gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Serotonin Receptors Recognized by Anti‐Idiotypic Antibodies (1991)

Anti-idiotypic antibodies were generated by immunizing rabbits with affinity-purified antibodies to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Anti-5-HT activity was removed from the resulting antisera by chromatography through a 5-HT affinity column. The anti-idiotypic antibodies were demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to bind to affinity-purified whole anti-5-HT antibodies and their Fab fragments. Anti-idiotypic antibodies, purified by affinity chromatography on columns to which antibodies to 5-HT were coupled, competed with 5-HT (covalently bound to protein) for the binding sites on anti-5-HT antibodies and serotonin binding protein. The anti-idiotypic antibodies antagonized the binding of [3H]5-HT to membranes isolated from the cerebral cortex, striatum, and raphe area more than to membranes from hippocampus or cerebellum. The anti-idiotypic antibodies also blocked the binding of the 5-HT1B-selective ligand (-)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol (in the presence of 30 microM isoproterenol) to cortical membranes. In contrast, anti-idiotypic antibodies failed to inhibit binding of the 5-HT1A-selective ligand 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-[3H]propylamino)-tetralin [( 3H]8-OH-DPAT) to raphe area membranes or hippocampal membranes. These observations suggested that the anti-idiotypic antibodies may recognize some 5-HT receptor subtypes but not others. This hypothesis was tested by ascertaining the ability of anti-idiotypic antibodies to immunostain cells transfected in vitro with cDNA encoding the 5-HT1C or 5-HT2 receptor or with a genomic clone encoding the 5-HT1A receptor. Punctate sites of immunofluorescence were found on the surfaces of fibroblasts that expressed 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 receptors, but not on the surfaces of HeLa cells that expressed 5-HT1A receptors. Immunostaining of cells by the anti-idiotypic antibodies was inhibited by appropriate pharmacological agents: immunostaining of cells expressing 5-HT1C receptors was blocked by mesulergine (but not ketanserin, 8-OH-DPAT, or spiperone), whereas that of cells expressing 5-HT2 receptors was blocked by ketanserin or spiperone (but not mesulergine or 8-OH-DPAT). The anti-idiotypic antibodies failed to inhibit the uptake of [3H]5-HT by serotonergic neurons. It is concluded that the anti-idiotypic antibodies generated with anti-5-HT serum recognize the 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes; however, neither 5-HT1A receptors nor 5-HT uptake sites appear to react with these antibodies.
The Rapid and Facile Synthesis of Oxyamine Linkers for the Preparation of Hydrolytically Stable Glycoconjugates (2015)

The synthesis of a number of N-glycosyl-N-alkyl-methoxyamine bifunctional linkers is described. The linkers contain an N-methoxyamine functional group for conjugation to carbohydrates and a terminal group, such as an amine, azide, thiol, or carboxylic acid, for conjugation to the probe of choice. The strategy for the linker synthesis is rapid (3-4 steps) and efficient (51-96% overall yield), and many of the linkers can be synthesized using a three-step one-pot strategy. Moreover, the linkers can be conjugated to glycans in excellent yield and they show excellent stability toward hydrolytic cleavage.
On the arms race around botnets - Setting up and taking down botnets (2011)

Botnets are a well-recognized and persistent threat to all users of the Internet. Since the first specimens were seen two decades ago, botnets have developed form a subject of curiosity to highly sophisticated instruments for illegally earning money. In parallel, an underground economy has developed which creates hundreds of millions of euros per year in revenue with spamming, information theft, blackmailing or scare-ware. Botnets have become a high-value investment for their operators that need to be protected from law enforcement agencies or the anti-botnet community. Security researchers and companies trying to keep them within bounds are facing the very latest in spreading and defense techniques. Hundreds of thousands of new malware samples per month pose an immense challenge for AV companies. Specialized countermeasures against botnets have evolved along with botnet technology, trying to bring them down by targeting the root of every botnet: its command-and-control structure. This leads to an ongoing arms race between botnet developers and their operators vs. security experts. So far the former have the upper hand. Based on the analysis of multiple botnet takedowns and the in-depth investigation of various botnet architectures conducted by the authors, this paper provides an analysis of the efforts needed to acquire and set up a botnet. This is followed by a comparison of selected significant botnet countermeasures, which are discussed with regard to their required resources. Legal and ethical issues are also addressed, while a more thorough discussion of these will be left for future work.
A map estimation algorithm for Bayesian polynomial regression on riemannian manifolds (2017)

In this paper, we present a Bayesian formulation of polynomial regression on a Riemannian manifold. Previous methods for fitting a curve to manifold-valued data have been formulated as geometric, least-squares estimation problems. We show that least-squares estimation on manifolds, much like the familiar Euclidean case, suffers from overfitting when using higher-order polynomials. Our Bayesian model mitigates this overfitting by placing a prior on the polynomial coefficients that shrinks their magnitude, analogous to Bayesian Euclidean regression with a Gaussian prior on the coefficients. We develop an algorithm for computing maximum a posteriori estimates of polynomial coefficients and the noise variance. Experiments on synthetically generated sphere data and a real shape regression problem demonstrate the advantages of our approach.
Nontrivial grating that possesses only specular characteristics: normal incidence (1986)

It is well known that gratings with horizontally pronounced periodicities produce nonspecular reflection (and transmission) modes depending on the frequency and the periodicity. Do gratings with vertically pronounced periodicities always do similarly well? This question is resolved by considering a grating made of an infinitely long slab of constant width in which perfectly conducting gratings are periodically inserted. Only normal incidence is considered, and an elementary modal theory has been used in which diffraction from knife edges has been neglected. From the computed results it is shown that such a grating always reflects and transmits specularly perfectly over wide frequency ranges irrespective of the periodicity of the grating, the dielectric constant of the slab (real), the width of the slab, or the polarization of the incident electromagnetic plane wave.
Physical properties and microelectronic applications of low permittivity fluoromethylene cyanate ester resins (1997)

A series of fluoromethylene cyanate ester resins have been synthesized and studied as potential low dielectric resins for microelectronics. Physical properties were observed to change with the fluoromethylene segment length in the monomer. The polymer can be formed from a stable oligomer that is thermally converted in a single step to a crosslinked thermoset. The complex permittivity decreases with the number of fluoromethylenes in the monomer. The dielectric constant changes significantly with the n=6 monomer and appears to show very little change for the n=8, 10 compounds. The loss tangent appears to have a downward trend with increasing fluoromethylene chain length. Complex permittivities of select systems were studied up to frequencies as high as 40 GHz. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine melting points of the monomer series and show them increasing with the fluoromethylene chain length. With a broad exothermic curing reaction between 200 and 300 °C, the process window is sequentially shortened as the number of fluoromethylenes increases. This makes the processing of the larger monomers (i.e., n=8, 10) very difficult. A comparison of physical properties and ease of processing shows the n=6 compound to be an optimum compromise. A prepolymer of the n=6 system (F6Cy) was made for spin coat processing with a conversion of 30%–40% determined by F19 NMR. A 2 h cure at 175 °C was found to crosslink the material sufficiently for potential microelectronic applications. Excellent gap fill was observed via SEM of spin coated test wafers. Contact angle measurements and ASTM tape tests indicate good surface wetting and adhesion.
Serpentine Adaptation of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. (Oleaceae) Based on Morphological and Anatomical Approaches (2022)

Serpentine soils consist of broadly skewed elemental profiles, including abundant toxic metals and low nutrient content in drought-prone, patchily distributed substrates; therefore, they are one of the most challenging settings for plant life. In this study, a comparative study was conducted using serpentine and inland populations of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. (Oleaceae) to determine morphological and anatomical differences between the same species growing in the serpentine and inland areas. Longitudinal leaf sections indicated that serpentine populations had slightly thicker leaves than inland populations, contributing to the increased heights of adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells and palisade and spongy tissues. Moreover, the serpentine population had smaller stomata than the inland populations. These results suggest that the strong selective pressure under serpentine soil conditions could force leaves to restore water and avoid excessive transpiration.
Reversible alkyne insertion in the benzannulation reaction of Fischer carbene complexes with alkynes (1995)

The benzannulation reaction of Fischer carbene complexes with alkynes to give phenols is highly regioselective with terminal alkynes, and reasonably regioselective with internal alkynes. This has been attributed to steric factors in intermediates, where one form is favored due to close contact between the R substituent and a cis-CO ligand. Whether alkyne insertion is kinetically or thermodynamically controlled has not been determined. The authors now have evidence from regioselectivity studies that alkyne insertion into the metal-carbon bond is reversible. Implications of these results and further mechanistic considerations will be presented.
High denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation contributes to net nitrogen loss in a seagrass ecosystem in the central Red Sea (2018)

Abstract. Nitrogen loads in coastal areas have increased dramatically with detrimental consequences for coastal ecosystems. Shallow sediments and seagrass meadows are hotspots for denitrification, favoring N loss. However, atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) fixation has been reported to support seagrass growth. Therefore, the role of coastal marine systems dominated by seagrasses in the net N2 flux remains unclear. Here, we measured denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and N2 fixation in tropical seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) meadow and the adjacent bare sediment in a coastal lagoon in the central Red Sea. We detected high annual mean rates of denitrification (34.9 ± 10.3 and 31.6 ± 8.9 mg N m−2 d−1) and anammox (12.4 ± 3.4 and 19.8 ± 4.4 mg N m−2 d−1) in vegetated and bare sediments. The annual mean N loss was higher (8 and 63-fold higher) than the N2 fixed (annual mean = 5.9 ± 0.2 and 0.8 ± 0.3 mg N m−2 d−1) in the meadow and bare sediment, leading to a net flux of N2 from sediments to the atmosphere. Despite the importance of this coastal lagoon in removing N from the system, N2 fixation can contribute substantially to seagrass growth since N2 fixation rates found here could contribute up to 36 % of plant N requirements. In vegetated sediments, anammox rates decreased with increasing organic matter (OM) content, while N2 fixation increased with OM content. Denitrification and anammox increased linearly with temperature, while N2 fixation showed a maximum at intermediate temperatures. Therefore, the forecasted warming could further increase the N2 flux from sediments to the atmosphere, potentially impacting seagrass productivity and their capacity to mitigate climate change but also enhancing their potential N removal.
Amoebal pathogens as emerging causal agents of pneumonia (2009)

Despite using modern microbiological diagnostic approaches, the aetiological agents of pneumonia remain unidentified in about 50% of cases. Some bacteria that grow poorly or not at all in axenic media used in routine clinical bacteriology laboratory but which can develop inside amoebae may be the agents of these lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) of unexplained aetiology. Such amoebae-resisting bacteria, which coevolved with amoebae to resist their microbicidal machinery, may have developed virulence traits that help them survive within human macrophages, i.e. the first line of innate immune defence in the lung. We review here the current evidence for the emerging pathogenic role of various amoebae-resisting microorganisms as agents of RTIs in humans. Specifically, we discuss the emerging pathogenic roles of Legionella-like amoebal pathogens, novel Chlamydiae (Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, Simkania negevensis), waterborne mycobacteria and Bradyrhizobiaceae (Bosea and Afipia spp.).
An Intelligent Metrology Architecture With AVM for Metal Additive Manufacturing (2019)

The capability of measuring melt pool variation is the key evaluating metal additive manufacturing quality. To measure the variation, a metrology architecture with <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> melt pool measurement and an estimation module is required. However, it is a challenge to effectively extract significant features from the huge data collected by the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> metrology for quality estimation requirement. The purpose of this letter is to propose an intelligent metrology architecture with an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> metrology (ISM) module and an enhanced automatic virtual metrology (AVM) system. The ISM module can extract the melt pool features with a coaxial camera and a pyrometer. On the other hand, the AVM system is improved with a feature selection method to solve the issue of limited samples in the component modeling quality. The examples with different metals are adopted to illustrate how the system works for estimating surface roughness and density of components, and, in the future, the system can even serve as the feedback signal for adaptive control of the process parameters by layering in an additive manufacturing system.
Loss of Atg16 delays the alcohol-induced sedation response via regulation of Corazonin neuropeptide production in Drosophila (2016)

Autophagy defects lead to the buildup of damaged proteins and organelles, reduced survival during starvation and infections, hypersensitivity to stress and toxic substances, and progressive neurodegeneration. Here we show that, surprisingly, Drosophila mutants lacking the core autophagy gene Atg16 are not only defective in autophagy but also exhibit increased resistance to the sedative effects of ethanol, unlike Atg7 or Atg3 null mutant flies. This mutant phenotype is rescued by the re-expression of Atg16 in Corazonin (Crz)-producing neurosecretory cells that are known to promote the sedation response during ethanol exposure, and RNAi knockdown of Atg16 specifically in these cells also delays the onset of ethanol-induced coma. We find that Atg16 and Crz colocalize within these neurosecretory cells, and both Crz protein and mRNA levels are decreased in Atg16 mutant flies. Thus, Atg16 promotes Crz production to ensure a proper organismal sedation response to ethanol.
Morfina endógena a nivel central y periférico (2009)

Morphine was first identified in opium from Papaver somniferum, and is still one of the strongest known analgesic compounds used in hospital. Since the beginning of the 80s, endogenous morphine, with an identical structure to that of morphine isolated from poppies, has been characterised in numerous mammalian cells and tissues. In mammals, the biosynthesis of endogenous morphine is associated with dopamine, as demonstrated in the SH-SY5Y human neuronal catecholamine-producing cell line. More recently, morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide has been shown to be present in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line and that morphine is secreted from the large dense core vesicles in response to nicotine stimulation via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism suggesting its implication in neuro- transmission. An increasing number of publications have demonstrated its pre- sence and implication in different biological processes at the central and peripheral levels. The present review reports the major data concerning endogenous morphine presence and implication in phy- siological processes.
Completely Irrepressible Sequences for Multiple-Packet Reception (2015)

In this paper, we study completely irrepressible (CI) sequences. For a slot-asynchronous communication system supporting K users with such sequences, a key feature is that each user is guaranteed to be able to send out at least one contention-free packet in one common sequence period. This is a desirable property since it provides a bounded delay guarantee for medium access control (MAC) layer contention, in contrast to random access schemes. Generalizing previous studies on CI sequences, we investigate systems endowed with multiple-packet reception (B.3) (MPR) capability γ, 2 ≤ γ <; K. That is, a packet transmission is successful if and only if the total number of transmissions in the channel at any point in time during its transmission is less than or equal to γ. We investigate the minimum period L of CI sequences for MPR as L is a fundamental factor that affects the worst-case delay. The main result is that L is asymptotically upper bounded by 2K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /(γ - 2) when γ ≥ 3. For γ = 2, the corresponding bound is 2K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . In contrast, the bound for the single-packet reception system (γ = 1) is 4K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Simulation results verify our analysis and present comparative studies between CI sequences and random access in an application of group-based detection in a wireless sensor network.
Nonlinear Refractive Index Measurement in Semiconductor-Doped Glasses (1997)

There are several techniques in use for non-linear refractive index measurement, namely, interferometric techniques, in which conventional inter-ferometers are used, degenerate for wave mixing (DFWM), and z-scan, Each of these techniques suffers from some shortcmings. For example conventional interferometers like Fabry-Perot and Twyman-Green need high quality optical components, unwanted reflections on these components produce noise, and the device limits the probe-pump anglc, or in z-scan technique one needs very sensitive detectors and since the intensity is monitored by the nonlinear absorption, which is usually present, reduces the measurement accuracy. In the techniqucs introduced here, in principle, only a plate of the sample is required, and even parallelism of the plate surfaces is not curcial. Experiments can be carried out successfully if the angle between the plate surface is less than few minutes. In the first technique, the probe beam strikes the surface at an arbitray angle of incidence. The reflected beam from the two surfaces of the sample interfere on a photo-sensitive screen like CCD, and more or less linear interference fringes are produced. When the pump beam is switched on, the interference pattern deforms. The amount and the direction of the deformation give the value and the sign of the non-linear refractive index. In this technique the probe-pump angle can be varied from 00 to 1900. In the second technique, interference between the reflected probe beam from the sample and the diffracted pump beam from the grating induced by the interference of the probe and the pump beams, leads to a series of circular fringes. When the non-linear sample is replaced by a linear material like fuse silica glass, the above mentioned circular fringes are formed, but the number of fringes in a specified angular interval remains fixed as the pump beam intensity increases. But, in the case of a non-linear sample the number changes due to self focusing or defocusing induced by pump beam. The curvature of diffracted wave is deduced from the measurement of the radii of circular fringes for different pump intensities and this leads to the evaluation of non-linear refractive index. It is shown that an accuracy of π/10 in measuring the phase of the diffracted spherical wave front, leads to an accuracy of 5% in measurement of nonlinear retractive index. Bout techniques have been carried out using the second harmonic of a Nd,YAG laser with 8ns pulse duration, and the samples were Schotts OG550 filters of 1mm thickness. The exeperimental results of both techniques are in agreement with each other and with the results of the other reports.
Advancement of Multifunctional support structure technologies (AMFSST) (2007)

The multifunctional support structure (MFSS) technology is promising a reduction of overall mass and packing volume for spacecraft (S/C) electronic components. This technology eliminates the electronic box chassis and the cabling between the boxes by integrating the electronics, thermal control and the structural support into one single element The ultimate goal of the MFSS technology is to reduce size, weight, power consumption, cost and production time for future spacecraft components. The paper focus on the main challenges and solutions related to the thermal management within the MFSS technology based on the selected charge regulator (CR) application. Starting with the main set of thermal requirements for the CR the paper will include: Conceptual and detailed design based on high-conductivity carbon fibre CFRP, Description and results of the thermal material sample test program, Parameter and results for the performed first thermal simulation
An Introduction to Open-Path FT-IR Atmospheric Monitoring (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAN INTRODUCTION TO Open-Path FT-IR Atmospheric MonitoringTIMOTHY L. MARSHALL, CHARLES T. CHAFFIN, ROBERT M. HAMMAKER, and WILLIAM G. FATELEYCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28, 5, 224A–232APublication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online30 May 2012Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00054a715https://doi.org/10.1021/es00054a715research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1994 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views226Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts