gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo hydration and water-retention capacity of stratum corneum in clinically uninvolved skin in atopic and psoriatic patients. (1990)

Hydration and the water-retention capacity of stratum corneum have been investigated in uninvolved psoriatic and atopic skin and compared with that of healthy controls. Thirty-three subjects of either sex and matched for age entered the study. The subjects were free from all signs of skin disease and skin dryness. Hydration was evaluated by means of transepidermal water loss and skin capacitance measurements. Water-retention capacity was investigated using the plastic occlusion stress test. Atopic skin differed significantly from uninvolved psoriatic and control skin which had a reduced water content and an increased transepidermal water loss. Furthermore, the skin surface water loss profile representing the stratum corneum water-retention capacity was significantly lower in normal atopic skin. The data suggest that clinically normal skin may be functionally abnormal, resulting in a defective barrier that could lead to higher risk of irritant or contact dermatitis.
Closer to the solutions: iterative linear solvers (1997)

The solution of dense linear systems received much attention after the second world war, and by the end of the sixties, most of the problems associated with it had been solved. For a long time, Wilkinson's \\The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem" [107], other than the title suggests, became also the standard textbook for the solution of linear systems. When it became clear that partial dierential equations could be solved numerically, to a level of accuracy that was of interest for application areas (such as reservoir engineering, and reactor diusion modeling), there was a strong need for the fast solution of the discretized systems, and iterative methods became popular for these problems.
Inhibitory effect of steroidal alkaloids on drug transport and multidrug resistance in human cancer cells. (2001)

Intrinsic or acquired resistance of tumor cells to multiple cytotoxic drugs (multidrug resistance MDR) is a major cause of failure of cancer chemotherapy. MDR is often caused by elevated expression of drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance protein (MRP). A number of compounds, termed chemosensitizers, have little or no cytotoxic action of their own, but inhibit (P-gp) or MRP-mediated drug export and are capable of sensitizing MDR cells to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Here we examined the ability of steroidal alkaloids of plant origin, namely the Veratrum sp. alkaloid cyclopamine and the Lycopersicon sp. alkaloid tomatidine, to act as potent and effective chemosensitizers in multidrug resistant tumor cells. Drug uptake was determined by measuring accumulation of tetramethylrosamine in multidrug resistant NCI AdrR human adenocarcinoma cells. Resistance to adriamycin and vinblastine was determined by utilizing the MTT cell survival assay. Cyclopamine and tomatidine elevate tetramethylrosamine uptake by NCI AdrR cells and sensitize the cells to the cytotoxic action of adriamycin and vinblastine. In both cases these agents are comparable in patency and efficacy to verapamil, a reversal agent commonly used in MDR research. It is concluded that steroidal alkaloids of plant origin act as inhibitors of P-gp-mediated drug transport and multidrug resistance and therefore may serve as chemosensitizers in combination chemotherapy with conventional cytotoxic drugs for treating multidrug resistant cancer.
ACTR-51. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE IMIPRIDONE ONC201 IN RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA: PREDICTIVE AND PHARMACODYNAMIC BIOMARKER ANALYSES (2017)

The imipridone ONC201 is the first selective antagonist of the G protein-coupled receptor DRD2 for clinical oncology. ONC201 induces p53-independent apoptosis in newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. We performed a Phase II clinical trial that enrolled an initial cohort of 17 patients with recurrent, bevacizumab-naïve, IDH1/2 WT glioblastoma who received 625mg ONC201 every three weeks. One patient continues to have a durable objective response that has deepened over time, exhibiting an 92% regression by 92% after 15 months of therapy. Another patient remains disease-free 14 months after enrolling on this trial following a re-resection. Median OS was 41.6 weeks with an OS12 of 35%. No drug-related SAEs or treatment discontinuation due to toxicity occurred. Plasma PK at 2 hours post-dose was 2.6 ug/mL and serum prolactin induction was observed as a surrogate marker of target engagement. In addition to cytotoxic effects in tumor cells, DRD2 antagonism can induce the activation of NK and other immune cells. We found that immune effector levels in the serum correlated with the kinetics of the objective response. Preclinical studies have identified a DRD2+DRD5- tumor biomarker signature that is predictive of innate sensitivity to ONC201. Among the 15 available archival tumor tissue specimens, all had expression of DRD2 and 8/17 patients had low expression of DRD5. Patients with PFS>5 month had no detectable expression of DRD5 unlike those with PFS<5 months. In addition, 4/8 DRD2+DRD5- are still alive after >57 weeks and 0/7 DRD2+DRD5+ patients remain alive. In summary, ONC201 is a well tolerated novel therapy with potential anti-glioblastoma activity that may be associated with a predictive biomarker signature and immune activation. The pharmacodynamic activity and clinical efficacy of ONC201 continues to be explored in additional cohorts of glioblastoma patients at first recurrence (NCT02525692).
Clinical significance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type-5 expression in human gastric cancer. (2014)

ACP5 is predictive of peritoneal dissemination in patients with gastric cancer, and might play a crucial role in the establishment of peritoneal dissemination.
Energy and angular distributions of photons from medical linear accelerators (1985)

For accurate three-dimensional treatment planning, new models of dose calculations are being developed which require the knowledge of the energy spectra and angular distributions of the photons incident on the surface of the patient. Knowledge of the spectra is also useful in other applications, including the design of filters and beam modifying devices and determination of factors to convert ionization chamber measurements to dose. We have used Monte Carlo code (EGS) to compute photon spectra for a number of different linear accelerators. Both the target and the flattening filter have been accurately modeled. We find the mean photon energy to have a value lower than the generally perceived value of one-third the maximum energy. As expected, the spectra become softer as the distance from the central axis increases. Verification of the spectra is performed by computing dose distributions and half-value layers in water using the calculated spectra and comparing the results with measured data. We also examined the angular distributions of photons incident on the surface of the phantom. In currently used models of dose computations, it is assumed that the angular distribution of photons with respect to fan lines emanating from the source is negligible. Although the angular spread of photons with respect to the incident direction has been found to be small, its contribution to the diffuseness of the beam boundaries is significant.
Bisphosphonates promote apoptosis in murine osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo (1995)

Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and are therapeutically effective in diseases of increased bone turnover, such as Paget's disease and hypercalcemia of malignancy. The mechanisms by which they act remain unclear. Proposed mechanisms include inhibition of osteoclast formation from precursors and inhibitory or toxic effect on mature osteoclasts. We have developed a new in vitro model to study osteoclast survival and in this paper present in vitro and in vivo evidence that may explain both the observed reduction in osteoclast numbers and in bone resorption by mature osteoclasts, namely that bisphosphonates induce programmed cell death (apoptosis). Three bisphosphonates (risedronate, pamidronate, and clodronate) caused a 4- to 24-fold increase in the proportion of osteoclasts showing the characteristic morphology of apoptosis in vitro. This observation was confirmed in vivo in normal mice, in mice with increased bone resorption, and in nude mice with osteolytic cancer metastases, with similar-fold increases to those observed in vitro. Of the three compounds, risedronate, the most potent inhibitor of bone resorption in vivo, was the strongest inducer of osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. Osteoclast apoptosis may therefore be a major mechanism whereby bisphosphonates reduce osteoclast numbers and activity, and induction of apoptosis could be a therapeutic goal for new antiosteoclast drugs.
The direct synthesis of N-alkylated amides via a tandem hydration/N-alkylation reaction from nitriles, aldoximes and alcohols (2014)

A novel strategy for the direct synthesis of N-alkylated amides from nitriles, aldoximes and alcohols was proposed and accomplished in the presence of a Cp*Ir complex.
Estimating Kinetic Parameters for the Spontaneous Polymerization of Glycidol at Elevated Temperatures (2012)

Abstract The ring‐opening polymerization of glycidol at elevated temperatures is investigated. To improve the synthesis of dendritic polyether polyols, experiments are carried out without initiator to identify the influence of thermal side reactions. This results in a step‐growth polymerization caused by the spontaneous combination of monomers. Kinetic parameters of the side reactions are estimated by fitting simulated number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights to the experimental values measured at different reaction times during the polymerization. The reactions are conducted at three different temperatures of 90, 105, and 120 °C. It is shown that thermal side reactions lead to high dispersities of the final product and are highly sensitive to the reactor operating temperature. magnified image
Phase noise research (1997)

The broad linewidths of semiconductor lasers are unacceptable for various applications which require high spectral purity, eg. interferometry, laser spectroscopy and coherent optical detection. The only semiconductor laser light sources available at the beginning of 1980s were Fabry Perot laser diodes oscillating in multilongitudinal modes with a linewidth as wide as several tens of gigahertz, which was far away from the above requirement. Roughly speaking, the required linewidth of a light source for the realization of coherent lightwave communication systems is about lMhz. This is due to the required coherence between the light from the transmitter and local oscillator sources. As the phase noise is due to spontaneous emission in the laser diode, it has direct impact on the IF detection mechanism.
Role of sialic acid in saliva-mediated aggregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients (1987)

The mechanism of saliva-mediated aggregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in subjects with and without cystic fibrosis (CF) was investigated. Virtually all saliva from CF patients that we tested strongly agglutinated the Pseudomonas cells and was heat stable to 56 degrees C, whereas saliva from subjects without CF had a decreased aggregating ability and was heat sensitive. When saliva was treated with neuraminidase and proteases, and also when P. aeruginosa cells were treated with mixed gangliosides, there was a decrease in aggregating activities. However, neither the addition of the acid-hydrolyzed ganglioside nor the treatment of the P. aeruginosa cells by sugars had any effect on subsequent aggregating activities. Therefore, the release of sialic acid by enzymatic treatments of saliva, as well as the blockage of the sialic acid-binding sites on the cell wall by mixed gangliosides, resulted in the parallel loss of saliva-mediated aggregating activity of P. aeruginosa. The level of free sialic acid released by endogenous neuraminidase was higher in the saliva from CF patients than in that from the non-CF subjects examined. The increased aggregation of P. aeruginosa mediated by saliva from patients with CF seems to be directly related to the sialic acid content present, suggesting that this acid molecule acts as the salivary receptor for P. aeruginosa.
A new paradigm for exploiting fine-grain parallelism (1992)

Proposes a new processing paradigm for exploiting fine-grain parallelism. This paradigm considers a block of instructions (possibly having dependencies) as a single unit, and issues one such a block at a time. Fine-grain parallelism is exploited by overlapping the execution of multiple blocks. In addition, multiple instructions can be executed per cycle from each block, if desired. Dynamic branch prediction is used to fetch new blocks. Preliminary simulation results with the SPEC benchmark suite show this processing paradigm to be capable of sustaining issue rates of 3-4 IPC (instructions per cycle) for nonnumeric programs and 6-10 IPC for numeric programs in the benchmark suite, using existing code compiled for a single-IPC machine. The authors expect to obtain much higher sustained issue rates as they gain more experience both the hardware mechanisms and helpful software transformations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular dynamics simulation of chains mobility in polyethylene crystal (2014)

The mobility of polymer chains in perfect polyethylene (PE) crystal was calculated as a function of temperature and chain length through Molecular dynamics (MD) in united atom approximation. The results demonstrate that the chain mobility drastically increases in the vicinity of the phase transition from the orthorhombic to quasi-hexagonal phase. In the quasi-hexagonal phase, the chain mobility is almost independent on temperature and inversely proportional to the chain length.
Isotope Effects in Carbocation Chemistry (2007)

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Hyperconjugation and the NMR Isotope Shift 3 Nonadditive NMR Isotope Shifts and Conformation 4 Isotope Shifts Associated with Motion along the Bridging Coordinate 5 Variation of NMR Isotope Shifts with Increasing Electron Demand 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of tracheobronchial injuries (2006)

Tracheobronchial injuries are rare,mostly caused by blunt chest trauma or iatrogenic due to complicated intubations.The diagnosis of tracheobronchial injury is very important for treatment and prognosis.Physical examination and imaging techniques should be used to make the diagnosis.Tracheobronchial injuries have different clinical features and high mortality unless aggressive treatment is used.Prompt recognition,early diagnosis and operative intervention are of utmost importance.
Predicting and containing epidemic risk using on-line friendship networks (2019)

To what extent can online social networks predict who is at risk of an infection? Many infections are transmitted through physical encounter between humans, but collecting detailed information about it can be expensive, might invade privacy, or might not even be possible. In this paper, we ask whether online social networks help predict and contain epidemic risk. Using a dataset from a popular online review service which includes over 100 thousand users and spans 4 years of activity, we build a time-varying network that is a proxy of physical encounter between its users (the encounter network) and a static network based on their reported online friendship (the friendship With computer simulations, we compare stochastic infection processes on the two networks, considering infections on the encounter network as the benchmark. First, we show that the friendship network is useful to identify the individuals at risk of infection, despite providing lower accuracy than the ideal case in which the encounters are known. This limited prediction accuracy is not only due to the static nature of the friendship network because a static version of the encounter network provides more accurate prediction of risk than the friendship network. Then, we show that periodical monitoring of the infection spreading on the encounter network allows to correct the infection predicted by a process spreading on the friendly staff ndship network, and achieves high prediction accuracy. Finally, we show that the friendship network contains valuable information to effectively contain epidemic outbreaks even when a limited budget is available for immunization. In particular, a strategy that immunizes random friends of random individuals achieves the same performance as knowing individuals' encounters at a small additional cost, even if the infection spreads on the encounter network.
Demonstration of high robustness to SNR impairmentin 20 Gbit/s long-haul transmission using 1.5 µmsaturable absorber (2000)

Improved robustness to signal-to-noise ratio impairment is shown for the first time at 20 Gbit/s in an RZ transmission loop using a 1.5 µm heavy-ion-irradiated quantum well saturable absorber. Error-free transmission is achieved over 7800 km.
Medium-voltage Overhead Lines Connection Mode Analysis Based on Short Segment (2013)

The close coordination between the number of line segments and the grid configuration,as one of the means of improving distribution network reliability,can significantly reduce the power outage time of users.Based on the research on reliability and economy parameters,a kind of high reliability segment rule is proposed with the grid economy and reliability considered together,and then a connection mode of short segments is presented.The result shows that,compared with domestic habitual segments(3 to 5),the number of segments has a substantial increase,so that the optimal segment number of an 10 kV line of 3~15 km is increased to 4 to 18 and the system's average interruption duration index with a tie-connection decreases from 3.53~17.63 h with no segments to 0.67~2.19 h with optimal segments,greatly improving the power supply reliability with the economic benefit guaranteed.Finally,a sensitivity analysis for the segment related parameters is performed.The outcome shows that the optimal segment number of a medium-voltage distribution line is greatly related to the price of a breaker/switch,the average planned outage rate,the energy loss cost and load distribution mode along the feeder.
Development of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in an 82-Year-Old Female Patient Immediately Following a Right Hip Arthroplasty (2014)

An 82-year-old female with past medical history significant for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and lymphoma underwent right hip arthroplasty. Aggressive fluid resuscitation prior to and during surgery was administered. At the completion of surgery, patient developed hypotension despite continuous fluid resuscitation and vasopressors infusion. The patient was found to have distended abdomen and emergent exploratory laparotomy was performed. Significantly elevated abdominal pressure (50 mmHg) and large amount ascites (1000 ml) were revealed. Patient's hemodynamics was immediately improved after the abdomen was opened. A diagnosis of acute abdomen compartment syndrome was made. Possible contributory factors in this patient were discussed.
Exposure to a Healthy Gut Microbiome Protects Against Reproductive and Metabolic Dysregulation in a PCOS Mouse Model (2019)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting ∼10% to 15% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. Diagnosis requires two of the following: hyperandrogenism, oligo-ovulation or anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. In addition to reproductive dysfunction, many women with PCOS display metabolic abnormalities associated with hyperandrogenism. Recent studies have reported that the gut microbiome is altered in women with PCOS and rodent models of the disorder. However, it is unknown whether the gut microbiome plays a causal role in the development and pathology of PCOS. Given its potential role, we hypothesized that exposure to a healthy gut microbiome would protect against development of PCOS. A cohousing study was performed using a letrozole-induced PCOS mouse model that recapitulates many reproductive and metabolic characteristics of PCOS. Because mice are coprophagic, cohousing results in repeated, noninvasive inoculation of gut microbes in cohoused mice via the fecal-oral route. In contrast to letrozole-treated mice housed together, letrozole mice cohoused with placebo mice showed significant improvement in both reproductive and metabolic PCOS phenotypes. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we also observed that the overall composition of the gut microbiome and the relative abundance of Coprobacillus and Lactobacillus differed in letrozole-treated mice cohoused with placebo mice compared with letrozole mice housed together. These results suggest that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome may play a causal role in PCOS and that modulation of the gut microbiome may be a potential treatment option for PCOS.
Immunsuppressive Therapie mit Cyclosporin A nach perforierender Keratoplastik (1985)

Report on 11 patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty and were treated with Cyclosporin A for an average of 6 months because of excessive superficial and deep vascularization of the recipient cornea. In none of the patients was a permanent Cyclosporin A-induced side-effect observed. After an average follow-up period of 11 months 9 grafts remained completely clear; however, an allograft-reaction occurred in 2 cases in spite of the immunosuppressive therapy.
α2-Adrenoceptor Regulation of Blood Glucose Homeostasis (2011)

The α(2A)-adrenoceptor has been identified as an important regulator of blood glucose homeostasis. α(2A)-Adrenoceptors on pancreatic β-cells inhibit insulin secretion, and α(2A)-adrenoceptors on sympathetic nerves and on adrenomedullary chromaffin cells limit sympathoadrenal output. Recently, human α(2A)-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms that influence α(2A)-adrenoceptor expression and function have been described. Increased α(2A)-adrenoceptor expression has been associated with impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, elevated fasting blood glucose levels and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, administration of α(2)-adrenoceptor agonists generally increases blood glucose levels, in spite of the ensuing sympatholysis that would be expected to lower blood glucose as a result of diminished α(1)- and β-adrenoceptor activation. α(2)-Adrenoceptor antagonists increase insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose levels by inhibiting tonically active α(2A)-adrenoceptors on pancreatic β-cells, but may also enhance sympathoadrenal output. In addition, α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists potentiate the insulinotropic effect of sulphonylurea drugs, pointing to a potentially serious adverse drug interaction when the two classes of drugs are combined. The α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole is widely used in veterinary medicine, and sulphonylureas are prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in cats and dogs. Even if no dedicated α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists are in clinical use in humans, some antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs are relatively potent α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists. In the treatment of type 2 diabetes, α(2)-adrenoceptor agonists could possibly protect against sulphonylurea-induced hypoglycaemia, and α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist drugs could improve insulin secretion. The potential usefulness of such drugs may vary between individuals, depending on α(2A)-adrenoceptor genetics, sympathetic tone and concomitant pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and obesity.