gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Black-Box α-divergence minimization (2016)

Black-box alpha (BB-α) is a new approximate inference method based on the minimization of α-divergences. BB-α scales to large datasets because it can be implemented using stochastic gradient descent. BB-α can be applied to complex probabilistic models with little effort since it only requires as input the likelihood function and its gradients. These gradients can be easily obtained using automatic differentiation. By changing the divergence parameter α, the method is able to interpolate between variational Bayes (VB) (α → 0) and an algorithm similar to expectation propagation (EP) (α = 1). Experiments on probit regression and neural network regression and classification problems show that BB-a with non-standard settings of α, such as α = 0.5, usually produces better predictions than with α → 0 (VB) or α = 1 (EP).
Propagator Theory Of Polarization And Coherence For Fiber Optics With Application To The Fiber Gyroscope (1988)

In order to understand the various phenomenon in fiber gyroscopes, we have developed a unified theory of polarization and vector coherence theory for fiber optics, using propagator techniques, which is valid for arbitrarily large relative polarization phase delays, arbitrary source polarization properties, in combination with birefringent phase modulation. The propagator representation makes clear the multi-path nature of the polarization effects, similar to the multiple scattering of waves, and an example illustrating this point is given. A &quot;master&quot; equation has been obtained for fiber gyroscopes which i s sufficiently general to permit modeling of the many parasitic effects and their interactions, as well as allow realistic assessment of methods for their reduction. As a result of the development of the propagator approach, several interesting results have been found. One important issue is the performance and characterization of the polarizer used in the fiber gyro. A theorem has been shown that &quot;not all polarizers are created equal&quot;, even though they have equal extinction ratios. We have found that the fiber gyroscope probes properties of polarizers that cannot be probed without an interferometer that is equivalent to a ring interferometer. It has been found that there is a considerable difference in performance between two polarizers having the same extinction ratio, but one short, the other long, depending on the birefringence and mode coupling. This leads to an extended classification of polarizer properties beyond an ordinary Jones matrix. A new bound on polarizer performance using the propagator approach is given. Another important issue with fiber optic gyroscopes is drift as a function of temperature. Those familiar with testing of fiber gyroscopes are well aware of the often bizarre (highly non monotonic) drift behaviour as a function of temperature. It is shown how temperature drift can be related to the location of various types of birefringence in the gyro coil using a realistic coil model. The propagator for this coil model is also obtained.
Vibration Control for Flexible Smart Cantilever Plate Based on Characteristic Model (2008)

The vibration problem of spacecrafts' flexible appendages shaped as cantilever plate will be unavoidable when external disturbance excitation happens,including bending and torsional mode vibration and which will affect the stability and control accuracy of the system.Especially the lower amplitude modal residual vibration near the equilibrium point is hard to be suppressed. To solve this problem,nonlinear golden section adaptive control based on characteristic model and combined with non-linear switched logic integral damping algorithm is adopted to suppress the said vibration of cantilever plate quickly.Firstly,decoupling of bending and torsional modes is realized by optimal placement of piezoelectric sensors and actuators.Secondly,the piezoelectric smart cantilever plate is designed and built up,and the modal frequencies and frequency responses of bending and torsional modes are obtained by experimental identifications.Finally,several control methods are used to develop the experimental comparison researches for attenuating the bending and torsional mode vibration of the plate.The experimental results demonstrate that the adopted methods can suppress the vibration of cantilever plate quickly.
Comparing First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Flexibility in Hallux Rigidus Patients Pre- and Postcheilectomy Using a Novel Flexibility Device (2020)

Level II, prospective comparative study.
Interactive video authoring and sharing based on two-layer templates (2006)

The rapid adoption of digital cameras and camcorders leads to a huge demand for new tools and systems that enables average users to more efficiently and more effectively process, manage, author and share digital media contents, in particular, a powerful video authoring tool that can dramatically reduce the users' efforts in editing and sharing home video. Though there are many commercial video authoring tools available today, video authoring remains as a tedious and extremely time consuming task that often requires trained professional skills. To tackle this problem, this paper presents a novel interactive end-to-end system that enables fast, flexible and personalized video authoring and sharing. The novel system, called LazyMedia, is based on both content analysis techniques and the proposed content-aware twolayer authoring templates: Composition Template and Presentation Template. Moreover, it is designed as an open and extensible framework that can support dynamic update of core components such as content analysis algorithms, editing methods, and the two-layer authoring templates. Furthermore, the two layers of authoring templates separate the video authoring from video presentation. Once authored with LazyMedia, the video contents can be easily and flexibly presented in other forms according to users' preference. LazyMedia provides a semiautomatic video authoring and sharing system that significantly reduces users' efforts in video editing while preserving sufficient flexibility and personalization.
A phenomenological kV beam model for cone-beam imaging (2010)

A phenomenological kV beam model was developed to address attenuation and scatter in radiographic images for the purpose of cone-beam imaging. Characterization of a kV beam in terms of the minimal number of parameters and calculation of attenuation and scatter in radiographs of scanned objects are the main applications of this model. Model parameters are derived from radiographs of homogeneous solid water phantoms for various depths and field sizes. The response of the cone-beam detector to kV beams is factorized into different contributions such as output factor, tissue-air ratio and off-axis ratio, with each contribution having an analytical representation. The formulas which are used to characterize the beam model in uniform phantoms are then extended to arbitrary objects using the concept of the water-equivalent pathlength. A weighted sum of three Gaussians in each direction models the dose deposition kernel. Detector response arising from the first Gaussian term can be interpreted as the primary signal while the second and third Gaussians constitute short- and long-range scatter. The model is then applied to predict the primary and scatter signals for arbitrary objects. A technique of scatter removal from the measured radiographs is investigated. The model accurately predicts detector response of varying-thickness phantoms such as multi-step and cylindrical phantoms. The scatter contributes over 90% to the total signal for 20 cm thick phantoms. The calculated scatter-to-primary ratio as a function of spatial coordinates agrees with Monte Carlo studies reported in the literature. Water-equivalent thickness related to primary and scatter contributions calculated from an analysis of radiographs results in an improved calibration technique suitable for CB-CT reconstruction. The kV beam model and the associated theoretical formulations can be utilized to characterize any kV beam line; however, for the specific study the OBI system (Varian) was used to obtain experimental radiographs.
State of Charge, State of Health and State of Function Co-Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles (2016)

This paper proposed a co-estimation scheme of State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), and State of Function (SOF) for lithium-ion batteries. The Extended Kalman Filter is adopted to SOC estimation. Battery parameters are identified online by using Recursive Least Square Algorithm to further estimate battery SOH and SOF. The accuracy of the estimation is improved and the computation is reduced by making good use of the correlations among the states.
Using hyper chaos in secure video transmission (2016)

This work presents a hardware implementation of hyper chaotic-based encryption algorithm utilized for video transmission in a secured way. Eight-dimensional hyper chaotic system is realized to generate a secret sequence used in both confusion and diffusion processes. The proposed scheme utilizes the hyper chaotic output to shuffle the pixel positions and change pixel values for each video frame in order to obtain totally changed video frames. The proposed system is experimentally verified on hardware module (NI-MyRIO) based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) and ARM processor. The encrypted video frames are sent to the receiver side through wireless fidelity (WiFi), the receiver has the same hyper chaotic generator with identical initial conditions and control parameters. The security analysis will be investigated to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.
The Wisdom of Hindsight Makes Language Models Better Instruction Followers (2023)

Reinforcement learning has seen wide success in finetuning large language models to better align with instructions via human feedback. The so-called algorithm, Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) demonstrates impressive performance on the GPT series models. However, the underlying Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm is complex and requires an additional training pipeline for reward and value networks. In this paper, we consider an alternative approach: converting feedback to instruction by relabeling the original one and training the model for better alignment in a supervised manner. Such an algorithm doesn't require any additional parameters except for the original language model and maximally reuses the pretraining pipeline. To achieve this, we formulate instruction alignment problem for language models as a goal-reaching problem in decision making. We propose Hindsight Instruction Relabeling (HIR), a novel algorithm for aligning language models with instructions. The resulting two-stage algorithm shed light to a family of reward-free approaches that utilize the hindsightly relabeled instructions based on feedback. We evaluate the performance of HIR extensively on 12 challenging BigBench reasoning tasks and show that HIR outperforms the baseline algorithms and is comparable to or even surpasses supervised finetuning.
Specific and Transfer Effects Induced by Arm or Leg Training (2001)

The purpose of the present study was to examine both the specific and the transfer effects of a Square Wave Endurance Exercise Test (SWEET) and to investigate the determining factors of transfer effect. A control group (CG, n = 5) and 2 experimental groups were studied. Experimental groups completed 3 days/week a 45 min SWEET over 6 weeks, either with the arms using a wheelchair ergometer (AG, n = 5) or with the legs using a cycling ergometer (LG, n = 5). All subjects performed before and after training two maximal progressive tests: the first one with the arms and the second with the legs. During those tests oxygen uptake (VO(2)) and cardiorespiratory parameters were continuously measured. Specific effects (changes between the tests performed with trained limbs) were observed: the peak power output (W(p)) and VO(2) were significantly increased by both arm (+ 66 %, + 35 %) and leg (+ 17 %, + 14 %) training. At ventilatory threshold (VT), power output (W) and VO(2) were significantly increased with arm (+ 145 % and + 51 %) and leg (+ 53 % and + 46 %) training. Transfer effects (changes between pre and post tests performed with untrained limbs) were observed: W(p) and VO(2) were not increased in AG while W(p) was increased in LG (+ 11 %). At VT, W and VO(2) were increased with arm (+ 19 % and + 23 %) and leg (+ 33 % and + 46 %) training. For AG and LG the VO(2) expressed in percent of the VO(2) peak was increased (+ 19 % and + 33 %, respectively) and the O(2p) was also increased (+ 30 %) for LG. These results show that SWEET training induced specific and transfer effects. Moreover, the initial level of the subjects, the type and the intensity of the training seem to be the major factors for effective observable transfer effects.
Continuous and discrete Schrödinger systems with parity-time-symmetric nonlinearities (2014)

We investigate the dynamical behavior of continuous and discrete Schrödinger systems exhibiting parity-time (PT) invariant nonlinearities. We show that such equations behave in a fundamentally different fashion than their nonlinear Schrödinger counterparts. In particular, the PT-symmetric nonlinear Schrödinger equation can simultaneously support both bright and dark soliton solutions. In addition, we study a discretized version of this PT-nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a lattice. When only two elements are involved, by obtaining the underlying invariants, we show that this system is fully integrable and we identify the PT-symmetry-breaking conditions. This arrangement is unique in the sense that the exceptional points are fully dictated by the nonlinearity itself.
Renormalization group analyses of an SU(2) lattice guage theory (1984)

Using Migdal's recursion relation for renormalization group calculations, we describe an approximation for the average value of a Wilson loop and calculate ka/sup 2/ vs 1/g/sup 2/ for SU(2) actions of the form s/sub p/ = -2(..beta../sub f/ cos theta/2 + ..beta../sub a/ cos theta). We use loops as large as 40 x 40 on a 4-dimensional lattice. We also find evidence for a phase transition in the region ..beta../sub a/ approx. -2, ..beta../sub f/ > 0.7 using Tan and Xu's modification of the recursion relation. 14 refs., 7 figs.
CNN-based Visual Servoing for Simultaneous Positioning and Flattening of Soft Fabric Parts (2023)

&lt;p&gt;This paper proposes CNN-based visual servoing for simultaneous positioning and flattening of a soft fabric part placed on a table by a dual manipulator system. We propose a network for multimodal data processing of grayscale images captured by a camera and force/torque applied to force sensors. The training dataset is collected by moving the real manipulators, which enables the network to map the captured images and force/torque to the manipulator’s motion in Cartesian space. We apply structured lighting to emphasize the features of the surface of the fabric part since the surface shape of the non-textured fabric part is difficult to recognize by a single grayscale image. Through experiments, we show that the fabric part with unseen wrinkles can be positioned and flattened by the proposed visual servoing scheme.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; *The complete version of this preprint paper is in proceedings of ICRA 2023. Please refer to "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10160635". &lt;/p&gt;
Electronic characterization and effects of light-induced degradation on hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (2006)

Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon was characterized using the transient photocapacitance (TPC) method. The TPC spectra show these materials to have a mixed-phase nature. At low temperatures, the spectra appeared very microcrystalline, whereas at moderate temperatures they appeared very similar to those for hydrogenated amorphous silicon. These differences are shown to result from the temperature dependence of the minority carrier collection from the nanocrystalline component. The effects of light-induced degradation were also studied. This caused a substantial decrease in minority carrier collection, similar to lowering the temperature of the undegraded sample. However, no concomitant increase in dangling bond defect density was observed.
Field Results for Encapsulated Oil as an Additive to Water-Based Drilling Fluids: Operational Improvements in the Alliance/Northern Denver-Julesburg and Heath (2014)

As the drilling industry pursues more horizontal wells with increasingly complex design (e.g., extended-reach wells, high angle wells), challenges from high friction (e.g., reduced Rate of Penetration [ROP], stuck pipe, severe doglegs or corkscrews) grow more pronounced. These challenges are particularly pronounced in Water Based Muds (WBMs), which have an inherently higher Coefficient of Friction (CoF) than Oil Based Muds (OBMs) or Synthetic Based Muds (SBMs). While there are many lubricity additives that are available to reduce frictional force, these additives may present challenges ranging from adversely affecting the properties of the drilling fluid (e.g., liquid lubricants that may change rheology or interact with other additives) to interfering with drilling equipment (e.g., glass beads that plug valves in mud pulse telemetry systems). To address these challenges, we have developed a novel method for encapsulating lubricant for use as a lubricity additive. Characterization of encapsulated oil in the lab has shown the ability to reduce the CoF of water based mud systems by over 80%. Field characterization of encapsulated oil was corroborated with experimental results; we have observed ROP improvements of 20%, torque reduction of up to 45%, and drag reduction of up to 50% in field scale testing, as well as ROP enhancement of216% in the Alliance/Northern DJ Basin and torque reductions of up to 42% in the Heath Basin. Our field characterization demonstrates the utility of using encapsulated oil in WBMs to improve the operational efficiency of drilling.
Direct measurement of individual phonon lifetimes in the clathrate compound Ba7.81Ge40.67Au5.33 (2017)

Engineering lattice thermal conductivity requires to control the heat carried by atomic vibration waves, the phonons. The key parameter for quantifying it is the phonon lifetime, limiting the travelling distance, whose determination is however at the limits of instrumental capabilities. Here, we show the achievement of a direct quantitative measurement of phonon lifetimes in a single crystal of the clathrate Ba<sub>7.81</sub>Ge<sub>40.67</sub>Au<sub>5.33</sub>, renowned for its puzzling 'glass-like' thermal conductivity. Surprisingly, thermal transport is dominated by acoustic phonons with long lifetimes, travelling over distances of 10 to 100 nm as their wave-vector goes from 0.3 to 0.1 Å<sup>-1</sup>. Considering only low-energy acoustic phonons, and their observed lifetime, leads to a calculated thermal conductivity very close to the experimental one. Our results challenge the current picture of thermal transport in clathrates, underlining the inability of state-of-the-art simulations to reproduce the experimental data, thus representing a crucial experimental input for theoretical developments.Phonon lifetime is a fundamental parameter of thermal transport however its determination is challenging. Using inelastic neutron scattering and the neutron resonant spin-echo technique, Lory et al. determine the acoustic phonon lifetime in a single crystal of clathrate Ba7.81Ge40.67Au5.33.
Toward real-time 3D ultrasound registration-based visual servoing for interventional navigation (2016)

While intraoperative imaging is commonly used to guide surgical interventions, automatic robotic support for image-guided navigation has not yet been established in clinical routine. In this paper, we propose a novel visual servoing framework that combines, for the first time, full image-based 3D ultrasound registration with a real-time servo-control scheme. Paired with multi-modal fusion to a pre-interventional plan such as an annotated needle insertion path, it thus allows tracking a target anatomy, continuously updating the plan as the target moves, and keeping a needle guide aligned for accurate manual insertion. The presented system includes a motorized 3D ultrasound transducer mounted on a force-controlled robot and a GPU-based image processing toolkit. The tracking accuracy of our framework is validated on a geometric agar/gelatin phantom using a second robot, achieving positioning errors of on average 0.42-0.44 mm. With compounding and registration runtimes of up to total around 550 ms, real-time performance comes into reach. We also present initial results on a spine phantom, demonstrating the feasibility of our system for lumbar spine injections.
Neuroprotective actions of a histidine analogue in models of ischemic stroke (2006)

Histidine is a naturally occurring amino acid with antioxidant properties, which is present in low amounts in tissues throughout the body. We recently synthesized and characterized histidine analogues related to the natural dipeptide carnosine, which selectively scavenge the toxic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). We now report that the histidine analogue histidyl hydrazide is effective in reducing brain damage and improving functional outcome in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke when administered intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg, either 30 min before or 60 min and 3 h after the onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The histidine analogue also protected cultured rat primary neurons against death induced by HNE, chemical hypoxia, glucose deprivation, and combined oxygen and glucose deprivation. The histidine analogue prevented neuronal apoptosis as indicated by decreased production of cleaved caspase-3 protein. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for HNE-scavenging histidine analogues in the treatment of stroke and related neurodegenerative conditions.
A radiation-hardening Ta/Ta2O5-x/Al2O3/InGaZnO4 memristor for harsh electronics (2018)

In this work, the electrical characteristics of Ta/Ta2O5-x/Al2O3/InGaZnO4 memristor devices under radiation are studied. The measured I-V curves indicate that this type of device has excellent stability and uniformity after radiation with a total ionization dose of 59.5 krad. The electrical properties of this post-irradiation memristor change slightly at a high temperature of 200 °C. These features enable our fabricated memristor devices operate as electronic (or artificial) synapses for neuromorphic computing or artificial intelligence in harsh electronics. The conductance of the device can be adjusted continuously like the synaptic weight, which lays the foundation for the electronic synapse. The temperature dependence of I-V characteristics before and after radiation is in good agreement with the hopping conduction mechanism. The activation energy is lower and the trap spacing is shorter after a total ionization dose of 59.5 krad irradiation. Moreover, the existence of oxygen vacancies is observed by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The highly stable nature of this Ta/Ta2O5-x/Al2O3/InGaZnO4 memristor device under radiation indicates its great potential in harsh electronics for aerospace, nuclear, and military applications.