gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Techniques ror Change Detection (1972)

The problem of change detection presents itself for imaging systems that view the same scene repeatedly. Current research programs based on the processing of side-looking radar imagery show that spatial alignment of the various parts of the image must be highly accurate if noise in the difference picture is to be reduced to acceptably low levels. Typically, the spatial alignment accuracy must be better than one-fourth of the diameter of the smallest resolvable feature in the imagery, and this often requires several hundred degrees of freedom in the performance of the map warp for images that are of the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> picture cells (pixels) in size. Gray scale rectification of conjugate sampling points is less difficult, requiring typically only 10 to 20 percent as many degrees of freedom. Point by point adjustment for differences in mean transparency and contrast is employed. Recently developed equipment provides a continuous pipeline processing capability. With this equipment, each picture element of the second image is transformed with four degrees of freedom (two spatial and two gray scale). The digital correlator is capable of processing 4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> six-bit picture elements per second when used in conjunction with a CDC 1700 computer.
TiO 2 Produced by Vapor‐Phase Oxygenolysis of TiCI 4 (1976)

The formation of TiO 2 powders by oxygenolysis of TiCI 4 was studied with emphasis on the effects of reaction conditions on the particle size of the products. The particle size of TiO 2 (anatase) decreased with increasing reaction temperature or O 2 concentration and with decreasing TiCI 4 concentration. The results are compared with those for the oxygenolysis of AlBr 3 and SiCI 4 . It was found that the reactivity of metal halides with O 2 is closely related to the ease of dissociation of the first halogen atom.
Enhanced thermal emission from individual antenna-like nanoheaters (2007)

Here we report polarization-sensitive, thermal radiation measurements of individual, antenna-like, thin film Platinum nanoheaters. These heaters confine the lateral extent of the heated area to dimensions smaller (or comparable) to the thermal emission wavelengths. For very narrow heater structures the polarization of the thermal radiation shows a very high extinction ratio as well as a dipolar-like angular radiation pattern. A simple analysis of the radiation intensities suggests a significant enhancement of the thermal radiation for these very narrow heater structures.
Optical-injection-induced polarization switching in polarization-bistable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2004)

We present a simple quasianalytical formalism for static polarization-resolved light-current characteristics of dual polarization mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) under optical injection. Dynamics of optical-injection-induced polarization switching are analyzed and simple analytical estimates for the polarization switching time obtained in particular cases. The results suggest the possibility of ultrafast polarization switching, implying that optical-injection-induced polarization switching in VCSELs can operate as a fast flip-flop operation.
Handover Management in 5G and Beyond: A Topology Aware Skipping Approach (2016)

Network densification is foreseen as a potential solution to fulfill the 5G spectral efficiency requirements. The spectral efficiency is improved by shrinking base stations' (BSs) footprints, thus improving the spatial frequency reuse and reducing the number of users sharing the resources of each BS. However, the foreseen densification gains are achieved at the expense of increasing handover (HO) rates. Hence, HO rate is a key performance limiting factor that should be carefully considered in densification planning. This paper sheds light on the HO problem that appears in dense 5G networks and proposes an effective solution via topology aware HO skipping. Different skipping techniques are considered and compared with the conventional best connected scheme. To this end, the proposed schemes are validated via the average user rate in downlink single-tier and two-tier cellular networks, which are modeled using the Poisson point process and the Poisson cluster process, respectively. The proposed skipping schemes show up to 47% gains in the average throughput, which would maximize the benefit of network densification.
Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase as a broad-spectrum therapeutic target against eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens (2017)

As opposed to organism-based drug screening approaches, protein-based strategies have the distinct advantage of providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of chemical effectors and thus afford a precise targeting. Capitalising on the increasing number of genome and transcriptome datasets, novel targets in pathogens for therapeutic intervention can be identified in a more rational manner when compared with conventional organism-based methodologies. Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases (TPPs) are structurally and functionally conserved enzymes of the trehalose biosynthesis pathway which play a critical role for pathogen survival, in particular, in parasites. The absence of these enzymes and trehalose biosynthesis from mammalian hosts has recently given rise to increasing interest in TPPs as novel therapeutic targets for drugs and vaccines. Here, we summarise some key aspects of the current state of research towards novel therapeutics targeting, in particular, nematode TPPs.
Global variability analysis of mRNA and protein concentrations across and within human tissues (2019)

Genes and proteins show variable expression patterns throughout the human body. However, it is not clear whether relative differences in mRNA concentrations are retained on the protein level. Furthermore, inter-individual protein concentration variability within single tissue types has not been comprehensively explored. Here, we used the Gini index for in-depth concentration variability analysis of publicly available transcriptomics and proteomics data, and of an in-house proteomics dataset of human liver and jejunum from 38 donors. We found that the transfer of concentration variability from mRNA to protein is limited, that established 'reference genes' for data normalization vary markedly at the protein level, that protein concentrations cover a wide variability spectrum within single tissue types, and that concentration variability analysis can be a convenient starting point for identifying disease-associated proteins and novel biomarkers. Our results emphasize the importance of considering individual concentration levels, as opposed to population averages, for personalized systems biology analysis.
<title>Spread spectrum technique for passive multiplexing of interferometric optical fiber sensors</title> (1991)

Two novel techniques for multiplexing interferometric optical fiber sensors have been developed. The techniques use spread spectrum modulation of a semiconductor laser and electronic or electro-optic correlation detection of the returned signals from a network of interferometric sensors. A network consisting of two interferometric sensors in parallel has been assembled. Initial results from our experiments show that while the interrogation system monitors a specific sensor, the signals from other sensors in the network can be suppressed by over 25 dB.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Direct Observation of 2-D Dopant Profiles of MOSFETs Activated by Millisecond Anneal (2006)

We have directly measured two-dimensional (2-D) dopant profiles of millisecond-annealed p-MOSFETs by scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) for the first time. The measured 2-D dopant profiles agree with simulated dopant profiles obtained by using calibrated TCAD tools. Three-dimensional (3-D) SSRM simulation reveals that the current SSRM probe-contact radius has enough spatial resolution. For further scaling, however, smaller radius of probe is required.
Fabrication of a high-precision spherical micromirror by bending a silicon plate with a metal pad (2011)

We demonstrate here the fabrication of a smooth mirror surface by bending a thin silicon plate. A spherical surface is achieved by the bending moment generated in the circumference of the micromirror. Both convex and concave spherical micromirrors are realized through the anodic bonding of silicon and Pyrex glass. Since the mirror surface is originated from the polished silicon surface and no additional etching is introduced for manufacturing, the surface roughness is thus limited to the polishing error. This novel approach opens possibilities for fabricating a smooth surface for micromirror and microlens applications.
In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of the Residence Time of Serotonin 5-HT7 Receptor Ligands with Arylpiperazine Structure: A Structure–Kinetics Relationship Study (2022)

During the last decade, the kinetics of drug-target interaction has received increasing attention as an important pharmacological parameter in the drug development process. Several studies have suggested that the lipophilicity of a molecule can play an important role. To date, this aspect has been studied for several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ligands but not for the 5-HT<sub>7</sub> receptor (5-HT<sub>7</sub>R), a GPCR proposed as a valid therapeutic target in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with abnormal neuronal connectivity. In this study, we report on structure-kinetics relationships of a set of arylpiperazine-based 5-HT<sub>7</sub>R ligands. We found that it is not the overall lipophilicity of the molecule that influences drug-target interaction kinetics but rather the position of polar groups within the molecule. Next, we performed a combination of molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations to gain insights into structure-kinetics relationships. These studies did not suggest specific contact patterns between the ligands and the receptor-binding site as determinants for compounds kinetics. Finally, we compared the abilities of two 5-HT<sub>7</sub>R agonists with similar receptor-binding affinities and different residence times to stimulate the 5-HT<sub>7</sub>R-mediated neurite outgrowth in mouse neuronal primary cultures and found that the compounds induced the effect with different timing. This study provides the first insights into the binding kinetics of arylpiperazine-based 5-HT<sub>7</sub>R ligands that can be helpful to design new 5-HT<sub>7</sub>R ligands with fine-tuning of the kinetic profile.
Adversarial Deep Learning for Over-the-Air Spectrum Poisoning Attacks (2019)

An adversarial deep learning approach is presented to launch over-the-air spectrum poisoning attacks. A transmitter applies deep learning on its spectrum sensing results to predict idle time slots for data transmission. In the meantime, an adversary learns the transmitter's behavior (exploratory attack) by building another deep neural network to predict when transmissions will succeed. The adversary falsifies (poisons) the transmitter's spectrum sensing data over the air by transmitting during the short spectrum sensing period of the transmitter. Depending on whether the transmitter uses the sensing results as test data to make transmit decisions or as training data to retrain its deep neural network, either it is fooled into making incorrect decisions (evasion attack), or the transmitter's algorithm is retrained incorrectly for future decisions (causative attack). Both attacks are energy efficient and hard to detect (stealth) compared to jamming the long data transmission period, and substantially reduce the throughput. A dynamic defense is designed for the transmitter that deliberately makes a small number of incorrect transmissions (selected by the confidence score on channel classification) to manipulate the adversary's training data. This defense effectively fools the adversary (if any) and helps the transmitter sustain its throughput with or without an adversary present.
Application of a Fluorescent C-Linked Phenolic Purine Adduct for Selective N7-Metalation of DNA (2012)

The C-linked phenolic adduct, C8-(2″-hydroxyphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (o-PhOHdG), has been employed to study the impact of N7-metalation of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) within duplex DNA. The phenolic group of o-PhOHdG assists selective metal ion coordination by the N7-site of the attached dG moiety, which is the most important metal binding site in duplex DNA. The biaryl nucleobase probe o-PhOHdG is highly fluorescent in water (Φ(fl) = 0.44), and changes in its absorption and emission were used to determine apparent association constants (K(a)) for binding to Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). The nucleoside was found to bind Cu(II) (log K(a) = 4.59) and Ni(II) (log K(a) = 3.65) effectively, but it showed relatively poor affinity for Zn(II) (log K(a) = 2.55). The fluorescent nucleobase o-PhOHdG was incorporated into a pyrimidine-rich oligonucleotide substrate (ODN1) and a purine-rich (ODN2) substrate to monitor selective binding of Cu(II) through fluorescence quenching of the enol emission of o-PhOHdG within the DNA substrates. The pyrimidine-rich substrate ODN1 was found to possess greater affinity for Cu(II) than the free nucleobase, while the purine-rich substrate ODN2 exhibited diminished Cu(II) binding affinity. The impact of Cu(II) on duplex stability and structure was determined using UV melting temperature analysis and circular dichroism (CD) measurements. These studies highlight the syn preference for Cu(II)-bound o-PhOHdG within ODN1 duplexes and demonstrate competitive Cu(II) binding by other natural dG nucleobases within ODN2. The metal binding properties of o-PhOHdG are compared to the structurally similar 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) derivatives and the nucleoside C8-(2-pyridyl)-dG (2PydG) that has also been used to control N7-metal coordination in DNA. Our results show certain advantages to the use of o-PhOHdG that stem from its highly fluorescent nature in aqueous media and provide additional tools for studying the effects of N7-metalation on the structure and stability of duplex DNA.
A program dependence model for concurrent logic programs and its applications (2002)

The authors propose a program dependence model for concurrent logic programs. They present three types of primary program dependences named the sharing dependence, communication dependence, and unification dependence between arguments in a concurrent logic program. We formally define these primary program dependences based on mode information. We further present a dependence-based representation named the argument dependence net (ADN), which explicitly represents all primary program dependences between arguments in a concurrent logic program. We also discuss some applications of the ADN for developing software engineering tools of concurrent logic programs. Finally, we briefly introduce a program analysis system called CLPKIDS for concurrent logic programs, which is a prototype implementation of the techniques introduced.
Comparison of kinetic analysis methods to compute DVR parametric images from PiB-PET dynamic data in regard to noise-induced bias. (2015)

1735 Objectives Noise-induced bias on the estimation of distribution volume ratio (DVR) with four kinetic analysis methods was examined in view of parametric image (PI) generation from PiB-PET data of human subjects: (i) relative-equilibrium graphical plot (REplot) (Zhou, NeuroImage 44:661, 2009); (ii) receptor parametric mapping with fixed efflux rate constant (RPM2) (Gunn, NeuroImage 6:279, 1997) which is a modification of SRTM; (iii) Logan graphical analysis with reference region (LGAR); and (iv) two-parameter multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM2) (Ichise, JCBFM 23:1096, 2003). Methods Two normal controls and two Alzheimer patients underwent a brain dynamic scan for 70-90 min starting injection of 11C-PiB (average 578.4MBq). Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed over the cerebral cortical areas as target regions and cerebellum as reference region. The DVR values for ROIs were estimated by the four methods. Meanwhile, pixel-wise time activity curves (TACs) were generated from the 11C-PiB dynamic data of one Alzheimer patient and fitted with the full kinetic model (MRTM2) to obtain the ideal original TACs. Zero mean Gaussian noise (85% noise corresponding to pixel TAC noise) was added to the original TACs, from which DVR-PIs were generated with the four methods. Results In the ROI analysis, RPM2 and MRTM2 tended to provide higher DVR estimates than LGAR and REplot. Under noise free condition, REplot generated DVR values slightly lower than the other methods. Under 85% noise, LGAR showed substantial underestimation of DVR, and MRTM2 showed overestimation together with noise expansion, especially in high DVR pixels. On the other hand, both RPM2 and REplot derived much less biased estimation of DVR. The bias due to 85% noise was -0.292+/-0.233 (mean+/-SD) by REplot, -0.113+/-0.161 by RPM2, -1.071+/-0.434 by LGAR, and 0.212+/-0.869 by MRTM2. Conclusions Among the four methods, RPM2 may derive the most precise and the least biased estimate of DVR.
Levels of Inhibin-F Activity and Steroids in Human Follicular Fluid from Normal Women and Women with Polycystic Ovarian Disease* (1983)

To examine inhibin-F activity (FSH-suppressing activity) in human follicular fluid of polycystic ovary (PCO) patients, 13 follicles from 5 documented PCO patients and an additional 31 follicles from normal women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were sampled, and inhibin-F activity was measured in rat anterior pituitary cell cultures. Inhibin-F activity was measured in follicular fluid after stripping steroids from the fluids using treatment with dextran and activated charcoal. Estrogen, progesterone, and delta 4-androstenedione in the follicular fluid were also determined by RIA. Estrogen and progesterone levels in follicular fluid from PCO follicles 3.9 +/- 0.34 mm in diameter were comparable with those in follicular fluid obtained from viable follicles (which had a delta 4-androstenedione to estrogen ratio of 10 or less) from normal women. delta 4-Androstenedione levels in PCO follicles were higher (P less than 0.01) than those in viable and atretic follicles of normal women. Inhibin-F levels in PCO follicles were comparable to those in viable follicles, but significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than levels in atretic follicles of normal women. If inhibin-F levels in both atretic and viable follicles of normal women were pooled, the levels were less (P less than 0.05) compared to the level in PCO follicular fluid. As an additional control, follicular fluid was collected from 90 follicles of normal women throughout the menstrual cycle, and follicular size was determined as well as inhibin-F and steroid content. Small follicles less than 8 mm; (comparable in size to the PCO follicles examined) obtained at each stage represented 79%, 24%, 0%, and 94% of the total follicles obtained in the early to midfollicular, late follicular, preovulatory, and luteal phases of the cycle, respectively. Inhibin-F activity in the fluids of these follicles was less than that in PCO follicular fluid. The average inhibin content of all of the small normal follicles was 197 +/- 34 U/10 microliter, which was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the level in PCO follicles (332 +/- 13 U/10 microliters). These data represent the first observation of inhibin-F activity in PCO follicular fluid and suggest the possibility of involvement of inhibin-F in bringing about low or normal basal levels of FSH in the presence of elevated basal LH levels often observed in PCO patients.
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist Rosiglitazone Ameliorates Murine Lupus by Induction of Adiponectin (2009)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease for which current therapy is suboptimal. SLE is characterized by autoantibody production, with renal disease and premature atherosclerosis being common and severe manifestations causing appreciable morbidity and mortality. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists are widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus for their insulin-sensitizing properties, but also have immunomodulatory effects. In this report, we show that the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone reduces autoantibody production, renal disease, and atherosclerosis in mouse models of SLE. The beneficial effect of rosiglitazone on SLE manifestations depends on the induction of adiponectin, because rosiglitazone has no effect on autoantibody production or renal disease in lupus mice that lack adiponectin. In addition, lupus mice that lack adiponectin develop more severe disease than adiponectin-sufficient lupus mice, indicating that endogenous adiponectin is involved in regulating disease activity. Furthermore, administration of exogenous adiponectin ameliorates disease. These experiments suggest that PPARgamma agonists may be useful agents for the treatment of SLE. They also demonstrate that induction of adiponectin is a major mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effects of PPARgamma agonists.
Conformational stability of human erythrocyte transglutaminase (1999)

Tissue-type transglutaminase is irreversibly inactivated during heat treatment. The rate of inactivation is low at pH 7.5; it increases slightly at acid pH (6.1) but much more at alkaline pH (9.0-9.5), suggesting that specific effects take place in the alkaline range, possibly in relation to decreased stability of the transition-state intermediate as pH is raised above 9.0. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments indicate that thermal unfolding of the protein occurs with two separate transitions, involving independent regions of the enzyme. They are assigned to domains 1 and 2 and domains 3 and 4, respectively, by a combination of calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. When considering the effects of pH, we noted that transglutaminase was unfolded via different pathways at the different pH values considered. At acid pH, the whole structure of the protein was lost irreversibly, with massive aggregation. At neutral and, even more so, at alkaline pH, aggregation was absent (or very limited at high protein concentration) and the loss of secondary structure was dependent on the ionization state of crucial lysine residues. Unfolding at pH 9.5 apparently chiefly involved the N-terminal region, as testified by changes in protein intrinsic fluorescence. In addition, the C-terminal region was destabilized at each pH value tested during thermal unfolding, as shown by digestion with V8 proteinase, which is inactive on the native protein. Evidence was obtained that the N-terminal and C-terminal regions interact with each other in determining the structure of the native protein.
Signal-to-noise ratio of nerve signals recorded with full and open cylinder cuff electrodes (2003)

The authors compared the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of nerve recordings obtained with an open cuff (a 270/spl deg/ cylinder) and a full cylindrical electrode (simulated by lifting the open electrode outside the solution) using an in vitro set-up. The thermal noise was considered as the main source of noise. The SNR with the open cuff was only 52/spl plusmn/7% (n=3) less than that of a full cylindrical electrode, although the reduction in signal amplitude was 3.5/spl plusmn/0.6 times. One may prefer to use the open cuff geometry to reduce the risk of nerve insult in certain nerve recording applications where this loss in SNR is acceptable.