gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extraction and recovery of plutonium and americium from nitric acid waste solutions by the TRUEX process - continuing development studies (1985)

This report summarizes the work done to date on the application of the TRUEX solvent extraction process for removing and separately recovering plutonium and americium from a nitric acid waste solution containing these elements, uranium, and a complement of inert metal ions. This simulated waste stream is typical of a raffinate from a tributyl phosphate (TBP)-based solvent extraction process for removing uranium and plutonium from dissolved plutonium-containing metallurgical scrap. The TRUEX process solvent in these experiments was a solution of TBP and octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) dissolved in carbon tetrachloride. A flowsheet was designed on the basis of measured batch distribution ratios to reduce the TRU content of the solidified raffinate to less than or equal to 10 nCi/g and was tested in a countercurrent experiment performed in a 14-stage Argonne-model centrifugal contractor. The process solvent was recycled without cleanup. An unexpectedly high evaporative loss of CCl/sub 4/ resulted in concentration of the active extractant, CMPO, to nearly 0.30M in the solvent. Results are consistent with this higher CMPO concentration. The raffinate contained only 2 nCi/g of TRU, but the higher CMPO concentration resulted in reduced effectiveness in the stripping of americium from the solvent. Conditions can be easily adjusted to give high yields and good separation of americium and plutonium. Experimental studies of the hydrolytic and gamma-radiolytic degradation of the TRUEX-CCl/sub 4/ showed that solvent degradation would be (1) minimal for a year of processing this typical feed, which contained no fission products, and (2) could be explained almost entirely by hydrolytic and radiolytic damage to TBP. Even for gross amounts of solvent damage, scrubbing with aqueous sodium carbonate solution restored the original americium extraction and stripping capability of the solvent. 43 refs., 5 figs., 36 tabs.
Highly efficient binary copper−iron catalyst for photoelectrochemical carbon dioxide reduction toward methane (2020)

A rational design of an electrocatalyst presents a promising avenue for solar fuels synthesis from carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) fixation but is extremely challenging. Herein, we use density functional theory calculations to study an inexpensive binary copper-iron catalyst for photoelectrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction toward methane. The calculations of reaction energetics suggest that Cu and Fe in the binary system can work in synergy to significantly deform the linear configuration of CO<sub>2</sub> and reduce the high energy barrier by stabilizing the reaction intermediates, thus spontaneously favoring CO<sub>2</sub> activation and conversion for methane synthesis. Experimentally, the designed CuFe catalyst exhibits a high current density of -38.3 mA⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> using industry-ready silicon photoelectrodes with an impressive methane Faradaic efficiency of up to 51%, leading to a distinct turnover frequency of 2,176 h<sup>-1</sup> under air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5G) one-sun illumination.
Outlier analysis for understanding process variations and probable defects (2022)

To understand extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography performance of various materials (resists, underlayers etc) or processes (bake, development etc.) in terms of process window (PW) and defectivity, we typically use e-beam based tools (e.g., CDSEM) or optical inspection and defect reviews. The optical inspections can scan large areas quickly to pick up potential defects but give little information about the defect’s morphology. The e-beam inspections provide us with metrology information (CD, PW etc.) and detailed defect characteristics, but is very slow. To connect this gap, i.e., to be able to make high-level projections about process window variations and probable defectivity while scanning small area quickly, we need an intermediate analysis methodology bridging optical inspection and CDSEM analysis. With this objective, we present a new data analysis methodology for understanding process variations and probabilities of developing defects, by performing statistical analysis of the local CD variations for line/spaces patterned using EUV lithography. The local CDs obtained from a CDSEM image are assumed to follow the normal distribution curve. The deviations from the distribution i.e., the outlier local CD data, represent potential bridge and break defects and can help identify the probabilities of obtaining these defects for a process, material, condition etc. The outlier counts are obtained by performing statistical hypothesis testing (e.g., generalized extreme studentized deviate test) of the local CDs. Additional metrics such as p-value of the Shapiro-Wilk hypothesis test for local CD distribution are also measured to quantify the degree of normality of the distribution. Using these metrics, we compared different resists, underlayers and L/S pitches to demonstrate the novel utility of this data analysis method in understanding process variations and finding probable defects. We also demonstrate the validity of this analysis method by correlating the obtained outlier count with the standardized line roughness measurements and defectivity counts.
The evolution of virtualization (2009)

Virtualization is moving out of the data center and making inroads with mobile computing, security, and software delivery.
Optimized multi-attribute co-design for maximizing efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (2015)

A key task in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is to deliver specific information about a spatial phenomenon of interest. However, in WSNs the operating conditions and/or user requirements are often desired to be evolvable, whether driven by changes of the monitored parameters or WSN properties. To this end, few sensor nodes sample the phenomenon and transmit the acquired samples, typically multihop, to the application through a gateway called sink. Accurately representing the physical phenomenon and reliably, timely delivering the user required information comes at the cost of higher energy as additional messages are required. This work proposes a tunable co-design for network optimization to avoid under or over provision of information and interaction of the attributes and their effects on each other. We validate the approach viability through analytical modeling, simulations for a range of requirements.
Redemption of autoreactive B cells (2014)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
A feasibility study for MRI guided CMUT-based intracardiac echocardiography catheters (2017)

This paper presents an catheter prototype developed for testing feasibility of intracardiac echography (ICE) in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. The presented catheter includes a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array at its tip, a 1m long catheter body with μ-coax cable based connections to a handle. The handle contains ultrasound pulser circuitry to generate the excitation pulse and receiver front-end to amplify the received ultrasound echo signals. The catheter tip also includes a tracking coil which is connected to the MRI system after it is routed through the handle. The catheter prototype is tested with imaging experiments under 1.5T open magnet MRI system. The visibility of the catheter under MRI is demonstrated through imaging of tracking coil signal without distorting the rest of the image. Ultrasound pulse/echo operation capability is successfully tested before and after MRI experiments indicating the feasibility of an ICE catheter that can be tracked under MRI.
Comparative Preclinical Evaluation of Peptide-Based Chelators for the Labeling of DARPin G3 with 99mTc for Radionuclide Imaging of HER2 Expression in Cancer (2022)

Non-invasive radionuclide imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) expression in breast, gastroesophageal, and ovarian cancers may stratify patients for treatment using HER2-targeted therapeutics. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are a promising type of targeting probe for radionuclide imaging. In clinical studies, the DARPin [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Tc-(HE)<sub>3</sub>-G3 labeled using a peptide-based chelator His-Glu-His-Glu-His-Glu ((HE)<sub>3</sub>), provided clear imaging of HER2 expressing breast cancer 2-4 h after injection. The goal of this study was to evaluate if the use of cysteine-containing peptide-based chelators Glu-Glu-Glu-Cys (E<sub>3</sub>C), Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys (G<sub>3</sub>C), and Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Cys connected via a (Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)<sub>3</sub>-linker (designated as G3-(G<sub>3</sub>S)<sub>3</sub>C) would further improve the contrast of imaging using <sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled derivatives of G3. The labeling of the new variants of G3 provided a radiochemical yield of over 95%. Labeled G3 variants bound specifically to human HER2-expressing cancer cell lines with affinities in the range of 1.9-5 nM. Biodistribution of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Tc-G3-G<sub>3</sub>C, [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Tc-G3-(G<sub>3</sub>S)<sub>3</sub>C, and [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Tc-G3-E<sub>3</sub>C in mice was compared with the biodistribution of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Tc-(HE)<sub>3</sub>-G3. It was found that the novel variants provide specific accumulation in HER2-expressing human xenografts and enable discrimination between tumors with high and low HER2 expression. However, [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Tc-(HE)<sub>3</sub>-G3 provided better contrast between tumors and the most frequent metastatic sites of HER2-expressing cancers and is therefore more suitable for clinical applications.
Tuning Band Gap Energies in Pb3(C6X6) Extended Solid-State Structures (2012)

A detailed plane-wave density functional theory investigation of the solid-state properties of the extended organometallic system Pb3C6X6 for X = O, S, Se, and Te has been performed. Initial geometry parameters for the Pb–X and C–X bond distances were obtained from optimized calculations on molecular fragment models. The Pb3C6X6 extended-solid molecular structures were constructed in the space group P6/mmm on the basis of the known structure for X = S. Ground-state geometries, band gap energies, densities of states, and charge densities were calculated with the PBE-generalized gradient exchange-correlation functional and the HSE06 hybrid exchange-correlation functional. The PBE band gap energies were found to be lower than the HSE06 values by >0.7 eV. The band energies at points of high symmetry along the first Brillouin zone in the crystal were larger than the overall band gap of the system. Pb3C6O6 was predicted to be a direct semiconductor (Γ point) with a PBE band gap of 0.28 eV and an HSE06 band gap of 1.06 eV. Pb3C6S6 and Pb3C6Se6 were predicted to have indirect band gaps. The PBE band gap for Pb3C6S6 was 0.98 eV, and the HSE06 band gap was 1.91 eV. The HSE06 value is in good agreement with the experimentally observed band gap of 1.7 eV. Pb3C6Se6 has a PBE band gap of 0.56 eV and a HSE06 band gap of 1.41 eV. Pb3C6Te6 was predicted to be metallic with both of the PBE and HSE06 functionals. A detailed analysis of the PBE band structure and partial density of states at two points before and after the metallic behavior reveals a change in orbital character indicative of band crossing in Pb3C6Te6. These results show that the band gap energies can be fine-tuned by changing the substituent X atom.
Substitution of medical cannabis for pharmaceutical agents for pain, anxiety, and sleep (2017)

A prior epidemiological study identified a reduction in opioid overdose deaths in US states that legalized medical cannabis (MC). One theory to explain this phenomenon is a potential substitution effect of MC for opioids. This study evaluated whether this substitution effect of MC for opioids also applies to other psychoactive medications. New England dispensary members ( n = 1,513) completed an online survey about their medical history and MC experiences. Among respondents that regularly used opioids, over three-quarters (76.7%) indicated that they reduced their use since they started MC. This was significantly ( p < 0.0001) greater than the patients that reduced their use of antidepressants (37.6%) or alcohol (42.0%). Approximately two-thirds of patients decreased their use of anti-anxiety (71.8%), migraine (66.7%), and sleep (65.2%) medications following MC which significantly ( p < 0.0001) exceeded the reduction in antidepressants or alcohol use. The patient's spouse, family, and other friends were more likely to know about their MC use than was their primary care provider. In conclusion, a majority of patients reported using less opioids as well as fewer medications to treat anxiety, migraines, and sleep after initiating MC. A smaller portion used less antidepressants or alcohol. Additional research is needed to corroborate these self-reported, retrospective, cross-sectional findings using other data sources.
Tools of the Ethylene Trade: A Chemical Kit to Influence Ethylene Responses in Plants and Its Use in Agriculture (2019)

Abstract The simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, ethylene or ethene, is one of the most widely produced organic chemicals worldwide. It serves as a building block for various materials and chemicals, including plastics, ethanol, detergents, and many more. Strikingly, it also acts as a signaling molecule in virtually all physiological processes and during all developmental stages in plant life. Plant biologists consider ethylene to have a tripartite role in plant development; this gaseous molecule can serve as a plant growth regulator, an aging hormone, and as a stress controller, aiding in defense against both biotic and abiotic stressors. Therefore, the regulation of the ethylene status is indispensable in both agricultural and horticultural practices. Since its discovery as a phytohormone, many chemicals have been developed that are able to affect ethylene responses in plants. Here, an extensive overview of the current toolbox of ethylene regulators, their discovery, function, and applications in both the agri‐ and horticultural field is presented. Furthermore, possibilities and considerations related to novel small molecules, such as those emerging from the chemical genetics field, are discussed.
Catalytic (2 + 2)-Cycloaddition Reactions of Silyl Enol Ethers. A Convenient and Stereoselective Method for Cyclobutane Ring Formation (2003)

An efficient catalytic (2 + 2)-cycloaddition reaction leading to the formation of cyclobutane rings has been devised. The process transforms silyl enol ethers and alpha,beta-unsaturated esters into polysubstituted cyclobutanes with a high degree of trans-stereoselectivity. Both the rate and stereoselectivity of the process can be controlled by the choice of the ester group and silyl substituents. The results of stereochemical studies show that the cycloaddition step in this reaction proceeds in a nonstereospecific manner and, thus, by a pathway involving sequential nucleophilic additions via a short-lived zwitterionic intermediate.
The Ideal Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge for the Direct Determination of Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions, Part I: The Concept (2017)

Described is a procedure for the thermodynamically rigorous, experimental determination of the Gibbs energy of transfer of single ions between solvents. The method is based on potential difference measurements between two electrochemical half cells with different solvents connected by an ideal ionic liquid salt bridge (ILSB). Discussed are the specific requirements for the IL with regard to the procedure, thus ensuring that the liquid junction potentials (LJP) at both ends of the ILSB are mostly canceled. The remaining parts of the LJPs can be determined by separate electromotive force measurements. No extra-thermodynamic assumptions are necessary for this procedure. The accuracy of the measurements depends, amongst others, on the ideality of the IL used, as shown in our companion paper Part II.
Co-optimisation of the heliostat field and receiver for concentrated solar power plants (2023)

In a concentrated solar power (CSP) tower plant, it is essential to understand the performance of the subsystem formed by the heliostat field and the receiver, operated with an optimal aiming strategy that guarantees the safety and lifetime of the receiver while maximising performance. State-of-the-art studies optimise the heliostat field, aiming strategy and the receiver independently. However, the field and the receiver are interdependent and co-optimisation of the field-receiver subsystem is necessary to obtain the optimal configuration. Fast and accurate annual performance assessments of the subsystem are needed to calculate the annual energy output and the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) of the full CSP system. In this study, a co-optimisation method is proposed based on coupled instantaneous optical, thermal and mechanical models integrated into a system-level model for annual simulation of full system and economics. The resulting system-model is then used for design optimisation based on a genetic algorithm. Several techniques are implemented to make this complex and computationally expensive problem tractable. The proposed method is used to optimise the design of two systems composed of a surround field and a liquid sodium-cooled cylindrical external receiver for first the annual performance and then the LCOE. The good behaviour of the method is confirmed by a sensitivity study. The LCOE-based optimisation leads to a less efficient system than the efficiency-based optimisation but a higher capacity factor. The methods presented are applicable to other CSP plant configurations, including state-of-art molten salt power tower plants.
Preoperative transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. (2012)

Preoperative TACE should not be routinely applied for HCC.
Indoor Positioning Using Angle of Departure Information (2015)

I detta examensarbete undersöks möjligheten att kunna använda en positioneringsmetod som inte enbart förlitar sig på den uppmätta signalstyrkan. Istället används en metod som bestämmer från vilken vinkel en signal uppkommer ifrån. Den här tekniken kallas för direction-finding. När informationen om signalens vinkel fastställts används den i ett positioningsfilter som uppskattar positionen. Två tillvägagångssätt har använts i den här rapporten, ett där enbart vinkeln används och ett där både signalstyrka och vinkel används.
An Evaluation of the Advanced RAIM Threat Model (2023)

Protection Levels in RAIM and Advanced RAIM are designed to protect against worst-case biases in the satellite or combination of satellites that could be faulted. When examining the curves of probability of missed detection as a function of magnitude, this may seem to be an excessively conservative requirement, given that the fault biases are unknown (and therefore random to a certain extent). In this note, we consider relaxations of this worst-case requirement by assuming that the fault biases have known distribution. We find that even optimistic distributions of the fault biases are unlikely to yield significant benefits in typical ARAIM scenarios.
Real-time method for bronchoscope motion measurement and tracking (2011)

Bronchoscopy-guidance systems have been shown to improve the success rate of bronchoscopic procedures. A key technical cornerstone of bronchoscopy-guidance systems is the synchronization between the virtual world, derived from a patient's three-dimensional (3D) multidetector computed-tomography (MDCT) scan, and the real world, derived from the bronchoscope video during a live procedure. Two main approaches for synchronizing these worlds exist: electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) and image-based bronchoscopy. ENB systems require considerable extra hardware, and both approaches have drawbacks that hinder continuous robust guidance. In addition, they both require an attending technician to be present. We propose a technician-free strategy that enables real-time guidance of bronchoscopy. The approach uses measurements of the bronchoscope's movement to predict its position in 3D virtual space. To achieve this, a bronchoscope model, defining the device's shape in the airway tree to a given point p, provides an insertion depth to p. In real time, our strategy compares an observed bronchoscope insertion depth and roll angle, measured by an optical sensor, to precalculated insertion depths along a predefined route in the virtual airway tree. This leads to a prediction of the bronchoscope's location and orientation. To test the method, experiments involving a PVC-pipe phantom and a human airway-tree phantom verified the bronchoscope models and the entire method, respectively. The method has considerable potential for improving guidance robustness and simplicity over other bronchoscopy-guidance systems.
Molecular Profiling Reveals Prognostically Significant Subtypes of Canine Lymphoma (2020)

We performed genomewide gene expression analysis of 35 samples representing 6 common histologic subtypes of canine lymphoma and bioinformatics analyses to define their molecular characteristics. Three major groups were defined on the basis of gene expression profiles: (1) low-grade T-cell lymphoma, composed entirely by T-zone lymphoma; (2) high-grade T-cell lymphoma, consisting of lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified; and (3) B-cell lymphoma, consisting of marginal B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. Interspecies comparative analyses of gene expression profiles also showed that marginal B-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in dogs and humans might represent a continuum of disease with similar drivers. The classification of these diverse tumors into 3 subgroups was prognostically significant, as the groups were directly correlated with event-free survival. Finally, we developed a benchtop diagnostic test based on expression of 4 genes that can robustly classify canine lymphomas into one of these 3 subgroups, enabling a direct clinical application for our results.
Chemical Modification of Tb@C82by Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cycloadditions (2002)

The copper(I)-catalyzed reaction of isolated Tb@C82 with aryldiazoacetates to highly functionalized endohedral metallofullerenes is first reported. The synthesized wine-red multiadducts of Tb@C82 were characterized by MALID-TOF MS, FTIR, XPS, and UV/Vis/NIR.
Carbon-13 kinetic isotope effects. V. Substituent effects on k12/k13 for alcoholysis of 1-phenyl-1-bromoethane (1969)

As a test of our earlier interpretations of the 13 C kinetic isotope effects found for alcoholysis of 1-phenyl-1-bromoethane, we have examined the effect of the p-methyl and p-bromo substituents on the 13 C fractionations in ethanol and methanol. Isotopic fractionation at the α-carbon is found to be substituent dependent, and the observed trend is consistent with the proposal that stabilization of the cationic center by the phenyl ring is a major factor governing the isotope effect in these systems. The first example of an inverse primary kinetic isotope effect for carbon (k 12 /k 13 &lt; 1) is described.