gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ehrlich chromogens, probable cross-links in elastin and collagen (1988)

(1) Proteolytic digests of tissue elastin contain material which reacts with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in acid solution (Ehrlich's reagent) to give a cherry-pink colour. This Ehrlich chromogen(s) [EC(s)] is similar to but not identical with EC(s) previously demonstrated in tissue collagens [Scott, Hughes & Shuttleworth (1979) Biosci. Rep. 1, 611-618]. Both ECs react with diazonium salts in acid to give coloured products. (2) Diazobenzene linked via a phenolic ester to polyacrylamide beads (Biogel P10) has been used to absorb ECs specifically and almost quantitatively from proteolytic digests. The coupled deeply coloured azo-EC-peptides were then recovered after mild alkaline cleavage from the support and purified by gel chromatography. (3) Using 15N-labelled NaNO2, the collagen azo-EC-peptides were prepared, and 15N abundance measured therein. The molar absorption coefficient of the azo-EC group was calculated (18,700) based on the assumption that each azo-EC group contained one 15N atom. (4) Collagen azo-EC-peptides contained glucose and galactose, whereas elastin azo-EC peptides did not. The amino acid patterns of the two peptides were quite different, the former being rich in polar amino acids, the latter containing much alanine. The patterns were compatible with an origin from the cross-linking regions of collagen and elastin respectively. (5) Quantitative (molar) comparisons of the azo-EC group content with amino acid, amino end-group and sugar contents, and azo-EC peptide molecular mass, suggest that a structure is present in the collagen azo-EC-peptides containing two EC groups shared between four peptide chains. Three peptide chains probably meet at each (cross-linking) EC group. (6) Based on this structure, about 15% of adult bovine skin collagen contains EC groups.
l,6-BIS(γ-CARBETHOXYPROPYL)-2,3,7,8-DIBENZOPYROCOLL. A BY-PRODUCT IN THE PREPARATION OF γ -(3-INDOLYL)BUTYRIC ACID (1960)

not available
A Fonnalism for Generating Multiparametric Encoding Gradients in NMR Tomography (1987)

A general mathematical formalism for generating multiparametric NMR image encoding gradients is introduced. The new schematic approach enables one to construct any desired encoding gradient which may be used in an imaging sequence. Basic gradient waveforms which can be used as building blocks of the desired encoding gradients are presented. A matrix operator for obtaining the encoding gradient for any kind of phase encoding is derived. Specific examples illustrating how to obtain "pure" spatial, velocity, or acceleration encoding gradients for moving spins are presented.
Characterization and Modeling of DC & RF Breakdown in Microscale Gaps near Vacuum (2021)

Abstract not provided.
REVIEW OF PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR THE REDUCTION OF RAW SUGAR COLOUR (2008)

Colour removal is the chief cost centre of sugar re fineries, hence, by reducing the colour of the raw sugar to be processed, the level of process ing and costs incurred by a refinery are also reduced. A lower colour raw sugar is thus highly ma rketable. There are a number of proven technologies that can be applied in raw sugar mills to control and reduce raw sugar colour. These mechanisms are r eviewed in order to identify effective and economically viable means of reducing the colou r of South African raw sugars to a reasonable level, ca 1 000 ICUMSA units. The technologies include: • syrup flotation clarification • juice and syrup sulphitation • alternative boiling schemes • double curing of C-massecuites • additional washing in centrifugals • the use of specialised chemicals and flocculants du ring clarification • hydrogen peroxide in wash water during centrifugati on.
Evaluation of Damage Tolerance of Advanced SiC/SiC Composites after Neutron Irradiation (2011)

Silicon carbide composites (SiC/SiC) are attractive candidate materials for structural and functional components in fusion energy systems. The effect of neutron irradiation on damage tolerance of the nuclear grade SiC/SiC composites (plain woven HiNicalon™ Type-S reinforced CVI matrix composites multilayer interphase and unidirectional Tyranno™-SA3 reinforced NITE matrix with carbon mono-layer interphase) was evaluated by means of miniaturized single-edged notched beam test. No significant changes in crack extension behavior and in the load-loadpoint displacement characteristics such as the peak load and hysteresis loop width were observed after irradiation to 5.9 × 1025 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) at 800oC and to 5.8 × 1025 n/m2 at 1300oC. By applying a global energy balance analysis based on non-linear fracture mechanics, the energy release rate for these composite materials was found to be unchanged by irradiation with a value of 3±2 kJ/m2. This has led to the conclusion that, for these fairly aggressive irradiation conditions, the effect of neutron irradiation on the fracture resistance of these composites appears insignificant.
Recent Advances in Multiplex Immunoassays (2012)

The present review reports on the lastest developments in multiplex immunoassays. The selected examples are classified through their detection strategy (fluorescence, chemiluminescence, colorimetry or labeless) and their assay format (standard microtiter plate, polymeric membranes and glass slides). Finally, the degree of integration in a complete system, incorporating fluid handling and detection was also taken into account.
Signal transduction pathways mediating astrocyte IL-6 induction by IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. (1994)

One immune function of astrocytes is IL-6 production. Synthesis of IL-6 within the central nervous system (CNS) can produce several different responses, acting on glia, neurons, and lymphocytes infiltrating brain tissue, and some of these effects are associated with CNS autoimmune disease. IL-6 gene expression in astrocytes is regulated by cytokines, infectious agents, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, and most of these stimuli interact synergistically. To examine the integration of these diverse factors in the control of IL-6 production, we have studied the involvement of underlying signal transduction processes using neonatal rat astrocytes. We have focused on signal transduction related to the stimulation of IL-6 gene expression by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Our results indicate that stimuli related to protein kinase C (PKC), such as PMA and calcium ionophore A23187, increase IL-6 expression, whereas pharmacologic inhibitors of PKC inhibit IL-6 induction by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha stimulate PKC activity in astrocytes. Stimulators of the cAMP pathway, such as cholera toxin, forskolin, and dibutyryl cAMP, also induced astrocyte IL-6 gene expression. However, inhibition of the cAMP pathway effector, protein kinase A, did not reduce the induction of astrocyte IL-6 gene expression in response to IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, and an ELISA for cAMP detected only very small increases in cAMP synthesis in response to these cytokines. These data suggest that although cAMP does activate astrocyte IL-6 gene expression, it is the PKC pathway that plays a primary role in the stimulation of astrocyte IL-6 gene expression by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha.
VARIATION OF SOLUBILITY WITH DEPTH IN THE OCEAN: A THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS (1963)

A thermodynamic equation can be obtained which gives the dependence of solubility on depth in terms of the partial specific volume of the solute. From published values of these volumes it is shown that the (equilibrium) solubility of nitrogen should decrease by 5–6% per 1,000 in depth whereas that of oxygen should change by less than 0.1%.
Uncomplicated Cystitis in an Adult Male Following Influenza B Virus Infection (2017)

BACKGROUND Influenza B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of respiratory illness, circulating concurrently with influenza A viruses. However, virological and clinical knowledge of influenza B viruses is less well advanced than for influenza A, and in particular, complications associated with influenza B infection are not as commonly reported. Complications of influenza B infection predominantly include neurological and musculoskeletal pathologies, while a review of the literature shows that bacterial infections associated with influenza B viruses often involve Gram-positive organisms, with a smaller subset featuring Gram-negative species. CASE REPORT In this case report we highlight an uncomplicated infection of the urinary tract by Escherichia coli immediately following influenza B infection, in an otherwise healthy adult white male with no prior history of urinary tract infection or structural abnormalities of the renal tract. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial infections complicating influenza B infection may include organisms not commonly associated with the respiratory system, such as Escherichia coli. In addition, bacterial complications of influenza B infection may affect non-respiratory systems, including the genitourinary tract.
Inhibition of NF-κB induces apoptosis of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells (2000)

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpervirus 8 (HHV-8), is a gamma-herpesvirus that infects human lymphocytes and is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Currently, the role of viral infection in the transformation of PEL cells is unknown. One possibility is that KSHV, like the lymphotropic viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I), activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB to promote survival and proliferation of infected lymphocytes. To examine this possibility, we assessed NF-kappaB activity in KSHV-infected PEL cell lines and primary tumor specimens by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). We observed that NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in all KSHV-infected lymphomas, and consists of 2 predominant complexes, p65/p50 heterodimers and p50/p50 homodimers. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that Bay 11-7082, an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, completely and specifically abrogated the NF-kappaB/DNA binding in PEL cells. PEL cells treated with Bay 11 demonstrated down-regulation of the NF-kappaB inducible cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), and apoptosis. These results suggest that NF-kappaB activity is necessary for survival of KSHV-infected lymphoma cells, and that pharmacologic inhibition of NF-kappaB may be an effective treatment for PEL.
Should Differential White Cell Counts be Reported as Percentages or Absolute Counts in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome? (2004)

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is associated with a lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutrophilia and suspected cases may be admitted to hospital on the basis of such abnormalities. Laboratories may report changes as percentages or absolute counts. Objective To investigate whether absolute or percentage differential counts were more predictive of patients with SARS pneumonia. Design Prospective observational study. Setting SARS clinic of an emergency department in Hong Kong. Subjects and methods Whole blood and differential counts were performed on 506 patients presenting to a SARS screening clinic. Ninety-six patients subsequently developed SARS pneumonia. Results Sixty-nine patients had abnormal lymphocyte absolute counts on first attendance at clinic of which 37 (54%) developed SARS pneumonia. This compared with 142 subjects with abnormal percentage lymphocyte values of which 50 (35%) developed SARS pneumonia. The area under the ROC curve for absolute lymphocyte counts is 0.851 (95%CI 0.816 to 0.881) and for percentage lymphocytes is 0.736 (95%CI 0.694 to 0.775). The area under the ROC curve for absolute monocyte counts is 0.535 (95%CI 0.489 to 0.580) and for percentage monocytes is 0.635 (95%CI 0.591 to 0.678). The area under the ROC curve for absolute neutrophil counts is 0.591 (95%CI 0.546 to 0.636) and for percentage neutrophils is 0.703 (95%CI 0.660 to 0.744). Conclusion Reporting absolute rather than percentage values for differential leucocyte counts are more accurate predictors of SARS pneumonia.
Applications of Computational Modelling and Simulation of Porous Medium in Tissue Engineering (2016)

In tissue engineering, porous biodegradable scaffolds are used as templates for regenerating required tissues. With the advances in computational tools, many modeling approaches have been considered. For example, fluid flow through porous medium can be modeled using the Brinkman equation where permeability of the porous medium has to be defined. In this review, we summarize various models recently reported for defining permeability and non-invasive pressure drop monitoring as a tool to validate dynamic changes in permeability. We also summarize some models used for scaffold degradation and integrating mass transport in the simulation.
Laser writing of quantum well intermixed GaInAsP/InP microstructures (1998)

Laser-induced intermixing of quantum well (QW) and barrier material has been studied in GaInAsP/InP laser heterostructures grown by chemical beam epitaxy. Samples were exposed to CW Nd:YAG laser radiation for 7.5 to 300 sec with power densities in the range of 3 to 9 W/mm<SUP>2</SUP>. With a laser beam tightly focused on the surface, this approach has the potential to `write' lines of arbitrary shapes of quantum well intermixed material. A 90 nm blue shift of the QW PL peak was demonstrated in the material processed with a triple pass of the 7.5 W/mm<SUP>2</SUP> laser beam. This result has been achieved with a writing speed of 20 micrometers /s. The influence of laser power, dwell time per pass and total irradiation time of the Nd:YAG laser beam on the extent of the blue shift and the optical properties of GaInAsP-based quantum well structures were investigated.
Separation of Binary Azeotrope Mixture via Pressure-Swing Distillation with Heat Integration (2011)

This paper addresses the addition of internal heat integration to the pressure-swing distillation (PSD) process used in the separation of binary pressure-sensitive azeotropes. The primary step in the process design is to determine the pressure elevation from the low- to high-pressure distillation columns, followed by the design of internal heat integration between the two distillation columns. A general procedure is suggested and illustrated through the separation of an acetonitrile–water binary mixture, which forms pressure-sensitive minimum-boiling azeotropes. Comparisons are made between the conventional and the internally heat integrated PSD processes. It is demonstrated that breaking pressure-sensitive azeotropic mixtures can be made more economical than the current practice with conventional PSD processes. However, the degree of cost reduction is strongly dependent upon the properties of the mixtures to be separated.
Genetic Alterations in Gastric Carcinomas and Adjacent Mucosa Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) (2001)

S: The most common gain in the tumors was detected on 13q, 8q, 6q, and 20p, and the most frequent loss was on 17p and 16q. While CGH may be useful in predicting the prognosis or therapeutic decision of gastric carcinomas, further study of several candidate genes, such as DP1, FLT1, c-myb, AIB1, BTAK, is needed to clarify gastric carcinogenesis and its progression.
Bit error prediction for digital image data (2002)

A nonideal two-dimensional optical system, as encountered in digital holographic data storage applications, can modify the intensity of transmitted digital data through beam shaping, focal surface distortion, and moire patterns. Such changes in intensity can have significant adverse effects on digital data recovery at the receiver (e.g., a CCD camera). Current research seeks to detect and correct classes of such distortion so that recovery methods can be applied to the received data. This paper discusses methods used to predict the locations of bit errors in the recovered data. Prediction information may be used as weighting information in the recovery algorithm and in the design of channel codes. Furthermore, the higher the level of distortion that can be tolerated in the system, the lower the cost of the corresponding lenses, making the system more tractable for commercialization.
Diagnostic Reverse‐Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Kit for Filoviruses Based on the Strain Collections of all European Biosafety Level 4 Laboratories (2007)

A network of European biosafety level 4 laboratories has designed the first industry-standard molecular assay for all filoviruses species, based on the strain collections of all participants. It uses 5 optimized L gene primers and 3 probes, as well as an internal control with a separate detection probe. Detection limits (probit analysis, 95% detection chance) were as follows: Zaire ebolavirus, 487 copies/mL of plasma; Sudan ebolavirus Maleo, 586 copies/mL; Sudan ebolavirus Gulu, 1128 copies/mL; Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus, 537 copies/mL; Reston ebolavirus, 4546 copies/mL; Lake Victoria marburgvirus Musoke, 860 copies/mL; and Lake Victoria marburgvirus Ravn, 1551 copies/mL. The assay facilitates reliable detection or exclusion screening of filovirus infections.
Genomic Organization of TBK1 Copy Number Variations in Glaucoma Patients (2017)

No specific mutation hotspots for TBK1 CNVs were detected, however, interspersed repetitive sequences (ie, Alu elements) were identified at the borders of TBK1 CNVs, which suggest that mismatch of these elements during meiosis may be the mechanism that generated TBK1 gene dosage mutations.
Quantitative determination of the lateral density and intermolecular correlation between proteins anchored on the membrane surfaces using grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence (2012)

As a physical model of the surface of cells coated with densely packed, non-crystalline proteins coupled to lipid anchors, we functionalized the surface of phospholipid membranes by coupling of neutravidin to biotinylated lipid anchors. After the characterization of fine structures perpendicular to the plane of membrane using specular X-ray reflectivity, the same membrane was characterized by grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Within the framework of distorted wave Born approximation and two-dimensional Percus-Yevick function, we can analyze the form and structure factors of the non-crystalline, membrane-anchored proteins for the first time. As a new experimental technique to quantify the surface density of proteins on the membrane surface, we utilized grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence (GIXF). Here, the mean intermolecular distance between proteins from the sulfur peak intensities can be calculated by applying Abelé's matrix formalism. The characteristic correlation distance between non-crystalline neutravidin obtained by the GISAXS analysis agrees well with the intermolecular distance calculated by GIXF, suggesting a large potential of the combination of GISAXS and GIXF in probing the lateral density and correlation of non-crystalline proteins displayed on the membrane surface.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of 1‐Aryl‐Substituted Dihydroisoquinolines: Access to Valuable Chiral 1‐Aryl‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline Scaffolds (2013)

Gib mir ein H! – Und noch ein H! Die erste allgemeine und hoch enantioselektive Ruthenium-katalysierte Transferhydrierung von 1-Aryl-substituierten 1,2,3,4-Dihydroisochinolinen öffnet einen schnellen und atomökonomischen Zugang zu biologisch wichtigen 1-Aryltetrahydroisochinolin-Derivaten, die unter milden Bedingungen in hohen Ausbeuten und mit Enantioselektivitäten bis 99 % erhalten werden.
Predicting Falls among Patients in a Rehabilitation Hospital (1989)

A retrospective case-control study within a cohort was carried out to identify factors associated with falling by patients in a rehabilitation hospital. The cohort comprised all patients admitted during a 2-year period from 1984 to 1986. Cases were those who fell one or more times during their hospitalization. For each case, one control matched on sex and date of admission, was chosen. Material from the first year of the cohort (201 cases and 201 controls) was used to define a model to estimate the risk of falling. Of the more than 100 variables considered in the conditional logistic regression models, stroke, incontinence, anticonvulsant medications, and topical eye preparations were significantly associated with the risk of falling. Analyses carried out on the second year of the cohort (155 cases and 155 controls) confirmed the predictive ability of these four variables. By combining the material from both subcohorts we were able to determine that a program to reduce falls directed towards stroke patients and incontinent patients alone could, theoretically, prevent 44% of first falls.
Analysis of ball-milled Mo powder using X-ray diffraction (2003)

X-ray diffraction measurements and analysis were carried out on ball-milled Mo powder. During the ball milling of Mo powder, several stages of deformation could be identified. After short durations of ball milling, still undeformed starting powder was present and the volume fraction of this was determined. The initial aggregates of deformed powder particles exhibited a deformation texture. On prolonged ball milling, the particle size decreased, the deformation texture disappeared and internal strains built up. By simulation and matching of the corresponding line profiles using a Monte Carlo type of line-profile simulation based on a simple three-dimensional model of the distribution of straight dislocations, an estimate of the dislocation density in the ball-milled particles was obtained.
Frequency switching in a relativistic magnetron with diffraction output (2011)

Symmetric axial extraction of radiation from a relativistic magnetron with diffraction output (MDO) facilitates the use of any eigenmode as the operating one. As a consequence, a relatively small input RF signal can be used for mode switching, unlike the case for asymmetric extraction when only non-degenerate modes (the π- mode or the 2π- mode) can be used as the operating one. Using the MAGIC particle-in-cell code we demonstrate that about 180 MW is required to switch these non-degenerate modes in the well-known 400 kV A6 magnetron with extraction of radiation from one of its cavities when driven by a solid cathode, and about 30 MW is required for the same device when driven by a transparent cathode. For the gigawatt A6 MDO with a transparent cathode, however, only 200–300 kW is sufficient for mode switching and the switched mode continues to be generated after elimination of the input short RF signal when the amplitude of the applied axial magnetic field is near the critical value corresponding to the boundary between synchronous regions for neighboring modes. In repetitively pulsed systems, in order to switch each subsequent pulse independent of the previous one, the time between voltage pulses must be chosen to be not less than 20–30 ns (the time for the stored electromagnetic energy to flow out of the cavity) so that decreasing the output power of the previous pulse cannot switch the subsequent pulse. Finally, using this mode switching technique, we demonstrate the possibility of generating short gigawatt microwave pulses with different frequency and polarization by using a short, weak, single frequency signal that is very attractive for radar applications.