ni2 Si grain structure formed by explosive silicidation is less defective than Ni2 Si formed by conventional thermal annealing. This was attributed to the higher reaction temperatures and the shorter reaction times of explosively formed Ni2 Si as compared to Ni2 Si formed via conventional annealing.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and DNA-Cleaving Activities of [Cemp]<sub>2</sub>[MCl<sub>4</sub>] (Cemp=<i>N</i>-Carbethoxymethyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium, M=Cu<sup>II</sup>, Zn<sup>II</sup>, Co<sup>II</sup>, Ni<sup>II</sup> and Mn<sup>II</sup>) (2013)

N-Carbethoxymethyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium bromide (CempBr) and its five ionic metal complexes, [Cemp]2[MCl4] where M = Cu(II) (1), Zn(II) (2), Co(II) (3), Ni(II) (4) and Mn(II) (5) were synthesized and fully characterized. Complexes 1-5 have similar structures, and consist of isolated [Cemp](+) cations and [MCl4](2-) anions in which there are no obvious interactions between the oxygen or nitrogen donor atoms in [Cemp](+) and the metal center in [MCl4](2-). Agarose gel electrophoresis studies on the cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA by complexes 1-5 indicated that complex 1 was capable of efficiently cleaving DNA under physiological conditions, most probably via an oxidative mechanism. Kinetic assay of complex 1 afforded the maximal catalytic rate constant kmax of 0.55 h(-1) and Michaelis constant KM of 47.6 µM, respectively, which gives about 1.5×10(7)-fold rate acceleration over uncatalyzed cleavage of supercoiled DNA. Ethidium bromide displacement experiments indicated that complex 1 had a binding affinity of (1.58±1.12)×10(6) M(-1) toward calf-thymus DNA, 20-100-fold higher than those shown by CempBr and complexes 2-5. The high cleaving efficacy of complex 1 is thought to be due to the efficient catalysis of the copper(II)-coordinated center and the efficient binding of the quaternized 1,10-phenanthroline cation to DNA.
Access to Chirality (2020)

Synthesis of optically active compounds, whether natural products or synthetic molecules, is a significant challenge to the synthetic organic chemist. There are many examples of using chiral reagents, catalysts, and auxiliaries to influence the creation of new chiral centers (hydroboration, hydrogenation, aldol reactions, etc.). This chapter focuses on various methods of obtaining molecules in enantiomerically pure form. The aim is to provide an overview of examples of methods for accessing chirality which either have and/or should be considered when scaling up a process. Researchers at the Clinton Health Initiative have published a route employing isocitric acid, a chiral pool starting material isolated from the fermentation of sunflower oil. Despite advances in enantioselective synthesis, classical resolution is still among the widely utilized methods for the production of enantiopure substances. One of the classic examples of dynamic kinetic resolution was published by Noyori in 1989. The chapter also discusses desymmetrization of meso compounds and chiral chromatography.
Transient photocurrents across organic–organic interfaces (1998)

Hole photocurrent transients in organic–organic bilayers are described. Transitions in the photocurrents for holes moving across the organic–organic interfaces are observed. The magnitude of the photocurrent increases (or decreases) when holes transfer from a lower (or higher) mobility material into a higher (or lower) one. These results demonstrate a novel technique for studying energetic barriers and hole injection dynamics at organic–organic interfaces.
Formation of New 5,11b-Bridged Isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolinones Alkaloids through a Tandem Pummerer/π-Cationic Cyclization (2000)

[formula: see text] The tandem Pummerer/pi-aromatic cyclization of alpha-acyliminium ion, leading efficiently in "one pot" to thiopoxyareno-bridged isoindoloisoquinolinone incorporating the arylthio group, has been demonstrated for the first time. During this sequence the angular hydroxylated isoindoloisoquinolinone, resulting from the Pummerer-type cyclization, was also obtained.
Method of making an electrolyte for an electrochemical cell (2023)

Described is a thin-film battery, especially a thin-film microbattery, and a method for making same having application as a backup or primary integrated power source for electronic devices. The battery includes a novel electrolyte which is electrochemically stable and does not react with the lithium anode and a novel vanadium oxide cathode Configured as a microbattery, the battery can be fabricated directly onto a semiconductor chip, onto the semiconductor die or onto any portion of the chip carrier. The battery can be fabricated to any specified size or shape to meet the requirements of a particular application. The battery is fabricated of solid state materials and is capable of operation between -15.degree. C. and 150.degree. C.
Clustering support and replication management for scalable network services (2003)

The ubiquity of the Internet and various intranets has brought about widespread availability of online services and applications accessible through the network. Cluster-based network services have been rapidly emerging due to their cost-effectiveness in achieving high availability and incremental scalability. We present the design and implementation of the Neptune middleware system that provides clustering support and replication management for scalable network services. Neptune employs a loosely connected and functionally symmetric clustering architecture to achieve high scalability and robustness. It shields the clustering complexities from application developers through simple programming interfaces. In addition, Neptune provides replication management with flexible replication consistency support at the clustering middleware level. Such support can be easily applied to a large number of applications with different underlying data management mechanisms or service semantics. The system has been implemented on Linux and Solaris clusters, where a number of applications have been successfully deployed. Our evaluations demonstrate the system performance and smooth failure recovery achieved by proposed techniques.