gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transmitted acoustic phonon drag between parallel two-dimensional electron gases: Monte Carlo simulation (1994)

We present Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of transmitted acoustic phonon (TAP) drag between barrier-separated two-dimensional (2D) electron gases in the AlGaAs/GaAs system. Non-equilibrium acoustic phonons emitted by the hot 2D electron gas in the biased GaAs channel travel across the sample. These phonons are partially absorbed in an unbiased 2D channel where they induce a drag current. Simulation includes 2D electron-non-equilibrium acoustic phonon interaction for both deformation-potential and piezoelectric coupling. Non-equilibrium phonon distribution is calculated numerically. TAP drag is simulated at 4.2 K in a multiple quantum well containing equivalent high-mobility 2D electron gases. Drift velocities around 1000 m s-1 are found in the drag channel (2D gas without outer field), when it is driven by TAP drag from a large number (10-50) of 2D electron gases subjected to electric field of 1000 V m-1 TAP drag is mainly due to the deformation-potential coupling.
Therapeutic options in inflammatory bowel disease: experimental evidence of a beneficial effect of kinin B1 receptor blockade (2008)

A surprising proportion of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain refractory to all classes of drugs presently in clinical use. Kinins are inflammatory mediators of potential relevance in IBD, because at least the kinin B1 receptor subtype is upregulated in human or animal intestinal inflammation and also both B1 and B2 receptors for kinins support inflammation and epithelial electrogenic ion transport that leads to secretory diarrhoea. In this issue of the BJP, Hara et al. report the therapeutic effect of a modern and selective nonpeptide kinin B1 receptor antagonist, SSR240612 ((2R)-2-(((3R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(((6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)sulphonyl)amino)propanoyl)amino)-3-(4-((2R,6S)-2,6-dimethylpiperidinyl)methyl)phenyl)-N-isopropyl-N-methylpropanamide hydrochloride), with benefits such as decreased neutrophil influx and improved macroscopic tissue scoring. The results were corroborated using kinin B1 receptor gene-knockout mice. Further, kinin B1 receptor upregulation in this inflammatory model is partially dependent on TNF-alpha, a recognized target for IBD pharmacotherapy. More work is warranted to evaluate the value of the kinin B1 receptor antagonists as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic option for IBD.
Variant antigen gene expression in malaria (2006)

Pathogens of the genus Plasmodium are unicellular parasites that infect a variety of animals, including reptiles, birds and mammals. All Plasmodium species target host erythrocytes and replicate asexually within this niche. In humans, proliferation within erythrocytes causes disease symptoms ranging from asymtomatic infection to severe disease, including mild to severe febrile and respiratory symptoms, profound anaemia and obstruction of blood flow. The most serious form of human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, a pathogen that is responsible for several million deaths annually throughout the developing world. Malaria parasites succeed in evading the host immune response to establish long-term, persistent infections, thus increasing the efficiency by which they are transmitted to the mosquito vector. The ability to evade the host immune system, in particular the avoidance of antibody-mediated immunity against parasite-encoded surface proteins, is the result of amplification of extensive repertoires of multicopy, hypervariable gene families that encode infected erythrocyte or merozoite surface proteins. Via switching between antigenically diverse genes within these large families, populations of parasites have the capacity for rapid variation in antigenicity and virulence over the course of an infection. Here we review the amplification and generation of antigenic diversity within the Plasmodium variant gene families, as well as discuss the mechanisms underlying their tightly controlled gene expression and antigenic switching.
Effect of booster vaccination against Delta and Omicron variants in Iceland (2022)

Abstract By the end of July 2021, the majority of the Icelandic population had received vaccination against COVID-19. In mid-July a wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections, dominated by the delta variant, spread through the population, followed by an omicron wave in December. A booster vaccination campaign was initiated to curb the spread of the virus. We estimated the risk of infection for different vaccine combinations using vaccination data from 276,028 persons and 963,557 qPCR tests for 277,687 persons. We measured anti-Spike-RBD antibody levels and ACE2-Spike binding inhibitory activity in 371 persons who received one of four recommended vaccination schedules with or without an mRNA vaccine booster. Overall, we found different antibody levels and inhibitory activity between recommended vaccination schedules, which was reflected in the observed risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections. We observed an increased protection following mRNA boosters, against both omicron and delta variant infections, although BNT162b2 boosters provided greater protection against omicron than mRNA-1273 boosters.
New Benzocycloalkylpiperazines, Potent and Selective 5-HT1A Receptor Ligands (1997)

A series of 1-(benzocycloalkyl)-4-(benzamidolkyl)piperazine derivatives was prepared in order to obtain compounds with a high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT1A receptors. The modifications of aromatic substituents, the length of the alkyl chain, and the size of the ring were explored. Most of N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl)-N'-(benzamidoethyl)piperazines (32-37) were bound to 5-HT1A receptors in a nanomolar range and presented a high degree of selectivity. After resolution, levorotatory enantiomers showed affinity and selectivity higher than those of dextrorotory ones for 5-HT1A sites. The agonist type activity of selected derivatives was also confirmed in vitro on the inhibition of the activation of adenylate cyclase induced by forskolin and, in vivo, on the induction of the lower lip retraction in rats.
New horizons for orthotic and prosthetic technology: artificial muscle for ambulation (2004)

The rehabilitation community is at the threshold of a new age in which orthotic and prosthetic devices will no longer be separate, lifeless mechanisms, but intimate extensions of the human body-structurally, neurologically, and dynamically. In this paper we discuss scientific and technological advances that promise to accelerate the merging of body and machine, including the development of actuator technologies that behave like muscle and control methodologies that exploit principles of biological movement. We present a state-of-the-art device for leg rehabilitation: a powered ankle-foot orthosis for stroke, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis patients. The device employs a forcecontrollable actuator and a biomimetic control scheme that automatically modulates ankle impedance and motive torque to satisfy patient-specific gait requirements. Although the device has some clinical benefits, problems still remain. The force-controllable actuator comprises an electric motor and a mechanical transmission, resulting in a heavy, bulky, and noisy mechanism. As a resolution of this difficulty, we argue that electroactive polymer-based artificial muscle technologies may offer considerable advantages to the physically challenged, allowing for joint impedance and motive force controllability, noise-free operation, and anthropomorphic device morphologies.
Neurogranin and BACE1 in CSF as Potential Biomarkers Differentiating Depression with Cognitive Deficits from Early Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study (2018)

The neurogranin/BACE1 ratio in CSF can distinguish between depression and AD among patients with similar cognitive deficits, along with the classic AD biomarkers. Further longitudinal studies are ongoing to identify which biomarkers have prognostic value.
A GC-TOF-MS study of the stability of serum and urine metabolomes during the UK Biobank sample collection and preparation protocols (2008)

Based on this small pilot study, the UK Biobank sampling, transport and fractionation protocols are considered suitable to provide samples, which can produce scientifically robust and valid data in metabolomic studies.
Dimensionality Reduction of Vector Space Model for Information Retrieval using Simple Principal Component Analysis (2005)

In this paper, we propose to use the Simple Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) for dimensionality reduction of the vector space information retrieval model. The SPCA algorithm is a data-oriented fast method which does not require the computation of the variance-covariance matrix. In SPCA, principal components are estimated iteratively so we also propose a criteria to determine the convergence. The optimum number of iterations for each principal component can be determined using the criteria. Experimentally, we show that the SPCA-based method offers improvement over the conventional SVD-based method despite its small amount of computation. This advantage of SPCA can be attributed to its iterative procedure which is similar to clustering methods such as k-means clustering. On the other hand, the proposed method which orthogonalizes the basis vectors also achieved much higher accuracy than the conventional random projection method based on k-means clustering.
Metallacyclobutane Complexes of the Group Eight Transition Metals: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Chemistry (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetallacyclobutane Complexes of the Group Eight Transition Metals: Synthesis, Characterizations, and ChemistryPaul W. Jennings and Lynette L. JohnsonCite this: Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 8, 2241–2290Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00032a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00032a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1431Altmetric-Citations206LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
One-dimensional model for in situ coal gasification (1978)

This report presents a calculational model that describes certain aspects of the in situ gasification process. The primary aim of this preliminary work was to predict and correlate reaction and thermal-front propagation rates and product-gas composition as a function of coal bed properties and process operating conditions. We restricted initial efforts to a one-dimensional transient Darcy flow in a permeable packed bed. The numerical calculations include a detailed description of the reacting systemchemistry (13 species), with appropriate reaction rates and overall heat and mass transport in the system. A comparison of calculated results with experimental data from a packed-bed combustion tube showed good agreement for reaction-zone propagation rates and produced-gas compositions. However, we believe the sensitivity of the calculations to other reaction-rate and transport-coefficient models needs to be investigated.
Laser-dispersing of forging tools using AlN-ceramics (2014)

Forging tools for aluminum work pieces show an increased adhesive wear due to cold welding during the forging process. Laser dispersing offers at this point a great potential to fabricate protective layers or tracks with tailored properties that reduce abrasive or adhesive wear at the surface of highly stressed components. Using different process strategies, four metal ceramic compounds applied on two substrate geometries were investigated regarding their structural and mechanical properties and their performance level. The subsequent forging tests have pointed out a positive effect and less adhesive residuals on the laser dispersed tool surface.
How important are oceanic algal nanoflagellates in bacterivory?1 (1986)

Open ocean chloroplast‐containing chrysomonads have been observed to prey on bacteria. Predominant among these forms are new species of Ochromonas and Chrysamoeba. These algae coexist with nearly identical apochlorotic forms, are abundant in oceanic nanoplankton (averaging 100 cells ml −1 ), will not grow axenically, can be maintained for extended periods with endogenous bacteria enriched by rice grain culture in the light, and contain bacteria within their food vacuoles. The results demonstrate that protists with and without chloroplasts can occupy overlapping trophic roles and should therefore be studied together. They also challenge recent estimates of nanoflagellate predation on bacteria, as these estimates have assumed that only apochlorotic forms are predatory. If other groups of pelagic nanoflagellates with chloroplasts also prey on bacteria, the transfer of material from bacteria to protists in the open ocean could approach twice previous estimates.
Uncooled bolometer-type Terahertz focal plane array and camera for real-time imaging (2010)

Real-time Terahertz (THz) imaging technologies which make use of uncooled bolometer-type infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) will be reviewed. A description of how THz focal plane array and THz imagers have been developed on the basis of infrared technologies, especially the improvement in both THz sensitivity of bolometer-type FPA and THz transmittance of materials for lens and vacuum package window will be given. Characteristics of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>320</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>240</mml:mn> </mml:math> THz-FPA, such as relation of noise equivalent power (NEP) to wavelength and real-time THz imageries will be presented. One of the imageries indicates that THz technology is promising for label-free detection of reaction of small molecules with proteins.
Problems of Radiation Dose Evaluation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and their Explanation (1998)

Atomic bomb doses in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been evaluated by many groups. In the 'Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Dosimetry Group', radioactivities of 152Eu and 60Co in exposed rock samples have been measured to evaluate neutron doses both in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These radioactivities were induced by neutron capture reactions. Thermoluminescence dosimetry has also been applied to estimate gamma ray doses using exposed tile, roof tile and brick samples. After DS86, our group found systematic discrepancies in measured specific radioactivities and calculation based on DS86. The difference, for example, was that measured data were 5 to 10 times larger than the calculation in Hiroshima. The measured gamma ray doses are almost the same as DS86, but they have a similar trend as neutrons, and at 2 km ground range data, are 50-70% larger than the calculation. To find the reason for those problems, some experiments were then carried out by our group. The conclusion of these experiments is that everything seems reasonable except the estimation of neutron and gamma ray spectra at the burst point in Hiroshima. A possible explanation is proposed for the neutron and gamma ray discrepancy in Hiroshima. For this, three concepts are assumed as follows: (1) Increase the yield of the atomic bomb about 20%. (2) Leakage of bare fission neutrons from the atomic bomb about 5%, in this model, to the side. That means that for the direction downward, neutrons are shielded with the Hiroshima atomic bomb body. (3) Elevation of burst height about 90 m. By these assumptions all neutron activation data within 1 km ground range and thermoluminescence gamma ray data are simultaneously explained.
Traffic classification on the fly (2006)

The early detection of applications associated with TCP flows is an essential step for network security and traffic engineering. The classic way to identify flows, i.e. looking at port numbers, is not effective anymore. On the other hand, state-of-the-art techniques cannot determine the application before the end of the TCP flow. In this editorial, we propose a technique that relies on the observation of the first five packets of a TCP connection to identify the application. This result opens a range of new possibilities for online traffic classification.
Monte Carlo simulation of signals in digital diaphanoscopy of the maxillary sinuses (2020)

Digital diaphanoscopy method has potential to separate normal and pathological conditions of the maxillary sinuses. The entirety of all the features of the investigated area (the presence or absence of pathology, its etiology and morphological features) affects the resulting images of the maxillary sinuses by the digital diaphanoscopy. In this work, the MonteCarlo numerical simulation method was used to determine the patterns of propagation of light radiation in biological tissue. A biologically heterogeneous environment, represented by structures of the skull and maxillary sinuses, as well as pathological changes in them was modelled in the TracePro software.
A Test of an Allopatric Speciation Model for Congeneric Amphipods in an Isolated Aquatic Ecosystem (1994)

We quantified amphipod population distributions in Montezuma Well, characterized two habitats, and tested alternative hypotheses for speciation using behavioral observations and genetic analyses. Amphipod distributions within Montezuma Well, Arizona, indicate nearly complete separation of habitat ranges between two congeneric populations. Hyalella montezuma inhabits the pelagic zone and a Potamogeton-dominated portion of the littoral zone, while H. azteca is restricted to a narrow band of shoreline Berula and Eleocharis roots. A population of H. azteca from nearby Stoneman Lake was included in the study for comparison with populations in Montezuma Well. We estimated genetic distance measures by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using the polymerase chain reaction with ten-base primers of arbitrary sequences. Based on 96 amplified fragments, the genetic distance between H. montezuma from Montezuma Well and H. azteca from Stoneman Lake was 0.19, whereas the distance between H. montezuma and H. azteca from Montezuma Well was 0.77. Observations of swimming behavior were consistent with genetic data: H. montezuma and H. azteca from Stoneman Lake spent significantly more time swimming than did H. azteca from Montezuma Well. These results suggest speciation resulted from genetic differentiation before introduction of ancestral populations to Montezuma Well.
2-Chloro-4-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)pyrimidine (2002)

The structure of the title compound, C12H11ClN2O2, prepared in a synthetic study on spicamycin derivatives, has been determined. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules lie on mirror planes and form a herring-bone structure.
Structurally Based Template Matching of On-line Handwritten Characters (2005)

A large share of the early work on on-line handwriting recognition involved structural and syntactical methods. These approaches were soon abandoned in favor of template matching and statistical methods due to the difficulty in defining reliable rules dealing with the large variability in on-line handwritten characters. However, any method for HWR utilize the structural information implicitly and one could argue that their success depends on how well this is done. This paper presents a novel template matching method, the Frame Deformation Energy (FDE) matching, that utilizes the explicit structure of the samples to model the non-linear global variations by a set of affine transformations through a structural reparameterization. Experiments on a large data set show that for single models the FDE, despite its ad hoc implementation in this paper, outperforms conventionally used template matching schemes such as DTW and Active Shape.
Health monitoring algorithms for space application batteries (2008)

Prototype battery health monitoring algorithms (support vector machine, dynamic neural network, confidence prediction neural network, and usage pattern analysis) were developed and tested on the battery data (voltage, current, temperature, etc.) collected from several 4-amp hour lithium ion (Li-ion) battery cells supplied by United Lithium Systems. The battery data was collected under different operating conditions (storage and charge/discharge cycling under room and 50degC temperatures. The results show that the battery health monitoring algorithms is feasible for determining the health state of a Li-ion cell yielding remaining useful life information to the user.
Developing a Wire Navigation Simulator for Pedicle Screw Placement in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (2021)

Abstract Simulation training provides an opportunity for surgeons to learn key skills in a safe environment. This is especially important for surgical procedures where mistakes have high consequences, such as working near the spinal cord. Wire navigation is a common orthopedic skill that spans many procedures. This paper presents the design steps taken to modify an existing simulator intended to train surgeons on hip wire navigation so that it can be used to train surgeons on placing a K-wire during a minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar fusion, or MIS-TLIF. The new design was able to accommodate several unique features of the MIS-TLIF task and successfully simulate placing the guide wire in the pedicle body. Results show that the simulator design functions normally even in the face of hammering needed to place the guide wire, a unique step in this procedure compared with other wire navigation procedures. Additional work remaining involves developing a training curriculum so that surgeons can benefit from this new tool.