gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Oxidized Cholesterol in Diabetes-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction in the Brain (2015)

Abnormalities in lysosomal function have been reported in diabetes, aging, and age-related degenerative diseases. These lysosomal abnormalities are an early manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases and often precede the onset of clinical symptoms such as learning and memory deficits; however, the mechanism underlying lysosomal dysfunction is not known. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism underlying lysosomal dysfunction in the cortex and hippocampi, key structures involved in learning and memory, of a type 2 diabetes (T2D) mouse model, the leptin receptor deficient db/db mouse. We demonstrate for the first time that diabetes leads to destabilization of lysosomes as well as alterations in the protein expression, activity, and/or trafficking of two lysosomal enzymes, hexosaminidase A and cathepsin D, in the hippocampus of db/db mice. Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) commonly used in the treatment of diabetes due to its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and reverse hyperglycemia, was ineffective in reversing the diabetes-induced changes on lysosomal enzymes. Our previous work revealed that pioglitazone does not reverse hypercholesterolemia; thus, we investigated whether cholesterol plays a role in diabetes-induced lysosomal changes. In vitro, cholesterol promoted the destabilization of lysosomes, suggesting that lysosomal-related changes associated with diabetes are due to elevated levels of cholesterol. Since lysosome dysfunction precedes neurodegeneration, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology, our results may provide a potential mechanism that links diabetes with complications of the central nervous system.
Table S1 from Comparing Circulating Tumor Cell Counts with Dynamic Tumor Size Changes as Predictor of Overall Survival: A Quantitative Modeling Framework (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Baseline characteristics of the 451 patients included in the analysis data set&lt;/p&gt;
Molecular Basis for Elastic Energy Storage in Mineralized Tendon (2001)

Animals store elastic energy in leg and foot tendons during locomotion. In the turkey, much of the locomotive force generated by the gastrocnemius muscle is stored as elastic energy during tendon deformation. Little energy storage occurs within the muscle. During growth of some avians, including the turkey, leg tendons mineralize in the portions distal to the attached muscle and show increased tensile strength and modulus as a result. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the degree of elastic energy storage in mineralizing turkey tendon is directly related to the tendon mineral content. To test this hypothesis, the stress-strain behavior of tendons was separated into elastic and viscous components. Both the elastic spring constant and the elastic energy stored, calculated up to a strain of 20%, were found to be proportional to tendon mineral content. It is concluded that mineralization is an efficient means for increasing the amount of elastic energy storage that is required for increased load-bearing ability needed for locomotion of adult birds. Examination of molecular models of the hole region, where mineralization is initiated within the collagen fibril, leads to the hypothesis that elastic energy is stored in the tendon by direct stretching of the flexible regions. Flexible regions within the collagen molecule fall within the positively stained bands of the collagen D period. It is proposed that mineralization increases the stored elastic energy by preventing flexible regions within the positively stained bands from stretching. These observations suggest that mineralization begins in the hole region due to the large number of charged amino acid residues found in the d and e bands.
Chemistry in Motion—Unidirectional Rotating Molecular Motors (2004)

Clockwise or counterclockwise? On the molecular level this is determined by kinetic control of the competing routes to the new energetically minimized structure. Three recent examples show how this can be achieved. The picture shows a molecular rotor whose large macrocycle contains three binding sites between which the small macrocycle moves.
Dynamic Planar Voronoi Diagrams for General Distance Functions and Their Algorithmic Applications (2020)

We describe a new data structure for dynamic nearest neighbor queries in the plane with respect to a general family of distance functions. These include L-p-norms and additively weighted Euclidean distances. Our data structure supports general (convex, pairwise disjoint) sites that have constant description complexity (e.g., points, line segments, disks, etc.). Our structure uses O(n log(3)n) storage, and requires polylogarithmic update and query time, improving an earlier data structure of Agarwal, Efrat, and Sharir which required O(n(epsilon)) time for an update and O(log n) time for a query [SICOMP 1999]. Our data structure has numerous applications. In all of them, it gives faster algorithms, typically reducing an O(n(epsilon)) factor in the previous bounds to polylogarithmic. In addition, we give here two new applications: an efficient construction of a spanner in a disk intersection graph, and a data structure for efficient connectivity queries in a dynamic disk graph. To obtain this data structure, we combine and extend various techniques from the literature. Along the way, we obtain several side results that are of independent interest. Our data structure depends on the existence and an efficient construction of "vertical" shallow cuttings in arrangements of bivariate algebraic functions. We prove that an appropriate level in an arrangement of a random sample of a suitable size provides such a cutting. To compute it efficiently, we develop a randomized incremental construction algorithm for computing the lowest k levels in an arrangement of bivariate algebraic functions (we mostly consider here collections of functions whose lower envelope has linear complexity, as is the case in the dynamic nearest-neighbor context, under both types of norm). To analyze this algorithm, we also improve a longstanding bound on the combinatorial complexity of the vertical decomposition of these levels. Finally, to obtain our structure, we combine our vertical shallow cutting construction with Chan's algorithm for efficiently maintaining the lower envelope of a dynamic set of planes in R-3. Along the way, we also revisit Chan's technique and present a variant that uses a single binary counter, with a simpler analysis and improved amortized deletion time (by a logarithmic factor; the insertion and query costs remain asymptotically the same).
Burst-Like Transcription of Mutant and Wildtype MYH7-Alleles as Possible Origin of Cell-to-Cell Contractile Imbalance in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (2018)

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) has been related to many different mutations in more than 20 different, mostly sarcomeric proteins. While development of the HCM-phenotype is thought to be triggered by the different mutations, a common mechanism remains elusive. Studying missense-mutations in the ventricular beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC, <i>MYH7</i>) we hypothesized that significant contractile heterogeneity exists among individual cardiomyocytes of HCM-patients that results from cell-to-cell variation in relative expression of mutated vs. wildtype β-MyHC. To test this hypothesis, we measured force-calcium-relationships of cardiomyocytes isolated from myocardium of heterozygous HCM-patients with either β-MyHC-mutation Arg723Gly or Arg200Val, and from healthy controls. From the myocardial samples of the HCM-patients we also obtained cryo-sections, and laser-microdissected single cardiomyocytes for quantification of mutated vs. wildtype <i>MYH7</i>-mRNA using a single cell RT-qPCR and restriction digest approach. We characterized gene transcription by visualizing active transcription sites by fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization of intronic and exonic sequences of <i>MYH7</i>-pre-mRNA. For both mutations, cardiomyocytes showed large cell-to-cell variation in Ca<sup>++</sup>-sensitivity. Interestingly, some cardiomyocytes were essentially indistinguishable from controls what might indicate that they had no mutant β-MyHC while others had highly reduced Ca<sup>++</sup>-sensitivity suggesting substantial fractions of mutant β-MyHC. Single-cell <i>MYH7</i>-mRNA-quantification in cardiomyocytes of the same patients revealed high cell-to-cell variability of mutated vs. wildtype mRNA, ranging from essentially pure mutant to essentially pure wildtype <i>MYH7</i>-mRNA. We found 27% of nuclei without active transcription sites which is inconsistent with continuous gene transcription but suggests burst-like transcription of <i>MYH7</i>. Model simulations indicated that burst-like, stochastic on/off-switching of <i>MYH7</i> transcription, which is independent for mutant and wildtype alleles, could generate the observed cell-to-cell variation in the fraction of mutant vs. wildtype <i>MYH7</i>-mRNA, a similar variation in β-MyHC-protein, and highly heterogeneous Ca<sup>++</sup>-sensitivity of individual cardiomyocytes. In the long run, such contractile imbalance in the myocardium may well induce progressive structural distortions like cellular and myofibrillar disarray and interstitial fibrosis, as they are typically observed in HCM.
Intense switchable fluorescence in light wave coupled electrowetting devices (2004)

Switchable fluorescence has been obtained from light wave coupled (LWC) electrowetting (EW) devices fabricated on an optical waveguide substrate. The LWC device structure contains a polar water component and a nonpolar oil component that compete for placement on a hydrophobic surface under the influence of an applied electric field. The oil film contains organic lumophores that fluoresce intense red (608nm), green (503nm), and blue (433nm) light with ∼90% quantum efficiency when excited by violet light. Violet InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) couple ∼405nm excitation light into the waveguide substrate. EW of the water layer displaces the fluorescent oil film such that it is either optically coupled to, or decoupled from, the underlying waveguide. The output luminance can be modulated from &amp;gt;100cd∕m2to&amp;lt;5cd∕m2 as a dc voltage ranging from 0to−24V is applied to the water layer. Maximum luminance of 15×30 arrays of the devices may exceed ∼500cd∕m2 by simply increasing the output of the InGaN LEDs.
Inactivation of Penicillin by Cheese (1965)

Penicillinase-like activity among commercial blue mold-ripened cheese was discovered in research originally initiated to investigate the possibility of penicillin arising in such cheese from the normal penicillin mold required for its manufacture. No penicillin production was observed. Over 60% of 70 Blue and Roquefort cheese analyzed destroyed, in some instances completely, added penicillin upon contact, indicating that ingestion of these cheeses may be beneficial to penicillin sensitive persons. Swiss, Camembert, and Cheddar cheese did not exhibit this penicillinase-like activity.
Ultrafast nonlinear switching in a Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/AlO/sub x/ two-dimensional photonic crystal (2005)

Fast switching is demonstrated on a two dimensional Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As photonic crystal slab around 1.5 /spl mu/m. An AlO/sub x/ slab ensures efficient heat sink. A 200% change in the reflectivity is obtained with a recovery time of 8 ps.
Evidence For A Modular Filling-in Process During Contour Interpolation (2010)

Purpose. Information near filled-in regions alters the perception of interpolated shape, but it is unknown whether this process depends on top-down influences. Here, we consider whether observer strategy can reduce filling-in effects when interpolation normally occurs, or elicit such effects when interpolation normally does not occur. Method. Subjects discriminated briefly-presented, partially-visible fat and thin shapes, the edges of which either induced or did not induce illusory contours (relatable and unrelatable condition, respectively). Half the trials of each condition incorporated task-irrelevant distractor lines, known to disrupt the filling-in process. Half of the observers were asked to treat the visible parts of the target as belonging to a single thing (group strategy); the other half were asked to treat the parts as disconnected (ungroup strategy). A strategy was encouraged by giving subjects pictures of the fat and thin response templates in the instruction phase of the experiment, and at the end of each trial. These pictures depicted either unitary shapes or fragmented shapes, depending on the strategy. Results. There were three main results. First, distractor lines impaired performance in the relatable condition (p<0.001), but not in the unrelatable condition (p>0.7). Second, for both relatable and unrelatable stimuli, strategy did not alter the effects of the distractor lines (p>0.7). Finally, the attempt to group relatable fragments improved performance (p<0.001) while the attempt to group unrelatable fragments did not (p>0.3). Conclusions. These results suggest that a) filling-in during illusory contour formation cannot be easily removed via top-down strategy; b) filling-in cannot be easily manufactured from stimuli that fail to elicit interpolation; and c) actively grouping fragments can readily improve discrimination performance, but only when those fragments form interpolated contours. These findings indicate that while discriminating filled-in shapes depends on strategy, filling-in itself is relatively encapsulated from top-down influences.
Taschenbuch der Meßtechnik (1996)

Dieses Buch setzt Schwerpunkte auf den Gebieten: Me&#223;verst&#228;rker und Me&#223;oszillatoren, Digitale Zeit- und Frequenzmessung, Sensoren und sensorspezifische Me&#223;singalverarbeitung und Strukturen analoger und digitaler Me&#223;- und Sensorsysteme. Es liefert damit die Grundlage f&#252;r den Wandel von einer bisher eher komponenten-orientierten Me&#223;technik hin zu einer rechnerorientierten Me&#223;system-Technik.
Hollow spherical SiO2 micro-container encapsulation of LiCl for high-performance simultaneous heat reallocation and seawater desalination (2019)

Micro hollow SiO<sub>2</sub> spheres with LiCl encapsulated inside for high-performance simultaneous heat reallocation and seawater desalination.
Association of HbA1c levels with diabetic retinopathy (2021)

To study the association of HbA1C levels with diabetic retinopathy. A total of 330 diagnosed diabetic subjects of all age groups and genders participated in the study. They were grouped according to presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy. All patients HbA1C levels along with fasting blood glucose levels was obtained. Observations were made to find the association between HbA1C levels and diabetic retinopathy. Mean HbA1c level among diabetic retinopathy subjects (9.50) was higher than subjects without retinopathy (8.49). The difference was found to be statistically significant (p &amp;#60; 0.05). With high HbA1c levels high mean fasting blood glucose levels were associated (R value: 0.5856). This is a moderate positive correlation. As glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels increases prevalence of diabetic retinopathy also increases and there is a strong relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetic retinopathy.
High-endurance and performance-efficient design of hybrid cache architectures through adaptive line replacement (2011)

In this paper, we propose a run-time strategy for managing writes onto last level cache in chip multiprocessors where STT-RAM memory is used as baseline technology. To this end, we assume that each cache set is decomposed into limited SRAM lines and large number of STT-RAM lines. SRAM lines are target of frequently-written data and rarely-written or read-only ones are pushed into STT-RAM. As a novel contribution, a low-overhead, fully-hardware technique is utilized to detect write-intensive data blocks of working set and place them into SRAM lines while the remaining data blocks are candidates to be remapped onto STT-RAM blocks during system operation. Therefore, the achieved cache architecture has large capacity and consumes near zero leakage energy using STT-RAM array; while dynamic write energy, acceptable write latency, and long lifetime is guaranteed via SRAM array. Results of full-system simulation for a quad-core CMP running PARSEC-2 benchmark suit confirm an average of 49 times improvement in cache lifetime and more than 50% reduction in cache power consumption when compared to baseline configurations.
A VLSI architecture of SVC encoder for mobile system (2011)

In this paper, we present a VLSI model of scalable video coding system (SVC) encoder for mobile system. Key idea is a multi-layer SVC system using single group of common H.264 kernels that is shared across modulations for the whole SVC system.
Real-time Guidance Camera Interface to Enhance Photo Aesthetic Quality (2015)

This paper explores whether it is effective to use real-time on-screen guidance to help users take better photos with mobile devices. Using a three-camera array, we developed a photo-taking interface that provides real-time feedback on how to position the subject-of-interest according to a photography composition rule: rule-of-thirds. We conduct a user study to compare the aesthetic quality of photos taken with our real-time guidance interface against a static gridline interface common to existing digital cameras. Expert photographers and Mechanical Turk workers rate the aesthetic quality of these pairs of photos. Results indicate the photos taken with our real-time guidance interface have significantly higher aesthetics scores. This study shows the potential in using camera array, computational photography, and real-time guidance interface to help non-expert users take better photos.
On the potential for RF heating in MRI to affect metabolic rates and 18FDG signal in PET/MR: simulations of long‐duration, maximum normal mode heating (2016)

Even for worst-case heating, little effect of MR-induced heating is expected on 18FDG PET images during PET/MR for many clinically relevant applications. For quantitative, dynamic MR/PET studies requiring high SAR for extended periods, it is hoped that methods like those introduced here can help account for such potential effects in design of a given study, including selection of reference locations that should not experience notable increase in temperature.
Tannin: A New Insight into a Key Product for the Bioeconomy in Forest Regions (2021)

Produced in many world&amp;rsquo;s countries at over 1 million tonne/year rate by extraction of certain woods and barks with boiling water, tannin is a class of high molecular weight biophenols increasingly used in a number of industries. This study offers a new bioeconomy insight into an old natural product that, we argument in this study, will play a crucial role in the development of the bioeconomy of forest regions. After providing an updated picture of key economic and production aspects, we show how flourishing research on tannin&amp;rsquo;s biological activity and technological applications has revealed many new properties which are likely to drive significant growth in demand in the near and mid-term future. The study concludes with selected recommendations for bioeconomy scholars and for policy-makers based in forest areas.
Rapid-phase modulation of terahertz radiation for high-speed terahertz imaging and spectroscopy (2008)

Rapid voltage-controlled phase modulation of cw terahertz (THz) radiation is demonstrated. By transmitting an infrared beam through a lithium niobate phase modulator the phase of the THz radiation, which is generated by the photomixing of two infrared beams, can be directly modulated through a 2pi phase shift. The 100 kHz modulation rate that is demonstrated with this technique is approximately 3 orders of magnitude faster than what can be achieved by mechanical scanning.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)-stimulated angiogenesis is mediated by epoxy hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (EHETs) formed from COX-2 (2019)

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are formed from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450s. EETs promote angiogenesis linked to tumor growth in various cancer models that is attenuated in vivo by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors. This study further defines a role for COX-2 in mediating endothelial EET metabolism promoting angiogenesis. Using human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), we quantified 8,9-EET-induced tube formation and cell migration as indicators of angiogenic potential in the presence and absence of a COX-2 inducer [phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)]. The angiogenic response to 8,9-EET in the presence of PDBu was 3-fold that elicited by 8,9-EET stabilized with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (<i>t-</i>TUCB). Contributing to this response was the COX-2 metabolite of 8,9-EET, the 11-hydroxy-8,9-EET (8,9,11-EHET), which exogenously enhanced angiogenic responses in HAECs at levels comparable to those elicited by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In contrast, the 15-hydroxy-8,9-EET isomer was also formed but inactive. The 8,9,11-EHET also promoted expression of the VEGF family of tyrosine kinase receptors. These results indicate that 8,9-EET-stimulated angiogenesis is enhanced by COX-2 metabolism in the endothelium through the formation of 8,9,11-EHET. This alternative pathway for the metabolism of 8,9-EET may be particularly important in regulating angiogenesis under circumstances in which COX-2 is induced, such as in cancer tumor growth and inflammation.
Parameterization of multiple Bragg curves for scanning proton beams using simultaneous fitting of multiple curves (2011)

Although Bortfeld's analytical formula is useful for describing Bragg curves, measured data can deviate from the values predicted by the model. Thus, we sought to determine the parameters of a closed analytical expression of multiple Bragg curves for scanning proton pencil beams using a simultaneous optimization algorithm and to determine the minimum number of energies that need to be measured in treatment planning so that complete Bragg curves required by the treatment planning system (TPS) can be accurately predicted. We modified Bortfeld's original analytical expression of Bragg curves to accurately describe the dose deposition resulting from secondary particles. The parameters of the modified analytical expression were expressed as the parabolic cylinder function of the ranges of the proton pencil beams in water. Thirty-nine discrete Bragg curves were measured in our center using a PTW Bragg Peak chamber during acceptance and commission of the scanning beam proton delivery system. The coefficients of parabolic function were fitted by applying a simultaneous optimization algorithm to seven measured curves. The required Bragg curves for 45 energies in the TPS were calculated using our parameterized analytical expression. Finally, the 10 cm width of spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBPs) of beams with maximum energies of 221.8 and 121.2 MeV were then calculated in the TPS and compared with measured data. Compared with Bortfeld's original formula, our modified formula improved fitting of the measured depth dose curves at depths around three-quarters of the maximum range and in the beam entrance region. The parabolic function described the relationship between the parameters of the analytic expression of different energies. The predicted Bragg curves based on the parameters fitted using the seven measured curves accurately described the Bragg curves of proton pencil beams of 45 energies configured in our TPS. When we used the calculated Bragg curves as the input to TPS, the standard deviations of the measured and calculated data points along the 10 cm SOBPs created with proton pencil beams with maximum energies of 221.8 and 121.2 MeV were 1.19% and 1.18%, respectively, using curves predicted by the algorithm generated from the seven measured curves. Our method would be a valuable tool to analyze measured Bragg curves without the need for time-consuming measurements and correctly describe multiple Bragg curves using a closed analytical expression.