gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Incommensurately Modulated Small-Molecule Crystal Structure (2014)

The first diffraction patterns measured for crystals of 2-chloro-benzo-1,3,2-dithiarsole (C6H4S2AsCl) showed an exceptionally large triclinic cell. After routine data collection the structure could be solved without difficulty; 17 independent molecules were found. A successful conventional refinement of the 170 independent non-H atoms was possible if restraints were applied (similar bond lengths and angles for all molecules; rigid-bond restraints; three sets of 8 anisotropic displacement parameters for the S and C atoms). At convergence R, wR2 were 0.042, 0.107 for 859 variables, nearly 4K restraints and more than 24K unique reflections of which 8774 have I&gt;2σ(I). All displacement ellipsoids were positive definite. The display program Mercury revealed that the molecules form ribbons with a core of closely spaced As and Cl atoms. Because the ribbon is obviously modulated, and because Z' = 17 is both very large and prime, the possibility of an incommensurate structure had to be considered. A new integration of the original frames using EVAL14 gave a modulation vector with components 5.012(2)/17, -3.187(2)/17, 8.016(3)/17; the modulation is clearly incommensurate in the b* direction. Refinement with JANA2006 (811 variables, 11,119 unique reflections, no restraints) gave R, wR2 values 0.045, 0.116. The overall packing is determined by the stacking of the aromatic rings and probably by the segregation of interacting As and Cl atoms. A conventional refinement of a disordered, average (Z' = 1) structure revealed two basic orientations of the C6S2 plane that must be correlated in several directions if impossibly short intermolecular contacts are to be avoided. Along the modulation vector q the orientation of the C6S2 plane varies smoothly, but q is not a direction in which the molecules are in contact. The reasons for the unusual modulation will be discussed, as will the signs that a modulated, high-Z' molecular crystal structure is actually incommensurate.
Effects of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Long-Term Durability Properties of Concrete (2022)

The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete can lower the carbon footprint and improve the durability performance. This research focused on studying the effects of different SCMs such as class F fly ash (FA), reclaimed fly ash (RFA), and ground bottom ash (GBA) on the long-term durability properties of concrete containing 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement levels. Long-term durability properties of concrete, including drying shrinkage and alkali-silica reactivity (ASR), were determined along with the workability (slump) and compressive strength. Experimental results showed that FA and RFA-modified concrete exhibited higher workability than GBA-modified concrete. However, GBA-modified concrete achieved the highest compressive strength at the 30% replacement level. Concrete modified by each SCM demonstrated lower drying shrinkage and ASR expansion than conventional concrete. Considering the overall performance of concrete (drying shrinkage, ASR, workability, and compressive strength), a 20% replacement level of all SCMs would be optimum content.
How to Efficiently Determine the Range Precision of 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanners (2019)

As laser scanning technology has improved a lot in recent years, terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) have become popular devices for surveying tasks with high accuracy demands, such as deformation analyses. For this reason, finding a stochastic model for TLS measurements is very important in order to get statistically reliable results. The measurement accuracy of laser scanners-especially of their rangefinders-is strongly dependent on the scanning conditions, such as the scan configuration, the object surface geometry and the object reflectivity. This study demonstrates a way to determine the intensity-dependent range precision of 3D points for terrestrial laser scanners that measure in 3D mode by using range residuals in laser beam direction of a best plane fit. This method does not require special targets or surfaces aligned perpendicular to the scanner, which allows a much quicker and easier determination of the stochastic properties of the rangefinder. Furthermore, the different intensity types-raw and scaled-intensities are investigated since some manufacturers only provide scaled intensities. It is demonstrated that the intensity function can be derived from raw intensity values as written in literature, and likewise-in a restricted measurement volume-from scaled intensity values if the raw intensities are not available.
Targeting Chemokines and Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2011)

Abstract In this chapter, we will briefly review the role of chemokines, chemokine receptors, and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of arthritis. We will draw special attention to chemokines involved in neovascularization. Finally, we will describe studies on chemokine and angiogenesis targeting obtained in animal models of arthritis as well as in humans.
Yeast Homologous Recombination Cloning Leading to the Novel Peptides Ambactin and Xenolindicin (2014)

Heterologous production of GameXPeptide A (1), as well as of the novel peptide natural products ambactin (2) and xenolindicins A-C (3 a-c), was achieved by using the "overlap extension PCR-yeast homologous recombination" (ExRec) method. ExRec cloning is based on the ability of yeast to assemble overlapping DNA fragments into functional plasmids. Here we used this technique to clone a total of 15 biosynthesis gene clusters from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus with sizes of up to 45 kb. The structures of the novel compounds 2 and 3 a, which were produced in Escherichia coli, were elucidated by detailed MS and bioinformatics analysis, and additionally confirmed by their chemical synthesis.
Automatic image selection by means of a hierarchical scalable collection representation (2008)

This paper presents a system for automatic image selection for storytelling applications, like slideshows and photobooks, where targeting a specific image count is usually of high importance. A versatile image collection representation is introduced, which allows for automatic scalable selection in order to target a specific final image count, while preserving a good coverage of the event in order to maintain the storytelling potential of the selection. A hierarchical time clustering is presented, which is traversed at a specific hierarchy level in order to select images by alternating among all time clusters, and selecting the most relevant images in that cluster. The relevance ordering we use is based on a combination of features, namely, important people, smile detection, image appeal measures, and whether a nearduplicate of the image has already been selected. Once this Hierarchical Scalable Representation has been created, it can be reused to generate any target size selection. Two automatic image selection algorithms have been implemented, one that selects images from clusters with high average image relevance more frequently, and another one that selects images from larger clusters more frequently. The overall system has been used over the last year on several large image collections; the resulting selection was presented to their owners in the form of photo-books in order to get feedback, validating the presented approach.
Effect of inter-stimulus interval on the production of hearing loss from impulse noise (1975)

Two groups of monaural chinchilla were exposed to 50 155-dB p.e. SPL, 1-msec “A” duration impulses in an anechoic environment. Two interstimulus intervals (ISI) were used: 10 sec and 1 min. Pre- and postexposure measured of hearing were obtained by the auditory evoked response, and the status of all cochleas was determined by the surface preparation technique. The 10-sec ISI exposure produced nearly total losses of outer hair cells throughout the entire cochlea and from 25% to 50% losses of inner hair cells. All animals in this group had excessive TTS (50–90 dB) and median PTS values of 25–30 dB across the 0.25–8-kHz range. The 1-min ISI group, on the average, had significantly smaller hair cell losses, especially inner hair cells. Audiometrically, there was less TTS, and either no PTS or significantly smaller values of PTS, i.e., 0–15 dB across the 0.25–8-kHz range.
Microsensor Device for Simultaneously Measuring Moisture & Nutrient Substance Dynamics in Plants (2019)

To increase the productivity of crops, growth methods based on direct monitoring of physiological information in plants is required. In this study, we proposed a novel micro sensor device for simultaneously measuring moisture and nutrient substance dynamics in plant xylems. A nutrient substance dynamics sensor comprises an electrical conductivity (EC) sensor for measuring nutrient substance concentration and a resistance temperature detector (RTD) for temperature compensation of the EC value. To obtain a high-performance EC sensor, we fabricated a three-dimensional (3D) electrode on a needle-shaped Si probe based on micro-electromechanical system technology. We succeeded in fabricating an EC sensor equipped with a 3D electrode (cell constant of approximately 1200 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ) and an RTD and demonstrated the feasibility of measuring the nutrient substance dynamics in plants.
An Alternative Route Towards Metal–Polymer Hybrid Materials Prepared by Vapor‐Phase Processing (2011)

Abstract Transition metals incorporated into polymers lead to unusual or improved physical properties that significantly differ from those of purely organic polymers. A simple and practicable incorporation of diverse transition metals into any available polymer would make an important contribution to overcome some of the synthetic difficulties of metal‐polymer hybrid materials. Here, it is demonstrated that atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be a promising means to resolve some of those difficulties. It is found that even polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with its great physical and chemical stability can be easily transformed into a transition metal–PTFE hybrid material simply by applying a metal‐oxide ALD process to PTFE. Upon metal incorporation into the PTFE, the molecular structure as well as mechanical properties (tensile behavior) of PTFE were observed to significantly change. For a better understanding of the changes to the material, experimental investigations using Raman spectroscopy, attenuated‐total‐reflection Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis were performed. In addition, with density functional theory calculations, potential bonding states of the incorporated metal into PTFE were modeled and predicted. The ALD‐based vapor‐phase approach for metal incorporation into a polymer could bring about rapid progress in the research area of metal–polymer hybrid materials.
Changes in the Mutagenic and Estrogenic Activities of 17β-Estradiol after Treatment with Nitrite (2006)

We determined the changes in the mutagenic and estrogenic activities of 17beta-estradiol after a nitrite treatment. Nitrite-treated 17beta-estradiol showed mutagenic activities toward Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA 98. We confirmed that nitrite-treated 17beta-estradiol generated radicals from the results of an analysis of electron spin resonance. By applying an instrumental analysis, we identified 2-nitro-17beta-estradiol to have been formed in the reaction mixture. 2-Nitro-17beta-estradiol did not exhibit mutagenic activities toward Salmonella typhimurium strains, suggesting that other mutagens might have been formed in the reaction mixture. The clastogenic properties of nitrite-treated 17beta-estradiol and 2-nitro-17beta-estradiol were analyzed by a micronucleus test with male ICR mice. Nitrite-treated 17beta-estradiol and 2-nitro-17beta-estradiol induced a significantly higher frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes in mice. The estrogenic activity of 2-nitro-17beta-estradiol was found to be lower than that of 17beta-estradiol. These data suggest that a daily oral intake of 17beta-estradiol and nitrite might induce the formation of mutagenic compounds in our body.
Biochemical analysis and subcellular localization of a neutrophil-specific antigen, PMN-7, involved in the respiratory burst. (1985)

The adherence of serum-opsonized yeast to neutrophils results in phagocytosis of these particulate stimuli and activation of the respiratory burst. Both events are mediated or modulated in part by the surface receptors for IgG and complement. The link between the binding of complex particulate stimuli to the cell surface, and the triggering of these neutrophil functions, is not completely understood. We have previously described an anti-human neutrophil, murine monoclonal antibody PMN7C3, which specifically inhibits the respiratory burst of neutrophils stimulated with serum-opsonized yeast. In the present study, we show that the antigen recognized by PMN7C3 (PMN7 antigen) is present on a number of neutrophil proteins, including the recently described group of related leukocyte membrane glycoproteins CR3, LFA-1, and p150,95. The PMN-7 antigen differs from other antigens associated with the C3bi receptor complex (MAC 1, MO 1, OKM1, OKM10) in that it is present only on neutrophils among peripheral blood cells. Furthermore, the binding of PMN7C3 to the neutrophil surface inhibits the activation of the respiratory burst by serum opsonized zymosan without affecting phagocytosis of these particulate stimuli. The cross-linking of cell surface PMN7 antigen by multivalent antibody is associated with the capping and internalization of antigen-antibody complexes, and appears to be necessary for the expression of maximum inhibition of opsonized zymosan-triggered respiratory burst activity. PMN7C3 also binds to a group of granule-associated proteins biochemically distinct from CR3, LFA-1, and p150,95. These granule-associated proteins containing PMN7 antigen can be mobilized to the cell surface with secretion. PMN7 antigen-bearing proteins may play a role in modulating the activation of the respiratory burst associated with phagocytosis of serum-opsonize zymosan.
Small molecules organic photovoltaic devices based on the planar heterojunction porphyrin derivates/fullerene (2013)

In this paper, we studied of photoelectric properties of multilayer organic photovoltaic cells (OPV cells). The active organic layers consisted of a planar heterojunction between a layer of (meso-tetrakis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)porphyrin), (TBrTP) as electron donor (ED) and a layer fullerene molecules. For the manufacture of photovoltaic devices we use a the technique of high vacuum by thermal sublimation that allows multilayer devices realization easily by successive depositions, and it does not require solvents, achieving purer films with reproducible characteristics. The TBrTP allows achieving OPVCs exhibiting promising efficiencies when the ABL is the MoO 3 / CuI DABL. The CuI improves the current in the organic layer by one order of magnitude, which allows decreasing the series resistance of the OPVCs and therefore improving the OPVCs.
Compact High-Voltage Picosecond Generator Used as Pulsar Transient Radar Source (2005)

This article relates to the development of a fast compact pulse generator used as the generation system of an ultra wideband radar device called PULSAR for the French Technical Centre for Armament Electronics (CELAR) [1]. The design, the fabrication and the experimental results of a short pulse generation system are presented in this paper. This system, developed by the LGE (Laboratoire de Genie Electrique), deals with the association of a pulsed source to a coaxial generator in order to realise a peaking circuit. This generation system is able to generate pulses with 25 kV amplitude and 70 ps rise-time through a 50 Omega impedance. It is associated to a radiating structure. So, the IRCOM (Research Institute of Microwave and Optical Communications) has developed a new radiation device (antenna and balun made by Europulse company Cressensac, Lot, France). The antenna, called Dragonfly antenna [2], is able to support high peak voltage (25 kV) and has a very large bandwidth (300 MHz to 3 GHz) as well as a high gain along the axis (up to 12 dB). Main results concerning the new generator associated to the antenna are presented in this paper.
Retinal Microvasculature in Schizophrenia (2021)

The retinal microvasculature impairments seen in schizophrenia appear to be a biomarker of overall brain health, as is the case for multiple neurological conditions. Additional research is needed, however, to clarify contributions of social disadvantage and medical comorbidities to the findings.
Stooped Nanohairs: Geometry‐Controllable, Unidirectional, Reversible, and Robust Gecko‐like Dry Adhesive (2009)

A simple yet robust method to fabricate an array of stooped nanohairs is presented, with a proper choice of material and post e-beam exposure even for an aspect ratio of 10. The stooped nanohairs have the unidirectional feature of frictional adhesion with a remarkably high adhesion force (∼11 N cm−2). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Zirconium Alloy E635 as a Material for Fuel Rod Cladding and Other Components of VVER and RBMK Cores (1996)

Data are given on Zr alloy E635 (Zr-l.2Sn-lNb-0.4Fe), developed in Russia as a fuel rod cladding and other component material for use in cores of VVER and RBMK types. The alloy is much superior to binary alloys with 1.0 and 2.5% Nb and Zircaloys in terms of its resistance to irradiation-induced creep and growth and nodular corrosion. The creep rate of the alloy is slightly dependent on irradiation temperature, stress, neutron fluence, and neutron density. The alloy is subject to substantial irradiation hardening while retaining its high-percent elongation. Corrosion, creep, and growth resistances are slightly dependent on the structure of components (alloy, final product). Based on the previously studied influence of impurities, structure, heat treatment, and working schedules, the technological processes were designed and mastered commercially for fabrication of tubes, bars, strips, and fuel rod claddings from this alloy. Components are produced commercially. Fuel assemblies with fuel rods clad in the E635 alloy were successfully tested in the RBMK reactor at the Leningrad NPP as well as in experimental reactors under VVER-1000 conditions. Today, the E635 alloy is recommended as a promising material for use in cores of VVER-1000 and VVER of new generations as well as RBMK-type reactors having a longer fuel cycle.
Effects of Testosterone Administration for 3 Years on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Older Men With Low or Low-Normal Testosterone Levels (2015)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00287586.
1708 Characterization of Air-Liquid Interface in Horizontal Duct Based on Visualization of Liquid Film (2015)

Inside automobile engines, it is important to control the generation of liquid film and liquid film behavior. There have been some studies to classify steady wave or transition to breakup and scattering by cross-flow. However, clear visualization measurements of interaction between liquid film and cross-flow are also needed because transition and scattering are indefinite to be predicted. In our experiments, air from wind tunnel flows on the water film in a square duct, and the film is photographed using the high speed camera in various conditions of air and water velocities. It is found that the liquid film behavior can be definitely classified in four, that is smooth, wave, transition and scattering by dimensionless parameters. And the Kelvin-Helmholtz wave transition equation is applicable to transition region the beginning part of our work about the dimensionless numbers.
Data from Interferon-Induced IDO1 Mediates Radiation Resistance and Is a Therapeutic Target in Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Colorectal cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Chemotherapy and radiation remain standard treatment for locally advanced disease, with current immune-targeting therapies applying to only a small subset of patients. Expression of the immuno-oncology target indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is associated with poor colorectal cancer clinical outcomes but is understudied as a potential treatment target. In this study, we examined the interaction between the IDO1 pathway and radiotherapy in colorectal cancer. We used human and mouse colorectal cancer cell lines, organoids, mouse syngeneic colorectal cancer tumor graft models, and colorectal cancer tissues from patients who received radiotherapy. IDO1 activity was blocked using the clinical IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat and by genetic disruption. We found that radiation induced IDO1 overexpression in colorectal cancer through type I and II IFN signaling. IDO1 enzymatic activity directly influenced colorectal cancer radiation sensitivity. IDO1 inhibition sensitized colorectal cancer to radiation-induced cell death, whereas the IDO1 metabolite kynurenine promoted radioprotection. IDO1 inhibition also potentiated Th1 cytokines and myeloid cell–modulating factors in the tumor microenvironment and promoted an abscopal effect on tumors outside the radiation field. Conversely, IDO1 blockade protected the normal small intestinal epithelium from radiation toxicity and accelerated recovery from radiation-induced weight loss, indicating a role in limiting side effects. These data demonstrated that IDO1 inhibition potentiates radiotherapy effectiveness in colorectal cancer. The findings also provide rationale and mechanistic insight for the study of IDO1 inhibitors as adjuvant therapy to radiation in patients with locally advanced sporadic and colitis-associated colorectal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
05 LLDAS is an excellent outcome measure, but does it really capture patients with true LDA? (2022)

<h3></h3> The deployment of treat-to-target approaches requires the identification of feasible, attainable endpoints, that are empirically associated with improved patient outcomes. While remission is the goal of care, the AsiaPacific Lupus Collaboration set itself the task in 2013 of developing and validating a measure of low disease activity (LDA) for SLE, on the basis that remission as defined at that time was rarely attained, with the aspiration that a less stringent goal might still be associated with improved outcomes despite higher attainability. The use of careful consensus methodology yielded the Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS), which has now been shown in multiple independent cohorts to be attainable, but also highly protective from flare, damage accrual, low quality of life, and mortality. Validation studies include a multicentre prospective study, which confirmed that most definitions of remission were much less attainable but no more protective. Attainability is important, and the combination of strong protection and good attainability has seen LLDAS deployed in many clinical trials, both post hoc and a priori, where it has discriminated active treatment from placebo in at least five trials. <h3>Learning Objectives</h3> Discuss why, while remission is the goal of care for systemic lupus erythematosus, low disease activity may be more attainable and more pragmatic Describe how LLDAS is a thoroughly validated treat-to-target endpoint for SLE Explain why, compared with remission, the greater attainability of LLDAS enhances its performance as a clinical trial endpoint