gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Annealing Process of Pulsed RF Decoupled Plasma Nitridation Oxynitrides (2005)

Optimization of post nitridation annealing (PNA) in plasma nitrided gate oxide integration exhibited reduction of gate leakage current and improvement of negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) without drive current loss have been demonstrated. An improved interface quality by a high temperature or a high pressure O 2 PNA is the main factor to improve channel mobility. The addition of both post clean annealing (PCA) and post oxidation annealing (POA) allows for gate dielectric scaling down with the benefit of drive current improvement. An increase in oxide thickness and a decrease in relative nitrogen concentration resulted in the improvement of NBTI characteristics.
A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 8-HYDROXYISOALLOXAZINES (8-HYDROXYFLAVINS) (1980)

Abstract Treatment of isoalloxazine 5-oxides with acetic anhydride yielded the corresponding 8-acetoxyisoalloxazines exclusively, which are labile to hydrolysis to give 8-hydroxyisoalloxazines (8-hydroxyflavins).
Advances in proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells: an overview on proton conductive channels (PCCs) (2013)

Proton-exchange membranes (PEM) display unique ion-selective transport that has enabled a breakthrough in high-performance proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Elemental understanding of the morphology and proton transport mechanisms of the commercially available Nafion® has promoted a majority of researchers to tune proton conductive channels (PCCs). Specifically, knowledge of the morphology-property relationship gained from statistical and segmented copolymer PEMs has highlighted the importance of the alignment of PCCs. Furthermore, increasing efforts in fabricating and aligning artificial PCCs in field-aligned copolymer PEMs, nanofiber composite PEMs and mesoporous PEMs have set new paradigms for improvement of membrane performances. This perspective profiles the recent development of the channels, from the self-assembled to the artificial, with a particular emphasis on their formation and alignment. It concludes with an outlook on benefits of highly aligned PCCs for fuel cell operation, and gives further direction to develop new PEMs from a practical point of view.
Philosophy of Computer Science (2019)

The subject matter of computer science encompasses a large number of different activities that range from abstract mathematical topics through core engineering practices and scientific investigations. Subsequently, the philosophy of computer science overlaps with the philosophies of mathematics, science, and technology, and the central philosophical concerns of these disciplines all have computational analogues. The ontological status of programs, the nature of computational abstraction, and the kind of knowledge delivered by correctness proofs are central instances. In addition, because of the focus of computer science on formal languages and their semantic interpretation, the philosophy of computer science draws in topics and inspiration from the philosophies of language and mind.
New Representations for the Gaussian Class Multivariate Weibull Distribution with Constant Correlation and Applications (2011)

Novel single-integral representations for the multivariate probability density functions (PDFs) and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the Gaussian class Weibull distribution are derived. The solutions are expressed in terms of familiar mathematical functions which are available in common mathematical software. The well known equal (constant) correlation model is considered. A special linear transformation of independent Gaussian random variables is used to generate correlated Weibull random variables. The advantage of the new representation is that only a single integral computation is needed to compute a N-dimensional distribution. The new representation of the CDF is used for the performance evaluation of a selection diversity combiner operating in equally correlated Weibull fading channels. The new PDF representation is also used for an analysis of the moments of the output signal-to-noise ratio of an equal-gain diversity combiner operating in equally correlated Weibull fading channels.
The Ubiquitin Regulatory X (UBX) Domain-containing Protein TUG Regulates the p97 ATPase and Resides at the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Intermediate Compartment (2011)

p97/VCP is a hexameric ATPase that is coupled to diverse cellular processes, such as membrane fusion and proteolysis. How p97 activity is regulated is not fully understood. Here we studied the potential role of TUG, a widely expressed protein containing a UBX domain, to control mammalian p97. In HEK293 cells, the vast majority of TUG was bound to p97. Surprisingly, the TUG UBX domain was neither necessary nor sufficient for this interaction. Rather, an extended sequence, comprising three regions of TUG, bound to the p97 N-terminal domain. The TUG C terminus resembled the Arabidopsis protein PUX1. Similar to the previously described action of PUX1 on AtCDC48, TUG caused the conversion of p97 hexamers into monomers. Hexamer disassembly was stoichiometric rather than catalytic and was not greatly affected by the p97 ATP-binding state or by TUG N-terminal regions in vitro. In HeLa cells, TUG localized to the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi intermediate compartment and endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. Although siRNA-mediated TUG depletion had no marked effect on total ubiquitylated proteins or p97 localization, TUG overexpression caused an accumulation of ubiquitylated substrates and targeted both TUG and p97 to the nucleus. A physiologic role of TUG was revealed by siRNA-mediated depletion, which showed that TUG is required for efficient reassembly of the Golgi complex after brefeldin A removal. Together, these data support a model in which TUG controls p97 oligomeric status at a particular location in the early secretory pathway and in which this process regulates membrane trafficking in various cell types.
Recycling of vinasse in ethanol fermentation and application in Egyptian distillery factories (2014)

Vinasse production is one of the most significant and challenging issues in the industrial production of ethanol due to pollution problems. In this study, vinasse obtained from ethanol by fermentation of sugarcane molasses was used instead of water to prepare the fermentation medium. Saccharomyces cerevisiae F-727 was selected from 10 tested yeast strains. Nutritional requirements of nitrogen, phosphorous and magnesium, as well as the effect of inoculum size were studied. There was a decrease in required nutrients when vinasse was used instead of fresh water; and 50% yield was achieved in fresh water together with an improved efficiency of the fermentation. &nbsp; Key words: Vinasse, ethanol fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Preamplifier-shaper prototype for the Fast Transition Detector of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR (2007)

In this work a preamplifier-shaper prototype for the Fast Transition Detector of the Compressed BaryonicMatter (CBM) experiment at FAIR fabricated using a 0.35 μm CMOS technology will be presented. The ASIC integrates 16 identical Charge Sensitive Amplifiers (CSA) followed by a Pole-Zero network, two bridged-T filters, Common-Mode FeedBack (CMFB) network and two non-inverting level shifting stages. The circuit is optimized for a detector capacitance Cd of (5-10)pF. Measurement results confirm the noise of 330 e− + 12 e−/pF obtained in simulations for a pulse with a Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) of 71 ns. The circuit recovers to the baseline within 200 ns. The conversion gain is 12.64 mV/fC. An integral nonlinearity of 0.7% is also achieved. The maximum output swing is 2 V. The power consumption is 16 mW/channel where the main contributors are the input transistor and the level shifting stage with 5.3 mW and 6.6 mW, respectively. The total area of the chip is 12 mm2. Although the circuit was designed for a positive input charge it has in addition the ability of handling negative current pulses of about 85% of the typical charge of 165 fC without any degradation of the signal. The chip was submitted for manufacturing in AMS’s C35B4M3 0.35 micron CMOS technology in October 2005. This circuit has been successfully used in the CBM test-beam at GSI Darmstadt in February 2006.
Optical Durability of Candidate Solar Reflectors (2005)

Concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies use large mirrors to collect sunlight to convert thermal energy to electricity. The viability of CSP systems requires the development of advanced reflector materials that are low in cost and maintain high specular reflectance for extended lifetimes under severe outdoor environments. The long-standing goals for a solar reflector are specular reflectance above 90% into a 4 mrad half-cone angle for at least 10 years outdoors with a cost of less than $13.8/m2 (the 1992 $10.8/m2 goal corrected for inflation to 2002 dollars) when manufactured in large volumes. Durability testing of a variety of candidate solar reflector materials at outdoor test sites and in laboratory accelerated weathering chambers is the main activity within the Advanced Materials task of the CSP Program at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado. Test results to date for several candidate solar reflector materials will be presented. These include the optical durability of thin glass, thick glass, aluminized reflectors, front-surface mirrors, and silvered polymer mirrors. The development, performance, and durability of these materials will be discussed. Based on accelerated exposure testing the glass, silvered polymer, and front-surface mirrors may meet the 10 year lifetime goals, but at this time because of significant process changes none of the commercially available solar reflectors and advanced solar reflectors have demonstrated the 10 year or more aggressive 20 year lifetime goal.
Concepts and strategy guidelines for designing value enhancing sales promotions (1998)

Sales promotions are probably the least understood and least analyzed of all the promotional tools, yet they are among the most costly and most frequently used. Today’s top managers are relentlessly searching for new areas in which to cut costs and increase profits, so sales promotion are coming under greater scrutiny than ever. In order to justify and skillfully use expenditures on sales promotions for different objectives and target markets, marketing managers must understand some key concepts and thoroughly examine several critical variables across markets and among sales promotion tools themselves that impact directly on sales, profitability, and value added.
Analog/RF Solutions Enabling Compact Full-Duplex Radios (2014)

In-band full-duplex sets challenging requirements for wireless communication radios, in particular their capability to prevent receiver sensitivity degradation due to self-interference (transmit signals leaking into its own receiver). Previously published self-interference rejection designs require bulky components and/or antenna structures. This paper addresses this form-factor issue. First, compact radio transceiver feasibility bottlenecks are identified analytically, and tradeoff equations in function of link budget parameters are presented. These derivations indicate that the main bottlenecks can be resolved by increasing the isolation in analog/RF. Therefore, two design ideas are proposed, which provide attractive analog/RF-isolation and allow integration in compact radios. The first design proposal targets compact radio devices, such as small-cell base stations and tablet computers, and combines a dual-port polarized antenna with a self-tunable cancellation circuit. The second design proposal targets even more compact radio devices such as smartphones and sensor network nodes. This design builds on a tunable electrical balance isolator/duplexer in combination with a single-port miniature antenna. The electrical balance circuit can be implemented for scaled CMOS technology, facilitating low cost and dense integration.
Experiences with a science hotline. (1993)

Scientific literacy of the population may be enhanced by outreach programs conducted by universities. One such program, the University of Kentucky Science Hotline, has been successful in attracting and answering many inquiries from students, teachers, and others. The authors describe the organization and management of this hotline. The operation is inexpensive and efficient, with 35 faculty and staff members in 21 departments responding to 515 calls during the first year of operation. Fifty-four outreach visits were arranged through the hotline. Other benefits have included a more positive public image of scientists and the creation of links between academic scientists and precollege teachers.
Integrated waveguide-photodetector using Si/SiGe multiple quantum wells for long wavelength applications (2002)

An Si/SiGe integrated rib waveguide-photodetector for long wavelength applications has been fabricated. Low-loss (1-2 dB/cm at 1.3 mu m) silicon waveguides on SOI (silicon-on-insulator) have been fabricated. Remote coupling of optical fiber to photodetector through the silicon waveguide was successfully accomplished. The integrated waveguide-P-i-N detectors exhibited low reverse leakage currents (10-30 pA/ mu m/sup 2/ at 15 V reverse bias) and 50% internal quantum efficiency at 1.1 mu m, with a frequency response bandwidth of 1-2 GHz. These results show promise for an integrated preamplifier-detector for an all Si-based long wavelength receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Telecine noise reduction (2001)

In 1998, with the advent of telecines outputting high definition video, the authors were asked to develop film-type noise reduction algorithms that could be implemented in real-time hardware. The aim was to be able to automatically detect and remove blotches and scratches, and reduce the levels of film grain noise if required. By using a combination of spatial and motion-compensated temporal techniques, algorithms have been successfully developed to remove all these types of noise with little human intervention. Motion compensation, though expensive in terms of hardware, especially at high resolutions, is a well practised technique and has proved invaluable for detecting and removing blotches, and for grain reduction. This paper concentrates on the description of the grain reduction algorithm. Grain reduction is the last step in the overall film noise reducer, and the prior removal of scratches and blotches enables more accurate grain reduction and detail preservation. Because of the random nature of grain noise, it is possible that grain cannot reliably be distinguished temporally, from detail, but is clearly visible spatially. Therefore, spatial processing is required as well as motion-compensated temporal processing. Using a mixture of temporal and spatial non-linear filtering techniques, and temporal spectral analysis comparisons, a balance of detail preservation and grain noise reduction can be gained, with minimal user intervention. (6 pages)
100 Years of Frontal Sinus Surgery (1997)

The surgical treatment of chronic inflammatory frontal sinus disease over the past century has varied between intranasal and external procedures. There has been constant modification of these techniques; however, a single approach that will lead to relief of symptoms, eradication of disease with preservation of function, and a minimum of deformity has not yet been attained. The functional theory of sinus disease, the evolution of endoscopic techniques, and data provided by the computed tomography scan have renewed our interest in the anatomy of the lateral nasal wall and endonasal surgery. Extensive literature exists concerning the results of ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid endoscopic surgery. However, detailed information is not available on the treatment of inflammatory frontal sinusitis. The author presents the results of a retrospective analysis of a series of 101 patients with inflammatory frontal sinusitis who underwent endoscopic surgery that included the frontoethmoid complex. Results for improvement of symptoms as well as endoscopic findings are presented. Relief of symptoms was significant but did not correlate with postoperative endoscopic findings in patients with hyperplastic and polypoid sinusitis. Patients with anterior ethmoid cell encroachment on the frontal sinus outflow tract had a positive correlation between improvement of symptoms and postoperative endoscopic findings. Frontal recess stenosis was associated with a poor outcome. Anatomic obstruction of the frontonasal duct is most consistent with the functional theory of sinusitis.
Vertex degrees in planar graphs (1993)

For a planar graph on n vertices we determine the maximum values for the following: 1) the sum of the m largest vertex degrees. 2) the number of vertices of degree at least k. 3) the sum of the degrees of vertices with degree at least k.
Rigorous Dynamic Model of a DMFC based on Maxwell-Stefan Mass Transport Equations and a Flory-Huggins Activity Model : Formulation and Experimental Validation (2004)

The Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) is a promising technology as mobile power supply. But methanol is problematic as it permeates through the cell membrane (crossover) and is oxidised with oxygen at the cathode, leading to a significantly reduced cell voltage and fuel efficiency. Also notable amounts of water pass the membrane. This can result in a flooding of the cathode leading to reduced cell power or even breakdown of the cell.\n\nTo understand the internal physico-chemical phenomena, a rigorous dynamic process model is formulated. Key element with respect to mass transport is the membrane. It is a cation exchange polymer with nanopores inside which protons, water and methanol are mobile. In the DMFC the membrane is in contact with a liquid phase (water-methanol solution) on the anode side, and with a gas phase (air) on the cathode side. The common materials (e.g. NAFION by DuPont) exhibit significant differences in their water uptake from liquid and gas phase, and the mass transport parameters show a strong dependence on the water content. Therefore the complex swelling behaviour and the phase equilibria on both sides have to be accounted for.\n\nIn the presented model mass transport is described using the generalised Maxwell-Stefan equations (dusty fluid model) and an activity model for the mobile components inside the membrane material based on a Flory-Huggins approach. This activity model is also used for the anode side phase equilibrium, whereas for the cathode side phase equilibrium an empirical approach is used based on literature data. Only the binary diffusivities in the membrane and the rate constants of the electrochemical reactions are free parameters, all other model parameters are taken from the literature. Simulation results show good agreement with experimental methanol and water crossover fluxes obtained from a fully automated DMFC miniplant and own DMFCs.
Neurocognitive Endophenotypes in a Multiplex Multigenerational Family Study of Schizophrenia (2007)

Objective: Genetic factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia where cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark. The purpose of this article was to examine computerized neurocognitive measures as candidate endophenotypic markers of liability for schizophrenia in a genetically informative cohort. Method: European Americans from 35 multiplex multigenerational families (N=349) and healthy participants (N=154) underwent clinical assessments and neurocognitive measurements and provided blood samples. The neurocognitive measures included performance (accuracy and speed) from a computerized battery that assessed abstraction/mental flexibility; attention; verbal, face, and spatial memory; spatial processing; sensorimotor processing; and emotion intensity discrimination. Results: Probands, relatives, and comparison subjects differed from each other in performance. Probands demonstrated greatest impairment relative to comparison subjects, followed by family members. Liability for schizophrenia affected the speed-accuracy tradeoff differently for specific neurocognitive domains. Significant heritability estimates were obtained for accuracy of verbal, facial, and spatial memory and spatial and emotion processing. For speed, estimates of heritability were significant for abstraction/mental flexibility, attention, face memory, and spatial and sensorimotor processing. Conclusions: In a multigenerational multiplex design, the authors demonstrated that neurocognitive measures are associated with schizophrenia, differentiate unaffected relatives from comparison subjects, and may have significant presumed heritability. Therefore, they are endophenotypes suitable for genetic studies. Accuracy and speed can be differentially sensitive to presumed genetic liability.
Catalytic Function of the Residues of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Conserved in Squalene-Hopene Cyclases (2001)

Site-directed mutagenesis experiments on all the conserved residues of Phe and Tyr in all the known squalene-hopene cyclases (SHCs) were carried out to identify the active site residues of thermophilic Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius SHC. The following functions are proposed on the basis of kinetic data and trapping of the prematurely cyclized products: (1) The Y495 residue probably amplifies the D376 acidity, which is assumed to work as a proton donor for initiating the polycyclization cascade, but its role is moderate. (2) Y609 possibly assists the function of F365, which has previously been assigned to exclusively stabilize the C-8 carbocation intermediate through cation-pi interaction. The Y609A mutant produced a partially cyclized bicyclic triterpene. (3) Y612 works to stabilize both the C10 and C8 carbocations, this being verified by the finding that mono- and bicyclic products were formed with the Y612A mutant. (4) F129 was first identified to play a crucial role in catalysis. (5) The three residues, Y372, Y474 and Y540, are responsible for reinforcing the protein structure against thermal denaturation, Y474 being located inside QW motif 3.
A Reconfiguration Technique for Multilevel Inverters Incorporating Diagnostic System Based on Neural Network (2006)

A reconfiguration technique for multilevel inverters incorporating a diagnostic system based on neural network is proposed in this paper. It is difficult to diagnose a multilevel-inverter drive (MLID) system using a mathematical model because MLID systems consist of many switching devices and their system complexity has a nonlinear factor. Therefore, a neural network (NN) classification is applied to the fault diagnosis of a MLID system. Multilayer perceptron networks are used to identify the type and location of occurring faults. The principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized in the feature extraction process to reduce the NN input size. A lower dimensional input space will also usually reduce the time necessary to train a NN, and the reduced noise may improve the mapping performance. The output phase voltage of a MLID can be used to diagnose the faults and their locations. The reconfiguration technique is also proposed. The effects of using the proposed reconfiguration technique at high modulation index are addressed. The proposed system is validated with experimental results. The experimental results show that the proposed system performs satisfactorily to detect the fault type, fault location, and reconfiguration