gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Model Of The Three‐Dimensional Structure Of Snake Venom Neurotoxins Based On Chemical Evidence (1973)

Data, from studies of covalent structure and chemical and physico‐chemical behaviour of 27 different homologous proteins with either neurotoxic, cardiotoxic or fytic activity isolated from the venoms of elapid or hydrophid snakes have been collected from the literature. Because of their small size (60–74 amino acid residues) and their high content of disulphide bridges (4 or 5 bridges) these proteins provide an unusually favourable opportunity for trials to construct models of three‐dimensional structure from indirect chemical evidence. Such a model has been built from atomic skeleton model units for the Naja nigricollis a‐toxin, which contains 61 amino acid residues and 4 disulfide bridges. The dizerences in amino acid sequences bet ween the proteins with neurotoxic and those with cardiotoxic or lytic activity have been used to assign certain residues as important for the general folding of the molecule and others as important for neurotoxic activity. The last‐mentioned residues are presumed to form the site that binds to the acetyl‐choline receptor.
Prediction of posttreatment spermatogenesis in patients with testicular cancer by flow cytometric sperm chromatin structure assay (1997)

The hypothesis to be tested was that abnormal sperm chromatin structure is related to disturbed spermatogenesis in patients with testicular cancer. After orchiectomy but before further treatment ("pretreatment"), semen samples from 39 patients with testicular cancer were analyzed for sperm concentration by light microscopy and by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). In 28 patients assessment of sperm concentration was repeated 12–26 months after orchiectomy ("posttreatment"). The pretreatment SCSA results for the patients were compared to those from 18 healthy semen donors and assessed for correlation with the patients' posttreatment sperm concentration. Twenty-three patients displayed an abnormal chromatin structure in their pretreatment sample. For the nine evaluable patients on the surveillance program, the pretreatment SCSA results were not correlated with the posttreatment concentration. The results from 19 evaluable patients undergoing cytotoxic treatment (radiotherapy, 13; chemotherapy, 6) indicate that posttreatment recovery of spermatogenesis (recovery in 4 of 5 patients) is observed more often in patients with a normal pretreatment chromatin structure than in those with abnormal SCSA values before treatment (recovery in 2 of 14 patients; P = 0.02). The results of SCSA display sperm characteristics beyond those of light microscopically assessed sperm concentration. Pretreatment SCSA results might help clinicians to identify those testicular cancer patients with a high risk of long-lasting posttreatment disturbance of spermatogenesis. Cytometry 30:192–196, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strategies for Heterocyclic Construction via Novel Multicomponent Reactions Based on Isocyanides and Nucleophilic Carbenes (2003)

This Account focuses mainly on our recent endeavors in the area of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) involving zwitterionic species generated by the addition of isocyanides and nucleophilic carbenes such as dimethoxycarbene and N-heterocyclic carbenes to activated alkynes. The strategy employed encompasses the interception of 1:1 zwitterionic species, generated in situ with a wide range of electrophiles. The new MCRs developed offer an efficient and convenient entry into several heterocycles of biological and synthetic importance.
7. The implementation and practical application of the European Investigation Order in the United Kingdom: an academic perspective (2018)

The EIO directive is an important measure for improving EU criminal justice cooperation. Its introduction marks a rapid intensification of the change within the EU legal order from a MLA to a MLR evidence gathering regime. This has been generally welcomed in the UK, but could amplify two risks within the English criminal justice system: inadequate protection for defence rights, and significant and potentially complex extra work when its resilience is already threatened by fiscal austerity. Both risks are resource related (especially inadequate legal aid funding), but the EIO’s impact will be magnified in some cases by potential complexities stemming from differences between member state legal systems. Also this change is taking place at a time when there are already substantial concerns about evidence gathering and analysis, and the protection of defence rights (particularly disclosure) in English proceedings. These challenges (not restricted perhaps to the UK) and the politico-legal consequences of any problems in EIO implementation suggest that thought might be given to whether limits could or should be imposed on the number of EIOs that can be executed. There are multilateral and unilateral precedents for rationing in the implementation of earlier EU criminal justice cooperation measures, but achieving this for the EIO directive would be much more difficult.
CO2 laser micromachining of optical waveguides for interconnection on circuit boards (2012)

The introduction of microvia and surface mount technologies into the manufacturing process for printed circuit boards (PCBs) has significantly improved the interconnection density. However, as the speed of signals for data communication on the board approaches and begins to exceed 10 Gb/s, the loss and crosstalk of copper interconnections increase. To resolve these problems, optical interconnections (OI) have been suggested as a viable solution. Literature reports have proved the photochemical nature of excimer laser ablation with its minimal thermal effect, and other ultra-violet lasers are also being investigated for the fabrication of polymer waveguides by laser ablation. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the fabrication of multimode optical polymer waveguides by using infra-red 10.6 μm CO2 laser micromachining to etch acrylate-based photopolymer (Truemode™). CO2 lasers offer a low cost and high speed fabrication route as CO2 lasers can be used to cut through various engineering materials including polymers and metals. The paper characterises the relationship between the laser ablation power, the fabrication speed and the resulting effect on the waveguide optical insertion loss for the first time.
Reducing Branch Misprediction Penalty through Confidence Estimation (2002)

The goal of this Thesis is reducing the global penalty associated to branch mispredictions, in terms of both performance degradation and energy consumption, through the use of confidence estimation. The reduction of this global penalty has been achieved, firstly, by increasing the accuracy of branch predictors, next, by reducing the time necessary to restore the processor from a mispredicted branch, and finally, by reducing the energy consumption due to the execution of incorrect instructions. All these proposals rely on the use of confidence estimation, a mechanism that assesses the quality of branch predictions by means of estimating the probability of a dynamic branch prediction to be correct or incorrect.
Analysis and evaluation of a XEN based virtual router (2008)

Virtualization techniques are applied to improve features like isolation, security, mobility and dynamic reconfiguration in distributed systems. To introduce these advantages into the network where they are highly required, an interesting approach is to virtualize the internet routers themselves. This technique could enable several virtual networks of different types, owners and protocols to coexist inside one physical network. In this study, we propose a model of a virtual router we have implemented with XEN and we evaluate its properties. We show that the performance is close to the performance of non virtualized software routers, but causes an important processing overhead and unfairness in the share of the resources. We study the impact of the virtual machine scheduler parameters on the network performance and we show that the module which is responsible of forwarding the packets between the virtual machines and the physical interfaces is the critical point of network communications.
Androgen deprivation therapy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. (2007)

This article reviews the issues and controversies relevant to the treatment of advanced prostate cancer with androgen deprivation therapy. Initially, diethylstilbestrol was used for achieving androgen deprivation, but was replaced by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Adverse events associated with LHRH agonists include the flare phenomenon, hot flashes, loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, depression, muscle wasting, anemia, and osteoporosis. Intermittent therapy has been advocated to reduce morbidity of treatment. The addition of an antiandrogen provides maximum androgen blockade. There remains controversy regarding the timing of the addition of an antiandrogen. Secondary hormonal therapies include antiandrogens, adrenal androgen inhibitors, and estrogens.
Interchangeability and Disorder in the Solid‐State Structures of “Two Wall” Calix[4]pyrroles Equipped with Iodine and Ethynyl para‐Substituents (2022)

Herein, the synthesis and X-ray structures of three α,β "two wall" aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles having either identical (symmetrically substituted) or different (non-symmetrically substituted) meso-aryl substituents (aryl=4-ethynylphenyl and 4-iodophenyl) are reported. The X-ray structure of the co-crystal formed by the two symmetrically substituted calix[4]pyrroles is also described. In the solid state, all studied α,β-calix[4]pyrroles exhibit a 1,3-alternate conformation with two co-crystallized acetonitrile solvent molecules H-bonded to adjacent cis-pyrrole rings. Remarkably, the 1,3-conformer of the non-symmetrically substituted iodophenyl/ethynylphenyl compound is intrinsically chiral. The two enantiomers are present in the average asymmetric unit in a 65 : 35 occupancy ratio displaying a head-to-tail directional disorder. This is due to the functional complementarity and the isosteric and isoelectronic properties of the para-substituents: iodo and ethynyl. That is, the negative belt of iodine is similar to the negative π-system of the C≡C triple bond and the σ-hole in the iodine atom is similar to the positive proton at the C≡C-H group.
Airway remodelling in asthma and novel therapy. (2013)

Asthma is an airway inflammatory disease with functional and structural changes, leading to bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and airflow obstruction. Airway structural changes or airway remodelling consist of epithelial injury, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial layer thickening, airway smooth muscle hyperplasia and angiogenesis. These changes were previously considered as a consequence of chronic airway inflammation. However, several studies have demonstrated that inflammation and remodelling can occur as separate but parallel aspects of the asthmatic process. As such there is increasing evidence for the role of mechanocompressive forces within the asthmatic airway contributing to airway structural changes. Furthermore, it is unclear what is the best treatment to modify remodelling and which component to target. There is also a need to identify asthma phenotype that might specifically respond to novel therapies such as anti-IL5, anti-IL13 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Evaluation of binarization methods for utility map images (2002)

This paper presents an evaluation of locally adaptive binarization methods for gray scale images with low contrast, variable background intensity and noise. Such low quality occurs frequently in utility maps and excludes the use of global binarization methods. Only robust locally adaptive binarization methods with no need for on-line tuning of the parameters were considered since the gray scale images of utility maps often consist of a billion (10/sup 9/) pixels or more. Eight locally adaptive binarization methods were tested on five different images. The postprocessing step (PS) of Yanowitz and Bruckstein's (1989) method improved all the other best binarization methods. Niblack's (1986) method with PS gave the best performance. Eikvil, Taxt and Moen's (1991) method with PS, and Yanowitz and Bruckstein's method did almost as well. Comparison was also made on the CPU requirement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Characterizing temporal development of biofilm porosity using artificial neural networks (2008)

We used artificial neural networks (ANN) to compute parameters characterising biofilm structure from biofilm images and to interpolate a limited number of experimental data characterising the effects of nutrient concentration and flow velocity on the areal porosity of biofilms. ANN were trained using a set of experimental data characterising structural parameters of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC #700829), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC #700830) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC #700831) for various flow velocities and glucose concentrations. We used 80% of the data to train ANN and 10% of the data to validate the results, which is routinely carried out as a countermeasure against overtraining. Trained ANN were used to interpolate into the data set and evaluate the missing 10% of the data. To compare ANN accuracy in evaluating the missing data with the accuracies achieved using other interpolation algorithms, we used spline, cubic, linear and nearest-neighbour interpolation algorithms to evaluate the missing data. ANN estimates were consistently closer to the experimental data than the estimates made using the other methods.
Nitric oxide-an endogenous inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in isolated human gastric glands (2004)

Our results show that NO inhibits gastric acid secretion in isolated human gastric glands, and that there is endogenous formation of NO within the glandular epithelium in the vicinity of the parietal cells.
CULLIN 4-RING FINGER-LIGASE plays a key role in the control of endoreplication cycles in Arabidopsis trichomes (2010)

One of the predominant cell-cycle programs found in mature tissues is endoreplication, also known as endoreduplication, that leads to cellular polyploidy. A key question for the understanding of endoreplication cycles is how oscillating levels of cyclin-dependent kinase activity are generated that control repeated rounds of DNA replication. The APC/C performs a pivotal function in the mitotic cell cycle by promoting anaphase and paving the road for a new round of DNA replication. However, using marker lines and plants in which APC/C components are knocked down, we show here that outgrowing and endoreplicating Arabidopsis leaf hairs display no or very little APC/C activity. Instead we find that RBX1-containing Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin-Ligases (CRLs) are of central importance for the progression through endoreplication cycles; in particular, we have identified CULLIN4 as a major regulator of endoreplication in Arabidopsis trichomes. We have incorporated our findings into a bio-mathematical simulation presenting a robust two-step model of endoreplication control with one type of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor function for entry and a CRL-dependent oscillation of cyclin-dependent kinase activity via degradation of a second type of CDK inhibitor during endoreplication cycles.
Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling Regulates Innate Immune Responses and Inflammation (2019)

The brain regulates physiological functions integral to survival. However, the insight into brain neuronal regulation of peripheral immune function and the neuromediator systems and pathways involved remains limited. Here, utilizing selective genetic and pharmacological approaches, we studied the role of forebrain cholinergic signaling in the regulation of peripheral immune function and inflammation. Forebrain-selective genetic ablation of acetylcholine release and vagotomy abolished the suppression of serum TNF by the centrally-acting cholinergic drug galantamine in murine endotoxemia. Selective stimulation of acetylcholine action on the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR) by central administration of the positive allosteric modulator benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) suppressed serum TNF (TNFα) levels in murine endotoxemia. This effect was recapitulated by peripheral administration of the compound. BQCA also improved survival in murine endotoxemia and these effects were abolished in M1 mAChR knockout (KO) mice. Selective optogenetic stimulation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating brain regions with abundant M1 mAChR localization reduced serum TNF in endotoxemic mice. These findings reveal that forebrain cholinergic neurons regulate innate immune responses and inflammation, suggesting the possibility that in diseases associated with cholinergic dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease this anti-inflammatory regulation can be impaired. These results also suggest novel anti-inflammatory approaches based on targeting forebrain cholinergic signaling in sepsis and other disorders characterized by immune dysregulation.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF TIRZEPATIDE, A DUAL GIP/GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONIST, COMPARED TO INSULIN DEGLUDEC IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES (SURPASS-3) (2022)

Background Tirzepatide is a novel dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The efficacy and safety of tirzepatide vs titrated insulin degludec were assessed in insulin-naïve patients with T2D inadequately controlled on metformin with/without SGLT-2i.
Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Alkali Metals (1955)

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have been made in metallic lithium, sodium, and rubidium, using pulsed radio-frequency power. The experimental data are values of ${T}_{1}$, the spin-lattice relaxation time, and of ${T}_{2}$, the inverse line width or spin-spin relaxation time. Measurements were made at several Larmor frequencies and at temperatures between -65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Over a considerable temperature range, ${T}_{1}$ is found to be primarily determined by interaction with the conduction electrons. The magnitudes of ${T}_{1}$ agree fairly well with the Korringa theory in all three metals. The lithium data in particular indicate that $\frac{{P}_{f}}{{P}_{a}}\ensuremath{\cong}0.6$. In lithium and sodium a dependence of ${T}_{1}$ on the resonance frequency is observed, which cannot be explained on the basis of the Korringa theory. Information about the atomic self-diffusion process is also obtained. Portions of the ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ data are interpreted using the theory of Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound. In addition, some of the ${T}_{1}$ data are interpreted in terms of the lattice diffusion theory of Torrey. These analyses yield values for $D$, the coefficient of self-diffusion, of ${{0.24}_{\ensuremath{-}0.10}}^{+0.17}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}13200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{400}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec in lithium and ${{0.20}_{\ensuremath{-}0.15}}^{+0.56}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}10000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{600}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec in sodium. Although there is some ambiguity in the interpretation of the rubidium data, they indicate $D\ensuremath{\cong}0.23\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{9400}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. Unusual broadenings of the resonance lines are observed at the melting points in all three metals. These broadenings are not presently understood, but some features of the data can be correlated with a mechanism involving magnetic local fields which arise from lattice imperfections.
Immunostaining of human glioblastomas with various PCNA antibodies (1997)

The aim of the study was to compare various PCNA clones (PC10, 19A2, and 19F4) on frozen and paraffin wax sections of ten human glioblastomas. Standard immunohistochemical methods were used (avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique). Half of the paraffin sections were pretreated in a microwave oven. With few exceptions positive staining was achieved only on paraffin sections after microwave treatment. Staining with the 19A2 antibody revealed few (<1%) positively stained tumor nuclei in only three cases whereas staining with 19F4 was positive in eight cases with a labeling index (LI) in the range of <1-3.5%. All cases showed positive staining with the PC10 antibody with an LI of <1% in three cases and in the range of 2.0-17.2% in the remaining seven. However, most of the PC10 stained sections showed a disturbing unspecific background staining. Thus, in spite of the background staining we conclude that PC10 offered the best immunostaining of the antibodies tested.
Efficient In Vitro Digestion of Lipids and Proteins in Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) Ingredient and Infant Formula Containing MFGM (2022)

The relative immaturity of the infant digestive system after birth has the potential to affect the bioaccessibility of dietary lipids, proteins and their digested product. The in vitro digestion of lipids and protein in bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) ingredient and infant formula without and with MFGM ingredient (bovine source), as well as the partitioning of non-digested and products of digestion in bioaccessible fraction of chyme were measured. Conditions that simulate those in the stomach and small intestine of infants were used. MFGM ingredient and whey/casein-based infant formula with and without 6%MFGM ingredient were digested using static, two-phase in vitro digestion model with conditions simulating those in the infant gut. Digestion and bioaccessibility of lipids were monitored by measuring a wide lipid profile using direct infusion-mass spectrometry (DI-MS/MS). Digestion of proteins were determined by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with quantitative imaging of all blue stained bands. Cholesterol esters, diacylglycerides, triacylglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines in the MFGM ingredients were readily hydrolyzed resulting in marked increases in the amounts of free fatty acids and lyso-phospholipids in the bioaccessible fraction of chyme. In contrast, sphingomyelins, ceramides and GM3 gangliosides were relatively resistant to digestion. Protein in MFGM ingredient and infant formula without and with added MFGM ingredient also were efficiently digested. The results suggest proteins, neutral lipids and phospholipids in MFGM are efficiently digested using conditions that simulate those in the prandial lumen of the stomach and small intestine of infants. Also, the profile of lipid and protein digestion is similar for whey/casein-based infant formula without and with MFGM ingredient using conditions that simulate those in the infant gut. Ohio State Agriculture Research and Development Center, the JT Parker Endowment and Reckitt Nutrition Institute.
Microwave Photoelasticity: A Resonant Wavelength Approach Applied to PEEK Polymer (2020)

Every nondestructive testing (NDT) technique has its unique set of advantages and limitations. Currently, the only existing noncontact NDT method capable of measuring sub-surface stresses, in optically opaque materials, at near-real-time speeds and over large areas is Microwave Photoelasticity (MP). This paper presents a new MP approach, which correlates changes in resonant wavelengths to changes in stress. In addition to a theoretical outline of the approach, the design and operation of an instrument capable of conducting these measurements is described. Finally, the technique is demonstrated by conducting measurements on polyetheretherketone, commonly known as PEEK, polymer. Between the W-Band frequencies of 105 to 115 GHz, PEEK’s stress-optic-coefficient was determined to be of 𝐶𝐶 = −0.20 ± 0.02 1/GPa.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,4‐TRIAZINES, 9. THE SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL 4‐AMINO‐1,6‐DIHYDRO‐1,2,4‐TRIAZINONES (1985)

Abstract Aus den I.2,4‐Triazinonthionen (I) erhält man reduktiv die Dihydroverbindungen (II).