gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Programmatic Background and Design of the Cloud and Radiation Test Bed (1994)

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, is a major new program of atmospheric measurement and modeling. The program is intended to improve the understanding of processes that affect atmospheric radiation and the description of these processes in climate models. An accurate description of atmospheric radiation and its interaction with clouds and cloud processes is necessary to improve the performance of and confidence in models used to study and predict climate change. The ARM Program will employ five (this paper was prepared prior to a decision to limit the number of primary measurement sites to three) highly instrumented primary measurement sites for up to 10 years at land and ocean locations, from the Tropics to the Arctic, and will conduct observations for shorter periods at additional sites and in specialized campaigns. Quantities to be measured at these sites include longwave and shortwave radiation, the spatial and temporal distribution of clouds, water vapor, temperature, and other radiation-influencing quantities. There will be further observations of meteorological variables that influence these quantities, including wind velocity, precipitation rate, surface moisture, temperature, and fluxes of sensible and latent heat. These data will be used for the prospective testing of models of varying complexity, ranging from detailed process models to the highly parameterized description of these processes for use in general circulation models of the earth's atmosphere.
Adaptive Distributed Database Replication Through Colonies of Pogo Ants (2007)

We address the problem of optimizing the distribution of partially replicated databases over a computer network. Replication is used to increase data availability in the presence of site or communication failures and to decrease retrieval costs by local access if possible. We present a new bio-inspired replication management approach which is adaptive, completely decentralized, and based on swarm intelligence. Each node has the autonomy to start at any time, depending on the internal state of its stored data objects, a redistribution process. "Redistribution" means replicate, create, delete, update, or move data objects to other nodes of the network. The redistribution process is a dynamic load-balancing scheme which runs with lower priority in the background. The system is event-driven, but the learning process is not synchronized with the events.
The Action of Certain Polyvalent Cations on the Voltage-Clamped Lobster Axon (1968)

Calcium appears to be an essential participant in axon excitation processes. Many other polyvalent metal ions have calcium-like actions on axons. We have used the voltage-clamped lobster giant axon to test the effect of several of these cations on the position of the peak initial (sodium) and steady-state (potassium) conductance vs. voltage curves on the voltage axis as well as on the rate parameters for excitation processes. Among the alkaline earth metals, Mg(+2) is a very poor substitute for Ca(+2), while Ba(+2) behaves like "high calcium" when substituted for Ca(+2) on a mole-for-mole basis. The transition metal ions, Ni(+2), Co(+2), and Cd(+2) also act like high calcium when substituted mole-for-mole. Among the trivalent ions, La(+3) is a very effective Ca(+2) replacement. Al(+3) and Fe(+3) are extremely active and seem to have some similar effects. Al(+3) is effective at concentrations as low as 10(-5)M. The data suggest that many of these ions may interact with the same cation-binding sites on the axon membrane, and that the relative effects on the membrane conductance and rate parameters depend on the relative binding constants of the ions. The total amount of Na(+) transferred during a large depolarizing transient is nearly independent of the kind or amount of polyvalent ion applied.
Shapeable Inlet Manifold for Hypersonic Scramjet (2017)

A shapeable inlet manifold for a hypersonic scramjet includes an inlet lower cowling; a mount surface; and an inlet stream surface movably coupled to the mount surface, wherein the inlet lower cowling and the inlet stream surface define an opening of the shapeable inlet manifold allowing fluid flow therethrough. The inlet stream surface has first and second dispositions relative to the lower cowling defining first and second shapes of the opening, thereby providing respective first and second flow characteristics through the inlet manifold during flight.
The metabotrophic NGF and BDNF: an emerging concept. (2011)

The field of neurotrophins, particularly, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), has witnessed a number of breakthroughs in recent years. There is evidence now that NGF and BDNF mediate multiple biological phenomena, ranging from the Rita Levi Montalcini's neurotrophic through immunotrophic to epitheliotrophic and nociceptive effects. In 2003 we, for the first time, enriched the "NGFome" with one more expression presented in our concept of NGF metabotrophicity, also that of BDNF. This envisages that these two factors may operate as metabotrophins, that is, involved in the maintenance of cardiometabolic homeostasis (glucose and lipid metabolism as well as energy balance, cardioprotection, and wound healing). Recent results also demonstrated that the circulating and/or tissue levels of NGF and BDNF are altered in cardiometabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and type 3 diabetes). Altogether, a hypothesis of metabotrophic deficit due to the reduction of NGF/BDNF availability and/or utilization was raised, and implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. This may cultivate a novel pathogenic and therapeutic thinking for these diseases.
A Three-Dimensional Constitutive Model for the Dynamic Response of Rubber3 (2009)

Abstract REFERENCE: Liu, M. and Hoo Fatt, M. S., "A Three-Dimensional Constitutive Model for the Dynamic Response of Rubber," Tire Science and Technology , TSTCA, Vol. 37, No. 4, October - December 2009, pp. 226-253. The development of a constitutive model to describe the dynamic response of a filled rubber compound is presented in this paper. A series of cyclic tension tests were done on the rubber compound with mean strains ranging from 0.2 to 0.5, strain amplitudes ranging from 0.05 to 0.2, and strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 s −1 . The cyclic strain-controlled test results showed material rate dependence and hysteresis, and this motivated the development of a phenomenological-based, hyper-viscoelastic constitutive model. A Zener model, i.e., a spring in parallel with a Maxwell element, was assumed. The total stress was decomposed into a rate-independent equilibrium stress and a rate-dependent overstress. The springs were modeled as neo-Hookean, while the damper was defined by a nonlinear viscosity function. Material constants for the constitutive model were calculated from the cyclic tension test results. Cyclic tension tests were also performed on a sheet with central hole to check the accuracy of the constitutive model. The constitutive model was implemented into ABAQUS Standard with a user-defined material subroutine. The finite element analysis simulation of the rubber sheet with a central hole demonstrated relatively good agreement with the experimental data.
A Probabilistic Description of Man-Machine Spoken Communication (2005)

Speech enabled interfaces and spoken dialog systems are mostly based on statistical speech and language processing modules. Their behavior is therefore not deterministic and hardly predictable. This makes the simulation and the optimization of such systems performances difficult, as well as the reuse of previous work to build new systems. In the aim of a partially automated optimization of such systems, this paper presents a formalism attempt for the description of man-machine spoken communication in the framework of spoken dialog systems. This formalization is partly based on a probabilistic description of the information processing occurring in each module composing a spoken dialog system but also on a stochastic user modeling. Eventually, some possible applications of this theoretic framework are proposed
Structural changes in the carbon black network in carbon‐black‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber samples cured with a two‐step process (2012)

Abstract The volume resistivity of carbon black (CB)‐filled crosslinked styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) samples cured in two steps and having a fixed elongation condition declined slightly when the elongation ratio (α) was 3 or smaller, whereas the value increased markedly at α = 4. Three‐dimensional transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that the closest interparticle distance between the carbon black aggregates (CB ag 's) and the CB ag number density decreased at α = 1−2 but increased at α = 4 and that the distance between the centers of gravity of the closest CB ag and the volume of CB ag increased at α = 1−3 but decreased at α = 4. Also, the fraction of crosslinked chains of the carbon black network (CB net ) was decreased with elongation, and the fraction of branched chains increased. The fraction of isolated chains in particular showed a more pronounced increase at α &gt; 3 compared with α &lt; 3. These results presumably imply that for the sample with α &gt; 3, the coarsened CB ag 's were finely divided and also that the CB net was broken by elongation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A Web Based Case Study For The Chemical Engineering Capstone Course (2020)

One of the most daunting tasks in teaching the capstone design class is to develop suitable projects. Some departments may not have faculty with industrial experience; other departments may not be located near industrial partners to provide hands-on experience to the students; and other departments may lack faculty with deep expertise in specific areas such as biotechnology. North Carolina State University is developing, testing, and disseminating case studies for use in capstone senior chemical engineering design courses. Three web-based case studies developed at North Carolina State University will be presented. The projects involve modifications to (1) a vaccine facility, (2) a citric acid/nutriceutical facility, and (3) an ammonia plant. Supporting materials have been developed for each case study, including a problem statement, a detailed solution that is considered to be exemplary by an industrial reviewer and a report by the NCSU faculty member responsible for the case study of the difficulties and typical errors that might be encountered as the students carry out the design assignment.
A Study on Distributions of Boron Ions Implanted by Using B and BF2Dual Implantations in Silicon (2010)

For the fabrication of PMOS and integrated semiconductor devices, B, <TEX>$BF_2$</TEX> and dual elements with B and <TEX>$BF_2$</TEX> can be implanted in silicon. 15 keV B ions were implanted in silicon at <TEX>$7^{\circ}$</TEX> wafer tilt and a dose of <TEX>$3.0{\times}10^{16}\;cm^{-2}$</TEX>. 67 keV <TEX>$BF_2$</TEX> ions were implanted in silicon at <TEX>$7^{\circ}$</TEX> wafer tilt and a dose of <TEX>$3.0{\times}10^{15}\;cm^{-2}$</TEX>. For dual implantations, 67 keV <TEX>$BF_2$</TEX> and 15keV B were carried out with two implantations with dose of <TEX>$1.5{\times}10^{15}\;cm^{-2}$</TEX> instead of <TEX>$3.0{\times}10^{15}\;cm^{-2}$</TEX>, respectively. For the electrical activation, the implanted samples were annealed with rapid thermal annealing at <TEX>$1,050^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 30 seconds. The implanted profiles were characterized by using secondary ion mass spectrometry in order to measure profiles. The implanted and annealed results show that concentration profiles for the <TEX>${BF_2}^+$</TEX> implant are shallower than those for a single <TEX>$B^+$</TEX> and dual (<TEX>$B^+$</TEX> and <TEX>${BF_2}^+$</TEX>) implants in silicon. This effect was caused by the presence of fluorine which traps interstitial silicon and <TEX>${BF_2}^+$</TEX> implants have lower diffusion effect than a single and dual implantation cases. For the fabricated diodes, current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) were also measured with HP curve tracer and C-V plotter. Electrical measurements showed that the dual implant had the best result in comparison with the other two cases for the turn on voltage characteristics.
Trends in scaled and nanotechnology memories (2006)

An overview is provided of recent research in nitride storage and nanocrystal memories, ferroelectric RAMs, magnetic RAMs and various chalcogenide memories. Nanotechnology memories are included such as molecular memories, nanotube switches and spin coupled memories
Reduced coronary and inotropic reserves with coronary microembolization (2002)

Microembolized myocardium is characterized by perfusion-contraction mismatch with reduced contractile function and unchanged or even elevated blood flow. The present study investigated the consequences of microembolization on coronary and inotropic reserves. In eight anesthetized dogs, left circumflex coronary blood flow (CBF), regional blood flow (RBF), and posterior systolic wall thickening were measured. Repetitive injection of 42-microm microspheres into the left circumflex coronary artery decreased systolic wall thickening by 50% (17.2 +/- 2.4% vs. 8.0 +/- 1.4%; means +/- SD). Coronary reserve was determined by either intracoronary infusion of adenosine (n = 4) or the reactive hyperemia response following 15 s of coronary occlusion (n = 4); inotropic reserve was recruited by intracoronary infusion of dobutamine. The amount of injected microspheres was 158,000 +/- 48,000. CBF (45.5 +/- 16.5 vs. 47.8 +/- 14.4 ml/min) and RBF (1.15 +/- 0.18 vs. 1.33 +/- 0.39 ml x min(-1) x g(-1)) remained unchanged. Coronary reserve in response to intracoronary infusion of adenosine (410 +/- 94% vs. 290 +/- 77%; P < 0.05) and reactive hyperemia repayment (360 +/- 174% vs. 155 +/- 66%; P < 0.05) were blunted after microembolization. Inotropic reserve, i.e., the increment in systolic wall thickening with dobutamine, was decreased from 12.4 +/- 3.9% to 8.0 +/- 3.3% (P < 0.05). We conclude that coronary microembolization reduces coronary and inotropic reserves.
High-Pressure Gelatinization of Wheat Starch and Properties of Pressure-Induced Gels (1998)

Wheat starch suspensions of 5% dry matter were treated at 86 °C, 15 min, or with pressure at 600 MPa, 25 °C, 15 min. Both treatments were found to induce no further melting peak when differential scanning calorimetry was used. Under these previous conditions, starch suspensions subjected to pressure gave original products in terms of swelling index (water binding), amylose release and specific gravity. Pressure induced starch gelatinization with preservation of the granular structure. As a consequence, peculiar properties were expected for pressure-induced gels of 30% dry matter obtained at 600 MPa, 25 °C, 15 min. By using Young modulus measurements, calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and drying kinetics experiments, results showed a limited retrogradation for gels obtained under pressure. Keywords: Starch gelatinization; gel; high pressure; specific gravity; retrogradation
Linking MECP2 and pain sensitivity: The example of Rett syndrome (2010)

Recent animal studies suggest links between MeCP2 function and sensitivity to pain. This study investigated the nature and prevalence of atypical pain responses in Rett syndrome and their relationships with specific MECP2 mutations. Families enrolled in the Australian Rett Syndrome Database (ARSD) and InterRett database participated in this study. Cases with a known MECP2 pathogenic mutation, whose families had completed a questionnaire on registration and had answered questions on pain sensitivity were included (n = 646). Logistic regression was used to analyze relationships between the atypical pain responses and genotype. Descriptions of decreased pain sensitivity were content analyzed. The prevalence estimate of reporting an abnormal pain response was 75.2% and a decreased sensitivity to pain was 65.0% in the population-based ARSD. Families of ARSD and InterRett subjects with a C-terminal (OR 2.6; 95% CI 0.8-8.0), p.R168X (OR 2.1; 95% CI 0.7-6.1), or p.R306C (OR 2.7; 95% CI 0.8-9.6) mutation were more likely to report decreased sensitivity to pain. Parents and carers described decreased and delayed responses in situations judged likely to cause pain such as injections, falls, trauma, and burns. This study has provided the first precise estimate of the prevalence of abnormal sensitivity to pain in Rett syndrome but specific relationships with genotype are not yet clear. Clinical practice should include a low threshold for the clinical assessment of potential injuries in Rett syndrome.
ScopeIt: Scoping Task Relevant Sentences in Documents (2020)

A prominent problem faced by conversational agents working with large documents (Eg: emailbased assistants) is the frequent presence of information in the document that is irrelevant to the assistant. This in turn makes it harder for the agent to accurately detect intents, extract entities relevant to those intents and perform the desired action. To address this issue we present a neural model for scoping relevant information for the agent from a large document. We show that when used as the first step in a popularly used email-based assistant for helping users schedule meetings 1 , our proposed model helps improve the performance of the intent detection and entity extraction tasks required by the agent for correctly scheduling meetings: across a suite of 6 downstream tasks, by using our proposed method, we observe an average gain of 35% in precision without any drop in recall. Additionally, we demonstrate that the same approach can be used for component level analysis in large documents, such as signature block identification.
The Chemokine Receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 Couple to Distinct G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases To Mediate and Regulate Leukocyte Functions (2012)

The chemokine receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, couple to Gαi to induce leukocyte recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation. Upon activation by CXCL8, these receptors become phosphorylated, desensitized, and internalized. In this study, we investigated the role of different G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in CXCR1- and CXCR2-mediated cellular functions. To that end, short hairpin RNA was used to inhibit GRK2, 3, 5, and 6 in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing CXCR1 or CXCR2, and CXCL8-mediated receptor activation and regulation were assessed. Inhibition of GRK2 and GRK6 increased CXCR1 and CXCR2 resistance to phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization, respectively, and enhanced CXCL8-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and exocytosis in vitro. GRK2 depletion diminished CXCR1-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation but had no effect on CXCR2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. GRK6 depletion had no significant effect on CXCR1 function. However, peritoneal neutrophils from mice deficient in GRK6 (GRK6(-/-)) displayed an increase in CXCR2-mediated G protein activation but in vitro exhibited a decrease in chemotaxis, receptor desensitization, and internalization relative to wild-type (GRK6(+/+)) cells. In contrast, neutrophil recruitment in vivo in GRK6(-/-) mice was increased in response to delivery of CXCL1 through the air pouch model. In a wound-closure assay, GRK6(-/-) mice showed enhanced myeloperoxidase activity, suggesting enhanced neutrophil recruitment, and faster wound closure compared with GRK6(+/+) animals. Taken together, the results indicate that CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to distinct GRK isoforms to mediate and regulate inflammatory responses. CXCR1 predominantly couples to GRK2, whereas CXCR2 interacts with GRK6 to negatively regulate receptor sensitization and trafficking, thus affecting cell signaling and angiogenesis.
Adaptive A/D Converter to Suppress CW Interference in DSPN Spread Spectrum Communications (1983)

The non-Gaussian nature of CW interference is exploited to suppress the CW via the A/D converter following chip demodulation in a direct sequence pseudonoise (DSPN) communication link. The modulation is coherent BPSK. The A/D converter quantizes to 2 bits, sign and magnitude. A scheme of threshold adaptation and post-quantization weighting gains great advantage from making very reliable decisions on a relatively small percentage of the demodulated chips. The bit error rate performance in CW interference generally surpasses that of an ideal analog DSNP correlator. The performance in Gaussian noise is within 0.6 dB of ideal analog.
Mechanism of control of trophoblast invasion in situ (1991)

We have previously shown that first trimester human trophoblast cells share in vitro invasive properties with malignant cells. In this study we show that the in situ control of trophoblast invasion is provided by the uterine microenvironment. Trophoblast cells were labeled with 125I-deoxyuridine and examined for their ability to invade an epithelium-free human amniotic membrane in vitro under various conditions. The degree of invasion was determined as the percentage of the radioactivity retained within the membrane. Conditioned media from first trimester human decidual cells (DCM) suppressed invasion of trophoblast cells in the amnion invasion assay. This suppression was prevented by addition of neutralizing anti-TGF beta antibody or neutralizing antibody to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) to the DCM, and mimicked by TGF beta 1. These antibodies also augmented invasion beyond control levels, suggesting that trophoblast cells may also produce these factors. A bioassay for TGF beta activity, measured by antiproliferative effect on the mink lung epithelial cell line Mv 1 Lu, revealed that decidual cells produced this factor only in the latent form, whereas the active form was produced by the trophoblast. A decrease in collagenase type IV activity in the conditioned media of trophoblast cultures was observed when TGF beta 1 was added to these cultures. Removal of endogenous TGF beta in trophoblast cultures by addition of anti-TGF beta antibody resulted in down-regulation of TIMP message as determined by Northern analysis. These results indicate that a) decidua-derived (and to a minor extent trophoblast-derived) TGF beta is the prime mediator in the control of invasion by first trimester trophoblast, the latent form of TGF beta likely being activated by trophoblast-derived proteinases; b) induction of TIMP by TGF beta in both trophoblast and decidua is the final pathway in this control.