gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Materials and mechanics issues in flip-chip organic packaging (2002)

The strength of flip chip organic packaging technology rests upon the knowledge and manufacturing base of C4 solder bump chip interconnection, and printed circuit technology infrastructure. The key innovation was the underfill encapsulation between the chip and the laminate which overcame the road-block of low cycle fatigue of C4 solder bump due to large CTE difference between silicon and laminate. The advent of SLC (surface laminar circuit) innovation extends the flip chip technology to higher solder bump density and larger chip I/O expected for future generations of semiconductors. The flip chip packages contain new materials, interfaces, and new processes which in turn govern the mechanical integrity of the packaging module and module card assembly. The increasing pervasiveness of electronic packages requires meeting new sets of environments. It is important to have a good understanding of materials, interface, metrology and mechanics issues related to organic packages, and how to apply this understanding in the modelling of design, process and reliability of flip chip. This paper will deliver an overview of some of the key technical challenges associated with materials and mechanics in FCA (flip-chip attach) assembly on organic carriers.
Fluid Flow Effects in Evaporation From Liquid–Vapor Meniscus (1996)

A mathematical model of the evaporating liquid–vapor meniscus in a capillary slot has been developed. The model includes two-dimensional steady-state momentum conservation and energy equations for both the vapor and liquid phases, and incorporates the existing simplified one-dimensional model of the evaporating microfilm. The numerical results, obtained for water, demonstrate the importance of accounting for the fluid flow in calculating the effective evaporative heat transfer coefficient and the superheat of the vapor over the liquid–vapor meniscus due to the heat transfer from the heated wall. With higher heat fluxes, a recirculation zone appears in the vapor near the heated wall due to extensive evaporation in the thin-film region of the liquid–vapor meniscus.
Nouveaux développements dans l'étude de phénomènes de transport en présence d'un désordre à moyenne distance. Application aux semiconducteurs (1978)

Nous proposons un modèle qui permet de rendre compte de l'ensemble des phénomènes de transport observés dans les semiconducteurs dégénérés ou non dégénérés, en présence d'un désordre (inhérent à la croissance du cristal) dans la distribution spatiale des impuretés au sein du cristal. Dans le cas des semiconducteurs dégénérés, nous montrons que ce modèle permet en particulier de rendre compte de l'amortissement des oscillations de magnétorésistance : celui-ci est en effet souvent plus important que ne le laisse prévoir la théorie de l'effet Shubnikov-de Haas dans le cas du cristal parfait. Nous montrons également qu'il est possible de rendre compte des valeurs des mobilités souvent inférieures à la valeur théorique. Dans le cas des semiconducteurs non dégénérés, le modèle proposé permet de rendre compte de façon satisfaisante des valeurs observées de l'énergie d'activation à fort champ magnétique (phénomène de gel magnétique). Bien que le modèle proposé soit ici appliqué au cas de semiconducteurs III-V, nous montrons qu'il peut être également utilisé dans le cas de semiconducteurs peu ordonnés ou amorphes.
Sub-degree-per-hour silicon MEMS rate sensor with 1 million Q-factor (2011)

We report characterization of a silicon MEMS rate gyroscope with measured sub-deg/hr bias stability, enabled by the quality factor (Q) of 1.1 million. The rate sensor utilizes degenerate, dynamically balanced Quadruple Mass Gyroscope (QMG) design, which suppresses substrate energy dissipation and maximizes Q-factors. We demonstrated a 0.9°/hr in-run bias stability and a 0.06°/√hr rate noise density for the 0.1 mTorr vacuum packaged QMG with a 0.2 Hz mode-mismatch between drive- and sense-modes. This level of noise allowed detection of azimuth with 150 mrad precision, showing feasibility of a QMG for gyrocompassing.
Dynamic service extensibility through programmable network (2002)

There has been a tremendous interest in making the current Internet architecture capable of supporting diverse requirements for emerging valueadded service-oriented applications such as bandwidth on-demand, multimedia teleconference and telemedicine. However, to our knowledge, all of the currently proposed `application-level&amp;apos; service architectures, for example, [7], [9], [10], [13], [16], are restricted to operate within one administrative domain, or a confederation of administrative domains. This paper addresses the following issue: Is it possible to remove the boundary that confines this closeness in operating environment and be able to extend application-level service architectures in a dynamic and on-demand manner over the Internet? We outlined a service extension framework, Dynamic Extensible and Programmable Service Architecture (DEEPSEA), which is aimed at accomplishing an extensible service framework through programmable and active networking methodology for IP-centric devices. In our framework, we discuss issues regarding service extension, maintenance, teardown control, as well as detailing an implementation design in achieving these.
New Method of Large-Area DC Ion Beam Formation with Multiple Electron Beams, (I) (1979)

A study was made of the correlation between the focusing of an ion beam and the spatial distribution of the ion density in the source plasma, which determines the geometrical shape of the plasma boundary, using a duoplasmatron ion source. It was revealed that the focusing of the ion beams extracted from a gaseous plasma through a large-area single aperture is sensitively influenced by the concavity of the plasma boundary, which concavity varies with the radial density profile of the plasma ions at the plasma boundary.
Expressional regulation of genes linked to immunity & programmed development in human early placental villi. (2014)

Several signaling pathways linked to immunity (COL1, JAK2, JAK3, IL12, IL13, IL15, IL27, STAT3 and STAT5) were downregulated, while genes of the enriched category of antiviral immunity (ATF/AP1, IL10R and OAS) were clearly over-expressed. Transcriptional integration supportive of programmed development was observed in first trimester placental villi and it included regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression (ARRB1, ATR, BLM, CHRNA7, CHRNB1, FYN, KPNA4, and MTOR/FRAP), autophagy (ATG4B, ATG14, BAD, and BCL2), cell adhesion (CD9 and FN1) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (CALD1, FN1, HEY1, MMP2, and WNT3A).
Peptide‐Coupling Reagents (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Carbodiimides Phosphonium Salts Aminium/Uronium Salts Fluoroformamidinium Coupling Reagents Organophosphorus Reagents Triazine Coupling Reagents Mukaiyama's Reagent Conclusions References
Advancing the science of microbial symbiosis to support invasive species management: a case study on Phragmites in the Great Lakes (2015)

A growing body of literature supports microbial symbiosis as a foundational principle for the competitive success of invasive plant species. Further exploration of the relationships between invasive species and their associated microbiomes, as well as the interactions with the microbiomes of native species, can lead to key new insights into invasive success and potentially new and effective control approaches. In this manuscript, we review microbial relationships with plants, outline steps necessary to develop invasive species control strategies that are based on those relationships, and use the invasive plant species Phragmites australis (common reed) as an example of how development of microbial-based control strategies can be enhanced using a collective impact approach. The proposed science agenda, developed by the Collaborative for Microbial Symbiosis and Phragmites Management, contains a foundation of sequential steps and mutually-reinforcing tasks to guide the development of microbial-based control strategies for Phragmites and other invasive species. Just as the science of plant-microbial symbiosis can be transferred for use in other invasive species, so too can the model of collective impact be applied to other avenues of research and management.
Reaction of Benzoyl Chloride with Triphenyltin Hydride (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of Benzoyl Chloride with Triphenyltin HydrideEugene J. Kupchik and Robert J. KieselCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 12, 3690–3691Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1964https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01035a503RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views89Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (254 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phytochemicals as Modulators of Signaling in Inflammation (2011)

Inflammatory pathways are involved in numerous chronic conditions such as arthritis, autoimmune disorders, heart disease, neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes and obesity. Inflammation is mediated primarily by NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in cells. NF-κB is part of a signal transduction pathway activated by surface cell receptors, stimulated by ligands such as cytokines in immune cells. This triggers the translocation of activated NF-κB into the nucleus. NF-κB then binds to DNA response elements and promotes the transcription of inflammatory proteins. During chronic conditions, gene products of NF-κB activation tend to amplify injury to bystander tissues, resulting in further localized injury. Many phytochemicals can limit this excessive cellular damage by blocking translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. Many natural products also exert indirect control over NF-κB, such as through peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and liver X receptor (LXR). PPARγ and LXR are transcription factors that control lipid and cholesterol metabolism. However, the activation of PPARγ and LXR also promotes a simultaneous repression of NF-κB pathways and, hence, attenuates inflammation. A well-known class of drugs that act as gonists of PPARγ are the thiazolidinediones, used in diabetes. However, many agonists of PPARγ and LXR also consist of natural products. Thus, it may be possible to inhibit NF-κB pathways directly or stimulate PPARγ and LXR induced repression of inflammatory pathways using phytochemicals in physio-logic doses from moderate dietary intake.
Mid-infrared coincidence measurements on twin photons at room temperature (2017)

Quantum measurements using single-photon detectors are opening interesting new perspectives in diverse fields such as remote sensing, quantum cryptography and quantum computing. A particularly demanding class of applications relies on the simultaneous detection of correlated single photons. In the visible and near infrared wavelength ranges suitable single-photon detectors do exist. However, low detector quantum efficiency or excessive noise has hampered their mid-infrared (MIR) counterpart. Fast and highly efficient single-photon detectors are thus highly sought after for MIR applications. Here we pave the way to quantum measurements in the MIR by the demonstration of a room temperature coincidence measurement with non-degenerate twin photons at about 3.1 μm. The experiment is based on the spectral translation of MIR radiation into the visible region, by means of efficient up-converter modules. The up-converted pairs are then detected with low-noise silicon avalanche photodiodes without the need for cryogenic cooling.
Characterization and calibration of broadband ultraviolet radiometers (2000)

The band responsivities of radiometers for measuring ultraviolet irradiance or dosage in the UVA, UVB and UVC spectral regions are source-dependent and require spectrally weighted measurements for calibration. Currently, however, many industrial users lack knowledge of this and may use a radiometer originally calibrated using one particular type of source to measure UV radiation from a source of a different type. Worse still, when this radiometer is later sent for recalibration, the calibration laboratory could use a source of a third type. This problem results in considerable discrepancies, as high as 20 % to 50 %, in the calibration of UV radiometers, and consequent errors in actual measurements. Efforts are being made by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) to standardize the calibration method and industrial uses of UV radiometers. This paper reviews the measurement principles of broadband radiometers and examines, both theoretically and experimentally, the effects of spectral distribution on the responsivities of several commonly used UV sources. The analysis agrees well with the experimental results. The methods of characterization and calibration of these radiometers are also discussed in detail.
Different strategies of differential display: areas of application (1998)

The main goal of this review is to provide some guide-lines for choosing a proper method when searching for differentially expressed transcripts. The choice of an approach should depend upon particular features of the experiment and project requirements. We outline some general considerations to help decide between differential display-related techniques and subtractive hybridization. While discussing advantages and problems of differential display, special attention is given to several recently developed methods based on alternative principles of fingerprint production, which provide a possibility for complete systematic investigation of RNA samples.
<title>Dynamic reconstruction of 3D coronary arterial trees based on a sequence of biplane angiograms</title> (1997)

To facilitate the evaluation of coronary artery and regional cardiac wall motion in three dimensions (3D), a method has been developed for 3D reconstruction of coronary arterial tree from two sequences of routine angiograms throughout the cardiac cycle acquired at arbitrary angles without using calibration objects. The proposed method consists of four major steps: (1) segmentation of vessel centerlines and feature extraction including bifurcation points, vessel diameters, vessel directional vectors, and vessel hierarchy in the two sequences of coronary angiograms, (2) determination of the optimal transforation in terms of a rotation matrix R and a translation vector t for every pair of angiograms acquired at two different views based on the identified bifurcation points and vessel directional vectors, (3) calculation of 3D coronary arterial trees throughout the cardiac cycle based on the calculated transformations, identified vessel centerlines, and diameters, and (4) motion analysis and dynamic rendering of the reconstructed 3D coronary arterial trees throughout the cardiac cycle.
Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen usage during exercise (1977)

Seven men were studied during 30 min of treadmill exercise (approximately 70% VO2 max) to determine the effects of increased availability of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and elevated plasma insulin on the utilization of muscle glycogen. This elevation of plasma FFA (1.01 mmol/1) with heparin (2,000 units) decreased the rate of muscle glycogen depletion by 40% as compared to the control experiment (FFA = 0.21 mmol/1). The ingestion of 75 g of glucose 45 min before exercise produced a 3.3-fold increase in plasma insulin and a 38% rise in plasma glucose at 0 min of exercise. Subsequent exercise increased muscle glycogen utilization and total carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation 17 and 13%, respectively, when compared to the control trial. This elevation of plasma insulin produced hypoglycemia (less than 3.5 mmol/1) in most subjects throughout the exercise. These data illustrate the regulatory influence of both plasma insulin and FFA on the rate of CHO usage during prolonged severe muscular activity.
Plasmonics and Metamaterials: Introduction (2009)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Allan Boardman, Mark Brongersma, Mark Stockman, and Martin Wegener, "Plasmonics and Metamaterials: Introduction," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26, PM1-PM1 (2009) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Conjugative transfer of the transposon Tn919 to lactic acid bacteria (1985)

The streptococcal transposon Tn919 was transferred from Streptococcus faecalis GF590 to selected Group N Streptococcus strains and to one strain each of Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc cremoris, using the filter mating method. An S. lactis MG1363 Rifr Tcr transconjugant also acted as a donor, but was less efficient than GF590. Frequencies of transfer varied between 4.0 × 10−8 and 5.29 × 10−5 per recipient. Further analysis of S. lactis MG1363 Smr Tcr transconjugants showed that insertion of Tn919 into the chromosome was site-specific.
Transmitted Drug Resistance and Phylogenetic Relationships Among Acute and Early HIV-1–Infected Individuals in New York City (2012)

TDR is stable in this cohort and remains a significant concern to both individual patient management and the public health.
Plk Is a Functional Homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5, and Elevated Plk Activity Induces Multiple Septation Structures (1997)

Plk is a mammalian serine/threonine protein kinase whose activity peaks at the onset of M phase. It is closely related to other mammalian kinases, Snk, Fnk, and Prk, as well as to Xenopus laevis Plx1, Drosophila melanogaster polo, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Plo1, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5. The M phase of the cell cycle is a highly coordinated process which insures the equipartition of genetic and cellular materials during cell division. To enable understanding of the function of Plk during M phase progression, various Plk mutants were generated and expressed in Sf9 cells and budding yeast. In vitro kinase assays with Plk immunoprecipitates prepared from Sf9 cells indicate that Glu206 and Thr210 play equally important roles for Plk activity and that replacement of Thr210 with a negatively charged residue elevates Plk specific activity. Ectopic expression of wild-type Plk (Plk WT) complements the cell division defect associated with the cdc5-1 mutation in S. cerevisiae. The degree of complementation correlates closely with the Plk activity measured in vitro, as it is enhanced by a mutationally activated Plk, T210D, but is not observed with the inactive forms K82M, D194N, and D194R. In a CDC5 wild-type background, expression of Plk WT or T210D, but not of inactive forms, induced a sharp accumulation of cells in G1. Consistent with elevated Plk activity, this phenomenon was enhanced by the C-terminally deleted forms WT deltaC and T210D deltaC. Expression of T210D also induced a class of cells with unusually elongated buds which developed multiple septal structures. This was not observed with the C-terminally deleted form T210D deltaC, however. It appears that the C terminus of Plk is not required for the observed cell cycle influence but may be important for polarized cell growth and septal structure formation.
Purification and Reconstitution of Recombinant Myostatin Latent Complex (2009)

Myostatin (GDF‐8) is a member of the TGF b super family. It is expressed in skeletal muscle and acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Myostatin is synthesized as pre‐pro‐myostatin and secreted as an inactive pro‐myostatin, where pro‐domain is processed from mature myostatin by a furin‐like protease. In vivo, myostatin is in circulation as an inactive latent complex (LC) which consists of pro‐domain and mature myostatin. It was shown that active mature myostatin was released from inactive latent form upon cleavage of pro‐domain by BMP‐1. To study the proteolytic processing of LC, full length myostatin was expressed as a fusion protein with an N‐terminal 6His/GB1tag with Tev cleavage site in a CHO secretion system. Myostatin was captured using Ni‐NTA chromatography. However, it was a mixture of various forms, 1) incomplete furin cleavage, 2) intact or cleaved pro‐domain at BMP‐1 cleavage site or C‐terminus truncated pro‐domain, and 3) intact or C‐terminus truncated mature domain. Every component was tightly aggregated together. To obtain an intact recombinant latent complex (rLC), the mixture was treated with furin and Tev, adjusted to 6M Gdn‐HCl to dissociate the aggregation, then passed through Ni‐NTA to both remove the His/GB1 tag and to release the tag‐cleaved pro‐domain. Using C8 RP‐HPLC, mature myostatin was isolated from the mixture. When the pro‐domain and mature myostatin were mixed in 6M Gdn‐HCl, dialyzed, then loaded onto a sizing column in PBS, only the intact pro‐domain was complexed with mature myostatin forming an intact rLC. This rLC was used as a substrate for proteolytic study.
Composite coating of bonelike apatite particles and collagen fibers on poly L‐lactic acid formed through an accelerated biomimetic coprecipitation process (2006)

Collagen and apatite were coprecipitated as a composite coating on poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) in an accelerated biomimetic process. The incubation solution contained collagen (1 g/L) and simulated body fluid with 5 times inorganic ionic concentrations as human blood plasma. The coating formed on PLLA films and scaffolds after a 24-h incubation was characterized by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that the coating contained carbonated bonelike apatite and collagen, which was similar in composition to natural bone. SEM showed a complex composite coating of submicron bonelike apatite particulates combined with collagen fibrils. It is expected that such biocomposite coating may better facilitate cell interaction and osteoconductivity. This work provided an efficient process to obtain bonelike apatite/collagen composite coating, which is potentially useful in bone tissue engineering.
Different tilting disc valves show similar rotation-dependent impairment in hemodynamic performance under a tilted implantation position (2005)

Objectives: Aortic annulus calcification can promote a tilted implantation position of mechanical valves. Such a "tilt-ramp" often appears in the noncoronary sinus. We showed that this condition deteriorates hemodynamics of Medtronic-Hall-Easy-Fit® (MH) valves. Consequently, we subjected Ultracor® (UC) valves to tilting and rotation for comparison with the MH valve.