gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Protein “Un-Design”:  Insulin's Intrachain Disulfide Bridge Tethers a Recognition α-Helix (2000)

A hierarchical pathway of protein folding can enable segmental unfolding by design. A monomeric insulin analogue containing pairwise substitution of internal A6-A11 cystine with serine [[Ser(A6),Ser(A11),Asp(B10),Lys(B28),Pro(B29)]insulin (DKP[A6-A11](Ser))] was previously investigated as a model of an oxidative protein-folding intermediate [Hua, Q. X., et al. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 264, 390-403]. Its structure exhibits local unfolding of an adjoining amphipathic alpha-helix (residues A1-A8), leading to a 2000-fold reduction in activity. Such severe loss of function, unusual among mutant insulins, is proposed to reflect the cost of induced fit: receptor-directed restoration of the alpha-helix and its engagement in the hormone's hydrophobic core. To test this hypothesis, we have synthesized and characterized the corresponding alanine analogue [[Ala(A6),Ala(A11),Asp(B10),Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]insulin (DKP[A6-A11](Ala))]. Untethering the A6-A11 disulfide bridge by either amino acid causes similar perturbations in structure and dynamics as probed by circular dichroism and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The analogues also exhibit similar decrements in thermodynamic stability relative to that of the parent monomer as probed by equilibrium denaturation studies (Delta Delta G(u) = 3.0 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol). Despite such similarities, the alanine analogue is 50 times more active than the serine analogue. Enhanced receptor binding (Delta Delta G = 2.2 kcal/mol) is in accord with alanine's greater helical propensity and more favorable hydrophobic-transfer free energy. The success of an induced-fit model highlights the applicability of general folding principles to a complex binding process. Comparison of DKP[A6-A11](Ser) and DKP[A6-A11](Ala) supports the hypothesis that the native A1-A8 alpha-helix functions as a preformed recognition element tethered by insulin's intrachain disulfide bridge. Segmental unfolding by design provides a novel approach to dissecting structure-activity relationships.
Safety of flecainide for atrial fibrillation : the Swedish atrial fibrillation cohort study (2012)

Background Little is known about the safety of flecainide in atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether current flecainide treatment practice in Sweden is associated with increased mortality compared to tre ...
Principles of THz Generation (2015)

The theoretical background of terahertz generation by photomixing will be discussed in detail. Basic design rules are specified for obtaining highly efficient optical to THz power conversion for both photoconductive and high frequency p-i-n diodes, considering pulsed as well as continuous-wave operation. State-of-the-art realizations of photomixers at 800 and 1550 nm laser wavelength are shown. Limiting electrical and thermal constraints to the achievable THz power are also addressed. Finally, this chapter gives an overview of electronic means for THz generation, such as Schottky diodes, negative differential resistor oscillators, and plasmonic effects that are used in THz generation. The chapter starts with a quick overview of the most relevant THz generation schemes based on nonlinear media, accelerating electrons, and actual THz lasers. This serves to place in context the two schemes discussed in detail thereafter: photomixing and electronic generation. The chapter covers the theoretical frameworks, principles of operation, limitations, and reported implementations of both schemes for pulsed and continuous-wave operation when applicable. It also covers to a lesser extent the recently explored use of plasmonics to improve the efficiency of THz generation in photomixing, nonlinear media, and laser schemes.
APP-10: A Novel Processing Technique to Minimize the Residual Stress-Induced Camber in Fabricating Multi-Layered Ceramics and FGMs(APP-II: ADVANCED POWDER PROCESSING TECHNIQUE) (2005)

June 21 fine microstructure.
Improved Markov model for Rayleigh fading envelope (2002)

An improved Markov model for Rayleigh fading is proposed. Such a system considers both the amplitude and the speed of the fading envelope which jointly represent the Markov state. By properly selecting the state space size, proper fitting between the proposed system and Jakes&apos; Rayleigh fading simulator has been obtained. Further simulations, using a simple Go back N protocol, confirm the good throughput match between Jakes&apos; and the proposed Markov generators, not obtainable with classic one-dimensional models.
First‐trimester assessment of placenta function and the prediction of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (2010)

Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are major contributors to perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Both are characterized by impaired trophoblastic invasion of the maternal spiral arteries and their conversion from narrow muscular vessels to wide non-muscular channels. Despite improvement in the understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions, ability to accurately identify pregnant woman who will develop them is limited. This greatly impairs the development and testing of preventive interventions. While different measures of placental dysfunction have been associated with increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, the ability of any single one to accurately predict these outcomes is poor. Developing predictive tests is further challenged by difficulty in the timing of the measurements, as both the structural and biochemical characteristics of the placenta change with increasing gestational age. The ideal screening test would accurately predict the development of adverse pregnancy outcomes early enough to provide a window for preventive interventions. Improvement in ultrasound technology provides potentially useful novel tools for evaluating placental structure, but measurements need to be standardized in order to be useful. Maternal serum analyte screening is a noninvasive test of placental biochemical function, but present serum marker alone is not sufficiently accurate to suggest its routine use in clinical practice. The use of first trimester biochemical markers in combination with uterine artery Doppler screening is promising as a potential screening tool. Prospective longitudinal studies using standardized methodology are necessary to further evaluate the choice of parameters and strategies of combination to achieve the best predictive models.
A Model for Mapping Linkages Between Health and Education Agencies to Improve School Health (2000)

Efforts to develop effective and sustainable school health programs evolved in sophistication the past 20 years through research and practical experience. This paper reviews these developments, arguing they were significantly driven by public health priorities, and have not adequately accounted for educational perspectives and priorities. To better understand the differences in perspective, a model is presented which illustrates linkages between different school-based inputs and strategies, and long-term health and educational outcomes. The model describes similarities and differences between the two perspectives. A significant coincidence exists in factors that determine educational attainment and improved health outcomes for students. A more holistic and integrated approach to school health is emerging, and at these interfaces our implementation and research efforts for the 21st century should be concentrated.
Phase-Dependent Resistance in a Superconductor-Two-Dimensional-Electron-Gas Quasiparticle Interferometer (1995)

We have investigated the interplay between Josephson coupling and quasiparticle interference effects in the resistance of a two-dimensional electron gas connected to superconducting electrodes with an interrupted ring geometry. By reducing the influence of the Josephson coupling strength at high dc current bias and large interelectrode spacing, we observed magneto-oscillations in the resistance with a period $\frac{h}{2e}$, which we attribute to quasiparticle interference.
Performance evaluation of DC-free error-control block codes (2004)

DC-free error-control block codes integrate dc-free encoding and error-control block encoding. To reduce the effect of error extension introduced by dc-free decoding and to allow for soft decoding of error-control codes, dc-free error-control block codes are decoded at the receiver by applying error-control decoding techniques prior to dc-free decoding. In this paper, we show that in addition to ensuring both dc-free and error-control properties in the encoded symbol sequence, it is possible to use this coding structure to enforce runlength constraints. We also model the dc-constrained channel with a simple RC high-pass filter, and demonstrate that on this channel with additive white Gaussian noise, dc-free error-control block codes result in superior bit error rate performance, particularly when source data logic values are not equiprobable
Awesome Typography: Statistics-Based Text Effects Transfer (2017)

In this work, we explore the problem of generating fantastic special-effects for the typography. It is quite challenging due to the model diversities to illustrate varied text effects for different characters. To address this issue, our key idea is to exploit the analytics on the high regularity of the spatial distribution for text effects to guide the synthesis process. Specifically, we characterize the stylized patches by their normalized positions and the optimal scales to depict their style elements. Our method first estimates these two features and derives their correlation statistically. They are then converted into soft constraints for texture transfer to accomplish adaptive multi-scale texture synthesis and to make style element distribution uniform. It allows our algorithm to produce artistic typography that fits for both local texture patterns and the global spatial distribution in the example. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method for various text effects over conventional style transfer methods. In addition, we validate the effectiveness of our algorithm with extensive artistic typography library generation.
A System for Breast Implant Selection Based on Patient Tissue Characteristics and Implant-Soft Tissue Dynamics (2002)

Discussion by Scott L. Spear, M.D., and Mervin Low, M.D. Scott L. Spear, M.D. Division of Plastic Surgery Georgetown University Hospital 3800 Reservoir Road N. W. Washington, D.C. 20007[email protected] Received for publication October 18, 2001.
Serum Levels of miR-19b and miR-146a as Prognostic Biomarkers for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2014)

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a type of small non-coding RNA molecule that has important roles in cancer initiation, promotion and progression by negatively regulating gene expression. In this study, we explored the role of miRNAs in the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The miRNA expression profiles were determined in 5 pairs of NSCLC and paracancerous tissues (3 adenocarcinomas and 2 squamous cell carcinomas). Aberrantly expressed miRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 61 pairs of NSCLC and paracancerous tissues. Differentially expressed miRNAs were further analyzed in sera from 94 healthy subjects and 94 advanced NSCLC patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. Three miRNAs (miR-19b, miR-146a, and miR-223) were significantly dysregulated in NSCLC tissues (P < 0.05). High miR-19b and low miR-146a expression in NSCLC tissues were associated with higher TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and poorer survival (P < 0.05). The serum levels of miR-19b in NSCLC patients were significantly higher (P < 0.001), whereas serum levels of miR-146a were significantly lower (P < 0.001), compared with those in controls. Serum levels of miR-19b and miR-146a were associated with overall survival of NSCLC patients (P < 0.05). Patients with low serum level of miR-19b and high serum level of miR-146a achieved a higher overall response rate and longer survival time (P < 0.05). These data suggest that miR-19b and miR-146a are potential biomarkers for the prediction of survival and response to chemotherapy in NSCLC.
Exploring the charge reactions in a Li–O2 system with lithium oxide cathodes and nonaqueous electrolytes (2019)

In this paper, we demonstrate the decomposition mechanism of lithium peroxide and lithium oxide in different electrolytes.
Distributed key-generation structures for associative image-classification (2003)

Associative memories can be utilized in image classification to provide robustness and noise insensitivity. On the other hand, real-time applications demand fast performance at all steps of associative coding. In the present work, the noise-like coding model of an associative memory is adopted, and a general architecture for the key-generation process is described. The fractal property of Peano curves is exploited to define a structure which performs distributed computations; this facilitates the system's implementation on parallel architectures, and also notably improves the associative system's performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effect of plant growth promoting Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth and pigment composition of radish plants (Raphanus sativus) under NaCl stress (2012)

Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in Raphanus sativus. In this study, the possible role of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Increasing salinity in the soil decreased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, phytohormones contents (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA and gibberellic acid, GA3) and mineral uptake compared to soil without salinity. Seeds inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens caused significantly increase in fresh and dry masses of roots and leaves, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total free amino acids and crude protein contents compared to noninoculated ones under salinity. The bacteria also increased phytohormones contents (IAA and GA3) and the contents of N, P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ but decreased ABA contents and Na+ and Cl- content which may contribute in part to activation of processes involved in the alleviation of the effect of salt.
[In vitro studies of the mechanical load capability of resorbable monofilament suture materials]. (2009)

In a vast spectrum of wound closures there is an indication for resorbable suture materials. For surgeons detailed knowledge of the physicochemical properties is important in order to find the right suture for each indication. For this purpose, various new monofilament polymers were employed. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrolysis and gamma-irradiation on the linear strength. The final analysis of all tested suture materials concluded that gamma-irradiation had no effects on linear strength. However, the analysis showed significant discrepancies between individual polymers with regard to loss of tensile strength associated with hydrolysis. Polydioxanone- and caprolactone-lactid-based resorbable suture materials both displayed adequate tensile strength after a five-week period of hydrolysis. In comparison the triblock-copolymer is subject to rapid degradation. Polydioxanone- and caprolactone-lactid-based resorbable suture materials are indicated for use in tissues which require mechanical support over a longer period. Monosyn is more suitable for short-term wound support.
A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome (2014)

The laboratory mouse shares the majority of its protein-coding genes with humans, making it the premier model organism in biomedical research, yet the two mammals differ in significant ways. To gain greater insights into both shared and species-specific transcriptional and cellular regulatory programs in the mouse, the Mouse ENCODE Consortium has mapped transcription, DNase I hypersensitivity, transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and replication domains throughout the mouse genome in diverse cell and tissue types. By comparing with the human genome, we not only confirm substantial conservation in the newly annotated potential functional sequences, but also find a large degree of divergence of sequences involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin state and higher order chromatin organization. Our results illuminate the wide range of evolutionary forces acting on genes and their regulatory regions, and provide a general resource for research into mammalian biology and mechanisms of human diseases.
5α-Cholestane (2002)

The title compound, C27H48, is a steroid derivative composed of a saturated-carbon fused-ring framework with two methyl substituents and an alkyl side chain.
Carbon nanowalls and related materials (2004)

Size, dimensionality, and shape play important roles in determining the properties of nanomaterials. So far, most of the nanomaterial researches have been focused on zero-dimensional nanoparticles/nanodots and one-dimensional nanowires/nanorods/nanotubes, but very few studies have been carried out on two-dimensional nano-sheets. Starting from carbon, recently we have succeeded in growing a class of nanostructured two-dimensional materials either in the pure forms or in the form of composites with carbon. In this paper, we will first briefly discuss various types of two-dimensional systems and then focus on the formation mechanism of carbon nanowalls and their field-emission and electron transport properties. The use of carbon nanowalls as templates for the formation of other types of nanomaterials will also be discussed.
Compact and Wideband CPW Wilkinson Power Dividers for GaN MMIC Applications (2018)

This paper presents two types of modified CPW Wilkinson power dividers at X-band using GaN MMIC technology on a SiC substrate. Lumped element equivalents of the transmission line arms are used and they are capacitively loaded to achieve a reduced circuit size of λ/14×λ/8. A symmetrical series RLC circuit in the isolation network is used to compensate for the bandwidth degradation after circuit miniaturization maintaining a fractional bandwidth of 29 % for input/output return losses and isolation better than 20 dB with an extra insertion loss less than 0.35 dB.
Ion-acoustic plasma waves in rf-discharge lamps: light-shift stabilization for atomic clocks (2006)

In vapor-cell atomic clocks, long-term stability can be significantly influenced by temporal variations in a discharge lamp's output via the light-shift. In order to stabilize the light-shift effect it is necessary to stabilize both the lamp's brightness and its spectral output; and this in turn requires one to stabilize the lamp's temperature and the rf- power driving the lamp. Though the lamp's output intensity can be used as a control parameter for lamp stabilization (e.g. for lamp temperature), another is required. Here, we consider the resonant frequency of ion-acoustic plasma waves as a second control parameter for the stabilization of rf-discharge lamps.
Applying Systemic Accident Model to Learn from Near-Miss Incidents of Train Maneuvering and Operation (2016)

This study proposes a novel method for safety management in train operation and maneuvering based upon Hollnagel’s functional resonance analysis method (FRAM), which assumes that components of a system interact mutually and resonantly. According to the original FRAM, the general functions of train drivers’ and conductors’ tasks are defined, and the normal procedure of a common case is represented. Our method first attempts to replay how fluctuations of some of the tasks propagate through the entire system. Then we examine whether a countermeasure found by replaying is valid under various situations. In this way, we demonstrate that our method is able to detect latent hazards of the system as well as to identify how the system is influenced by various external and internal changes.
Effects of dietary fibre intake on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in subjects at high risk (2009)

Increasing dietary fibre intake with natural foods is associated with reductions in classical and novel cardiovascular risk factors in a high-risk cohort.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Mucilaginibacter sp. Strain Isolated from Estuarine Soil Contaminated with Mine Tailings from the Samarco Disaster at Fundão Dam (2021)

We report the complete genome sequence of <i>Mucilaginibacter</i> strain 21P, which was isolated from estuarine soil contaminated with mine tailings from the Samarco disaster, which occurred in 2015 in Brazil. The genome sequence comprised 4,739,655 bp, with a G+C content of 43.2%, and harbors multiple antibiotic and metal resistance genes.
The STRIPED FLAG of the EAST INDIA COMPANY, and its CONNEXION with the AMERICAN “STARS and STRIPES” (1937)

(1937). The STRIPED FLAG of the EAST INDIA COMPANY, and its CONNEXION with the AMERICAN “STARS and STRIPES”. The Mariner's Mirror: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 449-476.
ChemInform Abstract: Prostaglandin Synthesis. Part 17. Three‐Component Coupling Synthesis of Prostaglandins: The Aldol Route. (1988)

Abstract The vicinal carba‐condensation of the cyclic enones (I) via the tandem organocopper conjugate addition/aldol reaction leads to the disubstituted cyclic ketones (IV).
Changing the Contrast of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signals using Deep Learning (2021)

The contrast settings to select before acquiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal depend heavily on the subsequent tasks. As each contrast highlights different tissues, automated segmentation tools for example might be optimized for a certain contrast. While for radiotherapy, multiple scans of the same region with different contrasts can achieve a better accuracy for delineating tumours and organs at risk. Unfortunately, the optimal contrast for the subsequent automated methods might not be known during the time of signal acquisition, and performing multiple scans with different contrasts increases the total examination time and registering the sequences introduces extra work and potential errors. Building on the recent achievements of deep learning in medical applications, the presented work describes a novel approach for transferring any contrast to any other. The novel model architecture incorporates the signal equation for spin echo sequences, and hence the model inherently learns the unknown quantitative maps for proton density, 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 relaxation times (𝑃𝐷, 𝑇1 and 𝑇2, respectively). This grants the model the ability to retrospectively reconstruct spin echo sequences by changing the contrast settings Echo and Repetition Time (𝑇𝐸 and 𝑇𝑅, respectively). The model learns to identify the contrast of pelvic MR images, therefore no paired data of the same anatomy from different contrasts is required for training. This means that the experiments are easily reproducible with other contrasts or other patient anatomies. Despite the contrast of the input image, the model achieves accurate results for reconstructing signal with contrasts available for evaluation. For the same anatomy, the quantitative maps are consistent for a range of contrasts of input images. Realized in practice, the proposed method would greatly simplify the modern radiotherapy pipeline. The trained model is made public together with a tool for testing the model on example images.