gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Degradable Frac Ball Holds Solution to Persistent Problem in Fracturing (2013)

Technology Update A highly efficient and popular technique for multistage fracturing involves placing a completion string in the open hole with a series of ball-actuated stages isolated by hydraulically set or swellable packers. This practice has been instrumental to the increase of activity in hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, as it allows continuous operation while performing a large number of stimulation treatments. When using this technique, sections of the reservoir can be selectively accessed by pumping actuators, or frac balls, from surface that land on correspondingly sized seats that have progressively larger diameters as operations advance from toe to heel. When all stages have been treated, the well is allowed to flow back, flushing the balls back to surface where they are caught in a ball trap. Despite more than a quarter of a million stages that have been treated using the sliding sleeve technique, the results are not always up to expectation. Operators have experienced sub-optimal production from wells in which logs and tests indicated high productivity. In searching for a root cause, it has been discovered that often not all balls are recovered. Further investigation has sometimes found that balls may have deformed and become jammed in their seats, plugging all production from beneath. The only solution is to trip into the well and mill out the seats. Aside from the added cost and risk, the challenge is that this undesirable situation is difficult to identify because other reservoir problems that milling will not solve can present a similar production profile. This adds uncertainty to any decision to mill out the system. Frac balls are typically made from phenolic or composite materials. The composite material is laminated and, depending upon the orientation of the laminar planes, it can fracture when it seats and is subjected to additional hydraulic pressure during fracturing operations. If the ball fractures before it has served its purpose, the entire job may be jeopardized. Both types of balls are subject to deformation, often referred to as egging, when under pressure (Fig. 1). Slight egging can cause the ball to stick in the upper seats when the well is put on production, or the ball can jam itself into the seat so tightly that the only way to remove it is by milling. A stuck or jammed frac ball acts as a permanent isolation point for all treated stages below it.
Instrument and Method Development for Single-Cell Classification Using Fluorescence Imaging Multivariate Optical Computing (2013)

Multivariate optical computing (MOC) is an all-optical approach of predictive spectroscopy that utilizes multivariate calibration and spectral pattern recognition techniques while operating in a simple filter photometer instrument, removing the need for expensive instrumentation and post-processing of spectral data. This is accomplished with specially designed interference filters called multivariate optical elements (MOEs). MOC can provide analytical solutions for applications requiring low cost, rugged, and simple to operate instrumentation for use in remote and hazardous environments such as open ocean waters. These instrument specifications are central for developing a method for classifying phytoplankton in their natural environment. Phytoplankton are photosynthetic single cell algae and cyanobacteria that inhabit nearly all natural bodies of water The size and taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton community structure has global implications on carbon transport. This dissertation describes the development of a single streak imaging multivariate optical computing (SSIMOC) method for single-cell classification of phytoplankton. The design and fabrication of MOEs for phytoplankton classification, along with an imaging photometer constructed for the purpose of collected data images for MOC analysis, will be discussed. Results of data collected with the SSIMOC on cultured phytoplankton and coastal water collected near the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory will be shown.
Mechanism of Corrosion Resistance in Organic Composite Coated Steel Sheet during Cyclic Corrosion Test. (1999)

Organic composite coated steel sheets (OCC) show excellent corrosion resistance during cyclic corrosion tests (CCT). To clarify the mechanism behind this corrosion resistance, we studied changes in corrosion products and elements of plating, chromate, and organic resin layers of OCC with different organic resin layer weights. Larger amounts of corrosion products were detected on OCC with a smaller weight organic resin layer. Larger amounts of basic zinc chloride [ZnCl2·4Zn(OH)2] forming under the organic resin layer were detected by X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) on OCC with a larger weight organic resin layer. Chromium remained in the chromate layer longer in OCC having the larger weight organic resin layer. The contribution of the corrosion products on the organic resin layer, the organic resin layer, the basic zinc chloride under the organic resin layer and the chromate layer to resistance was estimated by AC impedance measurements. That of the basic zinc chloride under the organic resin layer and the chromate layer was largest, followed by that of the organic resin layer. The excellent corrosion resistance of OCC therefore depends on the high barrier of the corrosion products on the organic resin layer and the ability to maintain the chromate layer and the basic zinc chloride under the organic resin layer in a corrosive environment.
Modeling the Music Genre Perception across Language-Bound Cultures (2020)

The music genre perception expressed through human annotations of artists or albums varies significantly across language-bound cultures. These variations cannot be modeled as mere translations since we also need to account for cultural differences in the music genre perception. In this work, we study the feasibility of obtaining relevant cross-lingual, culturespecific music genre annotations based only on language-specific semantic representations, namely distributed concept embeddings and ontologies. Our study, focused on six languages, shows that unsupervised cross-lingual music genre annotation is feasible with high accuracy, especially when combining both types of representations. This approach of studying music genres is the most extensive to date and has many implications in musicology and music information retrieval. Besides, we introduce a new, domain-dependent crosslingual corpus to benchmark state of the art multilingual pre-trained embedding models.
SETBP1 induces transcription of a network of development genes by acting as an epigenetic hub (2018)

SETBP1 variants occur as somatic mutations in several hematological malignancies such as atypical chronic myeloid leukemia and as de novo germline mutations in the Schinzel-Giedion syndrome. Here we show that SETBP1 binds to gDNA in AT-rich promoter regions, causing activation of gene expression through recruitment of a HCF1/KMT2A/PHF8 epigenetic complex. Deletion of two AT-hooks abrogates the binding of SETBP1 to gDNA and impairs target gene upregulation. Genes controlled by SETBP1 such as MECOM are significantly upregulated in leukemias containing SETBP1 mutations. Gene ontology analysis of deregulated SETBP1 target genes indicates that they are also key controllers of visceral organ development and brain morphogenesis. In line with these findings, in utero brain electroporation of mutated SETBP1 causes impairment of mouse neurogenesis with a profound delay in neuronal migration. In summary, this work unveils a SETBP1 function that directly affects gene transcription and clarifies the mechanism operating in myeloid malignancies and in the Schinzel-Giedion syndrome caused by SETBP1 mutations.
Emerging Infectious Disease Leads to Rapid Population Declines of Common British Birds (2010)

Emerging infectious diseases are increasingly cited as threats to wildlife, livestock and humans alike. They can threaten geographically isolated or critically endangered wildlife populations; however, relatively few studies have clearly demonstrated the extent to which emerging diseases can impact populations of common wildlife species. Here, we report the impact of an emerging protozoal disease on British populations of greenfinch Carduelis chloris and chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, two of the most common birds in Britain. Morphological and molecular analyses showed this to be due to Trichomonas gallinae. Trichomonosis emerged as a novel fatal disease of finches in Britain in 2005 and rapidly became epidemic within greenfinch, and to a lesser extent chaffinch, populations in 2006. By 2007, breeding populations of greenfinches and chaffinches in the geographic region of highest disease incidence had decreased by 35% and 21% respectively, representing mortality in excess of half a million birds. In contrast, declines were less pronounced or absent in these species in regions where the disease was found in intermediate or low incidence. Also, populations of dunnock Prunella modularis, which similarly feeds in gardens, but in which T. gallinae was rarely recorded, did not decline. This is the first trichomonosis epidemic reported in the scientific literature to negatively impact populations of free-ranging non-columbiform species, and such levels of mortality and decline due to an emerging infectious disease are unprecedented in British wild bird populations. This disease emergence event demonstrates the potential for a protozoan parasite to jump avian host taxonomic groups with dramatic effect over a short time period.
Heparin-carrying polystyrene to mediate cellular attachment and growth via interaction with growth factors (2000)

Various sugar-carrying polystyrenes (PSs), which consist of synthetic styrene and sugar moieties, are glycoconjugates that are able to attach to polymeric surfaces. Heparin-carrying PS (HCPS) is especially able to retain the binding of heparin-binding growth factors (GFs) such as vascular endothelial GF 165 (VEGF165) or fibroblast GF 2 (FGF-2). Human skin fibroblast cells, human coronary smooth muscle cells, and human coronary endothelial cells have good adherence to the HCPS-coated plate. The growth rate of fibroblast cells on HCPS-coated plates is higher than or comparable to fibronectin-coated, gelatin-coated, or tissue culture treated plates, and the HCPS coating inhibits the growth of smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, the growth rate of endothelial cells on HCPS-coated plates in the presence of either VEGF165 or FGF-2 is comparable to that on fibronectin-coated, gelatin-coated, and tissue culture treated plates. Endothelial cells grow at a higher rate on HCPS-coated plates retained with either VEGF165 or FGF-2 than on the other coated plates. These results indicate that growth of various cells can be controlled by the HCPS coating, thereby retaining the bioactivity of molecules such as heparin-binding GFs. Thus, HCPS-coated surfaces control selective growth of various cells. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 50, 144–152, 2000.
Hybrid MIMO Transceiver Scheme with Antenna Allocation and Partial CSI at Transmitter Side (2006)

Hybrid multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceiver scheme (HMTS) combines transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing, thus achieving at the same time the two possible spatial gains offered by MIMO channels. In the design of HMTS spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing branches are disposed in parallel in order to achieve diversity and multiplexing gains at the same time. Since the spatial multiplexing branches have no protection, they are more susceptible to the fading effect becoming the bottleneck in the performance of the whole transceiver. In this paper, we propose a solution to this bottleneck in the hybrid MIMO transceiver scheme using a partial channel state information at the transmitter side. The idea is to perform an antenna allocation. Thus, the most powerful subchannels are allocated to the most susceptible layers (spatial multiplexing branches). Through this solution we decrease the performance imbalance between the two layers of the HMTS G3+1, increasing the whole transceiver performance with low complexity feedback requirements.
Supramolecular sensitizer–relay assemblies. An evaluation of binding constants from non‐linear stern–volmer plots (1992)

Abstract A novel technique for determining the binding constants of host–guest complexes, viz. the bis‐cationic electron relays methylviologen and octylviologen in the macrocyclic host of novel (bisheteroleptic) crown ether‐ruthenium sensitizers, is described. This technique allows the separation of the quenching effects of bound and free electron relays. It can be used to calculate binding constants in non‐covalently linked supramolecular systems evaluating the electron transfer process between guest and host. High binding constants comparable to those in many natural enzymes and the photosynthetic reaction centre were found. As an explanation for the behaviour of the sensitizers bound to the bipyridinium cations it is suggested that photoelectron transfer affects the binding between the excited sensitizer and the bound acceptor.
Using Reinforcement Learning and Simulation to Develop Autonomous Vehicle Control Strategies (2020)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;While machine learning in autonomous vehicles development has increased significantly in the past few years, the use of reinforcement learning (RL) methods has only recently been applied. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) became common for their powerful object detection and identification and even provided end-to-end control of an autonomous vehicle. However, one of the requirements of a CNN is a large amount of labeled data to inform and train the neural network. While data is becoming more accessible, these networks are still sensitive to the format and collection environment which makes the use of others’ data more difficult. In contrast, RL develops solutions in a simulation environment through trial and error without labeled data. Our research expands upon previous research in RL and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and the application of these algorithms to 1/18th scale cars by expanding the application of this control strategy to a full-sized passenger vehicle. By using this method of unsupervised learning, our research demonstrates the ability to learn new control strategies while in a simulated environment without the need for large amounts of real-world data. The use of simulation environments for RL is important as the unsupervised learning methodology requires many trials to learn appropriate desired behavior. Running this in the real-world would be expensive and impractical, however the simulation enables the solutions to be developed at low cost and time as the process can be accelerated beyond real-time. The simulation environment has high-fidelity to model vehicle dynamics as well as rendering capability for domain adaptation, and guarantees successful simulation-to-real world transfer. Traditional control algorithms are used on the strategies developed to ensure a proper mapping to the physical vehicle it is being applied to. This approach results in a low cost, low data solution that enables control of a full-sized, self-driving passenger vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
System fidelity factor evaluation of wearable ultra‐wideband antennas for on‐body communications (2015)

This study reports an experimental study of the system fidelity factor (SFF) of ultra‐wideband wireless body area network antennas in an on‐body environment. This study also investigates the influence in the SFF because of the antenna polarisation with respect to the body. For this purpose, two antennas having different polarisations are compared: a mono‐cone antenna with the polarisation perpendicular to the wearer and a printed monopole with the polarisation either parallel or perpendicular to the wearer. A phantom made of pork meat was considered as a model for the wearer's body, and five different communication scenarios involving each pair of antennas were considered. On‐body experimental results show that the time‐domain behaviour of the transmission is better for two different antenna types having the same polarisation, but, more importantly, that the SFF (and thus the time‐domain fidelity of the signal) is better for a link having a polarisation perpendicular to the body.
Transluminale Angioplastie — Stellenwert in der femoropolitealen Revaskularisation: Langzeitergebnisse (1993)

Patients with multilevel arterial occlusive disease represent a challenging problem. A retrospective review of 87 consecutive patients (pts) treated with a femoropopliteal reconstruction combined either with iliac (46 pts, 48 procedures, group 1) or infrapopliteal angioplasty (48 pts, 52 procedures, group 2) was performed. Average age was 64.7 years and follow-up ranged from 1 to 6 years (mean 24.1 months). Indication was severe claudication in 43% and 20%, rest pain in 21% and 32%, tissue necrosis in 36% and 48% of the respective groups. In group 1, two postoperative deaths occurred and three serious complications (7.3%). Primary failure rate was 19%. In group 2, six patients had serious angioplasty-related complications (13%) and one peroperative death occurred. Eleven procedures were judged failures (24%). Secondary procedures were effective in nine patients. Mean antebrachial index improved from an average of 0.35 to 0.78. Life-table analysis revealed a secondary patency rate in group 1 of 86% at 1 year, 80% at 2 years, and 65% at 5 years, and in group 2:73%, 63%, and 37%, respectively. Eleven patients underwent amputation. The authors conclude that femoropopliteal reconstruction combined with distal angioplasty is effective for multilevel occlusive disease. Intraoperative digital subtraction angiography and no-profile coaxial balloon catheters may significantly improve immediate results.
Plasma Levels of Neuron- and Astrocyte-Derived Exosomal Amyloid Beta1-42, Amyloid Beta1-40, and Phosphorylated Tau Levels in Schizophrenia Patients and Non-psychiatric Comparison Subjects: Relationships With Cognitive Functioning and Psychopathology (2021)

<b>Introduction:</b> Cognitive deficits in people with schizophrenia (PWS) are a major predictor of disability and functioning, yet the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. A possible role of amyloid and tau biomarkers (hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease) is still speculative in schizophrenia. Exosomes or extracellular vesicles, involved with cell-to-cell communication and waste removal, can be used to assay brain-based proteins from peripheral blood. To our knowledge, this is the first study of exosomal amyloid and tau protein levels in PWS. <b>Methods:</b> This cross-sectional study included 60 PWS and 60 age- and sex-comparable non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NCs), age range 26-65 years. Assessments of global cognitive screening, executive functioning, psychopathology, and physical measures were conducted. Exosomes were extracted and precipitated from fasting plasma and identified as neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) or astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs). Human-specific ELISAs were used to assay levels of amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ42), amyloid-beta 1-40 (Aβ40), and phosphorylated T181 tau (P-T181-tau). Plasma assays for aging biomarkers (C-reactive protein and F2-isoprostanes) were also performed. <b>Results:</b> ADE-Aβ42 levels were higher in PWS compared to NCs, though the other exosomal markers were similar between the two groups. Higher ADE-P-T181-tau levels were associated with worse executive functioning. Among PWS, higher ADE-P-T181-tau levels were associated with less severe negative symptoms and increased F2-isoprostane levels. Astrocyte-derived Aβ marker levels were sensitive and specific in differentiating between diagnostic groups. Among PWS, Aβ40 levels differed most by exosomal origin. <b>Discussion:</b> Exosomal markers may provide novel insights into brain-based processes (e.g., aging, oxidative stress) from peripheral blood samples.
Redox-active organotransition-metal dendrimers: The dendritic effect in supramolecular recognition (1998)

Abstract
Demonstration of vitrification of surrogate F006 waste-water treatment sludges (1994)

A demonstration program with the focus on vitrification of surrogate formulations of Savannah River Site M-Area wastewater treatment sludges has been completed. The program utilized commercially available melting equipment, supplied by EnVitCo, Inc., and Stir Melter, Inc., located at the Clemson University Environmental Systems Engineering Laboratories. Over 2000 kg of glass was manufactured in a series of five separate tests with four formulations. Glasses were characterized by Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and the Product Consistency Test (PCT), with all glasses showing leach characteristics better than Land Disposal Requirements (LDR) for corresponding F006 waste (TCLP) and benchmark environmental assessment glasses (PCT). Offgas sampling by EPA Method 5 was conducted, including chemical analysis of filter residue and impinger solution. Data is presented on glass leaching, offgas sampling, phase separation, and melter performance.
HYPERURICEMIA IN NEOPLASTIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN: PREVENTION WITH ALLOPURINOL, A XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR (1968)

Allopurinol [4-hydroxypyrazolo (3,4-d)-pyrimidine] was used in the treatment or prevention of hyperuricemia in 21 children with various neoplastic diseases in whom there was severe hyperuricemia or in whom it might have been expected as a result of the anti-neoplastic therapy to be employed. Allopurinol was effective in reducing hyperuricemia and in preventing the hazard of uric acid nephropathy in each patient. Previous experience with such patients had been characterized by the frequent occurrence of hyperuricemia and uric acid nephropathy. Allopurinol has produced no toxicity, except for the occasional occurrence of a mild skin rash. It is considered a useful agent in the treatment or prevention of uric acid nephropathy in children with leukemia and lymphoma.
Development of a large area microstructure photomultiplier assembly (LAMPA) (2017)

Large area (&gt; m<sup>2</sup>) position-sensitive readout of scintillators is important for passive/active gamma and neutron imaging for counter-terrorism applications. The goal of the LAMPA project is to provide a novel, affordable, large-area photodetector (8" x 8") by replacing the conventional dynodes of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with electron multiplier microstructure boards (MSBs) that can be produced using industrial manufacturing techniques. The square, planar format of the LAMPA assemblies enables tiling of multiple units to support large area applications. The LAMPA performance objectives include comparable gain, noise, timing, and energy resolution relative to conventional PMTs, as well as spatial resolution in the few mm range. The current LAMPA prototype is a stack of 8" x 8" MSBs made commercially by chemical etching of a molybdenum substrate and coated with hydrogen-terminated boron-doped diamond for high secondary emission yield (SEY). The layers of MSBs are electrically isolated using ceramic standoffs. Field-shaping grids are located between adjacent boards to achieve good transmission of electrons from one board to the next. The spacing between layers and the design of the microstructure pattern and grids were guided by simulations performed using an electro-optics code. A position sensitive anode board at the back of the stack of MSBs provides 2-D readout. This presentation discusses the trade studies performed in the design of the MSBs, the measurements of SEY from various electro-emissive materials, the electro-optics simulations conducted, the design of the 2-D readout, and the mechanical aspects of the LAMPA design, in order to achieve a gain of &gt; 10<sup>4</sup> in an 8-stage stack of MSBs, suitable for use with various scintillators when coupled to an appropriate photocathode.