gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultralow-Power (1.59 mW/Gbps), 56-Gbps PAM4 Operation of Si Photonic Transmitter Integrating Segmented PIN Mach–Zehnder Modulator and 28-nm CMOS Driver (2018)

A highly power-efficient silicon (Si) photonic PAM4 transmitter was developed by integrating a Si segmented Mach- Zehnder modulator and a CMOS driver chip. Si p-i-n-type phase shifters are directly driven with a CMOS inverter driver array to realize a low power operation. A passive RC equalizing technique was adopted to extend the modulation bandwidth up to 20 GHz while maintaining a low power consumption. By integrating a passive RC filter within the photonics chip, we achieved a very compact foot print for the transmitter (450 × 950 μm). The fabricated modulator exhibited a low VπL of 0.19 V·cm and a moderate insertion loss of 23.7 dB/cm . The transmitter successfully demonstrated clear eye openings of PAM4 signal up to 56 Gbps together with a record-high-efficiency of 1.59 mW/Gbps. A low bit-errorrate below KP4 FEC limit (<;2.0 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> ) was also confirmed at 50-Gbps PAM4 operation even with an unequalized receiver.
The impact of network latency on the synchronization of real-world IEEE 1588-2008 devices (2010)

Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a high precision time synchronization protocol designed to run over a local area network. PTP, often referred to as 1588, is defined by the IEEE Standard 1588 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">™</sup> -2008. The protocol theoretically allows synchronization at the nanosecond level. In this project we study the performance of the protocol in an environment where multiple 1588 devices are connected via a network in which impairments that are typically observed in real networks are introduced and non-1588 devices are present. The performance was assessed by observing the impact on the clock synchronization of the 1588 devices. The results provide valuable insight into the real-world accuracy and robustness of the protocol.
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BRIDGE COLUMNS BY STEEL JACKETING (1991)

Inadequate flexural strength and ductility of shear strength of concrete bridge columns has resulted in collapse or severe damage of a number of California bridges in recent moderate earthquakes. In general these bridges were designed prior to the new seismic design methods which were implemented in the mid-seventies. Bridges constructed in accordance with the new design methods have performed well in recent earthquakes. However, the large number of older bridges that are in service, particularly freeway overpasses designed and constructed in the 1950's to 1970's, are now recognized to have substandard design details and are presenting a cause for major concern. This paper reports the results of a theoretical and experimental program investigating retrofit techniques for circular columns by encasing the critical regions with a steel jacket. The jacket is bonded to the column using grout. Results from six large-scale column tests show that the casing acts efficiently as confinement reinforcement enabling displacement ductility factor of greater than 6 to be achieved. The casing also inhibits bond failures at the laps of longitudinal reinforcement in the critical regions of the column by restraining the dilation and spalling of the cover concrete which degenerates into bond failure. Comparisons of as-built and retrofitted columns are presented, and experimental strengths and ductilities are compared with analytical predictions.
Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution in the triazole N-oxides and N-methoxytriazolium salts: preparation of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles (1981)

2-Phenyltriazole 1-oxides are activated at C-5 towards both electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. The N-oxides can be selectively halogenated and, in turn, the halogen replaced by strong nucleophiles. On subsequent deoxygenation, the N-oxides yield halogeno-, methylthio-, and methoxy-triazoles. Methylation produces N-methoxytriazolium salts in which H-5 can be replaced by weak nucleophiles, e.g. fluoride ions. Thus fluoro-, chloro-, hydroxy-, alkoxy-, acyloxy-, amino-, substituted amino-, azido-, nitro-, mercapto-, alkylthio-, acylthio-, and cyano-substituents can be introduced in the triazole nucleus. Alternatively deprotonated N-methoxytriazolium salts react with electrophiles producing substituted triazole N-oxides. The reactions of triazole N-oxides with hydrogen chloride to give chlorotriazoles, and with acetyl chloride to give acetoxytriazoles, are explained.
Vocal folds vibration imaging with functional OCT (2016)

We describe here how OCT imaging can be applied to studying human vocal fold (VF) vibration. We show that OCT is earning a significant place within technological armamentarium for VF examination, especially as a tool for non-invasive VF “biopsy.” Doppler OCT is a functional extension of OCT, which can provide information beyond morphology. Doppler OCT is a promising technique for quantitative, non-contact imaging of VF vibration.
GAO CITES DEFICIENCIES IN FAA'S TRAFFIC CONTROLLER RECRUITMENT (1988)

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) lacks a coordinated, aggressive and efficient program for recruiting and training air traffic controllers (ATCs), according to a government study. The General Accounting Office (GAO) report also faults FAA field assignment of controller school graduates to ATC facilities inappropriate to their training academy performance. FAA is a passive recruiter with only three headquarters-level employees out of a total workforce of 44,000 assigned to recruiting, according to the report. The recruiting effort varies from region to region, with headquarters staff often unaware of what activities are taking place in the field. The GAO supports ongoing FAA initiatives to improve recruiting, including increased television and print advertising and expanded job fair participation and college interviewing. However, a national controller recruiting policy and program is still needed. It should be targeted toward those candidates most likely to complete the controller training program. According to the GAO report, a major hurdle to controller employment is the average eleven and a half month waiting period for candidates who score well on the controller aptitude test.
Immune correlates analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial (2022)

In the coronavirus efficacy (COVE) phase 3 clinical trial, vaccine recipients were assessed for neutralizing and binding antibodies as correlates of risk for COVID-19 disease and as correlates of protection. These immune markers were measured at the time of second vaccination and 4 weeks later, with values reported in standardized World Health Organization international units. All markers were inversely associated with COVID-19 risk and directly associated with vaccine efficacy. Vaccine recipients with postvaccination 50% neutralization titers 10, 100, and 1000 had estimated vaccine efficacies of 78% (95% confidence interval, 54 to 89%), 91% (87 to 94%), and 96% (94 to 98%), respectively. These results help define immune marker correlates of protection and may guide approval decisions for messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines and other COVID-19 vaccines.
Tannins and related compounds. XXXI. Isolation and characterization of proanthocyanidins in Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. (1985)

Together with propelargonidin dimers (14, 15 and 16), and procyanidin trimers (23, 24 and 25) of common types, two novel proanthocyanidin dimers, kandelins A-1 (12) and A-2 (13), and four trimers, kandelins B-1 (19), B-2 (20), B-3 (21) and B-4 (22), which all contain a phenylpropanoid substituent in the upper flavan unit, have been isolated from the bark of Kandelia candel (L.) DRUCE (Rhizophoraceae). Spectroscopic evidence combined with chemical studies involving acid-catalyzed thiolytic degradation permitted the assignment of their structures. The presence in this plant source of flavan-3-ols, (+)-afzelechin (2), (+)-catechin (3), (-)-epicatechin (4) and (+)-gallocatechin (5), known proanthocyanidins B-1 (8), B-2 (9), C-1 (17) and trimer (18), and cinchonains Ia (6), Ib (7), IIa (10) and IIb (11) was also demonstrated.
Modulation of the Dendritic Cell–T-Cell Synapse to Promote Pathogen Immunity and Prevent Autoimmunity (2011)

The molecular interactions occurring at the interface between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells play an important role in the immune surveillance against infectious agents, as well as in autoimmune pathogenesis. Therefore, regulation of this interaction arises as an important tool for the prevention and treatment of immune disorders and to improve the protection against pathogens without causing detrimental inflammation. Some of the molecular interactions defining the outcome of the DC-T cell interaction are: T-cell receptor (TCR) binding to the pMHC on the DC surface, which is responsible for the antigenic specificity; and the ratio of activating/inhibitory receptor pairs on the surface of DCs and T cells, which modulate DC immunogenicity and T-cell function, respectively. An alteration in the proper function of these molecules could lead to unbalanced DC-T-cell synapses that either cause a failure to control infections or exacerbated inflammation. Furthermore, some pathogens have developed molecular strategies to impair the function of the synapse to evade adaptive immunity. In this article, we will discuss recent work relative to the molecular mechanisms controlling DC-T-cell synapse and their implications on immunoregulation to control autoimmunity and potentiate pathogen immunity.
Design and control of networks with dynamic nonhierarchical routing (1990)

Dynamic routing concepts are described, and the design and control of dynamic routing networks is discussed. The vastly improved performance of the networks is illustrated with examples from operational experience. The evolution of dynamic routing with respect to several future directions is highlighted. These directions are extension to new networks and services, robust design and real-time adaptivity, and extension to interconnecting networks, including the Worldwide Intelligent Network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Synthesis and biological activity of a series of diaryl-substituted .alpha.-cyano-.beta.-hydroxypropenamides, a new class of anthelmintic agents (1991)

A series of alpha-cyano-beta-hydroxypropenamides was prepared and tested for anthelmintic activity. alpha-Cyano-beta-hydroxy-N-[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propenamide (1) showed good activity against the nematode Nematospirodes dubius in a mixed parasite infection in mice; several of the analogues were also effective against the cestode Hymenolepis nana. In sheep trials, 1 caused 100% reduction of the hematophagous nematode Haemonchus contortus after a single dose of 20 mg/kg but did not show satisfactory control of Trichostrongylus colubriformis or Ostertagia circumcincta. Against the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, 1 suppressed egg production but only temporarily, suggesting that the adult flukes were not eliminated. Mechanism of action studies on 1 using Ascaris mitochondria showed it to be an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
Robust Fuzzy Predictive Control for Automatic Train Regulation in High-Frequency Metro Lines (2018)

This paper addresses the robust automatic train regulation problem in high-frequency metro lines with fuzzy passenger arrival rate. Due to the uncertainty of passenger demand, the passenger arrival rate is assumed to be represented by fuzzy variables. A nonlinear state-space model is formulated to describe the characteristic of metro train operation. To satisfy the real-time requirement of train regulation, a fuzzy constrained predictive control approach is designed to optimize a cost function at each decision epoch subject to safety constraints on the control input. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory and model predictive control method, sufficient conditions for the existence of corresponding state feedback control law are given in a set of linear matrix inequalities. Moreover, for reducing delays caused by the uncertain disturbance, the robust train regulation strategy is designed to guarantee that the practical train timetable tracks the nominal one with respect to certain disturbance attenuation level. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by a number of experiments under real running circumstances of Beijing Metro Yizhuang Line of China.
Using Multiplex Coherent Anti Stokes Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid Material Detection (2015)

Full spectroscopic identification of molecules has been hampered by the inability to use an information-rich spectroscopic method such as Raman scattering in a flowing aerosol environment due to the time needed to generate a Raman spectrum. Multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (MCARS) has been shown to generate a complete Raman spectrum from the material of interest using a single ultrabroadband pulse to coherently drive multiple molecular vibrations simultaneously. When used in conjunction with a narrow probe pulse, a complete Raman spectrum is created that can be detected in milliseconds. We will report on the MCARS spectra obtained from materials of interest at a distance of 1 m from the sample location. We will also be reporting on an analytical method to remove the nonresonant background that utilizes a combination of the maximum entropy method to reproduce the spectrum as well as complex spectral filtering to remove the nonresonant background and accurately determine the CARS spectrum interest without prior knowledge of the material of interest.
Surgical success rates in infantile esotropia. (1989)

An extensive literature search covering the last 35 years was undertaken to retrieve all English language articles reporting results of surgical management of infantile esotropia. Only 27 of the 48 studies retrieved met the minimum criteria which we established for inclusion in our analysis. The success rate for achieving some level of binocular vision was 22% in 1286 patients, while the overall cosmetic success rate was 63% in 2113 patients. Newer surgical procedures appear to be more effective in achieving cosmetic success. Although controversy still exists about the optimal time for surgery, the most reasonable approach appears to be the concept of performing surgery as soon as an accurate determination can be made of the deviation and associated characteristics, and only after attention has been directed to any accommodative component and treatment of amblyopia. Although approximately 60% of patients referred for surgery can be expected to achieve cosmetic improvement after the first operation, the need for multiple surgery is common. There is a trend toward recurrence of the strabismus, and the need for short interval, long-term optometric follow-up is essential.
Light polarization effects in the transient dc conductivity response to excitation of dipolar solutes (1994)

The effect of light polarization on the dc conductivity signal caused by a photoinduced increase in solute dipole moment was detected for the first time. DMANS (4-(dimethylamino)-4'-nitrostilbene) was used solute in squalane liquid. Analysis of experimental traces allowed estimation of the ground (μ*g=6.0±0.5 D) and excited state (μ*s=32.7±1.6 D) dipole moments as well as the fluorescence (τF=1±0.1 ns), rotational (τr=2.3±0.1 ns) and intersystem crossing (τisc=15±3 ns) lifetimes. All the values are in good agreement with other measurements.
Local Ablative Therapies in Oligometastatic NSCLC: New Data and New Directions (2020)

The oligometastatic and oligoprogressive disease states have been recently recognized as common clinical scenarios in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As a result, there has been increasing interest in treating these patients with locally ablative therapies including surgery, conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation. This article provides an overview of oligometastatic and oligoprogressive disease in the setting of NSCLC and reviews the evidence supporting ablative treatment. Phase II randomized controlled trials and retrospective series suggest that ablative treatment of oligometastases may substantially improve progression-free survival and overall survival, and additional large randomized studies testing this hypothesis in a definitive context are ongoing. However, several challenges remain, including quantifying the possible benefits of ablative therapies for oligoprogressive disease and developing prognostic and predictive models to assist in clinical decision making.
The scaling of data sensing schemes for high speed cache design in sub-0.18 μm technologies (2002)

Small signal differential data sensing for on-chip cache design is evaluated from the perspective of technology scaling. Maintaining the delay scaling trend and high area efficiency is getting more difficult with the conventional scheme as Si process technology moves beyond 0.18 /spl mu/m. An alternative design scheme with large signal sensing is proposed and proven to be a viable design alternative in the deep sub-micron regime.
Steroid Treatment Reduces Allergic Airway Inflammation and Does Not Alter the Increased Numbers of Dendritic Cells and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Expressing Neurons in Airway Sensory Ganglia (2015)

The present findings indicate an important role of DC and CGRP-containing neurons in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. However, steroid treatment did not have an effect on the population of DC and neurons displaying CGRP in the JNC, whereas steroid treatment was found to suppress allergic airway inflammation.
Rapid Diagnosis of Legionnaires' Disease Using an Immunochromatographic Assay for Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Antigen in Urine during an Outbreak in The Netherlands (2000)

A new immunochromatographic assay for rapid qualitative detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine specimens was used during an outbreak of legionellosis in The Netherlands. The assay seems of the utmost value in providing a rapid diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia in an outbreak setting.
PEG-asparaginase (2007)

L-asparaginases have been established components in the treatment of acute leukemias for nearly 40 years. Their antitumor effect results from the depletion of asparagine, an amino acid essential to leukemic cells, and subsequent inhibition of protein synthesis leading to considerable cytotoxicity. The efficacy of L-asparaginases has been limited by a high rate of hypersensitivity reactions and development of anti-asparaginase antibodies, which neutralize their activity. PEG-asparaginase, a form of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase covalently linked to polyethylene glycol, was rationally synthesized to decrease immunogenicity of the enzyme and prolong its half-life. In recent years, clinical trials have established the importance of intramuscular PEG-asparaginase in frontline pediatric and adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. Present studies are evaluating the feasibility of intravenous PEG-asparaginase administration.
Optical alignment of azo–polymer-stabilized nematic liquid crystals (1999)

Optical alignment and strong residual birefringence in a nematic liquid crystal that is stabilized by a polymer network are described. The polymer's main chain contains an azo dye, which is responsible for the repulsion of the axis of the guest-host system from the electric field of the excitation light.
Macromolecular Turnover in Brain during Aging (1987)

During aging there are several structural, functional and biochemical alterations, including changes in macromolecular composition and turnover. Regulation of gene expression, DNA and RNA synthesis, total poly(A)+ and poly(A)- RNA contents, qualitative and quantitative changes of synaptosomal plasma membrane proteins, diminished plasticity, loss of synapses, lower rate of axoplasmic transport, impairment of antioxidant and bioenergetic systems seem to be involved in the aging process of nervous system.
An Eddy Dissipation Concept Performance Study for Space Propulsion Applications (2022)

In this study, Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of a turbulent diffusion flame are conducted to investigate the performance of the Eddy Dissipation Concept in turbulent combustion for space propulsion applications. A 20-bar methane-oxygen diffusion flame is simulated to resemble the conditions encountered in modern rocket combustors. The numerical simulations were conducted using the software EBI-DNS within the OpenFOAM framework. An approach for analysis and validation of the combustion model with DNS is developed. The EDC model presents a good agreement with DNS observations in the most prevalent species. Nevertheless, the EDC struggles to predict the mean chemical production rate of intermediate species. It is found that local adaption of the model constants is essential for maximizing the prediction capabilities. The relationship of these parameters with the Reynolds number and the Damköhler number are mostly in good agreement with the trends proposed in recent research .
Construction of Drug‐Like Compounds by Markov Chains (2013)

De novo design programs continue to be a source of inspiration for structure-based ligand design. As there advent, they have progressed from addressing a few objectives such as ligand–target affinity to multiple objectives such as polypharmacological activity. The steady increase in experimentally validated designs continues to secure the position of the de novo approach in structure-based ligand design. In this chapter, we provide some historical context for the fragment optimized growth (FOG) algorithm and describe two applications of its use.
An electrical technique for determining MOSFET gate length reduction due to process micro-loading effects in advanced CMOS technology (2002)

A test structure was designed to enable an electrical determination of gate length reduction due to micro-loading effects in poly. A transistor with parallel dummy poly's and transistors with isolated poly's were compared. We propose that DIBL effects be used to extract gate length reduction without being affected by any parasitic resistance in source/drain regions. The results agreed well with cross-section SEM analysis, and were confirmed by the measured and simulated speeds of NAND/NOR ring oscillator circuits.