gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering in Silicon-on-Insulator MOSFETs Through Source/Drain Engineering for Low-Operating-Power System-on-Chip Applications (2012)

In this paper, the authors propose novel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) types featuring additional L-shaped counterdoped areas in the source and/or drain regions of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs to reduce drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) through the buried oxide (BOX) layer. The L-shaped region in the drain area shields the BOX layer from penetration by the drain electric field, thereby reducing DIBL in the body region. Simulation of the electrical characteristics of these novel MOSFETs demonstrated more remarkable DIBL suppression and subthreshold slope performance in short-channel regions than in conventional SOI MOSFETs. In addition to this suppression, these novel MOSFETs suppress breakdown voltage more effectively than conventional SOI MOSFETs. The authors concluded that the proposed devices are capable of contributing to the scaling of SOI MOSFETs in ultralarge-scale integration circuits.
Neutron-induced soft errors, latchup, and comparison of SER test methods for SRAM technologies (2003)

In this work we compare neutron-induced soft error rates (SER) and latchup in SRAMs from a variety of manufacturers. SER is found to vary widely between different vendors and technology generations, and some SRAMs show extreme sensitivity to neutron-induced latchup. Continuous spectrum neutron and monoenergetic proton accelerated soft error rate test methods are compared.
Methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate, the fungitoxic principle of thiophanate‐methyl (1971)

Abstract A correlation was found between the formation of benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate esters from the thiophanate fungicides [thiophanate, thiophanate‐methyl and 2‐(3‐methoxycarbonylthioureido)aniline] and the fungitoxie activity of these fungicides. Fungitoxic activity of the thiophanates is increased by ageing in aqueous media while fungitoxicity as well as conversion rate decrease at lower pH. It is concluded that it is not the thiophanates themselves but the corresponding benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate esters that are responsible for the fungitoxic effect. Hence thiophanate‐methyl, like benomyl, is a precursor of the fungitoxic agent methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate (MBC). Indications were obtained that fungal metabolic activity can increase the rate of conversion of thiophanate‐methyl into MBC.
Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies Variability Modulates Nonstructural Protein 5A Transcriptional Activation, Pointing to Cellular Compartmentalization of Virus-Host Interactions (2004)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) behaves in infected patients as a complex mixture of genetically distinct but closely related variants referred to as a "quasispecies." By using quasispecies analysis strategies, we showed that HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) has a quasispecies distribution in infected humans and that NS5A quasispecies undergo significant genetic evolution over time, as a result of random accumulation of nucleotide mutations during replication. Genetic evolution of the NS5A quasispecies results in sporadic amino acid changes in the protein sequence. By using the functional in vitro model of HCV NS5A transcriptional activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we showed that natural NS5A quasispecies variants induce different levels of transcriptional activation, according to the charge of the residues (and possibly minor conformational changes) in the quasispecies variant sequence. These findings show that the accumulation of mutations on HCV genomes during replication randomly generates variant proteins with quantitatively different functional properties. The fact that each new variant protein is initially produced in a single infected hepatocyte and may or may not subsequently spread throughout the liver (depending on the replication capacities of the variant virus) points to cellular compartmentalization of virus-host interactions during chronic infection. This feature of quasispecies-distributed viruses could play an important role in various aspects of the viral life cycle and related disease.
Doped Oxides as Diffusion Sources (1970)

The diffusion of phosphorus from a deposited doped oxide into silicon has been found to be consistent with a previously derived model describing doped oxides as diffusion sources. Diffusion coefficients of phosphorus in both silicon and silicon dioxide have been measured in terms of this model over surface concentrations varying from at diffusion temperatures of 1000°, 1100°, and 1200°C.
Low physical activity is associated with proinflammatory high‐density lipoprotein and increased subclinical atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (2010)

Low physical activity is associated with increased subclinical atherosclerosis and proinflammatory HDL in patients with SLE. Increased strenuous exercise may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in SLE.
Oligomer Content of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol (2010)

The quantity, extraction efficiency, and molecular composition of non-volatile oligomeric species in SOA generated by the reaction of α-pinene with ozone were studied. Two different methods of determining the total particulate mass in the reaction chamber were compared and found to be in good agreement when changes in the partitioning of semi-volatile compounds to the particle phase during measurement were properly handled. Almost all of the non-volatile organic carbon formed by the reaction was collected and recovered by extraction with organic solvents; recoveries with water extraction were somewhat lower. The identities of compounds extracted by the various solvents were determined using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. Over 80% of the peaks weighted by mass and intensity were the same in the spectra of samples obtained from different extraction solvents. Standard addition plots were used to determine the amounts of two commercially available monomer compounds in the SOA extracts. When the response factors for those compounds were applied to other monomers detected in the mass spectra, the weight percent of monomers was estimated to be slightly less than 50%, with the remaining mass (over 50%) assigned to oligomers. The oligomer content is sufficiently large that it should be taken into account when modeling the formation and properties of laboratory SOA.
Fast electron transport and induced heating in aluminium foils (2008)

Beams of fast electrons have been generated from the ultra-intense laser interaction with Aluminium foil targets. The dynamics of the fast electrons propagation and the level of induced in-depth heating have been investigated using the optical emission from the foils rear side. Important yields of thermal emission, consequence of high target temperatures, were detected for targets thinner than 50 μm. We precisely characterized the targets in-depth temperature profile in order to reproduce the emission yields. At shallow depth, we show the important heating (estimated to &gt; 100 eV till 15 μm depth) has a resistive origin upon the neutralizing return current. For deeper regions, because of the bulk component divergence, the fast electron energy losses and induced heating are due to collisions. Coupling the model to the experimental measurements, we were able to quantify the bulk of the fast electron population, corresponding to 35% of the laser energy and a 500 keV temperature.
Gene and immune therapy for renal cell carcinoma (2001)

Conventional therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma is associated with a poor response rate and few patients are long-term survivors. The occurrence of spontaneous regression and the prolonged latency period between primary tumor removal and the appearance of metastases in some patients suggest the existence of important host immune responses to autologous tumor cells. With the advent of molecular gene transfer techniques and increased knowledge of the basic pathways of immune activation, the field of cancer immunotherapy has finally begun to develop novel and effective approaches for harnessing the immune system as a therapeutic agent. Current immunotherapy and gene therapy strategies, including methods of cytokine delivery and tumor-cell-based vaccines, are presented.
Corticosteroid signaling at the brain-immune interface impedes coping with severe psychological stress (2019)

The immune system supports brain plasticity and homeostasis, yet it is prone to changes following psychological stress. Thus, it remains unclear whether and how stress-induced immune alterations contribute to the development of mental pathologies. Here, we show that following severe stress in mice, leukocyte trafficking through the choroid plexus (CP), a compartment that mediates physiological immune-brain communication, is impaired. Blocking glucocorticoid receptor signaling, either systemically or locally through its genetic knockdown at the CP, facilitated the recruitment of <i>Gata3-</i> and <i>Foxp3</i>-expressing T cells to the brain and attenuated post-traumatic behavioral deficits. These findings functionally link post-traumatic stress behavior with elevated stress-related corticosteroid signaling at the brain-immune interface and suggest a novel therapeutic target to attenuate the consequences of severe psychological stress.
Learning to Recommend Related Entities to Search Users (2015)

Over the past few years, major web search engines have introduced knowledge bases to offer popular facts about people, places, and things on the entity pane next to regular search results. In addition to information about the entity searched by the user, the entity pane often provides a ranked list of related entities. To keep users engaged, it is important to develop a recommendation model that tailors the related entities to individual user interests. We propose a probabilistic Three-way Entity Model (TEM) that provides personalized recommendation of related entities using three data sources: knowledge base, search click log, and entity pane log. Specifically, TEM is capable of extracting hidden structures and capturing underlying correlations among users, main entities, and related entities. Moreover, the TEM model can also exploit the click signals derived from the entity pane log. We further provide an inference technique to learn the parameters in TEM, and propose a principled preference learning method specifically designed for ranking related entities. Extensive experiments with two real-world datasets show that TEM with our probabilistic framework significantly outperforms a state of the art baseline, confirming the effectiveness of TEM and our probabilistic framework in related entity recommendation.
Genome-wide gene expression differences in Crohnʼs disease and ulcerative colitis from endoscopic pinch biopsies: Insights into distinctive pathogenesis (2007)

The study shows that the gene expression patterns of IBD, CD in particular, are quite different from those of infectious colitis, highlighting distinctive expression of genes and pathways in UC and CD.
Adaptive multiple filtering (2002)

The method described represents an attractive compromise between the use of a single filter for a number of image distortions and one filter for each image or distortion of an image. The goal of this work is the generation of a number of filters, each of them being able to recognize a number of distortions. One of the main problems of the filter design is its high sensitivity to internal noise of the system, optical aberrations, etc. In this work, the most common case of image distortion invariance has been considered together with system noise invariance. The simulation results indicate the absence of a false alarm and good identification. The filter generation is based on a learning process in an electro-optical pattern recognition system. The genetic algorithm serves as an optimization method. A binary filter has been selected as the spatial filter. The comparison between a traditional matched spatial complex filter and this adaptive binary filter performance indicates the significant benefits of the latter. Statistical tools were used to estimate and compare the significance of the difference between the output average of a rejection and recognition image sets.
A Synthesis of the Hypocholesterolemic Agent 1233A Via Asymmetric [2 + 2] Cycloaddition (1998)

diene synthesis - coupling - [2 + 2] cycloaddition - β-lactone - chiral Lewis acid - carboxylation - Pfaltz reduction
Formaldehyde Formation in Small Gas Burners (1996)

The rates of emission of formaldehyde from five domestic gas appliance burners have been determined as a function of both heat input and primary aeration: These emission rates range from 0.2 to 20 ng/J (based on the lower heating value), depending on the operational parameters and the design of the burners. Conventional blue flame burners generally produce < 2 ng/J unless subject to impingement or operating under conditions leading to flame lift when emission rates increase substantially. The highest formaldehyde emission rates (6 to 20 ng/J) found in this study were produced by an inverted radiant griller (broiler) burner. Probe measurements of formaldehyde distributions within a bunsen burner flame show peak concentrations around 120 ppm occurring just inside the inner cone, decreasing very rapidly into the burnt gases. High concentrations of formaldehyde (> 20 ppm) occur outside the outer cone of the bunsen burner flame only in the quenched regions near the base. This eflfect is believed to be responsible for the baseline emissions from domestic blue flame burners also.
An HMO »Extended« Free Valence Index and its Application (1986)

An extended free valence index defined in the HMO framework and its modification is presented .. It has been applied to several molecules containing heteroatoms and non-benzenoid systems, where the classical free valence index fails in predicting the reactivity positions.This index gives, by direct inspection, the most probable positions for electrophilic (ES) and nucleophilic (NS) substitutions.
Nanocomposite of photocurable epoxy-acrylate resin and carbon nanotubes: dynamic-mechanical, thermal and tribological properties (2012)

In this study, the thermal, dynamic-mechanical and tribological behavior of nanocomposites of a photocurable epoxy-acrylate resin and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are investigated. A route consisting of a combination of sonication, mechanical and magnetic stirring is used to disperse 0.25-0.75 wt. (%) MWCNT into the resin. Two photocuring cycles using 12 hours and 24 hours of UV-A radiation are studied. The storage modulus, the loss modulus and the tan delta are obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal stability is investigated by thermogravimetry, morphology by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and tribological performance using a pin-on-disk apparatus. The results indicate an increase in stiffness and higher ability to dissipate energy, as well as a shift in the glass transition temperature for the nanocomposites. The addition of nanofillers also decreased friction coefficient and wear rate of the nanocomposites but did not change the observed wear mechanisms.
Supplemental Figure 1 from Preclinical Evaluation of Nintedanib, a Triple Angiokinase Inhibitor, in Soft-tissue Sarcoma: Potential Therapeutic Implication for Synovial Sarcoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Western blot analysis for RTK and non-RTK targets&lt;/p&gt;
Comparative study of the optical properties of colon mucosa and colon precancerous polyps between 400 and 1000 nm (2017)

Optical properties of biological tissues are unique and may be used for tissue identification, tissue discrimination or even to identify pathologies. Early stage colorectal cancer evolves from adenomatous polyps that arise in the inner layer of the colorectal tube &mdash; the mucosa. The identification of different optical properties between healthy and pathological colorectal tissues might be used to identify different tissue components and to develop an early stage diagnosis method using optical technologies. Since most of the biomedical optics techniques use light within the visible and near infrared wavelength ranges, we used the inverse adding-doubling method to make a fast estimation of the optical properties of colorectal mucosa and early stage adenocarcinoma between 400 and 1000 nm. The estimated wavelength dependencies have provided information about higher lipid content in healthy mucosa and higher blood content in pathological tissue. Such data has also indicated that the wavelength dependence of the scattering coefficient for healthy mucosa is dominated by Rayleigh scattering and for pathological mucosa it is dominated by Mie scattering. Such difference indicates smaller scatterer size in healthy mucosa tissue. Such information can now be used to develop new diagnosis or treatment methods for early cancer detection or removal. One possibility is to use optical clearing technique to improve tissue transparency and create localized and temporary tissue dehydration for image contrast improvement during diagnosis or polyp laser removal. Such techniques can now be developed based on the different results that we have found for healthy and pathological colorectal mucosa.
Distinct genetic regulation of progression of diabetes and renal disease in the Goto-Kakizaki rat (2009)

Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats develop early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) symptoms, with signs of diabetic nephropathy becoming apparent with aging. To determine whether T2D and renal disease share similar genetic architecture, we ran a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in the F2 progeny of a GK x Brown Norway (BN) rat cross. Further, to determine whether genetic components change over time, we ran the QTL analysis on phenotypes collected longitudinally, at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, from the same animals. We confirmed three chromosomal regions that are linked to early diabetes phenotypes (chromosomes 1, 5, and 10) and a single region involved in the late progression of the disorder (chromosome 4). A single region was identified for the onset of the renal phenotype proteinuria (chromosome 5). This region overlaps the diabetic QTL, although it is not certain whether similar genes are involved in both phenotypes. A second QTL linked to the progression of the renal phenotype was found on chromosome 7. Linkage for triglyceride and cholesterol levels were also identified (chromosomes 7 and 8, respectively). These results demonstrate that, in general, different genetic components control diabetic and renal phenotypes in a diabetic nephropathy model. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that, over time, different genetic components are involved in progression of disease from those that were involved in disease onset. This observation would suggest that clinical studies collecting participants over a wide age distribution may be diluting genetic effects and reducing power to detect true effects.
Long‐pulse dye laser for photodynamic therapy: Investigations in vitro and in vivo (1999)

Background and Objective Continuous wave lasers or incoherent lamps are used effectively for photodynamic therapy (PDT). As the mechanism of action of pulsed lasers in PDT is not known, we investigated the efficacy of PDT with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) using a long-pulse (1.5 ms) tunable flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser (LPDL) in vitro and in vivo. Study Design/Materials and Methods HaCaT human keratinocytes were incubated with ALA (3 mmol/l) and irradiated (0–50 J/cm2) using the LPDL at 585 nm, 595 nm, or 600 nm vs. an incoherent light source (580–740 nm). Topical ALA-PDT was performed on 24 patients with actinic keratoses (AK) on the head (n = 200) after incubation with a 20% ALA emulsion and irradiation by either an incoherent light source (160 mW/cm2, 60–160 J/cm2) or the LPDL (585 nm, 18 J/cm2). Results Maximal cytotoxic effects in vitro were achieved using the LPDL at 585 nm or the incoherent lamp (50 J/cm2). Sodium azide, a quencher of singlet oxygen, significantly reduced cell killing, suggesting that the cytotoxic effects are mainly mediated by singlet oxygen. This is supported by an increase of lipid peroxides as determined by malondialdehyde after adding D2O. Complete remission was achieved in 79% of 100 AK treated by ALA and the LPDL and in 84% of 100 AK treated by ALA and the incoherent lamp. Pain during light treatment was significantly reduced by using the LPDL. Control lesions (LPDL without ALA) did not clear. Conclusion These results show the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ALA-PDT using a pulsed light source mediated by singlet oxygen. Lasers Surg. Med. 25:51–59, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pd(quinoline-8-carboxylate)2 as a Low-Priced, Phosphine-Free Catalyst for Heck and Suzuki Reactions (2007)

N,O-Bidentate compounds were systematically evaluated as phosphine-free ligands for Pd-catalyzed C-C bond-formation reactions through kinetic measurements. Pd(quinoline-8-carboxylate)2 was identified as one of the most efficient, yet still low-priced, phosphine-free catalysts for Heck as well as Suzuki reactions of unactivated aryl bromides with high turnover numbers up to ca. 10,000.
OSA Proceedings of the Topical Meeting (5th) on Short-Wave Length Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications Held in Monterey, California on 8-10 April 1991. Volume 11 (1992)

The Fifth Topical Meeting on Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications was held in Monterey, California, April 8-10, 1991. This volume contains the papers delivered at the conference, which chronicle the major advances in short-wavelength laser physics and technology. Short-wavelength coherent radiation generation is inextricably linked to high-intensity laser-matter physics, and this meeting had more emphasis on the basic high-field light-matter interaction than ever before. There were three sessions devoted entirely to this subject, with additional papers on high-field technology and physics scattered throughout the meeting.
Robust Design Techniques for Evaluating Fuel Cell Thermal Performance (2006)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Plug Power Inc. have been working together to develop fuel cell modeling processes to rapidly assess critical design parameters and evaluate the effects of variation on performance. This paper describes a methodology for investigating key design parameters affecting the thermal performance of a high temperature, polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based fuel cell stack. Nonuniform temperature distributions within the fuel cell stack may cause degraded performance, induce thermo-mechanical stresses, and be a source of reduced stack durability. The three-dimensional (3-D) model developed for this project includes coupled thermal/flow finite element analysis (FEA) of a multi-cell stack integrated with an electrochemical model to determine internal heat generation rates. Sensitivity and optimization algorithms were used to examine the design and derive the best choice of the design parameters. Initial results showed how classic design-of-experiment (DOE) techniques integrated with the model were used to define a response surface and perform sensitivity studies on heat generation rates, fluid flow, bipolar plate channel geometry, fluid properties, and plate thermal material properties. Probabilistic design methods were used to assess the robustness of the design in response to variations in load conditions. The thermal model was also used to develop an alternative coolant flow-path design that yields improved thermal performance. Results from this analysis were recently incorporated into the latest Plug Power coolant flow-path design. This paper presents an evaluation of the effect of variation on key design parameters such as coolant and gas flow rates and addresses uncertainty in material thermal properties.