gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in gram-positive cocci. (1992)

Despite belief that the unique mechanism of glycopeptide action would preclude the development of resistance in susceptible organisms, clinical isolates of enterococci and staphylococci resistant to these compounds have been described. Among the enterococci, there are at least three types of resistance. Type A (high-level) resistance was described in Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis. It is inducible and mediated by elaboration and/or increased activity of at least three enzymes: a ligase, a dehydrogenase, and a carboxypeptidase, which orchestrate the production of peptidoglycan precursors that do not bind vancomycin. Type B (low-level) resistance described in E. faecium is also mediated by increased carboxypeptidase activity and, possibly, by elaboration of a protein detectable after incubation in vancomycin whose function is unknown. Type C resistance is associated with production of a ligase constitutively produced, chromosomally encoded, and unique to E. gallinarum. Among the staphylococci, coagulase-negative clinical isolates were obtained that were resistant to glycopeptides and one coagulase-positive isolate was resistant to teicoplanin but the mechanism of resistance is unknown. Additionally, coagulase-positive staphylococci resistant to glycopeptides have been prepared in the laboratory. They produce an approximately 39-kDa cytoplasmic protein, whose function is unknown, and have undergone extensive reorganization of their cell surface. The era in which universal gram-positive susceptibility to glycopeptides can be presumed is over; susceptibility testing must now accompany isolation of an enterococcus or staphylococcus of clinical importance.
The continuum interpretation for fracture and adhesion (1969)

Abstract From the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, and particularly the energy concept of fracture, adhesive and cohesive failures are similar. The essential difference involves the interpretation of the energy required to create new (adhesive or cohesive) surface area. A simple pressurized disk test is described for measuring the adhesive value for a bonded elastomer, and an application to a debonding problem in engineering design is given.
Repair and Cathodic Protection of Corrosion Damaged Reinforced Concrete Wharves in the Middle East (1992)

The deep water port of Mina Zayed, Abu Dhabi, was constructed between 1970 and 1978 and consists of pre-cast reinforced concrete beams and slabs with in situ concrete topping, supported by tubular steel piles. The first signs of deterioration were recorded in 1977, evidenced by cracking of the lower corners of the pre-cast beams. A number of detailed inspections were carried out during 1979, 1983, 1985 and 1987, allowing a study of the progressive deterioration to be recorded. This paper summarises the construction of the port, the deterioration that occurred and the repair/rehabilitation procedure used. An impressed current cathodic protection system incorporating metal oxide coated titanium mesh in a sprayed concrete overlay was used to prevent further deterioration. The system incorporated 83 individual units providing protection to over 11,000 m2 (121,000 ft2) of concrete. A particular problem associated with interference in the polarisation/de-polarisation of the reinforcing steel due to large repaired areas was noted during the repair work and is summarised in this paper.
Platelet Microparticles Enriched in miR-223 Reduce ICAM-1-Dependent Vascular Inflammation in Septic Conditions (2021)

In the process of sepsis, activated platelets shed microvesicles containing microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be internalized by distinct recipient cells in circulation, consequently eliciting a potent capability to regulate their cellular functions in different diseases. In the present study, activated human platelets transferring miR-223 into endothelial cells via platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) was investigated <i>in vitro</i> during septic conditions with a proposed mechanism involving in downregulation of the enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The uptake of PMPs encasing miR-223 and the adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were observed by immunofluorescence microscopy upon co-culture with PMPs isolated from sepsis or control plasma. The expression of miR-223-3p and its gene target <i>ICAM1</i> in HCAECs were quantified by RT-qPCR and ELISA after the cells were incubated with septic or control PMPs, whose levels were induced with thrombin-receptor activating peptide (TRAP). Leukocyte-depleted platelets (LDPs) from septic patients showed a decreased miR-223 level, while septic plasma and PMPs revealed an elevated miRNA level compared to control samples. Similarly, TRAP-activated LDPs demonstrated a reduced intracellular miR-223 expression, while increased levels in the supernatant and PMP isolates were observed vs. untreated samples. Furthermore, TNF-α alone resulted in decreased miR-223 and elevated <i>ICAM1</i> levels in HCAECs, while PMPs raised the miRNA level that was associated with downregulated <i>ICAM1</i> expression at both mRNA and protein levels under TNF-α treatment. Importantly, miR-223 was turned out not to be newly synthesized as shown in unchanged pre-miR-223 level, and mature miR-223 expression was also elevated in the presence of PMPs in HCAECs after transfection with Dicer1 siRNA. In addition, septic PMPs containing miR-223 decreased <i>ICAM1</i> with a reduction of PBMC binding to HCAECs. In conclusion, septic platelets released PMPs carrying functional miR-223 lower <i>ICAM1</i> expression in endothelial cells, which may be a protective role against excessive sepsis-induced vascular inflammation.
Optimally chirped multimodal CARS microscopy based on a single Ti:sapphire oscillator (2009)

We demonstrate high performance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy of live cells and tissues with user-variable spectral resolution and broad Raman tunability (2500 - 4100 cm(-1)), using a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire pump and photonic crystal fiber output for the broadband synchronized Stokes pulse. Spectral chirp of the fs laser pulses was a user-variable parameter for optimization in a spectral focusing implementation of multimodal CARS microscopy. High signal-to-noise, high contrast multimodal imaging of live cells and tissues was achieved with pixel dwell times of 2-8 micros and low laser powers (< 30 mW total).
Nanometer scale conductance change in a Langmuir-Blodgett film with the atomic force microscope (1996)

A nanometer scale metal/Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film/metal structure is realized with an atomic force microscope combined with scanning tunneling microscope (AFM/STM). Even in this nanometer scale configuration, increase in conductance can be induced at any point in the LB film by application of a voltage pulse. The AFM/STM observation shows little surface modification has occurred by the voltage application, which shows that the conductance of the LB film changes without pit formation in the LB film or metal cluster deposition from the tip of the probe.
Remote Sensing of Fractional Cover and Biochemistry in Savannas (2010)

Savanna ecosystems are comprised of complex three-dimensional (3-D) mixtures of woody and herbaceous vegetation, along with varying amounts of bare soil, rock, and other background features. Understanding, monitoring, and managing the spatiotemporal variation in savanna ecological processes requires a quantitative understanding of the 3-D structure and biochemical properties of the vegetation. Remote sensing provides a uniquely powerful approach to quantify vegetation properties in savannas. Given the enormous geographic extent of both temperate and tropical savannas (e.g., Huntley and Walker, 1982), combined with their heterogeneity at local scales, the need for remote sensing seems obvious. As a result, there has been continuing effort to develop and apply both airborne and satellite mapping approaches to estimate key aspects of savanna structure and biochemistry.
Self-assembly of supramolecular complexes of charged conjugated polymers and imidazolium-based ionic liquid crystals (2021)

The use of supramolecular interactions to construct mesogens represents a versatile means of accessing new macromolecular architectures, and material properties in the resulting mesophases. Here, we demonstrate the formation of thermotropic liquid crystalline supramolecular conjugates of sulfonated poly(alkyl thiophenes) backbones coupled to biphenyl-containing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts with bromide counter anions. Two types of liquid crystalline imidazolium salts are studied with chemical structures differing in the terminal group of the biphenyl mesogenic unit. Both ionic liquid crystals exhibit multiple phase transitions with lamellar structures, which correspond to crystal and smectic liquid crystalline transitions. Supramolecular complexes of sulfonated polythiophene and ionic liquid crystals display thermotropic liquid crystalline phases with lamellar-like nanostructures. Detailed analysis show that the lamellar periodicity increases in the supramolecular complexes, compared to those of the ionic liquid crystals. Aligned textures were produced in thin films of supramolecular complexes by shear and magnetic field alignment of the liquid crystalline mesophases. The incorporation of ionic liquid crystal units into a conjugated polymer opens opportunities for fabrication of aligned thin films of mixed electron-ion conducting polymers. Such molecular materials could be of interest in electrochemical devices.
Tunable structural color of bottlebrush block copolymers through direct-write 3D printing from solution (2020)

Additive manufacturing of functional materials is limited by control of microstructure and assembly at the nanoscale. In this work, we integrate nonequilibrium self-assembly with direct-write three-dimensional (3D) printing to prepare bottlebrush block copolymer (BBCP) photonic crystals (PCs) with tunable structure color. After varying deposition conditions during printing of a single ink solution, peak reflected wavelength for BBCP PCs span a range of 403 to 626 nm (blue to red), corresponding to an estimated change in d-spacing of >70 nm (Bragg- Snell equation). Physical characterization confirms that these vivid optical effects are underpinned by tuning of lamellar domain spacing, which we attribute to modulation of polymer conformation. Using in situ optical microscopy and solvent-vapor annealing, we identify kinetic trapping of metastable microstructures during printing as the mechanism for domain size control. More generally, we present a robust processing scheme with potential for on-the-fly property tuning of a variety of functional materials.
Estimation of relationships between mineral concentration and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle and beef palatability traits1 (2011)

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of beef LM nutrient components on beef palatability traits and evaluate the impact of USDA quality grade on beef palatability. Longissimus muscle samples from related Angus cattle (n = 1,737) were obtained and fabricated into steaks for trained sensory panel, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), lipid oxidation measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid, and mineral composition analysis. Pearson phenotypic correlations were obtained by the correlation procedure of SAS. Beef palatability data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS with USDA quality grade as the main effect. Specific mineral concentrations did not demonstrate strong correlations with WBSF or sensory traits (r = -0.14 to 0.16). However, minerals appeared to have a stronger relationship with flavor; all minerals evaluated except Ca and Mn were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with beef flavor. Stearic acid (C18:0), C18:2, C20:4, and PUFA were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with all 3 panelist tenderness traits (r = -0.09 to -0.22) and were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with WBSF (r = 0.09 to 0.15). The MUFA were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with panelist tenderness ratings (r = 0.07 to 0.10) and negatively associated (P < 0.05) with WBSF (r = -0.11). The strongest correlations with juiciness were negative relationships (P < 0.05) with C18:2, C18:3, C20:4, and PUFA (r = -0.08 to -0.20). Correlations with beef flavor were weak, but the strongest was a positive relationship with MUFA (r = 0.13). Quality grade affected (P < 0.05) WBSF, TBARS, and all trained sensory panel traits, except livery/metallic flavor. As quality grade increased, steaks were more tender (P < 0.05), as evidenced by both WBSF and sensory panel tenderness ratings. Prime steaks were rated juiciest (P < 0.05) by panelists, whereas Select and Low Choice were similarly rated below Top Choice for sustained juiciness. Quality grade influenced (P < 0.05) beef flavor, but not in a linear fashion. Although there were significant correlations, these results indicate tenderness, juiciness, and flavor are not strongly influenced by individual nutrient components in beef LM. Furthermore, the positive linear relationships between USDA quality grade and beef palatability traits suggest quality grade is still one of the most valuable tools available to predict beef tenderness.
Operational analysis of synchrotron-based X-ray lithography: comparison of 200 mm and 300 mm wafer flows (2000)

A companion paper describes a discrete-event simulation model that captures the processing of wafers through a next-generation X-ray lithography area employing multiple synchrotrons as the source of exposure radiation. The model incorporates the best current information on unit-cell design and processing times; implements the spectrum of events that interrupt the flow of wafers processing on the cell; and provides estimates of weekly throughput for the cell and the frequency of SEMI E-10 equipment states for the corresponding exposure tool. In this paper we apply the model to compare the performance of cells fabricating 200 mm wafers with that of cells fabricating 300 mm wafers. Results illustrate the dependence of average wafer throughput on lot size, exposure times, and assumptions regarding the number of die per wafer. For fixed assumptions regarding differential lot sizes for different wafer diameters, maximum throughput of wafers is achieved for 200 mm wafers with 25/spl times/25 mm field size. Ignoring wafer-sort losses, however, a maximum throughput of chips is realized for 300 mm wafers with 22/spl times/22 mm fields with 11/spl times/22 devices. Remarkably, the distribution of equipment states remains relatively unchanged across simulation experiments. These results suggest a useful analytical approximation for cell performance. When calibrated against the simulation results, this static model reinforces the conclusion that, all else being equal, acceptable throughput can be achieved for 300 mm wafers using the smaller wafer lots required to maintain acceptable cycle times.
Anthocyanin Composition of Merlot is Ameliorated by Light Microclimate and Irrigation in Central California (2015)

An experiment was conducted in central California on Merlot to determine the interaction of time of mechanical leaf removal (control, prebloom, or post fruit-set) and irrigation amount (sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) at 0.8 of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration (ET<sub>c</sub>) or regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at 0.8 from budbreak to fruit set, 0.5 from fruit set to veraison, and 0.8 from veraison to leaf fall) on productivity, berry skin anthocyanin concentration and composition, and unit cost per hectare. Prebloom leaf removal (applied ~100 GDD prior to bloom) consistently maintained at least 20% of photosynthetically active radiation in the fruit zone in both years of the study, while post fruit-set leaf removal was inconsistent across years. The RDI treatments reduced berry mass, while post fruit-set leaf removal reduced berry skin mass. Prebloom leaf removal did not affect yield in either year. Exposed leaf area and leaf area to fruit ratio (m<sup>2</sup>/kg) were reduced with leaf removal. The RDI consistently increased juice soluble solids. Anthocyanin concentration increased with prebloom leaf removal in both years, but irrigation treatments had no effect. The proportions of acylated and hydroxylated anthocyanins were not affected by leaf removal. In both years, SDI increased di-hydroxylated anthocyanins while RDI increased tri-hydroxylated anthocyanins. Prebloom leaf removal when combined with RDI optimized total skin anthocyanins (TSA) per hectare, while no leaf removal and SDI produced the lowest TSA. The cost to produce one unit of TSA was reduced 35% by combining prebloom leaf removal and RDI when compared to no leaf removal and SDI. This study provides information to red winegrape growers in warm regions on how to manage fruit to enhance anthocyanin concentration and the proportion of hydroxylation, while reducing input costs through mechanization and reduced irrigation.
A Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Benzene (2008)

It isn't easy BN aromatic! 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine, a hybrid organic/inorganic benzene, is a stable aromatic molecule with features that are distinct from its isoelectronic “organic” (benzene) and “inorganic” (borazine) counterparts. Experimental structural, spectroscopic, and chemical data are fully supported by high-level calculations. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
CCR2/64I mutation detection in a HIV-1-positive patient with slow CD4 T-cell decline and delay in disease progression (2005)

Chemokine receptor genetic mutations are among the factors which have been shown to influence human susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and progression. The CCR2-64I mutation has been shown to delay HIV-1 disease progression in some studies. Here we show evidence of delayed disease progression, reflected in maintenance of a stable viral load and a slow CD4 T-cell decline, in a patient with the CCR2-64I gene. We then consider the potential value of identifying these genetic defects in the era of fusion/entry inhibiting therapeutics.
Observation of Rayleigh Scattering from Multilayer Dielectric Thin Films (1992)

This paper reports the direct observation of secondary scattering resulting from guided scattered light within a multilayer coating. In other words, the distribution and level of the light scattered by the coating is such that a significant fraction of this light is scattered into guided modes of the film. Because such guided light is trapped within the coating, it propagates within the coating until it is either absorbed or scattered a second time. The secondary scatter is observed at a significant distance from the point of incidence of the initial beam of light. Although we believe that the dramatic nature of the observations presented here results from a unique combination of experimental factors, this effect may be present in a variety of practical thin-film coatings. Perhaps even more interesting is the clear evidence that the secondary scatter observed demonstrates clearly that the primary scattered light is distributed in a dipole radiation pattern, corresponding to Rayleigh scattering from subwavelength-sized scatter sites.
Discriminant analysis and eigenspace partition tree for face and object recognition from views (2002)

The method we have been using is based on our Self-Organizing Hierarchical Optimal Subspace Learning and Inference Framework (SHOSLIF). It uses the theories of linear discriminant projection for automatic optimal feature selection in each of the internal nodes of a Space-Tessellation Tree. In this paper, we present our recent study on the applicability of the approach to variability in position, size, and 3D orientation. In the work presented here, we require "well-framed" images os input for recognition. By well-framed images we mean that only a relatively small variation in the size, position, and orientation of the objects in the input images is allowed. We report the experimental results that show the performance difference between the subspaces of linear discriminant analysis and the principle component analysis and the effect of using a tree as opposed to a flat eigenspace.
On the perception of emotions in speech: the role of voice quality (1997)

This experiment studied the role of voice quality in the communication of emotions in speech. The material was derived from an earlier study. There three subjects produced a three-word utterance expressing different emotional states. The glottal airflow waveform was estimated from the acoustic speech pressure signal using an inverse filtering technique.In the present study the differences in F0 level and the intrasyllabic F0 changes were artificially eliminated and only the first 200 ms of the primarily stressed syllable replayed at equal sound volume to the listeners (10 in total). The listeners tended to categorize the samples to represent emotions implying either high or low psychophysiological activity level. This seemed to emanate from signs of vocal effort level. Perception of vocal effort was significantly related to the glottal source type and F1.Decision of valence of the perceived emotion was in this material significantly related to F1 and F4. The type of glottal source, however, may also contribute to the perception of valence.
Tim-3/galectin-9 signaling pathway mediates T-cell dysfunction and predicts poor prognosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (2012)

Our work demonstrates that the Tim-3/galectin-9 signaling pathway mediates T-cell senescence in HBV-associated HCC. The data suggest that this pathway could be an immunotherapeutic target in patients with HBV-associated HCC.
Target Promiscuity and Heterogeneous Effects of Tarantula Venom Peptides Affecting Na+ and K+ Ion Channels (2009)

Venom-derived peptide modulators of ion channel gating are regarded as essential tools for understanding the molecular motions that occur during the opening and closing of ion channels. In this study, we present the characterization of five spider toxins on 12 human voltage-gated ion channels, following observations about the target promiscuity of some spider toxins and the ongoing revision of their "canonical" gating-modifying mode of action. The peptides were purified de novo from the venom of Grammostola rosea tarantulas, and their sequences were confirmed by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry analysis. Their effects on seven tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) channels, the three human ether-à-go-go (hERG)-related K(+) channels, and two human Shaker-related K(+) channels were extensively characterized by electrophysiological techniques. All the peptides inhibited ion conduction through all the Na(+) channels tested, although with distinctive patterns. The peptides also affected the three pharmaceutically relevant hERG isoforms differently. At higher concentrations, all peptides also modified the gating of the Na(+) channels by shifting the activation to more positive potentials, whereas more complex effects were recorded on hERG channels. No effects were evident on the two Shaker-related K(+) channels at concentrations well above the IC(50) value for the affected channels. Given the sequence diversity of the tested peptides, we propose that tarantula toxins should be considered both as multimode and target-promiscuous ion channel modulators; both features should not be ignored when extracting mechanistic interpretations about ion channel gating. Our observations could also aid in future structure-function studies and might help the development of novel ion channel-specific drugs.