gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uniform and continuous Y 2 O 3 coating on ZnS phosphors (2000)

An investigation is reported of the coating of ZnS by Y2O3 using a sol‐gel process. Yttrium isopropoxide was used as the precursor material and was dissolved in a toluene:isopropanol solution. The solution was refluxed at an elevated temperature before the phosphors were added. The coated phosphors were then fired in air to convert the hydroxide to oxide. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of coatings on ZnS powders. The coating morphology was strongly dependent on the sol‐gel processing parameters and the range of solution concentration and pH values necessary to form continuous coatings were determined. The cathodoluminescence properties of the coated phosphors were also investigated and an improvement in phosphor maintenance was observed. © 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
An assessment of the physical properties of a multiplane tomographic imager (1983)

The Pho/Con is a dual Anger camera multiplane tomographic scanner, capable of producing longitudinal tomograms through the subject. The physical characteristics of this device have been investigated. The resolution capabilities in three dimensions have been determined, and sensitivity, linearity, and uniformity of each detector have been studied with a view to establishing the influence of each of the subcomponents of the detector on overall performance. Experimental measurements have been made using both analogue and computerised reconstruction techniques.
Reciprocal Desensitization of CCR5 and CD4 Is Mediated by IL-16 and Macrophage-Inflammatory Protein-1β, Respectively (1999)

Abstract The ability of HIV-1 gp120 to inhibit chemokine signaling prompted us to determine whether signaling through CD4 by a natural ligand, IL-16, could alter cellular responsiveness to chemokine stimulation. These studies demonstrate that IL-16/CD4 signaling in T lymphocytes results in a selective loss of macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β/CCR5-induced chemotaxis. There was no effect on monocyte chemoattractant protein-2/CCR1, -2, or -3-induced chemotaxis. Desensitization of CCR5 by IL-16 required at least 10 min of pretreatment; no modulation of CCR5 expression was observed, nor was MIP-1β binding to CCR5 altered. Using murine T cell hybridomas transfected to express native or mutated forms of CD4, it was determined that IL-16/CD4 induces a p56lck-dependent signal that results in desensitization of CCR5. The desensitization process is reciprocal and again selective, as prior CCR5 stimulation, but not CCR1, -2, or -3 stimulation, completely inhibits IL-16/CD4-induced T cell migration. Of interest, while p56lck enzymatic activity is not required for IL-16-induced migration, it was required for desensitization of CCR5. These studies indicate the existence of reciprocal receptor cross-desensitization between CD4 and CCR5 induced by two proinflammatory cytokines and suggest a selective relationship between the two receptors.
A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator (2019)

Orthopedic research relies heavily on animal models to study mechanisms of bone healing in vivo as well as investigate the new treatment techniques. Critical-sized segmental defects are challenging to treat clinically, and research efforts could benefit from a reliable, ambulatory small animal model of a segmental femoral defect. In this study, we present an optimized surgical protocol for the consistent and reproducible creation of a 5 mm critical diaphyseal defect in a rat femur stabilized with an external fixator. The diaphyseal ostectomy was performed using a custom jig to place 4 Kirschner wires bicortically, which were stabilized with an adapted external fixator device. An oscillating bone saw was used to create the defect. Either a collagen sponge alone or a collagen sponge soaked in rhBMP-2 was implanted into the defect, and the bone healing was monitored over 12 weeks using radiographs. After 12 weeks, rats were sacrificed, and histological analysis was performed on the excised control and treated femurs. Bone defects containing only collagen sponge resulted in non-union, while rhBMP-2 treatment yielded the formation of a periosteal callous and new bone remodeling. Animals recovered well after implantation, and external fixation proved successful in stabilizing the femoral defects over 12 weeks. This streamlined surgical model could be readily applied to study bone healing and test new orthopedic biomaterials and regenerative therapies in vivo.
Demonstration of a Compiled Version of Shor’s Quantum Factoring Algorithm Using Photonic Qubits (2007)

We report an experimental demonstration of a complied version of Shor's algorithm using four photonic qubits. We choose the simplest instance of this algorithm, that is, factorization of N=15 in the case that the period r=2 and exploit a simplified linear optical network to coherently implement the quantum circuits of the modular exponential execution and semiclassical quantum Fourier transformation. During this computation, genuine multiparticle entanglement is observed which well supports its quantum nature. This experiment represents an essential step toward full realization of Shor's algorithm and scalable linear optics quantum computation.
Clinical differences among the aromatase inhibitors. (2003)

In the United States, three third-generation aromatase inhibitors are available commercially: anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane. Anastrozole and letrozole are nonsteroidal agents, whereas exemestane is a steroid. The three agents differ in terms of structure and metabolic products and in the degree to which they suppress aromatase activity. The clinical significance of these differences is unclear. All three of the agents have been found to be equivalent or superior to megesterol acetate as a second-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. In the first-line setting, large Phase III trials have demonstrated that anastrozole and letrozole are equivalent or superior to tamoxifen in women with metastatic disease. Multiple trials with widely varying study designs have been launched in the adjuvant setting comparing the aromatase inhibitors to tamoxifen. Early results from the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial suggest a small but statistically significant improvement in disease-free survival for anastrozole compared with tamoxifen, but further follow-up is needed. This article explores the efficacy and tolerability of the aromatase inhibitors in both the metastatic and the adjuvant settings.
Decreased Neuraminidase Activity Is Important for the Adaptation of H5N1 Influenza Virus to Human Airway Epithelium (2012)

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses remain a pandemic threat. Antiviral drugs such as neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors will be crucial for disease control in the event of a pandemic. Should drug-resistant H5N1 viruses develop, all defense strategies will be compromised. To determine the likelihood and mechanisms of emergence of NA inhibitor-resistant H5N1 variants in humans, we serially passaged two H5N1 viruses, A/Hong Kong/213/03 and A/Turkey/65-1242/06, in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells in the presence of oseltamivir, zanamivir, or peramivir. To monitor the emergence of changes associated with the adaptation of H5N1 viruses to humans, we passaged the strains in the absence of drugs. Under pressure of each NA inhibitor, A/Turkey/65-1242/06 developed mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) (H28R and P194L/T215I) and NA (E119A) proteins that reduced virus binding to α2,3-sialyl receptor and NA activity. Oseltamivir pressure selected a variant of A/Hong Kong/213/03 virus with HA P194S mutation that decreased viral binding to α2,6 receptor. Under peramivir pressure, A/Hong Kong/213/03 virus developed a novel NA mutation, R156K, that reduced binding to all three drugs, caused about 90% loss of NA activity, and compromised replication in NHBE cells. Both strains were eliminated in NHBE cells when they were cultivated in the absence of drugs. Here, we show for the first time that decreased NA activity mediated through NA inhibitors is essential for the adaptation of pandemic H5N1 influenza virus to humans. This ability of decreased NA activity to promote H5N1 infection underlines the necessity to optimize management strategies for a plausible H5N1 pandemic.
Exceptional Activity over the Submonolayer MoO3 Motif on TiO2 for Nitrogen Oxide Emission Abatement (2019)

Surface restructuring is a useful approach to modulating the properties of nanoparticles. A low-dimensional atomic-thickness active species may exhibit remarkably enhanced activity, in contrast to the inert nature of its bulk counterparts. Here, we report a procedure for growing in situ a low-dimensional monolayer-thick MoO<sub>3</sub> entity from its bulk precursor. Traditional analysis of NO abatement catalyzed by vanadium-based materials implicates vanadium as the active site enhanced by the promoter element W or Mo. However, we report here that the atomic-thickness MoO<sub>3</sub> film can function alone as an efficient NO abatement catalyst by itself; to achieve comparable performance with the industrial catalysts, it is not necessary to add vanadium oxide, which often has serious toxicity issues associated with it. We find that submonolayer MoO<sub>3</sub> is responsible for the observed high activity. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy reveal that the monolayer-thick MoO<sub>3</sub> surface phase is directly attached to the anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> support. The ab initio quantum calculations predict that the bidimensional MoO<sub>3</sub> surface phase would provide more electron back-donation to the antibonding orbital of reactants and thus more efficient reactant activation. The spectral evolution of in situ DRIFTS indicates that the redox mechanism over the low-dimensional MoO<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> involves both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites during the reaction cycle.
The Tyrosinase-tyrosine Reaction (1927)

Research Article| January 01 1927 The Tyrosinase-tyrosine Reaction: Production from Tyrosine of 5: 6-Dihydroxyindole and 5: 6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic Acid—the Precursors of Melanin Henry Stanley Raper Henry Stanley Raper 1The Department of Physiology, University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1927) 21 (1): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0210089 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Henry Stanley Raper; The Tyrosinase-tyrosine Reaction: Production from Tyrosine of 5: 6-Dihydroxyindole and 5: 6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic Acid—the Precursors of Melanin. Biochem J 1 January 1927; 21 (1): 89–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0210089 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1927 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1927 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Common and Specific Determinants for Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Ectodomain of the Receptor Kinase Complex (1998)

The assembly and activation of oligomeric complexes of FGF, the transmembrane receptor kinase (FGFR), and heparan sulfate transmit intracellular signals regulating growth and function of cells. An understanding of the structural relationships between the three subunits and their redundancy and specificity is essential for understanding the ubiquitous FGF signaling system in health and disease. Previously, we reported that a primary heparin or heparan sulfate binding site resides in a distinct sequence in immunoglobulin (Ig)-like module II of the three modules of FGFR. Here we report that in the absence of flanking sequences, isolated Ig module II of FGFR1 supports the binding of FGF-1, FGF-2, and FGF-7 in respective order of affinity. None of the three FGFs detectably bind Ig module I or the IIIb and IIIc splice variants of Ig module III in the absence of flanking sequences. Ig module I and the C-terminus of Ig module III are dispensable for high-affinity binding of FGF-1, FGF-2, and FGF-7. Alterations in highly conserved Ig module II in the heparin binding domain and substitution of individual sequence domains spanning the entire sequence of Ig module II with those from Ig module I obliterated FGF binding. Addition of a specific number of FGFR sequences to the C-terminus of Ig module II resulted in a gain in affinity for FGF-7. Several site-specific alterations in the C-terminus of full-length FGFR1IIIc, an isoform that otherwise absolutely rejects FGF-7, resulted in gain of FGF-7 binding. These results suggest that a complex of Ig module II and heparan sulfate is the base common active core of the FGFR ectodomain and that flanking structural domains modify FGF affinity and determine specificity.
P53 ALTERATIONS SHOW SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WITH GENE AMPLIFICATION AND S-PHASE INDEX IN BREAST-CANCER (1995)

Correlation of p53 gene/protein alterations with incidence of oncogene amplification, a potential marker of prognosis, was evaluated in 26 fresh breast cancer samples. p53 gene was analyzed by SSCP and DNA sequencing while p53 protein status was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IH). Amplification of c-erbB2/neu, c-myc, N-ras, int-2, hst, PRAD-1 and EGFR genes was studied by slot blot and in situ hybridizations. p53 alterations were found in 31% cases by SSCP and 42% by IH; gene amplification was detected in 27% cases. p53 gene alterations correlated significantly with gene amplification (p=0.006) and also with higher S-phase index (p=0.026), aneuploidy (p=0.026) and negative progesterone receptor status (p=0.043).
Initial results from the VPI&SU SIRIO diversity experiment (1982)

The first year of observations of precipitation effects on the 11.6‐GHz beacon signal from the SIRIO satellite are reported. This experiment is unique in that it uses dual‐polarized receivers in a diversity configuration (two sites separated by 7.3 km) and a low path elevation angle (10.7°). Rain rate, attenuation, and isolation statistics are presented for both sites. In addition, attenuation diversity gain is plotted and compared to current models. Isolation diversity gain is also discussed. It was found that little improvement in dual‐channel isolation is obtained with site diversity at this low elevation angle. The influence of ice clouds was noted in the months of October and November.
Accelerated Optimization in the PDE Framework: Formulations for the\n Active Contour Case (2017)

Following the seminal work of Nesterov, accelerated optimization methods have\nbeen used to powerfully boost the performance of first-order, gradient-based\nparameter estimation in scenarios where second-order optimization strategies\nare either inapplicable or impractical. Not only does accelerated gradient\ndescent converge considerably faster than traditional gradient descent, but it\nalso performs a more robust local search of the parameter space by initially\novershooting and then oscillating back as it settles into a final\nconfiguration, thereby selecting only local minimizers with a basis of\nattraction large enough to contain the initial overshoot. This behavior has\nmade accelerated and stochastic gradient search methods particularly popular\nwithin the machine learning community. In their recent PNAS 2016 paper,\nWibisono, Wilson, and Jordan demonstrate how a broad class of accelerated\nschemes can be cast in a variational framework formulated around the Bregman\ndivergence, leading to continuum limit ODE's. We show how their formulation may\nbe further extended to infinite dimension manifolds (starting here with the\ngeometric space of curves and surfaces) by substituting the Bregman divergence\nwith inner products on the tangent space and explicitly introducing a\ndistributed mass model which evolves in conjunction with the object of interest\nduring the optimization process. The co-evolving mass model, which is\nintroduced purely for the sake of endowing the optimization with helpful\ndynamics, also links the resulting class of accelerated PDE based optimization\nschemes to fluid dynamical formulations of optimal mass transport.\n
Comparison of the phase perturbation and Kirchhoff approximations with the integral equation solution for random rough surfaces (1986)

Many diverse engineering and scientific problems arise which require a thorough understanding of wave scattering from rough surfaces. For example, scattering due to roughness is important in such applications as radio communications, surface profilometry, remote sensing, underwater acoustics, silicon MOSFET physics, and thin-film coatings on optics. The two classical approaches to solving the rough surface scattering problem are limited in their application. The small perturbation method applies to surfaces that are slightly rough compared to the wavelength of the incident radiation, and the Kirchhoff approximation applies to surfaces that have large radii of curvature relative to the wavelength. Recently, Winebrenner and Ishimaru 1,2 introduced a new method for solving the rough surface scattering problem, which they call the phase perturbation technique. Unlike the two classical methods, the phase perturbation method seems to work well for surface roughness of the order of the incident wavelength.
Microscopy and analysis of wafer particles using a semiconductor defect review system (1996)

Reducing the number of particles and defects during the production process of semiconductors is very important to improve quality and yield. Therefore, many methods have been developed and applied to each production process in order to manage particle generation. In recent years, the integration scale ofsemiconductors has reached the design rule of a half micrometer on the production line and deep submicrometer at the R & D level. This requires control for the generation offar smaller particles than ever. Hence, we have developed a semiconductor defect review system, which reads the x and y positions of each particle found by an optical wafer review system and translates them for use with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Using this system, it is possible to observe particles at high magnification (greater than 20000) as well as to find the composition ofparticles using an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer.
PCB Drill Path Optimization by Combinatorial Cuckoo Search Algorithm (2014)

Optimization of drill path can lead to significant reduction in machining time which directly improves productivity of manufacturing systems. In a batch production of a large number of items to be drilled such as printed circuit boards (PCB), the travel time of the drilling device is a significant portion of the overall manufacturing process. To increase PCB manufacturing productivity and to reduce production costs, a good option is to minimize the drill path route using an optimization algorithm. This paper reports a combinatorial cuckoo search algorithm for solving drill path optimization problem. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested and verified with three case studies from the literature. The computational experience conducted in this research indicates that the proposed algorithm is capable of efficiently finding the optimal path for PCB holes drilling process.
Ionosphere Ray Tracing of Radio‐Frequency Signals and Solution Sensitivities to Model Parameters (2019)

Abstract Methods are developed to determine the refracted propagation paths of high‐frequency radio signals in the ionosphere and to determine the sensitivities of these paths to changes of the input model parameters. These techniques are being developed to support the assimilation of data from monostatic and multistatic ionosondes with the goal of improving parameterized estimates of ionosphere electron density profiles. An additional application area is that of navigation using signals from a ground‐based network of high‐frequency beacons. A nonlinear two‐point boundary value problem solver is developed using the shooting method with Newton updates. Robust convergence is achieved by seeding the algorithm with carefully designed first guesses of the wave vector's initial aiming angles and terminal group delay. Partial derivative sensitivities of the raypath solution are calculated using the adjoint of the two‐point boundary value problem. This approach speeds the calculations when the partial derivatives of many ionosphere model parameters need to be computed. The new algorithm has been applied successfully to determine the paths of O‐mode and X‐mode radio waves between known transmitter and receiver locations and to spitze reflection points. Spitze singularities pose no difficulties for the new algorithm because it uses a Hamiltonian raypath formulation that remains nonsingular at a spitze.
An algorithm for ordering subgoals in NAIL? (1988)

Rule-goal graphs are the central data structures used in the NAIL′ system, a knowledge-base system being developed at Stanford University They are constructed while testing the applicability of capture rules, and traversed while generating ICODE to evaluate queries. Generating rule-goal graphs may be reduced to the problem of ordering subgoals. This paper gives an algorithm for generating rule-goal graphs efficiently, in time polynomial in the size of the rules if the arity of recursive predicates is bounded. The graphs generated may be suboptimal for some purposes, but the algorithm will always find a rule-goal graph if one exists. The algorithm has been implemented in Cprolog, and is currently being used to generate rule-goal graphs for the NAIL′ system
Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during water deprivation. (1993)

The contribution of the magnocellular vasopressinergic system to the regulation of ACTH secretion was studied by analysis of hypothalamic-adrenal axis function in rats subjected to water deprivation for 48 h. Water deprivation resulted in marked increases in plasma osmolarity and vasopressin (VP) levels and hypothalamic VP mRNA and immunoreactive (ir) VP in magnocellular neurons. While CRH mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus were decreased, irCRH accumulation in paraventricular nucleus neurons after colchicine treatment was normal or increased. Similarly, the irCRH content in the median eminence and its release under stress were similar in control and water-deprived rats. While basal plasma ACTH levels were similar in both groups (34.5 +/- 3.8 and 39.8 +/- 3.3 pg/ml), levels stimulated by CRH injection (10 micrograms, i.v.) or 15-min immobilization stress were reduced by 47% (P < 0.01) and 43% (P < 0.05), respectively, in water-restricted rats. The decreased ACTH responses were not prevented by injection of CRH (7.5 micrograms/day, sc) during the period of water deprivation. In contrast to the ACTH responses, basal and CRH-stimulated plasma corticosterone levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.001), and the responses to acute stress were normal. The inhibition of ACTH secretion was not due to increased glucocorticoid feedback, since similar blunted ACTH responses to acute immobilization stress were observed in adrenalectomized rats receiving corticosterone replacement. Despite similar levels of pituitary POMC mRNA, pituitary ACTH content was reduced in water-deprived rats, suggesting a posttranscriptional inhibition of POMC synthesis or processing. The data demonstrate that osmotic activation of the magnocellular VP system is accompanied by reduced responsiveness of the corticotrophs, an effect that is not due to increased glucocorticoid feedback or hypothalamic CRH deficiency. These findings suggest that the magnocellular vasopressinergic system does not play an important role in the regulation of ACTH secretion during chronic osmotic stimulation.