gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy of nanoscale carbons and of an isolated carbon nanotube (2002)

The use of Raman spectroscopy as a characterization tool for carbon materials is briefly reviewed with particular emphasis given to nano-carbons and carbon nanotubes. The observation of Raman spectra from one carbon nanotube is discussed, including the new physical phenomena that occur at the single nanotube level, with special emphasis given to the use of resonance Raman scattering for the structural determination of (n, m) for individual nanotubes. Examples are given to show how single nanotube spectroscopy provides insight into the use of Raman spectroscopy for characterizing nanotube bundles and for carrying out other properties measurements on individual carbon nanotubes.
ICON: a computer-based approach to differential diagnosis in radiology. (1987)

ICON is a computer-based expert system being developed to help radiologists with the process of differential diagnosis. ICON focuses on the domain of lung disease as seen on a chest radiograph in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Rather than attempt to tell the radiologist what the diagnosis is, the system asks him or her to propose a diagnosis and then discusses the evidence supporting that diagnosis or competing diagnoses. The system's output is in the form of an English prose critique. This approach combines the computer's ability to recall detailed information with human reasoning skills
Isolation of Novel Peptides, Cabin-1, -2, -3, and -4, That Inhibit Cathepsin B from a Thermolysin Digest of Human Plasma. (2002)

Four novel peptides that inhibit cathepsin B, designated as Cabin-1, -2, -3, and -4, were isolated from a thermolysin digest of human plasma. After gel filtration and cation-exchange chromatography, the peptide mixture was purified by reverse-phase HPLC to isolate Cabin-1, -2, -3, and 4, with the amino acid sequences LGPVTQE, VLQSSGLYS, VVSVLT, and LVYDAY, respectively. These peptides correspond to f(64-70) of human apolipoprotein A-I for Cabin-1, f(56-64) and f(185-190) of the human immunoglobulin G gamma chain for Cabin-2 and -3, and f(66-71) of human transferrin for Cabin-4. Synthetic Cabin-1, -2, -3, and -4 showed dose-dependent inhibition of cathepsin B. Their IC50 values were 450, 500, 20, and 5.0 micromol/l, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots suggested that Cabin-3 is a noncompetitive inhibitor, while Cabin-4 is a competitive inhibitor. Among the N- and C-terminal deletion peptides of Cabin-2 and -4, Cabin-2(1-8), VLQSSGLY, was found to have the most potent inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of 3.8 micromol/l.
In Vitro Properties and Performance of Glutaraldehyde‐Crosslinked Bovine Pericardial Bioprostheses Treated With Glutamic Acid (2011)

Calcification is one of the major causes of failure of heart valve bioprostheses (HVBs) derived from glutaraldehyde (GA)-processed bovine pericardium (BP) or porcine aortic valves. New crosslinking reagent procedures are still far from giving satisfactory results, and this is the main reason why GA is still the reagent of choice for the fixation of native tissue intended for HVB manufacture. Nevertheless, two new findings with respect to GA processing may significantly improve HVB performance postimplantation: the finding that increasing concentrations of GA result in a decrease in calcification; the blocking of free aldehyde usually by nucleophyles or the treatment of processed material at low pH. This work investigates the in vitro properties of BP fixed with GA followed by the treatment with glutamic acid under alkaline conditions in order to prepare BP materials with lower calcification potential postimplantation. In comparison to conventional processing, except for the tensile strength that was slightly lower, elongation and toughness were higher than the accepted values. No significant differences were observed in the performance indexes (mean pressure gradient, mean effective area, regurgitant fraction, performance and efficiency indexes) with wear resistance over 150 × 10⁶ cycles. These results indicate that the processing of BP described in this work may be of potential use in the manufacture of HVBs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Active Palladium(II)—Bis(oxazoline) Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura, Mizoroki—Heck and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Dimethylformamide. (2015)

Abstract An efficient catalytic system for the title cross coupling reactions based on a novel palladium‐bis(oxazoline) complex is developed which exhibits exceptional air and moisture stability.
Removal of SO2 and NO from Gas Streams with Combined Plasma Photolysis (1993)

Combined plasma photolysis (CPP) has been developed and experimentally demonstrated as a new method to simultaneously remove SO2 and NO from gas streams. This laboratory‐scale device integrates the use of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and ultraviolet radiation. The composition, temperature, and pressure of the treated gas streams simulate gases typically generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. Simultaneous removal efficiencies for SO2 and NO are as high as 29% and 79%, respectively. CPP enhances SO2 removal efficiencies by 25% when compared to using DBDs only. NO removal efficiency achieved by CPP is 9% less than NO removal efficiency achieved by DBDs only. SO2 and NO removal efficiencies are limited by the power deposited into the gas stream that could be achieved with the existing power supply. This new device shows promise as a new technique to simultaneously remove SO2 and NO from gas streams generated by the combustion of fossil fuels.
Abstract 284: Combination therapies to prevent resistance to androgen deprivation therapies in prostate cancer (2019)

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a distinctive feature of prostate cancer (PCa) and represents a major therapeutic target for treating metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Thus, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a first-line treatment for mPCa. Although initially highly effective as a treatment for mPC, ADT is characterized by the frequent emergence of resistance, a disease state termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and is generally incurable after progression to metastatic disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying CRPC and subsequent progression to metastatic disease is critical. In our previous study, which was mainly focused on how transcriptional networks change in response to ADT and lead to metastasis, we analyzed matched pre-ADT and post-ADT tissue samples via RNAseq analysis of 40 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) patient-matched pre-ADT biopsy (Bx) and post-ADT radical prostatectomy (RP) prostate cancer samples. We observed strong upregulation of components of the MAPK pathway including FOS, FOSB, and JUN, as well as downstream targets of MAPK signaling. These data suggest that ADT may induce a compensatory increase in MAPK signaling in response to the decrease in androgen signaling. Thus, we hypothesize that combination therapies targeting AR and the MAPK pathway may synergistically kill prostate cancer cells and prevent recurrence and progression to CRPC. In the current study, we have tested the effects of the MEK inhibitors PD0325901 and GSK1120212, ERK1/2 inhibitor GDC-0994, and the JNK inhibitor AS602801 alone and in combination with enzalutamide in androgen-sensitive LNCaP and MDA-PCa-2b cells. Cell viability assays indicated that enzalutamide combined with MEK and JNK inhibitors synergistically killed LNCaP and MDA-PCa-2b cells, and decreased migration and invasion of LNCaP cell more than any of the drugs alone. We therefore propose that combination therapy targeting AR and MEK and/or JNK signal pathways may be an effective treatment for recurrent prostate cancer. We are currently investigating the most promising combinations of enzalutamide with JNK inhibitors for anti-tumorigenic effects in vivo using a mouse xenograft model.Citation Format: Zhenghong Li, Carrie Qi Sun, Rebecca Arnold, John A. Petros, Carlos S. Moreno. Combination therapies to prevent resistance to androgen deprivation therapies in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 284.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Tridentate TsDPEN/Pyridine Ligands in Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones. (2013)

Abstract A series of enantiopure tridentate ligands based on 1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine, containing additional pyridine groups are prepared and applied in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones.
Efficient oblivious branching programs for threshold functions (1994)

In his survey paper on branching programs, A.A. Razborov (1991) asked the following question: Does every rectifier-switching network computing the majority of n bits have size n/sup 1+/spl Omega/(1/)? We answer this question in the negative by constructing a simple oblivious branching program of size O(n log/sup 3/ n/log log n log log log n) for computing any threshold function. This improves the previously best known upper bound of O(n/sup 3/2/) due to O.B. Lupanov (1965).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
O-001 Pre-Treatment Imaging is Critical in Identifying Stroke Patients with Small and Medium Infarcts Who are Likely to Benefit from IA Therapy (2013)

<h3>Introduction/Purpose</h3> The Penumbra START Trial is a multicentre, prospective, single-arm trial with a primary aim of determining whether core infarct size on pre-treatment neuroimaging predicts clinical response to intra-arterial acute stroke therapy. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> For this study, major inclusion criteria include presence of proximal artery occlusion in the anterior circulation, baseline NIHSS score of 10 or greater, evaluable pre-treatment neuroimaging [noncontrast CT (NCCT), CTA source imaging, CT perfusion or MRI DWI], and treatment with the Penumbra System within 8 hours. Core infarct size was evaluated by a blinded imaging Core Laboratory. As pre-specified, infarcts were trichotomised into small [ASPECTS 8–10 (NCCT, CTA-SI) or lesion volume &lt;50 cc (CTP or DWI)], medium (ASPECTS 5-7 or volume 50–100 cc), or large (ASPECTS 0–4 or volume &gt;100 cc). In total, 146 patients were enrolled at 27 centres, including 104 patients with Core Lab review and evaluation at 90 days. Good clinical outcome is defined as mRS 0–2 at 90 days. Case review is still ongoing, and statistical analysis is from the 104 patients with complete information. We will update results at the time of the meeting. <h3>Results</h3> Mean age is 66 ± 14, including 56% females. Median baseline NIHSS score is 19 (IQR14–22), and 58% of patients had occlusions located on their left side. Overall, TIMI 2–3 revascularisation was achieved in 85%. Forty-eight patients had a good outcome at 90 days (46%); 28 patients died (27%). The number of evaluable scans for each imaging method was: 31 CTP, 82 CTA-SI, 79 NCCT, and 6 DWI. After pooling all modalities in an aggregate analysis, a statistically significant relationship was found between core infarct size and good outcome, such that worse outcomes were found only in the large infarct group. The rate of 90-day good outcome was 54% in small, 56% in medium, and 19% in large infarcts (p=0.0010), despite similar rates of recanalisation (79% small, 93% medium, 84% large). Independent predictors of good outcome were age, baseline NIHSS score, time from onset to recanalisation, and infarct volume. Thirteen patients experienced symptomatic ICH (13%). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Pre-treatment neuroimaging is important in identifying patients with large infarcts who are unlikely to respond to mechanical thrombectomy. These data support the use of rigorous imaging criteria in patient selection. <h3>Disclosures</h3> D. Frei: 3; C; Penumbra, Inc. A. Yoo: 1; C; Penumbra, Inc. D. Heck: None. F. Hellinger II: None. V. McCollom: None. D. Fiorella: None. A. Turk III: 3; C; Penumbra, Inc. T. Malisch: None. O. Zaidat: 1; C; Penumbra, Inc. 3; C; Penumbra, Inc. M. Alexander: None. Z. Chaudhry: None. R. Gonzalez: None. L. Barraza: 5; C; Penumbra, Inc. A. Bose: 4; C; Penumbra, Inc. 5; C; Penumbra, Inc. S. Sit: 5; C; Penumbra, Inc. 6; C; Penumbra, Inc.
Efficient algorithms for segmentation and recognition of printed characters in document processing (2002)

A novel discrimination function for segmenting touching characters based on both pixel projection and profile projection is given. A dynamic recursive segmentation algorithm is developed for effectively segmenting touching characters. Contextual information is used to correct errors. An effective method for detecting and correcting the slant in italicized fonts is also presented. The overall character recognition rate is 99.85% based on the total of 36,000 characters with about 40% touching characters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Depth localization of positive charge trapped in silicon oxynitride field effect transistors after positive and negative gate bias temperature stress (2011)

Positive charge trapped in the SiO(N) gate dielectric of deeply-scaled p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors is observed after both negative and positive gate bias temperature stress. Emission of elementary trapped charges is demonstrated and analyzed through the quantized threshold voltage transients observed after stress. The magnitude distribution of the threshold voltage steps is used to estimate the depth of the traps in the gate dielectric to be about 0.5 nm from the injecting silicon-dielectric interface in both cases.
Mechanism of Aqueous Decomposition of Trichloroethylene Oxide (1999)

The aqueous decomposition of trichloroethylene (TCE) oxide is shown to involve both pH-independent and hydronium ion-dependent regions. C−C bond scission is a major reaction at all pH values. Disappearance of TCE oxide is the rate-determining step for the formation of CO under the conditions studied. The product distribution of CO and three carboxylic acids (HCO2H, Cl2CHCO2H, and glyoxylic acid) did not change considerably over the pH range of −1.5−14, in general, even though the hydrolysis mechanism changes from hydronium ion-dependent to pH-independent. Mechanisms for the hydronium ion-dependent and pH-independent hydrolysis of TCE oxide were elucidated on the basis of the results of H218O and H incorporation and identification of products of the reaction of TCE oxide with lysine in both H216O and H218O. In the pH-independent hydrolysis, a zwitterionic intermediate could be formed and undergo an intramolecular rearrangement (Cl- shift) to generate dichloroacetyl chloride, which would subsequently decompose to Cl2CHCO2H. The zwitterionic intermediate could also hydrolyze at the less sterically hindered methylene to give a glycol anion, which would dehydrohalogenate to form an oxoacetyl chloride intermediate. The oxoacetyl chloride could hydrolyze to generate either glyoxylic acid, as a final product, or an anionic intermediate, which could go through a concerted mechanism to generate CO, HCO2H, and chloride. A mechanism proposed for the hydronium ion-dependent hydrolysis is very similar to that for the pH-independent hydrolysis except for the first step, which involves hydronium ion attack on TCE oxide to form a TCE-oxide cation intermediate. The lysine amide adducts were characterized by HPLC and mass spectrometry as those resulting from reaction with the postulated acyl chlorides.
Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders (2001)

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) molecules are key mediators in insulin signaling and play a central role in maintaining basic cellular functions such as growth, survival, and metabolism. They act as docking proteins between the insulin receptor and a complex network of intracellular signaling molecules containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Four members (IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, IRS-4) of this family have been identified that differ as to tissue distribution, subcellular localization, developmental expression, binding to the insulin receptor, and interaction with SH2 domain-containing proteins. Results from targeted disruption of the IRS genes in mice have provided important clues to the functional differences among these related molecules, suggesting they play different and specific roles in vivo. The available data are consistent with the notion that IRS-1 and IRS-2 are not functionally interchangeable in tissues that are responsible for glucose production (liver), glucose uptake (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue), and insulin production (pancreatic beta cells). In fact, IRS-1 appears to have its major role in skeletal muscle whereas IRS-2 appears to regulate hepatic insulin action as well as pancreatic beta cell development and survival. By contrast, IRS-3 and IRS-4 genes appear to play a redundant role in the IRS signaling system. Defects in muscle IRS-1 expression and function have been reported in insulin-resistant states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Several polymorphisms in the IRS genes have been identified, but only the Gly-->Arg972 substitution of IRS-1, interacting with environmental factors, seems to have a pathogenic role in the development of type 2 diabetes. In contrast, polymorphisms of the other IRS genes do not appear to contribute to type 2 diabetes.
Working Memory, Search, And Signal Detection: Implications For Interactive Voice Response System Menu Design (2006)

Many researchers and speech user interface practitioners assert that interactive voice response (IVR) menus must be relatively short due to constraints of the human memory system. These individuals commonly cite Miller's (1956) paper to support their claims. The current paper argues that these authors commonly misuse the information provided in Miller's paper and that hypotheses drawn from modern theories of working memory (e.g., Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) would lead to the opposite conclusion  that reducing menu length by creating a greater number of menus and a deeper structure will actually be more demanding on users' working memories and will lead to poorer performance and poorer user satisfaction. The primary purpose of this series of experiments was to gain a greater understanding of the role of working memory in speech-enabled IVR use. The experiments also sought to determine whether theories of visual search and signal detection theory (SDT) could be used to predict auditory search behavior. Results of this experiment indicate that creating a deeper structure with shorter menus is detrimental to performance and satisfaction and more demanding of working memory resource. Further the experiment provides support for arguments developed from Macgregor, Lee, and Lam's dual criterion decision model and is a first step toward applying SDT to the IVR domain.
Prospective registration of inter-examination MR images (2003)

The monitoring of the development of cerebral diseases such as stroke or brain tumors with MRI requires high-precision comparison of initial and follow-up images. Retrospective registration often produces artifacts, especially at boundariesbetween different tissue structures. However, by manipulating the gradients, MRI scanners offer the possibility of shifting and rotating image planes fast and without removing the patient. Two approaches for prospective registration were implemented and tested on phantoms and healthy volunteers. To speed up calculation, both registration algorithms used the three orthogonal two-dimensional localizer images that were acquired prior to each measurement. In the first approach, the image is projected onto one axis to determine the rotation between initial and follow-up examination. The second algorithm uses cross-correlation for rotational correction. Both algorithms maximize the cross-correlation for correction of the shifts. After 2-D registration in each orientation, the gradients of the tomograph are adapted according to the calculated transformation matrix. The results were evaluated with a 3-D rigid-body registration using Automated Image Registration. The cross-correlation method was found to be very robust, while the 1-D projection algorithm was sufficiently fast but registration results depended on the shape of the head.
What can be learned from rotational motions excited by earthquakes? (1997)

One answer to the question posed in the title is that we will have more accurate data for arrival times of SH waves, because the rotational component around the vertical axis is sensitive to SH waves although not to P-SV waves. Importantly, there is another answer related to seismic sources, which will be discussed in this paper. Generally, not only dislocations commonly used in earthquake models but also other kind of defects could contribute to producing seismic waves. In particular, rotational strains at earthquake sources directly generate rotational components in seismic waves. Employing the geometrical theory of defects, we obtain a general expression for the rotational motion of seismic waves as a function of the parameters of source defects. Using this expression, together with one for translational motion, we can estimate the rotational strain tensor and the spatial variation of slip velocity in the source area of earthquakes. These quantities will be large at the edges of a fault plane due to spatially rapid changes of slip on the fault and/or a formation of tensile fractures.
Tuning the Fermi Level and the Kinetics of Surface States of TiO2 Nanorods by Means of Ammonia Treatments (2013)

Ammonia-induced reduction treatment of titanium dioxide rutile nanorods has been performed, where the treatment triggered a synergistic surface modification of titania electrodes that enhanced its overall photoelectrochemical performance, besides introducing a new absorption band in the 420–480 nm range. A physical model has been proposed to reveal the role of each fundamental interfacial property on the observed behavior. On the one hand, by tuning the Fermi level position, charge separation was optimized by adjusting the depletion region width to maximize the potential drop inside titanium dioxide and also filling the surface states, which in turn decreased electron–hole recombination. On the other hand, by increasing the density of surface holes traps (identified as surface hydroxyl groups), the average hole lifetime was extended, depicting a more efficient hole transfer to electrolyte species. The proposed model could serve as a rationale for controlled interfacial adjustment of nanostructured photoelectrodes tailoring them for the required application.
Transferrin as a fetal growth factor: acquisition of responsiveness related to embryonic induction. (1983)

Differentiation of the metanephric mesenchyme, which is triggered by an inductive tissue interaction, has been shown to proceed in a chemically defined medium containing transferrin. Here, we report that neither transferrin-depleted serum nor a chemically defined medium devoid of transferrin promote differentiation and that activity can be restored by the addition of transferrin. It thus appears that we have identified the serum factor required for kidney differentiation. Transferrin seems to affect differentiation by stimulating cell proliferation. We show by using an organ-culture model system that only mesenchymes induced to differentiate by the 24-hr tissue interaction respond to transferrin by proliferation and differentiation, whereas uninduced mesenchymes remain unresponsive. The inductor tissue used is not responsive to transferrin. Thus, the data suggest that the short-range cell-mediated tissue interaction acts by making the nephrogenic mesenchyme responsive to the long-range mediator, which is transferrin. Transferrin is suggested to be an important circulating growth factor required for proliferation during embryogenesis.