gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Very Extended Ionized Nebula around the Quasar MR 2251−178 (1999)

We report the results of deep H-alpha imaging of the ionized gas surrounding the low-redshift (z=0.0638) quasar MR 2251-178 using the TAURUS Tunable Filter (TTF) on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. Our observations reach a 2-sigma detection level of ~5 x 10^-18 erg s^-1 cm^-2 arcsec^-2, more than an order of magnitude deeper than conventional narrowband images previously published on this object. Our data reveal a spiral complex that extends more or less symmetrically over ~200 kpc, making it the largest known quasar nebula. The total mass of ionized gas is 6 x 10^10 solar masses (upper limit), a large fraction of which is in a very faint, diffuse component. The large and symmetric extent of the gaseous envelope favors a model in which the filamentary and diffuse emission arises from a large cloud complex, photoionized by the bright quasar. A crude kinematic analysis reveals relatively smooth rotation, suggesting that the envelope did not originate with a cooling flow, a past merger event, or an interaction with the nearby galaxy G1.
Pragmatic frequency domain equalization for robust waveforms (2008)

Frequency domain equalization (FDE) has been proposed as a means of achieving the low-complexity equalization characteristic of orthogonal frequency-division modulation (OFDM) in broadband single-carrier systems. FDE studies to-date have focused on either uncoded systems or those employing relatively weak codes. This paper investigates the application of FDE to a waveform incorporating a strong modern code and robust constant envelope modulation. It is shown that the effect of noise enhancement due to nulls in the modulation spectrum is manifestly different for uncoded/weakly coded systems and strongly coded systems. For the former case, a novel FDE algorithm is developed that outperforms existing minimum mean-squared error techniques at high signal-to-noise ratios with comparable complexity. For the latter case, a family of iterative FDE algorithms is derived and studied via simulation.
Visual cortical functional mediating stereopsis in children anisometropic amblyopia: evidence from fMRI (2012)

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery about the visual cortex function of stereopsis in anisometropic amblyopia after regular amblyopia treatment with blood oxygenation level dependent functional MRI techniques (BOLD-fMRI).Methods In this study,selfcontrolled study before and after treatment was used,and blocks-designed fMRI was performed on 11 children with first amblyopic treatment,and review BOLD-fMRI inspection after regular amblyopia treatment 1 week,2 weeks and 1 month.Functional MRI data were processed by using SPM8 which based on the MATLAB7.12.0.635.Random effect group analysis was performed in each group to acquire average cerebral cortex activated functional images data.Through the hypothesis drive method,the differences range of activated area in each group were compared by before and after amblyopia treatment matched t-test.During the study,the patients were asked to view stimuli through red-blue filtered stereo glasses.The visual stimuli were computer-generated random-dot stereograms (R.D.S),click feedback key immediately after the R.D.S were recognized.Results The functional area that was left occipital lobe (BA18),middle occipital gyrus (BA19),limbic lobe (BA19),lingualis gyrus of the right occipital lobe (BA17) and the bilateral parietal lobe (BA7) expanded in different levels after 4 weeks (compared the fourth weeks with without treatment,mean t value was 1.636,1.902,1.727,1.350 and 1.777 respectively,P＜0.01).However,those data showed activation on the small area,and with the R.D.S on the recovery is not parallel.Conclusion In children anisometropic amblyopia,the visual cortical functional mediating stereopsis is damaged seriously and not easy to treat in the short time.

Key words: 
Children;  Anisometropia;  Amblyopia;  Stereopsis;  Magnetic resonance imaging
Planck2015 results (2015)

This paper presents the characterization of the in-flight beams, the beam window functions, and the associated uncertainties for the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI). The structure of the paper is similar to that presented in the 2013 Planck release; the main differences concern the beam normalization and the delivery of the window functions to be used for polarization analysis. The in-flight assessment of the LFI main beams relies on measurements performed during observations of Jupiter. By stacking data from seven Jupiter transits, the main beam profiles are measured down to –25 dB at 30 and 44 GHz, and down to –30 dB at 70 GHz. It has been confirmed that the agreement between the simulated beams and the measured beams is better than 1% at each LFI frequency band (within the 20 dB contour from the peak, the rms values are 0.1% at 30 and 70 GHz; 0.2% at 44 GHz). Simulated polarized beams are used for the computation of the effective beam window functions. The error budget for the window functions is estimated from both main beam and sidelobe contributions, and accounts for the radiometer band shapes. The total uncertainties in the effective beam window functions are 0.7% and 1% at 30 and 44 GHz, respectively (at ℓ ≈ 600); and 0.5% at 70 GHz (at ℓ ≈ 1000).
Improving the Hopfield network through beam search (2002)

We propose a beam search mechanism to improve the performance of the Hopfield network for solving optimization problems. The beam search re-adjusts the top M (M>1) activated neurons to more similar activation levels in the early phase of relaxation, so that the network has the opportunity to explore more alternative, potentially better solutions. We evaluated this approach using a large number of simulations (20,000 for each parameter setting), based on 200 randomly generated city distributions of the 10-city travelling salesman problem. The results show that the beam search has the capability of significantly improving the network performance over the original Hopfield network, increasing the percentage of valid tours by 17.0% and reducing error rate by 24.3%.
Evaluation of the radar cross section for chiral stratified structures (2002)

The problem of the radar cross section (RCS) of a biisotropic stratified structure is considered. By means of the method of lines (MoL) we first found the spectral dyadic Green's function for a generic multilayered biisotropic (chiral) structure, then we determined the behavior of the RCS in the spatial domain. Numerical results for a biisotropic monolayered structure are presented. This study may find application for stratified media involving an arbitrary number of layers like planar microwave and millimeter-wave components and printed circuit antennas.
Comparison of the NCI Open Database with Seven Large Chemical Structural Databases (2001)

Eight large chemical databases have been analyzed and compared to each other. Central to this comparison is the open National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, consisting of approximately 250 000 structures. The other databases analyzed are the Available Chemicals Directory ("ACD," from MDL, release 1.99, 3D-version); the ChemACX ("ACX," from CamSoft, Version 4.5); the Maybridge Catalog and the Asinex database (both as distributed by CamSoft as part of ChemInfo 4.5); the Sigma-Aldrich Catalog (CD-ROM, 1999 Version); the World Drug Index ("WDI," Derwent, version 1999.03); and the organic part of the Cambridge Crystallographic Database ("CSD," from Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center, 1999 Version 5.18). The database properties analyzed are internal duplication rates; compounds unique to each database; cumulative occurrence of compounds in an increasing number of databases; overlap of identical compounds between two databases; similarity overlap; diversity; and others. The crystallographic database CSD and the WDI show somewhat less overlap with the other databases than those with each other. In particular the collections of commercial compounds and compilations of vendor catalogs have a substantial degree of overlap among each other. Still, no database is completely a subset of any other, and each appears to have its own niche and thus "raison d'être". The NCI database has by far the highest number of compounds that are unique to it. Approximately 200 000 of the NCI structures were not found in any of the other analyzed databases.
Effects of Increasing Dk with Rigid Contact Lens Extended Wear on Rabbit Corneal Epithelium Using Confocal Microscopy (1992)

The effects of 24-h wear of various Dk-rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses on the rabbit corneal epithelium were studied by in vivo tandem scanning confocal microscopy (TSCM), and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Lenses used were polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (Dk/L = 0), RGP experimental A lens (siloxanylmethacrylate-fluoromethacrylate-methylmethacrylate , 33), experimental B (siloxanylmethacrylate-fluoromethacrylate, 56), and experimental C (siloxanylstyrene-fluoromethacrylate copolymer, 64 x 10(-9)) (cm/s) (ml O2/ml mm Hg) with 0.15-mm thickness (Dk/L measured by polarograph including boundary layer effect). After 24-h PMMA lens wear, TSCM showed no superficial epithelial cells but only exposed, underlying wing cells. The cornea with experimental A showed partial superficial epithelial desquamation. With experimental B wear, slight superficial epithelial cell swelling and desquamation were observed on the surface of the cornea. No changes were observed for the eye with experimental C and control. The observed severity of desquamation of superficial epithelial cells was dependent on the oxygen transmissibility (Dk/L) of RGP lenses worn. All in vivo findings were confirmed by SEM observations. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that (a) although Dk/L = 56 lens B shows no residual overnight corneal swelling, surface damage is still produced; (b) Dk/L = 64 lens C is best for epithelium showing the same corneal images as control; and (c) TSCM is a good way to evaluate the contact lens safety and efficacy in vivo at the cellular level noninvasively.
The association of intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformation of the brain (1981)

A case of intracranial multiple aneurysms associated with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is described. Three aneurysms were found arising from an enlarged anterior cerebral artery feeding an AVM. In spite of the fact that two of these aneurysms received no surgical treatment, they disappeared almost completely several months after excision of the AVM. Seventy-three previously reported cases of cerebral aneurysms associated with AVM's are reviewed, and the effect of hemodynamic stresses on the development of these aneurysms is summarized.
Composition Engineering in Cerium-Doped (Lu,Gd)3(Ga,Al)5O12 Single-Crystal Scintillators (2011)

The Ce-doped (LuyGd1_x)3(Gay,Al1_y)5O12 single crystals were grown by the micropulling down method. Their structure and chemical composition were checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) techniques. Optical, luminescent, and scintillation characteristics were measured by the methods of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy, including the light yield and scintillation decay. Balanced Gd and Ga admixture into the Lu3Al5O12 structure provided an excellent scintillator where the effect of shallow traps was suppressed, the spectrally corrected light yield value exceeded 40 000 photons/MeV, and scintillation decay was dominated by a 53 ns decay time value which is close to that of Ce3+ photoluminescence decay.
Die Röntgendiagnostik der verkalkenden Koronarsklerose* (1976)

There has, up to now, not been general acceptance in the German literature of a definite relationship between radiologically visible coronary calcification and coronary heart disease. Anglo-American authors in general agree with our coronographic findings, which show a significantly increased incidence of such coronary changes in stenosing coronary artery disease. In a random sample of patients over 40 years of age, coronary calcification was found radiographically in 25%. Two-thirds of these patients were more than 60 years, but one quarter of the 50 to 60 year age group, and 15% of the 40 to 5-year age group showed these findings. In one group of 150 patients with coronary calcification, 68.9% suffered from coronary heart disease, 7.9% were suspicious and 23.2% had no symptoms. Conversely, in 100 patients with coronary heart disease, coronary calcification was present in 42. Calcification in several vessels was confined almost entirely to patients with advanced coronary disease. Coronary angiography in patients with normal E.C.G.'s, both at rest and after exercise, usually showed some reduction in the lumen corresponding to the area of calcification. In these patients the prognostic significance of the calcification in terms of further development of atherosclerosis must be considered. The localisation of the calcification in these cases is of significance. The clinical features, histology, localisation and investigation of the calcification by radiography is discussed. In our view this has considerable significance in the screening of coronary heart disease.
<title>Optical Feedback For Generating Arrays Of Bistable Elements</title> (1979)

This paper describes work on generating arrays of stable states using a liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) and optical spatial feedback. Among the topics to be discussed will be feedback containing one and two LCLV&apos;s, giving both oscillatory and exponential decay to equilibrium, the possibility of obtaining more than two stable states in a given image element.
DEC PDP-7/IBM 1800 HIGH SPEED INTERFACE REFERENCE MANUAL (1970)

Abstract : The report describes an interface between an IBM 1800 computer and a DEC PDP-7 computer. It has the following features: (1) it allows the transfer of blocks of data directly from the memory of one computer to the memory of the other, at up to 125,000 words per second, in parallel with program execution; (2) it allows a program running on one machine to interact asynchronously with one running on the other through a system of 'attention interrupts'; (3) it is relatively simple to control, being symmetric to both computers; (4) it compensates automatically, in either of two modes, for the difference in word length between the PDP-7 and the 1800.
Sequential Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 enrichment for phosphopeptide analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2010)

Protein phosphorylation regulates a wide range of cellular functions and is associated with signaling pathways in cells. Various strategies for enrichment of phosphoproteins or phosphopeptides have been developed. Here, we developed a novel sequential phosphopeptide enrichment method, using magnetic iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) and titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles, to detect mono- and multi-phosphorylated peptides. In the first step, phosphopeptides were captured on Fe(3)O(4) particles. In a subsequent step, any residual phosphopeptides were captured on TiO(2) particles. The particles were eluted and rinsed to yield phosphopeptide-enriched fractions that were combined and analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The validity of this sequential Fe(3)O(4)/TiO(2) enrichment strategy was demonstrated by the successful enrichment of bovine alpha-casein phosphopeptides. We then applied the sequential Fe(3)O(4)/TiO(2) enrichment method to the analysis of phosphopeptides in L6 muscle cell lysates and successfully identified mono- and multi-phosphorylated peptides.
Targeting Oncogenes with siRNAs (2008)

Current cancer chemotherapies heavily rely on the unspecific inhibition of proliferating cells. This lack of tumour cell specificity results in severe toxic side effects and may only hardly affect quiescent cancer stem cells consequently leading to relapse. Since oncogenes are exclusively expressed in malignant and pre-malignant cells, they may provide unique, cancer cell specific targets for therapeutic strategies. However, their role in maintaining the malignant phenotype is frequently unknown. Furthermore, oncogenic transcription factors are generally considered to be "undruggable" with conventional small molecule approaches. Oncogene-specific RNA interference offers here new and exciting options to analyse oncogene functions directly in the malignant environment. Moreover, such approaches may permit the targeting of oncogenic transcription factors, thereby considerably extending the number of cancer-specific target structures. In this chapter, several rationales and practical aspects of oncogene targeting with siRNAs are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the application of RNA interference to haematopoietic cells, which are generally hard to transfect. In particular, solving the problem of systemic siRNA/shRNA delivery will greatly advance the inclusion of RNA interference strategies into more efficient and specific therapeutic strategies.
Transmission-Blocking Preventive Measures for Infectious Diseases: Altruism, Solidarity, and the Common Good (2021)

Aiming to prevent the spread of contagious diseases has long been a central tenet of public health. In the present time, divisive political responses to mask wearing to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission have competed with sound public health advice for public attention. Here, we draw parallels in terms of individualism versus societal solidarity between the slow and ponderous development of transmission-blocking vaccines for malaria and advocacy for mask wearing to prevent COVID-19.
A multiresolution texture segmentation approach with application to diagnostic ultrasound images (2002)

A multiresolution texture segmentation approach is presented which addresses characterization, resolution, and time considerations. This approach uses simulated annealing to minimize an energy function based on the resolution of different texture blocks in an image. A rigorous experimental procedure is developed to ensure that accuracy and speed criteria are met. Semireal images, created by sampling a series of diagnostic ultrasound images of an ovary in vitro, are tested to produce statistical measures on the performance of the approach. The ultrasound images themselves are then segmented to determine whether the approach can achieve accurate results for the intended ultrasound application. Experimental results confirm that the multiresolution approach converges faster and produces better segmentation results than the single-level approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Study of ADI (After Develop Inspection) on photo resist wafers using electron beam (II) (2007)

We have clarified that the low-damage, high-resolution defect inspection of the photo resist patterns is ensured by the electron-beam defect inspection equipment for 32-nm generation and beyond. It has first been confirmed that the CD variations on the 65-nm width line structure formed on an ArF resist under general inspection conditions are equal to or less than the CD variations due to a general CD-SEM. We have also succeeded in understanding the resist deterioration mechanism when the ArF resist is exposed to e-beams. This understanding has led us to learn that the layer that, located in the vicinity of the resist surface, is deteriorated by e-beams has its etching rate lowered to cause even improvement on the etching resistance. These findings have enabled us to use inspection conditions that cause lower damage to resists. By using those conditions, we have been able to inspect ArF resist line-space structure wafers with line width of 65nm and pitch width of 140nm. The inspection successfully detected 15 to 20nm programmed extrusion defects with a capture rate of at least 95% and a nuisance rate of 5% or less. It has thus been revealed that e-beam defect inspection equipment are useful for inspecting defects on resist wafers with 32-nm generation and beyond.
Reference Beam-Assisted Broadband Adaptive Optics Compensation for Atmospheric Turbulence on Orbital Angular Momentum Beams (2020)

We propose an adaptive compensation method for atmospheric turbulence on orbital angular momentum beams using coaxially propagating reference beam. Compensation performances are investigated regarding the reference beam’s wavelength and azimuthal index.
<title>Interferometric testing of EUV lithography cameras</title> (1997)

Phase-measuring, lateral-shearing interferometry has been carried out on a multilayer-coated extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) Schwarzschild camera at the multilayer coating's center wavelength. The measured wavefront error was 0.096 waves rms at a wavelength of 13.5 nm. The interferometer employed in the measurement was developed to evaluate the image quality and improve the alignment of cameras for EUV lithography and was previously shown to have a sensitivity of 0.021 waves rms or better at an operating wavelength of 13 nm.
Development of an Absolute Quantification Method for Organic Compounds Using Quantitative NMR (qNMR) and Improvement of the Reliability of Food Analysis (2010)

Summary For the quantification of any compound in foods, chromatographic methods such as GC-MS and LC-MS are currently widely used. Reference materials are very important to ensure the reliability of analytical data. However, it is very difficult to obtain pure compounds and determine purities that are traceable to the International System of Units (SI). When reference materials for the target compounds are not obtained from the reagent manufacturers, we have no choice but to use reagents, or isolated or synthesized compounds as reference materials for which the purities are not known exactly. For all of these reasons, present chromatographic methods might result in degrading the reliability of analysis data. To improve the reliability of analytical data in the field of food chemistry, we are developing quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) as a simple absolute quantification method that is able to determine the purities of compounds or absolute content in foods with SI-traceability. qNMR is based on the fact that the signal intensities of a given NMR resonance are directly proportional to the molar amount of that nucleus in the sample. If appropriate instrument settings have been made, any NMR user can apply NMR spectroscopy to quantitative analysis of any compound. To build up SI-traceable qNMR analysis and boost convenience, we chose 2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate-d6 sodium salt (DSS-d6) and hexamethyldisilane (HMD) as qNMR reference materials after correction of the concentrations by using certified reference materials (CRMs) such as diethyl phthalate (DEP) and potassium hydrogen phthalate (PHP). Thus, qNMR can calculate the purity or content with SI-traceability from the ratio of the signal intensities of the target compound to the qNMR reference material. qNMR analysis requires no calibration curves and also it is rapid and simple with overall analysis time of only 10-20 min. In this review, several applications using qNMR analysis are shown: the absolute quantification for the reagents of natural compounds and reference materials for pesticides. We believe that qNMR will be one of the key technologies providing highly efficient metrological traceability to analytical data in the future.