gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strom- und Gasmarktdesign zur Versorgung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff (2015)

The German government has set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2020, 55% by 2030, 70% by 2040 and 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990 as reference year. As well as meeting other requirements, these targets can be achieved by raising the contri-bution of renewably-generated power to Germany’s gross electricity consumption to 80% by 2050. Based on Germany’s potential, intermittent energy sources (IES) such as on- and off-shore wind, as well as photovoltaics, are necessary sources that must be utilized in order to achieve these ambitious targets. Because of the intermittency of these sources, there will be times in which surplus power generated could be used for example for the transport sector. During these periods of surplus power, the storage capacity of hydrogen allows for a so-called “power-to-gas” concept whereby the surplus power can be used to produce hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolyzers. The aim of this thesis is to identify and develop a market design that is characterized by high penetration levels of IES, supplemented by the use of hydrogen in the transport sector. Fur-thermore, the aim was to develop a model in which the electricity and gas sector, including a hydrogen pipeline grid, is represented so as to analyze and validate selected market designs. Therefore, potential electricity and gas markets, as well as the most important potential share and stakeholders of a hydrogen infrastructure, are analyzed. With the model developed in this thesis, an existing energy concept has been developed, analyzed and evaluated. In addition, the distribution of the hydrogen production costs was calculated by employing a Monte Carlo Simulation analysis. The developed energy concept relies on 170 GW onshore and 60 GW offshore wind capacity and these dominate the model. This leads to surplus power, especially in the federal states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Hither Pomerania. To supply the estimated peak hydrogen demand in 2052 with 2.93 Million tons, a total capacity of 20 GW of electrolyzes in 15 counties must be installed. The necessary hydrogen pipelines from IES sources to 9,968 hydrogen fuel stations will require a 12,104 km transmission pipeline which will cost an estimated €6.68 billion and for distribution, a total length of 29,671 km will be required, with an estimated cost of €12 billion. Furthermore, for three separate cases that can be distinguished by their respective input parameters, the profitability of an electricity and gas market design to supply the German transport sector with hydrogen is demonstrated. This analysis was also performed by means of a Monte Carlo Simulation. It shows that, with a target cost of 22.9 ct/kWh, the probability of pretax hydrogen production cost, including the infrastructure, laying under the target costs, are 81%.
A miniature laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer forin situplanetary exploration (2003)

We report the development and testing of a miniature mass spectrometer and ion source intended to be deployed on an airless planetary surface to measure the elemental and isotopic composition of rocks and soils. Our design concentrates at this stage on the proposed BepiColombo mission to the planet Mercury. The mass analyser is an axially symmetric reflectron time-of-flight design. The ion source utilizes a laser induced plasma, which is directly coupled into the mass analyser. Laser ablation gives high spatial resolution, and avoids the need for sample preparation.
X-Ray Investigations of Mn3P, Mn2P, and Ni2P. (1962)

Abstract : DESCRIPTORS: (* Steel 4140, 4330, 3 5 4340, 1 4 , Metallurgy, Processing, Purification, Melting, Electric arcs, Solutions, Slags Separation, P PHORUS, Sulphur, Phase studies, Theory. Tables. An analysis of metal and slag composition data gathered during the operation of a 6-1/2-ton basic electric-arc furnace is made for the purpose of quantitatively describing the refining processes of dephosphorization and desulfurization. A kinetic model is proposed, and the data is examined in light of the model; agreement with theory is shown. Relations are obtained correlating metal and slag composition with the rate the refining processes. The results and their ramifications are discussed with reference to the proposed model actual operating procedure, extrapolation, and optimum processing time.
Improving the performance of Transport Control Protocol over 802.11 wireless networks (2013)

One of the main reasons for TCP's (Transport Control Protocol) degraded performance in 802.11 wireless networks is the TCP's interpretation that the packet loss is caused by network congestion. However, in wireless networks packet loss occurs mostly due to high bit error rate, packet corruption, and link failure. TCP performance in wired/wireless networks may be substantially improved if the causes of packet loss could be identified and appropriate rectifying measures could be taken dynamically during the lifetime of a TCP session. This paper proposes an end-to-end improvement approach to the current TCP protocol by extending the used RTO (Retransmission Time Out) in such a way it allows TCP an additional waiting time for wireless errors to get fixed. This approach is validated through numerical analysis and simulations, and then compared to the current implemented TCP protocol. The simulation results have demonstrated higher TCP performance in terms of traffic sent, and retransmission attempts. This is highly recommended for a wide range of applications in mixed wired and wireless scenarios.
Multilevel fast multipole algorithm for three‐dimensional dielectric targets in the vicinity of a lossy half space (2001)

Abstract The multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is applied to the problem of a general three‐dimensional dielectric target above or below a lossy half space. The dyadic half‐space Green's function is evaluated rigorously for the “near” MLFMA interactions, while an asymptotic Green's function approximation is applied for the “far” interactions. The model is discussed, and results are compared with those from a rigorous method‐of‐moments (MoM) analysis. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 100–104, 2001.
On theoretical issues of computer simulations sequential dynamical systems (1998)

The authors study a class of discrete dynamical systems that is motivated by the generic structure of simulations. The systems consist of the following data: (a) a finite graph Y with vertex set {l_brace}1,...,n{r_brace} where each vertex has a binary state, (b) functions F{sub i}:F{sub 2}{sup n} {r_arrow} F{sub 2}{sup n} and (c) an update ordering {pi}. The functions F{sub i} update the binary state of vertex i as a function of the state of vertex i and its Y-neighbors and leave the states of all other vertices fixed. The update ordering is a permutation of the Y-vertices. They derive a decomposition result, characterize invertible SDS and study fixed points. In particular they analyze how many different SDS that can be obtained by reordering a given multiset of update functions and give a criterion for when one can derive concentration results on this number. Finally, some specific SDS are investigated.
Antigenic modulation ofBordetella pertussis (1960)

The antigenic structure of Bordetella pertussis varies continuously with environmental conditions of growth and, under suitable conditions, any of three forms (or modes) with markedly different antigenic surfaces may be developed. High temperatures and certain ions, such as sodium, potassium, halides, formate and nitrate, favour growth like that on Bordet and Gengou's medium at 35° C. Low temperatures and other ions, such as magnesium, sulphate and mono- and dicarboxylic acids with more than two carbon atoms, favour growth with a markedly different antigenic structure and character. These two extreme forms have been called X mode and C mode respectively. A third mode (called I mode) is induced within a narrow range of intermediate temperatures and ion ratios. Bacterial cells in C mode, unlike those in X mode, do not agglutinate red-blood cells, are not haemolytic or agglutinable by heavy metal salts, have no surface antigen related to Bordetella parapertussis or B. bronchiseptica and are serotypically homogeneous. The influence of ions is a function of their species and ratios and not of their absolute concentrations or total ionic strength. A number of ions has been arranged in a pattern. In this the influence of any salt is represented at the centre of a line joining its component ions, and a measure of the influence of any salt mixture is given by the position of its imaginary centre of inertia. (For calculating this, mass is represented by the product of salt concentration and conductance ratio and radius of gyration by distance.) The influences of ions and temperature appear not to interact since their combined influence is proportional to the sum of their separate influences. The change from one mode to another (modulation) occurs without mutation or selection, is complete within 7–15 cell divisions and appears to stem from altered rates of synthesis of at least three kinds of antigen molecule. During the process of modulation, antigens not detectable by agglutination in any of the three equilibrium modes (X, I and C) may appear transiently at the surface. Mutants may or may not modulate. Modulatable mutants may be distinguishable from the wild type in only one mode. Almost all convalescent antibodies are directed against X mode, but C-mode antibodies have been found in several adults with persistent cough and infection. I wish particularly to thank Dr E. K. Andersen for her generous gifts of sera, Drs P. L. Kendrick, H. Proom, A. F. B. Standfast and A. J. H. Tomlinson for gifts of cultures and Mr M. Breach for his invaluable help in the preparation of media and sera. I am also indebted to the University of London Central Research Fund and the Governors of Westminster Hospital for grants towards the purchase of materials.
Online Shopping Interface Components: Relative Importance as Peripheral and Central Cues (2006)

The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) uses central (more thoughtful) and peripheral (less thoughtful) routes of persuasion to maximize communication effectiveness. This research implements ELM to investigate the relative importance of different aspects of the user experience in online shopping. Of all the issues surrounding online shopping, convenience, access to information, and trust were found to be the most important. These were implemented in an online conjoint shopping task. Respondents were found to use the central route of the ELM on marketing messages that involved issues of minimizing travel, information access, and assurances of system security. Users employed the peripheral ELM route when considering usability, price comparison, and personal information protection. A descriptive model of Web-based marketing components, their roles in the central and peripheral routes, and their relative importance to online consumer segments was developed.
Technical Report: Improved Fourier Reconstruction using Jump Information with Applications to MRI (2016)

Certain applications such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) require the reconstruction of functions from Fourier spectral data. When the underlying functions are piecewise-smooth, standard Fourier approximation methods suffer from the Gibbs phenomenon - with associated oscillatory artifacts in the vicinity of edges and an overall reduced order of convergence in the approximation. This paper proposes an edge-augmented Fourier reconstruction procedure which uses only the first few Fourier coefficients of an underlying piecewise-smooth function to accurately estimate jump information and then incorporate it into a Fourier partial sum approximation. We provide both theoretical and empirical results showing the improved accuracy of the proposed method, as well as comparisons demonstrating superior performance over existing state-of-the-art sparse optimization-based methods. Extensions of the proposed techniques to functions of several variables are also addressed preliminarily. All code used to generate the results in this report are made publicly available.
Advanced Design Environment for Screw Machines (2010)

This paper describes a set of advanced tools for the design of screw compressors. These have been combined to operate under common environment, called DISCO (Design Integration for Screw Compressors). The number of input parameters required to define the geometry and operating conditions of a compressor is small and all are introduced in one place. Therefore the design process is easily controlled. The software provides fast calculation and evaluation of the main geometry of screw machines. It also directly accesses data on the most frequently used standard mechanical elements in screw machines and routines for their selection. The program can interface with a number of commercial CAD software packages to produce full 3D parametric models and manufacturing drawings of screw machines. From then on, 3D models are used as a base for the generation of numerical grids used later, either in FEM structural analysis or in CFD analysis of internal fluid flow. An established parametric approach enables any changes in the geometry that may be required, to be made easily after evaluation of the design. The program permits any modifications made to the model to be cross referenced through any part of the software. This saves both computer resources and design time when compared with classical design processes. The development of screw machines within this environment has many benefits, including reduced design time, improved quality and reduced machine costs.
B cell depletion reduces the development of atherosclerosis in mice (2010)

B cell depletion significantly reduces the burden of several immune-mediated diseases. However, B cell activation has been until now associated with a protection against atherosclerosis, suggesting that B cell-depleting therapies would enhance cardiovascular risk. We unexpectedly show that mature B cell depletion using a CD20-specific monoclonal antibody induces a significant reduction of atherosclerosis in various mouse models of the disease. This treatment preserves the production of natural and potentially protective anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) IgM autoantibodies over IgG type anti-oxLDL antibodies, and markedly reduces pathogenic T cell activation. B cell depletion diminished T cell-derived IFN-gamma secretion and enhanced production of IL-17; neutralization of the latter abrogated CD20 antibody-mediated atheroprotection. These results challenge the current paradigm that B cell activation plays an overall protective role in atherogenesis and identify new antiatherogenic strategies based on B cell modulation.
The neurophysiology of the teeth. (1990)

Irritation of human teeth can evoke pain sensations of varying qualities depending on the type and intensity of the stimuli used. For example, drilling or air drying of dentin typically induces sharp, piercing pain, while intense heating of the tooth can cause dull, aching pain sensation. The dental pulp is richly innervated by both myelinated (A-fibers, mostly A delta-type) and unmyelinated (C-fibers) axons. A-fibers seem to be responsible for the sensitivity of dentin. They respond to stimuli that induce sharp pain in human teeth, for example, drilling of dentin and drying of dentin with air blasts. C-fibers are activated only when the stimuli used reach the pulp proper. They respond to intense heating. In human teeth, dull pain is induced at a temperature level corresponding to the heat thresholds of intradental C-fibers. The other functional characteristics of C-fibers indicate that they may play a role in the mediation of the dull pain connected with pulpal inflammation. Accordingly, activation of intradental nerve fibers of A- and C-type may contribute to the varying qualities of pain sensations induced by stimulation of human teeth.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Cationic and Non-ionic Contrast Agents in Articular Cartilage Using Synchrotron MicroCT Imaging (2019)

Early diagnosis of acute cartilage injuries enables monitoring of disease progression and improved treatment option planning to prevent post-traumatic osteoarthritis. In contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), the changes in cationic agent diffusion within the tissue reflect cartilage degeneration. The diffusion in degenerated cartilage depends on proteoglycan (PG) content and water content, but each having an opposite effect on diffusion, thus compromising the diagnostic sensitivity. To overcome this limitation, we propose the simultaneous imaging of cationic (sensitive to PG and water contents) and non-ionic (sensitive to water content) agents. In this study, quantitative dual-energy CT (QDECT) imaging of two agents is reported for the first time at clinically feasible imaging time points. Furthermore, this is the first time synchrotron microCT with monochromatic X-rays is employed in cartilage CECT. Imaging was conducted at 1 and 2 h post contrast agent immersion. Intact, PG-depleted, and mechanically injured + PG-depleted cartilage samples (n = 33) were imaged in a mixture of cationic (iodine-based CA4+) and non-ionic (gadolinium-based gadoteridol) agents. Concurrent evaluation of CA4+ and gadoteridol partitions in cartilage is accomplished using QDECT. Subsequent normalization of the CA4+ partition with that of the gadoteridol affords CA4+ attenuations that significantly correlate with PG content - a key marker of OA.
A Multi-functional Memristive Pavlov Associative Memory Circuit Based on Neural Mechanisms (2021)

Pavlov conditioning is a typical associative memory, which involves associative learning between the gustatory and auditory cortex, known as Pavlov associative memory. Inspired by neural mechanisms and biological phenomena of Pavlov associative memory, this paper proposes a multi-functional memristive Pavlov associative memory circuit. In addition to learning and forgetting, whose rates change with the number of associative learning times, the circuit also achieves other innovative functions. First, consolidation learning, which refers to the continued learning process after acquiring associative memory, changes the rates of learning and forgetting. Secondly, the natural forgetting rate tends to zero when the associative memory has been acquired several times, which means the formation of long-term memory. Thirdly, the generalization and differentiation of associative memory caused by similar stimuli are realized through a simplified memristive feedforward neural network. Besides, this circuit implements the associative learning function of interval stimuli through a simpler structure, which refers to "the longer the stimuli interval, the slower the learning rate". The above functions are realized by the time interval module, variable rates module, and generalization and differentiation module. It has been shown that the proposed circuit has good robustness, and can reduce the influence of parasitic capacitance, memristive conductance drift, and input noise on circuit functions. Through further research, this circuit is expected to be used in robot platforms to realize human-like perception and associative cognitive functions.
Dirty derivative stability in the frequency domain (2023)

Differentiation filters can be made proper by composition with a first-order low-pass filter at a desired bandwidth, resulting in a "dirty derivative." A stable closed-loop system that relies on output derivatives remains stable when the derivatives are replaced with dirty derivatives of sufficiently high bandwidth. I prove and generalize this fact by a frequency-domain argument.
Tissue and cell-specific expression of eucalyptus CAD promoter in transgenic poplar (1994)

*INRA, Station d'Amélioration des Arbres Forestiers, Orléans Diffusion du document : INRA, Station d'Amélioration des Arbres Forestiers, Orléans
Interaction of the Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Transactivator with Transcription Factor IIA (1996)

The Tax protein of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a 40-kDa transcriptional activator which is critical for HTLV-1 gene regulation and virus-induced cellular transformation. Tax is localized to the DNA through its interaction with the site-specific activators cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, NF-kappaB, and serum response factor. It has been suggested that the recruitment of Tax to the DNA positions Tax for interaction with the basal transcriptional machinery. On the basis of several independent assays, we now report a physical and functional interaction between Tax and the transcription factor, TFIIA. First, Tax was found to interact with the 35-kDa (alpha) subunit of TFIIA in the yeast two-hybrid interaction system. Importantly, two previously characterized mutants with point mutations in Tax, M32 (Y196A, K197S) and M41 (H287A, P288S), which were shown to be defective in Tax-activated transcription were unable to interact with TFIIA in this assay. Second, a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) affinity-binding assay showed that the interaction of holo-TFIIA with GST-Tax was 20-fold higher than that observed with either the GST-Tax M32 activation mutant or the GST control. Third, a coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that in HTLV-1-infected human T lymphocytes, Tax and TFIIA were associated. Finally, TFIIA facilitates Tax transactivation in vitro and in vivo. In vitro transcription studies showed reduced levels of Tax-activated transcription in cell extracts depleted of TFIIA. In addition, transfection of human T lymphocytes with TFIIA expression vectors enhanced Tax-activated transcription of an HTLV-1 long terminal repeat-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct. Our study suggests that the interaction of Tax with the transcription factor TFIIA may play a role in Tax-mediated transcriptional activation.
Thermodynamic theory of PbTiO3 (1987)

A phenomenological thermodynamic theory of PbTiO3 was developed using a modified Devonshire form of the elastic Gibbs free energy. The spontaneous strain as a function of temperature was determined from pure sol-gel derived PbTiO3 powder and used with selected data from the literature to determine the coefficients of the energy function. The theoretical prediction of the phase stability, spontaneous polarization and strains, and dielectric and piezoelectric properties agree well with experimental data. This theory provides a way of predicting the intrinsic single domain dielectric and piezoelectric properties of PbTiO3, which have not been completely determined from experimental measurements.