gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-grid 3D-OSEM reconstruction technique for high resolution rotating-head PET scanners (2006)

A fast statistical iterative image reconstruction algorithm has been developed for high resolution PET scanners based on rotating plane detectors. The proposed technique consists of a multi-grid version of the 3D ordered subsets expectation-maximization (3D-OSEM) algorithm. The associated system matrix is precalculated for the fine grid resolution with Monte Carlo methods. Coarse grid system matrices and subset subdivision are derived at a post-process step. Only the system matrix elements associated to the fourth part of central transverse planes are stored in sparse mode format, using axial and in-plane transaxial symmetries during the reconstruction. The multi-grid proposed technique has been evaluated on 3D sinograms obtained from GATE simulations, reporting better resolution-noise trade-off than SSRB+2D-OSEM and FORE+2D-OSEM algorithms, specially in the axial direction and far from the center of the FOV. The proposed algorithm shows significantly faster convergence rate than single-grid 3D-OSEM when is applied to images with local smoothness property.
A GTPase controls cell-substrate adhesion in Xenopus XTC fibroblasts. (1992)

Cell-substrate adhesion is crucial at various stages of development and for the maintenance of normal tissues. Little is known about the regulation of these adhesive interactions. To investigate the role of GTPases in the control of cell morphology and cell-substrate adhesion we have injected guanine nucleotide analogs into Xenopus XTC fibroblasts. Injection of GTP gamma S inhibited ruffling and increased spreading, suggesting an increase in adhesion. To further investigate this, we made use of GRGDSP, a peptide which inhibits binding of integrins to vitronectin and fibronectin. XTC fibroblasts injected with non-hydrolyzable analogs of GTP took much more time to round up than mock-injected cells in response to treatment with GRGDSP, while GDP beta S-injected cells rounded up in less time than controls. Injection with GTP gamma S did not inhibit cell rounding induced by trypsin however, showing that cell contractility is not significantly affected by the activation of GTPases. These data provide evidence for the existence of a GTPase which can control cell-substrate adhesion from the cytoplasm. Treatment of XTC fibroblasts with the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate reduced cell spreading and accelerated cell rounding in response to GRGDSP, which is essentially opposite to the effect exerted by non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs. These results suggest the existence of at least two distinct pathways controlling cell-substrate adhesion in XTC fibroblasts, one depending on a GTPase and another one involving protein kinase C.
Electrodermogram (Tarchanoff Effect) during Sleep (1965)

Spontaneous EDRs were uninfluenced by falling asleep, increased with Stages II, III, and IV, and decreased in REM sleep (where they were often related to REM bursts), in Stage II after REM sleep, and after movements. Ease of evoking EDRs varied directly with the frequency of spontaneous EDRs. EDRs diffused from the head down the body axis.
Birmingham and Lambeth Liver Evaluation Testing Strategies (BALLETS): a prospective cohort study (2013)

The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
Optimization of bit interleaved coded modulation using genetic algorithms (2008)

Modern wireless communication systems must be optimized with respect to both bandwidth efficiency and energy efficiency. A common approach to achieve these goals is to use multi-level modulation such as quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) for bandwidth efficiency and an error-control code for energy efficiency. In benign additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, Ungerboeck proposed trellis-coded modulation (TCM), which combines modulation and coding into a joint operation. However, in fading channels, it is important to maximize diversity. As shown by Zehavi, diversity is maximized by performing coding and modulation separately and interleaving bits that are passed from the encoder to the modulator. Such systems are termed "BICM" for bit-interleaved coded modulation. Later, Li and Ritcey proposed a method for improving the performance of BICM systems by iteratively passing information between the demodulator and decoder. Such systems are termed "BICM-ID", for BICM with Iterative Decoding. The bit error rate (BER) curve of a typical BICM-ID system is characterized by a steeply sloping "waterfall" region followed by an error floor with a gradual slope.;This thesis is focused on optimizing BICM-ID systems in the error floor region. The problem of minimizing the error bound is formulated as an instance of the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) and solved using a genetic algorithm. First, an optimization is performed by fixing the modulation and varying the bit-to-symbol mapping. This approach provides the lowest possible error floor for a BICM-ID system using standard QAM and phase-shift keying (PSK) modulations. Next, the optimization is performed by varying not only the bit-to-symbol mapping, but also the location of the signal points within the two-dimensional constellation. This provides an error floor that is lower than that achieved with the best QAM and PSK systems, although at the cost of a delayed waterfall region.
Correlating Hydrogen Oxidation/Evolution Reaction Activity with the Minority Weak Hydrogen-Binding Sites on Ir/C Catalysts (2015)

Fundamental understanding of the active sites mediating hydrogen oxidation/evolution reaction (HOR/HER) is critical to the design of an efficient HOR/HER electrocatalyst for affordable hydrogen exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers. Here we report the existence of the most active sites on carbon supported iridium nanoparticles (Ir/C) for HOR/HER in alkaline electrolyte by investigating activities of Ir/C with varying particle sizes in the range of 3–12 nm. The distribution of surface sites is quantified by deconvoluting the Hupd desorption peak in cyclic voltammograms. The portion of the sites with the lowest hydrogen binding energy (HBE) increases with the increase of the particle size or the decrease of the total electrochemical active surface area (t-ECSA). The HOR/HER activity normalized to t-ECSA decreases as t-ECSA increases while it remains constant when normalized to the surface area of the sites with an average HBE of −0.33 eV, accounting for only about 15−30% of the total sites, shoulder the great majority of the HOR/HER activity.
Dynamic optical coupling technique based on complementary Dammann gratings (2002)

With the development of optical communication, the need of dynamic optical couplers, especially of &Nu; broad band couplers, becomes greater. Though some advanced fiber fusion techniques have been developed, they still have many shortcomings. We proposed a new 1&times;&Nu; dynamic coupler employing two even-numbered Dammann gratings. We divide a conventional Dammann grating into two complementary gratings. When there is no shift between them, they equal to a normal Dammann grating. The light that comes from the input fiber is diffracted into &Nu; spots with equal intensity and coupled into the &Nu; output fibers. When the two gratings have an accurate shift of a half-period, the total phase difference reduces to zero because of the complement. The light coming from the input fibers are coupled into the only one fiber which locates in the center. So they can work as a beam splitter or a combiner according to the relative shift between them. This approach has the clear advantage of realizing dynamic coupling of medium size of channels (e.g. 8&times;16) and is superior to the conventional methods particularly in very high &Nu; arrays. Experimental results of 1&times;8 optical dynamic coupler are presented in this paper.
Separation of two phenotypically similar cell types via a single common marker in microfluidic channels (2012)

To isolate clinically and biologically relevant cell types from a heterogeneous population, fluorescent or magnetic tagging together with knowledge of surface biomarker profiles represents the state of the art. To date, it remains exceedingly difficult to separate phenotypically and physically similar cell types from a mixed population. We report a microfluidic platform engineered to separate two highly similar cell types using a single antibody by taking advantage of subtle variations in surface receptor density and cell size. This platform utilizes antibody-conjugated surfaces in microfluidic channels together with precise modulation of fluid shear stresses to accomplish selective fractionation in a continuous flow process. Antibody conjugation density variation on the adhesive surfaces is achieved by covalently immobilizing an antibody in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol). This platform is used to demonstrate separation of two CD31 positive cell types, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human micro vascular endothelial cells.
Pharmacology of alpha-glucosidase inhibition. (1994)

The development of alpha-amylase and brush-border alpha-glucosidase inhibitors is reviewed. The mode of action as well as pharmacological and pharmacodynamic properties of selected inhibitors with special regard to the most thoroughly investigated alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose are discussed. Inhibition of intestinal alpha-glucosidases delays the digestion of starch and sucrose, flattens the postprandial blood glucose excursions, and thus mimics the effects of dieting on hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Therefore, the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition represents the pharmacological optimization of the dietary principle of delayed carbohydrate absorption. In pre-clinical studies using diabetic animals the oral administration of acarbose improved the metabolic state and reduced the blood glucose area under the curve. As a consequence, the process of non-enzymatic glycation of proteins was retarded as indicated by reduced glycated haemoglobin, glomerular basement membranes or advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in collagen. These improved biochemical parameters correlated with beneficial effects against the development of diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy. Thus, the treatment of diabetic animals with acarbose does not only improve the metabolic state but has also the potential to delay, or possibly prevent, the development of diabetic complications.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Particular Structural Features of Aminooximes on Formation of Final Products in Reactions with 5‐Aryl‐2,3‐dihydrofuran‐2,3‐diones. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Amino Acid Derivatives with Anticonvulsant Activity. (2001)

A series of benzylamides of N-alkylated, N-acylated or free nine cyclic and one linear amino acids as potential anticonvulsants have been synthesized. The structures of the obtained compounds were designed on the basis of the previously determined structure and physicochemical properties/anticvonvulsant activity relationship of the formerly synthesized compounds of this type. The obtained compounds were evaluated in mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration, by maximal electroshock seizure test (MES test), subcutaneous (s.c.) pentylenetetrazol test (s.c. PTZ test) and by the rotarod neurotoxicity test (Tox test). The results were the basis for their classification into one of three classes of the Anticonvulsant Screening Project (ASP) of the Antiepileptic Drug Development Program (ADDP) of the NIH. Three selected compounds were tested quantitatively in rats after oral administration. The MES ED50, s.c. PTZ ED50, Tox TD50 were determined and their protective index (PI) values were calculated. Anticonvulsant activity of the most promising compound (15) was examined in different seizure models. The respective ED50 and PI values of this compound were as follows: against bicuculline, 73 and 1.4; against PTZ, 47 and 2.2; against strychnine, 73 and 1.4; against pilocarpine 156, and 0.7; against kainic acid (2-carboxy-4-isopropenyl-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid), 39 and 2.6; against AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid), 10 and 10.3 and against NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartic acid), 114 and 0.9.
Hyperspectral Imaging of Functional Patterns for Disease Assessment and Treatment Monitoring (2003)

We have designed and built a six-band multi-spectral NIR imaging system used in clinical testing on cancer patients. From our layered tissue model, we create blood volume and blood oxygenation images for patient treatment monitoring.
Radiobiological principles in intravascular irradiation (1999)

Doses of > 15 Gy are unlikely to result in elimination of the restenosis problem but should delay onset of restenosis for a significant period; the larger the dose, the longer the delay. Successful trials of endovascular radiation completed to date involve y-rays, while many systems being developed are based on beta-emitting radionuclides. Experimental data are urgently needed so that allowances can be made for the difference in dose-rate and radiation quality between gamma and beta-emitting radionuclides.
Novel Load Balancing Scheduling Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks (2011)

In this paper, optimal scheduling mechanisms are developed for packet forwarding in wireless sensor networks, where clusterheads are gathering information. The objective is to monitor real-life processes for a given time interval and forward packets with minimum loss probabilities to the base station. In order to achieve this objective we develop an optimal scheduling algorithm, which determines the time slots in which packets must be sent by the nodes. The scheduling algorithm, on the one hand, guarantees that all the packets will be sent within a predefined time window and thus meeting delay constraints and, on the other hand, it provides uniform packet loss probabilities for all the nodes. The algorithm we propose is capable of providing optimal scheduling with given constraints and guarantees balanced load in polynomial time.
Wind Pressures on a Large Cooling Tower (2014)

Mean/fluctuating wind pressure distributions on an actual large cooling tower (167-meter high) have been obtained and compared to previous results of other cooling towers. The agreement of mean wind pressure distributions is good. But the fluctuating wind pressure coefficients on the large cooling tower are much smaller than those on cooling towers of smaller sizes over the full range. It is assumed that the differences have resulted from the discrepancy of the turbulence intensity of the incoming flow, which is proven true according to wind tunnel model tests. Besides, it is found that most wind pressure signals produced by transducers around the throat section of the actual large cooling tower are of non-Gaussian distributions and they are not likely to be caused by the organized large-scale vortices according to the spatial correlation analyses. The upcoming flow of unsteady speed and direction in the engineering field might be an explanation for the phenomena. Two different methodologies (the traditional Davenport methodology and the complete probability methodology) are adopted to calculate the peak factors, in which the complete probability methodology is appropriate for non-Gaussian distributions. Studies about the spectral characteristics of wind-induced pressures on the actual large cooling tower are also included in this paper, and results show some differences from the previous study.
Iron Homeostasis: Recently Identified Proteins Provide Insight into Novel Control Mechanisms (2008)

Iron is an essential nutrient required for a variety of biochemical processes. It is a vital component of the heme in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes and is also an essential cofactor for non-heme enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase, the limiting enzyme for DNA synthesis. When in excess, iron is toxic because it generates superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals that react readily with biological molecules, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. As a result, humans possess elegant control mechanisms to maintain iron homeostasis by coordinately regulating iron absorption, iron recycling, and mobilization of stored iron. Disruption of these processes causes either iron-deficient anemia or iron overload disorders. In this minireview, we focus on the roles of recently identified proteins in the regulation of iron homeostasis.
Spin‐dependent transport in elemental and compound semiconductors and nanostructures (2004)

The results obtained on spin-dependent processes via electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR), capacitance-detected magnetic resonance (CDMR) and noise-detected magnetic resonance (NDMR) in a variety of different semiconductor materials, devices and nanostructures are reviewed. Similar to optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), these detection methods are significantly more sensitive for the detection of paramagnetic states and defects than conventional electron spin resonance (ESR) and can be applied also to semiconductors with an indirect band gap. Using GaAs/AlGaAs-heterostructures and thin films of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) as examples, the physics of spin-dependent recombination and its detection via spin-dependent photoconductivity is briefly recapitulated. EDMR on pn-diodes from GaP, GaAsP and group-III nitrides, resonant spin–spin scattering in strained Si/SiGe heterostructures, new hysteresis effects in the longitudinal magneto-transport through two-dimensional electron gases and edge-magneto plasmons in different III–V heterostructures are discussed. Various aspects of ferromagnetic III–V semiconductors are investigated, including doping of GaN with Mn, inhomogeneous magnetization of GaMnAs and control of ferromagnetism in semiconductors via hydrogen. Finally, preliminary EDMR experiments on the detection of single paramagnetic defects in MOSFETs via random telegraph noise are presented. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibitory Effects of Cytostatically Active 6‐Aminobenzo[c]phenanthridines on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Human Hepatic Microsomes (2006)

Besides assays for the evaluation of efficacy new drug candidates have to undergo extensive testings for enhancement of pharmaceutical drug safety and optimization of application. The objective of the present work was to investigate the pharmacokinetic drug drug interaction potential for the cytostatically active 6-aminobenzo[c]phenanthridines BP-11 (6-amino-11,12-dihydro-11-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)benzo[c]phenanthridine) and BP-D7 (6-amino-11-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)benzo[c]phenanthridine) in vitro through incubation with human hepatic microsomes and marker substrates. For these studies the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes and corresponding marker substrates recommended by the EMEA (The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) were chosen. In detail these selective substrates were caffeine (CYP1A2), coumarin (CYP2A6), tolbutamide (CYP2C9), S-(+)-mephenytoin (CYP2C19), dextromethorphane (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1) and testosterone (CYP3A4). Incubations with each substrate were carried out without a possible inhibitor and in the presence of a benzo[c]phenanthridine or a selective inhibitor at varying concentrations. Marker activities were determined by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). For the isoenzymes showing more than 50% inhibition by the addition of 20 microM BP-11 or BP-D7 additional concentrations of substrate and inhibitor were tested for a characterization of the inhibition. The studies showed a moderate risk for BP-11 for interactions with the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. BP-D7, the compound with the highest cytotstatic efficacy, showed only a moderate risk for interactions with drugs, also metabolized by CYP3A4.
Observation of surface oscillation in a molten silicon column using moire interferometry (1999)

Surface oscillation due to oscillatory Marangoni flow in a liquid bridge of molten silicon was observed using phase- shift interferometry. The molten silicon surface was described by phase-distribution profiles with a sampling rate of 30 Hz. From the phase-distribution profiles, we analyzed the oscillation of the radial displacement, axial gradient, and azimuthal gradient of the molten silicon surface. The oscillation of the radial displacement, axial gradient showed an in-phase relationship. However, in-phase oscillation was not observed between the radial displacement and the azimuthal gradient. Marangoni frequencies was observed at 0.1 to 5 Hz in which the frequencies higher than 1Hz had not previously been observed by conventional methods. We also found eigenfrequencies of the liquid bridge at 8.8Hz and 11.5Hz.
Attraction of American Cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattidae) to Traps Containing Periplanone B and to Insecticide-Periplanone B Mixtures (1984)

Periplanone B, a synthetic component of the female sex pheromone of Periplaneta americana , was field tested in traps and in conventional insecticide spray formulations. The pheromone significantly enhanced the trap catch and number of cockroaches killed with insecticides by stimulating locomotory activity, attracting males, and possibly reducing behavioral repellency.
Nanocarrier-based antioxidant therapy: promise or delusion? (2015)

Site-specific, multifunctional nanodrug delivery systems able to sense the actual intracellular concentrations of RO/NS and release antioxidants accordingly in order to only neutralize the pathologic excess of RO/NS need to be developed.
A Bayesian Approach to Modelling Uncertainty in Transport Infrastructure Project Forecasts (2009)

The increased participation of the private sector in the delivery of transport infrastructure projects has increased the emphasis on understanding the accuracy and uncertainty of traffic demand forecasts. Transport models which provide these forecasts rely on simplified assumptions usually involving a combination of physical, socioeconomic, environmental and individual factors for a modelled base and future time period. Uncertainty in the value of input parameters and their conditional relationships results in uncertainty in the outturn forecasts. The accuracy of model predictions is normally tested through a number of quantitative and statistical methods. This paper presents a summary of the approaches used to model uncertainty in practice including scenario testing, sensitivity testing and statistical risk analysis using Monte-Carlo methods. However, other techniques are now available, and may offer superior insight into the structure of the underlying problem. In this paper, Bayesian belief networks, together with Monte Carlo Markov Chain techniques, are applied as an alternative method for modelling uncertainty in transport modelling. We illustrate the technique on a simplified toll road case study, based on a motorway in São Paulo, Brazil, in which we compute equilibrium solutions for traffic flow, travel time and cost for fixed demand and elastic demand problem formulations. The paper concludes on a comparison between the Bayesian belief network and a more conventional sensitivity analysis and discusses the relative merits of each approach.