gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An evidence framework for Bayesian learning of continuous-density hidden Markov models (2009)

We present an evidence Bayesian framework, which can learn both the prior distributions and posterior distributions from data, for continuous-density hidden Markov models (CDHMM). The goal of this study is to build the regularized CDHMMs to improve model generalization, and achieve desirable recognition performance for unknown test speech. Under this framework, we develop an EM iterative procedure to estimate the marginal distribution or the evidence function for exponential family distributions. By adopting the variational Bayesian inference, we derive an empirical Bayesian solution to CDHMM parameters and their hyperparameters. Such a regularized CDHMM compensates the model uncertainty and the ill-posed conditions. Compared with maximum likelihood (ML) or other Bayesian approaches with heuristic hyperparameters, the proposed approach can utilize available data more effectively. The experiments on noisy speech recognition using Aurora2 show that the proposed Bayesian approach performs better than the baseline ML CDHMMs especially with mismatched test data or limited training data.
Sodium iodide symporter/radioactive iodine system has more efficient antitumor effect in three-dimensional spheroids. (2003)

The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is a plasma membrane protein that mediates active uptake of inorganic iodide from plasma into thyroid cells. Expression of the NIS gene in tumor cells may provide a novel mechanism for treating cancer. Previously, we cloned cDNA of rat NIS into the retroviral vector LXSN, transduced human and murine tumor cells, and demonstrated 50-60% killing effect of 131I in cells expressing NIS. However, monolayer cultures of cancer cells cannot adequately represent some aspects of the growth and microenvironmental conditions of three-dimensional (3D) solid tumors. On the other hand, animal models are time consuming and costly and not always reasonable for the first estimation of scientific approaches. An in vitro model of multicellular tumor spheroids growing as a 3D-structure provides an important link between monolayer cell cultures and animal experiments. This model is especially crucial for suicide systems utilizing radioisotopes as the killing agent because the deposition of radiation energy causes DNA damage in cells more effectively in 3D-structure. In this study we used a retroviral vector for introduction of the rat NIS gene into DU145 prostate cancer cells. The liquid-overlay technique was exploited to create a tumor spheroid model. We established that uptake of 125I in monolayer culture cells containing the NIS was 40- to 50-fold greater than in DU145 cells without NIS. Using a clonogenic assay for monolayer culture, we demonstrated a 50-70% killing effect of 131I on DU145 cells expressing the NIS gene. The same dose of 131I resulted in complete death of tumor spheroids composed of the DU145-NIS cells. Our data demonstrates significant anti-tumor efficacy of novel radioisotope concentrator gene therapy in a multicellular spheroid model, thus proving to be a useful link between the in vitro system and in vivo animal model.
Antibody-Mimetic Ligand Selected by mRNA Display Targets DC-SIGN for Dendritic Cell-Directed Antigen Delivery (2013)

Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have shown promise as an immunotherapeutic modality for cancer and infectious diseases in many preclinical studies and clinical trials. Provenge (sipuleucel-T), a DC-based vaccine based on ex vivo-generated autologous DCs loaded with antigens, has recently received FDA approval for prostate cancer treatment, further validating the potential of DC-based vaccine modalities. However, direct antigen delivery to DCs in vivo via DC-specific surface receptors would enable a more direct and less laborious approach to immunization. In this study, the recombinant extracellular domains (ECD) of human and mouse DC-SIGN (hDC-SIGN and mDC-SIGN) were generated as DC-specific targets for mRNA display. Accordingly, an antibody-mimetic library was constructed by randomizing two exposed binding loops of an expression-enhanced 10th human fibronectin type III domain (e10Fn3). After three rounds of selection against mDC-SIGN, followed by four rounds of selection against hDC-SIGN, we were able to evolve several dual-specific ligands, which could bind to both soluble ECD of human and mouse DC-SIGNs. Using a cell-binding assay, one ligand, eFn-DC6, was found to have high affinity to hDC-SIGN and moderate affinity to mDC-SIGN. When fused with an antigenic peptide, eFn-DC6 could direct the antigen delivery and presentation by human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived DCs and stimulate antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results demonstrate the utility of mRNA display to select protein carriers for DC-based vaccination and offer in vitro evidence that the antibody-mimetic ligand eFn-DC6 represents a promising candidate for the development of an in vivo DC-based vaccine in humans.
An empirical study of learning rates in deep neural networks for speech recognition (2013)

Recent deep neural network systems for large vocabulary speech recognition are trained with minibatch stochastic gradient descent but use a variety of learning rate scheduling schemes. We investigate several of these schemes, particularly AdaGrad. Based on our analysis of its limitations, we propose a new variant `AdaDec' that decouples long-term learning-rate scheduling from per-parameter learning rate variation. AdaDec was found to result in higher frame accuracies than other methods. Overall, careful choice of learning rate schemes leads to faster convergence and lower word error rates.
Piezoresistive effect in GaN–AlN–GaN structures (1997)

We report on a high sensitivity of GaN–AlN–GaN semiconductor–insulator–semiconductor structures grown on sapphire to an applied strain. The measured static gauge factor (GF) is almost twice as large as the GF for n-type SiC films. We link the observed magnitude and sign of the gauge factor to the crystalline structure of the GaN and AlN films and to their piezoelectric constants. We show that even higher sensitivity can be achieved if the material and interface quality is improved.
Sustainable Extraction, Chemical Profile, Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Activities In-Vitro of Some Citrus Species Leaves Essential Oils (2022)

Anti-leishmanial drugs extracted from natural sources have not been sufficiently explored in the literature. Until now, leishmaniasis treatments have been limited to synthetic and expensive drugs. This study investigated, for the first time, the anti-leishmanial efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of <i>Citrus</i> species (<i>C. sinensis</i>, <i>C. limon</i>, and <i>C. clementina</i>). Essential oils were extracted from three species by solvent free microwave extraction (SFME); in addition, lemon oil was also isolated by hydro-distillation (HD). These were investigated using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated against <i>Leishmania</i> species, namely <i>Leishmania major</i> and <i>Leishmania infantum</i>, using a mitochondrial tetrazolium test (MTT) assay. The chemical compositions of <i>Citrus limon</i> EOs obtained by HD and SFME showed some differences. The identified peaks of <i>C. limon</i> (SFME) represented 93.96%, where linalool was the major peak (44.21%), followed by sabinene (14.22%) and ocimene (6.09%). While the hydro-distilled oil of <i>C. limon</i> contained geranial (30.08%), limonene (27.09%), and neral (22.87%) in the identified peaks (96.67%). The identified components of <i>C. clementina</i> leaves oil (68.54%) showed twenty-six compounds, where the predominant compound was geranial (42.40%), followed by neral (26.79%) and limonene (14.48%). However, 89.82% <i>C. sinensis</i> oil was identified, where the major peaks were for neral (27.52%), linalool (25.83%), and geranial (23.44%). HD oil of lemon showed the highest activity against <i>L. major</i>, with moderate toxicity on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, and possessed the best selectivity index on both <i>Leishmanial</i> species (SI: 3.68; 6.38), followed by <i>C. clementina</i> oil and <i>C. limon</i> using SFME (0.9 ± 0.29, 1.03 ± 0.27, and 1.13 ± 0.3), respectively. <i>C. clementina</i> oil induced the greatest activity on <i>Leishmania infantum</i>, followed by HD lemon and SFME lemon oils (0.32 ± 0.18, 0.52 ± 0.15, and 0.57 ± 0.09, respectively) when compared to Amphotericin B (0.80 ± 0.18 and 0.23 ± 0.13) as a positive control, on both species, respectively. Our study suggests a potent anti-leishmanial activity of lemon oil (HD) on <i>L. major</i>, followed by <i>C. clementina</i>. With the same potency on <i>L. infantum</i> shown by <i>C. clementina</i> oil, followed by HD lemon oil. This effect could be attributed to the major compounds of limonene, citral, and neral, as well as the synergistic effect of other different compounds. These observations could be a starting point for the building of new anti-leishmanial drugs from natural origins, and which combine different EOs containing <i>Citrus</i> cultivars.
Diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding, fibroids, and adenomyosis (2011)

It is usually quite simple to find the cause of abnormal menstrual bleeding, although occasionally the cause may not be found. Since abnormal uterine bleeding can be caused by disorders of the uterus, hormone imbalance (usually not ovulating), and pregnancy, it is helpful to look at each area separately.
OrganiCam (2021)

Researchers at Los Alamos have developed OrganiCam, a compact, lightweight laser-induced fluorescence imaging camera and a Raman spectrometer for Mars caves, icy-moon and asteroid surface exploration, and terrestrial sterile laboratory use. It was designed to make remote observations in extreme environments to identify organic molecules and the biosignatures of life. OrganiCam is a bold step in a new direction—space missions need an imager that can “see” (observe and positively identify) organic molecules and potential biosignatures and direct the arm to sample the most promising locations. This ability to clearly see and characterize organic materials is exactly what OrganiCam does. We are seeking a commercialization partner to license the technology or participate in a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) to develop the technology into a commercial ready product for terrestrial applications.
$μ$NCA: Texture Generation with Ultra-Compact Neural Cellular Automata (2021)

We study the problem of example-based procedural texture synthesis using highly compact models. Given a sample image, we use differentiable programming to train a generative process, parameterised by a recurrent Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) rule. Contrary to the common belief that neural networks should be significantly over-parameterised, we demonstrate that our model architecture and training procedure allows for representing complex texture patterns using just a few hundred learned parameters, making their expressivity comparable to hand-engineered procedural texture generating programs. The smallest models from the proposed $μ$NCA family scale down to 68 parameters. When using quantisation to one byte per parameter, proposed models can be shrunk to a size range between 588 and 68 bytes. Implementation of a texture generator that uses these parameters to produce images is possible with just a few lines of GLSL or C code.
Semi-Clustering of Victim-Cells Approach for Interference Management in Ultra-Dense Femtocell Networks (2017)

Network densification is seen as a necessary trend in the evolution toward 5G networks to cope with future high-traffic demands. In particular, the use of femtocells seems to be the most feasible solution for hotspot areas where high traffic is concentrated. However, femtocell densification will face a number of technical challenges. Among others, the co-tier interference arises as an old acquaintance with a new significance. In point of fact, the interference characteristics and the role of aggressor and victim depend on a large extent on the density scenario, especially when femtocells share the same channel and operate in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) mode. In this regard, identification of victim and aggressor femtocells is a prerequisite to design an effective interference management scheme for ultra-dense femtocell networks (UDFNs). This paper implements a new approach for radio resource utilization and management for victim femtocells in an ultra-dense network environment. The proposed semi-clustering of victim-cell (SCVC) approach focuses mainly on users' status whether critical or non-critical to categorize victim femtocells and their aggressors. After identifying the victim femtocells, the SCVC scheme semi-cluster each victim femtocell based on the status of each user. Then, it smartly allocates the appropriate radio resources in a dynamic manner, which allows ranging from shared use of resources for critical users to the frequency reuse one for non-critical users, thereby ensuring minimum co-tier interference and enhancement of spectrum efficiency. Simulation results show that our approach outperforms one of the prominent related schemes, namely, femtocell cluster based resource allocation (FCRA), in terms of the mean throughput of critical users, the average capacity of victim femtocells, and the percentage of resource utilization by an approximate average gain of 185%, 64%, and 31%, respectively.
Design and Synthesis of Novel Arylketo-containing P1-P3 Linked Macro-cyclic BACE-1 Inhibitors (2015)

A series of arylketo-containing P1-P3 linked macrocyclic BACE-1 inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and compared with compounds with a previously known and extensively studied corresponding P2 isophthalamide moiety with the aim to improve on permeability whilst retaining the enzyme- and cell-based activities. Several inhibitors displayed substantial increases in Caco-2 cell-based permeability compared to earlier synthesized inhibitors and notably also with retained activities, showing that this approach might yield BACE-1 inhibitors with improved properties.
Enzyme-free detection of uric acid using hydrothermally prepared CuO·Fe2O3nanocrystals (2020)

Copper oxide doped iron oxide nanocrystals (CuO·Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>NCs) were prepared using a simple hydrothermal technique at low temperature in an alkaline medium.
Supplementary Table S2 from Amplification of FRS2 and Activation of FGFR/FRS2 Signaling Pathway in High-Grade Liposarcoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S2 PDF file 122K, Immunohistochemical staining and FISH results of DDLS&lt;/p&gt;
Cesium, iodine and tritium in NW Pacific waters – a comparison of the Fukushima impact with global fallout (2013)

Abstract. Radionuclide impact of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident on the distribution of radionuclides in seawater of the NW Pacific Ocean is compared with global fallout from atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons. Surface and water column seawater samples collected during the international expedition in June 2011 were analyzed for 134Cs, 137Cs, 129I and 3H. The 137Cs, 129I and 3H levels in surface seawater offshore Fukushima varied between 0.002–3.5 Bq L−1, 0.01–0.8 μ Bq L−1, and 0.05–0.15 Bq L−1, respectively. At the sampling site about 40 km from the coast, where all three radionuclides were analyzed, the Fukushima impact on the levels of these three radionuclides represent an increase above the global fallout background by factors of about 1000, 30 and 3, respectively. The water column data indicate that the transport of Fukushima-derived radionuclides downward to the depth of 300 m has already occurred. The observed 137Cs levels in surface waters and in the water column are in reasonable agreement with predictions obtained from the Ocean General Circulation Model, which indicates that the radionuclides have been transported from the Fukushima coast eastward. The 137Cs inventory in the water column (the area from 34 to 37° N, and from 142 to 147° E) due to the Fukushima accident is estimated to be about 2.2 PBq. The amount of 129I and 3H released and deposited on the NW Pacific Ocean after the Fukushima accident was estimated to be about 7 GBq and 0.1 PBq, respectively. Due to a suitable residence time in the ocean, Fukushima-derived radionuclides will provide useful tracers for isotope oceanography studies on the transport of water masses in the NW Pacific Ocean.
Laboratory program to support H-Coal Pilot Plant operations: bench-scale tests on Kentucky No. 11 coal. [Kentucky No. 11 coal evaluation] (1979)

Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., conducted a bench-scale program to evaluate Kentucky No. 11 coal in the H-Coal system. The test used standard operating conditions, and performance was judged against that of Illinois No. 6 coal which has been used in other H-Coal studies. The H-Coal process operations with Kentucky No. 11 coal are similar to those with Illinois No. 6 coal feed. However, due to the physical property differences of the recycle oil, an adjustment in feed composition and/or temperature appears to be required for sustained coal feeding. The Kentucky No. 11 coal gave about 1.5 W % higher coal conversion than Illinois No. 6. At the catalyst age studied, the Kentucky coal yield of C/sub 4/-975/sup 0/F distillate was about 2 W % higher. The residual oil yields were similar for both coals; the Kentucky coal yielded a higher proportion of toluene insolubles. The sulfur content of the residual oil was about 0.1 W % higher for the Kentucky coal. Product nitrogen and hydrogen contents were similar for both coals. Based on the operating results of these bench unit runs on Kentucky No. 11 coal, a larger scale PDU (3.5 tons/day) run is recommended. On the PDU scale, recycles are continuous and equipment is designed for similarity and relevance to Pilot Plant operations.
Molecular phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate genera (2002)

The data support a broad concept of Artemisia s.l. that includes Neopallasia, Crossostephium, Filifolium, Seriphidium, and Sphaeromeria. However, the phylogeny excludes Elachanthemum, Kaschgaria, and Stilnolepis from the Artemisia-group. Additionally, the monophyly of the four subgenera of Artemisia is also not supported, with the exception of subg. Dracunculus. Homogamous, discoid capitula appear to have arisen in parallel four to seven times, with the loss of ray florets. Thus capitular morphology is not a reliable taxonomic character, which traditionally has been one of the defining characters.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated introduction of the sodium/iodide symporter gene enables noninvasive in vivo tracking of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (2020)

Techniques that enable longitudinal tracking of cell fate after myocardial delivery are imperative for optimizing the efficacy of cell-based cardiac therapies. However, these approaches have been underutilized in preclinical models and clinical trials, and there is considerable demand for site-specific strategies achieving long-term expression of reporter genes compatible with safe noninvasive imaging. In this study, the rhesus sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene was incorporated into rhesus macaque induced pluripotent stem cells (RhiPSCs) via CRISPR/Cas9. Cardiomyocytes derived from NIS-RhiPSCs (NIS-RhiPSC-CMs) exhibited overall similar morphological and electrophysiological characteristics compared to parental control RhiPSC-CMs at baseline and with exposure to physiological levels of sodium iodide. Mice were injected intramyocardially with 2 million NIS-RhiPSC-CMs immediately following myocardial infarction, and serial positron emission tomography/computed tomography was performed with <sup>18</sup> F-tetrafluoroborate to monitor transplanted cells in vivo. NIS-RhiPSC-CMs could be detected until study conclusion at 8 to 10 weeks postinjection. This NIS-based molecular imaging platform, with optimal safety and sensitivity characteristics, is primed for translation into large-animal preclinical models and clinical trials.
Carnosine and β-alanine in aging. Their impact on skeletal muscle and neurodegenerative disorders (2021)

Karnozin (&#946;-alanyl-L-histidin) je dipeptid, tvoĹenĂ˝ aminokyselinou &#946;-alaninem a L-histidinem. Karnozin a obÄ aminokyseliny se vyskytujĂ­ v mozku a kosternĂ­m svalstvu vĹĄech obratlovcĹŻ. Karnozin v buĹkĂĄch mozkovĂŠ tkĂĄnÄ chrĂĄnĂ­ intracelulĂĄrnĂ­ bĂ­lkoviny pĹed jejich poĹĄkozenĂ­m kyslĂ­kovĂ˝mi radikĂĄly, glykacĂ­ a tvorbou pĹĂ­ÄnĂ˝ch vazeb mezi jednotlivĂ˝mi ĹetÄzci bĂ­lkovin. V kosternĂ­m svalstvu karnozin sniĹžuje svalovou Ăşnavu zpĹŻsobenou zvĂ˝ĹĄenou koncentracĂ­ kyseliny mlĂŠÄnĂŠ, kterĂĄ vede k poklesu pH. S rostoucĂ­m biologickĂ˝m vÄkem klesĂĄ koncentrace karnozinu jak v buĹkĂĄch mozkovĂŠ tkĂĄnÄ, tak v bĂ­lĂ˝ch svalovĂ˝ch vlĂĄknech kosternĂ­ho svalstva, ÄĂ­mĹž dochĂĄzĂ­ k zhorĹĄovĂĄnĂ­ senzorickĂ˝ch a kognitivnĂ­ch funkcĂ­ a Ăşbytku svaloviny. Tyto degenerativnĂ­ procesy lze zpomalit konzumacĂ­ potravin bohatĂ˝ch na karnozin nebo doplĹovĂĄnĂ­m diety &#946;-alaninem. &#946;-alanin urÄuje rychlost tvorby karnozinu a jeho koncentraci v buĹkĂĄch mozkovĂŠ a svalovĂŠ tkĂĄnÄ. ÄlĂĄnek shrnuje souÄasnĂŠ nĂĄzory medicĂ­ny na roli karnozinu v procesu stĂĄrnutĂ­ lidskĂŠho organismu a vĂ˝znamu obohacovĂĄnĂ­ diety &#946;-alaninem.
Online motion planning over uneven terrain with walking primitives and regression (2016)

This paper introduces an online motion planning algorithm and a motion generation methodology for underactuated dynamic planar walking on uneven terrain. The key idea is to utilize a database of Motion Primitives and use them as training examples in a regression methodology, which is utilized when there is no match between the terrain variation and the Motion Primitives in the database. Among the key features which enable the algorithm to be suitable for real-time purposes is the proposed best first graph search approach and the small inference time of the regression methodology, which in this paper is the Gaussian Process.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solid Polymers (1993)

This book is an authoritative and comprehensive account of the principles and practice of NMR spectroscopy of solids as applied to polymeric materials to determine their structure and dynamics at a molecular level. NMR spectroscopy has been applied to the characterization of polymers in solid state for over 40 years. The past few decades have seen the development of many new NMR capabilities, including high-resolution techniques for solids, multi-dimensional methods, deuterium NMR and others. All of these developments have contributed to a dramatic increase in the power and applicability of NMR for the characterization, at a molecular level, of the dynamics and structural organization of polymeric solids. The applications chapters emphasize the polymer types and properties. The authors have included an introduction to all the main principles of the technique involved in its application to solid polymers. Rigorous and detailed analytical treatment of all main areas is also available.