gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Catalysis by Vitamin B12. The Mechanism of the Cob(I)alamin‐Catalyzed Isomerization of 1,2‐Epoxycyclopentane to (R)‐Cyclopent‐2‐enol (1991)

Abstract The isomerization of 1,2‐epcxycyclopentane ( 1 ) to enantiomerically enriched ( R )‐cyclopent‐2‐enol ( 2 ) in protic solvents is catalyzed by cob(I)alamin. The enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of ( R )‐ 2 is usually ca. 60%; it is only slightly dependent on the temperature, but increases with decreasing dielectric constant ε of the solvent. Standard kinetic methods show the reaction to be first order in vitamin B 12 and zero order in 1 . The rate constant increases exponentially with increasing ε of the solvent. An Arrhenius plot at ε = 40 gives activation parameters Δ H ≠ = 78 ± 4 kJ·mol −1 and Δ S ≠ = −49 ± 1 J·mol −1 ·K −1 . The isomerization 1 → 2 proceeds in two steps ( Schemes 2 and 7 ): ( i ) The epoxide ring is first opened by the proton‐assisted fast and irreversible nucleophilic attack of the chiral Co I catalyst to form diastereoisomeric (1 R ,2 R )‐ and (1 S ,2 S )‐(2‐hydroxycyclo‐pentyl)cob(III)alamins 6 in a ratio of ca. 4:1 which are the dominant species in the steady state; ( ii ) The intermediates 6 then decompose in the rate‐limiting step to form 2 and recycled catalyst. Experiments with specifically 2 H‐labeled 1 showed the hydro‐cobalt elimination 6 → 2 to be non‐stereoselective. It proceeds via reversible CoC bond homolysis to a free 2‐hydroxycyclopentyl radical from which stereoelectronically controlled H‐abstraction by Co 11 takes place.
Conversion of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. A novel pathway for the metabolism of ether-linked phosphoglycerides. (1992)

Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells convert 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [( 3H]alkylacylGPC) to a product tentatively identified as an ethanolamine-containing phosphoglyceride (PE) (Daniel, L. W., Waite, B. M., and Wykle, R. L. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 9128-9132). In the present study, analysis of the radiolabeled phosphoglycerides as diradylglycerobenzoate derivatives indicated that [3H] alkylacylGPC was initially converted to 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine [( 3H]alkylacylGPE) which was subsequently desaturated to 1-O-[3H]alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine [( 3H]alkenylacylGPE). The conversion of [3H]/[32P]alkyl-lysoGPC to [3H]alkenylacylGPE indicated that base exchange enzymes were not involved in this pathway. A phosphono analog of alkyl-lysoGPC, resistant to phospholipase D hydrolysis and radiolabeled in the 1-O-alkyl chain was readily incorporated, acylated, and subsequently metabolized to [3H]alkylacylGPC and [3H]alkenylacylGPE. Therefore, the involvement of phospholipase D in the conversion pathway was ruled out. The conversion of [3H]alkylacylGPC or its phosphono analog to [3H]alkenylacylGPE was significantly enhanced by the addition of 100 microM ethanolamine to the culture media, suggesting that [3H]alkylacylglycerol is an intermediate in the cytidine-dependent pathway of PE synthesis. MDCK cell cytosol and microsomes contained no detectable phospholipase C activity. However, incubation of microsomes with CMP resulted in the degradation of [3H]alkylacylGPC and accumulation of [3H]alkylacylglycerol. Furthermore, the addition of CDP-ethanolamine to microsomes following preincubation with CMP, resulted in a decrease in [3H]alkylacylglycerol with a concomitant increase in [3H]alkenylacylGPE. Overall, these results suggest that the reverse reaction of choline phosphotransferase may be responsible for the conversion of alkylacylGPC to alkylacylGPE.
ALTIS: Modernizing GPGPU Benchmarking (2019)

This paper presents Altis, a benchmark suite for modern GPGPU computing. Previous benchmark suites such as Rodinia and SHOC have served the research community well, but were developed years ago when hardware was more limited, software supported fewer features, and production hardware-accelerated workloads were scarce. Since that time, GPU compute density and memory capacity has grown exponentially, programmability features such as unified memory, demand paging, and HyperQ have matured, and new workloads such as deep neural networks (DNNs), graph analytics, and crypto-currencies have emerged in production environments, stressing the hardware and software in ways that previous benchmarks did not anticipate. Drawing inspiration from Rodinia and SHOC, Altis is a benchmark suite designed for modern GPU architectures and modern GPU runtimes, representing a diverse set of application domains. By adopting and extending applications from Rodinia and SHOC, adding new applications, and focusing on CUDA platforms, Altis better represents modern GPGPU workloads to enable support GPGPU research in both architecture and system software.
Capturing CO2 into the Precipitate of a Phase-Changing Solvent after Absorption (2014)

The major drawback of aqueous alkanolamine-based CO2 capture processes is the high energy penalty for regeneration. To overcome this weakness, we studied the absorption of CO2 with amines dissolved in nonaqueous solvents. It was observed that triethylenetetramine (TETA) dissolved in ethanol produces a solid precipitate after absorption, which can then be easily separated and regenerated. As a comparison, a TETA/water solution does not form any precipitate after absorbing CO2. The TETA/ethanol solution offers several advantages for CO2 capture in absorption rate, absorption capacity, and absorbent regenerability. Both the rate and capacity of CO2 absorption with the TETA/ethanol solution were significantly higher than with a TETA/water solution, because ethanol not only promotes the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase but also facilitates the chemical reaction between TETA and CO2. This approach was able to capture 81.8% of the absorbed CO2 in the solid phase as TETA-carbamate. In addition, results show that the decomposition of TETA-carbamate can be completed at 90 °C. Moreover, the cycling absorption/regeneration runs of the TETA/ethanol solution display a relatively stable absorption performance.
DETECTION OF IgG ANTIBODY TO MEASLES VIRUS BY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (1979)

A highly sensitive procedure of solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for the detection of measles IgG antibody. HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus were used as a solid-phase antigen. This technique was applied to the detection of measles IgG antibody in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and multiple sclerosis. Normal subjects having experienced natural measles or measles vaccination and patients with various neurological diseases of non-virus nature were also examined as control groups. Measles antibody was detected at high titers in both the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of SSPE patients. Moreover, RIA/HI ratios of SSPE patients were significantly higher than those of normal subjects, suggesting the presence in the formers of antibodies to nucleocapsids at high titers as well as to viral envelopes. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in both RIA and HI titers between the sera of multiple sclerosis and those of various neurological diseases.
SnoVault and encodeD: A novel object-based storage system and applications to ENCODE metadata (2017)

The Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) project is an ongoing collaborative effort to create a comprehensive catalog of functional elements initiated shortly after the completion of the Human Genome Project. The current database exceeds 6500 experiments across more than 450 cell lines and tissues using a wide array of experimental techniques to study the chromatin structure, regulatory and transcriptional landscape of the H. sapiens and M. musculus genomes. All ENCODE experimental data, metadata, and associated computational analyses are submitted to the ENCODE Data Coordination Center (DCC) for validation, tracking, storage, unified processing, and distribution to community resources and the scientific community. As the volume of data increases, the identification and organization of experimental details becomes increasingly intricate and demands careful curation. The ENCODE DCC has created a general purpose software system, known as SnoVault, that supports metadata and file submission, a database used for metadata storage, web pages for displaying the metadata and a robust API for querying the metadata. The software is fully open-source, code and installation instructions can be found at: http://github.com/ENCODE-DCC/snovault/ (for the generic database) and http://github.com/ENCODE-DCC/encoded/ to store genomic data in the manner of ENCODE. The core database engine, SnoVault (which is completely independent of ENCODE, genomic data, or bioinformatic data) has been released as a separate Python package.
SU‐FF‐T‐317: Measured and Simulated Non‐Target Whole‐Body Doses for Selected IMRT and 3D‐CRT Treatment Plans (2006)

Purpose: A symposium at this year's APPM Summer Meeting calls for the attention to the non‐target exposures during emerging modalities. The change from 3D‐CRT to IMRT has been accompanied by many new challenges including a potential for an increase in second malignancies due to more fields and longer exposure times. The goal of this study is to establish a robust method for comparing in‐phantom measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of whole body doses resulting from 3D‐CRT and IMRT treatment plans. Method and Materials: Measurements using a RANDO phantom and MOSFET dosimeters were re‐constructed to determine organ doses from three typical treatment plans, 4‐field 3D‐CRT, 6‐Field 3D‐CRT, and 7‐Field IMRT for the prostate. Dose tally estimates using a segmented RANDO computational phantom were generated by MCNP5 and compared with experimental data. Results: The dosimeter readings show that the doses decrease as distances increase for all treatment plans. At 40 cm from the target, doses are reduced nearly 100%. At this location, the IMRT plan resulted in a dose that is a factor of 3–5 times higher than the two 3D‐CRT plans. This is due to increase scattered radiation from the extended exposure time for IMRT treatment. Comparisons of organ doses will be done with ongoing studies of MCNP5 simulations for the above treatment plans. Conclusion: A method has been developed and tested to use MOSFET dosimeters to measure whole‐body doses resulting from IMRT and 3D‐CRT treatment plans. The case study for prostate shows that IMRT delivers higher out‐of‐field photon doses than 3D‐CRT. By combining the Monte Carlo simulation of various accelerators and patient anatomy, the potential non‐target doses can be better assessed than what is currently done, thus offering a practical way for the management of secondary exposures from emerging modalities.
Membranous Nephropathy: Monoclonal IgG and Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria in a Renal Transplant Recipient (1989)

Membranous Nephropathy: Monoclonal IgG and Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria in a Renal Transplant Recipient Get access C. D. Short, C. D. Short Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr C. D. Short, Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Beatrice M. Coupes, Beatrice M. Coupes Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. E. Brenchley, P. E. Brenchley Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Susan Martin, Susan Martin Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Shelley Williams, Shelley Williams Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. W. G. Johnson, R. W. G. Johnson Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar N. P. Mallick, N. P. Mallick Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. Williams G. Williams Departments of Renal Medicine, Immunology, Medical Genetics, Surgery, and Pathology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryManchester, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 4, Issue 12, 1989, Pages 1080–1082, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/4.12.1080 Published: 01 January 1989 Article history Published: 01 January 1989 Received: 13 March 1989 Accepted: 29 August 1989
Chain Breaking and Branching in the Active-particle Diffusion Concept of Quenching (1955)

From Summary: "General quenching-distance equations were derived as extensions of the original simple theory of quenching by diffusion of active particles. These equations take into account the possibility of gas-phase chain breaking and branching and the effect of the efficiency of the walls to destroy active particles. The general characteristics of the equations were examined."
Betaine supplementation enhances the seawater adaptation of salmon, Salmo salar L. (1994)

Abstract. The effect of betaine (+ amino acid) supplementation on the seawater adaptation of salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts was studied in two separate trials. The fish were fed with feed containing various levels (0-5-1-5%) of FinnStim, a commercial product with betaine as the main component, for a 6–8 week period before seawater transfer and during the 3-week period in sea water. Growth and mortality were followed during the course of the studies, and the ionic and osmotic balance of fish estimated prior to seawater transfer, and one day and one week after the transfer. Smolts fed with FinnStim had less weight loss after seawater transfer in both trials, and significantly lower mortality in the second trial, than the control smolts. Smolts fed with 1% FinnStim tended to have faster recovery in appetite after seawater transfer. While the main plasma electrolytes showed no clear response to FinnStim treatment, the intramuscular potassium load in sea water was less pronounced in FinnStim fish.
An efficient video similarity search strategy for video-on-demand systems (2009)

The video-on-demand systems and video share Web are more and more popular in recent years. Video similarity search for content-based video retrieval is important in Web service and research field. There is still no satisfying search method for scalable fast similarity search in large video database. In order to solve two challenging problems: video similarity measure and fast search method in large database, a novel efficient video similarity search strategy for video-on-demand systems is proposed in this paper. A compact video signature was computed according to image histogram and spatial-temporal features of video. The video similarity is measured by the computation of the distance of video signature. For the scalable computing requirement, a new search method based on clustering index table was presented by index clustering. The experimental results from the query tests in large database show this method is highly efficient and effective for similar video search.
Synthesis of Pexidartinib (2019)

Key words pexidartinib - Tsuji–Trost reaction - Heck reaction - silver catalysis - tandem reaction
Quantitation of Mouse Monoclonal Antibody and Human Anti-Mouse Antibody Response in Serum of Patients (1989)

The assays required to study pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies and human anti-mouse antibody response in man, utilizing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, have been at best semi-quantitative. We have developed and well characterized a quantitative assay for measurement of murine monoclonal antibodies and human anti-mouse antibody in circulation of patients injected with murine monoclonal antibodies. The sensitivity of mouse IgG assay is approximately 1 ng/ml and cross reactivity of IgG's from other species were less than 0.01%. The pre-therapy samples from 30 patients treated with monoclonal antibody CO17-1A as well as serum from 54 individuals had no detectable human anti-mouse antibody indicating specificity. The sensitivity of this assay was approximately 10 mg/ml. The utility of these assays was demonstrated in a group of patients receiving 400 mg of monoclonal antibody CO17-1A. The half-life and the degree of immune response can be measured using these assays.
Post-partum haemorrhage: Diagnosis, prevention and management (2009)

Primary post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) is defined as blood loss of 500 ml or more (vaginal and caesarean deliveries are thought to average 500 ml and 1,000 ml, respectively) in the first 24 hours po...
Immunolocalization of CB1 receptor in rat striatal neurons: A confocal microscopy study (2004)

Several lines of evidence indicate that cannabinoids, among other functions, are involved in motor control. Although cannabinoid receptors (CB(1)) mRNA has been observed in medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatum, a description of the precise localization of CB(1) at a protein level among striatal cells is still lacking. Therefore, we performed immunohistochemical studies with light and confocal microscopy to identify neuronal subpopulations that express CB(1) and to assess the distribution of the receptor within these neurons. In our single label light microscopy study, CB(1) was observed in most medium-sized neurons of the caudate-putamen. However, CB(1) was also present in large-sized neurons scattered throughout the striatum. Our dual-label study showed that 89.3% of projection neurons in matrix contain CB(1), and that 56.4% of projection neurons in patch are labeled for CB(1). To investigate the presence of CB(1) among the different subclasses of striatal interneurons we performed a double-labeling study matching CB(1) and each of the striatal interneuron markers, namely, choline acetyl-transferase, parvalbumin, calretinin, and nitric oxide synthase. Our double-label study showed that most parvalbumin immunoreactive interneurons (86.5%), more than one-third (39.2%) of cholinergic interneurons, and about one-third (30.4%) of the NOS-positive neurons are labeled for CB(1). Calretinin-immunolabeled neurons were devoid of CB(1).
Closed-form 2-D angle estimation with rectangular arrays in element space or beamspace via unitary ESPRIT (1996)

The UCA-ESPRIT is a closed-form algorithm developed for use in conjunction with a uniform circular array (UCA) that provides automatically paired source azimuth and elevation angle estimates. The 2-D unitary ESPRIT is presented as an algorithm providing the same capabilities for a uniform rectangular array (URA). In the final stage of the algorithm, the real and imaginary parts of the ith eigenvalue of a matrix are one-to-one related to the respective direction cosines of the ith source relative to the two major array axes. The 2-D unitary ESPRIT offers a number of advantages over other proposed ESPRIT based closed-form 2-D angle estimation techniques. First, except for the final eigenvalue decomposition of a dimension equal to the number of sources, it is efficiently formulated in terms of real-valued computation throughout. Second, it is amenable to efficient beamspace implementations that are presented. Third, it is applicable to array configurations that do not exhibit identical subarrays, e.g., two orthogonal linear arrays. Finally, the 2-D unitary ESPRIT easily handles sources having one member of the spatial frequency coordinate pair in common. Simulation results are presented verifying the efficacy of the method.
Fabrication of graphene ruthenium-complex heterostructures (2015)

The aim of this study is to understand the photoresponse of a Ruthenium-complex/graphene heterostructure. Early work demonstrated that light detection by graphene field effect devices was enhanced by dropcasting Ruthenium Complex molecules. Here we proposed to fabricate a new class of devices where the Ruthenium-complex molecules are embedded between two layer of CVD monolayer graphene.
Developments Toward Diagnostic Breast Cancer Imaging Using Near-Infrared Optical Measurements and Fluorescent Contrast Agents1 (2000)

The use of near-infrared (NIR) light to interrogate deep tissues has enormous potential for molecular-based imaging when coupled with NIR excitable dyes. More than a decade has now passed since the initial proposals for NIR optical tomography for breast cancer screening using time-dependent measurements of light propagation in the breast. Much accomplishment in the development of optical mammography has been demonstrated, most recently in the application of time-domain, frequency-domain, and continuous-wave measurements that depend on endogenous contrast owing to angiogenesis and increased hemoglobin absorbance for contrast. Although exciting and promising, the necessity of angiogenesis-mediated absorption contrast for diagnostic optical mammography minimizes the potential for using NIR techniques to assess sentinel lymph node staging, metastatic spread, and multifocality of breast disease, among other applications. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the development of optical mammography, and focus on the emerging work underway in the use of diagnostic contrast agents for the molecular-based, diagnostic imaging of breast.
Quick acquisition of clean ultrahigh vacuum by chemical process technology (1993)

Baking of vacuum system for removing adsorbed water is essential and important treatment to shorten pumping time and obtain clean UHV. Removing adsorbed water by chemical treatment, based on the decomposition and dissociation of O–H bond of the adsorbed water, was examined as an alternative method of rapidly attaining UHV conditions. Several experiments have been done using typical water decomposing gases, which are organic silane compounds, dichloro-propane and halogen gases, introduced and exposed to the vacuum chamber made of an aluminum alloy. In these gases, dichloro-propane gas exposed in vacuum chamber at a temperature of 50–100 °C and pressure (0.01–40 Torr) particularly shortens the pumping time to 1/4–1/500 of the time required without dichloro-propane treatment to obtain less than 10−8 Torr. For the exposure conditions of dichloro-propane gas at 70 °C and 0.1 Torr, a quadrupole mass spectrometer showed no remaining dichloro-propane gas and reaction products within 0.5 h after pumping started. This technology is available to obtain clean UHV in a short time and has a possibility to be used as a UHV technique instead of an ordinary baking.
Low Latency PON and RoF for 5G Wireless Systems (2018)

We review optical access technology candidates for 5G wireless systems requiring low latency as well as high transmission bandwidth. Recent feasibility studies with next generation PON prototype and analog transmission are discussed.
Comparison of Clinical Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis vs. Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Literature Review (2021)

Typical SpA-related clinical symptoms and signs were observed in patients with RA, suggesting that misclassification could occur. Availability of advanced imaging modalities may allow for more prompt and comprehensive evaluation of peripheral manifestations in SpA and RA, reducing misclassification and delayed diagnosis.