gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Novel Class of Steroidal Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines via Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions. (2012)

Abstract A 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of sodium azide with dinitrile precursors is followed by intramolecular cyclization.
Examining the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Binder-Free Graphite Electrodes (2009)

The solid electrode interphase (SEI) on graphite electrodes is important to the performance, calendar life, and safety characteristics of lithium-ion cells. This article examines the SEI formed on binder-free graphite electrodes prepared by electrophoretic deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis data were obtained on electrodes cycled in cells containing four electrolytes comprising ethylene carbonate: ethylmethyl carbonate (3:7 by weight) solvent and 1.2 M LiPF6, 1 M LiF2BC2O4, 1 M LiBF4, or 0.7 M LiB (C2O4)2 salt. Our observations suggest that, in addition to solvent reduction, the reduction of electrolyte salts plays an important role in SEI formation. Mechanisms to account for the formation of these SEI constituents are included in the article. © 2009 The Electrochemical Society.
Irreversible electroporation, a new modality in Focal Therapy for prostate cancer. (2016)

The extensive use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and improved imaging technologies have resulted in an increased diagnosis of prostate cancer. Early diagnosis is often accompanied by an increased number of localized (i.e. unifocal or unilateral), small-volume and low-grade prostate cancers. Focal therapy is an emerging treatment option in prostate cancer, targeting individual cancer areas while sparing important functional and anatomical urological structures. Irreversible electroporation is an innovative treatment modality in focal therapy based on the process of cell membrane electroporation limiting damage to adjacent tissue and vital structures. The first phase I-II trials in humans have shown the safety of IRE for focal ablative therapy of prostate cancer and showed encouraging results considering functional preservation. Histological analysis after IRE showed fibrosis without glandular ducts and necrotic tissue with sharp demarcation between unaffected prostatic glandular tissue and the ablation zone. Short-term oncological results are promising; however more data on long-term oncological outcomes are necessary. New studies with IRE and other focal treatment modalities are initiated to explore opportunities for focal therapy in prostate cancer and to optimize current treatment protocols.
Induced electron transfer. Action of one-electron oxidants on (pyridinemethanol)pentaamminecobalt(III) complexes (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInduced electron transfer. Action of one-electron oxidants on (pyridinemethanol)pentaamminecobalt(III) complexesJames E. French and Henry TaubeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 25, 6951–6961Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01053a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01053a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views74Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
193-nm excimer-laser-induced densification of fused silica (1996)

We report the densification of fused silica as a function of exposure to pulsed 193-nm excimer-laser irradiation. Defining a dose as the number of pulses N times the square of fluence I per pulse, we find that densification follows a universal function of dose, a x (NI(2))(b), where a and b can vary somewhat according to glass preparation. Densification is measured with interferometry and birefringence, interpreted with a finiteelement elastic model. Wave-front distortion for a typical photolithographic lens element in typical use conditions is described.
Low-Cost, High-Throughput Process Using HF Acid to Singulate Fused-Silica Shell Resonators with High-Q (2020)

In this paper, we report a low-cost, fast, and high-throughput process for releasing molded fused-silica 3D micro-shell resonators from their original flat substrate. 49% Hydrofluoric Acid is used to selectively etch the flat part of the substrate to release the resonator shell. Nine resonators are released using this approach and the quality factor is measured and compared with 22 shells singulated using our standard lap/CMP method. In addition, the frequency mismatch of another four devices released using each method is compared. All the resonators exhibited high-Q (as high as 5.8M) and low frequency mismatch comparable to those processed using lap/CMP method.
Secure scan: a design-for-test architecture for crypto chips (2005)

Scan-based design-for-test (DFT) is a powerful testing scheme, but it can be used to retrieve the secrets stored in a crypto chip thus compromising its security. On one hand, sacrificing security for testability by using traditional scan-based DFT restricts its use in privacy sensitive applications. On the other hand, sacrificing testability for security by abandoning scan-based DFT hurts product quality. The security of a crypto chip comes from the small secret key stored in a few registers and the testability of a crypto chip comes from the data path and control path implementing the crypto algorithm. Based on this key observation, we propose a novel scan DFT architecture called secure scan that maintains the high test quality of traditional scan DFT without compromising the security. We used a hardware implementation of the advanced encryption standard (AES) to show that the traditional scan DFT scheme can compromise the secret key. We then showed that by using secure scan DFT, neither the secret key nor the testability of the AES implementation is compromised.
An improved urban cellular automata model by using the trend-adjusted neighborhood (2020)

Abstract Background Cellular automata (CA)-based models have been extensively used in urban sprawl modeling. Presently, most studies focused on the improvement of spatial representation in the modeling, with limited efforts for considering the temporal context of urban sprawl. In this paper, we developed a Logistic-Trend-CA model by proposing a trend-adjusted neighborhood as a weighting factor using the information of historical urban sprawl and integrating this factor in the commonly used Logistic-CA model. We applied the developed model in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China and analyzed the model performance to the start year, the suitability surface, and the neighborhood size. Results Our results indicate the proposed Logistic-Trend-CA model outperforms the traditional Logistic-CA model significantly, resulting in about 18% and 14% improvements in modeling urban sprawl at medium (1 km) and fine (30 m) resolutions, respectively. The proposed Logistic-Trend-CA model is more suitable for urban sprawl modeling over a long temporal interval than the traditional Logistic-CA model. In addition, this new model is not sensitive to the suitability surface calibrated from different periods and spaces, and its performance decreases with the increase of the neighborhood size. Conclusion The proposed model shows potential for modeling future urban sprawl spanning a long period at regional and global scales.
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate and Polyphenon E Inhibit Growth and Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 Signaling Pathways in Human Colon Cancer Cells (2005)

Our findings suggest that EGCG or Poly E may be useful in the chemoprevention and/or treatment of colon cancer. Poly E contains about 60% EGCG, yet pure EGCG and Poly E had similar potencies (expressed as microg/ml). Poly E may be preferable because it is easier to prepare and this mixture of catechins may exert synergistic effects.
Effects of Sulfur-containing Amino Acid Derivatives on γ-Irradiation of Escherichia coli (1973)

S-alkyl-L-cysteine, S-alkyl-2-methyl-DL-cystineおよび,それらのヒダントイン誘導体,さらにそれらのスルホキシドを調製し,関連化合物とともに20mM水溶液または緩衝液中でγ線照射を行ない,共存する大腸菌(E. coli NIHJ)の残存生菌数に対する影響を調べた. (1) 水中では, S-置換基はプロピルよりアリルの方が保護効果が大きく,γ線分解G値の大小と一致していたが,スルホキシドにすると無添加区よりも生存菌数は減少し,サルファイドとの分解G値と保護効果の大小関係は逆であった.また,アミノ酸のα位水素をメチル基に換えると保護効果は低下したが, S-置換アミノ酸の保護効果は,ヒダントイン誘導体とすることによって増大した. (2) これらの傾向から5-allylthiomethyl-hydantoin (S-allyl-cysteineのヒダントイン誘導体)の保護効果が大きいことが予想され,実際に水中では使用した化合物のうちで最大, L-cysteineよりも大きな保護作用を有していた. (3) リン酸緩衝液(1/15M, pH6.8)中では, L-cysteineの保護効果が最大で,それに匹敵するような効果を有する化合物は見出されなかった.また,水中で見られたような構造と保護効果との関連は,明確ではなかったが, S-allyl-L-cysteineやS-propyl-L-cysteineのヒダントインは,一連の化合物中では比較的大きな保護効果を示した. (4) S-allyl-またはS-propyl-L-cysteineのヒダントインをスルポキシドとすると,緩衝液中でも毒性を示し,融点よりも高温に保って部分分解したものは,さらに毒性が強く, 140°Cで処理したS-propyl-L-cysteineのヒダントインスルホキシドでは20mM, 2時間後,大腸菌の生存量を無添加区の0.3%に低下させた. (5) 4-ethylthio-DL-isovaline, 2-methyl-5-methylthio-DL-norvaline, 2-methyl-5-ethylthio-DL-norvaline, S-n-octyl-2-methyl-DL-cysteine, S-n-lauryl-2-methyl-DL-cysteineが調製されたが,γ線に対する大腸菌の保護作用は見られず,微生物の増殖に対する阻害作用も有していなかった.
Computational Anatomy: Hypothesis Testing on Disease (2006)

Computational Anatomy (CA) is the study of human anatomy I ∈ I = Iα ◦G, an orbit under groups of diffeomorphisms of anatomical exemplars Iα ∈ I. The observable images I&lt;D ∈ ID are the output of Medical imaging devices. This chapter focuses on the third of the three components of CA: (iii) generation of probability laws of anatomical variation P(·) on the images I within the anatomical orbits and inference of disease models. The basic random objects studied are the diffeomorphic transformations encoding the anatomical objects in the orbit; Gaussian random fields are constructed based on empirical observations of the transformations. Hypothesis testing on various neuromorphometric changes are studied.
A market approach to real-time departure runway scheduling (2013)

Departure runway usage is a major source of delay in the US National Airspace System. Additionally, the current first-come-first-served paradigm for allocating departure runway usage produces strong incentives to airlines to spend all this delay time on the taxiway, even though this can result in wasted fuel. In this paper, a novel dynamic second-price auction method for allocating runway usage is developed. Analytical and simulated results are obtained that suggest the proposed method does not increase total delay, and that almost all delay is spent at the gate (thereby saving fuel). Thousands of simulations of a realistic scenario at John F. Kennedy International Airport indicate that this new mechanism offers two benefits over the current first-come-first-served mechanism. The first benefit suggests this mechanism can reduce airline costs (beyond the savings on fuel). The second benefit suggests the auction mechanism can generate more equitable spread of delay across airlines by an appropriate parametrization over budget constraints.
A new environmentally stable protective group for deep UV resists: Methoxy(tetrahydropyranyl) ether (2000)

Deep UV photoresists are designed to be used in the manufacturing of highly integrated chips (>16 Mbit). They differ from the conventional photoresists in their principal chemistry. The vast majority of positive deep UV resists are based on protected poly(hydroxystyrene) resins and photochemical acid generators (PAG). They rely on photochemically induced acid-catalyzed reactions (chemical amplification) to generate the desired pattern and meet the high-sensitivity requirements. It turned out that the type of the acid labile protective group is of paramount importance for the performance of the resists. It has to be stable enough not to be cleaved by the weakly acidic phenol at room temperature, but has to be labile enough to be cleaved readily even at the top of the resist where portions of the generated acid may be neutralized by airborne bases. Selection criteria for useful groups and the performance of the very well suited protective group methoxy(tetrahydropyran) are described in this paper. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 208–216, 2000
Extending the Windows Desktop Interface With Connected Handheld Computers (2018)

Increasingly, people will be in situations where there are multiple communicating computing devices that have input / output capabilities. For example, people might carry their handheld computer, such as a Windows CE device or a Palm Pilot, into a room with a desktop or an embedded computer. The handheld computer can communicate with the PC using wired or wireless technologies, and then both computers can be used at the same time. We are investigating many ways in which the handheld computer can be used to <em>extend</em> the functions of existing and new applications. For example, the handheld’s screen can be used as a customizable input and output device, to provide various controls for desktop applications. The handheld can contain scroll bars, buttons, virtual knobs and menus. It can also display the slide notes or a list of slide titles for a presentation, the list of current tasks and windows, and lists of links for web browsing. The user can tap on these lists on the handheld to control the PC. Information and control can be flow fluidly among all the user’s devices, so that there is an integrated environment.
Evaluating the effectiveness of a deep‐vein thrombosis prophylaxis protocol in orthopaedics and traumatology (2009)

Symptomatic DVT occurrences were similar to those in medical literature; however, there were fewer side effects of LMWH than reported in literature.
A Novel Solution for Inter-Technology Handover (2010)

We present a novel solution to the problem of handover between two different wireless technologies. We illustrate this solution with the example of LTE (Long Term Evolution) to CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) handover. Current inter-technology handover can take approximately 6 to 7 seconds and hence can heavily impact the network performance. We assume that two receivers (primary and secondary) are used in LTE, and that the UE performs an inter-technology handover between LTE and CDMA. The basic concept is that the UE uses two receivers (which are needed in MIMO mode) to enhance the network capacity when at the cell center but switches the secondary receiver, to the other network, when at the network border to obtain system information, signal strength, and perform CDMA synchronization. This switching function can be controlled by either the network or the UE. In this paper, the switching function is evaluated for the network controlled scenarios and is compared with non-switched scenarios. This study focuses on the effects on diversity gain and network coverage. Simulation results show that the loss in diversity gain has minimal impact on the network performance and the inter-technology handover delay can be reduced to less than 1 second.
Targeted Disruption of the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Locus Results in Severe Catecholamine Depletion and Perinatal Lethality in Mice (1995)

Tyrosine 3-hydroxylase (TH, EC 1.14.16.2) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway in the nervous and endocrine systems. The TH locus was disrupted in mouse embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination. Mice heterozygous for the TH mutation were apparently normal. In these mice, TH activity in the embryos and adult tissues was less than 50% of the wild-type values, but the catecholamine level was decreased only moderately in the developing animals and was maintained normally at adulthood, suggesting the presence of a regulatory mechanism for ensuring the proper catecholamine level during animal development. In contrast, the homozygous mutant mice died at a late stage of embryonic development or shortly after birth. Both TH mRNA and enzyme activity were lacking in the homozygous mutants, which thus explained the severe depletion of catecholamines. These changes, however, did not affect gross morphological development of the cells that normally express high catecholamine levels. Analysis of electrocardiograms of surviving newborn mutants showed bradycardia, suggesting an alteration of cardiac functions in the homozygous mice that may lead to the lethality of this mutation. In addition, transfer of a human TH transgene into the homozygous mice corrected the mutant phenotype, showing recovery of TH activity by expression of the human enzyme. These results indicate that TH is essential for survival of the animals during the late gestational development and after birth.
The selective conversion of d-limonene to p,α-dimethylstyrene (2014)

The conversion of <sc>d</sc>-limonene selectively to <italic>p</italic>,α-dimethylstyrene (DMS) only has been achieved <italic>via</italic> a palladium acetate-catalysed dehydrogenation.
High-temperature vibrational–rotational relaxation in He–H2 (1978)

The vibrational–rotational relaxation of He–H2 at high temperatures is studied by applying a recently developed exponential distorted wave (EDW) technique to calculate inelastic cross sections. Particular attention is given to the role of the high rotational states in vibrational relaxation; transfer through these states is shown to be important at high temperatures. For conditions simulating He–H2 shock tube experiments, a single exponential decay is found to describe the n=0→n′→1 vibrational relaxation for all time. It is shown that this fortunate circumstance, which is important in the interpretation of such experiments, does not necessarily extend to other widely differing experimental conditions.
Immunization with class I human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen can protect macaques against challenge infection with SIVmac-32H (1995)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of immunopurified class I human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) to protect against SIV infection. Methods: HLA class I antigens were immunopurified from a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line. Groups of four macaques were vaccinated subcutaneously with four doses of the immunogen in adjuvant, or with adjuvant alone and subsequently challenged intravenously with 10 median monkey infectious doses of cell-free SIVmac-32H. Infection was determined by polymerase chain reaction for SIVmac proviral DNA and by virus isolation. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were monitored. Results: Macaques immunized with the HLA molecules produced anti-HLA class I antibodies that inhibited SIV replication in vitro and downregulated autologous T-cell proliferation against irradiated C8166 cells. They were partially protected (two out of four) from virus infection for at least 33 weeks when challenged with SIV grown in human cells. All four control animals were infected. Conclusions: This demonstration of partial protection, together with our previous work reporting that vaccination with allogenic cynomolgus lymphocytes can protect against challenge infection with SIV grown in simian cells, suggests that allogenic immune response induced before or during establishment of HIV infection may have important implications for AIDS disease progression.
Synthesis of Shikimic‐6‐13C acid (1980)

Abstract Shikimic‐6‐ 13 C acid, 43 ± 5% enriched, was synthesized from 91% enriched acetic‐2‐ 13 C acid via 91% enriched phosphoenolpyruvic‐3‐ 13 c acid. The latter intermediate was condensed with erythrose‐4‐phosphate by a cell free extract of E . coli 83‐24.
Biosimilars Have Arrived: Rituximab (2018)

A biosimilar is a biologic product that is highly similar to a licensed biologic ("originator") such that there are no clinically meaningful differences in safety, purity, or potency between the biosimilar and the originator. As patent protection and data exclusivity for the biologic rituximab expire, several potential biosimilars to rituximab are in development, which could soon lead to the availability of numerous rituximab biosimilars. Biosimilars are evaluated using thorough and rigorous analyses of the potential biosimilar versus the originator biological to confirm similar structure, function, and clinical efficacy as well as safety. Approval of a biosimilar is based upon the totality of the evidence demonstrating similarity to the originator. An understanding of the process of the interchangeable designation of a biosimilar is important in the context of patient outcomes. We conducted an analysis of the properties and benefits of rituximab in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, the development and approval of biosimilars, and the potential benefits of rituximab biosimilars. PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for "biosimilar" and "rituximab" and regulatory and pharmaceutical company web pages were screened regarding biosimilars in development and specific guidelines developed for the approval of biosimilars. The results indicate that, at present, six rituximab biosimilar candidates are undergoing comparative clinical development, and two were recently approved in the European Union. Our analysis indicates rituximab biosimilars are expected to have a continuing role in treating inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Investigation of aero-mechanical jitter on a hemispherical turret (2021)

Optical measurements of a hemispherical turret were conducted in both a wind tunnel and airborne testing environment to measure aero-mechanical jitter imposed onto a laser beam. A hemispherical turret was positioned in the freestream flow at various protrusion distances, Mach numbers, and azimuthal angles. Lasers and accelerometers were used to quantify the mechanical contamination imposed onto the beam due to the fluid-structure interaction of the incoming freestream flow and the protruding turret body. The results from wind tunnel and in-flight testing were compared. It was shown that the wind tunnel and in-flight tests yielded different results both quantitatively and qualitatively. The possible reasons for the discrepancies between these testing campaigns were also discussed.
Risk of lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease (2000)

Our population-based cohort study demonstrated that the absolute risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma remains quite small (0.01% per person-year). This risk may not exceed that in the general population. In our referral practice, immune modifier therapy could be potentially implicated in only 5% of cases of lymphoma occurring in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease.
A lower bound for the intersection of regular forests (1993)

Regular Sigma X-forests continue to play an important role in programming languages, specifically in the design of type systems. They arise naturally as terms of constructor-based, recursive data types in logic and functional languages. Deciding whether the intersection of a sequence of regular Sigma X-forests is nonempty is an important problem in type inference. We show that this problem is PSPACE-hard and as a corollary that the problem of constructing a regular Sigma X-grammar representing their intersection is PSPACE-hard.