gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polylithionite from the rare-metal deposits of the Blachford Lake alkaline complex, N.W.T., Canada (1985)

Extensive deposits of rare lithophile elements are located within albitized and greisenized peralkaline granitb and syenite at Thor Lake, in the Blachford Lake complex east of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories in Canada. Five structural zones, affected by metasomatic alteration and locally also brecciation, host zoned assemblages with Be, Nb-Ta, REE, Y, Zr and Ga mineralization. Polylithionite is a major phase in several units of the mineralized zones; its abundance amounts to tens of thousands of tons. The chemistry, physical properties and structural characteristics of two polylithionite samples from widely separated locations are almost identical, and are close to the typical properties of the end-member lM polylithionite. Ti, Nb, Mg, Rb/Cs and Fe3*/Fe2* are much higher whereas Rb and Cs are remarkably lower than their ranges in lepidolites from orogenic to post-orogenic peraluminous granitic pegmatites. However, the compositional field of lM polylithionites is apparently transitional into that of lM lepidolites which partly overlaps with 2Mt and 2M, polytype ranges.
NMR structure of the 3' stem-loop from human U4 snRNA (2002)

The NMR structure of the 3' stem-loop (3'SL) from human U4 snRNA was determined to gain insight into the structural basis for conservation of this stem-loop sequence from vertebrates. 3'SL sequences from human, rat, mouse and chicken U4 snRNA each consist of a 7 bp stem capped by a UACG tetraloop. No high resolution structure has previously been reported for a UACG tetraloop. The UACG tetraloop portion of the 3'SL was especially well defined by the NMR data, with a total of 92 NOE-derived restraints (about 15 per residue), including 48 inter-residue restraints (about 8 per residue) for the tetraloop and closing C-G base pair. Distance restraints were derived from NOESY spectra using MARDIGRAS with random error analysis. Refinement of the 20mer RNA hairpin structure was carried out using the programs DYANA and miniCarlo. In the UACG tetraloop, U and G formed a base pair stabilized by two hydrogen bonds, one between the 2'-hydroxyl proton of U and carbonyl oxygen of G, another between the imino proton of G and carbonyl oxygen O2 of U. In addition, the amino group of C formed a hydrogen bond with the phosphate oxygen of A. G adopted a syn orientation about the glycosidic bond, while the sugar puckers of A and C were either C2'-endo or flexible. The conformation of the UACG tetraloop was, overall, similar to that previously reported for UUCG tetraloops, another member of the UNCG class of tetraloops. The presence of an A, rather than a U, at the variable position, however, presents a distinct surface for interaction of the 3'SL tetraloop with either RNA or protein residues that may stabilize interactions important for active spliceosome formation. Such tertiary interactions may explain the conservation of the UACG tetraloop motif in 3'SL sequences from U4 snRNA in vertebrates.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the HmrM Multidrug Efflux Pump from Haemophilus influenzae Rd (2003)

We cloned a gene responsible for norfloxacin resistance from the chromosomal DNA of Haemophilus influenzae Rd, and designated the gene as hmrM. HmrM showed sequence similarity with NorM of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and YdhE of Escherichia coli and others that belong to the MATE family multidrug efflux pumps. The recombinant plasmid carrying the hmrM gene conferred elevated resistance not only to norfloxacin but also to acriflavine, 4 ', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, doxorubicin, ethidium bromide, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride, Hoechst 33342, daunomycin, berberine, and sodium deoxycholate in Escherichia coli KAM32, a drug-hypersensitive strain. We observed an Na+-dependent efflux of ethidium and an ethidium-induced efflux of Na+ in E. coli KAM32 cells harboring the plasmid carrying the hmrM gene. These results indicate that HmrM is an Na+/drug antiporter-type multidrug efflux pump. A difference in substrate preference was observed between HmrM, NorM, and YdhE.
Chinese growth held in check (2003)

China heeft een enorm potentieel voor groenten en fruitproductie. De bedrijfs- en marktstructuur zijn weinig efficient. De kwaliteit van de productieketen voldoet niet aan internationale normen en er is schaarste aan grond en water. Deze problemen moet worden opgelost voordat China een belangrijke rol kan spelen in de wereld tuinbouw business
GPS Data Filtration Method for Drive Cycle Analysis Applications (2012)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Global Positioning System (GPS) data acquisition devices have proven useful tools for gathering real-world driving data and statistics. The data collected by these devices provide valuable information in studying driving habits and conditions. When used jointly with vehicle simulation software, the data are invaluable in analyzing vehicle fuel use and performance, aiding in the design of more advanced and efficient vehicle technologies. However, when employing GPS data acquisition systems to capture vehicle drive-cycle information, a number of errors often appear in the captured raw data samples. Common sources of error in GPS data include sudden signal loss, extraneous or outlying data points, speed drifting, and signal white noise, all of which combine to limit the quality of field data for use in downstream applications. Unaddressed, these errors significantly impact the reliability of source data and limit the effectiveness of traditional drive cycle analysis approaches and vehicle simulation software. Without reliable speed and time information, the validity of derived metrics for drive cycles, such as acceleration, power, and distance become questionable. This study explores some of the common sources of error present in collected raw GPS data and presents a detailed filtering process designed to correct for these issues. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed filtration process across the range of vehicle vocations, test data from both light- and medium/heavy-duty applications are examined. Graphical comparisons of raw and filtered cycles are presented, and statistical analyses performed to determine the effects of the proposed filtration process on raw data. Finally, the paper concludes with an evaluation of the overall benefits of data filtration on raw GPS data and presents potential areas for continued research.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Beiträge zur Chemie der Si‐N‐Bindung, X [1] Oligo‐[1,3‐diaza‐2.sila‐cyclopentane] (1967)

Abstract Aus Dimethyldichlorsilan und Äthylendiamin werden endständig‐chlorfunktionelle Oligo‐[1,3‐diaza‐2‐sila‐cyclopentane] dargestellt, magnified image in denen sich das Halogen durch Butyl‐, Phenyl‐, Diäthylamino‐ oder Triorganosiloxy‐Reste ersetzen lässt.
Evaluation of three zero-area digital filters for peak recognition and interference detection in automated spectral data analysis (1991)

An intermediate step in the automatic evaluation of complex spectra is the determination of positions and number of individual lines. In practice, peak analysis is often hampered by statistical noise, presence of a significant background, and influence of substantial interference. One possibility to avoid some of these peak detection problems consists in transforming the accumulated (spectral) data into another spectrum, by means of convolution. Transformed signals have a very characteristic shape, allowing recognition of peaks in an easier and more explicity way. Furthermore, by choosing the proper filter and its parameters, a resolution enhancement can be achieved. In the present work, the performance of square-wave, Gaussian, and triangular zero-area digital filters is compared when applied to single Gaussian lines, multiplets of Gaussian profiles, and Voigt profiles. In order to obtain a general overview of the properties of the filters just mentioned, analytical expressions for the convolution of a Gaussian profile with each of the filters are derived. It is proved in general that a linear background component of a signal is completely filtered out by an even zero-area digital filter as opposed to higher order components. The parameters that are looked at in the convolution signal are full-width at half-maximum, intensity at the position of the maximum, signal-to-noise ratio, second-order background contribution, and resolution enhancement as a function of some typical filter parameters. Besides its use for peak detection, the convolution signal can also provide some information about the presence of interferences. When combined with Zimmermann's method, digital filtering is able to detect most spectral interferences or can at least give a warning about irregularities in the original spectrum.
Towards nanometer-spaced silicon contacts to proteins (2016)

A vertical nanogap device (VND) structure comprising all-silicon contacts as electrodes for the investigation of electronic transport processes in bioelectronic systems is reported. Devices were fabricated from silicon-on-insulator substrates whose buried oxide (SiO2) layer of a few nanometers in thickness is embedded within two highly doped single crystalline silicon layers. Individual VNDs were fabricated by standard photolithography and a combination of anisotropic and selective wet etching techniques, resulting in p(+) silicon contacts, vertically separated by 4 or 8 nm, depending on the chosen buried oxide thickness. The buried oxide was selectively recess-etched with buffered hydrofluoric acid, exposing a nanogap. For verification of the devices' electrical functionality, gold nanoparticles were successfully trapped onto the nanogap electrodes' edges using AC dielectrophoresis. Subsequently, the suitability of the VND structures for transport measurements on proteins was investigated by functionalizing the devices with cytochrome c protein from solution, thereby providing non-destructive, permanent semiconducting contacts to the proteins. Current-voltage measurements performed after protein deposition exhibited an increase in the junctions' conductance of up to several orders of magnitude relative to that measured prior to cytochrome c immobilization. This increase in conductance was lost upon heating the functionalized device to above the protein's denaturation temperature (80 °C). Thus, the VND junctions allow conductance measurements which reflect the averaged electronic transport through a large number of protein molecules, contacted in parallel with permanent contacts and, for the first time, in a symmetrical Si-protein-Si configuration.
Constant Ciphertext-Rate Non-committing Encryption from Standard Assumptions (2020)

Non-committing encryption (NCE) is a type of public key encryption which comes with the ability to equivocate ciphertexts to encryptions of arbitrary messages, i.e., it allows one to find coins for key generation and encryption which “explain” a given ciphertext as an encryption of any message. NCE is the cornerstone to construct adaptively secure multiparty computation [Canetti et al. STOC’96] and can be seen as the quintessential notion of security for public key encryption to realize ideal communication channels. A large body of literature investigates what is the best message-to-ciphertext ratio (i.e., the rate) that one can hope to achieve for NCE. In this work we propose a near complete resolution to this question and we show how to construct NCE with constant rate in the plain model from a variety of assumptions, such as the hardness of the learning with errors (LWE), the decisional Diffie-Hellman (DDH), or the quadratic residuosity (QR) problem. Prior to our work, constructing NCE with constant rate required a trusted setup and indistinguishability obfuscation [Canetti et al. ASIACRYPT’17].
Diazocarbonyl and Related Compounds in the Synthesis of Azoles (2021)

Diazocarbonyl compounds have found numerous applications in many areas of chemistry. Among the most developed fields of diazo chemistry is the preparation of azoles from diazo compounds. This approach represents a useful alternative to more conventional methods of the synthesis of azoles. A comprehensive review on the preparation of various azoles (oxazoles, thiazoles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles) from diazocarbonyl and related compounds is presented for the first time along with discussion of advantages and disadvantages of «diazo» approaches to azoles.
Nearest Neighbor Machine Translation (2020)

We introduce $k$-nearest-neighbor machine translation ($k$NN-MT), which predicts tokens with a nearest neighbor classifier over a large datastore of cached examples, using representations from a neural translation model for similarity search. This approach requires no additional training and scales to give the decoder direct access to billions of examples at test time, resulting in a highly expressive model that consistently improves performance across many settings. Simply adding nearest neighbor search improves a state-of-the-art German-English translation model by 1.5 BLEU. $k$NN-MT allows a single model to be adapted to diverse domains by using a domain-specific datastore, improving results by an average of 9.2 BLEU over zero-shot transfer, and achieving new state-of-the-art results -- without training on these domains. A massively multilingual model can also be specialized for particular language pairs, with improvements of 3 BLEU for translating from English into German and Chinese. Qualitatively, $k$NN-MT is easily interpretable; it combines source and target context to retrieve highly relevant examples.
Microbes and Crewed Space Habitat (2015)

Microbes exist everywhere, and studies have demonstrated the presence of viable microorganisms in a crewed space habitat. Microorganisms within space habitats pose potential hazards to crew health and potentially damage hardware. Continuing successful long-term space habitation requires fundamental information on microbiological safety for avoiding biohazards in space. We discuss the importance of researching microbes in crewed space habitats and of monitoring microbes on the International Space Station (ISS). We also review environmental microbiology perspectives in crewed space habitats and the microbiology of the space environment (astromicrobiology).
A Platform for Extracellular Interactome Discovery Identifies Novel Functional Binding Partners for the Immune Receptors B7-H3/CD276 and PVR/CD155 (2019)

Receptors expressed on the plasma membrane and their interacting partners critically regulate cellular communication during homeostasis and disease, and as such represent main therapeutic targets. Despite its importance for drug development, receptor-ligand proteomics has remained a daunting field, in part because of the challenges associated to the study of membrane-expressed proteins. Here, to enable sensitive detection of receptor-ligand interactions in high throughput, we implement a new platform, the Conditioned Media AlphaScreen, for interrogation of a library consisting of most single transmembrane human proteins. Using this method to study key immune receptors, we identify and further validate the interleukin receptor IL20RA as the first binding partner for the checkpoint inhibitor B7-H3. Further, KIR2DL5, a natural killer cell protein that had remained orphan, is uncovered as a functional binding partner for the poliovirus receptor (PVR). This interaction is characterized using orthogonal assays, which demonstrate that PVR specifically engages KIR2DL5 on natural killer cells leading to inhibition of cytotoxicity. Altogether, these results reveal unappreciated links between protein families that may importantly influence receptor-driven functions during disease. Applicable to any target of interest, this technology represents a versatile and powerful approach for elucidation of receptor-ligand interactomes, which is essential to understand basic aspects of the biology of the plasma membrane proteins and ultimately inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Mobility-aware DASH for cost-optimal mobile multimedia streaming services (2015)

For multimedia streaming in mobile environments, video bitrate should be carefully determined and different channel quality and pricing in heterogeneous wireless networks (e.g., cellular and WiFi networks) need to be considered. In this work, we propose a new bitrate adaptation (BA) technique called mobility-aware dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (MDASH), in which a cellular data usage is minimized through a Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework. Preliminary simulation results are shown that MDASH can reduce 23% of the cellular data usage without any playback interruptions while minimizing the temporal variations in the video quality.
A Hard and Thick Fe-Based Amorphous Composite Coating (2011)

A thick Fe-based amorphous and nanocrystalline composite coating was prepared by in-situ tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding method. The results show that the cladding coating mainly consists of amorphous phase and nanocrystalline grains. The microstructure study shows that the Fe-based composite coatings have unique microstructure including nano-sized grains surrounded by nano-scale amorphous shell layer (encapsulated structure) and the homogeneously distributed dendrites/cellular crystals. The unique microstructure gives rise to the superior micro-hardness and wear resistance of the coating. The Fe-based coatings have great potential as promising wear-resistance structural materials used in electric power and cement industry.
Class Attendance Management System Using Face Recognition (2018)

We are living in a world where everything is automated and linked online. The internet of things, image processing, and machine learning are evolving day by day. Many systems have been completely changed due to this evolve to achieve more accurate results. The attendance system is a typicalexample of this transition, starting from the traditional signature on a paper sheet to face recognition. This paper proposes a method of developing a comprehensive embedded class attendance systemusing facial recognition with controlling the door access. The system is based on Raspberry Pi thatruns Raspbian (Linux) Operating System installed on micro SD card. The Raspberry Pi Camera, as well as a 5-inch screen, are connected to the Raspberry Pi. By facing the camera, the camera will capture the image then pass it to the Raspberry Pi which is programmed to handle the face recognition by implementing the Local Binary Patterns algorithm LBPs. If the student's input image matches withthetrained dataset image the prototype door will open using Servo Motor, then the attendance results will be stored in the MySQL database. The database is connected to Attendance Management Syste(AMS) web server, which makes the attendance results reachable to any online connected web browser.The system has 95{\% accuracy with the dataset of 11 person images.
Synthetic imagery to simulate camouflage effectiveness (2003)

The author provides descriptions of the general approach and specific procedures used during TASC's (The Analytic Science Corporation's) synthetic imagery demonstration project. The aim was to demonstrate a synthetic imagery approach to the design and evaluation of camouflage, concealment, deception and obscuration (CCDO) effectiveness. TASC developed a synthetic video and static scene imagery of an actual field demonstration (called Dusty Demo) of CCDO technology conducted by the US Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. SPOT imagery and aerial photography were used to create synthetic scenes from an actual Dusty Demo sortie. These views, as seen from the aircraft, were simulated with TASC's computer graphics and video capabilities. TASC simulated the impact of smoke and obscurants on the demonstration, although none was actually used during the Dusty Demo field test. The effects of a smoke screen were modeled using the Large Area Smoke Screen (LASS) software. Small-scale turbulence effects were added using fractal-based models. The smoke was rendered and then merged with the Dusty Demo frames. This feasibility study demonstrated that synthetic imagery can supply a useful tool for CCDO design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Markedness in Visual Semantic AI (2022)

We evaluate the state-of-the-art multimodal "visual semantic" model CLIP ("Contrastive Language Image Pretraining") for biases related to the marking of age, gender, and race or ethnicity. Given the option to label an image as "a photo of a person" or to select a label denoting race or ethnicity, CLIP chooses the "person" label 47.9% of the time for White individuals, compared with 5.0% or less for individuals who are Black, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Indian, or Latino or Hispanic. The model is more likely to rank the unmarked "person" label higher than labels denoting gender for Male individuals (26.7% of the time) vs. Female individuals (15.2% of the time). Age affects whether an individual is marked by the model: Female individuals under the age of 20 are more likely than Male individuals to be marked with a gender label, but less likely to be marked with an age label, while Female individuals over the age of 40 are more likely to be marked based on age than Male individuals. We also examine the self-similarity (mean pairwise cosine similarity) for each social group, where higher self-similarity denotes greater attention directed by CLIP to the shared characteristics (age, race, or gender) of the social group. As age increases, the self-similarity of representations of Female individuals increases at a higher rate than for Male individuals, with the disparity most pronounced at the "more than 70" age range. All ten of the most self-similar social groups are individuals under the age of 10 or over the age of 70, and six of the ten are Female individuals. Existing biases of self-similarity and markedness between Male and Female gender groups are further exacerbated when the groups compared are individuals who are White and Male and individuals who are Black and Female. Results indicate that CLIP reflects the biases of the language and society which produced its training data.
Thermal Characteristics of Si Mask for EB Cell Projection Lithography (1992)

We evaluated the thermal characteristics of a single crystal Si mask for electron beam (EB) cell projection lithography by computer simulation. Due to the low thermal conductivity, the thermal characteristics of the Si mask are more critical than that of a conventional heavy metal mask. If the Si mask is assembled by the conventional method which thermal dispersion is due to only radiation, the temperature at the beam position rises drastically with the irradiation power of the EB. Moreover, the displacement caused by thermal expansion can not be ignored for a quarter-micron lithography. The Si mask assembly using thermally conductive adhesion and a new Si mask structure with ribs gives good thermal characteristics satisfying the necessary conditions for a high-throughput and highly accurate EB lithography.