gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Display Advertising with Real-Time Bidding (RTB) and Behavioural Targeting (2017)

Online advertising is now one of the fastest advancing areas in the IT industry. In display and mobile advertising, the most significant technical development in recent years is the growth of Real-Time Bidding (RTB), which facilitates a real-time auction for a display opportunity. RTB essentially facilitates buying an individual ad impression in real time while it is still being generated from a user’s visit. RTB not only scales up the buying process by aggregating a large number of available inventories across publishers but, most importantly, enables direct targeting of individual users. As such, RTB has fundamentally changed the landscape of digital marketing. Scientifically, the demand for automation, integration and optimization in RTB also brings new research opportunities in information retrieval, data mining, machine learning and other related fields. Despite its rapid growth and huge potential, many aspects of RTB remain unknown to the research community for a variety of reasons. This monograph offers insightful knowledge of real-world systems, to bridge the gaps between industry and academia, and to provide an overview of the fundamental infrastructure, algorithms, and technical and research challenges of the new frontier of computational advertising. The topics covered include user response prediction, bid landscape forecasting, bidding algorithms, revenue optimization, statistical arbitrage, dynamic pricing, and ad fraud detection. This is an invaluable text for researchers and practitioners alike. Academic researchers will get a better understanding of the real-time online advertising systems currently deployed in industry. While industry practitioners are introduced to the research challenges, the state of the art algorithms and potential future systems in this field.
Tracking join and self-join sizes in limited storage (1999)

Query optimizers rely on fast, high-quality estimates of result sizes in order to select between various join plans. Selfjoin sizes of relations provide bounds on the join size of any pairs of such relations. It also indicates the degree of skew in the data, and has been advocated for several estimation procedures. Exact computation of the self-join size requires storage proportional to, the number of distinct attribute values, which may be prohibitively large. In this paper, we study algorithms for tracking (approximate) self-join sizes in limited storage in the presence of insertions and deletions to the relations. Such algorithms detect changes in the degree of skew without an expensive recomputation from the base data. We show that an algorithm based on a tug-ofwar approach provides a more accurate estimation than one based on a sample-and-count approach which is in turn more accurate than a sampling-only approach.
Research on Magnetoinductive NDE Techniques to Measure Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness in Steels as They are Manufactured (2003)

The project investigated the interrelationship between mechanical properties and magnetic properties by developing an understanding of how microstructure interconnects the two properties, and tested whether nonlinear harmonics of the magnetic induction could be used to nondestructively determine tensile strength and fracture toughness. The project has been the first to show the following: (1) via magnetic hysteresis modeling, how inverse grain size and dislocation density affect the parameters controlling magnetic hysteresis; (2) that with coils wrapped around the specimen, harmonic amplitudes decrease with increasing dislocation density and inverse grain size, and hence with increasing tensile strength; (3) distinguish important differences in microstructural dependences of magnetic properties between hysteresis loops of the same maximum field intensity H(sub max) and hysteresis loops of the same maximum magnetic induction B(sub max); and (4) the first to investigate whether or not correlative relationships exist between NLH and fracture toughness. In technology transfer, a pilot program was set up under a separate program to test the use of NLH to nondestructively monitor tensile strength in moving steel sheets in a German steel plant. The report includes a list of papers published in peer-reviewed journals; papers presented at meetings, but not published; manuscripts submitted, but not published; and technical reports submitted to ARO. The appendix contains the paper "Modeling Microstructural Effects on Hysteresis Loops with the Same Magnetic Flux Density." (2 tables, 2 figures)
Morphological Observation and In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay of Endothelial Cells Isolated From Human Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (2007)

A modified protocol for the attainment of purified CECs and the first in vitro angiogenesis model of CECs were successfully established. We provided initial evidence that CECs had enhanced angiogenic potential and showed increased responsiveness to vascular endothelial growth factor.
Dysmorphogenic effects of nitric oxide (NO) and NO‐synthase inhibition: Studies with intra‐amniotic injections of sodium nitroprusside and NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (1994)

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a chemical that is readily converted to nitric oxide (NO) in biological systems, was microinjected into the amniotic fluids of cultured whole rat conceptuses on day 10.5 of gestation and dysmorphogenic/embryotoxic effects were evaluated after a 24 hr incubation period. Injections of 217 ng/embryo (approximately 800 microM) resulted in whitened zones of dead cells in a discretely circumscribed region within the mesencephalon closely associated with the neural tube. These zones were observed with a high incidence after SNP microinjections and were referred to as "white caps" because of their microscopic appearance. At higher concentrations, the whitened zone extended into the rhombencephalon and occasionally appeared to extend the full length of the dorsal midline. The whitened zones of tissue separated readily from the apparently normal underlying tissues upon removal or disturbance of the amniotic membrane. Coinjection of ferrous hemoglobin with SNP selectively prevented the appearance of "white caps" but not other embryotoxic manifestations. Microinjections of the breakdown products of light-exposed SNP elicited generalized embryotoxicity but "white caps" were not observed. In separate experiments, we found that embryonic enzymes catalyzed significant conversion of arginine to citrulline, indicating expression of NO-synthase during organogenesis. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a specific inhibitor of NO-synthase, was microinjected (50-150 ng/embryo; approximately 200-600 microM) on day 10.5 of gestation and produced malformations that differed markedly from those elicited by SNP. Failure of anterior and posterior neural tube closure and profound underdevelopment of the hyoid arch and optic cup were observed at concentrations that produced no apparent growth deficit. These studies with SNP and L-NMMA indicated that both an excess and a deficiency of NO can be embryotoxic/dysmorphogenic and suggest important roles for optimal levels of NO and NO synthases in normal embryonic development.
Good Drug, Bad Luck: Business, Regulatory Issues Can Create Obstacles for Drug Development (2004)

Anybody involved with cancer knows that bad things happen to good people.Sometimes bad things happen to good cancer drugs, too, for reasons ranging from regulatory red tape to intellectual property constraints.The stories of two drugs-one an oral chemotherapy, the other a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical-show how regulatory or licensing barriers can block a promising compound's path.
Development of a Piezoelectric based Energy Harvesting System for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Nodes (2014)

This paper describes the selection and operation of a Boost Integrated with Flyback Rectifier/Energy storage/DC-DC converter (BIFRED) for piezoelectric energy harvesting purposes. This topology presents features like low-harmonic rectification, energy storage and wide-bandwith voltage control in an integrated single converter, leading to fewer components, weight and miniaturization of the entire system. This miniaturization makes the integrated topologies a suitable option for further developments in Wireless Sensor Network based Structural Health and Condition Monitoring applications. The operation of the BIFRED circuit in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) mode is described. A nonlinear model is derived and used to predict the DC gains between the input, storage and output voltages of the circuit. A simulation-based verification is carried out using MATLAB Simulink, the operation of the circuit is corroborated and the power factor is computed. Finally, the results of a piezoelectric implementation using the BIFRED circuit are presented.
Prothrombin Arg541Trp Mutation Leads to Defective PC (Protein C) Pathway Activation and Constitutes a Novel Genetic Risk Factor for Venous Thrombosis (2019)

In summary, the prothrombin p.Arg541Trp mutation constitutes a new genetic risk factor of VTE by impairing function of PC pathway and tilting thrombin's procoagulant activity over anticoagulant function.
InPen Smart Insulin Pen System: Product Review and User Experience (2018)

I was embroiled in severe insulin pump burnout throughout 2017. My glucose management was relatively stable, but I struggled with technology management issues throughout the year. I had participated in more than half a dozen races, including 5-kilometer and 10-kilometer events and a couple of half marathons, culminating in a marathon. During each of these clutch athletic moments, I had pump failure issues. There was no consistency about when my pump died—only that it did die every single time I raced. Needless to say, I was frustrated.

I have had diabetes for almost 23 years and have used an insulin pump for 14 of those years. For the past 9 years, I have used a leading-brand pump with relatively positive results in terms of both diabetes management and performance in endurance running/cycling/triathlon events. However, the headache of repeated pump failures led me to consider switching back to a multiple daily injection (MDI) regimen to give myself a reprieve from the nuances, and even more so the recent annoyances, of insulin pump therapy. But, I could not let go of my need, or at least my desire, for an automated “brain” that could help do the math calculations for me.

Despite feeling that I had no great option, I took the plunge and switched back to an MDI regimen using disposable insulin pens. I also tried a variety of glucose-tracking mobile applications, such as mySugr (1) and Glucose Buddy (2), as I searched for a tool to help fill in the void left when I stopped using my pump. Although these apps are great for tracking glucose, none of the U.S.-based versions of them possesses the prized insulin-on-board (IOB) functionality I so desperately desired (3) to help me calculate doses. My despair ended, however, when I encountered the InPen.

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Parallel strategies for SIDH: Towards computing SIDH twice as fast (2021)

We present novel strategies and concrete algorithms for the parallel computation of the Supersingular Isogeny-based Diffie-Hellman key exchange (SIDH) protocol when executed on multi-core platforms. The most relevant design idea exploited by our approach is that of concurrently computing scalar multiplication operations along with a parallelized version of the strategies required for constructing and evaluating large smooth degree isogenies. We report experimental results showing that a three-core implementation of our parallel approach achieves an acceleration factor of 1.45 compared against a sequential implementation of the Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation (SIKE) protocol instantiated with the prime p<sub>751</sub>
S100B Protein, a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Protein in the Brain and Heart, and Beyond (2010)

S100B belongs to a multigenic family of Ca(2+)-binding proteins of the EF-hand type and is expressed in high abundance in the brain. S100B interacts with target proteins within cells thereby altering their functions once secreted/released with the multiligand receptor RAGE. As an intracellular regulator, S100B affects protein phosphorylation, energy metabolism, the dynamics of cytoskeleton constituents (and hence, of cell shape and migration), Ca(2+) homeostasis, and cell proliferation and differentiation. As an extracellular signal, at low, physiological concentrations, S100B protects neurons against apoptosis, stimulates neurite outgrowth and astrocyte proliferation, and negatively regulates astrocytic and microglial responses to neurotoxic agents, while at high doses S100B causes neuronal death and exhibits properties of a damage-associated molecular pattern protein. S100B also exerts effects outside the brain; as an intracellular regulator, S100B inhibits the postinfarction hypertrophic response in cardiomyocytes, while as an extracellular signal, (high) S100B causes cardiomyocyte death, activates endothelial cells, and stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Polymorphisms in the Advanced Glycosylation End Product–Specific Receptor Gene and Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction or Ischemic Stroke (2006)

We found an association of specific AGER promoter gene haplotypes with reduced risk of incident myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke that was independent of the presence of diabetes.
Metallic nanoparticles grown in the core of femtosecond laser micromachined waveguides (2014)

3D-waveguides containing silver nanoparticles have been fabricated in tungsten leadpyrophosphate glass by femtosecond laser micromachining. Nucleation and growth of nanoparticles occur in a single step process when high repetition rate laser (MHz) is employed, while an additional annealing is required for the irradiation using kHz laser system. The presence of nanoparticles locally changes the refractive index, and, therefore, the elliptical structures produced by direct laser writing were able to guide light. By increasing the pulse energy applied during the micromachining, the waveguide size increased from 2 to 30 lm, while their propagation loss decrease from 1.4 to 0.5 dB/mm at 632.8 nm.
Statistical relationships between high‐latitude ionospheric F region/topside upflows and their drivers: DE 2 observations (1997)

A statistical analysis is conducted on the relationships among high‐latitude topside (850 – 950 km altitude) ionospheric plasma parameters and precipitating soft (≤1 keV) electron characteristics based on DE 2 satellite measurements from seven auroral zone passes. The parameters examined statistically for these relationships are 1137 independent samples of the field‐aligned ion flow velocities, fluxes, Mach numbers, densities, ion and electron temperatures, and soft electron energy fluxes and average or characteristic energies. We find that both ion upward velocities and upward fluxes are well correlated with electron and ion temperatures. Least squares fits to the data averaged in restricted bins show the following correlation coefficients: Ion upward velocity with T e , correlation coefficient r = 0.97; with T i , r = 0.94; for ion upflux with T e , r = 0.97; with T i , r = 0.91. The somewhat higher correlations with T e than T i of both upflow velocities and upfluxes suggest the important role of enhanced ambipolar electric fields associated with enhanced T e , as heated by both direct collisions with the precipitating electrons as well as downward magnetospheric heat fluxes. The largest (≥10 10 ions cm −2 s −1 ) ion upfluxes are associated with “ultrasoft” electron precipitation having average energies of ≤80 eV. Significant anticorrelations of electron ( r = −0.90) and ion ( r = −0.89) temperatures with the average energies of the precipitating soft electrons suggest that for the same precipitation energy flux, the lowest‐energy precipitating electrons are most effective in heating the topside thermal electrons. Finally, analysis of ion field‐aligned flow Mach numbers shows that these Mach numbers were almost always less than 0.4 and are typically less than 0.2. Such Mach number measurements suggest that low‐speed approximations in fluid transport models are usually valid for ≤1000 km altitude, even at high latitudes.
Characterization of an early growth response gene, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor, potentially involved in cell cycle regulation. (1995)

Using differential display polymerase chain reaction, early growth response gene alpha (EGR alpha) was first isolated as a 291-base pair 3'-cDNA clone, which was highly expressed in the androgen-independent prostate carcinoma cell lines PC3 and DU145, as compared with the androgen-responsive prostate carcinoma cell line LNCaP. Full length cloning of the EGR alpha coding region revealed that EGR alpha was a new member of an important subfamily of nuclear zinc finger transcription factors (others members e.g. Sp1, EGR-2, and Wilms' tumor gene). Moreover, it was observed that EGR alpha, as with most Sp1 subfamily members, was conserved between mammalian species ranging from human to rabbit. Two hormones important for prostate development and differentiation were found to be potent regulators of EGR alpha mRNA expression. Androgens were observed to induce a down-regulation of EGR alpha mRNA expression (70% in 72 h), while epidermal growth factor induced a rapid transient up-regulation (6-fold in 100 min). The up-regulation was controlled at the transcriptional level and effectively blocked by staurosporine (which suggests the involvement of the protein kinase C pathway). Functional analysis demonstrated that EGR alpha could bind to, and stimulate transcription from, a basic transcription element (BTE) consensus sequence on DNA (BTE is a transcription-modulating sequence in the promoter region of some cytochrome P450 family members). Furthermore, in stage-synchronized prostate cells, EGR alpha mRNA was highly expressed in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle, similar to c-fos mRNA expression. These results indicated that the zinc finger transcription factor EGR alpha seems to play a role in cell cycle regulation.
Pretreatment of cytokinetics in acute myelogenous leukemia. Age-related prognostic implications. (1985)

To determine the clinical and biologic relevance of cellular kinetics in leukemia, DNA flow cytometric analysis was performed on bone marrow biopsy specimens from 148 previously untreated adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. The proportion of cells in synthesis, second growth, and mitosis (S + G2M) ranged from 4% to 33% with a median of 14%. The overall incidence of complete remission was not affected by the pretreatment cell cycle distribution. As in earlier studies, there was a marked decline in remission rate with advancing age from 73% for patients age less than or equal to 50 yr to 50% for those greater than 50 (P less than 0.01). Although not affecting remission induction overall, an increasing proportion of cells in S + G2M phase was favorable in patients under the age of 50 yr, but was associated with a progressive decline in remission rate in older patients (P = 0.01). This age-related divergent effect of cell cycle kinetics on initial response to therapy was confined to the less favorable subgroup of patients with karyotypic abnormalities, whereas patients with normal diploid cytogenetics had a consistently higher response rate regardless of proliferative activity. A positive correlation was also observed between percent of S + G2M cells and the proportion of diploid metaphases in young patients, contrasting with a negative correlation in the older age group. Our observations strongly suggest that the well-recognized prognostic effect of age on remission induction is not entirely host-mediated, but is at least partly an expression of disease-intrinsic differences between young and older patients.
Inclusion of Pediatric Samples in an Opt-Out Biorepository Linking DNA to De-Identified Medical Records: Pediatric BioVU (2012)

The Vanderbilt DNA repository, BioVU, links DNA from leftover clinical blood samples to de-identified electronic medical records (EMRs). After initiating adult sample collection, pediatric extension required consideration of ethical concerns specific to pediatrics and implementation of specialized DNA extraction methods. In the first year of pediatric sample collection, more than 11,000 samples from individuals younger than 18 years were included. We compared data from the pediatric BioVU cohort with those from the overall Vanderbilt University Medical Center pediatric population and found similar demographic characteristics; however, the BioVU cohort had higher rates of select diseases, medication exposures, and laboratory testing, demonstrating enriched representation of severe or chronic disease. The fact that the sample accumulation is not balanced may accelerate research in some cohorts while limiting the study of relatively benign conditions and the accrual of unaffected and unbiased control samples. BioVU represents a feasible model for pediatric DNA biobanking but involves both ethical and practical considerations specific to the pediatric population.
Phenylbutazone-dependent epoxidation of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. A new mechanism for prostaglandin H synthase-catalyzed oxidations. (1984)

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone markedly enhances the hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene catalyzed by microsomal and Tween-20 solubilized preparations of prostaglandin H synthase. Furthermore, phenylbutazone radically alters the hydroperoxide specificity of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene epoxidation. In the absence of phenylbutazone, only allylic hydroperoxides are effective in initiating epoxidation, whereas in the presence of phenylbutazone the reaction can be initiated by t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. All effects are dependent on the concentration of phenylbutazone present. The primary event is the oxidation of phenylbutazone by prostaglandin H synthase. This pathway yields a peroxy radical of phenylbutazone which appears to be the epoxidizing agent. This activation of a primary substrate by a peroxidase resulting in metabolism of a secondary substrate is analogous to the halogenation reactions catalyzed by chloroperoxidase. This represents a new class of oxidation reactions catalyzed by prostaglandin H synthase.
Contact Resistance and Schottky Barriers (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Metal-Semiconductor Contacts Contact Resistance Measurement Techniques Schottky Barrier Height Comparison of Methods Strengths and Weaknesses Appendix 3.1 Effect of Parasitic Resistance Appendix 3.2 Alloys for Contacts to Semiconductors References Problems Review Questions