gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An eight-terminal Kelvin-tapped bipolar transistor for extracting parasitic series resistances (1991)

A novel DC method for determining the components of series resistance in bipolar transistors is presented. As a DC technique, it shows unprecedented accuracy as demonstrated by its application to both metal-contacted heterojunction transistors and more conventional bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). The measurement error was minimized by using a single double-base Kelvin-tapped transistor to extract all components of series resistance. This extraction technique was applied to transistors from an industrial poly-contacted BJT process with various geometries. The authors describe the theory and application of this extraction technique in both its simplified form, where the emitter resistance is assumed to be lumped and bias-independent, and in its more general form, where it includes the distributed nature of both the emitter and the intrinsic base resistances. An exact expression for the DC and AC bias-dependent intrinsic base resistance and a methodology for calculating effective resistances for bipolar devices are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Single nucleotide polymorphisms refine QTL intervals for hip joint laxity in dogs (2008)

Hip laxity is one characteristic of canine hip dysplasia (CHD), an inheritable disease that leads to hip osteoarthritis. Using a genome-wide screen with 250 microsatellites in a crossbreed pedigree of 159 dysplastic Labrador retrievers and unaffected greyhounds, we previously identified putative (P < 0.01) QTL on canine chromosomes 11 and 29 (CFA11 and CFA29). To refine these QTL locations, we have genotyped 257 dogs including 105 Labrador retrievers, seven greyhounds, four generations of their crossbreed offspring and three German shepherds for 111 and 171 SNPs on CFA11 and CFA29 respectively. The distraction index (DI, a measure of maximum hip laxity) was used as an intermediate phenotype that predicts whether a hip joint will or will not develop osteoarthritis. Using a multipoint linkage analysis, significant evidence (95% posterior probability) was found for QTL contributing to hip laxity in the 16.2-21 cM region on CFA11 that explained 15-18% of the total variance in DI. Evidence for an independent QTL on CFA29 was weaker than that on CFA11. Identification of the causative mutation(s) will lead to better understanding of biochemical pathways in both dogs and humans with hip laxity and dysplasia.
Divergent Patterns and Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Survival Among Older Women in Germany and the United States (2020)

Overall, our results are in line with a later uptake and less extensive utilization of mammography screening in Germany. Further studies and efforts are highly needed to further explore and overcome the increased breast cancer mortality among elderly women in Germany.
(1-Benzylethylenediamine) platinum(II) complexes as antitumor agents (1986)

The title compds. I [R1-4 = H, C1-6 alkyl, PhCH2, phenylethyl; R5 = thienyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, (substituted) Ph; X = pharmaceutically acceptable anion], useful as antitumor agents, are prepd. by complexation of II by Pt compds. Thus, 1 mmol K2PtCl4 in H2O was treated with 1 mmol II (R1-4 = H, R5 = Ph) at 50 Deg and pH 6 in a flask protected from light to give I (R1-4 = H, R5 = Ph, X = Cl) (III). I were effective against P 388 leukemia, e.g. at 100-200 mg/kg orally in mice. Tablets (100 mg) were formulated from lactose 300, corn starch 130, Mg stearate 10, and III 200 g.
High-temperature cell for automated low-frequency impedance measurements of solids (1989)

A device for automatic low-frequency impedance measurements of solids is describes with particular regard to a newly developed high-temperature cell and its temperature controlling unit. This device can be used for AC measurements of properties of material over the frequency range 5 HZ to 13 MHz from ambient temperature up to 700 degrees C. Complete computer control is available. Results of test measurements with well characterised ionic conductors are given.
Absorption correction for Weissenberg diffractometers (1980)

Formulas are derived extending several semi-empirical absorption-correction methods to diffractometers operating in Weissenberg geometries, with particular attention paid to flat-cone geometry. These formulas are useful for a variety of instruments using both area and linear position-sensitive detectors. While a complete data set can sometimes be corrected using a single absorption reflection, it was found that the best corrections are usually obtained by considering two absorption reflections rather than one. A discussion of the optimum choice of absorption correction when a crystal has at least a twofold symmetry axis is presented. The accuracy of the methods and the limits of applicability have been examined by computer simulations.
Abstract 2405: Inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonists as novel targeted chemotherapeutic agents for acute myeloid leukemia (2020)

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a diverse collection of hematological cancers characterized by the bone marrow's excessive production of certain immature myeloid blood cells. The American Cancer Society estimated that there was ~11,000 deaths and ~21,500 new incidences of AML in the U.S. in 2019. While the various AML subtypes have differing prognoses, more than 30% of AML patients fail to enter complete remission upon standard chemotherapy regimens. Furthermore, most patients that do initially respond will relapse within 5 years in the absence of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). As such, the need for novel targets and drugs to treat this disease is a significant unmet medical need. This is especially true in patient populations unable to tolerate aggressive chemotherapy or where BMT is impossible or not recommended. The current standard of care (SOC) for AML has been the same for decades - various combinations of anthracyclines and nucleoside analogues are used as front line agents with debilitating toxicities. Recent evidence showing efficacy of Bcl2 family inhibitors in some leukemias prompted us to investigate whether antagonism of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins may be effective against AML. IAP proteins are involved in many processes including cell death, immunity, inflammation, cell cycle and migration, and are therefore promising targets for the development of cancer therapeutics. As the name suggests, IAP proteins play an important role in the control of apoptotic pathways and have been implicated in AML development and progression. It has been shown that IAPs are over-expressed in AML patient cells and high expression levels are linked to poor prognosis. Although Bcl2 family members only regulate mitochondrial apoptosis, IAPs modulate apoptotic signaling at multiple, and more distal, points suggesting a potential improvement in activity for drugs targeting them. We recently described the characterization and preliminary optimization of monovalent small molecule IAP antagonists. Here we show the design and synthesis of novel second generation bivalent IAP antagonists that kill AML cells much more potently than drugs currently undergoing clinical evaluation, while sparing healthy cells. Our data in leukemia cell lines and patient-derived AML samples using these novel, highly potent, IAP antagonists suggest that these small molecules may be effective as therapeutic agents. Citation Format: Darren Finlay, Nicole Bata, Allison Limpert, Dominik Heimann, Peter Teriete, Carol Burian, James Mason, Nicholas D. Cosford, Kristiina Vuori. Inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonists as novel targeted chemotherapeutic agents for acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2405.
Novel Process Windows for Enabling, Accelerating, and Uplifting Flow Chemistry (2013)

Abstract Novel Process Windows make use of process conditions that are far from conventional practices. This involves the use of high temperatures, high pressures, high concentrations (solvent‐free), new chemical transformations, explosive conditions, and process simplification and integration to boost synthetic chemistry on both the laboratory and production scale. Such harsh reaction conditions can be safely reached in microstructured reactors due to their excellent transport intensification properties. This Review discusses the different routes towards Novel Process Windows and provides several examples for each route grouped into different classes of chemical and process‐design intensification.
Photoelectric and Spectral Responses of Bacteriorhodopsin Modified by Carbodiimide and Amine Derivatives (1982)

Photoelectric activity and photocycle kinetics of bacteriorhodopsin successively treated with a carbodiimide and several amine derivatives have been studied. Both spectral and electrical responses were initiated by a 15‐ns laser flash inducing a single turnover of bacteriorhodopsin. Photocycle kinetics were measured in a suspension of purple sheets. Photoelectric potential generation was monitored by a voltmeter, using a phospholipid‐impregnated collodion film covered on one side with purple sheets or proteoliposomes. It is shown that in bacteriorhodopsin treated with a carbodiimide derivative and ethylenediamine or methyl‐ o ‐arginine, significant acceleration of the millisecond phase of the photoelectric response is observed, whereas the kinetics of the microsecond phase remain unchanged. This effect is accompanied by an increase in the fast (τ 2 ms) component of the 412‐nm intermediate decay. Methylamine‐modified bacteriorhodopsin shows no such changes in electric and spectral kinetics. Treatment with ethylenediamine or arginine, rather than methylamine, desensibilizes, completely or partially, photoelectric response to inhibition by cationic effectors such as La 3+ or by increase in the H + concentration. At the same time modification sensibilizes this response to the inhibiting effect of an anion, citrate. Dark adaptation of bacteriorhodopsin modified by ethylenediamine or arginine slows down both microsecond and millisecond electrogeniac phases, whereas that of untreated or methylamine modified bacteriorhodopsin does not. Proteoliposomes of ethylenediamine‐modified bacteriorhodopsin generate a photoelectric potential of opposite direction (interior negative) as compared with those of unmodified or methylamine‐modified bacteriorhodopsin. It is concluded that the modifications by ethylenediamine and arginine change the decomposition of the 412‐nm intermediate in such a fashion that a portion of this intermediate decays faster. This results in accelerating those electrogenic phases which are associated with the 412‐nm intermediate decay. Such an effect may be due to replacement of negatively charged groups in the bacteriorhodopsin polypeptide chain by positively charged ones. Different methods for measurement of changes in the bacteriorhodopsin activity are discussed. The conclusion is made that the analysis of the kinetics of photoelectric potential generation in the purple sheet‐collodion film system is a sensitive probe for changes in bacteriorhodopsin activity.
Low-Power QPSK Transmitter Based on an Injection-Locked Power Amplifier (2018)

An injection-locked frequency divider was used as a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulator by exploiting the property that a polarity flip of the injected signal results in a phase shift of 90 degrees at the output. Furthermore, the power amplifier was integrated with the divider by adding a transformer to couple to the antenna. Combining these two ideas resulted in a high-efficiency, high-bandwidth QPSK transmitter, capable of operating at up to 120 Mbit/s and delivering 1.3 m W output power with a system efficiency of 38 %.
C1- inactivator: its efficiency as a regulator of classical complement pathway activation by soluble IgG aggregates. (1983)

The role of C1- inactivator (C1(-)-In) during activation of the classical complement pathway by soluble immune complexes was studied using purified human complement components C1, C4 and C1(-)-In, and stabilized soluble aggregates of normal human IgG as a model for soluble immune complexes. The C4-consuming ability that could be generated by incubation of precursor C1 with IgG aggregates was abolished completely by the presence of a large excess of C1(-)-In during the C1 activation step. Kinetic studies confirmed that this inhibition was due to a second-order reaction between C1- and C1(-)-In resulting in the irreversible inactivation of C1-. When aggregates of various sizes were enabled to induce C4 conversion in mixtures of C1, C4 and a variable concentration of C1(-)-In, the presence of C1(-)-In had two effects. Firstly, the efficiency of the aggregates in causing C4 consumption was reduced remarkably. At a C1(-)-In:C1 ratio of 8, which can be found in normal human serum, approximately eight to ten times as many aggregates were required for a given level of C4 consumption as when no C1(-)-In was present. Secondly, C1(-)-In diminished the maximum C4 consumption that could be achieved, especially with smaller aggregates. Thus, a complete or partial C1(-)-In deficiency probably facilitates complement activation by soluble immune complexes in two ways: it may enhance the efficiency of classical pathway activation by all C1-activating complexes, and it may enable small complexes, which normally cannot overcome the C1(-)-In barrier, to activate the classical pathway to the C4 level.
Clinical Pearls (2009)

Family-centered care is an innovative approach to planning, delivering, and evaluating health care that is governed by mutually beneficial partnerships among health care providers, patients, and families. In this issue Mitchell et alA good resource for implementation of this model is The Institute for Family-Centered Care, a nonprofit organization founded in 1992 to advance the understanding and practice of patient- and family-centered care in hospitals and other health care settings. This group is endorsed by AACN. The Institute for Family-Centered Care provides a Web site with helpful resources for health care providers and educators at http://www.familycenteredcare.org/index.html.See Article, pp 543–553Do emotions directly affect cardiac disease or outcomes of therapy? In this issue Song et al describe the effects of hostility and anger as well as homocysteine levels on the incidence of recurrent cardiac events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They note the following:Patients with CAD who have a high level of anger and homocysteine are at increased risk for recurrent cardiac events after PCI. Nurses should identify patients who experience intense and frequent anger and assist in the identification of interventions to reduce anger to improve post-PCI outcomes.See Article, pp 554–561What type of oral care protocol is used in your unit? Oropharyngeal bacterial colonization plays a significant role in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Garcia et al used a comprehensive oral-dental care system to reduce the VAP rate in their unit that included the following:These authors showed that oral care can be maintained over time with protocol compliance rates of 80% and results that were sustained for 12 months beyond the original 12-month intervention phase. Implementation of the protocol resulted not only in decreased VAP, but also reduced duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and mortality.See Article, pp 523–532Is there a procedure to evaluate urinary catheter use in your unit? Elpern et al implemented and evaluated a process to limit use of catheters and reduce urinary tract infections (UTIs).A team of medical intensive care unit clinicians developed catheter use criteria that included conditions in which use was deemed inappropriate, such as incontinence, diuresis, or diarrhea without other reasons for use, and frequent but nonessential urine output determination.See Article, pp 535–542
Lazy transition systems and asynchronous circuit synthesis with relative timing assumptions (2002)

This paper presents a design flow for timed asynchronous circuits. It introduces lazy transitions systems as a new computational model to represent the timing information required for synthesis. The notion of laziness explicitly distinguishes between the enabling and the firing of an event in a transition system. Lazy transition systems can be effectively used to model the behavior of asynchronous circuits in which relative timing assumptions can be made on the occurrence of events. These assumptions can be derived from the information known a priori about the delay of the environment and the timing characteristics of the gates that will implement the circuit. The paper presents the necessary conditions to generate circuits and a synthesis algorithm that exploits the timing assumptions for optimization. It also proposes a method for back-annotation that derives a set of sufficient timing constraints that guarantee the correctness of the circuit.
The human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni synthesizes glycoproteins containing the Lewis X antigen. (1992)

Infection of vertebrates with the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni induces a variety of host immune responses, which are directed against both protein and carbohydrate antigens. In this report, we describe our studies on the structures of antigenic oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins synthesized by S. mansoni. Immobilized antibodies derived from the sera of infected hamsters and mice bind to a family of high molecular weight Asn-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins from the adult parasite. Structural analysis of the major antigenic oligosaccharides revealed that they have high amounts of fucose-linked alpha 1,3 to N-acetylglucosamine residues within the linear repeating disaccharide (3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1)n, a poly-N-acetyllactosamine sequence containing the Lewis X antigenic blood group. The remarkable ability of S. mansoni to synthesize these vertebrate-type oligosaccharides may have implications in both the mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and on the development of vaccines to prevent this disease in humans.
The Role Played by the α‐Helix in the Unfolding Pathway and Stability of Azurin: Switching Between Hierarchic and Nonhierarchic Folding (2007)

The role played by the alpha-helix in determining the structure, the stability and the unfolding mechanism of azurin was addressed by studying a helix-depleted azurin variant produced by site-directed mutagenesis. The protein structure was investigated by CD, 1D (1)H NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy measurements and MD simulations, whilst EPR, UV-visible and cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out to investigate the geometry and the properties of the Cu(II) site. The effects of the alpha-helix depletion on the thermal stability and the unfolding pathway of the protein were determined by DSC, UV/visible and fluorescence measurements at increasing temperature. The results show that, in the absence of the alpha-helix segment, the overall protein structure is maintained, and that only the Cu site is slightly modified. In contrast, the protein stability is diminished by about 60% with respect to the wild-type azurin. Moreover, the unfolding pathway of the mutant azurin involves the presence of detectable intermediates. In comparison with previous studies concerning other small beta-sheet cupredoxins, the results as a whole support the hypothesis that the presence of the alpha-helix can switch the folding of azurin from a hierarchic to a nonhierarchic mechanism in which the highly conserved beta-sheet core provides a scaffold for cooperative folding of the wild-type protein.
Production de protéines recombinantes à haut débit : application aux facteurs de transcription de Ciona intestinalis (2009)

The production of soluble recombinant protein in suitable quantities for structural or functional studies is still a major challenge. The simplest and cheapest system for heterologous expression of recombinant proteins is Escherichia coli (E. Coli). Unfortunately, without optimization the majority of the proteins will be expressed in insoluble form. In this work, I will describe protocols that allow the expression screening and the purification of tens of proteins per week. These methods help to increase by up to a hundred fold the solubility level of recombinant proteins in E. Coli. I will present the final set up of this procedures and its application to the study of Ciona intestinalis transcription factors (TF) DNA binding specificity. This organism is a model for the first characterization of the full repertoire of DNA binding domains (DNA BD) specificity of all the transcription factors in a metazoan genome. A cheap and easy consensus production and purification protocol could be applied on the Ciona intestinalis 450 DNA BD. The vast majority of the DNA BD could be purified in milligram amounts and their DNA binding specificity was characterized in vitro by a newly designed automated SELEX assay. The result provides a global view of the repertoire of DNA-binding specificity in a chordate and suggests that these sequences are to some extend conserved with vertebrates.
LETTER TO EDITOR: INTERFERON-BASED THERAPY FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS C: CURRENT AND FUTUREPERSPECTIVES (2010)

W greatly enjoyed reading the excellent meta-analysis by Alavian and colleagues (1) on the efficacy and safety of peginterferon (PEGIFN) alpha-1a vs. 2b for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The immune effects of interferons, often in combination with other drugs, have been utilized to treat several diseases, such as HCV and HCV-related autoimmune diseases and liver diseases. Several different types of interferon are approved for use in humans. For instance, in January 2001 the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of pegylated interferon-alpha; in this formulation, polyethylene glycol is added to make the interferon last longer in the body. Peginterferon alpha-2b (Pegintron) was the first treatment approved for public use, and approval for peginterferon alpha-2a (Pegasys), which has a longer duration in serum, followed in October 2002. When used with the antiviral drug ribavirin, pegylated interferon is effective in the treatment of HCV; however, up to now, there is no convincing clinical evidence that peginterferon alpha-2a has a different response than peginterferon alpha-2b treatment. In the meta-analysis reported herein, peginterferon alpha-2a showed an early virological response at treatment week 4 (EVR) and a sustained virological response (SVR) at week 12, and alpha-2a had a better response than did alpha-2b in patients with HCV genotypes 1-4 (OR 1.38) and genotype 2 (OR 4.06). These data are of interest because single studies conducted before 2009 suggested a trend towards peginterferon alpha-2a, but the treatment reached significance only when several studies were pooled together (hereafter the meta-analysis refers to 3,518 grouped patients). In addition, the review also offers important information regarding safety, indicating a difference among the two treatments in only the causation of neutropenia (<750c/mm3), with an overall estimate of OR 0.75 of discontinuing the peginterferon alpha-2a treatment. Usually, the use of a granulocyte colony stimulating factor is effective in correcting neutropenia (2, 3). Thus, the review provides important information about the clinical steps and best practices in the treatment of chronic HCV infection with peginterferon alpha-2a. A limitation of the study is that no data were reported on liver histology, an area that should be explored in the future.