gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Urea in Dermatology: A Review of its Emollient, Moisturizing, Keratolytic, Skin Barrier Enhancing and Antimicrobial Properties (2021)

Urea is a hygroscopic molecule (capable of absorbing water) present in the epidermis as a component of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) and is essential for the adequate hydration and integrity of the stratum corneum. Urea improves skin barrier function including antimicrobial defense by regulating gene expression in keratinocytes relevant for their differentiation and antimicrobial peptide production. It also plays a fundamental role in regulating keratinocyte proliferation. One of the first uses of urea in modern medicine was the topical treatment of wounds due to its proteolytic and antibacterial properties. At present, urea is widely used in dermatology to improve skin barrier function and as one of the most common moisturizers and keratolytic agents. Urea-containing formulations are available in diverse formulations and concentrations. Multiple clinical trials on the use of urea-containing formulations have shown significant clinical improvement in many of the dermatosis presenting with scaly and dry skin such as atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis, xerosis, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis, among others. Furthermore, urea can increase skin penetration and optimize the action of topical drugs. Urea-based products are well tolerated; their side effects are mild and are more frequent at high concentration. Here, we present a review of the use of urea in dermatology, discussing its mechanism of action, safety profile and frequent indications.
Case Report: Robotic ALPPS Procedure for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Right Lobe of the Liver (2021)

<b>Introduction:</b> Associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a surgical procedure for liver malignancy where the volume of the liver remnant is estimated to be too small. We present the first case of two-stage robotic ALPPS procedure, illustrating the steps and advantages of robotic surgery. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A 68-year-old man with morbid obesity (BMI 40), portal fibrosis, macrovesicular steatosis, and poor liver function underwent robotic ALPPS for hepatocellular carcinoma in the right lobe of the liver (segments 5, 7, and 8). A video presentation (https://youtu.be/M50Gumf-4pw) of the operative procedure is accompanied by explanation in the text with embedded corresponding video time points. <b>Results:</b> Both stages of the procedure were performed robotically, with negligible blood loss, and rapid surgical recovery. The patient died 3 years later. <b>Discussion:</b> Robotic ALPPS offers reduced morbidity in major liver surgery for malignancy and may extend survival in meticulously selected patients.
New perspective in heart failure management: could myosin activators be the answer? (2014)

Heart failure is a worldwide leading cause of hospital admissions. There is a critical need for new methods of management in acute heart failure. The current drug panel available in the treatment of hemodinamically unstable patients is not only limited, but it is also associated with deleterious side effects. Discoveries in the heart failure field seemed to lack an adequate answer and a change in paradigm may be necessary. The cardiac myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil is a new therapeutic approach that improves the myocardial contractility through an innovative mechanism, avoiding the harmful effects of currently used inotropic agents. Several studies provided us with promising results, but further scientific proofs are needed.
Nuclear Imaging of Glucose Metabolism: Beyond 18F-FDG (2019)

Glucose homeostasis plays a key role in numerous fundamental aspects of life, and its dysregulation is associated with many important diseases such as cancer. The atypical glucose metabolic phenomenon, known as the Warburg effect, has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and serves as a promising target for tumor specific imaging. At present, 2-deoxy-2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoro-glucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG)-based positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) represented the state-of-the-art radionuclide imaging technique for this purpose. The powerful impact of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG has prompted intensive research efforts into other glucose-based radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Currently, glucose and its analogues have been labeled with various radionuclides such as <sup>99m</sup>Tc, <sup>111</sup>In, <sup>18</sup>F, <sup>68</sup>Ga, and <sup>64</sup>Cu and have been successfully investigated for tumor metabolic imaging in many preclinical studies. Moreover, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-ECDG has advanced into its early clinical trials and brings a new era of tumor imaging beyond <sup>18</sup>F-FDG. In this review, preclinical and early clinical development of glucose-based radiopharmaceuticals for tumor metabolic imaging will be summarized.
Endocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders (2011)

Research is needed to elucidate the role of the EC system in psychiatric disorders and for clinical trials with THC, CBD and synthetic cannabinoids to assess their therapeutic potential.
Error bounds for approximate policy iteration (2003)

In Dynamic Programming, convergence of algorithms such as Value Iteration or Policy Iteration results in discounted problems from a contraction property of the back-up operator, guaranteeing convergence to its xedpoint.
Clinical findings, diagnosis, prevalence and predisposing factors for lameness localised to the middle carpal joint in young Standardbred racehorses (2006)

Summary Reasons for performing study : Lameness related to the middle carpal joint (MCJ) occurs in up to 30% of young Standardbred horses in race training and the incidence increase with radiographic severity of third carpal bone (C3) sclerosis on DPr‐DDIO (skyline) view of the carpus. Factors predisposing horses to carpal injury have not been well investigated. Objectives : To determine the importance of MCJ lameness as a cause of wastage in young Standardbred racehorses, stage of training at which it occurs and predisposing factors, and to describe clinical findings and diagnosis. Methods : Standardbred horses (n = 114) entering their first year of race training were examined at approximately 3‐month intervals over 12–18 months. For 87 of the horses, a training diary was available and these horses were trained at 3 different stables, each using a different exercise regime. At each examination, forelimb conformation, MCJ effusion, MCJ lameness and radiographic findings were graded, and training history and reasons for lost training days recorded. Nuclear scintigraphy and exploratory arthroscopy were performed on a limited selection of horses. Results for horses that developed MCJ lameness during the study period were compared statistically with results for horses that did not. Results : Carpal lameness occurred in 28% of horses and was present in 56% with forelimb lameness. In most cases lameness was mild, bilateral and with little or no MCJ effusion and was attributed to subchondral bone pain associated with radiographic evidence of C3 sclerosis. Carpal lameness was the most common reason for &gt;1 month's rest during the study period. It occurred at any stage of training but, in most cases, some speed training had begun. Of the variables studied, poor forelimb conformation and more intense speed training were predisposing factors. Conclusions and potential relevance : The information gained should assist in making recommendations regarding training young Standardbreds to reduce the incidence of MCJ lameness. However, further investigations to determine the optimal training regime are warranted.
Design of a Wideband Indoor Repeater Antenna With High Isolation for 3G Systems (2010)

In this letter, a wideband antenna for 3 G indoor repeater applications is proposed. A wide impedance bandwidth was achieved using a 3-dB attenuator and mutual coupling between main and parasitic patches. The fabricated antenna has a VSWR below 1.5, a gain over 3.9 dBi, and an isolation between transmitting and receiving antennas higher than 80 dB over the 3 G band from 1.92 to 2.5 GHz.
SIRT1 controls endothelial angiogenic functions during vascular growth (2007)

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2 regulates life-span in various species. Mammalian homologs of Sir2 are called sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7). In an effort to define the role of sirtuins in vascular homeostasis, we found that among the SIRT family, SIRT1 uniquely regulates angiogenesis signaling. We show that SIRT1 is highly expressed in the vasculature during blood vessel growth, where it controls the angiogenic activity of endothelial cells. Loss of SIRT1 function blocks sprouting angiogenesis and branching morphogenesis of endothelial cells with consequent down-regulation of genes involved in blood vessel development and vascular remodeling. Disruption of SIRT1 gene expression in zebrafish and mice results in defective blood vessel formation and blunts ischemia-induced neovascularization. Through gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we show that SIRT1 associates with and deacetylates the forkhead transcription factor Foxo1, an essential negative regulator of blood vessel development to restrain its anti-angiogenic activity. These findings uncover a novel and unexpected role for SIRT1 as a critical modulator of endothelial gene expression governing postnatal vascular growth.
[The Influence of the Functioning of Brain Regulatory Systems onto the Voluntary Regulation of Cognitive Performance in Children. Report 2. Neuropsychological and Electrophysiological Assessment of Brain Regulatory Functions in Children Aged 10-12 with Learning Difficulties]. (2015)

A total number of 172 children aged 10-12 were electrophysiologically and neuropsychologically assessed in order to analyze the influence of the functioning of brain regulatory systems onto the voluntary regulation of cognitive performance during the preteen years. EEG patterns associated with the nonoptimal functioning of brain regulatory systems, particularly fronto-thalamic, limbic and fronto-striatal structures were significantly more often observed in children with learning and behavioral difficulties, as compared to the control group. Neuropsychological assessment showed that the nonoptimal functioning of different brain regulatory systems specifically affect the voluntary regulation of cognitive performance. Children with EEG patterns of fronto-thalamic nonoptimal functioning demonstrated poor voluntary regulation such as impulsiveness and difficulties in continuing the same algorithms. Children with EEG patterns of limbic nonoptimal functioning showed a less pronounced executive dysfunction manifested only in poor switching between program units within a task. Children with EEG patterns of fronto-striatal nonoptimal functioning struggled with such executive dysfunctions as motor and tactile perseverations and emotional-motivational deviations such as poor motivation and communicative skills.
Gold Dithiocarbamate Derivatives as Potential Antineoplastic Agents:  Design, Spectroscopic Properties, and in Vitro Antitumor Activity (2005)

At present, cisplatin (cis-diamminodichloroplatinum(II)) is one of the most largely employed anticancer drugs as it is effective in the treatment of 70-90% of testicular and, in combination with other drugs, of ovarian, small cell lung, bladder, brain, and breast tumors. Anyway, despite its high effectiveness, it exhibits some clinical problems related to its use in the curative therapy, such as a severe normal tissue toxicity (in particular, nephrotoxicity) and the frequent occurrence of initial and acquired resistance to the treatment. To obtain compounds with superior chemotherapeutic index in terms of increased bioavailability, higher cytotoxicity, and lower side effects than cisplatin, we report here on some gold(I) and gold(III) complexes with dithiocarbamate ligands (DMDT = N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate; DMDTM = S-methyl-N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate; ESDT = ethylsarcosinedithiocarbamate), which have been synthesized, purified, and characterized by means of elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, mono- and bidimensional NMR, FT-IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, and thermal analyses. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of the designed compounds have been studied through cyclic voltammetry. All the synthesized gold complexes have been tested for their in vitro cytotoxic activity. Remarkably, most of them, in particular gold(III) derivatives of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate and ethylsarcosinedithiocarbamate, have been proved to be much more cytotoxic in vitro than cisplatin, with IC50 values about 1- to 4-fold lower than that of the reference drug, even toward human tumor cell lines intrinsically resistant to cisplatin itself. Moreover, they appeared to be much more cytotoxic also on the cisplatin-resistant cell lines, with activity levels comparable to those on the corresponding cisplatin-sensitive cell lines, ruling out the occurrence of cross-resistance phenomena and supporting the hypothesis of a different antitumor activity mechanism of action.
Deep Reinforcement Learning with Relative Entropy Stochastic Search (2017)

Many reinforcement learning methods for continuous control tasks are based on updating a policy function by maximizing an approximated action-value function or Q-function. However, the Q-function also depends on the policy and this dependency often leads to unstable policy learning. To overcome this issue, we propose a method that does not greedily exploit the Q-function. To do so, we upper-bound the Kullback-Leibler divergence of the new policy while maximizing the Q-function. Furthermore, we also lower-bound the entropy of the new policy to maintain its exploratory behavior. We show that by using a Gaussian policy and a Q-function that is quadratic in actions, we can solve the corresponding constrained optimization problem in a closed form. In addition, we show that our method can be regarded as a variant of the well-known deterministic policy gradient method. Through experiments, we evaluate the proposed method using a neural network as a function approximator and show that it gives more stable learning performance than the deep deterministic policy gradient method and the continuous Q-learning method.
Caffeine consumption and anxiety and depressive symptomatology among medical students. (1990)

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances in the world and is ingested in a variety of favorites, such as coffee, tea, cola and so on. Although it has been suggested that high dose caffeine users have more anxiety and depressive symptoms than low users, this relationship is not clear in Japan, where caffeine consumption is considered to be less than in Western countries. A questionnaire survey was conducted among medical students and 291 out of 423 initial subjects completed it. Among males, caffeine consumption was significantly and positively correlated with anxiety symptoms, when alcohol use and smoking habit were adjusted. However, there was no relationship between caffeine consumption and depressive symptoms. Among females, although there was no association between caffeine consumption and anxiety symptoms, high dose caffeine users showed less depressive symptoms than moderate and low users, when alcohol use was adjusted. It is suggested that caffeine use is one of the important factors, in researching psychological health among the general population. We need further epidemiological studies to determine whether there is a causal relationship between caffeine and psychological ill health or not.
Compensation of thermal lenses in high-power solid-state lasers (2003)

In order to compensate for the thermally induced lenses in high-power laser rods we investigate self-adaptive techniques based on thermo-optical processes. Recently we have demonstrated that the influence of the thermal lenses in high-power lasers can be reduced significantly by means of thin layers of either liquids or gels. After a short review of the past developments we discuss the limits of lasers with intra-cavity thermo-optically self-compensated amplifiers (TOSCA). It is shown that for Nd:YAG typically one compensating layer is needed for every 6 cm of rod length.
Data from Human Nuclease/Helicase DNA2 Alleviates Replication Stress by Promoting DNA End Resection (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;In precancerous and cancerous lesions, excessive growth signals resulting from activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes lead to intensive replication stress, which is recognized by a high level of replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). However, the molecular mechanism by which cells alleviate excessive replication stress remains unclear. In this study, we report that the human nuclease/helicase DNA2 facilitates homologous recombination to repair replication-associated DNA DSBs, thereby providing cells with survival advantages under conditions of replication stress. The nuclease activity of DNA2 was required for DSB end resection, which allowed subsequent recruitment of RPA and RAD51 to repair DSBs and restart replication. More importantly, DNA2 expression was significantly increased in human cancers and its expression correlated with patient outcome. Our findings therefore indicate that enhanced activity of DSB resection likely constitutes one mechanism whereby precancerous and cancerous cells might alleviate replication stress. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 72(11); 2802–13. ©2012 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Towards Phoneme Landmarks Identification for American-English using a Multimodal Speech Capture System (2018)

Tongue positioning at certain locations in the oral cavity is an essential attribute of speech sound production. A scalable baseline for such target locations, referred here as phoneme landmarks, would be helpful to both speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and their patients. Most previous attempts to identify positional landmarks associated with various phonemes have relied on electromagnetic articulography (EMA), which can track the tongue with high precision, but is hardwired, time-consuming to setup, and cost-prohibitive as a tool in SLP practice. We have investigated the feasibility of generating such a baseline using the multimodal speech capture system (MSCS), a wireless tongue tracking technology that is considerably more cost-effective and portable. A dataset of five repetitions of 23 phonemes was collected on four SLP-trained subjects. Analysis of lingual positional variability shows that the standard deviation of phoneme landmarks on average is 2.1 ± 1.3 mm and 4.75 ± 2 mm in the subject-dependent and subject-independent (universal baseline) cases, respectively. We have identified areas of improvement for the MSCS for better identification and comparison of phoneme landmarks between subjects to reduce variability.
Atomic entanglement on a grand scale (2002)

QUANTUM entanglement is one the weirdest features of quantum mechanics and is at the heart of most of the paradoxes in quantum theory. Erwin Schrödinger considered it to be the most profound characteristics of quantum mechanics and Albert Einstein called it spooky. Entanglement is an attribute that links two or more quantum systems as one and allows particles with two distinct quantum states to have a much closer relationship than classical physics permits. For instance it is possible to create pairs of photons that have their polarizations entangled: if the first photon is circularly polarized in a right-handed sense, then the second photon is always polarized in a left-handed sense, and vice versa.
Monoclonal Antibodies to the C4 Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120: Use in Topological Analysis of a CD4 Binding Site (1992)

We have raised antisera and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the C4 region of HIV-1 gp120, using an antigen chimaera of poliovirus as immunogen. These MAbs and sera, together with MAbs to the same region raised by other methods, fall into three groups defined by their abilities to bind to recombinant gp120 and/or the immunogenic peptide. In some cases, the amino acids recognized by the MAbs have been identified by pep-scan and by solution phase peptide inhibition of binding to recombinant gp120. Our results indicate that the amino acids WQEVGKAMYA are exposed on the surface of recombinant gp120. Antibodies to these amino acids on recombinant gp120 compete for soluble CD4 binding in vitro, but only weakly neutralize HIV.
Influence of reference layer stability on the switching performance of sub-micron-sized magnetic tunnel junctions (2006)

Arrays of sub-micron-sized, magnetic tunnel junctions are patterned and the switching field (Hc) of the free layer (FL) and its distribution (σ) are measured by Kerr magnetometry. A correlation of Hc and σ with the magnetic stiffness (stability against external magnetic fields) of the reference system (RS) is observed. For simple pinned RSs the stiffness is varied by different materials (CoFe vs CoFeB) and its thicknesses, while for artificial antiferromagnetic pinned systems the thickness of the exchange coupling layer of Ruthenium is modified. It is shown that less stiffness causes a lower Hc and larger σ. This effect is assumed to be due to magnetic mirror charges induced in RS by the magnetic dipoles of the patterned FL elements. These mirror charges screen the dipole stray field of the FL resulting in lower effective shape anisotropy, which goes along with reduced switching fields. Micromagnetic simulations performed for different pinning strengths of a single layer RS clearly support this observation. From high field measurements perpendicular to the unidirectional exchange anisotropy of the RS, an order parameter λ can be extracted quantifying the stiffness (∼1∕λ). λ is found to be linearly correlated to σ and Hc.
Differing signal transductions elicited by three isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells. (1993)

The differing signal transductions elicited by three isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were studied in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), which show different mitogenic responses to the three PDGF isoforms. PDGF-BB elicited a variety of cellular signals, including the phosphorylation on tyrosine of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1) and the PDGF receptor, formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, degradation of phosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) and elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). However, PDGF-AB failed to show some of these signals, although it stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation to almost the same extent as PDGF-BB. Importantly, phosphorylation on tyrosine of the PLC-gamma 1 was far less (< 6.25%) in the case of PDGF-AB than that of PDGF-BB when assessed by immunoblotting. On the other hand, calcium ion entry from the extracellular medium was comparable in PDGF-AB- and PDGF-BB- stimulated VSMC. PDGF-AA, which did not stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation, failed to show any of these effects with the exception of diacylglycerol formation. These observations suggest that the three PDGF isoforms stimulate different signal transduction pathways and that calcium ion entry, but not tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1, is essential for PDGF-induced mitogenesis in VSMC.