gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasmonic Fiber Optic Refractometric Sensors: From Conventional Architectures to Recent Design Trends (2016)

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) fiber sensor research has grown since the first demonstration over 20 year ago into a rich and diverse field with a wide range of optical fiber architectures, plasmonic coatings, and excitation and interrogation methods. Yet, the large diversity of SPR fiber sensor designs has made it difficult to understand the advantages of each approach. Here, we review SPR fiber sensor architectures, covering the latest developments from optical fiber geometries to plasmonic coatings. By developing a systematic approach to fiber-based SPR designs, we identify and discuss future research opportunities based on a performance comparison of the different approaches for sensing applications.
Ultralow biased field emitter using single-wall carbon nanotube directly grown onto silicon tip by thermal chemical vapor deposition (2001)

A carbon-nanotube field emitter which has single-wall carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 1–2 nm grown directly onto the Si tips by thermal chemical vapor deposition was developed. Owing to the 10–20 times smaller diameter of the nanotube than the conventional silicon (Si) tip, the fabricated carbon-nanotube field emitter showed an ultralow threshold voltage of 10 V for the field emission of electrons, which is more than ten times smaller value than the conventional Si emitter.
Prenatal development of the iliolumbar ligament (1993)

Serial sections, in the frontal plane, of 12 human fetuses showed that the iliolumbar ligament was always present at the gestational age of 11 to 15 weeks; in younger specimens, it could not be identified. The ligament develops during the prenatal period and is not formed by metaplasia of the quadratus lumborum muscle during the second decade of life.
Functionalised endohedral fullerenes in single-walled carbon nanotubes (2010)

Atomically thin carbon nanotubes serve as transparent-test tubes for individual molecules of functionalised endohedral fullerenes. Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy reveals the complex dynamic behaviour of these molecules at the atomic level, and it sheds light on the mechanism of their encapsulation into nanotubes.
Diversity and Inclusion Activities in Database Conferences (2022)

Diversity and Inclusion (D&amp;I) are core to fostering innovative thinking. Existing theories demonstrate that to facilitate inclusion, multiple types of exclusionary dynamics, such as self-segregation, communication apprehension, and stereotyping and stigmatizing, must be overcome [11]. A diverse group of people tends to surface different perspectives, which help to understand and address D&amp;I. Fostering D&amp;I in research communities must address issues related to inclusive interpersonal and small group dynamics, rules and codes of conduct, increasing diversity in under-represented groups and disciplines, and organizing D&amp;I events, and longterm efforts to champion change [15].
Coexpression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha and 2alpha, carbonic anhydrase IX, and vascular endothelial growth factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and relationship to survival. (2002)

Overexpression of HIF-1alpha, CA IX, and VEGF is common in NPC, which is probably related to hypoxia up-regulated expression involving a HIF-dependent pathway, and is associated with poor prognosis. Targeting the hypoxia pathway may be useful in the treatment of NPC.
An optical technique for the direct measurement of the 2-D spectral density of a passive scalar in a turbulent flow (1990)

A new optical technique for quantitatively measuring the spectral density of passive scalar fluctuations in a turbulent flow has been developed. The technique exploits the photorefractive properties of BaTiO{sub 3} to separate the optical signal of the turbulent field from the coherent illumination background. It is a major improvement over existing techniques in that it is non-intrusive, has excellent frequency response and spatial resolution, and is capable of simultaneously measuring two components of the three-dimensional spectral density, {Phi}{theta}({kappa}). The technique is thus especially well suited to the directly study of anisotropic flows. We have applied this technique to study the spectrum of temperature fluctuations in a fully developed turbulent channel flow with heat addition. The flow is highly anisotropic, yet the spectrum in directions transverse to the flow is seen to exhibit an inertial--convective subrange behavior which is characteristic of isotropic flows. The spectral behavior in the flow direction, due to the direct influence of the mean strain rate, is observed to be markedly different. 17 refs., 7 figs.
Genetics and immunity of Anopheles response to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae overlap with immunity to Plasmodium (2022)

Entomopathogenic fungi have been explored as a potential biopesticide to counteract the insecticide resistance issue in mosquitoes. However, little is known about the possibility that genetic resistance to fungal biopesticides could evolve in mosquito populations. Here, we detected an important genetic component underlying Anopheles coluzzii survival after exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. A familiality study detected variation for survival among wild mosquito isofemale pedigrees, and genetic mapping identified two loci that significantly influence mosquito survival after fungus exposure. One locus overlaps with a previously reported locus for Anopheles susceptibility to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Candidate gene studies revealed that two LRR proteins encoded by APL1C and LRIM1 genes in this newly mapped locus are required for protection of female A. coluzzii from M. anisopliae, as is the complement-like factor Tep1. These results indicate that natural Anopheles populations already segregate frequent genetic variation for differential mosquito survival after fungal challenge and suggest a similarity in Anopheles protective responses against fungus and Plasmodium. However, this immune similarity raises the possibility that fungus-resistant mosquitoes could also display enhanced resistance to Plasmodium, suggesting an advantage of selecting for fungus resistance in vector populations to promote naturally diminished malaria vector competence.
Locomotor training intensity after stroke: Effects of interval type and mode (2020)

<b>Background and Objectives</b>: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a promising strategy for improving gait and fitness after stroke, but optimal parameters remain unknown. We tested the effects of short vs long interval type and over-ground vs treadmill mode on training intensity. <b>Methods</b>: Using a repeated measures design, 10 participants with chronic hemiparesis performed 12 HIIT sessions over 4 weeks, alternating between short and long-interval HIIT sessions. Both protocols included 10 minutes of over-ground HIIT, 20 minutes of treadmill HIIT and another 10 minutes over-ground. Short-interval HIIT involved 30 second bursts at maximum safe speed and 30-60 second rest periods. Long-interval HIIT involved 4-minute bursts at ~90% of peak heart rate (HR<sub>peak</sub>) and 3-minute recovery periods at ~70% HR<sub>peak</sub>. <b>Results</b>: Compared with long-interval HIIT, short-interval HIIT had significantly faster mean overground speeds (0.75 vs 0.67 m/s) and treadmill speeds (0.90 vs 0.51 m/s), with similar mean treadmill HR (82.9 vs 81.8%HR<sub>peak</sub>) and session perceived exertion (16.3 vs 16.3), but lower overground HR (78.4 vs 81.1%HR<sub>peak</sub>) and session step counts (1481 vs 1672). For short-interval HIIT, training speeds and HR were significantly higher on the treadmill vs. overground. For long-interval HIIT, the treadmill elicited HR similar to overground training at significantly slower speeds. <b>Conclusions</b>: Both short and long-interval HIIT elicit high intensities but emphasize different dosing parameters. From these preliminary findings and previous studies, we hypothesize that overground and treadmill short-interval HIIT could be optimal for improving gait speed and overground long-interval HIIT could be optimal for improving gait endurance.
Evaluation of New Drilling Approach for Widening Operational Window: Implications for Wellbore Strengthening (2011)

Abstract The window between pore pressure and fracture gradient is usually the most critical factor in well design. The width of this window dictates well control and loss circulation prevention. Most notably, in deep offshore basins this window becomes narrower which makes it more challenging to control the ECD. Similar scenario happens in highly deviated and/or horizontal borehole in which fracture gradient significantly decrease as deviation angle increases. To mitigate the small tolerance between pore pressure and fracture gradients an engineering practice referred to as "wellbore strengthening" is conducted to increase the fracture gradient. The method relies on propping and/or sealing the fractures with specially designed materials. Different competing theories exist for wellbore strengthening mechanisms. These can be categorized into two groups. The first group believes that strengthening happens as a result of increasing wellbore hoop stress when a wedge inserted into the fracture while the second group emphasis on fracture tip isolation with suitable materials and enhancing fracture propagation pressure. The existing numerical models and lab experiments done so far did not fully replicate the same operational phenomenon to understand the true mechanism. The main objective of this study was to compare the existing wellbore strengthening models using both numerical simulations and analytical solution for different field cases. Results of finite-element analysis for fracture initiation, propagation, sealing and stress changes after each step are provided. Our numerical results indicate that wellbore hoop stress cannot be higher than its ideal case in the fractured zone by plugging and/or sealing fractures. However, strengthening the wellbore and increasing the fracture gradient can be done by enhancing fracture propagation pressure.
An Overview of Noise-Robust Automatic Speech Recognition (2014)

New waves of consumer-centric applications, such as voice search and voice interaction with mobile devices and home entertainment systems, increasingly require automatic speech recognition (ASR) to be robust to the full range of real-world noise and other acoustic distorting conditions. Despite its practical importance, however, the inherent links between and distinctions among the myriad of methods for noise-robust ASR have yet to be carefully studied in order to advance the field further. To this end, it is critical to establish a solid, consistent, and common mathematical foundation for noise-robust ASR, which is lacking at present. This article is intended to fill this gap and to provide a thorough overview of modern noise-robust techniques for ASR developed over the past 30 years. We emphasize methods that are proven to be successful and that are likely to sustain or expand their future applicability. We distill key insights from our comprehensive overview in this field and take a fresh look at a few old problems, which nevertheless are still highly relevant today. Specifically, we have analyzed and categorized a wide range of noise-robust techniques using five different criteria: 1) feature-domain vs. model-domain processing, 2) the use of prior knowledge about the acoustic environment distortion, 3) the use of explicit environment-distortion models, 4) deterministic vs. uncertainty processing, and 5) the use of acoustic models trained jointly with the same feature enhancement or model adaptation process used in the testing stage. With this taxonomy-oriented review, we equip the reader with the insight to choose among techniques and with the awareness of the performance-complexity tradeoffs. The pros and cons of using different noise-robust ASR techniques in practical application scenarios are provided as a guide to interested practitioners. The current challenges and future research directions in this field is also carefully analyzed.
Circulating tumour necrosis factor‐α (cachectin) in myocardial infarction (1989)

In a prospective study, 22 patients with prolonged chest pain were monitored by serial serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF; cachectin) measurements. In five patients serum TNF markedly increased, peaking at greater than 145 ng l-1; all these patients had large infarcts complicated by hypotension, pulmonary oedema and/or arrhythmia. Two of these patients died. In contrast, TNF levels were either normal or only slightly raised in patients with small or uncomplicated infarcts and in patients with prolonged angina without evidence of infarction. The results show that extensive myocardial infarction induces the release of the monocyte/macrophage-derived polypeptide hormone TNF into circulation. This finding may be clinically relevant with respect to systemic metabolic consequences of myocardial infarction.
Emotional Responses to a Professional Service Encounter (1991)

Considers the interaction between customer and provider in professional service encounters, where extended person‐to‐person discussions frequently take place. Describes an experiment in which subjects read and reacted to stories describing such encounters, which included three service variables – competency, outcome and courtesy. Reports on the emotional responses of the subjects, finding that courtesy was responsible for most of the variation in response. Discusses the managerial implications resulting from the study, notably the importance of courtesy in professional service encounters.
Temporary placement of fully covered self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of benign biliary strictures (2015)

FCSEMS placement is efficient for patients with BBS, in particular for chronic pancreatitis patients. Stent extraction after 6 months indwelling, although generally feasible, may fail in a few cases.
Three-Dimensional Head Shape Quantification for Infants with and without Deformational Plagiocephaly (2010)

Novel 3D-based plagiocephaly posterior severity scores provided better sensitivity and specificity in the discrimination of plagiocephalic and typical head shapes than the 2D measurements provided by a close approximation of OCLR. These indices will allow for more precise quantification of the DP phenotype in future studies on the prevalence of this condition, which may lead to improved clinical care.
COVID-19: A Comprehensive View of Diverse Mitigation Measures, Biomaterials and Outlook (2021)

COVID-19 the existing contagion is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). As of 1st March, 2021, the statistical study shows, 114 million people all over the world have been affected by COVID-19 and in this about 2.53 million deaths have been reported with a recovery of 64.4 million cases. The most commonly testified signs of COVID-19 infection are pyrexia, tussis and tiredness; other symptoms that are less common include deprivation in senses (odor or flavor), pharyngitis, stuffy nose, cephalgia, gastroenteritis etc. Among the reported cases, approximately 10-15% progress to severe disease and 5% becomes critically ill. Most people recover at 2-6 weeks after exposure to the virus, but it is reported that there are some patients who may recur some symptoms for weeks or months after initial recovery although they are not infectious during this period. In this review article, we have briefly discussed the different diagnostic and detection measures that are being clinically practiced and the treatment methods including medicines and vaccines which has been undertaken in the fight against COVID-19. Recent advances in various regulatory measures comprising the application of biomaterials engineering (nanomaterials, biosensors, quantum dots, polymeric array-based vaccines, etc.) and the digital technologies are also discussed. Organoid cultures are also used against SARS-CoV-2 to understand the biological phenomena taking place in the human body through infection, and thereby establishing the necessary trials to control the infection. In short, there is a requirement of the combination of study from multidisciplinary areas to understand the virus better and develop more effective mitigation measures. There are still studies under examination to improve the public health and to have complete control over this novel virus.
A review of complex vector light fields and their applications (2018)

Vector beams, and in particular vector vortex beams, have found many applications in recent times, both as classical fields and as quantum states. While much attention has focused on the creation and detection of scalar optical fields, it is only recently that vector beams have found their place in the modern laboratory. In this review, we outline the fundamental concepts of vector beams, summarise the various approaches to control them in the laboratory, and give a concise overview of the many applications they have spurned.
Small Business And Big Change: How Does Small-Business Development Contribute To Positive Social Change In The Russian Heartland (2007)

This paper is my attempt to answer the question, “How does small-business development contribute to positive social change [SC] in rural Russia? I accepted the interpretive paradigm for my research. This paradigm is described in Learning in the Field, written by Rossman and Rallis (2003). Therefore, my research methods involved face-to-face interaction. I conducted 32 in-depth interviews. Guided by Learning in the Field, I developed four topics to explore in the interviews, but I remained open to pursuing topics brought up by the interviewees. The questions are: • What is meant by both small-business development and social change in Russian rural areas? • How do Russian businessmen, governmental officials and rural citizens define their roles in the process of social change? • What are the obstacles to small-business development in Russia’s rural areas, and what are possible ways to overcome these obstacles? • What kinds of development programs exist in rural Russia, and what is the difference between the Russian programs and programs implemented in other countries? I studied documents regarding successful small-business development programs, the implementation of social initiatives in Kaluga Region and other regions of Russia. I also conducted a deep literature analysis about the world experience. Based on the research, I recommend developing two different methods of development for the rural Kaluga Region that will work as well for many other regions in central Russia. The first method is industrial cluster development. The second is a combination of a community-based credit program and creation of mobile teams of professionals to educate prospective entrepreneurs.
Surround suppression explained by long-range recruitment of local competition, in a columnar V1 model (2016)

Although neurons in columns of visual cortex of adult carnivores and primates share similar orientation tuning preferences, responses of nearby neurons are surprisingly sparse and temporally uncorrelated, especially in response to complex visual scenes. The mechanisms underlying this counter-intuitive combination of response properties are still unknown. Here we present a computational model of columnar visual cortex which explains experimentally observed integration of complex features across the visual field, and which is consistent with anatomical and physiological profiles of cortical excitation and inhibition. In this model, sparse local excitatory connections within columns, coupled with strong unspecific local inhibition and functionally-specific long-range excitatory connections across columns, give rise to competitive dynamics that reproduce experimental observations. Our results explain surround modulation of responses to simple and complex visual stimuli, including reduced correlation of nearby excitatory neurons, increased excitatory response selectivity, increased inhibitory selectivity, and complex orientation-tuning of surround modulation.
The crystal structure of molecular inclusion compounds of tris(o-phenylenedioxy)phosphonitrile trimer (1967)

The crystal structures of the benzene and bromobenzene inclusion compounds of tris(o-phenylenedioxy)phosphonitrile timer have been determined using three-dimensional methods. The compounds are isomorphous, with a hexagonal unit cell containing two phosphonitrilic host molecules and approximately one included guest molecule. The centres of the phosphonitrilic rings are located on the special positions (1/3, 2/3, z) and (2/3, 1/3, z+ 1/2) of space group P63. The structural arrangement of the host molecules forms a channel along the c axis, and the guest molecules are in disordered positions within this channel.Least-squares refinement of the host molecule parameters only, employing anisotropic correction factors, led to final R values of 0·073 and 0·083 for the benzene and bromobenzene compounds, respectively. The phosphonitrilic ring is planar, and the average bond distance in the ring is 1·575 ± 0·002 Å. The O–P–O angle of 97° is smaller than the equivalent angle in simply substituted phosphonitrilic trimers, but is close to the angle of 99° reported for methyl ethylene phosphate.
Tandem duplication/deletion in a maternally derived chromosome 9 supernumerary derivative resulting in 9p trisomy and partial 9q tetrasomy (2000)

A 19-week stillborn female fetus with bilateral cleft palate, horseshoe kidney, bicornuate uterus, low-set ears, and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was found to have a supernumerary derivative chromosome 9 (der(9)) with an apparent tandem duplication in the long arm. PCR analysis at five polymorphic loci confirmed the duplication and showed an adjacent deletion, while whole chromosome FISH demonstrated only chromosome 9 to be involved. Further FISH studies of der(9) found the 9qh region to be duplicated, telomeric sequences to be intact, and subtelomeric sequences to be absent. Thus, the fetus was determined to be trisomic for 9pter→9q12 and 9q34.3→9qter, tetrasomic for 9q12→ 9q33, and disomic for 9q33→9q34.3. These results are consistent with a tandem duplication of 9q12→9q33 and adjacent distal deletion as designated by the karyotype, 47,XX,+der(9)dup(9)(q12q33)del(9) (q33q34.3).ish der(9)(WCP9+,D9Z1x2,STP9q-, AHT+) de novo. In addition to characterizing der(9), the combined PCR and cytogenetic studies refined the Genome Database Map of three loci (D9S907, D9S155, and D9S302) approximately to the distal 9q33 region. Without the attempt to refine breakpoints by PCR analysis, the deletion in distal 9q would not have been detected. Tandem direct duplication/deletion chromosomes have been reported in fewer cases than inverted duplication/deletions. We propose mechanisms of origin, consistent with those for recurrent inter stitial microdeletion and microduplication syndromes, shown to arise by recombination at homologous, flanking DNA sequences. Am. J. Med. Genet. 93:305–312, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: MASSENSPEKTROMETRIE AUF DEM GEBIET DER STEROIDE (1970)

Abstract Eine Reihe von Fragmentierungsprozessen der Massenspektrometrie sind für Steroide spezifisch und charakteristisch und können zur Strukturbe= Stimmung von unbekannten Steroiden herangezogen werden.
A Wind Tunnel Study of the Effects of Turbulence on the Growth of Cloud Drops by Collision and Coalescence (1999)

A set of wind tunnel experiments was carried out to investigate the growth of single drops by collision coalescence with small droplets in laminar and turbulent flow. Analysis of the experiments shows that under otherwise similar conditions, there exists a tendency toward a faster drop growth under turbulence. The observed growth under laminar conditions agrees well with computed continuous growth of a collector drop using collision efficiencies reported in the literature.