gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Relevance of Rice (2008)

Abstract Research into rice—the world’s most important food crop—is crucial for the development of technologies that will increase productivity for farmers who rely on rice for their livelihood. This is particularly the case throughout the developing countries of Asia and is also true for much of Latin America and, increasingly, Africa. The benefits of such increased productivity will flow through to rice-growing countries’ landless rural and urban poor, all of whom (1) are net consumers of rice and (2) spend a large proportion of their income on rice. Recent steep rises in the price of rice have amplified the need for investment in high-quality research targeted toward both the intensive irrigated rice-based systems (in which 75% of the world’s rice is grown and that must provide the rice for rapidly increasing urban populations) and the rainfed rice-based systems (many of which are characterized by unfavorable environments and extreme poverty).
A 256-Kb Dual-${V}_{\rm CC}$ SRAM Building Block in 65-nm CMOS Process With Actively Clamped Sleep Transistor (2007)

This paper addresses the stability problem of SRAM cells used in dense last level caches (LLCs). In order for the LLC not to limit the minimum voltage at which a processor core can run, a dual-VCC 256-Kb SRAM building block is proposed. A fixed high-voltage supply powers the cache which allows the use of the smallest SRAM cell for maximum density, while a separate variable supply is used by the core for ultra-low-voltage operation using dynamic voltage and frequency (DVF). Implemented in a 65-nm bulk CMOS process, the block features low overhead embedded level shifters and an actively clamped sleep transistor for maximum cache leakage power reduction during standby. Measured results show that the proposed block runs at 4.2GHz while consuming 30 mW at 85degC and 1.2V supply. Furthermore, measurements across a wide range of process, voltage, temperature, and aging conditions indicate virtual ground clamping accuracy within a few millivolts of required cache standby V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> . Extrapolating the 256-Kb block measurement results in a large 64-Mb LLC used in a dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> processor gives 35% reduction in total processor power as compared with a single-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> processor design running at a high supply voltage
Informal value transfer systems and criminal organizations (1999)

This report presents the findings of a preliminary study into what is commonly called 'underground banking systems'. As the conventional banking industry is increasingly being regulated many fear that criminal organizations may turn to alternatives, such as underground banking systems - or informal value transfer systems (IVTS). The methods for this project consistes in a combination of archival, legal and historical analyses with unstructered interviews with regulators, law enforcement agents and academic or other experts from the USA, Canada, Britain, France, Australia, hong Kong, Germany, South Africa, India and Russia. Attention is paid to: the origins of IVTS; causes for continued use of IVTS; where IVTS can be found; use of IVTS by criminals; extent, growth and concern; measures taken (in various countries); research implications; conclusions and policy recommendations. INHOUD: 1. Introduction 2. The origins of IVTS 3. Causes for continued use of IVTS 4. Where IVTS can be found 5. Use of IVTS by criminals 6. Extent, growth and concern 7. Measures taken 8. Research implications 9. Conclusions and policy recommendations
The α-Gliadins in Bread Wheat: Effect of Nitrogen Treatment on the Expression of the Major Celiac Disease Immunogenic Complex in Two RNAi Low-Gliadin Lines (2021)

Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately 1% of the worldwide population. The α-gliadins of wheat contain the 33-mer peptide, the most active peptide in CD both in adults and pediatric patients. In this study, we have characterized the variants and expression profile of an α-gliadins amplicon, harboring the 33-mer peptide, in two low-gliadin RNAi wheat lines, under two different Nitrogen (N) treatments. We estimated that the amplicon expands 45 different α-gliadin variants with high variability due to length, randomly distributed SNPs, and the presence of encoded CD epitopes. Expression of this amplicon is reduced in both RNAi lines in comparison to the wild type. High N treatment significantly increases transcripts of the amplicon in the wild type, but not in the transgenic lines. Classification of α-gliadin variants, considering the number of epitopes, revealed that amplicon variants containing the full complement of 33-mer peptide were affected by N treatment, increasing their expression when N was increased. Line D793 provided higher and more stable silencing through different N fertilization regimes, expressing fewer CD epitopes than D783. Results of this study are important for better understanding of RNAi α-gliadin silencing in response to N treatments, and for undertaking new strategies by RNAi or CRISPR/Cas toward obtaining new varieties suitable for people suffering gluten intolerances.
Increasing Memory Efficiency of Hash-Based Pattern Matching for High-Speed Networks (2021)

Increasing speed of network links continuously pushes up requirements on the performance of network security and monitoring systems, including their typical representative and its core function: an intrusion detection system (IDS) and pattern matching. To allow the operation of IDS applications like Snort and Suricata in networks supporting throughput of 100Gbps or even more, a recently proposed pre-filtering architecture approximates exact pattern matching using hash-based matching of short strings that represent a given set of patterns. This architecture can scale supported throughput by adjusting the number of parallel hash functions and on-chip memory blocks utilized in the implementation of a hash table. Since each hash function can address every memory block, scaling throughput also increases the total capacity of the hash table. Nevertheless, the original architecture utilizes the available capacity of the hash table inefficiently. We therefore propose three optimization techniques that either reduce the amount of information stored in the hash table or increase its achievable occupancy. Moreover, we also design modifications of the architecture that enable resource-efficient utilization of all three optimization techniques together in synergy. Compared to the original pre-filtering architecture, combined use of the proposed optimizations in the 100Gbps scenario increases the achievable capacity for short strings by three orders of magnitude. It also reduces the utilization of FPGA logic resources to only a third.
Cells, Tissues, and Skin (2009)

Skin, cells, and tissues provide the foundations of the human body--from the first line of defense against disease to the basic components of complex organs and systems.
Hydrophobic Antioxidant Polymers for Corrosion Protection of an Aluminum Alloy (2018)

We explore synthetic polymeric antioxidants as powerful inhibitors of corrosion of metals. Antioxidant copolymers were designed to have polyphenol, gallol, or catechol moieties along with hydrophobic groups brought by hexyl methacrylamide units. The polymers were deposited on aluminum alloy 2024-T3 as submicrometer thick films of individual polymers or as 10 wt % additives to epoxy-based ∼100 μm thick coatings. Thin antioxidant polymer films provided significant corrosion protection of AA2024. Unlike poly(hexyl methacrylamide), which lacked polyphenol functional units, the antioxidant polymers were compatible with standard epoxy coatings and provided exceptional protection of surfaces in extreme corrosion conditions (0.6 M NaCl solution) for over 100 days. Anticorrosion performance of antioxidant-containing coatings was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and further evaluated with the equivalent electrical circuit analysis of the EIS data. Importantly, unlike small-molecule analogues, such as tannic acid, antioxidant copolymers were not leachable from epoxy coatings into water or ethanol. Taken together, these results show that antioxidant copolymers are efficient materials for protection of metals against corrosion.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging of optically levitated aerosol: a technique to quantitatively map the viscosity of suspended aerosol particles (2016)

We describe a technique to measure the viscosity of stably levitated single micron-sized aerosol particles. Particle levitation allows the aerosol phase to be probed in the absence of potentially artefact-causing surfaces. To achieve this feat, we combined two laser based techniques: optical trapping for aerosol particle levitation, using a counter-propagating laser beam configuration, and fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of molecular rotors for the measurement of viscosity within the particle. Unlike other techniques used to measure aerosol particle viscosity, this allows for the non-destructive probing of viscosity of aerosol particles without interference from surfaces. The well-described viscosity of sucrose aerosol, under a range of relative humidity conditions, is used to validate the technique. Furthermore we investigate a pharmaceutically-relevant mixture of sodium chloride and salbutamol sulphate under humidities representative of in vivo drug inhalation. Finally, we provide a methodology for incorporating molecular rotors into already levitated particles, thereby making the FLIM/optical trapping technique applicable to real world aerosol systems, such as atmospheric aerosols and those generated by pharmaceutical inhalers.
Postischemic Administration of CGX-1051, a Peptide from Cone Snail Venom, Reduces Infarct Size in Both Rat and Dog Models of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion (2005)

CGX-1051 is a synthetic version of a peptide originally isolated from the venom of cone snails. In the present studies, we tested the potential cardioprotective effect of CGX-1051 in a rat and dog model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. CGX-1051 was administered 5 minutes before reperfusion as intravenous bolus doses of 30, 100, and 300 microg/kg. Infarct size (IS) is reported as IS/area at risk (AAR). In the rat, the vehicle control group had an IS/AAR of 59.8+/-2.1%. Postischemic administration of CGX-1051 at doses of 30, 100, and 300 microg/kg resulted in an IS/AAR of 52.6+/-4.2%, 34.6+/-5.6% (P<0.05), and 40.8+/-5.2% (P<0.05), respectively. In the dog, the vehicle control group had an IS/AAR of 18.8+/-1.7%. Postischemic administration of CGX-1051 at doses of 30, 100, and 300 microg/kg resulted in an IS/AAR of 16.9+/-2.5%, 8.4+/-2.9% (P<0.05) and 9.9+/-2.4% (P<0.05), respectively. These results demonstrate that administration of CGX-1051 at a clinically relevant time point results in a dose-dependent reduction in IS in both rats and dogs.
A Conserved Gammaherpesvirus Cyclin Specifically Bypasses Host p18INK4cTo Promote Reactivation from Latency (2015)

The gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) cause lifelong infection and can cause chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. Many GHVs encode a conserved viral cyclin that is required for infection and disease. While a common property of the viral cyclins is that they resist inhibition by normal cellular mechanisms, it remains unclear how important it is that the GHVs resist this inhibition. We used a mouse GHV that either contained or lacked a viral cyclin to test whether the viral cyclin lost importance when these inhibitory pathways were removed. These studies revealed that the viral cyclin was required for optimal function in normal mice but that it was no longer required following removal or reduced function of a single cellular inhibitor. These data define a very specific role for the viral cyclin in bypassing one cellular inhibitor and point to new methods to intervene with viral cyclins.
PapA1 and PapA2 are acyltransferases essential for the biosynthesis of theMycobacterium tuberculosisvirulence factor Sulfolipid-1 (2007)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces numerous exotic lipids that have been implicated as virulence determinants. One such glycolipid, Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1), consists of a trehalose-2-sulfate (T2S) core acylated with four lipid moieties. A diacylated intermediate in SL-1 biosynthesis, SL(1278), has been shown to activate the adaptive immune response in human patients. Although several proteins involved in SL-1 biosynthesis have been identified, the enzymes that acylate the T2S core to form SL(1278) and SL-1, and the biosynthetic order of these acylation reactions, are unknown. Here we demonstrate that PapA2 and PapA1 are responsible for the sequential acylation of T2S to form SL(1278) and are essential for SL-1 biosynthesis. In vitro, recombinant PapA2 converts T2S to 2'-palmitoyl T2S, and PapA1 further elaborates this newly identified SL-1 intermediate to an analog of SL(1278). Disruption of papA2 and papA1 in M. tuberculosis confirmed their essential role in SL-1 biosynthesis and their order of action. Finally, the Delta papA2 and Delta papA1 mutants were screened for virulence defects in a mouse model of infection. The loss of SL-1 (and SL(1278)) did not appear to affect bacterial replication or trafficking, suggesting that the functions of SL-1 are specific to human infection.
Elastic and Thermal Properties of Yttrium Barium Zirconate (1992)

The new compound YBa2ZrO6 is prepared by the solid state reaction method. It has a cubic structure and does not react with the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−δ. It is proposed as a suitable substrate material for the deposition of thin and thick films of the high Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−δ. The elastic modulus and thermal conductivity of this material are measured as a function of temperature down to 90 K and the results are reported. The dielectric constant and loss factor are measured at room temperature as a function of frequency. Mit einer Festkörperreaktionsmethode wird die neue Verbindung YBa2ZrO6 hergestellt. Sie besitzt eine kubische Struktur und reagiert nicht mit dem Hochtemperatursupraleiter YBa2Cu3O7−δ und wird deshalb als geeignetes Unterlagenmaterial für dicke und dünne Schichten des Hochtemperatursupraleiters vorgeschlagen. Elastizitätsmodul and Wärmeleitfähigkeit werden als Funktion der Temperatur bis herab zu 90 K gemessen. Dielektrizitätskonstante und Verlustfaktor werden bei Raumtemperatur als Funktion der Frequenz gemessen.
Reverse Genetic Analysis of the Transcription Regulatory Sequence of the Coronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (2004)

Coronavirus discontinuous transcription uses a highly conserved sequence (CS) in the joining of leader and body RNAs. Using a full-length infectious construct of transmissable gastroenteritis virus, the present study demonstrates that subgenomic transcription is heavily influenced by upstream flanking sequences and supports a mechanism of transcription attenuation that is regulated in part by a larger domain composed of primarily upstream flanking sequences which select appropriately positioned CS elements for synthesis of subgenomic RNAs.
Macro processing in high-level languages (1992)

A macro language is proposed. It enables macro processing in high-level programming languages. Macro definitions in this language refer to the grammars of the respective programming languages. These macros introduce new constructs in programming languages. It is described how to automatically generate macro processors from macro definitions and programming language grammars written in the lex-yacc format. Examples of extending high-level languages by means of macros are given.
Determining Formation Resistivity Anisotropy in the Presence of Invasion (2004)

Abstract Resistivity anisotropy in both laminated shale-sand and clean sand formations is well documented. Tools that are sensitive to formation anisotropy are also well documented, and the leading contender for this type of measurement is the transverse induction array. Such an array, whose transmitter generates formation currents in the plane of the borehole axis, has a good sensitivity to the vertical resistivity of the formation, Rv. Invasion of mud filtrate into permeable formations has long complicated wireline log analysis. Interpretation of anisotropic formations will be no different. In most drilling environments, these formations will be invaded as readily as isotropic formations. Although we expect that invading mud filtrate from water-based mud will reduce the anisotropy, we also expect that invading oil-based mud (OBM) filtrate will increase it. Thus the anisotropic properties of each zone must be determined separately. A single-spacing induction array (of any orientation) cannot, by itself, separate uninvaded zone properties from those of the invaded zone. Multiple-spacing tools have been used for many years to make this separation. A multiarray triaxial induction tool is in field test, and invasion interpretation algorithms are under development. A fast analytic algorithm corrects shoulder effect on all nine triaxial couplings of each array, allowing Rv and the horizontal resistivity Rh to be determined at several radial depths in the formation. Rigorous 2D and 3D inversions are also used to evaluate beds on the order of 1 m thick in both vertical and deviated wells. Examples in both modeled formations and in actual formations demonstrate the methods.
Improvement of High Aspect Ratio Contact Etching Performance by using Real-Time Wafer Temperature Control (1st Report) (2012)

Novel wafer-cooling system based on direct expansion phenomenon of coolant has been developed in order to improve etching performance for high-aspect-ratio contact (HARC) process. This system provides effective cooling capability and rapid wafer temperature control. In this study, prototyping of basic equipment was performed and etching performance in HARC process was evaluated. As a result, temperature control speed of 0.6 °C/s was achieved over a 300mm-φ wafer. Furthermore, etching rate and mask selectivity at 100nm-φ, aspect-ratio of 20 HARC sample could be increased by around 6% and 14% respectively without any etching profile deformation by 2-step wafer temperature control from 61°C to 50°C during etching in C4F6/Ar/O2 plasma. It is concluded from the results that this system can improve etching performance for HARC.
Purification and properties of an organophosphorus acid anhydrase from a halophilic bacterial isolate (1991)

A moderately halophilic bacterial isolate has been found to possess high levels of enzymatic activity against several highly toxic organophosphorus compounds. The predominant enzyme, designated organophosphorus acid anhydrase 2, has been purified 1,000-fold to homogeneity and characterized. The enzyme is a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 60,000. With diisopropylfluorophosphate as a substrate, the enzyme has optimum activity at pH 8.5 and 50 degrees C, and it is stimulated by manganese and cobalt.
Facile construction of a DNA tetrahedron in unconventional ladder-like arrangements at room temperature (2018)

A DNA tetrahedron as the most classical and simplest three-dimensional DNA nanostructure has been widely utilized in biomedicine and biosensing. However, the existing assembly approaches usually require harsh thermal annealing conditions, involve the formation of unwanted by-products, and have poor size control. Herein, a facile strategy to fabricate a discrete DNA tetrahedron as a single, thermodynamically stable product in a quantitative yield at room temperature is reported. This system does not require a DNA trigger or thermal annealing treatment to initiate self-assembly. This DNA tetrahedron was made of three chemically ligated triangular-shaped DNAs in unconventional ladder-like arrangements, with measured heights of ∼4.16 ± 0.04 nm, showing extra protections for enzymatic degradation in biological environment. They show substantial cellular uptake in different cell lines <i>via</i> temperature, energy-dependent and clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathways. These characteristics allow our DNA tetrahedron to be used as vehicles for the delivery of very small and temperature-sensitive cargos. This novel assembly strategy developed for DNA tetrahedra could potentially be extended to other highly complex polyhedra; this indicated its generalizability.
Preventing Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (1995)

Many risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), such as obesity, physical inactivity, and high-fat diet, can potentially be modified. Furthermore, some of the metabolic abnormalities, such as insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, that predict diabetes can be improved by behavior modification and drug treatment. Thus, at least to some extent, NIDDM may be preventable. Several small clinical trials have addressed the hypothesis that NIDDM can be prevented by dietary modification, physical activity, or drug treatment. Some studies suggest a preventive effect, but the conclusions are limited by considerations of sample size, randomization, or intensity of the interventions. Consequently, the hypothesis that NIDDM is preventable requires further testing.
Total-body MR imaging in as little as 18 seconds. (1997)

Eighteen human subjects underwent echo-planar magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the whole body at 1.5 T. A stack of axial images was obtained from the top of the head to the feet with gradient-echo, spin-echo, and inversion-recovery spin-echo pulse sequences by moving the patient table through the magnet isocenter. In all examinations, the subjects tolerated the procedure well and table motion was uniform. Image quality depended on careful setting of the transmit frequency, gain, and shims. Results were easily obtained and reproducible in all cases in as little as 18 seconds.
Going to extremes: the Goldilocks/Lagom principle and data distribution (2019)

Numerical data in biology and medicine are commonly presented as mean or median with error or confidence limits, to the exclusion of individual values. Analysis of our own and others' data indicates that this practice risks excluding 'Goldilocks' effects in which a biological variable falls within a range between 'too much' and 'too little' with a region between where its function is 'just right'; a concept captured by the Swedish term 'Lagom'. This was confirmed by a narrative search of the literature using the PubMed database, which revealed numerous relationships of biological and clinical phenomena of the Goldilocks/Lagom form including quantitative and qualitative examples from the health and social sciences. Some possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena are considered. We conclude that retrospective analysis of existing data will most likely reveal a vast number of such distributions to the benefit of medical understanding and clinical care and that a transparent approach of presenting each value within a dataset individually should be adopted to ensure a more complete evaluation of research studies in future.
Age-Related Retinopathy in NRF2-Deficient Mice (2011)

Our data suggest that disruption of Nfe2l2 gene increased the vulnerability of outer retina to age-related degeneration. NRF2-deficient mice developed ocular pathology similar to cardinal features of human AMD and deregulated autophagy is likely a mechanistic link between oxidative injury and inflammation. The Nrf2(-/-) mice can provide a novel model for mechanistic and translational research on AMD.