gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction, Regulation, Degradation, and Biological Significance of Mammalian Metallothioneins (2000)

MTs are small cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins found in many species and, although there are differences between them, it is of note that they have a great deal of sequence and structural homology. Mammalian MTs are 61 or 62 amino acid polypeptides containing 20 conserved cysteine residues that underpin the binding of metals. The existence of MT across species is indicative of its biological demand, while the conservation of cysteines indicates that these are undoubtedly central to the function of this protein. Four MT isoforms have been found so far, MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4, but these also have subtypes with 17 MT genes identified in man, of which 10 are known to be functional. Different cells express different MT isoforms with varying levels of expression perhaps as a result of the different function of each isoform. Even different metals induce and bind to MTs to different extents. Over 40 years of research into MT have yielded much information on this protein, but have failed to assign to it a definitive biological role. The fact that multiple MT isoforms exist, and the great variety of substances and agents that act as inducers, further complicates the search for the biological role of MTs. This article reviews the current knowledge on the biochemistry, induction, regulation, and degradation of this protein in mammals, with a particular emphasis on human MTs. It also considers the possible biological roles of this protein, which include participation in cell proliferation and apoptosis, homeostasis of essential metals, cellular free radical scavenging, and metal detoxification.
Hair dyes II. The functions and reactions of phenols (1940)

H. E. Cox, Analyst, 1940, 65, 393 DOI: 10.1039/AN9406500393
The Influence of Extracellular Acidosis on the Effect of IKr Blockers (2005)

Our data show that the Ikr blocking effect of azimilide, dofetilide, and quinidine was attenuated at acid pH, whereas this was not the case for amiodarone. These observations may explain the efficacy of amiodarone in reducing arrhythmic death in patients after a myocardial infarction compared with other IKr blockers.
Electrically Mediated Reporter Gene Transfer into Normal Rat Liver Tissue (2003)

Gene therapy is a relatively new type of treatment compared to other modalities such as surgical intervention and drug therapy. Unfortunately, gene therapy is not yet a reality. However, this type of treatment continues to show promise due to the wealth of molecular information about human disease that has been accumulated in the past two decades. This information has a high potential for therapeutic benefit because the molecular basis for many diseases has been identified (1-3). It is clear that the introduction of DNA that codes for therapeutic translation products is a rational strategy for correcting diseased or dysfunctional cells. This type of therapy, gene therapy, is particularly promising for the treatment of cancer and metabolic diseases. It also has a high potential for vaccination against disease.
A symbolic annotation of vowel sounds for emerging readers (2020)

Research on educational technologies for reading instruction is disproportionate to the myriad applications in the marketplace. Here we assess a web-based reading tool, Sound it Out, that assists struggling readers in decoding by annotating vowels with small icons indicating the associate phoneme. Created as a collaboration between researchers and technology developers, the phonemic-image cue was designed to scaffold letter-sound correspondence. Study 1 examined whether Sound it Out provides an immediate benefit to reading performance in thirty struggling readers (ages 8-10) randomly assigned to counterbalanced groups in a single-session. Results showed that, without a period of practice, children were not able to capitalize on the cues for improved text reading. Study 2 utilized a repeated measures randomized controlled trial design to determine if an extended practice period (1 month) produced gains and whether a caregiver supervised practice (“dyadic reading”) enhanced benefits. Seventy-six struggling readers (ages 7-13) were randomly assigned to two intervention groups (independent and dyadic reading) and one control group. Results showed significant, dose-response benefits to decoding accuracy and passage reading accuracy for the combined intervention groups in comparison to controls. Moreover, supervised dyadic reading enhanced the effect of practice. These results highlight the potential for an evidenced-based supplemental learning technology to support both independent and shared reading for struggling readers.
Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae (2017)

Ergot alkaloids are highly diverse in structure, exhibit diverse effects on animals, and are produced by diverse fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including pathogens and mutualistic symbionts of plants. These mycotoxins are best known from the fungal family Clavicipitaceae and are named for the ergot fungi that, through millennia, have contaminated grains and caused mass poisonings, with effects ranging from dry gangrene to convulsions and death. However, they are also useful sources of pharmaceuticals for a variety of medical purposes. More than a half-century of research has brought us extensive knowledge of ergot-alkaloid biosynthetic pathways from common early steps to several taxon-specific branches. Furthermore, a recent flurry of genome sequencing has revealed the genomic processes underlying ergot-alkaloid diversification. In this review, we discuss the evolution of ergot-alkaloid biosynthesis genes and gene clusters, including roles of gene recruitment, duplication and neofunctionalization, as well as gene loss, in diversifying structures of clavines, lysergic acid amides, and complex ergopeptines. Also reviewed are prospects for manipulating ergot-alkaloid profiles to enhance suitability of endophytes for forage grasses.
Defective HIV-1 proviruses produce viral proteins (2020)

HIV-1 proviruses persist in the CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells of HIV-infected individuals despite years of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) with suppression of HIV-1 RNA levels <40 copies/mL. Greater than 95% of these proviruses detected in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are referred to as "defective" by virtue of having large internal deletions and lethal genetic mutations. As these defective proviruses are unable to encode intact and replication-competent viruses, they have long been thought of as biologically irrelevant "graveyard" of viruses with little significance to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Contrary to this notion, we have recently demonstrated that these defective proviruses are not silent, are capable of transcribing novel unspliced forms of HIV-RNA transcripts with competent open reading frames (ORFs), and can be found in the peripheral blood CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells of patients at all stages of HIV-1 infection. In the present study, by an approach of combining serial dilutions of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and T cell-cloning technologies, we are able to demonstrate that defective proviruses that persist in HIV-infected individuals during suppressive cART are translationally competent and produce the HIV-1 Gag and Nef proteins. The HIV-RNA transcripts expressed from these defective proviruses may trigger an element of innate immunity. Likewise, the viral proteins coded in the defective proviruses may form extracellular virus-like particles and may trigger immune responses. The persistent production of HIV-1 proteins in the absence of viral replication helps explain persistent immune activation despite HIV-1 levels below detection, and also presents new challenges to HIV-1 eradication.
Improving dynamic performance of temperature sensors with fuzzy control technique (2003)

The dynamic and precise measurement of temperatures is limited by the transient reaction of the sensor. The self-heating process of the sensor can be accelerated by a feeding current which is controlled by a fuzzy-controller.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Study of Glaucine-Induced Relaxation of Rat Aorta (1993)

The vasorelaxant effect of glaucine, the major alkaloid of Platycapnos spicata (L.) Bernh., was studied. At concentrations of 10 microM-0.3 mM in normal Krebs solution it was almost equieffective in relaxing K(+)-induced and noradrenaline-induced tension in rat aortic rings without endothelium, with IC50 values of 160 +/- 16 microM and 90 +/- 14 microM respectively. In experiments in a calcium-free medium, 10 microM glaucine strongly inhibited noradrenaline-induced contractions. Glaucine (0.3 mM) did not affect basal uptake of 45Ca, but induced uptake was reduced to 100% (K+) and 97.7% (noradrenaline) of the basal value. These results suggest that glaucine has an intracellular effect and also acts on the cell membrane by blocking voltage-dependent and receptor-operated calcium channels.
Development of a Prototype Magnetically Suspended Rotor Ventricular Assist Device (1996)

A continuous flow centrifugal blood pump with magnetically suspended impeller has been designed, constructed, and tested. The system can be functionally divided into three subsystem designs: 1) centrifugal pump and flow paths, 2) magnetic bearings, and 3) brushless DC motor. The centrifugal pump is a Francis vane type design with a designed operating point of 6 L/min flow and 100 mmHg pressure rise at 2,300 RPM. Peak hydraulic efficiency is over 50%. The magnetic bearing system is an all active design with five axes of control. Rotor position sensors were developed as part of the system to provide feedback to a proportional-integral-derivative controller. The motor is a sensorless brushless DC motor. Back electromotive force voltage generated by the motor is used to provide commutation for the motor. No slots are employed in the motor design in order to reduce the radial force that the bearings must generate. Tests pumping blood in vitro were very encouraging; an index of hemolysis of 0.0086 +/- 0.0012 was measured. Further design refinement is needed to reduce power dissipation and size of the device. The concept of using magnetic bearings in a blood pump shows promise in a long-term implantable blood pump.
Recommended Tolerances for Magnetometer Orientation and Field Calibration Procedure (2009)

Magnetometers are increasingly being deployed for traffic detection in both fixed wired and wireless installations around the United States. Magnetometers respond to local magnetic field disturbances from the ambient magnetic field of the earth, and this response may be expected to depend on the relative orientation of the magnetometer axis and the direction of the earth's magnetic field lines at the point of deployment. As documented by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps, the declination and inclination of the earth's magnetic field vary significantly over the continental United States, yet there is no traffic engineering design literature characterizing the effect of geographic magnetic field variation on magnetometer detection performance. This study briefly reviews the scientific theory, identifies the magnetometer installation parameters of most importance, and characterizes their impact on performance. In addition, recommendations are based on USGS data, which can be used to develop specifications for installation, testing, and acceptance of magnetometer-based detection technology. Finally, a simple procedure for field calibration of sensor orientation in a conduit to near-optimal rotation angle is presented.
Nuclear Dynamics during Germination, Conidiation, and Hyphal Fusion of Fusarium oxysporum (2010)

In many fungal pathogens, infection is initiated by conidial germination. Subsequent stages involve germ tube elongation, conidiation, and vegetative hyphal fusion (anastomosis). Here, we used live-cell fluorescence to study the dynamics of green fluorescent protein (GFP)- and cherry fluorescent protein (ChFP)-labeled nuclei in the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Hyphae of F. oxysporum have uninucleated cells and exhibit an acropetal nuclear pedigree, where only the nucleus in the apical compartment is mitotically active. In contrast, conidiation follows a basopetal pattern, whereby mononucleated microconidia are generated by repeated mitotic cycles of the subapical nucleus in the phialide, followed by septation and cell abscission. Vegetative hyphal fusion is preceded by directed growth of the fusion hypha toward the receptor hypha and followed by a series of postfusion nuclear events, including mitosis of the apical nucleus of the fusion hypha, migration of a daughter nucleus into the receptor hypha, and degradation of the resident nucleus. These previously unreported patterns of nuclear dynamics in F. oxysporum could be intimately related to its pathogenic lifestyle.
Augmenting Context-Dependent Memory (2007)

The goal of this study was to design a human-computer interface that would increase the memorability of information presented by providing context as compared with memory with no context. Our focus was in augmenting context-dependent memory because it is a powerful and often unexploited characteristic of human cognition. To amplify this cognitive strength, we built the InfoCockpit, which included a large screen containing projected images of places, a three-dimensional surround-sound system that played ambient noises congruent with the projected images, and a flat-panel monitor that served as the focal display for the presentation of the to-be-remembered information. Participants in our study learned and recalled information in either the InfoCockpit or a standard desktop environment. The InfoCockpit group demonstrated a 131% memory advantage. Contextual factors that were previously found to be effective in isolation created a large effect when presented in combination.
InP-based HEMTs for high speed, low power circuit applications (2002)

Processes for the monolithic integration of enhancement- and depletion-mode HEMTs (E/D-HEMTs) in the lattice matched InP material system are described. Using the buried Pt gate technology, 0.3 /spl mu/m gate-length E-HEMTs exhibiting a threshold voltage of +167 mV and a maximum extrinsic transconductance, g/sub mext/, of 700 mS/mm are demonstrated. D-HEMTs with corresponding device parameters of -443 mV and 462 mS/mm are presented. Unity current gain cut-off frequencies of-over 95 GHz were obtained for these devices. Implementation of a divide-by-four prescaler in the direct coupled FET logic technology based on E- and D-HEMTs is demonstrated.
Production of superconducting niobium cavities for CEBAF (2002)

The production of 360 superconducting 1.5-GHz niobium cavities for the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) is discussed. The production of these cavities includes the manufacturing from niobium material of residual resistance ratio (RRR) >or=250 for the cells, the RF optimization of frequency (+or-100 kHz), field flatness ( Delta EE <or=2.5%) and external Q of the fundamental mode couplers (+or-20%), and a final machining to fulfil the dimensional requirements. After a preseries production of 14 cavities with a rate of 2 to 3 cavities per month, the series production has started with a rate of 12 cavities per month in October 1990. Up to April 1991, 102 cavities have been delivered to CEBAF on time. After a final preparation at CEBAF, accelerating fields up to 18 MV/m and Q values in the 10/sup 10/ range have been measured, significantly exceeding the guaranteed values of Q=2.4*10/sup 9/ and E/sub a/=5 MV/m.<<ETX>>
Influence of Sex Hormones and Phytoestrogens on Heart Disease in Men and Women (2010)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in men and women worldwide. According to the WHO, by 2015, almost 20 million people will die from CVD each year. It is well established that men and women differ not only in baseline cardiac parameters, but also in the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment outcomes of CVD. Women tend to develop heart disease later in life than men. This difference has been attributed to the loss of estrogen during the menopausal transition; however, the biological explanations for the sexual dimorphism in CVD are more complex and seem unlikely to be due to estrogen alone. The current controversy that has arisen regarding the effects of HRT on CVD in women is a case in point. In this review, the sex-based differences in cardiac (patho-) physiology are discussed with emphasis on the impact of sex hormones, hormone receptors and diet on heart disease.
3D model of a substrate‐bound SARS chymotrypsin‐like cysteine proteinase predicted by multiple molecular dynamics simulations: Catalytic efficiency regulated by substrate binding (2006)

Page 754, paragraph 5 of the left column, “S atom” should be changed to “thiol proton” as shown below: The distance between the thiol proton of Cys145 and the Nϵ atom of His41 fluctuates between 1.8 and 3.3 Å in both sets of simulations.
Anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN): A morphometric-anatomical Analysis (2016)

The anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN) is a branch of the infraorbital nerve. Only few studies have morphometrically evaluated the course of the ASAN. Midfacial segments of ten hemisectioned fresh adult cadaver heads were dissected to uncover the anterior wall of the maxilla. Specimens were subsequently decalcified and the bone overlying the ASAN was removed under a microscope to expose the ASAN. Its branching pattern from the infraorbital nerve was recorded, and the course of the ASAN within the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus was morphometrically assessed measuring distances to predefined landmarks using a digital caliper. A distinct ASAN was observed in all specimens. It arose lateral (six cases) or inferior (four cases) from the infraorbital nerve. The point of origin was located at a mean distance of 12.2 ± 5.79 mm posterior to the infraorbital foramen. The ASAN was located on average 2.8 ± 5.13 mm lateral to the infraorbital foramen. After coursing medially, the ASAN ran inferior to the foramen at a mean distance of 5.5 ± 3.07 mm. When approaching the nasal aperture, the loop of the ASAN was on average 13.6 ± 3.07 mm above the nasal floor. The horizontal mean distance from the ASAN to the nasal aperture was 4.3 ± 2.74 mm halfway down from the loop, and 3.3 ± 2.60 mm at the floor of the nose, respectively. In conclusion, the present study evaluated the course of the ASAN relative to the infraorbital foramen and nasal aperture. This information is helpful to avoid damage to this anatomical structure during interventions in the infraobrital region of the maxilla. Further, knowledge of the course of the ASAN and of its bony correlate (canalis sinuosus) may be valuable in interpreting anesthetic or radiologic findings in the anterior maxilla.
A Preliminary Study on the Use of Unaffected Siblings for the Marker Allele Frequency of Sib-Pair Linkage Analysis (1997)

We have searched the disease-susceptibility genes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using fluorescence-based microsatellite marker analysis and affected sib-pair linkage method. One unaffected sibling was typed in addition to affected sib-pairs, since most parents were not typed due to late onset nature of the disease. In order to verify appropriateness of using unaffected siblings for the calculation of marker allele frequency of the population, we have compared the calculation of marker allele frequency based on unaffected siblings of patient families with that based on unrelated healthy control. Chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference between them. It thus appears that unaffected siblings can be used for the calculation of marker allele frequency especially when unaffected siblings are selected carefully by paying attention to the penetrance of disease.
Preparation, Characterization and Thermal Degradation of Polyimide (4-APS/BTDA)/SiO2 Composite Films (2012)

Polyimide/SiO2 composite films were prepared from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and poly(amic acid) (PAA) based on aromatic diamine (4-aminophenyl sulfone) (4-APS) and aromatic dianhydride (3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride) (BTDA) via a sol-gel process in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The prepared polyimide/SiO2 composite films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR results conﬁrmed the synthesis of polyimide (4-APS/BTDA) and the formation of SiO2 particles in the polyimide matrix. Meanwhile, the SEM images showed that the SiO2 particles were well dispersed in the polyimide matrix. Thermal stability and kinetic parameters of the degradation processes for the prepared polyimide/SiO2 composite films were investigated using TGA in N2 atmosphere. The activation energy of the solid-state process was calculated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa’s method without the knowledge of the reaction mechanism. The results indicated that thermal stability and the values of the calculated activation energies increased with the increase of the TEOS loading and the activation energy also varied with the percentage of weight loss for all compositions.
[Culture of blastocysts using sequential media]. (2000)

The advantages of cultivating human pre-embryos to the stage of blastocites, are well known. The use of media of culture sequential, without the backing of somatic cells, is new. The objective was to cultivate human pre-embryos to the stage of blastocyte to the determine the recuperation indexes, implantation index and pregnancy index in patients subjected to FIVT/TE or ICSI. Once obtained the ovules of patients were injected/inseminated to latter be cultivated for 72 hours using P1 medium at 10% of SSS under mineral oil for, latter, be transferred to a complex medium for blastocites culture for 48 hours, and finally be transferred. Thirteen were included (9 of FIV and 4 of ICSI) obtaining 205 ovules; fertilized 143 and 131 had cellular division. One hundred and twenty one pre-embryos were cultivated to blastocyst stage, from which, 53 reached that stage (43.8%); transferring 28 and freezing 25. In average, 2.1 blastocysts were transferred by patient. There were four pregnancies and one alive newborn, at term for an index of implantation of 14.2% and a pregnancy index of 30.7%. The study shows our initial experience, which demonstrated and acceptable idea of recuperation of blastocysts and pregnancies.
Determination of Ochratoxin A in apples contaminated with Aspergillus ochraceus by using a microfluidic competitive immunosensor with magnetic nanoparticles (2011)

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium that presents carcinogenic, teratogenic and nephrotoxic properties. In this work, we have developed, characterized and applied an immunoassay methodology comprised of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as platform for immobilizing bioactive materials incorporated into a microfluidic system for rapid and sensitive quantification of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in apples (Red Delicious) contaminated with Aspergillus ochraceus. The sensor has the potential for automation and the detection of OTA was carried out using a competitive indirect immunoassay method based on the use of anti-OTA monoclonal antibodies immobilized on 3-aminopropyl-modified MNPs. The total assay time into the microfluidic competitive immunosensor was 16 min, and the calculated detection limit was 0.05 µg kg(-1). Moreover, the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 6.5%. The proposed method can be a very promising analytical tool for the determination of OTA in apparently healthy fruits post-harvest and for its application in the agricultural industry.