gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating Silver Nanoparticle Interactions with Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized Triblock Copolymers and Their Effect on Midblock Crystallinity (2020)

Interactions between silver nanoparticles and a cationic triblock copolymer significantly alter bulk material properties and can be tuned by functionalizing the polymer with different quaternary ammonium cations (QACs). In this work, polychloromethylstyrene-b-polycyclooctene-b-polychloromethylstyrene (PCMS-b-PCOE-b-PCMS) was quaternized with either methylpiperidinium (MPRD) or trimethylammonium (TMA). The surface interacting groups were identified by using FT-IR to be the phenyl rings, the QACs from the outer blocks, and vinyl groups from the PCOE midblock. Changes in thermal characteristics and crystallinity were highly dependent on the QAC, uncovering differences in the nature of the interactions between silver and TMA or MPRD. Interactions induced by TMA greatly hinder crystalline domain formation and give rise to a higher water content, while MPRD promotes certain crystalline orientations and provides a greater degree of crystallinity with a lower water content. Our findings demonstrate that bulk polymer characteristics can be tuned, a highly desirable attribute for many nanocomposite materials.
Riboflavin Metabolism Variation among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae Results in Differential Activation of Mucosal-associated Invariant T Cells (2018)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important bacterial pathogen that causes a range of noninvasive and invasive diseases. The mechanisms underlying variability in the ability of S. pneumoniae to transition from nasopharyngeal colonization to disease-causing pathogen are not well defined. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are prevalent in mucosal tissues such as the airways and are believed to play an important role in the early response to infection with bacterial pathogens. The ability of MAIT cells to recognize and contain infection with S. pneumoniae is not known. In the present study, we analyzed MAIT-cell responses to infection with clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae serotype 19A, a serotype linked to invasive pneumococcal disease. We found that although MAIT cells were capable of responding to human dendritic and airway epithelial cells infected with S. pneumoniae, the magnitude of response to different serotype 19A isolates was determined by genetic differences in the expression of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. MAIT-cell release of cytokines correlated with differences in the ability of MAIT cells to respond to and control S. pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo in a mouse challenge model. Together, these results demonstrate first that there are genetic differences in riboflavin metabolism among clinical isolates of the same serotype and second that these likely determine MAIT-cell function in response to infection with S. pneumoniae. These differences are critical when considering the role that MAIT cells play in early responses to pneumococcal infection and determining whether invasive disease will develop.
Regioselective Metalation of Pyridinylcarbamates and Pyridinecarboxamides with (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidino)magnesium Chloride (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegioselective Metalation of Pyridinylcarbamates and Pyridinecarboxamides with (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidino)magnesium ChlorideWolfgang Schlecker, Andreas Huth, Eckhard Ottow, and Johann MulzerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 26, 8414–8416Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00131a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00131a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views830Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Colossal Magnetoresistance and Quenched Disorder in Manganese Oxides (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Extraction of RNA from Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Methods, Considerations, and Applications (2003)

Pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be thought of as a multifactorial process with both pathogen and host-response effector molecules contributing to the process of infection, leading either to immunopathology and disease or control of infection and long-term persistence. Little is known about this at a genetic level, but it is becoming recognized that bacterial virulence constitutes the correct temporal and spatial regulation of many genes that may be necessary for a particular phase in infection in response to specific environmental cues.
A review of multi-stacked active-layer structures for solution-processed oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors (2016)

In this review, the multi-stacked active-layer (MSAL) structures for the solution-processed amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are summarized to improve their electrical characteristics and stabilities based on the authors’ previous researches. The MSAL structures can overcome an inherent weakness of the solution-processed AOS TFTs, which is the creation of porosities from solvent volatilization. Furthermore, by modifying each layer, the performance and reliability of the solution-processed AOS TFTs could be improved more. Here, the fundamental studies of MSAL structures with homo-stacked active-layer TFTs are presented, and the various modulations of active layers in hetero-stacked active-layer TFTs are covered. In addition, the effect of the interface between the stacked layers is also discussed.
Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations (2011)

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical studies are substantial, therefore it is essential that more predictive toxicology screens are developed and deployed early on in drug development (Greenhough et al 2010). Human hepatocytes represent the current gold standard model for evaluating drug toxicity, but are a limited resource that exhibit variable function. Therefore, the use of immortalised cell lines and animal tissue models are routinely employed due to their abundance. While both sources are informative, they are limited by poor function, species variability and/or instability in culture (Dalgetty et al 2009). Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive alternative source of human hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) (Medine et al 2010). PSCs are capable of self renewal and differentiation to all somatic cell types found in the adult and thereby represent a potentially inexhaustible source of differentiated cells. We have developed a procedure that is simple, highly efficient, amenable to automation and yields functional human HLCs (Hay et al 2008 ; Fletcher et al 2008 ; Hannoun et al 2010 ; Payne et al 2011 and Hay et al 2011). We believe our technology will lead to the scalable production of HLCs for drug discovery, disease modeling, the construction of extra-corporeal devices and possibly cell based transplantation therapies.
Improving Chemical EOR Simulations and Reducing the Subsurface Uncertainty Using Downscaling Conditioned to Tracer Data (2017)

Abstract Recovery mechanisms are more likely to be influenced by grid-block size and reservoir heterogeneity in Chemical EOR (CEOR) than in conventional Water Flood (WF) simulations. Grid upscaling based on single-phase flow is a common practice in WF simulation models, where simulation grids are coarsened to perform history matching and sensitivity analyses within affordable computational times. This coarse grid resolution (typically about 100 ft.) could be sufficient in WF, however, it usually fails to capture key physical mechanisms in CEOR. In addition to increased numerical dispersion in coarse models, these models tend to artificially increase the level of mixing between the fluids and may not have enough resolution to capture different length scales of geological features to which EOR processes can be highly sensitive. As a result of which, coarse models usually overestimate the sweep efficiency, and underestimate the displacement efficiency. Grid refinement (simple downscaling) can resolve artificial mixing but appropriately re-creating the fine-scale heterogeneity, without degrading the history-match conducted on the coarse-scale, remains a challenge. Because of the difference in recovery mechanisms involved in CEOR, such as miscibility and thermodynamic phase split, the impact of grid downscaling on CEOR simulations is not well understood. In this work, we introduce a geostatistical downscaling method conditioned to tracer data to refine a coarse history-matched WF model. This downscaling process is necessary for CEOR simulations when the original (fine) earth model is not available or when major disconnects occur between the original earth model and the history-matched coarse WF model. The proposed downscaling method is a process of refining the coarse grid, and populating the relevant properties in the newly created finer grid cells. The method considers the values of rock properties in the coarse grid as hard data, and the corresponding variograms and property distributions as soft data. The method honors the fluid material balance and geological features from the coarse model. A workflow is outlined to address uncertainties in geological properties that can be reduced by integrating dynamic data such as sweep efficiency from interwell tracers. We provide several test cases and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to improve the history-match of a chemical EOR pilot. Further, we evaluate the fitness of different heterogeneity measures for grid-ranking of CEOR processes.
Antigenic variation inGiardia lambliaand the host's immune response (1997)

Giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite of the small intestine of humans and other animals, undergoes surface antigenic variation. The antigens involved belong to a family of variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs), which are unique, cysteine-rich zinc finger proteins. The patterns of infection in humans and animals fail to show the expected cyclical waves of increasing and decreasing numbers of parasites expressing unique VSPs. Nevertheless, changes in VSP expression occur within the population in vivo owing to selection of VSPs by both immune and non-immune mechanisms. After inoculation of a single G. lamblia clone (able to persist in the absence of immune pressure) expressing one VSP (> or = 90%) into mice or humans, the original VSP continues to be expressed until 2 weeks post inoculation (p.i.), when many other VSPs gradually replace it. Selection by immune-mediated processes is suggested because switching occurs at the same time that humoral responses are first detected. In most mouse strains, switching also occurs at about two weeks. Almost all trophozoites are eliminated at three weeks (p.i.), but a barely detectable infection persists over months. In neonatal mice, apparent self-cure is delayed until the sixth or seventh week. Antigenic switching does not occur in adult or neonatal severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice, but does occur in neonatal nude mice, thus implicating B-cell-mediated mechanisms in immune switching. Not all VSPs are expressed to the same degree in vivo. Some VSPs appear to be preferentially selected whereas others are eliminated on a non-immune basis. In infections in which immunity does not play a role, such as in SCID mice, and during the first week of infection in immunocompetent mice or gerbils, persisting VSPs are preferentially expressed and maintained whereas non-persisting VSPs are replaced within the first week of infection. The purpose of antigenic variation may be presentation of a wide assortment of VSPs to hosts, increasing the chance of a successful initial infection or reinfection. Immune selection of variants comes into play following biological selection.
PP-035 Stability studies with levosimendan syringes (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Levosimendan (Simdax) is a calcium sensitizer that is effective in the treatment of heart failure. The available vials contain an adult dose but levosimendan is also used as off-label treatment in children. Aseptic preparation of low doses of levosimendan could save money. We had already demonstrated the chemical stability of levosimendan. Because preparations in syringes, especially of more volatile and lipophilic solutions are problematic, we focused in our new study on compounds that might leach out of polypropylene syringes. A syringe is not a totally closed system for volatile solvents and the risk of leachables is higher with lipophilic solvents. <h3>Purpose</h3> To investigate substances leached out of syringes of low-dose levosimendan during storage. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> The stability of 1 ml levosimendan syringes stored at 8°C was tested over 2 months with focus on leachables and loss of solvent. The HPLC method for levosimendan was validated by stress tests and separated out three main degradation products under alkaline conditions. Another HPLC method was validated to detect leachables. A new source of Simdax was also tested in the present study. <h3>Results</h3> We were able to confirm our previous results about the chemical stability with the new batch of Simdax. After 2 months a significant amount of leachables could be detected in the samples prepared in 1 ml syringes. The relevance of these leachables needs further investigation. <h3>Conclusions</h3> If the aseptic preparation is microbiologically validated, it will be possible to prepare paediatric doses of levosimendan in the pharmacy. The preparations are stable for 2 months if they are stored at 8°C. This will make child treatment with levosimendan less expensive. Because of detectable leachables in the syringes, special care needs to be taken in the choice of containers. No conflict of interest.
Integrating micro CT indices, CT imaging and computational modelling to assess the mechanical performance of fluoride treated bone (2013)

In this study we evaluate the influence of low-dose fluoride treatment on 23 patient biopsies. Computational finite element (FE) models of each biopsy were subjected to a range of loads including compression, shear and torsion. The modelling framework was validated against three 3D printed models with known material properties subjected to compression till failure using an Instron machine. The primary outcomes from this study were that mechanical strength was not significantly correlated to low-dose (<10 mg/day) of fluoride levels (one-way ANOVA, P-values of 0.78, 0.69 and 0.62 for compression, shear and torsion, respectively). However, when bulk bone material properties were derived from DXA bone mineral density (BMD) from each patient's proximal femur a non-significant linear decline in mechanical strength with increase in fluoride was predicted. When the same material property was used for all bones (to evaluate bone architecture influence) then mechanical strength showed a characteristic concave upwards trend, consistent with the variation of micro CT derived percentage bone volume (BV/TV). The secondary outcomes from this study were that in compression, BV/TV was observed to be a strong surrogate measure for mechanical strength (R(2) = 0.83), while bone surface density (R(2)=0.6), trabecular thickness (R(2) = 0.5) and intersection surface (R(2) = 0.6) also explained the variation of mechanical strength well. However, trabecular separation and trabecular number were mildly correlated with mechanical strength (R(2) of 0.31 and 0.35, respectively). Compression was the loading mode most strongly correlated to micro CT indices. Material properties adapted from the proximal femur reduced the CT index correlations by up to 58% indicating that bulk density from a near proximity is a poor representation of specific localised density. Substituting the 3D micro CT indices with 2D histomorphometric data decreased correlations by at least 33% indicating that structural identification on a plane is not representative of the full 3D architecture necessary for a complete bone strength analysis. The presented computational framework may be used to assess the roles that bone architecture and loading modes play in bone quality, and which micro CT indices are good surrogate measures for mechanical strength.
A survey of privacy vulnerabilities and defenses in geosocial networks (2013)

Geosocial networks (GSNs) are a popular extension of the growing online social networking phenomenon. The wealth of personal information voluntarily revealed by subscribers, however, exposes them to a wide range of privacy vulnerabilities. In this article we describe basic GSN features and show how external attackers can exploit them in order to gain access to sensitive user information. We introduce several properties that need to be satisfied by a viable, privacy preserving GSN solution. We survey the body of work addressing GSN attacks and privacy issues, and compare their ability to satisfy the crystallized properties. Finally, we propose several open research directions.
Tanning with Natural Polymeric Materials.Part 2: Efficiency of Dialdehyde Sodium Alginate as a Bi-functional Cross-linking Agent (2008)

The physical properties of collagen are profoundly influenced by the method and extent of cross-linking. Dialdehyde sodium alginate (DSA) at various oxidation levels was used to cross-link collagen. The number of covalent cross-links introduced in collagen by DSA has been quantified by calculating cross-linking density, swelling ratio, thermo-mechanical properties and stress-strain characteristics. 92% oxidised DSA (DSA-92) gave the maximum number of cross-links at pH8 compared to other versions. The number of cross-links has been found to increase with increase in oxidation of DSA and dialdehyde functionality. The spatial orientation of amino acid side chain residue during crosslinking of collagen plays an important role in determining the cross-linking density and consequent physical properties of the collagen matrix.
Neural Basis of Touch and Proprioception in Primate Cortex (2018)

The sense of proprioception allows us to keep track of our limb posture and movements and the sense of touch provides us with information about objects with which we come into contact. In both senses, mechanoreceptors convert the deformation of tissues-skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or joints-into neural signals. Tactile and proprioceptive signals are then relayed by the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system, where they are processed to give rise to percepts of objects and of the state of our body. In this review, we first examine briefly the receptors that mediate touch and proprioception, their associated nerve fibers, and pathways they follow to the cerebral cortex. We then provide an overview of the different cortical areas that process tactile and proprioceptive information. Next, we discuss how various features of objects-their shape, motion, and texture, for example-are encoded in the various cortical fields, and the susceptibility of these neural codes to attention and other forms of higher-order modulation. Finally, we summarize recent efforts to restore the senses of touch and proprioception by electrically stimulating somatosensory cortex. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1575-1602, 2018.
Regional specificity of relroviral integration (1998)

Інтеграція ретровірусів у геном хазяїв до недавнього часу вважалася випадковою і на сьогодні не існує ясності, як впливають виявлені в місцях встановлених локальних ефектів в місцях інтеграції локальні ефекти на процес інтеграції в цілий геном. Використання композиційного підходу дало можливість встановити, що інтеграція ретровірусів відбувається у певні райони геному, які тотожні вірусним послідовностям за складом основ. Цю регіональну специфічність інтеграції доведено: 1) нашими експериментальними даними з локалізації ретровірусних послідовностей у різних композиційних ділянках геному; 2) результатами з інших лабораторій стосовно локалізації ретровірусних послідовностей у «відкритих» ділянках хроматину або/чи біля СрG-«острівців»; 3) нашим композиційним аналізом генів, розташованих по сусідству з інтегрованими вірусними послідовностями. Такий висновок має значення як для розуміння композиційної еволюції ретровірусних геномів, так і для генної терапії.
J12 The perspective program: evaluating the effect of SAGE-718 on cognitive function in patients with Huntington’s disease (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> Cognitive impairment is a key driver of disability in patients with early-stage Huntington’s disease (HD). SAGE-718 is an investigational NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator that has been generally well tolerated and associated with improved cognitive performance in patients with HD and other neurodegenerative diseases in clinical studies conducted to date. <h3>Aims</h3> The PERSPECTIVE Program comprises three complementary trials: two double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 studies (DIMENSION [NCT05107128; enrolling] and SURVEYOR [NCT05358821; enrolling]) and one Phase 3 open-label safety study (planned). DIMENSION and SURVEYOR are designed to evaluate the effect of SAGE-718 on cognitive performance and functioning in patients with HD and cognitive impairment. SURVEYOR will also evaluate the magnitude of baseline differences in cognitive performance between patients with HD and healthy participants (HPs) to inform the clinical meaningfulness of cognitive endpoints. <h3>Methods</h3> The PERSPECTIVE Program design and key endpoints are summarized (Figure 1). In DIMENSION and SURVEYOR, patients with HD will be randomized 1:1 to daily, oral SAGE-718 or placebo. In SURVEYOR, an additional non-interventional cohort of matched HPs will undergo assessment as a reference group on the performance scales. Patients with HD who complete either DIMENSION or SURVEYOR, together with a de novo cohort of patients with HD and normal Total Functioning Capacity (TFC = 13) and/or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA ≥26) scores, may enroll into an open-label, Phase 3 study evaluating the long-term safety and tolerability of SAGE-718. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The PERSPECTIVE clinical development program will inform on the effectiveness of SAGE-718 in treating cognitive impairment associated with HD.
Heterogeneous-race-free memory models (2014)

Commodity heterogeneous systems (e.g., integrated CPUs and GPUs), now support a unified, shared memory address space for all components. Because the latency of global communication in a heterogeneous system can be prohibi-tively high, heterogeneous systems (unlike homogeneous CPU systems) provide synchronization mechanisms that only guarantee ordering among a subset of threads, which we call a scope. Unfortunately, the consequences and se-mantics of these scoped operations are not yet well under-stood. Without a formal and approachable model to reason about the behavior of these operations, we risk an array of portability and performance issues.