gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Other neurotrophic factors: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) (1999)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was first discovered as a potent survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons and was then shown to rescue these neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDNF is a more potent survival factor for dopaminergic neurons and the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus than other neurotrophic factors, and an almost 100 times more efficient survival factor for spinal motor neurons than the neurotrophins. The members of the GDNF family, GDNF, neurturin (NTN), persephin (PSP), and artemin (ART), have seven conserved cysteine residues with similar spacing, making them distant members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. Like the members of the neurotrophin family, the GDNF-like growth factors belong structurally to the cysteine knot proteins. Like neurotrophins, GDNF family proteins are responsible for the development and maintenance of various sets of sensory and sympathetic neurons but, in addition, GDNF and NTN are also responsible for the development and survival of the enteric neurons, and NTN for parasympathetic neurons. All neurotrophins bind to the p75 low-affinity receptor, but their ligand specificity is determined by trk receptor tyrosine kinases. GDNF, NTN, PSP, and ART mediate their signals via a common receptor tyrosine kinase, Ret, but their ligand specificity is determined by a novel class of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins called the GDNF family receptor alpha (GFR alpha). GDNF binds preferentially to GFR alpha1, NTN GFR alpha2, ART GRF alpha3, and PSP GFR alpha4 as a co-receptor to activate Ret. GFR alpha4 has until now been described only from chicken. Although the GDNF family members signal mainly via Ret receptor tyrosine kinase, there is recent evidence that they can also mediate their signals via GFR alpha receptors independently of Ret. The GDNF family of growth factors, unlike neurotrophins, has a well-defined function outside the nervous system. Recent transgenic and organ culture experiments have clearly demonstrated that GDNF is a mesenchyme-derived signaling molecule for the promotion of ureteric branching in kidney development. NTN, ART, and PSP are also expressed in the developing kidney, and NTN and PSP induce ureteric branching in vitro, but their true in vivo role in kidney morphogenesis is still unclear.
Mechanism of high-resolution STM/AFM imaging with functionalized tips (2014)

High-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging with functionalized tips is well established, but a detailed understanding of the imaging mechanism is still missing. We present a numerical STM/AFM model, which takes into account the relaxation of the probe due to the tip-sample interaction. We demonstrate that the model is able to reproduce very well not only the experimental intra- and intermolecular contrasts, but also their evolution upon tip approach. At close distances, the simulations unveil a significant probe particle relaxation towards local minima of the interaction potential. This effect is responsible for the sharp submolecular resolution observed in AFM/STM experiments. In addition, we demonstrate that sharp apparent intermolecular bonds should not be interpreted as true hydrogen bonds, in the sense of representing areas of increased electron density. Instead, they represent the ridge between two minima of the potential energy landscape due to neighboring atoms.
Fault protection in a multilevel inverter implementation of a static condenser (2002)

Multilevel inverters are well suited for static condenser implementation in utility systems. With multilevel inverters, it is possible to realize low distortion voltage waveforms and keep losses low using suitable switching schemes. The complex topology of these inverters coupled with the large number of devices used increases the probability of device failure. In this paper, the fault modes of a multilevel inverter are investigated with special emphasis on the five level inverter. The main focus or the paper is on device failure and the corresponding impact on the operating conditions and resulting stresses. The presence of redundant states offers the possibility of continuing operation with inferior bus and device utilization following a fault. Failure of some devices is more critical than the failure of others, thereby emphasizing the need for adding redundant devices.
A Clover-Shaped Circularly Polarised Antenna for Satellite Systems (2020)

A novel Clover-shaped microstrip antenna with circular polarization (CP) is designed for the GNSS band applications. The designed antenna consists of three-crescent - shaped slotted-Clover-shaped patch with a coaxial feed. By cutting three asymmetric-crescent shapes on clover-shaped patch, the CP radiation can be achieved. The prototype antenna operates at 1.62 GHz with right-hand CP. The test results yield an impedance bandwidth of around 4% (1.58 GHz to 1.65 GHz) with axial ratio below 3 dB around 1.61 GHz and a gain of around 5 dBic. Overall antenna size is 100 mm × 100 mm × 4.6 mm.
Polyurethane Foams from Dried Whey (1970)

A potentially useful means of utilizing dried sweet or acid whey is in the preparation of polyurethane foams. The product formed, using the lactose in whey
Binding of surfactants to amylose in aqueous solution : Part I Dodecyl and hexadecyl maltosides (2006)

Binding of surfactants to amylose in aqueous solution : Part I Dodecyl and hexadecyl maltosides
Adaptation of Pseudomonas sp. AKS2 in biofilm on low-density polyethylene surface: an effective strategy for efficient survival and polymer degradation (2015)

Abstract Background Pseudomonas sp. AKS2 can efficiently degrade low-density polyethylene (LDPE). It has been shown that this degradation of LDPE by AKS2 is correlated to its ability to form biofilm on the polymer surface. However, the underlying mechanism of this biofilm-mediated degradation remains unclear. Since bioremediation potential of an organism is related to its adaptability in a given environment, we hypothesized that AKS2 cells undergo successful adaptation in biofilm on LDPE, which leads to higher level of LDPE degradation. To verify this, the current study investigated a number of parameters of AKS2 cells in biofilm that are known to be involved in adaptation process. Results Successful adaptation always develops a viable microbial population. So we examined the viability of AKS2 cells in biofilm. We observed the presence of viable population in the biofilm. To gain an insight, the growth of AKS2 cells in biofilm on LDPE at different time points was examined. Results showed a better reproductive competence and more colonization for AKS2 biofilm cells than planktonic cells, indicating the increased fitness of AKS2 biofilm cells than their planktonic counterpart. Towards understanding fitness, we determined the hydrolytic activity, different carbon source utilization potentials, functional diversity and homogeneity of AKS2 biofilm cells. Results showed increased hydrolytic activity (approximately 31%), higher metabolic potential, higher functional diversity (approximately 27%) and homogeneity for biofilm-harvested cells than planktonic cells. We also examined cellular surface hydrophobicity, which is important for cellular attachment to LDPE surface. Consistent with the above results, the cell surface hydrophobicity of biofilm-harvested AKS2 cells was found to be higher (approximately 26%) compared to that of their planktonic counterpart. All these results demonstrated the occurrence of physiological as well as structural adaptations of AKS2 cells in biofilm on LDPE surface that resulted in better attachment, better utilization of polymer and better growth of AKS2 cells, leading to the development of a stable colony on LDPE surface. Conclusions The present study shows that AKS2 cells in biofilm on LDPE surface undergo successful adaptation that leads to enhanced LDPE degradation, and thus, it helps us to understand the underlying mechanism of biofilm-mediated polymer degradation process by AKS2 cells.
Mobile Applications of the ZBB (2023)

In 1983, the Studiengesellschaft für Energiespeicher und Antriebssysteme, a member of the Austrian Industries Technologies Division, was buying a license from the Exxon Research and Engineering Group and took over the knowhow for the Zink–Bromine Battery (ZBB) technology. The project goal was to make the ZBB system ready for mass production. Battery weight is of great importance for Electric Vehicle (EV) application. The evaluation of the performance of EV usually is based on the following properties: battery type, energy density, power density, and Ragone diagram. The main influence on battery performance is given by the electrochemical performance of the stack and electrolyte components. During mobile application, the battery is under steady influence of vibrations and shocks. Battery developers are used to test batteries in the laboratory by fully automated equipment all over the year without interruption. All existing potential ZBB developers are focusing their development goals on the fabrication of large energy-storing units.
Treatment of Secondary Hyperhidrosis -A report of three cases- (2004)

Hyperhidrosis is a state of abnormal sweating in excess of that required for normal thermoregulation. It can considerably reduce one's quality of life, and may result in serious social and psychological problems. Hyperhidrosis may be either idiopathic or secondary, which is associated with systemic processes or trauma. Although treatments for secondary hyperhidrosis should be directed at the underlying causative process, if not possible, symptomatic treatments can be considered to improve the patients' quality of life. We experienced three cases of secondary hyperhidrosis following systemic disease (medullary infarction, post-menopausal syndrome) and trauma, which were treated with systemic or topical anticholinergics.
Axial length, corneal shape and optical aberrations in myopic versus hyperopic eyes (2010)

Purpose: To compare the optical features of the components of myopic and hyperopic eyes. Methods: Axial length, corneal topographic data (radius and asphericity) and corneal and total aberrations were obtained for 10 myopic (age 28.9±4.1 years) and 11 hyperopic eyes (age 29.9±4.8 years). The spherical equivalent ranged from -1.2 to -7.6 D (-3.8±2.4 D) for the myopic, and from 0.6 to 7.4 D (3.4±2.3 D) for the hyperopic group. Cylinder was &lt;2.50 D. Axial length was measured with optical biometry. Corneal topographic data were obtained from a videokeratographic system and fit to a biconic function to obtain corneal radius and asphericity. Corneal aberrations were estimated from virtual ray tracing on corneal elevation maps, using custom algorithms. Total aberrations were measured with Laser Ray Tracing (sequentially scanning the pupil with a 786 nm diode laser and recording the corresponding retinal image on CCD). Pupil size was 6.5 mm. Results: 1) Axial length was significantly longer (p&lt;0.0001) in the myopic group (25.30±1.32 mm vs 22.62±0.53), and statistically significantly correlated with spherical equivalent (p=0.007), 2) Corneal radius was not significantly different between both groups. Asphericity was significantly (p=0.004) more negative in the myopic group (-0.19±0.10 vs 0.050.09 in hyperopes) Corneal spherical aberration was significantly lower (p&lt;0.001) in the myopic (0.21±0.16micron) than in the hyperopic group (0.44±0.08 micron) for the group), 3) Total spherical aberration was significantly (p=0.02) lower for the myopic (0.09±0.16micron) than for the hyperopic group (0.28±0.20micron). 4) Internal aberrations were not significantly different between both groups (-0.14±0.17 and 0.12±0.10micron respectively). However, we observed a marked age-related change in the hyperopic eyes (with nearly null internal spherical aberration in eyes &gt;30 years). Conclusions: Hyperopic eyes are shorter than myopic eyes and show higher spherical aberration, mainly due to the cornea. Hyperopic eyes may show earlier loss of corneal/internal spherical aberration balance.
A post-processing algorithm for spectral CT material selective images using learned dictionaries (2017)

In spectral computed tomography (spectral CT), the additional information about the energy dependence of the linear attenuation coefficients can be exploited to produce material selective images. These images have proven to be useful for various applications such as quantitative imaging or clinical diagnosis. However, noise amplification on material decomposed images remains a fundamental problem which limits the utility of basis material images. In this work, we present a new post-processing algorithm for material selective images which is based on dictionary denoising and specifically tailored to take the properties of the basis material images into account. Dictionary denoising is a powerful noise reduction technique which separates image features from noise by modeling small image patches as a sparse linear combination of dictionary atoms. These dictionary atoms are learned from training images prior to the denoising process. We have adapted the dictionary denoising algorithm to make use of the structural correlation as well as the anti-correlated noise which is typically present in material selective images. Dictionary denoising is first applied to the virtual monochromatic image for which the anti-correlated noise maximally cancels out (minimum noise image) in order to identify the structures and edges of the material selective images. In a second step, the basis material images are compiled by finding local linear transformations between the minimum noise image and the basis material images. Numerical simulations as well as an experimental measurement show that our algorithm achieves improved image quality compared to two other post-processing methods, namely conventional dictionary denoising and bilateral filtering. As a post-processing method, it can be combined with image-based as well as projection-based material decomposition techniques. Our algorithm therefore has the potential to improve the usability of basis material images for various tasks such as artifact reduction, quantitative imaging and clinical diagnosis.
Polarization-dependent extraction properties of bare fiber probes (2010)

Despite their modest spatial resolution, uncoated tapered fiber probes are now widely used by the nano-optics community for mapping, with scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), the nonradiative fields at the surface of optical and plasmonic microstructures and nanostructures. Given the significant complexity of the vectorial optical phenomena associated with subwavelength structures, the correct interpretation of SNOM acquisitions requires a complete and accurate understanding of the intrinsic image-formation procedure. In this theoretical study, we show that the SNOM imaging process with uncoated tapered fiber probes is highly polarization dependent and that the dominant effect is, surprisingly, the choice of optical fiber from which the tapered probe was fabricated. We demonstrate that although a tapered monomode fiber is unable to collect the component of the vector electric field parallel to the tip axis, a tapered multimode fiber can successfully collect all the three field components. However, we show that the signal from the longitudinal field component is collected only 10% as efficiently as the signal from the two transverse field components.
Carbohydrate recognition in the peripheral nervous system: a calcium-dependent membrane binding site for HNK-1 reactive glycolipids potentially involved in Schwann cell adhesion. (1993)

The carbohydrate determinants recognized by the HNK-1 antibody are potential cell-cell recognition ligands in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The HNK-1 reactive sulfoglucuronylneolacto (SGNL) glycolipids specifically support Schwann cell adhesion, suggesting the presence of a cell surface receptor specific for SGNL-oligosaccharides. We directly probed PNS membranes for receptors complementary to SGNL determinants using a synthetic radioligand consisting of radioiodinated serum albumin derivatized with multiple SGNL-oligosaccharides. A high-affinity, saturable, calcium-dependent binding site for this ligand was found in PNS myelin membranes. Binding activity was carbohydrate-specific (most potently inhibited by SGNL-lipids compared to other glycolipids) and PNS-specific (absent from comparable central nervous system membranes). The SGNL-specific binding activity on PNS membranes reported here may be involved in peripheral myelination or myelin stabilization.
General introduction (2008)

These notes are an introduction to some of the theory of finite von Neumann algebras and their von Neumann subalgebras, with the emphasis on maximal abelian self-adjoint subalgebras (usually abbreviated masas). Assuming basic von Neumann algebra theory, the notes are fairly detailed in covering the basic construction, perturbations of von Neumann subalgebras, general results on masas and detailed ones on singular masas in II1 factors. Due to the large volume of research on finite von Neumann algebras and their masas the authors have been forced to be selective of the topics included. Nevertheless, a substantial body of recent research has been covered.
Direct Evidence for Stiffness Threshold in Chalcogenide Glasses (1997)

Raman scattering in ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{X}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ glasses, $X\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{S}$ or Se, reveals that the frequency of ${A}_{1}$ modes of corner-sharing $\mathrm{Ge}({X}_{1/2}{)}_{4}$ tetrahedra displays a discontinuous jump between $x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.225$ and $x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.230$, which coincides with a minimum in the nonreversing heat flow at the glass transition ${T}_{g}$ established from modulated differential scanning calorimetry. These results constitute direct evidence for a stiffness threshold at a mean coordination $〈r{〉}_{c}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2.46(1)$, which is well described by mean-field constraint counting procedures.
Design and implementation of a low cost electricity meter testing bench (2010)

Electricity meter testing bench is used to calculate the accuracy of energy meters. It is mostly used by the power transmission and distribution companies of a country. Measuring accuracy of energy meter is important for accurate billing. In this paper, a complete design of a meter testing bench is illustrated. A prototype of the design is developed and tested for commercial use.
Persistence of Transplanted Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells in Human Cornea (2009)

The study demonstrated the persistence of transplanted OMECs in human corneas. In addition, small, compact cells in the basal epithelium preferentially expressed the keratinocyte stem/progenitor cell markers, which may be indicative of the engraftment of the progenitor cells after transplantation.
Enforcement of communications policies in software agent systems through mobile code (2004)

We introduce the use of mobile agents as the mechanism for policy enforcement in multiagent multidomain systems. The focus is on the effective application of communication policies in the setup and maintenance of spanning data streams that cross multiple hosts in different domains. We have designed and implemented a mobile agent based framework (FlexFeed) that works in concert with the KAoS framework for policy management.
Determination and Validation of New Nonlinear FinFET Model Based on Lookup Tables (2007)

The Fin field effect transistor (FinFET) is a multiple gate structure, which is recently emerging as a leading structure to continue the scaling of CMOS technology into the nanometer regime. This promising multiple gate structure has not only the advantage of reducing short channel effects but also of being compatible with the conventional planar CMOS technology. To our knowledge, this is the first letter addressing the nonlinear FinFET model validated by large signal network analyzer measurements. Here, we present a nonlinear FinFET model which is based on lookup tables. The accuracy of the developed model is completely and successfully verified through the comparison with nonlinear FinFET measurements
Entropy, Efficiency, Thermodynamics for First-year Engineering Students (2006)

Entropy, energy, and efficiency are concepts with broad applicability. As such, it is reasonable to expect that these concepts would be extremely useful to engineering students from a wide range of backgrounds. However, the classical definition of entropy in terms of heat transfer in a physically reversible operation does not provide intuition about the nature of entropy. Instead of starting with heat, work, and reversible operations, the authors suggest that entropy, conceptualized in terms of unpredictability, can provide an intuitively useful starting point. Starting with entropy, the authors derive the efficiency of an ideal Carnot engine without reference to reversible heat transfer. The authors show how the framework can be applied to understand the efficiency of a hurricane as a heat engine
ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM-BASED TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUPER-RESOLUTION TARGETS IMAGING (2018)

Without relative motion or beam scanning, orbital-angular-momentum (OAM)-based radar is shown to be able to estimate azimuth of targets, which opens a new perspective for traditional radar techniques. However, the existing application of two-dimensional (2-D) fast Fourier transform (FFT) and multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithms in OAM-based radar targets detection doesn't realize 2-D super-resolution and robust estimation. Therefore, in this paper we propose a 2-D OAM radar targets detection method based on estimating signal parameter via rotational invariance (ESPRIT) algorithm. Our analysis and simulation results validate that OAM-based radar could achieve robust 2-D super-resolution imaging.
Open Loop Execution of Tree-Search Algorithms, extended version (2018)

In the context of tree-search stochastic planning algorithms where a generative model is available, we consider on-line planning algorithms building trees in order to recommend an action. We investigate the question of avoiding re-planning in subsequent decision steps by directly using sub-trees as action recommender. Firstly, we propose a method for open loop control via a new algorithm taking the decision of re-planning or not at each time step based on an analysis of the statistics of the sub-tree. Secondly, we show that the probability of selecting a suboptimal action at any depth of the tree can be upper bounded and converges towards zero. Moreover, this upper bound decays in a logarithmic way between subsequent depths. This leads to a distinction between node-wise optimality and state-wise optimality. Finally, we empirically demonstrate that our method achieves a compromise between loss of performance and computational gain.
Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing, 2007. CollaborateCom 2007. International Conference on (2007)

The following topics are dealt with: secure sharing and delegation; access control and trust management; sensor networks; privacy; collaborative educations; SOA (service-oriented architecture); collaborative modeling; distributed processing; ad-hoc networks.
Multi-wavelength and multi-band infrared semiconductor lasers (2013)

We present a comprehensive overview of various types of multi-wavelength and multi-band infrared laser sources based on semiconductor lasers.