gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peter Doherty: Role Model and Lifelong Friend (2020)

I first met Peter in the early 1970s.I knew of him mainly because he, like me, was a veterinarian who did research and published in international nonveterinary journals.Upon meeting him, which initially occurred when he passed through Saskatoon, Canada, where I had my laboratory in the early 1970s, it was soon apparent that neither of us were cut out to practice our intended craft of fixing diseased creatures.Instead, we were interested in viruses and figuring out how they interacted with their host.Nevertheless, both of us began our research careers working with real animals (i.e., those you eat or become fond of), but soon slipped to working with rodents.Over the years, I met Peter frequently, our families became and remain lifelong friends and I also got to know many, perhaps most, of Peter's trainees.These included some quite amazing characters such as Ralph Tripp and more sane folk such as Woody, Jack Bennink, Rhonda Cardin, Steve Turner, Mark Sangster, and many more.From the earliest years, Peter has been a role model for me.I always envied his common sense understanding of science and his ability to ask penetrating questions often criticizing people and their ideas without them realizing it.On the contrary, I always succeeded in insulting people even when I was trying to be nice!In the 1970s, I got to listen to many of Peter's talks and review some of his grants.Unlike the lucid Peter of today, his scientific stories were not the easiest to follow and his experimentation could be beyond the pale complex.Peter departed the Wistar where he spent several years solidifying his reputation as a viral immunologist and returned to Canberra to head up the Australian National University Department of Pathology.I joined him there for a minisabbatical in 1986.It was obvious that Peter enjoyed bench science but almost despised administration and other administrators (such as Bede Morris, also a veterinarian).He wanted to leave Canberra (''
Finding starting points analytically for optical system optimization (2012)

Understanding the structure of the design space in optical system optimization is difficult, because common human intuition fails when it encounters the challenge of high dimensionality, resulting from the many optimization parameters of lens systems. However, a deep mathematical idea, that critical points structure the properties of the space around them, is fruitful in lens design as well. Here we discuss simple systems, triplets with curvatures as variables, for which the design space is still simple enough to be studied in detail, but complex enough to be non-trivial. A one-to-one correspondence between the possible design shapes and the critical points resulting from a simplified model based on third-order spherical aberration within the framework of thin-lens theory could lead in the future to a new way to determine good starting points for subsequent local optimization.
JEAN-LOUIS HENRI BUIGNET (2017)

"Jean-Louis Henri Buignet (1815-1876), fue farmacéutico francés que estudió la sacarificación de frutas ácidas, la maduración de las frutas, los azúcares presentes en las frutas, la presión de vapor, el poder rotatorio y los cambios de entalpía y volumen de mezclas líquidas, la composición del ámbar y del maná, la síntesis y el análisis del ácido cianhídrico, etc."
Dissociated non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators: an update on new compounds (2008)

Background: Glucocorticoids are the most potent anti-inflammatory drugs available and allow successful treatment of several chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The discovery of the molecular mechanisms of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and the recognition that activation and repression of gene expression could be addressed separately, opened the possibility of improving safety profiles by identifying ligands that predominantly induce repression over activation. Recent progress in the development of dissociated and other non-steroidal GR modulators is discussed here. Objective: To summarize the data and progress of current compounds reported in GR programs carried out by pharmaceutical companies. Methods: The review is primarily of patents and publications disclosed over the last two years. Results/conclusion: Although the mechanistic drivers for development of safer GR ligands have expanded from the basic transrepression/transactivation hypothesis, the concept appears to have led to the identification of some drug candidates that show dissociated in vitro profiles and improved in vivo therapeutic indices.
1‐Methyl‐1‐methylen‐1λ5‐phosphorinan und Cyclopropyl‐(dimethyl)methylenphosphoran: Zwei verschiedene Ylid‐Typen aus einer Analogreaktion und ihre Komplexbildung (1977)

Abstract Die Reaktion von NaNH 2 mit (4‐Brombutyl)‐ oder (3‐Brompropyl)‐trimethylphosphonium‐bromid in siedendem THF liefert die beiden Titelverbindungen 1 bzw. 8 . Bei Raumtemperatur entstehen imid‐verbrückte Doppel‐Ylide 2 bzw. 10 . Der Reaktionsverlauf wird gedeutet. Mit Kupfer‐, Silber‐ und Gold(I)‐chlorid werden die dimeren Münzmetall‐Komplexe der Ylide erhalten, denen im ersteren Fall (mit 1 ) eine doppelt spirocyclische Struktur zukommt ( 7a–c ).
Engineering Crop Resistance to the Naturally Occurring Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitor Phosphinothricin (1993)

Chemical plant protection will be always needed, but the application of gene technology can reduce the impact of agriculture to the environment and offer new attractive systems for weed control to the farmer. The non-selective herbicide glufosinate exhibit desirable properties, which makes it suitable for weed control in crops. By transferring a microbial resistance gene from the producer of the active principle of glufosinate, sensitive crops like corn, oilseed-rape, soy bean and sugarbeet could be made resistant. In comparison to present, on soil herbicides based weed control systems, the flexibility in the application of the post-emergent foliar herbicide glufosinate in resistant crops comes closer to an ideal system. The introduction of this new system will be another important step towards an agriculture with reduced impact on the environment.
Peripheral nerve magnetic stimulation: influence of tissue non-homogeneity (2003)

The model developed could be useful in theoretical prediction of the current distribution in the nerves during diagnostic stimulation and therapeutic procedures involving electromagnetic excitation. The errors in applying homogeneous domain modeling rather than real non-homogeneous biological structures are demonstrated. The practical implications of the applied approach are valid for any arbitrary weakly conductive medium.
VMMF: Volatile memory management framework (2012)

The growing size of computer memory offers an opportunity to improve the performance of applications by storing as much data as possible in memory. However, this aggressive memory utilization should be managed carefully, because severe system-wide performance degradation can result from virtual memory (VM) paging activities once a memory shortage occurs. In this study, we propose a volatile memory management framework (VMMF) for such applications. Volatile memory means the owner process desires to use it for better performance but the system can reclaim it asynchronously without saving the content into the swap area. The concept of this framework is similar to that of “weak reference” implemented in several programming languages with the garbage collection (GC) mechanism. We extend the concept to a programming style with explicit memory management, which is adopted by many applications implemented in C/C++. The VMMF can improve performance robustness against fluctuations in memory demand.
Linear Quadratic Dynamic Optimization With Boltzmann Machine for Discrete-time System (2005)

In order to solve linear quadratic(LQ) optimal control problem of discrete-time system, the authors present a promising alternative based on random neural network-Boltzmann machines. By the method, the LQ performance index is transformed into the energy function of Boltzmann machine, and the control sequence is transformed into the neuron state vector of Boltzmann machines. Solving LQ dynamic optimization problem is equivalent to operating associated Boltzmann machines from its initial state to the terminal state that represents the optimal control sequence. The theoretical study indicates that we are able to find a relevant Boltzmann machines whose energy function is corresponding to the LQ performance index. Emulation experiment shows boltzmann machines can implement linear quadratic optimal control of any multivariable time-variant system.
Human OX40 ligand fusion protein (MEDI6383) as a potent OX40 agonist and immuno-modulator in vitro and in vivo. (2015)

3056 Background: OX40 is a tumor necrosis factor receptor found primarily on activated T effector (Teff) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells including lymphocytes infiltrating mouse and human tumors. Costimulation of OX40 by agonist molecules is hypothesized to improve antitumor immunity by enhancing Teff cell activity and inhibiting Treg cell suppression. MEDI6383 is a novel, agonist, human OX40 ligand fusion protein currently undergoing early phase clinical testing for the treatment of advanced solid malignancies. Methods: Preclinical pharmacological properties of MEDI6383 were assessed using in vitro and in vivo models. Results: MEDI6383 bound specifically and with high affinity to human and monkey OX40 expressed on the cell surface of T cells, and did not bind to OX40 expressed on the cell surface of either rat or mouse T cells. The OX40 signaling pathway was activated by MEDI6383, as measured by NFκB signaling in human OX40-expressing Jurkat T reporter cells. Co-culture of reporter cells with cells that express Fcγ receptors enhanced OX40 signaling, demonstrating that clustering of MEDI6383 by Fcg receptors increased the OX40 intracellular signaling strength and magnitude of response. MEDI6383 enhanced T cell receptor mediated (co-stimulatory) activation of primary human CD4+ T cells as demonstrated by the induction of cell proliferation and cytokine release, and reduced Treg cell suppression in T cell co-cultures. MEDI6383 showed no such activity in the absence of concomitant CD3/T cell receptor complex signaling. MEDI6383 demonstrated potent in vivo antitumor activity that was dependent on the addition of alloreactive human T cells in a xenograft mouse model of human cancer. Intravenous administration of MEDI6383 to rhesus monkeys in the absence of a define antigen challenge resulted in the proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ total memory T-cell populations as measured by induction of the cell-proliferation marker Ki67, and by an increase in absolute numbers of these T cell populations. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that MEDI6383 is a potent, soluble agonist of the OX40 pathway that may be utilized to boost anti-tumor immunity in patients with cancer.
Local Staging of Esophageal Cancer Using Endoscopic Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Prospective Comparison with Endoscopic Ultrasound (1998)

Endoscopic magnetic resonance imaging of esophageal cancer diagnoses local staging that is comparable to endosonography. In future, the combination of endoscopic and conventional magnetic resonance scanning may provide comprehensive staging of esophageal cancer.
H2activation by hydrogenase-inspired NiFe catalyst using frustrated Lewis pair: effect of buffer and halide ion in the heterolytic H–H bond cleavage (2021)

Hydrogen is a clean fuel alternative to fossil fuels, and it is vital to develop catalysts for its efficient activation and production. We investigate the reaction mechanism of H<sub>2</sub> activation in an aqueous solution by the recently developed NiFe complex (Ogo <i>et al. Sci. Adv</i>. 2020, 6, eaaz8181) using density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Our computational results showed that H<sub>2</sub> is activated using frustrated Lewis pair. That is, H<sub>2</sub> binds to the Fe site of the NiFe complex, acting as a Lewis acid, while the added buffer, acting as Lewis base, abstracts protons to form a hydride complex. Furthermore, the higher basicity in the proton abstraction reaction characterises reaction more exergonic and lowers the reaction barrier. In addition, in the proton abstraction by the water molecule, the reaction barrier was lowered when anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup> is in the vicinity of the water. Understanding the chemical species that contribute to the catalytic process in cooperation with the metal catalyst at the atomic level should help to maximise the function of the catalyst.
Targeted metabolic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C using LC‐MS/MS (2013)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of the liver is a global health problem and a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sensitive methods are needed for the improved and earlier detection of HCC, which would provide better therapy options. Metabolic profiling of the high-risk population (HCV patients) and those with HCC provides insights into the process of liver carcinogenesis and possible biomarkers for earlier cancer detection. Seventy-three blood metabolites were quantitatively profiled in HCC (n = 30) and cirrhotic HCV (n = 22) patients using a targeted approach based on LC-MS/MS. Sixteen of 73 targeted metabolites differed significantly (p < 0.05) and their levels varied up to a factor of 3.3 between HCC and HCV. Four of these 16 metabolites (methionine, 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, and uric acid) that showed the lowest p values were used to develop and internally validate a classification model using partial least squares discriminant analysis. The model exhibited high classification accuracy for distinguishing the two groups with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 97%, 95%, and 0.98, respectively. A number of perturbed metabolic pathways, including amino acid, purine, and nucleotide metabolism, were identified based on the 16 biomarker candidates. These results provide a promising methodology to distinguish cirrhotic HCV patients, who are at high risk to develop HCC, from those who have already progressed to HCC. The results also provide insights into the altered metabolism between HCC and HCV.
Parallel beam optical tomography apparatus for 3D radiation dosimetry (2005)

Since the discovery of X rays radiotherapy has had the same aim - to deliver a precisely measured dose of radiation to a defined tumour volume with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Recent developments in radiotherapy such as intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) can generate complex shapes of dose distributions. Until recently it has not been possible to verify that the delivered dose matches the planned dose. However, one often wants to know the real three-dimensional dose distribution. Three-dimensional radiation dosimeters have been developed since the early 1980s. Most chemical formulations involve a radiosensitive species immobilised in space by gelling agent. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and optical techniques have been the most successful gel scanning techniques so far. Optical techniques rely on gels changing colour once irradiated. Parallel beam optical tomography has been developed at the University of Surrey since the late 1990s. The apparatus involves light emitting diode light source collimated to a wide (12cm) parallel beam. The beam is attenuated or scattered (depending on the chemical formulation) as it passes through the gel. Focusing optics projects the beam onto a CCD chip. The dosimeter sits on a rotation stage. The tomography scan involves continuously rotating the dosimeter and taking CCD images. Once the dosimeter has been rotated over 180 degrees the images are processed by filtered back projection. The work presented discusses the optics of the apparatus in more detail.
Seam carving for media retargeting (2008)

Traditional image resizing techniques are oblivious to the content of the image when changing its width or height. In contrast, media (i.e., image and video) retargeting take s content into account. For example, one would like to change the aspect ratio of a video without making human figures look too fat or too skinny, or change the size of an image by automatically removing "unnecessary" portions while keeping the "important" features intact. We propose a simple operator; we term seam carving to support image and video retargeting. A seam is an optimal 1D path of pixels in an image, or a 2D manifold in a video cube, going from top to bottom, or left to right. Optimality is defined by minimizing an energy function that assigns costs to pixels. We show that computing a seam reduces to a dynamic programming problem for images and a graph min-cut search for video. We demonstrate that several image and video operations, such as aspect ratio correction, size change, and object removal, can be recast as a successive operation of the seam carving operator.
Microangiographic Study of Healing Wounds in Canine Intestinal Anastomoses (1989)

The microcirculatory evolution of healing wounds has not been well documented. The authors tested the generally accepted hypothesis that an end-to-end, stapled anastomosis (EEA) causes less microcirculatory compromises to the wound edge than an end-on, single-layer, hand-sewn anastomosis (HSA) does. The quanti tative measurement of the microcir culation associated with hand-sewn and stapled colonic anastomoses was carried out in two groups of dogs, each containing 28 animals. The mi crocirculatory evolution with use of either technique was similar, and the data in this study failed to support the common belief that the "B" shape of the staples results in mini mal trauma to the microcirculation and thus allows capillary growth through the tissue enclosed by the staple. In contrast to other studies, however, the authors noticed cross- circulation as early as the third post operative day in either technique. Moreover, by this angiographic method, they noted a gradual in crease in the extent of cross-circula tion from days 3 to 13 in both types of anastomoses. To their knowledge this study represents the first report of a comparison of trauma caused to the microcirculation by mechanical su tures and single-layer, hand-sewn technique.
Guanidinoacetate amidinohydrolase from a Flavobacterium purification, crystallization and properties. (1979)

Guanidinoacetate amidinohydrolase (glycocyaminase, EC 3.5.3.2) was purified 148-fold and crystallized from Flavobacterium sp. GE-1 grown in a medium supplemented with guanidinoacetate. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 281, 000 daltons by a gel electrophoretic procedure. SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed a single component of subunit with an estimated molecular weight of 70, 000 daltons, suggesting that the enzyme is composed of four subunits identical in molecular weight. These values are significantly distinct from those of an analogous enzyme from a Pseudomonas reported by us previously. The native enzyme was active without added divalent metals. Incubation of the enzyme with 1, 10-phenanthroline at an elevated temperature (50°C) resulted in almost complete inactivation. The activity of the inactivated enzyme was restored by incubation with Zn2+ or Co2+ at 50°C; the former cation was more effective. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 8.0_??_8.5. The apparent Km value for guanidinoacetate was 15 mat. 3-Guanidinopropionate and 4-guanidinobutyrate were hydrolyzed 19% and 9%, respectively, as fast as guanidinoacetate. PCMB was a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. The properties of the Flavobacterium enzyme were compared with those of the analogous Pseudomonas enzyme.
Pulmonary Complications of the Flow-Directed Balloon-Tipped Catheter (1974)

Retrospective analysis of the course of 125 patients in whom flow-directed balloon-tipped catheters were employed showed that in nine (7.2 per cent), pulmonary ischemic lesions appeared to have occurred as a direct result of the use of the catheter. Mechanisms of the pulmonary ischemia included persistent wedging of the catheter tip in a peripheral artery (six cases), obstruction of a more central pulmonary artery by an inflated balloon (one case), and pulmonary embolism from venous thrombosis developing around the catheter (two cases). Awareness of the tendency for spontaneous wedging of the catheter to occur and of the possibility of air remaining in the balloon after use should reduce the frequency of these complications. (N Engl J Med 290:927–931, 1974)
Amphotropic retrovirus vector transfer of the v-ras oncogene to human hematopoietic and stromal cells in continuous bone marrow cultures (1985)

Human continuous bone marrow cultures were established from intraoperative marrow specimens and infected with amphotropic murine leukemia virus (Am-MuLV) pseudotypes of Kirsten or Harvey murine sarcoma virus, and the biologic effects were compared with mouse continuous bone marrow cultures. Cultures were tested for production of total nonadherent granulocytes and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFUc); virus replication by supernatant reverse transcriptase activity; percentage of adherent and nonadherent cells and GM-CFUc that released virus by infectious center assay; and for synthesis of Harvey ras p21 protein. High-efficiency, stable Am-MuLV infection of over 90% of human marrow-culture nonadherent and adherent cells and both seven- and 14-day GM-CFUc were detected as Kirsten or Harvey pseudotype virus release by infectious center assay. Synthesis of Harvey ras p21 was detected in the adherent and nonadherent cell populations of human as well as mouse continuous marrow cultures infected with Kirsten or Harvey pseudotype virus. In contrast to data with mouse cultures, cumulative production of GM-CFUc and differentiated granulocytes in human cultures was not detectably altered by Harvey or Kirsten virus infection, and all cultures ceased to produce hematopoietic cells by 20 weeks. Of 54 virus-infected cultures in ten separate experiments, 13 produced a second peak of nonadherent cells (greater than 10(5) per flask) after 20 weeks, significantly more frequently than did control uninfected cultures (one of 32). When subcultured, these harvests produced permanent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed pre-B cell lines that released the original inoculating pseudotype virus. Thus, Am- MuLV is a potentially valuable vector for inserting genetic sequences by recombinant techniques into human hematopoietic and stromal cells in culture; however, activation of EBV may be a significant complication.
Multitask Learning without Label Correspondences (2010)

We propose an algorithm to perform multitask learning where each task has potentially distinct label sets and label correspondences are not readily available. This is in contrast with existing methods which either assume that the label sets shared by different tasks are the same or that there exists a label mapping oracle. Our method directly maximizes the mutual information among the labels, and we show that the resulting objective function can be efficiently optimized using existing algorithms. Our proposed approach has a direct application for data integration with different label spaces for the purpose of classification, such as integrating Yahoo! and DMOZ web directories.