gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A high-current IrO/sub x/ thin-film neuromuscular microstimulator (2002)

The authors report the development of a high-current stimulating electrode and a versatile fabrication technology required for the eventual realization of an implantable microstimulator for neuromuscular applications. The stimulating electrode is based on thin films of activated iridium oxide (AIROF), and is formed by combining more than 450, 20 mu m*20 mu m, small AIROF sites. It occupies a total active area of approximately=180000 mu m/sup 2/ and has been subjected to more than 350 million charge-balanced constant current pulses of 10 mA amplitude and 200- mu s duration without showing any sign of degradation. A versatile fabrication technology has been developed which offers high-performance CMOS and bipolar devices, together with Zener diodes, on-chip poly-Si/poly-Si capacitors, and high-value resistors. Isolated vertical npn transistors with current gains of 140-150, lateral pnp transistors with current gains of 10-20, and 7-V voltage references are available and have been used to implement an integrated circuit chip for an implantable neuromuscular microstimulator. The chip includes 3.5-V and 8-V regulators, RC low-pass and high-pass filters, and regulated current sources and sinks, and measures 1.9*1.2 mm/sup 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Selective Removal of Benzyl Carbonate Used as a Protecting Group in Carbohydrate Chemistry (2004)

Abstract It has been demonstrated that benzyl carbonate protecting group is orthogonal with tert-butyldimethylsilyl and (4-methoxy)trityl ethers. Moreover, benzyl carbonates can be selectively cleaved using aminolysis conditions.
Kiwifruit Allergy in Children: Characterization of Main Allergens and Patterns of Recognition (2015)

Kiwifruit allergy has been described mostly in the adult population, but immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated allergic reactions to kiwifruit appear to be occurring more frequently in children. To date, 13 allergens from kiwifruit have been identified. Our aim was to identify kiwifruit allergens in a kiwifruit allergic-pediatric population, describing clinical manifestations and patterns of recognition. Twenty-four children were included. Diagnosis of kiwifruit allergy was based on compatible clinical manifestations and demonstration of specific IgE by skin prick test (SPT) and/or serum-specific IgE determination. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were performed with kiwifruit extract, and proteins of interest were further analyzed by mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. For component-resolved in vitro diagnosis, sera of kiwifruit-allergic patients were analyzed by an allergen microarray assay. Act d 1 and Act d 2 were bound by IgE from 15 of 24 children. Two children with systemic manifestations recognized a protein of 15 kDa, homologous to Act d 5. Act d 1 was the allergen with the highest frequency of recognition on microarray chip, followed by Act d 2 and Act d 8. Kiwifruit allergic children develop systemic reactions most frequently following ingestion compared to adults. Act d 1 and Act d 2 are major allergens in the pediatric age group.
Isomerization of (E)-?,?-Epoxyamides to (Z)-?,?-Epoxyamides and Synthetic Applications Based on Regio- and Stereoselective Oxirane Ring Openings. (2005)

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Network Analysis Identifies an HSP90-Central Hub Susceptible in Ovarian Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 203KB, Ganetespib and paclitaxel inhibit ovarian cancer growth in vivo.&lt;/p&gt;
Thin Film And Chemical Ordering Effects On The Magnetic Anisotropy In Binary Alloys (2011)

This dissertation presents various investigations into the structure-property correlations in highly anisotropic FePt and FePd thin films and nanostructures. These binary alloy thin films may exhibit long-range chemical ordering (e.g. L10), which induces a strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy whose orientation is dependent on the ordering direction in the thin film. The chemical ordering, and hence the magnetic anisotropy, in these thin films can be controlled and tailored through sputter deposition and ion implantation conditions followed by subsequent processing. Two novel fabrication methods, x-ray rapid thermal annealing (XRTA) and heavy ion implantation, successfully demonstrate the ability to obtain highly anisotropic nanometer-sized L10 ordered regions in thin films. XRTA has the advantage of using high brilliance x-ray undulator radiation to simultaneously induce and probe microstructural changes in real time and is shown to favorably modify the chemical order in partially-ordered FePt thin films without affecting the average ordered grain size. Heavy ion implantation has the advantage of fabricating nonequilibrium nanocomposite thin films, which in the case of Fe+ implanted Pt thin films requires lower activation energies to nucleate and grow the L10 phase thus implying lower processing temperatures. The magnetic anisotropy in these binary alloy thin films is not only tailored through the chemical ordering, but can be further influenced by an adequate choice of the capping layer. Magnetically polarizable capping layers (e.g. Pd) decrease the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of FePd thin films, while non-polarizable capping layers (e.g. MgO) have no effect on the PMA. Different magnetization profiles of the films obtained from x-ray resonant magnetic scattering measurements explain this change observed in the magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic domain structure in these highly anisotropic thin films is also important and influenced by the magnetic anisotropy. An analytical model shows good quantitative agreement with experiment for FePd thin films above a critical thickness, thus showing the direct correlations between chemical order, magnetic anisotropy, and magnetic domain structure in these films.
A New Dimension of ETF Investing: ETF Derivatives (2003)

ETF futures and options have not garnered a lot of attention in the past, but as ETFs become more and more widely used, their derivatives deserve some notice. This article addresses their history and development and their advantages and uses. In comparison to ETFs themselves, ETF derivatives have lower costs while offering greater flexibility and precision for the purposes of portfolio-related strategies and adjustments. They also can be used in conjunction with ETFs for hedging and arbitrage purposes. In comparison to an index derivative, an ETF derivative mirrors the ETF it is based on far more closely than any index derivative that may be based on the same index as the ETF. Additionally, ETF derivatives are settled by the physical delivery of shares of the ETFs upon which they are based, while index derivatives are cash settled. ETF futures and options represent a new frontier in ETF investment and offer a variety of opportunities and benefits to the investors who include them in their range of investment tools.
Fine Tuning of PPAR Ligands for Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome (2006)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent chronic disease. Recently, many biological targets are discovered for treatment of this disease. The identification of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) and their subtypes alpha, gamma and delta or beta as targets for controlling lipid, glucose and energy homeostasis has proved to be exciting. As hyperlipidaemia, obesity and insulin resistance are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and macrovascular complications of diabetes; new agents that increase insulin sensitivity as well as decrease hyperlipidaemia by distinct yet complementary mechanism are being studied as they may provide improved therapy for T2DM and related disorders. In this article, we review highly potent PPARgamma agonists, PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists, PPAR pan agonists, alternative PPAR ligands like partial agonists or selective PPAR modulators (SPPARMs) and antagonists from a chemist point of view.
Substrate selectivity in the low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt metal films from bis(1,4-di-tert-butyl-1,3-diazadienyl)cobalt and formic acid (2016)

The initial stages of cobalt metal growth by atomic layer deposition are described using the precursors bis(1,4-di-tert-butyl-1,3-diazadienyl)cobalt and formic acid. Ruthenium, platinum, copper, Si(100), Si-H, SiO<sub>2</sub>, and carbon-doped oxide substrates were used with a growth temperature of 180 °C. On platinum and copper, plots of thickness versus number of growth cycles were linear between 25 and 250 cycles, with growth rates of 0.98 Å/cycle. By contrast, growth on ruthenium showed a delay of up to 250 cycles before a normal growth rate was obtained. No films were observed after 25 and 50 cycles. Between 100 and 150 cycles, a rapid growth rate of ∼1.6 Å/cycle was observed, which suggests that a chemical vapor deposition-like growth occurs until the ruthenium surface is covered with ∼10 nm of cobalt metal. Atomic force microscopy showed smooth, continuous cobalt metal films on platinum after 150 cycles, with an rms surface roughness of 0.6 nm. Films grown on copper gave rms surface roughnesses of 1.1-2.4 nm after 150 cycles. Films grown on ruthenium, platinum, and copper showed resistivities of <20 μΩ cm after 250 cycles and had values close to those of the uncoated substrates at ≤150 cycles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of films grown with 150 cycles on a platinum substrate showed surface oxidation of the cobalt, with cobalt metal underneath. Analogous analysis of a film grown with 150 cycles on a copper substrate showed cobalt oxide throughout the film. No film growth was observed after 1000 cycles on Si(100), Si-H, and carbon-doped oxide substrates. Growth on thermal SiO<sub>2</sub> substrates gave ∼35 nm thick layers of cobalt(ii) formate after ≥500 cycles. Inherently selective deposition of cobalt on metallic substrates over Si(100), Si-H, and carbon-doped oxide was observed from 160 °C to 200 °C. Particle deposition occurred on carbon-doped oxide substrates at 220 °C.
Evaluation of Cottonseed Oils as Diesel Fuel (1982)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Experimental fuels made up of cottonseed oil, transesterified cottonseed oil (methyl ester) and No. 2 diesel fuel have been compared to a baseline No. 2 diesel fuel in a turbo-charged, open chamber diesel engine. All fuel blends were analyzed and their properties compared to those of typical No. 2 diesel fuels. Test results include data on performance, gaseous emissions and limited (200-hour) cyclic durability. Crankcase oil samples were withdrawn at regular intervals during durability tests and analyzed for indications of fuel-lubricant compatibility. The paper presents the data obtained and discusses effects of fuel properties and engine operating conditions on the short and long-term response of existing diesels.&lt;/div&gt;
Heterotrimeric G‐proteins: a short history (2006)

Some 865 genes in man encode G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) function to transduce signals from this vast panoply of receptors to effector systems including ion channels and enzymes that alter the rate of production, release or degradation of intracellular second messengers. However, it was not until the 1970s that the existence of such transducing proteins was even seriously suggested. Combinations of bacterial toxins that mediate their effects via covalent modification of the alpha-subunit of certain G-proteins and mutant cell lines that fail to generate cyclic AMP in response to agonists because they either fail to express or express a malfunctional G-protein allowed their identification and purification. Subsequent to initial cloning efforts, cloning by homology has defined the human G-proteins to derive from 35 genes, 16 encoding alpha-subunits, five beta and 14 gamma. All function as guanine nucleotide exchange on-off switches and are mechanistically similar to other proteins that are enzymic GTPases. Although not readily accepted initially, it is now well established that beta/gamma complexes mediate as least as many functions as the alpha-subunits. The generation of chimeras between different alpha-subunits defined the role of different sections of the primary/secondary sequence and crystal structures and cocrystals with interacting proteins have given detailed understanding of their molecular structure and basis of function. Finally, further modifications of such chimeras have generated a range of G-protein alpha-subunits with greater promiscuity to interact across GPCR classes and initiated the use of such modified G-proteins in drug discovery programmes.
Impediments to Predicting Site Response: Seismic Property Estimation and Modeling Simplifications (2009)

Abstract We compare estimates of the empirical transfer function (ETF) to the plane SH -wave theoretical transfer function (TTF) within a laterally constant medium for invasive and noninvasive estimates of the seismic shear-wave slownesses at 13 Kiban-Kyoshin network stations throughout Japan. The difference between the ETF and either of the TTFs is substantially larger than the difference between the two TTFs computed from different estimates of the seismic properties. We show that the plane SH -wave TTF through a laterally homogeneous medium at vertical incidence inadequately models observed amplifications at most sites for both slowness estimates, obtained via downhole measurements and the spectral analysis of surface waves. Strategies to improve the predictions can be separated into two broad categories: improving the measurement of soil properties and improving the theory that maps the 1D soil profile onto spectral amplification. Using an example site where the 1D plane SH -wave formulation poorly predicts the ETF, we find a more satisfactory fit to the ETF by modeling the full wavefield and incorporating spatially correlated variability of the seismic properties. We conclude that our ability to model the observed site response transfer function is limited largely by the assumptions of the theoretical formulation rather than the uncertainty of the soil property estimates.
IANA Charset Registration Procedures (2000)

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) (RFC-2045, RFC-2046, RFC-2047, RFC-2184) and various other Internet protocols are capable of using many different charsets. This in turn means that the ability to label different charsets is essential.
Leveraging synergy of SDWN and multi‐layer resource management for 5G networks (2018)

Fifth‐generation (5G) networks are envisioned to predispose flexible edge‐to‐core infrastructure to offer diverse applications. Convergence of software‐defined networking, software‐defined radio, and virtualisation on the concept of software‐defined wireless networking (SDWN) is a promising approach to support such dynamic networks. The principal technique behind the 5G‐SDWN framework is the separation of control and data planes that allows the abstraction of resources as transmission parameters of users. In such environment, resource management plays a critical role to achieve efficiency and reliability. The authors introduce a converged multi‐layer resource management (CML‐RM) framework for SDWN‐enabled 5G networks that involve a functional model and an optimisation framework. In such framework, the key questions are if 5G‐SDWN can be leveraged to enable CML‐RM over the portfolio of resources, and reciprocally, if CML‐RM can effectively provide performance enhancement and reliability for 5G‐SDWN. The authors tackle these questions by proposing a flexible protocol structure for 5G‐SDWN, which can handle all the required functionalities in a more cross‐layer manner. They demonstrate how the proposed general framework of CML‐RM can control the end‐user quality of experience. Moreover, for two scenarios of 5G‐SDWN, they investigate the effects of joint user‐association and resource allocation via CML‐RM to improve performance in virtualised networks.
MODELING OF RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL ENCLOSURES USING SPHERICAL HARMONICS APPROXIMATION (COMBUSTION, SCATTERING) (1985)

The radiative heat transfer in multidimensional enclosures containing inhomogeneous, absorbing, emitting, and anisotropically scattering media is studied. The first and the third order spherical harmonics approximations (i.e., P(,1) and P(,3), respectively) are employed to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in three-dimensional rectangular as well as two-dimensional, axisymmetric cylindrical enclosures. For the P(,3)-approximation, the RTE is analytically reduced to six elliptic partial differential equations for three-dimensional enclosures, and to four equations for axisymmetric, cylindrical enclosures. For the P(,1)-approximation, only one elliptic partial differential equation is obtained for both two- and three-dimensional enclosures. These equations are solved using accurate finite difference and finite element algorithms. The model equations are evaluated by comparing the predictions with experimental data as well as with results obtained from rigorous models. In solving the radiative transfer equation, the radiative properties of the medium are required. For the radiative properties of polydispersions, such as pulverized coal, char, and fly-ash, simple, closed form expressions are obtained. For the radiative properties of combustion gases, the models available in the literature are discussed and the appropriate and compatible models are identified. The models developed are used to study the radiative transfer in a pulverized coal-fired furnace, and the results are compared with the available experimental data. For the particular system studied here it has been found that the concentration distribution of pulverized coal and fly-ash particles, and soot volume fraction have the largest impact on the predictions of the radiative fluxes and radiative flux divergences in the medium as well as on the cylindrical wall. Scattering of radiation by coal and fly-ash particles, the scattering phase function for the particles, the wall emissivity, and the radial temperature distribution have been identified as the important model parameters in calculating the radiative heat transfer in pulverized coal-fired furnaces.
Doxepin in the management of pruritus associated with allergic cutaneous reactions. (1997)

The primary treatment of urticaria involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent. Addition of an antihistaminic agent may then be necessary to control pruritus. Because of variable response rates between patients, several alternative agents may need to be tried before the most effective regimen is found. Based on the studies reviewed here, it appears that low-dose doxepin (10 mg po tid) is a potentially effective and well-tolerated alternative in patients who do not respond to conventional antihistamines. This success may be in part due to the more potent H1- and H2-blocking properties associated with doxepin. Data regarding the topical use of doxepin are less convincing; however, the drug appears to have some clinical use for the short-term treatment of pruritus. Doxepin cream does not appear to be as effective as systemic therapy, and adverse effects (including sedation) and drug interactions are still problematic. Topical use may be best suited to conditions involving intact skin that do not require application to large areas of the body, thereby reducing systemic absorption and adverse effects.
Vergleich von Methoden zur Aktivitätsbestimmung der Serumcholinesterasen (Acylcholin-acylhydrolase E. C. 3.1.1.8) und deren diagnostische Wertigkeit (1976)

The activities of serum cholinesterases were determined in parallel with acetyl-, butyryl- and propionyl-thiocholiniodide in healthy persons and patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, cholestasis, intoxication and malignant tumors. The following normal values were obtained: See Article. The correlations between the various methods, especially between butyryl- and propionylthiocholiniodide are statistically significant. Compared to healthy persons, the activity of serum-cholinesterases, determined with the three substrates, decreased significantly in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, intoxication and malignant tumors. A change of specificity of serum-cholinesterases towards acetyl-, butyryl- and propionylthiocholiniodide in normal persons and patients with endogenous or exogenous coma of the liver was not observed. In all cases a parallel decrease of activity in sera was determined.
A novel DNA vaccine targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects joints from inflammation and destruction in murine models of arthritis (2007)

These results suggest that MIF/TTX DNA vaccination may be useful for ameliorating the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Suppression of quasicrystallization by nonlinear viscous flow in Zr–Al–Ni–Cu–Pd glassy alloys (2002)

The quasicrystallization at the initial stage under viscous flow at 673 K (20 K above the glass transition temperature) was investigated in a Zr65Al7.5Ni10Cu12.5Pd5 bulk glassy alloy. The compressive deformation at strain rates of 2×10−3 s−1 and 1×10−2 s−1 was subjected to the bulk glassy alloy for 60 s followed by the preannealing for 120 s for thermal equilibration in an Ar atmosphere. The glass undergoes Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow at the strain rates of 2×10−3 s−1 and 1×10−2 s−1, respectively. The linear viscous flow brings a significant decrease in the first exothermic peak in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve corresponding to the transformation from glassy to icosahedral phase, but is identical to that in the reference sample annealed for 180 s at 673 K without deformation. However, the number of icosahedral particles in the transmission electron microscopy image as well as the decrease of the first exothermic peak in the DSC curve in the nonlinear viscous flow is much less as compared with those in the linearly deformed and reference samples. These results indicate the suppression of the transformation from the glassy to icosahedral phase by the nonlinear viscous flow. The suppression of the transformation is suggested to be originated from the retardation of the growth by the stress-induced disordered atomic configuration in the glassy state during the nonlinear viscous flow.
Quaternary cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer: does surgical effort still matter? (2013)

Even in this highly advanced setting of the third EOC relapse, maximal therapeutic effort combining optimal surgery and chemotherapy appear to significantly prolong survival in a selected patients 'group'.
Efficient Catalytic Plasma Activation of CO2, NO, and H2O (1998)

The activation of small molecules, such as CO2, NO, and H2O, has been achieved at atmospheric pressure via ac glow discharge methods in the presence of metal catalysts coated onto the electrode surfaces. A fan-type reactor having one rotating and one static electrode has been designed to diminish mass transfer effects. Time lapse photography of the emitting plasma intermediate species and optical emission studies have been used to monitor reaction pathways. Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and combined GC−MS methods have been used to monitor product distributions, selectivities, and activities. The effects of flow rate, input voltage, diluent gases, and metal coating have been systematically studied. Additionally, the mechanisms of CO2 decomposition and the role of the metal catalyst in that decomposition have been studied by optical emission spectroscopy.