gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of small diameter sheathed thermocouples for the core flow test loop (1979)

This report summarizes the research and development on 0.5-mm-diameter, compacted, metal sheathed thermocouples. The objectives of this research effort have been: to identify and analyze the sources of temperature measurement errors in the use of 0.5-mm-diameter sheathed thermocouples to measure the surface temperature of the cladding of fuel-rod simulators in the Core Flow Test Loop (CFTL) at ORNL; to devise methods for reducing or correcting for these temperature measurement errors; to estimate the overall temperature measurement uncertainties; and to recommend modifications in the manufacture, installation, or materials used to minimize temperature measurement uncertainties in the CFTL experiments.
Global Histone Modifications Predict Prognosis of Resected Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2007)

The prognostic influence of epigenetic changes involving multiple histones, in particular H2A and H3, is greater in early NSCLC, and evaluation of these changes may help in selecting early-stage NSCLC patients for adjuvant treatment. Our observations provide a rationale for the use of a combination of standard chemotherapy with drugs interacting with histone modifications, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors.
<title>Light management at nanoscale</title> (2002)

An analytical theory for extraordinary light transmittance through an optically thick metal film with sub-wavelength holes is developed. It is shown that the film transmittance has sharp peaks that are due to the Maxwell-Garnet resonances in the holes. At resonances electric and magnetic fields are dramatically enhanced in the holes. These resonances are proposed to guide light over a metal film at a nanoscale.
Time-Critical Social Mobilization (2011)

The World Wide Web is commonly seen as a platform that can harness the collective abilities of large numbers of people to accomplish tasks with unprecedented speed, accuracy, and scale. To explore the Web's ability for social mobilization, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) held the DARPA Network Challenge, in which competing teams were asked to locate 10 red weather balloons placed at locations around the continental United States. Using a recursive incentive mechanism that both spread information about the task and incentivized individuals to act, our team was able to find all 10 balloons in less than 9 hours, thus winning the Challenge. We analyzed the theoretical and practical properties of this mechanism and compared it with other approaches.
Environmentally Friendly Driving Feedback Systems Research and Development for Heavy Duty Trucks (2016)

In this research project, the research team developed an environmentally-friendly driving feedback system for heavy-duty trucks, which was adapted from a similar system previously developed for light-duty cars. The system consists of: 1) Eco-Routing Navigation technology that provides route feedback by determining the most fuel-efficient route for any trip with consideration of historical and real-time traffic, and roadway conditions; 2) Eco-Driving Feedback technology that provides a variety of driving feedback, such as excessive speed warning, aggressive acceleration warning, recommended driving speed, etc., under different driving situations; and 3) Eco-Score and Eco-Rank technology that calculates a set of scores based on how eco-friendly one’s driving is, and generates recommendation feedback for improving the driving performance and the scores. The Eco-Driving Feedback technology was integrated with the state-of-the-art truck driving simulator. A driving scenario that represents a typical freight trip in Southern California was programmed into the simulator and used as a driving course in an experiment with 22 truck driver participants. The results show that the impacts for individual participants are different to varying degrees. On average, the Eco-Driving Feedback technology has no adverse impact on travel time and carbon monoxide emission while reducing fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen emission, and fine particulate matter emission by 11%, 8%, and 8%, respectively. Based on the promising results from this research project that was conducted in a simulator environment, a follow-on study in a real-world environment is warranted.View the NCST Project Webpage
A selective antagonist of histamine H4 receptors prevents antigen‐induced airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs: involvement of lipocortin‐1 (2013)

Antigen-induced asthma-like reactions in guinea pigs decreased levels of LC-1 and increased TNF-α and eicosanoid production. JNJ pretreatment reduced allergic asthmatic responses and airway inflammation, an effect associated with LC-1 up-regulation.
Hard X-ray phase-contrast imaging with a microfocus source (1999)

Since Röntgen’s discovery of X rays in 1895 the vast majority of radiographs have been collected and interpreted on the basis of absorption contrast and geometrical (ray) optics. In recent years the possibility of utilizing phase-contrast effects has received considerable attention, much of this activity stemming from the possibility of producing X-ray beams of suitably high coherence at synchrotron sources (1). A description of a phase-contrast imaging (PCI) technique which utilizes a laboratory-based microfocus X-ray source to achieve the required spatial coherence, and does not rely on there being a high degree of chromatic coherence, will be described (2). The method employs a relatively large object-to-image distance to allow wave interference (Fresnel diffraction) to occur and manifest itself as contrast formation in the intensity distribution recorded at the image plane. PCI is particularly relevant to the nondestructive characterization of materials and this will be demonstrated by way of some examples. A theoretical description of image structure in terms of the Kirchhoff formulation will be used to elucidate some of the important features of the technique. These include the ability to provide improved information from weakly-absorbing features of an object; edge enhancement; inherent magnification; improved signal-to-noise. Another aspect of PCI which will be discussed is phase-(and absorption-) retrieval (3), whereby images can be used to obtain quantitative physical information about the sample structure.
Multimodal Machine Translation through Visuals and Speech (2019)

Multimodal machine translation involves drawing information from more than one modality, based on the assumption that the additional modalities will contain useful alternative views of the input data. The most prominent tasks in this area are spoken language translation, image-guided translation, and video-guided translation, which exploit audio and visual modalities, respectively. These tasks are distinguished from their monolingual counterparts of speech recognition, image captioning, and video captioning by the requirement of models to generate outputs in a different language. This survey reviews the major data resources for these tasks, the evaluation campaigns concentrated around them, the state of the art in end-to-end and pipeline approaches, and also the challenges in performance evaluation. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research in these areas: the need for more expansive and challenging datasets, for targeted evaluations of model performance, and for multimodality in both the input and output space.
Histogram Analysis of Diffusion Weighted Imaging at 3T is Useful for Prediction of Lymphatic Metastatic Spread, Proliferative Activity, and Cellularity in Thyroid Cancer (2017)

histogram analysis of whole ADC tumor volumes has the potential to provide valuable information on tumor biology in thyroid carcinoma. However, further studies are warranted.
Thermosonic flip- chip bonding for stud bumps onto copper electrodes with titanium and silver layers (2007)

Thermosonic flip-chip bonding of chips with gold stud bumps onto copper electrodes of an alumina substrate was studied. Copper electrodes were deposited with silver as the bonding layer and with titanium as the diffusion barrier layer. Deposition of these layers on copper electrodes serves to improve the bonding quality between the gold stud bumps and copper electrodes. With appropriate bonding parameters, 100% bondability was achieved. Bonding strength between the stud bumps and copper electrodes was much higher than that converted from the JEDEC standards. The effects of process parameters including bonding force and ultrasonic power on bonding strength were investigated by design of experiment (DOE). The experimental results showed that bonding strength increased with increasing bonding force and ultrasonic power. The appropriate bonding parameters ultrasonic power of 4.52 W in, bonding force of 1000 gf, bonding time of 0.5 s and bonding temperature of 200degC. Deposition of these two layers on the copper electrodes not only provides an effective wry and direct way of thermosonic flip-chip bonding of chips with gold stud bumps onto the substrate, but also ensures excellent bonding quality. Potential applications such as flip- chip bonding of chips with low pin counts or LED packaging are expected.
Syntactic analysis for large vocabulary speech recognition using a context-free covering grammar (2003)

The authors describe a syntactive component for large vocabulary speech recognition that incorporates a context-free covering grammar as the language model. The component comprises two modules: a preprocessing module and a syntactic analysis module. The preprocessing module consists of a lexical and a grammar preprocessor. The preprocessors facilitate grammar development. The syntactic analysis module consists of an error correcting maximum likelihood Cocke-Younger-Kasami parser and a context-free covering grammar. The parsar determines the sentence of maximum likelihood accepted by the grammar with respect to a word log likelihood matrix supplied b the acoustic/phonetic component of the speech recognition system. The effectiveness of this type of syntactic analysis was tested in a simulation using a 1040 word vocabulary. Results and error correcting examples are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Assessment of cathodic protection applied to above ground reinforced concrete (2018)

Standard practice allows the use of developing expertise in the assessment of cathodic protection of steel in concrete. This work sets out a theoretical and empirical basis for such an assessment. Assessment may be based on the observation that, at protection current densities typically used in reinforced concrete, the degree of polarization provides an indication of steel corrosion risk. An example is, a steel polarization of 55 mV or more achieved by a protection current of 5 mA m −2 or less is indicative of passive steel reinforcement. Such risk assessment criteria are supported by both theory and practice. Polarization is generally a consequence, not a cause, of steel passivity in concrete. The removal of chloride from, or the generation of hydroxide at the steel surface dominate the restoration of steel passivity. Flexibility over the degree of polarization required in cathodic protection systems may be used to address adverse effects associated with the delivery of protection current.
Tetrathiafulvalenenaphthalenophanes:  Planar Chirality and cis/trans Photoisomerization (2000)

A cyclophane incorporating one 1,5-dioxynaphthalene ring system and one tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit bridged by [SCH(2)CH(2)O] linkages has been synthesized. In this cyclophane, the TTF unit can adopt either cis or trans configurations. In addition, the 1, 5-dioxynaphthalene ring system imposes one element of planar chirality on this cyclophane. A second element of planar chirality is introduced by the trans form of the TTF unit. Thus, the cyclophane exists in diastereoisomeric forms as three pairs of enantiomers. The enantiomeric pairs associated with the cis form of the TTF unit, as well as one of those associated with the trans form, have been isolated by crystallization, and their structures assigned in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray analyses. In solution, cis/trans isomerization occurs when either the cis or the trans form of the cyclophane is exposed to light. The photoisomerization reaction can be followed by (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, as well as by HPLC. The photoisomerization quantum yield has been measured at two different excitation wavelengths (406 and 313 nm). In both cases, the trans --> cis process (Phi = 0.20 at 406 nm) is much more efficient than the reverse cis --> trans process (Phi = 0.030 at 406 nm). Since the absorption spectra of the trans and cis isomers are different and the quantum yield of the trans --> cis photoisomerization reaction depends on the excitation wavelength, the mole fraction of the two diastereoisomers present at the photostationary state depends on the wavelength of the exciting light. No isomerization occurs when the solutions, regardless of the mole fraction of the two diastereoisomers, are stored in the dark.
Difficulté de maîtrise de la diffusion épidémique d’entérobactéries productrices de carbapénèmases (EPC) OXA48 dans un service de néphrologie français (2014)

Les entérobactéries productrices de carbapénèmase (EPC) sont en expansion. Nos patients néphrologiques sont à haut risque d’acquisition de portage et d’infection. Nous décrivons ici la survenue de deux épisodes épidémiques en 2013/2014 dans notre service. Les mesures curatives d’une diffusion secondaire, selon les recommandations du Haut Conseil de la Santé Publique sont : – cohorting, avec personnels et locaux dédiés, selon les statuts : porteurs EPC, contact EPC, et sans contact, dans les secteurs concernés : hospitalisation, hémodialyse aiguë et chronique, consultations ; – dépistage hebdomadaire des contacts hospitalisés, suivis en consultation ou transférés avec précautions ; – bionettoyage renforcé. Le premier épisode est survenu en juillet 2013 à partir d’un patient transféré d’un service infecté, dont le statut de colonisé n’était pas connu lors du transfert. Onze cas secondaires ont été observés parmi lesquels trois ont développé une infection dont une particulièrement sévère avec perte d’un greffon rénal. Un cohorting a été instauré avec efficacité et les mesures ont été levées en novembre 2013. Les conséquences ont été la perte d’activité avec fermeture de lits, suspension de l’activité de greffe, difficultés de gestion du personnel, des locaux et des transferts vers les structures d’aval. Une nouvelle situation épidémique, impliquant sept patients, s’est déclarée en décembre 2013. Cet épisode, non relié au premier, a été maîtrisé sans recours au cohorting, avec mesures complémentaires contact, et écouvillonnage hebdomadaire des contacts. Nous avons été confrontés à deux épidémies en moins d’un an à partir de patients porteurs découverts fortuitement. Le cohorting est contraignant mais efficace. Le non-contrôle de ces situations risque d’entraîner une diffusion dans les établissements d’aval et sur le territoire national. La maîtrise de ces bactéries hautement résistantes nécessite un soutien institutionnel pour préserver leur caractère émergent et éviter des impasses thérapeutiques dramatiques.
Whole-exome imputation of sequence variants identified two novel alleles associated with adult body height in African Americans (2020)

Adult body height is a quantitative trait for which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous loci, primarily in European populations. These loci, comprising common variants, explain <10% of the phenotypic variance in height. We searched for novel associations between height and common (minor allele frequency, MAF ≥5%) or infrequent (0.5% < MAF < 5%) variants across the exome in African Americans. Using a reference panel of 1692 African Americans and 471 Europeans from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI) Exome Sequencing Project (ESP), we imputed whole-exome sequence data into 13 719 African Americans with existing array-based GWAS data (discovery). Variants achieving a height-association threshold of P < 5E−06 in the imputed dataset were followed up in an independent sample of 1989 African Americans with whole-exome sequence data (replication). We used P < 2.5E−07 (=0.05/196 779 variants) to define statistically significant associations in meta-analyses combining the discovery and replication sets (N = 15 708). We discovered and replicated three independent loci for association: 5p13.3/C5orf22/rs17410035 (MAF = 0.10, β = 0.64 cm, P = 8.3E−08), 13q14.2/SPRYD7/rs114089985 (MAF = 0.03, β = 1.46 cm, P = 4.8E−10) and 17q23.3/GH2/rs2006123 (MAF = 0.30; β = 0.47 cm; P = 4.7E−09). Conditional analyses suggested 5p13.3 (C5orf22/rs17410035) and 13q14.2 (SPRYD7/rs114089985) may harbor novel height alleles independent of previous GWAS-identified variants (r2 with GWAS loci <0.01); whereas 17q23.3/GH2/rs2006123 was correlated with GWAS-identified variants in European and African populations. Notably, 13q14.2/rs114089985 is infrequent in African Americans (MAF = 3%), extremely rare in European Americans (MAF = 0.03%), and monomorphic in Asian populations, suggesting it may be an African-American-specific height allele. Our findings demonstrate that whole-exome imputation of sequence variants can identify low-frequency variants and discover novel variants in non-European populations.
Enterprise IT service downtime cost and risk transfer in a supply chain (2020)

Abstract In this paper we present an economic model for analyzing enterprise IT service downtime cost, first on a standalone basis and then in a supply chain setting. With a baseline probability model of Poisson arrival frequency with random downtime duration, we analyze optimal production of a firm’s investments in reducing frequency and duration of downtime, and corresponding premiums for insuring against downtime cost. We also present a model for the spillover effect of downtime for interconnected firms in a supply chain, and discuss how third-party insurance coverage can help enterprises to internalize the externalities of spillover effects on the supply chain.
Mathematical model development of super-resolution image Wiener restoration (2012)

In super-resolution (SR), a set of degraded low-resolution (LR) images are used to reconstruct a higher-resolution image that suffers from acquisition degradations. One way to boost SR images visual quality is to use restoration filters to remove reconstructed images artifacts. We propose an efficient method to optimally allocate the LR pixels on the high-resolution grid and introduce a mathematical derivation of a stochastic Wiener filter. It relies on the continuous-discrete-continuous model and is constrained by the periodic and nonperiodic interrelationships between the different frequency components of the proposed SR system. We analyze an end-to-end model and formulate the Wiener filter as a function of the parameters associated with the proposed SR system such as image gathering and display response indices, system average signal-to-noise ratio, and inter-subpixel shifts between the LR images. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the derived Wiener filter with the optimal allocation of LR images results in sharper reconstruction. When compared with other SR techniques, our approach outperforms them in both quality and computational time.
Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays (2001)

Light modulation mechanisms liquid crystal materials homogeneous cells pi cells homeotropic cells hybrid aligned nematic cells twisted nematic cells super twisted nematic cells guest-house cells cholesteric reflective displays liquid crystal and polymer composites system aspects of reflective displays.
Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology (2017)

An expert review of the aetiology, assessment, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder, and recommendations for diagnosis, management and service provision was coordinated by the British Association for Psychopharmacology, and evidence graded. The aetiology of autism spectrum disorder involves genetic and environmental contributions, and implicates a number of brain systems, in particular the gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems. The presentation of autism spectrum disorder varies widely and co-occurring health problems (in particular epilepsy, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and irritability) are common. We did not recommend the routine use of any pharmacological treatment for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. In children, melatonin may be useful to treat sleep problems, dopamine blockers for irritability, and methylphenidate, atomoxetine and guanfacine for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The evidence for use of medication in adults is limited and recommendations are largely based on extrapolations from studies in children and patients without autism spectrum disorder. We discuss the conditions for considering and evaluating a trial of medication treatment, when non-pharmacological interventions should be considered, and make recommendations on service delivery. Finally, we identify key gaps and limitations in the current evidence base and make recommendations for future research and the design of clinical trials.
What Makes People Click: Advertising on the Web (1997)

From the Publisher:
Written by Jim Sterne, an expert in Web advertising and marketing, this book is a start-to-finish resource for maximizing the power of Web economics on your bottom line. Learn which ad designs, key phrases, and information attracts your target market's attention and drives them to your site. Once there, learn how to keep them coming back. Plus, you'll learn how to sell ad space and how to set pricing that is affordable, competitive, and profitable.
Assessing the Urban Heat Island Effect Across Biomes in the Continental USA Using Landsat and MODIS (2011)

Impervious surface area (ISA) from the Landsat TM and land surface temperature (LST) from MODIS averaged over three annual cycles (2003-2005) are used in a spatial analysis to assess the urban heat island (UHI) skin temperature amplitude and its relationship to development intensity, size, and ecological setting for 38 of the most populous cities in the continental United States. Development intensity zones based on %ISA are defined across urban gradients and used to stratify sampling of LST and NDVI. We find that ecological context significantly influences the amplitude of summer daytime UHI (urban - rural temperature difference) with the largest 8 C (average) for cities built in mixed forest biomes. For all cities ISA is the primary driver for increase in temperature explaining 70% of the total variance. Annually, urban areas are warmer than the non-urban fringe by 2.9 C, except in biomes with arid and semiarid climates. The average amplitude of the UHI is asymmetric with a 4.3 C difference in summer and 1.3 C in winter. In desert environments, UHI's point to a possible heat sink effect. Results show that the urban heat island amplitude increases with city size and is seasonally asymmetric for a large number of cities across most biomes. The implications are that for urban areas developed within forested ecosystems the summertime UHI can be quite high relative to the wintertime UHI suggesting that the residential energy consumption required for summer cooling is likely to increase with urban growth within those biomes.