gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flow Modes and Mode Transitions for Falling Films on Flat Tubes (2011)

Flow mode transitions for a liquid film falling over flat tubes are studied for a wide range of conditions. Hydraulic oil, ethylene glycol, ethylene-glycol-water mixtures (at three different volume ratios), and water are used as working fluids in experiments conducted under adiabatic conditions, without an imposed vapor flow. The flow modes are observed over a range of flow rate and tube spacing. The flow modes are more complex but similar to those manifested on round tubes, and include the sheet, sheet-jet, jet, jet-droplet, and droplet modes. However, the transitions at Ga1/4 ≤ 16 (mainly for hydraulic oil, ethylene glycol) are very different from those on round tubes: there is no sheet-jet mode during transition between the sheet and jet flow modes. Moreover, at all Ga, the Re range over which the jet mode occurs is narrower than that for round tubes, and the hysteresis in mode transitions is not as pronounced as for round tubes. The transitional Re increases slowly with tube spacing, also in contrast to observations of round-tube falling films. The flat-tube falling-film flow regimes are described, and new correlations are provided to relate the transitional Re number to Ga and geometry. By analyzing repeated experiments, it is shown that the standard deviation of the measurements from the correlations is less than 5.2%.
Amorphous Germanium for Mid Infrared Photonics (2019)

We present a low-temperature plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposition of amorphous germanium films for Mid-infrared photonics. A film transparency of 3.2 to 8 μm with a minimum average roughness of 0.26 nm is achieved by tuning the deposition parameters.
Zinc‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Imines (2006)

Abstract The highly enantioselective reduction of imines is achieved by employing chiral Zn/diamine catalysts. This new catalytic protocol offers attractive features such as use of a non‐precious metal and an inexpensive silane, easy modification of chiral diamine ligands and provides ready access to chiral amines in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Performance trade-offs in sequential matrix diagonalisation search strategies (2015)

Recently a selection of sequential matrix diagonalisation (SMD) algorithms have been introduced which approximate polynomial eigenvalue decomposition of parahermitian matrices. These variants differ only in the search methods that are used to bring energy onto the zero-lag. Here we analyse the search methods in terms of their computational complexities for different sizes of parahermitian matrices which are verified through simulated execution times. Another important factor for these search methods is their ability to transfer energy. Simulations show that the more computationally complex search methods transfer a greater proportion of the off-diagonal energy onto the zero-lag over a selected range of parahermitian matrix sizes. Despite their higher cost per iteration experiments indicate that the more complex search algorithms still converge faster in real time.
Toxicity of Individual Naphthenic Acids to Vibrio fischeri (2011)

Numerous studies have suggested that the toxicity of organic compounds containing at least one carboxylic acid group and broadly classified as "naphthenic acids", is of environmental concern. For example, the acute toxicity of the more than 1 billion m(3) of oil sands process-affected water and the hormonal activity of some offshore produced waters has been attributed to the acids. However, experimental evidence for the toxicity of the individual acids causing these effects has not been very forthcoming. Instead, most data have been gathered from assays of incompletely characterized extracts of the water, which may contain other toxic constituents. An alternative approach is to assay the individual identified toxicants. Since numerous petroleum-derived naphthenic acids and some in oil sands process water, have recently been identified, we were able to measure the toxicity of some individual acids to the bioluminescent bacterium, Vibrio fischeri. Thirty-five pure individual acids were either synthesized or purchased for this purpose. We also used the US EPA ECOSAR computer model to predict the toxicity of each acid to the water flea, Daphnia magna. Both are well-accepted toxicological screening end points. The results show how toxic some of the naphthenic acids really are (e.g., V. fischeri Effective Concentrations for 50% response (EC(50)) 0.004 to 0.7 mM) and reveal the influence of hydrophobicity and aqueous solubility on the toxicities. Comparison with measured toxicities of other known, but more minor, constituents of oil sands process water, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols, helps place these toxicities into a wider context. Given the reported toxicological effects of naphthenic acids to other organisms (e.g., fish, plants), the toxicities of the acids to further end points should now be determined.
Performance Monitoring of Remediation Technologies for Soil and Groundwater Contamination: Review (2007)

Performance monitoring of applied remediation technologies is an important part of site remediation. It involves periodic measurement of site parameters to evaluate whether the remediation technologies perform as expected or to determine the termination date of remediation projects. Performance monitoring can be a difficult undertaking if there are no well-defined and measurable remediation objectives, such as a reduction in mass discharge rate from a contaminant source. Besides, the selection of the site parameters to be monitored is highly dependent on the remediation objectives established and the remediation technologies applied. For instance, contaminant concentration in soil, soil vapor, and groundwater within a contaminant zone should be monitored if reduction of the mass or volume of a contaminant zone is the prime remediation objective, while contaminant concentration in groundwater just outside a contaminant zone should be the main monitoring parameter if the objective is to mitigate the contaminant migration. Furthermore, subsurface temperature is a unique monitoring parameter for in situ thermal remediation to ensure the proper operation of the technology, whereas groundwater oxidant concentration is the monitoring parameter only for in situ chemical oxidation technologies. This paper mainly covers the general criteria for establishing the site-specific remediation objectives and the key monitoring parameters for various remediation technologies, which help avoid waste of efforts to collect unnecessary site parameters during the performance monitoring.
Introduction to Meta‐Algorithmics (2013)

Collectively, meta-algorithmics are called intelligence generators, and the author alludes to them as such, except where he explicitly calls out algorithms, systems, or large engines such as optical character recognition (OCR) or automatic speech recognition (ASR) knowledge engines. In this chapter the three different orders of meta-algorithmic patterns are introduced. A large—but not exhaustive—set of patterns are provided for each of these three levels. Several of the powerful tools for meta-algorithmics—confusion matrices, weighting, output space transformation, sensitivity analysis, and feedback—are explained. Having provided the patterns—which like all patterns are “templates” for domain-specific implementation—we next turn to application of these patterns to a wide, but again not exhaustive, set of relevant intelligent systems. Controlled Vocabulary Terms ambient intelligence; optical character recognition; speech recognition
Inhibition of Experimental Dental Caries by Antibiotics (1972)

A variety of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents were tested for their ability to inhibit the development of dental caries in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving the drugs in a coarse-particle sucrose-containing diet. Drugs which inhibit gram-positive microorganisms were effective inhibitors of caries, whereas agents which are active solely against gram-negative bacteria did not inhibit caries development. In vivo efficacy of the agents tested generally, but not invariably, paralleled in vitro inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus mutans strain FA-1, an organism which was isolated from carious Sprague-Dawley rats and which is known to induce caries in gnotobiotic Sprague-Dawley rats. Caries was significantly inhibited when 1-ephenamine penicillin (20 units/mg) was administered intermittently in the diet, 1 day per week or 1 week of every 4 weeks, but protection against caries was greatest when the same amount of the drug was fed continuously.
New Insights into the Regulation of Gametogenesis by Retinoic Acid (2010)

Retinoic acid, an essential regulator of gametogenesis. It is well established that retinoic acid, synthesized from the dietary vitamin, retinol, is required for male and female gametes to enter meiosis. In female mice, meiosis is initiated soon after determination of gonadal sex, which is completed by 12.5 days post coitum (dpc). This initiation can be blocked by retinoic acid antagonists or by knockout-out of the RA-regulated gene, Stra8 [1, 2]. In contrast to what happens in the fetal ovary, gonocytes in a 12.5 dpc fetal testis enter G0 of the cell cycle and do not divide again until after birth. The exit of male gonocytes from the cell cycle is not due to an inability of these cells to respond to retinoic acid, for incubation of a fetal testis with retinoic acid causes the gonocytes to enter meiosis [3]. Neither is this exit due to a lack of synthesis of retinoic acid, for the mesonephros of both sexes express ALDH1A2, the rate-limiting enzyme in retinoic acid biosynthesis [3]. However, at 12.5 dpc, testicular retinoic acid concentration is only 20% of the ovarian concentration, due to the testicular expression of CYP26B1, an enzyme that converts retinoic acid to inactive metabolites [2]. The importance of this expression is evident in the fact that in fetal Cyp26b1 null mice, testicular retinoic acid levels are elevated 3-fold, and gonocytes initiate meiosis at 12.5 dpc [4]. Thus, the initiation of meiosis is determined by the availability of retinoic acid and not by the genetic sex of the gonocytes.
Environmental conditions impinge on dragline silk protein composition (2008)

The silk formed in the major ampullate (MA) gland of the orb weaving spider Nephila clavipes is composed of two silk fibroins, which are called major ampullate spidroins 1 (MaSp1) and 2 (MaSp2). Analysis of proteolytic peptides and reactivity to spidroin type specific antibodies indicated that MaSp2 constituted only a minor part in the spinning dope as well as in the spun filaments. Upon starvation, a change in the silk's characteristic features was observed that was concomitant of a decrease in the contribution of MaSp2. The silk became less elastic and stiffer, which will better tailor its usability for the safety line, albeit at the expense of its employment as the web frame threads. In addition, since MaSp2 production requires greater ATP consumption, such a shift in the protein ratio cuts down on the energy costs to produce the silk. From this change in protein composition the spider might therefore benefit twice, by synthesizing 'cheaper' silk that into the bargain has properties that potentially can better support foraging in times of food shortage.
Intracellular Temperature Imaging with a Fluorescent Polymeric Thermometer and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (2013)

温度は細胞にとって最も重要な物理量であり，細胞が示す多様な機能と密接な関係にある．しかしながらこれまで，細胞内の局所的な温度変化を正確に測定する手法は報告されていなかった．筆者らは，細胞に導入した新規蛍光温度プローブの蛍光寿命をイメージング解析することによって，生きている細胞内の局所的温度分布を可視化する手法を確立し，細胞内に1℃近くの温度差があることを世界で初めて明らかにした（Okabe et al. 2012）．本稿ではその手法，特に蛍光寿命イメージング顕微鏡システムの原理と特徴について詳しく解説する．尚，本稿で紹介する細胞内温度イメージングの解析は，全て動物培養細胞を用いて行われたものであるが，植物細胞への応用も現在課題として取り組んでおり，それを含めた現在の取り組みについても紹介したい．
Neural stem cells – a versatile tool for cell replacement and gene therapy in the central nervous system (1999)

In recent years, it has become evident that the developing and even the adult mammalian central nervous system contains a population of undifferentiated, multipotent cell precursors, neural stem cells, the plastic properties of which might be of advantage for the design of more effective therapies for many neurological diseases. This article reviews the recent progress in establishing rodent and human clonal neural stem cell lines, their biological properties, and how these cells can be utilized to a correct variety of defects, with prospects for the near future to harness their behaviour for neural stem cell-based treatment of diseases in humans.
Relaxed half-stochastic decoding of LDPC codes over GF(q) (2010)

The error-correcting performance of non-binary LDPC codes has been shown to be better than most codes currently used for a variety of applications. However, due to the very high complexity of decoding these codes, they are not ubiquitously used. Moreover, an SPA decoder is so prohibitively complex, that a fully parallel implementation is not feasible even with simplified algorithms. In this paper we present a new algorithm which approaches the low complexity of stochastic decoding with the high performance of SPA decoding by combining elements from both algorithms and applying successive relaxation. We study its performance using a number of codes and show that it matches that of the SPA. We also analyze its complexity compared to the SPA and conclude that it has lower per iteration complexity and can have comparable average complexity per codeword. Due to the lower per iteration complexity, RHS has the potential of being implemented as a parallel, or partially parallel, decoder that is faster than a feasible SPA decoder.
Early Evolution of Immunoglobulin Genes (1991)

Considerable progress has been made in the characterization of immunoglobulin genes from several lower vertebrate taxa. Isolation and identification of immunoglobulin genes in phylogenetically primitive species is based predominantly on heterologous crosshybridization. The unit, clustered organization of heavy chain segmental elements observed in the germline of the horned shark (Hinds and Litman, 1986) has also been found in another elasmobranch. Studies to determine whether the clustered organization is universal throughout the entire cartilaginous fish assemblage are ongoing. In contrast, the ray-finned (bony)fishes appear to possess a mammalian-type heavy chain gene organization. Additionally, immunoglobulin genes are being characterized in two relict fish species whose exact systematic relationships are unknown. Isolation of putative immunoglobulin genes from the phylogenetically- ancient hagfish is being attempted using a PCR-based approach. Other ongoing or future research efforts involve characterization of lower vertebrate light chain genes, heavy chain isotype evolution, and the divergence of the immunoglobulins and T-cell antigen receptors
The chemical origin of synergy in liquefaction and coprocessing (1988)

The question of possible synergistic effects for coal liquefaction has been raised recently in the context of coprocessing and also in that of straight donor-solvent liquefaction. Synergy is generally defined to occur when the effect of a combination of components exceeds the sum of the effects of the individual components. The existence of such synergism is more difficult to demonstrate in the coprocessing context, because liquefaction of coal alone, that is, in the absence of any other component (e.g., residual oil), is not viable in process terms, and therefore one of the boundary conditions is not available. Synergism can be much more readily assessed in the context of straight liquefaction, where there is always a liquefaction medium, which can be made up of a number of components. This paper specifically addresses liquefaction data, but the conclusions drawn are all equally applicable to coprocessing. 10 refs., 3 figs.
Yagi‐type hardware neuron model with CMOS IC (2002)

Abstract With a view to engineering applications of the information processing mechanisms used by neural networks in biological bodies, various studies have been conducted on pulse‐type neurons and neural networks. When research on a large‐scale pulse‐type neural network is carried out, there are limitations on computer simulation, so that hardware realization is desirable. When a neural network is realized by hardware, it is advantageous to model a single neuron by a CMOS IC suitable for large‐scale LSI. In this paper, in reference to the Yagi neuron model, a pulse‐type hardware neuron model, it is shown that a new pulse‐type hardware neuron model can be constructed with a simple circuit configuration that can be realized with CMOS ICs. First, the equivalent inductor constructed with a low capacitance and an enhancement‐mode MOSFET is discussed. Its configuration and characteristics are elucidated. Next, the negative resistance circuit is discussed. A circuit is proposed that can be applied to the CMOS process. From their characteristics, it is shown that two new neuron models based on the Yagi neuron model can be constructed. They are the conventional pulse‐type neuron model fired by an external input and the pacemaker neuron model that can fire itself. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(3): 23–29, 2002
<p>Stability of thromboxane in blood samples</p> (2019)

<b>Introduction:</b> Conventional venous blood collection requires a puncture with a needle through the endothelium of a vessel. The endothelial injury causes activation of circulating platelets and the release of thromboxane A<sub>2</sub>. The aim of the study was to investigate if platelets continue to form thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> in the blood tube after sample collection, but such synthesis would give false information about the actual circulating thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> value. <b>Methods:</b> Thromboxane B<sub>2</sub> is a biologically inactive but stable metabolite of thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> and can be measured in blood samples by a standard enzyme immunoassay. Thromboxane B<sub>2</sub> measurements reflect thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> concentration. Blood samples were collected in 3.2% sodium citrate vials and EDTA vials from ten individuals and centrifuged and frozen at different time points (0, 30, and 120 minutes). Plasma aliquots were transferred to and frozen in 1.8 mL polypropylene tubes and the citrate samples were also transferred to and frozen in propylene tubes containing indomethacin. <b>Results:</b> Concentrations of thromboxane B<sub>2</sub> in plasma samples collected in citrate vials and stored in propylene tubes increased very rapidly as the samples were left for longer after sampling and allowed to stand at room temperature. After 120 minutes, the amount of thromboxane B<sub>2</sub> was 400% higher than in the reference sample at time zero. In comparison, thromboxane B<sub>2</sub> concentration was about 200% higher in the 120-minute samples compared to the reference in samples collected in citrate vials but stored in indomethacin tubes. In samples collected in EDTA vials, a 10% reduction in thromboxane B<sub>2</sub> concentration in the 120-minute samples was observed. <b>Conclusion:</b> Storage conditions, type of sampling vial and time from sampling until sample processing (centrifuging) has a major impact on thromboxane B<sub>2</sub> stability.
Fast Fault Diagnosis of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Hybrid Electric Aircraft (2018)

A well-designed battery management system along with a set of voltage and current sensors is required to properly measure and control the battery cell operational variables for Hybrid Electric Aircrafts (HEAs). Some critical functions of the battery including State-Of-Charge (SOC) and State-Of-Health (SOH) estimations, over-current, and over-/under-voltage protections are mainly related to current and voltage sensor measurements. Therefore, in case of battery faults occur in HEA, designing a reliable and robust diagnostic procedure is essential. In this study, for Li-ion batteries, a new and fast fault diagnosis technique via collecting data is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic method is validated, and the results show how over-charge, over-discharge and sensor faults can be accurately detected.
DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTILE ANTENNAS FOR BODY WEARABLE APPLICATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE UNDER BENT CONDITIONS (2010)

Utilization of wearable textile materials for the develop- ment of microstrip antenna segment has been rapid due to the recent miniaturization of wireless devices. A wearable antenna is meant to be a part of the clothing used for communication purposes, which includes tracking and navigation, mobile computing and public safety. This pa- per describes design and development of four rectangular patch anten- nas employing difierent varieties of cotton and polyester clothing for on-body wireless communications in the 2.45GHz WLAN band. The impedance and radiation characteristics are determined experimentally when the antennas are kept in ∞at position. The performance deterio- ration of a wearable antenna is analyzed under bent conditions too to check compatibility with wearable applications. Results demonstrate the suitability of these patch antennas for on-body wireless communi- cations.
Neuropeptide Y Y1 Receptor-Deficient Mice: Generation and Characterization (2003)

Energy homeostasis is the process by which adipose tissue, the stored body energy, is kept constant over time. Obviously, feeding behavior plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Therefore, to maintain a constant energy balance, energy (food) intake should match energy expenditure. A number of humoral factors are involved in signaling the body need in energy to modulate food intake. Among these hormones, leptin and insulin are secreted proportionally to the amount of body fat. They act in the central nervous system to regulate the action and expression of a variety of neurotransmitters and then modify energy balance by changing food intake and weight gain. The neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a key player in the modulation of the leptin signal (). In particular, NPY promotes weight gain via its stimulatory effect on food intake in the hypothalamus. In addition, more evidence suggests that NPY also acts on specific target organs at the periphery to modify body fat stores. At least five different NPY receptor subtypes have been identified (). It has been hypothesized that each of these receptors might be associated with specific NPY functions.