gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-FF-T-599: Investigate the Effectiveness and Benefits of a Treatment Plan Without Field Splitting as Compared to a Plan with Field Splitting (2009)

Purpose: For certain MLC models, restrictions in MLC carriage movement results in limited treatment field sizes for IMRT, and splitting fields are routinely used for large sized tumors. We explore the dosimetric and delivery efficiency advantages of not splitting large treatment fields when compared with splitting fields for large sized tumors. Method and Materials: Four head and neck patients with PTV sizes larger than 14.5 cm were selected for this study. Six IMRT plans were generated for each case using a commercial TPS (Pinnacle 7.9u) with the capability of automatic field splitting. Five, seven and nine evenly-spaced gantry angles were used in each case, and for each set of gantry angles, two treatment plans were generated. In the case of allowing for field splitting, the TPS generated split fields automatically when necessary with 2 cm of field overlap. In the case of no field splitting, the jaw openings in the MLC-travel direction were manually set to 14.5 cm wide with the guidance of PTV projection in the beam's eye-view. All plans followed the treatment guidelines of RTOG Protocol H-0022. Dose constraints and optimization parameters were kept identical for all the plans. Dose volume histograms (DVH) of PTV and critical structures were compared and differences in the dose distributions between different plans were assessed. Results: No clinically-significant differences were observed between split and non-split field plans, although dose uniformity for the high-risk PTVs was slightly increased for the plans without field splitting. For most of the cases, the total MUs were reduced when non splitting field method was used. Since the number of beams was less, the treatment planning (optimization) time was less. Conclusion: Similar plan quality can be achieved with non-split field plans. Reducing the number of split fields can reduce the total treatment time and increase patient throughput.
Rare-earth-rich metallic glasses. I. Magnetic hysteresis (1981)

An anomalous magnetic behavior has been observed in rare-earch-rich metallic glasses of the composition ${({R}_{75}{\mathrm{Au}}_{25})}_{100\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{B}}_{x}$ where $R$ denotes Pr, Gd, Tb, Er and $x=0,10$. The observed hysteresis in all samples except Gd at liquid-helium temperatures is due to the large anisotropy which develops below the ordering temperature. High-field-magnetization measurements up to 220 kOe were used to determine the spontaneous magnetization and the magnetic anisotropy constant which was found to be of order ${10}^{8}$ erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for the Tb and Er glasses. These parameters were used together with the observed remanence ratio to examine the high coercive fields in terms of recently proposed models of random anisotropy.
A CIÊNCIA DA INOVAÇÃO EM SERVIÇOS: ESTUDO EXPLORATÓRIO SOBRE OS INTERESSES E PRIORIDADES PARA UMA AGENDA DE PESQUISA NO BRASIL (2014)

Após uma revisão teórica em que foi identificada a relevância do avanço do conhecimento nos campos analíticos de ciência de serviços e inovação, o artigo apresenta resultados de um estudo exploratório no Brasil, a partir da operacionalização de um mapeamento dos interesses e a percepção das prioridades do emergente campo científico de Ciência de Serviços. Adotando como parâmetro a principal pesquisa conduzida nos EUA sobre o tema, a das proposições de prioridades de pesquisa em ciência de serviços do grupo Center for Services Leadership – CSL da Universidade do Estado do Arizona, em que foram definidas dez áreas prioritárias para pesquisa em Ciência de Serviço (Ostrom et al., 2010), foi realizada uma pesquisa anônima com os membros da nascente comunidade brasileira de Ciência de Serviços e os autores do 1o Simpósio Brasileiro, integrantes da academia e da iniciativa privada (103 respondentes). Os resultados revelam grande interesse em questões práticas ao universo empresarial, como criação de modelos de negócios para exploração de novas tecnologias de serviços, instrumentos e métricas de mensuração para a criação de valor, formalização das atividades para gestão da inovação e rotinas de P&amp;D e métodos de aperfeiçoamento da qualidade nas áreas da saúde e educação. O interesse pelo tema da sustentabilidade e inclusão social foi manifestado pela maior ênfase nos tópicos sobre melhoria e universalização do bem-estar social. Os resultados deste estudo indicam a percepção da comunidade científica em relação às melhores estratégias de investimento públicas e empresariais para a condução de futuras linhas de pesquisa no Brasil.
Imines and derivatives. Part 24. Nitrone synthesis by imine oxidation using either a peroxyacid or dimethyldioxirane (1990)

The oxidation of N-alkyl imines by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to yield nitrones was facilitated by (i) the presence of C-aryl substituents, (ii) steric inhibition of attack at the imino C-atom, (iii) electron donating para-substituents on the C-aryl substituent, (iv) non-hydroxylic solvents, (v) optimal conjugation between C-aryl substituents and the imino group, and (vi) less bulky N-alkyl groups.The oxidation of N-alkyl imines by dimethyldioxirane (DMD) in dichloromethane–acetone solution yielded nitrones without evidence of oxaziridine formation. The yields of isolated nitrones were higher for C,C-diaryl imines and for imines bearing less bulky N-alkyl substituents. N–H substituted ketimines were found to yield oximes after reaction with dimethyldioxirane.
Caldesmon is necessary for maintaining the actin and intermediate filaments in cultured bladder smooth muscle cells (2007)

Caldesmon (CaD), a component of microfilaments in all cells and thin filaments in smooth muscle cells, is known to bind to actin, tropomyosin, calmodulin, and myosin and to inhibit actin-activated ATP hydrolysis by smooth muscle myosin. Thus, it is believed to regulate smooth muscle contraction, cell motility and the cytoskeletal structure. Using bladder smooth muscle cell cultures and RNA interference (RNAi) technique, we show that the organization of actin into microfilaments in the cytoskeleton is diminished by siRNA-mediated CaD silencing. CaD silencing significantly decreased the amount of polymerized actin (F-actin), but the expression of actin was not altered. Additionally, we find that CaD is associated with 10 nm intermediate-sized filaments (IF) and in vitro binding assay reveals that it binds to vimentin and desmin proteins. Assembly of vimentin and desmin into IF is also affected by CaD silencing, although their expression is not significantly altered when CaD is silenced. Electronmicroscopic analyses of the siRNA-treated cells showed the presence of myosin filaments and a few surrounding actin filaments, but the distribution of microfilament bundles was sparse. Interestingly, the decrease in CaD expression had no effect on tubulin expression and distribution of microtubules in these cells. These results demonstrate that CaD is necessary for the maintenance of actin microfilaments and intermediate-sized filaments in the cytoskeletal structure. This finding raises the possibility that the cytoskeletal structure in smooth muscle is affected when CaD expression is altered, as in smooth muscle de-differentiation and hypertrophy seen in certain pathological conditions.
Identification of a novel antitumor peptide based on the screening of an Ala‐library derived from the LALF32–51 region (2009)

Novel therapeutic peptides are increasingly making their way into clinical application. The cationic and amphipathic properties of certain peptides allow them to cross biological membranes in a non-disruptive way without apparent toxicity increasing drug bioavailability. By modifying the primary structure of the Limulus-derived LALF(32-51) peptide we designed a novel peptide, L-2, with antineoplastic effect and cell-penetrating capacity. Interestingly, L-2 induced cellular cytotoxicity in a variety of tumor cell lines and systemic injection into immunocompetent and nude mice bearing established solid tumor, resulted in substantial regression of the tumor mass and apoptosis. To isolate the gene transcripts specifically regulated by L-2 in tumor cells, we conducted suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) analysis and identified a set of genes involved in biological processes relevant to cancer biology. Our findings describe a novel peptide that modifies the gene expression of the tumor cells and exhibits antitumor effect in vivo, indicating that peptide L-2 is a potential candidate for anticancer therapy.
Reducing Power of Three-Coordinate Cobalt(I) (2006)

Carbon monoxide adds easily to (PNP)Co, PNP = N(SiMe2CH2PtBu2)2, to give (PNP)Co(CO), whose nuco value of 1885 cm-1 suggests much back-donation, and thus an easily oxidized Co(I) in (PNP)Co. However, Co(III) is inaccessible from (PNP)Co by oxidation with I2, the products being first (PNP)CoI, then the zwitterion [ItBu2PCH2SiMe2NSiMe2CH2PtBu2]CoI2. The potential two-electron oxidant N2CH(SiMe3) reacts with (PNP)Co to form a 1:1 "adduct", whose crystal structure is most consistent with oxidation of Co(I), but not fully to Co(III).
Materials Informatics: Statistical Modeling in Material Science (2016)

Material informatics is engaged with the application of informatic principles to materials science in order to assist in the discovery and development of new materials. Central to the field is the application of data mining techniques and in particular machine learning approaches, often referred to as Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling, to derive predictive models for a variety of materials-related "activities". Such models can accelerate the development of new materials with favorable properties and provide insight into the factors governing these properties. Here we provide a comparison between medicinal chemistry/drug design and materials-related QSAR modeling and highlight the importance of developing new, materials-specific descriptors. We survey some of the most recent QSAR models developed in materials science with focus on energetic materials and on solar cells. Finally we present new examples of material-informatic analyses of solar cells libraries produced from metal oxides using combinatorial material synthesis. Different analyses lead to interesting physical insights as well as to the design of new cells with potentially improved photovoltaic parameters.
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a client of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and a biomarker of its inhibition (2017)

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90 are molecular chaperones that play essential roles in tumor growth by stabilizing pro-survival client proteins. However, although the development of Hsp90 inhibitors has benefited from the identification of clients, such as Raf-1 proto-oncogene, Ser/Thr kinase (RAF1), that are particularly dependent on this chaperone, no equivalent clients for Hsp70 have been reported. Using chemical probes and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we found here that the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, including c-IAP1 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), are obligate Hsp70 clients that are rapidly (within ˜3–12 h) lost after inhibition of Hsp70 but not of Hsp90. Mutagenesis and pulldown experiments revealed multiple Hsp70-binding sites on XIAP, suggesting that it is a direct, physical Hsp70 client. Interestingly, this interaction was unusually tight (˜260 nm) for an Hsp70–client interaction and involved non-canonical regions of the chaperone. Finally, we also found that Hsp70 inhibitor treatments caused loss of c-IAP1 and XIAP in multiple cancer cell lines and in tumor xenografts, but not in healthy cells. These results are expected to significantly accelerate Hsp70 drug discovery by providing XIAP as a pharmacodynamic biomarker. More broadly, our findings further suggest that Hsp70 and Hsp90 have partially non-overlapping sets of obligate protein clients in cancer cells. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90 are molecular chaperones that play essential roles in tumor growth by stabilizing pro-survival client proteins. However, although the development of Hsp90 inhibitors has benefited from the identification of clients, such as Raf-1 proto-oncogene, Ser/Thr kinase (RAF1), that are particularly dependent on this chaperone, no equivalent clients for Hsp70 have been reported. Using chemical probes and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we found here that the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, including c-IAP1 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), are obligate Hsp70 clients that are rapidly (within ˜3–12 h) lost after inhibition of Hsp70 but not of Hsp90. Mutagenesis and pulldown experiments revealed multiple Hsp70-binding sites on XIAP, suggesting that it is a direct, physical Hsp70 client. Interestingly, this interaction was unusually tight (˜260 nm) for an Hsp70–client interaction and involved non-canonical regions of the chaperone. Finally, we also found that Hsp70 inhibitor treatments caused loss of c-IAP1 and XIAP in multiple cancer cell lines and in tumor xenografts, but not in healthy cells. These results are expected to significantly accelerate Hsp70 drug discovery by providing XIAP as a pharmacodynamic biomarker. More broadly, our findings further suggest that Hsp70 and Hsp90 have partially non-overlapping sets of obligate protein clients in cancer cells.
Endocardial Device Leads in Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale: Echocardiographic Correlates of Stroke/TIA and Mortality (2016)

In patients with CIED and PFO, structural and hemodynamic echocardiographic markers did not predict future stroke/TIA. However, a significantly higher TR or RVSP was associated with higher mortality.
Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Cu Electrode Modified with CuO Nanoflowers (2013)

A non-enzymatic glucose sensor was developed using copper oxide (CuO) nanoflower films on copper foil. Flower-shaped CuO nanostructures were synthesized directly by the hydrothermal oxidation of copper foil in an autoclave. The morphology of the CuO nanoflower film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical performance of the electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. Glucose was oxidized directly at the CuO nanoflowers film under alkaline condition. The sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 789.3 μA/mM·cm2 (correlation coefficient R = 0.9961) at an applied potential of +0.5 V (vs. SCE) with a linear range of 9.54 × 10−8 to 3.13 × 10−3 M. It also showed a wide linear range, a low detection limit, good reproducibility, a long-term stability and excellent selectivity.
Reliable resource allocation for optically interconnected distributed clouds (2014)

In this paper, we study the reliable resource allocation (RRA) problem of allocating virtual machines (VMs) from multiple optically interconnected data centers (DCs) with the objective of minimizing the total failure probability based on the information obtained from the optical network virtulization. We first describe the framework of resource allocation, formulate the RRA problem, and prove that RRA is NP-complete. We provide an algorithm, named Minimum Failure Cover (MFC), to obtain optimal solutions for small scale problems. We then provide a greedy algorithm, named VM-over-Reliability (VOR), to solve large scale problems. Numerical results show that VOR achieves results close to optimal solutions gained by MFC for small scale problems. Numerical results also show that VOR outperforms the resource allocation through random DC selection (RDS).
Entrée de la Médersa Les élèves attendent l’arrivée du ministre marocain Si Othman Djerrari (1910)

Klein Henri. Entrée de la Médersa Les élèves attendent l’arrivée du ministre marocain Si Othman Djerrari . In: Les Feuillets d'El-Djezaïr, volume 1, 1910. Le Comité du Vieil Alger. p. 1.
Post-combustion formation of dioxins/furans in waste incinerator plants (2003)

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in samples of ash residue collected from various parts of the incinerators at two large UK municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) plants. The results confirmed that conditions in the heat recovery system favoured the formation of PCDD/Fs and that these were removed from the flue gas by activated carbon and fly ash in the fabric filters downstream of the incinerator. Small concentrations were observed in the bottom ash due to the exposure of the ash to temperatures exceeding 600 °C, followed by the rapid quenching of the hot ash. The patterns of PCDD/F congeners were also determined and recorded. As these patterns vary according to local plant conditions and combustion sources, the data can be used for the tentative assessment of the accountability of current MSWIs for the presence of PCDD/Fs in the environment. A mathematical model was developed for predicting concentrations of PCDD/F based on the fundamental governing equations for formation of PCDD/Fs by the De Novo synthesis mechanism in the heat recovery unit and their removal by the fabric filter. The four important factors influencing formation of PCDD/Fs by De Novo synthesis are; temperature (250 to 400 °C, with a peak formation rate at about 300 °C), concentration of oxygen in the gas stream, and concentrations of carbon and copper in the fly ash. A key feature of the mathematical model is, therefore, its ability to predict PCDD/F concentrations based on integrating the effect of these parameters. Application of the model to data from MSWI plants gave predicted PCDD/F concentrations in good agreement with the experimentally measured results.
Strategy for Carrier Control in Carbon Nanotube Transistors (2011)

Carbon nanotubes exhibit remarkable mechanical and electronic properties and are, therefore, being regarded as a new functional material for next generation electronics. Nevertheless, several obstacles still exist for an application in industry. The control of carriers in carbon nanotubes is of critical importance prior to an industrial application in transistors. As carbon nanotubes exhibit p-type behavior under ambient conditions, it is difficult to convert them from a p- to an n-type transistor. Also, doping control is a critical issue for applying traditional CMOS technology. Here, we discuss various approaches for preparing operating carbon nanotube transistors: i) impurity doping that employs conventional and interstitial insertion of group III or V materials, ii) chemical doping that induces charge transfer between chemicals and CNTs, iii) carrier control that utilizes the work function difference between metal and CNTs, iv) electrostatic doping that controls the carrier type by using a gate bias, and v) ambipolarity that does not use chemical doping. Advantages and drawbacks of these approaches will be discussed extensively in the text.
Anti-angiogenic Therapy in Cancer: Downsides and New Pivots for Precision Medicine (2017)

Primary solid tumors originate close to pre-existing tissue vasculature, initially growing along such tissue blood vessels, and this phenomenon is important for the metastatic potential which frequently occurs in highly vascularized tissues. Unfortunately, preclinic and clinic anti-angiogenic approaches have not been very successful, and multiple factors have been found to contribute to toxicity and tumor resistance. Moreover, tumors can highlight intrinsic or acquired resistances, or show adaptation to the VEGF-targeted therapies. Furthermore, different mechanisms of vascularization, activation of alternative signaling pathways, and increased tumor aggressiveness make this context even more complex. On the other hand, it has to be considered that the transitional restoration of normal, not fenestrated, microvessels allows the drug to reach the tumor and act with the maximum efficiency. However, these effects are time-limited and different, depending on the various types of cancer, and clearly define a specific "normalization window." So, new horizons in the therapeutic approaches consist on the treatment of the tumor with pro- (instead of anti-) angiogenic therapies, which could strengthen a network of well-structured blood vessels that facilitate the transport of the drug.
Recollection: Camel milk proteins, bioactive peptides and casein micelles (2017)

Camel milk is mostly known through its unique proteins and bioactive peptides. Its protein pattern is more close to human milk than bovine milk. Camel milk similar to human milk lacks β-lactoglobulin, the most allergen protein in bovine milk. Bioactive peptides produced from both casein and whey proteins of camel milk have shown great bioactivity compared to peptides from different sources. Camel milk bioactive peptides have shown high antioxidant activity, ACE inhibitory activity as well as antimicrobial activity. The casein micelles of camel milk are an excellent nano carrier for bioactive components. Therefore, camel milk is considered as a new traditional superfood. Traditionally, it has been used since ancient times in some part of the world and it has been noticed as a new source for producing superfood in developed countries. Consuming milk and milk products is part of a healthy diet. Commercial milk is mostly bovine milk which has become one of the main sources of producing functional products through fortification and enrichments. Investment on camel milk has earned a good attention in today's food industries. In this recollection, we have pointed out some of the most important and recent works examined on camel milk and its components by our laboratory.
Virgo’s Intracluster Globular Clusters as Seen by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (2007)

We report the discovery of four candidate intracluster globular clusters (IGCs) in a single deep HST ACS field of the Virgo Cluster. We show that each cluster is roughly spherical, has a magnitude near the peak of the Virgo globular cluster luminosity function, has a radial profile that is best fitted by a King model, and is surrounded by an excess of point sources that have the colors and magnitudes of cluster red giant stars. Despite the fact that two of our IGC candidates have integrated colors redder than the mean of the M87 globular cluster system, we propose that all of the objects are metal-poor, with [M/H] &lt; -1. We show that the tidal radii of our intracluster globular clusters are all larger than the mean for Milky Way clusters and suggest that the clusters have undergone less tidal stress than their Galactic counterparts. Finally, we normalize our globular cluster observations to the luminosity of intracluster stars and derive a value of SN ∼ 6 for the specific frequency of Virgo intracluster globular clusters. We use these data to constrain the origins of Virgo's intracluster population and suggest that globular clusters in our intracluster field have a different origin than globular clusters in the vicinity of M87. In particular, we argue that dwarf elliptical galaxies may be an important source of intracluster stars.