gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of deep levels in π-GaN epilayers (2001)

In this paper, the deep level defects in (pi)-GaN Schottky and the p/(pi)GaN diodes have been studied using digital deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). The alternative isothermal technique offered by the DL8000 system is used in complement to conventional temperature scan technique. Electron trap levels at Ec -Et ~ (0.23 - 0.27 eV) are detected for p/(pi) diode and (pi)-type Schottky diodes by both techniques. Although similar activation energy is obtained, it appears that the traps are associated with different defects, based on the observation of different capture cross-sections (10-16cm2 for (pi)-type Schottky and 10-19cm2 for p/(pi) diodes) and different capture kinetics (exponential for (pi)-type Schottky and logarithmic for p/(pi) diodes). In addition, three other electron traps are found for the (pi)-type Schottky diode at higher temperatures with Ec -Et ~ 0.56 eV, Ec -Et ~ 0.82 eV and Ec-Et~ 1.07 eV. The Ec -Et ~ 0.56 eV and Ec -Et ~ 0.82 eV traps in (pi)-type Schottky and the Ec -Et ~ 0.23 eV trap level in p/(pi)diode are attributed to extended defects. For the p /(pi) diode, a minority carrier (hole) trap level is also identified under minority carrier injection, with an energy position at Et -Ev ~ 0.85eV and a capture cross-section of 8.129x10-14 cm2. This level might be related to the same defects that gives rise to yellow luminescence detected in (pi)-GaN layer.
Naphthalene- and Anthracene-Based Aromatic Foldamers with Iminodicarbonyl Linkers:  Their Stabilities and Application to a Chiral Photochromic System Using Retro [4 + 4] Cycloaddition (2006)

A circular dichroism (CD) spectral study on chiral aromatic chain imides possessing anthracene and naphthalene moieties with bulky N substituents showed that their helical chirality based on folding remained for a reasonably long time without racemization in solution. Racemization due to conformational equilibration occurred very slowly, requiring over 1 week at ambient temperature. Their CD spectra both in solution and in the solid state gave similar CD signals, suggesting retention of helicity observed in the solid state even after dissolving. As an application of this novel chiral folding of aromatic chain imides, a chiral photochromic system was investigated based on the photo [4 + 4] cycloaddition and its thermal cycloreversion of an anthracene-naphthalene system. The foldamer possessing an anthracene moiety in the center connected with two naphthalene moieties below and above it by iminodicarbonyl linkers was prepared for this purpose. Induced CD was observed for the foldamer with (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl substituents at the imide nitrogen atoms. Chiral photochromic cycles were monitored by CD spectral measurement.
Curcumin and Graphene Oxide Incorporated into Alginate Hydrogels as Versatile Devices for the Local Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2022)

With the aim of preparing hybrid hydrogels suitable for use as patches for the local treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-affected areas, curcumin (CUR) was loaded onto graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, which were then blended into an alginate hydrogel that was crosslinked by means of calcium ions. The homogeneous incorporation of GO within the polymer network, which was confirmed through morphological investigations, improved the stability of the hybrid system compared to blank hydrogels. The weight loss in the 100-170 °C temperature range was reduced from 30% to 20%, and the degradation of alginate chains shifted to higher temperatures. Moreover, GO enhanced the stability in water media by counteracting the de-crosslinking process of the polymer network. Cell viability assays showed that the loading of CUR (2.5% and 5% by weight) was able to reduce the intrinsic toxicity of GO towards healthy cells, while higher amounts were ineffective due to the antioxidant/prooxidant paradox. Interestingly, the CUR-loaded systems were found to possess a strong cytotoxic effect in SCC cancer cells, and the sustained CUR release (~50% after 96 h) allowed long-term anticancer efficiency to be hypothesized.
Polypyrrole Nanowires Grown from Single Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Molecules (2005)

Conductive polypyrrole (Ppy) nanowires (see picture) can be grown from single adsorbed synthetic polyelectrolyte molecules by oxidative polycondensation of pyrrole. The location and length of the Ppy nanowires are defined by the location and length of the adsorbed single-molecule templates. The diameter of the Ppy nanowires varies from a few to hundreds of nanometers and can be adjusted by varying the reaction conditions. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z501354_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Temporal Position of Discharges in Single Auditory Nerve Fibers within the Cycle of a Sine-Wave Stimulus: Frequency and Intensity Effects (1971)

Period histograms, which display the distribution of spikes throughout the period of a periodic stimulus, were computed for discharges recorded from single auditory nerve fibers of the squirrel monkey when low-frequency tones were employed. For frequencies up to about 4 kHz, where phase locking is observed, the average phase angle of the discharges was tracked as frequency was varied in small steps from low to high. To a first approximation, the cumulative shift in average phase angle is a linear function of frequency as would be observed for an ideal delay line. The slopes of these phase-versus-frequency lines were found to be related through a power law to the best frequencies of the fibers. Thus, it seems possible to estimate the travel time of a mechanical disturbance between the oval window and any point on the cochlear partition. A more detailed examination revealed that average phase angle is also sensitive to intensity, depending upon the relation of the stimulating frequency to the best frequency. For stimulating frequencies below best frequency, discharges tend to occur progressively later in the cycle as intensity increases. Above best frequency, an opposite tendency often prevails if a change in phase angle occurs. At or near best frequency, little change in average phase angle is noted as intensity varies.
A 17–35 GHz Broadband, High Efficiency PHEMT Power Amplifier Using Synthesized Transformer Matching Technique (2011)

This paper presents a 17 GHz to 35 GHz broadband power amplifier (PA) using 0.15-μm GaAs pHEMT technology. The synthesized transformer using microstrip line matching technique is proposed in this PA design to enhance the broadband frequency response and minimize the chip size. The design procedures are also presented. A high efficiency broadband PA in commercial 0.15 μm GaAs pHEMT process with the best P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> of 22 dBm, P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> of 23.5 dBm, and PAE of 40% are demonstrated to verify the design concepts. This PA has the highest PAE, smallest chip size, and wide fractional bandwidth among the broadband GaAs HEMT PAs from K to Ka band.
Mineralogy and Petrology of the Precambrian Iron Deposits, Korea (1977)

The Precambrian iron deposits, Yangyang, Chungju, Pocheon, and Seosan deposits, have been mineralogically and petrologically studied by chemical and physical procedures. Four stages of mineralization such as sedimentation, regional metamorphism, alkali metasomatism and cataclastic deformation in the Precambrian iron deposits, are recognized in the present study. Sedimentation of silicates and/or carbonates accompanying iron oxides took place at the Precambrian or Paleozoic time. The Iron ore-bearing rocks from Yangyang, Chungju, Pocheon and Seosan deposits have different mineral assemblages individually according to the metamorphic grade. During the regional metamorphism total iron ores have a tendency to decrease in contents because of the consumption for the formation of mafic minerals. Alkali metasomatism, particularly predominant in Yangyang deposits, could have yielded adequate iron for the ore body, and some iron ores have been attributed to leaching of country rocks.
CFD Modelling of Finned-tube CO2 Gas Cooler for Refrigeration Systems (2019)

As a main component in a refrigeration system, finned-tube CO2 gas cooler plays an important role to the system performance and thus needs to be thoroughly investigated. To achieve this, some effective parameters including the CO2 and air fluid velocity fields, temperature profiles and heat transfer characteristics at different operating conditions are predicted and analysed by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling and simulation. It is noted that CFD modelling can accurately obtain the local heat transfer coefficients of both air and refrigerant sides, which are difficult to be predicted by conventional empirical correlations. This paper investigates the effect of varied operational parameters on local heat transfer coefficients and temperature profiles of the working fluids in a finned-tube CO2 gas cooler by means of CFD modelling. As one of the simulation results, it is found that the approach temperature decreases with increased air inlet velocity. The model has been compared and validated with experimental measurements and literature correlations. The research methods and outcomes can be used for further investigation and optimization in this area.
Enhanced rotation sensing by nonlinear interactions in silicon microresonators (2014)

We analyze the effect of the nonlinear Kerr index of refraction and two-photon absorption (TPA) in a rotating silicon microring resonator coupled to waveguides in an add-drop configuration. The nonlinear index of refraction leads to a bifurcation of the intensities of two counterpropagating modes in the nonrotating state. This bifurcation also significantly enhances the intensity difference between these modes due to the Sagnac-induced frequency splitting of the modes in the rotating resonator. Although silicon resonators have a very large Kerr index, they also suffer from large TPA at telecom wavelengths. It is shown that despite TPA, the Kerr nonlinear enhancement to the rotation sensitivity is still of the order of 10<sup>4</sup>. An analysis of typical detector noise indicates that a detection limit of <1 deg/h in a 1.4 mm radius resonator is achievable.
Premedication with Montelukast Reduces Local Reactions of Allergen Immunotherapy (2007)

Montelukast can be useful in the prevention of LRs after specific immunotherapy.
Digital back propagation in soliton coherent transmission (2015)

We have revised soliton transmission in the new context of coherent optical detection optimizing and comparing digital backward propagation and in-line optical filtering as a means to suppress soliton timing and phase jitter. We find that in-line optical filtering allows one to improve the reach of the soliton system by up to the factor of two. We compared jitter suppression for transmission links using different types of fiber. We showed that with launch power growth jitter suppression is less efficient. However, our results show that nonlinear propagation can lead to enhanced performance of the fiber network systems.
Calculation of the expected output spectrum for a mid-infrared supercontinuum source based on As_2S_3 chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers (2014)

We computationally investigate supercontinuum generation in an As ₂ S₃ solid core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a hexagonal cladding of air holes. With a goal of obtaining a supercontinuum output spectrum that can predict what might be seen in an experiment, we investigate the spectral and statistical behavior of a mid-infrared supercontinuum source using a large ensemble average of 10⁶ realizations, in which the input pulse duration and energy vary. The output spectrum is sensitive to small changes (0.1%) in these pulse parameters. We show that the spectrum can be divided into three regions with distinct characteristics: a short-wavelength region with high correlation, a middle-wavelength region with minimal correlation, and a long-wavelength region where the behavior is dominated by a few rare large-bandwidth events. We show that statistically significant fluctuations exist in the experimentally expected output spectrum and that we can reproduce an excellent match to that spectrum with a converged shape and bandwidth using 5000 realizations.
Epitaxial growth of Al(100) on Si(100) by gas-temperature-controlled chemical vapor deposition (1990)

Epitaxial Al(100) film was deposited on Si(100) by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition with the use of tri-isobutylaluminum (TIBA) at the substrate temperature of 380–400 °C with the deposition rate of 400 nm/min. For the epitaxial film growth, it was concluded that preheating the TIBA gas just before the incidence onto the substrate was very important (gas-temperature-controlling). The specular reflectance of the 1-μm-thick aluminum film on silicon substrate was the same level as that of the sputtered film. The x-ray diffraction peak was very narrow and only Al(100) orientation was observed. The transmission electron diffraction (TED) patterns of Al(100) films showed clear spots. Using disilane, we could suppress the diffusion of substrate silicon into the aluminum film.
Evaluation of the addition of gallotannins to the brewing liquor for the improvement of the flavor stability of beer (2004)

Flavor deterioration coincides with an increase in and a release of alkanals-alkenals as final products of auto-oxidation and enzymatic degradation of lipids and with a rise in Strecker aldehydes. Oxidative reactions on iso-α-acids, especially on the less-stable trans-isomers, result in a lower, less fine, and harsher bitterness. Next to the lipoxygenase (LOX) content, the antioxidant power of the malt and the mashing-in conditions are important parameters affecting the flavor staling of beer. However, in most brewing trials, the reducing capacity of the malt and other raw materials seems insufficient to prevent these adverse effects. This work deals with the use of gallotannins to increase the antioxidant powers during the mashing process. Gallotannins can act as metal-chelating, radical-scavenging, and reducing agents. They are also very effective in binding aldehydes and in the coagulation/flocculation of thiol-containing proteins. The analytical data with regard to Strecker degradation of amino acids, oxidation of lipids and iso-α-acids, and sensory evaluation demonstrate that gallotannin addition seems promising to increase the flavor stability of the final beer.
Evaluation of Soyasaponin, Isoflavone, Protein, Lipid, and Free Sugar Accumulation in Developing Soybean Seeds (2006)

A combination of analytical techniques was used to examine and quantify seed compositional components such as protein, lipid, free sugars, isoflavones, and soyasaponins during soybean development and maturation in two Korean soybean cultivars. Protein accumulation was rapid during reproductive stages, while lipid content was only relatively moderately increased. The major carbohydrate saccarides sucrose and stachyose constantly increased during the reproductive stage. Previously published results suggest that the free sugar and lipid content reached their maximal concentrations at a relatively early stage of seed development and remain constant in comparison to other chemical components. The malonylglucosides were the predominant isoflavone form followed by the glucosides, acetyl glucosides, and aglycone forms. As soybean seed matures, total soyasaponin concentration was constantly decreased until the R8 stage. Soyasaponin beta(g) was the major soyasaponin in DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins, followed by the non-DDMP counterpart soyasaponin I and soyasaponin A1. The ratio of total isoflavone to total soyasaponin in the developing soybean increased from 0.06 to 1.31. Protein, lipid, and free sugar contents in the developing soybean seeds showed significant positive correlations with conjugated isoflavones and total isoflavone concentration, while the lipid contents showed a negative correlation with the isoflavone aglycone. Protein, lipid, and free sugar contents showed a negative correlation with total group A and B soyasaponins and total soyasaponins; however, only the soyasaponin A content was significantly negatively correlated with free sugar content. Total soyasaponin content was negatively correlated with isoflavone content (r = -0.828 at p < 0.01).
Optimal design and backhauling of small-cell network: Implication of energy cost (2016)

We analyze the implication of energy cost on optimal design of small-cell and its fiber-backhaul networks. Our results provide insights into optimal deployment strategies for planning cost-effective and energy-efficient small-cell networks.
A semi-insulating/n/sup +/-structure in GaAs substrates by high energy implantation (2002)

A structure that consists of a semi-insulating layer over a buried n/sup +/ layer (SI/n/sup +/) has been obtained by MeV Si/sup +/ implantation into SI-GaAs substrates and subsequently tailored by a very low dose O/sup +/ implantation. This novel structure has been studied by measurements of current-voltage characteristics, electrochemical C-V profiling and Hall effects. The results indicate that this structure is suitable for the provision of isolation, the fabrication of active devices and internal interconnections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
REF1/Aly and the additional exon junction complex proteins are dispensable for nuclear mRNA export (2002)

The metazoan proteins UAP56, REF1, and NXF1 are thought to bind sequentially to mRNA to promote its export to the cytoplasm: UAP56 is thought to recruit REF1 to nascent mRNA; REF1 acts as an adaptor protein mediating the association of NXF1 with mRNA, whereas NXF1 translocates the mRNA across the nuclear pore complex. REF1 is a component of the exon-exon junction complex (EJC); thus, the EJC is thought to play a role in the export of spliced mRNA. NXF1 and UAP56 are essential for mRNA export. An essential role for metazoan REF1 or the additional EJC proteins in this process has not been established. Contrary to expectation, we show that REF1 and the additional components of the EJC are dispensable for export of bulk mRNA in Drosophila cells. Only when REF1 and RNPS1 are codepleted, or when all EJC proteins are simultaneously depleted is a partial nuclear accumulation of polyadenylated RNAs observed. Because a significant fraction of bulk mRNA is detected in the cytoplasm of cells depleted of all EJC proteins, we conclude that additional adaptor protein(s) mediate the interaction between NXF1 and cellular mRNAs in metazoa. Our results imply that the essential role of UAP56 in mRNA export is not restricted to the recruitment of REF1.
Risk factors for failure of Helicobacter pylori therapy — results of an individual data analysis of 2751 patients (2002)

Duodenal ulcer and non-ulcer dyspeptic patients should be managed differently in medical practice and considered independently in eradication trials.
Tuning idiophone bar torsional modes with three-dimensional cutaway geometries (2021)

The bars of marimbas, vibraphones and similar idiophones are tuned by shaping their “cutaway” or “undercut” geometries. Makers commonly shape bar cutaways to tune three flexural modes of vibration. The first flexural mode is tuned to the fundamental frequency of the bar’s musical note. Two other flexural modes are tuned such that their frequencies become specific multiples of the fundamental. The remaining flexural modes and all other modes are left untuned. Makers have complained of untuned torsional modes polluting bar timbre over specific sections of the keyboard. In wooden marimba bars this problem has proven difficult to predict, filling reject bins with valuable tonewood. This work investigates tuning these torsional modes by varying bar cutaway geometry in three dimensions. No additional mass or heterogeneous materials are employed. Modal frequencies are determined via finite element analysis. Mode shapes are identified algorithmically, enabling analyses to explore the parameter space unsupervised. Geometries are tuned using a gradient-based search method. The approach, designed to efficiently solve underdetermined systems with multiple objectives, is readily applicable to other problems. A selection of tuned example models will be showcased, including rosewood and aluminum bars with common and uncommon tuning ratios.
Polarization effects in immersion lithography (2005)

Optical proximity correction (OPC) tools are already equipped with the most advanced models for image formation and are capable of thin-film modeling, vector diffraction modeling, and polarization modeling. Accurate simulation of immersion lithography, even in the context of OPC, does not pose any particular difficulty. We use the optical simulator of a commercial OPC software to study source polarization and its impact in process latitude and in proximity and linearity curves. More than a 10-nm difference in both curves is observed versus source polarization at an immersion numerical aperture (NA)>1, projected to print the 45-nm node. Simulation of large and arbitrary layout snippets confirms these results and demonstrates the feasibility of using advanced models in the context of OPC. Also, dry and water-immersion lithography are compared at the same NA<1 and the main differences in imaging are highlighted. The depth-of-focus (DOF) increase in immersion is confirmed in both the ambient medium and the available DOF in resist. The DOF simulation results correlate closely with recent experimental work from other researchers.
Corneodesmosin gene polymorphism (1999)

Corneodesmosin (CD) is thought to play a key role in corneocyte cohesion, and its proteolysis appears to be a major event in the process of desquamation. Recently it was shown that CD is encoded by the S-gene, which is located approximately 160 kb telomeric of HLA-C. In the present study, the role of CD in the genetics of psoriasis vulgaris was studied in greater detail. The second exon of the CD gene was sequenced in 86 HLA- typed individuals from 13 psoriasis multiplex families. A total of 11 silent dimorphisms and 7 variants resulting in amino acid substitutions were found. Pedigree analysis showed that these variants could be grouped into 7 alleles, encoding 6 different amino acid sequences. These alleles are in strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B and -C, indicating that the poly- morphism of the CD gene is ancient and well conserved rather than sporadic. One allele at the CD locus, designated CD2, displayed strong linkage dis- equilibrium with HLA-Cw6, the HLA allele most prominently associated with psoriasis. CD2 demonstrated a greater relative risk than Cw6 (3.4 vs. 2.5, not significant) and higher significant transmission disequilibrium with pso- riasis than any of the investigated HLA-alleles. Due to its biologic function, cellular location and disease association, the CD gene appears to be an excel- lent candidate gene for PSORS1, the HLA-linked determinant of psoriasis vulgaris. 2 ,