gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-Vitro Biomechanical Study of a Dorso-Lumbo-Sacral Posterior Supple Instrumentation with Variable Section (1996)

This study is designed to analyse the behavior, in the sagittal plane, of a complete human dorso-lumbar rachis, made rigid by the posterior instrumentation used for the treatment of scoliosis, on subjects suffering from DMD (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy). The object of this analysis is to demonstrate the reliability of early surgery made possible by new instrumentation. Close review of the literature shows that the currently used Harrington or Luque instrumentations lead to mechanical complications, especially rod breaking, at the thoraco-lumbar junction. 8 specimens were non-destructively tested in-vitro. Compression and flexion were applied. For each test, rachis movements with and then without instrumentation, and also rod restraints were noted. The results show a linear stiffness multiplied by 8.3 in flexion and 11.6 in extension. The maximum restraint recorded for physiological displacements is 77 MPa. This remains largely under the fatigue-breaking limit of the metal used (stainless steel hammer-hardened 316 L, Young's modulus = 200,000 MPa, Poisson's ratio = 0.21, endurance limit = 350 MPa at 5 x 10(6) cycles). The results of this study encourage us to continue and develop early surgery in children affected by myopathy, with fixation of the complete rachis, including a lumbo-sacral arthrodesis and a supple dorsal part of the mounting, in the sagittal plane.
Formation Mechanism of NF4+ Salts and Extraordinary Enhancement of the Oxidizing Power of Fluorine by Strong Lewis Acids (2017)

Abstract Although the existence of the NF 4 + cation has been known for 51 years, and its formation mechanism from NF 3 , F 2 , and a strong Lewis acid in the presence of an activation energy source had been studied extensively, the mechanism had not been established. Experimental evidence had shown that the first step involves the generation of F atoms from F 2 , and also that the NF 3 + cation is a key intermediate. However, it was not possible to establish whether the second step involved the reaction of a F atom with either NF 3 or the Lewis acid (LA). To distinguish between these two alternatives, a computational study of the NF 4 , SbF 6 , AsF 6 , and BF 4 radicals was carried out. Whereas the heats of reaction are small and similar for the NF 4 and LAF radicals, at the reaction temperatures, only the LAF radicals possess sufficient thermal stability to be viable species. Most importantly, the ability of the LAF radicals to oxidize NF 3 to NF 3 + demonstrates that they are extraordinary oxidizers. This extraordinary enhancement of the oxidizing power of fluorine with strong Lewis acids had previously not been fully recognized.
Volatile Components in Three Commercial Douchies, A Chinese Traditional Salt-Fermented Soybean Food (2010)

Douchi is a traditional fermented soybean product originated in China and it has been consumed since ancient times as seasoning for food. Volatile components of three commercial douchies were extracted using a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction apparatus (SDE). The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 131 compounds were identified, but only 25 components were common to all three brands. Major classes of compounds included esters (29), acids (18), alcohols (16), pyrazines (14), ketones (13), aldehydes (12), phenols (6), hydrocarbons (5), furans (5), sulphur-containing compounds (5), pyridines (4), pyrimidines (2), and miscellaneous compounds (2).
An adaptive backstepping observer for modular multilevel converter (2014)

This paper deals with the estimation problem in three-phase, three-level Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) using nonlinear observer to realize an accurate estimation of unmeasured variables. It is shown that the desired states to be exponentially convergent if all system signals are bounded. An observer based on adaptive backstepping approach is used for capacitor voltages estimation from the arm currents measurement. The observer can track the capacitance value of module capacitor which is unknown as a parameter uncertainty with acceptable precision. In practical, it results attracting to evaluate the possibility of reducing the number of sensors, or even using these soft sensors as redundant for fault detection purposes. The nonlinear observer stability study by means of a Lyapunov theory guarantees the stability and convergence of the estimated quantities. The feasibility of the proposed solution is demonstrated by simulation results.
New trends in computational mechanics: model order reduction, manifold learning and data-driven (2016)

International audience
Plasma Somatostatin-Like Immunoreactivity in Chemically Sympathectomized Dogs (1980)

The present study was designed to determine the role of the adrenergic nerves upon basal and postprandial gastric and pancreatic SLI release. In 19 chemically sympathectomized dogs peripheral venous plasma SLI levels in the basal and postprandial state were significantly below those of 30 controls for the first 135 min after the ingestion of a fat-protein meal. To determine the origin of this reduction, the SLI release from fundus, antrum and pancreas was studied in anesthetized dogs during the gastric phase of a meal at either pH 7 or pH 2. In response to a liver meal at pH 7 fundic, antral and pancreatic vein SLI levels were below the control and the rise in inferior vena cava SLI was abolished. In response to a liver meat at pH 2, the rise in antral and pancreatic vein SLI as clearly reduced in the sympathectomized dogs, while the decrease in fundic SLI was not influenced. The data demonstrate that adrenergic innervation plays a role in basal and postprandial SLI release from the stomach and pancreas.
Genetics of Limb Development and Congenital Hand Malformations (1998)

The vertebrate limb bud develops along three different axes: proximodistal, anteroposterior, and dorsoventral. Several genetic factors responsible for control of each of the three limb axes have been identified. The genes involved interact in complex feedback loops to achieve proper arrangement and differentiation of tissues. Most of the available information on limb development and patterning has come from studies carried out in the lower vertebrates. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have been unraveling the genetic basis of human hand malformation phenotypes. At present, genes responsible for preaxial polydactyly, split hand/split foot malformation, and brachydactyly type C have been localized, and the gene responsible for synpolydactyly has been identified. In this paper, we present an overview of the genetic factors involved in limb development, followed by summarized discoveries in the genetics of human congenital hand malformations.
Measurement and Analysis of Inlet Oil Film Thickness in Cold Sheet Rolling with Oil-in-Water Emulsion (2009)

A calculation system of the inlet oil film thickness in cold sheet rolling with oil droplets-in-water (O/W) emulsion was developed. The inlet oil film thicknesses in the case of sheet rolling and coil rolling were calculated using the estimation system. The inlet oil film thickness in the coil rolling was larger than in the sheet rolling. In order to estimate the inlet oil film thickness at the entrance to the interface between roll and workpiece in cold coil rolling with O/W emulsion, a numerical method was proposed using the starvation model. This model consisted of a combination of the conventional starvation model and the plate out model. The inlet oil film thicknesses were calculated, changing the tribological factors, using the numerical method of the new starvation model. By using the proposed numerical method, the inlet oil film thickness obtained experimentally using the estimation system could be reasonably estimated.
Japanese OCR error correction using character shape similarity and statistical language model (1998)

We present a novel OCR error correction method for languages without word delimiters that have a large character set, such as Japanese and Chinese. It consists of a statistical OCR model, an approximate word matching method using character shape similarity, and a word segmentation algorithm using a statistical language model. By using a statistical OCR model and character shape similarity, the proposed error corrector outperforms the previously published method. When the baseline character recognition accuracy is 90%, it achieves 97.4% character recognition accuracy.
Laura MACHUCA, Los hacendados de Yucatán, 1785-1847 (2012)

Avec cette publication, Laura Machuca offre une première synthèse de ses travaux depuis qu’elle a « quitté » son premier terrain de recherche centré sur l’Isthme de Tehuantepec pour des espaces plus septentrionaux. Ce nouveau travail reste cependant fidèle aux approches qui sont les siennes depuis sa thèse, à savoir une histoire sociale des élites régionales. Elle centre ici son attention sur le groupe des hacendados dont elle a pu identifier plus de mille membres. Son étude est délimitée par...
Dendritic Cells Differentiated in the Presence of a Single-Stranded Viral RNA Sequence Conserve Their Ability To Activate CD4 T Lymphocytes but Lose Their Capacity for Th1 Polarization (2008)

Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) differentiate in the presence of Toll-like-receptor (TLR) ligands in the course of ongoing infections. A single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) sequence, corresponding to the sequence of the U5 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA, was used to mimic viral activation of TLR7 in human DCs. We determined the effector potential of DCs differentiated in the presence of this ssRNA molecule (ssRNA-DCs). ssRNA-DCs phenotypically resembled mature DCs. In contrast, their capacity to allostimulate naive CD4(+) T cells resembled that of conventional immature DCs and could be increased by TLR4 stimulation. Th1 polarization of CD4(+) T cells and production of interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70) by ssRNA-DCs were selectively abrogated in response to a late TLR4, but not in response to a CD40, maturation signal. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase partially restored IL-12p70 secretion but did not restore Th1 polarization, whereas addition of exogenous IL-12 led to recovery of Th1 polarization. In contrast to lipopolysaccharide, ssRNA induced IL-12p70 production at the very earliest stages of DC differentiation, indicating a particular role for TLR7 in monocyte-derived DCs recently engaged in differentiation. These data demonstrate generation of phenotypically mature DCs with the ability to expand CD4(+) T lymphocytes lacking Th1/2-polarizing capacity.
Characterization of a new model for the study of pressure-natriuresis in the rat (1985)

The acute relationships between the urinary excretion of sodium and water and renal perfusion pressure were characterized in the rat using a new in vivo model of pressure diuresis. Neural and hormonal influences on the kidney were held constant by denervating the kidney and by maintaining fixed high plasma levels of vasopressin, aldosterone, corticosterone, and norepinephrine levels by intravenous infusion. Renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was varied above and below control using specially designed aortic clamps. Increasing RPP within the autoregulatory range from 90 to 160 mmHg produced 5- to 20-fold increases in urine flow and sodium excretion with no detectable changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or peritubular capillary pressure. The slope of the line relating urine flow and RPP averaged 2 microliter X min-1 X kidney-1 X mmHg-1 rise in RPP. If RPP was first lowered to 90 mmHg, urine flow could be doubled by increasing RPP by as little as 5 mmHg. Uninephrectomy 7-12 days before an experiment did not alter the renal pressure diuresis relationship. The presence of intact renal nerves, however, was found to shift the relationship between urine flow and RPP to the right. The magnitude of the response produced by elevations in pressure using this new model of pressure diuresis was greater than when RPP was increased using carotid occlusion or epinephrine infusion as in previous studies. The results indicate that small changes in arterial pressure may have a greater influence on sodium and water excretion than has been previously recognized.
Investigation of the asymmetric ionic Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of cis-decalins (2003)

The ionic Diels-Alder reaction, whereby an alpha,beta-unsaturated acetal in combination with a Lewis or Bronsted acid forms an equilibrium concentration of an activated dienophile, has been developed to provide an enantioselective synthesis of cis-decalins. Cyclohex-2-enone type chiral acetals of (2R,3R)-butane-2,3-diol have been screened against Lewis and Brønsted acids with a variety of dienes and are efficient for the synthesis of a limited subset of cis-decalin structures. Diastereoselectivities of 73% and 82% have been found for the asymmetric ionic Diels-Alder reaction between the chiral acetal derivatives of cyclohex-2-enone (6) and 2-methylcyclohex-2-enone (18) with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (7). Terminal substituents on the diene partner in general render the system unreactive. However a synthetically useful cis-decalin 31, derived from the reaction of 2-methylcyclohex-2-enone and Z-3-t-butyldimethyl-silyloxypenta-1,3-diene has been prepared in enantiomerically pure form in 74% isolated yield using this asymmetric ionic Diels-Alder protocol.
Development of novel copper-based sorbents for hot-gas cleanup. [Quarterly] technical report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 (1994)

The objective of this investigation is to evaluate two novel copper-based sorbents, namely copper-chromium and copper-cerium, for their effectiveness in removing hydrogen sulfide from fuel gas in the temperature range of 650{degree} to 850{degree}. Such high temperatures will be required for the new generation of gas turbines (inlet >750{degree}C) in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems. The effect of pre-reduction with H{sub 2}, in the presence of H{sub 2}O on the performance of the sorbents in cyclic sulfidation/regeneration, was studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and in a fixed-bed reactor at 750{degree}C. The results of the TGA tests indicate that pre-reduction of the sorbents is very fast in either 10% or 30% H{sub 2}. Without sorbent pre-reduction, sulfidation consists of two-stages, a reduction-dominating and a sulfidation-dominating stage. Sulfidation apparently takes place before reduction is complete. During regeneration some copper/cerium sulfates may have formed and Cu{sub 2}O may have formed in addition to CuO. The fixed-bed reactor tests show that at 750{degree}C: (1) prereducing the CuO-Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} with H{sub 2} does not effect the reactivity of the sorbent towards H{sub 2}S at either the high or low H{sub 2} feed gas concentrations and (2) when 30% H{sub 2} was used during sulfidation of either sorbent, the first H{sub 2}S breakthrough occurs earlier than when 10% H{sub 2} was used.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐(Alkylamino)‐1‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carboxamides, Key Intermediates for the Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine Derivatives. (1990)

Abstract The benzyloxyadenosine (I) is hydrolyzed and subsequently coupled with the alkyl halides (II) to produce the N‐alkyl formamide derivatives (III).
Epitaxial growth of (001)-oriented and (110)-oriented SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films (1998)

Epitaxial SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films have been grown with (001) and (110) orientations by pulsed laser deposition on (001) LaAlO3–Sr2AlTaO6 and (100) LaSrAlO4 substrates, respectively. Four-circle x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal nearly phase pure epitaxial films. Minimization of surface mesh mismatch between the film and substrate (i.e., choice of appropriate substrate material and orientation) was used to stabilize the desired orientations and achieve epitaxial growth.
Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Phellinus and Schizopora (2004)

three species of Schizopora.A county distribution map is provided for each species.Phellinus johnsonianus, P. linteus and P. melleoporus and Schizopora flavipora are reported for the first time in North Carolina.Numerous new fungus-host plant associations are reported.
[Measurement of in vivo incorporation of L-methionine-35S into cerebral proteins by quantitative autoradiography in freely-moving or anesthetized rats]. (1985)

Incorporation of L-35S-methionine in brain proteins was measured by quantitative autoradiography in the rat. This model was checked by biochemical procedures. In awake freely moving rat, methionine incorporation rates vary from 36 to 258 nmol/100g/min. During anaesthesia, protein synthesis in brain decreases (30 to 50%).
Chimaerism detection in bovine twins, triplets and quadruplets using sex chromosome-linked markers (2010)

The phenomenon of chimaerism occurs in the majority of cattle twin pregnancies. The objectives of this study were to develop a powerful diagnostic test for chimaerism in bovine male and female co-twins using X and Y chromosome-linked markers and to determine the extent of chimaerism in twins, triplets and quadruplets. We developed a multiplex PCR set of three polymorphic markers on chromosome X (DIK2865, DIK2283, AGLA257), where the presence of >1 and >2 alleles per marker is sufficient to prove chimaerism in males and females, respectively. In addition, a specific segment on chromosome Y (BOV97M) is included in the set to indicate chimaerism in females. Visualization of chimaeric alleles was best for DNA extracted from blood, fair for DNA from vaginal smears and failed for DNA extracted from hair. The power of chimaerism identification using this set of markers for DNA extracted from blood was calculated as 99% in males and virtually 100% in females. All females and males in heterosexual twins, triplets and quadruplets displayed evidence of a chimaeric allele in at least one and maximum of three of three X chromosome markers analysed. In addition, all females showed the presence of the BOV97M segment and were validated as chimaeric by the standard clinical diagnosis of impaired vaginal length. Quantitative PCR analysis of BOV97M copies in all twins vs. their sires showed a mean ratio of 45-68% in females and 39-49% in males, indicating a substantial symmetrical exchange of cells among all co-twins. The proposed analysis of X and Y chromosome-linked markers is advantageous to previous methods based on Y chromosome sequences only, because it detects chimaerism in both male and female co-twins.
Monolithic receivers with integrated temperature compensation function (2002)

Two highly integrated monolithic receivers were developed for X-band and S/C-band applications. Each receiver chip has integrated five single-function microcells: RF amplifier, mixer, LO driver, IF amplifier, and a novel temperature compensation/variable attenuator. The X-band receiver chip downconverts an input 6 to 10 GHz to an output 4.0 to 6.0 GHz and has exhibited a conversion gain greater than 15 dB, SSB noise figure less than 12 dB, and output IP/sub 3/ greater than 20 dBm. The S/C-band receiver chip downconverts an input 4 to 6 GHz to an output 0.5 to 1.5 GHz and has exhibited a conversion gain greater than 8.0 dB, SSB noise figure less than 7.5 dB, and output IP/sub 3/ greater than 14 dBm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Synthèse de polystyrènes chlorométhylés renfermant des radicaux tétrathiafulvalène carbonyloxyméthyles (1989)

Abstract In order to solve the problem of polymer swelling, which limits the resolution for negative resists, new resists were developed which show no swelling. The undesirable swelling can be suppressed by converting nonpolar crosslinked polymers into polar ones, which are soluble after irradiation. This aim was attained by mixing a polystyrene bearing tetrathiafulvalenyl (TTF) groups with 1,2‐dibromo‐1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane. For our study, we applied resists including poly(4‐chloromethylstyrene)s containing tetrathiafulvalenecarbonyloxymethyl groups ( 1 and 2 ). Poly(4‐chloromethylstyrene)s ( 4 ) or poly[styrene‐ co ‐(4‐chloromethyl)styrene]s ( 5 ) with a variety of controlled molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were prepared by radical chain polymerization. The reaction of cesium tetrathiafulvalenecarboxylate ( 3 ) with 4 or 5 was carried out and the resultant substituted polymers 1 and 2 were characterized.
Ceramic membranes for processing plasma enhancement gases (2017)

Abstract Fusion plasma exhaust is generally composed of unburned fuel (deuterium and tritium), helium and few impurities. However for a metal wall machine (like DEMO) that reaches elevated powers, a certain amount of plasma enhancement gas (nitrogen, Ar, Ne, etc.) could be used as seeding for enhancing the radiative power and decreasing the power load over the plasma facing components. The recovery of these Plasma Enhancement Gases (PEG) could be beneficial because of the high flow rates required, and to limit the load placed upon the exhaust detritiation system. In this work, the application of ceramic porous membranes for the separation of PEG from other plasma exhaust gases is studied. The gas permeability through porous media of hydrogen, helium and a number of inert gases of potential interest (N2, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) has been assessed via the models of Knudsen and Poiseuille. A parametric analysis taking into account the effect of temperature (20 and 300 °C), pressure (100 kPa and 1 MPa) and pore size of the membranes (0.1 nm, 10 nm, and 1 μm) has been undertaken to evaluate the capability of porous membrane systems to recover PEG from the exhaust gas in terms of separation factors. The preliminary design of a membrane module is also carried out.
UV curing of a liquid based bismaleimide-containing polymer system (2007)

A new liquid formulation of commercial bismaleimide and n-acryloylmorpholine was prepared that could be UV cured as an alternative to traditional thermal cure methods presently used for BMI in the industry. UV curing was shown to be an efficient method which promoted the reaction rate significantly and was able to achieve this at low temperatures (30-50C). A free radical polymerization approach has been used to explain the cure mechanism and cure kinetics, using data elucidated from the DPC and FTIR. The cured thin film was shown to achieve very high thermal stability (~400C), with the BMI shown to retard the thermal degradation temperature and rate.
Optimization of Material Contrast for Efficient FIB‐SEM Tomography of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2020)

Abstract Focused ion beam (FIB) – scanning electron microscopy (SEM) serial sectioning tomography has become an important tool for three‐dimensional microstructure reconstruction of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to obtain an understanding of fabrication‐related effects and SOFC performance. By sequential FIB milling and SEM imaging a stack of cross‐section images across all functional SOFC layers was generated covering a large volume of 3.5·10 4 μm 3 . One crucial step is image segmentation where regions with different image intensities are assigned to different material phases within the SOFC. To analyze all relevant SOFC materials, it was up to now mandatory to acquire several images by scanning the same region with different imaging parameters because sufficient material contrast could otherwise not be achieved. In this work we obtained high‐contast SEM images from a single scan to reconstract all functional SOFC layers consisting of a Ni/Y 2 O 3 ‐doped ZrO 2 (YDZ) cermet anode, YDZ electrolyte and (La,Sr)MnO 3 /YDZ cathode. This was possible by using different, simultaneous read‐out detectors installed in a state‐of‐the‐art scanning electron microscope. In addition, we used a deterministic approach for the optimization of imaging parameters by employing Monte Carlo simulations rather than trial‐and‐error tests. We also studied the effect of detection geometry, detecting angle range and detector type.