gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immobilon™-Ny+ Nucleic Acid Blotting Membrane: An Advanced Nylon Membrane Optimized for Superior Fixation and Reprobing (1999)

The use of charged nylon membranes in nucleic acid blotting applications has become an important factor in the success of hybridization-based assays. Retention of nucleic acids on these membranes is promoted by baking at 80 degrees C under vacuum or by exposure to short wavelength UV light, with the latter method preferred. Immobilon-Ny+ is an advanced, positively charged nylon membrane that has been optimized to show superior retention of target DNA and RNA under hybridization conditions. Higher signal levels are obtained in these assays compared to competitive membranes, even after 13 cycles of probing. This report illustrates the superior performance of Immobilon-Ny+ in 32P and chemiluminescent hybridization assays on blotted DNA and RNA.
Introduction to Metal Ceramic Technology (1992)

This is an introductory-level, skill-oriented technical guide to fabricating metal ceramic dental restorations. The book includes information on porcelain firing schedules, a list of suitable equipment, instruments and materials.
Complete Digital Workflow for Prosthesis Prototype Fabrication with the Double Digital Scanning (DDS) Technique: A Prospective Study on 16 Edentulous Maxillae (2022)

Digitally fabricated full-arch prosthesis prototypes can be generated with a complete digital workflow leading to clinically acceptable fit.
Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils – a review (2003)

Abstract Antibiotics are highly effective, bioactive substances. As a result of their consumption, excretion, and persistence, they are disseminated mostly via excrements and enter the soils and other environmental compartments. Resulting residual concentrations in soils range from a few μg upto g kg –1 and correspond to those found for pesticides. Numerous antibiotic molecules comprise of a non‐polar core combined with polar functional moieties. Many antibiotics are amphiphilic or amphoteric and ionize. However, physicochemical properties vary widely among compounds from the various structural classes. Existing analytical methods for environmental samples often combine an extraction with acidic buffered solvents and the use of LC‐MS for determination. In soils, adsorption of antibiotics to the organic and mineral exchange sites is mostly due to charge transfer and ion interactions and not to hydrophobic partitioning. Sorption is strongly influenced by the pH of the medium and governs the mobility and transport of the antibiotics. In particular for the strongly adsorbed antibiotics, fast leaching through soils by macropore or preferential transport facilitated by dissolved soil colloids seems to be the major transport process. Antibiotics of numerous classes are photodegraded. However, on soil surfaces this process if of minor influence. Compared to this, biotransformation yields a more effective degradation and inactivation of antibiotics. However, some metabolites still comprise of an antibiotic potency. Degradation of antibiotics is hampered by fixation to the soil matrix; persisting antibiotics were already determined in soils. Effects on soil organisms are very diverse, although all antibiotics are highly bioactive. The absence of effects might in parts be due to a lack of suitable test methods. However, dose and persistence time related effects especially on soil microorganisms are often observed that might cause shifts of the microbial community. Significant effects on soil fauna were only determined for anthelmintics. Due to the antibiotic effect, resistance in soil microorganisms can be provoked by antibiotics. Additionally, the administration of antibiotics mostly causes the formation of resistant microorganisms within the treated body. Hence, resistant microorganisms reach directly the soils with contaminated excrements. When pathogens are resistant or acquire resistance from commensal microorganisms via gene transfer, humans and animals are endangered to suffer from infections that cannot be treated with pharmacotherapy. The uptake into plants even of mobile antibiotics is small. However, effects on plant growth were determined for some species and antibiotics.
Fluorescence of Alexa Fluor Dye Tracks Protein Folding (2012)

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an important tool for the characterization of protein folding. Often, a protein is labeled with appropriate fluorescent donor and acceptor probes and folding-induced changes in Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) are monitored. However, conformational changes of the protein potentially affect fluorescence properties of both probes, thereby profoundly complicating interpretation of FRET data. In this study, we assess the effects protein folding has on fluorescence properties of Alexa Fluor 488 (A488), which is commonly used as FRET donor. Here, A488 is covalently attached to Cys69 of apoflavodoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii. Although coupling of A488 slightly destabilizes apoflavodoxin, the three-state folding of this protein, which involves a molten globule intermediate, is unaffected. Upon folding of apoflavodoxin, fluorescence emission intensity of A488 changes significantly. To illuminate the molecular sources of this alteration, we applied steady state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. The results obtained show that tryptophans cause folding-induced changes in quenching of Alexa dye. Compared to unfolded protein, static quenching of A488 is increased in the molten globule. Upon populating the native state both static and dynamic quenching of A488 decrease considerably. We show that fluorescence quenching of Alexa Fluor dyes is a sensitive reporter of conformational changes during protein folding.
The role of interfacial metal silicates on the magnetism in FeCo/SiO2 and Fe49%Co49%V2%/SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles (2015)

We have investigated the role of spontaneously formed interfacial metal silicates on the magnetism of FeCo/SiO2 and Fe49%Co49%V2%/SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles. Element specific x-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy experiments have identified the characteristic spectral features of metallic iron and cobalt from within the nanoparticle core. In addition, metal silicates of iron, cobalt, and vanadium were found to have formed spontaneously at the interface between the nanoparticle core and silica shell. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments indicated that the elemental magnetism was a result of metallic iron and cobalt with small components from the iron, cobalt, and vanadium silicates. Magnetometry experiments have shown that there was no exchange bias loop shift in the FeCo nanoparticles; however, exchange bias from antiferromagnetic vanadium oxide was measured in the V-doped nanoparticles. These results showed clearly that the interfacial metal silicates played a significant role in the magnetism of these core/shell nanoparticles, and that the vanadium percolated from the FeCo-cores into the SiO2-based interfacial shell.
Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for MIMO Communications in LoS Environments (2021)

In line-of-sight (LoS) environments, point-to-point (P2P) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel matrix turns out to be rank deficient such that spatial multiplexing becomes unattainable. In this paper, we propose the deployment of distributed intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) to act as artificial scatterers and synthesize a sort of multi-path propagation such that additional degrees of freedom are created. We show that given the far-field deployment of the IRS, it simply resembles a full-duplex relay with a single effective reflection coefficient. However, to maximize the channel capacity both the effective reflection coefficients of all IRSs and the transmit covariance matrix should be jointly optimized, which is a nonconvex optimization problem. Thus, we develop an alternating optimization algorithm to iteratively find a sub-optimal solution. Moreover, we propose different schemes to enhance the composite channel power which would result in an improvement to the achievable rate. Our simulation results show that the deployment of distributed IRSs with P2P MIMO systems in LoS environments increases the rank of the channel matrix, and improves the achievable rate by making spatial multiplexing possible.
APS and the brain (2003)

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) may present with neurological syndromes. Cerebrovascular disease, chorea/ballismus, epileptic seizures, headache, cognitive impairment, transverse myelopathy, Devic's syndrome and multiple sclerosis-like presentations feature among others. Cerebrovascular disease is one of the most common presenting symptoms of APS, second only to deep vein thrombosis, and accounts for half of neurological manifestations in patients with APS; accelerated atherogenesis and cardioembolism are the most likely mechanisms implicated. Though infrequent, chorea is consistently associated with APS; the pathogenetic role of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLab) in this case might be routed through cerebrovascular disease in some cases and through purely immunological pathways in others. Both ischemic and immunological mechanisms have been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures, which may account for 7% of neurological manifestations in APS. Although frequent in APS, a causative link between APLab and most common types of headache (migraine and tension-type headache) is more than dubious. Cognitive impairment may derive from a well-defined clinical tableau of multi-infarct dementia. Nevertheless, (highly frequent) less severe cognitive impairment has also been associated with the presence of APLab in the absence of magnetic resonance findings. A relationship between APS and transverse myelopathy seems likely but small numbers in the studies published to date preclude definite statements; routinely testing for APLab patients with neurological manifestations suggestive of multiple sclerosis seems to be unrecommended at the present time.
Recent advances in the pathology of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (2009)

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder in which, for reasons that remain unclear, platelet surface proteins become antigenic and stimulate the immune system to produce autoantibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This results in immune-induced platelet destruction and suppression of platelet production.1-6 What causes the loss of tolerance to one’s own platelets remains unclear and is likely to be a result of a number of different co-operating factors including genetics (polymorphism in selected genes) and environment events (virusand bacteria-associated ITP).3 Both acute and chronic forms of disease can be distinguished. In children acute ITP is often associated with a viral or bacterial infection and generally resolves spontaneously within 6 weeks. Approximately 20% of children with acute ITP progress to the chronic form. In contrast ITP in adults is generally chronic and often requires treatment.1
Bi-decompositions of multi-valued functions for circuit design and data mining applications (2003)

We present efficient algorithms for the bi-decomposition of arbitrary incompletely specified functions in variable-valued logic. Several special cases are discussed. The algorithms are especially applicable for Data Mining applications, because, in contrast to the general multi-valued approaches to function decomposition that decompose to arbitrary tables, we create a network from multi-valued two-input operators that are selected by the user. Such decompositions lead to decision rules that are easier to understand by humans.
BloomFlash: Bloom Filter on Flash-Based Storage (2011)

The bloom filter is a probabilistic data structure that provides a compact representation of a set of elements. To keep false positive probabilities low, the size of the bloom filter must be dimensioned a priori to be linear in the maximum number of keys inserted, with the linearity constant ranging typically from one to few bytes. A bloom filter is most commonly used as an in memory data structure, hence its size is limited by the availability of RAM space on the machine. As datasets have grown over time to Internet scale, so have the RAM space requirements of bloom filters. If sufficient RAM space is not available, we advocate that flash memory may serve as a suitable medium for storing bloom filters, since it is about one-tenth the cost of RAM per GB while still providing access times orders of magnitude faster than hard disk. We present BLOOMFLASH, a bloom filter designed for flash memory based storage, that provides a new dimension of trade off with bloom filter access times to reduce RAM space usage (and hence system cost). The simple design of a single flat bloom filter on flash suffers from many performance bottlenecks, including in-place bit updates that are inefficient on flash and multiple reads and random writes spread out across many flash pages for a single lookup or insert operation. To mitigate these performance bottlenecks, BLOOMFLASH leverages two key design innovations: (i) buffering bit updates in RAM and applying them in bulk to flash that helps to reduce random writes to flash, and (ii) a hierarchical bloom filter design consisting of component bloom filters, stored one per flash page, that helps to localize reads and writes on flash. We use two real-world data traces taken from representative bloom filter applications to drive and evaluate our design. BLOOMFLASH achieves bloom filter access times in the range of few tens of microseconds, thus allowing up to order of tens of thousands operations per sec.
Full duplex: Coming into reality in 2020? (2014)

Mobile traffic is projected to increase 1000 times from 2010 to 2020. This poses significant challenges on the 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation (5G) wireless communication system design, including network structure, air interface, key transmission schemes, multiple access, and duplexing schemes. In this paper, full duplex (FD) is discussed, aiming to highlight some insights on various issues including deployment scenarios, frame structures, reference signals (RS), interference mitigation, transceiver structures/calibration, and extension of time division duplex (TDD)/frequency division duplex (FDD) to full duplex. It is anticipated that with future standardization and deployment of FD systems, TDD and FDD will be harmoniously integrated, supporting all the existing half duplex mobile phones efficiently, and leading to a much enhanced 5G system performance.
Novel Allosteric Pathway of Eg5 Regulation Identified through Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Hydrogen-Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HX-MS) Ligand Screening Data (2017)

The mitotic kinesin Eg5 is an important target in cancer chemotherapy. A structurally diverse collection of canonical loop L5 inhibitors engage an allosteric pathway that includes elements of its microtubule binding region. However, recent evidence suggests that Eg5 may permit alternative allosteric mechanisms. Terpendole E, a natural-product Eg5 inhibitor, is active against mutants resistant to canonical loop L5 inhibitors and appears to offer a unique mode of inhibition. To investigate the variety of inhibitor responses, the structure-function properties of eighteen kinesin inhibitors were quantified with hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry (HX-MS), functional analysis and molecular modeling. A unique strategy for high-density data analysis was implemented, based on a scalable multivariate statistical method, as current HX-MS routines have a limited capacity to guide a characterization of ligands when additional functional data is available. Inhibitor evaluation was achieved using orthogonal partial least squares projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The strategy generated a model that identified functionally-significant conformational elements involved in kinesin inhibition, confirming the canonical allosteric pathway and identifying a novel response pathway. Terpendole E is demonstrated to be an atypical L5 site inhibitor, where binding induces an allosteric effect mediated by a destabilization in the β-sheet core of the molecular motor, an element involved in mechanochemical coupling for structurally-related kinesins. The analysis suggests that a different approach to inhibitor development may be fruitful.
Bioassay for Detecting Active Site Insensitivity in Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae (1991)

A bioassay was used to detect active site insensitivity (knock-down resistance [kdr]) in pyrethroid resistant larvae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). The larvae of the resistant population had KD50's 42.0-, 28.1- and 29.2-fold greater to permethrin, fenvalerate and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively, compared with the susceptible population. In filter paper bioassays, resistant adult horn flies were 17 to 39.1 times less susceptible to the pyrethroids than susceptible adults at LC50. These results further document active site insensitivity as the major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly.
Acyl radical cyclizations in synthesis. Part 3. Synthesis of (±)-trans-3,5-bis-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-2-methylenecyclohexanone, an ‘A’ ring model for 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1990)

A concise synthesis of (±)-trans-3,5-bis(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-2-methylenecyclohexanone has been developed. The synthesis proceeds in seven steps from ethyl acetoacetate and involves a highly efficient acyl radical cyclization to construct the six-membered ring.
Intelligent Artificial Ants based feature extraction from wavelet packet coefficients for biomedical signal classification (2008)

In this paper, a new feature extraction method utilizing ant colony optimization in the selection of wavelet packet transform (WPT) best basis is presented and adopted in classifying biomedical signals. The new algorithm, termed intelligent artificial ants (IAA), searches the wavelet packet tree for subsets of features that best interact together to produce high classification accuracies. While traversing the WPT tree, the IAA takes into account existing correlation between features thus avoiding information redundancy. The IAA method is a mixture of filter and wrapper approaches in feature subset selection. The pheromone that the ants lay down is updated by means of an estimation of the information contents of a single feature or feature subset. The significance of the subsets selected by the ants is measured using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier. The IAA method is tested on one of the most important biosignal driven applications, which is the brain computer interface (BCI) problem with 56 EEG channels. Practical results indicate the significance of the proposed method achieving a maximum accuracy of 83%.
Crocodile Head Scales Are Not Developmental Units But Emerge from Physical Cracking (2012)

Various lineages of amniotes display keratinized skin appendages (feathers, hairs, and scales) that differentiate in the embryo from genetically controlled developmental units whose spatial organization is patterned by reaction-diffusion mechanisms (RDMs). We show that, contrary to skin appendages in other amniotes (as well as body scales in crocodiles), face and jaws scales of crocodiles are random polygonal domains of highly keratinized skin, rather than genetically controlled elements, and emerge from a physical self-organizing stochastic process distinct from RDMs: cracking of the developing skin in a stress field. We suggest that the rapid growth of the crocodile embryonic facial and jaw skeleton, combined with the development of a very keratinized skin, generates the mechanical stress that causes cracking.
Modeling Nonpenetrating Ballistic Impact on a Human Torso (2005)

When soldiers or law enforcement officers are shot in the chest or abdomen there may be internal injuries even though a soft armor vest prevents penetration of the projectile. This nonpenetrating injury could remain undetected until the person succumbs, for instance, to hemorrhaging in the lungs or laceration of the liver. In addition, tools are needed to design more effective soft armor vests that are lightweight, are flexible enough to fit the body contour, and can defeat high-velocity rifle rounds. To study internal organ injuries and design better vests under nonpenetrating ballistic impact, both a computational (finite element) model (FEM) and a physical human surrogate torso model (HSTM) have been developed. These models consist of the heart, lungs, liver, and stomach surrounded by the skeleton. The HSTM was outfitted with a soft armor vest, and ballistic tests were conducted using 9-mm ammunition at various velocities. While the peak accelerations and peak pressures from the FEM did not match those from testing, the trends and patterns were similar. These results represent a significant step in developing an understanding of the deformations and energy transfer characteristics of ballistic impacts through personal body armor.
Auto-generation of patch surfaces for injection mould design (2001)

This paper presents an efficient search algorithm to recognize through-hole features for demoulding purposes. Here the hole features include cylindrical and non-cylindrical hollow features, such as slots and pockets. The approach relies on a topological-based graph, which is described by a B-Rep solid model. From the case study on several industrial parts, the methodology developed is found to be effective in patching the through-hole features appearing in complex plastic parts.
Heterogeneous motor BOLD-fMRI responses in brain areas exhibiting negative BOLD cerebrovascular reactivity indicate that steal phenomenon does not always result from exhausted cerebrovascular reserve capacity (2023)

We show that the presence of negative BOLD-CVR responses to CO<sub>2</sub> is associated with heterogeneous motor task-based BOLD-fMRI signal responses, where some patients show -more presumed- negative BOLD-fMRI signal responses, while other patient showed positive BOLD-fMRI signal responses. This finding may indicate that the autoregulatory vasodilatory reserve capacity does not always need to be completely exhausted for vascular steal phenomenon to occur.