gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Personal and thin-route communications via K-band satellite transponders (2002)

The concept of a fully meshed network of a briefcase-sized terminals is presented for personal and thin-route communications over Ku-band satellite transponders. In this concept, undesirable double-hop delays are avoided for voice communications. The bandwidth and power resources of the transponder are efficiently shared by users in a simple demand-assigned manner via code-division multiple access (CDMA). Voice, data, and facsimile are statistically multiplexed at each terminal. In order to minimize terminal costs, frequency-precorrected and level-preadjusted continuous-wave tones are sent from the central network control station in each beam so that the terminals in each downlink beam can use these pilots as references for antenna acquisition and tracking, as reliable frequency sources, and as indicators of signal fade for uplink power control (ULPC). The potential CDMA near-far problem due to uplink fades is mitigated by using ULPC. Quasi-burst mode transmission is used to minimize the potential of clock and pseudorandom number code synchronization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Encoding of Images Based on a Two-Component Source Model (1977)

In this paper we describe a code for grey-scale still images which separates the intensity function into two components: a discontinuous one representing intensity variations due to distinct objects and a continuous component due to such effects as texture. Each component is encoded separately and the two decoded components combined at the receiver. The code produces images with notably sharper detail and more pleasing appearance than a whole raster Fourier Transform code operating at the same rate.
THRESHOLD STUDIES ON TNT, COMPOSITION B, C-4, AND ANFO EXPLOSIVES USING THE STEVEN IMPACT TEST (2005)

Steven Impact Tests were performed at low velocity on the explosives TNT (trinitrotolulene), Composition B (63% RDX, 36% TNT, and 1% wax by weight), C-4 (91% RDX, 5.3% Di (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, 2.1% Polyisobutylene, and 1.6% motor oil by weight) and ANFO (94% ammonium Nitrate with 6% Fuel Oil) in attempts to obtain a threshold for reaction. A 76 mm helium driven gas gun was used to accelerate the Steven Test projectiles up to approximately 200 m/s in attempts to react (ignite) the explosive samples. Blast overpressure gauges, acoustic microphones, standard video and high-speed photography were used to characterize the level of any high explosive reaction violence. No bulk reactions were observed in the TNT, Composition B, C-4 or ANFO explosive samples impacted up to velocities in the range of 190-200 m/s. This work will outline the experimental details and discuss the lack of reaction when compared to the reaction thresholds of other common explosives. These results will also be compared to that of the Susan Test and reaction thresholds observed in the common small-scale safety tests such as the drop hammer and friction tests in hopes of drawing a correlation.
Immune-Related Gene Expression Profiling After PD-1 Blockade in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Melanoma (2017)

Antibody targeting of the immune checkpoint receptor PD1 produces therapeutic activity in a variety of solid tumors, but most patients exhibit partial or complete resistance to treatment for reasons that are unclear. In this study, we evaluated tumor specimens from 65 patients with melanoma, lung nonsquamous, squamous cell lung or head and neck cancers who were treated with the approved PD1-targeting antibodies pembrolizumab or nivolumab. Tumor RNA before anti-PD1 therapy was analyzed on the nCounter system using the PanCancer 730-Immune Panel, and we identified 23 immune-related genes or signatures linked to response and progression-free survival (PFS). In addition, we evaluated intra- and interbiopsy variability of PD1, PD-L1, CD8A, and CD4 mRNAs and their relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and PD-L1 IHC expression. Among the biomarkers examined, PD1 gene expression along with 12 signatures tracking CD8 and CD4 T-cell activation, natural killer cells, and IFN activation associated significantly with nonprogressive disease and PFS. These associations were independent of sample timing, drug used, or cancer type. TIL correlated moderately (∼0.50) with PD1 and CD8A mRNA levels and weakly (∼0.35) with CD4 and PD-L1. IHC expression of PD-L1 correlated strongly with PD-L1 (0.90), moderately with CD4 and CD8A, and weakly with PD1. Reproducibility of gene expression in intra- and interbiopsy specimens was very high (total SD <3%). Overall, our results support the hypothesis that identification of a preexisting and stable adaptive immune response as defined by mRNA expression pattern is reproducible and sufficient to predict clinical outcome, regardless of the type of cancer or the PD1 therapeutic antibody administered to patients. <i>Cancer Res; 77(13); 3540-50. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Primary sequence analysis and representation techniques in carbohydrates (1993)

Sequence similarity calculations of carbohydrates present several problems which must be addressed if a computer implementation is to be achieved. These problems range from the computational representation of the complex carbohydrate structrure to the method by which the comparison of residue and linkage is to be made. This paper therefore discusses the form of this representation and how two or more carbohydrates can be meaningfidly compared. An example set of results using this approach is presented and discussed to illustrate how similarity comparison can show relationships between carbohydrates, features that are otherwise hidden by the sheer volume of data which must be considered.
Fluorescence-based protocol for revealing cellular arrangement in biofilms (2023)

Standardized assays have greatly advanced the understanding of multicellular bacterial biofilms, but they lack cell-scale detail. Here, we present a fluorescence-based protocol that builds on past assays to reveal the cellular-scale arrangement within biofilms. We describe steps for growing biofilms on cover glass, followed by imaging and visualization of cellular arrangements in biofilms. We have applied this protocol to study Escherichia coli biofilms, though it could also be adapted to study biofilm formation in other species. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Puri et al. (2023).<sup>1</sup>.
Application of Tendon-Derived Stem Cell Sheet for the Promotion of Graft Healing in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (2014)

The TDSC sheet could potentially be used for the promotion of graft healing in ACL reconstruction.
Does lighting need more photopic luminous efficiency functions? (2002)

In 1924 the Commission Internationale de l’É clairage (CIE) established the photopic luminous efficiency function, V(γ), that subsequently has been used to measure luminance. Some have assumed luminance to be synonymous with brightness. Luminance is based mainly upon flicker photometry, and this methodology does not provide data predictive of the apparent brightness of steadily viewed lights. This paper discusses alternative photopic luminous efficiency functions that could be used for measuring luminance. A proper treatment of brightness is outside the scope of the present paper, although the CIE is actively studying this topic. Moreover, this paper does not discuss the scotopic luminous efficiency function established by the CIE in 1951. Vision research conducted since 1924 using methodologies other than flicker photometry has shown that the V(λ) function slightly underestimates human foveal spectral sensitivity at short wavelengths in the visible spectrum. This has been partly corrected by recommending the V M (λ) luminous efficiency function, but it has been used only by the research community. Further research using both physiological and psychophysical techniques have shown that there are several visual pathways between the eye and the cortex that mediate visual information. For example, the CIE is investigating the adoption of a provisional V 10 (λ) luminous efficiency function to characterize luminance for off-axis stimuli. Lamp manufacturers and illuminating engineers should be clear that the classical V(λ) function does not predict luminance under all conditions, although it remains a useful measure of the luminance of foveal visual tasks and for describing acuity and reaction time.
Prediction of synchronous closing time of permanent magnetic actuator for vacuum circuit breaker based on PSO-BP (2017)

One of the key points of phase-controlled technology is to predict the circuit breaker's operation time. In this paper, it took control voltage and ambient temperature as the main input variables to forecast the closing time through building backward propagation (BP) neural network model. In view of the high accuracy requirements for the closing time's prediction, it is difficult to meet the requirement by relying solely on the BP neural network. Basing on BP neural network, it uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the model for improving the prediction accuracy. Through calculation and analysis, the PSO-BP algorithm is more accurate than BP neural network in the prediction accuracy, which controls the error within 0.2%. The prediction error meets the requirements of synchronous controlled technology.
Macroscopic Liquid Crystal Response to Isolated DNA Helices (2011)

Nematic liquid crystals (LC) were exposed to isolated DNA molecules extended on a surface that imparted a negligible influence on the LC orientation. Although single-stranded DNA aligned the LC in the extension direction, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) caused alignment at an oblique angle, providing a characteristic response to the chiral dsDNA helix that was readily observed optically. The intrinsic amplification due to LC orientational correlations enabled a macroscopic visible response to a single molecule of extended dsDNA.
Comparisons of microRNA Patterns in Plasma before and after Tumor Removal Reveal New Biomarkers of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2013)

Lung cancer is the major human malignancy, accounting for 30% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide. Poor survival of lung cancer patients, together with late diagnosis and resistance to classic chemotherapy, highlights the need for identification of new biomarkers for early detection. Among different cancer biomarkers, small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered the most promising, owing to their remarkable stability, their cancer-type specificity, and their presence in body fluids. However, results of multiple previous attempts to identify circulating miRNAs specific for lung cancer are inconsistent, likely due to two main reasons: prominent variability in blood miRNA content among individuals and difficulties in distinguishing tumor-relevant miRNAs in the blood from their non-tumor counterparts. To overcome these impediments, we compared circulating miRNA profiles in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) before and after tumor removal, assuming that the levels of all tumor-relevant miRNAs would drop after the surgery. Our results revealed a specific panel of the miRNAs (miR-205, -19a, -19b, -30b, and -20a) whose levels decreased strikingly in the blood of patients after lung SCC surgery. Interestingly, miRNA profiling of plasma fractions of lung SCC patients revealed high levels of these miRNA species in tumor-specific exosomes; additionally, some of these miRNAs were also found to be selectively secreted to the medium by cultivated lung cancer cells. These results strengthen the notion that tumor cells secrete miRNA-containing exosomes into circulation, and that miRNA profiling of the exosomal plasma fraction may reveal powerful cancer biomarkers.
Adaptive Nonparametric Variational Autoencoder. (2019)

Clustering is used to find structure in unlabeled data by grouping similar objects together. Cluster analysis depends on the definition of similarity in the feature space. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Nonparametric Variational Autoencoder (AdapVAE) to perform end-to-end feature learning from raw data jointly with cluster membership learning through a Nonparametric Bayesian modeling framework with deep neural networks. It has the advantage of avoiding pre-definition of similarity or feature engineering. Our model relaxes the constraint of fixing the number of clusters in advance by assigning a Dirichlet Process prior on the latent representation in a low-dimensional feature space. It can adaptively detect novel clusters when new data arrives based on a learned model from historical data in an online unsupervised learning setting. We develop a joint online variational inference algorithm to learn feature representations and cluster assignments via iteratively optimizing the evidence lower bound (ELBO). Our experimental results demonstrate the capacity of our modelling framework to learn the number of clusters automatically using data, the flexibility to detect novel clusters with emerging data adaptively, the ability of high quality reconstruction and generation of samples without supervised information and the improvement over state-of-the-art end-to-end clustering methods in terms of accuracy on both image and text corpora benchmark datasets.
User-Centric Emergency Management: a Disappearing Middleware Approach (2007)

In case of emergency, wireless and wired networks permit to reach people in several different ways with precise information about danger and advices on how to behave. This is possible only by exploiting knowledge about user preferences or requirements, impairments and device features. &#13;\nMoreover, measurements performed by sensors, peripherals and appliances provide information about user location that can augment the capabilities of traditional emergency management systems.&#13;\nDevice interconnection and pervasive Internet access enable much more effective reactions to crisis or disaster scenarios; anyway, providing location-driven emergency plans on a per-user basis inherently introduces the problems of service orchestration and user profiling, leading to an enormous complexity in this information handling. We claim that simplicity and effectiveness in generating customized emergency plans can derive from the integration of existing emergency management systems with an infrastructure for the support of ubiquitous Internet access that takes care of the whole inherently significant information and relieves most users from any unnecessary detail. The paper also claims that one such middleware can take advantage from a simplification approach that makes its design extremely compact, by playing a role of service coordinator. We propose a middleware architecture approach that delegates responsibility for information processing to external and pluggable services and that overcomes the issue of complexity by composing services into workflow specifications, arranged depending on user profile and needs, while introducing, at the same time, a very limited overhead.
Pilot and Full Scale Evaluations of Leaves as an Amendment in Sewage Sludge Composting (1994)

The use of leaf amendment in woodchips/sludge composting was studied in pilot-scale and full-scale operations. Use of leaves at a rate of 20 percent by volume was compatible with present practices and equipment at the Columbus Compost Facility, but higher rates caused materials handling and curing problems and would necessitate system modifications. Only very slight reduction in new woodchip usage was observed for the 20 percent leaf amendment, but output of sieved-finished compost was doubled. Leaf usage increased airflow requirement per unit dry matter during the initial stage of composting but decreased ammonia release throughout the composting process. On the other hand, use of recycled materials, compost and sieved woodchips, increased ammonia release. Adequate moisture and periodic turning in the pilot-scale studies enhanced composting for all treatments. Leaf usage may necessitate forced aeration during curing to keep full size piles aerobic. In addition, leaf usage increased the total materials handling requirement for operating the full-scale system by 16 percent, and it was concluded that careful consideration of materials handling is the major concern for a system's operating efficiency.
Measurement of Fluorine Atom Concentrations and Reaction Rates in Chemical Laser Systems. (1981)

The line positions of all three components of the fluorine atom ground state fine structure transition have been measured by diode laser absorption spectroscopy, using a water vapor pure rotational line at 404.077/cm as a wavelength reference. These results imply a spin orbit splitting for fluorine of 404.142 + or - 0.005/cm. The results for the line positions are in excellent agreement with independent, concurrent measurements performed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, using vibration-rotation lines of CS2 as the wavelength references. The line separations observed in both sets of experiments agree with the F atom zero-field hyperfine splittings obtained from electron paramagnetic resonance studies. Collisional broadening of the strongest fluorine atom transition (the 1 approximate 2 hyperfine component) was measured in this study for helium (T = 300 K to 800 K), argon (T = 300 K) and nitrogen (T = 300 K) perturbers. The experimental results for fluorine atom line widths are compared with predictions from the classical Lindholm-Foley theory, using available ab initio and experimentally-derived fluorine atom-rare gas interaction potentials, as well as semiempirical Lennard-Jones potentials. Good agreement is obtained for broadening by argon and for the temperature dependence of broadening by helium.
Growth of Thin, Anisotropic, π-Conjugated Molecular Films by Stepwise “Click” Assembly of Molecular Building Blocks: Characterizing Reaction Yield, Surface Coverage, and Film Thickness versus Addition Step Number (2015)

We report the systematic characterization of anisotropic, π-conjugated oligophenyleneimine (OPI) films synthesized using stepwise imine condensation, or "click" chemistry. Film synthesis began with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 4-formylthiophenol or 4-aminothiophenol on Au, followed by repetitive, alternate addition of terephthalaldehyde (benzene-1,4-dicarbaldehyde) or 1,4-benzenediamine to form π-conjugated films ranging from 0.6-5.5 nm in thickness. By systematically capping the OPI films with a redox or halogen label, we were able to measure the relative surface coverage after each monomer addition via Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Nuclear reaction analysis was also employed for the first time on a SAM to calculate the surface coverage of carbon atoms after each stepwise addition. These six different analysis methods indicate that the average extent of reaction is 99% for each addition step. The high yield and molecular surface coverage confirm the efficacy of Schiff base chemistry, at least with the terephthalaldehyde and 1,4-benzenediamine monomers, for preparing high-quality molecular films with π conjugation normal to the substrate.
High‐Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry on Poly(methyl methacrylate) (2010)

Neue Dimensionen: Die titelgebende massenspektrometrische Methode bietet zusätzlich zur m/z-Auflösung ein weitere Dimension beruhend auf der Größe und Konformation der Moleküle und kommt dabei ohne zeitaufwändige flüssigchromatographische Trennschritte aus. Die detaillierte Kartierung der massen- und driftzeitseparierten Ionen ermöglichte die Identifizierung von Endgruppen, die aus verschiedenen Initiations- und Terminationsreaktionen stammen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
SaRAD: a Simple and Robust Abbreviation Dictionary (2004)

The Simple and Robust Abbreviation Dictionary (SaRAD) provides an easy to implement, high performance tool for the construction of a biomedical symbol dictionary. The algorithms, applied to the MEDLINE document set, result in a high quality dictionary and toolset to disambiguate abbreviation symbols automatically.
Finding advertising keywords on web pages (2006)

A large and growing number of web pages display contextual advertising based on keywords automatically extracted from the text of the page, and this is a substantial source of revenue supporting the web today. Despite the importance of this area, little formal, published research exists. We describe a system that learns how to extract keywords from web pages for advertisement targeting. The system uses a number of features, such as term frequency of each potential keyword, inverse document frequency, presence in meta-data, and how often the term occurs in search query logs. The system is trained with a set of example pages that have been hand-labeled with "relevant" keywords. Based on this training, it can then extract new keywords from previously unseen pages. Accuracy is substantially better than several baseline systems.
Severe Penile Curvature After Implantation of an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis (1988)

We describe 6 cases of penile curvature following implantation of inflatable penile prostheses. Exploration revealed severe scarring of the corpora cavernosa, which produced the curvature in 4 patients. In all 4 cases this area was incised and the defect was filled with a polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft. The penis was straightened and the prosthesis functioned normally. The remaining 2 patients were treated with inflation for 8 weeks with resolution of the curvature. To our knowledge, these cases represent the first reported complications produced by abnormal scar tissue outside of the inflammatory pseudocapsule after implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis.
A New Fitness Based Adaptive Parameter Particle Swarm Optimizer (2014)

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a stochastic global optimization approach whose search characteristics are controlled by three parameters, inertial weight w, cognitive parameter c1 and social parameter c2. Large parameter values facilitate exploration by searching new horizons of solution space. On the other hand, small parameter values facilitate exploitation by searching the neighborhood. An appropriate value of these parameters provides a balance between exploration and exploitation and results in better performance. An adaptive parameter PSO (AP-PSO) algorithm is proposed in this work where the inertial weight is gradually decreased and values of the cognitive and social parameters depend on the fitness values. Good fitness values support exploitation and poor fitness values support exploration. The proposed algorithm has shown excellent performance on low dimensional system identification problems as well as high dimensional articulated human tracking (AHT) problems.