gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neighboring Group Reactions. X. A Trapped Tetrahedral Intermediate from the Reaction of a Bromolactone with Ammonia (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNeighboring Group Reactions. X. A Trapped Tetrahedral Intermediate from the Reaction of a Bromolactone with AmmoniaH. E. Zaugg, V. Papendick, and R. J. MichaelsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 7, 1399–1402Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01061a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01061a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views97Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A brain basis of dynamical intelligence for AI and computational neuroscience (2021)

The deep neural nets of modern artificial intelligence (AI) have not achieved defining features of biological intelligence, including abstraction, causal learning, and energy-efficiency. While scaling to larger models has delivered performance improvements for current applications, more brain-like capacities may demand new theories, models, and methods for designing artificial learning systems. Here, we argue that this opportunity to reassess insights from the brain should stimulate cooperation between AI research and theory-driven computational neuroscience (CN). To motivate a brain basis of neural computation, we present a dynamical view of intelligence from which we elaborate concepts of sparsity in network structure, temporal dynamics, and interactive learning. In particular, we suggest that temporal dynamics, as expressed through neural synchrony, nested oscillations, and flexible sequences, provide a rich computational layer for reading and updating hierarchical models distributed in long-term memory networks. Moreover, embracing agent-centered paradigms in AI and CN will accelerate our understanding of the complex dynamics and behaviors that build useful world models. A convergence of AI/CN theories and objectives will reveal dynamical principles of intelligence for brains and engineered learning systems. This article was inspired by our symposium on dynamical neuroscience and machine learning at the 6th Annual US/NIH BRAIN Initiative Investigators Meeting.
Urinary fatty acid-binding protein 1: an early predictive biomarker of kidney injury (2008)

In the development of novel therapeutic strategies for kidney disease, new renal biomarkers for early detection and accurate evaluation of renal injury are urgently required for both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) is expressed in renal proximal tubule cells and shed into urine in response to hypoxia caused by decreased peritubular capillary blood flow. To clarify the role of urinary FABP1 in kidney disease, we established human FABP1 transgenic mice and evaluated the responses of FABP1 to several AKI and CKD models. Moreover, there are accumulating clinical data that urinary FABP1 can detect human AKI earlier than serum creatinine and can distinguish the risk population for AKI. Investigation with "humanized" FABP1 transgenic mice and measurement of clinical samples allowed us to develop urinary FABP1 as a new renal biomarker. Further clinical studies are necessary to confirm the potential of urinary FABP1 for clinical application.
[Significance of the complement system in acute pancreatitis in rats]. (1979)

The influence of complement system in acute pancreatitis in the rat was examined. Two different experimental procedures were used to induce pancreatitis: distal choledochal ligature and the Pfeffer model as modified by NEVALAINEN. In both procedures an acute pancreatitis developed and complement depression was noted. These results showed that consumption of complement will occur even in pancreatitis induced by other than immunologic models. In a second series the same experimental procedures were used in rats that had been decomplemented by application of cobra venom factor. It was possible to produce an acute pancreatitis of moderate severity.
Clinical Pure-Tone versus Three-Interval Forced-Choice Thresholds: Effects of Hearing Level and Age (1992)

Hearing threshold levels were measured at 2 kHz using both a standard clinical procedure and a three-interval forced-choice procedure. The 240 subjects (aged 50-75 years) embraced both normal hearing and symmetrical sensorineural hearing impairment. The sample was carefully constructed to dissociate hearing threshold level from age, by oversampling the young impaired and the older normally hearing. The forced-choice threshold was found to be generally acuter than the clinical threshold. This was related to increasing severity of hearing loss at 1.7 dB per 10 dB HL and to age at 1.6 dB HL per 10 years. Hearing threshold accounted for 12% of the variance in the discrepancy between the two types of threshold, while age accounted for only 4% due to the narrow range used. After control for these thresholds and age, there were also significant associations with a self-estimate of hearing ability and with the neuroticism score from a personality questionnaire. When interpreting epidemiological findings, particularly in longitudinal studies, the separation between sensory and cognitive factors in threshold measures needs to be considered. The obtained discrepancies as a function of hearing level and age were applied to a statistical model for population prevalences for hearing impairment. The results suggested that the choice of method could have material effects on overall prevalence estimates and on the magnitude of the apparent age effect.
Synthesis and Ex Vivo Trans-Corneal Permeation of Penetratin Analogues as Ophthalmic Carriers: Preliminary Results (2020)

Among enhancing strategies proposed in ocular drug delivery, a rising interest is directed to cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), amino acid short sequences primarily known for their intrinsic ability to cell internalization and, by extension, to cross biological barriers. In fact, CPPs may be considered as carrier for delivering therapeutic agents across biological membranes, including ocular tissues. Several CPPs have been proposed in ophthalmic delivery, and, among them, penetratin (PNT), a 16-amino acids natural peptide, stands out. Therefore, we describe the synthesis via the mimotopic approach of short fluorescently labeled analogues of both PNT and its reversed sequence PNT-R. Their ability to cross ocular membranes was checked ex vivo using freshly explanted porcine cornea. Furthermore, some sequences were studied by circular dichroism. Despite the hydrophilic nature and the relatively high molecular weight (approx. 1.6 kDa), all analogues showed a not negligible trans-corneal diffusion, indicating a partial preservation of penetration activity, even if no sequences reached the noteworthy ability of PNT. It was not possible to find a correlation between structure and corneal penetration ability, and further studies, exploring peptides distribution within corneal layers, for example using imaging techniques, deserve to be performed to figure out a possible difference in intracellular delivery.
Practical and theoretical implications of weight gain in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients (2017)

Involuntary weight loss occurs frequently in individuals with many types of cancers and was shown to be associated with inferior survival almost 40 years ago (1). More recently, there is evidence that weight loss prior to initiation of systemic anti-cancer therapies is associated with increased treatment related side effects (2,3). The majority of these patients are suffering from the cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome. In 2011, a panel of cancer cachexia experts published a consensus statement which defined and classified cancer cachexia (4). This group pointed out that the predominant feature of this syndrome includes loss of skeletal muscle mass which cannot be reversed by conventional nutritional support and which may or may not be accompanied by loss of body fat. Their consensus for diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia are weight loss greater than 5% in individuals with body mass index (BMI) of ≥20 during the preceding 6 months and 2% weight loss in individuals with BMI <20. They also defined stages of cachexia as pre cachexia (<5% weight loss), cachexia as defined above, and refractory cachexia which is usually associated with progressive cancer and poor performance status.
Fullerene-multiwalled carbon nanotube complexes for bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells (2010)

We demonstrate the implementation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes-fullerene (MWNT-C60) complexes in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Such a design takes advantage of the C60 as an electron acceptor, while the MWNTs serve as efficient charge transporters. Two types of chemically functionalized MWNTs were used to synthesize these complexes. The first used carboxylated nanotubes (c-MWNT), while the latter were functionalized with octadecylamine (o-MWNT). All the photovoltaic parameters were found to be superior with c-MWNT, and their combined effect led to eight times higher power conversion efficiency. The enhancement was attributed to the electron withdrawing nature of the short carboxylic group which facilitated fast electron transfer from the C60 to the nanotube backbone, whereas the long alky chain on the o-MWNT served as an electron blocker. Therefore, it is evident that the form of functionalization is expected to have significant effect on the performance of OPVs containing carbon nanotubes.
Tough Gel Electrolyte Using Double Polymer Network Design for the Safe, Stable Cycling of Lithium Metal Anode (2017)

The growth of lithium dendrites and low coulombic efficiency restrict the development of Li metal anodes. Polymer electrolytes are expected to be promising candidates to solve the issue, but ways to obtain a polymer electrolyte that integrates high ionic conductivity and high mechanical toughness is still challenging. By introducing a double polymer network into the electrolyte design to reshape it, a tough polymer electrolyte was developed with high conductivity, and stable operation of lithium metal anodes was further realized. The double network (DNW) gel electrolyte has high modulus of 44.3 MPa and high fracture energy of 69.5 kJ m<sup>-2</sup> . The conductivity of DNW gel is 0.81 mS cm<sup>-1</sup> at 30 °C. By using this gel electrolyte design, the lithium metal electrode could be cycled more than 400 times with a coulombic efficiency (CE) as high as 96.3 % with carbonate-based electrolytes.
Carbon−Sulfur Bond Cleavage and Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophenes by Tungsten (2011)

The reactions of W(PMe(3))(4)(η(2)-CH(2)PMe(2))H, W(PMe(3))(5)H(2), W(PMe(3))(4)H(4) and W(PMe(3))(3)H(6) towards thiophenes reveal that molecular tungsten compounds are capable of achieving a variety of transformations that are relevant to hydrodesulfurization. For example, sequential treatment of W(PMe(3))(4)(η(2)-CH(2)PMe(2))H with thiophene and H(2) yields the butanethiolate complex, W(PMe(3))(4)(SBu(n))H(3), which eliminates but-1-ene at 100 °C. Likewise, sequential treatment of W(PMe(3))(4)(η(2)-CH(2)PMe(2))H with benzothiophene and H(2) yields W(PMe(3))(4)(SC(6)H(4)Et)H(3), which releases ethylbenzene at 100 °C. Moreover, W(PMe(3))(4)(η(2)-CH(2)PMe(2))H desulfurizes dibenzothiophene to form a dibenzometallacyclopentadiene complex, [(κ(2)-C(12)H(8))W(PMe(3))](μ-S)(μ-CH(2)PMe(2))(μ-PMe(2))[W(PMe(3))(3)].
Temperature dependence of tan delta in polyethylene (2002)

The authors measured the temperature characteristics of tan delta in commercial grade low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and very low-density PE produced by the high pressure polymerization process of linear low-density PE (LLDPE) and high-density PE (HDPE) produced by the low pressure production process, and of medium-density PE (MDPE) produced by the medium pressure production process. The measurement revealed that values of tan delta at high temperature were different according to the kind of PE. It is suggested that the temperature dependence of tan delta in PE can be changed by such factors influencing the conductivity of PE as ionic carriers and trapped electrons. DC leakage-current-temperature characteristics of these types of PE were measured in order to examine the effect of impurities contained in these samples. The relation between tan delta characteristics and the impurities derived from the production processes is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Recognition of amplitude-modulation patterns in the presence of a distractor. II. Effects of dichotic presentation and unmodulated distractors (1995)

Listeners indicated which of two comparisons had the same pattern of amplitude modulation as a target signal when distractors were presented simultaneously with the comparisons. The frequency separation between distractors and comparisons was either narrow or wide. Distractors were either modulated independently of the comparisons, comodulated with the comparisons, or unmodulated. At wide frequency separations, none of the distractors interfered significantly with modulation comparison, relative to performance with no distractors. At narrow frequency separations, comodulated distractors produced less interference than did independently modulated distractors. Unmodulated distractors also produced some interference. There was no difference between diotic presentation and dichotic presentation, in which distractors were presented to the opposite ear from targets and comparisons. Implications for the presentation of multiple envelope signals derived from different spectral regions of a speech signal to convey speech to hearing-impaired listeners are discussed.
Low Energy Analysis Techniques for CUORE (2017)

CUORE is a tonne-scale cryogenic detector operating at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) that uses tellurium dioxide bolometers to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{130}$Te. CUORE is also suitable to search for low energy rare events such as solar axions or WIMP scattering, thanks to its ultra-low background and large target mass. However, to conduct such sensitive searches requires improving the energy threshold to 10 keV. In this paper, we describe the analysis techniques developed for the low energy analysis of CUORE-like detectors, using the data acquired from November 2013 to March 2015 by CUORE-0, a single-tower prototype designed to validate the assembly procedure and new cleaning techniques of CUORE. We explain the energy threshold optimization, continuous monitoring of the trigger efficiency, data and event selection, and energy calibration at low energies in detail. We also present the low energy background spectrum of CUORE-0 below 60keV. Finally, we report the sensitivity of CUORE to WIMP annual modulation using the CUORE-0 energy threshold and background, as well as an estimate of the uncertainty on the nuclear quenching factor from nuclear recoils in CUORE-0.
Ad-atom Kinetics on Surfactant-Covered Si(111), ab initio Calculations (2002)

We present ab initio calculations for Si ad-atom kinetics on surfactant (As, Sb) covered Si(111) considering the structures experimentally found during homoepitaxy. On As-covered Si(111), one exclusively finds islands with double-step height which always show the equilibrium (1 2 1)-structure. On the other hand, on Sb-covered Si(111) large Si islands with single-step height appear with (1 2 1)-structure, on which smaller islands nucleate which show the ( $ \sqrt{3} \times \sqrt{3} $ )-structure of the Sb-covered terraces. The competition between diffusion of ad-atoms on top of the surfactant layer and incorporation into the layer by exchange with a surfactant atom, and the consequences for the island development on the different structures are discussed.
Neural offset min-sum decoding (2017)

Recently, it was shown that if multiplicative weights are assigned to the edges of a Tanner graph used in belief propagation decoding, it is possible to use deep learning techniques to find values for the weights which improve the error-correction performance of the decoder. Unfortunately, this approach requires many multiplications, which are generally expensive operations. In this paper, we suggest a more hardware-friendly approach in which offset min-sum decoding is augmented with learnable offset parameters. Our method uses no multiplications and has a parameter count less than half that of the multiplicative algorithm. This both speeds up training and provides a feasible path to hardware architectures. After describing our method, we compare the performance of the two neural decoding algorithms and show that our method achieves error-correction performance within 0.1 dB of the multiplicative approach and as much as 1 dB better than traditional belief propagation for the codes under consideration.
Studies on the Fatty Acid Composition of Edible Oil (1970)

Fatty acid analysis of the five types of locally consumed edible oils (n = 22) was carried out using a Gas Chromatograph (G.C) equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and stainless steel packed column. The results showed that sunflower oil contained the highest percentage of long chain mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (91.49 ± 1.91 %) compared to soybean oil (81.14 ± 1.49 %), mustard oil (86.80 ± 3.07 %), palm oil (53.30 ± 0.36 %) and coconut oil (7.12 ± 0.51 %). Two varieties of mustard oil, low erucic (= 5 %, n=3) and high erucic acid ( &gt;14 %, n=2) and two varieties of sunflower oil, high linoleic-low oleic (61-66 % &amp; 22-27 %, n=2) and low linoleic- high oleic (29-38 % and 53-63 %, n =3) were found. Sunflower oil with the highest percentage of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids especially the high linoleic- low oleic variety appeared to be superior and most suitable edible oil for mass consumption. Key words: Fatty acid, Gas chomatograph, Sunflower oil, Soybean oil, Mustard oil, Palm oil, Coconut oil. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(3), 311-316, 2007
The thumb subdomain of yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase is involved in processivity, transcript fidelity and mitochondrial transcription factor binding (2015)

Single subunit RNA polymerases have evolved 2 mechanisms to synthesize long transcripts without falling off a DNA template: binding of nascent RNA and interactions with an RNA:DNA hybrid. Mitochondrial RNA polymerases share a common ancestor with T-odd bacteriophage single subunit RNA polymerases. Herein we characterized the role of the thumb subdomain of the yeast mtRNA polymerase gene (RPO41) in complex stability, processivity, and fidelity. We found that deletion and point mutants of the thumb subdomain of yeast mtRNA polymerase increase the synthesis of abortive transcripts and the probability that the polymerase will disengage from the template during the formation of the late initial transcription and elongation complexes. Mutations in the thumb subdomain increase the amount of slippage products from a homopolymeric template and, unexpectedly, thumb subdomain deletions decrease the binding affinity for mitochondrial transcription factor (Mtf1). The latter suggests that the thumb subdomain is part of an extended binding surface area involved in binding Mtf1.
Transcriptional profiling of lung macrophages during pulmonary injury induced by nitrogen mustard (2020)

Nitrogen mustard (NM) and sulfur mustard are cytotoxic alkylating agents that cause severe and progressive damage to the respiratory tract. Evidence indicates that macrophages play a key role in the acute inflammatory phase and the later resolution/profibrotic phase of the pathogenic response. These diverse roles are mediated by inflammatory macrophages broadly classified as M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory that sequentially accumulate in the lung in response to injury. The goal of the present study was to identify signaling mechanisms contributing to macrophage activation in response to mustards. To accomplish this, we used RNA sequencing to analyze the gene expression profiles of lung macrophages isolated 1 and 28 days after intratracheal exposure of rats to NM (0.125 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline control. We identified 641 and 792 differentially expressed genes 1 and 28 days post-NM exposure, respectively. These genes are primarily involved in processes related to cell movement and are regulated by cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-1β. Some of the most significantly enriched canonical pathways included STAT3 and NF-κB signaling. These cytokines and pathways may represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention to mitigate mustard-induced lung toxicity.
Supplementary Figure S2 from Phase II Trial of Pembrolizumab and Anti-CD3 x Anti-HER2 Bispecific Antibody-Armed Activated T Cells in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Shows the persistence of anti-CD3 x anti-HER2 bispecific antibody armed activated T cells (HER2 BATs) in the peripheral blood of two out of four patients.&lt;/p&gt;