gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-term antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (2005)

The risks for invasive fungal infections, particularly mould infections such as invasive aspergillosis, among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are linked to the duration and severity of myelosuppression and immunosuppression. Strategies to prevent invasive fungal infections have focused primarily on the use of orally administered azole antifungal agents during the neutropenic period rather than on the more prolonged post-engraftment period. The major limitations of these studies included the heterogeneity among the subjects studied for fungal infection risk factors, the agents administered, the dosing, and duration of prophylaxis. More recent studies have attempted to examine the efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis strategies among allogeneic HSCT recipients to day 100 and beyond. It is clear that a variety of products have efficacy in preventing invasive candidiasis, including imidazole and triazole antifungals, low-dose amphotericin B, and the echinocandin, micafungin; however, only the extended spectrum azole, itraconazole, has been shown to impact the incidence of proven invasive aspergillosis. Other extended spectrum azole antifungal agents, voriconazole and posaconazole, are being studied as long-term prophylaxis in high-risk HSCT recipients. While clinical trials have suggested that a duration of prophylaxis against moulds of six months or more may be required, it remains unclear if this is required in all cases. The prophylactic efficacy over time may be linked to the degree of immunosuppression as measured by markers such as the numbers of circulating CD4 T lymphocytes. Concerns about selection for resistant moulds among long-term recipients of these drugs are emerging. The cumulative experience to date suggests that long-term antifungal chemoprophylaxis is feasible and effective when applied in defined circumstances. The concerns about treatment-related toxicities, resistance, and costs are valid.
Structural Investigation of Star Polymers in Solution by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural Investigation of Star Polymers in Solution by Small-Angle Neutron ScatteringL. Willner, O. Jucknischke, D. Richter, J. Roovers, L.-L. Zhou, P. M. Toporowski, L. J. Fetters, J. S. Huang, M. Y. Lin, and N. HadjichristidisCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 14, 3821–3829Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00092a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00092a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views787Altmetric-Citations143LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Asymptotic analysis of the general stochastic epidemic with variable infectious periods (2001)

A generalisation of the classical general stochastic epidemic within a closed, homogeneously mixing population is considered, in which the infectious periods of infectives follow i.i.d. random variables having an arbitrary but specified distribution. The asymptotic behaviour of the total size distribution for the epidemic as the initial numbers of susceptibles and infectives tend to infinity is investigated by generalising the construction of Sellke and reducing the problem to a boundary crossing problem for sums of independent random variables.
Dynamics of the Optical-Pumping Cycle ofFCenters in Alkali Halides-Theory and Application to Detection of Electron-Spin and Electron-Nuclear-Double-Spin Resonance in the Relaxed-Excited State (1972)

The dynamics of the optical-pumping cycle of $F$ centers in alkali halides are governed by two prime factors: the large magnetic circular dichroism exhibited by the $F$ band and a large electron-spin memory over the entire cycle. A model of the pump cycle and associated rate equations are given. The most general solutions are given, and important special cases are treated in detail. A number of new experimental techniques are based on the special characteristics of the rate-equation solutions. Among these are purely optical techniques for measuring (i) the degree of spin memory in the entire pumping cycle and (ii) the spin-lattice relaxation rate in the relaxed-excited state (RES). But the most important new development based on the rate-equation solutions is the optical-trigger detection of both electron-spin resonance (ESR) and electron-nuclear-double-spin resonance of the RES. Results of these experiments, including ESR $g$ factors and hyperfine splittings for the RES are given and discussed.
Oxidation of Methionine Residues in Aqueous Solutions:  Free Methionine and Methionine in Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (2004)

The free energy barriers and a mechanism of the oxidation of the amino acid methionine in water and in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are analyzed via combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods, constrained molecular dynamics, and committor probability calculations. The computed free energy barrier of free methionine amino acid is very close to the measured value (14.7 +/- 1.2 versus 15.5 +/- 0.02 kcal/mol). The reaction coordinate was found to be the difference between the O-O bond of H2O2 and the S-O bond, where the S is the sulfur atom of the methionine residue. It was confirmed by computing the committor probability distribution and the distribution of constrained forces that this coordinate is not coupled to the activation of other degrees of freedom. The computed free energies of the oxidation of methionine residues in G-CSF indicate that the protein environment has insignificant effects on the reaction barriers of oxidation. This result further validates our proposal that the access of solvent to methionine sites, as measured by the two-shell water coordination number, governs the kinetics of the oxidation reaction of methionine groups in a protein molecule. We also found that the number of hydrogen bonds between the distal oxygen of H2O2 and the water molecules near the methionine increases along the reaction coordinate as oxidation progresses, indicating that the charge separation developed during the oxidation by H2O2 is stabilized by specific interactions with water molecules, such as hydrogen bonding.
A New Class of Renewable Thermoplastics with Extraordinary Performance from Nanostructured Lignin‐Elastomers (2016)

A new class of thermoplastic elastomers has been created by introducing nanoscale‐dispersed lignin (a biomass‐derived phenolic oligomer) into nitrile rubber. Temperature‐induced controlled miscibility between the lignin and the rubber during high shear melt‐phase synthesis allows tuning the material's morphology and performance. The sustainable product has unprecedented yield stress (15–45 MPa), strain hardens at large deformation, and has outstanding recyclability. The multiphase polymers developed from an equal‐mass mixture of a melt‐stable lignin fraction and nitrile rubber with optimal acrylonitrile content, using the method described here, show 5–100 nm lignin lamellae with a high‐modulus rubbery interphase. Molded or printed elastomeric products prepared from the lignin‐nitrile material offer an additional revenue stream to pulping mills and biorefineries.
Evaluation of Chemical Filters Using Wafer Exposure Method and Experimental FFU (2003)

Airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs) have become a serious problem with recent advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology. The use of chemical filters to remove AMCs in cleanrooms is critical for improving the yield of semiconductor devices. The experimental FFU is designed for the evaluation of chemical filters. Silicon wafers exposed in the downstream air of chemical filters in the experimental FFU were investigated by Wafer Thermal Desorption—Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (WTD-GC-MS). Organic contaminants caused by outgassing from the chemical filter were detected on the surface of the silicon wafer and compared among various chemical filters. Results showed that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from chemical filters adsorbed on the surface of silicon wafers located downstream of the filters. It was also found that the organic contamination on the surface was related to the amount of outgassing from the chemical filters. In addition, the rates of decrease of organic contamination emitted from various ULPA filters were compared using the experimental FFU. The rate of decrease of organic contamination emitted from the low-outgassing ULPA filter was also superior to that of the normal ULPA filter.
Platinum(II) Phosphido Complexes as Metalloligands. Structural and Spectroscopic Consequences of Conversion from Terminal to Bridging Coordination (2006)

Treatment of the terminal phosphido complexes Pt(dppe)(Me)(PPh(R)) (R = Ph (1), i-Bu (6)) with Pt(dppe)(Me)(OTf) gave the cationic μ-phosphido complexes [(Pt(dppe)(Me))2(μ-PPh(R))][OTf] (R = Ph (7), i-Bu (8)). Similarly, Pt((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(Me)(PPh(i-Bu)) (10) was converted to [(Pt((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(Me))2(μ-PPh(i-Bu))][OTf] (11). A fluxional process in 8 and 11, presumably involving hindered rotation about the Pt−PPh(i-Bu) bonds, was observed by NMR spectroscopy; it resulted in two diastereomers for 8 and four for 11 at low temperature. Coordination of the metalloligand 10 to the [Pt((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(Me)]+ fragment, yielding 11, resulted in structural changes at the Pt−phosphido group, whose geometry changed from distorted pyramidal to tetrahedral. Decomposition of 6 also gave the cation 8, while oxidation of 6 with H2O2 gave the crystallographically characterized phosphido oxide complex Pt(dppe)(Me)(P(O)Ph(i-Bu)) (12).
Direct thermal to electrical energy conversion using 9.5/65/35 PLZT ceramics in the ergodic relaxor phase (2012)

This paper reports on direct thermal to electrical energy conversion by performing the Olsen cycle on 9.5/65/35 lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT). The Olsen cycle consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the electric displacement versus electric field diagram. It was performed by alternatively dipping the material in hot and cold dielectric fluid baths under specified electric fields. The effects of applied electric field, sample thickness, electrode material, operating temperature, and cycle frequency on the energy and power densities were investigated. A maximum energy density of 637 ± 20 J/L/cycle was achieved at 0.054 Hz with a 250-μm-thick sample featuring Pt electrodes and coated with a silicone conformal coating. The operating temperatures varied between 3°C and 140°C and the electric field was cycled between 0.2 and 6.0 MV/m. A maximum power density of 55 ± 8 W/L was obtained at 0.125 Hz under the same operating temperatures and electric fields. The dielectric strength of the material, and therefore the energy and power densities generated, increased when the sample thickness decreased from 500 to 250 μm. Furthermore, the electrode material was found to have no significant effect on the energy and power densities for samples subject to the same operating temperatures and electric fields. However, samples with electrode material possessing thermal expansion coefficients similar to that of PLZT were capable of withstanding larger temperature swings. Finally, a fatigue test showed that the power generation gradually degraded when the sample was subject to repeated thermoelectrical loading.
Suppression of xylan endotransglycosylase PtxtXyn10A affects cellulose microfibril angle in secondary wall in aspen wood (2014)

Certain xylanases from family GH10 are highly expressed during secondary wall deposition, but their function is unknown. We carried out functional analyses of the secondary-wall specific PtxtXyn10A in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides). PtxtXyn10A function was analysed by expression studies, overexpression in Arabidopsis protoplasts and by downregulation in aspen. PtxtXyn10A overexpression in Arabidopsis protoplasts resulted in increased xylan endotransglycosylation rather than hydrolysis. In aspen, the enzyme was found to be proteolytically processed to a 68 kDa peptide and residing in cell walls. Its downregulation resulted in a corresponding decrease in xylan endotransglycosylase activity and no change in xylanase activity. This did not alter xylan molecular weight or its branching pattern but affected the cellulose-microfibril angle in wood fibres, increased primary growth (stem elongation, leaf formation and enlargement) and reduced the tendency to form tension wood. Transcriptomes of transgenic plants showed downregulation of tension wood related genes and changes in stress-responsive genes. The data indicate that PtxtXyn10A acts as a xylan endotransglycosylase and its main function is to release tensional stresses arising during secondary wall deposition. Furthermore, they suggest that regulation of stresses in secondary walls plays a vital role in plant development.
Degradation of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells Beyond 80% Capacity (2019)

To defray the upfront cost of lithium-ion electric vehicle (EV) batteries and to minimize waste, there is substantial interest in repurposing them after their EV end-of-life for grid-related applications (battery second life). The reliability of any economic or technical feasibility analysis for second life batteries strongly depends on the battery degradation behavior, but insight into this degradation in the region of interest remains limited. Most cycling studies in the open literature only age batteries to about 80% capacity (the typical cutoff for marking end-of-life). A few studies that have cycled batteries beyond 80% capacity have suggested the existence of a ‘tipping point’ upon which rapid degradation is initiated, but a limited set of cycling conditions and chemistries were explored. We have previously reported on our large-scale, multi-year aging study of commercial LiFePO 4 /LFP, LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y­ O 2 /NCA, and LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 /NMC cells, varying the discharge rate, depth of discharge (DoD), and environment temperature. Now that many of those cells have reached 80% capacity, we have initiated a second life aging study. The advantage of studying these cells compared to those from second-hand EV battery suppliers is that the cycling history is known. Thus, it is more feasible to determine the extent to which prior cycling conditions influence later degradation and the early markers that could foreshadow the possibility of rapid degradation beyond 80% capacity. Diverse cycling conditions were studied to determine what protocols, if any, can mitigate rapid degradation. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology &amp; Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2019-4631 A
Distance-Dependent Plasmon Resonant Coupling between a Gold Nanoparticle and Gold Film (2008)

We present an experimental analysis of the plasmonic scattering properties of gold nanoparticles controllably placed nanometers away from a gold metal film. We show that the spectral response of this system results from the interplay between the localized plasmon resonance of the nanoparticle and the surface plasmon polaritons of the gold film, as previously predicted by theoretical studies. In addition, we report that the metal film induces a polarization to the single nanoparticle light scattering, resulting in a doughnut-shaped point spread function when imaged in the far-field. Both the spectral response and the polarization effects are highly sensitive to the nanoparticle-film separation distance. Such a system shows promise in potential biometrology and diagnostic devices.
On nanonet electronics, percolation doping, and the limits of ohm's law (2015)

Summary form only given. As the future of Moore's law appears uncertain, Electronics is being reinvented with a broader focus on flexible electronics, bioelectronics, and energy-harvesting. In this regard, a material based on nanonets of Carbon Nanotubes or Si/ZnO/SiGe Nanowires have been used as channel materials for thin-film transistors for flexible/transparent electronics, as sensor elements for label-free bio-sensors, and as transparent top electrode for solar cells. A lack of predictive transport models, however, had stymied the translation of impressive laboratory experiments to practical, disruptive technology. The classical theory of bulk semiconductors, developed over last 50 years in close collaboration with experimentalists, device physicists, numerical analysts, and computer scientists, does no longer apply. In this talk, I will discuss a simple theory of the Nanonet devices based on 2D percolation and fractal dynamics to show how these simple/intuitive approach challenged conventional wisdom and helped us achieve world record performance in several very different technology applications.
Sheep as a Model for Control of Appetite and Energy Expenditure (2018)

There has been a world-wide increase in the incidence of obesity over the last 2-3 decades, which has generated a great deal of interest in how the brain controls food intake and body weight. It is widely recognised that a number of peripheral hormones and metabolic substrates act within the brain to regulate energy balance. Energy balance is determined by food intake and the rate of energy expenditure. The neural pathways that regulate food intake are known to exert reciprocal control to regulate energy expenditure and this dual control is the focus of this chapter. To date, rodent models, especially mice, have primarily been used to study this phenomenon, because of the ease of performing genetic manipulations. Nevertheless, numerous large-animal models have provided valuable insights into the neural control of body-weight. This review will largely focus on the sheep as a model for the study of neuroendocrine regulation of food intake, energy balance and adiposity. Various models have been developed in this species to characterise the control of body weight, including systems for diet manipulation, identification of inherent differences in the predisposition to gain weight and models based on quantitative genetics and selective breeding.
Human Identity Verification based on Heart Sounds: Recent Advances and Future Directions (2011)

Identity verification is an increasingly important process in our daily lives, and biometric recognition is a natural solution to the authentication problem. 
One of the most important research directions in the field of biometrics is the characterization of novel biometric traits that can be used in conjunction with other traits, to limit their shortcomings or to enhance their performance. 
The aim of this work is to introduce the reader to the usage of heart sounds for biometric recognition, describing the strengths and the weaknesses of this novel trait and analyzing in detail the methods developed so far by different research groups and their performance.
Attempts for Determining the Degree of Gelatinization in Starchy Materials (1984)

Abstract During the thermal treatment of food and feed materials the most important change taking place is the partial or total gelatinization of starch which is a major constituent of food or feed. The degree of gelatinization depends upon the source material and its moisture content as well as the duration, temperature and pressure at which the material is processed. In this context, it is of general interest to know the degree of starch gelatinization and to develop a simple, relatively specific and economical method to determine the same. There are numerous methods in the literature, and the most popular method is based on its increased susceptibility to enzyme attack, since food materials are heterogeneous mixtures. Attempts have been made to estimate the degree of gelatinization by selective digestion of gelatinized starch using glucoamylase and then by estimation of released glucose colorimetically. By doing this a standard curve is obtained using pure maize starch as well as maize meal, and the degree of gelatinization of an unknown material can be directly read from this graph. The method can be extended to find out the degree of starch gelatinization in pretreated flours, extruded products, baked goods and baby food as well as in cattle feed.
Detection of Salmonella and simultaneous detection of Salmonella and Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli using the magnetic capture hybridization polymerase chain reaction (2001)

The magnetic capture hybridization polymerase chain reaction (MCH-PCR) was used to detect Salmonella and also to simultaneously detect Salmonella and Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (SLTEC). Fifty-seven Salmonella and 41 SLTEC were included in the study. Salmonella were detected either individually by a single MCH-PCR assay targeting the inv gene or simultaneously with SLTEC by a multiplex MCH-PCR in which SLTEC were detected using primers for the slt genes. Both single and multiplex assays were found to be specific for tested pathogens. The results indicate that MCH-PCR can be used as means of detecting single or multiple bacterial pathogen(s).
Electro-Optic Effect In Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene (1988)

We report an electro-optic effect in the copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (PVF2-TrFE). The electro-optic effect in this material has a hysteresis which is related to its ferroelectric hysteresis. The electro-optic effect in combination with field dependent scattering can be used for electro-optic intensity modulation. We have demonstrated a modulation ratio of 13%. By adjusting the bias voltage, in-phase or out-of-phase modulation can be selected.
Complex of HIV-1 Integrase with Cellular Ku Protein: Interaction Interface and Search for Inhibitors (2022)

The interaction of HIV-1 integrase and the cellular Ku70 protein is necessary for HIV replication due to its positive effect on post-integration DNA repair. We have previously described in detail the Ku70 binding site within integrase. However, the integrase binding site in Ku70 remained poorly characterized. Here, using a peptide fishing assay and site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified residues I72, S73, and I76 of Ku70 as key for integrase binding. The molecular dynamics studies have revealed a possible way for IN to bind to Ku70, which is consistent with experimental data. According to this model, residues I72 and I76 of Ku70 form a "leucine zipper" with integrase residues, and, therefore, their concealment by low-molecular-weight compounds should impede the Ku70 interaction with integrase. We have identified such compounds by molecular docking and have confirmed their capacity to inhibit the formation of the integrase complex with Ku70. Our data demonstrate that the site of IN binding within Ku70 identified in the present work may be used for further search for inhibitors of the integrase binding to Ku70.