gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data from Ultra-Sensitive Detection of the Pretreatment EGFR T790M Mutation in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with an EGFR-Activating Mutation Using Droplet Digital PCR (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; The resistance to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is a major concern in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. T790M mutation in EGFR accounts for nearly 50% of the acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Earlier studies suggested that T790M mutation was also detected in TKI-naïve NSCLCs in a small cohort. Here, we use an ultra-sensitive droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) technique to address the incidence and clinical significance of pretreatment T790M in a larger cohort.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; ddPCR was established as follows: wild-type or T790M mutation-containing DNA fragments were cloned into plasmids. Candidate threshold was identified using wild-type plasmid, normal human genomic DNA, and human A549 cell line DNA, which expresses wild type. Surgically resected tumor tissues from 373 NSCLC patients with EGFR-activating mutations were then examined for the presence of T790M using ddPCR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Our data revealed a linear performance for this ddPCR method (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.998) with an analytical sensitivity of approximately 0.001%. The overall incidence of the pretreatment T790M mutation was 79.9% (298/373), and the frequency ranged from 0.009% to 26.9%. The T790M mutation was detected more frequently in patients with a larger tumor size (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.019) and those with common EGFR-activating mutations (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.022), as compared with the others.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The ultra-sensitive ddPCR assay revealed that pretreatment T790M was found in the majority of NSCLC patients with EGFR-activating mutations. ddPCR should be utilized for detailed assessment of the impact of the low frequency pretreatment T790M mutation on treatment with EGFR-TKIs. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 21(15); 3552–60. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Diurnal variation of corneal thickness in the cat. (1985)

Central corneal thickness of both eyes of seven cats was measured hourly for 72 hr using ultrasonic pachometry. The mean corneal thickness was 569 +/- 36 micron (mean +/- SD), and the diurnal variation was 49 +/- 14 micron (8.6% of corneal thickness). In a separate experiment, the corneal thickness of one eye of each of five cats was measured following 2 hr of natural sleep; 2 1/4 hr after eye opening, the corneas had thinned an average of 43 +/- 22 micron. The authors conclude that corneal swelling induced by eye closure during periods of sleep is the prime determinant of the diurnal variation in cat corneal thickness. In studies where corneal thickness is to be monitored over a period of time, it is possible to control against this large diurnal variation by ensuring that the cat is active for a period of two hours prior to pachometry measurements.
Medical History, Lifestyle, Family History, and Occupational Risk Factors for Follicular Lymphoma: The InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project (2014)

The few relationships observed provide clues suggesting a multifactorial etiology of FL but are limited in the extent to which they explain FL occurrence.
Evaluation of promoter hypermethylation in tissue and blood of non-small cell lung cancer patients and association with survival. (2018)

<b>Background:</b> Gene silencing by aberrant promoter hypermethylation is common in lung cancer and is an initiating event in its development. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16) is a tumor suppressor gene, plays an important role in cell cycle regulation. O6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene encoded protein is essential for genome stability. <b>Aim:</b> To compare promoter hypermethylation frequency in serum and tissue of lung cancer patients with disease controls. <b>Method:</b> 190 newly diagnosed untreated advance stage lung cancer patients and 100 cancer free matched controls were studied. Methylation specific PCR was used to determine the frequency of promoter hypermethylation. Bisulfite modification of tissue and serum DNA was done, and modified DNA was used as a template for methylation specific PCR analysis. Survival was assessed for one year. <b>Results:</b> Of 190 patients, 82% were non-small cell lung cancer (34% squamous cell carcinoma, 34% non-small cell lung cancer and 14% adenocarcinoma) and 18% were small cell lung cancer. Biopsy revealed that tissue of 89% and 75% of lung cancer patients and 85% and 52% of controls had promoter hypermethylated for MGMT (p=0.35) and p16 (p&lt;0.001) gene, respectively. In serum, 33% and 49% of lung cancer patients and 28% and 43% controls were positive for MGMT and p16 gene. No significant correlation was found between survival and clinicopathological parameters. <b>Conclusion:</b> High methylation frequency of p16 gene in tissue biopsy may be linked with early stages of carcinogenesis. Appropriate follow-up is required for confirmation of this finding.
Toward Lighter, Stiffer Materials (2013)

Lightweight cellular (porous) materials are assembled from prefabricated building blocks. [Also see Report by Cheung and Gershenfeld ]
An Area‐Preserving Parametrization for Spherical Rectangles (2013)

Abstract We present an area‐preserving parametrization for spherical rectangles which is an analytical function with domain in the unit rectangle [0, 1] 2 and range in a region included in the unit‐radius sphere. The parametrization preserves areas up to a constant factor and is thus very useful in the context of rendering as it allows to map random sample point sets in [0, 1] 2 onto the spherical rectangle. This allows for easily incorporating stratified, quasi‐Monte Carlo or other sampling strategies in algorithms that compute scattering from planar rectangular emitters.
Simplified circuit modeling and fabrication of intrabody communication devices (2005)

Intrabody communication using the human body as the transmission medium enables wireless communication without emitting radio waves into the air. Empirical results on signal transmission gain in the frequency range from 1 to 1000 kHz have shown that the two-electrode model, in which only one of the two electrodes of the transmitter and receiver are attached to the human body, has greater gain than the four-electrode model, in which all four electrodes are attached to the human body. Calculated gains based on four-terminal circuit models of two different electrode arrangements agree with experimental results. The validity of the four-terminal circuit models in the MHz frequency band was investigated using a 10.7-MHz intrabody sine-wave transmitter and receiver fabricated for this purpose. The results also indicate that the two-electrode model is more suitable for high-speed intrabody communication devices than the four-electrode model.
Guide for the validation of measurement software (1999)

NPL is developing a Guide to Measurement System Validation based upon a previous guide with a narrower scope. The new work is part of a programme on the Software Support for Metrology. The key issue in validation is to preserve the integrity of the measurement process. Validation is essential for reliable and dependable measurement. The main approach taken here is one of risk assessment as a means of determining the most appropriate level of rigour (and cost) that should be applied in a specific context.
A Deep Neural Network Near-Universal Dielectric Meta-Atom Generator (2021)

Dielectric meta-atoms enable ultra-thin optical devices but have complex electromagnetic responses. Neural networks mitigate the complexity but have had limited predictive scope. We present a network for near-arbitrary materials and spectral regimes.
138. The trialkylsilyl esters of boron (1959)

E. W. Abel and A. Singh, J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 690 DOI: 10.1039/JR9590000690
Direct Observation of Different One- and Two-Photon Fluorescent States in a Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole Fluorophore (2020)

Two-photon fluorophores are frequently employed to obtain superior spatial resolution in optical microscopy applications. To guide the rational design of these molecules, a detailed understanding of their excited-state deactivation pathways after two-photon excitation is beneficial, especially to assess the often-assumed presumption that the one- and two-photon excited-state dynamics are similar after excitation. Here, we showcase the breakdown of this assumption for one- and two-photon excitation of a centrosymmetric pyrrolo[3,2-<i>b</i>]pyrrole chromophore by combining time-resolved fluorescence and broadband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Compared to one-photon excitation, where radiative decay dominates the photodynamics, two-photon excitation leads to dynamics arising from increased nonradiative decay pathways. These different photodynamics are manifest to different quantum yields, thus highlighting the types of time-resolved studies described here to be valuable guideposts in the design of two-photon fluorophores for imaging applications.
Controlling Photocatalytic Reactions and Hot Electron Transfer by Rationally Designing Pore Sizes and Encapsulated Plasmonic Nanoparticle Numbers (2019)

Controlled self-assembly of different numbers of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the highly ordered cylindrical anodic aluminum oxide nanopores was achieved by a facile ultrasonication method. The surface plasmon resonance bands became red-shifted by increasing the number of nanoparticles (N), in the top view, from monomer M1 (N = 1) to multimers of M2 (N = 3 ± 1), M3 (N = 5 ± 1), and M4 (N = 7 ± 1). The numerical calculations of the M2 model showed the best match of 2 nm nanogap among 28 nm diameter AuNPs in 53 nm diameter nanopores. When the number of AuNPs inside the nanopores increased, more hotspots were generated, which induced the plasmon-driven photocatalysis on AuNP clusters at the incident visible light of 633 nm. The enhanced photocatalytic reaction of 4-nitrobenzenethiol was observed after sequentially increasing the number of AuNPs, which began at M3 and was maximum for M4. The M3 configuration could be a magical number of AuNP clusters for the nanogap-induced photocatalysis under 633 nm irradiation (∼0.2 mW) for 12 min. Our methods should be helpful in adjusting photocatalysis by varying the numbers of nanoparticles inside the tunable nanopores.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assays (2009)

Over the past twenty years, the development of chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, assays has immensely enhanced the biological significance of the multifaceted DNA-binding proteins. In Chromatin
Planar silver nanowire, carbon nanotube and PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite transparent electrodes (2015)

Highly conductive, transparent and flexible planar electrodes were fabricated using interwoven silver nanowires and single-walled carbon nanotubes (AgNW:SWCNT) in a PEDOT:PSS matrix via an epoxy transfer method from a silicon template. The planar electrodes achieved a sheet resistance of 6.6 ± 0.0 <i>Ω</i>/□ and an average transmission of 86% between 400 and 800 nm. A high figure of merit of 367 <i>Ω</i><sup>-1</sup> is reported for the electrodes, which is much higher than that measured for indium tin oxide and reported for other AgNW composites. The AgNW:SWCNT:PEDOT:PSS electrode was used to fabricate low temperature (annealing free) devices demonstrating their potential to function with a range of organic semiconducting polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction blend systems.
Monoclonal antibody 91.9H raised against sulfated mucins is specific for the 3'-sulfated Lewisa tetrasaccharide sequence (1998)

The IgG1hybridoma antibody, 91.9H, was originally raised against sulfated mucins isolated from normal human colonic mucosa. Previous studies have shown that the 91.9H antigen is expressed on normal colonic epithelial cells and the sulfomucins that they produce, but not in the normal small intestine and stomach. Tissue-specific changes occur in 91.9H antigen expression in disease: the antigen diminishes in colonic carcinomas, whereas in regions of gastric mucosa showing intestinal metaplasia and in gastric carcinomas, the antigen is expressed as a "neo-antigen." This report is concerned with elucidation, by the neoglycolipid technology, of the determinant recognized by antibody 91.9H using sulfated and sialyl oligosaccharides of Lewisa(Lea) and Lextypes, and analogs that lack sulfate, sialic acid, or fucose. Binding experiments with the lipid-linked oligosaccharides immobilized on chromatograms or on microwells, and inhibition of binding experiments with free oligosaccharides based on di-, tri- and tetrasaccharide backbones, show that the 91.9H antigenic determinant is based on a trisaccharide backbone, and consists of the 3'-sulfated Leatetrasaccharide sequence, which is a potent ligand for the E- and L-selectins. The antibody gives a relatively low signal with the 3'-sulfated non-fucosylated backbone, and has no detectable cross-reaction with the 3'-sulfated Lexisomer, nor with sialyl-Leaand -Lexanalogues. Antibody 91.9H is a valuable addition, therefore, to the repertoire of reagents for mapping details of the distribution, and determining the relative importance of sulfated and sialyl oligosaccharides as ligands for the selectins, in normal and pathological epithelia and endothelia.
Current Perspectives on Antiretroviral Therapy (1993)

Current estimates suggest that at least 1 million persons in the United States are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Knowledge of the life cycle of HIV has provided the fundamental information necessary to initiate programs that will identify drugs to treat the infection. Inhibition of reverse transcriptase represents the only strategy of proved clinical value. Three such drugs are available: zidovudine, didanosine, and zalcitabine. Zidovudine is the only proved agent for therapy of asymptomatic HIV infection; and for symptomatic disease, monotherapy with zidovudine must also be regarded as the first-line approach. For patients who are intolerant, are failing clinically, or have received prior long-term treatment with zidovudine, monotherapy with didanosine or zalcitabine, or a combination of zidovudine and zalcitabine are alternatives. Progress is being made in the treatment of HIV infection, but the considerable challenge to affect the inexorable progressive nature of HIV disease remains daunting.
Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction (2021)

The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has been a fast developing and innovative topic in recent years. It may enable efficient reduction of carbon emission, as well as store renewable electricity into chemical bonds in fuels or other chemicals. However, due to the complexity of reaction factors and mechanisms, the activity and selectivity of CO2RR have yet to be further optimized in order to realize commercial applications. Specifically, the high selectivity of CO2 reduction products (especially for multi-electron-transfer and multicarbon reduction products), lower overpotentials, high energy efficiencies, good stability, and low fabrication cost are required. In this Spotlight, we focus on the design of active sites in heterogeneous catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction, and we provide several strategies to target those challenges in this field. First, as the major side reaction in aqueous solutions, the hydrogen evolution reaction can be inhibited by increasing the energy barrier for H2 formation and tuning the electrolyte diffusion toward the electrocatalyst surface, thus enhancing the Faradaic efficiencies of CO2RR products. Second, the proximity of adjacent catalytic sites suggests a strong capability for tuning the coupling efficiency of multiple carbon atoms. Third, the active sites of heterogeneous electrocatalysts can be generated by different defects, including single-atom doping, anion vacancy, alloy formation, and lattice defects, which can lead to distinctively different production distributions. Finally, a solar-driven electrocatalytic CO2 reduction system was developed, enabling a high solar-to-fuel photoconversion efficiency. Further investigations of heterogeneous electrocatalysts and reaction systems are expected to enhance the electrochemical CO2RR performances toward the application level.
Bridge Maintenance Robotic Arm: Capacitive Sensor for Obstacle Ranging in Particle Laden Air (2006)

This paper describes an Adaptive Capacitive Sensor Network for Obstacle Ranging (ACSOR) that is intended to provide entire arm encompassing obstacle range data for a robotic arm conducting the task of sandblasting a bridge. A multi-channel capacitive sensor capable of dynamic obstacle ranging in air heavily laden with lead contaminated sandblasting refuse has been developed. Experimental results have shown the ACSOR's working range to be 50cm, that it is relatively immune from airborne lead contaminated sandblasting refuse and that it is capable of ranging an obstacle 21cm away whilst fitted to a robotic arm moving at 2cm/s with an obstacle range error of less than 1cm.
PC-based human face recognition system (2002)

Measurements from features of a human such as eyes, nose, mouth, and face profile are used for face recognition. Images of human faces, each 256*200 in size with 64 shades of gray, are stored in a gray-level referenced file. Face matchings were performed in two stages. In the first stage, image processing techniques were used to extract six features from each of the gray-level images. Each face is represented by a vector of six dimensions and is stored in the six-feature referenced file along with the gray-level images. The same features from an unlabeled face were then extracted and a search was performed to locate the most likely candidates in the six-feature file. Computations were greatly simplified since matching was based on six numbers and many of the unlikely candidates were eliminated at this stage. The second stage involved the matching of all facial features of the unlabeled face to those of the most likely candidates in the gray-level file. Time required to match a face was greatly reduced since comparison of all facial features was done on relatively fewer most likely candidates. Experimental results indicated that with a small referenced file of ten persons the system was able to correctly classify unlabeled faces 80% of the time. Currently a computing time of 15 minutes is needed for each classification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Secondary Metabolites of Aeromonas veronii Strain A134 Isolated from a Microcystis aeruginosa Bloom (2019)

<i>Aeromonas veronii</i> strain A134 was isolated from <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> colonies collected from Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel. The <i>Aeromonas</i> culture media inhibited the growth of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> (strain MGK). The crude extract of a large-scale culture of <i>A. veronii</i> A134 was separated in a few chromatographic steps to yield three new secondary metabolites, 9-chlorolumichrome (<b>1</b>), veronimide (<b>2</b>) and veronipyrazine (<b>3</b>), along with a known lumichrome and several known diketopiperazines. The structures of the new compounds were established by analyses of the data from 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HRMS data of the compounds, as well as a single-crystal x-ray analysis of synthetic <b>1</b>. The structure elucidation and proposed biogenesis of the new compounds are described below.
Modal Analysis of Path Length Sensitivity in Superposition Architectures for Coherent Laser Beam Combining (2009)

An analytical model is developed to describe the modal behavior of a class of coherent beam combining resonators based on laser beam superposition. This model is used to explore the interplay between modal discrimination and tolerance to gain element path length changes. Under certain conditions, the sensitivity to the random phase fluctuations of the individual gain elements can be substantially reduced.
Publishing Trends in International Humanitarian Cleft Lip and Palate Care: A Systematic Review (2023)

<b>Background:</b> Humanitarian outreach delivers essential cleft lip and palate (CLP) care in low- and middle-income countries. <b>Objective:</b> To review the literature regarding humanitarian CLP care and determine if a shift toward more sustainable care delivery is observed. <b>Methods:</b> A systematic review was performed on articles describing CLP repair in humanitarian settings from 1985 to 2020. Publications were categorized into trip reports, outcomes, teaching, and public health. Articles were stratified into three 12-year intervals (T1-T3) for analysis. <b>Results:</b> A total of 246 publications were included. Average annual publications increased 15.4-fold from T1 to T3 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Among publications focused on delivering CLP-related care, descriptive trip report articles trended downward (58% in T1 vs. 42% in T3), whereas outcome-focused publications trended upward (42% in T1 vs. 58% T3). Public health research represented the greatest percentage of publications in T3 (50%). There were 22 teaching-related publications in T3 and only one in prior years. <b>Conclusion:</b> Research trends demonstrate a shift away from focusing solely on the number of surgical cases completed and toward more sustainable models of care delivery that address barriers to receiving longitudinal care.
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of women admitted to eileen skellern ward (ES1) psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) (2021)

Introduction PICU inpatients are likely to be at increased risk of having unmet SRH needs due to barriers to accessing services. Since May 2018, an in-reach SRH assessment has been available to all psychiatric inpatients on ES1 ward, if referred. Analysis of referrals over 15 months identified only 24 had been made during this time. Objectives To assess the SRH needs of women admitted to ES1 PICU, the feasibility of providing a SRH in-reach clinic, and the acceptability of delivering a nurse lead referral programme. Methods A bi-monthly SRH in-reach clinic and a nurse led SRH referral pathway were implemented on ES1 over a seven-month period. A staff training needs assessment was performed followed by training, a protocol was developed, staff attitudes were explored, and patient engagement was sought. Results A total of 41% (32/77) of patients were referred, which was a 29% increase. 53.1% (17/32) of the total referrals had a true SRH need, equating to a 10% increase and 22% (17/77) of all PICU admissions. 90% of referrals were made by nursing staff. A staff focus group (n15) highlighted the acceptability and perceived importance of offering SRH care in PICU, if interventions were appropriately timed and the patient’s individual risk profile was considered. Conclusions Results identify that SRH needs for PICU admissions are greater than previously realised. Providing a nurse led referral pathway for an SRH in-reach clinic is acceptable, feasible and beneficial for PICU patients. This project has resulted in service improvements including offering asymptomatic STI testing to all PICU admissions. Disclosure No significant relationships.