gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Austenite decomposition in carbon steel under dynamic deformation conditions (2007)

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper was to estimate the effect of the dynamic conditions resulting from deformation process on the austenite decomposition into ferrite and pearlite (A→F+P) in the commercial carbon steel. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper flow stress curves and microstructure of deformed steel within the range of discontinuous (austenite to pearlite) and austenite to ferrite transformation at different strain rates and cooling rates were presented. The microstructure of hot deformed samples was tested by means of an optical and electron microscopy. Findings: It was shown that the flow localization during hot deformation and preferred growth of the pearlite colonies at shear bands was very limited. The most characteristic feature of the microstructure observed for hot deformed samples was the development of carbides that nucleated along elongated ferrite grains. Research limitations/implications: In spite of intense strain hardening due to deformation and phase transformation overlapping, microstructural observation of deformed samples did not reveal significant flow localization effects or heterogeneous distribution of the eutectoid components. Therefore, complementary tests should be carried out on the steel with higher strain above the 0.5 value. Originality/value: There was no data referred to particular features of the dynamic processes, such as dynamic recrystallization and recovery, dynamic precipitation, that can occur during austenite decomposition into ferrite, and especially during discontinuous transformation of austenite to pearlite.
Sequence Learning by Backward Chaining in Synthetic Characters (2005)

Many learning algorithms concern themselves with learning from large amounts of data without human interaction. Synthetic characters that interact with human beings present a wholly different problem: they must learn quickly from few examples provided by a non-expert teacher. Training must be intuitive, provide feedback, and still allow training of nontrivial new behaviours. We present a learning mechanism that allows an autonomous synthetic character to learn sequences of actions from natural interaction with a human trainer. The synthetic character learns from only a handful of training examples, in a realtime and complex environment. Building on an existing framework for training a virtual dog to perform single actions on command and explore its action and state space, we give the dog the ability to notice consistent reward patterns that follow sequences of actions. Using an approximate online algorithm to check the Markov property for an action, the dog can discover action sequences that reliably predict rewards and turn these sequences into actions, allowing them to be associated with speech commands. This framework leads to a natural and easy training procedure that is a version of Backward Chaining, a technique commonly used by animal trainers to teach sequences of actions.
3D Pharmacophore Mapping Using 4D QSAR Analysis for the Cytotoxicity of Lamellarins Against Human Hormone-Dependent T47D Breast Cancer Cells (2009)

4D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and 3D pharmacophore models were built and investigated for cytotoxicity using a training set of 25 lamellarins against human hormone dependent T47D breast cancer cells. Receptor-independent (RI) 4D QSAR models were first constructed from the exploration of eight possible receptor-binding alignments for the entire training set. Since the training set is small (25 compounds), the generality of the 4D QSAR paradigm was then exploited to devise a strategy to maximize the extraction of binding information from the training set and to also permit virtual screening of diverse lamellarin chemistry. 4D QSAR models were sought for only six of the most potent lamellarins of the training set as well as another subset composed of lamellarins with constrained ranges in molecular weight and lipophilicity. This overall modeling strategy has permitted maximizing 3D pharmacophore information from this small set of structurally complex lamellarins that can be used to drive future analog synthesis and the selection of alternate scaffolds. Overall, it was found that the formation of an intermolecular hydrogen bond and the hydrophobic interactions for substituents on the E ring most modulate the cytotoxicity against T47D breast cancer cells. Hydrophobic substitutions on the F-ring can also enhance cytotoxic potency. A complementary high-throughput virtual screen to the 3D pharmacophore models, a 4D fingerprint QSAR model, was constructed using absolute molecular similarity. This 4D fingerprint virtual high-throughput screen permits a larger range of chemistry diversity to be assayed than with the 4D QSAR models. The optimized 4D QSAR 3D pharmacophore model has a leave-one-out cross-correlation value of xv-r2 = 0.947, while the optimized 4D fingerprint virtual screening model has a value of xv-r2 = 0.719. This work reveals that it is possible to develop significant QSAR, 3D pharmacophore, and virtual screening models for a small set of lamellarins showing cytotoxic behavior in breast cancer screens that can guide future drug development based upon lamellarin chemistry.
G.U.E.S.S.—A Generally Useful Estimate of Solvent Systems for CCC (2005)

The choice of an appropriate solvent system for Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) is a critical step in the purification of natural products. Targeted towards their high sample diversity, G.U.E.S.S. is a practical approach for the prediction of CCC distribution constants, K values, by standard thin layer chromatography (TLC). G.U.E.S.S. allows a major reduction in workload by direct use of routine TLC information. The separation capability of CCC focuses on an optimal "window of opportunity" that can be described as the "sweet spot" of CCC separation. The sweet spot of optimal CCC performance may be described as an area where compound K values are between 0.4 and 2.5. Two useful CCC solvent systems: hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water and chloroform/methanol/water are organized and recommended as the HEMWat and ChMWat methods of solvent system selection. The relationship of (i) P values, measured by the ratio of UV‐vis absorption, (ii) TLC R f values and (iii) CCC retention volumes for over 20 diverse commercially available natural products are described. The HEMWat method characterizes a versatile solvent selection technique. TLC R f values will often give practical predictions, even with simple single‐phase mixtures. Additional information can be acquired from equivalent solvent systems and by calibration with the G.U.E.S.S. standard compounds. The latter will also aid in the important selection of which phase will function as the mobile phase. The choice of normal vs. reverse phase will depend on the polarity of compounds that are desired to be gathered into the sweet spot. In addition, G.U.E.S.S. has been shown to be readily applicable to natural product purification necessary for drug discovery, bioassay guided fractionation, and metabolome analysis.
20pm3-PM011 A Multidirectional Pressure Detectable Cylindrical Tactile Sensor (2014)

A cylindrical tactile sensor was developed inspired by the anatomy of a tooth. The sensor was made using two rods; one was plugged into the other, just like a tooth that is plugged into alveolar bone. A piezoresistive conductive polymer composite was used to detect pressure application to the sensor. Pressure was applied to the tip and the sides of the sensor device while the resistances from the composite were measured. When pressure was applied to the tip of the device, the decrease in the relative resistance change can be observed from all six-pair electrode combinations. Applying pressure from the side in between two electrodes and the side that has an electrode caused the relative resistance change at the compressed side to be decreased, but increased at the tension side. The position of the applied pressure can be determined by observing the pattern of relative resistance change in between all pairs of electrode combinations.
The Blurred Stars Image Preprocessing Technique of Star Sensor (2012)

When the star sensor with high dynamic rotation, blurred image preprocessing technique of the star sensor is need to discuss in detailed. Firstly, the motion-blurred image model in star sensor is given. Then, applying sub-windows technique to improve the dynamics of the star sensor and dynamic compensation for the area starlight reached, which adopt the inverse process of the generation mechanism of motion-blurred star image to compensate in spatial domain. Secondly, the binaization threshold is confirmed under the constant false alarm condition. Finally the centroid method and improved centroid method are applied to calculate the center of the star, and precision of these methods still exceed 1/10 pixel
Rapid activation of proteins that interact with the interferon gamma activation site in response to multiple cytokines (1994)

Many cytokines and growth factors trigger rapid changes in gene expression upon binding to their receptors. In many cases, the mechanism by which these changes are affected is unknown. In this report, we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), erythropoietin (Epo), and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment of cells causes rapid activation of DNA-binding activities that recognize a DNA sequence element previously implicated in regulation of gene expression by interferon gamma (IFN gamma). The IL-4-, IL-6-, and GM-CSF-induced complexes can be distinguished from the recently characterized IFN gamma-activated protein p91 on the basis of mobility in polyacrylamide gels, sequence preferences, and lack of reactivity with an anti-p91 antiserum. The IL-4- and GM-CSF-induced complexes react with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies, demonstrating the presence of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in these DNA-binding complexes. Transcriptional activation of a reporter gene linked to a synthetic IFN gamma-responsive promoter is observed in response to IFN gamma, IL-6, and LIF. These data suggest a pathway by which cytokines induce rapid changes in gene expression.
Ultrasound-Guided Compression for Treatment of latrogenic Arteriovenous Fistulae (1998)

Pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the two most common vascular complications following percutaneous common femoral artery cannulation. Encouraged by favorable results using ultrasound-guided compression (UGC) to treat iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms, we prospectively evaluated UGC for the treatment of iatrogenic AVF. AVF were identified in 13 patients between September 1, 1995 and March 31, 1997. Eleven agreed to a trial of UGC. UGC was continued for 60 minutes with color-flow duplex scanning to monitor the adequacy of compressions. There were 13 attempts to thrombose AVF in 11 patients. Two patients had unsuccessful UGC while anticoagulated. In both cases, a second UGC was unsuccessful after correction of the coagulation profile. Two types of AVF were identified. A “direct” communication between the adjacent walls of the artery and vein was present in 10 patients. The other patient had a 2-cm “indirect” fistulous tract between the artery and vein. Direct communications were associated with peak spectral flow velocities ranging from 128 to 500 cm/sec (mean, 331 cm/sec), whereas the peak spectral flow velocity in the patient with the fistulous tract was only 70 cm/sec. UGC was only successful in the patient with the indirect tract. No complications occurred as a result of these compressions. Of the 10 who failed UGC, nine underwent operative repair, with spontaneous closure observed in the remaining patient. UGC is not effective for AVF, which have a direct arteriovenous communication with high-velocity blood flow. UGC is most likely to be successful when there is an indirect fistulous tract with a low-flow velocity.
Realizing a 14% single-leg thermoelectric efficiency in GeTe alloys (2021)

GeTe alloys have recently attracted wide attention as efficient thermoelectrics. In this work, a single-leg thermoelectric device with a conversion efficiency as high as 14% under a temperature gradient of 440 K was fabricated on the basis of GeTe-Cu<sub>2</sub>Te-PbSe alloys, which show a peak thermoelectric figure of merit (<i>zT</i>) > 2.5 and an average <i>zT</i> of 1.8 within working temperatures. The high performance of the material is electronically attributed to the carrier concentration optimization and thermally due to the strengthened phonon scattering, the effects of which all originate from the defects in the alloys. A design of Ag/SnTe/GeTe contact successfully enables both a prevention of chemical diffusion and an interfacial contact resistivity of 8 microhm·cm<sup>2</sup> for the realization of highly efficient devices with a good service stability/durability. Not only the material's high performance but also the device's high efficiency demonstrated the extraordinariness of GeTe alloys for efficient thermoelectric waste-heat recovery.
Effect of bicarbonate and other anions on the oxidized and reduced forms of F1-ATPase. (1980)

The effect of activating anions on the hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by mitochondrial ATPase was higher on the oxidized than on the reduced form of the enzyme. On the contrary the effect of inhibitory anions on this reaction was more manifest on the reduced form of the enzyme. Kinetic data show that both activating and inhibitory anions compete for the same sites of the ATPase. A unifying mechanism of action is suggested according to which the anions could establish coordination bonds with the suggested iron atoms of the catalytic site. The preferential displacement of electrons of such bonds towards the ligand, or towards the metal atom, would lead respectively to an inhibition or to an activation of the enzyme.
VIV Responses of a Drilling Riser Subjected to Current and Top Motions (2022)

Abstract Vortex induced vibrations (VIV) have been subjected to extensive studies, but most of the research focuses on VIV in a constant flow. However, slender marine structures are often experiencing complex environmental conditions. As an example, the drilling riser may be subjected to vessel motions at the top end of the riser, wave loads, in addition to ocean currents. The consequence of the top motions is that the relative flow speed field is changed especially close to the top end of the riser. VIV responses can be significantly affected if the relative flow speed induced by top motions is in the same order as the current speed, which are further affected by the direction of the top motion relative to the current direction. The influence of top motions on VIV responses is less understood. Such effects are also neglected in the present design practice based on frequency domain prediction tools, which can not combine two simultaneously acting load processes. This has been investigated in the present work based on the analysis of laboratory test data and numerical case studies with a time domain VIV prediction tool. The results showed the importance of including top motions in a time domain VIV analysis.
Enhanced differentiation of retinal progenitor cells using microfabricated topographical cues (2010)

Due to the retina's inability to replace photoreceptors lost during retinal degeneration, significant interest has been placed in methods to implant replacement cells. Polymer scaffolds are increasingly being studied as vehicles for cellular delivery to degenerated retinas. Previously, we fabricated poly(methyl methacrylate) thin film scaffolds that increased survival and integration of implanted retinal progenitor cells (RPCs). Additionally, these scaffolds minimized the trauma and cellular response associated with implantation of foreign bodies into mouse eyes. Here, we demonstrate that biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) thin film scaffolds can be fabricated with integrated microtopography. Microfabricated topography in a PCL thin film enhanced the attachment and organization of RPCs compared to unstructured surfaces. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction we also observed that attachment to microtopography induced cellular differentiation. RPCs grown on PCL thin films exhibited an increase in gene expression for the photoreceptor markers recoverin and rhodopsin, an increase in the glial and Müller cell marker GFAP, and a decrease in SOX2 gene expression (a marker for undifferentiated progenitor cells) compared to cells grown on unmodified tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS).
Evaluating the Impact of Mineralogy, Natural Fractures and In Situ Stresses on Hydraulically Induced Fracture System Geometry in Horizontal Shale Wells (2013)

Abstract The objective of this study is to better understand the impact of mineralogy, in-situ stress and natural fractures on hydraulically-induced fracture system geometry within horizontal organic shale wells. Vertical heterogeneity within organic shale occurs at a much smaller scale than that in the lateral direction. Previous studies involving borehole image analyses suggest that the lateral variability observed in most horizontal shale wells is the result of the wellbore traversing multiple layers of different rock properties (i.e., vertical heterogeneity). Results have shown that a more efficient and effective hydraulic fracture stimulation is possible when this variability is addressed in the completion design. Borehole micro -resistivity image data from horizontal wells in multiple U.S. shale basins are analyzed and compared to borehole -based micro -seismic data. Natural and drilling-induced fracture type, spacing and orientation are analyzed in order to reveal their impact on hydraulic fracture initiation and geometry. Natural fracture orientation relative to the maximum horizontal stress has been shown to influence hydraulically-induced fracture system geometry. Drilling-induced fractures are essentially miniature hydraulic fractures and provide information about near wellbore in-situ stresses that can be used to predict relative hydraulically -induced fracture initiation pressures and geometry. Previous studies have shown that fracture initiation pressure is directly proportional to clay content within organic shale reservoirs. This study provides an improved understanding of factors that ultimately control the economics of horizontal shale wells. Horizontal measurements collected during drilling or post-drill allow for (i) understanding where the wellbore is in section (i.e., well placement), (ii) visualization of how the reservoir characteristics are changing along the lateral wellbore (i.e., heterogeneity) and, (iii) planning the stimulation accordingly (i.e., treatment design). These data allow operators to predict how certain reservoir properties impact reservoir stimulation. Such correlations should lead to improved operational efficiency and better well performance, thereby increasing return on investment.
Hydrodynamic and Supportive Structure for Gated Ship Sterns: Amphibious Ship Stern Flap (2012)

Stern flaps have now been at sea for more than two decades on a variety of U.S. Navy (USN) and U.S. Coast Guard classes, including destroyers, cruisers, frigates, cutters, and patrol craft. Application of flaps to large-deck amphibious-type ships is a fairly recent extension of the technology. Ship performance improvements such as delivered power reduction and fuel savings, and maximum speed increases, have been proven during at-sea trials and are well documented (Cusanelli 2002). USN amphibious ships contain well decks, which are accessed through large folding stern gates. When open, the gates are supported by sizable structures, which are partially submerged and affixed to the transom. A new concept, the hydrodynamic and supportive structure for gated ship sterns, i.e., the amphibious stern flap, was developed and patented by the author (Cusanelli 2004a). This design combines a stern flap's hydrodynamic performance surface with the stern gate support structure. The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, has now designed and implemented this new type of integrated stern flap and gate support structure on several USN amphibious ship classes. USN ship design and research and development (R&amp;D) programs have resulted in amphibious stern flaps being implemented as new construction items on two new Navy amphibious ship classes and one new subclass. The Fleet Readiness R&amp;D Program has funded amphibious stern flap design, retrofit installations, and evaluation trials on two existing amphibious ships. Each amphibious stern flap design spiral, model-test series, optimization, full-scale implementation as well as performance benefits and fuel savings are discussed.
Densities, viscosities and refractive indices of 1-alkyl-3-propanenitrile imidazolium chloride ionic liquids (2011)

In this study, a series of nitrile-functionalised imidazolium ionic liquids ([C2CN Rim]Cl, where R = butyl, hexyl and octyl) were synthesised by reacting imidazole with acrylonitrile and then with butyl, hexyl and octyl chlorides, respectively. The structure of these compounds were established using 1H NMR, FT-IR and elemental analyses. The densities and viscosities were measured at T = (293.15–353.15 K), whereas the refractive index was measured at T = (293.15–333.15 K) and empirical correlations were proposed to represent this study. The decomposition temperatures were determined using a thermogravimetric analyser. The thermal expansion coefficients were also calculated and reported.
Carrier-mediated transport of pyroglutamyl-histidine in renal brush border membrane vesicles (1988)

These studies were performed to determine if a transmembrane carrier for pyroglutamyl-histidine (pGlu-His) is present in the luminal membrane of renal proximal tubular cells. Previous studies have suggested the intact transepithelial transport of pGlu-His, a dipeptide formed by the hydrolysis of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by enzymes associated with the brush border in the proximal nephron. With the use of a renal brush border membrane vesicle preparation, pGlu-His showed H+-stimulated, Na-independent, saturable transport into an osmotically active space. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of both the intravesicular and extravesicular fluids indicated intact uptake of the dipeptide. The transport constant (Kt) and Vmax for pGlu-His transport were 9.3 X 10(-8) M and 6.1 X 10(-12) mol.mg-1.min-1, respectively. Transport of pGlu-His was not inhibited by the dipeptides glycyl-proline, glycyl-sarcosine, and N-beta-alanyl-L-histidine, which have been previously shown to be transported into renal brush border vesicles via a single, low-affinity, high-capacity, Na-independent, and H+-stimulated peptide carrier. In addition, the gamma-glutamyl-containing peptides gamma-glutamyl-histidine and N(N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine and the tripeptide pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolinamide were without an inhibitory effect. In contrast, transport of pGlu-His was inhibited by the dipeptide pyroglutamyl-alanine. This study demonstrates the existence of a high-affinity, low-capacity H+ cotransport system for pGlu-His in the proximal tubular luminal plasmalemma, which appears to be specific for pyroglutamyl-containing dipeptides. The data indicate that multiple dipeptide carriers are present in the proximal nephron.