gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphor und der Krankheitsbegriff in der Homöopathie (2007)

Ein Fall von essentieller Hypertonie wird benutzt, den Unterschied aufzuzeigen, mit dem der Pharmakologe auf der einen Seite und der homöopathische Therapeut auf der anderen Seite den Begriff "Krankheit" auffaßt. Der Pharmakologe versteht unter Krankheit einen vom einzelnen Patienten losgelösten, abstrakten Komplex pathognomonischer Symptome, der alle die Symptome einschließt, die bei der Mehrzahl der Fälle vorkommen. Die einzelnen Teile dieses Komplexes stehen fest, man kann sie vor der Untersuchung des Patienten einem Lehrbuch entnehmen. -Die Methode Hahnemanns hat einen anderen Krankheitsbegriff. Für sie handelt es sich um die Krankheit des einzelnen Patienten, alles das, was an Abweichungen, an Änderungen gegenüber dem ehemaligen, gesunden Normalzustand des jetzt Kranken festgestellt werden kann, bildet den Inbegriff der Krankheit dieses Patienten, ein Krankheitsname leitet sich aus diesen individuellen Zeichen nicht ab., Deshalb sind dem Pharmakologen die Symptome für die kollektive Krankheit patho-gnomonisch und für das Arzneimittel charakteristisch, die bei allen oder wenigstens bei der Mehrzahl der Prüfer einer Arznei oder der Fälle einer Krankheit auftreten, während dem Homöopathen die ungewöhnlichen, die nur von einem Prüfer oder Patienten geäußerten Symptome wahlanzeigend werden.
Sensitivity limitation of a superconducting quantum interferometer sensor-based gravity gradiometer (2001)

Differential displacement due to a gravitational force gradient, acting on two superconducting test masses which are elastically suspended from the instrument frame, is sensed by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), coupled to the masses by a current flowing in the sensing circuits. The SQUID transducer absorbs energy from the masses, and, hence, it reacts with a random force (fluctuation-dissipation principle). This force increases if the coupling current grows. Additionally, the transducer outputs an amplification noise that is independent of the coupling. This output noise is equivalent to a force, applied to the masses, which decreases with stronger coupling, Hence, the strength of the total equivalent gravity gradient noise has a minimum with respect to the coupling. The minimum is found to be about 1.5/spl epsiv//sub A//spl omega//sub 0//sup 2//(ml/sup 2/), where /spl epsiv//sub A/ means the equivalent energy sensitivity, in the white noise limit, of the SQUID junctions; /spl omega//sub 0/ is the natural frequency of the mass suspension; m is the test mass, and l is the base length,.
Single-sided Bragg reflection waveguides with multilayer core for monolithic semiconductor parametric devices (2012)

We propose and examine single-stack matching-layer enhanced Bragg reflection waveguides (BRWs) as a platform for integrated parametric devices. The proposed designed is asymmetric in geometry, where a multilayer core is surrounded by a single-layer upper cladding and a lower quarter-wave Bragg mirror. The propagation of the Bragg mode in the new design relies on total internal reflection from the upper cladding and Bragg reflection from the lower periodic cladding. Analytical expressions for modal analysis of TE- and TM-polarized Bragg modes are derived. An AlxGa1&#x2212;xAs second-harmonic generation device is theoretically examined to highlight nonlinear performance of the new design, and it is compared to symmetric phase-matched BRWs reported to date. The application of the same structure for generation of anticorrelated photon pairs is discussed.
Gravity replacement during running in simulated microgravity. (2006)

With an appropriate harness and SLD system, 1-g-like GRF profiles can be generated at the feet during simulated microgravity running. Such forces can be achieved with a level of discomfort rated better than "somewhat uncomfortable," suggesting that running with 1-g loads could be an effective component of musculoskeletal countermeasures during long-duration spaceflight.
Rapid and complete resolution of proteinuria due to renal amyloidosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab (2002)

We describe herein a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who developed proteinuria due to AA amyloidosis, in whom the inflammatory disease was rapidly and completely suppressed by treatment with infliximab. This response was accompanied by resolution of the proteinuria and stabilization of the amyloid deposits as seen on serial (123)I-labeled serum amyloid P scintigraphy.
Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health (2020)

Evidence is accumulating that short chain fatty acids (SCFA) play an important role in the maintenance of gut and metabolic health. The SCFA acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced from the microbial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates and appear to be key mediators of the beneficial effects elicited by the gut microbiome. Microbial SCFA production is essential for gut integrity by regulating the luminal pH, mucus production, providing fuel for epithelial cells and effects on mucosal immune function. SCFA also directly modulate host metabolic health through a range of tissue-specific mechanisms related to appetite regulation, energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis and immunomodulation. Therefore, an increased microbial SCFA production can be considered as a health benefit, but data are mainly based on animal studies, whereas well-controlled human studies are limited. In this review an expert group by ILSI Europe's Prebiotics Task Force discussed the current scientific knowledge on SCFA to consider the relationship between SCFA and gut and metabolic health with a particular focus on human evidence. Overall, the available mechanistic data and limited human data on the metabolic consequences of elevated gut-derived SCFA production strongly suggest that increasing SCFA production could be a valuable strategy in the preventing gastro-intestinal dysfunction, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for well controlled longer term human SCFA intervention studies, including measurement of SCFA fluxes and kinetics, the heterogeneity in response based on metabolic phenotype, the type of dietary fibre and fermentation site in fibre intervention studies and the control for factors that could shape the microbiome like diet, physical activity and use of medication.
Estimación del Índice de Color de los Cítricos utilizando dispositivos móviles (2016)

Los primeros cítricos se recolectan en España antes de que hayan alcanzado su típico color naranja. Sin embargo, para su llegada al mercado es necesario que alcancen un cierto color comercial, por lo que la fruta se somete a ciertos tratamientos de desverdizado cuya duración depende de su color en el momento de recolección medido según estándar Índice de Color de los Cítricos (ICC). Para estimar este índice, las frutas se comparan con unas tarjetas de colores que representan la piel de cítricos con diferentes índices o se utilizan colorímetros. Para facilitar la medida de este índice, se ha desarrollado una aplicación gratuita para dispositivos móviles basados en Android que utiliza técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes utilizando la cámara incorporada en el dispositivo. Las imágenes de un fruto se analizan en vivo para obtener su ICC. Para ello, se calcula el valor promedio de las coordenadas de color RGB (rojo, verde, azul) de un área circular preseleccionada en la imagen y se transforma al espacio de color HunterLab para finalmente calcular el ICC. Para validar este método, se realizaron varias pruebas tanto en campo como en condiciones de laboratorio con diferentes variedades de naranjas (Navel, Bonanza, Cram y Navelina) en diferentes estados de madurez, y se utilizaron diferentes dispositivos Android con diversas características. Las mediciones obtenidas se compararon con los resultados proporcionados por un colorímetro ampliamente utilizado en la industria para esta tarea. Los valores de R2 obtenidos oscilaron entre el 0,96 y el 0,98 dependiendo de las cámaras de los dispositivos móviles probados, lo que muestra la robustez y fiabilidad de la aplicación móvil desarrollada para ser utilizada como ayuda en la toma de decisiones sobre la recolección o desverdización de estas frutas.
Mass Spectrometric Sampling of Combustion Plasmas (1974)

An arrangement is described whereby atmospheric pressure flame plasmas are sampled into a quadrupole mass spectrometer for analysis and identification of each ion present. The principal difficulty encountered is that of obtaining a fully representative sample of gas without chemical reactions altering the composition. These problems are discussed in detail and it is concluded that only fast reactions, with relaxation times less than 1 μs, are capable of falsifying an ion spectrum. The ions present in combustion plasmas are described. Their kinetics of production by collisional and chemi-ionization processes, and recombination by both two and three-body schemes are measured for various flame compositions and temperatures. In addition, cross-sections are presented for reaction of H2O+ with various atoms and molecules, as wall as for dissociative attachment of electrons to HCl. As examples of thermodynamic information resulting from this type of study, the first hydration energies of a variety of positive ions are measured, as also are the ionization potentials of CaOH and SrOH.
In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Near-Infrared Window with Long Circulating Carbon Nanotubes Capable of Ultrahigh Tumor Uptake (2012)

Cancer imaging requires selective high accumulation of contrast agents in the tumor region and correspondingly low uptake in healthy tissues. Here, by making use of a novel synthetic polymer to solubilize single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), we prepared a well-functionalized SWNT formulation with long blood circulation (half-life of ∼30 h) in vivo to achieve ultrahigh accumulation of ∼30% injected dose (ID)/g in 4T1 murine breast tumors in Balb/c mice. Functionalization dependent blood circulation and tumor uptake were investigated through comparisons with phospholipid-PEG solubilized SWNTs. For the first time, we performed video-rate imaging of tumors based on the intrinsic fluorescence of SWNTs in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1.1-1.4 μm) window. We carried out dynamic contrast imaging through principal component analysis (PCA) to immediately pinpoint the tumor within ∼20 s after injection. Imaging over time revealed increasing tumor contrast up to 72 h after injection, allowing for its unambiguous identification. The 3D reconstruction of the SWNTs distribution based on their stable photoluminescence inside the tumor revealed a high degree of colocalization of SWNTs and blood vessels, suggesting enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect as the main cause of high passive tumor uptake of the nanotubes.
Non-linear circuit effects on analog VLSI neural network implementations (2002)

We present an analog VLSI neural network for texture analysis; in particular we show that the filtering block, which is the most critical block of the architecture for precision of computation, can be implemented using simple and compact analog circuits, without significant loss in classification performance. Through an accurate analysis of the circuits it is possible to model the real circuit characteristics in the software simulation environment; the weights calculated in the learning phase (which is performed off-line using the adaptive simulated annealing algorithm), can be properly coded into analog circuit variables in order to implement the correct operation of the network.
On the geometric convergence for MALA under verifiable conditions (2022)

While the Metropolis Adjusted Langevin Algorithm (MALA) is a popular and widely used Markov chain Monte Carlo method, very few papers derive conditions that ensure its convergence. In particular, to the authors' knowledge, assumptions that are both easy to verify and guarantee geometric convergence, are still missing. In this work, we establish $V$-uniformly geometric convergence for MALA under mild assumptions about the target distribution. Unlike previous work, we only consider tail and smoothness conditions for the potential associated with the target distribution. These conditions are quite common in the MCMC literature and are easy to verify in practice. Finally, we pay special attention to the dependence of the bounds we derive on the step size of the Euler-Maruyama discretization, which corresponds to the proposal Markov kernel of MALA.
A conservative control strategy for variable-speed stall-regulated wind turbines (2000)

Simulation models of a variable-speed, fixed-pitch wind turbine were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of constraining rotor speed and power output without the benefit of active aerodynamic control devices. A strategy was postulated to control rotational speed by specifying the demanded generator torque. By controlling rotor speed in relation to wind speed, the aerodynamic power extracted by the blades from the wind was manipulated. Specifically, the blades were caused to stall in high winds. In low and moderate winds, the demanded generator torque and the resulting rotor speed were controlled to cause the wind turbine to operate near maximum efficiency. Using the developed models, simulations were conducted of operation in turbulent winds. Results indicated that rotor speed and power output were well regulated. Preliminary investigations of system dynamics showed that, compared to fixed-speed operation, variable-speed operation caused cyclic loading amplitude to be reduced for the turbine blades and low-speed shaft and slightly increased for the tower loads. This result suggests a favorable impact on fatigue life from implementation of the proposed control strategy.
Novel Series of Quasi-2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites Based on Short-Chained Spacer Cation for Enhanced Photodetection (2018)

Quasi two-dimensional (2D) layered organic-inorganic perovskite materials (e.g., (BA)<sub>2</sub>(MA) <sub>n-1</sub>Pb <sub>n</sub>I<sub>3 n+1</sub>; BA = butylamine; MA = methylamine) have recently attracted wide attention because of their superior moisture stability as compared with three-dimensional counterparts. Inevitably, hydrophobic yet insulating long-chained organic cations improve the stability at the cost of hindering charge transport, leading to the unsatisfied performance of subsequently fabricated devices. Here, we reported the synthesis of quasi-2D ( iBA)<sub>2</sub>(MA) <sub>n-1</sub>Pb <sub>n</sub>I<sub>3 n+1</sub> perovskites, where the relatively pure-phase ( iBA)<sub>2</sub>PbI<sub>4</sub> and ( iBA)<sub>2</sub>MA<sub>3</sub>Pb<sub>4</sub>I<sub>13</sub> films can be obtained. Because of the shorter-branched chain of iBA as compared with that of its linear equivalent ( n-butylamine, BA), the resulting ( iBA)<sub>2</sub>(MA) <sub>n-1</sub>Pb <sub>n</sub>I<sub>3 n+1</sub> perovskites exhibit much enhanced photodetection properties without sacrificing their excellent stability. Through hot-casting, the optimized ( iBA)<sub>2</sub>(MA) <sub>n-1</sub>Pb <sub>n</sub>I<sub>3 n+1</sub> perovskite films with n = 4 give the significantly improved crystallinity, demonstrating the high responsivity of 117.09 mA/W, large on-off ratio of 4.0 × 10<sup>2</sup>, and fast response speed (rise and decay time of 16 and 15 ms, respectively). These figure-of-merits are comparable or even better than those of state-of-the-art quasi-2D perovskite-based photodetectors reported to date. Our work not only paves a practical way for future perovskite photodetector fabrication via modulation of their intrinsic material properties but also provides a direction for further performance enhancement of other perovskite optoelectronics.
Grain boundary effects on transport in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition-grown, Ca-doped lanthanum manganites (1998)

The transport properties of metalorganic chemical vapor deposited films of lanthanum manganite grown on various substrates are investigated. The more disordered films show a magnetoresistance that is both large and relatively temperature independent over a wide temperature range. At low magnetic fields, a linear field dependence is observed and is attributed to spin-polarized intergrain tunneling. In addition, at low fields a hysteretic dependence of resistivity on the magnetic field has been observed. This effect has been attributed to the scattering of spin-polarized carriers at the grain boundary.
Time to Resuscitate Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The 3R/CPR Refill-Recoil-Rebound (2022)

Introduction: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) remains a major healthcare issue worldwide with gloomy outcomes due to poor perfusion of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), deemed unsuitable for hemostatic conditions, cardiotorsal anatomy, electrophysiology, and thoracic biomechanics. Alternatively, we propose a new management, implementing rational exploitation of the stagnant blood masses: manually with a novel technique of cardiac massage and mechanically with a circulatory flow restoration (CFR) device. Methods: Simulated chest compressions were performed through the 5th intercostal space in professional Lifeguards volunteers, placed in the left lateral decubitus position with raised legs and abdominal compression. Results: Bypassing the sternal barrier, refilling the heart, and then compressing the chest with a recoil-rebound maneuver (3R / CPR) can significantly promote return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The effectiveness of the CFR device versus CPR has previously been demonstrated in the literature. Conclusion: Unlike current CPR, the 3R/CPR adapts human morphology and provides adequate myocardial perfusion promoting ROSC safely, under all circumstances. Preclinical computational models can confirm the effectiveness of the technique.
Combating emerging viral threats (2015)

Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are under development to treat emerging viral diseases such as Ebola and dengue for which no specific, licensed treatments exist
Analysis of the Characteristics of Microheterogeneity of Various Serum Glycoproteins in Chronic Alcoholics (1993)

It has been reported that microheterogeneity of serum glycoproteins including transferrin is found in alcoholic liver disease. In the present study, microheterogeneity of serum glycoproteins in alcoholic liver disease patients was analysed using the Western blotting technique after isoelectric focusing. Microheterogeneity was found for serum alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, caeruloplasmin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and hemopexin as well as transferrin. Microheterogeneity disappeared following treatment with sialidase in some but not all glycoproteins. In hemopexin, microheterogeneity was recognized only after treatment with sialidase. These results suggest that mechanisms of microheterogeneity of serum glycoproteins in alcoholic liver disease may vary. One mechanism may be the interference of glycosylation of glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus, and another may be the decrease of asialo-protein receptors in hepatocytes.
[The Pyv Plasmid, Key Element of Yersinia Virulence] (1995)

Although Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y, enterocolitica infect their host by different routes and cause diseases of variable severity, they share a common tropism for lymphoid tissues and a common capacity to resist the primary immune response of the host. They also share a highly conserved 70-kb plasmid called pYV. This plasmid encodes the adhesin YadA and eleven secreted proteins called Yops. YopM is a tyrosine phospho-protein phosphatase related to eukaryotic tyrosine phosphatases. Less is known about the ten other Yops. All the Yops are secreted by a new secretion system which is also encoded by the pYV plasmid. This new system has also been encountered in other human pathogens such as Shigella and Salmonella but, surprisingly, also in plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas solanacearum. This system seems thus to be devoted to the secretion of virulence determinants, Yop secretion is not accompanied by the removal of a N-terminal signal sequence. It requires the presence of cytoplasmic individual chaperones called ''Syc'' proteins. Yops are not freely secreted in the extracellular compartment but rather ''injected'' into eukaryotic cells when the bacterium adheres at their surface. In the case of YopH, this presumably leads to dephosphorylation of some regulatory proteins and so, prevents the antibacterial response. This represents a new mechanism in microbial pathogenesis. The chromosome of Y. enterocolitica completes the virulence panoply of Y. enterocolitica by encoding Yst, a thermostable enterotoxin related to ST1 of Escherichia coli and to guanylin, an endogenous activator of the intestinal guanylin cyclase.
Design of Data-Aided SNR Estimator Robust to Frequency Offset for MPSK Signals (2010)

Data-aided (DA) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation is required especially at low SNR. The conventional maximum likelihood (ML) DA SNR estimator requires perfect carrier phase estimation and frequency recovery. In this paper, we propose a novel carrier frequency robust DA SNR estimator with its improved variant using autocorrelation of received MPSK symbols. Computer simulations are used to examine their performance in terms of mean estimation value (MEV) and normalized mean square error (NMSE). For the example system in simulations, the MEV of proposed estimator is accurate enough with normalized frequency error on the order of symbol rate. However, its NMSE can not reach DA normalized Cramer-Rao bound (NCRB) even with large observatory length, whereas its NMSE may perform a little worse at high SNR for short pilot symbols. On the other hand, fortunately the its improved variant can reach NCRB with enough pilot symbols. What's more, the proposed DA SNR estimators can operate under large frequency errors or before the frequency recovery unit with baud rate. The implementation complexity is also analyzed.
TTLed Random Walks for Collaborative Monitoring (2010)

In this paper we discuss the problem of collaborative monitoring of applications that are suspected of being malicious. New operating systems for mobile devices allow their users to download millions of new applications created by a great number of individual programmers and companies, some of which may be malicious or flawed. The importance of defense mechanisms against an epidemic spread of malicious applications in mobile networks was recently demonstrated by Wang et. al. In many cases, in order to detect that an application is malicious, monitoring its operation in a real environment for a significant period of time is required. Mobile devices have limited computation and power resources and thus can monitor only a limited number of applications that the user downloads. In this paper we propose an efficient collaborative application monitoring algorithm called "TPP" - Time-To-Live Probabilistic Flooding, harnessing the collective resources of many mobile devices. Mobile devices activating this algorithm periodically monitor mobile applications, derive conclusion concerning their maliciousness, and report their conclusions to a small number of other mobile devices. Each mobile device that receives a message (conclusion) propagates it to one additional mobile device. Each message has a predefined TTL. The algorithm's performance is analyzed and its time and messages complexity are shown to be significantly lower compared to existing state of the art information propagation algorithms. The algorithm was also implemented and tested in a simulated environment.
Frontispiece: Hollow Chevrel‐Phase NiMo3S4 for Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Electrolytes (2016)

Hydrogen EvolutionA hollow chevrel-phase NiMo3S4 was prepared by a Y. S. Yan and co-workers in their Communication on page 15240 ff. It shows a good performance for generating H2 fuel in alkaline electrolytes.