gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Anaerobic Digestion Mechanism: Influence of Pretreatment Temperature on Biodegradation of Waste Activated Sludge (1997)

Abstract The effect of thermal pretreatment on hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis during anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) was investigated. Pretreatment temperature of WAS ranged from 60°C to 120°C and the holding times were 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes. WAS was fed into the laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters, after thermal pretreatment. The preliminary conversion step (such as death/lysis of cell and hydrolysis of WAS) was promoted through thermal pretreatment, and consequently efficiencies of acidogenic and methanogenic steps were also markedly enhanced. Thermal pretreatment at lower temperature resulted in a significant increase in methane generation and destruction of organic matter. At 60°C, when hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 8 days, an increase in approximately 52.1 % in methane generation (ml. l−1. d−1) and 26.6% in organic matter destruction was achieved (Series-I). In addition, HRT necessary for anaerobic digestion could be reduced by thermal pretreatment. Keywords: Anaerobic digestionhydraulic retention timetemperaturethermal pretreatmentwaste activated sludge
Growth and magnetic properties of NiMnGa thin films prepared by pulsed laser ablation (2005)

Ni–Mn–Ga alloys have attracted increasing attention due to their large magnetic-field-induced stresses and the potential applications in sensors and actuators. In the present work, NiMnGa half-Heusler alloy films have been deposited on Si(100) substrates by the pulsed laser deposition technique at temperatures ranging from 450 to 650 °C. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy observation show the phase structure and surface morphology of these films are different, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis shows compositions of the films remain nearly unchanged, independent of the deposition temperature. Vibrating sample magnetometer measurement indicates that good magnetic properties are obtained. All the films exhibit the same coercive field, about 250 Oe. The thermomagnetic curve shows that the Curie temperature of NiMnGa films is higher than room temperature, which is crucial for the room-temperature application.
Another Possible Instance of ζ = j (1915)

The fact that Greek ζ = Indo-European j in the words ζειαί, ζέω, ζ⋯λος, ζόρξ, ζυγόν, , and ζωρός may be regarded as fairly well established (Boisacq, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque , 307, 309, 196 sq., 311 sq.; cf. also Berneker, Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch , i. 447 sq.; most recent bibliography in Brugmann, Griechische Grammatik , 4 151 sq.), despite the counter-arguments of Sommer ( Griechische Lautstudien , 137–160; cf. also Pedersen, KZ. xxxvi. 103 sq., Meillet, Introduction à l'étude comparative des langues indo-européennes , 88).
ERRATUM for a missing eComment to 'Intrathoracic chemo-thermotherapy with radiofrequency waves after extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma': [Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg 2011;13:267-270] (2011)

In the article by Tokunaga et al. [1] regarding the multimodal treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), the authors in their conclusion suggested that treatment with extrapleural pneumonectomy and postoperative intrathoracic chemothermotherapy with radiofrequency waves is a promising therapy [1]. We would like to add a brief comment related to our experience with the surgical multi-modality management of MPM.
Acid-catalysed transformation of hexamethylazoxybenzene. An unusual product in the Wallach rearrangement (1972)

E. Buncel and R. A. Cox, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1972, 1259 DOI: 10.1039/C39720001259
The use of pancreatic lipase for determining the distribution of fatty acids in partial and complete glycerides (1961)

The method of digestion with pancreatic lipase for determining the position of fatty acids in triglycerides has been modified to increase its accurary and ease of applicability. Moreover, by acylation of partial glycerides with a “marker” fatty acid, the method can be used for determining the structure of mono- and diglycerides. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that acylation of partial glycerides with fatty acid chlorides can be carried out without causing rearrangement of the partial glycerides.
Alucone Alloys with Tunable Properties Using Alucone Molecular Layer Deposition and Al2O3 Atomic Layer Deposition (2012)

Ultrathin and conformal hybrid organic–inorganic thin films can be deposited by molecular layer deposition (MLD) techniques. By combining the hybrid organic–inorganic MLD process with an inorganic atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, ALD/MLD alloy films can be deposited that have an adjustable organic–inorganic composition. These alloys have tunable properties that may be useful for designing various functional films. In this study, alucone MLD using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ethylene glycol (EG) was employed together with Al2O3 ALD using TMA and H2O to deposit alucone alloys at 135 °C. The surface species and film growth were examined using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mass gain for each reactant exposure during film growth was also monitored using an in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in a viscous flow reactor. The composition of the alucone alloy was varied by adjusting the relative number of ALD and MLD cycles in the reaction sequence. Alucone alloys were grown using relative numbers of ALD and MLD cycles varying from 1:3 to 6:1 (TMA/H2O:TMA/EG). These alucone alloys displayed varying density, refractive index, elastic modulus, and hardness. The density and refractive index changed from 1.6 g/cm3 and n = 1.45 for pure alucone to 3.0 g/cm3 and n = 1.64 for pure Al2O3, respectively. The elastic modulus and hardness varied from 21 ± 8 GPa and 1.0 ± 0.1 GPa for pure alucone to 198 ± 8 GPa and 13.0 ± 0.2 GPa for pure Al2O3, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of ALD/MLD alloy films to provide tunable properties for many functional film applications.
Application of NUREG/CR-5999 interim fatigue curves to selected nuclear power plant components (1995)

Recent test data indicate that the effects of the light water reactor (LWR) environment could significantly reduce the fatigue resistance of materials used in the reactor coolant pressure boundary components of operating nuclear power plants. Argonne National Laboratory has developed interim fatigue curves based on test data simulating LWR conditions, and published them in NUREG/CR-5999. In order to assess the significance of these interim fatigue curves, fatigue evaluations of a sample of the components in the reactor coolant pressure boundary of LWRs were performed. The sample consists of components from facilities designed by each of the four U.S. nuclear steam supply system vendors. For each facility, six locations were studied, including two locations on the reactor pressure vessel. In addition, there are older vintage plants where components of the reactor coolant pressure boundary were designed to codes that did not require an explicit fatigue analysis of the components. In order to assess the fatigue resistance of the older vintage plants, an evaluation was also conducted on selected components of three of these plants. This report discusses the insights gained from the application of the interim fatigue curves to components of seven operating nuclear power plants.
Competition of Various β-Lactam Antibiotics for the Major Penicillin-Binding Proteins of Helicobacter pylori : Antibacterial Activity and Effects on Bacterial Morphology (1999)

The penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of helical (log-phase) Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43579 were identified by using biotinylated ampicillin. The major PBPs had apparent molecular masses of 47, 60, 63, and 66 kDa; an additional minor PBP of 95 to 100 kDa was also detected. The relative affinities of various beta-lactams for these PBPs were tested by competitive-binding assays. Only PBP63 appeared to be significantly bound to each of the competing antibiotics, whereas PBP66 strongly bound mezlocillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone. Whereas most of the beta-lactams significantly bound two or more PBPs, aztreonam specifically targeted PBP63. The influence of sub-MICs of these beta-lactams on the morphologies of log-phase H. pylori was observed at both the phase-contrast and transmission electron microscopy levels. Each of the eight beta-lactams examined induced blebbing and sphere formation, whereas aztreonam was the only antibiotic studied which induced pronounced filamentation in H. pylori. Finally, studies comparing the PBPs of helical (log-phase) cultures with those of coccoid (7-, 14-, and 21-day-old) cultures of H. pylori revealed that the major PBPs at 60 and 63 kDa seen in the helical form were almost undetectable in the coccoid forms, whereas PBP66 remained the major PBP in the coccoid forms, although somewhat reduced in level compared to the helical form. PBP47 was present in both forms at approximately equal concentrations. These studies thus identified the major PBPs in both helical and coccoid forms of H. pylori and compared the relative affinities of seven different beta-lactams for the PBPs in the helical forms and their effects on bacterial morphology.
Evaluating quorum systems over the Internet (2002)

Quorum systems serve as a basic tool providing a uniform and reliable way to achieve coordination in a distributed system. They are useful for distributed and replicated databases, name servers, mutual exclusion, and distributed access control and signatures. Traditionally, two basic methods have been used to evaluate quorum systems: the analytical approach, and simulation. We propose a third, empirical approach. We collected 6 months' worth of connectivity and operability data of a system consisting of 14 real computers using a wide area group communication protocol. The system spanned two geographic sites and three different Internet segments. We developed a mechanism that merges the local views into a unified history of the events that took place, ordered according to an imaginary global clock. We then developed a tool called the Generic Quorum-system Evaluator (GQE), which evaluates the behavior of any given quorum system over the unified, real-life history. We compared fourteen dynamic and static quorum systems. We discovered that as predicted, dynamic quorum systems behave better than static systems. However we found that many assumptions taken by the traditional approaches are unjustified: crashes are strongly correlated, network partitions do occur even within a single Internet segment, and we even detected a brief simultaneous crash of all the participating computers.
Coupled adaptive prediction and system identification: a statistical model and transient analysis (1992)

A significant drawback of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm is slow convergence speed when the input covariance matrix is ill-conditioned. Two structures are presented and studied for increasing the convergence speed for this case. The structures incorporate a prewhitening filter prior to the usual LMS adaptation. When the prewhitening filter is also adaptive the input to the LMS algorithm is nonstationary. An analysis of the coupling effect between the two adaptive algorithms show that the adaptive prewhitener has the capability of significantly speeding up to LMS adaptation as compared to a system without prewhitening. When the prewhitening filter is fixed (nonadaptive), the structure is shown to be equivalent to the filtered-X LMS algorithm. Stability conditions and transient means behavior are given in the time domain, in terms of the parameters of the pre-whitening filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Novel Synthesis of Indoel Derivatives (1980)

1-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-lg-indole ( 2 ) was synthesized by cyclization of g-(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenethy1)- acetamide using sodium hydride and cuprous halide in dimethylformamide.Indoles (kt, JJ and &k) were prepared in a similar manner from the corresponding amides (t and & !I )and the carbamate ( & < I .Under similar reaction conditions, phenylacetamides ( @ and afforded the oxindoles ($2 and £2).Recently several reports have appeared in which indoles were synthesized using reactions catalyzed by organometallic compounds such as nickel and palladium 1 complexes .Previously, in the course of synthetic approaches to the mitomycins, we developed a new intramolecular nucleophilic aromatlc substitution reaction using sodium hydride and cuprous bromide in dimethylformamide.The aryl halides(&) and (3) % were thus converted to pyrroloI1,Z-alindoles and (2)2brespective-
Localized and global representation of prior value, sensory evidence, and choice in male mouse cerebral cortex (2023)

Abstract Adaptive behavior requires integrating prior knowledge of action outcomes and sensory evidence for making decisions while maintaining prior knowledge for future actions. As outcome- and sensory-based decisions are often tested separately, it is unclear how these processes are integrated in the brain. In a tone frequency discrimination task with two sound durations and asymmetric reward blocks, we found that neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of male mice represented the additive combination of prior reward expectations and choices. The sensory inputs and choices were selectively decoded from the auditory cortex irrespective of reward priors and the secondary motor cortex, respectively, suggesting localized computations of task variables are required within single trials. In contrast, all the recorded regions represented prior values that needed to be maintained across trials. We propose localized and global computations of task variables in different time scales in the cerebral cortex.
Applications of polymer blends: Emphasis on recent advances (1984)

Abstract In the past decade, polymer blend technology has achieved an important position in the field of polymer science. With increased academic and industrial research interest, the application of polymer blend technology to commercial utility has grown significantly. This review on the applications of polymer blends will cover the major commercial blends in the categories of styrene‐based polymer blends, poly(vinyl chloride) blends, polyacrylate blends, polyester and polycarbonate blends, polyolefin blends, elastomer blends, polyelectrolyte complexes, and interpenetrating polymer networks. New developments in polymer blend applications will be discussed in more detail. These systems include linear low‐density polyethylene blends with either low‐ or high‐density polyethylene, styrenemaleic anhydride terpolymer/ABS (acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) blends, polycarbonate/poly(butylene tetephthalate) blends, new PPO/polystyrene blends, and tetramethyl bisphenol A polycarbonate/impact polystyrene blends. Areas for future research to enhance the potential for polymer blend applications will be presented. The need for improved methods for predicting miscibility in polymer blends is discussed. Weldline strength is a major property deficiency of two‐phase systems (even those with mechanical compatibility), and future research effort appears warranted to resolve this deficiency. The use of polymeric compatibilization additives to polymer blends has shown promise as a method to improve mechanical compatibility in phase‐separated blends, and will be expected to be the subject of future research programs. Finally, the reuse of polymer scrap is discussed as a future application area for polymer blends. Unique applications recently proposed for polymer blends include immobilization of enzymes, permselective membranes, reverse osmosis membranes, selective ion‐exchange systems, and medical applications using polyelectrolyte complexes.
Approximate entropy and its preliminary application in the field of EEG and cognition (2002)

Approximate Entropy (ApEn) is a newly introduced statistic that can be used to quantify the complexity (or irregularity) of a time series. A practical fast algorithm of ApEn is proposed in this article and two experimental results in the field of EEG and cognition are presented.
Combining Remote-Sensing-Derived Data and Historical Maps for Long-Term Back-Casting of Urban Extents (2021)

Spatially explicit, fine-grained datasets describing historical urban extents are rarely available prior to the era of operational remote sensing. However, such data are necessary to better understand long-term urbanization and land development processes and for the assessment of coupled nature-human systems (e.g., the dynamics of the wildland-urban interface). Herein, we propose a framework that jointly uses remote-sensing-derived human settlement data (i.e., the Global Human Settlement Layer, GHSL) and scanned, georeferenced historical maps to automatically generate historical urban extents for the early 20th century. By applying unsupervised color space segmentation to the historical maps, spatially constrained to the urban extents derived from the GHSL, our approach generates historical settlement extents for seamless integration with the multitemporal GHSL. We apply our method to study areas in countries across four continents, and evaluate our approach against historical building density estimates from the Historical Settlement Data Compilation for the US (HISDAC-US), and against urban area estimates from the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE). Our results achieve Area-under-the-Curve values > 0.9 when comparing to HISDAC-US and are largely in agreement with model-based urban areas from the HYDE database, demonstrating that the integration of remote-sensing-derived observations and historical cartographic data sources opens up new, promising avenues for assessing urbanization and long-term land cover change in countries where historical maps are available.
Classifiers Combination Techniques: A Comprehensive Review (2018)

In critical applications, such as medical diagnosis, security related systems, and so on, the cost or risk of action taking based on incorrect classification can be very high. Hence, combining expert opinions before taking decision can substantially increase the reliability of such systems. Such pattern recognition systems base their final decision on evidence collected from different classifiers. Such evidence can be of data type, feature type, or classifier type. Common problems in pattern recognition, such as curse of dimensionality, and small sample data size, among others, have also prompted researchers into seeking new approaches for combining evidences. This paper presents a criteria-based framework for multiclassifiers combination techniques and their areas of applications. The criteria discussed here include levels of combination, types of thresholding, adaptiveness of the combination, and ensemble-based approaches. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these categories are discussed in details. Following this analysis, we provide our perspective on the outlook of this area of research and open problems. The lack of a well-formulated theoretical framework for analyzing the performance of combination techniques is shown to provide a fertile ground for further research. In addition to summarizing the existing work, this paper also updates and complements the latest developments in this area of research.
On the Value of Collaboration in Location Estimation (2015)

Recently, extensive simulation-based research has shown a benefit to collaboration in wireless location estimation. However, an open question is “Is collaboration always inherently beneficial for location estimation?” In this paper, we answer this question affirmatively under very general conditions and prove that the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is strictly decreasing when nodes attempting to determine their locations collaborate, with very mild restrictions. More specifically, for a network of arbitrary size, we establish the value of collaboration in node positioning problems by proving that the inclusion of an additional collaborator strictly reduces the CRLB of the original network nodes' position estimates. Previous work has shown a related result, but only for 1-D and 2-D positioning using pairwise observations. We generalize previous work in several ways: 1) by presenting results that apply to any dimensionality; 2) by generalizing to any observation types, including allowing for mixed observation types and models; and 3) by including nuisance parameter estimation. Several mild conditions arise during the derivation of the proof, which must be satisfied to claim a strictly decreasing lower bound, and these are discussed. Additionally, the results of our analysis allow us to draw further insights into the value of collaboration for the individual nodes in the original network and for the newly introduced collaborator. The theoretical results are supported by numerical results, considering the special case of time-of-arrival (TOA)-based positioning in both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions. Finally, we draw some qualitative insights into the factors that affect the value of collaboration.
A 1.1-Mb Transcript Map of the Hereditary Hemochromatosis Locus (1997)

In the process of positionally cloning a candidate gene responsible for hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), we constructed a 1.1-Mb transcript map of the region of human chromosome 6p that lies 4.5 Mb telomeric to HLA-A. A combination of three gene-finding techniques, direct cDNA selection, exon trapping, and sample sequencing, were used initially for a saturation screening of the 1.1-Mb region for expressed sequence fragments. As genetic analysis further narrowed the HH candidate locus, we sequenced completely 0.25 Mb of genomic DNA as a final measure to identify all genes. Besides the novel MHC class 1-like HH candidate gene HLA-H, we identified a family of five butyrophilin-related sequences, two genes with structural similarity to a type 1 sodium phosphate transporter, 12 novel histone genes, and a gene we named RoRet based on its strong similarity to the 52-kD Ro/SSA lupus and Sjogren's syndrome auto-antigen and the RET finger protein. Several members of the butyrophilin family and the RoRet gene share an exon of common evolutionary origin called B30-2. The B30-2 exon was originally isolated from the HLA class 1 region, yet has apparently "shuffled" into several genes along the chromosome telomeric to the MHC. The conservation of the B30-2 exon in several novel genes and the previously described amino acid homology of HLA-H to MHC class 1 molecules provide further support that this gene-rich region of 6p21.3 is related to the MHC. Finally, we performed an analysis of the four approaches for gene finding and conclude that direct selection provides the most effective probes for cDNA screening, and that as much as 30% of ESTs in this 1.1-Mb region may be derived from noncoding genomic DNA.