gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning for Single-Shot Confidence Calibration in Deep Neural Networks Through Stochastic Inferences (2019)

We propose a generic framework to calibrate accuracy and confidence of a prediction in deep neural networks through stochastic inferences. We interpret stochastic regularization using a Bayesian model, and analyze the relation between predictive uncertainty of networks and variance of the prediction scores obtained by stochastic inferences for a single example. Our empirical study shows that the accuracy and the score of a prediction are highly correlated with the variance of multiple stochastic inferences given by stochastic depth or dropout. Motivated by this observation, we design a novel variance-weighted confidence-integrated loss function that is composed of two cross-entropy loss terms with respect to ground-truth and uniform distribution, which are balanced by variance of stochastic prediction scores. The proposed loss function enables us to learn deep neural networks that predict confidence calibrated scores using a single inference. Our algorithm presents outstanding confidence calibration performance and improves classification accuracy when combined with two popular stochastic regularization techniques-stochastic depth and dropout-in multiple models and datasets; it alleviates overconfidence issue in deep neural networks significantly by training networks to achieve prediction accuracy proportional to confidence of prediction.
Wavelet processing for wideband scattering function estimation (2000)

Signal processing of acoustic signals scattered from distributed objects and in time-varying environments has become an increasing challenge. A major difficulty is to estimate or characterize the distributed scattering phenomena. Often, a spreading function or a scattering function are used to characterize the spreading that results when the signal is scattered. This article shows how wavelet processing can be used to more accurately characterize signal spreading when the transmit waveform has a large bandwidth. This wavelet processing is then used to estimate the wideband scattering function associated with scattering from distributed objects or within complex time-varying channels.
RSSI-based localisation algorithms using spatial diversity in wireless sensor networks (2015)

Many localisation algorithms in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are based on received signal strength indication (RSSI). Although these methods present some advantages in terms of complexity and energy consumption, RSSI values especially in indoor environments, are very unstable due to fading. In this paper, we propose a comparative study of RSSI-based localisation algorithms using spatial diversity in WSNs. We consider different kinds of single/multiple antenna systems: single input single output (SISO) system, single input multiple output (SIMO) system, multiple input single output (MISO) system and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system. We focus on the well known trilateration and multilateration localisation algorithms. Three diversity combining techniques at the receiver are used: maximal ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC) and selection combining (SC). The obtained results show that using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver sides present better performance than using multiple antennas at only one side. We also conclude that MRC diversity combining technique outperforms EGC that as well outperforms SC.
AOA-TOA based localization for 5G cell-less communications (2017)

Cell-less communication is one of a promising technology of 5G wireless communications for providing a user-centric approach that goes beyond the regional cell of the conventional cellular system. In order to provide user-centric services, location information of the mobile station is required. In this paper, we propose a new localization technique to support the cell-less communication. The proposed scheme consists of two parts. First, estimating the signal parameters, angle of arrival (AOA) and time of arrival (TOA) through the maximum likelihood estimation. After the signal parameter estimation, the localization of the mobile station is performed using the estimated AOA-TOA information. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves substantial performance in estimating the location of the mobile station.
O-045 Incidence And Outcomes Of Severe Necrotising Enterocolitis In Infants Less Than 32 Weeks Gestation: A Prospective Population Study (2014)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Population data for Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) are sparse. We determined the incidence, short-term outcomes and antecedent feed exposures of severe NEC in preterm infants in England. <h3>Methods</h3> The study comprised infants 23<sup>+0</sup> to 31<sup>+6 </sup>weeks gestation born in 2012 and admitted to 129 (80%) neonatal units in England. Infants with severe NEC (defined as requirement for surgery, histology, or post-mortem) were identified from the National Neonatal Research Database (www.imperial.ac.uk/ndau). <h3>Results</h3> Of 6468 infants, 167 (2.6%) had severe NEC; incidence (95% confidence interval) for 23 to 25<sup>+6</sup>, 26 to 28<sup>+6</sup>, 29 to 31<sup>+6 </sup>weeks gestation infants was 8% (6.4, 10), 3.5% (2.7, 4.4) and 0.8% (0.6, 1.0) respectively. Relative Risk reduced with each additional gestational week (0.70 (0.66, 0.74); Poisson regression, p &lt; 0.001). Of infants requiring surgery, 60% received surgery and survived, 30% received surgery and died, and 10% did not receive surgery; all died. Figure 1 illustrates the inverse relationship between gestation and postnatal age at surgery; median days (interquartile range) 23 to 25<sup>+6</sup>: 27 (13–44); 26 to 28<sup>+6</sup>:24 (11–35); 29 to 31<sup>+6</sup>:12 (8–25) (log-rank test, p = 0.02). Antecedent feeding exposures were 8% never fed; 41% exclusively maternal milk; 13% maternal and donor milk; 35% human milk and formula; 3% exclusively formula. Fortifier was used in 12%. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Severe NEC remains a devastating disease affecting preterm infants in the first postnatal month. Novel findings are that 1 in 10 affected infants die having been considered too unwell for surgery, and over half were exclusively fed human milk prior to onset.
Single-Event Spectroscopy and Unravelling Kinetics of Covalent Domains Based on Cyclobutane Mechanophores (2021)

Mechanochemical reactions that lead to an increase in polymer contour length have the potential to serve as covalent synthetic mimics of the mechanical unfolding of noncovalent "stored length" domains in structural proteins. Here we report the force-dependent kinetics of stored length release in a family of covalent domain polymers based on <i>cis</i>-1,2-substituted cyclobutane mechanophores. The stored length is determined by the size (<i>n</i>) of a fused ring in an [<i>n</i>.2.0] bicyclic architecture, and it can be made sufficiently large (>3 nm per event) that individual unravelling events are resolved in both constant-velocity and constant-force single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) experiments. Replacing a methylene in the pulling attachment with a phenyl group drops the force necessary to achieve rate constants of 1 s<sup>-1</sup> from ca. 1970 pN (dialkyl handles) to 630 pN (diaryl handles), and the substituent effect is attributed to a combination of electronic stabilization and mechanical leverage effects. In contrast, the kinetics are negligibly perturbed by changes in the amount of stored length. The independent control of unravelling force and extension holds promise as a probe of molecular behavior in polymer networks and for optimizing the behaviors of materials made from covalent domain polymers.
Conflict Driven Learning in a Quantified Booleain (2002)

the verification community, there has been a recent increase in interest in Quantified Boolean Formula evaluation (QBF) as many interesting sequential circuit verification problems can be formulated as QBF instances. A closely related research area to QBF is Boolean Satisfiability (SAT). Recent advances in SAT research have resulted in some very efficient SAT solvers. One of the critical techniques employed in these solvers is Conflict Driven Learning. In this paper, we adapt conflict driven learning for application in a QBF setting. We show that conflict driven learning can be regarded as a resolution process on the clauses. We prove that under certain conditions, tautology clauses obtained from resolution in QBF also obey the rules for implication and conflicts of regular (non- tautology) clauses; and therefore they can be treated as regular clauses and used in future search. We have implemented this idea in a new QBF solver called Quaffle and our initial experiments show that conflict driven learning can greatly speed up the solution process for most of the benchmarks we tested.
Lipoprotein and metabolite associations to breast cancer risk in the HUNT2 study (2021)

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate if serum lipoprotein and metabolic profiles of healthy women can predict the risk of developing breast cancer in the future, and to gain a better understanding of the etiology of the disease. Methods From a cohort of 70 000 participants within the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT study), we identified 1199 women who developed breast cancer within a 22 year follow-up period. Through a nested case-control study design, future breast cancer patients and matching controls (n = 2398) were analysed. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 28 metabolites and 112 lipoprotein subfractions were quantified from prediagnostic serum samples. Logistic regression was used to test metabolites and lipoprotein subfractions for associations with breast cancer risk and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built to predict future disease. Results Among premenopausal women (554 cases) 14 lipoprotein subfractions were associated with long-term breast cancer risk. In specific, different subfractions of VLDL particles (in particular VLDL-2, VLDL-3 and VLDL-4) were inversely associated with breast cancer. For total VLDL: apolipoprotein B, cholesterol, free cholesterol and phospholipids were inversely associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk, and in addition total and HDL-4 triglycerides. No significant association was found in postmenopausal women. Conclusions We identified several associations between lipoprotein subfractions and long-term risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. Inverse associations between several VLDL subfractions and breast cancer risk were found, revealing an altered metabolism in the endogenous lipid pathway many years prior to a breast cancer diagnosis.
The TAPS Project. I: Previous Psychiatric Diagnosis and Current Disability of Long-Stay Psychogeriatric Patients (1990)

Of all 89 long-stay residents in four psychogeriatric wards at a large London psychiatric hospital, 18 had a previous functional psychiatric diagnosis. Although the total group was markedly impaired overall, male sex, younger age, and a previous functional diagnosis were independently associated with better cognitive performance. Males and those with previous functional disorders also had less behavioural disability. These subgroups within the psychogeriatric in-patient population must be recognised if an in-built distortion in community reprovision of hospital psychogeriatric services is to be avoided.
Japanese encephalitis: the vectors, ecology and potential for expansion (2018)

Monitoring for the presence of JE virus in mosquitoes in general can be used to estimate levels of potential JE exposure, intensity of viral activity and genetic variation of JEV throughout surveyed areas. Increased surveillance and diagnosis of viral encephalitis caused by genotype 5 JE virus is required in particular, with the expansion in epidemiology and disease prevalence in new geographic areas an issue of great concern. Additional studies that measure the impact of vectors (e.g. bionomics and vector competence) in the transmission of JEV and that incorporate environmental factors (e.g. weekly rainfall) are needed to define the roles of Culex species in the viral pathogenesis during outbreak and non-outbreak years.
Stabilising single mode fibre couplers by using GEL glass (1981)

High optical quality silica gel glass, prepared from hydrolysis and polycondensation of an ethyl silicate solution, was used for the first time to stabilise single mode fibre couplers. The gel-stabilised couplers exhibit minimal temperature dependence, high coupling efficiency, and relatively low insertion loss.
Fully tunable software defined DC-DC converter with 3000X output current & 4X output voltage ranges (2017)

This paper presents a fully integrated, software defined capacitive DC-DC converter. The converter implements K-F-C tuning (K = conversion ratio, F = frequency and C = capacitance) in real time so as to accommodate any output load. It has a 4X tunable output voltage, supports a 3269X output load current range while achieving a peak efficiency of 82.1%. This design introduces an accumulation floating junction MOS capacitor that is used for the 18.3 fF/μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> bucket-capacitors with less than 2μA/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> leakage. This leakage is 40X lower than standard MOS capacitors. The converter transforms a 1.0V input to a 0.25-0.95V output for a 0.13mA-425mA load range while maintaining better than 70% efficiency. The power density for better than at 70% efficiency is 1.05W/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (@ V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">out</sub> =430mV) while peak value is 2.15/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Load regulation is implemented using capacitive and frequency tuning in digital and analog domains respectively. The design was fabricated in TSMC 65nm.
Fused Glycoluril-Tetrathiafulvalene Molecular Clips as Receptors for Neutral Electron Acceptor Guests (2014)

Glycoluril-based molecular clips incorporating tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) sidewalls have been synthesized, and the efficient binding ability in solution of this host architecture toward m-dinitrobenzene through donor-acceptor interaction has been demonstrated.
Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPent: An Active, Sterically Demanding Cross‐Coupling Catalyst and Its Application in the Synthesis of Tetra‐Ortho‐Substituted Biaryls (2009)

Abstract Variable Größe : Eine Reihe von Katalysatoren mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenliganden (siehe Beispiel) wurde hergestellt und in der Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Reaktion getestet. Mit einem Isopentyl‐substituierten Katalysator wurden die sterisch befrachteten vierfach ortho ‐substituierten Biarylprodukte aus wenig reaktiven Arylchloriden zwischen Raumtemperatur und 65 °C erhalten. Dass der Cyclopentyl‐substituierte Katalysator praktisch nicht aktiv war, zeigt die entscheidende Bedeutung eines „flexiblen Raumbedarfs“ bei diesen Umsetzungen. magnified image
Correction: A longitudinal cline characterizes the genetic structure of human populations in the Tibetan plateau (2017)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175885.].
Determination of anti-Cryptosporidium coproantibodies by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (1993)

The role of the mucosal immune response against Cryptosporidium has been suggested by studies on the therapeutic effects of hyperimmune colostrum. In order to study the intestinal response to this infection, we have developed a sandwich-type time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for the determination of anti-Cryptosporidium coproantibodies. This assay has the inherent sensitivity of an immunoassay without the problems due to background responses from other biological compounds, and is thus suitable for faecal samples. The intra-assay coefficients of variation (5.1%, 4.6%, and 5.8% for immunoglobulins (Ig) A, M and G respectively), inter-assay coefficients of variation (9.4%; 10.5% and 12.2% for IgA, IgM and IgG, respectively) and specificity (100% for all 3 isotypes) were all satisfactory. Using this assay to study 12 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who were infected with cryptosporidiosis, we found a marked elevation of anti-Cryptosporidium IgA and IgM coproantibody titres relative to 18 healthy control values, but no correlation with the gravity of the infection in terms of oocyst shedding. These results suggest that a non-protective mucosal immune response develops to Cryptosporidium in AIDS patients.
Needleless Electrospinning of Silk Fibroin/Gelatin Blend Nanofibres (2015)

In this study, nanofibres consisting of silk fibroin (SF) and gelatin (GP) with different composition ratio were fabricated by needleless electrospinning method. The influences of SF/GP blending ratio on the properties of spinning solution and the morphology of electrospun fibres were investigated. A variety of compositions of the silk fibroin/gelatin blend solutions were successfully electrospun into nanofibres sheet. The morphology of electrospun fibre was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which indicates that the morphology of obtained fibres was influenced by the weight ratio of gelatin to silk fibroin in the spinning solution. It was observed that the blending ratio of gelatin to silk fibroin in spinning solution played an important role in spinning performance of the process and the diameter of obtained fibres. An increasing in gelatin content in blended solution resulted in bigger diameter of the obtained electrospun fibres. The silk fibroin/gelatin electrospun fibres had diameters ranging from 200 to 660 nm.
Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force (2012)

Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the 'Immunoscore' into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
Food and Health Applications of Exopolysaccharides produced by Lactic acid Bacteria (2013)

Majority of the polysaccharides used in foods are of plant, animal and algae origin. The exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by food grade lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have gained much importance as biothickeners and texturizers in recent time. Several animal studies and in vitro tests are also suggestive of beneficial health effects associated with the regular consumption of EPS producing LAB. Such biopolymers are not synthesized in abundant amounts, which are a major factor impacting upon production cost and recovery time, considered as major constraints to full commercialization of these technologically important biopolymers. In current article, we reviewed prospective food and health applications of bacterial EPS.
Lithium salts as a treatment for COVID-19: Pre-clinical outcomes (2022)

These results provide pre-clinical evidence of the antiviral and immunotherapeutic effects of lithium against SARS-CoV-2, which supports an advance to clinical trials on COVID-19's patients.
Abstract 2389: A microfluidic system for the selection of circulating tumor cells that utilizes both affinity and size capture technologies (2012)

Abstract Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth and dissemination. As tumors increase in size and vascularity, populations of cells break off from the primary tumor, enter into the circulation, and are transported to distant parts of the host. These circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may constitute a seed population that is responsible for subsequent growth of additional tumors (metastasis) in different tissues. Therefore capture, and subsequent characterization of CTCs from patient's blood, offers an opportunity to both study and monitor progression of the disease. One of the most common methodologies used for CTC capture is affinity based, where specific antibodies bind to cell surface antigens and allow cell capture. A second technique employs size filtration. CTCs are generally larger than normal leukocytes and this size differential can be exploited to enrich CTCs. Here we describe a CTC dual capture platform developed at On-Q-ity Inc. that combines both of these isolation techniques to offer more efficient CTC capture than either technology alone. Performance of On-Q-ity platform will be compared to Veridex's CellSearch. Utility of On-Q-ity platform for sophisticated molecular and cellular characterization of captured cells will also be described. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2389. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2389
Editorial (2019)

aHuman Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton bNIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK cDepartment of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical, Center, New York, USA Correspondence to Philip C. Calder, PhD, DPhil, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. Tel: +44 2381 205250; fax: +44 2381 205255; e-mail: [email protected]
Separating the microbiome from the hyperbolome (2015)

Microbiome-based therapies are moving quickly towards the clinic, with successes including fecal microbial transplants for recurring Clostridium difficile, hints of new antibiotics to come, and possible new microbial biomarkers for common complex diseases. Can the microbiome live up to its hype?