gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tutorial T4: All You Need to Know about Hardware Trojans and Counterfeit ICs (2014)

Summary form only given, as follows. The migration from a vertical to horizontal business model has made it easier to introduce hardware Trojans and counterfeit electronic parts into the electronic component supply chain. Hardware Trojans are malicious modifications made to original IC designs that reduce system integrity (change functionality, leak private data, etc.). Counterfeit parts are often below specification and/or of substandard quality. The existence of Trojans and counterfeit parts creates risks for the life-critical systems and infrastructures that incorporate them including automotive, aerospace, military, and medical systems. In this tutorial, we will cover (i) Background and motivation for hardware Trojan and counterfeit prevention/detection; (ii) Taxonomies related to both topics; (iii) Existing solutions; (iv) Open challenges; (v) New and unified solutions to address these challenges.
The paradigm shift in pulp and paper research Hindsight is easier than foresight (2005)

The revitalized paradigm shift in pulp and paper research in the papermaking industry, is discussed. The papermaking processes changed a lot and the old-fashioned beating operation disappeared. Slo ...
Bone Modeling and Remodeling (2009)

Bone modeling adapts structure to loading by changing bone size and shape and removes damage and so maintains bone strength. Remodeling is initiated by damage producing osteocyte apoptosis, which signals the location of damage via the osteocyte-canalicular system to endosteal lining cells that form the canopy of a bone remodeling compartment (BRC). Molecular signalling within the BRC between precursors, mature cells, cells of the immune system, and products of the resorbed matrix titrate the birth, work, and lifespan of this remodeling machinery to either remove or form a net volume of bone. Advancing age is associated with a reduction in the volume of bone resorbed by each basic multicellular unit (BMU), an even greater reduction in the volume of bone formed by each BMU producing a net negative BMU balance, and an increased remodeling rate in midlife in women and late in life in both sexes so that now many remodeling events erode bone while an age-related decline in periosteal apposition results in net bone loss and bone fragility. A better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for structural decay is likely to reveal new approaches to the prevention and reversal of bone fragility.
Is Metabolic Evidence for Vitamin B-12 and Folate Deficiency More Frequent in Elderly Patients With Alzheimer's Disease? (1997)

The interpretation of the vitamin B-12 and folate status in patients with AD depends largely on the methodology (i.e., serum vitamin vs metabolite levels) and the selection of the control group. Although patients with AD have the highest tHcy and MMA levels, metabolically significant vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency is also a substantial problem in nondemented elderly patients.
Pretreatment with the adenosine A1 selective agonist, 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), causes a sustained limitation of infarct size in rabbits (1993)

This finding confirms a genuine anti-infarct effect of adenosine A1 receptor stimulation when given prior to the onset of ischaemia. Furthermore blocking the A1 receptors soon after reperfusion reverses the side effects but does not block protection.
The purification and amino acid sequence of the lethal neurotoxin Tx1 from the venom of the Brazilian ‘armed’ spider Phoneutria nigriventer (1990)

A lethal neurotoxic polypeptide of Mr 8 kDa was purified from the venom of the South American 'armed' or wandering spider Phoneutria nigriventer by centrifugation, gel filtration on Superose 12, and reverse phase FPLC on columns of Pharmacia PepRPC and ProRPC. The purified neurotoxin Tx1 had an LD50 of 0.05 mg/kg in mice following intracerebroventricular injection. The complete amino acid sequence of the neurotoxin was determined by automated Edman degradation of the native and S-carboxymethylated protein in pulsed liquid and dual phase sequencers, and by the manual DABITC/PITC double coupling method applied to fragments obtained after digestions with the S. aureus V8 protease and trypsin. The neurotoxin Tx1 consists of a single chain of 77 amino acid residues, which contains a high proportion of cysteine. The primary structure showed no homology to other identified spider toxins.
Type 3 Deiodinase Role on Central Thyroid Hormone Action Affects the Leptin-Melanocortin System and Circadian Activity (2016)

The role of thyroid hormones (THs) in the central regulation of energy balance is increasingly appreciated. Mice lacking the type 3 deiodinase (DIO3), which inactivates TH, have decreased circulating TH levels relative to control mice as a result of defects in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. However, we have shown that the TH status of the adult Dio3-/- brain is opposite that of the serum, exhibiting enhanced levels of TH action. Because the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, harbors important circuitries that regulate metabolism, we aimed to examine the energy balance phenotype of Dio3-/- mice and determine whether it is associated with hypothalamic abnormalities. Here we show that Dio3-/- mice of both sexes exhibit decreased adiposity, reduced brown and white adipocyte size, and enhanced fat loss in response to triiodothyronine (T3) treatment. They also exhibit increased TH action in the hypothalamus, with abnormal expression and T3 sensitivity of genes integral to the leptin-melanocortin system, including Agrp, Npy, Pomc, and Mc4r. The normal to elevated serum levels of leptin, and elevated and repressed expression of Agrp and Pomc, respectively, suggest a profile of leptin resistance. Interestingly, Dio3-/- mice also display elevated locomotor activity and increased energy expenditure. This occurs in association with expanded nighttime activity periods, suggesting a disrupted circadian rhythm. We conclude that DIO3-mediated regulation of TH action in the central nervous system influences multiple critical determinants of energy balance. Those influences may partially compensate each other, with the result likely contributing to the decreased adiposity observed in Dio3-/- mice.
Structural details (kinks and non- conformations) in transmembrane helices are intrahelically determined and can be predicted by sequence pattern descriptors (2003)

One of the promising methods of protein structure prediction involves the use of amino acid sequence-derived patterns. Here we report on the creation of non-degenerate motif descriptors derived through data mining of training sets of residues taken from the transmembrane-spanning segments of polytopic proteins. These residues correspond to short regions in which there is a deviation from the regular alpha-helical character (i.e. pi-helices, 3(10)-helices and kinks). A 'search engine' derived from these motif descriptors correctly identifies, and discriminates amongst instances of the above 'non-canonical' helical motifs contained in the SwissProt/TrEMBL database of protein primary structures. Our results suggest that deviations from alpha-helicity are encoded locally in sequence patterns only about 7-9 residues long and can be determined in silico directly from the amino acid sequence. Delineation of such variations in helical habit is critical to understanding the complex structure-function relationships of polytopic proteins and for drug discovery. The success of our current methodology foretells development of similar prediction tools capable of identifying other structural motifs from sequence alone. The method described here has been implemented and is available on the World Wide Web at http://cbcsrv.watson.ibm.com/Ttkw.html.
Hybrid CMOS-STTRAM non-volatile FPGA: Design challenges and optimization approaches (2008)

Research efforts to develop a novel memory technology that combines the desired traits of non-volatility, high endurance, high speed and low power have resulted in the emergence of Spin Torque Transfer-RAM (STTRAM) as a promising next generation universal memory. However, the prospect of developing a non-volatile FPGA framework with STTRAM exploiting its high integration density remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we propose a novel CMOS-STTRAM hybrid FPGA framework; identify the key design challenges; and propose optimization techniques at circuit, architecture and application mapping levels. Simulation results show that a STTRAM based optimized FPGA framework achieves an average improvement of 48.38% in area, 22.28% in delay and 16.1% in dynamic power for ISCAS benchmark circuits over a conventional CMOS based FPGA design.
Many-to-Many Voice Conversion based on Bottleneck Features with Variational Autoencoder for Non-parallel Training Data (2018)

This paper proposes a novel approach to many-to-many (M2M) voice conversion for non-parallel training data. In the proposed approach, we first obtain bottleneck features (BNFs) as speaker representations from a deep neural network (DNN). Then, a variational autoencoder (VAE) implements the mapping function (i.e., a reconstruction process) using both the latent semantic information and the speaker representations. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive scheme by intervening the training process of the DNN, which can enrich the target speaker's personality feature space in the case of limited training data. Our approach has three advantages: 1) neither parallel training data nor explicit frame alignment process is required; 2) consolidates multiple pair-wise systems into a single M2M model (many-source speakers to many-target speakers); 3) expands M2M conversion task from closed set to open set when the training data of target speaker is very limited. The objective and subjective evaluations show that our proposed approach outperforms the baseline system.
Deformation behavior of Zr-based bulk nanocrystalline amorphous alloys (2000)

Mechanical properties of bulk ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{5}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{30}{\mathrm{Al}}_{10}$ metallic glass alloy and ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{53}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{10}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{20}{\mathrm{Al}}_{12}$ nanocrystalline-amorphous alloy were measured by compression tests at room temperature. Although no distinct plastic deformation is recognized in the ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{5}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{30}{\mathrm{Al}}_{10}$ metallic glass, the ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{53}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{10}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{20}{\mathrm{Al}}_{12}$ as-quenched alloy exhibits significant plastic strain. Moreover, we found that both the strength and plastic strain increased significantly with increasing volume fraction of nanocrystals, and the plastic strain achieved a maximum in the early stage of nanocrystallization. High-resolution electron microscopy showed that nanocrystals with average grain sizes of about 2.0 and 2.5 nm were embedded in the amorphous matrix of the as-quenched bulk ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{53}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{10}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{20}{\mathrm{Al}}_{12}$ alloy and the specimen with the maximum plastic strain, respectively.
Multi-modal data fusion for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy planning and assistance (2015)

International audience
Magnetic nanoclusters with hydrophilic spacing for dual drug delivery and sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (2012)

Magnetic Block Ionomer Clusters (<i>MBIClusters</i>) with hydrophilic ionic cores and nonionic coronas have been prepared that have ultrahigh transverse NMR relaxivities together with capacities for incorporating high concentrations of polar antibiotic payloads. Magnetite-polymer nanoparticles were assembled by adsorbing the polyacrylate block of an aminofunctional poly(ethylene oxide-<i>b</i>-acrylate) (H<sub>2</sub>N-PEO-<i>b</i>-PAA) copolymer onto magnetite nanoparticles. The PEO blocks extended into aqueous media to keep the nanoparticles dispersed. Amines at the tips of the H<sub>2</sub>N-PEO corona were then linked through reaction with a PEO diacrylate oligomer to yield <i>MBIClusters</i> where the metal oxide in the precursor nanoparticles were distinctly separated by the hydrophilic polymer. The intensity average spacing between the magnetite nanoparticles within the clusters was estimated to be ~50 nm. These <i>MBIClusters</i> with hydrophilic intra-cluster space had transverse relaxivities (<i>r<sub>2</sub>'s</i>) that increased from 190 to 604 s<sup>-1</sup> mM Fe<sup>-1</sup> measured at 1.4 T and 37 °C as their average sizes increased. The clusters were loaded with up to ~38 wt% of the multi-cationic drug gentamicin. MRI scans focused on the livers of mice demonstrated that these <i>MBIClusters</i> are sensitive contrast agents.
Differential Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Genes by Homocysteine in the Human Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells (2006)

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness. It is a complex disease whose molecular basis of pathogenesis is poorly understood. Many studies have elucidated the risk factors associated with macular degeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies are not yet known. Plasma homocysteine (Hcy), a sulfur‐containing amino acid formed during the metabolism of methionine is an independent risk factor for inflammation and cardiovascular diseases and is elevated in individuals with AMD. Further, the low grade chronic inflammation is now recognized to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous degenerative diseases, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s. To test the hypothesis that Hcy causes inflammation and in part contributes to AMD, the ARPE‐19 cells were cultured in presence of various concentrations of Hcy to identify the target gene candidates. Labeled cRNAs made from the total RNA of ARPE‐19 cells were hybridized to the human inflammatory cytokines and receptor micro‐arrays. A number of genes that were both up‐regulated and down‐regulated were identified. The target genes identified through this approach fall within the categories of chemokines and cytokines, chemokines and cytokine receptors, interleukins receptors, TNF ligands and their receptors. The study supports the role of Hcy induced inflammatory genes in the pathogenesis of AMD.
Diastereoselective Dearomatization of Resorcinols Directed by a Lactic Acid Tether:  Unprecedented Enantioselective Access to p-Quinols (2004)

An operationally simple oxidative dearomatization of resorcinol derivatives is reported that employs an inexpensive chiral directing group. The method provides access to a variety of p-quinol derivatives in good yield and diastereoselectivity. A short reductive process affords 4-hydroxy-4-alkylcyclohexenone derivatives in excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses.
30 nm Channel Length Pentacene Transistors (2003)

Advances in sample fabrication have allowed the fabrication of pentacene transistors with channel lengths down to 30 nm. The Figure shows a transistor with a channel length and width of 27 nm and 130 nm, respectively. Graceful scaling of the current–voltage characteristics as a function of channel length and width is demonstrated.
Oral Delivery of a DNA Vaccine Expressing the PrM and E Genes: A Promising Vaccine Strategy against Flavivirus in Ducks (2018)

A flavivirus, named duck tembusu virus (DTMUV), emerged in China in 2010. This virus has caused great economic losses in the poultry industry in China and may pose a threat to public health. As a safe, efficient and convenient vaccine development strategy, DNA-based vaccines have become a popular approach for both human and veterinary applications. Attenuated bacteria have been widely used as vehicles to deliver heterologous antigens to the immune system. Thus, an efficient and low-cost oral delivery DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAX1-SME) based on envelope proteins (prM and E) of DTMUV and attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA<sup>-</sup> strain SL7207 was developed and evaluated in this study. The prM and E antigen proteins were successfully expressed from the vaccine SL7207 (pVAX1-SME) both in vitro and in vivo. High titers of the specific antibody against the DTMUV-E protein and the neutralizing antibody against the DTMUV virus were both detected after vaccination with SL7207 (pVAX1-SME). Ducks orally vaccinated with the SL7207 (pVAX-SME) vaccine were efficiently protected from lethal DTMUV infection in this study. Taken together, we demonstrated that prM and E proteins of DTMUV possess strong immunogenicity against the DTMUV infection. Moreover, an oral delivery of the DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAX1-SME) utilizing Salmonella SL7207 was an efficient way to protect the ducks against DTMUV infection and provides an economic and fast vaccine delivery strategy for a large-scale clinical use.
Antenne à résonateur diélectrique en forme de noeud papillon pour des applications large bande (2013)

National audience
Regulation of C-X-C chemokine gene expression by keratin 17 and hnRNP K in skin tumor keratinocytes (2015)

High levels of the intermediate filament keratin 17 (K17) correlate with a poor prognosis for several types of epithelial tumors. However, the causal relationship and underlying mechanisms remain undefined. A recent study suggested that K17 promotes skin tumorigenesis by fostering a specific type of inflammation. We report here that K17 interacts with the RNA-binding protein hnRNP K, which has also been implicated in cancer. K17 is required for the cytoplasmic localization of hnRNP K and for its role in regulating the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory mRNAs. Among these are the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, which together form a signaling axis with an established role in tumorigenesis. The K17-hnRNP K partnership is regulated by the ser/thr kinase RSK and required for CXCR3-dependent tumor cell growth and invasion. These findings functionally integrate K17, hnRNP K, and gene expression along with RSK and CXCR3 signaling in a keratinocyte-autonomous axis and provide a potential basis for their implication in tumorigenesis.
Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation (1984)

"Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation." Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics, 31(4), pp. 369–370
Influence of Dynamic Misorientation of PLL for Small-Signal Analysis of Converter Control in Weak Grids (2018)

This paper gives a systematic approach to develop the complete state space representation of a voltage source converter using Voltage Oriented Control. It is shown that the dynamic misorientation of the phase-locked loop plays a significant role in stability analyses and its input has to be a state.
Electrostatics as the Driving Force Behind the Catalytic Function of the Monoamine Oxidase A Enzyme Confirmed by Quantum Computations (2019)

While the function of enzymes has been well-known to researchers for decades, the driving force behind it is still a hotly debated topic. Herein, we report significant evidence for electrostatics being that driving force, using a simple, computationally inexpensive, multiscale model of monoamine oxidase A and phenylethylamine. We found that electrostatics provided by the enzyme substantially enhances the reaction by all the considered criteria (lowering the energy barrier, increasing charge transfer, decreasing the highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) gap, increasing the dipole moment). The catalytic effect can be rationalized by the stabilizing interaction between the dipole moment of the reacting moiety and the electric field exerted by the charged environment. Both the dipole moment and the electric field are perceivably larger in the transition state as compared to the state of reactants; hence the transition state is stabilized to a larger extent and better solvated than the state of reactants, thereby lowering the barrier. Our findings support the view that catalysis in enzymes originates from preorganized electrostatics.
ESR studies of O2 uptake by Chinese hamster ovary cells during the cell cycle. (1982)

Magnetic interactions between dissolved oxygen and nitroxide radical spin probes lead to broadening of the ESR lines. We have used a closed-chamber method based on this property to determine the maximum rate of O2 uptake per cell (Vmax per cell) in cultured mammalian cells. A suitable spin probe and a cell suspension are mixed in an aerated medium, and the rate of disappearance of dissolved O2 is measured. The effects of temperature, pH, and microwave power on the determination of dissolved oxygen in solution were studied. For asynchronous Chinese hamster ovary cells, oxygen uptake is 3.8 X 10(7) oxygen molecules per cell per sec and appears to be enzymatically limited at oxygen concentrations greater than 10 microM. About 5-10 X 10(5) cells were used for each measurement, making it possible to study mitotically synchronized cells. Using this method, we have found that Vmax per unit cell volume changes during the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells from a minimum in mitosis to maxima in both G1 and late S phases. Advantages and limitations of spin probes for studying the O2 uptake of intact cells are discussed.
P-wave evidence as a method for improving algorithm to detect atrial fibrillation in insertable cardiac monitors (2014)

An improvement in the ICM algorithm for AF detection incorporating P-wave information substantially reduced inappropriately detected episodes and duration, with minimal reduction in sensitivity for detecting AF.
406. Development and Optimization of PSCA-Specific CAR T Cells for the Treatment of Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer (2016)

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the third most common cancer type in the United States, with over 200,000 new cases projected to be diagnosed this year. In approximately 80% of PCa patients, tumor phenotype includes overexpression of prostate stem cell antigen, or PSCA. Furthermore, PSCA is expressed on nearly 100% of bone metastatic prostate cancers, making it an attractive immunotherapeutic target. We have genetically engineered T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) which specifically target PSCA. Recent clinical trials with CARs targeting CD19 for B-cell malignancies have demonstrated impressive results, yet replicating this success with other antigen targets remains elusive. Immunotherapy against solid tumors poses a more difficult tumor challenge because of the immunosuppressive microenvironment that can significantly hinder CAR efficacy. Additionally, there have been instances of on-target, off-tumor toxicity due to low levels of antigen expression on normal tissue. In the current project we have modified various components of our CAR constructs to improve specificity and overall therapeutic efficacy. Through various in vitro functional assays and in vivo xenograft models, we have evaluated and optimized a PSCA-targeting CAR. We first compared two single-chain variable fragments with different paratopes. While both show comparable potency, one of the scFvs showed nonspecific activity against PSCA-negative tumor lines. Similarly, our data suggest that the 28ζ-costimulatory domain, regardless of linker length, also shows non-specific activation and killing of PSCA-negative tumor lines as compared to the 4-1BB costimulatory domain. Finally, we have demonstrated differences between long, middle, and short linker lengths in intracellular cytokine production, activation, and killing capacities in vitro and in vivo. By modifying both the ectodomain and intracellular region, we are able to improve the specificity and functionality of our PSCA-CARs, which is essential to developing effective immunotherapies for this advanced disease.