gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural features of alternative lignin monomers associated with improved digestibility of artificially lignified maize cell walls (2019)

Plant biologists are seeking new approaches for modifying lignin to improve the digestion and utilization of structural polysaccharides in crop cultivars for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and livestock. To identify promising targets for lignin bioengineering, we artificially lignified maize (Zea mays L.) cell walls with normal monolignols plus 21 structurally diverse alternative monomers to assess their suitability for lignification and for improving fiber digestibility. Lignin formation and structure were assessed by mass balance, Klason lignin, acetyl bromide lignin, gel-state 2D-NMR and thioacidolysis procedures, and digestibility was evaluated with rumen microflora and from glucose production by fungal enzymes following mild acid or base pretreatments. Highly acidic or hydrophilic monomers proved unsuitable for lignin modification because they severely depressed cell wall lignification. By contrast, monomers designed to moderately alter hydrophobicity or introduce cleavable acetal, amide, or ester functionalities into the polymer often readily formed lignin, but most failed to improve digestibility, even after chemical pretreatment. Fortunately, several types of phenylpropanoid derivatives containing multiple ester-linked catechol or pyrogallol units were identified as desirable genetic engineering targets because they readily formed wall-bound polymers and improved digestibility, presumably by blocking cross-linking of lignin to structural polysaccharides and promoting lignin fragmentation during mild acidic and especially alkaline pretreatment.
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990)

The Longman Pronunciation Dictionary is designed to reflect English as it is spoken. In the introduction, the author discusses the general features of spoken English and discusses trends in speech. Short usage notes throughout the dictionary draw attention to possible pitfalls and to aspects of pronunciation which often present problems for learners of the language. The words included cover not only ordinary and technical vocabulary, but also proper names, placenames, family names, personal names, names from literature and mythology and names of companies and commercial products. Both British and American varieties are covered. Pronunciation shown covers Received Pronunciation and General American; assumes a modernized version of RP and also includes a number of British English near-RP forms. The alphabet of the International Phonetic Association is used. Each word is shown with its recommended pronunciation, while alternative pronunciations in common use are given in lighter type. The pronunciation is divided into syllables and special attention is drawn to words which are, or are not, pronounced alike. In addition, there are authoritative statements on controversial words recording the preferences of a panel of specialists and special treatment of affixes and combining forms which reflect their pronunciation in different phonetic environments and their effects on stress. There are also notes on typical features of English pronunication paying attention to the needs of learners of the language.
FORCE CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTIVE STOPPING UPON THE ABDOMINAL WALL IS PENETRATED OUT BY TROCAR DURING LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY (2018)

Overshooting during trocar insertion may injury patient viscera and arteries or even lead to death. It has been extensively cited as a kind of common medical negligence. Hence, this paper investigated the force characteristics during a trocar inserted into the abdominal wall and developed strategies for effective stopping upon the trocar penetrated out of the abdominal wall. First, an experimental platform with two degrees of freedom was assembled. Second, two insertion methods were compared and the insertion forces using three types of trocars were measured respectively. Subsequently, we interpreted the force characteristics in terms of insertion principle and the abdominal structure. And based on the force characteristics, we generated two algorithms for the two insertion methods, which can be utilized to stop inserting effectively upon the trocar penetrated out of the abdominal wall. Finally, we evaluated the merits and demerits of the two algorithms. This paper proposed the interpretation of force characteristics during trocar insertion and achieved effective stopping to avoid overshooting. It provides foundations for the development of automatic trocar insertion device in the future.
Abstract B158: Targeting cell survival pathways in glioblastoma. (2011)

Abstract Summary: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain tumour in adults. Patients diagnosed with GBM have a mean time of survival of 1 year after diagnosis and treatment, with a 5 year overall survival rate being just &amp;lt;5%. A classical hallmark of any cancer is deregulated cell survival and GBM has been known to associate with mutations in a number of growth factor and cytokine receptors, including the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR), which leads to deregulated survival. We have previously identified a phospho-tyrosine-independent mechanism by which FGFR1 and FGFR2 promote cell survival whereby Ser779 phosphorylation within the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor is essential for initiating signals that promote phosphatidyl inositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K) and Ras-Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. We now show that this novel Ser779-mediated cell survival pathway is deregulated in glioblastoma cell lines. Specifically, Ser779 is constitutively phosphorylated in U118 and U251 glioblastoma cell lines. Consistent with this constitutive Ser779 phosphorylation, we found deregulation of down-stream signalling targets of Ser779 including Akt phosphorylation and GSK3 phosphorylation. Importantly, while pharmacological blockade of FGFR signalling using the FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor was able to block FGF-mediated cell proliferation in glioblastoma cell lines, it did not significantly affect autonomous cell survival. Thus while FGFR-mediated phospho-tyrosine signalling is clearly involved in cell proliferation, our results would suggest that the Ser779 signalling is important for regulating cell survival. We therefore sought to block signalling targets downstream of Ser779 in glioblastoma cell lines. To further dissect the contribution of FGFR2-Ser779 phosphorylation and downstream PI3K signalling to the survival of glioblastoma, we treated these cells with a panel of inhibitors of various signalling pathways. The two key signalling pathways that we targeted were the PI3K and MAPK pathways, along with using pan Ser-Thr and pan-Tyr inhibitors. We used inhibitors of GSK3, Akt and mTor, as well as PI3K p110 isoform-selective inhibitors for the PI3K pathway. For the MAPK pathways we used inhibitors of MEK, p38 and JNK. Importantly, we have shown that targeting the PI3K p110 (but not β, δ or γ), results in inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. In particular, we have found that one PI3K p110α-selective inhibitor is able to induce potent apoptosis of gliomas, which cannot be rescued by growth factor treatment. Our results show that the FGF receptor Ser779-PI3K p110 pathway is deregulated in glioblastoma and that selective targeting of this pathway may provide therapeutic benefit by inducing apoptosis in malignant cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B158.
Immunology of Osteoporosis: A Mini-Review (2015)

Osteoporosis is a major cause of fractures and associated morbidity in the aged population. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is multifactorial; whereas traditional pathophysiological concepts emphasize endocrine mechanisms, it has been recognized that also components of the immune system have a significant impact on bone. Since 2000, when the term 'osteoimmunology' was coined, novel insights into the role of inflammatory cytokines by influencing the fine-tuned balance between bone resorption and bone formation have helped to explain the occurrence of osteoporosis in conjunction with chronic inflammatory reactions. Moreover, the phenomenon of a low-grade, chronic, systemic inflammatory state associated with aging has been defined as 'inflamm-aging' by Claudio Franceschi and has been linked to age-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Given the tight anatomical and physiological coexistence of B cells and the bone-forming units in the bone marrow, a role of B cells in osteoimmunological interactions has long been suspected. Recent findings of B cells as active regulators of the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis, of altered RANKL/OPG production by B cells in HIV-associated bone loss or of a modulated expression of genes linked to B-cell biology in response to estrogen deficiency support this assumption. Furthermore, oxidative stress and the generation of advanced glycation end products have emerged as links between inflammation and bone destruction.
Multiple-airgap iron-cored direct-driven permanent magnet wind generators (2014)

Multiple-air-gap permanent magnet (PM) generators with iron cores are analysed for application in wind turbines. Electromagnetic analysis of a double-stator, radial-flux, low-speed PM generator with concentrated windings using time-stepping finite element analysis is presented. Two design variants - with magnetic and non-magnetic rotor yokes - are considered. Magnetic flux density, output electrical characteristics and electromagnetic torque are compared for the two variants. Generator structure (one vs. two level machines), winding topology (single vs. double layer windings) are discussed for the machine with magnetic rotor yoke. Finally, optimal number of air gaps is proposed based on predictions of generator's power density and cost.
Ion Transport in the Freshwater Bivalve Corbicula fluminea (1998)

In freshwater bivalves such as the mussel Corbicula fluminea, uptake of chloride depends on the external concentration of the chloride ion. In C. fluminea, Cl- uptake displayed saturation kinetics both in animals acclimated to pondwater and in those subjected to salt depletion by storage in deionized water. The transport capacity (Jmax) was 7.00 +/- 0.51 {mu}eq g-1 dry tissue h-1 and the transport affinity (Km) was 0.21 +/- 0.08 mM in animals acclimated to pondwater. Animals subjected to salt depletion had a higher rate of Cl- uptake than did animals acclimated to pondwater. After 4 weeks in deionized water, the longer the animals were salt-depleted, the higher their rate of Cl- uptake. Na+ and Cl- transport were independent in pondwater-acclimated C. fluminea. For salt-depleted animals, Cl- transport was Na+-independent, but Na+ transport depended partially on external Cl-. Serotonin stimulated Cl- and Na+ transport in pond-water-acclimated animals by increasing influx while having little influence on efflux. Acetazolamide increased the Cl- and Na+ efflux of salt-depleted animals. Both serotonin and acetazolamide elevated the net loss of titratable base.
Some compositional properties of camelina (camelina sativa L. Crantz) seeds and oils (1995)

Abstract Fatty acid profiles (FAP), tocopherol (T), and tocotrienol (T3) contents, total lipid contents, and trypsin inhibitor activity were quantitated from thirteen accessions of camelina ( Camelina sativa L. Crantz), a little‐known oilseed. Camelina seeds of ten accessions were also assayed for ß‐glucans. FAP (%) of camelina oils were: oleic (14.1 to 19.5), linoleic (18.8 to 24.0), linolenic (27.0 to 34.7), eicosenoic (12.0 to 14.9), erucic (0.0 to 4.0), all others (11.8 to 17.4). Camelina oil T and T3 contents (mg/100 g) were: αT (0.66 to 2.38), ßT (0.38 to 1.45), γT/ßt3 (4.37 to 18.68), δT (0.00 to 0.48), γT3 (0.00 to 0.79), γT3 (0.00), γT3 (0.00). Total tocols were higher in camelina than in canola, crambe, flax, soybean, and sunflower, with γT/ßT3 constituting 82% of total tocols. The oil content of camelina seeds ranged from 29.9 to 38.3%. Camelina seeds did not contain ß‐glucans. Trypsin units inhibited ranged from 12 to 28 compared to 111 for raw soybean.
Association of Antithrombotic Factor Deficiencies and Hypofibrinolysis with Legg-Perthes Disease* (1996)

Thirty-three (75 per cent) of forty-four unselected children who had Legg-Perthes disease were found to have coagulation abnormalities. Twenty-three children had thrombophilia (a deficiency in antithrombotic factor C or S, with an increased tendency toward thrombosis); nineteen of the twenty-three children had protein-C deficiency and four had protein-S deficiency. Seven children had a high level (0.25 gram per liter or more) of lipoprotein(a), a thrombogenic, atherogenic lipoprotein associated with osteonecrosis in adults. Three children had hypofibrinolysis (a reduced ability to lyse clots). The mean age of the children when the Legg-Perthes disease was first diagnosed was 5.8 +/- 2.7 years, and the mean age at the time of the present study was 10.1 +/- 4.4 years. At least one of the first-degree relatives of eleven of the nineteen probands who had a low protein-C level had a low protein-C level as well; all of these low levels represented previously undiagnosed familial protein-C deficiency. The eleven probands who had familial protein-C deficiency were more likely to have early onset of Legg-Perthes disease (at or before the age of five years) than the eleven children who had normal levels of protein C, protein S, and lipoprotein(a) as well as normal fibrinolytic activity (chi-square = 6.6; p = 0.01). At least one first-degree relative of one of the four probands who had a low protein-S level had a low protein-S level and previously undiagnosed familial protein-S deficiency. At least one first-degree relative of six of the seven probands who had a high level of lipoprotein(a) had a familial high level of lipoprotein(a). Six of the seven children who had a high level of lipoprotein(a) also had a low level of stimulated tissue-plasminogen activator activity, the major initiator of fibrinolysis. At least one first-degree relative of one of the three probands who had normal levels of protein C, protein S, and lipoprotein(a) but low stimulated tissue-plasminogen activator activity also had low stimulated tissue-plasminogen activator activity (familial hypofibrinolysis). Legg-Perthes disease, thrombophlebitis, premature myocardial infarction, and stroke, which are ramifications of the familial thrombophilic-hypofibrinolytic disorders, were common in the first and second-degree relatives of the thirty-three children with Legg-Perthes disease who also had thrombophilic-hypofibrinolytic disorders.
Pain / Analgesia evaluation using heart rate variability analysis (2006)

The optimization of analgesic drugs delivery during general anesthesia requires to evaluate the pain / analgesia balance. Heart Rate Variability analysis has been shown in several studies to measure the Autonomic Nervous System tone, which is strongly influenced by anesthetic drugs. Recording RR series during general anesthesia enabled us to observe that the Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia pattern changed when a surgical stimulation was painful, even though the patient was not conscious. We developed a pain / analgesia evaluation algorithm based on the magnitude analysis of the respiratory patterns on the RR series. The parameters computed from this algorithm were recorded in thirty nine patients during general anesthesia. We retrospectively compared our parameters at different levels of analgesia during surgical stimulation, and found that they were related to pain / analgesia and relatively independent from other anesthesia related events like hypnosis and haemodynamic conditions.
Susceptibility of major lepidopterans to δ-endotoxins and a formulation ofBacillus thuringiensis(B.t.) on vegetable brassicas in Taiwan (2008)

Abstract Baseline susceptibility of Plutella xylostella, Crocidolomia binotalis and Hellula undalis to Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) δ-endotoxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca) and a formulation (Xentari®) was assessed using a leaf-dip bioassay method. The toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Aa and Cry1Ca were equally toxic to P. xylostella. Crocidolomia binotalis was highly susceptible to all Cry1A toxins and it was least sensitive to Cry1Ca. Conversely, H. undalis was highly sensitive to Cry1Ca, but less susceptible to Cry1A toxins. Hence, the susceptibility of H. undalis to Xentari®, a formulation containing Cry1C as a major toxin, was significantly higher than C. binotalis or P. xylostella.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Multivalent Ligands with μ/δ Opioid Agonist (μ-preferring) /NK-1 Antagonist Activities (2013)

We extend to you a warm and sunny Aloha in celebration of the 23 rd American Peptide Symposium and the 6 th International Symposium. The meeting theme, Peptides Across the Pacific, embraced the spirit of the scientific and social program. Peptides Across the Pacific encompassed the important role that peptide science currently plays in so many disciplines and explored the potential impact peptides can make in scientific fields that have yet to realize the utility of these wonderful molecules.
Comparative study of the water-catalyzed hydrolysis of [(p-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]methyl perchlorate in 1,4-dioxane-water and in 1,3-dioxane-water (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparative study of the water-catalyzed hydrolysis of [(p-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]methyl perchlorate in 1,4-dioxane-water and in 1,3-dioxane-waterKlaas Remerie and Jan B. F. N. EngbertsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 17, 3543–3546Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00330a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00330a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A study of the anti‐plasmodium activity of angiotensin II analogs (2013)

Controlling the dissemination of malaria requires the development of new drugs against its etiological agent, a protozoan of the Plasmodium genus. Angiotensin II and its analog peptides exhibit activity against the development of immature and mature sporozoites of Plasmodium gallinaceum. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of angiotensin II linear and cyclic analogs with anti-plasmodium activity. The peptides were synthesized by a conventional solid-phase method on Merrifield's resin using the t-Boc strategy, purified by RP-HPLC and characterized by liquid chromatography/ESI (+) MS (LC-ESI(+)/MS), amino acid analysis, and capillary electrophoresis. Anti-plasmodium activity was measured in vitro by fluorescence microscopy using propidium iodine uptake as an indicator of cellular damage. The activities of the linear and cyclic peptides are not significantly different (p < 0.05). Kinetics studies indicate that the effects of these peptides on plasmodium viability overtime exhibit a sigmoidal profile and that the system stabilizes after a period of 1 h for all peptides examined. The results were rationalized by partial least-square analysis, assessing the position-wise contribution of each amino acid. The highest contribution of polar amino acids and a Lys residue proximal to the C-terminus, as well as that of hydrophobic amino acids in the N-terminus, suggests that the mechanism underlying the anti-malarial activity of these peptides is attributed to its amphiphilic character.
CoPt patterned media in anodized aluminum oxide templates (2006)

Patterned recording media consisting of a vertically aligned array of L10 phase CoPt nanowires embedded in a thin anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template on silicon has been prepared. A sputter deposited thin film of aluminum on silicon was anodized and a CoPt magnetic alloy was electrodeposited into the pores of the AAO. The vertically aligned arrays of CoPt nanowires were about ∼100nm tall with ∼20nm average diameter. Since the CoPt nanowire array is laterally constrained by the surrounding AAO, the nanowire diameter is maintained without coarsening during the L10 phase conversion heat treatment at 700°C. After annealing and conversion to the L10 phase, the ∼20nm CoPt nanowires exhibit a large coercivity of ∼8kOe measured in the in-plane and perpendicular directions.
Design and implementation of a composable reflective middleware framework (2002)

With the evolution of the global information infrastructure, service providers will need to provide effective and adaptive resource management mechanisms that can serve more concurrent clients and deal with applications that exhibit quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Flexible, scalable and customizable middleware can be used as an enabling technology for next-generation systems that adhere to the QoS requirements of applications that execute in highly dynamic distributed environments. To enable application-aware resource management, we are developing a customizable and composable middleware framework called CompOSE|Q (Composable Open Software Environment with QoS), based on a reflective meta-model. In this paper, we describe the architecture and runtime environment for CompOSE|Q and briefly assess the performance overhead of the additional flexibility. We also illustrate how flexible communication mechanisms can be supported efficiently in the CompOSE|Q framework.