gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Lawnmower Injuries, 1995-2015. A Grave Threat to Our Youngest Children (2019)

Background Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children 0-18 years-old in the United States. An estimated 9,400 to 17,000 pediatric lawnmower injuries occur each year. Despite public education and safety regulation efforts, the incidence remains unchanged and contributes a large economic burden estimated at $90 million annually. The aim of this study is to better define the epidemiology of lawnmower injuries and identify predictors of severe lawnmower injuries to optimize public education and injury prevention. Methods All patients 0-18 years-old presenting to Children's Mercy Hospital (CMH), Kansas City, MO from 1995 to 2015 after sustaining a lawnmower injury were identified using ICD codes. Demographic information, primary (death, amputation, need for prosthesis, injury severity score (ISS)), and secondary outcome measures were collected. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors of severe lawnmower injuries. Results 157 patients were identified with a bimodal age distribution peaking at 4 and 15 years-old. (Figure 1) 75% of subjects were male. 66% were admitted to the hospital with a mean length of stay (LOS) six days and an average of three operations. 19% of patients lived in a non-metro/rural location. Lower extremity injuries were most prevalent affecting 84% of patients. 40% of patients underwent at least one amputation. 13% required a prosthesis after their injury. The average ISS was 8. Significant predictors for higher ISS included age 0-9 years-old, riding lawnmowers, grandparent operators, and non-metro/rural location. (Table 1) Younger children were more likely to be injured from riding lawnmowers, be the passenger or bystander, have grandparent operators, and live in a non-metro/rural location. Younger children also had higher ISS, amputation rates, longer LOS, and more operations. Conclusion Education to protect younger patients should target parent, grandparent, and older sibling operators. Education for the older teenage group should include safe mowing techniques. Efforts should also target non-metro/rural populations and grandparents, specifically highlighting the severe dangers of riding lawnmowers when young children are passengers or bystanders. Level of Evidence: IV
Influences of Manufacturing Tolerances and Surface Roughness of Blades on the Performance of Turbines (1976)

The costs of the manufacturing of turbine blades are very dependent on the manufacturing tolerances and the quality of the surface. A good performance of a turbine needs a certain smoothness of the surface and small tolerances. For an optimisation of the costs it is necessary to know the influences of roughness and tolerances on the performance of a turbine. In our institute measurements were carried out with thinned and thickened blades mounted in a turbine, which represents different manufacturing tolerances. In addition measurements on a turbine with roughened blades were done. From these measurements a conclusion on the aerodynamical and thermodynamical behavior of the turbine is obtained. The paper gives a summary of the measurements and shows how the performance of a turbine is affected by the roughness and the profile tolerances.
Measurement of sound propagation downslope to a bottom-limited sound channel (1987)

Signal transmission loss and spatial coherence data for source–receiver separations between 100 and 250 km were acquired in the Gulf of Mexico with a calibrated seismic-streamer measurement system at 400-m depth, a towed projector at 100-m depth which emitted 67- and 173-Hz tones, and a moored Webb sound source at 988-m depth driven at 175 Hz. Range-dependent bathymetry and sound velocity profiles and other environmental data were measured. The 67-Hz data showed a persistent sound transmission with a mean of measured range-averaged loss values (corrected for cylindrical spreading) of 41 dB ranging between 37 and 45 dB; the 173-Hz data showed several pronounced transmission loss minima with a mean measured range-averaged loss value of 51 dB ranging between 41 and 60 dB as well as a rapid increase in loss over the slope at ranges greater than 225 km and water depths less than 1.2 km. Slope enhancements were found to be on the order 2–4 dB at 67 Hz and 6 dB at 173 Hz when compared to flat bottom calculations. Pair wise coherence data showed the effect of signal-to-noise ratio variations due to multipath interference. Estimates of signal coherence length from the coherent summation of streamer hydrophones yielded coherence lengths ranging between 70 m (8λ) and 300 m (35λ) with an average of 181 m (20λ) at a frequency of 173 Hz (λ=8.67 m). Fast asymptotic coherent and normal mode transmission loss calculations produced results in qualitative agreement with measured data for the deep flat portion of the measurement track when measured geoacoustic profiles or the derived bottom loss curves were used. The results of implicit finite difference parabolic equation calculations were consistent with range-averaged data for the flat portion of the track as well as on the slope. These results show that if proper descriptions of the subbottom velocity profiles are used, then computations employing either parabolic equation or normal mode techniques provide qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Noble‐Metal‐Free Janus‐like Structures by Cation Exchange for Z‐Scheme Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Broadband Light Irradiation (2017)

Z-scheme water splitting is a promising approach based on high-performance photocatalysis by harvesting broadband solar energy. Its efficiency depends on the well-defined interfaces between two semiconductors for the charge kinetics and their exposed surfaces for chemical reactions. Herein, we report a facile cation-exchange approach to obtain compounds with both properties without the need for noble metals by forming Janus-like structures consisting of γ-MnS and Cu<sub>7</sub> S<sub>4</sub> with high-quality interfaces. The Janus-like γ-MnS/Cu<sub>7</sub> S<sub>4</sub> structures displayed dramatically enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production rates of up to 718 μmol g<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> under full-spectrum irradiation. Upon further integration with an MnO<sub>x</sub> oxygen-evolution cocatalyst, overall water splitting was accomplished with the Janus structures. This work provides insight into the surface and interface design of hybrid photocatalysts, and offers a noble-metal-free approach to broadband photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma from an Immunologic Perspective (2013)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common cancer worldwide. It is an inflammation-associated cancer. Multiple investigators have demonstrated that analysis of the tumor microenvironment may be used to predict patient outcome, indicating the importance of local immune responses in this disease. In contrast with other types of cancer, in which surgery, radiation, and systemic cytotoxic chemotherapies dominate the treatment options, in hepatocellular carcinoma locoregional treatments are widely applied. Such treatments induce rapid tumor cell death and antitumor immune responses, which may favor or impair the patients' outcome. Recent immunotherapeutic studies demonstrating promising results include trials evaluating intratumoral injection of an oncolytic virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, glypican-3 targeting treatments, and anti-CTLA4 treatment. Although some of these novel approaches may provide benefit as single agents, there is a clear opportunity in hepatocellular carcinoma to evaluate these in combination with the standard modalities to more effectively harness the immune response.
Novel Ceramic Coating on Titanium with High Mechanical Properties (2010)

Phosphate coating layer was produced on titanium substrates by hydrothermal treatment with zinc phosphate solutions. Phosphatizing reaction produced zinc-titanium-phosphate coating layer on the surface by hydrothermal treatment at 250 °C. Ti substrate treated with low concentration of zinc phosphate solution for 14 h was not fully covered by the coating layer. On the other hand, surface coverage on Ti substrate treated with a high concentration of zinc phosphate solution for only 6 h was enhanced completely. SEM and XPS results indicated that the formation of the coating layer was inhibited by surface oxide layer. The coating layer was strongly attached on Ti substrate, moreover, the bonding strength between the coating layer and the Ti substrate was higher than the mechanical strength of binder.
A DCT-based embedded image coder (1996)

Since Shapiro (see ibid., vol.41, no.12, p. 445, 1993) published his work on embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) image coding, there have been increased research activities in image coding centered around wavelets. We first point out that the wavelet transform is just one member in a family of linear transformations, and the discrete cosine transform (DCT) can also be coupled with an embedded zerotree quantizer. We then present such an image coder that outperforms any other DCT-based coder published in the literature, including that of the Joint Photographers Expert Group (JPEG). Moreover, our DCT-based embedded image coder gives higher peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNR) than the quoted results of Shapiro's EZW coder.
Development of a novel methodology to study fatigue properties using the small punch test (2019)

Small scale mechanical test methods are now widely recognised as an established and quantifiable means of obtaining useful mechanical property information from limited material quantities. Much research has been gathered employing such approaches, but to date these methods have largely been restricted to characterising the creep, tensile and fracture characteristics of numerous materials and alloys through the small punch (SP) test. Clearly, a key element that is missing from this list of fundamental mechanical properties is understanding the cyclic response of the material, a significant form of damage that accounts for a large proportion of in-service failures in critical structural components. Therefore, in order to profit from the numerous benefits that SP testing has to offer, including a small sample size and hence reduced cost, a small scale fatigue testing methodology is now required to provide a holistic mechanical property evaluation. Such an innovative approach would provide real potential benefit to the engineering mechanical characterisation community. This paper will discuss the development and implementation of this highly bespoke SP fatigue testing methodology that can accommodate alternative loading ratios and frequencies to mimic conventional fatigue data. A number of novel experiments have been performed on the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with accompanying analysis and fractography detailed. Numerical correlations to uniaxial fatigue data is also presented through the use of Finite Element Analysis.
The Pyramid Match Kernel: Efficient Learning with Sets of Features (2007)

In numerous domains it is useful to represent a single example by the set of the local features or parts that comprise it. However, this representation poses a challenge to many conventional machine learning techniques, since sets may vary in cardinality and elements lack a meaningful ordering. Kernel methods can learn complex functions, but a kernel over unordered set inputs must somehow solve for correspondences—generally a computationally expensive task that becomes impractical for large set sizes. We present a new fast kernel function called the pyramid match that measures partial match similarity in time linear in the number of features. The pyramid match maps unordered feature sets to multi-resolution histograms and computes a weighted histogram intersection in order to find implicit correspondences based on the finest resolution histogram cell where a matched pair first appears. We show the pyramid match yields a Mercer kernel, and we prove bounds on its error relative to the optimal partial matching cost. We demonstrate our algorithm on both classification and regression tasks, including object recognition, 3-D human pose inference, and time of publication estimation for documents, and we show that the proposed method is accurate and significantly more efficient than current approaches.
Measurements of scintillation over a 17.55-km horizontal path (1999)

An extensive set of measurements of scintillation over a 17.55 km path have been made using point sources at wavelengths of 633 nm and 10.6 micrometers , and using an extended thermal source at 3 - 5 micrometers and 8 - 12 micrometers . The basic data consists of normalized variances, probability histograms and normalized autocorrelation functions of intensity. The main aim was to product a set of data that might be used as inputs to models for scintillation. The measurements, as expected, showed a very large range of observed fluctuations, with a highest recorded normalized variance at 633 nm of approximately equals 34 and an average value of 4.8 (averaged over 130 data sets), with a standard deviation of 4.1. The probability histograms have been fitted using log- normal, exponential, log-normally modulated exponential and K distributions. As a general rule, the log-normal model gives a good fit in a large number of cases. Power spectra and correlations functions were measured and show the expected trends with wavelength, with average correlation times (defined in the text) in the range 10 msec (visible) to 68 msec (CO<SUB>2</SUB>).
Metagenomic Analysis of Therapeutic PYO Phage Cocktails from 1997 to 2014 (2017)

Phage therapy has regained interest in recent years due to the alarming spread of antibiotic resistance. Whilst phage cocktails are commonly sold in pharmacies in countries such as Georgia and Russia, this is not the case in western countries due to western regulatory agencies requiring a thorough characterization of the drug. Here, DNA sequencing of constituent biological entities constitutes a first step. The pyophage (PYO) cocktail is one of the main commercial products of the Georgian Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology and is used to cure skin infections. Since its first production in the 1930s, the composition of the cocktail has been periodically modified to add phages effective against emerging pathogenic strains. In this paper, we compared the composition of three PYO cocktails from 1997 (PYO97), 2000 (PYO2000) and 2014 (PYO2014). Based on next generation sequencing, de novo assembly and binning of contigs into draft genomes based on tetranucleotide distance, thirty and twenty-nine phage draft genomes were predicted in PYO97 and PYO2014, respectively. Of these, thirteen and fifteen shared high similarity to known phages. Eleven draft genomes were found to be common in the two cocktails. One of these showed no similarity to publicly available phage genomes. Representatives of phages targeting <i>E. faecalis</i>, <i>E. faecium</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Proteus</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> were found in both cocktails. Finally, we estimated larger overlap of the PYO2000 cocktail to PYO97 compared to PYO2014. Using next generation sequencing and metagenomics analysis, we were able to characterize and compare the content of PYO cocktails separated by 17 years in time. Even though the cocktail composition is upgraded every six months, we found it to remain relatively stable over the years.
Norepinephrine kinetics during orthostatic stress in congestive heart failure. (1987)

To evaluate the determinants of the plasma norepinephrine (NE) response to orthostatic stress, NE kinetics were measured during steady-state infusion of [3H]NE of high-specific activity for two consecutive 90-minute periods; the first was supine, and the second was during 60 degrees head-up tilt. In 6 normal subjects, plasma NE increased from 242 to 570 pg/ml, and NE clearance decreased from 1.43 to 1.00 l/min X M2. In 6 patients with congestive heart failure, there was no significant change in plasma NE during orthostatic stress. This has been interpreted previously to indicate that there was little activation of the baroreflex arc. In fact, NE clearance decreased from 1.08 to 0.79 l/min X M2; however, there was a decrease in NE spillover from 4.04 to 2.88 nmol/min X M2. A reduction of organ blood flow with tilt could be responsible for the reduced NE clearance by both groups, but the mechanism for the reduction in NE spillover with tilt in congestive heart failure is unclear.
A broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for aircraft measurements of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor (2016)

Abstract. We describe a two-channel broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (BBCEAS) for aircraft measurements of glyoxal (CHOCHO), methylglyoxal (CH3COCHO), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and water (H2O). The instrument spans 361–389 and 438–468 nm, using two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a single grating spectrometer with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. Robust performance is achieved using a custom optical mounting system, high-power LEDs with electronic on/off modulation, high-reflectivity cavity mirrors, and materials that minimize analyte surface losses. We have successfully deployed this instrument during two aircraft and two ground-based field campaigns to date. The demonstrated precision (2σ) for retrievals of CHOCHO, HONO and NO2 are 34, 350, and 80 parts per trillion (pptv) in 5 s. The accuracy is 5.8, 9.0, and 5.0 %, limited mainly by the available absorption cross sections.
Forecasting renewable energy for environmental resilience through computational intelligence (2021)

Wind power forecasting plays a key role in the design and maintenance of wind power generation which can directly help to enhance environment resilience. Offshore wind power forecasting has become more challenging due to their operation in a harsh and multi-faceted environment. In this paper, the data generated from offshore wind turbines are used for power forecasting purposes. First, fragmented data is filtered and Deep Auto-Encoding is used to select high dimensional features. Second, a mixture of the CNN and LSTM models is used to train prominent wind features and further improve forecasting accuracy. Finally, the CNN-LSTM deep learning hybrid model is fine-tuned with various parameters for reliable forecasting of wind energy on three different offshore Windfarms. A state-of-the-art comparison against existing models is presented based on root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) respectively. The forecasting analyses indicate that the proposed CNN-LSTM strategy is quite successful for offshore wind turbines by retaining the lowest RMSE and MAE along with high forecasting accuracy. The experimental findings will be helpful to design environment resilient energy transition pathways.
Immunotherapy of Congenital SIV Infection. (1998)

Abstract : A DNA prime/protein boost vaccination trial was initiated against challenge with a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus, termed SHlV-vpu+, in newborn macaques. DNA vectors coding for gag, pol and nef genes of SlVmac239 and for Hl-lllB env were used to prime followed by boosting with recombinant, homologous HlV-1 gpl6O. Following challenge with nonpathogenic, homologous SHIV-vpu+, partial protection (as defined by no or low, transient cytoviremia) was observed in 20% of the animals that received DNA priming/protein boost vaccination and in 3 of 4 animals given the gpl6O boosts only. These partially protected animals had high neutralizing antibody titers at time of challenge. Six completely or partially protected animals were rechallenged 4 months later with homologous virus. All showed evidence of either rapid viral clearance or low viral loads, suggesting that protective immunity was long-lived. The same 6 vaccinated animals were rechallenged a third time with heterologous, pathogenic SHlV89.6P. Four of these 5 animals maintained normal CD4+ T-cell counts and showed evidence of limited virus infection. Neutralizing antibody titers, T-cell proliferation and T-cytolytic T lymphocyte-responses offer evidence that both humoral and cellular immune mechanism contributed to the observed protection against pathogenic virus challenge. Our results indicate that DNA priming alone can induce antibody responses in newborn macaques and that protein boosts can induce some degree of protective immunity against viral challenge with both homologous and heterologous SHIV.
Differential side effects profile in mCRPC patients treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2016)

73 Background: Abiraterone and enzalutamide are currently approved for mCRPC patients. Both drugs have distinct mechanisms of action and may have different toxicity profile. There are limited data comparing the side effects of abiraterone and enzalutamide. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to better characterize the risk of adverse events associated with both drugs. Methods: We performed a literature search on MEDLINE for studies reported from January 1966 to July 31, 2015. Abstracts presented at ASCO meetings from 2004 to 2015 were selected manually. Phase III RCT were included in analysis. We assessed the risk of adverse events reported in RCT by performing two meta-analysis: abiraterone-prednisone vs. placebo-prednisone (2,283 pts) and enzalutamide vs. placebo (2,914 pts). Summary of incidence, relative-risks (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects models based on the heterogeneity of included studies. Results: Overall, enzalutamide was not associated with all-grade (RR 1.06 - 95% CI 0.67-1.65) or grade ≥3 (RR 0.81 - 95% CI 0.28-2.33) cardiovascular events, but was associated with increased risk of all-grade fatigue (RR 1.29 - 95% CI 1.15-1.44). On the other hand, abiraterone was associated with increased risk of all-grade (RR 1.28 - 95% CI 1.06-1.55) and grade ≥3 (RR 1.76 - 95% CI 1.12-2.75) cardiovascular events, but was not associated with all-grade (RR 0.85 - 95% CI 0.58-1.23) or grade ≥3 (RR 1.07 - 95% CI 0.97-1.19) fatigue. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusions: In this meta-analysis, abiraterone was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, while enzalutamide was associated with an increased risk of fatigue.
Effect of Korean Red Ginseng extraction conditions on antioxidant activity, extraction yield, and ginsenoside Rg1 and phenolic content: optimization using response surface methodology (2015)

Ethanol concentration is an important extraction factor for KRG antioxidant activity and extraction yield. Optimized extraction conditions provide useful economic advantages in KRG development for functional products.
Magnetically Recyclable Fe@Pt Core−Shell Nanoparticles and Their Use as Electrocatalysts for Ammonia Borane Oxidation: The Role of Crystallinity of the Core (2009)

Carbon-supported Fe@Pt core-shell nanoparticle (NP) catalysts with Fe cores in different crystal states have been successfully synthesized by a sequential reduction process. Unexpectedly, in contrast to its crystallized counterpart, iron in the amorphous state exerts a distinct and powerful ability as the core for the Fe@Pt NPs. The resultant NPs are far more active for ammonia borane oxidation (by up to 354%) than the commercial Pt/C catalysts. Furthermore, these NPs combine low cost, long-term stability, and easy recovery functions.