gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstrating the effects of bullet expansion in a fluid target (2012)

The effect of bullet expansion when traversing water is simulated using a simple hydrodynamic ballistics model. In this study bullets were modeled as having a drag coefficient of 0.25, and on entering the air-water interface the drag coefficient was increased to 1 and the bullet diameter expanded to 1.5 times its original diameter. Results for 45ACP and 9mm are presented and compared to nonexpanding bullets and each other. *** Bullets commonly fired from handguns are often designed to expand in a reliable fashion for use in circumstances where over penetration of a target is not desirable. Such bullets are realized by manufacture from deformable materials, or if harder metal jacketed bullets are employed then a soft metal, hollow, or a fracturable point are incorporated in the bullet nose. On entry into a different medium from air, these bullets tend to deform and undergo rapid deceleration. There are numerous amateur ballistics experiments that can be readily found as video clips on the internet that demonstrate the effect of hollow point bullets impacting water targets. Complete calculations of terminal ballistic performance of bullets are very complex, however, the major characteristics of bullets impacting water targets can be demonstrated with a reduced set of equations. This letter presents the results of numerical simulations of bullets traversing an air-water interface varying only the aerodynamic drag coefficient and the bullet diameter to affect penetration. A hydrodynamic, ballistic model after that of McCoy (1989), has been constructed that includes a point model and the effect of aerodynamic drag on the bullet traveling through a fluid medium. The bullet is simulated entering the water target at normal incidence for both non-expanding and expanding bullets. When expanding bullets cross the air-water interface, the bullet diameter is increased by a factor of 1.5 and its drag coefficient is increased to 1. The physical model is shown in figure 1.
Improved Immune Response to Recombinant Influenza Nucleoprotein Formulated with ISCOMATRIX (2012)

Current influenza vaccines elicit antibodies effective against homologous strains, but new strategies are urgently needed for protection against emerging epidemic or pandemic strains. Although influenza vaccine candidates based on the viral nucleoprotein (NP) or matrix protein do not elicit sterilizing immunity, they have the advantage of inducing immunity that may cover a larger number of viral strains. In this study, recombinant NP produced in Escherichia coli was purified and formulated in combination with the adjuvant ISCOMATRIX. This formulation increased a NP-specific immunity in mice, with a Th1 profile, and may constitute a promising low-cost influenza vaccine candidate, with ability to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses..
Pulsed illumination spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for human retinal imaging (2006)

We present pulsed illumination spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for in vivo human retinal imaging. We analyze the signal-to-noise (SNR) for continuous wave (CW) and pulsed illumination SD-OCT. The lateral beam scan motion is responsible for a SNR drop due to lateral scanning induced interference fringe washout. Pulsed illumination can reduce the SNR drop by shorter sample illumination time during the integration time of a camera. First, we demonstrate the SNR benefit of pulsed illumination over CW as function of lateral scan speed for a paper sample. Finally, we show better SNR in retinal images of a normal subject with pulsed illumination SD-OCT over CW at high lateral scanning speed.
Crossline wavefield reconstruction from multicomponent streamer data: Part 1 — Multichannel interpolation by matching pursuit (MIMAP) using pressure and its crossline gradient (2010)

Abstract We introduce a technique that uses multicomponent seismic measurements to reconstruct the seismic wavefield at any desired crossline position between towed streamers. This method, called multichannel interpolation by matching pursuit (MIMAP), operates on pressure and crossline particle-motion measurements. It is based on the matching-pursuit technique and iteratively reconstructs the signal as a combination of optimal basis functions. Being a data-dependent technique, MIMAP can interpolate severely aliased data without assumptions about seismic events such as linearity or the model related to the seismic wavefield. MIMAP has the capability to perform well in the presence of irregular sampling and is robust when only a small number of samples are available. Using synthetic data examples, we show that the new method has the potential to interpolate signals that are sampled at realistic crossline streamer spacing and in the presence of noise.
Studies on heat deterioration of specially prepared natural rubber vulcanizates (1953)

Abstract Natural rubber has been vulcanized to varying degrees of crosslinkage through the use of decamethylene dismethyl azodicarboxylate. The effect of degree of crosslinkage on extent of heat deterioration is demonstrated. Studies are also presented on the beneficial or deleterious action on heat deterioration of various chemical agents incorporated in the free state into natural rubber vulcanizate.
2‐Naphthalenesulphonyl l‐aspartyl‐(2‐phenethyl)amide (2‐NAP)‐a selective cholecystokinin CCKA‐receptor antagonist (1993)

1. The in vitro pharmacological characterization of the sodium salt of 2-naphthalenesulphonyl 1-aspartyl-(2-phenethyl)amide [2-NAP], a hydrophilic compound derived from the C-terminal aspartate-phenylalanine dipeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK), is described. 2. 2-NAP behaved as a competitive antagonist of sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) at CCKA-receptors in both intact tissue bioassays (guinea-pig gall bladder, pancreas and ileum, human and rabbit gall bladder) and a radioligand displacement assay (guinea-pig pancreatic cells). The mean pKB, over assays, was 6.5. 3. Compared to the other assays, the rabbit gall bladder assay gave a significantly higher pKB estimate [7.0] for 2-NAP and a significantly lower estimate [8.9] for devazepide (formerly L-364,718 and MK-329), a well-characterized CCKA-receptor antagonist; these anomalous results suggest that a different class of CCKA-receptors may be involved. 4. 2-NAP, was found to be highly selective, having at least 300 fold greater affinity for CCKA-receptors than for 50 other pharmacological loci, including gastrin/CCKB, as estimated by bioassay or radioligand displacement.
Synthesis of Bis(pentafluoroethyl)germanes (2016)

Abstract The chemistry of bis(pentafluoroethyl)germanes (C 2 F 5 ) 2 GeX 2 is presented. The synthesis of such species requires Br 2 GePh 2 , wherein the phenyl substituents function as suitable protecting groups. After treatment with two equivalents of LiC 2 F 5 , (C 2 F 5 ) 2 GePh 2 is produced. The replacement of the phenyl rings is smoothly effected by gaseous HBr or HCl in the presence of a Lewis acidic catalyst. The trigermoxane [(C 2 F 5 ) 2 GeO] 3 results from the reaction of (C 2 F 5 ) 2 GeBr 2 with Ag 2 CO 3 . Its crystalline 1,10‐phenanthroline adduct was fully characterised by X‐ray diffraction. The combination of (C 2 F 5 ) 2 GeBr 2 with Bu 3 SnH gave rise to the formation of (C 2 F 5 ) 2 GeH 2 .
Capturing collection size for distributed non-cooperative retrieval (2006)

Modern distributed information retrieval techniques require accurate knowledge of collection size. In non-cooperative environments, where detailed collection statistics are not available, the size of the underlying collections must be estimated. While several approaches for the estimation of collection size have been proposed, their accuracy has not been thoroughly evaluated. An empirical analysis of past estimation approaches across a variety of collections demonstrates that their prediction accuracy is low. Motivated by ecological techniques for the estimation of animal populations, we propose two new approaches for the estimation of collection size. We show that our approaches are significantly more accurate that previous methods, and are more efficient in use of resources required to perform the estimation.
Separation of mismatched DNA by using the affinity column immobilizing mismatch-binding ligands (2004)

Mismatch binding ligands (MBL), ND and NA, bind to DNA containing mismatch base pairs. These MBLs were immobilized to NHS-activated affinity column via amine linker. Affinity chromatographic analyses of mismatched DNAs by using the ND-immobilized column showed clear separation of G-G and G-A from other mismatched DNAs. The results of the NA-immobilized column also showed good separation of A-A, G-A, G-G, A-C from other mismatched DNAs. The order of mobility of mismatched duplexes on MBL-immobilized column was in good agreement with that of the binding affinity in a solution phase obtained by the melting temperature measurement.
A multimode perturbation method for frequency response analysis of nonlinearly vibrational beams with periodic parameters (2019)

A multimode perturbation method for frequency response analysis of nonlinearly vibrational beams with periodic distribution parameters is proposed. The partial differential equation with spatial varying parameters for nonlinear vibration of beams with periodic parameters under harmonic excitations is derived. The procedure of the multimode perturbation method includes three main steps: first, the nonlinear partial differential equation is transformed into linear partial differential equations with varying parameters by applying perturbation method; second, the linear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations with multimode coupling by applying Galerkin method, where multiple vibration modes of the beams are used and the equations are suitable to nonlinear vibration of periodic structures with high parameter-varying wave in wide frequency band; third, the ordinary differential equations are solved by applying harmonic balance method to obtain vibration response of the nonlinear periodic beam, which is used for characteristics analysis of frequency response and spatial mode. Furthermore, the stability problem of nonlinear harmonic vibration as multidegree-of-freedom system with periodic time-varying parameters is solved by applying direct eigenvalue analysis approach. The proposed method can incorporate multiple vibration modes into response analysis of nonlinear periodic structures and consider mode-coupling effects due to structural nonlinearity and parametric periodicity. Finally, a nonlinear beam with periodic supports under harmonic excitations is studied. Numerical results on frequency response of the beam are given to illustrate an application of the proposed method, new frequency response characteristics, and influences of periodic parameters on structural response. The results have potential application to nonlinear structural vibration control and support damage detection of nonlinear structures with periodic supports.
Effect of Particle Velocity on Residual Stress in Aerosol Deposited Tantalum and Alumina Films. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
BET surface area measurements of materials for fusion safety studies (2002)

The reaction of air or steam with plasma facing materials and tokamak dust is a concern during an accident involving a breach in the vacuum plasma chamber of a fusion reactor. Hydrogen generated from steam reactions must be maintained below explosive concentrations. An important parameter influencing reaction rates is the specific surface area (SSA) of a material. We present the capabilities and background that we have obtained using the BET gas adsorption method on various fusion relevant materials. BET data are useful in developing correlations with steam reaction rates and characterizing irradiated beryllium and dust collected from tokamaks.
Reduced Shuttle Effect of Lithium−sulfur Batteries by using a Simple Graphite‐Modified Separator with a Preformed SEI Film (2017)

Abstract Lithium−sulfur (Li−S) batteries, which possess a high theoretical capacity of 1675 mAh g −1 and energy density of 2600 Wh kg −1 , are regarded as appealing candidates for next‐generation power storage systems. However, poor electrochemical performance, mainly attributed to polysulfide diffusion, obstructs their practical application. Herein, a simple graphite‐modified separator with a preformed solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is first fabricated to suppress the polysulfide shuttle. Particularly, the formed SEI film on the graphite surface inhibits the graphite exfoliation caused by co‐intercalation of solvents. Thus, the stable graphite layer with a preformed SEI can function as an effective physical barrier to suppress the polysulfide shuttle and enhance the utilization of the trapped active material. As a result, the cell using the graphite‐modified separator exhibits a high capacity of 698 mAh g −1 (0.2 C) after 100 cycles with a low capacity decay of 0.13 % per cycle. Even under relatively high sulfur loading (2.5 mg cm −2 ), it shows a reversible capacity of 519 mAh g −1 after 200 cycles.
On-Chip Network-Enabled Multicore Platforms Targeting Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny Reconstruction (2012)

In phylogenetic inference, which aims at finding a phylogenetic tree that best explains the evolutionary relationship among a given set of species, statistical estimation approaches such as maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference provide more accurate estimates than other nonstatistical approaches. However, the improved quality comes at a higher computational cost, as these approaches, even though heuristic driven, involve optimization over multidimensional real continuous space. The number of possible search trees in ML is at least exponential, thereby making runtimes on even modest-sized datasets to clock up to several million CPU hours. Evaluation of these trees, involving node-level likelihood vector computation and branch-length optimization, can be partitioned into tasks (or kernels), providing the application with the potential to benefit from hardware acceleration. The range of hardware acceleration architectures tried so far offer limited degree of fine-grain parallelism. Network-on-chip (NoC) is an emerging paradigm that can efficiently support integration of massive number of cores on a chip. In this paper, we explore the design and performance evaluation of 2-D and 3-D NoC architectures for RAxML, which is one of the most widely used ML software suites. Specifically, we implement the computation kernels of the top three functions consuming more than 85% of the total software runtime. Simulations show that through appropriate choice of NoC architecture, and novel core design, allocation and placement strategies, our NoC-based implementation can achieve individual function-level speedups of 390x to 847x, speed up the targeted kernels in excess of 6500x, and provide end-to-end runtime reductions up to 5x over state-of-the-art multithreaded software.
Diversity in Orthopaedic Surgery Residencies Based on Allopathic Medical School Affiliation (2023)

Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Fatty Acid Oxidation Compensates for Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Warburg Effect in Glucose-Deprived Monocytes (2017)

Monocytes enter sites of microbial or sterile inflammation as the first line of defense of the immune system and initiate pro-inflammatory effector mechanisms. We show that activation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces them to undergo a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis, similar to the Warburg effect observed in cancer cells. At sites of inflammation, however, glucose concentrations are often drastically decreased, which prompted us to study monocyte function under conditions of glucose deprivation and abrogated Warburg effect. Experiments using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer revealed that limited glucose supply shifts monocyte metabolism toward oxidative phosphorylation, fueled largely by fatty acid oxidation at the expense of lipid droplets. While this metabolic state appears to provide sufficient energy to sustain functional properties like cytokine secretion, migration, and phagocytosis, it cannot prevent a rise in the AMP/ATP ratio and a decreased respiratory burst. The molecular trigger mediating the metabolic shift and the functional consequences is activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Taken together, our results indicate that monocytes are sufficiently metabolically flexible to perform pro-inflammatory functions at sites of inflammation despite glucose deprivation and inhibition of the LPS-induced Warburg effect. AMPK seems to play a pivotal role in orchestrating these processes during glucose deprivation in monocytes.
Effect of different caries preventive measures in children highly infected with mutans streptococci (1989)

The caries preventive effect of topical application of fluoride varnish (Duraphat), ferric-aluminum-fluoride solution (FeAlF) and chlorhexidine gel was compared in 2-yr clinical study. Children with more than 10(6) mutans steptococci per ml saliva were selected and a total of 189 13-yr-old children participated in the study. The children in the fluoride groups were treated every third month with either Duraphat or FeAlF-solution. In the chlorhexidine group children with more than 2.5 x 10(5) mutans streptococci per ml of saliva were treated every third month. The mean number of new decayed and filled tooth surfaces was 3.06 in the chlorhexidine group, 5.88 in the Duraphat group, 5.33 in the FeAlF group, and 6.34 in the control group. Thus supervised antimicrobial treatment can significantly reduce the incidence of dental (caries) in children with high numbers of mutans streptococci.
The Declining Specificity of Exercise Radionuclide Ventriculography (1983)

Although exercise radionuclide ventriculography was initially reported to be a highly specific test for coronary-artery disease, later studies reported a high false-positive rate. To verify this turnabout, we analyzed the responses in 77 angiographically normal patients; 32 were studied from 1978 to 1979 (the early period), and 45 from 1980 to 1982 (the recent period). Most patients studied in the early period had normal responses (94 per cent for ejection fraction and 84 per cent for wall motion). In contrast, normal responses were less frequent in patients studied in the recent period (49 per cent for ejection fraction and 36 per cent for wall motion, P less than 0.001). The probability of coronary disease before testing was higher in these patients (38 vs. 7 per cent, P less than 0.001). More patients studied in the recent period underwent radionuclide ventriculography before angiography (78 vs. 22 per cent, P less than 0.001), and more of these prior studies had abnormal results than those performed after angiography (55 vs. 6 per cent, P less than 0.0001). Thus, two factors are responsible for the temporal decline in specificity: a change in the population being tested (pretest referral bias) and a preferential selection of patients with a positive test response for coronary angiography (post-test referral bias).
Genome sequence of the model rice variety KitaakeX (2019)

Abstract Here, we report the de novo genome sequencing and analysis of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica variety KitaakeX, a Kitaake plant carrying the rice XA21 immune receptor. Our KitaakeX sequence assembly contains 377.6 Mb, consisting of 33 scaffolds (476 contigs) with a contig N50 of 1.4 Mb. Complementing the assembly are detailed gene annotations of 35,594 protein coding genes. We identified 331,335 genomic variations between KitaakeX and Nipponbare (ssp. japonica ), and 2,785,991 variations between KitaakeX and Zhenshan97 (ssp. indica ). We also compared Kitaake resequencing reads to the KitaakeX assembly and identified 219 small variations. The high-quality genome of the model rice plant KitaakeX will accelerate rice functional genomics.
Activated Canonical Wnt Signaling in GBM is Associated with Increased Expression of Stem Cell Surface Markers (2011)

Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Stem cells and tumor cells share similar properties, most notably the ability to self-renew. Since tumors may arise from the transformation of normal stem cells, similar signals may regulate self-renewal in both cell types. Wnt signaling is involved in numerous developmental events, including the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). We investigated Wnt signaling activity in GBM with hopes of determining if this molecule is important in GBM self-renewal. Methods: GBM cells were isolated from six different patients. After single cell suspensions were made, the cells were co-cultured with Lentivirus containing GFP driven by a Wnt responsive promoter (OT-GFP) for 72 hours. The cells were then stained with markers of interest, including Notch 1, CD24, CD 133, CD44, and EGFRvIII, and analyzed with flow cytometry. Results: GBM transduced with OT-GFP expressed variable amounts of the GFP marker protein. GFP expression was detected in an average of 12.8 % (range 0.88-35%) of cells initially cultured in standard media containing fetal calf serum (TM) and in an average of 5.2% (range 0.61-9.83%) of GBM cells initially cultured in media conditioned for neurosphere survival (SCM). A higher proportion of GFP+ cells expressed Notch-1, CD133, EGFRvIII, and CD44 than in GFP-cells. Conclusion: Despite advancements in surgical technique, chemotherapy, and irradiation therapy, the diagnosis of GBM continues to have a dismal prognosis. Understanding the molecular basis of the formation of GBM may offer better insights into treating this disease. We show that the Wnt signaling pathway is activated in GBM and may thus be important in tumor self-renewal.
Evidence for complete surface wave band gap in a piezoelectric phononic crystal (2006)

A complete surface acoustic wave band gap is found experimentally in a two-dimensional square-lattice piezoelectric phononic crystal etched in lithium niobate. Propagation in the phononic crystal is studied by direct generation and detection of surface waves using interdigital transducers. The complete band gap extends from $203\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}226\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Near the upper edge of the complete band gap, it is observed that radiation to the bulk of the substrate dominates. This observation is explained by introducing the concept of the sound line.
Coplanar Waveguide Discontinuities and Circuit Elements (2001)

This chapter presents the characteristics of coplanar waveguide (CPW) discontinuities, including open end, short end, series gap in the center strip conductor, step change in the width of the center strip conductor, and right angle bend. These are typical discontinuities and are an integral part of practical CPW circuits. A good understanding of their circuit behavior is essential for design success. Air-bridges, T-junctions, spiral inductors, interdigital and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors, series and shunt stubs, and shunt inductors are covered in later sections of the chapter.