gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of phosphorus containing cyclic monomers: Synthesis of polymers related to biopolymers (1986)

Abstract The mechanism of polymerization is discussed, in which cyclic esters of phosphoric acid, and related compounds are converted into linear macromolecules, modelling nucleic and teichoic acid backbones. Structures like deoxyribose polyphosphate and glycerol polyphosphate were prepared from the corresponding cyclic compounds. These polymerizations involve heterolytic breaking of the P‐O bond in the cyclic monomer and proceed by ionic mechanism. Both 5‐ and 6‐membered monomers have been polymerized. The thermodynamic parameters of the ring‐chain interconversion were determined; the 5‐membered rings polymerization is driven by the exothermicity of the ring‐opening, whereas polymerization of several 6‐membered rings is endothermic and allowed because of the positive change of entropy. Anionic polymerization, and particularly the pseudo(coordinate)anionic polymerization provides, in contrast to the cationic process, high‐molecular‐weight polymers with more uniform structure. Anionic polymerization proceeds mostly (at the applied conditions) on the macroion – ‐pairs. The elementary reactions consist of the nucleophilic attack of the paired macroanions on the phosphorus atom in the cyclic monomer molecule. Rate constants of the elementary reactions for the model monomers will be presented. Stereochemistry of the propagation steps is shown to be governed by the statistical ring‐opening, leading to the three kinds of polymer units (head‐to‐tail and two symmetrical units). Apart from the ring‐opening, the polyaddition of diepoxides to phosphorous and phosphoric acids is described. Finally, a few examples of preparation of models of biopolymers are given, namely poly(deoxyribose phosphate) and poly(glycerol phosphate).
Synergistic induction of apoptosis by sulindac and simvastatin in A549 human lung cancer cells via reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction (2013)

Prevention of lung cancer is more feasible and holds greater promise when different agents are used in combination to target multiple processes during carcinogenesis. The mechanisms by which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis are not fully understood. This study was designed to investigate lung cancer chemoprevention through a mechanism-based approach using sulindac at low doses in combination with simvastatin. We found that sulindac-induced cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced in the presence of simvastatin. The combination of sulindac and simvastatin induced more extensive caspase-dependent apoptosis in A549 cells compared to that induced with either drug alone. The combination of sulindac and simvastatin also increased the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (∆Ψm) and the cytosolic release of cytochrome c. In addition, ROS generation in cells treated with both sulindac and simvastatin was markedly increased compared to cells treated with either sulindac or simvastatin alone. The enhancement of ROS generation by sulindac and simvastatin was abrogated by pretreatment with NAC, which also prevented apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by sulindac and simvastatin. These results suggest that sulindac and simvastatin-induced ROS generation in A549 lung cancer cells causes their accumulation in mitochondria, triggering the release of apoptogenic molecules from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and thus leading to caspase activation and cell death.
Nasal Histamine Provocation of Tenants in a Sick-Building Residential Area (1997)

Health problems associated with the indoor climate have aroused an increasing scientific interest, and the term "sick-building syndrome" (SBS), which describes the most frequent symptoms in this context, has been coined. However, it has been difficult to demonstrate objectively any pathophysiological changes in the subjects affected. Thirty-three healthy and nonatopic persons were randomly selected on the basis of answers in a postal questionnaire dealing with discomfort or health symptoms experienced in their home environment. Twenty-three lived in a residential area with indoor climate problems (SBS area) and 10 lived in an area without climate problems (non-SBS area). Twelve persons from the SBS area reported nasal symptoms, which they ascribed to their home environment. The remaining 11 persons from the same area, as well as the 10 subjects from the non-SBS area, had no nasal distress. They were examined with rhinostereometry during histamine provocation. Hyperreactivity, defined as mucosal swelling exceeding 0.4 mm at 5 and 10 minutes after provocation with 0.14 ml of 2 mg/ml histamine chloride, was frequent in the symptomatic SBS group as well as in the asymptomatic SBS group. The analysis of the increment of mucosal swelling for the whole range of histamine chloride concentrations (0.1 mg/ml to 16 mg/ml) showed significantly different growth curves for the three groups in the residential areas and an external reference group, (p < 0.0001). Subjects living in the SBS area were prone to nasal hyperreactivity, whether they reported symptoms from the upper airways or not. The results support the hypothesis that living in an SBS area increases the risk of developing nonspecific nasal hyperreactivity.
Phase I/II Trial of Dose-Escalated Busulfan Delivered by Prolonged Continuous Infusion in Allogeneic Transplant Patients (2015)

Intensive chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus irradiation and allogeneic stem cell transplantation can be curative for patients with hematologic diseases. Reduced-intensity transplants can also achieve cure and result in less treatment-related mortality but higher relapse rates. Thus, optimizing the conditioning regimens used in allogeneic transplantation remains an important goal. We conducted a phase I/II trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of a continuous infusion of busulfan over 90 hours in conjunction with fludarabine followed by allogeneic related or unrelated donor transplant. Fifty-four patients with advanced hematologic malignancies were enrolled on this study. The MTD was identified as a 24-hour area under the curve (AUC) of approximately 7095 μM/min, which represents a 43% increase over the standard total daily AUC dose of 4800 μM/min given by intermittent schedules. DLTs at doses over 8000 μM/min were identified by a desquamative skin rash and mucositis. No dose-related increase in hepatic, pulmonary, or other organ toxicities were seen, whereas efficacy appeared to be improved at higher dose levels. Continuous-infusion busulfan with intermittent fludarabine provides an alternative treatment strategy that is generally well tolerated and permits an increase in total busulfan dose with encouraging efficacy. (NCI study no. NCT00448357.).
A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies the SMC5/6 complex as a non-redundant regulator of a Topo2a-dependent G2 arrest (2018)

The Topo2a-dependent arrest is associated with faithful segregation of sister chromatids and has been identified as dysfunctional in numerous tumour cell lines. This genome-protecting pathway is poorly understood and its characterization is of significant interest, potentially offering interventional opportunities in relation to synthetic lethal behaviours in arrest-defective tumours. Using the catalytic Topo2a inhibitor ICRF193, we have performed a genome-wide siRNA screen in arrest-competent, non-transformed cells, to identify genes essential for this arrest mechanism. In addition, we have counter-screened several DNA-damaging agents and demonstrate that the Topo2a-dependent arrest is genetically distinct from DNA damage checkpoints. We identify the components of the SMC5/6 complex, including the activity of the E3 SUMO ligase NSE2, as non-redundant players that control the timing of the Topo2a-dependent arrest in G2. We have independently verified the NSE2 requirement in fibroblasts from patients with germline mutations that cause severely reduced levels of NSE2. Through imaging Topo2a-dependent G2 arrested cells, an increased interaction between Topo2a and NSE2 is observed at PML bodies, which are known SUMOylation hotspots. We demonstrate that Topo2a is SUMOylated in an ICRF193-dependent manner by NSE2 at a novel non-canonical site (K1520) and that K1520 sumoylation is required for chromosome segregation but not the G2 arrest.
Characterization of fiber Bragg gratings by use of optical coherence-domain reflectometry (1999)

A method based on optical low coherence reflectometry for complete characterization of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG's) is presented. It is shown that the measured signal corresponds to the impulse response of the grating filter, and the measurement therefore yields all information about the device. Experiments have been carried out with a novel dual channel interferometer. The results are in excellent agreement with the theory, demonstrating the versatility of the method for characterization of fiber gratings.
Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses - worldwide, July 2012-December 2013. (2014)

In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis worldwide. One of the main tools used in polio eradication efforts has been live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), an inexpensive vaccine easily administered by trained volunteers. OPV might require several doses to induce immunity, but then it provides long-term protection against paralytic disease through durable humoral immunity. Rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis can occur among immunologically normal OPV recipients, their contacts, and persons who are immunodeficient. In addition, vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) can emerge in areas with low OPV coverage to cause polio outbreaks and can replicate for years in persons who have primary, B-cell immunodeficiencies. This report updates previous surveillance summaries and describes VDPVs detected worldwide during July 2012-December 2013. Those include a new circulating VDPV (cVDPV) outbreak identified in Pakistan in 2012, with spread to Afghanistan; an outbreak in Afghanistan previously identified in 2009 that continued into 2013; a new outbreak in Chad that spread to Cameroon, Niger, and northeastern Nigeria; and an outbreak that began in Somalia in 2008 that continued and spread to Kenya in 2013. A large outbreak in Nigeria that was identified in 2005 was nearly stopped by the end of 2013. Additionally, 10 newly identified persons in eight countries were found to excrete immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs), and VDPVs were found among immunocompetent persons and environmental samples in 13 countries. Because the majority of VDPV isolates are type 2, the World Health Organization has developed a plan for coordinated worldwide replacement of trivalent OPV (tOPV) with bivalent OPV (bOPV; types 1 and 3) by 2016, preceded by introduction of at least 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) containing all three poliovirus serotypes into routine immunization schedules worldwide to ensure high population immunity to all polioviruses.
P‐205L: Late‐News Poster : A Novel Pixel Circuit for Field Sequential Color LCD (2011)

Abstract A new pixel circuit with pixel memory is proposed for field sequential color display. The new pixel circuit associated with its unique driving scheme can solve voltage residue problem.
[Meta-analysis on efficacy of salvianolate in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy]. (2019)

To systemically evaluate the efficacy and safety of salvianolate intravenous drip in combination with hydration against contrast-induced nephropathy( CIN),and guide clinical medication. Chinese and English databases( PubMed,EMbase,the Cochrane Library,CBM,VIP,Wan Fang database,CNKI) were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trials( RCTs) about the efficacy of salvianolate intravenous drip in combination with hydration( trial group) vs routine hydration( control group) in the prevention of contrastinduced nephropathy. The methodological quality of the RCTs was evaluated by using the Cochrane 5. 1. 0 Bias Risks Assessment Tool.The data were extracted and Meta-analysis was conducted by Reviewer Manager 5. 3. Egger's test and non-parametric clipping method were used to evaluate publication bias. A total of 9 RCTs with 2 186 participants were included. RESULTS:: of Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy of trial group was significantly higher than that of control group( RR = 0. 46,95% CI[0. 35,0. 59],P<0. 001). Subgroup analysis showed that the incidences of CIN in patients with acute coronary syndrome( ACS) undergoing PCI,in patients with the average age≥65 years,in patients who received mean contrast volume ≥200 m L,in patients with serum creatinine( Scr) ≥ 80 μmol,or in patients who received intraoperative administration of salvianolate or PCI were higher than those in control group,with statistically significant differences( P<0. 05). The experimental group was superior to the control group in improving the indexes of renal function after operation,and the difference was statistically significant( P<0. 05). No study reported the incidence of adverse reactions( ADRs). The funnel plots of the incidence of CIN showed potential publication bias. The results of Egger's linear regression showed that there was certain publication bias. Sensitivity analysis,funnel plot,and " trim and fill" showed that the results of this study were stable and reliable. Salvianolate combined with routine hydration showed definite clinical efficacy in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. However,exact conclusion should be further verified by additional high-quality,multi-centre,and large-scale RCT studies.
Formation of a metallic glass by thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 (1985)

Iron pentacarbonyl has been thermally decomposed in an organic liquid. M\"ossbauer spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies show that the sample contains small particles of a metallic glass. Annealing of the particles at 523 K results in crystallization of the particles into a mixture of \ensuremath{\alpha}-Fe and \ensuremath{\chi}-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{5}$${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$. The mechanism of glass formation is discussed.
A New Immunoassay for Detecting All Subtypes of Shiga Toxins Produced by Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Ground Beef (2016)

A highly sensitive and universal assay for all subtypes of Stx1 and Stx2 was developed. It has significantly improved upon the current technologies by avoiding false negative results due to the narrow detection range of the assay. The assay developed in this study can be useful for prompt detection of new and emerging serotypes and screening ground beef samples for contamination of STEC at an early stage in the food supply chain, thus avoiding the need for possible recall.
Grating compensation of third-order material dispersion in the normal dispersion regime: Sub-100-fs chirped-pulse amplification using a fiber stretcher and grating-pair compressor (1995)

We describe a method for compensating large amounts of second- and third-order material dispersion, and we present two simple, compact and robust stretcher-compressor systems for microjoule-and millijoule-level chirped-pulse amplification. These systems, which use dispersive material to stretch and a modified grating pair to compress the pulse, provide expansion and compression with full cubic-phase compensation. Unlike previous fiber-stretcher systems which were limited to picosecond pulse durations, these systems can be used effectively with 50-fs microjoule pulses or 100-fs millijoule pulses. The results of our model are described, including the quartic-phase limitations for both systems. We discuss other applications of this grating pair to other areas of ultrafast optics, including intracavity dispersion compensation for femtosecond oscillators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Studies on the four themes (2005)

The contributions in this part of the book were all written by students, postdocs and visitors who in some way were involved in the graduate course Algebraic Statistics for Computational Biology that we taught in the mathematics department at UC Berkeley during the fall of 2004. The eighteen chapters offer a more in-depth study of some of the themes which were introduced in Part I. Most of the chapters contain original research that has not been published elsewhere. Highlights among new research results include:
A Multiplicative Model for Learning Distributed Text-Based Attribute Representations (2014)

In this paper we propose a general framework for learning distributed representations of attributes: characteristics of text whose representations can be jointly learned with word embeddings. Attributes can correspond to document indicators (to learn sentence vectors), language indicators (to learn distributed language representations), meta-data and side information (such as the age, gender and industry of a blogger) or representations of authors. We describe a third-order model where word context and attribute vectors interact multiplicatively to predict the next word in a sequence. This leads to the notion of conditional word similarity: how meanings of words change when conditioned on different attributes. We perform several experimental tasks including sentiment classification, cross-lingual document classification, and blog authorship attribution. We also qualitatively evaluate conditional word neighbours and attribute-conditioned text generation.
Alternative conformers of 5S ribosomal RNA and their biological relevance (1985)

Different conformational states of Escherichia coli 5S ribosomal RNA that may participate in protein biosynthesis have been either detected experimentally or predicted on the basis of phylogenetic sequence comparisons. The A conformer exists in a high-salt form (AH) that binds ribosomal proteins and assembles into the 50S subunit and in a low-salt form (AL), of uncertain biological relevance, that binds at least one ribosomal protein and differs in tertiary structure from the AH form. Experimentally, the AH form has been investigated comprehensively and the AL form partially. There is also a B conformer that exhibits an altered secondary structure and does not assemble with ribosomal proteins. For this conformer exhibits an altered secondary structure and does not assemble with ribosomal proteins. For this conformer to be functionally active, it must be both discrete and universal among 5S RNAs. Here, we examine its structure by employing single and double strand specific ribonucleases and nucleotide-specific chemical reagents. We demonstrate that the B form exhibits a secondary structure only a part of which is both universal and conformationally homogeneous, and we conclude, therefore, that the whole B form cannot participate in protein biosynthesis. We note, however, that progressive structural changes occur during the transitions AH----AL----B and provide evidence that the structural alteration during the transition AH----AL may be universal, which reinforces the view that the AL form is of biological relevance.
Scalp reconstruction (2006)

Scalp reconstruction after oncologic resection can be challenging. Wide surgical resections, in combination with co-morbid conditions such as infected alloplastic material, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, or devascularized bone after craniotomy necessitate healthy, vascularized tissues for reconstruction. Although primary closure is feasible in some cases, the mainstay of treatment involves local tissue rearrangement with or without split thickness skin grafting. In addition, free tissue transfer is an important adjunct to therapy in patients with poor local tissues. Careful analysis of the defect and local tissues can help tailor the method of reconstruction and result in satisfactory closure in a majority of patients. Current techniques used for scalp reconstruction after surgical ablation are the subject of this review.
Iridium-Catalyzed, Hydrosilyl-Directed Borylation of Unactivated Alkyl C–H Bonds (2016)

We report the iridium-catalyzed borylation of primary and secondary alkyl C-H bonds directed by a Si-H group to form alkylboronate esters site selectively. The reactions occur with high selectivity at primary C-H bonds γ to the hydrosilyl group to form primary alkyl bisboronate esters. In the absence of such primary C-H bonds, the borylation occurs selectively at a secondary C-H bond γ to the hydrosilyl group, and these reactions of secondary C-H bonds occur with high diastereoselectivity. The hydrosilyl-containing alkyl boronate esters formed by this method undergo transformations selectively at the carbon-boron or carbon-silicon bonds of these products under distinct conditions to give the products of amination, oxidation, and arylation.
Preface (2015)

This preface to the special section Movement, Aesthetics, Ontology: Generating New Materialisms in Arts and Humanities introduces the articles and provides the context for their inclusion. It shows how across the social sciences and humanities, new materialism and neomaterialism are increasingly being used as labels for analytical approaches that seek to reclaim the indispensable and transforming involvement of materialities in everything from political economy to everyday life and the constitution of gender, race and sexuality.
Simulation Studies of the Effects of Turbocharging and Reduced Heat Transfer on Spark-Ignition Engine Operation (1980)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A computer simulation of the four-stroke spark-ignition engine cycle has been used to examine the effects of turbocharging and reduced heat transfer on engine performance, efficiency and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. The simulation computes the flows into and out of the engine, calculates the changes in thermodynamic properties and composition of the unburned and burned gas mixtures within the cylinder through the engine cycle due to work, heat and mass transfers, and follows the kinetics of NO formation and decomposition in the burned gas. The combustion process is specified as an input to the program through use of a normalized rate of mass burning profile. From this information, the simulation computes engine power, fuel consumption and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Wide-open-trottle predictions made with the simulation were compared with experimental data from a 5.7ℓ naturally-aspirated and a 3.8ℓ turbocharged production engine. The predicted trends of mean effective pressure and fuel consumption showed acceptable agreement with the data.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Simulation studies were performed to compare the fuel consumption and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions of a 5.7ℓ naturally aspirated engine with a 3.8ℓ turbocharged engine over the complete load and speed range. These engines have equal maximum power. Further studies were carried out to examine the effects of reduced heat transfer on engine performance, efficiency and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. Reductions in heat transfer were simulated by increasing the thermal boundary layer resistance, and through the use of ceramic materials on selected engine components over a range of combustion chamber wall temperatures.&lt;/div&gt;