gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
S2K-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der idiopathischen Lungenfibrose German Guideline for Diagnosis and Management of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2013)

17 , H. Sitter 18,19 Abstract ! Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal lung dis- ease with a variable and unpredictable natural history and limited treatment options. Since pub- lication of the ATS-ERS statement on IPF in the year 2000 diagnostic standards have improved and a considerable number of randomized con- trolled treatment trials have been published ne- cessitating a revision. In the years 2006-2010 an international panel of IPF experts produced an evidence-based guideline on diagnosis and treat- ment of IPF, which was published in 2011. In or- der to implement this evidence-based guideline into the German Health System a group of Ger- man IPF experts translated and commented the international guideline, also including new publi- cations in the field. A consensus conference was held in Bochum on December 3 rd 2011 under the protectorate of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP) and supervised by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wis- senschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaf-
Comparison of quantitative damage characterization methodologies (2009)

Unpredicted failure in metals is of growing scientific interest, as it is observed for a number of metals that are becoming increasingly popular for sheet metal applications (e.g. advanced high strength steels, aluminum 6xxx series). These failures are believed to be triggered by ductile damage evolution. Numerical damage evolution models are being developed to precisely predict “safe” deformation limits in forming and service. However, these models require accurate input of damage evolution laws of these types of metals. Many damage characterization methods are available for this purpose, which were initially analyzed and classified in the pioneering work of Lemaitre [1]. Indentation-based damage quantification, which couples the degradation of either hardness or elastic modulus to the evolution of damage, was regarded as the most promising method [1] and, ever since, is used frequently in literature (see, e.g., Refs. [1]-[5]) and in industry. However, in previous work we showed that this approach has significant intrinsic flaws, for both hardness- and modulus-based damage quantification [6].
A new concept for actuating space mechanisms (1975)

A two position (0 and 180 deg) actuating mechanism driven by two alternately heated opposing flat NITINOL springs is proposed for rotating the low field triaxial fluxgate magnetometer experiment on the 1977 Mariner Jupiter-Saturn spacecraft to its 0 deg and 180 deg positions. The magnetic field, power requirements, weight, and volume of this device are very restrictive. The problems encountered in design and development are presented.
Plant virus DNA replication processes in Agrobacterium: insight into the origins of geminiviruses? (1996)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a bacterial plant pathogen, when transformed with plasmid constructs containing greater than unit length DNA of tomato leaf curl geminivirus accumulates viral replicative form DNAs indistinguishable from those produced in infected plants. The accumulation of the viral DNA species depends on the presence of two origins of replication in the DNA constructs and is drastically reduced by introducing mutations into the viral replication-associated protein (Rep or C1) ORF, indicating that an active viral replication process is occurring in the bacterial cell. The accumulation of these viral DNA species is not affected by mutations or deletions in the other viral open reading frames. The observation that geminivirus DNA replication functions are supported by the bacterial cellular machinery provides evidence for the theory that these circular single-stranded DNA viruses have evolved from prokaryotic episomal replicons.
Capacity improvement of cellular CDMA by the subspace-tracking array-receiver (2002)

Based on a new formulation derived from array signal processing theory, we develop in this contribution the subspace-tracking array-receiver (STAR) for cellular CDMA in a multipath environment. The new receiver, STAR, shows fast tracking capability in the presence of strong nonstationarities, requires a low order of computational complexity and increases the uplink capacity of the CDMA system in terms of number of users per cell.
The association between contact sensitization and atopic disease by linkage of a clinical database and a nationwide patient registry (2012)

Our findings support that patients with severe atopic dermatitis and asthma have an overall lower prevalence of contact sensitization when compared with controls, whereas mild-to-moderate disease does not suppress contact sensitization. The prevalence of contact sensitization to fragrance chemicals was higher in patients with atopic dermatitis. Patients should be instructed to avoid scented moisturizers and products containing highly sensitizing substances.
Mobility state estimation in LTE (2016)

Estimating mobile user speed is a problematic issue which has significant impacts to radio resource management and also to the mobility management of Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. This paper introduces two algorithms that can estimate the speed of mobile user equipments (UE), with low computational requirement, and without modification of neither current user equipment nor 3GPP standard protocol. The proposed methods rely on uplink (UL) sounding reference signal (SRS) power measurements performed at the eNodeB (eNB) and remain efficient with large sampling period (e.g., 40 ms or beyond). We evaluate the effectiveness of our algorithms using realistic LTE system data provided by the eNB Layer1 team of Alcatel-Lucent. Results show that the classification of UE's speed required by LTE can be achieved with high accuracy. In addition, they have minimal impact to the central processing unit (CPU) and the memory of eNB modem. We see that they are very practical to today's LTE networks and would allow a continuous and real-time UE speed estimation.
ZnO nanorods/P3HT nanocomposite film light emitting diodes (2008)

We report electroluminescence from ZnO nanorod-based devices prepared by the hydrothermal method. The devices composed of ZnO nanorods and P3HT, in which ZnO acts as an n-type material and P3HT acts as a p-type material.
Rhythmic walking interactions with auditory feedback (2012)

Walking is a natural rhythmic activity that has become of interest as a means of interacting with software systems such as computer games. Therefore, designing multimodal walking interactions calls for further examination. This exploratory study presents a system capable of different kinds of interactions based on varying the temporal characteristics of the output, using the sound of human walking as the input. The system either provides a direct synthesis of a walking sound based on the detected amplitude envelope of the user's footstep sounds, or provides a continuous synthetic walking sound as a stimulus for the walking human, either with a fixed tempo or a tempo adapting to the human gait. In a pilot experiment, the different interaction modes are studied with respect to their effect on the walking tempo and the experience of the subjects. The results tentatively outline different user profiles in interacting with such a system.
Peptidomimetic Small Molecules Disrupt Type IV Secretion System Activity in Diverse Bacterial Pathogens (2016)

Many human and plant pathogens utilize complex nanomachines called type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) to transport proteins and DNA to target cells. In addition to delivery of harmful effector proteins into target cells, T4SSs can disseminate genetic determinants that confer antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations. In this study, we sought to identify compounds that disrupt T4SS-mediated processes. Using the human gastric pathogen H. pylori as a model system, we identified and characterized two small molecules that prevent transfer of an oncogenic effector protein to host cells. We discovered that these small molecules also prevented the spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids in E. coli populations and diminished the transfer of tumor-inducing DNA from the plant pathogen A. tumefaciens to target cells. Thus, these compounds are versatile molecular tools that can be used to study and disarm these important bacterial machines.
Influence of antioxidant type on the thermo-oxidative aging of rubber vulcanizates (2017)

Former investigations (Reincke 2015) of a carbon-black filled Styrene–Butadiene and a Natural Rubber vulcanizate (SBR and NR) showed clear differences in the degradation behaviour of the used antioxidant during an artificial weathering. Now, in a further study, the behaviour during a thermo-oxidative aging was investigated for carbon-black filled NR vulcanizates with three different antioxidants. The duration of the thermo-oxidative aging at different temperatures was realized up to 1500 h. To characterize the material properties in dependence on the aging time and temperature as well as type of antioxidant, different methods of mechanical testing were applied. Focus was on the characterization of the viscoelastic material behaviour by using dynamic mechanical analysis. Here, the influence of aging and type of antioxidant on the Payne effect was studied.
THROMBOEMBOLIC COMPLICATIONS IN RENAL ALLOGRAFT RECIPIENTS A REPORT FROM THE PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED STUDY OF CYCLOSPORINE VERSUS AZATHIOPRINE-ANTILYMPHOCYTE GLOBULIN (1987)

The incidence of arterial and venous thromboembolic complications was compared in 224 renal allograft recipients who were prospectively randomized and stratified by risk to treatment with either cyclosporine-prednisone (CsA-P) (n = 117) or azathioprine-prednisone-antilymphocyte globulin (AZA-P-ALG) (n = 107). Thirteen CsA patients (11%) had 22 thromboembolic events, while 19 AZA patients (18%) had 24 events (P = 0.22). There was no significant difference between the 2 regimens in the number of patients with each type of venous or arterial event or in the number of patients with multiple or lethal events. The incidence of "minor" complications (all except myocardial infarction and stroke) in the related donor subgroup (n = 85) and the overall incidence of thromboembolism in the diabetic subgroup (n = 125) were both significantly higher in AZA-treated patients (P = 0.008 and 0.045, respectively). Thus, CsA immunosuppression does not appear to be a risk factor for thromboembolic disease, and it may in fact lower the incidence of thromboembolism in diabetic renal allograft recipients.
Systematic Structure-Activity Analysis of Microcin J25 (2008)

Microcin J25 (MccJ25) is a 21-residue plasmid-encoded ribosomally synthesized lariat-protoknot antibacterial peptide that targets bacterial RNA polymerase. MccJ25 consists of an 8-residue cycle followed by a 13-residue tail that loops back and threads through the cycle. We have performed systematic mutational scanning of MccJ25, constructing and analyzing more than 380 singly substituted derivatives of MccJ25. The results define residues important for production of MccJ25 (comprising synthesis of MccJ25 precursor, processing of MccJ25 precursor, export of mature MccJ25, and stability of mature MccJ25), inhibition of RNA polymerase, and inhibition of bacterial growth. The results show that only a small number of residues (three in the cycle and one in the threaded segment of the tail) are important for MccJ25 production. The results further show that only a small number of additional residues (two in the cycle and four in the threaded segment of the tail) are important for inhibition of transcription. The results open the way for design and construction of more potent MccJ25-based inhibitors of bacterial growth.
Speckle interferometry techniques for motion sensing (1985)

Digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) is a means of nondestructively testing mechanical parts. This technique is very versatile, and may be used in many different ways. Applications of this testing technique include the observation and detection of object defects due to stress or strain in the part, out-of-plane object displacement, observation of resonant vibrations, and the quantitative phase mapping of object defects. Comparisons between a master part and a test part can also be performed to determine if it meets specifications. The measurement range of this technique is limited by the wavelength of light used and the number of resolution elements across the object. The limit to the range of motion measureable by DSPI is fifty waves in optical path or twenty-five waves in object movement when using a 100 x 100 element detector array. Larger departures can be measured by processing data from either two-wavelength or two-angle measurements. These last two techniques may also be used for contouring optically deep objects.
Role of arformoterol in the management of COPD (2008)

Formoterol is a beta2-agonist that has both short and long acting bronchodilator effects. Beta2-agonists used as bronchodilators have been synthesized as racemates that comprise (R,R) and (S,S)-enantiomers. Compounds that are beta2-selective derive their bronchodilator effect from an interaction between the (R,R)-enantiomer and the beta2-adrenoceptor. Arformoterol is the (R,R)-enantiomer and is distinguished from the more commonly used racemic (RR/S,S)-diasteriomer of formoterol. Overall literature on the use of arformoterol in COPD is very preliminary. There is some in vitro data that demonstrate significant bronchodilation and inhibition of inflammation with arformoterol, and these effects may be more pronounced than those caused by racemic formoterol. There are limited clinical trial data that demonstrate that arformoterol produces significant improvement in lung function in COPD; however, many of the subjects involved had marked baseline airway reversibility. Arformoterol has been very well tolerated in clinical trials and could potentially be used only once every 24 hours (due to its prolonged effect). It can only be given in nebulized form. Arformoterol can potentially be given with other inhaled medications.
Maximum Constrained Directivity of Oversteered End-Fire Sensor Arrays (2015)

For linear arrays with fixed steering and an inter-element spacing smaller than one half of the wavelength, end-fire steering of a data-independent beamformer offers better directivity than broadside steering. The introduction of a lower bound on the white noise gain ensures the necessary robustness against random array errors and sensor mismatches. However, the optimum broadside performance can be obtained using a simple processing architecture, whereas the optimum end-fire performance requires a more complicated system (because complex weight coefficients are needed). In this paper, we reconsider the oversteering technique as a possible way to simplify the processing architecture of equally spaced end-fire arrays. We propose a method for computing the amount of oversteering and the related real-valued weight vector that allows the constrained directivity to be maximized for a given inter-element spacing. Moreover, we verify that the maximized oversteering performance is very close to the optimum end-fire performance. We conclude that optimized oversteering is a viable method for designing end-fire arrays that have better constrained directivity than broadside arrays but with a similar implementation complexity. A numerical simulation is used to perform a statistical analysis, which confirms that the maximized oversteering performance is robust against sensor mismatches.
Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Gene (1995)

RENAL carcinoma, the most common cancer of the kidney, occurs in over 27000 individuals in the United States each year and is responsible for over 11000 deaths annually.<sup>1</sup>The incidence of renal carcinoma worldwide has been increasing at an annual rate of approximately 2%.<sup>1</sup>Although renal carcinoma has been reported in children as young as 3 years, it most commonly occurs in adults between the ages of 50 and 70 years.<sup>2</sup>Renal carcinoma affects males twice as frequently as females and accounts for approximately 3% of adult cancers. Although a number of hormonal, environmental, cellular, and genetic factors have been evaluated, little is known about the etiology of renal cancer.<sup>3</sup>There is an increased incidence of renal cancer among workers exposed to asbestos and among leather workers,<sup>4,5</sup>and a strong correlation has been found with cigarette smoking.<sup>6,7</sup>In patients with end-stage renal disease, particularly
Nucleophilic Substitution Catalyzed by a Supramolecular Cavity Proceeds with Retention of Absolute Stereochemistry (2014)

While the reactive pocket of many enzymes has been shown to modify reactions of substrates by changing their chemical properties, examples of reactions whose stereochemical course is completely reversed are exceedingly rare. We report herein a class of water-soluble host assemblies that is capable of catalyzing the substitution reaction at a secondary benzylic carbon center to give products with overall stereochemical retention, while reaction of the same substrates in bulk solution gives products with stereochemical inversion. Such ability of a biomimetic synthetic host assembly to reverse the stereochemical outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction is unprecedented in the field of supramolecular host-guest catalysis.
Vibration Induced in Driving Mechanism of Photoconductor Drum in Color Laser Printer (2004)

An experimental and analytical investigation has been performed on vibration induced in a driving mechanism of a photoconductor drum in a color laser printer. The mechanism consists of a flywheel supported by a dry journal bearing and driven through a belt and a pulley that is connected to a shaft of the photoreceptor drum. From the results of the investigation, the following characteristics were deduced: (1) Pulley runout induced a vertical harmonic pull force to the flywheel through the belt and caused the vibration of the flywheel. (2) When the pull force is large enough to support the flywheel, the shaft of which is always in contact with the stator ring of the dry bearing, the harmonic vertical forced vibration takes place by the harmonic vertical force due to the eccentricity of the pulley through the belt. (3) On the other hand whirling takes place when the pull force is low. The shaft vibrates in the air gap not only in vertical but also horizontal directions. (4) The driving mechanism must be constructed to have small runout of the pulley and sufficient static tension of the belt.
Laser predissociation spectroscopy of the f 4Πg state of O2+ (1980)

Two quasibound vibrational levels of the f 4Πg state have been observed by monitoring O+ photofragments resulting from absorption of laser radiation by the a 4Πu state. The first spectroscopic constants for the f state have been derived from rotational and isotopic analyses. Measurements of the predissociation linewidths and photofragment kinetic energies have been used to refine estimates of the barrier in the f state potential curve and to identify likely predissociation mechanisms.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Category A Category B Category C The Virus Epidemiology Therapy and Prophylaxis Laboratory Diagnosis
Two-dimensional mapping of impedance magnetocardiograms (2002)

A new method for measuring two-dimensional (2-D) impedance magnetocardiograms (I-MCGs) and magnetocardiograms (MCGs) above the heart simultaneously, has been developed. The I-MCG's and MCG's signals are recorded by using a superconducting interference device (SQUID) system. To measure the I-MCG and MCG signals, four first-order gradiometers with an 18-mm diameter and a 50-mm baseline were used. The SQUIDs are driven by a flux-locked-loop circuit with a frequency range higher than that of an ac-current (40 kHz) with constant amplitude passed through a subject. The output of the circuit is filtered through two circuits: one for measuring the I-MCG signals and one for measuring the MCG signals. The I-MCG signals are obtained by demodulating the magnetic field, which is detected by the gradiometers, at the frequency of the ac current. As a result, the I-MCG signal reflects the change in spatial distribution of conductivity caused by the movement of the heart muscle and blood volume. A contour map of the 2-D I-MCG signals showed the largest signals occur above the right ventricle and right atrium. In a corresponding current-arrow map, it was found that the large current arrows occurred above the right side of the right ventricle. Furthermore, it was found that the systole and diastole timings obtained from the first-derivative I-MCG signal and the phonocardiogram were different. These results show that primitive 2-D I-MCG signal can provide much physiological information on the circulatory movement of the heart.
Cytotoxicity of gold(III) Complexes on A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Epithelial Cell Line (2012)

We have studied the kinetics of the complex formation of gold(III) complexes, [Au(en)Cl2]+ (dichlorido( ethylendiamine)aurate(III)-ion) [Au(dach)Cl2] (dichloride(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)aurate(III)-ion) and [Au(bipy)Cl2]+ (dichlorido(2,2'-bipyridyl)aurate(III)-ion) with guanosine5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP). It was shown that 5'-GMP have a high affinity for gold(III) complex, which may have important biological implications, since the interactions of Au(III) with DNA are thought to be responsible for the anti-tumor activity. The [Au(bipy)Cl2]+ complex is more reactive than [Au(en)Cl2]+ or [Au(dach)Cl2]+. The activation parameters for all studied reactions suggest an associative substitution mechanism. The cytotoxicity of gold(III) complexes was tested on A549 human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line and was evaluated by cytotoxic (MTT and LDH test) and apoptotic assays. The results showed that all tested gold(III) complexes displayed cytotoxic effect on A549 cells. Among the tested gold (III) complexes, AuBIPY showed the best cytotoxic effects.
Biosensor for Asparagine Using a Thermostable Recombinant Asparaginase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus (2002)

Asparaginase from the hyperthermophilic microorganism Archaeoglobus fulgidus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with a polyhistidine tail. After heat treatment to denature most of the native E. coli proteins, the enzyme was purified by an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography method. The activity of the enzyme was determined by monitoring the change in ammonium concentration in solution. It was found that the enzyme is thermostable at temperatures as high as 85 degrees C. The KM for L-asparagine was 8 x 10(-5) and 5 x 10(-6) M at 37 and 70 degrees C, respectively. The catalytic activity for L-asparagine was 5-fold higher than for D-asparagine. The enzyme was immobilized in front of an ammonium-selective electrode and used to develop a biosensor for asparagine. The biosensor had a detection limit of 6 x 10(-5) M for L-asparagine. Unlike a sensor based on asparaginase from E. coli, the biosensor based on recombinant asparaginase from A. fulgidus demonstrated higher stability.