gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Utilization of temporal autoencoder for semi-supervised intracranial EEG clustering and classification (2023)

Manual visual review, annotation and categorization of electroencephalography (EEG) is a time-consuming task that is often associated with human bias and requires trained electrophysiology experts with specific domain knowledge. This challenge is now compounded by development of measurement technologies and devices allowing large-scale heterogeneous, multi-channel recordings spanning multiple brain regions over days, weeks. Currently, supervised deep-learning techniques were shown to be an effective tool for analyzing big data sets, including EEG. However, the most significant caveat in training the supervised deep-learning models in a clinical research setting is the lack of adequate gold-standard annotations created by electrophysiology experts. Here, we propose a semi-supervised machine learning technique that utilizes deep-learning methods with a minimal amount of gold-standard labels. The method utilizes a temporal autoencoder for dimensionality reduction and a small number of the expert-provided gold-standard labels used for kernel density estimating (KDE) maps. We used data from electrophysiological intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings acquired in two hospitals with different recording systems across 39 patients to validate the method. The method achieved iEEG classification (Pathologic vs. Normal vs. Artifacts) results with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) scores of 0.862 ± 0.037, 0.879 ± 0.042, and area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) scores of 0.740 ± 0.740, 0.714 ± 0.042. This demonstrates that semi-supervised methods can provide acceptable results while requiring only 100 gold-standard data samples in each classification category. Subsequently, we deployed the technique to 12 novel patients in a pseudo-prospective framework for detecting Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). We show that the proposed temporal autoencoder was able to generalize to novel patients while achieving AUROC of 0.877 ± 0.067 and AUPRC of 0.705 ± 0.154.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Stereoselective Cyclization of 3-Allenylindoles and N-Allenyltryptamines to Functionalized Vinylic Spiroindolenines (2021)

Herein, we report a highly enantio- and diastereoselective rhodium-catalyzed cyclization of <i>N</i>-allenyltryptamines and 3-allenylindoles to 6-membered spirocyclic indolenines. This allylic addition methodology offers the advantage of using a comparably cheap commercially available ligand with low loadings of an affordable rhodium precursor. The products can be converted into functionalized spirooxindoles and spiroindolines, which are regarded as important building blocks for the synthesis of a lot of natural products with biological activities.
Stereoselektive Umsetzungen von rac‐, (R), oder (S)‐5‐Alkyliden‐2‐t‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐1‐imidazolidincarbonsäure‐t‐butylestern (chirale 2,3‐Dehydroaminosäure‐Derivate) und Herstellung einiger nichtproteinogener Aminosäuren (1991)

Stereoselective Conversions of t ‐Butyl rac ‐, ( R )‐, or ( S )‐5‐Alkylidene‐2‐ t ‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐1‐imidazolidinecarboxylates (Chiral 2,3‐Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives) and Preparation of Some Nonproteinogenic Amino Acids The reacivity of the alkylidene derivatives 1–11 specified in the title and prepared in two operational steps from commercially available Boc‐BMI and aldehydes is investigated. – According to high‐field 1 H‐NMR analysis of the crude products, additions of HH and DD (catalytic hydrogenation, products 12–20 , of RH (BF 3 ‐activated R 2 CuLi/LiI and protonation, products 21–29 ), and of Cl 2 C (CHCl 3 /NaOH, products 33, 34 ) occur with complete selectivity from the face opposite to the t ‐butyl group. The doubly unsaturated carbonyl derivative 11 reacts with dibutyl cuprate in the δ position, again with formation of a single diastereomer 32 , while trifluoroethylidene‐Boc‐BMI 3a is reduced to the difluoro analogue 30 by this cuprate. – Li dienolates are generated by deprotonation with LDA of the ethylidene ( 2a ) and butylidene compound 4a ; subsequent alkylations (with primary and secondary halides, products 35–41 ) and hydroxyalkylations (with aldehydes, products 42–44 ) lead to single products of electrophilic attack in the a carbonyl position (C‐5 of the imidazolidinone ring) under kinetic control. On the other hand, reaction of the 2a ‐derived dienolate with benzaldehyde under equilibrating conditions furnishes the four possible ( E/R, E/S, Z/R , and Z/S ) γ adducts 45–48 . – A combination of methods – 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy, NOE measurements, spectroscopic analogies, chemical correlation (with authentic samples or by spectroscopic or optical comparison), and X‐ray analysis (Table 1, Figure 1, Schemes 1 and 2) – is used to assign the product configurations and thus the stereochemical course of the reactions. Some unusual amino acids ( 50–52, 54, 55 ) are prepared by hydrolysis of the corresponding imidazolidinones.
Conversion of Serine to Aspartate Imitates Phosphorylation-induced Changes in the Structure and Function of Microtubule-associated Protein Tau (1997)

Microtubule-associated protein tau is a neuronal phosphoprotein that promotes microtubule assembly in vitro and has been shown to play a role in the development of axonal morphology. Tau can be phosphorylated in vitro by several kinases, some of which cause a change in the conformation and activities of tau. Here we report the consequences of converting two of the protein kinase A phosphorylation sites (positions 156 and 327), first to alanine to eliminate phosphorylation, and second to aspartate, to mimic phosphorylation. We show that a serine to aspartate mutation at position 327 results in a conformational change similar to that caused by phosphorylation of this residue. This mutation does not affect the activities of tau in microtubule assembly as compared with wild-type tau. However, an additional mutation at position 156 to aspartate drastically decreases the microtubule nucleation activity of tau but does not affect the activity of tau to promote microtubule growth. All constructs are similarly bound to microtubules and promote process formation when expressed in cytochalasin-treated PC12 cells. We conclude that serine to aspartate mutations provide a useful system for analyzing the effect of individual phosphorylation sites on the conformation and function of tau in vitro and in cells. The results provide evidence that microtubule growth and nucleation can be differentially affected by phosphorylation of individual residues in a region amino-terminally flanking the microtubule binding domain of tau.
[Highlights in the subject of low frequency-high intensity TENS (review)]. (1995)

Transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation (l.f.-h.i. TENS), employed in dentistry, allows masticatory muscles relaxation, temporary clearance of muscular and periodontal proprioceptive input and even oro-facial pain relief. The mechanisms involved in this type of stimulation are not entirely clarified. According to the most recent neurophysiological researches, the authors describe several l.f.-h.i. TENS. action modalities. Some of them are well known such as the gate control theory, the endogenous antinociceptive system activation, the metabolic recovery of the muscular tissue and the unloading reflex. Other mechanisms, instead, are less known such as hypnosis and stress analgesia, exteroceptive suppression and counterirritation (DNIC). Some hypothetical mechanisms are also considered such as endogenous inhibition and sympathetic activity reduction.
Noise Reduction on a Model Helicopter Rotor using DBD Plasma Actuators (2022)

Noise reduction was achieved on a model helicopter rotor using pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators mounted at the blades' leading edges. The rotor was mounted on a bi-axial balance in an anechoic chamber, and the following three-point noise-reduction strategy was adopted: first, the blades' collective (geometric) angle was increased into the post-stall regime to achieve maximum baseline thrust; second, actuation was applied, increasing thrust and decreasing torque; third, the rotational speed was decreased to recover the original baseline thrust. This strategy resulted in an increase in the maximum Figure of Merit and a decrease in broadband and tonal noise components. Broadband and loading noise reduction, up to 3 dB, was due to boundary layer attachment, resulting in smaller and weaker turbulent eddies in the wake and the tip-vortex and, therefore, more minor turbulent surface pressure fluctuations. Noise reduction directivity associated with the blade passing frequency of up to 3 dB was consistent with Lowson's theory. Surprisingly, at most of the observer angles, both the plasma pulsation and ionization frequencies were not visible in the spectra. This directional acoustic signature was assumed to be due to the geometric mounting of the actuator and its effect on the boundary layer.
Platelet activation leads to activation and propagation of the complement system (2005)

Inflammation and thrombosis are two responses that are linked through a number of mechanisms, one of them being the complement system. Various proteins of the complement system interact specifically with platelets, which, in turn, activates them and promotes thrombosis. In this paper, we show that the converse is also true: activated platelets can activate the complement system. As assessed by flow cytometry and immunoblotting, C3 deposition increased on the platelet surface upon cell activation with different agonists. Activation of the complement system proceeded to its final stages, which was marked by the increased generation of the anaphylotoxin C3a and the C5b-9 complex. We identified P-selectin as a C3b-binding protein, and confirmed by surface plasmon resonance binding that these two proteins interact specifically with a dissociation constant of 1 microM. Using heterologous cells expressing P-selectin, we found that P-selectin alone is sufficient to activate the complement system, marked by increases in C3b deposition, C3a generation, and C5b-9 formation. In summary, we have found that platelets are capable of activating the complement system, and have identified P-selectin as a receptor for C3b capable of initiating complement activation. These findings point out an additional mechanism by which inflammation may localize to sites of vascular injury and thrombosis.
Conway crossover to create hyperdimensional point packings, with applications (2016)

Point packings in the unit square are placements of n points in the unit square that maximize the minimum distance between any two of the points. Such packings are surrogates for the 2D-stock cutting problem, giving a natural application domain. In this study we examine a unique representation for the point packing problem and extend the problem to higher dimensions and more complex shapes. The representation uses the Conway operator, a k-ary variation operator based on the lexicode algorithm. Three applications of point packings are demonstrated. A parameter study for the Conway operator based algorithm is performed demonstrating that large populations are uniformly desirable but that the part of the operator that corresponds to mutation has a strongly problem dependent value for good performance. The three applications demonstrated are selecting well-spaced RGB color palettes, initialization of populations in an evolutionary optimizer, and fast clustering of codon usage data. Color palettes of different size are presented. The optimization application is found to gain substantial performance by using point packings as initializers. The bioinformatics application demonstrates significantly non-random clustering of a family of intrinsically disordered proteins known as dehydrins.
Indolyl-oxazaphosphorine Precursors for Stereoselective Synthesis of Phosphite Triesters and Dithymidinyl Phosphorothioates (1999)

Several novel chiral indolyl-oxazaphosphorines 7 were synthesized, and their potential as precursors to chiral phosphorothioates was evaluated. Reaction of 7 with a thymidine derivative gave phosphite triester 8 with a large degree of stereoselectivity. Sulfurization with Beaucage's reagent provided phosphorothioate triesters 9. The chiral auxiliary 9b containing a cyano group could be easily removed with aqueous ammonia to form dithymidinyl phosphorothioate in more than 97% diastereomeric excess. The chiral indolyl-oxazaphosphorines 7 are a new class of precursors for stereoselective synthesis of phosphorothioates.
Development of Asthmatic Response upon Bronchial Allergen Challenge Is Associated with Dynamic Changes of Interleukin-10-Producing and Interleukin-10-Responding CD4+ T Cells (2014)

The role of adaptive immune system in regulation of asthmatic responses remains elusive. Here, we performed a comprehensive time-course analysis of mutual relationships between development of asthmatic response following allergen challenge and changes in several CD4+ T cell subsets which we characterized as either releasing interleukin-10 (CD4+CD25-CD127- and CD4+CD25+CD127+ T cells) or responding to IL-10 (CD4+ T cell subsets expressing CD210). Patients that developed asthmatic reaction were described as responders (R) whereas the others were named non-responders (NR). In R, in contrast to NR, at 6 h, we demonstrated significant expansion of CD4+CD25-CD127- T cells which was followed by drop to baseline values at 24 h. In contrast, in R, we observed decrease in numbers of CD4+CD25+CD127+ and CD4+CD25-CD127+ T cells at 24 h. Interestingly, at baseline, despite comparable IL-10 levels, R presented with lower levels of all CD4+ T cell subsets expressing CD210. In R, the numbers of CD4+CD210+ T cell subsets were further decreased following bronchial challenge which was paralleled by decrease in IL-10 serum levels. Altogether, our data suggest that dynamic interactions between IL-10-producing and IL-10-responding CD4+ T cells could contribute to pathogenesis of asthmatic responses in atopic individuals.
Antimicrobial Action of Minocycline Microspheres Versus 810‐nm Diode Laser on Human Dental Plaque Microcosm Biofilms (2013)

The cumulative action of minocycline microspheres on multispecies oral biofilms in vitro led to enhanced killing of microorganisms, whereas a single exposure of light at 810 nm exhibited minimal and non-selective antimicrobial effects.
Beyond Hemostasis: The Role of Platelets in Inflammation, Malignancy and Infection (2008)

Platelets play a complex role in hemostasis and thrombosis. The expression of multiple membrane receptors, both constitutive and activation-dependent, mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation at sites of vascular lesion. Platelet activation leads to exocytosis of granular constituents, release of newly synthesized mediators, and discharge of membrane-bound transcellular signaling molecules. Many of the same mechanisms that play a role in hemostasis and thrombosis facilitate platelet participation in other physiological or pathological processes including inflammation, malignancy and the immune response. Platelet receptors such as GPIb/IX/V, P-selectin, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1, CD40 and the alphaIIbbeta3 integrin, crucial to hemostasis, have been implicated in the progression of such inflammatory conditions as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, in the progression and metastatic spread of malignancies, and in the immune response to bacterial challenge. The release of platelet granular contents, including adhesive proteins, growth factors and chemokines/cytokines, that serve to facilitate hemostasis and wound repair, also function in acute and chronic inflammatory disease and in tumor cell activation and growth. Platelets contribute to host defence as they recognise bacteria, recruit traditional immune cells to the site of infection and secrete bactericidal mediators. The primary focus of this review is the "non-haemostatic" functions of platelets in physiological and pathological states.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Matrix-Isolated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ions. 5. PAHs Incorporating a Cyclopentadienyl Ring (2000)

The matrix-isolation technique has been employed to measure the mid-infrared spectra of the ions of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons whose structures incorporate a cyclopentadienyl ring. These include the cations of fluoranthene (C16H10), benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene (all C20H12 isomers), as well as the anions of benzo[a]fluoranthene and benzo[j]fluoranthene. With the exception of fluoranthene, which presented significant theoretical difficulties, the experimental data are compared to theoretically calculated values obtained using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/4-31G level. In general, there is good overall agreement between the two data sets, with the positional agreement between the experimentally measured and theoretically predicted bands somewhat better than that associated with their intensities. The results are also consistent with previous experimental studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ions. Specifically, in both the cationic and anionic species the strongest ion bands typically cluster in the 1450 to 1300 cm-1 range, reflecting an order-of-magnitude enhancement in the CC stretching and CH in-plane bending modes between 1600 and 1100 cm-1 in these species. The aromatic CH out-of-plane bending modes, on the other hand, are usually modestly suppressed (≤ 2x − 5x) in the cations relative to those of the neutral species, with the nonadjacent CH modes most strongly affected. The ionization effect on the analogous anion modes is more varied, with both enhancements and suppressions observed. Finally, while no cation features have been observed in the 3100−2950 cm-1 aromatic CH stretching region, bands arising from these modes are observed for each of the anions addressed in these studies. This agrees qualitatively with the theoretical calculations which predict that, in stark contrast to the order of magnitude suppression encountered in the cations, the total intensity in these modes is actually enhanced by about a factor of 3 in the anions relative to the neutral species. This is the first time that the CH stretching features of an isolated PAH ion have been observed experimentally.
Life-span radiation effects studies in animals: What can they tell us: DOE symposium series 58 (1986)

Individual papers are processed separately for the data base. Authors describe research programs at several major research laboratories. Various aspects of numerous experiments are described. Data from the effects of low-dose irradiation experiments involving animals are extrapolated to man. (TEM)
High-Gain Low Turn-On Voltage AlGaAs/GaAsNSb/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2007)

AlGaAs/GaAsNSb heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with low turn-on voltage have been fabricated. The turn-on voltage of the device fabricated from an as-grown sample is ~180 mV lower than that of a conventional AlGaAs/GaAs HBT. The effect of rapid thermal annealing on device performance is an increase in the gain from ~8.5 to ~20. However, the knee voltage of the annealed sample (~3 V), as well as the turn-on voltage, is also higher compared with that of the as-grown sample (~1.5 V).
Tuning Method of Resonant Current Controller With DC Elimination for PWM Rectifiers in Electric Multiple Units (2020)

Current control in electric multiple unit (EMU) pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) rectifiers is crucial for the system's stable operation and fast transient response. It should not only regulate the sinusoidal current under very low switching frequency but also eliminate dc current avoiding transformer core saturation. Therefore, proportional integral (PI) plus vector proportional integral with phase compensation (VPIc) controller is chosen for the current control in such single-phase rectifiers. However, the gains of PI and VPIc are coupled and determine the system performance together, invalidating the traditional gain tuning method. Therefore, a gain tuning method for PI + VPIc based on Nichols chart is proposed in this article, which decouples the two gains and simplifies the gain tuning into the tuning of gain margin and phase crossover frequency, while settling time and overshoot are considered for the optimal gain tuning. The designed system has good transient responses, stability, and robustness. The experimental results validate the theoretical analysis of the tuning method on a laboratory prototype and the effectiveness of the current control on the EMU PWM rectifiers.
In Vitro Phototoxicity Testing: A Procedure Involving Multiple Endpoints (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Optical Considerations: Relevant UV Sources and Sunlight Absorption In Silico Methods for Prediction of Phototoxicity – (Q)SAR Models Photoreactivity In Tubo: Prescreening of Compounds Producing ROS Upon Sunlight Exposure Microbiological Models for Photomutagenesis Assessment Photocytotoxicity and Photogenotoxicity in Mammalian Cells: Regulatory Tests and Beyond Reconstructed Skin: a Model for Mimicking Phototoxicity in the Target Organ Conclusions References
Antidepressant therapy (1998)

Depression is common with roughly 5% of those consulting with major depression, another 5% with milder episodes, and a further 10% some depressive symptoms (Paykel and Priest, 1992). This means knowledge of the management of the depressed patient, including advantages and disadvantages of antidepressant therapy, is essential to the daily work of the practice nurse.
Nucleation size of hcp-CoPt dot arrays characterized by time dependence of coercivity (2010)

The magnetization reversal process for dot arrays is likely to start from a nucleation followed by propagation process. In this study, we estimated the nucleation diameter Dn for dot arrays made from thin hcp-CoPt perpendicular films (thickness δ=3 nm) and Co/Pt multilayered films (δ=9 nm), respectively. The dot diameter, D, was varied from 30 to 200 nm for CoPt dot arrays, and from 40 to 80 nm for Co/Pt dot arrays. The remanence coercivity was measured at measurement times t' = 103 s and 10-5 s (pulse field), and defined as Hr and HrP. The energy barrier ΔE was evaluated by fitting Hr and HrP to Sharrock's equation. The value of Dn was estimated from ΔE, δ and the effective magnetic anisotropy of dot arrays including the demagnetizing energy due to the dot shape Kueff. Dn was independent of Din both series of dot arrays, and about 17 nm for CoPt dot arrays and about 11 nm for Co/Pt dot arrays. These values were close to both the grain size and the exchange length of these films.
Realization of 4-by-4 MIMO channel using one composite leaky coaxial cable (2015)

Leaky coaxial cable (LCX) is widely used for wireless communication systems as an antenna for a linear-cell, which covers long and shallow areas. Since one LCX is usually utilized as one antenna, more than one LCX is required to configure a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system. It means it is costly and space-consuming. To resolve these problems, we proposed a novel MIMO method for LCX. In this paper, we propose the method to utilize one composite cable, which consists of a pair of LCXs with different radiation characteristics, to configure a 4 × 4 MIMO channel. The measurement results confirmed that the proposed composite cable can realize a good channel condition for 4 × 4 MIMO transmission even if it is put in an anechoic chamber where no reflection path exists. On the other hand, the results also confirmed that it has good channel condition even if the spacing between a pair of LCX is as small as 2cm for the 5GHz band. Therefore the proposed system can reduce the space requirement for MIMO deployment for wireless application over linear-cell environments to cope with the high rapid increase of consumer electronics devices.