gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrodeposition of Iron Films on Copper Surfaces from Iron(III) Gluconate Solutions (2003)

SUMMARYIron films have been electrodeposited galvanostatically onto copper substrates from slightly acidic (pH 5.7) solutions containing ferric sulphate and sodium gluconate under different electrolytic conditions i.e. solution composition, pH, temperature and current density. The influence of each parameter on potentiodynamic polarisation curves, cathodic current efficiency and throwing power of the solutions has been studied. It was found that the optimum conditions for producing sound Fe films are: 0.038 mol dm3 Fe2(SO4)37 H2O + 0.14 mol dm1 sodium gluconate, current density (c.d.) of j=0.33 A dm2, pH 5.7 and a temperature of 2 5°C. The optimum solution is characterised by its excellent throwing power. The surface morphology of the “as-deposited” Fe films was investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) while the crystal structure was examined by using X-ray diffraction.
3D DEM Simulations of Drained Triaxial Compression of Sand Strengthened Using Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (2016)

A discrete-element method (DEM)–based numerical model was developed to simulate the triaxial compression response of sand strengthened using microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). A three-dimensional (3D) sphere packing algorithm that uses a particle-growth model was used to generate the initial assemblage of particles. A parameter identification approach was used to evaluate the five microscale parameters of the DEM model (two elastic and three rupture parameters) using experimental results from drained triaxial compression tests on sand. The interparticle friction angle was found to be the most influential of the five parameters with respect to modeling the constitutive response. A particle homogenization approach was used to model the particles when they are strengthened with low amounts of calcium carbonate (<1% by mass). The particle contacts are assigned a cohesive shear strength when higher amounts of calcium carbonate (≥1% by mass) are present to model the effect of cementation between sand grains. This DEM model was shown to be capable of adequately simulating the drained triaxial compressive response of MICP-strengthened sands. The increase in microstructural heterogeneity as the carbonate content is increased was visualized through normal contact force distributions. The model can be used to estimate the desired level of cementation for the design of MICP treatment strategies with minimal experimentation.
Transformation of Wheat Via Particle Bombardment (2005)

The protocol described in this chapter was successfully used to produce the first transgenic plants of wheat. It involves high velocity bombardment of explants with DNA-coated microprojectiles (the biolistics procedure). It highlights the importance of selecting the right explants (immature embryos and/or embryogenic callus tissues), pre- and post-osmotic treatment, obtaining high levels of gene expression with the maize ubiquitin promoter, and stringent selection (with bar) during culture to obtain stably transformed and normal fertile plants. The protocol is used widely for genetic transformation of wheat.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Reported Structures of (−)‐9‐epi‐Presilphiperfolan‐1‐ol and (−)‐Presilphiperfolan‐1‐ol: Structural Confirmation and Reassignment and Biosynthetic Insights (2012)

When epi isn't! The first total synthesis of the reported structures of 9-epi-presilphiperfolan-1-ol and presilphiperfolan-1-ol has been achieved. Key steps are a catalytic asymmetric alkylation of a novel diene-containing electrophile followed by a two-carbon ring contraction and an intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition to form the stereochemically dense tricyclic core. The synthetic work has resulted in the structural revision of presilphiperfolan-1-ol (see scheme).
Novel Surface Passivation Scheme by Using p-Type AlTiO to Mitigate Dynamic ON Resistance Behavior in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs—Part II (2021)

The underlying mechanism responsible for the unique dynamic ON-resistance behavior is unified by demonstrating the presence of critical drain stress voltage, above which dynamic ON-resistance increases significantly, in different gate stacks. Metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS)- and Schottky-gated HEMTs show similar dependence of critical voltage on various parameters, which establishes that gate-stack design has negligible impact on the observed phenomena. Furthermore, using the physical insights developed, this work proposes a novel surface passivation scheme to improve the dynamic performance of the device. The proposed surface passivation scheme uses p-type Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> O (AlTiO), which is deposited over SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>x</i></sub> passivation (or GaN cap), and is shown to be an effective tool in improving the dynamic ON-resistance of the device by modulating the electric field in the GaN buffer. The proposed passivation scheme has avoided the critical voltage to appear for the entire drain stress voltage, stress time, and substrate bias range. Detailed computational analysis in conjunction with electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) studies revealed an electric field redistribution due to the p-type nature of AlTiO deposited over the surface passivation/capping layer, which is responsible for relaxed electric field profile in GaN buffer and observed improvement in dynamic performance. Besides, the new observations have further helped to understand the interplay between surface conditions and GaN buffer, defining its collective role in governing the dynamic performance of GaN HEMTs. Finally, various findings and the proposal in this work have been validated for buffers having higher carbon doping and devices with p-type AlTiO deposited over GaN cap instead of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>x</i></sub> cap.
Initiation and Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy (1996)

A clinical diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy can be made in a patient with diabetes on the basis of persistent albuminuria (>300 mg per 24 hours), the presence of diabetic retinopathy, and the absence of any clinical or laboratory evidence of other kidney or renal tract disease.1 This definition is valid in patients with either non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).Nephropathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. Multiple factors contribute to the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy, including genetic and racial predisposition, glycemic and other metabolic abnormalities, alterations in systemic and . . .
TOTAL REGENERATED URINARY BLADDERS ARE STRUCTURALLY AND PHARMACOLOGICALLY SIMILAR TO NATIVE TISSUE (2008)

You have accessJournal of Urology1 Apr 2008TOTAL REGENERATED URINARY BLADDERS ARE STRUCTURALLY AND PHARMACOLOGICALLY SIMILAR TO NATIVE TISSUE Timothy A Bertram, George J Christ, Tamer A Aboushwareb, Belinda J Wagner, Deepak Jain, John W Ludlow, Richard Payne, Yagna R Jarajapu, Chanda Turner, and Manuel J Jayo Timothy A BertramTimothy A Bertram More articles by this author , George J ChristGeorge J Christ More articles by this author , Tamer A AboushwarebTamer A Aboushwareb More articles by this author , Belinda J WagnerBelinda J Wagner More articles by this author , Deepak JainDeepak Jain More articles by this author , John W LudlowJohn W Ludlow More articles by this author , Richard PayneRichard Payne More articles by this author , Yagna R JarajapuYagna R Jarajapu More articles by this author , Chanda TurnerChanda Turner More articles by this author , and Manuel J JayoManuel J Jayo More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(08)60223-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "TOTAL REGENERATED URINARY BLADDERS ARE STRUCTURALLY AND PHARMACOLOGICALLY SIMILAR TO NATIVE TISSUE." The Journal of Urology, 179(4S), p. 76 © 2008 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 179Issue 4SApril 2008Page: 76 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2008 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Timothy A Bertram More articles by this author George J Christ More articles by this author Tamer A Aboushwareb More articles by this author Belinda J Wagner More articles by this author Deepak Jain More articles by this author John W Ludlow More articles by this author Richard Payne More articles by this author Yagna R Jarajapu More articles by this author Chanda Turner More articles by this author Manuel J Jayo More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
<title>Measurements of temperature and velocity structure parameters from sonic anemometers</title> (1993)

A study of two methods for computing temperature and velocity structure parameters C<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>2</SUP> and C<SUB>v</SUB><SUP>2</SUP> is presented. Fluctuating temperature and wind data obtained from sonic anemometers were processed utilizing time and frequency analyses to derive C<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>2</SUP> and C<SUB>v</SUB><SUP>2</SUP>. The time-domain method is less rigorous and simplifies processing of the sonic anemometer data for deriving the turbulence parameters. The frequency-domain method has the advantage of providing the spectral characteristics of turbulence. This feature greatly facilitates in identifying data that contain spike noise. Thus, corrections may be made to adjust the derived values accordingly. The comparison shows a very good correlation between the two methods. However, the frequency-domain method yield results that are 2 2/3 times greater than the corresponding values from the time-domain method. The difference was determined to be a bias in the frequency-domain method, resulting from the coefficient used in the inertial subrange form of the one-dimensional spectrum, (Phi) <SUB>theta</SUB>((kappa) ) equals (alpha) C<SUB>theta</SUB><SUP>2</SUP>(kappa) <SUP>-5/3</SUP>. In order to remove the bias, the coefficient (alpha) must be changed from the original value of 0.25 to 0.50.
Solar geoengineering could redistribute malaria risk in developing countries (2022)

Solar geoengineering is often framed as a stopgap measure to decrease the magnitude, impacts, and injustice of climate change. However, the benefits or costs of geoengineering for human health are largely unknown. We project how geoengineering could impact malaria risk by comparing current transmission suitability and populations-at-risk under moderate and high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5) with and without geoengineering. We show that if geoengineering deployment cools the tropics, it could help protect high elevation populations in eastern Africa from malaria encroachment, but could increase transmission in lowland sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. Compared to extreme warming, we find that by 2070, geoengineering would nullify a projected reduction of nearly one billion people at risk of malaria. Our results indicate that geoengineering strategies designed to offset warming are not guaranteed to unilaterally improve health outcomes, and could produce regional trade-offs among Global South countries that are often excluded from geoengineering conversations.
Low‐Distortion Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Microstructures (2014)

Polymeric microstructures can be immersed in an organic solution containing a reactive linker to functionalize the surface for attachment of nanoparticles, fluorescent dyes, proteins, DNA, and other species. However, organic media can swell and distort polymeric microstructures. Swelling and distortion can be irreversible when the linkers are themselves low‐molecular‐weight organics like ethylenediamine, which can bind to unreacted monomer groups or other functionalities within the polymer matrix. This work introduces an alternative approach for surface functionalization based on aqueous processing using higher‐molecular‐weight amines, which causes less distortion, but is comparably effective. The processes are compared by aminating crosslinked SU‐8 thin films and 3D “woodpile” microstructures, electrolessly depositing copper onto these primed surfaces, and measuring the amount of copper deposited and the degree of distortion caused by amination. The method provides a new route to low‐distortion SU‐8 microstructures and identifies a path for improving related processing with other polymeric materials and structure types. image
Mouse Glutathione S-Transferase Ya Subunit: Gene Structure and Sequence (1987)

A mouse glutathione S-transferase gene encoding the Ya subunit was isolated and sequenced. The gene spans about 11 kb, contains seven exons, and encodes an mRNA of 841 nucleotides. Promoter elements, TATA and CAAT box sequences, were located 32 and 70 nucleotides upstream from the initiation of transcription site. The mRNA coding sequences of the mouse gene were highly homologous to a rat liver Ya mRNA species detected by cDNA cloning. The mouse Ya gene produces a 223-amino-acid polypeptide that differs from the 222-amino-acid rat Ya by 10 amino acid substitutions and a carboxyl terminus Phe-Lys-Ile-Gln instead of Phe-Lys-Phe. A genomic clone containing the last three exons of the rat Ya gene was also isolated, sequenced, and compared with the mouse Ya gene. An extensive sequence conservation (70-80%) in the 50 to 200 bases of introns at the exon-intron junctions as well as in the region beyond the cleavage-polyadenylation site of pre-mRNA was observed.
Decay of mRNA in Escherichia coli: investigation of the fate of specific segments of transcripts. (1983)

An assay was developed to investigate the fate of specific segments of beta-lactamase (bla) and ompA gene transcripts in Escherichia coli. DNA probes cloned in bacteriophage M13 were treated with an endonuclease capable of cleaving single-stranded DNA, the fragments produced were annealed with total cellular RNA, and the resulting RNA . DNA hybrids were subjected to S1 nuclease treatment and gel fractionation. By using this assay, direct evidence was obtained for 3'-to-5' directionality in the decay of the long-lived mRNA encoded by the ompA gene, and no preferential stability was observed for translated versus untranslated mRNA segments. In the case of bla mRNA, initial cleavage of the full-length transcript was rate limiting, and no decay intermediates were detected. No difference in degradation rate was seen for bla transcripts having variant 3' or 5' termini.
“Digital Tomosynthesis” As a Technique for the Evaluation of Endobronchial Stents in Lung Transplant Recipients (2022)

Lung transplant patients often suffer from posttransplant airway pathologies that require placement of endobronchial stents. In addition to surveillance bronchoscopy, patients often undergo radiographic stent evaluations. Chest x-rays are extremely limited in their ability to diagnose stent complications, so many patients require chest computed tomography (CT) scans for stent evaluation. Chest CT scans are costly and expose patients to higher cumulative radiation doses. Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) is an imaging modality that provides high-resolution images using limited angle tomography. The costs and radiation doses are comparable to conventional x-ray. We present a series of 4 postlung transplant patients with bronchial stents in whom we performed DTS and chest x-ray simultaneously. The DTS images were far superior to chest x-ray and comparable with CT in evaluating the placement and patency of the stents, especially in the case of silicone stents. Furthermore, the improved resolution provided clinically relevant diagnostic information that resulted in therapeutic bronchoscopy for suctioning of mucus impaction in one of the patients.
In-line interrupt handling for software-managed TLBs (2002)

The general-purpose precise interrupt mechanism, which has long been used to handle exceptional conditions that occur infrequently, is now being used increasingly often to handle conditions that are neither exceptional nor infrequent. One example is the use of interrupts to perform memory management-e.g., to handle translation lookaside buffer (TLB) misses in today's microprocessors. When modern out-of-order processors handle interrupts precisely, they typically begin by flushing the pipeline. Doing so makes the CPU available to execute handler instructions, but it wastes potentially hundreds of cycles of execution time. However, if the handler code is small, it could potentially fit in the reorder buffer along with the user-level code already there. This essentially in-lines the interrupt-handler code. One good example of where this would be both possible and useful is in the TLB-miss handler in a software-managed TLB implementation. We simulate a lockup free data-TLB facility on a processor model with a 4-way out-of-order core reminiscent of the Alpha 21264. We find that, by using lockup free TLBs, one can get the performance of a fully associative TLB with a lockup free TLB of one fourth the size.
Identification of Novel Genes in Arabidopsis Involved in Secondary Cell Wall Formation Using Expression Profiling and Reverse Genetics (2005)

Forward genetic screens have led to the isolation of several genes involved in secondary cell wall formation. A variety of evidence, however, suggests that the list of genes identified is not exhaustive. To address this problem, microarray data have been generated from tissue undergoing secondary cell wall formation and used to identify genes that exhibit a similar expression pattern to the secondary cell wall-specific cellulose synthase genes IRREGULAR XYLEM1 (IRX1) and IRX3. Cross-referencing this analysis with publicly available microarray data resulted in the selection of 16 genes for reverse genetic analysis. Lines containing an insertion in seven of these genes exhibited a clear irx phenotype characteristic of a secondary cell wall defect. Only one line, containing an insertion in a member of the COBRA gene family, exhibited a large decrease in cellulose content. Five of the genes identified as being essential for secondary cell wall biosynthesis have not been previously characterized. These genes are likely to define entirely novel processes in secondary cell wall formation and illustrate the success of combining expression data with reverse genetics to address gene function.
Structural basis for the inhibitory effects of a novel reversible covalent ligand on PPARγ phosphorylation (2019)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the use of PPARγ-targeted drugs, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, is limited owing to serious side effects caused by classical agonism. Using a rational drug discovery approach, we recently developed SB1495, a novel reversible covalent inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser245, a key factor in the insulin-sensitizing effect of PPARγ-targeted drugs. In this study, we report the crystal structures of PPARγ in complex with SB1495 and its enantiomeric analogue SB1494, which rarely exhibits inhibitory activity, to visualize the mechanistic basis for their distinct activities. SB1495 occupies the Arm3 region near the Ω loop of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain, whereas its enantiomeric analogue SB1494 binds to the Arm2 region. In addition, the piperazine moiety of SB1495 directly pushes the helix H2', resulting in the stabilization of the Ω loop just behind the helix H2'. Our results may contribute to the development of a new generation of antidiabetic drugs that selectively block PPARγ phosphorylation without classical agonism.
CYP76C1 (Cytochrome P450)-Mediated Linalool Metabolism and the Formation of Volatile and Soluble Linalool Oxides in Arabidopsis Flowers: A Strategy for Defense against Floral Antagonists (2015)

The acyclic monoterpene alcohol linalool is one of the most frequently encountered volatile compounds in floral scents. Various linalool oxides are usually emitted along with linalool, some of which are cyclic, such as the furanoid lilac compounds. Recent work has revealed the coexistence of two flower-expressed linalool synthases that produce the (S)- or (R)-linalool enantiomers and the involvement of two P450 enzymes in the linalool oxidation in the flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana. Partially redundant enzymes may also contribute to floral linalool metabolism. Here, we provide evidence that CYP76C1 is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes a cascade of oxidation reactions and is the major linalool metabolizing oxygenase in Arabidopsis flowers. Based on the activity of the recombinant enzyme and mutant analyses, we demonstrate its prominent role in the formation of most of the linalool oxides identified in vivo, both as volatiles and soluble conjugated compounds, including 8-hydroxy, 8-oxo, and 8-COOH-linalool, as well as lilac aldehydes and alcohols. Analysis of insect behavior on CYP76C1 mutants and in response to linalool and its oxygenated derivatives demonstrates that CYP76C1-dependent modulation of linalool emission and production of linalool oxides contribute to reduced floral attraction and favor protection against visitors and pests.
Lot-release criteria, postlicensure quality control, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines (1995)

In the United States, vaccines are licensed by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) of the Food and Drug Administration on the basis of their demonstrated safety and efficacy and the demonstrated ability of the manufacturer to produce a consistent product. After licensure, vaccines are generally released to the market on a lot-by-lot basis, following CBER's review of lot-release testing results. A lot is released only if it meets all predefined specifications. A discussion of US vaccine regulation was published recently by Parkman and Hardegree.<sup>1</sup> See also p 849. As reported in this issue ofTHE Journal,<sup>2</sup>during studies of the interchangeability of licensed<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>type b (Hib) polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines, Anderson et al found that a lot of Hib vaccine with the capsular polysaccharide conjugated to the meningococcal outer membrane protein complex (PedvaxHib, Merck and Co, West Point, Pa) produced lower than expected immune