gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radical/Polar Annulation Reactions (RPARs) Enable the Modular Construction of Cyclopropanes (2018)

An annulation process for the construction of 1,1-disubstituted cyclopropanes via a radical/polar crossover process is described. The cyclopropanation proceeds by the addition of a photocatalytically generated radical to a homoallylic tosylate. Reduction of the intermediate radical alkylation adduct (via single electron transfer) furnishes an anion that undergoes an intramolecular substitution. The process displays excellent functional group tolerance, characteristic of proceeding through odd-electron intermediates, and occurs under mild conditions with visible light irradiation.
Acoustic spectrum and sonoluminescence as indicators of cell membrane disruption by ultrasound (2000)

Ultrasound has been shown to reversibly disrupt cell membranes and thereby drive drugs and genes into cells by a mechanism believed to involve cavitation. We have measured the number of molecules delivered into cells and levels of cell viability following exposure to a broad range of ultrasound conditions. Many cellular responses are possible, including uptake of up to millions of molecules per cell and cell viability ranging from 0 to 100%. Because these effects are believed to occur due to acoustic cavitation, we measured features of the acoustic spectrum known to be associated with cavitation and measured sonoluminescence light output during ultrasound exposures. We found that these measures of cavitation correlate with both the number of molecules taken up by cells and levels of cell viability. This observation strengthens the hypothesis that ultrasound’s bioeffects are mediated by cavitation and suggests a noninvasive means to assess these bioeffects which could be used as part of a real-time feedback loop. [Work supported by the NSF, NIH, and Whitaker Foundation.]
Tissue Plasminogen Activator–Mediated Fibrinolysis Protects against Axonal Degeneration and Demyelination after Sciatic Nerve Injury (2000)

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin and can trigger the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. In the nervous system, under noninflammatory conditions, tPA contributes to excitotoxic neuronal death, probably through degradation of laminin. To evaluate the contribution of extracellular proteolysis in inflammatory neuronal degeneration, we performed sciatic nerve injury in mice. Proteolytic activity was increased in the nerve after injury, and this activity was primarily because of Schwann cell-produced tPA. To identify whether tPA release after nerve damage played a beneficial or deleterious role, we crushed the sciatic nerve of mice deficient for tPA. Axonal demyelination was exacerbated in the absence of tPA or plasminogen, indicating that tPA has a protective role in nerve injury, and that this protective effect is due to its proteolytic action on plasminogen. Axonal damage was correlated with increased fibrin(ogen) deposition, suggesting that this protein might play a role in neuronal injury. Consistent with this idea, the increased axonal degeneration phenotype in tPA- or plasminogen-deficient mice was ameliorated by genetic or pharmacological depletion of fibrinogen, identifying fibrin as the plasmin substrate in the nervous system under inflammatory axonal damage. This study shows that fibrin deposition exacerbates axonal injury, and that induction of an extracellular proteolytic cascade is a beneficial response of the tissue to remove fibrin. tPA/plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis may be a widespread protective mechanism in neuroinflammatory pathologies.
The Effect of Oxygen Adsorption on Photo- and Semiconduction of β-Carotene (1961)

The presence of adsorbed oxygen gas increases the magnitude of the surface semiconduction currents in crystalline powder β-carotene by a factor of about 103. The activation energy for the surface semiconduction process is 1.52 ev in argon gas and is decreased to 1.29 ev in oxygen. The room temperature photo-current is increased by a factor of about 25 in oxygen over the value in argon. The activation energy of the photoconduction process is not affected by oxygen. The increase in dark current in an oxygen ambient requires a time of about 2 hr to come to the equilibrium value at room temperature. Radiation is not required to cause the increase. The effect of the oxygen can be reversed completely by heating the β-carotene to 120°C in an inert atmosphere (dry nitrogen or argon). The increase in dark current is linearly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in the chamber. The rate of desorption of the oxygen increases with the temperature. The resulting data yield an activation energy of desorption of 0.17 ev. It is suggested that this is the binding energy for the formation of an oxygen-carotene complex, and that the decrease in semiconduction activation energy is correlated to this binding energy. An analysis is given which leads to the conclusion that the mechanism of the current increase with formation of the oxygen complex is twofold; a decrease in the activation energy for semiconduction, and an increase in the mobility of the charge carriers. There is no evidence for a change in the charge creation process. The experimental results are considered to be a partial verification of Platt's theory on the donor-carotene-acceptor complex in photosynthesis since the triplet level of chlorophyll b has a value of 1.43 ev, midway between the value of 1.52 ev for the free carotene semiconduction activation energy and 1.29 ev for the corresponding value of the oxygen-carotene complex. It is also suggested that a possible mechanism for the carotene protection of cells from destructive photo-oxidation may be the formation of the oxygen-carotene complex.
Fabrication of Structured Porous Films by Breath Figures and Phase Separation Processes: Tuning the Chemistry and Morphology Inside the Pores Using Click Chemistry (2013)

Herein, a facile water-assisted templating technique, the so-called breath figures method, in combination with phase separation process, was employed to prepare multifunctional micropatterned films. Tetrahydrofuran solutions of incompatible ternary blends consisting of high-molecular-weight polystyrene, an amphiphilic block copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PS40-b-P(PEGMA300)48), and a fluorinated homopolymer, poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene) (P5FS21) were casted under humid atmosphere varying the proportion of the components. Two simultaneously occurring processes, i.e., the breath figures mechanism and the phase separation process, lead to unprecedented morphologies that could be tuned by simply varying the relative humidity or the composition of the blend. Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy served to provide information about the location and distribution of the different functionalities in the films. As a result, both the amphiphilic block copolymer and the fluorinated polymer were mainly located in the cavities. Above a certain percentage of relative humidity, honeycomb structured films were obtained in which the block copolymer is distributed on the edge of the pore as a result of the affinity by the condensing water droplet and the coffee stain effect. The homopolymer is also preferentially situated at the pore edge, but forming spherical domains with narrow polydisperse sizes. Moreover, thiolated glucose molecules were specifically attached to the P5FS21 domains via thiol-para fluorine "click" reaction. Subsequently, the specific lectin (Concanavalin A, Canavalia ensiformis) was attached to the surface by conjugation with the glucose moieties. The successful binding of the Con A was demonstrated by the fluorescence, observed exclusively at the areas where P5FS21 domains are located. This nonlithographic method opens a new route to fabricate a huge variety of microstructured polymer films in terms of morphology not only for protein patterning, as illustrated in this manuscript, but also to produce a diversity of functional group arrangements.
The phylogenetic relationship of the muskox and takin based on high resolution, G-banded, chromosome analysis (1992)

Muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus, currently inhabit parts of the Canadian mainland tundra, numerous Arctic islands, regions of Alaska, Norway, Sweden, northern and eastern Greenland, and the Taymyr Peninsula (Lent, 1988). The takin, Budorcas taxicolor, is an Asian species presently found in mountainous areas of west central China, Burma, Bhutan and India Qia-Yan, 1989; Neas and Hoffman, 1987). Both species appear to have originated from a common ancestor in Asia and exhibit morphological similarities. Muskoxen apparently dispersed from north central Asia to North America during the Illinoian glaciation Qia-Yan, 1989). Both the muskox and the takin are members of the Bovidae. The species in this family often have markedly different diploid numbers of chromosomes, but the fundamental number (number of chromosome arms) differs only from 58 to 62 (Hsu and Benirschke, 1967-1977; Wurster and Benirschke, 1968). The consistency in the. number of chromosome arms suggests Robertsonian fusion, or the joining of chromosomes at their centromeres, to be a dominant phenomenon in the evolution of the Bovidae. The relationship of the muskox to other members in the Bovidae is somewhat unclear. Many related genera of bovids adapted to colder climates are now extinct, leaving only the muskox and takin (Jia-Yan, 1989; Lent, 1988; Neas and Hoffman, 1987). Despite the apparent close relatedness of the two species, banded karyotypes of the muskox and takin have yet to be compared. In the Bovidae, individual autosome pairs cannot be reliably distinguished using conventional staining (Lin et aL, 1977), but they have been identified using G-banding (Wang and Federoff, 1974) in a variety of species (Evans et ai, 1973; Lin et aL, 1977). High resolution or elongated banding techniques have further improved resolution and facilitated chromosome comparisons (Mensher et aL, 1989). The object of our research was to compare the individual chromosomes of the muskox and takin, and to determine the cytotaxonomic relationship of the two species using high resolution G-banding. Karyotypes were prepared from blood samples from three male muskoxen and two female takin: the muskoxen are part of
E-mail Header Injection Vulnerabilities (2017)

Abstract E-mail Header Injection vulnerability is a class of vulnerability that can occur in web applications that use user input to construct e-mail messages. E-mail Header Injection is possible when the mailing script fails to check for the presence of e-mail headers in user input (either form fields or URL parameters). The vulnerability exists in the reference implementation of the built-in mail functionality in popular languages such as PHP, Java, Python, and Ruby. With the proper injection string, this vulnerability can be exploited to inject additional headers, modify existing headers, and alter the content of the e-mail.
Effects of Superovulation and Unilateral Ovariectomy-Hysterectomy on Porcine Uterine Protein Secretions (1973)

IN order to evaluate the effect of unilateral ovariectomy-hysterectomy (UHOX) and superovulation (PMS) on porcine uterine protein secretions, 24 gilts were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: Control, Superovulated (1,200 IU PMS, IM, on day 16 of the estrous cycle) and UHOX. On day IS of the estrous cycle, prior to treatment, uterine protein secretions were obtained from each gilt by flushing each uterine horn with 20 ml of 0.33 M NaCl. The flushings were centrifuged, filtered, concentrated, dialyzed and total protein determined. Uterine flushings were again collected on day 15 of each gilt's second post-surgery estrous cycle. Total protein recovered from the C gilts at the first and second flushing was not significantly different (61.0±4.4 vs. 60.0±4.2 mg). Superovulation resulted in a highly significant (P< .01) increase in total uterine protein when compared to that in the pre-treatment flushing (75.0±5.3 vs. 132.0±8.6 mg). In the UHOX groups, total protein recovered at the first flushing from two uterine horns (71.1±7.6 mg) was not significantly different from the post-treatment flushing from the one uterine horn (64.5±7.0 mg). Sephadex G-200 gel filtration protein profiles indicated five protein fractions which were not affected by treatment. Total protein was related to ovulation rate (approximately 5 mg protein/CL). These data indicate that compensatory uterine protein secretion occurs following either superovulation with PMS or UHOX and is associated with the number of corpora lutea and total CL weight.
Allergen skin test and total IgE in adults with rhinitis in Singapore. (1996)

The aim of this study was to determine the allergen skin test positivity and total serum IgE of adult patients in Singapore with clinical features suggestive of allergic rhinitis. The study was carried out prospectively from January to August 1990. All patients had one or more of three symptoms (1) rhinorrhoea or nasal congestion, (2) itching nose or throat and (3) sneezing, as well as pale edematous nasal mucosa. Twenty inhalant allergens (Greers Laboratory, USA) were used for skin prick test (SPT). Serum total IgE was measured using 3M FAST test. Eighty-five consecutive patients, 54 males and 31 females, were studied. Their mean age (SD) was 26.8 (6.1) years. More than half (55.3%) had severe symptoms affecting work. Twenty percent did not have any positive skin reaction compared with 44.9% of age-matched healthy controls; 62.4% had 2 or more positive reactions compared to only 37.2% of controls. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.002). The two most commonly, positive allergens were Dermatophagoides farinae (76.5%) and house dust (61.2%). No significant difference was found in the skin test positivity between males and females. Forty-three patients also had serum total IgE measurement and their geometric mean IgE was 240 IU/I which was significantly higher than the geometric mean IgE of healthy controls (88 IU/I, P = 0.0005).
Scanning electronic documents for personally identifiable information (2006)

Sometimes, it is necessary to remove author names and other personally identifiable information (PII) from documents before publication. We have implemented a novel defensive tool for detecting such data automatically. By using the detection tool, we have learned about where PII may be stored in documents and how it is put there. A key observation is that, contrary to common belief, user and machine identifiers and other metadata are not embedded in documents only by a single piece of software, such as a word processor, but by various tools used at different stages of the document authoring process.
Synthesis and pre-clinical evaluation of a potential radiotracer for PET imaging of the dopamine D3receptor (2018)

There is considerable interest in using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to understand the function of dopamine D<sub>3</sub> receptors. Due to high sequence homology with D<sub>2</sub> receptors, development of D<sub>3</sub>-selective PET radiotracers has been challenging. In an effort to overcome this issue, we report the radiosynthesis of a new selective D<sub>3</sub> ligand with carbon-11 (<b>[</b><sup><b>11</b></sup><b>C]<b>1</b></b> ), and its initial preclincial evaluation as a potential PET radiotracer for <i>in vivo</i> imaging of D<sub>3</sub> receptors. <b>[</b><sup><b>11</b></sup><b>C]<b>1</b></b> was prepared <i>via</i> [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> fixation in 0.1% non-corrected radiochemical yield, good radiochemical purity (>95%) and high specific activity (>2000 Ci mmol<sup>-1</sup>). <b>[</b><sup><b>11</b></sup><b>C]<b>1</b></b> exhibited specific binding to D<sub>3</sub> receptors using <i>ex vivo</i> autoradiography experiments with rat brain, but only 14-fold selectivity over D<sub>2</sub> receptors which is lower than the 1400-fold value reported previously for cell studies. Rodent PET imaging revealed reasonable uptake of the radiotracer in areas of the brain known to be rich in D<sub>3</sub> receptors.
Ambulante Rehabilitationssportangebote für Krebspatienten: Eine Befragungsstudie zu Barrieren und Zugangswegen (2020)

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Trotz einer steigenden Anzahl an Rehabilitationssportgruppen für Krebspatienten wird häufig von Schwierigkeiten beim Zugang zu entsprechenden wohnortnahen Angeboten berichtet. Ziel der Untersuchung war daher die Erhebung von Zugangswegen sowie wahrgenommenen Barrieren und Einflussgrößen für den Einstieg und die langfristige Teilnahme am Rehabilitationssport für Krebspatienten. Methode An der quantitativen und qualitativen Befragung beteiligten sich 189 Teilnehmer aus 21 ambulanten Rehabilitationssportgruppen (63 ± 10 Jahre; 96 % weiblich; 82 % Brustkrebs; Rehasport-Teilnahme seit im Median 29 Monaten). Mittels standardisierten Instruments (offene und geschlossene Fragen, validierte Skalen) wurden systematisch Faktoren erfasst, die Einstieg und Teilnahme am Rehabilitationssport potenziell beeinflussen können (z. B. Barrieren, Motive). Ergebnisse Vor dem Einstieg hatten 151 (80 %) der Befragten eine Empfehlung für die Teilnahme am Rehabilitationssport bekommen (40 % stationäre Rehabilitation/Anschlussheilbehandlung, 24 % Familie/Freunde, 16 % Onkologe, 11 % Personal der onkologischen Einrichtung, 10 % Hausarzt/Gynäkologe). Hindernisse / Bedenken vor dem Einstieg umfassten insbesondere eine als zu stark wahrgenommene Müdigkeit/Erschöpfung (37 %), zu starke Schmerzen/Unwohlsein (15 %) und das Gefühl einer therapie-/erkrankungsbedingt zu geringen Fitness (14 %) sowie fehlende Kenntnisse über passende Angebote (19 %) und unzureichende Empfehlungen (13 %). Primäre Motive für den Einstieg und die Teilnahme am Rehabilitationssport lagen in einer Verbesserung von Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden (97 bzw. 93 %) sowie einer Reduktion von (Krankheits-) Beschwerden (96 %) und Rezidivrisiko (82 %). Fast alle Teilnehmer (n = 185; 98 %) wollen nach der Teilnahme am Rehasport weiterhin regelmäßig körperlich-sportlich aktiv bleiben (74 % im Sportverein, davon 36 % zusätzlich privat, 17 % ausschließlich privat). Gut 2 / 3 der Befragten (68 %) haben Interesse, an weiteren regulären Vereinssportangeboten teilzunehmen, 38 % kennen keine anderen Angebote bzw. Möglichkeiten im Verein. Diskussion Konkrete Empfehlungen und adäquate Aufklärung über Durchführbarkeit, Nutzen und Möglichkeiten von Rehabilitationssport scheinen für den Einstieg in eine entsprechende Krebssportgruppe relevant. Informationen zu Angeboten und Möglichkeiten, bestenfalls bereits während der Krebstherapie, könnten den Einstieg in den Rehasport und konsekutiv einen aktiven Lebensstil sowie die Nutzung des Potenzials von Bewegung unterstützen.
Low power hydrometry for open channel flows (2014)

Inspired by the need to monitor and control the world's largest irrigation and river networks such as those in the Indus River Basin, we have developed a smart water meter to gauge open channel flows. While developing this design, we have overcome challenges related to power consumption, precision, accuracy, calibration, field conditions, data communication and cost. Large scale deployment of such WSN inspired meters will ensure equity of water distribution, better management opportunities and hence reduce water scarcity.
Development of an integrated CAD tool for switching power supply design with EMC performance evaluation (1998)

A computer-aided tool for the design of switching power supplies integrating a layout editor, autorouter, component library builder and EMI simulator is presented. The software takes on a modular approach and develops the printed circuit board (PCB) layout with emphasis on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The prediction of interference level is achieved by SPICE simulation with suitable model assignments of EMI sources, components, and PCB tracks. An offline forward power converter is built and measured to verify the simulated result. Finally, a performance index is introduced to act as an indicator for the EMC performance of a given PCB layout.
Pretreatment of skin using an abrasive skin preparation pad, a microneedling device or iontophoresis improves absorption of methyl aminolevulinate in ex vivo human skin (2017)

Abrasion with skin preparation pad was shown to be superior to microneedling and iontophoresis for increasing MAL penetration in ex vivo human skin.
Effect of heterozygous loss ofp53 on benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutations and tumors in DNA repair-deficientXPA mice (1999)

XPA-deficient mice have a complete deficiency in nucleotide excision repair, and as such they display a cancer predisposition after exposure to several carcinogens. Besides being sensitive to genotoxic agents applied to the skin, they are also susceptible to human carcinogens given orally, like benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). To study the role of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in DNA repair, gene mutation, and tumor induction, we crossed XPA-deficient mice with p53 knockout mice and lacZ (pUR288) gene marker mice. When treated orally (by gavage) with B[a]P, the XPA(-/-)/p53(+/-) double transgenic mice developed tumors much earlier and with higher frequency compared to their single transgenic counterparts. The major tumor type found in all genotypes was generalized lymphoma mainly residing in the spleen; several sarcomas were observed in p53(+/-) and XPA(-/-)/p53(+/-) mice. Next, we determined lacZ mutation frequencies in several (non)target tissues. It appeared that in the spleen (the major tumor target tissue) of XPA(-/-) and XPA(-/-)/p53(+/-) mice the lacZ mutation frequency was significantly elevated (80-100 x 10(-5)), and was two times higher as found in spleens of B[a]P-treated WT and p53(+/-) mice (P = 0.003). In nontumor target tissues like liver and lung, we found a moderate increase in the lacZ gene mutation frequency (30-40 x 10(-5)), which was independent of the genotype. The results obtained with the DNA-repair deficient XPA mice indicate that a significantly increased lacZ mutation frequency in a particular organ/tissue is an early marker for tumor development at later stages at the same site. However, the synergistic effect of a XPA(-/-)- and a p53(+/-)-deficiency in tumor development is not reflected by an absolute increase in the lacZ mutation frequency in the major tumor target tissue of XPA(-/-)/p53(+/-) or p53(+/-) mice compared to that of XPA(-/-) and WT mice, respectively.
Atmospheric and Fog Effects on Ultra-Wide Band Radar Operating at Extremely High Frequencies (2016)

The wide band at extremely high frequencies (EHF) above 30 GHz is applicable for high resolution directive radars, resolving the lack of free frequency bands within the lower part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Utilization of ultra-wideband signals in this EHF band is of interest, since it covers a relatively large spectrum, which is free of users, resulting in better resolution in both the longitudinal and transverse dimensions. Noting that frequencies in the millimeter band are subjected to high atmospheric attenuation and dispersion effects, a study of the degradation in the accuracy and resolution is presented. The fact that solid-state millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation sources are producing low power, the method of continuous-wave wideband frequency modulation becomes the natural technique for remote sensing and detection. Millimeter wave radars are used as complementary sensors for the detection of small radar cross-section objects under bad weather conditions, when small objects cannot be seen by optical cameras and infrared detectors. Theoretical analysis for the propagation of a wide "chirped" Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar signal in a dielectric medium is presented. It is shown that the frequency-dependent (complex) refractivity of the atmospheric medium causes distortions in the phase of the reflected signal, introducing noticeable errors in the longitudinal distance estimations, and at some frequencies may also degrade the resolution.