gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MAC Protocols for Cooperative Diversity in Wireless LANs and Wireless Sensor Networks (2013)

In this paper, we present a survey of cooperative diversity-enabled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless LANs (WLANs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Cooperative diversity has emerged as a promising technique to combat fading and improve reliability in a wireless environment. In cooperative diversity protocols, neighboring nodes act as virtual multiple-input-multiple-output (VMIMO) systems, where they cooperate with the transmitter-receiver pair to deliver multiple copies of a packet to the receiver via independent fading channels. These multiple copies of the same packet can be combined at the receiver to recover the original packet, thus improving reliability by exploiting spatial diversity in the wireless channel. MAC protocols play an important part in realizing this concept by effectively coordinating transmissions between source, partner and destination nodes. Cooperative MAC protocols can also collect channel state information (CSI) between neighboring nodes and provide this information to the routing layer, where it can be exploited for partner selection. For this reason, the research community has proposed a large number of cooperative MAC protocols to realize this concept. We present an overview of these protocols and discuss their handshaking schemes, medium access schemes, results, strengths, and any observed shortcomings.
Novel Antifungals and <em>Aspergillus</em> Section <em>Terrei</em> with Potpourri Susceptibility Profiles to Conventional Antifungals (2023)

The epidemiology of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is currently changing, driven by aggressive immunosuppressive therapy, leading to an expanded spectrum of patients at risk of IFIs. Aspergillosis is a leading cause of IFIs, which usually affects immunocompromised patients. There is a limited number of antifungal medications available for treating IFIs and their effectiveness is often hindered by rising resistance rates and practical limitations. Consequently, new antifungals, especially those with novel mechanisms of action, have become increasingly required. This study assessed the activity of four novel antifungal agents with different mechanisms of activity: manogepix, rezafungin, ibrexafungerp, and olorofim against 100 isolates of Aspergillus section Terrei, containing amphotericin B (AmB) wildtypes/non-wildtypes and azole-susceptible/-resistant strains, according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) method. In general, all tested agents showed potent and consistent activity against tested isolates, exhibiting a geometric mean (GM) and minimum effective concentration (MEC)/minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) range respectively as follows: manogepix (0.048 mg/L, 0.032-0.5 mg/L), rezafungin (0.020 mg/L, 0.016-0.5 mg/L), ibrexafungerp (0.071 mg/L, 0.032-2 mg/L), and olorofim (0.008 mg/L, 0.008-0.032 mg/L). In terms of MIC90/MEC90, olorofim had the lowest values (0.008 mg/L), followed by rezafungin (0.032 mg/L), manogepix (0.125 mg/L), and ibrexafungerp (0.25 mg/L). All antifungals tested demonstrated promising in vitro activity against Aspergillus section Terrei, including A. terreus and cryptic species that were azole-resistant and AmB non-wildtype.
Calculation of intraocular lens power: a review (2007)

This review describes the principles and practices involved in the calculation of intraocular lens (IOL) power. The theories behind formulas for calculating IOL power are described, using regression and optical methods employing 'thin lens' and 'thick lens' models, as well as exact ray-tracing methods. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the points made. The paper emphasizes the importance of establishing an accurate estimation of corneal power as well as an accurate technique for the measurement of axial length and accurate methods of predicting postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD). It is concluded that current improvements in diagnostic and surgical technology, combined with the latest generation IOL power formulas, make the calculation and selection of appropriate IOL power among the most effective tools in refractive surgery today.
Colocalization of multiple GABAA receptor subtypes with gephyrin at postsynaptic sites (2000)

Clustering of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors to postsynaptic sites requires the presence of both the gamma2 subunit and gephyrin. Here, we analyzed by double-immunofluorescence staining the colocalization of gephyrin and major GABA(A)-receptor subtypes distinguished by the subunits alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, or gamma2 in adult rat brain. By using confocal laser scanning microscopy, GABA(A)-receptor subunit staining revealed brightly stained clusters that were colocalized with gephyrin-positive clusters of similar size and distribution in several brain regions, including cerebellum, hippocampus, thalamus, and olfactory bulb. In addition, a diffuse staining was observed for GABA(A)-receptor subunits in the neuropil, presumably representing extrasynaptic receptors. Overall, only few gephyrin-positive clusters were not colocalized with GABA(A)-receptor subunit clusters. Electron microscopic analysis in cerebellar cortex confirmed the selective postsynaptic localization of gephyrin. High-resolution images (voxel size, 50 x 50 x 150 nm) were restored with an iterative image deconvolution procedure based on a measured point-spread function to analyze the colocalization between GABA(A)-receptor subunits and gephyrin in individual clusters. This analysis revealed a considerable heterogeneity in the micro-organization of these presumptive GABAergic postsynaptic sites. For instance, whereas gephyrin- and gamma2 subunit-positive clusters largely overlapped in the cerebellar molecular layer, the colocalization was only partial in glomeruli of the granule cell layer, where small gephyrin clusters typically were "embedded" in larger GABA(A)-receptor clusters. These findings show that gephyrin is associated with a majority of GABA(A)-receptor subtypes in brain, and document the usefulness of image deconvolution for analyzing the structural organization of the postsynaptic apparatus by fluorescence microscopy.
Improved LIDT values for dielectric dispersive compensating mirrors applying ternary composites (2016)

The present contribution is addressed to an improved method to fabricate dielectric dispersive compensating mirrors (CMs) with an increased laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) by the use of ternary composite layers. Taking advantage of a novel in-situ phase monitor system, it is possible to control the sensitive deposition process more precisely. The study is initiated by a design synthesis, to achieve optimum reflection and GDD values for a conventional high low stack (HL)n. Afterwards the field intensity is analyzed, and layers affected by highest electric field intensities are exchanged by ternary composites of Ta<sub>x</sub>Si<sub>y</sub>O<sub>z</sub>. Both designs have similar target specifications whereby one design is using ternary composites and the other one is distinguished by a (HL)<sup>n</sup>. The first layers of the stack are switched applying in-situ optical broad band monitoring in conjunction with a forward re-optimization algorithm, which also manipulates the layers remaining for deposition at each switching event. To accomplish the demanded GDD-spectra, the last layers are controlled by a novel in-situ white light interferometer operating in the infrared spectral range. Finally the CMs are measured in a 10.000 on 1 procedure according to ISO 21254 applying pulses with a duration of 130 fs at a central wavelength of 775 nm to determine the laser induced damage threshold.
Accelerando: A Real-Time, General Purpose Computer Music System (1989)

A complete, real-time sound synthesis system has been developed at the Computer Music Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin. The system features several stand-alone, Motorola 56001based, general purpose audio processors, called Accelerando boxes, which were designed and built at the center. These inexpensive processors (i.e., the parts cost less than $200) function as standard MIDI devices in that they can be completely controlled and programmed through their MIDI ports. They generate and accept digital audio in a format compatible with Yamaha's digital mixing processors (such as the DEQ7 or DMP7), and they are also equipped with a parallel input/output (I/O) port to provide for an optional connection to a host computer. To simplify the task of programming the box, the synthesis portion of a basic Music V-type language has been written in 56000-assembler code. The center has also developed a symbolic compiler to enable the algorithms that run in the processors to be created graphically. In addition, record/playback and visual editing programs that provide direct control of the Accelerando boxes from the host have been developed.
Boiling heat transfer from a rotating horizontal cylinder (1968)

Abstract Boiling heat transfer from a horizontal copper cylinder rotating on its axis in water has been investigated. An increase in heat transfer coefficient wag obtained over the entire range of rotational speeds with a maximum occurring at 150 rpm. The results were correlated in terms of the factors influencing the boiling mechanism, which differed above and below the critical speed. Below 150 rpm the effects of rotation were correlated by the inclusion of a Weber‐Reynolds number term in the boiling equation of Lienhard (1) , and above 150 rpm the same basic boiling equation was modified to include a Froude Number.
Genetic deletion of IL-17A reduces cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and alveolar type II cell apoptosis (2013)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder marked by relative resistance to steroids. Inflammation and apoptosis have been suggested to be important mechanisms for COPD. Interleukin (IL)-17 superfamily has been associated with chronic inflammation and diminished responses to steroids. It is reasonable to consider that IL-17 may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD. In this study, we examined IL-17 expression in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and investigated the contribution of IL-17 to CS-induced inflammation and alveolar cell apoptosis in IL-17(-/-) mice. After exposing wild-type and IL-17(-/-) mice to mainstream CS for 4 wk, IL-17A, but not IL-17F, expression was increased in mice upon CS exposure. Neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of IL-17(-/-) mice was significantly decreased. In IL-17(-/-) mice, there is reduced expression of IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-12 compared with wild-type mice after CS exposure. The number of apoptotic type II alveolar cells was significantly increased in CS-exposed wild-type mice but not in IL-17(-/-) mice. The effect of IL-17A on type II alveolar cell apoptosis was confirmed in vitro through either addition of IL-17A or transient knockdown of IL-17A by small-interfering RNA transfection in type II alveolar cells. These findings suggest that IL-17A plays an important role in the inflammatory response to CS exposure through increased multiple inflammatory mediators. Moreover, IL-17 may also contribute to type II alveolar cell apoptosis. This study opens a new option in targeting IL-17A to modulate inflammatory response to CS and may be the bases for new therapy for COPD.
The Effect of TiO2 Doped Photocatalytic Nano-Additives on the Hydration and Microstructure of Portland and High Alumina Cements (2017)

Mortars with two different binders (Portland cement (PC) and high alumina cement (HAC)) were modified upon the bulk incorporation of nano-structured photocatalytic additives (bare TiO₂, and TiO₂ doped with either iron (Fe-TiO₂) or vanadium (V-TiO₂)). Plastic and hardened state properties of these mortars were assessed in order to study the influence of these nano-additives. Water demand was increased, slightly by bare TiO₂ and Fe-TiO₂, and strongly by V-TiO₂, in agreement with the reduction of the particle size and the tendency to agglomerate. Isothermal calorimetry showed that hydration of the cementitious matrices was accelerated due to additional nucleation sites offered by the nano-additives. TiO₂ and doped TiO₂ did not show pozzolanic reactivity in the binding systems. Changes in the pore size distribution, mainly the filler effect of the nano-additives, accounted for the increase in compressive strengths measured for HAC mortars. A complex microstructure was seen in calcium aluminate cement mortars, strongly dependent on the curing conditions. Fe-TiO₂ was found to be homogeneously distributed whereas the tendency of V-TiO₂ to agglomerate was evidenced by elemental distribution maps. Water absorption capacity was not affected by the nano-additive incorporation in HAC mortars, which is a favourable feature for the application of these mortars.
Interaction of Substance P with the Second and Seventh Transmembrane Domains of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor (1994)

The neurokinin-1 receptor is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family and has the highest affinity for the endogenous peptide transmitter substance P. Previous studies have indicated that several residues in the first and second extracellular segments, and at least part of the transmembrane domain, of the human neurokinin-1 receptor are involved in substance P binding to the receptor. To further map the peptide binding site, single-residue substitutions in the transmembrane domains were analyzed. Asn-85, Asn-89, Tyr-92, and Asn-96 in the second transmembrane domain and Tyr-287 in the seventh transmembrane domain are required for the high-affinity binding of peptides, with Asn-85 possibly interacting with the C-terminus of substance P. In addition, Glu-78 in the second transmembrane domain and Tyr-205 in the fifth transmembrane domain appear to be involved in the receptor activation process. Some of the key residues for peptide binding are likely to be near those residues that are required for the binding of competitive antagonists (such as His-197, His-265, and Tyr-287). These data suggest that a volume exclusion effect can explain the competitive antagonism of substance P binding by non-peptide antagonists. Furthermore, the key residues identified thus far are required for the high-affinity binding of all three neurokinin peptides, consistent with a hypothesis that the conformational compatibility between the receptor and the peptide agonist may be a major determinant of peptide recognition.
Supplementary Figure S2 from Intratumoral CD16<sup>+</sup> Macrophages Are Associated with Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Treated with Combination Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;C1Q and PD-1 expression on CD16+ macrophages in on treatment biopsies of melanoma patients treated with PD-1 or PD-1+CTLA-4 ICB. Dynamics between pretreatment and early-during treatment biopsies on (a) CD16+ macrophages as a proportion of all macrophages (b) CD16+ C1q+ macrophages as a proportion of all C1q+ macrophages (c) PD-1+ CD16+ macrophages as a proportion of PD-1+ macrophages (d) PD-1+ CD16+ C1q+ macrophages as a proportion of all macrophages (e) C1q+ CD16+ macrophages as a proportion of CD16+ macrophages (f) PD-1+ CD16+ macrophages as a proportion of CD16+ macrophages. (g) Log2 RNA expression of C1qa-c in pretreatment (PRE) and early during treatment (EDT) biopsies of responding and non-responding patients treated with PD-1 or PD-1+CTLA-4 ICB. (h) Flow cytometry analysis of ipilimumab (IgG1) and/or secondary anti-IgG1 binding to CD16+ and CD16- macrophages in a melanoma patient's tumor dissociate. FMO, a no-secondary control.&lt;/p&gt;
Dipper functions for second-order modulation of contrast, orientation, and motion (2015)

The human visual system can detect not only modulations in luminance (first-order stimuli), but also modulations of these modulations (second-order stimuli). For example modulations in the contrast, orientation, or motion of a first-order “carrier” stimulus. Second-order modulations are substantially more difficult to detect than equivalent first-order modulations. This difference would be explainable if we understood the processing mechanisms of second-order stimuli, however these are not yet clear. In order to compare the different types of second-order processing and allow comparisons to be made against first-order, we used the pedestal masking method to measure dipper functions for three types of second-order stimuli: contrast-, orientation- and motion-modulated. The contrast-modulated stimuli are constructed by modulating a 45°, 4 c/d sinusoid grating carrier with a horizontal sinusoid grating envelope with a spatial frequency of 0.5 c/d. The orientation-modulation stimuli are made by adding two contrast-modulated stimuli with perpendicular carrier gratings and opposite envelope phases together. The motion-modulation stimuli are made by adding two contrast-modulated stimuli with opposite envelope phases but the same orientation drifting in perpendicular directions. The data are fit using maximum likelihood with a modified version of the Legge & Foley (1980) contrast response function. We find the dipper shapes similar to first order (same exponents) for the contrast, orientation and motion stimuli. Compared to contrast-modulation (from which the other stimuli are constructed) both the orientation- and motion-modulation conditions show an increased saturation constant (8 and 2 times higher respectively) consistent with increased divisive suppression. The motion-modulation condition also has an increased internal noise about 1.2 times that for contrast-modulation. In comparison with first-order results from previous studies we find all three second-order conditions have increased internal noise and greatly increased saturation constants. We consider preliminary designs for model architectures that may account for our results. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
Structure and function of subsurface microbial communities affecting radionuclide transport and bioimmobilization (2012)

Our objectives were to: 1) isolate and characterize novel anaerobic prokaryotes from subsurface environments exposed to high levels of mixed contaminants (U(VI), nitrate, sulfate), 2) elucidate the diversity and distribution of metabolically active metal- and nitrate-reducing prokaryotes in subsurface sediments, and 3) determine the biotic and abiotic mechanisms linking electron transport processes (nitrate, Fe(III), and sulfate reduction) to radionuclide reduction and immobilization. Mechanisms of electron transport and U(VI) transformation were examined under near in situ conditions in sediment microcosms and in field investigations. Field sampling was conducted at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center (ORFRC), in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The ORFRC subsurface is exposed to mixed contamination predominated by uranium and nitrate. In short, we effectively addressed all 3 stated objectives of the project. In particular, we isolated and characterized a large number of novel anaerobes with a high bioremediation potential that can be used as model organisms, and we are now able to quantify the function of subsurface sedimentary microbial communities in situ using state-of-the-art gene expression methods (molecular proxies).
Difference in upper airway collapsibility during wakefulness between men and women in response to lower-body positive pressure (2008)

Fluid shift from the legs to the neck induced by LBPP (lower-body positive pressure) increases UA (upper airway) collapsibility in healthy men. Rostral fluid displacement during recumbency may therefore contribute to the pathogenesis of OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea). There is a higher prevalence of OSA in men than in women. We therefore hypothesized that UA collapsibility increases more in men in response to rostral fluid displacement than in women. UA collapsibility was assessed in healthy, non-obese men and women while awake by determining UA Pcrit (critical closing pressure) during application of different suction pressures to the UA. Subjects were randomized to 5 min control or LBPP arms after which they crossed-over into the other arm following a 30 min washout. LBPP was applied by inflating anti-shock trousers wrapped around both legs to 40 mmHg. Pcrit, leg fluid volume and neck circumference were measured at baseline and after 5 min of both control and LBPP periods. LBPP caused a decrease in leg fluid volume and an increase in neck circumference that did not differ between men and women. However, compared with the control period, LBPP induced a much greater increase in Pcrit in men than in women (7.2+/-1.8 compared with 2.0+/-1.5 cm H2O, P=0.035). We conclude that rostral fluid displacement by LBPP increases UA collapsibility more in healthy, non-obese men than in women. This may be one mechanism contributing to the higher prevalence of OSA in men than in women.
Phase I dose escalation study of pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor abexinostat in combination with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (2014)

e17059 Background: Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cisplatin-based combination therapy is the most effective treatment for metastatic NPC. Abexinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, exhibited synergistic effects in combination with cisplatin in NPC tumor cell lines, either EBV-positive or negative. A phase I dose-escalation study was performed to determine the maximal tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of abexinostat with a fixed dose of cisplatin in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced NPC. Methods: Abexinostat was administered BID on days 1-4 and 8-11 of a 21-day cycles. Cisplatin dose (75mg/m2) was given on day 3. Abexinostat treatment started 2 days before to induce biological modifications in tumor cells prior to chemotherapy to maximize the synergistic effect. Since toxicities related to cisplatin are cumulative, dose-dependent and may be irreversible, the combination was limited to 6 cycles. The starting dose of abexinostat was 80mg BID. Results: 8 heavily pretreated patients were included and treated, 6 were evaluated for DLT. Two DLTs (fatigue grade 3) were observed at 80mg BID. Thus, abexinostat was de-escalated to 40mg BID while keeping the same cisplatin dose. One DLT was observed (acute renal impairment grade 3) at this dose. However, due to lower recruitment rate than expected, the study was closed without reaching the primary objective.Four out of these 6 patients received the combination treatment for at least 2 cycles. Two patients achieved Partial Response with a decrease of 30% and 50%, and 2 had Stable Disease after 2 cycles. For 2 patients, quantifiable EBV copy numbers were correlated with the tumor response. However, 2 patients withdrew due to fatigue and anemia after 3 cycles, and one patient could not restart the treatment due to delayed recovery. Conclusions: Abexinostat 80mg BID and 40mg BID appears active in combination with cisplatin 75mg/m2 in patients with advanced NPC. However, there are tolerability issues with this combination that need to be considered and overcome. Clinical trial information: ISRCTN96922360.
Driving CZTS to the SQ Limit: Solving the Open Circuit Voltage Problem (2016)

A key objective of this 3 year research effort was to reduce the open circuit voltage (Voc) deficit, defined as the difference between the absorber band gap and the measured Voc to below 475mV from values at the beginning of this work of 630-730mV. To achieve this reduction, along with the attendant goals of higher Voc and efficiency, detailed studies into the fundamental understanding of existing limitations were undertaken.