gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multispectral Analysis for Quantitative Measurements of Myoglobin Oxygen Fractional Saturation in the Presence of Hemoglobin Interference (1992)

Quantitative values for myoglobin oxygen fractional saturation were extracted from visible absorption spectra of myoglobin and hemoglobin solutions by analysis with three algorithms: classical least-squares, partial least-squares, and stagewise multiple linear regression. In an effort to mimic in vivo conditions, oxygen tensions and concentrations of myoglobin and hemoglobin solutions in separate cuvettes were varied independently. Transmission measurements were made through both cuvettes so that spectra contained contributions from both myoglobin and hemoglobin. Oxygen tensions in the myoglobin solutions spanned the rapidly varying region of the myoglobin oxygen saturation curve with pO 2 ranging from 0 to 4.79 Torr, corresponding to fractional saturation values between 0 and 0.903. A range of hemoglobin oxygenations from fully oxygenated to fully deoxygenated was used. Estimation of myoglobin fractional saturation by the classical least-squares algorithm had a standard error (SE est ) of 0.094, while the partial least-squares method resulted in an SE est of 0.070. Partial least-squares estimations resulted in an SE est of 0.041 when a limited wavelength range was used. The stagewise multiple linear regression method had an SE est of 0.052. Results indicate that stagewise regression and partial least-squares yielded estimates of myoglobin fractional saturation that were more accurate than those obtained from classical least-squares.
Visualizing and monitoring interface structures and dynamics by luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (2019)

Interfaces exist in almost all objects and processes. Investigation on the interface not only is fundamentally important but also has great application prospects. Traditionally, the interface structure is studied by electron microscopy, which cannot reflect its real structure considering the pretreated process before measurement. Monitoring the interface evolution process by these regular methods is time-consuming and unfeasible in many cases. In this perspective article, we discuss how to realize the visualizing and monitoring interface structures and dynamics by aggregation-induced emission technique, which is applicable to almost all kinds of interfaces, including gas-solid, liquid-solid, solid-solid, gas-liquid-solid, and liquid-liquid-solid. Meanwhile, it is anticipated that the circularly polarized luminescence property in prochiral aggregation-induced emission luminogens can make a great difference in this area.
Offset-parabolic-reflector antennas: A review (1978)

Although used for some decades, the offset-parabolicreflector antenna's electrical properties and performance were not accurately modeled and optimized until the 1960's. This paper reviews, in a tutorial fashion, the state of the art of this important antenna for readers who are not necessarily experts in antenna theory and technology. After a discussion of fundamentals, the performances of both single- and double-reflector configurations are treated and compared, and practical primary feeds are described. Comments are given on the present status of analysis and design and on problems to be solved.
A cascaded Schwarz converter for high frequency power distribution (1989)

AC distribution networks operating at 20 kHz are being considered for future spacecraft. These systems offer important reductions in size and weight and are easier to protect than DC systems at high power levels. It is suggested that two Schwarz converters in cascade provide a very reliable 20 kHz source that features zero-current commutation, constant frequency, and fault-tolerant operation. Equations for the steady-state performance are derived, and graphical results can be plotted in a convenient manner. A 900 W version has been built and successfully tested under no-load, full-load, and short-circuit conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Insights into the Dynamics and Dissociation Mechanism of a Protein Redox Complex Using Molecular Dynamics (2017)

Leishmania major peroxidase (LmP) is structurally and functionally similar to the well-studied yeast Cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP). A recent Brownian dynamics study showed that L. major Cytochrome c (LmCytc) associates with LmP by forming an initial complex with the N-terminal helix A of LmP, followed by a movement toward the electron transfer (ET) site observed in the LmP-LmCytc crystal structure. Critical to forming the active electron transfer complex is an intermolecular Arg-Asp ion pair at the center of the interface. If the dissociation reaction is effectively the reverse of the association reaction, then rupture of the Asp-Arg ion pair should be followed by movement of LmCytc back toward LmP helix A. To test this possibility, we have performed multiple molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the LmP-LmCytc complex. In five separate simulations, LmCytc is observed to indeed move toward helix A, and in two of the simulations, the Asp-Arg ion pair breaks, which frees LmCytc to fully associate with the LmP helix A secondary binding site. These results support the "bind and crawl" or "velcro" mechanism of association, wherein LmCytc forms a nonspecific electrostatic complex with LmP helix A, followed by a "crawl" toward the ET-active site, where the Asp-Arg ion pair holds the LmCytc in position for rapid ET. These simulations also point to Tyr134<sub>LmP</sub> as being important in the association/dissociation reactions. Experimentally mutating Tyr134 to Phe was found to decrease K<sub>m</sub> by 3.6-fold, which is consistent with its predicted role in complex formation by MD simulations.
Correlated Occurrence and Bypass of Frame-Shifting Insertion-Deletions (InDels) to Give Functional Proteins (2013)

Short insertions and deletions (InDels) comprise an important part of the natural mutational repertoire. InDels are, however, highly deleterious, primarily because two-thirds result in frame-shifts. Bypass through slippage over homonucleotide repeats by transcriptional and/or translational infidelity is known to occur sporadically. However, the overall frequency of bypass and its relation to sequence composition remain unclear. Intriguingly, the occurrence of InDels and the bypass of frame-shifts are mechanistically related - occurring through slippage over repeats by DNA or RNA polymerases, or by the ribosome, respectively. Here, we show that the frequency of frame-shifting InDels, and the frequency by which they are bypassed to give full-length, functional proteins, are indeed highly correlated. Using a laboratory genetic drift, we have exhaustively mapped all InDels that occurred within a single gene. We thus compared the naive InDel repertoire that results from DNA polymerase slippage to the frame-shifting InDels tolerated following selection to maintain protein function. We found that InDels repeatedly occurred, and were bypassed, within homonucleotide repeats of 3-8 bases. The longer the repeat, the higher was the frequency of InDels formation, and the more frequent was their bypass. Besides an expected 8A repeat, other types of repeats, including short ones, and G and C repeats, were bypassed. Although obtained in vitro, our results indicate a direct link between the genetic occurrence of InDels and their phenotypic rescue, thus suggesting a potential role for frame-shifting InDels as bridging evolutionary intermediates.
Designs of switched-capacitor comparator using low-voltage floating-gate MOS transistors (2009)

A new structure of comparator circuit based on a pair of complementary floating-gate (FG) MOS transistors is introduced in this paper. Our main design purpose is to focus on low complexity structure and low operating supply voltage. The comparator comprises two stage amplifiers: differential input stage and gain stage. Simulation results from Hspice on 0.25 mum TSMC CMOS technology and 1.5 V power supply are demonstrated. Power consumption of 0.89 muW can be achieved on the operation at 10 MHz and input offset of 50 muV.
Punctuated equilibrium and positive Darwinian evolution in vesicular stomatitis virus. (1993)

RNA viruses possess the potential for rapid evolution and serve as excellent models to test evolutionary theory. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the P gene for a larger number of diverse natural isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus reveals no evidence for a molecular clock but instead shows a stepwise evolutionary pattern unlike that ever seen before. Each step out from the tree's ancestral root to terminal branch tips correlates not with time of virus isolation but with a south-to-north geographical progression from Panama to the United States. The grossly unequal rates of change within this single species imply an underlying mechanism at odds with the prevailing notion that neutral changes are the dominating feature of molecular evolution. This is also a demonstration of punctuated equilibrium at the molecular level.
Development of Ball End Milling for Fine Finish, High-efficiency. (1993)

High-efficiency die-sinking of a plane surface using a ball end mill has been developed to obtain high-quality dies with a finely-milled surface. Noticing the effectiveness of the high-feed cutting method equalizing the tool feed per tooth to the pick feed, investigated were the shapes of cutting tools appropriate for the method. To solve the problem of the milled-surface roughness resulted from machining marks and peeling off built-up edge by using conventional cutting tools, a new tool with superior cutting quality and excellent durability has been developed by eliminating the central end cutting edge. The developed end milling and cutting tool ensure the machining of resin-mold die steel at the feed rate of 4 m/min to make the surface roughness under 4 μm.
Object-based coding of volumetric medical data (2003)

Medical data are increasingly represented as volumes. The huge amount of data to be handled every day in clinical practice makes compression an unavoidable step in picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). We propose an object-based coding scheme for 3D datasets, providing full range quality scalability for each semantically meaningful region. An integer three-dimensional separable wavelet transform is performed on the whole volume. An analytic model based on hybrid ellipsoids is used to describe the different objects, which are then coded independently allowing random access. The adopted coding strategy is the 3D extension of the well known EZW approach. First results show that 3D EZW outperforms both JPEG and the bi-dimensional version of the same coding algorithm in both lossless and lossy modes.
A residue in helical conformation in the native state adopts a β‐strand conformation in the folding transition state despite its high and canonical ϕ‐value (2012)

Delineating structures of the transition states in protein folding reactions has provided great insight into the mechanisms by which proteins fold. The most common method for obtaining this information is Φ-value analysis, which is carried out by measuring the changes in the folding and unfolding rates caused by single amino acid substitutions at various positions within a given protein. Canonical Φ-values range between 0 and 1, and residues displaying high values within this range are interpreted to be important in stabilizing the transition state structure, and to elicit this stabilization through native-like interactions. Although very successful in defining the general features of transition state structures, Φ-value analysis can be confounded when non-native interactions stabilize this state. In addition, direct information on backbone conformation within the transition state is not provided. In the work described here, we have investigated structure formation at a conserved β-bulge (with helical conformation) in the Fyn SH3 domain by characterizing the effects of substituting all natural amino acids at one position within this structural motif. By comparing the effects on folding rates of these substitutions with database-derived local structure propensity values, we have determined that this position adopts a non-native backbone conformation in the folding transition state. This result is surprising because this position displays a high and canonical Φ-value of 0.7. This work emphasizes the potential role of non-native conformations in folding pathways and demonstrates that even positions displaying high and canonical Φ-values may, nevertheless, adopt a non-native conformation in the transition state.
TRAVELER INFORMATION: TAILORED TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE TRAVELER (1996)

A national program has been launched to combat many of the problems that exist today with the surface transportation system in the United States. The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program is applying advanced technology, thoughtful planning, and cooperation of the private industry and federal, state and local governments to address these problems. One of the key elements of ITS is an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS). The primary role of ATIS is to disseminate to the traveler information such as roadway incidents, delays and closings, construction activities, and transit schedules and delays. Research studies have found that there is a strong need for this kind of information and that travelers are willing to pay for it. Having this information in hand allows travelers to plan an alternate route or alternate mode of transportation, delay their departure or cancel their trip. This paper describes one such system and discusses user feedback received from live field tests. The system's architecture is described as well as how users manage their personal profile and how the information is disseminated to the end users. The personal profile enables the user to select routes of interest, days and times when information is relevant to the user and the communication devices that the user wants to use for receiving the information. User feedback to date has been both positive and constructive. Various technical and procedural problems have been identified and subsequently corrected, resulting in a more user-friendly and useful traveler service.
Comment on “Anisotropic s -wave superconductivity: Comparison with experiments on MgB 2 ” by A. I. Posazhennikova et al. (2003)

An analytical result for the renormalization of the jump of the heat capacity ΔC/CN by the anisotropy of the order parameter is derived within the framework of the very recent model proposed by Posazhennikova, Dahm and Maki (Europhys. Lett., 60 (2002) 134), for both oblate and prolate anisotropy. The graph of ΔC/CN vs. the ratio of the gaps on the equator and the pole of the Fermi surface, Δe/Δp, allows a direct determination of the gap anisotropy parameter Δe/Δp by fitting data from specific-heat measurements ΔC/CN. Using the experimental value ΔC/CN = 0.82 ± 10% by Wang, Plackowski, and Junod (Physica C355 (2001) 179) we find Δe/Δp ≈ 4.0.
Topical minocycline microspheres versus topical chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to mechanical debridement of incipient peri‐implant infections: a randomized clinical trial (2006)

The use of a local antibiotic as an adjunct to mechanical treatment of incipient peri-implantitis lesions demonstrated improvements in probing depths that were sustained over 12 months.
Efficacy of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on enzyme activity and soil quality in rice paddy (2013)

Addition of plant residue into soils improves soil physiochemical properties and its fertility. Rapeseed residue is an emerging N source to paddy soils via rice-rape double-cropping practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on chemical changes and enzyme activity in the rice paddy soil. The powdered eggshells at 0, 1, 3, and 5% were applied once to 7.0 kg paddy repacked soils in each pot treated with the rapeseed residue or the conventional N, P, and K fertilisers. Eight rice seedlings (Oriza sativa L. cv. Ilmibyeo) (40 days after sowing) were transplanted to the treated each pot. The contents of total C (TC) and N (TN), and organic matter (OM) were significantly increased in soils treated with the rapeseed residue compared to the N, P, and K fertilisers. With the addition of eggshell containing ∼92% CaCO3, a considerable increase of soil pH was observed in soils treated with the rapeseed residue and the N, P, and K fertilisers, compared to the untreated soil. Activities of β-glucosidase, urease, and arylsulfatase enzymes were higher in soils treated with the rapeseed residue than soils treated with the N, P, and K fertilisers. The eggshell additions at 1, 3, and 5% into soils treated with the rapeseed residue increased enzyme activity mainly resulting from N mineralisation, whereas no change in enzyme activity was observed in the soils treated with the NPK fertiliser. The combined use of the rapeseed residue and the eggshells can be beneficial to improve soil environment.
Accounting for the effects of gas species on piston gauge calculated area: absolute mode (1989)

A model has been developed, and tested experimentally, to account for the apparent dependence of the effective cross-sectional area of pistons in gas-piston-gauge pressure standards on the particular gas with which the gauge is operated, in the absolute mode. The model treats a pressure drop or loss that depends on the pressure difference across the gauge (P1-P2), the fall rate of the piston, the density of the gas and the viscosity of the gas. The model was tested using helium, neon, argon, nitrogen and krypton, and several values of (P1-P2). An algorithm was developed for calculating the piston cross-sectional area. The experimental results confirmed the model and resulted in a reduction in measurement uncertainty arising from this effect by approximately one order of magnitude.
Effects of cardiogenic edema fluid on ion and fluid transport in the adult lung (2007)

We have previously shown that cardiogenic pulmonary edema fluid (EF) increases Na(+) and fluid transport by fetal distal lung epithelia (FDLE) (Rafii B, Gillie DJ, Sulowski C, Hannam V, Cheung T, Otulakowski G, Barker PM and O'Brodovich H. J Physiol 544: 537-548, 2002). We now report the effect of EF on Na(+) and fluid transport by the adult lung. We first studied primary cultures of adult type II (ATII) epithelium and found that overnight exposure to EF increased Na(+) transport, and this effect was mainly due to factors other than catecholamines. Plasma did not stimulate Na(+) transport in ATII. Purification of EF demonstrated that at least some agent(s) responsible for the amiloride-insensitive component resided within the globulin fraction. ATII exposed to globulins demonstrated a conversion of amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current (I(sc)) to amiloride-insensitive I(sc) with no increase in total I(sc). Patch-clamp studies showed that ATII exposed to EF for 18 h had increased the number of highly selective Na(+) channels in their apical membrane. In situ acute exposure to EF increased the open probability of Na(+)-permeant ion channels in ATII within rat lung slices. EF did increase, by amiloride-sensitive pathways, the alveolar fluid clearance from the lungs of adult rats. We conclude that cardiogenic EF increases Na(+) transport by adult lung epithelia in primary cell culture, in situ and in vivo.
Removing the mustard oil bomb from seeds: transgenic ablation of myrosin cells in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) produces MINELESS seeds (2010)

Many plant phytochemicals constitute binary enzyme-glucoside systems and function in plant defence. In brassicas, the enzyme myrosinase is confined to specific myrosin cells that separate the enzyme from its substrate; the glucosinolates. The myrosinase-catalysed release of toxic and bioactive compounds such as isothiocyanates, upon activation or tissue damage, has been termed 'the mustard oil bomb' and characterized as a 'toxic mine' in plant defence. The removal of myrosin cells and the enzyme that triggers the release of phytochemicals have been investigated by genetically modifying Brassica napus plants to remove myrosinase-storing idioblasts. A construct with the seed myrosin cell-specific Myr1.Bn1 promoter was used to express a ribonuclease, barnase. Transgenic plants ectopically expressing barnase were embryo lethal. Co-expressing barnase under the control of the Myr1.Bn1 promoter with the barnase inhibitor, barstar, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enabled a selective and controlled death of myrosin cells without affecting plant viability. Ablation of myrosin cells was confirmed with light and electron microscopy, with immunohistological analysis and immunogold-electron microscopy analysis showing empty holes where myrosin cells normally are localized. Further evidence for a successful myrosin cell ablation comes from immunoblots showing absence of myrosinase and negligible myrosinase activity, and autolysis experiments showing negligible production of glucosinolate hydrolysis products. The plants where the myrosin defence cells have been ablated and named 'MINELESS plants'. The epithiospecifier protein profile and glucosinolate levels were changed in MINELESS plants, pointing to localization of myrosinases and a 35 kDa epithiospecifier protein in myrosin cells and a reduced turnover of glucosinolates in MINELESS plants.
Isolating cells from blood using buoyancy activated cell sorting (BACS) with glass microbubbles (2010)

Obtaining pure cell subpopulations is often the first step for a wide range of applications. Here, we present a generic cell isolation strategy, the “buoyancy activated cell sorting (BACS)”, using glass microbubbles attached with targetspecific antibodies. The design of BACS was centered on the opposite movements of cells and microbubbles during mixing, ultimately improving the capture yield by increasing the number of interactions. Cells labeled with microbubbles will spontaneously float and be isolated without the need for additional separation apparatuses. We demonstrated that more than 99% of CD4 positive cells in whole blood can be isolated in 15 minutes.
Automated AUP (absorption under pressure): A novel method to characterise superabsorbent polymers (2023)

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are a key constituent in baby diapers and adult incontinence products. To develop new SAPs, lab tests are used to measure properties that are considered important for these products. However, these manual tests are often time-consuming and tedious. This paper introduces an automatic method to measure absorption under pressure (aAUP) using industry robots. The new robotic method addresses limitations in an industry standard absorption under pressure (AUP) method. The new aAUP method can run continuously, generating more and better data to aid in product development. It enables to put the Buchholz theory on SAPs for predicting their properties to practice by reduction of manual effort and by producing excellent data quality. This has been shown on commercial polymers from different production processes, with varied particle size distributions and shapes. The aAUP data has also been shown to accurately predict other properties of SAPs relevant for their application in hygiene articles, making it a useful tool for understanding the underlying science and facilitating product development.