gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of low-level and high-level factors in complex tasks: Visual search. (1995)

A method for assessing the role of low-level factors in complex tasks is described. The method, which involves comparing simple-discrimination performance and complex-task performance for the same stimuli, was used to assess the role of low-level factors in multiple-fixation visual search. In one experiment, the target and background were composed of line segments that differed in color, orientation, or both; in another, target and background were composed of filtered-noise textures that differed in spatial frequency, orientation, or both. Most of the variance in search time was found to be predictable from the discrimination data, suggesting that low-level factors often play a dominant role in limiting search performance. A signal-detection model is presented that demonstrates how current psychophysical models of visual discrimination might be generalized to obtain a theory that can predict search performance for a wide range of stimulus conditions.
Soft-tissue sarcomas: use of textural patterns in skeletal muscle as a diagnostic feature in postoperative MR imaging. (1992)

The authors assessed the value of tissue textural patterns as a diagnostic feature for differentiating nonspecific posttreatment tissue changes from musculoskeletal sarcoma recurrence on magnetic resonance (MR) images. The MR imaging studies of 40 patients who had previously undergone surgery and radiation therapy for soft-tissue sarcomas of the lower extremities were evaluated in a blind fashion. In 31 of the MR imaging studies, T2-weighted images demonstrated diffuse areas of high signal intensity in soft tissues at the operative region. Close examination of the corresponding regions on high-resolution transverse T1-weighted images demonstrated textural features typical of skeletal muscle in 23 patients and the absence of such features in eight. None of the 23 patients with the "texture sign" proved to have macroscopic tumor recurrence at clinical or surgical follow-up. Among the eight patients without recognizable textural features of muscle in the regions suspicious for tumor recurrence, two proved to have recurrent tumor at surgery. Recognition of a texture sign on high-resolution T1-weighted spin-echo images of regions suggestive of tumor recurrence helps improve the diagnostic specificity of follow-up MR examinations in patients who have undergone treatment for soft-tissue sarcomas.
Low cost active scanning antenna for mobile satellite terminals (2004)

In this work a new low-cost solution for the implementation of electronically scanning active antennas for mobile satellite terminals in Ka-band is presented. The proposed antenna is made of a slotted post-wall waveguide array with integrated active feeding network. The small size of this antenna, its flat profile, lightweight and low fabrication costs, together with its high performances in terms of antenna efficiency, high gain and scanning capabilities, make it a very attractive solution for mobile satellite terminal applications.
Resist Shrink and Trim Processes (2009)

The ultimate resolution of lithography can be improved by improving the optics of the exposure system. Various techniques are used to obtain better aerial image contrast, such as off-axis illumination, phase-shift masks, and optical proximity correction. The resolution can also be improved by using better resists and by optimizing the methods for processing them. These are the traditional ways to improve lithographic resolution according to the Rayleigh equation, which states that resolution cannot be better than k 1 Î»âNA . In addition to the traditional approaches, various innovative techniques have been implemented to further boost resist pattern resolution. The techniques are all based on treatment of the resist patterns after development. These so called âshrink processesâ use special physical or chemical processes to convert optically derived resist patterns into ultrafine patterns that are beyond optical resolution limits. For example, a resist film printed with a contact-hole pattern can be baked slightly above the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the resist so that it gets soft and starts to flow, resulting in smaller contact holes. This process is called thermal reflow. Another method is to submerge the resist patterns into chemicals that react at the surface of the resist patterns, resulting in conformal âgrowthâ of the resist patterns. Shrink processes are capable of boosting the resolution of a process by one or two technology nodes without the need to purchase new exposure tools. For example, an ArF scanner with 0.75NA can print contact holes with diameters of 120 nm. Thermal reflow can further shrink the diameter to below 100 nm, which is in the resolution regime of a 0.93NA ArF tool. Implementation of the shrink process at some critical levels can help reduce costs, leading to a gain in technological leadership. Because of its huge potential for cost savings, shrink technology has attracted attention beyond lithographers, having also been adopted in film deposition processes. Plasma-assisted shrink processes have been used to shrink contact holes prior to etch. Shrink processes actually âshrinkâ the open areas of the pattern by expanding/growing the resist area. These processes are more applicable to the lithographic levels where the space CD is crucial, such as the contact level or the first metal level.
Semi-automated 3D Leaf Reconstruction and Analysis of Trichome Patterning from Light Microscopic Images (2013)

Trichomes are leaf hairs that are formed by single cells on the leaf surface. They are known to be involved in pathogen resistance. Their patterning is considered to emerge from a field of initially equivalent cells through the action of a gene regulatory network involving trichome fate promoting and inhibiting factors. For a quantitative analysis of single and double mutants or the phenotypic variation of patterns in different ecotypes, it is imperative to statistically evaluate the pattern reliably on a large number of leaves. Here we present a method that enables the analysis of trichome patterns at early developmental leaf stages and the automatic analysis of various spatial parameters. We focus on the most challenging young leaf stages that require the analysis in three dimensions, as the leaves are typically not flat. Our software TrichEratops reconstructs 3D surface models from 2D stacks of conventional light-microscope pictures. It allows the GUI-based annotation of different stages of trichome development, which can be analyzed with respect to their spatial distribution to capture trichome patterning events. We show that 3D modeling removes biases of simpler 2D models and that novel trichome patterning features increase the sensitivity for inter-accession comparisons.
Direct Solver Based on the Multilevel Nonuniform Grid Approach for Quasi-Planar Electromagnetic Scattering Problems (2021)

A direct solver for quasi-planar electromagnetic scattering problems is developed. The algorithm consists of a multilevel domain decomposition, a rank revealing procedure (RRP), and a direct solution of the resulting compressed system of linear algebraic equations. The RRP is performed step by step from the bottom to top levels and is based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) using the interpolation grids of the Multilevel Nonuniform Grid (MLNG) approach. The efficiency of the solver is demonstrated by numerical experiments.
Rocket-Model Investigation of Lateral Stability Characteristics and Power Effects of a Jet-Engine Airplane Configuration with Tail Boom at Mach Numbers from 1.15 to 1.37 (1961)

Results from a limited research program initiated to study the effects of a hot propulsive jet on the lateral stability characteristics of a fighter-type airplane configuration are presented. The data were obtained on a rocket-boosted free-flight model and a Mach number range from 1.15 to 1.37 was covered. The configuration tested had sweptback-wing and tail surfaces and a tail boom of rectangular cross section. A solid-propellant rocket motor was used to simulate a turbojet engine with afterburner operating. Pulse rockets provided yaw disturbances during both power-on and power-off flight.
The cancer stem cell niche—there goes the neighborhood? (2011)

The niche is the environment in which stem cells reside and is responsible for the maintenance of unique stem cell properties such as self-renewal and an undifferentiated state. The heterogeneous populations which constitute a niche include both stem cells and surrounding differentiated cells. This network of heterogeneity is responsible for the control of the necessary pathways that function in determining stem cell fate. The concept that cancer stem cells, a subpopulation of cells responsible for tumor initiation and formation, reside in their own unique niche is quickly evolving and it is of importance to understand and identify the processes occurring within this environment. The necessary intrinsic pathways that are utilized by this cancer stem cell population to maintain both self-renewal and the ability to differentiate are believed to be a result of the environment where cancer stem cells reside. The ability of a specific cancer stem cell niche to provide the environment in which this population can flourish is a critical aspect of cancer biology that mandates intense investigation. This review focuses on current evidence demonstrating that homeostatic processes such as inflammation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, hypoxia and angiogenesis contribute to the maintenance and control of cancer stem cell fate by providing the appropriate signals within the microenvironment. It is necessary to understand the key processes occurring within this highly specialized cancer stem cell niche to identify potential therapeutic targets that can serve as the basis for development of more effective anticancer treatments.
9-HSA INDUCES APOPTOSIS AND INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO IMATINIB IN IMATINIB RESISTANT COLON CANCER CELLS (2006)

Introduction. Imatinib mesilate, an inhibitior of bcr-abl tyrosine kinases (TK) which was primarily designed to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia, is also an inhibitor of the c-kit receptor and is currently the drug of choice for the therapy of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), which frequently express constitutively activated forms of the c-kit-receptor. Despite the fact that the majority of patients receiving imatinib respond to treatment, early relapse and drug resistance occur in a large percentage of them.&#13;\nThe present study is focused on the ability of a new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA) to enhance the cytotoxicity of imatinib in imatinib-resistant cell lines.&#13;\nMaterials and methods. HT29, a colon adenocarcinoma cell line expressing the c-kit receptor and p53 mutated, was grown in Petri dishes, exposed for 24 hr to a high dose of imatinib, and maintained in drug-free medium for up to 7 days. Resistance to further treatment with the drug was characterized by loss of apoptotic response by means of annexin V staining. 9-HSA antiproliferative effect on growth inhibition in the resistant cell line (IR-HT-29) was assayed by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation. Histone classes were separated and identified by HPLC/MS, and the post-translational modifications were determined both in IR-HT-29 and 9-HSA treated cells.&#13;\nResults. Pretreating IR-HT-29 with 9-HSA led to growth-inhibitory and apoptotic effects of imatinib similar to that in imatinib-sensitive HT-29 cell line. More precisely, 9-HSA treatment is able per se to trigger apoptosis and subsequent imatinib treatment amplifies the process. In order to understand the mechanisms of this effect, we analyzed the degree of acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation of histones in IR-HT-29, and in 9-HSA treated IR-HT-29. The results clearly show that histone code in IR-HT-29 was completely changed with respect to control sensitive HT-29, and that 9-HSA treatment induced the increase of the diacetyl-dimethyl H4 content, and several modifications on H3-1 histone. In conclusion our data indicate that the use of HDAC inhibitor 9-HSA may constitute a powerful strategy to enhance cytotoxic effects of imatinib in resistant cell lines.
Synthesis of original benzo[g]quinoxaline‐5,10‐diones by bis‐SRN1 methodology (2004)

Abstract A new heterocyclic bioreductive bis‐alkylating agent, 2,3‐bis(chloromethyl)benzo[ g ]quinoxaline‐5,10‐dione, was prepared in a four‐steps synthesis. It was shown to react under electron transfer conditions with 2‐nitropropane anion by an bis‐S RN 1 mechanism to give three C ‐alkylation products in excellent yields. Extension of this bis‐S RN 1 reaction to various nitronate or malonate anions and S ‐centered anions led to a new class of potentially active benzo[ g ]quinoxaline‐5,10‐dione derivatives.
The periapical tissue reactions to a calcium phosphate cement in the teeth of monkeys (1991)

A calcium phosphate cement, Grossman sealer, and Sargenti N2 were compared under conditions where root canals of monkey incisors were deliberately overfilled and the apical tissue responses were evaluated histologically. The periapical tissues exposed to Sargenti N2 revealed severe irritation at all times through the 6-month experimental period. The reactions to Grossman sealer were milder but persisted throughout the observation period. The calcium-phosphate-cement treated animals showed mild tissue irritation after 1 month, but thereafter the adverse tissue reactions were minimal. New bone formation adjacent to the cement was also observed. These results point to the possibility that calcium phosphate cement might be used in simplified endodontic procedures. The compatibility of calcium phosphate cement with the periapical tissue suggests that the cement may have other applications in dentistry and medicine.
Intravenous vinorelbine as first-line and second-line therapy in advanced breast cancer. (1995)

Single-agent vinorelbine is an effective and well-tolerated agent for first- and second-line therapy of ABC. The results of this study confirm the findings of similar international trials and suggest vinorelbine should be considered a valid treatment option for patients with ABC and a potential component in future combination regimens for this disease.
GD2 Peptide Mimotope DNA Vaccines for Anti-Neuroblastoma Immunotherapy. (2004)

Abstract The tumor-associated antigen disialoganglioside-GD2 is expressed on neuroblastoma and melanoma and is an established target for passive immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to develop an active immunization strategy leading to the induction of a humoral anti-GD2 immune response. However, carbohydrates and glycolipids are T cell-independent antigens (TI) and usually evoke a poor immune response in tumor-bearing hosts. Here, we describe the identification, characterization and in vivo efficacy of cyclic peptides mimicking the structure of glycolipid GD2, i.e. GD2 mimotopes, in order to overcome T-cell independency. First, GD2 peptide mimotopes were identified by biopanning experiments of a phage-display library displaying circular decapeptides against the human/mouse chimeric anti-GD2 antibody (Ab) ch14.18. Thirteen independent phage clones were isolated which bind to ch14.18 with high specificity. Competitive binding of phages expressing GD2 peptide mimotopes to ch14.18 antibody revealed two superior peptide candidates, mimotope A (MA) and and mimotope D (MD), which were subjected to further evaluation. Second, two plasmid DNA minigene vaccines were generated by overlapping PCR encoding for MA and MD, respectively. The plasmids were based on pSecTag2-A also including a kappa leader sequence, a T-cell helper epitope from HIV-1 gp 120 (T1) and a myc-tag. Minigene expression was demonstrated following transfection of COS-7 cells in western-blots and GD2 mimikry was determined in solid phase ELISA experiments. Third, the efficacy of these mimotope DNA vaccines to induce a tumor protective anti-GD2 immune response was tested in the syngeneic NXS2 model of neuroblastoma expressing ganglioside GD2. The DNA vaccination was accomplished with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (SL 7207) used as an oral vaccine carrier. Only mice receiving the mimotope DNA vaccines revealed a decrease in primary tumor growth by 50% and a dramatic reduction of spontaneous liver metastases with a mean liver weight of 1g in both groups (MA and MD) in contrast to negative controls (3g). Interestingly, mice immunized with KLH conjugated peptide mimotopes A and D revealed an increased rate of s.c. tumor growth and spontaneous liver metastasis with average liver weights of 5 (MA) and 7 (MD), respecively, suggesting the induction of tolerance using this peptide vaccine approach. Finally the highest anti-GD2 humoral immune response was observed in sera of mice from both GD2 mimotope DNA vaccine groups, consistent with the anti-tumor reponse observed in vivo. Based on these data, we belive that GD2 mimotope DNA vaccines may provide a useful strategy for active immunization against neuroblastoma.
Population dynamics of chromate reducing bacteria in a bioreactor system developed for the treatment of chromate wastewater (1998)

The population dynamics of microbes was investigated in a bioreactor system for the treatment of chromate wastewater supplemented with chromate reducing bacteria Enterobacter cloacae strain HO-1. In this study, respiratory quinone profile and PCR techniques were used to analyse the microbial population. The change in microbial community structure and density was observed on the basis of the respiratory quinone profile since the predominant quinone of HO-1 is ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and the amount of quinone is proportional to the cell mass. the quantity of microbes and the Q-8 fraction of the total quinones were increased after cultivation with aeration, while long-term operation brought about a decrease in the fraction of Q-8. In addition, the amount of HO-1 was determined by the PCR amplification rate under conditions where the amplification was exponential to the reaction cycles. The cell density of HO-1 and total microbes determined from these procedures compared well with the numbers of HO-1 cells counted selectively using agar plates containing chromate.
[New procedures in transesophageal echocardiography: multiplane transesophageal echocardiography and transesophageal stress echocardiography]. (1993)

Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography is a new development in transducer technology, which allows by rotation of the transducer to obtain not only transverse and longitudinal planes but also all intermediate planes. Exterior control allows continuous rotation of the scanning plane from the conventional transverse plane, corresponding to 0 degree, to the longitudinal plane, corresponding to 90 degrees and further to a left-right inverted transverse plane, corresponding to 180 degrees. Although the echoscope tip, which houses the rotatable transducer, is slightly larger than conventional probes, in our clinical experience of well over 400 cases, intubation of the esophagus is not more difficult than with the mono- or biplane probe. In comparison with the biplane technique the adjustment of intermediate planes is easier and less unpleasant for the patient, since mechanical irritation due to sideward flexion of the probe is less often necessary. Plane rotation, effected by control buttons in the echoscope handle, takes eight seconds from 0 degree to 180 degrees. The probe incorporates a 5 MHz phased array transducer, which alternatively works at 3.7 MHz. Pulsed, continuous and color Doppler are also integrated. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography was used to investigate several clinical questions. In 41 patients with aortic valve stenosis the valve area was determined by planimetry. The valve area was measured in an individually aligned short axis view (between 50 degrees and 70 degrees). A high correlation (r = 0.95; Y = 0.9 X + 0.1; p < 0.01) with invasively determined valve areas by the Gorlin formula was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Function-Based Access Control (FBAC): From Access Control Matrix to Access Control Tensor (2016)

Security researchers have stated that the core concept behind current implementations of access control predates the Internet. These assertions are made to pinpoint that there is a foundational gap in this field, and one should consider revisiting the concepts from the ground up. Moreover, Insider threats, which are an increasing threat vector against organizations are also associated with the failure of access control. Access control models derived from access control matrix encompass three sets of entities, Subjects, Objects and Operations. Typically, objects are considered to be files and operations are regarded as Read, Write, and Execute. This implies an `open sesame' approach when granting access to data, i.e. once access is granted, there is no restriction on command executions. Inspired by Functional Encryption, we propose applying access authorizations at a much finer granularity, but instead of an ad-hoc or computationally hard cryptographic approach, we postulate a foundational transformation to access control. From an abstract viewpoint, we suggest storing access authorizations as a three-dimensional tensor, which we call Access Control Tensor (ACT). In Function-based Access Control (FBAC), applications do not give blind folded execution right and can only invoke commands that have been authorized for data segments. In other words, one might be authorized to use a certain command on one object, while being forbidden to use exactly the same command on another object. The theoretical foundations of FBAC are presented along with Policy, Enforcement and Implementation (PEI) requirements of it. A critical analysis of the advantages of deploying FBAC, how it will result in developing a new generation of applications, and compatibility with existing models and systems is also included. Finally, a proof of concept implementation of FBAC is presented.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock from acute myocardial infarction: Impella CP/5.0 versus ECMO. (2020)

BACKGROUND: Short-term mechanical circulatory support devices are increasingly used in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. As no randomised evidence is available, the choice between high-output Impella or extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is still a matter of debate. Real-life data are necessary to assess adverse outcomes and to help guide the treatment decision between the different devices. The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics and clinical outcomes of Impella CP/5.0 with ECMO support in patients with cardiogenic shock from myocardial infarction.METHODS: A retrospective, two-centre study was performed on all cardiogenic shock from myocardial infarction patients with Impella CP/5.0 or ECMO support, from 2006 until 2018. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Potential baseline imbalance between the groups was adjusted using inverse probability treatment weighting, and survival analysis was performed with an adjusted log-rank test. Secondarily, the occurrence of device-related complications (limb ischaemia, access site-related bleeding, access site-related infection) was evaluated.RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were included (Impella, N=90; ECMO, N=38). The 30-day mortality was similar for both groups (53% vs. 49%, P=0.30), also after adjustment for potential baseline imbalance between the groups (weighted log-rank P=0.16). Patients with Impella support had significantly fewer device-related complications than patients treated with ECMO (respectively, 17% vs. 40%, P< 0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with Impella CP/5.0 or ECMO for cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction did not differ in 30-day mortality. More device-related complications occurred with ECMO compared to Impella support. PMID: 31353918