gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vector-based signal processing and quantization for image and video compression (1995)

Image and video compression has become an increasingly important and active area. Many techniques have been developed in this area. Any compression technique can be modeled as a three-stage process. The first stage can be generally called a signal processing stage where an image or video signal is converted into a different domain. Usually, there is no or little loss of information in this stage. The second stage is quantization where loss of information occurs. The third stage is lossless coding that generates the compressed bit stream. The purpose of the signal processing stage is to convert an image or video signal into such a form that quantization can achieve better performance than without the signal processing stage. Because the quantization stage is the place where most of compression is achieved and loss of information occurs, it is naturally the central stage of any compression technique. Since scalar quantization or vector quantization may be used in the second stage, the operation in the first stage should be scalar-based or vector-based respectively in order to match the second stage so that the compression performance can be optimized. In this paper, we summarize the most recent research results on vector-based signal processing and quantization techniques that have shown high compression performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reactions of Enones with Isatins to Access Functionalized Spirooxindole Tetrahydropyrans: Scope, Derivatization, and Discovery of Bioactives. (2016)

Abstract A series of spirooxindole tetrahydropyrans (III) and (VIII) is prepared by an organocatalytic asymmetric hetero‐Diels—Alder reaction of isatins with enones.
Activation of the Insular Cortex During Dynamic Exercise in Humans (1997)

1. The insular cortex has been implicated as a region of cortical cardiovascular control, yet its role during exercise remains undefined. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether the insular cortex was activated during volitional dynamic exercise and to evaluate further its role as a site for regulation of autonomic activity. 2. Eight subjects were studied during voluntary active cycling and passively induced cycling. Additionally, four of the subjects underwent passive movement combined with electrical stimulation of the legs. 3. Increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution were determined for each individual using single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) co-registered with magnetic resonance (MR) images to define exact anatomical sites of cerebral activation during each condition. 4. The rCBF significantly increased in the left insula during active, but not passive cycling. There were no significant changes in rCBF for the right insula. Also, the magnitude of rCBF increase for leg primary motor areas was significantly greater for both active cycling and passive cycling combined with electrical stimulation compared with passive cycling alone. 5. These findings provide the first evidence of insular activation during dynamic exercise in humans, suggesting that the left insular cortex may serve as a site for cortical regulation of cardiac autonomic (parasympathetic) activity. Additionally, findings during passive cycling with electrical stimulation support the role of leg muscle afferent input towards the full activation of leg motor areas.
Impact of maternal diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccination on pertussis booster immune responses in toddlers: Follow-up of a randomized trial (2021)

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02853929.
Synthesis and Tautomerism of Substituted Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyrazoles (2013)

Abstract Fused five‐membered nitrogen heterocycles comprise a very important group of compounds frequently utilized in pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we report the first systematic synthesis of substituted pyrazolo[4,3‐ c ]pyrazoles and three regioisomers of their N ‐methyl derivatives. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy in solution and selected compounds also were studied by X‐ray diffraction in the solid state. 1 H, 13 C, and 15 N NMR spectroscopic data for all isomers were interpreted by DFT calculations of nuclear shielding constants and indirect spin–spin coupling constants. The N ‐methyl isomers were used in the following steps as model compounds to investigate a potential N 1‐H/ N 4‐H, N 2‐H/ N 4‐H, and N 1‐H/ N 5‐H tautomerism of 3,6‐substituted pyrazolo[4,3‐ c ]pyrazoles by using low‐temperature NMR spectroscopy. All bases were shown to occur predominantly in the N 1‐H/ N 4‐H tautomeric form and the structure of minor form was governed by the substituents at positions 3 and 6. Stabilities of individual tautomeric forms are calculated by DFT methods and discussed. A relationship between the tautomeric populations and the ratios among N ‐methyl isomers obtained upon methylation of selected bases in solution are investigated.
Optimal Ridge Detection using Coverage Risk (2015)

We introduce the concept of coverage risk as an error measure for density ridge estimation. The coverage risk generalizes the mean integrated square error to set estimation. We propose two risk estimators for the coverage risk and we show that we can select tuning parameters by minimizing the estimated risk. We study the rate of convergence for coverage risk and prove consistency of the risk estimators. We apply our method to three simulated datasets and to cosmology data. In all the examples, the proposed method successfully recover the underlying density structure.
Chromosomal localization of the human proenkephalin and prodynorphin genes. (1988)

DNA probes derived from rat and human proenkephalin and prodynorphin genes have been used to localize these two opiate neuropeptide genes on human chromosomes. Hybridization of probes to Southern blots made with DNAs from a rodent-human somatic-cell hybrid panel indicates localization of proenkephalin to human chromosome 8 and of prodynorphin to human chromosome 20. In situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes confirms these assignments and indicates regional localizations of proenkephalin to 8q23-q24 and of prodynorphin to 20p12-pter. A human genomic prodynorphin clone reveals a frequent two-allele TaqI polymorphism.
431 kA/cm2 peak tunneling current density in GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes (2018)

We report on the design and fabrication of high current density GaN/AlN double barrier resonant tunneling diodes grown via plasma assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on bulk GaN substrates. A quantum-transport solver was used to model and optimize designs with high levels of doping and ultra-thin AlN barriers. The devices displayed repeatable room temperature negative differential resistance with peak-to-valley current ratios ranging from 1.20 to 1.60. A maximum peak tunneling current density (Jp) of 431 kA/cm2 was observed. Cross-gap near-UV (370–385 nm) electroluminescence (EL) was observed above +6 V when holes, generated from a polarization induced Zener tunneling effect, recombine with electrons in the emitter region. Analysis of temperature dependent measurements, thermal resistance, and the measured EL spectra revealed the presence of severe self-heating effects.
Formation and evolution of ultrafine particles produced by radiolysis and photolysis (1980)

Results are presented, concerning the formation, the size distribution, and the behavior of ultrafine particles produced by α disintegration of actinon and UV irradiation in filtered and natural atmospheric air. The characterization of these particles is obtained by electrical aerosol analyzer and diffusion battery method. Measurements are made in the range between 0.003 and 0.5 μm. Some qualitative indications are obtained on the different mechanisms which govern the evolution of ultrafine particles in the atmosphere (nucleation, coagulation, and condensation).
Elemental Analysis of Impact Residues in Craters on the Stardust Interstellar Foils (2019)

CRATERS ON THE STARDUST INTERSTELLAR FOILS. R. M. Stroud, C. Allen, A. Asnari, S. Bajt, N. Bassim, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, R. Doll, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grun, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, B. Hvite, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, P. G. Kotula, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, A. Leonard, H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, W. J. Ong, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, K. Schreiber, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, and >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. ISPE author affiliations are at http://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/~westphal/ISPE/.
Challenges to deployment of twenty-first century nuclear reactor systems (2017)

The science and engineering of materials have always been fundamental to the success of nuclear power to date. They are also the key to the successful deployment and operation of a new generation of nuclear reactor systems and their associated fuel cycles. This article reflects on some of the historical issues, the challenges still prevalent today and the requirement for significant ongoing materials R&D and discusses the potential role of small modular reactors.
VEGF gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (2004)

Our data suggest that the VEGF gene may play a role in the development of RA
Suppression of self pulsing in Yb-doped fiber lasers with cooling by liquid nitrogen (2007)

High power Yb-doped fiber laser amplifier, self-pulsing is problem for instability and optical damage. Simple ring type resonator was consisted to observe the self-pulsing. The sustained self-pulsing observed in room temperature (RT) was restrained in liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT).
Immunoglobulin Responses at the Mucosal Interface (2011)

Mucosal surfaces are colonized by large communities of commensal bacteria and represent the primary site of entry for pathogenic agents. To prevent microbial intrusion, mucosal B cells release large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules through multiple follicular and extrafollicular pathways. IgA is the most abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions and owes its success in frontline immunity to its ability to undergo transcytosis across epithelial cells. In addition to translocating IgA onto the mucosal surface, epithelial cells educate the mucosal immune system as to the composition of the local microbiota and instruct B cells to initiate IgA responses that generate immune protection while preserving immune homeostasis. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the cellular interactions and signaling pathways governing IgA production at mucosal surfaces and discuss new findings on the regulation and function of mucosal IgD, the most enigmatic isotype of our mucosal antibody repertoire.
Longitudinal somatic mutational biomonitoring of genotoxic breast cancer chemotherapy reveals considerable interindividual variability in bone marrow response with potential clinical significance (2006)

1957 Cancer is the paradigm for late-onset diseases known to occur through a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. Molecular toxicologists have developed a broad spectrum of methods to detect carcinogenic agents, including assays of biological function in vivo. Traditional firstline cancer chemotherapy is based on genotoxicity; that is, agents that kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA. Mutagenesis and genotoxicity are the most clearly established mechanisms of carcinogenesis, so, in many cases, genotoxicity assays are “validated” by analyzing patients undergoing chemotherapy. Such analyses often reveal a great range of response, which we suggest may be of clinical import. Since these drugs are delivered directly to the bloodstream there should be little difference in uptake or distribution between treated individuals. Variability in response might therefore be due to differences in elimination of the genotoxic agents or differences in repairing DNA damage. Chemotherapy dose is limited by its effects on normal cell-types, particularly the hematopoietic progenitor cells of the bone marrow. We have developed a fast, simple and inexpensive method of detecting and quantifying bone marrow somatic mutation. The GPA assay evaluates allele loss phenotypes in circulating erythrocytes that arise through somatic mutation in the bone marrow. We have applied this assay to 24 breast cancer patients undergoing five types of genotoxic chemotherapy. We find great (20-200 fold) variation in induced mutation between these patients, fully half of whom showed low to no response to their firstline chemotherapy. This variability in response might be due to differences in metabolism of the genotoxic agents or differences in repairing DNA damage. We are investigating whether our quantitative measure of bone marrow response is associated with clinical parameters of acute toxicity, treatment efficacy and secondary carcinogenesis. Preliminary data suggest that, in its present form, the GPA assay responds too slowly to identify the effects of individual chemotherapeutic cycles, and therefore to identify cycles associated with such acute toxicity. We, and others, have previously shown that persistent levels of induced mutation reflects effects on the bone marrow stem cells, and that such effects are associated with secondary carcinogenesis. We now present preliminary evidence that induced bone marrow mutation is predictive of clinical efficacy, offering the possibility of individually adjusting dose and drug during treatment for optimal effect.
A New Renormalized Form of the Boltzmann Equation (2003)

On the basis of a recently discovered collision group, the Boltzmann collision integral is exactly rewritten in two parts. The first part describes the scattering of particles with small angles. In this part the infinity due to the infinite cross sections is extracted from the Boltzmann collision integral. Moreover, the Boltzmann collision integral is exactly represented as a divergence of the flow in velocity space. Owing to this, the role of collisions in the kinetic equation can be interpreted in terms of the non‐local friction force that depends on the distribution function.
Coronary stents: Impact on modern interventional practice (1999)

SummaryThere has been a rapid increase in coronary-stent placement as part of routine coronary angioplasty in the last few years. There are many reasons for this, including rapid developments in stent and balloon technology, which have resulted in low-profile, securely balloon-mounted stents, facilitating placement in complex coronary lesions. The indications for stent placement have been widened so that not placing a stent takes place in only a significant minority of procedures. In many centres stent placement accompanies > 70% of coronary angioplasty procedures. New developments in stent technology, including covered stents, coated stents and stents for particular uses, such as bifurcation lesions, continue to expand the indications for this type of angioplasty technology. The increased use of stents has been facilitated by the introduction of effective new antiplatelet drugs, which have reduced the need for systemic anticoagulation of stented patients. There are strong indications that stent placement affects the natural history of restenosis following angioplasty, significantly reducing the incidence of this condition.
Integrated VTI model building with seismic data, geologic information, and rock-physics modeling — Part 1: Theory and synthetic test (2016)

ABSTRACT Seismic anisotropy plays an important role in structural imaging and lithologic interpretation. However, anisotropic model building is a challenging underdetermined inverse problem. It is well-understood that single component pressure wave seismic data recorded on the upper surface are insufficient to resolve a unique solution for velocity and anisotropy parameters. To overcome the limitations of seismic data, we have developed an integrated model building scheme based on Bayesian inference to consider seismic data, geologic information, and rock-physics knowledge simultaneously. We have performed the prestack seismic inversion using wave-equation migration velocity analysis (WEMVA) for vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) models. This image-space method enabled automatic geologic interpretation. We have integrated the geologic information as spatial model correlations, applied on each parameter individually. We integrate the rock-physics information as lithologic model correlations, bringing additional information, so that the parameters weakly constrained by seismic are updated as well as the strongly constrained parameters. The constraints provided by the additional information help the inversion converge faster, mitigate the ambiguities among the parameters, and yield VTI models that were consistent with the underlying geologic and lithologic assumptions. We have developed the theoretical framework for the proposed integrated WEMVA for VTI models and determined the added information contained in the regularization terms, especially the rock-physics constraints.
Structural and biosensor analyses of a synthetic biotinylated peptide probe for the isolation of adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein complexes (2001)

Large numbers of colon tumors stem from mutations in the gene coding for the production of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein. This protein contains a coiled-coil N-terminal domain that is known to be responsible for homodimerization. Previous work by others has led to the design of a specific 54-residue anti-APC peptide (anti-APCp1) that dimerizes preferentially with this domain. We have undertaken the chemical synthesis of a modified form of this peptide (anti-APCp2) that bears a biotin moiety at its N-terminus for use in subsequent ligand-binding analysis studies. The peptide was subjected to comprehensive chemical characterization to confirm its purity. Secondary structural analysis by circular dichroism spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the peptide could assume a wide range of potential conformations, depending upon the precise microenvironment. Significantly, a stable alpha-helical structure was generated when the solvent conditions supported intramolecular salt-bridge formation along the helix barrel. The biotinylated anti-APCp2 was immobilized onto a streptavidin sensor surface, in a specific orientation leaving all amino acids available to form a coiled structure. In one experiment, injection of colonic cell lysate extracts (LIM1215) onto a size-exclusion column resulted in the isolation of a high molecular mass protein peak (> 600 kDa) that reacted specifically with the immobilized anti-APCp2 on the biosensor surface. In another experiment, a high molecular mass protein (M(r) > 250 kDa on SDS-PAGE) could be specifically immunoprecipitated from this peak using either the anti-APCp2 peptide or an anti-APC polyclonal antibody. This demonstrates the specific interaction between the anti-APCp2 peptide and native APC and highlights the potential use of the former peptide in a multidimensional micropreparative chromatographic/biosensor/proteomic protocol for the purification of APC alone and APC complexed with different biopolymers in various cell lines, and stages of tumor development.
Acute Psychological Stress Accelerates Reverse Cholesterol Transport via Corticosterone-Dependent Inhibition of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption (2012)

Acute psychological stress accelerated RCT by compromising intestinal cholesterol absorption. The present results uncover a novel functional connection between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and RCT that can be triggered by a stress-induced increase in circulating CORT.
The Impact of Sub-Millisecond Damage Fixation Kinetics on the In Vitro Sparing Effect at Ultra-High Dose Rate in UNIVERSE (2022)

The impact of the exact temporal pulse structure on the potential cell and tissue sparing of ultra-high dose-rate irradiation applied in FLASH studies has gained increasing attention. A previous version of our biophysical mechanistic model (UNIVERSE: UNIfied and VERSatile bio response Engine), based on the oxygen depletion hypothesis, has been extended in this work by considering oxygen-dependent damage fixation dynamics on the sub-milliseconds scale and introducing an explicit implementation of the temporal pulse structure. The model successfully reproduces in vitro experimental data on the fast kinetics of the oxygen effect in irradiated mammalian cells. The implemented changes result in a reduction in the assumed amount of oxygen depletion. Furthermore, its increase towards conventional dose-rates is parameterized based on experimental data from the literature. A recalculation of previous benchmarks shows that the model retains its predictive power, while the assumed amount of depleted oxygen approaches measured values. The updated UNIVERSE could be used to investigate the impact of different combinations of pulse structure parameters (e.g., dose per pulse, pulse frequency, number of pulses, etc.), thereby aiding the optimization of potential clinical application and the development of suitable accelerators.
Scalable architectures for integrated traffic shaping and link scheduling in high-speed ATM switches (1997)

Emerging broad-band switches must accommodate the diverse traffic parameters and quality-of-service requirements of voice, data, and video applications. End-to-end performance guarantees depend on connections complying with traffic contracts as their cells travel through the network. This paper presents a leaky-bucket shaper architecture that scales to a large number of connections with diverse burstiness and bandwidth parameters. In contrast to existing designs, the proposed architecture arbitrates fairly between connections with conforming cells by carefully integrating leaky-bucket traffic shaping with rate-based scheduling algorithms. Through a careful combination of per-connection queueing and approximate sorting, the shaper performs a small, bounded number of operations in response to each arrival and departure, independent of the number of connections and cells. When the shaper must handle a wide range of rate parameters, a hierarchical arbitration scheme can reduce the implementation overheads and further limit interference between competing connections. Through simulation experiments, we demonstrate that the architecture limits cell-shaping delay and traffic distortions, even in periods of heavy congestion. The efficient combination of traffic shaping and link scheduling results in an effective architecture for managing buffer and bandwidth resources in large, high-speed ATM switches.