gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid-phase epitaxial regrowth and dopant activation of P-implanted metastable pseudomorphic Ge0.12Si0.88 on Si(100) (1995)

Several 265-nm-thick metastable pseudomorphic Ge0.12Si0.88 films grown on a Si(100) substrate by molecular-beam epitaxy were implanted at room temperature with 100 keV phosphorus ions to a dose of 1.5×1015/cm2. The implantation amorphizes the top portion (∼190 nm) of the GeSi layer and leaves the rest of the film single crystalline. Implanted and nonimplanted samples were subsequently annealed simultaneously in vacuum for 30 min from 400 to 800 °C. The implanted samples undergo layer-by-layer solid-phase-epitaxial regrowth during annealing at or above 500 °C. The regrown GeSi layer is relaxed with a high density of threading dislocations (∼1010–1011/cm2). The nonamorphized portion of the layer remains fully strained when annealed between 400 and 600 °C. At or above 700 °C misfit dislocations are observed at the Si/Ge0.12Si0.88 interface. After 800 °C annealing the strain in the whole epilayer is fully relaxed. The strain relaxation is facilitated by the implantation. The presence of phosphorus in GeSi raises its regrowth velocity by about an order of magnitude over that of Ge0.12Si0.88 amorphized by irradiation of Si. The implanted phosphorus reaches ∼100% activation after the completion of solid-phase-epitaxial regrowth. The room-temperature sheet electron mobility in GeSi is ∼20% below that of a Si sample implanted and annealed under the same conditions. It is concluded that metastable Ge0.12Si0.88 on Si(100) amorphized at room temperature by P implantation and recrystallized by solid-phase epitaxy can- not recover its crystalline perfection and its pseudomorphic strain upon steady-state furnace annealing.
Nonparametric Estimation of the Probability of Discovering a New Species (1987)

Abstract A random sample is taken from a population consisting of an unknown number of distinct species. A quantity of interest is the probability of discovering a new species when an additional draw from the population is made. An estimator of this quantity was introduced by Starr (1979). We prove a conjecture of Starr's that the estimator is uniformly minimum variance unbiased and give various asymptotic properties of the estimator. A nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator that has similar asymptotic properties is introduced. A Monte Carlo study that suggests guidelines for choosing an estimator under various circumstances is given. To amplify, suppose that if we take a sample of size 1 from a population then the probability of drawing a representative of the ith species is p 1. If n draws are made with replacement, the (unconditional) probability that species i will be observed for the first time on the n + 1st draw is given simply as the term p i q n i (q i = 1 − p i ) from a geometric distribution. Consequently, θ n = Σ i p i q n i represents the (unconditional) probability that some new species will be drawn for the first time on the n + 1st draw. No unbiased estimate of θ n , can be derived from a sample of size n, but if one additional observation is allowed then such an estimator arises naturally. Denoted by V 1, this estimator is simply the number of species observed only once divided by n + 1, the number of draws. This estimator was proposed by Robbins (1968). An analogous unbiased estimator, Vm , was proposed by Starr (1979) for the case in which m additional draws are made. Starr conjectured that Vm , is a minimum variance unbiased estimate. We prove Starr's conjecture, using the theory of U statistics. This theory can also be used to show that V m is asymptotically normally distributed as m → ∞ and that the rate of convergence is faster if the p i 's are all equal. As an alternative to estimating θ i by V 1, we consider estimating p i , by the fraction of times species i is observed in n + 1 draws, say , and then estimating θn, by . We also construct a similar estimator when m additional draws are made. Although this nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator is biased for small samples, we show that it has asymptotic properties similar to Vm : it is asymptotically unbiased and has the same asymptotic distribution. Moreover, by way of simulations and special cases, we show that can dominate Vm in terms of mean squared error.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Amorphous Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS): Polymer Model Development, Water Distribution, and Plasticization (2014)

Molecular models for HPMCAS polymer have been developed for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation that attempt to mimic the complex substitution patterns in HPMCAS observed experimentally. These molecular models were utilized to create amorphous HPMCAS solids by cooling of the polymeric melts at different water contents to explore the influence of water on molecular mobility, which plays a critical role in stability and drug release from HPMCAS-based solid matrices. The densities found for the simulated amorphous HPMCAS were 1.295, 1.287, and 1.276 g/cm(3) at 0.7, 5.7, and 13.2% w/w water, indicating swelling of the polymer with increasing water content. These densities compare favorably with the experimental density of 1.285 g/cm(3) for commercial HPMCAS-(AQOAT AS-MF) supporting the present HPMCAS models as a realistic representation of amorphous HPMCAS solids. Water molecules were observed to be mostly isolated from each other at a low water content (0.7% w/w), while clusters or strands of water were pervasive and broadly distributed in size at 13.2% w/w water. The average number of first-shell water molecules (n(w)) increased from 0.17 to 3.5, though the latter is still far below that (8.9) expected for the onset of a separate water phase. Increasing water content from 0.7 to 13.2% w/w was found to reduce the T(g) by ~81 K, similar to experimental observations. Plasticization with increasing water content resulted in increasing polymer mobility and water diffusivity. From 0.7 to 13.2% w/w water, the apparent water diffusivity increased from 1.1 × 10(-9) to 7.0 × 10(-8) cm(2)/s, though non-Einsteinian behavior persisted at all water contents explored. This and the water trajectories in the polymers suggest that water diffusion at 0.7% w/w water follows a "hopping" mechanism. At a higher water content (13.2% w/w) water diffusion follows dual diffusive processes: (1) fast water motions within water clusters; and (2) slower diffusion through the more rigid polymer matrix.
A general and flexible method for signal extraction from single-cell RNA-seq data (2018)

Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful high-throughput technique that enables researchers to measure genome-wide transcription levels at the resolution of single cells. Because of the low amount of RNA present in a single cell, some genes may fail to be detected even though they are expressed; these genes are usually referred to as dropouts. Here, we present a general and flexible zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB-WaVE), which leads to low-dimensional representations of the data that account for zero inflation (dropouts), over-dispersion, and the count nature of the data. We demonstrate, with simulated and real data, that the model and its associated estimation procedure are able to give a more stable and accurate low-dimensional representation of the data than principal component analysis (PCA) and zero-inflated factor analysis (ZIFA), without the need for a preliminary normalization step.
Use of an ion-selective electrode to determine free Ca ion concentration in the milk of various mammals (2003)

Milk is a heterogeneous fluid in which the colloidal phase is homogeneously dispersed in the aqueous phase. Calcium is partitioned between the colloidal and aqueous phases and is in complex electrochemical equilibrium with several major milk components. In human and bovine milk, calcium is mainly distributed between the aqueous and casein micelle in the colloidal phases (Holt &amp; Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). Caseins form a complex micelle structure that contains approximately 25000 phosphorylated monomers that react with calcium phosphate complexes in the milk to bind 20–40 mole calcium per mole casein (Holt &amp; Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). Thus, the distribution of calcium between the colloidal and aqueous phases appears to be governed by the level of casein in the milk (Holt &amp; Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). In human milk, the casein level is low; ∼25% of calcium is associated with casein, whereas in cows and goats the corresponding figure is higher at ∼65%. In rats, casein levels are among the highest in mammals and 95% of calcium is associated with casein (Neville et al. 1994). In the aqueous phase, calcium is divided among ionic calcium (Ca 2+ ), calcium citrate and calcium phosphate. Calcium citrate and calcium phosphate constitute most of the aqueous calcium in bovine milk in contrast to less than 50% in human milk (Holt &amp; Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). As the concentration of Ca 2+ in milk appears to be essential in preserving the integrity of the mammary tight junctions during lactation (Neville &amp; Peaker, 1981), it is important to follow its concentration precisely in mammary secretions in different stages of the reproduction cycle.
An Update on Interleukin-9: From Its Cellular Source and Signal Transduction to Its Role in Immunopathogenesis (2019)

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a pleiotropic cytokine and was primarily studied in the context of T helper 2 (T<sub>H</sub>2)-associated immuno-pathological conditions such as asthma and parasitic infections. There was a paradigm shift in the biology of IL-9 after the recent discovery of T<sub>H</sub>9 cells, a new subtype of T<sub>H</sub> cells which secrete IL-9 in copious amounts. This has resulted in renewed interest in this cytokine, which was neglected since discovery because it was considered it to be just another T<sub>H</sub>2 cytokine. Recent studies have shown that it has multiple cellular sources and is critically involved in the immune-pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and in guarding immune tolerance. In this review, we will discuss its discovery, gene organization, cellular sources, and signaling pathways. Especially, we will give an update on the recent development regarding its relevance in the immune pathogenesis of human diseases.
On‐Surface Cyclization of Tetrapeptides Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Non‐Covalent Auxiliaries (2009)

Abstract Based on the fabrication of molecularly imprinted polymeric film on cellulose paper (MIFC), we have developed a robotic system for homodetic tetrapeptide cyclization. We constructed molecularly imprinted polymeric film (MIPF) on cellulose paper as the non‐covalent auxiliary to assist cyclic tetrapeptide (CTP) formation. Tetrapeptides were bound by their hydrophobic interaction with MIFC. With the help of MIFC and a coupling reagent, quantitative synthesis of CTPs was achieved conveniently for various tetrapeptides. The syntheses of cyclic tetrapeptide (CTP) could also be facilitated using the MIFC induced from CTP or other tetrapeptides with partially matched sequences.
Detection of virulence genes in Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from different sources (2003)

The presence of three virulence genes, invA, spvR, and spvC, was determined in Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from poultry, pigs, humans and food. All isolates were positive for the invA gene, with 91.2% being positive for spvR and 90.2% for spvC. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of the virulence genes between isolates from different sources. The results indicate that there is a putative high virulence potential for the S. Enteritidis isolates characterized.
Surgical Treatment Options for the Young and Active Middle-Aged Patient with Glenohumeral Arthritis (2012)

The diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic chondral lesions in young and active middle-aged patients continues to be a challenging issue. Surgeons must differentiate between incidental chondral lesions from symptomatic pathology that is responsible for the patient's pain. A thorough history, physical examination, and imaging work up is necessary and often results in a diagnosis of exclusion that is verified on arthroscopy. Treatment of symptomatic glenohumeral chondral lesions depends on several factors including the patient's age, occupation, comorbidities, activity level, degree of injury and concomitant shoulder pathology. Furthermore, the size, depth, and location of symptomatic cartilaginous injury should be carefully considered. Patients with lower functional demands may experience success with nonoperative measures such as injection or anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. When conservative management fails, surgical options are broadly classified into palliative, reparative, restorative, and reconstructive techniques. Patients with lower functional demands and smaller lesions are best suited for simpler, lower morbidity palliative procedures such as debridement (chondroplasty) and cartilage reparative techniques (microfracture). Those with higher functional demands and large glenohumeral defects will usually benefit more from restorative techniques including autograft or allograft osteochondral transfers and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Reconstructive surgical options are best suited for patients with bipolar lesions.
Laser-induced damage in optical materials: fourteenth ASTM symposium (1984)

The Fourteenth Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers (Boulder Damage Symposium) was held at the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colo., 16–17 Nov. 1982. The Symposium was held under the auspices of the ASTM Committee F-1, Subcommittee on Laser Standards, with the joint sponsorship of NBS, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, the Department of Energy, the Office of Naval Research, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Approximately 200 scientists attended the Symposium, including representatives of the U.K., France, Japan, West Germany, and the U.S.S.R. The Symposium was divided into sessions concerning Materials and Measurements, Mirrors and Surfaces, Thin Films, and finally Fundamental Mechanisms. As in previous years, the emphasis of the papers presented at the Symposium was directed toward new frontiers and new developments. Particular emphasis was given to materials for high-power apparatus. The wavelength range of prime interest was from 10.6 μm to the UV region. Highlights included surface characterization, thin-film–substrate boundaries, and advances in fundamental laser–matter threshold interactions and damage mechanisms. Harold E. Bennett of the Naval Weapons Center, Arthur H. Guenther of the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, David Milam of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Brian E. Newnam of the Los Alamos National Laboratory were cochairmen of the Symposium.
Spatiotemporal Independent Component Analysis for Retinal Images (2006)

This paper presents a new Independent Component Analysis algorithm (ICA-P) for modeling and measuring physiological responses to optical stimulation from a new, non-invasive optical imaging device. The ICA-P algorithm uses prior information on the visual stimulus to provide improved detection performance. In comparison with other methods that were considered (JADE, Infomax, SOBI, ESD, and Fast-ICA), ICA-P is shown to achieve significantly improved performance in detecting the retinal response to visual stimuli. Results from simulations show that we can estimate retinal reflectance changes as small as 0.01% (-40 dB, 10 dB lower than the other considered methods).
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF THE PUNGENT PRINCIPLES OF GINGER ‐ ZINGERONE, GINGEROL AND SHOGAOL (1976)

Abstract Die durch BF5ätherat katalysierte Reaktion von Vanillin (I) mit dem Si‐ Iylenoläther (II) ergibt das Vinylketon (III), das auch bei Durchführung der Reaktion (2 Std. bei 0°C) in Gegenwart von TiCl 4 , SnCl 4 bzw. AlCl 3 in 7‐, 4‐ bzw. 5%iger Ausbeute erhalten wird.
Two-year follow-up of sequential and simultaneous interactive computer-tailored interventions for increasing physical activity and decreasing fat intake (2007)

Both interventions showed efficacy in maintaining long-term health behavior changes. More research is needed on sequential and simultaneous intervening modes.
Thermal Compression Bonding with Pre-Applied Underfill for Very Large Die (2020)

A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a pre-applied underfill (PAUF) and its associated Thermal Compression Bonding (TCB) process for challenging packaging applications such as large die 3D and very large die 2D configurations. Two corresponding test vehicles were employed to evaluate two Non-Conductive Paste (NCP) candidates in a PAUF process with comparison to a Capillary Underfill (CUF) material in a sequential bonding-underfill process. The 3D configuration comprising an 8×10mm die on an interposer-laminate platform demonstrated that appropriate material property selection enabled acceptable Deep Thermal Cycling (DTC) performance of one NCP candidate. It was further established that the PAUF process was essential in order to effectively compensate for the high warpage of this particular platform. In contrast, the 2D configuration comprising a very large (18×18mm) die demonstrated fundamental limitations of current NCP material sets with respect to balancing flow, fillet formation and fatigue protection. Supported by flawless DTC performance, such a large die configuration recommends the use of a CUF material and process.
Policy-Level Specifications in REA Enterprise Information Systems (2006)

The Resource-Event-Agent (REA) enterprise model is a widely accepted framework for the design of the accountability infrastructure of enterprise information systems. Policy-level specifications define constraints and guidelines under which an enterprise operates, and they are an extension to the REA enterprise model, adding the “what should, could, or must be” to the “what is.” This paper aims both at comprehensive understanding of policy-level definitions as part of REA enterprise systems and at understanding of the semantic constructs that enable such definitions. We first explore two distinctive semantic abstractions essential to policy-level specifications: typification and grouping. The typification abstraction links instances of an object class to concepts for which they are concrete realizations, while the grouping abstraction aggregates objects into collections. We next present a number of patterns for the semantic modeling of policies. Following, we look at policy-level applications for REA enterprise information systems. We explore type and grouping definitions for the REA primitives (resource, event, agent) and discuss enterprise applications for three different kinds of policy definitions: knowledge-intensive descriptions, validation rules, and target descriptions. Our discussion of specific enterprise applications includes internal control applications (e.g., limit checks), variance analysis based on standard specifi-cations (e.g., bills of materials), and budgeting applications.
Hybrid Copolymerization of ε-Caprolactone and Methyl Methacrylate (2012)

Copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and methyl methacrylate with (1-tert-butyl-4,4,4-tris(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis[tris(dimethylamino)phophoranylidenamino]-2Λ5,Λ5-catenadi(phosphazene) (t-BuP4) as the catalyst has been studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicate that the cyclic ester and vinyl monomer form a random copolymer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements demonstrate that such a random copolymer exhibits a decomposition temperature higher than those of the corresponding homopolymers. The present study reveals a “hybrid copolymerization” i.e., a combination of vinyl polymerization and ring-opening polymerization, which makes the incorporation of cyclic and vinyl monomers into the same polymer chain possible. Hybrid copolymerization is expected to produce a number of new interesting polymers.
PTH, FGF23, and Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering in Chronic Kidney Disease Participants in SPRINT (2018)

SPRINT participants with CKD and a high serum PTH received less cardiovascular protection from intensive BP therapy than participants with a lower serum PTH.
Gaussian Distributions and the Heat Equation (2009)

In this chapter the Gaussian distribution is defined and its properties are explored. The chapter starts with the definition of a Gaussian distribution on the real line. In the process of exploring the properties of the Gaussian on the line, the Fourier transform and heat equation are introduced, and their relationship to the Gaussian is developed. The Gaussian distribution in multiple dimensions is defined, as are clipped and folded versions of this distribution. Some concepts from probability and statistics such as mean, variance, marginalization, and conditioning of probability densities are introduced in a concrete way using the Gaussian as the primary example. The properties of the Gaussian distribution are fundamental to understanding the concept of white noise, which is the driving process for all of the stochastic processes studied in this book. The main things to take away from this chapter are: To become familiar with the Gaussian distribution and its properties, and to be comfortable in performing integrals involving multi-dimensional Gaussians; To become acquainted with the concepts of mean, covariance, and informationtheoretic entropy; To understand how to marginalize and convolve probability densities, to compute conditional densities, and to fold and clip Gaussians; To observe that there is a relationship between Gaussian distributions and the heat equation; To know where to begin if presented with a diffusion equation, the symmetries of which are desired.
An Accurate, Low-Voltage, CMOS Switching Power Supply With Adaptive On-Time Pulse-Frequency Modulation (PFM) Control (2007)

Integrated switching power supplies with multimode control are gaining popularity in state-of-the-art portable applications like cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc., because of their ability to adapt to various loading conditions and therefore achieve high efficiency over a wide load-current range, which is critical for extended battery life. Constant-frequency, pulsewidth modulated (PWM) switching converters, for instance, have poor light-load efficiencies because of higher switching losses while pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) control in discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM) is more efficient at light loads because the switching frequency and associated switching losses are scaled down with load current. This paper presents the design and integrated circuit prototype results of an 83% power efficient 0.5-V 50-mA CMOS PFM buck (step-down) dc-dc converter with a novel adaptive on-time scheme that generates a 27-mV output ripple voltage from a 1.4- to 4.2-V input supply (battery-compatible range). The output ripple voltage variation and steady-state accuracy of the proposed supply was 5 mV (22-27 mV) and 0.6% whereas its constant on-time counterpart was 45 mV (10-55 mV) and 3.6%, respectively. The proposed control scheme provides an accurate power supply while achieving 2%-10% higher power efficiency than conventional fixed on-time schemes with little circuit complexity added, which is critical during light-loading conditions, where quiescent current plays a pivotal role in determining efficiency and battery-life performance