gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integration of a GPS aided Strapdown Inertial Navigation System for Land Vehicles (2006)

National data suggests that teenage girls of Latino descent in the USA are disproportionately affected by HIV, with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reporting the rate of new infections being approximately four times higher compared to White women of comparable age . This paper highlights the need for an effective single-sex HIV-prevention programme for teenage girls of Latino descent and describes the development and preliminary evaluation of Chicas Healing, Informing, Living and Empowering (CHILE), a culturally-tailored, HIV-prevention programme exclusively for teenage girls of Latino descent that was adapted from Sisters Informing, Healing, Living and Empowering (SiHLE), an evidence-based HIV- prevention program that is culturally tailored for African American young women. Theatre testing, a pre-testing methodology to assess consumer response to a demonstration of a product, was utilised to evaluate the relevance and utility of the HIV programme as well as opportunities for the integration of cultural constructs. Future directions for the evaluation of CHILE are discussed.
Several proteins imported into chloroplasts form stable complexes with the GroEL-related chloroplast molecular chaperone. (1989)

Nine different proteins were imported into isolated pea chloroplasts in vitro. For seven of these [the large and small subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), beta-subunit of ATP synthase, glutamine synthetase, the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and pre-beta-lactamase], a fraction was found to migrate as a stable high-molecular-weight complex during nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. This complex contained the mature forms of the imported proteins and the groEL-related chloroplast chaperonin 60 (previously known as Rubisco subunit binding protein). Thus, the stable association of imported proteins with this molecular chaperone is widespread and not necessarily restricted to Rubisco subunits or to chloroplast proteins. With two of the imported proteins (ferredoxin and superoxide dismutase), such complexes were not observed. It seems likely that, in addition to its proposed role in assembly of Rubisco, the chloroplast chaperonin 60 is involved in the assembly or folding of a wide range of proteins in chloroplasts.
Energy savings for cellular access network through Wi-Fi offloading (2012)

This paper investigates the energy savings a cellular operator can achieve in the access network by dynamically offloading users or traffic loads to Wi-Fi networks. The method used to analyze energy savings is presented, followed by detailed simulations using different traffic types. Results show that significant savings of up to 65-70% can be achieved by opportunistically powering down cellular radio network equipment as facilitated by the offloading of users to Wi-Fi.
CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction and Cost Efficiency Potential of Natural Gas Hybrid Passenger Cars (2011)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;CO₂ reduction targets are a big challenge for the mobility sector because about 20% of all CO₂ emissions originate from road traffic. The problem is intensified by the expected traffic growth which will mainly take place in developing countries. Several powertrain and fuel technologies are competing regarding their CO₂ reduction potential compared to conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles with a certain energy saving potential as well as natural gas vehicles (NGVs) with their lower fuel carbon content are expected to gain on importance. But why not combine dedicated natural gas engine and hybrid powertrain technology to achieve very low CO₂ emissions even for mid-size passenger cars? At a first glance, such a powertrain combination looks just like a combination of two expensive technologies without any market potential. A more detailed analysis shows, however, that NGV hybrids allow high CO₂ reductions without additional end-user costs over the vehicle's entire lifetime. The present study addresses both topics: it presents the CO₂ reduction potential of mid-size passenger cars driven with an average natural gas-hybrid powertrain and it addresses end-user costs compared with today's gasoline technology.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Terahertz Imager Based on a THz-to-IR Converter (2019)

A new terahertz (THz) imager based on THz-to-IR conversion has been proposed and studied. The THz-to-IR converter consists of an ultra-thin resonant THz absorber (meta-absorber) whose backside is coated with an emission layer with an emission factor close to unity. The absorption of THz radiation leads to converter heating, which is recorded by an IR camera from the emission layer side. The small thickness of the converter (more than 50 times smaller than the working wavelength of THz radiation) determines its low heat capacity, resulting in an increase in the sensitivity and operating speed of the imager. Optimization of the optics of the THz imager, making cuts in the converter structure to reduce the blooming and increase the response, and the IR image processing method increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, provided the sensitivity of the THz imager similar to the sensitivity of thermal detectors in the 8–12 μm IR range.
A RAPID SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD TO DETERMINE ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF YEAST CELLS IN AN AQUEOUS MEDIUM (1993)

A new rapid method to determine the total esterase enzymatic activity of yeast cells is proposed. In a sodium phosphate buffer a β-naphthol synthetic ester is hydrolized by cells, and the released β-naphthol is coupled with a diazonium salt (Fast Garnet GBC) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The whole procedure is carried out in an aqueous buffer medium, and the resulting azo dye is directly evaluated by absorbance measurement at 524 nm. The analytical results from different assays were adjusted to a fixed cell concentration with a statistical procedure. The method shows good repeatability, reproducibility and detectability, and it requires simple equipment and instruments. It is therefore suitable both for routine analysis, as industrial yeast strain screening, and for yeast physiological studies, in order to improve the aromatic quality of fermented drinks.
Rethinking the product of nature doctrine as a barrier to biotechnology patents in the United States—and perhaps Europe as well1 (2004)

For more than a decade, gene patents have been the driving force behind the burgeoning American biotechnology industry. Many people—even otherwise sophisticated lawyers—assume that such patents cover only methods and therapeutic applications. They are shocked to learn that patents on genes themselves, as long as they are isolated from the body, are routinely allowed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and acquiesced in by the courts. The practical consequences of this development are equally startling to the non‐patent community: gene patent holders can control not only commercial applications, but virtually all research involving the subject genes. Since genes are valuable as transmitters of information, the ultimate effect can be a monopoly on the use of that information. This, we believe, takes intellectual property protection to an unprecedented level. All challenges to gene patents in the United States have thus far been dismissed almost out of hand. One possible avenue of attack that has gotten little attention involves the ‘product of nature’ doctrine, whose roots in American patent law go back to the nineteenth century. In its strongest form, it holds that compounds and compositions of matter that are not materially different from naturally occurring products are not patentable subject matter. In this article, we explore the history and current status of this doctrine. After reviewing some of the critical scientific elements of gene patents, we ask whether the product of nature doctrine, properly argued, might be reinvigorated as a brake on the rush to patenting the human genome. We believe that it would be particularly useful for lawyers and regulators in Europe to examine the American experience, since the European position on gene patents seems still to be more open to debate.
Non-linear organic small molecule imaging agents (2023)

From multi-photon to single molecule, the past several decades have witnessed a revolution in fluorescent microscopy. These techniques have revealed the inner working of cells and tissue and have relied on symbiotic advances in advanced molecular probes, light emitting molecules and particles, and novel instrumentation. Following on these developments, researchers began to develop functional nanomaterials or materials that can response to their environment. One of the first such molecules reported electric fields, allowing neuron signaling to be observed. However, the optical signal generated by voltage reporters is often low, placing limitations on the measurements that can be performed. Thus, material scientists and chemists began to pursue the development of alternative systems. In parallel, the fields of organic solar cells and integrated photonics were actively pursuing the design of materials with similar active properties, thus forming a foundation for improved functional organic imaging agents. In this talk, I will discuss some of our recent work in developing functional imaging agents for multi-wavelength and multi-photon live-cell imaging, focusing on recent molecular designs performed using density functional theory as well as in vitro studies.
Modeling and analysis on congestion control in the Internet of Things (2014)

The large amount of data collected in the Internet of Things (IoT) need to be transmitted to servers for processing in order to provide various services. Due to the limited amount of resources in IoT, including network bandwidth, node processing abilities, and server capacities, congestion control in IoT plays a crucial role for meeting service performance requirements. In this paper, we propose a model for congestion control in IoT with an improved Random Early Discard (IRED) algorithm. We employ queueing theory to analyze the performance of the proposed control mechanism. We also conduct extensive simulations to evaluate performance of the proposed control and compare it with regular RED algorithm. Our analysis and simulation results show that the proposed control achieves comparable delay performance and better throughput performance compared to standard RED. The simple control mechanism of IRED makes it more suitable to be implemented in IoT.
Interference screw position and hamstring graft location for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (1998)

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft and interference screw fixation has recently been considered. Concerns for the use of interference screws with soft tissue grafts include damage to the graft during screw insertion, decreased fixation strength, and a decrease in the bone-tendon contact area for healing within the tunnel when the screw is placed in an eccentric position. This last concern could be addressed by placing the interference screw centrally between the four limbs of the hamstring graft. The purpose of this study was to determine the mode of failure, the pullout force, and graft slippage before graft fixation failure of hamstring tendons fixed with an interference screw positioned eccentrically in relation to the hamstring tendons verses an interference screw positioned centrally between the four graft limbs. The semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were harvested from six, fresh cadaveric specimens. Each tendon was divided into two segments of equal length. Both the semitendinosus and gracilis tendon segments were looped to form four strands. The specimens were then fixed with a bioabsorbable interference screw in the two different positions and pulled from a standardized polyurethane foam. All tendons in both groups failed by pulling out from between the interference screw and tunnel, regardless of the screw position. No tendon was cut by the screw in either group. There was no significant difference between the forces required to produce specific amounts of graft slippage between the two fixation techniques tested. There was no significant difference between the average total slippage at maximum pullout, 11.8 mm for the screw placed in the eccentric position and 13.7 mm for the screw placed in the central position. The maximum pullout force averaged 265.3 N for the screw placed in the eccentric position, and 244.7 N for the screw placed in the central position; these values were not significantly different. Placement of the interference screw in the central position did not compromise strength and it improves graft contact within the bone tunnel. Interference screw fixation, when applied against a bone plug, has been shown to consistently have a pullout force of more than 400 N.
Phosphorothioate anti-sense oligonucleotides: the kinetics and mechanism of the sulfurisation of phosphites by phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS) (2016)

In the pharmaceutical industry the sulfurisation of nucleotide-phosphites to produce more biologically stable thiophosphates is often achieved using 'aged' solutions of phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS) which consist of a mixture of polysulfides that are more efficient sulfur transfer reagents. However, both 'fresh' and 'aged' solutions of PADS are capable of the sulfurisation of phosphites. The rates of both processes in acetonitrile are first order in sulfurising agent, phosphite and a pyridine base, although with 'aged' PADS the rate becomes independent of base at high concentrations. The Brönsted β values for sulfurisation using 'fresh' and 'aged' PADS with substituted pyridines are 0.43 and 0.26, respectively. With 'fresh' PADS the Brönsted β<sub>nuc</sub> = 0.51 for substituted trialkyl phosphites is consistent with a mechanism involving nucleophilic attack of the phosphite on the PADS disulfide bond to reversibly generate a phosphonium intermediate, the rate-limiting breakdown of which occurs by a base catalysed elimination process, confirmed by replacing the ionisable hydrogens in PADS with methyl groups. The comparable polysulfide phosphonium ion intermediate seen with 'aged' PADS presents a more facile pathway for product formation involving S-S bond fission as opposed to C-S bond fission.
Thermodynamics of the high temperature adsorption of some permanent gases by porous carbons (1974)

This paper presents precise experimental data for the adsorption (na) of nitrogen and the noble gases by two unactivated and two activated (10.8% and 22.0% burn-off) Saran type porous carbons over the temperature range 0–125°C and at pressures (p) up to 1 atm. The data are analysed in terms of virial type expansions of (i)na/p as a function of p and (ii) ln na/p as a function of na. The number of terms required in each equation to give an adequate representation of the data was determined for each system at each temperature by statistical analysis. Expansion (ii) was found to be superior in the sense that where there was a difference between the number of terms required, expansion (ii) required fewer terms than (i). These differences become more marked for the adsorption of the heavier gases at the lower temperatures. Henry's law constants obtained from (i) and (ii) were, however, in good agreement.The Henry's law constants and their temperature dependence were used to calculate differential enthalpies and standard differential entropies of adsorption (taking na= 10–3 mol g–1 as standard state) in the limit of ideal behaviour. Activation of the carbons decreased the Henry's law constants per unit surface area, and also the magnitude of the enthalpy of adsorption. The standard differential entropy of adsorption increases with activation, reflecting the larger “free volume” available to the adsorbed molecules which may be measured approximately either by the increase in micropore volume or by the increase in the monolayer equivalent surface area.
Chromatin accessibility: a window into the genome (2014)

Transcriptional activation throughout the eukaryotic lineage has been tightly linked with disruption of nucleosome organization at promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators and locus control regions due to transcription factor binding. Regulatory DNA thus coincides with open or accessible genomic sites of remodeled chromatin. Current chromatin accessibility assays are used to separate the genome by enzymatic or chemical means and isolate either the accessible or protected locations. The isolated DNA is then quantified using a next-generation sequencing platform. Wide application of these assays has recently focused on the identification of the instrumental epigenetic changes responsible for differential gene expression, cell proliferation, functional diversification and disease development. Here we discuss the limitations and advantages of current genome-wide chromatin accessibility assays with especial attention on experimental precautions and sequence data analysis. We conclude with our perspective on future improvements necessary for moving the field of chromatin profiling forward.
Aggregates with lysozyme and ovalbumin show features of amyloid-like fibrils (2011)

The interaction of egg-white lysozyme with N-ovalbumin, the native form of egg-white ovalbumin with the denaturation temperature, T(m), of 78 °C, was investigated by the inhibition of lysozyme muramidase activity, differential scanning calorimetry, and circular dichroism assay as indicators. Signals for the interaction were the most prominent when the mixture of lysozyme and N-ovalbumin was co-heated at 72 °C, slightly lower than the T(m) of N-ovalbumin. The interaction was also marked when unheated lysozyme was mixed with N-ovalbumin preheated at 72 °C. Moreover, the mixture rapidly formed fibrous precipitates, which were positive for thioflavin T fluorescent emission, a marker for the amyloid fibril formation. Also electron microscopic observation exhibited features of fibrils. The interaction potency of ovalbumin was ascribed to the tryptic fragment ILELPFASGT MSMLVLLPDE VSGLEQLESIINFEK (residues 229-263), derived from the 2B strands 2 and 3 of ovalbumin. From lysozyme, on the other hand, the chymotryptic peptide RNRCKGTDVQAW (residues 112-123), including cluster 6, and the chymotryptic/tryptic peptide GILQINSRW (residues 54-62), including cluster 3, were responsible for the interaction with N-ovalbumin. Interestingly, this nonamer peptide was found to have the ability to self-aggregate. To the authors knowledge, this may be the first report to document the possible involvement of dual proteins in the formation of amyloid-like fibrils.
A new method for positioning the maxillary anterior arch, orienting the occlusal plane, and determining the vertical dimension of occlusion. (1992)

A new method for positioning the maxillary anterior arch, orienting the occlusal plane, and establishing the vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients is described. The procedure uses a newly developed registration pin assembly that is fixed to the maxillary acrylic resin baseplate. The vertical dimension of occlusion is determined by having the patient swallow. This approach eliminates the tedious and time-consuming process of trimming the occlusion wax rims. The accuracy of the new method is currently being evaluated.
Inactivation of Ascaris suum by Short-Chain Fatty Acids (2010)

Ascaris suum eggs were inactivated in distilled water and digested sludge by butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acids. The fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids [SCFA]) were effective only when protonated and at sufficient concentrations. The conjugate bases were not effective at the concentrations evaluated. Predictions from an inhibition model (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)]) based on quantitative structure-activity relationships were congruent with inactivation data.
Technology Commercialization in Advanced Materials Sector: Indian Context (2017)

This study is aimed at developing insights into the Technology Value Chain (TVC) of advanced materials-based technologies using a scenario in which technology has been transferred by a Research and ...
Temporal dynamics of a two-electron wave packet (1998)

We have studied the dynamics of two-electron wave packets in barium consisting of $6snd{}^{1,3}{D}_{2}$ Rydberg states, which are degenerate with the doubly excited $5d7d{}^{1}{D}_{2}$ state. The configuration interaction manifests itself in the temporal oscillation of the wave packet among the three configurations in this system. We present in detail a quantum defect theory analysis that adequately describes the system, and we introduce a simple physical picture to understand the dynamics.
Automatic Count of Bites and Chews From Videos of Eating Episodes (2020)

Methods for measuring of eating behavior (known as meal microstructure) often rely on manual annotation of bites, chews, and swallows on meal videos or wearable sensor signals. The manual annotation may be time consuming and erroneous, while wearable sensors may not capture every aspect of eating (e.g. chews only). The aim of this study is to develop a method to detect and count bites and chews automatically from meal videos. The method was developed on a dataset of 28 volunteers consuming unrestricted meals in the laboratory under video observation. First, the faces in the video (regions of interest, ROI) were detected using Faster R-CNN. Second, a pre-trained AlexNet was trained on the detected faces to classify images as a bite/no bite image. Third, the affine optical flow was applied in consecutively detected faces to find the rotational movement of the pixels in the ROIs. The number of chews in a meal video was counted by converting the 2-D images to a 1-D optical flow parameter and finding peaks. The developed bite and chew count algorithm was applied to 84 meal videos collected from 28 volunteers. A mean accuracy (±STD) of 85.4% (±6.3%) with respect to manual annotation was obtained for the number of bites and 88.9% (±7.4%) for the number of chews. The proposed method for an automatic bite and chew counting shows promising results that can be used as an alternative solution to manual annotation.
Radical Prostatectomy With Adjuvant Radioactive Gold for Prostatic Cancer: A Preliminary Report (1985)

A total of 71 patients with prostatic carcinoma underwent radical prostatectomy combined with instillation of radioactive gold seeds between January 1, 1977 and July 1, 1982. Gold seeds were implanted intraoperatively into the region of the prostatic vascular pedicles and surrounding fibrolymphatic tissue after removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. Of the patients with disease confined to the prostate clinically 46.7 per cent had microscopic extraprostatic local tumor extension. We believe that patients with extraprostatic local tumor derive therapeutic benefit from the addition of adjuvant radioactive gold seeds at prostatectomy. Because of the inaccuracy of clinical staging by rectal examination, we have elected to use radioactive gold seeds in all of our patients at prostatectomy. To date, local recurrence has been noted in 5.6 per cent of our patients and systemic progression in 14.1 per cent.
Novel microstrip-to-stripline transitions for leakage suppression in multilayer microwave circuits (2002)

Leakage phenomena of microstrip-to-stripline transitions are studied and a leakage suppression design technique is developed. Asymmetric striplines improve the microstrip-to-stripline transition performance considerably and suppress the leakage generation successfully.