gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lazy call-by-value evaluation (2007)

Designing debugging tools for lazy functional programming languages is a complex task which is often solved by expensive tracing of lazy computations. We present a new approach in which the information collected as a trace is reduced considerably (kilobytes instead of megabytes). The idea is to collect a kind of step information for a call-by-value interpreter, which can then efficiently reconstruct the computation for debugging/viewing tools, like declarative debugging. We show the correctness of the approach, discuss a proof-of-concept implementation with a declarative debugger as back end and present some benchmarks comparing our new approach with the Haskell debugger Hat.
FRONT PAGES (2018)

1. Cover2. Editorial Team3. from the editor4. Table of Contents)
Basic Science and Experimental Studies Enhanced Inotropic State of the Failing Left Ventricle by Cardiac Contractility Modulation Electrical Signals Is Not Associated With Increased Myocardial Oxygen Consumption (2007)

Background: Previous studies in patients and in dogs with experimentally induced heart failure (HF) showed that electrical signals applied to the failing myocardium during the absolute refractory period improved left ventricular (LV) function. We examined the effects these same cardiac contractility modulating (CCM) electrical signals on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) in both patients and dogs with chronic HF. Methods and Results: Six dogs with microembolizations-induced HF and 9 HF patients underwent CCM leads and generator (OPTIMIZER II) implantation. After baseline measurements, CCM signals were delivered continuously for 2 hours in dogs and for 30 minutes in patients. MVO2 was measured before and after CCM therapy. In dogs, CCM therapy increased LVejection fraction at 2 hours (26 6 1 versus 31 6 2 %, P 5 .001) without increasing MVO2 (257 6 41 versus 180 6 34 mmol/min). In patients, CCM therapy increased LV peak þdP/dt by 10.1 6 1.5 %. As with dogs, the increase in LV function after 30 minutes of CCM therapy was not associated with increased MVO2 (13.6 6 9.7 versus 12.5 6 7.2 mL O2/min). Conclusions: The study results suggest that unlike cAMP-dependent positive inotropic drugs, the increase in LV function during CCM therapy is elicited without increasing MVO2 .( J Cardiac Fail 2007;13:137e142)
Endarterectomy of the Intradural Vertebral Artery Via the Far Lateral Approach (1993)

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS (TIAs) of the posterior circulation are associated with a significant risk of subsequent infarction, particularly when caused by stenotic lesions in the intracranial portion of the vertebral artery (VA). Eight patients who had persistent posterior circulation TIAs despite receiving maximal medical therapy (including anticoagulation) and who had angiographic evidence of severe stenosis of the proximal intracranial VA with poor collateral flow were treated by endarterectomy of the intradural VA. Their ages ranged from 52 to 65 years. Five of these operations were performed via the far lateral approach. In all patients, the contralateral VA was hypoplastic or occluded, or ended in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Postoperative angiograms showed that the arteries of five of the patients were widely patent, one was improved but still stenotic, and two were occluded. The latter two patients subsequently underwent thrombectomy, after which the artery was patent in one patient and remained occluded in the other. After surgery, the TIAs of seven patients were relieved completely, and the patients were neurologically intact. The patient with persistent occlusion ultimately had moderate disability. Complications included the two cases of thrombotic occlusion that required a second operation, three cases of communicating hydrocephalus that required lumboperitoneal shunts, and two cases of transient dysfunction of the 9th and 10th cranial nerves. Suitable patients with persistent posterior circulation TIAs refractory to medical therapy who have appropriate angiographic evidence of proximal VA stenosis and poor collateral flow may benefit from endarterectomy of the intradural VA. Surgical exposure using the far lateral approach provides much better access to the intradural portion of the VA for endarterectomy than the standard suboccipital approach.
Evidence for a Significant Role of Gastrin in Cysteamine-Induced Hypersecretion of Gastric Acid (1997)

Cysteamine has been known to stimulate gastric acid secretion and to induce duodenal ulcers in rats. We investigated the role of gastrin in cysteamine-induced acid hypersecretion in the perfused rat stomach. Intravenous infusion of cysteamine (75 mg/kg/h) resulted in a significant increase in acid secretion, which was accompanied by a marked increase in the plasma gastrin concentration. The cysteamine-induced increase in gastric acid secretion was completely blocked by i.v. injection of anti-gastrin rabbit serum (500 microliters). In addition, i.v. infusion of a CCK-B/gastrin receptor antagonist (L-365,260) (1 mg/kg/h) also suppressed the cysteamine-induced increase in acid secretion. Atropine significantly, but only partially, inhibited the increase. The elevated plasma gastrin levels induced by cysteamine were unaffected by atropine and L-365,260. In conclusion, cysteamine-induced acid hypersecretion is mediated mainly by cysteamine-induced gastrin release and partially by cholinergic factors. Furthermore, gastrin release caused by cysteamine appears to be independent of cholinergic tone.
Evidence for polynuclear aggregates of ferric daunomycin (1992)

The interaction of the antitumor agent daunomycin (DN) with ferric iron has been analysed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, EPR, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and magnetic susceptibility measurements. In contrast to literature data, at millimolar iron and anthracycline concentrations no solitary Fe(DN)3 complexes are formed in appreciable amounts. The Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis revealed severe dependencies on temperature, on the preparation procedure, the time allowed for equilibration, and on the metal/ligand ratio. The Mössbauer spectra exhibit two components: a broad magnetic sextet and a quadrupole doublet at an Fe/DN molar ratio of 1:3 and exclusively a doublet at a molar ratio of 1:20, indicating an equilibrium of these two spectral components. The EPR spectra are dominated by a signal at g(eff) = 2. Double integration of the EPR signals enabled the determination of their spin density and a correlation between EPR and Mössbauer spectra. The Mössbauer sextet species is EPR invisible and corresponds to magnetically ordered polynuclear aggregates with high magnetic anisotropy. EXAFS and susceptibility measurements provide additional evidence for the formation of polynuclear aggregates of ferric daunomycin. The quadrupole doublet species in the Mössbauer spectra correlates with the g = 2 signal in EPR. This species is also related to a magnetically ordered system, exhibiting, however, superparamagnetic behavior due to less magnetic anisotropy. Since daunomycin forms dimers in aqueous solution at millimolar concentrations, we conclude that the cooperative phenomena observed in EPR and Mössbauer spectra are a consequence of its stacking effects.
Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres (2022)

Existing human genome assemblies have almost entirely excluded repetitive sequences within and near centromeres, limiting our understanding of their organization, evolution, and functions, which include facilitating proper chromosome segregation. Now, a complete, telomere-to-telomere human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13) has enabled us to comprehensively characterize pericentromeric and centromeric repeats, which constitute 6.2% of the genome (189.9 megabases). Detailed maps of these regions revealed multimegabase structural rearrangements, including in active centromeric repeat arrays. Analysis of centromere-associated sequences uncovered a strong relationship between the position of the centromere and the evolution of the surrounding DNA through layered repeat expansions. Furthermore, comparisons of chromosome X centromeres across a diverse panel of individuals illuminated high degrees of structural, epigenetic, and sequence variation in these complex and rapidly evolving regions.
Performance-optimized deep neural networks are evolving into worse models of inferotemporal visual cortex (2023)

One of the most impactful findings in computational neuroscience over the past decade is that the object recognition accuracy of deep neural networks (DNNs) correlates with their ability to predict neural responses to natural images in the inferotemporal (IT) cortex. This discovery supported the long-held theory that object recognition is a core objective of the visual cortex, and suggested that more accurate DNNs would serve as better models of IT neuron responses to images. Since then, deep learning has undergone a revolution of scale: billion parameter-scale DNNs trained on billions of images are rivaling or outperforming humans at visual tasks including object recognition. Have today's DNNs become more accurate at predicting IT neuron responses to images as they have grown more accurate at object recognition? Surprisingly, across three independent experiments, we find this is not the case. DNNs have become progressively worse models of IT as their accuracy has increased on ImageNet. To understand why DNNs experience this trade-off and evaluate if they are still an appropriate paradigm for modeling the visual system, we turn to recordings of IT that capture spatially resolved maps of neuronal activity elicited by natural images. These neuronal activity maps reveal that DNNs trained on ImageNet learn to rely on different visual features than those encoded by IT and that this problem worsens as their accuracy increases. We successfully resolved this issue with the neural harmonizer, a plug-and-play training routine for DNNs that aligns their learned representations with humans. Our results suggest that harmonized DNNs break the trade-off between ImageNet accuracy and neural prediction accuracy that assails current DNNs and offer a path to more accurate models of biological vision.
Towards direct reconstruction from a gamma camera based on Compton scattering (1994)

The Compton scattering camera (sometimes called the electronically collimated camera) has been shown by others to have the potential to better the photon counting statistics and the energy resolution of the Anger camera for imaging in SPECT. By using coincident detection of Compton scattering events on two detecting planes, a photon can be localized to having been sourced on the surface of a cone. New algorithms are needed to achieve fully three-dimensional reconstruction of the source distribution from such a camera. If a complete set of cone-surface projections are collected over an infinitely extending plane, it is shown that the reconstruction problem is not only analytically solvable, but also overspecified in the absence of measurement uncertainties. Two approaches to direct reconstruction are proposed, both based on the photons which travel perpendicularly between the detector planes. Results of computer simulations are presented which demonstrate the ability of the algorithms to achieve useful reconstructions in the absence of measurement uncertainties (other than those caused by quantization). The modifications likely to be required in the presence of realistic measurement uncertainties are discussed.
Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibition Compensates for the Transport Deficit in Huntington's Disease by Increasing Tubulin Acetylation (2007)

A defect in microtubule (MT)-based transport contributes to the neuronal toxicity observed in Huntington's disease (HD). Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors show neuroprotective effects in this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. We report here that HDAC inhibitors, including trichostatin A (TSA), increase vesicular transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by inhibiting HDAC6, thereby increasing acetylation at lysine 40 of alpha-tubulin. MT acetylation in vitro and in cells causes the recruitment of the molecular motors dynein and kinesin-1 to MTs. In neurons, acetylation at lysine 40 of alpha-tubulin increases the flux of vesicles and the subsequent release of BDNF. We show that tubulin acetylation is reduced in HD brains and that TSA compensates for the transport- and release-defect phenotypes that are observed in disease. Our findings reveal that HDAC6 inhibition and acetylation at lysine 40 of alpha-tubulin may be therapeutic targets of interest in disorders such as HD in which intracellular transport is altered.
How brand orientation impacts B2B service brand equity? An empirical study among Chinese firms (2016)

Purpose – The paper aims to explore how brand orientation impacts brand equity via internal branding, presented brand, word-of-mouth and customer experience from stakeholder interaction perspective in industrial services context. Brand orientation has emerged as an attractive business philosophy for industrial service companies who believe that brand plays an influential role in delivering customer value and improving firm’s performance. However, the impact of brand orientation upon brand equity is not clear yet, and the active roles of multiple stakeholders in co-creating brand equity are largely neglected in business-to-business (B2B) branding literature. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey was conducted among 258 pairs of firms located in mainland China. A total of nine research hypotheses related to how brand orientation impacts B2B service brand equity were examined by structural equation modeling technique. Findings – The research findings indicate: a company with high level of brand orientation will both actively communicate its brand to customers and implement internal branding among employees; internal branding enhances willingness and skills of service employees so that they can provide customers with excellent service experience, which will lead to positive word-of-mouth; effective brand communication, pleasant customer experience and favorable word-of-mouth can result in positive brand association in the mind of customers and finally build up corporate brand equity. Research limitations/implications – The major limitation of this paper is that some other potential stakeholders and additional interactive processes among organization, employees and customers, which have potential to impact brand equity, are not included in the model. Originality/value – This study makes theoretical contribution by addressing the gaps in the branding literature with respect to industrial services context and stakeholder interaction perspective. It also provides practical implications for B2B service firms as to how to develop a strong brand by implementing brand orientation within the network of core stakeholders.
Developing Concepts in Physics Through Virtual Lab Experiment: An Effectiveness Study (2013)

For physics learning, labs plays very active and significant role as it is essential to develop concepts and principles because students are continuously required to identify the hidden concepts, define and explain underlying laws and theories using high level reasoning skills. It is time and again observed that traditional real time physics laboratory has some limitations and problems in developing these concepts etc. In present given scenario of ICT, virtual lab through computer simulation based method of teaching physics is emerging as one of the most powerful method of experimentation in lab. The present study was conducted to see the effectiveness of virtual lab for developing concepts in physics. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Virtual Lab for students’ understanding of concepts of physics. The findings of the present study clearly revealed that student learned concepts of photoelectric effect through virtual lab in a better way as compared to real lab. The study also suggested the use of virtual labs in physics teaching, especially for teaching of concepts.
Neighbourhood Sets based on Web Usage Mining (2007)

Hyperlink structure of a Web site can be improved based on the Web usage information. Creating adaptive Web sites based on Web usage mining is receiving increasing interest from the researchers. It is important to develop theoretical frameworks for such a research. This paper discusses how neighbourhood sets can be a useful framework for analyzing Web access sequences.
Adequate funding for educational technology (2015)

While technology, in and of itself, is unlikely to raise student test scores, expenditures on technology do play a role in achieving an overall adequate educational system. The purpose of this study was to use a successful schools model to survey site principals and site teachers to seek their professional opinions on the role educational technology played in increasing student achievement and exiting from Year 4 or Year 5 of Program Improvement in 2006 or 2008.
Loss of Fgfr3 leads to excess hair cell development in the mouse organ of Corti (2006)

Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of FGF signaling at several stages in the development of the cochlea. At early stages of embryogenesis, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and several FGFs are critical for both the induction of the otic vesicle and the initial development of the sensory epithelium. At late stages of cochlear development, Fgfr3 is necessary for the development of the tunnel of Corti. To determine the stage of development when Fgfr3 is required, we examined the expression of Fgfr3 and Fgf8 at various developmental stages. We also re-examined the Fgfr3 -/- mouse with additional markers for developing supporting cells. We confirmed the previous analysis of the Fgfr3 -/- mice, indicating that there are deficiencies in support cell differentiation. Specifically, we find that the inner pillar cell never develops, while the outer pillar cell is stalled in its differentiation. In addition, we found an extra row of outer hair cells, and accompanying Deiters' cells, in the apical two thirds of the organ of Corti in the Fgfr3 mutant. Thus, in addition to controlling the fate decision between pillar cells and Deiters' cells, we find that Fgfr3 also regulates the width of the sensory epithelium.
The influence of environment on the growth of commercial finisher pigs (1998)

Results: UNRES group pigs had higher (P < .001) average daily liveweight gain, fat-free lean gain, and fat gain compared to pigs raised in the commercial environment. The liveweight gain and lean growth advantage of UNRES group pigs compared to COMM group pigs were immediate and consistent at each measurement. Lean gain increased from 30 to 52 kg (66 to 115 lb) bodyweight and then declined in both environments. UNRES group pigs had lower AGP (P < .02) and higher IGF-1 (P < .10) compared to COMM group pigs from 13‐23 weeks of age. CD4 values were also significantly (P < .05) lower for the UNRES group pigs at 23 weeks of age. Implications: The commercial grow-finish environment reduced liveweight, lean, and fat growth to 70% of that achieved under less limiting research conditions. Differences in AGP and CD4 values were detected between environments, suggesting that they may be useful as biomarkers in the finisher stage of commercial production.
Fibrin Clot Properties and Thrombin Generation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (2019)

Although most patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are oligosymptomatic with normal life expectancy, approximately one-fifth experience increased morbidity and mortality.[1] There are a wide range of clinical manifestations of HCM including diastolic dysfunction, end-stage heart failure (HF), ischemia, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, atrial fibrillation (AF), syncope, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Thromboembolic (TE) events such as stroke are observed predominantly in patients with AF.[1] [2] In a landmark study, TE complications were reported in 51 (6%) out of 900 ambulatory HCM patients over a period of 7 ± 7 years with an overall incidence of 0.8%/year and 1.9% for those > 60 years old. The independent predictors of TE complications were found to be AF, age, and HF. Of note, in 6 (12%) patients with TE complications, the etiology was not established.[3]
Toward a tenant-aware query rewriting engine for Universal Table schema-mapping (2012)

In software as a service (SaaS) environments, designing a multi-tenant data architecture that supports shared database with custom extension is a non-trivial task. A general approach to support such an architecture is a middleware-level facility that supports the mapping of multiple single-tenant logical schemas in the application to one multi-tenant physical schema in the database. In this paper we follow this approach and report our preliminary results on the design and analysis of a query rewriting engine that can transparently transform tenant-specific logical queries into corresponding physical queries for Universal Table, a widely adopted and industry verified schema-mapping technique. A prototype and a sample SaaS application are implemented to verify the feasibility of the design of the query rewriting engine. Besides, performance analysis results that can be used to predict the overhead of schema-mapping in the engine are also reported.
Evaluation of toxicological properties and photodynamic activity of Photolon ointment: an experimental study (2009)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate toxicological properties and photodynamic activity of a new ready form of the photosensitizer Photolon (Fotolon) - an ointment for topical use. The data obtained show the use of topicaly applied photosensitizer provides sufficient penetration and accumulation of the active compound in tumor tissue as well as in affected periodontal tissues for the effective PDT. There are several advantages of PDT with topical application of the photosensitizer such as absence of systemic toxic and photosensitive reactions, relatively low cost of the treatment and etc. We have shown that PDT of affected periodontal tissues with local application of Photolon/Fotolon ointment provides an ability of local destruction of microbial cell, located as on the gum surface as in the spatium intercellulare what is extremely important for successful treatment of acute and chronic periodontitis.
New genus-specific primers for the PCR identification of members of the genera Pseudonocardia and Saccharopolyspora (1999)

Members of the family Pseudonocardiaceae are difficult to identify on the basis of their micromorphology only. The biochemical characterization of each new isolate is a painstaking and time-consuming task which cannot always be undertaken when handling large numbers of strains as is the case in natural product screening programmes. In this study, two sets of genus-specific oligonucleotides were designed which allow rapid detection of members of the genera Pseudonocardia and Saccharopolyspora by means of PCR-specific amplification. The genus specificity of these primers was validated on a wide range of collection strains and the primers were subsequently used to study a group of 106 wild-type isolates that possessed morphological characteristics of the family. Out of this group, 51 strains could be identified as members of the genus Pseudonocardia and only nine isolates could be assigned to the genus Saccharopolyspora. The diversity indicated by whole-cell fatty acid profiles of both wild-type and reference strains was compared with that identified using the oligonucleotide primers. The partial 16S rDNA sequencing of representative wild-type strains was used to validate their genus assignment by PCR-specific amplification. This study shows the industrial usefulness of the application of these direct identification tools as well as the complementary use of two sources of data, PCR-specific amplification results and fatty acid composition, to assess the diversity of a microbial population.