gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The ion kinetic energy spectra of isomeric chlorobenzenes and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB'S) (1973)

Abstract The ion kinetic energy (IKE) spectra of the isomeric di‐and trichlorobenzenes have been examined and the data for the latter compounds suggested that there was incomplete chlorine randomization in their molecular ions in the first field‐free region of the mass spectrometer. Previous studies on the mass spectra and [metastable ion]/[daughter ion] ratios of the di‐, tetra‐ and hexachlorobiphenyls (PCB's) indicated chlorine randomization in the molecular ions of those isomers containing less than two chlorine groups ortho to the Ph‐Ph ring junction. In contrast the IKE spectra of the isomers are different and the results indicate incomplete chlorine randomization in the first field‐free region of the mass spectrometer. These spectral differences may be of some use in PCB analysis.
An Empirical Evaluation of Communication and Processing Overhead in Service Oriented Architectures. (2007)

Most modern applications are networked and make heavy use of various communication protocols such as TCP/IP and SOAP over HTTP in case of Web Services. This paper presents the results of an experimental evaluation of the communication and inherent processing overhead of these two protocols in the context of client/server applications. Experiments were carried out to determine the impact of the size of reply message as well as the complexity of the SOAP reply message in terms of number of elements. Analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of the differences obtained. 1
Developing a Korean communication skills attitude scale: comparing attitudes between Korea and the West (2009)

Using a Korean version of the CSAS (CSAS-K), we determined five factors that revealed a somewhat complex attitude structure among students towards CS learning. The CSAS required some modification, possibly because CS teaching and learning in Korea are in the development stage. Finally, the educational implications of the results are discussed.
Suppression of Brillouin oscillation in transparent free-standing diamond thin films in picosecond ultrasound (2022)

Brillouin oscillation appears in picosecond ultrasonics for a transparent specimen because of backward light scattering by moving strain pulse. Its amplitude is comparable with those of other responses, such as pulse-echo signals and through-thickness resonance, obscuring these non-Brillouin-oscillation responses. We here find that Brillouin oscillation can be suppressed in a transparent free-standing film by coating both sides with a metallic thin film of appropriate thickness and that this peculiar behavior is caused by strain pulses generated on both sides with a slight phase difference. This phenomenon allowed us to fabricate a Brillouin-oscillation-free diamond free-standing film, which showed a high capability for sensor applications.
Fusion Tracking Filter for the Flight Safety System of a Space Launch Vehicle (2008)

A fusion tracking filter for the KSLV (Korea Space Launch Vehicle) flight safety system is developed to integrate multiple tracking sensor data: Radar, Electro Optical Tracking System, INS, and GPS data. Multiple sensor data are pre-filtered by individual sub filters and then fused by a covariance fusion filter. The estimation accuracy and robustness of position and instantaneous impact point are analyzed using numerical simulations.
Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging for Measurement of the Lumbar Multifidus Muscle in Normal Young Adults (1992)

AbstractReal-time ultrasound imaging of the lumbar multifidus muscle was performed in 48 normal subjects (21 males, 27 females) aged 18-35 years. Measurements of multifidus cross-sectional area (CSA) and shape were symmetrical between the right and left sides of the spine. Muscle shape differed between the males and females. Two measurements (linear dimensions) of the muscle cross-section were closely correlated with CSA in both groups (males r=0.98; females r=0.93), but this relationship needs to be determined in wasted muscles where changes in shape may occur. Correlations between CSA and height and weight differed between males and females/Measurements were repeatable between days (CV = 6%) and between scans (CV = 4.9%). The present study indicates that real-time ultrasound may be clinically useful for measuring multifidus muscle wasting, but larger scale studies are required to establish definitive reference ranges of data in different age groups of normal subjects. Documentation of changes in symmetry of multifidus muscle size and shape with back pain could then be performed.
Creation of high energy bremsstrahlung and intensity by a multitarget and refocusing of the scattered electrons by small-angle backscatter at the wall of a cone and magnetic fields (2011)

The yield of bremsstrahlung from collisions of fast electrons (energy at least 6 MeV) with a tungsten target can be significantly improved by exploitation of Tungsten wall scatter in a multi-layered target. The Tungsten wall can serve to refocuse small angle scattered electrons. It is necessary that the thickness of one Tungsten layer does not exceed 0.02 mm. Further refocusing of electrons results from suitable magnetic fields with field strength between 0.5 Tesla and 6 Tesla (if the cone with multi-layered targets is rather narrow). Linear accelerators in radiation therapy only need refocusing by wall scatter without further magnetic fields (standard case: ca. 100 - 000 plates with 0.01 mm thickness and 1 mm distance between the plates). The construction of a very narrow bremsstrahlung beam with extremely high photon intensity requires an additional strong magnetic field (order 1 - 6 Tesla), which provides the possibility to check Heisenberg-Euler scatter of high energy photons.
La filosofía de la liberación de Enrique Dussel en Para una ética de la liberación latinoamericana (2007)

Tumor heterogeneity is affected by many factors consist of internal cell factors and cell microenvironment. Tumor heterogeneity greatly hinders effective and individualized tumor treatment. Understanding the fickle of tumors in multiple dimensions and flexibly using a variety of detection methods to capture the changes of tumors can help to improve the design of diagnosis and treatment plans for cancer and benefit millions of patients.
TH-C-201C-03: Tumor Segmentation in CT Images Using Globally Optimal Single Surface Detection (2010)

Introduction The problem of accurate and reproducible tumor definition is essential for radiation therapy in treatment planning as well as for volumetric assessment of tumor response to therapy. To improve the quality and reproducibility of the tumor definition as well as to accelerate the workflow of the oncologist and radiologist novel automated segmentation tools are needed. Nodule and lesion segmentation remain challenging and are not yet solved satisfactorily. Method and Material Our tumor segmentation algorithm is based on a single surface detection algorithm using regional properties. To use this method for tumor segmentation we created a framework which requires a small amount of user input that is then followed by an ellipsoidal transform on the data. The framework then uses the single surface detection method optimizing the intra-class variance. The surface detection method utilizes the techniques of shape probing graph search and parametric maximum-flow. Our algorithm was tested for the segmentation of liver tumors from 15 CT image data sets and lung tumors from 18 CT image data sets. Surface positioning error and volume measures compared with expert-traced results were computed. Results Our segmentation method demonstrated low surface positioning errors and robust performance compared with the expert-traced results. The average signed and unsigned positioning errors for liver lesions were −0.07±0.31 and 0.77±0.16 voxels. For lung tumors the average signed and unsigned positioning errors were −0.03±0.10 and 0.78±0.13 voxels. Volume measures also showed accurate and robust correlation with expert-traced results with 90% of acceptable percentage in terms of volume overlap. Conclusion We have implemented a novel single surface detection method that minimizes the intra-class variance and provided a framework for tumor segmentation. Experiments on liver lesions and lung tumors show good applicability with sub-voxel accuracy achieved for both cases.
Lobar distribution of white matter abnormalities in Alzheimer’s, vascular and mixed dementias (2020)

Abstract Background Vascular dementia (VaD) is often difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). [O’Brien_2015] Areas of cognitive/clinical decline due to cerebrovascular diseases depend on the frequency and location of the lesions, and may overlap with those found in AD. [Suri_2014] Moreover, AD and cerebrovascular diseases frequently occur simultaneously, leading to heterogeneous ‘mixed dementia (MixD)’. [Wang_2012][Langa_2004] It is unclear whether the presence of both neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathologies further aggravates dementia‐related imaging abnormalities. We investigated whether the lobar distribution of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on MRI differed among AD, VaD and MixD. Method N=17 participants (cross‐sectional; subtypes:7 MixD/5 Subcortical VaD/5 AD; Sex: 11M/6F; Age: 75±8yrs) were scanned on a 3T Philips Achieva. T1‐weighted MP‐RAGE images were processed with Freesurfer 6.0. Areas of WMHs were segmented on Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (3D‐FLAIR) images using a combination of intensity thresholding and manual correction. Left and right frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal lobes plus basal ganglia volumes were constructed using the Freesurfer segmentation outputs. Individual WMH masks were transformed to their respective T1‐weighted spaces, and the ratios of WMH volumes to different lobar volumes were calculated. Result Average WMH volumes were (mean±SD) AD: 5191±4693mm 3 , MixD: 34680±17059mm 3 (sig. greater than AD), SVaD: 20896±14920mm 3 (n.s. from MixD or AD). We used a linear model to predict the ratios of WMH to lobar volumes from the diagnosis subtypes, adjusting for age and sex. A significant diagnosis‐subtype effect was found in both the left and right frontal lobes. (p=0.012 and 0.045, respectively). In the left frontal lobe, the proportion of WMHs was significantly greater in the MixD subgroup compared to the AD (p=0.0045) or the VaD (p=0.026) subtypes. In the right frontal lobe, the proportion was greater in the MixD subtype compared to the AD (p=0.018) but not compared to VaD (p=0.074) subtype. AD vs. VaD were not significantly different in either sides (p=0.5). Conclusion The MixD subtype of our pilot study cohort was characterized by a significantly greater presence of WMHs in the frontal lobar areas. Future studies are warranted to investigate the characteristics of underlying tissue abnormalities that could be specific to the diagnosis subtypes.
A Simple Model for Trading Climate Risk (2005)

Short term climate events such as the sea surface temperature anomaly known as El Niño are financial risk sources leading to incomplete markets. To make such risk tradable, we use a market model in which a climate index provides an extra investment option. Given one possible market price of risk each agent can maximize the exponential utility from three sources of income: capital market, additional security, and individual risk exposure. Under an equilibrium condition the market price of risk is uniquely determined by a backward stochastic differential equation. We translate these stochastic equations into semi-linear partial differential equations for the simulation of which numerical schemes are available. We choose two simple models for sea surface temperature, and with ENSO risk exposed fisher and farmer and a non-exposed bank three toy agents. By simulating their optimal investment into the climate index we obtain first insight into the dynamics of the market. Klimaereignisse auf einer kurzen Zeitskala, wie die Anomalie der Oberflächentemperatur im Ozean, bekannt als El Niño, sind finanzielle Risikoquellen, die zu unvollständigen Märkten führen. Um so ein Risiko handelbar zu machen, nutzen wir ein Marktmodell, in dem ein Klimaindex eine zusätzliche Investitionsmöglichkeit schafft. Zu einem gegebenen Marktpreis des Risikos kann jeder Händler seinen exponentiellen Nutzen aus drei Einkommensquellen maximieren: dem Kapitalmarkt, der zusätzlichen Anlagemöglichkeit und der individuellen Risikoexposition. Unter einer Gleichgewichtsbedingung wird der Marktpreis des Klimarisikos durch eine stochastische Rückwärtsgleichung eindeutig bestimmt. Diese stochastischen Gleichungen übertragen wir in semilineare partielle Differentialgleichungen, für die numerische Lösungsmethoden vorhanden sind. Wir wählen zwei einfache Modelle für die Meeresoberflächentemperatur. Dann betrachten wir einen Fischer und einen Farmer, die El Niño- Risiko ausgesetzt sind, sowie eine Bank, die diesem Risiko nicht ausgesetzt ist. Durch Simulation ihrer optimalen Investitionen in den Klimaindex erhalten wir einen ersten Einblick in die Dynamik dieses Marktes.
Benefits of very thin PCBM and LiF layers for solution-processed p–i–n perovskite solar cells (2014)

Optimal thickness of a PCBM layer and insertion of the LiF interlayer on a well-controlled flat surface of the perovskite film are essential for fabricating planar perovskite–PCBM solar cells.
Modification of Local Structure and Its Influence on Electrical Activity of Near (310) &Sigma;5 Grain Boundary in Bulk Silicon (2007)

We report on the modification of the local structures of (310) Σ5 grain boundary in bulk silicon as the growth of crystal and its influence on electrical activity. The grain boundary was formed via floating-zone growth method utilizing bicrystal seed. The misalignment of the seed resulted in formation of the grain boundary with small deviations of crystal orientation from the Σ5 singular coincidence orientation. The deviations consist of tilt and twist components and they were found to monotonically decrease with respect to the distance from the seed crystal accompanied by the decrease in density of dislocations on the grain boundary. The change in the grain boundary structure allows a systematic study on the correlation between the structure and the electrical activity at the GB. The density of dislocations was found to control the electrical activity and the (310) Σ5 coincidence grain boundary without any dislocations is expected to show a very low electrical activity.
Convergence analysis of constrained joint adaptation in recording channels (2005)

Partial response (PR) equalization employing the linearly constrained least-mean-square (LCLMS) adaptive algorithm is widely used for jointly designing equalizer and PR target in recording channels. However, there is no literature on its convergence analysis. Further, existing analyses of the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm assume that the input signals are jointly Gaussian, an assumption that is invalid for PR equalization with binary input. In this paper, we present a novel method to analyze the convergence of the LCLMS algorithm, without the Gaussian assumption. Our approach accommodates distinct step sizes for equalizer and PR target. It is shown that the step-size range required to guarantee stability of LCLMS with binary data is larger than that with Gaussian data. The analytical results are corroborated by extensive simulation studies.
A prospective study of whole-grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in US women (2000)

These findings suggest that substituting whole- for refined-grain products may decrease the risk of diabetes mellitus.
Hepatic stellate cells and astrocytes (2011)

Scar formation inhibits tissue repair and regeneration in the liver and central nervous system. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) after liver injury or of astrocytes after nervous system damage is considered to drive scar formation. HSCs are the fibrotic cells of the liver, as they undergo activation and acquire fibrogenic properties after liver injury. HSC activation has been compared to reactive gliosis of astrocytes, which acquire a reactive phenotype and contribute to scar formation after nervous system injury, much like HSCs after liver injury. It is intriguing that a wide range of neuroglia-related molecules are expressed by HSCs. We identified an unexpected role for the p75 neurotrophin receptor in regulating HSC activation and liver repair. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate HSC activation and reactive gliosis and their contributions to scar formation and tissue repair. Juxtaposing key mechanistic and functional similarities in HSC and astrocyte activation might provide novel insight into liver regeneration and nervous system repair.
Further Studies on the Formation of Nitrosamines in Cured Pork Products Packaged in Elastic Rubber Nettings (1988)

ABSTRACT Traces of N‐nitrosodi‐n‐butylamine (NDBA) and N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) can form in cured pork products packaged in elastic rubber nettings due to the interaction of nitrite in meat and amines in the rubber. Studies were carried out to determine whether taking nettings off immediately after processing or placing a layer of collagen as a barrier between nettings and meat could prevent or minimize formation of the above nitrosamines. None was effective. However, cured pork products packaged in a reformulated rubber netting, made with different amine additives, contained either none or only negligible levels of NDBA or NDEA, but, instead, contained 8–104 ppb levels of a new nitrosamine, N‐nitrosodibenzylamine which is reported to be noncarcinogenic.
syn‐ und anti‐ Bishomoperylen (1985)

Zwei miteinander verknüpfte 1,6‐Methano[10]annulen‐Systeme sind in den Titelverbindungen 1 ( syn ) und 2 ( anti ) enthalten. Diese neuen Verbindungen interessieren als Analoga von Perylen, das sich durch unkonventionelle Festkörpereigenschaften einiger Derivate auszeichnet. magnified image
Measurement Techniques for Radium and the Actinides in Man at the Center for Human Radiobiology (1983)

Various techniques are employed to determine the amounts, retention, and distribution of radioactivity in human subjects in vivo. The principal method is gamma-ray spectrometry with large NaI(Tl) scintillation crystals (“whole-body counting”). The geometries used include an arc of 1.5-m radius in which all parts of the body are roughly equidistant from the detector, a reclining chair and a flat bed with detectors placed above and below the subject. When a sufficient amount of radioactivity is present in a subject, scanning techniques assist in determining its distribution in the body. Specialized instruments such as a xenon-filled proportional counter and a dual-crystal (phoswich) detector are used to measure low-energy photon emitters, primarily plutonium and americium. There are three primary methods of calibrating the detectors. The first is analytical, in which a rigorous mathematical treatment is employed; the second involves the administration of tracer amounts of radioactivity to human volunteers; the third consists of determining detector response to known amounts of radioactivity in a phantom. All three methods can be intercompared, and further evaluated by comparing the results of measurements in vivo with those of postmortem analyses. For both radium and thorium cases measured in vivo, the interpretation of the results is complicated by the fact that neither radium nor thorium emit gamma rays of any consequence. Instead, the observed gamma rays result from the decay of 214Bi (RaC) and 208Tl (ThC″), respectively. Since each of these nuclides is preceded in the decay chain by an isotope of the noble gas radon, some of which is exhaled, its activity is not equal to that of the parent radium or thorium. Therefore, breath samples are collected to determine the exhalation rate of the precursor isotope, 222Rn (radon) or 220Rn (thoron). The total body content is then the sum of the gamma activity and the exhaled radioactivity, referred to as the retained and emanating fractions, respectively.
Adaptive Dictionary Reconstruction for Compressed Sensing of ECG Signals (2016)

This paper proposes a novel adaptive dictionary (AD) reconstruction scheme to improve the performance of compressed sensing (CS) with electrocardiogram signals (ECG). The method is based on the use of multiple dictionaries, created using dictionary learning (DL) techniques for CS signal reconstruction. The modified reconstruction framework is a two-stage process that leverages information about the signal from an initial signal reconstruction stage. By identifying whether a QRS complex is present and if so, determining a location estimate of the QRS, the most appropriate dictionary is selected and a second stage more refined signal reconstruction can be obtained. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with state-of-the-art CS implementations in the literature, as well as the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) wavelet-based lossy compression algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed reconstruction scheme outperforms all existing CS implementations in terms of signal fidelity at each compression ratio tested. The performance of the proposed approach also compares favorably with SPIHT in terms of signal reconstruction quality. Furthermore, an analysis of the overall power consumption of the proposed ECG compression framework as would be used in a body area network (BAN) demonstrates positive results for the proposed CS approach when compared with existing CS techniques and SPIHT.
Physical association of the small GTPase Rho with a 68-kDa phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase in Swiss 3T3 cells. (1996)

Our previous work showed that post-translationally modified Rho in its GTP-bound state stimulated phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) activity in mouse fibroblast lysates. To investigate whether Rho physically interacts with PIP5K, we incubated immobilized Rho-GST with Swiss 3T3 cell lysates and tested for retained PIP5K activity. Rho-GST, but not Ras-GST or GST alone, bound significant PIP5K activity. The binding of PIP5K was independent of whether Rho was in a GTP- or GDP-bound state. An antibody against a 68-kDa human erythrocyte type I PIP5K recognized a single 68-kDa protein eluted from Rho-GST column. The Rho-associated PIP5K responded to phosphatidic acid differentially from the erythrocyte type I PIP5K, suggesting that it could be a distinct isoform not reported previously. Rho co-immunoprecipitated with the 68-kDa PIP5K from Swiss 3T3 lysates, demonstrating that endogenous Rho also interacts with PIP5K. ADP-ribosylation of Rho with C3 exoenzyme enhanced PIP5K binding by approximately eightfold, consistent with the ADP-ribosylated Rho functioning as a dominant negative inhibitor. These results demonstrate that Rho physically interacts with a 68-kDa PIP5K, although whether the association is direct or indirect is unknown.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYL TETRAMIC ACIDS. 6. SYNTHESIS OF 3‐DIENOYL TETRAMIC ACIDS RELATED TO STREPTOLYDIGIN AND TIRANDAMYCIN (1978)

Abstract Das Tetramsäurederivat (I) [aus Diethylmaleat in 5 Stufen dargestellt (22‐25% Gesamtausb] kann über das T1‐Salz (II) in die C‐ Acyl‐tetramsäure (III) übergefuhrt werden.