gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of ferrian and ferro-saponites: Implications for the structure of (Fe,Mg)-smectites formed under reduced conditions (2021)

Abstract Clay minerals are widely distributed on the surface of Earth, Mars, and Ceres in the solar systems. Among numerous clay minerals, smectites can record the history of the environment through the exchange of interlayer cations with those in water or through redox reactions with the atmosphere. Therefore, characterization of chemical compositions and crystal structures of smectites is crucial for revealing the paleoenvironment. For instance, the crystal structure within octahedral sheets of iron-bearing smectites changes to trioctahedral sheets under reduced or dioctahedral sheets under oxidizing conditions. Orbital infrared and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses by Mars orbiters/rovers revealed the presence of (Fe,Mg)-smectites on the surface of Mars; however, it has been difficult to characterize the properties of these (Fe,Mg)-smectites, which are rare on the surface of Earth. In this study, we synthesized ferrian (ferric ion-rich) and ferrous (ferrous ion-rich) (Fe,Mg)-saponite and revealed the effect of valence states and iron contents on the crystal structures. These saponites were synthesized using a hydrothermal method under reduced conditions. The crystal structures and valence states of iron were analyzed by XRD, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near edge measurements. The synthesized clays were trioctahedral swelling clays and were identified as saponites. The valence state of iron in these synthesized saponites is altered by oxygen and a reducing agent in water; however, the trioctahedral structures are maintained under both oxidizing and reduced conditions, following a reversible reaction. This mechanism can be interpreted by the desorption and adsorption of hydrogen in the hydroxyls of the octahedral sheets of the smectite layers. The maximum basal spacing of the (02l) lattice plane in the octahedral sheets was defined by compiling various smectite data. When the basal spacing of (02l) is larger than the maximum in dioctahedral smectites, smectite can be identified as trioctahedral smectite. The redox state of iron in the octahedral sheet cannot be determined from the basal spacing of (02l). We revealed that the iron content in the trioctahedral sheet has a linear relationship with lattice parameter b. This provides a method to estimate the iron content in saponite from XRD data. The XRD profiles of smectites found at the Yellowknife Bay on Mars can be explained only by trioctahedral smectites, and the iron content in the octahedral sheet is roughly estimated to be 0.5–1.7 in a half-unit cell. These results indicate that the presence of (Fe,Mg)-saponite implies a reduced environment during the formation and that this iron-bearing saponite has both oxidation and reduction capabilities depending on the environment.
고대 그리스와 현대 괴테의 형식실험 『헤르만과 도로테아』 (2008)

『헤르만과 도로테아』는 괴테의 작품들 가운데서 그 의고전주의적 형식실험으로 인해 중요한 작품이다. 헤겔은 포스 등, 고대 그리스의 서사시를 모범으로 삼은 동시대의 다른 작가들의 작품들이 목가적인 전원시가 되어버린 반면, 괴테의 『헤르만과 도로테아』는 소세계를 대세계를 향해 여는 데 성공함으로써 동시대 전원시의 범주를 벗어난다고 말한다. 여기서 헤겔이 염두에 두고 있는 것은 괴테가 이 작품에서 시민사회의 전경(前景) 속으로 프랑스혁명이라는 세계사를 끌어들인 것이다. 라인 강 동안(東岸)의 소도시에 살고 있는 주막주인의 평범하고 성실한 아들이, 혁명전쟁에 쫓겨 강을 건너 온 무일푼의 피난민 처녀를 만나 사랑에 빠지게 되고 이날 바로 그녀를 자신의 약혼녀로 부모에게 소개한다. 이렇게 동시대 시민계급 사회가 세계사적 지평에 둘러싸여 있다는 점에서 이 작품은 다른 작가들의 작품뿐 아니라, 괴테 자신의 이후 고전적인 형식실험들(『로마의 비가』나 『아킬레이스』)과도 차이점을 보인다. 작품의 수용사에서 지금까지 도외시되었던 것은 괴테가 서사시라는 고대의 장르를 선택하면서 이 미학적 시대착오를 근대의 형상요소로 사용했다는 사실이다. 나는 괴테가 이 서사적 형식을 선택하는데 결정적인 역할을 한 것이 그의 혁명관이라고 본다. 즉 근대의 서사시는 이 시대에 서사시가 가능한지, 불가능한지 스스로 성찰한다. 괴테는 묘사의 과정성을 강조하는데 이 과정성은 바로 독일의 일상적 세계와 세계사적 배경이 충돌함으로써 생겨난다. 소도시 환경의 정화를 나타내는 것은 우선 호머적인 헥사메터 형식이다. 헥사메터는 불변하는 모범적인 세계를 묘사하는데 사용된다. 괴테의 작품에서는 이 헥사메타 형식은 이야기가 진행되면서 점점 더 이 시형식이 가지는 높은 서사적 요구에 상응하게 된다. 시학적으로 말하면, 서사시의 행위(줄거리)가 동시에 서사시의 생성이 되는 것이다. 이를 간접적으로 증명해주는 것이 괴테가 이 작품에서, 전통적으로 첫 번째 노래에 들어있는 뮤즈부르기를 마지막 노래에 위치시킨 것이다. 그리고 이는 소도시적 세계가 피난민행렬로 대변되는 프랑스혁명의 지평에로 열림으로써 실현된다. 줄거리 상으로 보면, 이 두 세계는 `영웅` 헤르만을 통해 연결된다. 괴테는 헤르만이 피난민들에게 자선을 베풀고 그 중 한 처녀와 사랑에 빠지고 아버지의 반대에도 불구하고 결혼을 결심한다는 줄거리를 프랑스혁명이라는 역사적 사건과 상징적으로 연결한다. 즉 헤르만의 행동은 옛 신분사회의 제약으로부터의 해방으로서, 자유라는 혁명적 의도가 반영된 개인화의 행위로서 묘사된다. 바로 여기에 시민사회의 정화가 큰 세계극장을 반영한다는 내적 연관성이 존재하며 바로 이 연관성이 시민적 서사시라는 장르를 가능하게 한다. 마지막 노래, 그러니까 서사시의 종결부에서 헤르만은 약혼이 정치적 희망을 보증한다고 해석한다. 이 구절은 전통을 고수하는 것이 보편적인 동요의 상태에서 취할 수 있는 단 하나의 적절한 태도라고 칭송한다. 하지만 이 대목은 협소한 민족주의가 아닌, 독일시민의 자의식의 상승을 보여주며 동시에 전원시를 서사시로 상승시킨다. 헤르만의 각성은 우선 그를 협소한 시민사회로부터-내적으로-끌어낸다. 나아가 도로테아와의 만남을 통해 헤르만은 시민세계가 위협을 받고 있는 것으로, 지켜야 할 것임을 인식한다. 괴테는 판사라고 불리는 인물로 하여금 프랑스혁명이 야기한 열광을 묘사하게 하고 이로 인해 행복에 대한 헤르만의 요구는 추진력을 얻는다. 이 대목은 프랑스혁명에 대한 괴테의 가장 긍정적인 치사로 간주된다. 이렇게 해서 헤르만의 각성과정치적인 각성 사이의 상징적인 유사성이 강조된다. 헤르만의 행동은 봉건적, 절대적인 체제에 맞서-결혼과 가족과 소유물에 기초를 두고-개인의 자율성을 실현할 것을 요구함으로써 혁명에 대한 높은 에토스를 반영한다. 하지만 다시 한 번 강조할 것은 이것이 오로지 시민세계 내에서 일어난다는 것이다. 현실을 극복하려는 헤르만은 결국 다시-정화된-시민세계로 돌아온다. 사랑을 통한 결혼은 옛 신분적인 시민계급의 근대화이다. 이는 전통의 강요가 아니라 개인적인 애정과 상호간의 확인 그리고 그 실현으로 규정되는 자유로운 파트너 선택으로 구체화된다. 안락한 전통으로 벗어나 위험을 감수 할 용기를 전제하는 이 자유는 특이하게도 마을 앞의 우물이라는 태곳적 장소에서 실현된다. 시민적 서사시가 가지는-가장 넓은 의미에서-정치적인 상징으로 보자면 이 장면은 친밀한 사랑의 동맹 안에서 시민적 사회의 순수한 근원에로 돌아감을 나타낸다. 또 이런 맥락에서 보아야 할 것이 도로테아의 아름다움이다. 그녀의 아름다움은 헤르만의 욕망을 불러일으킬 뿐만 아니라 헤르만의 친구들로 하여금 그의 선택을 지지하게 만든다. 이는 도로테아라는 인물의 아름다움일 뿐만 아니라 일반적으로 시학적 의미에서 형식이 갖는 힘이다. 이 힘을 통해 서사시는 보편적인 혼란이라는 세계상태에 맞설 수 있다. 아름다움은 또한 자선에 상응한다. 유복한 자의 윤리적인 자선은 아름다움의 미학적인 자선과 공동작용하여 시민세계를 소시민적인 협소함을 넘어 이상적인 의미에서 새로이 건설한다.
Retinopathy and Risk of Kidney Disease in Persons With Diabetes (2021)

The presence of retinopathy was associated with higher prevalence of kidney disease and higher risk of incident CKD, ESKD, and CHD. These results may suggest that a similar mechanism underlies the development of retinopathy and other adverse outcomes in diabetes.
Gonarthritis durch Salmonella enteritidis bei einer Patientin mit floridem systemischen Lupus erythematodes (2002)

Extraintestinal manifestations of Salmonella infection occur more frequently in immunocompromised patients than in healthy persons. About 25 % present as septic arthritis. Particularly patients with SLE are predisposed. We report a case of a 16-year old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed septic arthritis of the left knee. Delayed diagnosis because of similar symptoms of arthritis due to lupus and purulent arthritis led to a destruction of the joint despite systemic antibiotic treatment. Seven months later an endoprosthesis was implanted with good outcome. Early diagnosis, adequate antibiotic therapy and, if necessary, surgical intervention are essential for successful treatment. In patients with SLE suffering from fever or arthritis it is necessary to think of infections particularly due to salmonella.
Task-based image quality assessment in radiation therapy: initial characterization and demonstration with CT simulation images (2017)

In current radiation therapy practice, image quality is still assessed subjectively or by utilizing physically-based metrics. Recently, a methodology for objective task-based image quality (IQ) assessment in radiation therapy was proposed by Barrett et al.<sup>1</sup> In this work, we present a comprehensive implementation and evaluation of this new IQ assessment methodology. A modular simulation framework was designed to perform an automated, computer-simulated end-to-end radiation therapy treatment. A fully simulated framework was created that utilizes new learning-based stochastic object models (SOM) to obtain known organ boundaries, generates a set of images directly from the numerical phantoms created with the SOM, and automates the image segmentation and treatment planning steps of a radiation therapy work ow. By use of this computational framework, therapeutic operating characteristic (TOC) curves can be computed and the area under the TOC curve (AUTOC) can be employed as a figure-of-merit to guide optimization of different components of the treatment planning process. The developed computational framework is employed to optimize X-ray CT pre-treatment imaging. We demonstrate that use of the radiation therapy-based-based IQ measures lead to different imaging parameters than obtained by use of physical-based measures.
P3.38 Use of rapid diagnostics for chlamydia and gonorrhoea for women in the emergency department can improve clinical management: report of a randomised clinical trial (2017)

<h3>Introduction</h3> In the Emergency Department (ED), accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (CT) and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoea</i> (NG) is a challenge. Lengthy routine result times for CT/NG tests often lead to empiric antibiotic over treatment or lack of treatment of infections. A randomised clinical trial was conducted to determine how use of rapid diagnostics could improve clinical management. The objective was to assess the effects of rapid CT/NG testing on over treatment and under treatment of women being evaluated for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the ED. <h3>Methods</h3> Women undergoing pelvic examinations and STI testing in the ED (n=253) were consented and randomised to either a control or rapid testing group. The control group received standard of care (SOC), with CT/NG testing by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) with a 2–3 day turnaround time. Patients in the rapid testing group provided an additional vaginal swab used for rapid Gene Xpert CT/NG testing with a 100 min turnaround time. Results from the rapid tests were presented to providers and patients were treated according to clinical judgment. Following discharge there was a 2 week phone follow-up and chart review. <h3>Results</h3> 100% of CT positive (n=9) and 100% NG positive (n=5) patients in the rapid testing group received appropriate antibiotic treatment as compared to 54% (7/13) CT positive patients (p=0.046) and 43% (3/7) NG positive patients (p=0.081) in the control group. Additionally, in the control group, 36.8% (42/114) of CT negative and 38.3%, (46/120) of NG negative patients were over treated. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Both under- and over treatment for CT/NG was observed in the SOC control group. Patients with positive results in the rapid test group were more appropriately treated. This study demonstrated the potential clinical impact and subsequent antibiotic stewardship of using rapid CT/NG testing the ED.
Adsorption, displacement, and ionization in water pools (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAdsorption, displacement, and ionization in water poolsF. M. Menger and G. SaitoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 14, 4376–4379Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00482a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00482a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Soft Failure Localization During Commissioning Testing and Lightpath Operation (2017)

In elastic optical networks (EONs), effective soft failure localization is of paramount importance to early detection of service level agreement violations while anticipating possible hard failure events. So far, failure localization techniques have been proposed and deployed mainly for hard failures, while significant work is still required to provide effective and automated solutions for soft failures, both during commissioning testing and in-operation phases. In this paper, we focus on soft failure localization in EONs by proposing two techniques for active monitoring during commissioning testing and for passive in-operation monitoring. The techniques rely on specifically designed low-cost optical testing channel (OTC) modules and on the widespread deployment of cost-effective optical spectrum analyzers (OSAs). The retrieved optical parameters are elaborated by machine learning-based algorithms running in the agent&#x2019;s node and in the network controller. In particular, the Testing optIcal Switching at connection SetUp timE (TISSUE) algorithm is proposed to localize soft failures by elaborating the estimated bit-error rate (BER) values provided by the OTC module. In addition, the FailurE causE Localization for optIcal NetworkinG (FEELING) algorithm is proposed to localize failures affecting a lightpath using OSAs. Extensive simulation results are presented, showing the effectiveness of the TISSUE algorithm in properly exploiting OTC information to assess BER performance of quadrature-phase-shift-keying-modulated signals, and the high accuracy of the FEELING algorithm to correctly detect soft failures as laser drift, filter shift, and tight filtering.
Statistical interpretation of S-on-1 data and the damage initiation mechanism (2008)

Multipulse laser induced damage optical materials is an important topic for many applications of nonlinear crystals. We studied multi pulse damage in X-cut KTiOPO<sub>4</sub>. A 6ns Nd:YAG laser has been used with a weakly focused beam. A fatigue phenomenon has been observed and we try to clarify the question whether or not this phenomenon necessarily implies material modifications. Two possible models have been checked, both of them predicting increasing damage probability with increasing pulse number while all material properties are kept constant: (i) Pulse energy fluctuations and depointing increase the probed volume during multiple pulse experiments. The probability to cause damage thus increases with increasing pulse number. However, this effect turned out to be too small to explain the observed fatigue. (ii) Assuming a constant single shot damage probability p1 a multipulse experiment can be described by statistically independent resampling of the material. Very good agreement has been found between the 2000-on-1 volume damage data and the statistical multipulse model. Additionaly the spot size dependency of the damage probability is well described by a precursor presence model. Supposing that laser damage precursors are either transient or, if they are permanent, irradiation of the precursor above its threshold only causes damage with a small probability, the presented data can be interpreted without supposing material modifications.
Amniotic Membrane: Separation of Amniotic Mesoderm from Amniotic Epithelium and Isolation of Their Respective Mesenchymal Stromal and Epithelial Cells (2012)

The human amniotic membrane (hAM) or amnion contains two principal types of cells: amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs), located in two distinct regions: the epithelium and the stromal layer. Emerging evidence suggests that both of them retain multipotent/pluripotent characteristics, making the amniotic membrane a promising and very attractive source of cells for regenerative medicine. Therefore, the isolation of hAECs and hAMSCs has recently received great interest; they can be released by differential enzymatic digestion and various procedures have been reported; however, significant contamination of hAMCs with hAECs and vice versa frequently occurs. This unit describes an efficient and rapid method to separate, mechanically, amniotic mesoderm from amniotic epithelium in order to obtain, after subsequent enzymatic digestions, purified population of hAMCs and hAECs. In this way, the cells can be cultured or investigated for other aims avoiding additional procedures related to their purification.
Suicide among Young Blacks: Trends and Perspectives (1980)

A RECENT UPSURGE in suicide by young blacks has prompted growing concern among mental health practitioners and behavioral scientists. As a result, the literature on suicide by blacks has ,grown substantially. Much of this literature concludes that the incidence of suicide, attendant depression, and alcohol and drug abuse among young blacks is, in a word, alarming. The lack of an empirical research tradition in the area of suicide generally, and suicide by blacks particularly, has resulted in a mosaic of theoretical and conceptual explanations. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest a socio-cultural framework for viewing suicide among young blacks, and to show how previous viewpoints frequently are based on traditional and sometimes distorted typical black psychosocial patterns.
Dielectric nanoparticle suspensions for increased electrostatic forces (2022)

Dielectric suspensions of nanoparticles for electrostatic force production applications have been developed. To avoid viscosity increases due to the electrorheological effect, aliphatically coated BaTiO3 nanoparticles were synthesized and mixed with n-decane to form concentrated dielectric suspensions. The synthesis and characterization of the nanoparticles and the suspensions are described. The increased electrostatic force on electrodes due to the increased relative permittivity of the dielectric suspensions is verified with force test stand measurements, consistent with a standard electrostatic model.
HIF‐1 and p53: communication of transcription factors under hypoxia (2004)

Oxygen sensing and reactivity to changes in the concentration of oxygen is a fundamental property of cell physiology. The lack of O(2) (hypoxia) is transmitted into many adaptive responses, a process that is largely controlled by a transcription factor known as hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). More recent reports suggest that besides its traditional regulation via proteasomal degradation other signaling pathways contribute to stability regulation of the HIF-1alpha subunit and/or HIF-1 transactivation. These regulatory circuits allow for the integration of HIF-1 into scenarios of cell-survival vs. cell-death with the rule of the thumb that short-term mild hypoxia maintains cell viability while prolonged and severe hypoxia provokes cell demise. Cell death pathways are associated with stabilization of the tumor suppressor p53, a response also seen under hypoxic conditions. Here we summarize recent information on accumulation of HIF-1alpha and p53 under hypoxia and provide a model to explain the communication between HIF-1 and p53 under (patho)physiological conditions.
Study of Signal Temporal Logic Robustness Metrics for Robotic Tasks\n Optimization (2021)

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an efficient technique for describing temporal\nconstraints. It can play a significant role in robotic manipulation, for\nexample, to optimize the robot performance according to task-dependent metrics.\nIn this paper, we evaluate several STL robustness metrics of interest in\nrobotic manipulation tasks and discuss a case study showing the advantages of\nusing STL to define complex constraints. Such constraints can be understood as\ncost functions in task optimization. We show how STL-based cost functions can\nbe optimized using a variety of off-the-shelf optimizers. We report initial\nresults of this research direction on a simulated planar environment.\n
SimCalc: Democratizing Access to Advanced Mathematics (2014)

Historically, what people can learn is co-determined by the representational infrastructure for knowledge building. When Latin was the required medium of knowledge building, few could engage in scholarly activities; without the change to the vernacular, nearly universal access to higher education would not be possible. The highly compact, abstract, and opaque symbolism of mathematics presents similar barriers to the necessary democratization of access to important mathematics. Over the course of a program of research lasting more than 20 years and involving contributors from institutions throughout the United States and worldwide (Hegedus &amp; Roschelle, 2013), the representationally innovative design of SimCalc Mathworlds® has provided affordances for novel and effective approaches to teaching important algebraic and calculus-related ideas. When integrated with appropriate curricular workbooks, teacher professional development, and other instructional factors, dynamic representation has enabled diverse populations to learn more advanced mathematics. Research has included both design research as well as large-scale experiments involving hundreds of teachers and thousands of students; overall, the approach also has an unusually strong base of empirical support. We focus on lasting, essential design contributions of this body of work with a special emphasis on the dialectic relationship between affordances of technology and curricular progressions.
La chronique française du Petit Thalamus (1502-1604) (2014)

International audience
Robust Controls for Network Revenue Management (2009)

Revenue management models traditionally assume that future demand is unknown but can be described by a stochastic process or a probability distribution. Demand is, however, often difficult to characterize, especially in new or nonstationary markets. In this paper, we develop robust formulations for the capacity allocation problem in revenue management using the maximin and the minimax regret criteria under general polyhedral uncertainty sets. Our approach encompasses the following open-loop controls: partitioned booking limits, nested booking limits, displacement-adjusted virtual nesting, and fixed bid prices. In specific problem instances, we show that a booking policy of the type of displacement-adjusted virtual nesting is robust, both from maximin and minimax regret perspectives. Our numerical analysis reveals that the minimax regret controls perform very well on average, despite their worst-case focus, and outperform the traditional controls when demand is correlated or censored. In particular, on real large-scale problem sets, the minimax regret approach outperforms by up to 2% the traditional heuristics. The maximin controls are more conservative but have the merit of being associated with a minimum revenue guarantee. Our models are scalable to solve practical problems because they combine efficient (exact or heuristic) solution methods with very modest data requirements.
Negative filament tension in the Luo-Rudy model of cardiac tissue (2007)

Scroll waves are vortices that occur in three-dimensional excitable media. Scroll waves have been observed in a variety of systems including cardiac tissue, where they are associated with cardiac arrhythmias. The disorganization of scroll waves into chaotic behavior is thought to be the mechanism of ventricular fibrillation, which lethality is widely known. One of the possible mechanisms of scroll wave instability is negative filament tension, which was studied theoretically using low-dimensional models of excitable medium. In this article we perform a numerical study of negative filament tension using the Luo-Rudy phase 1 model, which is widely used in cardiac electrophysiology. We show that this instability exists in this model, study its manifestation and discuss its relation to cardiac arrhythmogenesis.