gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal (1999)

We report on experimental measurements of the propagation behavior of short optical pulses in a three-dimensional photonic crystal in the visible spectrum. The propagation delay of 70 fs light pulses transmitted through a sample of a fcc synthetic opal at frequencies lying in a photonic stop band was measured directly using a time-of-flight technique. Taking into account spectral reshaping of the transmitted pulses as well as the residual frequency chirp of the incoming pulses, it is found that the pulses significantly slow down at the photonic band edges.
Collisional effects on xenon 6p fluorescence (1986)

We describe collision studies on the two-photon excitation and fluorescence of the xenon 6 p [1/2,0] excited state. Molecular nitrogen is the major collision partner. The 250-nm second harmonic of a line-narrowed Hansch-type dye laser excites the 6 p state of xenon by two-photon absorption. Sample mixtures contain xenon at a partial pressure of 1 Torr and nitrogen at partial pressures of up to several hundred Torr. Time-resolved and time-integrated measurements of the intensity of the 828-nm 6 p [1/2,0]—6 s [3/2,1] allowed transition are obtained with photomultipliers, a transient digitizer, and a computerized data acquisition system. We extract pressure-dependent and pressure-independent components of the fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence yield from measurements over a range of nitrogen pressures. When the excitation power density is of the order of 10 4 W/cm 2 , the excited xenon atoms decay spontaneously. For spontaneous fluorescence, we obtain an inelastic (quenching) collision cross section of ~10 –14 cm 2 for xenon-nitrogen collisions, and a pressure-broadening coefficient of ~3 × 10 7 Hz/(Torr N 2 ) for the two-photon transition rate. For excitation intensities above 2.6 × 10 6 W/cm 2 , the xenon atoms radiate cooperatively in a subnanosecond pulse. The fluorescence yield of this cooperative emission increases with nitrogen pressure rather than decreasing as in the spontaneous case. Mechanisms are discussed.
Initial Field Testing Results from Building-Integrated Solar Energy Harvesting Windows Installation in Perth, Australia (2019)

We report on the field testing datasets and performance evaluation results obtained from a commercial property-based visually-clear solar window installation site in Perth-Australia. This installation was fitted into a refurbished shopping centre entrance porch, and showcases the potential of glass curtain wall-based solar energy harvesting in built environments. In particular, we focus on photovoltaic (PV) performance characteristics such as the electric power output, specific yield, day-to-day consistency of peak output power, and the amounts of energy generated and stored daily. The dependencies of the generated electric power and stored energy on multiple environmental and geometric parameters are also studied. An overview of the current and future application potential of high-transparency, visually-clear solar window-based curtain wall installations suitable for practical building integration is provided.
Influence of rhodium content on the behavior of Rh/SiO2–Al2O3catalysts for selective ring opening of decalin (2017)

Decalin ring-opening is favored on Rh/SiO<sub>2</sub>–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>bifunctional catalyst with an optimized acid/metal balance.
Comparative Structural and Functional Analyses of the Fusiform, Oval, and Triradiate Morphotypes of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Pt3 Strain (2021)

The diatom <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i> is a marine unicellular microalga that exists under three main morphotypes: oval, fusiform, and triradiate. Previous works have demonstrated that the oval morphotype of <i>P. tricornutum</i> Pt3 strain presents specific metabolic features. Here, we compared the cellular organization of the main morphotypes of the diatom <i>P. tricornutum</i> Pt3 strain through transmission electron and advanced light microscopies. The three morphotypes share similarities including spectral characteristics of the plastid, the location of the nucleus, the organization of mitochondria around the plastid as well as the existence of both a F-actin cortex, and an intracellular network of F-actin. In contrast, compared to fusiform and triradiate cells, oval cells spontaneously release proteins more rapidly. In addition, comparison of whole transcriptomes of oval versus fusiform or triradiate cells revealed numerous differential expression of positive and negative regulators belonging to the complex dynamic secretory machinery. This study highlights the specificities occurring within the oval morphotype underlying that the oval cells secrete proteins more rapidly.
On Possible Influence of Corona Discharge on the Propagation Speed of Lightning Surges Along a Tall Grounded Object (2020)

In this article, we present a sensitivity analysis to show under what conditions corona on vertical conductors may become significant. A lightning strike to a 600-m-tall grounded metallic object (tower) on a perfectly conducting ground is simulated using the 2-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in the cylindrical coordinate system and taking into account corona discharge from the lateral surface of the object. The tall object is represented by a cylinder having a radius of 0.1, 1, or 5 m (these values are representative of tower top, not the entire tower), where the extent of radial corona is most significant. The corona discharge is represented by a radially expanding higher conductivity region around the tall object. The corona radius is largest (up to about 5 m) at the object top with no corona at its bottom. It follows from the FDTD simulations that the wavefront of lightning current surge can be distorted significantly and the apparent propagation speed can be reduced. The reduction in propagation speed becomes more significant as the magnitude of lightning current increases.
Deep-brain stimulation of the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus in the management of Parkinson's disease (2016)

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End‐tidal CO 2 monitoring in mitral stenosis patients undergoing closed mitral commissurotomy (1991)

Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide difference (P(a-E')CO2) was recorded in 20 mitral stenosis patients (group A) for closed mitral commissurotomy and 20 healthy individuals (group B) for elective limb surgery. Mitral stenosis patients showed a greater difference than group B patients. Repeated measurements of P(a-E')CO2 in mitral stenosis patients at various stages of closed mitral commissurotomy not only showed a mean increase from before thoracotomy but there was also no correlation between P(a-E')CO2 before thoracotomy with that after thoracotomy, after commissurotomy or after chest closure. This indicated that end-tidal CO2 monitoring was unsuitable to measure adequacy of ventilation during closed mitral commissurotomy.
BiP and Calreticulin Form an Abundant Complex That Is Independent of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (1998)

BiP is found in association with calreticulin, both in the presence and absence of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although the BiP-calreticulin complex can be disrupted by ATP, several properties suggest that the calreticulin associated with BiP is neither unfolded nor partially or improperly folded. (1) The complex is stable in vivo and does not dissociate during 8 hr of chase. (2) When present in the complex, calreticulin masks epitopes at the C terminus of BiP that are not masked when BiP is bound to an assembly-defective protein. And (3) overproduction of calreticulin does not lead to the recruitment of more BiP into complexes with calreticulin. The BiP-calreticulin complex can be disrupted by low pH but not by divalent cation chelators. When the endoplasmic reticulum retention signal of BiP is removed, complex formation with calreticulin still occurs, and this explains the poor secretion of the truncated molecule. Gel filtration experiments showed that BiP and calreticulin are present in distinct high molecular weight complexes in which both molecules interact with each other. The possible functions of this complex are discussed.
EFFECTS OF FIBER/MATRIX INTERFACE AND ITS COMPOSITION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HI-NICALON/CELSIAN COMPOSITES (1999)

To evaluate the effects of fiber coatings on composite mechanical properties, unidirectional celsian matrix composites reinforced with uncoated Hi-Nicalon fibers and those precoated with a dual BN/SiC layer in two separate batches (batch 1 and batch 2) were tested in three-point flexure. The uncoated-fiber reinforced composites showed catastrophic failure with strength of 210 +-35 MPa and a flat fracture surface. In contrast, composites reinforced with coated fibers exhibited graceful failure with extensive fiber pullout and showed significantly higher ultimate strengths, 904 and 759 MPa for the batch 1 and 2 coatings, respectively. Fiber push-in tests and microscopic examination indicated no chemical reaction at the uncoated or coated fiber-matrix interfaces that might be responsible for fiber strength degradation. Instead, the low strength of composite with uncoated fibers was due to degradation of the fiber strength from mechanical damage during composite processing. Despite identical processing, the first matrix cracking stresses (sigma mc) of the composites reinforced with fibers coated in batch 1 and batch 2 were quite different, 436 and 122 MPa, respectively. The large difference in sigma mc of the coated-fiber composites was attributed to differences in fiber sliding stresses (tau friction), 121.2 +- 48.7 and 10.4 +- 3.1 MPa, respectively, for the two composites as determined by the fiber push-in method. Such a large difference in tau friction for the two composites was found to be due to the difference in the compositions of the interface coatings. Scanning Auger microprobe analysis revealed the presence of carbon layers between the fiber and BN, and also between the BN and SiC coatings in the composite showing lower friction. This resulted in lower sigma mc, in agreement with the ACK theory. The ultimate strengths of the two composites depended mainly on the fiber volume fraction and were not significantly effected by tau friction values, as expected. The poor reproducibility of the fiber coating composition between the two batches was judged to be the primary source of the large differences in performance of the two composites.
Cost of managing anemia with and without prophylactic epoetin alfa therapy in breast cancer patients receiving combination chemotherapy (1998)

The cost of managing anemia with prophylactic epoetin alfa therapy versus blood transfusions in breast cancer patients receiving combination chemotherapy was studied. A retrospective study of anemia in breast cancer patients treated with four cycles of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin with fluorouracil (CAF) or without fluorouracil (CA) was conducted. For each cycle of chemotherapy, patients were assessed for fatigue, subsequent blood transfusions administered, and potential response to and adverse effects of blood transfusions. Transfusions were given at the prescriber's discretion rather than in accordance with standard guidelines. The lowest hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit of each patient per cycle were reported. Data on these patients, along with data from published studies of prophylactic use of epoetin alfa, were used in a decision analysis of the costs associated with using epoetin alfa versus red blood cell transfusions to manage anemia. The charts of 50 patients were reviewed. In the study group, the percentage of patients with anemia and the frequency of fatigue rose with each chemotherapy cycle. In general, blood transfusions were not used. The cost of using epoetin alfa prophylactically for all four cycles was estimated at $6483 per patient for the literature-based group versus $169 for the study group. The cost of managing anemia in breast cancer patients was substantially lower when blood transfusions were used than when epoetin alfa was given prophylactically throughout four cycles of therapy with CAF or CA; the absence of standard guidelines for transfusion might have exaggerated the difference in costs.
Crystal structure of 4-methyl-N-(4-methylbenzyl)benzenesulfonamide (2020)

The title compound, C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>17</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>S, was synthesized <i>via</i> a substitution reaction between 4-methyl-benzyl-amine and <i>p</i>-toluene-sulfonyl chloride. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, forming ribbons running along the <i>b</i>-axis direction. One of the aromatic rings hosts two inter-molecular C-H⋯π inter-actions that link these hydrogen-bonded ribbons into a three-dimensional network.
Aligned molecular sieve crystals (1992)

The controlled incorporation of guest molecules in zeolites opens the way to novel materials with desirable optical, magnetic, or electronic properties. The properties of the guests are often direction dependent and therefore the bulk orientation of the host matrixes (see figure) in an electric field can lead to greatly enhanced performance. magnified image
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Mesoporous Silica Functionalized with Alkyl‐Hydroperoxides (2006)

Abstract A variety of alkyl hydroperoxides such as tert ‐butyl‐, tert ‐octyl‐, 1‐cyclopentyl‐, 1‐cyclohexyl‐, 3,4‐disubstituted‐1‐cyclohexyl‐, n ‐propyl, and n ‐undecyl‐hydroperoxides have been functionalized onto ordered mesoporous silica, SBA‐15, from the corresponding covalently anchored synthons. All the tert ‐hydroperoxides are prepared by autoxidation using molecular O 2 and an initiator, whereas other hydroperoxides are obtained by reaction with H 2 O 2 . For autoxidation, the use of a combination of an azoinitiator (AIBN) and N ‐hydroxyphthalimide increased the hydroperoxide yield compared with using the azoinitiator alone. Synthons containing two or more tert ‐ and sec ‐hydrogens lead to higher peroxide yield compared to synthons with a single reactive site. Oxidation of Si–OH (silanol groups) with acidic H 2 O 2 at low temperature produces Si–OOH. Reusability of these alkyl hydroperoxides is carried out by oxidation of alcohols obtained from the corresponding alkyl hydroperoxides using H 2 O 2 . Both the covalently anchored synthons and the resulting hydroperoxides are thoroughly characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, 13 C cross‐polarized magic angle spinning NMR, TG/DTA, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, sorption, and surface area measurements. The quantification of the amount of alkyl hydroperoxide was carried out by iodometric titration using a thio solution. The hydroperoxides exhibit high activity for the epoxidation of styrene to styrene oxide and exhibit reasonably high efficiency for oxygen transfer.
Sharing Airspace: Simulation of Commercial Space Launch Impacts on Airlines and Finding Solutions (2019)

As space vehicles travel through the national airspace systems during the launch and re-entry stages, many believe that the increasing commercial space activities will have significant impacts on commercial aviation. Airlines, in particular, are apprehensive about the immediate negative effects in terms of flight time delays, uncertainties, and costs and are increasingly expressing their concerns to government. Meanwhile, the commercial space launch industry is advancing innovation and fueling state economic growth. Hence, the safe and effective integration of commercial launch activities into airspace is of national concern. Finding an equitable solution for commercial space and for commercial airlines is clearly a mission of national aviation authorities. This study uses simulation modelling with Total Airspace and Airport Modeler (TAAM) to analyze the potential impacts of commercial space vehicle launch activities on airlines, but also to examine possible solutions to minimize airspace closures and allow for equitable air space use while maintaining safe operations for all. Our preliminary results show moderate increases in fuel burns and total flight time delays associated with a single horizontal launch operation, due to the forecasted growth of airline traffic within the hazard areas of launch activities. By varying times of airspace closures, we analyze alternative scenarios by assessing the relative benefits of possible responses to ATC needs and strategies.
Oestrogen exposure and breast cancer risk (2003)

Epidemiological and experimental evidence implicates oestrogens in the aetiology of breast cancer. Most established risk factors for breast cancer in humans probably act through hormone-related pathways, and increased concentrations of circulating oestrogens have been found to be strongly associated with increased risk for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This article explores the evidence for the hypothesis that oestrogen exposure is a major determinant of risk for breast cancer. We review recent data on oestrogens and breast cancer risk, consider oestrogen-related risk factors and examine possible mechanisms that might account for the effects of oestrogen. Finally, we discuss how these advances might influence strategies for reducing the incidence of breast cancer.
Thermally driven mesoscale chemomechanical interplay in Li0.5Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode materials (2018)

Operando observation of the thermally driven evolution of a charged NMC cathode offers valuable insights relevant to battery performance and safety.
A natural history model for planning prostate cancer testing: calibration and validation using Swedish registry data (2018)

Abstract Recent prostate cancer screening trials have given conflicting results and it is unclear how to reduce prostate cancer mortality while minimising overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Prostate cancer testing is a partially observable process, and planning for testing requires either extrapolation from randomised controlled trials or, more flexibly, modelling of the cancer natural history. An existing US prostate cancer natural history model (Gulati et al, Biostatistics 2010;11:707-719) did not model for differences in survival between Gleason 6 and 7 cancers and predicted too few Gleason 7 cancers for contemporary Sweden. We re-implemented and re-calibrated the US model to Sweden. We extended the model to more finely describe the disease states, their time to biopsy-detectable cancer and prostate cancer survival. We first calibrated the model to the incidence rate ratio observed in the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) together with age-specific cancer staging observed in the Stockholm PSA (prostate-specific antigen) and Biopsy Register; we then calibrated age-specific survival by disease states under contemporary testing and treatment using the Swedish National Prostate Cancer Register. After calibration, we were able to closely match observed prostate cancer incidence trends in Sweden. Assuming that patients detected at an earlier stage by screening receive a commensurate survival improvement, we find that the calibrated model replicates the observed mortality reduction in a simulation of ERSPC. Using the resulting model, we predicted incidence and mortality following the introduction of regular testing. Compared with a model of the current testing pattern, organised 8 yearly testing for men aged 55–69 years was predicted to reduce prostate cancer incidence by 0.11% with no increase in the mortality rate. The model is open source and suitable for planning for effective prostate cancer screening into the future. Author summary A naïve perspective is that cancer screening is simple: people are screened, some cancers are detected early, and cancer mortality rates decline. However, the mathematics for screening becomes difficult quickly, it is hard to infer causation from observational data, and even large randomised screening studies provide limited evidence. Simulations are therefore important for planning cancer screening. We found an older US prostate cancer natural history model to be poorly suited for contemporary Sweden. We therefore re-implemented and re-calibrated the US model using data from Swedish registries. Our revised model, the Stockholm “Prostata” model, provides predictions similar to those observed in the detailed Swedish registers on prostate cancer incidence and mortality. By modelling the mechanisms of the screening effect, we can predict the benefits and harms under a range of screening interventions.
Supplementation ofHeliotropium indicumLinn attenuates obesity and associated metabolic disorders in high‐carbohydrate‐high‐fat diet‐induced obese rats (2020)

Heliotropium indicum Linn is a leafy vegetable that has been used in Bangladeshi ethnomedicinal practices. The attenuation effect of H. indicum supplementation was evaluated in high carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet-induced obesity and associated disorders in 8-weeks-old female Wister rats. H. indicum significantly (p < .05) prevented weight gain and improved glucose intolerance in obese rats. It also significantly (p < .05) ameliorated lipid parameters in HCHF diet fed rats preventing hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, resulting in improved the artherogenic index (AI). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were brought to normal by H. indicum. It significantly elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as increased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in liver. The intense liver fat deposition was seen in HCHF fed rats which were relatively low in H. indicum fed rats. Therefore, H. indicum has the ability to prevent obesity and associated metabolic disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obesity and associated metabolic disorders are the most common threats to public health. Modern lifestyle and food habits are the main causes behind this malice, and the introduction of functional foods in daily diet is proved to be highly beneficial. Results of this study demonstrated that H. indicum can effectively attenuate obesity and its associated metabolic complications. Therefore, the current study has the merits to promote scientific knowledge of the dietary application of H. indicum as a functional food among the community.
ChemInform Abstract: IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF DIISOPINOCAMPHEYLBORANE OF HIGH OPTICAL PURITY (1984)

Abstract Die Herstellung von Diisopinocampheyl‐boranen (III) mit hoher optischer Reinheit auch aus weniger reinem α‐Pinen (I) als Ausgangsmaterial wird in verschiee dener Weise optimiert.
Ligand Electronic Effects in Enantioselective Diethylzinc Additions. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Do you think your passwords are secure? (2014)

Many systems rely on passwords for authentication. Due to numerous accounts for different services, users have to choose and remember a significant number of passwords. Password-Manager applications address this issue by storing the user's passwords. They are especially useful on mobile devices, because of the ubiquitous access to the account passwords. Password-Managers often use key derivation functions to convert a master password into a cryptographic key suitable for encrypting the list of passwords, thus protecting the passwords against unauthorized, off-line access. Therefore, design and implementation flaws in the key derivation function impact password security significantly. Design and implementation problems in the key derivation function can render the encryption on the password list useless, by for example allowing efficient bruteforce attacks, or - even worse - direct decryption of the stored passwords. In this paper, we analyze the key derivation functions of popular Android Password-Managers with often startling results. With this analysis, we want to raise the awareness of developers of security critical apps for security, and provide an overview about the current state of implementation security of security-critical applications.