gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Methodology for Relating Software Structure with Energy Consumption (2017)

With the widespread use of mobile devices relying on limited battery power, the burden of optimizing applications for energy has shifted towards the application developers. In their quest to develop energy efficient applications, developers face the hurdle of measuring the effect of software change on energy consumption. A naive solution to this problem would be to have an exhaustive suite of test cases that are executed upon every change to measure their effect on energy consumption. This method is inefficient and also suffers from environment dependent inconsistencies. A more generalized method would be to relate software structural metrics with its energy consumption behavior. Previous attempts to relate change in objectoriented metrics to their effects on energy consumption have been inconclusive. We observe that structural information is global and executed tests are rarely comprehensive in their coverage, this approach is prone to errors. In this paper, we present a methodology to relate software energy consumption with software structural metrics considering the test case execution traces. Furthermore, we demonstrate that software structural metrics can be reliably related to energy consumption behavior of programs using several versions of three open-source iteratively developed android applications. We discover that by using our approach we are able to identify strong correlations between several software metrics and energy consumption behavior.
Nonlinear magnetoelectric effects in Y-type hexaferrite microwave resonators (2020)

The nature of the nonlinear magnetoelectric effect is investigated in platelets of single-crystal Y-type hexaferrite with a collinear ferrimagnetic structure. The effect was observed at room temperature as a shift of 1.1-to-1.4 GHz in the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 (Zn2Y) rectangular resonator with the application of an in-plane DC voltage. The shift amounted to 10%–12% of the central frequency which ranged from 8 to 17 GHz (X and Ku-bands). From the experimental results, we estimated the magnetoelectric modification of effective saturation magnetization and found that it scales almost linearly with the applied DC electric power. A phenomenological model for the nonlinear magnetoelectric effect, which considers the hexaferrite magnetic symmetry, is proposed and qualitatively accounts for the observed dependence of magnetic parameters on input power. It is shown that the resonator can operate as an electrically controlled discrete phase shifter with almost π/4 phase shift and &amp;lt;4 dB insertion losses. These results are of importance for the use of Y-type hexaferrites in electrically tunable planar microwave signal processing devices.
Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibition with volixibat improves metabolic aspects and components of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice (2019)

Interruption of bile acid recirculation through inhibition of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is a promising strategy to alleviate hepatic cholesterol accumulation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and improve the metabolic aspects of the disease. Potential disease-attenuating effects of the ASBT inhibitor volixibat (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) were investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice over 24 weeks. Plasma and fecal bile acid levels, plasma insulin, lipids, and liver enzymes were monitored. Final analyses included liver histology, intrahepatic lipids, mesenteric white adipose tissue mass, and liver gene profiling. Consistent with its mechanism of action, volixibat significantly increased the total amount of bile acid in feces. At the highest dose, volixibat significantly attenuated the HFD-induced increase in hepatocyte hypertrophy, hepatic triglyceride and cholesteryl ester levels, and mesenteric white adipose tissue deposition. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) was significantly lower in volixibat-treated mice than in the HFD controls. Gene profiling showed that volixibat reversed the inhibitory effect of the HFD on metabolic master regulators, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β, insulin receptor, and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2. Volixibat may have beneficial effects on physiological and metabolic aspects of NASH pathophysiology.
The Es timation of Caloric Expenditure Using Thr ee Triaxial Accelerometers (2012)

Accelerometer-based activity monitors are commonly used to measure physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). Newly designed wrist and hip-worn triaxial accelerometers claim to accurately predict PAEE across a range of activities. Purpose: To determine if the Nike FuelBand (NFB), Fitbit (FB) and ActiGraph GT3X+ (AG) estimate PAEE in various activities. Methods: 21 healthy, college-aged adults wore a NFB on the right wrist, a FB on the left hip, and AG on the right hip, while performing 17 activities. AG data were analyzed using Freedson’s kcal regression equation. PAEE was measured using the Cosmed K4b (K4). Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare mean differences in PAEE (kcal/min). Paired sample t-tests with Bonferroni adjustments were used to locate significant differences. Results: For each device, the mean difference in PAEE was significantly different from the K4 (NFB, -0.45 + 2.8, FB, 0.48 + 2.27, AG, 0.64 + 2.59 kcal/min, p = 0.01). The NFB significantly overestimated most walking activities (e.g., regular walking; K4, 3.1 + 0.2 vs. NFB, 4.6 + 0.2 kcal/min) and activities with arm movements (e.g., sweeping; K4, 3.0 + 0.8 vs. NFB, 4.7 + 0.4 kcal/min, p < 0.05). The NFB trended towards overestimating sport activities (basketball; K4, 10.8 + 0.8 vs. NFB, 12.2 + 0.5 kcal/min) (racquetball; K4, 9.6 + 0.8 vs. NFB 11.1 + 0.5 kcal/min). The FB and the AG significantly overestimated walking (K4, 3.1 + 0.2; FB, 5.4 + 0.3, AG, 5.8 + 0.4 kcal/min, p = 0.01) and underestimated PAEE of most activities with arm movements (e.g., Air Dyne, K4 5.6 + 0.2; Fitbit, 0.3 + 0.2; AG, 0.2 + 0.1 kcal/min, p < 0.05) (racquetball, K4, 9.6 + 0.8 kcal/minute vs. FB, 7.4 + 0.6 kcal/minute, vs. AG, 6.5 + 0.4 kcal/minute, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The NFB overestimated PAEE
On amplitude and frequency demodulation using energy operators (1993)

It is shown that the nonlinear energy-tracking signal operator Psi (x)=(dx/dt)/sup 2/-xd/sup 2/x/dt/sup 2/ and its discrete-time counterpart can estimate the AM and FM modulating signals. Specifically, Psi can approximately estimate the amplitude envelope of AM signals and the instantaneous frequency of FM signals. Bounds are derived for the approximation errors, which are negligible under general realistic conditions. These results, coupled with the simplicity of Psi , establish the usefulness of the energy operator for AM and FM signal demodulation. These ideas are then extended to a more general class of signals that are sine waves with a time-varying amplitude and frequency and thus contain both an AM and an FM component; for such signals it is shown that Psi can approximately track the product of their amplitude envelope and their instantaneous frequency. The theoretical analysis is done for both continuous- and discrete-time signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Homozygous and heterozygous GH transgenesis alters fatty acid composition and content in the liver of Amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae) (2012)

Growth hormone (GH) transgenic Amago (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae), containing the sockeye GH1 gene fused with metallothionein-B promoter from the same species, were generated and the physiological condition through lipid metabolism compared among homozygous (Tg/Tg) and heterozygous GH transgenic (Tg/+) Amago and the wild type control (+/+). Previously, we have reported that the adipose tissue was generally smaller in GH transgenic fish compared to the control, and that the Δ-6 fatty acyl desaturase gene was down-regulated in the Tg/+ fish. However, fatty acid (FA) compositions have not been measured previously in these fish. In this study we compared the FAs composition and content in the liver using gas chromatography. Eleven kinds of FA were detected. The composition of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA) such as myristic acid (14:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), and cis-vaccenic acid (cis-18:1n-7) was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in GH transgenic Amago. On the other hand, the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) was significantly (P<0.05) increased. Levels of serum glucose and triacylglycerol were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the GH transgenics compared with +/+ fish. Furthermore, 3'-tag digital gene expression profiling was performed using liver tissues from Tg/Tg and +/+ fish, and showed that Mid1 interacting protein 1 (Mid1ip1), which is an important factor to activate Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), was down-regulated in Tg/Tg fish, while genes involved in FA catabolism were up-regulated, including long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 1 (ACSL1) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3 (ACOX3). These data suggest that liver tissue from GH transgenic Amago showed starvation by alteration in glucose and lipid metabolism due to GH overexpression. The decrease of serum glucose suppressed Mid1ip1, and caused a decrease of de novo FA synthesis, resulting in a decrease of SFA and MUFA. This induced expression of ACSL1 and ACOX3 to produce energy through β-oxidation in the GH transgenic Amago.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photochromic Characteristics of 1,3‐Dihydrospiro(2H‐ indole‐2,3′‐(3H)pyrimido(5,4‐f)(1,4)benzoxazines) and 1,3‐Dihydrospiro( 2H‐indole‐2,7′‐(7H)thiazolo(5,4‐f)(1,4)benzoxazines). (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Possible involvement of protease‐activated receptor‐1 in the regulation of morphine‐induced dopamine release and hyperlocomotion by the tissue plasminogen activator‐plasmin system (2007)

We have previously demonstrated that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-plasmin system participates in the rewarding effect of morphine, by regulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, it is unclear how plasmin increases the morphine-induced release of dopamine and hyperlocomotion. In the present study we investigated whether protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is involved in the regulation of acute morphine-induced dopamine release by the tPA-plasmin system. Morphine significantly but transiently increased extracellular tPA activity in the NAc, which was completely blocked by naloxone. Microinjection of a PAR-1 antagonist, (tyr(-1))-thrombin receptor activating peptide 7, into the NAc significantly reduced morphine-induced dopamine release in the NAc and hyperlocomotion although the treatment had no effect on basal dopamine release and spontaneous locomotor activity. Furthermore, the PAR-1 antagonist blocked the ameliorating effect of plasmin on the defect of morphine-induced dopamine release in the NAc of tPA-deficient mice. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection of the PAR-1 antagonist had no effect on the antinociceptive effects of morphine in mice. These results suggest that PAR-1 is a target for the tPA-plasmin system in the regulation of acute morphine-induced dopamine release in the NAc.
All-optical Sampling for Adaptive On-Chip Picosecond Pulse-Shaping (2021)

We present autonomous pulse-shaping based on on-chip temporal coherence synthesis empowered by passively detuned, nonlinear optical sampling. Our scheme enables robust, efficient and reconfigurable picosecond waveform shaping with low detection requirements and low computational power.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Targeted Inhibition of the Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 Overcomes ALK Inhibitor Resistance in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 251K, Chemical structures of ganetespib and crizotinib.&lt;/p&gt;
Grazing-incidence hyperboloid–hyperboloid designs for wide-field x-ray imaging applications (2001)

The classical Wolter type I grazing-incidence x-ray telescope consists of a paraboloidal primary mirror and a confocal hyperboloidal secondary mirror. This design exhibits stigmatic imaging on-axis but suffers from coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and higher-order aberrations such as oblique spherical aberration. Wolter-Schwarzschild designs have been developed that strictly satisfy the Abbe sine condition and thus exhibit no spherical aberration or coma. However, for wide-field applications such as the solar x-ray imager (SXI), there is little merit in a design with stigmatic imaging on-axis. Instead, one needs to optimize some area-weighted-average measure of resolution over the desired operational field of view. This has traditionally been accomplished by mere despacing of the focal plane of the classical Wolter type I telescope. Here we present and evaluate in detail a family of hyperboloid-hyperboloid grazing-incidence x-ray telescope designs whose wide-field performance is much improved over that of an optimally despaced Wolter type I and even somewhat improved over that of an optimally despaced Wolter-Schwarzschild design.
Orientation of the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis, in a vertical column of water (1988)

The orientation of the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis, in a vertical column immersed in a pond was studied using automatic cell counting based on computerized image analysis. When exposed to solar radiation, the population moved downward in the column, probably guided by negative phototaxis, and formed a dense layer at the bottom. It is suggested that this behavior provides an opportunity for the organisms to escape from detrimental bright light. The downward movement is faster than the swimming speed of the cells allows and could be accelerated by a fluid mechanic effect. The upward movement observed at night may be due to the precise negative gravitaxis observed in the organisms. These antagonistic types of behavior allow the organisms to actively search for and to stay in areas with suitable conditions.
Copolymers of Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Benzothiadiazole: Design and Function from Simulations with Experimental Support (2019)

Alternating block copolymers consisting of diketopyrrolopyrrole and benzothiadiazole electron acceptor units linked together via aromatic five-membered donor heterocycles are studied using a combination of computer simulation techniques and experiments. Four copolymers are modeled starting from their monomers to stacked macromolecules: with two different linkers—thiophene or furan, connecting electron-withdrawing core units—and two different alkyl substituents at lactam nitrogens of diketopyrrolopyrrole—linear dodecyl and branched 2-octyldodecyl chains. In our experiments, we aim at characterization of the optical and electrochemical properties of two copolymers with branched side chains differing in the linker, since as the literature survey shows the data published on these copolymers are very sparse. These properties can be easily interpreted and later compared with theoretical predictions. The results of simulations supported by experiments show that monomers of these polymers have very similar electronic and optical properties, and the main difference between them consists in various chain curvature defined by the linker. More curved furan-containing monomers and more stretched thiophene-linked molecules are characterized by different energetics of the stack formation and diverse in charge carrier mobilities. The branching of the side chains affects the planarity of the macromolecules, leads to longer π–π stacking distance and lamellar interval in the ordered arrays of polymers, and defines the stacking patterns of the conjugated backbones. The ambipolar transport is predicted for the majority of considered copolymer morphologies, and a quantitatively satisfactory agreement between experiment and computation is achieved.
Azaxanthene Based Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of (S)-4-(5-(1-((1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide (BMS-776532) and Its Methylene Homologue (BMS-791826) (2011)

Structurally novel 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine (azaxanthene) selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulators have been identified. A screening paradigm utilizing cellular assays of GR-mediated transrepression of proinflammatory transcription factors and transactivation of GR-dependent genes combined with three physiologically relevant assays of cytokine induction in human whole blood has allowed for the identification of high affinity, selective GR ligands that display a broad range of pharmacological profiles. Agonist efficacy in reporter assays can be tuned by halogenation of a pendent phenyl ring and correlates well with efficacy for cytokine inhibition in human whole blood. A hypothetical binding mode is proposed, invoking an expanded ligand binding pocket resembling that of arylpyrazole-bound GR structures. Two compounds of close structural similarity (35 and 37; BMS-776532 and BMS-791826, respectively) have been found to maintain distinct and consistent levels of partial agonist efficacy across several assays, displaying anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of prednisolone 2 in suppressing cytokine production in whole blood and in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammation.
Redox Reactions on Colloidal Metals and Metal Oxides (2020)

This chapter examines redox reactions on colloidal metal and metal oxides in aqueous solution. The examination is restricted to redox reactions with colloidal particles that have been initiated by either electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet-visible) or ionizing radiation. In the study of catalyzed redox reactions involving free radicals or electronically excited shortlived species, the catalysts must be dispersed within the medium to compete successfully with radical recombination reactions and fast radiative or nonradiative relaxation processes which dissipate the chemical energy of the excited reactants. Almost invariably, colloid stability against coagulation is important in redox catalysis. In many cases, the occurrence of a redox reaction at metal surfaces can destabilize a colloid. Radiolysis of colloidal solutions has long been known to drastically alter the mobility of sols, and to coagulate or peptize them. The accumulation of electrons on the metal oxide particles may lead to polarization of the particle and to the hydrogen evolution reaction.
On-the-Fly Fidelity Assessment for Trajectory-Based Circuit Macromodels (2006)

Trajectory methods offer an attractive methodology for automated extraction of macromodels from a set of training simulations. A pervasive concern with models based on regression is the lack of certainty about where they fit correctly. The authors show how the unique structure of a scalable trajectory model allows it to monitor the "fidelity" of the fit automatically, and flag where additional model training is warranted. Experimental results demonstrate this self-monitoring ability in practical circuit examples
Treatment patterns, clinical outcomes and health care costs associated with her2-positive breast cancer with central nervous system metastases: a French multicentre observational study (2013)

A range of individualised disease management strategies are used in HER2-positive BC patients with CNS metastases and the treatments used in the first months following diagnosis are expensive. The understanding of cost drivers may help optimise healthcare expenditure and inform the development of appropriate prevention policies.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Uses Distinct Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation To Interfere with Phagocytosis and Activation of Mouse Macrophage-Like Cells 774A.1 (2011)

Assembly of adherent biofilms is the key mechanism involved in Staphylococcus epidermidis virulence during device-associated infections. Aside from polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), the accumulation-associated protein Aap and the extracellular matrix binding protein Embp act as intercellular adhesins, mediating S. epidermidis cell aggregation and biofilm accumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate structural features of PIA-, Aap-, and Embp-mediated S. epidermidis biofilms in more detail and to evaluate their specific contributions to biofilm-related S. epidermidis immune escape. PIA-, Embp-, and Aap-mediated biofilms exhibited substantial morphological differences. Basically, PIA synthesis induced formation of macroscopically visible, rough cell clusters, whereas Aap- and Embp-dependent biofilms preferentially displayed a smooth layer of aggregated bacteria. On the microscopic level, PIA was found to form a string-like organized extracellular matrix connecting the bacteria, while Embp produced small deposits of intercellular matrix and Aap was strictly localized to the bacterial surface. Despite marked differences, S. epidermidis strains using PIA, Aap, or Embp for biofilm formation were protected from uptake by J774A.1 macrophages, with similarly efficiencies. In addition, compared to biofilm-negative S. epidermidis strains, isogenic biofilm-forming S. epidermidis induced only a diminished inflammatory J774A.1 macrophage response, leading to significantly (88.2 to 88.7%) reduced NF-κB activation and 68.8 to 83% reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production. Mechanical biofilm dispersal partially restored induction of NF-κB activation, although bacterial cell surfaces remained decorated with the respective intercellular adhesins. Our results demonstrate that distinct S. epidermidis biofilm morphotypes are similarly effective at protecting S. epidermidis from phagocytic uptake and at counteracting macrophage activation, providing novel insights into mechanisms that could contribute to the chronic and persistent course of biofilm-related S. epidermidis foreign material infections.
Phase separation of blends of polydisperse polymers: Comparison between experiment and theory for the system poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(ethylmethylsiloxane) (1996)

Abstract Cloud point curves were measured turbidimetrically for blends (upper critical solution temperatures; UCSTs) of poly(ethylmethylsiloxane) (PEMS) and four different samples of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS); the weight average molar masses in kg/mol are 31.2 for PEMS and 10.4, 15.5, 18.1 and 24.0 for PDMS; all components have polydispersity indices D (= M̄ w /M̄ n ) within the range from 1.82 to 2.67. Corresponding calculations on the basis of the Flory‐Huggins theory (three adjustable parameters) account for the poly‐dispersity; molecular weight distributions are represented by the generalized Schulz‐Flory equation. Calculated cloud point curves agree very well with those measured, if individual sets of parameters are admitted for each of the different mixtures. Even for an identical set of parameters the maximum deviations remain moderate. Realistic model calculations concerning the influences of D on cloud points and on critical points were performed with this set of parameters. For the present (only slightly endothermal) system, the precipitation threshold increases from 318 to 558.6 K as D PEMS is raised from 1.87 to 4.00, keeping the number average degree of polymerization constant.