gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expanding the validity of the ensemble Kalman filter without the intrinsic need for inflation (2015)

Abstract. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a powerful data assimilation method meant for high-dimensional nonlinear systems. But its implementation requires somewhat ad hoc procedures such as localization and inflation. The recently developed finite-size ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF-N) does not require multiplicative inflation meant to counteract sampling errors. Aside from the practical interest in avoiding the tuning of inflation in perfect model data assimilation experiments, it also offers theoretical insights and a unique perspective on the EnKF. Here, we revisit, clarify and correct several key points of the EnKF-N derivation. This simplifies the use of the method, and expands its validity. The EnKF is shown to not only rely on the observations and the forecast ensemble, but also on an implicit prior assumption, termed hyperprior, that fills in the gap of missing information. In the EnKF-N framework, this assumption is made explicit through a Bayesian hierarchy. This hyperprior has so far been chosen to be the uninformative Jeffreys prior. Here, this choice is revisited to improve the performance of the EnKF-N in the regime where the analysis is strongly dominated by the prior. Moreover, it is shown that the EnKF-N can be extended with a normal-inverse Wishart informative hyperprior that introduces additional information on error statistics. This can be identified as a hybrid EnKF–3D-Var counterpart to the EnKF-N.
Rapid Prototyping of Tissue-Engineering Constructs, Using Photopolymerizable Hydrogels and Stereolithography (2004)

One of the most important aspects of tissue engineering is the design of the scaffold providing the mechanical strength and access to nutrients for the new tissue. For customized tissue engineering, it is essential to be able to fabricate three-dimensional scaffolds of various geometric shapes, in order to repair defects caused by accidents, surgery, or birth. Rapid prototyping or solid free-form fabrication (SFF) techniques hold great promise for designing three-dimensional customized scaffolds, yet traditional cell-seeding techniques may not provide enough cell mass for larger constructs. This article presents a novel attempt to fabricate three-dimensional scaffolds, using hydrogels combined with cell encapsulation to fabricate high-density tissue constructs. A commercially available stereolithography technique was applied to fabricate scaffolds using poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate photopolymerizable hydrogels. Mechanical characterization shows the constructs to be comparable with soft tissues in terms of elasticity. High cell viability was achieved and high-density constructs fabricated.
Interstitial copper-related center in n-type silicon (1997)

n-type silicon samples were measured by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) immediately (within one hour of storage at room temperature, required for the preparation of Schottky-diodes) after copper diffusion and quench. A donor level at Ec-(0.15±0.01) eV with a concentration of up to 1013 cm−3 was detected. The amplitude of the DLTS peak decreased with the time of storage at room temperature, and stabilized at a concentration (4 to 7)×1011 cm−3 after 15–20 h. The activation energies and prefactors of the decay of the DLTS peak in n-type Si and the reactivation of copper-compensated boron in p-type Si concur. This correlation suggests that the deep level is interstitial copper itself or a complex of interstitial copper.
Evaluation of Diffusive Transport and Cellular Uptake of Nutrients in Tissue Engineered Constructs Using a Hybrid Discrete Mathematical Model (2014)

Tissue engineering systems for orthopedic tissues, such as articular cartilage, are often based on the use of biomaterial scaffolds that are seeded with cells and supplied with nutrients or growth factors. In such systems, relationships between the functional outcomes of the engineered tissue construct and aspects of the initial system design are not well known, suggesting the use of mathematical models as an additional tool for optimal system design. This study develops a reaction-diffusion model that quantitatively describes the competing effects of nutrient diffusion and the cellular uptake of nutrients in a closed bioreactor system consisting of a cell-seeded scaffold adjacent to a nutrient-rich bath. An off-lattice hybrid discrete modeling framework is employed in which the diffusion equation incorporates a loss term that accounts for absorption due to nutrient uptake by cells that are modeled individually. Numerical solutions are developed based on a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method with high order quadrature to accurately resolve fine-scale cellular effects. The resulting model is applied to demonstrate that the ability of cells to absorb nutrients over time is highly dependent on both the normal distance to the nutrient bath, as well as the nutrient uptake rate for individual cells.
Symmetrical Wheatstone Microcantilever Sensor with On-chip Temperature Sensors (2006)

This work has focused on the design, finite element modeling and testing of a symmetrical Wheatstone MEMS cantilever beam with on-chip temperature sensors. The stress induced on gold surface with polysilicon piezoresistive sensing is demonstrated. In principle, adsorption of biochemical species on a functionalized surface of the microfabricated cantilever will cause a surface stress and consequently the cantilever bending. The sensing mechanism relies on the piezoresistive properties of the polysilicon wires encapsulated inside the beam. The beam is fabricated and bending analysis is performed so that the beam tip deflection could be predicted. The piezoresistor designs on the beams were varied, within certain constraints, so that external read-out circuit could measure the sensitivity of the sensing technique. The mass detection of 0.0058-0.0110 g is measured by the beam resistor series as a balanced Wheatstone bridge configuration. The voltage output of the bridge is directly proportional to the amount of bending in the MEMS cantilever. The temperature dependency and sensor performance have been characterized in experiments. Compensation by resisters on the substrate, which act as temperature sensors significantly reduces the temperature dependence effect.
Transfusion-Induced Polycythaemia as a Model for Studying Factors Influencing Erythropolesis (2008)

The prelims comprise: The Influence of Hypophysectomy on Erythropoiesis Preparation and Methods of Use of the Polycythaemic Mouse for Erythropoietin Assay Some Studies Using the Transfirsion-Induced Polycythaemic Mouse A. The effect of Continued Polycythaemia on the Capacity to Re-Initiate Erythropoiesis B. Transplantation of Polycythaemic Marrow C. The Effect of an Atmosphere Containing 10 Percent Oxygen on the Erythropoietic Response of Polycythaemic Mice D. The Effect of Cobaltous Chloride on Erythropoiesis in the Polycythaemic Mouse The Response of Polycythaemic Irradiated Mice to Rat Bone Marrow Establishment of a Unit of Erythropoietin Site of Action of Erythropoietin Summary and Conclusions Reference Discussion General Discussion
Astrovirus Induces Diarrhea in Turkey Poults via Sodium Malabsorption (2009)

We studied a model of turkey astrovirus type 2 (TAstV‐2)‐induced diarrhea in poults. Four days post‐infection, when infected poults exhibited diarrhea, either intact or stripped intestinal mucosa was mounted on Ussing chambers to study ion transport. Isotopic flux studies demonstrated impaired Na + absorption with reduced short circuit current and increased conductance in astrovirus‐infected jejunum. In electron microscopic examinations, the terminal web region displayed frequent dense aggregations in TAstV‐2 infected intestine. Rearrangement of apical F‐actin was evident on immunofluorescence as thick, dense aggregations in TAstV‐2‐infected intestine. Although the total protein expression for the major apical membrane Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger, NHE3, was not changed in western analyses of astrovirus‐infected jejunum, a significant shift was observed for expression of NHE3 from detergent insoluble fractions to detergent soluble fractions of TAstV‐2 infected jejunum. Alternatively, total expression of NHE2 was up regulated in infected jejunum. Taken together, astrovirus TAstV‐2 induces malabsorptive diarrhea associated with actin re‐arrangement and redistribution of apical membrane NHE3. Further studies are currently being conducted to identify the electrogenic component of Na+ malabsorption.
Exploring Correlations in Multiple Facial Attributes through Graph Attention Network (2018)

Estimating multiple attributes from a single facial image gives comprehensive descriptions on the high level semantics of the face. It is naturally regarded as a multi-task supervised learning problem with a single deep CNN, in which lower layers are shared, and higher ones are task-dependent with the multi-branch structure. Within the traditional deep multi-task learning (DMTL) framework, this paper intends to fully exploit the correlations among different attributes by constructing a graph. The node in graph represents the feature vector from a particular branch for a given attribute, and the edge can be defined by either the prior knowledge or the similarity between two nodes in the embedding with a fully data-driven manner. We analyze that the attention mechanism actually takes effect in the latter case, and utilize the Graph Attention Layer (GAL) for exploring on the most relevant attribute feature and refining the task-dependant feature by considering other attributes. Experiments show that by mining the correlations among attributes, our method can improve the recognition accuracy on CelebA and LFWA dataset. And it also achieves competitive performance.
Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Promote Brain Health in Aging Adults: Protocol for the MOVE-Cog Intervention Study (Preprint) (2021)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Extensive evidence supports a link between aerobic exercise and cognitive improvements in aging adults. A major limitation with existing research is the high variability in cognitive response to exercise. Our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that influence this variability and the low adherence to exercise are critical knowledge gaps and major barriers for the systematic implementation of exercise for promoting cognitive health in aging. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> We aimed to provide an in-person and remotely delivered intervention study protocol with the main goal of informing the knowledge gap on the mechanistic action of exercise on the brain by characterizing important mechanisms of neuroplasticity, cardiorespiratory fitness response, and genetics proposed to underlie cognitive response to exercise. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> This is an open-label, 2-month, interventional study protocol in neurologically healthy sedentary adults. This study was delivered fully in-person and in remote options. Participants underwent a total of 30 sessions, including the screening session, 3 pretest (baseline) assessments, 24 moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise sessions, and 3 posttest assessments. We recruited participants aged 55 years and above, sedentary, and cognitively healthy. Primary outcomes were neuroplasticity, cognitive function, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Secondary outcomes included genetic factors, endothelium function, functional mobility and postural control, exercise questionnaires, depression, and sleep. We also explored study feasibility, exercise adherence, technology adaptability, and compliance of both in-person and remote protocols. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> The recruitment phase and data collection of this study have concluded. Results are expected to be published by the end of 2021 or in early 2022. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> The data generated in these studies will introduce tangible parameters to guide the development of personalized exercise prescription models for maximal cognitive benefit in aging adults. Successful completion of the specific aims will enable researchers to acquire the appropriate expertise to design and conduct studies by testing personalized exercise interventions in person and remotely delivered, likely to be more effective at promoting cognitive health in aging adults. </sec> <sec> <title>CLINICALTRIAL</title> ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03804528; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03804528 </sec> <sec> <title>INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT</title> RR1-10.2196/33589 </sec>
EGR1 Predicts PTEN and Survival in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2005)

EGR1 gene expression predicts PTEN levels and survival after surgical resection of NSCLC. Consistent with its known tumor suppressor properties, lower levels of EGR1 are associated with poor outcome. Identification of patients with low EGR1 therefore may identify patients at high risk for disease recurrence and may also identify patients who have tumors resistant to therapy secondary to loss of pathways such as PTEN.
Effects of noradrenaline on rat paratracheal neurones and localization of an endogenous source of noradrenaline (1992)

1. Intracellular recording techniques were used to study the actions of exogenous noradrenaline (NA) on rat paratracheal neurones in situ. The receptor subtypes underlying these actions were investigated by application of selective adrenoceptor antagonists. 2. Application of NA (0.1-10 microM) by superfusion evoked a membrane depolarization in 85% (52 out of 61) of all paratracheal neurones studied. The response consisted of a slow depolarization which was sometimes accompanied by action potential discharge. In 26 out of 31 cells the response was associated with a change in input resistance of the cell membrane. In 22 out of 26 cells there was a 30% increase, whilst in a further 4 cells there was a 15% decrease in input resistance. The amplitude of the NA depolarization was concentration-dependent. 3. The depolarization evoked by NA was reversibly antagonized by prazosin (1 microM) but unaffected by yohimbine (1 microM) or propranolol (1-10 microM). 4. High performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (h.p.l.c.-e.c.d.) was used to assay for NA and dopamine in samples containing mainly paratracheal ganglia and in samples of tracheal smooth muscle with mucosa. NA was present in all samples assayed at a level of 1.6 micrograms NA g-1 and 0.5 microgram NA g-1 wet weight of the two sample types respectively. Dopamine was not detected in any samples of either ganglia or smooth muscle with mucosa. 5. It is concluded that NA-evoked depolarizations of rat paratracheal neurones result from stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, and that local levels of NA may be sufficiently high to activate these receptors directly.
Quantum key generation based on coding of polarization states of photons (2004)

This paper reports on the results of experimental investigations into the distribution of a quantum key on a setup designed for quantum cryptography with single photons. The quantum key is transmitted with pulsed semiconductor lasers by coding polarization states of photons in two alternative nonorthogonal bases. Silicon avalanche photodiodes (C30902S) serve as single-photon detectors. The rate of key generation is equal to 1.8 kbit/s when the clock frequency of laser pulse repetition is 100 kHz and the mean number of photons per pulse is approximately equal to 0.2. The number of errors in the key does not exceed 1%.
Building Surface Mounted Wireless Sensor Network for air conditioner energy auditing (2011)

Air conditioners possess a large proportion of the energy consumption in a building for both heating and cooling functions. The purpose of this paper is to present the work in progress which uses simple and cheap sensor nodes mounting on the external unit of air conditioners to automatically sense the usage pattern. This work is part of the project called Cyber IVY, which provides means of building surveillance using Surface Mounted and Energy-harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks. By this implementation, the precise working status of air conditioners can be monitored. The paper describes the hardware design, node deployment, and networking issues of this wireless sensor network. The performance of practical experiments shows that our system is applicable and robustness for the purpose of energy waste monitoring. Usage pattern, unusual behavior and other issues can be detected.
Self-trapping of Fermi and Bose gases under spatially modulated repulsive nonlinearity and transverse confinement (2013)

We show that self-localized ground states can be created in the spin-balanced gas of fermions with repulsion between the spin components, whose strength grows from the center to periphery, in combination with the harmonic-oscillator (HO) trapping potential acting in one or two transverse directions. We also consider the ground state in the noninteracting Fermi gas under the action of the spatially growing tightness of the one- or two-dimensional (1D or 2D) HO confinement. These settings are considered in the framework of the Thomas-Fermi--von Weizs\"acker (TF--vW) density functional. It is found that the vW correction to the simple TF approximation (the gradient term) is nearly negligible in all situations. The properties of the ground state under the action of the 2D and 1D HO confinement with the tightness growing in the transverse directions are investigated too for the Bose-Einstein condensate with the self-repulsive nonlinearity.
Metal Halide Perovskites: Processing, Interfaces, and Light Emitting Devices (2017)

We study the use of metal halide perovskites for light emitting diode (LED) applications. Through understanding of interface chemistry and improvements in film formation, we demonstrate green and red perovskite LEDs with external quantum efficiencies of approximately 10%.
Diseases and Pests Identification of Lycium Barbarum Using SE-MobileNet V2 Algorithm (2019)

The prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests is a key link in agricultural production. Accurate image recognition of diseases and insect pests is significant in agriculture and it has high efficiency, low cost and convenient operation. The traditional recognition method is difficult to recognize the pests relying on manual recognition, and it is easy to misjudge the pests. MobileNet V2 is an important algorithm for image recognition, which has high recognition accuracy and much lower parameter quantity than other algorithms. [1] This paper proposes a new SE-MobileNet V2 target recognition algorithm which improves the MobileNet V2 algorithm. The proposed algorithm embeds SE module between the last pooling layer and convolution layer of MobileNet V2 network, enhancing the receptive field of the network. It combines the advantages of MobileNet V2 and SENet, is more accurate than MobileNet V2 and is more suitable to recognize small target. In this paper, experiments are conducted based on data sets containing 11 kinds of lycium barbarum diseases and pests. Through experimental verification, the proposed algorithm has the highest recognition accuracy and strongest robustness than other algorithm. SE-MobileNet V2 target recognition algorithm improves the accuracy and speed of image recognition, is meaningful for accurate control of lycium barbarum diseases and pests.
Aerobic parameters of exercise as a function of body size during growth in children (1984)

To examine the relationship between body weight in children and aerobic parameters of exercise, we determined the anaerobic threshold (AT), maximum O2 uptake (VO2max), work efficiency, and response time for O2 uptake (RT-VO2) in 109 healthy children (51 girls and 58 boys, range 6-17 yr old) using a cross-sectional study design. Gas exchange during exercise was measured breath by breath. The protocol consisted of cycle ergometry and a linearly increasing work rate (ramp) to the limit of the subject's tolerance. Both AT and VO2max increased systematically with body weight, whereas work efficiency and RT-VO2 were virtually independent of body size. The ratio of AT to VO2max decreased slightly with age, and its mean value was 60%. AT scaled to body weight to the power of 0.92, not significantly different from the power of 1.01 for VO2max. Thus both the AT and the VO2max increase in a highly ordered manner with increasing size, and as judged by AT/VO2max, the onset of anaerobic metabolism during exercise occurred at a relatively constant proportion of the overall limit of the gas transport system. We conclude that in children cardiorespiratory responses to exercise are regulated at optimized values despite overall change in body size during growth.
Fluorescence Molecular Imaging of Small Animal Tumor Models (2004)

In vivo imaging of molecular events in small animals has great potential to impact basic science and drug development. For this reason, several imaging technologies have been adapted to small animal research, including X-ray, magnetic resonance, and radioisotope imaging. Despite this plethora of visualization techniques, fluorescence imaging is emerging as an important alternative because of its operational simplicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Fluorescence imaging has recently become particularly interesting because of advances in fluorescent probe technology, including targeted fluorochromes as well as fluorescent "switches" sensitive to specific biochemical events. While past biological investigations using fluorescence have focused on microscopic examination of ex vivo, in vitro, or intravital specimens, techniques for macroscopic fluorescence imaging are now emerging for in vivo molecular imaging applications. This review illuminates fluorescence imaging technologies that hold promise for small animal imaging. In particular we focus on planar illumination techniques, also known as Fluorescence Reflectance Imaging (FRI), and discuss its performance and current use. We then discuss fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), an evolving technique for quantitative three-dimensional imaging of fluorescence in vivo. This technique offers the promise of non-invasively quantifying and visualizing specific molecular activity in living subjects in three dimensions.
Dryout heat fluxes in very deep debris beds (1980)

This study demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of a hybrid, volumetric arc therapy technique that used two 90° coplanar arcs and two three-dimensional conformal tangential beams in the simultaneous-integrated boost radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery. A total of nine patients with stage I, left-sided breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery were selected for this retrospective study. For each patient, a hybrid arc plan was generated and then compared with two hybrid intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans. All plans were optimized using the same objectives and dose constraints. The prescription dose was 50.4 Gy to the planning target volume with simultaneous boost to 60 Gy to the expanded gross target volume in 28 fractions. The differences among these hybrid plans were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test. The hybrid arc plans achieved the clinical requirements of target dose coverage and normal tissue (NT) dose constraints. It was found that the hybrid arc plans showed advantages in the conformity index of the expanded gross target volume, the V<sub>5</sub> of the heart, the D<sub>2</sub> of the left ventricle, and the D<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>50.4</sub> of NTs. The average beam-on time and monitor units of the hybrid arc plans were significantly lower (<i>P</i> < 0.001).
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Prospective Controlled Study (2021)

There was an association between increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with SCH in comparison with HC, even with a TSH <10 µIU/ml. The increase was reversed with levothyroxine therapy. The association of this increased thickness with important cardiovascular outcomes remains uncertain and should be evaluated in future studies.