gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of ionic liquids for separation of propyne from propylene: solubility and selectivity studies (2018)

Separation or removal of propyne from propylene, generated by naptha cracking process, is one of the most important processes in petrochemical industries because ppm level of propyne contained in feed olefins can serve as catalyst poisons in the polymerization of olefins. Recently, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) were introduced as novel solvents for the separation of various gases and hydrocarbons. RTIL is a salt composed of unsymmetrical organic cation and organic/inorganic anion which melts at room temperature. Prior to the decision of material selection for the effective separation of propyne/propylene employing RTIL, solubility behaviors and selectivities of propyne and propylene in various RTILs were investigated. For the solubility of propyne and propylene in 1-R-3-methylimidazolium-based RTILs, solubility measurement, thermodynamic analysis, and computational calculation strongly imply that the solubility of propyne is controlled by a trade-off between a specific solute-solvent interaction (hydrogen bonding of propyne-anion) and non bonding interaction (solubility parameter). In contrast, the solubility of propylene seems to be much strongly dependent on non-bonding interaction (solubility parameter) closely related to the physical attractive forces as suggested by regular solution theory. Thus, to achieve high selectivity of propyne over propylene, a RTIL with smaller-size and stronger hydrogen bonding ability should be employed.Keywords: propyne, propylene, solubility, selectivity, ionic liquidsAbstrakPemisahan senyawa propuna dari propena, yang dihasilkan oleh proses fraksionasi nafta adalah salah satu proses yang paling penting dalam industri petrokimia. Kontaminan propuna yang terkandung dalam umpan olefin dapat menjadi racun katalis dalam proses polimerisasi olefin. Kini cairan ionik temperatur ruang (RTIL) diperkenalkan sebagai pelarut baru untuk pemisahan berbagai gas dan hidrokarbon. RTIL adalah garam yang terdiri dari kation organik dan anion organik/anorganik asimetrik yang meleleh pada suhu kamar. Pemilihan senyawa pelarut RTIL yang tepat untuk pemisahan propuna / propena akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini. Dalam proses pelarutan propuna dalam RTIL berbasis 1-R-3-metilimidazolium, pengukuran kelarutan, analisis termodinamika, dan pemodelan mengisyaratkan bahwa kelarutan propuna dikendalikan oleh kompromi antara interaksi spesifik solut-pelarut (ikatan hidrogen propuna-anion) dan interaksi tak mengikat (parameter kelarutan). Sebaliknya, kelarutan propena sangat bergantung pada interaksi tak mengikat (parameter kelarutan) yang erat hubungannya dengan ikatan fisik seperti dipaparkan dalam teori larutan biasa (regular solution theory). Dengan demikian, untuk mencapai selektivitas tinggi terhadap propuna dibandingkan dengan propena, disarankan untuk menggunakan senyawa RTIL dengan ukuran molekul lebih kecil yang memiliki ikatan hidrogen lebih kuat.Kata Kunci: propuna, propena, kelarutan, absorpsi, cairan ionik
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Synthesis of cis‐ and trans‐3‐Aminocyclobutanecarboxylic Acids. (2011)

Abstract The high efficiency of the title synthesis permits a multigram preparation of the amino acids (VII) and (VIII) which are the simplest cyclic conformationally restricted γ‐aminobutyric acid analogues.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) recurrence following surgery: review of the clinical utility of imatinib treatment (2010)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Surgery with complete removal of the tumor is the primary treatment for resectable GIST and the only chance of cure. However, recurrence after surgery is common. The 2 main prognostic factors are the mitotic activity and the size of the tumor. Tumor rupture is also a risk factor for postoperative recurrence, and extra care should be taken while manipulating this soft and friable tumor. Imatinib mesylate (IM, Gleevec(®), Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and was first studied in the palliative setting for metastatic GIST patients in the year 2000. It is now the cornerstone of metastatic GIST treatment. IM also plays an important role as an adjuvant treatment for resectable GIST and has been shown to increase the recurrence-free survival in phase III studies. However, some points remain to be clarified. Notably, the ideal duration of adjuvant IM after surgery is still unclear. It is also difficult to determine the exact place of surgery in metastatic or recurrent GIST patients in the IM era. A multidisciplinary approach is, therefore, mandatory to offer GIST patients the best treatment available.
Three‐dimensional microwave imaging of realistic numerical breast phantoms via a multiple‐frequency inverse scattering technique (2010)

The results of this study support the utility of 3-D microwave tomography for imaging the distribution of normal tissues in the breast, specifically, dense fibroglandular tissue versus less dense adipose tissue, and suggest that further investigation of its use for volumetric evaluation of breast density is warranted.
First high power experiments with the Dutch free electron maser (1998)

A free electron maser (FEM) has been built as a mm-wave source for applications on future fusion research devices such as ITER, the international tokamak experimental reactor [M. A. Makowski, F. Elio, and D. Loeser, April 97, Proc. 10th Workshop on ECE and ECRH, EC10, 549-559. World Scientific (1998)]. A unique feature of the Dutch fusion-FEM is the possibility to tune the frequency over the entire range from 130 to 260 GHz at an output power exceeding 1 MW. In the first phase of the project, a so-called inverse setup is used. The electron gun is mounted inside the high-voltage terminal. The entire beam line was tested successfully with extremely low loss current, lower than 0.05%. This included the accelerating structure up to 2 MV level and the transport through the undulator. First generation of mm-waves was achieved in October 1997. With an electron beam current around 8 A and an accelerator voltage of 1.76 MV the mm-wave pulse starts after 3 μs and lasts for 3 μs, reaching a maximum saturated peak power level of more than 500 kW at a frequency of 200 GHz. Output power, start-up time, and frequency correspond well with simulation results.
Evaluating Temper Embrittlement in HY-80 Steel Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise and Microstructural Characterization (2021)

Abstract HY80 steel is a low-carbon steel known for embodying high strength and toughness properties. This steel is used in submarine applications. Temper embrittlement, which is the reduction of fracture toughness, occurs in steels when subject to aging and drastic temperature fluctuations. These changes occur in submarines over time while in underwater environments. During temper embrittlement, impurity atoms and carbides migrate to grain boundaries, which make the steel more susceptible to fracture. A non-destructive testing (NDT) method is desirable to assess the temper embrittlement damage in HY80. Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) is of interest as being a potential NDT method for analyzing HY80. Focusing on microstructural characterization and its effect on MBN could have implications for establishing an MBN based method to detect varied stages of temper embrittlement in HY80 steel. In this research, samples of HY80 were prepared and heat treated for 16–336 hours to mimic various degrees of temper embrittlement. Microstructural changes with heat treatment were characterized and connected to the MBN produced at each holding time. Methods consisted of performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using an MBN measurement system. It was observed that as holding time increases, grain size increases and carbide density within the grains decreases. These carbides, which act as pinning sites, make it more difficult for domain walls to move, consequently affecting MBN energy.
Correction to “Characterization of the Particle Size and Polydispersity of Dicumarol Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy” (2017)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition and Correct...Addition and CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to "Characterization of the Particle Size and Polydispersity of Dicumarol Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy"Kassibla Elodie Dempah, Joseph W. Lubach, and Eric J. Munson*Cite this: Mol. Pharmaceutics 2017, 14, 4, 1319Publication Date (Web):March 22, 2017Publication History Published online22 March 2017Published inissue 3 April 2017https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00194https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00194correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2017 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views566Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (147 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Particle size,Physical and chemical properties Get e-Alerts
Emergence of a Tetracycline-ResistantCampylobacter jejuniClone Associated with Outbreaks of Ovine Abortion in the United States (2008)

Campylobacter infection is one of the major causes of ovine abortions worldwide. Historically, Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus was the major cause of Campylobacter-associated abortion in sheep; however, Campylobacter jejuni is increasingly associated with sheep abortions. We examined the species distribution, genotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of abortion-associated Campylobacter isolates obtained from multiple lambing seasons on different farms in Iowa, Idaho, South Dakota, and California. We found that C. jejuni has replaced C. fetus as the predominant Campylobacter species causing sheep abortion in the United States. Most strikingly, the vast majority (66 of 71) of the C. jejuni isolates associated with sheep abortion belong to a single genetic clone, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and cmp gene (encoding the major outer membrane protein) sequence typing. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of these isolates to the antibiotics that are routinely used in food animal production were determined using the agar dilution test. All of the 74 isolates were susceptible to tilmicosin, florfenicol, tulathromycin, and enrofloxacin, and 97% were sensitive to tylosin. However, all were resistant to tetracyclines, the only antibiotics currently approved in the United States for the treatment of Campylobacter abortion in sheep. This finding suggests that feeding tetracycline for the prevention of Campylobacter abortions is ineffective and that other antibiotics should be used for the treatment of sheep abortions in the United States. Together, these results indicate that a single tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni clone has emerged as the major cause of Campylobacter-associated sheep abortion in the United States.
3D-Printed Microwave-to-THz Technologies: ICL-NPL Landscape (2019)

Application space for the collaborative work between Imperial College London and the National Physical Laboratory.
Chronic exposure of a honey bee colony to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwaves (1981)

A honey bee colony (Apis mellifera L.) was exposed 28 days to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwaves at a power density (1 mW/sq cm) expected to be associated with rectennae in the solar power satellite power transmission system. Differences found between the control and microwave-treated colonies were not large, and were in the range of normal variation among similar colonies. Thus, there is an indication that microwave treatment had little, if any, effect on (1) flight and pollen foraging activity, (2) maintenance of internal colony temperature, (3) brood rearing activity, (4) food collection and storage, (5) colony weight, and (6) adult populations. Additional experiments are necessary before firm conclusions can be made.
What's in a Loss Function for Image Classification? (2020)

It is common to use the softmax cross-entropy loss to train neural networks on classification datasets where a single class label is assigned to each example. However, it has been shown that modifying softmax cross-entropy with label smoothing or regularizers such as dropout can lead to higher performance. This paper studies a variety of loss functions and output layer regularization strategies on image classification tasks. We observe meaningful differences in model predictions, accuracy, calibration, and out-of-distribution robustness for networks trained with different objectives. However, differences in hidden representations of networks trained with different objectives are restricted to the last few layers; representational similarity reveals no differences among network layers that are not close to the output. We show that all objectives that improve over vanilla softmax loss produce greater class separation in the penultimate layer of the network, which potentially accounts for improved performance on the original task, but results in features that transfer worse to other tasks.
Dynamic re‐distribution of protein kinase D (PKD) as revealed by a GFP‐PKD fusion protein: dissociation from PKD activation (1999)

Protein kinase D (PKD)/protein kinase Cmicro (PKCmicro, a serine/threonine protein kinase with distinct structural and enzymological properties, is rapidly activated in intact cells via PKC. The amino-terminal region of PKD contains a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) that directly binds phorbol esters with a high affinity. Here, we show that treatment of transfected RBL 2H3 cells with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) induces a striking CRD-dependent translocation of PKD from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, as shown by real time visualization of a functional green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PKD fusion protein. A single amino acid substitution in the second cysteine-rich motif of PKD (P287G) prevented PDB-induced membrane translocation but did not affect PKD activation. Our results indicate that PKD translocation and activation are distinct processes that operate in parallel to regulate the activity and localization of this enzyme in intact cells.
Renewing accessible heptazine chemistry: 2,5,8-tris(3,5-diethyl-pyrazolyl)-heptazine, a new highly soluble heptazine derivative with exchangeable groups, and examples of newly derived heptazines and their physical chemistry (2019)

We have prepared 2,5,8-tris(3,5-diethyl-pyrazolyl)-heptazine, the first highly soluble heptazine derivative possessing easily exchangeable leaving groups. We present its original synthesis employing mechanochemistry, along with a few examples of its versatile reactivity. It is, in particular, demonstrated that the pyrazolyl leaving groups can be replaced by several secondary or primary amino substituents or by three aryl- or benzyl-thiol substituents. In addition to being a synthetic platform, 2,5,8-tris(3,5-diethyl-pyrazolyl)-heptazine is fluorescent and electroactive, and its attractive properties, as well as those of the derived heptazines, are briefly presented.
Influence of Diamond CVD Growth Conditions and Interlayer Material on Diamond/GaN Interface (2015)

In this study we present the diamond deposition on AlGaN/GaN substrates focusing on the quality of the diamond/GaN interface. The growth of diamond films was performed using microwave chemical vapour deposition system in different gas mixtures: standard CH 4 /H 2 (at low and high ratio of CH 4 to H 2 ) and addition of CO 2 to CH 4 /H 2 gas chemistry. The diamond films were grown directly on GaN films either without or with thin interlayer. As interlayer, 100 nm thick Si 3 N 4 was used. Surprisingly, in the case of standard CH 4 /H 2 gas mixture, no diamond film was observed on the GaN with SiN interlayer, while adding of CO 2 resulted in diamond film formation of both samples with and without SiN interlayer. Moreover, adding of CO 2 led to higher growth rate. The morphology of diamond films and the quality of the diamond/GaN interface was investigated from the cross-section images by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical character (i.e. sp 3 versus sp 2 carbon bonds) was measured by Raman spectroscopy.
Biological Inspiration: Microtubule‐Templated Cadmium Sulfide Nanotube Assemblies (Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 8/2014) (2014)

The cover image presents an artificially colored transmission electron micrograph of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals templated on a protein microtubule (MT). This image is superimposed on a colorful brightfield image of MT-templated CdS nanostructures bound to a silicon substrate. In the article on page 863, E. D. Spoerke and co-workers discuss how biomediated, in vitro assembly of the MT templates to form arrays, rings, and asters facilitates the growth of complex semiconducting CdS nanostructures.
An organic solvent-, detergent-, and thermostable alkaline protease from the mesophilic, organic solvent-tolerant Bacillus licheniformis 3C5 (2010)

Bacillus licheniformis 3C5, isolated as mesophilic bacterium, exhibited tolerance towards a wide range of non-polar and polar organic solvents at 45 degrees C. It produced an extracellular organic solvent-stable protease with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa. The inhibitory effect of PMSF and EDTA suggested it is likely to be an alkaline serine protease. The protease was active over abroad range of temperatures (45-70 degrees C) and pH (8-10) range with an optimum activity at pH 10 and 65 degrees C. It was comparatively stable in the presence ofa relatively high concentration (35% (v/v)) of organic solvents and various types of detergents even at a relatively high temperature (45 degrees C). The protease production by B. licheniformis 3C5 was growth-dependent. The optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources for cell growth and protease production revealed that yeast extract was an important medium component to support both cell growth and the protease production. The overall properties of the protease produced by B. licheniformis 3C5 suggested that this thermo-stable, solvent-stable, detergent-stable alkaline protease is a promising potential biocatalyst for industrial and environmental applications.
Sleeping together: understanding the association between relationship type, sexual activity, and sleep (2022)

Findings indicate that relationship type may be associated with improved sleep outcomes, including sleep latency. Relationship type should therefore be taken into consideration by clinicians when developing treatment plans for individuals with poor sleep.
A Two-Carbon Homologation of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Ynamides (2007)

Reactions of ynamides with Lewis acid activated ­aldehydes, enals, or ketones in the formation of acrylic amides are described here. The overall process is an equivalent of a two-carbon homologation of aldehydes or ketones and is selective for the E-isomer.
The effect of molecular weight distribution on the optical properties of polystyrene in the transition region (1963)

Abstract Birefringence measurements during relaxation of stress have been made on five narrow molecular weight distribution (anionic) polystyrenes at temperatures of 91.5, 95.0, and 98.5°C. One broad distribution (isothermal) polystyrene was measured at 91.5°C. The birefringence vs. log time curves obtained are observed to pass through a maximum, the magnitude of the maximum being independent of molecular weight above M̄ w = 154,000 and increasing with temperature at constant M̄ w . Increasing molecular weight heterogeneity causes the birefringence decay curves to shift to later times and broaden slightly, and the magnitude of their maxima to decrease. Decay data previously obtained on a plasticized commercial polystyrene are presented and shown to be in agreement with present findings. No substantial change in energy of activation associated with the decay process ( E a = 150 kcal./mole) is observed with either broadening of molecular weight distribution or with plasticization.
Development of a classifier for gambling disorder based on functional connections between brain regions (2022)

We developed a generalizable classifier for GD based on information of functional connections between brain regions at resting state.
Real Time Observation of the Formation of Hollow Nanostructures through Solid State Reactions (2014)

We demonstrate the formation of hollow nickel germanide nanostructures of Ni-Ge core-shell nanoparticles by solid state reactions. The structural evolutions of nickel germanide hollow nanostructures have been investigated in real-time ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscopy (UHV-TEM). Annealed above 450 °C, the nonequilibrium interdiffusion of core and shell species occurred at the interface; thus, Ni germanide hollow nanostructures were formed by solid state reactions involving the Kirkendall effect. In addition, the different hollow nanostructures formed from different core diameters of Ni-Ge core-shell nanoparticles have been studied. Also, we propose the mechanism with effects of the size and annealing duration on the solid state reactions based on the Kirkendall effect.
Gate-Pitch Optimization for Circuit Design Using Strain-Engineered Multifinger Gate Structures (2012)

Optimal transistor sizing and layout using multifinger gate structures (MFGSs) in mechanical stress-engineered CMOS technology is a major issue. We observe that the pull-down and pull-up delay of an inverter using seven-fingered devices with fan-out-of-four (FO4) load increases by ~ 9% and ~ 14%, respectively, compared with the FO4 delay of a reference inverter using single-finger gate structure. On the other hand, doubling gate-pitch in the above inverter improves the pull-down and pull-up delay by ~ 18% and ~ 23%, respectively, compared with the delay of the reference inverter. In this brief, we present a methodology of transistor sizing and layout optimization for MFGSs in stress-engineered CMOS circuits. For this, we derive and validate a modified model of logical effort (LE), where LE is expressed as a function of the number of fingers (NF) and gate-pitch (Lpp). Using our model, we reduce the error in the estimated delay of a four-stage buffer with FO4 from ~ 9% to ~ 1%. Using our methodology, we improve the circuit performance by 7%.