gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Safety and Immunogenicity of H5N1 Influenza Vaccine Based on Baculovirus Surface Display System of Bombyx mori (2008)

Avian influenza virus (H5N1) has caused serious infections in human beings. This virus has the potential to emerge as a pandemic threat in humans. Effective vaccines against H5N1 virus are needed. A recombinant Bombyx mori baculovirus, Bmg64HA, was constructed for the expression of HA protein of H5N1 influenza virus displaying on the viral envelope surface. The HA protein accounted for approximately 3% of the total viral proteins in silkworm pupae infected with the recombinant virus. Using a series of separation and purification methods, pure Bmgp64HA virus was isolated from these silkworm pupae bioreactors. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was used for an H5N1 influenza vaccine. Immunization with this vaccine at doses of 2 mg/kg and 0.67 mg/kg was carried out to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, which protected monkeys against influenza virus infection. At these doses, the vaccine induced 1:40 antibody titers in 50% and 67% of the monkeys, respectively. The results of safety evaluation indicated that the vaccine did not cause any toxicity at the dosage as large as 3.2 mg/kg in cynomolgus monkeys and 1.6 mg/kg in mice. The results of dose safety evaluation of vaccine indicated that the safe dose of the vaccine were higher than 0.375 mg/kg in rats and 3.2 mg/kg in cynomolgus monkeys. Our work showed the vaccine may be a candidate for a highly effective, cheap, and safe influenza vaccine for use in humans.
Supplementary Tables 4 - 6 from Clusterin Is a Gene-Specific Target of microRNA-21 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;XLSX file - 841K, Supplementary Table 4. miRNA array analysis of discovery cohort. Supplementary Table 5. miRNA array significant call signals. Supplementary Table 6. RT-qPCR validation of miRNA array.&lt;/p&gt;
Effect of Daily Supine LBNP Exercise on Gastrointestinal Motility During Antiorthostatic Bedrest in Normal Subjects (1997)

Space flight alters gastrointestinal (GI) function in general, and GI motility, in particular. This can decrease appetite, affect the body's ability to absorb nutrients, fluids and electrolytes, and contribute to a negative energy balance. Antiorthostatic bed rest (ABR) has been used to simulate microgravity-induced physiological changes in human subjects. The objective of this investigation is to determine if daily supine lower body negative pressure (LBNP) exercise will maintain GI motility at near normal levels during ABR. Eight subjects participated in the study protocol consisting of an ambulatory phase scheduled before bedrest periods and two 14 day bed rest (6 deg head-down tilt) periods, once with and another time without exercise. Supine treadmill running in an LBNP chamber was used for exercise. Mouth-to-cecum transit time (MCTT) of lactulose was measured indirectly using the rise in breath hydrogen level after oral administration of lactulose (20 g) following a standard low-fiber breakfast. GI motility during ambulatory and ABR periods was assessed using MCTT data. Results of this Study indicate that GI motility during ABR without exercise decreased by 45% [MCTT +/- S.E.M. 56.2 +/- 6.0 (Ambulatory); 87.3 +/- 8.3 (ABR)]. Supine LBNP exercise did not significantly alter this reduction in GI motility during ABR [MCTT +/- S.E.M. 81.3 +/- 4.2 (Exercise); 87.3 +/- 8.3 (No Exercise)]. These results suggest that supine LBNP exercise may not be an effective countermeasure for microgravity-induced decrements in GI motility and function.
Process control in freeze drying: determination of the end point of sublimation drying by an electronic moisture sensor. (1989)

The end point of sublimation drying, or primary drying, is an important control point in the freeze drying process. Traditionally, the end of sublimation drying is determined by product temperature response, the rapid rise in product temperature after the temperature sensor loses thermal contact with ice being taken as evidence of the complete removal of ice from that container. However, the product temperature is measured by temperature sensors placed in a relatively small number of vials, and product in these vials can behave differently than the batch as a whole. There is clearly a need for an alternate method for end point detection which depends on a property of the batch as a whole. The partial pressure of water vapor in the drying chamber could serve as such a property. During sublimation drying, the partial pressure of water vapor in the drying chamber is high (close to the total pressure), but when the rapid evolution of water vapor ceases with the conclusion of sublimation drying, the partial pressure of water sharply decreases. In this research, an electronic moisture sensor is employed to monitor the partial pressure of water during the freeze drying process. The moisture sensor response provides a convenient and reliable method for determination of the end point of sublimation drying for the batch as a whole. The moisture sensor method has sufficient sensitivity to detect the presence of as few as 0.3% of the vials in a batch having residual ice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nanoscale structure of lipid domain boundaries (2010)

Analysis of membrane domain segregation and phase separation is important for the understanding of cell membrane structure and function. In this paper, we report an atomic force microscopy approach using both derivatised tip functionalities and force–volume imaging for the analysis of membrane phase separation. Simultaneous topology and mapping of interaction forces of binary component phospholipid bilayer membranes were performed. Measurements enabled the lateral mapping of bilayer lipid composition at a resolution of 10–20 nm, providing insights into dynamic membrane structure and behaviour. Very sharp boundaries between the two domains are observed in addition to domain boundaries that are quite diffuse with both lipids intermixing. Additionally, some nanoscale domains of one lipid within the domain of the second lipid are observed. The sharp boundaries of the large domains are observed in regions close to these nanodomains.
Chemical and Immunological Studies on the Cell Walls of Propionibacterium acnes Strain C7 and Corynebacterium parvum ATCC 11829 (1975)

The chemical and immunological properties of the cell walls prepared from the cells of anaerobic coryneforms, Propionibacterium acnes C7 and Corynebacterium parvum ATCC 11829, were partially investigated. The cell walls prepared from P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 were composed of fatty acids, polysaccharides consisting glucose, galactose and mannose and mucopeptides consisting mainly of alanine, glutamic acid, alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, glycine, muramic acid and glucosamine. As the fatty acid constituents of the cell wall of P. acnes C7, iso-pentadecanoic acid and iso-heptadecanoic acid were detected as major components. Both cell walls prepared from P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 showed potent adjuvant activity on the formation of circulating antibody and development of delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo and on the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro, however, could not augment helper function of carrier-primed T cells and on the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to mastocytoma P815-X2 cells in C57BL/6J mice. It is also shown that the cell walls of P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 act on mouse spleen cells as mitogen.
Beneficial effect of phase transition on kinetics of deintercalation/intercalation process in lithium–manganese spinel (2019)

In this work, a detailed characterization of LixMn2O4 spinel oxides is shown to demonstrate the correlation between the anomalous thermoelectric properties of this cathode material and its crystal and electronic structure. The analysis of structural and transport in LixMn2O4 cathode materials obtained by solid-state reaction and sol–gel method allows formulating a conclusion that the performance of manganese spinel-based cathode depends on the occurrence of anomalous electron effects. The recorded maxima in absolute values of thermoelectric power correspond to high diffusivity of electrons at the Fermi level. A correlation between the occurrence of thermoelectric peaks and effectiveness of deintercalation/intercalation of lithium has been shown. The obtained results indicate a beneficial effect of phase transition on electrochemical properties of lithium–manganese spinel cathode material.
Hepatitis C virus infection: in vivo and in vitro models (2007)

Major advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been made recently. While the chimpanzee is the only established animal model of HCV infection, several in vivo and in vitro models have been established that allow us to study various aspects of the viral life cycle. In particular, the replicon system and the production of recombinant infectious virions revolutionized the investigation of HCV-RNA replication and rendered all steps of the viral life cycle, including entry and release of viral particles, amenable to systematic analysis. In the following we will review the different in vivo and in vitro models of HCV infection.
Direct Imaging of Lattice Atoms and Topological Defects in Graphene Membranes (2008)

We present a transmission electron microscopy investigation of graphene membranes, crystalline foils with a thickness of only 1 atom. By using aberration-correction in combination with a monochromator, 1-A resolution is achieved at an acceleration voltage of only 80 kV. The low voltage is crucial for the stability of these membranes. As a result, every individual carbon atom in the field of view is detected and resolved. We observe a highly crystalline lattice along with occasional point defects. The formation and annealing of Stone-Wales defects is observed in situ. Multiple five- and seven-membered rings appear exclusively in combinations that avoid dislocations and disclinations, in contrast to previous observations on highly curved (tube- or fullerene-like) graphene surfaces.
The Glass Transition Temperature of Polymer Melts (2005)

We develop an analytic theory to estimate the glass transition temperature T(g) of polymer melts as a function of the relative rigidities of the chain backbone and side groups, the monomer structure, pressure, and polymer mass. Our computations are based on an extension of the semiempirical Lindemann criterion of melting to locate T(g) and on the use of the advanced mean field lattice cluster theory (LCT) for treating the thermodynamics of systems containing structured monomer, semiflexible polymer chains. The Lindemann criterion is translated into a condition for T(g) by expressing this relation in terms of the specific volume, and this free volume condition is used to calculate T(g) from our thermodynamic theory. The mass dependence of T(g) is compared to that of other characteristic temperatures of glass-formation. These additional characteristic temperatures are determined from the temperature variation of the LCT configurational entropy, in conjunction with the Adam-Gibbs model for long wavelength structural relaxation. Our theory explains generally observed trends in the variation of T(g) with polymer microstructure, and we find that T(g) can be tuned either upward or downward by increasing the length of the side chains, depending on the relative rigidities of the side groups and the chain backbone. The elucidation of the molecular origins of T(g) in polymer liquids should be useful in designing and processing new synthetic materials and for understanding the dynamics and controlling the preservation of biological substances.
Relational Memory in First Episode Psychosis: Implications for Progressive Hippocampal Dysfunction After Illness Onset (2011)

Objective: Verbal episodic memory deficits are prominent in schizophrenia and have also been found in first episode psychosis (FEP) and individuals at clinical risk of the disorder. The central role of the hippocampus in verbal memory processing and the consistent findings of hippocampal volume reductions in chronic patients have prompted the suggestion that impaired verbal memory performance may be a biomarker of schizophrenia. However, it is currently unclear as to when, during the early phase of psychosis, verbal memory performance becomes significantly impaired. The current study investigated verbal relational memory in FEP using a novel verbal paired associate task, and tested whether performance was dependent on phase of illness within FEP, where patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were considered to be in a more advanced stage than those with schizophreniform disorder. Method: Forty-seven currently psychotic FEP patients and 36 healthy non-psychiatric controls, aged 15–25 years old, completed a test comprising four trials of learning and cued recall of word pairs (denoted AB pairs), an interference phase comprising two trials with new second words (AC pairs), and finally cued recall for the original AB pairings. Results: FEP patients performed similarly to controls on the relational memory task. There was no difference in performance between FEP patients who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and those with a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder. Conclusions: Verbal relational memory appears to be intact in FEP. This finding, along with chronic patient literature, suggests that decline in hippocampal and medial temporal lobe functioning occurs during later illness stages. Further research is needed to aid in the development of intervention strategies that may prevent decline in such cognitive domains at this crucial early stage of the illness.
Alternative Splicing of Wilms' Tumor Suppressor Protein Modulates DNA Binding Activity through Isoform-Specific DNA-Induced Conformational Changes (2000)

The Wilms' tumor suppressor protein (WT1) is a zinc finger transcription factor that appears to function differently according to the presence of a posttranscriptional modification that adds three amino acids into one of the linker regions between the zinc fingers. We have investigated the structural consequences of the insertion of the Lys-Thr-Ser (KTS) sequence by preparing recombinant protein constructs of the four zinc finger DNA-binding domain of WT1 corresponding to the two isoforms with (+KTS) and without (-KTS) the insertion, which is located in the linker region between the third and fourth zinc fingers. NMR resonance assignments were used to estimate the structural differences between the two isoforms both free in solution and in complex with a 14 base pair DNA duplex corresponding to the WT1 recognition element. The NMR spectra indicate that the two isoforms are nearly identical in structure in the absence of the DNA. Only the immediate region of the insertion showed any change in chemical shifts. Upon DNA binding, the NMR spectrum of each isoform changed to indicate greater structure formation in the linker regions. Significant differences were observed between the spectra of the DNA complexes of the +KTS and -KTS isoforms, with the -KTS construct forming a more stable complex, consistent with prior biochemical assays. The majority of the differences between the spectra of the two complexes occur in the immediate region of the insertion, which appears to be closer in structure to the free form of the protein in the case of the +KTS complex. The insertion of the KTS sequence disrupts important interactions of the linker region with the adjacent zinc fingers, thus lowering the stability of the complex. The "normal" (-KTS) sequence of the linker appears to be involved in a C-terminal helix-capping interaction with the helix of the preceding zinc finger, a stabilizing interaction which is abrogated in the +KTS isoform.
Behavior of Vanadium and Niobium during Hot Metal Dephosphorization by CaO&ndash;SiO<sub>2</sub>&ndash;Fe<sub>t</sub>O Slag (2011)

V and Nb are key elements for the production of high-grade steel. These elements are produced by few countries, and V has been nominated as a national stockpile element in Japan. Despite the importance of these elements, there are no strategies to obtain stable resources for them. Some types of iron ore that contain V and Nb can be used as sources of these elements. This study clarified the possibility of extracting V and Nb by means of a conventional hot metal dephosphorization process without using CaF2 as a flux. First, the influences of V and Nb oxides on the distribution ratio of P2O5 between the solid solution and liquid phases in slag were measured. Then, the behaviors of V and Nb in hot metal dephosphorization by CaO–SiO2–FetO slag were investigated. Finally, a previously described hot metal simulation model was modified and the behaviors of various elements, including V and Nb, during hot metal dephosphorization were simulated, and the results were compared with experimental ones. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The addition of V and Nb oxides slightly increases the distribution ratio of P2O5 between the solid solution and liquid phases in slag. (2) The decreasing rate of the elements by the flux addition can be expressed as Nb > Mn > P > V, and these decreasing rates increase as the basicity increases. (3) The simulation results for the behavior of P and V or Nb are in good agreement with the experimental results; that is, the decreasing rate for Nb is greater than that for P, and the separation of Nb leaving P in the hot metal is easier than the separation of V.
Oxidative Stress by Visible Light Irradiation Suppresses Immunoglobulin Production in Mouse Spleen Lymphocytes (2001)

In this study, we attempted to induce the oxidative stress in mouse spleen lymphocytes with visible light irradiation and examined the effects of lipid peroxidation on immunoglobulin (Ig) production. The spleen lymphocytes were isolated from 8-week-old male balb/c mice and irradiated with 300 W visible light. When the cells were cultured for 72 hr, Ig contents in culture supernatants were decreased gradually by irradiation for over 30 min. The cell viability was also lowered by the irradiation. Intracellular phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) levels and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values in culture supernatants were measured as indices of lipid peroxidation and we found that Ig production by mouse spleen lymphocytes was suppressed accompanied with the progress of peroxidation of intracellular phospholipids. Cell membrane fluidity was also significantly decreased, but the intracellular Ig level was not changed in the irradiated cells. These results suggest that the peroxidation of intracellular lipids is a cause of the suppression of Ig production by mouse spleen lymphocytes via lowering cell viability and suppressing Ig synthesis and secretion.
A New Dynamic Combustion Control Method Based on Charge Oxygen Concentration for Diesel Engines (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The introduction of a large amount of EGR gas into cylinders is effective for reducing exhaust emissions in diesel engines. As combustion characteristics under the condition of higher EGR rate are highly influenced by the amount of intake charge gas and its composition. It requires a precise control method for preventing the increase of NOx and particulate matter (PM) in spite of the transient conditions of supercharging and tolerance of turbocharger.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, a new control method was developed based on the observed oxygen concentration of charge gas and excess air ratio (stands for the oxygen concentration of burnt gas) which are the main physical factors governing NOx and PM formation. In a conventional method, the intake airflow rate is controlled to meet a target value determined in advance in the stationary engine operating condition. But the oxygen concentration and the excess air ratio of the charge gas were not controlled to the target value under the variance and transient conditions of supercharging.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;As a result of experiments, the amount of NOx emission was found to be approximately proportional to the charge oxygen concentration, which was also comprehended by the relationship between flame temperature and oxygen fraction of the charge. The amount of PM was affected not only by the charge oxygen concentration but also by the over all excess air ratio of the charge gas.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the new control method, some required physical values were estimated as follows: (a) The oxygen concentration of the charge gas was estimated from EGR rate. Oxygen concentration of EGR gas and air, and transportation of EGR gas from exhaust valves to intake valves was also taken into consideration. (b) The EGR rate was calculated from the estimated charge air and the amount of total charge gas estimated from the pressure and temperature of mixed gas inside the intake manifold. (c) The EGR gas temperature was calculated from the conservation of intake and exhaust energy and heat exchange at the EGR cooler and intake manifold.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;NOx fluctuation under the tolerance of turbocharger was almost eliminated with the new method, and at the same time the fluctuation of PM was also reduced to one-third compared to that of the conventional method. And NOx increase during supercharging delay was barely observed for the new control method.&lt;/div&gt;
U ncertai n ty-Aware Ci rcu i t Opt i m iziat ion (2002)

Almost by definition, well-tuned digital circuits have a large number of equally critical paths, which form a so-called in the slack histogram. However, by the time the design has been through manufacturing, many uncertainties cause these carefully aligned delays to spread out. Inaccuracies in parasitic predictions, clock slew, model-to-hardware correlation, static timing assumptions and manufacturing variations all cause the performance to vary from prediction. Simple statistical principles tell us that the variation of the limiting slack is larger when the height of the wall is greater. Although the wall may be the optimum solution if the static timing predictions were perfect, in the presence of uncertainty in timing and manufacturing, it may no longer be the best choice. The application of formal mathematical optimization in transistor sizing increases the height of the wall, thus exacerbating the problem. There is also a practical matter that schematic restructuring downstream in the design methodology is easier to conceive when there are fewer equally critical paths. This paper describes a method that gives formal mathematical optimizers the incentive to avoid the wall of equally critical paths, while giving up as little as possible in nominal performance. Surprisingly, such a formulation reduces the degeneracy of the optimization problem and can render the optimizer more effective. This uncertainty-aware mode has been implemented and applied to several high-performance microprocessor macros. Numerical results are included.