gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting Customer Demographics in a Mobile Social Network (2011)

A network made of individuals connected based on their communication behaviour using mobile phones can be called as a Mobile Social Network. Mapping and measuring of interactions and flows between people across mobile social networks are being performed extensively in an attempt to understand the intriguing patterns of human behaviour. Such analyses can help in arriving at useful inferences for improving the accuracy of 'Targeted Advertisements'.This paper makes one such attempt to extract the demographics (i.e. age, gender and economic status) of a person based on his/her connectivity in his/her respective social network(s) and mobile phone usage over a period of time. The need for prediction arises from the fact that, for prepaid users, the demographics are either unavailable or inaccurate. The results produced are evaluated and standardized based on proven statistics pertaining to the nation considered. We use candlestick charts to compare the experimental results.
Early Signs of Bone and Cartilage Changes Induced by Treadmill Exercise in Rats (2017)

This study aims to investigate the earliest alterations of bone and cartilage tissues as a result of different exercise protocols in the knee joint of Wistar rats. We hypothesize that pretraining to a continuous intense running protocol would protect the animals from cartilage degeneration. Three groups of animals were used: (i) an adaptive (pretraining) running group that ran for 8 weeks with gradually increasing velocity and time of running followed by a constant running program (6 weeks of 1.12 km/hour running per day); (ii) a non-adaptive running (constant running) group that initially rested for 8 weeks followed by 6 weeks of constant running; and (iii) a non-running (control) group. At weeks 8, 14, and 20 bone and cartilage were analyzed. Both running groups developed mild symptoms of cartilage irregularities, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy and cell clustering in different cartilage zones, in particular after the adaptive running protocol. As a result of physical training in the adaptive running exercise a dynamic response of bone was detected at week 8, where bone growth was enhanced. Conversely, the thickness of epiphyseal trabecular and subchondral bone (at week 14) was reduced due to the constant running in the period between 8 and 14 weeks. Finally, the intermediate differences between the two running groups disappeared after both groups had a resting period (from 14 to 20 weeks). The adaptive running group showed an increase in aggrecan gene expression and reduction of MMP2 expression after the initial 8 weeks running. Thus, the running exercise models in this study showed mild bone and cartilage/chondrocyte alterations that can be considered as early-stage osteoarthritis. The pretraining adaptive protocol before constant intense running did not protect from mild cartilage degeneration. © 2017 The Authors. <i>JBMR Plus</i> is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Speaker Adapted Beamforming for Multi-Channel Automatic Speech Recognition (2018)

This paper presents, in the context of multi-channel ASR, a method to adapt a mask based, statistically optimal beamforming approach to a speaker of interest. The beamforming vector of the statistically optimal beamformer is computed by utilizing speech and noise masks, which are estimated by a neural network. The proposed adaptation approach is based on the integration of the beamformer, which includes the mask estimation network, and the acoustic model of the ASR system. This allows for the propagation of the training error, from the acoustic modeling cost function, all the way through the beamforming operation and through the mask estimation network. By using the results of a first pass recognition and by keeping all other parameters fixed, the mask estimation network can therefore be fine tuned by retraining. Utterances of a speaker of interest can thus be used in a two pass approach, to optimize the beamforming for the speech characteristics of that specific speaker. It is shown that this approach improves the ASR performance of a state-of-the-art multi-channel ASR system on the CHiME-4 data. Furthermore the effect of the adaptation on the estimated speech masks is discussed.
Automotive airbag technology: past, present and future (2000)

Automotive airbag technology was studied from the development of the first airbag to the present driver and passenger side airbag systems as well as the development of the technology that will bring the current automotive airbag system into the century. Today's airbag system is a passive supplemental restraint that is used to cushion the driver or passenger during frontal impacts. Tomorrow's airbag system will be a &quot;smart&quot; adaptive restraint system that will tailor the airbag to the restraint needs of the occupants as well as performing occupant out-of-position sensing and child seat sensing to disable the airbag when a child seat is present.
A Bilevel Structure Analysis of Popular Moral Concerns about Artificial Intelligence: An Exploration Based on the Grounded Theory (2022)

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Isolation and characterization of a novel class of potent anti‐HIV proteins from an Australian soft coral (975.6) (2014)

An estimated 34 million people are living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Increasing resistance to antiretrovirals (ARVs) challenges current therapies and it is critical to identify novel non‐ARV anti‐HIV agents to prevent infection. Here we report the isolation of a novel class of proteins, called Cnidarins, from the soft coral Synthecium sp. (phylum Cnidaria). The proteins were purified by sequential ethanol and ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified proteins, CNID‐1, CNID‐2 and CNID‐3, were monomers of ~170 amino acids with molecular weights of ~18 kDa. CNID‐1 and CNID‐3 (fully sequenced) showed no significant homology (&gt;25%) to any known protein. All three cnidarins showed picomolar to low‐nanomolar activity against laboratory strains and primary isolates of HIV‐1. They inhibited viral fusion in a concentration‐dependant manner but not viral attachment, indicating the proteins’ antiviral effects occur after initial virus‐to‐cell attachment but prior to viral entry. CNID‐1 was the most potent (EC 50 of 85 pM) and bound to viral glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 equally in a concentration‐dependant manner, but not to other glycoproteins or soluble CD4. Pre‐treatment with CNID‐1 did not block sCD4 binding to gp120 and vice versa and its gp120 binding was independent of glycosylation. Pre‐treatment with other potent antiviral proteins, cyanovirin and scytovirin, did not affect CNID‐1 binding to gp120 and gp41, and seemed to promote slightly better binding of CNID‐1, while griffithsin pre‐treatment reduced CNID‐1 binding but not completely. Recombinant production in E.coli resulted in C‐terminal truncated forms of CNID‐1 (14‐16kDa, EC 50 of 45‐150nM). Ongoing work includes optimizing expression conditions to produce fully active rCNID‐1. Cnidarins represent a novel class of proteins that target viral fusion and inhibit HIV infection in a manner different from any currently identified anti‐HIV agent. Grant Funding Source : Supported by the Intramural Research Program, National Cancer Institute
Phosphoinositide interconversion in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. (1985)

Stimulation of platelets and other secretory cells by agonists results in the degradation of phosphoinositides by phospholipase C. Kinetic studies suggest that hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) is an initial event in this process. Platelets contain much larger amounts of phosphatidylinositol (PI) than PI-4,5-P2, and approximately 50% of total phosphoinositides are degraded upon stimulation. We have investigated whether degradation of PI occurs by direct phospholipase C hydrolysis or by phosphorylation to PI-4,5-P2 followed by phospholipase C action on the latter compound. When platelets are incubated for 3 min with 32Pi prior to stimulation, the phosphoinositides are labeled to different specific activities. Under these nonequilibrium conditions, the time course of change in specific activity reflects turnover. The rise in specific activity of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI-4-P) is similar in stimulated and unstimulated cells, indicating that there is little increase in the conversion of PI to PI-4-P during thrombin stimulation. In addition, the specific activity of the 4-phosphate in PI-4-P during thrombin stimulation is less than both the 5-phosphate of PI-4,5-P2 and the phosphate group of phosphatidic acid, indicating that the 4-phosphate moiety is not labeled to equilibrium with ATP. This finding is inconsistent with a rapid flux of PI via PI-4-P to PI-4,5-P2 during thrombin stimulation, in which case the 4-phosphate would be at maximum specific activity. We, therefore, conclude that the bulk of PI breakdown that occurs in thrombin-stimulated platelets occurs via direct phospholipase C hydrolysis of PI.
Secure Micropayment Transactions in a Social Media Context (2007)

The social media area is growing in general, and especially in the context of user interaction and blogs. The Internet presence of traditional businesses and companies is increasing in the same pace. As a result of this, there is a greater demand for making small payments over Internet in a secure and convenient manner. Such a payment system is required to serve as a user to user service as well as an enterprise to user service. This thesis is providing an overview of the Internet micropayment transaction systems existing on the market today, as well as a discussion of the possibilities of developing a system from scratch. Further, an analysis from an information security point of view is given. In the light of the market overview, the advantages of developing a system from scratch and the security analysis a general design proposal is developed. The outcome is a combination of a deposit and withdrawal service, found among the systems available on the market, and a transaction system developed from scratch. Important security issues are identified and ways of avoiding certain forms of attacks are provided.
Comparison of dye exclusion assays with a clonogenic assay in the determination of drug-induced cytotoxicity. (1983)

The following factors must be considered when dye exclusion assays are interpreted. (a) It may require several days for lethally damaged cells to lose their membrane integrity following a cytotoxic insult. (b) During this time, the "surviving" cells may continue to proliferate. (c) Also during this time, some lethally damaged cells may undergo an early disintegration, so that they are not present to be stained with dye at the end of the culture period. Factors b and c may cause an underestimate of cell kill when the results of the assay are based upon the traditional "percent viability" expression. In order to overcome these problems, an internal standard was developed and tested. This was based upon the addition of a constant number of permanently fixed duck erythrocytes to the cultures of cells from two different established tumor cell lines. Results were based upon comparisons of the ratios of "viable" tumor cells to duck erythrocytes on permanent cytocentrifuge slides prepared from the cultures. This novel "ratio" method was found to be a more sensitive index of drug-induced cell kill than the traditional percent viability method. A standard agar cloning assay gave somewhat higher estimates of cell kill than the ratio method, although both assays were in qualitative agreement for the drugs tested. All three assays demonstrated a clear dose-effect relationship for most of the drugs tested. Dye exclusion assays may have a useful role in chemosensitivity testing in vitro.
Microstructural Characterization and Modeling of the Steel X22CrMoV 12 1 after Cyclic High‐Temperature Loading (2000)

Ferritic 12% chromium steels are commonly used for highly loaded structural parts in gas and steam turbines at intermediate temperatures up to 530 °C. During tensile and isothermal fatigue loading the microstructure (subgrains, dislocation density) of 12% chromium steels changes in a characteristic manner. Therefore, in achieving a better understanding of the underlying elementary elasto-plastic deformation processes the evaluation of the parameters of the microstructural changes is of major importance. In what follows a modeling approach is presented which links the measured mechanical properties of the steel X22CrMoV12 1 with the evaluated microstructural parameters under different cyclic loading conditions.
Directional Anisotropy in the Cleavage Fracture of Silicon (2000)

Total-energy pseudopotential calculations are used to study the cleavage anisotropy in silicon. It is shown that cracks propagate easily on 111 and 110 planes provided crack propagation proceeds in the <1;10> direction. In contrast, if the crack is driven in a <001> direction on a 110 plane the bond breaking process is discontinuous and associated with pronounced relaxations of the surrounding atoms, which results in a large lattice trapping. The different lattice trapping for different crack propagation directions can explain the experimentally observed cleavage anisotropy in silicon single crystals.
Direct Measurement of the Absorption Cross Section of Individual Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2012)

International audience
Wideband Multimode Transducer Consisting ofc-Axis Tilted ZnO/c-Axis Normal ZnO Multilayer (2012)

Wideband ultrasonic transducers are required for acoustic imaging and nondestructive evaluation. In this study, we have fabricated transducer consisting of c-axis tilted ZnO/c-axis normal ZnO multilayer on the Au(111)/Ti/silica glass substrate. We have investigated the crystalline orientations and frequency characteristics of the multilayer transducer. An X-ray diffraction analysis and a scanning electron microscopy analysis of the transducer revealed that the c-axis normal ZnO layer was grown on the Au(111) layer during the initial stage of ZnO layer deposition. As ZnO grain growth proceeded, c-axis normal growth change to the c-axis tilted ZnO layer growth. This multilayer transducer excited second-overtone modes of longitudinal and shear waves as well as the fundamental mode in the UHF range. Therefore, the frequency bandwidth of the multilayer transducer was broader than that of a single layer transducer consisting of a c-axis tilted ZnO layer.
Complement-mediated phagocytosis of herpes simplex virus by granulocytes. Binding or ingestion. (1989)

The role of complement receptors in phagocytosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by PMN was examined. Complement components were deposited on the surface of the virus particle in the presence or absence of specific anti-HSV antibodies. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the phagocytosis of fluorescence-labeled viruses and demonstrated that although a virion is able to associate with PMN in the presence of complement alone, the granulocyte is not triggered to mount a metabolic burst. Efficient stimulation of PMN occurs when complexes are formed consisting of virus, specific antibodies, and complement. To address the question whether the viruses were inside or outside the cell, a combined enhancement/quenching method was developed using ammonium chloride as a lysosomotropic agent and trypan blue as a quenching dye. The data indicate that Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis by PMN results in the ingestion of all cell-associated herpes virions. Interactions of virions through PMN-complement receptors CR1 and CR3 results solely in binding to the PMN but not in internalization. Interactions via both complement and Fc receptors cause synergistic stimulation of the PMN and result in very efficient association of viruses, greater than 80% of which were inside the cell.
Table S3 from Genes Predisposed to DNA Hypermethylation during Acquired Resistance to Chemotherapy Are Identified in Ovarian Tumors by Bivalent Chromatin Domains at Initial Diagnosis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Loci with greater than 2-fold average increase in methylation in relapse samples compared to primary tumours&lt;/p&gt;
On the efficient implementation of fair non-repudiation (1998)

Due to the explosive growth of electronic businesses carried on the Internet, non-repudiation services turn out to be increasingly important. Non-repudiation services protect the transacting parties against any false denial that a particular event or action has taken place, in which evidence will be generated, collected and maintained to enable the settlement of disputes. Several fair non-repudiation protocols have been proposed, which support non-repudiation of origin and non-repudiation of receipt while neither the originator nor the recipient can gain an advantage by quitting prematurely or otherwise misbehaving during a transaction. However, a critical issue on how to maintain the validity of non-repudiation evidence efficiently during and after a transaction was not considered. This paper uses the idea of evidence chaining to address such a problem.
Inkjet printing enabled rapid prototyping and model verification processes (2019)

Advances in printed electronics have allowed for the proliferation of rapid prototyping systems in many labs and corporations across the world. These technologies allow for on-demand electronics manufacturing in low volume situations with turnaround times less than 1/5th of conventional electronics fabrication. Additionally, new processes and structures can be tested without requiring retooling, allowing for cheaper process experimentation. Various places in a conventional electronics workflow where these capabilities can be integrated to great effect will be proposed, including model verification, prototype production and special material integration. Furthermore, the possibility of moving towards a software style “agile” workflow for hardware devices will be examined, with the goal of providing a framework for integrating printed electronics techniques in electronics fabrication.
Importance of Four-Phonon Interactions in Lattice Thermal Conductivity and Thermoelectrics: A Case Study (2023)

The theoretical determination of thermoelectric (TE) properties of a material depends upon the considered order of phonon interactions within the system. While three-phonon interactions have been used widely, four-phonon interactions should be considered in cases where lattice thermal conductivity (κL) is overestimated by three-phonon-based calculations, leading to a lower figure of merit (ZT). Here, we have evaluated bulk and bilayer systems of orthorhombic and hexagonal GeS as potential TE materials. The o-GeS and h-GeS bulk systems show higher ZT values of 0.96 than their respective bilayer systems. The effect of four-phonon scattering has been calculated in the o-GeS and h-GeS bilayer systems, revealing that κL is more dominant in the o-GeS bilayer. This disparity can be attributed to the presence of a larger phonon band gap in the o-GeS bilayer compared to the h-GeS bilayer. The percentage change in κL upon considering a higher order four-phonon scattering also increases with temperature. The four-phonon interactions lead to lower κL and higher ZT values of 0.508 for the o-GeS bilayer along the y-axis at 900 K. These findings show the vitality of considering higher order four-phonon interactions in calculating the lattice thermal conductivity and ZT values for such materials.
Modification, Calibration, and Comparative Testing of an Automated Surgical Keratometer (1991)

A new digital surgical keratometer (SK-1, Canon Inc) designed to fit existing operating microscopes and provide quantitative measurements at a nominal 2.0- and 3.6-mm diameter optical zone of the central cornea was modified for single foot-switch operation by the surgeon. The instrument was tested against three calibrated steel spheres, an astigmatic test-jig, and compared with a standard clinical keratometer (CLC, A.O. Co) in two studies involving six eye bank eyes and five healthy human corneas. Assessed with the steel spheres, the SK-1 calibration error was -0.042 diopters at the 3.6-mm diameter and +0.207 D at the 2.0-mm chord, while it was -0.120 D for the CLC. With cylindrical power greater than 0.50 D, the astigmatic angle was accurate to +/- 1 degree. After correction for calibration error, the CLC readings on eye bank eyes were 1.00 D higher in average (range +0.45 to +1.90) than those obtained with the SK-1 which gave lower keratometric values at the 2-mm chord diameter (-0.254 D, range: +0.05 to -0.7). The human subject corrected readings at the 3.6-mm chord were within 0.137 D (range -0.09 to +0.41) from the CLC values. A mean corrected difference of +0.068 D (range -0.27 to +0.30) was found between the two chords. The SK-1 instrument was easier to use than the CLC. A more accurate calibration and the addition of automated averaging and video display of readings as well as of a motorized Placido disc would further augment its clinical usefulness.
Cytomegalovirus-Mediated T Cell Receptor Repertoire Perturbation Is Present in Early Life (2020)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is endemic from infancy. The T cell response against CMV is important in keeping the virus in check, with CD8 T cells playing a major role in the control of CMV viraemia. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B<sup>*</sup>44:03-positive individuals raise a robust response against the NEGVKAAW (NW8) epitope, derived from the immediate-early-2 (IE-2) protein. We previously showed that the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire raised against the NW8-HLA-B<sup>*</sup>44:03 complex was oligoclonal and characterised by superdominant clones, which were shared amongst unrelated individuals (i.e., "public"). Here, we address the question of how stable the CMV-specific TCR repertoire is over the course of infection, and whether substantial differences are evident in TCR repertoires in children, compared with adults. We present a longitudinal study of four HIV/CMV co-infected mother-child pairs, who in each case express HLA-B<sup>*</sup>44:03 and make responses to the NW8 epitope, and analyse their TCR repertoire over a period spanning more than 10 years. Using high-throughput sequencing, the paediatric CMV-specific repertoire was found to be highly diverse. In addition, paediatric repertoires were remarkably similar to adults, with public TCR responses being shared amongst children and adults alike. The CMV-specific repertoire in both adults and children displayed strong fluctuations in TCR clonality and repertoire architecture over time. Previously characterised superdominant clonotypes were readily identifiable in the children at high frequency, suggesting that the distortion of the CMV-specific repertoire is incurred as a direct result of CMV infection rather than a product of age-related "memory inflation." Early distortion of the TCR repertoire was particularly apparent in the case of the TCR-β chain, where oligoclonality was low in children and positively correlated with age, a feature we did not observe for TCR-α. This discrepancy between TCR-α and -β chain repertoire may reflect differential contribution to NW8 recognition. Altogether, the results of the present study provide insight into the formation of the TCR repertoire in early life and pave the way to better understanding of CD8 T cell responses to CMV at the molecular level.