gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrically tunable metasurface perfect absorber for infrared frequencies (2017)

We theoretically investigate a metasurface perfect absorber based on indium-tin-oxide as active material. Our design scheme relies on conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor model and the Drude model. Inducing a voltage into the device causes a blue-shift of 50 nm in the reflectance spectrum in the infrared region. The total thickness of the device is only 3.5% of the working wavelength <i>λ</i> = 2.56 μm, and the rate of reflectance change reaches 5.16 at <i>λ</i> = 2.56 μm. Because the material that we use has advantages of easy fabrication and fast response, our design approach can be used for numerous applications on active plasmonic sensors and filters.
The Influence of Muscle Contraction on the Kinematics of the Knee Joint (1996)

Abstract There is a paucity of information on the interaction between muscle contraction and the kinematics of the knee. In particular, the anterior-posterior (AP) movement of the femur on the tibia has been described primarily from passive testing (2). The dynamic action of the extensor and flexor muscle groups at the knee can have a substantial influence on the AP movement of the femur on the tibia. This dynamic information is important for understanding a number of issues related to ligament reconstruction as well as the designs of total knee replacement. However, most knowledge of six degree of freedom knee kinematics is based on passive testing.
A Great Leap Year for Reconciliation (2008)

The author reflects on her childhood memories of leap year and the custom that women may propose marriage to men in a leap year. She also reflects on proposals involving human hearts and the making of an apology by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people were rejected by John Howard. The drive towards reconciliation, Sorry Day and Kevin Rudd's apology to the Stolen Generations (occurring while the author was in Greece for an extended time) are also commented on.
Role of pH response in Candida albicans virulence (2002)

Over 25 years ago it was noted that the pH of the culture medium influenced germ tube formation of Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen. This simple observation has been the stimulus for a number of investigations to discern the mechanisms controlling this response and the significance of this response to the biology of C. albicans. Recent studies have demonstrated that a signaling pathway conserved in several fungal species regulates this morphological response to ambient pH and controls the pH-conditional expression of multiple genes. Significantly, C. albicans responds to the pH of the host niche and this response is critical for virulence.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORINE‐CONTAINING AZOLES. 3. REACTION OF IMIDAZOLES AND PERIMIDINES WITH PERFLUOROALKENES (1984)

Abstract Imidazole (I), Benzimidazole (IV) und Perimidine (VI) reagieren in Gegenwart von Kaliumhydroxid oder Kaliumfluorid mit Perfluorolefinen (II) zu N‐Fluoralkylazolen.
Immune responses toPneumocystis murinaare robust in healthy mice but largely absent in CD40 ligand-deficient mice (2008)

Pneumocystis is a pathogen of immunocompromised hosts but can also infect healthy hosts, in whom infection is rapidly controlled and cleared. Microarray methods were used to examine differential gene expression in the lungs of C57BL/6 and CD40 ligand knockout (CD40L-KO) mice over time following exposure to Pneumocystis murina. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice, which control and clear infection efficiently, showed a robust response to infection characterized by the up-regulation of 349 primarily immune response-associated genes. Temporal changes in the expression of these genes identified an early (Week 2), primarily innate response, which waned before the infection was controlled; this was followed by primarily adaptive immune responses that peaked at Week 5, which coincided with clearance of the infection. In conjunction with the latter, there was an increased expression of B cell-associated (Ig) genes at Week 6 that persisted through 11 weeks. In contrast, CD40L-KO mice, which are highly susceptible to developing severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, showed essentially no up-regulation of immune response-associated genes at Days 35-75. Immunohistochemical staining supported these observations by demonstrating an increase in CD4+, CD68+, and CD19+ cells in C57BL/6 but not CD40L-KO mice. Thus, the healthy host demonstrates a robust, biphasic response to infection by Pneumocystis; CD40L is an essential upstream regulator of the adaptive immune responses that efficiently control infection and prevent development of progressive pneumonia.
Batch Normalization Explained (2022)

A critically important, ubiquitous, and yet poorly understood ingredient in modern deep networks (DNs) is batch normalization (BN), which centers and normalizes the feature maps. To date, only limited progress has been made understanding why BN boosts DN learning and inference performance; work has focused exclusively on showing that BN smooths a DN's loss landscape. In this paper, we study BN theoretically from the perspective of function approximation; we exploit the fact that most of today's state-of-the-art DNs are continuous piecewise affine (CPA) splines that fit a predictor to the training data via affine mappings defined over a partition of the input space (the so-called "linear regions"). {\em We demonstrate that BN is an unsupervised learning technique that -- independent of the DN's weights or gradient-based learning -- adapts the geometry of a DN's spline partition to match the data.} BN provides a "smart initialization" that boosts the performance of DN learning, because it adapts even a DN initialized with random weights to align its spline partition with the data. We also show that the variation of BN statistics between mini-batches introduces a dropout-like random perturbation to the partition boundaries and hence the decision boundary for classification problems. This per mini-batch perturbation reduces overfitting and improves generalization by increasing the margin between the training samples and the decision boundary.
PREDICTING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION PATTERNS IN MOBILE BAY, ALABAMA (1975)

The objective of this study is the application of hydrodynamic and material transport mathematical models for Mobile Bay in analysing the effect of channelisation and dredging activities on sediment distribution profiles. Of particular importance are the seasonal variations of sediment transport and deposition behaviour which are critically influenced by current patterns within the estuary. Results are presented for three cases corresponding to high (2800 cu m/s), medium (1100 cu m/s) and low (500 cu m/s) river flow rate conditions. The extent of sediment transport and deposition is assessed by determining the tidal cycle average velocity for various locations in the bay. A value of 0.06 m/s for this velocity correlates well with depositional patterns observed from bathimetric data over the past century. A comparison of the depositional patterns predicted if the Mobile ship channel had not been constructed with those developed in the present system is also presented for a river flow rate of 3500 cu m/s. Short term variations resulting from maintenance dredging activities are also analysed. Included in this study are the input of sediment from dredging discharge lines and the resultant transportation and deposition patterns established by the controlling current velocities in the area. Model trend results are verified with field data collected during May 1972.
Production of Hantaan Virus from Human Immortalized Retina Cell and Its Immunogenicity (2002)

Hantaan virus production, using human immortalized retina cell (PER.C6), was investigated to develop an inactivated virus vaccine. To infect Hantaan virus into PER.C6, two infection methods (medium-to-cell and cell-to-cell) were tried, and IFA results showed that the cell-to-cell infection method was very useful for producing Hantaan virus-infected PER.C6. Hantaan virus production was significantly affected by the growth rate of PER.C6 and the content of FBS in medium. Higher specific growth rate of infected PER.C6 and lower FBS content induced higher production of Hantaan virus. The inactivated human cell-culture vaccines with various EIA titers were prepared, their antibody responses were compared with those of inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccines (Hantavax®), and the result showed their immunogenicities were slightly higher than those of inactivated suckling mouse vaccines. Therefore, this study shows the possibility of the development of Hantaan virus vaccine from a human cell culture.
Monoclonal antibodies for treating osteoporosis (2017)

Denosumab and romosozumab show promise in the treatment of osteoporosis. Furthermore, their different mechanisms of action compared to existing anti-osteoporotic drugs may permit alternative strategies for osteoporosis treatment down the line
Isolation and characterization of satellite antibiotics, mimosamycin and chlorocarcins from Streptomyces lavendulae, streptothricin source. (1976)

Under novel conditions of culture, Streptomyces lavendulae No. 314 was found to produce new antibiotics, chlorocarcins and mimosamycin in addition to streptothricin. The antibiotics are extracted from culture filtrate with organic solvents and further purified by silica gel chromatography. Chlorocarcins A, B and C are closely related basic antibiotics which are active against gram-positive bacteria, EHRLICH carcinoma and L 1210 leukemia of mice. Mimosamycin is a neutral antibiotic which is mainly active against mycobacteria. Production, isolation and physicochemical properties of the antibiotics are described.
Enriching lipid nanovesicles with short‐chain glucosylceramide improves doxorubicin delivery and efficacy in solid tumors (2010)

For amphiphilic anticancer drugs, such as the anthracyclin doxorubicin (Dox), uptake by tumor cells involves slow diffusion across the plasma membrane, a limiting factor in clinical oncology. Previously, we discovered that preinsertion of short-chain sphingolipids such as N-octanoyl-glucosylceramide (GC) in the tumor cell membrane enhances cellular Dox uptake. In the present study, we apply this strategy in vitro and in vivo by coadministering GC and Dox in a lipid nanovesicle (LNV). GC enrichment of Dox-LNVs strongly enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity toward B16 melanoma and A431 carcinoma, as evidenced by 6-fold decreased IC(50) values compared with Dox-LNVs. This correlated with enhanced cellular Dox uptake observed by confocal microscopy. Intravital optical imaging in window chamber-bearing mice with orthotopically implanted B16 melanoma demonstrated enhanced GC-mediated Dox delivery to tumor cells. Treatment of nude mice bearing human A431 xenografts with 6 mg/kg GC-Dox-LNVs almost doubled the tumor growth delay compared with Dox-LNVs. A second administration of 5 mg/kg after 3 d induced even 3-fold delay in tumor growth, while no systemic toxicity was found. GC-enriched Dox-LNVs displayed superior in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, without systemic toxicity. This new drug delivery concept, aiming at increased membrane permeability for amphiphilic drugs, provides an opportunity to improve cancer chemotherapy.
Recombinant alpha-2b-interferon enhances the circulating levels of a 90-kilodalton (K) tumor-associated antigen in patients with gynecologic and breast malignancies (1990)

The circulating levels of a 90-kilodalton (K) tumor-associated antigen were measured in the blood of 43 patients with gynecologic and breast malignancies who underwent a short course of recombinant alpha-2b-interferon (rIFN alpha-2b) (3 million U/m2/d intramuscularly [IM] for 3 days). Of the 43 patients, 23 showed abnormal 90-K levels (greater than 1.7 U/ml). A significant increase of antigen levels was already observed 24 hours after the first administration and persisted throughout the investigation period. Of 20 patients with 90-K levels below the normal limit, 12 went over the normal cutoff value after two rIFN alpha-2b injections. No significant modifications of 90-K levels were detected in nine women receiving rIFN alpha-2b for the treatment of genital condylomata. The serum levels of two other tumor-associated antigens, CA 125 and CA 15-3, were not modified by rIFN alpha-2b administration. The ability of rIFN alpha-2b to increase the circulating levels of 90-K might have important clinical implications for the serodetection of cancer.
CO{sub 2} utilization by gas discharges (1996)

Carbon dioxide is the end product to complete combustion of all fossil fuels. The generation of carbon dioxide is the primary cause for the greenhouse effect. However, carbon dioxide is a potential carbon source. To utilize such a plentiful carbon source, it has been considered carbon dioxide as a feedstock for organic synthesis of carbonyl- and carboxyl-containing compounds or as an oxidant for oxidative synthesis of more valuable organics. Gas discharge (glow, corona, arc and silence discharges) is an abundant resource of free radicals. The potential to develop a technique, in which oxidative synthesize of high-valued hydrocarbons together with removal of CO{sub 2}, NO{sub x} and SO{sub x} is very economically attractive. The by-product of such a technique is carbon monoxide, which can be also applied for organic synthesis, e.g., F-T synthesis. In this paper, the results of oxidative methane conversion to ethane and ethylene using CO{sub 2} as an oxidant by streamer corona discharge is reported.
Apolipoprotein L1 Variant Associated with Increased Susceptibility to Trypanosome Infection (2016)

Most African trypanosomes are lysed by the ApoL1 protein in human serum. Only the subspecies Trypanosoma b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense can resist lysis by ApoL1 because they express specific serum resistance proteins. We here report a complex interplay between trypanosomes and an ApoL1 variant characterized by a homozygous missense substitution (N264K) in the domain that we hypothesize interacts with the endolysosomal membranes of trypanosomes. The N264K substitution knocks down the lytic activity of ApoL1 against T. b. gambiense strains lacking the TgsGP defense mechanism and against T. b. rhodesiense if N264K is accompanied by additional substitutions in the SRA-interacting domain. Our data suggest that populations with high frequencies of the homozygous N264K ApoL1 variant may be at increased risk of contracting human African trypanosomiasis.
High Yield Magnetic Nanoparticles Filled Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Pulsed Laser Deposition (2008)

We present a high yield filling technique of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), grown vertically on a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> substrate, with magnetic nanoparticles using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Magnetization measurements in-plane and out- of-plane with respect to the sample surface indicate reasonable coercivity estimated at 0.4 T. The magnetic anisotropy is however found to be randomly oriented, indicating a polycrystalline structure. The unique difference between the in-plane and out-of- plane magnetizations is the sharing produced by the demagnetizing field in the perpendicular direction.
A Three‐Component Borehole Optical Seismic and Geodetic Sensor (2018)

Research Article| May 29, 2018 A Three‐Component Borehole Optical Seismic and Geodetic Sensor Mark Zumberge; Mark Zumberge aUniversity of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0225, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093‐0225, mzumberge@ucsd.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jon Berger; Jon Berger aUniversity of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0225, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093‐0225, mzumberge@ucsd.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar William Hatfield; William Hatfield aUniversity of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0225, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093‐0225, mzumberge@ucsd.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Erhard Wielandt Erhard Wielandt aUniversity of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0225, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093‐0225, mzumberge@ucsd.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2018) 108 (4): 2022–2031. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120180045 Article history first online: 29 May 2018 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Mark Zumberge, Jon Berger, William Hatfield, Erhard Wielandt; A Three‐Component Borehole Optical Seismic and Geodetic Sensor. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2018;; 108 (4): 2022–2031. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120180045 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyBulletin of the Seismological Society of America Search Advanced Search Abstract We constructed a three‐component combination seismometer and geodetic sensor suitable for borehole deployment. The instrument uses no electronics at depth in the borehole, rather it relies on optics. Two ∼40 cm pendulums suspended from two orthogonal axes with free periods slightly more than 1 s and a vertical mass‐spring suspension with a free period near 5 s are tracked with optical interferometers inside a borehole sonde. Laser light for the interferometers is provided by optical fibers from the surface; the interference fringe signals are transmitted from the sonde to photo detectors at the surface, also via optical fibers. The system was installed in a 60‐m‐deep borehole at the U.S. Geological Survey's Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (ASL) for 1 year. The seismic noise floor of the optical seismometer's components compares well with those of a collocated KS‐54000 borehole seismometer. Because the optical sensors operate to zero frequency, they also provide useful geodetic records. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Comparison of Snellen and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts using a computer simulation (2015)

A comparison of true (assigned) VA to measured VA, demonstrated, on average, better accuracy and reproducibility of the ETDRS chart, but at the penalty of significantly longer test duration. These differences were most pronounced in the low VA range. The reproducibility using a simulation approach is in line with reproducibility values found in several clinical studies.
Pre-COVID-19 humoral immunity to common coronaviruses does not confer cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 (2020)

Abstract It is currently unknown whether acquired immunity to common alpha- and beta-coronaviruses provides cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we found that certain patient sera and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) collected prior to the COVID-19 outbreak were cross-reactive to SARS-CoV-2 full-length Spike, S2 domain, and Nucleocapsid. However, their presence did not translate into neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro . Importantly, we detected serum IgG reactivity to common coronaviruses in the early sera of patients with severe COVID-19 before the appearance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Collectively, the results of our study indicate that pre-existing immunity to common coronaviruses does not confer cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo .
State of the art of synthetic threshold scale inhibitors for mineral scaling in the petroleum industry: a review (2019)

Inorganic scale deposits are a major water-related problem encountered in producing oil and gas wells. The harshness of scale deposits is dependent on the field operating conditions. Scale deposits can vary from mild scaling tendencies to extreme. In general, the scale deposit will cause a reduction in formation pores, declining productivity and eventually blockage of the wellbore and hence unexpected downtime if it is allowed to persevere. To overcome this, the productivity of an oil and gas well is ensured by handling scale deposits via removal or prevention methods. Scale prevention is the best and cost-effective method for handling scale deposits that ensures production continuity. Inhibition through “threshold” scale inhibitor treatment is the most common method that is proven to prevent or reduce likely deposits. This paper examines the art of synthetic scale inhibitors, in particular, threshold scale inhibitors in oil and gas production. It discusses the chemistry of those inhibitors, inhibition mechanisms, treatment methods and key properties for their applications. It also highlights the chemistry of the synthetic routes often used to produce them in the laboratory and/or industry. Finally, it highlights the environmental concerns for the applicability of threshold scale inhibitors.
Shaping the oligodendrocyte identity by epigenetic control (2010)

Cell diversity in the central nervous system (CNS) is achieved by a highly regulated process of differentiation from multipotential neural stem cells. The spatial specificity and timing control of neural differentiation is achieved by the interplay between various genetic and epigenetic regulators. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell in the CNS, play an important role in brain development and neuronal function. At present, multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in regulating in oligodendrocyte differentiation, however, the integration of these pathways with transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory networks are not fully understood. This review will focus on exploiting epigenetic mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte development including chromatin remodeling by histone deacetylases and gene silencing by non-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNA), and attempts to summarize the recent advance as to the genetic and epigenetic interaction in controlling oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination.
An integrated optical Bragg grating refractometer for volatile organic compound detection (2016)

We report an integrated optical Bragg grating detector, fabricated using a direct UV-writing approach, that when coated with a thin-film of a hydrophobic siloxane co-polymer can perform as an all-optically accessed detector for hydrocarbon vapour. Upon exposure to a series of organic solvent vapours, both negative and positive Bragg wavelength shifts of differing magnitudes were measured. This was attributed to a combination of swelling and/or hydrocarbon solvent filling the free volume within the polymer film. A quantitative structural property relationship (QSPR) approach was utilised to create a multiple variable linear regression model, built from parameters that chemically described the hydrocarbons and the intermolecular interactions present between the co-polymer and hydrocarbon molecules. The resulting linear regression model indicated that the degree of swelling of the polysiloxane thin film when exposed to vapours of different hydrocarbons was due to the physico-chemical properties of the hydrocarbons and that this was the main causative factor of the measured Bragg wavelength shifts. Furthermore, this linear regression model allows for the prediction of the Bragg wavelength shift that would be measured upon exposure to vapours of another defined hydrocarbon. This detector is intrinsically safe in flammable environments. It includes on-chip thermal compensation, operates at telecoms wavelengths and has a predictable response to a variety of hydrocarbons making it ideal for detection of flammable hydrocarbon vapours in industrial and domestic processes.