gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Encoding of anisotropic diffusion with tetrahedral gradients: A general mathematical diffusion formalism and experimental results (1996)

A diffusion imaging method with a tetrahedral sampling pattern has been developed for high-sensitivity diffusion analysis. The tetrahedral gradient pattern consists of four different combinations of x, y, and z gradients applied simultaneously at full strength to uniformly measure diffusion in four different directions. Signal-to-noise can be increased by up to a factor of about three using this approach, compared with diffusion measurements made using separately applied x, y, and z gradients. A mathematical formalism is presented describing six fundamental parameters: the directionally averaged diffusion coefficient D and diffusion element anisotropies eta and epsilon which are rotationally invariant, and diffusion ellipsoid orientation angles theta, phi, and omega which are rotationally variant. These six parameters contain all the information in the symmetric diffusion tensor D. Principal diffusion coefficients, reduced anisotropies, and other rotational invariants are further defined. It is shown that measurement of off-diagonal tensor elements is essential to assess anisotropy and orientation, and that the only parameter which can be measured with the orthogonal method is D. In cases of axial diffusion symmetry (e.g., fibers), the four tetrahedral diffusion measurements efficiently enable determination of D, eta, theta, and phi which contain all the diffusion information. From these four parameters, the diffusion parallel and perpendicular to the symmetry axis (D and D) and the axial anisotropy A can be determined. In more general cases, the six fundamental parameters can be determined with two additional diffusion measurements. Tetrahedral diffusion sequences were implemented on a clinical MR system. A muscle phantom demonstrates orientation independence of D, D, D, and A for large changes in orientation angles. Sample background gradients and diffusion gradient imbalances were directly measured and found to be insignificant in most cases.
A review on recent machine learning applications for imaging mass spectrometry studies (2023)

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful analytical technique widely used in biology, chemistry, and materials science fields that continue to expand. IMS provides a qualitative compositional analysis and spatial mapping with high chemical specificity. The spatial mapping information can be 2D or 3D depending on the analysis technique employed. Due to the combination of complex mass spectra coupled with spatial information, large high-dimensional datasets (hyperspectral) are often produced. Therefore, the use of automated computational methods for an exploratory analysis is highly beneficial. The fast-paced development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools has received significant attention in recent years. These tools, in principle, can enable the unification of data collection and analysis into a single pipeline to make sampling and analysis decisions on the go. There are various ML approaches that have been applied to IMS data over the last decade. In this review, we discuss recent examples of the common unsupervised (principal component analysis, non-negative matrix factorization, k-means clustering, uniform manifold approximation and projection), supervised (random forest, logistic regression, XGboost, support vector machine), and other methods applied to various IMS datasets in the past five years. The information from this review will be useful for specialists from both IMS and ML fields since it summarizes current and representative studies of computational ML-based exploratory methods for IMS.
Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Ligands in Brain and Other Tissues (1999)

Mammalian tissues contain two types of cannabinoid receptor, CB1 and CB2, both coupled to their effector systems through Gi1i/0 proteins. CB1 receptors are present in the central nervous system as well as in certain neuronal and nonneuronal peripheral tissues. Some CB1 receptors occur at nerve terminals where they modulate transmitter release when activated. CB2 receptors are found mainly in cells of the immune system. The possibility that mammalian tissues express additional cannabinoid receptor types of physiological significance cannot be excluded. Indeed, preliminary pharmacological evidence supporting this possibility already exists. Endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors have also been discovered, the most important being arachidonoylethanolamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. These ligands and their receptors constitute the endogenous cannabinoid system. The discovery of this system has important physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and therapeutic implications. Already selective CB1- and CB2-receptor agonists and antagonists have been developed and two cannabinoid receptor agonists, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol and nabilone, are used clinically as antiemetics or to boost appetite. Additional therapeutic uses of cannabinoid receptor agonists may include the suppression of some multiple sclerosis and spinal injury symptoms and the management of glaucoma, bronchial asthma, pain, and inflammatory disorders. One possible therapeutic strategy for the future is the development and use of drugs that activate cannabinoid receptors indirectly by modulating extracellular levels of endogenous cannabinoids. CB1-receptor agonists that do not cross the blood-brain barrier or whose potency is determined more by affinity than efficacy may also have clinical potential.
A Programmable Open Architecture Testbed for CPS Education (2020)

This contribution introduces the notion of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and presents the questions which the corresponding Special Issue on CPS Education is trying to answer. For this special issue, it provides an overview of the article selection process and the finally selected papers. -Peter Marwedel, TU Dortmund.
Loss of KRAS G12D feedback regulation involving splicing factor SRSF1 accelerates pancreatic cancer (2021)

Abstract The gene encoding KRAS GTPase is recurrently mutated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), triggering the formation of precursor lesions, i.e., acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). However, the majority of pancreatic cells from KC ( LSL-Kras G12D/+ ; Pdx-1-Cre ) mice expressing the Kras G12D mutation remain morphologically normal for a long time, suggesting the existence of compensatory feedback mechanisms that buffer aberrant Kras G12D signaling, and that additional steps are required for disrupting cell homeostasis and promoting transformation. Here we report a feedback mechanism in which the ubiquitously expressed splicing factor SRSF1—which is associated with cell transformation in multiple cell types—is downregulated in the majority of morphologically normal pancreas cells with the Kras G12D mutation. Conversely, increasing SRSF1 expression disrupts cell homeostasis by activating MAPK signaling, in part by regulating alternative splicing and mRNA stability of interleukin 1 receptor type 1 ( Il1r1 ). This disruption in homeostasis in turn accelerates Kras G12D -mediated PDAC initiation and progression. Our results demonstrate the involvement of SRSF1 in the pancreatic-cell homeostatic response against the Kras G12D mutation, dysregulation of which facilitates PDAC initiation. One-Sentence Summary Splicing factor SRSF1 is involved in KRAS G12D feedback regulation and pancreatic-cancer tumorigenesis.
DNA Methylation Array Analysis Identifies Profiles of Blood-Derived DNA Methylation Associated With Bladder Cancer (2011)

These results indicate that profiles of epigenetic states in blood are associated with risk of bladder cancer and signal the potential utility of epigenetic profiles in peripheral blood as novel markers of susceptibility to this and other malignancies.
Complex optical response measurement of solid material to external fields by dual-comb spectroscopy (2020)

We developed a technique for evaluation of the complex optical response of solid-state sample to the external field using dual-comb spectroscopy. All parameters needed for the calculation can be acquired with a single measurement.
Adherence phenotype of HBHA produced by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis type C and S (2012)

Communication orale
Origin of the spin-canting anomaly in small ferrimagnetic particles (1991)

The spin-canting anomaly, in which fine ferrimagnetic iron-oxide particles are not completely saturated by large magnetic fields, is usually attributed to noncollinear surface moments. Using a simple mean-field model we show that the anomaly is in fact a routine manifestation of the response of a uniaxial ferrimagnetic powder to an applied field. This view is supported by the modeling of $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ M\"ossbauer spectra of Co-adsorbed \ensuremath{\gamma}-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ recorded at 4.2 K in applied fields of 6.0 and 7.6 T.
The Development of High Speed Rail in the United States: Issues and Recent Events (2012)

This report looks at the different ways to construct a high speed rail (HSR) in the U.S., including estimates of construction costs.
Axial Cyclic Loading Tests on Pile Segments in Sand (2016)

This paper presents one-way cyclic tension tests on a pile segment installed in dense sand in a laboratory test setup. The test setup allowed application of surcharges to increase the vertical effective stress. The open-ended pipe pile segment was 0.5 m in diameter and 1 m in length. The test results showed that cyclic loading with small amplitudes can increase the shaft capacity, but increase of the cyclic amplitude can result in large accumulated displacements and decreased cyclic reloading stiffness. The test results are compared to an existing interaction diagram.
Carbon Nanotubes Induce Growth Enhancement of Tobacco Cells (2012)

Carbon nanotubes have shown promise as regulators of seed germination and plant growth. Here, we demonstrate that multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have the ability to enhance the growth of tobacco cell culture (55-64% increase over control) in a wide range of concentrations (5-500 μg/mL). Activated carbon (AC) stimulated cell growth (16% increase) only at low concentrations (5 μg/mL) while dramatically inhibited the cellular growth at higher concentrations (100-500 μg/mL). We found a correlation between the activation of cells growth exposed to MWCNTs and the upregulation of genes involved in cell division/cell wall formation and water transport. The expression of the tobacco aquaporin (NtPIP1) gene, as well as production of the NtPIP1 protein, significantly increased in cells exposed to MWCNTs compared to control cells or those exposed to AC. The expression of marker genes for cell division (CycB) and cell wall extension (NtLRX1) was also up-regulated in cells exposed to MWCNTs compared to control cells or those exposed to activated carbon only.
MEF2C, a transcription factor that facilitates learning and memory by negative regulation of synapse numbers and function (2008)

Learning and memory depend on the activity-dependent structural plasticity of synapses and changes in neuronal gene expression. We show that deletion of the MEF2C transcription factor in the CNS of mice impairs hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Unexpectedly, these behavioral changes were accompanied by a marked increase in the number of excitatory synapses and potentiation of basal and evoked synaptic transmission. Conversely, neuronal expression of a superactivating form of MEF2C results in a reduction of excitatory postsynaptic sites without affecting learning and memory performance. We conclude that MEF2C limits excessive synapse formation during activity-dependent refinement of synaptic connectivity and thus facilitates hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.
Estrogen-Dependent Leydig Cell Protein Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody to MCF-7 Cell Line (1984)

A protein (27,000 molecular weight) was previously found in rat Leydig cells after treatment with estradiol (E2) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in vitro. The effect of hCG occurred through increased E2 production. This hormone-regulated rat testicular protein was compared to an estrogen-regulated protein of similar physical characteristics isolated from a human mammary cancer cell line (MCF-7) and present in normal human estrogen target organs. The Leydig cells from rat and human tissue showed specific immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining in the cytoplasm upon incubation with a monoclonal antibody (C11) to the estrogen-regulated protein from MCF-7 cells. Leydig cells after exposure to E2 or hCG showed the highest fluorescence intensity; this intensity was reduced by treatment with Tamoxifen. No reaction was associated with other testicular cells. The estrogen-regulated protein from human cell lines is therefore immunologically similar to that from the rat Leydig cell. The monoclonal antibody should be useful for further characterization of the Leydig cell protein.
FAULT-TOLERANT RECONFIGURABLE ETHERNET-BASED IP NETWORK PROXY (2006)

Using commonly available hardware and software, we present a proxyscheme for IP over Ethernet networks that provides a fault-tolerantsolution without the need for modification of existing networkingequipment.
Dual Inhibition of Rip2 and IRAK1/4 Regulates IL-1β and IL-6 in Sarcoidosis Alveolar Macrophages and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (2016)

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that primarily affects the lungs. Our previous work indicates that activation of p38 plays a pivotal role in sarcoidosis inflammatory response. Therefore, we investigated the upstream kinase responsible for activation of p38 in sarcoidosis alveolar macrophages (AMs) and PBMCs. We identified that sustained p38 phosphorylation in sarcoidosis AMs and PBMCs is associated with active MAPK kinase 4 but not with MAPK kinase 3/6. Additionally, we found that sarcoidosis AMs exhibit a higher expression of IRAK1, IRAK-M, and receptor interacting protein 2 (Rip2). Surprisingly, ex vivo treatment of sarcoidosis AMs or PBMCs with IRAK1/4 inhibitor led to a significant increase in IL-1β mRNA expression both spontaneously and in response to TLR2 ligand. However, a combination of Rip2 and IRAK-1/4 inhibitors significantly decreased both IL-1β and IL-6 production in sarcoidosis PBMCs and moderately in AMs. Importantly, a combination of Rip2 and IRAK-1/4 inhibitors led to decreased IFN-γ and IL-6 and decreased percentage of activated CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in PBMCs. These data suggest that in sarcoidosis, both pathways, namely IRAK and Rip2, are deregulated. Targeted modulation of Rip2 and IRAK pathways may prove to be a novel treatment for sarcoidosis.
Moisture penetration in microcircuit packages (1980)

Results of study of hybrid microcircuit packages tested in temperature/humidity environments ranging from 25 C at 98 percent relative humidity (RH) to 85 C at 85 percent RH shows that package susceptibility to moisture is affected more by high temperature than humidity, and room temperature tests are inadequate for testing package seal integrity.
The evolving response to antibiotic resistance (1945–2018) (2018)

Abstract The intensity and character of concerns about antibiotic resistance, over the past nearly seventy-five years, have depended on a series of linked factors: the evolution and distribution of resistant microbes themselves; our differential capacity and efforts to detect such microbes; evolving models of antibiotic resistance and the related projected impact of antibiotic resistance on medical, social, and economic futures; the linkages of antibiotic prescribing and usage to the prevailing practice and identities of the medical and veterinary professions, and to the practice of agribusiness; the projected capacity of biomedicine (and especially the pharmaceutical industry) to stay ahead of such developing resistance; the perceived global context in which such resistance has developed; and the coordination of efforts and the development of infrastructure and funding to draw attention to and confront such microbial resistance. This paper traces the evolving response to antibiotic resistance through what at this point appear to be five eras: that between 1945 and 1963, a relatively optimistic period during which time the pharmaceutical industry appeared to most as capable of keeping up with antibiotic resistance; that between 1963 and 1981, characterized by increasing concern (though limited reformist activity) in the wake of the discovery of the transmission of antibiotic resistance via extrachromosomal plasmids; that between 1981 and 1992, notable for the explicit framing of antibiotic resistance as a shared global problem by such reformers as Stuart Levy and the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics; that from 1992 through 2013, during which time antibiotic resistance became linked to larger concerns regarding emerging infections and received increasing collective attention and funding; and that from 2013 through to the present, with antibiotic resistance still more palpably and publicly embedded within larger concerns over global emerging infections, social justice, and development goals, attracting interest from a diverse cohort of actors.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization of Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (2013)

Incident mobility limitation and higher mean oral plaque score were two modifiable risk factors that 22% of pneumonia requiring hospitalization could be attributed to. These data suggest innovative opportunities for pneumonia prevention among community-dwelling older adults.
Risk based asset management of electrical distribution network (2016)

The paper presents methodological approach for asset management of electric distribution company through a policy, built upon the Risk based asset management. Here are shown the indicators by which the reliability of a distribution network is estimated and consequent cost of failure of equipment and missed benefits are determined. Using the described methodology the distribution companies could perform: qualitative and quantitative assessment of the risk, determination of measures to reduce the risk, and asset management based on the wise policy of the maximum acceptable risk.
Imatinib for Newly Diagnosed Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Incidence of Sustained Responses in an Intention-to-Treat Analysis (2008)

Imatinib is highly effective in most patients with CML-CP; patients who respond are likely to live substantially longer than those treated with earlier therapies. Achieving CCyR correlated with PFS and overall survival, but achieving MMR had no further predictive value. However, approximately one third of patients still need better therapy.
Motion artifacts reduction from PPG using cyclic moving average filter (2014)

The photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an extremely useful medical diagnostic tool. However, PPG signals are highly susceptible to motion artifacts. In this paper, we propose a cyclic moving average filter that use similarity of Photoplethysmogram. This filtering method has the average value of each samples through separating the cycle of PPG signal. If there are some motion artifacts in continuous PPG signal, disjoin the signal based on cycle. And then, we made these signals to have same cycle by coordinating the number of sample. After arrange these cycles in 2 dimension, we put the average value of each samples from starting till now. So, we can eliminate the motion artifacts without damaged PPG signal.
Transformation texture of allotriomorphic ferrite in steel (2008)

Many aspects of the crystallographic texture which develops when austenite transforms into martensite or bainite are well established because the process by which the parent lattice is transformed into that of the product is mathematically defined. This is not the case when the ferrite forms by a reconstructive mechanism. The allotriomorphic ferrite nucleates heterogeneously at austenite grain boundaries, and although a reproducible, low energy orientation relationship is expected to exist between the ferrite and one of the austenite grains with which it is in contact, there are reports that the ferrite can simultaneously adopt this orientation with more than one austenite grain. The authors examine this possibility using crystallographic theory in order to assess the probability of such events as a function of the strength of the texture within the austenite before its transformation.
Effect of N-Source on Soybean Leaf Sucrose Phosphate Synthase, Starch Formation, and Whole Plant Growth (1984)

Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Tracy and Ransom) were grown under N(2)-dependent or NO(3) (-)-supplied conditions, and the partitioning of photosynthate and dry matter was characterized. Although no treatment effects on photosynthetic rates were observed, NO(3) (-)-supplied plants in both cultivars had lower starch accumulation rates than N(2)-dependent plants. Leaf extracts of NO(3) (-)-supplied plants had higher activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and cytoplasmic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) than N(2)-dependent plants. The variation in starch accumulation was correlated negatively with the activity of SPS, but not the activity of FBPase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, or ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. These results suggested that starch accumulation is biochemically controlled, in part, by the activity of SPS. Leaf starch content at the beginning of the photoperiod was lower in NO(3) (-)-supplied plants than N(2)-dependent plants in both cultivars which suggested that net starch utilization as well as accumulation was affected by N source.Total dry matter accumulation and dry matter distribution was affected by N source in both cultivars, but the cultivars differed in how dry matter was partitioned between the shoot and root as well as within the shoot. The activity of SPS was correlated positively with total dry matter accumulation which suggested that SPS activity is related to plant growth rate. The results suggested that photosynthate partitioning is an important but not an exclusive factor which determines whole plant dry matter distribution.
Precipitation of NbC and Hot Ductility of Austenitic Stainless Steels (1984)

Effect of NbC precipitation on hot deformation of austenitic stainless steels has been studied with particular emphasis on ductility. The mechanism for reducing ductility in the temperature range where NbC precipitation occurs can also explain the surface cracking mechanism of continuously cast low alloy steel slabs. The ductility trough in slow strain rate tensile tests at around 1073 K in Nb-bearing steels is accompanied by the intergranular microvoid coalescence mode of fracture. This ductility loss is induced by rather coarse NbC particles precipitated on the grain boundaries, the precipitation free zones along the grain boundaries and the dynamic precipitation of fine NbC particles within the grains. That is, when an external stress is applied, the strain will be concentrated within the soft layers of precipitation free zones by the matrix strengthening due to fine dispersion of NbC. This will lead to the decohesion of the NbC/matrix interfaces on grain boundaries, resulting in the intergranular microvoid coalescence.