gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-Parametric Transformation Networks for Learning General Invariances from Data (2019)

ConvNets, through their architecture, only enforce invariance to translation. In this paper, we introduce a new class of deep convolutional architectures called Non-Parametric Transformation Networks (NPTNs) which can learn general invariances and symmetries directly from data. NPTNs are a natural generalization of ConvNets and can be optimized directly using gradient descent. Unlike almost all previous works in deep architectures, they make no assumption regarding the structure of the invariances present in the data and in that aspect are flexible and powerful. We also model ConvNets and NPTNs under a unified framework called Transformation Networks (TN), which yields a better understanding of the connection between the two. We demonstrate the efficacy of NPTNs on data such as MNIST with extreme transformations and CIFAR10 where they outperform baselines, and further outperform several recent algorithms on ETH-80. They do so while having the same number of parameters. We also show that they are more effective than ConvNets in modelling symmetries and invariances from data, without the explicit knowledge of the added arbitrary nuisance transformations. Finally, we replace ConvNets with NPTNs within Capsule Networks and show that this enables Capsule Nets to perform even better.
Solar water splitting in a molecular photoelectrochemical cell (2013)

Artificial photosynthesis and the production of solar fuels could be a key element in a future renewable energy economy providing a solution to the energy storage problem in solar energy conversion. We describe a hybrid strategy for solar water splitting based on a dye sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell. It uses a derivatized, core-shell nanostructured photoanode with the core a high surface area conductive metal oxide film--indium tin oxide or antimony tin oxide--coated with a thin outer shell of TiO2 formed by atomic layer deposition. A "chromophore-catalyst assembly" 1, [(PO3H2)2bpy)2Ru(4-Mebpy-4-bimpy)Rub(tpy)(OH2)](4+), which combines both light absorber and water oxidation catalyst in a single molecule, was attached to the TiO2 shell. Visible photolysis of the resulting core-shell assembly structure with a Pt cathode resulted in water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen with an absorbed photon conversion efficiency of 4.4% at peak photocurrent.
Automated Phenotyping Indicates Pupal Size in Drosophila Is a Highly Heritable Trait with an Apparent Polygenic Basis (2017)

The intense focus on studying human height has done more than any other genetic analysis to advance our understanding of the heritability of highly complex phenotypes. Here, we describe in detail the properties of a previously unexplored trait in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> that shares many salient properties with human height. The total length of the pupal case varies between 2.8 and 3.9 mm among natural variants, and we report that it is among the most heritable traits reported in this species. We have developed a simple semiautomatic phenotyping system with which a single operator can reliably score >5000 individuals in a day. The precision of the automated system is 0.042 mm (± 0.030 SD). All phenotyped individuals are available to be mated in subsequent generations or uniquely archived for future molecular work. We report both broad sense and narrow sense heritability estimates for two biologically distinct data sets. Narrow sense heritability (<i>h</i><sup>2</sup>) ranged from 0.44 to 0.50, and broad sense heritability (<i>H</i><sup>2</sup>) ranged from 0.58 to 0.61. We present results for mapping the trait in 195 recombinant inbred lines, which suggests that there are no loci with >10% effect size in this panel. We propose that pupal size genetics in <i>Drosophila</i> could represent a model complex trait amenable to deep genetic dissection using the automated system described.
Détection de navires par radars maritimes - Architectures et traitements (2020)

Le radar est un senseur primordial pour realiser efficacement la surveillance maritime et cotiere. L’article presente differents choix d’architectures adaptees a l’environnement, la plateforme et les missions. Il examine les architectures d’emission – centralisees ou distribuees sur une antenne active –, les solutions d’exploration de la zone par le faisceau d’antenne – balayage mecanique, electronique sur un ou deux axes –, le choix de la frequence, la generation d’onde emise, la reception et la compression d’impulsion. Puis, il aborde les techniques specifiques impliquees pour optimiser la detection compte tenu des particularites des signaux reflechis par la surface de la mer. L’article se termine sur les evolutions previsibles des technologies associees.
Inline coating of silicon nanoparticles in a plasma reactor: Reactor design, simulation and experiment (2017)

Gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) in hot plasmas is a promising approach to produce pure, highly specific, and complex nanomaterials at large production rates. Post-processing of the material by particle coating, embedding, or surface functionalization is often required to adjust the materials' properties with respect to their utilization in functional structures. Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio, the nanoparticles' surface properties strongly influence the processing and thus their applicability. We report on a scalable and continuous gas-phase synthesis process of silicon nanoparticles by a high-temperature single-step plasma process with subsequent inline coating. Our process requires a two-stage supply of process gases: First, silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) are formed from the gaseous precursor monosilane (SiH4) after its decomposition in the plasma zone. Secondly, the coating agent ethylene (C2H4) is mixed with the hot, particle-laden gas flow downstream of the plasma zone via a specifically-designed coating nozzle. To facilitate a homogeneous intermixing of C2H4 and the nanoparticle-laden gas stream, fluid dynamics simulations were performed to design and optimize the geometry of the coating nozzle. The process conditions can be varied to tune the decomposition process of gaseous C2H4 in respect to coating the Si-NP surface. As a result, we are able to tune the composition of the nanoparticles. Product characterization by X-ray diffraction, Raman, FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that either SiC, or silicon with a carbon-like or a polyethylene-like shell is produced respectively, with increasing distance of the coating nozzle from the plasma. For all process conditions, spherical, coated particles with a highly-crystalline silicon core were observed as indicated by TEM measurements.
Perturbation technique for LLG dynamics in uniformly magnetized bodies subject to RF fields (2002)

The problem of magnetization dynamics of a uniformly magnetized uniaxial particle or film, under elliptically polarized applied field, is considered. In the special case of circularly polarized applied field and particles (films) with a symmetry axis, pure time-harmonic magnetization modes exist that can be computed analytically. Deviations from these highly symmetric conditions are treated as perturbation of the symmetric case. The perturbation technique leads to the exactly solvable system of linear differential equations for the perturbations which enables one to compute higher order magnetization harmonic. The analytical solutions are obtained and then compared with numerical results.
Dynamic Response of B 4 C‐SiC Ceramic Composites (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Materials and Planar Impact Experiments Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusive Remarks Acknowledgment
Scaling Up a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program in Rural Bangladesh: The Role of Program Implementation (2017)

SHEWA-B did not meet UNICEF's ideal implementation quality in any area. Improved implementation quality would have resulted in marginal changes in health behaviors or infrastructure access. This suggests that SHEWA-B's design was suboptimal for improving these outcomes.
H2O2‐Responsive NIR‐II AIE Nanobomb for Carbon Monoxide Boosting Low‐Temperature Photothermal Therapy (2022)

Low-temperature photothermal therapy (PTT), which circumvents the limitations of conventional PTT (e.g., thermotolerance and adverse effects), is an emerging therapeutic strategy which shows great potential for future clinical applications. The expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) can dramatically impair the therapeutic efficacy of PTT. Thus, inhibition of HSPs repair and reducing the damage of nearby normal cells is crucial for improving the efficiency of low-temperature PTT. Herein, we developed a nanobomb based on the self-assembly of NIRII AIE polymer PBPTV and carbon monoxide (CO) carrier polymer mPEG(CO). This smart nanobomb can be exploded in a tumor microenvironment in which hydrogen peroxide is overexpressed and release CO into cancer cells to significantly inhibit the expression of HSPs and hence improve the antitumor efficiency of the low-temperature PTT.
A scanning transmission x-ray microscope for materials science spectromicroscopy at the advanced light source (1998)

Design and performance of a scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM) at the Advanced Light Source is described. This instrument makes use of a high brightness undulator beamline and extends the STXM technique to new areas of research. After 2.5 years of development it is now an operational tool for research in polymer science, environmental chemistry, and magnetic materials.
A perspective on oxygenated species in the refinery integration of pyrolysis oil (2013)

Pyrolysis offers a rapid and efficient means to depolymerize lignocellulosic biomass, resulting in gas, liquid, and solid products with varying yields and compositions depending on the process conditions. With respect to manufacture of “drop-in” liquid transportation fuels from biomass, a potential benefit from pyrolysis arises from the production of a liquid or vapor that could possibly be integrated into existing refinery infrastructure, thus offsetting the capital-intensive investment needed for a smaller scale, standalone biofuels production facility. However, pyrolysis typically yields a significant amount of reactive, oxygenated species including organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, and oxygenated aromatics. These oxygenated species present significant challenges that will undoubtedly require pre-processing of a pyrolysis-derived stream before the pyrolysis oil can be integrated into the existing refinery infrastructure. Here we present a perspective of how the overall chemistry of pyrolysis products must be modified to ensure optimal integration in standard petroleum refineries, and we explore the various points of integration in the refinery infrastructure. In addition, we identify several research and development needs that will answer critical questions regarding the technical and economic feasibility of refinery integration of pyrolysis-derived products.
A study of dye anchoring points in half-squarylium dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (2014)

This paper reports the synthesis of a series of new half-squaraine dyes (Hf-SQ) based around a common chromophoric unit but with differently positioned linker groups.
Guest Editorial: Oscillations in Power Systems with High Penetration of RenewablePower Generations (2018)

In modern power systems the increasing penetration of renewables and power electronics, particularly converter-based wind and solar power generation, is transforming system dynamics and bringing new stability concerns. One major issue that is currently attracting considerable attention is the wide range of power oscillations associated with renewable power generators (RPGs). The unique characteristics of RPGs, especially their low inertia, power-electronic interface and wide-band response, not only impact the classical electromechanical and torsional oscillations of the power system (that were previously dominated by synchronous machines), but they also cause emerging oscillatory stability problems, such as sub/super-synchronous interactions, medium/high-frequency oscillations and harmonic instability. This Special Issue covers the analysis, modelling, monitoring and control of power oscillations associated with renewable power generations. The theme of the Special Issue is broadly divided into: Section 1 subsynchronous interaction: analysis &amp; mitigation, Section 2 monitoring of subsynchronous oscillation, Section 3 modelling and stability of converter-interfaced RPGs, Section 4 low-frequency oscillations associated with RPGs, Section 5 virtual inertia techniques to support low-inertia RPGs and Section 6 power quality and ferroresonance issues in distributed RPGs. A brief discussion of the authors' contributions is given in this Editorial.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Metasequoic Acid B. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Metabolic activation of a pentafluorophenylethylamine derivative: Formation of glutathione conjugatesin vitroin the rat (2005)

The aim was to investigate the metabolic activation potential of a pentafluorophenylethylamine derivative (compound I) in vitro in the rat and to identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that catalyse these metabolic activation processes. Reduced glutathione (GSH) was fortified in rat hepatocytes and liver microsomes to trap possible reactive intermediates. Four glutathione conjugates (M1-4) were identified by LC-MS(n) following incubation of compound I in GSH-enriched rat hepatocytes and liver microsomes. Three of these conjugates (M2-4) have not been reported previously for pentafluorophenyl derivatives. Elemental composition analysis of these conjugates was obtained using high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The formation of GSH conjugate M1 was rationalized as a direct nucleophilic replacement of fluoride by glutathione, whereas the formation of the GSH conjugates M2-4 was proposed to occur by NADPH-dependent metabolic activation of the pentafluorophenyl ring via arene oxide, quinone and/or quinoneimine reactive intermediates. Formation of these conjugates was enhanced three- to five-fold in liver microsomes obtained from phenobarbital- and dexamethasone-treated rats. In incubations with pooled rat liver microsomes and recombinant rat CYP3A1 and CYP3A2, troleandomycin (TAO) reduced the formation of GSH conjugates M2-4 by 80-90%, but it had no effect on the formation of M1. Incubation of compound I with rat supersomes indicated that only CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 were capable of mediating these metabolic activation processes.
CICERO: A Dataset for Contextualized Commonsense Inference in Dialogues (2022)

This paper addresses the problem of dialogue reasoning with contextualized commonsense inference. We curate CICERO, a dataset of dyadic conversations with five types of utterance-level reasoning-based inferences: cause, subsequent event, prerequisite, motivation, and emotional reaction. The dataset contains 53,105 of such inferences from 5,672 dialogues. We use this dataset to solve relevant generative and discriminative tasks: generation of cause and subsequent event; generation of prerequisite, motivation, and listener's emotional reaction; and selection of plausible alternatives. Our results ascertain the value of such dialogue-centric commonsense knowledge datasets. It is our hope that CICERO will open new research avenues into commonsense-based dialogue reasoning.
Shear-Induced Crystallization of Poly(ε-caprolactone). 2. Evolution of Birefringence and Dichroism (2000)

We have studied the crystallization of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with in situ optical rheometry and ex situ optical microscopy as a function of applied stress. The evolution of the birefringence and dichroism was monitored in parallel with the viscosity following a temperature jump from the melt to a final crystallization temperature for different values of stress. In optical microscopy we found an increased nucleation density which resulted in the speed-up of the crystallization process in the strained samples as detected by optical rheometry. Changes in the crystal structure observed in optical microscopy were found to correlate well with the evolution of birefringence and dichroism. An increasing volume fraction of axialites at early times and crystal branching and randomization in orientation at later times were found to control the signal from optical rheometry. A decoupling of the evolution of shear viscosity from the optical rheometry signals has been observed at high shear stress attributed to partial crystal melting. Application of a short step stress prior to crystallization is adequate to speed up the crystallization process due to the enhanced nucleation density.
Heart Rate Reduction by Ivabradine Reduces Diastolic Dysfunction and Cardiac Fibrosis (2010)

Selective HR reduction with IVA reduces DD and cardiac fibrosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. These beneficial effects of IVA support testing pure HR reduction in patients with diastolic heart failure.
Anti‐GM1, anti‐central myelin proteins, and anti‐cardiolipin autoantibodies during plasma‐exchange in Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) (1998)

We measured the autoantibodies to GM1, central myelin proteins, and cardiolipin in 30 GBS patients using sensitive ELISA and Western blot techniques. The sequential modifications of titers during plasma-exchange (PE) and at follow-up were investigated in 15 patients. In pretreatment sera, we found significantly increased antibody titers to GM1 (37% of the patients), central myelin proteins (28%), and cardiolipin (21%). Seventeen patients out of 29 (58%) presented increased IgG or IgM antibody to at least one of the antigens considered as compared to 10 out of 70 controls (14%, P = 0.00001). By Western blot, IgG or IgM antibodies reactive with the triton insoluble fraction of central myelin were observed in 19 out of 28 GBS patients (67%). The follow-up measurements during and after PE showed a declining autoantibody titer in 10 out of 15 patients. However, in the remaining 5 GBS patients, we observed a persistently elevated titer or an increase from baseline values occurring during or after PE and reaching a peak. In 2 of the 5 patients, the titer peak preceded a clinical re-exacerbation. The presence of a persistently elevated or an increasing autoantibody titer during treatment with PE merits further investigation and may help to clarify the pathogenesis of GBS and improve its treatment.
Oct-1 [corrected] and Oct-2 DNA-binding site specificity is regulated in vitro by different kinases (1996)

The transcription factors Oct-1 and Oct-2 bind differentially to three octamer binding sequences corresponding to the octamer binding site from the H2B promoter [ATGCTAATAA], a simple TAATGARAT motif, found in herpes simplex virus IE4/5 genes [GCGGTAATGAGAT], and a perfect consensus overlapping octamer/TAATGARAT motif [ATGCTAATGAGAT]. By comparing the effects of protein kinase A, protein kinase C and casein kinase 2 in vitro on the binding of Oct-1 and Oct-2 to the three motifs, we show that the actions of these kinases regulate Oct-1 and Oct-2 DNA binding independently of each other in a binding-site-specific manner. Inhibition of cellular phosphatases also regulate Oct-1 and Oct-2 DNA binding in a binding-site-specific manner. Both kinase and phosphatase activity are important for regulating the DNA binding activity of Oct-1 and Oct-2 because, in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors, protein kinase A attenuates the binding of both Oct-1 and Oct-2 to the octamer binding site but enhances binding when phosphatase inhibitors are omitted. Thus the DNA specificity of Oct-1 and Oct-2 can be regulated in vitro by the action of different kinases.
300 Tri-modal CAR+TCR+hnCD16+ iPSC-derived T cells co-targeting surface and intracellular/neoantigens demonstrate additive effect on overcoming tumor heterogeneity and cancer escape (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> Antigen escape and tumor heterogeneity remain significant hurdles to the development of curative treatments in many cancers. To address tumor heterogeneity, the introduction of pairs of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in donor T cells has been demonstrated, however, this adds complexity to a manufacturing process already challenged by cellular product consistency. To tackle tumor heterogeneity while maintaining product purity, we applied our induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T cell (iT) platform to design an off-the-shelf cell therapy capable of targeting multiple tumor antigens through complementary activation pathways, including targeting of both cell-surface antigens as well as intracellular/neoantigens. <h3>Methods</h3> A CAR construct targeting BCMA or MICA/B, a T-cell receptor (TCR)αβ targeting NYESO1 (1G4) or tumor-associated metabolite presented by MR1 (MC.7.G5), and a high-affinity non-cleavable (hnCD16) to promote antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were engineered into iPSCs for use as a renewable starting source in deriving uniformly-engineered T cells. Resulting multiplexed-engineered CAR<sup>+</sup>TCR<sup>+</sup>hnCD16<sup>+</sup> (tri-modal) iPSCs were differentiated into T cells and the function of each individual edit was evaluated by preclinical models designed to represent tumor heterogeneity. In addition to <i>in vitro</i> mix-culture assays, a mixed cell disseminated <i>in vivo</i> model was used to mimic cancer heterogeneity and to evaluate the <i>in vivo</i> potency of tri-modal iT cells at mitigating tumor heterogeneity and antigen escape. <h3>Results</h3> Assessment of individual edits in tri-modal iT cells demonstrated independent functionality by exhibiting increased antigen-mediated IFNγ and TNFα production, and degranulation compared to the control group (p&lt;0.0001). Using 9-day daily restimulation assay, each edit produced significant tumor reduction compared to tumor only control (p&lt;0.0001). By stimulating tri-modal iT cells with multiple antigens simultaneously using various solid tumor lines (A549, Caski and MDA-MB-231), we found that co-activation by two or three targeting edits significantly enhanced tumor killing (p&lt;0.0001). Furthermore, when challenged with <i>in vivo</i> heterogenous tumor models, we found that the co-activation of all three targeting moieties in tri-modal iT cells achieved nearly complete tumor clearance (p&lt;0.0001). <i>Ex vivo</i> bone marrow analysis further confirmed antigen-specific target elimination, reenforcing the specificity and potency of the tri-modal iT cells. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our data highlight the potency and broad applicability of tri-modal iT cell expressing CAR, TCR, and hnCD16. This consistent and scalable approach to multiplex-engineered T-cell therapy is an ideal strategy to mitigate antigen escape and combat difficult to treat heterogeneous solid tumors.
Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications (2014)

Incorporating flexible pressure sensors with organic electronic devices allows their promising applications in artificial intelligence and the health care industry.
A Comparison of Commercial Microwave Reactors for Scale-Up within Process Chemistry (2007)

Seven commercially available microwave reactors designed for limited scale-up have been investigated using a highly reliable and robust reaction (the Newman−Kwart rearrangement). The use of a single reaction has enabled the comparison to be made across the range of different reactor types and scales. Overall, all reactors gave reliable scale-up from small scale, and performance equivalent to one another on large scale. A more detailed comparison between them is given in the concluding section.