gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-loss polysilicon waveguides fabricated in an emulated high-volume electronics process (2012)

We measure end-of-line polysilicon waveguide propagation losses of ~6-15 dB/cm across the telecommunication O-, E-, S-, C- and L-bands in a process representative of high-volume product integration. The lowest loss of 6.2 dB/cm is measured at 1550 nm in a polysilicon waveguide with a 120 nm x 350 nm core geometry. The reported waveguide characteristics are measured after the thermal cycling of the full CMOS electronics process that results in a 32% increase in the extracted material loss relative to the as-crystallized waveguide samples. The measured loss spectra are fit to an absorption model using defect state parameters to identify the dominant loss mechanism in the end-of-line and as-crystallized polysilicon waveguides.
Methods and compositions for protection of cells and tissues from computed tomography radiation (2023)

Described are methods for preventing or inhibiting genomic instability and in cells affected by diagnostic radiology procedures employing ionizing radiation. Embodiments include methods of preventing or inhibiting genomic instability and in cells affected by computed tomography (CT) radiation. Subjects receiving ionizing radiation may be those persons suspected of having cancer, or cancer patients having received or currently receiving cancer therapy, and or those patients having received previous ionizing radiation, including those who are approaching or have exceeded the recommended total radiation dose for a person.
The influence of preoperative MRI breast cancer staging on recurrence rate: results after 10 years (2007)

Background: MRI of the breasts has been described the most sensitive imaging modality for detection of multicentric or multifocal malignant tumor manifestations. There is growing evidence that influence of preoperative MRI staging on surgical treatment leads to a decrease in local recurrence rate. We analysed the benefit of preoperative MRI for patients with invasive breast cancer after ten years. Material and methods: The retrospectice study (n=270) includes all female patients with histologically verified invasive breast carcinoma, which have been operated at our department between 1995 and 2002. Exclusion criteria were carcinoma in situ, local recurrence, inflammatory carcinoma and neoadjuvant therapy. Demographic, radiological, operative and histological data, standardized follow up (DFS, OS) and recurrence rate were analysed. Results: Surgical treatment consisted in BCT (57,6%) and MRM (42,4%). Lymph nodes were positive in 41%. Preoperative MR-Imaging revealed multifocal or multicentric tumor manifestations in 31% of patients and changed surgical treatment in 15% of cases. Mean follow up was 70 months. The local recurrence rate was 3,3%, incidence of lymph node metastases and distant metastases was 4,4% and 10,8%, respectively. Mortaliy rate was 9,6%, tumor related death occurred in 6,2% of patients. Conclusion: Routinely performed MR-Imaging in preoperative staging of breast cancer allows specific identification of multifocal or multicentric tumor manifestations in 31% of patients. Consecutive optimization of surgical therapy improves outcome with low recurrence rate.
A Workingperson’s Guide to Deconvolution in Light Microscopy (2001)

Thefluorescence microscope is routinely used to study cellular structure in many biomedical research laboratories and is increasingly used as a quantitative assay system for cellular dynamics. One of the major causes of image degradation in the fluorescence microscope is blurring. Deconvolution algorithms use a model of the microscope imaging process to either subtract or reassign out-of-focus blur. A variety of algorithms are now commercially available, each with its own characteristic advantages and disadvantages. In this article, we review the imaging process in the fluorescence microscope and then discuss how the various deconvolution methods work. Finally, we provide a summary of practical tips for using deconvolution and discuss imaging artifacts and how to minimize them.
Small-diameter trees used for chemithermomechanical pulps. (2003)

To restore and maintain forest ecosystem health and function in the western interior of the United States, many small-diameter stems need to be removed from densely stocked stands. In general, these materials are underutilized. Information on the properties of these resources is needed to help forest managers understand when timber sales are a viable option to accomplish ecosystem management objectives. Providing proof that this small-diameter material yields quality pulp would help increase its value and therefore help remove it from the forest. This study examines the acceptability of the small-diameter resource as a raw material for high-yield chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP), which has the potential for improved fiber characteristics and paper strength compared with those of thermomechanical pulping (TMP). Pulps using CTMP were prepared from lodgepole pine and mixed Douglas-fir/western larch sawmill residue chips; lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and western larch submerchantable logs; and lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and western larch small trees. These small-diameter pulps were compared with commercially obtained sawmill residue chips of a Douglas-fir/western larch mixture and lodgepole pine. These pulps were also evaluated to see if CTMP improved the properties of the final product compared with products made using TMP. Compared with the controls, the CTMP prepared from Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine small trees and Douglas-fir submerchantable logs consumed more electrical energy during pulp preparation and had higher paper strength properties and lower optical properties. Also compared with the controls, lodgepole pine submerchantable logs consumed about the same electrical energy and had marginal strength properties and higher optical properties. Western larch submerchantable logs and small trees had the lowest electrical energy consumption of all pulps tested, low strength properties, but some of the higher optical properties. Western larch submerchantable logs and small trees appear to be unsuitable for CTMP. For the majority of the materials, CTMP improved the properties of the final product compared with corresponding TMP.
Ultrathin Gate Oxides Prepared by Tensile-Stress Oxidation in Tilted Cathode Anodization System (2008)

The ultrathin gate oxides prepared by mechanical tensile-stress oxidation in the tilted cathode anodization system were studied. By bending the silicon wafer during the anodization process and releasing stress in the final stage, we applied mechanical tensile stress onto the silicon wafer to overcome the lattice mismatch between Si and . As a result of external mechanical stress in the gate oxide, different electrical characteristics of the metal-oxide-superconductor capacitors are discovered. Flatband voltages of the experimental samples with tensile-stress shift positively due to bandgap narrowing effect. It was observed that the quality and reliability of grown by tensile-stress oxidation are significantly improved.
3,3-Diaryl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones as Antiproliferatives Mediated by Translation Initiation Inhibition (2004)

A series of substituted 3,3-diphenyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-ones was synthesized from the corresponding isatins. The compounds were studied for cell growth inhibition mediated by partial depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores that leads to phosphorylation of eIF2alpha. The diphenyloxindole (1) showed mechanism-specific antiproliferative activity that was comparable to known translation initiation inhibitors such as clotrimazole or troglitazone. SAR studies identified m'-tert-butyl and o-hydroxy substituted diphenyloxindole (25) as a lead compound for Ca2+-depletion-mediated inhibition of translation initiation.
The influence of ammonia on rapid-thermal low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposited TiNx films from tetrakis (dimethylamido) titanium precursor onto InP (1992)

The process kinetics, chemical composition, morphology, microstructures, and stress of rapid-thermal low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposited (RT-LPMOCVD) TiNx films on InP, using a combined reactive chemistry of ammonia (NH3) gas and tetrakis (dimethylamido) titanium (DMATi) liquid precursors, were studied. Enhanced deposition rates of 1–3 nm s−1 at total chamber pressures in the range of 3–10 Torr and temperatures of 300 °C–350 °C at a NH3:DMATi flow rate ratio of 1:8 to 1:15 were achieved. Stoichiometric film compositions were obtained, with carbon and oxygen impurity concentrations as low as 5%. Transmission electron microscopy analysis identified the deposited films as TiN with some epitaxial relationship to the underlying (001) InP substrate. This process provides a superior film to the preview RT-LPMOCVD TiNx film deposited using only the DMATi precursor.
Comprehensive method to reduce PDW in arrayed-waveguide grating (2003)

Stress induced birefringence is the source of polarisation dependent wavelength (PDW) in AWGs. The reduction of thermally induced residual stress (the effective stress of the AWG device and the stress balance on the core and surrounding cladding) during the waveguide fabrication process is the key to minimizing PDW. Top clad stress, grating waveguide width and core density are the major parameters that influence the stress and resulting birefringence. Low PDW (less than 0.01 nm) can be manufactured by suitably selecting these parameters.
Pathogen Phytosensing: Plants to Report Plant Pathogens (2008)

Real-time systems that provide evidence of pathogen contamination in crops can be an important new line of early defense in agricultural centers. Plants possess defense mechanisms to protect against pathogen attack. Inducible plant defense is controlled by signal transduction pathways, inducible promoters and cis-regulatory elements corresponding to key genes involved in defense, and pathogen-specific responses. Identified inducible promoters and cis-acting elements could be utilized in plant sentinels, or 'phytosensors', by fusing these to reporter genes to produce plants with altered phenotypes in response to the presence of pathogens. Here, we have employed cis-acting elements from promoter regions of pathogen inducible genes as well as those responsive to the plant defense signal molecules salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. Synthetic promoters were constructed by combining various regulatory elements supplemented with the enhancer elements from the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter to increase basal level of the GUS expression. The inducibility of each synthetic promoter was first assessed in transient expression assays using Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and then examined for efficacy in stably transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. Histochemical and fluorometric GUS expression analyses showed that both transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants responded to elicitor and phytohormone treatments with increased GUS expression when compared to untreated plants. Pathogen-inducible phytosensor studies were initiated by analyzing the sensitivity of the synthetic promoters against virus infection. Transgenic tobacco plants infected with Alfalfa mosaic virus showed an increase in GUS expression when compared to mock-inoculated control plants, whereas Tobacco mosaic virus infection caused no changes in GUS expression. Further research, using these transgenic plants against a range of different pathogens with the regulation of detectable reporter gene could provide biological evidence to define the functional differences between pathogens, and provide new technology and applications for transgenic plants as phytosensors.
Evaluation and uncertainty analysis of regional scale CLM4.5 net carbon flux estimates (2017)

Abstract. Obtaining reliable estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for particular regions is essential for the estimation of regional carbon balances. The Community Land Model (CLM4.5-BGC) was applied to the Rur catchment in western Germany to foster the understanding of spatial carbon flux patterns and the predictability of climate-ecosystem feedbacks. We evaluated the effect estimated values of ecological key parameters had on modelled carbon fluxes and LAI compared to global default values. For three of the four most widespread PFTs in the catchment (C3-grass, coniferous forest, deciduous forest), successfully estimated and validated parameter values were adopted from a previous study. Only for C3-crop, new parameter values were estimated herein. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach DREAM(zs) was used to constrain the CLM parameters with eddy covariance (EC) NEE data. We evaluated the model performance with estimated parameter values using (i) measured NEE from four EC crop sites located inside the catchment, and (ii) LAI data from the RapidEye satellite of about 18 days. The difference between the measured and simulated NEE sum for the evaluation period was reduced ~ 40 % on average, if estimated parameters instead of default parameters were used as input. For all PFTs, estimated parameter values had a strong effect on the predicted NEE sum. This would notably alter regional carbon balance estimates, since the catchment scale NEE sum was strongly positive with default parameter values and strongly negative with the estimated values. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of model uncertainty, additional CLM ensembles were setup where perturbed meteorological input data and uncertain initial states were applied in addition to the uncertain parameters. We found that C3-grass and C3-crop were particularly sensitive to the perturbed meteorological input data, which resulted in a strong increase of the standard deviation of the NEE sum (σ∑NEE) for the different ensemble members by a factor of ~ 14 and 28. Thus, model uncertainty for these PFTs is clearly underestimated if uncertain forcings and initial states are not taken into account. The increase of σ∑NEE for needleleaf evergreen temperate tree and broadleaf deciduous temperate tree was below factor 3.5. We conclude that that the uncertainty of regional CLM NEE predictions was considerably reduced via parameter estimation. However, in order to further enhance the reliability of regional scale NEE predictions, it is considered essential to treat different crop types separately. Thus, more EC tower stations and data are needed.
Optoelectronic tweezers under arbitrary illumination patterns: theoretical simulations and comparison to experiment (2014)

Photovoltaic tweezers are a promising tool to place and move particles on the surface of a photovoltaic material in a controlled way. To exploit this new technique it is necessary to accurately know the electric field created by a specific illumination on the surface of the crystal and above it. This paper describes a numerical algorithm to obtain this electric field generated by several relevant light patterns, and uses them to calculate the electrophoretic potential acting over neutral, polarizable particles in the proximity of the crystal. The results are compared to experiments carried out in LiNbO3 with good overall agreement.
Joint source/channel coding for variable length codes (2002)

When using entropy coding over a noisy channel it is customary to protect the highly vulnerable bitstream with an error correcting code. In this paper we propose a technique which utilizes the residual redundancy at the output of the source coder to provide error protection for entropy coded systems. The proposed approach provides 4-10 dB improvement over the standard approaches at a reduced rate.
A Novel Adaptive P-Persistent MAC Scheme for WLAN Providing Low Delay Variance (2006)

The paper proposes and analyzes a novel adaptive p-persistent-based (APP) medium access control (MAC) scheme to provide low delay variance for IEEE 802.11 WLAN. The APP MAC scheme can differentiate permission probabilities of transmission for stations being incurred with different packet delays, and the permission probability is designed as a function of the numbers of retransmissions and re-backoffs so that stations being with larger packet delay can attain higher permission probability. Additionally, the scheme is modeled by a Markov-chain and successfully analyzed, where the system throughput and delay are derived. Results show that the proposed APP MAC scheme can achieve lower delay variance than conventional algorithms; it can effectively reduce the collision probability and the mean delay, therefore, the mean throughput is enhanced, as well.
Phase-Vortex Removal for Quantitative X-Ray Nanotomography with Near-Field Ptychography (2020)

X-ray ptychotomography in the near-field regime is a promising technique for high-resolution, quantitative, and nondestructive investigations in materials science, paleontology, and biomedicine. X-ray near-field ptychography has been previously demonstrated in projection and tomography mode, but the quantitativeness of the reconstructed data has never been discussed in detail. Here, we use measurements of a sample made of aluminum and nickel microparticles to evaluate the quantitativeness of the volumetric mass-density data. Moreover, we propose an algorithm (VortRem) for the removal of phase vortexes, a type of artifact that frequently occurs in holographic methods. VortRem and the results presented here may be fundamental for extending the applicability of this emerging technique to quantitative three-dimensional characterization studies of light as well as dense samples down to the nanoscale.
RF MEMS bandwidth-reconfigurable hairpin filters (2012)

A new approach to bandwidth-reconfigurable planar filter is proposed. RF MEMS switches are used to modify the intra-resonator coupling in hairpin band pass filters so as to control the bandwidth while keeping constant the centre frequency. The design and full-wave simulation of a 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> order hairpin-line filter is reported to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The measurement of the device will be soon carried out.
EFFECTS OF PREPARATION PROCESS ON DECAY LIFETIME OF LaPO4:Ce,Tb PHOSPHORS (2005)

A two-step reaction method was used to prepare superfine LaPO 4 :Ce, Tb phosphor particles under two set of conditions. The crystallinity and particle morphology of the product were characterized by using XRD, SEM and particle size analysis, and decay lifetime was investigated as a function of preparation conditions. Results highlighted that an appropriate preparation process leads to less-aggregated LaPO 4 :Ce, Tb phosphor with greatly improved decay lifetime.
Calculation of ultrasonic transducer signal-to-noise ratios using the KLM model (1997)

This paper describes a method for adding thermal and amplifier noise to a KLM model for a transducer element. The model is used to compare the magnitudes of various noise sources in a 5 MHz array element typical of those used for linear array imaging with and without an amplifier. Fundamental signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) issues of importance to array and amplifier designers are explored, including the effect on SNR of effective dielectric constant of the piezoelectric material, individual element size, changing the number of elements, and adding an amplifier to an element before and after a cable. SNR is considered both for the case in which the acoustic output is limited by the maximum rarefactive pressure which is considered safe for a particular application (Mechanical Index limitation) and the case in which acoustic output is limited by the maximum transmit voltage than can he delivered by the imaging system or tolerated by the transducer. It is shown that the SNR performance depends on many controllable parameters and that significant improvements in SNR can be achieved through proper design. The implications for 1.5-D and 2-D array elements are discussed.
Optic disc size and optic nerve damage in normal pressure glaucoma. (1995)

The results indicate that the eye with the larger optic disc, when compared with the contralateral eye with the smaller optic nerve head, showed neither a significantly more marked nor less pronounced glaucomatous optic nerve damage. It suggests that for a given patient the degree of glaucomatous optic nerve atrophy was not markedly associated with the optic disc size. The finding that patients with large visual field defects had smaller discs than patients with moderate perimetric loss may indicate that the results of previous cross sectional studies reporting on an unusually large disc size in normal pressure glaucoma may be due partially to selection.
Wogonin inhibits N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human leukemia HL-60 cells. (2005)

It is well documented that arylamine carcinogens are N-acetylated by cytosolic N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzyme. NAT plays an important role in the metabolizing of those arylamine compounds. 2-Aminofluorene (AF) is an arylamine carcinogen which has been demonstrated to induce carcinogenesis in laboratory animals. Our previous study has shown that a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, displays NAT activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not wogonin could affect the N-acetylation of AF in HL-60. N-acetylated and non-N-acetylated AF were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography. Wogonin displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of NAT activity in cytosols and intact cells. Wogonin also decreased AF-DNA adduct formation in these cells. The effects of wogonin on the NAT enzymes levels were also examined by Western blotting and flow cytometry and the changes of NAT gene expression were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cDNA microarray. The results demonstrated that wogonin inhibited NAT1 mRNA gene expression and the level of NAT enzyme in HL-60 cells. This is the first demonstration that wogonin affects human leukemia cells' NAT activity in vitro.