gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesen durch Halbleiter-Photokatalyse: Solare Chemie (2001)

In Halbleiterpulvern können durch Absorption von Lichtquanten reduzierende und oxidierende Oberflächenzentren entstehen. Dadurch sind sie wie geschaffen als heterogene Photokatalysatoren. Sie können durch einen simultan verlaufenden, doppelten Elektronenaustausch neue Reaktionen sensibilisieren und sind nach beendeter Umsetzung durch Filtration leicht abtrennbar. Im Unterschied dazu ermöglichen homogene Photosensibilisatoren in der Regel einen einfachen Elektronenaustausch und sind von den Produkten oft nur schwer abtrennbar. In den meisten Fällen erhält man bei den Halbleiter-katalysierten Photoreaktionen, wie in einer elektrochemischen Synthese, ein reduziertes und oxidiertes Reaktionsprodukt (Halbleiter-Photokatalyse Typ A). Erst in jüngster Zeit wurden Photoreaktionen gefunden, in denen über eine Additionsreaktion ein einziges Produkt gebildet wird (Halbleiter-Photokatalyse Typ B). Dieser Reaktionstyp ist in der klassischen Elektrochemie unbekannt. Von präparativem Nutzen sind die von ZnS oder CdS/Pt katalysierte Photodehydrodimerisierung ungesättigter cyclischer Ether oder Olefine und die CdS-katalysierte lineare Photoaddition dieser Verbindungen an 1,2-Diazene und Imine. Vor allem die Additionsreaktionen eignen sich für eine solare Synthese von Feinchemikalien und erfüllen auch das Kriterium der Nachhaltigkeit, da kaum Nebenprodukte entstehen. Es ist zu erwarten, dass die vielseitigen Eigenschaften der Halbleiterpulver für weitere neuartige Synthesen genutzt werden können, vor allem im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung einer solaren Chemie. Semiconducting zinc and cadmium sulfide powders are photocatalysts for novel organic syntheses. Due to their ability to generate reducing and oxidizing surface centers through light absorption, these powders can catalyze C-C and C-N coupling reactions via initial interfacial electron transfer with adsorbed substrates like olefins, imines, and 1,2-diazenes. The thus obtained primary intermediates may be transformed to reduced and oxidized products, like in an electrochemical reaction, or combine to one unique addition product. In the latter case the addition of cyclic olefins to imines and 1,2-diazenes affords novel homoallylamines and allylhydrazines. This is a good example for “green chemistry”, since no waste materials are produced and solar light is used as energy source. The eterogeneous sensitizer can be conveniently separated from the products by filtration.
Advanced Request Handlers (2003)

The ATL server infrastructure is designed so that you can easily choose the level of complexity that's suited to your needs or that you're comfortable working with. In this chapter, we explore ways of increasing this level of complexity and illustrate how doing so can help you develop your application.
Deterministic convergence in iterative phase shifting (2009)

Previous implementations of the iterative phase shifting method, in which the phase of a test object is computed from measurements using a phase shifting interferometer with unknown positions of the reference, do not provide an accurate way of knowing when convergence has been attained. We present a new approach to this method that allows us to deterministically identify convergence. The method is tested with a home-built Fizeau interferometer that measures optical surfaces polished to lambda/100 using the Hydra tool. The intrinsic quality of the measurements is better than 0.5 nm. Other possible applications for this technique include fringe projection or any problem where phase shifting is involved.
5.9 Haswell: A family of IA 22nm processors (2014)

The 4th Generation Intel® Core™ processor, codenamed Haswell, is a family of products implemented on Intel 22nm Tri-gate process technology [1]. The primary goals for the Haswell program are platform integration and low power to enable smaller form factors. Haswell incorporates several building blocks, including: platform controller hubs (PCHs), memory, CPU, graphics and media processing engines, thus creating a portfolio of product segments from fan-less Ultrabooks™ to high-performance desktop, as shown in Fig. 5.9.1. It also integrates a number of new technologies: a fully integrated voltage regulator (VR) consolidating 5 platform VRs down to 1, on-die eDRAM cache for improved graphics performance, lower-power states, optimized IO interfaces, an Intel AVX2 instruction set that supports floating-point multiply-add (FMA), and 256b SIMD integer achieving 2× the number of floating-point and integer operations over its predecessor. The 22nm process is optimized for Haswell and includes 11 metal layers (2 additional metal layers vs. Ivy Bridge [2]), high-density metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors, and is tuned for different leakage/speed targets based on the market segment. For example, in some low-power products, the process is optimized to reduce leakage by 75% at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> , while paying only 12% intrinsic device degradation at the high-voltage corner.
Frequency of injuries, in particular dental injuries, in ski jumping and Nordic combined. (2015)

This study investigates the frequency of injuries, in particular dental injuries, among ski jumpers and Nordic combined athletes. It also examines the level of knowledge regarding tooth protection and tooth rescue boxes in this population. Of the 465 sportswomen and sportsmen who took part in the study, 230 (62.5%) of the 368 ski jumpers and 56 (56.5%) of the 97 Nordic combined athletes had sustained an injury. In both disciplines injury was most likely among professionals. The survey participants reported injuries to the limbs (n = 216), head and lips (n = 273 and n = 253, respectively), torso or spine (n = 249), teeth (n = 246), nose (n = 229) and jaw (n = 26). Dental injuries were more common among professionals than either amateur or junior ski jumpers, whereas, among the Nordic combined athletes, juniors were most likely to sustain a dental injury. Overall, the frequency of dental injury was significantly (p = 0.019) higher among adults 12.7% (n = 234) than junior athletes 6.1% (n = 212). The level of awareness of mouthguards and tooth rescue boxes varied between countries. The high injury rate recorded in this study demonstrates that ski jumping contains a considerable risk of injury, including tooth damage. Consequently, it seems reasonable to inform skiing organisations, trainers and athletes about the potential benefits of mouthguards and tooth rescue boxes in order to reduce the risk of dental injury.
[Long-term administration of ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904) to complicated urinary tract infections]. (1985)

The efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904, CTRX) a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic cephalosporin with an outstanding long serum half-life, was evaluated in 22 patients with chronic complicated urinary tract infections. Although the overall clinical efficacy evaluated on day 5 and 10 were similar, the rate of excellent effectiveness was higher on day 10 than on day 5. Eighteen bacterial strains were cultured from freshly voided urine. Eighty percent of the bacteria were eradicated on day 5 and 86.2% were eradicated on day 10. Bacterial replacement had occurred in 3 cases on day 5 and in 6 cases on day 10.
One‐Dimensional Simulation with the FDTD Method (2013)

This chapter is a step-by-step introduction to the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. It begins with the simplest possible problem, the simulation of a pulse propagating in free space in one dimension. This example is used to illustrate the FDTD formulation. Then, it discusses how to determine the time step. An electromagnetic (EM) wave propagating in free space cannot go faster than the speed of light. Absorbing boundary conditions are necessary to keep outgoing E and H fields from being reflected back into the problem space. Normally, in calculating the E field, we need to know the surrounding H values; this is a fundamental assumption of the FDTD method. In order to simulate a medium with a dielectric constant other than 1, which corresponds to free space, we have to add the relative dielectric constant to Maxwell's equations. Subsequent sections lead to formulations for more complicated media. Controlled Vocabulary Terms dielectric materials; Einstein-Maxwell equations; electromagnetic propagation; finite difference time-domain analysis
SARS-CoV-2 infection testing at delivery: a clinical and epidemiological priority (2020)

During the period 10-26 April, all consecutive women admitted for delivery at the Maternity Hospitals of the city of Milan and in six provinces of Lombardy: Brescia, Como, Lecco Monza, Pavia, and Sondrio. areas were tested with nasopharyngeal swabs.<b>Results and conclusion:</b> Out of 1566 women, 49 were tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 (3.1%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.3-4.0). This value is largely higher than Heath Authorities estimate. Of tested positive women, 22 (44.9%) had symptoms or reported close contacts with positive patients, that is were found at risk by the itemized questionnaire. In conclusion, routine estimate of frequency of positivity among delivering women can be consider a useful methods to monitor positivity at least in females in their fertile ages.
LOWER POLE I: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY AND PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOLITHOTOMY FOR LOWER POLE NEPHROLITHIASIS—INITIAL RESULTS (2001)

Stone clearance from the lower pole following shock wave lithotripsy is poor, especially for stones greater than 10 mm. in diameter. Calculi greater than 10 mm. in diameter are better managed initially with percutaneous removal due to its high degree of efficacy and acceptably low morbidity.
Requirement of protein kinase D1 for pathological cardiac remodeling (2008)

The adult heart responds to biomechanical stress and neurohormonal signaling by hypertrophic growth, accompanied by fibrosis, diminished pump function, and activation of a fetal gene program. Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) suppress stress-dependent remodeling of the heart via their association with the MEF2 transcription factor, an activator of heart disease. Protein kinase D (PKD) is a stress-responsive kinase that phosphorylates class II HDACs, resulting in their dissociation from MEF2 with consequent activation of MEF2 target genes. To test whether PKD1 is required for pathological cardiac remodeling in vivo, we generated mice with a conditional PKD1-null allele. Mice with cardiac-specific deletion of PKD1 were viable and showed diminished hypertrophy, fibrosis, and fetal gene activation as well as improved cardiac function in response to pressure overload or chronic adrenergic and angiotensin II signaling. We conclude that PKD1 functions as a key transducer of stress stimuli involved in pathological cardiac remodeling in vivo.
A Real-Time Fast-Flow Tube Study of VOC and Particulate Emissions from Electronic, Potentially Reduced-Harm, Conventional, and Reference Cigarettes (2015)

Tobacco-free electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), which are currently not regulated by the FDA, have become widespread as a "safe" form of smoking. One approach to evaluate the potential toxicity of e-cigarettes and other types of potentially "reduced-harm" cigarettes is to compare their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including reactive organic electrophillic compounds such as acrolein, and particulate matter to those of conventional and reference cigarettes. Our newly designed fast-flow tube system enabled us to analyze VOC composition and particle number concentration in real-time by promptly diluting puffs of mainstream smoke obtained from different brands of combustion cigarettes and e-cigarettes. A proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTRMS) was used to analyze real-time cigarette VOC emissions with a 1 s time resolution. Particles were detected with a condensation particle counter (CPC). This technique offers real-time analysis of VOCs and particles in each puff without sample aging and does not require any sample pretreatment or extra handling. Several important determining factors in VOC and particle concentration were investigated: (1) puff frequency; (2) puff number; (3) tar content; (4) filter type. Results indicate that electronic cigarettes are not free from acrolein and acetaldehyde emissions and produce comparable particle number concentrations to those of combustion cigarettes, more specifically to the 1R5F reference cigarette. Unlike conventional cigarettes, which emit different amounts of particles and VOCs each puff, there was no significant puff dependence in the e-cigarette emissions. Charcoal filter cigarettes did not fully prevent the emission of acrolein and other VOCs.
Field Degradation and Failures of Aged Crystalline Silicon PV Modules in Mexico (2017)

This paper presents the visual defects and performance degradation rates of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules exposed in two different climatic conditions (Hot-Humid and Temperate) of Mexico between 10 and 25 years. An extensive evaluation of these modules was performed using different visual, optical and electrical tools including 86-point visual inspection, electroluminescence imaging, infrared imaging, module-level visible-near IR reflectance and current-voltage measurements. The dominant visual defects were determined to be encapsulant discoloration, encapsulant delamination and cell metallization corrosion. The average annual power degradation rate was determined to be between 1.4% and 1.5% for all the modules surveyed.
Phase II, Randomized Study of Spartalizumab (PDR001), an Anti–PD-1 Antibody, versus Chemotherapy in Patients with Recurrent/Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Cancer (2021)

Spartalizumab demonstrated a safety profile consistent with other anti-PD-1 antibodies. The primary endpoint of median PFS was not met; however, median overall survival and median duration of response were longer with spartalizumab compared with chemotherapy.
Atomökonomische Synthesen – eine Herausforderung in der Organischen Chemie: die Homogenkatalyse als wegweisende Methode (1995)

Abstract Die Effizienz der Synthese komplexer organischer Verbindungen zu steigern gehört zu den reizvollsten Aufgaben für Synthesechemiker. Als erster Schritt hierzu ist die Entwicklung einer großen Zahl einfacher Additionsreaktionen und die Minimierung von Abfallprodukten erforderlich. Im Brennpunkt solcher Forschungen stehen Übergangsmetallkomplexe, die durch Änderung des Metalls und/oder der Liganden sowohl elektronisch als auch sterisch an die jeweiligen Erfordernisse exakt angepaßt werden können. Mit Ausnahme der katalytischen Hydrierung sind solche Methoden in komplexen Synthesen selten angewendet worden und waren für CC‐Verknüpfungen bis zur Entwicklung der Kreuzkupplungen nahezu unbekannt. Übergangsmetallkomplexe können an einer Vielzahl von CC‐Bindungsbildungen beteiligt sein, die für den Aufbau der Grundgerüste organischer Verbindungen von Bedeutung sind. Ihre Fähigkeit, sich in CH‐Bindungen einzuschieben, ist Grundlage zahlreicher Additionsreaktionen an relativ unpolare π‐Elektronensysteme. Sie ermöglichen nicht nur selektivere Reaktionen, sondern auch unkatalysiert nicht bekannte. Auf der Fähigkeit dieser Komplexe, π‐Elektronensysteme zu präorganisieren, beruhen sowohl einfache Additionen, die im allgemeinen mit anschließenden Wasserstoffverschiebungen einhergehen, als auch Cycloadditionen. Die Bildung „reaktiver”︁ Zwischenstufen unter milden Bedingungen stellt außerdem neue Arten von CC‐Verknüpfungen in Aussicht. Auch wenn hier eine Vielzahl erfolgreicher neuer Reaktionen vorgestellt wird, sind die Möglichkeiten für neue Entdeckungen enorm und bei weitem noch nicht ausgeschöpft.
Pipe-Wall Thickness Measurement at High Temperature by Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (2014)

This paper is concerned with a high temperature tolerance electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). In order to use in high temperature environments, the EMAT is composed from samarium-cobalt magnets and a heatproof coil. Measurements of pipe-wall thicknesses require the ultrasonic velocities in the high temperature environment. The ultrasonic velocities are measured, and are used in the electromagnetic resonance (EMAR) method. The thicknesses measured by using 17 pipe specimens with a simulated corrosion are nearly equal to the reference values corrected with thermal expansions. The feasibility and effectiveness of the high temperature tolerance EMAT are confirmed.
<title>Direct observation of liposome uptake by leukocytes in vivo in skin blood vessels using intravital fluorescence microscopy</title> (2000)

This study aimed to observe liposome uptake by leukocytes in vivo. The study was performed on skin by using a dorsal skin-fold chamber implanted in golden hamsters using intravital microscopy. 5,6-CF-encapsulated PEGylated liposomes were injected intravenously. The skin microcirculation was observed with an intravital Eclipse E800 Nikon microscope fitted with a Xenon light source and an epi-fluorescence assembly. An ultra-high sensitivity video-camera mounted on the microscope projected the image onto a monitor, and the images were recorded for playback analysis with a digital video cassette recorder. An acute inflammatory response was obtained by removing one complete layer of skin and the underlying fascia and avascular tissue on the opposing side of the flap corresponding to an area equivalent to the window aperture. Using these model and set-up, leukocyte rolling and adhesion were easily observed and the entry of PEGylated liposomes into hamster blood leukocytes was studied for a period of 6 hours. PEGylated liposomes were clearly identified alone inside the blood flow and inside the leukocytes as soon as the inflammatory reaction appeared. This study shows for the first time that blood leukocytes in their natural milieu of whole blood are capable of interacting with, and taking up liposomes. This observation is in accordance with previous in vitro studies.
Finite Element Formulation for Modeling Laser Processing (2020)

Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) transient finite element formulation for modeling laser processing is presented, with the capability to simulate both additive manufacturing and laser ablation physics. State variables are introduced to model the phase change phenomenon and to track the phase and phase history throughout the simulation. Temperature dependent material properties are used to capture the nonlinearity of a typical phase change problem. A level set approach is introduced in the subtractive manufacturing simulation, in order to effectively track the rapidly receding surface due to material vaporization and to update the incoming energy distribution for the pulsed laser source on the new geometry. The 3D finite element simulation is implemented in a parallel multi-physics finite element solver, enabling high-performance computation. Simulation results, for both additive and subtractive manufacturing, are acquired, where the size of melt pool and ablation region (width and depth) are predicted quantitatively.
Correction: A randomized controlled trial of nitrate supplementation in well-trained middle and older-aged adults (2020)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235047.].
Paramagnetic, High‐Oxidation‐State, and High‐Coordination‐Number Complexes (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Magnetism and Spin States Polyalkyls Polyhydrides Cyclopentadienyl Complexes f-Block Complexes
Low-swing interconnect interface circuits (2002)

This paper reviews a number of low-swing on-chip interconnect schemes, and presents a thorough analysis of their effectiveness and limitations. In addition, several new interface circuits, presenting even more energy savings, are proposed. Some of these circuits not only reduce the interconnect swing, but also use very-low supply voltages, so as to obtain quadratic energy savings. The performance of each of the presented circuits is thoroughly examined using simulation on a benchmark interconnect circuit. Energy savings with a factor of seven have been observed for some of the schemes.
Breaking the bottleneck of sequential decoding for high-speed digital communication (1991)

An efficient ASIC architecture for the sequential stack decoding (SSD) algorithm used for channel coding is presented. It is different from the maximal likelihood (ML) Viterbi decoder (VD), mainly in the search for the correct memory path. Due to the dedicated memory organization, the storage space and required hardware can be reduced while the decoding efficiency remains almost the same. The proposed architecture results from step by step design of the I/O interface, high-level memory management, dedicated data paths, and controller. The ordering of these steps is important in optimizing the final solution. In addition, the construction of this hardware organization can be made by using the available hardware building blocks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Immunohistochemical detection of sex steroid receptors in breast cancer using routine paraffin sections: comparison with frozen sections and enzyme immunoassay. (1994)

Estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) on 48 surgically removed breast cancers were evaluated by three methods: immunoenzymatic (ER/PR-EIA), immunohistochemical in frozen sections (ER/PR-ICA), and immunohistochemical in paraffin sections (ER/PR-PAR). The monoclonal antibodies H222 and KD68 were used for immunohistochemical detection of ER and PR, respectively. Immunohistochemical stains for pS2, an estrogen-regulated protein, were also done for compatibility with previous ER/PR-PAR studies. We assessed concordance with chi-square and Pearson's correlation coefficient. We concluded that ER/PR-PAR is the least sensitive of the three assays (90.9% ER, 88.5% PR) and, until appropriate technical and clinical validation is achieved, should not be used as a first-line assay. Also, because of this lower sensitivity, we recommended that pS2 evaluation always accompany ER/PR-PAR to facilitate distinction between clinical negatives and those due to irretrievably lost immunoreactivity. We also conclude that ER/PR-ICA is a good semi-quantitative method that, in combination with ER/PR-EIA, most accurately assesses receptor status.
Predicting the Demand for New Products (2008)

In his Hot New Research Column, Paul Goodwin discusses three recent studies on the effectiveness of traditional tools for new product forecasting: consumer intentions surveys, S curves, and conjoint analysis of the basis of customer preferences. Copyright International Institute of Forecasters, 2008
The Model for Understanding Success in Quality (MUSIQ): building a theory of context in healthcare quality improvement (2011)

The MUSIQ framework has the potential to guide the application of QI methods in healthcare and focus research. The specificity of MUSIQ and the explicit delineation of relationships among factors allows a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action by which context influences QI success. MUSIQ also provides a foundation to support further studies to test and refine the theory and advance the field of QI science.