gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aeolian Genetic Stratigraphy: An Example from the Middle Jurassic Page Sandstone, Colorado Plateau (1993)

Regional tracing and correlation of super bounding surfaces and the aeolian accumulations they cap show that the Middle Jurassic Page Sandstone consists of a three-dimensional mosaic of these basic aeolian building blocks. These basic supersurface bounded units can be grouped into six architectural assemblages termed the Basal, Lower, Isolated, Middle, Upper and Transition Units. The Basal Unit is a complex, discontinuous assemblage formed on the irregular J-2 regional unconformity and may not represent genetically related strata; scouring associated with emplacement of the overlying unit indicates that it was initially more widespread. The main body of the Page consists of three assemblages. The Lower Unit pinches out against the rising J-2 surface along the Monument Bench, and is bounded in a stepwise fashion by supersurfaces that show the progressive eastward transgression of the marine Judd Hollow Member of the Carmel Formation with supersurfaces extending inland. The Isolated Unit, occurring as outliers, is tentatively correlated with the Basal and Lower Units. The Middle Unit inter-tongues throughout with the Carmel Formation, and consists of the amalgamation of layers and lenses of aeolian units separated by multiple truncational supersurfaces, some of which can be traced into tongues of the Carmel. The Upper Unit of the Page is locally deeply scoured by large troughs, whereas a Transition Unit associated with the onset of Carmel deposition varies from a thin reworked zone to local aeolian build-ups. Throughout the Page, supersurfaces are characterized by polygonal fractures, relief and superposed sabkha and subaqueous strata. Identification of Page genetic units demonstrates a means of internal correlation within aeolian units, and provides a way to link internal aeolian stratigraphy to external events manifested in adjacent non-aeolian units.
Evidence for the involvement of central 5‐HT7 receptors in the micturition reflex in anaesthetized female rats (2003)

(1) The effects of the selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonists SB-269970 (3-300 microg kg-1; n=5-6) and SB-656104 (30 microg kg-1; n=5) administered centrally (i.c.v.) were investigated on the 'micturition reflex' in the urethane anaesthetized female rat. (2) In cystometric recordings, SB-269970 caused significant increases in volume of 58+/-15 and 138+/-33% and pressure of 140+/-46 and 149+/-60% thresholds at 10 and 30 microg kg-1. These changes were associated with significant decreases in distension-induced bladder contraction of 62+/-14 and 60+/-11%, respectively. However, there was no change in residual volume. At the higher doses, SB-269970 blocked the micturition reflex. SB-656104 had similar effects to SB-269970 but in addition significantly increased the residual volume. (3) SB-269970 (10 microg kg-1; n=5) given i.v. had no effect on the micturition reflex. (4) SB-269970 (30 microg kg-1; n=4) given intrathecally (i.t.) had no effect on micturition reflex, although the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 given i.t. after SB-269970 caused a significant increase in the volume threshold. (5) Using an isovolumetric method in which urethral changes were measured, SB-269970 (30 microg kg-1; n=4; i.c.v.) failed to have any effect on these urethral-evoked changes although they significantly reduced the amplitude of the bladder contraction. (6) These data demonstrate that 5-HT7 receptors located supraspinally in the rat are involved in the control of micturition.
Analysis of LCI synchronous motor drives with finite DC link inductance (1993)

Steady-state operation of a load commutated inverter (LCI) fed synchronous motor drive is analysed by means of a digital computer based solution of the synchronous machine equations. The solution permits calculation of current, voltage, and torque waveforms and includes the effects of finite DC link inductance, saliency of the rotor and all machine resistances. The continuity constraints for steady-state operation are exploited to enable the proper initial conditions to be calculated directly, without the need for iteration. Operating points are described by the firing angle yo, and the overlap angle μ, and are computed for an assumed DC supply voltage of 1.0 per unit. The linearity of the state equations allows the normalised solutions to be scaled to obtain any desired value of torque, DC link current etc. Sample calculations are provided, showing the influence of the DC link inductance on the torque, DC link current and voltage waveforms. These are then compared with experimentally measured data taken from a 3 kVA LCI fed synchronous motor drive, and a good level of agreement is achieved.
Reduction of InGaAs/GaAs laser facet temperatures by band gap shifted extended cavities (1997)

Reflectance modulation measurements have been used to determine facet temperatures of InGaAs/GaAs double quantum well (QW) graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure ridge-waveguide lasers possessing band gap tuned passive cavity sections. We find that the incorporation of transparent extended cavities, produced by ion-implantation enhanced QW intermixing, significantly decreases the laser facet temperatures. The reduced photoabsorption occurring at the facets, achieved by the QW intermixing process, should lead to increases in both the maximum optical power levels and device longevity prior to the onset of catastrophic failure.
Analysis of Lipid Phase Behavior and Protein Conformational Changes in Nanolipoprotein Particles upon Entrapment in Sol–Gel-Derived Silica (2014)

The entrapment of nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) and liposomes in transparent, nanoporous silica gel derived from the precursor tetramethylorthosilicate was investigated. NLPs are discoidal patches of lipid bilayer that are belted by amphiphilic scaffold proteins and have an average thickness of 5 nm. The NLPs in this work had a diameter of roughly 15 nm and utilized membrane scaffold protein (MSP), a genetically altered variant of apolipoprotein A-I. Liposomes have previously been examined inside of silica sol-gels and have been shown to exhibit instability. This is attributed to their size (∼150 nm) and altered structure and constrained lipid dynamics upon entrapment within the nanometer-scale pores (5-50 nm) of the silica gel. By contrast, the dimensional match of NLPs with the intrinsic pore sizes of silica gel opens the possibility for their entrapment without disruption. Here we demonstrate that NLPs are more compatible with the nanometer-scale size of the porous environment by analysis of lipid phase behavior via fluorescence anisotropy and analysis of scaffold protein secondary structure via circular dichroism spectroscopy. Our results showed that the lipid phase behavior of NLPs entrapped inside of silica gel display closer resemblance to its solution behavior, more so than liposomes, and that the MSP in the NLPs maintain the high degree of α-helix secondary structure associated with functional protein-lipid interactions after entrapment. We also examined the effects of residual methanol on lipid phase behavior and the size of NLPs and found that it exerts different influences in solution and in silica gel; unlike in free solution, silica entrapment may be inhibiting NLP size increase and/or aggregation. These findings set precedence for a bioinorganic hybrid nanomaterial that could incorporate functional integral membrane proteins.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A CUFF-BASED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY (SMA) ACTUATOR (2015)

This article proposes a novel cuff-based microactuator for automatic blood extraction using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) technology. It aims to provide an actuator solution for an electronic mosquito-like device, e-Mosquito, which enhances blood glucose measurement to off the potential to significantly improve both the quality of life for diabetic patients and their disease management. Fabrication and assembly methods of the microactuator prototype are discussed. The 6-mm thick microactuator prototype underwent mechanical tests in a laboratory environment to characterize its penetration force and depth, which are the major factors facilitating skin penetration and blood extraction. Testing results demonstrated that this actuator can produce a maximum penetration force of 160gf and a maximum displacement depth of 2.45mm, which both exceed the minimum force and depth requirements for blood capillary-reaching skin penetration in humans. Five actuator prototypes were assembled and integrated to a cuff wrist strap. A pilot human study was performed to test the blood extraction capabilities of the device. All five actuators successfully penetrated the skin and drew whole blood samples appearing on the skin surface of the subject.
A new approach to enhance the accuracy of selective harmonics-elimination technique for digital controllers (2019)

Abstract The selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is a preferable modulation technique in medium and high power converters applications as it enables for using low switching frequency with high flexibility to eliminate specific harmonics. The digital implementation of the SHE is a challenging issue as it requires a very accurate generation of the switching pulses. The theoretical calculation of the switching angles cannot guarantee the same results when digitally implemented by digital controllers. The digitizing process with a relatively low sampling frequency due to the digital implementation introduces error for each applied switching angle. Consequently, the applied switching angles will not match the theoretical ones resulted in residual errors for the selected harmonics that should be eliminated. This paper presents a new approach to improve SHE accuracy by online prediction and implementing of the closest true angles to minimize the residual harmonics.
Synchronous Laser-Microwave Network for Attosecond-Resolution Photon Science (2017)

Next-generation photon-science facilities such as X-ray free-electron lasers (X-FELs)* and intense-laser beamline centers** are emerging world-wide with the goal of generating sub-fs X-ray pulses with unprecedented brightness to capture ultrafast chemical and physical phenomena with sub-atomic spatiotemporal resolution. The only obstacle preventing this long-standing scientific dream to come true is a high- precision timing distribution system*** synchronizing various microwave and optical sub-sources across multi-km distances which is required for seeded X-FELs and attosecond pump-probe experiments. Here, we present, for the first time, a synchronous laser-microwave network that will enable attosecond precision photon science facilities. By developing new ultrafast metrological timing devices and carefully balancing fiber nonlinearities and fundamental noise contributions, we have achieved timing stabilization of a 4.7 km fiber network with 580 attosecond precision over 52 hours. Furthermore, we have realized a complete laser-microwave network incorporating two mode-locked lasers and one microwave source with total 950 attosecond jitter integrated from 1 microsecond to 18 hours.
Ethanol Promotes Cell Death by Inhibition of the Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Receptor (1997)

The mechanism by which chronic alcohol abuse induces widespread cell and tissue damage is unknown. Insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) is an important inhibitor of apoptosis in many cell types, in addition to its ability to stimulate proliferation. We have demonstrated previously (J, Biol. Chem . 268:21777–21782,1993; Lab. Invest . 71657–662, 1994) that ethanol in low concentrations inhibits the tyrosine auto‐phosphorylation of the IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) and IGF‐I‐mediated cell proliferation. We now demonstrate that ethanol reverses the antiapoptotic action of the IGF‐IR in a tumor necrosis factor‐a (TNF‐α) model of apoptosis. In serum‐depleted medium, IGF‐I markedly protected BALB/c3T3 cells from TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis. Ethanol reversed the protective action of IGF‐I, but did not enhance TNF‐α killing in the absence of IGF‐I. Hatf‐maximal effective concentrations of ethanol were 5 to 10 mM. In the presence of 5 to 10% fetal bovine serum, TNF‐α was cytotoxic for 3T3 cells only in the presence of ethanol. Mouse embryo fibroblasts with targeted knockout of the IGF‐IR were completely insensitive to ethanol, in contrast with the ethanol‐induced potentiation of apoptosis in wild‐type cells. These results indicate that ethanol directly interacts with cellular factors that inhibit apoptosis and could provide a novel mechanism for ethanol‐induced cytotoxicity in general.
Investigating the Nature of the Active Sites for the CO2 Reduction Reaction on Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts (2019)

To achieve a better understanding of the CO2 reduction reaction on carbon-based electrocatalysts, we synthesized a library of nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials with atomically dispersed 3d transition metals and corresponding metal-free electrocatalysts. The sacrificial support method was used yielding catalyst materials of high dispersity and high graphitic content. The resulting electrocatalysts were impurity free, hence allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of CO2 reduction. By combining the electrochemical results with density functional theory, we were able to separate the electrocatalysts into several categories, based on their CO2 → COOHads free energy and their COads binding strength. The “strong-CO binder” electrocatalysts (e.g., Cr, Mn and Fe–N–C) achieved a Faradaic efficiency up to 50% at −0.35 V vs. RHE (at pH = 7.5, in 0.1 M phosphate buffer). Such Faradaic efficiency was also achieved for a metal-free electrocatalyst, therefore showing the high activity of the metal-free, N-containing, moieties toward the CO2 reduction reaction. This was confirmed by near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that confirmed pyridinic and hydrogenated (pyrrolic) nitrogen moieties act as preferential adsorption sites for the CO2 on the Fe–N–C catalyst surface.
TREATMENT OF ACUTE ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURES (2005)

Background: There is a lack of consensus regarding the best option for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture. Treatment can be broadly classified as operative (open or percutaneous) or nonoperative (casting or functional bracing). Postoperative splinting can be performed with a rigid cast (proximal or distal to the knee) or a more mobile functional brace. The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify and summarize the evidence from randomized, controlled trials on the effectiveness of different interventions for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Methods: We searched multiple databases (including EMBASE, CINAHL, and MEDLINE) as well as reference lists of articles and contacted authors. Keywords included Achilles tendon, rupture, and tendon injuries. Three reviewers extracted data and independently assessed trial quality with use of a ten-item scale. Results: Twelve trials involving 800 patients were included. There was a variable level of methodological rigor and reporting of outcomes. Open operative treatment was associated with a lower risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment (relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.64). However, it was associated with a higher risk of other complications, including infection, adhesions, and disturbed skin sensibility (relative risk, 10.60; 95% confidence interval, 4.82 to 23.28). Percutaneous repair was associated with a lower complication rate compared with open operative repair (relative risk, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 7.62). Patients who had been managed with a functional brace postoperatively (allowing for early mobilization) had a lower complication rate compared with those who had been managed with a cast (relative risk, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 2.76). Because of the small number of patients involved, no definitive conclusions could be made regarding different nonoperative treatment regimens. Conclusions: Open operative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures significantly reduces the risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment, but operative treatment is associated with a significantly higher risk of other complications. Operative risks may be reduced by performing surgery percutaneously. Postoperative splinting with use of a functional brace reduces the overall complication rate. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Efficient Concurrent Range Queries in B+-trees using RCU-HTM (2020)

In this work, we exploit RCU-HTM, a synchronization mechanism that combines Read-Copy-Update (RCU) and Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) to support linearizable and highly efficient range queries in a concurrent B+-tree. Range queries in our B+-tree start with an asynchronized traversal and then perform a horizontal scan of leaf nodes, by following sibling pointers, using hardware transactions. Despite its simplicity, our RCU-HTM based B+-tree with range query support greatly outperforms state-of-the-art map data structures for range queries in several execution scenarios.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Myeloid Leukaemia of Down Syndrome, and Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukaemia (2020)

Abstract Myeloid malignancies in children are divided into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML), and the myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome (ML-DS). Predisposing genetic conditions are common in MDS. Differentiating MDS from inherited bone marrow failure or AML may be challenging. Therapy consists of observation, immunosuppression, or stem-cell transplantation (SCT). Germline and somatic mutations deregulating the Ras/MAPK signal pathways are key initiating events in JMML. Genetics in JMML defines clinically relevant subgroups and indications for SCT. ML-DS presents with unique clinical characteristics and responds favourably to reduced doses of AML chemotherapy; however, relapse is often refractory to therapy.
Utility of the 13C‐pantoprazole breath test as a CYP2C19 phenotyping probe for children (2022)

The <sup>13</sup> C-pantoprazole breath test (PAN-BT) is a safe, noninvasive, in vivo CYP2C19 phenotyping probe for adults. Our objective was to evaluate PAN-BT performance in children, with a focus on discriminating individuals who, according to guidelines from the Clinical Pharmacology Implementation Consortium (CPIC), would benefit from starting dose escalation versus reduction for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Children (n = 65, 6-17 years) genotyped for CYP2C19 variants *2, *3, *4, and *17 received a single oral dose of <sup>13</sup> C-pantoprazole. Plasma concentrations of pantoprazole and its metabolites, and changes in exhaled <sup>13</sup> CO<sub>2</sub> (termed delta-over-baseline or DOB), were measured 10 times over 8 h using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and spectrophotometry, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters of interest were generated and DOB features derived using feature engineering for the first 180 min postadministration. DOB features, age, sex, and obesity status were used to run bootstrap analysis at each timepoint (T<sub>i</sub> ) independently. For each iteration, stratified samples were drawn based on genotype prevalence in the original cohort. A random forest was trained, and predictive performance of PAN-BT was evaluated. Strong discriminating ability for CYP2C19 intermediate versus normal/rapid metabolizer phenotype was noted at DOB<sub>T30 min</sub> (mean sensitivity: 0.522, specificity: 0.784), with consistent model outperformance over a random or a stratified classifier approach at each timepoint (p < 0.001). With additional refinement and investigation, the test could become a useful and convenient dosing tool in clinic to help identify children who would benefit most from PPI dose escalation versus dose reduction, in accordance with CPIC guidelines.
Salvage procedures for the distal end of the ulna: there is no magic. (2009)

Resection of the distal end of the ulna is not a benign procedure; nor is it a panacean surgical treatment of disorders at the distal radioulnar and ulnocarpal joints. Over the past 96 years, since Darrach first described his classic procedure, many authors have warned surgeons of the consequences of the Darrach resection. For salvaging the persistently painful distal forearm after Darrach resection, researchers have recommended a spectrum of possible surgical options. Each has its advantages and disadvantages; none substitutes completely for the painless, load-bearing capacity of a healthy distal radioulnar joint. Resection of the seat of the distal ulna eliminates the fulcrum of the ulna through which load is transferred from the hand to the forearm. At this time, there is still no surgical "magic" available to the reconstructive surgeon for salvaging normal use of the upper limb after failed Darrach resection.
Experimental Study and Engineering Practice of Rammed Concrete Pile (2010)

Rammed concrete pile is the development of columnar-hammer rammed and expanded technique. Due to the twice compaction effect during installation process and high compression strength of pile shaft, rammed concrete pile has the advantages of high bearing capacity and relatively low cost. The main purpose of this paper is to study the installation procedure, the bearing behavior of rammed concrete pile and compaction effect on the surrounding soil. The indoor tests results indicate that the rammed concrete specimens take only 14 days, only half of the common concrete, to achieve the design strength, which is favorable to shorten the construction period of foundation. Additionally, the compression strength of rammed concrete is about 10 to 50 percent higher than the regular concrete with the same cement content ratio. Field tests results show that rammed concrete pile offers greater capacity than driven and cast-in-place pile. Finally a case history is introduced that further verified the compaction effect of the rammed concrete pile to the surrounding soil.
Physicochemical and Biochemical Properties of 2‘,5‘-Linked RNA and 2‘,5‘-RNA:3‘,5‘-RNA “Hybrid” Duplexes, (1998)

In recent publications, oligonucleotides joined by 2',5'-linkages were found to bind to complementary single-stranded RNA but to bind weakly, or not at all, to single-stranded DNA [e.g., P. A. Giannaris and M. J. Damha (1993) Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 4742-4749]. In this work, the biochemical and physicochemical properties of 2',5'-linked oligoribonucleotides containing mixed sequences of the four nucleobases (A, G, C, and U) were evaluated. CD spectra of RNA:2', 5'-RNA duplexes were compared with the spectra of DNA:DNA, RNA:RNA, and DNA:RNA duplexes of the same base sequence. The CD results indicated that the RNA:2',5'-RNA duplex structure more closely resembles the structure of the RNA:DNA hybrid, being more A-form than B-form in character. The melting temperature (Tm) values of the backbone-modified duplexes were compared with the Tm values of the unmodified duplexes. The order of thermal stability was RNA:RNA > DNA:DNA approximately RNA:DNA approximately DNA:RNA > RNA:2',5'-RNA > 2',5'-RNA:2',5'-RNA >> DNA:2',5'-RNA (undetected). RNA:2',5'-RNA duplexes are not substrates of the enzyme RNase H (Escherichia coli, or HIV-1 reverse transcriptase), but they can inhibit the RNase H-mediated cleavage of a natural DNA:RNA substrate. Structural models that are consistent with the selective association properties of 2',5'-linked oligonucleotides are discussed.