gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Draft, Sketch, and Prove: Guiding Formal Theorem Provers with Informal Proofs (2022)

The formalization of existing mathematical proofs is a notoriously difficult process. Despite decades of research on automation and proof assistants, writing formal proofs remains arduous and only accessible to a few experts. While previous studies to automate formalization focused on powerful search algorithms, no attempts were made to take advantage of available informal proofs. In this work, we introduce Draft, Sketch, and Prove (DSP), a method that maps informal proofs to formal proof sketches, and uses the sketches to guide an automated prover by directing its search to easier sub-problems. We investigate two relevant setups where informal proofs are either written by humans or generated by a language model. Our experiments and ablation studies show that large language models are able to produce well-structured formal sketches that follow the same reasoning steps as the informal proofs. Guiding an automated prover with these sketches enhances its performance from 20.9% to 39.3% on a collection of mathematical competition problems.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple, One‐Pot, Glycosidation Procedure via (1‐Imidazolylcarbonyl) Glycosides and Zinc Bromide. (1990)

Abstract The protected pyranose (I) is coupled with carbonyldiimidazole (II) in diethyl ether to produce the carbamate (III) which is converted into the glycosides (V) by reaction with the alcohols (IV) in the presence of zinc dibromide.
ChemInform Abstract: REARRANGEMENTS OF STEROIDS PART 7, SCHMIDT REACTION AND BECKMANN REARRANGEMENT OF ESTRONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES (1974)

Abstract Die Schmidt‐Reaktion der Östrone (I) mit Na‐azid in Polyphosphorsäure (PPS) liefert die Lactame (II); im Falle (Ia) wird auch das Isomere (III) gebildet.
Cell wall‐degrading enzymes produced in vitro by isolates of Phaeosphaeria nodorum differing in aggressiveness (2000)

The relationships between in vitro production of cell wall‐degrading enzymes and aggressiveness of three Phaeosphaeria nodorum isolates were investigated. When grown in liquid medium containing 1% cell wall from wheat leaves as the carbon source, the isolates secreted xylanase, α‐arabinosidase, β‐xylosidase, polygalacturonase, β‐galactosidase, cellulase, β‐1,3‐glucanase, β‐glucosidase, acetyl esterase and butyrate esterase. Time‐course experiments showed different levels of enzyme production and different kinetics between isolates. A highly aggressive isolate produced more xylanase, cellulase, polygalacturonase and butyrate esterase than did the two weakly aggressive isolates. Xylanase was the most active polymer‐degrading enzyme produced, suggesting a key role during pathogenesis by P. nodorum .
Use of adjuvant chemotherapy in young women with node-negative ER+ breast cancer: Refining the use of recurrence score—A decision analysis (2008)

11547 Background: Current guidelines recommend young women with early ER+ breast cancer with intermediate recurrence scores (RS) receive “consideration” for adjuvant chemotherapy. To guide clinical decision making in this setting, a formal decision analysis was performed to identify the RS at which the benefit of chemotherapy outweighs its risks of adverse events and reduced health- related quality of life. Methods: A decision tree was constructed around the choice of adjuvant chemotherapy with hormone therapy vs. hormone therapy alone for a 40-year old patient with a LN-, ER+ tumor (TreeAge Pro). The probability of long-term adverse events resulting from chemotherapy was estimated from clinical trial data. Standard gamble utilities for the terminal states of relapse after 10 years were obtained from the literature and direct estimation. The probability of relapse was estimated using Adjuvant! Online; a sensitivity analysis was performed over a range of RS from 18–30. The threshold probability of relapse was correlated with the RS at which the decision point of indifference was met. Results: The 10-year risk of death from other causes was 1.9%. The risk of serious toxicities with long term complications was set at 4%. At a RS of 18, the 10-year risk of relapse on tamoxifen alone was 10.9%, vs. 6.2% with combined therapy. At a RS of 30, the 10-year risk of relapse on tamoxifen alone was 19.8%, vs. 11.6% with combined therapy. Setting the average absolute difference in 10-year relapse between tamoxifen vs. combination at 6.5%, one way sensitivity analysis found tamoxifen therapy alone to be a superior strategy when the probability of 10-year relapse on tamoxifen alone was < 12.5%. This corresponded to a RS of 21. Conclusions: These data support the addition of chemotherapy to tamoxifen adjuvant therapy in young patients with ER+ node-negative tumors with RS of 21 or greater. Patients with lower RS may be better treated with tamoxifen alone. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
[PP.07.05] PLATELET ENDOTHELIAL AGGREGATION RECEPTOR 1 IS NOT A SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION (2016)

Objective: Platelet Endothelial Aggregation Receptor 1 (PEAR1), a membrane protein highly expressed in platelets and endothelial cells, mediates platelet contact-induced activation and sustained platelet aggregation. Among patients with coronary heart disease on antiplatelet agents, PEAR1 rs12041331 A allele carriers experienced more adverse cardiovascular outcomes and had higher death rates than GG homozygotes. We investigated whether in a white population genetic variation in PEAR1 predicts cardiovascular outcome. Design and method: Among 1938 participants enrolled in the Flemish Study on Environment, Genes and Health Outcomes (51.3% women; mean age 43.6 years), we genotyped 9 SNPs and reconstructed haplotypes in PEAR1, measured baseline cardiovascular risk factors, and recorded fatal and non-fatal outcomes. For SNPs, we contrasted cardiovascular disease incidence of minor-allele heterozygotes and homozygotes (variant) vs. major-allele homozygotes (reference) and for haplotypes carriers vs. non-carriers. Results: Among these 1938 participants, 238 died and 182 experienced a major cardiovascular endpoint. In adjusted analyses, we accounted for baseline variables, including sex, age, body mass index, systolic pressure, the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, smoking and drinking, antihypertensive drug treatment and history of cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios expressing the risk of death or of a cardiovascular endpoint in minor allele carriers vs. major allele homozygotes of 10 PEAR1 SNPs, including rs12041331, ranged from 0.95 to 1.03 (P > = 0.38) and from 0.72 to 1.36 (P > = 0.23), respectively. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios expressing the risk in carriers vs. non-carriers of three haplotypes with frequency > = 15% ranged from 0.89 to 1.09 (P > = 0.38) for mortality and from 0.67 to 1.26 (P > = 0.20) for a cardiovascular complications. These results were not influenced by intake of antiplatelet drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or both (P-values for interaction > = 0.27). Conclusions: In a white population, we could not replicate previous reports suggesting that PEAR1 might be a susceptibility gene for cardiovascular complications. Our findings were consistent irrespective of the use of antiplatelet agents.
Hybrid materials with nanoscopic anion-binding pockets for the colorimetric sensing of phosphate in water using displacement assays (2008)

Mesoporous amino-functionalised solids containing certain dyes have been used as suitable anion hosts in displacement assays for the colorimetric signalling of phosphate in water.
Size-dependent structure of silver nanoparticles under high pressure (2008)

Silver noble metal nanoparticles that are<10 nm often possess multiply twinned grains allowing them to adopt shapes and atomic structures not observed in bulk materials. The properties exhibited by particles with multiply twinned polycrystalline structures are often far different from those of single-crystalline particles and from the bulk. I will present experimental evidence that silver nanoparticles<10 nm undergo a reversible structural transformation under hydrostatic pressures up to 10 GPa. Results for nanoparticles in the intermediate size range of 5 to 10 nm suggest a reversible linear pressure-dependent rhombohedral distortion which has not been previously observed in bulk silver. I propose a mechanism for this transitiion that considers the bond-length distribution in idealized multiply twinned icosahedral particles. Results for nanoparticles of 3.9 nm suggest a reversible linear pressure-dependent orthorhombic distortion. This distortion is interpreted in the context of idealized decahedral particles. In addition, given these size-dependent measurements of silver nanoparticle compression with pressure, we have constructed a pressure calibration curve. Encapsulating these silver nanoparticles in hollow metal oxide nanospheres then allows us to measure the pressure inside a nanoshell using x-ray diffraction. We demonstrate the measurement of pressure gradients across nanoshells and show that these nanoshells have maximum resolved shear strengths on the order of 500 MPa to IGPa.
Truncated BRCA2 is cytoplasmic: Implications for cancer-linked mutations (1999)

BRCA2 mutations predispose carriers mainly to breast cancer. The vast majority of BRCA2 mutations are predicted to result in a truncated protein product. The smallest known cancer-associated deletion removes from the C terminus only 224 of the 3,418 residues constituting BRCA2, suggesting that these terminal amino acids are crucial for BRCA2 function. A series of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged BRCA2 deletion mutants revealed that nuclear localization depends on two nuclear localization signals that reside within the final 156 residues of BRCA2. Consistent with this observation, an endogenous truncated BRCA2 mutant (6174delT) was found to be cytoplasmic. Together, these studies provide a simple explanation for why the vast majority of BRCA2 mutants are nonfunctional: they do not translocate into the nucleus.
Gold(III) Macrocycles: Nucleotide-Specific Unconventional Catalytic Inhibitors of Human Topoisomerase I (2014)

Topoisomerase IB (Top1) is a key eukaryotic nuclear enzyme that regulates the topology of DNA during replication and gene transcription. Anticancer drugs that block Top1 are either well-characterized interfacial poisons or lesser-known catalytic inhibitor compounds. Here we describe a new class of cytotoxic redox-stable cationic Au(3+) macrocycles which, through hierarchical cluster analysis of cytotoxicity data for the lead compound, 3, were identified as either poisons or inhibitors of Top1. Two pivotal enzyme inhibition assays prove that the compounds are true catalytic inhibitors of Top1. Inhibition of human topoisomerase IIα (Top2α) by 3 was 2 orders of magnitude weaker than its inhibition of Top1, confirming that 3 is a type I-specific catalytic inhibitor. Importantly, Au(3+) is essential for both DNA intercalation and enzyme inhibition. Macromolecular simulations show that 3 intercalates directly at the 5'-TA-3' dinucleotide sequence targeted by Top1 via crucial electrostatic interactions, which include π-π stacking and an Au···O contact involving a thymine carbonyl group, resolving the ambiguity of conventional (drug binds protein) vs unconventional (drug binds substrate) catalytic inhibition of the enzyme. Surface plasmon resonance studies confirm the molecular mechanism of action elucidated by the simulations.
Predicting the Stereochemistry of Diphenylphosphino Benzoic Acid (DPPBA)‐Based Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Reactions: A Working Model (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Analytical treatment of laser-pulse compression in stimulated Brillouin scattering (1999)

Equations describing stimulated Brillouin backscattering including absorption in the media are solved by the method of integration along the characteristic equations of the fields. More complete analytical expressions for pump and Stokes wave intensities and for the width of the backscattered pulse are obtained. A comparison between theoretical and experimental data is made to explain the pulse compression.
New Guidelines for δ13C Measurements (2006)

Consistency of delta13C measurements can be improved 39-47% by anchoring the delta13C scale with two isotopic reference materials differing substantially in 13C/12C. It is recommended that delta13C values of both organic and inorganic materials be measured and expressed relative to VPDB (Vienna Peedee belemnite) on a scale normalized by assigning consensus values of -46.6 per thousand to L-SVEC lithium carbonate and +1.95 per thousand to NBS 19 calcium carbonate. Uncertainties of other reference material values on this scale are improved by factors up to two or more, and the values of some have been notably shifted: the delta13C of NBS 22 oil is -30.03 per thousand.
Stabilization of petroleum contaminated drilling wastes by additives (1997)

7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE-97) -- MAY 25-30, 1997 -- HONOLULU, HI
Supplementary Table 1 from Hsp27 Regulates Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition, Metastasis, and Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 47K, Effect of OGX-427 on circulating tumor cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Limosilactobacillus mucosae FZJTZ26M3 prevents NAFLD in mice through modulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis (2023)

<em>Lactobacillus</em> are considered promising therapeutic methods for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The effects of two strains of <em>Limosilactobacillus mucosae</em> (<em>L. mucosae</em>) on NAFLD were investigated in this study. Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups (n=8 per group, Control, Model, FZJTZ26M3, FGSYC17L3). FZJTZ26M3 reduced the mice's body weight, liver weight, and adipose tissue weight after 12 weeks of therapy. According to serum analysis, TC, TG, and LDL-C significantly decreased after FZJTZ26M3 intervention. Liver pathology showed that FZJTZ26M3 was effective to ameliorate lipid deposition in NAFLD mice. Additionally, the expression of the gene related to lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue was analyzed, and the results indicated that <em>L. mucosae </em>FZJTZ26M3 could alleviate NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a drop in the relative abundance of <em>Ruminococcaceae</em>, which is linked to inflammation, but the relative abundance of a potential probiotic <em>Akkermansia </em>significantly increased after FZJTZ26M3 intervention. Generally, <em>L. mucosae </em>FZJTZ26M3 could be a candidate to prevent NAFLD.
Broadband photon-counting Raman spectroscopy in short optical waveguides (2012)

We present a method of directly measuring the spontaneous Raman scattering in optical waveguides in an alignment-free setup. Using a pulsed laser, liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator and single-photon detector, we create a broadband photon-counting Raman spectrometer. The temperature and polarization dependence are characterized in an As2S3 amorphous glass fiber for a Stokes detuning range of 1 to 9 THz from the pump frequency. We fit our experimental data with a theoretical model and extract the Raman-gain spectrum and compare to free-space measurements of bulk As2S3. The sensitivity of the method in principle allows direct characterization of chip-scale nanophotonic devices.
A High Speed Architecture for Galois/Counter Mode of Operation (GCM). (2005)

In this paper we present a fully pipelined high speed hardware architecture for Galois/Counter Mode of Operation (GCM) by analyzing the data dependencies in the GCM algorithm at the architecture level. We show that GCM encryption circuit and GCM authentication circuit have similar critical path delays resulting in an efficient pipeline structure. The proposed GCM architecture yields a throughput of 34 Gbps running at 271 MHz using a 0.18 µm CMOS standard cell library.
Attenuated Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency: A Report of One Case and a Review of the Literature (2013)

We present a 9-year follow-up of a patient with an attenuated (type II) adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency with no obvious signs of disease progression and degradation. We also review the literature, focusing on attenuated phenotype, and we report a positive effect of a ketogenic diet on seizure control. The patient presented at the age of 5 months with a history of global developmental delay. Screening of urinary purine metabolites revealed elevation of succinyladenosine and succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (a ratio of 2:1). Mutation analysis revealed a compound heterozygosity for missense mutations: p.R426H and p.D268H. She began to walk independently at the age of 3 years. From the age of 4 years, her communication skills improved and she presented fewer autistic features. Due to poor results in seizure control, the ketogenic diet was introduced at the age of 7 years, resulting in reduction of seizure frequency. Currently, at the age of 9 years, the girl is attending a special kindergarten and is functioning very well in her preschool group. She began to make statements that form a logical continuity and make progress in simple manual operations. The patient participates in therapies such as pet therapy, hippotherapy, speech therapy, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy, and music therapy.
LOW NO x HYBRID CATALYTIC RADIANT GAS BURNER (2011)

An extensive experimental campaign was carried out on a prototype hybrid radiant burner with ultra low emissions based on the novel concept of fuel+rich catalytic + homogeneous flame combustion with interstage heat transfer. Special attention was paid to the impact of two alternative active formulations for the catalytic partial oxidation stage (0.5% Rh and 0.25+ 0.25% Rh+Pt on γ+Al2O3) on the general performance of the burner, and particularly on its NOx emissions. The hybrid burner was operated with methane in the 4 – 30 kW power range, at varying the feed equivalence ratio φ from 2.0 to 3.6. InfraRed thermography was used to simultaneously investigate the catalytic surfaces and the corresponding subsequent diffusion flames. Moreover this work attempts to correlate detailed experimental data on syn+gas compositions at the exit of the CPO reactor with emissions in the exhausts. Experimental evidence of the reduction of both thermal and prompt NO x formation mechanism is presented.
On the Policy Relevance of Ecological Footprints (2010)

Author's viewpoint Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (13), pp 4843-4844 DOI: 10.1021/es1003582 Publication Date (Web): May 4, 2010
Amoxicillin plus omeprazole versus triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease: a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. (1993)

Treatment with amoxicillin and omeprazole resulted in encouraging Helicobacter pylori eradication rates in pilot studies that included medium term follow up. These results were evaluated in a prospective, randomised and controlled study. Forty patients with active duodenal ulcer disease and H pylori colonisation of the gastric mucosa were randomly assigned to receive either omeprazole (20 mg twice daily) and amoxicillin suspension (500 mg four times daily) for two weeks (group I) or bismuth subsalicylate (600 mg three times daily), metronidazole (400 mg three times daily), tetracycline (500 mg three times daily), and ranitidine (300 mg in the evening) for two weeks (group II). Study medication was followed in both groups by a four week treatment course with 300 mg ranitidine up to the final examination. One patient from each group was lost to follow up. H pylori was eradicated in 78.9% of group I and 84.2% of group II (p = 1.00). All ulcers in patients on omeprazole plus amoxicillin healed but in the triple treatment group four patients had residual peptic lesions after six weeks (ulcer healing rate: 78.9%, p = 0.11). Complete pain relief occurred after a median duration of 1 day in group I and of 6 days in group II (p = 0.03). There were no major complications in either group but minor side effects were more frequently recorded in patients on triple therapy (63.2% v 15.8%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, two weeks of treatment with omeprazole plus amoxicillin is as good as triple therapy plus ranitidine in eradicating H pylori but seems better with regard to safety, pain relief, and ulcer healing. Thus, amoxicillin plus omeprazole should be recommended as the treatment of choice in eradicating H pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer disease.
Relationship of Surgical Approach to Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (2005)

Neurodevelopmental deficits are prevalent among school-aged children with HLHS, regardless of surgical approach. Complications that result in prolonged hospitalization at the time of the initial operation are associated with neurodevelopmental status at school age.
Recherches sur la physique mésoscopique à partir de graphène et de jonctions Josephson / Josephson junction spectroscopy of mesoscopic systems (2022)

Recherche Page web : https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/young-team-incubator/Presentation__2.htm. L’ingénieur quantique peut, de nous jours, concevoir et fabriquer des circuits mésoscopiques fondés sur différentes briques élémentaires – boîtes quantiques, aimants moléculaires, nanofils, liens faibles supraconducteurs, graphène, etc. – et se comportant quantiquement à basse température. Comme en physique atomique et moléculaire, la spectrométrie est l’outil de choix pour sonder et manipuler...
Double-alkali effect: influence on index profile of ion-exchanged waveguides (1979)

Optical waveguides approximating a step-index profile have been fabricated in soda-lime glass by ion-exchanging rubidium or caesium for sodium. We show that the low propagation losses and the diffusion profile are related to the interaction between the two alkalis.
Facilitated diffusion of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase inhibitors enhances their antifungal activity. (2002)

N3-(4-Methoxyfumaroyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (FMDP) and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucitol-6-phosphate (ADGP) are strong inhibitors of the essential fungal enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, but their antifungal activity is poor, due to slow penetration of these agents through the cytoplasmic membrane. In the present studies we have exploited the possibility of enhancement of ADGP and FMDP antifungal activity by improving their transport properties. It has been found that membrane-permeabilising polyene macrolides amphotericin B (AMB) and its N-methyl-N-fructosyl methyl ester derivative (MF-AME), at subinhibitory concentrations, facilitate diffusion of ADGP through the fungal cell membrane, thus allowing a decrease of its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Synergistic effects have been observed for combinations of ADGP with AMB or MF-AME. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes, determined against a number of Candida spp., have been in the 0.18-0.81 range. Weak antifungal synergistic effects have been found for combinations of FMDP with AMB or MF-AME. ADGP can be easily encapsulated into unilamellar lipid vesicles. Liposomal preparations of ADGP demonstrated stronger antifungal activity against some fungal strains than free ADGP.