gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A positioning problem of fictitious terminals for a parallel router based on area division (2002)

A parallel detailed router based on the area division is an important tool to overcome the increase of CPU time and memory space required for routing of a very large multilayer sea-of-gates (SOG). In order to conduct such a parallel router independently in each divided area, fictitious terminals are introduced on the boarder of each divided area, and final routes connected to the fictitious terminals are sought in each divided area. In this paper, we consider a problem how to position such fictitious terminals on boarders, so as to make each detailed routing in a divided area easy. We formulate this problem as a minimum cost assignment problem, and propose an iterative improvement algorithm. We also show some experimental results which indicate the effectiveness of the algorithm and the formulation.
Techniques and procedures in critical care (1990)

Techniques and procedures in critical care , Techniques and procedures in critical care , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Supersonic/Hypersonic Flutter and Postflutter of Geometrically Imperfect Circular Cylindrical Panels (2002)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL, AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF 3,4‐DI‐TERT‐BUTYLTHIOPHENE (1981)

Abstract 1,4‐Dichlorbutin (I) wird in 2,3‐Di‐tert.‐butyl‐butadien (III) umgewandelt, das zum Thiophen (IV) cyclisiert wird.
Effects of dopamine antagonists on drug cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats (2010)

Dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in associative learning processes related to drugs of abuse. However, it is not clear whether blockade of activation of dopamine receptors alters conditioned incentive properties of nicotine-associated cues. Using a response-reinstatement procedure, this study examined the effects of antagonists selective for the D1 and the D2 subtypes of dopamine receptors on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in 30 daily 1 h sessions to intravenously self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio 5 schedule and associate a conditioned stimulus (cue) with each nicotine delivery. After extinction of responding by withholding nicotine (saline substitution) and its cue, the reinstatement tests were conducted following subcutaneous administration of a D1 antagonist SCH23390 (0, 5, 10, 30 microg/kg) or a D2 antagonist eticlopride (0, 5, 10, 30 microg/kg) in different groups of animals. Both SCH23390 and eticlopride significantly attenuated the magnitude of cue-elicited reinstatement of nicotine-seeking responding. These results indicate that activation of dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors may play a role in mediating the conditioned motivational effects of nicotine-associated cues as measured in the response-reinstatement procedure. These findings suggest that manipulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission at D1 and/or D2 receptors may prove to be a potential target for the development of pharmacotherapy for prevention of environmental nicotine cue-triggered smoking relapse.
Additive Manufacturing of Anisotropic Sm-Fe-N Nylon Bonded Permanent Magnets (2021)

Fabricating a bonded magnet with a near-net shape in suitable thermoplastic polymer binders is of paramount importance in the development of cost-effective energy technologies. In this work, anisotropic Sm2Fe17N3 (Sm-Fe-N) bonded magnets are additively printed using Sm-Fe-N anisotropic magnetic particles in a polymeric binder polyamide-12 (PA12). The anisotropic bonded permanent magnets are fabricated by Big Area Additive Manufacturing followed by post-aligned in a magnetic field. Optimal post-alignment results in an enhanced remanence of ~ 0.68 T in PA12 reflected in a parallel-oriented (aligned) measured direction. The maximum energy product achieved for the additively printed anisotropic bonded magnet of Sm-Fe-N in PA12 polymer is 78.8 KJ m-3. Our results show advanced processing flexibility of additive manufacturing for the development of Sm-Fe-N bonded magnets in polymer media designed for applications with no critical rare earth magnets.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Coupling of Cyclopropanols with Diazoesters: Ring‐Opening C−C Bond Formations (2017)

Reported herein is an exceptional chemoselective ring-opening/C(sp<sup>3</sup> )-C(sp<sup>3</sup> ) bond formation in the copper(I)-catalyzed reaction of cyclopropanols with diazo esters. The conventional O-H insertion product is essentially suppressed by judicious choice of reaction conditions. DFT calculations provide insights into the reaction mechanism and the rationale for this unusual chemoselectivity.
Noninvasive Glucose Measurement Using Electromagnetic Waves: Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and Dielectric Spectroscopy (2019)

Noninvasive glucose measurement without needle pricking is anticipated as a novel medical and healthcare application.We introduce here our research on the use of near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy and microwave dielectric spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurement using electromagnetic waves.We also present our recent work involving in vivo measurement.Both measurement techniques are based on optical and wireless components and system integration, which have been investigated in telecommunication system development at NTT.
Root respiration rate before and just after clear‐felling in a mature, deciduous, broad‐leaved forest (1996)

Abstract Soil respiration was measured throughout the year (June 1992 to May 1993) in a mature, deciduous, broad‐leaved forest and an adjacent, clear‐felled stand which was made in November 1991, in Hiroshima Prefecture, west Japan. The same soil temperature and soil moisture content as those in the forest stand were maintained in two frame boxes covered with sheets of white netting in the clear‐felled stand to observe soil respiration. A herbicide was applied to the cut end of all stumps in one of the two frame boxes in order to kill the root system. There was no significant difference in the aboveground biomass and soil environmental conditions between the forest and the frame boxes in the clear‐felled stands. The difference in soil respiration rate between the forest and the frame box, in which the root system was killed by the herbicide, was considered to be due largely to the contribution of root respiration. Taking into consideration CO 2 evolution due to the decomposition of roots killed and the change in A 0 layer respiration rate after clear‐felling, the proportion of root respiration to the total soil respiration before clear‐felling was estimated to be 51% annually, which coincides closely with those values estimated previously in mature forests by other methods. The difference in the soil respiration rate between the two frame boxes (one with killed roots and the other with undisturbed roots) suggested that the annual root respiration rate just after clear‐felling dropped to about two‐thirds (70%) of that before clear‐felling.
Two-dimensional hole precession in an all-semiconductor spin field effect transistor (2004)

We present a theoretical study of a spin field-effect transistor realized in a quantum well formed in a p-doped ferromagnetic-semiconductor--nonmagnetic-semiconductor-ferromagnetic-semiconductor hybrid structure. Based on an envelope-function approach for the hole bands in the various regions of the transistor, we derive the complete theory of coherent transport through the device, which includes both heavy- and light-hole subbands, proper modeling of the mode matching at interfaces, integration over injection angles, Rashba spin precession, interference effects due to multiple reflections, and gate-voltage dependences. Numerical results for the device current as a function of externally tunable parameters are in excellent agreement with approximate analytical formulas.
Graph Convolutional Value Decomposition in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (2020)

We propose a novel framework for value function factorization in multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL) using graph neural networks (GNNs). In particular, we consider the team of agents as the set of nodes of a complete directed graph, whose edge weights are governed by an attention mechanism. Building upon this underlying graph, we introduce a mixing GNN module, which is responsible for i) factorizing the team state-action value function into individual per-agent observation-action value functions, and ii) explicit credit assignment to each agent in terms of fractions of the global team reward. Our approach, which we call GraphMIX, follows the centralized training and decentralized execution paradigm, enabling the agents to make their decisions independently once training is completed. We show the superiority of GraphMIX as compared to the state-of-the-art on several scenarios in the StarCraft II multi-agent challenge (SMAC) benchmark. We further demonstrate how GraphMIX can be used in conjunction with a recent hierarchical MARL architecture to both improve the agents' performance and enable fine-tuning them on mismatched test scenarios with higher numbers of agents and/or actions.
Electric Vehicles and the Magic 8 Ball [Technology Leaders] (2017)

It is a simple yes or no question that has stood for more than 25 years. Billions have been wagered on one side or the other, and the outcome is still uncertain: "will (battery) electric vehicles (EVs) grow beyond the niche and become mainstream?" In a simpler era, long ago, I would seek sage advice to difficult questions from a prized toy, the Magic 8 Ball. You held the giant 6-in plastic billiard ball in your hands, asked it a yes or no question, concentrated very hard, and then turned the ball over. Then slowly the answer would appear-sometimes definitively, but at other times not so clearly. Often it was proved correct. Maybe we should consult with the Magic 8 Ball to guide us now (Figure 1). But in addition, I would like to offer this article on the history, status, and outlook of EVs and EV technologies.
Alteration of Sex Expression in Cucumber by Partial or Total Removal of the Cotyledons1 (1981)

Abstract Cotyledons of 3 cultivars of pickling cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) were partially or wholly removed during early seedling development to determine the effect of reduced seedling vigor on subsequent sex expression. Under winter conditions in the greenhouse, removal of 1 1/2 to 2 cotyledons led to reduced seedling vigor, an increase in the number of staminate flowers, and a reduction in the number of pistillate flowers on the first 10 nodes of the hybrid cultivars ‘Pioneer’ and ‘Pickmore’. During spring trials, removal of the cotyledons led to a vigor reduction in young seedlings, but mature plants were not stunted. Under conditions which were more favorable for plant growth, sex expression was unaltered in the plants. Sex expression was generally unaffected by cotyledon removal in an inbred line ‘MSU 713-5’ in both winter and spring trials, although the number of pistillate flowers produced was reduced by removal of both cotyledons 3 or 6 days after emergence in the spring trials. It appears that major loss of cotyledonary tissue can lead to an alteration of sex expression in hybrid cucumbers grown under less than optimum conditions for plant growth.
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NONUNIONS OF THE FOREARM (1982)

Heppenstall, R. B. M.D., Professor; Brighton, C. T. M.D., Ph.D.; Esterhai, J. L. M.D.; Becker, D. A. M.D. Author Information
Supplementary Data from St. Jude Cloud: A Pediatric Cancer Genomic Data-Sharing Ecosystem (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Involves Supplementary Table Legends and Supplementary Figures and associated legends&lt;/p&gt;
Alternative lengthening of telomeres in childhood neuroblastoma from genome to proteome (2021)

Telomere maintenance by telomerase activation or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a major determinant of poor outcome in neuroblastoma. Here, we screen for ALT in primary and relapsed neuroblastomas (n = 760) and characterize its features using multi-omics profiling. ALT-positive tumors are molecularly distinct from other neuroblastoma subtypes and enriched in a population-based clinical sequencing study cohort for relapsed cases. They display reduced ATRX/DAXX complex abundance, due to either ATRX mutations (55%) or low protein expression. The heterochromatic histone mark H3K9me3 recognized by ATRX is enriched at the telomeres of ALT-positive tumors. Notably, we find a high frequency of telomeric repeat loci with a neuroblastoma ALT-specific hotspot on chr1q42.2 and loss of the adjacent chromosomal segment forming a neo-telomere. ALT-positive neuroblastomas proliferate slowly, which is reflected by a protracted clinical course of disease. Nevertheless, children with an ALT-positive neuroblastoma have dismal outcome.
Metabolomic Analysis of Cricket paralysis virus Infection in Drosophila S2 Cells Reveals Divergent Effects on Central Carbon Metabolism as Compared with Silkworm Bm5 Cells (2020)

High-throughput approaches have opened new opportunities for understanding biological processes such as persistent virus infections, which are widespread. However, the potential of persistent infections to develop towards pathogenesis remains to be investigated, particularly with respect to the role of host metabolism. To explore the interactions between cellular metabolism and persistent/pathogenic virus infection, we performed untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis to examine the effects of <i>Cricket paralysis virus</i> (CrPV, <i>Dicistroviridae</i>) in persistently infected silkworm Bm5 cells and acutely infected <i>Drosophila</i> S2 cells. Our previous study (Viruses 2019, 11, 861) established that both glucose and glutamine levels significantly increased during the persistent period of CrPV infection of Bm5 cells, while they decreased steeply during the pathogenic stages. Strikingly, in this study, an almost opposite pattern in change of metabolites was observed during different stages of acute infection of S2 cells. More specifically, a significant decrease in amino acids and carbohydrates was observed prior to pathogenesis, while their abundance significantly increased again during pathogenesis. Our study illustrates the occurrence of diametrically opposite changes in central carbon mechanisms during CrPV infection of S2 and Bm5 cells that is possibly related to the type of infection (acute or persistent) that is triggered by the virus.
Bone Anabolic Effects of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Ovariectomized Rats1 (1999)

The purpose of this study was to characterize the bone anabolic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to ovariectomy or sham surgery at 3 months of age and maintained untreated for 2 months post surgery. Groups of OVX rats were then treated iv with bFGF at doses of 100 or 200 microg/kg day for 7 or 14 days. Another group of OVX rats and a group of sham-operated control rats were treated iv with vehicle alone for 14 days. Certain groups of bFGF-treated OVX rats were killed at 7 or 14 days after withdrawal of treatment. The right tibiae were processed undecalcified for quantitative bone histomorphometry. Vehicle-treated OVX rats were characterized by decreased cancellous bone volume associated with increased bone turnover. Treatment of OVX rats with bFGF strongly stimulated bone formation, as indicated by marked increases of at least a factor of 10 in osteoblast surface, osteoid surface, and osteoid volume. Furthermore, new osteoid spicules were observed within the marrow cavity of these animals. Osteoclast surface was markedly decreased in bFGF-treated OVX rats, but this finding may be secondary to the extensive osteoid surface. The strongest bone anabolic effects occurred in OVX rats treated with the higher dose of bFGF for 14 days, but these animals exhibited a bone mineralization defect, as evidenced by abundant osteoid and a lack of double fluorochrome labeling, despite markedly increased osteoblast surface. However, the newly-formed osteoid rapidly calcified after withdrawal of bFGF treatment. The data indicate that bFGF not only stimulates bone formation on pre-existing bone surfaces but also induces de novo formation of bone spicules within the marrow cavity, which results in partial restoration of lost cancellous bone mass in osteopenic OVX rats after only 14 days of treatment with the growth factor. These findings suggest that bFGF merits consideration for development as a potential treatment for patients with severe osteopenia who are unresponsive to conventional osteoporosis therapies.
Side Chain and Flexibility Contributions to the Raman Optical Activity Spectra of a Model Cyclic Hexapeptide (2010)

A model peptide, cyclo-(Phe-d-Pro-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp), with a distinct folded structure containing short beta-hairpin and beta-sheet patterns was studied by Raman and Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopies. Unlike for previously analyzed vibrational circular dichroism of the same compound (Chirality 2008, 20, 1104), the Raman spectrum is dominated by side chain contributions and is more sensitive to their geometry fluctuations. The spectra and molecular motion were analyzed with the aid of the density functional theory simulations combined with molecular dynamics (MD). The side chain geometry fluctuations were found to significantly contribute to the broadening of the spectral bands, while dynamics of the backbone is rather restricted. According to our MD results, the side chains do not move freely but largely oscillate around preferred conformations. Averaging of computed spectra for many structures derived from the MD trajectories provided better spectral profiles than did a fixed geometry. The Raman and ROA scattering is dominated by the more polarizable phenylalanine and proline groups, as could be verified both by the computations and by comparison to experiments with a model Phe-d-Pro dipeptide. Computational analyses suggest that the ROA spectrum mostly senses local side chain conformation, whereas a vibrational coupling between different side chains contributes less. The coupling is mostly mediated by the peptide backbone and is restricted to specific vibrational region. The ROA spectroscopic technique thus provides important local structural information that needs, however, to be extracted by multiscale (QM/MM) simulation techniques.
Clinical Introduction of Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) and Autotaxin Assays (2013)

The lysophospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been shown to elicit a variety of (patho) physiological responses through specific cell-surface G protein-coupled receptors, which are now considered as promising targets for therapeutic purposes. On the other hand, determination of their concentrations in human samples, especially plasma, is clinically relevant and important for diagnostic purposes since these lysophospholipids mainly act extracellularly. LPA is predominantly and continuously produced in blood from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) through the plasma lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity of autotaxin (ATX). Since the enzyme lysoPLD/ATX and its substrate LPC co-exist in the plasma, the level of plasma LPA changes easily in vitro after venepuncture. Laboratory testing of LPA for clinical purposes can be conducted reliably only when the samples are prepared under stringent conditions. Although it is postulated that LPA undergoes extensive dephosphorylation in vivo due to the action of lipid phosphate phosphatase, multiple regression analysis showed a strong positive correlation between the plasma LPA concentration and serum lysoPLD/ATX level. Since the serum ATX antigen level is stable, i.e., the preparation of clinical samples for this ATX measurement is easy and since its level is closely correlated to the plasma LPA concentration, the ATX assay seems to be promising for laboratory testing. In fact, the ATX level is significantly increased in several disorders, including chronic liver diseases and malignant lymphoma. The clinical significance of the LPA and lysoPLD/ATX assays will be discussed.
POP–Rhodium-Promoted C–H and B–H Bond Activation and C–B Bond Formation (2015)

The square-planar monohydride complex RhH{xant(PiPr2)2} (1; xant(PiPr2)2 = 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)xanthene) activates C–H bonds of arenes. Heating of benzene solutions of 1 at 80 °C affords RhPh{xant(PiPr2)2} (2). Under the same conditions, toluene gives Rh(m-tolyl){xant(PiPr2)2} (3a) and Rh(p-tolyl){xant(PiPr2)2} (3b) in a 78:22 molar ratio, whereas m-xylene leads to Rh(C6H3-3,5-Me2){xant(PiPr2)2} (4). At room temperature, fluorobenzene and 1,3-difluorobenzene generate Rh(C6H4-2-F){xant(PiPr2)2} (5) and Rh(C6H3-2,6-F2){xant(PiPr2)2} (6), respectively. Complex 1 also promotes the B–H bond activation of pinacolborane (HBpin) and catecholborane (HBcat). The reactions initially give the trans-dihydride derivatives RhH2(BR2){xant(PiPr2)2} (BR2 = Bpin (7), Bcat (8)), which lose H2 to afford the square-planar Rh(BR2){xant(PiPr2)2} (BR2 = Bpin (9), Bcat (10)). Complex 2 reacts with HBpin to regenerate 1 and to give Ph-Bpin. Similarly, complex 9 regenerates 1 and gives Ph-Bpin by reaction with benzene. In agreement with these transformations, complex 1 catalyzes the direct C–H borylation of arenes. The selectivity of the process appears to be governed by the kinetic of the C–H bond activations of the arenes. Benzylic borylation is not observed for methylbenzenes. The first X-ray structure of a square-planar rhodium–boryl complex is also reported.
Lipopolysaccharide promotes Drp1‐dependent mitochondrial fission and associated inflammatory responses in macrophages (2020)

Mitochondria have a multitude of functions, including energy generation and cell signaling. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics (i.e. the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion) also regulate immune functions. Here, we reveal that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increases mitochondrial numbers in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages. In BMMs, this response requires Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and the TLR adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) but is independent of mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistent with this phenomenon being a consequence of mitochondrial fission, the dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) GTPase that promotes mitochondrial fission is enriched on mitochondria in LPS-activated macrophages and is required for the LPS-mediated increase in mitochondrial numbers in both BMMs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Pharmacological agents that skew toward mitochondrial fusion also abrogated this response. LPS triggered acute Drp1 phosphorylation at serine 635 (S635), followed by sustained Drp1 dephosphorylation at serine 656 (S656), in BMMs. LPS-induced S656 dephosphorylation was abrogated in MyD88-deficient BMMs, suggesting that this post-translational modification is particularly important for Tlr4-inducible fission. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of Tlr4-inducible fission had selective effects on inflammatory mediator production, with LPS-inducible mitochondrial fission promoting the expression and/or secretion of a subset of inflammatory mediators in BMMs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Thus, triggering of Tlr4 results in MyD88-dependent activation of Drp1, leading to inducible mitochondrial fission and subsequent inflammatory responses in macrophages.