gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T‐type calcium channels: an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of pain (2006)

Abstract It has become generally accepted that presynaptic high voltage–activated N‐type calcium channels located in the spinal dorsal horn are a validated clinical target for therapeutic interventions associated with severe intractable pain. Low voltage–activated (T‐type) calcium channels play a number of critical roles in nervous system function, including controlling thalamocortical bursting behaviours and the generation of spike wave discharges associated with slow wave sleep patterns. There is a growing body of evidence that T‐type calcium channels also contribute in several ways to both acute and neuropathic nociceptive behaviours. In the one instance, the Cav3.1 T‐type channel isoform likely contributes an anti‐nociceptive function in thalamocortical central signalling, possibly through the activation of inhibitory nRT neurons. In another instance, the Cav3.2 T‐type calcium channel subtype acts at the level of primary afferents in a strongly pro‐nociceptive manner in both acute and neuropathic models. While a number of classes of existing clinical agents non‐selectively block T‐type calcium channels, there are no subtype‐specific drugs yet available. The development of agents selectively targeting peripheral Cav3.2 T‐type calcium channels may represent an attractive new avenue for therapeutic intervention. Drug Dev. Res. 67:404–415, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarization-Diverse Metasurfaces for High-Dimensional Spatial-Mode Entanglement Generation (2020)

We demonstrate metasurfaces consisting of meta-atoms that generate spatial-mode entangled photons with different polarization, designed through careful finite-difference time-domain simulations. Using our biphoton comb setup, these metasurfaces will enable for testing spatial-energy-time hyperentanglement.
The Machine Vision Radiation Detection System (2011)

The emerging threats created by a global expansion of nuclear technologies and terrorism demand improved nuclear materials detection systems to aid in nuclear security and nonproliferation. This project develops the idea of using machine vision combined with a large-area gamma-ray imager to improve sensitivity to threats and their rapid localization in a crowded environment (e.g., subway stations, airports, and bridges). We have achieved our first coded-mask images with a 1 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> array of 100 NaI(Tl) detectors. In addition, two video cameras have been used in stereo to create a three-dimensional map of points in front of the array, and image segmentation is being implemented to distinguish and track individual objects in the field of view. We are currently gearing up to simultaneously perform real-time gamma-ray imaging and object tracking so that we can eventually merge the two data streams and achieve the expected increase in sensitivity of this method.
Polymerase γ Gene POLG Determines the Risk of Sodium Valproate-Induced Liver Toxicity (2010)

These findings implicate impaired liver regeneration in VPA toxicity and show that prospective genetic testing of POLG will identify individuals at high risk of this potentially fatal consequence of treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: The Structures of Dioxolan‐2‐ylium Cations; Carbon‐Oxygen Bond Distances in Acetoxonium Ions. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
D124 Characteristics of Critical Heat flux at Near-Critical Pressure (2012)

Supercritical pressure water cooled reactor (SCWR), which is operated at supercritical pressure, is one of the next generation reactors for the purpose of improving economic efficiency and safety. In the SCWR, water pressure passes the critical pressure during startup, shutdown or in case of loss of coolant accident (LOCA). In the near-critical pressure region which the pressure slightly below the critical pressure, critical heat flux (CHF) condition tends to occur at relatively low heat flux and then there is a risk of serious damage of fuel rod due to abrupt rise of surface temperature. In this study, experiments on CHF at near-critical pressure in vertical upward flow inside a tube were conducted to clarify characteristics of CHF at near-critical pressure.
Backside-Illuminated 4-T Pinned Avalanche Photodiode Pixel for Readout Noise-Limited Applications (2024)

A novel pixel concept utilizing a backside-illuminated pinned avalanche photodiode (PAPD) manufactured in 130 nm minimally modified CMOS and operated by a standard four-transistor CMOS Image Sensor (CIS) readout is presented. This concept explores the possibility to increase the SNR by avalanche amplification in the low-light regime for applications that are limited by higher readout noise levels, e.g. high speed and global shutter. Customized avalanche junction implants were optimized and full pixel operation including pinning, light integration and charge transfer at -40 V substrate bias for a multiplication factor of 2–4 was simulated in 2D TCAD. Test arrays of 8x32 pixels with 5 and 10 µm pitch and fully-isolated on-chip CMOS readout were designed. Preliminary experimental results of avalanche and punch-through breakdowns on test-diodes show good agreement with TCAD simulations.
Measurement of cantilever spring constant using an electrostatic sensing and actuating force measurement system (2014)

We report the measurement of the spring constant of a cantilever using an electrostatic sensing and actuating force measurement system. The force measurement system consists of three main parts: a monolithic flexure stage, a three-electrode capacitor, and a digital controller. The most important feature of the system is the utilization of the three-electrode capacitor simultaneously as a position sensor and an electrostatic force generator. This allows us to constantly adjust and maintain gap distances between three electrodes, which is critical for this design to generate precise electrostatic compensation force. The force measurement system was partly upgraded and its performance was improved. The uncertainty estimation for the upgraded force measurement system is given. By measuring the spring constant of a commercially available cantilever force sensor, we demonstrate that the force measurement system is capable of calibrating the cantilever spring constant. The spring constant of the cantilever force sensor was measured to be (2227 ± 63) mN m−1 (coverage factor k = 2), corresponding to a relative expanded uncertainty of 2.8%.
Determination of stress, cracks and defects density in crystals after wafer-bonding processes: a novel HRXRD–X-ray micro-CT conjoint analytical approach (2021)

Functional devices such as sensors, actuators or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are obtained through a large variety of microfabrication processes, many of whom affect the structure and microstructure of materials because of the introduction of stress, strain, crystalline defects and volume-cracks.The materials degradation originated by these effects may translate into a lack of performance and reliability of the final devices.Indeed, in the frame of the microfabrication industry, controlling the structure of materials at the micrometer and nanometer scale represents a fundamental objective toward the optimization of the microfabrication process itself and achievement of improved devices' performance and lifetime.
Space-Debris-Detektion zur Validierung von Simulations-Modellen (2015)

Space missions are affected by impacts of Space Debris (SD) and Micrometeoroids (MM). The amount of SD objects in orbit is increasing due to the past and present space activities. In contrast to SD, the MM environment can be assumed to be constant. Due to high relative velocities, collisions of spacecraft in orbit with SD or MM can lead to payload degradation, anomalies as well as failures in spacecraft operation, or even loss of mission. The risk assessment of SD and MM impacts can be performed by using environmental models such as MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference; ESA) and ORDEM (Orbital Debris Engineering Model; NASA). The result of these analyses is a statistical number of impacts on a given surface. Validation of the analytical models is essential to furthering model reliability and can be conducted by fitting the simulated results with measured data. Currently as most of the objects are too small for ground-based observations (e.g. radar, optical), the only available data for model validation is based on retrieved hardware investigations e.g. LDEF, HST, EuReCa. Since existing data sets are insufficient, further in-situ experimental investigation of the SD population is required. &#13;\nThe aim of the present work is to provide a new solution for a large-scale impact detector, permitting the detection of SD and MM within a diameter range of 100 µm &lt; dp &lt; 1 cm. In the context of this work, the development of a novel in-situ detection method is undertaken. This work involves the design, the manufacture and the experimental testing of an innovative detector. The design of the detector considers the damage equations of ESA. Detector fabrication is performed in conjunction with four manufacturers and incorporates state-of-the-art elements and manufacturing technologies. The ground verification of the detection method is performed at the Fraunhofer-Institut für Kurzzeitdynamik, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI. The test results demonstrate that the developed detection method can be applied to SD and MM objects within the diameter range of 70 µm &lt; dp &lt; 1 cm. In-situ impact detection of objects e.g. &gt;100 µm can be performed by using small satellites e.g. TechnoSat of the Technical University of Berlin. As object quantity as thus detection probability decreases with increasing object diameter, the detection of objects with larger diameters in the range of mm-cm requires a very large detection area or a multi-satellite constellation. A possible option to realize such a very large detection area may be provided by the Gossamer satellite, which is currently under development at DLR.
0.1 μm level contact hole pattern formation with KrF lithography by resolution enhancement lithography assisted by chemical shrink (RELACS) (2002)

We developed a hole shrink process named RELACS (Resolution Enhancement Lithography Assisted by Chemical Shrink) that is a robust and low-cost method. This method makes use of crosslinking reaction between the materials coated on the resist pattern, and the acid existing at the resist wall. By the RELACS, we could shrink KrF resist hole patterns to 0.1 /spl mu/m level. The shrinkage of hole size is dependent on both baking temperature and initial hole size. This process has been established for the fabrication of 0.20 /spl mu/m devices.
Layered neural networks applied to the recognition of voiceless unaspirated stops (2002)

The behavior of layered neural nets when they are applied to speech recognition is studied. The input to the neural net is a feature vector which describes the characteristics of the voiceless unaspirated stops. The function of the neural net is to classify the articulation place of the stop consonants. In this study, the neural network classifier is compared with the Bayes classifier to reveal the advantages gained by using a neural network as a classifier. The effect of the number of the processing units in the hidden layer is examined. A method of minimizing the degradation in performance of an existing neural net when one of the hidden processing units misses is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nitroxyl radicals decrease toxicity of cytostatic agents (1991)

Nitroxyl radicals of a series of piperidineoxyles and pirrolinoxyles increase the tolerance of experimental animals to the injection of otherwise lethal doses of anti-tumor cytostatic agents. Simultaneous injection of nitroxyl radicals in different doses with 6-mercaptopurine, thiophosphamide, cyclophosphamide and the other cytostatic agents results in decreased toxicity and survival of animals. Nitroxyl radicals normalize the level of the oxidized form of P450 cytochrome that is decreased by the injection of lethal doses of cytostatic agents.
Lactone End-Capped Poly(ethylene oxide) as a New Building Block for Biomaterials (2004)

This paper reports on the synthesis of a novel poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomer, which can be copolymerized with ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) by ring-opening polymerization (ROP). PEO chains end-capped by an ε-caprolactone unit (γPEO·CL) have been synthesized by living anionic ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) initiated by the potassium alkoxide of 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol, followed by derivatization of the acetal into a ketone and the Baeyer−Villiger oxidation of the ketone into a lactone. The end-capping of PEO by ε-CL was assessed by FTIR, MALDI−TOF, and 1H NMR spectroscopy.This type of macromonomer is a precursor of amphiphilic comblike copolymers consisting of a biodegradable hydrophobic backbone of poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and hydrophilic PEO grafts. Copolymerization of γPEO·CL with ε-CL was successfully initiated by aluminum alkoxide.
Altering the Burning Rate of a Propellant with Shape Memory Alloy (2023)

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-2691.vid Solid propellants are commonly used because of their feasibility to manufacture and long shelf life; however, they are limited by the inability to actively control the burning rate. The surface area of propellant is used to predetermine the burning rate and is limited by its geometry. Currently, there are no methods being demonstrated that alter the geometry or surface of a propellant in use. In this paper, we propose a new method of introducing gaps in a solid propellant by embedding and actuating a nitinol spring. For comparison, some samples of ammonium perchlorate/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (AP/HTPB) solid composite propellants were made with the nitinol spring embedded and remained compressed. The rest of the samples were expanded so that the propellant was broken along the coils of the spring. Burning tests were performed in a closed vessel to record the pressure increase. The experiments employed three different ignition methods. We show that expanding the propellant with a spring, thereby increasing its surface area, can increase the rate of pressurization by over 180%. This method of geometry manipulation could be used to create throttleable solid propellant.
3-T MRI of the Shoulder: Is MR Arthrography Necessary? (2008)

In this series, MR arthrography showed statistically significant increased sensitivity for detection of partial-thickness articular surface supraspinatus tears, anterior labral tears, and SLAP tears compared with conventional MRI at 3 T. On the basis of the above findings, we perform 3-T MR arthrography on patients for whom anterior labral tears, SLAP tears, and partial-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears are suspected clinically.
The Suitability of Lipase fromRhizopus arrhizus delemarfor Analysis of Fatty Acid Distribution in Dihexosyl Diglycerides, Phospholipids and Plant Sulfolipids (1973)

Article The Suitability of Lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus delemar for Analysis of Fatty Acid Distribution in Dihexosyl Diglycerides, Phospholipids and Plant Sulfolipids was published on January 1, 1973 in the journal Biological Chemistry (volume 354, issue 2).
Noninvasive blood flow mapping for surgical guidance of vascular birthmarks (2010)

Port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks are progressive capillary malformations which occur typically on the face or neck. To treat these birthmarks, the standard protocol involves use of pulsed laser light. The intent of this protocol is to heat selectively and coagulate the PWS vasculature. Patient response to laser therapy, remains highly variable and somewhat unpredictable. Our central hypothesis is that regions of the PWS vasculature are not photocoagulated, and that this incomplete stoppage of blood flow facilitates ensuing angiogenesis and hence revascularization of the skin with the abnormal PWS blood vessels. The long-term objective of our research is to determine the efficacy of image-guided retreatment of PWS skin. We have used the method of laser speckle imaging (LSI) to generate maps of skin blood flow before and after laser therapy. Based on prior experience with our first-generation LSI instrument, we have concluded that the clinical impact of LSI would be maximized only if a true intraoperative LSI instrument could be engineered. This instrument would need to satisfy the following design criteria: 1) real time and 2) nonintrusive.In summary, we now possess a clinic-ready imaging instrument which provides the treating clinicians with instantaneous feedback during the laser surgery session. We now are well poised to determine the degree to which immediate re-treatment affects the clinical outcome of laser treatment of PWS birthmarks.
TRANSFORMATION OF PHENOL AND DIATOMIC PHENOLS IN SURFACE WATER UNDER THE IMPACT OF NATURAL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS (2019)

Introduction. Phenol, as well as diatomic phenols, are among the most common and priority organic pollutants of the environment. Getting into the water with sewage in real conditions of pollution, under the influence of natural physicochemical factors, phenols, as highly reactive compounds, undergo a transformation, as a result of which new, sometimes more toxic compounds may be formed. Purpose of the study is to investigate the transformation processes under the impact of the natural physicochemical factors of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in surface water. Material and methods. The processes of transformation of phenol and diatomic phenols were studied by the methods of spectrophotometry and luminescence spectroscopy. Absorption spectra were recorded with a UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), and fluorescence spectra were recorded on a CM2203 spectrofluorometer (Solar CJSC, Belarus). The degradation of phenols to CO2 and H2O (mineralization) at room temperature in natural samples was determined using a TOC-VCHP total carbon analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). Results. The decrease in phenol concentration in river water was subject to linear dependence. The transformation kinetics of resorcinol corresponded to a sequential reaction. The processes of transformation of hydroquinone and pyrocatechin were dominated by chemical oxidation processes. Hydroquinone completely transformed within 24 hours. The degree of conversion of pyrocatechol 87.5% was achieved in 3 days and did not change during the month. During the month, the mineralization of phenol amounted to 90%, hydroquinone, and pyrocatechol - 55% and 45%, respectively. The complete transformation of resorcinol occurred in 7 days. A compound having a bright fluorescence and constituting a product of resorcinol polycondensation, whose concentration increased during the whole experiment, was formed. The degree of mineralization of resorcinol was 93%. Conclusion. The transformation of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in the surface water is caused by the processes of natural chemical and biochemical oxidation and depends on the chemical composition and concentration of presented impurities.
Vitamin B6--Phosphonic Acids (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVitamin B6--Phosphonic AcidsRaymond Bennett, Alfred Burger, and W. W. UmbreitCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1958, 1, 3, 213–221Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm50004a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jm50004a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views149Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A 13‐bp cis‐regulatory element in the LTR promoter of the tobacco retrotransposon Tto1 is involved in responsiveness to tissue culture, wounding, methyl jasmonate and fungal elicitors (1999)

The tobacco Tto1 is one of the few active LTR-retrotransposons of plants, and its transposition is activated by tissue culture and is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. The expression of Tto1 RNA can also be activated by various stresses, including viral infection, wounding, and treatment with jasmonate, a signal molecule of plant defence responses. It is shown here that the Tto1 LTR promoter is responsible for a high level of expression in cultured tissues of transgenic tobacco plants. We demonstrate that a 13-bp repeated motif (TGGTAGGTGAGAT) in the LTR functions as a cis-regulatory element, which confers the responsiveness to tissue culture, wounding and methyl jasmonate. Fungal elicitors also activate the promoter containing multiple copies of the 13-bp motif. Expression mediated by the 13-bp motif is activated markedly by okadaic acid and moderately by K252a, so that both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are possibly involved in the signalling pathways. Interestingly, the 13-bp motif contains a conserved motif, Box L (also called AC-I or H-box like sequence) which has been shown to be involved in the expression of phenylpropanoid synthetic genes. Moreover, extended homologies are found between promoters of Tto1 and an asparagus defence gene, AoPR1, suggesting a possibility that the ancient insertion of an ancestral Tto1-related retrotransposon has provided some of the promoter/regulatory sequences, including the 13-bp motif-related sequence, of the AoPR1 gene. Based on the structural and functional similarity between the two promoters, a possible evolutionary role of the regulatory sequences of LTR-retrotransposons is discussed.