gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organoselenium-Induced Cyclization of 2-Alkenylthiazolines to Functionalized γ-Lactams (1999)

The reaction of alkenylthiazolines with benzeneselenenyl bromide in a mixed solvent of acetonitrile and water saturated with sodium bicarbonate gives lactams bearing both mercaptoethyl and phenylselenenyl groups in moderate to good yields. Intramolecular amidoselenation and subsequent hydrolysis will be involved.
A sequential Monte Carlo blind receiver for OFDM systems in frequency-selective fading channels (2002)

We consider the application of the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methodology to the problem of blind symbol detection in a wireless orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system over a frequency-selective fading channel. Bayesian inference of the unknown data symbols in the presence of an unknown multipath fading channel is made only from the observations over one OFDM symbol duration. A novel blind SMC detector built on the techniques of importance sampling and resampling is developed for differentially encoded OFDM systems. The performance of different schemes of delayed-weight estimation methods is studied. Furthermore, being soft-input and soft-output in nature, the proposed SMC detector is employed as the first-stage demodulator in a turbo receiver for a coded OFDM system. Such a turbo receiver successively improves the receiver performance by iteratively exchanging the so-called extrinsic information with the maximum a posteriori (MAP) outer channel decoder. Finally, the performance of the proposed sequential Monte Carlo receiver is demonstrated through computer simulations.
Evaluation of Antibiotics in the Control of Pustular Acne Vulgaris (1955)

It has been apparent since the publication of Andrews<sup>1</sup>that oral antibiotics are of value in controlling pustular acne. This was further substantiated by Noojin,<sup>2</sup>Robinson,<sup>3</sup>Belisario,<sup>4</sup>Hurst,<sup>5</sup>and others. Still unsettled are the problems of which is most efficacious, is best tolerated, and what is the minimal effective dosage. Many newer antibiotics are alleged to be as curative and less toxic. Reports<sup>6</sup>are increasing that many bacteria are becoming resistant to penicillin and other anti-infectious agents. Our intention is to evaluate some of the recently accepted antibiotics and to correlate the in vitro sensitivity of organisms obtained from patients with pustular acne with their therapeutic response. Cultures were made at random on 87 patients. The organisms obtained were the same as previously reported,<sup>7</sup>namely, Micrococus pyogenes, varieties albus and aureus, hemolytic and nonhemolytic, in 81 cases; no growth
Material Challenges of AlGaN PN Diodes for Power Electronics (invited). (2021)

Abstract not provided.
Multipath and multipath reduction in the obstructed areas by using enhanced strobe correlator (ESC) technique (2015)

Despite advances in GPS equipment installed at permanent sites, multipath still remains a significant error source. Strobe Correlator technology greatly reduces GPS multipath signals, which can occur when the GPS signals are reflected off tall buildings or other obstructions before captured by the receiver and, thus, increase the distance a signal travels and reduce the accuracy. A GPS receiver using Strobe Correlator performs a series of complex calculations to restore positioning accuracy. I present a technique for evaluating and correcting the multipath at GPS antenna by utilizing the Enhanced Strobe Correlator (ESC) especially in RTK GPS applications. The advanced technique of Enhanced Strobe Correlation is discussed here. In addition, the performance of the technique is presented with the experiments from real multipath environments comparing RTK GPS results with terrestrial ones.
Synthesis and structures of new mono- and multi-nuclear benzyltin carboxylates and phosphinates: a novel dibenzyltin phosphinate stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding (1998)

The reaction of dibenzyltin dichloride 1 with 2 mol equivalents each of AgO2P(C6H11)2 and (C6H11)2PO2H afforded the novel monometallic complex Sn(CH2Ph)2[O2P(C6H11)2]2[HO2P(C6H11)2]2 2. When 1 was treated with 2 mol equivalents of AgO2P(C6H11)2 only the trinuclear O-capped cluster [{Sn(CH2Ph)(OH)[O2P(C6H11)2]}3O][O2P(C6H11)2] 4 was obtained by an Sn–C bond cleavage via an intermediate formulated as {Sn(CH2Ph)(OH)[O2P(C6H11)2]2}2 3. In the reaction with silver carboxylates the type of product isolated depends on the carboxylic acid used. Thus the ‘ladder’ {[(PhCH2)SnO·O2CMe]2(PhCH2)Sn(O2CMe)3}2 5, the ‘hexagonal prismanes’ [(PhCH2)SnO·O2CR]6 (R = Me 6, But 7, C5H4N 8, CHCMe2 9 or CHPh2 10) and the mononuclear compound Sn(CH2Ph)2(O2CCHPh2)2 11 have been isolated. X-Ray structural analysis confirmed the identities of 2, 4·CHCl3, and 5·2CH2Cl2. In 2 the mononuclear structure is stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding between P–OH and PO of the co-ordinated phosphinic acid and the phosphinate, respectively, from the same molecule. Compound 4 has a tristannoxane ring with a capping oxygen, whereas in 5 the stannoxane skeleton is that of a ‘ladder’ with three different types of tin.
H-PS: A Heterogeneous-Aware Parameter Server With Distributed Neural Network Training (2021)

Deep neural networks have become one of the popular techniques used in many research and application areas including computer vision, natural language processing, etc. As the complexity of neural networks continuously increasing, the training process takes a much longer time and requires more computation resources. To speed up the training process, a centralized distributed training structure named Parameter Server (PS) is widely used to assign training tasks to different workers/nodes. Most existing studies considered all workers having the same computation resources. However, in a heterogeneous environment, fast workers (i.e., workers having more computation resources) can complete tasks earlier than slow workers and thus the system does not fully utilize the resources of fast workers. In this paper, we propose a PS model with heterogeneous types of workers/nodes, called H-PS, which can fully utilize the resources of each worker by dynamically scheduling tasks based on the current status of the workers (e.g., available memory). By doing so, the workers will complete their tasks at the same time and the stragglers (i.e., workers fall behind others) can be avoided. In addition, a pipeline scheme is proposed to further improve the effectiveness of workers by fully utilizing the resources of workers during the time of parameters transmitting between PS and workers. Moreover, a flexible quantization scheme is proposed to reduce the communication overhead between the PS and workers. Finally, the H-PS is implemented using Containers which is an emerging lightweight technology. The experimental results indicate that the proposed H-PS can reduce the overall training time by 1.4x - 3.5x when compared with existing methods.
Etching of TiN-based gates for advanced complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices (2008)

This article presents results of study and optimization of plasma etching of TiN and TiN-TaN gates for sub-45 mm CMOS technology. By design of experiment in decoupled plasma source using HBr/Cl2 plasma, etching parameters were established providing smooth post-etch surface.
Behavioral Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans Against High-LET Radiation Exposure (2012)

Effects of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation on the functions of the nervous system is a potential risk in interplanetary manned space missions. However, little is known about how the nervous system is protected against high-LET radiation exposure. The analysis of high-LET radiation resistant animals would be therefore important for space missions. Here, we investigated the resistance to high-LET radiation exposure for two behaviors of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which is known as a model organism for the nervous system. Tested behaviors were locomotion and chemotaxis to NaCl. In addition, egg hatchability was examined as an indicator of high-LET radiation sensitivity. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of high-LET radiation (12C, 18.3 MeV/u, LET = 113 keV/μm) relative to low-LET radiation for hatchability was 4.5, whereas RBEs for locomotion and chemotaxis were 1.4 and 1.1, respectively. This study shows that the behavioral system for locomotion and chemotaxis of C. elegans is highly resistant to high-LET radiation exposure.
Dopa‐responsive pseudo‐orthostatic tremor in parkinsonism (2007)

In four patients an inabilitating standing tremor appeared years before that parkinsonian symptoms were evidenced. This tremor was refractory to gabapentin and dramatically responded to Levodopa administration. Its dominant frequency was 6.2 to 6.9 Hz with sporadic subharmonics at 8 to 18 Hz. Three patients were affected by different genetic mutations (Park 2, Park 6, mtDNA deletion) in one no genetic or metabolic alterations could be evidenced. All patients had dopamine transporter abnormalities. We suggest that the term "Pseudo-Orthostatic Tremor" could be used to define this Dopa responsive, 6 to 7 Hz standing tremor.
Sustainability of Social Enterprises Involved in Waste Collection and Recycling Activities: Lessons from Tanzania (2019)

This article investigates how social enterprises providing waste collection and recycling services overcame start-up challenges and sustain their operations. Based on analysis of five cases in Tanzania, it is evident that waste collection and recycling enterprises start as entrepreneurial entities driven by the opportunity to fill the service delivery gap left by the state. Although the enterprises studied have had a social impact, they have experienced several challenges, including limited access to resources, negative perception of their activities, competition, unsupportive policies, unreliable supply of raw materials, dishonesty of staff and/or waste pickers and poor working conditions. However, the enterprises sustained themselves through good management, engaging the right teams, supporting waste pickers, marketing and networking, developing their skills, using appropriate technology, reinvesting their earnings, diversifying and being members of cooperatives. The article contributes to knowledge by combining the traditional entrepreneurship and socio-environmental entrepreneurship perspectives to explore the sustainability of waste collection and recycling enterprises.
A logarithmic response CMOS image sensor with on-chip calibration (2000)

CMOS image sensors with logarithmic response are attractive devices for applications where a high dynamic range is required. Their strong point is the high dynamic range. Their weak point is the sensitivity to pixel parameter variations introduced during fabrication. This gives rise to a considerable fixed pattern noise (FPN) that deteriorates the image quality unless pixel calibration is used. In the present work a technique to remove the FPN by employing on-chip calibration is introduced, where the effect of threshold voltage variations in pixels is cancelled. An image sensor based on an active pixel structure with five transistors has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The sensor consists of 525/spl times/525 pixels measuring 7.5 /spl mu/m/spl times/10 /spl mu/m, and is fabricated in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The measured dynamic range is 120 dB while the FPN is 2.5% of the output signal range.
Photoacoustic scanning macroscopy with interferometric ultrasound detection based on a fiber-optic ring array (2018)

We present a system for large depth-of-field photoacoustic scanning macroscopy (PASMac). Photoacoustic waves are detected optically with a fiber-optic annular detector array. Pressure changes, induced by the photoacoustic waves, modulate the refractive index in the fibers. The resulting variation of the optical path is measured by interferometric means. The ring-shape of the fibers results in a higher sensitivity to pressure waves stemming from the ring symmetry axis compared to off-axis signals. Hence, the fiber-optic ring-shaped detector array embodies a focused ultrasound transducer, however with a greatly extended depth-of-field. To reduce off-axis sensitivity, the signals from multiple rings with varying diameters are summed up using coherence weighting. By raster scanning of the sensor array, threedimensional or cross-sectional images are formed. We report on the design of an enhanced detector with 8 concentric rings for targeted imaging depths ranging from 5 mm to 50 mm.
Adaptive Positioning Systems for Cognitive Radios (2007)

Location awareness is a prominent characteristic of cognitive radio technologies. Realizing such awareness in cognitive radios require an underlying advanced positioning system that have cognition capabilities. In this paper, an innovative cognitive positioning system (CPS) that have cognition capabilities by means of adjusting positioning accuracy adaptively in both indoor and outdoor environments is proposed. Bandwidth determination and hybrid overlay and underlay enhanced dynamic spectrum management (H-EDSM) are two main components that form the proposed CPS technique. Bandwidth determination equations are derived through Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). H-EDSM that provides optimum available bandwidth to the CPS is proposed. A switching mechanism that manages the transition between overlay and underlay spectrum usage modes for the H-EDSM algorithm is presented. Theoretical analysis of the mechanism is carried out using two-slope model. Simulation results, challenges and complexity options for the implementation of the CPS are outlined. Our study reveals the existence of a trade-off between accuracy and complexity in the adaptive positioning systems for cognitive radios.
The anti-cancer effects of poi(Colocasia esculenta) on colonic adenocarcinoma cellsIn vitro (2005)

Hawaiians tend to have lower incidence rates of colorectal cancer and it was hypothesized that this may be due to ethnic differences in diet, specifically, their consumption of poi, a starchy paste made from the taro (Colocasia esulenta L.) plant corm. Soluble extracts of poi were incubated at 100 mg/mL in vitro for antiproliferative activity against the rat YYT colon cancer cell line. (3)H-thymidine incorporation studies were conducted to demonstrate that the poi inhibited the proliferation of these cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The greatest suppression of YYT colon cancer growth occurred when 25% concentration was used. When poi was incubated with the YYT cells after 2 days, the YYT cells underwent apoptotic changes as evidenced by a positive terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) stain. Poi enhanced the proliferation of normal mouse splenocyte control cells, suggesting that poi is not simply toxic to all cells but even has a positive immunostimulatory role. By flow cytometry, T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) were predominantly activated by the poi. Although numerous factors can contribute to the risk of colon cancer, perhaps poi consumption may contribute to the lower colon cancer rates among Hawaiians by two distinct mechanisms. First, by inducing apoptosis within colon cancer cells; second, by non-specifically activating lymphocytes, which in turn can lyse cancerous cells. Our results suggest for the first time that poi may have novel tumor specific anti-cancer activities and future research is suggested with animal studies and human clinical trials.
Subsiding shells and the distribution of up- and downdraughts in warm cumulus clouds over land (2019)

Abstract. The mass flux of air lifted within the updraughts (updraft in American English) of shallow convection is usually thought to be compensated outside the cloud through either large-scale subsidence or stronger downdraughts in a thin shell surrounding the cloud. Subsiding shells were postulated based on large eddy simulation and are experimentally tested in this study for shallow convection over land. Isolated cumulus clouds were probed with a small research aircraft over flat land and mountainous terrain, in different wind situations and at different levels of the clouds. The average of the 191 cloud transects shows the subsiding shell as a narrow downdraught region outside the cloud boundaries. The ensemble-mean subsiding shell is narrower on the upwind side of the cloud, while it is at least half a cloud diameter wide and more humid on the downwind side. At least half of the upward mass transport in the cloud is compensated within a distance of 20 % of the cloud diameter. However, this shell is not uniform. Distinct regions of downdraughts and updraughts with high variability in the vertical wind are frequent and randomly distributed in the vicinity and also within the cloud. The median diameter of the draughts directly at the cloud boundary is at least 4 times as large as inside the clouds and in the environment. Downdraughts at the cloud boundary are twice as frequent as updraughts. In contrast to the updraughts the major part of the downdraughts is situated outside of the cloud. The subsiding shell results from the distribution of these up- and downdraughts.
The repair of identified large DNA adducts induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in normal or xeroderma pigmentosum group A human fibroblasts, and the role of DNA polymerases α or δ (1989)

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) reacts with DNA primarily at the N2 and C8 of guanosine, with a small percent of reaction at the N6 of adenosine. In human cells it has been unclear whether or not all 4NQO-induced adducts are removed by a nucleotide excision repair mechanism. In this paper we demonstrate that the inhibitor of DNA polymerases alpha and delta, aphidicolin, blocks the repair of all 4NQO adducts. Hence excision repair must operate on all of these lesions. After 4NQO the residual excision repair seen in a xeroderma pigmentosum group A cell line virtually totally defective in UV repair was 40-60% of that in normal cells. Therefore there must be some differences between the excision repair operating on UV as opposed to 4NQO-induced DNA damage.
EvaluatingPseudomonas aeruginosaas plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in West Africa (2006)

Abstract Some parameters of growth were examined in three test crops as indices of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crops include Abelmoschus esculentus L. (okra), Lycopersicon esculentum L. (tomato) and Amaranthus sp. (African spinach). This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of PGPR in West Africa and determine whether the inoculation method has an impact on PGPR's effectiveness. Bacterium was isolated from topsoil in the Botanical Garden, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Inoculation with bacteria was done by soaking seeds in 106 cfu/ml of bacterial suspension and coating was done using 10% starch (w/v) as seed adhesive with 106 cfu/ml of bacterial suspension. The third treatment involved soaking seeds in distilled water and later applying NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer. Control seeds were soaked in distilled water. Two methods of bacterial inoculation (soaking and coating) produced statistically similar results to plants grown with fertilizer but performed better than the control, suggesting a high potential of P. aeruginosa as PGPR.
The Press Office (1998)

The role of the No. 10 press office is to link the prime minister to the media of mass communications, the press and broadcasting organizations. The office is headed by the chief press secretary. Prime ministers have chosen various ways to solve the problem of organizing No. 10’s press relations. Some previous chief press secretaries were political appointees, brought in as temporary civil servants for their known political views and experience of journalism. Such overtly partisan advisers can support the prime minister across the full range of press and public relations activities. Joe Haines, press secretary to Harold Wilson, wrote nearly all Wilson’s public speeches made outside parliament in his 1974–6 term of office. He could suggest policy options that fitted with party principles and would be simple to communicate to voters, such as a flat-rate increase in wages.1 Then there is less ambiguity about the political nature of advice given but briefings lack non-partisan authority — journalists are less likely to believe the press secretary, and some may be actively and politically hostile. The press secretary brought in from outside does not have the expertise across Whitehall of a permanent civil servant from one of the principal departments. Donald Maitland, press secretary to Edward Heath 1970–3, who had been head of the Foreign Office News Department, had particular knowledge of the European Community Britain was entering. The No. 10 press secretary most ill at ease in negotiating the fuzzy border between the ‘political’ and ‘official’ worlds was a journalist, Trevor Lloyd-Hughes, in post 1964–9. Untrained in Whitehall ways, he interpreted civil service proprieties so narrowly that Wilson appointed Gerald Kaufman as parliamentary press liaison officer to handle the more political tasks. Colin Seymour-Ure considers that the best chief press secretaries were those who were able to blur the partisan—non-partisan line, whether or not they were partisan supporters when first appointed.2
Endocannabinoids render exploratory behaviour largely independent of the test aversiveness: role of glutamatergic transmission (2009)

To investigate the impact of averseness, controllability and familiarity of a test situation on the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of exploratory behaviour, we tested conventional and conditional cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1)-deficient mice in behavioural paradigms with different emotional load, which depended on the strength of illumination and the ability of the animals to avoid the light stimulus. Complete CB1 null-mutant mice (Total-CB1-KO) showed an anxiogenic-like phenotype under circumstances where they were able to avoid the bright light such as the elevated plus-maze and the light/dark avoidance task. Conditional mutant mice lacking CB1 expression specifically in cortical glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1-KO), in contrast, failed to show a similar phenotype under the same experimental conditions. However, both mutant lines showed increased avoidance of open arm exploration during a second exposure to the elevated plus-maze. If tested in situations where the fear eliciting light could not be avoided, Total-CB1-KO mice showed increased thigmotaxis in an open field, decreased social investigation and decreased novel object exploration under aversive light conditions, but not under non-aversive low light. This time, Glu-CB1-KO also showed decreased exploratory behaviour towards objects and conspecific juveniles and increased thigmotaxis in the open field. Taking into consideration that the behavioural performance of wild-type mice was only marginally affected by changes in light intensities, these data indicate that the endocannabinoid system renders exploratory behaviour largely independent of the test averseness. This process differentially involves endocannabinoid-controlled glutamatergic transmission, depending on the controllability of the test situation.