gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structured Control Nets for Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

In recent years, Deep Reinforcement Learning has made impressive advances in solving several important benchmark problems for sequential decision making. Many control applications use a generic multilayer perceptron (MLP) for non-vision parts of the policy network. In this work, we propose a new neural network architecture for the policy network representation that is simple yet effective. The proposed Structured Control Net (SCN) splits the generic MLP into two separate sub-modules: a nonlinear control module and a linear control module. Intuitively, the nonlinear control is for forward-looking and global control, while the linear control stabilizes the local dynamics around the residual of global control. We hypothesize that this will bring together the benefits of both linear and nonlinear policies: improve training sample efficiency, final episodic reward, and generalization of learned policy, while requiring a smaller network and being generally applicable to different training methods. We validated our hypothesis with competitive results on simulations from OpenAI MuJoCo, Roboschool, Atari, and a custom 2D urban driving environment, with various ablation and generalization tests, trained with multiple black-box and policy gradient training methods. The proposed architecture has the potential to improve upon broader control tasks by incorporating problem specific priors into the architecture. As a case study, we demonstrate much improved performance for locomotion tasks by emulating the biological central pattern generators (CPGs) as the nonlinear part of the architecture.
Strehl ratio and aberration balancing (1991)

The relation between the Strehl ratio and the wave-front variance is analyzed from the point of view of aberration balancing. For some given set of aberrations the Strehl ratio is calculated along two different parametric paths in the aberration space: one corresponding to the minimum wave-front variance and the other to the maximum Strehl ratio. The case of the combination of different orders of coma, spherical aberration, and astigmatism are shown. A simple graphic is presented to show, at constant wave-front variance, the departure of the Strehl ratio from a constant value. The wave-front-balancing functions corresponding to the maximum Strehl ratio are shown to be discontinuous or stepwise functions.
Qualitative and quantitative structure–activity relationship modelling for predicting blood-brain barrier permeability of structurally diverse chemicals (2015)

In this study, structure-activity relationship (SAR) models have been established for qualitative and quantitative prediction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of chemicals. The structural diversity of the chemicals and nonlinear structure in the data were tested. The predictive and generalization ability of the developed SAR models were tested through internal and external validation procedures. In complete data, the QSAR models rendered ternary classification accuracy of >98.15%, while the quantitative SAR models yielded correlation (r(2)) of >0.926 between the measured and the predicted BBB permeability values with the mean squared error (MSE) <0.045. The proposed models were also applied to an external new in vitro data and yielded classification accuracy of >82.7% and r(2) > 0.905 (MSE < 0.019). The sensitivity analysis revealed that topological polar surface area (TPSA) has the highest effect in qualitative and quantitative models for predicting the BBB permeability of chemicals. Moreover, these models showed predictive performance superior to those reported earlier in the literature. This demonstrates the appropriateness of the developed SAR models to reliably predict the BBB permeability of new chemicals, which can be used for initial screening of the molecules in the drug development process.
Crossed Polymer Optical Waveguide for Optical Printed Circuit Board (2012)

We propose to apply graded-index (GI) cores into crossed multimode waveguides. We already confirmed the strong optical confinement effect of GI cores, and thus, GI cores enable to decrease the light leakage at the crossed area, compared to the step-index (SI)-core crossed waveguides. In fact, we calculate the light propagation loss in crossed waveguides with SI and GI cores by developing a ray tracing simulation program. It is found that the GI core shows remarkably lower waveguide loss (0.19 dB for 50-perpendicular crosses) than those of SI core (3.7 dB for the same crossings).
Adsorption of Li2O2, Na2O2, and NaO2 on TiC(111) Surface for Metal–Air Rechargeable Batteries: A Theoretical Study (2018)

We analyze, with density functional theory calculations, the adsorption energies of Li2O2, Na2O2, and NaO2 on clean and oxygen-passivated TiC (111) surfaces. We show that after deposition of two molecular layers of alkali metal oxides, the initial state of the TiC surface becomes unimportant for the adsorption energy and that all adsorption energies approach their native crystal values. The structure of the adsorbed molecular layers is analyzed and compared with their native oxide crystal structure. Finally, we discuss the similarities and differences of Li peroxide and Na oxides adsorption at the electrode surface.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of (–)-carbovir utilizing a whole cell catalysed resolution of 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one (1990)

The resolution of (±)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one (3), a versatile intermediate in the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides, is described; both optical forms of the lactam have been obtained in very high optical purity (> 98% enantiomeric excess) in rapid, facile, large-scale biotransformation processes using whole cell catalysts and the laevorotatory enantiomer has been converted into (–)-carbovir.
Proteomic analysis of sperm regions that mediate sperm‐egg interactions (2006)

The sperm interacts with three oocyte-associated structures during fertilization: the cumulus cell layer surrounding the oocyte, the egg extracellular matrix (the zona pellucida), and the oocyte plasma membrane. Each of these interactions is mediated by the sperm head, probably through proteins both on the sperm surface and within the acrosome, a specialized secretory granule. In this study, we have used subcellular fractionation in order to generate a proteome of the sperm head subcellular compartments that interact with oocytes. Of the proteins we identified for which a gene knockout has been tested, a third have been shown to be essential for efficient reproduction in vivo. Many of the other presently untested proteins are likely to have a similarly important role. Twenty-five percent of the cell surface fraction proteins are previously uncharacterized. We have shown that at least two of these novel proteins are localized to the sperm head. In summary, we have identified over 100 proteins that are expressed on mature sperm at the site of sperm-oocyte interactions.
Miniaturization of array microstrip antenna using peripheral slits for wireless fidelity communication (2017)

This paper proposed a new design of array microstrip antenna using slit technique to reduce dimension of the antenna for Wireless Fidelity Communication and to increase gain. Dimension of the enclosure of the proposed antenna is 269 mm × 87 mm. The proposed antenna using single layer FR4 substrate with relative permittivity (εr) of 4.3, substrate thickness (h) of 1.6 mm and loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.0265. The simulation results shown that the antenna is capable working at frequency 2448 MHz with VSWR of 1.104 and return loss of −26.14 dB. Bandwidth of the proposed microstrip antenna is 320 MHz (2253 MHz–2573 MHz). Furthermore, its dimension can be reduced up to 37.5% with its gain of the proposed antenna of 6.45 dB.
Use of novel prokinetic agents to facilitate return of gastrointestinal motility in adult critically ill patients (2006)

Novel prokinetic agents show promise for management of gastrointestinal hypomotility in the critically ill population. However, further study is required before these agents can be recommended for use.
Toward a Phage Cocktail for Tuberculosis: Susceptibility and Tuberculocidal Action of Mycobacteriophages against Diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains (2021)

The global health burden of human tuberculosis (TB) and the widespread antibiotic resistance of its causative agent <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> warrant new strategies for TB control. The successful use of a bacteriophage cocktail to treat a <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> infection suggests that phages could play a role in tuberculosis therapy. To assemble a phage cocktail with optimal therapeutic potential for tuberculosis, we have explored mycobacteriophage diversity to identify phages that demonstrate tuberculocidal activity and determined the phage infection profiles for a diverse set of strains spanning the major lineages of human-adapted strains of the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex. Using a combination of genome engineering and bacteriophage genetics, we have assembled a five-phage cocktail that minimizes the emergence of phage resistance and cross-resistance to multiple phages, and which efficiently kills the <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains tested. Furthermore, these phages function without antagonizing antibiotic effectiveness, and infect both isoniazid-resistant and -sensitive strains.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Tuberculosis kills 1.5 million people each year, and resistance to commonly used antibiotics contributes to treatment failures. The therapeutic potential of bacteriophages against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> offers prospects for shortening antibiotic regimens, provides new tools for treating multiple drug-resistant (MDR)-TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB infections, and protects newly developed antibiotics against rapidly emerging resistance to them. Identifying a suitable suite of phages active against diverse <i>M. tuberculosis</i> isolates circumvents many of the barriers to initiating clinical evaluation of phages as part of the arsenal of antituberculosis therapeutics.
Abstract Counterexample-Based Refinement for Powerset Domains. (2006)

Abstract. Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) is a powerful technique to scale automatic program analysis techniques to large programs. However, so far it has been used primarily for model checking in the context of predicate abstraction. We formalize CEGAR for general powerset domains. If a spurious abstract counterexample needs to be removed through abstraction refinement, there are often domain(s) to use at different locations, and which abstract values to compute. We define several plausible preference orderings on abstraction refinements, such as refining as “late ” as possible and as “coarse” as possible. We present generic algorithms for finding refinements that are optimal with respect to the different preference orderings. We also compare the different orderings with respect to desirable properties, including the property if locally optimal refinements compose to a global optimum. Finally, we point out some difficulties with CEGAR for nonpowerset domains. 1
Elaborative inferences during reading: Do they occur on-line? (1988)

Four experiments were conducted to examine the extent to which readers construct elaborative inferences on-line during reading. In Experiment 1, gaze durations were measured while subjects read anaphors to target antecedents that referenced a particular category member either explicitly or implicitly. When the context strongly suggested a particular category member, gaze durations on an anaphor were the same following either an implicit or an explicit antecedent. When the context did not suggest any particular category member, gaze durations were significantly longer following an implicit antecedent. The results confirmed that, with sufficient context, readers will generate a simple elaborative inference on-line. These results were replicated in Experiment 2 in which the materials did not strongly signal the inference but a sentence designed to encourage subjects to infer was included. In Experiment 3, this "demand sentence" was not included, and readers did not appear to construct the targeted inference. The results of Experiment 4 confirmed that once generated, elaborative inferences are stored as part of the long-term-memory representation of a passage.
The right to be heard (2013)

People with learning disabilities must be listened to by the professionals caring for them, writes Jayne Wilson
A proof-of-concept study on the use of a fluorescein-based 18F-tracer for pretargeted PET (2022)

A versatile pretargeting platform for PET imaging, which combines bispecific antibodies and a fluorescein-based <sup>18</sup>F-tracer, is presented. It is shown to selectively target EpCAM-expressing cells in vitro and its further evaluation with different bispecific antibodies demonstrates the versatility of the approach.
Intra-arterial Contrasted Cone-beam Computed Tomography Assessment of Vessels Distal from Occluded Site in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Major Vessel Occlusion (2017)

Characterization of vessels distal from occluded site is important when considering endovascular revascularization therapy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke. The goal of this study was to assess the clinical value of intra-arterial contrasted high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography from the ascending aorta (Ao-CBCT) for visualization of the vessels distal from occluded site. Acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion who were to undergo EVT were evaluated. In EVT, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and Ao-CBCT were performed with local anesthesia. Ao-CBCT images were acquired in a 20-second rotational scan. Contrast medium was injected (1 mL/s for a total of 30 seconds using a 4-Fr catheter and an imaging delay of 10 seconds) from the ascending aorta. We assessed the image quality of Ao-CBCT and compared the visualization of the vessels distal from occluded site among magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), DSA and Ao-CBCT. We analyzed 14 patients (mean age, 66 years; three female patients). Stroke subtypes were cardiogenic (n = 6), atherothrombotic (n = 5) and others/unknown (n = 3). Occluded sites were middle cerebral artery (MCA) M1 (n = 8), MCA M2 (n = 2), internal carotid artery (ICA) (n = 2), MCA M4 (n = 1) and basilar artery (BA) (n = 1). All obtained Ao-CBCT images successfully characterized the vessels distal from occluded site, and 11 images (79%) were excellent. In all cases, Ao-CBCT images could depict distal vessels with more detail when compared with MRA and DSA. Ao-CBCT is an efficient method to obtain detailed information regarding vessels distal from occluded site when compared with conventional examination methods.
STRUCTURES RELATED TO MORPHINE. II. AN ISOMER OF N-METHYLMORPHINAN (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSTRUCTURES RELATED TO MORPHINE. II. AN ISOMER OF N-METHYLMORPHINANEVERETTE L. MAY and JAMES G. MURPHYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1954, 19, 4, 618–622Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01369a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01369a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<title>Improvements to quantitative microscopy through the use of digital micromirror devices</title> (2000)

All of the different modes of microscopy deliver light in a controlled fashion to the object to be examined and collect as much of the light containing the desired information about the object as possible. The system being presented replaces the simple circular or annular diaphragms of a conventional microscope with digital micromirror devices to enable digital light microscopy. The DMDs are placed in the optical path at positions corresponding to the field and aperture diaphragms of a conventional microscope. This allows for more precise and flexible control over the spatial location, amount, and angles of the illumination light, and the light to be collected. Digital light microscopy enables the improvement of existing modes of microscopy, specifically for quantitative microscopy applications. Confocal microscopy has been performed, realizing improvements in resolution, flexibility, and cost. Three different combinations of image acquisition and post- processing algorithms have ben sued to generate confocal images, as well as a tomographic reconstruction image.
Factors affecting the role of canonical Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 in cancer progression (2023)

Dkk-1 has a context-specific dual role as a tumor suppressor or driver. Dkk-1 is significantly more likely to serve as a tumor suppressor in tumors arising from ectoderm and endoderm while the converse is true for mesodermal tumors. Patient survival data indicated high Dkk-1 expression is generally a poor prognostic indicator. These findings provide further support for the importance of Dkk-1 as a therapeutic cancer target in some cases.
Oxygen-Independent Photocleavage of DNA, and Uptake of Chlorophyll Derivatives by Cellular Nuclei and Mitochondria (1994)

Plasmid DNA has been efficiently photocleaved by sodium pheophorbides (Na-Phdes) a and b in the absence of oxygen as well as in the presence of oxygen. Singlet oxygen production sensitized by Na-Phdes a or b cannot be observed in the aqueous media, but with remarkable efficiency in organic solvents. Fluorescence microscopic observation has shown a rapid incorporation of Na-Phde a into nuclei, mitochondria, and lysosome of human oral mucosa cells. In contrast, Na-Phde b has been incorporated only into the plasma membrane. Fluorescence intensity of Na-Phde a has rapidly decreased during microscopic observation, indicating that some photochemical reactions take place in the organelle.
Mass Spectral Kinetic Study of Acylation and Deacylation During the Hydrolysis of Penicillins and Cefotaxime by .beta.-Lactamase TEM-1 and the G238S Mutant (1995)

The G238S substitution found in extended-spectrum natural mutants of TEM-1 beta-lactamase induces a new capacity to hydrolyze cefotaxime and a large loss of activity against the good substrates of TEM-1. To understand this phenomenon at the molecular level, a method to determine the acylation and deacylation elementary rate constants has been developed by using electrospray mass spectrometry combined with UV spectrophotometry. The hydrolysis of penicillins and cefotaxime by TEM-1 and the G238S mutant shows that the behavior of penicillins and cefotaxime is very different. With both enzymes, the limiting step is deacylation for penicillin hydrolysis, but acylation for cefotaxime hydrolysis. Further analyses of the G238S mutant show that the loss of activity against penicillins is due to a large decrease in the deacylation rate and that the increase in catalytic efficiency against cefotaxime is the result of a better Km and an increased acylation rate. These modifications of the elementary rate constants and the hydrolytic capacity in the G238S mutant could be linked to structural effects on the omega-loop conformation in the active site.
Experimental investigation of the axial oxidizer injectors geometry on a 1-kN paraffin-fueled hybrid rocket motor (2021)

The showerhead is the most common type of injector used in hybrid rocket motors due to its design and manufacture simplicity. The main drawback of the showerheads (SH) is the relatively low performance in terms of combustion efficiency because of the poor atomization of the liquid oxidizer. This study investigates the problem to enrich the technical literature by presenting detailed experimental data on showerhead injectors by a series of static firing tests using a 1-kN lab-scale hybrid rocket, applying four kinds of showerhead injectors, named SH1 (benchmark), SH2, SH3, and SH4. They differ from each other by the number, distribution, and dimension of the orifice elements. Main performance parameters such as fuel regression rate, specific impulse, and combustion efficiency are experimentally obtained. Two different series of tests were carried out. At first, the influence of SH injector geometries was studied. The injectors SH2, SH3, and SH4 were used under the same initial conditions, and the results were compared with SH1. In the second set of tests, the SH4 injector was chosen, and the effects of the fuel grain initial port diameter were investigated. Using the data obtained in the second battery of tests was possible to determine the influence of the fuel port diameter on the motor efficiency and establish the regression rate law of nitrous oxidizer/paraffin-based fuel for this specific configuration.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Aberrant Vimentin Methylation Is Characteristic of Upper Gastrointestinal Pathologies (2023)

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Detection of Jarcho–Levin syndrome at 12 weeks' gestation by nuchal translucency screening and three‐dimensional ultrasound (2001)

Jarcho-Levin syndrome (JLS) or spondylothoracic dysotosis causes early newborn death from respiratory insufficiency. Prenatal diagnosis is possible using fetal ultrasound, but requires a high level of suspicion and definitive diagnosis may be delayed well into the second trimester. We present a case in which a combination of three-dimensional ultrasound and measurement of nuchal translucency thickness allowed successful detection of recurrent JLS at 12 weeks' gestation.
5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: FOCUS ON THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER (SERT) (2006)

1. The function of the serotonin transporter (SERT) is to take up and release serotonin (5-hydroxytyptamine (5-HT)) from cells and this function of SERT in the central nervous system (CNS) is well-documented; SERT is the target of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used in the treatment of CNS disorders, such as depression. 2. The aim of the present review is to discuss our current knowledge of 5-HT and SERT in the cardiovascular (CV) system, as well as their function in physiological and pathophysiological states. 3. The SERT protein has been located in multiple CV tissues, including the heart, blood vessels, brain, platelets, adrenal gland and kidney. Modification of SERT function occurs at both transcriptional and translational levels. The functions of SERT in these tissues is largely unexplored, but includes modulation of cardiac and smooth muscle contractility, platelet aggregation, cellular mitogenesis, modulating neuronal activity and urinary excretion. 4. Recent studies have uncovered potential relationships between the expression of SERT gene promoter variants (long (l) or short (s)) with CV diseases. Specifically, the risk of myocardial infarction and pulmonary hypertension is increased with expression of the ll promoter, a variant associated with increased expression and function of SERT. The relationship between promoter variants and other CV diseases has not been investigated. 5. Newly available experimental tools, such as pharmacological compounds and genetically altered mice, should prove useful in the investigation of the function of SERT in the CV system. 6. In summary, the function of SERT in the CV system is just beginning to be revealed.