gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Benzisothiazol‐3‐ones through a Metal‐Free Intramolecular N–S Bond Formation (2018)

The highly efficient synthesis of benzoisothiazol‐3‐ones from thiobenzamides has been described with good functional group compatibility and excellent yields. This work represents the first example of selectfluor‐promoted N–S bond formation processes. This method provides a facile approach to access various important bioactive benzoisothiazol‐3‐ones.
Quantum Optimal Control without Arbitrary Waveform Generators (2022)

Simple, precise, and robust control is demanded for operating a large quantum information processor. However, existing routes to high-fidelity quantum control rely heavily on arbitrary waveform generators that are difficult to scale up. Here, we show that arbitrary control of a quantum system can be achieved by simply turning on and off the control fields in a proper sequence. The switching instances can be designed by conventional quantum optimal control algorithms, while the required computational resources for matrix exponential can be substantially reduced. We demonstrate the flexibility and robustness of the resulting control protocol, and apply it to superconducting quantum circuits for illustration. We expect this proposal to be readily achievable with current semiconductor and superconductor technologies, which offers a significant step towards scalable quantum computing.
Single cycle midIR pulse: Spatial, temporal and absolute phase characterisation (2013)

Summary form only given. 1.7 cycles midIR pulse has been measured via a tunable SEA-F-SPIDER arrangement providing both temporal and spatial characterisation. The intrinsic CEP stability of the pulse is monitored and stabilised from a simple interferometric measurement.A significant part of future development in attosecond science [1] and especially molecular high harmonic generation spectroscopy [2] is likely to require the use of intense and ultrashort infrared laser pulses in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range. Secondary sources based on Ti:Sapphire laser pumped Optical Parametric Amplifier (OPA) in nonlinear crystals are readily available as commercial systems and their extension to few-cycles mid-IR sources have been demonstrated [3,4]. MidIR pulses at 1.7um are generated by self phase modulation (SPM) of the idler pulse of a HE-TOPAS (Light Conversion) in an Argon filled hollow core fibre and subsequent compression in Fused Silica. The carrier envelope phase (CEP) of such short pulses is of prime interest for strong field physics experiment. Its pulse to pulse passive stability is here assured by the difference frequency generation mechanism in the last OPA stage [4]. Providing a stable pump source (~1% pulse to pulse energy fluctuation) the main source of CEP fluctuation is due to the temporal interferometric jitter between pump and seed in the DFG process.Our temporal characterisation relies on SEA-SPIDER [6] with direct spectral filtering for ancilla preparation (SEA-F-SPIDER [7,8]). A spatio-temporal reconstruction of our single cycle pulse is shown in fig.1 (inset) from which a lineout has been extracted (red curve) and compared to the Fourier Limit (in black). Apulse duration of 9.9fs has been obtained representing 1.7 cycles at 1.7um. Interference fringes at ~700nm are produced from SHG of the seed for one part and SPM of the pump in the last OPA crystal for the other part. The interference of these two almost balanced paths (about 3 meters each) creates fringes that are stabilised and controlled by a piezo actuator added on the pump arm. The evolution of the interferogram as a function of time with a slow loop stabilisation turned on is visible on figure 1 b) for different relative set phases. The stability in each interval is excellent and on the order of 100 mrad standard deviation. Since the stability of this interferometer is directly coupled to the CEP stability of the generated pulse, this measurement is a monitor of an important source of the CEP fluctuations.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of suicide: a systematic review of observational studies (2009)

Based on data from observational studies, use of SSRIs may be associated with a reduced risk of suicide in adults with depression. Among adolescents, use of SSRIs may increase suicidality.
EMG-Based Muscle Torque Estimation for FES Control System Design (2007)

This study was designed to investigate the feasibility to utilize the electromyogram (EMG) for estimating the muscle torque. The muscle torque estimation plays an important role in functional electrical stimulation because electrical stimulation causes muscles to fatigue much faster than voluntary contraction, and the stimulation intensity should then be modified to keep the muscle torque within the desired range. We employed the neural network method which was trained using the major EMG parameters and the corresponding knee extensor torque measured and extracted during isometric contractions. The experimental results suggested that (1) our neural network algorithm and protocol was feasible to be adopted in a real-time feedback control of the stimulation intensity, (2) the training data needed to cover the entire range of the measured value, (3) different amplitudes and frequencies made little difference to the estimation quality, and (4) a single input to the neural network led to a better estimation rather than a combination of two or three. Since this study was done under a limited contraction condition, the results need more experiments under many different contraction conditions, such as during walking, for justification.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Preparation of 5‐Amino‐Substituted 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Theory of the nonlinear Rashba-Edelstein effect (2015)

It is well known that a current driven through a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling induces a spin polarization in the perpendicular direction (Edelstein effect). This phenomenon has been extensively studied in the linear response regime, i.e., when the average drift velocity of the electrons is a small fraction of the Fermi velocity. Here we investigate the phenomenon in the nonlinear regime, meaning that the average drift velocity is comparable to, or exceeds the Fermi velocity. This regime is realized when the electric field is very large, or when electron-impurity scattering is very weak. The quantum kinetic equation for the density matrix of noninteracting electrons is exactly and analytically solvable, reducing to a problem of spin dynamics for "unpaired" electrons near the Fermi surface. The crucial parameter is $γ=eEL_s/E_F$, where $E$ is the electric field, $e$ is the absolute value of the electron charge, $E_F$ is the Fermi energy, and $L_s = \hbar/(2mα)$ is the spin-precession length in the Rashba spin-orbit field with coupling strength $α$. If $γ\ll1$ the evolution of the spin is adiabatic, resulting in a spin polarization that grows monotonically in time and eventually saturates at the maximum value $n(α/v_F)$, where $n$ is the electron density and $v_F$ is the Fermi velocity. If $γ\gg 1$ the evolution of the spin becomes strongly non-adiabatic and the spin polarization is progressively reduced, and eventually suppressed for $γ\to \infty$. We also predict an inverse nonlinear Edelstein effect, in which an electric current is driven by a magnetic field that grows linearly in time. The "conductivities" for the direct and the inverse effect satisfy generalized Onsager reciprocity relations, which reduce to the standard ones in the linear response regime.
A cloud-based monitoring system via face recognition using Gabor and CS-LBP features (2016)

Face detection and recognition is an important topic in security. Currently, ubiquitous monitoring has received a large amount of attention. This paper proposes a cloud-based ubiquitous monitoring system via face recognition. It consists of a monitoring client module for face detection and recognition and a cloud storage module for data visualization. In the monitoring client module, the center-symmetric local Gabor binary pattern feature extraction method is proposed for face recognition, which combines improved multi-scale Gabor and center-symmetric local binary pattern (CS-LBP) features. This method maintains crucial local features, reduces the Gabor filter complexity, and adds rotational invariance and more precise texture information. A large number of experiments on the ORL, Yale-B, and Yale databases show that the proposed method obtains significantly better recognition rates than the LBP, CS-LBP, and Scale Gabor methods. Furthermore, we propose a Web browser-based data visualization that renders the geographic locations of the face detection and recognition results.
Field mapping of focused ion beam prepared semiconductor devices by off-axis and dark field electron holography (2013)

Off-axis electron holography is a unique technique in that it can be used to provide maps of the electrostatic potentials and strain in semiconductor specimens with nm-scale resolution. In this paper, we show that if sufficient care is taken, focused ion beam milling can be used to prepare electrically tested devices from a precise location on a wafer for studies of their electrostatic and strain fields as well as their structure and composition. We have compared the physical properties of several devices with process simulations and electrical test results which were measured over a time period of several months. We believe that electron holography can now be used to measure the positions of the electrical junctions and also quantitative values of the strain in an industrial environment.
SGLT2 Deletion Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Preserves Pancreatic β-Cell Function (2011)

Prevention of renal glucose reabsorption by SGLT2 deletion reduced HFD- and obesity-associated hyperglycemia, improved glucose intolerance, and increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo. Taken together, these data support SGLT2 inhibition as a viable insulin-independent treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Synthesis of a library of 1,2,3,7‐tetrasubstituted indolizines using poly(ethylene glycol) as soluble support (2006)

Abstract magnified image A library of 1,2,3,7‐tetrasubstituted indolizines has been synthesized using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as soluble polymer support. The PEG‐bound pyridinium salts reacted with alkenes or alkynes in the presence of Et 3 N via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to give PEG‐bound indolizine derivatives, which were cleaved by 1 % KCN/MeOH to afford 1,2,3,7‐tetrasubstituted indolizines in good to excellent yields.
Subwavelength waveguides composed of dielectric nanoparticles (2014)

We study waveguiding of the electromagnetic energy below the diffraction limit with arrays of dielectric nanoparticles through the excitation of both electric and magnetic Mie resonances. We analyze the dispersion characteristics of such coupled-resonator optical waveguides by means of the coupled-dipole approximation and then verify the validity of the coupled-dipole model by comparing the results with direct numerical simulations. We reveal that a chain of silicon nanoparticles with realistic material losses can guide light for the distances exceeding several tens of micrometers, which is significantly better than the guiding by any plasmonic waveguide with the propagation distances less than 1 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m. We verify the main concept and our theoretical findings experimentally at microwaves for an array of ceramic particles.
Measuring Quality of Concept Descriptions (1988)

An important aspect of any learning method is an evaluation of the learned knowledge, in particular, an evaluation of the plausibility and usefulness of concept descriptions that are being created. This paper presents a new, general method for evaluating concept descriptions.
Antioxidative Activities of Enzymatic Digests from Dried Citrus unshiu and Citrus grandis Peels (2010)

This study was carried out to investigate the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidative activities of enzymatic digests from dried Citrus unshiu and C. grandis peels. The yields of digests from dried C. unshiu and C. grandis peels were high in viscozyme (a carbohydrase) and kojizyme (a protease), and enzymatic digests from dried C. grandis peels appeared highly comparable to those of C. unshiu. Total polyphenol contents were high in ultaflo (a carbohydrase) and alcalase and flavourzyme (proteases), and the digests from dried C. unshiu peels appeared high in comparison to C. grandis. Total flavonoid contents were high in ultaflo, alcalase, and water extract. DPPH radical scavenging activities appeared very high in digests from dried C. grandis peels in comparison to C. unshiu, and was the highest in viscozyme and kojizyme. The viscozyme digest displayed particularly high activity. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities increased somewhat with increasing amounts of digests, but displayed very high activity, more than 91%, except kojizyme the digest from dried C. unshiu peel, at 2.0 mg/mL. Alkyl radical scavenging activities increased rapidly with increasing amounts of digest, and all enzyme digests from dried C. unshiu and C. grandis peels displayed very high activities at more than 0.5 mg/mL. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities increased rapidly with increasing amounts of digests, and all enzymatic digests from dried C. unshiu and C. grandis peels displayed relatively low activities in comparison to other activated oxygen species.
Comparison of Flowback Aids: Understanding Their Capillary Pressure and Wetting Properties (2010)

Summary Flowback aids are usually surfactants or cosolvents added to stimulation treatments to reduce capillary pressure and water blocks. As the stimulated gas reservoirs become tighter, the perceived value of these additives has grown. This value must be balanced with the cost of the additives, which can be significant in slickwater fracturing treatments. There is a range of different flowback additives containing water-wetting nonionic to amphoteric, microemulsion (ME), and oil-wetting components. Determining the best additive for a specific reservoir is not a simple matter for the end user, and the existing literature is full of conflicting claims as to which one is most appropriate. This paper compares four different flowback aids: ME, two waterwetting flowback additives, and an oil-wetting additive. Careful laboratory testing was conducted to evaluate surface tension and contact angle for each flowback aid, using the recommended concentrations. Imbibition and drainage tests were performed that allowed calculation of the capillary pressures for the three additives. Drainage tests were performed on 1- to 3-md and 0.1-md cores. Capillary-tube-rise testing was also conducted as a check of the coreflood testing capillary pressures. This provided several different methods to determine capillary forces for the flowback aids. In addition, fluid-loss testing was conducted to determine if the flowback additives could improve fluid loss. All the flowback aids demonstrated low surface tension (approximately 30 mN/m), but each was different in terms of surface wettability and adsorption in the rock. In all cases, the flowback aids reduced capillary pressure to similar levels 70% lower than water alone. One of the water-wetting additives had much stronger adsorption in the core material than the other additives. The ME and the oil-wetting additive had improved fluid loss in a fully formulated fracturing fluid. In spite of the low capillary pressures, the additives had little effect on cleanup or return permeability on cores greater than 1 md. There are several implications of these results for the operator. Different flowback additives have a tradeoff of properties, and depending on the reservoir, selecting one that leaves the formation with certain wettability may be advantageous. Our testing indicated that understanding the reservoir is important in selecting the appropriate flowback aid.
Microwave Techniques for the Combustion Enhancement of Laminar Flames (2004)

*† ‡ § ** An experimental technique for using microwave power to increase the flame speed of laminar premixed flames is discussed. The microwave energy is applied by means of a rectangular resonant cavity. A laminar flame burner is used to produce a free floating flame sheet within the confines of the rectangular cavity. Upon application of microwave power, the flame sheet is observed to move toward the burner indicating an increase in laminar flame speed. The resulting data has been analyzed and estimates of the flame speed increase have been calculated. A possible physical mechanism of microwave-induced flame speed enhancement is also presented, and the estimates give the flame speed increase consistent with the observations. I. Overview his paper presents research conducted jointly by Research Support Instruments (RSI) and the Applied Physics Group in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University that has yielded results that could lead to a paradigm shift in combustion research being conducted on engines for both supersonic and hypersonic flight. Research to date has yielded laminar flame speed increases of up to 65%, and the physical models developed indicate that it may be possible to double or even triple the flame speed using a refinement of our techniques. In the experiments conducted, microwave energy is absorbed into the thin flame region and does not lead to breakdown elsewhere. The logical progression of this research would be to extend this technique such that a microwave resonator is incorporated into the design of a high-speed combustor. Some of the potential applications of a microwave-enhanced combustor are the following: • Increased scramjet combustor efficiency resulting from rapid spreading of the flame fronts in the turbulent combustion regime. • High gain control of the heat release process through the deposition of low levels of power into localized regions within the flame zones. This deposition process could be controlled as a function of time and thus be used to influence the acoustic mechanisms and mixing in the combustor. • Suppression of flameout within the combustor. The presence of the flame depresses the Q-value of the microwave cavity and thus the amplitude of the local electric field. A reduction in flame size would result in a corresponding increase in the Q-value, rapidly increasing the field strength and providing a mechanism for stabilization and/or rapid reignition of the flame through microwave breakdown. • A pulsed power mode could possibly be used for enhanced mixing through the creation of micro-explosions (high power pulses) and the local generation of flow vorticity.
Regioselective enzymatic acetylation of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α- and β-D-glucopyranoside (1992)

M. J. Chinn, G. Lacazio, D. G. Spackman, N. J. Turner and S. M. Roberts, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 661 DOI: 10.1039/P19920000661
Causal Inference under Networked Interference and Intervention Policy Enhancement (2020)

Estimating individual treatment effects from data of randomized experiments is a critical task in causal inference. The Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA) is usually made in causal inference. However, interference can introduce bias when the assigned treatment on one unit affects the potential outcomes of the neighboring units. This interference phenomenon is known as spillover effect in economics or peer effect in social science. Usually, in randomized experiments or observational studies with interconnected units, one can only observe treatment responses under interference. Hence, how to estimate the superimposed causal effect and recover the individual treatment effect in the presence of interference becomes a challenging task in causal inference. In this work, we study causal effect estimation under general network interference using GNNs, which are powerful tools for capturing the dependency in the graph. After deriving causal effect estimators, we further study intervention policy improvement on the graph under capacity constraint. We give policy regret bounds under network interference and treatment capacity constraint. Furthermore, a heuristic graph structure-dependent error bound for GNN-based causal estimators is provided.
Clinical long-term outcome of non-specific pleuritis (NSP) after surgical or medical thoracoscopy (2020)

<b>Background:</b> Thoracoscopy, either “medical” or “surgical”, is the gold standard to reveal the cause of pleural effusion by taking large biopsies. However, in some cases, the histology of pleural biopsies is inconclusive describing a variable process of inflammation, encompassing for non-specific pleuritis (NSP). Questions are raised whether the surgical (or VATS) is doing better than the medical thoracoscopy (MT), but no direct comparison between the two techniques exist in the current bibliography. <b>The Aim:</b> of our retrospective study was to compare these two techniques to find whether there is any difference in the false negative cases of NSP. <b>Methods:</b> We included in our study 295 patients with NSP, 179 patients who underwent VATS comparing to 116 patients who underwent MT for pleural effusion of initially undetermined cause, having a follow-up of at least one year. Analysis of patients’ files, history, clinical examinations, further tests, and follow-up were recorded. <b>Results:</b> The mean age of our patients was 58.5±19.1 and M/F gender was 216/79; no difference was observed between the two groups. A previous history of cancer was noted in 36 patients (12.2%). The mean follow-up period was 47.3±20.7 months. 3 patients were diagnosed with mesothelioma during the follow-up: with VATS, only one patient (0.55%) (false negative), while with MT 2 patients (1.7%). Negative predictive value for pleura-related malignancy for VATS was 0.994 and for MT 0.982. <b>Conclusion:</b> In patients with histological diagnosis of NSP both VATS and MT showed similar and excellent results of false negative cases and negative predictive value in excluding malignant pleural disease.
The Yeast Gene, MDM20, Is Necessary for Mitochondrial Inheritance and Organization of the Actin Cytoskeleton (1997)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the growing bud inherits a portion of the mitochondrial network from the mother cell soon after it emerges. Although this polarized transport of mitochondria is thought to require functions of the cytoskeleton, there are conflicting reports concerning the nature of the cytoskeletal element involved. Here we report the isolation of a yeast mutant, mdm20, in which both mitochondrial inheritance and actin cables (bundles of actin filaments) are disrupted. The MDM20 gene encodes a 93-kD polypeptide with no homology to other characterized proteins. Extra copies of TPM1, a gene encoding the actin filament-binding protein tropomyosin, suppress mitochondrial inheritance defects and partially restore actin cables in mdm20 delta cells. Synthetic lethality is also observed between mdm20 and tpm1 mutant strains. Overexpression of a second yeast tropomyosin, Tpm2p, rescues mutant phenotypes in the mdm20 strain to a lesser extent. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that mitochondrial inheritance in yeast is an actin-mediated process. MDM20 and TPM1 also exhibit the same pattern of genetic interactions; mutations in MDM20 are synthetically lethal with mutations in BEM2 and MYO2 but not SAC6. Although MDM20 and TPM1 are both required for the formation and/or stabilization of actin cables, mutations in these genes disrupt mitochondrial inheritance and nuclear segregation to different extents. Thus, Mdm20p and Tpm1p may act in vivo to establish molecular and functional heterogeneity of the actin cytoskeleton.