gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Investigation of the Catalytic Activity of Natural Calcium-Rich Minerals and a Novel Dual-Supported CaO–Ca12Al14O33/Al2O3 Catalyst for Biotar Steam Reforming (2018)

Tar removal plays a key role in the process efficiency and viability of biomass gasification for syngas production applications. Among currently available tar treatment technologies, catalytic cracking was found to be the most attractive due to minimal energy losses by avoiding cooling of the raw product gas. Naturally available calcium-based catalysts, particularly stone dust and dolomite, have been proven to be effective for biotar cracking; however, they have poor resistance to attrition and undergo deactivation after a few carbonation/calcination cycles. As such, these characteristics play a critical role in determining the viability of their application at a large-scale. Hence to overcome the shortcomings previously stated, a novel dual supported calcium-based catalyst which includes a stable support with great mechanical strength (alumina, Al2O3, and mayenite, Ca12Al14O33) dosed with CaO nanoparticles was synthesized by wet impregnation of calcium on alumina particles with and without the assistance of ultrasonication, referred to as CA and CAU respectively. The synthesized catalysts, as well as the naturally occurring calcium rich minerals stone dust and dolomite, were physically and chemically characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. The synthesized catalysts showed superior mechanical strength up to 5 times greater than the natural minerals. Each of the natural and synthesized catalysts was then investigated in a fixed bed reactor for steam reforming of biotars. In these experiments, toluene was used as a model tar compound to assess the catalytic activity of each and determine the best option in terms of catalytic activity, cost, and mechanical strength. The synthesized CA catalyst without ultrasonic treatment exhibited better tar cracking performance in comparison to stone dust and dolomite in the temperature range of 600 to 800 °C. The synthesized CA catalyst also had the greatest performance in terms of superior surface area and mechanical strength due to the core support of Al2O3. This makes it a potential bed material for further study of tar cracking in large-scale fluidized applications.
Author response: Siglec receptors impact mammalian lifespan by modulating oxidative stress (2015)

As we get older, we are more likely to become frail, be less mobile and develop heart disease, diabetes, and other age-related diseases. This is partly due to damage to tissues and organs that accumulates over the course of our lifetime. How quickly we age is controlled both by our genetics and by the environment we live in. It is thought that damage to DNA, proteins, and other molecules in the body caused by chemically active molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS) can influence aging. ROS are produced during respiration, immune responses, and other important processes in cells, but in excessive amounts they can be extremely harmful. To avoid damage to DNA and other important molecules, cells have several ways to control the levels of ROS. One of the other hallmarks of aging is the development of chronic inflammation in tissues around the body, which is partly triggered by the immune system in response to cell damage. A group of genes called the CD33rSIGLEC genes are involved in controlling inflammation. The genomes of different mammal species carry different numbers of these genes, but it is not clear whether this alters the aging process in these animals. In this study, Schwarz et al. investigated whether the CD33rSIGLEC genes influence the lifespans of mammals. Species with a higher number of CD33rSIGLEC genes generally have a longer lifespan than those with fewer of these genes. Mice that were missing one of these genes and were subjected to inflammation early in life showed signs of accelerated aging and had shortened lifespans compared with normal mice. As predicted, these mice also had higher levels of ROS, which led to a greater amount of damage to the DNA and other molecules in their bodies. Schwarz et al.'s findings suggest that the CD33rSIGLECs co-evolved in mammals to help control the levels of ROS during inflammation, thereby reducing the damage to cells and extending the lifespan of the animals. Given that individual humans have different numbers of working CD33rSIGLEC genes, it would be interesting to see if this influences human lifespan.
Linear oligopeptides. Part 316. Conformational characterization of syndiotactic homo-peptides from Cα,α-disubstituted glycines (1994)

Terminally blocked, syndiotactic linear homo-peptides from Cα,α-disubstituted glycines Iva and (αMe)Val have been prepared to the hexapeptide and tripeptide amide levels, respectively, by solution methods and fully characterized. The molecular and crystal structures of pBrBz-(D-lva-L-lva)2-OBut methanol solvate, pBrBz-(D-lva-L-lva)2-D-lva-OBut methanol solvate, and Z-D-(αMe)Val-L-(aMe)Val-D-(aMe)Val-NHPri(pBrBz =p-bromobenzoyl, Z = benzyloxycarbonyl) were determined by X-ray diffraction. While the Iva pentapeptide and the (αMe) Val tripeptide amide are folded in an (incipient) left-handed 310-helical conformation, the Iva tetrapeptide adopts a double β-bend conformation of the II′–III type. The FTIR absorption and 1H NMR analyses support our contention that in chloroform solution, the longest syndiotactic homo-peptides may be folded in well developed 310-helical structures. This is the first structural study reported on regularly alternating (D–L) peptides based on conformationally constrained α-amino acids.
Design of a UWB Antenna with Multiple Ports on a Single Circular Radiator for Direction-Finding Applications (2023)

This paper proposes a single circular radiator with a multi-port (SRMP) antenna that can estimate the direction-of-arrival (DoA) in the azimuth and elevation directions. The proposed SRMP antenna is designed to minimize the size of the ultra-wideband system by using only one patch radiator. To verify the feasibility, the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the reflection coefficient and boresight gain are measured (-13.3 dB and 3.4 dBi at 8 GHz). Then, to observe the direction-finding performance, the DoA estimation results using the Bartlett beamformer are compared with the typical array. At all incident angles, a root-mean-square error of less than 1° is observed when the signal-to-noise ratio is higher than 6 dB.
Characterization of the Chlor-Alkali Membrane Process by EIS (2010)

The effect of the operating parameters current density, feed flow rate, brine and caustic concentrations, and temperature of a laboratory-scale chlor-alkali membrane cell on its overall performance (power consumption) was studied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate in situ the ohmic resistances of electrolytes and membrane. The cell temperature and the brine concentration were the most important variables on the cell voltage. The gas bubble evolution had a great effect on the ohmic resistance, especially at the anode side, where the gas void fraction was about 10%.
Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women (1990)

Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea were assessed longitudinally in a representative sample of young women born in 1962. The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea was lower (P less than 0.01) at 24 years of age than at 19 years of age. At 24 years of age, 67% of the women still experienced dysmenorrhoea; 10% reported dysmenorrhoea which limited daily activity. The severity of dysmenorrhoea (linear analogue scale) was lower (P less than 0.001) at 24 years of age (3.4, SD 2.8) than at 19 years (4.1, SD 3.2). The prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea were reduced (P less than 0.05) in women who were parous in 1986 and nulliparous in 1981, but was unchanged in women who were still nulliparous or women who had had a miscarriage or abortion. Dysmenorrhoea was reduced (P less than 0.001) in oral contraceptive users. The severity of dysmenorrhoea was significantly associated with the duration of menstrual flow, menarcheal age and cigarette smoking. The severity of dysmenorrhoea was not associated with age as an isolated factor, nor with height, weight, length of menstrual cycle or frequency of physical exercise.
When innovativeness determines market orientation: the forest sector and the Great Recession (2016)

The forest sector and the Great Recession provide a unique setting for investigating the relationships among market orientation, innovativeness and firm performance. While most of the extant literature suggests that market orientation helps a firm build its innovativeness, we suggest that in the production oriented forest sector, especially when reacting to the Great Recession, being innovative is the ingredient that allows a production oriented firm to develop a market orientation. Using data from 142 forest sector manufacturing firms we find that different types of innovativeness positively impact the dimensions of market orientation. In this industry sector and time, market orientation does not positively impact firm performance. Finally, firms with better post-recession performance were able to increase their innovativeness, likely as a result of the slack resources from improved performance.
Voltage Control of IPMSM Servo Drive in Constant Power Region With Intelligent Parameter Estimation (2022)

A novel voltage control scheme for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) servo drive in the constant power region with intelligent estimation of the motor parameter is proposed in this study. In the novel voltage control scheme, a feedforward voltage angle controller is proposed where an intelligent parameter estimation method by using a wavelet fuzzy neural network (WFNN) is developed to estimate the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> -axis inductance online. In this study, in order to minimize the copper loss, a flux-weakening (FW) control scheme under maximum phase voltage is developed first. Then, an adaptive backstepping based nonlinear controller (ABNC) considering nonzero <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> -axis current is developed to improve the robustness of the speed control. The Lyapunov stability theorem is used to derive the adaptive law of the online estimation of the lumped uncertainty to ensure the asymptotical stability of the ABNC. Moreover, a feedforward voltage angle controller is developed for the voltage control where the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> -axis current controller is retained in order to ensure the steady-state performance of the control system. Furthermore, the WFNN is adopted to estimate the actual <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> -axis inductance value online for the feedforward voltage angle controller to improve the dynamic response. In addition, some experimental results are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed voltage control scheme with ABNC in the constant power region.
Genetic Aberrations in the CDK4 Pathway Are Associated with Innate Resistance to PD-1 Blockade in Chinese Patients with Non-Cutaneous Melanoma (2019)

In summary, we discovered that genetic aberrations in the CDK4 pathway are associated with innate resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with advanced melanoma. Moreover, our study provides a strong rationale for combining CDK4/6 inhibitors with anti-PD-1 antibody for the treatment of advanced melanomas.
CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Immunodetection in the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Comparison to Galectin-3 and Hector Battifora Mesothelial Cell-1 (2010)

An immunohistochemical panel, including CXCR4, could be useful in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant well-differentiated follicular-patterned thyroid lesions.
An Improved Approach for Analyzing the Oxygen Compatibility of Solvents and Other Oxygen-Flammable Materials for Use in Oxygen Systems (2016)

Solvents used to clean oxygen system components must be assessed for oxygen compatibility because incompatible residue or fluid inadvertently left behind within an oxygen system can pose a flammability risk. The most recent approach focused on solvent ignition susceptibility to assess the flammability risk associated with these materials. Previous evaluations included ambient pressure liquid oxygen (LOX) mechanical impact testing (ASTM G86) and autogenous ignition temperature (AIT) testing (ASTM G72). The goal in this approach was to identify a solvent material that was not flammable in oxygen. As environmental policies restrict the available options of acceptable solvents, it has proven difficult to identify one that is not flammable in oxygen. A more rigorous oxygen compatibility approach is needed in an effort to select a new solvent for NASA applications. NASA's White Sands Test Facility proposed an approach that acknowledges oxygen flammability yet selects solvent materials based on their relative oxygen compatibility ranking, similar to that described in ASTM G63-99. Solvents are selected based on their ranking with respect to minimal ignition susceptibility, damage, and propagation potential, as well as their relative ranking when compared with other solvent materials that are successfully used in oxygen systems. Based on these comparisons, in which solvents exhibited properties within those ranges seen with proven oxygen system materials, it is believed that Solstice PF, L-14780, and Vertrel MCA would perform well with respect to oxygen compatibility.
Apparatus for monitoring SO/sub 2/ concentrations (1983)

In a solid electrolyte electrochemical cell device for generating an EMF signal based on the Nernst equation which is indicative of the SO/sub 2/ content of a monitored gas environment, the oxygen content of the reference environment of the cell is adjusted to maintain it equal with the oxygen content of the monitored gas environment to eliminate the effect of oxygen on the EMF signal measurement of SO/sub 2/.
A new deconvolution technique for time-domain signals in diffuse optical tomography without a priori information (2009)

The present work will serve in a diffuse optical tomography (DOT) scanner that we are developing for small animal non-contact molecular imaging. We present a new method for deconvoluting time-domain signals for use in DOT. Time-domain signals represents reemitted light intensity as a function of time when the medium is excited by ultra-short laser pulses. Actually, each signal equals the convolution between the light propagation in the medium and the impulse response of the detection system, so-called the instrument response function (IRF). Moreover, Poisson noise present in the system has to be considered. Time-domain signals directly depend on the optical properties of a medium and so contain additional information (compared to continuous-wave signals) that should be exploited in reconstruction algorithms. As an advantage, our deconvolution method does not use a priori information about the signal. It is important to remove the IRF and noise from measured signals in order to keep only the true signal, which has a direct link to medium properties.
China Report: AIDS, Law, and Social Control (1991)

China has a growing number of HIV-infected individuals. The vast majority are intravenous drug users from Yunnan Province near the Golden Triangle region, though the infection has been found among prostitutes and in the homosexual community. The Chinese government is approaching the outbreak of AIDS from a public health and a public security perspective. The public security portion of the response employs a philosophy of treatment and resocialization that should facilitate efforts by the Chinese to manage the spread of the AIDS virus.
The Effects of Background Noise on User Experience and Performance of Mixed Reality Voice Dictation (2022)

From education to manufacturing and medicine, the Microsoft HoloLens 2 mixed reality headset has been increasingly adopted. Text entry is a core functionality of the HoloLens 2, enabling communication and search features. The device tracks hand and finger movements interacting with a virtual keyboard but is slow and cumbersome. Speech-to-text dictation is a promising alternative requiring less physical effort and time. However, the HoloLens 2 dictation performance in environmental settings with varying noise levels is unclear. This study investigated the text input accuracy (WER), speed (WPM), and user perceptions of the HoloLens 2 dictation across three background noise levels (40 dB, 55 dB, and 70 dB). The 70 dB condition resulted in inferior outcomes for text input speed, perceived usability, mental demand, temporal demand, and effort. Users also reported lengthy processing delays in the 70 dB condition, while accuracy remained consistent (2–5% WER) across all noise conditions.
Stability of Ln3Ba2Mn2Cu2O12 (Ln = lanthanide) Compounds and Their Magnetic Properties (1996)

Abstract The layered manganocuprate Ln3Ba2Mn2Cu2O12 (Ln = lanthanide) consists of an intergrowth of single rock-salt layers with quadruple oxygen-deficient perovskite layers. This structure is stabilized by a particular ionic size at the Ln site (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd). The ground state changes from a spin glass to a ferromagnetic phase with decreasing size of the Ln ion (Sm → Gd).
A broadband wireless communications system for emergency management (2008)

Wireless communications have received much attention during the last decades due to easy implementation, the possibility of delivering multimedia services to rural communities, and the suitability for public safety and for communicating in emergency situations. In particular, a wireless network designed for an emergency scenario must be capable of monitoring sensitive areas and must enable people to connect immediately after a disaster. This article discusses the main features of a wireless network that aims to interconnect several heterogeneous systems and provide multimedia access to groups of people to better monitor a specific area, to have a fast response in case of a disaster, and to efficiently coordinate all of the forces during the disaster management phase.
Ultra-low latency recurrent neural network inference on FPGAs for physics applications with hls4ml (2023)

Abstract Recurrent neural networks have been shown to be effective architectures for many tasks in high energy physics, and thus have been widely adopted. Their use in low-latency environments has, however, been limited as a result of the difficulties of implementing recurrent architectures on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In this paper we present an implementation of two types of recurrent neural network layers—long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit—within the hls4ml framework. We demonstrate that our implementation is capable of producing effective designs for both small and large models, and can be customized to meet specific design requirements for inference latencies and FPGA resources. We show the performance and synthesized designs for multiple neural networks, many of which are trained specifically for jet identification tasks at the CERN Large Hadron Collider.
Robust low-order load frequency controller in a deregulated environment (2002)

Abstract – The electric power industry is in transition from large and regulated utilities to an industry that will incorporate competitive companies selling unbundled power at lower rates. The new structure of electric power systems, which includes separate companies with an open access policy demands novel control strategies to maintain the stability and eliminates the frequency error. Under current organization several approaches have already been proposed. This paper addresses the design and introduce of reduced load frequency controller based on µ-synthesis theorem for a possible structure in the new deregulated open access environment. We used the singular values of the observability matrix of the high order µ-controller for reducing the controller order.
AI Assistants (2021)

An accessible explanation of the technologies that enable such popular voice-interactive applications as Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant. Have you talked to a machine lately? Asked Alexa to play a song, asked Siri to call a friend, asked Google Assistant to make a shopping list? This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series offers a nontechnical and accessible explanation of the technologies that enable these popular devices. Roberto Pieraccini, drawing on more than thirty years of experience at companies including Bell Labs, IBM, and Google, describes the developments in such fields as artificial intelligence, machine learning, speech recognition, and natural language understanding that allow us to outsource tasks to our ubiquitous virtual assistants. Pieraccini describes the software components that enable spoken communication between humans and computers, and explains why it's so difficult to build machines that understand humans. He explains speech recognition technology; problems in extracting meaning from utterances in order to execute a request; language and speech generation; the dialog manager module; and interactions with social assistants and robots. Finally, he considers the next big challenge in the development of virtual assistants: building in more intelligence—enabling them to do more than communicate in natural language and endowing them with the capacity to know us better, predict our needs more accurately, and perform complex tasks with ease.
Identifying the Central Figure of a Scientific Paper (2019)

Publishers are increasingly using graphical abstracts to facilitate scientific search, especially across disciplinary boundaries. They are presented on various media, easily shared and information rich. However, very small amount of scientific publications are equipped with graphical abstracts. What can we do with the vast majority of papers with no selected graphical abstract? In this paper, we first hypothesize that scientific papers actually include a "central figure" that serve as a graphical abstract. These figures convey the key results and provide a visual identity for the paper. Using survey data collected from 6,263 authors regarding 8,353 papers over 15 years, we find that over 87% of papers are considered to contain a central figure, and that these central figures are primarily used to summarize important results, explain the key methods, or provide additional discussion. We then train a model to automatically recognize the central figure, achieving top-3 accuracy of 78% and exact match accuracy of 34%. We find that the primary boost in accuracy comes from figure captions that resemble the abstract. We make all our data and results publicly available at https://github.com/viziometrics/centraul_figure. Our goal is to automate central figure identification to improve search engine performance and to help scientists connect ideas across the literature.