gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evasion of Early Antiviral Responses by Herpes Simplex Viruses (2015)

Besides overcoming physical constraints, such as extreme temperatures, reduced humidity, elevated pressure, and natural predators, human pathogens further need to overcome an arsenal of antimicrobial components evolved by the host to limit infection, replication and optimally, reinfection. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infect humans at a high frequency and persist within the host for life by establishing latency in neurons. To gain access to these cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) must replicate and block immediate host antiviral responses elicited by epithelial cells and innate immune components early after infection. During these processes, infected and noninfected neighboring cells, as well as tissue-resident and patrolling immune cells, will sense viral components and cell-associated danger signals and secrete soluble mediators. While type-I interferons aim at limiting virus spread, cytokines and chemokines will modulate resident and incoming immune cells. In this paper, we discuss recent findings relative to the early steps taking place during HSV infection and replication. Further, we discuss how HSVs evade detection by host cells and the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to circumvent early antiviral mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuron infection and the establishment of latency.
Deep levels in p-type AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures (1989)

p-AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures were investigated by means of photoconductivity and low-frequency noise measurements. Both methods were performed with ungated structures using ohmic contacts prepared by alloying (sample I) or diffusion (sample II). Three hole traps (0.39, 0.53, and 0.57 eV) were detected by the photoconductivity measurements in both samples. Low-frequency noise measurements showed different results for both samples. In sample I one hole trap at 0.42 eV and in sample II one hole trap at 0.25 eV was found. Possible origins of the traps are discussed.
[Serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) in the cologne area (1980-1982)]. (1985)

The commercial availability of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine justifies repeated investigations of the prevalent pneumococcal serotypes to estimate the probable efficacy of vaccination for patients at high risk of pneumococcal infection. Immunoprophylaxis of infection with S. pneumoniae appears to gain importance since more and more isolates with reduced sensitivity to antibiotics including penicillin are reported. Our investigation of 324 pneumococcal strains, isolated between October 1980 and December 1982 from various clinical sources at the Institute of Hygiene, Cologne, showed that the distribution of predominant serotypes did not differ substantially from that of 1970 to 1972. This distribution resembled closely to those reported from other European countries. However, a lower percentage of the Cologne isolates belonged to the serotypes of the 14-valent vaccine. The potential coverage of the vaccine in our area would probably be in the range of about 60% or less. Determination of the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates demonstrated resistances against tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and macrolides. Moreover, 1.7% of the strains were "relatively resistant" to penicillin G (MIC 0.125 to 0.25 mg/l). Some isolates were multiply resistant.
The Detection and Quantitative Analysis of the Psychoactive Component of Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin A, in Human Biological Fluids Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry* (2008)

Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint plant family, has hallucinogenic properties that have become increasingly sought after by recreational drug users. The main psychoactive component, salvinorin A, has potency comparable to lysergic acid diethylamide. Though still legal to possess in most of the United States and much of Europe, little is known regarding the compound's long-term health effects, addiction liability, and pharmacokinetics. Limited data are available in the scientific literature, and few analytical methods are published for the detection in human biological fluids. These factors contribute to the unfamiliarity of the compound and complicate the method development process necessary to accommodate special requested testing for salvinorin A. A sensitive analytical method for the detection and quantitation of salvinorin A in human biological fluids was developed and validated to resolve analytical shortcomings. The method utilizes a solid-phase extraction technique coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry operated in selected ion monitoring mode. The assay has a linear range of 5.0-100 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were experimentally determined as 2.5 and 5.0 ng/mL, respectively. The method has been applied to blood and urine samples successfully and can be used to detect the presence of salvinorin A in forensic testing.
Economics of Maintaining Cow Condition on Fescue Prairie in Winter (1999)

Lifetime productivity of fescue grasslands (Festuca scabrella var. campestris Rydb.) is enhanced by fall and winter grazing as opposed to summer grazing. However, forage quality is below the maintenance requirements of cattle and weathering losses will reduce available forage. Cows tend to lose weight and backfat prior to calving if their only feed source through fall and winter is native grassland. Maintaining adequate cow condition for spring calving is important to prevent long term losses associated with reduced calf birth weights, lower cow fertility and reduced cow longevity. Cow condition can be improved by having cows graze annual forage in the fall or by supplementing the cows with grain screenings. Alternatively, cows can be fed in a feedlot prior to calving to restore body condition lost in grazing native grassland in the fall and winter. Results from a 3-year experiment showed that winter wheat pasture grazed in the fall, supplemented with grain screenings was generally the least expensive alternative (ranging from 70 cow(-1) at low barley prices approaching .051 kg(-1), to 97 cow(-1) at high barley prices approaching 0.175 kg(-1)) for maintaining cow condition prior to calving. Restoring cow condition in a feedlot prior to calving was less expensive that provision of fall annual pasture when grain prices were low (barley price below 0.14 kg(-1).
Thermal management technology for series-parallel HEV (2010)

Advanced thermal management system (TMS) has the potential to increase the life of the vehicle's propulsion device and cooling system components as well as decrease fuel consumption and pollutant emission. In this paper a newly advanced TMS with the brake resistor oil cooling sub-system which is suitable for the series-parallel HEV is presented. Two typical thermal management systems for series-parallel HEV with different radiator module structure are analyzed. The thermal parameters and the needed air mass flow of the different systems are calculated. Comparing the two thermal management systems, the better scheme is acquired. In this study a sort of newly remodeled integrated electric fan with a lot of tiny fins on the driving motor shell is employed in the TMS. Aiming at the optimum scheme, the thermal management control strategy is presented.
Neuropsychiatric SLE : Lessons learned from MRI. (2010)

OBJECTIVE:: The clinical manifestations of nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (neuropsychiatric SLE or NPSLE) are highly diverse and their etiology is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to provide an inventory of abnormalities on conventional brain MRI in NPSLE and to interpret the findings in relation to possible underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. METHODS:: MRI exams of the first episode of active NPSLE of 74 patients were retrospectively reviewed. All patients fulfilled the revised 1982 ACR criteria for SLE and were classified according to the 1999 ACR case definitions for NPSLE syndromes. Patients with a history of brain disease, and patients in whom other mechanisms unrelated to SLE caused the neuropsychiatric symptoms, were excluded. RESULTS:: The principal findings were: 1) focal hyperintensities in WM (49% of all patients) or both WM and GM (5%) suggestive of vasculopathy or vasculitis, 2) more widespread, confluent hyperintensities in the WM, suggestive of chronic hypoperfusion due to the same mechanisms, 3) diffuse cortical GM lesions (12%), compatible with an immune response to neuronal components or post-seizure changes, and 4) absence of MRI abnormalities, despite active signs and symptoms (42%). CONCLUSION:: Several distinct brain MRI patterns were observed in patients with active NPSLE, suggestive of different pathogenetic mechanisms. To advance our understanding of the various processes leading to NPSLE, the radiological manifestations may be a good starting point and useful for categorization of patients in further research.
EPR-spectroscopic detection and characterization of a CuII complex with a peroxycarboximidic acid (2001)

A copper(II) complex with peroxycarboximidic acid formed upon the interaction of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with acetonitrile was detected and characterised for the first time.
Sustained release of sulfamethizole from agar beads after oral administration to humans. (1980)

The use of agar beads for sustained release of a urinary tract disinfectant was examined in vivo. Agar beads containing dispersed sulfamethizole were administered to five healthy volunteers, and the rate of excretion of the drug in urine was determined for pharmacokinetic analysis. The results indicated that agar beads should be useful for the preparation of sustained release dosage forms.
Modulation bandwidth and energy efficiency of metallic cavity semiconductor nanolasers with inclusion of noise effects (2015)

Abstract Modulation bandwidth and energy efficiency of metallic cavity nanolasers are studied in both small signal and digital modulation formats. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of noise on data rate and energy efficiency. It is found that the data rate for nanolasers of small sizes is severely limited by noise‐induced bit‐error rate. The trade‐off between size‐reduction and noise effects leads to an optimal cavity size to achieve the highest data rate. The energy data‐rate ratio decreases in general with device size, but starts to increase in ultrasmall devices, due to increased threshold current and noise effects. However, relatively high modulation rate and energy efficiency can be achieved in metallic cavity nanolasers. Calculations show that a low energy consumption of 30 fJ/bit at a high data rate of 120 Gbit/s can be realized in nanolasers as small as V = 16 ( λ / n r ) 3 ( V is the laser cavity volume). Ultralow energy consumption per bit (&lt;10 fJ/bit) does require smaller devices ( V &lt;2.1 ( λ / n r ) 3 ), while the noise limits the data rate to below 50 Gbit/s. Such a balanced and holistic consideration between device size, data rate, noise effects, and energy efficiency offers new perspectives to nanolaser design strategy for future onchip integrated nanophotonics systems. image
Lightness and Retinex Theory (1971)

Sensations of color show a strong correlation with reflectance, even though the amount of visible light reaching the eye depends on the product of reflectance and illumination. The visual system must achieve this remarkable result by a scheme that does not measure flux. Such a scheme is described as the basis of retinex theory. This theory assumes that there are three independent cone systems, each starting with a set of receptors peaking, respectively, in the long-, middle-, and short-wavelength regions of the visible spectrum. Each system forms a separate image of the world in terms of lightness that shows a strong correlation with reflectance within its particular band of wavelengths. These images are not mixed, but rather are compared to generate color sensations. The problem then becomes how the lightness of areas in these separate images can be independent of flux. This article describes the mathematics of a lightness scheme that generates lightness numbers, the biologic correlate of reflectance, independent of the flux from objects
Haematopoietic progenitor cells utilise conventional PKC to suppress PKB/Akt activity in response to c‐Kit stimulation (2006)

Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) c-Kit signalling is crucial for the proliferation, survival and differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To further understand the mechanisms underlying these events we explored how the downstream mediators interact. The present study investigated the function of conventional protein kinase Cs (c-PKC) in c-Kit mediated signalling pathways in HSC-like cell lines. This analysis supported earlier findings, that steel factor (SF) activates c-PKC, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and protein kinase B (PKB). The present results were consistent with an important role of c-PKC in the positive activation of Erk and for proliferation. Further, it was observed that c-PKC negatively regulated PKB activity upon SF stimulation, indicating that c-PKC acts as a suppressor of c-Kit signalling. Finally, these observations were extended to show that c-PKC mediated the phosphorylation of the endogenous c-Kit receptor on serine 746, resulting in decreased overall tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Kit upon SF stimulation. This report showed that this specific feedback mechanism of c-PKC mediated phosphorylation of the c-Kit receptor has consequences for both proliferation and survival of HSC-like cell lines.
Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia, and Coronary Artery Disease (1992)

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology™ is a peer reviewed, multidisciplinary journal that publishes original articles and pertinent review articles on basic and clinical aspects of cardiovascular pharmacology. Appropriate subjects include new drug development and evaluation, physiological and pharmacological bases of drug action, metabolism, drug interactions and side effects, clinical results with new and established agents and novel methods. The focus is on pharmacology in its broadest applications, incorporating not only traditional approaches, but new approaches to the development of pharmacological agents and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Central Nervous System Complications of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (1985)

BREUER, A. C.; FURLAN, A. J.; HANSON, M. R.; LEDERMAN, R. J.; LOOP, F. D.; COSGROVE, D. M.; GREENSTREET, R. L.; ESTEFANOUS, F. G. Author Information
Quasiresonant laser-produced plasma: An efficient mechanism for localized breakdown (1980)

This paper deals semiquantitatively with the phenomenon of quasiresonant laser-produced plasma (QRLPP) generation, i.e., breakdown of an atomic vapor when a laser beam couples a resonant excited state with a high excited state. The origin of the breakdown, threshold conditions for the breakdown, and the the effect of inducible absorption are discussed. Furthermore, the QRLPP may exhibit an unusual asymmetrical behavior (observed for a Cs plasma) when the single mode cw dye laser is tuned near the quasiresonant absorption line: on the low-frequency wing, ’’noise-reduction’’ effect for the transmitted beam is observed, while on the high-frequency wing, ’’self-oscillation’’ of the plasma is observed. The self-oscillation seems to result from a periodic plasma diffusion from the laser focus. The QRLPP, produced by cw or pulsed lasers, is a very efficient plasma generation mechanism which appears to be useful for many atomic vapors, and the potential applications are discussed.
Simulation models and evaluation of pre- and post- dispersion compensation of DWDM links using a bidirectional DCF with FBG reflectors (2005)

Dispersion compensation of ultra-high data rate optical transmission is a key function to increase optical signal integrity and link performance. It has been shown that the link performance profile is also used in link identification as well as source identification. Dispersion compensation is based on specialty fiber that has negative dispersion coefficient and it is many kilometers long. Typically such fiber is placed at the end or at the beginning of standard single mode fiber, termed pre-compensation and post-compensation, respectively. As such, few questions arise. How can the dispersion compensation fiber length be reduced? Which of the two methods performs better? What are the performance characteristics of each? In this paper, we model and simulate the pre - and post-compensation methods and we compare the results to establish which of the two exhibits better efficiency and performance in fiber optic links, each being eighty kilometers of standard single mode fiber. Dispersion compensation is accomplished with a novel cost-efficient method that uses half the required length of dispersion compensating fiber and also fiber Bragg gratings that act as reflectors. In our model we use 10 DWDM channels, each modulated at 10 Gbps. Simulation for multi-links of 600 km link path suggest that pre-compensation performs better than post-compensation.
FDTD Computation of Human Eye Exposure to Ultra-wideband Electromagnetic Pulses (2007)

With an increase in the application of ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic pulses in the communications industry, radar, biotechnology and medicine, comes an interest in UWB exposure safety standards. Despite an increase of the scientific research on bioeffects of exposure to non-ionizing UWB pulses, characterization of those effects is far from complete. A numerical computational approach, such as a finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method, is required to visualize and understand the complexity of broadband electromagnetic interactions. The FDTD method has almost no limits in the description of the geometrical and dispersive properties of the simulated material, it is numerically robust and appropriate for current computer technology. In this paper, a complete calculation of exposure of the human eye to UWB electromagnetic pulses in the frequency range of 3.1-10.6, 22-29, and 57-64 GHz is performed. Computation in this frequency range required a geometrical resolution of the eye of $\rm 0.1 \: mm$ and an arbitrary precision in the description of its dielectric properties in terms of the Debye model. New results show that the interaction of UWB pulses with the eye tissues exhibits the same properties as the interaction of the continuous electromagnetic waves (CW) with the frequencies from the pulse's frequency spectrum. It is also shown that under the same exposure conditions the exposure to UWB pulses is from one to many orders of magnitude safer than the exposure to CW.
BR-SIGNALING KINASE1 Physically Associates with FLAGELLIN SENSING2 and Regulates Plant Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis (2013)

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-trigged immunity (PTI) is the first defensive line of plant innate immunity and is mediated by pattern recognition receptors. Here, we show that a mutation in BR-SIGNALING KINASE1 (BSK1), a substrate of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, suppressed the powdery mildew resistance caused by a mutation in ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE2, which negatively regulates powdery mildew resistance and programmed cell death, in Arabidopsis thaliana. A loss-of-function bsk1 mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent pathogens, including Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Pseudomonas syringae, and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The bsk1 mutant also accumulated lower levels of salicylic acid upon infection with G. cichoracearum and P. syringae. BSK1 belongs to a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase family and displays kinase activity in vitro; this kinase activity is required for its function. BSK1 physically associates with the PAMP receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 and is required for a subset of flg22-induced responses, including the reactive oxygen burst, but not for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Our data demonstrate that BSK1 is involved in positive regulation of PTI. Together with previous findings, our work indicates that BSK1 represents a key component directly involved in both BR signaling and plant immunity.
The relevance of autophagy in the dopaminergic effects of PTEN-induced kinase I (PINK-I) (2010)

Autophagy is a main cellular mechanism to remove misfolded proteins and aggregates as well as damaged and dysfunctional organelles, which recently emerged as critical for neuroprotection. In fact, in several disease models suppression of autophagy produces cell death in vitro and in vivo, while autophagy inducers reduce protein aggregates and apoptotic cell death. Recently, PINK1, a kinase mutated in autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease, was shown to be neuroprotective. Distinct PINK1 isoforms are known to be active outside and within mitochondria to prevent mitochondrial damage and apoptosis and to regulate mitochondria dynamics. Moreover PINK1 also interacts with the pro-autophagic protein Beclin1 and positively regulates basal and starvationinduced autophagy, a key protective mechanism against neuronal cell loss. The aims of this study was to characterize the multiple roles of PINK1 in protecting dopaminergic cells from neurodegeneration. For this reasons this study is articulated in the following steps, to define: (i) whether PINK1 interacts with the pro-autophagic proteins Beclin1and parkin to modulate autophagy; (ii) how PINK1 modulates autophagy/ mitophagy The effect of PINK1 wt, mutant and siRNA on autophagy and apoptotic pathways and on mitochondria dynamics is characterized through a range of complementary techniques using in vitro models of neurodegeneration. Using in vitro models, we showed that PINK1 wild type (wt), but not mutants, strongly interacts with Beclin1. We also found that PINK1wt positively modulates autophagy in baseline conditions through a fairly specific promotion of mitochondrial turn over which keeps mitochondrial function and morphology despite neurotoxic insults. These results highlight a novel role of PINK1 acting as a strategic cellular sensor of mitochondrial damage. This study helps understand the interconnection between mitochondrial dysfunction and DA cell death.
Escherichia coli: Physiological Clues Which Turn On the Synthesis of Antimicrobial Molecules (2020)

Zoonotic pathogens, like Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (STEC) are a food safety and health risk. To battle the increasing emergence of virulent microbes, novel mitigation strategies are needed. One strategy being considered to combat pathogens is antimicrobial compounds produced by microbes, coined microcins. However, effectors for microcin production are poorly understood, particularly in the context of complex physiological responses along the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Previously, we identified an <i>E. coli</i> competitor capable of producing a strong diffusible antimicrobial with microcin-associated characteristics. Our objective was to examine how molecule production of this competitor is affected by physiological properties associated with the GIT, namely the effects of carbon source, bile salt concentration and growth phase. Using previously described liquid- and agar-based assays determined that carbon sources do not affect antimicrobial production of <i>E. coli</i> O103F. However, bile salt concentrations affected production significantly, suggesting that <i>E. coli</i> O103F uses cues along the GIT to modulate the expression of antimicrobial production. Furthermore, <i>E. coli</i> O103F produces the molecule during the exponential phase, contrary to most microcins identified to date. The results underscored the importance of experimental design to identify producers of antimicrobials. To detect antimicrobials, conventional microbiological methods can be a starting point, but not the gold standard.