gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient method to suppress artifacts caused by tissue hyper-reflections in optical microangiography of retina in vivo (2015)

Optical microangiography (OMAG) is an optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based imaging technique that is capable of achieving the angiographic imaging of biological tissues in vivo with a high imaging resolution and no need for dye injection. OMAG has a potential to become a clinical tool for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of various retinopathies. In principle, OMAG extracts blood flow information based on a direct differentiation of complex or intensity OCT signals between repeated B-scans acquired at the same cross section, which is sensitive to blood cell movement. In practice, this method is prone to artifacts due to tissue hyper-reflection, commonly seen in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, we propose a novel method to suppress the artifacts induced by hyper-reflection. We propose to scale OMAG flow signals by a weighting factor that is motion-sensitive but hyper-reflection insensitive. We show that this simple weighting approach is effective in suppressing the artifacts due to tissue hyper-reflections while still maintaining the detected capillary networks with high fidelity, especially in deeper retina. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by a phantom study and case studies on patients' eyes with hyper-reflective foci. Finally we discuss potential applications of this technique.
Binding of Molecular Magnesium Hydrides to a Zirconocene–Enyne Template (2012)

An enyne–zirconium complex stabilizes molecular magnesium hydride (MgH2) and even a molecular hydride, nC4H9MgH. These systems feature magnesium olefin π complexation.
First arrival detection for positioning in mobile channels (2003)

The objective of this paper is to determine the potentialities of an optimal detection scheme within the framework of subscriber location. The use of a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for detecting the first arriving path from the estimated channel observations in a multipath environment in severe NLOS conditions is described, and a high-resolution estimation algorithm for the time of arrival (TOA) is presented. Finally, the scheme performance is evaluated for different configurations.
Synthesis and Characterization of μ3-η2,η2,η2-C60 Trirhenium Hydrido Cluster Complexes (2001)

The reaction of C60 with Re3(μ-H)3(CO)11(NCMe) in refluxing chlorobenzene produces Re3(μ-H)3(CO)9(μ3-η2,η2,η2-C60) (1) in 50% yield. Initial decarbonylation of 1 with Me3NO/MeCN followed by reaction with PPh3 in boiling chlorobenzene affords Re3(μ-H)3(CO)8(PPh3)(μ3-η2,η2,η2-C60) (2) in a low yield (26%). Treatment of 1 with PhCH2NPPh3 at room temperature gives a benzyl isocyanide substituted product Re3(μ-H)3(CO)8(CNCH2Ph)(μ3-η2,η2,η2-C60) (3) in 53% yield. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 have been isolated as crystalline solids and characterized by spectroscopic (infrared, mass, 1H, 31P, and 13C NMR) and analytical data. The structure of 3 has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The C60 ligand is coordinated to the trirhenium triangle in a μ3-η2,η2,η2 bonding mode, and the benzyl isocyanide ligand occupies an axial position of a rhenium atom. Electrochemical properties of 1 and 2 have been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in chlorobenzene (CB) solutions. The general features of CV curves have revealed four reversible redox couples for 1 and 2 in the CB potential window. The CV results suggest that a C60-mediated electron transfer to the trirhenium center takes place in 12- species for 1 and 23- for 2.
Design and analysis of different types of dispersion mirrors (2010)

Three types of dispersion mirrors are designed and discussed. The first type is the complementary chirpedmirror pair used for providing smooth group delay dispersion (GDD) in the wavelength range of 550-1050 nm. Such mirrors are obtained by shifting the GDD oscillation period. The second type of mirror combines the characteristics of chirped mirrors and Gires-Tournois interferometer mirrors. It provides a high dispersion compensation of about -800-fs 2 GDD in the range of 780-830 nm and about -1150-fs 2 GDD in the range of 1020-1045 nm. The third type is a protected silver mirror with high reflectivity and low dispersion in the range of 650-1000 nm at 45 .
Computation of optimal excitation of a switched reluctance motor using variable voltage (2002)

The switched reluctance motor may be operated over a wide range of operating torque and speed with high efficiency. The present paper investigates the optimal excitation of a switched reluctance motor such that overall drive efficiency is maximized for a required torque and speed. From the optimal excitation design presented in the paper, the switching-mode excitation under a variable supply voltage exhibits the improved drive efficiency in the full range of operating torque and speed, and exhibits the expanded range of operating torque and speed compared to the operation based on the chopping-mode and switching-mode excitations under a fixed supply voltage. The paper proposes a continuous variation and a stepped variation as methods for varying the supply voltage, and compares them to the conventional operation.
Photophysical studies of aerosol-OT films loaded with biological macromolecules and made from reverse micelles (2007)

Thin surfactant films loaded with trypsin were made by dipcoating a fused-silica slide in reverse micelles of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt [AOT] in organic solvents. The fluorescence quenching analysis of charge transfer between Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and MV2+ in the absence of the enzyme has revealed that the original micellar structure is to a large extent transferred into the structure of the film. Nondried films contain a substantial amount of the organic solvent thus they consist of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic subphase while the surfactant is placed at the interface. These films are transparent matrices and make excellent hosts for photophysical studies. When trypsin was introduced in the reverse micellar solution it was transferred into the film and solubilized in the hydrophilic subphase.
Ecological Aspects of the Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica, Collected from Coastal Areas of Japan (2007)

The ecological characteristics of 597 yellow and silver-stage Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica, were examined and compared among collection sites located at three different latitudes of Japan (Amakusa Islands, Mikawa Bay, and Sanriku Coast) to provide basic data on this unusual catadromous fish species. Eels were sexed and their total length, body weight, age, and growth rate based on otolith analysis was compared among sexes, stages, and collection sites. The overall sex ratio favored females (94%), but the sex ratio differed among the three locations. The frequency of females was highest in the coastal waters at Sanriku in the north (100%), next highest at Mikawa Bay in central Japan (95%), and lowest in the Amakusa Islands in the south (70%). Silver eel males ranged from 41.2-66.3 cm in length and 4-10 years in age, and silver eel females from 44.3-97.2 cm in length and 5-17 years in age. Female eels generally grew faster (8.7+/-2.2 cm/year) than males (6.4+/-2.6 cm/year), and the growth rate slowed in the older eels. The growth rate of A. japonica at all three sites was much faster than that of other temperate anguillid species (< 4 cm/year), and their age at maturation was younger than that of other temperate species (approximately 7 to > 50 years), suggesting this species has important ecological differences from other similar species.
Double‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in the diagnosis of osteopenia in ancient skeletal remains (2002)

Bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) accurately estimates the bone mass in living individuals, and is thus the method usually employed in the diagnosis and follow-up of osteopenia. It is preferred, in clinical settings, to the more invasive and destructive histomorphometrical assessment of trabecular bone mass in undecalcified bone samples. This study was performed in order to examine the value of DEXA-assessed BMD at the proximal end of the right tibia, either alone or in combination with the cortico-medullary index at the midshaft point of the right tibia (CMI), in the diagnosis of osteopenia in a prehistoric sample composed of 95 pre-Hispanic individuals from Gran Canaria. Age at death could be estimated in 34 cases. Diagnosis of osteopenia was performed by histomorphometrical assessment of trabecular bone mass (TBM) in an undecalcified bone section of a small portion of the proximal epiphysis of the right tibia. A high prevalence of osteopenia was found among the population of Gran Canaria. Both TBM and BMD were significantly lower in the older individuals than in younger ones, and BMD was also significantly lower in female individuals. BMD was moderately correlated with TBM (r = +0.51); the correlation was higher if CMI was included (multiple r = +0.615). BMD values lower than 0.7 g/cm2 showed a high specificity (>93%) at excluding normal TBM values. These methods were prospectively applied in a further sample of 21 right tibiae from Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and El Hierro. The results were similar to those obtained in the larger sample. Thus, DEXA-assessed BMD combined with CMI (noninvasive procedures) may be useful in detecting osteopenia in ancient populations.
Fouling mechanism of hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane with pretreatment by coagulation/sedimentation process (2001)

The fouling mechanism of the hollow fiber UF membrane with a pretreatment by coagulation/sedimentation process was investigated. The experiments were carried out in three different feed water conditions: river surface water, coagulated water containing micro flocs and clarified water from the coagulation/sedimentation process. The river water contained a lot of suspended particles (high turbidity) and natural organic matter (NOM) such as humic substances. From analysis of the data obtained in the three membrane processes, the mathematical model expressing the change of the filtration resistance is proposed and proved, which includes the pore size distribution of the membrane. The effect of DOC and DOC/E260 on the membrane fouling was also discussed. The analysis of the pore size distribution change with increasing filtration time suggests that the primary mechanism of the fouling is the decrease in the pore number by the high molecular weight humic substances. As a result of experiments and mathematical model analysis, it could be concluded that the coagulation/sedimentation pretreatment process was very effective for expanding ultrafiltration membrane life, because the coagulation/sedimentation process could remove the primary foulants such as high molecular weight humic substances.
Mapping of Histamine H1 Receptors in the Human Brain Using [11C]Pyrilamine and Positron Emission Tomography (1992)

We have studied the characteristics of carbon-11 labeled pyrilamine as a radioligand for investigating histamine H1 receptors in human brain with positron emission tomography (PET). [11C]Pyrilamine is distributed evenly in proportion to cerebral blood flow at initial PET images. Later (after 45-60 min), 11C radioactivity was observed at high concentrations in the frontal and temporal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, and at low concentrations in the cerebellum and pons. The regional distribution of the carbon-11 labeled compound in the brain corresponded well with that of the histamine H1 receptors determined in vitro in autopsied materials. In six controls, the frontal and temporal cortices/cerebellum ratio increased during the first 60 min to reach a value of 1.22 +/- 0.071. Intravenous administration of d-chlorpheniramine (5 mg) completely abolished the specific binding in vivo in the frontal cortex and temporal cortex (cortex/cerebellum ratio, 0.955 +/- 0.015). The availability of this method for measuring histamine H1 receptors in vivo in humans will facilitate studies on neurological and psychiatric disorders in which histamine H1 receptors are thought to be abnormal.
Quantitative analysis of a ubiquitin‐dependent substrate using capillary electrophoresis with dual laser‐induced fluorescence (2014)

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) affects many biological processes. Inhibition of the proteasome has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this study, we developed a method for monitoring the degradation and accumulation of UPS-dependent substrates in cells using CE with dual LIF. We used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion of the ubiquitin substrate ribophorin 1 (GFP-RPN1) along with red fluorescent protein (RFP) as an internal control to normalize transfection efficiency. Determination of GFP-RPN1 and RFP in cell lysates were performed in an untreated capillary (75 μm × 50 cm) and 100 mM Tris-CHES buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM SDS. GFP-RPN1 and RFP fluorescence were detected at excitation wavelengths of 488 and 635 nm, and emission wavelengths of 520 and 675 nm, respectively, without any interference or crosstalk. The intensity of GFP-RPN1 fluorescence was normalized to that of RFP. Additionally, the proposed approach was used successfully to detect the degradation of GFP-RPN1 and evaluate proteasome inhibitors. These results show that the developed method is effective and promising for rapid and quantitative monitoring of UPS-dependent substrates compared to the current common methods, such as immunoblotting and pulse chase assays.
Personality in those entering social work training in England: comparing women and men (2016)

The ‘person of the social worker’ has long been considered a crucial aspect of social work. Such terms as ‘the person of the worker’ are complemented by an emphasis on both client/service user and worker as conscious subjects, the ‘use of self’, and the overarching importance ascribed by many to the relationship. Surprisingly, in view of this emphasis, there has been little attempt to look at the personality of those entering social work, or social work education. This is further emphasised by the gender imbalance internationally characteristic of social work and social care, in which women predominate. This study, carried out in two diverse English Universities, whose provision nevertheless reflected the undergraduate and postgraduate expectations of the Bologna Declaration, compares systematically the personality of men and women recruited to their social work programmes. Considerable differences between the sexes are found in certain key areas, with a tendency towards what is termed ‘robustness’ in men and ‘responsiveness’ in women. While the characteristics associated with both tendencies have appropriateness for social work, and results are highly nuanced, this does raise issues about characteristics, selection and possible gender biases. These are discussed.
Maturation of the Mfa1 Fimbriae in the Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (2018)

The Mfa1 fimbriae of the periodontal pathogen <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> are involved in adhesion, including binding to synergistic species in oral biofilms. Mfa1 fimbriae are comprised of 5 proteins: the structural component Mfa1, the anchor Mfa2, and Mfa3-5 which constitute the fimbrial tip complex. Interactions among the Mfa proteins and the polymerization mechanism for Mfa1 are poorly understood. Here we show that Mfa3 can bind to Mfa1, 2, 4, and 5 <i>in vitro</i>, and may function as an adaptor protein interlinking other fimbrial subunits. Polymerization of Mfa1 is independent of Mfa3-5 and requires proteolytic processing mediated by the RgpA/B arginine gingipains of <i>P. gingivalis</i>. Both the N- and C- terminal regions of Mfa1 are necessary for polymerization; however, potential β-strand disrupting amino acid substitutions in these regions do not impair Mfa1 polymerization. In contrast, substitution of hydrophobic amino acids with charged residues in either the N- or C- terminal domains yielded Mfa1 proteins that failed to polymerize. Collectively, these results indicate that Mfa3 serves as an adaptor protein between Mfa1 and other accessory fimbrial proteins. Mfa1 fimbrial polymerization is dependent on hydrophobicity in both the N- and C-terminal regions, indicative of an assembly mechanism involving the terminal regions forming a hydrophobic binding interface between Mfa1 subunits.
Synthesis of 2'-substituted derivatives of neplanocin A (Nucleosides and nucleotides. XLIV). (1983)

Neplanocin A (1) and N6-benzoylneplanocin A (2) were converted to the corresponding 3', 6'-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1, 3-diyl)-neplanocin A's (3, 4). The 2'-hydroxy group in 3 and 4 was triflated (5, 6). Nucleophilic displacement of 5 and 6 with a number of nucleophiles (I-, Br-, Cl-, N3-, AcO-, AcS-) in hexamethylphosphoric triamide afforded the corresponding 2' (R)-substituted derivatives in high yields. The 2' (S)-azido derivatives were obtained in a similar manner from arabinoneplanocin A prepared by this method. Adenosine was also converted to 2' (R)-substituted derivatives, including arabinofuranosyladenine, as well as 2' (S)-substituted adenosines. The physical properties of these 2'-substituted derivatives of neplanocin A and adenosine, including nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectra, are presented.
Effect of the selenization process on structural and device properties of nanoparticle-derived CZTSSe thin films (2013)

Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ZnSn(S,Se) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> thin films and solar cells were fabricated using binary and ternary nanoparticle precursor films selenized using three different processes. Cross-sectional SEM images of the resulting CZTSSe solar cells do not show significant difference in microstructure. Detail analyses of the CZTSSe solar cells using current-voltage (J-V), external quantum efficiency (EQE), temperature-dependent J-V, and admittance spectroscopy (AS) were conducted to investigate the effect of the selenization process on the optical and electrical properties of the absorber.
A fluidic sounding rocket motor ignition system (1972)

Fluidic sounding rocket motor ignition has been found to be feasible using a system without stored energy and with the complete absence of electrical energy and wiring. The fluidic ignitor is based on a two component aerodynamic resonance heating device called the pneumatic match. Temperatures in excess of 600 C were generated in closed resonance tubes which were excited by a free air jet from a simple convergent nozzle. Using nitrocellulose interface material, ignition of boron potassium nitrate was accomplished with air supply pressures as low as 45 psi. This paper describes an analytical and experimental program which established a fluidic rocket motor ignition system concept incorporating a pneumatic match with a simple hand pump as the only energy source.
Performance of Human Mass Balance/Metabolite Identification Studies Using Stable Isotope (13C, 15N) Labeling and Continuous‐Flow Isotope‐Ratio Mass Spectrometry as an Alternative to Radioactive Labeling Methods (1993)

Stable isotope labeling in therapeutic and subtherapeutic quantities of drug (15N2(13)C-phenobarbital) can be quantitated in biological matrices (urine) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peaks from urine using continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS). Standard curves for 15N2(13)C-phenobarbital were reproducible and linear (R2 > 0.985) over the ranges of 3-100 micrograms/ml for whole urine (15N2 or 13C labeling) and 0.1-8.0 micrograms/mL for HPLC peaks derived from urine (15N2 labeling). The lower limit of quantitation values for urine drug concentration was 0.46-2.62 micrograms/mL in whole urine and 0.10-0.70 micrograms/mL in HPLC peaks. Validation samples quantitated with these standard curves yielded close to expected values. These data suggest stable isotope labeling and CF-IRMS may be used as an alternative to 14C labeling and radioactivity counting methods in mass balance/metabolite identification and other biomedical studies.
Dependence of the elastic constants in graphene oxide few-layer films with temperature: correlations with interlayer stacking and bonding (2015)

Poster presented at the 2015 E-MRS Spring Meeting, held in Lille (France) from May 11 to 15, 2015. Materials for Advanced Electronics. Symposium Y: Science and technology of two-dimensional materials.
Let the Data Do the Talking: Hypothesis Discovery from Large-Scale Data Sets in Real Time (2012)

The availability of massive amounts of data in biological sciences is forcing us to rethink the role of hypothesis-driven investigation in modern research. Soon thousands, if not millions, of whole-genome DNA and protein sequence data setswill be available thanks to continued improvements in high-throughput sequencing and analysis technologies. At the same time, high-throughput experimental platforms for gene expression, protein and protein fragment measurements, and others are driving experimental data sets to extreme scales. As a result, biological sciences are undergoing a paradigm shift from hypothesisdriven to data-driven scientific exploration. In hypothesis-driven research, one begins with observations, formulates a hypothesis, then tests that hypothesis in controlled experiments. In a data-rich environment, however, one often begins with only a cursory hypothesis (such as some class of molecular components is related to a cellular process) that may require evaluating hundreds or thousands of specific hypotheses rapidly. This large number of experiments is generally intractable to perform in physical experiments. However, often data can be brought to bear to rapidly evaluate and refine these candidate hypotheses into a small number of testable ones. Also, often the amount of data required to discover and refine a hypothesis in this way overwhelms conventional analysis software and hardware. Ideally advanced hardware can help the situation, but conventional batch-mode access models for high-performance computing are not amenable to real-time analysis in larger workflows. We present a model for real-time data-intensive hypothesis discovery process that unites parallel software applications, high-performance hardware, and visual representation of the output.
Noise robust voice activity detection using features extracted from the time-domain autocorrelation function (2010)

This paper presents a method of voice activity detection (VAD) for high noise scenarios, using a noise robust voiced speech detection feature. The developed method is based on the fusion of two systems. The first system utilises the maximum peak of the normalised time-domain autocorrelation function (MaxPeak). The second zone system uses a novel combination of cross-correlation and zero-crossing rate of the normalised autocorrelation to approximate a measure of signal pitch and periodicity (CrossCorr) that is hypothesised to be noise robust. The score outputs by the two systems are then merged using weighted sum fusion to create the proposed autocorrelation zero-crossing rate (AZR) VAD. Accuracy of AZR was compared to state of the art and standardised VAD methods and was shown to outperform the best performing system with an average relative improvement of 24.8% in half-total error rate (HTER) on the QUT-NOISE-TIMIT database created using real recordings from high-noise environments.
ChemInform Abstract: Neighbouring Group Participation in the Reduction of the Diterpenoid Fujenal. (1987)

Abstract Reduction of the title compound (I) with the bulky tri‐tert.‐butoxyaluminum hydride yields the carboxylic acid (IIIa).