gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trends in pesticide use on soybean, corn and cotton since the introduction of major genetically modified crops in the United States (2015)

The observed changes in pesticide use are likely to be the result of many factors, including the introduction of GM crops, regulatory restrictions on some conventional pesticides, introduction of new pesticide technologies and changes in farming practices. In order to help protect human and environmental health and to help agriculture plan for the future, more detailed and complete documentation on pesticide use is needed on a frequent and ongoing basis. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Controlling interfacial properties in supported metal oxide catalysts through metal–organic framework templating (2017)

Tuning homogeneously dispersed metals in sacrificial MOF templates affords control over supported metal oxide interfaces and improves catalytic performance.
Correction to: Tooth loss and adiposity: possible role of carnitine transporter (OCTN1/2) polymorphisms in women but not in men (2021)

The online version of the original article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03594-w.
Association of Parenteral Nutrition Catheter Sepsis with Urinary Tract Infections (1986)

The infection rate (IR) of central venous catheters (CVCs) used for parenteral nutrition (PN) was prospectively evaluated over a 12-month period, with emphasis on the relationship between CVC sepsis and preexisting sites of infection. Sepsis was presumed if the CVC tip or blood culture was positive, or if defervescence followed CVC removal. Four hundred seventy-three CVCs were placed for PN for a total of 5,422 patient days, with a mean length of stay of 11.5 days. Twenty two CVCs led to sepsis for an IR of 4.65% or 4.06 infections per 1000 patient days. Twenty of the 22 septic CVCs were in patients with other sites of infection. The IR was 12.0% (20/166) when other sites of infection were present and 0.65% (2/307) in the absence of a second site. The mean length of stay was 13.2 days for CVCs with other sites of infection and 10.3 days for CVCs with no other site of infection. Fifty nine percent of septic CVCs had secondary sites of infection that included urinary tract infections (UTI). Of all septic CVCs, 22.7% had no site of infection other than UTI. The presence of UTI appears to present a high risk of CVC sepsis. Appropriate identification and treatment of UTI prior to CVC insertion is recommended.
Creep Resistance of Die-Cast Mg-Al-Base Alloys (2000)

The deformation resistance under creep conditions was investigated at temperatures up to 150°C for the high-purity die-cast alloys AZ91, AS21, AS41, AM60 and AE42. Results are reported for the work hardening at constant strain rate of 10 -3 /s up to a certain stress and the subsequent creep. The influence of temperature on creep can be described on the basis of thermal activation with a single apparent activation energy of about 135 kJ/mol. Comparison of the times for creep by strains Δe =0.003, 0.01, and 0.05 indicate that die-cast AZ91 has a relatively good creep resistance at temperatures up to 150°C compared to annealed AZ91 as well as the other mvestigated die-cast Mg-Al-base alloys at stresses above 100 MPa. Below 100 MPa the creep resistance of AS21 and AS41 is distinctly better than that of AZ91, probably due to better precipitation hardening.
Spectrum allocation for wireless backhauling of 5G small cells (2016)

The anticipated massive deployment of the small cells entail wireless backhauling for 5G cellular networks. However, the scarcity of radio frequency (RF) spectrum in the licensed bands is a major limitation which necessitates efficient spectrum planning for backhaul/access links of 5G small cells. This paper investigates the problem of channel assignment in the backhaul/access of small cells. We first formulate a problem to maximize the common achievable rate at the backhaul and access links of the small cells. Due to the NP-hard nature of the problem, we transform the original problem into a less complex convex programming problem and solve it numerically. We then propose and comparatively analyze the performance of two simple distributed backhaul channel allocation criteria, namely, maximum received signal power (max-RSP) and minimum received signal power (min-RSP) criteria. For these criteria, we theoretically derive the number of allocated backhaul channels and coverage probability for a given target rate of each small cell given its distance from the centralized wireless backhaul hub. Simulation results provide insights about the performance gap between the centralized and distributed schemes. Further, it is observed that the min-RSP criterion outperforms the max-RSP criterion which implies that more backhaul channels should be allocated to small cells that are located near the cell-edge.
Self‐Cleaning‐Coated Fabrics for Architectural Membrane Structures (2023)

We describe the application of TiO 2 coating on both PVC- and PTFE-coated fabrics for architectural membrane structures and their excellent properties.
Measurement and Numerical Simulation of Morphological Changes in Natural Channel Bend (2018)

Researches on bed load transport problems in the mountainous rivers using the commercial models often lead to the prediction results being unreliable due to the application of single size particles in the sediment transport module, while the particle size distribution in the river bed's surface is inhomogeneous. This work therefore proposed two-dimensional (2D) numerical models for predicting flow and river morphological changes in open channels with bed load transport module proceeded by particle size fraction. In the proposed model, the hydrodynamics module was constructed based on the shallow water equations and sediment transport module was constructed by bed load transport formula. A finite difference method was carried out to discretize the hydrodynamic and sediment transport equations. Performance of the proposed model and CCHE2D model was assessed for two specific cases. First, the proposed models were applied for simulating bed degradation of laboratory experiment under unsteady flow condition. The models then were further applied to simulating river morphological changes in the Eosungjun river section belong to Yangyang river in South Korea. The results simulated shown that the proposed model has well predicted river bed variability for both experimental channel and the curved river section.
Down-regulation of PU.1 by Methylation of Distal Regulatory Elements and the Promoter Is Required for Myeloma Cell Growth (2007)

The transcription factor PU.1 is essential for myeloid and B-cell development. Down-regulation of PU.1 by disruption of its 14-kb 5' upstream regulatory element induced acute myeloid leukemia, T-cell lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like disease in murine models. In the present study, we found that PU.1 was down-regulated in the majority of human myeloma cell lines and a subset of freshly isolated myeloma cells, in contrast to relatively high expression of PU.1 in normal plasma cells. Patients in this low PU.1 expression subset may have a poor prognosis. In human myeloma cell lines, the 17-kb 5' upstream enhancer and the promoter region of the PU.1 gene were highly methylated, and this is consistent with disappearance of DNase I-hypersensitive sites in these regions. To elucidate the significance of down-regulation of PU.1, we generated stable myeloma cell lines with an inducible PU.1 expression system. Exogenous expression of PU.1 in PU.1 null myeloma cell lines, U266 and KMS12PE, induced complete growth arrest and cell death. Up-regulation of PU.1 by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine also induced growth arrest of KMS12PE and KHM11 myeloma cells. These data suggest that down-regulation of PU.1 is an essential step for the survival of a subset of myeloma cells and that up-regulation of PU.1 by demethylation agents or other types of agents may represent a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of multiple myeloma patients.
Differential region‐specific regulation of α4β2* nAChRs by self‐administered and non‐contingent nicotine in C57BL/6J mice (2010)

Neuronal nAChR upregulation is the hallmark of chronic nicotine exposure. Neuroplasticity to abused drugs, however, depends on whether their administration is forced by the experimenter or is under the control of the experimental animal. Neuroadaptation to chronic nicotine self-administration was examined with a yoked-control paradigm, using nose-poking as the operating procedure. Freely moving C57BL/6J mice that responded for 0.03 mg/kg/infusion of intravenous nicotine under a continuous schedule of reinforcement (FR-1), had control over the rate and amount of drug intake that a yoked littermate passively received (n = 11). The impact of response dependency on neurobiological changes in nicotinic and dopaminergic systems was subsequently assessed using quantitative autoradiography. Cytisine-sensitive [(125)I]epibatidine binding, [³H]SCH23390, [³H]raclopride and [³H]mazindol were used to label nAChRs with α4β2* subtype properties, D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors, and dopamine transporters, respectively. During a period of 12 days, self-administration was reliably initiated and maintained in animals receiving response-contingent nicotine. Region specific changes in the density of α4β2* nAChRs were found to be dependent on the contingency of nicotine treatment. Higher levels of α4β2* receptor binding were observed in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the ventral tegmental area of self-administering mice, compared to non-contingent animals. Moreover, response-independent increases in D2 binding were observed following chronic nicotine administration. No change in D1 and DAT binding was observed among groups. These findings indicate regional specific alterations in the regulation of the nicotinic cholinergic system following contingent and non-contingent nicotine exposure, and underline the importance of response dependency on the development of nicotine addiction.
TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS OF POIKILOTHERMS AND THE MELTING TEMPERATURE OF MOLECULAR COLLAGEN (1968)

The molecular unit of collagen, the main fibrous protein of connective tissue, undergoes a first order phase transition at a characteristic temperature, when heated in physiological saline. For the collagen of mammals this temperature is known to almost coincide with the deep body temperature of the animal, and for a number of poikilotherms, with the upper limit of their environmental temperature. We have measured the transition temperature of the collagens of a number of worms and now report that: 1. The molecular unit of the collagen of two hog intestinal worms undergoes this transition at temperatures close to that of the body of their host. 2. For a number of earthworms for which there are precise data on thermal preference limits, the molecular unit of the collagen of these animals has a transition temperature which is very close to the upper limit of the thermal preference zone. 3. There is no evidence of any causal relation between the transition temperature of molecular collagen, and the abrupt physiological and behavioral changes which become apparent at the same temperature. However, the results are direct evidence of a specific protein having easily measurable thermal properties which reflect thermal properties of the whole animal.
Saturación de oxígeno, respiración periódica y apnea durante el sueño en lactantes de 1 a 4 meses a 3200 metros de altura (2017)

Objetivos: describir, en nios de 1-4 meses, a 3200 m de altura, la saturacin de oxgeno (SpO 2 ), los ndices de apnea y la respiracin peridica (RP) durante el sueo. Se realizaron polisomnografas en 18 lactantes sanos. Resultados: las medianas fueron de 87% para la SpO 2 y de 7,2% para la RP del tiempo total de sueo. El ndice de apnea central tuvo una mediana de 30,5/hora, que disminuy a 5,4/hora al descontar las apneas asociadas a RP. El p5 de la SpO 2 para nios despiertos fue de 76% y, para nios dormidos, de 66%. Conclusiones: la SpO 2 fue inferior a la del nivel del mar y la RP y el ndice de apnea central, mayores; al descontar las apneas centrales asociadas a RP. Este ltimo, fue similar a la del nivel del mar. A 3200 m, se requieren puntos diferentes para la SpO 2 normal, uno para nios despiertos y otro si estn dormidos.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE CONFORMATIONS ON 4‐(N,N‐DIMETHYLAMINO)THIANES AND THE CORRESPONDING METHIODIDES. EVIDENCE FROM A SINGLE CRYSTAL X‐RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS THAT A TWIST‐BOAT CONFORMER EXISTS IN THE SOLID STATE FOR TRIMETHYL(2,2‐DIMETHYL‐TRANS‐6‐PHENYLTHIAN‐R‐4‐YL)AMMONIUM IODIDE (1985)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung der 4‐Anninothiane (I) mit Formaldehyd (II) und Ameisensäure (III) erhält man die 4‐Dimethylaminothiane (IV), die mit Methyliodid (V) die Trimcthylammoniumiodide (VI) liefern.
Comparative studies of de novo assembly tools for next-generation sequencing technologies (2011)

We studied and compared the performance of commonly used de novo assembly tools specifically designed for next-generation sequencing data, including SSAKE, VCAKE, Euler-sr, Edena, Velvet, ABySS and SOAPdenovo. Tools were compared using several performance criteria, including N50 length, sequence coverage and assembly accuracy. Various properties of read data, including single-end/paired-end, sequence GC content, depth of coverage and base calling error rates, were investigated for their effects on the performance of different assembly tools. We also compared the computation time and memory usage of these seven tools. Based on the results of our comparison, the relative performance of individual tools are summarized and tentative guidelines for optimal selection of different assembly tools, under different conditions, are provided.
Absolute X-Ray Yields from Laser-Irradiated Ge-Doped Aerogel Targets (2005)

Summary form only given. We have measured the production of 10 keV X-rays from low-density Ge-doped aerogel targets at the OMEGA laser. The targets were 1.2 mm long by 1.5 mm diameter beryllium cylinders filled with Ge-doped (20 atomic percent) SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> foam. The doped-foam density was 5 or 7 mg/cc. These targets are a major advance over previous doped aerogels: instead of suspending the dopant in the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> matrix, the Ge atoms, with chemistry similar to Si, are incorporated directly in the matrix. Thus, the level of dopant is increased by more than a factor of six. Forty beams of the OMEGA laser (351 nm) illuminated the two cylindrical faces of the target with a total power that approached 20 TW. The laser interaction strongly ionizes the target (n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> /n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">crit</sub> = 0.15-0.20), and allows the laser-bleaching wave to supersonically ionize the high-Z emitter ions in the sample. The heating of the target was imaged with a gated (200 ps time resolution) X-ray framing camera, filtered to observe >8 keV. 2-D radiative-hydrodynamic calculations predict rapid and uniform heating over the whole target volume with minimal energy losses into hydrodynamic motion. Ge K-shell X-ray emission was spectrally resolved with a two-channel crystal spectrometer and recorded with temporal resolution with a set of calibrated photoconductive devices (PCDs). The calculations predict 150-200 J of X-ray energy output with 10 keV. The effect of shaping and delaying the laser pulse is studied. A full description of the experiment and the preliminary results of our analysis will be presented.
UTILIZATION OF GUM ARABIC FOR INDUSTRIES AND HUMAN HEALTH (2013)

Gum Arabic, a natural polysaccharide derived from exudates of Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal trees, is a commonly used food hydrocolloid. The highlight of this study was to review the utilization of gum Arabic for industries and human health. Gum Arabic has a unique combination of excellent emulsifying properties and low solution viscosity. These properties make gum Arabic very useful in several industries but especially in the food industry where it is used as a flavor and stabilizer of citrus oil emulsion concentrates in soft drinks.
Deformation Structure and Recrystallization of Ferritic FeSi Steels (2016)

The magnetic properties of finally fabricated nonoriented FeSi electrical steels depend critically on microstructure and crystallographic texture components. The resulting microstructure and texture are influenced along the whole processing route of Fe–Si steels: hot rolling, coiling and cooling, hot band annealing before cold rolling (optional), cold rolling, and final thermal treatment. There is an interplay of microstructure and texture between the various processing steps, which is not investigated in any detail. Especially for ferritic FeSi steels are no specific investigations on the influence of microstructure and texture of cold‐rolled material on their evolution at final annealing. In this paper, authors summarize the recent experimental results on the evolution of microstructure and texture at final annealing for cold‐rolled material of ferritic FeSi steels with 2.4 and 3 wt% Si. The evolution of microstructure and texture is analyzed by metallographic studies and EBSD. Special attention is paid to the through‐thickness dependence of microstructure and texture, which is caused by the strain gradients as well as thermal gradients at processing. The obtained experimental results altogether demonstrate clearly the effect of different misoriented substructures after cold rolling due to nonuniform strain on recrystallization behavior for the ferritic FeSi steels.
Design and analysis of cache coherent multistage interconnection networks (1993)

A directory of state information is introduced into a multistage interconnection network (MIN) switch, and a multiple copy cache coherence protocol is developed. It is shown that the protocol is better than a single copy protocol on this MIN with directories (MIND) scheme. A network called the multistage bus network (MBN), which introduces a bus and multiple snoopers into the switches of a MIN, is presented. The snooping buses form multiple trees with the memories at the roots and the processors at the leaves. Each switch contains directories to hold state information on the shared blocks that is used to filter the coherence traffic from one level to another. The shared requests pass through the directories, whereas the private requests pass directly from the bus in one level to the bus in the next level. Analytical and simulation models for these multistage cache coherent architectures are developed. Both the MIND and the MBN schemes are studied with a simple multiple copy protocol. The results show that the MBN scheme performs better than the MIND or conventional scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Novel Arrangements for High Performance and Durable Dielectric Elastomer Actuation (2016)

This paper advances the design of Rod Pre-strained Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (RP-DEAs) in their capability to generate comparatively large static actuation forces with increased lifetime via optimized electrode arrangements. RP-DEAs utilize thin stiff rods to constrain the expansion of the elastomer and maintain the in-plane pre-strain in the rod longitudinal direction. The aim is to study both the force output and the durability of the RP-DEA. Initial design of the RP-DEA had poor durability, however, it generated significantly larger force compared with the conventional DEA due to the effects of pre-strain and rod constraints. The durability study identifies the in-electro-active-region (in-AR) lead contact and the non-uniform deformation of the structure as causes of pre-mature failure of the RP-DEA. An optimized AR configuration is proposed to avoid actuating undesired areas in the structure. The results show that with the optimized AR, the RP-DEA can be effectively stabilized and survive operation at least four times longer than with a conventional electrode arrangement. Finally, a Finite Element simulation was also performed to demonstrate that such AR design and optimization can be guided by analyzing the DEA structure in the state of pre-activation.
Evaluation of a Template for Countering Misinformation—Real-world Autism Treatment Myth Debunking (2018)

Misinformation poses significant challenges to evidence-based practice. In the public health domain specifically, treatment misinformation can lead to opportunity costs or direct harm. Alas, attempts to debunk misinformation have proven sub-optimal, and have even been shown to “backfire”, including increasing misperceptions. Thus, optimized debunking strategies have been developed to more effectively combat misinformation. The aim of this study was to test these strategies in a real-world setting, targeting misinformation about autism interventions. In the context of professional development training, we randomly assigned participants to an “optimized-debunking” or a “treatment-as-usual” training condition and compared support for non-empirically-supported treatments before, after, and six weeks following completion of online training. Results demonstrated greater benefits of optimized debunking immediately after training; thus, the implemented strategies can serve as a general and flexible debunking template. However, the effect was not sustained at follow-up, highlighting the need for further research into strategies for sustained change.
Singlet oxygen oxidations in homogeneous continuous flow using a gas–liquid membrane reactor (2017)

Safe supply of oxygen through a permeable membrane was used to carry out singlet oxygen chemistry in homogeneous flow regime.
In Vitro Synthesis and Modification of mRNA by Exvectorial Isolates of Wound Tumor Virus (1981)

Nontransmissible (exvectorial) isolates of wound tumor virus retain the ability to catalyze in vitro synthesis of RNA. Furthermore, exvectorial virus particles exhibit mRNA-2'-O-methyltransferase activity even after long-term (30-year) passage in a host that lacks this enzyme activity.
Continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor 20-L demonstration test: Final report (2000)

One of the proposed methods of removing the cesium, strontium, and transuranics from the radioactive waste storage tanks at Savannah River is the small-tank tetraphenylborate (TPB) precipitation process. A two-reactor-in-series (15-L working volume each) continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) system was designed, constructed, and installed in a hot cell to test the Savannah River process. The system also includes two cross-flow filtration systems to concentrate and wash the slurry produced in the process, which contains the bulk of radioactivity from the supernatant processed through the system. Installation, operational readiness reviews, and system preparation and testing were completed. The first test using the filtration systems, two CSTRs, and the slurry concentration system was conducted over a 61-h period with design removal of Cs, Sr, and U achieved. With the successful completion of Test 1a, the following tests, 1b and 1c, were not required.