gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluid and crystallized intelligence and broad perceptual factors among 11 to 12 year olds. (1978)

A battery of 36 visual and auditory tests was given to a sample of 113 primary school children.Second-order analysis of the data yielded two well-defined factors representing Fluid (Gf) and Crystallized (Gc) Intelligence and two perceptual factors corresponding to General Visualization (Gv) and General Auditory Function (Ga).Perceptual factors were not clearly separated from broad intellective factors at this age level.Factor analyses of large batteries of tests consisting of markers for the well-replicated primary abilities usually lead to extraction of two broad factors at the second order.Both factors involve the processes of perceiving relationships, educing correlates, reasoning, abstracting, attaining concepts, and solving problems, that is, the processes usually claimed to be important for intelligent behavior.One of these two factors, Fluid Intelligence (Gf), is involved in tasks in which relatively little advantage accrues from intensive or extended education and acculturation; the other one, Crystallized Intelligence (Gc), represents tasks in which either the content or the operations involved depend on education and acculturation.This theory, now known as the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence (Gf-Gc theory), was first proposed by Cattell and then supplemented by Horn (see Cattell, 1963Cattell, ,1971;;Horn, 1968Horn, ,1970Horn, ,1975;;Horn & Cattell, 1967).Two features of the Gf-Gc theory that are relevant for the discussion here are (a) that it is a developmental theory of the structure of human abilities and (b) that it takes into
The relationship between disease activity and UDCA response criteria in primary biliary cholangitis: A cohort study (2022)

Funding by the UK Medical Research Council (Stratified Medicine Programme) and an independent research grant by Pfizer. The study funders played no role in the study design, data collection, data analyses, data interpretation or manuscript writing.
Regular Stereo Matching Improvement System Based on Kinect-supporting Mechanism (2013)

In this paper, we built a stereoscopic video associated experimental model, which is referenced as Kinect-supporting improved stereo matching scheme. As the depth maps offered by the Kinect IR-projector are resolution-inadequate, noisy, distance-limited, unstable, and material-sensitive, the appropriated de-noising, stabilization and filtering are first performed for retrieving useful IR-projector depths. The disparities are linearly computed from the refined IR-projector depths to provide specifically referable disparity resources. By exploiting these resources with sufficiency, the proposed mechanism can lead to great enhancement on both speed and accuracy of stereo matching processing to offer better extra virtual view generation and the possibility of price-popularized IR-projector embedded stereoscopic camera.
Chapter Three. Christianity As A Social Religion (2011)

This chapter deals with Liang's Christian social model. It briefly discusses his knowledge of Christianity and states the sources that he used. Liang especially emphasized the social and political influence of Christianity in shaping European society. The chapter lists five positive factors which can be derived from Liangs analysis. However, Liangs analysis also revealed three main social drawbacks associated with Christianity. Although Liang underlined the strength of religious organizations in the social life of the West, he also saw them as highly problematic and held that Western social religion did not fit the Chinese ethos. Liang arrived at quite a refined understanding of the social role of religion. Liang endeavored to understand the religion behind the Wests success. For Liang, Buddhism had to be completely detached from society for it to function effectively as a critique of all social constructions, including the Buddhist sangha.Keywords: Buddhism; christianity; Liang's Christian social model; social religion
Overcomingin vivobarriers to targeted nanodelivery (2011)

Nanoparticles have been investigated as promising nanocarriers for delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents for several decades, but have met with limited success. Although enormous progress in the fields of nanotechnology and nanoscience has been achieved, basic discoveries have not yet translated into effective targeted therapies. Nanoparticles can potentially improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs; however, the complexity of in vivo systems imposes multiple barriers that severely inhibit efficiency and have to be overcome to fully exploit the theoretical potential of nanoparticles. Here, we address two major challenges to effective systemic nanodelivery. Both limited penetration across the vascular endothelium and uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) substantially impede effectiveness of nanoparticle delivery into tissues. Although the design of nanoparticles with extended circulation half-life is essential, it is not sufficient for effective penetration of nanoparticles across the formidable barrier formed by the vascular endothelium. Current nanodelivery systems rely on passive transvascular exchange and tissue accumulation. They require high dosages to create large concentration gradients that drive nanoparticles passively across the blood-tissue interface. However, passive accumulation has resulted in only a fractional dosage of nanoparticles penetrating into target tissue. This inevitably diminishes therapeutic efficacy and aggravates potential side effects. Although there are multiple ways to augment passive delivery, active delivery of targeted nanoparticles across the vascular endothelium could significantly increase the therapeutic index and decrease side effects of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Use of active transendothelial transport pathways, such as caveolae, may provide an effective solution to both target and deliver nanoparticles.
Rrs1 Is Involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Huntington Disease (2009)

The induction of Rrs1 expression is one of the earliest events detected in a presymptomatic knock-in mouse model of Huntington disease (HD). Rrs1 up-regulation fulfills the HD criteria of dominance, striatal specificity, and polyglutamine dependence. Here we show that mammalian Rrs1 is localized both in the nucleolus as well as in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of neurons. This dual localization is shared with its newly identified molecular partner 3D3/lyric. We then show that both genes are induced by ER stress in neurons. Interestingly, we demonstrate that ER stress is an early event in a presymptomatic HD mouse model that persists throughout the life span of the rodent. We further show that ER stress also occurs in postmortem brains of HD patients.
Reduction of Perchlorate and Nitrate by Microbial Communities in Vadose Soil (2005)

Perchlorate contamination is a concern because of the increasing frequency of its detection in soils and groundwater and its presumed inhibitory effect on human thyroid hormone production. Although significant perchlorate contamination occurs in the vadose (unsaturated) zone, little is known about perchlorate biodegradation potential by indigenous microorganisms in these soils. We measured the effects of electron donor (acetate and hydrogen) and nitrate addition on perchlorate reduction rates and microbial community composition in microcosm incubations of vadose soil. Acetate and hydrogen addition enhanced perchlorate reduction, and a longer lag period was observed for hydrogen (41 days) than for acetate (14 days). Initially, nitrate suppressed perchlorate reduction, but once perchlorate started to be degraded, the process was stimulated by nitrate. Changes in the bacterial community composition were observed in microcosms enriched with perchlorate and either acetate or hydrogen. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA genes recovered from these microcosms indicated that formerly reported perchlorate-reducing bacteria were present in the soil and that microbial community compositions were different between acetate- and hydrogen-amended microcosms. These results indicate that there is potential for perchlorate bioremediation by native microbial communities in vadose soil.
Modification of aflatoxin B1 binding to DNA in vivo in rats fed phenolic antioxidants, ethoxyquin and a dithiothione (1985)

The effects of dietary administration of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethoxyquin (EQ) and 5-(2-pyrizinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) - DNA adduct formation in vivo in livers and kidneys of rats were investigated. Male F344 rats were treated with 1 mg/kg AFB1 by i.p. administration and nucleic acids isolated 2 h post dosing. Animals were fed a semipurified diet supplemented with either 0.5% EQ, 0.45% BHT, 0.45% BHA or 0.1% oltipraz for 2 weeks prior to AFB1 treatment. Analysis of nucleic acid bases by h.p.l.c. showed that several AFB1 metabolite-DNA adducts were formed in both tissues. The principal and related adducts of 8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 represented approximately 80-90% of all adducts in both tissues and in all treatment groups. However, inclusion of the antioxidants in the diet resulted in substantial reductions in overall AFB1 modified DNA levels. EQ, BHT, BHA and oltipraz reduced the covalent binding of AFB1 to liver DNA by 91, 85, 65 and 76% and to kidney DNA by 80, 35, 62 and 64%, respectively. Concordantly, the specific activities of hepatic enzymes of presumed importance to AFB1 detoxification, epoxide hydrase, and glucuronyl and glutathione transferases were significantly elevated by all antioxidants. Reduced glutathione levels were unchanged except by oltipraz, although activities of enzymes contributing to the maintenance of reduced glutathione pools, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were elevated in most treatment groups. An excellent correlation (r = 0.95) was observed between the degree of inhibition of DNA binding by AFB1 and the induction of hepatic glutathione S-transferase activities by the four antioxidants.
Aortic endothelial cells in culture: factors which modulate their morphological and biosynthetic phenotypes (1992)

New capillaries arise from the pre-existing vasculature (arterioles, venules and capillaries) through a series of steps that involve the endothelium and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). The principal morphological events involved in angiogenesis were described in the 1940s. Electron microscopic studies performed over 20 years later have confirmed these initial observations and added further detailed information [1–3].
Supplementary Figure S1 from Loss of PTEN Promotes Resistance to T Cell–Mediated Immunotherapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PTEN loss in melanoma promotes resistance to T cell-mediated anti-tumor activity in the context of concurrent a selective inhibitor for mutant BRAF.&lt;/p&gt;
Dynamic range of atomically thin vibrating nanomechanical resonators (2014)

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) crystals offer attractive properties for making resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) operating at high frequencies. While the fundamental limits of linear operation in such systems are important, currently there is very little quantitative knowledge of the linear dynamic range (DR) and onset of nonlinearity in these devices, which are different than in conventional 1D NEMS such as nanotubes and nanowires. Here, we present theoretical analysis and quantitative models that can be directly used to predict the DR of vibrating 2D circular drumhead NEMS resonators. We show that DR has a strong dependence ∝10log(EY3/2ρ3D-1/2rtε5/2) on device parameters, in which strain ε plays a particularly important role in these 2D systems, dominating over dimensions (radius r, thickness t). This study formulizes the effects from device physical parameters upon DR and sheds light on device design rules toward achieving high DR in 2D NEMS vibrating at radio and microwave frequencies.
Improving data-driven global weather prediction using deep convolutional neural networks on a cubed sphere (2020)

Earth and Space Science Open Archive This work has been accepted for publication in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES). Version of RecordESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be preliminary. Learn more about preprints. preprintOpen AccessYou are viewing the latest version by default [v2]Improving data-driven global weather prediction using deep convolutional neural networks on a cubed sphereAuthors Jonathan A Weyn iD Dale Richard Durran iD Rich Caruana See all authors Jonathan A WeyniDCorresponding Author• Submitting AuthorUniversity of WashingtoniDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4789-7594view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressDale Richard DurraniDUniversity of WashingtoniDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6390-2584view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressRich CaruanaMicrosoft Researchview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email address
Manipulation of particles in two dimensions using phase controllable ultrasonic standing waves (2011)

The ability to manipulate dense micrometre-scale objects in fluids is of interest to biosciences with a view to improving analysis techniques and enabling tissue engineering. A method of trapping micrometre-scale particles and manipulating them on a two-dimensional plane is proposed and demonstrated. Phase-controlled counter-propagating waves are used to generate ultrasonic standing waves with arbitrary nodal positions. The acoustic radiation force drives dense particles to pressure nodes. It is shown analytically that a series of point-like traps can be produced in a two-dimensional plane using two orthogonal pairs of counter-propagating waves. These traps can be manipulated by appropriate adjustment of the relative phases. Four 5 MHz transducers (designed to minimize reflection) are used as sources of counter-propagating waves in a water-filled cavity. Polystyrene beads of 10 μm diameter are trapped and manipulated. The relationship between trapped particle positions and the relative phases of the four transducers is measured and shown to agree with analytically derived expressions. The force available is measured by determining the response to a sudden change in field and found to be 30 pN, for a 30 V pp input, which is in agreement with the predictions of models of the system. A scalable fabrication approach to producing devices is demonstrated.
Surface EMG crosstalk between knee extensor muscles: Experimental and model results (2002)

Surface electromyographic (EMG) crosstalk between vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris muscles was evaluated by selective electrical stimulation of one muscle and recording from the stimulated and another muscle with linear surface arrays of eight electrodes. The ratio between the amplitude of the signals recorded over nonstimulated and stimulated muscles and their correlation coefficient were used as indices to quantify crosstalk. Single-differential and double-differential detection systems were used with interelectrode distances in the range 10-40 mm. The multichannel EMG signals clearly showed that crosstalk is largely due to nonpropagating potentials that correspond in time to the end of the propagation of the action potentials generated by the stimulated muscle. The crosstalk signal increased with increasing interelectrode distance and was statistically higher for single- than for double-differential recordings. The correlation-based indices of crosstalk were poorly correlated with the amplitude-based indices. Moreover, the characteristic spectral frequencies of the signals detected over the nonstimulated muscles were statistically higher than those from the stimulated muscles. A mathematical model of signal generation was used to explain the experimental findings. This study clarifies many controversial findings of past investigations and creates the basis for crosstalk interpretation, simulation, and reduction.
A Highly Enantioselective Route to Either Enantiomer of Both α- and β-Amino Acid Derivatives (2002)

This report describes the unprecedented use of unmodified aldehydes as donors in a catalytic asymmetric Mannich-type reaction. The proline-catalyzed reaction of N-PMP-protected alpha-imino ethyl glyoxylate with unmodified aliphatic aldehydes provided a general and very mild entry to either enantiomer of beta-amino and alpha-amino acids and derivatives in high yield and stereoselectivity. Six of the seven aldehydes studied yielded products with ee values of 99% or greater. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction increased with the bulkiness of the substituents of the aldehyde donor in the order R = Me < Et < i-Pr < n-Pent. In five of the cases studied, excellent syn stereoselectivities were achieved. In addition, the corresponding chiral beta-amino aldehyde adducts can be readily converted to the corresponding amino acid derivatives. Most significantly, this approach provides facile access to substituted beta-lactams.
350 kHz large‐angle scanning of laser light using KTa 1− x Nb x O 3 optical deflector (2014)

A scanning frequency of 350 kHz is demonstrated with a full deflection angle of 95.8 mrad using a KTa 1− x Nb x O 3 (KTN) deflector. To suppress degradation of the deflection angle, the KTN chip is directly glued to metal block electrodes with conductive paste, and the temperature of the deflector is controlled so that the capacitance of the KTN chip remains constant.
Immune-inflammatory activation after a single laparotomy in a rat model: effect of adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ infusion to dampen the stress response (2017)

Our aim was to examine the effect of low-volume 0.9% NaCl adenosine, lidocaine and Mg<sup>2+</sup> (ALM) 'drip' on early immune-inflammatory activation after a single laparotomy with no further manipulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and randomly assigned to one of the groups, baseline, 1 h infusion 0.9% NaCl ± ALM and metrics, 1 h infusion and 6-h metrics, and 6 h continuous infusion and metrics. Complete blood count, acid-base balance, systemic levels of IL-6 and IL-10, and coagulation status were measured. After 1 h, there was a disproportionate increase in circulating neutrophils between saline and ALM groups despite an identical 45% fall in lymphocytes. Disproportionate increases also occurred in platelet counts 1 h after surgery, and saline controls had increased respiratory alkalosis at 6 h with higher lactate. Systemic inflammation was also evident after 1 h in both groups (plasma IL-6 increase) and was amplified in saline-controls after 6 h. The ALM group increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Surgery was not associated with acute coagulopathy; however, there were significant reductions in fibrinolysis. Following a single laparotomy, ALM infusion appeared to reduce stress-induced release of neutrophils and platelets into the circulation, and reduced acid-base disturbance. After 1 h, both groups had similar IL-6 levels, but ALM animals had increased IL-10, indicating improved inflammatory balance. The uncoupling of inflammation and coagulation activation but not fibrinolysis may offer a unique opportunity to investigate differential activation of innate immunity in response to sterile injury in this model.
Decreased focal cerebral ischemic injury in Tek‐Grin1 KO mice (2009)

Prior reports by our and other labs suggests that NMDA receptors in vascular endothelial cells mediate stroke‐like forms of injury in vitro, but equivalent demonstrations of vascular NMDA receptor participation in stroke in vivo are controversial. To overcome these problems, NMDAR1 (Grin1)/Tek (Tie‐2)‐ Cre mice, a mouse endothelial‐selective knockout for NMDAR1 were used in a model of stroke, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Tek‐Grin‐/‐ mice showed significantly less neurological injury (p&lt;0.05)and infarct size (p&lt;0.05) measured at 24h (after 1h of middle cerebral artery occlusion). These results provide additional evidence in support of the role of NMDARs in post‐ischemic vascular stress in stroke.
Electrothermal Cosimulation for Predicting the Power Loss and Temperature of SiC MOSFET Dies Assembled in a Power Module (2019)

The electrothermal cosimulation proposed in this paper accurately reproduces the power loss and the temperature of the silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (mosfet) dies assembled in a power module comprising a buck converter. The current-voltage characteristic of the body diode embedded in a SiC mosfet is not like that of an ideal diode because this characteristic depends on the negative gate-source voltage of the transistor. Our device model was, therefore, created to reflect this unique feature and the temperature dependence of the drain current for predicting the power loss of the mosfet. The simulation uses a look-up table to reduce the computation time. This yields accurate results for the power loss in a buck converter operating at switching frequencies (fsw) ranging from 50 to 350 kHz. The fsw-dependent steady-state temperature of the SiC mosfet was reproduced well; it ranged from 60 °C to 140 °C. The maximum deviation between the measured and the simulated results was less than 3.0 W and 8 °C, respectively, for the power loss and the temperature of the dies.
Deep-Subwavelength-Scale Directional Sensing Based on Highly Localized Dipolar Mie Resonances (2016)

Acoustic waves are key to applications involving underwater communication and sonar, for example. Directional sensing of low-frequency (long-wavelength) sound is hampered, however, by the diffraction limit, which would necessitate inconveniently large (and probably immobile) detectors. The authors use the bounded metasurface surrounding a particle's rigid core to modulate acoustic pressures by an order of magnitude. Angle-dependent dipolar resonances allow direction-sensitive detection of plane waves, despite that the structures are far smaller than the wavelength.
Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare directly from primary BACTEC cultures by using acridinium-ester-labeled DNA probes (1992)

Identification of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the M. avium-M. intracellulare complex (MAC) directly from primary BACTEC cultures was evaluated by using acridinium-ester-labeled DNA probes (AccuProbe; GenProbe, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). In preliminary experiments, blood present in samples was found to interfere with the assay because of nonspecific chemiluminescence, which was measured in relative light units (RLUs). There was a direct relationship between the age of the culture and the number of nonspecific RLUs. A protocol using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate-5 mM EDTA to treat BACTEC broth cultures which, with specimens containing blood, gave on the average a ninefold reduction in nonspecific chemiluminescence was developed. By using this treatment protocol, 120 specimens were tested directly from BACTEC broth cultures with an AccuProbe for the M. tuberculosis complex and/or the MAC. In order to establish the background of the specimen, the patient sample was assayed without probe. The criteria for the inclusion of BACTEC cultures in the evaluation were a growth index of greater than or equal to 100 and a positive smear for acid-fast bacilli directly from the BACTEC broth. For the 120 cultures tested, if a hybridization result of greater than or equal to 30,000 RLUs was considered positive, the sensitivities for detecting the M. tuberculosis complex and the MAC were 47 and 90%, respectively, with a specificity of 100% for both. However, if a ratio of the RLUs obtained with the MAC or the M. tuberculosis complex probe to those obtained with the specimen background of >/= 20 was considered positive, this gave 77% sensitivity and 100% specificity for BACTEC cultures containing M. tuberculosis complex isolates and 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity for those growing MAC isolates.