gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Batch-fabricated microinductors with electroplated magnetically anisotropic and laminated alloy cores (1999)

Although many integrated inductors have been made by integrated circuit and electronic packaging batch-fabrication techniques, their magnetic characteristics are inferior to their discrete counterparts, in part because of the relatively poor magnetic properties of integrated magnetic cores. If the permeability of an integrated magnetic core can be increased, the magnetic characteristics of microinductors based on these cores will improve. To address this issue, batch-fabricated, integrated magnetic devices incorporating electroplated magnetically anisotropic cores and electroplated copper coils are investigated. These devices are made by micromachining and electroplating techniques at low temperature. Three different geometries of inductors, each possessing two different core materials [permalloy (NiFe) and supermalloy (NiFeMo)] are presented. The cores have been rendered magnetically anisotropic by application of a magnetic field during electrodeposition, resulting in easy and hard axis orientations. In addition, some cores consist of a two-layer electrodeposit separated by a polyimide thin-film lamination. At low frequencies (less than several hundred kHz), the easy-axis devices have higher inductance than the hard-axis devices. However, the hard-axis devices have better performance at higher frequencies because of a far less steep falloff of material permeability as a function of frequency in the hard axis direction.
Suppression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by Diarylheptanoids fromAlpinia officinarum (2006)

Six diarylheptanoids were isolated from the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum (Zingiberaceae) as inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. A double bond at C-4 of the linker between two aromatic rings was found to be essential for activity. Furthermore, the active diarylheptanoids suppressed expression of the inducible NO synthase protein and mRNA. These results imply that the traditional use of Alpinia officinarum rhizome as anti-inflammatory drug may be explained, at least in part, by the inhibition of NO production in activated macrophages.
T cells recognize the VH complementarity‐determining region 3 of the idiotypic protein of B cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (1997)

The idiotypic protein expressed by B lymphoma cells is a clone-specific tumor antigen which may be suitable for immune targeting by T cells. In this study, we cloned the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene (VH) of the idiotypic protein from a patient with B cell lymphoma and used a synthetic peptide of 22 amino acids corresponding to the VH complementarity-determining region (CDR)-3 of the idiotypic protein to investigate whether autologous T cells could recognize this unique peptide. We demonstrated that autologous T cells possessing both CD4+ and CD8+ phenotypes could be propagated. The T cells were able to proliferate, secrete cytokines, and lyse autologous cells presensitized with the specific peptide in a major histocompatibility complex-dependent manner. Moreover, these CDR3 peptide-primed T cells were also able to kill autologous lymphoma cells. Our results therefore offer new perspectives for specific therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of B cell lymphoma.
Functional Acetal Methacrylates. Part 4. Electrophilic Addition of Triazoles to Vinyloxyalkyl Methacrylates. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optical Characterization of a Multipoint Lean Direct Injector for Gas Turbine Combustors: Velocity and Fuel Drop Size Measurements (2010)

Performance of a multipoint, lean direct injection (MP-LDI) strategy for low emission aero-propulsion systems has been tested in a Jet-A fueled, lean flame tube combustion rig. Operating conditions for the series of tests included inlet air temperatures between 672 K and 828 K, pressures between 1034 kPa and 1379 kPa and total equivalence ratios between 0.41 and 0.45, resulting in equilibrium flame temperatures approaching 1800 K. Ranges of operation were selected to represent the spectrum of subsonic and supersonic flight conditions projected for the next-generation of commercial aircraft. This document reports laser-based measurements of in situ fuel velocities and fuel drop sizes for the NASA 9-point LDI hardware arranged in a 3 × 3 square grid configuration. Data obtained represent a region of the flame tube combustor with optical access that extends 38.1-mm downstream of the fuel injection site. All data were obtained within reacting flows, without particle seeding. Two diagnostic methods were employed to evaluate the resulting flow path. Three-component velocity fields have been captured using phase Doppler interferometry (PDI), and two-component velocity distributions using planar particle image velocimetry (PIV). Data from these techniques have also offered insight into fuel drop size and distribution, fuel injector spray angle and pattern, turbulence intensity, degree of vaporization and extent of reaction. This research serves to characterize operation of the baseline NASA 9-point LDI strategy for potential use in future gas-turbine combustor applications. An additional motive is the compilation of a comprehensive database to facilitate understanding of combustor fuel injector aerodynamics and fuel vaporization processes, which in turn may be used to validate computational fluid dynamics codes, such as the National Combustor Code (NCC), among others.
Influence of Textured Indoor Footwear on Posture Stability of Older Women Based on Center-of-Pressure Measurements (2019)

The findings enhance current understanding on textured footwear as a form of intervention associated with changes in functional impairments, therefore providing basis for footwear design in balance control.
Microwave-induced combustion synthesis of Li0.5Fe2.5−xMgxO4 powder and their characterization (2009)

Li 0.5 Fe 2.5 − x Mg x O 4 (0≦x≦1.0) powders with small and uniformly sized particles were successfully synthesized by microwave-induced combustion using lithium nitrate, ferric nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and carbohydrazide as the starting materials. This process takes only a few minutes to obtain as-received Mg-substituted lithium ferrite powders. The results revealed that the lattice constant increases nonlinearly with increasing Mg content in the Li0.5Fe2.5−xMgxO4 specimens. Moreover, the magnetic properties of Mg-substituted lithium ferrite were also strongly affected by Mg concentration. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of 71.1 emu/g was found at Li0.5Fe2.5O4 specimen. As increased Mg content, the saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanent magnetization (Mr) decreased significantly. This is ascribed to the fact that as Mg content increases, A-O-B (where A represents tetrahedral sites and B represents octahedral sites in ferrite of the spinel type) interactions become weak, and consequently B-O-B interaction becomes stronger. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph revealed that Mg-substituted lithium ferrite powders are distributed in the range from 50 to 80 nm with well-defined crystallinity.
A Multi-factor Prediction Model for Carbon Productivity Based on Stacking Integration Method (2022)

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and developing a low-carbon economy have become the consensus of all countries in the world. Under this goal, the only way to achieve economic growth is to improve the efficiency of carbon emission credits continuously, that is, to increase carbon productivity. Therefore, it is important to help regions forecast future carbon productivity and grasp the local development situation to reach the goal of "carbon neutrality" and achieve low-carbon development. In this paper, data are taken from the National Statistical Yearbook of China published from 2007 to 2019.First, use the correlation heatmap and Boruta methods to extract the critical variables for modeling. Then, use RF, SVR, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, and NGBoost for modeling, and then select the excellent single model and using the Stacking integration framework for integration, and finally conduct a comparative study of each Stacking model. The resulting Stacking prediction model can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of carbon productivity, and its stability and local prediction ability are better than other models, so it has good prospects for application in carbon productivity prediction. The method in this paper can help policy makers design specific low carbon development policies and change regional economic growth patterns based on the prediction results.
Development and evaluation of source localization algorithms for coincident microphone arrays (2022)

A typical application of microphone arrays is to estimate the position of sound sources. The term microphone array is usually related to an arrangement of several microphones placed at different locations. Within this thesis, however, acoustic source localization (ASL) using coincident and thus inherently space-saving and handy microphone arrays is tackled. Besides established ASL-method based on analyzing the direction of the intensity vector, a pattern recognition approach for ASL is presented. A minimum distance classifier is employed, i.e. feature vectors calculated frame by frame from the array signals are compared with a prerecorded featuredatabase. The characteristics of the presented approaches are discussed with the help of a mathematical model of first order gradient microphones, as well as with measurements with a planar 4-channel coincident array prototype. Particular focus is given to robust single speaker-tracking in noisy environments. In this context, several advances to the basic algorithm for improving robustness and accuracy are proposed. In addition to source localization, a brief outline of beamforming using coincident arrays is provided. The performance of the presented ASL-algorithms is experimentally evaluated using array recordings of static and moving sound sources. Different signal to noise ratios are considered. As a basis for quantification of the estimation error, the actual position of the sound source was captured with an optical tracking system. The results are very promising and show the practicability of the presented algorithms. The similarity approach outperforms the intensity vector approach, in particular at low SNR. At 0 dB SNR (1.8s male speech in a diffuse pink noise field) the azimuth of all (100%) individual frames is correctly estimated if 15◦ absolute error is allowed (82.5% at 5°, 98% at 10°). The corresponding mean absolute azimuth estimation error is 3◦. Though accurate for static sources, the algorithm is able to track rapid azimuth changes.
Optical convolutional neural network with atomic nonlinearity (2023)

Due to their high degree of parallelism, fast processing speeds and low power consumption, analog optical functional elements offer interesting routes for realizing neuromorphic computer hardware. For instance, convolutional neural networks lend themselves to analog optical implementations by exploiting the Fourier-transform characteristics of suitable designed optical setups. However, the efficient implementation of optical nonlinearities for such neural networks still represents challenges. In this work, we report on the realization and characterization of a three-layer optical convolutional neural network where the linear part is based on a 4f-imaging system and the optical nonlinearity is realized via the absorption profile of a cesium atomic vapor cell. This system classifies the handwritten digital dataset MNIST with 83.96<i>%</i> accuracy, which agrees well with corresponding simulations. Our results thus demonstrate the viability of utilizing atomic nonlinearities in neural network architectures with low power consumption.
Sensing of DNA breaks by the ATM and ATR checkpoint kinases (2013)

DNA breaks are commonly induced during genome engineering and are recognized as DNA damage. Understanding how cells recognize and respond to DNA breaks is critically important for developing and improving strategies for genome engineering. In human cells, ATM and ATR are the two master checkpoint kinases that recognize and respond to double‐stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). While both ATM and ATR are activated by DSBs, their DNA damage specificities are distinct and their functions are not redundant. How ATM and ATR are activate by DSBs and how they execute their distinct functions are yet to be fully understood. To understand how ATM and ATR are activated by DSBs, we developed an in vitro biochemical assay in which both ATM and ATR can be activated in a DNA structure‐regulated manner. Using this assay, we found that ATM and ATR are activated by distinct types of DSBs. While ATM is activated by DSBs with blunt ends or short single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) overhangs, ATR is activated by DSBs carrying long ssDNA overhangs. Our findings suggest that ATM and ATR are sequentially activated during the cellular response to DSBs. When DSBs with blunt ends or short ssDNA overhangs are generated in cells, they will primarily activate ATM. If DNA breaks are engaged in homologous recombination and long ssDNA is generated by nucleolytic processing of DNA ends, ATR will become the primary sensor of these processed DSBs. Using this biochemical assay, we have also characterized which DNA damage sensors are required for the activation of ATM and ATR by DSBs. Surprisingly, the Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein 1 (Nbs1), a known regulator of ATM, is also important for ATR activation. Our results suggest that Nbs1 is a multi‐functional sensor of DSBs that is able to detect different types of DSBs and regulate the activation of both ATM and ATR.
Positive selection procedure for entrapment of insertion sequence elements in gram-negative bacteria (1985)

We constructed the broad-host-range plasmid pUCD800 containing the sacB gene of Bacillus subtilis for use in the positive selection and isolation of insertion sequence (IS) elements in gram-negative bacteria. Cells containing pUCD800 do not grow on medium containing 5% sucrose unless the sacB gene is inactivated. By using pUCD800, we isolated a 1.4-kilobase putative IS element from Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1RE by selection for growth on sucrose medium. This putative IS element appears to be unique to Agrobacterium strains.
<title>Evaluation of human vision models for predicting human observer performance</title> (1997)

We demonstrate that human-vision-model-based image quality metrics not only correlate strongly with subjective evaluations of image quality but also with human observer performance on visual recognition tasks. By varying amorphous silicon image system design parameters, the performance of human observers in target identification using the resulting test images was measured, and compared with the target weighted just-noticeable-difference produced by a human vision model applied to the same set of images. The detectability of model observer with the human observer was highly correlated for a wide range of image system design parameters. These results demonstrate that the human vision model can be used to produce human observer performance optimized imaging systems without the need for extensive human trials. The human vision based tumor detectors represent a generalization of channelized Hotelling models to non-linear, perceptually based models.
Insect P450s: mounted for battle in their war against toxins (2012)

Transcriptome profiling methods are rapidly changing the ways in which insect responses to the environment can be assessed. One article featured in this issue of Molecular Ecology utilizes global expression analysis to extend previous studies examining the basis of insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa species that are devastating crop pests worldwide. In this issue Tao et al. (2012) have used a wide spectrum of biochemical and molecular techniques to examine the extent to which naturally occurring plant compounds and one synthetic insecticide change transcriptome profiles of Helicoverpa armigera larvae (Fig. 1) to enhance their adaptation to plant toxins and insecticides in their diet and environment. With their data highlighting an array of P450 transcripts and a few esterase transcripts that are correlated with increased tolerance to the insecticide deltamethrin, these researchers provide the first comprehensive evaluation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterase (Est) gene responses in a lepidopteran species repeatedly subjected to pyrethroid selection. Building on this information, these researchers venture into the realm of the biorational in showing that RNAi-mediated destruction of one prominent toxin-inducible P450 transcript can increase sensitivity to deltamethrin, thereby compromising larval growth in the presence of this insecticide. The fact that the resulting levels of deltamethrin tolerance in the RNAi-silenced larvae are not restored completely to the levels in larvae whose defences are not stimulated by consuming plant compounds provides further evidence that their adaptive strategies for survival in toxin-rich environments include many different P450, esterase and, possibly, other genes. Together, their data highlight the complexity of the defence systems evolving in lepidopterans and other insect pests.
On the Competition Occurring Between <I>Aedes albopictus</I> and <I>Culex pipiens</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) in Italy (2003)

Abstract Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was detected for the first time in Italy in 1990. Thanks to its high biological adaptability, it spread rapidly to colonize various urban areas in central and northern Italy. The purpose of this study was to examine the ecological niche occupied by Ae. albopictus and the role of competition with Culex pipiens L., which is a widespread indigenous species, in urban areas. The larval development cycle and competition for food between the two species was also studied under laboratory conditions. The study showed that both species can colonize any type of artificial water container. Ae. albopictus mainly occupies saucers under flower pots and other, usually smaller-sized, containers, whereas Cx. pipiens tends to develop more in large tanks (100–200 liters) used in residential gardens and other larger-sized containers. It would seem that the two species interact mainly in medium-sized containers (10–50 liters) such as manholes and tires. Laboratory studies showed that, at 25°C, the food-biomass conversion coefficient is significantly higher in Ae. albopictus than in Cx. pipiens, indicating that the new established species is more efficient in transforming food into biomass. As a consequence, it has a greater capacity to exploit food resources and therefore grow more rapidly than Cx. pipiens. In larval association where food was scarce, it was noted that competition between the two species takes place and is influenced by temperature: at 25 ± 2°C, Ae. albopictus prevails but is much less likely to do so at 20°C.
Standardized, systemic phenotypic analysis reveals kidney dysfunction as main alteration of Kctd1 I27N mutant mice (2017)

In summary, the main alteration of the Kctd1 <sup>I27N</sup> heterozygous mutants consists in kidney dysfunction. Additional analyses in 9-21 week-old heterozygous mutants revealed only few minor effects.
Journal of Materials Chemistry B Editor's choice web collection: ‘‘Seeing the unseen updated: advances in biosensing’’ (2018)

Xiaogang Qu introduces a Journal of Materials Chemistry B Editor's choice web collection on advances in biosensing ().
Mendelian Randomization as an Approach to Assess Causality Using Observational Data (2016)

Mendelian randomization refers to an analytic approach to assess the causality of an observed association between a modifiable exposure or risk factor and a clinically relevant outcome. It presents a valuable tool, especially when randomized controlled trials to examine causality are not feasible and observational studies provide biased associations because of confounding or reverse causality. These issues are addressed by using genetic variants as instrumental variables for the tested exposure: the alleles of this exposure-associated genetic variant are randomly allocated and not subject to reverse causation. This, together with the wide availability of published genetic associations to screen for suitable genetic instrumental variables make Mendelian randomization a time- and cost-efficient approach and contribute to its increasing popularity for assessing and screening for potentially causal associations. An observed association between the genetic instrumental variable and the outcome supports the hypothesis that the exposure in question is causally related to the outcome. This review provides an overview of the Mendelian randomization method, addresses assumptions and implications, and includes illustrative examples. We also discuss special issues in nephrology, such as inverse risk factor associations in advanced disease, and outline opportunities to design Mendelian randomization studies around kidney function and disease.
Synthesis of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Benzocyclic Ketones through Intramolecular Alkene Hydroacylation Catalyzed by Nickel(0)/N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (2012)

Getting some closure: Mechanistic studies supported the participation of an oxanickelacycle complex in the hydroacylation step of the title reaction, which proceeds without decarbonylation even in the absence of well-known chelation assistance by heteroatoms. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Dissolution of the periclase (001) surface; a scanning force microscope study (1999)

In contrast to most ionic minerals studied by SFM, the periclase (001) surface dissolves not by retreat of monolayer steps parallel to (001), but by retreat of a rough surface perpendicular to (001). At pH < 2, dissolution has an additional contribution from retreating macro-steps at the edges of nearly square pits. The macro-steps have heights up to 120 nm. In general, step direction is parallel to [110] and equivalent directions. During dissolution at low pH, a soft near-surface region is formed. Other investigators have shown that the near-surface region is protonated. Protonation is supposed to stabilize the (111) surface of periclase. Due to the structural similarities between periclase (111) and brucite (001), and similar dissolution rates of periclase and brucite at pH < 5, we conclude that during dissolution the periclase (001) surface is restructured into ''(111) nano-facets'' representing brucite (001)-like layers and appearing as a rough and soft surface in SFM images. The most probable reasons that the slopes of these macro-steps (up to 508) are lower than the slopes of perfect (111) facets are the likely poorly ordered structure of these layers, microtopography on these surface facets, and tip-surface convolution in SFM. By measuring the vertical position of the surface vs. time, we calculated the dissolution rate. At pH 1 and pH 2 we found the rates to be 17.1 ± 5.8 × 10-6 and 5.7 ± 3.7 × 10-6 mol/m2·s, respectively. These rates are in reasonable agreement with previously reported rates of periclase and brucite (001) dissolution, and are consistent with the idea that the MgO (001) surface consists of Mg(OH)2 (001)-like layers.
Time-dependent effects of CX3CR1 in a mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury (2015)

Collectively, these novel data demonstrate a time-dependent role for CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling after TBI and suggest that the acute and chronic responses to mild TBI are modulated in part by distinct microglia phenotypes.