gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tau-Mediated Cytotoxicity in a Pseudohyperphosphorylation Model of Alzheimer's Disease (2002)

Aggregation and increased phosphorylation of tau at selected sites ("hyperphosphorylation") are histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is not known whether the tau pathology has a primary role during neuronal degeneration. To determine the role of tau hyperphosphorylation in AD, pseudohyperphosphorylated tau (PHP-tau) that simulates disease-like permanent, high stoichiometric tau phosphorylation and mimics structural and functional aspects of hyperphosphorylated tau was expressed in neural cells. In differentiated PC12 cells, PHP-tau exhibited reduced microtubule interaction and failed to stabilize the microtubule network compared with exogenously expressed wild-type tau (wt-tau). During longer culture, PHP-tau exerted a cytotoxic effect, whereas wt-tau was neutral. PHP-tau-mediated cytotoxicity was associated with an induction of apoptotic cell death as characterized by chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activation in the absence of detectable protein aggregates. Furthermore, PHP-tau expression specifically sensitized the cells for other apoptotic stimuli (colchicine and staurosporine). Herpes simplex virus-mediated overexpression of PHP-tau induced degeneration associated with an induction of apoptotic mechanisms also in terminally differentiated human CNS model neurons. Partially pseudophosphorylated constructs caused an intermediate toxicity. The data provide evidence for a neurotoxic "gain of function" of soluble tau during AD as a result of structural changes that are induced by a cumulative, high stoichiometric tau phosphorylation. PHP-tau-expressing cells and organisms could provide a useful system to identify mechanisms that contribute to tau-mediated toxicity.
Identification of Epitope and Surface-Exposed Domains of Shigella flexneri Invasion Plasmid Antigen D (IpaD) (1998)

Transport and surface expression of the invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa proteins) is an essential trait in the pathogenicity of Shigella spp. In addition to the type III protein secretion system encoded by the mxi/spa loci on the large virulence plasmid, transport of IpaB and IpaC into the surrounding medium is modulated by IpaD. To characterize the structural topography of IpaD, the Geysen epitope-mapping system was used to identify epitopes recognized by surface-reactive monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies produced against purified recombinant IpaD or synthetic IpaD peptides. Surface-exposed epitopes of IpaD were confined to the first 180 amino acid residues, whereas epitopes in the carboxyl-terminal half were not exposed on the Shigella surface. By using convalescent-phase sera from 10 Shigella flexneri-infected monkeys, numerous epitopes were mapped within a surface-exposed region of IpaD between amino acid residues 14 and 77. Epitopes were also identified in the carboxyl-terminal half of IpaD with a few convalescent-phase sera. Comparison of IpaD epitope sequences with Salmonella SipD sequences indicated that very similar epitopes may exist in the carboxyl-terminal region of each protein whereas the IpaD epitopes in the surface-exposed amino-terminal region were unique for the Shigella protein. Although the IpaD and SipD homologs may play similar roles in transport, the dominant serum antibody response to IpaD is against the unique region of this protein exposed on the surface of the pathogen.
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension, Tissue Plasminogen Activator Antibodies, and HLA-DQ7 (1997)

Antibodies to fibrin-bound tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) have been found in autoimmune diseases with vascular injury, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) have an immunogenetically determined response to fibrin-bound tPA. Antibodies to fibrin-bound tPA were determined in three patient groups: 45 adults with PPH, 41 children with PPH, and 40 children with anatomically large congenital pulmonary to systemic communications (PHT+shunt). The frequencies of the HLA class II (DRB1,3,4,5, and -DQB1) alleles in these three patient groups were compared with those of 51 healthy Caucasian control subjects. Fibrin-bound tPA antibodies were found in four of 45 (9%) adults with PPH, four of 41 (10%) children with PPH, and one of 40 (2.5%) children with PHT-shunt. HLA class II typing, which was available for seven of nine Caucasians with fibrin-bound tPA antibodies, revealed that six of seven (86%) patients typed HLA-DQ7 (DQB1*0301) and one typed HLA-DQ6. The 86% frequency of HLA-DQ7 in the antibody positive patients was significant compared with the 29% frequency in the healthy control subjects (p = 0.007, p corrected [pc] = 0.05, OR = 14.4). Of interest, these antibody-positive patients, although lacking antiphospholipid antibodies, shared an amino acid epitope, common to HLA-DQB1*06,07 and 08 subtypes, which was previously reported to be associated with the lupus anticoagulant. In conclusion, antibodies to fibrin-bound tPA and HLA-DQ7, and possibly the same epitope associated with the lupus anticoagulant, defined a small subset of children and adults with PPH.
Sheep Insulin-Like Growth Factors I and II: Sequences, Activities and Assays* (1989)

This report describes the purification, sequences, and activities of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from adult and fetal sheep plasma. IGF-1 from adult sheep is identical to human and bovine IGF-I, except for substitution in the sheep of Ala at residue 66 for Pro in the human and bovine polypeptides. IGF-II from adult sheep differs from bovine IGF-II also by a single amino acid, with residue 62 being Ala in ovine and Thr in bovine IGF-2. The first 10 amino-terminal residues of fetal sheep plasma IGF-I and 92% of the amino acids of fetal IGF-II were identified and found to be the same as those of the corresponding IGFs isolated from adult sheep. Ovine IGF-I was virtually equipotent with human IGF-I in growth-related bioassays and in a RIA for human and bovine IGF-I and inhibited the binding of radiolabeled human IGF-I to type I IGF receptors and to a pure IGF-binding protein. Ovine and bovine IGF-II were also found to be similar to each other in biological and immunochemical activities, and in their binding to type I and II IGF receptors and IGF-binding protein. As observed with human and bovine IGF-I and IGF-II, ovine IGF-I bound slightly better to type I IGF receptors than ovine IGF-II, but bound very poorly to type II IGF receptors. This study shows that IGFs from sheep are very similar to those of human and bovine in structure and activity and defines sensitive radioligand assays specific for ovine IGF-I and ovine IGF-II.
A Review of Three Commonly Used Techniques of Controlling Greenhouse Microclimate (2018)

The production potential of a crop grown inside a protective structure is directly associated with the microclimatic conditions offered to the crop. Thus, the microclimate should be according to the crop grown for achieving the yield potential. Among the numerous available methods, natural ventilation, shading and evaporative cooling are three commonly used techniques for controlling the microclimate inside protective structures particularly under summer climatic conditions. Natural ventilation helps in dissipating the surplus heat and vapour through exchange between inside and outside air during summer. It excludes the excessive vapour and offers a suitable microclimate favourable to plant growth during winter. Shading has a positive impact on plant growth and development with reduced intensity of solar radiation and air temperature in plant community. Evaporative cooling helps in removing the sensible heat from interior of the protective structure. The greenhouse cooling efficiency can further be increased by combining evaporative cooling with reduced ventilation rate. Thus these techniques can be successfully adopted independently or in combination to obtain more efficient environmental conditions for optimal plant development and productivity.
Impact of HSD17B13 rs72613567 genotype on hepatic decompensation and mortality in patients with portal hypertension (2019)

In patients with viral hepatitis- and ALD-induced portal hypertension, the T > TA-variant was not protective of hepatic decompensation and mortality. Further studies should investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of HSD17B13 genotype at different stages of liver disease.
Food supplementation increases larval growth, condition and survival of Acanthochromis polyacanthus (2002)

Supplementary feeding to damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus larvae, at One Tree Island on the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, led to increased growth in length and enhanced condition relative to unfed control larvae, although both groups dropped in body condition (measured as total lipids) over the experimental period. Survival of fry was enhanced in fed broods, with on average 60% survival over 20 days, compared to 46% survival in unfed broods. Growth, condition and survival were neither density‐dependent nor body‐size dependent within broods. This study suggests variation in food supply may strongly influence persistence of larvae to juvenile stages, and thus influence cohort size.
Transmittance and resistivity of semicontinuous copper films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition (2000)

Thin copper films were grown on glass by pulsed-laser deposition. The simultaneous in situ monitoring of the electrical resistance and optical transmittance of the growing film yielded highly reproducible and consistent data about percolation onset and film conductivity, both being useful indicators of film quality. When prepared under favorable conditions, films as thin as 1.5 nm would percolate, and became fully continuous at 5 nm, with conductivity reaching 30% of that of bulk copper.
Experimental evaluation of all-optical asynchronous and synchronous memories (2010)

We experimentally demonstrate the accuracy of an all-optical S-R latch and an optical S-R flip-flop based on hybrid integrated Mach-Zehnder Interferometers, with Semiconductor Optical Amplifier in each arm (MZI-SOA). The performance of both bistable devices will be studied and compared in terms of extinction ratio and switching times.
On channel adaptive multiple access control with queued transmission requests for wireless ATM (2002)

We propose a new multiple access control (MAC) protocol for wireless ATM systems, in which user demands are highly heterogeneous and can be classified as CBR, VBR, and ABR. Our protocol is motivated by two of the most significant drawbacks of existing protocols: (1) the channel condition is ignored or not exploited, and (2) inflexible or biased time slots allocation algorithms are used. Indeed, existing protocols mostly ignore the burst errors due to fading and shadowing, which are inevitable in a mobile and wireless communication environment. A few protocols take into account the burst errors but just "handle" the errors in a passive manner. On the other hand, most of the existing protocols employ an inflexible or biased allocation algorithm such that over-provisioning may occur for a certain class of users at the expense of the poor service quality received by other users. Our proposed protocol, called SCAMA (synergistic channel adaptive multiple access), does not have these two drawbacks. The proposed protocol works closely with the underlying physical layer in that through observing the channel state information (CSI) of each mobile user, the MAC protocol first segregates a set of users with good CSI from requests gathered in the request contention phase of an uplink frame. The MAC protocol then judiciously allocates information time slots to the users according to their traffic types, CSI, urgency, and throughput, which are collectively represented by a novel and flexible priority function. Extensive simulations have been conducted to evaluate the SCAMA protocol.
Stress relaxation of peroxide and sulfur vulcanizates of natural rubber (1955)

Abstract The stress relaxation behavior of peroxide and sulphur vulcanized natural rubber has been investigated using a relaxometer of new design. The peroxide vulcanizates do not degrade significantly in vacuo and degrade by an exponential decrease in stress with time in oxygen. The vulcanizates from the two sulfur recipes used give stress relaxation in vacuo and more rapid relaxation in oxygen. A theoretical analysis provides the shape of stress–time curves anticipated for various modes of network degradation. The present data and other published results are consistent with a mechanism of scission at the crosslinks and not at random along the chains. The peroxide vulcanizates are interpreted as decaying by a first‐order scission of crosslinks and the sulfur vulcanizates by first‐order scission of two types of crosslink. The uncertainties still present in interpreting stress relaxation data are discussed.
A programmable MEMS-based clock generator with sub-ps jitter performance (2011)

A MEMS-based clock generator achieves sub-ps jitter in 0.18um CMOS. Key enabling techniques include a 48MHz MEMS oscillator, a reference doubler, a linear XOR-based PFD, a switched-resistor loop filter using accumulation mode NMOS varactors, and native NMOS devices with an RC filter. The overall output at 156.25MHz achieves an integrated phase jitter of 668fs rms over an integration bandwidth of 10kHz–20MHz.
An object-oriented architecture supporting Web application testing (2003)

The flexibility and rich application frameworks of the Web model make Web applications more prevalent in both Internet and intranet environments. Programmers enjoy various Web application frameworks with support ranging from simple user interactions based on the plain client-server model, to complicated distributed-object computations based on CORBA. The variety gives users the flexibility to decide a proper framework, and leads to demands for new support tools and a testing framework to test and maintain Web applications. This paper presents an architecture containing several supporting tools which enhance traditional software testing architecture to fit common Web application frameworks. The architecture suits current Web models and reuses several software patterns and architectures from traditional testing environments. In addition, a prototype Web application testing environment is constructed for demonstration.
Direct condensation polymerization of lactic acid (1999)

Abstract In order to synthesize the higher molecular weight poly(lactic acids) by direct condensation polymerization of lactic acid, dipentaerythritol was used as a chain branching agent. Poly(lactic acids) of high molecular weight, 67000(Mn), was obtained by using antimony trioxide catalyst with good color. This poly(lactic acids) showed Tg of 54.8 °C, Tm of 147 °C and cold crystallization temperature of 115 °C. The polymer could be melt processed into transparent films. Tensile modulus of 311 Kg/ mm 2 , tensile strain of 21% and tensile strength of 12.41 Kg/ mm 2 were obtained for film collected at 400%/min and drawn 4 times.
Assessment of novel vaccination regimens using viral vectored liver stage malaria vaccines encoding ME-TRAP (2018)

Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with viral vectors simian adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) induces potent T cell and antibody responses in humans. The 8-week regimen demonstrates significant efficacy against malaria when expressing the pre-erythrocytic malaria antigen Thrombospondin-Related Adhesion Protein fused to a multiple epitope string (ME-TRAP). We tested these vaccines in 7 new 4- and 8- week interval schedules to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of multiple ChAd63 ME-TRAP priming vaccinations (denoted A), multiple MVA ME-TRAP boosts (denoted M) and alternating vectors. All regimens exhibited acceptable reactogenicity and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunogenicity was enhanced with a 4-week interval (AM) and with incorporation of additional ChAd63 ME-TRAP vaccination at 4- or 8-weeks (AAM or A_A_M). Induction of TRAP antibodies was comparable between schedules. T cell immunity against the ChAd63 hexon did not affect T cell responses to the vaccine insert, however pre-vaccination ChAd63-specific T cells correlated with reduced TRAP antibodies. Vaccine-induced antibodies against MVA did not affect TRAP antibody induction, and correlated positively with ME-TRAP-specific T cells. This study identifies potentially more effective immunisation regimens to assess in Phase IIa trials and demonstrates a degree of flexibility with the timing of vectored vaccine administration, aiding incorporation into existing vaccination programmes.
Experimental Study of Injection and Combustion in a Diesel Engine for Heavy Quadricycle Use (2012)

An experimental investigation has been carried out on a diesel 1000 cc, two-valve, three-cylinder, engine for heavy quadricycle and off-road applications. The engine was equipped with a unit-pump common rail injection system, automotive derived, with maximum pressure 140 MPa and ECU able to manage multinjection strategies in Euro 4 target for the foreseen applications. Experimental investigations on the fuel spray have been carried out in an optically accessible vessel at engine gas density. Spatial and temporal spray behavior has been studied by image processing of the evolving jet pictures. Spray tip penetrations, cone angles and fuel spatial density analysis have been extracted and correlated to the injection and engine parameters. On the other side, visible flame propagation and soot formation process have been evaluated by digital imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution using a quartz window of the third cylinder obtained modifying the engine head. Strategies consisting of two injections per cycle, pilot and main, and typical of real engine working conditions have been investigated in the pressure range 43–116 MPa both in terms of injection rates and injected fuel dispersion. The effects of different injection strategies on soot formation and exhaust emissions have been evaluated.
Saffron as a Source of Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Molecular Docking and in Vitro Enzymatic Studies (2012)

Inhibitors of acetylcholine breakdown by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) constitute the main therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease. In the search for natural products with inhibitory action on AChE, this study investigated the activity of saffron extract and its constituents by in vitro enzymatic and molecular docking studies. Saffron has been used in traditional medicine against Alzheimer's disease. Saffron extract showed moderate AChE inhibitory activity (up to 30%), but IC(50) values of crocetin, dimethylcrocetin, and safranal were 96.33, 107.1, and 21.09 μM, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed mixed-type inhibition, which was verified by in silico docking studies. Safranal interacts only with the binding site of the AChE, but crocetin and dimethylcrocetin bind simultaneously to the catalytic and peripheral anionic sites. These results reinforce previous findings about the beneficial action of saffron against Alzheimer's disease and may be of value for the development of novel therapeutic agents based on carotenoid-based dual binding inhibitors.
Comparison of PolSAR Surface Measurements From Underground Chemical Explosions to Recorded and Predicted Surface Ground Motion (2020)

The Source Physics Experiment (SPE) Phase I conducted six underground chemical explosions at the same experimental pad with the goal of characterizing underground explosions to enhance the United States (U.S.) ability to detect and discriminate underground nuclear explosions (UNEs). A fully polarimetric synthetic aperture RADAR (PolSAR) collected imagery in VideoSAR mode during the fifth and sixth explosions in the series (SPE-5 and SPE-6). Previously, we reported the prompt PolSAR surface changes cause by SPE-5 and SPE-6 explosions within seconds or minutes of the underground chemical explosions, including a drop of spatial coherence and polarimetric scattering changes. Therein it was hypothesized that surface changes occurred when surface particles experienced upward acceleration greater than 1 g. Because the SPE site was instrumented with surface accelerometers, we explore that hypothesis and report our findings in this article. We equate explosion-caused prompt surface expressions measured by PolSAR to the prompt surface movement measured by accelerometers. We tie these findings to UNE detection by comparing the PolSAR and accelerometer results to empirical ground motion predictions derived from accelerometer recordings of UNEs collected prior to cessation of U.S. nuclear testing. We find the single threshold greater than 1 g hypothesis is not correct for it does not explain the PolSAR results. Our findings show PolSAR surface coherence spatial extent is highly correlated with surface velocity, both measured and predicted, and the resulting surface deformation extent is corroborated by accelerometer records and the predicted lateral spall extent. PolSAR scattering changes measured during SPE-6 are created by the prompt surface displacement being larger than the spall gap.
Cascaded VLSI neural network chips: Hardware learning for pattern recognition and classification (1992)

Currently map data is stored as high- resolution digitized pixel data on CD-ROM storage devices. The copious amount of data generated from the global map data base overwhelms even high-density optical storage methods. In addition, the map user is concerned not with the high-resolution image of the map, but the actual features such as roads and rivers. By classifying the map-image pixels into separate features, the dimensional ity of the data is dramatically reduced, the map is significantly decluttered, and the data is in the form most suitable for further analysis. Because of the extensive volume of the data already stored and its on-demand nature, classification speed must exceed the CD-ROM read speed so that access rates are unaffected. This paper describes a neural network approach to pattern classification applied to map pixel data. Software simulations of a sophisticated neural network show that neural networks are indeed equivalent to optimal statistical pattern classifiers. Furthermore, a fully parallel neural network hardware implementatiort developed at JPL, surpasses the necessary processing speed, and provides high classification accuracy. Our software as well a hardware results are presented in this paper along with a brief backgrourtd in pattern classification and neural networks.