gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Drilling Systems Automation and Management (February 2019) (2019)

Technology Focus Drilling systems automation requires a digital backbone. One segment of that backbone is the interval between the drill bit and the surface. Most drilling operations use mud-pulse telemetry to transport data over that interval, or electromagnetic or acoustic telemetry. These methods provide a low data rate, topping out at approximately 40 bits/second in one direction, and some suffer from nonstationary latency. This is not an ideal digital backbone for systems automation. Wired pipe removes both the bandwidth and latency barriers of the available measurement-while-drilling (MWD) telemetry systems. This innovation came to market around 2007, after approximately a 5-year development period. The introduction predates the systems automation of drilling, and the first applications focused on getting image data to surface for fast decisions on wellbore quality and updating the drilling plan, for example. Even in those early trials, the ability of wired pipe to affect performance by rapid updating to surface of downhole parameters was quite apparent. Now, various operators, as part of drilling systems automation, have run it in extensive tests, and paper SPE 191574 presents the latest in these trials. It will be interesting, in the next few years, to see if the adoption of wired pipe advances the movement of quality data to surface and the tight real-time control of downhole drilling systems. Certainly, it seems to fill the role from a technical standpoint. The issue of adoption primarily concerns viable business models and vision, the latter not just from operators but also from all participants in drilling operations. Human interaction in systems automation and drilling management is a key issue, and, while papers have described the levels of automation technology, few case studies have shown its relationship to actual drilling technologies. Paper SPE 191408 outlines the mapping between directional drilling and systems automation and serves to stimulate thought as other drilling technologies move into automation. One of those technologies is the use of engineering (physics-based) models in real time. Here, data quality is important, as measurements merge with contextual information in real time, as described in paper SPE 191426. This paper is quite important, showing the use of physics-based and data-driven models in parallel (the digital-twin paradigm) to effect real-time event detection. The three selected papers tell a story that reflects the drilling systems automation path: digital backbone, methodology, and applications. This approach may be simplistic, but the story does help clarify a young technology that sometimes seems overly energetic and chaotic. Nevertheless, it is full of promise. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 191939 An Open Approach to Drilling Systems Automation by Hans-Uwe Brackel, Baker Hughes, a GE company, et al. SPE 191672 Managing the Drilling Function by John Willis, Occidental Oil and Gas, et al.
Feasibility, acceptability and practicality of transcranial stimulation in obsessive compulsive symptoms (FEATSOCS): A randomised controlled crossover trial (2023)

ISRCTN17937049. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17937049.
The Feasibility of EBUS-Guided TBNA Through the Pulmonary Artery in Highly Selected Patients (2015)

This multicenter case series suggests that transpulmonary artery needle aspiration guided by EBUS is possible and safe in the hands of experienced interventional pulmonologists. It is important to recognize that this is not an alternative to left VATS or Chamberlain procedure, but a last resort procedure.
Higher BMI, But Not Sarcopenia, Is Associated With Pembrolizumab-related Toxicity in Patients With Advanced Melanoma (2020)

Sarcopenia did not appear to predict clinically relevant outcomes. Obesity, however, represents a readily available predictor of pembrolizumab toxicity.
The utility of animal models to evaluate novel anti‐obesity agents (2011)

The global incidence of obesity continues to rise and is a major driver of morbidity and mortality through cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Animal models used in the discovery of novel treatments for obesity range from straightforward measures of food intake in lean rodents to long-term studies in animals exhibiting obesity due to the continuous access to diets high in fat. The utility of these animal models can be extended to determine, for example, that weight loss is due to fat loss and/or assess whether beneficial changes in key plasma parameters (e.g. insulin) are evident. In addition, behavioural models such as the behavioural satiety sequence can be used to confirm that a drug treatment has a selective effect on food intake. Typically, animal models have excellent predictive validity whereby drug-induced weight loss in rodents subsequently translates to weight loss in man. However, despite this, at the time of writing orlistat (Europe; USA) remains the only drug currently marketed for the treatment of obesity, with sibutramine having recently been withdrawn from sale globally due to the increased incidence of serious, non-fatal cardiovascular events. While the utility of rodent models in predicting clinical weight loss is detailed, the review also discusses whether animals can be used to predict adverse events such as those seen with recent anti-obesity drugs in the clinic.
A highly efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cell based on nickel sulfide/platinum/titanium counter electrode (2015)

A composite film of nickel sulfide/platinum/titanium foil (NiS/Pt/Ti) with low cost and high electrocatalytic activity was synthesized by the use of an in situ electropolymerization route and proposed as a counter electrode (CE) catalyst for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs). The FDSSC with the NiS/Pt/Ti CE exhibited a comparable power conversion efficiency of 7.20% to the FDSSC with the platinum/titanium (Pt/Ti) CE showing 6.07%. The surface morphology of the NiS/Pt/Ti CE with one-dimensional (1D) structure is characterized by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The NiS/Pt/Ti CE also displayed multiple electrochemical functions of excellent conductivity, great electrocatalytic ability for iodine/triiodine, and low charge transfer resistance of 2.61 ± 0.02 Ω cm(2), which were characterized by using the cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarization plots. The photocurrent-photovoltage (J-V) character curves were further used to calculate the theoretical optical light performance parameters of the FDSSCs. It may be said that the NiS/Pt/Ti counter electrode is a promising catalytic material to replace the expensive platinum in FDSSCs.
BaSnO/sub 3/ oxygen sensors without the need of a reference electrode (2004)

A new sensor structure, based on a sensing layer formed by a mixed conduction ceramic of BaSnO/sub 3/ playing the role of an active element in a device structure, is proposed for oxygen detection in harsh ambient. I-V curves at different operating temperatures and at different gas atmospheres have been measured. Variation of more than 1 Volt is obtained for a current source of about 60 mA. The device shows a significant sensitivity to oxygen, with a maximum response at 400/spl deg/C. Sensing mechanisms are discussed and a model describing the behaviour of the structure is proposed. It takes into account the different types of conduction of the BaSnO/sub 3/ as the temperature is modified.
Modeling of Ring Twist For an IC Engine (1998)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The development of a modern internal combustion engine can be characterized by three main trends: durability increase, emission reduction, and fuel economy improvement. Ring pack design addresses all of these issues. The ring behavior affects the blow-by past the ring pack, the oil film left on the cylinder liner, the friction force between the liner and the ring, and the wear of the ring and the cylinder liner. In order to predict these phenomena, the prediction of inter-ring gas flow and ring behavior, especially ring motion and ring twist about ring centroid, is needed. This paper presents the results of the modeling of 3-dimensional ring twist and its influence on ring performance and blow-by.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The TWIST program includes a 3-dimensional beam model of a piston ring. Based on ring cross sectional properties, ring tension, pressure load above and below the ring, friction force and inertia force, the model predicts axial displacement, radial displacement, bend angle and twist angle of the ring over an engine cycle for any arbitrary ring cross section and groove geometry.&lt;/div&gt;
[Intraosseous vascular access, a technic previously underestimated in France]. (1994)

Intraosseous vascular access is a simple and very efficient technique for fluid and drug administration in any pediatric emergencies where the intravenous route is impossible or inadequate. Yet it remains unrecognized in France. Its pharmacokinetics is close to that of peripheral intravenous route, but it allows much greater infusion flow rates. In pediatric resuscitation it must be considered as the number one technique of intravascular access in infants, and rapidly as the first alternative after failure of attempt of intravenous route in children under 6. Provided that the technique is performed with careful asepsis, the risk of infectious complications is very low. However the intraosseous route must remain a transitory vascular access, and has to be stopped as soon as possible, its use never exceeding 24 hours.
Editor’s Highlight: A Genome-wide Screening of Target Genes Against Silver Nanoparticles in Fission Yeast (2017)

To identify target genes against silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), we screened a genome-wide gene deletion library of 4843 fission yeast heterozygous mutants covering 96% of all protein encoding genes. A total of 33 targets were identified by a microarray and subsequent individual confirmation. The target pattern of AgNPs was more similar to those of AgNO3 and H2O2, followed by Cd and As. The toxic effect of AgNPs on fission yeast was attributed to the intracellular uptake of AgNPs, followed by the subsequent release of Ag+, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Next, we focused on the top 10 sensitive targets for further studies. As described previously, 7 nonessential targets were associated with detoxification of ROS, because their heterozygous mutants showed elevated ROS levels. Three novel essential targets were related to folate metabolism or cellular component organization, resulting in cell cycle arrest and no induction in the transcriptional level of antioxidant enzymes such as Sod1 and Gpx1 when 1 of the 2 copies was deleted. Intriguingly, met9 played a key role in combating AgNP-induced ROS generation via NADPH production and was also conserved in a human cell line.
PET/MRI Versus PET/CT for Whole-Body Staging: Results from a Single-Center Observational Study on 1,003 Sequential Examinations (2019)

Our purpose was to investigate differences between PET/MRI and PET/CT in lesion detection and classification in oncologic whole-body examinations and to investigate radiation exposure differences between the 2 modalities. <b>Methods:</b> In this observational single-center study, 1,003 oncologic examinations (918 patients; mean age, 57.8 ± 14.4 y) were included. Patients underwent PET/CT and subsequent PET/MRI (149.8 ± 49.7 min after tracer administration). Examinations were reviewed by radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians in consensus. Additional findings, characterization of indeterminate findings on PET/CT, and missed findings on PET/MRI, including their clinical relevance and effective dose of both modalities, were investigated. The McNemar test was used to compare lesion detection between the 2 hybrid imaging modalities (<i>P</i> < 0.001, indicating statistical significance). <b>Results:</b> Additional information on PET/MRI was reported for 26.3% (264/1,003) of examinations, compared with PET/CT (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Of these, additional malignant findings were detected in 5.3% (53/1,003), leading to a change in TNM staging in 2.9% (29/1,003) due to PET/MRI. Definite lesion classification of indeterminate PET/CT findings was possible in 11.1% (111/1,003) with PET/MRI. In 2.9% (29/1,003), lesions detected on PET/CT were not visible on PET/MRI. Malignant lesions were missed in 1.2% (12/1,003) on PET/MRI, leading to a change in TNM staging in 0.5% (5/1,003). The estimated mean effective dose for whole-body PET/CT amounted to 17.6 ± 8.7 mSv, in comparison to 3.6 ± 1.4 mSv for PET/MRI, resulting in a potential dose reduction of 79.6% (<i>P</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusion:</b> PET/MRI facilitates staging comparable to that of PET/CT and improves lesion detectability in selected cancers, potentially helping to promote fast, efficient local and whole-body staging in 1 step, when additional MRI is recommended. Furthermore, younger patients may benefit from the reduced radiation exposure of PET/MRI.
When Product Liability Meets the Platform Economy: A European Perspective on Oberdorf v. Amazon (2019)

On 3 July 2019 the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit handed down a ruling in the case Oberdorf v. Amazon which could have a seismic effect for online marketplaces on both sides of the Atlantic. The case not only puts a spotlight on how product liability law is applicable in the platform economy. It could also influence the broader transatlantic debate about the future of platform liability. This editorial for the Journal of European Consumer and Market law offers some European reflections on the Oberdorf case and its potential ramifications for the EU policy debate.
A simple protocol to study blue copper proteins by NMR (2003)

In the case of oxidized plastocyanin from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, an NMR approach based on classical two and three dimensional experiments for sequential assignment leaves unobserved 14 out of 98 amino acids. A protocol which simply makes use of tailored versions of 2D HSQC and 3D CBCA(CO)NH and CBCANH leads to the identification of nine of the above 14 residues. The proposed protocol differs from previous approaches in that it does not involve the use of unconventional experiments designed specifically for paramagnetic systems, and does not exploit the occurrence of a corresponding diamagnetic species in chemical exchange with the blue copper form. This protocol is expected to extend the popularity of NMR in the structural studies of copper (II) proteins, allowing researchers to increase the amount of information available via NMR on the neighborhood of a paramagnetic center without requiring a specific expertise in the field. The resulting 3D spectra are standard spectra that can be handled by any standard software for protein NMR data analysis.
Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (2016)

Human roseoloviruses include three different species, human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, HHV-6B, HHV-7), genetically related to human cytomegalovirus. They exhibit a wide cell tropism in vivo and, like other herpesviruses, induce a lifelong latent infection in humans. In about 1% of the general population, HHV-6 DNA is covalently integrated into the subtelomeric region of cell chromosomes (ciHHV-6). Many active infections, corresponding to primary infections, reactivations, or exogenous reinfections, are asymptomatic. They also may cause serious diseases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, including hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) and solid-organ transplant recipients, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. This opportunistic pathogenic role is formally established for HHV-6 infection and less clear for HHV-7. It mainly concerns the central-nervous system, bone marrow, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and liver. As the best example, HHV-6 causes both exanthema subitum, a benign disease associated with primary infection, and severe encephalitis associated with virus reactivations in HSCT recipients. Diagnosis using serologic and direct antigen-detection methods currently exhibits limitations. The most prominent technique is the quantification of viral DNA in blood, other body fluids, and organs by means of real-time polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). The antiviral compounds ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir are effective against active infections, but there is currently no consensus regarding the indications of treatment or specifics of drug administration. Numerous questions about HHV-6A, HHV-6B, HHV-7 are still pending, concerning in particular clinical impact and therapeutic options in immunocompromised patients.
Understanding the Impact of Infection, Inflammation, and Their Persistence in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (2015)

The concerted interaction of genetic and environmental factors acts on the preterm human immature lung with inflammation being the common denominator leading to the multifactorial origin of the most common chronic lung disease in infants - -bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Adverse perinatal exposure to infection/inflammation with added insults like invasive mecha nical ventilation, exposure to hyperoxia, and sepsis causes persistent immune dysregulation. In this review article, we have attempted to analyze and consolidate current knowledge about the role played by persistent prenatal and postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPD. While some parameters of the early inflammatory response (neutrophils, cytokines, etc.) may not be detectable after days to weeks of exposure to noxious stimuli, they have already initiated the signaling pathways of the inflammatory process/immune cascade and have affected permanent defects structurally and functionally in the BPD lungs. Hence, translational research aimed at prevention/amelioration of BPD needs to focus on dampening the inflammatory response at an early stage to prevent the cascade of events leading to lung injury with impaired healing resulting in the pathologic pulmonary phenotype of alveolar simplification and dysregulated vascularization characteristic of BPD.
Interference alignment and cancellation based concurrent transmission and scheduling scheme for multiuser CR-MIMO system (2013)

In this paper, an Interference Alignment and Cancellation (IAC) based transmission and scheduling scheme is proposed for an infrastructured Cognitive Radio (CR) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system with multiple secondary users. With the cooperation of Primary Base Station (PBS) and Secondary Base Station (SBS), a signal processing procedure is designed to guarantee the priority of the primary transmission. As a reward for offering help to the PBS, the SBS is granted communication opportunity. The transmission difference of various spatial channels is exploited in Secondary User (SU) scheduling. With the proposed scheme, interference-free concurrent transmission of both PBS and SBS is implemented. Spatial channel resources can be effectively utilised compared with a traditional Interference Alignment (IA) based strategy. Simulation results show that the achievable data for primary transmission is enhanced by cooperative signal processing at the SBS. With respect to the SBS, its data rate grows with an increasing number of SUs by exploiting the multiuser diversity gain.
Memory of Infections: An Emerging Role for Natural Killer Cells (2013)

Many previous reports on Natural Killer (NK) cells highlighted their ability to form the proverbial first line of defense against a variety of viral infections and malignancies. NK cells have been considered a part of innate immunity, characterized by invariant, germ-line encoded receptors for the recognition of pathogens and infected cells. In contrast, somatic rearrangement of receptor genes, the clonal expansion of antigen-specific cells, and the ability to mount a more potent memory response upon secondary challenge are traditionally considered hallmarks of T and B cells belonging to the adaptive immune system.

More recently, exciting new data are challenging this conventional view [1]. A growing body of evidence indicates that under certain experimental conditions, NK cells share some of the features of adaptive immune cells. For instance, in mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), an NK cell subset expands in an antigen-dependent manner reminiscent of the clonal expansion of adaptive immune cells [2]. This NK cell expansion is associated with long-lasting functional changes similar to features of memory T cell populations. Resemblances between NK and T cells are not only limited to their response kinetics and certain functions, but also comprise characteristics of homeostatic proliferation, development, and differentiation [3].

Currently, a clear consensus on how the term “memory” is defined in NK cell biology is lacking. Throughout this article we will refer to memory NK cells, if these NK cells respond more potently to a second challenge with the same antigen they had initially encountered (Figure 1). The term “memory-like” NK cells will be used when long-lasting functional alterations are induced, e.g. by cytokines without clear evidence of antigen involvement (Figure 1).



Figure 1

Memory and memory-like NK cells in mice and humans.
Comprehensive gene expression analysis of human NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes (2002)

Cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells and CD8(+) T cells play a pivotal role in the host defense. To reveal the biological function of these cells through establishing a comprehensive gene expression profile, serial analysis of gene expression was performed in human peripheral blood NK cells and CD8(+) T cells. In total, 85,848 tags corresponding to >20,000 different transcripts were sequenced. The genes expressed abundantly in these libraries mostly consisted of genes encoding MHC class I and molecules related to protein synthesis. Among gene transcripts which related to cytotoxicity, granulysin, perforin, granzyme B and alpha-defensin 1 were highly expressed in NK cells. Resting CD8(+) T cells did not express the genes related to cytotoxicity, but expressed abundantly the genes encoding chemokines, tumor necrosis factor family. When CD8(+) T cells were sorted into naive, memory and effector subsets based on the expression of CD45RA and CD27, perforin and granzyme B were expressed in the CD45RA(+)CD27(-) effector subset. Alpha-defensin 1, one of the selectively expressed genes in NK cells, induced migration of naive CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CD27(+) T cells, but not memory CD8(+)CD45RA(-)CD27(+) or effector CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CD27(-) T cells. Furthermore, treatment with IL-15, a stimulator of NK cell development, differentiation, survival and cytotoxicity, rapidly enhanced the expression of alpha-defensin 1 in NK cells. The identification of the genes preferentially expressed in NK and CD8(+) T cell subsets may give important insights into the functions of these cells against virus infection and in tumor immunity.
Radiative transfer in spectrally-dissimilar absorbing-emitting-scattering adjacent mediums (1981)

Structure of radiation field in a cylindrical medium having two regions of different, but uniform absorption and scattering coefficients is analyzed. Fundamental aspects of the problem are elucidated by considering the case of a gray medium. It is shown for example that for unequal absorption coefficients in the two regions, both emission and absorption rates are discontinuous at the interface of the two regions, but the heat flux and incident radiation are continuous. As an application of the analysis, the influence on heat transfer of spatial distribution of particles in a coal-burning swirl combustor is investigated. In the example application, spectral calculations are performed spanning over the broad frequency range of the thermal radiation spectrum.
Errors in Zernike Transformations and Non-modal Reconstruction Methods (2005)

Rescaling works well and is useful as long as the RMS fit error can be evaluated. The RMS difference between the zonal reconstruction and the Zernike fit is useful for determining this fit error.