gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
S20 Prediction of Residual Stress Distribution in Plasma Nitrided Tool Steel (2008)

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Prospective Assessment of No Evidence of Disease Activity-4 Status in Early Disease Stages of Multiple Sclerosis in Routine Clinical Practice (2019)

<b>Background:</b> In relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, no evidence of disease activity-3 (NEDA-3) is defined as no relapses, no disability progression and no MRI activity. NEDA-4 status is defined as meeting all NEDA-3 criteria plus having an annualized brain volume loss (a-BVL) of ≤0.4%. Prospective real-world studies presenting data on NEDA-4 are scarce. <b>Objective:</b> To determine the proportion of patients failing to meet one or more NEDA-4 criteria and the contribution of each component to this failure. <b>Methods:</b> Forty-eight patients were followed for 12 months. Structural image evaluation, using normalization, of atrophy was used to assess a-BVL. <b>Results:</b> The patients had a mean age of 33.0 years (range 18-57), disease duration of 1.7 years (0.4-4) and Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 1.3 (0-4); 71% were women. All patients were on disease-modifying therapies. During follow-up, 21% of the patients had at least one relapse, 21% had disability progression, 8% had new T2 lesions, and 10% had gadolinium-enhanced lesions. Fifty-eight percent (28/48) achieved NEDA-3 status. a-BVL of >0.4% was observed in 52% (25/48). Only 29% (14/48) achieved NEDA-4 status. <b>Conclusion:</b> a-BVL is a good marker to detect subclinical disease activity. a-BVL is parameter to continue investigating for guiding clinical practice in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Evaporation Characteristics of Pinned Water Microdroplets (2012)

Alejandro M. Briones∗ and Jamie S. Ervin University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio 45469 Larry W. Byrd U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 Shawn A. Putnam Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434 Ashley White University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469 and John G. Jones∗∗ U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
Atmospheric Turbulence Measurement System (1985)

Since the summer of 1983, Georgia Tech and NOAA have been engaged in a program whose purpose is to measure, the effects of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of millimeter waves (MMW). Five different measurement sessions have been conducted, and observations have been made in clear air, rain, fog, and snow at frequencies of 116, 118, 142, 173, and 230 GHz, so that results have been obtained on or near all atmospheric features of interest in this range, including to 118 GHz oxygen line, the 140 GHz window, the 183 GHz water line, and the 230 GHz window&apos;. These measurements have been made over a 1.4 km path at a site near Urbana, Illinois, chosen for its exceptional flatness. Figure 1 is a diagram of the layout of the experiment site and Figure 2 is a photograph of the propagation path looking from transmitter toward receiver. In making measurements of this type, it is important that the path and surrounding terrain be flat, homogeneous, and free of trees or other obstructions, to avoid perturbation of the atmospheric fields. The following sections discuss the equipment used to make these measurements and give some preliminary results.
Age-Related Changes in Adrenocorticoid and Opioid Receptor Capacity of Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes in Rats (2009)

The experiments were performed in 4-day, 4-week, and 4-month old rats. The total binding capacity of high affinity receptors for 3H-naloxone and 3H-corticosterone in thymus-derived lymphocytes was measured in vitro. There was no change in the affinity constant of the receptors for the ligands during the life-time mentioned before. The maximal binding capacity for 3H-corticosterone in thymus-derived lymphocytes showed a marked increase in 1-month and 4-month old ages as compared to the values obtained by the end of the first postnatal week. In contrast, the maximal binding capacity of lymphocytes for 3H-naloxone showed a significant decline with age. Changes in the binding capacity for the two ligands refer to changes in composition of of cells within the thymus and to alterations in cell system in sensitivity to either corticosteroids or opioids.
A synthetic peptide of influenza virus hemagglutinin as a model antigen and immunogen. (1992)

This paper reviews our studies on a 24-residue synthetic peptide representing part of the amino acid sequence of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. We have used this peptide as a model antigen to define short sequences and individual amino acid residues involved in and critical for interaction with antibody and with T cells. These studies provide insight into the way in which an immunogen is viewed by the immune system and also the minimum requirements necessary for the expression of immunogenic and antigenic activity. This information is helping us in exploiting synthetic peptides in the construction of designer immunogens which have potential as candidate vaccines.
Implantation of a leadless pacemaker in young adults (2022)

In this observational study, leadless pacemakers demonstrated favorable short- and intermediate-term safety and effectiveness in young adults.
2000 fps real-time vision system with high-frame-rate video recording (2010)

This paper introduces a high-speed vision system called IDP Express, which can execute real-time image processing and high frame rate video recording simultaneously. In IDP Express, a dedicated FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) board processes 512 × 512 pixel images from two camera heads by implementing image processing algorithms as hardware logic; the input images and processed results are transferred to standard PC memory at a rate of 2000 fps or more. Owing to the simultaneous high-frame-rate video processing and recording, IDP Express can be used as an intelligent video logger for long-term high-speed phenomenon analysis even when the measured objects move quickly in a wide area. We applied IDP Express to a mechanical target tracking system to record a high-frame-rate video at high resolution for a crucial moment, which is magnified by tracking the measured objects with visual feedback control. Several experiments on moving objects that undergo sudden shape deformation were performed. The results of the experiments involving the explosion of a rotating balloon and the crash of falling custard pudding have been provided to verify the effectiveness of IDP Express.
The overjustification effect: A meta‐analysis (1995)

Abstract This article reports the results of a meta‐analysis using 50 experimental studies (256 effect sizes) of the overjustification effect. In general, we found support for the effect across age, dependent measure, and design type in specific situations where it is predicted to occur. Findings are less supportive of the theory for situations where there should be no difference between experimental and control groups (e. g. non‐contingent or unexpected reward). Suggestions for future research are made.
Comparison of Mucosal Immune Response after Oral, Nasal or Sublingual Immunization with an Outer Membrane Protein of Porphyromonas Gingivalis (2014)

Mucosal immunization would provide an easy and safe measure in preventing infectious diseases by facilitating mass immunization. In order to represent a promising strategy for mucosal vaccination, oral, nasal, or sublingual immunizations of mice with a recombinant 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis (r40k-OMP) and cholera toxin (CT) as a mucosal adjuvant were performed, and mucosal and systemic immune responses were compared. Administration of the antigen via the mucosal routes, such as orally, nasally or sublingually, equally elicited significant levels of r40k-OMP-specific IgG in the serum and high numbers of r40k-OMP-specific antibody-forming cells (AFCs) in the spleen. Nasal and sublingual immunization of mice also induced high levels of mucosal IgA antibodies (Abs) in the saliva and nasal washes compared to oral immunization. Subsequently, these immunizations confirmed the Ab titers by revealing significant numbers of r40k-OMP-specific AFCs in the submandibular glands, nasopharyngealassociated lymphoreticular tissue, and nasal passages. In contrast, mice that were orally immunized with r40k-OMP plus CT exhibited significantly increased antibody secreting cells in Peyerʼs patches and intestinal lamina propria, although lower level of cells were detected in nasal or sublingual immunization. These results have suggested that both nasal and sublingual immunization are more effective for prevention of periodontal disease compared to oral immunization.
GCD2, a translational repressor of the GCN4 gene, has a general function in the initiation of protein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1991)

The GCD2 protein is a translational repressor of GCN4, the transcriptional activator of multiple amino acid biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We present evidence that GCD2 has a general function in the initiation of protein synthesis in addition to its gene-specific role in translational control of GCN4 expression. Two temperature-sensitive lethal gcd2 mutations result in sensitivity to inhibitors of protein synthesis at the permissive temperature, and the gcd2-503 mutation leads to reduced incorporation of labeled leucine into total protein following a shift to the restrictive temperature of 36 degrees C. The gcd2-503 mutation also results in polysome runoff, accumulation of inactive 80S ribosomal couples, and accumulation of at least one of the subunits of the general translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha) in 43S-48S particles following a shift to the restrictive temperature. The gcd2-502 mutation causes accumulation of 40S subunits in polysomes, known as halfmers, that are indicative of reduced 40S-60S subunit joining at the initiation codon. These phenotypes suggest that GCD2 functions in the translation initiation pathway at a step following the binding of eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNA(iMet) to 40S ribosomal subunits. consistent with this hypothesis, we found that inhibiting 40S-60S subunit joining by deleting one copy (RPL16B) of the duplicated gene encoding the 60S ribosomal protein L16 qualitatively mimics the phenotype of gcd2 mutations in causing derepression of GCN4 expression under nonstarvation conditions. However, deletion of RPL16B also prevents efficient derepression of GCN4 under starvation conditions, indicating that lowering the concentration of 60S subunits and reducing GCD2 function affect translation initiation at GCN4 in different ways. This distinction is in accord with a recently proposed model for GCN4 translational control in which ribosomal reinitiation at short upstream open reading frames in the leader of GCN4 mRNA is suppressed under amino acid starvation conditions to allow for increased reinitiation at the GCN4 start codon.
Site-specific labeling of the ribosome for single-molecule spectroscopy (2005)

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy can reveal mechanistic and kinetic details that may not be observed in static structural and bulk biochemical studies of protein synthesis. One approach requires site-specific and stable attachment of fluorophores to the components of translation machinery. Fluorescent tagging of the ribosome is a prerequisite for the observation of dynamic changes in ribosomal conformation during translation using fluorescence methods. Modifications of the ribosomal particle are difficult due to its complexity and high degree of sequence and structural conservation. We have developed a general method to label specifically the prokaryotic ribosome by hybridization of fluorescent oligonucleotides to mutated ribosomal RNA. Functional, modified ribosomes can be purified as a homogenous population, and fluorescence can be monitored from labeled ribosomal complexes immobilized on a derivatized quartz surface.
Secondary Cell Walls (2009)

Abstract Secondary cell walls are the major constituent of tracheary elements and fibres in wood, which is the most abundant biomass produced by plants. They provide strong mechanical strength to tracheary elements and fibres, and ultimately to plant organs. The principal components of secondary walls are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose microfibrils together with hemicelluloses form the main load‐bearing network in secondary walls, in which lignin is impregnated to form another crosslinked network to provide hydrophobicity and more rigidity. The biosynthesis of secondary walls is a highly coordinated developmental process that involves a coordinated expression of secondary wall biosynthetic genes regulated by a cascade of transcription factors. Because secondary walls in the form of wood and fibres are the most abundant, renewable plant products, understanding how they are constructed will provide novel strategies for genetic improvement of wood and fibres to better suit our needs. Key concepts Cell walls are the plant ‘exoskeleton’ that dictates the cell shape and collectively the plant form. The ability for plant cells to make secondary cell walls is considered to be one of the most important evolutionary landmarks for vascular plants. Secondary cell walls are the main constituent of tracheary elements and fibres of wood, which is the most abundant biomass produced by land plants. Secondary cell walls in tracheary elements and fibres provide mechanical strength to plant organs. Secondary cell walls in tracheary elements are deposited in specific patterns, including helical, annular, scalariform, reticulated and pitted patterns. The principal components of secondary cell walls are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Cellulose is synthesized by the cellulose synthase complexes located at the plasma membrane. Hemicelluloses, including glucomannan and xylan, are synthesized at the Golgi and then secreted via vesicles into the cell walls. Lignin is synthesized through dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols, p ‐coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and syringyl alcohol, which is catalysed by oxidases including peroxidases and laccases. The biosynthesis of secondary cell walls is regulated by a transcriptional network comprising of a cascade of transcription factors.
On interval observer design for time-invariant discrete-time systems (2013)

The problem of interval state observer design is addressed for time-invariant discrete-time systems. Two solutions are proposed: the first one is based on a similarity transformation synthesis, which connects a constant matrix with its nonnegative representation ensuring the observation error positivity. The second contribution shows that in the discrete-time case the estimation error dynamics always can be represented in a cooperative form without a transformation of coordinates. The corresponding observer gain can be found as a solution of the formulated LMIs. The performances of the proposed observers are demonstrated through computer simulations.
Physics makes the difference: Bayesian optimization and active learning via augmented Gaussian process (2021)

Both experimental and computational methods for the exploration of structure, functionality, and properties of materials often necessitate the search across broad parameter spaces to discover optimal experimental conditions and regions of interest in the image space or parameter space of computational models. The direct grid search of the parameter space tends to be extremely time-consuming, leading to the development of strategies balancing exploration of unknown parameter spaces and exploitation towards required performance metrics. However, classical Bayesian optimization strategies based on the Gaussian process (GP) do not readily allow for the incorporation of the known physical behaviors or past knowledge. Here we explore a hybrid optimization/exploration algorithm created by augmenting the standard GP with a structured probabilistic model of the expected system's behavior. This approach balances the flexibility of the non-parametric GP approach with a rigid structure of physical knowledge encoded into the parametric model. The fully Bayesian treatment of the latter allows additional control over the optimization via the selection of priors for the model parameters. The method is demonstrated for a noisy version of the classical objective function used to evaluate optimization algorithms and further extended to physical lattice models. This methodology is expected to be universally suitable for injecting prior knowledge in the form of physical models and past data in the Bayesian optimization framework
Specific Enzyme Activity (2019)

Recommendations are given concerning the terminology of methods of bioanalytical chemistry. With respect to dynamic development particularly in the analysis and investigation of biomacromolecules, terms related to bioanalytical samples, enzymatic methods, immunoanalytical methods, methods used in genomics and nucleic acid analysis, proteomics, metabolomics, glycomics, lipidomics, and biomolecules interaction studies are introduced.
Long-acting β-agonists: a review of formoterol safety data from asthma clinical trials (2008)

The safety of long-acting beta(2)-agonist (LABA) treatment in asthma has been questioned following reported increased respiratory deaths when salmeterol was added to usual pharmacotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine whether asthma, cardiac or all-cause mortality and morbidity were increased with formoterol use. The analysis included all AstraZeneca randomised controlled parallel-group asthma trials of 3-12-months duration involving formoterol. Risks associated with formoterol use compared with non-LABA treatment, overall and in combination with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), were assessed using an intention-to-treat analysis of the rates and rate ratios of deaths and serious adverse events (SAEs). The main objective of this study was to compare asthma-related mortality in patients using formoterol and those not using formoterol. There were eight asthma-related deaths (0.34 per 1,000 person-yrs) among 49,906 formoterol-randomised patients (92% using ICS), and two (0.22 per 1,000 person-yrs) among 18,098 patients (83% using ICS) not randomised to formoterol, which was nonsignificant. Asthma-related SAEs (>90% of which were hospitalisations) were significantly fewer among formoterol-randomised patients (0.75 versus 1.10%). There was no increase in asthma-related SAEs with increased daily doses of formoterol (9, 18 or 36 microg). There was no significant difference in cardiac mortality or noncardiac nonasthma-related mortality in formoterol-randomised compared to non-LABA-treated patients. All-cause mortality was similar. In the data set in which all subjects were prescribed ICS at baseline, there were seven asthma-related deaths (0.32 per 1,000 person-yrs) among 46,003 formoterol-randomised patients and one (0.14 per 1,000 person-yrs) among 13,905 patients not randomised to formoterol, which was also nonsignificant. There were few asthma-related or cardiac-related deaths among patients randomised to formoterol, and all differences were nonsignificant compared with non-long-acting beta(2)-agonist-randomised patients. However, despite data on >68,000 patients, the power was insufficient to conclude that there was no increased mortality with formoterol. Cardiac-related serious adverse events were not increased, and asthma-related serious adverse events were significantly reduced with formoterol.
Spastic wrist flexors are more severely affected than wrist extensors in children with cerebral palsy (2005)

Morphological properties of skeletal muscle were compared between wrist flexors and extensors within the same children ( n =8, six females, two males; age range 4 to 9y, median age 7y)with wrist muscle imbalance secondary to spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Five patients had hemiplegic CP, two diplegic CP, and one patient had tetraplegic CP. Muscle biopsies were taken during either tendon transfer or tendon lengthening procedures. Analyses included distribution of muscle fibre types, fibre sizes, and expression of developmental myosins. Extensor fibre area was significantly greater than flexor fibre area for type 2A fibres and type 2B fibres but not for type 1 fibres. Coefficient of variation (CV) of fibre size for all three fibre types was greater for flexors compared with extensors. The greatest CV was observed for the type 2A fibres in flexors (39.5 [3.6%]). A wide variation was observed for expression of developmental myosin with the magnitude of the expression being greater, but not statistically significant, in flexors compared with extensors (5.4/mm 2 vs 0.53/mm 2 ). These data demonstrate that significant secondary myopathy of wrist flexor muscles results from CP.
Affinity maturation in an HIV broadly neutralizing B-cell lineage through reorientation of variable domains (2014)

Rapidly evolving pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency and influenza viruses, escape immune defenses provided by most vaccine-induced antibodies. Proposed strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies require a deeper understanding of antibody affinity maturation and evolution of the immune response to vaccination or infection. In HIV-infected individuals, viruses and B cells evolve together, creating a virus-antibody "arms race." Analysis of samples from an individual designated CH505 has illustrated the interplay between an antibody lineage, CH103, and autologous viruses at various time points. The CH103 antibodies, relatively broad in their neutralization spectrum, interact with the CD4 binding site of gp120, with a contact dominated by CDRH3. We show by analyzing structures of progenitor and intermediate antibodies and by correlating them with measurements of binding to various gp120s that there was a shift in the relative orientation of the light- and heavy-chain variable domains during evolution of the CH103 lineage. We further show that mutations leading to this conformational shift probably occurred in response to insertions in variable loop 5 (V5) of the HIV envelope. The shift displaced the tips of the light chain away from contact with V5, making room for the inserted residues, which had allowed escape from neutralization by the progenitor antibody. These results, which document the selective mechanism underlying this example of a virus-antibody arms race, illustrate the functional significance of affinity maturation by mutation outside the complementarity determining region surface of the antibody molecule.