gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lead‐Free Hybrid Perovskite Absorbers for Viable Application: Can We Eat the Cake and Have It too? (2017)

Many years since the booming of research on perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the hybrid perovskite materials developed for photovoltaic application form three main categories since 2009: (i) high-performance unstable lead-containing perovskites, (ii) low-performance lead-free perovskites, and (iii) moderate performance and stable lead-containing perovskites. The search for alternative materials to replace lead leads to the second group of perovskite materials. To date, a number of these compounds have been synthesized and applied in photovoltaic devices. Here, lead-free hybrid light absorbers used in PV devices are focused and their recent developments in related solar cell applications are reviewed comprehensively. In the first part, group 14 metals (Sn and Ge)-based perovskites are introduced with more emphasis on the optimization of Sn-based PSCs. Then concerns on halide hybrids of group 15 metals (Bi and Sb) are raised, which are mainly perovskite derivatives. At the same time, transition metal Cu-based perovskites are also referred. In the end, an outlook is given on the design strategy of lead-free halide hybrid absorbers for photovoltaic applications. It is believed that this timely review can represent our unique view of the field and shed some light on the direction of development of such promising materials.
Does zinc deficiency play a role in stunting among primary school children in NE Thailand? (2007)

Stunting in school-age years may result in a decrease in adult size, and thus reduced work capacity and adverse reproductive outcomes. We have compared the mean intakes of energy, protein and selected growth-limiting nutrients in fifty-eight stunted children and 172 non-stunted controls drawn from 567 children aged 6-13 years attending ten rural schools in NE Thailand. Control children were selected randomly after stratifying children by age in each school. Dietary data were calculated from 24-h recalls using nutrient values from Thai food composition data and chemical analysis. Inter-relationships between stunting and sociodemographic, anthropometric and biochemical variables were also examined. Biochemical variables investigated were serum albumin, zinc, ferritin, transferrin receptor and retinol, and iodine in casual urine samples. Significantly more males than females were stunted (males, n 38, 65.5% v. females, n 20. 34.5%: P=0.025). Stunted males had lower mean intakes of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus and zinc, and a lower mean (95% CI) serum zinc (9.19 (8.53, 9.84) v. 9.70 (8.53, 9.29) micromol/1) than non-stunted males; no other biochemical differences were noted. Stunted males also had a lower mean arm muscle area (P= 0.015), after adjusting for age, than non-stunted males. In conclusion, the lower dietary intakes of the stunted males compared to their non-stunted counterparts may be associated with anorexia and hypogeusia induced by zinc deficiency. Hence, zinc deficiency may be a factor limiting linear growth, especially among boys in NE Thailand, but more research is needed to establish whether other factors also play a role.
Super‐quenched Molecular Probe Based on Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanisms for Formaldehyde Detection in Human Serum (2018)

Energy transfer between fluorescent dyes and quenchers is widely used in the design of light-up probes. Although dual quenchers are more effective in offering lower background signals and higher turn-on ratios than one quencher, such probes are less explored in practice as they require both quenchers to be within the proximity of the fluorescent core. In this contribution, we utilized intramolecular motion and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) as quenching mechanisms to build super-quenched light-up probes based on fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission. The optimized light-up probe possesses negligible background and is able to detect not only free formaldehyde (FA) but also polymeric FA, with an unprecedented turn-on ratio of >4900. We envision that this novel dual quenching strategy will help to develop various light-up probes for analyte sensing.
In vivo transepidermal water loss and epidermal occlusive hydration in newborn infants: anatomical region variation (1980)

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured from the abdomen, buttock, and central forearm in 13 term infants by employing an electrolytic water analyzer (Meeco). The hydration level (HL) at these sites following one hour of occlusion and the resulting post-occlusion TEWL were measured. No apparent difference in TEWL was found between regional sites. The forearm and buttock HL appeared similar, while the abdomen values tended to differ considerably from both. Post-occlusion TEWL appeared significantly higher than normal TEWL. Since the buttock and forearm TEWL reflected similarly structured stratum corneum, future studies on the more accessible forarm may be extended by application to the buttock.
Handprint recognition on the GRAFIX I: (1974)

This paper describes a commercial hardware/software system which reads handprinted documents. The system recognizes a full upper case alphabet, all ten digits, and several special characters, intermixed, with minimal constraints imposed on the style of printing. The recognition algorithm, which incorporates a large number of heuristic methods, is described. On a test of over sixty thousand previously unseen characters produced by untrained clerks, fewer than six percent of the characters were “rejected” as unrecognizable, and only a few tenths of a percent were misrecognized.
Computerized Text Analysis to Enhance Automated Pneumonia Detection (2013)

Information about disease severity could help with both detection and situational awareness during outbreaks of acute respiratory infections. In this work, we describe the methods by which automated text analyses of chest imaging reports can combine with structured EMR data to accurately identify outpatients with pneumonia (sensitivities of 58-75%, and PPV of 64-86%).
Differentiation of Rosette-Forming Cells from Myeloid Stem Cells (1970)

Abstract Evidence is presented that the myeloid and lymphoid systems of the adult mouse are derived from a common stem cell. Ionizing radiation was used to induce unique chromosome markers in individual stem cells of the myeloid system. This marked stem cell was injected into genetically anemic mice of genotype W/Wv and repopulated their myeloid systems with chromosomally marked cells. To determine whether or not cells of the lymphoid system also contained the chromosome marker, we purified rosette-forming cells from the spleens of mice bearing a marker. Mice were immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), and at the peak of the secondary immune response a spleen cell suspension was prepared. Cells in this suspension were allowed to bind SRBC and form rosettes, and the rosette-forming cells (RFC) were purified by velocity sedimentation. The RFC population appears to include all antibody-producing cells, but the converse may not be true. Karyotype analysis of the purified rosettes showed a high frequency of chromosomally marked cells, indicating that some RFC can be derived from stem cells that can also differentiate into myeloid cells. These stem cells are probably pluripotent and able to give rise to RFC of many specificities. RFC specific for SRBC were found among the progeny of all the clones examined. It is highly unlikely that stem cells with restricted specificity would give such a result. The simplest interpretation is that there exist in bone marrow of adult mice pluripotent stem cells able to differentiate into functional cells of both the myeloid and lymphoid systems.
<title>Optimal interpolation for medical images using MAP method</title> (1997)

The problems of high resolution image reconstruction are approached in this project as an optimization problem. Assuming an ideal image is blurred, noise corrupted, and sub-sampled to produce the measured image, we pose the estimation of the enlarged image as a maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) restoration process and the mean field annealing optimization technique is used to solve the multi-model objective function. The iterative interpolation process incorporates two terms into its objective function. The first term is the 'noise' term which models the burring and subsampling of the acquisition system. By using the system point spread function and the noise characteristics, the measured pixels at the sub-sampled-grid are mapped into the grid of the original image. A second term, the a-priori term is formulated to fore the prior constraints such as noise smoothing and edge preserving into the interpolation process. The resulted image is a noise reduced, deblurred, and enlarged image. The proposed algorithm are used to zoom several medical images, along with existing techniques such as pixel replication, linear interpolation, and spectrum extrapolation. The resulted images indicate that the proposed algorithm can smooth noise extensively while keeping the image features. The images zoomed by other methods suffer from noise and look less favorable in comparison.
A combustor-representative swirl simulator for a transonic turbine research facility (2011)

Tighter aircraft emissions regulations have let to considerable improvement in gas turbine combustion in the past few decades. Modern combustors employ aggressive swirlers to increase mixing and to improve flame stability during the combustion process. The flow at combustor exit can therefore have high residual swirl. The impact of this swirl on the aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the HP turbine stage has not yet received much attention. In order to investigate the effects of swirl on the HP turbine stage, an inlet swirl simulator has been designed and commissioned in an engine scale, short duration, rotating transonic turbine facility. The test facility simulates engine representative Mach number, Reynolds number, non-dimensional speed and gas-to-wall temperature ratio at the turbine inlet. The target swirl profile at turbine stage inlet was based upon extreme exit swirl conditions for a modern low-NO x combustor with peak yaw and pitch angles over ±40°. A number of candidate swirler designs were considered during a pilot study that was conducted in a subsonic wind tunnel to achieve suitable swirler design. The swirl simulator was developed based upon the pilot study results, which achieved a good match to the target profile after commissioning in the facility. This article mainly deals with the design and development of the swirl generator. It presents the experimental and computational results of the pilot study, followed by the description of the installation and commissioning of the swirl simulator on the test facility. Novel instrumentation was required to survey the swirl profile, which is also described. A comparison of the measured and computational aerodynamic results with and without swirl, at 10 per cent and 90 per cent span of HP nozzle guide vane is also presented. The comparison highlights significant impact of swirl on the vane incidence angle, and therefore a considerable affect on the loading distribution of the vane.
The prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in nonmelanoma skin cancers of nonimmunosuppressed individuals identifies high-risk genital types as possible risk factors. (2003)

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignant disease in Caucasians. Known risk factors include fair skin, sun exposure, male gender, advancing age, and the presence of solar keratosis. No viral risk factors have been established thus far. To examine the association between nonmelanoma skin cancer and infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) types, we performed a retrospective study in which skin biopsies were collected from 496 nonimmunosuppressed patients attending dermatologic clinics during a defined period and for whom a biopsy or resection of a tumor was indicated for medical reasons. A total of 390 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of warts (n = 209), solar keratosis or Bowen's disease (n = 91), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 72), or basal cell carcinoma (n = 18), as well as 106 control patients with normal skin was analyzed for infection with HPV and, if positive, HPV typed by sequencing. Logistic regression was performed to separately investigate association of certain HPV types with the occurrence of warts, precancerous lesions, and skin cancer compared with normal skin. For all three histological groups, both crude risk and risk adjusted for age, sex, and sun exposure were calculated. HPV DNA was detected in only 4.7% of controls, in 90.9% of benign warts, in 60.4% of precancerous lesions, in 59.7% of squamous cell carcinoma, and in 27.8% of basal cell carcinoma, which demonstrates that viral infection is specifically linked to skin disorders. The distribution of viral types found is distinctly different between warts and precancers or cancers, supporting an etiologic role of specific HPV types. This is supported by statistical analysis, where after adjusting for age, gender, and sun exposure, the odds ratio for nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients who were DNA positive for the high-risk mucosal HPV types, 16, 31, 35, and 51 was 59 (95% confidence interval, 5.4-645) with normal skin as controls. These findings suggest that persistent infections of the skin with high risk genital HPV types recently identified as significant risk factors for cervical cancer may also represent a risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer in a nonimmunosuppressed population.
Measurement and verification of distribution voltage optimization results for the IEEE power &amp; energy society (2010)

Since 2002 the author's company, PCS UtiliData, has installed and operated 11 separate distribution voltage optimization projects involving 10 electric utilities, 19 different substations and 66 separate distribution feeders. Data has been collected and analyzed for those projects. This paper discusses the method of measurement and verification and the findings and results of the analyses on a macro level, i.e. on a feeder or substation level. The results of the analysis on a macro level contradict commonly held assumptions on how feeder current behaves when feeder voltage is reduced, whether CVR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</sub> is constant over a voltage range, how motor current behaves when motor terminal voltage is reduced and others. The paper then discusses these contradictions using various studies and analysis of results on a micro level, that is on a distribution device or utilization device level.
Predictive approaches to rear axle regenerative braking control in hybrid vehicles (2009)

We consider the problem of rear axle regenerative braking maximization in hybrid vehicles. We focus on cornering maneuvers on low friction surfaces, where excessive braking at the rear axle might induce vehicle instability. We present and compare two predictive control approaches, where the objective is maximizing the regenerative braking and distributing the friction braking at the four wheels, while (i) delivering the braking force requested by the driver, (ii) preserving vehicle stability and (iii) fulfilling system constraints, e.g., bounds on regenerative braking set by the hybrid powertrain. We present simulation results in combined braking and cornering manoeuvres, showing that the proposed approaches are able to effectively balance regenerative and friction braking, while preserving vehicle stability.
GaN-HEMT Epilayers on Diamond Substrates: Recent Progress (2007)

Gallium-nitride high-electron-mobility transistors fabricated on diamond substrates are highly desired for use in high-power amplifiers for XBand radar systems and commercial cellular-base stations. Diamond substrates have high thermal conductivity which enables highly efficient removal of heat from the active device regions. This paper describes our progress towards manufacturability of commercial-grade galliumnitride-transistor epilayers on diamond substrates. We report on the fabrication of the thickest (100 μm) and largest (4”) GaN-onDiamond composite wafers to date and show selected material characterization results.
A preliminary architecture for a basic data-flow processor (1974)

A processor is described which can achieve highly parallel execution of programs represented in data-flow form. The language implemented incorporates conditional and iteration mechanisms, and the processor is a step toward a practical data-flow processor for a Fortran-level data-flow language. The processor has a unique architecture which avoids the problems of processor switching and memory/processor interconnecion that usually limit the degree of realizable concurrent processing. The architecture offers an unusual solution to the problem of structuring and managing a two-level memory system.
Optical pumping of the <inline-formula><math display="inline" overflow="scroll"><mi>XeF</mi><mo>(</mo><mstyle mathvariant="normal"><mtext>C</mtext></mstyle><mo>→</mo><mstyle mathvariant="normal"><mtext>A</mtext></mstyle><mo>)</mo></math></inline-formula> and iodine 1.315-μm lasers by a compact surface discharge system (2003)

Details are provided regarding the design, construction, and performance of a compact ('0.6-m 2 footprint), single-channel surface discharge system and its application to optically pumping the XeF(C !A) and iodine atomic lasers in the blue-green ('480 nm) and near infrared (1.315 mm), respectively. The system has a gain (active) length of '50 cm, and triggering the discharge requires no high-voltage or high-current switches. Measurements of the velocity of the photodisso- ciation bleaching wave and the small-signal gain of the XeF(C!A) sys- tem are described. At 488 nm, the gain coefficientg was found to be '0.3% cm 21 , a value comparable to those reported previously for sys- tems dissipating considerably higher power per unit length. Single-pulse energies .50 mJ from the XeF(C!A) laser ('485 nm) and .0.7 J on the 5p 2 P1/2!5p 2 P3/2 transition of atomic iodine at 1.315 mm have been obtained with nonoptimized resonator output couplings (5% and 10%, respectively). The rate of erosion of the dielectric surface has been mea- sured to be '0.1 to 0.3 mm/shot for a glass ceramic dielectric, and the performance of two electrical configurations for the ballasting pins (feedthrough and V) is compared. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumenta-
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Sieve Catalysts for the Regioselective and Shape‐Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Alkanes in Air (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Therapeutic Use of Avidin Is Not Hampered by Antiavidin Antibodies in Humans (2010)

Hen egg white avidin is increasingly used in the clinic as part of multifactor treatments such as pretargeted radionuclide therapy of cancer or as an antidote of biotinylated drugs. Taking into account that naturally occurring human antiavidin antibodies (HAVA) are common in humans, the present work investigates avidin immunogenicity as part of risk/benefit evaluations. Sera from 139 oncology patients naive to avidin were confirmed to exhibit HAVA with lognormally distributed titers. HAVA were boosted after avidin treatment, with no correlation with the avidin dose or with the basal titer. No antibody-related clinical symptoms were observed in 21 HAVA-positive patients treated with avidin. In mouse models, high mouse antiavidin antibody titers, induced to simulate the worst human condition, neither reduced the biotin uptake of intratissue-injected avidin nor affected the capacity of intravenously injected avidin to clear a biotinylated drug from circulation. In both models the avidin treatment was well tolerated. Results indicate that avidin immunogenicity does not affect its safety and efficacy, thus encouraging its further use in clinical applications.
Optomechanical Cavities for All-Optical Photothermal Sensing (2018)

Cavity optomechanics enables strong coupling of optics and mechanics. Although remarkable progress has been made, practical applications of cavity optomechanics are only recently being realized. In this work we propose an all-optical sensing technique enabling the measurement of photothermally induced strains with ultrahigh-resolution. We demonstrate an optomechanical sensor consisting of a silicon nitride (Si3N4) microring cavity that is evanescently coupled to a suspended SiNx micromechanical (MEMS) oscillator. Experiments show that MEMS resonances are excited purely via cavity-enhanced gradient optical forces. However, small levels of absorption in the oscillator result in photothermally induced strains that shift the mechanical resonance frequencies. By measuring absorption-induced frequency shifts our technique enables high-resolution with nanostrain sensitivity corresponding to fJ-levels of absorption. As a demonstration, we perform absorption spectroscopy on the MEMS device and measure the known Si–H absorption feature of deposited silicon nitride. The unprecedented sensitivity enabled by absorption-induced frequency shifts enables entirely new sensors in fields ranging from materials and chemical sensing to bolometers and imaging arrays.
Photodynamic therapy of non-melanoma malignant tumours of the skin using topical δ-amino levulinic acid sensitization and laser irradiation (1994)

Eighty basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in 21 patients, 10 lesions of Bowen's disease in three patients, and four lesions of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in two patients, were treated with photodynamic laser therapy (PDT), using topical application of the haem precursor delta-amino levulinic acid (ALA). The diagnoses were confirmed histologically prior to treatment. Fifty-five of the BCCs were superficial lesions, and 25 were nodular. Of the 80 BCCs, 39 (49%) were located on the trunk, 36 (45%) on the head and neck region, four (15%) on the leg and one on the arm. The two principal locations of the 10 Bowen's disease lesions were the leg (50%) and the trunk (40%). The T-cell lymphoma lesions were located on the shoulder and on the arm. A water-in-oil based cream containing 20% ALA was applied to the lesions, with a margin of about 10-20 mm beyond the visible tumour border, 4-6 h before the laser procedure. During this period of time the highly fluorescent and photodynamically active substance protoporphyrin IX (Pp IX) is synthesized via the haem cycle. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used for real-time monitoring of the Pp IX distribution in the tumour and in the normal surrounding skin, before and after treatment in all patients. Before laser treatment the Pp IX distribution demonstrated by LIF showed a demarcation between tumour and normal skin of about 15:1 for BCC and Bowen's disease, and 5:1 for T-cell lymphomas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Polymerase chain reaction detection of Haemophilus ducreyi DNA (1998)

PCR amplification using primers from the 16s rRNA gene may be a useful alternative to culture for the detection of H ducreyi and the diagnosis of chancroid.