gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the future of transportation in an era of automated and autonomous vehicles (2019)

Automated vehicles (AVs) already navigate US highways and those of many other nations around the world. Current questions about AVs do not now revolve around whether such technologies should or should not be implemented; they are already with us. Rather, such questions are more and more focused on how such technologies will impact evolving transportation systems, our social world, and the individuals who live within it and whether such systems ought to be fully automated or remain under some form of direct human control. More importantly, how will mobility itself change as these independent operational vehicles first share and then dominate our roadways? How will the public be kept apprised of their evolving capacities, and what will be the impact of science and the communication of scientific advances across the varying forms of social media on these developments? We look here to address these issues and to provide some suggestions for the problems that are currently emerging.
Transmission of aerosols through pristine and reprocessed N95 respirators (2020)

Abstract During the Covid-19 pandemic, pristine and reprocessed N95 respirators are crucial equipment towards limiting nosocomial infections. The NIOSH test certifying the N95 rating, however, poorly simulates aerosols in healthcare settings, limiting our understanding of the exposure risk for healthcare workers wearing these masks, especially reprocessed ones. We used experimental conditions that simulated the sizes, densities and airflow properties of infectious aerosols in healthcare settings. We analyzed the penetration and leakage of aerosols through pristine and reprocessed N95 respirators. Seven reprocessing methods were investigated. Our findings suggest that pristine and properly reprocessed N95 respirators effectively limit exposure to infectious aerosols, but that care must be taken to avoid the elucidated degradation mechanisms and limit noncompliant wear.
Ethanol and its Nonoxidative Metabolites Promote Acute Liver Injury by Inducing ER Stress, Adipocyte Death, and Lipolysis (2022)

Ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites, FAEEs, not acetaldehyde, promoted acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inducing ER stress, adipocyte death, and lipolysis.
Comparison of illumination geometry for lifetime‐based measurements in whole‐body preclinical imaging (2018)

Macroscopic fluorescence lifetime imaging (MFLI) has been proved to be an accurate tool to quantify Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) lifetime-based assessment of receptor-ligand engagement in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we report on the quantitative comparison of MFLI for whole-body preclinical studies in transmittance and reflectance geometries. The comparative study was conducted for both in vitro and in vivo conditions. FRET quantification performance in both geometries was similar in high fluorescence concentration samples. However, the reflectance geometry performed better at low fluorescence concentration. In addition, reflectance geometry could acquire subsurface imaging of the main whole-body organs of small animals without being compromised by tissue attenuation.
Chalcones and Five-Membered Heterocyclic Isosteres Bind to Alpha Synuclein Fibrils in Vitro (2018)

A series of chalcone and heterocyclic isosteres, in which the enone moiety was replaced with an isoxazole and pyrazole ring system, was synthesized and their affinities for alpha synuclein (Asyn), amyloid beta (Aβ), and tau fibrils were measured in vitro. The compounds were found to have a modest affinity and selectivity for Asyn versus Aβ fibrils and low affinity for tau fibrils. Insertion of a double bond to increase the extendable surface area resulted in an increase in affinity and improvement in selectivity for Asyn versus Aβ and tau fibrils. The results of this study indicate that compound <b>11</b> is a secondary lead compound for structure-activity relationship studies aimed at identifying a suitable compound for positron emission tomography-imaging studies of insoluble Asyn aggregates in Parkinson's disease.
High-Frequency Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter Using Two Inductor Rectifier (2006)

In recent years, many converters are being proposed to be used like bidirectional. Some applications of these DC-DC converters can be battery charger-dischargers, hybrid vehicles, and DC-UPS. In applications like hybrid vehicles a high voltage DC bus to supply power to the motor is usually required. When the DC bus in hybrid vehicle is held by a big capacitor, the selection and design of the converter has an additional difficult, since the converter has to work with an output voltage that ranges from 0 to 420 V in steady-state conditions. In this paper, a bidirectional DC-DC converter is proposed to satisfy the hybrid vehicles requirements and can be used to work permanently with any output voltage from 0 to 420 V without any difficult. Analysis, design and experimental results of a 200 W laboratory prototype circuit are included
A 0.63ps resolution, 11b pipeline TDC in 0.13µm CMOS (2011)

This paper presents the first pipeline TDC based on time-domain 1.5b MDAC stages with a digital-domain residue calibration and a time amplifier gain calibration. The proposed architecture is implemented with an 11b TDC using a 0.13µm CMOS. The TDC achieves the finest 1b resolution of 0.63ps ever reported in a conversion range of 1.3ns, DNL of ±0.5LSB, and INL of ±2LSB.
Mechanical modelling and control layout of a mini-PKM for assembly applications (2006)

The paper deals with a parallel robot for miniaturized assembly applications. The machine is based on the cartesian-parallel scheme and it is equipped with flexure revolute joints, in order to avoid stick-slip phenomena and reach high positioning accuracy (better than I mu m). &#13;\n&#13;\nIts workspace volume is a cube of side 30 mm. The three flexible robot arms have internal non-actuated degrees of freedom, which can be passively damped or, if needed, actively controlled; the vibrational behaviour of the arms has been analyzed by means of a Pseudo-Rigid Body model, and the results suggests the adoption of passive damping. &#13;\n&#13;\nThe actuation is based on linear cog-free motors; the actuation and control layout of the prototype is discussed.
Clinical Management of Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (2007)

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder is a circadian rhythm disorder that results in a late timed sleep pattern. Individuals have difficulty falling asleep at a conventional hour and difficulty waking in the morning. We discuss the contributing factors and consequences of a delayed sleep phase and describe treatment approaches. These include therapies to phase change the delayed sleep circadian rhythm such as morning bright light exposure, exogenous melatonin administration, and chronotherapy as well as some behavioral strategies.
Spherical aberration correction using a silicon nitride deformable membrane mirror (2006)

A gold-coated silicon nitride membrane mirror 1.25 mm in diameter corrects up to 3 waves of spherical aberration at 633 nm. A 2times improvement in edge response is observed in an N.A. 0.55 optical system
Evaluating effectivity of map generation by tracking vertical edges in omnidirectional image sequence (2002)

We designed a new omnidirectional image sensor, called COPIS (Conic Projection Image Sensor), to guide the navigation of a mobile robot. The feature of COPIS is passive sensing of the omnidirectional image of the environment, in real-time, using a conic mirror. COPIS is a suitable sensor for visual navigation in a real environment. Under the assumption of the known motion of the robot, an environmental map of an indoor scene is generated by monitoring the azimuth change in the image. We did several experiments in the simple indoor environment. The precision of the obtained environmental maps was sufficient for robot navigation in such environment. In these experiments, to examine the potential of COPIS against the effects of observational errors in real-time navigation, we simplified the image processing method and the experimental environment. In this paper, we improve the image processing method for extracting and tracking vertical edges, taking care of the reliability, and also evaluate the effectiveness of COPIS in a real indoor and outdoor environment.
Development of a Multi-Functional Installed Ultrasonic System for Detection of Pitting Corrosion and Bolt Loosening on Aerospace Vehicles (2015)

This paper presents an innovative new Pitting Corrosion Sensor Tracker (PCST) system for the detection and monitoring of pitting corrosion, bolt preload, and clamping force changes in critical areas of the rotorcraft structure. The system utilizes small integrated ultrasonic sensor networks that can be installed on complex rotorcraft structures for monitoring of pitting corrosion and clamping force combined with miniaturized sensors installed on the fasteners to monitor the preload forces. By combining these two sensor technologies together and analyzing the data they provide using sophisticated waveform and information extraction algorithms, the PCST system becomes a complete technology solution for the monitoring of component mounting areas. Acellent Technologies in partnership with NAVAIR has tested the proposed PCST system on rotorcraft components under real corrosion conditions. The methodology and results of the corrosion testing will be discussed in the paper. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/98
Energy metabolism transition in multi‐cellular human tumor spheroids (2008)

It is thought that glycolysis is the predominant energy pathway in cancer, particularly in solid and poorly vascularized tumors where hypoxic regions develop. To evaluate whether glycolysis does effectively predominate for ATP supply and to identify the underlying biochemical mechanisms, the glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) fluxes, ATP/ADP ratio, phosphorylation potential, and expression and activity of relevant energy metabolism enzymes were determined in multi-cellular tumor spheroids, as a model of human solid tumors. In HeLa and Hek293 young-spheroids, the OxPhos flux and cytochrome c oxidase protein content and activity were similar to those observed in monolayer cultured cells, whereas the glycolytic flux increased two- to fourfold; the contribution of OxPhos to ATP supply was 60%. In contrast, in old-spheroids, OxPhos, ATP content, ATP/ADP ratio, and phosphorylation potential diminished 50-70%, as well as the activity (88%) and content (3 times) of cytochrome c oxidase. Glycolysis and hexokinase increased significantly (both, 4 times); consequently glycolysis was the predominant pathway for ATP supply (80%). These changes were associated with an increase (3.3 times) in the HIF-1alpha content. After chronic exposure, both oxidative and glycolytic inhibitors blocked spheroid growth, although the glycolytic inhibitors, 2-deoxyglucose and gossypol (IC(50) of 15-17 nM), were more potent than the mitochondrial inhibitors, casiopeina II-gly, laherradurin, and rhodamine 123 (IC(50) > 100 nM). These results suggest that glycolysis and OxPhos might be considered as metabolic targets to diminish cellular proliferation in poorly vascularized, hypoxic solid tumors.
Efficacy of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for newly diagnosed and recurrent IDH wild-type glioblastoma (2022)

Laser ablation is a viable option for patients with new and recurrent glioblastoma. Median OS for <i>IDH</i> wild-type newly diagnosed glioblastoma is comparable to outcomes observed in other tumor resection studies when those patients undergo radiation and chemotherapy following LITT.
LIGHT-INDUCED DECOMPOSITION OF PYRAZOLINES. AN IMPROVED ENTRY INTO THE CYCLOPROPANE SERIES (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLIGHT-INDUCED DECOMPOSITION OF PYRAZOLINES. AN IMPROVED ENTRY INTO THE CYCLOPROPANE SERIESKenneth L. Rinehart Jr. and Thomas V. Van AukenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 19, 5251Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01504a064https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01504a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views134Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On the sensitivity of cooperative caching performance to workload and network characteristics (2002)

A rich body of literature exists on several aspects of cooperative caching [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], including object placement and replacement algorithms [1], mechanisms for reducing the overhead of cooperation [2, 3], and the performance impact of cooperation [3, 4, 5]. However, while several studies have focused on quantifying the performance benefit of cooperative caching, their conclusions on the effectiveness of such cooperation vary significantly. The source of this apparent disagreement lies mainly in their different assumptions about workload and network characteristics, and about the degree of cooperation among caches.To more comprehensively evaluate the practical benefit of cooperative caching, we explore the sensitivity of the benefit of cooperation to workload characteristics such as object popularity distribution, temporal locality, one time referencing behavior, and to network characteristics such as latencies between clients, proxies, and servers. Furthermore, we identify a critical workload characteristic, which we call average access density, and show that it has a crucial impact on the effectiveness of cooperative caching.In this extended abstract, we report on a few important results selected from our extensive study reported in [6]. In particular, assuming an LFU-based cache management policy, we arrive at the following conclusions. First, cooperative caching is only effective when the average access density (defined as the ratio of the number of requests to the number of distinct objects in a time window) is relatively high. Second, the effectiveness of cooperative caching decreases as the skew in object popularity increases. Higher skew means that only a small number of objects are most frequently accessed reducing the benefit of larger caches, and therefore of cooperation.
Low temperature cluster glass behavior in Nd5Ge3 (2011)

Various experimental evidence obtained from dc and ac magnetization measurements indicates that Nd(5)Ge(3) undergoes a spin glass transition from a high temperature antiferromagnetic state. Below the Néel temperature of 49 K, it shows distinct properties that characterize a cluster glass state, thereby indicating that it is an example of a reentrant spin glass system. Dynamical behavior of the magnetic susceptibility and the magnetic relaxation clearly give evidence of frustration in the material. Geometric frustration arising from the triangular arrangement of Nd atoms seems to be the main reason behind the spin glass state. A field-induced structural distortion accompanying the Néel transition may also be responsible for the frustration and the spin glass state.
Supramolecular Construction of Optoelectronic Biomaterials (2013)

Peptide self-assembly is a powerful method to create functional nanoscale materials such as optoelectronically relevant organic nanostructures. The enormous potential that may come from bringing π-conjugated electronic function into biological environments is poised to impact cell and tissue engineering, biosensors, and related biomedical applications. However, very little synthetic guidance is available with respect to uniting these two different materials sets in a generally applicable manner. In this Account, I describe my group's work to synthesize and assemble peptidic nanostructures built around organic electronic elements. The Account begins with a very brief background to the area of supramolecular electronics, followed by a description of areas where these nanomaterials could be useful in biology. I then discuss the synthetic approaches that we utilized to embed a variety of π-electron units directly within peptide backbones. A key supramolecular challenge with respect to subsequent self-assembly of these new molecules is balancing electrostatic contributions within the resulting nanomaterials, because the suitable geometries for stabilizing peptide assemblies may not necessarily correspond to those suitable for maximizing intermolecular π-electron interactions. Regardless of the respective magnitudes of these two major influences, the assembly paradigm is fairly robust. Variation of the π-electron units and the peptide sequences that make up the "peptide-π-peptide" triblock molecules consistently leads to fairly uniform tape-like nanostructures that maintain strong electronic coupling among the component π-electron units. We explored a diverse range of π-electron units spanning fluorescent oligo(phenylene vinylene)s, electron-accepting rylene diimides, and hole-transporting oligothiophenes. I then describe the characterization of the nanomaterials that form after molecular self-assembly in order to understand their internal structures, electronic interactions, and morphologies as existing within self-supporting hydrogel matrices. I also describe how a facile shearing process provided globally aligned macroscopic collections of one-dimensional electronic fibrils in hydrogel matrices. These general assembly processes influence intermolecular π-stacking among the embedded chromophores, and the assemblies themselves can facilitate the covalent cross-linking and polymerization (for example, of reactive diyne units). The latter offers an exciting possibility to create peptidic nanostructures comprised of single polymer chains. Finally, I discuss electronic properties as manifested in the interactions of transition dipoles within the nanomaterials and electrical properties resulting from field-effect gating. The ability to tune the observable electrical properties of the nanostructures externally will allow for their transition to in vitro or in vivo platforms as a powerful new approach to regulating biological interactions at the nanoscale.
3-Arylisothiazoloquinols As Potent Ligands for the Benzodiazepine Site of GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; Receptors (2012)

3-Arylisothiazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones and 3-arylisoxazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones were synthesized and assayed for affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptors. While the 3-arylisothiazoloquinolin-4-ones were found to be potent ligands, with affinities (expressed as the affinity Ki value) down to 1 nM, the 3-arylisoxazoloquinolin-4-ones are less potent. This is suggested to depend on sterical repulsive interaction of the 3-arylisoxazoloquinolin-4-ones with the receptor essential volume of the binding site, and a higher electron density at the nitrogen in the azole ring (N-2) as well as the carbonyl oxygen in the isothiazoloquinolin-4-ones enabling them to interact stronger with hydrogen bond donor sites at the binding site.
Synthesis and characterization of VLS-derived silicon carbide whiskers (1988)

Silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers have great potential, some already realized, in reinforcing ceramic matrix composites to give significant improvements in toughness and strength. Los Alamos has been developing the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process to grow single crystal BETA-SiC fibers having relatively few defects and diameters of from 3 to 5 ..mu..m and lengths up to 100 mm. These whiskers have superb mechanical properties-strengths up to 16 GPa (2.3 Msi) and elastic modulus of 580 GPa (84 Msi) - and should have excellent stability at high temperatures. Two basic synthesis routes were investigated: 1) in situ SiO generation and 2) external gaseous Si source. Process 1) had a much more extensive prior developmental history and has been developed at Los Alamos to the point where significant and reproducible yields of prime whiskers can be obtained and scaleup could be considered. What we have learned about this process and its product will be the subject of this paper. 14 refs., 17 figs., 31 tabs.
Functionalized Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Focused Review (2021)

Biomaterials have been widely used in tissue engineering applications at an increasing rate in recent years. The increased clinical demand for safe scaffolds, as well as the diversity and availability of biomaterials, has sparked rapid interest in fabricating diverse scaffolds to make significant progress in tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has drawn substantial attention in recent years owing to its excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties and facile adaptable surface functionalization with other innumerable essential materials. This focused review spotlights a brief introduction on HAP, scope, a historical outline, basic structural features/properties, various synthetic strategies, and their scientific applications concentrating on functionalized HAP in the diverse area of tissue engineering fields such as bone, skin, periodontal, bone tissue fixation, cartilage, blood vessel, liver, tendon/ligament, and corneal are emphasized. Besides clinical translation aspects, the future challenges and prospects of HAP based biomaterials involved in tissue engineering are also discussed. Furthermore, it is expected that researchers may find this review expedient in gaining an overall understanding of the latest advancement of HAP based biomaterials.
Silver(I) Complex of a Crown Thioether Retaining the Transoid S–C–C–S Ligand Conformation (1996)

Abstract The crown thioether 3 with the novel diisopropylidene building block was synthesized by an S′ N cyclization reaction of 2,7‐dichloro‐2,7‐dimethylocta‐3,5‐diyne ( 1 ) with 3‐thia‐pentane‐1,5‐dithiol ( 2 ). Ligand 3 shows all the sulfur centers in exodentate positions. Reaction of 3 with Ag 1 triflate and triphenylphosphane yielded the tetrahedral complex 4 , which shows unique spectroscopic data in solution. Crystallization furnished two different crystal forms ( 4a and 4b ). Both are different conformers which are stable in the solid state. 4a exhibits a crown‐like structure of the thioether ligand with cisoid SCCS chains. To our knowledge 4b is the first silver(1) complex with a crown thioether retaining the tran‐soid SCCS conformation in the metal complex.
Electrical Generation from Nuclear Power Plants (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: World Energy Needs and the Role of Electricity Energy Consumption, Nuclear Power, and Environment Nuclear Power Today and Development Trends Innovative Nuclear Reactor Technology Development Nuclear Fuel Resources Long-Term Waste Disposal References Further Reading
Modeling Subcutaneous Absorption of Long-Acting Insulin Glargine in Type 1 Diabetes (2019)

The model can be incorporated in simulation platforms potentially usable for optimizing basal insulin treatment strategies.