gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Sound Field Mapping Through Coarse Grained Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Components (2014)

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been involved with nondestructive examination of coarse-grained cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) components for over 30 years. More recent work has focused on mapping the ultrasonic sound fields generated by low-frequency phased-array probes that are typically used for the evaluation of CASS materials for flaw detection and characterization. The casting process results in the formation of large-grained material microstructures that are nonhomogeneous and anisotropic. The propagation of ultrasonic energy for examination of these materials results in scattering, partitioning, and redirection of these sound fields. The work reported here provides an assessment of sound field formation in these materials and provides recommendations on ultrasonic inspection parameters for flaw detection in CASS components. Confirmatory research conducted at PNNL consisted of acquiring sound field data from four CASS components containing columnar, equiaxed, and banded grain structures, and a fine-grained wrought stainless steel specimen used for benchmarking. Phased-array probes with center frequencies of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 MHz were used for sound field formation, with a pinducer being raster scanned over the end of the specimen face to capture the sound field energy. Data were collected at multiple refracted and skew angles, and imaging performed for analyses. A 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) thick slice of material was removed from the end of the CASS components and the beam mapping repeated. This slicing and mapping sequence was performed three times to produce multiple beam images through the specimens. Grain sizes were also measured at each mapped specimen face and compared to sound field characteristics. The acquired sound field images were characterized in terms of beam redirection from the theoretical position, beam scatter or coherence, and partitioning. A comparison of the fine-grained beam data to the CASS data is made and conclusions are presented.
Fabrication and Operational Stability of Inverted Floating Gate E2PROM (Electrically Erasable Programable Read Only Memory) (1991)

The inverted floating gate E 2 PROM was designed and fabricated. In this device, the floating gate is located above the control gate, and the control gate is located between the floating gate and channel. This structure improves the operation stability since it suppresses interpolysilicon oxide current during programming and prohibits channel leakage current during erasing. As a result, the inverted floating gate device exhibits good programming/erasing characteristics and endurance with a threshold voltage shift of less than 0.3 V after 10 6 programming-erasing cycles, and it also shows higher operational voltage margins and wider programming-erasing windows than the conventional one under practical operating conditions.
Atomic Relaxation Modes in Grain Boundaries (1993)

High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) in combination with computer simulations of the fully relaxed atomic structures and energies of symmetric and asymmetric grain boundaries (GBs) in Au tilt bicrystals has been applied to a study of atomic relaxation modes. These investigations indicate that: (1) Atomic relaxations are typically dominated by short-range interactions and the tendency of the solid to assume a local atomic environment similar to the bulk. (2) Misfit localizations are likely within a structural unit whenever the GB unit cell is large. (3) When there is a length mismatch along the GB the atomic relaxations can assume quasiperiodic character, generating densely spaced regions of structural disorder, akin to misfit dislocations. (4) Atomic relaxations can take the form of stacking disorder.
Analysis of Energy-Storage Concepts for Refuse Collection Trucks (1984)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Four hybrid powertrain designs are compared for a refuse collection truck driven over approach, loading and return segments of a representative route. Appropriate matching of component characteristics, drivetrain design and control strategy is shown to reduce fuel consumption by 39% to 56% compared to a conventional vehicle. Concurrently, brake usage is reduced 54% to 85% and the number of engine revolutions is reduced 66% to 84%.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The four hybrid powertrains consist of “Integrated” and “Add-On” designs using flywheel or accumulator energy storage to recover braking energy and optimize engine efficiency. The average engine efficiency for each design is comparable and the vehicle fuel economy depends on the ability of each design and control strategy to minimize parasitic losses and use of the service brakes.&lt;/div&gt;
Sonoanatomy of the Sciatic Nerve (2016)

Ultrasound is a dynamic process whereby structures can and should be followed to their origins and destinations for optimal identification. Because of this, it is not always satisfactory to study static ultrasound images. When studying sonoanatomy, the authors strongly advise readers to first study the macro- and microanatomy and then to view the accompanying video productions that illustrates the dynamic sonoanatomy (Movies 1-3). In this chapter, the authors explain the static sonoanatomy of the sciatic nerve at the parasacral, the subgluteal, mid-femoral and the popliteal areas, and with the aid of a video production, the dynamic sonoanatomy of these structures and areas.
IL-6-dependent and -independent pathways in the development of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells (2007)

CD4(+) T cells producing IL-17 [T helper (Th)17], as distinct from Th1 or Th2 cells, have recently been shown to be associated with autoimmunity, but it is not entirely clear how Th17 cells are generated from naïve T cells. We demonstrate here that IL-6, but not TNF-alpha or IL-1beta, can, in combination with TGF-beta, induce Th17 cell generation from naïve T cells and inhibit TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 expression. Moreover, conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCCM) can induce IL-17 production in naïve T cells. Interestingly, IL-17 was produced by DCCM even with the addition of anti-gp130 antibody or DCCM from IL-6 KO mice. The combination of IL-6 and TGF-beta could maintain activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3, but not of Stat1. IL-27 or IFN-gamma suppressed the induction of Th17 cells by TGF-beta plus IL-6 and maintained Stat1 activation under these conditions. In contrast, both Stat1 and Stat3 remained to be activated in naïve T cells cultured with DCCM. These findings represent a different basis for Th17 differentiation from naïve T cells.
Moderate disaccharide malabsorption does not affect weight gain and cecal cell proliferation in piglets (2003)

These data suggest that moderate (50%) disaccharide malabsorption per se does not cause diarrhea and does not impair dietary energy use or colonic cell proliferation.
<title>Measurement of smoothed Wigner phase space distributions for low-coherence light in multiple scattering media</title> (1999)

We use heterodyne detection to characterize the Wigner phase space distribution W(x,p) of an optical field in position x and momentum p. Using a low coherence source, this method is used to obtain optical phase space distributions for various photon path lengths in a multiple scattering medium. These techniques may find important applications in analyzing and enhancing images obtained in coherence tomography as well as in characterizing low coherence sources.
Roughness Correlations in Si/Mo Multilayers (1994)

Low-angle x-ray diffraction with hard x-rays is a standard technique for characterization of interface quality in multilayers. Although the specular reflectivity, measured by a θ-2θ scan, is very sensitive to interface roughness, it reveals little about the nature of the roughness. Fortunately, more information can be obtained from an analysis of the non-specular scattering of the x-rays. The theory of non-specular scattering of x-rays from multilayers only recently has been developed to a level which allows for comparison with experiment. 1,2,3,4,5 A key feature of non-specular scattering from multilayers, explained clearly in reference 3, is that correlated roughness should give rise to resonant scattering in particular non-specular directions. Such a resonant intensity has been observed experimentally. 2,6,7,8 It is clear from the theories referenced above that correlated roughness can account for the non-specular features we and others have observed. Having an appropriate theory now gives us the possibility to use non-specular measurements to compliment the standard specular characterization techniques.
Applications of Laser Spectroscopy to Meet Challenges in Medicine (2013)

Laser based spectroscopic techniques can be used in the detection and therapy of human diseases. Examples from oncology as well as from the specialities of ear, nose and throat and pediatrics will be given.
On secure implementations of quantum-resistant supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman (2017)

In this work, we analyze the feasibility of a physically secure implementation of the quantum-resistant supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH) protocol. Notably, we analyze the defense against timing attacks, simple power analysis, differential power analysis, and fault attacks. Luckily, the SIDH protocol closely resembles its predecessor, the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange. As such, much of the extensive literature in side-channel analysis can also apply to SIDH. In particular, we focus on a hardware implementation that features a true random number generator, ALU, and controller. SIDH is composed of two rounds containing a double-point multiplication to generate a secret kernel point and an isogeny over that kernel to arrive at a new elliptic curve isomorphism. To protect against simple power analysis and timing attacks, we recommend a constant-time implementation with Fermat's little theorem inversion. Differential power analysis targets the power output of the SIDH core over many runs. As such, we recommend scaling the base points by secret scalars so that each iteration has a unique power signature. Further, based on recent oracle attacks on SIDH, we cannot recommend the use of static keys from both parties. The goal of this paper is to analyze the tradeoffs in elliptic curve theory to produce a cryptographically and physically secure implementation of SIDH.
Laser Beam Shaping (2014)

Laser Beam Shaping: Theory and Techniques addresses the theory and practice of every important technique for lossless beam shaping. Complete with experimental results as well as guidance on when beam shaping is practical and when each technique is appropriate, the Second Edition is updated to reflect significant developments in the field. This authoritative text: Features new chapters on axicon light ring generation systems, laser-beam-splitting (fan-out) gratings, vortex beams, and microlens diffusers Describes the latest advances in beam profile measurement technology and laser beam shaping using diffractive diffusers Contains new material on wavelength dependence, channel integrators, geometrical optics, and optical software Laser Beam Shaping: Theory and Techniques, Second Edition not only&nbsp;provides a working understanding of the fundamentals, but also offers insight into the potential application of laser-beam-profile shaping in laser system design.
Neue polycyclische Phosphane und Arsane: P11(SiMe3)3 und As7(SiMe3)3 (1979)

Die überraschend einfach erhältlichen Phosphor‐ bzw. Arsen‐Polycyclen P 11 R 3 und As 7 R 3 (RSiMe 3 ) könnten als Komplexbildner Bedeutung erlangen. Sie entstehen aus reinem Na 3 P 11 oder Cs 3 P 11 bzw. Rb 3 As 7 durch Reaktion mit überschüssigem Me 3 SiCl in Toluol. magnified image
Walking control for 3D biped using variable constraint control (2003)

In this research work, we will develop a 3D biped which simulates walking and running motion of human. First, we will explain the the equation of motion of our 3D biped (Runbot 2). Next, we will derive a control strategy of the walking biped which realizes these differential equations as motion pattern. Experimental results suggest that a biped having smooth walking gait will be realized.
A Diamond Quantum Photonic Interface for Nitrogen Vacancy Solid State Qubits (2013)

We report on the fabrication of single-crystal diamond photonic crystal nanocavities coupled the diamond nitrogen vacancy center, an emitter system with optically accessible electron spins and the ability to transfer electron states to nuclear spins. We discuss techniques to realize cavity-coupled NV centers with coherence times exceeding 100µs.
Aging of Soft Glassy Materials Probed by Rheology and Light Scattering (2003)

Aging of soft glassy materials studied by rheology, small-angle Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (DWS) is presented. We use these methods to obtain the dynamic signature of aging for various colloidal systems such as compressed water-in-oil emulsions, mixtures of surfactant, oil and water, and xanthan pastes. In all cases, we observe a significant reduction in the colloidal mobility with sample age as derived from measured intensity correlation functions. For all systems, an unusual shape of the age-dependent part of the correlation functions was found, ruling out conventional diffusive mobility. Using an analogy between molecular and colloidal glasses, we analyze a violation of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation using a combination of DWS and rheology.
Omega Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview (2019)

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, inflammatory processes that affect the gastrointestinal tract and are mainly represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Omega 3 (ω3) fatty acids (eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) show an indispensable role in the inflammatory processes and, for these reasons, we aimed to review the effects of these acids on UC and CD. Databases such as PUMED and EMBASE were searched, and the final selection included fifteen studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results showed that ω3 fatty acids reduce intestinal inflammation, induce and maintain clinical remission in UC patients, and are related with the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, decrease disease activity and increase the quality of life of CD patients. Furthermore, the consumption of these fatty acids may be related to a reduced risk of developing IBD. Many studies have shown the beneficial effects of ω3 as adjunctive in the treatment or prevention of UC or CD. Nevertheless, most were performed with a small number of patients and there are many variations in the mode of consumption, the type of food or the type of formulation used. All these factors substantially interfere with the results and do not allow reliable comparisons.
Supplementary Tables 1-3 from Selectin Ligand Sialyl-Lewis x Antigen Drives Metastasis of Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 197K&lt;/p&gt;
Infrared image saliency detection based on human vision and information theory (2016)

Robust image saliency detection can process the image correctly without any prior knowledge and additional assumptions. Therefore, the saliency detection is still one of the important steps in the field of computer vision including object recognition and tracking, image and video encoding and image segmentation. Although infrared imaging has extensive applications, there is few saliency extraction algorithms based on infrared spectroscopy. We propose an infrared image-based saliency extraction algorithm based on human vision and information theory. The proposed algorithm uses both human visual attention mechanism and theory of information, and it can also produce a saliency image with full resolution. The detection results of the proposed algorithm get a higher accuracy and better recall rate, when tested on one of the largest infrared data sets which is publicly now and a data set created by ourselves.
Hybrid Decoding of LDPC Codes Based on Interior Point Method (2010)

In this paper, a hybrid decoding algorithm for finite-geometry low-density parity-check (FG-LDPC) codes is proposed. The algorithm is based on the interior point method with barrier function introduced by Wadayama. First, an efficient implementation of Wadayama's algorithm is presented. The main idea behind the modification is to approximate the barrier function for the fundamental polytope defining the code so that it contains only one linear constraint for each of the parity-check constraints. A two-stage hybrid decoding which combines the interior point decoding (IPD) and a low-complexity decoding algorithm for FG-LDPC codes is then proposed. In the first stage, the interior point decoding is used to generate a search point. If the first stage decoding fails, the decoding is continued by the low-complexity algorithm that is initialized by the result of the IPD. Compared with a conventional iterative message-passing (IMP) decoder, the proposed hybrid algorithm achieves better bit-error rate (BER) and frame-error rate (FER) for small block lengths at medium to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Quasi-static transient response of a conducting half-space; an approximate representation (1979)

Abstract For a step-function excitation, it is shown that, to a first-order approximation, the quasi-static transient response in the air due to an arbitrary loop situated at the earth's surface can be represented by a downward and outward moving current filament, of diminishing amplitude and having the same shape as the transmitter loop.
A computationally efficient method for joint direction finding and frequency estimation in colored noise (2002)

The problem of simultaneously estimating the temporal and spatial frequencies of multiple signals arriving at an antenna array is considered. The problem is relevant in a variety of applications, including pulsed Doppler radar, multipath parameter estimation and synthetic aperture radar imaging. The proposed approach has a wider applicability than existing schemes. In particular it accommodates the case of (1) arbitrary array structures, (2) temporally and spatially colored noise, and (3) general single-pole ARMA signals. Despite the generality of this approach, the computational complexity is comparatively small. The temporal signal model (e.g. frequencies) is first estimated using a state-space realization approach. The arrival angles are then found one-by-one using 1-D searches. The resulting estimates are automatically paired.
Frequency And Mode Of Physical Activity Influence Gut Microbial Composition In Overweight And Obese Adults (2020)

Chronic diseases are linked to adverse phylogenetic and functional alterations in the gut microbiota. Physical activity (PA) regimens may provide a low-cost and practical means to improve “gut health” in individuals at-risk of developing chronic disease. Endurance exercise has been shown to alter gut microbial composition in heavier sedentary individuals but it is not known how other PA modes impact the gut microbiota. It is hypothesized that PA mode and frequency may underlie differences in the gut microbiota in heavier adults. PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between PA measures and gut microbial richness and evenness and composition in overweight and obese adults. METHODS: Adults (n=38), 28-55 years old with BMI 27-36 kg·m-2 were asked about their frequency of aerobic, strength, and stretching exercise during one week. Participants were measured for their age-predicted VO2 max using a modified Bruce protocol on a treadmill. DNA was extracted from self-collected fecal samples for Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA V4. Sequencing reads were processed according to MOTHUR standard operating procedures, with operational taxonomic unit assignment at the 97% similarity threshold. General linear models were used to test effect of PA measures on alpha diversity indices. Distance-based redundancy analyses were used to evaluate community composition in relation to PA measures. RESULTS: Shannon and Simpson indices did not differ by estimated VO2 max nor by PA frequency and mode (p > 0.05). Frequency and mode of PA explained more variability in the gut microbial community (11.6%) than estimated VO2 max (1.9%). Community patterns were not explained by estimated VO2 max (ρ = 0.81). However, PA frequency and mode did explain community patterns with the frequency of strength training during the week showing a greater impact (ρ < 0.01) than aerobic (ρ = 0.66) and stretching exercise (ρ = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: PA frequency and mode exhibit greater impacts on the gut microbial community structure than cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adults. In particular, the incorporation of strength exercise may have a larger impact on the gut microbial community than previously thought. Supported by Montana State University Research Initiative 51040-MUSRI2015-03 and USDA-NIFA 2017-67018-26367.
Treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria using pyrimethamine in combination with berberine, tetracycline or cotrimoxazole. (1997)

Two hundred and fifteen patients with chloroquine-resistant malaria were randomised into three groups. The first group of 82 patients were given pyrimethamine and berberine (berberine group), the second group of 64 patients, pyrimethamine and tetracycline (tetracycline group) and the third group of 69 patients were given pyrimethamine and cotrimoxazole (cotrimoxazole group). In the berberine group, the clearance, rate of asexual parasitaemia was 74.4% after treatment, while in the tetracycline group it was 67.2% and in the cotrimoxazole group 47.8%. These results indicate that berberine is more effective in clearing the parasite than both tetracycline and cotrimoxazole, and that the combination of pyrimethamine and berberine gives the best results for chloroquine resistant malaria.
Conformation of poly(L‐arginine). II. Complexes with polyanions (1978)

Abstract Conformaitons of poly( L ‐arginine)/polyanion complexes were studies by CD measurements. The polyanions were the homoplolypeptides poly( L ‐glutamic acid) and poly( L ‐aspartic acid); the synthetic polyelectrolytes and polyethylenesulfonate; and the polynucleotides were native DNA, denatured DNA, and poly(U). It was found that poly( L ‐arginine) forms the α‐helical conformation by interacting with the acidic homopolypeptides and the synthetic anionic polyelectrolytes. In each complex, poly( L ‐glutamic acid) is in the α‐helical conformation, whereas poly( L ‐aspartic acid) is mostly in the random structure. The poly( L ‐glutamic acid) complex changed into the β‐sheet structure at the transition temperature about 65°C in 0.01 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7). Even in the presence of 5 M urea, this complex remained in the α‐helical conformation at room temperature. The existence of the stable complex of α‐helical poly( L ‐arginine) and α‐helical poly( L ‐glutamic acid) was successfully supported by the model building study of the complex. The α‐helix of poly( L ‐arginine) induced by binding with polyacrylate was the most stable of the poly( L ‐arginine)‐polyanion complexes examined as evidenced by thermal and urea effects. The lower helical content of the polyethylenesulfonate‐complexed poly( L ‐aginine) was explained in terms of the higher charge density of the polyanion. On the other hand, native DNA, denatured DNA, and poly(U) were not effective in stabilizing the helical structure of poly( L ‐arginine). This may be due to the rigidity of polyanions and to the steric hindrance of bases. Furthermore, the distinitive structual behavior of poly( L ‐arginine) and poly( L ‐lysine) regarding polyanion interaction has been noticed throughout the study.