gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semi-automatic classification of lesion patterns in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (2013)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is neuro-degenerative disease of the Central Nervous System characterized by the loss of myelin. A Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) is a first neurological episode caused by inflammation/demyelination in the central nervous system which may lead to MS. Better understanding of the disease at its onset will lead to a better discovery of pathogenic mechanisms, allowing suitable therapies at an early stage. We propose an automatic segmentation algorithm for two different contrast agents, used within a framework for early characterization of CIS patients according to lesion patterns, and more specifically according to the nature of the inflammatory patterns of these lesions. We expect that the proposed framework can infer new prospective figures from the earliest imaging signs of MS since it can provide a classification of different types of lesions across patients. The lesion detection algorithm based on intensity normalization and subtraction of the used MRI data is a pivotal step, since it avoids the time-demanding task of manual delineation.
Modular Stop and Go Extraction Tips with Stacked Disks for Parallel and Multidimensional Peptide Fractionation in Proteomics (2006)

Proteome complexity necessitates protein or peptide separation prior to analysis. We previously described a pipet-tip based peptide micropurification system named StageTips (STop and Go Extraction Tips), which consists of a very small disk of membrane-embedded separation material. Here, we extend this approach in several dimensions by stacking disks containing reversed phase (C(18)) and strong cation exchange (SCX) materials. Multidimensional fractionation as well as desalting, filtration, and concentration prior to mass spectrometry in single or tandem columns is described. C(18)-SCX-C(18) stacked disks significantly improved protein identification by LC-MS/MS for an E. coli protein digest and by MALDI-MS for a 12 standard protein digest. Sequential fractionation based on C(18)- followed by SCX material was also developed. This multidimensional fractionation approach was expanded to parallel sample preparation by incorporating C(18)-SCX-StageTips into a 96-well plate (StagePlate). Fractions were collected into other C(18)-StagePlates and desalted and eluted in parallel to sample well plates or MALDI targets. This approach is suitable for high throughput protein identification for moderately complex, low abundance samples using automated nanoelectrospray-MS/MS or MALDI-MS.
Advanced Oxidative Techniques for the Treatment of Aqueous Liquid Effluents from Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Processes: A Review (2021)

This review explores advanced oxidative techniques of wet oxidation (WO) and catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) for treatment of primary aqueous effluents from hydrothermal liquefaction and pyrolysis (with subsequent upgrading) of biomass. Hydrothermal liquefaction and pyrolysis bio-oil upgrading processes produce an aqueous phase rich in organic carbon. However, the characterization of the compounds in such streams is limited and studies on their treatment are even more rare. Few studies have identified major compound families as phenols and smaller carboxylic acids. Often these compounds are overly toxic to existing wastewater treatment operations. Here, advanced oxidative techniques are reviewed with specific focus on how WO and CWO could affect some of these constituents such as phenols and carboxylic acids. Fundamental aspects of such reaction systems are reviewed including the most plausible oxidants (O2, O3, H2O2), the physical and chemical stages of oxidant interactions with the contaminants themselves, and their formation under non-catalytic and catalytic process conditions. Differing types of catalysts (homogeneous, heterogeneous, active carbons) and their novel formation such as carbon nanotubes are considered. Central to the oxidation mechanism, regardless of oxidant or presence of catalyst, is the formation of oxygen-reactive species such as hydroxyl free radicals. While WO processes do generate such oxidative free radicals, it is often under stringent operating conditions. Through the addition of metal catalysts, the oxidative process is successful at removing contaminants at significantly reduced temperatures and pressure. Continuous reactors have shown the best success of removal at both the bench and pilot plant scale. However, many are plagued by oxidant transport deficiencies. To improve transport, novel reactor schemes are emerging for the next generation of oxidative continuous systems. Advanced wet oxidation processes are well suited for the treatment of thermochemical aqueous phase products such that the effluent stream is suitable for processing in wastewater treatment plants or subsequent bioenergy plant water recycle.
Genetic studies of DRD4 and clinical response to neuroleptic medications (1994)

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug that, like most other medications, is effective for some people and not for others. This variable response across individuals is likely significantly determined by genetic factors. An important candidate gene to investigate in clozapine response is the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4). The D4 receptor has a higher affinity for clozapine than any of the other dopamine receptors. Furthermore, recent work by our consortium has shown a remarkable level of variability in the part of the gene coding for the third cytoplasmic loop. We have also identified polymorphisms in the upstream 5{prime} putative regulatory region and at two other sites. These polymorphisms were typed in a group of treatment-resistant schizophrenia subjects who were subsequently placed on clozapine (n = 60). In a logistic regression analysis, we compared genotype at the DRD4 polymorphism to response versus non-response to clozapine. Neither the exon-III nor any of the 5{prime} polymorphisms alone significantly predicted response; however, when the information from these polymorphisms was combined, more predictive power was obtained. In a correspondence analysis of the four DRD4 polymorphisms vs. response, we were able to predict 76% of the variance in response. Refinement of the analyses will include assessmentmore » of subfactors involved in clinical response phenotype and incorporation of the debrisoquine metabolizing locus (CYP2D6) into the prediction algorithm.« less
[The effect of inhaled salbutamol on pulmonary gas exchange in patients with chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy]. (1992)

The aim of this study is to establish whether or not the inhalation of a puff of salbutamol (Ventoline, 100 micrograms) could induce hypoxemia. Twenty-five chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were investigated. In a first group of 20 patients arterial blood gases and related indices were measured before and 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after inhalation of salbutamol. The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve was traced before and 90 minutes after the drug intake. Except in two subjects in whom salbutamol dramatically improves arterial blood gases, the drug had no effect on the investigated parameters. It is concluded that salbutamol does not affect the blood gases in COPD patients. In this respect the behaviour of COPD patients differs from that of asthmatics in whom salbutamol generally induced hypoxemia.
Collaborative Examination on Anomalous Heat Effect Using Nickel-based Binary Nanocomposites Supported by Zirconia (2017)

Hydrogen isotope absorption by nickel-based binary nanocomposite samples has been examined in collaborative work in the new NEDO MHE project. The samples tested so far include Pd0.044Ni0.31Zr0.65 (“PNZ3” and re-calcined “PNZ3r”) and Cu0.044Ni0.31Zr0.65 (“CNZ5”). Material characterization by XRD and STEM/EDS has revealed the existence of crystalline phases of NiZr2, ZrO2, etc., and nano-meter size structures of binary Pd/Ni or Cu/Ni composites in ZrO2 supporter. All samples at elevated temperatures (200–300◦C) showed anomalous heat evolution with excess power of 5–10 W for periods of several days, which corresponded to excess energy of 5 keV/atom-D(H) or 0.5 GJ/mol-D(H). This anomalous heat generation phenomenon could be the basis for practical, carbon-free energy devices that do not produce hard radiations.
Dynamic simulation of an oil and gas well stream (2016)

Today, offshore production of oil and gas constitutes a large share of the total oil and gas production.Wells where the oil and gas are extracted can be located close to the production platform or several kilometers away and connected through flowlines.To safely extract oil and gas, dimensioning and evaluating of process and safety equipment are highly prioritised.Modeling and simulations are helpful for providing accurate estimations of the flow behaviour.The subsea and topside system are often treated separately when constructing modeling and simulations.Thus the simulation of the production facility does not account for the dynamic behaviour of the subsea piping.In this thesis the dynamic effect of the subsea part has been included to see its effect on the downstream equipment.An existing satellite field in the North Sea was chosen for validation of the model.The model was formulated using the process modeling tool Aspen HYSYS.Three dynamic scenarios were investigated: a shut-down, a start-up and a choke collapse.Cases with different model complexity were formulated for the choke collapse scenario.Results showed that some dynamic behaviour were not seen in the formulated model for slow dynamic events.It was also seen that by including parts of the subsea system, to some extension, the dynamic effects of the topside equipment can be evaluated more accurately.
Physical modeling and numerical simulation of V-die forging ingot with central void (2014)

Numerical simulation and physical modeling performed on small-scale ingots made from pure lead, having a hole drilled through their centerline to mimic porosity, are utilized to characterize the deformation mechanics of a single open die forging compression stage and to identify the influence of the lower V-die angle on porosity closure and forging load requirements of large cast ingots. Results show that a lower V-die angle of 120° provides the best closure of centerline porosity without demanding the highest forging loads or developing unreasonably asymmetric shapes that may create difficulties in multi-stage open die forging procedures.
Grundgesetze des magnetischen Feldes (1994)

ZusammenfassungIn der Umgebung eines stromdurchflossenen Leiters können experimentell Kraftwirkungen auf eine Magnetnadel oder Eisenspäne festgestellt werden, die dazu führen, daß sich die Magnetnadel oder die Eisenspäne in einer bestimmten Weise ausrichten. Diese Kraftwirkungen werden von dem magnetischen Feld des stromdurchflossenen Leiters verursacht. Wenn bei einer Bewegung der Magnetnadel um den Leiter die Orientierung der Nadel aufgezeichnet wird, erhält man eine bildliche Darstellung des magnetischen Feldes. Im Fall eines unendlich langen geraden stromdurchflossenen Leiters ergeben sich als Feldbild konzentrische Kreise (Bild 2.1).
Experimental Myocarditis Induced in Mice by Infection with Influenza A2 Virus (1981)

A mouse model was established for the study of acute myocarditis that occurs during influenza infection. Challenge with more than 10 LD50 of mouse-adapted influenza A2 virus (H2N2) induced myocarditis macroscopically discernible as white, irregularly shaped lesions which were shown by histological examination to consist of necrotic myofibers surrounded by infiltrating mononuclear inflammatory cells. After challenge with 10 LD50 of the virus, macroscopic myocarditis was found to advance in a progressive manner up to the 7th day, while the virus titer in the heart reached its peak on the 2nd day and began to decrease on the 5th day of infection. However, development of myocarditis was significantly suppressed in mice which were irradiated with 400 R of X-rays before infection. In addition, myocarditis did not develop in congenitally athymic nude mice. These data indicate that myocarditis was not brought about by viral action directly, but that it was mediated by some function of the host against viral invasion, which was abolished by X-irradiation. The data also suggest that T cells played a key role in the development of myocarditis.
H-RN, a peptide derived from hepatocyte growth factor, inhibits corneal neovascularization by inducing endothelial apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle (2013)

H-RN has anti-angiogenic activity in HUVECs and in a mouse model of VEGF-induced corneal neovascularization. The anti-angiogenic activity of H-RN was related to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, indicating a potential strategy for anti-angiogenic treatment in the cornea.
Supplementary Figure 4 from PIK3CA Cooperates with Other Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase Pathway Mutations to Effect Oncogenic Transformation (2023)

Supplementary Figure 4 from PIK3CA Cooperates with Other Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase Pathway Mutations to Effect Oncogenic Transformation
Enantioselective Synthesis of Spliceostatin E and Evaluation of Biological Activity (2014)

An enantioselective total synthesis of spliceostatin E has been accomplished. The δ-lactone unit A was constructed from readily available (R)-glycidyl alcohol using a ring-closing olefin metathesis as the key reaction. A cross-metathesis of ring A containing δ-lactone and the functionalized tetrahydropyran B-ring provided spliceostatin E. Our biological evaluation of synthetic spliceostatin E revealed that it does not inhibit splicing in vitro and does not impact speckle morphology in cells. Spliceostatin E was reported to possess potent antitumor activity.
The Acetone – Acetic Anhydride – Carbon Disulfide System: Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Total and Partial Vapor Pressures (1971)

The surface tensions, viscosities, and vapor pressures, total and partial, have been determined as functions of concentration for the following systems: (a) acetone – acetic anhydride; (b) acetone – carbon disulfide; (c) acetic anhydride – carbon disulfide; and (d) pseudo-binary mixtures of (a) and (b), whose compositions lie on a straight line tangential to the plait point of the ternary system.The general behavior of ideal and non-ideal systems, in regard to surface tension and viscosity is discussed. For the system acetone – carbon disulfide, whose vapor phase can be considered ideal, the activities, activity coefficients, excess free energies, enthalpies and entropies of mixing have been obtained from the vapor pressures. The vapor phase of the other three systems contains acetic anhydride which is associated in the vapor state, and for these systems the experimental data are reported without further calculation.
Importance of placement of intra-articular steroid injections. (1993)

1984 American Olympic team about 11% of athletes had asthma or exercise induced bronchoconstriction.' The figures agreed with those of Weiler et al, who found self reported asthma in 12% of football players; basketball players had a low asthma prevalence.29 In a study from Portugal Gomes et al found normal bronchial responsiveness in elite runners.?0 In another study swimmers had a higher prevalence of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness than other athletes and the authors postulated a relation with ambient swim- ming pool conditions.3'
Fast binary matching for edge histogram descriptor (2014)

Edge histogram descriptor (EHD) consists of histogram bins of local edges in an image. Instead of the conventional bin-to-bin matching for the similarity measure, this paper presents a binary string descriptor for the EHD to achieve a faster binary bit-to-bit matching.
The Initiator Element in a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Late-Gene Promoter Enhances Activation by ICP4, Resulting in Abundant Late-Gene Expression (2002)

The start site regions of late genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 are similar to the eukaryotic initiator sequence (Inr), have been shown to affect the levels of expression, and may also play a role in transcription activation by the viral activator ICP4. A series of linker-scanning mutations spanning the start site of transcription and several downstream mutations in the true late gC promoter were analyzed in reconstituted in vitro transcription reactions with and without ICP4, as well as in the context of the viral genome during infection. The nucleotide contacts previously found to be important for Inr function were also found to be important for optimal induction by ICP4. While the Inr had a substantial effect on the accumulation of gC RNA during infection, no other sequence downstream of the TATA box to +124 had a significant effect on levels of expression during infection. Therefore, these studies suggest that TATA box and the Inr are the only cis-acting elements required to achieve optimal expression of gC, and that the high levels of late-gene transcription may be largely due to the induction by ICP4, functioning through the Inr element.
A Corpus-Driven Analysis of Spoken and Written Academic Collocations (2013)

As already well-acknowledged in the field, formulaic sequences often make up an important part of lexical knowledge. Within the L2 learning contexts, there is increasing demand for the need to understand and retrieve lexical items as in prefabricated chunks. In tertiary contexts, knowledge of academic collocations is even more required. For individual word forms, there is the General Service List (West, 1953), and the Academic Word List (Coxhead, 2000). However, what the field currently lacks is a list of academic collocations. Identification of collocations was conducted with the British Academic Spoken English and the Academic Corpus for comparison of academic collocations in spoken and written discourse. There was use of 20 node words in each corpus, which produced 934 written and 460 spoken collocations. With more number of written collocations being produced from the corpus, the study provides a comparative view of the top 50 collocations which suggests a concentration of common collocations in the field of economics. Within the guided approach for data-driven learning, there is proposal for the need to facilitate psychological conditions for learning collocations.
Dye- and Semiconductor-Sensitized Nanoparticle Solar Cell Research at NREL (2005)

The major objective of this research program is to determine the operational characteristics key to efficient, low-cost, stable liquid-junction and solid-state solar cells based on sensitized nanoporous films (in collaboration with DOE's Office of Science Program). Toward this end, we are conducting experimental and theoretical studies to understand the unique physical and chemical factors governing cell performance. Current scientific issues addressed include the influence of film morphology, sensitizer, and electrolyte on the electron transport and recombination dynamics and on the light-harvesting, charge-injection, and charge-collection efficiencies. Recently, we investigated the relationship between (1) transport and recombination, (2) morphological factors of core-shell nanoparticle films and their PV properties, and (3) electron-electron interactions and their effect on the transport dynamics. In this paper, we discuss the connection between transport and recombination and its effect on cell performance.
Isolierung eines diylidstabilisierten Stannylens und Germylens: Erhöhte Donorstärke durch coplanare Anordnung freier Elektronenpaare (2019)

Abstract Die Darstellung des ersten stabilen, diylidsubstituierten Stannylens und Germylens Y 2 E (mit E=Ge, Sn und Y=[PPh 3 ‐C‐SO 2 Tol] − ) wird berichtet. Die Synthese gelingt in einem Schritt durch die einfache Umsetzung des metallierten Ylids YNa mit der entsprechenden Vorstufe ECl 2 . Y 2 Ge und Y 2 Sn weisen eine ungewöhnliche Struktur sowohl im Festkörper als auch in Lösung auf, bei der die drei freien Elektronenpaare der zentralen C‐E‐C‐Einheit coplanar zueinander angeordnet sind. DFT‐Studien zeigen, dass aufgrund der starken anionenstabilisierenden Eigenschaften der Sulfonylgruppen im Ylidrückgrat und deren Koordination an das Metall diese Bindungssituation gegenüber der typischen π‐Donation des Liganden in das freie p‐Orbital des Metalls bevorzugt wird. Die Ausrichtung der drei freien Elektronenpaare führt zu einer deutlichen Erhöhung der HOMO‐Energie und damit der Donorstärke der Tetrylene. Hierdurch werden Y 2 Ge und Y 2 Sn zu stärkeren Donoren als ihre diamin‐ oder diarylsubstituierten Analoga und vergleichbar mit cyclischen Alkyl(amino)carbenen. Erste Reaktivitätsstudien bestätigen die hohe Reaktivität von Y 2 Ge und Y 2 Sn, welche zum Beispiel intramolekulare C‐H‐Aktivierungen mittels Metall‐Ligand‐Kooperation eingehen.
The Number and Sizes of Starch Granules in the Wheat Endosperm, and their Association with Grain Weight (1986)

The number and size of starch granules was measured in developing and mature endosperms of two wheat varieties, Chinese Spring and Spica. Chromosomal effects on particular aspects of starch granule size and number were detected in the analysis of disomic genotypes derived from reciprocal monosomic hybrids between the two parental varieties. Among these genotypes, a greater weight per endosperm cell was associated with a greater volume per A-type starch granule. It is suggested that the number per cell and volume of these large starch granules are the major determinants of endosperm cell weight, and there exists separate genetic control of these parameters. It should therefore be possible genetically to combine these attributes to achieve directed increases in mature grain weight.
Reduced glucose effectiveness associated with reduced insulin release: an artifact of the minimal-model method (1996)

We previously demonstrated that minimal model-derived estimates of glucose effectiveness (SG), based on the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (SGFSIGT), were reduced in islet-transplanted or streptozotocin-treated dogs and in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To ascertain the validity of our observations, we compared SGFSIGT with estimates based on a basal hormone replacement glucose clamp (SGBRCLAMP) and a basal hormone replacement glucose tolerance test (SGBRGTT) in normal control (CNTL, n = 12) and streptozotocin-treated dogs with normal fasting plasma glucose (STZ-Rx, n = 9). SGFSIGT was reduced in STZ-Rx compared with CNTL (P < 0.05). However, neither SGBRCLAMP nor SGBRGTT was reduced in the STZ-Rx group (P > 0.05). Comparison of protocols for each subject indicated that SGFSIGT was greater than either SGBRCLAMP or SGBRGTT in control (P < 0.002) but not in STZ-Rx dogs (P > 0.1). The relationship of SGFSIGT to insulin secretory function suggests that our previous conclusion that SGFSIGT was reduced in subjects with limited insulin release may be an artifact of the minimal-model method. Our results suggest that caution must be exercised in the interpretation of differences in minimal-model estimates of SG between subject groups with significantly different levels of insulin secretory function.