gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Opposing Biological Actions of Antiestrogensin Vitroandin Vivo: Induction of Progesterone Receptor in the Rat and Mouse Uterus* (1985)

The nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and Ly117018 inhibited the estradiol-stimulated induction of progesterone receptors in primary cultures of immature rat uterine cells. This effect was found to be completely reversible with increased concentrations of estradiol. These compounds possessed no estrogenic activity. In contrast, ICI 47,699 (the cis geometric isomer of tamoxifen) and ICI 77,949 (tamoxifen without the dimethylaminoethyl side chain) were fully estrogenic, and bisphenol (4-hydroxytamoxifen without the dimethylaminoethyl side chain) possessed mixed estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity. In primary uterine cell cultures derived from mature ovariectomized mice, 4-hydroxytamoxifen was, again, nonestrogenic and inhibited the estradiol-stimulated induction of progesterone receptors. The antiestrogenic activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen was effective against both steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens in either rat- or mouse-derived uterine cell cultures. Using the 3-day uterine assay in vivo, 4-hydroxytamoxifen partially stimulated progesterone receptor induction in the immature rat, whereas it fully stimulated the same end point in the mature ovariectomized mouse. These results emphasize the difference between antiestrogen activity in vivo and in vitro, and also indicate that the increased agonist activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen in the mouse compared to that in the rat in vivo is not reflected in vitro. Therefore, we have extended the model of antiestrogen action previously described in primary pituitary cell cultures to progesterone receptor induction in two murine uterine cell cultures.
Long‐term time‐lapse surface and borehole electrical resistivity monitoring of natural recharge‐ induced contaminant plume behavior (2010)

Geophysical measurements, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data in particular, are sensitive to properties that are related (directly or indirectly) to hydrological processes. The challenge is in extracting information from geophysical data at a relevant scale that can be used quantitatively to refine hydrological models and interpret plume behavior. We consider the use of ERT data for examining the impact of recharge on subsurface contamination at the southern‐most corner of the S‐3 ponds at the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge (IFRC) site, TN. The approach we have developed involves the coupled inverse modeling of time‐lapse borehole ERT data and hydrogeochemical data, including water level and solute concentration data. The time variations in resistivity are due to changes in total dissolved solids (primarily nitrate), saturation, pH, and temperature. The current approach is to use our understanding of the borehole ERT response to recharge‐related processes at the local scale to aid in interpretation of more spatially extensive surface ERT data. We consider a large dataset of time‐lapse borehole and surface ERT data collected at the site in 2008 and 2009. We find that the system response to short‐term heavy rainstorms is different from the response to seasonal and annual fluctuations and that there is a very good agreement between resistivity structures recovered from borehole and surface ERT data. These results suggest that we can transfer derived insights about petrophysical models and plume behavior across scales, thus permitting remote quantification of recharge‐induced processes (such as nitrate dilution) over field‐relevant scales.
Anxiety: phenomenology, epidemiology, and risk factors during the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic (2021)

The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic in 2020 led to significant negative social consequences associated inter alia with adverse effects on mental health. One of the most common mental illness is anxiety disorders, the rise in which is characteristic of social upheaval periods. This paper analyzes the problem of anxiety, reviews information on the epidemiology of anxiety, on the factors and mechanisms of its development. It unveils the association of anxiety with addictive disorders, lifestyle factors, and traumatic childhood experience and highlights the problem of increased anxiety in the context of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemics in Russia.
Women show similar central and peripheral fatigue to men after half‐marathon* (2018)

Women are known to be less fatigable than men in single-joint exercises, but fatigue induced by running has not been well understood. Here we investigated sex differences in central and peripheral fatigue and in rate of force development (RFD) in the knee extensors after a half-marathon run. Ten male and eight female amateur runners (aged 25-50 years) were evaluated before and immediately after a half-marathon race. Knee extensors forces were obtained under voluntary and electrically evoked isometric contractions. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) force and peak RFD were recorded. Electrically doublet stimuli were delivered during the MVC and at rest to calculate the level of voluntary activation and the resting doublet twitch. After the race, decreases in MVC force (males: -11%, effect size [ES] 0.52; females: -11% ES 0.33), voluntary activation (males: -6%, ES 0.87; females: -4%, ES 0.72), and resting doublet twitch (males: -6%, ES 0.34; females: -8%, ES 0.30) were found to be similar between males and females. The decrease in peak RFD was found to be similar between males and females (males: -14%, ES 0.43; females: -15%, ES 0.14). Half-marathon run induced both central and peripheral fatigue, without any difference between men and women. The maximal and explosive strength loss was found similar between sexes. Together, these findings do not support the need of sex-specific training interventions to increase the tolerance to neuromuscular fatigue in half-marathoners.
The Mechanism of Efficient Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Acetophenone Using an Iron(II) Complex Containing an (S,S)-Ph2PCH2CH═NCHPhCHPhN═CHCH2PPh2 Ligand: Partial Ligand Reduction Is the Key (2012)

On the basis of a kinetic study and other evidence, we propose a mechanism of activation and operation of a highly active system generated from the precatalyst trans-[Fe(CO)(Br)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH═N-((S,S)-C(Ph)H-C(Ph)H)-N═CHCH(2)PPh(2))][BPh(4)] (2) for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone in basic isopropanol. An induction period for catalyst activation is observed before the catalytic production of 1-phenethanol. The activation step is proposed to involve a rapid reaction of 2 with excess base to give an ene-amido complex [Fe(CO)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH═N-((S,S)-C(Ph)H-C(Ph)H)-NCH═CHPPh(2))](+) (Fe(p)) and a bis(enamido) complex Fe(CO)(Ph(2)PCH═CH-N-(S,S-CH(Ph)CH(Ph))-N-CH═CHPPh(2)) (5); 5 was partially characterized. The slow step in the catalyst activation is thought to be the reaction of Fe(p) with isopropoxide to give the catalytically active amido-(ene-amido) complex Fe(a) with a half-reduced, deprotonated PNNP ligand. This can be trapped by reaction with HCl in ether to give, after isolation with NaBPh(4), [Fe(CO)(Cl)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)N(H)-((S,S)-CH(Ph)CH(Ph))-N═CHCH(2)PPh(2))][BPh(4)] (7) which was characterized using multinuclear NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. When compound 7 is treated with base, it directly enters the catalytic cycle with no induction period. A precatalyst with the fully reduced P-NH-NH-P ligand was prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found to be much less active than 2 or 7. Reaction profiles obtained by varying the initial concentrations of acetophenone, precatalyst, base, and acetone and by varying the temperature were fit to the kinetic model corresponding to the proposed mechanism by numerical simulation to obtain a unique set of rate constants and thermodynamic parameters.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 (2008)

Recent researches have discovered that MDM2 (murine double minute 2, or HDM2 for the human congener) protein is the main negative regulator of p53, which is an attractive therapeutic target in oncology because its tumor-suppressor activity which can be stimulated to eradicate tumor cells. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction is a promising approach for activating p53, because this association is well characterized at the structural and biological levels. A number of drug screening approaches and technologies have been used to identity novel inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction. This review will detail the development history of MDM2 protein and the p53-MDM2 interaction, the major classes of novel small-molecular p53-MDM2 binding inhibitors, key medicinal action with the protein-protein interaction and in vitro or in vivo biological activities.
Preparation and Characterization of Coaxial Electrospinning rhBMP2-Loaded Nanofiber Membranes (2019)

DEX and rhBMP2-loaded core-shell nanofiber membranes were synthesized by electrospinning method in one step. Zein/PLLA, Zein-DEX/PLLA, Zein/PLLA-rhBMP2, and Zein-DEX/PLLA-rhBMP2 were fabricated; and morphology, hydrophilicity, mechanics properties, in vitro drug release behavior, cell proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were investigated. The results showed that the dual-release system containing rhBMP2 and DEX prepared by electrospinning had rough surface, constant drug release behavior, and could also significantly promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of RMSCs, indicating that the scaffolds we fabricated might be suitable for bone tissue engineering.
Preface (1998)

This Trends in Optics and Photonics (TOPS) volume contains articles from the oral and poster presentations at the 1998 OS A Topical Meeting on Advanced Solid State Lasers, which was held in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, February 2-4, 1998.
Determination of Orientational Order in Deformed Glassy PMMA from Solid-State NMR Data (2005)

The orientational distribution function for polymer chain segments in plain-strain compressed glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) is evaluated, as a function of two polar angles, from a series of one-dimensional deuterium NMR spectra. The experimental data are analyzed using a tailored regulatory approach. For low degrees of orientational order, the choice of the regularization scheme is shown to become critical and two-dimensional Tikhonov−Phillips regularization yielded the best results for the present study.
Vaccines We Need But Don't Have (2017)

Vaccinations have had tremendous success in the 20th century. However, in the 21st century, we are facing complex immunological issues in relation to controlling underlying infectious diseases. Therefore, new technologies are needed to develop vaccines against infectious diseases like respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and cytomegalovirus. In addition, recent emerging infections have taught us that we must prepare preventative measures in advance using our scientific abilities.
Abstract 877: Thioredoxin-1 Maintains Cardiac Function and Metabolic Gene Expression via mTOR Signaling (2019)

Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) is a 12 kDa oxidoreductase that reduces proteins with disulfide bonds through thiol disulfide exchange reactions. Several lines of evidence show that Trx1 protects cardiomyocytes against stress, such as ischemia and pressure overload. However, due to the embryonic lethality of systemic Trx1 knockout mice, the role of endogenous Trx1 in cardiac function has not been tested with loss-of-function mice. In this study, we generated cardiac-specific Trx1 knockout (Trx1cKO) mice, using Trx1floxflox and αMHC-Cre transgenic mice, to elucidate the physiological role of Trx1 in the postnatal heart. The Trx1cKO mice were viable but started dying at 13 days of age. The median survival age was 27 days. Echocardiographic analyses indicated cardiac dysfunction in Trx1cKO mice, evidenced by reduced ejection fraction (WT: 0.78; Trx1cKO: 0.50*; p&lt;0.05 vs. WT). RNA-sequencing and pathway analyses revealed that metabolic genes involved in energy production were most prominently downregulated in Trx1cKO mice. Mitochondrial morphological abnormality and increased oxidative stress were evident in Trx1cKO mice. Among Trx1 substrates possibly involved in metabolic gene expression, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) was oxidized and inhibited in Trx1cKO mice. In cultured cardiomyocytes, Trx1 knockdown inhibited mTOR signaling, as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of mTOR substrates, such as S6K and 4EBP1. Trx1 knockdown in cardiomyocytes inhibited mitochondrial protein expression, respiration and ATP production (relative ATP production in isolated mitochondria; control: 1; Trx1 knockdown: 0.69*; p&lt;0.05 vs. control), suggesting that Trx1 maintains mitochondrial function in a cell autonomous manner. Importantly, mTOR-C1483F mutant is resistant against oxidation and inactivation induced by downregulation of Trx1. Trx1 knockdown suppressed reporter gene activity driven by the promoter sequences of endogenous metabolic genes, such as Ndufa1 and Ndufs1, which was rescued by mTOR-C1483F. These results suggest that Trx1 is essential for cardiac function and metabolism, possibly through reduction of mTOR at Cys1483.
BOTTER: A framework to analyze social bots in Twitter (2021)

Social networks have triumphed in communicating people online, but they have also been exploited to launch influence operations for manipulating society. The deployment of software-controlled accounts (e.g., social bots) has proven to be one of the most effective enablers for that purpose, and tools for their detection have been developed and widely adopted. However, the way to analyze these accounts and measure their impact is heterogeneous in the literature, where each case study performs unique measurements. To unify these efforts, we propose a common framework to analyze the interference of social bots in Twitter. The methodology compares the non-authentic actors with the rest of users from different perspectives, thus building objective metrics to measure their actual impact. We validate the framework by applying it to a dataset of Twitter iterations dated in the weeks preceding the 2019 Spanish general election. In this sense, we check that our framework facilitates the quantitative evaluation of unauthentic groups, particularly discovering that social bots changed the natural dynamics of the network in these days, but did not have a significant impact. We also consider this methodology as a practical tool for the qualitative interpretation of experimental results, particularly suggesting within the aforementioned electoral context that semi-automated accounts are potentially more threatening than fully automated ones.
Machine Learning Using R (2016)

This book is inspired by the Machine Learning Model Building Process Flow, which provides the reader the ability to understand a ML algorithm and apply the entire process of building a ML model from the raw data. This new paradigm of teaching Machine Learning will bring about a radical change in perception for many of those who think this subject is difficult to learn. Though theory sometimes looks difficult, especially when there is heavy mathematics involved, the seamless flow from the theoretical aspects to example-driven learning provided in Blockchain and Capitalism makes it easy for someone to connect the dots. For every Machine Learning algorithm covered in this book, a 3-D approach of theory, case-study and practice will be given. And where appropriate, the mathematics will be explained through visualization in R. All practical demonstrations will be explored in R, a powerful programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The various packages and methods available in R will be used to explain the topics. In the end, readers will learn some of the latest technological advancements in building a scalable machine learning model with Big Data.
An Improved Joint Optimization of Multiple Level Set Functions for the Segmentation of Overlapping Cervical Cells (2015)

In this paper, we present an improved algorithm for the segmentation of cytoplasm and nuclei from clumps of overlapping cervical cells. This problem is notoriously difficult because of the degree of overlap among cells, the poor contrast of cell cytoplasm and the presence of mucus, blood, and inflammatory cells. Our methodology addresses these issues by utilizing a joint optimization of multiple level set functions, where each function represents a cell within a clump, that have both unary (intracell) and pairwise (intercell) constraints. The unary constraints are based on contour length, edge strength, and cell shape, while the pairwise constraint is computed based on the area of the overlapping regions. In this way, our methodology enables the analysis of nuclei and cytoplasm from both free-lying and overlapping cells. We provide a systematic evaluation of our methodology using a database of over 900 images generated by synthetically overlapping images of free-lying cervical cells, where the number of cells within a clump is varied from 2 to 10 and the overlap coefficient between pairs of cells from 0.1 to 0.5. This quantitative assessment demonstrates that our methodology can successfully segment clumps of up to 10 cells, provided the overlap between pairs of cells is <;0.2. Moreover, if the clump consists of three or fewer cells, then our methodology can successfully segment individual cells even when the overlap is ~0.5. We also evaluate our approach quantitatively and qualitatively on a set of 16 extended depth of field images, where we are able to segment a total of 645 cells, of which only ~10% are free-lying. Finally, we demonstrate that our method of cell nuclei segmentation is competitive when compared with the current state of the art.
Participation of Water in the Secondary Transformations of Hydrocarbons on Cobalt–Zeolite Catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (2017)

This review is dedicated to the effect of water as the main by-product of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on the process. The reasons for the negative effect of water are analyzed and the possible versions of the control of its participation in the process are considered. As an optimal solution to the problem, the use of zeolites in the H form as the constituents of cobalt catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is proposed. Bibliography: 148 references.
Electromagnetic scattering by impedance structures (1987)

The scattering of electromagnetic waves from impedance structures is investigated, and current work on antenna pattern calculation is presented. A general algorithm for determining radiation patterns from antennas mounted near or on polygonal plates is presented. These plates are assumed to be of a material which satisfies the Leontovich (or surface impedance) boundary condition. Calculated patterns including reflection and diffraction terms are presented for numerious geometries, and refinements are included for antennas mounted directly on impedance surfaces. For the case of a monopole mounted on a surface impedance ground plane, computed patterns are compared with experimental measurements. This work in antenna pattern prediction forms the basis of understanding of the complex scattering mechanisms from impedance surfaces. It provides the foundation for the analysis of backscattering patterns which, in general, are more problematic than calculation of antenna patterns. Further proposed study of related topics, including surface waves, corner diffractions, and multiple diffractions, is outlined.
State Estimation For Uncertain Nonlinear Systems (1996)

This paper considers a problem of robust filtering for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with an integral constraint. The solution involves a set valued state estimate which is obtained by solving a Hamilton Jacobi Bellman equation. A robust version of the Extended Kalman Filter is presented. Two examples are discussed, including FM demodulation.
Metrics and models for cost and quality of component-based software (2004)

Quality and risk concerns currently limit the application of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software components to non-critical applications. Software metrics can quantify factors contributing to the overall quality of a component-based system, and models for tradeoffs between cost and various aspects of quality can guide quality and risk management by identifying and eliminating sources of risk. This paper discusses metrics and models that can be used to alleviate quality concerns for COTS-based systems, enabling the use of COTS components in a broader range of applications.
Crack Tip Morphology of Slowly Growing Cracks in Glass (2000)

We present atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations of crack tips in glass during subcritical propagation. These have been obtained by means of an AFM sample holder which has been specially designed to propagate indentation cracks in glass plates. Crack tips in soda–lime–silica glass are always preceded by a few nanometers deep deformation. In vitreous silica, no other surface deformation than the crack itself could be detected. For both materials, the crack opening is found to largely exceed the elastic solution.
Heterodiatomare Mehrfachbindung zwischen Elementen der Gruppe 13: Ein Komplex mit B‐Al‐π‐Bindung reduziert CO2 (2019)

Abstract Verbindungen mit heterodiatomarer Mehrfachbindung zwischen Gruppe‐13‐Elementen sind bislang unbekannt. In dieser Zuschrift berichten wir über eine Darstellungsmethode von [(CAAC)PhB=AlCp 3t ] ( 1 ), einem Komplex, bei dem zwei Singulettfragmente nach Assoziation eine π‐Bindung zwischen Bor und Aluminium bilden. Neben den Eigenschaften dieser Mehrfachbindung wird die Reaktivität von 1 gegenüber CO 2 präsentiert. Diese führt über eine ungewöhnliche Metathesereaktion zu einer B‐CO‐Verbindung.
Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)] (1997)

For the molecules Be 2 , F 2 , and P 2 of Table For these broken-symmetry solutions, the UHF atomization energies become 17, 220, and 141 kcalmol, respectively, and the mean absolute error of all the UHF atomization energies becomes 69.8 kcalmol.