gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Domestic Uses of Hydrogen (2018)

The use of hydrogen as a residential fuel can be justified if hydrogen gas can be produced, delivered to, and utilized by residential customers more economically than can other energy forms. Hydrogen is, thus, a potential alternative to natural gas, oil, or electricity. The substitution of hydrogen for natural gas or oil would come about only if the prices or availability of these fuels dictated the change. This chapter discusses the existing natural gas distribution system, the compatibility of hydrogen in the distribution system, residential use patterns, conversion of existing appliances, and the development of catalytic appliances. The US gas distribution system typically consists of one or more networks of piping that carry the gas to the ultimate consumers from the various sources of supply: city gate station, gas-storage facilities, and gas-manufacturing plants.
Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Co-Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy (2022)

Cancer therapies have advanced tremendously throughout the last decade, yet multiple factors still hinder the success of the different cancer therapeutics. The traditional therapeutic approach has been proven insufficient and lacking in the suppression of tumor growth. The simultaneous delivery of multiple small-molecule chemotherapeutic drugs and genes improves the effectiveness of each treatment, thus optimizing efficacy and improving synergistic effects. Nanomedicines integrating inorganic, lipid, and polymeric-based nanoparticles have been designed to regulate the spatiotemporal release of the encapsulated drugs. Multidrug-loaded nanocarriers are a potential strategy to fight cancer and the incorporation of co-delivery systems as a feasible treatment method has projected synergistic benefits and limited undesirable effects. Moreover, the development of co-delivery systems for maximum therapeutic impact necessitates better knowledge of the appropriate therapeutic agent ratio as well as the inherent heterogeneity of the cancer cells. Co-delivery systems can simplify clinical processes and increase patient quality of life, even though such systems are more difficult to prepare than single drug delivery systems. This review highlights the progress attained in the development and design of nano carrier-based co-delivery systems and discusses the limitations, challenges, and future perspectives in the design and fabrication of co-delivery systems.
Red blood cell glucose metabolism in Down's syndrome. (1987)

The specific activity of red blood cell glycolytic enzymes was determined in 20 Down's syndrome patients and compared with 20 normal controls. According to previous evidence, a 50% increase of phosphofructokinase and a 30% increase of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase activity was found. Metabolic studies of the patients' erythrocytes revealed a decrease in fructose-6-phosphate and 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations, while fructose-1, 6-diphosphate and ADP both increased. Glucose utilization by intact erythrocytes from Down's syndrome patients did not differ from that of normal controls. However, addition of methylene blue or inorganic phosphate produced a higher stimulation of erythrocyte glycolysis in patients with Down's syndrome compared to controls. These metabolic abnormalities could be, at least in part, ascribed to the increased phosphofructokinase activity which is due to a gene-dosage effect.
High-Resolution Whole-Mount Imaging of Three-Dimensional Tissue Organization and Gene Expression Enables the Study of Phloem Development and Structure in Arabidopsis (2008)

Currently, examination of the cellular structure of plant organs and the gene expression therein largely relies on the production of tissue sections. Here, we present a staining technique that can be used to image entire plant organs using confocal laser scanning microscopy. This technique produces high-resolution images that allow three-dimensional reconstruction of the cellular organization of plant organs. Importantly, three-dimensional domains of gene expression can be analyzed with single-cell precision. We used this technique for a detailed examination of phloem cells in the wild type and mutants. We were also able to recognize phloem sieve elements and their differentiation state in any tissue type and visualize the structure of sieve plates. We show that in the altered phloem development mutant, a hybrid cell type with phloem and xylem characteristics develops from initially normally differentiated protophloem cells. The simplicity of sieve element data collection allows for the statistical analysis of structural parameters of sieve plates, essential for the calculation of phloem conductivity. Taken together, this technique significantly improves the speed and accuracy of the investigation of plant growth and development.
Visual Insignificance of the Foveal Pit (2008)

We show that a foveal pit is not required for foveal cone specialization, anatomically or functionally. This helps to explain the potential for good acuity in the absence of a pit and raises questions about the visual role of the foveal pit. Because the term foveal hypoplasia commonly carries a negative functional implication, it may be more proper to call the anatomic lack of a pit fovea plana.
IL-4 Adenoviral Gene Therapy Reduces Inflammation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, Vascularization, and Bony Destruction in Rat Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (2001)

IL-4 is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties on activated macrophages. Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory disease, is characterized by a paucity of IL-4 and an abundance of synovial macrophage-derived mediators. Herein, the effect of a single injection of adenovirus-producing rat IL-4 (AxCAIL-4) or a control virus with no inserted gene was compared with the effect of PBS injection into rat ankles. Ankles were injected before arthritis onset or at maximal inflammation. Preventatively, AxCAIL-4 reduced adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA)- and/or AIA/adenoviral-induced ankle inflammation, decreasing articular index scores, ankle circumferences, paw volumes, radiographic scores, mean levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the number of inflammatory cells, and the number of synovial blood vessels. Therapeutically, AxCAIL-4 also decreased ankle circumferences and paw volumes in comparison with a control virus with no inserted gene and PBS groups. After arthritis onset, mean levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and RANTES were decreased in AxCAIL-4 rat ankle homogenates compared with PBS-treated homogenates. Thus, increased expression of IL-4 via gene therapy administered in a preventative and/or therapeutic manner reduced joint inflammation, synovial cellularity, levels of proinflammatory cytokines, vascularization, and bony destruction in rat AIA, suggesting that a similar treatment in humans may be beneficial.
An overview of differential mobility analyzers for size classification of nanometer-sized aerosol particles (2008)

Size classification of nanoparticles is an important process in the electrical mobility particle size analyzer. The differential mobility analyzer (DMA) is one of the most commonly used devices for classifying and measuring nanometersized aerosol particles between 1 nm to 1 µm in diameter, based on their electrical mobility. The DMA can be described as an assembly of two concentrically cylindrical electrodes with an air gap between the walls. In the DMA, air and aerosol flows enter from one end, pass through the annulus and exit the other end. An electric field is applied between the inner and outer electrodes. Particles having a specific mobility exit with the monodisperse air flow through a small slit located at the bottom of the inner electrode. These particles are transferred to a particle counter to determine the particle number concentration. In the past several decades, there have been numerous extensive studies and developments on the DMA. Nonetheless, they are different in terms of specific applications, construction, particle size range, as well as time response and resolution. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art existing cylindrical DMAs for aerosol particle size classification as well as for the generation of monodisperse aerosol in nanometer size range. A description of the operating principles, detailed physical characteristics of these DMAs, including the single-channel and multi-channel DMAs, as well as some examples of applications to nanotechnology are given.
Response Time of Metal-Insulator-Metal Tunnel Junctions (1972)

The current response to a step input voltage is calculated on the basis of the assumption that the decay of each elementary current caused by scattering is slow enough. The exponential decay is not assumed. A general expression for the response time τ is obtained in the case of a square potential-barrier model. When the bias voltage V is so small that e V ≪ Δ ε , where - e is the electron charge and Δ ε ≡\hbar{ w (2 m / W ) 1/2 } -1 ( w is the barrier thickness, m the electron mass and W the height of the potential barrier above the Fermi energy), τ is approximately given by \hbar/(2 Δ ε ); τ≈1.7×10 -15 s and Δ ε ≈0.2 eV are obtained when w =20 Å and W =4 eV. At large biases e V ≫ Δ ε , the current response consists of two parts: one part with the response time of the form \hbar/( e V )+\hbar/ Δ ξ ( Δ ξ is w -independent and Δ ξ≫ Δ ε ) and the other part which responds instantaneously to the input voltage.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Start of Injection and Blend Ratio on Single Fuel Reformate RCCI (2019)

Abstract A new concept of single-fuel RCCI has been proposed through the catalytic partial oxidation reformation of diesel fuel. The reformed fuel mixture is then used as the low reactivity fuel and diesel itself is used as the high reactivity fuel. In this paper, two selected reformates mixture from the reformation of diesel were selected for further analysis. Each reformate fuel mixture contained a significant fraction of inert gases (89% and 81%). The effects of the difference in the molar concentrations of the reformate mixtures were studied by experimenting with diesel as the direct injected fuel in RCCI over a varying start of injection timings and different blend ratios (i.e., the fraction of low and high reactivities fuels). The reformate mixture with the lower inert gas concentration had earlier combustion phasing and shorter combustion duration at any given diesel start of injection timing. The higher reactivity separation between reformate mixture and diesel, compared with gasoline and diesel, causes the combustion phasing of reformate-diesel RCCI to be more sensitive to the start of injection timing. The maximum combustion efficiency was found at a CA50 before TDC, whereas the maximum thermal efficiency occurs at a CA50 after TDC. The range of energy-based blend ratios in which reformate-diesel RCCI is possible is between 25% and 45%, limited by ringing intensity (RI) at the low limit of blend ratios, and COV of IMEP and combustion efficiency at the high limit. Intake boosting becomes necessary due to the oxygen deficiency caused by the low energy density of the reformate mixtures as it displaces intake air.
Complex convolution decomposition (CCD) and new possibilities at detail investigation of attenuation (1992)

Abstract This paper represents some applications of CCD technique at the investigations of transmission losses into macro model and multiple-scattering reflection mechanism into local model of medium.
In-line whole blood fractionation for Raman analysis of blood plasma (2018)

Blood plasma evaluation has high significance in clinical diagnostics. Current schemes involve the preparation of blood plasma by centrifugation of whole blood followed by electrochemical or spectroscopic analysis. However, centrifugation is often too time-consuming for application in clinical emergency and point-of-care settings. We propose to combine microfluidic, instantaneous plasma fractionation with localized spectroscopic methods for in-line analysis. As an example, we present confocal Raman spectroscopy in fractionated plasma domains at two different Raman excitation wavelengths. Resonance Raman spectroscopy with laser excitation at 408 nm allows the specific detection of free hemoglobin in blood plasma at concentrations above 22 mg dl-1 (level of detection). Consequently, we are able to accurately resolve the range of clinical relevance regarding hemolysis. At near-infrared excitation (785 nm) we furthermore demonstrate the acquisition of characteristic Raman spectra of fractionated blood plasma in the microfluidic setting. These spectra can serve as starting point for a multi-parameter regression analysis to quantify a set of blood plasma parameters from a single Raman spectrum. The combined microfluidics and Raman spectroscopy method is non-destructive and has a whole blood consumption of less than 100 μl per hour. It thus allows for continuous in-line blood plasma monitoring.
Differences in basal and stimulated cyclic AMP content in calvaria bones from normal mice and mice with an impaired lysosomal function (beige mice) (1985)

Abstract. Earlier we have shown that bone resorption is impaired in cultured calvaria from beige mice (an animal equivalent of the Chediak–Higashi syndrome in man). In the present study we have compared the concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in calvarial bones from beige mice with the nucleotide concentrations in bones from corresponding normal mice. In six independent experiments the basal concentrations of cyclic AMP was significantly ( P &lt; 0·01) higher in bones from beige mice (on an average 50% augmented). The ratio of cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP was 2·43 times higher ( P &lt; 0·01) in bones from beige mice. After stimulation with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine and prostaglandin E 2 no significant differences of cyclic AMP concentrations between beige and control mice could be registered. The response to adenosine was significantly higher ( P &lt; 0·005) in bones from beige mice (4·3 ± 0·4‐fold of basal cyclic AMP concentrations, mean ± SE) compared to control mice (1·9 ± 0·4‐fold of basal, mean ± SE). The increased basal concentration of cyclic AMP in calvaria from beige mice may be due to increased sensitivity to some agonists, such as adenosine, rather than simply being a function of cell mass.
CLASSIFYING MUSIC BY GENRE USING A DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM AND A ROUND-ROBIN ENSEMBLE (2003)

The vast amount of music available electronically presents considerable challenges for information retrieval. There is a need to annotate music items with descriptors in order to facilitate retrieval. In this paper we present a process for determining the music genre of an item using the Discrete Wavelet Transform and a round-robin classification technique. The wavelet transform is used to extract time and frequency features that are us ed to classify items by genre. Rather than use a single multi-class classifier we use an ensemble of binary classifiers with each classifier trained on a pair of genres. Our evaluation shows that this approach achieves good classification accuracy. 1.
Effects of cervical spinal cord stimulation on cerebral blood flow in the rat (2000)

These results indicate that cervical SCS may induce cerebral vasodilation and that this effect may involve indirect effects on vasomotor centers in the brainstem as well as an alteration in sympathetic tone.
Stereochemical Discrimination at Organic Crystal Surfaces 1: The Systems Serine/Threonine and Serine/Allothreonine (1985)

Abstract The stereoselective interactions in aqueous solution between the crystal faces of centrosymmetric (R,S) serine 1 and additives resolved and racemic threonine 2 and allothreonine 3 were studied by four independent techniques: change in crystal habit on growth, anisotropic distribution of occluded additive during the crystal growth, etch pit formation on partial dissolution and atom‐atom potential energy calculations. The effects of the two diastereomers 2 and 3 are radically different due to differences in adsorption: threonine is adsorbed on the {011} crystal faces; the (R) enantiomer is adsorbed at, and eventually occluded through the (011) and (011) crystal faces replacing an (R) serine molecule. By symmetry, (S) threonine is adsorbed and occluded through the enantiotopic (011) and (011) faces replacing (S) serine. In contrast, (R) and (S) allothreonine are both adsorbed primarily at the (100) and (100) faces. The results indicate that the serine moiety of adsorbed threonine and allothreonine assume the same conformation and position as the substrate molecule. The additive is adsorbed only at specific sites such that the C β ‐CH 3 groups emerge from the crystal surface. The observed effects lead in the case of threonine, but not allothreonine, to the assignment of its absolute configuration.
Peltier Heating-Assisted Low Temperature Plasma Ionization for Ambient Mass Spectrometry (2015)

Low temperature plasma (LTP) ionization mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the widely used ambient analysis methods which allows soft-ionization and rapid analysis of samples in ambient condition with minimal or no sample preparation. One of the major advantages of LTP MS is selective analysis of low-molecular weight, volatile and low- to medium-polarity analytes in a sam- ple. On the contrary, the selectivity for particular class of compound also implies its limitation in general analysis. One of the critical factors limiting LTP ionization efficiency is poor desorption of analytes with low volatility. In this study, a home-built LTP ioniza- tion source with Peltier heating sample stage was constructed to enhance desorption and ionization efficiencies of analytes in a sam- ple and its performance was evaluated using standard mixture containing fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). It was also used to reproduce the previous bacterial identification experiment using pattern-recognition for FAEEs. Our result indicates, however, that the bacterial differentiation from FAEE pattern recognition using LTP ionization MS still has many limitations.
Feature generation for textual information retrieval using world knowledge (2007)

Imagine an automatic news filtering system that tracks company news. Given the news item "FDA approves ciprofloxacin for victims of anthrax inhalation", how can the system know that the drug mentioned is an antibiotic produced by Bayer? Or consider an information professional searching for data on RFID technology -- how can a computer understand that the item "Wal-Mart supply chain goes real time" is relevant for the search? Algorithms we present can do just that.
Audio-visual speech enhancement using deep neural networks (2016)

This paper proposes a novel framework that integrates audio and visual information for speech enhancement. Most speech enhancement approaches consider audio features only to design filters or transfer functions to convert noisy speech signals to clean ones. Visual data, which provide useful complementary information to audio data, have been integrated with audio data in many speech-related approaches to attain more effective speech processing performance. This paper presents our investigation into the use of the visual features of the motion of lips as additional visual information to improve the speech enhancement capability of deep neural network (DNN) speech enhancement performance. The experimental results show that the performance of DNN with audio-visual inputs exceeds that of DNN with audio inputs only in four standardized objective evaluations, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the inclusion of visual information into an audio-only speech enhancement framework.
<title>Logarithmically variable infrared etalon filters</title> (1994)

Due to high launch vehicle costs, space instrumentation designers are constantly pressured to decrease weight and increase reliability of flight hardware. To meet these needs in a spectrometer, the infrared products team at Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc. (OCLI) and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) have developed an infrared logarithmically variable filter for use in NASA's Pluto Fast Fly-by instrument. The filter and diode array combination replaces the multiple optical elements in conventional spectrometers, resulting in lower instrumentation weight and complexity with no moving parts. The choice of logarithmic rather than linear profile yields constant resolving power on every pixel of the array. Filters were produced in which the center wavelength varied from 1.0-1.581 micrometers , and 1.581-2.5 micrometers over a distance of 1.024 cm. Bandwidth was 0.3% FWHM and overall transmittance ranged from 30% to 50%. This paper discusses the major issues and tradeoffs in the design, manufacture, and testing of the filters. Measurement techniques are presented and comparisons are made between theoretical and measured performance of bandwidth, transmittance, and spectral profile.
P1‐215: EFFECTS OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON APPNL‐G‐F MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE (2019)

Recent evidence suggests involvement of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases including AD. However, the mechanisms by which intestinal microbiota modulate brain functions are unclear. This study was performed to investigate whether probiotic administration affects brain changes in a mouse model of AD. Wild type (WT) control C57BL/6 mice were compared to a mouse line that has the human Aβ sequence knocked in to the mouse APP gene along with three disease causing mutations (AppNL-G-F). The animals at 7–8 months of age were randomly divided into two groups and orally treated with vehicle or probiotic (VSL#3) for 8 weeks. Microbiome analysis was performed to study the effect of probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota. Aβ, GFAP, Iba-1, c-Fos and Ki67 immunohistochemistry were performed on brain sections. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were also analyzed in serum and brains using UPLC-MS/MS. AppNL-G-F mice had distinctly unique stool microbiome compared to WT mice. VSL#3 supplementation resulted in a dramatic change in microbiota composition in both WT and AppNL-G-F mice. Although AppNL-G-F mice demonstrated the expected increases in Aβ, GFAP, and Iba1 hippocampal immunoreactivity compared to WT mice, there were no obvious differences due to VSL#3 feeding. Analysis of hippocampal Ki67, a marker of neurogenesis, revealed decreased immunoreactivity in AppNL-G-F mice that was also not affected by VSL#3 feeding. However, VSL#3 supplementation resulted in a dramatic increase in hippocampal c-Fos immunostaining, in particularly the AppNL-G-F mice demonstrating a clear effect of diet on their brains. This correlated with significant increases in hippocampal levels of SCFA, lactate and acetate, in the VSL#3 fed AppNL-G-F mice. Interestingly, AppNL-G-F hippocampi had significantly elevated levels of bacterial derived iso-butyrate compared to WT mice regardless of diet demonstrating a correlation with their intestinal dysbiosis. These data indicate intestinal dysbiosis exists in the AppNL-G-F mouse model of AD which correlates with elevated levels of SCFA, iso-butyrate, in their brains. The dysbiosis could be manipulated with probiotic supplementation leading to elevated levels of additional SCFA, lactate and acetate, in the AppNL-G-F mouse brains correlating with robust changes in a neuronal marker of activity, c-Fos.