gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ZnO films grown on glass substrates using high-energy precursors generated by a catalytic reaction (2011)

A chemical vapor deposition method using a Pt-catalyzed H2-O2 reaction was applied to the growth of ZnO films on glass substrates. High-energy ZnO precursors formed by the reaction between H2O molecules generated by the exothermic reaction of H2 and O2 and DMZn gas molecules were supplied to the substrate surface. ZnO films were grown on glass substrates at substrate temperatures of 573-873 K. X-ray diffraction patterns from ZnO films grown at temperatures above 673 K exhibited intense (0002) peaks. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra at 17.8 K showed strong emission peaks between 3.355 eV and 3.3604 eV, which were attributed to the neutral donor-bound exciton Dox. The lowest FWHM of the Dox emission was 6.3 meV, less than that previously reported for ZnO (10 meV) grown on a sapphire substrate at 1073 K using conventional MOCVD.
How enzymatic activity is involved in chromatin organization (2021)

Spatial organization of chromatin plays a critical role in genome regulation. Various types of affinity mediators and enzymes have been attributed to regulate spatial organization of chromatin from a thermodynamics perspective. However, at the mechanistic level, enzymes act in their unique ways. Here, we construct a polymer physics model following the mechanistic scheme of Topoisomerase-II, an enzyme resolving topological constraints of chromatin, and investigate its role on interphase chromatin organization. Our computer simulations demonstrate Topoisomerase-II's ability to phase separate chromatin into eu- and heterochromatic regions with a characteristic wall-like organization of the euchromatic regions. Exploiting a mean-field framework, we argue that the ability of the euchromatic regions crossing each other due to enzymatic activity of Topoisomerase-II induces this phase separation. Motivated from a recent experimental observation on different structural states of the eu- and the heterochromatic units, we further extend our model to a bidisperse setting and show that the characteristic features of the enzymatic activity driven phase separation survives there. The existence of these characteristic features, even under the non-localized action of the enzyme, highlights the critical role of enzymatic activity in chromatin organization, and points out the importance of further experiments along this line.
Heterogeneous Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Aromatic Ethers by Solvent‐Free Dehydrogenative Aromatization: Mechanism, Scope, and Limitations Under Aerobic and Non‐Aerobic Conditions (2013)

Abstract Starting from cyclohexanone derivatives and alcohols, both non‐aromatic precursors, aryl ethers could be synthesized in good yields and with good selectivities in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd/C, in one step, without added solvent, in a reaction vessel open to air. For less reactive substrates, the addition of 1‐octene in a closed system under non‐aerobic conditions improved the conversion. In addition, the catalyst could be recycled several times with no decrease in the yield of the aryl ether. The process was also used with tetralone derivatives and polyols. Several reactions were performed to propose a mechanism for this transformation. The formation of an enol ether followed by a dehydrogenation reaction seem to be the key steps of this reaction.
Frequency tracking for heterodyne optical communications using semiconductor lasers (1983)

Recently there has been considerable interest in heterodyne optical communications for intersatellite links, in particular, using semiconductor lasers, because of the potential for substantial performance Improvement over direct detection systems.1 However, phase or frequency modulated systems will require a stable Intermediate frequency (IF) signal for demodulation with low bit error rates. Stabilizing the frequency of GaAlAs lasers by locking to an external reference has been demonstrated previously.2 However, such schemes by themselves will not suffice in space communications applications because links between platforms moving relative to each other can experience Doppler shifts of 10 GHz or more at 1 μm.3 Therefore, frequency locking the receiver’s local oscillator (LO) to the Incoming signal is required.
Insulin Induces Tyrosine Phosphorylation of JAK2 in Insulin-sensitive Tissues of the Intact Rat (1996)

The Janus kinase family of protein tyrosine kinases constitutes a novel type of signal transduction pathway activated in response to a wide variety of polypeptide ligands and has four known members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2. In this study, we examined the ability of insulin to stimulate JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation in insulin-sensitive tissues of the intact rat using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. The results demonstrate that after an infusion of insulin, JAK2 is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated (and the kinase is activated) in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart, and isolated adipocytes. The presence of phosphorylated JAK2 was detectable after an infusion of insulin that increased serum insulin to physiological postprandial levels (40-70 microunits/ml). Co-immunoprecipitation with anti-insulin receptor antibody, anti-JAK2 antibody, and anti-IRS-1 antibody showed that JAK2 interacts with the insulin receptor and IRS-1 to form stable complexes following stimulation by insulin. In two animal models of insulin resistance the regulation of JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation after insulin infusion paralleled the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and of IRS-1. In conclusion, our data indicate that after physiological stimulation by insulin in the intact animal, JAK2 associates with the insulin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated in insulin-sensitive tissues in a time- and dose-dependent fashion.
High-Resolution Soft X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies and Scanning Auger Microscopy Studies of the Air Oxidation of Alkylated Silicon(111) Surfaces (2006)

High-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the oxidation of alkylated silicon(111) surfaces under ambient conditions. Silicon(111) surfaces were functionalized through a two-step route involving radical chlorination of the H-terminated surface followed by alkylation with alkylmagnesium halide reagents. After 24 h in air, surface species representing Si(+), Si(2+), Si(3+), and Si(4+) were detected on the Cl-terminated surface, with the highest oxidation state (Si(4+)) oxide signal appearing at +3.79 eV higher in energy than the bulk Si 2p(3/2) peak. The growth of silicon oxide was accompanied by a reduction in the surface-bound Cl signal. After 48 h of exposure to air, the Cl-terminated Si(111) surface exhibited 3.63 equivalent monoleyers (ML) of silicon oxides. In contrast, after exposure to air for 48 h, CH(3)-, C(2)H(5)-, or C(6)H(5)CH(2)-terminated Si surfaces displayed <0.4 ML of surface oxide, and in most cases only displayed approximately 0.20 ML of oxide. This oxide was principally composed of Si(+) and Si(3+) species with peaks centered at +0.8 and +3.2 eV above the bulk Si 2p(3/2) peak, respectively. The silicon 2p SXPS peaks that have previously been assigned to surface Si-C bonds did not change significantly, either in binding energy or in relative intensity, during such air exposure. Use of a high miscut-angle surface (7 degrees vs < or =0.5 degrees off of the (111) surface orientation) yielded no increase in the rate of oxidation nor change in binding energy of the resultant oxide that formed on the alkylated Si surfaces. Scanning Auger microscopy indicated that the alkylated surfaces formed oxide in isolated, inhomogeneous patches on the surface.
Exact iterative reconstruction for the interior problem (2009)

There is a trend in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that small and dedicated imaging systems are becoming popular. For example, many companies are developing small dedicated cardiac SPECT systems with different designs. These dedicated systems have a smaller field of view (FOV) than a full-size clinical system. Thus data truncation has become the norm rather than the exception in these systems. Therefore, it is important to develop region of interest (ROI) reconstruction algorithms using truncated data. This paper is a stepping stone toward this direction. This paper shows that the common generic iterative image reconstruction algorithms are able to exactly reconstruct the ROI under the conditions that the convex ROI is fully sampled and the image value in a sub-region within the ROI is known. If the ROI includes a sub-region that is outside the patient body, then the conditions can be easily satisfied.
Identification et commande d'un groupe variateur de vitesse : une approche inter-diciplinaire (2009)

La formation des techniciens supérieurs en Génie Electrique et Informatique Industrielle (GEII) est dispensée dans des Instituts Universitaires de Technologie (IUT). Cette formation, qui correspond à une deuxième année de Licence, est validée par le Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT). Ce diplôme permet aux titulaires de s'insérer dans le monde professionnel ou, pour certains d'entre eux, d'effectuer une poursuite d'études. La formation se déroule sur quatre semestres intitulés S1(1° semestre), S2, S3 et S4 et est découpée en modules. Ce dispositif conduit les étudiants à attribuer une spécifité à leur diplôme à partir des modules qu'ils ont choisis en accord avec leur projet professionnel. L'expérience d'enseignement présentée dans cet article concerne des étudiants qui souhaitent effectuer une poursuite d'études vers le Master. Elle met en oeuvre des modules d'enseignement d'informatique industrielle et de mathématiques, organisés sous la forme de cours, de travaux dirigés et pratiques. Elle requiert aussi de la part des étudiants un certain "goût" pour les matières théoriques.
Direct mitogenic properties of interleukin-1. (1991)

Optimal lymphocyte activation generally requires two concurrent signals, one involving the T cell receptor, and another supplied by an accessory cytokine such as interleukin-1. We investigated the conditions under which partial cellular activation occurs in the absence of signal to the T cell receptor. Both murine thymocytes and the T cell clone D10.G4.1 responded to recombinant interleukin-1 in the absence of a mitogenic signal, although the magnitude of these responses was smaller and required higher concentrations of interleukin-1 than if a comitogen had been present. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in combination were synergistic and induced tritiated thymidine incorporation in D10.G4.1 cells equal to 15% of that obtained with optimal concentrations of concanavalin A. Such synergy suggests that a significant degree of nonspecific activation of lymphocytes may occur in the presence of combinations of monocyte-derived cytokines.
Exploring the Use of Native Spider Silk as an Optical Fiber for Chemical Sensing (2017)

A spider uses up to seven different types of silk, all having specific functions, as building material, weapon, and sensory organ to detect the presence of preys on its web. Recently, scientists have put under the limelight the extraordinary properties of this ancient material. Indeed, native silk, directly extracted from spiders, is a tough, biodegradable, and biocompatible thread used mainly for tissue engineering and textile applications. Blessed with outstanding optical properties, this protein strand can also be used as a bioresorbable optical fiber and is, moreover, intrinsically sensitive to chemical compounds. In this communication, the waveguiding properties of native dragline silk are assessed and a pioneering proof-of-concept experiment using pristine spider silk as an optical fiber to measure humidity content is demonstrated. The feasibility of using silk-based optical fiber chemical sensors is also discussed.
A novel repair for patients with atrioventricular septal defect requiring reoperation for left atrioventricular valve regurgitation✩ (2000)

For patients with late LAVVR after AVSD repair, pericardial leaflet augmentation is durable and may avoid failure of conventional repair or valve replacement in patients with dysplastic valves.
From natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons. Part 4: Production of diesel oil and wax by fischer-tropsch-synthesis using a nitrogen-rich synthesis gas; Investigations on a semi-technical scale (1997)

Huge amounts of natural gas are found in remote areas, e. g. in the State of Qatar. The economic utilization of such resources is limited by the costly transportation of liquefied natural gas. An option to bring remote natural gas to market is its conversion by Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis into higher hydrocarbons like diesel oil and wax. These products are ofhigh value and can easily be shipped obviating the need for dedicated cryogenetic transportation, equipment and tankage. In contrast to the common philosophy of constructing chemical plants of high efficiency, i. e. of high investment costs in order to keep energy andfeedstock costs down, we are convinced that for countries in remote areas - with low prices of energy, respectively of natural gas - the only economic solution for the conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons is a low-cost technology, even if the conversion efficiency is quite low [1, 2]. In a joint project between both universities of Karlsruhe and Qatar the concept for such a process was developed and - after preparatory investigations in lab-scale units - finally tested on a semi-technical scale. The basic concept of this process was already presented in the first paper of a series of four [2]: After desulphurization, the natural gas is converted into a nitrogen-rich and soot-free synthesis gas by catalytic partial oxidation with air (for details see the second paper [3] and [4]). This synthesis gas is then used for the production of higher hydrocarbons (diesel oil and wax) by Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis in fixed bed multitubular reactors. Based on kinetic studies on the Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis in lab-scale reactors (see third paper [5] and [6, 7]), a semi-technical plant for the production of diesel oil and wax from natural gas was constructed and Successfully operated [8]. In the following fourth and last paper, the results obtained with the semi-technical plant are presented. Heart of this plant is a two stage Fischer-Tropsch-unit with oil-cooled single tube reactors. In addition to the experiments, a mathematical model for the Fischer-Tropsch-reactor has been developed to design industrial multitubular reactors forthe conversion of nitrogen-rich syngas. The basic data of an industrial plant according to the proposed low-cost process with an annual capacity ofabout 500,000 t diesel oil and wax will be given.
Crystal Structures of Nadifloxacin Anhydride and Its Hemihydrate. (1994)

The crystal structures of nadifloxacin [9-fluoro-6, 7-dihydro-8-(4-hydroxy-1-piperidyl)-5-methyl-1-oxo-1H, 5H-benzo[i, j]quinolizine-2-carboxylic acid, OPC-7251]anhydride and its hemihydrate were determined by X-ray analysis. In both crystals, two crystallographically independent molecules (A and B) are contained in an asymmetric unit. Two of molecule A and two of molecule B are tightly bound by hydrogen bonds around a center of symmetry. The structural features of nadifloxacin molecules in the two crystals are very similar to each other.
Techno-economic analysis of palm oil mill wastes to generate power for grid-connected utilization (2012)

In association with the rapidly depleting fossil fuel reserves as well as the unstable fluctuations of the fuel prices, efforts are focused on exploration of an alternative to replace conventional energy sources especially in the power generation sector. In Malaysia, the palm oil industry produces significant amount of wastes that can be used as an admirable choice for energy production. This study investigates the feasibility and stability of palm oil wastes for power generation including introduction to the palm oil industry as well as the wastes generated, the assessment of the supply, current demand and the future trend of biomass energy in Malaysia. Furthermore, economic aspects of the biomass power generation are discussed in term of the payback period. Equations which are used to calculate the potential of power generation from palm oil are also presented and assessments were conducted based on the available information and models. It was confirmed that palm oil wastes are one of the promising candidates for biomass power generation for grid connected in Malaysia; however, further study is necessary to identify the technologies available in this area.
Vital-SCOPE: Design and Evaluation of a Smart Vital Sign Monitor for Simultaneous Measurement of Pulse Rate, Respiratory Rate, and Body Temperature for Patient Monitoring (2018)

Consistent vital sign monitoring is critically important for early detection of clinical deterioration of patients in hospital settings. Mostly, nurses routinely measure and document the primary vital signs of all patients 2‐3 times daily to assess their condition. To reduce nurse workload and thereby improve quality of patient care, a smart vital sign monitor named “Vital‐SCOPE” for simultaneous measurement of vital signs was developed. Vital-SCOPE consists of multiple sensors, including a reflective photo sensor, thermopile, and medical radar, to be used in simultaneous pulse rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature monitoring within 10 s. It was tested in laboratory and hospital settings. Bland-Altman and Pearson’s correlation analyses were used to compare the Vital-SCOPE results to those of reference measurements. The mean difference of the respiratory rate between respiratory effort belt and Vital-SCOPE was 0.47 breaths per minute with the 95% limit of agreement ranging from −7.4 to 6.5 breaths per minute. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.63 (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:math>). Moreover, the mean difference of the pulse rate between electrocardiogram and Vital-SCOPE was 3.4 beats per minute with the 95% limit of agreement ranging from −13 to 5.8 beats per minute; the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.91 (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn></mml:math>), indicating strong linear relationship.
The MVACS tunable diode laser spectrometers (2001)

Two independent tunable diode laser spectrometers are resident aboard the Mars Polar Lander as part of the Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor payload. One spectrometer is located on the meteorological mast for measurements of H 2 O and CO 2 in the free atmosphere, and the other serves as the H 2 O and CO 2 analyzer for the Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer. Water vapor is measured using a tunable diode laser operating at 1.37 μm, while CO 2 is measured using a second laser operating near 2.05 μm. The 2.05 μm laser also has isotopic analysis capability. In addition to the major CO 2 isotopomer ( 12 C 16 O 16 O), analyses of 13 C 16 O 16 O and 12 C 18 O 16 O in the atmosphere and in the Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer are possible under certain conditions. The spectrometers were designed and built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and have their heritage in a series of tunable diode laser spectrometers developed for Earth atmospheric studies using high‐altitude aircraft and balloon platforms. The 1.37 μm diode laser on the meteorological mast will provide the first in situ measurements of water vapor in the Martian boundary layer, with a detection sensitivity an order of magnitude greater than the water vapor abundances inferred from the remote‐sensing observations by the Viking Orbiters.
The characteristic time of glucose diffusion measured for muscle tissue at optical clearing (2013)

The study of agent diffusion in biological tissues is very important to understand and characterize the optical clearing effects and mechanisms involved: tissue dehydration and refractive index matching. From measurements made to study the optical clearing, it is obvious that light scattering is reduced and that the optical properties of the tissue are controlled in the process. On the other hand, optical measurements do not allow direct determination of the diffusion properties of the agent in the tissue and some calculations are necessary to estimate those properties. This fact is imposed by the occurrence of two fluxes at optical clearing: water typically directed out of and agent directed into the tissue. When the water content in the immersion solution is approximately the same as the free water content of the tissue, a balance is established for water and the agent flux dominates. To prove this concept experimentally, we have measured the collimated transmittance of skeletal muscle samples under treatment with aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of glucose. After estimating the mean diffusion time values for each of the treatments we have represented those values as a function of glucose concentration in solution. Such a representation presents a maximum diffusion time for a water content in solution equal to the tissue free water content. Such a maximum represents the real diffusion time of glucose in the muscle and with this value we could calculate the corresponding diffusion coefficient.
The Philips Stirling Engine (1991)

1. The Hot-Air Engine. 2. The Twentieth-Century Revival. 3. The Stirling Cycle. 4. Rhombic-Drive Engines. 5. Heating and Cooling. 6. Pistons and Seals. 7. Later Rhombic Engines. 8. Electric Generators and Heat Pumps. 9. Exotic Heat Sources. 10. The Stirling Engine and the Environment. 11. Swashplate Engines. 12. The Past and the Future. Appendices: A. Robert and James Stirling. B. The Stirling Patent of 1816/17. C. Formulae for Calculating Flow Resistance and Heat Transfer. D. The Rhombic-Drive Patent.
Effects of thoracic spreader shape on the sternal force distribution during median sternotomy (2013)

Aims: Most cardiothoracic procedures today use median sternotomy as the access of choice. For this procedure different mechanical retractors are applied and exert significant forces on the skeletal thoracic cage. Considerable damage to the patient's tissue is often the consequence and followed by post sternotomy pain or wound healing problems. The effects of the sternal retractor shape on the force distribution over the sternal bone were analyzed within this study in two different spreaders.
Analysis of a GaAs E-D inverter chain (2003)

Analytic formulas for the noise margins and pull-up and pull-down delays due to an input pulse with finite rise and fall times (rather than a step) of a GaAs enhancement-depletion (E-D) inverter and, by extension, of an inverter chain are derived. The formulas relate the DC and speed performance of an inverter to the current-voltage characteristics of the transistors, and indirectly to the device parameters. It is shown that for an inverter chain to be self-restoring, the logical-high and logical-low levels of the output voltage cannot be arbitrarily specified, that noise margins can be improved only logarithmically as the width ratios of the transistors are adjusted, and that the pull-up and pull-down delays are, to first order, proportional to the risetime of the input.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>