gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maximum Utilization of On-Base Emergency Generation after Sustained Utility Outage (2006)

The focus of this research will take advantage of the excess emergency generation capacity typically seen at any Air Force base and use it to backfeed the local distribution system to maximize the load supplied for sustained power outages. The model developed was intended to represent all Air Force bases and includes 2 distribution substations, 7 feeders, and 39 dispersed emergency generators. The generators range in size from 7.5 kW to 2.5 MW and provide a total of 13.9 MVA of potential capacity. Four system states were simulated in this research. Power flow and short-circuit tests were performed for each state to verify and check solution feasibility. The base case modeled normal operating conditions with the utility supplying the entire load. The first scenario simulated the loss of utility so only critical loads were powered by their respective emergency generators. This created 39 electrical islands leaving an excess generating capacity of 8.23 MVA. The second scenario attempted to connect generators so power could be supplied to some noncritical loads. Through trial and error, while verifying feasibility, 22 electrical islands were created reducing the excess generating capacity to 4.07 MVA. The third scenario employed essential loading tactics to maximize the quantity of loads supplied. Here, 18 electrical islands were formed giving an excess generating capacity of 4.71 MVA. There are several issues that may prohibit connecting generators to an existing distribution system. Transformers will need to act as step-up transformers for the generators, and may have adverse effects on short-circuit currents and harmonics, depending on their size, impedance rating, and configuration. Unintentional islanding may damage equipment and cause harm to crews who maintain the system, and the coordination and existing protection scheme may become invalid as a result of adding distributed generators.
BRCA1 transcriptionally regulates genes involved in breast tumorigenesis (2002)

Loss of function of BRCA1 caused by inherited mutation and tissue-specific somatic mutation leads to breast and ovarian cancer. Nearly all BRCA1 germ-line mutations involve truncation or loss of the C-terminal BRCT transcriptional activation domain, suggesting that transcriptional regulation is a critical function of the wild-type gene. The purpose of this project was to determine whether there is a link between the role of BRCA1 in transcriptional regulation and its role in tumor suppression. We developed a cell line (in which BRCA1 can be induced) and used microarray analysis to compare transcription profiles of epithelial cells with low endogenous levels of BRCA1 vs. transcription profiles of cells with 2-4-fold higher induced levels of expression of BRCA1. At these levels of expression, BRCA1 did not induce apoptosis. Undirected cluster analysis of six paired experiments revealed 373 genes, the expression of which was altered significantly and consistently by BRCA1 induction. Expression of 62 genes was altered more than 2-fold. BRCA1-regulated genes associated with breast tumorigenesis included the estrogen-responsive genes MYC and cyclin D1, which are overexpressed in many breast tumors; STAT1 and JAK1, key components of the cytokine signal transduction pathway; the extracellular matrix protein laminin 3A; ID4, an inhibitor of DNA-binding transcriptional activators, which in turn negatively regulates BRCA1 expression; and the prohormone stanniocalcin, expression of which is lost in breast tumor cells. Coordinated expression of BRCA1 with ID4 and with stanniocalcin was confirmed in primary breast and ovarian tumors.
A hierarchically structured composite of Mn3O4/3D graphene foam for flexible nonenzymatic biosensors (2012)

We report a novel composite material of hierarchically structured Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> grown on three-dimensional graphene foam (3DGF). This hierarchical Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/3DGF composite was fabricated as a flexible and freestanding biosensor for nonenzymatic determination of glucose and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, significant analytes in health care and food industry. The Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/3DGF-based biosensor achieved high sensitivity, large linear range and low detection limit for the detection of both analytes, due to the synergistic effects of the two materials, which combines the high electrocatalytic activity of the nanostructured Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> network, and high conductivity and large surface area of 3DGF. This enzymeless biosensor also exhibited excellent performance for real-time detection of glucose and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in serum and food samples.
HsMCM2/BM28: a novel proliferation marker for human tumors and normal tissues. (1998)

HsMCM2/BM28 is a member of the family of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins, which play a critical role in DNA replication by helping to ensure that DNA is replicated once and only once per cell cycle. The association of HsMCM2 with DNA replication suggested to us that it might prove useful as a new marker for cell proliferation. To test this possibility, we employed immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting to study HsMCM2 expression in both normal human tissues and primary human tumors. We found that HsMCM2 was detectable by immunoblotting in 97% of the studied tumors but in only 27% of the corresponding normal tissues. In normal tissues, the immunoblot signal was weaker than in tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed that in normal tissues HsMCM2 is present only in proliferating cell nuclei. In most cases, tumor cell nuclei produced a stronger HsMCM2 signal than normal proliferating cell nuclei. Comparative studies revealed that antibodies against HsMCM2 stained fewer nuclei than antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen but usually more than antibodies against Ki-67 (another proliferation-related antigen). Thus, the correlations between proliferation and antigenic signal are different for these three proteins. These results indicate that HsMCM2 is, indeed, a novel marker for proliferating cells. Further studies are required to determine whether the fact that HsMCM2 has a different correlation with proliferation and elevated staining intensity in tumor nuclei (compared to nuclei in normal proliferating cells) will permit it to be a more useful diagnostic and prognostic marker than proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67.
Mucosal mast cell responses and release of mast cell protease‐I in infections of mice with Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma: modulation by cyclosporin A (1999)

The dynamics of intestinal mucosal mast cells and the major mucosal mast cell protease were followed during the course of laboratory infections of mice with Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma. The effects of the drug cyclosporin A (CsA), which is both immunosuppressive and selectively anthelmintic depending upon dose regime, were determined. In H. diminuta infections worm expulsion occurred around day 9 and coincided with peak mastocytosis and peak mMCP-I concentrations in tissues and serum. Immunosuppressive treatment with CsA prevented worm expulsion, permitting some individuals to reach maturity, and abrogated mast cell proliferation and mMCP-I production and release. By contrast, H. microstoma infections persisted for 64 days in spite of a considerable mastocyosis in both intestine and bile duct tissues accompanied by a high level of mMCP-I in tissues and serum. A subimmunosuppressive regime of CsA had only limited effects on worms and mast cell numbers and activity. Together these data shed light on the variable mast cell response to gastrointestinal infections and on the potential significance of parasite location in evasion of mast cell action. Use of CsA reveals the contributions of both T cell-dependent mechanisms, including mast cell proliferation and activation, and T cell-independent events in regulating intestinal helminth infections.
Single-cell analysis of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells: molecular heterogeneity of gene expression and p53 mutations (1993)

We have used a single-cell based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification technique to examine the gene expression pattern in single Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg (H&RS) cells from seven patients with Hodgkin's disease. Single cells were isolated from lymph nodes obtained at diagnosis (5 of 7 patients) or in first or second relapse (2 of 7 patients). Gene expression was examined by hybridization to a panel of 22 cDNA probes. Forty-nine H&RS cells (and 23 CD3+ or CD20+ lymphocytes as controls) from four patients with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease (HD) and one patient each with lymphocyte predominant and mixed-cellularity HD were successfully analyzed by PCR. This analysis provides evidence that single H&RS cells can coexpress genes characteristic of several hematopoietic lineages (monocytes and lymphocytes). Genes characteristic of activated lymphoid cells are expressed in most H&RS cells. Heterogeneity of expression for certain genes between different cases was found and may eventually define molecular subgroups of HD. These findings indicate that H&RS cells of HD resemble activated hematopoietic cells. Phenotypically similar cells from different cases exhibit characteristic molecular differences. In one patient, 5 of 7 single RS cells showed identical p53 cDNA mutations at codon 246 on specific reverse transcriptase [RT]-PCR and sequencing of exons 5 through 8. The novel experimental approach may provide a valuable tool for understanding the molecular events in newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease and progression of the disease.
Thermal Degradation Products ofS-Alkyl-l-cysteine Occurring in theA IliumSpecies withd-Glucose (1990)

Thermal treatment of a mixture of S-alkyl-l-cysteines (alkyl: methyl, MCS; allyl, ACS; propyl, PCS; cis-1-propenyl, PeCS) occurring in the Allium species and d-glucose (Glc) gave rise to volatile products which are responsible for characteristic food flavors. Flavor evaluations due to thermally treating mixtures MCS–Glc, ACS–Glc, PCS–Glc and PeCS–Gilc indicated pickled radish-like, garlic and rice cracker-like, roasted onion-like, and rice cracker-like flavors, respectively. The major volatile products from MCS–Glc, ACS–Glc and PeCS–Glc were sulfur compounds generated from the thermal decomposition of MCS, ACS and PeCS, respectively. Interestingly, the compounds contributing to the good aroma of PCS–Glc were alkylpyrazines as well as sulfur compounds. Furthermore, novel compounds—2,4-bis(propylthio)butanal and 2,4-bis(propylthio)but-2-enal, which were thermally generated from an equimolar mixture of PCS and Glc, were isolated and identified by MS, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
Theoretical investigation of thiophene-linked porphyrin-perylene photosensitiser for bulk-heterojunction solar cells (2018)

In this work, quantum chemical calculations were applied to investigate a new series of porphyrin-perylene conjugates for their potential use as light-harvesting compounds in bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Molecular design relies on the integration of a electron-donating porphyrin and a electron-accepting perylene units via a spacer containing 0 to 10 thiophene rings. Electronic properties of these push–pull systems were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT approaches. Results show that introduction of thiophene-based spacer with different number of the thiophene rings significantly affects the electronic and absorption properties of the molecules. According to its suitable energy gap, efficient charge transfer and appropriate absorption behaviour determined by the calculation, the derivative having a terthiophene linker should be as the optimal compound among all molecules studied herein.
Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in the defence domain1 (2023)

Defence agencies across the globe identify artificial intelligence (AI) as a key technology to maintain an edge over adversaries. As a result, efforts to develop or acquire AI capabilities for defence are growing on a global scale. Unfortunately, they remain unmatched by efforts to define ethical frameworks to guide the use of AI in the defence domain. This chapter provides one such framework. It identifies five principles – justified and overridable uses; just and transparent systems and processes; human moral responsibility; meaningful human control; reliable AI systems – and related recommendations to foster ethically sound uses of AI for national defence purposes.
Clutter map and target tracking (2005)

Target tracking algorithms have to operate in an environment of uncertain measurement origin, in the presence of possibly non-detected target measurements as well as clutter measurements from unwanted scatterers. Integral part of expressions for data association probabilities is the estimate of clutter density. A priori knowledge of the clutter density may be derived in the form of the closed expression, whilst in the case of environmentally caused clutter; clutter measurement density has to be estimated using measurements from a number of scans, using a clutter map. This paper presents, as well as compares, three different clutter map estimators. The first is the classic clutter map estimator, which averages the number of measurements over a number of scans. This is a biased estimator of the inverse of clutter density. The second clutter map estimator uses spatial characteristics of the multi-dimensional Poisson process, and is termed spatial clutter map estimator. The third clutter map estimator uses temporal characteristics of the Poisson process, thus this estimator is termed temporal clutter map estimator. Both spatial and temporal clutter map produce an unbiased estimate of the inverse of clutter measurement density.
I NaCa contributes to electrical heterogeneity within the canine ventricle (2000)

This study examines the amplitude of sodium-calcium exchange current (I(NaCa)) in epicardial, midmyocardial, and endocardial canine ventricular myocytes. Whole cell currents were recorded at 37( degrees )C using standard or perforated-patch voltage-clamp techniques in the absence of potassium, calcium-activated chloride, and sodium-pump currents. I(NaCa) was triggered by release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or by rapid removal of external sodium. I(NaCa) was large in midmyocardial myocytes and significantly smaller in endocardial myocytes, regardless of the method used to activate I(NaCa). I(NaCa) at -80 mV was -0.316 +/- 0. 013, -0.293 +/- 0.016, and -0.210 +/- 0.007 pC/pF, respectively, in midmyocardial, epicardial, and endocardial myocytes when activated by the calcium transient. When triggered by sodium removal, peak I(NaCa) was 0.74 +/- 0.04, 0.57 +/- 0.04, and 0.50 +/- 0.03 pA/pF, respectively, in midmyocardial, epicardial, and endocardial myocytes. Epicardial I(NaCa) was smaller than midmyocardial I(NaCa) when activated by removal of external sodium but was comparable to epicardial and midmyocardial I(NaCa) when activated by the normal calcium transient, implying possible transmural differences in excitation-contraction coupling. Our results suggest that I(NaCa) differences contribute to transmural electrical heterogeneity under normal and pathological states. A large midmyocardial I(NaCa) may contribute to the prolonged action potential of these cells as well as to the development of triggered activity under calcium-loading conditions.
Scene Recomposition by Learning-Based ICP (2020)

By moving a depth sensor around a room, we compute a 3D CAD model of the environment, capturing the room shape and contents such as chairs, desks, sofas, and tables. Rather than reconstructing geometry, we match, place, and align each object in the scene to thousands of CAD models of objects. In addition to the fully automatic system, the key technical contribution is a novel approach for aligning CAD models to 3D scans, based on deep reinforcement learning. This approach, which we call Learning-based ICP, outperforms prior ICP methods in the literature, by learning the best points to match and conditioning on object viewpoint. LICP learns to align using only synthetic data and does not require ground truth annotation of object pose or keypoint pair matching in real scene scans. While LICP is trained on synthetic data and without 3D real scene annotations, it outperforms both learned local deep feature matching and geometric based alignment methods in real scenes. The proposed method is evaluated on real scenes datasets of SceneNN and ScanNet as well as synthetic scenes of SUNCG. High quality results are demonstrated on a range of real world scenes, with robustness to clutter, viewpoint, and occlusion.
Modeling Contemporaneous Basket Sequences with Twin Networks for Next-Item Recommendation (2018)

Our interactions with an application frequently leave a heterogeneous and contemporaneous trail of actions and adoptions (e.g., clicks, bookmarks, purchases). Given a sequence of a particular type (e.g., purchases)-- referred to as the target sequence, we seek to predict the next item expected to appear beyond this sequence. This task is known as next-item recommendation. We hypothesize two means for improvement. First, within each time step, a user may interact with multiple items (a basket), with potential latent associations among them. Second, predicting the next item in the target sequence may be helped by also learning from another supporting sequence (e.g., clicks). We develop three twin network structures modeling the generation of both target and support basket sequences. One based on "Siamese networks" facilitates full sharing of parameters between the two sequence types. The other two based on "fraternal networks" facilitate partial sharing of parameters. Experiments on real-world datasets show significant improvements upon baselines relying on one sequence type.
Spatio-chromatic contrast sensitivity under mesopic and photopic light levels (2020)

Contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) characterize the sensitivity of the human visual system at different spatial scales, but little is known as to how contrast sensitivity for achromatic and chromatic stimuli changes from a mesopic to a highly photopic range reflecting outdoor illumination levels. The purpose of our study was to further characterize the CSF by measuring both achromatic and chromatic sensitivities for background luminance levels from 0.02 cd/m2 to 7,000 cd/m2. Stimuli consisted of Gabor patches of different spatial frequencies and angular sizes, varying from 0.125 to 6 cpd, which were displayed on a custom high dynamic range (HDR) display with luminance levels up to 15,000 cd/m2. Contrast sensitivity was measured in three directions in color space, an achromatic direction, an isoluminant "red-green" direction, and an S-cone isolating "yellow-violet" direction, selected to isolate the luminance, L/M-cone opponent, and S-cone opponent pathways, respectively, of the early postreceptoral processing stages. Within each session, observers were fully adapted to the fixed background luminance (0.02, 2, 20, 200, 2,000, or 7,000 cd/m2). Our main finding is that the background luminance has a differential effect on achromatic contrast sensitivity compared to chromatic contrast sensitivity. The achromatic contrast sensitivity increases with higher background luminance up to 200 cd/m2 and then shows a sharp decline when background luminance is increased further. In contrast, the chromatic sensitivity curves do not show a significant sensitivity drop at higher luminance levels. We present a computational luminance-dependent model that predicts the CSF for achromatic and chromatic stimuli of arbitrary size.
Floating voltage-controlled current sources for electrical impedance tomography (2007)

The design of a current source for wideband electrical impedance tomography medical instrumentation is a challenging task. This paper describes two simple OTA-based floating voltage-controlled current sources (VCCSs) for this application. Both designs are suitable for VLSI implementation and overcome the drawbacks of existing opamp-based discrete VCCS designs. The floating VCCSs are designed to drive loads of 100 Omega to 2 kOmega with current amplitudes of up to 500 muA. The working frequency band is between 100 Hz to 1 MHz. Simulated results using a 0.35-mum CMOS process technology are presented to show the operation of the circuits.
Pulsion enterocele: long-term results of an abdominoperineal technique. (1980)

Surgical correction of large pulsion enterocele is a contentious subject and until a technique is founded upon proper anatomic facts, the arguments will continue. Pulsion enterocele follows changes in the pelvic cellular tissues and levator ani complex; both defects must be corrected. Synchronous abdominoperineal repair attends to both defects with accuracy, and in a healthy woman who wishes to regain normal vaginal function, it should be the procedure of choice. During the past 11 years, 66 patients, many of whom had been unsuccessfully treated by other techniques, have been managed with this procedure. Accurate follow-up has been possible in 60 patients, and of these women, 56 have been cured.
Behavior in normal and reduced gravity of an enclosed liquid/gas system with nonuniform heating from above (1989)

The temperature and velocity fields have been investigated for a single-phase gas system and a two-layer gas-and-liquid system enclosed in a circular cylinder being heated suddenly and nonuniformly from above. The transient response of the gas, liquid, and container walls was modelled numerically in normal and reduced gravity (10 to the -5 g). Verification of the model was accomplished via flow visualization experiments in 10 cm high by 10 cm diameter plexiglass cylinders.
Conceptual design of a laser fusion power plant (1977)

A conceptual design of a laser fusion power plant is extensively discussed. Recent advances in high gain targets are exploited in the design. A smaller blanket structure is made possible by use of a thick falling region of liquid lithium for a first wall. Major design features of the plant, reactor, and laser systems are described. A parametric analysis of performance and cost vs. design parameters is presented to show feasible design points. A more definitive follow-on conceptual design study is planned. (RME)
Microplate-based chromatin immunoprecipitation method, Matrix ChIP: a platform to study signaling of complex genomic events (2008)

The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay is a major tool in the study of genomic processes in vivo. This and other methods are revealing that control of gene expression, cell division and DNA repair involves multiple proteins and great number of their modifications. ChIP assay is traditionally done in test tubes limiting the ability to study signaling of the complex genomic events. To increase the throughput and to simplify the assay we have developed a microplate-based ChIP (Matrix ChIP) method, where all steps from immunoprecipitation to DNA purification are done in microplate wells without sample transfers. This platform has several important advantages over the tube-based assay including very simple sample handling, high throughput, improved sensitivity and reproducibility, and potential for automation. 96 ChIP measurements including PCR can be done by one researcher in one day. We illustrate the power of Matrix ChIP by parallel profiling 80 different chromatin and transcription time-course events along an inducible gene including transient recruitment of kinases.