gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Positioning Strategies in Sponsored Search Auctions Under CTR-Based Quality Scoring (2015)

Quality score (QS) plays a critical role in sponsored search advertising (SSA) auctions, and in practice is closely correlated to the historical click-through rate (CTR) of an advertisement. The CTR-QS correlation may impose great influence on advertisers' positioning strategies of selecting the targeting slots in the sponsored list. In the literature, however, QS is implicitly assumed to be an independent variable and exogenously assigned by Web search engines, so that little theoretical or managerial insights can be offered to help understand the positioning dynamics in SSA auctions with CTR-QS correlation. We strive to bridge this research gap in this paper. Based on a discrete time-dependent optimal control model, which explicitly captures the relationship between the historical CTR and QS, we determine the optimal strategy for revenue-maximizing advertisers' QS-based positioning decisions through a policy-iteration-based numerical approximation method. We also investigate two practically-used heuristic strategies, namely the greedy and farsighted positioning strategies, aiming to examine and help understand advertisers' real-world positioning dynamics. Our analysis indicates that both the optimal and greedy positioning strategies lead advertisers to monotonically increase or decrease their targeting slots over time, which may cause a polarization trend emerging in SSA markets. Meanwhile, the farsighted positioning strategy can accelerate the polarization. Our simulations show that both the greedy and farsighted strategies have good revenue performance. Our findings indicate that advertisers should monotonically adjust their targeting positions to maximize their revenue in CTR-QS correlated SSA auctions. Our findings also highlight the need for Web search engine companies to set a lowered weight for historical CTRs or use position-normalized CTRs in their QS measurements, so as to suppress the polarization trend.
Directing Noble Metal Ion Chemistry within a Designed Ferritin Protein, (2008)

Human H ferritin (HuHF) assembles from 24 four-helix bundles to form an approximately 500 kDa protein with an 8 nm internal cavity. HuHF provides a useful model for studying the transport of metal ions in solution to buried reaction sites in proteins. In this study, HuHF was redesigned to facilitate noble metal ion (Au(3+), Ag(+)) binding, reduction, and nanoparticle formation within the cavity. Computationally determined amino acid substitutions were targeted at four external and four internal surface sites. A variant with a total of 96 cysteines and histidines removed from the exterior surface and 96 non-native cysteines added to the interior surface retained wild-type stability and structure, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and promoted the formation of silver or gold nanoparticles within the protein cavity. Crystallographic studies with HuHF variants provide insight into how ferritins control access of metal ions to interior residues that perform chemistry.
Intercensal Change and the Indirect Estimation of Mortality: The Case of Pakistan (1987)

"In a country such as Pakistan, where there is no vital registration system, estimating mortality levels and trends can be difficult. One way we can learn about mortality is to use indirect estimation techniques on census age distributions. This paper applies some of these techniques and evaluates the quality of the census data in the process." Problems of relative coverage in the 1972 and 1981 censuses and changes in age-reporting preferences are discussed. Comments by Mohammad Afzal are included (pp. 583-5).
Implementing ISO 9000: performance improvement by first or second movers (2004)

Abstract When an organization implements a new managerial practice how should timing affect its decision? Should it be among the organizations that implement the new management practices early, i.e. first movers, or wait for others to implement and implement it a later time, i.e. second movers. The literature's findings with regard to many management practices, especially those that deal with quality, such as total quality management, suggest that while first movers implement a new management practice because of real needs and a high fit between what the practice suggests and their needs (technical efficiency), second movers implement the new management practice because of customer pressure and the fear of falling behind the competition (external pressure). Second movers just mimic first movers, and the new practice does not really fit with their operations. Thus, the new management practice achieves more for the first movers than the second movers. In this paper we ask whether this premise holds for the ISO 9000 quality standard, one which was specified in considerable detail by outside forces but was implemented in many different ways by organizations. Our results are based on a survey of 1150 quality managers who implemented ISO 9000. We find that learning is a more important factor than timing in explaining ISO 9000 performance. First movers achieve a high level of performance because they learn from their own experience, and second movers achieve a high level of performance because they learn from the experience of others. Whether an organization is a first mover or second, the ones that benefit from ISO 9000 are those who learn. Acknowledgements Many thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on earlier versions of this paper. This paper was presented at the Strategic Management Society annual conference in San Francisco, October 2001. Bill McEvily of Carnegie-Mellon University, whose ideas are reflected in this paper, deserves our special thanks. The writing of this paper has been supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (SES-9905604). We would like to thank Paul Scicchitano, of McGraw-Hill, who has provided us with the data and helped us in other ways to understand the quality system, which we examined in this paper. David Knoke of the Sociology Department at the University of Minnesota provided us with comments, as did Isaac Fox of the Strategic Management and Organization Department. We would also like to acknowledge suggestions and comments from Aks Zaheer of the Strategic Management and Organization Department, Andy Van de Ven, and Larry Katzenstein of the same department. This paper was presented at a seminar of the Strategic Management Research Center at the University of Minnesota. Gov Allen helped us design the Internet site, which we used to carry out the survey about which we report in this study.
Fast frequency-domain 2D elastic-wave modeling using a Schur complement-based finite-difference method (2018)

Elastic full waveform inversion (FWI), being an iterative process, requires numerous forward modeling of the elastic wavefield over models with different physical properties. In many cases, these models contain parts which do not change their physical properties, e.g., the seawater column in marine cases. In this paper, we exploit this property and present a fast frequency-domain finite-difference (FDFD) modeling using a Schur complement. The approach geometrically divides the computational domain into two zones: a background zone with fixed physical properties and an anomalous zone where the physical properties can change during FWI. In the first modeling run, the method eliminates the unknown fields in the background zone and computes the corresponding Schur complement. The Schur complement system is then solved to compute the elastic wavefield in the anomalous zone, followed by inexpensive local substitutions to obtain wavefields in the background zone. For each subsequent modeling with new physical properties in the anomalous zone, we need to solve the comparatively small Schur complement system. This approach results in significant savings in runtimes as compared to the standard FDFD method. We present 2D elastic modeling of a simple model with varying seawater depths and the realistic Sigsbee2A model to demonstrate the efficiency of the Schur FDFD method relative to the standard FDFD method. Presentation Date: Tuesday, October 16, 2018 Start Time: 1:50:00 PM Location: 205A (Anaheim Convention Center) Presentation Type: Oral
Learning sparse overcomplete image representations (2000)

We describe a method for learning an over complete set of basis functions for the purpose of modeling data with sparse structure. Such data re characterized by the fact that they require a relatively small number of non-zero coefficients on the basis functions to describe each data point. The sparsity of the basis function coefficients is modeled with a mixture-of-Gaussians distribution. One Gaussian captures non-active coefficients with a large-variance distribution centered at zero, while one or more other Gaussians capture active coefficients with a large-variance distribution. We show that when the prior is in such a form, there exist efficient methods for learning the basis functions as well as the parameters of the prior. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on a number of test cases and also on natural images. The basis functions learned on natural images are similar to those obtained with other methods, but the sparse from of the coefficient distribution is much better described. Also, since the parameters of the prior are adapted to the data, no assumption about sparse structure in the images need be made a priori, rather it is learned from the data.
Review of the Literature on Time-Optimal Control of Robotic Manipulators (1994)

A task that robotic manipulators most frequently perform is motion between specified points in the working space. It is therefore important that these motions are efficient. The presence of the obstacles and other requirements of the task often require that the path is specified in advance. Robot actuators cannot generate unlimited forces/torques so it is reasonable to ask how to traverse the prespecified path in minimum time so that the limits on the actuator torques are not violated.\nIt can be shown that the motion which requires least time to traverse a path requires at least one actuator to operate on the boundary (maximum or minimum). Furthermore, if the path is parameterized, the equations describing the robot dynamics can be rewritten as functions of the path parameter and its first and second derivatives. In general, the actuator bounds will be transformed into the bounds on the acceleration along the path. These bounds will be functions of the velocity and position. It is possible to demonstrate that the optimal motion will be almost always bang-bang in acceleration. The task of finding the optimal torques thus reduces to finding the instants at which the acceleration will switch between the boundaries.\nAn algorithm for finding the time optimal motion along prespecified paths that explores this idea will be presented. It will be shown that so called singular arcs exist on which the algorithm will fail. Modification of the algorithm for such situations will be presented. Also, some properties of the solutions of the more general problem when the path is not known will be discussed. Lie-algebraic techniques will be shown to be a convenient tool for the study of such problems.
Effects of Bromocriptine on Cardiovascular Regulation in Healthy Humans (1995)

Bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist with central nervous system actions, may reduce sympathetic nervous system activity. We tested this hypothesis by measuring arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and forearm blood flow before and after unloading the arterial baroreceptors with sodium nitroprusside (0.5 to 1.5 mcg/kg per minute IV), before and after unloading the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors with incremental lower body negative pressure (0 to -15 mm Hg), and before and after immersion of the hand in ice-cold water for 2 minutes (cold pressor test). After obtaining basal responses to provocative maneuvers, we gave 20 healthy subjects either 5 mg oral bromocriptine (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Bromocriptine did not affect resting mean arterial pressure, heart rate, or forearm blood flow. Bromocriptine decreased resting central venous pressure by 1.2 mm Hg (P < .05) and tended to increase total integrated muscle sympathetic nerve activity (from 151 +/- 44 to 212 +/- 82 U/min, P = NS). The reflex increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity to nitroprusside infusion and lower body negative pressure were unchanged by bromocriptine; however, vascular responsiveness to both maneuvers was impaired after bromocriptine administration compared with control. Without bromocriptine, the reflex increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity after nitroprusside-induced hypotension maintained forearm blood flow at a constant level, whereas with bromocriptine the forearm blood flow increased from 1.9 +/- 0.3 to 2.8 +/- 0.6 mL/min per 100 mL (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Risk factors and antibiotic therapy in P. aeruginosa community‐acquired pneumonia (2015)

Risk factor recommended by current guidelines only detect one third of the patients admitted with CAP due to P. aeruginosa. Risk factors did not define the whole benefit observed due to empirical therapy covering P. aeruginosa.
Flexible Steuerung pneumatischer Greifer durch Proportionalventile (1998)

Beim Greifen deformierbarer oder zerbrechlicher Werkstucke kommen der Greifgeschwindigkeit sowie der Greifkraft besondere Bedeutung zu. In dieser Arbeit wird eine universelle Steuerung fur pneumatische Greifer beschrieben, die eine einfache Einstellung dieser Grosen uber zwei spannungsgesteuerte Proportionalventile gestattet. Diese Anordnung wird fur eine Einflusanalyse von Greifkraft und Greifgeschwindigkeit beim Greifen von Kabeln und Kabelbaumen genutzt, welche sich als robust und unproblematisch erwiesen haben.
Cell association in small heterogeneous networks: Downlink sum rate and min rate maximization (2012)

This paper considers the problem of associating users, in an heterogeneous network, to either a macro node or a pico node within a tightly coordinated cell cluster. We introduce a new theoretical framework to model this problem for the downlink and derive upper bounds for achievable sum rate and minimum rate using convex optimization. Further we propose heuristics, consisting in dynamic cell association, enabling to achieve performance close to the upper bounds. Finally we implement these heuristics in an LTE simulator and show the potential of such dynamic cell association for a small LTE network.
Massive Transfusion Protocols: The Role of Aggressive Resuscitation Versus Product Ratio in Mortality Reduction (2009)

MTP implementation is associated with mortality reductions that have been ascribed principally to increased plasma use and decreased FFP:PRBC ratios. Our study found a significant reduction in mortality despite unchanged FFP:PRBC ratios and equivalent overall mean numbers of transfusions. Our data underscore the importance of expeditious product availability and emphasize that massive transfusion is a complex process in which product ratio and time to transfusion represent only the beginning of understanding.
Familial Bleeding Tendency with Partial Platelet Thromboxane Synthetase Deficiency: Reorientation of Cyclic Endoperoxide Metabolism (1981)

Three family members from three successive generations presented with a moderate bleeding tendency and a functional platelet defect. They had absent aggregation with arachidonic acid (0.6--3 microM), reversible aggregation with ADP (4 microgram) and cyclic endoperoxide analogues, single wave aggregation only with adrenaline (5.4 microgram) and a prolonged template bleeding time (> min). Malondialdehyde formation was reduced after N-ethylmaleimide stimulation (2--6 nmol/10(9) platelets; control values 8--12 nmol) and serum thromboxane B2 values were reduced (33--101 ng/ml; control values 200--700 ng/ml). When the platelets were incubated with [3H]arachidonic acid the final metabolite of the lipoxygenase pathway (HETE) was produced in normal amounts but the production of thromboxane B2 and HHT was decreased whereas prostaglandin F2a, and E2 and probably D2 were increased. Evidence for enhanced production of prostaglandin D2 was also provided by the rise in the patient's platelet cyclic AMP levels following stimulation with arachidonic acid. The patient's washed platelets stimulated the production of 6-keto PGF 1a by aspirin-pretreated cultured bovine endothelial cells. The plasma levels of 6-keto PGF1a (439--703 pg/ml; normal 181 +/- 46 pg/ml) were raised. The decreased production of thromboxane B2, HHT and malondialdehyde and increased formation of prostaglandin F2a, E2, D2 and of 6-keto PGF1a are compatible with a partial platelet thromboxane synthetase deficiency and reorientation of cyclic endoperoxide metabolism. The markedly prolonged bleeding time would result not only from reduced formation of thromboxane A2 but also from increased production of the aggregation inhibiting prostaglandins PGI2 and PGD2.
Deep learning for multisensor image resolution enhancement (2017)

We describe a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) for enhancing low resolution multispectral satellite imagery without the use of a panchromatic image. For training, low resolution images are used as input and corresponding high resolution images are used as the target output (label). The CNN learns to automatically extract hierarchical features that can be used to enhance low resolution imagery. The trained network can then be effectively used for super-resolution enhancement of low resolution multispectral images where no corresponding high resolution image is available. The CNN enhances all four spectral bands of the low resolution image simultaneously and adjusts pixel values of the low resolution to match the dynamic range of the high resolution image. The CNN yields higher quality images than standard image resampling methods.
Coagulation optimisation for NOM removal by direct filtration in clay aggregate filters (2002)

Optimisation of the coagulation step in a coagulation/direct filtration process in which filtration takes place in a lightweight expanded clay aggregates (Filtralite) filter is investigated. The water is high in NOM but low in turbidity, a situation frequently found in Norwegian lake water. Experimental studies in a pilot-scale direct filtration plant compare filtration efficiencies for different coagulants and coagulation conditions. Type of coagulant and coagulant dose are optimised as well as the pH of coagulation for four different coagulants. It is demonstrated that the biopolymer chitosan is a very interesting alternative coagulant in this particular process situation. Also poly-aluminium chloride (PAX) is superior to the traditional metal-salts, aluminium sulphate (ALG) and ferric chloride sulphate (JKL) in terms of turbidity and residual metal. Coagulation with ALG and JKL results in a certain floc-particle (turbidity) ‘leakage’ from the clay aggregate filter, while such ‘leakage’ is not equally evident when PAX and chitosan are used for coagulation.
Contact effects in single-molecule conduction (2006)

Electronic components based on single organic molecules hold great promise for applications in sensing and information processing. To make progress in this area, a good understanding of the conduction process at the single-molecule level is required. The authors present results of our investigations of single-molecule conduction. Theoretical modeling reveals that small variations in the atomic contact configuration can have a pronounced effect on the conduction through a molecular junction. This is reflected in experimental results for the single-molecule conduction of alkanes that are bound to gold electrodes via end groups with different bond strength.
Paul Balta, L'Islam dans le monde (1991)

Ruby Christian. Paul Balta, L'Islam dans le monde. In: Raison présente, n°100, 4e trimestre 1991. Spécial n°100 - 25 ans d'histoire. p. 214.
“Smell improvement by anti-IgE and anti-IL 5 biologics in patients with CRSwNP and severe asthma– A real life study” (2021)

Background. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), characterized by partial (hyposmia) or total (anosmia) loss of smell, is commonly associated with asthma and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD), worsens disease severity and quality of life. The objective of this study was to determine whether, in real-life conditions, biological treatments prescribed for severe asthma can improve olfaction in patients with CRSwNP. A further objective was to compare smell improvement in N-ERD and non-N-ERD subgroups. Methods. A multicenter, non-interventional, retrospective, observational study was performed, including 206 patients with severe asthma undergoing biological treatment (omalizumab, mepolizumab, benralizumab, or reslizumab) with CRSwNP. Results. Improved olfaction was found after treatment with all monoclonal antibodies: omalizumab (35.8%), mepolizumab (35.4%), reslizumab (35.7%), and benralizumab (39.1%), with no differences between groups. Patients with atopy, greater use of short course systemic corticosteroids, and larger polyp size were more likely to experience improvement in smell. The proportion of patients experiencing smell improvement was similar between the N-ERD (37%) and non-N-ERD (35.7%) groups. Conclusions. This is the first study to compare real-life improvement in sense of smell among patients undergoing long-term treatment with omalizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, or benralizumab for severe asthma and associated CRSwNP. Approximately 4 out of 10 patients reported a subjective improvement in sense of smell (with non-significant differences between biologic drugs). No differences were found in smell improvement between the N-ERD and non-N-ERD group.
Semantics-Based Analysis of Content Security Policy Deployment (2018)

Content Security Policy (CSP) is a recent W3C standard introduced to prevent and mitigate the impact of content injection vulnerabilities on websites. In this article, we introduce a formal semantics for the latest stable version of the standard, CSP Level 2. We then perform a systematic, large-scale analysis of the effectiveness of the current CSP deployment, using the formal semantics to substantiate our methodology and to assess the impact of the detected issues. We focus on four key aspects that affect the effectiveness of CSP: browser support, website adoption, correct configuration, and constant maintenance. Our analysis shows that browser support for CSP is largely satisfactory, with the exception of a few notable issues. However, there are several shortcomings relative to the other three aspects. CSP appears to have a rather limited deployment as yet and, more crucially, existing policies exhibit a number of weaknesses and misconfiguration errors. Moreover, content security policies are not regularly updated to ban insecure practices and remove unintended security violations. We argue that many of these problems can be fixed by better exploiting the monitoring facilities of CSP, while other issues deserve additional research, being more rooted into the CSP design.
Impulse response and transient near-field of a Hertzian dipole (2013)

Most part of the radiation theory has been developed in the frequency domain. There have been different researchers who worked on the antenna theory in the time domain in the past as well. The main question still is: how an antenna radiates? The radiation mechanism, near-field, and energy flow have been studied in the frequency domain for single frequency cases. One needs to study all the above for a wideband signal in the time domain. In the other hand, we need to understand the transient state of an antenna in the near and far zone. We also want to demonstrate the reactive energy density and the radiation power flow for a short pulse in the near zone as well.