gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ANGIOTENSIN HYPERTENSION (1998)

1. One of the most important issues in the field of hypertension research centres on the therapeutic use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Inhibitors of the RAS have potent anti-hypertensive effects, even in experimental models of hypertension and in human essential hypertension, where the activity of the peripheral RAS is low or normal. 2. It is suggested here that determining the mechanisms by which activation of the peripheral RAS produces hypertension will help us determine the anti-hypertensive effects of these inhibitors in low/normal renin-angiotensin hypertension. 3. Three hypotheses describing the hypertensive effects of angiotensin are discussed. The first hypothesis involves the direct vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin. The second hypothesis suggests that chronic angiotensin produces hypertension by increasing Na+ reabsorption leading to volume expansion and hypertension. The final hypothesis suggests that, in angiotensin-induced hypertension, the increased Na+ reabsorption is not associated with volume expansion but, rather, is associated with an increase in vascular tone resulting from an interaction between angiotensin and the nervous system. 4. It is also hypothesized that the interaction between angiotensin and the nervous system produces a differential activation of sympathetic outflow that spares the kidney.
Phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PITC) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated inflammatory responses in Raw 264.7 murine macrophages (2009)

Phenylethyl isothiocyanate is the hydrolysis product of the glucosinolate gluconasturtiin present in Brassica vegetables which have been linked to decreased cancer incidence in epidemiological studies. Because recurrent or chronic inflammation has been implicated in the development of a variety of cancer, the present study assessed the effects of the PITC on LPS‐stimulated inflammatory responses in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment of cells with increasing concentrations (0.5 ‐ 5 μM) of PITC resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in nitric oxide (NO) and prostagrandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production. Western blot analysis and RT‐PCR analysis revealed that PITC dose‐dependently inhibited LPS‐induced expression of the iNOS protein and mRNA, respectively. In addition, PITC suppressed LPS‐induced translocation of the p65 subunit of NF‐κB to the nucleus, and degradation of inhibitor of κB. Furthermore, treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with LPS dramatically activated Akt, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, and p38 MAP kinase. PITC pretreatment significantly inhibited LPS‐induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, whereas the phosphorylation of other MAPK family proteins, SAPK/JNK or p38, was not affected by PITC pretreatment. The present data indicate that PITC exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties via the inhibition the NF‐κB signaling pathway.
Effect of barrier process on electromigration reliability of Cu/porous low-k interconnects (2006)

Electromigration (EM) reliability of Cu/low-k interconnects with a conventional preclean-first process, and an advanced barrier-first process has been investigated. Compared with the preclean-first process, extrinsic early failures were not observed for the barrier-first process. This suggests that process-induced defects, which are the most probable cause for early failures, are significantly reduced for the barrier-first process. Transmission electron microscopy observation demonstrated a more uniform and thicker Ta barrier for the barrier-first process than the preclean-first process. This led to a higher (jL)c product, and prolonged the EM lifetime accordingly. In addition, a predeposited Ta barrier during the barrier-first process protected the mechanically weak low-k dielectrics from plasma etch damage, and a uniform via profile resulted. In contrast, the via opening at the top was found to be larger than that of at the via bottom for the preclean process. The uniform via profile is another advantage of the barrier-first process from the point of view of process control.
MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates the expression of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL, and Mcl‐1 and promotes survival of human pancreatic cancer cells (2000)

Background and aims: Growth factors are well known for their participation in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival. However, the intracellular signaling pathways by which growth factors promote survival are still poorly understood. In the present study, using the MIA PaCa-2 cell line, a well-established model of pancreatic cancer cells, we analyzed the roles of ERK1/2 activities in the regulation of cell survival and investigated some of the mechanisms involved. Methods: The ability of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 to modulate survival of the MIA PaCa-2 cells was evaluated, and the responses were correlated with expression of Bcl-2 homologs and caspases 1, 3, 6, 8, and 9 activities. Results. Herein, we showed that inhibition of ERK1/2 activities caused (1) a G1 arrest; (2) a down-regulation of the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic homologs Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-XL without affecting the pro-apoptotic levels of Bax and Bak; (3) a promotion of caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9 activities; (4) a stimulation of PARP cleavage; and (5) a programmed cell death by apoptosis. Conclusion: Our data suggest that activation of the ERK pathway functions to protect pancreatic tumor cells from apoptosis as well as to regulate their progression in the cell cycle. J. Cell. Biochem. 79:355–369, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tellurite Fiber Raman Amplifiers Special Feature (2004)

NTT Photonics Laboratories is developing optical amplifiers capable of amplifying multiple signal channels across a wide wavelength region of 100 nm or more. This is achieved through the use of a newly developed fiber Raman amplifier that employs tellurite fiber.
Switching Performance Optimization of a High Power High Frequency Three-Level Active Neutral Point Clamped Phase Leg (2013)

This paper introduces a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) converter as a high power renewable energy grid interface. The phase leg building block is carefully designed to achieve high switching frequency and high efficiency. Different operating modes and switching loops in the phase leg are identified. Switching characteristics of each loop is evaluated by a double pulse test. Various parameters are taken into consideration as influential factors to loss and stress. An in-depth analysis of some special switching transients is also given. The test shows significant switching performance variance for different switching loops. Performance for each switch is optimized separately considering loss and stress tradeoff. A detailed loss model is built based on the test to calculate system loss distribution and loss breakdown under different switching modes and different operating conditions. The ANPC phase leg can be used to avoid undesirable switching loop and to reduce system loss under certain operating modes. The high-frequency NPC phase leg is tested under full power and the high efficiency design objective is verified.
MEG evaluation of Parkinson's diseased patients after external magnetic stimulation. (2007)

Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings of Parkinson's diseased (PD) patients were obtained using a whole-head 122-channel magnetometer and analyzed with Fourier statistical analysis. External transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the order of pico Tesla was applied on the above patients with proper field characteristics (magnetic amplitude : 1-7.5 pT, frequency : the alpha-rhythm of the patient: 8-13 Hz) which were obtained prior to TMS. The MEG recordings after the application of TMS showed a rapid attenuation of the high abnormal activity followed by an increase of the low frequency components toward the patients' alpha-rhythm. The patients responded to the TMS with a feeling of relaxation and partial or complete disappearance of tremor, muscular ache and levodopa induced dyskinesias as well as rapid reversed visuospatial impairment, which were followed by a corresponding improvement and normalization of the MEG.
Expansionary Fiscal Shocks and the US Trade Deficit* (2005)

Abstract In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium model of an open economy to assess the quantitative effects of fiscal shocks on the trade balance in the United States. We examine the effects of two alternative fiscal shocks: a rise in government consumption, and a reduction in the labour income tax rate. Our salient finding is that a fiscal deficit has a relatively small effect on the US trade balance, irrespective of whether the source is a spending increase or tax cut. In our benchmark calibration, we find that a rise in the fiscal deficit of 1 percentage point of gross domestic product (GDP) induces the trade balance to deteriorate by 0.2 percentage point of GDP or less. Noticeably larger effects are only likely to be elicited under implausibly high values of the short‐run trade price elasticity, or of the share of liquidity‐constrained households in the economy. From a policy perspective, our analysis suggests that even reducing the current US fiscal deficit (of 3% of GDP) to zero would be unlikely to narrow the burgeoning US trade deficit significantly.
An Improved Power-Added Efficiency 19-dBm Hybrid Envelope Elimination and Restoration Power Amplifier for 802.11g WLAN Applications (2006)

A comparison of envelope elimination and restoration (EER) and envelope tracking (ET) is discussed and a "hybrid" wideband EER power amplifier (PA) for the WLAN 802.11g system is proposed. A 60% efficiency (the output envelope signal power/input dc power) DC-20-MHz wideband envelope amplifier is designed for wideband EER and wideband ET (WBET) applications. A design method is developed to optimize the efficiency of the envelope amplifier for a given peak-to-average ratio and average slew rate of the envelope signal. An experimental "hybrid" Class-E EER system shows an overall efficiency (modulated RF output power/envelope amplifier dc input power) of 36% and power-added efficiency (the modulated RF output power/envelope amplifier dc input power plus RF input power) of 28% for a WLAN 802.11g signal at 19-dBm (80 mW) output power at 2.4 GHz. Digital predistortion, time alignment, and memory effect mitigation are implemented. The measured 3% error vector magnitude exceeds the 802.11g specification for 5% for a 54-Mb/s modulation signal
The Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Arabidopsis (2011)

The phenylpropanoid pathway serves as a rich source of metabolites in plants, being required for the biosynthesis of lignin, and serving as a starting point for the production of many other important compounds, such as the flavonoids, coumarins, and lignans. In spite of the fact that the phenylpropanoids and their derivatives are sometimes classified as secondary metabolites, their relevance to plant survival has been made clear via the study of Arabidopsis and other plant species. As a model system, Arabidopsis has helped to elucidate many details of the phenylpropanoid pathway, its enzymes and intermediates, and the interconnectedness of the pathway with plant metabolism as a whole. These advances in our understanding have been made possible in large part by the relative ease with which mutations can be generated, identified, and studied in Arabidopsis. Herein, we provide an overview of the research progress that has been made in recent years, emphasizing both the genes (and gene families) associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis, and the end products that have contributed to the identification of many mutants deficient in the phenylpropanoid metabolism: the sinapate esters.
Accurate cancellation (to milliHertz levels) of optical phase noise due to vibration or insertion phase in fiber-transmitted light (1995)

A single-mode optical fiber is a convenient and efficient transmission medium for optical signal. However, the optical insertion phase written on the light field by the fiber is very sensitive to the surrounding environment, such as temperature or acoustic pressure. This phase-noise modulation tends to corrupt the original delta-looking Hz-level optical spectrum by broadening it toward the kilohertz domain. Here we describe a simple and effective technique for accurate cancellation of such induced phase noise, thus allowing fiber-based optical signal transmission in very demanding high-precision frequency-based applications where optical phase noise is critical the system is based on double-pass heterodyne measurement and digital phase division by two to obtain the correction signal for the phase compensating AOM. The underlying physical principle is the fact that an optical fiber path ordinarily possesses an excellent degree of linearity and reciprocity, such that two counterpropagating signals can experience the sam phase perturbations. Overall, the fiber's kilohertz level of broadening is reduced to sub-millihertz domain by our correction.
Detection of early tumor response to abraxane using H-scan imaging: Preliminary results in a small animal model of breast cancer (2017)

H-scan is a new ultrasound (US) technique that images the relative size of acoustic scatterers. This modality relies on matching a model of pulse-echo formation to the mathematics of a class of Gaussian-weighted Hermite polynomials (GH). Parallel convolution filters using the second (GH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) and eighth (GH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sub> ) components are applied to the radio frequency (RF) US data to capture the low and high frequency signal components, respectively. The relative strength from each convolution is color-coded and imaged. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of H-scan imaging for characterizing tumor tissue and any early response to systemic anticancer treatment. Preliminary in vivo H-scan imaging studies were performed using an animal model of breast cancer. B-scan and H-scan imaging was performed before and after injection of an anticancer drug (albumin-bound paclitaxel) to assess any early tumor response and cellular disruption. Imaging was repeated along the same tumor cross-section every 30 min for at least 2 h. The results show that there was a significant overall change in the mean H-scan image intensity (compared to baseline measurements) at 120 min (29.2 ± 0.8%, p = 0.001). At this same time point, there was also a decrease in the B-scan image intensity (18.4 ± 3.0%, p = 0.03). Preliminary examples presented suggest that H-scan imaging is a promising tissue characterization modality. Further, H-scan may provide prognostic value during monitoring of the early tumor response (or lack thereof) to anticancer treatment.
Large Eddy Simulations of Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Ribbed Duct Flows (2005)

Large eddy simulations are performed in a periodic domain of a rotating square duct with normal rib turbulators. Both the Coriolis force as well as the centrifugal buoyancy forces are included in this study. A direct approach is presented for the unsteady calculation of the nondimensional temperature field in the periodic domain. The calculations are performed at a Reynolds number (Re) of 12,500, a rotation number (Ro) of 0.12, and an inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio Δρ/ρ of 0.13. The predicted time and space-averaged Nusselt numbers are shown to compare satisfactorily with the published experimental data. Time sequences of the vorticity components and the temperature fields are presented to understand the flow physics and the unsteady heat transfer behavior. Large scale coherent structures are seen to play an important role in the mixing and heat transfer. The temperature field appears to contain a low frequency mode that extends beyond a single inter-rib geometric module, and indicates the necessity of using at least two inter-rib modules for streamwise periodicity to be satisfied. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the flowfield indicates a low dimensionality of this system with almost 99% of turbulent energy in the first 80 POD modes.
Large Inductance Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Magnetometer for Magnetoencephalography Measurement (1997)

The characteristics of the low T c dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) having a large inductance of 1 nH were investigated. The degradation of the modulation voltage due to the large inductance parameter β L was recovered by damping the SQUID inductance with a resistor having twice the junction resistance. The modulation voltage of 20 µ V was close to the value given by the computer simulation. The value of the measured flux noise, using a dc bias flux-locked-loop with a cooled tank circuit, of 21 µΦ 0 /√ Hz was about 8 times larger than the theoretical value. The flux noise at the white region increased to 39 µΦ 0 /√ Hz after removing the tank circuit, but because of the improved flux transfer efficiency from the input coil to the SQUID a white field noise of about 10 fT/√ Hz was obtained using a second order axial gradiometer. A clear auditory evoked field was observed using the large β L SQUID magnetometer which was directly coupled to the amplifier.
Beneficial oncolytic effect of fiber-substituted conditionally replicating adenovirus on human lung cancer. (2012)

The results of the present study suggest that Ad5F35/MKp-E1 is more useful for the gene therapy of human lung cancer than Ad5/MKp-E1 is.
Assessing the Potential Role for Topical Melatonin in an Antiaging Skin Regimen. (2018)

Melatonin is an endogenous hormone commonly associated with regulation of sleep. However, over the last two decades, research has elucidated a range of effects associated with the compound, including anti-inflammatory, both direct and indirect antioxidant activity, tissue regenerative benefits, and preservation of mitochondrial function. Melatonin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant support, coupled with its mitochondrial support, make it an intriguing target for use to support skin health. Human skin and hair follicles express functional melatonin receptors. They also engage in substantial melatonin synthesis. By supporting cutaneous homeostasis, melatonin and its metabolites are thought to attenuate carcinogenesis and possibly other pathological processes, including hyperproliferative/inflammatory conditions. The primary extrinsic driver of aging has been considered to be exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, which is well-established to contribute to sunburn, immunosuppression, skin aging, and carcinogenesis. Topically applied melatonin has been shown to reduce markers of reactive oxygen species formation and to reverse signs of skin aging. As the global population continues to age, photo-damage remains a significant cutaneous concern. While use of sunscreens and UV avoidance strategies are essential to mitigate skin cancer risks, the potential to protect the skin and improve the appearance of photo-damage through the use of topical antioxidant support is appealing. The evidence suggests that melatonin deserves consideration for topical use as an anti-aging and skin protective agent. It is shown to be both safe and effective when topically applied. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(8):966-969.
Keynote lecture: The role of driver assistance systems in a future traffic scenario (2006)

It is shown in how far driver assistance systems can contribute to enhance the overall traffic safety. Thereby it must be considered as a goal to increase the performance of active safety systems in the scope of an integrated approach, allowing to realize a variety of interactions between the three elements involved in a traffic scenario: the driver, the vehicle and the driving environment. Focus is pointed on the related technology, the inherent system complexity and aspects of customer acceptance.
Monoclonal antibodies--therapeutic and diagnostic uses in malignancy. (1985)

Murine monoclonal antibodies represent an attractive type of antitumor therapy because of their potential for exquisite specificity, production in large, pure quantities and mediation of in vivo cytotoxic effects. With maturing monoclonal antibody technology has come the use of these antibodies in clinical studies in patients with malignancy. These trials have established that monoclonal antibodies can be safely administered in large doses, that their pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration can be predicted and that in some instances a therapeutic effect can be produced by their infusion. A number of problems have also been identified by these studies, including antigenic heterogeneity of the tumor, the presence of free serum antigen, the immunogenicity of the xenogeneic antibody, modulation of the surface antigen by the antibody and a finite capacity of human effector mechanisms to mediate cytotoxicity directed by murine antibodies. Other workers are concurrently investigating the use of monoclonal antibodies in the ex vivo elimination of cells from bone marrow, as probes for serum tumor marker antigens and as carriers for radioimaging agents or toxins. Although most of these endeavors are at the earliest stages, promising preliminary results presage an important role for native and altered monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant conditions.
Myofiber organization in the failing systemic right ventricle (2020)

Myofiber organization is abnormal in the failing systemic RV and might be an important substrate for heart failure and arrhythmia. It is unclear if myofiber disorganization is due to hemodynamic factors, developmental problems, or both.
Particle size determines the specificity of apolipoprotein E-containing triglyceride-rich emulsions for the LDL receptor versus hepatic remnant receptor in vivo (1997)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an important determinant for the uptake of triglyceride-rich emulsions and lipoproteins by the liver, and exerts affinity for both the LDL receptor (LDLr) and a distinct liver-specific recognition site. Our current aim was to assess the mechanism underlying the receptor-specificity of apoE-carrying lipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich emulsions were synthesized, with mean sizes of 50, 80, and 150 nm. These fractions efficiently acquired apoE from rat serum, and were processed by LPL in vivo with a similar efficiency. Upon injection of the [5H]cholesteryl oleate-labeled emulsions into rats, the liver association rate was positively correlated with particle size (24 +/- 2%, 54 +/- 1%, and 64 +/- 3% of the injected dose at 20 min after injection, respectively) and the liver uptake was predominantly exerted by parenchymal cells. The role of the LDLr in emulsion clearance was established in wild-type versus LDLr knockout mice. In the absence of the LDLr, an 8-fold increased serum half-life was observed for the small emulsion, concomitant with a 6- and 15-fold decreased uptake by the liver and adrenals at 60 min after injection, respectively. In contrast, the in vivo behavior of the large emulsion was independent of the LDLr. Both the ratio of apoE:C on the emulsions upon serum incubation and the alpha-helical content of apoE were inversely correlated with particle size, indicating that these factors may be involved in the emulsion size-dependent receptor specificity in vivo. It is concluded that the contribution of the LDLr to the apoE-mediated clearance of emulsions by the liver and adrenals strongly increases with decreasing particle size, while large particles initially associate with a distinct liver-specific recognition site. As these emulsions mimic chylomicrons, we anticipate that the apoE-dependent metabolic behavior of chylomicrons (remnants) is largely dependent on their size.
Impact of Soluble CD26 on Treatment Outcome and Hepatitis C Virus-Specific T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection (2013)

Low baseline systemic concentrations of sCD26 predict favorable treatment outcome in chronic HCV infection and may be associated with higher blood counts of HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells.