gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
P38 initiates degeneration of midbrain GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in diabetes models (2022)

Diabetes mellitus may cause tau protein hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration, but the exact mechanism by which diabetic conditions induce tau pathology remains unclear. Tau protein hyperphosphorylation is considered a major pathological hallmark of neurodegeneration and can be triggered by diabetes. Various tau-directed kinases, including P38, can be activated upon diabetic stress and induce tau hyperphosphorylation. Despite extensive research efforts, the exact tau specie(s) and kinases driving neurodegeneration in diabetes mellitus have not been clearly elucidated. We herein employed different techniques to determine the exact molecular mechanism of tau pathology triggered by diabetes in in vivo and in vitro models. We showed that diabetes-related stresses and glucose metabolism deficiency could induce cis P-tau (an early driver of the tau pathology) accumulation in the midbrain and corpus callosum of the diabetic mice models and cells treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, respectively. We found that the active phosphorylated level of P38 was increased in the treated cells and diabetic mice models. We observed that oxidative stress activated P38, which directly and indirectly drove tau pathology in the GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons of the midbrain of the diabetic mice after 96 h, which accumulated in the other neighboring brain areas after 2 months. Notably, P38 inhibition suppressed tau pathogenicity and risk-taking behaviors in the animal models after 96 h. The data establish P38 as a central mediator of diabetes mellitus-induced tau pathology. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the consequences of this metabolic disorder on the nervous system.
Studying brain function with concurrent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (2005)

We present concurrent NIRS-fMRI measurements on a human subject during a finger tapping test. The optical data were collected with a frequency domain experimental apparatus (ISS, Inc., Champaign IL) comprising sixteen laser sources at 690 nm, sixteen laser sources at 830 nm and four photomultiplier tube detectors. The lasers were coupled to optical fibers that led the light onto the subject's head. A special optical helmet (fMRI-compatible) with a retractable and resilient set of optical fibers was devised to improve the coupling between the fibers and the scalp. The fMRI data were collected with a 3 Tesla Siemens Trio magnetic resonance scanner and a quadrature birdcage radiofrequency coil. The spatial and temporal comparison of the fMRI and NIRS signals associated with brain activation showed a very good agreement, confirming the role of NIRS as a reliable brain monitor for functional studies.
Studies of the degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting diodes based on tris (8-quinolinolate)aluminum Alq and 2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene TBADN (2009)

Previously, radical cation of tris(8-quinolinolate)aluminum (Alq•+) has been associated with the instability of Alq films subjected to holes-only electrical current. Yet, the questions remain (i) whether Alq•+ is the primary source of the intrinsic degradation of bipolar organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on Alq, (ii) whether Alq•+ reactions result in deep charge traps in holes-only devices as found in bipolar counterparts, and (iii) whether radical cations can be a common source of degradation of OLEDs irrespective of materials. With regards to generality of hole-current-related degradation, it is interesting to examine the behavior of 9,10-diarylanthracenes (DAAs)—the practically important class of blue-fluorescing light-emitting-layer hosts. These questions prompted our comparative study of the effects of unipolar currents in Alq and 2-t-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (TBADN), which was chosen as a representative material of the DAA class. First, we identified device structures allowing for rigorous and stable unipolar conduction. Interestingly, even in pristine holes-only devices, our voltammetric measurements indicated that Alq contains a substantial density of deep hole traps (far deeper than what can be explained by energetic disorder), which can be charged by passing holes-only current and seemingly discharged by exposure to white light. As for aged holes-only Alq devices, they exhibited symptoms qualitatively matching those of aged bipolar Alq devices, viz., photoluminescence (PL) loss, transition voltage (V0) rise, and drive voltage (Vd) rise. Notably, PL and V0 are linearly correlated in both holes-only and bipolar devices, which reinforces the supposed link between Alq•+ and the degradation in both types of devices. Yet, there are indications the Alq•+ instability may not be the only degradation pathway in bipolar devices. Even though our observations for holes-only Alq devices agree qualitatively with previously reported ones, we observe far slower degradation rates [Alq PL fades up to ∼500 times slower in holes-only devices, while Alq electroluminescence (EL) fades ∼50 times slower in bipolar control devices]. It is possible that impurities play a significant, perhaps crucial role in the degradation mechanism of both bipolar and holes-only devices, especially the relatively shorter-lived ones. In sharp contrast to Alq, all three observables (PL, V0, and Vd) indicate that holes-only current in TBADN (neat or doped with a perylene-based blue dopant) does not result in degradation in the time that is sufficient for the corresponding bipolar control devices to lose 60%–80% of EL and 20%–30% of PL. We find that the electrons-only current in Alq or TBADN does not result in degradation either. Thus, the degradation of Alq and DAA bipolar devices may be caused by fundamentally dissimilar mechanisms: while hole current may damage the former, it does not appear to affect the latter, suggesting that the initiation step is different.
Schematic-based lumped parameterized behavioral modeling for suspended MEMS (2002)

Schematic-based lumped parameterized behavioral modeling and simulation methodologies have become available since the emergence of analog HDLs. They greatly ease iterative hierarchical multi-domain simulation, which is critical to the design of MEMS. NODAS is one of such tools, with models written in VerilogA and simulation performed within the Cadence framework.This paper focuses on several key modeling issues in NODAS, including schematic representation, element communication, linear, nonlinear and multi-domain modeling, and extensibility to new physical effects, processes and physical domains. A nonlinear beam model and an electrostatic gap model are discussed as examples. Simulation comparison to finite element analyses and experimental data verifies the accuracy of the models and validates the simulation methodology.
No consensus on physicians’ preferences on vascular access management after kidney transplantation: Results of a multi-national survey (2018)

Although respondents recognize a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and a high flow as the risk factors, the high disagreement on management preferences suggests that evidence is inconclusive to recommend arteriovenous fistula ligation or maintenance after kidney transplantation. More research is needed to determine optimal arteriovenous fistula management after successful kidney transplantation.
The Virtual Piano Action: Design and Implementation (1994)

The design of a virtual piano action composed of a keyboard of motorized keys and a realtime mechanical system simulation is presented. Using this simulator, we havere-created certain aspects of the feel of the grand piano by numerically integrating the equations of motion of a simpli ed piano action in real time in a human-in-the-loop simulation scheme. In this paper, the simulation of the release and catch of the hammer is used to introduce the simulator architecture. The structure of a software module which manages the simulation of models with changing kinematic constraints is discussed, including a nite state machine driver which allows for the simulation of rigid-body systems which may take on various constraint conditions in a sequence dependent on run-time interaction. 1
mTOR Inhibition by Everolimus in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death (2014)

Increasingly, anti-cancer medications are being reported to induce cell death mechanisms other than apoptosis. Activating alternate death mechanisms introduces the potential to kill cells that have defects in their apoptotic machinery, as is commonly observed in cancer cells, including in hematological malignancies. We, and others, have previously reported that the mTOR inhibitor everolimus has pre-clinical efficacy and induces caspase-independent cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Furthermore, everolimus is currently in clinical trial for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we characterize the death mechanism activated by everolimus in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. We find that cell death is caspase-independent and lacks the morphology associated with apoptosis. Although mitochondrial depolarization is an early event, permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane only occurs after cell death has occurred. While morphological and biochemical evidence shows that autophagy is clearly present it is not responsible for the observed cell death. There are a number of features consistent with paraptosis including morphology, caspase-independence, and the requirement for new protein synthesis. However in contrast to some reports of paraptosis, the activation of JNK signaling was not required for everolimus-induced cell death. Overall in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells everolimus induces a cell death that resembles paraptosis.
Architecture Optimization and Performance Comparison of Nonce-Misuse-Resistant Authenticated Encryption Algorithms (2019)

This paper presents a performance comparison of new authenticated encryption (AE) algorithms which are aimed at providing better security and resource efficiency compared to existing standards. Specifically, these algorithms improve the security of existing AE standards by providing a critical property termed nonce-misuse resistance. This paper addresses algorithm to architectural mappings of several candidates from the ongoing Competition for AE: Security, Applicability, and Robustness as well as a submission from the Crypto Forum Research Group. Implementations of the architectures on both field-programmable gate arrays and application-specific integrated circuits platforms are provided and compared with the architecture of a popular standard: Advanced Encryption Standard in Galois Counter mode (AES-GCM). Optimizations that are applicable to AE, in general, and nonce-misuse-resistant architectures, in particular, are presented. A hardware-software codesign approach to optimization is also discussed. The implementations via proposed optimizations demonstrate that new AE algorithms can provide comparable performance as standard AES-GCM while enhancing security and resource utilization for specific use-case scenarios.
No impact of high‐dose cytarabine and asparaginase as early intensification with intermediate‐risk paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of randomized trial TCCSG study L99‐15 (2013)

The Tokyo Children's Cancer Study Group conducted a randomized controlled study to evaluate the effect of experimental early intensification using high-dose cytarabine and L-asparaginase in paediatric intermediate-risk (IR) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). A total of 310 IR ALL patients were randomized to receive either experimental early intensification (n = 156) or standard early intensification including standard-dose cytarabine arm (n = 154) after induction therapy. The experimental arm consisted of high-dose cytarabine and L-asparaginase, while the standard arm consisted of standard-dose cytarabine, oral 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide. The probabilities of event-free survival at 8 years in the experimental and standard arms were 72·3 ± 3·7% and 77·5 ± 3·5%, respectively (P = 0·32). The 8-year overall survival rates for these two arms were 85·0 ± 3·0% and 86·9 ± 2·8%, respectively (P = 0·72). The frequency of infectious events was significantly higher in the experimental arm (66·4%) than in the standard arm (24·6%) (P < 0·001). In conclusion, experimental early intensification including high-dose cytarabine followed by L-asparaginase had no advantage over standard early intensification in paediatric IR ALL patients.
Enhanced multiferroic properties of BiFeO3thin films by Nd and high-valence Mo co-doping (2009)

Pure BiFeO3 (BFO), Nd-doped BFO (BNF) and Nd and Mo co-doped BFO (BNFM) multiferroic thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. Among these films, the BNFM film exhibited the lowest dielectric loss and leakage current density, a well-saturated P–E loop, excellent charge-retaining ability and fatigue-free behaviour. Furthermore, improved ferromagnetism was observed in this film with a saturation magnetization of ~15 emu cm−3. These significant improvements in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties could be preliminarily attributed to the elimination of oxygen vacancies and the increase in the Fe2+ ions in the film by Nd and high-valence Mo co-doping, respectively.
Local improvement in auditory frequency discrimination is associated with hearing-loss slope in subjects with cochlear damage (2002)

Earlier data in the literature have shown local improvements in frequency discrimination performance near the cut-off frequency of steeply sloping, high-frequency hearing loss in subjects with cochlear damage. The general objective of the present study was to characterize further the relationships between this effect and various audiometric variables: namely, the slope, extent and shape of the hearing loss. In particular, we were interested in determining whether the effect was present in subjects with more moderately sloping hearing loss and/or other patterns of loss. Frequency difference limens (DLFs) were measured in 20 subjects (eight female, 12 male, median age 55.5 years) with high-frequency hearing loss. At least 12 frequencies were tested at intervals of 1/8 octave over a range of 1.5 octaves around the cut-off frequency for hearing loss (Fc). The Fc corresponded to the audiogram edge frequency and was defined as the highest test frequency, at the beginning of the slope, with a hearing threshold of no more than 5 dB HL above that of the best hearing frequency. The level of the test tones was randomized over a range of 6 dB around a nominal level, following an equal-loudness contour curve measured at 1/2-octave intervals. Results showed that DLFs were significantly smaller in a frequency band 1/4 octave wide centred on Fc than in the other bands. Furthermore, the average DLF measured in this band proved to be negatively correlated with the slope of hearing loss. No such significant relationship was found with the other audiometric indices considered, namely, the extent and maximum amount of hearing loss and the log-transformed cut-off frequency. The 20 subjects were divided into three groups according to the slope of their hearing loss relative to Fc (steep, >25 dB/1/2 octave; medium, between 12 and 25 dB/1/2 octave; and shallow, <12 dB/1/2 octave). A local improvement in DLF around Fc was observed in the steep- and medium-slope groups and was confirmed statistically in the steep-slope group. Similar measurements in subjects with low-frequency or notched hearing loss allowed us to establish the presence of similar local improvements in DLFs around audiogram edges. These results, which suggest the slope of the hearing loss to be the most important factor for the occurrence of local DLF improvements, are consistent with both an interpretation in terms of peripheral mechanisms and one in terms of central mechanisms, i.e. injury-induced neural reorganization.
Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. XII. Quantitative and qualitative differences between human autologous and allogeneic reactive T lymphocytes. (1982)

The T cell populations that respond to autologous or allogeneic non-T cells are distinct, at least to a considerable extent. This conclusion is based on the differences in a) the size of the two populations; on the average one in 260 (individual frequency range, 1:149 to 1:417) T cells respond to allogeneic non-T cells whereas one in 3100 (individual frequency range, 1:2200 to 1:5000) T cells respond to autologous non-T cells; b) the phenotype of T cells activated in the MLR; autoactivated T cells were drawn predominantly from the OKT4-reactive T cell subpopulation, whereas alloactivated T cells activated in the allogeneic MLR were drawn from the OKT4, OKT5, and OKT8-reactive T cell subpopulations; and c) the specificity of activated and nonactivated T cells obtained on Percoll gradients after autologous or allogeneic MLR. Auto- or allodepleted T cells recovered from the 55 to 60% Percoll interface retained full alloreactivity or autoreactivity, respectively. However, auto- or alloactivated T cells recovered from the 40 to 50% Percoll interface showed secondary kinetics to allogeneic and autologous non-T cells. Whether the alloreactivity or autoreactivity found in autoactivated or alloactivated T cells, respectively, represents true cross-reacting T cells or T cells nonspecifically recruited during the MLR cannot at present be decided.
Electrospun ZnO Nanowire Plantations in the Electron Transport Layer for High-Efficiency Inverted Organic Solar Cells (2013)

Inverted bulk heterojunction organic solar cells having device structure ITO/ZnO/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) /MoO3/Ag were fabricated with high photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability. Three types of devices were developed with varying electron transporting layer (ETL) ZnO architecture. The ETL in the first type was a sol-gel-derived particulate film of ZnO, which in the second and third type contained additional ZnO nanowires of varying concentrations. The length of the ZnO nanowires, which were developed by the electrospinning technique, extended up to the bulk of the photoactive layer in the device. The devices those employed a higher loading of ZnO nanowires showed 20% higher photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE), which mainly resulted from an enhancement in its fill factor (FF). Charge transport characteristic of the device were studied by transient photovoltage decay and charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage techniques. Results show that higher PCE and FF in the devices employed ZnO nanowire plantations resulted from improved charge collection efficiency and reduced recombination rate.
Physeal Fractures: Part 2. Two Previously Unclassified Types (1994)

This article describes two physeal fractures not previously classified. The first is a fracture completely across the metaphysis with extension to the physis. There is usually no extension of the fracture along the physis, as is seen with the Salter-Harris type II fractures. It is a common fracture, occurring in 15.5% of the Olmsted County study. The second previous unclassified fracture is one in which a portion of the physis is missing. This is always an open fracture, and, thus, always requires initial surgery. It almost always develops premature physeal closure and almost always requires late reconstructive surgery.
On the Role of Optimization in Double Descent: A Least Squares Study (2021)

Empirically it has been observed that the performance of deep neural networks steadily improves as we increase model size, contradicting the classical view on overfitting and generalization. Recently, the double descent phenomena has been proposed to reconcile this observation with theory, suggesting that the test error has a second descent when the model becomes sufficiently overparameterized, as the model size itself acts as an implicit regularizer. In this paper we add to the growing body of work in this space, providing a careful study of learning dynamics as a function of model size for the least squares scenario. We show an excess risk bound for the gradient descent solution of the least squares objective. The bound depends on the smallest non-zero eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of the input features, via a functional form that has the double descent behavior. This gives a new perspective on the double descent curves reported in the literature. Our analysis of the excess risk allows to decouple the effect of optimization and generalization error. In particular, we find that in case of noiseless regression, double descent is explained solely by optimization-related quantities, which was missed in studies focusing on the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse solution. We believe that our derivation provides an alternative view compared to existing work, shedding some light on a possible cause of this phenomena, at least in the considered least squares setting. We empirically explore if our predictions hold for neural networks, in particular whether the covariance of intermediary hidden activations has a similar behavior as the one predicted by our derivations.
Closing the pressure gap in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy by membrane hydrogenation (2015)

Comprehensive studies of gas-solid reactions require the in-situ interaction of the gas at a pressure beyond the operating pressure of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The recent progress of near ambient pressure XPS allows to dose gases to the sample up to a pressure of 20 mbar. The present work describes an alternative to this experimental challenge, with a focus on H2 as the interacting gas. Instead of exposing the sample under investigation to gaseous hydrogen, the sample is in contact with a hydrogen permeation membrane, through which hydrogen is transported from the outside to the sample as atomic hydrogen. Thereby, we can reach local hydrogen concentrations at the sample inside an UHV chamber, which is equipped with surface science tools, and this corresponds to a hydrogen pressure up to 1 bar without affecting the sensitivity or energy resolution of the spectrometer. This experimental approach is validated by two examples, that is, the reduction of a catalyst precursor for CO2 hydrogenation and the hydrogenation of a water reduction catalyst for photocatalytic H2 production, but it opens the possibility of the new in situ characterisation of energy materials and catalysts.
Spin-orbit enabled quantum transport channels in a two-hole double quantum dot (2021)

We analyze experimentally and theoretically the transport spectra of a gated lateral GaAs double quantum dot containing two holes. The strong spin-orbit interaction present in the hole subband lifts the Pauli spin blockade and allows to map out the complete spectra of the two-hole system. By performing measurements in both source-drain voltage directions, at different detunings and magnetic fields, we carry out quantitative fitting to a Hubbard two-site model accounting for the tunnel coupling to the leads and the spin-flip relaxation process. We extract the singlet-triplet gap and the magnetic field corresponding to the singlet-triplet transition in the double-hole ground state. Additionally, at the singlet-triplet transition we find a resonant enhancement (in the blockaded direction) and suppression of current (in the conduction direction). The current enhancement stems from the multiple resonance of two-hole levels, opening several conduction channels at once. The current suppression arises from the quantum interference of spin-conserving and spin-flipping tunneling processes.