gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Training Models for Skull-Base and Vascular Micro-Neurosurgery (2022)

This overview presents computer-based augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) tools, in-vitro and in-vivo models as useful teaching tools for neurosurgical training, especially in skull-base surgery. An easy set-up and practicable training model for ventricular drainage (VD) is demonstrated. The model allows to evaluate practices, pitfalls and traceability in a virtual but realistic set-up for simulating VD placement. Computer-assisted planning and simulation of skull-base approaches and integration within the daily neurosurgical routine with VR and AR models are discussed for neurosurgical education. A set-up for microvascular training on a plastic rat and a specific vascular anastomosis practice kit with different tube diameters of 1–3 mm of specific plastic vessels for the training of microvascular anastomoses is shown. End-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses were performed with different levels of difficulty, trying to simulate realistic conditions in bypass surgery. Additionally, the teaching strategy of experimental silicone aneurysm clipping in a 3D printed plastic skull and silicone brain model is demonstrated in video sequences. An experimental animal model with microsurgically created bifurcation aneurysms is discussed because this training model for clip occlusion of aneurysms on a living object, still has the greatest relevance to neurosurgical reality.
Factors Affecting Dodder Control with Granular CIPC (1966)

In the greenhouse, 20% granular isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) at 6 lb/A provided 100% dodder control for 3 to 6 weeks. In the field, 95 to 100% control persisted beyond the expected soil life of CIPC because shade from the crop plants inhibited dodder development and dry soil reduced dodder germination. Effective control required uniform distribution on the soil before the dodder was wrapped on the host plant. CIPC was most effective when applied on the soil surface; incorporation 1/2, 11/2, or 3 in deep reduced its effectiveness. It controlled dodder well if applied to moist soil but was less effective when the soil surface was dry. Partial shade from the crop at the time of application increased the effectiveness of CIPC. Under certain undefined conditions, CIPC applied to the soil injured attached dodder. However, it was consistently effective only on dodder seedlings before
Detecting Adversarial Samples for Deep Neural Networks through Mutation Testing (2018)

Recently, it has been shown that deep neural networks (DNN) are subject to attacks through adversarial samples. Adversarial samples are often crafted through adversarial perturbation, i.e., manipulating the original sample with minor modifications so that the DNN model labels the sample incorrectly. Given that it is almost impossible to train perfect DNN, adversarial samples are shown to be easy to generate. As DNN are increasingly used in safety-critical systems like autonomous cars, it is crucial to develop techniques for defending such attacks. Existing defense mechanisms which aim to make adversarial perturbation challenging have been shown to be ineffective. In this work, we propose an alternative approach. We first observe that adversarial samples are much more sensitive to perturbations than normal samples. That is, if we impose random perturbations on a normal and an adversarial sample respectively, there is a significant difference between the ratio of label change due to the perturbations. Observing this, we design a statistical adversary detection algorithm called nMutant (inspired by mutation testing from software engineering community). Our experiments show that nMutant effectively detects most of the adversarial samples generated by recently proposed attacking methods. Furthermore, we provide an error bound with certain statistical significance along with the detection.
Security and privacy in sensor networks (2003)

Sensor networks offer economically viable solutions for a variety of applications. For example, current implementations monitor factory instrumentation, pollution levels, freeway traffic, and the structural integrity of buildings. Other applications include climate sensing and control in office buildings and home environmental sensing systems for temperature, light, moisture, and motion. Sensor networks are key to the creation of smart spaces, which embed information technology in everyday home and work environments. The miniature wireless sensor nodes, or motes, developed from low-cost off-the-shelf components at the University of California, Berkeley, as part of its smart dust projects, establish a self-organizing sensor network when dispersed into an environment. The privacy and security issues posed by sensor networks represent a rich field of research problems. Improving network hardware and software may address many of the issues, but others will require new supporting technologies.
Characterization of EP‐receptor subtypes involved in allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal administration of prostaglandin E2 to mice (1994)

1. Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to conscious mice induced allodynia, a state of discomfort and pain evoked by innocuous tactile stimuli, and hyperalgesia as assessed by the hot plate test. We characterized prostaglandin E receptor subtypes (EP1-3) involved in these sensory disorders by use of 7 synthetic prostanoid analogues. 2. Sulprostone (EP1 < EP3) induced allodynia over a wide range of dosages from 50 pg to 5 micrograms kg-1. The maximal allodynic effect was observed at 5 min after i.t. injection, and the response gradually decreased over the experimental period of 50 min. This sulprostone-induced allodynia showed a time course similar to that induced by PGE2. 3. 17-Phenyl-omega-trinor PGE2 (EP1 > EP3) and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (EP1 = EP2 = EP3) were as potent as PGE2 in inducing allodynia, and more potent than sulprostone. Butaprost (EP2), 11-deoxy PGE1 (EP2 = EP3), MB 28767 (EP3), and cicaprost (prostaglandin I2 (IP-) receptor) induced allodynia, but with much lower scores. 13,14-Dihydro-15-keto PGE2, a metabolite of PGE2, did not induce allodynia. 4. 16,16-Dimethyl PGE2 as well as PGE2 induced hyperalgesia over a wide range of dosages (16,16-dimethyl PGE2: 5 pg-0.5 micrograms kg-1 PGE2: 50 pg-0.5 micrograms kg-1) with two apparent peaks at 0.5 ng kg-1 and 0.5 micrograms kg-1. Sulprostone (EP1 < EP3) and 17-phenyl-omega-trinor PGE2 (EP1 > EP3) showed a bell-shaped hyperalgesia at lower doses of 5 pg-5 ng kg-1 and 50 pg-50 ng kg-1, respectively. MB28767 (EP3)showed a monophasic hyperalgesic action over a wide range of dosages at 50 pg-S5 Microg kg-1. Butaprost(EP2) induced hyperalgesia at doses higher than 50 ng kg-1.5. These results demonstrate that PGE2 may exert allodynia through the EP1-receptor and hyperalgesia through EP2- and EP3-receptors in the mouse spinal cord.
Probabilistic models for assured position, navigation, and timing (2018)

Position, navigation, and timing (PNT) user equipment produces position, velocity, and time (PVT) estimates by combining measurements from multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and from additional sensors. PVT estimates are computed using linear estimators or Bayesian filters. However, because linear estimators and Bayesian filters are susceptible to adversarial manipulation, it is challenging to assess the trust of PVT estimates that rely on these approaches. We investigate the suitability of open-universe probabilistic models OUPMs introduced by Milch and Russell as a foundation to design PVT assurance metrics and adaptive PVT estimators. These estimators output PVT information together with trust assessments of PVT inputs and outputs. OUPMs model structural uncertainty (object uncertainty and relational uncertainty) necessary to measure assurance when the availability of sensors and the absence of adversaries cannot be guaranteed. We describe the challenges of designing PVT assurance metrics using traditional methods, and we illustrate how OUPMs represented as probabilistic programs allow us to address these challenges. In particular, we provide concrete examples of how to combine multiple sources of information to compute assurance assessments using the Texas Spoofing Test Battery. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to leverage PVT assurance metrics to design adaptive PVT estimators designed to operate through attacks.
“For Whom the Bell Tolls”: Blockade of Toll-Like Receptors May Regulate Seizure Occurrence (2010)

Toll-Like Receptor 4 and High-Mobility Group Box-1 Are Involved in Ictogenesis and Can Be Targeted to Reduce Seizures. Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Liu J, Aronica E, Iyer AM, Rossetti C, Molteni M, Casalgrandi M, Manfredi AA, Bianchi ME, Vezzani A. Nat Med 2010;16(4):413–419. Brain inflammation is a major factor in epilepsy, but the impact of specific inflammatory mediators on neuronal excitability is incompletely understood. Using models of acute and chronic seizures in C57BL/6 mice, we discovered a proconvulsant pathway involving high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) release from neurons and glia and its interaction with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key receptor of innate immunity. Antagonists of HMGB1 and TLR4 retard seizure precipitation and decrease acute and chronic seizure recurrence. TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice are resistant to kainate-induced seizures. The proconvulsant effects of HMGB1, like those of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are partly mediated by ifenprodil-sensitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Increased expression of HMGB1 and TLR4 in human epileptogenic tissue, like that observed in the mouse model of chronic seizures, suggests a role for the HMGB1-TLR4 axis in human epilepsy. Thus, HMGB1-TLR4 signaling may contribute to generating and perpetuating seizures in humans and might be targeted to attain anticonvulsant effects in epilepsies that are currently resistant to drugs.
Exenatide-Induced Reduction in Energy Intake Is Associated With Increase in Hypothalamic Connectivity (2013)

Our results demonstrate a central hypothalamic effect of peripherally administered exenatide that occurred only in the group that showed an exenatide-dependent anorexigenic effect. These findings indicate that the hypothalamic response seems to be the crucial factor for the effect of exenatide on energy intake.
Mecanisme d'equilibre d'une decharge P.I.G. reflex et determination experimentale de D dans un plasma (1962)

A P.I.G. reflex discharge is studied experimentally and theoretically with static field B0 < 400 gauss. The density of the plasma varying between 1012 to 1014 particles/cm3, a weakly or strongly ionized gas could be studied. After having established the conditions of equilibrium of the discharge, a method of measuring the coefficient of perpendicular diffusion is devised and experimental results compared with theoretical. A good agreement was found.
Somatostatin Receptor–Positive Granulomatous Inflammation Mimicking as Meningioma on Simultaneous PET/MRI (2014)

Positron imaging with radiolabeled synthetic somatostatin receptor analogs such as Ga DOTATATE (Gallium-68-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N″,N‴-tetra acetic acid-DPhe1,Tyr3-octreotate) is used for diagnosis and target volume delineation of intracranial meningiomas. We report a case of a somatostatin receptor-positive extra-axial necrotizing granulomatous inflammation mimicking as meningioma on simultaneous Ga DOTATATE PET/MRI. This case illustrates a Ga DOTATATE-positive granuloma bearing a striking resemblance to meningioma.
A nuclear cAMP microdomain suppresses tumor growth by Hippo pathway inactivation (2021)

Summary cAMP signaling pathways are critical for both oncogenesis and tumor suppression. cAMP signaling is localized to multiple spatially distinct microdomains, but the role of cAMP microdomains in cancer cell biology is poorly understood. We developed a tunable genetic system that allows us to activate cAMP signaling in specific microdomains. We uncovered a previously unappreciated nuclear cAMP microdomain that functionally activates a tumor suppressive pathway in a broad range of cancers by inhibiting YAP, a key effector protein of the Hippo pathway, inside the nucleus. We show that nuclear cAMP induces a LATS-dependent pathway leading to phosphorylation of nuclear YAP solely at serine 397, export of YAP from the nucleus, without YAP protein degradation. Thus, nuclear cAMP inhibition of nuclear YAP is distinct from other known mechanisms of Hippo regulation. Pharmacologic targeting of specific cAMP microdomains remains an untapped therapeutic approach for cancer, and since Hippo pathway deregulation can lead to oncogenesis and chemotherapeutic resistance, drugs directed at the nuclear cAMP microdomain may provide new avenues for the treatment of cancer.
Characterization of the permeability increase induced by the incorporation of glycophorin in phosphatidylcholine vesicles (1983)

Glycophorin incorporation into large unilamellar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles results in a greatly increased bilayer permeability for non‐electrolytes of M r ‐values up to 900. This suggests that glycophorin aggregates induce the formation of pores with a 15–18 Å diameter.
Genetic polymorphism of the bovine leukemia virus in the Russian federation (2016)

Nucleotide sequence of a section of the Env 105 gene of bovine leukemia provirus isolates, obtained from farm animals in different regions of Russia, was determined. Conducted phylogenetic analysis has allowed us to assess heterogeneity of the studied population of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Based on results of BLV genetic diversity, four virus’s genotypes—I, II, IV, and VII with dominating genotype IV—were detected.
Supplementary Materials and Methods from PAXIP1 Potentiates the Combination of WEE1 Inhibitor AZD1775 and Platinum Agents in Lung Cancer (2023)

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The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics (1999)

The present data suggest that increased leg strength does not improve cycle endurance performance in endurance-trained, female cyclists.
Polyfluoroalkyl derivatives of nitrogen. Part XL. Reaction of trifluoronitrosomethane with NN-bistrifluoromethylamino-substituted allenes (1973)

The allenes (CF3)2N·CH:C:CH2and (CF3)2N·CH:C:CH·N(CF3)2 react with trifluoronitrosomethane under mild conditions to give the oxazetidines (CF3)2N·[graphic omitted]CH2 and (CF3)2N·[graphic omitted]CH·N(CF3)2(mixture of two isomers), respectively, as the major products. The oxazetidines decompose quantitatively on flow pyrolysis at 200–250° to give NN-bistrifluoromethylformamide and the iminoethylene CH2:C:N·CF3or (CF3)2N·CH:C:N·CF3. Reaction of the allene (CF3)2N·CH:C:C[N(CF3)2]2 with trifluoronitrosomethane is more complex and a mixture of four 1 : 1 adducts is formed which contains the oxazetidine (CF3)2N·[graphic omitted]:C[N(CF3)2]2, as shown by flow pyrolysis of the mixture to afford NN-bistrifluoromethylformamide and the iminoethylene [(CF3)2N]2-C:C:N·CF3 among the products. The allene [(CF3)2N]2C:C:CH2 does not react with trifluoronitrosomethane under comparable conditions.
Low Voltage Electrostatic Actuation for MEMS Actuator Using Frequency Modulation (2013)

In this paper, we derive and present an analytical model of the parallel-plate electrostatic actuator coupled with the resonant drive circuit when it is driven by a frequency-modulated input signal. Using this analytical model, we determine the stability of the fixed points of the actuator without linearization process. Furthermore, we study the effect of parasitic capacitance and the quality factor of the resonant drive circuit on the operation range and stability of the electrostatic actuator.
[The compensation method for the effects of system resolution to the left ventricular volume measurements using QGS program]. (1998)

We evaluated the accuracy of left ventricular volume calculations performed using the left ventricular function automatic analysis software (QGS program), which automatically extracts the left ventricular profile from ECG-gated myocardial SPECT data and then measures the left ventricular volume. We used a myocardial phantom for this evaluation. The results of our experiments showed that the left ventricular volume was underestimated by up to 13% as the SPECT spatial resolution deteriorated. To overcome this problem, we have developed a method for correcting the left ventricular volume measured by the QGS program according to the SPECT spatial resolution of the detectors. This new correction method permits the left ventricular volume of the phantom to be calculated with an error of less than 1.4%.
Digital signatures (2006)

Many traditional and newer businesses and applications have recently been carrying out enormous amounts of electronic transactions, which have led to a critical need for protecting the information from being maliciously altered, for ensuring the authenticity, and for supporting nonrepudiation. Just as signatures facilitate validation and verification of the authenticity of paper documents, digital signatures serve the purpose of validation and authentication of electronic documents. This technology is rather new and emerging and is expected to experience growth and widespread use in the coming years.
A fully-automated desynchronization flow for synchronous circuits (2007)

Variability is one of the fundamental problems faced by nano-scale electronic circuits and is expected to become even worse as process technology scales. Desynchronization is a design methodology, which converts a synchronous gate-level circuit into a more robust asynchronous one. In this paper, we describe the first fully-automated desynchronization design flow, based only on contemporary synchronous EDA tools and a new point tool for performing the desynchronization transformation. The flow was used to implement, down to mask layout level, a simple pipelined processor in a 90nm industrial library. We show that the desynchronization methodology can be easily integrated into contemporary industrial EDA flows. Results, on the design implemented, indicate that desynchronized circuits exhibit increased variability tolerance and better average case performance, for a small area and power overhead.
The PlA Polymorphism of Glycoprotein IIIa Functions as a Modifier for the Effect of Estrogen on Platelet Aggregation (2001)

Estrogen inhibits the aggregation of platelets, but such inhibition is highly dependent on the presence or absence of the PlA2 polymorphism of GPIIIa. However, in the presence of aspirin, the inhibitory effect of estrogen on aggregation was no longer detectable.
Crumb Tire Rubber Polyolefin Elastomer Modified Asphalt with Hot Storage Stability (2016)

Compared to styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS) as the most used asphalt modifier, polyolefin elastomer (POE) has not been used because of the phase separation during hot storage. The structure and property of POE and POE/crumb tire rubber (CTR) blends modified asphalts were studied by optical microscopy, rheological measurements and aging resistance, respectively. POE particles dispersed irregularly in the bituminous phase below 4 wt% POE, and a continuous POE phase formed over 6 wt%. The screw extrusion and the content of the compatibilizer significantly affected the hot storage stability of the POE/CTR blends modified asphalts. The CTR and POE mutually stabilized in the asphalt by screw extrusion in the presence of glycidylmethacrylate functionalized polymer. The extruded POE/CTR dispersed more finely in the asphalt than controlled POE. The stabilized POE/CTR modified asphalt had better aging resistance than regular SBS modified asphalt.
LASIK following Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) Lenticule Re-Implantation: A Feasibility Study of a Novel Method for Treatment of Presbyopia (2013)

Presbyopia remains a major visual impairment for patients, who have previously undergone laser refractive correction and enjoyed unaided distance vision prior to the onset of presbyopia. Corneal stromal volume restoration through small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) lenticule re-implantation presents an opportunity for restoring the patients' non-dominant eye to previous low myopia to achieve a monovision. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of performing LASIK after lenticule re-implantation as a method to create presbyopic monovision. A -6.00D SMILE correction was performed in 9 rabbit eyes. The lenticules were cryopreserved for 14 days and re-implanted. Five weeks later, 3 of these eyes underwent LASIK for -5.00D correction (RL group); 3 underwent LASIK flap creation, which was not lifted (RN); and no further procedures were performed on the remaining 3 eyes. These groups were compared with 3 eyes that underwent standard LASIK for a -5.00D correction (LO); 3 that underwent creation of non-lifted flap (LN); and 3 non-operated eyes. Rabbits were euthanized 1 day post-surgery. Tissue responses were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, slit lamp and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Intrastromal irregularities and elevated reflectivity levels of the excimer-ablated plane were observed on slit lamp and IVCM, respectively in the RL group. The results were comparable (P = 0.310) to IVCM findings in the LO group. RL and LO groups showed similar fibronectin expression levels, number of CD11b-positive cells (P = 0.304) and apoptotic cells (P = 0.198). There was no difference between the RN and LN groups in reflectivity levels (P = 0.627), fibronectin expression levels, CD11b-positive cells (P = 0.135) and apoptotic cells (P = 0.128). LASIK can be performed following lenticule re-implantation to create presbyopic monovision. The tissue responses elicited after performing LASIK on corneas that have undergone SMILE and subsequent lenticule re-implantation are similar to primary procedure.
Control of the Morphology and Crystallinity of a PbI2 Layer for Large-Area Perovskite Films Prepared by Close Space Sublimation (2018)

In this work, homogeneous PbI2 films were prepared by the spin-coating technique from PbI2-DMF solutions heated at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 120 °C. The homogeneity and morphology of the films change according to the used temperature of solution and are related to the size and distribution of PbI2 grains; the best crystallinity was observed when PbI2 solution was preheated at 100 °C. Lead halide perovskite films were prepared by close space sublimation of CH3NH3I over the prepared PbI2 films, and the area of the deposited films was 5 cm2. The transformation of PbI2 into perovskite was carried out at 100 °C under a pressure of −0.8 bar. A remarkable issue reported here is that, by controlling the morphology of the PbI2 layer with the temperature of PbI2-DMF solutions, the final features of MAPbI3 films can be controlled without requiring extra treatment. Therefore, the device with the best performance, out of a set fabricated with architecture ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PC71BM/cathode, corresponded to the PbI2 film deposited at 100 °C. This device reached an efficiency of 8.7%. As a cathode, an eutectic alloy of Bi:In:Sn with a melting point of 65 °C was easily deposited without the use of high vacuum. Thus, this work describes a practical way to fabricate perovskite solar cells with efficiencies up to 8.7%.
Optimization of dual-core and microstructure fiber geometries for dispersion compensation and large mode area (2005)

We investigate dual concentric core and microstructure fiber geometries for dispersion compensation. Dispersion values as large as -59 000 ps/(nm km) are achieved, over a broad wavelength range with full width at half maximum exceeding 100 nm. The trade-off between large dispersion and mode area is studied. Geometries with an effective mode area of 30 microm2 and dispersion -19 000 ps/(nm km) and 80 microm2 with -1600 ps/(nm km) are proposed.
Expression of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP4 in conjunctival epithelium of patients with ocular surface disorders: case-control study (2012)

The strong downregulation of EP4 expression in conjunctival epithelium from patients with OCP or SJS/TEN may be attributable to ocular surface inflammation.