gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
cw degradation at 300°K of GaAs double-heterostructure junction lasers. I. Emission spectra (1973)

Spectral changes in the spontaneous emission from stripe-geometry GaAs double-heterostructure junction lasers have been observed to occur during their noncatastrophic degradation under continuous operation at room temperature. As a result of prolonged continuous operation, the optical wavelength for maximum external spontaneous emission increases significantly as the degradation progresses. In some lasers the wavelength shift has been observed to occur only in the emission from one mirror of the laser with the spectral emission from the other mirror remaining unchanged. The observed changes in rapidly degrading lasers are interpreted in terms of the formation of a localized region of high optical absorption within the active region. The absorbing region is identified by visual observation through the n substrate of a degraded laser as a volume in which little or no spontaneous emission occurs near the lasing wavelength. In addition, the absorption is shown to be dispersive, exhibiting a sharply increasing absorption edge with increasing energy.
Information Credibility Analysis of Web Contents (2008)

As computers and computer networks become more sophisticated, a vast amount of information and knowledge has been accumulated and circulated on the Web. They provide people with options regarding their daily lives and are starting to have a strong influence on governmental policies and business management. However, a crucial problem is that information on the Web is not necessarily credible. It is actually very difficult for human beings to judge information credibility and even more difficult for computers. However, computers can be used to develop a system that collects, organizes and relativises information and helps human beings view information from several viewpoints and judge information credibility. This paper introduces the information credibility criteria project at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, which aims to develop such a system, called WISDOM.
Genome size distributions indicate variability and similarities among marine viral assemblages from diverse environments (2000)

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the size distributions of virus‐like DNA in seawater from diverse environments (Arctic Ocean, Ross Sea, coastal Pacific Ocean, and northern Adriatic Sea). Changes in DNA banding patterns indicated that shifts in the viral assemblage composition occurred on the order of #2 d during an intense dinoflagellate bloom in coastal Pacific waters. Different DNA banding patterns from diverse locations also indicated spatial variability in composition, but all of the samples analyzed had similar features. Size frequency distributions for virus‐like genomes (VLGs) were multimodal, with major peaks occurring around 31–36 kilobases (kb) and 58–63 kb. The smallest discrete band resolved was 26 kb, the largest was &gt;200 kb, and the overall mean VLG size was 50 ± 4 kb (mean ± SD, n = 30). On average in surface seawater, &gt;90% of the VLGs occurred in the 26–69 kb size range, and at least half were between 28 and 45 kb. This first extensive survey of viral genome sizes in seawater indicates that most marine viruses have physical properties similar to other known viruses. The distributions revealed that the vast majority of the detected VLGs had sizes typical of bacteriophages, whereas only a few percent were in the size range of known algal viruses.
Palladium(0)/NHC‐Catalyzed Reductive Heck Reaction of Enones: A Detailed Mechanistic Study (2015)

We have studied the mechanism of the palladium-catalyzed reductive Heck reaction of para-substituted enones with 4-iodoanisole by using N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as the reductant. Kinetic studies and in situ spectroscopic analysis have provided a detailed insight into the reaction. Progress kinetic analysis demonstrated that neither catalyst decomposition nor product inhibition occurred during the catalysis. The reaction is first order in the palladium and aryl iodide, and zero order in the activated alkene, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, and DIPEA. The experiments with deuterated solvent ([D7]DMF) and deuterated base ([D15]Et3N) supported the role of the amine as a reductant in the reaction. The palladium complex [Pd(0)(NHC)(1)] has been identified as the resting state. The kinetic experiments by stopped-flow UV/Vis also revealed that the presence of the second substrate, benzylideneacetone 1, slows down the oxidative addition of 4-iodoanisole through its competing coordination to the palladium center. The kinetic and mechanistic studies indicated that the oxidative addition of the aryl iodide is the rate-determining step. Various scenarios for the oxidative addition step have been analyzed by using DFT calculations (bp86/def2-TZVP) that supported the inhibiting effect of substrate 1 by formation of resting state [Pd(0)(NHC)(1)] species at the cost of further increase in the energy barrier of the oxidative addition step.
A Practical Understanding of Pre- and Poststack Migrations (2007)

This volume, SEG Course Notes Series No. 14, is designed to give the practicing geophysicist an understanding of the principles of prestack migration, presented with intuitive reasoning that avoids difficult math. Modeling with common-shot record and a constant-offset section are used to introduce prestack migration. New material in this revised edition of the original 1998 book includes algorithms that lead to and include Claerbout’s inversion method.
Fuzzy gain scheduled PI speed controller for switched reluctance motor drive (2002)

In this paper, the authors present the performance of a fuzzy gain scheduled PI controller as applied to a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for speed control applications. The SRM's usefulness as servo has been limited due to its strong nonlinear electromechanical characteristics which result in significant torque and hence speed ripples. It has been shown that a conventional fixed gain PI controller is not able to meet the stringent requirements of servomotor drive systems, such as minimum overshoots and almost no oscillations during speed transitions. This paper describes the development of a fuzzy gain scheduling scheme for a PI speed controller for SRM motor drives. Fuzzy rules and reasoning are utilized to determine the controller gains online based on the error signal and its first derivative. Hardware implementation of the proposed controller has been achieved using TI's TMS320C50 DSP. Experimental results obtained for the speed control of SRMs show improvements over conventional fixed gain PI controllers.
Counting and differentiating aquatic biotic nanoparticles by full-field interferometry: from laboratory tests to Tara Oceans sample analysis (2016)

There is a huge abundance of viruses and membrane vesicles in seawater. We describe a new full-field, incoherently illuminated, shot-noise limited, common-path interferometric detection method that we couple with the analysis of Brownian motion to detect, quantify, and differentiate biotic nanoparticles. We validated the method with calibrated nanoparticles and homogeneous DNA or RNA.viruses. The smallest virus size that we characterized with a suitable signal-to-noise ratio was around 30 nm in diameter. Analysis of Brownian motions revealed anisotropic trajectories for myoviruses.We further applied the method for vesicles detection and for analysis of coastal and oligotrophic samples from Tara Oceans circumnavigation.
An overview of biofunctionalization of metals in Japan (2009)

Surface modification is an important and predominant technique for obtaining biofunction and biocompatibility in metals for biomedical use. The surface modification technique is a process that changes the surface composition, structure and morphology of a material, leaving the bulk mechanical properties intact. A tremendous number of surface modification techniques using dry and wet processes to improve the hard tissue compatibility of titanium have been developed. Some are now commercially available. Most of these processes have been developed by Japanese institutions since the 1990 s. A second approach is the immobilization of biofunctional molecules to the metal surface to control the adsorption of proteins and adhesion of cells, platelets and bacteria. The immobilization of poly(ethylene glycol) to a metal surface with electrodeposition and its effect on biofunction are reviewed. The creation of a metal-polymer composite is another way to obtain metal-based biofunctional materials. The relationship between the shear bonding strength and the chemical structure at the bonding interface of a Ti-segmentated polyurethane composite through a silane coupling agent is explained.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation-Associated Point Mutations Arise during the Initial Stages of the Conversion of These Cells (2014)

A large number of point mutations have been identified in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) genomes to date. Whether these mutations are associated with iPSC generation is an important and controversial issue. In this study, we approached this critical issue in different ways, including an assessment of iPSCs versus embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and an investigation of variant allele frequencies and the heterogeneity of point mutations within a single iPSC clone. Through these analyses, we obtained strong evidence that iPSC-generation-associated point mutations occur frequently in a transversion-predominant manner just after the onset of cell lineage conversion. The heterogeneity of the point mutation profiles within an iPSC clone was also revealed and reflects the history of the emergence of each mutation. Further, our results suggest a possible approach for establishing iPSCs with fewer point mutations.
Frequency-Optimized Local Region Common Spatial Pattern Approach for Motor Imagery Classification (2019)

This paper presents a novel feature extraction approach for motor imagery classification overcoming the weakness of conventional common spatial pattern (CSP) methods, especially for small sample settings. We consider local CSPs generated from individual channels and their neighbors (termed "local regions") rather than a global CSP generated from all channels. The novelty is to select a few good local regions using interquartile range (IQR) or an "above the mean" rule based on variance ratio dispersion score (VRDS) and inter-class feature distance (ICFD); instead of computationally expensive cross-validation method. Furthermore, we develop frequency optimization using filter banks by extending the VRDS and ICFD to frequency-optimized local CSPs. The proposed methods are tested on three publicly available brain-computer interface (BCI) datasets: BCI competition III dataset IVa, BCI competition IV dataset I, and BCI competition IV dataset IIb. The proposed method exhibits substantially improved classification accuracy compared to recent related motor imagery (MI) classification methods.
Family History of Pancreatic Cancer in a High‐Risk Cancer Clinic: Implications for Risk Assessment (2008)

Detailed family history is a critical element of cancer risk assessment. The relative importance of pancreatic cancer (PC) in a close family member, particularly in hereditary breast-ovarian syndrome (HBOS), is not clearly defined. We use a case-control design to investigate the importance of a family history of PC to cancer risk assessment. Case and control families were identified from the University of Chicago Cancer Risk database (1994-2005). Pedigrees were analyzed for personal and familial clinical cancer data. Cases included all new subjects (probands) reporting a close relative (first or second degree) with PC. Controls included the probands enrolled in the database immediately prior to and subsequent to each case (i.e. two controls for each case). From 1,231 pedigrees, 103 PC were reported by the proband in 87 unique families. Many probands reported multiple or early-onset PCs: one third (28/87) of case families met criteria for a familial PC syndrome [> or =2 first-degree relatives with PC (n = 10) or PC diagnosed < or =50 (n = 18)]. Of these families, the majority (75%) concurrently met criteria suggestive of hereditary breast-ovarian syndrome (HBOS). Because of a family history consistent with HBOS, at least one individual from each of 29 case and 55 control families underwent genetic testing for BRCA1/2. Among case families, 19 of 29 (66%) had a BRCA1/2 mutation compared with 16 of 55 (29%) controls. A significant association between family history of PC and a BRCA1/2 mutation was seen (OR 3.78, 1.32-10.9). This point estimate was strengthened but less precise in the non-Ashkenazi Jewish subset of tested families (OR 6.03, 1.68-22.14). In a high-risk population, a family history of PC, though infrequently reported, is nonetheless clinically meaningful. In risk assessment for HBOS, identifying a family history of PC should strongly raise the suspicion of an unrecognized BRCA1/2 mutation.
Intermolecular sp 3 -C–H Amination for the Synthesis of Saturated Azacycles (2019)

The preparation of substituted azetidines and larger ring, nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles is enabled through efficient and selective intermolecular sp<sup>3</sup>-C-H amination of alkyl bromide derivatives. A range of substrates are demonstrated to undergo C-H amination and subsequent sulfamate alkylation in good to excellent yield. <i>N</i>-Phenoxysulfonyl-protected products can be unmasked under neutral or mild basic conditions to yield the corresponding cyclic secondary amines. The preparative convenience of this protocol is demonstrated through gram-scale and telescoped multistep procedures. Application of this technology is highlighted in a nine-step total synthesis of an unusual azetidine-containing natural product, penaresidin B.
Determination of subcellular compartment sizes for estimating dose variations in radiotherapy (2015)

The variation in specific energy absorbed to different cell compartments caused by variations in size and chemical composition is poorly investigated in radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm to derive cell and cell nuclei size distributions from 2D histology samples, and build 3D cellular geometries to provide Monte Carlo (MC)-based dose calculation engines with a morphologically relevant input geometry. Stained and unstained regions of the histology samples are segmented using a Gaussian mixture model, and individual cell nuclei are identified via thresholding. Delaunay triangulation is applied to determine the distribution of distances between the centroids of nearest neighbour cells. A pouring simulation is used to build a 3D virtual tissue sample, with cell radii randomised according to the cell size distribution determined from the histology samples. A slice with the same thickness as the histology sample is cut through the 3D data and characterised in the same way as the measured histology. The comparison between this virtual slice and the measured histology is used to adjust the initial cell size distribution into the pouring simulation. This iterative approach of a pouring simulation with adjustments guided by comparison is continued until an input cell size distribution is found that yields a distribution in the sliced geometry that agrees with the measured histology samples. The thus obtained morphologically realistic 3D cellular geometry can be used as input to MC-based dose calculation programs for studies of dose response due to variations in morphology and size of tumour/healthy tissue cells/nuclei, and extracellular material.
The control of voice onset time and vowel duration after paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: Correlation with regional cerebral glucose metabolism using positron emission tomography (1987)

In a companion report, an impairment in voice onset time (VOT) control was described for a group of subjects with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration who could otherwise produce appropriate segmental duration. The underlying neurophysiological changes were related to regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRGlu) determined by F18-fluorodeoxyglucose/positron emission tomography (PET). Nine cerebellar subjects and 18 normal controls were studied with eyes patched while listening to music and periodic verbal briefings. The rCMRGlu was calculated for each of 28 anatomically defined regions of interest (ROI). The cerebellar subjects could be differentiated from normals by their lower global metabolic rate, and by their rCMRGlu pattern. For those cerebellar subjects who could participate in the acoustic study, cerebellar rCMRGlu was significantly below normal range (p &amp;lt; 0.05) in all but one case. Severity of VOT abnormality appeared to be related not only to cerebellar rCMRGlu, but to abnormally low cortical rCMRGlu as well. The role of the cerebellum in maintaining temporal coordination of articulatory maneuvers appears to involve the coordination of cortical and subcortical brain regions. [Work supported by NS17778 and NS23473.]
SPV ARRAY POWER OPTIMIZATION: MODELLING ANDSIMULATION OF INHOMOGENEOUS ILLUMINATION FOR SMALL-SCALE APPLICATION (2019)

Energy conversion of solar panel array is significantly affected by partial or complete shading, especially when the panel is exposed in the dynamic inhomogeneous illumination environment for small scale application. This generated power not only depend on the light intensity falling on it but also depends on the series-parallel connection of solar panels. Natural light intensity is variable, depending on various environmental condition so generated power output also is variable and depend on non-uniformity of illumination. To obtain optimized power, series-parallel connections of panels in the array can be reconfigured as per non-uniform light intensity pattern which could generate desired output power on same environmental conditions. In this research paper, panel(s) connections are reconfigured as per natural light intensity variations to obtain optimized power. This paper proposes the strategy, a combination of power algorithm and reconfiguration algorithm which finds the viable solution to obtain optimized power through the non-uniform illuminated solar photovoltaic array. © 2019, Institute of Advanced Scientific Research, Inc.. All rights reserved.
The interaction between heparin and polylysine: a circular dichroism and molecular modelling study. (1996)

The sulfated polysaccharide heparin interacts with both poly-L- and poly-D-lysine, promoting the alpha-helix conformation in the polypeptide. Chemically modified heparins in which one of the three sulfate groups per disaccharide has been removed form the same type of complex with poly-L-lysine; when two of the three sulfate groups are removed this property is lost. Heparin oligosaccharides as small as the octasaccharide can still promote alpha-helix in poly-L-lysine; the hexa- and tetrasaccharides do not, but they do disturb to a lesser extent the dynamic conformation equilibrium associated with poly-L-lysine at pH7 (22 degrees C). A three-dimensional structure for the heparin/polylysine complex is proposed in which the helical heparin molecule and the alpha-helical polypeptide are side-by-side, not intertwining. The regular periodicity of sulfate group clusters along one side of the polysaccharide chain matches the periodicity of the polypeptide alpha-helix, allowing electrostatic interactions every three peptide turns between a heparin sulfate cluster and a zeta-amino group of the polylysine. The heparin octasaccharide is the smallest even-numbered oligosaccharide long enough for two such interactions to take place.
Synthese von 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-diphospheten bei niedrigen Temperaturen (1987)

Durch Insertion von R2PCl2 in eine PC-Bindung von Phosphirenen 1 und „Cl2”︁-Abstraktion mit Bu3P entstehen die Dihydrodiphosphete 2 bei niedrigen Temperaturen in guten Ausbeuten (R, R1, R2 = Alkyl, Aryl).
Effect of Annealing of a Pr–Dy–Fe–Co–B Alloy on Its Phase Composition and the Properties of Related Sintered Magnets (2018)

The effect of annealing of a (Pr0.41Ce0.12Dy0.47)13.46(Fe0.64Co0.36)80.3B6.24 alloy at 1000°C on its microstructure and the properties of sintered magnets made of it has been studied. In the annealed state, the composition of the main magnetic phase (Pr,Dy)2(Fe,Co)14B changes sharply (dysprosium content changes), the residual induction of the sintered magnets made of the annealed alloy increases by 6%, and the coercive force determined from magnetization increases by 8.5%. The volume content of the main magnetic phase R2(Fe,Co)14B in sintered magnets (Nb,Dy)–(Fe,Co)–B and (Pr,Dy)–(Fe,Co)–B is found. The content of this phase in neodymium-based magnets is approximately half as much.
The Bingel Monoadducts of La@C82: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry (2006)

The reaction of La@C82 with diethyl bromomalonate in the presence of base (the Bingel reaction) generated five monoadducts which have been fully characterized. It was found that four of them (mono-A, -B, -C, and -D) are ESR-inactive, suggesting singly bonded regioisomers. In contrast, the fifth product (mono-E) is ESR-active, indicating that it possesses a cyclic moiety between the appended malonate group and the fullerene cage, analogous to conventional Bingel adducts. The differences in the molecular structures of mono-A, -B, -C, and -E result in varying thermal stabilities and electrochemical behavior. In particular, the singly bonded monoadducts undergo the retro-Bingel reaction either under thermal treatment or during electron transfer on the cyclic voltammetric timescale. However, mono-E shows remarkable thermal stability and perfect reversibility under the same experimental conditions.
Defense Installation Energy Resilience for Changing Operational Requirements (2022)

We propose a methodology to determine the impact of different potential mission scenarios upon energy resilience for mission-critical loads attached to a military base’s microgrid infrastructure. The proposed methodology applies to any installation with changing operational states that has energy-resilience requirements. The proposed methodology may be used by energy managers to account for potential mission scenarios that a base may be part of, followed by assessing the microgrid energy resilience to supply the critical loads for said mission scenarios, especially where the external grid power may be unavailable and/or damage to microgrid components may be present. In the event a microgrid design is unable to provide sufficient electrical energy, distributed energy resources and energy storage systems including renewable energy resources may be added to improve energy resilience. A case study is conducted on a fictitious representative military base, microgrid design, and changing mission demands to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology. This article contributes a methodology for energy managers to evaluate energy resilience using microgrids by accounting for potential mission scenarios, their energy requirements, resulting energy preparedness, and recommendations for improvement, as necessary.