gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optoacoustic control system for selective treatment of the retinal pigment epithelium (2001)

The selective damage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a new treatment method for several retinal diseases. By applying a train of microsecond(s) laser pulses it is possible to selectively damage these cells and simultaneously spare the adjacent photoreceptor and neural tissue. Due to the ophthalmologic invisibility of the RPE cell damage we investigate an optoacoustic (OA) control system to monitor the RPE cell damage. Setup: The irradiation was performed with a frequency doubled Nd:YLF laser by applying a train of +s laser pulses. In vitro, the OA transients were received by an ultrasonic broadband transducer. During treatment an OA contact lens with embedded transducer was used. In vitro: Freshly enucleated porcine RPE samples with CalceinAM as life/death staining were used. Below RPE cell damage threshold a classic thermoelastic transient was found. Above cell damage threshold the OA transient differs form pulse to pulse. This can be explained by microbubble formation around the strong absorbing melanosomes inside the RPE cells. In vivo: We found the same pulse to pulse deviations of the OA transient above the fluoresceine angiographic detectable RPE damage threshold during treatment. This system give us a new approach to non-invasively monitor the selective RPE treatment.
Breadboard Testing of a Phase Conjugate Engine with an Interferometric Wave-Front Sensor and a MEMS-Based Spatial Light Modulator (2003)

Laboratory breadboard results of a high-speed adaptive optics system are presented. The wave-front sensor for the adaptive optics system is based on a quadrature interferometer, which directly measures the turbulence induced phase aberrations. The laboratory experiments were conducted using Kolmogorov phase screens to simulate atmospheric phase distortions with the characterization of these plates presented below. The spatial light modulator used in the phase conjugate engine was a MEMS-based piston-only correction device with 1024 actuators. The overall system achieved correction speeds in excess of 800 hz and Strehl ratios greater than 0.5 with the Kolmogorov phase screens.
FOREWORD (2022)

This special section contains the recent research works based on the papers and the presentations in the 2020 International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Communications (ICETC2020), which is the first international conference on all the technical fields covered by the IEICE Communication Society. The ICETC 2020 was held as a virtual conference on December 2nd-4th, 2020. The objectives of the conference and this special section were synergistic effects beyond the technical fields, expansion of research areas, and development of young researchers.
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRREGULARITIES SIMULATED ON A MICRO COMPUTER (1981)

The effects of natural and constructed irregularities of pavements have been simulated on a micro computer, and in some cases the results of the computer model have been verified through full scale experiments. The main findings of the simulations were that: (1) the effect of speed reducing bumps is much dependent on the geometry of the bump, in some cases a bump may have the adverse effect of that intended; (2) longitudinal irregularities of pavement surfaces have a very limited effect on the energy consumption. Improving the pavement smoothness through maintenance will therefore not appreciably decrease the petrol consumption; (3) from safety point of view the minimum permissible psi (present serviceability index) for motorways should be increased to 3,0-3,5 to ensure that the vibrations do not decrease the proficiency of the driver. On some city streets it could be decreased to 1,5, and (4) the dynamic effect of a tandem axle may increase the static load by up to 40%. The use of computer simulation may quickly and cheaply provide answers to complex problems where practical testing would be expensive and time consuming. Computer simulation, however, should not be seen as a substitute for practical experiments, but rather as a means of extrapolating from the results of a limited number of practical experiments. (Author/TRRL)
Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Dempster Shafer Theory: A Review on Decision Making in Condition Monitoring (2015)

Machines are the heart of most industries. By ensuring the health of machines, one could easily increase the company revenue and eliminates any safety threat related to machinery catastrophic failures. In condition monitoring (CM), questions often arise during decision making time whether the machine is still safe to run or not? Traditional CM approach depends heavily on human interpretation of results whereby decision is made solely based on the individual experience and knowledge about the machines. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and automated ways for decision making in CM provides a more objective and unbiased approach for CM industry and has become a topic of interest in the recent years. This paper reviews the techniques used for automated decision making in CM with emphasis given on Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evident theory and other basic probability assignment (BPA) techniques such as support vector machine (SVM) and etc.
Mechanism of 4-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5′-Phosphate Synthase, a Key Enzyme in the Methanopterin Biosynthetic Pathway (2004)

The first committed step in methanopterin biosynthesis is catalyzed by 4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5'-phosphate (RFA-P) synthase. Unlike all known phosphoribosyltransferases, beta-RFA-P synthase catalyzes the unique formation of a C-riboside instead of an N-riboside in the condensation of p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to produce 4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5'-phosphate (beta-RFA-P), CO(2), and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)). Here we report the successful cloning, active overexpression in Escherichia coli, and purification of this homodimeric enzyme containing two 36.2-kDa subunits from the methanogen Methanococcus jannaschii. Steady-state initial velocity and product inhibition kinetic studies indicate an ordered Bi-Ter mechanism involving binding of PRPP, then pABA, followed by release of the products CO(2), then beta-RFA-P, and finally PP. The Michaelis parameters are as follows: K(m)pABA, 0.15 mm; K(m)PRPP, 1.50 mm; V(max), 375 nmol/min/mg; k(cat), 0.23 s(-1). CO(2) showed uncompetitive inhibition, K(i) = 0.990 mm, under varied PRPP and saturated pABA, and a mixed type of inhibition, K(1) = 1.40 mm and K = 3.800 mm, under varied pABA and saturated PRPP. RFA-P showed uncompetitive inhibition, K(i) = 0.210 mm, under varied PRPP and saturated pABA, and again uncompetitive, K(i) = 0.300 mm, under saturated PRPP and varied pABA. PP(i) exhibits competitive inhibition, K(i) = 0.320 mm, under varied PRPP and saturated pABA, and a mixed type of inhibition, K(1) = 0.60 mm and K(2) = 1.900 mm, under saturated PRPP and varied pABA. Synthase lacks any chromogenic cofactor, and the presence of pyridoxal phosphate and the mechanistically related pyruvoyl cofactors has been strictly excluded.
Near-Infrared Brain Volumetric Imaging Method: A Monte Carlo Study (2011)

The symptom of brain volumetric changes may provide significant biomarker to predict progressive dementia. The brain volumetric changes of prefrontal cortex are highly associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, brain atrophy reveals the expanded interhemispheric fissure and the concomitant increasing cerebrospinal fluid volume. Thus, the quantitative assessment of brain volumetric changes is an important consideration for clinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we first proposed an approach that uses near-infrared brain volumetric imaging to detect brain volumetric changes. The healthy, aged, and typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains were modeled with different characterization of brain volumetric changes from in vivo MRI data based on time-resolved 3-D Monte Carlo simulation. In the results, the significant difference of prefrontal cortex structure can be observed among healthy, aged, and AD brain with various source-detector separations in sagittal view. Our study shows that the near-infrared brain volumetric imaging can be an indicator of brain atrophy for clinical application of neurodegenerative diseases with patient-oriented measurement.
Half‐Cell Investigations of Cathode Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells: From Model Systems to High‐Surface‐Area Catalysts (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Considerations Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrochemical Corrosion of Nanoparticles Acknowledgment References
The dorsal groove and associated structures on the head of the sucking loach, Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Cypriniformes) (1994)

A prominent transverse groove is present on the snout of the adult sucking loach, Gyrinocheilus aymonieri . It is absent in juveniles. The groove is formed by fibrous thickenings of the dermis that create skin folds at its anterior and posterior margins. It accommodates movement of the joint between the maxillae and the neurocranium. The anterior fibrous thickening also provides anchorage for fibrous strands that partition dermal mucochondroid in the upper lip of the oral sucker into distinct segments. This structure forms a buffer that protects the delicate premaxillary bones when fish probe the substrate for food.
Asymptomatic people with well-controlled HIV do not have abnormal left ventricular global longitudinal strain (2023)

No clinically significant impairment of myocardial systolic function, as measured by LV GLS, was detected in this predominantly Caucasian male population of PWHIV on long-term ART, with no history of cardiovascular disease.
Supervised and Semi-Supervised Sequence Learning for Recognition of Requisite Part and Effectuation Part in Law Sentences (2011)

Analyzing the logical structure of a sentence is important for understanding natural language. In this paper, we present a task of Recognition of Requisite Part and Effectuation Part in Law Sentences, or RRE task for short, which is studied in research on Legal Engineering. The goal of this task is to recognize the structure of a law sentence. We empirically investigate how the RRE task is conducted with respect to various supervised machine learning models. We also compared the impact of unlabeled data to RRE tasks. Experimental results for Japanese legal text domains showed that sequence learning models are suitable for RRE tasks and unlabled data also significantly contribute to the performance of RRE tasks. 1
Quasiequational Theories of Flat Algebras (2005)

We prove that finite flat digraph algebras and, more generally, finite compatible flat algebras satisfying a certain condition are finitely q-based (possess a finite basis for their quasiequations). We also exhibit an example of a twelve-element compatible flat algebra that is not finitely q-based.
Properdin Contributes to Allergic Airway Inflammation through Local C3a Generation (2015)

Complement is implicated in asthma pathogenesis, but its mechanism of action in this disease remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the role of properdin (P), a positive alternative pathway complement regulator, in allergen-induced airway inflammation. Allergen challenge stimulated P release into the airways of asthmatic patients, and P levels positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines in human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). High levels of P were also detected in the BAL of OVA-sensitized and challenged but not naive mice. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, P-deficient (P(-/-)) mice had markedly reduced total and eosinophil cell counts in BAL and significantly attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Ab blocking of P at both sensitization and challenge phases or at challenge phase alone, but not at sensitization phase alone, reduced airway inflammation. Conversely, intranasal reconstitution of P to P(-/-) mice at the challenge phase restored airway inflammation to wild-type levels. Notably, C3a levels in the BAL of OVA-challenged P(-/-) mice were significantly lower than in wild-type mice, and intranasal coadministration of an anti-C3a mAb with P to P(-/-) mice prevented restoration of airway inflammation. These results show that P plays a key role in allergen-induced airway inflammation and represents a potential therapeutic target for human asthma.
Space-alternating attribute-distributed sparse learning (2010)

The paper proposes a new variational Bayesian algorithm for multivariate regression with attribute-distributed or dimensionally distributed data. Compared to the existing approaches the proposed algorithm exploits the variational version of the Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation-Maximization (SAGE) algorithm that by means of admissible hidden data - an analog of the complete data in the EM framework - allows parameters of a single agent to be updated assuming that parameters of the other agents are fixed. This allows learning to be implemented in a distributed fashion by sequentially updating the agents one after another. Inspired by Bayesian sparsity techniques, the algorithm also introduces constraints on the agent parameters via parametric priors. This adds a mechanism for pruning irrelevant agents, as well as for minimizing the effect of overfitting. Using synthetic data, as well as measurement data from the UCI Machine Learning Repository it is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing solutions both in the achieved mean-square error (MSE), as well as in convergence speed due to the ability to sparsify noninformative agents, while at the same time allowing distributed implementation and flexible agent update protocols.
Darstellung eines β‐Phospha‐trimethincyanin‐Farbstoffes (1977)

Der erste β‐Phospha‐trimethincyanin‐Farbstoff wurde jetzt als Tetrafluoroborat aus einem Methylenindolinderivat erhalten. Die Verbindung bildet dunkelblaue Kristalle. magnified image
Safety of ALPPS Procedure by the Anterior Approach for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2015)

Chan, Albert C. Y. MBBS, FCSHK, FHKAM (Surgery), FRCS (Edin); Poon, Ronnie T. P. MBBS, MS, PhD, FACS, FHKAM (Surgery), FCSHK, FRCS (Edin); Chan, Ching MBBS, MS, PhD, MD, FACS, FHKAM (Surgery), FRCS (Edin); Lo, Chung Mau MBBS, MS, FACS, FHKAM (Surgery), FRCS (Edin), FRACS Author Information
Efficient decellularization for bovine pericardium with extracellular matrix preservation and good biocompatibility (2017)

These results suggested that the FTS protocol showed optimal decellularization results with better extracellular matrix preservation and good biocompatibility. It may be a suitable protocol for producing a suitable scaffold for heart tissue engineering.
The Effect of Lactate and pH on Proteoglycan and Protein Synthesis Rates in the Intervertebral Disc (1992)

The intervertebral disc is the largest avascular tissue in the body. Its metabolism is mainly anaerobic, and thus lactate is produced at a significant rate. As a result the lactate concentrations in the center of the disc may be 8-10 times as high as in the plasma. The pH in the disc center is thus acidic. Because low values of pH are known to affect proteoglycan synthesis in other cartilages, the authors measured the effect of lactate levels and pH on 35S-sulphate and 3H-proline incorporation rates in the nucleus of bovine coccygeal discs and in human disc obtained during percutaneous nucleotomy. The maximum incorporation rate occurred at pH 7.2-pH 6.9. Here the rate was 40-50% greater than at pH 7.4. Below pH 6.8 the rate fell steeply, more so for sulphate than for proline. At pH 6.3 the sulphate incorporation rate was around 20 percent that at pH 7.4. The results indicate that proteoglycan synthesis rates in particular are sensitive to extracellular pH, and that the peak rate occurs around the level of pH seen in vivo. Factors that cause lactate levels to rise, such as a fall in O2 levels as the result of smoking or vibration (Holm and Nachemson, 1988) could lead to a fall in proteoglycan synthesis rates, ultimately leading to a fall in proteoglycan content and to disc degeneration.
Analyzing the applicability of miniature ultra-high sensitivity Fabry–Perot acoustic sensor using a nanothick graphene diaphragm (2015)

A miniature Fabry-Perot interferometric acoustic sensor with an ultra-high pressure sensitivity was constructed by using approximately 13 layers of graphene film as the diaphragm. The extremely thin diaphragm was transferred onto the endface of a ferrule, which had an inner diameter of 125 μm, and van der Waals interactions between the graphene diaphragm and its substrate created a low finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer with a cavity length of 98 μm. Acoustic testing demonstrated a pressure-induced deflection of 2380 nm kPa-1 and a noise equivalent acoustic signal level of ∼2.7 mPa/Hz1/2 for a 3 dB bandwidth with a center frequency of 15 kHz. The sensor also exhibited a dynamic frequency response between 1 and 20 kHz, which conformed well to the result obtained by a reference microphone. The use of a suspended graphene diaphragm has potential applications in highly sensitive pressure/acoustic sensors.
Computational imaging in a multiplexed imager with static multispectral encoding (2015)

We simulate and study various computational techniques for image reconstruction applied to a multiplexed Mid-wave-IR Imager. The imager consists of two arms where one is dedicated to high resolution imaging using a lower resolution Focal Plane Array and the other is a single measurement Multispectral imager which uses dispersive optics. We exploit the compressibility of images to estimate a high resolution image and its corresponding lower resolution multispectral data cube using standard computational techniques.
Physiology (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Metabolic cost Energy requirements and cardiorespiratory limitations Endocrine and metabolic responses Ventilation Blood lactate The heart rate response Blood pressure Regional blood flow Muscles Brain References and recommended reading
Formation of size-dependent and conductive phase on lithium iron phosphate during carbon coating (2018)

Carbon coating is a commonly employed technique for improving the conductivity of active materials in lithium ion batteries. The carbon coating process involves pyrolysis of organic substance on lithium iron phosphate particles at elevated temperature to create a highly reducing atmosphere. This may trigger the formation of secondary phases in the active materials. Here, we observe a conductive phase during the carbon coating process of lithium iron phosphate and the phase content is size, temperature, and annealing atmosphere dependent. The formation of this phase is related to the reducing capability of the carbon coating process. This finding can guide us to control the phase composition of carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate and to tune its quality during the manufacturing process.
Neural network pattern recognition of thermal-signature spectra for chemical defense (1995)

We treat infrared patterns of absorption or emission by nerve and blister agent compounds (and simulants of this chemical group) as features for the training of neural networks to detect the compounds' liquid layers on the ground or their vapor plumes during evaporation by external heating. Training of a four-layer network architecture is composed of a backward-error-propagation algorithm and a gradient-descent paradigm. We conduct testing by feed-forwarding preprocessed spectra through the network in a scaled format consistent with the structure of the training-data-set representation. The bestperformance weight matrix (spectral filter) evolved from final network training and testing with software simulation trials is electronically transferred to a set of eight artificial intelligence integrated circuits (ICs') in specific modular form (splitting of weight matrices). This form makes full use of all input-output IC nodes. This neural network computer serves an important real-time detection function when it is integrated into pre- and postprocessing data-handling units of a tactical prototype thermoluminescence sensor now under development at the Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center.
Finite element modeling of interface fracture in semiconductor packages: Issues and applications (2002)

The application of finite element models for the prediction of interface fracture parameters such as strain energy release rate and mixed mode stress intensity factors is examined in this paper. The comparison between fracture results obtained from 2D models and related 3D (generalized plane strain) calculations is of particular interest. These results show that for thermal cycling problems, one cannot anticipate 3D fracture results based on 2D calculations alone, i.e. plane stress, plane strain, and axisymmetric models. On the other hand, it is shown that the 2D models are quite adequate for modeling interface fracture in the case of pressure loading on the interface, e.g. pressure due to water vapor expansion during solder reflow. The fracture results presented in this paper were obtained using special enriched crack tip elements that contain the analytic asymptotic displacement and stress field. Issues concerning compatibility and convergence are shown to be important for accurate interface fracture calculations. Enriched crack tip elements for two and three dimensional elements are shown to provide highly accurate results for simulation of debonding in semiconductor packages subjected to thermal cycling and/or moisture absorption.
Stability of out-of-phase solitons and laser pulse self-compression in active multicore fibers (2019)

An out-of-phase soliton distribution of the wave field is found for a multicore fiber (MCF) from an even number of cores located in a ring. Its stability is proved with respect both to small wave-field perturbations, including azimuthal ones, and to small deformations of the MCF structure. As an example of using this soliton distribution, the problem of laser pulse compression in an active MCF is studied. The optimal fiber parameters, the minimum duration of the output pulse, and the compression length are found, and they are in good agreement with the results of numerical simulation. In order to achieve high energies in the output laser pulse, the requirements for MCF deformations are determined.
Tissue-Specific Actions of Glucocorticoids on Apoptosis: A Double-Edged Sword (2013)

First described for their metabolic and immunosuppressive effects, glucocorticoids are widely prescribed in clinical settings of inflammation. However, glucocorticoids are also potent inducers of apoptosis in many cell types and tissues. This review will focus on the established mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and outline what is known about the apoptotic response in cells and tissues of the body after exposure to glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis affects the skeletal system, muscular system, circulatory system, nervous system, endocrine system, reproductive system, and the immune system. Interestingly, several cell types have an anti-apoptotic response to glucocorticoids that is cytoprotective. Lastly, we will discuss the pro- and anti-apoptotic effects of glucocorticoids in cancers and their clinical implications.
Electrolyte‐Gated SmCoO3 Thin‐Film Transistors Exhibiting Thickness‐Dependent Large Switching Ratio at Room Temperature (2013)

A Mott transistor that exhibits a large switching ratio of more than two orders at room temperature is demonstrated by using the electric double layer of an ionic liquid for gating on a strongly correlated electron system SmCoO3. From the thickness dependence of the on-state channel current, we estimate the screening length of the SmCoO3 to be ∼5 nm. The good carrier confinement within the Thomas-Fermi screening length demonstrates that the SmCoO3-channel electric double layer transistor is the first candidate for a two-dimensional Mott transistor.