gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal-ion controlled reactions of 2,6-diacetylpyridine with 1,2-di-aminoethane and 2,6-diformylpyridine with o-phenylenediamine and the crystal and molecular structure of a pentagonal pyramidal cadmium(II) complex containing unidentate o-phenylenediamine (1982)

Reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine (dap) with an excess of 1,2-diaminoethane (en) in the presence of Ba[ClO4]2 in MeOH or EtOH at room temperature yields the complex [BaL2(ClO4)2]·H2O where the ligand L2 is the open-chain condensate of two molecules of dap with three molecules of en. The i.r. spectrum of the solid complex indicates that L2 exists in the di-imine form containing two imidazolidine rings derived from the nucleophilic addition of the two primary amine groups of the tetra-imine form across adjacent CN linkages. The use of higher reaction temperatures affords the complex [BaL1(ClO4)2] of the 18-membered macrocycle L1 derived from the [2 + 2] condensation of two molecules of dap with two molecules of en. The intermediacy of the co-ordinated open-chain ligand L2 in the L1 macrocycle formation is evidenced by the subsequent ring closure of [BaL2(ClO4)2]·H2O in the absence of added diketone; a transamination mechanism is proposed. Corresponding reactions of 2,6-diformylpyridine (dfp) with o-phenylenediamine (opd) in the presence of Ba2+ give complexes of the 18-membered macrocycle with the isolation of any intermediate. The single Ba2+ in [BaL2(ClO4)2]·H2O may be replaced by two Cu2+ with isomerization of L2 to the tetra-imine form, L3. The isomerization is reversed on treatment of Cu2L3(ClO4)4·2H2O with NCS–. The Ba2+in the macrocyclic complex [BaL1(ClO4)2] may also be replaced by two Cu2+ to yield Cu2L1(OH)(ClO4)3·H2O in which the two Cu2+ ions are intramolecularly bridged, and antiferromagnetically coupled, via the hydroxide ion. The use of Cd[ClO4]2·6H2O as template affords the complexes [CdL5(en)][ClO4]2 and [CdL6(opd)][ClO4]2 where L5 is the open-chain ligand derived from the condensation of one molecule of dap with two molecules of en, and L6 is the corresponding ligand derived from dfp and opd. Crystals of [CdL6(opd)][ClO4]2 are triclinic with a= 9.117(9), b= 10.797(8), c= 16.084(11)Å, α= 97.89(8), β= 81.43(9), γ= 70.70(10)°, Z= 2, and space group P. 2 560 Reflections above background were measured by a diffractometer and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R 0.065. The co-ordination geometry of the Cd atom is approximately pentagonal pyramidal, being bonded to the five nitrogen atoms (Cd–N 2.35–2.46 Å) of L6 in the pentagonal plane and to one NH2 group [Cd–N 2.341(9)Å] of the opd molecule in one axial position, the metal lying 0.42 Å above the equatorial N5 plane. The other NH2 group of opd is not co-ordinated. An incomplete X-ray analysis of [CdL5(en)][ClO4]2 indicates a seven-co-ordinate polymeric structure in which the en molecules bridge adjacent Cd2+ ions. Treatment of CdL6(opd)(ClO4)2·6H2O with Ni2+ in the presence of O2 yields the complex[Ni(L8)2][ClO4]2·H2O the properties of which suggest that the terminal NH2 groups of L6 have added across the adjacent CN bonds, this being followed by oxidative dehydrogenation to generate 2,6-di(2-benzimidazolyl) pyridine.
Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (1995)

This article reviews the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). We found that the incidence of ACD in childhood is lower than in adults; this may be explained by less exposure to allergens, lack of immune response and limited patch test studies in this age group. In the elderly, there is an age-dependent decrease in the incidence of ACD, with decreased sensitization to new allergens and waning responses in previously sensitized subjects. There is extensive controversy about the effect of sex differences in ACD. The induction phases of ACD in both sexes are different due to differences in exposure to the allergens from occupations, habits and cultures. Differences in elicitation phases of ACD in both sexes are not confirmed. Women tend to have a higher incidence of ACD and higher immunologic response to exposure allergens than men. Thus we can only imprecisely define the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of ACD. Further prospective studies should be done to answer these questions.
LncRNA TUG1 serves an important role in hypoxia-induced myocardial cell injury by regulating the miR‑145‑5p‑Binp3 axis (2017)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of long non‑coding RNA TUG1 in hypoxia‑induced myocardial cell injury and to explore the potential molecular mechanisms. The cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2 was cultured under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. TUG1 expression under hypoxic conditions was then detected. The effects of TUG1 overexpression on viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were assayed. In addition, the microRNA (miR)‑145‑5p expression was detected. Following H9c2 cell transfection with miR‑145‑5p mimics, the H9c2 cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were also detected. Additionally, the target gene of miR‑145‑5p was assayed by Luciferase reporter assay. The protein expressions of Wnt‑3a, Wnt5a, and β‑catenin in H9c2 cells under hypoxic conditions were also determined. The results revealed that hypoxia induced injury in H9c2 cells, including inhibiting cell viability, migration and invasion, and promoting cell apoptosis. Overexpression of TUG1 aggravated hypoxia‑induced injury in H9c2 cells. In addition, miR‑145‑5p was negatively regulated by TUG1, and TUG1 overexpression aggravated hypoxia‑induced injury via the downregulation of miR‑145‑5p. Furthermore, B‑cell lymphoma 2 interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) was a target of miR‑145‑5p, and overexpression of Bnip3 aggravated hypoxia‑induced cell injury by activating Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathways in H9c2 cells. In conclusion, overexpression of TUG1 aggravated hypoxia‑induced injury in cardiomyocytes by regulating the miR‑145‑5p‑Binp3 axis. Activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway may be a key mechanism to mediate the role of TUG1 in regulating hypoxia‑induced myocardial injury. TUG1 may be an effective diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia.
Casing effects in the sea-to-borehole electromagnetic method (2009)

Abstract The sea-to-borehole controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) method has the potential of becoming a useful new exploration and monitoring technique. Modeling shows that the electromagnetic fields at reservoir depths can be 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than those on the seabed, thus opening up the possibility to see deeper or detect and monitor smaller targets. In the case of measurements inside metal casing, the use of reciprocity to interchange the source and receiver allows the casing conductor to be considered as an antenna. This antenna is excited by a source inside the casing, which induces a current flowing along the casing conductor. Based on the current distribution, a casing dipole moment and an equivalent length were derived for the transverse magnetic (TM) mode. In the frequency range of interest (0.1–10 Hz), the increase in field strength (resulting fromsea-to-borehole measurements) is not lost to the casing attenuation for either the TM or the transverse electric (TE) mode. The ratio of the dipole moment of the casing antenna to that of the source current can be considered as the casing attenuation effect. This ratio is not far from unity for frequencies smaller than 1Hz, but it decreases rapidly with frequency. The equivalent length of the casing antenna can be of the order of a few hundred meters. As a consequence, the field distribution changes significantly in the presence of casing, and the vertical resolution of TM measurements is degraded. The horizontal resolution is not degraded significantly. Measurement of the TM mode has the advantage of being sensitive to thin resistive targets and being less affected by sea-air interactions in shallow water. The TE mode measurement, having a localized casing effect, contributes valuable information about the background resistivity.
A review of open and distance learning within management development (1996)

Surveys and evaluates the existing literature on open and distance learning, with particular emphasis on the management development field. Aspects of open learning terminology are clarified by reference to previous literature and by a diagrammatic synthesis of the different terms and concepts. Explores and summarizes in diagrammatic format the relationship of open learning and management development. A discussion of the existing models and frameworks supports the findings that there is a gap in the literature between what is happening in the market and what is represented in the literature. Argues in conclusion that there is a need for a market‐driven multiple stakeholders model of open learning in management development which would help to explain the interactions of the various different and competing actors. Such a model would help to explain the questions over the future direction of open learning in management development and would go some way to explaining more fully the phenomenon of open learning which is still not fully understood because of its continually developing nature.
Mouse CD94 Participates in Qa-1-Mediated Self Recognition by NK Cells and Delivers Inhibitory Signals Independent of Ly-49 (2001)

Inhibitory receptors expressed on NK cells recognize MHC class I molecules and transduce negative signals to prevent the lysis of healthy autologous cells. The lectin-like CD94/NKG2 heterodimer has been studied extensively as a human inhibitory receptor. In contrast, in mice, another lectin-like receptor, Ly-49, was the only known inhibitory receptor until the recent discovery of CD94/NKG2 homologues in mice. Here we describe the expression and function of mouse CD94 analyzed by a newly established mAb. CD94 was detected on essentially all NK and NK T cells as well as small fractions of T cells in all mouse strains tested. Two distinct populations were identified among NK and NK T cells, CD94(bright) and CD94(dull) cells, independent of Ly-49 expression. The anti-CD94 mAb completely abrogated the inhibition of target killing mediated by NK recognition of Qa-1/Qdm peptide on target cells. Importantly, CD94(bright) but not CD94(dull) cells were found to be functional in the Qa-1/Qdm-mediated inhibition. In the presence of the mAb, activated NK cells showed substantial cytotoxicity against autologous target cells as well as enhanced cytotoxicity against allogeneic and "missing self" target cells. These results suggest that mouse CD94 participates in the protection of self cells from NK cytotoxicity through the Qa-1 recognition, independent of inhibitory receptors for classical MHC class I such as Ly-49.
May Machines Take Lives to Save Lives? Human Perceptions of Autonomous Robots (with the Capacity to Kill) (2021)

Abstract In the future, artificial agents are likely to make life-and-death decisions about humans. Ordinary people are the likely arbiters of whether these decisions are morally acceptable. We summarize research on how ordinary people evaluate artificial (compared to human) agents that make life-and-death decisions. The results suggest that many people are inclined to morally evaluate artificial agents’ decisions, and when asked how the artificial and human agents should decide, they impose the same norms on them. However, when confronted with how the agents did in fact decide, people judge the artificial agents’ decisions differently from those of humans. This difference is best explained by justifications people grant the human agents (imagining their experience of the decision situation) but do not grant the artificial agent (whose experience they cannot imagine). If people fail to infer the decision processes and justifications of artificial agents, these agents will have to explicitly communicate such justifications to people, so they can understand and accept their decisions.
How Frequency of Electrosurgical Current and Electrode Size Affect the Depth of Electrocoagulation (2016)

Larger-tip electrodes provided deeper coagulation compared with finer-tip electrodes.
An Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Based Vaccine Platform Enables the Generation of Epitope Specific Human Cytomegalovirus Antibodies (2019)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent pathogen with ~60%-90% seropositivity in adults. CMV can contribute to organ rejection in transplant recipients and is a major cause of birth defects in newborns. Currently, there are no approved vaccines against CMV. The epitope of a CMV neutralizing monoclonal antibody against a conserved region of the envelope protein gH provided the basis for a new CMV vaccine design. We exploited the influenza A virus as a vaccine platform due to the highly immunogenic head domain of its hemagglutinin envelope protein. Influenza A variants were engineered by reverse genetics to express the epitope of an anti-CMV gH neutralizing antibody that recognizes native gH into the hemagglutinin antigenic Sa site. We determined that the recombinant influenza variants expressing 7, 10, or 13 residues of the anti-gH neutralizing antibody epitope were recognized and neutralized by the anti-gH antibody 10C10. Mice vaccinated with the influenza/CMV chimeric viruses induced CMV-specific antibodies that recognized the native gH protein and inhibited virus infection. In fact, the influenza variants expressing 7-13 gH residues neutralized a CMV infection at ~60% following two immunizations with variants expressing the 13 residue gH peptide produced the highest levels of neutralization. Collectively, our study demonstrates that a variant influenza virus inserted with a gH peptide can generate a humoral response that limits a CMV infection.
F02 Selisistat: soluble HTT protein levels as a potential pharmacodynamic readout (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> Siena Biotech SpA is developing selisistat (SEN0014196) as a potentially disease-modifying therapy for HD. Selsistat is a potent and selective SirT1 inhibitor (IC50 98 nM) that has shown benefit across a range of preclinical models for HD, from cells and neurons infected with mutant huntingtin to transgenic Drosophila and R6/2 mice. The compound has shown to be safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers and with a favourable pharmacokinetic profile. <h3>Aim</h3> To develop a sensitive and quantitative (ELISA-based) readout for the detection of total soluble HTT protein in biological matrices, and to investigate the effects of selisistat on HTT protein levels in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) samples deriving from a Phase 1B study in HD patients. <h3>Methods</h3> This assay is based on a sandwich ELISA format and uses an electrochemiluminescent read-out to quantify the HTT protein level in PBMC extracts. The PBMCs are lysed by sonication and extracted by centrifugation. The supernatant is applied to a streptavidin-coated MSD plate which has been previously treated by addition of a biotinylated anti-mouse antibody followed by a mouse monoclonal anti HTT (1844–2131 aa) antibody. After incubation, bound HTT is detected using a rabbit anti-HTT (513–590 aa) secondary antibody followed by a Sulfotag conjugated anti-rabbit detection antibody. The signal is quantified by adding MSD read buffer and reading using the Meso Scale Discovery Sector Imager. <h3>Results and Conclusions</h3> The effects of two dose levels of selisistat and placebo on total soluble HTT levels in PBMC samples from HD patients in a 14-day Phase1B study will be presented.
FIAT, the factor‐inhibiting ATF4‐mediated transcription, also represses the transcriptional activity of the bZIP factor FRA‐1 (2010)

FIAT is a leucine zipper protein whose name was coined for its interaction with ATF4 and subsequent blockage of ATF4-directed osteocalcin gene transcription. FIAT lacks a basic DNA-binding domain but contains three leucine zippers; it heterodimerizes with ATF4 to prohibit binding to DNA. FIAT could also potentially interact with additional basic domain-leucine zipper transcriptional regulators of osteoblast activity, such as FRA-1. We have found that FIAT inhibits transcriptional activation by a FRA-1/c-JUN heterodimer without affecting transcription mediated by a c-JUN homodimer. The repressor effect of FIAT on FRA-1-dependent transcription was measured using reporter constructs for the natural FRA-1 targets, Mmp-9 and Mgp. The FIAT-FRA-1 interaction is mediated through the second leucine zipper of FIAT. These data confirm an additional target of the FIAT transcriptional repressor activity and suggest that FIAT can both modulate early osteoblast activity by interacting with ATF4 and regulate later osteoblast function through inhibition of FRA-1.
Theory of tunable pH sensitive vesicles of anionic and cationic lipids or anionic and neutral lipids (2000)

The design of vesicles which become unstable at an easily tuned value of pH is of great interest for targeted drug delivery. We present a microscopic theory for two forms of such vesicles. A model of lipids introduced by us previously is applied to a system of ionizable, anionic lipid, and permanently charged, cationic lipid. We calculate the pH at which the lamellar phase becomes unstable with respect to an inverted hexagonal one, a value which depends continuously on the system composition. Identifying this instability with that displayed by unilamellar vesicles undergoing fusion, we obtain very good agreement with the recent experimental data of Hafez et al., Biophys. J. 2000 79: 1438-1446, on the pH at which fusion occurs vs. vesicle composition. We explicate the mechanism in terms of the role of the counter ions. This understanding suggests that a system of a neutral, non lamellar forming lipid stabilized by an anionic lipid would serve equally well for preparing tunable, pH sensitive vesicles. Our calculations confirm this. Further, we show that both forms of vesicle have the desirable feature of exhibiting a regime in which the pH at instability is a rapidly varying function of the vesicle composition.
Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in human pregnancy (1997)

The maternal circulation vasodilates during pregnancy. We investigated the contribution of nitric oxide to this vasodilatation. Using venous occlusion plethysmography, we measured the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on hand blood flow during human pregnancy. We compared the response to a brachial artery infusion of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) with the response to norepinephrine in three groups of women: nonpregnant, early pregnant (9-15 wk), and late pregnant (36-41 wk). Basal hand blood flow increased significantly during late pregnancy compared with nonpregnant and early pregnant subjects (P = 0.007). L-NMMA produced a greater reduction in hand blood flow in both pregnant groups compared with nonpregnant controls (P = 0.0003). Norepinephrine produced an attenuated response in late pregnancy compared with nonpregnant and early pregnant women (P = 0.0029). If other vascular beds respond in the same way as the hand, the gestational increase in vasoconstrictor response to L-NMMA that we observed implicates increased generation of nitric oxide in the fall of peripheral vascular resistance during healthy human pregnancy.
Characterization of GaWRKY1, a Cotton Transcription Factor That Regulates the Sesquiterpene Synthase Gene (+)-δ-Cadinene Synthase-A (2004)

The cotton (+)-delta-cadinene synthase (CAD1), a sesquiterpene cyclase, catalyzes a branch-point step leading to biosynthesis of sesquiterpene phytoalexins, including gossypol. CAD1-A is a member of CAD1 gene family, and its promoter contains a W-box palindrome with two reversely oriented TGAC repeats, which are the proposed binding sites of WRKY transcription factors. We isolated several WRKY cDNAs from Gossypium arboreum. One of them, GaWRKY1, encodes a protein containing a single WRKY domain and a putative N-terminal Leu zipper. Similar to genes encoding enzymes of cotton sesquiterpene pathway, GaWRKY1 was down-regulated in a glandless cotton cultivar that contained much less gossypol. GaWRKY1 showed a temporal and spatial pattern of expression comparable to that of CAD1-A in various aerial organs examined, including sepal, stigma, anther, and developing seeds. In suspension cells, expression of both GaWRKY1 and CAD1-A genes and biosynthesis of sesquiterpene aldehydes were strongly induced by a fungal elicitor preparation and methyl jasmonate. GaWRKY1 interacted with the 3x W-box derived from CAD1-A promoter in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) one-hybrid system and in vitro. Furthermore, in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, overexpression of GaWRKY1 highly activated the CAD1-A promoter, and transient assay in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves demonstrated that W-box was required for this activation. These results suggest that GaWRKY1 participates in regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in cotton, and CAD1-A is a target gene of this transcription factor.
The propensity for epithelial-mesenchymal transitions is dictated by chromatin states in the cancer cell of origin (2017)

At its core, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs are well-established physiological processes that transpire during embryogenesis to facilitate the development of the mesoderm and neural crest, and during adulthood to oversee the repair of wounded tissues (1-3). Epithelial cells undergoing EMT programs downregulate epithelial markers (e.g., E-cadherin) and upregulate mesenchymal markers (e.g., vimentin), leading to stark changes in cell morphology and behavior. For instance, epithelial cells are typically arranged as a single layer of polarized cells that exhibit strong cell-cell contacts, a phenotype that gives way during EMT programs to the generation of apolar mesenchymal-like cells that exhibit elongated spindle morphologies (1-3). Importantly, the phenomenon of EMT can be hijacked by pathological processes, including fibrosis, inflammatory conditions, and the progression and metastasis of solid tumors (1).
Two-dimensional domain structures in Lithium Niobate via domain inversion with ultrafast light (2016)

Periodic inversion of ferroelectric domains is realized in a lithium niobate crystal by focused femtosecond near-infrared laser beam. One and two-dimensional domain patterns are fabricated. Quasi-phase matched frequency doubling of 815nm light is demonstrated in a channel waveguide with inscribed periodic domain pattern with conversion efficiency as high as 17.45%. Full Text: PDF References J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, "Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric," Phys. Rev. 127, 1918 (1962). CrossRef M. Houe and P.D. Townsend, "An introduction to methods of periodic poling for second-harmonic generation," J. Phys. D 28, 1747 (1995). CrossRef Y. Sheng, T. Wang, B. Ma, E Qu, B. Cheng, and D. Zhang, "Anisotropy of domain broadening in periodically poled lithium niobate crystals," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 041121 (2006). CrossRef C. Y. J. Ying, A. C. Muir, C. E. Vakduvuam G. H. Steigerwald, C. L. Sones, R. W. Eason, E. Soergel, and S. Mailis, "Light-mediated ferroelectric domain engineering and micro-structuring of lithium niobate crystals," Laser Photonics Rev. 6, 526 (2012). CrossRef X. Chen, P. Karpinski, V. Shvedov, K. Koynov, B. Wang, J. Trull, C. Cojocaru, W. Krolikowski, and Y. Sheng, "Ferroelectric domain engineering by focused infrared femtosecond pulses," Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 141102 (2015). CrossRef Y. Sheng, A. Best, H. Butt, W. Krolikowski, A. Arie, and K. Koynov, "Three-dimensional ferroelectric domain visualization by Čerenkov-type second harmonic generation," Opt. Express 16, 16539 (2010). CrossRef X. Chen, P. Karpinski, V. Shvedov, A. Boes, A. Mitchell, W. Krolikowski, Y. Sheng, "Quasi-phase matching via femtosecond laser induced domain inversion n lithium niobate waveguides," Opt. Lett. 41, 2410 (2016). CrossRef