gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Creatine kinase in serum: 1. Determination of optimum reaction conditions. (1976)

Abstract To establish optimum conditions for creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity measurement with the creatine phosphate in equilibrium creatine reaction, we re-examined all kinetics factors relevant to an optimal and standardized enzyme assay at 30 and 25 degrees C. We determined the pH optimum in vaious buffers, considering the effect of the type and concentration of the buffer, as well as the influence of various buffer anions on the activity. The relation between activity and substrate concentration was shown and the apparent Michaelis constants of creatine kinase for creatine phosphate and ADP were evaluated. We tested the effect on creatine kinase measurement of the concentration of substrates (glucose and NADP+) in the auxillary and indicator reactions, especially the influence of the added auxiliary (hexokinase) and indicator (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) enzymes on the lag phase, at different temperatures. The NADP+ concentration proved to be the factor limiting the duration of constant reaction rate. We studied the inhibition of creatine kinase and adenylate kinase by AMP and established a convenient AMP concentration. For reactivation of creatine kinase, N-acetyl cysteine as sulfhydryl compound was introduced. Finally, we examined the relationship between activity and temperature.
Human Term Pregnancy Decidual NK Cells Generate Distinct Cytotoxic Responses (2020)

Decidual NK cells (dNK) are the main lymphocyte population in early pregnancy decidual mucosa. Although dNK decrease during pregnancy, they remain present in decidual tissues at term. First trimester dNK facilitate trophoblast invasion, provide protection against infections, and were shown to have many differences in their expression of NKRs, cytokines, and cytolytic capacity compared with peripheral blood NK cells (pNK). However, only limited data are available on the phenotype and function of term pregnancy dNK. In this study, dNK from human term pregnancy decidua basalis and decidua parietalis tissues were compared with pNK and first trimester dNK. Profound differences were found, including: 1) term pregnancy dNK have an increased degranulation response to K562 and PMA/ionomycin but lower capacity to respond to human CMV-infected cells; 2) term pregnancy dNK are not skewed toward recognition of HLA-C, as was previously shown for first trimester dNK; and 3) protein and gene expression profiles identified multiple differences between pNK, first trimester, and term pregnancy dNK, suggesting term pregnancy dNK are a distinct type of NK cells. Understanding the role of dNK throughout pregnancy is of high clinical relevance for studies aiming to prevent placental inflammatory disorders as well as maternal-to-fetal transmission of pathogens.
Atomic Oxygen Measurements in O2(a1g) Injected Nonequilibrium Plasmas by Two Photon Absorption Laser Induced Fluorescence (2012)

The paper presents new experimental and modeling results on the temporal evolution of atomic oxygen in nanosecond repetitively pulsed O2/Ar/H2 plasmas, measured using the Two Photon Absorption Laser Induced Fluorescence (TALIF) technique. Experimental data, obtained by application of a burst of 10 – 450 nsec discharge pulses at a 40 kHz repetition rate, is found to be in satisfactory agreement with plasma chemical kinetic modeling predictions. Additional experimental measurements and modeling predictions focus on the effect of injected singlet delta oxygen, O2(aΔg), which is generated in a side RF discharge and transported to the nanosecond pulse discharge cell. No effect that can be unambiguously traced to SDO has been detected so far. One possible explanation is that it is difficult to experimentally isolate the effect of SDO from that of NO and/or NO2, which are also present in the gas mixture due to a requirement to titrate atomic oxygen also formed in the side RF discharge. SDO effect may well be reduced significantly due to rapid non-reactive quenching of O2(ag) quenching by HO2 and by H atoms generated in the nanosecond pulse discharge, although non-reactive quenching rates are known with some uncertainty. Kinetic modeling calculations, incorporating SDO quenching rates recommended in the literature predict no detectable effect of adding O2(aΔg) to the flow on number density of O atoms generated in the nanosecond pulse discharge, due to rapid collisional quenching of SDO. _______________________________________ 1 Graduate Research Assistant, Student Member AIAA 2 Professor, Associate Fellow AIAA 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 09 12 January 2012, Nashville, Tennessee AIAA 2012-0242 Copyright © 2012 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
<title>Adaptive feedback control using coprime factorization</title> (2002)

An algorithm is presented which uses adaptive Q-parameterized compensators for control of stable or unstable systems. Internal stability is maintained by forming the compensator out of plant-stabilizing coprime factors, and an on-line gradient descent method adapts the free parameter to minimize the mean squared error between the desired and actual output. The adaptation algorithm is derived for a compensator in the form of a finite impulse response (FIR) filter and a lattice infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. Simulations predict good performance for both tonal and broadband disturbances, and a duct noise control experiment results in a 37 dB tonal reduction.
Individualizing the starting dose for MPT therapy in elderly myeloma patients. (2012)

e18555 Background: Many elderly or frail myeloma patients ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) receive non-myeloablative therapies such as the melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide (MPT) combination. These agents have variable pharmacokinetics (PK), and hence variable anti-tumor responses and toxicities. Yet, their dosing is uniform, partly because no convenient procedure exists to individualize dosage-schedules (costs and logistical difficulties with multiple blood samplings for a given patient). We herein propose a novel PK methodology that allows for individualized dosing of these agents. Methods: The MPT regimen is commonly used for older patients and consists of six cycles of 4mg/m 2 M, 40mg/m 2 P and 100mg T administered for seven days followed by a three-week rest period. To compare the peripheral blood concentrations between individuals, a marker combining the level and duration of exposure is the time weighted “average concentration” defined by CC=(Cumulative Area under the concentration time curve (AUC))/(Elapsed time from start of treatment). Using pattern recognition software, an individual’s PK profile was simulated from the population PK models using a single blood draw 2h after administration. The AUC for the individual is then used to adjust the starting dose to match the CC target profile based on the average population response. Results: Using PK data for the individual patients used to construct the PK population model, the simulated adjusted doses for initializing the therapy vary as follows: M 2.5-6mg/m 2 ; P 12.5-140mg/m 2 ; and T 76-130mg which is substantially different from the "standard" uniform dosing. Conclusions: The wide variability in dose levels obtained with the pattern recognition software may explain the marked differences in response and toxicities to the “standard” dosing protocol. An individualized starting dose can be applied using the proposed methodology which requires only a single blood draw after a lower “test dose” of these agents “prior” to commencing actual therapy.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Infants and Children (2017)

Trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is used to treat various types of infections, including community-acquired methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (CA-MRSA) and <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> infections in children. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data for infants and children are limited, and the optimal dosing is not known. We performed a multicenter, prospective PK study of TMP-SMX in infants and children. Separate population PK models were developed for TMP and SMX administered by the enteral route using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Optimal dosing was determined on the basis of the matching adult TMP exposure and attainment of the surrogate pharmacodynamic (PD) target for efficacy, a free TMP concentration above the MIC over 50% of the dosing interval. Data for a total of 153 subjects (240 samples for PK analysis) with a median postnatal age of 8 years (range, 0.1 to 20 years) contributed to the analysis for both drugs. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination characterized the TMP and SMX PK data well. Weight was included in the base model for clearance (CL/<i>F</i>) and volume of distribution (<i>V</i>/<i>F</i>). Both TMP and SMX CL/<i>F</i> increased with age. In addition, TMP and SMX CL/<i>F</i> were inversely related to the serum creatinine and albumin concentrations, respectively. The exposure achieved in children after oral administration of TMP-SMX at 8/40 mg/kg of body weight/day divided into administration every 12 h matched the exposure achieved in adults after administration of TMP-SMX at 320/1,600 mg/day divided into administration every 12 h and achieved the PD target for bacteria with an MIC of 0.5 mg/liter in >90% of infants and children. The exposure achieved in children after oral administration of TMP-SMX at 12/60 and 15/75 mg/kg/day divided into administration every 12 h matched the exposure achieved in adults after administration of TMP-SMX at 640/3,200 mg/day divided into administration every 12 h in subjects 6 to <21 years and 0 to <6 years of age, respectively, and was optimal for bacteria with an MIC of up to 1 mg/liter.
Generation of optical vector beams using a two-mode fiber (2009)

We present the generation of optical vector beams using a two-mode fiber (TMF)-based beam converter. The TMF converts the input Gaussian (TEM(00)) beam into linearly polarized Hermite-Gaussian (HG(10), HG(01)) beams, a radially polarized Laguerre-Gaussian (LG(1)(0)) beam with single helical charge or coherent linear combinations of the different vector modes guided in the fiber, depending on the input beam polarization, the fiber length, and the launch condition. Polarization and two-beam interference analyses of the output beam characterize the electric field orientations of the output beam and the presence of transverse and longitudinal optical vortex in the generated HG and LG beams.
GABA A Receptor Agonists for Insomnia: Zolpidem (Ambien ® ), Zaleplon (Sonata ® ), Eszopiclone (Estorra ® , Lunesta ® ), and Indiplon (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Synthesis of Zolpidem Synthesis of Zaleplon Synthesis of Eszopiclone Synthesis of Indiplon References
Thermal dissipation as both the strength and weakness of matter. A material failure prediction by monitoring creep (2021)

In any domain involving some stressed solids, that is, from seismology to general engineering, the strength of matter is a paramount feature to understand. We here discuss the ability of a simple thermally activated sub-critical model, which includes the auto-induced thermal evolution of cracks tips, to predict the catastrophic failure of a vast range of materials. It is in particular shown that the intrinsic surface energy barrier, for breaking the atomic bonds of many solids, can be easily deduced from the slow creeping dynamics of a crack. This intrinsic barrier is however higher than the macroscopic load threshold at which brittle matter brutally fails, possibly as a result of thermal activation and of a thermal weakening mechanism. We propose a novel method to compute this macroscopic energy release rate of rupture, Ga, solely from monitoring slow creep, and we show that this reproduces the experimental values within 50% accuracy over twenty different materials, and over more than four decades of fracture energy.
Corneal endothelial cell survival in organ cultures under acute oxidative stress: effect of VIP. (2000)

VIP may be an autocrine trophic factor that protects CE cells from H(2)O(2) in normal aqueous humor and possibly from other oxidative insults.
Fabrication of a novel micromachined solenoid inductor and delay line and investigation of substrate influence on their characteristics (2006)

We have designed, fabricated and characterized a novel solenoid inductor and delay line based on our own RF MEMS process module, which have been proposed to realize simultaneous implementation of various RF MEMS devices. The solenoid inductor and delay line were developed at the same time on a Si substrate and their high frequency characteristics were measured. In the case of a 1050 µm long 12-turn delay line, the effective permittivity corresponding to the straight line was 154 at 20 GHz, which is 22.8 times bigger than the typical coplanar waveguide formed on the GaAs substrate. Consequently, we were able to achieve compact-sized devices with the aid of our three-dimensional novel device structure and process module. To improve the characteristics, we have investigated the substrate effect. The substrate was etched by a bulk-micromachined post-process, and thus we were able to obtain at least a 20% improved Q value and self-resonant frequency for each solenoid inductor due to the reduction of parasitic capacitance. Moreover, we have fabricated a conventional planar spiral inductor and its substrate effect was also investigated. Finally, we compare and discuss the substrate effects and high frequency characteristics for two different types of inductors.
Probabilistic band-splitting for a buffered cooperative cognitive terminal (2014)

In this paper, we propose a cognitive protocol that involves cooperation between the primary and secondary users. In addition to its own queue, the secondary user (SU) has a queue to store, and then relay, the undelivered primary packets. When the primary queue is nonempty, the SU remains idle and attempts to decode the primary packet. When the primary queue is empty, the SU splits the total channel bandwidth into two orthogonal subbands and assigns each to a queue probabilistically. We show the advantage of the proposed protocol over the prioritized cognitive relaying (PCR) protocol in which the SU assigns a priority in transmission to the primary packets over its own packets. We present two problem formulations, one based on throughput and the other on delay. Both optimization problems are shown to be linear programs for a given bandwidth assignment. Numerical results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed protocol.
Measuring Psychological Determinants of Expertise (2015)

Delineating the psychological factors that discriminate expertise levels is important to understanding disparate competitive outcomes. Development and validation of psychological measurement tools is accomplished through statistical procedures known as exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Motivation is a consequence of both internal and external factors that modify behavior. Motives are more transient than personality, more stable than discrete emotions, and directly impacted by dispositional characteristics such as trait anxiety and personality. In sport, achievement motivation represents the processes that stimulate pursuit of skill competence. Achievement motives underlie the development of superior skills that can be oriented to attainment of competitive objectives. Equivocal research exists with regards to how attention differentiates athletes with varying expertise levels. Sport psychologists have developed numerous measures of psychological constructs that have been increasingly implemented to gain an understanding of the psychological factors that may be necessary for expert sport performance.
Structure, expression and chromosomal mapping of TKT from man and mouse: a new subclass of receptor tyrosine kinases with a factor VIII-like domain. (1993)

Using a polymerase chain reaction-mediated approach we have characterized cDNAs from human and mouse origin representing a novel type of receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK). The deduced amino acid sequence (855 amino acids) of the longest open reading frame has a unique extracellular region encompassing a factor VIII-like domain, not previously described for RTKs. The most closely related RTKs are members of the neurotrophin receptors (TRK), which showed 47-49% homology with the kinase domain of the new RTK. Therefore, the new gene has been called TKT (Tyrosine-Kinase related to TRK). TKT orthologs from man and mouse were 98% similar. In both species a major transcript of 10 kb was found to be expressed at high levels in heart and lung. Low levels of this mRNA-species were detected in human brain, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and in mouse brain and testis. Analysing human/mouse somatic cell hybrids we demonstrated that TKT segregates with human chromosome 1.
Intelligent High-Security Access Control (2007)

Access control is an important security issue in particular because of terrorist threats. Access points are increasingly becoming equipped with advanced input sensors often based on biometrics, and with advanced intelligent methods that learn from experience. We have designed a flexible modular system based on integration of arbitrary access sensors and an arbitrary number of stand-alone modules. The system was tested with four sensors (a door sensor, an identity card reader, a fingerprint reader and a camera) and four independent modules (expert-defined rules, micro learning, macro learning and visual learning). Preliminary tests of the designed prototype are encouraging. Povzetek: Članek opisuje vgradnjo inteligentnih metod v sistem za nadzor vstopa. 1
Synthesis of ω-Hydroxy Hexathiolate-Protected Subnanometric Gold Clusters (2007)

The synthesis of ω-hydroxy hexathiolate-protected subnanometric gold clusters is described. Quantitative high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy has been employed to determine atomic composition. The smallest particles observed contain 13 ± 2 Au atoms; all others contained multiples of this particle size. The UV−vis spectra show the bands of discrete electronic transitions for this core size. Chemical analyses indicate a composition of Au13(SC6OH)8 for the clusters. The role of the ligand shell in determining the core size is highlighted.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Recent evolution and technical improvement (2023)

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common knee injuries in young and active patients. ACL reconstruction has been usually recommended to restore anterior-posterior as well as rotatory knee stability. However, there are still some issues to be addressed in ACL reconstruction. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to summarize the current literature regarding recent evolution and technical improvement of ACL reconstruction. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature regarding graft selection in ACL reconstruction, surgical technique (especially double-bundle ACL reconstruction), and additional procedures. There is still no gold standard for graft selection, while it should be individualized for each patient. Hamstrings tendon autograft and bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft are often chosen, although quadriceps tendon autograft has increased in popularity. Double-bundle ACL reconstruction was introduced to restore normal knee kinematics by closely mimicking the native anatomy. Although clinical advantages of double-bundle ACL reconstruction such as improved clinical outcome and better anteroposterior and rotatory stability have been reported, current global trend of ACL reconstruction technique is unfavourable due to technical difficulty and surgical complications. Further evolution and technical improvement are required to achieve “true” double-bundle ACL reconstruction. An additional procedure such as lateral extra-articular tenodesis, anterolateral ligament reconstruction, and anterior closing wedge osteotomy, may be considered for ACL reconstruction, especially for revision ACL reconstruction, to prevent a graft re-rupture. ACL reconstruction has evolved over time in terms of technique, graft selection, and additional procedures. However, there is still room for improvement.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Synthesis of Ethyl 1‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐4‐(1‐pyrrolidinyl)‐4‐piperidineacetate, an Intermediate of a Novel Antiarteriosclerotic, Utilizing Aza‐Michael Addition Promoted by LiBr. (2013)

Abstract Derivative (IIIb) is a precursor of a novel antiarteriosclerotic agent.
Counterfactual Explanations of Concept Drift (2020)

The notion of concept drift refers to the phenomenon that the distribution, which is underlying the observed data, changes over time; as a consequence machine learning models may become inaccurate and need adjustment. While there do exist methods to detect concept drift or to adjust models in the presence of observed drift, the question of explaining drift has hardly been considered so far. This problem is of importance, since it enables an inspection of the most prominent features where drift manifests itself; hence it enables human understanding of the necessity of change and it increases acceptance of life-long learning models. In this paper we present a novel technology, which characterizes concept drift in terms of the characteristic change of spatial features represented by typical examples based on counterfactual explanations. We establish a formal definition of this problem, derive an efficient algorithmic solution based on counterfactual explanations, and demonstrate its usefulness in several examples.
Association between adult height, genetic susceptibility and risk of glioma (2012)

An association of taller adult stature with glioma, particularly for men and stronger for glioblastoma, should be investigated further to clarify the role of environmental and genetic determinants of height in the etiology of this disease.
Mtp-40 and alpha antigen gene fragment amplification for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Colombian clinical specimens (2002)

In this study, the use of Mtp-40 and alpha antigen polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification fragments for the precise tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis was evaluated. One hundred and ninety two different samples were obtained from 113 patients with suspected TB. Mtp-40 and alpha antigen protein genes were amplified by the PCR technique and compared to both the "gold standard" (culture) test, as well as the clinical parameters (including a clinical record and X-ray film exam in 113 patients). Thirty-eight of the 113 patients had a presumptive clinical diagnosis of TB; 74% being detected by PCR technique, 58% by culture and 44% by direct microscopic visualization. Weconclude that it is possible to use PCR as a suitable technique for the detection of any mycobacteria by means of the alpha antigen product, or the specific infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by means of the mtp-40 gene. This might be a good supporting tool in difficult clinical TB diagnosis and pauci-bacillary cases.
Superoscillation in speckle patterns (2008)

Waves are superoscillatory where their local phase gradient exceeds the maximum wavenumber in their Fourier spectrum. We consider the superoscillatory area fraction of random optical speckle patterns. This follows from the joint probability density function of intensity and phase gradient for isotropic Gaussian random wave superpositions. Strikingly, this fraction is 1/3 when all the waves in the two-dimensional superposition have the same wavenumber. The fraction is 1/5 for a disk spectrum. Although these superoscillations are weak compared with optical fields with designed superoscillations, they are more stable on paraxial propagation.