gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic fluence field modulation for miscentered patients in computed tomography (2018)

Traditional CT image acquisition uses bowtie filters to reduce dose, x-ray scatter, and detector dynamic range requirements. However, accurate patient centering within the bore of the CT scanner takes time and is often difficult to achieve precisely. Patient miscentering combined with a static bowtie filter can result in significant increases in dose, reconstruction noise, and CT number variations, and consequently raise overall exposure requirements. Approaches to estimate the patient position from scout scans and perform dynamic spatial beam filtration during acquisition are developed and applied in physical experiments on a CT test bench using different beam filtration strategies. While various dynamic beam modulation strategies have been developed, we focus on two approaches: (1) a simple approach using attenuation-based beam modulation using a translating bowtie filter and (2) dynamic beam modulation using multiple aperture devices (MADs)-an emerging beam filtration strategy based on binary filtration of the x-ray beam using variable width slits in a high-density beam blocker. Improved dose utilization and more consistent image performance with respect to an unmodulated baseline (static filter) are demonstrated for miscentered objects and dynamic beam filtration in physical experiments. For a homogeneous object miscentered by 4 cm, the dynamic filter reduced the maximum regional noise and dose penalties (compared with a centered object) from 173% to 16% and 42% to 14%, respectively, for a traditional bowtie, 29% to 8% and 24% to 15%, respectively, for a single MAD, and 275% to 11% and 56% to 18%, respectively, for a dual-MAD filter. The proposed methodology has the potential to relax patient centering requirements within the scanner, reduce setup time, and facilitate additional CT dose reduction.
Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4‐Dihydro‐9,10‐anthraquinones and Anthraquinones by Ring Closing Metathesis Using Grubbs′ Catalyst. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Investigation of Flip-Flop Effects in a Linear Analog Comparator-With-Hysteresis Circuit (2013)

The impact of the positive feedback loop on analog single event transient (ASET) shapes was investigated for a comparator-with-hysteresis circuit. Simulation based on previous developed ASET simulation tool is used to model the impact of the power supply voltage, the input voltage level and the injected energy. Simulation results show that these kinds of circuits are sensitive to flip-flop effects. This phenomenon occurs if the input voltage is in the hysteresis band range. In this case, simulations show that the ASET can latch the output into a non-desired state by changing the state of the circuit on his transfer characteristic curves. Laser experiments were conducted and show that the simulation outputs are in agreement with the experimental collected data.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Targeting uPAR with Antagonistic Recombinant Human Antibodies in Aggressive Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 38K, Determining the half-life of the 111In-labeled antibodies in vivo (n = 3 mice / antibody)&lt;/p&gt;
Combined tests with Xpert MTB/RIF assay with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increasing the diagnostic performance of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Eastern China (2020)

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health threat. Misdiagnosis and delayed therapy of sputum smear-negative TB can affect the treatment outcomes and promote pathogen transmission. The application of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been recommended but needs clinical evidence. We carried out a prospective study in the Nanjing Public Health Medical Center from September 2018 to August 2019. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients were enrolled in the study if they had negative results of sputum smear. We compared the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in sputum and BALF using sputum culture as the reference. In addition to this, we applied parallel tests using sputum culture, sputum-based Xpert MTB/RIF assay and BALF-based Xpert MTB/RIF assay to jointly detect smear-negative PTB using clinical diagnosis as the reference. With mycobacterial culture as the reference standard, Xpert MTB/RIF of BALF showed a higher sensitivity (14/16, 87.5%), but a relatively lower specificity (57/92, 62.0%). Xpert MTB/RIF of sputum showed relatively lower sensitivity (6/10, 60.0%) and higher specificity (63/88, 71.6%). Compared with sputum culture, Xpert MTB /RIF assay reduced the median detection time of MTB from 30 to 0 days, which significantly shortened the diagnosis time of the smear-negative TB patients. Among the combined detections, the positive detection proportion was improved with significant differences comparing with sputum culture only, from 11.1% (10/90) to 46.7% (42/90) (P < 0.05). Our study showed Xpert MTB/RIF in BALF had a better performance in detecting MTB of smear-negative patients.
Generating Contradictory, Neutral, and Entailing Sentences (2018)

Learning distributed sentence representations remains an interesting problem in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). We want to learn a model that approximates the conditional latent space over the representations of a logical antecedent of the given statement. In our paper, we propose an approach to generating sentences, conditioned on an input sentence and a logical inference label. We do this by modeling the different possibilities for the output sentence as a distribution over the latent representation, which we train using an adversarial objective. We evaluate the model using two state-of-the-art models for the Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) task, and measure the BLEU scores against the actual sentences as a probe for the diversity of sentences produced by our model. The experiment results show that, given our framework, we have clear ways to improve the quality and diversity of generated sentences.
CCDC 1024816: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination (2015)

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
An Introduction to Polymer Physics (2002)

Assuming no previous knowledge of polymers, this book provides a general introduction to the physics of solid polymers. Covering a wide range of topics within the field of polymer physics, the book begins with a brief history of the development of synthetic polymers and an overview of the methods of polymerisation and processing. In the following chapter, David Bower describes important experimental techniques used in the study of polymers. The main part of the book, however, is devoted to the structure and properties of solid polymers, including blends, copolymers and liquid crystal polymers. With an approach appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics, materials science or chemistry, the book includes many worked examples, and problems with solutions. It will provide a firm foundation for the study of the physics of solid polymers.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor IncreasesIn VitroFiring Rates of Serotonergic Neurons in the Rat Dorsal Raphe Nucleus: Evidence for Activation of a Topographically Organized Mesolimbocortical Serotonergic System (2000)

In vivo studies suggest that the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) modulates serotonergic neurotransmission. To investigate the underlying mechanisms for this interaction, the present study examined the effects of CRF in vitro on dorsal raphe neurons that displayed electrophysiological and pharmacological properties consistent with a serotonergic phenotype. In the presence of either 1 or 2 mm Ca(2+), perfusion of ovine CRF or rat/human CRF rapidly and reversibly increased firing rates of a subpopulation (19 of 70, 27%) of serotonergic neurons predominantly located in the ventral portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus. For a given responsive neuron, the excitatory effects of CRF were reproducible, and there was no tachyphylaxis. Excitatory effects were dose-dependent (over the range of 0.1-1.6 micrometer) and were completely absent after exposure to the competitive CRF receptor antagonists alpha-helical CRF(9-41) or rat/human [d-Phe(12), Nle(21, 38), alpha-Me-Leu(37)]-CRF(12-41). Both the proportion of responsive neurons and the magnitude of excitatory responses to CRF in the ventral portion of the caudal dorsal raphe nucleus were markedly potentiated in slices prepared from animals previously exposed to isolation and daily restraint stress for 5 d. Immunohistochemical staining of the recorded slices revealed close associations between CRF-immunoreactive varicose axons and tryptophan hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the area of the recordings, providing anatomical evidence for potential direct actions of CRF on serotonergic neurons. The electrophysiological properties and the distribution of responsive neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous CRF activates a topographically organized mesolimbocortical serotonergic system.
Combining Spatial and Telemetric Features for Learning Animal Movement Models (2012)

We introduce a new graphical model for tracking radio-tagged animals and learning their movement patterns. The model provides a principled way to combine radio telemetry data with an arbitrary set of userdefined, spatial features. We describe an efficient stochastic gradient algorithm for fitting model parameters to data and demonstrate its effectiveness via asymptotic analysis and synthetic experiments. We also apply our model to real datasets, and show that it outperforms the most popular radio telemetry software package used in ecology. We conclude that integration of different data sources under a single statistical framework, coupled with appropriate parameter and state estimation procedures, produces both accurate location estimates and an interpretable statistical model of animal movement.
Pecan Shells as a Roughage in Steer Rations and Use of Rib Cut Density in Estimating Energy Gain (1973)

One-Hundred-Ten Angus and Hereford steer calves were assigned by stratified randomization to 11 outcome groups of 10 steers each. One of the 11 groups was slaughtered at the outset to facilitate the use of Lofgreen's comparative slaughter technique, with certain modifications, for estimating energy gains during a feeding trial with the other groups. The remaining groups were randomly assigned to five ration treatments designed to compare ground pecan (Carya illinoensis) shells (GPS) with ground hay (GH) as a roughage in a steer ration. The GH and/or GPS were included along with ground shelled corn, soybean oil meal and minerals in the various ration treatments as follows: (1) 20% GH; (2) 20% GPS; (3) 10% GH; (4) 10% GPS; (5) 10% GH+10% GPS. The steers were self fed on their respective rations for either 140 or 161 days. The GPS caused no reduction in feed intake nor the development of any apparent health problems. However, on the basis of rate of live weight gain, rate of energy gain, feed efficiency and various measures of carcass quality, GPS were inferior to GH as a roughage material. The GPS lowered rumen pH. Also, they had a significant influence on certain other measures of rumen fermentation. In this test GPS contributed very little, if any, nutritive value to the ration. GPS were more effective than GH in reducing the incidence of livers condemned due to abscesses, especially at the 10% level of roughage. A rib cut was used effectively as an indicator of carcass density in estimating energy gains of test animals.
Gazing Forward, Not Looking Back: Comfort Food without Nostalgia in the Novels of Polly Horvath (2014)

Conventionally, children are depicted finding comfort in the sensory appeal of food, as part of experiences that eventually will become sources of adult nostalgia. Polly Horvath’s novels provide narratives that depict the creation of such moments without the accompanying nostalgia. This essay analyzes two of Horvath’s most successful and food-focused novels, Everything on a Waffle and The Canning Season, using the disciplinary and theoretical frames of children’s literature, food studies, social science research on comfort food as well as literary scholarship on nostalgia and on Proust’s À la recherche du temps perdu, pursuing a counter-argument to the conventional view of children’s literature as a locus of nostalgia.
Multi-instrument observations of winter solstice F-region irregularities during the low solar activity (2012)

Coordinated observations of the nighttime ionosphere in the Indian low-latitude zone were conducted during the winter of 2008-2009 using GPS TEC/Scintillation receiver, radar, ionosonde, and airglow photometer. It has been noted that out of ten nights of observations from 19 January to 27 January 2009, F-region irregularities were observed on six nights. Three distinctly different case studies have been presented to characterize the plasma irregularities observed during the extremely low solar activity condition. Specifically, the focus is on: (i) space-time evolution of plasma bubbles, (ii) zonal drift of the depleted regions, (iii) absence of sub-kilometer scale irregularities in the presence of its higher and lower scale irregularities, and (iv) characteristics of the post-midnight F-region irregularities. It has been found that rate of change of TEC index (ROTI) and derivative of ROTI (DROTI) increase with TEC depletions, but no correlation was found between DROTI and S4 index. These observations are discussed in the light of current understanding on the plasma irregularity processes with due importance to TEC variation and scintillation, which are detrimental for GPS based communication navigation applications.
Enhancing Intervention Efficiency and Eliminating Uncertainty — First Ever Successful Conveyance of MWD Tools on CT for Multilateral Well Stimulation in a Middle Eastern Gas Well (2016)

Abstract Drilling technologies are constantly being developed as operators push the envelope limits to maximize reservoir contact and increase hydrocarbon recovery. These advancements in well construction challenge the well intervention community to seek innovative solutions to successfully intervene in these wells. This paper discusses the successful combination of a slim OD measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool run on coiled tubing (CT) for real-time survey of the open hole lateral wellbore, followed by a stimulation treatment at appropriate depths for all laterals in a single CT run. Saudi Arabia has been in the forefront of maximum reservoir contact well construction with the drilling of multilateral open hole gas wells; thus, the need for CT operations to enhance current offerings and procedures. For this application, several tests were performed to determine the feasibility of the combination of necessary tools to be able to steer, identify, and pump the stimulation treatment in a single run. MWD tools were run on CT in this multilateral gas well, and the stimulation treatment was performed during the same CT run. The common practice in the study area was to run in hole down to total depth (TD) and determine, only by depth difference, in which lateral the CT was located. The uncertainty level increased exponentially when TDs of the laterals were within hundreds of feet because the treatment could potentially be performed in an alternate lateral, rather than the one intended (Ref 1-5). With the use of MWD tools that can relay inclination, azimuth, orientation (steering capacity), pressure and gamma ray, all this uncertainty is eliminated to help ensure a positive lateral identification for proper treatment placement in the well. The MWD tool run on coiled tubing (CT), implemented a procedure explained in this paper to eliminate the uncertainty associated with previous technologies used for in real-time CT positioning inside the wellbore. The CT position is now reliable verified by survey match with real time readings from CT tip, allowing the certification of job placement in the desired wellbore path, to complete the intervention associated to the CT intervention; i.e.,: "a stimulation treatment" to be done specifically and independently for all laterals in a single run on each. This project open the doors for many other MWD-guided CT interventions to be applied in such conditions.
Eliminating Size-Associated Diffusion Constraints for Rapid On-Surface Bioassays with Nanoparticle Probes (2016)

Nanoparticle probes enable implementation of advanced on-surface assay formats, but impose often underappreciated size-associated constraints, in particular on assay kinetics and sensitivity. The present study highlights substantially slower diffusion-limited assay kinetics due to the rapid development of a nanoprobe depletion layer next to the surface, which static incubation and mixing of bulk solution employed in conventional assay setups often fail to disrupt. In contrast, cyclic solution draining and replenishing yields reaction-limited assay kinetics irrespective of the probe size. Using common surface bioassays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunofluorescence, this study shows that this conceptually distinct approach effectively "erases" size-dependent diffusion constraints, providing a straightforward route to rapid on-surface bioassays employing bulky probes and procedures involving multiple labeling cycles, such as multicycle single-cell molecular profiling. For proof-of-concept, the study demonstrates that the assay time can be shortened from hours to minutes with the same probe concentration and, at a typical incubation time, comparable target labeling can be achieved with up to eight times lower nanoprobe concentration. The findings are expected to enable realization of novel assay formats and stimulate development of rapid on-surface bioassays with nanoparticle probes.
S1302-2-5 Research on ultraprecision micro cutting of reaction-bonded SiC (2009)

A tool-swinging cutting method was proposed to reduce the wear of round-nosed diamond tools in ductile cutting of reaction-bonded SiC (RB-SiC). In this method, the geometrical center of the cutting edge was adjusted to be in coincidence with the rotation center of the B-axis table, and thus the cutting point could be changed along the cutting edge by swinging the tool about the B-axis. A surface finish of 46 nm Rz and 4 nm Ra was obtained. The width of the flank wear land of the tool was remarkably smaller than that generated by the conventional cutting method.
Improving n-gram modeling using distance-related unit association maximum entropy language modeling (1999)

In this paper, a distance-related unit association maximum entropy (DUAME) language modeling is proposed. This approach can model an event (unit subsequence) using the co-occurrence of full distance unit association (UA) features so that it is able to pursue a functional approximation to higher order N-gram with signi cantly less memory requirement. A smoothing strategy related to this modeling will also be discussed. Preliminary experimental results have shown that DUAME modeling is comparable to conventional N-gram modeling in perplexity with signi cantly small number of parameters.
Thermal aftereffects in thin film magnetic recording media (1998)

Thermal aftereffects in written bits in CoCrPt thin film magnetic recording media are examined using a magnetoresistive (MR) head and a magnetic force microscope (MFM). Decays in signal output over time at room temperature in media with very thin magnetic layers of about 14-nm thickness or less were observed by using an MR head. The decay in signal output was accompanied by an increase in medium noise. Even with a precise examination of cross-track profile using an MFM, no change in track width caused by thermal aftereffects can be detected. Thermal decay of the signal output in a 14-nm thick magnetic layer with small remanence thickness product M/sub r/t/sub mag/ of about 40 G-/spl mu/m was successfully reduced by increasing the platinum content in the CoCrPt magnetic layer or by adding boron to the CrTi underlayer without increasing the medium noise. The reduction of thermal decay is considered to be caused by the increase of magneto crystalline anisotropy and increase in magnetic-crystal-grain size. These results suggest that it is possible to reduce the medium noise without reducing the crystal grain size and without much degradation of thermal stability even for media with small M/sub r/t/sub mag/ which is needed to achieve a recording density of 10 Gb/in/sup 2/.
Mapping of Protein Binding Sites using clustering algorithms - Development of a pharmacophore based drug discovery tool (2022)

Discovering new hit small molecules binding to a specific protein binding site can be a difficult task. In support of existing procedures, a proof of concept methodology has been developed to process fragment flooded X-ray protein structures using the K-means clustering algorithm in order to derive pharmacophore models of the binding site. The novel method includes the implementation of several K-means initialisation methods in serial and parallel versions. Furthermore, required parameter optimisations for two initialisation methods was achieved, which was necessary to determine their validity and performance. A graph theory algorithm was adapted to compare the clustering-derived pharmacophores with X-ray ligand structure-derived pharmacophores to confirm that they mapped to each other. Initial proof of concept method validation was demonstrated using the Androgen Receptor (AR).
Herd-scale measurements of methane emissions from cattle grazing extensive sub-tropical grasslands using the open-path laser technique (2015)

Methane (CH4) emissions associated with beef production systems in northern Australia are yet to be quantified. Methodologies are available to measure emissions, but application in extensive grazing environments is challenging. A micrometeorological methodology for estimating herd-scale emissions using an indirect open-path spectroscopic technique and an atmospheric dispersion model is described. The methodology was deployed on five cattle properties across Queensland and Northern Territory, with measurements conducted during two occasions at one site. On each deployment, data were collected every 10 min for up to 7 h a day over 4 to 16 days. To increase the atmospheric concentration of CH4 to measurable levels, cattle were confined to a known area around water points from ~0800 to 1600 h, during which time measurements of wind statistics and line-averaged CH4 concentration were taken. Filtering to remove erroneous data accounted for 35% of total observations. For five of the six deployments CH4 emissions were within the expected range of 0.4 to 0.6 g/kg BW. At one site, emissions were ~2 times expected values. There was small but consistent variation with time of day, although for some deployments measurements taken early in the day tended to be higher than at the other times. There was a weak linear relationship (R 2=0.47) between animal BW and CH4 emission per kg BW. Where it was possible to compare emissions in the early and late dry season at one site, it was speculated that higher emissions at the late dry season may have been attributed to poorer diet quality. It is concluded that the micrometeorological methodology using open-path lasers can be successfully deployed in extensive grazing conditions to directly measure CH4 emissions from cattle at a herd scale.
Initial and Follow-up Results of the BiodivYsio Phosphorylcholine Coated Stent for Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease (2005)

The BiodivYsio stent is safe and effective as a primary device for the treatment of native coronary artery lesions, especially in small vessels.