gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imaging the Distribution of Framework Aluminum in Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 (1997)

The distribution of framework aluminum inside micrometer-size particles of the mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 has been investigated using transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images, after supporting platinum clusters inside the aluminum-containing region selectively via the ion exchange of Pt(NH3)42+. The TEM images show that the framework aluminum becomes distributed homogeneously inside the resultant MCM-41 particles if sodium aluminate is added to the reaction mixture, consisting of an aqueous solution of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HTA) chloride and sodium silicate, before the formation of the surfactant−silicate mesostructure. On the other hand, the framework aluminum can be incorporated into the outer region within MCM-41 particles if the aluminum source is added after completing the formation of the mesostructure. The thickness of the aluminum-containing region, which results from the aluminum diffusion into the surfactant−silicate mesostructure, can be controlled by the diffusion time and the concentration of the aluminum source. In addition, powder X-ray diffraction indicates that the structural order is improved when the aluminum source is added after the formation of the surfactant−silicate mesostructure, rather than before.
Preparation of Ultrafine TATB and the Technology for Crystal Morphology Control (2012)

Abstract The ultrafine 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) has been prepared by using solvent and non‐solvent method, and the influencing factors in close relationship with the grain size and crystal morphology control such as categories and dosage of surfactants, volume ratio of solvent to non‐solvent have also been considered in this paper. It showed that these factors had remarkable effect on the crystal morphology, particle size and agglomeration during the crystallization process. By using 0.095% (mass percentage) ionic surfactant (S) as the additive and using spray‐drops feeding device as the dropping equipment, 1.06 g TATB raw materials have been refined into free‐running ellipsoid and spherical TATB grains with the grain size from 30 to 50 nm. By using 0.014% (mass percentage) non‐ionic surfactant (P) as the additive, spherical TATB grains with the particle diameter of 50 nm and with narrow particle‐size distribution have also been obtained. It was shown by the characterizations that the ultrafine particle of TATB had better heat resisting evenness and its 5 seconds ignition point is advanced by 7.5 K.
Attenuation of Alcohol‐Induced Apoptosis of Hepatocytes in Rat Livers by Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) (2000)

PPC attenuates alcohol-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes; this effect may provide a mechanism for PPC's protection against liver injury, possibly in association with its antioxidative action via the down-regulation of ethanol-mediated CYP2E1 induction.
Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants (2019)

The glucosinolates (GSLs) is a well-defined group of plant metabolites characterized by having an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to an O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate function. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the sulfated aglucone can undergo rearrangement to an isothiocyanate, or form a nitrile or other products. The number of GSLs known from plants, satisfactorily characterized by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS) by mid-2018, is 88. In addition, a group of partially characterized structures with highly variable evidence counts for approximately a further 49. This means that the total number of characterized GSLs from plants is somewhere between 88 and 137. The diversity of GSLs in plants is critically reviewed here, resulting in significant discrepancies with previous reviews. In general, the well-characterized GSLs show resemblance to C-skeletons of the amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, Trp, Ile, Phe/Tyr and Met, or to homologs of Ile, Phe/Tyr or Met. Insufficiently characterized, still hypothetic GSLs include straight-chain alkyl GSLs and chain-elongated GSLs derived from Leu. Additional reports (since 2011) of insufficiently characterized GSLs are reviewed. Usually the crucial missing information is correctly interpreted NMR, which is the most effective tool for GSL identification. Hence, modern use of NMR for GSL identification is also reviewed and exemplified. Apart from isolation, GSLs may be obtained by organic synthesis, allowing isotopically labeled GSLs and any kind of side chain. Enzymatic turnover of GSLs in plants depends on a considerable number of enzymes and other protein factors and furthermore depends on GSL structure. Identification of GSLs must be presented transparently and live up to standard requirements in natural product chemistry. Unfortunately, many recent reports fail in these respects, including reports based on chromatography hyphenated to MS. In particular, the possibility of isomers and isobaric structures is frequently ignored. Recent reports are re-evaluated and interpreted as evidence of the existence of "isoGSLs", i.e. non-GSL isomers of GSLs in plants. For GSL analysis, also with MS-detection, we stress the importance of using authentic standards.
Noise Reduction Techniques and Scaling Effects towards Photon Counting CMOS Image Sensors (2016)

This paper presents an overview of the read noise in CMOS image sensors (CISs) based on four-transistors (4T) pixels, column-level amplification and correlated multiple sampling. Starting from the input-referred noise analytical formula, process level optimizations, device choices and circuit techniques at the pixel and column level of the readout chain are derived and discussed. The noise reduction techniques that can be implemented at the column and pixel level are verified by transient noise simulations, measurement and results from recently-published low noise CIS. We show how recently-reported process refinement, leading to the reduction of the sense node capacitance, can be combined with an optimal in-pixel source follower design to reach a sub-0.3 \(e^{-}_{rms}\) read noise at room temperature. This paper also discusses the impact of technology scaling on the CIS read noise. It shows how designers can take advantage of scaling and how the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistor gate leakage tunneling current appears as a challenging limitation. For this purpose, both simulation results of the gate leakage current and 1/f noise data reported from different foundries and technology nodes are used.
Comparison of relative accuracy between a mechanical and an optical position tracker for image-guided neurosurgery (1995)

An essential component in the execution of image-guided surgery is a hand-held probe whose spatial position is tracked during the procedure and displayed on a three-dimensional operative workstation. This paper describes an experiment performed in order to compare the accuracy of a mechanically linked pointing device (FARO surgical arm) and an optical position tracker (OPTOTRAK) against a "gold standard."
Development of Reversible SOFC's for Hydrogen Production (2008)

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) can be designed for both power generation (fuel cell) and hydrogen production (solid oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC)). In a reversible SOFC both functions are done in the same cell. One possible design suitable for this purpose is the metal-supported tubular SOFC (MTSOFC) under development at Worldwide Energy, Inc. (WE) in cooperation with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The feasibility of using the SOFC standard materials set for a reversible SOFC is being experimentally investigated at ORNL and modeled at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Fluent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of the SOEC has been initiated. This is the first known attempt to model a MTSOFC design. Results to-date indicate that parameters such as permeability of the porous metal support tube and steam concentration are important for both fuel cell and electrolyser mode. Current distribution is also a critical design co nsideration.
Authoritarian Reformism in Saudi Arabia (2018)

Saudi Arabia’s commitment to the Vision 2030 initiative in 2015 signalled the intent of the new administration of King Salman to initiate substantial macroeconomic and social transformation and break the system of intense rentierism that has defined its civil-state relations for generations (Krimly, 1993). Drivers for such reforms are numerous, but at their core is safeguarding the monarchy’s authoritarian hold on power against domestic challenges as it declines as a welfare provider. This is a formidable challenge for any regime in the best of times.
Results of 89 Strontium Therapy in Patients with Carcinoma of the Prostate and Incurable Pain from Bone Metastases: A Preliminary Report (1976)

The therapeutic application of 89strontium for the relief of pain in 11 cases of carcinoma of the prostate with skeletal metastases is reported. A significant clinical improvement could be observed in 8 of the 11 patients with generalized osseous metastases of prostatic carcinoma after the application of 30 muCi. 89strontium per kg. The effect was long lasting. At the same time an increase of alkaline phosphatase was observed, which was interpreted as an indication of the reactivation of osteoblasts and osteoid peripheral zones owing to beta-emission of the radioisotope in the affected areas. The indications for such therapy are discussed.
The formation of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐hexosaminidase is repressed by glucose in Penicillium chrysogenum (1993)

Abstract The formation of N‐acetyl‐β‐ D ‐hexosaminidase is under carbon catabolite repression in growing Penicillium chrysogenum . The enzyme accumulates inside the cells during the stationary phase of growth and is released into the culture fluid when the cell‐wall lysis has started and progressed. The time‐course of enzyme formation strongly supports the suggestion that fungal N‐acetyl‐β‐ D ‐hexosaminidase may have a role in the degradation of intermediate cell‐wall breakdown products during starvation. Regarding that analogous enzymes from other fungi have been shown to be able to liberate GlcNAc monomers from different glycoproteins and glycopeptides a possible participation in the orderly destruction of cellular glycoprotein components cannot be excluded. The physical and enzyme kinetic properties of both intracellular and extracellular N‐acetyl‐β‐ D ‐hexosaminidase are essentially the same indicating that the enzyme is probably released into the culture fluid without modification.
Productivity growth: importance of learning, intellectual capital, and knowledge workers (2013)

The research aims to examine the impacts of intellectual capital (IC) and knowledge workers on productivity. This study is derived from the need to gain better understanding on creativity and innovation in a workplace. The study focuses on the national and organisational levels. For the methodology, three premises are developed and tested a correlation test. The results show the impacts from a proportion of knowledge workers on productivity at a national level, especially the industry and service sectors. From the third premise, it is clear that IC positively affects a firm’s productivity. Several implications relating to workplace and life-long learning are brought up. Finally, the possible situation in which the IC can be used as a surrogate when attempting to measure productivity in an organisation is suggested.
Ultra-fast dual-stage vertical positioning for high performance SPMs (2010)

A major speed limitation of Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs) is the low vertical feedback bandwidth imposed by the mechanical scanner resonances. The vertical feedback controller regulates the tip-sample interaction in application modes such as constant-current scanning tunneling microscopy and constant-force atomic force microscopy. To increase the vertical feedback bandwidth, dual-stage actuators have been proposed to increase the first resonance frequency. In this work, an ultra-fast dual-stage vertical positioner and control system are described. The first resonance frequency of the dual-stage positioner is 88 kHz which permits a one-hundred fold speed increase of a commercial AFM. The dual-stage system is simple, low-cost and can be retrofitted to almost any commercial SPM.
Visualization of the intermediates in a uniform DNA condensation system by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (2001)

Abstract In this work, we report observation of the fine structure of cobalt‐ hexammine‐induced DNA condensates by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). A uniform system with minimum fluctuations of concentration was obtained by introducing a slow‐evaporation method, which enables investigation of the intermediate structures in DNA condensation. Some toroid condensates had well‐defined small globule subunits; some other condensates were composed of nodular sections with gauze‐like complexes spreading around at the outskirts; typical images revealed badly assembled toroidal condensates composed of small globules with a fraction of loosely associated globules dotted in the gauze‐like complexes spreading around the badly‐assembled part of the toroid. These observations indicate that DNA condensation seems to involve five major stages: initial rapid association of chains to form gauze‐like complexes; collapse of these gauze‐like complexes at some critical sizes; growth of the critical nucleus by accretion, formation of rods by aggregation of condensed particles; and association of rod‐like condensates to form toroids. The results may shed light on uncovering the physical mechanism of DNA condensation by multivalent cations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A Mutation-Enabled Proactive Defense Against Service-Oriented Man-in-The-Middle Attack in Kubernetes (2023)

Kubernetes (K8s) has become a core technology for cloud-native applications. However, a design flaw of the external IP in K8s leads to the service-oriented man-in-the-middle attack. Existing solutions (e.g., script monitor) attempt to address it passively, which allows attackers enough analysis time to bypass these static rule reviews. Differently, we propose a mutation-enabled proactive defense mechanism, aiming to change the asymmetry between attackers and defenders. It involves the address mutation (i.e., network identification) module and the connection ID (i.e., communication identification) mutation module. In the former module, we analyze mutation constraints and prove the corresponding mutation grouping problem to be NP-hard. Then, a maximally coloring-driven mutation grouping algorithm is developed. Since the address allocation time grows linearly with the service size, we design a prefetched address allocation algorithm. After designing the interaction flow between modules, we present a randomized algorithm in the latter module. Thus our mechanism does not affect methods oriented to other attacks. Eventually, it can continuously interrupt the attack and keep the service connection by incrementally updating K8s and the transport layer protocol. Experiments in the Alibaba cloud demonstrate that it can effectively defend against the attack with an acceptable performance loss.
Alkynyl Cinchona Catalysts affect Enantioselective Trifluoromethylation for Efavirenz under Metal-Free Conditions (2016)

Efavirenz is manufactured worldwide, and its asymmetric synthesis requires a complex organometallic approach, while an organocatalytic approach is far less efficient. The first highly enantioselective approach is disclosed for the synthesis of Efavirenz under nonmetal organocatalysis with up to 93% ee for the Merck intermediate and 91% ee for the Lonsa intermediate using novel alkynyl cinchona catalysts.
Solid Solubility and Transformation in Mechanically Alloyed Ti&ndash;Mg Powders (1996)

Mechanical alloying (MA) was examined by ball-milling the powder mixtures of various starting compositions, Ti-10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 95 at%Mg plus 2 mass%NaCl powder. NaCl powder was an excellent anti-sticking agent for MA. The process of MA was mainly followed by X-ray diffraction and TEM methods. Super-saturated quasi-solid solution was formed for the samples up to 60 at%Mg. A single hcp structure was newly created up to 30 at%Mg samples, and over this composition range hcp peaks were present in addition to the diffraction pattern which will lead to bcc like nano-crystallite. In the Mg-rich side, Ti-70∼95 at%MA samples showed the coexistence of hcp phases, Ti-based and Mg-based dilute solid solution. The solubility was estimated from the change of lattice constant. But it was somewhat difficult to detect the alloying effect of MA on Mg and Ti in Ti-95 at%Mg sample. MA samples, Ti-20 and -50 at%Mg, showed the starting of phase separation after one hour annealing at 673 and 473 K, respectively.
Activity and sports resumption after long segment fusions to the pelvis for adult spinal deformity: survey results of AO Spine members (2023)

There was significant variation between surgeons' recommendations for resumption of unrestricted range of motion and sports following long fusion with pelvic fixation for ASD. An evidence-based approach to activity recommendations will require information on outcomes and complications.
A Receiver for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration Using the Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (2014)

We discuss the design and implementation of a receiver for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration based on a 12-pixel array of tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The receiver was used to close a software communication link from lunar orbit at 39 and 79 Mbps.
Male Contraceptives: A New Frontier in Contraception Medicine (2017)

In the field of contraceptive studies, discussions primarily focus on the practice of women’s health and contraception. While it is true that unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases/infections (STI) pose major challenges in global public health, historically the burden of preventing these has largely fallen on women. Assuming that sexual intercourse requires an equal contribution between two partners, we hold that contraception and STI prevention should be a shared responsibility. Additionally, the ideal contraceptive method should prevent both unplanned pregnancies and STIs simultaneously. While abstinence remains the only 100% proven method of achieving such goals, it is not always practical or achievable in sexually active consenting or nonconsenting individuals. Because pregnancy occurs in a woman’s body, contraception has been regarded as a women’s health issue and not a general health issue. This dynamic is shifting. There is currently a paucity of male contraceptives and STI prevention methods on the market, but current trends in research and clinical practice promise to equally enable both women and men when making contraception choices. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the male contraceptive methods currently available, as well as to highlight some of the most recently published work in the area of male contraceptive research.
Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons (2014)

Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons, Second Edition is a comprehensive, up-to-date introduction to essential concepts of cellular neuroscience. Emphasizing experimental approaches and recent discoveries, it provides an in-depth look at the structure and function of nerve cells, from protein receptors and synapses to the biochemical processes that drive the mammalian nervous system.Starting with the basics of electrical current flow across cell membranes, Gordon Fain covers voltage gating and receptor activation in the context of channel diversity, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, neuromodulation, and sensory transduction. Emphasizing long-term processes of synaptic potentiation and depression involved in memory, consciousness, and attention, he demonstrates how cells produce neural signals and regulate signal flow to enhance or impede cell-to-cell communication. Fain also addresses the relation of molecular and cellular mechanisms to evolving theories of neurological disease and addiction.Enhanced by more than two hundred illustrations, Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons, Second Edition is intended for anyone who seeks to understand the fundamentals of nerve cell function, including undergraduate and graduate students in neuroscience, students of bioengineering and cognitive science, and practicing neuroscientists who want to deepen their knowledge of recent discoveries in molecular and cellular neurophysiology.
Stability Constants of the Fungal Siderophore Rhizoferrin with Various Microelements and Calcium (1996)

Abstract Stability constants of metal‐ligand complexes determine their speciation in solution at equilibrium. Therefore, stability constants of siderophore‐metal complexes are of crucial importance in studies of their efficiency as Fe mediators. In this study, potentiometric titrations were used to determine protonation and stability constants of Fe 3+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Zn 2+ with rhizoferrin, a siderophore produced by Rhizopus arrhizus , which has been shown in previous studies to be an effective carrier of Fe to plants. Rhizoferrin was found to be a specific Fe 3+ chelator but with a stability constant lower than most microbial siderophores. The ferric complex of rhizoferrin is anionic throughout the pH range prevailing in soils, and therefore, it is expected to be mobile in the rhizosphere. The following log K app values at 25°C, pH 7.0, and 0.1 M ionic strength were determined: 19.1, 7.5, 6.2, 6.0, and 4.4 for Fe 3+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Zn 2+ , respectively. The apparent stability constant ( K app ) value for the ferric complex of rhizoferrin suggests that ligand exchange with mugineic acid is the mechanism facilitating the efficiency of rhizoferrin as an Fe carrier to graminaceous plants.
Comparison of measurement-based admission control algorithms for controlled-load service (2002)

We compare the performance of four admission control algorithms-one parameter-based and three measurement-based-for controlled-load service. The parameter-based admission control ensures that the sum of reserved resources is bounded by the capacity. The three measurement-based algorithms are based on measured bandwidth, acceptance region and equivalent bandwidth. We use simulation on several network scenarios to evaluate the link utilization and adherence to service commitment achieved by these four algorithms.
Dynamic Pore-Scale Network Modeling of Spontaneous Water Imbibition in Shale and Tight Reservoirs (2020)

Spontaneous water imbibition plays an imperative role in the development of shale or tight oil reservoirs. Spontaneous water imbibition is helpful in the extraction of crude oil from the matrix, although it decreases the relative permeability of the hydrocarbon phase dramatically. The dynamic pore-scale network modeling of water imbibition in shale and tight reservoirs is presented in this work; pore network generation, local capillary pressure function, conductance calculation and boundary conditions for imbibition are all presented in detail in this paper. The pore network is generated based on the characteristics of Barnett shale formations, and the corresponding laboratory imbibition experiments are matched using this established dynamic pore network model. The effects of the wettability, throat aspect ratio, viscosity, shape factor, micro-fractures, etc. are all investigated in this work. Attempts are made to investigate the water imbibition mechanisms from a micro-scale perspective. According to the simulated results, wettability dominates the imbibition characteristics. Besides this, the viscous effects including viscosity, initial capillary pressure and micro-fractures increase the imbibition rate, while the final recovery factor is more controlled by the capillarity effect including the cross-area shape factor, contact angle and the average pore-throat aspect ratio.