gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Permalloy Problem (1953)

In attempting to explain the unusual magnetic properties of the iron-nickel alloys, single crystals of alloys containing 35 to 100 percent nickel were prepared, and measurements made of the magnetic crystal anisotropy and magnetostriction as dependent on cooling rate. It is confirmed that there is a large effect of cooling rate on the anisotropy in the region near Fe${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$, but the experiments show also a substantial effect between 50 and 85 percent nickel. Two magnetostriction constants, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{100}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{111}$, were measured on the same crystals. The effect of cooling rate on magnetostriction was found to be substantial only in the composition range 70 to 80 percent nickel. When the specimens are quenched, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{111}$ goes through zero for a nickel content just below 80 percent nickel, a composition very close to that for highest permeability. This is understandable because the magnetostrictive strain caused by movement of the boundary between two domains, each magnetized spontaneously in a [111] direction, depends on ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{111}$ alone. The same physical picture predicts that near 45 percent nickel, where [100] is the direction of easiest magnetization and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{100}$ goes through zero, the permeability vs composition curve should again have a maximum. Such a maximum is known to exist, and initial permeabilities as high as 15 000 have been observed.Although simple theory suggests that domain-rotation should occur in very weak fields when the crystal anisotropy is very small (75 percent nickel in quenched alloys), nevertheless, rotation involves magnetostrictive strains which prevent ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ from becoming infinite. Internal poles are also likely to be formed. In slowly cooled alloys the anisotropy is zero at about 63 percent nickel; here there are random strains caused by magnetostriction and possibly also by atomic ordering.The principal changes in magnetic properties with composition are explained in terms of the crystal anisotropy and magnetostriction, and their change with heat treatment.
P1533Assessment of myocardial strain from electroanatomical mapping in heart failure patients (2017)

database and contrasted with historical data from the literature. Claria/Amplia MRI and Viva XT devices, with AdaptivCRT, enabled in both cases, were compared with Consulta legacy generators. Data from clinical trials informed anticipated patient survival by indication. Complication rates were derived from literature. Costs were assessed for the Italian, Swiss and UK (English) healthcare systems. Results: Data were extracted from 3,687 Viva XT and 647 Claria/Amplia MRI devices and compared to generator survival of 532 predominantly Consulta devices (Landolina 2016). Currently implanted Viva XT CRT-Ds project 8.161.7 years (Mean6SD) longevity; Claria/Amplia MRI devices 9.061.4 years (p<0.01). New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III patients were 75.1% likely to require a single Claria/Amplia MRI generator, 69.8% a Viva XT generator and 50.2% a Consulta one. Given a median patient survival of approximately 14 years, NYHA Class II patients will on average require two generators; the probability that a third generator is required was reduced to 7.2% with current devices compared to 53.4% with the Consulta generation. Cost savings for Claria/Amplia MRI against Consulta were e4,377, e16,655 (CHF17,870), e7,925 (6,856) for Class III patients and e8,337, e31,726 (CHF34,041), e15,098 (13,061) for Class II patients for Italy, Switzerland and the UK respectively (CHF1e0.932, 1e1.156). Conclusions: Medtronic CRT-D generator projected longevity has substantially increased compared to historical models, leading to projected substantial reductions in replacement procedures and, thus, morbidity and costs.
A windowed local fdr estimator providing higher resolution and robust thresholds (2007)

Motivation: In microarray analysis, special consideration must be given to the issues of multiple statistical tests and typically p-values are adjusted to control family-wise error rate (FWER) or false discovery rate (FDR). FDR metrics have been suggested for controlling false positives, however, genes with p-values close to the threshold typically have a higher chance of being false positives than genes with very low p-values. The local FDR (fdr) metric gives the number of false positives in the vicinity of a test statistic. We propose a new fdr estimator that uses windows instead of binsand define heuristics that use the fluctuations in the estimator to determine robust thresholds for classifying differential expression. Results: Our fdr approach estimates the false discovery rate within a window of p-values. We present heuristics that derive robust fdr thresholds such that a significant change in the fdr threshold yields a small change in the number of rejected hypotheses. We compare these thresholds with thresholds from other approaches using two simulated datasets and one cancer microarray dataset. In the latter, our estimator finds two robust thresholds. Since our fdr estimator is an extension of the FDR metric, it can be used with many FDR estimation methods. Availability: An R function implementing the proposed estimator is available at http://www.dbi.tju.edu/dbi/tools/fdr Contact: james.schwaber@jefferson.edu Supplementary Information: Supplementary figures and code are available at http://www.dbi.tju.edu/dbi/tools/fdr
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SORBITOL ON ACETAMINOPHEN ADSORPTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON (2002)

The effective use of activated carbon as oral adsorbent in the primary treatment of acute acetaminophen poisoning was studied. The adsorption characteristics of acetaminophen onto activated carbons in presence of sorbitol were investigated in vitro. Both the equilibrium amount adsorbed and the removal rate of acetaminophen onto activated carbon were decreased with the increase of sorbitol concentration in solutions. The sorbitol concentration independency of the inhibition to the acetaminophen adsorption was recognized. It was concluded that the addition of sorbitol to the suspension of activated carbon inhibited the acetaminophen adsorption by activated carbon.
Simple Source for Large Linear Cluster Photonic States (2017)

We present a new compact optical scheme which facilitates one single-photon source. This configuration could generate states of any number of photons. The scheme basic operation is experimentally demonstrated with its sensitivity to imperfections considered.
Chronic Immune Activation Underlies Morbid Obesity: Is IDO A Key Player? (2007)

Morbid obesity is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation and immune activation. Thereby various pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IFN-gamma and hormones, such as leptin are synthesized and released in human adipose tissue. The immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is widely distributed in mammals and is inducible preferentially by IFN-gamma. IDO degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan to form N-formyl kynurenine which, depending on cell type and enzymatic repertoires, is subsequently converted to finally form niacin. More recently, it has been proposed that activation of IDO is also critically involved in the regulation of immune responses. In obesity plasma tryptophan concentrations have been shown to be decreased and to be independent of weight reduction or dietary intake. In addition, we previously demonstrated that IDO mediated tryptophan catabolism due to chronic immune activation is the cause for such reduced tryptophan plasma levels in morbidly obese patients compared to lean individuals. Furthermore, these tryptophan metabolic changes may subsequently reduce serotonin production and cause mood disturbances, depression, and impaired satiety ultimately leading to increased caloric uptake and obesity. IDO-mediated tryptophan degradation due to chronic immune activation can therefore be considered as the driving force for food intake. We here review the potential pathogenic links between chronic immune activation and decreased IDO mediated tryptophan and serotonin levels in morbid obesity.
Measurement of position offset in hard disk drive using dual frequency servo bursts (2003)

This paper presents a new scheme for encoding position information in hard disk drives (HDDs). Modern HDDs use embedded servo patterns where the servo sectors containing information related to the location of the tracks are placed interleaved with the data blocks. Reduced length of the servo sector, therefore, means availability of more space for storage of data. The scheme of dual-frequency servo burst used in this paper enables more than 50% reduction in the length of the servo bursts that encode the position error sensing signal (PES). Different methods suitable for decoding PES from the samples of these servo bursts are also discussed, and a detection technique based on the concepts of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is proposed. High sensitivity and flexibility of the digital PES allows the tracks to be placed closer which, is required to meet the demands of future generation HDDs. The dual frequency servo bursts are written on a 2.5-in disk to create tracks at a spacing of 10 /spl mu/-in, and the PES is decoded from the samples of the burst waveforms using DFT-based algorithms. The linearity of the decoded position offset proves the effectiveness of the proposed encoding method and the decoding algorithm.
Glass Monocapillary X-ray Optics And Their Applications In X-ray Microscopy (2010)

Elliptical, parabolic and Wolter type glass monocapillaries were fabricated for use as x‐ray condensers in the energy range of 250 eV to 20 keV. On a routine basis a diameter error of +/−0.4 μm and straightness error of 0.8 μm (peak to valley) can be reached. The final test of condensers was performed at‐wavelength by imaging the far field x‐ray reflection intensity distribution using a laboratory microfocus x‐ray source. For medium length condensers with a total length <80 mm, a total slope error of 40 μrad rms was obtained. The applications in full‐field x‐ray microscopes and the future effort in developing capillary Wolter mirrors based on this technology are reported.
Elastic Coefficients and Twist Viscosity in Side-Chain Mesomorphic Polymers (1984)

The splay and bend elastic constants and the twist viscosity coefficient ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ have been measured for a series of side-chain nematic polymers. While the static properties are close to those of conventional liquid crystals, the hydrodynamic behavior resembles that of ordinary flexible polymers in the melt state. Furthermore, the results indicate an anisotropic conformation of the main chain as well as a coupling between the director rotation and the motion of the backbone.
Correction of B<inf>0</inf> inhomogeneity distortion in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (2009)

In this paper we reconstruct the 3-D MR spectroscopic data acquired using an echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) sequence. We propose to compensate for B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> inhomogeneity artifact by using the B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> field map and T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> * decay estimated from a higher resolution, multi-slice proton imaging data scanned with similar shimming to the EPSI one. We employ total variation (TV) regularization to obtain more uniform spectral peaks and lineshapes, and exploit the sparsity of the spectral data by using the lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> norm in the reconstruction.
Sialyl Glycan Expression on T Cell Subsets in Asthma: a correlation with disease severity and blood parameters (2019)

Memory T helper (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cells play key roles in asthma. Certain sialyl carbohydrate determinants for selectins profoundly affect the migratory properties of memory Th cells, and the suppressive function of Treg cells. Previous studies have shown that the proportion of CCR4<sup>+</sup> memory Th cells expressing sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis X (Le<sup>X</sup>) is elevated in asthma patients. We aim to investigate the roles of different sialyl glycans on T cell subsets in asthma. Using flow cytometry, we assessed the expression of three sialyl glycans, sialyl 6-sulfo Le<sup>X</sup>, cyclic sialyl 6-sulfo Le<sup>X</sup>, and sialyl Le<sup>X</sup> on memory Th and Treg cells, in the peripheral blood of asthmatic children. We also assessed the relationships between glycan-expressing cell percentages and asthma clinical parameters. Compared with controls, asthmatic children showed higher proportions of memory Th cells expressing sialyl Le<sup>X</sup> and sialyl 6-sulfo Le<sup>X</sup>. The proportions of memory Th cells with sialyl 6-sulfo Le<sup>X</sup> and cyclic sialyl 6-sulfo Le<sup>X</sup> expression in asthmatic children correlated with absolute eosinophil count and IgE level, respectively. Children with moderate-to-severe asthma had lower numbers of sialyl Le<sup>X</sup> positive Treg cells. Our study suggests that sialyl glycans on T cells may play important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma.
Solid-Nanoemulsion Preconcentrate for Oral Delivery of Paclitaxel: Formulation Design, Biodistribution, andγScintigraphy Imaging (2014)

Aim of present study was to develop a solid nanoemulsion preconcentrate of paclitaxel (PAC) using oil [propylene glycol monocaprylate/glycerol monooleate, 4:1 w/w], surfactant [polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate/polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate, 1:1 w/w], and cosurfactant [diethylene glycol monoethyl ether/polyethylene glycol 300, 1:1 w/w] to form stable nanocarrier. The prepared formulation was characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to assess surface morphology and drug encapsulation and its integrity. Cumulative drug release of prepared formulation through dialysis bag and permeability coefficient through everted gut sac were found to be remarkably higher than the pure drug suspension and commercial intravenous product (Intaxel), respectively. Solid nanoemulsion preconcentrate of PAC exhibited strong inhibitory effect on proliferation of MCF-7 cells in MTT assay. In vivo systemic exposure of prepared formulation through oral administration was comparable to that of Intaxel in γ scintigraphy imaging. Our findings suggest that the prepared solid nanoemulsion preconcentrate can be used as an effective oral solid dosage form to improve dissolution and bioavailability of PAC.
Abschließende Daten zu einer neuen elektrochemischen Messmethode zum schnellen Nachweis der Helicobacter pylori Infektion (2012)

Einleitung: Die Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infektion betrifft bis zu 50% der Erwachsenen, führt zu einer chronischen Entzündung der Magenschleimhaut und begünstigt die Entwicklung der gastralen Ulkuserkrankung sowie des Magenkarzinoms. Zum Nachweis der Infektion stehen verschiedene, invasive und nicht-invasive Testverfahren zur Verfügung. Kürzlich berichteten wir über eine neue elektrochemische Messmethode zum Nachweis der H. pylori Infektion.
Embedded Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Fiber Optic Strain Rosette Sensors (1994)

The ability to determine the state of strain within a plane is of great importance to the health monitoring of composite materials and structures. In this preliminary study, fiber optic strain sensors are arranged in a rosette configuration to study their effectiveness in monitoring arbi trary strain states within a neat resin and a graphite/epoxy laminate. The extrinsic Fabry Perot Fiber Optic Strain Rosette Sensor (FP-FOSRS) is very capable of measuring axial (0°) and transverse (90°) strains. However, discrepancies are noted between strain measured by the embedded Fabry Perot Sensors and externally mounted strain gages at 45°. Further, it is believed that the compressive strength of FP-FOSRS embedded composites is most affected by the sensors' presence. A com pressive strength reduction of 300% is measured. This reduction is compared with the result pre dicted by a micromechanical model.
Mask-programmable multiple-valued logic gate using resonant tunnelling diodes (1996)

The design of a 1-input and a 2-input 4-valued logic gate is described. These gates can be used to implement cells of a gate array, with the benefit of having programmable functionality and multiple-valued logic input and output lines. Programmable functionality allows any of the four billion functions of a 2-input 4-valued logic gate to be implemented by the same cell, and multiple-valued logic signal lines can reduce the area needed to be reserved for intercell routing. A key component of these cells is the resonant tunnelling diode, an ultrafast and small quantum electronic device that can be used in conjunction with HBTs to make compact literal circuits and decoders. So far as non-gate-array implementations are concerned, compactness can be improved further by a simple algorithm, also presented by the authors, to discard redundancies in the gate structure.
Mission to Planet Earth's Geostationary Earth Observatories (GEO's) (1992)

The Geostationary Earth Observatories (GEO's) are the space-based element of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program which provide the excellent temporal resolution data required for a thorough understanding of earth processes and their role in global climate change. This paper discusses the scientific rationale, required instrumentation, observatory configuration, and data system of the GEO program.
Frequent microsatellite instability in primary small cell lung cancer. (1994)

Alterations in microsatellite sequences characterize hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. This microsatellite instability is due in some kindreds to a germline mutation of the mismatch repair gene hMSH2 on chromosome 2p. Although microsatellite alterations have been reported in other hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer-associated tumors including endometrial and gastric cancers, such changes were not detected in most other major neoplasms. We found that 15 of 33 (45%) primary small cell lung cancers, tumors not found in the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, displayed alterations of microsatellite loci which consisted of deletions or expansions of (CA)n dinucleotide repeats. In 8 of these 15 neoplasms, microsatellite instability was detected in more than 10% of all tested alleles. However, small cell lung cancers that revealed instability contained widespread allelic loss and had a uniformly poor prognosis. These results expand considerably the known spectrum of tumors with microsatellite instability.
A randomized 12-week study to compare the gingivitis and plaque reduction benefits of a rotation-oscillation power toothbrush and a sonic power toothbrush. (2009)

The rotation-oscillation power toothbrush was significantly more efficacious than the sonic toothbrush in removing plaque, in reducing gingivitis, and lowering the number of bleeding sites after 12 weeks of twice-daily brushing.
What is The Royal Statistical Society? (1999)

Summary This is the first of a short series of articles briefly describing the organisations that sponsor Teaching Statistics. The series starts with The Royal Statistical Society.
Advances in Underwater Acoustic Networking (2013)

The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive account of recent advances in underwater acoustic communications and networking. To do so, it briefly describes the typical communication architecture of an underwater network. The chapter discusses the key notions of underwater acoustic propagation and the state of the art in acoustic communication techniques at the physical layer. It presents the recent advances in protocol design at the medium access and network layers of the protocol stack. The chapter reviews the state of the art in medium access control protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UW-ASNs), respectively. It describes the advances in cross-layer design techniques. Finally, it provides a detailed discussion of the existing underwater acoustic platforms for experimental evaluation of underwater networks. Controlled Vocabulary Terms Cross layer design; media access protocol; underwater acoustic communication; wireless sensor networks
Establishment of Epitope-Defined Monoclonal Antibodies With Specificity for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Types 1 and 2 (1998)

The development of specific antibody probes for characterizing the expression of the family of 4 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) types has been difficult because of their close homology to each other and high degree of evolutionary conservation. Of the existing anti-FGFR monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), there are few that are useful for staining paraffin-embedded tissues. We have raised MAbs against human FGFR1 and FGFR2 in both rats and mice using bacterial recombinant receptor fusion proteins as immunogens. We used peptide epitope mapping to characterize the immune sera and the selected MAbs. Immunized animals were selected that displayed the broadest reactivity against epitopes unique to the immunizing receptor type. We produced FGFR1 specific MAbs that bind epitopes in immunoglobulin domain I (Ig-I) and FGFR2 specific MAbs that bind epitopes in Ig-I, Ig-II, and the acid box. The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by ELISA and immunoblot analysis of purified recombinant FGFR1 and FGFR2 extracellular domains produced both in E. coli and in eucaryotic cells. Based on the lack of epitope homology, these MAbs would not be expected to cross-react with FGFR3 or FGFR4. We isolated MAbs that bound to paraffin embedded tissue and immunoblots of recombinant receptor. These epitope-defined MAbs can distinguish between members of the FGF receptor family and should be useful as tools for assessing FGF receptor expression in a variety of normal and diseased tissues.
Spectral Features and Speech Processing (1995)

In the field of image processing a sampled continuous signal usually serves directly as input data for extraction algorithms of geometrical features and segmentation (Chapter 22).KeywordsHide Markov ModelSpeech SignalDiscrete Fourier TransformDynamic Time WarpingConvolution TheoremThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Identification of Continuous Time Dynamic Systems (1986)

R. Johansson. Identification of continuous­-time dynamic systems. Proc. 25th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC'86), pages 1653--1658, Athens, Greece, 1986.
Object behavior simulation based on behavior tree and multi-agent model (2017)

Existing emergency plans and security deployment schemes of public safety events are too subjective and lack of practical testing. In this paper, behavior tree and multi-agent model in game artificial intelligence are applied to modeling the behavior characteristics of scene objects. Behavioral decision is made by the combination of behavior tree and scene object features. Based on that, a natural and intelligent mode of motion is designed by the autonomous multi-agent model. In the experiment, Unity3D engine is used to display the 3D dynamic visualization and the simulation results under the generated deployment scenarios are collected and analyzed. The experiments results show that our model can be used for reasoning and verification of the deployment schemes in advance, and it has a certain guiding role in optimizing the emergency plans and deployment schemes.