gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzymic Dissociation of Zea Shoot Cell Wall Polysaccharides (1984)

The water-insoluble cell wall fraction obtained after successive treatments of an insoluble fraction of a buffer-homogenate of Zea shoots with 3 molar LiCl, hot water and alpha-amylase, was subjected to dissociation by enzymes. Treatment of the water-insoluble fraction with the purified Bacillus subtilis (1 --> 3),(1 --> 4)-beta-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase dissociated cell wall fragments (5.1% of the water-insoluble fraction) which were characterized in detail. Structural analyses of the fragment oligosaccharides revealed blocks of more than three contiguous (1 --> 4)-linkages and regions consisting of two or more contiguous (1 --> 3)-linkages. On the basis of these results, we propose that the Zea shoot beta-d-glucan may be represented as a folded structure. Furthermore, the presence of contiguous (1 --> 3)-linkages in the beta-d-glucan offers potential sites for enzyme attack and may account for the generation of specific products released by the endogenous endo-beta-d-glucanase in autolysis and/or polymer modification process in Zea shoot cell walls.
Exploiting high-level coherence information to optimize distributed shared state (2003)

InterWeave is a distributed middleware system that supports the sharing of strongly typed, pointer-rich data structures across a wide variety of hardware architectures, operating systems, and programming languages. As a complement to RPC/RMI, InterWeave facilitates the rapid development of maintainable code by allowing processes to access shared data using ordinary reads and writes.Internally, InterWeave employs a variety of aggressive optimizations to obtain significant performance improvements with minimal programmer effort. In this paper, we focus on application-specific optimizations that exploit dynamic high-level information about an application's spatial data access patterns and the stringency of its coherence requirements. Using applications drawn from computer vision, datamining, and web proxy caching, we illustrate the specification of coherence requirements based on the (temporal) concept of "recent enough" to use, and introduce two (spatial) notions of view s, which allow a program to limit coherence management to the portion of a data structure actively in use. Experiments with these applications show that InterWeave can reduce their communication traffic by up to one order of magnitude with minimum effort on the part of the application programmer.
Letter from Melbourne: What's in a name? (2014)

The naming of elements after cities or countries was in vogue in the late 19th century - gallium (1875), germanium (1886), polonium (1898), scandium (1876) and thulium (1879) - with francium (1939) coming along later. In the 20th century, it was people - einsteinium (1952/1961), fermium (1954) and mendelevium (1955). Of course, there are some 'names' in later years, but like Dr Tom Lehrer (they hadn't come to Harvard) I'd like to retain my historical perspective.
R-loop analysis of copia-related RNA from retrovirus-like particles in Drosophila melanogaster. (1985)

R-loop molecules formed between a Drosophila transposon, copia and 5kb RNA from Drosophila virus-like particles were examined under an electron microscope. It was found that 5kb RNA of virus-like particles is a genome- sized unspliced transcript of copia.
Intravital Ca2+ imaging of pancreatic β cell function after bariatric surgery (2022)

Bariatric surgery has long become an appropriate and common treatment for patients with severe obesity and many related conditions such as type 2 diabetes. However, the exact mechanism leading to improved metabolism shortly after surgery, most notably independent of weight loss, has not yet been fully elucidated. Akalestou's recent publication, "Intravital imaging of islet Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics reveals enhanced β cell connectivity after bariatric surgery in mice," provides the first detailed insight into the progression of pancreatic islet function after bariatric surgery. By transplanting pancreatic islets equipped with a genetically encoded calcium indicator into the anterior chamber of the eye, improvements in Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics and a more potent β cell network were observed over an extended time course after the surgical procedure. In the following sections, we will take the opportunity to briefly outline the association between bariatric surgery and diabetes, highlight the issue of anesthesia during intravital Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging, and finally comment on some biological relationships related to β cell function.
Four‐Membered Ring Peroxide Heterocycles: Photochemistry Through the Backdoor (1984)

Abstract The unusual property of four‐membered ring peroxide heterocycles (1,2‐dioxetanes) to produce electronically excited carbonyl fragments on thermal decomposition is discussed. The synthetic tools for the preparation of such labile substances and the analytic methods for assessing excitation yields are covered. Using the complete series of methylated derivatives of the parent 1,2‐dioxetane, their thermal stability and excited state production is rationalized in terms of a modified diradical mechanism. With the help of bisdioxetanes, it is shown that generation of upper excited states is improbable, despite the fact that sufficient energy is available for this purpose. Attachment of dioxetanes to biomolecules via mild esterifications provides interesting opportunities for photobiological exploration.
Simulated Workplace Protection Factors for Half-Facepiece Respiratory Protective Devices (2007)

This study investigates two different methods (random effects model and 5th percentile) for determining the performance of three types of respiratory protective devices (elastomeric N95 respirators, N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, and surgical masks) during a simulated workplace test. This study recalculated the protection level of three types of respiratory protective devices using the random effects model, compared the two methods with each other and the APF of 10 for half-facepiece respirators, and determined the value of each of the fit test protocols in attaining the desired level of simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF). Twenty-five test subjects with varying face sizes tested 15 models of elastomeric N95 respirators, 15 models of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, and 6 models of surgical masks. Simulated workplace testing was conducted using a TSI PORTACOUNT Plus model 8020 and consisted of a series of seven exercises. Six simulated workplace tests were performed with redonning of the respirator/mask occurring between each test. Each of the six tests produced an SWPF. To determine the level of protection provided by the respiratory protective devices, a 90% lower confidence limit for the simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF(LCL90%)) and the 5th percentile of simulated workplace protection factor were computed. The 5th percentile method values could be up to seven times higher than the SWPF(LCL90%) values. Without fit testing, all half-facepiece N95 respirators had a 5th percentile of 4.6 and an SWPF(LCL90%) value of 2.7. N95 filtering-facepiece respirators as a class had values of 3.3 and 2.0, respectively, whereas N95 elastomeric respirators had values of 7.3 and 4.6, respectively. Surgical masks did not provide any protection, with values of 1.2 and 1.4, respectively. Passing either the Bitrex, saccharin, or Companion fit test resulted in the respirators providing the expected level of protection with 5th percentiles greater than or equal to 10 except when passing the Bitrex test with N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, which resulted in a 5th percentile of only 7.9. No substantial difference was seen between the three fit tests. All of the SWPF(LCL90%) values after passing a fit test were less than 10. The random model method provides a more conservative estimate of the protection provided by a respirator because it takes into account both between- and within-wearer variability.
Integration of source-charge constraints in quantum chromodynamics with fixed quark and antiquark sources (1979)

I study the problem of satisfying the source-charge constraints in operator-symmetrized quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with static sources. I show that the color-charge algebras generated by the QCD outer product ${P}^{A}(u,v)=(\frac{i}{2}){f}^{\mathrm{ABC}}({u}^{B}{v}^{C}+{v}^{C}{u}^{B})$ can always be put in the form ${P}^{A}({w}_{a},{w}_{b})=i{C}_{\mathrm{abc}}{w}_{c}$, with structure constants ${C}_{\mathrm{abc}}$ which are totally antisymmetric, but which do not in general satisfy the Jacobi identity. However, total antisymmetry of the $C$'s is enough for the corresponding overlying classical field equations to be derivable from a Lagrangian and to possess a conserved stress-energy tensor, involving a finite number of undetermined constants of integration. I postulate conditions for determining the integration constants when the sources are in a color-singlet state, and use them to fix the overlying classical theory in the $q\overline{q}$ and the $\mathrm{qqq}(\overline{q}\overline{q}\overline{q})$ cases.
A hand gesture controlled semi-autonomous wheelchair (2005)

This paper presents a user interface to assist the occupant of a wheelchair. It uses vision to recognize the gestures formed against a back-lit surface. Gesture recognition algorithm uses a combination of gesture contour geometry and a non-dimensional quantity derived using the contour curvatures. The gestures are identified in a position and orientation independent manner. The developed gesture recognition system is implemented on a wheelchair. Two different modes of operations, namely, the manual mode and the autonomous mode are provided for the user. In manual mode the user continuously interacts with the wheelchair. In autonomous mode the user action is limited to choosing a desired destination by pointing to a zone of a known map displayed on the back-lit surface. Results are presented to show the performance of the wheelchair in both modes.
Remixing music using source separation algorithms to improve the musical experience of cochlear implant users (2016)

Music perception remains rather poor for many Cochlear Implant (CI) users due to the users' deficient pitch perception. However, comprehensible vocals and simple music structures are well perceived by many CI users. In previous studies researchers re-mixed songs to make music more enjoyable for them, favoring the preferred music elements (vocals or beat) attenuating the others. However, mixing music requires the individually recorded tracks (multitracks) which are usually not accessible. To overcome this limitation, Source Separation (SS) techniques are proposed to estimate the multitracks. These estimated multitracks are further re-mixed to create more pleasant music for CI users. However, SS may introduce undesirable audible distortions and artifacts. Experiments conducted with CI users (N = 9) and normal hearing listeners (N = 9) show that CI users can have different mixing preferences than normal hearing listeners. Moreover, it is shown that CI users' mixing preferences are user dependent. It is also shown that SS methods can be successfully used to create preferred re-mixes although distortions and artifacts are present. Finally, CI users' preferences are used to propose a benchmark that defines the maximum acceptable levels of SS distortion and artifacts for two different mixes proposed by CI users.
Perivascular adipose tissue and coronary atherosclerosis (2018)

Adipose tissue (AT) is no longer viewed as a passive, energy-storing depot, and a growing body of evidence supports the concept that both quantitative and qualitative aspects of AT are critical in determining an individual's cardiometabolic risk profile. Among all AT sites, perivascular AT (PVAT) has emerged as a depot with a distinctive biological significance in cardiovascular disease given its close anatomical proximity to the vasculature. Recent studies have suggested the presence of complex, bidirectional paracrine and vasocrine signalling pathways between the vascular wall and its PVAT, with far-reaching implications in cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we first discuss the biological role of PVAT in both cardiovascular health and disease, highlighting its dual pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic roles, as well as potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. We then review current evidence and promising new modalities on the non-invasive imaging of epicardial AT and PVAT. Specifically, we present how our expanding knowledge on the bidirectional interplay between the vascular wall and its PVAT can be translated into novel clinical diagnostics tools to assess coronary inflammation. To this end, we present the example of a new CT-based method that tracks spatial changes in PVAT phenotype to extract information about the inflammatory status of the adjacent vasculature, highlighting the numerous diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities that arise from our increased understanding of PVAT biology.
Estimating the axon diameter from intra-axonal water diffusion with arbitrary gradient waveforms: Resolution limit in parallel and dispersed fibers (2016)

Frontiers Events is a rapidly growing calendar management system dedicated to the scheduling of academic events. This includes announcements and invitations, participant listings and search functionality, abstract handling and publication, related events and post-event exchanges. Whether an organizer or participant, make your event a Frontiers Event!
Machine learning based automatic threat level assessment in fiber-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) intrusion detection systems (2020)

Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) intrusion detection systems provide effective solutions for the border, critical infrastructure, facility, and pipeline security applications. DAS systems are able to detect and classify acoustic vibrations using standard telecommunication fibers buried under the ground or deployed over a fence. Activities of interest captured by the DAS system may not pose the same level of threat depending on the time and location of the activity. For instance, a ground digging activity during the day time in rural areas close to a pipeline is more likely an agricultural event rather than a suspicious illegal tapping on the pipeline. These everyday events can be misleading if the operator is notified with the same audio-visual alarms for both cases and may create frustration in the operator. Therefore assigning threat levels to the activities is an essential feature of the DAS systems to increase their credibility. In this paper, we propose a threat level assessment method that learns the activity density of the area in an unsupervised manner. Activities are scored using a threat metric and they are assigned levels using a novel dynamic thresholding approach.
Neurotrophin‐4 delivered by fibrin glue promotes peripheral nerve regeneration (2001)

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a recently identified neurotrophic factor with potential trophic effects on subpopulations of neurons. Little is known about its role in peripheral nerve regeneration following nerve injury. To investigate this, 48 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left sciatic nerve transection and immediate repair. Fibrin glue mixed with either NT-4 or vehicle (control) was injected around the nerve repair site. Nerve regeneration was assessed both functionally and histomorphometrically. The results showed that the NT-4–treated group had a significant increase compared with the control in the regeneration distance at 5 days. The sciatic function index was significantly greater in the NT-4 group from 40 to 60 days after nerve repair. Morphometric analysis revealed that nerves treated with NT-4 had significant improvement in the number of regenerated axons, axonal diameter, and myelin thickness. These results suggest that NT-4 is a potent factor improving rat sciatic nerve regeneration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 345–351, 2001
Speech‐Recognition Overview (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Why Study Automatic Speech Recognition? Why is Automatic Speech Recognition Hard? Automatic Speech Recognition Dimensions Components of Automatic Speech Recognition Final Comments Exercises
Synthesis and selectivity for lithium of lipophilic 14-crown-4 derivatives bearing bulky substituents or an additional binding site in the side arm (1986)

Two types of 6,6-disubstituted 14-crown-4 (1,4,8,11-tetraoxacyclotetradecane) derivatives have been synthesized in the hope of improving on the selectivity of the parent macrocycle for Li+, especially against Na+ and K+. Selectivity enhancement was expected to result from incorporation of bulky substituents which suppress the formation of stable sandwich-type complexes with Na+ and K+, and from the attachment of an additional binding site possessing affinity for Li+. Studies of the electrochemical selectivity of membranes containing the crown ethers showed that selectivities for Li+ with respect to Na+ and K+ are augmented in 6,6-dibenzyl- and 6-diethylcarbamoylmethyl-6-dodecyl-14-crown-4, (6) and (18), as compared with the 6-dodecyl-6-methyl derivative (2).
Polycation‐dependent, Ca2+‐antagonized phosphorylation of calmodulin by casein kinase‐2 and a spleen tyrosine protein kinase (1987)

Ten distinct protein kinases have been tested for their ability to phosphorylate calmodulin. Only casein kinase-2 and a spleen tyrosine protein kinase (TPK-III) proved effective, their phosphorylation efficiency being dramatically enhanced by histones and other polybasic peptides while being depressed by 50 microM Ca2+. Phosphorylation by CK-2 takes place with a Km of 12 microM calmodulin, leading to the incorporation of more than 1.5 mol P/mol substrate. Ser81 and Thr79 are among the residues affected. On the other hand, the two tyrosyl residues of calmodulin are both phosphorylated by TPK-III, Tyr99 being preferred over Tyr138.
The Role of the Biceps Brachii in Overhead Throwing: A Biomechanical Study (SS‐06) (2012)

Controversy remains as to the role of the long and short head of the biceps in the throwing motion. The LHB has been described as a humeral head depressor as well as a compressor and an anterior stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint as well as a posterior stabilizer. In addition, it has been described as a constraint to external rotation and as a stress-shield to the inferior glenohumeral ligament in the abduction-external rotation position. The short head of the biceps (SHB) has not been studied as in-depth as the LHB.
Named Entity Recognition Using a New Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (2008)

Recognizing and extracting exact name entities, like Persons, Locations, Organizations, Dates and Times are very useful to mining information from electronics resources and text. Learning to extract these types of data is called Named Entity Recognition(NER) task. Proper named entity recognition and extraction is important to solve most problems in hot research area such as Question Answering and Summarization Systems, Information Retrieval and Information Extraction, Machine Translation, Video Annotation, Semantic Web Search and Bioinformatics, especially Gene identification, proteins and DNAs names. Nowadays more researchers use three type of approaches namely, Rule-base NER, Machine Learning-base NER and Hybrid NER to identify names. Machine learning method is more famous and applicable than others, because it’s more portable and domain independent. Some of the Machine learning algorithms used in NER methods are, support vector machine(SVM), Hidden Markov Model, Maximum Entropy Model (MEM) and Decision Tree. In this paper, we review these methods and compare them based on precision in recognition and also portability using the Message Understanding Conference(MUC) named entity definition and its standard data set to find their strength and weakness of each these methods. We have improved the precision in NER from text using the new proposed method that calls FSVM for NER. In our method we have employed Support Vector Machine as one of the best machine learning algorithm for classification and we contribute a new fuzzy membership function thus removing the Support Vector Machine’s weakness points in NER precision and multi classification. The design of our method is a kind of One-Against-All multi classification technique to solve the traditional binary classifier in SVM.
Antibiotics in the chemotherapy of malaria (1982)

During the last three decades considerable progress has been made in the field of chemotherapy of malaria and several comprehensive books and reviews on this subject, particularly dealing with the use of antimalarial drugs in the control of malaria, have been published [1–7]. The chemotherapy of malaria involves the development of new chemotherapeutic agents as well as evaluation of existing ones for (1) causal chemoprophylaxis, (2) blood schizontocidal activity, (3) tissue schizontocidal activity (or anti-relapse drugs), (4) gametocytocidal activity to stop transmission and (5) sporontocidal activity to kill the growing stages of the parasite in mosquito vector. The available antimalarials are highly selective in their action [7, 8] and a combination of drugs is needed to achieve chemoprophylactic and curative action. An ideal antimalarial drug, which has activity against different phases of the malarial parasites, is yet to be developed.
The fractionation of spoken language understanding by measuring electrical and magnetic brain signals (2007)

This paper focuses on what electrical and magnetic recordings of human brain activity reveal about spoken language understanding. Based on the high temporal resolution of these recordings, a fine-grained temporal profile of different aspects of spoken language comprehension can be obtained. Crucial aspects of speech comprehension are lexical access, selection and semantic integration. Results show that for words spoken in context, there is no 'magic moment' when lexical selection ends and semantic integration begins. Irrespective of whether words have early or late recognition points, semantic integration processing is initiated before words can be identified on the basis of the acoustic information alone. Moreover, for one particular event-related brain potential (ERP) component (the N400), equivalent impact of sentence- and discourse-semantic contexts is observed. This indicates that in comprehension, a spoken word is immediately evaluated relative to the widest interpretive domain available. In addition, this happens very quickly. Findings are discussed that show that often an unfolding word can be mapped onto discourse-level representations well before the end of the word. Overall, the time course of the ERP effects is compatible with the view that the different information types (lexical, syntactic, phonological, pragmatic) are processed in parallel and influence the interpretation process incrementally, that is as soon as the relevant pieces of information are available. This is referred to as the immediacy principle.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGHER COORDINATE CYANIDE AND ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES. 7. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEVEN‐COORDINATE MOLYBDENUM(II) AND TUNGSTEN(II) ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES (1978)

Abstract Durch oxidative Addition des Metallhexacarbonyls mit Iod in Gegenwart des Isocyanids wurden die Komplexe (Ia) dargestellt.