gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting the Learning Value of Items in a Randomized Problem Set (2012)

Abstract. Researchers that make tutoring systems would like to know which pieces of educational content are most effective at promoting learning among their students. Randomized controlled experiments are often used to determine which content produces more learning in an ITS. While these experiments are powerful they are often very costly to setup and run. The majority of data collected in many ITS systems consist of answers to a finite set of questions of a given skill often presented in a random sequence. We propose a Bayesian method to detect which questions produce the most learning in this random sequence of data. We confine our analysis to random sequences with four questions. A student simulation study was run to investigate the validity of the method and boundaries on what learning probability differences could be reliably detected with various numbers of users. Finally, real tutor data from random sequence problem sets was analyzed. Results of the simulation data analysis showed that the method reported high reliability in its choice of the best learning question in 89 of the 160 simulation experiments with seven experiments where an incorrect conclusion was reported as reliable (p &amp;lt; 0.05). In the analysis of real student data, the method returned statistically reliable choices of best question in three out of seven problem sets.
A wideband Noise-Canceling CMOS LNA exploiting a transformer (2006)

Abstract — A broadband LNA incorporating single-ended to differential conversion, has been successfully implemented using a noise-canceling technique and a single on-chip transformer. The LNA achieves a high voltage gain of 19dB, a wideband input match (2.5–4.0 GHz), and a Noise Figure of 4–5.4 dB, while consuming only 8mW. The LNA is implemented in a 90nm CMOS process with 6 metal layers. Index Terms — CMOSFET amplifiers, broadband
Multi-phase-fluid discrimination with local fibre-optical probes: I. Liquid/liquid flows (1999)

We demonstrate the use of a novel design of fibre-optical sensor (or `local probe') for immiscible-fluid discrimination in multi-phase flows. These probes are made from standard silica fibres with plane oblique facets polished at the fibre tip, with various surface treatments, including a crucial one for wettability control. Total internal reflection is used to distinguish drops, bubbles or other regions of fluid in multi-phase flows, on the basis of refractive-index contrast. Such probes have quasi-binary outputs; we demonstrate in this paper their use in distinguishing water from oil (kerosene) in oil/water two-phase flows and compare the results with those obtained from a simple cleaved fibre relying on the (small) difference in Fresnel reflectivity for discrimination. Quantitative accuracy is demonstrated by comparison of profiles, across a pipe diameter, of local, time-averaged volume fractions (`hold-ups'), with pipe-averaged hold-ups determined from a carefully calibrated gradio-manometer in a fully developed region of the flow. Companion papers deal with the sensors used and results achieved in gas/liquid flows and three-phase flows.
Integrated Transcriptome and Histone Modification Analysis Reveals NDV Infection Under Heat Stress Affects Bursa Development and Proliferation in Susceptible Chicken Line (2020)

Two environmental factors, Newcastle disease and heat stress, are concurrently negatively impacting poultry worldwide and warrant greater attention into developing genetic resistance within chickens. Using two genetically distinct and highly inbred layer lines, Fayoumi and Leghorn, we explored how different genetic backgrounds affect the bursal response to a treatment of simultaneous Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection at 6 days postinfection (dpi) while under chronic heat stress. The bursa is a primary lymphoid organ within birds and is crucial for the development of B cells. We performed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq targeting histone modifications on bursa tissue. Differential gene expression revealed that Leghorn, compared to Fayoumi, had significant down-regulation in genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell division. Interestingly, we also found greater differences in histone modification levels in response to treatment in Leghorns than Fayoumis, and biological processes enriched in associated target genes of H3K27ac and H3K4me1 were similarly associated with cell cycle and receptor signaling of lymphocytes. Lastly, we found candidate variants between the two genetic lines within exons of differentially expressed genes and regulatory elements with differential histone modification enrichment between the lines, which provides a strong foundation for understanding the effects of genetic variation on NDV resistance under heat stress. This study provides further understanding of the cellular mechanisms affected by NDV infection under heat stress in chicken bursa and identified potential genes and regulatory regions that may be targets for developing genetic resistance within chickens.
Overexpression of the Promigratory and Prometastatic PTK7 Receptor Is Associated with an Adverse Clinical Outcome in Colorectal Cancer (2015)

Biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed in colorectal cancer (CRC). The pseudo tyrosine kinase receptor 7 (PTK7) is involved in planar cell polarity and it is deregulated in various malignancies, including CRC. Yet, little is known about its protein expression in human CRC, or about a possible correlation of its expression with clinical endpoints. Using a clinically annotated Tissue MicroArray (TMA) produced from from 192 consecutive CRC patients treated by initial surgery, we examined PTK7 expression by immunohistochemistry in tumoral tissue and matched normal mucosae, and correlated its expression with clinico-pathological features and patient outcome. PTK7 depletion by specific shRNA in HCT116 and HCT15 CRC cell lines was found to affect cell proliferation, resistance to drugs and cell migration. Tumor growth and metastatic phenotype were investigated in vivo using a xenograft mouse model of CRC cells with modulated expression of PTK7 levels. PTK7 was significantly up-regulated in CRC tissue as compared to matched healthy mucosae, and significant overexpression was found in 34% of patients. PTK7 overexpression was significantly associated with a reduced metastasis-free survival in non-metastatic patients. In HCT116 and HCT15 cells, shRNA PTK7 reduced migration but did not affect cell proliferation and resistance to drugs. In a xenograft mouse of HCT15 cells, downregulation of PTK7 led to reduced tumor growth, whereas its overexpression in PTK7-negative cancer cells led to increased metastatic events. PTK7 expression thus represents a potential prognostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in CRC.
Essential functions of Runx/Cbfβ in gut conventional dendritic cells for priming Rorγt+ T cells (2019)

Acquired immune responses are initiated by activation of CD4<sup>+</sup> helper T (Th) cells via recognition of antigens presented by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). DCs instruct Th-cell polarization program into specific effector Th subset, which will dictate the type of immune responses. Hence, it is important to unravel how differentiation and/or activation of DC are linked with Th-cell-intrinsic mechanism that directs differentiation toward a specific effector Th subset. Here, we show that loss of Runx/Cbfβ transcription factors complexes during DC development leads to loss of CD103<sup>+</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup> cDC2s and alters characteristics of CD103<sup>-</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup> cDCs in the intestine, which was accompanied with impaired differentiation of Rorγt<sup>+</sup> Th17 cells and type 3 Rorγt<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells. We also show that a Runx-binding enhancer in the <i>Rorc</i> gene is essential for T cells to integrate cDC-derived signals to induce Rorγt expression. These findings reveal that Runx/Cbfβ complexes play crucial and complementary roles in cDCs and Th cells to shape converging type 3 immune responses.
Engineered liquid crystal anchoring energies with nanopatterned surfaces (2015)

The anchoring energy of liquid crystals was shown to be tunable by surface nanopatterning of periodic lines and spaces. Both the pitch and height were varied using hydrogen silsesquioxane negative tone electron beam resist, providing for flexibility in magnitude and spatial distribution of the anchoring energy. Using twisted nematic liquid crystal cells, it was shown that this energy is tunable over an order of magnitude. These results agree with a literature model which predicts the anchoring energy of sinusoidal grooves.
An Association Between Core Mutations in Hepatitis B Virus Genotype F1b and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Alaskan Native People (2018)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype F1b infection is strongly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in young Alaskan Native (AN) people. However, the mechanisms by which genotype F1b causes HCC are unclear. Here, we analyzed the clinical and virological significance of genotype F1b in long-term serial samples from 20 HCC patients with HBV infection. Complete sequence analyses revealed that all isolates were genotype F1b. In the HCC patients, T1938C and A2051C mutations in the core region had accumulated significantly with A1762T/G1764A mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP) region and G1896A mutation in the precore (PC) region. Several HBV clones containing the core mutations were examined for their replication efficiency and core stability in vitro. Clones containing the A2051C mutation replicated more efficiently than the wild type in association with enhanced stability of core protein dimerization. In chimeric mice with human hepatocytes carrying BCP/PC/2051 mutant but not with wild-type virus, liver fibrosis was induced in association with high levels of serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen. Interestingly, microarray analysis and validation study showed that five genes associated with cell proliferation or carcinogenesis, v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog, Grb2-associated binding protein 2, bradykinin receptor B2, follistatin, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8, were significantly up-regulated in human hepatocytes infected with genotype F1b, particularly the BCP/PC/2051 mutant, compared with other genotypes. Conclusion: We have identified an association between Alaska-specific core mutations and HCC development in AN people infected with genotype F1b; accumulation of these core mutations during the course of chronic infection with genotype F1b would contribute to HCC development in AN people earlier in life.
Abstract 18541: Gastric Bypass Surgery is Associated with a Marked Reduction in Circulating High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations: Comparison with Intensive Lifestyle Intervention (2014)

Introduction: Morbid obesity is associated with increased cardiac mass and cardiovascular risk. Circulating high sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-TnI) concentrations reflect cardiac mass and hemodynamic stress and are strongly predictive of subsequent risk of heart failure and premature death. The impact of weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery (GBS) and intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on circulating hs-TnI is unknown. Hypothesis: Weight loss induced by GBS and ILI is associated with reduced circulating hs-TnI concentrations. Methods: The Morbid Obesity treatment, Bariatric surgery versus Intensive Lifestyle intervention study was a controlled clinical trial conducted from December 2005 to June 2009 at the Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway. A group of 139 morbidly obese subjects were treated either with GBS or ILI. Biochemical and clinical indices of cardiovascular and metabolic health were assessed at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up. Blood samples for hs-TnI analyses were available from 136 participants (94 female), out of whom 74 received GBS. Results: At baseline median hs-TnI levels were 2.35 (1.38-4.40) ng/L in the ILI group and 2.40 (1.28-3.95) ng/L in the GBS group (ns). After 12 months of follow-up, hs-TnI had decreased significantly more in the GBS group than in the ILI group (1.10 ng/L vs. 0.20 ng/L; p=0.002) (see Figure). Variables associated with the change in hs-TnI concentrations by univariate analyses included intervention group (p=0.002), changes in body mass index (p=0.002), body weight (p=0.003), waist circumference (p=0.04), serum total cholesterol (p=0.009), serum triglycerides (p=0.002) and HbA1c (p=0.017). Conclusions: In patients with morbid obesity, GBS was associated with a significantly greater reduction in hs-TnI than ILI, suggesting that bariatric surgery and/or large weight loss unloads the stressed heart and may lead to reduced cardiac mass and hemodynamic stress.
The POU transcription factor UNC‐86 controls the timing and ventral guidance of Caenorhabditis elegans axon growth (2011)

The in vivo mechanisms that coordinate the timing of axon growth and guidance are not well understood. In the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSNs), the lin-4 microRNA controls the stage of axon initiation independent of the UNC-40 and SAX-3 ventral guidance receptors. lin-4 loss-of-function mutants exhibit marked delays in axon outgrowth, while lin-4 overexpression leads to precocious growth in the L3 larval stage. Here, we show that loss of the POU transcription factor UNC-86 not only results in penetrant ventral axon growth defects in in the HSNs, but also causes processes to extend in the L1, three stages earlier than wild-type. This temporal shift is not dependent on UNC-40 or SAX-3, and does not require the presence of lin-4. We propose that unc-86(lf) HSN axons are misguided due to the temporal decoupling of axon initiation and ventral guidance responses.
Transparent proxies for java futures (2004)

A <i>proxy</i> object is a surrogate or placeholder that controls access to another target object. Proxies can be used to support distributed programming, lazy or parallel evaluation, access control, and other simple forms of behavioral reflection. However, <i>wrapper proxies</i> (like <i>futures</i> or <i>suspensions</i> for yet-to-be-computed results) can require significant code changes to be used in statically-typed languages, while proxies more generally can inadvertently violate assumptions of transparency, resulting in subtle bugs.
Sensor response of electrospun poly(lactic acid)/polyaniline nanofibers to aliphatic alcohol vapors of varying sizes (2014)

Poly(lactic acid)PLA is a biocompatible and biodegradable polyester with lactic acid being a byproduct of decomposition. PLA can be produced via processing starch, it is mechanically robust and environmentally stable and has therefore attracted interest in applications such as biomedical implants, controlled drug delivery and other kitchen variety commodity products. Making PLA electrically conductive via blending it with conducting polymers will extend its range of applications to include electronic devices and sensors. Commercial PLA has a hard grainy morphology, but is readily soluble in organic solvents and can be cast into thin films, fibers, foams or other forms. A fiber typically has a larger surface area to volume ratio compared to films and is thus technologically advantageous for sensor applications. We have successfully prepared conducting PLA/PANi nanofibers at low PLA concentrations in CHCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> and used it to sense alcohol vapors of increasing molecular size. The larger the size of the alcohol molecule, the longer it took for the sensor to reach saturation and the sensitivity was smaller. The sensor response times were found to be slower than the recovery times by more than two orders of magnitude for the larger alcohol molecules. Since larger molecules were not able to penetrate the fibers, they were easier to remove. The fiber sensors could be tested on various alcohols without damage and hence were reusable. Conducting PLA based nanofibers therefore present yet another means of fabricating gas sensors and that are biocompatible.
Cerebral Vascular Insufficiency (1956)

Acute cerebral vascular insufficiency may be defined physiologically as a deficiency of cerebral arterial blood flow resulting from an inadequate systemic arterial blood pressure or impairment of the cardiac output.<sup>1</sup>This condition is often transient and correctible, although the resulting deleterious effect upon the brain may or may not be permanent. The deficit in cerebral blood flow may involve the whole brain, or it may be localized. When it is generalized, the well-known symptoms of syncope, generalized grand mal seizures, etc. may occur. It has not been clearly recognized, however, that focal cerebral manifestations, such as hemiplegia, hemisensory disturbances, and Jacksonian seizures, are not uncommonly the result of localized cerebral vascular insufficiency. In the past, such disorders when permanent have been attributed to cerebral hemorrhage, thrombosis, or embolism. When focal cerebral signs have been transient, they have usually been considered a result of localized cerebral vascular spasm. It is
Improved 3GPP System and WLAN Interworking Network Architecture (2012)

We proposed an improved 3GPP system and WLAN interworking network architecture by adding a management server in current architecture. This paper described the switchover process, the function of management server (MS). It analysed the security, load balance, manageability and robustness.
Plant Image Segmentation and Annotation with Ontologies in BisQue. (2016)

Author(s): Preece, Justin; Elser, Justin; Jaiswal, Pankaj; Kvilekval, Kristian; Fedorov, Dmitry; Manjunath, BS; Kitchen, Ryan; Xu, Xu; Trigkakis, Dmitrios; Todorovic, Sinisa; Carbon, Seth | Editor(s): Jaiswal, Pankaj; Hoehndorf, Robert; Arighi, Cecilia N; Meier, Austin
Knockdown of PAK4 or PAK1 Inhibits the Proliferation of Mutant KRAS Colon Cancer Cells Independently of RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling (2012)

The p21-activated kinase (PAK) serine/threonine kinases are important effectors of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42, and play significant roles in controlling cell growth, motility, and transformation. Knockdown of PAK4 or PAK1 inhibited the proliferation of mutant KRAS or BRAF colon cancer cells in vitro. Dependence on PAK4 or PAK1 protein for colon cancer cell proliferation was independent of PAK4 or PAK1 protein expression levels. Mutant KRAS HCT116 colorectal cells were the most sensitive to PAK4 or PAK1 knockdown resulting in the potent inhibition of anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation as well as the formation and proliferation of HCT116 colon cancer spheroids. This inhibition of proliferation did not correlate with inhibition of RAF/MEK/ERK or PI3K/AKT signaling. In HCT116 cells, knockdown of PAK4 or PAK1 caused changes to the actin cytoskeleton resulting in reduced basal spread and cell elongation and increased cell rounding. These cytoskeletal rearrangements seemed to be independent of LIMK/cofilin/paxillin phosphorylation. PAK4 or PAK1 knockdown initially induced growth arrest in HCT116 cells followed by cell death at later time points. Inhibition of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) with the pharmacologic inhibitor ABT-737 increased effector caspase activation and apoptosis, and reduced cell survival with PAK4 or PAK1 knockdown. These results support a role for the PAKs in the proliferation of mutant KRAS-driven colorectal carcinoma cells via pathways not involving RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling.
Systèmes de réaction au SIDA et action préventive (1989)

Résumé. À partir d'un sondage effectué en Ile-de-France, cet article dégage les différents systèmes de réaction au SIDA qu'on observe dans la population. Deux groupes reflètent de façon assez pure l'opposition entre une gestion délibérée, jouant sur le libre consentement des personnes et une gestion répressive du SIDA. Les autres réactions constituent des systèmes plus composites, des compromis mettant en balance les « pour » et les « contre ». Ce qui, en plus des facteurs sociodémographiques, différencie alors ceux qui sont « pour » de ceux qui sont « contre » plus de contraintes, est la confiance accordée aux autres (et surtout aux séropositifs), l'assurance de soi mesurée à la capacité de s'adapter individuellement au risque, le fait de se déterminer essentiellement en fonction de soi-même et non de ses proches et de ses enfants. Loin de se conformer au seul discours des experts, la représentation du risque et de la maladie se fonde sur une diversité d'informations et d'expériences, sur des habitudes, des traditions, des convictions éthiques et des conditions de vie. L'article analyse ensuite les difficultés inhérentes à la politique de prévention face à tant d'attentes et de demandes différentes.
Amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem treatment for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection of beige mice (1989)

The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a common cause of disseminated infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and is increasingly seen as a cause of infection in other immunocompromised patients. Traditional antimycobacterial therapy often is ineffective, and there is a clear need for antibiotics with proven activity against the MAC. Three agents, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem, were tested in vitro for activity against MAC strain 101. Amikacin was bacteriostatic, with an MIC of 4.8 micrograms/ml, which is significantly lower than the concentration in serum obtained with standard dosing. Imipenem and ciprofloxacin had little or no activity alone (MICs, greater than 16 and 4.7 micrograms/ml, respectively), but when they were combined with amikacin there was bactericidal activity. Each agent was tested individually and in combination by using the beige mouse model of disseminated MAC infection. There was no mortality in a group of animals infected with MAC 101 and treated with amikacin alone; also, there was a significant decrease in the infection of the blood, liver, and spleen. There was no apparent improvement in therapeutic effectiveness when amikacin was combined with the other agents. Neither ciprofloxacin nor imipenem was active as a single agent, which was consistent with the in vitro activities of these agents. Amikacin in combination with traditional antimycobacterial agents warrants further study as potential therapy for disseminated MAC infections.
Design of a Hybrid Aerial Robot with Multi-Mode Structural Efficiency and Optimized Mid-Air Transition (2019)

In this paper, we explore a novel multi-mode hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). We combine a tailless fixed-wing with a dual-wing monocopter such that the craft’s propulsion systems and aerodynamic surfaces are fully utilized in both a horizontal cruising mode and a vertical hovering mode. This maximizes the structural efficiency across the flight envelope, thereby reducing drag and unused mass while airborne in either flight mode. This UAV is also designed such that the transition between the two flight modes can be executed in mid-air, using only its existing flight actuators and sensors — there are no transition specific actuators. Using two prototypes, the foundational design and control of the system is established; the first explores the hovering mode characteristics of the unique dual-wing monocopter configuration, while the second explores the full multi-mode capabilities of the combined platform. In addition to analytical simulations, the prototypes are experimentally evaluated and assessed to demonstrate the feasibility, viability and potential of this multi-mode aerial robot design.