gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
β-Diketonate-Iron(III) Complex: A Versatile Fluorine-19 MRI Signal Enhancement Agent (2019)

Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has gained considerable momentum as a promising imaging modality for in vivo tracking of cellular therapies and as a diagnostic for inflammatory disease. To further the utility of this technique, we increase imaging probe sensitivity by merging paramagnetic metal chelates with aqueous perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions. We prepared a highly fluorinated ferric tris(<i>β</i>-diketonate) chelate (MW = 1265.2 g/mol) at gram scale. This iron chelate is soluble in multiple PFC oils used for MRI and readily reduces the <sup>19</sup>F longitudinal relaxation time (<i>T</i> <sub>1</sub>) to <100 ms with modest line broadening and displays superior properties for <sup>19</sup>F MRI applications. The sensitivity enhancement by Fe(III) laden PFC nanoemulsion was confirmed in MRI phantom studies, where reduced <i>T</i> <sub>1</sub> speeds data acquisition thereby increasing the <sup>19</sup>F image sensitivity per time via signal averaging. Additionally, <sup>19</sup>F relaxivity of nanoemulsions incorporating other metal ions, including Gd, Er, Ho, Dy, Mn, Cr, and Ni, were evaluated. High-moment lanthanide ions, such as Gd(III), display severe line broadening, but other ions [e.g., Ho(III)] induce pseudocontact chemical shifts (up to 0.5 ppm) of <sup>19</sup>F in nanoemulsion, which makes them potentially useful for multichromatic <sup>19</sup>F imaging. Formulated nanoemulsions have a shelf life >200 days. Free <i>β</i>-diketonate or its iron complex in formed PFC nanoemulsion did not induce cytotoxicity in intracellularly labeled macrophages. Overall, ferric tris(<i>β</i>-diketonate) chelate provides a scalable approach for boosting sensitivity of PFC-based <sup>19</sup>F MRI probes. More generally, it can functionalize PFC oil, whose chemical modification remains challenging.
NET GAINS IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: Secondary effects of Internet on community (2008)

Broad and diverse civic participation is essential to a democratic society. Studies of opinion leadership show that politically active citizens report that Internet information and communication helped increase civic involvement by enabling them to keep up more easily with news, interact with fellow citizens or engage in collective action. Yet information about less active citizens remains scant. Does the Internet influence the politically passive majority of citizens to become more involved in political talk or other forms of participation? Do they report that the Internet has been helpful in increasing their involvement in political issues, interactions with other citizens, or with local government? These kinds of impacts that follow the primary effect of gaining access to information are considered secondary effects of the Internet upon political participation (Sproull & Kiesler 1991). This article presents quantitative and qualitative findings from a case study of local political participation from the Blacksburg, Virginia region, within the context of a mature community computer network (the Blacksburg Electronic Village). Not only do politically active, but some politically passive citizens also report increased Internet use to communicate with other citizens and with fellow members of local groups about local or national issues. Further, in addition to politically active citizens, some politically passive citizens report that web logs (blogs) have fostered greater online exchange with other citizens through ad hoc political talk and knowledge sharing. These research findings help us to understand the secondary effects of the Internet on political participation in local communities.
Correlations and spatial variability of soil physical properties in harvested Piedmont forests. (2002)

Soil response to timber harvest trafficking was similar for eroded soils in two locations of the Piedmont of Alabama. Pre-harvest and post-harvest data indicated compaction to be present to a depth of 40 cm as indicated by cone index measurements, with the most significant changes occurring in the upper 20 cm. The degree of spatial dependence differed among soil properties and varied by the site and the specific soil property. Significant correlations existed between individual properties (different properties for each plot) and supported previous research results in regards to the relationship between soil properties and compaction. Coregionalization was present in each site as indicated by the results for co-kriging of correlated properties and indicated that more intensively sampled properties may provide the means to predict the spatial distribution of more difficultly measured soil properties. However, it is unclear which specific conditions promote the greatest degree of compaction, and which site-soil property combinations should be evaluated to provide a better understanding of soil compaction in Piedmont soils.
Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BI 135585, a selective 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1 ( HSD1 ) inhibitor in humans: liver and adipose tissue 11β‐ HSD1 inhibition after acute and multiple administrations over 2 weeks (2016)

BI 135585 was safe and well tolerated over 14 days and can be dosed once daily. Future studies are required to clarify the therapeutic potential of BI 135585 in view of its effects on 11β-HSD1 inhibition in AT after single and multiple doses. Enzyme inhibition in the AT was not adequately predicted by the urinary THF/THE ratio.
Injectable Self‐Healing Antibacterial Bioactive Polypeptide‐Based Hybrid Nanosystems for Efficiently Treating Multidrug Resistant Infection, Skin‐Tumor Therapy, and Enhancing Wound Healing (2019)

Abstract The surgical procedure in skin‐tumor therapy usually results in cutaneous defects, and multidrug‐resistant bacterial infection could cause chronic wounds. Here, for the first time, an injectable self‐healing antibacterial bioactive polypeptide‐based hybrid nanosystem is developed for treating multidrug resistant infection, skin‐tumor therapy, and wound healing. The multifunctional hydrogel is successfully prepared through incorporating monodispersed polydopamine functionalized bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGN@PDA) into an antibacterial F127‐ε‐Poly‐L‐lysine hydrogel. The nanocomposites hydrogel displays excellent self‐healing and injectable ability, as well as robust antibacterial activity, especially against multidrug‐resistant bacteria in vitro and in vivo. The nanocomposites hydrogel also demonstrates outstanding photothermal performance with (near‐infrared laser irradiation) NIR irradiation, which could effectively kill the tumor cell (&gt;90%) and inhibit tumor growth (inhibition rate up to 94%) in a subcutaneous skin‐tumor model. In addition, the nanocomposites hydrogel effectively accelerates wound healing in vivo. These results suggest that the BGN‐based nanocomposite hydrogel is a promising candidate for skin‐tumor therapy, wound healing, and anti‐infection. This work may offer a facile strategy to prepare multifunctional bioactive hydrogels for simultaneous tumor therapy, tissue regeneration, and anti‐infection.
An information retrieval approach for automatically constructing software libraries (1991)

A technology for automatically assembling large software libraries which promote software reuse by helping the user locate the components closest to her/his needs is described. Software libraries are automatically assembled from a set of unorganized components by using information retrieval techniques. The construction of the library is done in two steps. First, attributes are automatically extracted from natural language documentation by using an indexing scheme based on the notions of lexical affinities and quantity of information. Then a hierarchy for browsing is automatically generated using a clustering technique which draws only on the information provided by the attributes. Due to the free-text indexing scheme, tools following this approach can accept free-style natural language queries.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Operative and clinical outcomes of minimally invasive living-donor surgery on uterus transplantation: a literature review (2020)

The surgical approach and choice of drainage veins for uterus transplantation living-donor surgery have been investigated to reduce invasiveness. Of the 51 operations within 26 articles reviewed, the mean operative time was shortest in the laparoscopic approach, and longest in the robot-assisted approach. The mean blood loss was less in the laparoscopic and robot-assisted approaches than in the open approach. In cases where the uterine veins were not preserved, the mean operative time was shortened by each approach and the mean blood loss decreased with the laparoscopic and robot-assisted approaches. These procedures may contribute to less invasive living-donor surgery.
IC–P–116: Altered N–acetyleaspartate and myo–inositol in response to donepezil treatment in newly diagnosed Alzheimer disease (2006)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) typically shows decreased N–acetylaspartate (NAA) and increased myo–inositol (Myo) in Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients. The purpose of this study was to examine in–vivo hippocampal metabolite changes in response to donepezil treatment in early–moderate AD. Ten participants newly diagnosed with AD underwent cognitive assessment (ADAS–cog and MMSE) and were studied at baseline and following 4 months of donepezil treatment on a Varian/Siemens whole body 4 Tesla MRI. 3D T1–weighted FLASH volumetric images (TI/TR/TE = 500/9.5/5 ms) were acquired parallel to the hippocampus to position 4.2 ± 0.8 cm3(average ± standard deviation) MRS voxels within the right hippocampus. LASER (TR/TE = 3200/46 ms) localized full–, macromolecule–, and unsuppressed water–spectra were acquired (15 min acquisition time). Spectra were lineshape corrected, and macromolecules and residual water subtracted before linear combination fitting in the time domain incorporating prior–knowledge of 19 metabolite lineshapes. Metabolite levels were normalized to unsuppressed water after correcting for T1 and T2 relaxation effects and tissue partial volume. Absolute metabolite levels and ratios were compared using two–tailed repeated measures t test (p<0.05). Metabolite levels were also correlated with cognitive scales. The mean ± standard deviation of the baseline ADAS–cog and MMSE scores (17±4 and 25±2 respectively) remained stable after four months of treatment (16±5 and 25±2 respectively). There was a trend toward decreased (10%) NAA levels after four months (t= 2.24, p=0.05, df=9). There was a significant 16% decrease in NAA/Cr (t=2.48, p<0.05, df=9) along with an 18% decrease in Myo/Cr (t=3.57, p<0.01, df=9). Significant correlations were observed between absolute NAA levels and MMSE (r= 0.58, p<0.01) scores, NAA/Cho and both MMSE (r= 0.70, p<0.01) and ADAS–cog (r=–0.55, p<0.05) scores, and Glu/NAA and MMSE (r= –0.45, p<0.05) scores when pooling all data. Decreased NAA/Cr ratio and Myo/Cr ratio in the hippocampus suggests lower NAA, lower Myo, and increased Cr following 4 months of donepezil treatment, consistent with the changes observed for absolute metabolite levels. Decreased NAA indicates neuronal loss, mitochondrial dysfunction, or decreased hydration. Decreased Myo may indicate normalization following treatment. The correlation between NAA and cognitive scales is consistent with previous studies.
Exploring Predictability of SAT/SMT Solvers. (2010)

This paper seeks to explore the predictability of SAT and SMT solvers in response to different kinds of changes to benchmarks. We consider both semantics-preserving and possibly semantics-modifying transformations, and provide preliminary data about solver predictability. We also propose carrying learned theory lemmas over from an original run to runs on similar benchmarks, and show the benefits of this idea as a heuristic for improving predictability of SMT solvers. 1
Interaction of the enteropathogenicEscherichia coli protein, translocated intimin receptor (Tir), with focal adhesion proteins (2000)

When enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) attach and infect host cells, they induce a cytoskeletal rearrangement and the formation of cytoplasmic columns of actin filaments called pedestals. The attached EPEC and pedestals move over the surface of the host cell in an actin-dependent reaction [Sanger et al., 1996: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 34:279-287]. The discovery that EPEC inserts the protein, translocated intimin receptor (Tir), into the membrane of host cells, where it binds the EPEC outer membrane protein, intimin [Kenny et al., 1997: Cell 91:511-520], suggests Tir serves two functions: tethering the bacteria to the host cell and providing a direct connection to the host's cytoskeleton. The sequence of Tir predicts a protein of 56.8 kD with three domains separated by two predicted trans-membrane spanning regions. A GST-fusion protein of the N-terminal 233 amino acids of Tir (Tir1) binds to alpha-actinin, talin, and vinculin from cell extracts. GST-Tir1 also coprecipitates purified forms of alpha-actinin, talin, and vinculin while GST alone does not bind these three focal adhesion proteins. Biotinylated probes of these three proteins also bound Tir1 cleaved from GST. Similar associations of alpha-actinin, talin, and vinculin were also detected with the C-terminus of Tir, i.e., Tir3, the last 217 amino acids. Antibody staining of EPEC-infected cultured cells reveals the presence of focal adhesion proteins beneath the attached bacteria. Our experiments support a model in which the cytoplasmic domains of Tir recruit a number of focal adhesion proteins that can bind actin filaments to form pedestals. Since pedestals also contain villin, tropomyosin and myosin II [Sanger et al., 1996: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 34:279-287], the pedestals appear to be a novel structure sharing properties of both focal adhesions and microvilli.
Evaluation of SAPHIRE: an automated approach to indexing and retrieving medical literature. (1991)

An analysis of SAPHIRE, an experimental information retrieval system featuring automated indexing and natural language retrieval, was performed on MEDLINE references using data previously generated for a MEDLINE evaluation. Compared with searches performed by novice and expert physicians using MEDLINE, SAPHIRE achieved comparable recall and precision. While its combined recall and precision performance did not equal the level of librarians, SAPHIRE did achieve a significantly higher level of absolute recall. SAPHIRE has other potential advantages over existing MEDLINE systems. Its natural language interface does not require knowledge of MeSH, and it provides relevance ranking of retrieved references.
Encoding Words Into Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets Using an Interval Approach (2008)

This paper presents a very practical type-2-fuzzistics methodology for obtaining interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2 FS) models for words, one that is called an interval approach (IA). The basic idea of the IA is to collect interval endpoint data for a word from a group of subjects, map each subject's data interval into a prespecified type-1 (T1) person membership function, interpret the latter as an embedded T1 FS of an IT2 FS, and obtain a mathematical model for the footprint of uncertainty (FOU) for the word from these T1 FSs. The IA consists of two parts: the data part and the FS part. In the data part, the interval endpoint data are preprocessed, after which data statistics are computed for the surviving data intervals. In the FS part, the data are used to decide whether the word should be modeled as an interior, left-shoulder, or right-shoulder FOU. Then, the parameters of the respective embedded T1 MFs are determined using the data statistics and uncertainty measures for the T1 FS models. The derived T1 MFs are aggregated using union leading to an FOU for a word, and finally, a mathematical model is obtained for the FOU. In order that all researchers can either duplicate our results or use them in their research, the raw data used for our codebook examples, as well as a MATLAB M-file for the IA, have been put on the Internet at: http://sipi.usc.edu/ ~ mendel.
Hepatic Overexpression of Caveolins Increases Bile Salt Secretion in Mice (2003)

Caveolins are cholesterol-binding proteins involved in the regulation of several intracellular processes, including cholesterol transport. Because hepatocytes express caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, these proteins might modulate hepatic lipid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion. Our aim was to investigate the potential physiologic role of caveolins in hepatic cholesterol and bile salt (BS) metabolism and transport using adenoviral gene transfer. C57BL/6 mice were infected with recombinant human caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 adenoviruses. Mice infected with adenovirus lacking the transgene were used as controls. Hepatic caveolin expression was evaluated by immunochemical methods. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting were used to assess messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and protein mass of BS transporters (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide [Ntcp] and bile salt export pump [Bsep]). Serum, liver, biliary, and fecal biochemical determinations and BS maximal secretory rate (SRm) were performed by standard methods. Ad.Cav-1- and Ad.Cav-2-infected mice exhibited a 10- and 7-fold increase in hepatic caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 protein expression, respectively. Caveolin-1-overexpressing mice had a significant increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and hepatic free cholesterol content, whereas total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels remained unchanged. Hepatic caveolin-1 and/or caveolin-2 overexpression significantly increased bile flow and secretion of all biliary lipids. Caveolin-1-overexpressing mice showed a 2.5-fold increase in taurocholate (TC) SRm, indicating increased canalicular BS transport capacity. BS pool size and fecal BS excretion remained within the normal range in mice with Cav-1 overexpression. No changes were seen in the protein mass of BS transporters Ntcp and Bsep. In conclusion, our findings indicate that caveolins may play an important role in regulating hepatic BS and cholesterol metabolism.
Electrical activity, electrodes, and electrograms (2016)

This chapter discusses the relationship between the heart's electrical activity, the potential field it generates, and the electrodes people use to measure the potential field. Cardiac excitation is not as simple as a single current source. At any moment in time currents are distributed throughout the heart. If the electric potential was measurable at the source current and was zero everywhere else, spatial resolution would be perfect. Electric potential decreases with distance from a current source; electrograms decrease in amplitude with distance from the heart. Propagation waves can be approximated as moving dipoles. Spatial resolution is proportional to an electrode's size, height above the tissue, configuration (unipolar vs. bipolar), and (for bipolar) inter-electrode spacing. The orthogonal close unipolar configuration has the best spatial resolution and its amplitude is direction-independent. Electrogram fractionation results when the cells within an electrode's recording region are not acting in unison.
Formation and characteristics of dispersion layers of organofluorine compounds in poly(methyl methacrylate) using a vacuum process (2005)

Dispersion layers of organofluorine compounds in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were formed by a vacuum process, and their thickness increased with treatment temperature and time. Generally, dispersion of an additive into a polymer seems to follow Fick’s Law based on thermal diffusion. However, the dispersion layers formed in the present study could not have been governed by Fick’s Law. The concentration of organofluorine compounds was uniform throughout the dispersion layer, which showed a lower refractive index than the initial PMMA because the organofluorine compound used here showed a lower refractive index. The refractive index could be controlled by treatment temperature. The process used in the present study was favorable for preparation of the waveguide.
Seeing is believing? A beginners' guide to practical pitfalls in image acquisition (2006)

Imaging can be thought of as the most direct of experiments. You see something; you report what you see. If only things were truly this simple. Modern imaging technology has brought about a revolution in the kinds of questions we can approach, but this comes at the price of increasingly complex equipment. Moreover, in an attempt to market competing systems, the microscopes have often been inappropriately described as easy to use and suitable for near-beginners. Insufficient understanding of the experimental manipulations and equipment set-up leads to the introduction of errors during image acquisition. In this feature, I review some of the most common practical pitfalls faced by researchers during image acquisition, and how they can affect the interpretation of the experimental data. This article is targeted neither to the microscopy gurus who push forward the frontiers of imaging technology nor to my imaging specialist colleagues who may wince at the overly simplistic comments and lack of detail. Instead, this is for beginners who gulp with alarm when they hear the word "confocal pinhole" or sigh as they watch their cells fade and die in front of their very eyes time and time again at the microscope. Take heart, beginners, if microscopes were actually so simple then many people (including myself) would suddenly be out of a job!
Nearly-one-dimensional self-attractive Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices (2007)

Within the framework of a mean-field description, we investigate atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, with attraction between atoms, under the action of a strong transverse confinement and periodic [optical-lattice (OL)] axial potential. Using a combination of the variational approximation, one-dimensional (1D) nonpolynomial Schr\"odinger equation, and direct numerical solutions of the underlying 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we show that the ground state of the condensate is a soliton belonging to the semi-infinite band gap of the periodic potential. The soliton may be confined to a single cell of the lattice or extended to several cells, depending on the effective self-attraction strength $g$ (which is proportional to the number of atoms bound in the soliton) and depth of the potential, ${V}_{0}$, the increase of ${V}_{0}$ leading to strong compression of the soliton. We demonstrate that the OL is an effective tool to control the soliton's shape. It is found that, due to the 3D character of the underlying setting, the ground-state soliton collapses at a critical value of the strength, $g={g}_{c}$, which gradually decreases with the increase of ${V}_{0}$; under typical experimental conditions, the corresponding maximum number of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms in the soliton, ${N}_{\mathrm{max}}$, ranges between 8000 and 4000. Examples of stable multipeaked solitons are also found in the first finite band gap of the lattice spectrum. The respective critical value ${g}_{c}$ again slowly decreases with the increase of ${V}_{0}$, corresponding to ${N}_{\mathrm{max}}\ensuremath{\simeq}5000$.
Low Free Testosterone Levels Are Associated With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women (2011)

In postmenopausal diabetic women referred for coronary angiography, low FT levels are independently associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Modern batteries and their management &#x2014; Part 1 (2010)

Presents a connection of slides covering the following topics: battery management system; battery energy density; secondary cells; IEEE 1625 standard; IEEE 1725 standard; primary battery; battery pack safety; and FEM thermal modelling.