gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capitalizing on Illness: The Health Insurance Industry (2019)

Two major types of private health insurance institutions exist in the United States: the “nonprofit” tax-exempt Blue Cross and Blue Shield, and the commercial insurance companies. Although commercial insurance companies had begun to insure people against sickness in the 19th century, private health insurance only became a major industry during the Depression. Commercial insurance companies did not become important in the health field until after World War II, when the Blues were already well established. Commercial companies were successful in capturing a large share of the union health insurance market because of the way they can set premium rates. Private insurance advocates claim that deductibles, uncovered, and partially covered care prevent the consumer from “overusing” health facilities. For an insurance company, illness is not a frightening and uncomfortable experience, it is a golden opportunity. Insurance companies generally make patients pay part of the costs of services.
Cell surface differentiation antigen of human muscle encoded by a gene <i>(MIC12)</i> on chromosome 15 (1985)

Monoclonal antibody 30.2A8 was produced by a hybridoma made by fusing cells from rats that had been immunized with rat-human muscle cell hybrids. The 30.2A8 reacts with a differentiation antigen in human skeletal muscle that is synthesized by myoblasts but not myotubes. The gene controlling synthesis of the antigen recognized by 30.2A8 was found to be encoded by human chromosome 15.
Electron-Deficient Phosphines Accelerate the Heck Reaction of Electronrich Olefins in Ionic Liquid (2008)

Using various substrates and ligands, we show that electron-deficient, bidentate phosphines are the ligands of choice for palladium-catalyzed arylation of electron-rich olefins. This is in contrast to the reaction of electron-deficient olefins, which benefit from electron-rich monodentate phosphines. A tentative explanation is offered based on DFT calculations.
Sigma receptor ligands protect human retinal cells against oxidative stress (2006)

This study was undertaken to investigate the role of sigma receptors during the oxidative damage on human retinal pigment epithelial cells, and to assess whether sigma receptor ligands enhance survival and protect DNA of cells challenged by oxidative stress. Pretreatment with PRE-084, a sigma1 receptor agonist, resulted in significant increased viability in a dose-related manner. DNA damage induced by oxidative insult was significantly lower with PRE-084. The effects of PRE-084 were antagonized by pretreatment with sigma1 receptor antagonists (NE-100 and BD1047), but interestingly were synergized by cotreatment with BD1047 that also presented an affinity for the sigma2 receptor. The results suggest that sigma1 receptors play an important role against retinal damage, even though sigma2 receptor involvement cannot be excluded.
Design and fabrication of thermally stable nanoparticles for well‐defined nanocomposites (2013)

Abstract The nanocomposites consisted of polymer and nanoparticles (NPs) have been regarded as one of core materials in the nanotechnology. From the practical viewpoint, the heat treatment is often required in many nanocomposite fabrication processes. However, some NPs such as gold NPs exhibit the low thermal stability due to the dissociation of ligands from the nanoparticle surface at elevated temperature, limiting their use in many applications. Herein, we provide an overview of the recent efforts in strategies for the design and fabrication of inorganic NPs which have enhanced thermal stability. The recent investigation on the phase behavior of thermally stable NPs within the polymer matrices (polymer blends and block copolymer), morphologies of nanocomposites induced by NPs, and examples of their applications are also discussed. These approaches may provide useful strategy to employ the NPs for the fabrication of nanocomposites in diverse applications especially where heat treatment are required. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Visible colorimetric growth indicators of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for low-cost diagnostic applications (2021)

N. gonorrhoeae is one of the most pressing antibiotic resistant threats of our time and low-cost diagnostics that can easily identify antibiotic resistance are desperately needed. However, N. gonorrhoeae responds so uniquely to growth conditions that it cannot be assumed gonorrhea will respond to common microbiological methods used for other pathogenic organisms. In this paper, we explore visual colorimetric indicators of N. gonorrhoeae growth that can be seen without a microscope or spectrophotometer. We evaluate growth media, pH indicators, resazurin-based dyes, and tetrazolium-based dyes for their use in simple colorimetric system. Overall, we identified Graver Wade media as the best at supporting robust gonococcal growth while also providing the least background when analyzing results of colorimetric tests. XTT, a tetrazolium-based dye, proved to show to brightest color change over time and not negatively impact the natural growth of N. gonorrhoeae. However, other dyes including PrestoBlue, MTT, and NBT are less expensive than XTT and work well when added after bacterial growth has already occurred. By identifying the specific use cases of these dyes, this research lays the groundwork for future development of a color-based antibiotic susceptibility low-cost test for N. gonorrhoeae.
A quadruple therapy synergistically blocks proliferation and promotes apoptosis of hepatoma cells (2004)

Effective therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is lacking. Conventional chemotherapy was judged to be ineffective. We previously demonstrated that the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) blocks growth of HCC cells in vitro. The anti-tumoral effect of a combination of more than 2 classes of drugs remains unexplored. Four hepatoma cell lines were incubated with increasing concentrations of Tamoxifen (TAM), 9-cis retinoic acid (CRA), the methioninaminopeptidase inhibitor TNP-470 and TSA as single agents and in combination. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects were assessed using BrdU-incorporation, FACS analysis and immunocytochemistry. Central pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins were measured by semi-quantitative Western blotting and substrate assays. All single substances inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC cells only at high concentrations. The combination of TAM/CRA/TNP/TSA multiplied the anti-tumoral effects, reaching up to 93% inhibition of proliferation and 63% induction of apoptosis after 24 h in Hep1B cells. Pro-apoptotic factors bax and caspase 3 were highly increased with quadruple therapy, while anti-apoptotic bcl-2 decreased to undetectable levels. Fibroblasts remained largely unaffected. While the single substances were not effective on hepatoma cells in tolerable doses, their combination significantly increases anti-tumoral efficacy. Combination therapy with biomodulators is a promising treatment option for HCC.
The Cydra 5 departmental supercomputer: design philosophies, decisions, and trade-offs (1989)

The Cydra 5 is a heterogeneous multiprocessor system that targets small work groups or departments of scientists and engineers. The two types of processors are functionally specialized for the different components of the work load found in a departmental setting. The Cydra 5 numeric processor, based on a directed-data-flow architecture, provides consistently high performance on a broader class of numerical computations. The interactive processors offload all nonnumeric work from the numeric processor, leaving it free to spend all its time on the numeric application. The I/O processors permit high-bandwidth I/O transitions with minimal involvement from the interactive or numeric processors. The system architecture and data-flow architecture are described. The numeric processor decisions and tradeoffs are examined, and the main memory system is discussed. Some reflections on the design issues are offered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Water Landing Simulation (2007)

Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) water splashdowns were simulated in order to find maximum acceleration loads on the astronauts and spacecraft under various landing conditions. The acceleration loads were used in a Dynamic Risk Index (DRI) program to find the potential risk for injury posed on the astronauts for a range of landing conditions. The DRI results showed that greater risks for injury occurred for two landing conditions; when the vertical velocity was large and the contact angle between the spacecraft and the water impact surface was zero, and when the spacecraft was in a toe down configuration and both the vertical and horizontal landing velocities were large. Rollover was also predicted to occur for cases where there is high horizontal velocity and low contact angles in a toe up configuration, and cases where there was a high horizontal velocity with high contact angles in a toe down configuration.
Entropoid Based Cryptography (2021)

By analogy with the developed cryptographic theory of discrete logarithm problems, we define several hard problems in Entropoid based cryptography, such as Discrete Entropoid Logarithm Problem (DELP), Computational Entropoid Diffie-Hellman problem (CEDHP), and Decisional Entropoid Diffie-Hellman Problem (DEDHP). We post a conjecture that DEDHP is hard in Sylow $q$-subquasigroups. Next, we instantiate an entropoid Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. Due to the non-commutativity and non-associativity, the entropoid based cryptographic primitives are supposed to be resistant to quantum algorithms. At the same time, due to the proposed succinct notation for the power indices, the communication overhead in the entropoid based Diffie-Hellman key exchange is very low: for 128 bits of security, 64 bytes in total are communicated in both directions, and for 256 bits of security, 128 bytes in total are communicated in both directions. Our final contribution is in proposing two entropoid based digital signature schemes. The schemes are constructed with the Fiat-Shamir transformation of an identification scheme which security relies on a new hardness assumption: computing roots in finite entropoids is hard. If this assumption withstands the time's test, the first proposed signature scheme has excellent properties: for the classical security levels between 128 and 256 bits, the public and private key sizes are between 32 and 64, and the signature sizes are between 64 and 128 bytes. The second signature scheme reduces the finding of the roots in finite entropoids to computing discrete entropoid logarithms. In our opinion, this is a safer but more conservative design, and it pays the price in doubling the key sizes and the signature sizes. We give a proof-of-concept implementation in SageMath 9.2 for all proposed algorithms and schemes in an appendix.
Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Fluorouracil and Folinic Acid As Adjuvant Therapy for Stage III Colon Cancer (2011)

The addition of oxaliplatin to capecitabine improves DFS in patients with stage III colon cancer. XELOX is an additional adjuvant treatment option for these patients.
Quantification of Proteins Using Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment Coupled with Mass Spectrometry (2011)

There is a great need for quantitative assays in measuring proteins. Traditional sandwich immunoassays, largely considered the gold standard in quantitation, are associated with a high cost, long lead time, and are fraught with drawbacks (e.g. heterophilic antibodies, autoantibody interference, 'hook-effect').1 An alternative technique is affinity enrichment of peptides coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry, commonly referred to as SISCAPA (Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies).2 In this technique, affinity enrichment of peptides with stable isotope dilution and detection by selected/multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SRM/MRM-MS) provides quantitative measurement of peptides as surrogates for their respective proteins. SRM/MRM-MS is well established for accurate quantitation of small molecules 3, 4 and more recently has been adapted to measure the concentrations of proteins in plasma and cell lysates.5-7 To achieve quantitation of proteins, these larger molecules are digested to component peptides using an enzyme such as trypsin. One or more selected peptides whose sequence is unique to the target protein in that species (i.e. "proteotypic" peptides) are then enriched from the sample using anti-peptide antibodies and measured as quantitative stoichiometric surrogates for protein concentration in the sample. Hence, coupled to stable isotope dilution (SID) methods (i.e. a spiked-in stable isotope labeled peptide standard), SRM/MRM can be used to measure concentrations of proteotypic peptides as surrogates for quantification of proteins in complex biological matrices. The assays have several advantages compared to traditional immunoassays. The reagents are relatively less expensive to generate, the specificity for the analyte is excellent, the assays can be highly multiplexed, enrichment can be performed from neat plasma (no depletion required), and the technique is amenable to a wide array of proteins or modifications of interest.8-13 In this video we demonstrate the basic protocol as adapted to a magnetic bead platform.
Modeling and Analysis (1996)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction: Seismic Bridge Assessment and Design Tools Modeling and Analysis Objectives Fundamentals of Seismic Bridge Behavior: Structural Dynamics Modeling of Bridge Structures Methods of Analysis Bridge Response Analysis Example: Response Assessment of a Long Regular Viaduct
SPEED ANALYSES OF STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE (1996)

The functional substitutability of stimuli in equivalence classes was examined through analyses of the speed of college students' accurate responding. After training subjects to respond to 18 conditional relations, subjects' accuracy and speed of accurate responding were compared across trial types (baseline, symmetry, transitivity, and combined transitivity and symmetry) and nodal distance (one- through five-node transitive and combined transitive and symmetric relations). Differences in accuracy across nodal distance and trial type were significant only on the first tests of equivalence, whereas differences in speed were significant even after extended testing. Response speed was inversely related to the number of nodes on which the tested relations were based. Significant differences in response speed were also found across trial types, except between transitivity and combined trials. To determine the generality of these comparisons, three groups of subjects were included: An instructed group was given an instruction that specified the interchangeability of stimuli related through training; a queried group was queried about the basis for test-trial responding: and a standard group was neither instructed nor queried. There were no significant differences among groups. These results suggest the use of response speed and response accuracy to measure the strength of matching relations.
System Engineering in an Industrial Environment (1967)

Characteristics of advanced industrial system transactions are described, using specific examples of development activity, project organization and scheduling, user liason, and typical problem areas. Recommendations are included.
Plasmodium Induces Swelling-activated ClC-2 Anion Channels in the Host Erythrocyte (2004)

Intraerythrocytic growth of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends on delivery of nutrients. Moreover, infection challenges cell volume constancy of the host erythrocyte requiring enhanced activity of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Patch clamp recording demonstrated inwardly and outwardly rectifying anion channels in infected but not in control erythrocytes. The molecular identity of those channels remained elusive. We show here for one channel type that voltage dependence, cell volume sensitivity, and activation by oxidation are identical to ClC-2. Moreover, Western blots and FACS analysis showed protein and functional ClC-2 expression in human erythrocytes and erythrocytes from wild type (Clcn2(+/+)) but not from Clcn2(-/-) mice. Finally, patch clamp recording revealed activation of volume-sensitive inwardly rectifying channels in Plasmodium berghei-infected Clcn2(+/+) but not Clcn2(-/-) erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from infected mice of both genotypes differed in cell volume and inhibition of ClC-2 by ZnCl(2) (1 mm) induced an increase of cell volume only in parasitized Clcn2(+/+) erythrocytes. Lack of ClC-2 did not inhibit P. berghei development in vivo nor substantially affect the mortality of infected mice. In conclusion, activation of host ClC-2 channels participates in the altered permeability of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes but is not required for intraerythrocytic parasite survival.
Grief, loss and end of life processes / Duelo, pérdida y procesos de final de vida (2017)

This special issue is dedicated to the study of the processes of grief, loss and end of life. Previous research has shown the different paths and ways of coping with losses, as well as the existence of disenfranchised griefs and the implications that this has for health professionals who are present during this process. We present several research studies by authors of great international renown; in their articles, they address current models of grief and coping, emotional and cognitive disturbances associated with complicated grief, disenfranchised griefs, the development of instruments to evaluate these processes in Spanish and the implications of health care professionals during the end of life process.
Modeling Electrochemical Reactions at the Solid-liquid Interface Using Density Functional Calculations (2015)

Charged interfaces are physical phenomena found in various natural systems and artificial de- vices within the fields of biology, chemistry and physics. In electrochemistry, this is known as the electrochemical double layer, introduced by Helmholtz over 150 years ago. At this interface, between a solid surface and the electrolyte, chemical reactions can take place in a strong elec- tric field. In this presentation, a new computational method is introduced for creating charged interfaces and to study charge transfer reactions on the basis of periodic DFT calculations. The electrochemical double layer is taken as an example, in particular the hydrogen electrode. With this method the mechanism of forming hydrogen gas is studied. The method is quite general and could be applied to a wide variety of atomic scale transitions at charged interfaces.
Acute Glomerulonephritis and Streptococcal Skin Lesions in Eskimo Children (1980)

Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis often follows impetigo and can occur in epidemics. From 1975 through 1977, an epidemic of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis occurred in Alaska. Fifty children required hospitalization, while 25 less seriously ill children were treated as outpatients. Sixty-seven percent of these 75 children had direct evidence of recent skin infections. Serotypes 49-14 and NT-14 were the most common streptococcal isolates. In villages in the epidemic area, approximately 15% of children had impetigo and more than 60% of lesions cultured were positive for group A streptococci. Impetigo rates in the epidemic area were similar to those found in nonepidemic areas. However, the introduction of the nephritogenic streptococcal serotypes not recently present in this population apparently led to the development of the epidemic.
Quality of Life After Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2023)

Despite high initial mortality, the proportion of poor-grade aSAH survivors with good QoL is reasonably large. Only a minority of survivors reports poor QoL and requires permanent care.
Image and video processing platform for field programmable gate arrays using a high-level synthesis (2012)

In this study, an image and video processing platform (IVPP) based on field programmable gate array (FPGAs) is presented. This hardware/software co-design platform has been implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA using a high-level synthesis and can be used to realise and test complex algorithms for real-time image and video processing applications. The video interface blocks are done in Register Transfer Languages and can be configured using the MicroBlaze processor allowing the support of multiple video resolutions. The IVPP provides the required logic to easily plug-in the generated processing blocks without modifying the front-end (capturing video data) and the back-end (displaying processed output data). The IVPP can be a complete hardware solution for a broad range of real-time image/video processing applications including video encoding/decoding, surveillance, detection and recognition.
Purification and Partial Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Reverse Transcriptase (1989)

We have raised a rabbit monospecific antibody against a synthetic peptide derived from a sequence within the COOH-terminal portion of the reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1. This sequence was also found to be conserved in the predicted amino acid sequence of HIV-2. The antibody, designated C2003, cross-reacted with HIV-2 RT on immunoblots of HIV-2 virus extract and directly inhibited HIV-2 RT activity. Fractionation of HIV-2 RT by immunoaffinity chromatography with C2003 antibody yielded a pair of viral proteins of 68 and 55 kD associated with both RT and RNAse H activities. Both proteins were found to be highly immunogenic, recognized by 11 of 11 human sera that previously tested positive for antibodies to HIV-2 antigens in immunoblot assays.
Ultrathin-film optical coating for angle-independent remote hydrogen sensing (2020)

Abstract We demonstrated an optically-active antireflection, light absorbing, optical coating as a hydrogen gas sensor. The optical coating consists of an ultrathin 20 nm thick palladium film on a 60 nm thick germanium layer. The ultrathin thickness of the Pd film (20 nm) mitigates mechanical deformation and leads to robust operation. The measurable quantities of the sensors are the shift in the reflection minimum and the change in the full width at half maximum of the reflection spectrum as a function of hydrogen gas concentration. At a hydrogen gas concentration of 4%, the reflection minimum shifted by ∼46 nm and the FWHM increased by ∼228 nm. The sensor showed excellent sensitivity, demonstrating a 6.5 nm wavelength shift for 0.7% hydrogen concentration, which is a significant improvement over other nanophotonic hydrogen sensing methods. Although the sensor’s response showed hysteresis after cycling hydrogen exposure, the sensor is robust and showed no deterioration in its optical response after hydrogen deintercalation.
Back Cover: Designing Photoelectrodes for Photocatalytic Fuel Cells and Elucidating the Effects of Organic Substrates (ChemSusChem 23/2015) (2015)

The Back Cover picture shows the direct electricity generation from the solar remediation of aqueous pollutants in a photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC). Such technology, which can be integrated in wastewater treatment infrastructures, is part of the wider vision of solar harvesting for future sustainability. This work demonstrates the statistical optimization of well-ordered nanostructured photoelectrodes, and further classifies their specific interactions with different model pollutant classes. Such studies enable the preliminary prediction of the multicomponent interactions and their influence on PFC efficiencies when dealing with actual wastewater consisting of a mixture of wide ranging organic compounds.More details can be found in the Full Paper by C. Hu et al. on page 4005 in Issue 23, 2015 (DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500793).