gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of nonlinear crystal location for intracavity second-harmonic generation (2016)

We discuss optimization of locations for the nonlinear crystal in intracavity generation of second-harmonic radiation and show that optimizing the distance between the nonlinear crystal and the two-wave end mirror in the laser cavity may support nearly a 100% increase in the maximum emission power of the second harmonic. The optimum distance depends on the type of end mirror used. We describe a variety of effects that mask the advantages conferred by the optimum location of the nonlinear crystal when performing experiments on intracavity generation of strong second-harmonic laser radiation. We describe various approaches for experimental determination of the optimal location of the nonlinear crystal in the cavity.
Electrostatic Jumping of Frost (2021)

The electrification of ice has been a subject of research since 1940, mostly in the context of charge generation in thunderstorms. This generation of electric charge is spontaneous, distinct from applying an external electric field to affect the diffusive growth of ice crystals. Here, we exploit the spontaneous electrification of ice to reveal a surprising phenomenon of jumping frost dendrites. We use side-view high-speed imaging to experimentally observe frost dendrites breaking off from mother dendrites and/or the substrate to jump out-of-plane toward an opposing polar liquid. Analytical and numerical models are then developed to estimate the attractive force between the frost dendrites and liquid, in good agreement with the experimental results. These models estimate the extent of charge separation within a growing sheet of frost, which is caused by mismatches in the mobilities of the charge carriers in ice. Our findings show that the unexpected jumping frost event can serve as a model system for resolving long-standing questions in atmospheric physics regarding charge separation in ice, while also having potential as a deicing construct.
Cyclodextrin-Based Self-Assembled Nanotubes at the Water/Air Interface (2007)

Native alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) is found to spontaneously form films at aqueous solution/air interfaces. Shape-response measurements to volume perturbations on drops hanging from a capillary indicate that temperature and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration strongly modify the viscoelastic properties of such films. By using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it is shown that the films consist of self-assembled nanotubes whose building blocks are cyclodextrin dimers (alpha-CD2) and alpha-CD2-SDS1 complexes.
Polysaccharides from Aconitum carmichaelii leaves: Structure, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities (2022)

Roots of Aconitum carmichaelii are used in Asian countries due to its content of bioactive alkaloids. In the production of root preparations, tons of leaves are usually discarded, leading to a huge waste of herbal material. The aim of this study is to investigate the polysaccharides in these unutilized leaves. A neutral polysaccharide (AL-N) appeared to be a mixture of heteromannans, and two purified acidic polysaccharides (AL-I-I and AL-I-II) were shown to be pectins containing a homogalacturonan backbone substituted with terminal β-Xylp-units. AL-I-I consisted of a type-I rhamnogalacturonan core, with arabinan and type-II arabinogalactan domains while AL-I-II was less branched. AL-N and AL-I-I were able to modulate the complement system, while AL-I-II was inactive. Interestingly, AL-N, AL-I-I and AL-I-II were shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects on porcine enterocyte IPEC-J2 cells. AL-I-I and AL-I-II were able to down-regulate the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1).
Combining fundamental studies with advanced characterization for analyzing nitric oxide polymer systems (2007)

Nitric oxide (NO) releasing materials have been investigated over the past couple of decades as potential biomaterials. A multitude of NO releasing platforms have been reported with different NO release properties indicating use in various bioapplications. Despite the positive implications associated with these materials, the field is currently limited by a couple of major issues. First, the reservoirs of NO stored in current systems do not allow the prolonged and controllable release necessary for long-term usage. Additionally, the field has experienced a lack of complete characterization of both the NO loading and release processes associated with these systems. To develop NO releasing platforms with enhanced NO reservoirs and controllable NO release profiles, fundamental studies are required to probe the physical processes that occur in these polymers. To enhance NO reservoirs in polymer systems, it is critical to probe the efficiency of the NO loading process. Systematic studies are presented where the efficiency and nature of S-nitrosothiol NO donor formation is investigated in a polymer environment. The nitrosating agent and polymer presence have a significant impact on the kinetics of S-nitrosation. Also, due to the versatile nature of nitrosation, NO byproducts that form competitively with S-nitrosothiols are characterized. By tuning the polymer functional groups, competitive nitrosation products can be eliminated and NO recoveries enhanced. Another critical obstacle towards understanding NO materials involves probing NO donor behavior in conjunction with NO release. For model polymers containing covalently linked S-nitrosothiol moieties, spectroscopy is coupled to direct NO detection to fully characterize the NO loading and release stages. Decomposition of the S-nitrosothiol moiety is directly correlated to NO release. S-nitrosothiol blended films are also investigated to determine the spatial distribution of NO release, which is critical to ensure a localized NO effect at the material surface. Finally, NO releasing polymer substrates are exposed to water plasma processing conditions. Surface wettability is significantly enhanced, while the NO release kinetics are maintained, suggesting that these materials can withstand processing towards tunable surface properties. Overall, fundamental and systematic studies of model NO releasing materials are presented that have not been formerly considered. Only by characterizing these materials completely can this class of biomaterial be better understood towards the ability to control the therapeutic and surface properties.
In Vivo Gene Delivery via Portal Vein and Bile Duct to Individual Lobes of the Rat Liver Using a Polylysine-Based Nonviral DNA Vector in Combination with Chloroquine (2001)

The objective of this study was to evaluate a bifunctional synthetic peptide as a DNA vector for regional gene delivery to the rat liver by the portal vein and bile duct routes. The 31-amino-acid peptide (polylysine-molossin) comprises an amino-terminal chain of 16 lysines for electrostatic binding of DNA, and the 15 amino acid integrin-binding domain of the venom of the American pit viper, Crotalus molossus molossus. Initial in vitro evaluation demonstrated that polylysine-molossin/DNA complexes were much smaller (approximately 50-100nm versus 500-1300nm), more positively charged, and more stable in isotonic dextrose in comparisons with salt-containing solutions. However, polylysine-molossin/DNA complexes in any solution other than complete culture medium were ineffective for gene delivery in vitro. Vector localization studies demonstrated that both the portal vein and bile duct routes provided excellent access of polylysine-molossin/DNA complexes to the liver. However, complexes delivered by the portal vein were rapidly lost (<15 min) following re-establishment of the portal circulation, whereas complexes delivered by the bile duct persisted much longer. Polylysine-molossin/DNA complexes in various isotonic solutions were delivered to the right lateral lobes either by perfusion through a branch of the portal vein or by infusion into appropriate branches of the bile duct. Two or three hours before gene delivery, rats were given a single injection of chloroquine. We report that the polylysine-molossin vector is much more effective (>10-fold) when delivered by the bile duct route with all isotonic solutions evaluated, and that polylysine-molossin/DNA complexes in isotonic dextrose are much more effective (>10-fold) than complexes in salt-containing solutions.
Hydrogen generation by reaction of Si nanopowder with neutral water (2017)

Si and its oxide are nonpoisonous materials, and thus, it can be taken for medical effects. We have developed a method of generation of hydrogen by use of reactions of Si nanopowder with water in the neutral pH region. Si nanopowder is fabricated by the simple bead milling method. Si nanopowder reacts with water to generate hydrogen even in cases where pH is set at the neutral region between 7.0 and 8.6. The hydrogen generation rate strongly depends on pH and in the case of pH 8.0, ∼55 ml/g hydrogen which corresponds to that contained in approximately 3 L saturated hydrogen-rich water is generated in 1 h. The reaction rate for hydrogen generation greatly increases with pH, indicating that the reacting species is hydroxide ions. The change of pH after the hydrogen generation reaction is negligibly low compared with that estimated assuming that hydroxide ions are consumed by the reaction. From these results, we conclude the following reaction mechanism: Si nanopowder reacts with hydroxide ions in the rate-determining reaction to form hydrogen molecules, SiO<sub>2</sub>, and electrons in the conduction band. Then, generated electrons are accepted by water molecules, resulting in production of hydrogen molecules and hydroxide ions. The hydrogen generation rate strongly depends on the crystallite size of Si nanopowder, but not on the size of aggregates of Si nanopowder. The present study shows a possibility to use Si nanopowder for hydrogen generation in the body in order to eliminate hydroxyl radicals which cause various diseases.
Establishment of a parathyroid hormone-like factor-producing esophageal carcinoma cell line (EC-GI). (1987)

A new cell line, designated EC-GI, was established from a 65-year-old patient with esophageal carcinoma who developed humoral hypercalcemia. The original tumor as well as the cell line caused marked hypercalcemia in tumor-bearing nude mice, in which a marked increase in osteoclastic bone resorption was demonstrated. The conditioned medium of EC-GI cells contained potent bone resorbing activity which stimulated cyclic AMP production in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-responsive osteoblast-like cells (ROS 17/2.8). EC-GI cells will be useful for characterization and purification of the PTH-like factor responsible for humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Use of Rapid and Conventional Testing Technologies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Serologic Screening in a Rural Kenyan Reference Laboratory (2004)

We report a prospective comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing by enzyme immunoassay and Western blot with four rapid tests of 486 subjects performed in rural Kenya. Rapid test sensitivity was 100%. Specificity ranged from 99.1 to 100%. Combined use of two Food and Drug Administration-approved rapid tests yielded a single false-positive result.
In Situ Proximity Ligation Detection of c-Jun/AP-1 Dimers Reveals Increased Levels of c-Jun/Fra1 Complexes in Aggressive Breast Cancer Cell Lines in Vitro and in Vivo (2010)

Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that selective interactions between the Jun, Fos, and activating transcription factor (ATF) components of transcription factor activating protein 1 (AP-1) exhibit specific and critical functions in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. For instance, the ratio between c-Jun/c-Fos and c-Jun/ATF2 dimers in the cell can be a determining factor in the cellular response to oncogenic or apoptotic stimuli. Until recently, no methods were available to detect endogenous AP-1 complexes in cells and tissues in situ. Here, we validated the proximity ligation assay (PLA) for its ability to specifically visualize and quantify changes in endogenous c-Jun/c-Fos, c-Jun/ATF2, and c-Jun/Fra1 complexes by using, among others, partner-selective c-Jun mutants. Furthermore, we examined the levels of c-Jun/AP-1 dimers in cell lines representing different types of human breast cancer and found that aggressive basal-like breast cancer cells can be discriminated from much less invasive luminal-like cells by PLA detection of c-Jun/Fra1 rather than of c-Jun/ATF2 and c-Jun/c-Fos. Also in tumor tissue derived from highly metastatic basal-like MDA-MB231 cells, high levels of c-Jun/Fra1 complexes were detected. Together, these results demonstrate that in situ PLA is a powerful diagnostic tool to analyze and quantify the amounts of biologically critical AP-1 dimers in fixed cells and tissue material.
Uniform Laser-Driven Relativistic Electron Layer for Coherent Thomson Scattering (2010)

A novel scheme is proposed to generate uniform relativistic electron layers for coherent Thomson backscattering. A few-cycle laser pulse is used to produce the electron layer from an ultrathin solid foil. The key element of the new scheme is an additional foil that reflects the drive-laser pulse, but lets the electrons pass almost unperturbed. Making use of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and well-known basic theory, it is shown that the electrons, after interacting with both the drive and reflected laser pulses, form a very uniform flyer freely cruising with a high relativistic γ factor exactly in the drive-laser direction (no transverse momentum). It backscatters the probe light with a full Doppler shift factor of 4γ(2). The reflectivity and its decay due to layer expansion are discussed.
Background Noise Effects on Combustor Stability (2002)

This paper considers the effects of background turbulent fluctuations upon a combustor’s stability boundaries. Inherent turbulent fluctuations act as both additive and parametric (also called multiplicative) excitation sources to acoustic waves in combustors. While additive noise sources exert primarily quantitative effects upon combustor oscillations, parametric noise sources can exert qualitative impacts upon its dynamics; particularly of interest here is their ability to destabilize a “nominally” stable system. The significance of these parametric noise sources increases with increased background noise levels and, thus, may play more of a role in realistic, high Reynolds number systems than experiments on simplified, lab scale combustors might suggest. The objective of this paper is to determine whether and/or when these effects might be significant. The analysis considers the effects of fluctuations in damping rate, frequency and combustion response. It is found that the effects of noisy damping and frequency upon the combustor’s stability limits is quite small, at least for the fluctuation intensities estimated here. The effects of a noisy combustion response, particularly of a fluctuating time delay between flow and heat release perturbations, can be quite significant, however, in some cases for turbulence intensities as low as &amp;lt;(u′/u¯)2&amp;gt;1/2∼5–10%. These results suggest that deterministic stability models calibrated on low turbulence intensity, lab scale combustors may not adequately describe the stability limits of realistic, highly turbulent combustors.
A Novel Bacterium-Free Method for Generation of Flavivirus Infectious DNA by Circular Polymerase Extension Reaction Allows Accurate Recapitulation of Viral Heterogeneity (2012)

A novel bacterium-free approach for rapid assembly of flavivirus infectious cDNAs using circular polymerase extension reaction was applied to generate infectious cDNA for the virulent New South Wales isolate of the Kunjin strain of West Nile virus (KUNV) that recently emerged in Australia. Recovered virus recapitulated the genetic heterogeneity present in the original isolate. The approach was utilized to generate viral mutants with designed phenotypic properties and to identify E protein glycosylation as one of the virulence determinants.
Three-dimensional volumetric assessment of abnormally low attenuation of the lung from routine helical CT: inspiratory and expiratory quantification. (1998)

Three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions of hypoattenuating lung correlate well with pulmonary function tests. In addition, inspiratory and expiratory data are also correlative, suggesting that a dedicated expiratory examination is not needed. This easily obtainable information will prove useful for patients with obstructive lung disease from emphysema, providing a measure of pulmonary function status in this population.
Measurement of limb venous compliance in humans: technical considerations and physiological findings (1999)

We conducted a series of studies to develop and test a rapid, noninvasive method to measure limb venous compliance in humans. First, we measured forearm volume (mercury-in-Silastic strain gauges) and antecubital intravenous pressure during inflation of a venous collecting cuff around the upper arm. Intravenous pressure fit the regression line, -0.3 +/- 0.7 + 0.95 +/- 0.02. cuff pressure (r = 0.99 +/- 0.00), indicating cuff pressure is a good index of intravenous pressure. In subsequent studies, we measured forearm and calf venous compliance by inflating the venous collecting cuff to 60 mmHg for 4 min, then decreasing cuff pressure at 1 mmHg/s (over 1 min) to 0 mmHg, using cuff pressure as an estimate of venous pressure. This method produced pressure-volume curves fitting the quadratic regression (Deltalimb volume) = beta(0) + beta(1). (cuff pressure) + beta(2). (cuff pressure)(2), where Delta is change. Curves generated with this method were reproducible from day to day (coefficient of variation: 4.9%). In 11 subjects we measured venous compliance via this method under two conditions: with and without (in random order) superimposed sympathetic activation (ischemic handgrip exercise to fatigue followed by postexercise ischemia). Calf and forearm compliance did not differ between control and sympathetic activation (P > 0.05); however, the data suggest that unstressed volume was reduced by the maneuver. These studies demonstrate that venous pressure-volume curves can be generated both rapidly and noninvasively with this technique. Furthermore, the results suggest that although whole-limb venous compliance is under negligible sympathetic control in humans, unstressed volume can be affected by the sympathetic nervous system.
Improving Person Re-Identification With Iterative Impression Aggregation (2020)

Our impression about one person often updates after we see more aspects of him/her and this process keeps iterating given more meetings. We formulate such an intuition into the problem of person re-identification (re-ID), where the representation of a query (probe) image is iteratively updated with new information from the candidates in the gallery. Specifically, we propose a simple attentional aggregation formulation to instantiate this idea and showcase that such a pipeline achieves competitive performance on standard benchmarks including CUHK03, Market-1501 and DukeMTMC. Not only does such a simple method improve the performance of the baseline models, it also achieves comparable performance with latest advanced re-ranking methods. Another advantage of this proposal is its flexibility to incorporate different representations and similarity metrics. By utilizing stronger representations and metrics, we further demonstrate state-of-the-art person re-ID performance, which also validates the general applicability of the proposed method.
Potential radio frequency interference with the GPS L5 band for radio occultation measurements (2014)

Abstract. Future radio occultation (RO) receivers are planned to utilize the newly implemented Global Positioning System (GPS) L5 band centered at 1176.45 MHz. Since there are currently no operational GPS L5 receivers used for space-based RO applications, the interference environment is unclear. Distance measuring equipment (DME) and tactical air navigation (TACAN) stations share the same frequency band as GPS L5. The signals from these stations have been identified as possible sources of interference for any GPS L5 receiver, including those used in RO applications. This study utilizes Systems Tools Kit (STK) simulations to gain insight into the power received by a RO satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO) from a DME–TACAN transmission as well as the amount of interfering stations. In order to confirm the validity of utilizing STK for communication purposes, a theoretical scenario was recreated as a simulation and the results were confirmed. Once the method was validated, STK was used to output a received power level aboard a RO satellite from a DME–TACAN station as well as a tool to detail the number of interfering DME–TACAN stations witnessed by a space-based RO receiver over time. The results indicated a large number of DME–TACAN stations transmitting at similar orientations as a receiving RO satellite, thereby leading to the possibility of signal degradation in an unclear interference environment.
Microbiome characterization of defensive tissues in the model anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (2021)

This study provides insight into potential bacterial involvement in cnidarian defense tissues and highlights the need to study bacterial communities in individual compartments within a holobiont.
Evaluation of Effect of Data Throughput Evolution on Mobile Station Performance (2009)

The next generation of wireless phones promises to change consumers services habits - video streaming, video conferencing, DVB-H etc. will be used practically anytime and anywhere in the world. However, it has been observed that the CPU load and the memory usage is increasing significantly with the increasing data rate and at some point the need for higher processing power and memory is quite evident to support higher data rate. This paper investigates the costs for implementation of higher data rate in mobile station in terms of processing power and memory usage.
Structural characterisation of galactoglucomannan secreted by suspension-cultured cells of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (2020)

Galactoglucomannan (GGM) from cultures of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia has Man:Glc:Gal:Ara:Xyl in 1.0:1.1:1.0:0.1:0.04 ratio. Linkage analysis contained 4- and 4,6-Manp, 4-Glcp, terminal Galp and 2-Galp, small amounts and terminal Arap and terminal Xyl p, and ~ 0.03 mol acetyl per mol of glucosyl residue. Treatment with α- and β-D-galactosidases showed that the majority of the side-chains were either single Galp-α-(1 → residues or the disaccharide Galp-β-(1 → 2)-Galp-α-(1 → linked to O-6 of the 4-Manp residues of the glucomannan backbone. Analysis of the oligosaccharides generated by endo-(1 → 4)-β-mannanase digestion confirmed that the GGM comprises a backbone of predominantly alternating → 4)-D-Manp-β-(1 → and → 4)-D-Glc p-β-(1 → branched at O-6 of 65% of the 4-Manp residues. The major oligosaccharide identified was D-Glcp-β-(1 → 4)-[D-Galp-β-(1 → 2)-D-Galp-α-(1 → 6)]-D-Manp-p-β-(1 → 4)-D-Glcp-β-(1 → 4)-[D-Galp-α-(1 → 6)]-D-Manp-β-(1 → (27%), and most of the other oligosaccharides produced in significant quantities were based on this structure.