gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Coherence-based Clustering Method for Multichannel Speech Enhancement in Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks (2021)

Speech enhancement constitutes a great challenge in unknown noisy environments. Many studies have addressed this problem for both single-channel and centralized multichannel cases. However, in a real-world scenario, the effect of the reverberation and interference sounds degrades the performance of the state-of-the-art methods. In this sense, speech and signal processing with wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs) is becoming more and more popular, since they are able to physically cover a larger space and capture more spatial information mitigating the effect of the reverberation and the interference. In this paper, we present an unsupervised clustering method to cluster the nodes in a WASN into subnetworks, which detect different speakers. Thus, each subnetwork will be interested in detecting one of the multiple speakers in the acoustic scene. The proposed node clustering is based on the estimation of the magnitude-squared coherence between microphones observations, which measures the degree of their linear dependency. Then, a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) based approach is developed and applied to find the optimal clustering. Simulation results show that the proposed clustering method can assign nodes into subnetworks based on the microphones observations obtaining promising results.
A Phaseless Extended Rytov Approximation for Strongly Scattering Low-Loss Media and Its Application to Indoor Imaging (2022)

Imaging objects with high relative permittivity and large electrical size remains a challenging problem in the field of inverse scattering. In this work, we present a phaseless inverse scattering method that can accurately reconstruct objects even with these attributes. The novelty of the approach is that it uses a high-frequency approximation for waves passing through lossy media to provide corrections to the conventional Rytov approximation (RA). We refer to this technique as the extended phaseless Rytov approximation for low-loss media (xPRA-LM). Simulation and experimental results are provided for RF indoor imaging using phaseless measurements acquired from 2.4-GHz-based WiFi nodes. We demonstrate that the approach provides accurate reconstruction of objects up to relative permittivities of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$15+1.5j$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for object sizes greater than 30 wavelengths. Even at higher relative permittivities of up to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\epsilon _{r}=77+ 7j$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , object shape reconstruction remains accurate; however, the reconstruction amplitude is less accurate. To the best of our knowledge, xPRA-LM is the first linear phaseless inverse scattering approximation with such a large validity range and can be used to achieve the potential of RF and microwave imaging in applications such as indoor RF imaging.
Quantification in Autoepistemic Logic (1991)

Quantification in modal logic is interesting from a technical and philosophical standpoint. Here we look at quantification in autoepistemic logic, which is a modal logic of self-knowledge. We propose several different semantics, all based on the idea that having beliefs about an individual amounts to having a belief using a certain type of name for the individual.
A dynamic and differential CMOS logic with signal independent power consumption to withstand differential power analysis on smart cards (2002)

To protect security devices such as smart cards against power attacks, we propose a dynamic and differential CMOS logic style. The logic operates with a power consumption independent of both the logic values and the sequence of the data. Consequently, it will not reveal the sensitive data in a device. We have built a set of logic gates and flip-flops needed for cryptographic functions and compared those to Static Complementary CMOS implementations.
Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca<sup Class='xref'>2+</sup>-imaging and Degranulation Assays (2018)

Mast cells (MCs), as a part of the immune system, play a key role in defending the host against several pathogens and in the initiation of the allergic immune response. The activation of MCs via the cross-linking of surface IgE bound to high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), as well as through the stimulation of several other receptors, initiates the rise of the free intracellular Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i) that promotes the release of inflammatory and allergic mediators. The identification of molecular constituents involved in these signaling pathways is crucial for understanding the regulation of MC function. In this article, we describe a protocol for the isolation of murine connective tissue type MCs by peritoneal lavage and cultivation of peritoneal MCs (PMCs). Cultures of MCs from various knockout mouse models by this methodology represent a useful approach to the identification of proteins involved in MC signaling pathways. In addition, we also describe a protocol for single cell Fura-2 imaging as an important technique for the quantification of Ca2+ signaling in MCs. Fluorescence-based monitoring of [Ca2+]i is a reliable and commonly used approach to study Ca2+ signaling events, including store-operated calcium entry, which is of utmost importance for MC activation. For the analysis of MC degranulation, we describe a β-hexosaminidase release assay. The amount of β-hexosaminidase released into the culture medium is considered as a degranulation marker for all three different secretory subsets described in MCs. β-hexosaminidase can easily be quantified by its reaction with a colorigenic substrate in a microtiter plate colorimetric assay. This highly reproducible technique is cost-effective and requires no specialized equipment. Overall, the provided protocol demonstrates a high yield of MCs expressing typical MC surface markers, displaying typical morphological and phenotypic features of MCs, and demonstrating highly reproducible responses to secretagogues in Ca2+-imaging and degranulation assays.
Aerodynamic design of a wave rotor to high pressure turbine transition duct (1998)

One approach to lowering the specific fuel consumption and/or increasing the power output of a gas turbine engine is to include a wave rotor topping spool. A wave rotor will effectively increase the cycle overall pressure ratio and peak cycle temperature. In order to incorporate a wave rotor into a gas turbine engine, efficient ducting must be designed to transition flow between the wave rotor ports and other engine components. A critical transition is accomplished by the duct that delivers the flow from the wave rotor to the turbine. The transition duct shape design is complicated by a relatively large circumferential variation in flow properties across the wave rotor exhaust port and yet it must operate with low pressure loss. In the work reported here, an Allison Engine Company Model 250 series gas turbine is used in an engine concept incorporating a wave rotor. The objective of the design study is to develop an aerodynamically efficient duct to transition flow from the partial annulus wave rotor exhaust ports to the full annulus high pressure turbine. This paper will discuss the design methods, geometry definition, and first order analysis techniques for a wave rotor to high pressure turbine transition duct fitting this application. Three classes of transition duct designs will be proposed, developed and assessed. The unique flow conditions of the wave rotor turbine exhaust port and complex transition duct geometries present new challenges in achieving an aerodynamically efficient transition design.
Ion/molecule reactions performed in a miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer (2003)

A recently constructed miniature mass spectrometer, based on a cylindrical ion trap (CIT) mass analyzer, is used to perform ion/molecule reactions in order to improve selectivity for in situ analysis of explosives and chemical warfare agent simulants. Six different reactions are explored, including several of the Eberlin reaction type (M. N. Eberlin and R. G. Cooks, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1993, 28, 679-687) as well as novel gas-phase Meerwein reactions. The reactions include (1) Eberlin transacetalization of the benzoyl, 2,2-dimethyloximinium, and 2,2-dimethylthiooximinium cations with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane to form 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolanylium cations, 2,2-dimethylamine-1,3-dioxolanylium cations and the 2,2-dimethylamin-1,3-oxathiolanylium cations, respectively; (2) Eberlin reaction of the phosphonium ion CH3P(O)OCH3+, formed from the chemical warfare agent simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), with 1,4-dioxane to yield the 1,3,2-dioxaphospholanium ion, a new characteristic reaction for phosphate ester detection; (3) the novel Meerwein reaction of the ion CH3P(O)OCH3+ with propylene sulfide forming 1,3,2-oxathionylphospholanium ion; (4) the Meerwein reaction of the benzoyl cation with propylene oxide and propylene sulfide to form 4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane and its thio analog, respectively; (5) ketalization of the benzoyl cation with ethylene glycol to form the 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolanylium cation; (6) addition/NO2 elimination involving benzonitrile radical cation in reaction with nitrobenzene to form an arylated nitrile, a diagnostic reaction for explosives detection and (7) simple methanol addition to the C7H7+ ion, formed by NO2 loss from the molecular ion of p-nitrotoluene to form an intact adduct. Evidence is provided that these reactions occur to give the products described and their potential analytical utility is discussed.
Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant Therapy Decreases Transforming Growth Factor-β–Mediated Collagen Production in a Murine Asthma Model (2014)

Asthma is a disease of acute and chronic inflammation in which cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating the allergic inflammatory response. IL-13 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β promote fibrotic airway remodeling, a major contributor to disease severity. Improved understanding is needed, because current therapies are inadequate for suppressing development of airway fibrosis. IL-13 is known to stimulate respiratory epithelial cells to produce TGF-β, but the mechanism through which this occurs is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a critical signaling intermediary between IL-13 or allergen stimulation and TGF-β-dependent airway remodeling. We used cultured human bronchial epithelial cells and an in vivo mouse model of allergic asthma to map a pathway where allergens enhanced mitochondrial ROS, which is an essential upstream signal for TGF-β activation and enhanced collagen production and deposition in airway fibroblasts. We show that mitochondria in airway epithelium are an essential source of ROS that activate TGF-β expression and activity. TGF-β from airway epithelium stimulates collagen expression in fibroblasts, contributing to an early fibrotic response to allergen exposure in cultured human airway cells and in ovalbumin-challenged mice. Treatment with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, (2-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride (mitoTEMPO), significantly attenuated mitochondrial ROS, TGF-β, and collagen deposition in OVA-challenged mice and in cultured human epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that mitochondria are a critical source of ROS for promoting TGF-β activity that contributes to airway remodeling in allergic asthma. Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants may be a novel approach for future asthma therapies.
Physics and modelling of microwave streamers at atmospheric pressure (2011)

Breakdown in a microwave field leads to the formation of plasmoids that expand in a direction parallel to the incident electric field and form microwave streamers. A two-dimensional model based on solutions of Maxwell’s equations coupled with a quasineutral description of the plasma is used to study the formation of a single streamer formed and confined at the antinode between two incident linearly polarized waves with opposed wave vectors. We discuss the parameters controlling the plasma density in the streamer, the field distribution and elongation speed for incident fields of frequency F = 110 GHz at atmospheric pressure, p = 760 Torr, in dry air (other conditions with the same F/p can be deduced from simple scaling laws). The results show that the large electric field at the tips of the streamer (responsible for the streamer elongation parallel to the incident field) presents successive maxima and minima during the streamer extension. These maxima and minima are associated with resonant effects. When the applied field is only slightly above the critical field, the streamer growth may stop at the first field minimum.
A Battery-Free Multichannel Digital Neural/EMG Telemetry System for Flying Insects (2012)

This paper presents a digital neural/EMG telemetry system small enough and lightweight enough to permit recording from insects in flight. It has a measured flight package mass of only 38 mg. This system includes a single-chip telemetry integrated circuit (IC) employing RF power harvesting for battery-free operation, with communication via modulated backscatter in the UHF (902-928 MHz) band. An on-chip 11-bit ADC digitizes 10 neural channels with a sampling rate of 26.1 kSps and 4 EMG channels at 1.63 kSps, and telemeters this data wirelessly to a base station. The companion base station transceiver includes an RF transmitter of +36 dBm (4 W) output power to wirelessly power the telemetry IC, and a digital receiver with a sensitivity of -70 dBm for 10⁻⁵ BER at 5.0 Mbps to receive the data stream from the telemetry IC. The telemetry chip was fabricated in a commercial 0.35 μ m 4M1P (4 metal, 1 poly) CMOS process. The die measures 2.36 × 1.88 mm, is 250 μm thick, and is wire bonded into a flex circuit assembly measuring 4.6 × 6.8 mm.
Development of Common Platform Technology for Next-Generation Robots (2008)

In this paper, the outline of the "common platform technology for next-generation robots" promoted in the coordination program of science and technology projects for nextgeneration robots were introduced. Two projects, the robot town project and the world
Fabrication and electrical characterization of high aspect ratio silicon field emitter arrays (2001)

Micromachined high aspect ratio field emitter areas have been realized to obtain stabile and uniform emission current. Dry etching based on gas chopping method was used to etch the 42-μm-high ultra-sharp emitter tips in single-crystal silicon. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films of 25–100 nm thickness were deposited from hydrocarbon precursor gas on the Si tips applying inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ICPECVD) technique. Partial stabilization of emission current versus time due to oxygen or nitrogen plasma treatment could be related to surface passivation and/or formation of stable DLC/nanolayer on the emitter surface. It has been shown that DLC-coated emitters provide a comparable good long-term emission stability—the emission current did almost not decrease during a 46 h operation cycle. Summarizing we can say that high aspect ratio field emitter areas seem to have favorable field emission properties in respect to long-term stability.
Moringa oleifera Seed Extract Alleviates Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice (2018)

The extract of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> seeds has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties. In the present study, we assessed the neuropharmacological effects of 70% ethanolic <i>M. oleifera</i> seed extract (MSE) on cognitive impairment caused by scopolamine injection in mice using the passive avoidance and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. MSE (250 or 500 mg/kg) was administered to mice by oral gavage for 7 or 14 days, and cognitive impairment was induced by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (4 mg/kg) for 1 or 6 days. Mice that received scopolamine alone showed impaired learning and memory retention and considerably decreased cholinergic system reactivity and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. MSE pretreatment significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment and enhanced cholinergic system reactivity and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Additionally, the protein expressions of phosphorylated Akt, ERK1/2, and CREB in the hippocampus were significantly decreased by scopolamine, but these decreases were reversed by MSE treatment. These results suggest that MSE-induced ameliorative cognitive effects are mediated by enhancement of the cholinergic neurotransmission system and neurogenesis via activation of the Akt, ERK1/2, and CREB signaling pathways. These findings suggest that MSE could be a potent neuropharmacological drug against amnesia, and its mechanism might be modulation of cholinergic activity via the Akt, ERK1/2, and CREB signaling pathways.
Visual pattern discovery using random projections (2012)

An essential element of exploratory data analysis is the use of revealing low-dimensional projections of high-dimensional data. Projection Pursuit has been an effective method for finding interesting low-dimensional projections of multidimensional spaces by optimizing a score function called a projection pursuit index. However, the technique is not scalable to high-dimensional spaces. Here, we introduce a novel method for discovering noteworthy views of high-dimensional data spaces by using binning and random projections. We define score functions, akin to projection pursuit indices, that characterize visual patterns of the low-dimensional projections that constitute feature subspaces. We also describe an analytic, multivariate visualization platform based on this algorithm that is scalable to extremely large problems.
Power rating of photovoltaic modules including validation of procedures to implement IEC 61853‐1 on solar simulators and under natural sunlight (2013)

ABSTRACT This paper describes the measurement of photovoltaic module performance over a range of temperatures and irradiances according to the international standard IEC 61853 Part 1. The purpose of this work is to assess the reproducibility of power matrix measurements obtained using two methods specified in the standard: under natural sunlight with a tracker, and with a solar simulator. A comparison of results using the third principal method (under natural sunlight without tracker) is also summarised for completeness. The same measurement techniques have been employed to measure four modules of different technologies, namely mono and poly crystalline Si, CdTe and CIS. The method used to vary the irradiance in the natural sunlight with tracker and solar simulator approaches is based on un‐calibrated mesh filters. The uniformity and effect on spectrum of the mesh filters have been studied, and the impact of these on the measurements estimated. Measurements from all methods are compared over as much of the ranges as possible. The results show that for all modules, the reproducibility is within the estimated measurement uncertainty. The suitability of the different methods is discussed in light of the results and the limitations of the various methods as applied to different modules technologies. On the basis of the results, parts of IEC 61853 Part 1 will be introduced into the ISO 17025 laboratory accreditation at the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Bounds on capacity and minimum energy-per-bit for AWGN relay channels (2006)

Upper and lower bounds on the capacity and minimum energy-per-bit for general additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency-division AWGN (FD-AWGN) relay channel models are established. First, the max-flow min-cut bound and the generalized block-Markov coding scheme are used to derive upper and lower bounds on capacity. These bounds are never tight for the general AWGN model and are tight only under certain conditions for the FD-AWGN model. Two coding schemes that do not require the relay to decode any part of the message are then investigated. First, it is shown that the "side-information coding scheme" can outperform the block-Markov coding scheme. It is also shown that the achievable rate of the side-information coding scheme can be improved via time sharing. In the second scheme, the relaying functions are restricted to be linear. The problem is reduced to a "single-letter" nonconvex optimization problem for the FD-AWGN model. The paper also establishes a relationship between the minimum energy-per-bit and capacity of the AWGN relay channel. This relationship together with the lower and upper bounds on capacity are used to establish corresponding lower and upper bounds on the minimum energy-per-bit that do not differ by more than a factor of 1.45 for the FD-AWGN relay channel model and 1.7 for the general AWGN model.
REPLY (2000)

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University 445, Gil-dong, Kangdong-ku Seoul, 134-701, Korea[email protected]
Can the Femoro-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) Index Be Used to Distinguish Dysplasia from Impingement? (2021)

III, diagnostic study.
Innate C-H trifluoromethylation of heterocycles (2011)

Direct methods for the trifluoromethylation of heteroaromatic systems are in extremely high demand in nearly every sector of chemical industry. Here we report the discovery of a general procedure using a benchtop stable trifluoromethyl radical source that functions broadly on a variety of electron deficient and rich heteroaromatic systems and demonstrates high functional group tolerance. This C-H trifluoromethylation protocol is operationally simple (avoids gaseous CF(3)I), scalable, proceeds at ambient temperature, can be used directly on unprotected molecules, and is demonstrated to proceed at the innately reactive positions of the substrate. The unique and orthogonal reactivity of the trifluoromethyl radical relative to aryl radicals has also been investigated on both a complex natural product and a pharmaceutical agent. Finally, preliminary data suggest that the regioselectivity of C-H trifluoromethylation can be fine-tuned simply by judicious solvent choice.
Approaches of Self Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks and Directions in 3D (2012)

For variety of applications of sensor networks like tracking, monitoring, intrusion detection, geographical routing etc, localization plays a critical role. Any information from a remote node without its location is of less use in most of these applications. For small sized nodes with limited resources and densely distributed nodes, accurate and low cost localization is a critical issue. An efficient localization scheme exploits inherent collaborative nature of nodes in a sensor network to identify the location of nodes. More than 50 localization schemes exist as of now. Contribution of this study is to present various localization schemes based on various measurement techniques and algorithms thereof. Based on factors like accuracy, communication cost and feasibility in three dimensional scenarios is discussion. The comparison of these techniques can serve as direction for future research.
SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN IRVINE–GASS SYNDROME (2011)

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography detects retinal findings, including photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction abnormalities that are correlated with visual acuity changes in treated patients with Irvine-Gass syndrome.