gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multidetector Row Computed Tomography Assessment of the Native Aortic and Mitral Valve (2011)

Aortic valve stenosis and mitral valve regurgitation are the most common valvular heart diseases (VHD) in Western countries. In daily clinical practice, the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of VHD is based on clinical findings and imaging. Transthoracic echocardiography is the preferred imaging technique for the initial evaluation of VHD. In patients with inconclusive transthoracic echocardiography, transoesophageal echocardiography can have additional diagnostic value. Cardiac multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) has proven to have diagnostic value in the evaluation of coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients with a low-to-intermediate pretest probability. The images acquired for coronary assessment also contain diagnostic information on heart valves. The purpose of this review was to discuss the diagnostic value of MDCT for the evaluation of left-sided VHD. We provide an overview of the literature comparing echocardiography and MDCT for VHD assessment focusing on aortic valve and mitral valve disease, and we present clinical recommendations.
State Estimation by Using Particle Filter based on Quantized Outputs (2011)

This paper considers the state estimation problem for nonlinear systems based on the quantized outputs. This problem plays an important role in achieving higher control performance when we use low-resolution sensors or networked control systems. First, the problem is formulated in a general setting, which could deal with a broad class of nonlinear systems in the presence of non-Gaussian noises. Second, it is proposed to apply the particle filter, which does not depend on linearity of the target systems nor Gauss noises, for the state estimation subject to quantized outputs. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate its effectiveness, where it is also shown how to deal with a class of uncertainty of the target systems.
Multilateralisierung des Brennstoffkreislaufs: ein Ausweg aus den Nuklearkrisen? (2006)

"Die aktuellen Nuklearkrisen, vor allem die Versuche Irans, eine Anreicherungsanlage zu errichten, haben alte Diskussionen über multinationale Arrangements zur Nuklearbrennstoffversorgung wiederbelebt. Ein solches Modell soll Länder, die keine eigenen Anreicherungstechnologien besitzen, davon abhalten nationale Anlagen zu bauen. Damit soll das Risiko einer unkontrollierten Verbreitung von nuklearer Technologie eingedämmt werden, die auch für Atomwaffen gebraucht werden könnte. Bei diesem Arrangement geht es also um eine bedeutsame Ergänzung des Nichtverbreitungsregimes. Ähnlich wie beim Nichtverbreitungsregime verläuft eine Kluft zwischen den Staaten, die über Anreicherungstechnologie verfügen und denjenigen, die keine besitzen: Erstere fürchten eine Proliferation von nuklearem Material und Technologie; letztere sehen in dem Multilateralisierungsvorstoß den Versuch westlicher Staaten, die Atomenergie zu monopolisieren. Dementsprechend verfolgen die 'Technologiebesitzer' vor allem ordnungspolitische Interessen und den Wunsch nach Proliferationsresistenz. Die 'Habenichtse' dagegen legen Wert auf Versorgungssicherheit und Teilhabe an der Multilateralisierung des Brennstoffkreislaufs. Für die Ausgestaltung eines solchen multinationalen Arrangements liegen eine Reihe von Vorschlägen auf dem Tisch; unter anderem haben die USA, Russland, G-6, der Industrieverband WANO, das europäische Konsortium URENCO sowie Deutschland eigene Modelle entwickelt. Die neun wichtigsten Vorschläge diskutiert Harald Müller und überprüft sie anhand der vier Kriterien: Proliferationsresistenz, ordnungspolitische Verträglichkeit, Versorgungssicherheit und Teilhabe. Dabei gelangt er zu dem Schluss, dass der deutsche Vorschlag bei allen vier Kriterien gleichmäßig gut abschneidet und er relativ gute Chancen hat, umgesetzt zu werden." (Autorenreferat)
Transfemoral Catheterization of Carotid Arteries with Real-time MR Imaging Guidance in Pigs (2005)

All procedures and protocols were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of Columbia University. To determine whether transfemoral catheterization of the carotid arteries can be performed entirely with real-time magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guidance, the authors catheterized the carotid arteries in six domestic pigs by using active-tracking catheters and guidewires and MR tracking software created for neurovascular procedures. The carotid arteries were successfully catheterized 24 times, on average within 5 minutes after insertion of the catheter into the femoral artery. Results demonstrated the feasibility of performing transfemoral catheterization of the carotid arteries with active MR tracking devices in a conventional MR imaging unit.
Breast development in a 7 year old girl with CF treated with ivacaftor: An indication for personalized dosing? (2021)

Substantial progress has been made in the treatment of Cystic fibrosis due to introduction of CFTR modulators. However, little is known about the long term side effects of treatment with these drugs. We here present a 7 year old girl with CF who presented with breast development as a rare dose dependent side effect of treatment with ivacaftor and we report data on the correlation between drug plasma concentration and clinical effect, bodyweight, and BSA in 16 patients. Higher plasma concentrations did not correlate with clinical effect, as change in FEV1 and sweat chloride concentration. Patients with low bodyweight or BSA tended to have higher plasma concentrations. This might indicate that the current recommended dose of ivacaftor is at the top of the dose-response curve and that some patients can be treated with lower doses of ivacaftor with similar clinical effect.
Diverse Topic Phrase Extraction through Latent Semantic Analysis (2006)

We propose a novel algorithm for extracting diverse topic phrases in order to provide summary for large corpora. Previous works often ignore the importance of diversity and thus extract phrases crowded on some hot topics while failing to cover other less obvious but important topics. We solve this problem through document re-weighting and phrase diversification by using latent semantic analysis (LSA). Experiments on various datasets show that our new algorithm can improve relevance as well as diversity over different topics for topic phrase extraction problems.
Quality of life (QOL) and pain in advanced stage prostate cancer: impact of missing data on evaluating palliation in SWOG 9916 (2004)

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Web page classification on child suitability (2010)

Children spend significant amounts of time on the Internet. Recent studies showed, that during these periods they are often not under adult supervision. This work presents an automatic approach to identifying suitable web pages for children based on topical and non-topical web page aspects. We discuss the characteristics of children's web sites with respect to recent findings in children's psychology and cognitive sciences. We finally evaluate our approach in a large-scale user study, finding, that it compares favourably to state of the art methods while approximating human performance.
Interactions between Food Hazards and Intestinal Barrier: Impact on Foodborne Diseases (2020)

The intestine is an important digestive organ of the human body, and its barrier is the guardian of the body from the external environment. The impairment of the intestinal barrier is believed to be an important determinant in various foodborne diseases. Food hazards can lead to the occurrence of many foodborne diseases represented by inflammation. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the impact of the food hazards on intestinal barriers is essential for promoting human health. This review examined the relationship between food hazards and the intestinal barrier in three aspects: apoptosis, imbalance of gut microbiota, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of dysfunctional gut microbiota caused by food hazards was also discussed. This review discusses the interaction among food hazards, intestinal barrier, and foodborne diseases and, thus, offers a new thought to deal with foodborne disease.
Modulation of DNA Polymerases with Gold Nanoparticles and their Applications in Hot‐Start PCR (2009)

A new gold-nanoparticle (AuNP)-based strategy to dynamically modulate the activity of DNA polymerases and realize a hot-start (HS)-like effect in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is reported, which effectively prevents unwanted nonspecific amplification and improves the performance of PCRs. A high-fidelity Pfu DNA polymerase is employed as the model system. Interestingly, AuNPs inactivate the polymerase activity of Pfu at low temperature, thus resembling an antibody-based HS PCR. This inhibition effect of AuNPs is demonstrated for the preamplification polymerization activity of the PCR, which largely suppresses nonspecific amplification at temperatures between 30 and 60 degrees C and leads to highly specific and sensitive PCR amplification with Pfu. Significantly, the fidelity of Pfu is not sacrificed in the presence of AuNPs. Therefore, this AuNP-based HS strategy provides a straightforward and potentially versatile approach to realize high-performance PCR amplification.
Comparative transcriptome analysis between an evolved abscisic acid-overproducing mutant Botrytis cinerea TBC-A and its ancestral strain Botrytis cinerea TBC-6 (2016)

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a classical phytohormone which plays an important role in plant stress resistance. Moreover, ABA is also found to regulate the activation of innate immune cells and glucose homeostasis in mammals. Therefore, this 'stress hormone' is of great importance to theoretical research and agricultural and medical applications. Botrytis cinerea is a well-known phytopathogenic ascomycete that synthesizes ABA via a pathway substantially different from higher plants. Identification of the functional genes involved in ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea would be of special interest. We developed an ABA-overproducing mutant strain, B. cinerea TBC-A, previously and obtained a 41.5-Mb genome sequence of B. cinerea TBC-A. In this study, the transcriptomes of B. cinerea TBC-A and its ancestral strain TBC-6 were sequenced under identical fermentation conditions. A stringent comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes participating in the metabolic pathways related to ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea. This study provides the first global view of the transcriptional changes underlying the very different ABA productivity of the B. cinerea strains and will expand our knowledge of the molecular basis for ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea.
Post-Translational Redox Modification of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Response to Light is Not a Major Determinant of Fine Regulation of Transitory Starch Accumulation in Arabidopsis Leaves (2011)

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) is a heterotetrameric enzyme comprising two small and two large subunits that catalyze the production of ADP-glucose linked to starch biosynthesis. The current paradigm on leaf starch metabolism assumes that post-translational redox modification of AGP in response to light is a major determinant of fine regulation of transitory starch accumulation. According to this view, under oxidizing conditions occurring during the night the two AGP small subunits (APS1) are covalently linked via an intermolecular disulfide bridge that inactivates the protein, whereas under reducing conditions occurring during the day NADP-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC)-dependent reductive monomerization of APS1 activates the enzyme. In this work we have analyzed changes in the redox status of APS1 during dark-light transition in leaves of plants cultured under different light intensities. Furthermore, we have carried out time-course analyses of starch content in ntrc mutants, and in aps1 mutants expressing the Escherichia coli redox-insensitive AGP (GlgC) in the chloroplast. We also characterized aps1 plants expressing a redox-insensitive, mutated APS1 (APS1mut) form in which the highly conserved Cys81 residue involved in the formation of the intermolecular disulfide bridge has been replaced by serine. We found that a very moderate, NTRC-dependent APS1 monomerization process in response to light occurred only when plants were cultured under photo-oxidative conditions. We also found that starch accumulation rates during the light in leaves of both ntrc mutants and GlgC-expressing aps1 mutants were similar to those of wild-type leaves. Furthermore, the pattern of starch accumulation during illumination in leaves of APS1mut-expressing aps1 mutants was similar to that of APS1-expressing aps1 mutants at any light intensity. The overall data demonstrate that post-translational redox modification of AGP in response to light is not a major determinant of fine regulation of transitory starch accumulation in Arabidopsis.
Chemistry of Mixed Sulfur-, Selenium-, or Tellurium- and Silicon-, or Tin-Containing Heterocycles (2008)

Lone pair ionization energies for 1,5-dichalcogenocanes containing endocyclic 3,7-R2Si groups and the parent 1,5-dichalcogenocanes, estimated from the TCNE charge-transfer wavelength maxima, are in good agreement with ionization energies directly obtained from photoelectron spectroscopy. These data indicate the occurrence of substantial intra-annular interaction between the chalcogen atoms and silyl groups, consistent with the well-known β -effect of silicon and the novel β-disilyl effect, when R (in R 2 Si) is Me 3 Si.
Zn2+-Ligation DNAzyme-Driven Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Cascades for the Amplified Detection of DNA (2012)

A generic fluorescence sensing platform for analyzing DNA by the Zn(2+)-dependent ligation DNAzyme as amplifying biocatalyst is presented. The platform is based on the target DNA induced ligation of two substrate subunits and the subsequent opening of a beacon hairpin probe by the ligated product. The strand displacement of the ligated product by the beacon hairpin is, however, of limited efficiency. Two strategies are implemented to overcome this limitation. By one method, a "helper" nucleic acid sequence is introduced into the system, and this hybridizes with the DNAzyme components and releases the ligated product for opening of the hairpin. By the second method, a nicking enzyme (Nt.BspQI) is added to the system, and this nicks the duplex between the beacon and ligated product while recycling the free ligation product. By combining the two coadded components ("helper" sequence and nicking enzyme), the sensitive detection of the analyte is demonstrated (detection limit, 20 pM). The enzyme-free amplified fluorescence detection of the target DNA is further presented by the Zn(2+)-dependent ligation DNAzyme-driven activation of the Mg(2+)-dependent DNAzyme. According to this method, the Mg(2+)-dependent DNAzyme subunits displace the ligated product, and the resulting assembled DNAzyme cleaves a fluorophore/quencher-modified substrate to yield fluorescence. The method enabled the detection of the target DNA with a detection limit corresponding to 10 pM. The different sensing platforms are implemented to detect the Tay-Sachs genetic disorder mutant.
Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials (2005)

A double-periodic array of pairs of parallel gold nanorods is shown to have a negative refractive index in the optical range. Such behavior results from the plasmon resonance in the pairs of nanorods for both the electric and the magnetic components of light. The refractive index is retrieved from direct phase and amplitude measurements for transmission and reflection, which are all in excellent agreement with simulations. Both experiments and simulations demonstrate that a negative refractive index n' approximately -0.3 is achieved at the optical communication wavelength of 1.5 microm using the array of nanorods. The retrieved refractive index critically depends on the phase of the transmitted wave, which emphasizes the importance of phase measurements in finding n'.
Studies on Head/Disc Contact Area Increase During Contact Start/Stop and Continuous Drag Testing of Thin Film Discs (1993)

The relationship between friction and surface roughness during start/stop and continuous drag testing of thin film discs and heads was studied. Roughness measurements were made in wear tracks on several types of discs using a stylus profiler. Two methods were used to relate surface topography to the real area of contact. For the first method the roughness data was used to generate Z-height distributions and bearing ratio curves. Using average mean-peak roughness as the height at which the head and disc make contact, the bearing ratio at that height was used as the relative contact area. In the second method, analysis of the highest peaks was used to find the standard deviation of heights and average curvature. From this the contact area was calculated using the Greenwood-Williamson model of elastic contact. Analysis of the contact area vs. coefficient of friction yielded fairly good linear correlation for both methods. Formation of ultra fine wear debris in the wear track of one disc was found to reduce significantly the effect of contact area. The shape of the Z-height distribution and bearing ratio curves were unique for each type of disc.
Identification of a cis-Element That Determines Autonomous DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells (2003)

A 36-bp human consensus sequence (CCTMDAWKSGBYTSMAAWTWBCMYTTRSCAAATTCC) is capable of supporting autonomous replication of a plasmid after transfection into eukaryotic cells. After transfection and in vitro DNA replication, replicated plasmid DNA containing a mixture of oligonucleotides of this consensus was found to reiterate the consensus. Initiation of DNA replication in vitro occurs within the consensus. One version, A3/4, in pYACneo, could be maintained under selection in HeLa cells, unrearranged and replicating continuously for >170 cell doublings. Stability of plasmid without selection was high (> or =0.9/cell/generation). Homologs of the consensus are found consistently at mammalian chromosomal sites of initiation and within CpG islands. Versions of the consensus function as origins of DNA replication in normal and malignant human cells, immortalized monkey and mouse cells, and normal cow, chicken, and fruit fly cells. Random mutagenesis studies suggest an internal 20-bp consensus sequence of the 36 bp may be sufficient to act as a core origin element. This cis-element consensus sequence is an opportunity for focused analyses of core origin elements and the regulation of initiation of DNA replication.
Nonlinear input mapping in fuzzy control systems (2002)

The input scaling factors in a fuzzy control system are often used as a transformation from the real input data to the desired space. Sometimes, they are tuned for better performance just as the coefficients in a PID controller. Theoretically, they are constant and should be adjusted for better performance while the operating point is changed. In this paper, the authors suggest nonlinear mapping functions to substitute the role of input scaling factors. The results show how the nonlinear mapping function work and the performance could be better by proper adjustment. It is also noticed that such mapping will change the shapes of the membership functions. That means one need not tune every membership function of linguistic variables, and just choosing a proper nonlinear mapping function could achieve the same effects. The authors use an inverted pendulum system to verify the results.
Mathematical modelling of dynamic cooling and pre-heating, used to increase the depth of selective damage to blood vessels in laser treatment of port wine stains (1996)

Based on the assumption that the maximum irradiance allowed during laser treatment of port wine stains is limited by the temperature rise at the dermoepidermal junction, we theoretically investigated how much the irradiance could be increased by dynamically cooling the skin surface. The heat condution equation was solved numerically in cylindrical coordinates using a skin model composed of four layers. The laser-light absorption was calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. The transient thermal behaviour of the skin was modelled when cooling with water at a temperature of 0 degrees C and with liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196 degrees C. With cooling, an increase in the maximum irradiance by a factor of 2.3-3.6 was theoretically permitted depending on the irradiation time, wavelength and mode of cooling. The corresponding increase in vessel selective damage depth was predicted to be 0.4-0.5 mm. A new concept for increasing the depth of vessel selective damage is introduced where the initial temperature profile of the skin is reshaped by using not only surface cooling but also laser irradiation. By pre-irradiating the skin with near-infrared light without selective absorption by the tissue chromophores in conjunction with surface cooling, a maximum temperature at a depth of 1 mm from the dermoepidermal junction was theoretically achieved. A subsequent 0.1 s pulse from a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser is theoretically shown to selectively destroy vessels up to a depth of 0.8 mm from the dermoepidermal junction. By pre-heating at 1064 nm and treating at 532 nm in conjunction with surface cooling, the theoretical results indicate that the Nd:YAG laser can compete in effectiveness with the flashlamp-pumped dye laser in the treatment of port wine stains.
Chalcolithic groundwater mining in the southern Levant: open, vertical shafts in the Late Chalcolithic central coastal plain settlement landscape of Israel (2019)

Levantine adaptive water subsistence and exploitative water management studies concerning late pre- and proto-history have intensified since 2000. This comes in the wake of findings concerning domestic water (e.g., groundwater wells and surface irrigation systems) in particular in the eastern Mediterranean basin. Excavations conducted over the last 15 years on Israel's central coastal plain revealed several clusters of anthropogenic, vertical, narrow, deep shafts, apparently disassociated from contemporary settlement or burial localities. The shafts were cut through local kurkar and/or hamra soils. Despite their seemingly isolated, open-space locations within the settlement landscape, the shaft fills yielded a rich, albeit secondary source of typical settlement waste, consisting mostly of discarded pottery vessels, chipped- and ground-stone tools, and faunal remains. All these remains date exclusively to within the Late Chalcolithic period (LC1), contemporary with and relatable to the Beer Sheva aspect of the period (c. 4200 cal BC-3900 cal BC). This paper reviews the current state of research vis à vis these shafts in the eastern Mediterranean basin, in an attempt to integrate the recently recorded phenomenon of Late Chalcolithic shaft clusters in Israel's central coastal plain, into the framework of artificial groundwater wells from the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic through the Late Chalcolithic periods.
Performance of alternative manual and automated deep learning segmentation techniques for the prediction of benign and malignant lung nodules (2023)

Radiomic biopsy-based models outperformed FM and BB models in prediction of benign and malignant lung nodules in two independent datasets while deep-learning segmentation-based models performed similarly to FM and BB. RB could be a more efficient segmentation method, but further validation is needed.