gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Effects of Silver Content on the Aging Resistance of SAC Solder Joints (2015)

In the current study, we have extended our previous work on nanoindentation of joints to examine a full test matrix of SAC solder alloys. The effects of silver content on SAC solder aging has been evaluated by testing joints from SACN05 (SAC105, SAC205, SAC305, and SAC405) test boards assembled with the same reflow profile. In all cases, the tested joints were extracted from 14 × 14 mm PBGA assemblies (0.8 mm ball pitch, 0.46 mm ball diameter) that are part of the iNEMI Characterization of Pb-Free Alloy Alternatives Project (16 different solder joint alloys available). After extraction, the joints were subjected to various aging conditions (0 to 12 months of aging at T = 125 C), and then tested via nanoindentation techniques to evaluate the stress-strain and creep behavior of the four aged SAC solder alloy materials at the joint scale. The observed aging effects in the SACN05 solder joints have been quantified and correlated with the magnitudes observed in tensile testing of miniature bulk specimens performed in prior studies. The results show that the aging induced degradations of the mechanical properties (modulus, hardness) in the SAC joints were of similar order (30–40%) as those seen previously in the testing of larger “bulk” uniaxial solder specimens. The creep rates of the various tested SACN05 joints were found to increase by 8–50X due to aging. These degradations, while significant, were much less than those observed in larger bulk solder uniaxial tensile specimens with several hundred grains, where the increases ranged from 200X to 10000X for the various SACN05 alloys. Additional testing has been performed on very small tensile specimens with approximately 10 grains, and the aging-induced creep rate degradations found in these specimens were on the same order of magnitude as those observed in the single grain joints. Thus, the lack of the grain boundary sliding creep mechanism in the single grain joints is an important factor in avoiding the extremely large creep rate degradations (up to 10,000X) occurring in larger bulk SAC samples. All of the aging effects observed in the SACN05 joints were found to be exacerbated as the silver content in the alloy was reduced. In addition, the test results for all of the alloys show that the elastic, plastic, and creep properties of the solder joints and their sensitivities to aging are highly dependent on the crystal orientation. Due to the variety of crystal orientations realized during solidification, it was important to identify the grain structure and crystal orientations in the tested joints. Cross-polarized light microscopy and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) techniques have been utilized for this purpose. The test results show that the elastic, plastic, and creep properties of the solder joints and their sensitivities to aging are highly dependent on the crystal orientation. In addition, an approach has been developed to predict tensile creep strain rates for low stress levels using nanoindentation creep data measured at very high compressive stress levels.
Developing novel 3D measurement techniques and prediction method for food density determination (2011)

Density is a physical characteristic which depends on the experimental technique used and structural properties of food. True, apparent, and bulk are different types of densities based on the way volume is measured. For porous foods such as grain food products, accurate measurement of density is challenging. Current measurement techniques for food density are inconsistent and nutrient databases do not have sufficient density data. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), laser scanners are non-destructive diagnostic tools for characterizing food microstructure. The objectives of this study were to 1) optimize the parameters of CT, MRI, and laser scanner to determine food density and compare the corresponding values with other traditional techniques, and 2) to develop neural networks as a prediction method for apparent and bulk densities. MicroCT 40 (Scano Medical Inc.), Lightspeed QX/i clinical CT (GE Healthcare), and 3 Tesla Signa HDx MRI (GE Healthcare) were used to acquire 3D images of foods for true density. A 3D laser scanner (NextEngine, Inc) was used to scan the foods items for apparent density. Neural networks were used in conjunction with the data collected from laser scanner and using food composition and processing conditions to generate a black-box prediction scheme. The results of CT, MRI, and laser scanner showed great potential to estimate density in comparison to traditional techniques. Porosity was estimated from the CT and MRI scanned image data. Laser scanner was successful in acquiring 3D images and calculating apparent density. Neural networks provided reliable density prediction power and were comparable to the other empirical equations in terms of accuracy. The ability to predict food density based on composition and processing conditions is necessary to fill gaps in nutrient databases and account for new foods.
Identification of risk variants and characterization of the polygenic architecture of disruptive behavior disorders in the context of ADHD (2019)

Abstract Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a childhood psychiatric disorder often comorbid with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs). ADHD comorbid with DBDs (ADHD+DBDs) is a complex phenotype with a risk component that can be attributed to common genetic variants. Here we report a large GWAS meta-analysis of ADHD+DBDs based on seven cohorts in total including 3,802 cases and 31,305 controls. Three genome-wide significant loci were identified on chromosomes 1, 7, and 11. A GWAS meta-analysis including a Chinese cohort supported the locus on chromosome 11 to be a strong risk locus for ADHD+DBDs across European and Chinese ancestries (rs7118422, P=3.15×10 -10 , OR=1.17). This locus was not associated with ADHD without DBDs in a secondary GWAS of 13,583 ADHD cases and 22,314 controls, suggesting that the locus is a specific risk locus for the comorbid phenotype. We found a higher SNP heritability for ADHD+DBDs (h 2 SNP =0.34) when compared to ADHD without DBDs (h 2 SNP =0.20). Genetic correlations of ADHD+DBDs with aggressive (r g =0.81) and anti-social behaviors (r g =0.82) were high, and polygenic risk score analyses revealed a significant increased burden of variants associated with ADHD and aggression in individuals with ADHD+DBDs compared to ADHD without DBDs. Our results suggests that ADHD+DBDs represent a more severe phenotype with respect to the genetic risk load than ADHD without DBDs, in line with previous studies, and that the risk load to some extent can be explained by variants associated with aggressive behavior.
Improved Postoperative Course Following Modified Segmental Instrumentation and Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis (1984)

Postoperative course following posterior spinal fusion was reviewed and compared for 31 patients who underwent Harrington distraction instrumentation and 30 patients who underwent modified segmental spinal instrumentation (SSI). The SSI patients, on average, received oral feedings 1 day earlier (p less than 0.046), walked 5 days earlier (p less than 0.001), and were discharged 5 days sooner (p less than 0.001) than patients undergoing Harrington distraction. Despite this more active postoperative course, the SSI patients did not require more analgesics or narcotics. When the hospital costs were compared, there was a savings of $2,825 for the average patient undergoing SSI.
Launch of the Laboratory for Major Tropical Epidemics (LAGET) in Chad: Strengthening the capacity for epidemiological surveillance, monitoring and diagnosis of endemic or emerging infectious diseases in Central Africa (2022)

In an increasingly interconnected world, with the devastating effects of climate changes and humanitarian crises, pandemics and emerging infectious diseases are more likely to become our daily reality. When it comes to health care, sub-Saharan Africa faces more challenges than most other regions of the world, including lack of funds, precarity and poor infrastructures. Yet, these areas are most often on the front lines of infectious threats.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis for Wireless and Extreme Fast Charging (2021)

Wireless charging systems (WCS) and extreme fast charging (XFC) are considered two of the important research topics in the field of electro-mobility that have potential to significantly reduce charging times and improve charging convenience. However, people view range anxiety, considerably long charging times, the limited availability of chargers, and the inconvenience of possibly plugging in every day as significant barriers to further market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs). This report focuses on the assessment and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) of various concept architectures as static charger, and extreme fast charger for high-power wireless and wired EV charging systems. A better understanding of the nature of these newer charging systems can help better manage new risks they may introduce for the people or vehicles when the charging systems are in use. In addition, future vehicles may charge at points along the road (stop sign, bus stop, traffic light) or even while moving. The report is divided into two main sections: WCS and XFC systems for EVs.
Effects of BA, TDZ, and CPPU on Formation of Adventitious Shoots from Callus Derived from Apple Cotyledon (1994)

Callus derived from cotyledons of 'Fuji' apple were cultured on 1/3 MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BA and NAA. The effects of BA, TDZ, and CPPU at 1.0 to 8.0 mg•liter-1 on shoot regeneration from calli and NAA on subcultured calli were investigated.1. Cotyledons produced callus profusely when cultured on a medium supplemented with 0 to 4.0 mg•liter-1 BA and 0.5 to 10.0 mg•liter-1 NAA. Callus formation occurred only at the proximal part of the cotyledon exposed to 0 or 0.1 mg•liter-1 NAA. However, calli formed from the distal and middle regions at 0.5 mg•liter-1NAA or higher.2. Callus morphology was dependent on concentrations of NAA and BA. With NAA alone, soft calli were produced, whereas at 0.5 to 4.0 mg•liter-1 BA and at combinations of 0 to 0.1 mg•liter-1 NAA and 0.5 to 8.0 mg•liter-1 BA hairy calli were induced. Combinations of 10.0 mg•liter-1 NAA and 2.0 to 10.0 mg•liter -1 BA gave rise to globular calli.3. When globular calli were cultured on the medium with 4.0 mg•liter-1 CPPU and 0 NAA and then subcultured onto a fresh medium at 2-week interval for 6 weeks, 60% of the callus explants regenerated shoots; about 12 shoots per callus were obtained 12 weeks after beginning the experiment. TDZ also produced a positive effect on shoot regeneraiton from callus, but the percentage of explants forming shoots and the number of shoots formed were less than those treated with CPPU. The effect of BA on shoot formation from callus was comparatively weak. The addition of 0.1 mg•liter-1 NAA to CPPU greatly reduced the number of shoots regenerated.
Dynamic partitional clustering using evolution strategies (2002)

A novel evolution strategy implementing variable length genomes is developed to address the problem of dynamic partitional clustering. As opposed to static, dynamic partitional clustering does not require the a priori specification of the number of clusters. Results of the algorithm are presented and discussed for 2-D touching and non-touching cluster test cases.
Inclusion of transverse normal strain effects into the finite element formulation of Timoshenko beams (1988)

A new finite element model has been developed for the analysis of thick beams that incorporates the influence of transverse normal strain in addition to the effect of transverse shear strain. It has been shown that the inclusion of the normal strain effect into Timoshenko beam formulation, in the new model, results in the modification of the element force vector only, where a new term is added, while keeping the flexural and shear contributions to the element stiffness matrix unchanged. Comparisons between closed form solutions, Timoshenko beam results and the results of the new model for isotropic beams of depth to span ratio of up to 0.5, show that the new development reduces the errors with respect to exact solutions to almost a half at a very little extra expense.
Effects of Finite Rates of a Homogeneous Reaction on the Steady‐State Dissolution of Copper in Chloride Solutions (1989)

The steady‐state dissolution of a copper rotating disk in is investigated. Specifically, the effect of finite rates of the homogeneous complexing reaction is explored by utilizing a perturbation analysis. Formulating the singular perturbation problem leads to a better understanding of the physical nature of the system and enables one to characterize quantitatively the numerical errors, resulting from the Stefan‐Maxwell model, that arise for certain values of the rate constants. Additionally, a new way of plotting the steady‐state polarization behavior is introduced that reduces the number of independent parameters of the system to a minimum. Concentration and potential profiles as functions of distance from the electrode, calculated using a macrosopic model based on concentrated‐solution theory and Butler‐Volmer kinetics, are interpreted by means of the perturbation analysis. The analysis provides a convenient electrochemical relaxation method for determining the homogeneous‐reaction rate constant.
Synthesis and thermal stability of SOD-type SAPO-20 via interzeolite conversion of FAU-type SAPO-37 using tetramethylammonium hydroxide and piperidine (2023)

Interzeolite conversion (IZC) of zeolites has attracted significant attention; however, research on silicoaluminophosphate zeolite system is still in its early stages. Herein, an IZC of an FAU-type silicoaluminophosphate zeolite (SAPO-37) is performed using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and piperidine as organic additives. For comparison, conventional hydrothermal synthesis using an amorphous precursor instead of SAPO-37 is also performed. Using TMAOH, SOD-type silicoaluminophosphate zeolites (SAPO-20) are obtained from both parent SAPO-37 and the amorphous precursor. However, in the case of piperidine, SAPO zeolites with different topologies are obtained from parent SAPO-37 and the amorphous precursor; that is, SOD-type SAPO-20 is obtained from parent SAPO-37, and CHA-type silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-34) is obtained from the amorphous precursor. Piperidine molecules, as organic additives, are observed to be occluded in the cages of the obtained SAPO-20. The characteristics and thermal stability of the as-synthesized SAPO-20 are analyzed in detail.
Soft x-ray mirrors onboard the NeXT satellite (2008)

The New Exploration X-ray Telescope (NeXT) is an X-ray astronomical observatory slated to be launched from Japan in 2013. Its objectives range from high resolution imaging and spectroscopy below ~12 keV to studying the hard X-ray sky up to ~70 keV. To accomplish these goals, it will carry, among other instruments, 4 grazing incidence, imaging telescopes, two covering the soft X-ray band and the remaining the higher energies. The soft X-ray telescopes will be similar to ones flown onboard Suzaku, with a larger outer diameter (45 cm) and longer focal length (6 m). The NASA's GSFC foil mirror group is collaborating with the Nagoya University and ISAS/JAXA in the implementation of the the soft X-ray mirrors. Our science driven goal is a <1.3' Half Power Diameter (HPD) Point Spread Function, improved from Suzaku ~1.7' HPD. We address important area in the fabrication process where we plan to make changes; (1) substrate shaping, (2) replication process, (3) reflector assembly, (4) alignment bar accuracy, and (5) focal length miss match among segments. Having done some of them, we measured 1.26' HPD for 60-pair quadrant reflectors. But it still includes bad sectors (>1.8' HPD) towards the quadrant boundary, while most of middle sectors are at 1' HPD level. The bad sectors can be corrected with new assembly approach where we actively tune and then fix reflectors at their right position or whole conical shell reflectors instead of segmented ones. In this proceeding, we present a proposed NeXT soft X-ray telescope performance, report the current status of the development and introduce the new whole shell mirror.
Novel Deposition Technique of a-Si:H -- Silane Glow Discharge in Magnetic Field -- (1980)

Optical emission spectra from the glow discharge of silane have been studied as a function of magnetic field applied to the plasma column. The result has revealed that the magnetic field remarkably affects not only the decomposition kinetics but also the structural properties of the resulting films. Further, the crystallization of phosphorus doped Si: H films is found to occur at a temperature below 200°C, under the deposition conditions of a low flow rate of silane and the presence of the magnetic field.
Quantum yields and potential energy surfaces: a theoretical study (2007)

Abstract A theoretical study on quantum yields (QYs) of the photochromic cyclization and cycloreversion reactions is presented. It is shown that the thermodynamic relative stability of various energy minima on the ground state is primarily important for the cyclization reactions. On the other hand, the profile of the excited state potential energy surfaces (PESs) and the locations of conical intersections (CI) are important for the cycloreversion reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Enzyme-amplified SERS immunoassay with Ag-Au bimetallic SERS hot spots (2020)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enables rapid detection of single molecules with high specificity. However, quantitative and sensitive SERS analysis has been a challenge due to the lack of reliable SERS-active materials. In this study, we developed a quantitative SERS-based immunoassay using enzyme-guided Ag growth on Raman labeling compound (RLC)-immobilized gold nanoparticle (Au NP)-assembled silica NPs (SiO2@Au-RLC@Ag). The enzyme amplified Ag+ reduction as well as Ag growth on the RLC-immobilized Au NP-assembled silica NPs (SiO2@Au-RLC), which resulted in a significant increase in SERS signal. In the presence of target antigens such as immunoglobulinG (IgG) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Ab1-Antigen-Ab2 immune complex with alkaline phosphatase triggered an enzyme- catalyzed reaction to convert 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid (2-phospho-L-AA) to ascorbic acid (AA). As produced AA reduced Ag+ to Ag, forming an Ag hot spot on the surface of SiO2@Au-RLC, which enhanced the SERS signal of SiO2@Au-RLC@Ag in a solution with a target antigen concentration. The plasmonic immunoassay for IgG detection showed a high linearity of SERS intensity in the range of 0.6 to 9.0 ng/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.09 ng/mL, while an LOD of 0.006 ng/mL was obtained for PSA. The results indicate that the sensitivity of our novel SERS-based immunoassay is higher than that of conventional enzyme-based colorimetric immunoassays.
Current dependent formation of PEDOT inverse nanotube arrays (2012)

PEDOT nanostructures with distinct patterns can be formed by means of electrodeposition in titania nanotubes. The deposition process critically depends on the current protocol, leading to selective filling of the inner and/or outer space of the tubes. The approach allows for synthesis of vertically aligned PEDOT–titania composites or polymer nanostructures in the form of PEDOT inverse-nanotube-arrays and PEDOT nanopore-arrays.
<title>Tolerance stackup effects in optical interconnect systems</title> (2000)

This paper presents a study of the effects of the accumulation of positioning errors across multiple optical components (also named `tolerance stackup') on the optical power throughput performance of free-space optical interconnects. It is shown that a sensitivity analysis is not adequate to establish a tolerance budget as it provides no information regarding the system yield upon assembly. The effects of tolerance stackup across a system are more severe than a statistical root-sum-square type analysis predicts. It is demonstrated that errors accumulate linearly with interconnect length.
Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations into Biology - From Cell to Protein (2012)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a frequently used method applicable also to biological studies due to its capability of measuring in native environment. However, AFM images often contain features which are not present on the sample in reality, but are a direct result of the measurements itself. Such structures or features are denoted as artifacts. The artifacts arise from various reasons. Some of them can be avoided during measurements, other ones are inherent. The artifacts shown in this chapter are divided into several categories based on the part of AFM which is responsible for them. Examples of many artifacts are presented and their reasons are explained. This chapter will be helpful for AFM users who observe strange effects, presumably related to the AFM technique, but do not know their reason. This chapter can also answer questions about the validity of imaged features as well as their accuracy.
Application of Microscale Devices for Megawatt Scale Concentrating Solar Power Plants (2015)

Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants have the potential to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources and greenhouse gas emissions in electricity production. In CSP systems, a field of heliostats focuses solar radiation on a central receiver, which is ultimately transferred to thermal electrical power plant at high temperature. However, the maximum receiver surface fluxes are low (30–100 W cm−2) with high thermal losses, which has limited the market penetration of CSP systems. Recently, small (∼ 4 cm2), laminated micro-channel devices have shown potential to achieve concentrated surface fluxes over 100 W cm−2 using supercritical CO2 as the working fluid. The present study explores the feasibility of using these microscale devices as building blocks for a megawatt scale (250 MW thermal) open solar receiver. This allows for a modular design of the central receiver with non-standard shapes customized to the heliostat field. The results show that the microscale unit-cells have the potential to be scaled to megawatt applications while providing high heat flux and thermal efficiency. At the design incident flux and surface emissivity, a global receiver thermal efficiency of &gt; 90% can be achieved.