gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the growth process and optical transitions as a function of Ga content in CuIn<inf>1&#x2212;x</inf>Ga<inf>x</inf>Se<inf>2</inf> thin films at 570 &#x00B0;C (2011)

The CuIn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (CIGS) growth process, as well as the fundamental optical transitions, at the growth temperature of 570 °C have been studied for various x = Ga/(In+Ga) ratios. Data acquired by spectroscopic ellipsometry in real time (RTSE) were used to extract this information which was then correlated with ex situ techniques such as AFM, SEM etc. The roughness extracted from RTSE indicates that the Ga content does not have a significant effect on this parameter, while all layers follow the Volmer-Weber growth process. The complex dielectric functions, (ϵ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ϵ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ), of CIGS at 570 °C as a function of x = Ga/(In+Ga) were also extracted from these RTSE data. By fitting critical point oscillators in the second derivative of ϵ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , the dependence of the band gap on x and a bowing parameter were extracted for high measurement temperatures.
Role of the electric vehicle as a distributed resource (2002)

The growing concern about environmental degradation, and increasing amounts of greenhouse gas emissions from automobiles have generated significant interests among citizens, auto manufacturers and governments around the world to develop affordable and workable electric vehicles. Both fuel cell and electric battery operated vehicles are being considered for commercial deployment within the next five years. The availability of such technologies will offer new opportunities for distributed energy sources for partially meeting household electricity demand. The unique concept presented in this paper deals with using the electric vehicle (EV) as a home-based power plant supplying electricity during hours of high price, and under emergency situations. Such dual-use opportunity for the EV will allow the EV owner to get financial benefits that can be used for servicing the car/battery lease expenses. This paper deals with modeling the available capacity for stationary electricity output (while the vehicle is not on the road), the proper charging sequence, forecasting the load servicing capability of the EV battery or the fuel cell, and the system level load impact when the batteries are charged. The load servicing capability of the dual-purpose EV (DPEV) will determine the type of loads and duration of supply that can be provided by the on-board power plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis and Structural Establishment of (25S)‐24,24‐Difluoro‐1α,25,26‐trihydroxyvitamin D3, a Major Metabolite of 24,24‐Difluoro‐1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes & Their Uses (2016)

Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes & Their Uses , Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines with Formulae, Processes & Their Uses , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Thermal tests and analysis of thin graphite heat spreader for hot spot reduction in handheld devices (2008)

Very thin heat spreaders made of materials with high in-plane thermal conductivity are desirable for thermal solutions to eliminate hot spots on packages of highly converged handheld electronic devices with shrinking form factors. Graphite is used commercially in these applications because of its unique anisotropic properties of high in-plane thermal conductivity and low thru-thickness thermal conductivity. This paper presents application-level thermal performance tests on graphite based spreaders attached to a plastic substrate. Two graphite materials, provided by GrafTech International Holdings Inc., with different thicknesses and in-plane thermal conductivities, were tested. Two types of spreader constructions were also compared. The thermal performance tests emulate the typical heat dissipation scenario for handheld device packages; a constant and uniform heat flux on a very limited area on one side of the spreader and a natural convection environment on the other side. The thermal resistance of the spreader assembly is examined as a function of the different materials and constructions. Additionally, samples were subjected to three types of accelerated life tests (ALT). The thermal performance of these samples before and after ALT were compared to determine the effects of the ALT sequences. Statistical procedures including Analysis of variance and the paired student t test were used to analyze the data.
Joint signal detection and parameter estimation in multiuser communications (1993)

The problem of simultaneously detecting the information bits and estimating signal amplitudes and phases in a K-user asynchronous direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communication system is addressed. The joint maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator has a computational complexity that is exponential in the total number of bits transmitted and thus does not represent a practical solution to the problem. An estimator that combines a suboptimum tree-search algorithm with a recursive least-squares estimator of complex signal amplitude is considered. The complexity of this estimator is O(K/sup 2/) computations per decoded bit, and its performance is very close to that of the joint ML receiver. This receiver has the advantage that the transmitted signal powers and phases are extracted from the received signal in an adaptive fashion without using a test sequence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design (1988)

Efficient employment contracts usually fail to compensate workers for the effects of posthir ing events and decisions when changing jobs is costly. Then, when the re are executives and managers with authority to make discretionary decisions, affected employees will be led to waste valuable time tryi ng to influence their decisions. Efficient organization design coun-t ers this tendency by limiting the discretion of decision makers, espe cially for those decisions that have large distributional consequence s but that are otherwise of little consequence to the organization. Copyright 1988 by University of Chicago Press.
CLINICAL IN VIVO MULTIPHOTON MULTIMODAL CARS TOMOGRAPHY (2011)

Clinical multiphoton tomography based on femtosecond near infrared laser pulses for in vivo high-resolution skin imaging has been employed to thousands of volunteers and patients. Two-photon cellular autofluorescence and second harmonic generation of collagen can be detected with single-photon sensitivity and submicron spatial resolution. Also in vivo clinical CARS has been realized to image intratissue lipids and water. Novel developments focus on multimodal hybrid imaging to generate optical tissue biopsies with subcellular resolution, deep-tissue information, and chemical fingerprints. Wide-field imaging tools such as dermoscopes, optical coherence tomographs as well as ultrasound and photoacoustics devices can be integrated. The hybrid tomographs have the potential to detect cosmetics and pharmaceutical components such as sunscreen nanoparticles and anti-aginging products in humans. Skin cancer such as malignant melanoma as well as dermatitis can be detected at an early stage and the efficiency of the treatment can be monitored. Furthermore, the device with its flexible arm is an excellent tool for small animal research. These novel multimodal multiphoton tomographs may become important biopsy-free and label-free imaging tools in personalized medicine, pharmacy, biotechnology as well as cosmetic research.
Antioxidant Supplements Improve Profiles of Hepatic Oxysterols and Plasma Lipids in Butter-fed Hamsters (2010)

Hypercholesterolemic diets are associated with oxidative stress that may contribute to hypercholesterolemia by adversely affecting enzymatically-generated oxysterols involved in cholesterol homeostasis. An experiment was conducted to examine whether the cholesterol-lowering effects of the antioxidants selenium and α-tocopherol were related to hepatic oxysterol concentrations. Four groups of male Syrian hamsters (n = 7-8) were fed high cholesterol and saturated fat (0.46% cholesterol, 14.3% fat) hypercholesterolemic semi-purified diets: 1) Control; 2) Control + α-tocopherol (67 IU all-racemic-α-tocopheryl-acetate/kg diet); 3) Control + selenium (3.4 mg selenate/kg diet); and 4) Control + α-tocopherol + selenium. Antioxidant supplementation was associated with lowered plasma cholesterol concentrations, decreased tissue lipid peroxidation and higher hepatic oxysterol concentrations. A second experiment examined the effect of graded selenium doses (0.15, 0.85, 1.7 and 3.4 mg selenate/kg diet) on mRNA expression of the oxysterol-generating enzyme, hepatic 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1, EC 1.14.13.15), in hamsters (n = 8-9) fed the hypercholesterolemic diets. Supplementation of selenium at 3.4 mg selenate/kg diet was not associated with increased hepatic 27-hydroxylase mRNA. In conclusion, the cholesterol lowering effects of selenium and α-tocopherol were associated with increased hepatic enzymatically generated oxysterol concentrations, which appears to be mediated via improved antioxidant status rather than increased enzymatic production.
Four-photon-mixing-mediated stimulated Raman scattering in a multimode optical fiber (1994)

Stimulated Raman scattering with 532-nm pulsed laser light is investigated in a 7.9-microm-core step-index multimode fiber. While low-intensity pump or single-mode LP(01) excitation produces the usual stimulated Raman scattering light, mixed-mode (LP(01) + LP(02)) excitation with pump intensities of ~5 kW uniformly shifts the multiorder Stokes Raman spectrum by an amount determined by fiber parameters, thus making stimulated Raman scattering tunable. This is due to the mediating influence of the four-photon mixing in the fiber.
How To Make A Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process (1988)

summarizes the basic concepts of the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
Cigarette Smoking (1999)

Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Dramatic changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the second half of this century in the United States (i.e., a reduction among men and an increase among women) have reduced current smoking levels to approximately one quarter of the adult population and have reduced differences in smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable diseases between the sexes. Current smoking in the United States is positively associated with younger age, lower income, reduced educational achievement, and disadvantaged neighborhood environment. Daily smokers smoke cigarettes to maintain nicotine levels in the brain, primarily to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal, but also to modulate mood. Regular smokers exhibit higher and lower levels of stress and arousal, respectively, than nonsmokers, as well as higher impulsivity and neuroticism trait values. Nicotine dependence is the single most common psychiatric diagnosis in the United States, and substance abuse, major depression, and anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric comorbid conditions associated with nicotine dependence. Studies in twins have implicated genetic factors that explain most of the variability in vulnerability to smoking and in persistence of the smoking phenotype. Future research into the causes of smoking must take into account these associated demographics, social factors, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and genetic factors to understand this complex human behavior.
Exploring the limits of RF shimming for high‐field MRI of the human head (2006)

Several methods have been proposed for overcoming the effects of radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field inhomogeneity in high-field MRI. Some of these methods rely at least in part on the ability to independently control magnitude and phase of different drives in either one multielement RF coil or in different RF coils in a transmit array. The adjustment of these drive magnitudes and phases alone to create uniform RF magnetic (B(1)) fields has been called RF shimming, and has certain limits at every frequency as dictated by possible solutions to Maxwell's equations. Here we use numerical calculations to explore the limits of RF shimming in the human head. We found that a 16-element array can effectively shim a single slice at frequencies up to 600 MHz and the whole brain at up to 300 MHz, while an 80-element array can shim the whole brain at up to 600 MHz.
Paul Callaghan: Luminous Moments (2013)

A moving selection of Sir Paul Callaghan's writing, offering eloquent narratives that will endure in this country’s literature. This first BWB Text – short digital-first works – includes a foreword from his daughter Catherine Callaghan.
V. Librorum manuscriptorum Academiarum Oxonientis & Cantabrigientis, & celebrium per Angliam Hiberniamque bibliothecarum catalogus cum indice alphabetico, Cura Edvardi Bernardi. Tomis duobus in folio (1694)

Abstract Tomi primi pars prima Catalogi librorum mauscriptorum bibliotheca Bodleianæ
Silver-catalyzed cyclization of 2-pyridyl alkynyl carbinols with isocyanides: divergent synthesis of indolizines and pyrroles (2014)

Divergent syntheses of indolizines and 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles by the silver-catalyzed cyclization of 2-pyridyl alkynyl carbinols with isocyanides are reported. These methods provide an effective route to highly functionalized indolizines and 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles in good to excellent yields. The 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles are synthesized by an unprecedented regioselective [3+2] cycloaddition of terminal alkynes with isocyanides.
A note on a permanental conjecture of M. Marcus and H. Mine (1989)

Abstract Let ω n be the set of all n-square doubly stochastic matrices. The matrix whose entries are 1/n is denoted by Jn . A conjecture of M. Marcus and H. Mine asserts that for . If n≥ 4, then equality can hold if and only if A= Jn . In the present paper, it is shown that a stronger version of this conjecture holds true for any normal doubly stochastic matrix whose eigenvalues lie in the sector [ -π/2n, π/2n] of the complex plane.
PRODUCTION OF AIR FOAM SUSPENSION FOR DIAPHRAGM WALL EXCAVATION USING EXCAVATED SOIL AND ITS APPLICATION (2008)

掘削土砂に体積比で15∼40％の気泡及び適量の水を加えた懸濁液である気泡安定液は，地中連続壁工法の安定液としての諸機能を有している．掘削土砂の粒度やコンシステンシー特性等は気泡安定液の物性に影響を与えるが，気泡と水の添加量を調整することにより，各種の土質特性に対し溝壁の保持性，流動性等々を管理限界内に保つことができることを実験的手法により証明した．それに基づいて，安定した施工を行うための気泡安定液の管理手法を考案した．この管理手法を2箇所のソイルセメント地中連続璧工事に適用し，TRD掘削機による工事実績をもとにその妥当性を検証した結果，気泡安定液によるTRD掘削が適切に管理できることが実証された．また，排泥土量はベントナイト系安定液の約1/2∼1/3になることを確認した．
Laser Dose-Rate Simulation to Complement LINAC Discrete Device Data (2008)

Laser-induced dose-rate measurements prove useful for extending the range of LINAC data for statistical analysis and for model creation and validation. Results suggest the ability to generate LINAC-equivalent data for dose-rate model development with minimal LINAC correlation. Highly reliable and repeatable data can be produced through the use of a dedicated laser test bench.
“New Challenges in Low Vision Research” (2011)

In recent years Optometry and Vision Science (OVS) has published a number of advances in low vision research. OVS now plans a Feature Issue entirely devoted to Low Vision research advances, highlighting those achievements and their applications in research and patient care. This Feature Issue also aims to identify the most pressing research questions and critical clinical issues that might be answered with further research. Now OVS invites Original Articles, Invited Reviews, Case and Clinical Reports, and Technical Reports that highlight research and clinical advances, including, but not limited to: Low vision rehabilitation New technologies in improving vision: e.g., prisms and novel optical corrections, digital image enhancement Visual perception, including object and scene recognition, and other higher-level vision Indoor/outdoor navigation using assistive technology Driving with low vision Prosthetic vision Retinal/brain imaging studies related to low vision Epidemiology and quality of life assessment All manuscripts will be peer reviewed and must be submitted online at http://ovs.edmgr.com. Submissions must be prepared according to the Instructions for Authors available at http://edmgr.ovid.com/ovs/accounts/ifauth_online.pdf. Indicate during the submission process in “Author's Comments” that your paper is being submitted for this feature issue. The Guest Editors are leading international researchers, including pioneers in their own research area. The Guest Editors are: Ian Bailey, Susana Chung, Gislin Dagnelie, Jonathan Jackson, Gordon Legge, Gary Rubin, and Joanne Wood. Susana Chung, will be coordinating submitted manuscripts with the Editor-in-Chief and Managing Editor. Please contact the Editorial Office ([email protected]) if you have any questions. The Feature Issue will be published August/September 2012. Anthony J. Adams Editor-in-Chief
Factors Driving Consumer Intention to Shop Online: An Empirical Investigation (2003)

This article examines consumers’ intention to shop online during the information acquisition stage. Specifically, the study incorporates 3 essential variables, which are likely to influence consumer intentions: (a) convenience characteristic of shopping channels, (b) product type characteristics, and (c) perceived price of the product. Results indicate that convenience and product type influence consumer intention to engage in online shopping. When consumers perceive offline shopping as inconvenient, their intention to shop online is greater. Also, online shopping intention is higher when consumers perceive the product to be search goods than experience goods.
Locally wrapped D-branes (2002)

Abstract: We find examples of locally wrapped D-branes in string theory. These excitations mimic skyrmions in that they correspond to topological excitations of the scalar fields parametrizing the brane motion in the space transverse to its world-volume. While these brane excitations appear to be point-like, evidence is provided that curvature corrections to the probe action might allow for a delocalization of the wrapping on a scale of the order of the string length, therefore rendering the phenomena non-singular.
α1‐Adrenoceptor subtype substitution in knockout mice (2004)

Since the discovery of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes, there has been continued interest in the identification of their functional roles. This has been facilitated by the availability of increasingly selective antagonists for individual subtypes, especially for the α1A and α1D, as well as knockout (KO) mice lacking either α1A, α1B or α1D adrenoceptors (Hague et al., 2003). In some tissues, such as heart or blood vessels, multiple α1 subtypes are present and produce the same functional response, although the dominant subtype can vary between species or particular blood vessels (Hrometz et al., 1999). In other cases, such as in most urogenital smooth muscles, the response is mediated primarily by a single subtype (α1A) independent of species (Ruffolo & Hieble, 1999). Depending on the species, the dominant α1-adrenoceptor mediating metabolic responses in the liver is either α1A (human, cat, dog, rabbit) or α1B (rat, mouse, hamster). In the monkey, hepatic α1A and α1B adrenoceptors both contribute (Garcia-Sainz et al., 1996). In this issue of British Journal of Pharmacology, Deighan et al. (2004) show that, in α1B KO mice, the function of the hepatic α1B adrenoceptor can be assumed by the α1A. Radioligand-binding assays show RS100329, a selective α1A antagonist, to have 30-fold greater affinity for α1-adrenoceptors in hepatocytes from the KO animals (pKi=9.3) than in WT animals (pKi=7.8). In contrast, the selective α1D antagonist BMY 7378 had low affinity in both WT and KO mice (pKi=6.3 and 6.2, respectively). At 4 months of age, the liver from α1B KO mice had a substantial α1-receptor binding (30 fmol mg−1 protein), although less than WT mice of the same age (50 fmol mg−1 protein). However, 3-month-old KO mice had almost no hepatic α1-adrenoceptor binding. This would indicate that replacement of the missing α1B adrenoceptor by the α1A is a relatively slow process, and suggest that, in general, comparisons of receptor density between WT and KO mice should be made at multiple time points. Based on multiple literature reports, it is now clear that α1-adrenoceptors are not confined to the cell membrane, and that the subcellular localization can differ between subtypes (Mackenzie et al., 2000; Stanasila et al., 2003; Hague et al., 2004). Deighan et al. (2004) show that the distribution of α1A adrenoceptors in KO mice is identical to that of the α1B in WT mice, consistent with the ability of the two subtypes to mediate the same physiological function. This report raises several interesting questions for future research. For example, what adrenoceptor subtype mediates hepatic function in the α1A/α1B double KO mouse (O'Connell et al., 2003), which has no obvious metabolic defects? Can one of the other α1 subtypes mediate aortic vasoconstriction in α1D KO mice?
Darkfield-Confocal Microscopy detection of nanoscale particle internalization by human lung cells (2011)

DF-CLSM microscopy is an alternative to current conventional light and electron microscopy methods that does not rely on particle fluorescence or contrast in electron density. DF-CLSM is especially well suited to the task of establishing the spatial localization of nanoparticles within cells, a critical topic in nanotoxicology. This technique has advantages to 2D darkfield microscopy as it visualizes nanoparticles in 3D using confocal microscopy. Use of this technique should aid toxicological studies related to observation of NP interactions with biological endpoints at cellular and subcellular levels.
Protein phosphorylation analysis – a primer (2005)

Abstract Protein phosphorylation is possibly the most common intracellular protein modification affecting several different amino acid residues. Its dynamic nature makes it extremely important in cellular regulation mechanisms warranting the need for reliable, fast, sensitive methods for the detection of this modification. The primer gives a brief synopsis on the method that is most commonly used in today's biological laboratories with references to the original literature for more detailed reading.