gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MOCVD and ALD of High‐k Dielectric Oxides Using Alkoxide Precursors (2006)

Abstract A number of high‐permittivity (κ) dielectric oxides are currently being investigated as alternatives to SiO 2 as the dielectric insulating layer in sub‐0.1 μm CMOS technology. Metal‐organic (MO)CVD and atomic layer deposition (ALD) are promising techniques for the deposition of these high‐κ dielectric oxides. In this paper it is shown how the use of “designed” metal alkoxide precursors, containing bidentate donor‐functionalized alkoxide ligands, in MOCVD leads to a marked improvement in the physical properties of the MOCVD precursors and process parameters. However, the use of such ligands is not as beneficial in the ALD process, highlighting the very different requirements of MOCVD and ALD precursors.
Interleaved Storage (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Memory Interleaving Disk Interleaving
A 62-GHz High-Efficiency Power Amplifier With Modulation Capability via Back-Gate in 22-nm FD-SOI (2023)

This letter presents a feasibility study for a 62-GHz power amplifier (PA) in a 22-nm CMOS technology with integrated data modulation via the back-gate. The proposed PA consists of two pseudo-differential cascode stages and provides a peak gain of 23.3 dB, a Psat of 13.6 dBm, and a peak power-added-efficiency (PAE) of 28.3%. The PA consumes 96 mW from a 2-V <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> DD at its saturation. Thanks to the transistor back-gate, the PA can be dynamically switched on and off by increasing the threshold voltage through the back-gate. This avoids ac ground, gain, and stability problems caused by conventional front-gate switching. In off-mode, it draws 2.5% of its peak dc power. Rise- and fall-times of 1 ns were measured. The possibility of back-gate-based modulation was experimentally demonstrated, showing that the PA can be used as a single-device transmitter. Compared to previously reported works, the PA shows one of the highest PAE and excellent linearity. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first investigation of a 60-GHz PA with data modulation via the back-gate.
Ultrastructural Morphology and Intracellular Production of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Brain (1987)

This is a comparative ultrastructural study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles in infected H9 lymphocyte cultures and in the brain of a six-year-old boy with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) encephalopathy. Viral particles in the cultures and the brain were of various sizes and shapes; particles ranged from 70 to over 160 nm in diameter, with a variable position of dense nucleoids and less dense core shells. In the brain, viral particles were located free in the cytoplasm of both multinucleated giant cells and mononuclear macrophage-like cells. There was intracellular budding of HIV particles from unidentified membranes, yielding intracellular immature or recently budded particles, with crescentic densities. By contrast, HIV particles in the infected H9 lymphocytes were not free in the cytoplasm but were instead located either extracellularly or in intracellular vacuoles. A small percentage of cells in the cultures were surrounded by immature particles only. Production (replication) of HIV occurred within infected macrophage-like cells in the brain of the child.
Studies of the thermal protective performance of fabrics under fire exposure: from small-scale to hexagon tests (2017)

This study aims to investigate the thermal protective performance of fabrics used in firefighters' clothing under high-intensity fire exposure. The performance of thermal protective fabric systems with different physical properties was evaluated under laboratory simulated fire exposure. Additionally, the influence of the configuration of the fire exposure tests and modes of heat transfer through the fabrics was also thoroughly investigated. The protective performance was evaluated using the standard small-scale flame [International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9151:1995] and radiant heat (ISO 6942:2002) exposure tests. Additionally, the protective performance was evaluated under flash-fire exposure using a newly developed hexagon test. The protective performance values obtained from the small-scale (flame and radiant heat) and hexagon (flash fire) tests were compared and discussed. It has been found that a multi-layered fabric with high weight, thickness, and thermal resistance can significantly and positively affect the protective performance. If the air permeability of this fabric is high, it can show a lower protective performance; however, the impact of air permeability on the protective performance is insignificant especially in the case of the hexagon test. Notably, the protective performance can differ under two types of small-scale tests − flame and radiant heat. Also, this protective performance value is generally higher in the case of hexagon test in comparison with the small-scale tests. These differences in protective performance are mainly due to the unique configurations of these tests and/or different modes of heat transfer through the tested fabrics. The findings from this study will guide textile or materials engineers in the design and selection of materials for high performance thermal protective clothing; in turn, it will improve the occupational health and safety for firefighters.
The future generation of software: a management perspective (1991)

The engineering process that underlies software development is examined. A brief summary of how information technology has affected both institutions and individuals in the past few decades is given. Engineering with models and metrics is then discussed. Improving software quality, making software engineering technology more transferable, and transferring software technology into an organization are addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sensitivity of the spectral induced polarization method to microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) processes (2013)

ABSTRACT The demand for more efficient and economic oil recovery techniques has driven research into novel extraction approaches, including microbial enhanced methods. Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is an underutilized technology that could significantly enhance tertiary oil recovery. Previous research has shown the spectral induced polarization (SIP) method to be sensitive to microbial degradation of hydrocarbons, so the method should therefore be sensitive to MEOR treatments. To test this hypothesis, heavy-oil-containing sands were monitored for a period of approximately six months while undergoing MEOR treatment. SIP monitoring showed significant sensitivity to biodegradation induced changes. Increases in phase and imaginary conductivity, with a polarization peak centered on approximately 3–8 Hz, were observed for the two MEOR active columns. Similarly, the normalized chargeability, an integrated parameter of a Debye decomposition analysis of the spectra, showed a linear increase in time. Chromatographic methods confirmed oil biodegradation in the active columns. The SIP responses are likely the result of microbial processes and the changes they promote to oil properties, such as altering wettability, or possibly the effect of organic acid production. The results of this experiment indicate that SIP may be a viable method of monitoring MEOR processes.
Four Molecular Superconductors Isolated as Nanoparticles (2014)

Abstract (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 and (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 Bechgaard salts, (BEDT‐TTF) 2 I 3 , and TTF[Ni(dmit) 2 ] 2 [TMTSF = tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene; BEDT‐TTF = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene; TTF = tetrathiafulvalene; dmit = 1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione‐4,5‐dithiolate] are among the most popular molecular superconductors. They are grown as nanoparticles that exhibit properties in agreement with those of the bulk. The shape, size, and homogeneity of particles depend on the stabilizing agent and synthesis conditions. We report on the more recent conditions investigated (i) to produce nanoparticles of 35 nm for β‐(BEDT‐TTF) 2 I 3 , (ii) to reduce the particle size to 10–15 nm for TTF[Ni(dmit) 2 ] 2 and 3–5 nm for (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 , and (iii) to improve the growth duration from days to one hour for (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 . Finally, we report evidence of superconductivity in (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 particles.
Research on Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles (2019)

Bidirectional wireless power transfer(BD-WPT) can realize the energy conversion between electric vehicles(EVs) and the power grid. It has shown broad prospects because of the development of the practical road of wireless power transfer(WPT) and the increasing market holdings of EVs. Thus, the design methodology for a bidirectional 3 kW wireless power transfer system of electric vehicles, operating at frequency 85 kHz are proposed in this paper. And the control strategy combines phase shift control and PI control to improve system performance. Using PLECS the BD-WPT topology based on LCC compensation network is optimally designed for G2V and V2G modes. Simulation results has verified the correctness and feasibility of the proposed circuit structure and control strategy.
Association Between αβTCR+CD4−CD8− T-Cell Deficiency and IDDM in NOD/Lt Mice (1997)

NOD mice develop spontaneous IDDM as a result of T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. It is not known why these T-cells become autoreactive, nor is it clear whether the breakdown in self-tolerance reflects a general problem in T-cell development or a selective defect in an as yet undefined regulatory cell population. In this study, we showed that NOD mice, although relatively normal with regard to most thymocyte subsets, exhibit a marked deficiency in alphabetaTCR+CD4-CD8- (alphabeta+DN) T-cells in the thymus and, to a lesser extent, in the periphery. These T-cells have been termed NKT cells (NK1.1+-like T-cells) because they share some cell surface markers with conventional natural killer (NK) cells. To examine the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of IDDM, semiallogeneic or syngeneic double-negative (DN) thymocytes, enriched for NKT cells, were transferred into intact 4-week-old NOD recipients; the onset of diabetes was then monitored over the ensuing 30 weeks. Mice receiving NKT-enriched thymocytes did not develop diabetes, whereas mice receiving unfractionated thymocytes or phosphate-buffered saline developed diabetes at the normal rate. NKT cells represent a distinct T-cell lineage that has been shown to play a role in immunoregulation in vivo. The deficiency of these cells observed in NOD mice may therefore contribute to destruction of pancreatic islet cells by conventional T-cells.
Identification of monoclonal antibodies specific for the T cell receptor complex by Fc receptor-mediated CTL lysis. (1986)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed at the T cell receptor complex (TcR) on cloned T cells have generally been identified by their ability to inhibit the clone's antigen-specific function. Because such inhibition is highly dependent on antibody concentration and affinity, detection of anti-clonotypic antibodies to murine alloreactive T cells has been very difficult. In this report, an alternative method is described on the basis of the ability of antibodies specific for the TcR complex to activate T cells in an antigen-independent manner. The assay is based upon the observation that soluble antibodies to human T3 promote lysis of irrelevant, Fc receptor-positive targets by a human CTL line. By using this approach, an anti-TcR mAb has been identified among a panel of murine mAb generated against an alloreactive CTL clone. Induction of lysis by soluble anti-TcR mAb has been shown to require both the expression of Fc receptors on the target cell and conjugate formation between the effector and the target cell. This assay provides a screening procedure that is much more sensitive than inhibition of function, and it preferentially detects antibodies specific for cell surface molecules involved in T cell activation.
Detection of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Breast Milk (2001)

A method was developed for measuring cocaine and its metabolites, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, norcocaine, ecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, and m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, in breast milk by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Limits of detection for this method ranged from 2.5 to 10 ng/mL, and limits of quantitation ranged from 5 to 50 ng/mL. For each of the compounds measured by this method, linear response was demonstrated to 750 ng/mL. Breast milk was collected from 11 mothers who admitted to drug use during pregnancy and ten drug-free volunteers serving as control subjects. Cocaine was detected in six of the specimens obtained from drug-exposed subjects, and in none of the drug-free control subjects. In breast milk specimens where cocaine and one or more of its metabolites were detected, the concentration of parent compound was greater than any of the metabolites. The highest cocaine concentration found was over 12 microg/mL. Breast-fed infants of cocaine abusing mothers may be exposed to significant amounts of drug orally.
PQFabric: A Permissioned Blockchain Secure from Both Classical and Quantum Attacks (2021)

Hyperledger Fabric is a prominent and flexible solution for building permissioned distributed ledger platforms. Access control and identity management relies on a Membership Service Provider (MSP) whose cryptographic interface only handles standard PKI methods for authentication: RSA and ECDSA classical signatures. Also, MSP-issued credentials may use only one signature scheme, tying the credential-related functions to classical single-signature primitives. RSA and ECDSA are vulnerable to quantum attacks, with an ongoing post-quantum standardization process to identify quantum-safe drop-in replacements. In this paper, we propose a redesign of Fabric's credential-management procedures and related specifications in order to incorporate hybrid digital signatures, protecting against both classical and quantum attacks using one classical and one quantum-safe signature. We create PQFabric, an implementation of Fabric with hybrid signatures that integrates with the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) library. Our implementation offers complete crypto-agility, with the ability to perform live migration to a hybrid quantum-safe blockchain and select any existing OQS signature algorithm for each node. We perform comparative benchmarks of PQFabric with each of the NIST candidates and alternates, revealing that long public keys and signatures lead to an increase in hashing time that is sometimes comparable to the time spent signing or verifying messages itself. This is a new and potentially significant issue in the migration of blockchains to post-quantum signatures.
Roles of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Stimulation Associated With Selective Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade With Valsartan in the Improvement of Inflammation-Induced Vascular Injury (2001)

These results suggest that the stimulation of the AT(2) receptor after AT(1) blockade is important in the improvement of the inflammatory vascular injury.
Ethensulfonylfluorid: der beste je entdeckte Michael‐Akzeptor? (2016)

Abstract Die Kinetik der Reaktionen von Ethensulfonylfluorid (ESF) mit Sulfonium‐ und Pyridiniumyliden wurde photometrisch gemessen, um den Elektrophilie‐Parameter von ESF gemäß der Korrelation lg k 20 °C = s N ( N + E ) zu bestimmen. Mit E =−12.09 gehört ESF zu den stärksten Michael‐Akzeptoren in unserer Substanzklassen‐übergreifenden Elektrophilie‐Skala, was seine herausragende Eignung als Reaktionspartner für viele Nucleophile erklärt. Die vorhergesagte Befähigung, elektrophile aromatische Substitutionen mit elektronenreichen Arenen einzugehen, wurde durch unkatalysierte Reaktionen mit alkylsubstituierten Pyrrolen verifiziert.
Frequency weighting functions for nonsense syllable test speech materials as estimated by a correlational method (1997)

A correlational method [K. A. Doherty and C. W. Turner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 3769–3773 (1996)] was used to estimate the relative weights of four frequency bands for the 258-item UCLA nonsense syllable test in ten normal-hearing listeners. Random levels of corresponding bandpass noise were added to the speech tokens on each trial. From the trial-by-trial data, correlations between the noise level and listener’s performance yielded an estimate of the relative weight placed upon each band. The weighting functions were very similar across all listeners. This procedure appears to be a simple, fast, and reliable method for measuring speech recognition frequency weighting functions in individual subjects. The correlational weighting function showed differences from the frequency importance function derived using traditional articulation index (AI) filtering experiments. Some speech bands that were shown to contain significant speech information by the AI methods were not highly weighted when all four bands were presented to the listeners in the correlational procedure. It is hypothesized that these differences reflect the way in which listeners use speech information that is redundant across frequency regions. [Work supported by NIDCD.]
Synthesis of the mangostins (1981)

Acylation of 5,7-bisbenzyloxy-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran (10c) with 6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-5-carboxylic acid (9b) in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride gave 5,7-dibenzyloxy-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1- benzopyran-8-yl, 3,4-dihydro-6,8-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl ketone (8c), which was converted, in three steps, into dimethyl-1-isonormangostin (7). Reaction of (7) with boron trichloride resulted in the cleavage of the two terminal pyran rings to give 1,7-bis-(3-chloro-3-methylbutyl)-2,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyxanthen-9-one (6a). Selective methylation of (6a) afforded the known 1,7-bis-(3-chloro-3-methylbutyl)-8-hydroxy-2,3,6-trimethoxyxanthen-9-one (6b). Whereas dehydrochlorination of the methoxycarbonyloxy derivative (6c) of (6b) with lithium chloride in dimethylformamide gave a mixture from which dimethylmangostin (1d) and 1,7-bis-(3-methylbut-3-enyl)-8-hydroxy-2,3,6-trimethoxyxanthen-9-one (22c) were isolated by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography, that of (6b) with potassium t-butoxide in dimethyl sulphoxide gave a mixture from which β-mangostin (1b) was obtained, by the same technique.
On-chip liquid cooling with integrated pump technology (2005)

In this paper, the capability of a novel cooling system for microchannels based on the principle of electrowetting is examined. To start with, the electrowetting effect in microchannels is experimentally investigated. Next, based upon these results, the cooling capacity of the proposed system is theoretically investigated. It can be concluded that the proposed system is promising, especially when frequencies in the range of a few Hz can be achieved.
Compaction Simulator Studies of a New Drug Substance: Effect of Particle Size and Shape, and Its Binary Mixtures with Microcrystalline Cellulose (1996)

The compaction characteristics of a new drug substance with two crystal habits and particle size fractions as well as its binary mixtures with microcrystalline cellulose were studied using an integrated compaction research system under 300 and 450 MPa pressures. The results indicate that the drug substance has poor intrinsic compaction properties. The three-dimensional hexagonal crystal habit or smaller particle size consistently produced a slightly higher total work of compaction as compared with the cubic brick habit or larger particle size, respectively. However, neither crystal habit produced a coherent compact. The compactability of the drug substance was improved by the inclusion of microcrystalline cellulose, and the crushing strength of the compacts increased as the amount of microcrystalline cellulose in the binary mixture was increased. Such correlation was not observed when the compaction data were evaluated using either the Heckel equation or the percentage porosity change as a function of applied pressure.
Objective Evaluation of Rhinologic Complaints (1995)

Educational objectives : To learn the state of the art in evaluation of patients with rhinologic symptoms and the usefulness and cost‐effectiveness of patient management.
Electrochemical energy storage in Mn2O3 porous nanobars derived from morphology-conserved transformation of benzenetricarboxylate-bridged metal–organic framework (2015)

MOF-derived Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> shows a high capacity of ∼410 mA h g<sup>−1</sup> as a 2 V anode and an ultrahigh energy density of 147.4 W h kg<sup>−1</sup> as a supercapacitor.
Structure/Reactivity Studies on an α-Lithiated Benzylsilane: Chemical Interpretation of Experimental Charge Density (2008)

Modern organic synthesis (e.g., of natural products) is virtually impossible without employment of enantiomerically enriched compounds. In many cases, alkyllithium compounds are key intermediates for the generation of these stereogenic substances. In recent years, the lithiated carbon atom in silicon-substituted benzyllithium compounds has become a focus of interest because it is possible to maintain its stereogenic information. Starting from a highly enantiomerically enriched benzylsilane, (R,S)-2 x quinuclidine could be obtained, and the absolute configuration at the metalated carbon atom was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. In solution, a quartet was found in the (13)C NMR spectrum for the metalated carbon atom because of coupling between carbon and lithium, indicating a fixed lithium carbon contact at room temperature. After reaction of (R,S)-2 x quinuclidine with trimethylchlorostannane, the trapped product (S,S)-4 was obtained with a dr > or = 98:2 with inversion of the configuration at the metalated carbon. Multipole refinement against high-resolution diffraction data and subsequent topological analysis of the benchmark system (R,S)-2 x quinuclidine provide insight in the electronic situation and thus the observed stereochemical course of the transformations. Surprisingly, the negative charge generated at the carbanion hardly couples into the phenyl ring. The neighboring silicon atom counterbalances this charge by a pronounced positive charge. Therefore, the alpha-effect of the silicon atom is caused not just by a polarization of the electron density but also by an electrostatic bond reinforcement. Furthermore, the experimentally determined electrostatic potential unequivocally explains the observed back side attack of an electrophile under inversion of the stereogenic center with high diastereomeric ratios.