gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: the metabolic syndrome comes to gynaecology (1998)

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common form of anovulatory infertility.1 Its association with menstrual disturbance and altered hormonal parameters leads many affected women of reproductive age to attend a gynaecology or infertility clinic. The aetiology of the condition is unknown, but recent evidence suggests that the principal underlying disorder is one of insulin resistance, with the resultant hyperinsulinaemia stimulating excess ovarian androgen production. Associated with the prevalent insulin resistance, these women exhibit a characteristic dyslipidaemia and a predisposition to non-insulin dependent diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life. Thus, polycystic ovarian syndrome seems to have many of the hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome.2–4 This article focuses on the recent change in attitudes to polycystic ovarian syndrome arising from the link with insulin resistance—a concept that not only has major implications for the health of affected women but also offers a potential for new treatments.

### Summary points

This article is derived from a review of recent publications in the relevant subjects of endocrinology, reproductive medicine, and gynaecology. In addition, we conducted a Medline search of …
Lack of Nonshivering Thermogenesis in Infants Anesthetized with Fentanyl and Propofol (1997)

Even at core temperatures approximately 2 degrees C below the vasoconstriction threshold, there was no evidence of nonshivering thermogenesis. This finding is surprising because all other major thermoregulatory responses have been detected during anesthesia. Infants and children thus appear similar to adults in being unable to increase metabolic rate in response to mild intraoperative hypothermia.
Chelation-assisted assembly of multidentate colloidal nanoparticles into metal–organic nanoparticles (2018)

We propose a chelation-assisted assembly of multidentate CNs into metal-organic nanoparticles (MONs). Multidentate CNs functionalized with coordination sites participate equally as organic linkers in MON construction, which is driven by chelation between metal ions and coordination sites. MONs assembled from Au nanoparticles display particle number- and size-dependent optical properties. In addition, the resulting CN-assembled MONs give evidence that assembly was dictated by the multidentate surface ligand rather than the size, shape or material of CNs. With this chelation-assisted strategy, it is possible to control the number of assembled CNs and build the connections between them.
Analysis and Blocking of Error Propagation by Region-Dependent Noisy Data in MREIT (2013)

Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) aims to visualize a conductivity distribution inside the human body. In MREIT, we inject current to produce a current density $\mathbf{J}$ and magnetic flux density $\mathbf{B}$ inside the body, and we measure $B_z$, which is the $z$-component of $\mathbf{B}$, using an MRI scanner with its main field in the $z$ direction. Using fundamental relations between the measured $B_z$ and the conductivity, we can reconstruct cross-sectional images of the internal conductivity distribution. In this paper, we adopt the harmonic $B_z$ algorithm, which is based on the key observation that $\nabla^2 B_z$ reveals changes in the log of the conductivity distribution along any equipotential curve on an imaging slice. When we apply the method to measured $B_z$ data from animal or human subjects, however, there occur a few technical difficulties that are mainly related to measurement errors in $B_z$ data, especially in a local region where MR signals are very small. This demands innovative data processing methods based on a rigorous mathematical analysis of such defective data. We carefully investigate sources of the error and its adverse effects on the image reconstruction process. We suggest a new error propagation blocking algorithm to prevent defective data at one local region from negatively influencing conductivity images of other regions. We experimentally examine the performance of the proposed method by comparing reconstructed images with and without applying the error propagation blocking algorithm. We found that the error blocking algorithm improves the accuracy of reconstructed conductivity images.
Nützlichkeit und Effektivität: Orientierungen von Studierenden im Umgang mit digitalen Medien in der wissenschaftlichen Weiterbildung. Forschungsbericht (2019)

Der digitale Wandel von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft wird derzeit breit diskutiert. Eines der Handlungsfelder, die im Rahmen politischer Debatten und Agenden zur Digitalisierung bundesweit identifiziert werden, ist die sog. digitale Bildung. Sie soll einerseits sicherstellen, dass die Menschen jene digitalen Kompetenzen erwerben, die fur den Umgang mit den neuen Technologien und damit fur die soziale Teilhabe in einer digitalen Welt erforderlich sind. Andererseits sollen digitale Medien und Lernumgebungen verstarkt zur Unterstutzung von Lehr‐ und Lernprozessen eingesetzt werden. Sofern die Verwendung digitaler Medien nicht nur pauschal mit moderner oder zeitgemaser Vermittlung bzw. (Fach‐)Didaktik assoziiert wird, werden damit vor allem drei Erwartungen verbunden: 1) dass digitale Medien eine zeit‐ und ortsunabhangige Auseinandersetzung mit Studieninhalten und somit ein flexibleres und selbstgesteuertes Lernen ermoglichen, 2) dass sie die Lernmotivation steigern, z.B. durch multimediale, interaktive und/oder kompetitive Formate, und 3) dass sie zu groserer Effizienz des Lernens beitragen, z.B. durch adaptive Lehr‐Lern‐Systeme und individualisierte Lernverlaufe. Daher wird dem Einsatz digitaler Medien auch ein Potenzial im Kontext der Entwicklung von Studienformaten zugewiesen, die der besonderen Situation nicht traditioneller Zielgruppen von Hochschulen – beispielsweise in der wissenschaftlichen Weiterbildung – gerecht werden konnen und sollen.
Intermolecular cross-linking of monomers in Helicobacter pylori Na+/H+ antiporter NhaA at the dimer interface inhibits antiporter activity (2009)

We have previously shown that HPNhaA (Helicobacter pylori Na+/H+ antiporter) forms an oligomer in a native membrane of Escherichia coli, and conformational changes of oligomer occur between monomers of the oligomer during ion transport. In the present study, we use Blue-native PAGE to show that HPNhaA forms a dimer. Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of residues 55-61 in a putative beta-sheet region of loop1 and subsequent functional analyses revealed that the Q58C mutation resulted in an intermolecular disulfide bond. G56C, I59C and G60C were found to be cross-linked by bifunctional cross-linkers. Furthermore, the Q58E mutant did not form a dimer, possibly due to electrostatic repulsion between monomers. These results imply that Gln-58 and the flanking sequence in the putative beta-sheet of the monomer are located close to the identical residues in the dimer. The Q58C mutant of NhaA was almost inactive under non-reducing conditions, and activity was restored under reducing conditions. This result showed that cross-linking at the dimer interface reduces transporter activity by interfering with the flexible association between the monomers. A mutant HPNhaA protein with three amino acid substitutions at residues 57-59 did not form a dimer, and yet was active, indicating that the monomer is functional.
Planar waveguide echelle gratings in silica-on-silicon (2004)

Silica planar waveguide echelle grating demultiplexers with 48 channels and 256 channels are described and demonstrated. Polarization effects due to stress birefringence and polarization-dependent grating efficiency have been eliminated using a modified polarization compensator and grating design. The devices have a polarization-dependent wavelength shift of less than 10 pm, and a polarization-dependent loss below 0.2 dB. The 48-channel device has a measured crosstalk of -35 dB, an insertion loss better than 4 dB, and a uniformity of 1 dB across the C-band.
Aspartate Aminotransferase of E. coli: Effects of Site-Directed Mutagenesis on Substrate Recognition (1992)

R292 is crucial for both the binding and the catalysis of the transamination reaction of dicarboxylic acid substrates. Substitution of R292 to uncharged residues greatly enhanced the catalytic efficiency of transamination of neutral amino acids without any effect on the binding. Residues at position 292 may not be involved in recognition of the neutral side chain. The indole ring of W140 not only regulates the rotational movement of the coenzyme ring during catalysis, but it also may be involved in binding the carboxyl side chain of dicarboxylic substrates. The phenol group of Y70 is essential for the stabilization of the transition states with all substrates. Benzene ring at position 70 is necessary to recognize the glutamate-2-oxoglutarate substrate pair.
139-02: Comparison of the long-term efficacy of two different programming strategies for multipoint left ventricular pacing (2016)

Purpose: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with multipoint left ventricular (LV) pacing (MultiPoint™ Pacing [MPP], St. Jude Medical) improves long-term LV reverse remodeling, though questions persist about how to program LV pacing vectors and delays. We evaluated if an empirical method of programming MPP improves CRT response similar to pressure-volume loop (PVL) optimization. Methods: Patients undergoing CRT implant (Quadra Assura MP™ CRT-D and Quartet™ LV lead, St. Jude Medical) received MPP with programmed settings optimized either by PVL measurements at implant (PVL-OPT group) or empirically determined by maximizing the spatial separation between the two cathodes and minimizing delays between the two pacing pulses (MAX-SEP group). CRT response was prospectively defined as a reduction in end-systolic volume (ESV) of ≥15% relative to baseline at 6 months as determined by a blinded observer. Conclusion: Both evaluated methods of MPP programming resulted in similar, high levels of CRT response. Empirical MPP programming by maximum spatial separation of LV cathodes may be an effective, simple, and non-invasive alternative to PVL optimization.
Pleural fluid interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in tuberculous and rheumatoid pleurisy (1996)

Tuberculous and rheumatoid pleural effusions show features suggesting a strong local cellular immune response. Pleural fluid (Pf) from patients with tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other diseases were compared with respect to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Immunoassays were used to determine Pf-IFN-gamma and Pf-TNF-alpha in 102 patients, including 11 with RA, 31 with verified tuberculosis, 23 with suspected tuberculosis, 11 with pneumonia, 14 with lung cancer and 12 with congestive heart failure. Measurable Pf-IFN-gamma occurred exclusively in patients with verified (median 1.8 ng x mL-1; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.63-4.0 ng x mL-1) or suspected (0.37 ng x mL-1; 95%CI 0-0.7 ng x mL-1) tuberculosis. The highest median Pf-IFN-gamma was observed in those patients who showed a positive pleural fluid culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In pleural effusions due to other diseases, including RA, IFN-gamma was undetectable. The highest Pf-TNF-alpha occurred in verified tuberculosis (median 198 ng x L-1; 95% CI 169-222 ng x L-1) and RA (210 ng x L-1; 95% CI 147-231 ng x L-1). Pleural fluid interferon-gamma is a highly useful marker for diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy. Although tuberculous and rheumatoid pleural effusions share several biochemical features, they are strikingly different with respect to interferon-gamma.
Towards design principles for determining the mechanical stability of proteins (2013)

The successful integration of proteins into bionanomaterials with specific and desired functions requires an accurate understanding of their material properties. Two such important properties are their mechanical stability and malleability. While single molecule manipulation techniques now routinely provide access to these, there is a need to move towards predictive tools that can rationally identify proteins with desired material properties. We provide a comprehensive review of the available experimental data on the single molecule characterisation of proteins using the atomic force microscope. We uncover a number of empirical relationships between the measured mechanical stability of a protein and its malleability, which provide a set of simple tools that might be employed to estimate properties of previously uncharacterised proteins.
Impedance Modeling for Quadrature-Axis Active Damping of PLL Dynamics (2022)

When grid-following voltage source converters (VSCs) operate in inverter mode, the phase-locked loop (PLL) dynamics introduce a negative-real-part impedance, which may lead to the instability of the closed-loop system, especially in a weak-grid connection. This undesirable property of the PLL may be offset by so-called active damping. Nevertheless, the interaction between the active damping and the adverse PLL impact is not fully understood. To this end, the properties of different active-damping methods are analyzed, with the focus on the q-to-q coupling of the input admittance. One important finding is that adding an integrator to the q-axis active damper can improve the system performance in a weak-grid connection. Simulations and experimental results verify the theoretical analysis.
Medicine and health of 21st Century: Not just a high biotech-driven solution (2022)

Many biotechnological innovations have shaped the contemporary healthcare system (CHS) with significant progress to treat or cure several acute conditions and diseases of known causes (particularly infectious, trauma). Some have been successful while others have created additional health care challenges. For example, a reliance on drugs has not been a panacea to meet the challenges related to multifactorial noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)-the main health burden of the 21st century. In contrast, the advent of omics-based and big data technologies has raised global hope to predict, treat, and/or cure NCDs, effectively fight even the current COVID-19 pandemic, and improve overall healthcare outcomes. Although this digital revolution has introduced extensive changes on all aspects of contemporary society, economy, firms, job market, and healthcare management, it is facing and will face several intrinsic and extrinsic challenges, impacting precision medicine implementation, costs, possible outcomes, and managing expectations. With all of biotechnology's exciting promises, biological systems' complexity, unfortunately, continues to be underestimated since it cannot readily be compartmentalized as an independent and segregated set of problems, and therefore is, in a number of situations, not readily mimicable by the current algorithm-building proficiency tools. Although the potential of biotechnology is motivating, we should not lose sight of approaches that may not seem as glamorous but can have large impacts on the healthcare of many and across disparate population groups. A balanced approach of "omics and big data" solution in CHS along with a large scale, simpler, and suitable strategies should be defined with expectations properly managed.
Decyclizing phosphodiesterases associated with plasma membranes of the chick chorioalantois (1981)

Two different enzymatic activities hydrolyzing 2',3'-cyclic phosphates of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides to give 2'- or 3'-ribonucleotides have been detected in plasma membranes of the chick chorioalantois. The enzymes differ in their temperature optima: At lower temperatures, cleavage to the 2'-isomers predominates.
Amniotic suspension allograft improves pain and function in a rat meniscal tear-induced osteoarthritis model (2022)

In this study, an injection of ASA was well tolerated with no adverse events. Improvements in pain and function, along with cartilage properties at day 10, were observed. Increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines was also seen, along with no significant cartilage degeneration at day 21 compared to the vehicle control. This study provides evidence for the use of ASA as a nonsurgical treatment for knee OA.
Development of the PenTile Matrix™ color AMLCD subpixel architecture and rendering algorithms (2003)

Abstract— Color subpixel rendering is enhanced by co‐optimizing the color subpixel architecture and algorithms with respect to human vision. This has resulted in the PenTile™ display technology, which provides double the information content per subpixel when compared to a conventional RGB Stripe display. Output performance results from mathematical modeling, software simulations, and prototype AMLCDs displays demonstrate significant quality improvements to both text and full‐color images in comparison to images from RGB Stripe displays that have the same number of subpixels and column drivers.
Specific and Sensitive Measurement of FK506 and Its Metabolites in Blood and Urine of Liver-Graft Recipients (1992)

Abstract A specific and sensitive assay for quantifying the immunosuppressant FK506 and its metabolites in blood and urine was developed. 32-O-Acetyl FK506 was synthesized and used as internal standard. FK506 and its metabolites were purified from the samples by solid-liquid extraction and were injected into a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system linked to a mass spectrometer (MS) by particle-beam interface. The FK506 derivatives were separated from interfering material by use of a 100 x 4 mm C8 analytical column and water/acetonitrile or water/methanol gradient elution; they were detected by negative chemical ionization with methane as reagent gas. The limit of detection was 25 pg in a standard solution, and the limit of quantification in blood was 250 pg (extracted from 1 mL of blood). The CV was 11.3% at 5 ng, and no interferences with other drugs were found.
Demonstration of Loss of Heterozygosity by Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Microarray Analysis and Alterations in Strain Morphology in Candida albicans Strains during Infection (2005)

Candida albicans is a diploid yeast with a predominantly clonal mode of reproduction, and no complete sexual cycle is known. As a commensal organism, it inhabits a variety of niches in humans. It becomes an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients and can cause both superficial and disseminated infections. It has been demonstrated that genome rearrangement and genetic variation in isolates of C. albicans are quite common. One possible mechanism for generating genome-level variation among individuals of this primarily clonal fungus is mutation and mitotic recombination leading to loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Taking advantage of a recently published genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map (A. Forche, P. T. Magee, B. B. Magee, and G. May, Eukaryot. Cell 3:705-714, 2004), an SNP microarray was developed for 23 SNP loci residing on chromosomes 5, 6, and 7. It was used to examine 21 strains previously shown to have undergone mitotic recombination at the GAL1 locus on chromosome 1 during infection in mice. In addition, karyotypes and morphological properties of these strains were evaluated. Our results show that during in vivo passaging, LOH events occur at observable frequencies, that such mitotic recombination events occur independently in different loci across the genome, and that changes in karyotypes and alterations of phenotypic characteristics can be observed alone, in combination, or together with LOH.
On the self-Affinity of Heparan Sulfates from Quiescent or Proliferating Normal 3T3 Cells and from SV40-Transformed Cells. (1985)

35S-Labelled heparan sulfates derived from the culture medium (extracellular), a trypsinate of the cells (pericellular) and the cell residue (intracellular) of quiescent normal, proliferating normal or SV40-transformed 3T3 cells were analyzed for charge heterogeneity, by ion exchange chromatography and for self-affinity, by chromatography on heparan sulfate-agarose gels. Quiescent normal cells retained most of their heparan sulphate intra- or pericellularly. The surface-exposed material was charge heterogeneous and had a strong affinity for heparan sulfate. In cultures of growing cells and transformed cells most of the heparan sulfate was found in the medium. The heparan sulfate retained on the surface or growing cells had a lower self-affinity than did the corresponding material from normal and transformed cells. Although cell surface heparan sulfates from transformed cells showed affinity for a matrix substituted with the total heparan sulfate pool, the affinity for one particular subtype was much less pronounced or non-existent.
Change is Hard: A Closer Look at Subpopulation Shift (2023)

Machine learning models often perform poorly on subgroups that are underrepresented in the training data. Yet, little is understood on the variation in mechanisms that cause subpopulation shifts, and how algorithms generalize across such diverse shifts at scale. In this work, we provide a fine-grained analysis of subpopulation shift. We first propose a unified framework that dissects and explains common shifts in subgroups. We then establish a comprehensive benchmark of 20 state-of-the-art algorithms evaluated on 12 real-world datasets in vision, language, and healthcare domains. With results obtained from training over 10,000 models, we reveal intriguing observations for future progress in this space. First, existing algorithms only improve subgroup robustness over certain types of shifts but not others. Moreover, while current algorithms rely on group-annotated validation data for model selection, we find that a simple selection criterion based on worst-class accuracy is surprisingly effective even without any group information. Finally, unlike existing works that solely aim to improve worst-group accuracy (WGA), we demonstrate the fundamental tradeoff between WGA and other important metrics, highlighting the need to carefully choose testing metrics. Code and data are available at: https://github.com/YyzHarry/SubpopBench.
Reversible, Nanometer-Scale Conductance Transitions in an Organic Complex (2000)

Reversible conductance transitions are demonstrated on the molecular scale in a complex of 3-nitrobenzal malononitrile and 1, 4-phenylenediamine, by application of local electric field pulses. Both macroscopic and local current-voltage (I/V) measurements show similar electrical bistability behavior. The mechanism of the electrical bistability is discussed.
Rubber-Toughened Epoxies: A Critical Review (2009)

Epoxy resins have been used as structural materials since the late 1940s. Despite their desirable properties such as high strength, excellent creep resistance, and good adhesion, they suffer from low fracture energy. Rubber modification as a major toughening approach to overcome the inherent brittleness of epoxy polymers was introduced during the early 1970s. Since then, a large number of investigations have been conducted to elucidate different aspects of rubber-toughened epoxies. The present work is a critical review of the field focusing on the important parameters affecting rubber-toughening. The studies reviewed are classified in five categories including roles of matrix ductility, rubber concentration, blend morphology, particle cavitation, and particle/matrix interface. It has been tried to provide an in-depth view of the state-of-the-art knowledge in the field and to direct future studies towards exploring new approaches for toughening of epoxy polymers.
Adaptation of the Score for Allergic Rhinitis in the Chinese Population: Psychometric Properties and Diagnostic Accuracy (2017)

SFAR was translated into a Chinese version, the CSFAR. Satisfactory results were obtained for its equivalence, appropriateness, comprehensibility, and relevance, as well as its reliability and validity. A cutoff value of 6 was recommended to increase the diagnostic accuracy in environments with less pollen. This study provides evidence that the SFAR we adapted for the Chinese population is a valuable tool in AR screening.