gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis subverts negative regulatory pathways in human macrophages to drive immunopathology (2017)

Tuberculosis remains a global pandemic and drives lung matrix destruction to transmit. Whilst pathways driving inflammatory responses in macrophages have been relatively well described, negative regulatory pathways are less well defined. We hypothesised that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) specifically targets negative regulatory pathways to augment immunopathology. Inhibition of signalling through the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway increased matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) gene expression and secretion, a collagenase central to TB pathogenesis, and multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. In patients with confirmed pulmonary TB, PI3Kδ expression was absent within granulomas. Furthermore, Mtb infection suppressed PI3Kδ gene expression in macrophages. Interestingly, inhibition of the MNK pathway, downstream of pro-inflammatory p38 and ERK MAPKs, also increased MMP-1 secretion, whilst suppressing secretion of TH1 cytokines. Cross-talk between the PI3K and MNK pathways was demonstrated at the level of eIF4E phosphorylation. Mtb globally suppressed the MMP-inhibitory pathways in macrophages, reducing levels of mRNAs encoding PI3Kδ, mTORC-1 and MNK-1 via upregulation of miRNAs. Therefore, Mtb disrupts negative regulatory pathways at multiple levels in macrophages to drive a tissue-destructive phenotype that facilitates transmission.
Adding Concurrency to Smart Contracts (2017)

Modern cryptocurrency systems, such as Ethereum, permit complex financial transactions through scripts called smart contracts. These smart contracts are executed many, many times, always without real concurrency. First, all smart contracts are serially executed by miners before appending them to the blockchain. Later, those contracts are serially re-executed by validators to verify that the smart contracts were executed correctly by miners. Serial execution limits system throughput and fails to exploit today's concurrent multicore and cluster architectures. Nevertheless, serial execution appears to be required: contracts share state, and contract programming languages have a serial semantics.
Tunneling leakage current in ultrathin (<4 nm) nitride/oxide stack dielectrics (1998)

The leakage current in high-quality ultrathin silicon nitride/oxide (N/O) stack dielectric is calculated based on a model of one-step electron tunneling through both the nitride and the oxide layers. The results show that the tunneling leakage current in the N/O stack is substantially lower than that in the oxide layer of the same equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). The theoretical leakage current in N/O stack has been found to be a strong function of the nitride/oxide EOT ratio: in the direct tunneling regime, the leakage current decreases monotonically as the M/O ratio increases, while in the Fowler-Nordheim regime the lowest leakage current is realized with a N/O EOT ratio of 1:1. Due to the asymmetry of the N/O barrier shape, the leakage current under substrate injection is higher than that under gate injection, although such a difference becomes smaller in the lower voltage regime. Experimental data obtained from high quality ultrathin N/O stack dielectrics agree well with calculated results.
Regional anesthesia for a total knee arthroplasty on an adult patient with spastic diplegia and an intrathecal baclofen pump (2017)

We describe the clinical presentation of a patient with spastic diplegia, and its unique perioperative challenges. Opioids and antispasmodic medications are the primary therapy for managing pain and spasticity in the perioperative setting. However, such combination results in several side-effects and their sedative properties are synergistic. A 64-year-old woman with a history of spastic diplegia and an intrathecal baclofen pump for the treatment of her lower extremity spasticity was scheduled for a third elective left knee arthroplasty. She requested a regional anesthetic for the anticipated surgery and an opioid sparing postoperative analgesic regiment. We describe the successful use of a lumbar plexus and a sciatic nerve block as the primary anesthetic for the surgery and the use of a continuous lumbar plexus catheter for the postoperative course. Based on our patient's past anesthetic history, a regional anesthetic/analgesic technique is the ideal strategy in controlling perioperative pain and spasticity.
Thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant properties of PET/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites* (2022)

PET/DIDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites were prepared by melt blending of styrene bridged DOPO (DIDOPO) into polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame retardancy, rheological behavior, and thermal degradation behavior of the composite were characterized by vertical combustion test (UL-94), limit oxygen index test (LOI), rotational rheometer, and thermogravimetry (TG). The results showed that the flame retardant composite with V-0 grade was obtained when the amount of DIDOPO is 12.5wt%, and the corresponding LOI value was 56.87% higher than that of PET. The thermogravimetry-fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) test results showed that DIDOPO could promote the degradation of PET/DIDOPO materials, and release phosphorus-containing free radicals to quench the flame, therefore slowing down the combustion process, and mainly playing the key flame retardant role in gas-phase.
Long-Term follow-up of a Phase I/II Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Palifermin to Prevent Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) after Related Donor Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) (2008)

We previously conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted from 2000 to 2003 of palifermin, a recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor, dosed from 240 microg/kg to 720 microg/kg, in 100 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. Treatment with palifermin showed beneficial effects on mucositis, but no significant effect on engraftment, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), or early survival. In addition to the effect of palifermin on mucosa, other pleotrophic effects, including more rapid immune reconstitution, have been seen in experimental transplant models. Therefore, we investigated whether with longer follow-up we could detect additional differences between the palifermin-treated and placebo cohorts. We found no differences in CMV or invasive fungal infections, chronic GVHD, or long-term survival between cohorts. We conclude that the benefits of palifermin appear primarily to be limited to ameliorating mucotoxicity when given to allogeneic HCT recipients.
Singularity Robust Steering Logic for Redundant Single-Gimbal Control Moment Gyros (2001)

In this paper we investigate a problem inherent in a system of redundant single-gimbal control moment gyros (CMGs). In particular, we present a simple yet effective way of passing through, and also escaping from, any internal singularities. The proposed approach is based on the so-called singularity robust inverse, but it utilizes a nondiagonal weighting matrix in the mixed, two-norm and weighted least-squares minimization problem. The proposed steering logic effectively generates deterministic dither signals when the CMG system becomes near singular. Because the proposed CMG steering logic is based on the simple minimum two-norm, pseudoinverse solution, it does not explicitly avoid encounters but it rather approaches and rapidly transits unavoidable singularities whenever needed. However, the proposed steering logic is not intended for special missions in which prescribed attitude trajectories are to be exactly tracked in the presence of internal singularities.
Optimising Test Sets for a Low Noise Amplifier with a Defect-Oriented Approach (2005)

This paper is aimed at studying defect-oriented test techniques for RF components in order to optimize production test sets. This study is mandatory for the definition of an efficient test flow strategy. We have carried out a fault simulation campaign for a low-noise amplifier (LNA) for reducing a test set while maintaining high fault coverage. The set of production test measurements should include low-cost structural tests such as simple current consumption and only a few more sophisticated tests, dedicated to functional specifications, such as S parameters, noise figure (NF) or IP3.
Relaxin acts centrally to inhibit oxytocin release during parturition: an effect that is reversed by naloxone (1986)

Experiments were carried out to establish whether infusion of relaxin prolongs gestation and labour in the rat by suppressing release of oxytocin, and whether the effects of relaxin on birth could be reversed by the opioid antagonist naloxone. Female rats were implanted with subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for the infusion of purified porcine relaxin into the jugular vein for 84 h from either day 19 or day 20 of gestation. Infusion of relaxin delayed the onset of labour and in those animals which delivered during relaxin infusion, delivery was longer by approximately 45 min. Plasma oxytocin levels 40 min after delivery of the first fetus were 45.25 +/- 3.6 pmol/l (mean +/- S.D.) in unoperated controls and significantly (P less than 0.01) depressed (23.89 +/- 3.9) in rats that delivered during infusion of relaxin. Rats that delivered after the infusion of relaxin had finished, gave birth significantly (P less than 0.05) faster than controls and plasma oxytocin levels were significantly (P less than 0.01) raised (77.87 +/- 15.9 pmol/l). Naloxone treatment (1 mg/kg; i.m.) given immediately after the delivery of the first fetus reversed the inhibitory effect of relaxin and the interval between successive deliveries was slightly faster than that of controls. Plasma oxytocin levels in relaxin-infused naloxone-treated rats were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than values in unoperated control rats. The results confirm that relaxin suppresses oxytocin release possibly through an opioid system and this may be important in the control of the timing of birth.
Brain delivery of proteins via their fatty acid and block copolymer modifications (2020)

It is well known that hydrophobic small molecules penetrate cell membranes better than hydrophilic molecules. Amphiphilic molecules that dissolve both in lipid and aqueous phases are best suited for membrane transport. Transport of biomacromolecules across physiological barriers, e.g. the blood-brain barrier, is greatly complicated by the unique structure and function of such barriers. Two decades ago we adopted a simple philosophy that to increase protein delivery to the brain one needs to modify this protein with hydrophobic moieties. With this general idea we began modifying proteins (antibodies, enzymes, hormones, etc.) with either hydrophobic fatty acid residues or amphiphilic block copolymer moieties, such as poy(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (pluronics or poloxamers) and more recently, poly(2-oxasolines). This simple approach has resulted in impressive successes in CNS drug delivery. We present a retrospective overview of these works initiated in the Soviet Union in 1980s, and then continued in the United States and other countries. Notably some of the early findings were later corroborated by brain pharmacokinetic data. Industrial development of several drug candidates employing these strategies has followed. Overall modification by hydrophobic fatty acids residues or amphiphilic block copolymers represents a promising and relatively safe strategy to deliver proteins to the brain.
Energy-Brushes (2016)

Dynamic effects such as waves, splashes, fire, smoke, and explosions are an integral part of stylized animations. However, such dynamics are challenging to produce, as manually sketching key-frames requires significant effort and artistic expertise while physical simulation tools lack sufficient expressiveness and user control. We present an interactive interface for designing these elemental dynamics for animated illustrations. Users draw with coarse-scale energy brushes which serve as control gestures to drive detailed flow particles which represent local velocity fields. These fields can convey both realistic and artistic effects based on user specification. This painting metaphor for creating elemental dynamics simplifies the process, providing artistic control, and preserves the fluidity of sketching. Our system is fast, stable, and intuitive. An initial user evaluation shows that even novice users with no prior animation experience can create intriguing dynamics using our system.
Secure network coding for multi-resolution wireless video streaming (2010)

Emerging practical schemes indicate that algebraic mixing of different packets by means of random linear network coding can increase the throughput and robustness of streaming services over wireless networks. However, concerns with the security of wireless video, in particular when only some of the users are entitled to the highest quality, have uncovered the need for a network coding scheme capable of ensuring different levels of confidentiality under stringent complexity requirements. We show that the triple goal of hierarchical fidelity levels, robustness against wireless packet loss and efficient security can be achieved by exploiting the algebraic structure of network coding. The key idea is to limit the encryption operations to a critical set of network coding coefficients in combination with multi-resolution video coding. Our contributions include an information-theoretic security analysis of the proposed scheme, a basic system architecture for hierarchical wireless video with network coding and simulation results.
The Use of Ti, Si, C, Be and LiF in Soft X-Ray Optics (1988)

Summary Ti, Si, C, Be and LiF have been studied as coatings for normal incidence (multilayers) and grazing incidence (steering many-fold reflection mirrors) optical elements. The multilayers have been tested with soft (130+250 Å and hard (1.54 Å) X-rays. From these measurements the multilayer parameters have been deduced. The carbon and lithium fluorine steering mirrors showed the reflection of 10+60% for the turning angles of 30 and 45 degrees and two wavelengths of 44.7 Å and 67.6 Å. The perspectives of other materials are also discussed.
Two-Photon Excitation Enhanced High-Efficiency and Phase-Conjugate Stimulated Mie Scattering of Perovskite Nanocrystals Suspended in n-Hexane (2020)

Two-photon excitation enhanced backward stimulated Mie scattering (SMS) is generated in a system of perovskite (CsPbBrxI3-x) nanocrystals (NCs) of ∼11 nm size suspended in n-hexane, when pumped with ∼816 nm and ∼10 ns laser pulses. The major linear absorbance band of these PCs is in the 550–300 nm spectral range; thereby, at the pump wavelength (∼800 nm), a considerable two-photon excitation enhanced spatial redistribution of the PCs leads to the formation of an effective Bragg grating that ensures a lower pump threshold requirement and a higher energy transfer efficiency (η) from the pump pulse to the SMS output pulse. Under optimized experimental conditions, the measured efficiency in this system reaches a high value of η = 40%. In addition, the output backward SMS beam exhibits a superior optical phase-conjugation property, and the temporal behavior of SMS output has also verified the proposed theoretical model.
Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) (2002)

Deficient von Willebrand factor (VWF) degradation has been associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). In hereditary TTP, the specific VWF-cleaving protease (VWF-cp) is absent or functionally defective, whereas in the nonfamilial, acquired form of TTP, an autoantibody inhibiting VWF-cp activity is found transiently in most patients. The gene encoding for VWF-cp has recently been identified as a member of the metalloprotease family and designated ADAMTS13, but the functional activity of the ADAMTS13 gene product has not been verified. To establish the functional activity of recombinant VWF-cp, we cloned the complete cDNA sequence in a eukaryotic expression vector and transiently expressed the encoded recombinant ADAMTS13 in HEK 293 cells. The expressed protein degraded VWF multimers and proteolytically cleaved VWF to the same fragments as those generated by plasma VWF-cp. Furthermore, recombinant ADAMTS13-mediated degradation of VWF multimers was entirely inhibited in the presence of plasma from a patient with acquired TTP. These data show that ADAMTS13 is responsible for the physiologic proteolytic degradation of VWF multimers.
Proceedings Fifth International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing (2002)

This proceedings of the October 2002 conference presents recent advances in the theory and technologies of parallel and distributed computing. The 79 papers explore parallel algorithms, distributed scheduling and load balancing, distributed and parallel operating systems, cluster and grid computing,
The fixing of confidence limits to measurements (1945)

The idea of significance testing underlies most practical applications of probability theory to electrical measurements. This paper discusses the problems involved in the application of simple tests of significance to small sets of measurements. It opens with an account of the w-test, which is designed to apply to normally distributed variables. This is followed by a description of the t-test, which is of particular use in dealing with a small number of observations. A method of rapidly applying this test is given, and it is shown that if the true mean value of a physical quantity is unknown the confidence limits to be attached to an estimated value obtained from the measurements may be easily determined. The paper describes a rapid method of estimating the standard deviation of a set of measurements; it is shown that for very small samples the extreme-mean or median forms a good alternative to the arithmetic mean and is often easier to calculate. Pearson&apos;s χ2-test of goodness-of-fit is explained and illustrated. Emphasis is placed on the flexible nature of this test and its relationship to the w-test.
A Study of Data Multiplexing Techniques and Delay Performance (1972)

This paper is concerned with the study of data multiplexing techniques which provide local distribution for user populations whose source characteristics may be categorized as Inquiry/Response. The techniques studied are Polling, Random Access, and a Loop System. In each method a group of users is multiplexed onto the same line which is connected to a Central Processor. The Central Processor forms the interface between the local system and long haul facilities, but does no computation on arriving messages other than to route them appropriately. The advantage of such systems is flexibility of operation and economy through sharing of equipment at the Central Processor. We focus our attention on the average round-trip message delay and use this as a measure for comparisons of the three techniques. Source models, in terms of calls per busy hour and number of bits per message for users as well as for computer responses, are developed which are appropriate in an Inquiry/Response context. Other factors taken into consideration are transmission rates, synchronization delay time, and allocation of available capacity to the transmission of overhead information, such as polling messages and acknowledgment traffic. The results of the study are presented in graphic form, where the average delay due to traffic in the system is plotted as a function of the number of stations. Principal conclusions can be summarized as follows: Polling — It is found that this system is sensitive to the synchronization delay which takes place each time a user station transmits to the central facility. For reasonable choices of system parameters as many as 100 stations can share the Central Processor without exceeding an average of 1-second round trip message delay. Random Access — This system is not sensitive to synchronization delay. Over most of the range of load parameters, the Random Access system shows lower average delay than the other two systems. Loop System — The study revealed that this system has average delay
A comparison of Palantype and Stenograph for use in a speech transcription aid for the deaf (1979)

In spite of considerable reasearch over many years in the field of automatic speech recognition (Underwood, 1977), practical devices capable of recognising unrestricted speech remain as science fiction rather than fact. Simultaneous display of speech as an aid for the deaf has however, been accomplished using manual data input devices (Newell and King, 1977; Newell, 1978; Downton and Newell; Fox et al, 1975; Hayward, 1978). In this application shorthand typing machines have been used, because only they can keep pace with speech (Seibel, 1964). Two possible machines are currently available for English Transcriptions; the Palantype (a British device) and the Stenograph (an American device). They are both based on the same fundamental principles, but differ mechanically and in the typing conventions they use. These differences suggest that one machine may be superior to the other as an input device for an aid for the deaf. This paper compares the two shorthand systems with a view to their potential use in a system providing a simultaneous transcript of speech for the deaf.
Spoof surface plasmon resonant tunneling mode with high quality and Purcell factors (2017)

A high quality factor and a small modal volume for compact, integrable optical devices have always been in great demand. Although metamaterials may be designed to achieve selected mode confinement at a subwavelength scale, the structures themselves have retained a large size. We address the issue of subwavelength mode confinement in structures of reduced size by utilizing unique properties of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). While SSPP modes are commonly considered in the context of periodic structures, we demonstrate that SSPP formation does not depend crucially on periodicity, and therefore metastructures of minimal length can support a well-formed spoof plasmon state. This general property is explicated through our study of the transmission spectrum of a three-cell waveguide with the spoof plasma frequency of the middle cell (defect cell) different from that of the remaining cells (host). The SSPP state in the defect cell supports resonant tunneling manifested by a narrow transmission resonance inside the band gap of the host structure. Despite the minimal length of the structure, the localized defect SSPP mode is characterized by very high quality $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{5})$ and Purcell $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3})$ factors. The proposed concept can be a promising alternative for making miniaturized sources, information storage, and sensing devices at low terahertz frequencies.
Photocatalytic, superhydrophilic, self-cleaning TiO2 coating on cheap, light-weight, flexible polycarbonate substrates (2018)

Photocatalytic TiO2/SiO2 coatings with excellent superhydrophilic wettability were prepared on light-weight polycarbonate substrates for self-cleaning applications. The effect of distinct SiO2 concentrations (0–40%) in TiO2 on the morphology, wettability, UV–Vis transmittance, haze, and durability of the coatings was studied in detail. TiO2/SiO2 coatings prepared with 20% silica in TiO2 showed superhydrophilic wetting properties with a smooth and uniform morphology with more than 85% transmittance. The lower haze value of TiO2/SiO2 coatings confirms their clear optical appearance. A low-friction layer of fluoroalkylsilane was applied to the coatings to improve their mechanical durability. In addition, the hydrophobic-hydrophilic patterns of different areas were prepared to check their effect on the haze and wetting properties.