gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Density evolution of a copper wire during nanosecond timescale underwater explosions (2018)

We present high-contrast X-ray images (∼30 μm space and ∼10 ns time resolution) of ns-timescale underwater electrical explosions of copper wires to the low density limit of ∼1 g/cm3, using a rod-ring electron diode as a source of X-rays. The radial density distribution, obtained by inverse Abel transform analysis of the X-ray images, is reproduced by one dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations using the SESAME equations of state and a modified Bakulin, Kuropatenko, and Luchinskii conductivity model for copper. These modifications are introduced by matching the experimental and simulated current and voltage waveforms and the radial wire expansion. For our ns-timescale copper wire underwater electrical explosions, the X-ray images display no MHD and thermal instabilities.
Fertilization in mouse does not require terminal galactose or N-acetylglucosamine on the zona pellucida glycans (2007)

Fertilization in mammals requires sperm to bind to the zona pellucida (ZP) that surrounds the egg. Galactose (Gal) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues on the glycans of ZP protein 3 (ZP3) have been implicated as mouse sperm receptors. However, Mgat1(-/-) eggs with modified N-glycans lacking terminal Gal and GlcNAc residues are fertilized. To determine if Gal and GlcNAc on O-glycans of the ZP are required for fertilization, a conditional allele of the T-synthase gene (T-syn(F)) was generated. T-syn encodes core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase 1 (T-synthase), which initiates the synthesis of core-1-derived O-glycans, the only O-glycans on mouse ZP3. T-syn(F/F):ZP3Cre females in which T-syn(F) was deleted at the beginning of oogenesis generated eggs lacking core-1-derived O-glycans. Nevertheless, T-syn(F/F):ZP3Cre females were fertile and their eggs bound sperm similarly to controls. In addition, T-syn(-/-) embryos generated from T-syn null eggs developed until approximately E12.5. Thus, core-1-derived O-glycans are not required for blastogenesis, implantation, or development prior to midgestation. Moreover, T-syn(-/-)Mgat1(-/-) eggs lacking complex and hybrid N-glycans as well as core-1-derived O-glycans were fertilized. The combined data show that mouse ZP3 does not require terminal Gal or GlcNAc on either N- or O-glycans for fertilization.
A Simulation Analysis of CO2 Capture and Underground Storage Monitoring in Smeaheia (2019)

Summary The emissions of CO2 are an environmental problem and one possible solution is its capture and conduct underground storage (CSS). However, there is potential risk of leakage, and to aid in this challenge we propose to use statistical modeling for efficient monitoring and classification of sealing and leakage scenarios in the Smeaheia aquifer, in Norway. In this work, the approach is based on geostatistical simulations of the CO2 plume in the aquifer and on generating synthetic seismic data, for both leak and seal scenarios. The knowledge of estimated leakage probabilities allows better monitoring schemes and early leakage detection over time, which can be designed to support the decision making process on CO2 CSS projects.
V.92: The Last Dial-Up Modem? (2004)

Ever since the first dial-up modems appeared in the 1960s, their obsolescence has been repeatedly predicted. However, contrary to such predictions, dial-up modems thrived in the 1980s and 1990s as a result of the slow rollout of residential digital services and the unprecedented growth of internet and remote access. Since the first 300 b/s dial-up modem standard (V.21), modem speeds have increased steadily. Most recently, International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Recommendation V.90 (1998) takes advantage of the direct digital-network connection of an internet service provider (ISP) remote-access server to achieve speeds of more than 50 kb/s downstream (from ISP to a user). However, for upstream transmission (from a user to ISP), V.90 employs the older V.34 modulation (1994), which typically delivers on the order of 30 kb/s. A new ITU modem standard called V.92 increases upstream rates to above 40 kb/s, again by taking advantage of pulse code modulation connections. In this paper, we present the transmission scheme that has been adopted for V.92. It involves a generalization of Tomlinson-Harashima precoding. We predict that V.92 will be the last dial-up modem standard. However, we have to wonder whether we might be falling into the same trap into which many others have fallen in the past. The future will be the judge!.
TCP congestion control with MDP algorithm for IoT over heterogeneous network (2017)

The expansion of Internet of Thing (IoT) will affect available bandwidth for transmission of packets across networks. Heterogeneous networks include many types of the network topology which help to optimize the congestion control in TCP Protocols. This causes packets to be delayed or lost in the entire network. We propose a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to enhances the state of congestion avoidance. Thus the MIMD mechanism is more efficient at controlling the congestion of window sizes than the TCP-Illinois or TCP-Scalable. The new optimize TCP congestion control protocol is named TCP-Siam. The TCP Siam is applied based on the TCP-Illinois hybrid protocol and modified with MDP state and rewarded when congestion avoidance gets to next state. TCP-Siam adds the coefficient to maximize the congestion window (cWnd) and improve the performance when package is lost due to a lossy link while connected to a WMN. TCP-Siam achieves good throughput, RTT-fairness, and utilization in a heterogeneous networks.
Corticosteroids reduce neuron-specific-enolase liberation after cardiopulmonary bypass in men (2000)

Although mortality rate after cardiac surgery has been drastically reduced, neurological complications remain a significant problem. Several etiologic factors have been proposed, including previous unrecognized neurological abnormality, embolic events, hypoxic insult, low cardiac output, systemic inflammatory response, and altered cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism. Cerebral ischemia can occur when cerebral oxygen is insufficient to meet the global or regional cerebral oxygen consumption. Cerebral circulation is normally regulated by several complex mechanisms, such as metabolic stimuli, chemical stimuli, perfusion pressure, and neural stimuli [1].
Chromophore Supply Rate-Limits Mammalian Photoreceptor Dark Adaptation (2014)

Efficient regeneration of visual pigment following its destruction by light is critical for the function of mammalian photoreceptors. Here, we show that misexpression of a subset of cone genes in the rd7 mouse hybrid rods enables them to access the normally cone-specific retina visual cycle. The rapid supply of chromophore by the retina visual cycle dramatically accelerated the mouse rod dark adaptation. At the same time, the competition between rods and cones for retina-derived chromophore slowed cone dark adaptation, indicating that the cone specificity of the retina visual cycle is key for rapid cone dark adaptation. Our findings demonstrate that mammalian photoreceptor dark adaptation is dominated by the supply of chromophore. Misexpression of cone genes in rods may represent a novel approach to treating visual disorders associated with mutations of visual cycle proteins or with reduced retinal pigment epithelium function due to aging.
Fundamental Studies of Low Velocity Impact Resistance of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites (1985)

A study was conducted to relate the impact resistance of graphite fiber reinforced composites with matrix properties through gaining an understanding of the basic mechanics involved in the deformation and fracture process, and the effect of the polymer matrix structure on these mechanisms. It was found that the resin matrix structure influences the composite impact resistance in at least two ways. The integration of flexibilizers into the polymer chain structure tends to reduce the T sub g and the mechanical properties of the polymer. The reduction in the mechanical properties of the matrix does not enhance the composite impact resistance because it allows matrix controlled failure to initiate impact damage. It was found that when the instrumented dropweight impact tester is used as a means for assessing resin toughness, the resin toughness is enhanced by the ability of the clamped specimen to deflect enough to produce sufficient membrane action to support a significant amount of the load. The results of this study indicate that crossplied composite impact resistance is very much dependent on the matrix mechanical properties.
The Significance of Particle/Globule-Sizing Measurements in the Safe Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions (2002)

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLEs) are an integral part of the clinical care of acutely ill patients who are unable to sustain nutrient homeostasis by mouth for protracted periods of time. They are oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an emulsifier that imparts a net negative charge to the surface of the globules which stabilizes the dispersion. The mean droplet size of commercial IVLEs is approximately 300 nm. When the emulsion becomes unstable, these homogenously distributed droplets begin to aggregate and ultimately coalesce into large fat globules. Phase separation typically occurs when the volume-weighted percent fat greater than five micrometers (PFAT >5 μm) exceeds 0.4% of the total lipid present in a formulation. Moreover, when the size of the droplets reaches a dimension of 5 μm or larger, the infused globules may lodge into the pulmonary capillaries and produce a fat embolism syndrome. Thus, in the assessment of stability and the subsequent safety of IVLEs, any particle sizing measurement technique must be able to reliably quantify the volume-weighted fraction of the coalesced fat globules that statistically comprise the distribution tail of the largest diameter droplets of the emulsion. Of the four common particle sizing methods reviewed, light obscuration or light extinction, is the only one that measures fat globules accurately enough to determine the clinical safety of IVLEs. Keywords: Intravenous fat emulsionLarge diameter tailEmulsion stability Acknowledgments
Resource-based middleware in the context of heterogeneous building automation systems (2012)

Building Automation Systems (BAS) aim at providing control of indoor environment while for instance decreasing energy consumption. Most of these BAS exist and work in stand-alone configuration but the global objective for the whole building could be properly reached if the various BAS were able to cooperate. Thus, an abstraction layer is required to overcome this heterogeneity drawback. The objective of this paper is to describe a resource-based middleware that provides coordination capabilities and ensure the main properties required by the Building Automation (BA) domain. Then a dedicated framework is presented together with its exemplification scenario.
Counterion‐Induced Inversion of Conformer Stability of a [5]Helquat Dication (2012)

Abstract Helquats are a recently introduced class of compounds, which can be perceived as a combination of helicenes with the skeleton of bispyridinium ions such as paraquat. In addition to their helical shape, some of these compounds can also adopt saddle‐like conformations. The focus here is on a specific [5]helquat dication HQ 2+ , which is investigated by various experimental techniques in condensed media as well as in the gas phase in combination with parallel computational studies. For this compound, the helical form is strongly favored in the free dication HQ 2+ in the gas phase as well as in the condensed‐phase salts [ HQ 2+ ⋅ 2X − ], whereas in the singly charged ion pairs in the gas phase, the saddle conformer [ SQ 2+ ⋅ X − ] is significantly more stable than the helical form [ HQ 2+ ⋅ X − ] for a number of anions X − . The reason for this inversion of stability in the binary ion pairs is that the saddle conformer has a central binding pocket, in which the anion can interact with both pyridinium centers, whereas the more compact helix conformer permits the anion to approach only a single cationic center efficiently.
Hybrid x-ray luminescence and optical imaging (2017)

X-ray diagnostic imaging is a major worldwide activity. In the United States, approximately 250 million x-ray examinations are performed annually, and in Europe, a similar level of radiological activity is undertaken. The photons emitted by the x-ray tube are collimated by a beam-limiting device. X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is proposed as a new hybrid molecular imaging modality based on the selective excitation and optical detection of x-ray-excitable phosphor nanoparticles. X-ray fluorescent measurements of biological samples yield quantitative information about the spatial distribution of multiple elements simultaneously with high sensitivity and low background. The hybrid system consists of an x-ray source, x-ray detector, and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The development of deep-tissue x-ray luminescence imaging will require the incorporation of optical tomographic models. Optical imaging methods can be broadly divided into two categories: linear and nonlinear imaging—based on the dependence of the signals on the incident light intensity.
Prior learning and Gibbs reaction-diffusion (1997)

This article addresses two important themes in early visual computation: it presents a novel theory for learning the universal statistics of natural images, and, it proposes a general framework of designing reaction-diffusion equations for image processing. We studied the statistics of natural images including the scale invariant properties, then generic prior models were learned to duplicate the observed statistics, based on minimax entropy theory. The resulting Gibbs distributions have potentials of the form U(I; /spl Lambda/, S)=/spl Sigma//sub /spl alpha/=1//sup k//spl Sigma//sub x,y//spl lambda//sup (/spl alpha/)/((F/sup (/spl alpha/)/*I)(x,y)) with S={F/sup (1)/, F/sup (2)/,...,F/sup (K)/} being a set of filters and /spl Lambda/={/spl lambda//sup (1)/(),/spl lambda//sup (2)/(),...,/spl lambda//sup (K)/()} the potential functions. The learned Gibbs distributions confirm and improve the form of existing prior models such as line-process, but, in contrast to all previous models, inverted potentials were found to be necessary. We find that the partial differential equations given by gradient descent on U(I; /spl Lambda/, S) are essentially reaction-diffusion equations, where the usual energy terms produce anisotropic diffusion, while the inverted energy terms produce reaction associated with pattern formation, enhancing preferred image features. We illustrate how these models can be used for texture pattern rendering, denoising, image enhancement, and clutter removal by careful choice of both prior and data models of this type, incorporating the appropriate features.
A study of knowledge flow in Six Sigma teams in a Chinese manufacturing enterprise (2010)

Purpose: Six Sigma teams are special types of quality improvement teams which originated in the USA in the 1980s and later became popular in manufacturing enterprises worldwide. One dilemma for this type of teams is that they have to generate innovative solutions to solve urgent problems, while they are strictly bound by the rigorous Six Sigma approach. Another important issue is that Six Sigma is a typical western concept and the philosophy behind it contradicts some of the traditional Chinese values. This study seeks to examine the knowledge flow in Six Sigma teams in order to understand how the teams accommodate these conflicts. Design/methodology/approach: The study applies a case study methodology and uses a combination of storytelling and follow-up interviews. Findings: The results show that Six Sigma teams go through a cycle from transforming the external input into technical knowledge, practical knowledge and finally critical knowledge to create opportunities for improvement. Another finding is that the teams are influenced by both the western philosophy, for example, favouring analytical data, and Chinese values, for example, relying on input from the senior management and apprenticeship mode of learning. Originality/value: By incorporating cultural elements into the relevant literature of Six Sigma, this study gives an insight into the influence of the cultural factors from both the west and the east on the knowledge flow of Chinese Six Sigma teams in a manufacturing enterprise. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Smart Lighting Systems as a Demand Response Solution for Future Smart Grids (2019)

Massive deployment of distributed and intermittent renewable energy sources cause instability in the power system because of the mismatch between the power generation and load consumption. In order to solve this problem, smart loads embedded with modern power electronic converters and communication devices are being developed. They are able to communicate with the utility and perform automatic demand response. In this paper, we propose a smart light-emitting diode (LED) driver for lighting. This smart LED driver adjusts its electricity usage in response to the utility without the expense of human visual comfort. To achieve this goal, a new control method is developed and a typical rate of change of LED power is determined through conducting a series of visual assessments with interviewees. An experimental smart LED driver is built to validate the new control method. Experimental report from the visual assessments has confirmed that the proposed control method can significantly reduce the light flickering caused by the change of LED power.
Genetics of murine sarcoma virus (msv)—induced tumors in akr mice: Evidence that late progressing and early regressing tumors are controlled by different genes (1977)

The genetics of late appearing MSV tumors showing a progressive growth pattern in AKR mice was investigated. The late MSV tumor response in F1 hybrids depended on the genetic background of the non-AKR parent. Within the 4-month observation period following virus injection, (CBA X AKR) F1, (DBA/2 X AKR)F1, and (NIH X AKR)F1 developed progressing MSV tumors, which exhibited latency and growth behavior comparable to that seen in AKR mice, (BALB X AKR)F1, (B6 X AKR)F1, and (B10br x akr)f1 mice did not show any late MSV tumors. In contrast to early regressing M-MSV tumors, whose development is independent of Fv-1 genotype, late MSV tumor progression is largely a function of this gene, since all late tumors which appeared in (B10BR x AKR) x AKR were observed in Fv-1n homozygous mice, H-2k halotype is a further factor in the occurrence of late MSV tumors, at least in (B6 x AKR) x AKR mice. In crosses of AKR with Fv-1 compatible mice, tumor appearance was strongly associated with inheritance of AKR-Mulv, and MSV recovered from late tumors of first back-cross animals appeared to be a new pseudotype with the endogenous AKR-MuLV. It is suggested that the host genetic control in both early and late MSV tumors is exerted mainly on the helper component of the leukemia-sarcoma complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese(III)‐Based Oxidative Free‐Radical Annulations. (1990)

Abstract The oxidative annulation of unsaturated β‐ketoesters and malonates with alkenes is found to provide a short route to methylene‐ and vinylcyclopentanes and to tetralins.
Assessing team performance in the operating room: Development and use of a “black-box” recorder and other tools for the intraoperative environment (2005)

The RATE tool allows prospective analysis of performance measures such as technical judgments, team performance, and communication patterns, offers the opportunity to conduct prospective intraoperative studies of human performance, and allows for postoperative discussion, review, and teaching. This study also suggests that gaps in situational awareness might be an underappreciated source of operative adverse events. Future uses of this system will aid teaching, failure or adverse event analysis, and intervention research.
Spatial Distribution of Adult Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton and Development and Validation of Fixed-Precision Sampling Plans for Estimating Population Density (1995)

We conducted studies to examine distributional patterns of adult Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) strain B (also referred to as Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and to develop and validate a sequential sampling plan for estimating population density. Adults were consistently more abundant on mainstem leaves from the top stratum of cotton plants than on mainstem leaves from the middle and bottom strata. Counts on mainstem leaves from the top of the plant also had the lowest relative variation. Adults on the top stratum of the plant were fairly uniformly distributed over leaves from mainstem nodes 2–7 (terminal = node 1), but numbers of adults were highest and least variable on fifth-node leaves. Patterns of aggregation, as measured by Taylor's power law, did not differ among the top, middle, and bottom strata of cotton plants and were similar among the first six mainstem leaves below the mainstem terminal. Ratios between counts of adults on individual leaves from the top stratum of the plant and whole plant counts were variable and averaged (± SD) 0.075 ± 0.071. Based on fifth mainstem node leaves as the sample unit, we used Kuno's and Green's methods to develop fixed–precision sequential sampling plans. The underlying mean-variance models for these methods and performance of the sequential stop lines were compared and evaluated using a resampling simulation of independent data sets with means ranging from 2 to 50 adults per leaf. Compared with lwao's mean crowding regression, Taylor's power law was a less biased predictor of variance. As a result, Green's plan, on average, achieved the desired precision better than Kuno's plan even though neither plan consistently gave mean estimates with the desired precision. Further simulations provided preliminary adjustments in the stop lines for field implementation.
Atmospheric Depolarization Lidar Experimental Receiver: A Space Shuttle Hitchhiker Payload (1998)

Development work is underway at the Goddard Space Flight Center to construct a depolarization measuring atmospheric lidar receiver. The Atmospheric Lidar (AL) is tentatively scheduled to fly on the Space Shuttle in a late-1999 time frame. The AL will fly in conjunction with the Shuttle Laser Altimeter (SLA) and the Infrared Spectral Imaging Radiometer (ISIR) to provide a comprehensive package of atmospheric aerosol and cloud information. The AL operates in conjunction with the SLA laser transmitter and measures profiles of atmospheric backscatter at 532 nm. The receiver system discriminates between the parallel and perpendicular polarizations of the backscattered signal, thus providing depolarization ratios for scattering from clouds. The lidar receiver also provides cloud height and thickness measurements to complement the brightness temperature measurements generated by the ISIR thermal imager. The function of the AL is twofold. The primary function is to provide range-resolved measurements of atmospheric aerosol backscatter and depolarization ratio at 532 nm with 75 m vertical resolution. The scientific purpose of these measurements is to determine composition of clouds based on the depolarization ratio (i.e cloud content is water or ice), to determine cloud height and thickness, and to gain further understanding of the global distribution of aerosols. This information, when coupled with the cloud brightness measured by the ISIR thermal imager will provide a significant amount of information on cloud composition and radiative effects, particularly for cirrus and sub-visual cirrus clouds. A secondary function of the AL is to serve as an in-space test bed for lidar technology advancements, including a fully fiber-coupled receiver and photon counting from space. In addition, the data obtained by the AL will be used to develop software for the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) flight mission.