gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels: Thermochemical Research Pathways with In Situ and Ex Situ Upgrading of Fast Pyrolysis Vapors (2015)

This report was developed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office’s efforts to enable the development of technologies for the production of infrastructure-compatible, cost-competitive liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass. Specifically, this report details two conceptual designs based on projected product yields and quality improvements via catalyst development and process integration. It is expected that these research improvements will be made within the 2022 timeframe. The two conversion pathways detailed are (1) in situ and (2) ex situ upgrading of vapors produced from the fast pyrolysis of biomass. While the base case conceptual designs and underlying assumptions outline performance metrics for feasibility, it should be noted that these are only two of many other possibilities in this area of research. Other promising process design options emerging from the research will be considered for future techno-economic analysis. Both the in situ and ex situ conceptual designs, using the underlying assumptions, project MFSPs of approximately $3.5/gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE). The performance assumptions for the ex situ process were more aggressive with higher distillate (diesel-range) products. This was based on an assumption that more favorable reaction chemistry (such as coupling) can be made possible in a separate reactor where, unlike in an in situ upgrading reactor, one does not have to deal with catalyst mixing with biomass char and ash, which pose challenges to catalyst performance and maintenance. Natural gas was used for hydrogen production, but only when off gases from the process was not sufficient to meet the needs; natural gas consumption is insignificant in both the in situ and ex situ base cases. Heat produced from the burning of char, coke, and off-gases allows for the production of surplus electricity which is sold to the grid allowing a reduction of approximately 5¢/GGE in the MFSP.
N-GRAMS-BASED FILE SIGNATURES FOR MALWARE DETECTION (2009)

Malware is any malicious code that has the potential to harm any computer or network. The amount of malware is increasing faster every year and poses a serious security threat. Thus, malware detection is a critical topic in computer security. Currently, signature-based detection is the most extended method for detecting malware. Although this method is still used on most popular commercial computer antivirus software, it can only achieve detection once the virus has already caused damage and it is registered. Therefore, it fails to detect new malware. Applying a methodology proven successful in similar problem-domains, we propose the use of ngrams (every substring of a larger string, of a fixed lenght n) as file signatures in order to detect unknown malware whilst keeping low false positive ratio. We show that n-grams signatures provide an effective way to detect unknown malware.
Mect1-Maml2 Fusion Oncogene Linked to the Aberrant Activation of Cyclic AMP/CREB Regulated Genes (2005)

Malignant salivary gland tumors can arise from a t(11;19) translocation that fuses 42 residues from Mect1/Torc1, a cyclic AMP (cAMP)/cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-dependent transcriptional coactivator, with 982 residues from Maml2, a NOTCH receptor coactivator. To determine if the Mect1-Maml2 fusion oncogene mediates tumorigenicity by disrupting cAMP/CREB signaling, we have generated in-frame deletions within the CREB-binding domain of Mect1/Torc1 for testing transformation activity and have also developed a doxycycline-regulated Mect1-Maml2 mammalian expression vector for global gene expression profiling. We observed that small deletions within the CREB-binding domain completely abolished transforming activity in RK3E epithelial cells. Further, we have shown that the ectopic induction of Mect1-Maml2 in HeLa cells strongly activated the expression of a group of known cAMP/CREB-regulated genes. In addition, we detected candidate cAMP-responsive element sites within 100 nucleotides of the transcriptional start sites of other genes activated by Mect1-Maml2 expression. In contrast, we did not observe alterations of known Notch-regulated target genes in these expression array profile experiments. We validated the results by reverse transcription-PCR in transfected HeLa, RK3E, and H2009 lung tumor cells and in mucoepidermoid cancer cells that endogenously express the fusion oncopeptide. Whereas overexpression of components of the cAMP pathway has been associated with a subset of human carcinomas, these data provide a direct genetic link between deregulation of cAMP/CREB pathways and epithelial tumorigenesis and suggest future therapeutic strategies for this group of salivary gland tumors.
Semipreparative enantioseparation of Tröger base derivatives by HPLC (2006)

We describe the enantioseparation of functionalized derivatives of the Tröger base by HPLC on commercially available chiral stationary phases. Cellulose-derived Chiralcel OJ and brush-type Whelk O1 are demonstrated to be complementary to each other in their scope. On the basis of the results obtained, the separation of selected compounds was successfully transferred onto semipreparative columns. We believe that the availability of enantiopure functionalized derivatives of the Tröger base will stimulate the further use of this interesting molecular scaffold in molecular recognition, asymmetric catalysis, and related areas of research and technology.
Dual ferroelectric capacitor architecture and its application to TAG RAM (2010)

Transistor scaling has enabled more memory to be embedded on-chip to accelerate large scale applications. However, increased leakage current in scaled technologies resulted in higher standby power consumption in volatile memories. Nonvolatile memories have been researched and developed as solutions to these problems. However, non-volatile memories such as Flash or magnetic spin torque memories require large drive currents. On the other hand, ferroelectric capacitors take advantage of non-linear capacitance to store data and are compatible with CMOS fabrication process. Furthermore, dual ferroelectric capacitor (DFeCAP) architecture was developed to implement low-power logic/memory functional units. This paper evaluates a TAG RAM implementation based on DFeCAP architecture using a generic, HSPICE compatible ferroelectric capacitor model. The paper also discusses the impact of parametric process variations on the performance of DFeCAP cell and proposes design methodologies to achieve variation-tolerance. Our simulations demonstrate that compared to 130 nm CMOS implementation, the ferroelectric memory architecture is 97% better in terms of power and 37% better in terms of area.
Payload technology for rural satellite communications (2002)

The demand for satellite communications systems has evolved to include personal mobile services and the provision of fixed services to rural areas. Following on from central involvement in all generations of INMARSAT's mobile communications space segment, Marconi Space has been developing advanced payload concepts for geostationary satellites to provide regional services. These retain the heritage gained from the novel payload architecture designed and successfully delivered by Marconi Space for the INMARSAT 3 spacecraft. This paper starts with the top level payload requirements for an example regional system and develops these into a generic payload architecture. The key technology issues are identified, and solutions provided, based on the extensive Marconi Space experience acquired through development of mobile payloads and internal development programmes. Comparisons are made with the issues associated with the proposed global constellation systems.
Design of smart home remote monitoring system based on embedded system (2011)

This paper introduces a smart home system which could supervise household appliances remotely and realize real-time monitoring of home security status through mobile phone. The paper also describes the realization of system hardware and software in detail. This System combined embedded technique with GSM. Design adopted the Liod platform for master control system which core processor is PXA270 Xscale and singlechip expansion module to realize the information collection, analysis and processing. GSM module communicated to transmit all the information gathered by this system. Design also realized the video data acquisition, which can be transmitted via wireless or cable network to monitoring center to remotely understand the house condition. On the whole, through this system we can remotely and real-time monitor house status.
Magnetic properties of mechanically-alloyed Sm-Co nanophase hard magnets (2001)

Highly coercive Sm/sub 14/Co/sub 86/ powders were prepared by mechanical alloying with a view to enhance the high temperature magnetic properties by optimizing the annealing conditions. The powders were annealed in quartz tubes with a continuous vacuum of /spl sim/10/sup -6/ mbar at different temperatures. X-Ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of a disordered 2:17 phase. DTA measurement on the as-milled amorphous powders revealed a single crystallization event at around 500/spl deg/C. Magnetic measurements showed room temperature coercivities of at least 1 T and Curie temperatures around 820/spl deg/C. The behavior of the initial magnetization curve lies in between those observed for low H/sub c/ 2:17 precipitation hardened magnets and SmCo/sub 5/ or Nd/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/B magnets. The magnitude of coercivity is found to be sensitive to annealing temperature. The detailed comparison of magnetic properties with annealing conditions will be presented.
Surface topography by wavelength scanning interferometry (2000)

Parallel and absolute measurement of surface shape using wavelength scanning interferometry has been applied to various objects including diffuse surfaces and milled ones having discontinuities such s steps, dips, and protrusions. We have employed not only the Michelson setup but also the Fizeau one newly introduced. The behaviors of interference signals arising from these objects are experimentally compared. Spiky noises have been observed from the milled surfaces and the defocused diffuse surface. In spite of the noise we succeeded in measuring steps and narrow dips on a mirror and a milled surface, as well as a cylindrical protrusion on a diffuse surface. With a dye laser of tuning range of 4.2 nm we attained the resolution of 39 micrometer within the depth of 3 mm.
A Kinetic Study of a Modified Fine Coal Agglomeration Process (2015)

The process of fine coal agglomeration is a beneficiation technique that uses an organic liquid, such as, diesel, to agglomerate fine coal from an aqueous suspension of coal and mineral particles. The organic binding liquid is dispersed in the aqueous suspension through the application of agitation and selectively wets and agglomerates the hydrophobic coal particles. The hydrophilic mineral particles remain finely dispersed and, thus, the product coal agglomerates can be easily retrieved by passing the suspension over a screen. Fine coal agglomeration can achieve high quality beneficiation and allows for more effective dewatering of a fine coal feed. Regardless of these excellent capabilities, however, there are no industrial applications of this process. This is because the high cost of the oil makes the process economically unfeasible. Therefore, in this study a modified fine coal agglomeration process has been investigated in which the aim is to reduce the amount of organic liquid required in the process. The modification involves the use of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion as the immiscible binding liquid, replacing the conventional pure oil approach. A high internal phase (HIP) emulsion is used as it provides the interfacial functionality of the oil, while the space filling functionality is provided by the stabilised internal water droplets. In this study, an investigation into the kinetics of agglomeration of the modified process was undertaken. It was found that complete agglomeration of the carbonaceous material in the feed could be achieved by the emulsion binder in one third of the time required for a pure diesel binder. In addition, the improved kinetics were achieved by the emulsion binder at an organic liquid dosage of five-times less than required by a pure diesel binder.
Oncological outcome of proximal and mid extrahepatic bile duct cancer according to the surgical extend (Is the segmental bile duct resection justified?) (2022)

Background: Although surgical resection is the only potentially curative therapy for proximal-mid bile duct cancer, there is no right answer as to whether bile duct resection alone is sufficient or whether liver resection or pancreas resection should be accompanied from initial planning. This study aims to determine the surgical extent from an oncological outcome in proximal-mid bile duct cancer. Methods: Among the patients who underwent surgery for proximal-mid bile duct cancer, hepatic resection, hilar resection and pancreas resection patients were included. The analysis was conducted by dividing into two groups; Hilar resection vs. hepatic resection (analysis A), and hilar resection vs. pancreas resection (analysis B). Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival analysis were compared according to the operation type. The propensity score matching (PSM) was performed based on age, sex, bile duct invasion, lymph-node status, and R status. Results: Total 175 patients were finally included. R0, R1, R2 resection rate was 58.9%, 30.3%, and 10.9% respectively. Only for the curative-intent surgery, R0 resection showed a tendency for higher survival than R1 resection (median 54 months. vs. 43 months; p = 0.090 for analysis A, median 60 months vs. 35 months; p = 0.018 for analysis B). There was no survival difference according to operation type before and after PSM (median 45 months vs. 27 months; p = 0.785 for analysis A, vs. 63 months; p = 0.171 for analysis B, after PSM p = 0.465 for analysis A, p = 0.652 for analysis B). Conclusions: In proximal-mid bile duct cancer, surgical extent planning for R0 resection is more important than an absolute single surgical method.
{5-Chloro-2-[(4-chlorobenzylidene)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone (2012)

In the title compound, C20H13Cl2NO, the C=N bond adopts an E conformation. The chloro-substituted rings form a dihedral angle of 11.99 (9)° with each other and form dihedral angles of 74.95 (9) and 83.26 (10)° with the unsubstituted ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected into dimers by pairs of weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and the dimers are arranged in columns parallel to the a axis.
Thin film deposition with intense ion beams (1993)

Summary form only given. Thin-film deposition by ion beam evaporation (IBE) is being studied at Los Alamos with an intense light ion beam generated with an applied-B/sub r/ magnetically insulated ion diode. For the first experiments, typical beam parameters are 0.4-MV, 35-kA, 0.5-/spl mu/s pulsewidth, H, C, and O ions generated with a Lucite flashover anode. Initial deposition experiments have been performed at relatively low energy fluences of about 10 J/cm/sup 2/ onto a variety of metallic and ceramic targets using a small portion of the beam. Beam-target interactions are modelled with the hydrodynamic code TITAN. YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta ceramic films, have been deposited onto a variety of room-temperature crystalline substrates. Rutherford backscattering analyses of the thin films indicate a deposition rate of 50 nm/pulse, which is orders of magnitude higher than typical laser deposition rates.
Attenuated NER Expressions of XPF and XPC Associated with Smoking Are Involved in the Recurrence of Bladder Cancer (2014)

The varied NER genes and smoking are two important risk factors of bladder cancer, but the mechanism of the NER protein and smoking in cancer progression, however, remains unclear. In this report, we compared the expressions of NER genes in 79 bladder cancer tissues with or without any recurrence by real-time PCR and then analyzed the varied NER genes by immunochemistry in 219 bladder cancer tissue samples. Based on the clinical data, we analyzed the clinical value of varied NER genes and smoking in 219 bladder cancers by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression. We found the expressions of the NER gene XPF and XPC were significantly lower in bladder cancer tissues with a recurrence compared with those without a recurrence at mRNA level. Also, the patients with the XPF and XPC defect had a statistically significant lower median recurrence-free survival time than those without the XPF and XPC defect, and smoking can make this difference more remarkable. Our results suggest that XPF and XPC expression may be a potential predictive factor for bladder cancer, and smoking can not only influence the recurrence of bladder cancer as a single factor but also aggravate the results of the XPF defect and XPC defect.
Optical bistability in colloidal crystals (1997)

We present a one-dimensional model for the nonlinear response of a colloidal crystal to intense light illumination along a high symmetry direction. The strong coupling between light and the colloidal lattice, via the electric gradient force acting upon the particles, induces an interesting large optical nonlinearity. We obtain a bistable behavior when the incident frequency is inside the stopband of the periodic structure, with decreasing switching intensity as the frequency increases. The transmission characteristics and the magnitude of the switching threshold intensity are also in good agreement with a recent experiment.
A Selective Bottleneck Shapes the Evolutionary Mutant Spectra of Enterovirus A71 during Viral Dissemination in Humans (2017)

RNA viruses accumulate mutations to rapidly adapt to environmental changes. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes various clinical manifestations with occasional severe neurological complications. However, the mechanism by which EV-A71 evolves within the human body is unclear. Utilizing deep sequencing and haplotype analyses of viruses from various tissues of an autopsy patient, we sought to define the evolutionary pathway by which enterovirus A71 evolves fitness for invading the central nervous system in humans. Broad mutant spectra with divergent mutations were observed at the initial infection sites in the respiratory and digestive systems. After viral invasion, we identified a haplotype switch and dominant haplotype, with glycine at VP1 residue 31 (VP1-31G) in viral particles disseminated into the integumentary and central nervous systems. <i>In vitro</i> viral growth and fitness analyses indicated that VP1-31G conferred growth and a fitness advantage in human neuronal cells, whereas VP1-31D conferred enhanced replication in human colorectal cells. A higher proportion of VP1-31G was also found among fatal cases, suggesting that it may facilitate central nervous system infection in humans. Our data provide the first glimpse of EV-A71 quasispecies from oral tissues to the central nervous system within humans, showing broad implications for the surveillance and pathogenesis of this reemerging viral pathogen.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> EV-A71 continues to be a worldwide burden to public health. Although EV-A71 is the major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, it can also cause neurological pulmonary edema, encephalitis, and even death, especially in children. Understanding selection processes enabling dissemination and accurately estimating EV-A71 diversity during invasion in humans are critical for applications in viral pathogenesis and vaccine studies. Here, we define a selection bottleneck appearing in respiratory and digestive tissues. Glycine substitution at VP1 residue 31 helps viruses break through the bottleneck and invade the central nervous system. This substitution is also advantageous for replication in neuronal cells <i>in vitro</i> Considering that fatal cases contain enhanced glycine substitution at VP1-31, we suggest that the increased prevalence of VP1-31G may alter viral tropism and aid central nervous system invasion. Our findings provide new insights into a dynamic mutant spectral switch active during acute viral infection with emerging viral pathogens.
Structure and Dynamics of Cas9 HNH Domain Catalytic State (2017)

The bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 immune system has been harnessed as a powerful and versatile genome-editing tool and holds immense promise for future therapeutic applications. Despite recent advances in understanding Cas9 structures and its functional mechanism, little is known about the catalytic state of the Cas9 HNH nuclease domain, and identifying how the divalent metal ions affect the HNH domain conformational transition remains elusive. A deeper understanding of Cas9 activation and its cleavage mechanism can enable further optimization of Cas9-based genome-editing specificity and efficiency. Using two distinct molecular dynamics simulation techniques, we have obtained a cross-validated catalytically active state of Cas9 HNH domain primed for cutting the target DNA strand. Moreover, herein we demonstrate the essential roles of the catalytic Mg<sup>2+</sup> for the active state formation and stability. Importantly, we suggest that the derived catalytic conformation of the HNH domain can be exploited for rational engineering of Cas9 variants with enhanced specificity.
Natural Heat-Related Deaths in Florida: 2010-2020 (2021)

This publication discusses heat-related deaths in Florida from 2010 to 2020 and presents safety recommendations as well as useful resources to prevent heat-related illnesses. Written by Serap Gorucu, Clyde Fraisse, and Ziwen Yu, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, May 2021.
Application of adaptive impulsive noise separation to automotive squeak and rattle detection/quantification (1999)

Abnormal noises such as road-induced squeaks and rattles (S&amp;R) in automobiles are very undesired and perceived as quality risks to the customers. Subjective evaluation by trained experts is the typical S&amp;R assessment procedure for product development and quality control. S&amp;R noises usually have impulsive characteristics (time varying, and transient), and are very difficult to be detected and quantified objectively using traditional signal processing techniques. Emerging wavelet signal processing technique and kurtosis impulsive criteria were used to develop an objective impulsive noise detection and separation technique (US Patent Filed). The method has been shown to work successfully with S&amp;R samples in various frequency bands. The technique has been implemented in a portable PC to acquire or operate on any pre-recorded acoustic signal. The system then automatically detects the presence of any S&amp;R, and separates them from the original composite signal. The results can be played back for listening or processed to characterize, and quantify the S&amp;R noises. These new impulsive noise detection and separation tools have been applied to S&amp;R assessment at the vehicle level and subsystem durability tests. Applications to vibration problems have been envisioned. Conceptually, this technique may also have potential signal enhancement applications in the telecommunication field.