gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identity based email sender authentication for spam mitigation (2013)

The elimination of unsolicited bulk emails, also known as spam, is still a largely unsolved problem. Making up for the vast majority of emails transmitted, spam is an annoyance and potential security issue for users, and moreover a superfluous burden to the internet. Despite the maturity of today's email infrastructure, it is difficult to ensure the authenticity of a sender address for inbound mails. This shortcoming is used by spammers to bypass existing spam protection systems and furthermore poses a security risk to users. Due to this a vast majority of spam emails today are sent from botnets with forged sender addresses. This has attracted researchers over the years to develop email sender authentication mechanism as a promising way to verify identity of the senders. In this paper we introduce iSATS, a new email sender authentication system based on Identity-based public key cryptography. iSATS leverages identity based signature scheme to provide a reliable and easy way to bind the identity of legitimate sender unambiguously to his emails. Unlike the popular existing solutions like SPF and DKIM, it is hard for the spammer to adopt iSATS. Evaluation of the prototype implementation show promising performance with low processing overhead on different computational setups.
A study on identification of laser-tracked vehicles using V2V-based velocity information (2016)

In recent years, several advanced safety techniques have been put to practical use for supporting safe driving, ASV (Advanced Safety Vehicle) can detect the presence of surrounding vehicles and pedestrians autonomously. On the other hand, cooperative techniques such as cooperative vehicle-to-vehicle awareness have attracted a lot of attentions in the field of ITS. In this paper, we propose a method for identifying positional relationship of vehicle groups. In the proposed method, connected vehicles share surrounding vehicles' positions detected by installed range sensors via inter-vehicle communication. By composing those pieces of information into a single view, each connected vehicle can recognize the vehicle group ahead, which cannot be recognized standalone. By utilizing the distance information from two different information sources and executing the matching process, the correct positional relationship among neighboring vehicles can obtain. We have conducted a simulation-based experiment using two types of data to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach, and we have confirmed to achieve the correct identification with high probability by using shared velocity information.
Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169+ and TCR+ Macrophages (2015)

Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play highly diverse roles in maintaining an organism's integrity by either directly participating in pathogen elimination or repairing tissue under sterile inflammatory conditions. There are different subpopulations of macrophages and each one has its own characteristics and functions. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on the polarization of macrophages that allows the generation of subpopulations called classically activated macrophages or M1 and alternative activated macrophages or M2. Furthermore, there are macrophages that their origin and characterization still remain unclear but have been involved as main players in some human pathologies. Thus, we also review three other categories of macrophages: tumor-associated macrophages, CD169(+) macrophages, and the recently named TCR(+) macrophages. Based on the literature, we provide information on the molecular characterization of these macrophage subpopulations and their specific involvement in several human pathologies such as cancer, infectious diseases, obesity, and asthma. The refined characterization of the macrophage subpopulations can be useful in designing new strategies, supplementing those already established for the treatment of diseases using macrophages as a therapeutic target.
Molecular Code for Cooperativity in Hemoglobin (1992)

Although tetrameric hemoglobin has been studied extensively as a prototype for understanding mechanisms of allosteric regulation, the functional and structural properties of its eight intermediate ligation forms have remained elusive. Recent experiments on the energetics of cooperativity of these intermediates, along with assignments of their quaternary structures, have revealed that the allosteric mechanism is controlled by a previously unrecognized symmetry feature: quaternary switching from form T to form R occurs whenever heme-site binding creates a tetramer with at least one ligated subunit on each dimeric half-molecule. This "symmetry rule" translates the configurational isomers of heme-site ligation into six observed switchpoints of quaternary transition. Cooperativity arises from both "concerted" quaternary switching and "sequential" modulation of binding within each quaternary form, T and R. Binding affinity is regulated through a hierarchical code of tertiary-quaternary coupling that includes the classical allosteric models as limiting cases.
[Characterization of immobilized aflatoxin-detoxizyme]. (2003)

Aflatoxins, found in contaminated food, are potent hepatocarcinogen. The aflatoxin-detoxiczyme (ADTZ) isolated from the edible fungus Armillariella sp., detoxifies aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This paper reports on the characterization of immobilized ADTZ using a hydrophobic adsorption method. The ADTZ was isolated from cryo-homogenated fungus, previously cultivated at 24 - 28 degrees C for 20 - 30 days, using n-alkyl amino-agar beads. Various adsorption conditions of the enzyme to n-alkyl or n-octyl amino-agar beads were carried out. The effects of enzyme immobilization on different alkyl amino-agar beads, at different pH values (5.5 - 7.5), at different temperature (20 - 40 degrees C) and at different salt concentrations were investigated. The enzyme activity was measured at OD360 by reacting 133.3 ng/mL of AFB1 at 30 degrees C for 30 min with the immobilized ADTZ. The Km value of the immobilized enzyme, determined using Schematic Linewearver-Burk plot, is 3.308 x 10(-3) mol/L, lower than that of free enzyme, which is 2.16 x 10(-6) mol/L. This indicated the affinity of the detoxiczyme to AFB1 decreased after immobilization. The immobilized enzyme activity in oil-phase (n-hexane) was also studied with different concentration of water. After the treatment of the immobilized ADTZ, the toxin no longer causes liver toxicity in the rat toxicity test, no longer causes mutagenicity in Ames test and is no longer toxic in the chicken embryo test. Results also indicated that the pH stability, the thermostability and the freezing stability of ADTZ were improved after the immobilization.
Collagen Response and Glycoprotein VI Function Decline Progressively as Canine Platelets Age in vivo (2002)

Clinical and experimental observations suggest that platelet function deteriorates quickly with cell age. However, efforts to define age-dependent alterations have detected only modest biochemical changes occurring late in the cell life span. In this report, we demonstrate two significant alterations of the collagen response occurring during in vivo aging of canine platelets: a progressive increase in the EC50 for collagen types I, III and V and the emergence of a population of aged platelets which are refractory to collagen. Experiments with convulxin, a specific agonist for the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI), also demonstrate an age-dependent decline in activation and the appearance of a non-reactive, aged population as observed with native collagens. Our studies indicate that canine platelets have two distinct binding levels for FITC-labeled convulxin and that the higher binding level disappears upon cell aging. During these studies one dog (#428) was identified whose platelets not only failed to demonstrate an age-dependent decrease in convulxin reactivity but also maintained a high convulxin-binding ability throughout their otherwise normal life span. Transfusion of biotinylated platelets from control dogs into dog #428 showed that the expected changes in collagen response and GPVI function did not occur in the transfused platelets. These observations demonstrate that the canine platelet response towards collagen is strongly dependent upon cell-age and suggest that this functional decline is at least partly due to an extrinsic-mediated alteration, possibly proteolytic, of GPVI.
Calorie restriction increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle from IRS-1 knockout mice. (1999)

Calorie restriction (CR), even for brief periods (4-20 days), results in increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, in large part due to enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport by skeletal muscle. Evidence suggests that the cellular alterations leading to this effect are postreceptor steps in insulin signaling. To determine whether insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 is essential for the insulin-sensitizing effect of CR, we measured in vitro 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake in the presence and absence of insulin by skeletal muscle isolated from wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic mice lacking IRS-1 (knockout [KO]) after either ad libitum (AL) feeding or 20 days of CR (60% of ad libitum intake). Three muscles (soleus, extensor digitorum longus [EDL], and epitrochlearis) from male and female mice (4.5-6 months old) were studied. In each muscle, insulin-stimulated 2DG uptake was not different between genotypes. For EDL and epitrochlearis, insulin-stimulated 2DG uptake was greater in CR compared to AL groups, regardless of sex. Soleus insulin-stimulated 2DG uptake was greater in CR compared with AL in males but not females. The diet effect on 2DG uptake was not different for WT and KO animals. Genotype also did not alter the CR-induced decrease in plasma constituents (glucose, insulin, and leptin) or body composition (body weight, fat pad/body weight ratio). Consistent with previous studies in rats, IRS-1 protein expression in muscle was reduced in WT-CR compared with WT-AL mice, and muscle IRS-2 abundance was unchanged by diet. Skeletal muscle IRS-2 protein expression was significantly lower in WT compared with KO mice. These data demonstrate that IRS-1 is not essential for the CR-induced increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle, and the absence of IRS-1 does not modify any of the characteristic adaptations of CR that were evaluated.
Therapeutic Silencing of Bcl-2 by Systemically Administered siRNA Nanotherapeutics Inhibits Tumor Growth by Autophagy and Apoptosis and Enhances the Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Orthotopic Xenograft Models of ER (−) and ER (+) Breast Cancer (2013)

Bcl-2 is overexpressed in about a half of human cancers and 50-70% of breast cancer patients, thereby conferring resistance to conventional therapies and making it an excellent therapeutic target. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) offers novel and powerful tools for specific gene silencing and molecularly targeted therapy. Here, we show that therapeutic silencing of Bcl-2 by systemically administered nanoliposomal (NL)-Bcl-2 siRNA (0.15 mg siRNA/kg, intravenous) twice a week leads to significant antitumor activity and suppression of growth in both estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) MDA-MB-231 and ER-positive (+) MCF7 breast tumors in orthotopic xenograft models (P < 0.05). A single intravenous injection of NL-Bcl-2-siRNA provided robust and persistent silencing of the target gene expression in xenograft tumors. NL-Bcl-2-siRNA treatment significantly increased the efficacy of chemotherapy when combined with doxorubicin in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 animal models (P < 0.05). NL-Bcl-2-siRNA treatment-induced apoptosis and autophagic cell death, and inhibited cyclin D1, HIF1α and Src/Fak signaling in tumors. In conclusion, our data provide the first evidence that in vivo therapeutic targeting Bcl-2 by systemically administered nanoliposomal-siRNA significantly inhibits growth of both ER(-) and ER(+) breast tumors and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy, suggesting that therapeutic silencing of Bcl-2 by siRNA is a viable approach in breast cancers.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e121; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.45; published online 10 September 2013.
Expression of Endogenous Retroviral Genes in Leukemic Guinea Pig Cells (1977)

The expression of guinea pig retrovirus (5-bromodeoxyuridine[BUdR]-induced GPV) was studied in guinea pig L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts by use of molecular hybridization of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) to cellular RNA. It was found that L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts, leukemic spleen, and BUdR-induced virus-producing cells contain virus-specific RNA: 0.05% (800 to 960 copies per cell), 0.02% (360 copies per cell), and 0.3% (5,120 copies per cell), respectively. Adult normal liver and spleen, on the other hand, contain less than 0.2 copy of viral RNA per cell. Both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts contained 14S, 22S, 35S, and 70S RNA species of total and cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA as determined by sucrose velocity gradient analysis and hybridization of sucrose gradient fractions to cDNA. Virus-specific mRNA was identified in both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts by the criterion that it cosedimented with purified polyribosomes in a sucrose gradient and that it changed to a lower sedimentation value if polyribosomes were disaggregated with EDTA prior to centrifugation. Virus-specific mRNA obtained from either the polyribosome region of purified polyribosomes or the released messenger region of EDTA-disaggregated purified polyribosomes consisted of 14S, 20S, and 35S species in both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts. Hybridization of cDNA to the RNA of L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts and BUdR-induced cells was essentially complete. Additionally, leukemic lymphoblast RNA could displace 95% of the hybridization of BUdR-induced GPV 70S RNA to guinea pig DNA. The midpoints of thermal denaturation of hybrids formed between GPV cDNA and the RNA of either L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts or the 70S RNA of BUdR-induced GPV were both 89 degrees C in 2x concentrated 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate. These results show that BUdR-induced GPV genes are essentially completely expressed in L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts and that virus-specific mRNA is present, although fewer copies of RNA are present in L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts than in BUdR-induced cells.
Degradation of SARS-CoV-2 specific ribonucleic acid in samples for nucleic acid amplification detection (2022)

The degradation of SARS-CoV-2 specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) was investigated by a numerical modeling approach based on nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) results utilizing the SmartAmp technique. The precision of the measurement was verified by the relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeated measurements at each calibration point. The precision and detection limits were found to be 6% RSD (seven repeated measurements) and 94 copies/tube, respectively, at the lowest calibration point. RNA degradation curves obtained from NAAT data on four different temperatures were in good agreement with the first-order reaction model. By referring to rate constants derived from the results, the Arrhenius model was applied to predict RNA degradation behavior. If the initial RNA concentration was high enough, such as in samples taken from infected bodies, the NAAT results were expected to be positive during testing. On the other hand, if initial RNA concentrations were relatively low, such as RNA in residual viruses on environmental surfaces, special attention should be paid to avoid false-negative results. The results obtained in this study provide a practical guide for RNA sample management in the NAAT of non-human samples.
Fetal Hippocampal Grafts Containing CA3 Cells Restore Host Hippocampal Glutamate Decarboxylase-Positive Interneuron Numbers in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (2000)

Degeneration of CA3-pyramidal neurons in hippocampus after intracerebroventricular kainic acid (KA) administration, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, results in hyperexcitability within both dentate gyrus and the CA1 subfield. It also leads to persistent reductions in hippocampal glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) interneuron numbers without diminution in Nissl-stained interneuron numbers, indicating loss of GAD expression in a majority of interneurons. We hypothesize that enduring loss of GAD expression in hippocampal interneurons after intracerebroventricular KA is attributable to degeneration of their CA3 afferent input; therefore, fetal CA3 grafts can restore GAD interneuron numbers through graft axon reinnervation of the host. We analyzed GAD interneuron density in the adult rat hippocampus at 6 months after KA administration after grafting of fetal mixed hippocampal, CA3 or CA1 cells into the CA3 region at 45 d after lesion, in comparison with "lesion-only" and intact hippocampus. In dentate and CA1 regions of the lesioned hippocampus receiving grafts of either mixed hippocampal or CA3 cells, GAD interneuron density was both significantly greater than lesion-only hippocampus and comparable with the intact hippocampus. In the CA3 region, GAD interneuron density was significantly greater than lesion-only hippocampus but less than the intact hippocampus. Collectively, the overall GAD interneuron density in the lesioned hippocampus receiving either mixed hippocampal or CA3 grafts was restored to that in the intact hippocampus. In contrast, GADinterneuron density in the lesioned hippocampus receiving CA1 grafts remained comparable with lesion-only hippocampus. Thus, grafts containing CA3 cells restore CA3 lesion-induced depletions in hippocampal GAD interneurons, likely by reinnervation of GAD-deficient interneurons. This specific graft-mediated effect is beneficial because reactivation of interneurons could ameliorate both loss of functional inhibition and hyperexcitability in CA3-lesioned hippocampus.
A uniform flow–cavity ring-down spectrometer (UF-CRDS): A new setup for spectroscopy and kinetics at low temperature (2019)

The UF-CRDS (Uniform Flow-Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer) is a new setup coupling for the first time a pulsed uniform (Laval) flow with a continuous wave CRDS in the near infrared for spectroscopy and kinetics at low temperature. This high resolution and sensitive absorption spectrometer opens a new window into the phenomena occurring within UFs. The approach extends the detection range to new electronic and rovibrational transitions within Laval flows and offers the possibility to probe numerous species which have not been investigated yet. This new tool has been designed to probe radicals and reaction intermediates but also to follow the chemistry of hydrocarbon chains and PAHs which play a crucial role in the evolution of astrophysical environments. For kinetics measurements, the UF-CRDS combines the CRESU technique (French acronym meaning reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flows) with the SKaR (Simultaneous Kinetics and Ring-Down) approach where, as indicated by its name, the entire reaction is monitored during each intensity decay within the high finesse cavity. The setup and the approach are demonstrated with the study of the reaction between CN (v = 1) and propene at low temperature. The recorded data are finally consistent with a previous study of the same reaction for CN (v = 0) relying on the CRESU technique with laser induced fluorescence detection.
The Influence of Amino Acid Substitutions on the Function of Interleukin-2. (1996)

The effects of some residues in IL-2 on its activity have been studied by site-directed mutagenesis. After changing 39 Met or 43 Lys to Pro, neither the CD spectra (s) nor the biological activities of these mutants were changed, implying that the 39 Met and 43 Lys were not involved in the reported alpha-helical structure. However after changing 52 Glu, 53 Leu or 54 Lys to Pro respectively the CD spectra were markedly changed and the activities were decreased significantly, showing that these three amino acids in IL-2 were integrated in the alpha-helix structure and very important for their biological functions. The significance of the above results was discussed.
Flexible parcel delivery to automated parcel lockers: models, solution methods and analysis (2019)

In this study, we introduce a logistic model for the delivery of small parcels to a set of service points (SPs), and we present effective methods for solving it. In the traditional delivery model, each recipient specifies a single location at which they wish to receive the parcel; however, when SPs are used, many recipients may have no strong preference among several locations, e.g., near the recipient's home address, near the recipient's office, or in the recipient's favorite shopping mall. If some recipients are flexible and willing to provide the sender with more than one delivery location, it is possible to perform the delivery task at lower cost and within a shorter amount of time. Our solution methods are based on the concepts of the savings heuristic, the petal method and tabu search with a large neighborhood. An extensive numerical study is conducted to evaluate our solution methods and demonstrate the benefits of our model compared to the traditional nonflexible one. We also present a simulation study to demonstrate that our model can be adapted to a stochastic and dynamic environment.
Isolation, Identification and Evaluation of Bacterial Antagonists against Botrytis elliptica on Lily (2001)

Of the 700 micro‐organisms isolated from lily plants and screened by dual and concomitant cultures, 10 isolates (B99, B111, B128, B131, B171, B190, B196, B203, B501 and BS) had antagonistic effects against Botrytis elliptica on three lily cultivars in greenhouse trials. Using the Biolog system, isolates B99 and B111 were identified as Burkholderia gladioli , and B128 and B190 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In the field, B. gladioli B111, B. amyloliquefaciens B128, B190 or 100 p.p.m. flusilazole effectively controlled the occurrence of lily grey mould (significance, P= 0.05).
Wind Energy and the Turbulent Nature of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (2011)

The challenge of developing a sustainable and renewable energy supply within the next decades requires collaborative eorts as well as new concepts in the elds of science and engineering. Here we give an overview on the impact of small-scale properties of atmospheric turbulence on the wind energy conversion process. Special emphasis is given to the noisy and intermittent structure of turbulence and its outcome for wind energy conversion and utilization. Experimental, theoretical, analytical, and numerical concepts and methods are presented. In particular we report on new aspects resulting from the combination of basic research, especially in the eld of turbulence and complex stochastic systems, with engineering applications.