gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Volume Rendering Using a Wavelet Transformation (2000)

In volume data exploration, it is necessary to visualize the volume data in conjunction with a pseudocolor display, and to change a transfer function based on the purpose of the observation. This paper proposes a fast volume rendering method when a transfer function undergo change. The proposed method calculates a histogram of volume data along a cast ray, and the histogram is wavelet-transformed in a pre-process. The rendered image for an arbitrary transfer function is generated by multiplying a series of coefficients of basis functions, after the specified transfer function is also wavelet-transformed. We also propose a method for displaying iso-surfaces by making use of a wavelet transformation. Several examples of the volume data visualization demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method for observing unknown volume data.
Hydrogen passivation of extended defects in multicrystalline silicon solar cells (2006)

Two methods of hydrogen bulk passivation in multicrystalline ingot silicon solar cells were compared. After POCl<sub>3</sub>-emitter diffusion, four different solar cell types were made out of neighbouring wafers. The first wafer was not hydrogen passivated. The second wafer was passivated by firing of hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiN:H). On the third wafer, a microwave induced remote hydrogen plasma (MIRHP) was applied. The fourth wafer was passivated by both techniques. On all wafers, the recombination activity of dislocations was measured by the correlation of light beam induced current (LBIC) with dislocation density topography. Recombination at grain boundaries was examined using LBIC line scans. The spatial resolution of the measurements was 12.5 μm.
SLPX: superconducting long-pulse experiment (1978)

The principal objectives of the SLPX--Superconducting Long-Pulse Experiment--are to demonstrate quasi-steady operation of 3 to 5 MA hydrogen and deuterium plasmas at high temperature and high thermal wall loading, and to develop reliable operation of a prototypical reactor magnetics systems featuring a toroidal assembly of high-field niobium-tin coils. This report summarizes the results of an engineering scoping study for the SLPX. A range of sizes has been investigated, from a TF (toroidal-field) coil aperture of 2.6 m x 3.65 m, to an aperture of 3.1 m x 4.8 m, and with a maximum field at the Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor of 10 to 12 Tesla. The poloidal-field magnetics system utilizes superconducting ohmic-heating and d.c. EF coils located outside the TF coils, together with normal-conducting EF and divertor coils located inside the TF coils. For the largest embodiment, the D-shaped plasma in hydrogen operation has major radius = 3.6 m, half-width = 0.90 m, elongation < 1.5, and B = 7,2 T. Maximum plasma current of 5.0 MA can be maintained for a 30-s flat-top when Z/sub eff/approximately 1. A single-null poloidal magnetic divertor disposes of particles and heat diffusing out of the current channel, thereby helping to insure the feasibility of quasi-steady operation.
Highly Platinum-Loaded Magnéli Phase Titanium Oxides as a High Voltage Tolerant Electrocatalyst for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2015)

Magnéli phase titanium oxides (MPTOs), possess high electrical conductivity and chemical stability, are promising support materials for the development of novel electrocatalyst in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Despite MPTO's extremely low specific surface area (1 m2/g or less), high Pt loading (40 wt%) and excellent Pt particle-size distribution were obtained by the modified borohydride method. The reasons were discussed and compared with polyol method. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance of those Pt/MPTO catalysts were found to be 169.7 and 366.2 mA/cm2 at 0.7 V for H2/air and H2/O2, respectively. The accelerated stress tests (ASTs) showed superior durability of the Pt/MPTO catalyst as a cathode electrode. After 10,000 cycles of high-voltage cycling test from 0.9 V and 1.3 V RHE, no significant performance degradation of the Pt/MPTO electrode was observed comparing with Pt/C. Thus, MPTOs can be considered as a good substitute of carbon supports in fuel cells.
The Ordinal Nature of Emotions: An Emerging Approach (2018)

Computational representation of everyday emotional states is a challenging task and, arguably, one of the most fundamental for affective computing. Standard practice in emotion annotation is to ask people to assign a value of intensity or a class value to each emotional behavior they observe. Psychological theories and evidence from multiple disciplines including neuroscience, economics and artificial intelligence, however, suggest that the task of assigning reference-based values to subjective notions is better aligned with the underlying representations. This paper draws together the theoretical reasons to favor ordinal labels for representing and annotating emotion, reviewing the literature across several disciplines. We go on to discuss good and bad practices of treating ordinal and other forms of annotation data and make the case for preference learning methods as the appropriate approach for treating ordinal labels. We finally discuss the advantages of ordinal annotation with respect to both reliability and validity through a number of case studies in affective computing, and address common objections to the use of ordinal data. More broadly, the thesis that emotions are by nature ordinal is supported by both theoretical arguments and evidence, and opens new horizons for the way emotions are viewed, represented and analyzed computationally.
Weakly-Supervised Word-Level Pronunciation Error Detection in Non-Native English Speech (2021)

We propose a weakly-supervised model for word-level mispronunciation detection in non-native (L2) English speech. To train this model, phonetically transcribed L2 speech is not required and we only need to mark mispronounced words. The lack of phonetic transcriptions for L2 speech means that the model has to learn only from a weak signal of word-level mispronunciations. Because of that and due to the limited amount of mispronounced L2 speech, the model is more likely to overfit. To limit this risk, we train it in a multi-task setup. In the first task, we estimate the probabilities of word-level mispronunciation. For the second task, we use a phoneme recognizer trained on phonetically transcribed L1 speech that is easily accessible and can be automatically annotated. Compared to state-of-the-art approaches, we improve the accuracy of detecting word-level pronunciation errors in AUC metric by 30% on the GUT Isle Corpus of L2 Polish speakers, and by 21.5% on the Isle Corpus of L2 German and Italian speakers.
Hydrogen-free carbon thin films prepared by unbalanced magnetron sputtering (2006)

Hydrogen-free carbon films were deposited and synthesized by unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBMS) using a graphite target in Ar atmosphere. The ion beam flow density was measured by a Langmuir probe under the condition of deposition DLC films. The results indicated that this unbalanced magnetron sputtering system can obtain ion beam density as high as 2.0 mAcm<sup>-2</sup> even at low pressure of 0.5 Pa with an excitation current of 120 A, far larger than 0.3 mAcm<sup>-2</sup> in a conventional balanced magnetron sputtering (MS) system. Hydrogen-free carbon films were deposited by PVD method with a rectangle graphite target of 480×120 mm. The Raman spectrum of carbon film was presented. It was proved that the film's structure is a typical diamond-like carbon. The Raman intensity of diamond and graphite peak <i>I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub></i>is as high as 2.26. Surface morphology was investigated by using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The image indicated that the surface of carbon films is smooth; with the grains size about 10 nm and the surface roughness R&#945; about 2.5 nm, respectively. IR spectrum presented high optical transparency of 61.4% coated on single side of Ge sample, and no obvious absorption peaks were founded between 5000 and 1000 cm<sup>-1</sup> owe to lack of hydrogen.
Sequencing of the smallest Apicomplexan genome from the human pathogen Babesia microti† (2012)

We have sequenced the genome of the emerging human pathogen Babesia microti and compared it with that of other protozoa. B. microti has the smallest nuclear genome among all Apicomplexan parasites sequenced to date with three chromosomes encoding ∼3500 polypeptides, several of which are species specific. Genome-wide phylogenetic analyses indicate that B. microti is significantly distant from all species of Babesidae and Theileridae and defines a new clade in the phylum Apicomplexa. Furthermore, unlike all other Apicomplexa, its mitochondrial genome is circular. Genome-scale reconstruction of functional networks revealed that B. microti has the minimal metabolic requirement for intraerythrocytic protozoan parasitism. B. microti multigene families differ from those of other protozoa in both the copy number and organization. Two lateral transfer events with significant metabolic implications occurred during the evolution of this parasite. The genomic sequencing of B. microti identified several targets suitable for the development of diagnostic assays and novel therapies for human babesiosis.
Post-Newtonian Dynamics with State-Dependent Delay (2021)

The retarded potentials appearing in electrodynamics are an example of systems with state-dependent delay. By analogy, Newton’s law of gravitation may be generalized using the concept of a retarded gravitational potential. For systems with state-dependent delay (SDD), delay and state or observations are implicitly related. Such an SDD-approach provides an approximation to general relativity for weak (gravitational) fields and slow speeds. While it has been shown that solutions to Einstein’s field equations always exist, an existence theorem says nothing about the computation. So a semi-relativistic approximation is beneficial: One where space-time may still be considered as flat, but where Newton’s equations (where gravity acts instantaneously) are replaced by a post-Newtonian theory, involving propagation of gravity at the speed of light. In this paper some direct effects (gravitational entrainment, dynamic friction, and orbital velocity for binaries) of such a post-Newtonian theory are described. We show also that a naive delay correction in Newton’s gravitation law cannot be correct.
Measurement of phosphatidylserine exposure during storage of platelet concentrates using the novel probe lactadherin: a comparison study with annexin V (2008)

PS exposure on the surface of stored PLTs has been previously underestimated due to the wide use of annexin V. Lactadherin provides a truer reflection of the degree of PS exposure and offers a new calcium-independent approach to studying PLT activation and/or apoptosis.
Transient chirping in single-frequency lasers: lightwave systems consequences (1984)

The effect of modulation-induced laser wavelength shifts on optical transmission through dispersive fibres is shown to be a serious limiting factor at bit rates greater than 1 Gbit/s. Wavelength excursions with magnitudes as large as 6 Å are seen to occur in single-frequency lasers (C3 and DFB) during a transition from one power level to another. The wavelength shifts briefly toward shorter wavelengths and then back to the equilibrium value during turn-on and toward longer wavelengths and back during turn-off. These excursions, which are well explained by a model in which the carrier density is temporarily driven out of equilibrium by a change in injection current, last for hundreds of picoseconds or about one half of the relaxation resonance period. This time-dependent behaviour gives rise to a dramatic degradation of system performance with increasing bit rate.
Burst detection and location in pipe networks using a continuous monitoring technique (2004)

This paper presents a continuous monitoring approach for detecting and locating bursts in pipe networks using pressure transient theory. Continuous pressure measurements at two locations are analysed. The algorithm is based on the difference between the arrival times of the burst-induced pressure wave at each measurement point and on the measured wave magnitude. The arrival times are determined automatically using the cumulative sum (CUSUM) change detection algorithm, allowing implementation in real time. A method of determining optimal measurement locations is also presented. Numerical simulations are used for validation. The results show that the proposed technique has potential as a tool for the effective detection and location of bursts in real pipe networks.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS OF LANTHANIDES. 5. TRIS((N,N,N′,N′‐TETRAMETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINE)LITHIUM) HEXAMETHYLERBATE(III) AND ‐LUTETATE(III) (1978)

Abstract Durch Verwendung von Tetramethylethylendiamin als stabilisierender Base konnten die ersten peralkylierten Komplexe (I) der Lanthanoidreihe erhalten werden.
Suitability of compressed air energy storage technology for electricity utility standby power applications (2008)

This paper investigates a compressed air system as alternative to battery energy storage systems for utility standby power applications. The paper starts with a technology overview and then compares the technologies in terms of technical and financial criteria. It then covers the first field trial site installation.
Depressive symptoms, material hardship, barriers to care, and receptivity to church-based treatment among food bank service recipients in rural Michigan (2020)

Church-based interventions have the potential to extend services to economically disadvantaged individuals with depression in rural communities. This study examined depressive symptoms, material hardship, barriers to mental health treatment, and perceptions of a church-based group depression intervention among a sample of 57 rural residents seeking food-bank services. Forty-nine percent of respondents screened positive for depression on the Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Respondents with positive depression screens (M = 2.22; SD = 1.74) experienced greater material hardship compared to non-depressed respondents (M = 1.21; SD = 1.00; U = 262.0; p=.04). The most commonly endorsed barriers to mental health treatment were: cost (47.4%), lack of transportation (31.6%), no insurance/lack of insurance coverage (26.3%), and wanting to handle these problems on my own (26.3%). The majority of respondents indicated that church-based depression treatment would benefit their community (62.5%), would consider attending church-based depression treatment (55.4%), and would recommend this intervention to others experiencing depressive symptoms (66.1%). Clinical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Preparation and Fuel Cell Performance of Proton Conductive Hydroxyapatite Doped Composite Membranes (2007)

The biocompatible composite membranes consisting of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and proton-conductive polymers such as poly (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS), poly styrene sulfonic acid (PSSA), and Nafion® were prepared. High mechanical stability was given to the composite membranes by needle-like HAp crystallites deposited by a setting reaction of calcium phosphate cement. The proton conductivity of composite membranes was strongly influenced by distribution of HAp and polymer, and changed in the range from 8.7×10−3 S cm−1 to 4.5×10−4 S cm−1 at 30°C under 95% relative humidity. The H2–O2 fuel cell based on the PAMPS composite membrane exhibited a promising performance of 20 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V and 30°C as a candidate for the micro-fuel cells for biocompatible devices.
A simple model to demonstrate solubility principles (1971)

Why are some pairs of liquid miscible, whereas others are not? This article answers this question without using examples from extreme cases. "Like dissolves like" scarcely adds to understanding. The author reports on a system involving only rudimentary equipment and compounds of very simple structure that may be usefully employed to demonstrate dramatically a variety of chemical principles related to this problem.
A functional genetic study identifies HAND1 mutations in septation defects of the human heart (2009)

Heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1 (HAND1) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor essential for mammalian heart development. Absence of Hand1 in mice results in embryonal lethality, as well as in a wide spectrum of cardiac abnormalities including failed cardiac looping, defective chamber septation and impaired ventricular development. Therefore, Hand1 is a strong candidate for the many cardiac malformations observed in human congenital heart disease (CHD). Recently, we identified a loss-of-function frameshift mutation (p.A126fs) in the bHLH domain of HAND1 frequent in hypoplastic hearts. This finding prompted us to continue our search for HAND1 gene mutations in a different cohort of malformed hearts affected primarily by septation defects. Indeed, in tissue samples of septal defects, we detected 32 sequence alterations leading to amino acid change, of which 12 are in the bHLH domain of HAND1. Interestingly, 10 sequence alterations, such as p.L28H and p.L138P, had been identified earlier in hypoplastic hearts, but the frequent p.A126fs mutation was absent except in one aborted case with ventricular septal defect and outflow tract abnormalities. Functional studies in yeast and mammalian cells enabled translation of sequence alterations to HAND1 transcriptional activity, which was reduced or abolished by certain mutations, notably p.L138P. Our results suggest that HAND1 may also be affected in septation defects of the human hearts, and thus has a broader role in human heart development and CHD.
Generating capacity adequacy evaluation of large-scale, grid-connected photovoltaic systems (2016)

大规模、连接格子的光电的系统成为了现代电力分发系统的必要部分。在这份报纸，一条新奇途径基于 Markov 方法被建议了在体积力量系统的可靠性上调查大规模、连接格子的光电的系统的效果。建议方法用作一个适用的工具估计性能(例如，精力产量和能力) 象可靠性索引一样。Markov 方法框架与多状态模型一起被合并了开发光电的系统的精力状态以便确定力量系统足够上的光电的系统的效果。如此的分析帮助规划者基于节俭的期望做足够的决定以及随着时间的过去保证投资费用的恢复。光电的系统的部件的失败状态被认为包括负担期望的损失评估敏感分析和足够索引，并且期望没供应的精力。而且，在在可靠性计算以后以及在上的失败之间的转变的影响长 -- 光电的系统的术语操作被说明了。测试系统被给看了说明建议框架的过程的罗伊·比林顿上的模拟结果工作并且评估在体积电力系统上使用大规模、连接格子的光电的系统的可靠性好处。建议方法能容易被扩大估计为光电的系统工程的金融计划操作和维护费用。
The Effect of Stress Ratio During Crack Propagation and Fatigue for 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Aluminum (1970)

An effective stress, σ¯ = σmax1-mΔσm where m is assumed to be a material constant, is shown to predict the effect of stress ratio on crack propagation and fatigue life for two aluminum alloys. Simple approximations of notch stress and strain using Neuber's notch rule are introduced to extend the predictions of stress-ratio effects to inelastic notch behavior.
B Cell–Specific Expression of Inducible Costimulator Ligand Is Necessary for the Induction of Arthritis in Mice (2013)

These data indicate that the signals provided by ICOSL-expressing B cells to Teff cells and Tfh cells are necessary for the development of arthritis. Thus, therapeutic blockade of ICOSL-ICOS interactions may be an effective strategy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Interactions of Polyoma and Mouse DNAs. IV. Time Course and Extent of Integration of Polyoma DNA into Mouse DNA During Lytic Infection (1977)

The time course of covalent binding of polyoma viral DNA to mouse DNA was followed in mouse embryo cells that had been grown prior to infection in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Density-labeled (HL) mouse DNA was separated from free polyoma DNA by CsCl isopycnic centrifugation. Polyoma DNA sequences present in HL mouse DNA were detected by hybridization with radioactive cRNA synthesized in vitro. In reconstruction experiments, the limit of detection was found to be, on the average, about 0.5 genome equivalent (g.e.) of polyoma DNA per cell. To find conditions for the isolation of HL mouse DNA and for its complete separation from free polyoma DNA, cultures infected at 4 degrees C were used. HL mouse DNA extracted with sodium dodecyl sulfate and high salt concentrations (5 to 6 M CsCl) and then purified by three consecutive CsCl density gradient centrifugations was free from detectable amounts of polyoma DNA, whereas HL mouse DNA extracted with chloroform and phenol and purified in the same way always contained contaminating, noncovalently bound polyoma DNA. In lytically infected bromodeoxyuridine-prelabeled mouse embryo cultures, polyoma DNA bound to HL mouse DNA that had been extracted by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-CsCl procedure was first detected in small amounts (1 to 2 g.e. per cell) at 10 h after infection. In cultures incubated with medium containing thymidine (5 mug/ml), 4 to 6 g.e. of polyoma DNA per cell was detected at 14 and 18 h after infection. In these samples, practically all viral DNA was bound to high-molecular-weight HL mouse DNA. In cultures incubated with normal medium (no additions) and extracted between 17 and 20 h after infection, 20 to 350 g.e. of polyoma DNA per cell banded with HL mouse DNA. However, when DNA of one of these samples was subfractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-salt precipitation prior to isolation of HL mouse DNA, about 80% of the viral DNA banding at increased density was present in the low-molecular-weight DNA fraction. This observation suggests that in normal medium some progeny viral DNA of increased density was synthesized. Covalent binding of polyoma DNA to density-labeled mouse DNA was demonstrated by alkaline CsCl density gradient centrifugation: nearly equal amounts of polyoma DNA were found in the H and L strands, respectively, as is expected for linear integration of viral DNA. The results lead to the conclusions that (i) early polyoma mRNA is transcribed from free parental viral DNA; (ii) covalent linear integration is first detectable at the time when tumor (T)-antigen is synthesized; and (iii) only few copies (<10 g.e./cell) become integrated between 10 and 18 h after infection, i.e., during the period when cellular and viral DNA replication starts in individual cells.
Universal acoustic modelling framework for electrical drives (2015)

The interdisciplinary task of assessing the acoustic characteristics of electrical drive‐systems gains importance in traction, industrial and consumer applications. This study presents a universal acoustic modelling framework for efficient, high‐quality acoustic modelling of electrical drives. The objective is to make drive acoustic modelling and assessment of an integral part of drive‐system design. The approach integrates directly into the general drive‐system design process and can be applied to all types of machines (synchronous, induction, switched reluctance and direct current). Inverter‐operation‐related switching frequencies and spatial machine harmonics are routinely taken into account. The process is applicable to machines with rotor or stator skew as well as to outer‐rotor and transversal‐flux machines. It combines the two fast and user‐interactive steps system simulation and vibration synthesis. The underlying model parameters are obtained via automated offline finite‐element simulations based on generic input parameters. This allows using complex electromagnetic and structural models without computation time becoming prohibitive. Application examples are given for permanent magnet synchronous machine traction drives for (hybrid) electric vehicles as well as a for a switched‐reluctance auxiliary drive. Simulated run‐up spectrograms for structure‐borne sound are validated against measurements and operational deflections are presented.