gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Issue on Optical Waveguide Technology and Applications (2016)

The papers in this special section focus on optical waveguide technology and applications for its use. It seems a long time ago since Hondros and Debye in the year 1910 published the Cylindrical Dielectric Waveguide Theory and since Charles Kao in the 1960s developed the first breakthroughs of fiber optic technology. Huge steps, however, have been made since then to develop optical fibers into components, systems, and optical fiber networks. Groundbreaking research has allowed access to THz bandwidth from optical fibers carrying today’s huge Internet traffic. Advances in lasers, optical fiber amplifiers, and numerous optical fiber types, components, and devices have been developed promising even further strides in pushing performance barriers and the optical fiber as the core medium for the future of human communications and a necessary part of infrastructure for improving quality of human life.
Crack detection in crystalline silicon solar cells using dark-field imaging (2017)

The high capital expenditure (capex) necessary to manufacture crystalline silicon PV modules negatively affects the levelized cost of electricity (¢/kWh) and critically impacts the rate at which the PV industry can scale up. Wafer, cell, and module fabrication with thin free-standing silicon wafers is one key to reduce capex. Thin wafers reduce capex associated with silicon refining and wafer fabrication, which together sum to 58% of the total capex of silicon module manufacturing. In addition, thin wafers directly and significantly reduce variable costs. However, introducing 50 μm thin free-standing wafers into today’s manufacturing lines result in cracking, creating a yield-based disincentive. Due to the brittle nature of silicon, wafer breakage is the major concern due to the high stress that is induced during processes in manufacturing lines. In this paper, we describe an improved method for edge micro-crack detection that can help enable low-capex, thin free-standing Si wafers. We present a method of detecting and measuring cracks along wafer edges by using a dark-field IR scattering imaging technique which enables detection of edge cracks at the micron scale.
Study of Thermally Targeted Nano-Particle Drug Delivery for Tumor Therapy (2008)

The efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutics could be greatly enhanced by thermally targeted nanoparticle liposome drug delivery system. The tumor microvasculature response to hyperthermia and its permeability to the nano-liposomes were studied using the 4T1 mouse model and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Based on the experimental results, a new theoretical model was developed to describe the distributions of both the liposomal and free drug released as liposomes broke in tumor for treatment evaluation. In this model, the tumor was divided into two regions: peripheral and central. The drug effect on the tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis was considered. Upon the experimental validation, the model was used to simulate drug distribution in the tumor under either the hyperthermic or the alternate freezing and heating condition. Results showed that hyperthermia alone only enhanced drug accumulation in the tumor periphery and therefore more serious tumor damage induced in the region. But the tumor cells in the central region were hardly damaged due to the lack of drug diffusion. The alternate freezing and heating was proposed to aid the nanoliposomal drug delivery, and better results were found.
Sterilization reversals performed by fellows in training: What success rates can we reasonably expect? (1987)

To assess outcomes of sterilization reversal procedures performed by fellows in training, we retrospectively analyzed 44 women who had undergone this procedure at a large teaching institution. All women studied had been followed postoperatively for a minimum of 12 months. Sixty-five percent of patients became pregnant. Fifty-four percent of patients successfully delivered a term infant. Compared to results tallied by experienced microsurgeons, no significant differences in outcomes were noted. We conclude that clinically inexperienced microsurgeons can obtain reasonable success rates for sterilization reversal procedures by carefully following established microsurgical principles.
Golgi enzymes that synthesize plant cell wall polysaccharides: finding and evaluating candidates in the genomic era. (2001)

Although the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides is a critical process during plant cell growth and differentiation, many of the wall biosynthetic genes have not yet been identified. This review focuses on the synthesis of noncellulosic matrix polysaccharides formed in the Golgi apparatus. Our consideration is limited to two types of plant cell wall biosynthetic enzymes: glycan synthases and glycosyltransferases. Classical means of identifying these enzymes and the genes that encode them rely on biochemical purification of enzyme activity to obtain amino acid sequence data that is then used to identify the corresponding gene. This type of approach is difficult, especially when acceptor substrates for activity assays are unavailable, as is the case for many enzymes. However, bioinformatics and functional genomics provide powerful alternative means of identifying and evaluating candidate genes. Database searches using various strategies and expression profiling can identify candidate genes. The involvement of these genes in wall biosynthesis can be evaluated using genetic, reverse genetic, biochemical, and heterologous expression methods. Recent advances using these methods are considered in this review.
Density measurements, calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy of icosahedral Mn14Al86 (1985)

The density and heat of crystallization of rapidly quenched Mn14Al86 were measured and found to be 3.287±0.038 g/cm3 and 16.2 cal/g, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed nodules of the icosahedral phase with lattice fringes. No Kikuchi lines were observed in either selected area or convergent beam diffraction.
Chronic Infiltration of T Lymphocytes into the Brain in a Non-human Primate Model of Parkinson’s Disease (2020)

Study of interactions between the nervous system and immunity offers insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. Studies on rodents have revealed regulatory mechanisms of microglial activation and T lymphocyte recruitment in PD. However, the mechanisms underlying chronic T lymphocyte infiltration into the brain after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection into a non-human primate (NHP) model of PD remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate changes in serum RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expression and secretion) and analyze the chronic infiltration of T lymphocytes into the brain and microglia activation in NHPs at 48 weeks post-MPTP administration. We found selective and local chronic infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, loss of dopaminergic neurons, dopamine transporter expression, chronic normalization of RANTES in the peripheral blood, and altered microglial morphology at 48 weeks after MPTP injection. This study confirms the involvement of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration in MPTP-induced NHP models of PD. Additionally, we corroborated previous findings regarding the mechanisms of T lymphocyte-induced neurodegeneration. The findings of chronic infiltration of T lymphocytes in our NHP model of PD provide novel insights into PD pathogenesis and the development of preventive and therapeutic agents.
Evaluation of Flygt Mixers for Application in Savannah River Site Tank 19 Test Results from Phase A: Small-Scale Testing at ITT Flygt (1999)

The key findings of the small-scale Flygt mixer tests are provided in this section. Some of these findings may not apply in larger tanks, so these data must be applied carefully when making predictions for large tanks. Flygt mixer testing in larger tanks at PNNL and in a full-scale tank at the SRS will be used to determine the applicability of these findings. The principal objectives of the small-scale Flygt mixer tests were to measure the critical fluid velocities required for sludge mobilization and particle suspension, to evaluate the applicability of the Gladki (1997) method for predicting required mixer thrust, and to provide small-scale test results for comparison with larger-scale tests to observe the effects of scale-up. The tank profile and mixer orientation (i.e., stationary, horizontal mixers) were in the same configuration as the prototype system, however, available resources did not allow geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similitude to be achieved. The results of these tests will be used in conjunction with the results from similar tests using larger tanks and mixers (tank diameters of 1.8 and 5.7 m [Powell et al. 1999]) to evaluate the effects of scaling and to aid in developing a methodology for predicting performance at full scale.
On the Partially Overlapped Channel Assignment on Wireless Mesh Network Backbone: A Game Theoretic Approach (2012)

The Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has already been recognized as a promising broadband access network technology from both academic and commercial perspective. In order to improve the performance of WMNs, extensive research efforts have been dedicated towards finding means to increase the number of simultaneous transmissions in the network while avoiding signal interference among radios. In case of WMNs based on IEEE 802.11 b/g standards, most recent research works have relied upon the usage of orthogonal channels for solving the Channel Assignment (CA) problem. In this paper, we explore the possibility of exploiting Partially Overlapped Channels (POCs) by introducing a novel game theoretic distributed CA algorithm. Our proposed algorithm outperforms both the conventional orthogonal channel approach and the recent heuristic CA algorithms using POC. The proposed algorithm is shown to achieve near-optimal performance in the average case. In addition, the upper bound Price of Anarchy for Multi-Radio Multi-Channel (MRMC) networks is derived to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Integrating 2D and 3D Digital Plant Information Towards Automatic Generation of Digital Twins (2020)

Ongoing standardization in Industry 4.0 supports tool vendor neutral representations of Piping and Instrumentation diagrams as well as 3D pipe routing. However, a complete digital plant model requires combining these two representations. 3D pipe routing information is essential for building any accurate first-principles process simulation model. Piping and instrumentation diagrams are the primary source for control loops. In order to automatically integrate these information sources to a unified digital plant model, it is necessary to develop algorithms for identifying corresponding elements such as tanks and pumps from piping and instrumentation diagrams and 3D CAD models. One approach is to raise these two information sources to a common level of abstraction and to match them at this level of abstraction. Graph matching is a potential technique for this purpose. This article focuses on automatic generation of the graphs as a prerequisite to graph matching. Algorithms for this purpose are proposed and validated with a case study. The paper concludes with a discussion of further research needed to reprocess the generated graphs in order to enable effective matching.
Graph-Based Authentication of Digital Streams. (2000)

We consider the authentication of digital streams over a lossy network. The overall approach taken is graph-based, as this yields simple methods for controlling overhead, delay, and the ability to authenticate, while serving to unify many previously known hash- and MAC-based techniques. The loss pattern of the network is defined probabilistically, allowing both bursty and random packet loss to be modeled. Our authentication schemes are customizable by the sender of the stream; that is, within reasonable constraints on the input parameters, we provide schemes that achieve the desired authentication probability while meeting the input upper bound on the overhead per packet. In addition, we demonstrate that some of the shortcomings of previously known schemes correspond to easily identifiable properties of a graph, and hence, may be more easily avoided by taking a graph-based approach to designing authentication schemes. 1
IMMOBILIZATION OF CHACOAN PECCARIES (CATAGONUS WAGNERI) USING MEDETOMIDINE, TELAZOL®, AND KETAMINE (2004)

A combination of medetomidine, Telazol, and ketamine hydrochloride was used to immobilize captive Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri) for translocation within Paraguay during August-October 2002. Animals were darted in enclosed areas of varying size. The average dose used was 32.5+/-7.2 microg/kg of medetomidine, 0.63+/-0.2 mg/kg of Telazol, and 3.9+/-0.65 mg/kg of ketamine. First effects were noted at 4.3+/-2.1 min, and ability to handle the animals was achieved by 12.6+/-3.7 min. Heart and respiratory rates declined and oxygen saturation increased during anesthesia. Muscle relaxation was good. Atipamezole was used to antagonize the medetomidine, although recoveries were still slow. This drug combination provided adequate immobilization of Chacoan peccaries; however, this protocol would not be considered to be reversible, and confinement during recovery is recommended.
Knowledge Representation System for Robot-Based Automated Assembly (1989)

The complexity of the man-machine interface and the issues of controlling a robot and ensuring that the robot does indeed complete the task are significant obstacles to the use of robots in the assembly environment. We have developed a knowledge representation model for robots in the assembly environment. The proposed model provides a means of using apriori knowledge and reasoning capabilities for specifying, controlling, and monitoring the tasks performed by robots. This knowledge representation model facilitates robot programming and real time error prevention. We describe the object models for the proposed knowledge presentation system and present the constraint enforcing environment for the modeling of assemblies. This includes the representation of constraints and the rules for simplifying constraints and motion strategies for primitives and assemblies.
Trends in diabetes-related complications in Hong Kong, 2001–2016: a retrospective cohort study (2020)

The event rates of diabetes-related complications have declined substantially with no evidence of stabilization or increase in Hong Kong up to 2016. Improvements in outcome were observed for all age subgroups but not in young people with diabetes, calling for urgent action to improve quality of care to prevent complications in young people at risk.
Patterns of T-Cell Repopulation, Virus Load Reduction, and Restoration of T-Cell Function in HIV-Infected Persons During Therapy With Different Antiretroviral Agents (1997)

The effect of antiretroviral therapy on both T-cell numbers and T-cell function in peripheral blood was studied. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers, T-cell reactivity to CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and viral RNA load date were obtained from patients treated for at least 28 weeks with either the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir, the nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor nevirapine, or the nucleoside-analogue RT inhibitor zidovudine. Compared with both RT inhibitors, treatment with the protease inhibitor ritonavir resulted in the most significant and persistent elevation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts. However, in vitro T-cell functional improvement was of limited duration in the ritonavir-treated group and was inversely correlated with viral RNA load changes during the entire follow-up period. Thus, despite what can be assumed of responses during RT inhibitor therapy, quantitative responses on therapy did not necessarily correlate with qualitative immunologic responses, as can be seen during treatment with ritonavir. For optimal immune reconstitution, both numeric and functional immunologic improvements are essential. During antiretroviral therapy, measurement of in vitro improvement in immune function will be useful as a correlate for transient drug-induced alteration of immunodeficiency.
Using motion from orthographic projections to prune 3-D point matches (2003)

The authors presented a new method using motion constraint to prune 3-D point matches. The method discards noisy z coordinates of points and uses only x and y coordinates to compute motion. This method is specifically designed to resolve the matching ambiguity due to the use of large error tolerances in rigidity tests to account for depth errors. A least-squares solution of the motion problem is derived. Results show that this method is able to detect false matches more effectively than the traditional method which uses full 3-D coordinates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Integrated Photonics for a Compact Strontium Optical Clock (2022)

We explore photonic-integrated circuits and metasurface optics to generate multiple, large diameter, circularly polarized laser beams for a compact strontium optical clock. We demonstrate an 88 Sr magneto-optical trap with integrated photonics in a liter-scale apparatus.
Heat-ray (2009)

As computers have become ever more interconnected, the complexity of security configuration has exploded. Management tools have not kept pace, and we show that this has made identity snowball attacks into a critical danger. Identity snowball attacks leverage the users logged in to a first compromised host to launch additional attacks with those users' privileges on other hosts. To combat such attacks, we present Heat-ray, a system that combines machine learning, combinatorial optimization and attack graphs to scalably manage security configuration. Through evaluation on an organization with several hundred thousand users and machines, we show that Heat-ray allows IT administrators to reduce by 96% the number of machines that can be used to launch a large-scale identity snowball attack.
Molecular regulators of resolution of inflammation: potential therapeutic targets in the reproductive system (2011)

Inflammatory processes are central to reproductive events including ovulation, menstruation, implantation and labour, while inflammatory dysregulation is a feature of numerous reproductive pathologies. In recent years, there has been much research into the endogenous mechanisms by which inflammatory reactions are terminated and tissue homoeostasis is restored, a process termed resolution. The identification and characterisation of naturally occurring pro-resolution mediators including lipoxins and annexin A1 has prompted a shift in the field of anti-inflammation whereby resolution is now observed as an active process, triggered as part of a normal inflammatory response. This review will address the process of resolution, discuss available evidence for expression of pro-resolution factors in the reproductive tract and explore possible roles for resolution in physiological reproductive processes and associated pathologies.
Frequency of rare, serious donor reactions: International perspective (2021)

Pulling together data from multiple BCOs across countries allows for a better understanding of rare reactions, such as vasovagal reaction with injury or cellulitis, and for generating a reliable incidence rate for air embolism or compartment syndrome. However, gaps remain due to missing elements such as unknown donor status or location of reaction.
Screening by conference designs (1995)

Screening experiments aim to identify the relevant variables within some process potentially depending on a large number of variables. In this paper we introduce a new class of experimental designs called edge designs. These designs allow a model-independent estimate of the set of relevant variables, thus providing more robustness than traditional designs. We give a bound on the determinant of the information matrix of certain edge designs, and show that a large class of edge designs meeting this bound can be constructed from conference matrices. We also show that the resulting conference designs have an optimal space exploration property which guards against unexpected nonlinearities. We survey the existence of and constructions for conference matrices, and, for n < 50 variables, give explicit such matrices when n is a prime, and references to explicit constructions otherwise.
A Pressure-Controlled Torsion-Type Check Microvalve (2001)

Abstract In this work, a pressure controlled torsion-type check microvalve has been simulated, designed, fabricated and successfully characterized for a high pressure control. Structural and fluidic analysis for a check microvalve has been performed and compared with experimental results of the fabricated device. A nickel structure fabricated using UV-LIGA techniques has been adopted as a pressure-controlled torsion bar. The results obtained from simulations and measurements show an excellent accordance at low pressure. The device realized in this work has a high potential as a high pressure passive valve for small scale propulsion system.
Measurement of Electron Beam Bunch Form (1971)

This paper describes a technique for measuring quickly, accurately, and with high resolution, the form of the electron beam bunches in a linear accelerator. The equipment used on the Glasgow accelerator is described in detail, and some of the results obtained are presented.
Improving ad relevance in sponsored search (2010)

We describe a machine learning approach for predicting sponsored search ad relevance. Our baseline model incorporates basic features of text overlap and we then extend the model to learn from past user clicks on advertisements. We present a novel approach using translation models to learn user click propensity from sparse click logs.
Modelling and Optimization of Stochastic Routing for Wireless Multi-Hop Networks (2007)

We introduce a novel approach to multi-hop routing in wireless networks. Instead of the usual graph description we characterize the network by the packet delivery ratio matrix whose entries represent the probability that a given node decodes the packet transmitted by any other node. The model lends itself naturally to the formulation of stochastic routing protocols in which packets are randomly routed to neighboring nodes; and routing algorithms search for a matrix of routing probabilities according to properly defined optimality criteria. The goal of the paper is to show that this novel framework offers a useful model to aid in the design of optimal routing algorithms. In particular, it is established that: (i) performance is improved with respect to graph descriptions; and (ii) optimal routes can be obtained as the solution of optimization problems, many of which turn out to be convex and can thus be solved in polynomial time using interior point methods.
Tissue Optical Clearing Devices: Effects of Water Content on the Hyperelastic Mechanical Properties of Ex Vivo Porcine Skin (2010)

Skin is a highly anisotropic and heterogeneous material composed of water, proteins, and various cells arranged in several different layers. Because of this complex structure, there is a large mismatch in index of refraction between the tissue constituents, creating a highly scattering medium for near-infrared and visible light. “Tissue optical clearing” methods can improve light transmission through tissues, potentially improving optical imaging techniques and photoirradiative treatments [1]. Dehydration has been suggested as a possible mechanism of optical clearing [2], and previous work has demonstrated mechanical loading as a method of creating reversible localized water displacement in skin using novel tissue optical clearing devices (TOCDs) [3–4]. These TOCDs were hypothesized to increase light transmission by displacing water locally in the tissue, causing local dehydration. A model of the mechanical behavior of skin will enable improvement of current TOCDs that utilize local mechanical compression.