gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On-Ground measurement of dust residual charge in a dusty plasma afterglow using thermophoretic gravity compensation (2007)

Dusty or complex plasmas are partially ionized gas composed of neutral species, ions, electrons, and charged dust particles. In laboratory experiments, these particles can be either injected or grown directly in the plasma. Injected dust particles are usually micron-size particles. Due to their mass, they are confined near the bottom electrode where the electric force counterbalances gravity. The microgravity condition is necessary to study dust clouds of micrometer-size particles filling the whole plasma chamber. In the laboratory, dense clouds of submicron particles light enough to completely fill the gap between the electrodes can be obtained using reactive gases such as silane or using a target sputtered with ions from plasma. Dust-particle charge is a key parameter in complex plasma. It determines the interaction between a dust particle and electrons, ions, its neighboring dust particles, and electric field. However there are only a few papers devoted to dust charging, or decharging to be more specific, in the discharge afterglow. In this paper, we report an on-ground experiment on the residual charge measurement of dust particles after the decay of a dusty plasma. The experiment was performed in the PKE-Nefedov reactor where the dust particles were physically grown in the plasma. A temperature gradient was introduced in the chamber to create an upward thermophoretic force to balance gravity in order to maintain the dust particles in the volume of the chamber when the discharge is switched off. The residual charges were determined from an analysis of dust oscillations, which were excited by applying a sinusoidal bias to the bottom electrode. It was shown that dust particles do keep a residual charge of few electrons and that both positively and negatively charged dust particles coexist in the late plasma afterglow. In order to understand these results, measurements on electron density decay have been performed into other dusty discharges such as argon/methane dilution plasma and sputtering discharge.
Intrinsic (111) surface states of Ge, GaAs, and ZnSe (1975)

The intrinsic (111) surface states of Ge, GaAs, and ZnSe are studied using the tight-binding method. The local density of states of atoms on different layers are calculated and the various types of surface states are discussed. The effects of relaxation on the surface states are examined for Ge.
Formal Verification of Smart Contracts (2016)

Ethereum is a framework for cryptocurrencies which uses blockchain technology to provide an open global computing platform, called the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). EVM executes bytecode on a simple stack machine. Programmers do not usually write EVM code; instead, they can program in a JavaScript-like language, called Solidity, that compiles to bytecode. Since the main purpose of EVM is to execute smart contracts that manage and transfer digital assets (called Ether), security is of paramount importance. However, writing secure smart contracts can be extremely difficult: due to the openness of Ethereum, both programs and pseudonymous users can call into the public methods of other programs, leading to potentially dangerous compositions of trusted and untrusted code. This risk was recently illustrated by an attack on TheDAO contract that exploited subtle details of the EVM semantics to transfer roughly $50M worth of Ether into the control of an attacker.
Intrinsically active variants of Erk oncogenically transform cells and disclose unexpected autophosphorylation capability that is independent of TEY phosphorylation (2015)

The receptor-tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/Raf pathway is an essential cascade for mediating growth factor signaling. It is abnormally overactive in almost all human cancers. The downstream targets of the pathway are members of the extracellular regulated kinases (Erk1/2) family, suggesting that this family is a mediator of the oncogenic capability of the cascade. Although all oncogenic mutations in the pathway result in strong activation of Erks, activating mutations in Erks themselves were not reported in cancers. Here we used spontaneously active Erk variants to check whether Erk's activity per se is sufficient for oncogenic transformation. We show that Erk1(R84S) is an oncoprotein, as NIH3T3 cells that express it form foci in tissue culture plates, colonies in soft agar, and tumors in nude mice. We further show that Erk1(R84S) and Erk2(R65S) are intrinsically active due to an unusual autophosphorylation activity they acquire. They autophosphorylate the activatory TEY motif and also other residues, including the critical residue Thr-207 (in Erk1)/Thr-188 (in Erk2). Strikingly, Erk2(R65S) efficiently autophosphorylates its Thr-188 even when dually mutated in the TEY motif. Thus this study shows that Erk1 can be considered a proto-oncogene and that Erk molecules possess unusual autoregulatory properties, some of them independent of TEY phosphorylation.
Cellular Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lymphadenopathy: Insights into the Early Phases of Human Disease (2007)

Lymphadenopathy is an early clinical sign in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by Viannia parasites, and may help to understand the initial host response to these species of Leishmania. We report on characteristics of cells obtained from lymph nodes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with lymphadenopathy without ulceration (early phase, N = 21) or lymphadenopathy and ulceration (late phase, N = 29). Early-phase patients exhibited a higher proportion of neutrophils, eosinophils, and CD8+ T cells. Conversely, CD19+ B lymphocytes and plasma cells were more frequently observed in late-phase patients. The signal for IL-10 was significantly higher in late-phase patients; signals for IFN-gamma or IL-4 were similar in both groups. These data reinforce observations of an initial mixed Th1-Th2 profile as well as the early role of the CD8 T cell in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Additionally, there is a chronologic relationship between ulcer development and B-cell increase. IL-10 also increases at a late stage and may be important in limiting tissue damage.
Reconstruction of epidermis by grafting of keratinocytes cultured on polymer support – clinical study (2003)

The results of the described technology are encouraging, especially in patients after a burn injury. The described procedure is suitable for the treatment of skin defects in clinical practice.
Solvent Evaporation Induced Aggregating Assembly Approach to Three-Dimensional Ordered Mesoporous Silica with Ultralarge Accessible Mesopores (2011)

A solvent evaporation induced aggregating assembly (EIAA) method has been demonstrated for synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous silicas (OMS) in the acidic tetrahydrofuran (THF)/H(2)O mixture by using poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PEO-b-PMMA) as the template and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor. During the continuous evaporation of THF (a good solvent for PEO-b-PMMA) from the reaction solution, the template molecules, together with silicate oligomers, were driven to form composite micelles in the homogeneous solution and further assemble into large particles with ordered mesostructure. The obtained ordered mesoporous silicas possess a unique crystal-like morphology with a face centered cubic (fcc) mesostructure, large pore size up to 37.0 nm, large window size (8.7 nm), high BET surface area (508 m(2)/g), and large pore volume (1.46 cm(3)/g). Because of the large accessible mesopores, uniform gold nanoparticles (ca. 4.0 nm) can be introduced into mesopores of the OMS materials using the in situ reduction method. The obtained Au/OMS materials were successfully applied to fast catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of NaHB(4) as the reductant. The supported catalysts can be reused for catalytic reactions without significant decrease in catalysis performance even after 10 cycles.
ERKs in Cancer: Friends or Foes? (2014)

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) cascade regulates a variety of cellular processes by phosphorylating multiple target proteins. The outcome of its activation ranges from stimulation of cell survival and proliferation to triggering tumor suppressor responses such as cell differentiation, cell senescence, and apoptosis. This pathway is intimately linked to cancer as several of its upstream activators are frequently mutated in human disease and are shown to accelerate tumorigenesis when engineered in the mouse genome. However, measurement of activated ERKs in human cancers or mouse models does not always support a role in tumorigenesis, and data consistent with a role in tumor suppression have been reported as well. The intensity of ERK signaling, negative feedback loops that regulate the pathway, and cross-talks with other signaling pathways, seem to be of primary importance in determining the final cellular outcome. Cell senescence, a putative tumor-suppression mechanism, depends on high-intensity ERK signals that trigger phosphorylation-dependent protein degradation of multiple proteins required for cell-cycle progression. This response may be circumvented during carcinogenesis by a variety of mechanisms, some of them yet to be discovered, which in essence turn ERK functions from tumor suppression to tumor promotion. The use of pharmacologic inhibitors targeting this pathway must be carefully evaluated so they are applied to cases in which ERKs are mainly oncogenic.
Collision-avoidance system based on optical flow (2003)

Proposes a collision-avoidance system for vehicles, which warns the driver of impending collision. It is based on the parallel computation of the image-motion velocity vector field over a large part of the image plane. This image-motion field is then used as the input to a neural network which computes two properties of the movement of the vehicle relative to its environment. The first is the direction of heading of the vehicle in terms of azimuth and elevation angles. The second is the time-to-contact with the immediate environment in front of the vehicle given the current velocity of the vehicle. The detection of these two properties could be used to warn the driver of impending collision or could be used to make online adjustments to the current trajectory and path of the vehicle.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Distributed Hybrid Power State Estimation under PMU Sampling Phase Errors (2016)

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) have the advantage of providing direct measurements of power states. However, as the number of PMUs in a power system is limited, the traditional supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system cannot be replaced by the PMU-based system overnight. Therefore, hybrid power state estimation taking advantage of both systems is important. As experiments show that sampling phase errors among PMUs are inevitable in practical deployment, this paper proposes a distributed power state estimation algorithm under PMU phase errors. The proposed distributed algorithm only involves local computations and limited information exchange between neighboring areas, thus alleviating the heavy communication burden compared to the centralized approach. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is very close to that of centralized optimal hybrid state estimates without sampling phase error.
Pressure-optical studies of GeS2glasses and crystals: Implications for network topology (1982)

Germanium disulfide exhibits three solid forms: an amorphous form ($a$-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$), a layer-structure crystalline form (2D-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$), and a quartzlike crystalline form (3D-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$). We have carried out a series of experiments to determine the effect of pressure on the optical-absorption edge and the near-infrared refractive index of all three forms. We find that pressure causes the absorption edge to red-shift and the refractive index to increase, the sensitivity to pressure being greatest for $a$-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, less for 2D-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, and least for 3D-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. The size of the initial effect of pressure on the band gap of $a$-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ (-23 meV/kbar) is among the largest known for any semiconductor. Analysis of our pressure-optical data for all three forms, taken together with a recently established correlation between covalent-network dimensionality and photoelastic response, leads us to conclude that $a$-Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ is not a 3D-network glass akin to silica, but instead has lower network dimensionality. This is consistent with a class of molecular-glass models such as the Flory model for 1D-network glasses and the Phillips "partially polymerized cluster" model.
Monotropic Transition Mechanism of m-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Investigated by Temperature-Resolved Second Harmonic Generation (2013)

Temperature-resolved second harmonic generation (TR-SHG) and SHG microscopy were used to study under normal pressure the solid–solid transition mechanism occurring between the two monotropically related polymorphic forms (metastable Pna21 and stable P21/n) of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (MHBA). The activation energy Ea (as a measure of the barrier energy) of the irreversible transition was determined via isothermal TR-SHG (137–144 kJ·mol–1). It fits well with that determined from differential scanning calorimetry (139 kJ·mol–1). Regarding the two crystal structures, optical microscopy observations, and kinetics parameters from TR-SHG, a destructive/reconstructive mechanism is proposed for the solid–solid transition. The present study clearly demonstrates that TR-SHG is a relevant and accurate technique for monitoring solid–solid phase transitions.
Mutations in DCPS and EDC3 in autosomal recessive intellectual disability indicate a crucial role for mRNA decapping in neurodevelopment (2015)

There are two known mRNA degradation pathways, 3' to 5' and 5' to 3'. We identified likely pathogenic variants in two genes involved in these two pathways in individuals with intellectual disability. In a large family with multiple branches, we identified biallelic variants in DCPS in three affected individuals; a splice site variant (c.636+1G>A) that results in an in-frame insertion of 45 nucleotides and a missense variant (c.947C>T; p.Thr316Met). DCPS decaps the cap structure generated by 3' to 5' exonucleolytic degradation of mRNA. In vitro decapping assays showed an ablation of decapping function for both variants in DCPS. In another family, we identified a homozygous mutation (c.161T>C; p.Phe54Ser) in EDC3 in two affected children. EDC3 stimulates DCP2, which decaps mRNAs at the beginning of the 5' to 3' degradation pathway. In vitro decapping assays showed that altered EDC3 is unable to enhance DCP2 decapping at low concentrations and even inhibits DCP2 decapping at high concentration. We show that individuals with biallelic mutations in these genes of seemingly central functions are viable and that these possibly lead to impairment of neurological functions linking mRNA decapping to normal cognition. Our results further affirm an emerging theme linking aberrant mRNA metabolism to neurological defects.
Design and optimization of polymer nanoshuttles for nanomedicine (2015)

Current advances in nanotechnology hold the promises to greatly impact on current medical practice. Since nanometric materials interact with cells, tissue and organs at a molecular level, they may be used as probes for ultrasensitive molecular sensing and diagnostic imaging or carriers for drug and gene delivery. However, along with the excitement that has driven the development of novel nanocarriers, there have been increasing concerns regarding the risks these materials may generate. As these nanostructures are intentionally engineered to target specific cells or tissues, it is imperative to ensure their safety. The optimal design of safe and functional nanocarriers for medicine requires a better understanding of the interaction between the physical-chemistry properties of the nanoparticle surface with the complex protein machinery existing at the cell membrane. In particular the effect of the particles properties (charge, shape, protein coating) on the mechanism of cellular uptake is highly relevant both to assess the real biological risks coupled with the use of nanomaterial (nanopathology and nanotoxicology) and to engineer carriers able to improve the medical practice. The nanometric size and the surface molecular decoration may activate mechanisms of cellular uptake different from those commonly used by cells: these open the possibility to activated/modulated the membrane crossing by tuning chemical-physical properties of nanometric materials. In this work, the design and production of novel degradable polymeric nanocavities via layer-by-layer and temperature induced phase separation technology will be presented along with a detailed characterization of their <i>in vitro </i>performances. Furthermore, possible mechanisms of cellular uptake will be discussed and critically presented. The effect of surface bioconjugation on cell membrane crossing will be exploited and elucidated. Particular attention will be devoted to surface molecular decoration able to guide the nanoparticle throughout the cytosol.
Highly-linear time-difference amplifier with low sensitivity to process variations (2011)

A novel time-difference amplifier (TDA) is presented. The proposed circuit has a larger linear operation region with less sensitivity to process variations than the state-of-the-art TDAs. Two TDAs with gains of two and 20 have been simulated in a 65 nm CMOS process to validate the proposed architecture. Simulation results show less than 0.1% gain error for ±400 ps input time difference range, ten times the range of conventional TDAs. The proposed TDA consumes 740 µW from a 1 V supply.
The design and building of Enchère, a distributed electronic marketing system (1986)

Building and prototyping an agricultural electronic marketing system involved experimenting with distributed synchronization, atomic activity, and commit protocols and recovery algorithms.
Comprehensive Sex Steroid Profiling in Multiple Tissues Reveals Novel Insights in Sex Steroid Distribution in Male Mice (2022)

A comprehensive atlas of sex steroid distribution in multiple tissues is currently lacking, and how circulating and tissue sex steroid levels correlate remains unknown. Here, we adapted and validated a gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous measurement of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione, progesterone (Prog), estradiol, and estrone in mouse tissues. We then mapped the sex steroid pattern in 10 different endocrine, reproductive, and major body compartment tissues and serum of gonadal intact and orchiectomized (ORX) male mice. In gonadal intact males, high levels of DHT were observed in reproductive tissues, but also in white adipose tissue (WAT). A major part of the total body reservoir of androgens (T and DHT) and Prog was found in WAT. Serum levels of androgens and Prog were strongly correlated with corresponding levels in the brain while only modestly correlated with corresponding levels in WAT. After orchiectomy, the levels of the active androgens T and DHT decreased markedly while Prog levels in male reproductive tissues increased slightly. In ORX mice, Prog was by far the most abundant sex steroid, and, again, WAT constituted the major reservoir of Prog in the body. In conclusion, we present a comprehensive atlas of tissue and serum concentrations of sex hormones in male mice, revealing novel insights in sex steroid distribution. Brain sex steroid levels are well reflected by serum levels and WAT constitutes a large reservoir of sex steroids in male mice. In addition, Prog is the most abundant sex hormone in ORX mice.
Characterization of Spiroiminodihydantoin as a Product of One-Electron Oxidation of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (2000)

[reaction: see text] Further oxidation of the common DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine by one-electron oxidants such as IrCl6(2-), Fe(CN)6(3-), or SO4-* leads to two major products, depending upon reaction conditions. In nucleosides at pH 7, 22 degrees C, the principal product is shown herein to be a spiroiminodihydantoin nucleoside, as a diastereomeric mixture, that can be characterized by NMR, ESI-MS/MS, and independent synthesis.
Asymmetric Imine Hydroboration Catalyzed by Chiral Diazaphospholenes (2017)

Abstract The first use of diazaphospholenes as chiral catalysts has been demonstrated with enantioselective imine hydroboration. A chiral diazaphospholene prepared in a simple three‐step synthesis from commercial materials has been shown to achieve the highest enantioselectivity for the hydroboration of alkyl imines with pinacolborane reported to date. Enantiomer ratios of up to 88:12 were obtained with low (2 mol %) catalyst loadings. Twenty examples of asymmetric reduction employing this main‐group catalysis protocol, including the synthesis of the pharmaceuticals ent‐rasagiline and fendiline, are shown.
ChemInform Abstract: NATURAL BENZOFURANS: SYNTHESIS OF THE ARYLBENZOFURAN CONSTITUENTS OF SOPHORA TOMENTOSA (1983)

Abstract Die Synthese der beiden Benzofurane (Vb) bzw. (IXb), isolierbar aus Sophora tomentosa L., wird beschrieben.
One‐Week Once‐Daily Triple Therapy with Esomeprazole, Moxifloxacin, and Rifabutin for Eradication of Persistent Helicobacter pylori Resistant to Both Metronidazole and Clarithromycin (2008)

Once-daily triple therapy with esomeprazole, moxifloxacin, and rifabutin is a promising, safe, and convenient regimen for rescue therapy of H. pylori infection that may serve as a valuable alternative to quadruple therapy, particularly for patients with intolerance to amoxicillin.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pramipexole Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder (2013)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00231959.
Systematic Optimization of Liquid–Liquid Extraction for Isolation of Unidentified Components (2017)

We present a systematic approach for predicting the best solvents for selective extraction of components with unknown structure from complex mixtures (e.g., natural products)-a tool promising dramatic simplification of extraction process optimization. Its key advantage is that identification of the component(s) is unnecessary-prediction is based on a small set of experimental distribution coefficients (obtained using a combination of shake-flask extraction and chromatographic analysis) rather than structure-based descriptors. The methodology is suitable for the very common situations in practice where the desired compound needs to be separated from unknown impurities (i.e., selectively extracted from the mixture), as well as for large-scale and high-throughput work. The proof-of-concept methodology was developed and evaluated using an extensive set of experimental distribution data of lignin-related compounds obtained in this work.
Acquiring New Categories by Self Data Gathering with Bayesian Attractor Model (2020)

In the IoT, AI should automatically learn the new categories when the environment changes caused by moving, adding, or removing the devices. In literature, several methods are proposed for learning in a new environment such as selftraining and transfer learning. However, there are yet some issues to learn the new category related to small data for the new category and noise existence. On the other hand, noise-tolerant models have been developed such as the Bayesian Attractor Model (BAM) which is a cognitive model for decision making under uncertainty of information. In this paper, we develop a system to learn the new category automatically by extending the BAM. Using the BAM as a classifier, the system makes the temporal classifier with new observation and collects the training data for the new category. Through the evaluation, we show that our method is superior to the neural network approach in the scenario of learning new categories.