gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A study of Chinese distribution policies and challenges* (2013)

Purpose - The objective of this paper is to explain how the Chinese distribution market will continue to bring tremendous business opportunities to commercial enterprises given the relatively strong economic fundamentals and substantial government-led measures for boosting domestic demand. Research design, data, and methodology - The study conducted a survey on China's 2011 retail market data. After empirically analyzing the data on retail sales, online retail markets, and franchises, we believe that online retailing in China will maintain its growth momentum. Results - This study shows that 2012 is expected to be a challenging year for the retail sector, as both external and internal pressures are likely to persist. Some of the major challenges facing retailers in China are mentioned below. Conclusions - Retailers in China face several major challenges. First, the uncertain economic outlook is having a considerable impact on China's retail market. Second, China's retailers face an unfair competition environment. Third, they are suffering the impacts of product safety problems.
The nuclear‐encoded 18 kDa (IP) AQDQ subunit of bovine heart complex I is phosphorylated by the mitochondrial cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (1996)

In bovine heart mitochondria a protein of M(r) 18 kDa, phosphorylated by mtPKA, is associated to the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase in the inner membrane and is present in purified preparation of this complex. The 18 kDa phosphoprotein has now been isolated and sequenced. It is identified as the 18 kDa (IP) AQDQ subunit of complex I, a protein of 133 amino acids with a phosphorylation consensus site RVS at position 129-131.
[The anti-arrhythmia action of an extract of Rhodiola rosea and of n-tyrosol in models of experimental arrhythmias]. (1998)

A daily 8-day course of Rhodiolae fluidum extract (1 ml/kg; ED50 = 0.43 ml/kg)--a preparation from the group of adaptogens caused a marked preventive antiarrhythmic effect on models of adrenaline and CaCl2-induced, but not acontine, arrhythmias. Aglycone--n-tyrosol demonstrated a lower antiarrhythmic activity (ED50 = 16 mg/kg) than that of Rhodiola extract.
Micronutrient mixture in tumor growth and metastasis (2007)

This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1545-5009/suppmat . Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Session 58: Fertility Preservation 2 (2010)

Assisted reproductive therapies (ART) do not cure subfertility they simply seek to potentially overcome its barriers. It is proposed that supplementary measures including the modification of environmental and biochemical factors, for example taking dietary supplements such as oral antioxidants may improve fertility treatment outcomes (Ebisch, 2007).
Pathophysiological aspects of diversity in neuronal inhibition: a new benzodiazepine pharmacology (2002)

Inhibitory interneurons in the brain provide the balance to excitatory signaling. On the basis of brain imaging and human genetics, a deficit in GABAergic inhibition (GABA, γ-aminobuiyric acid) has been identified as contributing to the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Therapeutically, GABA(A) receptors play a major role as targets for benzodiazepine drugs. The therapeutic relevance of the multitude of structurally diverse GABA(A) receptor subtypes has only recently been identified. α(1)-GABA(A) receptors were found to mediate sedation, anterograde amnesia, and part of the seizure protection of these drugs, whereas α(2)-GABA(A) receptors, but not α(3)-GABA(A) receptors, mediate anxiolysis. Rational drug targeting to specific receptor subtypes has now become possible. Only restricted neuronal networks will be modulated by the upcoming subtype-selective drugs. For instance, anxiolytics devoid of drowsiness and sedation promise more sophisticated interventions in anxiety disorders. A new pharmacology of the benzodiazepine site is on the horizon.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of a Photochromic Ruthenium Sulfoxide Complex (2011)

Photochromic [Ru(bpy)(2)(OSO)](PF(6)), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and OSO is 2-methylsulfinylbenzoate, was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The results show that for both S- and O-bonded isomers, a (3)MLCT state is formed on a femtosecond time scale. Also observed is the formation of multiple metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states, representing different conformers, prior to isomerization on the picosecond time scale. These results and others are compiled in an energy diagram depicting these results.
Changing from an unusual high-temperature demixing to a UCST-type in mixtures of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide and arenes (2006)

Upper critical solution temperature (UCST) combined with a high-temperature demixing type of phase diagrams are reported for binary liquid mixtures containing the ionic liquids, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide ([Cnmim][NTf2], where n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) and benzene, toluene, or α-methylstyrene (PhC(Me)CH2), at atmospheric and moderately high pressure. The phase diagrams were determined either using a dynamic method with visual detection of phase transitions or a laser light scattering technique. In our investigations, as the imidazolium alkyl chain length of the ionic liquid increases, the mixtures containing an arene evolve from a rarely found high-temperature demixing behaviour, to “hour-glass”, to the common phase splitting as temperature diminishes (UCST, whenever a critical point was found). For the three systems containing specifically [C10mim][NTf2] with benzene, toluene, or α-methylstyrene, data were also collected up to 5 MPa using a high-pressure laser light scattering apparatus. For all phase diagrams, the critical compositions correspond to low concentrations of the ionic liquid. This fact underlies the possibility that ionic liquids, even in relatively dilute solutions, tend to form multiple-ion aggregates. This was corroborated by electro-spray mass spectrometry.
Nuclear singlet relaxation by chemical exchange (2021)

The population imbalance between nuclear singlet states and triplet states of strongly coupled spin-1/2 pairs, also known as nuclear singlet order, is well protected against several common relaxation mechanisms. We study the nuclear singlet relaxation of <sup>13</sup>C pairs in aqueous solutions of 1,2-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub> squarate over a range of pH values. The <sup>13</sup>C singlet order is accessed by introducing <sup>18</sup>O nuclei in order to break the chemical equivalence. The squarate dianion is in chemical equilibrium with hydrogen-squarate (SqH<sup>-</sup>) and squaric acid (SqH<sub>2</sub>) characterized by the dissociation constants pK<sub>1</sub> = 1.5 and pK<sub>2</sub> = 3.4. Surprisingly, we observe a striking increase in the singlet decay time constants T<sub>S</sub> when the pH of the solution exceeds ∼10, which is far above the acid-base equilibrium points. We derive general rate expressions for chemical-exchange-induced nuclear singlet relaxation and provide a qualitative explanation of the T<sub>S</sub> behavior of the squarate dianion. We identify a kinetic contribution to the singlet relaxation rate constant, which explicitly depends on kinetic rate constants. Qualitative agreement is achieved between the theory and the experimental data. This study shows that infrequent chemical events may have a strong effect on the relaxation of nuclear singlet order.
CCFI (2015)

Control flow integrity (CFI) restricts jumps and branches within a program to prevent attackers from executing arbitrary code in vulnerable programs. However, traditional CFI still offers attackers too much freedom to chose between valid jump targets, as seen in recent attacks.
Contribution d'informations syntaxiques aux capacités de généralisation compositionelle des modèles seq2seq convolutifs (Assessing the Contribution of Syntactic Information for Compositional Generalization of seq2seq Convolutional Networks). (2021)

Les modeles neuronaux de type seq2seq manifestent d’etonnantes capacites de prediction quand ils sont entraines sur des donnees de taille suffisante. Cependant, ils echouent a generaliser de maniere satisfaisante quand la tâche implique d’apprendre et de reutiliser des regles systematiques de composition et non d’apprendre simplement par imitation des exemples d’entrainement. Le jeu de donnees SCAN, constitue d’un ensemble de commandes en langage naturel associees a des sequences d’action, a ete specifiquement concu pour evaluer les capacites des reseaux de neurones a apprendre ce type de generalisation compositionnelle. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d’etudier la contribution d’informations syntaxiques sur les capacites de generalisation compositionnelle des reseaux de neurones seq2seq convolutifs.
Micromolar Ca 2+ Stimulates Fusion of Lipid Vesicles with Planar Bilayers Containing a Calcium-Binding Protein (1980)

Fusion of phospholipid vesicles with a planar phospholipid bilayer membrane that contains a calcium-binding protein appears to mimic the essential aspects of cytoplasmic-vesicle fusion with plasma membranes (exocytosis) in that (i) there is a low basal rate of fusion in the absence of Ca2+, (ii) this basal rate is enormously increased by micromolar (approximately 10 microM) amounts of Ca2+, and (iii) this rate is not increased by millimolar Mg2+. Essential to this process is an osmotic gradient across the planar membrane, with the side containing the vesicles hyperosmotic to the opposite side. Similar osmotic gradients or their equivalent may be crucial for biological fusion events.
Imaging the Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect using ACBAR on Viper (2003)

During 2001 and 2002, observations of several X-ray bright clusters of galaxies were conducted using the ACBAR Bolometer Array on the South Pole Viper telescope. A multi-frequency analysis of these clusters is currently underway. This multi-frequency analysis includes 150, 220 and 275 GHz data from ACBAR, X-ray imaging and spectroscopy from Chandra and XMM-Newton, and weak lensing data from the CTIO 4m Blanco telescope. We describe here how ACBAR can be used to create fully sampled cluster images and present such images for four of the clusters in our sample; Abell 3266, Abell 3827, Abell S1063 and 1E0657-56. In these images, the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect is clearly detected.
Safety and Efficacy of HIV Hyperimmune Globulin for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in HIV-1–Infected Pregnant Women and Their Infants in Kampala, Uganda (HIVIGLOB/NVP STUDY) (2011)

Giving mother-infant pairs an infusion of peripartum HIV hyperimmune globulin in addition to sdNVP for preventing maternal-to-child transmission was as safe as sdNVP alone but was no more effective than sdNVP alone in preventing HIV transmission.
Reactivity of MAb of various LPS specificities with <i>B. suis</i> biovar 1 and biovar 2 PS. The logarithm is to the base 2. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Reactivity of MAb of various LPS specificities with &lt;i&gt;B. suis&lt;/i&gt; biovar 1 and biovar 2 PS. The logarithm is to the base 2.&lt;/p&gt;
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (2010)

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) consist of wireless devices that operate below the ground surface. These devices are either buried completely under dense soil, or placed within a bounded open underground space, such as mines and road/subway tunnels. This chapter first provides an overview of potential applications for WUSNs. Generally, these applications can be categorized into four areas: environmental monitoring, infrastructure monitoring, location determination, and border patrol and security monitoring. The chapter describes several factors that are important in the design of WUSNs and proposes possible network topologies. Then, it discusses the underground channel model and the associated challenges for WUSNs in soil with electromagnetic (EM) and magnetic induction (MI) techniques. Next, the chapter presents the channel model for WUSNs deployed in mines and tunnels. Finally, it examines the communication architecture of WUSNs and explains the challenges existing at each layer of the protocol stack. Controlled Vocabulary Terms communication channels; electromagnetic propagation; telecommunication network topology; underground communication
Short‐term thermal endurance evaluation of thermoplastic polyesters by isothermal and nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (2005)

Abstract Thermogravimetric analysis, carried out in a pure oxygen flow both in isothermal and constant‐rate heating conditions, is proposed as an analytical technique for the estimation of thermal endurance parameters (the temperature index and halving interval) of polymeric materials, according to the short‐term procedure suggested by the IEC 61026 Standard. This technique was applied for the determination of the activation energy of the degradation process of three thermoplastic polyesters used in the electrical and packaging industries: poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(buthylene terephtalate), and poly(ethylene naphthalate). The results obtained are presented and compared with results previously derived by the long‐term conventional procedure described in IEC 60216; satisfactory agreement of the thermal endurance parameters was generally observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 968–973, 2005
Measurement of submilliwatt, picosecond terahertz emission from a femtosecond-laser-pumped solid-state dc to ac radiation converter based on a ZnSe crystal (2006)

We measured the terahertz pulse emission from a femtosecond-laser-pumped solid-state dc to ac radiation converter using a 150fs Ti:sapphire laser pulse for dense plasma diagnostics. The laser-produced ionization front was directly modulated from a periodic electrostatic field to pulsed emission. The central frequency of the emission was measured to be 0.13THz having a bandwidth of 0.1THz and a peak power of 0.2mW. This emission source is suitable for use in various novel diagnostic techniques, such as dense plasma diagnostics.
Gut Homing Molecule Regulation of the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2015)

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic, debilitating immunological disorder for which there are few effective treatments. New therapies targeting gut homing molecules, such as CCR9 and α4β7, are currently in development, with some of these reaching clinical trials. Gut-trophic molecules and their receptors are critical to the development of both tolerant and inflammatory immune responses in the gut. However, we know little regarding the function of homing molecules as it relates to IBD. Data have suggested both pathological and protective roles for gut homing molecules in IBD development and maintenance. In addition, recent research findings have suggested that chemokines can influence T cell differentiation and function. Given the current clinical relevance, it is essential to obtain a better understanding of the role of gut homing molecules in the regulation of IBD.
Atmospheric structures in the troposphere as revealed by high-resolution backscatter images from MU radar operating in range-imaging mode (2019)

VHF band stratosphere/troposphere (ST) radars around the globe are seldom operated in range-imaging mode. As such, the typical range resolution of their backscatter images is about 150 m. The only exception is the Kyoto University’s Middle and Upper Atmosphere (MU) radar in Shigaraki, Japan. Range imaging using frequency diversity was implemented there in 2005 and has often been used since then. During the Shigaraki UAV Radar Experiment (ShUREX) campaigns in the spring/summers of 2015, 2016, and 2017, the MU radar was operated in range-imaging mode to provide a range resolution of typically 20 m, for good signal to noise (SNR) ratios. The resulting Capon backscatter images revealed a variety of atmospheric structures in the moist troposphere in great detail. They were also quite useful in deploying in situ sensors on board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to probe such structures in near real time guided by the images. The goal of this paper is to present and discuss some such structures of interest to atmospheric dynamics collectively, to provide an overarching view. They include Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) billows generated by shear instability, mid-level cloud-base turbulence (MCT) layers generated by convective instability in a moist troposphere, convective boundary layer (CBL), and sheet and layer (S&L) structures in a stably stratified atmospheric column. Videos of radar images collected during the 2015 and 2016 campaigns are included as Additional files 1, 2 and 3 with a brief explanatory text as Additional file 4 to demonstrate the fascinating, ever-changing evolution of atmospheric structures over the MU radar.
Hardware Division by Small Integer Constants (2017)

This article studies the design of custom circuits for division by a small positive constant. Such circuits can be useful for specific FPGA and ASIC applications. The first problem studied is the Euclidean division of an unsigned integer by a constant, computing a quotient and remainder. Several new solutions are proposed and compared against the state-of-the-art. As the proposed solutions use small look-up tables, they match well with the hardware resources of an FPGA. The article then studies whether the division by the product of two constants is better implemented as two successive dividers or as one atomic divider. It also considers the case when only a quotient or only a remainder is needed. Finally, it addresses the correct rounding of the division of a floating-point number by a small integer constant. All these solutions, and the previous state-of-the-art, are compared in terms of timing, area, and area-timing product. In general, the relevance domains of the various techniques are different on FPGA and on ASIC.
Microscopic behavior of silicon in silicon delta-doped layer in GaAs (1998)

Silicon δ-doped layers in GaAs have been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy on cleaved (110) surfaces. The samples were grown using molecular beam epitaxy with two growth temperatures: 480 and 580 °C. The concentration of the δ-doped layer was 0.03 monolayer. We show that, as in the case of bulk doping, the silicon has an amphoteric character: both SiGa and SiAs are observed at 480 °C and donors are formed before acceptors. At 580 °C, the spatial repartition of silicon evidences the segregation of silicon.
Photophysics of atomic magnesium isolated in solid methane and perdeuteromethane. I. Optical absorption of an impurity species in a quantum solid (1988)

Optical absorption spectra recorded at 12 K for the 1 P–1 S transition of atomic magnesium isolated in solid methane and perdeuteromethane exhibit significant differences in their spectral positions and bandwidths. The greater blue shift in CD4 relative to CH4 was found to be unchanged upon sample annealing. Shifts in the spectral position of the resonance transition in the two solids are discussed in the context of mass related differences in the lattice parameters of these light solids which is a manifestation of their behavior as quantum solids. From the blue shift observed in CD4 , the isotope having the smaller cage size, it is proposed that repulsive forces dominate in the interaction of the atomic magnesium guest species with its host. The greater bandwidth of the absorption profile in CH4 , relative to CD4 is discussed in terms of a Jahn–Teller model where the effective frequency of the phonon modes coupling with the electronic transition of the optically active impurity are higher in the former solid.
P-sort: an open-source software for cerebellar neurophysiology (2021)

Abstract Analysis of electrophysiological data from Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellum presents challenges for spike detection. Complex spikes have waveforms that vary significantly from one event to the next, raising the problem of misidentification. Even when complex spikes are detected correctly, the simple spikes may belong to a different P-cell, raising the danger of misattribution. Here, we analyzed data from over 300 P-cells in marmosets, macaques, and mice, using an open-source, semi-automated software called P-sort that addresses the spike identification and attribution problems. Like other sorting software, P-sort relies on nonlinear dimensionality reduction to cluster spikes. However, it also uses the statistical relationship between simple and complex spikes to merge seemingly disparate clusters, or split a single cluster. In comparison with expert manual curation, occasionally P-sort identified significantly more complex spikes, as well as prevented misattribution of clusters. Three existing automatic sorters performed less well, particularly for identification of complex spikes. To improve development of analysis tools for the cerebellum, we provide labeled data for 313 recording sessions, as well as statistical characteristics of waveforms and firing patterns.
468 Team Sport Participation Protects Against Burnout During Neurosurgery Training (2022)

INTRODUCTION: Burnout is experienced by up to two-thirds of neurosurgery residents. Team sport participation as an adolescent or young adult has been shown to protect against adverse mental health outcomes (e.g. depression or anxiety) in adulthood. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study of neurosurgery residents enrolled in U.S. programs was conducted between 6/2020-2/2021. Variables collected through surveys included demographics, weekly exercise, and prior team sport participation, defined as an organized team sport at the high school or collegiate level, even if performed individually (i.e. track/golf). Outcomes included ratings of feelings of sadness, anxiety, stress, burnout, optimism and fulfillment on 100-point scales, with 100 being “I constantly feel this during the day.” Individual measures were significantly correlated (r &gt; 0.35, p &lt; 0.0005) and averaged into a composite outcome - "Burnout Composite Score" (BCS). A three-way ANOVA tested the effects of resident level, exercise days and team sport participation on BCS. RESULTS: Of 229 submitted responses, 228 (99.5%) provided complete data. Overall, 185 (81.1%) residents had participated in team sports. Weekly exercise days was similar across groups (2.5±1.8 vs 2.1 ± 1.8, p = 0.20). The team sports group reported lower mean BCS (37.14 vs 43.57, p = 0.030, Cohen’s d = 0.369). There was a significant interaction between team sports and exercise regimen on BCS (F(3,211) = 3.39, p = 0.019, n2 = 0.046). Post-hoc analyses demonstrated more exercise days per week was associated with decreased BCS for prior team sport athletes (F(3,211) = 11.10, p &lt; 0.0005), but not for non-participants (F(3,211) = 0.476, p = 0.699). Team sport participation was associated with a larger reduction in BCS among senior residents (11.46 pts, p = 0.016), than junior residents (4.33 pts, p = 0.29). CONCLUSION: Prior team sport participation was associated with lower BCS, an effect more pronounced during senior residency, where residents assume formalized leadership responsibilities. Lessons imparted during early team sport experience may have profound impacts on reducing burnout throughout a seven-year neurosurgery residency.