gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of molecular oxygen on doped graphene: Atomic, electronic, and magnetic properties (2010)

Adsorption of molecular oxygen on B-, N-, Al-, Si-, P-, Cr- and Mn-doped graphene is theoretically studied using density-functional theory in order to clarify if ${\text{O}}_{2}$ can change the possibility of using doped graphene for gas sensors, electronic, and spintronic devices. ${\text{O}}_{2}$ is physisorbed on B-, and N-doped graphene with small adsorption energy and long distance from the graphene plane, indicating the oxidation will not happen; chemisorption is observed on Al-, Si-, P-, Cr- and Mn-doped graphene. The local curvature caused by the large bond length of X-C (X represents the dopants) relative to C-C bond plays a very important role in this chemisorption. The chemisorption of ${\text{O}}_{2}$ induces dramatic changes of electronic structures and localized spin polarization of doped graphene, and in particular, chemisorption of ${\text{O}}_{2}$ on Cr-doped graphene is antiferromagnetic. The analysis of electronic density of states shows the contribution of the hybridization between O and dopants is mainly from the $p$ or $d$ orbitals. Furthermore, spin density shows that the magnetization locates mainly around the doped atoms, which may be responsible for the Kondo effect. These special properties supply a good choice to control the electronic properties and spin polarization in the field of graphene engineering.
Content-based image retrieval in surface inspection (2004)

In this paper, a prototype system is described for the management and content-based retrieval of defect images in huge image databases. This is a real problem in surface inspection applications, since modern inspection systems may produce up to thousands of defect images in a day. The retrieval is based on shape and internal structure characteristics of defects, so neither manual labeling nor annotation needs to be made. We are using a noncommercial, generic content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system called PicSOM that is modified to fit the special requirements of our application. The results of experiments show that the prototype system works fast with good retrieval results.
Hybrid CAP / mm-wave OFDM Vector Modulation for Photonic Frequency Conversion in a Single-Sideband Feeder (2022)

We demonstrate the simultaneous radio-over-fiber feed of 16-QAM 10-Gb/s CAP and 1-GHz OFDM radio at 28-GHz for HetNets. Independent sideband modulation yields photonic up-conversion to the mm-wave band and a dispersion-tolerant feed over 70km.
FERRIES (2014)

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Hybrid Evolution of Convolutional Networks (2011)

With the increasing trend of neural network models towards larger structures with more layers, we expect a corresponding exponential increase in the number of possible architectures. In this paper, we apply a hybrid evolutionary search procedure to define the initialization and architectural parameters of convolutional networks, one of the first successful deep network models. We make use of stochastic diagonal Levenberg-Marquardt to accelerate the convergence of training, lowering the time cost of fitness evaluation. Using parameters found from the evolutionary search together with absolute value and local contrast normalization preprocessing between layers, we achieve the best known performance on several of the MNIST Variations, rectangles-image and convex image datasets.
A Retrodirective Wireless Power Transfer Scheme for Ambient Backscatter Systems (2020)

One of the key challenges of the Internet of Things (IoT) is to sustainably power the large number of IoT devices in real-time. In this paper, we consider a wireless power transfer (WPT) scenario between an energy transmitter (ET) capable of retrodirective WPT and an energy receiver (ER) capable of ambient backscatter in the presence of an ambient source (AS). The ER requests WPT by backscattering signals from an AS towards the ET, which then retrodirectively beamforms an energy signal towards the ER. To remove the inherent directlink ambient interference, we propose a scheme of ambient backscatter training. Specifically, the ER varies the reflection coefficient multiple times while backscattering each ambient symbol according to a certain pattern called the training sequence, whose design criterion we also present. To evaluate the system performance, we derive an analytical expression for the average harvested power at the ER. Our numerical results show that with the proposed scheme, the ER harvests tens of μW of power, without any CSI estimation or active transmission from the ER, which is a significant improvement for low-power and low-cost ambient backscatter devices.
Protein-Based Surfactants (2001)

"Describes preparation techniques of protein-based surfactants (PBS) in the laboratory by a variety of chemical and enzymatic means, production by using different types of amino acids, and marketplace applications of PBS in medical and personal care products, detergents, cosmetics, antimicrobial agents, and foods."
Gold Nanoparticle-Decorated Scaffolds Promote Neuronal Differentiation and Maturation (2015)

Engineered 3D neuronal networks are considered a promising approach for repairing the damaged spinal cord. However, the lack of a technological platform encouraging axonal elongation over branching may jeopardize the success of such treatment. To address this issue we have decorated gold nanoparticles on the surface of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds, characterized the composite material, and investigated their effect on the differentiation, maturation, and morphogenesis of primary neurons and on an immature neuronal cell line. We have shown that the nanocomposite scaffolds have encouraged a longer outgrowth of the neurites, as judged by the total length of the branching trees and the length and total distance of neurites. Moreover, neurons grown on the nanocomposite scaffolds had less neurites originating out of the soma and lower number of branches. Taken together, these results indicate that neurons cultivated on the gold nanoparticle scaffolds prefer axonal elongation over forming complex branching trees. We envision that such cellular constructs may be useful in the future as implantable cellular devices for repairing damaged neuronal tissues, such as the spinal cord.
Comparative Whole-Genome Analysis of Clinical Isolates Reveals Characteristic Architecture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pangenome (2015)

The tubercle complex consists of closely related mycobacterium species which appear to be variants of a single species. Comparative genome analysis of different strains could provide useful clues and insights into the genetic diversity of the species. We integrated genome assemblies of 96 strains from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which included 8 Indian clinical isolates sequenced and assembled in this study, to understand its pangenome architecture. We predicted genes for all the 96 strains and clustered their respective CDSs into homologous gene clusters (HGCs) to reveal a hard-core, soft-core and accessory genome component of MTBC. The hard-core (HGCs shared amongst 100% of the strains) was comprised of 2,066 gene clusters whereas the soft-core (HGCs shared amongst at least 95% of the strains) comprised of 3,374 gene clusters. The change in the core and accessory genome components when observed as a function of their size revealed that MTBC has an open pangenome. We identified 74 HGCs that were absent from reference strains H37Rv and H37Ra but were present in most of clinical isolates. We report PCR validation on 9 candidate genes depicting 7 genes completely absent from H37Rv and H37Ra whereas 2 genes shared partial homology with them accounting to probable insertion and deletion events. The pangenome approach is a promising tool for studying strain specific genetic differences occurring within species. We also suggest that since selecting appropriate target genes for typing purposes requires the expected target gene be present in all isolates being typed, therefore estimating the core-component of the species becomes a subject of prime importance.
Ultralight Flexible Electrodes of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Macrotube Sponges for High‐Performance Supercapacitors (2020)

Light-weight and flexible supercapacitors with outstanding electrochemical performances are strongly desired in portable and wearable electronics. Here, ultralight nitrogen-doped carbon macrotube (N-CMT) sponges with 3D interconnected macroporous structures are fabricated and used as substrate to grow nickel ferrite (NiFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> ) nanoparticles by vapor diffusion-precipitation and in situ growth. This process effectively suppresses the agglomeration of NiFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> , enabling good interfacial contact between N-CMT sponges and NiFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> . More remarkably, the as-synthesized NiFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> /N-CMT composite sponges can be directly used as electrodes without additional processing that could cause agglomeration and reduction of active sites. Benefiting from the tubular structure and the synergetic effect of NiFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> and N-CMT, the NiFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> /N-CMT-2 exhibits a high specific capacitance of 715.4 F g<sup>-1</sup> at a current density of 1 A g<sup>-1</sup> , and 508.3 F g<sup>-1</sup> at 10 A g<sup>-1</sup> , with 90.9% of capacitance retention after 50 000 cycles at 1 A g<sup>-1</sup> in an alkaline electrolyte. Furthermore, flexible supercapacitors are fabricated, yielding areal specific capacitances of 1397.4 and 1041.2 mF cm<sup>-2</sup> at 0.5 and 8 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> , respectively. They also exhibit exceptional cycling performance with capacitance retention of 92.9% at 1 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> after 10 000 cycles under bending. This work paves a new way to develop flexible, light-weight, and high-performance energy storage devices.
Altered gene expression in drug-resistant human breast cancer cells. (1997)

It is increasingly recognized that drug-resistant cells undergo transitions not directly linked to "classical" drug resistance. We examined the expression of growth factors, growth factor receptors, and the estrogen receptor in 17 drug-resistant and 2 revertant human breast cancer sublines to provide an understanding of the phenotypic changes that occur and how these changes could affect the biology of the cell. These sublines were derived from five parental human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, ZR75B, T47D, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-453). The expression of estrogen receptor was absent or decreased in 6 of the 15 resistant MCF-7, ZR75B, and T47D sublines. Increases of as much as 49-fold compared to parental levels were observed in transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, c-erbB2, and/or c-erbB3 mRNA expression in 14 of the 17 resistant sublines. Altered amphiregulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor expression was observed in nine and four drug-resistant sublines, respectively. No major alterations were observed in epidermal growth factor and c-erbB4 expression. Few alterations were observed in two sublines derived from estrogen receptor-negative cells. Higher levels of phosphotyrosine residues were detected in a subset of the resistant sublines, indicating an increased tyrosine kinase activity in these cells. Interestingly, decreased growth rates were observed in all of the sublines, despite up-regulated growth factor-related gene expression. Taken together, these data suggest that loss of estrogen receptor, increased expression of growth factor pathway genes, and decreased growth rate regularly occur in drug-resistant breast cancer cells. Although we do not know whether the altered expression of growth factor pathway genes is linked as a cause or a consequence of the reduced growth rate, it is well established that decreased growth rate confers drug resistance. These phenotypic changes in drug-resistant human breast cancer cells could serve to initiate, support, or extend the drug resistance.
Predicting Drug Metabolism - An Evaluation of the Expert SystemMETEOR (2005)

The paper begins with a discussion of the goals of metabolic predictions in early drug research, and some difficulties toward this objective, mainly the various substrate and product selectivities characteristic of drug metabolism. The major in silico approaches to predict drug metabolism are then classified and summarized. A discrimination is, thus, made between 'local' and 'global' systems. In its second part, an evaluation of METEOR, a rule-based expert system used to predict the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, is reported. The published metabolic data of ten substrates were used in this evaluation, the overall results being discussed in terms of correct vs. disputable (i.e., false-positive and false-negative) predictions. The predictions for four representative substrates are presented in detail (Figs. 1-4), illustrating the interest of such an evaluation in identifying where and how predictive rules can be improved.
Epidemiological Study of Campylobacter spp. in Broilers: Source, Time of Colonization, and Prevalence (1997)

Eric Gregory, Harold Barnhart, David W. Dreesen, Norman J. Stern, Joe L. Corn, Epidemiological Study of Campylobacter spp. in Broilers: Source, Time of Colonization, and Prevalence, Avian Diseases, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1997), pp. 890-898
Some Immunochemical Properties of Dextransucrase and Invertase from Streptococcus mutans (1974)

Dextransucrase and invertase of some strains of Streptococcus mutans were examined by immunodiffusion with antisera against enzymes purified from strain HS-6 (Bratthall's serotype a). Both antisera cross-reacted with crude enzyme preparations from the other serotype a (strains HS-1 and AHT) and d organisms (strains KIR, OMZ176, and OMZ65) but not with those from serotype b (strains FA-1 and BHT) or c organisms (strains GS-5, Ingbritt, and NCTC 10449). Based upon the antiserum used, the orders of antigenic similarity of the cross-reacting enzymes to the HS-6 enzymes were HS-6 > HS-1 > AHT = KIR = OMZ176 = OMZ65 for dextransucrase and HS-6 = HS-1 > AHT = KIR = OMZ176 = OMZ65 for invertase. It was found that the enzymes from serotype a organisms were not always antigenically homogeneous, as seen between strains HS-6, HS-1, or AHT for dextransucrase, and between the HS group and strain AHT for invertase. Antiserum against the HS-6 dextransucrase markedly inhibited the heterologous dextransucrases of serotype a organisms with the exception of strain HS-1 and d organisms, with or without the addition of dextran.
Experimental performance evaluation of sintered Gd spheres packed beds. (2016)

Research in magnetic refrigeration heavily relies on the use of packed spheres in regenerators, however little investigation to verify that such non-monolithic arrangements guarantee a sufficiently constrained structure has yet been performed. This work presents a preliminary comparison of the performance of AMRs consisting of Gd spheres with diameters ranging from 450-550 microns partially sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) to similar spheres, sorted in the same size range and from the same batch, but merely packed. Pressure drop is compared at uniform temperature and at a range of heat rejection temperatures and temperature spans. Performance is compared in terms of temperature span at a range of heat rejection temperatures (295 – 308 K) and 0 and 10 W cooling loads. Results show a moderate increase of pressure drop with the sintered spheres, while temperature spans were consistently 2.5 - 5 K smaller. These results are coherent with previously presented results [1].
Multi-dimensional microstructural imaging offers novel in vivo insights into brain pathology: an application to multiple sclerosis (2018)

Magnetic resonance imaging is today the most versatile imaging method for characterization of multiple sclerosis (MS) in vivo, but clinical examinations lack sensitivity to capture changes in the tissue microstructure. Using a multi-dimensional microstructural imaging approach, we demonstrate how it is possible to obtain more specific and broader microstructural insights about the underlying pathology of MS. For this we use a comprehensive battery of conventional and novel diffusion weighted imaging and quantitative MRI sequences each capable of explaining different and complementary microstructural properties. This allows us to explore the underlying pathology of MS, which is normally only accessible with histology.
Human-level natural language understanding: false progress and real challenges (2013)

The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) focuses on the study of how utterances composed of human-level languages can be understood and generated. Typically, there are considered to be three intertwined levels of structure that interact to create meaning in language: syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Not only is a large amount of language-specific information required to learn syntactic patterns and semantic constructions, but also an even vaster amount of commonsense and world knowledge is required to interpret language at the pragmatic level. Because the task of creating a system that is fully capable of processing language at the human level of proficiency is extremely daunting, researchers have mostly focused on developing constrained models of specific aspects of NLP, such as Part-of-Speech tagging or named entity resolution. However, a number of more comprehensive NLP platforms, produced by companies such as IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Apple have taken on the task of providing fully functional, natural-language-driven services. Based on the level of success reported by researchers, as well as from the advertisement campaigns of companies that deal with NLP technology, it would seem that the NLP problem is well on its way to being solved by the techniques currently employed by the field. Currently, knowledge-lean, statistical, machine-learning like approaches dominate the NLP research arena. These approaches have largely displaced earlier knowledge-rich, expert-system like approaches, because of their increased flexibility and robustness. Because NLP is widely considered to be an AI-hard problem, the resolution of the challenges of making a human-level NLP system would have huge implications for both Cognitive Science and AI in general. Unfortunately, it turns out that much of the present optimism in the NLP field is essentially hyperbole. An in depth analysis of knowledge-lean NLP techniques will demonstrate that they are significantly underpowered for handling tasks such as basic syntactic parsing, let alone full natural language understanding. To make matters worse, the NLP field has been led down this path in large part due to the kinds of evaluation methods used to gauge success on individual NLP tasks. Once these metrics are analyzed, it is straightforward to see how they can create confusion and misleading results. In light of these findings, it is the intent of this document to demonstrate the case for modifying the current knowledge-lean NLP culture with techniques that are derived from Cognitive Science.
A Design of Power Divider With Negative Group Delay Characteristics (2015)

In this letter, the design of power divider with negative group delay (NGD) characteristics is presented. From an analysis, the NGD associated with different transmission paths is found to be identical and obtained by loading resistor connected short-circuited coupled lines with an open-circuited isolation port. The proposed structure is validated by constructing a two-way microstrip line power divider with equal power division ratio, which is centered at 2.14 GHz. The measured results show excellent agreement with simulations and theoretically predicated results. From the measurement, the group delays and magnitudes of S-parameters between the different transmission paths are determined as -1.16 ns, -9.29 dB, -1.17 ns, and -9.30 dB. The measured input/output return losses and isolation at center frequency are higher than 28.92 dB, 26.76 dB, and 42.2 dB.
Spherical-wave scattering by a finite-thickness solid plate of infinite lateral extent, with some implications for panel measurements (1988)

The solution to the problem of the interaction of a spherical wave with a homogeneous and isotropic solid plate of infinite lateral extent, but finite thickness, is considered theoretically. Both the source and the plate are immersed in an infinite, inviscid fluid. Appropriate boundary conditions are imposed on the full three-dimensional elasticity equations. The solution is evaluated numerically for a variety of materials for a 1-kHz incident spherical wave and for a 5-kHz incident spherical wave. For the numerical study, the fluid medium is taken to be water. Under certain conditions, ‘‘overpressures’’ are predicted for both the reflected and transmitted fields (i.e., the amplitude of the reflected pressure and/or the transmitted pressure can exceed the maximum value of the amplitude of the incident pressure on the plate surface). These overpressures are consistent with the law of conservation of energy in the sense that, for a plate composed of lossless material, the total incident power is found to be equal to the sum of the total reflected power plus the total transmitted power. An important conclusion of this research is that the practice of attempting to reduce the influence of edge diffraction in panel tests by using samples of increasingly larger lateral extent may result in measurements that are substantially corrupted by wave-front curvature effects, particularly if the sample panel includes a steel backing plate.
Murine cell surface transferrin receptor: Studies with an anti‐receptor monoclonal antibody (1982)

A rat monoclonal antibody against the murine transferrin receptor has been identified. The receptor is a 95,000 molecular weight species that exists in the cell membrane as a disulphide-bonded dimer. Whereas 29 of 29 murine hematopoietic tumor cell lines express detectable numbers of transferrin receptors, less than 1% of adult thymocytes or spleen cells and only 5% of bone marrow cells are positive. However, fetal liver and neonatal spleen contain substantial numbers of transferrin receptor-positive cells. Induction of Friend cells in vitro with dimethyl-sulphoxide leads to an overall increase in the expression of transferrin receptors on the cell surface. The anti-transferrin receptor antibody we have obtained partially blocks iron uptake from 59Fe-transferrin by a variety of murine cell lines and inhibits the growth of a murine myeloma cell line in vitro.