gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The development of direct and alternating current glow discharge anemometers for the study of turbulence phenomena in supersonic flow (1954)

A direct current glow discharge anemometer (D.C. glow) was designed and constructed. This instrument was calibrated in low speed flow. Shock tube experiments with the D.C. glow indicated that its frequency response was greater than 50 kc. However, the shortcomings of the D.C. glow such as sputtering and asymmetric burning properties of the discharge became apparent. Therefore, a 700 kc. alternating current (A.C.) glow was designed and constructed. The time stability properties of this instrument were found to be much better than those of the D.C. glow. Since no frequency compensation circuits were used with the A.C. glow, the signal to noise ratio was much higher than that of a hot wire. This A.C. glow was used to survey the profile of the fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer in supersonic flow at Mach numbers between 1.3 and 4. Power spectrum measurements of the fluctuations in this boundary layer were also made with the A.C. glow. These measurements indicated that there was energy in the spectrum above 100 kc. Finally, measurements of frequencies in excess of 100 kc. were made by the A.C. glow in a sound field produced by a source of single frequency ultrasonic sound waves in supersonic flow.
Anomalous behaviour within a systematic series of barium sulfate growth modifiers (2001)

The generally accepted view that phosphonate derivatives are more potent than the analogous carboxylates as crystal growth modifiers for barium sulfate has been systematically studied by using trifunctional molecules varying from the triphosphonate through to the analogous tricarboxylate; the results suggest that predictions based on simple structural features should be made with caution.
Compact electron beam accelerator driven by a high-voltage piezoelectric transformer (2012)

A compact electron beam accelerator driven by a lithium niobate piezoelectric transformer was used to produce beams with energies greater than 100 keV. Charge was directly extracted from the transformer output using field-electron emitters. Electric fields generated by the transformer accelerated the charge into a grounded metallic target. The resultant bremsstrahlung radiation was used as a direct measurement of beam voltage. Time-dependent analysis of the x-ray spectra showed that electron beam production was limited to approximately one-minute intervals. This limitation was attributed to the accumulation of surface charge at the transformer output.
Sliding Window Random Linear Code (RLC) Forward Erasure Correction (FEC) Schemes for QUIC (2020)

QUIC is a transport protocol that aims at improving network performance by enabling stream multiplexing, partial reliability, and methods of recovery besides retransmission, while also improving security. This document specifies FEC schemes for Sliding Window Random Linear Code (RLC) to recover from lost packets within a single QUIC stream or across several QUIC streams, compliant with the FEC coding framework for QUIC.
Short-lag spatial coherence imaging (2010)

Conventional ultrasound images are formed by delay-and-sum beamforming of the backscattered echoes received by the transducer aperture. Although the delay-and-sum beamformer is well suited for ultrasound image formation, it is challenged under non-ideal circumstances, such as the presence of acoustic clutter and phase aberration. We propose an alternative method of imaging utilizing the short-lag spatial coherence of the backscattered echoes. Compared to matched B-mode images, short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) images demonstrate superior SNR and CNR in simulated speckle-generating phantom targets. Similar results are achieved in matched experimental B-mode and SLSC images of a speckle-generating phantom target, a human thyroid, and a sheep heart.
Reaction Pathways of GaN (0001) Growth from Trimethylgallium and Ammonia versus Triethylgallium and Hydrazine Using First Principle Calculations (2015)

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a wide bandgap semiconductor with many important applications in optoelectronics, photonics, and both high power and high temperature operation devices. Understanding the surface deposition mechanisms and energetics for different precursors is essential to improving thin-film crystalline quality and growth process requirements for extended engineering applications. Here, we use ab initio calculations to study the reaction mechanisms of GaN thin film growth on (0001) surface from ammonia (NH3) and hydrazine (N2H4), nitrogen precursors, and trimethylgallium (TMG) and triethylgallium (TEG), gallium precursors. We find that the initial dehydrogenation of N2H4 is more facile than that of NH3, at 1.15 versus 13.61 kcal/mol, respectively, and that neighboring adsorbed surface hydrogens reduce the barriers for further decomposition of NH2 and NH. We also find that the growth of nitrogen layers is a reaction-limited process rather than diffusion-limited at low adsorbate coverage. On the other hand, the deposition of Ga on a nitrogen rich surface via TMG is limited by the abstraction reaction of the second methyl (CH3) group in TMG, with a barrier of 42.54 kcal/mol. The mechanisms of adsorption of TMG and TEG are different, whereas TMG dissociatively chemisorbs releasing one methane group, the beta-hydrate elimination (C2H4 + H) in TEG is favored through surface interactions (without chemisorption) at a comparable energy barrier to the first CH3 dissociation in TMG. This does not suggest a more favorable thermodynamic route to low-temperature growth, but it does favor TEG for avoiding the explicit abstraction or insertion of C groups during metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques.
2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole‐5,6‐Dicarboxylic Imide – A Versatile Building Block for Additive‐ and Annealing‐Free Processing of Organic Solar Cells with Efficiencies Exceeding 8% (2014)

A new photoactive polymer comprising benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-d']trithiophene and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-5,6-dicarboxylic imide is reported. The synthetic design allows for alkyl chains to be introduced on both electron-rich and electron-deficient components, which in turn allows for rapid optimization of the alkyl chain substitution pattern. Consequently, the optimized polymer shows a maximum efficiency of 8.3% in organic photovoltaic devices processed in a commercially viable fashion without solvent additives, annealing, or device engineering.
Untangling cluster management with Helix (2012)

Distributed data systems systems are used in a variety of settings like online serving, offline analytics, data transport, and search, among other use cases. They let organizations scale out their workloads using cost-effective commodity hardware, while retaining key properties like fault tolerance and scalability. At LinkedIn we have built a number of such systems. A key pattern we observe is that even though they may serve different purposes, they tend to have a lot of common functionality, and tend to use common building blocks in their architectures. One such building block that is just beginning to receive attention is cluster management, which addresses the complexity of handling a dynamic, large-scale system with many servers. Such systems must handle software and hardware failures, setup tasks such as bootstrapping data, and operational issues such as data placement, load balancing, planned upgrades, and cluster expansion.
Antigenic and allergenic constituents of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. (1975)

The antigenic analysis of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract was performed by using antiserum obtained in rabbits by immunization with mite extract in Freund's adjuvant. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analysis revealed the presence of many constituents, most of which were common to human dander, house dust and Dermatophagoides farinae extracts. By fractionation of the mite extract on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex it was shown that the highest allergenic activity was related to a family of heat-stable molecules weighing about 30,000. The antigenic analysis of chromatographic most active fraction revealed the presence of three heat-stable constituents, one of which is not shared by nutrient medium, or by D. farinae extract. The fractionation of D. pteronyssinus extract by preparative isoelectrophocusing on sucrose gradient (pH range 3-10) showed that the two fractions (pH 3.5 and pH 5.0) containing the major allergenic activity (measured by the RAST-inhibition capacity) were also able to induce a significant in vitro activation of lymphocytes from allergic patients. When the anti-mite rabbit gammaglobulins were fixed to an immunosorbent and incubated with a house dust extract, it was constantly possible to induce a strong decrease or a complete loss of allergenicity of the dust extract in man. This is in favour of an allergenic identity between dust and mite.
Predicting Response to Polytrauma through Resolution of Immunologic Mediators (2023)

Background/Objective: Traumatic injury can lead to hemorrhagic shock and hypoperfusion in patients precipitating multiple organ dysfunction. This study adopts a precision medicine approach to identifying biological markers in predicting patient response to polytraumatic injury. Clusters of cytokines can be used to model the immunologic response to traumatic injury. We hypothesized that analyzing the resolution of immunologic mediators in clusters would reveal differences among groups of patients identified to be sensitive/tolerant to hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Patients were required to have a stay in the ICU, one surgical operation, and a lower extremity traumatic injury. Blood samples were collected on patients at 0, 1, 12, 24, and 48 hours after injury. Multiplex analyses of 33 immunologic mediators were performed. A square- root transformation was applied to Luminex data before calculating z-scores (scores &gt; 3 eliminated). Z-scores were summed to calculate composite cluster scores. T-tests were conducted to determine statistical significance. Results: High SHVL shows higher inflammatory cluster levels and lower orchestration than low SHVL. Low SHVL shows higher reparative cluster levels and lower orchestration than high SHVL. High SHVL shows higher proinflammatory 1 levels before 12 hr and at 48 hr than low SHVL. Low SHVL has higher proinflammatory 2 levels and less orchestration at 0, 12, and 24 hr. Low SHVL has higher type 2 cluster levels than high SHVL. SS shows higher lymphoid cluster levels at 0 hr and 1 hr than ST. SS has higher reparative cluster levels than ST, while ST has more orchestration. SS has higher proinflammatory 2 cytokine levels, while ST shows more orchestration. SS has higher type 2 cluster levels, while ST shows more orchestration. Conclusions: Cumulative hypoperfusion at time of injury is correlated with higher inflammatory cluster and proinflammatory 1 and 2 cluster cytokine levels as shown by both high SHVL and SS groups. Sensitivity to hemorrhagic shock and lesser hypoperfusion correlate to higher reparative cytokine cluster levels. Proinflammatory 2 cluster cytokine levels can be used to predict organ dysfunction. Clinical Impact and Implications: This work presents findings that can inform acute trauma care through immunologic mediators and patient characteristics.
The Scalable Reasoning System: Lightweight visualization for distributed analytics (2008)

A central challenge in visual analytics is the creation of accessible, widely distributable analysis applications that bring the benefits of visual discovery to as broad a user base as possible. Moreover, to support the role of visualization in the knowledge creation process, it is advantageous to allow users to describe the reasoning strategies they employ while interacting with analytic environments. We introduce an application suite called the scalable reasoning system (SRS), which provides Web-based and mobile interfaces for visual analysis. The service-oriented analytic framework that underlies SRS provides a platform for deploying pervasive visual analytic environments across an enterprise. SRS represents a ldquolightweightrdquo approach to visual analytics whereby thin client analytic applications can be rapidly deployed in a platform-agnostic fashion. Client applications support multiple coordinated views while giving analysts the ability to record evidence, assumptions, hypotheses and other reasoning artifacts. We describe the capabilities of SRS in the context of a real-world deployment at a regional law enforcement organization.
Establishing User Profiles in the MediaScout Recommender System (2007)

The MediaScout system is envisioned to function as personalized media (audio, video, print) service within mobile phones, online media portals, sling boxes, etc. The MediaScout recommender engine uses a novel stereotype-based recommendation engine. Upon the registration of new users the system must decide how to classify the new users to existing stereotypes. In this paper we present a method to achieve this classification through an anytime, interactive questionnaire, created automatically upon the generation of new stereotypes. A comparative study performed on the IMDB database illustrates the advantages of the new system
Diagnostics for the optimization of an 11 keV inverse Compton scattering x-ray source (2013)

In a scope of a collaboration between Thales Communications & Security and CEA DAM DIF, 11 keV Xrays were produced by inverse Compton scattering on the ELSA facility. In this type of experiment, X-ray observation lies in the use of accurate electron and laser beam interaction diagnostics and on fitted X-ray detectors. The low interaction probability between < 100 μm width, 12 ps [rms] length electron and photon pulses requires careful optimization of pulse spatial and temporal covering. Another issue was to observe 11 keV X-rays in the ambient radioactive noise of the linear accelerator. For that, we use a very sensitive detection scheme based on radio luminescent screens.
Cardiac myocytes respond differentially and synergistically to matrix stiffness and topography (2019)

Abstract During cardiac disease progression, myocytes undergo molecular, functional and structural changes, including increases in cell size and shape, decreased myocyte alignment and contractility. The heart often increases extracellular matrix production and stiffness, which affect myocytes. The order and hierarchy of these events remain unclear as available in vitro cell culture systems do not adequately model both physiologic and pathologic environments. Traditional cell culture substrates are 5-6 orders of magnitude stiffer than even diseased native cardiac tissue. Studies that do account for substrate stiffness often do not consider intercellular alignment and vice versa . We developed a cardiac myocyte culture platform that better recapitulates native tissue stiffness while simultaneously introducing topographical cues that promote cellular alignment. We show that stiffness and topography impact myocyte molecular and functional properties. We used a spatiotemporally-tunable, photolabile hydrogel platform to generate a range of stiffness and micron-scale topographical patterns to guide neonatal rat ventricular myocyte morphology. Importantly, these substrate patterns were of subcellular dimensions to test whether cells would spontaneously respond to topographical cues rather than an imposed geometry. Cellular contractility was highest and the gene expression profile was most physiologic on gels with healthy cardiac tissue stiffness. Surprisingly, while elongated patterns in stiff gels yielded the greatest cellular alignment, the cells actually had more pathologic functional and molecular profiles. These results highlight that morphological measurements alone are not a surrogate for overall cellular health as many studies assume. In general, substrate stiffness and micropatterning synergistically affect cardiac myocyte phenotype to recreate physiologic and pathologic microenvironments. Significance Statement Heart disease is accompanied by organ- and cellular-level remodeling, and deconvoluting their interplay is complex. Cellular-level change is best studied in vitro due to greater control and uniformity of cell types compared to animals. One common metric is degree of cellular alignment as misalignment of myocytes is a hallmark of disease. However, most studies utilize featureless culture surfaces that are orders of magnitude stiffer than, and do not mimic the scaffolding of, the heart. We developed a hydrogel platform with tunable stiffness and patterns providing topographical alignment cues. We cultured heart cells on and characterized multifactorial responses to these dynamic surfaces. Interestingly, conditions that yielded greatest alignment did not yield the healthiest functional and molecular state. Thus, morphology alone is not an indicator of overall cellular health.
Fibrocystic disease of liver and pancreas; under‐recognized features of the X‐linked ciliopathy oral‐facial‐digital syndrome type 1 (OFD I) (2010)

OFD I is an X-linked dominant male-lethal ciliopathy characterized by prominent external features including oral clefts, hamartomas or cysts of the tongue, and digital anomalies. Although these external features are easy to recognize and often lead to diagnosis in early childhood, visceral findings in OFD I, especially the fibrocystic liver and pancreas disease, are under-recognized. In addition, while the occurrence of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in OFD I is well known, few patients are evaluated and monitored for this complication. We report on two adult females diagnosed with OFD I in infancy, but not evaluated for visceral involvement. In adulthood, they were incidentally found to have severe hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency due to undiagnosed PKD. A pancreatic cystic lesion, also discovered incidentally, was thought to be malignant and led to consideration of major surgery. We present NIH evaluations, including documentation of OFD I mutations, extreme beading of the intrahepatic bile ducts, pancreatic cysts, and tabulate features of reported OFD I cases having hepatic, pancreatic, and renal cystic disease. Liver and pancreas are not routinely evaluated in OFD I patients. Increased awareness and lifelong monitoring of visceral complications, particularly involving the liver, pancreas, and kidney, are essential for timely and accurate treatment.
INHIBITION OF ADP‐INDUCED PLATELET AGGREGATION BY CLOPIDOGREL IS RELATED TOCYP2C19GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS (2008)

1. Clopidogrel is one of the most important antithrombotic drugs but has different efficacies in different populations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms to the inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by clopidogrel in healthy Chinese volunteers. 2. Eighteen healthy male volunteers (six CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*1, six CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*2and*3 and six CYP2C19*2/CYP2C19*2and*3) were enrolled in the study. Each subject took 300 mg clopidogrel on the first day and then 75 mg once daily for 2 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken to measure ADP-induced platelet aggregation at baseline and 4, 24 and 72 h after administration of the first dose of clopidogrel. 3. There were significant decrease in 2 and 5 micromol/L ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 4, 24 and 72 h after clopidogrel among the three CYP2C19 genotypes compared with baseline (P < 0.001). The change in 5 micromol/L ADP-induced platelet aggregation in subjects with the CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*1 genotype was greater than that in subjects with the CYP2C19*2/CYP2C19*2and*3 genotype at 4 h (49.0 +/- 15.5 vs 29.7 +/- 17.4%, respectively; P = 0.029), 24 h (48.7 +/- 20.5 vs 25.0 +/- 17.6%, respectively; P = 0.035) and 72 h (45.5 +/- 15.2 vs 26.5 +/- 15.8%, respectively; P = 0.030) after clopidogrel administration. 4. In conclusion, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 genetic polymorphisms reduced clopidogrel inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, with the degree of inhition dependent on the genetic polymorphism present.
Repellency and efficacy of 65% permethrin and selamectin spot-on formulations against Ixodes ricinus ticks on dogs. (2002)

Two topically applied spot-on products used for flea and tick control on dogs, 65% permethrin (Defend EXspot Treatment for Dogs, Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp., Union, NJ) and selamectin (Revolution [United States] or Stronghold [Europe], Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY), were evaluated for repellency and efficacy against Ixodes ricinus, the primary vector of Lyme disease in Europe. Eighteen dogs were evenly and randomly allocated to the following treatments: 1) 65% permethrin, 2) selamectin, 3) untreated control. Dogs were treated by topical application of the assigned product in accordance with product label directions on Day 0. At 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after treatment, each dog was exposed for 2 hours to 50 unfed, adult ticks in a cage with a carpet that covered approximately 70% of the floor area. After the exposure period, dogs were removed from the cages and live and dead ticks were counted on the dogs and in the cages. The number of live ticks recovered was reduced by 90.3% to 99.5% for dogs treated with 65% permethrin (P <.0001 versus controls and selamectin), compared with 10.9% to 31.1% for dogs treated with selamectin (P >.05 versus controls). The repellency of 65% permethrin was 63.4% to 80.2% against I. ricinus ticks (P <.0001 versus controls, P <.0007 versus selamectin), compared with 0% to 10.9% repellency for selamectin (P >.05 versus controls).
[Drug-induced dermatoses, a ransom in the search for health]. (2001)

Muco-cutaneous drug reactions are side effects secondary to the intake of various medications. They are quite frequent and diverse in their clinical presentation, pathogeny, histology and prognosis. It is important to diagnose and adequately monitor the disease in its early evolving phase.
A phenome-wide comparative analysis of genetic discordance between obesity and type 2 diabetes (2023)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are causally related, yet there is considerable heterogeneity in the consequences of both conditions and the mechanisms of action are poorly defined. Here we show a genetic-driven approach defining two obesity profiles that convey highly concordant and discordant diabetogenic effects. We annotate and then compare association signals for these profiles across clinical and molecular phenotypic layers. Key differences are identified in a wide range of traits, including cardiovascular mortality, fat distribution, liver metabolism, blood pressure, specific lipid fractions and blood levels of proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodelling. We find marginal differences in abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes bacteria in the gut. Instrumental analyses reveal prominent causal roles for waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure and cholesterol content of high-density lipoprotein particles in the development of diabetes in obesity. We prioritize 17 genes from the discordant signature that convey protection against type 2 diabetes in obesity, which may represent logical targets for precision medicine approaches.
Thermally initiated emulsion polymerization of styrene (1981)

Abstract The thermal polymerization of styrene in emulsion was studied by determination of the number of particles, the rate of polymerization, and the average molecular weight of the polymer formed as a function of the emulsifier concentration. For the number of particles the relation N ∼ [E] 1,4 was found, whereas the rate of polymerization showed a dependence of v br ∼ [E] 0,7 , only up to an emulsifier content of 0,2 mol. dm −3 , but remained constant at higher concentrations. A transfer of low molecular weight radical species from the organic to the aqueous phase is discussed as a prerequisite of polymerization in the latex particles. The deviations from the Smith‐Ewart theory are explained by the low rate of radical formation, which does not provide a constant radical concentration per particle.