gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An OPLL-DDS based frequency synthesizer for DCS-1800 receiver (2006)

A frequency synthesizer combining offset phase-locked loop (OPLL) and direct-digital synthesis (DDS) is presented in this paper. DDS is for channel selection as it inherits fast settling and fine resolution characteristics. OPLL structure helps to lower the DDS operation speed thus reduce the power dissipation. Compared with the conventional PLL, this structure relieves the tradeoff between loop bandwidth and settling time requirement. System analysis shows that this structure can meet the stringent requirement of DCS1800. This structure is designed with a 0.18 mum CMOS process. Excluding of DDS, the synthesizer core dissipates 9.5mW from a 1.8V supply
Diffusion of Macromolecules Across the Arterial Wall in the Presence of Multiple Endothelial Injuries (1981)

In this paper, the two-phase arterial wall model developed by Weinbaum and Caro [2] has been extended to obtain analytic solutions for the steady-state flux, uptake and concentration of macromolecules in the arterial wall due to the presence of periodically dispersed local sites of enhanced permeability. In the endothelial cell layer these sites are believed to be associated with the dying and regeneration of individual cells in the endothelial monolayer. Nir and Pfeffer [9] obtained similar solutions for a single dying cell in an otherwise undamaged endothelial cell layer. However this model requires that multiple cell turnover sites be spaced sufficiently far apart such that no interaction between neighboring sites takes place and hence cannot be applied to closely spaced endothelial injuries which have been observed experimentally in physiological studies. The theoretical predictions of the present model compare very favorably with experimental results for the enhanced uptake found in blue versus white areas reported in morphological studies of the endothelial surface (Bell, et al. [10, 11]).
Meta-analysis of 208370 East Asians identifies 113 susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus (2020)

This study reiterates the power of large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis for novel genetic discovery. These findings shed light on genetic and biological understandings of SLE.
[Principles of the current therapy in autoimmune diseases]. (1994)

Presented are principles of systemic connective tissue diseases therapy (SCTD) based on data from literature, our experience and reported at international meetings held in Europe during last years special attention has been paid to the advances and perspectives in the treatment of rheumatoid arthitis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SEL).
Generation and Characterization of Cardiomyocytes Under Serum-Free Conditions (2006)

In vitro culturing of mammalian cells provides an elegant platform to study cell signaling, interactions, and metabolism as well as proliferation and differentiation processes. Often, these cells are cultured and maintained in sera obtained from animals such as horses, cows, and rabbits. The sera used for this purpose fluctuates in composition from individual animals and, hence, influences the cellular growth and differentiation at different magnitudes. This poses a need to use a substitute for sera in cell culture systems to overcome the observed variations. Here, we present and compare protocols for culturing of embryonic stem (ES) cells in serum-free conditions, derivation of germ layers, and cardiac differentiation of ES cells in both serum-free and serum-containing culture conditions. Differentiated embryoid bodies by serum-free protocols produce significantly increased frequencies of clusters of cardiac cells beating stronger than found in serum-containing media. Therefore, we conclude that the use of serum replacement media (SRM) in our experiments led to more specific differentiation but reduced proliferation because these SRMs contained reduced essential substances like growth factors and hormones. Unlike serum media, SRMs have a well-defined composition and are highly reproducible. Hence, SRM will be the ideal substitute for serum-containing media.
Reduction of friction stir welding setup loadability, process forces and weld seam width by tool scaling (2020)

Friction stir welding is an increasingly used method to join similar and dissimilar materials with excellent mechanical weld seam properties. However, in certain cases, friction stir welding is restricted by high mechanical loads as a result of high forces and torques during the welding process. This relates in particular stiffness-reduced machine concepts which may cause path deviations, massive vibrations and insufficient tool plunging. Against this background, this investigation demonstrates a method to reduce forces and torques by tool scaling. Due to the stepwise diameter reduction of shoulder and probe and a simultaneous adjustment of the process parameters, a significant force and spindle torque reduction was achieved. Furthermore, it could be shown that tool scaling does not affect the mechanical strength properties. The experimental investigations were carried out with EN AW 5754 H11 with a sheet thickness of 8 mm. The weld seams were performed on a robotized friction stir welding setup (KUKA KR500) with a maximum axial force of 10 kN. Based on a 26-mm shoulder and a 10-mm pin diameter, it could be demonstrated that the general weldability of 8 mm EN AW 5754 H11 is restricted (incomplete tool plunge) by the maximum axial force of the robotized friction stir welding setup (10 kN). Due to the stepwise reduction of the shoulder and probe diameter from 26 mm to 20.8 mm and 10 mm to 8 mm, respectively, a general weldability and weld seams without irregularities could be achieved by the equal robotized friction stir welding setup. Furthermore, it could be shown that an axial force and spindle torque reduction from 10 kN to 4 kN and 29 Nm to 10 Nm, respectively, was obtained due to further reduction of the tool diameters.
Microstructure of wheat flour tortillas: effects of soluble and insoluble fibres (1997)

Soluble and insoluble fibres influenced both the quality and microstructure of dough and wheat flour tortillas. Doughs containing 8% soluble fibre had poor gluten development and extensive starch gelatinization during baking. This resulted in a tortilla with a dense, pasty crumb. Doughs containing 8% insoluble fibre had better gluten structures than those prepared using soluble fibres. Strands of insoluble fibre particles, however, physically disrupted the gluten network, causing the air bubbles to collapse, and decreased the shelf-stability of tortillas. It appears that soluble and insoluble fibres weaken the gluten matrix by different mechanisms.
Resolving Target Ambiguity in 3D Gaze Interaction through VOR Depth Estimation (2019)

Target disambiguation is a common problem in gaze interfaces, as eye tracking has accuracy and precision limitations. In 3D environments this is compounded by objects overlapping in the field of view, as a result of their positioning at different depth with partial occlusion. We introduce VOR depth estimation, a method based on the Vestibulo-ocular reflex of the eyes in compensation of head movement, and explore its application to resolve target ambiguity. The method estimates gaze depth by comparing the rotations of the eye and the head when the users look at a target and deliberately rotate their head. We show that VOR eye movement presents an alternative to vergence for gaze depth estimation, that is feasible also with monocular tracking. In an evaluation of its use for target disambiguation, our method outperforms vergence for targets presented at greater depth.
Trellis-based soft-output adaptive equalization techniques for TDMA cellular systems (2000)

The concatenation of an equalizer and a Viterbi (1967) decoder is a powerful means for improving receiver performance in wireless communication systems. A soft-output equalizer increases the impact of this combination by enabling the use of soft-decision Viterbi decoding. It is well known that the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm provides optimal reliability information, but at the cost of substantial complexity. This paper contains the results of an investigation into the design and performance of soft-output adaptive equalization techniques based on suboptimum trellis-based soft-output decoding algorithms. It is shown that the performance improvement relative to hard output equalizers is substantial, while the cost in terms of complexity is modest. A time-division multiple-access (TDMA) cellular system is used as the basis for comparisons. Simulation results and a complexity analysis are presented.
Progression From Esophageal Thermal Asymptomatic Lesion to Perforation Complicating Atrial Fibrillation Ablation (2017)

Postablation endoscopy seems to identify patients at high risk of esophageal perforating complications only occurring in patients with category 2 EDEL. One out of 10 postablation esophageal ulcers progressed to perforation, and no patient without esophageal thermal ulcers showed the occurrence of perforating esophageal complications.
Impedance Based Characterization of Raw Materials Used in Electrochemical Manufacturing (2014)

To be able to understand the extent to which the oxide state (on the surface of the precursor) influences process parameters, appropriate measurement methods are required to probe the relevant properties that would change with oxide coverage. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are excellent methods for this purpose. This article outlines a case study wherein these techniques have been employed to probe the growth of oxide films on a stainless steel sample that represented the precursor, and provides a practical example of how such methods can be beneficially used in practice during electrochemical manufacturing processes. The impedance based screening of raw materials has a tremendous positive impact in an industry where the state of the oxide film on stainless steel strongly influences process and product performance. Process development can be improved because of improved knowledge of how constitutive processes alter the oxide on stainless steel or how they depend on its state. Furthermore, incoming raw materials can be screened rapidly to determine what type of cleaning/pre-processing is necessary and sufficient.
Converting enzyme-independent release of tumor necrosis factor α and IL-1β from a stimulated human monocytic cell line in the presence of activated neutrophils or purified proteinase 3 (1999)

Two important cytokines mediating inflammation are tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-1beta, both of which require conversion to soluble forms by converting enzymes. The importance of TNFalpha-converting enzyme and IL-1beta-converting enzyme in the production of circulating TNFalpha and IL-1beta in response to systemic challenges has been demonstrated by the use of specific converting enzyme inhibitors. Many inflammatory responses, however, are not systemic but instead are localized. In these situations release and/or activation of cytokines may be different from that seen in response to a systemic stimulus, particularly because associations of various cell populations in these foci allows for the exposure of procytokines to the proteolytic enzymes produced by activated neutrophils, neutrophil elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3), and cathepsin G (Cat G). To investigate the possibility of alternative processing of TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta by neutrophil-derived proteinases, immunoreactive TNFalpha and IL-1beta release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells was measured in the presence of activated human neutrophils. Under these conditions, TNFalpha and IL-1beta release was augmented 2- to 5-fold. In the presence of a specific inhibitor of NE and PR3, enhanced release of both cytokines was largely abolished; however, in the presence of a NE and Cat G selective inhibitor, secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor, reduction of the enhanced release was minimal. This finding suggested that the augmented release was attributable to PR3 but not NE nor Cat G. Use of purified enzymes confirmed this conclusion. These results indicate that there may be alternative pathways for the production of these two proinflammatory cytokines, particularly in the context of local inflammatory processes.
Regularization-based Continual Learning for Fault Prediction in Lithium-Ion Batteries (2022)

In recent years, the use of lithium-ion batteries has greatly expanded into products from many industrial sectors, e.g. cars, power tools or medical devices. An early prediction and robust understanding of battery faults could therefore greatly increase product quality in those fields. While current approaches for data-driven fault prediction provide good results on the exact processes they were trained on, they often lack the ability to flexibly adapt to changes, e.g. in operational or environmental parameters. Continual learning promises such flexibility, allowing for an automatic adaption of previously learnt knowledge to new tasks. Therefore, this article discusses different continual learning approaches from the group of regularization strategies, which are implemented, evaluated and compared based on a real battery wear dataset. Online elastic weight consolidation delivers the best results, but, as with all examined approaches, its performance appears to be strongly dependent on task characteristics and task sequence.
Sox17 expression confers self-renewal potential and fetal stem cell characteristics upon adult hematopoietic progenitors (2011)

A key question concerns the mechanisms that determine temporal identity in stem cells. Fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differ from adult HSCs in terms of gene expression profile, surface marker expression, differentiation, and self-renewal capacity. We previously showed that the transcription factor SOX17 is expressed by fetal, but not adult, HSCs and is required for the maintenance of fetal and neonatal, but not adult, HSCs. In the current study, we show that ectopic expression of Sox17 in adult HSCs and transiently reconstituting multipotent progenitors was sufficient to confer increased self-renewal potential and the expression of fetal HSC genes, including fetal HSC surface markers. Sox17 expression enabled transiently reconstituting adult progenitors to give long-term multilineage reconstitution that resembled fetal hematopoiesis, including increased erythropoiesis, increased myelopoiesis, and decreased lymphopoiesis. Long-term ectopic expression of Sox17 eventually led to leukemogenesis. These data demonstrate that SOX17 is sufficient to confer fetal HSC characteristics to adult hematopoietic progenitors and is therefore a key determinant of fetal HSC identity.
Electron drift and diffusion in polyatomic gases: Calculations for CH4, CD4, and related models (1978)

We present the results of direct numerical calculations of electron drift velocities and diffusion coefficients in polyatomic gases as a function of applied electric field E. Model scattering cross sections appropriate to CH4 and CD4 and others of related form are used. The kinetic theory ideas presented in previous work are more extensively tested. We find good agreement with available experimental results for CH4 and CD4. The diffusion is found to be strongly anisotropic, consistent with the anisotropy of the (space-independent) velocity distribution calculated previously. The diffusion parallel to the field has a strong maximum as a function of E, in a region where apparently no experimental work has been done. Drift and diffusion results for some CH4 cross sections derived by comparison of experiment with approximate analytical treatments of the Boltzmann equation are discussed. We demonstrate that these treatments depend on parameters inadequate to specify the problem completely. The effects on drift velocity of angle dependence in the elastic scattering cross section are tested as are those of a resonance in the inelastic scattering. By comparison of our results for drift and diffusion with a proposed generalization of the Nernst–Einstein relation to large E, we show that this generalization is quantitatively invalid for gases with electron–molecule cross sections similar to those of CH4 and CD4.
Local Conformational Changes in the Catalytic Core of the Trans-Acting Hepatitis Delta Virus Ribozyme Accompany Catalysis (2002)

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a human pathogen and satellite RNA of the hepatitis B virus. It utilizes a self-cleaving catalytic RNA motif to process multimeric intermediates in the double-rolling circle replication of its genome. Previous kinetic analyses have suggested that a particular cytosine residue (C(75)) with a pK(a) close to neutrality acts as a general acid or base in cleavage chemistry. The crystal structure of the product form of a cis-acting HDV ribozyme shows this residue positioned close to the 5'-OH leaving group of the reaction by a trefoil turn in the RNA backbone. By modifying G(76) of the trefoil turn of a synthetic trans-cleaving HDV ribozyme to the fluorescent 2-aminopurine (AP), we can directly monitor local conformational changes in the catalytic core. In the ribozyme-substrate complex (precursor), AP fluorescence is strongly quenched, suggesting that AP(76) is stacked with other bases and that the trefoil turn is not formed. In contrast, formation of the product complex upon substrate cleavage or direct product binding results in a significant increase in fluorescence, consistent with AP(76) becoming unstacked and solvent-exposed as evidenced in the trefoil turn. Using AP fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in concert, we demonstrate that this local conformational change in the trefoil turn is kinetically coincidental with a previously observed global structural change of the ribozyme. Our data show that, at least in the trans-acting HDV ribozyme, C(75) becomes positioned for reaction chemistry only along the trajectory from precursor to product.
Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) predicts hospital readmissions and all-cause mortality in patients admitted with asthma (2019)

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The blood biomarker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been associated with asthma control. We aimed to investigate if suPAR level at the time of admission for asthma is an independent risk factor for readmission and mortality. <b>Material and methods:</b> This cohort study comprised 1,340 patients (mean age 45 years) admitted with asthma (primary or secondary diagnosis) to Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. All patients had plasma suPAR measured at admission (November 2013 to March 2017) and were followed until June 2017. Primary outcomes were 365-day readmission and all-cause mortality. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, C-reactive protein, and Charlson co-morbidity index, was used to assess the association between suPAR and the outcome of interests. <b>Results:</b> Patients with asthma who were later readmitted (n=452) or died (n=15) had significantly higher suPAR levels compared to the remaining cohort (p&lt;0.0001). The highest risk for both readmission and death were observed in the 4thsuPAR quartile (p&lt;0.0001). Increasing levels of suPAR independently predicted 365-day readmission (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.6; p=0.05) and all-cause mortality (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.7-5.1; p=0.0002). <b>Conclusion:</b> Admission suPAR level predicts readmission and all-cause mortality within 365 days in patients with asthma.
Fiber in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on an inner air-cavity for high-pressure sensing (2015)

We demonstrate a fiber in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on an inner air-cavity with open micro-channel for high-pressure sensing applications. The inner air-cavity is fabricated by combining femtosecond laser micromachining and the fusion splicing technique. The micro-channel is drilled on the top of the inner air-cavity to allow the high-pressure gas to flow in. The fiber in-line device is miniature, robust, and stable in operation and exhibits a high pressure sensitivity of ∼8,239 pm/MPa.
Combination therapy of interferon and nucleotide/nucleoside analogues for chronic hepatitis B (2014)

Chronic hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally. At present, seven drugs, including two interferons and five oral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), have been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Interferon works by immunomodulation, but is successful in less than a third of treated patients and is a relatively weak antiviral. NAs directly suppress the hepatitis B virus but have limited durability. Based on current data, combination of NA and interferon results in greater viral suppression but does not translate to off-treatment sustained response. Concomitant or sequential treatment also does not make a difference. Combining telbivudine and interferon also runs the risk of severe peripheral neuropathy. On the other hand, interferon switch or additional therapy in patients well controlled with NAs appears to improve the durability of off-treatment response. This article reviews current data on interferon and NA combination and discusses potential future developments.
Leukemia in Children Caused by Indoor Radon Exposure:A Case-control Study (2010)

Objective To explore the relationship between the indoor radon exposure and leukemia in children in an attempt to provide scientific basis for making preventive measures of childhood leukemia. Methods Fifty-six cases and 112 controls from three affiliated hospitals of University of South China(Nanhua University) were investigated by using 1:2 matched case-control study design from July. 2006 to June 2008. Results There was a significant statistical correlation between the radon concentration in living room or children's bedroom and childhood leukemia,and their odds ratios were 3.08(OR 95% CI=2.16～5.54) and 3.73(OR95%CI=1.55～8.98) ,respectively. Conclusion Indoor radon exposure may increase the risk of leukemia in children.