gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting misrecognitions and out-of-vocabulary words (2002)

This paper describes and evaluates a new technique for evaluating confidence in word strings produced by a speech recognition system. It detects misrecognized and out-of-vocabulary words in spontaneous spoken dialogs. The system uses multiple, diverse knowledge sources including acoustics, semantics, pragmatics and discourse to determine if a word string is misrecognized. When likely misrecognitions are detected, a series of tests distinguishes out-of-vocabulary words from other error sources. The work is part of a larger effort to automatically recognize and understand new words when spoken in a spontaneous spoken dialog. The newly developed acoustic confidence metrics output independent probabilites that a word is recognized correctly and a measure of how reliably we can tell if it is wrong. At p <.05, the acoustic methods detect 65% of the errors. The semantic/discourse module detects 98% of the errors that are semantically or contextually inappropriate, but cannot detect contextually consistent misrecognitions. Hence, we merged these two methods and ran them on a single test set to see whether the semantic/pragmatic/discourse component detected input not reliable rejected acoustically and to see how many of the semantically consistent errors could be detected with acoustic normalization methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Low density lipoprotein fraction assay for cardiac disease risk (2023)

A variable rate density gradient electrophoric gel is described which separate LDL subfractions with the precision of ultracentrifugation techniques. Also, an innovative bottom inlet mixing chamber particularly useful for producing these gels is described.
Ingrid GALSTER, Aguirre o la posteridad arbitraria (2013)

A n’en pas douter, l’ouvrage d’Ingrid Galster constitue une véritable somme. Les quelques précisions qui suivent suffiront probablement à en convaincre le lecteur. Le propos de l’auteur est de suivre, dans la très longue durée, l’écho de l’épopée d’un conquistador passée à la célébrité non pas tant par l’ampleur ou l’importance de ses découvertes – comme ce put être le cas d’un Cortés ou celui d’un Pizarro – mais plutôt par la dimension dramatique de son échec. De fait, même pour celui qui ig...
A decision tree for the use of estrogen replacement therapy or hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: consensus opinion of The North American Menopause Society. (2000)

The goal of ERT/HRT is to enhance women's quality of life as well as to reduce the risks of death and disability associated with osteoporosis and coronary heart disease. The decision to initiate ERT/HRT must be individualized according to each woman's needs. This decision tree for ERT/HRT presents a rational approach to decision making on the basis of the principles of care; details of specific therapeutic interventions will change as data from clinical trials are presented.
Milk and Cheese from Cows Fed Calcium Salts of Palm and Fish Oil Alone or in Combination with Soybean Products (2006)

Twenty cows were used in a randomized block design experiment for 6 wk to determine the influence of feeding partial ruminally inert Ca salts of palm and fish oil (Ca-PFO), alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil, on milk fatty acid (FA) methyl esters composition and consumer acceptability of milk and Cheddar cheese. Cows were fed either a diet containing 44% forage and 56% concentrate (control) or a diet supplemented with 2.7% Ca-PFO (FO), 5% extruded full-fat soybeans + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOESM), or 0.75% soybean oil + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOSO). Total dietary FA content in the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO diets were 4.61, 6.28, 6.77, and 6.62 g/100 g, respectively. There was no difference in nutrient intake, milk yield, or milk composition among treatments. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C(18:2) cis-9, trans-11 isomer, C(18:1) trans-11 (VA), and total n-3 FA in milk from cows on the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO treatments were 0.56, 1.20, 1.36, and 1.74; 3.29, 4.66, 6.34, and 7.81; 0.62, 0.69, 0.69, and 0.67 g/100 g of FA, respectively. Concentrations of CLA, VA, and total n-3 FA in cheese were similar to milk. A trained sensory panel detected no difference in flavors of milk and cheese, except for acid flavor below a slightly perceptible level in cheese from all treatments. Results suggest that feeding Ca-PFO alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil enhanced the CLA, VA, total unsaturated and n-3 FA in milk and cheese without negatively affecting cow performance and consumer acceptability characteristics of milk and cheese.
Investigation of pure and Co2+-doped ZnO quantum dot electronic structures using the density functional theory: choosing the right functional (2008)

The electronic structures of pure and Co2+-doped ZnO quantum dots (QDs) with sizes up to 300 atoms were investigated using three different density functional theory approximations: local spin density approximation (LSDA), gradient-corrected Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) and the hybrid PBE1 functionals with LANL2DZ pseudo-potential and associated basis set. Qualitative agreement among the three methods is found for the pure ZnO nanostructures, but only the hybrid functional reproduces the correct bandgap energies quantitatively. For Co2+-doped ZnO QDs, both LSDA and PBE incorrectly model interactions between Co2+ d levels and the valence band of ZnO, which will strongly impair predictions of dopant–carrier magnetic exchange interactions based on such computational results. Experimental observations are reproduced well in calculations at the hybrid PBE1 level of theory, making this the method of choice for exploring the magnetism of transition metal ions in ZnO QDs computationally. The qualitative features of the Co2+ 3d levels do not change appreciably with changes in cluster size over the range examined, leading to size-dependent dopant-band edge energy differences. The results presented here thus provide an experimentally calibrated framework for future ab initio descriptions of dopant–carrier and dopant–dopant magnetic exchange interactions in diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) nanocrystals.
Leadership: A Personnel Economics Approach (2010)

A theory of leadership is proposed and tested. Leaders are characterized as those who have the ability to choose the right direction more frequently than their peers. The theory implies that leaders tend to be more able, place themselves in visible decision making situations more frequently, and are generalists. Also, the most able leaders should be found in the highest variance industries, where decision making has the greatest payoff. The theory is tested using data on Stanford business school alumni and is confirmed. Leaders are generalists rather than specialists, both innately and in their pattern of skill acquisition.
Smartphone Camera Based Assessment of Adiposity: A Multi-Site Validation Study (2021)

ABSTRACT Background Body composition is a key component of health in both individuals and populations, and excess adiposity is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. Body mass index (BMI) and other clinical or consumer-facing tools for quantifying body fat (BF) are often inaccurate, cost-prohibitive, or cumbersome to use. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of a novel automated computer vision method, visual body composition (VBC), that uses two-dimensional photographs captured via a conventional smartphone camera to estimate percentage total body fat (%BF). Methods 134 healthy adults ranging in age (21-76 years), sex (61.2% women), race (60.4% Caucasian; 23.9% Black), and body mass index (BMI, 18.5-51.6 kg/m 2 ) were evaluated at two clinical sites. Each participant had %BF measured with VBC, three consumer and two professional bioimpedance analysis (BIA) systems, as well as air displacement plethysmography (ADP). %BF measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was set as the reference against which all other estimates were compared. Results Relative to DXA, VBC had the lowest mean absolute error and standard deviation (2.34%±1.83%) compared to all other evaluated methods (p&lt;0.05 for all comparisons). %BF measured by VBC also had very good concordance with DXA (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, CCC: overall 0.94; women 0.92; men 0.90); whereas BMI had very poor concordance (CCC: overall 0.45; women 0.40; men 0.74). Bland-Altman analysis of VBC revealed the tightest limits of agreement (LOA) and absence of significant bias relative to DXA (bias 0.85%, R 2 =0.01; p=0.41; LOA −4.7% to +6.4%), whereas all other evaluated methods had significant (p&lt;0.01) bias and wider limits of agreement. Conclusion In this first validation study of a novel, accessible, and easy-to-use system, VBC body fat estimates were accurate and without significant bias compared to DXA as the reference; VBC performance exceeded those of all other BIA and ADP methods evaluated. The wide availability of smartphones suggests that the VBC method for evaluating %BF can play a major role in quantifying adiposity levels in a wide range of settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION Funded by Amazon, Inc., Seattle, WA.
Short-Term and Long-Term Carcinogenic Effects of Food Contaminants (4-Hydroxynonenal and Pesticides) on Colorectal Human Cells: Involvement of Genotoxic and Non-Genomic Mechanisms (2021)

To investigate environmental impacts upon colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) by diet, we assessed two western diet food contaminants: 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a major lipid peroxidation product neoformed during digestion, and a mixture of pesticides. We used human colonic cell lines ectopically eliciting varied genetic susceptibilities to CRC: the non-transformed human epithelial colonic cells (HCECs) and their five isogenic cell lines with the loss of <i>APC</i> (Adenomatous polyposis coli) and <i>TP53</i> (Tumor protein 53) and/or ectopic expression of mutated <i>KRAS</i> (Kristen-ras). These cell lines have been exposed for either for a short time (2-24 h) or for a long period (3 weeks) to 1 µM HNE and/or 10 µM pesticides. After acute exposure, we did not observe any cytotoxicity or major DNA damage. However, long-term exposure to pesticides alone and in mixture with HNE induced clonogenic transformation in normal HCECs, as well as in cells representing later stages of carcinogenesis. It was associated with genotoxic and non-genomic mechanisms (cell growth, metabolic reprogramming, cell mobility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition) depending on genetic susceptibility. This study demonstrated a potential initiating and promoting effect of food contaminants on CRC after long-term exposure. It supports that these contaminants can accelerate carcinogenesis when mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes occur.
Complications after emergency laparotomy beyond the immediate postoperative period – a retrospective, observational cohort study of 1139 patients (2016)

Mortality and morbidity occur commonly following emergency laparotomy, and incur a considerable clinical and financial healthcare burden. Limited data have been published describing the postoperative course and temporal pattern of complications after emergency laparotomy. We undertook a retrospective, observational, multicentre study of complications in 1139 patients after emergency laparotomy. A major complication occurred in 537/1139 (47%) of all patients within 30 days of surgery. Unadjusted 30-day mortality was 20.2% and 1-year mortality was 34%. One hundred and thirty-seven of 230 (60%) deaths occurred between 72 h and 30 days after surgery; all of these patients had complications, indicating that there is a prolonged period with a high frequency of complications and mortality after emergency laparotomy. We conclude that peri-operative, enhanced recovery care bundles for preventing complications should extend their focus on continuous complication detection and rescue beyond the first few postoperative days.
Adsorption of NO2 on Oxygen Deficient ZnO(2110) for Gas Sensing Applications: A DFT Study (2010)

The adsorption of NO2 onto oxygen vacancy sites, which naturally exist on the ZnO(21̅1̅0) surface, is widely believed to be one of the most important factors affecting gas sensor responses for this system. In this work we have examined surface reconstruction and relaxation, charge transfer, Bader charges, density of states, vibrational frequencies, and binding energies of the stable structures of NO2 adsorbed on the defect ZnO(21̅1̅0) surface containing oxygen vacancies (VO••). Multiple minimum energy structures were found with binding energies of the order of ∼1 eV, indicating chemisorption on the surface. Significant post-adsorption reconstruction was observed, accompanied by minor surface relaxation. Adsorption in the most stable site gave rise to an impurity state within the band gap of the clean defect surface and was found to induce a magnetic moment on the most stable structure only. For all minimum energy structures, NO2 behaves as a charge acceptor, withdrawing charge from the surface, which was calculated to be approximately six times greater on the ZnO(21̅1̅0)−VO•• surface than on the stoichiometric surface, suggesting that the defect surface may prove to be more sensitive. A comparison between theoretically obtained properties of defective and stoichiometrically balanced surfaces and experimental sensing observations is given.
Fabrication of Nanostructures by Roll‐to‐Roll Extrusion Coating (2015)

Fabrication of micro- and nanostructures at line-speed of 60 m min−1 by large-area roll-to-roll extrusion coating is demonstrated. Nanopillars with diameters 80 nm and heights 100 nm are replicated in polypropylene. The main limiting factor for replication on nanoscale is the retardation time for solidification of the melt. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Silicon-rich nitride waveguides for broadband nonlinear signal processing (2017)

Silicon nitride waveguides are among the most promising platforms for nonlinear optical processing applications. In this invited contribution we will highlight how the dispersion and Kerr coefficient (n2) can be tuned by precisely controlling the stoichiometry of the waveguide's core material.
Propofol and ketamine in combination versus ketamine or propofol alone for procedural sedation in children outside of the operating room (2017)

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:
Influence of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Endothelial Precursor Cells on a Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Co-Culture In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay. (2005)

Abstract To assess in vitro angiogenesis, cellular co-culture assays have been utilized to study adherence, spreading, differentiation and proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells. Formation of tubule or capillary-like networks is influenced by the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) but other factors provided by cell sources and/or direct contact with multiple cell types may facilitate this formation. The hypothesis of this study is that umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) may influence the formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tubule structures during angiogenesis. Methods: UCB-derived EPCs were isolated from CD133negative cells after a 7-day culture on human fibronectin in EGM-2 media. Tubule formation was evaluated (passage 1–2, 20 x 103 or 2 x 103 cells) by adding HUVECs without or with EPCs to cultures of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) under normoxic (20%) conditions (37°C, 5% CO2, containing VEGF, epidermal growth factor, FGF, insulin-like growth factor, heparin, hydrocortisone, and ascorbic acid in EGM-2 medium) for a 2-week period. HUVECs were added to cultures without or with labeling with Vybrant® CM-DiI which allows the temporal observation of tubule formation progress and cellular incorporation. Final tubule formation was confirmed using a primary anti-CD31 (PECAM) antibody followed by a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody for signal amplification. Results: After 2–4 days, linear aggregates of labeled HUVECs (2-D arrangement) were observed. After 14 days, there was remodeling of HUVECs into the development of a 3D network of linear and branched tubule structures. EPCs facilitated the formation of tubules affecting both the extent of tubule formation and also enhanced proliferation of HUVEC cells. A minority (&amp;lt; 5%) of EPCs were incorporated into developing tubules (estimated using CM-Dil-labeled EPCs). To quantify tubule formation, digital pictures of representative areas of culture wells (2–4/well) were acquired. Using Image Pro Plus software, tubules were quantified using multi-parameter analysis with respect to length, area, and perimeter. The presence of EPCs (equal to the number of added HUVECs) significantly enhanced all parameters. In comparison to control samples, the presence of EPCs increased the area, perimeter and size by 15.2-fold, 3.4-fold, and 3.2-fold, respectively. Confocal microscopy revealed that the co-cultures formed anatamoses, indicating the formation of a connected network. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that the presence of cord blood-derived EPCs facilitate tubule formation and development via a heterotypic cell-cell interaction without integrating into the angiogenic structures. Further studies will evaluate the secretion of cytokines and growth factors.
Child health in moscow (1996)

Kathryn Jones describes a joint project to enhance communication in a Russian children’s hospital
[(Pyridylcarbonyl)pyridyl]triazolopyridines, Useful Ligands for the Construction of Polynuclear Coordination Compounds – Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Novel Tetranuclear Copper(II) Cubane (2007)

Abstract A new tetranuclear cubane Cu 4 O 4 complex has been synthesised from assembly of Cu II ions and the polydentate ligand (pyridin‐2‐yl){6‐([1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐ a ]pyridin‐3‐yl)pyridin‐2‐yl}methanone. Crystallographic analysis indicates that the Cu 4 O 4 unit has an S 4 symmetry. The magnetic properties have been analysed using the H = –2Σ i,j J ij S i S j spin Hamiltonian. Two distinct coupling constants, 2 J 1,3 = –37.4 cm –1 and 2 J 1,2 = –2.6 cm –1 , obtained from the fitting of the experimental data have been rationalised on the basis of a density functional study of magnetostructural correlations in cubane complexes containing the Cu 4 O 4 core. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐β‐Ketoenamides from β‐Halo α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes. (2015)

Abstract Various non‐steroidal and steroidal (Z)‐β‐ketoenamides are stereoselectively synthesized from the corresponding β‐halo α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
Top Down versus Bottom Up Protein Characterization by Tandem High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (1999)

Characterization of larger proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is especially promising because the information complements that of classical techniques and can be obtained on as little as 10-17 mol of protein. Using MS to localize errors in the DNA-derived sequence or modifications (posttranslational, derivatized active sites, etc.) usually involves extensive proteolysis to yield peptides of <3 kDa, with separation and MS/MS to compare their sequences to those expected (the “bottom up” approach). In contrast, an alternative “top down” approach limits the dissociation (proteolysis or MS/MS) to yield larger products from which a small set of complementary peptides can be found whose masses sum to those of the molecule. Thus a disagreement with the predicted molecular mass can be localized to a fragment(s) without examining all others, with further dissociation of the fragments in the same way providing further localization. Using carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa) as an example, Fourier transform mass spectrometry is unusually effective for the bottom up approach, in that a single spectrum of an extensive chymotryptic digest identifies 64 expected peptides, but these only cover 95% of the sequence; 20 fragment masses are unassigned so that any set whose masses sum to that of the molecule would be misleading. Extensive Lys-C dissociation yields 17 peptides, 23 unassigned masses, and 96% coverage. In the contrasting “top down” approach, less extensive initial dissociation by Lys-C, MS/MS, or CNBr in each case provides 100% coverage, so that modified protein fragment(s) could easily be recognized among the complementary sets. MS/MS of such a fragment or more extensive proteolysis provide further localization of the modification. The combined methods cleaved 137 of the 258 amide bonds between residues.
Neural Network Definitions of Highly Predictable Protein Secondary Structure Classes (1993)

We use two co-evolving neural networks to determine new classes of protein secondary structure which are significantly more predictable from local amino sequence than the conventional secondary structure classification. Accurate prediction of the conventional secondary structure classes: alpha helix, beta strand, and coil, from primary sequence has long been an important problem in computational molecular biology. Neural networks have been a popular method to attempt to predict these conventional secondary structure classes. Accuracy has been disappointingly low. The algorithm presented here uses neural networks to similtaneously examine both sequence and structure data, and to evolve new classes of secondary structure that can be predicted from sequence with significantly higher accuracy than the conventional classes. These new classes have both similarities to, and differences with the conventional alpha helix, beta strand and coil.