gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A water monitoring and information system for Lake Superior: A web portal with real-time buoy and vessel data for climate and ecosystem studies (2012)

The Lake Superior Water Monitoring and Information System offers timely observations of wave conditions, water quality, and weather conditions on Lake Superior from a variety of sources. The Michigan Tech Research Institute, with the support of GLOS and the University of Michigan, has deployed buoys at the North and South Entries of the Keweenaw Waterway. Data from this buoy are transmitted in real-time through a satellite uplink, allowing for their timely distribution on the LSWMIS web service. Near real-time data collected from the Ranger III vessel traveling between Isle Royale and Houghton, MI are also displayed on the website. Software such as the Django web framework, GeoDjango extension and PostgreSQL handle data requests while Javascript libraries enhance the user's experience by providing sophisticated visualization in charts and maps. The user-friendly open source software has allowed scientists to explore the relationship between surface winds and coastal upwelling, and buoy temperature and satellite-based temperature measurements. The long-term observations afforded by the instrumentation also help with explaining the origin of the recently-verified thermocline. These observations are also of great importance to recreational boaters, commercial fishers, and searchand- rescue operations.
Brassica napus Plastid and Mitochondrial Chaperonin-60 Proteins Contain Multiple Distinct Polypeptides (1994)

Plastid chaperonin-60 protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from Brassica napus using a novel protocol. The purified protein, which migrated as a single species by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, contained four polypeptides: three variants of p60cpn60 alpha and p60cpn60 beta. Partial amino acid sequence determination demonstrated that each variant of p60cpn60 alpha is a distinct translation product. During this study, additional chaperonin-60 proteins were purified. These proteins, which were free from contaminating plastid chaperonin-60, were separated into at least two high molecular weight species that were resolved only by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These proteins contained three 60-kD polypeptides. Two of these polypeptides were recognized by existing antisera, whereas the third was not. Partial amino acid sequence data revealed that each of these, including the immunologically distinct polypeptide, is a chaperonin-60 subunit of putative mitochondrial origin. The behavior of chaperonin-60 proteins during blue A Dyematrex chromatography suggests that this matrix may be generally useful for the identification of chaperonin-60 proteins.
Magnetic characteristics measurements of ethanol–water mixtures using a hybrid-type high-temperature superconducting quantum-interference device magnetometer (2017)

The magnetic characteristics of ethanol–water mixtures were investigated using our newly developed hybrid-type magnetometer based on a high-temperature superconducting quantum-interference device. The magnetization (M-H) curves of ethanol–water mixtures show good diamagnetic characteristics. The magnetic moments of the mixture show ethanol concentration dependence. However, the variation in magnetic moment differs from the characteristics expected by considering the magnetic moment ratio between water and ethanol, and volume-reduction rate. It showed two decrement regions separated at approximately 50–60% concentration values. It is also observed that the concentration dependence of the magnetic moment measured using the sample vibration method under a uniform magnetic field and that by the sample rotation method showed slightly different characteristics. These anomalies are attributed to the formation of clustered structures in the mixture.
Linear processing for dual-hop AF relay systems with interference: Outage probability analysis (2014)

This paper investigates the impact of different linear processing techniques on the outage performance of dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying systems with co-channel interference (CCI) at the multiple antenna relay. Specifically, three heuristic linear precoding schemes are proposed to combat the detrimental effect of CCI, namely, 1) Maximum ratio combining/maximal ratio transmission (MRC/MRT), 2) Zero-forcing/MRT (ZF/MRT), 3) Minimum mean-square error/MRT (MMSE/MRT). New exact outage expressions as well as simple high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) outage approximations are derived for all three schemes. Our results demonstrate that while the MRC/MRT and the MMSE/MRT schemes achieve a full diversity order of N, the ZF/MRT scheme can only achieve a diversity order of N-M, where N is the number of relay antennas and M is the number of interferers. In addition, it is observed that the MMSE/MRT scheme always achieves the best outage performance. The ZF/MRT scheme outperforms the MRC/MRT scheme in the low SNR regime, and exhibits an inferior performance compared to the MRC/MRT scheme in the high SNR regime.
Evaluation of the sand-cone method for determination of the in-situ density of soil (2010)

A sand-cone method is commonly used to determine the density of compacted soils. The density of the compacted soil calculated from the sand-cone method could be correct, provided the calibration container has approximately the same size or volume and allows the sand to fall to approximately the same height as a test hole in the field. However, in most cases, the size or shape of the test hole is not exactly the same as that of the calibration container. This can result in a difference in the settlement or deposition of sand particles between the laboratory calibration and the field testing, which may cause an erroneous determination of the in-situ density. The sand-filling process is simulated in the laboratory and its effect on the determination of density is investigated. Artificially made holes with different depths and bottom shapes are prepared to simulate various shapes of the test hole in the field. Sands with different particle size distributions are used in the testing to examine how sand grain size influences the determination of density in the field. The error between the assumed and calculated densities is highly dependent on the types of sand used in the sand-cone method. This paper presents some guidelines for obtaining correct in-situ densities through the sand-cone method.
An Oscillating and Renewing Silver Electrode for Cadmium and Lead Detection in Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry (2001)

Issues concerning the use of mercury electrode in environmental analyses has led to considerable research effort aimed at finding alternative tools with acceptable performance. A renewing silver working electrode is investigated. This system has shown a good response to lead and cadmium. Concentrations as low as 10 µg L−1 have been detected for both ions in 0.1 M HCl solutions. The system shows also little interference from copper. A detection limit of 0.5 µg L−1 is estimated for these systems. The electrode system may be used repeatedly without maintenance over a considerable period of time as a new silver film is formed prior to each scan. The silver electrode has been excited, oscillated with both triangular and sinusoidal audio frequency waves. The results indicate that the reproducibility of the response is increased when the electrode is oscillated sinusoidally. A study of the oscillating frequency has also been carried out. The result shows that the detection sensitivity improved considerably when low frequencies typically in the range 40 to 80 Hz are used. Good detection sensitivity, along with the simplicity of use and maintenance renders this system potentially attractive for use in online and field instruments.
Solution and performance analysis of geolocation by TDOA (1993)

One method of geolocation is based on measuring the time difference of arrivals (TDOAs) of a signal received by three or four geostationary satellites. The received signals are cross-correlated to determine the TDOAs and a set of nonlinear equations are solved to produce the location estimate. An exact solution for the transmitter position is derived for the three or four receiver cases. Extension of the solution method to more receivers is straightforward. An analysis of the performance of the system is given, together with expressions for predicting the localization mean-square errors (MSEs) and bias, and the Cramer-Rao bound. Both precision in TDOA measurements and the relative geometry between receivers and transmitter affect the localization accuracy. The geometric factors act as multipliers to the TDOA variance in the bias and MSE formulae. A study of the dependency of the geometric factors on transmitter position and satellite spacings are provided, as well as simulation results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bilayer nano-waveguide resonators for sensing applications (2016)

This paper presents an acoustically engineered nano-waveguide resonator implemented in an aluminum nitride-on-silicon bilayer with an overall thickness of less than 200 nm. Acoustic engineering using dispersion characteristics of laterally propagating waves with cross-sectional flexural polarization has been used to realize efficient energy trapping without the need for narrow suspending supports, thus improving device power handling. Having a large aspect ratio, the bilayer nano-waveguide resonator experiences an amplified thermally induced axial stress, which results in a very high temperature coefficient of its resonance frequency. Such characteristics along with the minuscule volume and large peripheral acoustic energy density make the device an exceptional candidate for sensing applications where an increased thermal responsivity and large interaction cross-section are desirable. A prototype device operating at ~870 kHz frequency with a Q of ~140 - measured in air - shows a vibration amplitude of 100 nm at 3 V and a linear TCF of ~ -710 ppm / °C when actuated piezoelectrically with 500 mv at resonance.
ChemInform Abstract: Baeyer‐Villiger Oxidation of 5‐endo‐(Biphenyl‐4‐ylmethoxy)‐7‐anti‐ piperidinobicyclo(2.2.1)heptan‐2‐one: Process Development and Scale‐Up. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Stability of nc-Si:H TFTs With Silicon Nitride Gate Dielectric (2007)

We report the fabrication and characterization of bottom-gate and top-gate nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with amorphous-silicon nitride (a-SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> :H) as the gate dielectric. The devices were fabricated using standard 13.56-MHz plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 240 degC. Here, the same 80-nm nc-Si:H channel, 300-nm a-SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> :H gate dielectric, and 60-nm n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> nc-Si:H ohmic contact layers were used in both TFT structures. We analyzed the effects of gate configuration on TFT performance and, in particular, the electrical stability. The stability tests were carried out at a gate bias stress in the range from 20 to 40 V. The nc-Si:H TFTs demonstrated much better threshold-voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T </sub> ) stability compared with the amorphous-silicon (a-Si:H) counterparts, offering great promise for applications in active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays
Manometry Potpourri (2006)

Brubaker, Sandy; Knight, Linda BSN, RN; Pavesic, Corinne RN, CGRNEditor(s): Bean, Kathy B. PhD, RN, CGRN, APRN, BC
Inhomogeneity in barrier height at graphene/Si (GaAs) Schottky junctions (2015)

Graphene (Gr) interfaced with a semiconductor forms a Schottky junction with rectifying properties, however, fluctuations in the Schottky barrier height are often observed. In this work, Schottky junctions are fabricated by transferring chemical vapor deposited monolayer Gr onto n-type Si and GaAs substrates. Temperature dependence of the barrier height and ideality factor are obtained by current-voltage measurements between 215 and 350 K. An increase in the zero bias barrier height and decrease in the ideality factor are observed with increasing temperature for both junctions. Such behavior is attributed to barrier inhomogeneities that arise from interfacial disorders as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. Assuming a Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights, mean values of 1.14 ± 0.14 eV and 0.76 ± 0.10 eV are found for Gr/Si and Gr/GaAs junctions, respectively. These findings resolve the origin of barrier height inhomogeneities in these Schottky junctions.
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii DNA in vaginal and uterine samples from healthy cats of north-central Colorado (2007)

Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Although traditionally associated with livestock exposure, human infection has also been documented from contact with parturient cats. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of C burnetii DNA in uterine and vaginal tissues from healthy client-owned and shelter cats of north-central Colorado using polymerase chain reaction assay. Coxiella burnetii was not amplified from vaginal samples of any cat or uterine biopsies of shelter cats. However, a nucleotide sequence with 99% homology to C burnetii DNA was amplified from four of 47 (8.5%) uterine biopsies of client-owned cats. This study demonstrates that clinically normal cats in north-central Colorado can harbor C burnetii. Care should be taken when attending to parturient cats and contact with parturient secretions should be avoided. Additional studies are indicated to further characterize the role of cats in zoonotic Q fever.
A liquid-crystalline perylene tetracarboxylic bisimide derivative bearing trisiloxan-2-yl moieties: influence on mesomorphic properties and electron transport (2016)

Mesomorphic and electron transport properties are compared for liquid-crystalline perylene tetracarboxylic bisimide derivatives bearing linear disiloxane and trisiloxane chains, as well as trisiloxan-2-yl groups.
Preliminary investigation of a differential pressure sensor using flexible piezoelectrics with pyroelectric compensation (2020)

Pressure sensors that can provide both high temporal and spatial resolutions are desired for the measurement of aerodynamic and acoustic events, ultrasonics, and underwater phenomena. Piezoelectric materials are attractive candidates for measuring dynamic pressure due to their high sensitivity, high signal-to-noise ratio, and potential for miniaturization. However, their inability to directly measure static pressure prevents their use in many applications. Due to their strong pyroelectric response, their use is also generally limited to conditions where the rate of temperature change is below the lower cutoff frequency of the measurement system. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a polymer with a high piezoelectric sensitivity which is readily available as a flexible, tough film. Under steady ow conditions, configuring PVDF as a cantilever unimorph provides a higher pressure sensitivity than alternatives such as compressive, doubly clamped, or diaphragm configurations. In this work, we demonstrate a differential aerodynamic pressure sensor based on a cantilever PVDF unimorph that has been optimized to maximize pressure sensitivity for a targeted deflection sensitivity. The sensor is characterized using a laboratory-scale wind tunnel for flows ranging from 0 to 12 ms<sup>-1</sup>. Near-static measurements are enabled by a compensated charge amplifier with an extremely low cutoff frequency. The pyroelectric voltage generated from changes in the air ow temperature is compensated using a PVDF sensor in compressive mode. Within the tested pressure range of 0 to 80 Pa, the sensor exhibits a proportional response with a sensitivity of 0.97 mV Pa<sup>-1</sup>.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Kallikrein genes are associated with lupus and glomerular basement membrane-specific antibody-induced nephritis in mice and humans. (2009)

Immune-mediated nephritis contributes to disease in systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture syndrome (caused by antibodies specific for glomerular basement membrane [anti-GBM antibodies]), and spontaneous lupus nephritis. Inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to anti-GBM antibody-induced and spontaneous lupus nephritis. This study sought to clarify the genetic and molecular factors that maybe responsible for enhanced immune-mediated renal disease in these models. When the kidneys of 3 mouse strains sensitive to anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis were compared with those of 2 control strains using microarray analysis, one-fifth of the underexpressed genes belonged to the kallikrein gene family,which encodes serine esterases. Mouse strains that upregulated renal and urinary kallikreins exhibited less evidence of disease. Antagonizing the kallikrein pathway augmented disease, while agonists dampened the severity of anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis. In addition, nephritis-sensitive mouse strains had kallikrein haplotypes that were distinct from those of control strains, including several regulatory polymorphisms,some of which were associated with functional consequences. Indeed, increased susceptibility to anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis and spontaneous lupus nephritis was achieved by breeding mice with a genetic interval harboring the kallikrein genes onto a disease-resistant background. Finally, both human SLE and spontaneous lupus nephritis were found to be associated with kallikrein genes, particularly KLK1 and the KLK3 promoter, when DNA SNPs from independent cohorts of SLE patients and controls were compared. Collectively, these studies suggest that kallikreins are protective disease-associated genes in anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis and lupus. PMID: 19307730 Funding information This work was supported by: NIAID NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R37 AI024717 NIAMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 AR50812 NIAID NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 AI024717 NIAMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: P30 AR053483
Waves of Change: Evolution in the US Navy's Strategic Approach to Disaster Relief Operations between the 2004 and 2011 Asian Tsunamis (2013)

Abstract The US military response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had a powerful strategic influence on Indonesia, and led the US Navy to make far-reaching changes in its strategic approach to humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) operations. These changes emerged because the positive benefits of military-delivered relief were so clearly demonstrated and the experiences validated specific concepts that have since guided the US Navy toward becoming a humanitarian partner. Current force structures were demonstrated to be adaptable to HA/DR, close cooperation with diverse partners was affirmed as a key element of successful maritime operations, and seabasing was shown as an operational construct exceptionally well suited for HA/DR. As a result of the changes, the naval response to the tsunami that struck Japan in 2011 took place in a very different strategic context.
A semi-automated method for liver tumor segmentation based on 2D region growing with (2008)

Liver tumour segmentation from computed tomography (CT) scans is a challenging task. A semi-automatic method based on 2D region growing with knowledge-based constraints is proposed to segment lesions from constituent 2D slices obtained from 3D CT images. Minimal user involvement is required to define an approximate region of interest around the suspected legion area. The seed point and feature vectors are then calculated and voxels are labeled using a region-growing approach. Knowledge-based constraints are incorporated into the method to ensure the size and shape of the segmented region is within acceptable parameters. The individual segmented lesions can then be stacked together to generate a 3D volume. The proposed method was tested on a training set of 10 tumours and a testing set of 10 tumours. To evaluate the results quantitatively, various measures were used to generate scores. Based on the results obtained from the 10 testing tumours, the method was resulted in an average score of 64.
EDOTn and MIM, new peptide backbone protecting groups (2007)

In recent years, backbone protection has allowed the synthesis of complex peptidic sequences of high interest by preventing chain aggregation and aspartimides formation. Nevertheless, the backbone protectors currently used have some drawbacks: they are difficult to remove and show high steric hindrance. The new backbone protectors presented in this study (EDOTn and MIM) represent an improvement in both aspects.
Structure–Activity Relationships of Quinoxaline‐Based 5‐HT3A and 5‐HT3AB Receptor‐Selective Ligands (2013)

Until recently, discriminating between homomeric 5-HT3A and heteromeric 5-HT3AB receptors was only possible with ligands that bind in the receptor pore. This study describes the first series of ligands that can discriminate between these receptor types at the level of the orthosteric binding site. During a recent fragment screen, 2-chloro-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)quinoxaline (VUF10166) was identified as a ligand that displays an 83-fold difference in [(3)H]granisetron binding affinity between 5-HT3A and 5-HT3AB receptors. Fragment hit exploration, initiated from VUF10166 and 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)quinoxalin-2-ol, resulted in a series of compounds with higher affinity at either 5-HT3A or 5-HT3AB receptors. These ligands reveal that a single atom is sufficient to change the selectivity profile of a compound. At the extremes of the new compounds were 2-amino-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)quinoxaline, which showed 11-fold selectivity for the 5-HT3A receptor, and 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)quinoxaline, which showed an 8.3-fold selectivity for the 5-HT3AB receptor. These compounds represent novel molecular tools for studying 5-HT3 receptor subtypes and could help elucidate their physiological roles.
Nanodrop on a smooth solid surface with hidden roughness. Density functional theory considerations (2015)

A nanodrop of a test fluid placed on a smooth surface of a solid material of nonuniform density which covers a rough solid surface (hidden roughness) is examined, on the basis of the density functional theory (DFT), in the presence of an external perturbative force parallel to the surface. The contact angles which the drop profile makes with the surface at the leading edges of the drop are determined as functions of drop size and perturbative external force. A critical sticking force, defined as the largest value of the perturbative force for which the drop remains at equilibrium, is determined and its dependence on the size of the drop is explained on the basis of the shape of the interaction potential generated by the solid in vicinity of the leading edges of the drop. For even larger values of the perturbative force no drop-like solution of the Euler-Lagrange equation of the DFT was found. The upper bound of the inclination angle of a surface containing a macroscopic drop is estimated on the basis of results obtained for nanodrops and some experimental results are interpreted. The main conclusion is that the hidden roughness has a similar effect on the drop features as the traditionally considered physical and chemical roughnesses.