gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Machine Learning in Image Classification: A Survey Towards the Defender's Perspective (2020)

Deep Learning algorithms have achieved the state-of-the-art performance for Image Classification and have been used even in security-critical applications, such as biometric recognition systems and self-driving cars. However, recent works have shown those algorithms, which can even surpass the human capabilities, are vulnerable to adversarial examples. In Computer Vision, adversarial examples are images containing subtle perturbations generated by malicious optimization algorithms in order to fool classifiers. As an attempt to mitigate these vulnerabilities, numerous countermeasures have been constantly proposed in literature. Nevertheless, devising an efficient defense mechanism has proven to be a difficult task, since many approaches have already shown to be ineffective to adaptive attackers. Thus, this self-containing paper aims to provide all readerships with a review of the latest research progress on Adversarial Machine Learning in Image Classification, however with a defender's perspective. Here, novel taxonomies for categorizing adversarial attacks and defenses are introduced and discussions about the existence of adversarial examples are provided. Further, in contrast to exisiting surveys, it is also given relevant guidance that should be taken into consideration by researchers when devising and evaluating defenses. Finally, based on the reviewed literature, it is discussed some promising paths for future research.
Advanced Coding for Fiber-Optics Communications Systems (2019)

This chapter aims to discuss channel coding and coded modulation techniques for fiber-optics communication systems. It describes different codes on graphs of interest for optical communications including turbo-product and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The chapter shows how to perform the code rate adaptation, based on optical channel conditions by shortening, partial reconfiguration of the parity-check matrix of a template regular quasi-cyclic-LDPC code, puncturing, and re-encoding approach introduced in. The most obvious way to design LDPC codes is to construct a low-density parity-check matrix with prescribed properties. Nonbinary LDPC-coded modulation has been shown to outperform its corresponding multilevel coding with parallel independent decoding and iterative detection and decodingscheme with performance gaps increasing as the underlying signal constellation size increases. The chapter also describes different codes on graphs of interest for optical communications including turbo-product and LDPC codes. The sum-product algorithm is an iterative decoding algorithm based on Tanner graph description of an LDPC code.
Orthogonal 18F and 64Cu labelling of functionalised bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes (2010)

The synthesis of three pairs of orthogonally labelled fluorinated Cu bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes is presented. These are the first examples of (18)F-labelled Cu(II)-complexes designed to serve as new hypoxia selective PET tracers and as mechanistic probes to study the mode of action of this class of markers. In vitro evaluation revealed that the fluorinated Cu-complex derived from amide coupling is suitable for in vivo work.
Maximum likelihood snr estimators for digital receivers (2005)

The problem of estimating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is investigated, both for static and slowly fading channels without memory. Maximum likelihood SNR estimators are derived for sampled signal processing receivers as well as continuous time signal processing receivers. It is shown that a maximum likelihood SNR estimator operating with digitally modulated signals is a decision-based structure that necessarily incorporates a digital data receiver. Based on this observation, structures of the estimators for two measures of SNR are presented.
Aluminum nitride as a masking material for the plasma etching of silicon carbide structures (2010)

In this paper is detailed a technique for the plasma etching of silicon carbide (SiC) utilizing aluminum nitride (AlN) as a masking material. The fabrication technique enables the use of non-metallic etch masks to etch SiC which can aid in preventing micromasking defects on the etch surface and degradation in the health of plasma etch tools. This is the first report of this fabrication process. Through the experimental characterization of a high density inductively coupled plasma etch tool operated with SF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> /O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> chemistries, an etch recipe that yields a SiC etch rate of 0.4 ¿m/min, a selectivity of 16:1 (SiC/AlN), and features with a sidewall angle of approximately 10° was developed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the etch recipe yields smooth etch surfaces that are free of micromasking defects. Further investigations of these preliminary results could lead to advancements in the manufacturability of SiC for the development of harsh environment sensing technology and high-power electronics.
Surface mounted distributed constant type noise filter (1999)

As the operating frequencies of electric equipment continues to rise, so does noise frequency. At some point engineering is being forced to take new measures to solve the high frequency noise issue. Conventional countermeasures (chip bead and cap or lumped constant type noise filter) are no longer adequate. This paper describes improved results by use of a surface mounted distributed constant type noise filter.
ANALYSIS OF THE VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (vWF) GENE IN 6 PATIENTS WITH SEVERE TYPE III VON WILLEBRANDS DISEASE (1987)

DNA from 6 unrelated patients with severe type III von Willebrands disease (vWF antigen &lt; 0.01u/dl) was studied with a cDNA probe for the 3' end of the vWF gene. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes using standard techniques and was digested with a range of restriction enzymes. DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis in 0.7% agarose and were southern blotted onto hybond-N (Amersham). The probe used was pvWF1100, a 1.1kb PstI fragment derived from the 2.28kb vWFcDNA insert of pvWF2280 isolated from a human endothelial cell cDNA expression library (Verweij et al, Nucleic Acids Res 13 (1985) 4699-4717). The probe corresponds to nucleotides 7083 to 8191 of the vWF cDNA (first nucleotide of initiator methionine as 1). When digested with Bglll and probed with pvWF11000, normal DNA showed two invariant bands (13 and 4.9kb) and polymorphic bands of 9 and/or 7.4kb. This pattern was also seen in 5 of the 6 severe vWD patients DNA suggesting that in this 3' area of the gene they had no major deletions or rearrangements. In the 6th case however the band of 4.9kb was not seen and did not appear to be replaced by any novel fragments, suggesting a partial deletion including some of the 3' end of the gene. This patient had the clinically severest form of the condition in that the patient had developed, some 10 years ago, an antibody (inhibitor) to vWF as detected by the ability of the patients plasma to inhibit restocetin cofactor activity in normal plasma. His parents were related (his mother was his father's second cousin) and had levels of vWFAg, considerably lower than those of factor VIII activity. This situation has been previously reported in carriers of recessive severe vWD. vWD was also present in a second family member, but in a less severe form (vWFAg 3u/dl). This patient and all other members of the family have, to date, given normal restriction fragment patterns with the vWF probe and several enzymes, including BgIII.
[Prophylactic antibiotic therapy in extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy: prospective, randomized study]. (1992)

Two hundred patients that underwent ESWL were randomized into 4 groups in order to determine the benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis. All comparisons among groups were not statistically significant. Neither cephalosporin nor quinolone prophylaxis impacted significantly on bacteriuria rate after ESWL. Thus, in patients without infected stones, urinary tract obstruction and ancillary procedures ESWL could be performed without prophylactic antibiotic regimes.
Políticas y estrategias de cooperación internacional en las universidades del conurbano bonaerense: Diagnóstico y perspectivas (2007)

Esta investigación propone analizar y comparar, las políticas y el grado de desarrollo de la cooperación internacional en las universidades nacionales del Conurbano Bonaerense entendiendo que la cooperación internacional es una herramienta de las políticas de desarrollo de las universidades, ya que permite su inserción como actor y no mero receptor de las transformaciones producidas por la globalización. La profundización y el fortalecimiento de la identidad y las características propias de las instituciones de nivel superior, que comparten trayectorias más recientes y problemáticas regionales comunes constituyen requisitos indispensables para articular procesos de cooperación con espacios y actores que han acumulado una mayor experiencia en este campo. Las universidades argentinas presentan diferencias en la incorporación al proceso de internacionalización vigente, obedeciendo, su desarrollo más a iniciativas y capacidades de sus actores que a políticas nacionales o regionales de inserción en el escenario mundial. Para potenciar cuantitativa y cualitativamente su participación en la cooperación internacional, las universidades nacionales del conurbano bonaerense deberían encarar una reingeniería de sus relaciones internacionales, que parta de un diagnóstico preciso del actual escenario global y de los principales actores, mecanismos y acciones que en él prevalecen, promoviendo la creación de una Red que permita optimizar recursos y fortalecer su presencia e identidad en el sistema.
Gap junctional communication and the tyrosine phosphorylation of connexin 43 in interaction between breast cancer and endothelial cells. (1998)

Abnormal gap junction communication (GJC) has been associated with carcinogenesis. We investigated the role of endothelial cell GJC and connexin 43 (Cx43), the main gap junction protein in these cells, during tumour cell extravasation. GJC was determined by the ability of cells to transfer Lucifer yellow, to neighbouring cells. Tumour-endothelial interaction was assessed by DiI assay. Connexin 43 expression and tyrosine phosphorylation were measured by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Co-culturing of ECV304 endothelial cells with human breast cancer cells resulted in a rapid and transient loss of communication competence of ECV304. This inhibition was maximal within 5 min. GJC was almost fully restored in 2 h. The co-culturing also resulted in an increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of CX43. The pattern of phosphorylation was similar to the loss and the recovery of GJC in ECV304. We conclude that interaction of tumour cells with endothelium effectively inhibits GJC of endothelial cells, which is attributed to the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of connexin 43. This may contribute to the extravasation of tumour cells from the circulation, an essential step in the establishment of metastasis.
Studies on the market milk of Iowa (1914)

A study of market milk conditions in Iowa by the market milk laboratory of the dairy department at Iowa State College reveals the fact that the state has a real milk problem to deal with.\nIn the cities and towns in which the investigation was carried on, the results indicate these facts:\nThe milk and cream, whether raw or pasteurized, commonly contains excessive numbers of bacteria, altho samples without excessive numbers were sometimes found.\nThe presence of large numbers of bacteria in pasteurized milk and cream indicates that the heat exposure used in some plants is too low, altho improper handling after pasteurization is also partly responsible for this condition.
Simultaneous EEG-fMRI Study Reveals Separate Bias Mechanisms Modulated by Stimulus Evidence During Rapid Face Processing (2019)

Perceptual choice is affected not only by the stimulus evidence present in the decision alternatives, but also by the propensity to choose one alternative over another. In the drift-diffusion model (DDM), such bias can be expressed either as a change in drift rate or a change in starting point of the decision process. Here, we collected simultaneous EEG and fMRI data while human subjects were performing a three-choice (Face vs. Car vs. House) visual categorization task. We spatially and temporally dissociated the neural correlates underlying the face decision bias as a function of stimulus evidence. Firstly, by fitting the DDM, we quantitatively showed that the change in drift rate best accounted for the decision bias towards faces when sensory evidence was abundant, whereas the shift in starting point best explained the bias effect when inadequate sensory evidence was present. Secondly, we used the EEG single-trial variability to temporally identify brain regions modulated by the two sets of subject-wise bias parameters in the fMRI analysis. Imaging results showed a double dissociation of the bias effects in space and in time as the level of sensory evidence changed: bias in drift rate correlated only with an early sensory network while bias in starting point activated a distributed late decision-related network.
Novel Approaches in Formulation and Drug Delivery using Contact Lenses. (2011)

The success of ocular delivery relies on the potential to enhance the drug bioavailability by controlled and extended release of drug on the eye surface. Several new approaches have been attempted to augment the competence and diminish the intrinsic side effects of existing ocular drug delivery systems. In this contest, progress has been made to develop drug-eluting contact lens using different techniques, which have the potential to control and sustain the delivery of drug. Further, the availability of novel polymers have facilitated and promoted the utility of contact lenses in ocular drug delivery. Several research groups have already explored the feasibility and potential of contact lens using conventional drugs for the treatment of periocular and intraocular diseases. Contact lenses formulated using modern technology exhibits high loading, controlled drug release, apposite thickness, water content, superior mechanical and optical properties as compared to commercial lenses. In general, this review discus various factors and approaches designed and explored for the successful delivery of ophthalmic drugs using contact lenses as drug delivery device.
Emergence of Hypogeal and Epigeal Germinating Species of Phaseolus and Pisum in Compacted and Uncompacted Soil1 (1972)

Abstract Emergence of 2 epigeal and 1 hypogeal species of Phaseolus and a hypogeal species of Pisum were compared under packed and unpacked soil conditions. Hypogeal entries consistently exhibited better emergence thiough packed and crusted soils than the epigeal entries.
GEST: the Graph of Events in Space and Time as a Common Representation between Vision and Language (2023)

One of the essential human skills is the ability to seamlessly build an inner representation of the world. By exploiting this representation, humans are capable of easily finding consensus between visual, auditory and linguistic perspectives. In this work, we set out to understand and emulate this ability through an explicit representation for both vision and language - Graphs of Events in Space and Time (GEST). GEST alows us to measure the similarity between texts and videos in a semantic and fully explainable way, through graph matching. It also allows us to generate text and videos from a common representation that provides a well understood content. In this work we show that the graph matching similarity metrics based on GEST outperform classical text generation metrics and can also boost the performance of state of art, heavily trained metrics.
Clinicopathological Analysis of 19 Cases of Isolated Carcinoma in Situ of the Bronchus (1993)

Nineteen cases of isolated squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bronchus were described clinicopathologically from among 149 male heavy smokers with roentgenographically occult lung cancer discovered mainly by mass screening performed from 1982 to 1991. All 19 patients had positive sputum cytology tests and negative chest x-ray films and underwent lobectomy (except one who had segmentectomy because of poor lung function). Prior to operation, localization was accomplished by one to eight bronchoscopies using repetitive brush cytology and biopsy. Five cases were bronchoscopically invisible. Polypoid protuberance was noted in three cases, micronodular swelling in three, thickening of spur in five, and mucosal granularity in three. Histology by serial block sectioning showed that there was no nodal involvement in any cases; the maximum length or diameter was 12 mm. Thirteen tumors were < or = 4 mm, four of which were confined to the spur where they occurred. Follow-up data showed a favorable prognosis. Segmentectomy or sleeve resection of bronchus without mediastinal lymph node dissection may be adequate for CIS.
pH-Responsive Copolymer Assemblies for Controlled Release of Doxorubicin (2005)

pH-Responsive drug carriers have the potential to provide selective drug release at therapeutic targets including tumors and in acidic intracellular vesicles such as endosomes and lysosomes. We have developed a new approach to the design of acid-sensitive micelles by incorporating hydrophobic acetal groups on the core block of a micelle-forming block copolymer. Hydrolysis of the acetals at mildly acidic pH is designed to reveal polar groups on the core-forming block, thus changing its solubility and disrupting the micelle, triggering drug release. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated in these pH-sensitive micelles, and the acetal hydrolysis rates and DOX release rates were determined in the pH range of 4.0 to 7.4 and were compared to those of control systems. The micelle disruption was investigated by dynamic light scattering. The in vitro toxicities of the empty and DOX-loaded micelles were determined, and the intracellular fate of the encapsulated DOX was compared to free DOX using fluorescence confocal microscopy.
A damage-specific DNA binding protein. Large scale purification from human placenta and characterization. (1982)

A new large scale purification procedure for a human damage-specific DNA binding protein is described. Physical characterization suggests that the protein can dissociate into active subunits. A maximum molecular weight of 400,000 was obtained using gel exclusion chromatography, while electrophoresis through a pH 8 polyacrylamide gradient gel suggested a minimum molecular weight for the active protein of 120,000. Binding to UV-irradiated DNA revealed a broad pH optimum, no temperature dependence between 0 and 37 degrees C, and inhibition by intercalating agents. The use of 254 nm irradiation and of 313 nm irradiation in the presence of a triplet state sensitizer with alternating copolymers indicated that the protein was recognizing singlet-state-derived thymine lesions as well as triplet-state-derived adenine lesions. Inhibition of protein binding by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and NaBH4 suggested a role for lysine at the DNA binding site, while sulfhydryl group involvement was indicated by the sensitivity of the protein to p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition.
Nucleobase molecular recognition in supercritical carbon dioxide by using a highly sensitive 27 MHz quartz-crystal microbalance (2000)

Nucleobase molecular recognition on a self-assembled monolayer was studied in supercritical carbon dioxide and obtained kinetics were compared with those in air and liquid phases.
A 4.8-GHz Dividerless Subharmonically Injection-Locked All-Digital PLL With a FOM of $-$252.5 dB (2013)

A subharmonically injection-locked all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) is presented to achieve both low power and low phase noise simultaneously. This ADPLL uses a bang-bang phase detector to maintain the phase locking without a time-to-digital converter, and the dividers can be disabled to reduce the power. In addition, a subharmonically injection-locked technique is used to achieve a low phase noise. This ADPLL is fabricated in a 40-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Its power consumption is 3.661 mW for a supply voltage of 1.1 V. The measured phase noise is equal to -122.33 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 1 MHz. The integrated root-mean-square jitter is 123.4 fs for the offset frequency from 1 kHz to 100 MHz. The calculated figure of merit is equal to -252.5 dB.
Design and Implementation of a Data Management System for Mobile Spatio-Temporal Query (2011)

Recently, according to the development of ubiquitous computing, the u-GIS which not only used in u-Transport, u-Care, u-Fun, u-Green, u-Business, u-Government, and u-City but also used to provides various spatial information such as the location of user is being the core technology of the ubiquitous computing environment. In this paper, we implemented an mobile spatio-temporal Query Processing Systems for handling the Spatio-Temporal Data in mobile equipment.The mobile spatio-temporal Query Processing Systems provides the spatio-temporal data type and the spatio-temporal operator that is expanded by the spatial data type and the spatial operator from OepenGIS Simple Feature Specification for SQL. It supports arithmetic coding compression techniques that is considered with a spatio-temporal data specific character. It also provides the function of data cashing for improving the importation and exportation of the spatio-temporal data between a embedded spatio-temporal DBMS and u-GIS server.
Technical Notes and Tips: Use of Olive-Tipped Wire with Moulded Antibiotic-Loaded Cement Spacer in 2-Stage Revision Hip Arthroplasty Aids in Easy Removal (2007)

In two stage revision for septic loosening of a total hip, the cement spacer from the first stage functions as a spacer and carrier of antibiotics.1 We use the antibiotic-loaded cement spacer moulded in the shape of a hemi-arthroplasty. On occasion, we have had difficulty in removing the spacer due to cement fracture and retained pieces of cement in the femoral canal. We now incorporate an olive-tipped wire into the cement mould and curve it at the proximal end. The spacer is then inserted into the proximal femur and joint is reduced (Fig. 1). At the second stage, the hip joint is dislocated and the curved proximal end of the wire is used to pull the cement spacer out in single piece thus preventing fracture. A custom-made spacer allows introduction of additional heat-stable antibiotics. Problems from removal of a fractured stem of cement are overcome by using an olive-tipped wire as support.



Figure 1

X-ray showing introduction of wire.