gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retrievals of vertical profiles of ice cloud microphysics from radar and IR measurements using tuned regressions between reflectivity and cloud parameters (1999)

A new approach is suggested for retrieving vertical profiles of radiatively important microphysical parameters of ice clouds from measurements of radar reflectivity and estimates of cloud optical thickness. This approach is applicable to ground‐based, vertical‐mode measurements of pure ice phase clouds observed without blockage from low‐liquid water clouds. It involves “tuning” the coefficient of the power law reflectivity‐ice water content ( Z e ‐IWC) relations for each individual profile of radar measurements. This tuning is done based on the independent estimates of cloud ice water path obtained from layer‐mean values of radar reflectivity and cloud optical thickness. After a vertical profile of IWC is retrieved using this approach, a corresponding vertical profile of cloud particle median sizes, D m , can be easily calculated for an assumed type of the particle size distribution. By assuming that the exponent in the tuned Z e ‐IWC relations changes linearly within a small dynamic range, better results are obtained compared with the case when it is assumed to be constant. The accuracy of the tuned regression approach is assessed by comparing the retrieval results for several high‐quality observational cases with data from the “reference” method, which uses additional measurements of Doppler velocities. This method was verified by earlier comparisons with simultaneous in situ data. The specifics of using Doppler information, however, limit the applicability of this method and prevent its real‐time applications. It is shown that the relative standard deviations of IWC and D m retrievals using the tuned regression approach compared with the reference method are about 35% and 20%, respectively. These accuracies are much better than those that can be attained by any a priori chosen fixed regression between reflectivity and cloud microphysical parameters. At the same time, these accuracies are comparable to uncertainties of estimates of cloud parameters from direct in situ sampling. The suggested tuned regression approach is easy to implement and can be used for routine processing of ground‐based, and, potentially, satellite‐aircraft‐based radar measurements of ice clouds.
Comparison of Cuttings Transport in Directional Drilling Using Low-Toxicity Invert Emulsion Mineral-Oil-Based and Water-Based Muds (1993)

Abstract The vast majority of previous work on cuttings transport concentrated on water-base mud systems. The use of low toxicity oil-base mud continues to rise due to increasing environmental concerns with the use and disposal of conventional diesel oil-base mud systems. This study utilizes a full scale test apparatus to compare the cuttings transport performance of low toxicity oil-base and water-base mud systems with similar rheological properties, using limestone drilled cuttings. Extensive comparisons are now being made of cuttings transport efficiency for different mud types and hole angles from a practical standpoint. The results indicate that the water-base mud and the low toxicity inverted emulsion oil-base mud systems perform slightly different at all angles of inclination except at the critical range 40° to 50° where the oil-base muds have higher annular cuttings concentration due to severe cuttings bed down-sliding. Limestone cuttings transport using a water-base mud, as well as a low toxic oil-base mud, shows cuttings concentrations increase with increasing mud yield point. The effect of increased yield point and plastic viscosity increases cuttings bed buildup, bed down-sliding and gel film thickness, thus reducing transport performance. In most cases the increase in hole inclination angle results in reduced transport efficiency. Torque requirements are significantly less for oil-base muds having the same annular cuttings concentration. For both muds the torque requirements increase with increasing yield point and plastic viscosity at higher hole inclinations.
Advances in Exercise, Physical Activity and Diabetes Mellitus (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction References
The Emerging Gigabit Environment and the Role of Local ATM The key to affordable gigabit networks is the presence of affordable 150 Mb/s networks and applications on every desktop. (1992)

raditionally, the speed and capacities of data communication networks are increased incrementally, in response to incremental increases in network traffic. Existing applications can expand in scope and performance as the networks grow faster, but are unlikely to justify more than incremental improvement. We see this trend today in the market
Inflight performance and calibration of the NuSTAR CdZnTe pixel detectors (2014)

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) satellite is a NASA Small Explorer mission designed to operate the first focusing high-energy X-ray (3-79 keV) telescope in orbit. Since the launch in June 2012, all the NuSTAR components have been working normally. The focal plane module is equipped with an 155Eu radioactive source to irradiate the CdZnTe pixel detectors for independent calibration separately from optics. The inflight spectral calibration of the CdZnTe detectors is performed with the onboard 155Eu source. The derived detector performance agrees well with ground-measured data. The in-orbit detector background rate is stable and the lowest among past high-energy X-ray instruments.
Low temperature, low pressure CdZnS films produced by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1992)

CdxZn(1−x)S thin films were deposited on (100) Si at low temperature and low pressure from the reaction of dimethylzinc, dimethylcadmium, and hydrogen sulfide. A possible application of mixed metal-sulfide films as novel insulators in metal–insulator–semiconductor structures in HgCdTe-based infrared devices provides the motivation for studying the physical properties of the CdZnS films. The films were produced over a 25 to 125 °C range of deposition temperature, and deposition pressure less than 1 Torr. No carrier or diluent gases were used. The polycrystalline films have been characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and x-ray diffraction. Films with cadmium fractions of zero to 0.75 have been produced and characterized. The growth rate ranges from 4 to 145 Å/s. XPS indicates 1%–2 at. % oxygen contamination in the films, and about 3 at. % carbon within the bulk of the films. The cadmium mole fraction was determined by RBS and XPS. Film stress was determined by measurement of wafer bow, using x-ray diffraction.
Erythorbic acid fermentation (1969)

Abstract A brief review of the development of the research on erythorbic acid fermentation was presented. A previously proposed scheme of the acid biosynthesis has been proved to be correct. D‐glucono‐γ‐lactone dehydrogenase was purified to 50 fold and compared with other lactone dehydrogenases. For the purpose of commercial development, screening and mutagenie treatments of strains and studies on fundamental cultural conditions were carried out. Penicillium , but no other genera, was obtained as a producer. The experiments of ultraviolet irradiation and various cultural conditions were successful in elevating the yield of the acid over 40% in jar‐fermentor to glucose supplied. The continuous multibed extraction system of anion‐exchange resin was developed and a yield of 19.2% of the acid from fermentation broth was obtained.
The Use of a Co-matrix for Improved Analysis of Oligonucleotides by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (1997)

Cation adduction to oligonucleotides and nucleic acids during mass spectrometric analysis is a recurrent problem. We have found that the use of organic base solutions of high gas-phase proton affinity, as used previously in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, can significantly reduce the cation adduction problem during matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. A comparison of the utility of adding imidazole or triethylamine as a co-matrix versus the standard addition of cation exchange resin beads was made. The co-matrices studied were found to be more effective than the cation exchange resin beads at reducing cation adducts from samples containing a high level of salt. The use of co-matrices also appears to improve the gas-phase stability of larger oligonucleotides. MALDI-time-of-flight analysis of a binary mixture of oligoribonucleotide 27-mers with a co-matrix exhibited less metastable decomposition than the same analysis using cation exchange resin beads. The use of co-matrices may be a viable strategy for the mass spectrometric characterization of larger oligonucleotides obtained from media containing a high salt content such as polymerase chain reaction products. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apoptosis-associated microRNAs are modulated in mouse, rat and human neural differentiation (2010)

In conclusion, the identification of miR-16, let-7a and miR-34a, whose expression patterns are conserved in mouse, rat and human neural differentiation, implicates these specific miRNAs in mammalian neuronal development. The results provide new insights into the regulation of neuronal differentiation by apoptosis-associated miRNAs.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS WITH CYCLOBUTENEDIONES. 43. NUCLEOPHILIC ATTACK ON THE ANION 3‐PHENYL‐4‐SULFIDOCYCLOBUTENEDIYLIUM‐1,2‐DIOLATE (1976)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung äquimolarer Lösungen der Sul?docyclobutendiyliumdiolate (I) mit den Aminen (II) entstehen die Kondensationsprodukte (III) (und mesomere Formen).
Irradiation study of PNNL synthesized glass-ceramics (2024)

Abstract Not Provided
AtCXXS: atypical members of the Arabidopsis thaliana thioredoxin h family with a remarkably high disulfide isomerase activity (2008)

The Arabidopsis thaliana thioredoxin subgroup h III is composed of four members and includes the two monocysteinic (CXXS) thioredoxins encoded by the genome. We show that AtCXXS1 is the ortholog of monocysteinic thioredoxins present in all higher plants. In contrast, unicellular algae and the moss Physcomitrella patens do not encode monocysteinic thioredoxin. AtCXXS2, the second monocysteinic thioredoxin of Arabidopsis has no ortholog in any other higher plants. It probably appeared recently by duplications of a dicysteinic thioredoxin of the same subgroup h III. Both monocysteinic thioredoxins show a low disulfide reductase activity in vitro but are very efficient as disulfide isomerases in RNAse refolding tests. The possible interactions of these proteins with the glutathione glutaredoxin pathway are discussed on the basis of recent papers.
Electronic band structure of wurtzite GaN under biaxial strain in theMplane investigated with photoreflectance spectroscopy (2002)

We investigate the modification of the electronic band structure in wurtzite GaN due to biaxial strain within the M plane using photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy. The compressively strained M-plane GaN film is grown on $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{LiAlO}}_{2}$ (100). In the PR measurements, the electric-field vector (E) of the probe light is polarized parallel $(\ensuremath{\Vert})$ and perpendicular $(\ensuremath{\perp})$ to the c axis of GaN which lies in the growth plane. For E$\ensuremath{\perp}$c, the spectrum exhibits only a single resonant feature at lower energies, while for E$\ensuremath{\Vert}$c a different single resonant feature appears at higher energies. To identify these features, we calculate the strain dependence of the interband transition energies and the components of the oscillator strength using the $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ perturbation approach. Comparison with the calculations shows that the origin of the PR features and their significant in-plane polarization anisotropy is related to the influence of M-plane, biaxial compressive strain on the valence-band structure of GaN. We estimate the value of the deformation potential ${D}_{5}$ to be $\ensuremath{-}4.7 \mathrm{eV}.$
Known Pharmacological Actions of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and of Four Other Chemical Constituents of Cannabis that Activate Cannabinoid Receptors (2014)

Abstract Cannabis is the source of a large set of compounds known collectively as phytocannabinoids. One of these, (−)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), is the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis. It can activate cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, both of which are G protein-coupled and expressed within and outside the brain. It is now generally accepted that Δ9-THC produces its psychoactive effects mainly by activating CB1 receptors within the brain. Certain other compounds present in growing and/or harvested cannabis can also activate CB1 and/or CB2 receptors. These are three phytocannabinoids, (−)-trans-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, and the sesquiterpene, (E)-β-caryophyllene. This review considers evidence that has led to the conclusion that Δ9-THC and these other compounds can activate CB1 and/or CB2 receptors, in vivo and in vitro. It also describes the principal bioassays that have been used to investigate the ability of these compounds to target cannabinoid receptors, and presents known information about their other pharmacological actions.
A No-Reference Blocking Artifact Measure For Adaptive Video Processing (2005)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Antalya, Turkey, 2005
Self-Damping Mechanism in Blood Coagulation (1974)

Two reactions of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, the activations of Factor X and prothrombin, have been studied in purified systems and shown to be self-damping. Factor X was activated by the tissue factor-Factor VII complex, and prothrombin by two systems: the coagulant protein of Taipan venom, and the physiological complex of activated Factor X, Factor V, lipid, and calcium ions. In each case the yield of enzyme, activated Factor X or thrombin, is a function of the concentration of activator. These and other observations are considered as a basis for a control mechanism in coagulation.
Characterization of the in vitro phosphorylation of human tau by tau protein kinase II (cdk5/p20) using mass spectrometry (2001)

Hyperphosphorylated tau is an integral part of the neurofibrillary tangles that form within neuronal cell bodies, and tau protein kinase II is reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Recently, we reported that tau protein kinase II (cdk5/p20)-phosphorylated human tau inhibits microtubule assembly, and tau protein kinase II (cdk5/p20) phosphorylation of microtubule-associated tau results in dissociation of phosphorylated tau from the microtubules and tubulin depolymerization. In the studies reported here, a combination of mass spectrometric techniques was used to study the phosphorylation of human recombinant tau by recombinant tau protein kinase II (cdk5/p20) in vitro. The extent of phosphorylation was determined by measuring the molecular mass of phosphorylated tau using mass spectrometry. Reaction of human recombinant tau with tau protein kinase II (cdk5/p20) resulted in the formation of two major species containing either five or six phosphate groups. The specific amino acid residues phosphorylated were determined by analyzing tryptic peptides by tandem mass spectrometry via either MALDI/TOF post-source decay or by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Based on these experiments, we conclude that tau protein kinase II (cdk5/p20) can phosphorylate human tau at Thr(181), Thr(205), Thr(212), Thr(217), Ser(396) and Ser(404).
General Introduction to Microwave Chemistry (2015)

The fields of microwave chemistry and material processing have grown immensely since the 1990s, and considerations from a physicochemical point of view are advancing the microwave effect. When microwaves are used to irradiate dielectric materials, various phenomena occur according to the nature of the electromagnetic waves. This chapter describes three types of heating phenomena caused by microwaves: conduction loss heating, dielectric heating, and magnetic loss heating. It examines selective heating of a heterogeneous catalyst (metallic or organic catalyst) by the microwaves and explains various parts of microwave chemical equipment. Microwave organic synthesis systems have become fully automated by combining with robot technology. Organic syntheses have been carried out using some of the features of microwave heating. The efficiency of microwave heating changes according to the dielectric loss of a substance. Prompt and high-quality syntheses can be achieved using the microwave technique.
Metal-Binding Ability of Leu-Enkephalin, Related Glycoconjugates and Peptidomimetics (2015)

Both the chemistry and consequences of the nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and reactive amino groups of amino acids, peptides and proteins (known as the Maillard reaction), have received considerable attention in food and health science fields. This initial reaction results in Amadori and similar products formation, followed by degradation to advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It is well established that AGEs are associated with color and odor of thermally processed or stored food, as well as with pathogen products in a number of diseases. The model systems of early stage Maillard reaction products (MRP) were prepared between endogenous opioid peptide leucine enkephalin (1) and D-glucose / D-glucuronic acid. The complexation ability of prepared MRP with metal ions (Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Al 3+ , Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ ) was investigated and compared to the complexation ability of parent peptide using ECD and FTIR spectroscopic measurements.
SuperCam: A 64 pixel SIS receiver array for submillimeter-wave astronomy (2015)

We report on the development of SuperCam, a 64 pixel imaging spectrometer designed for operation in the astrophysically important 870 micron atmospheric window. SuperCam is being used to answer fundamental questions about the physics and chemistry of molecular clouds in the Galaxy and their relationship to star and planet formation. SuperCam's key project is a fully sampled Galactic plane survey covering over 500 square degrees of the Galaxy in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> CO(3-2).
Redesigning Beef Cattle to Have a More Healthful Fatty Acid Composition (2004)

The objective was to determine the natural variability in beef fatty acid composition. We have used common gas chromatographic techniques to determine the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAGs) extracted from beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) from 800 sire-identified cattle originating from Iowa State University beef cattle breeding selection projects. Heritability of individual fatty acids and indexes of fatty acid desaturase and elongase systems were calculated by evaluating specific ratios of fatty acids (product/precursor). In general, we found that TAG composition is heritable, but phospholipid composition is not. The atherogenic index of TAGs as proposed by Ulbright and Southgate had a heritability estimate of 0.55 and 0.45 for the TAG and total lipids, respectively. Individual fatty acids of TAGs also had high heritability estimates. For example, the heritability estimates of 14:0 and 16:0 in TAG were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. Monounsaturates 16:1 and 18:1 in TAGs both had heritability estimates greater than 0.5. Future research will focus on DNA sequencing of candidate genes from sires that are phenotypically divergent for a trait of interest. Ultimately, we plan to develop DNA markers for use in selecting breeding stock to improve healthfulness of fatty acids in beef.
IMPROVEMENT IN MULTIFOCAL ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY AFTER HALF-DOSE VERTEPORFIN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY FOR CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY (2011)

In Brief Purpose: To evaluate retinal functional changes by multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) after photodynamic therapy with half-dose verteporfin in patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Methods: Thirty-four patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy were randomly assigned to receive photodynamic therapy with half-dose verteporfin (n = 24) or placebo (n = 10). Multifocal electroretinography was performed at baseline and at 12 months, and serial changes in response amplitudes were expressed as amplitude ratios. The mfERG amplitude ratios, best-corrected visual acuity, and optical coherence tomography central foveal thickness were compared between the verteporfin and placebo groups. Correlation analysis between the mfERG response amplitude ratios and the best-corrected visual acuity changes and reduction in optical coherence tomography central foveal thickness were also performed. Results: At 12 months, the mean visual improvement was 1.8 line and 0.1 line for the verteporfin and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.003). Eyes in the verteporfin group had significantly lower central foveal thickness (P = 0.028) and higher P1 mfERG response ratios for Rings 1 and 2 at 12 months compared with the eyes in the placebo group (P = 0.030 and P = 0.018, respectively). Significant correlations between mfERG N1 and P1 amplitude ratios at the central rings were observed with both changes in best-corrected visual acuity and reductions in optical coherence tomography central foveal thickness (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Multifocal electroretinography demonstrated higher retinal function at the central macula objectively in central serous chorioretinopathy patients treated with half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity and optical coherence tomography central foveal thickness findings also correlated with mfERG responses of the central macula, confirming the usefulness of mfERG as an objective investigation to evaluate the functional changes in central serous chorioretinopathy. Multifocal electroretinography demonstrated higher retinal function at the central macula objectively in central serous chorioretinopathy patients treated with half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity and optical coherence tomography central foveal thickness findings also correlated with mfERG responses of the central macula, confirming the usefulness of mfERG as an objective investigation to evaluate the functional changes in central serous chorioretinopathy.
Brain energy metabolism is optimized to minimize the cost of enzyme synthesis and transport (2022)

Abstract Energy metabolism of the brain is poorly understood partly due to the complex morphology of neurons. Here we used metabolic models that estimate costs of enzyme usage per pathway, enzyme utilization over time, and enzyme transport to evaluate a paradigm that suggests that brain energy metabolism is optimized to minimize enzyme synthesis and transportation costs. Our models recapitulate known metabolic behaviors and provide explanation for the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle theory.