gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Research Progress in Clinical Diagnostics and Interventions for Frailty (2021)

Abstract: A cluster of symptoms, including falls, disability, cognitive impairment, decreased autonomic activity, unintentional weight loss and fatigue, are common in older people. This “core symptom complex” defines frailty. Frailty is often related to malnutrition, but is distinguished with the presence of sarcopenia. Frailty embodies a decline in a patient’s overall function, which is not entirely explained by a loss of skeletal muscle mass or decreases in muscle function. Frailty occurs when the individual’s physiological reserve decreases in conjunction with internal dynamic balance disorders and physiological debility. Frailty is associated with adverse clinical outcomes including an increased risk of complications of other conditions and surgery, unintentional injury (falls and fractures), disability, a poor quality of life, and even death. Frailty is common not only in the elderly, but also in patients with cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and malnutrition. The prevalence of frailty has been reported to be between 4.0%-59.1% in different reports, and increases with age. Frailty can be diagnosed by the presence of the core symptom complex (frailty phenotype) or based on the frailty index. Early assessment and treatment can significantly improve the health prognosis of patients. Treatments aimed at maintaining an individual's homeostasis can be more beneficial for preventing or resolving frailty than specifically treating any underlying disease(s). Improving the patient’s nutritional status, implementing physical exercise, and developing individualized multidisciplinary interventions may be the best ways to prevent adverse clinical outcomes in patients with frailty. This article reviews the definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of frailty, as well as the interventions that can be used to combat frailty.
Aminated Sugars, Synthesis, and Biological Activity (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Biological Relevance of Aminated Sugars N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Sialyl Lewis X Tumor-Associated Antigens Chitin and Chitosan Bacterial Polysaccharides Glycosaminoglycans Iminosugars Sugar Amino Acids Synthesis of Aminated Sugars Amination at the Anomeric Center Amination Exploiting Carbonyl Reactivity Amination Exploiting Oxonium Ion Reactivity Amination in the Sugar Chain Amino Sugars by Nucleophilic Displacement Amino Sugars through Intramolecular Displacements Amino Sugars by Reductive Amination Amination of Glycals Amination through Ring-Opening of Epoxides Synthesis of Iminosugars Amination at the Anomeric center with Subsequent Cyclization Exploitation of the Reactivity of the Carbonyl Function Exploitation of the Reactivity of Lactones Insertion of a New Electrophile Amination at the Carbohydrate Chain and Subsequent Cyclization Concomitant Insertion of Nitrogen at Both Carbon Atoms Conclusions
N-Formylation of Amines Catalyzed by Nanogold under Aerobic Oxidation Conditions with MeOH or Formalin (2010)

Abstract Gold nanoclusters stabilized by poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (Au:PVP) are active and selective catalysts for N-formylation of amines under aerobic oxidation using methanol or formalin as a formyl source.
Production of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. [lasers] (1979)

Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced by activating a mixture of carbon monoxide and water with monochromatic light. Preferably, a unidirectional stream of steam activated with a laser at 5400 cm/sup -1/ collides with a carbon monoxide stream to effect the reaction. The carbon dioxide can then be reacted with water to produce formaldehyde. Ketene and water are produced by exposing the formaldehyde to ultraviolet light.
2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk (2013)

Harmon S. Jordan, ScD, Lev Nevo, MD, Janusz Wnek, PhD

Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair , Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect , Nancy M. Albert, PhD, CCNS, CCRN, FAHA, Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, Ralph G. Brindis, MD, MPH, MACC, Lesley H. Curtis, PhD, FAHA, David
Platinum‐Catalyzed Cyclization of N‐Allyl Carbamates for the Synthesis of 5‐Vinyloxazolidinones (2012)

Abstract Platinum‐catalyzed addition of the oxygen nucleophile of a carbamate to an allyl bromide was carried out to afford a range of biologically active 5‐vinyl‐substituted oxazolidinones in good yields. Over the course of the reaction, a platinum complex, SnCl 2 , and the allyl bromide are assumed to generate an electrophilic allyl‐platinum intermediate in the presence of carbamate oxygen nucleophiles. This method provides a wide range of 5‐vinyloxazolidinones regardless of the substitution at the nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
Testing attachment point theory: diatom attachment on microtextured polyimide biomimics (2006)

This paper explores diatom attachment to a range of laser etched polyimide surfaces to directly test 'attachment point theory'. Static bioassays were conducted on microtextured polyimide surfaces using four diatom species, Fallacia carpentariae, Nitzschia cf. paleacea, Amphora sp. and Navicula jeffreyi with cell sizes ranging from 1-14 microm. The microtextured polyimides were modelled from natural fouling resistant bivalve surfaces and had wavelengths above, below and at the same scale as the diatom cell sizes. Diatoms attached in significantly higher numbers to treatments where the numbers of attachment points was highest. The lowest diatom attachment occurred where cells were slightly larger than the microtexture wavelength, resulting in only two theoretical points of attachment. The results support attachment point theory and highlight the need to address larval/cell size in relation to the number of attachment points on a surface. Further studies examining a range of microtexture scales are needed to apply attachment point theory to a suite of fouling organisms and to develop structured surfaces to control the attachment and development of fouling communities.
Rumen and Total Diet Digestibilities in Lactating Cows Fed Diets Containing Full-Fat Rapeseed (1987)

Effects of full-fat crushed rapeseed (0, 1, or 2 kg/d) on rumen and total digestion, rumen biohydrogenation, and rumen microbial protein synthesis were studied in lactating cows. Rumen digestibilities (%) of DM, NDF, and cellulose were 52.1, 46.1, and 51.8, respectively, for control. Rapeseed decreased rumen and total DM digestibilities and proportion of DM digested in the rumen. Rumen digestibility of cellulose was decreased by rapeseed, but this was apparently compensated by hindgut fermentation. Dry matter, NDF, and hemicellulose digestibilities were compensated at 1 kg but not at 2 kg/d. Biohydrogenation of 18:1 fatty acids increased with increasing dietary fat, whereas that of 18:2 and 18:3 was 85% on all diets. Fatty acid digestibility was not different among diets. Microbial nitrogen in the duodenum increased from 142 g/d for control to 191 g/d for 1 and 2 kg/d. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (grams of microbial nitrogen per kilogram organic matter apparently digested in the rumen) was 17.3, 24.8, and 26.6 for 0, 1, and 2 kg/d. Slow release of fat from crushed rapeseed minimized negative effects on rumen metabolism; 1 to 2 kg/d of full-fat crushed rapeseed may be fed to lactating cows without detrimental metabolic effects.
Pattern memory and acquisition based on stability of cellular neural networks (2005)

In this paper, some sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee that the n-dimensional cellular neural networks can have even (/spl les/2/sup n/) memory patterns. And we have obtained the estimates of attracting domain of such stable memory patterns. Those conditions directly derived from the parameters of the neural networks, are very easy to verified. A new design algorithm for cellular neural networks is developed based on stability theory (not base on the well-known perceptron training algorithm), and the convergence of the design algorithm is guaranteed by some stability theorems. The results presented in this paper are new. Finally, the validity and performance of the results are illustrated by simulation results.
A Forced Spectral Diversity Algorithm for Speech Dereverberation in the Presence of Near-Common Zeros (2011)

Blind identification of single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems is not normally possible if common zeros exist in the channels. Studies of measured acoustic SIMO systems show that near-common zeros occur in such systems as encountered in the speech dereverberation task. We therefore introduce a method to add additional diversity to the SIMO system to be identified which we term forced spectral diversity (FSD) and we show that its use leads to an identification-equalization approach that gives improved dereverberation. As part of this work, we show the link between channel diversity and the effect of common zeros. We also define and discuss in more detail the concept and impact of near-common zeros. The proposed algorithm is presented specifically for a two-channel system where such near-common zeros exist.
A Simple Model to Quantify the Impact of Memory Latency and Bandwidth on Performance (2015)

In recent years, DRAM technology improvements have scaled at a much slower pace than processors. While server processor core counts grow from 33% to 50% on a yearly cadence, DDR4 memory channel bandwidth has grown at a slower rate, and memory latency has remained relatively flat for some time. Meanwhile, new computing paradigms have emerged, which involve analyzing massive volumes of data in real time and place pressure on the memory subsystem. The combination of these trends makes it important for computer architects to understand the sensitivity of the workload performance to memory bandwidth and latency. In this paper, we outline and validate a methodology for quick and quantitative performance estimation using a real-world workload.
Functional organisation of saccades and antisaccades in the frontal lobe in humans: a study with echo planar functional magnetic resonance imaging (1998)

The cortical activation pattern of saccades and antisaccades (versus rest) in the frontal lobe was analysed using an echo planar imaging (EPI) technique in 10 healthy subjects. Statistical analysis of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex disclosed a significantly greater activation during antisaccades in this region than during saccades. On the other hand, activity in the frontal eye fields was not statistically different in both tasks. These results confirm the important role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the correct performance of antisaccades obtained by studies in humans with isolated lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
DATA RECOVERY EFFORTS AT IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, AND SAVANNAH RIVER NATIONAL LABORATORY (2010)

Abstract was already submitted. Could not find the previous number. Would be fine with attaching/update of old number. Abstract Below: Modern nuclear facilities will have significant process monitoring capability for their operators. These systems will also be used for domestic safeguards applications, which has led to research over new diversion-detection algorithms. Curiously missing from these efforts are verification and validation data sets. A tri-laboratory project to locate the existing data sets and recover their data has yielded three major potential sources of data. The first is recovery of the process monitoring data of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, which now has a distributable package for algorithm developers. The second data set is extensive sampling and process data from Savannah River National Laboratory’s F- and H-canyon sites. Finally, high fidelity data from the start-up tests at the Barnwell Reprocessing Facility is in recovery. This paper details the data sets and compares their relative attributes.
Interaction of cyanlne dyes with nucleic acids. 9. The study of spectral properties of cyanine dyes-DNA complexes in the presence of organic solvents (2000)

, 9.
Experimental Screening of Porous Materials for High Pressure Gas Adsorption and Evaluation in Gas Separations: Application to MOFs (MIL-100 and CAU-10) (2013)

A high-throughput gas adsorption apparatus is presented for the evaluation of adsorbents of interest in gas storage and separation applications. This instrument is capable of measuring complete adsorption isotherms up to 40 bar on six samples in parallel using as little as 60 mg of material. Multiple adsorption cycles can be carried out and four gases can be used sequentially, giving as many as 24 adsorption isotherms in 24 h. The apparatus has been used to investigate the effect of metal center (MIL-100) and functional groups (CAU-10) on the adsorption of N(2), CO(2), and light hydrocarbons on MOFs. This demonstrates how it can serve to evaluate sample quality and adsorption reversibility, to determine optimum activation conditions and to estimate separation properties. As such it is a useful tool for the screening of novel adsorbents for different applications in gas separation, providing significant time savings in identifying potentially interesting materials.
Contributions of electrochemical oxidation to waste‐water treatment: fundamentals and review of applications (2009)

Abstract OVERVIEW: This paper provides an overview of some fundamental aspects of electrochemical oxidation and gives updated information on the application of this technology to waste‐water treatment. In recent years, electrochemical oxidation has gained increasing interest due to its outstanding technical characteristics for eliminating a wide variety of pollutants normally present in waste‐waters such as refractory organic matter, nitrogen species and microorganisms. IMPACT: The strict disposal limits and health quality standards set by legislation may be met by applying electrochemical oxidation. However, treatment costs have to be cut down before full‐scale application of this technology. Deployment of electrochemical oxidation in combination with other technologies and the use of renewable sources to power this process are two steps in this direction. APPLICATIONS: Effluents from landfill and a wide diversity of industrial effluents including the agro‐industry, chemical, textile, tannery and food industry, have been effectively treated by this technology. Its high efficiency together with its disinfection capabilities makes electro‐oxidation a suitable technology for water reuse programs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Induced Controlled Pneumothorax: A Useful Maneuver for Laparoscopic Left Diaphragmatic Eventration Repair (2016)

Introduction: Left diaphragmatic eventrations can be operated laparoscopically or thoracoscopically. The laparoscopic approach has one challenge: the left diaphragm, which is usually forced upwards into the thorax because of pneumoperitoneum, becomes tense and very difficult to grasp, suture, and plicate. The authors propose the use of induced controlled pneumothorax to reduce diaphragmatic tension. The video shows how this maneuver is performed in a 2-year-old male patient. Materials and Methods: A 4.5-mm trocar is inserted in the umbilicus under direct vision and a pneumoperitoneum of 10 mmHg is created. Under laparoscopic observation, a 4-mm and a 6-mm trocar are introduced in both flanks. The diaphragm is seen under strain, hence, difficult to seize and manipulate, as it is pushed into the thorax because of the pneumoperitoneum. To induce the pneumothorax, a 20G teflon catheter is inserted at the level of the 11th intercostal space, on the midaxillary line. Special care is taken to avoid accidental piercing of the peritoneum. The catheter is then connected to an extension tube with a three-way valve and a 20 mL syringe. As shown in the video, when air is injected, pneumothorax is created and the diaphragm descends toward the abdomen, allowing for an improved grip and a more comfortable surgical correction of the defect. Air can be introduced or released from the thorax depending on the surgeon's needs. Once the procedure is completed, the residual air is removed and the wounds are closed. Results and Conclusions: Induced controlled pneumothorax is a useful aid in laparoscopic plications of left diaphragmatic eventrations because it helps to reduce the diaphragm's tension and facilitates manipulation. No competing financial interests exist. Runtime of video: 1 min 52 secs
Intravenously delivered mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes target M2-type macrophages in the injured spinal cord (2018)

In a previous report we showed that intravenous infusion of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improved functional recovery after contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in the non-immunosuppressed rat, although the MSCs themselves were not detected at the spinal cord injury (SCI) site [1]. Rather, the MSCs lodged transiently in the lungs for about two days post-infusion. Preliminary studies and a recent report [2] suggest that the effects of intravenous (IV) infusion of MSCs could be mimicked by IV infusion of exosomes isolated from conditioned media of MSC cultures (MSCexos). In this study, we assessed the possible mechanism of MSCexos action on SCI by investigating the tissue distribution and cellular targeting of DiR fluorescent labeled MSCexos at 3 hours and 24 hours after IV infusion in rats with SCI. The IV delivered MSCexos were detected in contused regions of the spinal cord, but not in the noninjured region of the spinal cord, and were also detected in the spleen, which was notably reduced in weight in the SCI rat, compared to control animals. DiR "hotspots" were specifically associated with CD206-expressing M2 macrophages in the spinal cord and this was confirmed by co-localization with anti-CD63 antibodies labeling a tetraspanin characteristically expressed on exosomes. Our findings that MSCexos specifically target M2-type macrophages at the site of SCI, support the idea that extracellular vesicles, released by MSCs, may mediate at least some of the therapeutic effects of IV MSC administration.
Physician-Assisted Suicide in Psychiatry: Developments in the Netherlands (1998)

Physician-assisted suicide can now be officially and legally carried out for psychiatric patients in The Netherlands who request it, provided that criteria are met. The authors describe two recent cases of psychiatric patients whose suicides were assisted by their psychiatrist. They critically examine the guidelines for physician-assisted suicide in psychiatry. The criteria address the decision of the patient to be assisted with suicide, which must be voluntary and well considered, and the patient's desire to die, which must endure over time. The patient's suffering must be unacceptable, and the disorder incurable. The authors conclude that important aspects of psychiatric practice are not addressed in the guidelines, which were originally developed for use in somatic medicine. The assessment of treatment prognosis in psychiatry is not accurate enough to allow a final decision about incurability. Boundaries of the psychiatric therapeutic relationship are violated in physician-assisted suicide. The therapist's inability to objectively assess the patient's wish to die is overlooked. Because the general public will continue to ask for clarity on the issue of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, the authors believe that an open discussion of both ethical and professional issues is the best option.
Investigation of optical clearing of gastric tissue immersed with hyperosmotic agents (2003)

In order to understand the role of water desorption and the mass transport process in the optical clearing effect on gastric tissues with the application of hyperosmotic agents, the porcine stomach tissues (pyloric mucosa) applied topically with glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are investigated with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Three solutions of 80% and 50% glycerol, and 50% DMSO are studied, each of which shows significant improvement in light transmittance and, thus, reduction of the light scattering of tissue. It is found that, among the solutions investigated, 80% glycerol achieves the best clearing effect on improvement of both the light penetration and imaging contrast. More detailed microstructures of the mucosal layer can be observed for glycerol treatment, while these structures are not resolvable by the conventional OCT. Light transmittance is increased by approximately 23% and diffuse reflectance decreased by approximately 24% at 30 min after the topical application of 80% glycerol. 50% DMSO is more effective than 50% glycerol only at the beginning stage; thereafter the rate of optical clearing is slowed down with time. Although DMSO can enhance the light transmittance and thus reduce the scattering, it has a negligible effect on the imaging contrast improvement. The mass transport process of agent to tissue accounts for the different clearing effects for glycerol and DMSO, respectively. It is concluded that the optical clearing by the hyperosmotic agent is strongly correlated with the water desorption kinetics induced by agent and the agent mass transport process within tissue. In other words, the tissue dehydration induced by agent and the refractive index matching between the agent and the main scattering components within tissue facilitated by the agent mass transport are responsible for optical clearing effects.
Plasma membrane‐localized SEM1 protein mediates sugar movement to sink rice tissues (2021)

The translocation of photosynthate carbohydrates, such as sucrose, is critical for plant growth and crop yield. Previous studies have revealed that sugar transporters, plasmodesmata and sieve plates act as important controllers in sucrose loading into and unloading from phloem in the vascular system. However, other pivotal steps for the regulation of sucrose movement remain largely elusive. In this study, characterization of two starch excesses in mesophyll (sem) mutants and dye and sucrose export assays were performed to provide insights into the regulatory networks that drive source-sink relations in rice. Map-based cloning identified two allelic mutations in a gene encoding a GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE (GSL) protein, thus indicating a role for SEM1 in callose biosynthesis. Subcellular localization in rice showed that SEM1 localized to the plasma membrane. In situ expression analysis and GUS staining showed that SEM1 was mainly expressed in vascular phloem cells. Reduced sucrose transport was found in the sem1-1/1-2 mutant, which led to excessive starch accumulation in source leaves and inhibited photosynthesis. Paraffin section and transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that less-developed vascular cells (VCs) in sem1-1/1-2 potentially disturbed sugar movement. Moreover, dye and sugar trafficking experiments revealed that aberrant VC development was the main reason for the pleiotropic phenotype of sem1-1/1-2. In total, efficient sucrose loading into the phloem benefits from an optional number of VCs with a large vacuole that could act as a buffer holding tank for sucrose passing from the vascular bundle sheath.