gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Geochemical Modeling of Low Salinity Water Flooding EOR Mechanism (2019)

Abstract Low salinity water flooding (LSWF) is a cost-effective EOR technique. However, the underlining mechanism of LSWF EOR is still a matter of debate due to the complexity of the Crude Oil/Brine/Rock (COBR) system. The objective of this paper is to study the mechanisms of LSWF EOR processes by means of geochemical modeling. A reactive transport geochemical modelling approach with a geochemical simulator PHREEQC (pH-REdox-EQuilibrium in C programing language) is applied in this paper to handle complex interplay of different geochemical effects such as ion exchange, rock mineral dissolution, flow and transport during LSWF EOR processes. This paper proposes and demonstrates a geochemical mechanism for LSWF EOR, i.e., spreading of mineral dissolution waves driven by cation exchange process. The sandstone reservoirs often contain clays and carbonate cements. Clay minerals are present in some carbonate reservoirs. LSWF disturbs the geochemical equilibrium between connate brine and rock minerals in the reservoirs and results in carbonate dissolution. This study shows that without the presence of clay minerals, carbonate mineral dissolution can only occurs locally close to the inlet of core plug or injection well in the field during LSWF and then new equilibrium between brine and rock minerals is reached. Because of the presence of clay minerals and the nature of cation exchange process, clay surface even more preferentially absorbs divalent cations over mono valiant cations during LSWF. This cation exchange process softens the injected low salinity brine and propagates the softened low salinity brine and therefore carbonate mineral dissolution waves from injection well to production well in the field. The spreading of carbonate mineral dissolution waves and the resulting local pH rise have several field wide consequences: (1) The carbonate mineral dissolution and the resulting local pH increase can occur field wide. (2) Mineral dissolution not only releases oil attached to the mineral surfaces but also creates more fresh water-wet rock surfaces and improves oil recovery of LSWF. (3) Rising pH makes both rock surfaces and acid components of crude oil more negatively charged. The subsequent electrostatic interactions help release of polar components from rock surfaces, and increase the water wetness of the rock surface and therefore improve oil recovery.
Activatable Semiconducting Polymer Pro‐nanomodulators for Deep‐Tissue Sono‐immunotherapy of Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer (2023)

Abstract Immunotherapy has provided a promising modality for cancer treatment, while it often has the issues of limited response rates and potential off‐target side effects in clinical practice. We herein report the construction of semiconducting polymer pro‐nanomodulators (SPpMs) with ultrasound (US)‐mediated activatable pharmacological actions for deep‐tissue sono‐immunotherapy of orthotopic pancreatic cancer. Such SPpMs consist of a sonodynamic semiconducting polymer backbone grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) chains linked with two immunomodulators (a programmed death‐ligand 1 blocker and an indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase inhibitor) via a singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 )‐cleavable segment. In view of the excellent sonodynamic property of the semiconducting polymer core, SPpMs enable effective generation of 1 O 2 under US treatment, even in a deep‐tissue depth up to 12 cm. The generated 1 O 2 not only ablates tumors via a sonodynamic effect and induces immunogenic cell death, but also destroys the 1 O 2 ‐cleavable segments to allow in situ release of immunomodulators in tumors. This synergetic action results in boosted antitumor immune response via reversing two tumor immunosuppressive pathways. As such, SPpMs mediate deep‐tissue sono‐immunotherapy to completely eradicate orthotopic pancreatic cancer and effectively prevent tumor metastasis. Moreover, such an immune activation reduces the possibility of immune‐related adverse events. This study thus provides a smart activatable nanoplatform for precise immunotherapy of deep‐seated tumors.
Cationic α-Cyclodextrin:Poly(ethylene glycol) Polyrotaxanes for siRNA Delivery (2013)

RNA interference has broad therapeutic potential due to its high specificity and ability to potentially evade drug resistance. Three cationic α-cyclodextrin:poly(ethylene glycol) polyrotaxanes derived from polymer axles of different sizes (MW 2,000, 3,400, and 10,000) have been synthesized for delivering siRNA. These polyrotaxanes are able to condense siRNA into positively charged particles that are <200 nm in diameter, enabling their facile internalization into mammalian cells. The cationic polyrotaxanes display cytotoxicity profiles that are >10(2)-fold lower than the commercial standard bPEI and gene silencing efficiencies that are comparable to those of both Lipofectamine 2000 and bPEI. Our findings suggest that the cationic polyrotaxanes display a size-activity relationship, wherein the higher molecular weight polyrotaxanes (PEG3,400 and 10,000) are able to condense and deliver siRNA better than the lower molecular weight material (PEG2,000).
A Heuristics Approach for Reducing Power Consumption of Cloud Data Center (2013)

Energy efficiency of cloud data centers received significant attention recently as data centers often consume significant resources in operation. Most of the existing energy-saving algorithms focus on resource consolidation for energy efficiency. This paper proposes a simulation-driven methodology with the accurate energy model to verify its performance, and introduces a new resource scheduling algorithm Best-Fit-Decreasing-Power (BFDP) to improve the energy efficiency. Both the model and the resource algorithm have been extensively validated, and results showed that they are effective.
Glycosyltransferase Mechanisms:  Impact of a 5-Fluoro Substituent in Acceptor and Donor Substrates on Catalysis (2007)

In glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions a new carbohydrate-carbohydrate bond is formed between a carbohydrate acceptor and the carbohydrate moiety of either a sugar nucleotide donor or lipid-linked saccharide donor. It is currently believed that most glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions occur via an electrophilic activation mechanism with the formation of an oxocarbenium ion-like transition state, a hypothesis that makes clear predictions regarding the charge development on the donor (strong positive charge) and acceptor (minimal negative charge) substrates. To better understand the mechanism of these enzyme-catalyzed reactions, we have introduced a strongly electron-withdrawing group (fluorine) at C-5 of both donor and acceptor substrates in order to explore its effect on catalysis. In particular, we have investigated the effects of the 5-fluoro analogues on the kinetics of two glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions mediated by UDP-GlcNAc:GlcNAc-P-P-Dol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (chitobiosyl-P-P-lipid synthase, CLS) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-beta-1,4 galactosyltransferase (GalT). The 5-fluoro group has a marked effect on catalysis when inserted into the UDP-GlcNAc donor, with the UDP(5-F)-GlcNAc serving as a competitive inhibitor of CLS rather than a substrate. The (5-F)-GlcNAc beta-octyl glycoside acceptor, however, is an excellent substrate for GalT. Both of these results support a weakly associative transition state for glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions that proceed with inversion of configuration.
Hardware-Efficient, Ultra-Fast and Joint Polarization and Carrier Phase Tracking Scheme Based on Frequency Domain Pilot Tones for DSCM Systems (2022)

The coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) has recently been proposed as a cost saving solution to realize flexible and scalable point-to-multipoint (PTMP) networks. In this work, a hardware-efficient, ultra-fast and joint polarization and carrier phase tracking scheme for the DSCM systems based on frequency domain pilot tones (named as PTJ) is proposed and demonstrated via both simulations and experiments. By extracting the amplitude and phase of the pilot tones with a low-pass filter (LPF), the transmission matrix of random birefringence and carrier phase can be obtained prior to subcarrier demultiplexing and channel equalization. For the hardware-efficient implementation, a simplified LPF based on sliding window averaging (SWA) is proposed to filter out the pilot tones. Compared to previous scheme using pilot tones to track polarization and carrier phase in a cascaded manner (named as PTC), our proposed scheme shows better BER performance over wide polarization rotation rates and reduces more than 90% of computation resources by the SWA and joint tracking of polarization and carrier phase. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can track polarization rotation rate up to 20 Mrad/s with the OSNR penalty of 0.2 dB at 7% FEC threshold. This indicates that an OSNR sensitivity gain of 2.8 dB is achieved compared with the PTC scheme. The proposed scheme provides a hardware-efficient and fast-tracking solution to recovery the polarization and carrier phase for digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) and polarization division multiplexing (PDM) based optical fiber communication system.
Electroluminescence observation and x-ray topographic study of a nitrogen-doped GaP-LED (1976)

The lattice defects in nitrogen-doped GaP light-emitting diodes (LED’s) are investigated by taking an electroluminescence (EL) pattern and an x-ray topograph of a small LED chip. The one-to-one correspondence between the dark lines in the EL pattern and the screw dislocations is obtained.
Scarf osteotomy - Is it the procedure of choice in hallux valgus surgery? A preliminary report. (2007)

Many procedures are described in the literature for the surgical management of hallux valgus. There are over 130 surgical procedures described but the surgeon usually limits these to a few which he is comfortable with and which gives the best aesthetic and functional result to the patient. There is ever rising enthusiasm among orthopaedic surgeons regarding diaphyseal osteotomy ever since Burutaran described the procedure in 1973. Weil in United States and Barouk in Europe popularized the technique. Scarf is a double chevron diaphyseal osteotomy which is inherently more stable than other osteotomies on the first metatarsal and allows early return to work. The author reports his early experience with SCARF osteotomy, which is a comparatively new technique for hallux valgus correction which was done in Ibri Regional Hospital in the Sultanate of Oman. All patients who presented with symptomatic hallux valgus were taken up and there were three patients who required surgical intervention for hallux valgus. The purpose of this study was to find its effectiveness in terms of stability of the osteotomy and early return to work. Proximal phalangeal osteotomy was not found necessary in none of the three cases operated by us. Scarf osteotomy is safe and found to give better aesthetic and functional result and early return to work. All our three patients had good functional recovery and early return to work.
OVERVIEW OF TRIP REDUCTION ORDINANCES IN THE UNITED STATES: THE VOTE IS STILL OUT ON THEIR EFFECTIVENESS (ABRIDGMENT) (1991)

Trip reduction ordinances (TROs) are local or regional regulations for implementing transportation supply or demand management strategies that improve transportation system efficiency. Perhaps as many as 50 local, regional, and state TROs have been passed, depending on how TROs are defined. Most TROs operate at the municipal level of government, and are intended to mitigate existing or future traffic congestion. Most TROs apply to both new and existing development. TRO implementation strategies vary considerably, but often include the provision of employee transportation coordinators and the development of site-specific transportation management plans. TROs lean slightly toward demand side provisions, but often include supply side provisions as well. Most TROs encompass some mandatory provisions, but voluntary and optional measures usually are included as well. The vote is still out on TRO effectiveness. Many jurisdictions are grappling with the issue of TRO performance monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations for promoting greater consistency in TRO evaluation across jurisdictions are made, including suggested sample design and survey methods.
Focal motor seizures induced by alerting stimuli in critically ill patients (2008)

We hypothesize that in encephalopathic patients, alerting stimuli activate the arousal circuitry, and, when combined with hyperexcitable cortex, result in epileptiform activity or seizures. This activity can be focal or generalized, and is usually nonconvulsive, as is true of seizures in general in the critically ill. However, when the cortex is hyperexcitable in a specific region only, focal EEG findings arise. If the electrographic seizure activity is adequately synchronized and involves motor pathways, this can present as focal motor seizures, as seen in these nine patients. Alerting can induce seizures in encephalopathic/comatose patients. The observation of clear focal clinical seizures removes the last remaining doubt that these stimulus-induced patterns are indeed seizures by any definition, not simply abnormal arousal patterns.
Yu Ping Feng San, an Ancient Chinese Herbal Decoction, Induces Gene Expression of Anti-viral Proteins and Inhibits Neuraminidase Activity (2015)

Yu Ping Feng San (YPFS), a Chinese herbal decoction comprised of Astragali Radix (Huangqi), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu) and Saposhnikoviae Radix (Fangfeng), has been used clinically for colds and flus; however, the action mechanism of which is not known. Previously, we had demonstrated that YPFS could modulate inflammatory response and phagocytosis in exerting anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. Here, we further evaluated the bioactivities of YPFS in gene expression regulated by interferon (IFN) signaling and neuraminidase activity of influenza virus A. Application of YPFS onto cultured murine macrophages, the expressions of mRNAs encoding ribonuclease L (RNaseL), myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 2 (Mx2), protein kinase R (PKR) and IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) were induced from 2 to 30 folds in dose-dependent manners. In parallel, the transcriptional activity of IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE), an up stream regulator of the above anti-viral proteins, was also triggered by YPFS treatment. Conversely, YPFS was found to suppress the neuraminidase activity of influenza virus A in cultured epithelial cells, thereby preventing the viral release and spreading. Taken together, YPFS exerted anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects in innate immunity.
Fault‐tolerant structure for cascaded H‐bridge multilevel inverter and reliability evaluation (2016)

In this study, a fault‐tolerant structure and its controlling method for a cascaded H‐bridge multilevel inverter is introduced. When a fault occurs in one of the modules, the proposed circuit is able to isolate and eliminate the defective module from the whole system. The isolation and elimination is done by four relays in each module and a controlling circuit. This solution makes the system continue the normal operation by means of the remained healthy modules with decreased output voltage level. Therefore, the whole system failure will be prevented and higher reliability of the inverter will be guaranteed. Principles of operation and the controlling method are presented in this study. Reliability evaluation and comparison of the proposed fault‐tolerant structure and the conventional one are considered. To ensure the correct performance of the proposed cascaded H‐bridge multilevel inverter, a prototype has been synthesised in the laboratory. The obtained results affirm higher reliability and mean time to failure of the proposed circuit, so suitability of the proposed structure for sensitive industrial applications is confirmed.
Rootkit Detection on Embedded IoT Devices (2021)

IoT systems are subject to cyber attacks, including infecting embedded IoT devices with rootkits. Rootkits are malicious software that typically run with elevated privileges, which makes their detection challenging. In this paper, we address this challenge: we propose a rootkit detection approach for embedded IoT devices that takes advantage of a trusted execution environment (TEE), which is often supported on popular IoT platforms, such as ARM based embedded boards. The TEE provides an isolated environment for our rootkit detection algorithms, and prevents the rootkit from interfering with their execution even if the rootkit has root privileges on the untrusted part of the IoT device. Our rootkit detection algorithms identify modifications made by the rootkit to the code of the operating system kernel, to system programs, and to data influencing the control flow (e.g., hooking system calls), as well as inconsistencies created by the rootkit in certain kernel data structures (e.g., those responsible to handle process related information). We also propose algorithms to detect rootkit components in the persistent storage of the device. Besides describing our approach and algorithms in details, we also report on a prototype implementation and on the evaluation of our design and implementation, which is based on testing our prototype with rootkits that we developed for this purpose.
Sequential logic in soft, multistable, and electroactive materials (2023)

Recent developments in soft autonomous matter strive to invest means for material intelligence whereby environmental stimuli is processed through unconventional computing methods. Combinational logic operations are recently explored through mechanologic techniques and reconfigurable integrated circuits in compliant materials. In this research we further advance information processing by introducing sequential logic in soft, and conductive mechanical materials with electroactive components. We develop a multilayer material platform to integrate electromechanical combinational logic layers with memory storage layers. Such non-volatile memory is introduced through structural multistability to obtain stable conductive network configurations. By employing liquid crystal elastomer components with joule heating elements in the material system, the memory bit layers are capable of self-control through the integrated circuit. We establish a mathematical method to program the mechanical computing platform and the conductive network based on Boolean characteristic functions. This design technique allows for the development of fundamental sequential logic operations such as flip flops, and counters. We also advance on such computing capabilities to demonstrate the basics of artificial intelligence through feedback processes. This research provides material systems composed of polymers with electroactive, conductive and multistable properties that can memorize and think about applied mechanical stress. Such findings in the fundamental multiphysics of information processing inspire a new class of soft autonomous matter with advanced computing capabilities.
The PBRN Initiative (2012)

The NIDCR-supported Practice-based Research Network initiative presents dentistry with an unprecedented opportunity by providing a pathway for modifying and advancing the profession. It encourages practitioner participation in the transfer of science into practice for the improvement of patient care. PBRNs vary in infrastructure and design, and sustaining themselves in the long term may involve clinical trial validation by regulatory agencies. This paper discusses the PBRN concept in general and uses the New York University College of Dentistry's Practitioners Engaged in Applied Research and Learning (PEARL) Network as a model to improve patient outcomes. The PEARL Network is structured to ensure generalizability of results, data integrity, and to provide an infrastructure in which scientists can address clinical practitioner research interests. PEARL evaluates new technologies, conducts comparative effectiveness research, participates in multidisciplinary clinical studies, helps evaluate alternative models of healthcare, educates and trains future clinical faculty for academic positions, expands continuing education to include "benchmarking" as a form of continuous feedback to practitioners, adds value to dental schools' educational programs, and collaborates with the oral health care and pharmaceutical industries and medical PBRNs to advance the dental profession and further the integration of dental research and practice into contemporary healthcare (NCT00867997, NCT01268605).
Rebar Repair of Radial Meniscus Tears: A Reinforced Suture Technique (2020)

The purpose of this paper is to describe the rebar repair as a technique for repair of radial meniscus tears and compare the rebar technique with current techniques used for meniscus repairs. This technique consists of 4 sutures placed with the inside-out technique. First, the vertical mattress reinforcement sutures are placed anteriorly and posteriorly to the tear. Then, 2 parallel horizontal sutures are placed directly in juxtaposition to the vertical sutures, ensuring the needles pass on the side of the reinforcing stitch away from the tear. This technique is less technically challenging than other meniscus repair techniques that require drilling of a transtibial tunnel. Overall, the rebar technique offers a more optimal way for stabilizing the meniscus by using 2 reinforcement sutures that run with the circumferential fibers to help restore the natural hoop stress of the meniscus. Also, the placement of the vertical mattress sutures in the rebar technique offers more direct reinforcement to the horizontal mattress sutures as compared with other techniques, which reduces the risk of pull-out tears.
Characterization of wear and profile of diamond drill bit by optical profilometry (1994)

A new technique to measure wear and profile of impregnated diamond drill bit for mineral exploration is presented. A three-dimensional surface mapping of worn diamond drill bit surface is obtained by the laser triangulation method. With adequate algorithms all relevant data can be obtained. Consequently, the volume loss between two distances cored can easily be measured with a great precision. Moreover, computerized cross sections of the worn surface give relevant information about the profile resulting from the drilling process.
A Disordered Copper-Palladium Alloy Used as a Cathode Material (2008)

A novel method of forming a palladised copper (Cu/Pd) interface of well defined structure is described. The CuPd alloy is straightforwardly obtained by immersing a copper substrate in acidic solutions of palladium salts. Depending on the composition of the salt/acid solution, the copper surface is virtually instantly covered with a CuPd deposit. With nitric and sulfuric acid solutions and the corresponding Pd(II)-based salt, the deposit is composed of nanoparticles of disordered CuPd alloy dispersed at the copper interface. The alloy-modified surface was successfully used as an efficient promoter of bond cleavage reactions, especially those of carbon – iodide and carbon – bromide bonds in alkyl halides. The catalytic activity is specifically characterised by a very large shift in potential as between the use of a regular glassy carbon surface and the palladised copper interface. With alkyl halides (RBr and RI), the shift toward less cathodic potentials is so large that it enables the one-electron cleavage of C – I and C – Br bonds. This method should enable the heterogeneous generation of free alkyl radicals as transients in electrochemical reactions. These novel cathodic materials could also be of considerable interest for the disposal of halogenated waste.