gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of language boundary in code-switching utterances by bi-phone probabilities (2005)

In this paper, we present an effective method to detect the language boundary (LB) in code-switching utterances. The utterances are mainly produced in Cantonese, a commonly used Chinese dialect, whilst occasionally English words are inserted between Cantonese words. Bi-phone probabilities are calculated to measure the confidence that the recognized phones are in Cantonese. Two sets of context-independent mono-phone models are trained by monolingual Cantonese and monolingual English data separately. Both knowledge-based and data-driven model selection approaches are studied in order to retain the language-dependent characteristics and to merge duplicated phone sets between the two languages. The LB detection accuracy is 75.12% for utterances that contain one single code-switching word or phrase.
Genetic Diversity of Intimin Genes of Attaching and EffacingEscherichia coliStrains (2002)

In this study, we determined the sequences of four intimin variant genes detected in attaching and effacing Escherichia coli isolates of human origin. Three of them were novel and were designated eae-eta (eta), eae-iota (iota), and eae-kappa (kappa). The fourth was identical to the recently described eae-zeta (zeta), isolated from a bovine E. coli O84:NM isolate. We compared these sequences with those of published intimin-alpha, intimin-beta, intimin-gamma1, intimin-gamma2, intimin- epsilon, and intimin-theta alleles. Sequence analysis of these 10 intimin alleles confirmed extensive genetic diversity within the intimin gene family in E. coli. The genetic diversity was more prominent in the 3' region (starting at bp 2,112), which encodes the binding domain of intimin. Phylogenetic analyses revealed four groups of closely related intimin genes: alpha and zeta; beta and kappa; gamma1 and gamma2/theta; and epsilon and eta. Calculation of homoplasy ratios of sequences of the 5' region of eae (positions 1 to 2,111) revealed evidence for intragenic recombination. Split decomposition analysis also indicates that recombination events have played a role in the evolutionary history of eae. In conclusion, we recommend an eae nomenclature system based on the Greek alphabet and provide an updated PCR scheme for amplification and typing of E. coli eae.
CSF Antibody to Myelin Basic Protein (1980)

A solid phase radioimmunoassay was used to detect antibodies to myelin basic protein (MBP) in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). F(ab')2 fragments prepared from SSPE IgG retained their activity, which showed that the assay measures a true antigen-antibody reaction rather than nonspecific adherence to IgG to MBP. Samples of CSF from 48 patients with MS and 30 patients with SSPE were tested and, in both conditions, antibody activity was significantly greater than in controls, when tested at identical IgG concentrations. In MS, levels of antibody were highest in patients with acute exacerbations and lower in patients in remission, which supported the hypothesis that autoimmunity to a myelin antigen may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The reaction with MBP was consistently more pronounced in SSPE than in MS. In view of the association of SSPE with measles virus and the presence of high titers of measles antibody in the CSF, antibodies to measles and to MBP may be directed against similar antigenic determinants.
A fast robust stochastic algorithm for vector quantizer design for nonstationary channels (2002)

Presents the development of the RGSKA/spl epsi/, a new algorithm for designing vector quantizers. The main features of this algorithm are the following: due to its stochastic nature it avoids being trapped in poor local minima; initial codebook is not needed; the codevectors move away from the gravity centre of the training vectors towards their final position; source coding and channel coding are jointly optimized to obtain a codebook robust against different levels of the transmission noise; The resulted codebook always performs as well or even better than existing codebooks designed for noisy or noiseless channels; the computational complexity is only slightly higher than that of the most widely used K-means algorithm; the bootstrap sampling technique can be successfully applied in case of a large training set; the method is suitable for parallel implementation.
Identification of growth regulators using cross-species network analysis in plants (2022)

With the need to increase plant productivity, one of the challenges plant scientists are facing is to identify genes that play a role in beneficial plant traits. Moreover, even when such genes are found, it is generally not trivial to transfer this knowledge about gene function across species to identify functional orthologs. Here, we focused on the leaf to study plant growth. First, we built leaf growth transcriptional networks in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), maize (Zea mays), and aspen (Populus tremula). Next, known growth regulators, here defined as genes that when mutated or ectopically expressed alter plant growth, together with cross-species conserved networks, were used as guides to predict novel Arabidopsis growth regulators. Using an in-depth literature screening, 34 out of 100 top predicted growth regulators were confirmed to affect leaf phenotype when mutated or overexpressed and thus represent novel potential growth regulators. Globally, these growth regulators were involved in cell cycle, plant defense responses, gibberellin, auxin, and brassinosteroid signaling. Phenotypic characterization of loss-of-function lines confirmed two predicted growth regulators to be involved in leaf growth (NPF6.4 and LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY2). In conclusion, the presented network approach offers an integrative cross-species strategy to identify genes involved in plant growth and development.
Few-shot Learning with Multilingual Language Models (2021)

Large-scale generative language models such as GPT-3 are competitive few-shot learners. While these models are known to be able to jointly represent many different languages, their training data is dominated by English, potentially limiting their cross-lingual generalization. In this work, we train multilingual generative language models on a corpus covering a diverse set of languages, and study their few- and zero-shot learning capabilities in a wide range of tasks. Our largest model with 7.5 billion parameters sets new state of the art in few-shot learning in more than 20 representative languages, outperforming GPT-3 of comparable size in multilingual commonsense reasoning (with +7.4% absolute accuracy improvement in 0-shot settings and +9.4% in 4-shot settings) and natural language inference (+5.4% in each of 0-shot and 4-shot settings). On the FLORES-101 machine translation benchmark, our model outperforms GPT-3 on 171 out of 182 directions with 32 training examples, while surpassing the official supervised baseline in 45 directions. We conduct an in-depth analysis of different multilingual prompting approaches, showing in particular that strong few-shot learning performance across languages can be achieved via cross-lingual transfer through both templates and demonstration examples. Finally, we evaluate our models in social value tasks such as hate speech detection in five languages and find it has limitations similar to comparable sized GPT-3 models.
The Nature of CO Emission from \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $z\sim 6$ \end{document} Quasars (2007)

We investigate the nature of CO emission from z~6 quasars by combining non-LTE radiative transfer calculations with merger-driven models of z~6 quasar formation that arise naturally in LCDM cosmological simulations. We consider four model quasars formed in 10^12-10^13 M_sun halos from different merging histories. Our main results follow. Owing to massive starbursts and funneling of dense gas into the nuclear regions of merging galaxies, the CO is highly excited and the flux density peaks between J=5-8. The CO morphology of z~6 quasars often exhibits multiple emission peaks which arise from H2 concentrations which have not yet fully coalesced. Quasars at z~6 display a large range of sightline dependent line widths such that the lines are narrowest when the rotating H2 gas associated with the quasar is viewed face-on (when L_B is largest), and broadest when the gas is seen edge-on (when L_B is lowest). Thus for all models selection effects exist such that quasars selected for optical luminosity are preferentially face-on which may result in detected CO line widths narrower than the median. The sightline averaged line width is reflective of the circular velocity (V_c) of the host halo, and ranges from sigma~300-650 km/s. For optically selected QSOs, 10-25% (halo-mass dependant) of sightlines have narrow line widths compatible with the sole CO detection at z&gt;6, J1148+5251. When accounting for both the temporal evolution of CO line widths, as well as the redshift evolution of halo V_c, these models self-consistently account for the CO line widths of both z~2 sub-mm galaxies and QSO's. Finally, the dynamical mass derived from the sightline averaged line widths provides a good estimate of the total mass, and allows for a stellar bulge and SMBH consistent with the local M_BH-M_bulge relation. [abridged]
Subpixel reconstruction antialiasing for deferred shading (2011)

Subpixel Reconstruction Antialiasing (SRAA) combines singlepixel (1x) shading with subpixel visibility to create antialiased images without increasing the shading cost. SRAA targets deferred-shading renderers, which cannot use multisample antialiasing.
Adaptive filtering with input estimation–a tracking filter with input estimation (1986)

Abstract This paper proposes a tracking filter to track the maneuvering target, controlled by the input which is unknown to the observer. The method estimates the constant component of the acceleration input, which is then utilized in the estimation and prediction of the position and the velocity. In the constant velocity, straight‐line motion, the acceleration of the moving target is only a perturbation of trajectory by turbulence, etc., which can be considered as a noise in the system. However, in circular motion, a considerably large acceleration is continuously added to the fluctuation. Consequently, the acceleration is divided into the system noise and the bias or deterministic input. The latter component is estimated under the assumption that it changes only slowly. The tracking filter is then constructed using the result of the above analysis to the estimation and prediction of the position and the velocity. The proposed tracking filter aims at the adaptation to the nonstationary motion of the maneuvering target and the tracking to both circular and straight line motions. The filtering can be generalized as a method of state estimation including the estimation of input, and one can expect other applications. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed filter is demonstrated by a simulation.
Measurement of non linear thresholds in O-OFDM systems with respect to data pattern and peak power to average ratio (2008)

We investigated the non linear threshold of a coherent O-OFDM system. An improvement for NLT of about 2.5 dB was demonstrated either by reducing the data pattern length or clipping of the OFDM signal.
PRIOR TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE STATION CAR SYSTEM "PRAXITELE" (1997)

An efficient alternative to the use of private automobiles in terms of resource sharing and flexibility is the concept of station car in which a single car could be used several times during the day by different users. With the use of electric cars, the system could also allow a net reduction in air and noise pollution. The system should offer a good service for short local trips as well as very convenient access to mass transportation. This communication aims to present: (1) the station car system Praxele in these different technical characteristics; and (2) a prior technical and economic evaluation based on a modeling and simulation of the system. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 490001.
142 HIV Frequently Elicits Mucosal and Plasma Env-Specific IgA With a Rapid Initial Decline In Acute Infection (2009)

An optimal HIV vaccine would elicit protective immune responses, preferably neutralizing antibodies, at mucosal surfaces in order to prevent infection. One key to eliciting vaccine-induced antibody responses at mucosal surfaces is to understand what antibodies are present at these sites soon after transmission during acute HIV infection (AHI). However, past attempts to detect HIV-specific IgA in mucosal specimens have been largely unsuccessful. The goal of this project is to characterize the binding antibody reponses elicited during AHI in plasma and mucosal (semen and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL)) samples compared to chronic infection with respect to antibody isotype, specificity, and timing in the CHAVI 001 acute infection cohort. To determine the presence of binding antibodies to HIV envelope proteins (gp140 consensus oligomers and recombinant gp41) and p55 gag protein, a standardized colorimetric ELISA as well as a customized Luminex assay were performed. Luminex is a bead-based flow cytometric assay that we customized to create a highly sensitive multiplexed assay for determining HIV-specific isotypes in plasma and mucosal specimens. Our results are the first to demonstrate the presence of HIV-specific IgA in approximately 88% of mucosal samples obtained during AHI, whereas approximately 33% of samples from chronically infected patients were positive for HIV-specific IgA. Each of the AHI patients had env-specific mucosal IgA, some of which mapped to the immunodominant region of gp41. High levels of HIV-specific IgG were also observed in the acute and chronic mucosal samples while HIV-specific IgM was undetectable. Furthermore, HIV env-specific plasma and mucosal IgA levels rapidly declined over time. In addition, in approximately 40% of AHI patients, systemic levels of p55 gag-specific IgA rose over the course of the infection despite the decrease in env-specific IgA. The rapid decline in HIV env-specific IgA suggests mucosal B cells may lose the capacity for env-specific IgA production during the course of AHI. Furthermore, the concurrent rise in systemic gag-specific IgA levels over time may be a reflection of HIV env-mediated differential regulation of IgA production in activated mucosal B cells. Future work includes functional studies to determine the role of HIV-specific IgA in AHI versus chronic infection as well as more epitope mapping to determine the specificity of isotypes in mucosal samples. These results have important implications in our understanding of how HIV infection regulates mucosal B cell responses and the barriers that need to be overcome by an HIV vaccine.
A Dynamic Two-Phase Model for Vascular Bubble Formation During Decompression of Divers (2008)

Accumulated inert gas during a dive and subsequent reduction of ambient pressure may lead to formation of gas bubbles, which is the initial cause of decompression sickness (DCS). Decompression procedures are used to get divers safely up from depth, and traditionally, the algorithms are evaluated against clinical symptoms of DCS. However, this approach has several weaknesses. The symptomatology of DCS is very diffuse and there are ethical concerns evaluating procedures through provoking DCS on the test subjects. In recent decades ultrasonic Doppler and imaging to detect venous gas emboli (VGE) have been used as additional tools to evaluate decompression procedures. A statistical correlation between VGE and DCS has been shown and the method is more sensitive than clinical manifestation. This paper suggests a dynamic mathematical model for VGE. We have used a physiological approach in the model derivation with VGE as a measurable endpoint. We propose that the underlying physiological and physical mechanisms of the model can be better validated with such an objective quantitative measurement method. Two simulation examples are given to illustrate the properties of the model and why there is a potential of improving the consistency of controlling bubble formation, and consequently, the risk of getting DCS.
Direct myocardial anti‐ischaemic effect of GTN in both nitrate‐tolerant and nontolerant rats: a cyclic GMP‐independent activation of KATP (1999)

1. We have recently demonstrated that glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) exerts a direct myocardial anti-ischaemic effect in both GTN-tolerant and nontolerant rats. Here we examined if this effect is mediated by GTN-derived nitric oxide (NO) and involves guanosine 3'5' cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP). 2. Rats were treated with 100 mg kg-1 GTN or vehicle s.c. three times a day for 3 days to induce vascular GTN-tolerance or nontolerance. Isolated working hearts obtained from either GTN-tolerant or nontolerant rats were subjected to 10 min coronary occlusion in the presence of 10-7 M GTN or its solvent. 3. GTN improved myocardial function and reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release during coronary occlusion in both GTN-tolerant and nontolerant hearts. 4. Cardiac NO content significantly increased after GTN administration in both GTN-tolerant and nontolerant hearts as assessed by electron spin resonance. However, cardiac cyclic GMP content measured by radioimmunoassay was not changed by GTN administration. 5. When hearts from both GTN-tolerant and nontolerant rats were subjected to coronary occlusion in the presence of the KATP-blocker glibenclamide (10-7 M), the drug itself did not affect myocardial function and LDH release, however, it abolished the anti-ischaemic effect of GTN. 6. We conclude that GTN opens KATP via a cyclic GMP-independent mechanism, thereby leading to an anti-ischaemic effect in the heart in both GTN-tolerant and nontolerant rats.
Effects of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2005)

Elevated plasma levels of VLDL triglycerides (TGs) are characteristic of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are associated with increased production rates (PRs) of VLDL TGs and apoB. Lipoprotein lipase–mediated (LPL-mediated) lipolysis of VLDL TGs may also be reduced in T2DM if the level of LPL is decreased and/or the level of plasma apoC-III, an inhibitor of LPL-mediated lipolysis, is increased. We studied the effects of pioglitazone (Pio), a PPARγ agonist that improves insulin sensitivity, on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with T2DM. Pio treatment reduced TG levels by increasing the fractional clearance rate (FCR) of VLDL TGs from the circulation, without changing direct removal of VLDL particles. This indicated increased lipolysis of VLDL TGs during Pio treatment, a mechanism supported by our finding of increased plasma LPL mass and decreased levels of plasma apoC-III. Lower apoC-III levels were due to reduced apoC-III PRs. We saw no effects of Pio on the PR of either VLDL TG or VLDL apoB. Thus, Pio, a PPARγ agonist, reduced VLDL TG levels by increasing LPL mass and inhibiting apoC-III PR. These 2 changes were associated with an increased FCR of VLDL TGs, almost certainly due to increased LPL-mediated lipolysis.
Cloning, characterization, and expression of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase and expansin genes associated with petal growth and development during carnation flower opening (2010)

Growth of petal cells is a basis for expansion and morphogenesis (outward bending) of petals during opening of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Petal growth progressed through elongation in the early stage, expansion with outward bending in the middle stage, and expansion of the whole area in the late stage of flower opening. In the present study, four cDNAs encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) (DcXTH1-DcXTH4) and three cDNAs encoding expansin (DcEXPA1-DcEXPA3) were cloned from petals of opening carnation flowers and characterized. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analyses showed that transcript levels of XTH and expansin genes accumulated differently in floral and vegetative tissues of carnation plants with opening flowers, indicating regulated expression of these genes. DcXTH2 and DcXTH3 transcripts were detected in large quantities in petals as compared with other tissues. DcEXPA1 and DcEXPA2 transcripts were markedly accumulated in petals of opening flowers. The action of XTH in growing petal tissues was confirmed by in situ staining of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity using a rhodamine-labelled xyloglucan nonasaccharide as a substrate. Based on the present findings, it is suggested that two XTH genes (DcXTH2 and DcXTH3) and two expansin genes (DcEXPA1 and DcEXPA2) are associated with petal growth and development during carnation flower opening.
An Intelligent RFID Reader and its Application in Airport Baggage Handling System (2008)

In civil aviation baggage handing application, the RFID tags are used to enhance the ability for baggage tracking, dispatching and conveyance, so as to improve the management efficiency and the users' satisfaction. An intelligent RFID reader which has the ability of data disposal and provides EPC Edge Savant services is presented. The prototype readers and its experiment in the airport baggage handling system are also introduced. The workflow of the reader can be configured dynamically, which makes the deployment much more flexible. Real-time tasks can also be assigned to implement edge business process by the intelligent reader.
A Phase Transition in Large Network Games (2021)

In this paper, we use a model of large random network game where the agents plays selfishly and are affected by their neighbors, to explore the conditions under which the Nash equilibrium (NE) of the game is affected by a perturbation in the network. We use a phase transition phenomenon observed in finite rank deformations of large random matrices, to study how the NE changes on crossing critical threshold points. Our main contribution is as follows: when the perturbation strength is greater than a critical point, it impacts the NE of the game, whereas when this perturbation is below this critical point, the NE remains independent of the perturbation parameter. This demonstrates a phase transition in NE which alludes that perturbations can affect the behavior of the society only if their strength is above a critical threshold. We provide numerical examples for this result and present scenarios under which this phenomenon could potentially occur in real world applications.