gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finding relevant documents using top ranking sentences: an evaluation of two alternative schemes (2002)

In this paper we present an evaluation of techniques that are designed to encourage web searchers to interact more with the results of a web search. Two specific techniques are examined: the presentation of sentences that highly match the searcher's query and the use of implicit evidence. Implicit evidence is evidence captured from the searcher's interaction with the retrieval results and is used to automatically update the display. Our evaluation concentrates on the effectiveness and subject perception of these techniques. The results show, with statistical significance, that the techniques are effective and efficient for information seeking.
Dielectric-plate-implanted Higher Order Mode (HOM) Waveguide for High Intensity Multi-beam Device Application (2012)

A mode-selective oversized RF-beam channel has been investigated for high intensity multi-beam devices. Implanting the equi-spaced dielectric plates at the transverse positions where longitudinal electric fields of a HOM are minimal in the mic ro-metallic structure strongly suppresses all lower energy modes and other wakefield modes. The dielectric lattice captures only a single HOM of the wavelengths that correspond to the plate spacing. Electromagnetic simulations have shown that the lower en ergy modes, TE10 and TE20 modes, are suppressed down to < ~ -60 dB by two plate loads, while TE310-mode prominently propagates through the 2 mm long waveguide only with 4 dB (= -2dB/mm) at 1 THz. The numerical calculation indicated that the TE30 mode has ~ a few times higher Q than the lower energy modes. The strong single mode selectivity has been extensively looked into with a more highly overmoded structure. Feasibility analysis of the HOM structure for multi-beam device application is under investiga tion. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation has shown coherent beam bunching and energy gain from THz driving signal.
Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease (2016)

Immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells and tissues, that is, humanized mice, have become increasingly important as small, preclinical animal models for the study of human diseases. Since the description of immunodeficient mice bearing mutations in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2rg<sup>null</sup>) in the early 2000s, investigators have been able to engraft murine recipients with human hematopoietic stem cells that develop into functional human immune systems. These mice can also be engrafted with human tissues such as islets, liver, skin, and most solid and hematologic cancers. Humanized mice are permitting significant progress in studies of human infectious disease, cancer, regenerative medicine, graft-versus-host disease, allergies, and immunity. Ultimately, use of humanized mice may lead to the implementation of truly personalized medicine in the clinic. This review discusses recent progress in the development and use of humanized mice and highlights their utility for the study of human diseases.
Delivery of streptomycin to the rat colon by use of electrospun nanofibers (2022)

Abstract Drug-loaded electrospun nanofibers are potential drug carrier systems that may optimize disease treatment while reducing the impact on commensal microbes. The feasibility of streptomycin-loaded pullulan nanofibers fabricated from a green electrospinning procedure using water as the solvent was assessed. We conducted a rat study including a group treated with streptomycin-loaded nanofibers (STR-F, n = 5), a group treated with similar concentrations of streptomycin in the drinking water (STR-W, n = 5), and a non-treated control group (CTR, n = 5). Streptomycin was successfully loaded into nanofibers and delivered by this vehicle, which minimized the quantity of the drug released in the ileal compartment of the gut. Ingested streptomycin-resistant E. coli colonized of up to 10 6 CFU/g feces, revealing a selective effect of streptomycin even when given in the low amounts allowed by the nanofiber-based delivery. 16S amplicon sequencing of the indigenous microbiota revealed differential effects in the three groups. An increase of Peptostreptococcaceae in the cecum of STR-F animals may indicate that the fermentation of nanofibers directly or indirectly promoted growth of bacteria within this family. Our results elucidate relevant properties of electrospun nanofibers as a novel vehicle for delivery of antimicrobials to the large intestine.
I-131 MIBG imaging after bone marrow transplantation for neuroblastoma. (1992)

Thirty-one children with stage III and IV neuroblastoma were studied with iodine-131 metaiodobenzyl-guanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, technetium-99m medronate scintigraphy, skeletal plain radiography, and computed tomography (CT) before and after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Twenty-six pre-BMT and 90 post-BMT studies were reviewed. Fourteen patients were alive without tumor, and one patient died at 4 months while free of tumor. I-131 MIBG scans obtained before and after BMT were negative in eight of the 15 patients. Seven had positive I-131 MIBG scans obtained before BMT that became negative after BMT. Six of 15 patients had small, questionable lesions on CT scans of the chest or abdomen that never increased in size, and the I-131 MIBG scans remained negative. Sixteen children had progressive disease or relapse, including four in whom I-131 MIBG scans showed new abnormalities, four with persistently positive I-131 MIBG scans, and three who had negative I-131 MIBG scans at relapse. Two of the 16 patients initially had small lesions seen on abdominal CT scans that were not seen on I-131 MIBG scans; mass lesions were later seen at CT in these locations. Detectable I-131 MIBG uptake in abdominal and thoracic lesions was related to the diameter of the lesion. Both I-131 MIBG scintigraphy and CT should be used to evaluate patients with neuroblastoma who have undergone BMT.
Expression of Equi Merozoite Antigen 2 during Development of Babesia equi in the Midgut and Salivary Gland of the Vector Tick Boophilus microplus (2003)

Equi merozoite antigens 1 and 2 (EMA-1 and EMA-2) are Babesia equi proteins expressed on the parasite surface during infection in horses and are orthologues of proteins in Theileria spp., which are also tick-transmitted protozoal pathogens. We determined in this study whether EMA-1 and EMA-2 were expressed within the vector tick Boophilus microplus. B. equi transitions through multiple, morphologically distinct stages, including sexual stages, and these transitions culminate in the formation of infectious sporozoites in the tick salivary gland. EMA-2-positive B. equi stages in the midgut lumen and midgut epithelial cells of Boophilus microplus nymphs were identified by reactivity with monoclonal antibody 36/253.21. This monoclonal antibody also recognized B. equi in salivary glands of adult Boophilus microplus. In addition, quantification of B. equi in the mammalian host and vector tick indicated that the duration of tick feeding and parasitemia levels affected the percentage of nymphs that contained morphologically distinct B. equi organisms in the midgut. In contrast, there was no conclusive evidence that B. equi EMA-1 was expressed in either the Boophilus microplus midgut or salivary gland when monoclonal antibody 36/18.57 was used. The expression of B. equi EMA-2 in Boophilus microplus provides a marker for detecting the various development stages and facilitates the identification of novel stage-specific Babesia proteins for testing transmission-blocking immunity.
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel–Dependent Regulation of Glucagon Release and Electrical Activity by Glucose in Wild-Type and SUR1−/− Mouse α-Cells (2004)

Patch-clamp recordings and glucagon release measurements were combined to determine the role of plasma membrane ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) in the control of glucagon secretion from mouse pancreatic alpha-cells. In wild-type mouse islets, glucose produced a concentration-dependent (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]=2.5 mmol/l) reduction of glucagon release. Maximum inhibition (approximately 50%) was attained at glucose concentrations >5 mmol/l. The sulfonylureas tolbutamide (100 micromol/l) and glibenclamide (100 nmol/l) inhibited glucagon secretion to the same extent as a maximally inhibitory concentration of glucose. In mice lacking functional KATP channels (SUR1-/-), glucagon secretion in the absence of glucose was lower than that observed in wild-type islets and both glucose (0-20 mmol/l) and the sulfonylureas failed to inhibit glucagon secretion. Membrane potential recordings revealed that alpha-cells generate action potentials in the absence of glucose. Addition of glucose depolarized the alpha-cell by approximately 7 mV and reduced spike height by 30% Application of tolbutamide likewise depolarized the alpha-cell (approximately 17 mV) and reduced action potential amplitude (43%). Whereas insulin secretion increased monotonically with increasing external K+ concentrations (threshold 25 mmol/l), glucagon secretion was paradoxically suppressed at intermediate concentrations (5.6-15 mmol/l), and stimulation was first detectable at >25 mmol/l K+. In alpha-cells isolated from SUR1-/- mice, both tolbutamide and glucose failed to produce membrane depolarization. These effects correlated with the presence of a small (0.13 nS) sulfonylurea-sensitive conductance in wild-type but not in SUR1-/- alpha-cells. Recordings of the free cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) revealed that, whereas glucose lowered [Ca2+]i to the same extent as application of tolbutamide, the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin, or the Ca2+ channel blocker Co2+ in wild-type alpha-cells, the sugar was far less effective on [Ca2+]i in SUR1-/- alpha-cells. We conclude that the KATP channel is involved in the control of glucagon secretion by regulating the membrane potential in the alpha-cell in a way reminiscent of that previously documented in insulin-releasing beta-cells. However, because alpha-cells possess a different complement of voltage-gated ion channels involved in action potential generation than the beta-cell, moderate membrane depolarization in alpha-cells is associated with reduced rather than increased electrical activity and secretion.
Controlled Growth of Long GaN Nanowires from Catalyst Patterns Fabricated by “Dip-Pen” Nanolithographic Techniques (2004)

Long gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires were directly grown on SiO2 substrates from spatially defined locations using a chemical vapor deposition method. Locations of the GaN nanowires were well-controlled by using atomic force microscope (AFM)-based “dip-pen” nanolithography (DPN) and other patterning methods to precisely pattern catalyst islands on the substrate. Devices made of single GaN nanowires were fabricated and characterized. The convenient use of patterning techniques, especially the DPN technique, demonstrates a practical route to control the location of nanowires and for in situ fabrication of nanowire devices.
Risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of dienogest- and drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives: results from a German case-control study (2010)

The study confirms that COC use is associated with an increased risk of VTE. The VTE ORs (adjusted and crude) that compared DNG/EE and DRSP/EE with other low-dose COCs (including LNG/EE) were close to unity and do not indicate a higher risk for users of DNG/EE or DRSP/EE.
Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Oligocyclic Annelated Five-Membered Ring Systems (1998)

The aromaticity and antiaromaticity of oligocyclic annelated five-membered ring systems, pentalene (1), acepentalene (2), dicyclopenta[cd,gh]pentalene (3), and related compounds, have been evaluated computationally using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*). The nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) and magnetic susceptibility exaltations (Λ) of these unusual cross-conjugated π systems indicate 1 and 2 with 8 and 10 π electrons, respectively, to be antiaromatic. In contrast, 3, with 12 π electrons, is aromatic. Although the rings are not identical, 3 has a more delocalized electronic structure than 1 and 2. The dianions of 1−3 have delocalized structures and are aromatic. The magnetic criteria show the dications of 1 and 2 to be aromatic but the dication of 3 to be antiaromatic. The fused ring systems 2 and 3 are nonplanar. The calculated inversion barriers of acepentalene (2) and its free dianion 22- are 7.1 and 5.4 kcal/mol, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactive 4a‐Alkyl‐4aH‐carbazoles by Catalytic Dearomatization, and Their Unusual Dimerization and Dealkylation Reactions. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Number plate recognition using template comparison for various fonts in MATLAB (2016)

In a diverse country like India, gated communities, corporate premises and university campuses witness a lot of unfamiliar vehicles with number plates in different formats, fonts, font sizes and sometimes even in various languages which enter and leave the estate every day, and it is difficult to register the vehicle numbers manually even for a multi-lingual person. This document aims to extract image frames from a streaming CCTV footage, recognize the vehicle number and convert it into its corresponding text format. Template matching has been used earlier in recognition of digits and letters, this paper also uses the concept of template matching methodology using a SIMULINK model in MATLAB which is developed to extract the vehicle number from the number plate. The alphanumeric values are extracted from the image containing the number plate, one after the other, and are matched with its corresponding template with the help of the template matching methodology. This template matching block compares each and every pixel value of the original image with the pixel values of the corresponding stored template and returns a template metrics value as an output. The templates stored in the model consists or various fonts in English as well as templates of some of the widely used languages (22 official languages) across India. The SIMULINK model uses the Digital Signal Processing Toolbox and the Computer System Vision Toolbox in MATLAB. Various factors affects the efficiency of this process such as luminance, blurred images, incomplete numbers or characters, damaged number plates, etc.
Nasal Challenge Activates the Mucociliary Transport System on Not Only the Ipsilateral but also the Contralateral Side of the Nose in Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (2000)

It is controversial whether the mucociliary transport system in the nasal mucosa of persons with allergic rhinitis is upregulated after an allergen challenge in vivo. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a specific allergen challenge on the mucociliary transport system in allergic rhinitis. We used a challenge of house dust mites or a control substance on one side of the nose of 97 volunteers (54 with allergic rhinitis for house dust mites and 43 without allergies). The mucociliary transport system of the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the nose challenged was evaluated using the saccharin clearance time on the right side of the nose. The saccharin clearance time was significantly shortened after an allergen challenge not only on the ipsilateral (right) side of the nose (from 15.0 +/- 11.6 to 10. 9 +/- 9.2 min, mean +/- SD, p = 0.041) but also on the contralateral (left) side of the nose (from 14.7 +/- 10.1 to 8.1 +/- 7.9 min, p = 0.013) in the allergic group. A reduction of the saccharin clearance time was also seen in the allergic group after a control challenge [ipsilateral (right) challenge: from 13.0 +/- 10.0 to 11.6 +/- 10.6 min, contralateral (left) challenge: from 13.5 +/- 9.0 to 10.2 +/- 10.1 min]. There were no reductions of the saccharin clearance time after an allergen or control challenge in the nonallergic groups. These results suggest that a unilateral nasal challenge accelerates the mucociliary transport system bilaterally in the nose of subjects with a hypersensitivity such as allergic rhinitis.
Design of binary-phase and multiphase Fourier gratings for array generation (1990)

A review and comparison of design procedures for binary-phase and multiphase Fourier gratings used as array generators is presented. Grating structures include one- and two-dimensional binary-phase Dammann gratings, general binary-phase gratings, quarternary-phase Dammann gratings, and kinoforms for which coherent and incoherent designs are considered. One coherent method of design is that due to Dammann, which involves the solution of a set of N nonlinear equations in N unknowns. Although Dammann’s method generates little error, it does not permit the explicit maximization of diffraction efficiency. To increase diffraction efficiency, Dammann’s method is modified such that diffraction efficiency is a design parameter. To ensure the existence of a grating that has high diffraction and generates the desired source array, the number of grating parameters are increased, and an incoherent design is considered. Simulated annealing is applied to the solution of this problem. Examples of grating design using the different techniques are presented.
Extracellular Nucleotides and Nucleosides as Autocrine and Paracrine Regulators within the Vasculature (2007)

The normal vascular endothelium provides a barrier that separates blood cells and plasma factors from highly reactive elements of the deeper layer of the vessel wall. It maintains blood fluidity and flow by inhibiting coagulation and platelet activation and promoting fibrinolysis (1). These properties are governed by important, specific thromboregulatory mechanisms that include the release of prostacyclin (2), the generation of nitric oxide (NO) (3), and the expression of heparan sulfate (4), together with the expression of natural anticoagulants such as tissue factor pathway inhibitor or thrombomodulin and fibrinolytic mechanisms involving tissue plasminogen activator (1). These properties of the endothelium and antithrombotic pathways are addressed elsewhere in this volume. This chapter focuses on those key biological activities of the vasculature that have been identified recently and shown to be ectonucleotide catalysts that generate the respective nucleosides through phosphohydrolysis (5,6).
Thermal Energy Distributions in the Workpiece During Cutting With an Abrasive Waterjet (1992)

Distribution of thermal energy in the workpiece during cutting with an abrasive waterjet (AWJ) was studied experimentally. Detailed time-temperature measurements in the workpiece as a function of jet pressure, traverse rate, workpiece material, and workpiece orientation were performed. It is shown that maximum temperatures occur at the immediate vicinity of the cutting interface and sharply decay thereafter with increasing distance from the interface. A higher jet pressure and/or a lower traverse speed results in higher temperatures in the workpiece. A material with higher thermal conductivity experiences higher temperatures during the cut. Within the workpiece, higher temperatures occur at inner zones where the jet-induced cooling effects are minimum.
Comorbidities of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a population‐based study (2012)

• Our results indicated that subjects with BPS/IC had an increased prevalence of multiple comorbidities.
Conjugated‐Protein Mimics with Molecularly Imprinted Reconstructible and Transformable Regions that are Assembled Using Space‐Filling Prosthetic Groups (2014)

Abstract Conjugated‐protein mimics were obtained using a new molecular imprinting strategy combined with post‐imprinting modifications. An antibiotic was employed as a model template molecule, and a polymerizable template molecule was designed, which was composed of the antibiotic and two different prosthetic groups attached through a disulfide bond and Schiff base formation. After co‐polymerization with a cross‐linker, the template molecule was removed together with the prosthetic groups, yielding the apo‐type scaffold. Through conjugation of the two different prosthetic groups at pre‐determined positions within the apo‐type scaffold, the apo cavity was transformed into a functionalized holo cavity, which enables the on/off switching of the molecular recognition ability, signal transduction activity for binding events, and photoresponsive activity.
Connection Tracking Technology of Linux2.4 Kernel Firewall (2004)

In theory,it discusses the principle of how to achieve the firewall system and realizing frame of the core firewall Netfilter under Linux operating system in a comparatively comprehensive way.And pays due attention on the firewall technologies of packet filter and state inspection.Aiming at the security problem in network,makes relevant security measure.Based on these principles and some problems in practice,the paper raises the design demands of firewall system which could enhance the firewall functions,thus the firewall system be much easier to control.
Cell Response to Carbon Nanotubes: Size‐Dependent Intracellular Uptake Mechanism and Subcellular Fate (2010)

The intracellular uptake and subcellular localization of carbon nanotubes strongly depend on the physical size of the materials. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs; 0.5–2 μm in length, 10–30 nm in diameter) are excluded from the interior of the cell; long single-walled carbon nanotubes (L-SWNTs) of length 100–200 nm (1–3 nm in diameter) are only internalized into cytoplasm, whereas short ones (S-SWNTs) of length 50–100 nm partly reside in the cell nucleus. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.