gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>EFAB: low-cost automated electrochemical batch fabrication of arbitrary 3D microstructures</title> (1999)

EFAB is a new micromachining process promising to rapidly and automatically batch fabricate high-aspect-ratio microstructures with arbitrary 3D geometry using inexpensive equipment. Conventional microfabrication processes have so far produced fairly simple geometries, yet many MEMS could benefit if more sophisticated shapes could be manufactured. By using 'Instant Masking' (IM) - a novel in-situ micropatterning method - to simplify, accelerate, and automate through-mask electroplating, EFAB can produce extremely complex shapes by depositing hundreds-thousands of layers at high speed. While other processes of the do not allow integration with ICs, EFAB operates at less than 60 degrees C, making IC compatibility a possibility. Alternative processes require costly facilities and equipment; EFAB separates photolithography from device fabrication, requiring a cleanroom only for mask-making, then depositing all layers in a low-cost, self-contained machine. All IM required can be prepared simultaneously, without repeating the lithography on each layer. Selective electrodeposition requires simply mating the mask with the substrate and applying current; in this way we have patterned well-defined features as small as 20 X 20 micrometers . The procedures in EFAB are selective electrodeposition, blanket electrodeposition, and planarization. To date we have built metal structures with up to 12 layers consisting of independently-moving components.
Renormalization-group methods for critical dynamics: I. Recursion relations and effects of energy conservation (1974)

The renormalization-group method for studying critical phenomena is generalized to a class of dynamical systems---the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau models. The effects of conservation laws on the critical dynamics are investigated through the study of models with different conservation properties for the energy and the space integral of the order parameter. Dynamic critical exponents near four dimensions ($d\ensuremath{\approx}4$) are obtained from recursion relations, analogous to those of Wilson and Fisher. The physical significance of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau models is explored and the applicability of the results to experiments on the NMR linewidth of Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is discussed.
The control mechanism of distributed MQTT brokers for large volume data transfer and its prototype system (2022)

Research and development on the Internet of Things (IoT) has been promoted actively. However, when a large number of tiny data blocks are transferred over the Internet conventionally, some critical problems such as large overheads for legacy protocols and their processing power for communication equipment are highlighted. To solve these problems, MQTT has been discussed actively in academic societies and standardization organizations. However, it is not reasonable to use the MQTT to transfer large files, e.g., video files from surveillance footage. This paper proposes new mechanisms for cooperation between MQTT and FTP for data blocks of any size. This paper also reports the reasonability of this mechanism through prototyping.
Development of small alginate microcapsules for recombinant gene product delivery to the rodent brain (2002)

A novel form of gene therapy using encapsulated recombinant cells in alginate microcapsules has proven effective in treating several animal models of human diseases. For treating neurological deficits in rodents with this technology, the size of the microcapsules has to be reduced for implantation in the central nervous system (CNS) to bypass the blood-brain barrier. This article reports the development of small alginate microcapsules suitable for implantation into the mouse CNS. By varying the encapsulation protocol, recombinant cells could be encapsulated in microcapsules ranging in diameter from 5 to 2000 microm. The optimal size for implantation was determined to be 100-200 microm, based on the smallest, homogeneously sized, cell-filled microcapsules that could pass the 500 microm inner diameter of a CNS-implantation needle. Compared with medium-sized (500-700 microm) microcapsules, these small microcapsules packed more tightly together with less inter-capsule space, resulting in an increased number of cells and a higher rate of recombinant gene product secretion per volume of microcapsules. The small microcapsules also displayed increased mechanical strength, compared with large microcapsules. These excellent in vitro properties of small 100-200 microm microcapsules warrant further in vivo investigation into the feasibility of using immuno-isolation gene therapy to deliver recombinant gene products to the rodent CNS.
Effects of the Working Fluid Charge in Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems: Numerical and Experimental Analyses (2018)

It is well known that organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems often operate in conditions differing from the nominal design point due to variations of the heat source and heat sink conditions. Similar to a vapor compression cycle, the system operation (e.g., subcooling level, pump cavitation) and performance (e.g., heat exchanger effectiveness) of an ORC are affected by the working fluid charge. This chapter presents a discussion of the effects of the charge inventory in ORC systems. In particular, both numerical and experimental aspects are presented. The importance of properly predicting the total amount of working fluid charge for optimizing design and off-design conditions is highlighted. Furthermore, an overview on state-of-the-art modeling approaches is also presented.
The Role of Adenosine in Alzheimers Disease (2009)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system manifested by cognitive and memory deterioration, a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, behavioral disturbances, and progressive impairment of daily life activities. Current pharmacotherapies are restricted to symptomatic interventions but do not prevent progressive neuronal degeneration. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed to intervene with these progressive pathological processes. In the past several years adenosine, a ubiquitously released purine ribonucleoside, has become important for its neuromodulating capability and its emerging positive experimental effects in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent research suggests that adenosine receptors play important roles in the modulation of cognitive function. The present paper attempts to review published reports and data from different studies showing the evidence of a relationship between adenosinergic function and AD-related cognitive deficits. Epidemiological studies have found an association between coffee (a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist) consumption and improved cognitive function in AD patients and in the elderly. Long-term administration of caffeine in transgenic animal models showed a reduced amyloid burden in brain with better cognitive performance. Antagonists of adenosine A2A receptors mimic these beneficial effects of caffeine on cognitive function. Neuronal cell cultures with amyloid beta in the presence of an A2A receptor antagonist completely prevented amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that the adenosinergic system constitutes a new therapeutic target for AD, and caffeine and A2A receptor antagonists may have promise to manage cognitive dysfunction in AD.
Physics and Electronic Model of Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (1994)

An electronic equivalent circuit is shown to completely describe both the electrical as well as the electrooptical properties of deformed helix ferroelectric (DHF) liquid crystal displays (LCDs). The static and the dynamic performance of DHF-LCDs are modeled using an equivalent circuit. The agreement between modeled gray-scale performance of DHF-LCDs and experiments is excellent. Several driving schemes derived from the equivalent circuit provide the full gray scale and render DHF-LCDs video-compatible at voltages below 13 V. Moreover, dc-free and thus ghost-image-free operation of DHF-LCDs is shown to be feasible with minimal loss of brightness. Capacitive coupling is shown to decrease the switching time of DHF-LCDs from 30 µs to 6 µs.
Selenoprotein DIO2 Is a Regulator of Mitochondrial Function, Morphology and UPRmt in Human Cardiomyocytes (2021)

Members of the fetal-gene-program may act as regulatory components to impede deleterious events occurring with cardiac remodeling, and constitute potential novel therapeutic heart failure (HF) targets. Mitochondrial energy derangements occur both during early fetal development and in patients with HF. Here we aim to elucidate the role of DIO2, a member of the fetal-gene-program, in pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived human cardiomyocytes and on mitochondrial dynamics and energetics, specifically. RNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analysis was performed on mouse cardiac tissue at different time points during development, adult age, and ischemia-induced HF. To determine the function of DIO2 in cardiomyocytes, a stable human hPSC-line with a DIO2 knockdown was made using a short harpin sequence. Firstly, we showed the selenoprotein, type II deiodinase (DIO2): the enzyme responsible for the tissue-specific conversion of inactive (T4) into active thyroid hormone (T3), to be a member of the fetal-gene-program. Secondly, silencing DIO2 resulted in an increased reactive oxygen species, impaired activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, severely impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced cellular viability. Microscopical 3D reconstruction of the mitochondrial network displayed substantial mitochondrial fragmentation. Summarizing, we identified DIO2 to be a member of the fetal-gene-program and as a key regulator of mitochondrial performance in human cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest a key position of human DIO2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function in human cardiomyocytes.
Hepatitis C virus: Virology, diagnosis and management of antiviral therapy (2007)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 170 million individuals worldwide. Prevention of HCV infection complications is based on antiviral therapy with the combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin. The use of serological and virological tests has become essential in the management of HCV infection in order to diagnose infection, guide treatment decisions and assess the virological response to antiviral therapy. Anti-HCV antibody testing and HCV RNA testing are used to diagnose acute and chronic hepatitis C. The HCV genotype should be systematically determined before treatment, as it determines the indication, the duration of treatment, the dose of ribavirin and the virological monitoring procedure. HCV RNA monitoring during therapy is used to tailor treatment duration in HCV genotype 1 infection, and molecular assays are used to assess the end-of-treatment and, most importantly the sustained virological response, i.e. the endpoint of therapy.
Fischer‐Tropsch Electrochemical  CO 2 Reduction to Fuels and Chemicals (1994)

This investigation was directed toward the rational selection of cathode electrocatalysts compatible with promoting carbon dioxide reduction at practical rates to commercially significant fuels and chemicals. Work performed identified electrocatalyst sites, incorporated into gas‐diffusion electrodes, demonstrating high activity toward promoting both reduction to adsorbed and subsequent electron transfer leading to final reaction products. The feature of electrocatalysis identified was in its apparent ability to maintain a high coverage of adsorbed intermediate species at reaction sites available for further reduction to products. Carbon dioxide reduction proceeded at significantly lower overpotentials and higher rates and faradaic efficiencies than previously found to this time at unit‐activity copper.
Multiband CCD Image Compression for Space Camera with Large Field of View (2014)

Space multiband CCD camera compression encoder requires low-complexity, high-robustness, and high-performance because of its captured images information being very precious and also because it is usually working on the satellite where the resources, such as power, memory, and processing capacity, are limited. However, the traditional compression approaches, such as JPEG2000, 3D transforms, and PCA, have the high-complexity. The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems-Image Data Compression (CCSDS-IDC) algorithm decreases the average PSNR by 2 dB compared with JPEG2000. In this paper, we proposed a low-complexity compression algorithm based on deep coupling algorithm among posttransform in wavelet domain, compressive sensing, and distributed source coding. In our algorithm, we integrate three low-complexity and high-performance approaches in a deeply coupled manner to remove the spatial redundant, spectral redundant, and bit information redundancy. Experimental results on multiband CCD images show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the traditional approaches.
Capturing the Monomeric (L)CuH in NHC‐Capped Cyclodextrin: Cavity‐Controlled Chemoselective Hydrosilylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones (2020)

Abstract The encapsulation of copper inside a cyclodextrin capped with an N ‐heterocyclic carbene (ICyD) allowed both to catch the elusive monomeric (L)CuH and a cavity‐controlled chemoselective copper‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones. Remarkably, (α‐ICyD)CuCl promoted the 1,2‐addition exclusively, while (β‐ICyD)CuCl produced the fully reduced product. The chemoselectivity is controlled by the size of the cavity and weak interactions between the substrate and internal C−H bonds of the cyclodextrin.
An Experimental Study on Speech Enhancement Based on Deep Neural Networks (2013)

This letter presents a regression-based speech enhancement framework using deep neural networks (DNNs) with a multiple-layer deep architecture. In the DNN learning process, a large training set ensures a powerful modeling capability to estimate the complicated nonlinear mapping from observed noisy speech to desired clean signals. Acoustic context was found to improve the continuity of speech to be separated from the background noises successfully without the annoying musical artifact commonly observed in conventional speech enhancement algorithms. A series of pilot experiments were conducted under multi-condition training with more than 100 hours of simulated speech data, resulting in a good generalization capability even in mismatched testing conditions. When compared with the logarithmic minimum mean square error approach, the proposed DNN-based algorithm tends to achieve significant improvements in terms of various objective quality measures. Furthermore, in a subjective preference evaluation with 10 listeners, 76.35% of the subjects were found to prefer DNN-based enhanced speech to that obtained with other conventional technique.
StreamliningC1Homologation Reactions Using Continuous Flow Technology: Focus on Diazomethane and Methyllithium Chemistry (2023)

This chapter will cover recent progresses in homologation reactions conducted under flow conditions using diazo compounds, mainly diazomethane and lithium carbenoids. In particular, the chapter aims to highlight advances in processes and equipment concepts for the generation, the control, and the use of hazardous diazomethane and highly reactive organolithiums. Alongside the well-known benefits of flow technology in terms of safety, selectivity, and productivity, particular attention will be devoted on how to perform transformations that are difficult to realize by conventional approaches. The chapter will also cover methodological, technical aspects, and synthetic applications including multistep synthesis, process, and medicinal chemistry.
Identification of flagellar synthesis regulatory and structural genes in a sigma D-dependent operon of Bacillus subtilis (1994)

The sigma D form of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis has been shown previously to direct the synthesis of several transcription units bearing genes for flagellin, motility proteins, and autolysins. In this report, we describe an operon of genes transcribed from the sigma D-dependent promoter PD-1. We have identified three complete open reading frames and one partial one downstream of this promoter; immediately upstream is the previously identified comF locus. The PD-1 operon encodes the presumptive B. subtilis homologs of two Salmonella typhimurium late flagellar genes, flgM and flgK. Also present in this operon are two genes of unknown function, orf139 and orf160, whose products show similarities to the eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins myosin and vimentin, respectively. orf139 and orf160 may encode proteins that form extended alpha-helical secondary structures and coiled-coil quaternary structures which may be filamentous components of the gram-positive bacterial flagellum. We have characterized the B. subtilis flgM gene further by constructing an in-frame deletion mutation, flgM delta 80, and creating strains of B. subtilis in which this allele has replaced the wild-type copy. By primer extension analysis of cellular RNA, we have shown that the flgM delta 80 mutation relieves the block to transcription of two other sigma D-dependent operons imposed by an unlinked mutation in a gene directing early flagellar synthesis. We conclude that, as in the case of S. typhimurium, early flagellar synthesis in B. subtilis is coupled to late flagellar synthesis through repression of sigma D-dependent transcription by the flgM gene product.
Sensitivity Analysis of Wave Propagation in a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (2006)

Literal expressions of the parameters characterizing the common mode wave propagation in a single-walled carbon nanotube are presented. The sensitivity functions of the line parameters with respect to the frequency and the distributed line constants are represented in analytical form. The “electrically short” nano transmission line is described by a very simple simulation model. Frequency spectra of the line parameters and their sensitivity functions are shown in the range up to 10 GHz.
SOX9 transduction of a human chondrocytic cell line identifies novel genes regulated in primary human chondrocytes and in osteoarthritis (2007)

The transcription factor SOX9 is important in maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype. To identify novel genes regulated by SOX9 we investigated changes in gene expression by microarray analysis following retroviral transduction with SOX9 of a human chondrocytic cell line (SW1353). From the results the expression of a group of genes (SRPX, S100A1, APOD, RGC32, CRTL1, MYBPH, CRLF1 and SPINT1) was evaluated further in human articular chondrocytes (HACs). First, the same genes were investigated in primary cultures of HACs following SOX9 transduction, and four were found to be similarly regulated (SRPX, APOD, CRTL1 and S100A1). Second, during dedifferentiation of HACs by passage in monolayer cell culture, during which the expression of SOX9 progressively decreased, four of the genes (S100A1, RGC32, CRTL1 and SPINT1) also decreased in their expression. Third, in samples of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, which had decreased SOX9 expression compared with age-matched controls, there was decreased expression of SRPX, APOD, RGC32, CRTL1 and SPINT1. The results showed that a group of genes identified as being upregulated by SOX9 in the initial SW1353 screen were also regulated in expression in healthy and OA cartilage. Other genes initially identified were differently expressed in isolated OA chondrocytes and their expression was unrelated to changes in SOX9. The results thus identified some genes whose expression appeared to be linked to SOX9 expression in isolated chondrocytes and were also altered during cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis.
Production of Hairy Root Cultures and Transgenic Plants by <I>Agrobacterium rhizogenes</I>-Mediated Transformation (2004)

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation results in the development of hairy roots at the site of infection. The production of hairy roots involves cocultivation of explants with A. rhizogenes and the subsequent selection of hairy roots on hormone-free medium. Hairy roots have many applications for research including secondary product production and for the study of biochemical pathways. In addition, transgenic plants regenerated from hairy roots often show an altered phenotype due to the presence of the rol genes. In this chapter we describe how to produce and grow hairy root cultures, how to regenerate shoots from these hairy roots, and how to conduct molecular analysis of these cultures.
Synergetic effect on catalytic activity and charge transfer in Pt-Pd bimetallic model catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition (2020)

Pt-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized on TiO<sub>2</sub> support on the planar substrate as well as on high surface area SiO<sub>2</sub> gel by atomic layer deposition to identify the catalytic performance improvement after the formation of Pt-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles by surface analysis techniques. From X-ray absorption near edge spectra of Pt-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles, d-orbital hybridization between Pt 5d and Pd 4d was observed, which is responsible for charge transfer from Pt to Pd. Moreover, it was found from the in situ grazing incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy study that Pt-Pd nanoparticles have a Pd shell/Pt core structure with CO adsorption. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy on Pt-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles showed that Pd resonant intensity is enhanced compared to that of Pd monometallic nanoparticles because of d-orbital hybridization and electronic states broadening of Pt and Pd compared monometallic catalysts, which results in catalytic performance improvement.
Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis of Aluminum Layer Properties and Correlation to Masking Functionality in Copper Plating Metallization for Solar Cells (2023)

The native AlO x grown on a thin sputtered aluminum layer can be used as mask for electroplating copper, e.g., for metallizing silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. Effects that influence the masking quality for selective electroplating are studied herein. Atomic force microscopy characterization in PeakForce mode highlights the presence of some insulation defects in the native AlO x due to local contamination, pinholes, or tunneling currents. A focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy analysis is further conducted to understand some defects in detail. The AlO x insulation can be improved by adsorbing a self‐assembled monolayer, which is mainly required along the process sequence to adjust the surface wetting of the Al for optimal NaOH aq printing. The mask quality and complete metallization sequence for solar cells are demonstrated on industrial SHJ precursors. Inkjet‐ and FlexTrail‐printing of NaOH aq are shown to be suitable to pattern the Al layer. Promising conversion efficiency comparable to screen‐printing reference is reached on large area.
Psychrophilic microorganisms and their cold-active enzymes (1996)

The earth's vast and varied cold environments could be rich sources of psychrophilic microorganisms growing at 5°C or below. Unfortunately, the diversity, physiology and potential of these organisms have largely been overlooked. This article focuses on psychrophiles and their cold-active enzymes and emphasizes how future studies could give basic insight into protein structure and could yield industrially useful enzymes. It presents an overview of the characterization of psychrophiles and their growth properties, a summary of biochemical work with coldactive enzymes, a description of comparisons of enzymes with different temperature optima, and a preview of uses for cold-active enzymes in biotechnology.