gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Promoting Democracy in Prosecution (2011)

Abstract: Voters were meant to check prosecutors' decisions, but that check has eroded because voters lack the information necessary to cast meaningful votes in prosecutor elections. Voters' lack of an effective political check on prosecutors causes two related problems: (1) inefficient allocation of prosecutorial resources and (2) divestment of democratic sovereignty from the people. Prosecutors currently need not consider expenditures for incarceration or public defense because voters never see these costs and thus cannot hold their prosecutors accountable for them. Accordingly, these costs become an externality in the prosecutorial decision-making process, causing prosecutors to spend resources in socially inefficient ways. To reinvigorate the political check on prosecutors, this Article proposes requiring state and local prosecutors to disclose costs of all prosecuted cases and all cases not prosecuted in which an arrest was made and sufficient evidence existed. Such disclosures would sweep broadly to include prosecutors' wages, public defense costs, and incarceration costs in cases resulting in a conviction. Voters would then have concrete, monetized evidence of prosecutorial priorities. This greater information flow would allow voters, through the ballot box, to meaningfully supervise their prosecutors' exercise of delegated sovereign authority. Knowing that voters wield this information, prosecutors would then internalize this externality by taking these previously disregarded costs into account when they determine whether to charge crimes, what crimes to charge, and what sentences to recommend. Creating a mechanism that urges prosecutors to consider this broader set of costs would promote a more socially efficient outcome. Finally, this Article considers what an efficient allocation of prosecutorial resources might look like. It postulates that many constituencies would rather spend less on small-scale drug prosecutions to save cash-strapped state budgets. INTRODUCTION 70 I. THE EVOLUTION OF PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION AND PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY ..... 75 A. History and Evolution of Prosecutorial Discretion 75 B. Voters' Lack of Information 78 C. Problems Caused by Lack of Information 79 1 . Inefficient Allocation of Prosecutorial Resources 79 2. Divestment of Sovereignty 84 D. Other Mechanisms of Democratic Accountability Fail to Control Prosecutorial Discretion 87 II. MANDATORY COST DISCLOSURE AS A MEANS OF ENHANCING PROSECUTORIAL ACCOUNTABILITY 91 A. Prosecutorial Discretion Is Necessary and Beneficial 91 B. Contours of Mandatory Cost Disclosures 94 C. Costs of Cost Disclosures 98 D. Distinguishing Previous Proposals 99 III. IMPLICATIONS OF MANDATORY COST DISCLOSURES ... 102 A. From Disclosure Reports to the Voting Booth 102 B. Efficiency and Sovereignty Improvements 104 1. Efficiency 104 2. Sovereignty 110 C. Envisioning Practical Results 112 CONCLUSION 123 INTRODUCTION State budgets are in crisis, and state prisons are a big reason why. As of 2009, the total number of inmates in state prisons and local jails across the nation reached nearly 2. …
Long‐term effects of maternal cortisol exposure and mild hyperthermia during embryogeny on survival, growth and morphological anomalies in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar offspring (2007)

With the objective of elucidating potential effects of prenatal stress on ontogeny of the progeny, a long‐term experiment was designed where mature farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar females were cortisol‐administered 6 days prior to stripping and additionally, fertilized eggs were exposed to mild hyperthermia during incubation. This study is a supplement to a previous paper and demonstrates that maternal cortisol increment caused several durable impacts on offspring survival, growth and morphological abnormalities, and that the most distinct effects were observed in offspring exposed to both augmented prenatal cortisol levels and a subsequent episode of early thermal stress. Moreover, offspring displaying anomalous morphology had reduced fork length and body mass compared to their normal counterparts.
Dictionary Learning Algorithms for Sparse Representation (2003)

Algorithms for data-driven learning of domain-specific overcomplete dictionaries are developed to obtain maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori dictionary estimates based on the use of Bayesian models with concave/Schur-concave (CSC) negative log priors. Such priors are appropriate for obtaining sparse representations of environmental signals within an appropriately chosen (environmentally matched) dictionary. The elements of the dictionary can be interpreted as concepts, features, or words capable of succinct expression of events encountered in the environment (the source of the measured signals). This is a generalization of vector quantization in that one is interested in a description involving a few dictionary entries (the proverbial "25 words or less"), but not necessarily as succinct as one entry. To learn an environmentally adapted dictionary capable of concise expression of signals generated by the environment, we develop algorithms that iterate between a representative set of sparse representations found by variants of FOCUSS and an update of the dictionary using these sparse representations. Experiments were performed using synthetic data and natural images. For complete dictionaries, we demonstrate that our algorithms have improved performance over other independent component analysis (ICA) methods, measured in terms of signal-to-noise ratios of separated sources. In the overcomplete case, we show that the true underlying dictionary and sparse sources can be accurately recovered. In tests with natural images, learned overcomplete dictionaries are shown to have higher coding efficiency than complete dictionaries; that is, images encoded with an overcomplete dictionary have both higher compression (fewer bits per pixel) and higher accuracy (lower mean square error).
Copper Oxide Buffer Layers by Pulsed‐Chemical Vapor Deposition for Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells (2020)

Abstract In semitransparent perovskite solar cells with n–i–p configuration, thermal evaporation is the common method to deposit the sputter buffer material, such as molybdenum oxide and tungsten oxide. Buffer layers are especially necessary when using organic hole transporting layers, as they are more susceptible to get damaged when sputtering the top transparent conducting oxide. However, there is a limited selection of possible materials and limited control of the materials properties by thermal evaporation, which leads to inefficient protection against sputtering and poor air stability. While there have been well‐established buffer layers by atomic layer deposition, including tin oxide, for p–i–n structured semitransparent perovskite solar cells, this is not the case for n–i–p structured devices. Here, copper oxide is demonstrated by pulsed‐chemical vapor deposition incorporated into perovskite solar cells for the sputter buffer layer, which result in stable encapsulated semitransparent devices maintaining over 95% of the maximum efficiency under AM 1.5 G at maximum power point tracking for 150 h without any temperature control.
The synthesis and structure solution of UiO-7, a new molecular sieve (1996)

A new molecular sieve type material UiO-7 is prepared and the structure solved through a combination of simulated annealing, used to isolate the framework topology, and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, for the location of the non-framework atoms.
[Expansion and mutation rate in CTG repeats in the myotonic dystrophy gene]. (2000)

The CTG repeat of the myotonic dystrophy (MD) gene was analyzed in 62 MD patients and 54 healthy members of their families. A CTG repeat expansion was revealed in 57 (92%) patients and in 12 relatives who did not express clinical signs of MD. Family analysis showed that the CTG repeat number increased, which was associated with anticipation, decreased, or remained the same (17.6%) in alleles transmitted from parents to their children. The spontaneous mutation rate of the CTG repeat was estimated at 4 x 10(-2). Instability was characteristic of alleles with more than 19 repeated units.
Application of the STSF system to noise source identification in domestic appliances (1987)

The acoustic energy produced by small appliances often originates at one point within the device (e.g., an electric motor) but actually radiates from a number of points on the casing. It is useful to identify these surface sources since they may indicate internal energy transmission paths; however, the task is made difficult by the fact that they are inevitably correlated and are often closely spaced. Recently the newly developed Brüel &amp; Kjaer spatial transformation of sound fields (STSF) system was used to identify sources in this situation. This system is a broadband adaptation of the acoustical holography technique; it makes use of sound-pressure measurements at a number of reference locations and at an array of field points to identify the wavenumber components of the field. These may be used to reconstruct the entire sound field exterior to a plane tangent with the source. By examining intensity maps on orthogonal planes near the source, closely spaced individual surface sources may be identified. The application of this technique to a complete noise control procedure will be illustrated in this paper.
Competition and Male Body Image: Increased Drive for Muscularity Following Failure to a Female (2007)

“Threatened masculinity” theory proposes that males have experienced an increased drive for muscularity in recent times as a result of females' expanded accomplishments among traditionally male dominated domains. We tested this hypothesis experimentally by examining the effects of competitive performance feedback against either a male or female opponent on male's state self–esteem, body image, and confidence in physical performance. Sixty–six male undergraduate students were given false performance feedback on a competitive task in a 2 (failure versus success feedback) × 2 (male versus female opponent) factorial design. Men felt worse about their appearance and less confident in their physical ability following failure in general. They felt less muscular after failing to a female. These results lend some support to the threatened masculinity hypothesis and demonstrate that failure to a woman, even on a nonphysical task, may elicit compensatory drive for muscularity among men.
An easy synthesis of 4,4′-di- aminodiphenylmethanes (1999)

Adsorbed on kaolinite, aromatic amines are readily condensed with formaldehyde to give the corresponding diaminodiphenylmethanes. The methodology is novel in its simplicity, selectivity and ecofriendly nature.
Quotation accuracy: fact or fiction? (1992)

Results from original studies are not always correctly represented in subsequent medical publications. In this study, randomly selected quotations from Israeli medical journals were examined. Less than 80% of the examined statements were in complete agreement with the original source. In about 7% the cited reference failed to substantiate the previous author's statement. Similar results were found over a range of American and European general and speciality journals. It is concluded that errors in quotation are a widespread problem in the biomedical literature. Editors and peer reviewers can improve quotation accuracy by stressing this issue in decisions regarding publication. Nevertheless, it seems that the most efficient solution would be for authors to increase their vigilance in accurately quoting results and statements from previous publications.
Global carbon credits and climate exchanges (2007)

This study analyses the carbon credits contracts as a market-based mechanism to solve the global environmental problem by offering monetary rewards to countries and corporations that are low greenhouse emitters and putting economic pressure on those that are high greenhouse emitters. The mechanism is a by-product of the Kyoto Protocol which came into effect on February 16, 2005. There are two functioning climate exchanges that are exclusively trading carbon contracts, and at least another four climate exchanges plan to offer carbon contracts in the near future. Finally, this study discusses some of the present and future programs to reduce greenhouse gas emission and suggests additional solutions.
Bacterial diversity in Buruli ulcer skin lesions: Challenges in the clinical microbiome analysis of a skin disease (2017)

Our study suggests that BU may lead to changes in the skin bacterial community within the lesions. However, in order to determine if such changes hold true across all BU cases and are either a cause or consequence of a specific wound environment, further microbiome studies are necessary. Such skin microbiome analysis requires large sample sizes and lesions from the same body site in many patients, both of which can be difficult for a rare disease. Our study proposes a pipeline for such studies and highlights several drawbacks that must be considered if microbiome analysis is to be utilized for neglected tropical diseases.
Detection of Hypermethylated DNA or Cyclooxygenase-2 Messenger RNA in Fecal Samples of Patients With Colorectal Cancer or Polyps (2007)

Detection of aberrantly methylated DNA in fecal samples is more sensitive than COX-2 mRNA for detection of colorectal cancer and adenoma.
Mechanism and biological significance of CD44 cleavage (2004)

There are multiple steps in the metastasis of cancer cells. Tumor cells must first detach from the tumor mass and invade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). In this step, cell surface adhesion molecules play an important role in the interaction between the cells and their microenvironments. CD44 is an adhesion molecule that interacts with hyaluronic acid (HA) and is implicated in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recently, proteolytic cleavages of CD44 have been emerging as key regulatory events for the CD44 dependent cell-matrix interaction and signaling pathway. CD44 undergoes sequential proteolytic cleavages in the ectodomain and intramembranous domain, resulting in the release of a CD44 intracellular domain (ICD) fragment. The ectodomain cleavage of CD44 is triggered by multiple stimulations and contributes to the regulation of cell attachment to and migration on HA matrix. The ectodomain cleavage subsequently induces the intramembranous cleavage, which is mediated by presenilin (PS)-dependent gamma -secretase. The intramembranous cleavage generates CD44ICD, which acts as a signal transduction molecule; it is translocated to the nucleus and activates transcription. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of these cleavages of CD44 could provide novel therapeutic targets for cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
Comparison of the 5' upstream putative regulatory sequences of three members of the alpha2u-globulin gene family (1987)

We have isolated and characterized seven members of the alpha 2u-globulin gene family from a rat genomic library. The 5' upstream region (up to 1250 base pairs starting from the EcoRI site in exon 2) of three clones was sequenced. The major transcriptional start points were located 25 base pairs downstream from the 'TATA' box. A very high degree of homology was observed over the entire studied region. Two of the examined genes displayed structural features which suggest that their expression may be impeded. A high degree of homology was observed between the promotor regions of alpha 2u-globulin and those of the major urinary protein (MUP) multigene family of the mouse. A remarkable feature is the variable length of an A-rich region between the putative 'CAAT' and the 'TATA' consensus sequences. The size of this region differs markedly between MUP and alpha 2u-globulin and between different members of the alpha 2u-globulin gene family. Comparison of the alpha 2u-globulin promotor with the corresponding region of other androgen-dependent genes (the C1, C2 and C3 subunits of prostatic steroid binding protein) reveals the presence of an A-rich region of homology located approximately 378 base pairs upstream from the cap site in the alpha 2u-globulin genes. This region compares well with a sequence of putative enhancer function previously demonstrated in the alpha-fetoprotein promotor and in the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter.
The Invisible Enemy – How Human Papillomaviruses Avoid Recognition and Clearance by the Host Immune System (2012)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) needs to persist in squamous epithelia for a certain amount of time to complete its reproductive cycle. Therefore, the virus has evolved multiple immune evasion strategies. The interplay of these immune evasion mechanisms with the host immune system decides whether a HPV infection is cleared or becomes persistent. Clearance of HPV-induced lesions is mediated by a cellular immune response, consisting of both cytotoxic T lymphocyte and T helper cell responses. Persistent HPV infection, on the other hand, is the single most important risk factor for the development of HPV-associated premalignant lesions and HPV-driven cancers. This article reviews the immune evasion mechanisms employed by high-risk HPVs to escape host immune recognition and attack.
High critical current density scheme of YBa2Cu3O7$minus$x films by the metalorganic deposition using trifluoroacetates (2002)

The formation of CuO nanocrystallite in a precursor has little influence on the critical current density (Jc) of the YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) film by the metalorganic deposition using trifluoroacetate. From the result of transmission electron microscopy, the microstructure of the YBCO film allows the coexistence of isolated CuO grains. Increasing humidity in the firing process is effective to decrease the grain growth of CuO nanocrystallite and attain high Jc of the films. We propose that a quasi-liquid is formed in a Cu-rich Y–Ba–O–F amorphous matrix and CuO/amorphous interface in the firing process with humidity. The quasi-liquid may help to diffuse H2O and HF in the film during the firing process, therefore, the removal of HF gas from the film surface is only a growth limiting process. Such a growth scheme leads to high Jc with high reproducibility.
Quantitative oximetry of breast tumors: a near-infrared method that identifies two optimal wavelengths for each tumor (2002)

We present a noninvasive optical method to measure the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in breast lesions. This method introduces the novel concept that the best choice of near-infrared wavelengths for noninvasive tumor oximetry consists of a wavelength pair (lambda1, lambda2) within the range 680-880 nm, where the specific values of lambda1 and lambda2 depend on the optical properties of the specific tumor under examination. Our method involves two steps: (1) identify the optimal wavelength pair for each tumor and (2) measure the tumor oxygenation using the optical data at the two selected wavelengths. We have tested our method by acquiring experimental optical data from turbid media containing cylindrical or irregularly shaped inhomogeneities and by computing theoretical data for the case of spherical lesions embedded in a highly scattering medium. We have found that our optical method can provide accurate and quantitative measurements of the oxygenation of embedded lesions without requiring knowledge of their size, shape, and depth.
HIV-1 Gag-specific immunity induced by a lentivector-based vaccine directed to dendritic cells (2009)

Lentivectors (LVs) have attracted considerable interest for their potential as a vaccine delivery vehicle. In this study, we evaluate in mice a dendritic cell (DC)-directed LV system encoding the Gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (LV-Gag) as a potential vaccine for inducing an anti-HIV immune response. The DC-directed specificity is achieved through pseudotyping the vector with an engineered Sindbis virus glycoprotein capable of selectively binding to the DC-SIGN protein. A single immunization by this vector induces a durable HIV Gag-specific immune response. We investigated the antigen-specific immunity and T-cell memory generated by a prime/boost vaccine regimen delivered by either successive LV-Gag injections or a DNA prime/LV-Gag boost protocol. We found that both prime/boost regimens significantly enhance cellular and humoral immune responses. Importantly, a heterologous DNA prime/LV-Gag boost regimen results in superior Gag-specific T-cell responses as compared with a DNA prime/adenovector boost immunization. It induces not only a higher magnitude response, as measured by Gag-specific tetramer analysis and intracellular IFN-gamma staining, but also a better quality of response evidenced by a wider mix of cytokines produced by the Gag-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. A boosting immunization with LV-Gag also generates T cells reactive to a broader range of Gag-derived epitopes. These results demonstrate that this DC-directed LV immunization is a potent modality for eliciting anti-HIV immune responses.
Percutaneous recanalisation of chronic total occlusions: 2019 consensus document from the EuroCTO Club (2019)

Since its inception in December 2006, the EuroCTO Club has strived to provide the framework for state-of-the-art chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Europe and nearby regions. Among its initiatives, the EuroCTO Club has published a set of recommendations regarding the technical aspects of CTO PCI, whose last edition dates to 2012. The EuroCTO Club consensus document discusses CTO PCI clinical indications, techniques and equipment use, as well as the qualifications of operators/centres. Given the considerable amount of progress made by this subspecialty in recent years, there is a need for an updated document that includes data from recent clinical trials and registries, information on novel devices and techniques, and an up-to-date revision on the training requirements to approach CTO PCI. The current updated consensus document of the EuroCTO Club reflects the expertise of European operators to promote the widespread application of state-of-the-art CTO PCI, not only in Europe but also across neighbouring communities.
Wind Engineering Studies for Super-Tall Buildings (2009)

For wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings, the traditionally used wind engineering techniques need to be reviewed and improved in order to meet the challenge of the associated complications. The present paper highlights some wind issues that are especially important for super-tall buildings that include 1 upper level wind conditions and their effects on wind response; 2 higher-order modal responses; 3 aeroelastic effects; 4 Reynolds number effects; and 5 aerodynamic optimizations. The current techniques in dealing with these issues are discussed.
Application of Image-Based Visual Servoing on Autonomous Drones (2020)

This work presents an Image-Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) technique for an autonomous drone to track and follow an object in 3D space using Image-Based Visual Servoing. Unlike implementing tracking mechanism using GPS positions, Radars or other high-level position determining devices, we present our approach in which we use an onboard camera that captures real-time video stream to processes information such that a given target in 3D space is tracked. We perform IBVS during the flight. A technique to use the video stream and locate the target is presented in this paper. Here we also discuss the mathematical model and system architecture of this technique on an autonomous drone. The advantage of this approach is that the tracking by drones can be made completely autonomous even in GPS-denied environments. We then walk through the applications and future scope of this methodology.