gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Locating faulty code using failure-inducing chops (2005)

Software debugging is the process of locating and correcting faulty code. Prior techniques to locate faulty code either use program analysis techniques such as backward dynamic program slicing or exclusively use delta debugging to analyze the state changes during program execution. In this paper, we present a new approach that integrates the potential of delta debugging algorithm with the benefit of forward and backward dynamic program slicing to narrow down the search for faulty code. Our approach is to use delta debugging algorithm to identify a minimal failure-inducing input, use this input to compute a forward dynamic slice and then intersect the statements in this forward dynamic slice with the statements in the backward dynamic slice of the erroneous output to compute a failure-inducing chop. We implemented our technique and conducted experiments with faulty versions of several programs from the Siemens suite to evaluate our technique. Our experiments show that failure-inducing chops can greatly reduce the size of search space compared to the dynamic slices without significantly compromising the capability to locate the faulty code. We also applied our technique to several programs with known memory related bugs such as buffer overflow bugs. The failure-inducing chop in several of these cases contained only 2 to 4 statements which included the code causing memory corruption.
Large-signal transient analysis of forward converter with active-clamp reset (2002)

The forward converter with the active-clamp reset offers many advantages over the forward converters with other transformer-reset methods. However, during the line and load transients, the maximum magnetizing current of the transformer and the peak voltage of the primary switch are strongly affected by the active-clamp circuit dynamics. As a result, the design of a forward converter with the active-clamp reset cannot be optimized based only on its DC characteristics. Due to the nonlinearity of the circuit, it is very difficult to derive the closed-form equations for the transient response of the active-clamp circuit. In this paper, an average-state-trajectory approach is proposed to analyze the transient behavior so that the trends of the maximum magnetizing current of the transformer and the peak voltage of the primary switch can be easily predicted under worst-case conditions and parameter variations.
Preparation of PbTiO3 Thin Films by an Excimer Laser Ablation Technique with Second Laser Irradiation (1992)

Ferroelectric PbTiO 3 thin films have been formed on based electrodes of Pt or oxide superconductor ((La, Sr) 2 CuO 4 ) by an ArF excimer laser ablation technique. A second laser irradiation at the substrate surface is quite effective in the crystallization of the films at low substrate temperature below 400°C. The suitable energy density of the irradiation laser is in the range of 30-100 mJ/cm 2 . X-ray diffraction patterns of PbTiO 3 thin films show c -axis orientation, with FWHM (full width at half maximum) of rocking curve of 0.5°-1.0°. These films exhibit a ferroelectric hysteresis loop. The dielectric constant and remanent polarization of the PbTiO 3 films are in the range of 120-150 and 20-25 µC/cm 2 , respectively.
A novel topology for single phase active PFC circuit (2017)

This paper offers a new structure of active power factor correction (APFC) circuit that can be used in single phase AC/DC rectifiers. The proposed design concentrates on controlling the operation time of the main capacitor in such a way that the third order harmonic component can be eliminated at the input source side effectively. This method has been designed and simulated using LTspice-simulink program. The results show almost a unity power factor at the input side and a very small size PFC inductor used in the proposed circuit in comparing with a conventional boost circuit, which tremendously reduces the size and weight of the new converter. Simultaneously, the new topology gives a the ability to the users to change the output ripple DC voltage to be flexible in compromising with the input power factor by changing the duty cycle of MOSFET switches. Furthermore, the new circuit can works accurately without a snubber circuit as the freewheeling diode offers an alternative path for the current.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Dioxygen‐Driven C—C Bond Formation: Oxidative Dearomatization of 2‐Naphthols with Construction of a Chiral Quaternary Stereocenter. (2013)

Abstract This reaction proceeds via an asymmetric oxidative dearomatization and coupling to a nitroalkane to yield cyclic enones with all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters with good enantioselectivity.
An Exploratory Study Comparing the Hand Arm Vibration Exposures Measured from Bucking Bars using Traditional Tool-mounted Accelerometers and Wrist Worn IMUs (2019)

This controlled, exploratory laboratory study was conducted to measure hand-arm vibration (HAV) exposures when using a bucking bar fitted with three different handles: 1) a typical plastic handle, 2) a similarly designed handle with an aluminum core and a built-in dampening spring, and 3) a steel core handle with the same built-in spring. Using two experienced machinists, tri-axial HAV exposures were measured at the bucking bar handles; small, battery-powered, self-contained Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) were used to measure the vibration transmitted through the tool operator’s left and right arms; and a wearable device worn on the operator’s right wrist estimated the HAV exposures occurring at the tool handle. The plastic handle produced the highest HAV exposures while the aluminum-spring and steel spring handles reduced exposures by 19% and 39%, respectively. On average, 74%, 65% and 40% of the tool-measured vibration was transmitted to the right hand, forearm and upper arm, respectively. The wrist mounted sensor appeared to accurately estimate HAV exposures measured at the hand-tool interface.
Endogenous Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Is Required for Cardiac Differentiation in Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2010)

Background: Wnt/b-catenin signaling is an important regulator of differentiation and morphogenesis that can also control stem cell fates. Our group has developed an efficient protocol to generate cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem (ES) cells via induction with activin A and BMP4.
Pregnancy Rate after Timed Artificial Insemination in Early Post‐partum Dairy Cows after Ovsynch or Specific Synchronization Protocols (2004)

The present study was designed to compare the reproductive performance of pre-synchronized post-partum dairy cows subjected, either to the Ovsynch protocol without screening for ovarian status (control group), or to a specific oestrous synchronization protocol applied according to their ovarian status, as determined by transrectal ultrasound (experimental group). The study was conducted on 428 lactating dairy cows. Cows in the Ovsynch group (n = 205) were synchronized and time inseminated after receiving the Ovsynch protocol treatment. Cows in the specific synchronization (Ssynch) group (n = 223) were weekly subjected to transrectal ultrasound exams for 4 weeks, or until AI or starting treatment, and divided into four subgroups according to their ovarian status: (i). corpus luteum (CL) subgroup (n = 130), cows with a CL; (ii). natural oestrus (NE) subgroup (n = 58), cows showing NE; (iii). anovulatory follicles (AF) subgroup (n = 26), cows considered to have AF; and (iv). ovarian cysts (OC) subgroup (n = 9), cows with OC. Cows in the Ssynch group were synchronized and time inseminated following a specific oestrous synchronization protocol, or inseminated at NE. Logistic regression analysis was carried out for the dependent variables ovulation and pregnancy rates to first and to second AI (second AI: first AI + return AI). Cows subjected to Ssynch were 2.1 times more likely to become pregnant at first and at second AI compared with those synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol (P < 0.0001). Our results show that the response of post-partum pre-synchronized cows to a specific oestrous synchronization protocol applied according to their ovarian status is more effective than the response to the Ovsynch protocol applied without taking into account the ovarian status of the animals.
Comparison of different reconstruction methods for planar images in small gamma cameras (2011)

In this work we present a comparison of different methods for reconstructing the position of the events detected by gamma cameras with small Field of View. This task was completed within a project aimed to the development of an ultra high resolution, MR compatible PET detector camera head based on SiPM detector. It is well known that the spatial resolution deteriorates and the displacement error (defined as the deviation of the reconstructed position from the true position) increases at the edges of the detector. Here we investigate the possibility of improving the detector performance by using different reconstruction methods. The usual algorithm based on the barycenter fails to track the true position near the edges of the detector. We implemented and tested four different algorithms: the classic barycenter, a modified barycenter method where we consider not the charge collected, but the charge squared (named ``barycenter squared''), an algorithm based on the estimation of the skewness of the distribution of the light (``skewness''), and finally a method based on the minimization of the difference between the distribution of light and a suitable fitting function (``Newton''). It turns out that the use of reconstruction algorithms different from the classic barycenter can help to improve the performance of the system. In particular, the reconstruction error improves, especially at the edges of the detector. Our simulations show that it is feasible to get submillimeter planar spatial resolutions at the center of the detector and of about 1 mm at the edges of the detector.
ChemInform Abstract: New Antifungal 1,2,4‐Triazoles with Difluoro(heteroaryl)methyl Moiety. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fertilization of guinea pig eggs in vitro (1972)

Abstract Guinea pig eggs can be fertilized in vitro in a chemically defined medium originally developed by Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham for the cultivation of fertilized mouse eggs. When unfertilized eggs were inseminated in this medium (abbr. BWW) with fresh epididymal spermatozoa, sperm penetration occurred not earlier than two hours after insemination. Quick and efficient sperm penetration occurred when the eggs were inseminated with spermatozoa pre‐incubated in BWW for 11‐18 hours. Spermatozoa started to pass through the zona pellucida as early as 10‐15 minutes following insemination and all the eggs were penetrated by spermatozoa within one hour. The time needed for functional capacitation of guinea pig spermatozoa is estimated to be no less than two hours under the experimental conditions used, the optimal time possibly being 8‐12 hours or even longer. The possibility of in vitro sperm capacitation and fertilization of eggs in media much simpler than BWW (e.g., Earle's solution with or without albumin) is suggested.
Changes in Check Plot Yields over Time in Three Long-Term Winter Wheat Experiments (2019)

Long-term trials conducted by Oklahoma State University convey relevant information on the changes of yield over time. These changes might be due to different factors such as weather, soil organic matter or available nutrients. In long-term experiments, yield of the check plot (no fertilizer) can reveal added information about the environment when studied alone. Long-term trials can be used to evaluate trends that cannot be understood over short periods. Three long-term experiments (Experiment 502, Experiment 222 and Magruder Plots) were used to evaluate changes in check plot yields over time in continuous winter wheat. These changes were expected to provide a better understanding of fertilizer N response and yield potential. Check plots and nitrogen fertilized plots had similar variability over the years, with coefficient of variations (CVs) for both near 30%. Overall means for the check plot (Magruder Plots, Experiment 222 and Experiment 502) were 1072, 1078 and 1674 kg ha−1,respectively. The unpredictable variability in grain yields from year to year in both fertilized and unfertilized plots was further documented and that highlights the need for mid-season determination of fertilizer nitrogen rates. Unpredictable variability is thus expected and should be internalized at the outset of every planting season.
Charged particle distributions and heat transfer in a discharge between geometrically dissimilar electrodes: From breakdown to steady state (2000)

The low-current electric discharge from a fine wire anode to a planar cathode in atmospheric pressure air is numerically simulated from high-voltage prebreakdown through electron temperature growth, then ionization and consequent current growth to steady state, limited by a ballast resistor in the external circuit. Conservation of number (mass) for ions and electrons, Gauss’ law for the self-consistent electric field, and energy conservation for electrons have been solved from breakdown to steady state in a body fitted coordinate system generated specifically for these two geometrically dissimilar electrodes. To facilitate the discussion of the results, the discharge has been categorized under (a) electron acceleration period, (b) charged particle generation period, (c) current increase and voltage drop period, and (d) current and voltage stabilization period. Results are given for transient electron, ion, and temperature distributions in the gap as well as current growth and voltage drop across the gap. Heat flux from the discharge to the wire is calculated. The numerical simulations were compared with experiments performed under the same conditions on a wire bonding machine with very close correspondence.
An Attenuated Targeted-TNF Localizes to Tumors In Vivo and Regains Activity at the Site of Disease (2021)

Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines) are gaining importance for cancer therapy, but those products are often limited by systemic toxicity related to the activity of the cytokine payload in circulation and in secondary lymphoid organs. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is used as a pro-inflammatory payload to trigger haemorrhagic necrosis and boost anti-cancer immunity at the tumor site. Here we describe a depotentiated version of TNF (carrying the single point mutation I97A), which displayed reduced binding affinity to its cognate receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1) and lower biocidal activity. The fusion of the TNF(I97A) mutant to the L19 antibody promoted restoration of anti-tumor activity upon accumulation on the cognate antigen, the alternatively spliced EDB domain of fibronectin. In vivo administration of high doses (375 μg/Kg) of the fusion protein showed a potent anti-tumor effect without apparent toxicity compared with the wild type protein. L19-TNF<sup>I97A</sup> holds promise for the targeted delivery of TNF activity to neoplastic lesions, helping spare normal tissues.
Magnetic Properties of Organic Af-F Alternating Chains (1997)

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility and magnetic excitation of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic (AF-F) alternating chains are studied by the pair dynamical correlated-effective-field approximation. The static magnetic susceptibility x(T) vanishes at T = 0 K reflecting the existence of a gap between the singlet ground state and the excited states. At finite temperatures x(T) shows a broad maximum around the temperature corresponding to the exchange coupling. The calculated x(T) agrees fairly well with the results of exact diagonalization method for finite spins. The magnetic excitation exhibits a minimum value at q = ± π/2. This makes a striking contrast with the AF alternating chains in which the magnetic excitation has a minimum at q= 0 and q = π. The magnetic susceptibility of real S=½ organic AF-F chains, Cu(TIM)CuCl4 and [Cu(bpym)(OH)2]-2H2O, are analyzed by our method and inelastic neutron scattering spectra for these systems are calculated.
Liver tumorigenesis by Helicobacter hepaticus: considerations of mechanism. (1996)

A new animal model for the causation of liver tumors via a bacterial infection presented itself fortuitously in the form of a new species, Helicobacter hepaticus. This species of Helicobacter colonizes the hepatic bile canaliculi in susceptible strains of mice, resulting in hepatitis and hepatocellular and hepatocholangiolar adenomas and carcinomas. The mechanism by which this infection leads to cancer is unknown. Tests with Helicobacter hepaticus have revealed thus far that the bacteria do not secrete a mutagen which is capable of detection by the Ames Assay. Measurement of oxidatively damaged bases in the liver DNA of hepaticus infected mice have shown accumulation of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine with disease progression. Other promutagenic DNA lesions, 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine, indicative of nitrosation of endogenous amines by nitric oxide, were not detected. Analysis of carcinomas and adenomas taken from H. hepaticus infected A/JCr mice revealed no mutations in ras oncogenes or in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene. These preliminary results indicate that a non-genotoxic tumor promotion mechanism, possibly implemented by reactive oxygen species from the immune response, is more likely than a genotoxic mechanism.
The iron superoxide dismutase of Legionella pneumophila is essential for viability (1994)

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, contains two superoxide dismutases (SODs), a cytoplasmic iron enzyme (FeSOD) and a periplasmic copper-zinc SOD. To study the role of the FeSOD in L. pneumophila, the cloned FeSOD gene (sodB) was inactivated with Tn903dIIlacZ, forming a sodB::lacZ gene fusion. By using this fusion, expression of sodB was shown to be unaffected by a variety of conditions, including several that influence sod expression in Escherichia coli: aeration, oxidants, the redox cycling compound paraquat, manipulation of iron levels in the medium, and the stage of growth. A reproducible twofold decrease in sodB expression was found during growth on agar medium containing charcoal, a potential scavenger of oxyradicals, in comparison with growth on the same medium without charcoal. No induction was seen during growth in human macrophages. Additional copies of sodB+ in trans increased resistance to paraquat. Construction of a sodB mutant was attempted by allelic exchange of the sodB::lacZ fusion with the chromosomal copy of sodB. The mutant could not be isolated, and the allelic exchange was possible only if wild-type sodB was present in trans. These results indicate that the periplasmic copper-zinc SOD cannot replace the FeSOD. The data strongly suggest that sodB is an essential gene and that FeSOD is required for the viability of L. pneumophila. In contrast, Sod- mutants of E. coli and Streptococcus mutans grow aerobically and SOD is not required for viability in these species.
ChemInform Abstract: BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL) PEROXIDE FOR THE BAEYER‐VILLIGER TYPE OXIDATION (1982)

Abstract Ein Gemisch von Bis‐trimethylsilylperoxid (II) und Trimethylsilyl‐trifluormethansulfonat (III) wird zur Baeyer‐Vil1iger‐Oxidation von Ketonen (I) zu den Estern (IV) eingesetzt.
Identification of effective siRNA against K-ras in human pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa-2 by siRNA expression cassette (2005)

K1/siRNA and K2/siRNA can inhibit the expression of activated K-ras but K3/siRNA has no effect, demonstrating that K1/siRNA and K2/siRNA are effective sequences against K-ras gene and K3/siRNA are not. We conclude that specific siRNA against K-ras expression may be a powerful tool to be used therapeutically against human pancreatic cancer.
Estimation of Dynamical Noise Power in Unknown Systems (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Noise can be modeled as a sequence of random variables defined on a probability space that may add to a given dynamical system T that is a map on a phase space. In the nontrivial case of dynamical noise {ε&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;}&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;, where ε&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; ∈ N(0, σ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and the system output is x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; = T(x&lt;sub&gt;n−1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;n−2&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;)+ε&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;, without any specific knowledge/assumption on T, the quantitative estimation of noise power σ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is a challenge. Here, we introduce a formal method, based on nonlinear entropy profile, to estimate the dynamical noise power σ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; without knowledge on the specific T function. Time-series generated from Logistic maps and Pomeau-Manneville systems under different conditions are used to test the correctness of the method. Results demonstrate that the proposed estimation algorithm properly discerns different noise levels with no a priori information. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Numerical simluations, including sereis generation, are performed with MATLAB.&lt;/p&gt;
Synthesis and Reactions of Biginelli-Compounds, Part II. Nitration of 6-Methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-pyrimidinecarboxylates (1989)

The nitration of tetrahydro-5-pyrimidinecarboxylates (Biginelli-Compounds2) 1 and 4 does not yield 5-nitro-
Superconducting quantum interference device measurements of dilute magnetic materials in biological samples (2005)

Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers are very high precision instruments: for example, the Quantum Design MPMS-7 instrument capable of measuring an absolute magnetization of ≈10−7to10−11emu (10−10to10−14Am2), corresponding to better than ≈1ng of magnetite, Fe3O4. However, in biological samples, such precision is rarely achieved. In the presence of ≈100mg of biological tissue there is a diamagnetic contribution of ≈−9×10−9emu∕Oe so that at 10kOe the measurement of 1ng of magnetite in 100mg of tissue has its precision reduced by a factor of 10, with a loss in accuracy of a factor of 2.5. The extra volume of the biological material also reduces accuracy, typically by ≈25%. We describe here a measurement protocol that increases the obtainable precision and improves accuracy by a factor of 5, and which limits the sample volume effects to ≈2%–3%. This then allows accurate measurement of magnetic biominerals in a biological/diamagnetic matrix. Details on how to prepare, mount, and accurately measure dilute magnetic samples are given. The improvement in data quality comes at the cost of extended measurement periods and slightly increased helium consumption.
Development of a Toolkit for the Analysis and Design of Composite Pressure Vessels (2012)

This work presents the development of a toolkit for the analysis and design of composite pressure vessels. The toolkit is developed in APDL (ANSYS parametric design language) to work inside ANSYS. In addition to the macros in APDL, a graphical user interface is developed in Tk/Tcl to access the toolkit. The toolkit includes a tool for composite material analysis with the method of cells, developed and implemented to get laminae properties from fiber and matrix properties. A shell elements tool and a hexahedral elements tool were implemented to generate 3D type 3 (metal lined) or type 4 (plastic lined) fiber reinforced pressure vessel models. A mixed Tsai-Wu and maximum stress tool was also implemented in the toolkit to predict composite failure. In addition to these tools, there are two scripts to model honeycomb as well as an algorithm to perform a netting analysis.