gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A taxonomy for congestion control algorithms in packet switching networks (1995)

The authors propose a new taxonomy for congestion control algorithms in packet switching computer networks based on control theory. They view a network as a large, distributed control system, in which a congestion control scheme is a (distributed) control policy executable at each node (host or switches) of the network in order to a certain level of stable conditions. This taxonomy provides a coherent framework for the comparative study of existing algorithms and offers clues toward the development of new congestion control strategies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Creating Space, Creating Self: Street-frequenting Youth in the City and Suburbs (2000)

Focusing on street-frequenting youth, this paper explores the ways in which young people link spaces and selves in city and suburban environments. In much current youth studies research there is an emphasis on the marginalization of young people, particularly in their use of public spaces. Drawing on space/identity theory, this paper reconceptualizes these issues, highlighting young people's understandings of themselves and the subversive spaces they construct. Through an empirical analysis of the construction of space and self, the paper stresses a need to explore the process of subjective interpretation, undertaken by young people, in order to more sensitively understand the culture of street frequenting.
The current status of the therapeutic approach for severe sepsis in Japan and its comparison to the international guidelines (2009)

重症セプシスに対する強化インスリン療法やショックに対するステロイド投与，更に活性化プロテインC投与などの項目は，いずれも初版Surviving Sepsis Campaign（SSC）ガイドラインにおける目玉とされていた。しかしその後の追試により，これらの治療効果には疑問符が付けられ，推奨が引き下げられることとなっている。一方SSCガイドラインにはとりあげられていないにもかかわらず，本邦で広く実施されている治療として，ポリミキシンB固定化カラムによるエンドトキシン吸着療法（PMX-DHP），disseminated intravascular coagulation（DIC）に対する抗凝固療法，更にacute respiratory distress syndrome（ARDS）に対するシベレスタットナトリウムの投与などがある。このうちPMX-DHPについては，最近イタリアで実施されたrandomized controlled study（RCT）において有効性が確認され，一躍注目されるところとなった。一方アンチトロンビンのように海外では投与を控えるよう推奨されている薬剤が，国内ガイドラインでは投与を推奨されていたり，シベレスタットナトリウムのように海外試験で効果が否定された後に国内で実施された市販後臨床試験で効果が再確認されるなど，いわゆるねじれ現象もみられる。このような状況下で我々臨床医は，国内で広く実施されている治療に明確なエビデンスが存在しなかったり，あるいはいわゆるグローバルスタンダードと称されるような治療においてすら，そのエビデンスには不確実なものが多数含まれていることを認知しておくことが必要である。エビデンスに基づく治療の重要性は言うまでもないが，こと重症セプシスにおける治療法の選択に際しては，人種差以外にも国ごとに異なる医療事情や歴史的背景をも理解しておくことが必要である。そして臨床応用に際しては，個々の症例ごとにエビデンス以外にも知識や経験を総動員し，更に施設の対応状況なども加味したうえで，テーラーメード診療をめざすことこそ重要であり，画一的にガイドライン診療を適応するのはむしろ慎むべきであると考える。
Jejunostomy tube placement in refractory diabetic gastroparesis: a retrospective review. (1996)

Severe refractory gastroparesis is associated with multiple hospitalizations, a high incidence of concomitant diabetic complications, and a mortality rate of 38% at 4 yr. There is a high incidence of complications following J-tube placement in this population. Despite this, most patients retrospectively reported improved overall health after J-tube placement. Therefore, placement of a J-tube may be a workable option with acceptable perioperative morbidity and mortality rates in selected patients with severe diabetic gastroparesis who have failed medical therapy. A prospective study of J-tube placement and other available means of nutritional support is needed to demonstrate further the efficacy of this intervention in patients with severe diabetic gastroparesis.
Incorporating geostatistical constraints in nonlinear inversion problems (2007)

In this paper we present a method of incorporating semivariogram constraints into nonlinear inversion problems. That is, we describe a method of sampling the space of inverse solutions that honor a specified semivariogram or set of semivariograms and also explain a set of state data. The approach can be considered a method of conditional simulation where model conditioning is based upon state data (as opposed to parameter data). The difference between this approach and other simulation approaches is that the simulation is posed as an optimization problem with the joint objective of matching the semivariograms and honoring the state data. This approach requires computing the sensitivities of the semivariograms with respect to the distributed parameter. We derive these sensitivities and find that they are efficient to compute and store, making the method tenable for large models. We demonstrate the method with one synthetic and one field example using radar velocity tomography, where radar velocity is related through a petrophysical transform to saturated porosity. We address biasing issues and demonstrate ensemble generation and the resulting resolution and uncertainty analysis using ensemble statistics. We also demonstrate how the method can be applied to existing deterministic inversion codes with the field example.
Serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein can reflect systemic lupus erythematosus activity (2017)

Serum Mac-2-binding protein (M2BP) is elevated in various chronic inflammatory diseases, and evidence suggests that glycosylation of M2BP induces discrete biological effects. However, the role of serum M2BP in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unclear. Recently, a Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive-M2BP (WFA<sup>+</sup>-M2BP) immunoassay has shown promise in detecting highly glycosylated M2BP. In this study, by using WFA<sup>+</sup>-M2BP immunoassay, we measured serum M2BP in 203 SLE patients and evaluated its clinical significance. Eighty patients were classified as having active SLE and 123 patients as having inactive SLE. The median serum M2BP was higher in patients with active SLE than in those with inactive SLE (2.1 vs. 0.9, p < 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, serum M2BP, anti-dsDNA, C3 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were associated with SLEDAI-2K. Serum M2BP also strongly correlated with laboratory variables related to SLEDAI-2K, ESR and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that serum M2BP was useful in predicting active SLE. Finally, following immunosuppressive treatment, elevated serum M2BP significantly decreased along with improvement in disease activity. These findings suggest that serum M2BP might contribute to the inflammatory process in SLE, and measuring serum M2BP might be a useful marker to assess SLE disease activity.
Local voting: Optimal distributed node scheduling algorithm for multihop wireless networks (2017)

An efficient and fair node scheduling is a big challenge in multihop wireless networks. In this work, we propose a distributed node scheduling algorithm, called Local Voting. The idea comes from the finding that the shortest delivery time or delay is obtained when the load is equalized throughout the network. Simulation results demonstrate that Local Voting achieves better performance in terms of average delay, maximum delay, and fairness compared to several representative scheduling algorithms from the literature. Despite being distributed, Local Voting has a very close performance to a centralized algorithm that is considered to have the optimal performance.
Induced-dichroism-excited atomic line filter at 532 nm (1995)

The operation of a narrow-linewidth optical f ilter based on the 4P((1/2)) ? 8S((1/2)) excited-state transition in potassium vapor is reported. The 4P((1/2)) state is excited by a circularly polarized, 769.9-nm, 10-ns pulse from a dye laser. A linearly polarized, time-sequenced, and spatially overlapped probe pulse at 532.33 nm completes the transition to the 8S((1/2)) state. The peak filter transmission is ~40% with a bandwidth of less than 4 GHz. Corroborative experimental results suggest that the rotation of probe-pulse polarization by an induced circular birefringence is the dominant mechanism behind the filter operation.
Near-infrared to near-infrared upconverting NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ nanoparticles-aptamer-Au nanorods light resonance energy transfer system for the detection of mercuric(ii) ions in solution (2013)

A new luminescence resonant energy transfer (LRET) system has been designed that utilizes near-infrared (NIR)-to-NIR upconversion lanthanide nanophosphors (UCNPs) as the donor, and Au nanorods (Au NRs) as the acceptor. The UCNPs were excited by a near-infrared (980 nm) wavelength and also emitted at a near-infrared wavelength (804 nm) using an inexpensive infrared continuous wave laser diode. The Au NRs showed a high absorption band around 806 nm, which provided large spectral overlap between the donor and the acceptor. Hg(2+) ions were added to an aqueous solution containing the UCNPs and Au NRs that were modified with a Hg(2+) aptamer. Then, a sandwich-type LRET system was developed for the detection of Hg(2+) ions that had high sensitivity and selectivity in the NIR region. The method was successfully applied to the sensing of Hg(2+) ions in water and human serum samples.
Direct Steering of de novo Molecular Generation using Descriptor Conditional Recurrent Neural Networks (cRNNs) (2019)

Deep learning has acquired considerable momentum over the past couple of years in the domain of de-novo drug design. Particularly, transfer and reinforcement learning have demonstrated the capability of steering the generative process towards chemical regions of interest. In this work, we propose a simple approach to the focused generative task by constructing a conditional recurrent neural network (cRNN). For this purpose, we aggregate selected molecular descriptors along with a QSAR-based bioactivity label and transform them into initial LSTM states before starting the generation of SMILES strings that are focused towards the aspired properties. We thus tackle the inverse QSAR problem directly by training on molecular descriptors, instead of iteratively optimizing around a set of candidate molecules. The trained cRNNs are able to generate molecules near multiple specified conditions, while maintaining an output that is more focused than traditional RNNs yet less focused than autoencoders. The method shows promise for applications in both scaffold hoping and ligand series generation, depending on whether the cRNN is trained on calculated scalar molecular properties or structural fingerprints. This also demonstrates that fingerprint-to-molecule decoding is feasible, leading to molecules that are similar – if not identical – to the ones the fingerprints originated from. Additionally, the cRNN is able to generate a larger fraction of predicted active compounds against the DRD2 receptor when compared to an RNN trained with the transfer learning model.
Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy on Thromboembolic Complications of Elective Coil Embolization of Cerebral Aneurysms (2007)

Oral clopidogrel and/or aspirin significantly lowered the symptomatic thromboembolic complication rate of elective coil embolization of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. There were trends toward a lower rate of intraprocedural clot formation in patients given antiplatelet drugs before procedures and a higher hemorrhagic complication rate in patients given antiplatelet drugs. Benefits of antiplatelet therapy appear to outweigh risks.
Analysis of Carrier Utilization in Full-Duplex Cellular Networks by Dividing the Co-Channel Interference Region (2014)

We focus on the intra-cell co-channel interference between users in a full-duplex (FD) cellular network where FD enabled base stations are deployed with traditional half-duplex (HD) mobile stations. In order to suppress the co-channel interference, a cell partitioning method is proposed to divide the whole interference region into several partitions and allocate the frequency resources to them properly. The carrier utilization of such orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based cellular networks is also analyzed theoretically to verify the proposed partitioning scheme. Our results show that the achievable gain in spectral efficiency over traditional HD systems increases with the number of users and decreases with the number of the partitions.
American medical education at a crossroads (2015)

New medical-education models in which research plays a modest role could engender a two-tiered educational system, cause a reduction in the physician-scientist pipeline, and diminish the translation of biomedical advances.
Algorithm animation using shape analysis (2005)

This paper describes progress in a non-traditional approach to algorithm animation. We visualise the abstract execution of an algorithm instead of animating the algorithm for executions on concrete input data. Algorithms under consideration are imperative pointer-based algorithms. For our purpose, we need to compute invariants which describe the state of the heap. The most powerful method to accomplish this task automatically is shape analysis. However, the output of a shape analysis can get confusingly large and complex, and it may contain redundancy as well. We need to identify those configurations which are important according to our visualisation aim, such as teaching the algorithm. We present suitable methods for structuring the shape analysis output and for finding expressive configurations. Our approach is exemplified for binary tree algorithms.
Computational Sample Complexity (2000)

In a variety of PAC learning models, a trade-off between time and information seems to exist: with unlimited time, a small amount of information suffices, but with time restrictions, more information sometimes seems to be required. In addition, it has long been known that there are concept classes that can be learned in the absence of computational restrictions, but (under standard cryptographic assumptions) cannot be learned in polynomial time (regardless of sample size). Yet, these results do not answer the question of whether there are classes for which learning from a small set of examples is computationally infeasible, but becomes feasible when the learner has access to (polynomially) more examples. To address this question, we introduce a new measure of learning complexity called computational sample complexity that represents the number of examples sufficient for polynomial time learning with respect to a fixed distribution. We then show concept classes that (under similar cryptographic assumptions) possess arbitrarily sized gaps between their standard (information-theoretic) sample complexity and their computational sample complexity. We also demonstrate such gaps for learning from membership queries and learning from noisy examples.
Interconnect pipelining in a throughput-intensive FPGA architecture (2001)

Wave-steering is a new design methodology that realizes high throughput circuits by embedding layout friendly synthesized structures in silicon. In the wave-steering design methodology, cir?cuits inherently utilize latches. Inside the synthesized structures they are used for signal skewing, and on the interconnects to guar?antee the correct arrival times at the inputs. Recently, we proposed a novel high-throughput FPGA architecture based on the wave-steering design principle to handle throughput-intensive applica?tions. Previously our work was focussed mainly on the Logic Block (LB) design. In this paper we discuss a pipelined intercon?nect scheme to support the strict timing requirements that is neces?sitated by the wave-steered design style. We characterize designs that best fit the new architecture and show that as technology scales down towards deep submicron (DSM), this FPGA fabric shows an increasing throughput performance.
Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives (2013)

The optimization of solution-processed organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells with the acceptor-substituted quinquethiophene DCV5T-Bu 4 as donor in conjunction with PC61BM as acceptor is described. Power conversion efficiencies up to 3.0% and external quantum efficiencies up to 40% were obtained through the use of 1-chloronaphthalene as solvent additive in the fabrication of the photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy investigations of the photoactive layer gave insight into the distribution of donor and acceptor within the blend. The unique combination of solubility and thermal stability of DCV5T-Bu 4 also allows for fabrication of organic solar cells by vacuum deposition. Thus, we were able to perform a rare comparison of the device characteristics of the solution-processed DCV5T-Bu 4 :PC61BM solar cell with its vacuum-processed DCV5T-Bu 4 :C60 counterpart. Interestingly in this case, the efficiencies of the small-molecule organic solar cells prepared by using solution techniques are approaching those fabricated by using vacuum technology. This result is significant as vacuum-processed devices typically display much better performances in photovoltaic cells.
Flow control and routing techniques for integrated voice and data networks (1981)

Abstract : We consider a model of integrated voice and data networks. In this model the network flow problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem. The objective function comprises two types of cost functions: the congestion cost functions, which limit the average input traffic to values compatible with the network conditions; and the rate limitation cost functions, which ensure that all conversations are fairly treated. A joint flow control and routing algorithm is constructed which determines the routes for each conversation, and effects flow control by setting voice packet lengths and data input rates in a manner that achieves optimal tradeoff between each user's satisfaction and the cost of network congestion. An additional congestion control protocol is specified which could be used in conjunction with the algorithm to make the latter respond more dynamically to network congestion.
CH 3 CH 2 OD / D 2 O binary condensation in a supersonic Laval nozzle: Presence of small clusters inferred from a macroscopic energy balance (2010)

We determined the heat released in the condensing flow of a CH(3)CH(2)OD/D(2)O/carrier gas mixture (EtOD/D(2)O for brevity) through a supersonic Laval nozzle by integrating the equations for supersonic flow with condensation, using the static pressure, temperature, and mole fractions of EtOD and D(2)O monomers [S. Tanimura, B. E. Wyslouzil, M. S. Zahniser, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 034305 (2007)] as inputs. By considering the depletion of the monomer species, the deviation of the pressure from the isentropic value, and the heat released, we estimated that approximately 10% of the EtOD molecules are present as pure clusters (dimer to tetramer) upstream of the onset point of condensation. In contrast, clustering was not detected when only pure EtOD was present under the same conditions (temperature and the partial pressure of EtOD) for which clustering was observed in the EtOD/D(2)O flow. This suggests that the formation of EtOD clusters is facilitated by D(2)O in the EtOD/D(2)O flow. A comparison of the heat released to the flow and the expected heat of dissociation of the EtOD/D(2)O droplets suggests that small EtOD clusters persist downstream of the onset point. Both upstream and downstream of the onset point of condensation, the concentration of these clusters in the nozzle is higher than that expected at equilibrium. A possible mechanism for the overabundance of pure EtOD clusters is that they form in the mixed EtOD/D(2)O particles (droplets or clusters) and evaporate from them.
ChemInform Abstract: DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND DNA BINDING PROPERTIES OF BIFUNCTIONAL INTERCALATORS. COMPARISON OF POLYMETHYLENE AND DIPHENYL ETHER CHAINS CONNECTING PHENANTHRIDINE (1985)

Abstract Durch lösungsmittelfreie Umsetzung von Phenanthridin (I) und dem Ether (II) bzw. 1,10‐Dibromdecan werden (III) (RG: P2‐l/ n, Z=4) bzw. (IV) (RG: P2‐1/c, Z=2) erhalten.
GaAs/GaAs1−ySby strained-layer superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1985)

GaAs/GaAs1−ySby superlattices have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and low-temperature photoluminescence. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray results indicate that high quality superlattices may be grown for lattice mismatches up to 3.1%. These structures exhibit luminescence at wavelengths as long as 1.7 μm, making them candidates for infrared device applications.
Optimized Ultrasonic Irradiation Finds Out Ultrastable Aβ1–40 Oligomers (2017)

Oligomer species of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides are intensively investigated because of their relevance to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a stable oligomer will be a cause of AD. In this article, we investigate the structural stability of two representative Aβ<sub>1-40</sub> oligomers, which are with and without the β-sheet structure, denoted by β and non-β oligomers, respectively, using optimized ultrasonic irradiation (OUI). Recent studies reveal that OUI significantly accelerates the fibril formation in Aβ<sub>1-40</sub> monomers; it is capable of transforming any unstable oligomers into fibrils (the dead-end products) in a short time. First, we find that β oligomers can be produced under high-speed stirring agitation; their β-sheet structures are evaluated by the circular-dichroism spectrum measurement, by the immunoassay using the fibril-specific OC antibody, and by the seeding experiment, showing identical characteristics to those formed in previous reports. Second, we form non-β oligomers in a high-concentration NaCl solution and confirm that they include no β-sheet structure, and they are recognized by the oligomer-specific A11 antibody. Furthermore, we confirm the neurotoxicity of the two types of oligomers using the neural tissue derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. We apply the OUI agitation to the β and non-β oligomers. The non-β oligomers are transformed into the fibrils, indicating that they are intermediate species in the fibrillation pathway. However, the β oligomers are surprisingly unaffected by OUI, indicating their high thermodynamic stability. We conclude that the β oligomers should be the independent dead-end products of another pathway, different from the fibrillation pathway.