gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An overview and comparison of TV white space regulations worldwide (2014)

The use of unlicensed wireless devices in TV White Spaces (TVWS) is gaining traction worldwide as a mean to increase spectrum utilization of TV bands. Regulators around the world have released or preparing the regulation frameworks for unlicensed wireless devices operating in TVWS to regulate these white space devices (WSDs). As the use of WSDs is still mostly in trial stages and the switchover from analogue to digital TV is not completed worldwide, the regulators have regular updates to the regulations of WSDs after accumulating more knowledge from the trials. In this paper, we provide an overview and comparisons of the latest TVWS regulations in major regions such as North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. We will point out the rationale for some of the differences so that readers are aware of the various parameters to watch out for when using TVWS.
Biomechanical Comparison of a Fully Threaded, Variable Pitch Screw and a Partially Threaded Lag Screw for Internal Fixation of Type II Dens Fractures (2007)

A headless, fully threaded variable pitch screw was biomechanically favorable in comparison with a partially threaded lag screw and washer in this cadaver model of Type II dens fractures. The mode of failure at the C2 vertebral body may have important implications for further improvements in construct strength.
Temperature-insensitive strain measurement with PM-PCF based Sagnac interferometer (2007)

Temperature-insensitive strain measurement is realized by using a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibre (PM-PCF) Sagnac interferometer. The achieved sensitivity is 0.23 pm/μɛ. The measurement range, by stretching the PM-PCF only, is up to 32 mɛ. (2 pages)
A high-pressure phase of polyethylene and chain-extended growth (1974)

Optical and x-ray observations of polyethylene have been made at high pressures and temperatures using a gasketed diamond-anvil cell. The experiments confirm the existence of the high-pressure phase previously postulated by Bassett and Turner. The new phase is hexagonal, with orthohexagonal lattice parameters of a = 8.46 Å and b = 4.88 Å. Comparison with the previously measured volume change indicates that there is a decrease in the c dimension to 2.45 Å per ethylene unit in transforming from orthorhombic to hexagonal structures. The likely implication is that the molecules in the hexagonal phase do not have an all-trans conformation. Chain-extended growth is the result of crystallization from the melt into the hexagonal phase, whereas chain-folded growth is the familiar process of melt crystallization.into the orthorhombic phase. Chain-extended lamellae are observed to grow outwards behind a growing edge with a permanent narrowed profile, showing that the lamellar thickness is determined in a region extending several microns behind the growth front.
A randomized phase II trial of continuous infusion interleukin-2 or bolus injection interleukin-2 plus lymphokine-activated killer cells for advanced renal cell carcinoma. (1992)

Both methods of high-dose rIL-2/LAK cell administration produce nearly equivalent anticancer activity and toxicity in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. The ability to predict responding patients based on patient or treatment characteristics is not possible.
Road images augmentation with synthetic traffic signs using neural networks (2021)

Traffic sign recognition is a well-researched problem in computer vision. However, the state of the art methods works only for frequent sign classes, which are well represented in training datasets. We consider the task of rare traffic sign detection and classification. We aim to solve that problem by using synthetic training data. Such training data is obtained by embedding synthetic images of signs in the real photos. We propose three methods for making synthetic signs consistent with a scene in appearance. These methods are based on modern generative adversarial network (GAN) architectures. Our proposed methods allow realistic embedding of rare traffic sign classes that are absent in the training set. We adapt a variational autoencoder for sampling plausible locations of new traffic signs in images. We demonstrate that using a mixture of our synthetic data with real data improves the accuracy of both classifier and detector.
ChemInform Abstract: Deca‐heterosubstituted Corannulenes. (2012)

Abstract The synthesis of the novel title compounds is presented by using an important excess of base.
Programming Windows NT 4 unleashed (1996)

Aimed at those who already have an understanding of C++, this book provides information on programming Windows NT 4.0. It is applicable to both the workstation and the server versions of Windows NT and also includes coverage of Back Office programming.
Transcriptional responses to exposure to the brassicaceous defence metabolites camalexin and allyl‐isothiocyanate in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola (2007)

SUMMARY Alternaria brassicicola is the causative agent of black spot disease of Brassicaceae belonging to the genera Brassica and Raphanus. During host infection, A. brassicicola is exposed to high levels of antimicrobial defence compounds such as indolic phytoalexins and glucosinolate breakdown products. To investigate the transcriptomic response of A. brassicicola when challenged with brassicaceous defence metabolites, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed to generate two cDNA libraries from germinated conidia treated either with allyl isothiocyanate (Al-ITC) or with camalexin. Following exposure to Al-ITC, A. brassicicola displayed a response similar to that experienced during oxidative stress. Indeed, a substantial subset of differentially expressed genes was related to cell protection against oxidative damage. Treatment of A. brassicicola conidia with the phytoalexin camalexin appeared to activate a compensatory mechanism to preserve cell membrane integrity and, among the camalexin-elicited genes, several were involved in sterol and sphingolipid biosynthesis. The transcriptomic analysis suggested that protection against the two tested compounds also involved mechanisms aimed at limiting their intracellular accumulation, such as melanin biosynthesis (in the case of camalexin exposure only) and drug efflux. From the Al-ITC and the camalexin differentially expressed genes identified here, 25 were selected to perform time-course studies during interactions with brassicaceous hosts. In planta, up-regulation of all the selected genes was observed during infection of Raphanus sativus whereas only a subset were over-expressed during the incompatible interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia.
Nucleation and Growth of PbBrF Crystals at the Liquid Mercury–Electrolyte Interface Studied by Operando X-ray Scattering (2020)

Detailed <i>in operando</i> studies of electrochemically induced PbBrF deposition at the liquid mercury/liquid electrolyte interface are presented. The nucleation and growth were monitored using time-resolved X-ray diffraction and reflectivity combined with electrochemical measurements, revealing a complex potential-dependent behavior. PbBrF deposition commences at potentials above -0.7 V with the rapid formation of an ultrathin adlayer of one unit cell thickness, on top of which (001)-oriented three-dimensional crystallites are formed. Two potential regimes are identified. At low overpotentials, slow growth of a low surface density film of large crystals is observed. At high overpotentials, crossover to a potential-independent morphology occurs, consisting of a compact PbBrF deposit with a saturation thickness of 25 nm, which forms within a few minutes. This potential behavior can be rationalized by the increasing supersaturation near the interface, caused by the potential-dependent Pb<sup>2+</sup> deamalgamation, which changes from a slow reaction-controlled process to a fast transport-controlled process in this range of overpotentials. In addition, growth on the liquid substrate is found to involve complex micromechanical effects, such as crystal reorientation and film breakup during dissolution.
Evidence That Sulfur Deficiency Enhances Molybdenum Transport in Xylem Sap of Tomato Plants (2005)

ABSTRACT The findings of an experiment using serially harvested young tomato plants grown in water culture are reported, showing the dramatic influence of sulfur status of the nutrient medium on transport of molybdenum in xylem sap. On average for the five harvests taken over a 14 d growth period, the molybdenum (Mo) concentration in the sap was approximately 11 times greater in the absence of sulfate in the nutrient medium. Restoring sulfate to the nutrient medium without sulfur (S) on day four of the experiment depressed the Mo concentration of the sap at the next harvest (taken three days later) to a value similar to that in plants receiving sulfate from the onset of the growth period and, similarly, raised the S concentration as well. Rates of transport of Mo as measured by root pressure exudates were slightly less spectacular, as S deficiency depressed the rate of exudation. The results support the concept that sulfate and molybdate compete for the same carrier and transport sites in uptake, and that sulfate deficiency leads to excess Mo uptake. The findings are of little consequence for plant cultivation, as plants are tolerant to elevated Mo concentrations, but are relevant to animal nutrition—particularly that of ruminants, which are susceptible to excess Mo and Mo-induced copper (Cu) deficiency.
Towards the selection of chickens resistant to Salmonella and Campylobacter infections. (2009)

Resistance to infection with enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter can be at many levels and include both non-immune and immune mechanisms. Immune resistance mechanisms can be specific, at the level of the adaptive immune response, or non-specific, at the level of the innate immune response. Whilst we can extrapolate to some degree in birds from what is known about immune responses to these pathogens in mammals, chickens are not "feathered mice", but have a different repertoire of genes, molecules, cells and organs involved in their immune response compared to mammals. Fundamental work on the chicken's immune response to enteric pathogens is therefore still required. Our studies focus particularly on the innate immune response, as responses of heterophils (the avian neutrophil equivalent) from commercial birds, and macrophages from inbred lines of chickens, correlate with resistance or susceptibility to Salmonella infection with a variety of Salmonella serovars and infection models. We work on two basic resistance mechanisms - resistance to colonization with Salmonella or Campylobacter, and resistance to systemic salmonellosis (or fowl typhoid). To map genes involved in resistance to colonization with Salmonella and Campylobacter, we are using a combination of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) from microarray studies, allied with whole genome SNP arrays (WGA), a candidate gene approach and analysis of copy number variation across the genome. For resistance to systemic salmonellosis, we have refined the location ofa novel resistance locus on Chromosome 5, designated SAL1, using high density SNP panels, combined with advanced back-crossing of resistant and susceptible lines. Using a 6th generation backcross mapping population we have confirmed and refined the SAL1 locus to 8-00 kb of Chromosome 5. This region spans 14 genes, including two very striking functional candidates; CD27-binding protein (Siva) and the RAC-alpha serine/threonine protein kinase homologue, AKT1.
Solid state switches for high frequency operation as thyratron replacements (2013)

Applied Pulsed Power (“APP”) has developed a thyristor based switch capable of replacing thyratrons in many high-frequency, high current, high-voltage, pulsed power applications. The switch can operate at frequencies up to 500 pps, voltages of 32kV or higher and maximum fault currents of 14kA, and have lifetimes of more than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> pulses [1]. Lower frequency models of our thyristor based thyratron replacement switches are currently in use at CERN, Argonne National Lab and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory [2]. They offer advantages over thyratron switches in cost, lifetime, size, weight and maintenance requirements.
Hepatitis B e antigen-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis. Correlation of ultrastructural changes with HBeAg in the serum and glomeruli. (1981)

Immunopathologic findings in the glomeruli of six children with membranous glomerulonephritis who were carriers of hepatitis B virus were compared with serum markers of hepatitis B virus infection. Four of the patients were positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the serum, were grossly proteinuric, and had abnormal liver function tests. Deposition of HBeAg, together with immunoglobulins and beta 1C, was found in the glomeruli of these patients. On electron microscopy, numerous electron-dense deposits were identified on and within the glomerular basement membrane. The remaining two patients were seropositive for antibody against HBeAg (anti-HBe); although they had previously suffered from active membranous glomerulonephritis with massive proteinuria, they were no longer proteinuric at the time of the last renal biopsy. Deposition of HBeAg was not detected in their glomeruli. Electron microscopic observation disclosed numerous electron-lucent areas which had replaced electron-dense deposits, indicating regression of the disease processes. These results delineate the etiologic role of HBeAg in maintaining active membranous changes and suggest that patients with HBeAg-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis may remit as they seroconvert from HBeAg to anti-HBe.
An Efficient Routing Protocol Using the History of Delivery Predictability in Opportunistic Networks (2018)

In opportunistic networks such as delay tolerant network, a message is delivered to a final destination node using the opportunistic routing protocol since there is no guaranteed routing path from a sending node to a receiving node and most of the connections between nodes are temporary. In opportunistic routing, a message is delivered using a ‘store-carry-forward’ strategy, where a message is stored in the buffer of a node, a node carries the message while moving, and the message is forwarded to another node when a contact occurs. In this paper, we propose an efficient opportunistic routing protocol using the history of delivery predictability of mobile nodes. In the proposed routing protocol, if a node receives a message from another node, the value of the delivery predictability of the receiving node to the destination node for the message is managed, which is defined as the previous delivery predictability. Then, when two nodes contact, a message is forwarded only if the delivery predictability of the other node is higher than both the delivery predictability and previous delivery predictability of the sending node. Performance analysis results show that the proposed protocol performs best, in terms of delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and delivery latency for varying buffer size, message generation interval, and the number of nodes.
Drug use, HIV, HCV and TB: major interlinked challenges in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2014)

Eastern Europe and Central Asia have the largest drug epidemic globally and the fastest and still expanding HIV epidemic. The Russian Federation and Ukraine together account for over 90% of the reported AIDS cases in the region. If small in absolute numbers, the epidemics are however significant in prevalence rate in most countries of Central Asia. Most heroin and many of the new synthetic or home-made drugs are injected, which has led to high prevalence levels (up to 90%) of HCV infection in people who inject drugs (PWID). The two epidemics of HIV and HCV are in turn interlinked with TB and MDR-TB that are highly prevalent among marginalized populations in the region. Despite progress in the last two years, access to antiretroviral treatment remains far below global levels and increases more slowly than new reported cases of HIV. Access to prevention is limited with low coverage of needle exchange programs and very low or inexistent access to opioid substitutive therapy. There are few exceptions to this situation, including Ukraine where harm reduction programs are being scaled up together with significant peer outreach programs for PWIDs. This is likely to be the reason why the epidemic curves in the Russian Federation and Ukraine are now diverging. The region faces many structural, cultural, societal and political obstacles in responding to these quadruple epidemics. Without a significantly expanded and strengthened response, these epidemics will remain major causes of illness and premature deaths in the region.
<title>Overview of fiber grating-based sensors</title> (1996)

Optical fiber sensor technology based on intra-core Bragg gratings has been used in a number of important application areas ranging from structural monitoring to chemical sensing. Practical and cost effective systems are not far in the future judging from advances in grating manufacture and sensor readout instrumentation. Fiber grating technology is not driven by its use in sensors but rather by valuable applications in dense, broadband WDM telecommunications. In this paper, we review the fundamentals of Bragg grating sensors and discuss various means for wavelength-shift demodulation, separation of temperature and strain responses and new directions that will offer additional capabilities.
Estimation of the State of the Bacterial Cell Wall by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (1998)

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is now a widely used method for identification of bacteria at the single-cell level. With gram-positive bacteria, the thick peptidoglycan layer of a cell wall presents a barrier for entry of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled probes. Therefore, such probes do not give any signal in FISH unless cells are first treated with enzymes which hydrolyze the peptidoglycan. We explored this feature of FISH to detect cells which have undergone permeabilization due to expression of autolytic enzymes. Our results indicate that FISH performed with HRP-labeled probes provides a sensitive method to estimate the states of cell walls of individual gram-positive bacteria.
Correlation between structure and glycogen content of livers from rats on a controlled feeding schedule (1973)

Abstract Male rats were maintained on a controlled feeding schedule and groups of animals sacrificed at 2, 15, 21, 36, 48 and 72 hours of fasting. Chemical determinations of glycogen showed that livers of rats fasted two hours contained 8.7% glycogen; 15 hours, 6.2%; 21 hours, 0.7%; 36 hours, 0.7%; 48 hours, 0.8%; and 72 hours, 0.4%. After PA/S procedures, glycogen appeared in hepatocytes of rats fasted 2 and 15 hours as large masses intensely stained. At these time‐periods, almost all cells contained significant quantities of glycogen but hepatocytes located toward portal tracts showed larger and more intensely stained masses of glycogen than found in cells near central veins. After longer periods of fasting, glycogen masses decreased in size, number, and staining intensity. The fine structure of hepatocytes from rats fasted 2 or 15 hours showed abundant α and β particles of glycogen in the form of large masses throughout the cytosome. These correlated in position and shape to the masses of glycogen seen in the light microscope. As glycogen depletion occurred (fasted 21 hours and longer) the number of glycogen particles decreased in hepatocytes. It is concluded from this study that a good correlation exists between chemical determinations of hepatic glycogen, cytochemistry of glycogen in hepatocytes, fine structure of liver cells, and the fasting state of the animal.
Spin Polarization of Field-Emitted Electrons and Magnetism at the (100) Surface of Ni (1977)

The electron spin polarization of field-emitted electrons from atomically clean, field-evaporated in ultrahigh vacuum, single-crystal Ni tips has been measured with the probe hole selecting emission from the high-work-function (100) plane. We find $P=(\ensuremath{-}3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)%$ (magnetic moment antiparallel to the magnetization of the crystal). From an analysis of these and recent photoemission data we conclude that the magnetic (and electronic) properties of the surface and bulk Ni must be very similar.
Importance of Spin-Orbit Interaction for the Electron Spin Relaxation in Organic Semiconductors (2013)

Despite the great interest organic spintronics has recently attracted, there is only a partial understanding of the fundamental physics behind electron spin relaxation in organic semiconductors. Mechanisms based on hyperfine interaction have been demonstrated, but the role of the spin-orbit interaction remains elusive. Here, we report muon spin spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on two series of molecular semiconductors in which the strength of the spin-orbit interaction has been systematically modified with a targeted chemical substitution of different atoms at a particular molecular site. We find that the spin-orbit interaction is a significant source of electron spin relaxation in these materials.
Circulating vitamin D during neoadjuvant therapy in high-risk rectal cancer. (2018)

e15532 Background: Following curative intention neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer, metastatic progression is still dominant. We investigated if patient’s circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level was associated with outcome. Methods: Serum 25(OH)D concentration was assessed in samples collected from 84 patients at baseline, completion of the neoadjuvant therapy, and treatment evaluation before surgery, and analyzed with respect to the season of diagnosis, disease presentation, and treatment effects. Results: In the cohort of patients residing at latitude 58-62°N, baseline 25(OH)D levels differed significantly over the seasons, with highest measures (mean of 71.2±5.6 nmol/L) in summer and lowest (48.7±4.5 nmol/L) in spring, and changed over the three-month neoadjuvant period till response evaluation solely owing to season. Patients with slightly reduced performance status or anemia, as well as those with T4 disease that did not respond to the neoadjuvant therapy (ypT4 cases), had significantly lower baseline 25(OH)D levels ( < 50 nmol/L) than T4 cases with response (ypT0-3) and T2-3 cases ( > 60 nmol/L). A third of patients with T4 disease had particularly low 25(OH)D ( < 35 nmol/L). Compared to the T4 patients with levels > 50 nmol/L, regarded as adequate for bone health, those presenting levels below had significantly heightened risk of disease progression (mainly metastasis) and death, with hazard ratio of 3.21 and 17.5, respectively. Conclusions: Rectal cancer T4 cases had high risk of metastatic progression and death if circulating 25(OH)D levels were insufficient but obtained short-term and long-term outcome to neoadjuvant treatment no worse than patients with T2-3 disease when 25(OH)D was sufficient. Clinical trial information: NCT00278694.25(OH)D, nmol/L T2-3 cases T4 cases < 50 ≥50 p1 < 50 ≥50 p1 PFS No. at risk 18 35 14 17 No. of events 4 12 9 6 Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 0.548 (0.176-1.71) Referent 0.30 3.21 (1.08-9.54) Referent 0.036 OS No. at risk 18 35 14 17 No. of events 2 5 7 1 Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 0.594 (0.110-3.22) Referent 0.55 17.5 (1.98-155) Referent 0.010 PFS = progression-free survival, OS = overall survival, HR = hazard ratio, CI = confidence interval 1 Estimated by Cox proportional hazard model 2 Adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index