gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust reduced-order control of turbulent channel flows via distributed sensors and actuators (2002)

Robust reduced-order feedback control of near-wall turbulence in a channel flow is investigated. Wall-transpiration is the means for suppressing near-wall disturbances. Measurements of wall-shear stress to be fed back to the controller are provided by sensors distributed along the wall of the channel. A quadratic cost function is composed of the wall-shear stress and the control effort. Linear-quadratic Gaussian/loop-transfer-recovery synthesis, and model reduction techniques are used to derive robust feedback controllers from the linearized two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. Controller performance is first tested on a numerical simulation of infinitesimal three-dimensional disturbances in the presence of finite-amplitude two-dimensional perturbations. Controller performance is subsequently tested on a direct numerical simulation of a fully developed turbulent channel flow. Preliminary controller performance for the nonlinear flow was surprisingly good, suggesting that the linear system can be used as a basis for developing controllers for near-wall turbulence.
Quantitative analysis of extracted phycobilin pigments in cyanobacteria—an assessment of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods (2014)

Phycobilins are an important group of pigments that through complementary chromatic adaptation optimize the light-harvesting process in phytoplankton cells, exhibiting great potential as cyanobacteria species biomarkers. In their extracted form, concentrations of these water-soluble molecules are not easily determined using the chromatographic methods well suited to solvent-soluble pigments. Insights regarding the quantitative spectroscopic analysis of extracted phycobilins also remain limited. Here, we present an in-depth study of two methods that utilize the spectral properties of phycobilins in aqueous extracts. The technical work was carried out using high-purity standards of phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and allophycocyanin. Calibration parameters for the spectrofluorometer and spectrophotometer were established. This analysis indicated the possibility of detecting pigments in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 10 μg cm<sup>-3</sup>. Fluorescence data revealed a reproducibility of 95 %. The differences in detection limits between the two methods enable the presence of phycobilins to be investigated and their amounts to be monitored from oligotrophic to eutrophic aquatic environments.
A 1.8V 3.2μW Comparator for Use in a CMOS Imager Column-Level Single-Slope ADC (2005)

In this paper, a 1.8 V 3.2 /spl mu/W comparator is presented. It features a hybrid offset compensation scheme and achieves over 60 dB gain with an input offset below 150 /spl mu/V. The comparator is designed in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process and is specifically designed to be used as the key component of a column-level single-slope ADC of a CMOS imager. This ADC architecture is attractive because of its low noise, but so far this has come at the price of a relatively high power consumption. Using this comparator design, the power consumption of column-level single-slope ADC can be reduced significantly.
Neuronal Adenosine A1 Receptor is Critical for Olfactory Function but Unable to Attenuate Olfactory Dysfunction in Neuroinflammation (2022)

Adenine nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), as well as the nucleoside adenosine are important modulators of neuronal function by engaging P1 and P2 purinergic receptors. In mitral cells, signaling of the G protein-coupled P1 receptor adenosine 1 receptor (A<sub>1</sub>R) affects the olfactory sensory pathway by regulating high voltage-activated calcium channels and two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels. The inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) impairs the olfactory function and gives rise to large amounts of extracellular ATP and adenosine, which act as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, respectively. However, it is unclear whether neuronal A<sub>1</sub>R in the olfactory bulb modulates the sensory function and how this is impacted by inflammation. Here, we show that signaling <i>via</i> neuronal A<sub>1</sub>R is important for the physiological olfactory function, while it cannot counteract inflammation-induced hyperexcitability and olfactory deficit. Using neuron-specific A<sub>1</sub>R-deficient mice in patch-clamp recordings, we found that adenosine modulates spontaneous dendro-dendritic signaling in mitral and granule cells <i>via</i> A<sub>1</sub>R. Furthermore, neuronal A<sub>1</sub>R deficiency resulted in olfactory dysfunction in two separate olfactory tests. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we detected immune cell infiltration and microglia activation in the olfactory bulb as well as hyperexcitability of mitral cells and olfactory dysfunction. However, neuron-specific A<sub>1</sub>R activity was unable to attenuate glutamate excitotoxicity in the primary olfactory bulb neurons <i>in vitro</i> or EAE-induced olfactory dysfunction and disease severity <i>in vivo</i>. Together, we demonstrate that A<sub>1</sub>R modulates the dendro-dendritic inhibition (DDI) at the site of mitral and granule cells and impacts the processing of the olfactory sensory information, while A<sub>1</sub>R activity was unable to counteract inflammation-induced hyperexcitability.
Enhancing the Photo and Thermal Stability of Nicotine through Crystal Engineering with Gentisic Acid (2022)

The use of crystal engineering to convert liquids into crystalline solids remains a powerful method for inhibiting undesired degradation pathways. When nicotine, a liquid sensitive to both light and air, is combined with the GRAS-listed compound, gentisic acid, the resulting crystalline solid, exhibits enhanced photo and thermal stability. Despite a modest ΔT<sub>m</sub> of 42.7 °C, the melting point of 155.9 °C for the nicotinium gentisate salt is the highest reported for nicotine-containing crystalline solids. An analysis of the crystal packing and thermodynamic properties provides context for the observed properties.
Field Evaluation of Transgenic and Classical Sources of Wheat streak mosaic virus Resistance (2002)

The development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars that are resistant to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), yet competitive in yield under nondiseased conditions, is an objective for breeding programs in the Great Plains. This field study was conducted to compare classical and transgenic sources of resistance to WSMV. Three sets of germplasm were evaluated. These included adapted cultivars with various levels of tolerance, transgenic wheat lines containing viral coat protein or replicase sequences from WSMV that showed resistance in greenhouse trials, and germplasm with resistance to WSMV due to a translocated segment of chromosome 4Ai-2 from Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey containing Wsm1. A replicated field trial was conducted at Bozeman, MT, over a two-year period to evaluate the effectiveness of these different sources of resistance to mechanical inoculation of WSMV. Adapted cultivars differed in their ability to tolerate WSMV with mean reductions in yield over the two years ranging from 41 to 74%. Incorporation of the replicase or coat protein gene from WSMV did not provide field resistance to viral infection and in general, transgenic lines yielded less than their parent cultivar, 'Hi-Line'. Wheat-Thinopyrum lines positive for a DNA marker linked to the Wsm1 gene had significantly reduced yield losses ranging from 5 to 39% compared with yield losses of 57 to 88% in near isogenic lines not having the Wsm1 gene. Yield of lines with Wsm1 in the absence of disease ranged from 11 to 28% less than yield of lines without Wsm1. Our results suggest Wsm1 provides the best source of WSMV resistance but a yield penalty may exist because of the presence of the translocation.
Inferring inherent optical properties and water constituent profiles from apparent optical properties (2015)

The BP09 experiment conducted by the Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation in the Ligurian Sea in March 2009 provided paired vertical profiles of nadir-viewing radiances L(u)(z) and downward irradiances E(d)(z) and inherent optical properties (IOPs, absorption, scattering and backscattering coefficients). An inversion algorithm was implemented to retrieve IOPs from apparent optical properties (AOPs, radiance reflectance R(L), irradiance reflectance R(E) and diffuse attenuation coefficient K(d)) derived from the radiometric measurements. Then another inversion algorithm was developed to infer vertical profiles of water constituent concentrations, including chlorophyll-a concentration, non-algal particle concentration, and colored dissolved organic matter from the retrieved IOPs based on a bio-optical model. The algorithm was tested on a synthetic dataset and found to give reliable results with an accuracy better than 1%. When the algorithm was applied to the BP09 dataset it was found that good retrievals of IOPs could be obtained for sufficiently deep waters, i.e. for L(u)(z) and E(d)(z) measurements conducted to depths of 50 m or more. This requirement needs to be satisfied in order to obtain a good estimation of the backscattering coefficient. For such radiometric measurements a correlation of 0.88, 0.96 and 0.93 was found between retrieved and measured absorption, scattering and backscattering coefficients, respectively. A comparison between water constituent values derived from the measured IOPs and in-situ measured values, yielded a correlation of 0.80, 0.78, and 0.73 for chlorophyll-a concentration, non-algal particle concentration, and absorption coefficient of colored dissolved organic matter at 443 nm, respectively. This comparison indicates that adjustments to the bio-optical model are needed in order to obtain a better match between inferred and measured water constituent values in the Ligurian Sea using the methodology developed in this paper.
Evaluation of detector dynamic range in the x-ray exposure domain in mammography: A comparison between film-screen and flat panel detector systems (2003)

Digital detectors in mammography have wide dynamic range in addition to the benefit of decoupled acquisition and display. How wide the dynamic range is and how it compares to film-screen systems in the clinical x-ray exposure domain are unclear. In this work, we compare the effective dynamic ranges of film-screen and flat panel mammography systems, along with the dynamic ranges of their component image receptors in the clinical x-ray exposure domain. An ACR mammography phantom was imaged using variable mAs (exposure) values for both systems. The dynamic range of the contrast-limited film-screen system was defined as that ratio of mAs (exposure) values for a 26 kVp Mo/Mo (HVL=0.34 mm Al) beam that yielded passing phantom scores. The same approach was done for the noise-limited digital system. Data from three independent observers delineated a useful phantom background optical density range of 1.27 to 2.63, which corresponded to a dynamic range of 2.3 +/- 0.53. The digital system had a dynamic range of 9.9 +/- 1.8, which was wider than the film-screen system (p<0.02). The dynamic range of the film-screen system was limited by the dynamic range of the film. The digital detector, on the other hand, had an estimated dynamic range of 42, which was wider than the dynamic range of the digital system in its entirety by a factor of 4. The generator/tube combination was the limiting factor in determining the digital system's dynamic range.
Host Genetic Variants Potentially Associated with SARS-Cov-2: A Multi-Population Analysis (2020)

Background: Clinical outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed enormous inter-individual and interpopulation differences, possibly due to host genetics differences. Earlier studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with SARS-CoV-1 in Eastern Asian (EAS) populations. In this report, we aimed at exploring the frequency of a set of genetic polymorphisms that could affect SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility or severity, including those that were previously associated with SARS-CoV-1. Methods: We extracted the list of SNPs that could potentially modulate SARS-CoV-2 from the genome wide association studies (GWAS) on SARS-CoV-1 and other viruses. We also collected the expression data of these SNPs from the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) databases. Sequences from Qatar Genome Programme (QGP, n=6,054) and 1000Genome project were used to calculate and compare allelic frequencies (AF). Results: A total of 74 SNPs, located in 10 genes: ICAM3, IFN-γ, CCL2, CCL5, AHSG, MBL, Furin, TMPRSS2, IL4, and CD209 promoter, were identified. Analysis of Qatari genomes revealed significantly lower AF of risk variants linked to SARS-CoV-1 severity (CCL2, MBL, CCL5, AHSG, and IL4) compared to that of 1000Genome and/or the EAS population (up to 25-fold change). Conversely, SNPs in TMPRSS2, IFN-γ, ICAM3, and Furin were more common among Qataris (average 2-fold change). Inter-population analysis showed that the distribution of risk alleles among Europeans differs substantially from Africans and EASs. Remarkably, Africans seem to carry extremely lower frequencies of SARS-CoV-1 susceptibility alleles, reaching to 32-fold decrease compared to other populations. Conclusion: Multiple genetic variants, which could potentially modulate SARS-CoV-2 infection, are significantly variable between populations, with the lowest frequency observed among Africans. Our results highlight the importance of exploring population genetics to understand and predict COVID-19 outcomes. Indeed, further studies are needed to validate these findings as well as to identify new genetic determinants linked to SARS-CoV-2.
Effect of Bacterial Contaminants on Beer. A Review (1979)

This review of the important bacterial groups of concern to brewers outlines the effect that primary and some secondary bacterial end products such as fusel alcohols, acetate, glycerol, lactic acid, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, and dimethyl sulfide have on the flavor and aroma of beer. Imbalance or aberrant levels of one or more of these types of chemicals may lead to a beer that is poorly rated at taste panels.
SbSI Nanosensors: from Gel to Single Nanowire Devices (2017)

The gas-sensing properties of antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI) nanosensors have been tested for humidity and carbon dioxide in nitrogen. The presented low-power SbSI nanosensors have operated at relatively low temperature and have not required heating system for recovery. Functionality of sonochemically prepared SbSI nanosensors made of xerogel as well as single nanowires has been compared. In the latter case, small amount of SbSI nanowires has been aligned in electric field and bonded ultrasonically to Au microelectrodes. The current and photocurrent responses of SbSI nanosensors have been investigated as function of relative humidity. Mechanism of light-induced desorption of H<sub>2</sub>O from SbSI nanowires' surface has been discussed. SbSI nanosensors have been tested for concentrations from 51 to 10<sup>6</sup> ppm of CO<sub>2</sub> in N<sub>2</sub>, exhibiting a low detection limit of 40(31) ppm. The current response sensitivity has shown a tendency to decrease with increasing CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. The experimental results have been explained taking into account proton-transfer process and Grotthuss' chain reaction, as well as electronic theory of adsorption and catalysis on semiconductors.
La riforma dei cicli formativi nel processo di decentramento e autonomia delle università (2003)

Analisi della riforma dei cicli formativi (3+2) alla luce delle riforme, in senso autonomistico, avviate da metà degli anni novanta nel sistema universitario italiano.
Single-head/single-track detection in interfering tracks (2002)

Off-track interference (OTI) arises as a result of head misalignment and is likely to become the dominant source of errors in future magnetic storage systems with high track density. In this paper, using a two-track and single-head model for OTI, we compare two different equalization/detection techniques aiming at recovering data from only the main track. One is a conventional approach based on suppressing OTI by a linear equalizer and then performing partial response maximum-likelihood (PRML) detection of the main track data. The other views OTI as the response of the channel to an independent data sequence, simultaneously estimates the two data sequences by joint PRML detection, and then simply discards the adjacent track data at the end. We evaluate the detection performance in terms of effective detection signal-to-noise ratio, and provide bit-error-rate simulation results. We also discuss a technique to adaptively estimate the position of the head as well as compensate for the relative phase difference in the offtrack data.
HYDRODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF CROSS-FLOW TURBINES WITH LARGE CHORD TO RADIUS RATIOS (2015)

INTRODUCTION Cross-flow turbines present several advantages over axial flow types for power generation from moving water. First, the rectangular form factor is well suited to take advantage of the hydrokinetic energy often concentrated in shallow channels. This form factor presents an opportunity to construct arrays with high blockage (ratio of swept area to channel cross-sectional area), potentially increasing energy extraction beyond the Betz limit for unconfined flows [1]. Second, in bidirectional tidal flows, yaw control is unnecessary. Thirdly, for high-solidity cross-flow turbines, the maximum blade speed is typically lower than axial flow turbines, reducing the risk of cavitation, acoustic pollution, and harmful interactions between devices and marine fauna. Though the foil kinematics in a cross-flow turbine exhibit just one degree of freedom, the resulting fluid dynamics are complex and highly dependent on turbine geometric parameters [2], [3]. In this study we examine the performance implications of altering the blade pitch angle and the number of blades on crossflow turbines.
Acetaldehyde by Dehydrogenation of Ethyl Alcohol (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcetaldehyde by Dehydrogenation of Ethyl AlcoholJames M. Church and Hanamant K. JoshiCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1951, 43, 8, 1804–1811Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50500a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50500a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1987Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
PLANGENT: an approach to making mobile agents intelligent (1997)

Network environments give computer users the option of employing distributed information and services to complete a task. However, gathering information and using services distributed in networks requires knowing exactly what kinds of information and services are required for a task, where they are, and how they can be obtained or utilized. Tracking down the answers to these questions can be difficult, time consuming tasks for users. Mobile agent technology is expected to release them from having to do so. Instead, "intelligent" mobile agents will comprehend the user's requirements, search network nodes autonomously for appropriate information and services, and return with the answers. But several problems must be solved before we can expect agents to perform such actions effectively. We focus on the question of intelligence as a prerequisite for agent functions. What sort of intelligence is expected of agents? We have adopted a model based on the ability to make flexible plans. Specifically, we think mobile agents must be able to: understand user requirements; plan actions that will satisfy the requirements act according to the plan; modify the plan according to actual conditions when they differ from those initially expected; and execute the modified plan. We have implemented these functions in the Plangent system and validated their effectiveness in several example applications. We describe how we combined these planning functions with mobile agent facilities, and show how the agents behave intelligently in an example application of personal travel assistance.
Introduction (1999)

This introductory chapter discusses the book's intention, namely to investigate key issues relevant to understanding the intentions, expectations or assumptions of late 18th-century and 19th-century composers, and the conventions that informed the practice of musicians in general. The book focuses on the relationship between notation and performance, drawing upon written evidence and early recordings. It seeks to show how knowledge of historical practice can inform and enrich modern performance, broadening the performer's range of options and encouraging a more adventurous approach to the interpretation of Classical and Romantic repertoire. It argues that the late 20th century's rather strict adherence to the literal meaning of the notation is often unfaithful to the composer's expectations and invites a freer, more creative approach to the performance of this repertoire.
Difficulty scoring system in laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (2018)

This novel DS for LDP adequately quantified the degree of difficulty, and can be useful for selecting patients for LDP, in conjunction with fitness for surgery and prognosis.
Oriented Monolayers Prepared from Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystal (2005)

We use a layer-by layer electrostatic self-assembly technique to obtain in-plane oriented aggregates of mesogenic dye molecules cast from lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) on mica substrates. The aqueous solutions of dye used for deposition are in the nematic phase. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the dried film reveal that the LCLC molecules adsorb at the charged substrate preserving ordered aggregates of elongated shape characteristic of the nematic phase in the aqueous solution. These elongated aggregates of LCLC molecules form films with in-plane orientational order and are compositionally distinct from the substrate.
Coreless printed-circuit board transformers forsignal and energy transfer (1998)

The authors describe the optimal use of a printed-circuit board transformer with minimum power consumption. The proposed transformer is much smaller than a standard pulse transformer and is suitable for both signal and energy transfer. It can be operated in the megaHertz frequency range. With the use of modulation/demodulation circuits, it can be used for digital signal transmission over a wide frequency range from DC to ~300 kHz. The proposal can replace core-based transformers in many low-power applications.