gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phthalide as an activating group for the synthesis of poly(aryl ether phthalide)s by nucleophilic aromatic substitution (2002)

Abstract The phthalide ring was examined as an activating group for nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The proposed mechanism by which activation occurs is through a ring opening of the phthalide ring to form a Meisenheimer‐like σ complex. 3,3‐Bis(4‐fluorophenyl)phthalide was synthesized and examined under different reaction conditions to determine its suitability for polymer formation. Semiempirical calculations at the PM3 level suggested that 3,3‐bis(4‐fluorophenyl)phthalide is only moderately activated, whereas 1 H, 13 C, and 19 F NMR spectroscopy suggested that the monomer was not sufficiently activated for nucleophilic aromatic substitution. However, low‐molecular‐weight polymers (number‐average molecular weight &lt; 7000 g/mol) were produced from bisphenol A, hydroquinone, and phenolphthalein. The polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymers displayed relatively high glass‐transition temperatures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3046–3054, 2002
Threonine-89 Participates in the Active Site of Bacteriorhodopsin:  Evidence for a Role in Color Regulation and Schiff Base Proton Transfer (1997)

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) functions as a light-driven proton pump in the purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarium. A major feature of bR is the existence of an active site which includes a retinylidene Schiff base and amino acid residues Asp-85, Asp-212, and Arg-82. This active site participates in proton transfers and regulates the visible absorption of bacteriorhodopsin and its photointermediates. In this work we find evidence that Thr-89 also participates in this active site. The substitution Thr-89 --> Asn (T89N) results in changes in the properties of the all-trans retinylidene chromophore of light-adapted bR including a redshift of the visible lambda(max) and a downshift in C=N and C=C stretch frequencies. Changes are also found in the M and N intermediates of the T89N photocycle including shifts in lambda(max), a downshift of the Asp-85 carboxylic acid C=O stretch frequency by 10 cm(-1), and a 3-5-fold decrease in the rate of formation of the M intermediate. In contrast, the properties of the 13-cis retinylidene chromophore of dark-adapted T89N as well as the K and L intermediates of the T89N photocycle are similar to the wild-type bacteriorhodopsin. These results are consistent with an interaction of the hydroxyl group of Thr-89 with the protonated Schiff base of light-adapted bR and possibly the N intermediate but not the 13-cis chromophore of dark-adapted bR or the K and L intermediates. Thr-89 also appears to influence the rate of Schiff base proton transfer to Asp-85 during formation of the M intermediate, possibly through an interaction with Asp-85. In contrast, the hydroxyl group of Thr-89 is not obligatory for proton transfer from Asp-96 to the Schiff base during formation of the N intermediate.
Pseudohalide‐Induced Moisture Tolerance in Perovskite CH3NH3Pb(SCN)2I Thin Films (2015)

Abstract Two pseudohalide thiocyanate ions (SCN − ) have been used to replace two iodides in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , and the resulting perovskite material was used as the active material in solar cells. In accelerated stability tests, the CH 3 NH 3 Pb(SCN) 2 I perovskite films were shown to be superior to the conventional CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films as no significant degradation was observed after the film had been exposed to air with a relative humidity of 95 % for over four hours, whereas CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films degraded in less than 1.5 hours. Solar cells based on CH 3 NH 3 Pb(SCN) 2 I thin films exhibited an efficiency of 8.3 %, which is comparable to that of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 based cells fabricated in the same way.
Analysis and modeling of airgap & zigzag leakage fluxes in a surface-mounted-PM machine (2003)

In this paper the magnetic characteristics of surface-mounted permanent magnet machines are analyzed and modeled. The airgap and zigzag leakage fluxes are analytically expressed in terms of the magnetic material properties and the motor dimensions. Both factors are essential quantities for the accurate prediction of the flux distribution within the machine and of the machine torque. Therefore, they are desired for the purpose of machine design and optimization. In order to evaluate the validity of the proposed models, the finite element method (FEM) analysis is used. The results show that the errors between the FEM results and analytical predictions are less than 1% for both the airgap and zigzag leakage fluxes. This accuracy is also proven by the prototype measurements.
Interferometric testing through transmissive media (2006)

The TTM objective module was designed to allow interferometric measurement of objects underneath transmissive materials at higher magnifications. For proper functioning, many factors must be optimized, including dispersive compensation, coherence effects, thickness variation insensitivity, and illumination. Measurement results will be presented for through glass, through fluid and dynamic MEMS application examples.
Experimental Evidence of Single-Phonon Mediated Inter-Level Excitonic Transitions in a Semiconductor Quantum Dot (2009)

Resonance fluorescence of a single InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot enables us to show direct evidence of population up-conversion to an excited state in a quantum dot, which we attribute to single-acoustic-phonon processes at low temperature.
Urodilatin: a new approach for the treatment of therapy‐resistant acute renal failure after liver transplantation (1994)

A pilot study was performed in patients after liver transplantation (Ltx) to examine the effect of continuous intravenous urodilatin (URO, CDD/ANP-95-126)-infusion as an alternative therapy of acute renal failure (ARF) resistant to conventional therapy. Eight patients who developed ARF after liver transplantation and fulfilled requirements for haemodialysis/haemofiltration were treated. After URO infusion was started, renal function improved and all patients developed a strong diuresis and natriuresis within 2-4 h. The extracellular expansion due to sodium and water retention in anuric/oliguric ARF lead to an increased central venous pressure (CVP) and elevated blood pressure. During the URO infusion CVP declined and systolic, as well as diastolic, blood pressure were stable. In six patients where haemodialysis/haemofiltration could be avoided, serum creatinine (SC) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) declined during URO treatment and creatinine clearance (CC) also improved significantly. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances changed promptly and normalized. This was in concordance with renal excretion of electrolytes. Two patients still required haemodialysis/haemofiltration. The six patients who did not require haemodialysis/haemofiltration after URO treatment normalized concerning their renal function and did well in a control period of 12 weeks. The study shows that continuous low dose URO infusion may present a new concept for treatment of postoperative acute renal failure resistant to conventional therapy.
Neuroendocrine Dysfunction in African Trypanosomiasis: The Role of Cytokinesa (1998)

Sleeping sickness (SS; African trypanosomiasis) is an anthropozoonosis transmitted by the tsetse fly. Infection with Trypanosoma brucei in humans is associated with adynamia, lethargy, anorexia, and more specifically amenorrhea/infertility in women and loss of libido/impotence in men. Recent evidence suggests that experimental infection in animals with Trypanosoma brucei species causes polyglandular endocrine failure by local inflammation of the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal glands. In a cross-sectional study we investigated the prevalence and significance of neuroendocrine abnormalities in 137 Ugandan patients with SS. In the untreated stage of the disease, there was a high prevalence of adrenal insufficiency (27%), hypothyroidism (50%) and hypogonadism (85%). Pituitary function tests suggested an unusual combined central (hypothalamic/pituitary) and peripheral defect in hormone secretion. Specific therapy resulted in a rapid recovery of adrenal/thyroid function, whereas hypogonadism persisted for years in a substantial portion of patients. We did not detect pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal autoantibodies in patients with endocrine dysfunction, ruling out an autoimmune origin of the endocrine abnormalities. However, the presence of hypopituitarism correlated with high cytokine concentrations (TNF-alpha, IL-6) which--together with direct parasitic infiltration of the endocrine glands--are involved in the pathogenesis of SS-associated endocrine dysfunction.
Manifold-aware Synthesis of High-resolution Diffusion from Structural Imaging (2021)

The physical and clinical constraints surrounding diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) often limit the spatial resolution of the produced images to voxels up to 8 times larger than those of T1w images. Thus, the detailed information contained in T1w imagescould help in the synthesis of diffusion images in higher resolution. However, the non-Euclidean nature of diffusion imaging hinders current deep generative models from synthesizing physically plausible images. In this work, we propose the first Riemannian network architecture for the direct generation of diffusion tensors (DT) and diffusion orientation distribution functions (dODFs) from high-resolution T1w images. Our integration of the Log-Euclidean Metric into a learning objective guarantees, unlike standard Euclidean networks, the mathematically-valid synthesis of diffusion. Furthermore, our approach improves the fractional anisotropy mean squared error (FA MSE) between the synthesized diffusion and the ground-truth by more than 23% and the cosine similarity between principal directions by almost 5% when compared to our baselines. We validate our generated diffusion by comparing the resulting tractograms to our expected real data. We observe similar fiber bundles with streamlines having less than 3% difference in length, less than 1% difference in volume, and a visually close shape. While our method is able to generate high-resolution diffusion images from structural inputs in less than 15 seconds, we acknowledge and discuss the limits of diffusion inference solely relying on T1w images. Our results nonetheless suggest a relationship between the high-level geometry of the brain and the overall white matter architecture.
Excision of symptomatic coalition of the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint. (1987)

From 1977 through 1984, nine patients who had ten persistently symptomatic coalitions of the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint were treated with excision of the coalition and an autogenous free fat graft. Evaluation revealed five excellent, three good, one fair, and one poor result, with an average length of follow-up of forty-two months after surgery. The patient (one foot) with the fair result initially had a poor result until revision, at which time incomplete resection was documented. The patient (one foot) with the poor result initially had a fair result, but it deteriorated forty months postoperatively. Incomplete resection at the time of the initial operation was documented at the time of the second operation. Functional testing of these patients revealed results that were comparable with the results that have been reported after resection of calcaneonavicular coalition. [corrected]
R3 (2014)

Existing route recommendation systems have two main weaknesses. First, they usually recommend the same route for all users and cannot help control traffic jam. Second, they do not take full advantage of real-time traffic to recommend the best routes. To address these two problems, we develop a real-time route recommendation system, called R3, aiming to provide users with the real-time-traffic-aware routes. R3 recommends diverse routes for different users to alleviate the traffic pressure. R3 utilizes historical taxi driving data and real-time traffic data and integrates them together to provide users with real-time route recommendation.
Early negative minimal residual disease in bone marrow after immunotherapy is less predictive of late or non‐marrow relapse among patients with high‐risk stage 4 neuroblastoma (2013)

Molecular detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using a four-marker panel in the bone marrow (BM) after only two treatment cycles of anti-GD2 immunotherapy was a strong independent outcome predictor among high-risk patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma in first remission. While 32 of 46 MRD-negative patients relapsed within 2 years from immunotherapy, only four had marrow relapse; in three of these four patients, MRD turned positive in the subsequent BM. We conclude that negative MRD in the post-cycle two BM was rarely associated with BM relapse, but it did not exclude recurrences at other sites.
First‐trimester trisomy screening: nuchal translucency measurement training and quality assurance to correct and unify technique (2002)

Global qualitative review of images from one sonographer may be preferable to assessment of individual aspects of images. Results from global qualitative review correspond well with findings from quantitative analysis, indicating that the latter can be applied for ongoing audit. Observation of divergent results should prompt extensive personal feedback, rather than a written report, to prevent sonographers from settling in their own, inappropriate technique.
Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide: A Nice Pair in the Respiratory System (2020)

Nitric Oxide (NO) is internationally regarded as a signal molecule involved in several functions in the respiratory tract under physiological and pathogenic conditions. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) has also recently been recognized as a new gasotransmitter with a diverse range of functions similar to those of NO. Depending on their respective concentrations, both these molecules act synergistically or antagonistically as signals or damage promoters. Nevertheless, available evidence shows that the complex biological connections between NO and H2S involve multiple pathways and depend on the site of action in the respiratory tract, as well as on experimental conditions. This review will provide an update on these two gasotransmitters in physiological and pathological processes.
RESULTS OF ARBIT TEST PROGRAMME 1998/99 INVOLVING 36 UNMODIFIED AND MODIFIED BITUMINOUS BINDERS ON THE GERMAN MARKET (2000)

Damage to asphalt roads (particularly rutting) gave rise to the question whether asphalt pavements are still suitable for the construction of heavily trafficked areas. It was agreed in the course of European bitumen standardisation to develop a road bitumen specification based on a new generation of test methods. The testing programme consisted of conventional testing of binders; binder testing using new methods; and tests of representative standard asphalt mixes. Conclusions were drawn on the current methods of construction and recommendations made for further work. For the covering abstract see ITRD E107185.
Advanced Vehicle State Estimation: A Tutorial and Comparative Study (2017)

Autonomous vehicles require high bandwidth, high sample rate, precision vehicle and world relative state estimation, especially those such as automobiles that involve human safety with a mixed set of vehicles operating in a complex environment containing humans. An additional requirement is high reliability. Such systems will ultimately involve a multiplicity of sensor modalities. Sensor fusion is critical to achieving these application requirements. Several of the sensors (e.g., vision, radar, Lidar, ultrasound, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)) have various spurious measurement types. Standard Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) approaches are not sufficiently reliable at removing the effects of such spurious measurements. The EKF approach must decide at the time each measurement arrives whether it is valid. If so, the measurement is used and discarded; otherwise it is not used and discarded. When that decision is wrong, either measurement information is lost or the state and covariance estimates are corrupted. Either situation can result in divergence of the EKF. An alternative is to maintain all recent measurement data within a moving time-horizon. This window of data can be processed within a Bayesian framework to extract the optimal state trajectory estimate over the time-horizon, under various fault scenario assumptions. Because the time window of data is maintained it is straightforward to change the assumptions as to which data are valid and reprocess the data. Therefore, in prior articles, this approach was referred to as a Contemplative Real-Time (CRT) estimator. It is closely related to Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). This paper has tutorial content explaining the interrelationships between the EKF, Iterated Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF), and CRT within the Bayesian framework; discussion of the fault detection procedures, and comparative experimental results.
Aspetti tecnico-amministrativi relativi al collaudo di barriere paramassi a rete (2001)

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder. Approximately 1:25,000 to 1:280,000 cases are registered annually. The pathogenesis of the disease is based on the mutation of the STK 11 gene on chromosome 19. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by several symptoms: the formation of multiple hamartomatous polyps primarily in the gastrointestinal tract and hyperpigmentation of the mucous membranes and skin. Patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome often develop various malignant neoplasms, mainly localized in the pancreas and colon. We describe Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in a girl 4 years 7 months old. Initially, the child was diagnosed with vitiligo due to complaints of depigmentation of the skin of the face and hands. During re-examination after half a year, foci of hyperpigmentation on the lip and mucous membranes of the oral cavity were noted. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed the presence of a polypous lump in the stomach. Genetic consultation confirmed the diagnosis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. The absence of family history indicates a sporadic case characterized by diseases with an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance. This clinical case demonstrates the need for gastroenterological and genetic examinations in the presence of lesions on the oral mucosa and the vermillion border of the lips to confirm or exclude Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
Use of the zebrafish &lpar;danio rerio&rpar; to define hematopoiesis (1998)

Hematopoiesis in the vertebrate is characterized by the induction of ventral mesoderm to form hematopoietic stem cells and the eventual differentiation of these progenitors to form the peripheral blood lineages. Several genes have been implicated in the differentiation and development of hematopoietic and vascular progenitor cells, yet our understanding of the discrete steps involved in the induction of these cells from the ventral mesoderm is still incomplete. One method of delineating these processes is based on the use of lower vertebrates. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an especially robust vertebrate system for both isolating and characterizing genes involved in these processes. Hematopoietic mutants have been generated with defects in many of the steps of both the primitive and definitive hematopoietic programs. Cloning of the genes that underlie these mutations should yield valuable details of hematopoiesis and may have therapeutic implications for bone marrow transplantation and stem cell gene therapy.
Monte Carlo Approach to the Simulation of Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide Polymerization and Copolymerization (2021)

The simulation of block or random ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) copolymerization with a deterministic model requires the solution of many thousands of differential and algebraic equations. This approach, therefore, is not practicable, requiring too long computer calculation time. The use of a stochastic model allows overcoming this drawback. In this work, a Monte Carlo based model has been developed considering, for a given substrate such as ethylene glycol, only the reaction of the overall consumption of the alkoxides. The addition of new units of EO or PO, respectively, to the hydroxyls of the substrate or the terminal hydroxyls of the growing chains is ruled by the stochastic probability of the two mentioned events. The developed model considers also the effect of the side reaction of PO conversion to allyl alcohol with the formation of new growing polymeric chains. To do the calculations a microscopic volume, assumed to be a well-mixed system, is considered containing about 5000 or a few more molecules, which is a number significant for statistical validity. Kinetic laws and related parameters have been estimated from data published in the literature. Examples of simulations of high-molecular-weight EO and PO homopolymers, of an EO–PO random copolymer, and a triblocks copolymer of the type (EO)a–(PO)b–(EO)a will be presented.
Fluorine-19 NMR evidence for restricted rotation of the retinyl chromophore in doubly labeled visual pigment analogs (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorine-19 NMR evidence for restricted rotation of the retinyl chromophore in doubly labeled visual pigment analogsLeticia U. Colmenares and Robert S. H. LiuCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 17, 6933–6934Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00043a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00043a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts