gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Surface Reflections on Directive Sound Sources (1961)

Reflections from the sea surface affect the acoustic power radiated by sound sources located at shallow depths. Furthermore, these surface reflections produce propagation anomalies characterized by a pattern of interference fringes and, at larger range, by abnormally high spreading losses known as the acoustic Lloyd mirror effect. Both phenomena are well known for simple, nondirectional sources. They are studied here for directive sources whose directivity patterns have a horizontal or tilted main lobe. Directive sources differ from simple sources in that the surface-reflected and direct rays are of different intensity. This causes a marked blurring of the interference fringe pattern, but has a negligible effect on the propagation anomaly at the long ranges where the Lloyd mirror effect holds. The effect on power output of phase cancellations and reinforcements by surface-reflected sound waves is generally less marked than for a simple source. (This work was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.)
In Clinical Practice, Drug-Eluting Stents Outperform Bare-Metal Stents (2007)

Recent reports have raised concerns about late stent thrombosis with the use of drug-eluting stents (DES), particularly for off-label indications. In this National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry analysis, investigators compared outcomes in 1763 patients who received at least one DES (for an on-label or off-label indication) …
Anion- and Solvent-Induced Rotary Dynamics and Sensing in a Perylene Diimide [3]Catenane (2017)

A novel dynamic [3]catenane consisting of a large four-station central macrocycle which incorporates a bay tetrachloro-functionalized perylene diimide (PDI) unit and two triazolium anion-binding motifs, mechanically bonded with two smaller isophthalamide-containing macrocycles, is constructed using an anion template synthetic methodology. Proton NMR, electronic absorption, and fluorescence emission spectroscopies together with molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the anion recognition- and solvent-dependent dynamic properties of the higher-order mechanically interlocked molecule. Importantly, unprecedented solvent-dependent and anion-binding-induced circumrotatory motion in a hetero[3]catenane system is demonstrated where the exotic dual rotary switching behavior provides a unique and sophisticated mechanism for optical anion sensing in competitive protic organic and aqueous-organic media.
Methionine Hydroxy Analog Treatment of Bovine Ketosis: Effects on Circulating Metabolites and Interrelationships (1972)

Six cases of clinical ketosis were treated with methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) orally in 40-g doses once daily for 7 days. Slow elevations of blood gllucose, triglyceride, cholesterol ester, free cholesterol, and phospholipid and slow depressions of acetate were noted over the 21-day examination. Acetoacetate plus acetone, fl-hydroxybutyrate, and nonestertfied fatty acids were slowly falling but never returned to normal. Milk production responded slowly and failed to return to pretreatment yields in most eases. The results do not warrant recommendation of the use of MHA as the sole treatment for ketosis due to the relatively slow responses as compared to glucose, propylene glycol, or glucocortieoid treatments. Whether a combination of MHA administration with other treatments may be beneficial due to possible hepatic lipotropie effects or whether it would be beneficial for prevention was not tested.
The Emerging Roles of the HERC Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer (2018)

Background: The HERC family contains six members from HERC1 to HERC6 that are featured with the HECT domains that exerts ubiquitin ligase activity and the RCC1-like domains that are involved in cell cycle regulation. Although identified as early as 1990s, their biological functions are extensively studied in recent years. More and more researches have demonstrated that the HERC ubiquitin ligases are widely engaged in carcinogenesis, however, there lacks a comprehensive and instructive analysis. Methods: The PubMed database was searched by keywords of individual HERC proteins (such as HERC4) and cancer. The emerging roles of HERC proteins in cancer and the specific mechanisms were collectively analyzed and discussed. Results: HERC proteins belong to the HECT domain-containing ubiquitin ligases that can identify and mediate the ubiquitination of specific substrate proteins. All HERC ubiquitin ligases except HERC6 have been assigned one or more than one ubiquitination substrates. In all of HERCs, HERC1 and HERC2 have been widely studied, in contrast, there are no reported studies yet on protein ubiquitination mediated by HERC6. Dependent on the protein substrates, HERC proteins may act as a tumor suppressor or oncoprotein in specific cancer types. For example, HERC4 is believed to contribute to carcinogenesis of solid tumors such as lung cancer, but it suppresses the proliferation of myeloma cells. Conclusion: HERC proteins as ubiquitin ligases are widely involved in various cancers. Targeting at specific HERC proteins could be a strategy for the treatment of certain cancers.
Optimal Transient Control Trajectories in Diesel–Electric Systems—Part II: Generator and Energy Storage Effects (2014)

The effects of generator model and energy storage on the optimal control of a diesel–electric powertrain in transient operation are studied. Two different types of problems are solved, minimum fuel and minimum time, with different generator models and limits as well as with an extra energy storage. For this aim, a four-state mean value engine model (MVEM) is used together with models for the generator and energy storage losses. In the optimization both the engines output power and speed are free variables. The considered transients are steps from idle to target power with different amounts of freedom, defined as requirements on produced energy, before the requested power has to be met. The main characteristics are seen to be independent of generator model and limits; they, however, shift the peak efficiency regions and therefore the stationary points. For minimum fuel transients, the energy storage remains virtually unused for all requested energies, for minimum time it is used to reduce the response time. The generator limits are found to have the biggest impact on the fuel economy, whereas an energy storage could significantly reduce the response time. The possibility to reduce the response time is seen to hold for a large range of values of energy storage parameters. The minimum fuel solutions remain unaffected when changing the energy storage parameters, implying it is not beneficial to use an energy storage if fuel consumption is to be minimized. Close to the minimum time solution, the fuel consumption with low required energy is quite sensitive to variations in duration, for larger energies it is not. Near the minimum fuel solution changes in duration have only minor effects on the fuel consumption.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methylene Chloride Fraction From Glehnia littoralis Extract via Suppression of NF-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity (2010)

Glehnia littoralis (Umbelliferae) has been used traditionally in Korean, Japanese, and Chinese medicine for the treatment of immune-related diseases; however, its anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism remain to be defined. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and inhibitory mechanism on inflammation by the methylene chloride fraction from Glehnia littoralis extract (MCF-GLE), which was more effective than Glehnia littoralis extract (GLE). MCF-GLE inhibited 12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in an inflammatory edema mouse model. Also, MCF-GLE strongly inhibited the releases of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MCF-GLE suppressed NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB-alpha degradation. MCF-GLE also attenuated the activation of ERK and JNK in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that MCF-GLE has an inhibitory effect on the in vivo and in vitro inflammatory reaction and is a possible therapeutic agent. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of MCF-GLE may result from the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta via suppression of NF-kappaB- and mitogen-activated protein kinases-dependent pathways.
Structural context for protein N‐glycosylation in bacteria: The structure of PEB3, an adhesin from Campylobacter jejuni (2007)

Campylobacter jejuni is unusual among bacteria in possessing a eukaryotic-like system for N-linked protein glycosylation at Asn residues in sequons of the type Asp/Glu-Xaa-Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr. However, little is known about the structural context of the glycosylated sequons, limiting the design of novel recombinant glycoproteins. To obtain more information on sequon structure, we have determined the crystal structure of the PEB3 (Cj0289c) dimer. PEB3 has the class II periplasmic-binding protein fold, with each monomer having two domains with a ligand-binding site containing citrate located between them, and overall resembles molybdate- and sulfate-binding proteins. The sequon around Asn90 is located within a surface-exposed loop joining two structural elements. The three key residues are well exposed on the surface; hence, they may be accessible to the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in the folded state.
Intensity-dependent photoluminescence spectra of semiconductor-doped glasses (1988)

The photoluminescence spectra of CdSx Se1−x doped glasses were found to be strongly dependent on the pumping laser intensity. Two spectral features corresponding to two different recombination mechanisms were identified. The dynamic behavior can be explained by the competition between tunneling-mediated recombination of deeply trapped charges and direct recombination of excitons, free and shallowly trapped carriers, and nonradiative recombination. Large (&amp;gt;30 nm) blue shifts of both peaks were also observed as a function of the laser intensity.
Current-Controlled Magnetic Domain-Wall Nanowire Shift Register (2008)

The controlled motion of a series of domain walls along magnetic nanowires using spin-polarized current pulses is the essential ingredient of the proposed magnetic racetrack memory, a new class of potential non-volatile storage-class memories. Using permalloy nanowires, we achieved the successive creation, motion, and detection of domain walls by using sequences of properly timed, nanosecond-long, spin-polarized current pulses. The cycle time for the writing and shifting of the domain walls was a few tens of nanoseconds. Our results illustrate the basic concept of a magnetic shift register that relies on the phenomenon of spin-momentum transfer to move series of closely spaced domain walls.
Crystalline Orientation in Syndiotactic Polystyrene Cast Films (2002)

The kind and degree of crystalline phase orientation for clathrate s-PS films, obtained by solution-casting procedures, and for semicrystalline films, obtained by suitable treatments on these cast films, are analyzed. Clathrate as well as nanoporous form films can present high degrees of uniplanar orientation, corresponding to the tendency of the ac crystallographic planes, to be parallel to the film plane. The driving force for this kind of orientation is the tendency of rows of parallel s(2/1)2 helices with minimum interchain and maximum interplanar distances to be parallel to the film plane. A high degree of uniplanar orientation is also maintained after annealing procedures leading to γ form, that is the other crystalline form which presents the same helical conformation. A tentative indexing of the γ form reflections, based on an orthorhombic unit cell, again indicates the presence of parallelism of ac planes with respect to the film surface. A substantial planar orientation, corresponding to the placement of the chain axes parallel to the film plane can also be maintained after annealing procedures at higher temperatures (220−230 °C) leading to α and β crystalline forms, where trans-planar rather than helical chains are included.
Comprehensive screening for drugs that modify radiation-induced immune responses (2022)

Our study provides an encyclopedic catalogue of clinically approved drugs based on their effect on RIIR. In ICIs combined radiotherapy, activation of STING-IFN may improve the therapeutic effect and our result could form a biological basis for further clinical trials combining radiotherapy with ICIs.
Reductive/oxidative sequential bioelectrochemical process for Perchloroethylene (PCE) removal: effect of the applied reductive potential and microbial community characterization (2020)

In this paper, a bioelectrochemical process has been developed by the combination of two membrane-less reactors equipped with an internal graphite granules counterelectrode for the perchloroethylene (PCE) removal through a reductive/oxidative sequence. In the reductive reactor, the cathodic chamber supplied the reducing power to PCE dechlorinating biomass while a rutile electrode promoted the aerobic dechlorination of the less chlorinated PCE byproducts by oxygen in situ evolution. Two potentiostatic conditions, -350 and -550 mV vs SHE, were tested on the reductive reactor, which showed the capability to completely reduce the PCE into vinyl chloride (VC) and ethylene (Eth). These compounds were completely removed by the oxidative reactor with an average VC and Eth removal efficiency of 94 ± 1% and 98 ± 1%. The -350 mV vs SHE condition resulted in the higher coulombic efficiency for the reductive dechlorination which reached 22 ± 7 % while by increasing the reductive potential to -550 mV the coulombic efficiency drop down to 6 ± 1 % in favor of the methanogenesis reaction. Dehalococcoides mccartyi was found at high abundance in the reducing reactor while a heterogeneous bacterial consortium was observed in the oxidative reactor. Microbiome characterization of the reductive and oxidative reactors showed the concomitant presence of different redox niches in each compartment suggesting that the exchange of ionic species between the electrode and the counterelectrode allowed the co-existence of both reducing and oxidative reactions.
Sirolimus-Eluting Stent or Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent vs Balloon Angioplasty for Prevention of Recurrences in Patients With Coronary In-Stent Restenosis (2005)

Another problem associated with in-stentrestenosisisthedifficultyoffind-ingappropriatetreatmentmodalitiestoreduce the excessive risk of recur-rence. Plain balloon angioplasty is thefirst-line treatment option for in-stentrestenosis,yetitsresultshaveoftenbeendisappointing with a recurrence rateabove40%.
Evidence for Functionally Significant Polymorphism of Human Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit: Association with Glutathione Levels and Drug Resistance in the National Cancer Institute Tumor Cell Line Panel (2001)

Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH). The GCL heterodimer is encoded by two genes: GLCLC, which directs synthesis of the catalytic subunit, and GLCLR, which encodes the regulatory subunit. We have previously identified a polymorphic GAG/CTC trinucleotide repeat within the 5' untranslated region of GLCLC. Here we report the further characterization of GLCLC polymorphism and the existence of five GLCLC alleles as defined by the trinucleotide repeat, which exhibits a range of 4 to 10 uninterrupted repeats. Significant variation in GLCLC allele frequencies was observed in four different ethnic populations examined. Interindividual variation in the capacity to produce GSH due to GLCLC polymorphism is hypothesized to influence the cellular response to environmental toxicants and chemotherapeutic agents. To test this hypothesis, the 60 tumor cell lines of the National Cancer Institute drug screening panel were genotyped for the GLCLC trinucleotide repeat, and the association of GLCLC genotype with GSH levels and drug sensitivity/resistance data was examined. Here we demonstrate an association between certain GLCLC alleles and GSH levels and/or drug sensitivity, providing evidence that suggests polymorphism of human GLCLC is functionally significant.
A Neural Network for Factoid Question Answering over Paragraphs (2014)

Text classification methods for tasks like factoid question answering typically use manually defined string matching rules or bag of words representations. These methods are ineective when question text contains very few individual words (e.g., named entities) that are indicative of the answer. We introduce a recursive neural network (rnn) model that can reason over such input by modeling textual compositionality. We apply our model, qanta, to a dataset of questions from a trivia competition called quiz bowl. Unlike previous rnn models, qanta learns word and phrase-level representations that combine across sentences to reason about entities. The model outperforms multiple baselines and, when combined with information retrieval methods, rivals the best human players.
Contribution of aerial hyphae of Aspergillus oryzae to respiration in a model solid‐state fermentation system (2002)

Oxygen transfer is for two reasons a major concern in scale-up and process control in industrial application of aerobic fungal solid-state fermentation (SSF): 1) heat production is proportional to oxygen uptake and it is well known that heat removal is one of the main problems in scaled-up fermenters, and 2) oxygen supply to the mycelium on the surface of or inside the substrate particles may be hampered by diffusion limitation. This article gives the first experimental evidence that aerial hyphae are important for fungal respiration in SSF. In cultures of A. oryzae on a wheat-flour model substrate, aerial hyphae contributed up to 75% of the oxygen uptake rate by the fungus. This is due to the fact that A. oryzae forms very abundant aerial mycelium and diffusion of oxygen in the gas-filled pores of the aerial hyphae layer is rapid. It means that diffusion limitation in the densely packed mycelium layer that is formed closer to the substrate surface and that has liquid-filled pores is much less important for A. oryzae than was previously reported for R. oligosporus and C. minitans. It also means that the overall oxygen uptake rate for A. oryzae is much higher than the oxygen uptake rate that can be predicted in the densely packed mycelium layer for R. oligosporus and C. minitans. This would imply that cooling problems become more pronounced. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the physiological role of aerial hyphae in SSF. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 539–544, 2002.
Understanding Structural Isomerization during Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis:  A Deuterium Labeling Study (2006)

A deuterium labeling study was undertaken to determine the mechanism of olefin isomerization during the metathesis reactions catalyzed by a second-generation Grubbs catalyst (2). The reaction of allyl-1,1-d2 methyl ether with 2 at 35 °C was followed by 1H and 2H NMR spectroscopy. The evidence of deuterium incorporation at the C-2 position of the isomerized product, trans-propenyl methyl ether, led to the conclusion that a metal hydride addition−elimination mechanism was operating under these conditions. Consequently, complex 8, an analogue of 2 bearing deuterated o-methyl groups on the aromatic rings of the NHC ligand, was synthesized to investigate the role of the NHC ligand in the formation of hydride species. Thermal decomposition of benzylidene 8 and methylidene 8‘ was monitored by 2H NMR spectroscopy; no deuteride complex was detected in either case. The decomposition mixtures were tested for isomerization activity with benchmark 1-octene but did not match the isomerization rates observed with 2 under similar metathesis conditions. Reaction of complex 8 with various olefinic substrates not only confirmed the formation of a deuteride complex but also revealed the existence of a competitive H/D exchange process between the CD3 groups on the NHC ligand and the C−H bonds of the substrate. We propose that the exchange is promoted by a ruthenium dihydride intermediate whose formation is closely related to the methylidene decomposition.
Highly Resolved Synthetic Aperture Radar with Beam Steering (2015)

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem hochauflösenden Radar mit synthetischer Apertur. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit beschreibt mögliche Auswirkungen verschiedener Effekte in dem Empfänger des High-Resolution Wide-Swath SAR (HRWS SAR) Systems. Darüber hinaus wird ein Konzept zu Reduktion von Quantisierungsbits in Systemen mit mehreren Empfangskanälen untersucht. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit betrifft die Datenverarbeitung eines hochauflösenden SAR-Systems in Sliding Spotlight Mode.
Electro-optic switching in iron oxide nanoparticle embedded paramagnetic chiral liquid crystal via magneto-electric coupling (2014)

The variation in optical texture, electro-optic, and dielectric properties of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) embedded ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) with respect to change in temperature and electrical bias conditions are demonstrated in the current investigations. Improvement in spontaneous polarization and response time in nanocomposites has been attributed to magneto-electric (ME) coupling resulting from the strong interaction among the ferromagnetic nanoparticle's exchange field (due to unpaired e−) and the field of liquid crystal molecular director. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of FLC material gives a broad resonance signal with superimposed components indicating the presence of a source of spin. This paramagnetic behavior of host FLC material had been a major factor in strengthening the guest host interaction by giving an additional possibility of (a) spin-spin interaction and (b) interactions between magnetic-dipole and electric-dipole moments (ME effects) in the composite materials. Furthermore, the phenomenon of dielectric and static memory effect in these composites are also observed which yet again confirms the coupling of magnetic NP's field with FLC's director orientation. We therefore believe that such advanced soft materials holding the optical and electrical properties of conventional LCs with the magnetic and electronic properties of ferromagnetic nanoparticles are going to play a key role in the development of futuristic multifunctional optical devices.
An insight into non-emissive excited states in conjugated polymers (2015)

Conjugated polymers in the solid state usually exhibit low fluorescence quantum yields, which limit their applications in many areas such as light-emitting diodes. Despite considerable research efforts, the underlying mechanism still remains controversial and elusive. Here, the nature and properties of excited states in the archetypal polythiophene are investigated via aggregates suspended in solvents with different dielectric constants (ɛ). In relatively polar solvents (ɛ>∼ 3), the aggregates exhibit a low fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 2-5%, similar to bulk films, however, in relatively nonpolar solvents (ɛ<∼ 3) they demonstrate much higher fluorescence QY up to 20-30%. A series of mixed quantum-classical atomistic simulations illustrate that dielectric induced stabilization of nonradiative charge-transfer (CT) type states can lead to similar drastic reduction in fluorescence QY as seen experimentally. Fluorescence lifetime measurement reveals that the CT-type states exist as a competitive channel of the formation of emissive exciton-type states.