gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A modular network for legged locomotion (1998)

In this paper we use symmetry methods to study networks of coupled cells, which are models for central pattern generators (CPGs). In these models the cells obey identical systems of differential equations and the network specifies how cells are coupled. Previously, Collins and Stewart showed that the phase relations of many of the standard gaits of quadrupeds and hexapods can be obtained naturally via Hopf bifurcation in small networks. For example, the networks they used to study quadrupeds all had four cells, with the understanding that each cell determined the phase of the motion of one leg. However, in their work it seemed necessary to employ several different four-oscillator networks to obtain all of the standard quadrupedal gaits. We show that this difficulty with four-oscillator networks is unavoidable, but that the problems can be overcome by using a larger network. Specifically, we show that the standard gaits of a quadruped, including walk, trot and pace, cannot all be realized by a single four-cell network without introducing unwanted conjugacies between trot and pace — conjugacies that imply a dynamic equivalence between these gaits that seems inconsistent with observations. In this sense a single network with four cells cannot model the CPG of a quadruped. We also introduce a single eight-cell network that can model all of the primary gaits of quadrupeds without these unwanted conjugacies. Moreover, this network is modular in that it naturally generalizes to provide models of gaits in hexapods, centipedes, and millipedes. The analysis of models for many-legged animals shows that wave-like motions, similar to those obtained by Kopell and Ermentrout, can be expected. However, our network leads to a prediction that the wavelength of the wave motion will divide twice the length of the animal. Indeed, we reproduce illustrations of wave-like motions in centipedes where the animal is approximately one-and-a-half wavelength long — motions that are consistent with this prediction. We discuss the implications of these results for the development of modular control networks for adaptive legged robots.
Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Trichotillomania (2006)

Impaired inhibition of motor responses (impulsivity) was found in OCD and trichotillomania, whereas cognitive inflexibility (thought to contribute to compulsivity) was limited to OCD. This assessment will advance the characterization and classification of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and aid the development of novel treatments.
A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law (1995)

The history, empirical evidence and classical explanations of the significant-digit (or Benford's) law are reviewed, followed by a summary of recent invariant-measure characterizations. Then a new statistical derivation of the law in the form of a CLT-like theorem for significant digits is presented. If distributions are selected at random (in any "unbiased" way) and random samples are then taken from each of these distributions, the significant digits of the combined sample will converge to the logarithmic (Benford) distribution. This helps explain and predict the appearance of the significant-digit phenomenon in many different empirical contexts and helps justify its recent application to computer design, mathematical modelling and detection of fraud in accounting data.
Specificity of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against human melanoma lines: Evidence for “non‐specific” killing by activated T‐cells (1975)

Abstract The specificity of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against melanoma cells in vitro has been analyzed in a large number of studies with cells both from normal and melanoma subjects. As in a number of other, recent, similar human studies, no evidence for tumour specificity was found. Effector cells in peripheral blood responsible for the cytotoxic reaction were examined by cell separation methods based on red cell rosette formation and separation through Hypaque‐Ficoll mixtures. The evidence suggests that nonspecificity results from killing by cells separating largely in the non‐sheep red blood cell rosetting fraction and which have cytotoxic specificity directed broadly to cells with abnormal membranes. Further analysis revealed that the cells were non‐phagocytic and did not bear receptors for complement. They appear to be activated into cell division and to bear surface receptors for the Fc portion ofIgG. Additional evidence is presented suggesting that the cells mainly responsible are activated thymus‐dependent cells present in the circulation of both tumour‐bearing and normal subjects.
Development of Algorithms and Hardware for Structured-Light Vision. (1986)

Computer vision is finding increased application in robotics and for shipbuilding, construction, machining, sorting, and inspection. An essential part of a computer vision system is the ability to measure range (distance) to points on the surfaces of three-dimensional objects. This information allows the description of such intrinsic characteristics of objects as orientation, surface condition, and dimensions. A goal of the work described here was the development, testing, and evaluation of a real-time system for measuring range, suitable for the kinds of applications described above. A second goal was the development of algorithms for description of objects, based on their range-image representations. We have shown the feasibility, and measured the performance, of a prototype ranging system that uses a technique called structured light; GWU has also derived and implemented algorithms for rapid description of a limited class of objects using only the data that would be supplied by such a system. Note: Included are a FORTRAN computer program and the following papers: (1) PIPE: A Specialized Computer Architecture for Robot Vision; (2) A New Method for Characterization of Shape; (3) The Quadcode and Its Arithmetic; (4) Adjacency Detection Using Quadcodes.
Chance constrained unit commitment with wind generation and superconducting magnetic energy storages (2012)

System operation reserve requirement keeps going up in the past 3 years to compensate for the variation of wind power. This reduces the efficiency of thermal units by limiting their energy output. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) as a novel technology was proposed to provide up and down regulation reserve due to its fast response to charge and discharge. However, given the cost and utilization ratio of SMES, an optimal unit commitment (UC) with the integration of SMES is necessary. This paper modifies the traditional UC model into a chance-constrained stochastic problem to realize the optimal schedule objective. To solve this non-convex problem, a Branch/Bound (BB) Technique and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced, while the initialization of PSO is achieved by the simplex algorithms. Finally, a comparison between the deterministic UC and stochastic UC is given. The result indicates the model in this paper offers independent system operators (ISO) more freedom to balance the system dispatch cost and reliability and it can successfully reduce the SMES costs.
The hybrid Cram&#x00E9;r-Rao bound and the generalized Gaussian linear estimation problem (2008)

This paper explores the hybrid Cramer-Rao lower-bound (HCRLB) for a Gaussian generalized linear estimation problem in which some of the unknown parameters are deterministic while the other are random. In general, the HCRLB on the non-Bayesian parameters is not asymptotically tight. However, we show that for the generalized Gaussian linear estimation problem, the HCRLB of the deterministic parameters coincides with the CRLB, so it is an asymptotically tight bound. In addition, we show that the ML/MAP estimator [Van Trees and Bell, 2007] is asymptotically efficient for the non-Bayesian parameters while providing optimal estimate of the Bayesian parameters. The results are demonstrated on a signal processing example. It is shown the Hybrid estimation can increase spectral resolution if some prior knowledge is available only on a subset of the parameters.
Local Pixel Bundles: Bringing the Pixels to the People (2014)

The automated galaxy-based alignment software package developed for the Frontier Fields program (hst2galign, see Anderson &amp;amp; Ogaz 2014 and
The Pyramid Scheme: Oblivious RAM for Trusted Processors (2017)

Modern processors, e.g., Intel SGX, allow applications to isolate secret code and data in encrypted memory regions called enclaves. While encryption effectively hides the contents of memory, the sequence of address references issued by the secret code leaks information. This is a serious problem because these leaks can easily break the confidentiality guarantees of enclaves. In this paper, we explore Oblivious RAM (ORAM) designs that prevent these information leaks under the constraints of modern SGX processors. Most ORAMs are a poor fit for these processors because they have high constant overhead factors or require large private memories, which are not available in these processors. We address these limitations with a new hierarchical ORAM construction, the Pyramid ORAM, that is optimized towards online bandwidth cost and small blocks. It uses a new hashing scheme that circumvents the complexity of previous hierarchical schemes. We present an efficient x64-optimized implementation of Pyramid ORAM that uses only the processor's registers as private memory. We compare Pyramid ORAM with Circuit ORAM, a state-of-the-art tree-based ORAM scheme that also uses constant private memory. Pyramid ORAM has better online asymptotical complexity than Circuit ORAM. Our implementation of Pyramid ORAM and Circuit ORAM validates this: as all hierarchical schemes, Pyramid ORAM has high variance of access latencies; although latency can be high for some accesses, for typical configurations Pyramid ORAM provides access latencies that are 8X better than Circuit ORAM for 99% of accesses. Although the best known hierarchical ORAM has better asymptotical complexity, Pyramid ORAM has significantly lower constant overhead factors, making it the preferred choice in practice.
Atropisomer-specific formation of premicellar porphyrin J-aggregates in aqueous surfactant solutions (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAtropisomer-specific formation of premicellar porphyrin J-aggregates in aqueous surfactant solutionsDavid C. Barber, Ruth A. Freitag-Beeston, and David G. WhittenCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10, 4074–4086Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100163a035https://doi.org/10.1021/j100163a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views859Altmetric-Citations161LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Mass-Spectrometric Studies at High Temperatures. II. The Dissociation Energies of the Monofluorides and Difluorides of Silicon and Germanium (1964)

Calcium fluoride has been used to fluorinate silicon and germanium in a heated Knudsen cell in a mass spectrometer. Second- and third-law calculations using effusion data for the gaseous monofluoride and difluoride species produced at temperatures up to 1575°K are in good agreement and lead to the following atomization energies: D°298[SiF(g)]=5.61±0.2 eV, ΔH°a,298[SiF2(g)]=12.33±0.2 eV, D°298[GeF(g)]=5.04±0.2 eV, and ΔH°a,298[GeF2(g)]=10.0±0.8 eV.
Mediators of Rat Ischemic Hepatic Preconditioning After Cold Preservation Identified by Microarray Analysis (2006)

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with liver transplantation is an as yet unresolved problem in clinical practice. Preconditioning protects the liver against the deleterious effects of ischemia, although the mechanism underlying this preconditioning is still unclear. To profile gene expression patterns involved in hepatic ischemic preconditioning, we analyzed the changes in gene expression in rat livers by DNA microarray analysis. Approximately 116 genes were found to have altered gene expression after 8 hours of cold ischemia. Moreover, the expression of 218 genes was modified by classic preconditioning followed by the same ischemia process. Given the importance of the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IP) in minimizing the liver damage induced by sustained ischemia before reperfusion, this study analyzed the putative genes involved in the beneficial role of IP in liver grafts undergoing cold ischemia before its implantation in the recipient (IP+I). Great differences were found in the gene expression pattern of ischemic preconditioning + long cold ischemia (IP+I) group when compared with the long cold ischemia alone condition (I), which could explain the protective regulatory mechanisms that take place after preconditioning. Twenty-six genes that were downregulated in cold ischemia were found upregulated after preconditioning preceding a long cold ischemia period. These would be genes activated or maintained by preconditioning. Heat shock protein genes and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase are among the most markedly induced transcripts.
Surgical and endovascular treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: long-term disability assessment and prognostic factors (2001)

Spinal DAVF treatment significantly improved patients' mean gait disability score by almost one grade at last follow up. The mean micturition disability score was not significantly improved, unless treatment was performed within 13 months of symptom onset. Longer and more uniform follow-up study is needed to determine if improved and stabilized clinical outcomes are sustained.
A new cooperative spectrum sensing with radio environment map in cognitive radio networks (2015)

Spectrum sensing is regarded as an important part of the CR network. Its detection accuracy is the key aspect which affects the performance of CR network. In this paper, a novel cooperative spectrum sensing based on radio environment map (REM) is proposed. This new algorithm utilizes the REM information of the primary users (PUs) and the secondary users (SUs) to raise the detective performance of the spectrum sensing. Simulations show that the detection accuracy is improved and this algorithm is more suitable for practice wireless channel because it needs no priori information of SNR.
Legality on the Banishment of North Korean Sailors and Legal Practice (2020)

이 연구의 목적은 사회적 이슈를 불러왔던 2019년 11월 북한선원 강제추방 조치를 두고 위법이냐 적법이냐 관한 논의에서 시작되어 국내법적 관점과 국제법적 관점에서의 적법성 여부를 검토하고 법치주의와 인도주의적 원칙을 고려한 실천적 법적 과제에 대해 논의하는 것이다. 연구 결과, 북한선원의 강제추방결정은 적법절차의 원칙이 요구되는 합리성과 정당성이 결여되었으며, 공평성을 배제한 조치였던 것으로 나타났다. 먼저, 귀순의사를 밝힌 북한선원은 우리 국민이며 북한이탈주민보호법에 따라 정착지원 대상에서 제외할 수는 있는 비보호결정은 가능하나. 북한선원의 강제퇴거는 출입국관리법상 외국인에 해당되는 것이며 외국인으로 처우한 결정은 헌법과 법률에 위배된다. 다음, 합동조사과정은 사법절차를 위한 행정조사의 성격을 갖는 절차이며 형사사법절차에 따라 유죄의 판결이 확정되기 전까지는 ‘범죄자’로서의 성립과 처벌할 수 있는 직접적인 명문규정이 없다. 마지막으로 법규적 처형, 자의적 구금 등반인도범죄에 해당하는 인권침해가 일어나고 있는 북한으로의 추방은 우리나라가 가입한 고문방지협약에 반하는 것이다. 이번 사건은 북한과의 관계를 의식한 측면도 있지만, 우리법률에서는 북한에서의 범죄혐의가 있는 북한이탈주민의 비보호결정 이외에는 범죄혐의를 합법적으로 수사할 수 있는 형사사법의 한계점을 보여준다. 남북관계가 점진적 발전단계에 들어서고 있음에도 사건이 발생하면 정치적 관점에서 해결하려는 냉전적 사고에서 벗어나 남북인적교류와 현실을 반영하여 실효성 있는 법제도와 체계를 구축하여 남북한 형사사법의 규범력을 갖추어야 한다.
High-finesse large band Fabry-Perot fibre filter with superimposed chirped Bragg gratings (2002)

Filters with 100 GHz free spectral range (FSR) and finesse up to 16 are demonstrated over the 1525 to 1583 nm band. The photoinduced birefringence results in a polarisation-dependent spectral response. Finesse and FSR uniformity are addressed.
Stem cells: potential source for retinal repair and regeneration (2007)

Stem cells have been studied in several fields of Medicine, and their applications are not too far from the clinical practice. Retinal impairment by neuronal death has been considered incurable due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system. The capacity of stem cells to regenerate tissues, as well as their plasticity makes them a potential source for retinal repair. The stem cells are a great promise for the therapy of inherited retinal disorders and retinal-neuronal degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and allied retinal dystrophies, which can result in blindness. Because of the accessibility, expansibility, and multipotentiality mesenchymal stem cells are expected to be useful for clinical applications, especially in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Mesenchymal stem cells are clonogenic, nonhematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. Given the appropriate microenvironment, they could differentiate into cardiomyocytes or even into cells of nonmesodermal derivation including hepatocytes and neurons. So far, the results of a few studies are consistent with the belief that cell-based therapies using mesenchymal stem cells may be effective when it comes to retinal damaged tissue repair.
Supplementary Data File 1 from Dimethylfumarate Impairs Melanoma Growth and Metastasis (2023)

Supplementary Data File 1 from Dimethylfumarate Impairs Melanoma Growth and Metastasis
e-Transactions: end-to-end reliability for three-tier architectures (2002)

A three-tier application is organized as three layers: human users interact with front-end clients (e.g., browsers), middle-tier application servers (e.g., Web servers) contain the business logic of the application, and perform transactions against back-end databases. Although three-tier applications are becoming mainstream, they usually fail to provide sufficient reliability guarantees to the users. Usually, replication and transaction-processing techniques are applied to specific parts of the application, but their combination does not provide end-to-end reliability. The aim of this paper is to provide a precise specification of a desirable, yet realistic, end-to-end reliability contract in three-tier applications. The paper presents the specification in the form of the Exactly-Once Transaction (e-Transaction) abstraction: an abstraction that encompasses both safety and liveness properties in three-tier environments. It gives an example implementation of that abstraction and points out alternative implementations and tradeoffs.
Synthesis of N-Aryl and N-Alkyl Anthranilic Acids via SNAr Reaction of Unprotected 2-Fluoro- and 2-Methoxybenzoic Acids by Lithioamides (2010)

Substitution of the fluoro or methoxy group in unprotected 2-fluoro- and 2-methoxybenzoic acids to afford N-aryl and N-alkyl anthranilic acids occurs upon reaction with lithioamides under mild conditions in the absence of a metal catalyst.
An X‐Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Separator Failure (1976)

Resin‐bonded paper separators suffer some loss of crystalline material on extended storage in battery grade . Similar separators from cycled batteries suffer order of magnitude losses of crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy has found Pb‐salts of two kinds; those grown in regions of high and low supersaturation. The latter often obtain crystal dimensions larger than 30μ. Comparison with other separator materials used in Pb/acid batteries has led to a model of separator failure based on mechanical abrasion, fluid motion, and crystallization in large pores. The separator matrix is weakened by brittle fracture of the fiber network, accompanied by minor hydrolytic loss of material. These lead in turn to pore enlargement that can enhance the growth of large, well‐ordered crystals. A somewhat speculative mechanism for perforation failure of large‐pored separators is given.
Decreased Ca2+ influx into the endothelium contributes to the decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxation in the aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. (1995)

Experiments were designed to investigate the role of Ca2+ influx into the endothelium in the relaxation of mouse aorta caused by acetylcholine (ACh) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and age-matched control mice. When Ca2+ was added to the bath, Ca2+ caused a transient contraction followed by relaxation in Ca(2+)-free medium containing 2 x 10(-6) M prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and 10(-5) M ACh in the control experiments. On the other hand, Ca2+ showed a long lasting contraction in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that influx of Ca2+ into the endothelium is significantly attenuated in the diabetic vessels, and production or release of relaxing factor is markedly decreased.
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever(EHF): Mechanism of Transmission and Pathogenicity. (2001)

Hemorrhagic fevers represent a wide spectrum of viral infectious diseases, out-breaking mostly as epidemics, some of them being highly lethal. They range from those caused by bunyaviridae, associated with renal or pulmonary syndromes and those recently emerging and caused by the filoviridae family of thread-like viruses. Among the latter, Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) bears the highest mortality and morbidity rates. One form of the disease has been documented only in monkeys. The human form, has occurred mainly in areas surrounding rain forests in central Africa. Patients present with signs of hemorrhagic diathesis, fever, diarrhea and neurological disorders, leading sometimes to confusion with local endemic diseases. Fatal victims of the disease die of dehydration. Poor hygienic conditions facilitate the spread of the virus. Biologically, the virus seems to target both the host blood coagulative and immune defense systems. Intensive epidemiologic search have failed to establish the definitive natural host of the virus. Twice, with a 19-year interval, major outbreaks have taken place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The second major outbreak in the northwestern city of Kikwit in April 1995 will serve here to elucidate the mechanism of the viral infection.
Global Functional Connectivity Deficits in Schizophrenia Depend on Behavioral State (2011)

Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness characterized by deterioration of cognitive and emotional processing. It has been hypothesized that aberrant cortical connectivity is implicated in the disease (Friston, 1998), yet previous studies of functional connectivity (FC) in schizophrenia have shown mixed results (Garrity et al., 2007; Jafri et al., 2008; Lynall et al., 2010). We measured FC using fMRI in human schizophrenia patients and healthy controls during two different tasks and a rest condition, and constructed a voxel-based global FC index. We found a striking FC decrease in patients compared with controls. In the task conditions, relatively weaker FC was specific to regions of cortex not active during the task. In the rest condition, the FC difference between patients and controls was larger and allowed a case-by-case separation between individuals of the two groups. The results suggest that the relative reduction of FC in schizophrenia is dependent on the state of cortical activity, with voxels not activated by the task showing higher levels of FC deficiency. This novel finding may shed light on previous reports of FC in schizophrenia. Whether this neural characteristic is related to the development of the disorder remains to be established.