gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Step-dependent surface states on silicon (111) (1976)

A model structure of Si(111) containing steps is studied using the self-consistent pseudopotential method. It is found that the dangling-bond surface states are strongly affected by the presence of steps. New states whose wave functions are localized along the step edges give rise to additional structure in the density of states in the vicinity of the fundamental gap. Similar structure has been observed in recent photoemission measurements. The calculations indicate that step edges attract electrons from the surrounding step terraces. Regions of metallic behavior are expected in the absence of any reconstruction along the edges.
Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of rare earth complexes against tropical diseases Leishmaniasis, Malaria and Trypanosomiasis (2016)

"Complejos lantánidos de Y(III), Ce(III), Nd(III), Sm(III) e Yb(III) con ligandos 4-R-cinamato y 4-R-fenilacetato (R = Cl, CH3O-) fueron sintetizados y caracterizados empleando análisis elemental, conductancia molar, mediciones espectroscópicas (infrarrojo, UV-Vis) y análisis térmico. La evaluación de la actividad citotóxica en células U-937 mostró que los complejos lantánidos no son tóxicos contra esta línea promonocítica humana. Todos los compuestos sintetizados fueron examinados para su actividad in vitro contra tres parásitos protozoarios: Leishmania panamensis, Plasmodium falciparum y Trypanosoma cruzi. El complejo de Ce(III) con ligando 4-metoxicinamato, a 20 μg/ml, redujo la infección en 22 % y puede considerarse moderadamente activo contra L. panamensis. Todos los complejos seleccionados demostraron actividad anti-parasitaria contra T. cruzi."
The role of tumor necrosis factor-receptors in pregnancy with normal and adverse outcome (2012)

Abstract: TNFα receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, mediate the biological activities of the multifunctional cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα. These receptors have a central role in human pregnancy. Although each receptor induces distinct intracellular signals, they also have co-operative and overlapping effects. The membrane bound TNF-R1 carries out most of the pro-inflammatory activities of TNFα, especially those that are rapid, while TNF-R2 is involved in the late long-term effects of this cytokine. The soluble forms of these receptors can bind to TNFα, neutralizing its effects. In normal human pregnancy, TNFα receptors are present in the maternal circulation, placenta, amniotic fluid, and coelomic cavity. Changes in TNFα and its receptors are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm labor and preeclampsia. Advances in anti-TNFα therapy may have potential use in the management of complicated pregnancies. Keywords: TNFα receptors, pregnancy, miscarriage, preeclampsia, preterm labor
Artificial apposition compound eye fabricated by micro-optics technology (2004)

By exploring micro-optical design principles and technology, we have developed an artificial apposition compound eye. The overall thickness of the imaging system is only 320 microm, the diagonal field of view is 21 degrees, and the f-number is 2.6. The monolithic device consists of an UV-replicated microlens array upon a thin silica substrate with a pinhole array in a metal layer on the back side. The pitch of the pinholes differs from that of the lens array to provide individual viewing angle for each channel. Theoretical limitations of resolution and sensitivity are discussed as well as fabrication issues and compared with experimental results. A method to generate nontransparent walls between optical channels to prevent cross talk is proposed.
Evaluation of 4-alkoxy-4′-nitrobiphenyl liquid crystals for use in next generation scattering LCDs (2017)

A combination of microscopy, X-ray scattering, calorimetry and applied electric field studies demonstrates the 4-alkoxy-4′-nitrobiphenyls are potentially of use for next generation, backlight free scattering mode LCD devices.
Ethanol Production from Different Intermediates of Sugar Beet Processing (2010)

In this investigation, the production of ethanol from the raw sugar beet juice and raw sugar beet cossettes has been studied. For ethanol production from the raw sugar beet juice, batch and fed-batch cultivation techniques in the stirred tank bioreactor were used, while batch ethanol production from the raw sugar beet cossettes was carried out in horizontal rotating tubular bioreactor (HRTB). In both cases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a production microorganism. During batch ethanol production from the raw sugar beet juice, ethanol yield was 59.89 g/L and production efficiency 78.8 %, and in fed-batch process the yield was 92.78 g/L and efficiency 93.4 %. At the same time, ethanol production in HRTB from the raw sugar beet cossettes with inoculum of 16.7 % V/m (raw sugar beet cossettes) resulted in the highest ethanol yield of 54.53 g/L and production efficiency of 79.5 %. The obtained results clearly show that both intermediates of sugar beet processing can be successfully used for ethanol production.
Performance and configuration of M‐CMA (Modified Constant Modulus Algorithm) adaptive array using polyphase filters (2002)

Abstract As a way to realize an adaptive array of small size, low cost, and low power consumption, there exists a configuration method combining analog signal processing and digital signal processing. M‐CMA has been proposed as a control algorithm for such an approach. However, when this approach is applied to an actual communication system, there arises the problem that the narrow‐band filter in the receiver prevents M‐CMA from converging to the desired solution. In this paper, in order to effectively operate an M‐CMA adaptive array in the presence of a narrow‐band filter, a configuration is proposed in which polyphase filters are used as narrow‐band filters. Its superior interference suppression capability is confirmed by a theoretical analysis and computer simulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 53–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10021
In situ investigation of as grown Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films by means of photoemission spectroscopy (2019)

A UHV-transferred Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin film prepared by a three-stage process on an Mo-coated float glass was successfully investigated by detailed UPS/XPS and directly compared with air-transferred and cyanide etched samples from the same batch. Besides the fact that the valence band maximum of the UHV-transferred sample is located 1.19 eV below the Fermi level, pointing to a widened bandgap and type inversion, almost no oxygen or sodium was detected on the surface. After air transfer, Na- and O-containing species were found on the CIGSe surface that could be only partially removed upon cyanide etching. The residual and very low Na1s signal is slightly shifted, which is attributed to a modified band bending at the grain boundaries with Ga-, In-, and Se-related oxides still present on the CIGSe surface after the etching process. Thickness analysis reveals that both the sodium containing surface layer (after air-transfer) and the oxygen containing termination layer (after cyanide etching) are restricted to a few monolayers only. Finally, the topmost CIGSe layer appears to be Cu-free due to the fact that no oxidized Cu was found after air exposure. In addition, the Cu core level does not follow the surface termination induced shift of the valence band after the KCN treatment, pinning its maximum 0.77 eV below the Fermi level. These findings are ascribed to a Cu(In,Ga)7Se11 surface as deduced from XPS core level analysis.
Room-temperature pulsed operation of 1.52 μm vertical cavity lasers obtained by localised fusion (1998)

We have shown recently that localized fusion of InP to GaAs provides high quality interfaces, low voltage drop p-GaAs/p-InP junctions and additional lateral current confinement in InGaAsP/InP edge emitting laser diodes fused on p-GaAs substrates 1 , 2 . In the present study’, the concept of localized fusion is extended to the fabrication of InGaAsP/InP long wavelength vertical cavity-surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with double fused n- and p-AlGaAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR).
Asymmetric Electrophilic Substitutions at the α-Position of γ- and δ-Lactams (2001)

Enantioselective electrophilic substitutions with Michael acceptors and alkylating agents at the α-positions of γ- and δ-lactams are presented. The asymmetric Michael addition of lactam 1a to nitroalkenes 2 was used as the key step for the synthesis, over three steps, of α-(β-aminoalkyl)-γ-lactams 5 in good overall yields (37−61%) and with very good diastereomeric and enantiomeric excesses (de ⩾ 96%, ee = 82 to ⩾ 96%). Conjugate addition to alkenylsulfones 6a and 6b afforded Michael adducts 7a and 7b in good yields, but with only moderate diastereoselectivities (de = 38−41%). α-Substituted N-dialkylamino lactams 9a−c were obtained by asymmetric alkylation of N-(dialkylamino)lactam 1a with functionalised electrophiles 8a−c in good yields (66−84%) and with moderate to excellent diastereomeric excesses (66 to ⩾ 96%). The auxiliary was removed by reductive N−N bond cleavage to afford the lactam 10 (ee = 83%). A second alkylation of α-alkylated d N-(dialkylamino)lactams 11 yielded α-disubstituted γ-butyrolactams (12a, 12b) in good yields and diastereomeric excesses (de = 83−88%) and α-disubstituted δ-valerolactams (12c−e) in good yields but with low to moderate diastereoselectivities (de = 6−52%). The α-silylated γ-lactam 15 was obtained in good yield (53% over two steps) and with an enantiomeric excess of 83% by α-silylation of N-(dialkylamino)lactam 1a and subsequent reductive removal of the auxiliary.
Detecting 3D Spatial Clustering of Particles in Nanocomposites Based on Cross-Sectional Images (2013)

Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) are high-strength and lightweight materials with great potential in automotive, aerospace, and many other industries. A uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the metal matrix is critical for achieving high-quality MMNCs; hence, nonuniformity of the particle distribution in MMNCs needs to be detected for quality improvement. For this purpose, this article investigates the problem of three-dimensional (3D) clustering detection based on statistical modeling and analysis of the number of nanoparticles on microscopic cross-sectional images of MMNC specimens. Under a 3D distributional model, the probability distributions of the number of particles on an image under both uniform and nonuniform nanoparticle distributions are derived. Based on the results, a hypothesis test is proposed for detecting the existence of clustering. The performance of the method under various parameter settings is investigated. Finally, the method is applied to images from a real MMNC fabrication process. This article has supplementary material available online.
Cochlear Implant Outcome Reviews (2020)

Cite this article as: Muzaffar J, Monksfield P, Bance M. Cochlear Implant Outcome Reviews. J Int Adv Otol 2020; 16(3): 393-4.
Monitoring expression of HER-2 on circulating epithelial cells in patients with advanced breast cancer (2002)

Nineteen breast cancer patients with measurable metastatic disease who were starting an initial or new line of therapy were evaluated for circulating epithelial cells (CECs) a minimum of 4 times over the course of treatment. In 7 of the 10 CEC+ patients, HER-2 expression was detected on the CECs. CECs expressing HER-2 varied among patients and in serial samples from the same patient including a shift from HER-2- to HER-2+ CECs. These results demonstrate that it is possible to quantify receptors essential for rationally designed therapy using CECs and that reliance on the immunophenotype of the primary tumor can be misleading.
Experimental Evaluation of Sketching on Surfaces in VR (2017)

Sketching in immersive 3D virtual reality (VR) environments has great potential for a variety of interactive 3D design applications. Precisely sketching the intended strokes in mid-air, however, can be a challenge. In this paper, we present a set of controlled studies to analyze the factors affecting human ability to sketch freely in a 3D VR environment. In our first study, we directly compare traditional sketching on a physical surface to sketching in VR, with and without a physical surface to rest the stylus on. Our results indicate that the lack of a physical drawing surface is a major cause of inaccuracies in VR drawing, and that the effect is dependent on the orientation of the drawing surface. In a second experiment, we evaluate the extent to which visual guidance can compensate for the loss of sketching precision in VR. We found that while additional visual guidance improves positional accuracy, it can be detrimental to the aesthetic quality of strokes. We conclude by distilling our experimental findings into design guidelines for sketching tools in immersive 3D environments.
Systematic Tracking of Fatigue and Crack Growth To Optimize Drillstring Reliability (1993)

Abstract API RP7G contains guidelines to determine if drillpipe fatigue damage might occur due to dogleg severity. The results are complicated and difficult to use, making them impractical for applications involving non-constant rotary speeds and rates of penetration. Furthermore, inspection guidelines based on expended fatigue life have not been developed. This paper presents a systematic method of tracking cumulative fatigue of each joint of pipe while drilling a well, and it links the results to recently published work on crack growth for determination of inspection intervals. Results are presented for an example offshore well, and sensitivity cases are run that illustrate how fatigue and crack growth can become significant within a single well. The tracking system can be used both in planning and during drilling. Critical drillpipe lengths and potentially damaged joints are determined, and inspection frequency is optimized. Operators, drilling contractors, and inspection companies can: a) design drillstrings, deviation programs and drilling parameters to minimize fatigue, b) perform inspections on either all of a string, or selected portions, as dictated by actual hole and drilling conditions, and c) monitor fatigue in real time using actual drilling information.
Structural Change in Cr Microneedles Induced by Magnetic Field (1985)

It is shown that the crystal structure of Cr microneedles growing in a strong electrostatic field is affected by an external magnetic field. The needles grown below 1000 G are fcc with lattice constant 4.10–4.12 Å, as determined by electron diffraction. The structure above 1000 G is the normal bcc structure with lattice constant 2.87–2.89 Å. Presumably, a high magnetic field modifies the distribution of electrostatic charges in the growing needles, thereby causing the structural change.
Progress in the chemistry of 4‐ thiazolidinones (2008)

Abstract magnified image This review article includes a recent development in the chemistry of 4‐thiazolidinones. Structure, basicity, synthetic aspects, reactions, and applications were also reported.
Shot-Noise Limited Time-Encoded Raman Spectroscopy (2017)

Raman scattering, an inelastic scattering mechanism, provides information about molecular excitation energies and can be used to identify chemical compounds. Albeit being a powerful analysis tool, especially for label-free biomedical imaging with molecular contrast, it suffers from inherently low signal levels. This practical limitation can be overcome by nonlinear enhancement techniques like stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In SRS, an additional light source stimulates the Raman scattering process. This can lead to orders of magnitude increase in signal levels and hence faster acquisition in biomedical imaging. However, achieving a broad spectral coverage in SRS is technically challenging and the signal is no longer background-free, as either stimulated Raman gain (SRG) or loss (SRL) is measured, turning a sensitivity limit into a dynamic range limit. Thus, the signal has to be isolated from the laser background light, requiring elaborate methods for minimizing detection noise. Here, we analyze the detection sensitivity of a shot-noise limited broadband stimulated time-encoded Raman (TICO-Raman) system in detail. In time-encoded Raman, a wavelength-swept Fourier domain mode locking (FDML) laser covers a broad range of Raman transition energies while allowing a dual-balanced detection for lowering the detection noise to the fundamental shot-noise limit.
Incorporation of technology based aids for teaching engineering ethics (2002)

A two credit hour engineering ethics course has been added to the engineering curriculum at Brigham Young University. The course uses several technology based instructional techniques to aid the students learning. These include: a world wide web ethics site; electronic dialogues; internet access to related engineering ethics sites; interactive computer case-study modules; and case-study videos. The newly developed ethics site includes significant articles on basic Judeo-Christian values, references to copyrighted articles, and connections to other ethics based internet sites. Electronic dialogue facilities furnishes a powerful means to communicate by allowing students to thoughtfully consider an idea, and then express the idea in writing in a relatively nonthreatening environment. Such interchange is invaluable in ethics courses that require individual thinking, expression of ideas, and interchange of these ideas among the class. Several internet sites that exist on the world-wide-web, e.g. home-pages for the technical societies, provide additional sources of information on ethics. Teaching helps produced under the sponsorship of NSF and others, such as the Western-Michigan University interactive engineering ethics case study modules, and case study videos provide significant, realistic learning experiences. In a class evaluation, students have expressed positive feedback concerning these technological aids.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Oxindoles Bearing a Tetrasubstituted Stereocenter at the C‐3 Position (2010)

Abstract The 3,3′‐disubstituted oxindole structural motif is a prominent feature in many alkaloid natural products, which include all kinds of tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters, spirocyclic or not, all‐carbon or heteroatom‐containing. The catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter at the C‐3 position of the oxindole framework integrates new synthetic methods and chiral catalysts, reflects the latest achievements in asymmetric catalysis, and facilitates the synthesis of sufficient quantities of related compounds as potential medicinal agents and biological probes. This review summarizes the recent progress in this area, and applications in the total synthesis of related bioactive compounds.
Optimal nonlinear interpolative vector quantization (1990)

A process by which a reduced-dimensionality feature vector can be extracted from a high-dimensionality signal vector and then vector quantized with lower complexity than direct quantization of the signal vector is discussed. In this procedure, a receiver must estimate, or interpolate, the signal vector from the quantized features. The task of recovering a high-dimensional signal vector from a reduced-dimensionality feature vector can be viewed as a generalized form of interpolation or prediction. A way in which optimal nonlinear interpolation can be achieved with negligible complexity, eliminating the need for ad hoc linear or nonlinear interpolation techniques, is presented. The range of applicability of nonlinear interpolative vector quantization is illustrated with examples in which optimal nonlinear estimation from quantized data is needed for efficient signal compression.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Relationships among bone mineral densities, static alignment and dynamic load in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (2001)

Our results suggest that the bone mineral distribution of the proximal tibia is directly affected but lumbar BMD is not influenced by the local mechanical stress around the knee with medial compartment OA.
Supporting Data: Pharmaceutical Crystallization with Nanocellulose Organogels (2016)

Carboxylated nanocellulose forms organogels at 0.3 wt% in the presence of a cationic surfactant. The resulting gels can be used as novel crystallization media for pharmaceutical solid form control, resulting in isolation a new sulfapyridine solvate, morphology modification and crystallization of an octadecylammonium salt of sulfamethoxazole.
New evaluations on soft commutation range of a soft switching PWM boost DC-DC converter with edge-resonant switched capacitor modular (2011)

This paper presents a new investigation for a soft commutation performance of a soft switching PWM non-isolated boost DC-DC converter embedding an ER-SWC (Edge Resonant SWitched Capacitor) modular. The conceptual DC-DC converter treated here can achieve a high frequency ZCS turn-on and ZVS turn-off commutations in active switches and minimization of a reverse recovering current in the freewheeling diode under DCM (Discontinuous Conduction Mode) including CRM (CRitical Mode) in the input current. Those advantageous enable a wide range of soft switching operations together with a high stepup voltage conversion ratio. For demonstrating the wide-range soft switching operation performed in the soft switching PWM boost DC-DC converter, a 1[kW]-44[kHz] laboratory prototype is evaluated in experiments, then its performances are discussed from a practical point of view.
[CT-guided transbronchial diagnosis using ultrathin bronchoscope for small peripheral pulmonary lesions]. (2002)

We performed computed tomography (CT)-guided transbronchial diagnosis on 23 patients, using an ultrathin bronchoscope (external diameter, 2.8 mm) for small peripheral pulmonary lesions (< or = 2 cm). The mean size of the lesions was 1.4 x 1.1 cm. After examination using a conventional bronchoscope (external diameter, 6.3 mm), an ultrathin bronchoscope and a biopsy apparatus were advanced to the lesion under CT and X-ray fluoroscopic guidance. The location of the biopsy apparatus at each lesion was confirmed by thin-section CT, and a biopsy was performed. The ultrathin bronchoscope reached the 5th-11th bronchus (mean, 7.1 +/- 1.5th), at a point 3.6 +/- 0.9 bronchi peripheral to the site reached using a conventional bronchoscope. In 20 of the 23 patients, the biopsy apparatus could be guided to the lesion. The diagnosis rate, by disease, was 81.8% (9/11) for lung cancer, 66.7% (2/3) for metastatic lung cancer, and 77.8% (7/9) for inflammation; the overall rate being 78.3% (18/23). CT-guided transbronchial diagnosis using an ultrathin bronchoscope is useful for diagnosing small peripheral pulmonary lesions because the bronchoscope can be readily inserted into peripheral areas and guided to lesions, and the site of sample collection can be accurately determined.