gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Cu-Ag Interconnection Using Electrodeposition: The Mechanism of Superfilling and the Properties of Cu-Ag Film (2013)

The dimensions of Cu interconnections in electronic devices have been rapidly reduced to achieve high integration. The continual down scaling considerably increases both the electrical resistivity and the probability of electromigration failure. The addition of a secondary metal into Cu can improve the resistance against electromigration. However, the co-deposition of a secondary metal inevitably reduces the electrical conductivity. Thus, the main consideration in alloying with Cu is to find a secondary metal that shows the lowest resistivity. Ag has been known as the most appropriate. In this research, the superfilling of Cu-Ag and its mechanism are investigated. The area reduction at the surface with negative curvature induces the accumulation of adsorbed accelerators, finally resulting in local increment of the deposition rate of Cu-Ag at the bottom of a trench. Additionally, the microstructure of Cu-Ag film is investigated, and it is confirmed that Cu-Ag film exhibits superior oxidation resistance and mechanical strength without severe deterioration of the electrical conductivity compared to pure Cu.
Rapid-Viability PCR Method for Detection of Live, Virulent Bacillus anthracis in Environmental Samples (2011)

In the event of a biothreat agent release, hundreds of samples would need to be rapidly processed to characterize the extent of contamination and determine the efficacy of remediation activities. Current biological agent identification and viability determination methods are both labor- and time-intensive such that turnaround time for confirmed results is typically several days. In order to alleviate this issue, automated, high-throughput sample processing methods were developed in which real-time PCR analysis is conducted on samples before and after incubation. The method, referred to as rapid-viability (RV)-PCR, uses the change in cycle threshold after incubation to detect the presence of live organisms. In this article, we report a novel RV-PCR method for detection of live, virulent Bacillus anthracis, in which the incubation time was reduced from 14 h to 9 h, bringing the total turnaround time for results below 15 h. The method incorporates a magnetic bead-based DNA extraction and purification step prior to PCR analysis, as well as specific real-time PCR assays for the B. anthracis chromosome and pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids. A single laboratory verification of the optimized method applied to the detection of virulent B. anthracis in environmental samples was conducted and showed a detection level of 10 to 99 CFU/sample with both manual and automated RV-PCR methods in the presence of various challenges. Experiments exploring the relationship between the incubation time and the limit of detection suggest that the method could be further shortened by an additional 2 to 3 h for relatively clean samples.
Effects of the bisphosphonate zoledronate on bone loss in the ovariectomized and in the adjuvant arthritic rat. (1998)

The effect of the bisphosphonate zoledronate (CAS 118072-93-8, CGP 42446) on trabecular bone in two rat models of osteopenia, i.e. the ovariectomized rat and the adjuvant arthritic rat, was tested and compared to the activity of alendronate and pamidronate. All three bisphosphonates prevented bone loss in the distal femur and in the lumbar vertebrae in both animal models, as measured by chemical analysis and/or bone densitometry. Zoledronate was the most potent bisphosphonate, 10-30 times more potent than alendronate and 120 times more potent than pamidronate.
Inelastic electron scattering by intra- and interband plasmons in rhenium trioxide, tungsten trioxide, and some tungsten bronzes (1978)

Energy-loss spectra were measured by backscattering 500-eV electrons from films of W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ grown on single-crystal W(100), and from single crystals of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}$ W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($0.35&lt;x&lt;0.86$) and Re${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ which were cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum. The spectrum of a crystal with $x=0.61$ was nearly identical to the surface loss function $\mathrm{Im}[\ensuremath{-}{(\ensuremath{\epsilon}+1)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}]$ calculated from $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ measured by optical reflectivity on a crystal with $x=0.65$. For $x=0.61$, two plasmons are observed, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{-}}=1.90$ eV, and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{+}=6.5$ eV. ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ scales approximately as ${x}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and is assigned to the conduction-electron resonance. The plasmon lifetime ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{p}=1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ sec determined from the observed linewidth agrees well with a value for the conduction-electron relaxation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}=2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ sec we obtained from previously reported reflectivity data, but is shorter than a value ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}=6.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ sec we estimated from previously reported dc conductivity data. The higher-energy plasmon ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{+}$ is assigned to a screened longitudinal resonance of an interband excitation near 5 eV. ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{+}$ is essentially independent of $x$ for $0\ensuremath{\le}x&lt;0.9$. By fitting $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ between 0 and 10 eV with a model dielectric function, we found a value for the mean effective conduction electron mass ${m}^{*}=0.80 {m}_{e}$, the interband contribution to the static dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}=4.35$, and values for parameters characterizing the interband resonance. Taking these latter parameters to be independent of $x$, we calculated the bulk and surface loss functions for different $x$ values. These calculations indicate that mode hybridization is unimportant for $x&lt;1$ in the bronzes. The effects of damping or joint density-of-states width, screening, and mode interference on the plasmon spectra are discussed. It is shown that Re${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and Ag metal have dielectric and energy-loss functions which are similar to the tungsten bronzes. However, some of the assignments given in the literature as to the identities of the conduction-electron and interband plasmons are interchanged from those given above for the bronzes. We believe that the conduction-plasmon hybridization with interband resonances is less important in those materials than previously realized.
Sensitivity to a frequency-dependent circular polarization in an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (2017)

We calculate the sensitivity to a circular polarization of an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (ISGWB) as a function of frequency for ground- and space-based interferometers and observations of the cosmic microwave background. The origin of a circularly polarized ISGWB may be due to exotic primordial physics (i.e., parity violation in the early universe) and may be strongly frequency dependent. We present calculations within a coherent framework which clarifies the basic requirements for sensitivity to circular polarization, in distinction from previous work which focused on each of these techniques separately. We find that the addition of an interferometer with the sensitivity of the Einstein Telescope in the southern hemisphere improves the sensitivity of the ground-based network to circular polarization by about a factor of two. The sensitivity curves presented in this paper make clear that the wide range in frequencies of current and planned observations (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}\ensuremath{\lesssim}f\ensuremath{\lesssim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$) will be critical to determining the physics that underlies any positive detection of circular polarization in the ISGWB. We also identify a desert in circular polarization sensitivity for frequencies between ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}\ensuremath{\lesssim}f\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$, given the inability for pulsar timing arrays and indirect-detection methods to distinguish the gravitational wave polarization.
Synthesis of Trisubstituted Imidazoles by Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization of O-Pentafluorobenzoylamidoximes:  Application to Amino Acid Mimetics with a C-Terminal Imidazole (2005)

1-Benzyl-4-methylimidazoles with a range of substituents at the 2-position are prepared from O-pentafluorobenzoylamidoximes on treatment with catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)4 and triethylamine. The sequence provides access to optically active amino acid mimetics with a C-terminal imidazole. [structure: see text]
Detection of rifampin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using species-specific assays for precursor rRNA (1996)

rRNA precursor (pre-rRNA) molecules carry terminal stems which are removed during rRNA synthesis to form the mature rRNA subunits. Their abundance in bacterial cells can be markedly affected by antibiotics which directly or indirectly inhibit RNA synthesis. We evaluated the feasibility of rapidly detecting antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by measuring the effects of brief in vitro antibiotic exposure on mycobacterial pre-rRNA. By hybridizing extracted M. tuberculosis nucleic acid with radiolabeled nucleic acid probes specific for pre-16S rRNA stem sequences, we detected clear responses to rifampin and ciprofloxacin within 24 and 48 h, respectively, of exposure of cultured cells to these drugs. Detectable pre-rRNA was depleted in susceptible cells but remained abundant in resistant cells. In contrast, no measurable responses to isoniazid or ethambutol were observed. Probes for pre-rRNA were specific for the M. tuberculosis complex when tested against a panel of eight Mycobacterium species and 48 other bacteria. After 24 h of incubation with rifampin, resistant M. tuberculosis strains were detectable in a reverse transcriptase PCR assay for pre-rRNA with a calculated lower limit of sensitivity of approximately 10(2) cells. Susceptible cells were negative in this assay at over 500 times the calculated lower limit of sensitivity. This general approach may prove useful for rapidly testing the susceptibility of slowly growing Mycobacterium species to the rifamycin and fluoroquinolone drugs and, with possible modifications, to other drugs as well.
Data reduction pipeline for the Gemini Planet Imager (2010)

The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) high-contrast adaptive optics system, which is currently under construction
for Gemini South, has an IFS as its science instrument. This paper describes the data reduction pipeline of the
GPI science instrument. Written in IDL, with a modular architecture, this pipeline reduces an ensemble of highcontrast
spectroscopic or polarimetric raw science images and calibration data into a final dataset ready for
scientific analysis. It includes speckle suppression techniques such as angular and spectral differential imaging
that are necessary to achieve extreme contrast performances for which the instrument is designed. This paper
presents also raw GPI IFS simulated data developed to test the pipeline.
Micro OLED rapide sur électrodes coplanaires pour un fonctionnement en régime d'excitation impulsionnelle nanoseconde (2019)

Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à la conception, à la réalisation de micro-OLEDs ultra rapides et à leur caractérisation en régime d’excitation électrique impulsionnelle nanoseconde. Les réponses ultra-rapides de ces μ-OLED sont obtenues par des électrodes spécifiques empruntées aux techniques micro-ondes. Cette combinaison de l’électronique organique et des techniques micro-ondes permet d’atteindre des valeurs record en termes de durée d'impulsion d’excitation ultra courte (5 ns) et de densité de courant ultra-intense (4,7 kA/cm2). Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives vers la réalisation de la première diode laser organique.
Application of High-Throughput Sequencing to Circulating microRNAs Reveals Novel Biomarkers for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (2014)

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure and the major reason for withdrawal of drugs from the market. Preclinical evaluation of drug candidates has failed to detect about 40% of potentially hepatotoxic compounds in humans. At the onset of liver injury in humans, currently used biomarkers have difficulty differentiating severe DILI from mild, and/or predict the outcome of injury for individual subjects. Therefore, new biomarker approaches for predicting and diagnosing DILI in humans are urgently needed. Recently, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-122 and miR-192 have emerged as promising biomarkers of liver injury in preclinical species and in DILI patients. In this study, we focused on examining global circulating miRNA profiles in serum samples from subjects with liver injury caused by accidental acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. Upon applying next generation high-throughput sequencing of small RNA libraries, we identified 36 miRNAs, including 3 novel miRNA-like small nuclear RNAs, which were enriched in the serum of APAP overdosed subjects. The set comprised miRNAs that are functionally associated with liver-specific biological processes and relevant to APAP toxic mechanisms. Although more patients need to be investigated, our study suggests that profiles of circulating miRNAs in human serum might provide additional biomarker candidates and possibly mechanistic information relevant to liver injury.
Infrared Chemical Micro-Imaging Assisted by Interactive Self-Modeling Multivariate Analysis (1994)

In the analytical environment, spectral data resulting from analysis of samples often represent mixtures of several components. Extraction of information about pure components from that kind of mixture is a major problem, especially when reference spectra are not available. Self-modeling multivariate mixture analysis has been developed for this type of problem. In this paper, two examples will be used to show the potential of the technique for vibrational spectroscopy. Infrared microspectroscopic chemical imaging has been employed to improve spatial resolution for distinguishing differences between adjacent, nonidentical materials. The resolution of a 2- to 3- μm-thick inner layer, from a four-layer polymer laminate, has been achieved. The same approach has been utilized to extract pure component spectra out of a KBr pellet of a mixture of three compounds.
Increased Hepatic Fat Content in Patients with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Beta (2020)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Thyroid hormone (TH) has important functions in controlling hepatic lipid metabolism. Individuals with resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTHβ) who harbor mutations in the <i>THRB</i> gene experience loss-of-function of thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ), which is the predominant TR isoform expressed in the liver. We hypothesized that individuals with RTHβ may have increased hepatic steatosis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) was assessed in individuals harboring the R243Q mutation of the <i>THRB</i> gene (<i>n</i> = 21) and in their wild-type (WT) first-degree relatives (<i>n</i> = 22) using the ultrasound-based transient elastography (TE) device (FibroScan). All participants belonged to the same family, lived on the same small island, and were therefore exposed to similar environmental conditions. CAP measurements and blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. The observers were blinded to the status of the patients. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The hepatic fat content was increased in RTHβ individuals compared with their WT relatives (CAP values of 263 ± 21 and 218.7 ± 43 dB/m, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.007). The CAP values correlated with age and body mass index (BMI) (age: <i>r</i> = 0.55, <i>p</i> = 0.011; BMI: <i>r</i> = 0.51, <i>p</i> = 0.022) in the WT first-degree relatives but not in RTHβ individuals, suggesting that the defect in TRβ signaling was predominant over the effects of age and obesity. Circulating free fatty acid levels were significantly higher in RTHβ individuals (0.29 ± 0.033 vs. 0.17 ± 0.025 mmol/L, <i>p</i> = 0.02). There was no evidence of insulin resistance evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance in both groups studied. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our findings provide evidence that impairments in intrahepatic TRβ signaling due to mutations of the <i>THRB</i> gene can lead to hepatic steatosis, which emphasizes the influence of TH in the liver metabolism of lipids and provides a rationale for the development TRβ-selective thyromimetics. Consequently, new molecules with a very high TRβ affinity and hepatic selectivity have been developed for the treatment of lipid-associated hepatic disorders, particularly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Immune cell-derived cytokines contribute to obesity-related inflammation, fibrogenesis and metabolic deregulation in human adipose tissue (2017)

Adipose tissue contains a variety of immune cells, which vary in abundance and phenotype with obesity. The contribution of immune cell-derived factors to inflammatory, fibrotic and metabolic alterations in adipose tissue is not well established in human obesity. Human primary adipose tissue cells, including pre-adipocytes, endothelial cells and mature adipocytes, were used to investigate deregulation of cell- and pathway-specific gene profiles. Among factors known to alter adipose tissue biology, we focus on inflammatory (IL-1β and IL-17) and pro-fibrotic (TGF-β1) factors. rIL-1β and rIL-17 induced concordant pro-inflammatory transcriptional programs in pre-adipocytes and endothelial cells, with a markedly more potent effect of IL-1β than IL-17. None of these cytokines had significant effect on fibrogenesis-related gene expression, contrasting with rTGF-β1-induced up-regulation of extracellular matrix components and pro-fibrotic factors. In mature adipocytes, all three factors promoted down-regulation of genes functionally involved in lipid storage and release. IL-1β and IL-17 impacted adipocyte metabolic genes in relation with their respective pro-inflammatory capacity, while the effect of TGF-β1 occurred in face of an anti-inflammatory signature. These data revealed that IL-1β and IL-17 had virtually no effect on pro-fibrotic alterations but promote inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in human adipose tissue, with a prominent role for IL-1β.
Self-Assembled Polymer Nanostructures: Design, Syntheses And Applications (2021)

Recent progress in nanotechnology research has witnessed its impact in wide variety of emerging fields starting from electronics to medicine. Our interest in nanotechnology is to 'create new nanomaterials', or 'new methods to make nanomaterials', to understand and to utilize them for various applications. We discuss our findings on the formation and application of nanostructures made through self-assembly in solution, followed by self-assembly at the interior of nanopores. Self-assembly can be induced in molecules by manipulating the noncovalent interaction, solvophilic and solvophobic forces. We are interested in creating various selfassembled nanostructures that could be tuned by modifying the amphiphilic building blocks during their synthesis. When these building blocks are grown in a perfectly branched fashion the obtained macromolecules are called amphiphilic dendrimers, whereas the linearly grown building blocks are called amphiphlic homopolymers. Here we show that the biaryl dendrimer can be made into temperature sensitive micelles, and can be used in molecular encapsulation. We further extend our developed concept to acrylamide-based homopolymers that can, not only form micelles and inverted micelles, but also can be tuned to make vesicles. By making the amphiphilic homopolymer in a noncovalent fashion, we show that the formed nanoassembly can be disassembled using proteins and the differential nature of disassembly was used for protein sensing. The self-assembled structures in apolar solvent, known as inverted micelles, were utilized for pI-dependent isolation of peptides. We show that polymers can be self-assembled inside membrane nanopores to make functionalized nanotubes, which can be utilized for separating molecules based on charge, size and hydrophobicity. We also show that by using dendrimers the pore size of the nanotubes can be precisely controlled and can be exploited for molecular separations.
MicroRNA-92a Mediates Endothelial Dysfunction in CKD (2017)

CKD is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The accumulation of uremic toxins in CKD induces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. MicroRNA-92a (miR-92a) is induced by oxidative stress in endothelial cells (ECs) and involved in angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. We investigated a role for oxidative stress-responsive miR-92a in CKD. Our study of patients at three clinical sites showed increased serum miR-92a level with decreased kidney function. In cultured ECs, human CKD serum or uremic toxins (such as indoxyl sulfate), compared with non-CKD serum, induced the levels of miR-92a and suppressed the expression of miR-92a targets, including key endothelial-protective molecules. The antioxidant <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine inhibited these vasculopathic properties. In rats, adenine-induced CKD associated with increased levels of miR-92a in aortas, serum, and CD144<sup>+</sup> endothelial microparticles. Furthermore, CD144<sup>+</sup> microparticles from human uremic serum contained more miR-92a than those from control serum. Additional analysis showed a positive correlation between serum levels of miR-92a and indoxyl sulfate in a cohort of patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. Collectively, our findings suggest that the uremic toxins accumulated in CKD can upregulate miR-92a in ECs, which impairs EC function and predisposes patients to CVD.
Pattern and Segment Relaxation in a Block Copolymer Melt following Step Shear Flow (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPattern and Segment Relaxation in a Block Copolymer Melt following Step Shear FlowLynden A. Archer and Gerald G FullerCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 24, 7152–7156Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00102a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00102a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nature of terrace edge states (TES) in lower-dimensional halide perovskite (2020)

A distinct terrace edge current has been detected for the first time in a quasi-2D perovskite<italic>via</italic>charge gradient microscopic (CGM) measurements, which is due to the structural asymmetry at the edge in these materials.