gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen from Biomass Gasification for Utilization in Oil Refineries (2012)

If taxes fees and other restriction on fossil fuels are not considered the cost for the fuels produced from biomass gasification will still be higher than that of oil-based fuels or natural gas for next decades.Nevertheless, there is room for other application of the biomass gasification followed by gas upgrading rather than fuel production. The proposed idea is a gasification-upgrading process optimized for hydrogen production, intended for the integration in an oil refinery. Driving forces for the introduction of this process are; 1, thedependency of the crude oil price on the sulfur content, 2, making use of low temperature waste heat and 3, the possibility to utilize existing infrastructure to introduce renewable energy sources (RES) in the refinery.The hydrodesulfurization of the refined petroleum productsrequires pure hydrogen, which is usually obtained from the one contained in the oil itself. Crude oils with unfavorable sulfur to hydrogen ratio have a lower price on the market, but they require extra hydrogen for the desulfurization process. Hence, there is roomfor introducing an extra source of hydrogen from a RES as biomass. Despite the technological challenge introduction of a new process causes, a high marginal profit can be achieved from the purchase of low price crude oil with high sulfur content.The process proposed in this work is suitable for integration, since it requires mainly low temperature heat (150 °C) which is abundant in an oil refinery and a small amount of electricity. The gasification process could then be seen as a perfect heat sink for low temperature waste heat, which otherwise usually is lost due to heatexchanging with the surrounding air.
Electric Analog Circuit Design with Hypernetworks and a Differential\n Simulator (2019)

The manual design of analog circuits is a tedious task of parameter tuning\nthat requires hours of work by human experts. In this work, we make a\nsignificant step towards a fully automatic design method that is based on deep\nlearning. The method selects the components and their configuration, as well as\ntheir numerical parameters. By contrast, the current literature methods are\nlimited to the parameter fitting part only. A two-stage network is used, which\nfirst generates a chain of circuit components and then predicts their\nparameters. A hypernetwork scheme is used in which a weight generating network,\nwhich is conditioned on the circuit's power spectrum, produces the parameters\nof a primal RNN network that places the components. A differential simulator is\nused for refining the numerical values of the components. We show that our\nmodel provides an efficient design solution, and is superior to alternative\nsolutions.\n
P-B01 First Inventory of Access and Quality of Metabolic Surgery across Europe (2021)

Abstract Background Europe consists of 51 independent countries. Variation in healthcare regulations results in differing challenges faced by patients and professionals. The obesity pandemic has multiple health, economic and social implications. However, metabolic surgery is not universally accessible, with significant variations in its provision. This study aimed to gain insight into compliance with international guidelines; the accessibility and barriers to surgery; patient pathways and qualitor indicators of both metabolic and body contouring surgery after weight loss in different European countries. Methods This study was initiated during the European Obesity Academy (EOA). Expert representatives in the metabolic field from all 51 European countries were sent a novel, 37-item, electronic self-administered online questionnaire on their data and experiences from the previous year exploring accessibility to and quality indicators for metabolic surgery and body contouring surgery after weight loss. The survey tool was peer-reviewed by experienced researchers and piloted by fifteen experienced researchers with a spread of seniority and specialty. Content and face validity were ensured by peer-review and the piloting process. 45 completed responses were collected. Results 68% of countries had eligibility criteria for metabolic surgery; 59% adhered to these. 46% had reimbursement criteria for metabolic surgery. 41% had eligibility criteria for plastic surgery and 31% reimbursement criteria. Average tariffs for a metabolic procedure varied (€800-€ 16000). MDTs were mandated in 78%, with team members varying significantly. Referral practises differed. In 45% metabolic surgery is performed by pure metabolic surgeons. 23% had a metabolic training program. Access to metabolic surgery was rated poor/ very poor in 33%. 35% had a bariatric registry. 24% required a minimum procedure number for metabolic centres; varying from 25 to 200 procedures. Conclusions This is the first study to describe accessibility and quality data on metabolic and body contouring surgery from most European countries. There are myriad differences between European countries in terms of accessibility to metabolic surgery. Lack of funding, education and structure fuels this disparity. We hope this study will impact standardisation of access and quality indicators for metabolic and body contouring surgery across European countries, as well as be a springboard for further evaluation of international metabolic surgery practices.
Introduction (2003)

The Export-Import Bank of the United States is the government's official export credit agency (ECA). Throughout its history the Bank has promoted the financial needs of American exporters, but it has also served the goals of policy makers in the White House, as well as the Departments of the Treasury, State, and War (later Defense). In that sense, Ex-Im was not atypical when compared to the ECAs of other governments. What has been unusual in Ex-Im's history was the need to compete with foreign ECAs, which were the products of different political economies, serving governments that often had domestic and foreign agendas unlike those of the United States. Ex-Im has avoided competing with private sector institutions. That stricture, a part of its early congressional mandate, has shaped a government institution keenly attuned to the practices of financial market institutions. Additionally, the Bank focused on market principles because of the requirement that its lending be based on the assumption of a reasonable assurance of repayment.
Dynamical Multistability Induced by Radiation Pressure in High-Finesse Micromechanical Optical Cavities (2006)

We analyze the nonlinear dynamics of a high-finesse optical cavity in which one mirror is mounted on a flexible mechanical element. We find that this system is governed by an array of dynamical attractors, which arise from phase locking between the mechanical oscillations of the mirror and the ringing of the light intensity in the cavity. We develop an analytical theory to map out the diagram of attractors in parameter space, derive the slow amplitude dynamics of the system, including thermal fluctuations, and suggest a scheme for exploiting the dynamical multistability in the measurement of small displacements.
Bioaerosol Transport Modeling and Risk Assessment in Relation to Biosolid Placement (2000)

Abstract A field study was performed in which bioaerosols were sampled at a field site undergoing land placement of anaerobically digested, de‐watered biosolid material. The data from these field studies were then used to generate microbial release rates from the biosolids for use in modeling bioaerosol transport. Continuous‐point sources represented by large biosolid piles (temporary storage before placement) in the field, and continuous‐area sources represented by large fields upon which biosolids were placed by spraying, were modeled using microbial transport models; and downwind microbial concentrations were generated. These quantified transport data were then entered into microbial dose‐response models in an attempt to characterize the risk of pathogenic bacteria and viruses infecting workers and nearby population centers. The risk of viral and bacterial infection to workers at biosolid land application sites is 3:100 and 2:100, respectively, under 2‐m/s wind conditions and 1 hr of exposure. The route of exposure proposed in this model is the transport, inhalation, deposition, and swallowing of bacterial or viral pathogens. Note that these risk models by nature would tend to overestimate the actual risk to populations (wastewater workers) consisting primarily of immunocompetent individuals. Under these low‐wind conditions, nearby population centers where such immunocompetent populations may exist (here considered to be 10 000 m from the land application sites) are predicted to be at little risk (1.95 × 10 − :100) of infection from aerosolized bacteria and at no risk from aerosolized viruses.
Potassium-channel activation in response to low doses of gamma-irradiation involves reactive oxygen intermediates in nonexcitatory cells. (1993)

Active oxygen species are generated during pathophysiologic conditions such as inflammation and ionizing radiation exposure. We tested the hypothesis that an early cellular event in response to these species involves regulation of ion channels. We exposed cells to gamma-irradiation or treated them with hydrogen peroxide, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, or [3H]thymidine and then monitored channel activity by the technique of whole-cell voltage clamping. Recordings showed that both normal and tumor cells exhibit an increase in K+ currents after treatment with radiation, H2O2, and xanthine/xanthine oxidase but not with high specific activity [3H]thymidine, suggesting that the signal for K+ channel activation originates at the cell membrane. A single noncytotoxic dose of 10 cGy induced measurable levels of K+ currents, suggesting that the induction of currents regulates biochemical changes in response to stress. To test whether channel activity is sensitive to active oxygen species, we pretreated cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) to increase cellular pools of free radical scavengers before radiation. In NAC-pretreated cells, K+ channel activation by gamma-irradiation was abolished. It has previously been shown that protein kinase C (PKC) is activated by ionizing radiation and can regulate K+ channels in some cells. However, the effect of radiation on induction of K+ channel activity was independent of PKC, since cells chronically exposed to phorbol esters still produced K+ currents after radiation. These results suggest that an early cellular response to oxidative stress is the activation of K+ channels.
12 Polyanilinemediated heterogeneous catalysis in the preparation of heterocyclic derivatives through carbon–heteroatom bond formations (2022)

12 Polyanilinemediated heterogeneous catalysis in the preparation of heterocyclic derivatives through carbon–heteroatom bond formations was published in Volume 1 Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Heteroatom on page 353.
Anthropogenic Modifications and River Ecosystem Services: A Landscape Perspective (2020)

The process of development has led to the modification of river landscapes. This has created imbalances between ecological, economic, and socio-cultural uses of ecosystem services (ESs), threatening the biotic and social integrity of rivers. Anthropogenic modifications influence river landscapes on multiple scales, which impact river-flow regimes and thus the production of river ESs. Despite progress in developing approaches for the valuation ecosystem goods and services, the ecosystem service research fails to acknowledge the biophysical structure of river landscape where ecosystem services are generated. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature to develop the understanding of the biocomplexity of river landscapes and its importance in ecosystem service research. The review is limited to anthropogenic modifications from catchment to reach scale which includes inter-basin water transfer, change in land-use pattern, sub-surface modifications, groundwater abstractions, stream channelization, dams, and sand mining. Using 86 studies, the paper demonstrates that river ESs largely depend on the effective functioning of biophysical processes, which are linked with the geomorphological, ecological, and hydrological characteristics of river landscapes. Further, the ESs are linked with the economic, ecological, and socio-cultural aspect. The papers show that almost all anthropogenic modifications have positive impact on economic value of ESs. The ecological and socio-cultural values are negatively impacted by anthropogenic modifications such as dams, inter-basin water transfer, change in land-use pattern, and sand mining. The socio-cultural impact of ground-water abstraction and sub-surface modifications are not found in the literature examined here. Further, the ecological and socio-cultural aspects of ecosystem services from stakeholders’ perspective are discussed. We advocate for linking ecosystem service assessment with landscape signatures considering the socio-ecological interactions.
Undescended testes: Diagnosis and timely treatment in Australia (1995-2014). (2017)

For patients aged DISCUSSION: The rate of orchidopexy per age has decreased in patients aged 5-14 years over the past 20 years, possibly indicating that acquired UDT is not being diagnosed and treated in some boys, risking infertility in adulthood.
The Effects of Small Ice Crystals on Cirrus Infrared Radiative Properties (1992)

Using a model that combines single-scattering properties for spheroidal and hexagonal ice crystals, the thermal infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds have been investigated. Infrared scattering and absorption properties for randomly oriented spheroids and hexagons are parameterized based on the anomalous diffraction theory and a geometric ray-tracing method, respectively. Using observed ice crystal size distributions, upwelling radiances at the top of cirrus cloudy atmospheres have been computed. Results show that the presence of small ice crystals can produce significant brightness temperature differences between two infrared wavelengths in the 10-μm window. Theoretical results have been compared with observed brightness temperature differences between 8.35 and 11.16 μm and between 11.16 and 12 μm. The observed values were obtained from the High-Spectral Resolution Interferometer Sounder. It is shown that the use of the present nonspherical model for ice crystals in radiative transfer calculations leads to a significantly better interpretation of the observed data than does the use of the spherical model.
Optical pattern recognition: architectures and techniques (1996)

This article addresses the development of and recent advances in the rapidly growing field of optical pattern recognition. In optical pattern recognition there are two basic approaches; namely, matched filtering and associative memories. The first employs optical correlator architectures and the latter uses optical neural networks (NNs). This paper reviews various types of optical correlators and NNs applied to real-time pattern recognition and autonomous tracking. Techniques of scale and rotational invariant filtering are also given. Recent approaches using wavelet transform filtering, phase only filtering, high capacity composite filters and phase representation for improvement in pattern discrimination are also provided.
A high speed data acquisition and processing system for real time data analysis and control (1992)

A high speed data acquisition system which is closely coupled with a high speed digital processor is described. Data acquisition at a rate of 40 million 14 bit data values per second is possible simultaneously with data processing at a rate of 80 million floating point operations per second. This is achieved by coupling a commercially available VME format single board computer based on the Intel i860 microprocessor with a custom designed first-in, first-out memory circuit that transfers data at high speed to the processor board memory. Parallel processing to achieve increased computation speed is easily implemented because the data can be transferred simultaneously to multiple processor boards. Possible applications include high speed process control and real time data reduction. A specific example is described in which this hardware is used to implement a feedback control system for 18 parameters which uses 100 input signals and achieves a 100 μs cycle time.
Chemical coal cleaning process and costs refinement for coal-water slurry manufacture. Semi-annual progress report (1985)

The Department of Energy, through the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), has initiated a program to determine the feasibility and potential applications for direct firing of coal and coal-derived fuels in heat engines, specifically gas turbines and diesel engines. AMAX Extractive Research and Development, Inc. supplied METC with two lots of highly beneficiated coal slurry fuel for use in the Heat Engines programs. One of the lots was of ultra-clean coal-water slurry fuel (UCCSF) for which a two-stage caustic and acid leaching procedure was developed to chemically clean the coal. As a part of the contract, AMAX R and D developed a conceptual design and preliminary cost estimate for a commercial-scale process for UCCSF manufacture. The contract was extended to include the following objectives: define chemical cleaning and slurry preparation process conditions and costs more precisely; investigate methods to reduce the product cost; and determine the relationship, in dollars per million Btu, between product cost and fuel quality. Laboratory investigations have been carried out to define the chemical cleaning process conditions required to generate fuels containing from 0.17 to 1.0% ash. Capital and operating cost refinements are to be performed on the basis of the preferred process operating conditions identifiedmore » during the laboratory investigations. Several such areas for cost reductions have been identified. Caustic strengths from 2 to 7% NaOH are currently anticipated while 25% NaOH was used as the basis for the preliminary cost estimate. In addition, leaching times for each of the process steps have been reduced to half or less of the times used for the preliminary cost estimate. Improvement of fuel quality has been achieved by use of a proprietary hot-water leaching step to reduce the residual alkali content to less than 250 ppM (Na/sub 2/O plus K/sub 2/O) on a dry coal basis. 2 refs., 3 figs., 24 tabs.« less
Smad-mediated Transcription Is Required for Transforming Growth Factor-β1-induced p57Kip2 Proteolysis in Osteoblastic Cells (2001)

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory proteins (CKIs) are negative regulators of the cell cycle. Of all CKIs, only p57(Kip2) plays an essential role(s) that other CKIs cannot compensate for in embryonic development. Recently, we found that p57(Kip2) is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in osteoblastic cells stimulated to proliferation by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 (Urano, T., Yashiroda, H., Muraoka, M., Tanaka, K., Hosoi, T., Inoue, S., Ouchi, Y., and Toyoshima, H. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 12197-12200). We report here that TGF-beta1-induced p57(Kip2) proteolysis is mediated through transcription by the Smad pathway. When the constitutively active form of the TGF-beta type I receptor ALK-5(TD) was ectopically expressed in osteoblastic cells, p57(Kip2) that had been accumulated by serum starvation causing the cell-cycle arrest was rapidly degraded in a manner analogous to TGF-beta1 stimulation. Moreover, Smad2 or Smad3 with Smad4 enhanced the proteolytic pathway of p57(Kip2). The degradation of p57(Kip2) evoked by TGF-beta1 was blocked by forced expression of an inhibitory Smad called Smad7 or by the addition of actinomycin D or alpha-amanitin. These results indicate that accelerated degradation of p57(Kip2) by TGF-beta1/Smad signaling is mediated through a newly synthesized factor(s) that modifies p57(Kip2) or the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
In Situ Laser-Furnace TOF Mass Spectrometry of C36and the Large-Scale Production by Arc-Discharge (2000)

A greatly improved synthesis of C36, obtained as its hydrides C36H4 and C36H6 and oxyhydrides C36H4O and C36H6O, via a high- temperature laser vaporization (laser-furnace) method and the conventional DC arc-discharge method is reported. We have found that doping metal catalysts such as Ni/Co or Ni/Y into the laser target graphite rod or the DC arc-discharge electrode, respectively, significantly enhanced the production of C36 species; the methods have been known for efficient production methods of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The results suggest that the catalytic formation of C36 species and SWNTs is closely related with each other in their early stage of formation. Furthermore, a molecular C36H6 gives C18H3 (m/z = 219) as a magic fragment upon desorption/ionization. By using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), C36H6 was purified (99%) in milligram quantity for the first time. The purified C36H6 exists as a cluster-assembled material such as oligomers or clusters in the solid state, not as a molecular crystal such as C60.
Yeast Models for the Study of Amyloid-Associated Disorders and Development of Future Therapy (2019)

First described almost two decades ago, the pioneering yeast models of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, have become well-established research tools, providing both basic mechanistic insights as well as a platform for the development of therapeutic agents. These maladies are associated with the formation of aggregative amyloid protein structures showing common characteristics, such as the assembly of soluble oligomeric species, binding of indicative dyes, and apoptotic cytotoxicity. The canonical yeast models have recently been expanded by the establishment of a model for type II diabetes, a non-neurological amyloid-associated disease. While these model systems require the exogenous expression of mammalian proteins in yeast, an additional amyloid-associated disease model, comprising solely mutations of endogenous yeast genes, has been recently described. Mutated in the adenine salvage pathway, this yeast model exhibits adenine accumulation, thereby recapitulating adenine inborn error of metabolism disorders. Moreover, in line with the recent extension of the amyloid hypothesis to include metabolite amyloids, in addition to protein-associated ones, the intracellular assembly of adenine amyloid-like structures has been demonstrated using this yeast model. In this review, we describe currently available yeast models of diverse amyloid-associated disorders, as well as their impact on our understanding of disease mechanisms and contribution to future potential drug development.