gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Excitation of high-frequency in-plane bulk acoustic resonance modes in geometrically engineered hafnium zirconium oxide nano-electro-mechanical membrane (2020)

A nano-electro-mechanical membrane created from atomic-layered ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide (Hf0.5Zr0.5O2), titanium nitride (TiN), and silicon dioxide is engineered to localize high quality factor (Q) in-plane bulk acoustic resonance modes over 80–840 MHz. The in-plane geometry of the membrane, with an overall thickness of 50 nm and an aspect ratio exceeding 104:1, is optimized to simultaneously preserve the stress profile needed for sustaining ferroelectric polarization and enable propagation and constructive interaction of extensional and shear waves to create bulk acoustic modes. A ferroelectric polarization of 11.2 μC/cm2 is measured at the transduction ports, which is consistent after nano-membrane release. The first, third, and seventh order width extensional modes (WE1,3,7) and the third order of the width shear mode (WS3) are electrically measured at 109, 389, 766, and 267 MHz, respectively, showing Qs over 50–100 that are dominated by the large electrical resistance of TiN electrodes. High mechanical Qs of 538, 407, 781, and 594 are extracted for the WE1,3,7 and WS3 modes, respectively, after de-embedding the TiN electrode impedance, resulting in large resonance frequency (f0) × Q products as high as 6 × 1011. The measured characteristics, along with numerical simulations, are used to extract a Young's modulus of ∼340 GPa for the 10 nm-thick Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 film, which is in close agreement with the reported ab initio estimations.
Ionizing Radiation Exposure Measurements for Candidate Solar Sails (2003)

Solar sailing is a unique form of propulsion where a spacecraft gains momentum from incident photons. Since sails are not limited by reaction mass, they provide continual acceleration, reduced only by the lifetime of the lightweight film in the space environment and the distance to the S un. Light from the Sun results in a pressure of 9.1 µN/m 2 at 1 AU on a perfectly reflective sail. Practical solar sails can expand the number of possible missions categorized as difficult by conventional means. The National Aeronautics and Space Adminis tration’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is concentrating research into the utilization of ultra lightweight materials for spacecraft propulsion. Solar sails are generally composed of a highly reflective metallic front layer, a thin polymeric substra te, and occasionally a highly emissive back surface. The Space Environmental Effects Team at MSFC is actively characterizing candidate sail materials to evaluate properties after exposure to ionizing radiation. This paper will discuss preliminary results of this research and present information on the new Louisiana Space Grant Consortium (LaSPACE) survivability program.
LITHIUM CARBONATE IS NOT BENEFICIAL FOR PATIENTS WITH AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS: RESULTS OF THE LICALS TRIAL [EUDRACT NUMBER: 2008-006891-31] (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> A published report of 44 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) of whom 16 were randomly selected to take lithium and riluzole and the remainder riluzole alone, suggested a dramatic effect of lithium carbonate on survival. In the group treated with lithium there was 100% survival by the end of the study, 15 months after recruitment, while in the riluzole-only group only 71% survived. Because the trial was small, not double blind or placebo-controlled, we sought to perform a definitive study to test the hypothesis that lithium carbonate improves survival in ALS. <h3>Methods</h3> Detailed methods are provided in the published protocol. We used a multi-centre, double blind, randomized, parallel group controlled trial of lithium carbonate (LiCO3) at doses to achieve stable ‘therapeutic’ plasma levels (0.4–0.8 mmol/l) versus matched placebo in patients with ALS. All patients were on standard ALS treatment of riluzole 100 mg per day. The primary outcome measure was death from any cause at 18 months from the date of randomization. <h3>Results</h3> 214 patients were enrolled from 10 centres in England, 107 in each arm. 117 patients (54.7%) were still alive at the study end, 54 on lithium arm and 63 on placebo. The primary outcome showed no difference in survival between groups, either unadjusted (Mantel-Cox log rank χ<sup>2</sup> statistic 1.64, p=0.2) or adjusted for differences between sites (Mantel-Cox Log rank χ<sup>2</sup> statistic 2.11, p=0.147). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Lithium carbonate does not improve survival in ALS.
Liver X receptor and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor as integrators of lipid homeostasis and immunity (2012)

Lipid metabolism has emerged as an important modulator of innate and adaptive immune cell fate and function. The lipid-activated transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, β/δ, γ and liver X receptor (LXR) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that have a well-defined role in regulating lipid homeostasis and metabolic diseases. Accumulated evidence over the last decade indicates that PPAR and LXR signaling also influence multiple facets of inflammation and immunity, thereby providing important crosstalk between metabolism and immune system. Herein, we provide a brief introduction to LXR and PPAR biology and review recent discoveries highlighting the importance of PPAR and LXR signaling in the modulation of normal and pathologic states of immunity. We also examine advances in our mechanistic understanding of how nuclear receptors impact immune system function and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss whether LXRs and PPARs could be pharmacologically manipulated to provide novel therapeutic approaches for modulation of the immune system under pathologic inflammation or in the context of allergic and autoimmune disease.
Improving Student Preparedness and Retention—Perceptions of Staff at Two Universities (2013)

In 2010 the Australian government provided funding under the Higher Education Participation and Partnerships Program (HEPPP) to assist universities to achieve a 20 percent participation rate for students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. This funding has allowed universities the opportunity to implement projects towards this end. This study explores the reactions of staff employed in devolving HEPPP projects within Deakin University (DU) and Southern Cross University (SCU). Both universities have a diverse student body, with participation by regional and low socioeconomic status (SES) students at higher proportions than the national higher education average. DU has used its HEPPP funds to establish the Deakin University Participation and Partnerships Program (DUPPP), which comprises community, school and technical/vocational education and training partnerships, embedded academic skills programs, and inclusive support programs. In contrast, SCU, through its i-OnTrack project, is developing a tracking system that will follow cohorts of students coming from diverse backgrounds in order to identify those factors in their life that either impede or boost academic excellence. Key informant interviews of academic staff at both these universities (N=18) were thematically analyzed and compared. Our recommendations for institutional practice across Australia arising from this analysis include: the need to maintain appropriate resourcing for academic staff (especially for casual tutors) to support the kinds of programs that make a difference, to commence intervention programs early at secondary school and prior to the students entering university, and for intervention programs to target all students in order to capture any students who may not be obviously at risk.
Label-free photoacoustic microscopy of peripheral nerves (2014)

Peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Diagnosis and treatment of this condition are often hindered by the difficulties in making objective, noninvasive measurements of nerve fibers. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has the ability to obtain high resolution, specific images of peripheral nerves without exogenous contrast. We demonstrated the first proof-of-concept imaging of peripheral nerves using PAM. As validated by both standard histology and photoacoustic spectroscopy, the origin of photoacoustic signals is myelin, the primary source of lipids in the nerves. An extracted sciatic nerve sandwiched between two layers of chicken tissue was imaged by PAM to mimic the in vivo case. Ordered fibrous structures inside the nerve, caused by the bundles of myelin-coated axons, could be observed clearly. With further technical improvements, PAM can potentially be applied to monitor and diagnose peripheral neuropathies.
Osteoporosis, inflammation and ageing (2005)

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mass and increased bone fragility, putting patients at risk of fractures, which are major causes of morbidity substantially in older people. Osteoporosis is currently attributed to various endocrine, metabolic and mechanical factors. However, emerging clinical and molecular evidence suggests that inflammation also exerts significant influence on bone turnover, inducing osteoporosis. Numerous proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and a shift towards an activated immune profile has been hypothesized as important risk factor. Chronic inflammation and the immune system remodelling characteristic of ageing, as well as of other pathological conditions commonly associated with osteoporosis, may be determinant pathogenetic factors. The present article will review the current perspectives on the interaction between bone and immune system in the elderly, providing an interpretation of osteoporosis in the light of inflamm-ageing.
Administration of the potent PPARα agonist, Wy-14,643, reverses nutritional fibrosis and steatohepatitis in mice (2004)

Administration of a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet to rodents causes progressive fibrosing steatohepatitis pathologically similar to human metabolic steatohepatitis. We have previously shown that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, Wy-14,643, prevented the development of MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis. We have now tested whether Wy-14,643 ameliorates established steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Male C57BL6 mice were fed the MCD diet for 51 days to induce severe steatohepatitis. They were then treated with Wy-14,643 together with the MCD diet for 5 or 12 days; positive controls continued on the MCD diet for 5 or 12 days. After 5 days of Wy-14,643 treatment, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly decreased, steatohepatitis less severe, and hepatic lipoperoxides significantly reduced. After 12 days, hepatic triglycerides were normalized and there was near resolution of histological changes. MCD dietary feeding was associated with increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and increased numbers of activated macrophages in the liver. Treatment with Wy-14,643 reduced VCAM-1 expression and macrophage numbers. MCD diet-fed mice developed hepatic fibrosis with increased hepatic collagen alpha1(I), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA levels. After treatment with Wy-14,643, expression of these genes was reduced in a manner that paralleled the reduction in activated hepatic stellate cells and near resolution of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, the present study shows that MCD diet-induced fibrosing steatohepatitis can be reversed by treatment with Wy-14,643. It is likely that activation of PPARalpha reverses fibrosis indirectly by reducing stimuli, such as lipid peroxides, and activation of cells responsible for promoting hepatic fibrosis.
CD6, a novel cell surface marker for prostate cancer progression? (2008)

CD6 is involved in cell–cell interactions via binding with CD166. Over‐expression of CD166 is a marker for disease progression in prostate, colon, and breast cancer, whereas the expression of CD6 by epithelial tumor cells has not yet been described. We studied CD6 and CD166 expression, by immunohistochemistry, in 14 prostate primary tumors of Gleason Scores (GS) 6 to 9, 3 metastatic lymph nodes (LNs), and, by flow cytometry in 2 prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU145). We show that prostate tumor cells express CD166, with a stronger expression in high GS. 6/9 specimens of GS 6 and 7 did not show any tumor cells expressing CD6. Few CD166+CD6+ cells were respectively detected in 1/3 and 1/6 specimens of GS 6 and 7. In contrast, large areas with numerous CD166+CD6+ tumor cells were detected in all (5/5) specimens of GS 8 and 9, and 1/6 GS7. Infiltration by CD6 expressing tumor cells was detected in all 3 invaded LNs. CD6 was strongly expressed by 15% of the PC3 and DU145 cells, while most of these cells weakly expressed CD6, and a few were CD6‐. Interestingly all MUC‐1 positive PC3 cells strongly expressed CD6. Our study shows for the first time CD6 expression in prostate cancer, in high GS specimens and LNs, and suggests that CD6/CD166 might be involved in cancer progression. Further studies are necessary to assess the functional phenotype of tumor cells subsets depending on CD6 and CD166 expression.
EUV resist patterning performance from the Intel microexposure tool (MET) (2005)

The patterning targets for EUV resists at the 32 nm node are stringent, and will require significant resist development in order to meet these targets. In this paper, we benchmark the patterning performance of current EUV resists against Intel targets. Resolution data for dense L/S structures, isolated lines, and contact hole structures show that current resists are close to meeting Intel requirements for the 32 nm node, though further optimization is needed. A trade-off is seen between LWR and sensitivity (6.0 nm LWR and 6.8 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for resist A versus 11.1 nm LWR and 2.7 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for resist C). However even at the higher dose, the LWR target is far from Intel’s spe. At best dose and focus sidewall angles of 85° were measured, decreasing by as much as 10&deg; - 12&deg; as the resist moved out of focus by 400 nm.
Functional plasticity of a peroxidase allows evolution of diverse disulfide-reducing pathways (2008)

In Escherichia coli, the glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin pathways are essential for the reduction of cytoplasmic protein disulfide bonds, including those formed in the essential enzyme ribonucleotide reductase during its action on substrates. Double mutants lacking thioredoxin reductase (trxB) and glutathione reductase (gor) or glutathione biosynthesis (gshA) cannot grow. Growth of Deltagor DeltatrxB strains is restored by a mutant (ahpC*) of the peroxiredoxin AhpC, converting it to a disulfide reductase that generates reduced glutathione. Here, we show that ahpC* also restores growth to a DeltagshB DeltatrxB strain, which lacks glutathione and accumulates only its precursor gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-GC). It suppresses this strain by allowing accumulation of reduced gamma-GC, which can substitute for glutathione. Surprisingly, new ahpC suppressor mutations arose in a DeltagshA DeltatrxB strain lacking both glutathione and gamma-GC, a strain that ahpC* does not suppress. Some of these mutant AhpC proteins channel electrons into the disulfide-reducing pathways via either the thioredoxins or the glutaredoxins without, evidently, the intermediary of glutathione. Our results provide insights into the physiological functioning of the glutathione pathway and reveal surprising plasticity of a peroxidase because different mutant versions of AhpC can channel electrons into the disulfide-reducing pathways by at least four distinct routes. Despite the reductase activity of mutant AhpCs, these various suppressor strains exhibit an oxidizing cytoplasm and accumulate correctly folded disulfide-bonded proteins in their cytoplasm. Proteins most effectively oxidized vary between strains, potentially providing useful tools for expressing different disulfide-bonded proteins.
Limitations on MOSFET dosimeter resolution imposed by 1/f noise (1996)

A sensitive microcomputer-controlled MOSFET-based dosimeter system has been constructed to examine the effects limiting the ability of MOSFET dosimeters to detect very small radiation doses. It is shown that the dose resolution of this system is limited by 1/f noise in the sensor MOSFET's themselves. Doses below 1 mGy (100 mrad) can be detected. Structural changes to the sensor MOSFET's that might provide further improvements in resolution through reduction of 1/f noise are discussed.
A preliminary investigation of the anomalous out-of-plane tilt alignment in an orthogonal-twist ferroelectric liquid crystal cell using the prism-coupling technique (1993)

Abstract Recent prism-coupling results are presented which clearly demonstrate that in ferroelectric liquid crystal cells, prepared with the alignment directions of the two surfaces orthogonal, with sputtered indium tin oxide conductive layers and spun polyimide alignment layers, there is no out-of-plane tilt of the liquid crystal optic axis. Unlike most techniques which give an integrated optical response throughout a cell, the prism-coupling technique allows a separate analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane tilt. Conventional optical polarized microscopy yields good lateral resolution but poor section resolution. For a uniform sample we can obtain information on the section (across the cell) resolution. We report that an optical dielectric tensor configuration is formed in which the major optic axis lies in the plane of the surface across the cell, but that as expected, in an orthogonal-twist cell, there is no axis of preferred alignment within this surface plane.
Potential Optimum Performance of Nonlinearly Distorted MIMO-SVD Systems (2022)

Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems are known to provide spatial multiplexing capabilities. For this reason, they are very important in 5G and will certainly have a key role in beyond 5G (B5G) systems. However, the precoding operation employed by many MIMO transmitters to compensate for the channel effects and/or separate users increases the envelope fluctuations of the transmitted signals, giving rise to a trade-off between linearity and energy efficiency. Commonly, nonlinear distortion is considered additional noise that severely affects performance. However, since the nonlinear distortion is a function of the transmitted signals, studies have demonstrated the potential of taking it as useful information for detection purposes. In this work, we followed this vision and consider the maximum likelihood (ML) detection to exploit the information of the nonlinear distortion term. We consider MIMO singular value decomposition (MIMO-SVD) systems impaired by bandpass nonlinearities and we derive the potential ML performance in independent and identically distributed (iid) Rayleigh fading channels through a theoretical study of the distribution of the normalized squared Euclidean distance (SED) between nonlinearly distorted quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals. It is demonstrated that by using the nonlinear distortion as useful information, the ML detection of nonlinear MIMO-SVD not only can avoid the degradation associated with the conventional detection of nonlinear MIMO-SVD, but can even present performance gains over linear MIMO-SVD.
Pinellic Acid Isolated from Quercetin-rich Onions has a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha/Gamma (PPAR-α/γ) Transactivation Activity (2022)

Quercetin, a flavonol, is a functional compound that is abundant in onions and is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin and its glucoside are known to function as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands and showed high PPAR-<i>α</i> transactivation activity but little PPAR-<i>γ</i> transactivation activity in some reports. In this study, we demonstrated that an aqueous extract of a quercetin-rich onion cultivar increased transactivation activities not only of PPAR-<i>α</i> but also of PPAR-<i>γ</i>. We isolated (9<i>S</i>,12<i>S</i>,13<i>S</i>)-(10<i>E</i>)-9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-10-enoic acid (pinellic acid) obtained from the aqueous extract using PPAR-<i>γ</i> transactivation as an index. Furthermore, it was revealed that pinellic acid could transactivate PPAR-<i>α</i>. Our findings are the first report mentioned showing that trihydroxyoctadec-10-enoic acids showed PPAR-<i>α</i>/<i>γ</i> transactivation activities.
Saving Measurement Time in 13C NMR Spectroscopy (2004)

An algorithm to produce acceptably accurate Fourier transform NMR spectra using many fewer transients than commonly obtained is introduced and applied to 13C chemical shift and one-dimensional INADEQUATE Lorentzian type spectra. The algorithm supplies criteria to recognize when to stop transient collection at a time too early for an acceptable spectrum to be produced by Fourier signal processing but not by harmonic inversion signal processing.
Facile synthesis of novel MoS2@SnO2 hetero-nanoflowers and enhanced photocatalysis and field-emission properties (2014)

A novel hierarchical MoS2@SnO2 hetero-nanoflower was successfully synthesized by a facile, two-step hydrothermal method without using any additives or surfactants. One possible growth mechanism of the hetero-nanostructure was presented in detail based on OH(-) ion-dependent experimental facts. Due to the formation of the p-n junctions and the increased specific surface area in the composites, an outstanding photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared sample was obtained by monitoring the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB). According to the data, after irradiation for 100 min, the remaining MB in solution is about 26% for MoS2 nanoflowers and 9.5% for MoS2@SnO2 hetero-nanoflowers. Moreover, an excellent field-emission performance was obtained from MoS2@SnO2 hetero-nanoflower relative to the pure MoS2 with the turn-on field decreasing from 4.2 V μm(-1) to 3.4 V μm(-1) and the threshold field decreasing from 6.2 V μm(-1) to 5.2 V μm(-1), which is mainly attributed to the increased field-emission points and MoS2-SnO2 heterojunction.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in adults with cirrhosis. (2020)

Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in adults with cirrhosis (Review)
Über Thioacyl‐isocyanate, XII1) Herstellung und Vergleich von aliphatischen, aromatischen und heteroaromatischen Verbindungen der Reiche (1981)

Abstract Viele 1,2,4‐Dithiazol‐3‐one(2), vorwiegend mit aliphatischen und heterocyclischen Resten, sowie einige Thiazolin‐4,5‐dione ( 3 ) wurden aus entsprechenden Thioamiden ( 1 ) hergestellt und unter Schwefel‐bzw. Kohlenmonoxid‐Extrusion in Thioacyl‐isocyanate 5 verwandelt. Deren Selbstreaktionen (Fragmentierung, Dimerisierung) und einige Cycloadditionen mit Iminen, Norbornen, Morpholinocyclohexen wurden vergleichend untersucht. Thioacyl‐isocyanate mit stark elektronenziehenden Resten sind deutlich stabiler und bei Cycloadditionen reaktionsträger als die anderen.