gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reconciling security protection and monitoring requirements in Advanced Metering Infrastructures (2013)

Making Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMIs) resilient to availability and privacy compromises is an important aspect of grid reliability and consumer trust. Lessons learned from traditional cyber systems indicate that achieving resiliency requires the joint deployment of strong protective measures on the one hand, and monitoring and response mechanisms on the other. One major challenge in this endeavor is that of finding the sweet spot between the confidentiality requirements for protecting sensitive AMI traffic through encryption, and the monitoring necessary for full inspection of this traffic. The way to reconcile those conflicting requirements needs to be considered carefully. We review current approaches for protecting and monitoring AMIs and discuss a number of solutions for their productive co-existence.
Selection and characterization of ultrahigh potency designed ankyrin repeat protein inhibitors of C. difficile toxin B (2019)

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major nosocomial disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathology of CDI stems primarily from the 2 C. difficile-secreted exotoxins-toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB)-that disrupt the tight junctions between epithelial cells leading to the loss of colonic epithelial barrier function. Here, we report the engineering of a series of monomeric and dimeric designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) for the neutralization of TcdB. The best dimeric DARPin, DLD-4, inhibited TcdB with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 4 pM in vitro, representing an approximately 330-fold higher potency than the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-TcdB monoclonal antibody bezlotoxumab in the same assay. DLD-4 also protected mice from a toxin challenge in vivo. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies revealed that the 2 constituent DARPins of DLD-4-1.4E and U3-bind the central and C-terminal regions of the delivery domain of TcdB. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies showed that the DARPins 1.4E and U3 interfere with the interaction between TcdB and its receptors chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) and frizzled class receptor 2 (FZD2), respectively. Our cryo-EM studies revealed a new conformation of TcdB (both apo- and DARPin-bound at pH 7.4) in which the combined repetitive oligopeptides (CROPS) domain points away from the delivery domain. This conformation of the CROPS domain is in stark contrast to that seen in the negative-stain electron microscopy (EM) structure of TcdA and TcdB at the same pH, in which the CROPS domain bends toward and "kisses" the delivery domain. The ultrapotent anti-TcdB molecules from this study serve as candidate starting points for CDI drug development and provide new biological tools for studying the pathogenicity of C. difficile. The structural insights regarding both the "native" conformation of TcdB and the putative sites of TcdB interaction with the FZD2 receptor, in particular, should help accelerate the development of next-generation anti-C. difficile toxin therapeutics.
The hydrogen peroxide-water hypothesis for life on Mars and the problem of detection (2007)

The conditions on Mars imply an evolutionary advantage for organisms employing a mixture of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O in their intracellular fluid: the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O eutectic freezes at -56.5&deg;C, is hygroscopic and a source of oxygen. Contrary to common belief, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is used for a variety of purposes in terrestrial biochemistry. The Viking Lander Biology Experiments have often been interpreted as the result of inorganic oxidants in the Martian soil. Here, we interpret the Viking findings as the result of the reactions of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O based life. Several hitherto puzzling findings are explained by the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O hypothesis. The lack of detected organics is the result of autooxidation of the organisms as these were gradually heated. Supportive observations were made in the PR and LR experiments. Our interpretation is that the addition of water vapor at a relatively high temperature could only be withstood by the organisms for a short time, as they perished due to hyperhydration. The evolution of oxygen in the GEx experiment is explained by the high oxidative content of the organisms as they perished in this experiment. The PR experimental conditions were most Mars-like and carbon assimilation could be detected but no growth. Particularly, the GEx experiment allows the calculation of biomass in the Martian soil based on measured evolution of reaction products. Further properties of the suggested organisms such as metabolic reactions and by-products may be detected by future Mars missions.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐BENZYLTHIOTHIAZOLONE AS A PROTECTING REAGENT FOR AMINES (1979)

Abstract Aus Glycin (I) erhält man mit Schwefelkohlenstoff und Benzylchlorid in hohen Ausbeuten das Dithiocarbaminat (II), das mit Trifluoracetanhydrid zum Thiazolon (III) cyclisiert wird.
Online Caching with Optimistic Learning (2022)

Abstract—The design of effective online caching policies is an increasingly important problem for content distribution networks, online social networks and edge computing services, among other areas. This paper proposes a new algorithmic toolbox for tackling this problem through the lens of optimistic online learning. We build upon the Follow-the-Regularized-Leader (FTRL) framework which is developed further here to include predictions for the file requests, and we design online caching algorithms for bipartite networks with fixed-size caches or elastic leased caches subject to time-average budget constraints. The predictions are provided by a content recommendation system that influences the users viewing activity, and hence can naturally reduce the caching network’s uncertainty about future requests. We prove that the proposed optimistic learning caching policies can achieve sub-zero performance loss (regret) for perfect predictions, and maintain the best achievable regret bound O( √ T) even for arbitrary-bad predictions. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated with detailed trace-driven numerical tests.
Prednisolone Sodium Succinate Down-Regulates BSAP/Pax5 and Causes a Growth Arrest in the Nalm6 Pre-B Cell Line. (2001)

Glucocorticoids (GCs) induce growth arrest and apoptosis of B lineage cells, especially pre-B and immature B cells, but little is known about this mechanism. Since B cell-specific activator protein (BSAP) encoded by the Pax5 gene is an essential transcription factor for B-cell proliferation, we have investigated the effect of prednisolone sodium succinate (Pss) on BSAP expression in several human leukemic B lineage cell lines. Pss caused growth arrest of Nalm6 (pre-B) cells, but this is not the case for 207 (pro-B) and Raji (mature B) cells. In Nalm6 cells, the growth rate and the amount of BSAP bound to its recognition sequence decreased in proportion to the Pss dose. Pss also reduced the expression level of BSAP as well as of Pax5 mRNA. These data suggest that the suppression of Pax5/BSAP may be involved in the GCs-induced growth arrest of pre-B cells.
Resource Allocation for Shared Spectrum Networks (2020)

The coexistence of devices in dense wireless networks requires careful design of resource allocation algorithms for spectrum sharing for two reasons. The limiting factor in coexisting wireless systems that share spectrum is interference, which is observed on the physical layer and requires careful and efficient interference-aware resource allocation. This chapter summarizes information theoretic background and basic observations and results regarding the achievable rate regions of the underlying interfere channel model. It discusses the types of spectrum sharing and the types of spectrum sharing and resource allocation problem. Some recent resource assignment and trading algorithms for spectrum sharing are reviewed as well as their properties in terms of computational and implementation complexity. The three challenges regarding multi-objectives, conflicting utilities, and distributed implementation are explained and approached by a multi-objective programming (MOP) framework, game theoretic approaches, and stable matching-based resource allocation.
Novel compact polarization converters based on ultra short bends (1996)

A novel integrated polarization converter based on ultra short bends is presented, which has a potential for low loss and small device size. A conversion value of 85% was experimentally measured with excess loss of 2.7 dB and overall dimensions of 975×83 μm. Also 45% conversion was measured with extremely low excess loss of 0.4 dB for a device size of 760×86 μm.
4D active cut: An interactive tool for pathological anatomy modeling (2014)

4D pathological anatomy modeling is key to understanding complex pathological brain images. It is a challenging problem due to the difficulties in detecting multiple appearing and disappearing lesions across time points and estimating dynamic changes and deformations between them. We propose a novel semi-supervised method, called <i>4D active cut</i>, for lesion recognition and deformation estimation. Existing interactive segmentation methods passively wait for user to refine the segmentations which is a difficult task in 3D images that change over time. <i>4D active cut</i> instead actively selects candidate regions for querying the user, and obtains the most informative user feedback. A user simply answers 'yes' or 'no' to a candidate object without having to refine the segmentation slice by slice. Compared to single-object detection of the existing methods, our method also detects multiple lesions with spatial coherence using Markov random fields constraints. Results show improvement on the lesion detection, which subsequently improves deformation estimation.
A novel and fully automatic spike-sorting implementation with variable number of features (2018)

The most widely used spike-sorting algorithms are semiautomatic in practice, requiring manual tuning of the automatic solution to achieve good performance. In this work, we propose a new fully automatic spike-sorting algorithm that can capture multiple clusters of different sizes and densities. In addition, we introduce an improved feature selection method, by using a variable number of wavelet coefficients, based on the degree of non-Gaussianity of their distributions. We evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm with real and simulated data. With real data from single-channel recordings, in ~95% of the cases the new algorithm replicated, in an unsupervised way, the solutions obtained by expert sorters, who manually optimized the solution of a previous semiautomatic algorithm. This was done while maintaining a low number of false positives. With simulated data from single-channel and tetrode recordings, the new algorithm was able to correctly detect many more neurons compared with previous implementations and also compared with recently introduced algorithms, while significantly reducing the number of false positives. In addition, the proposed algorithm showed good performance when tested with real tetrode recordings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We propose a new fully automatic spike-sorting algorithm, including several steps that allow the selection of multiple clusters of different sizes and densities. Moreover, it defines the dimensionality of the feature space in an unsupervised way. We evaluated the performance of the algorithm with real and simulated data, from both single-channel and tetrode recordings. The proposed algorithm was able to outperform manual sorting from experts and other recent unsupervised algorithms.
Rate Constants for Herbicide Degradation by Ozone (1992)

Abstract Abstract Rate constants for the degradation of five herbicides (Mecoprop, MCPA, 2,4-D, Simazine and Atrazine) by ozone were determined in the laboratory under controlled conditions at both acidic and neutral pH using a competition kinetic method. The order of herbicide degradation rate was found to be as follows: Mecoprop > MCPA > 2,4-D > Simazine > Atrazine, both at pH 2 and pH 7.5. The half-life times for herbicide removal at pH 7.5 and in the presence of bicarbonate ions are, respectively, 25.9; 27.5; 39.5; 66.6 and 94.2 minutes for Mecoprop, MCPA, 2,4-D, Simazine and Atrazine at a dissolved ozone concentration of 10 μM. The kinetics of ozone consumption for the three phenoxyalkyl acid derivatives were investigated at pH 2. The study has demonstrated that at neutral pH the initial concentration ratio of two herbicides in solution together did not affect their relative degradation rate. Key Words: OzonePesticidesHerbicidesChlorophenoxy AcidsMecopropMCPA2,4-DTriazinesAtrazineSimazineCompetition Kinetics
Network aspects of public land mobile and personal communications systems (1991)

Provides a broad overview of the many important network issues raised by the introduction of public land mobile and personal communications systems, based on cellular radio technology. The following topics are considered: network architecture, interconnection with fixed networks such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), numbering, the application of intelligent network concepts, signalling, service quality, mobile ISDN service and possible future developments. >
Scalable, Divergent Synthesis of Meroterpenoids via “Borono-sclareolide” (2012)

A scalable, divergent synthesis of bioactive meroterpenoids has been developed. A key component of this work is the invention of "borono-sclareolide", a terpenyl radical precursor that enables gram-scale preparation of (+)-chromazonarol. Subsequent synthetic operations on this key intermediate permit rapid access to a variety of related meroterpenoids, many of which possess important biological activity.
The Lagrange Equations (2010)

Let \(\{\mathcal{M};d\mu \}\)be a material system whose mechanical state is described by N Lagrangian coordinates \(q = ({q}_{1},\ldots, {q}_{N})\). Since every point \(P \in \{\mathcal{M};d\mu \}\)is identified along its motion by the map (q, t) → P(q, t), the configuration of the system is determined, instant by instant, by the map \(t \rightarrow q(t) : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow {\mathbb{R}}^{N}\). The latter can be regarded as the motion of some abstract point in some N-dimensional space, called configuration space. Since N is the least numberof parameters needed to identify uniquely the position of each point P of the system, each of the maps \(\{\mathcal{M};d\mu \} \ni P \rightarrow \| \partial P/\partial {q}_{h}\|\), \(h = 1,\ldots, N\), is not identically zero. Equivalently, we have the following lemma.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 4‐THIOXO‐2‐AZETIDINONES: SYNTHESIS OF A 2,4‐AZETIDINEDIONE AND OF 4‐ALKYLIDENE‐2‐AZETIDINONES (1979)

Abstract Mit Acrylsäuremethylester reagiert (I) beim Erhitzen zu den Spaltprodukten (II) bzw. (III).
Chemistry of bent bonds. XLV. Norbornyne (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of bent bonds. XLV. NorbornynePaul G. Gassman and Joseph J. ValchoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 16, 4768–4770Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00849a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00849a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A modeling framework to integrate exogenous tools for identifying critical components in power systems (2017)

Cascading failures in electrical power systems are one of the major causes of concern for the modem society as it results in huge socio-economic loss. Tools for analyzing these failures while considering different aspects of the system are typically very expensive. Thus, researchers tend to use multiple tools to perform various types of analysis on the same system model in order to understand the reasons for these failures in detail. Modeling a simple system in multiple platforms is a tedious, error prone and time consuming process. This paper describes a domain specific modeling language (DSML) for power systems. It identifies and captures the right abstractions for modeling components in different analysis tools. A framework is proposed that deals with system modeling using the developed DSML, identifying the type of analysis to be performed, choosing the appropriate tool(s) needed for the analysis from the tool-chain, transforming the model based on the required specifications of a particular tool and performing the analysis. A case study is done on WSCC-9 Bus System, IEEE-14 Bus System and IEEE-39 Bus System to demonstrate the entire workflow of the framework in identifying critical components for power systems.
Paper 1: Morphology of the Proximal Femur with Special Regard to the Natural Asphericity of the Head‐Neck Junction: A Computed Tomography Study of 1312 Femurs (2012)

This cross-sectional 3-dimensional CT study of a large random cohort assessed normative data on the alpha angle and the distribution of its maxima around the femoral head-neck junction. Influence of gender, age and ethnic background as well as additional asphericities at the posterosuperior and inferior head-neck junction were assessed.
The culture of dysentery bacillus in chick embryo (1970)

Shigella dysenteriae (type Shiga) has been cultured in chick embryo using Tanaka's method in which a hen's egg is settled in a longitudinal, standing position, that is, with its dull point up and its sharp one down.After several chick embryo passage uses the virulence of Shigella dysenteriae increased in the chick embryo, and then it increased in mice.It has been demonstrated that after several passage uses in certain species of animals, virulence increased in other species of animals as well as the passage animal.The above-mentioned fact explains the mechanism of some epidemic infections.
InAs/GaSb Type-II Superlattice Detectors (2014)

InAs/(In,Ga)Sb type-II strained layer superlattices (T2SLs) have made significant progress since they were first proposed as an infrared (IR) sensing material more than three decades ago. Numerous theoretically predicted advantages that T2SL offers over present-day detection technologies, heterojunction engineering capabilities, and technological preferences make T2SL technology promising candidate for the realization of high performance IR imagers. Despite concentrated efforts of many research groups, the T2SLs have not revealed full potential yet. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of T2SL detectors and discusses origins of T2SL device performance degradation, in particular, surface and bulk dark-current components. Various approaches of dark current reduction with their pros and cons are presented.
Post hoc assessment of the immunogenicity of bioengineered factor VIIa demonstrates the use of preclinical tools (2017)

Immunogenicity is an important consideration in the licensure of a therapeutic protein because the development of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) can affect both safety and efficacy. Neoantigens introduced by bioengineering of a protein drug are a particular cause for concern. The development of a bioengineered recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) analog was discontinued after phase 3 trials because of the development of ADAs. The unmodified parent molecule (rFVIIa), on the other hand, has been successfully used as a drug for more than two decades with no reports of immunogenicity in congenital hemophilia patients with inhibitors. We used computational and experimental methods to demonstrate that the observed ADAs could have been elicited by neoepitopes in the engineered protein. The human leukocyte antigen type of the patients who developed ADAs is consistent with this hypothesis of a neoepitope-driven immune response, a finding that might have implications for the preclinical screening of therapeutic protein analogs.
Patient-specific spectrum power determination for source localization of ictal MEG (2012)

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has been shown to be a useful diagnostic tool for presurgical evaluation of pediatric medically intractable partial epilepsy. MEG source localization has been shown to improve the likelihood of seizure onset zone (SOZ) sampling during subsequent evaluation with intracranial EEG (ICEEG). We investigated whether frequency-dependent ictal MEG onset source localization further improves results of interictal MEG in defining the SOZ. Source localization analyses were applied using multiple algorithms, both at the beginning of ictal onset and for interictal MEG discharges. Ictal MEG onsets were identified by visual inspection and power spectrum using short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Source localizations were compared with ICEEG, surgical procedure and outcome. Eight patients were included in this study. Five of the 8 patients (63%) had concordant ictal MEG onset source localization and interictal MEG discharge source localizations in the same lobe, but the source of ictal MEG onset was closer to the SOZ defined by ICEEG. The source localization for the earliest ictal MEG onset with patient-specific frequency change proved to be a useful tool for presurgical evaluation in our pediatric population with medically intractable epilepsy.
Marine omega‐3 (n‐3) phospholipids: A comprehensive review of their properties, sources, bioavailability, and relation to brain health (2019)

For several decades, there has been considerable interest in marine-derived long chain n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) due to their outstanding health benefits. n-3 LCPUFAs can be found in nature either in triglycerides (TAGs) or in phospholipid (PL) form. From brain health point of view, PL n-3 is more bioavailable and potent compared to n-3 in TAG form, as only PL n-3 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and can be involved in brain biochemical reactions. However, PL n-3 has been ignored in the fish oil industry and frequently removed as an impurity during degumming processes. As a result, PL products derived from marine sources are very limited compared to TAG products. Commercially, PLs are being used in pharmaceutical industries as drug carriers, in food manufacturing as emulsifiers and in cosmetic industries as skin care agents, but most of the PLs used in these applications are produced from vegetable sources that contain less (without EPA, DPA, and DHA) or sometimes no n-3 LCPUFAs. This review provides a comprehensive account of the properties, structures, and major sources of marine PLs, and provides focussed discussion of their relationship to brain health. Epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies on n-3 LCPUFAs enriched PLs using different model systems in relation to brain and mental health that have been published over the past few years are discussed in detail.