gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Registration of ‘Devote’ soft white winter wheat (2020)

Abstract The development of soft white winter (SWW) wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars requires numerous traits to be successfully commercialized in the low‐ to intermediate‐rainfall (&lt;400‐mm average annual precipitation) wheat production regions of the state of Washington, including winterhardiness, high grain volume weight, acceptable end‐use quality, and resistance to stripe rust, Fusarium crown rot (FCR), strawbreaker foot rot, and snow mold. Two essential traits for the low‐ to intermediate‐rainfall production regions of the state are emergence from deep planting and high grain yield under low annual rainfall conditions. ‘Devote’ (Reg. no. CV‐1170, PI 693628) SWW wheat was developed and released in March 2019 by the Agricultural Research Center of Washington State University. Devote is a semi‐dwarf cultivar adapted for the low‐ to intermediate‐rainfall wheat production regions of the state, emerges well under deep planting conditions, and is winter hardy. Devote has high‐temperature adult‐plant resistance to the stripe rust pathogen, carries the Pch1 gene for strawbreaker foot rot, is resistant to FCR and tolerant to snow mold, is intermediate in height, has late‐season maturity, and has high grain volume weight and grain yield. The end‐use quality properties of Devote are acceptable for cookie, cake, and cracker production.
Quantitative Assessment of Binding Affinities for Nanoparticles Targeted to Vulnerable Plaque (2015)

Recent successes in targeted immune and cell-based therapies have driven new directions for pharmaceutical research. With the rise of these new therapies there is an unfilled need for companion diagnostics to assess patients' potential for therapeutic response. Targeted nanomaterials have been widely investigated to fill this niche; however, in contrast to small molecule or peptide-based targeted agents, binding affinities are not reported for nanomaterials, and to date there has been no standard, quantitative measure for the interaction of targeted nanoparticle agents with their targets. Without a standard measure, accurate comparisons between systems and optimization of targeting behavior are challenging. Here, we demonstrate a method for quantitative assessment of the binding affinity for targeted nanoparticles to cell surface receptors in living systems and apply it to optimize the development of a novel targeted nanoprobe for imaging vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. In this work, we developed sulfated dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles with specific targeting to macrophages, a cell type whose density strongly correlates with plaque vulnerability. Detailed quantitative, in vitro characterizations of (111)In(3+) radiolabeled probes show high-affinity binding to the macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A). Cell uptake studies illustrate that higher surface sulfation levels result in much higher uptake efficiency by macrophages. We use a modified Scatchard analysis to quantitatively describe nanoparticle binding to targeted receptors. This characterization represents a potential new standard metric for targeted nanomaterials.
Guided-Wave Electro-Optic Modulators Using Novel Electrode Structure of Coupled Microstrip Line Resonator (2005)

A novel structure of guided-wave electro-optic modulators is proposed and their operation of the optical intensity modulation is successfully confirmed. The modulators use a newly developed modulation electrode consisting of coupled microstrip lines. A high voltage can be induced by the resonance of the odd propagation mode to realize efficient electro-optic modulation in spite of the microstrip-line configuration. The properties of the coupled microstrip lines were analytically evaluated by using the method of conformal transformations and the effectiveness as a modulation electrode was presented. The modulation electrodes of the half-wavelength coupled microstrip line resonator were designed at 10 GHz and 26 GHz, where the electrode lengths were 3 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. The modulators using these electrodes with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer of LiTaO 3 waveguides were fabricated. The measured modulation coefficient of the 26 GHz modulator normalized at 100 mW signal input was 0.13 rad.
Natural antibodies against bone marrow cells of a concordant xenogeneic species (1991)

Hyperacute rejection does not occur when vascularized organs are transplanted between rat and mouse, and this species combination is considered to be concordant. Since hyperacute rejection is believed to reflect the presence of pre-existing antibodies (usually of the IgM class), and lymphocytotoxic antibodies against rat cells have not been detected in normal mouse sera, it has previously been concluded that mouse anti-rat natural antibody (NAb) does not exist. However, studies have not been reported in which rat bone marrow cells (BMC) were used as targets for evaluation of normal mouse sera. Because previous work from our and other laboratories has shown that bone marrow chimerism in the rat into mouse species combination can be achieved only by transplanting large numbers of rat BMC, we have evaluated normal mouse sera for the presence of NAb against rat BMC that might explain these in vivo results. Fisher 344 rat BMC and spleen cells were incubated with serum from nonimmunized mice, then stained with fluoresceinated rat anti-mouse subclass-specific secondary reagents and analyzed using flow cytometry. NAb of the IgM and IgG3 classes were found that bound strongly to rat BMC but showed weak or absent binding to spleen cells. A low level of IgG2b binding was observed to both BMC and spleen cells. Cytotoxic activity was detected against rat BMC but not against spleen cells. The environment in which the animals were maintained played a significant role in determining the level of cytotoxic NAb in normal mouse sera. Our results are consistent with the possibility that bone marrow-specific NAb play a role in resisting engraftment of BMC across this species barrier.
Relationships between Structure and Antiretroviral Activity of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives (1994)

In an attempt to develop anti-AIDS drugs, the compound isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone has been subjected to systematic structural modifications. The resulting synthesized thiosemicarbazone derivatives (TSCDs) were examined for their ability to act as antiretrovirus agents in a model system--2M3/M cell system--consisting of B lymphocytes transformed by the v-abl oncogene and chronically infected with a retrovirus, the Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV). The efficacy of the synthesized TSCDs against retroviruses was determined by assaying the therapeutic index (TI) values of the compounds. The results enabled the classification of TSCD groups based on the relationship between chemical structure and antiretroviral activity. The compound N-allylisatin-beta':4'-diallylthiosemicarbazone showed the highest TI value and efficiently suppressed the chronic infection of M-MuLV in continuous long-term treatment.
Nanoparticles: Near‐Field Optical Properties of Fully Alloyed Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Advanced Optical Materials 1/2017) (2017)

M. S. Leite and co-workers demonstrate the fabrication of fully alloyed metallic nanostructures with engineered optical properties for applications ranging from nanophotonics to hydrogen sensing, in article number 1600568. Near-field microscopy measurements and simulations show that unique values of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are obtained, resulting from alloying. The cover image illustrates the on-demand optical response obtained by alloying Ag–Au nanoparticles.
Changing the Course of Chemistry (2009)

The education of chemists and all those interested in chemistry is an ever-evolving endeavor to keep up with the latest innovations, discoveries, concepts, perspectives and techniques of the field. One of the most exciting developments in recent years is the development of Green Chemistry - the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the generation of toxic substances. This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the approaches to building Green Chemistry into the chemistry curriculum by highlighting some of the outstanding work in the field.
Hyper-Kloosterman sums and estimation of exponential sums of polynomials of higher degrees (1998)

1.1. Davenport–Hasse identities of Gauss sums. Davenport and Hasse established an identity of Gauss sums in [3]. Let p be an odd prime and m > 1 a divisor of p − 1. Let η be a ramified character of order m on the multiplicative group Qp of the p-adic field Qp. Here by η being ramified we mean that it is nontrivial on R× p ; the order of η is by definition the smallest positive integer m such that η = 1. Then we know that the conductor exponent of η, denoted by a(η), is equal to 1. Let ψ be an additive character of Qp whose order is 0. Here the order of an additive character φ, denoted by n(φ), is the largest integer n such that the character φ is trivial on p−nRp. Let χ be any ramified multiplicative character on Qp satisfying a(χ) = a(χη) = . . . = a(χηm−1) = 1.
Use of Raman Spectroscopy to Characterize Hydrogenation Reactions (2006)

Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize hydrogenation reactions involving single-step and two-step processes. The Raman technique was shown to be well-suited for endpoint determination as well as process optimization. In this investigation, hydrogenation of cyclohexene to produce cyclohexane was used as a model system. Conditions were varied to determine the effect of catalyst loading, solvent ratios, and reactant concentrations. Four catalysts were evaluated. The kinetic profiles of each reaction process were determined for each of the catalysts. In one case, a side reaction leading to an intermediate was observed for the hydrogenation reaction when run under hydrogen-starved conditions. After these cyclohexene hydrogenations were characterized, Raman spectroscopy was applied to the conversion of carvone to tetrahydrocarvone and the hydrogenation of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate. Raman was used to characterize the kinetics of these reactions and was also used to prove that two-step hydrogenation mechanisms occurred in each. Raman was shown to be useful for process understanding, process optimization, process monitoring, and endpoint determination. Accomplishment of these goals leads to better process controls upon transfer of the procedure to a process environment. This ultimately leads, in turn, to the mitigation of risk of making out-of-specification product in manufacturing.
Furthering the Capabilities of Coiled Tubing Production Logging in Horizontal and Highly Deviated Wells: The Advent of Reservoir Saturation Logging in Southern Mexico (2015)

Abstract A new solution to reservoir saturation logging in highly deviated and horizontal wells leverages a light system using coiled tubing (CT) equipped with fiber optics to overcome reach limitations and provide real-time acquisition of downhole reservoir information. The advantages of the methodology in terms of technical capabilities and efficiency have been demonstrated in wells in Mexico where acquisition of once-inaccessible logging information opened new avenues in the production management of the area. The conveyance of logging tools via wireline cable or wired CT presents significant reach and pumping limitations in highly deviated or horizontal wells. The combination of a recent downhole module development and the use of lighter CT package equipped with fiber optics addresses these conveyance and operating challenges. The optical telemetry link supports real-time logging without the need for wireline surface equipment, and the new downhole module provides power to a wide range of logging tools, including the power-demanding reservoir saturation tools. The lighter system overcomes weight limitations, and logging can be performed in any type of well profile. The new module significantly increases the voltage output from the downhole source to the logging toolstring, thus enabling the use of power-demanding components that were previously unusable with CT systems. It also extends the downhole operating logging time for traditional production logging tools by up to six times over that of previous methods. As the production of mature fields in Southern Mexico is gradually decreasing and water has become an increasing issue, operators in the area are currently performing major workover operations to rejuvenate the fields. This novel approach enabled acquisition of reservoir saturation data in several wells in which this information could not be acquired previously because of reach limitations. The newly acquired data enabled identification of bypassed hydrocarbons in those wells. With this information, the operator could selectively shut off the water-producing zones while opening new hydrocarbon-bearing ones, thus significantly reducing water production and prolonging the life of the wells. The introduction of the innovative methodology not only significantly broadens the range of logging interventions that can be performed, it also enables accessing reservoir data that, in some cases, have been inaccessible for a long time, and which can be key to the optimization of production management of entire fields.
Invasive Sea Lamprey Detection and Characterization Using Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) Contact Sensor (2021)

The ability to monitor invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes is critical to protecting the region’s <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 7 billion USD fishing industry and preserving its biodiversity. Monitoring these invaders requires considerable fieldwork and human power, making remote lamprey detection systems attractive for their continuous monitoring capabilities and potential for workload reduction. However, a lack of available methods for detecting sea lamprey hampers development of such systems. Here we present a sensor composed of two exposed planar interdigitated electrodes (IDE) along with a DC measurement system for the detection of lamprey attachment underwater. Measuring voltage instead of impedance, reduces cost and signal processing complexity, making the device more attractive for field deployment. The system is calibrated to a baseline output voltage and deviations from this baseline occur when objects touch the IDE. Validation was done through testing on live adult sea lampreys using video recordings to correlate lamprey attachments to the sensor response. Three response types were identified corresponding to different attachments: sustained, short and sliding-sustained. Sensor response to sustained and sliding-sustained attachments showed a characteristic exponential decay whereas the response due to short attachments was indistinguishable from measurement noise. Lamprey size was found to have a weak linear correlation with both response parameters, positive for the voltage drop and negative for the time constant of voltage drop. A representative circuit for the lamprey-sensor interaction is proposed and simulated using element values calculated from the response parameters. The response of the model shows agreement with experimental data.
Contributions to Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 17 No. 2 (2022) (2022)

A shape's Heesch number is the number of layers of copies of the shape that can be placed around it without gaps or overlaps. Experimentation and exhaustive searching have turned up examples of shapes with finite Heesch numbers up to six, but nothing higher. The computational problem of classifying simple families of shapes by Heesch number can provide more experimental data to fuel our understanding of this topic. I present a technique for computing Heesch numbers of non-tiling polyforms using a SAT solver, and the results of exhaustive computation of Heesch numbers up to 19-ominoes, 17-hexes, and 24-iamonds.
Intergating Multiple Metrics to Improve the Performance of a Routing Protocol over Wireless Mesh Networks (2009)

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are dynamically self-organized and self-configured, with the nodes in the network automatically establishing an ad hoc network and preserving the mesh connectivity. There are several features which might help to design an efficient routing protocol suitable for wireless mesh networks such as improved performance metrics, link or path optimization, mobility management, scalability, cross-layer design etc. Since WMNs are permanent or semi-permanent network, an efficient and reliable path establishment is the core concern for such type of networks. By using the improved performance metrics, a reliable path can be established between source and destination. Minimum hop-count is the metric most commonly used by existing routing protocols. This approach implicitly assumes that links either work well or don't work at all. While often true in wired networks, this is not a reasonable approximation in the wireless case; since many wireless links have intermediate loss ratios, interference problem, low throughput etc. For this reason, several performance metrics are already designed for WMNs such as Expected Transmission Count (ETX), Expected Transmission Time (ETT), Interference Aware Routing Metric (iAWARE), Link Type Aware (LTA) Metric, Success Probability Product (SPP) and so on. However, each individual routing metric consider some features and it is difficult to satisfy all the requirements of WMNs by using a single metric. Consequently, it is necessary to integrate multiple performance metrics into a routing protocol to attain optimal performance. This paper proposes a technique of integrating multiple routing metrics to improve the performance of a routing protocol. This technique is implemented in Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and corresponding performance has been investigated in wireless mesh environment. Simulation results demonstrate significant performance improvement over standard AODV in WMNs.
SYNTHESIS OF 2,4-BIS [4-(5-AMIDINO AND 5-SUBSTITUTEDAMIDINO-2-BENZIMIDAZOYL) PYRIMIDINES (1995)

The syntheses of 2,4-bis[4-(5-imidazohn-2yl-2-benzimidazolyl)phenyI]pyrimidine, 2,4-bis[4-(5amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl]pyrimidine, and 2,4-bis[4-(5-N-isopropylamidino-2benzimidazolyl)phenyl]pyrimidine from 2,4-bis-(4-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine are reported.
Micromechanical Modeling of Switching Effects in Piezoelectric Materials — A Robust Coupled Finite Element Approach (2007)

A micromechanically motivated model for piezoelectric materials has been developed in this work. In particular, the nonlinear behavior of poly-crystalline specimens with tetragonal perovskite-type substructure are studied, and a robust three-dimensional coupled finite element formulation is elaborated. Differently oriented grains are taken into account within the proposed model, whereby representative dipole directions attached to each grain are randomly oriented. Furthermore, an energy reduction criterion applied to individual domains is adopted as a criterion for the initiation of domain switching processes. Based on this, macroscopic bulk response can be predicted by classical volume-averaging techniques. In practice, however, domain switching might occur even below the classical critical energy barrier which mainly stems from so-called intergranular effects. These effects are incorporated into the developed framework via a phenomenologically motivated probabilistic approach by relating the actual energy level to a critical energy level. In order to compare representative coupled finite element examples with experimental data reported in the literature, macroscopically uni-axial and quasi-static loading is applied to the bulk material: first, hysteresis and butterfly curves under purely electrical loading are discussed; secondly, additional mechanical loads in axial and lateral direction are applied to the specimen.
Diagnosis of different liver fibrosis characteristics by blood tests in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (2010)

Different characteristics of fibrosis in NAFLD can be diagnosed and quantified by blood tests with excellent accuracy.
Design of a CMOS Potentiostat Circuit for Electrochemical Detector Arrays (2007)

High-throughput electrode arrays are required for advancing devices for testing the effect of drugs on cellular function. In this paper, we present design criteria for a potentiostat circuit that is capable of measuring transient amperometric oxidation currents at the surface of an electrode with submillisecond time resolution and picoampere current resolution. The potentiostat is a regulated cascode stage in which a high-gain amplifier maintains the electrode voltage through a negative feedback loop. The potentiostat uses a new shared amplifier structure in which all of the amplifiers in a given row of detectors share a common half circuit permitting us to use fewer transistors per detector. We also present measurements from a test chip that was fabricated in a 0.5-μm, 5-V CMOS process through MOSIS. Each detector occupied a layout area of 35μm × 15μm and contained eight transistors and a 50-fF integrating capacitor. The rms current noise at 2kHz bandwidth is ≈ 110fA. The maximum charge storage capacity at 2kHz is 1.26 × 10(6) electrons.
Multiple sequence alignment with user-defined anchor points (2006)

Herein, we describe a semi-automatic version of the alignment program DIALIGN that can take pre-defined constraints into account. It is possible for the user to specify parts of the sequences that are assumed to be homologous and should therefore be aligned to each other. Our software program can use these sites as anchor points by creating a multiple alignment respecting these constraints. This way, our alignment method can produce alignments that are biologically more meaningful than alignments produced by fully automated procedures. As a demonstration of how our method works, we apply our approach to genomic sequences around the Hox gene cluster and to a set of DNA-binding proteins. As a by-product, we obtain insights about the performance of the greedy algorithm that our program uses for multiple alignment and about the underlying objective function. This information will be useful for the further development of DIALIGN. The described alignment approach has been integrated into the TRACKER software system.
Antioxidant activity of selected commercial seaweeds. (2002)

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity (total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities) of seaweeds commercially available in the Malaysian supermarket. Four types of seaweeds namely Nori (Porphyra sp.), Kumbu (Laminaria sp.), Wakame (Undaria sp.) and Hijiki (Hijikia sp.) were used in the study. The extracts were prepared with water and ethanol, respectively. The b-carotene bleaching and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were used to determine antioxidant properties of seaweeds by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 470 and 517 nm. In water extract, Kumbu showed the highest total antioxidant activity of 63% compared with other samples. Kumbu, Nori and Hijiki exhibited higher radical scavenging activity than Wakame when extracted with water. Wakame exhibited the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities in ethanolic extract with 58% and EC50 = 0.42 mg/ml respectively. The results of ANOVA analysis show significant differences (p<0.05) in the means of total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of the seaweeds. The results showed that processed commercial seaweeds exhibited varying degrees of antioxidant properties.