gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New technology concept for two-stage liquefaction of coal. Final summary report, 1 July 1983-30 September 1985 (1986)

Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. (HRI) has completed a series of studies for the evaluation of a ''New Technology Concept for Two-Stage Liquefaction of Coal''. The time period of studies covered May 26, 1983 to November 25, 1985, a total of thirty months, with the major effort devoted to Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal and the balance devoted to Wyodak sub-bituminous coal. A two-stage coal liquefaction process, based on two close-coupled catalytic ebullated-bed reactors with the first stage operating at low temperature for maximum hydrogenation, has been developed and demonstrated on Illinois No. 6 and Wyodak coals. This final report presents an executive summary of the program and completes the reporting requirements of Contract No. DE-AC22-83PC60017. A summary of the studies and process demonstrations is presented along with references to the Topical Reports on Illinois No. 6 coal, Wyodak coal, Conceptual Commercial Plant Design and Economics and reports by DOE sponsored support contractors. Experimental details are contained in the referenced reports. The accomplishments of this program and recommendations for a follow-on program are presented. By application of this new hydrogenation concept in this study, distillate yields of greater than 65 W % of M.A.F. Coal or 4.2 barrels per ton of M.A.F.more » coal were demonstrated on both Illinois No. 6 and Wyodak coals. This was accompanied by a ten-fold reduction in bottoms viscosity and the production of low sulfur environmentally clean fuels. As reported by Conoco, Inc. and Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, a higher level of hydrogenation is evident and the liquids produced are more petroleum-like than coal liquids derived from other liquefaction processes. Upgrading studies on the Wyodak products are being performed by Chevron. 7 figs., 14 tabs.« less
Effect of the Coating Erosion on the Cold Spray Process (2006)

Abstract In the Cold Spray process, the sprayed particles are in solid state, and unlike thermal spray, the effect of the coating erosion by reflected particles can play a more significant role. This paper is an attempt of modeling the process of the Cold Spray coating formation taking into account the influence of the erosion process. The objective was to study the kinetics of the coating formation. Using an analytical approach, equations of the coating formation process are obtained. The approach is based on a comparison of the effect of particle adhesion to the coating combined with the effect of coating erosion. Adhesion and erosion are taken into account by introducing some probability values of these processes.
Immunocytochemical delineation of thyroid hormone receptor beta 2-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. (1993)

The thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are nuclear proteins that include TR alpha and TR beta subtypes, each encoded by a separate gene. Both TR alpha and TR beta give rise to several isoforms of which three, TR alpha 1, TR beta 1, and TR beta 2 bind T3 and mediate the action of thyroid hormone. Although TR beta 2 was initially thought to be confined to the anterior pituitary, we recently observed small quantities of TR beta 2 messenger RNA (mRNA) by polymerase chain reaction analysis of discrete hypothalamic regions. To further examine the distribution of TR beta 2 in the brain, we performed immunocytochemical studies using a highly specific antiserum to TR beta 2, raised against a unique amino acid sequence (TR beta 2[131-145]) that is not present in the other known TRs. This antiserum immunoprecipitated TR beta 2 but not TR alpha 1 or TR beta 1. Immunoreactive TR beta 2 was widely distributed throughout the brain and primarily localized to the cell nucleus. Particularly intense immunostaining was present in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus, including regions where TR beta 2 mRNA had not previously been identified. In addition, immunoprecipitation of nuclear extracts with anti-TR beta 2 reduced total T3 binding capacity by approximately 20%, suggesting that immunoreactive TR beta 2 comprises a substantial portion of the total content of nuclear thyroid hormone binding proteins. These studies demonstrate that immunoreactive TR beta 2 is more widely represented in the central nervous system than previously suspected and may play an important role in mediating the action of T3 in many different regions of the brain. The finding of TR beta 2-like material could be due to a disproportionately high ratio of the TR beta 2 translation product and its mRNA in certain regions of the brain, or could indicate the existence of a novel TR beta 2-related protein that is important for T3 binding.
Fundamental Physics Microgravity Sensitivity (1998)

An introduction followed by a brief discussion about the sensitivity to microgravity environment disturbances for some recent and planned experiments in microgravity fundamental physics will be presented. In particular, correlation between gravity disturbances and the quality of science data sets measured by the Confined Helium Experiment (CHEX) during ground testing and during the November 1997 USMP-4 flight will be described.
Chemicals for enhanced oil recovery. Semiannual report, 1 April 1980-30 September 1980 (1981)

The objective of Chemicals for Enhanced Oil Recovery is to lower barriers to implementation of the micellar flood approach by decreasing cost and increasing availability of chemicals used in the process. This is done by finding alternative feedstocks in wastes or low valued organic byproducts and by development of lower cost production procedures. For this semiannual report, progress reports are presented for the following research areas: phase behavior in multicomponent systems containing tall oil ethoxylates; anionic tall oil derivatives (materials and methods, phase studies, interfacial tensions); sacrificial agents; economic considerations in materials selection; and materials and methods. A survey on the availability of materials, such as alcohols and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, which could be used for micellar flooding revealed that some of the alternative chemicals which have been studied here such as oleic acid surfactants could substantially decrease micellar flooding chemical costs, if they are successful on further testing. Production of C/sub 3/ and C/sub 4/ alcohols and vegetable and tall oil fatty acids appear at a high enough level so that one million bbl of incremental oil per day would consume a substantial but not prohibitive fraction on the basis of requirements given in a recent Lewin report.more » However, substantial market disallocations could result from this level of chemical requirement, affecting the elastic prices of these materials. The effect of use of various alcohols and surfactants in novel fuel blends, such as gasohol and microemulsion diesel fuels, is unclear, since both competition and stimulation of production are involved.« less
Wet oxidation for industrial waste treatment (1985)

For those wastes that are not biotreatable, wet oxidation is an economically attractive method of treatment in reducing oxygen demand and altering the biotreatability. Further, when biological treatment changes are based on COD, the cost of wet oxidation is not much greater than typical municpal industrial changes.
Strong Effects of Cluster Size and Air Exposure on Oxygen Reduction and Carbon Oxidation Electrocatalysis by Size-Selected Ptn(n≤ 11) on Glassy Carbon Electrodes (2013)

Model Pt(n)/glassy carbon electrodes (Pt(n)/GCE) were prepared by deposition of mass-selected Pt(n)(+) (n ≤ 11) on GCE substrates in ultrahigh vacuum. Electrocatalysis under conditions appropriate for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied, for samples both in situ with no exposure to laboratory air and with air exposure prior to electrochemical measurements. Of the small clusters, only a few cluster sizes show the expected ORR activity, and in those cases, the activity per Pt atom is similar to that seen under identical conditions with a conventionally prepared electrode with Pt nanoparticles grown on a GCE. For other small Pt(n) on GCE, any ORR signal is overwhelmed by large oxidative currents attributed to catalysis of carbon oxidation by water. If the samples are exposed to air prior to electrochemistry, both ORR and carbon oxidation signals are absent, and instead only small capacitive currents or currents attributed to redox chemistry of adventitious organic adsorbates are observed, indicating that air exposure results in passivation of the small Pt clusters.
Klinische Erfahrungen mit aufgeklebten harten Kontaktlinsen (1993)

Persistent epithelial defects of the cornea are difficult to treat and can lead to severe complications such as melting processes. Therefore the application of a glued-on hard contact lens as an artificial epithelium has been recommended for many years, to protect the denuded corneal stroma.This paper presents a 7-year retrospective study on the application of a hard contact lens as an artificial epithelium. 46 patients with 50 eyes were treated with this method from january 1985 to march 1992. The majority of the patients suffered from most severe burns of the whole anterior eye segment (group I: n = 29 eyes) or of the cornea alone (group II: n = 13 eyes). A smaller number of patients (group III: n = 8 eyes) presented corneal melting processes associated with other diseases.The patients of group II and III showed the best outcome concerning spontaneous epithelialization and prognosis for a penetrating keratoplasty. The treatment with a glued-on hard contact lens was limited by the high rate of complications (92%) in group I and II. In one third of the cases of group I these complications led to further surgical interventions (e.g. conjunctivoplasty of the globe). The results also show, that the application of a glued-on hard contact lens in patients with most severe eye burns is a long-term treatment (> one year).The poor prognosis of corneas with severe healing problems of the epithelium can be improved by the application of a glued-on hard contact lens as an artificial epithelium. In severe burns of the whole anterior eye segment however, the treatment with an early keratoplasty should be considered.
Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory: A Reference in the Nonlinear Loads Compensation (2009)

The instantaneous reactive power theory was published 25 years ago, in an IEEE Transactions. Since then, it has been the most used in nonlinear load compensation with active power filters. Its application allows constant source power to be obtained after compensation in a simple way. Moreover, some researches have showed up some limitations of the theory, i.e., it goes optimally with source voltage balanced and sinusoidal, but not so good with source voltage unbalanced and/or nonsinusoidal, since the source current obtained is not balanced and sinusoidal. This paper presents a new compensation strategy in phase coordinates, equivalent to the original theory's one. Its simplicity, due to the nonnecessity of coordinate mathematical transformation, makes easier the modifications necessary to obtain alternative compensation objectives. In this way, this paper presents those modifications and derives compensation strategies that obtain alternative compensation objectives: unity power factor or balanced and sinusoidal source current. Finally, compensation strategies are applied to a practical power system, and the results are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Spectral Properties of New Dicyanopyrazine‐Related Heterocycles from Diaminomaleonitrile. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Balancing clusters to reduce response time variability in large scale image search (2010)

Many algorithms for approximate nearest neighbor search in high-dimensional spaces partition the data into clusters. At query time, in order to avoid exhaustive search, an index selects the few (or a single) clusters nearest to the query point. Clusters are often produced by the well-known $k$-means approach since it has several desirable properties. On the downside, it tends to produce clusters having quite different cardinalities. Imbalanced clusters negatively impact both the variance and the expectation of query response times. This paper proposes to modify $k$-means centroids to produce clusters with more comparable sizes without sacrificing the desirable properties. Experiments with a large scale collection of image descriptors show that our algorithm significantly reduces the variance of response times without seriously impacting the search quality.
Ice formation via deposition nucleation on mineral dust and organics: dependence of onset relative humidity on total particulate surface area (2008)

We present ice nucleation results for Arizona test dust, kaolinite, montmorillonite, silica, silica coated with a hydrophobic octyl chain, oxalic acid dihydrate, Gascoyne leonardite (a humic material), and Aldrich humic acid (sodium salt). The focus was on deposition mode nucleation below water saturation at 233 K. Particles were deposited onto a hydrophobic cold stage by atomization of a slurry/solution and exposed to a constant partial pressure of water vapor. By lowering the temperature of the stage, the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) was gradually increased until ice nucleation was observed using digital photography. Different numbers of particles were deposited onto the cold stage by varying the atomization solution concentration and deposition time. For the same total particulate surface area, mineral dust particles nucleated ice at lower supersaturations than all other materials. The most hydrophobic materials, i.e. Gascoyne leonardite and octyl silica, were the least active. For our limit of detection of one ice crystal, the ice onset RHi values were dependent on the total surface area of the particulates, indicating that no unique threshold RHi for ice nucleation prevails.
ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE SENSORS BASED ON OPTICAL PROPERTY MODULATION AND VIBRATION-TOLERANT INTERFEROMETRY (2005)

The goals of the first six months of this project were to begin laying the foundations for both the SiC front-end optical chip fabrication techniques for high pressure gas species sensing as well as the design, assembly, and test of a portable high pressure high temperature calibration test cell chamber for introducing gas species. This calibration cell will be used in the remaining months for proposed first stage high pressure high temperature gas species sensor experimentation and data processing. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail in the report. Both design process and diagrams for the mechanical elements as well as the optical systems are provided. Photographs of the fabricated calibration test chamber cell, the optical sensor setup with the calibration cell, the SiC sample chip holder, and relevant signal processing mathematics are provided. Initial experimental data from both the optical sensor and fabricated test gas species SiC chips is provided. The design and experimentation results are summarized to give positive conclusions on the proposed novel high temperature high pressure gas species detection optical sensor technology.
A structural basis for food allergy: the role of cross-reactivity (2008)

A thorough understanding of immunologic cross-reactivity is essential to advancing our knowledge about food allergy. This knowledge will help elucidate the pathogenesis of the disorder and prevent exposures to allergenic, genetically engineered foods. New insight will allow for better utilization of current diagnostic tools and the development of more accurate tests and therapies for food allergy.
Research on the Factors Influencing the Post-arc Current in Vacuum DC Interruption (2019)

As a research hotspot of power switches in recent years, DC circuit breaker will be widely applied in DC and AC/DC systems in future. The post-arc current, as a main characteristic of the post-arc zero zone, can reflect the breaking capacity of the circuit breaker. In this paper, a 60kV DC syntheic circuit platform was set up, and the DC breaking test was performed by the method of artificial current zero. Based on the principle of current transferring, the method for measuring the post-arc current was designed. The factors such as zero-zone parameters, opening speed and arcing time influencing the post-arc current in vacuum DC interruption were investigated. Based on the experimental results, this paper considers that the first peak of the post-arc current traces the change trend of di/dt, and the second peak appears when dv/dt reaches a certain value. The larger the dv/dt, the more obvious the second peak. At the same time, the post-arc current decreases with the increase of the opening speed of the circuit breaker, and increases when the arcing time gets shorter.
ESTUARINE OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE VEMBANAD LAKE PART III: THE REGION BETWEEN COCHIN AND THE 3 0 M DEPTH OFF PORTMOUTH (1987)

The time-distribution patterns of temperature, salinity and oxygen content along the shipping channel from inside the port to a distance of about 15 km out into the Arabian sea during 1981-1983 are presented and discussed in this third and last part of the estuarine oceanographic study of the Vembanad lake. The distribution patterns show that hydrologically the nearshore region up to 12 or 15 km off Cochin is more or less identical to the adjacent coastal region, without having any apparent influence of the lake, during the dry months January to May. During the wet months, however, the discharge from the lake, characterized by suspended sediments, spreads as a plume, over highly saline and cold upwelled water, turning the region into an intermittent estuary. Though the end of the plume can often be pinpointed around the 30in depthline, by a sharp change of colour and filaments formed of floating objects of land and freshwater origin, the presence of an actual plume front is doubtful because of the weak surface convergence then occurring in a broad area off Cochin.
The separation and characterization of marmoset kidney β-d-galactosidase and β-d-glucosidase (1977)

beta-D-Galactosidase and beta-D-glucosidase activities were determined in homogenates of marmoset kidney by using the appropriate 4-methylumbelliferyl glycoside, beta-D-Galactosidase activity was separated into two main components by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, starch-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. One form designated A had a pI of 5.1, was loosely bound to DEAE-cellulose at pH7.0, remained near the origin on starch-gel electrophoresis at pH 7.0 and had an apparent molecular weight of 160000. The second beta-D-galactosidase component, designated B, was associated with the total beta-D-glucosidase activity, had a pI of 4.3, was firmly bound to DEAE-cellulose, migrated rapidly towards the anode on starch-gel electrophoresis and had an apparent molecular weight of 50000. The optimum pH values of beta-D-galactosidase A and B were 4.5 and 6.0 respectively. beta-D-Galactosidase A was activated by 0.1 M-NaC1 but the activity of the B form was inhibited by 1 M-NaC1 at pH 4.5. beta-D-galactosidase had a bimodal distribution, the A form being recovered in the lysosomal fraction whereas the B form was present in the soluble fraction, as was the major portion of the beta-D-glucosidase activity. The lysosomal and soluble forms were further characterized by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.
Fabrication of Bi(Pb)SrCaCuO Thin Film of High-Tc Phase (1989)

Lead-added Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) thin film of high- T c phase has been successfully prepared by means of rf-magnetron sputtering and the post annealing process. The content of lead in the BSCCO thin film was decreased during an ordinary annealing process. In order to minimize the decrease of lead, the BSCCO thin film was placed on a bulk ceramics whose composition was similar to that of the film, and annealed for 50 hours at 855°C in air. As the result, the content of lead in the thin film was almost unchanged during the annealing process. The intensity ratio of the X-ray diffraction lines due to the (002) of high and low- T c phases was about 4/1. The film showed a superconducting transition at 110 K; a long tail of some residual resistance remained down to 90 K.
Peptide- and Protein-Based Hydrogels (2011)

Hydrogels are polymeric networks, capable of absorbing large amounts of water and biological fluids. They are insoluble due to the presence of chemical or physical cross-links between the constituents. Hydrogels are promising materials for use as injectable biomaterials due to their high water content, tunable viscoelasticity, and biocompatibility. Peptides and proteins are important building blocks in the design of hydrogels, since they are easily degraded by the body and display a high biocompatibility. This review aims to give an overview of hydrogels in which peptides and proteins are structural elements of the polymer network. The review starts with hydrogels derived from naturally occurring structural proteins, followed by all-protein and peptide-based synthetic systems. Next, hybrid hydrogels composed of synthetic polymeric and peptide structural elements will be discussed. The potential of these hydrogels is illustrated with applications that are mainly derived from the field of tissue engineering.
PREVENTING LOSS AND RESTORING WATER RETENTION VALUES TO PULP (2000)

Significant paper strength loss occurs when never-dried bleached kraft pulps are dried prior to paper manufacture. This loss in strength is a problem for the use, of dried market pulp and recycled papers. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of fiber loading on restoring the water retention value (WRV) to once-dried bleached chemical kraft hardwood pulp and to explore the possibility of preventing the loss in WRV resulting from drying by fiber loading never-dried pulp. We fiber-loaded pulps on a laboratory scale, prepared handsheets, and measured WRV and Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF). Our results show that fiber loading restores WRV and increases the CSF of once-dried bleached kraft hardwood pulp. Fiber loading prior to drying also prevents loss in WRV when the pulp is dried.
Ultrasonic manipulation of locomotive microorganisms and evaluation of their activity (2002)

Acoustic manipulation of locomotive microorganisms, i.e., euglena and paramecia, was conducted by using ultrasonic standing waves of ∼3 MHz. Microorganisms were trapped at the intersections of the nodes in the two orthogonal standing waves and were transferred horizontally and vertically by the suitable ultrasonic frequency change. Aggregation of microorganisms was also observed in the process of the cyclic frequency change. The trapping efficiency depended on both ultrasonic power density and the activity of microorganisms. The effects of water temperature and illumination on their activity were evaluated by measuring the ultrasonic trapping efficiency.