gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The development of colour-encapsulated microspheres for novel colour cosmetics (2008)

In the present study, the preparation, characterization and colour retention properties of organic colour-loaded microspheres are described. The study aimed to produce shatter-resistant, low-bleeding polymeric microspheres with particle diameters of 20 µm containing 10-20% (w/w) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic grade colourants FD&C Blue No. 1 Al Lake, FD&C Yellow No. 5 Al Lake and D&C Red No. 36 by utilizing an aqueous-dispersed polymer water-in-oil (W/O) solvent evaporation process featuring styrene/acrylates-based copolymers. The influences of matrix polymeric components on the shape, integrity and dye retention of the microspheres were studied. Encapsulation matrices based on alkali soluble polymers yielded misshapen spheroids that were prone both to swelling and decreased dye retention in aqueous environments, as well as loss of shape at 70°C in cosmetic oils under shear. A resin supported emulsion (RSE)-based matrix, in comparison, yielded highly spherical microspheres resistant to shape deformation and swelling. Additions of up to 15% (w/w) of an alkali soluble polymer to the RSE system improved colour dispersion without detrimentally affecting the structural integrity of the microspheres while also slightly decreasing dye concentrations released into aqueous solutions. The in vitro dye release of the colour-loaded microspheres in a cosmetic-type water-in-silicone (W/Si) emulsion was evaluated and compared to the in vitro dye release studies in aqueous solutions. No direct correlations between the emulsion system and single-component aqueous solutions could be made. Dye-release levels evaluated from contacting the microspheres with a complex aqueous medium (CAM5), which incorporated ingredient classes typically encountered in the aqueous phase of an emulsion, were found to correlate to levels determined in the generic W/Si emulsion with a 93% linear regression between the data sets. This study demonstrates that the CAM5 protocol (or, alternatively, a CAM2.5 protocol) satisfactorily predicted that the commercial materials derived, in part, from this study (Ciba: ENCAPSULENCE Blue 1, ENCAPSULENCE Yellow 5 and ENCAPSULENCE Red 36) are well suited to retain their colour and shape in liquid cosmetic foundations.
AVAE: Adversarial Variational Auto Encoder (2021)

Among the wide variety of image generative models, two models stand out: Variational Auto Encoders (VAE) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). GANs can produce realistic images, but they suffer from mode collapse and do not provide simple ways to get the latent representation of an image. On the other hand, VAEs do not have these problems, but they often generate images less realistic than GANs. In this article, we explain that this lack of realism is partially due to a common underestimation of the natural image manifold dimensionality. To solve this issue we introduce a new framework that combines VAE and GAN in a novel and complementary way to produce an auto-encoding model that keeps VAEs properties while generating images of GAN-quality. We evaluate our approach both qualitatively and quantitatively on five image datasets.
A Practical One-Pot Synthesis of Enantiopure Unsymmetrical Salen Ligands (2006)

A practical, one-pot synthesis of enantiopure unsymmetrical salen ligands is described, using a 1:1:1 molar ratio of a chiral diamine and two different salicylaldehydes. The new synthetic protocol can be readily performed in good yields (60-85%) on a multigram scale with good tolerance toward various functional groups.
The Use of Enzyme Histochemistry in Detecting Cutaneous Toxicity of Three Topically Applied Jet Fuel Mdttures (2002)

The purpose of this study was to assess cutaneous enzyme activity in response to topical exposure to jet fuel, using enzyme histochemistry to analyze alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and nonspecific esterase (NSE) in the skin of pigs. Yorkshire pigs were exposed to Jet-A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) fuels for 5 h, 24 h, and 5 days under occluded Hill Top chambers (25 muL), nonoccluded conditions (25 muL), and occluded fabric conditions (335 muL). For ALP, the fabric Jet-A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) were significantly more intense (p < .05) than control sites in the stratum basale layer. ACP staining showed a general increase between 24 h and 5 days in most layers in the Hill Top chamber experiment, but no treatment effects. The sites of nonoccluded fabric involving JP-8 and JP-8(100) demonstrated significantly more staining (p < .05) of NSE than at control sites at 24 h in both the stratum spinosum and stratum basale layers. In addition, NSE staining at 5 days at the site where the fabric was dosed with JP-8 and JP-8(100) was significantly greater (p < .05) than in the occluded-fabric control site in the stratum granulosum layer. The increased distribution and significant difference in staining by these enzymes in jet fuel-treated skin across many layers (particularly ALP) strongly supports the conclusion that enzyme histochemistry can be used effectively as an early biomarker of cellular injury.
DISTRIBUTION OF n‐PARAFFINS IN MARINE ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENT1 (1967)

Twelve species of benthic algae from the northeast coast of the United States, three species of planktonic algae grown in the laboratory, a pelagic alga, a sample of mixed phytoplankton and zooplankton, and a recent marine sediment were analyzed for their normal paraffin distribution from C 14 H 30 to C 32 H 66 . Normal paraffins occurred in all samples. Benthic and planktonic algae and the mixed plankton sample exhibited only a slight odd‐carbon predominance. All algae showed a major maximum at n ‐C 15 H 32 or n ‐C 17 H 36 , a minimum between n ‐C 18 H 38 and n ‐C 31 H 44 and a secondary maximum between n ‐C 27 H 56 and n ‐C 30 H 62 . In all these features, the algae and the plankton differed from recent marine sediments. This suggests that the normal paraffins of recent marine sediments are largely derived from sources other than the organisms studied. Differences in the hydrocarbon distribution patterns of various classes of benthic algae may be of taxonomic value. Pristane occurs in several benthic and planktonic algae; phytane, if present, occurs at a concentration too low to be detected by the method used.
Algorithms for Enumerating All Spanning Trees of Undirected and Weighted Graphs (1995)

In this paper, we present algorithms for enumeration of spanning trees in undirected graphs, with and without weights. The algorithms use a search tree technique to construct a computation tree. The computation tree can be used to output all spanning trees by outputting only relative changes between spanning trees rather than the entire spanning trees themselves. Both the construction of the computation tree and the listing of the trees is shown to require $O(N + V + E)$ operations for the case of undirected graphs without weights. The basic algorithm is based on swapping edges in a fundamental cycle. For the case of weighted graphs (undirected), we show that the nodes of the computation tree of spanning trees can be sorted in increasing order of weight, in $O(N \log V + V E)$ time. The spanning trees themselves can be listed in $O(NV)$ time. Here N, V, and E refer, respectively, to the number of spanning trees, vertices, and edges of the graph.
Tandem α-Cyano Enamine/Enolate Alkylations on Bicyclic Lactams:  Asymmetric Carbocycle and Heterocycle Synthesis (1998)

The alkylation of cyano enamines 1 and 7 with α,ω-dihalides (or dihalide equivalents), followed by hydrolysis to reveal the lactam carbonyl, provided lactams 8 and 10 containing a tethered electrophile. Intramolecular cyclization of the pendant halide onto the lactam enolate provided tricyclic lactams 9 and 13, which were subjected to a second enolate alkylation to form a quaternary stereocenter. In the case of nor-ephedrine tricyclic lactam 13, the intermolecular was highly endo selective, and the resultant lactams 14 were subjected to partial reduction and hydrolytic auxiliary cleavage to provide enantiopure octalones 16 and 17. From this chemistry came the synthesis of the “Woodward ketone” 19, an intermediate in the total synthesis of a number of steroids. Finally, the methoxymethyl bicyclic (or tricyclic) lactams 33 were shown to undergo nonreductive cleavage of the chiral auxiliary to provide 3,4-dihydropyridones containing a quaternary center.
Kappa-Opioid Antagonists as Pruritogenic Agents (2009)

Norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), the prototype kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, N-benzylnorBNI, and 5′-guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI) precipitate stereotyped scratching after subcutaneous injection behind the neck of Swiss-Webster mice. The intensity of the behavioral activation and its repetitive nature represent one of the most arresting sights in preclinical psychopharmacology. The rank order for both potency and efficacy was GNTI > norBNI > N-benzylnorBNI. Although nalfurafine, the clinically tested kappa-opioid receptor agonist, decreased the incidence of GNTI-induced compulsive scratching in a dose-related manner, it is likely that this antagonism is mediated by mechanisms additional to a possible direct interaction with kappa receptors.The robust syndrome will be of interest to basic scientists as a compelling behavior in its own right, as well as providing an experimental model for potential drug discovery in psycho- and dermatopharmacology.
Collinear double pulse laser ablation in water for the production of silver nanoparticles (2013)

Experiments of collinear Double Pulse Laser Ablation in Liquid (DP-LAL) were carried out for studying the production mechanisms of nanoparticles (NPs) in water, which revealed the fundamental role of the cavitation bubble dynamics in the formation of aqueous colloidal dispersions. In this work, DP-LAL was used to generate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from a silver target submerged in water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, by using the second harmonic (532 nm) of two Nd:YAG lasers. The second laser pulse was shot at different delay times (i.e. interpulse delay) during the bubble temporal evolution of the first laser induced bubble. Optical Emission Spectroscopy, Shadowgraph Images, Surface Plasmon Resonance absorption spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering were carried out to study the behaviour of laser-induced plasma and cavitation bubbles during the laser ablation in liquid, to monitor the generation of AgNPs under different conditions, and for characterization of NPs. The results of DP-LAL were always compared with the corresponding ones obtained with Single Pulse Laser Ablation in Liquid (SP-LAL), so as to highlight the peculiarities of the two different techniques.
Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into dorsal interneurons (2004)

During neural development caudalization and dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube is directed by several inductive factors including retinoic acid, sonic hedgehog (Shh), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and Wnt signaling. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether dorsal interneurons specific for the spinal cord can be generated from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells using known inductive signals. Here we show that specific combination of developmental signaling molecules including all trans-retinoic acid, Shh, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and Wnt3A can direct differentiation of ES cells into dorsal interneurons possessing appropriate neuronal markers, synaptic proteins and functional neurotransmitter machineries. We introduce a concept that Wnt3A morphogenic action relies on crosstalk with both Shh and BMP2 signaling pathways.
An Expert-based Approach for Demand Curtailment Allocation Subject to Communications and Cyber Security Limitations (2017)

A smart grid is different from a traditional power system in that it allows incorporation of intelligent features and functions, e.g., meter reading, adaptive demand response, integration of distributed energy sources, substation automation, etc. All these intelligent features and functions are achieved by choosing appropriate communication technologies and network structures for the smart grid appropriately. The objective of this dissertation is to develop an AHP (analytic hierarchy process) - based strategy for demand curtailment allocation that is subject to communications and cyber security limitations. Specifically, it: (1) proposes an electrical demand curtailment allocation strategy to keep the balance between supply and demand in case of the sudden supply shortage; (2) simulates the operation of the proposed demand curtailment allocation strategy considering the impact from communication network limitations and simultaneous operations of multiple smart grid applications sharing the same communication network; and (3) analyzes the performance of the proposed demand curtailment allocation strategy when selected cyber security technologies are implemented. These are explained in more details below. An AHP-based approach to electrical demand curtailment allocation management is proposed, which determines load reduction amounts at various segments of the network to maintain the balance between generation and demand. Appropriate communication technologies and the network topology are used to implement these load reduction amounts down to the end-user. In this proposed strategy, demand curtailment allocation is quantified taking into account the demand response potential and the load curtailment priority of each distribution substation. The proposed strategy helps allocate demand curtailment (MW) among distribution substations or feeders in an electric utility service area based on requirements of the central load dispatch center. To determine how rapidly the proposed demand curtailment strategy can be implemented, the capability of the communication network supporting the demand curtailment implementation needs to be evaluated. To evaluate the capability of different communication technologies, selected communication technologies are compared in terms of their latency, throughput, reliability, power consumption and implementation costs. Since a number of smart grid applications share the same communication network, the performance of this communication network is also evaluated considering simultaneous operation of popular smart grid applications. Lastly, limitations of using several cyber security technologies based on different encryption methods - 3EDS (Triple Data Encryption Standard), AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), Blowfish, etc. - in deploying the proposed demand curtailment allocation strategy are analyzed.
Data from Disruption of <i>NSD1</i> in Head and Neck Cancer Promotes Favorable Chemotherapeutic Responses Linked to Hypomethylation (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Human papillomavirus (HPV)–negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a distinct classification of cancer with worse expected outcomes. Of the 11 genes recurrently mutated in HNSCC, we identify a singular and substantial survival advantage for mutations in the gene encoding Nuclear Set Domain Containing Protein 1 (&lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt;), a histone methyltransferase altered in approximately 10% of patients. This effect, a 55% decrease in risk of death in &lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt;-mutated versus non-mutated patients, can be validated in an independent cohort. &lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt; alterations are strongly associated with widespread genome hypomethylation in the same tumors, to a degree not observed for any other mutated gene. To address whether &lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt; plays a causal role in these associations, we use CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt &lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt; in HNSCC cell lines and find that this leads to substantial CpG hypomethylation and sensitivity to cisplatin, a standard chemotherapy in head and neck cancer, with a 40% to 50% decrease in the IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value. Such results are reinforced by a survey of 1,001 cancer cell lines, in which loss-of-function &lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt; mutations have an average 23% decrease in cisplatin IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value compared with cell lines with wild-type &lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Significance:&lt;/b&gt; This study identifies a favorable subtype of HPV–negative HNSCC linked to &lt;i&gt;NSD1&lt;/i&gt; mutation, hypomethylation, and cisplatin sensitivity. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1585–94. ©2018 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Control Aware of Limitations of Manipulators With Claw for Aerial Robots Imitating Bird's Skeleton (2021)

Winged animals such as birds, flying mammals or insects have lightweight limbs which allow them to perform different tasks. Although in robotics there are some examples of winged robots (called ornithopters), it has not been yet studied how to add them some manipulation-like capabilities, similarly to the anatomy of animals limbs. Adding those capabilities to ornithopters will outperform multirotor platforms giving the possibility to perch in unaccessible places, grasp objects and perform some kind of manipulation while being in proximity to humans. The special manipulator imitates the anatomy of the birds, having a kinematic chain with actuated joints except the first passive one that resembles the claw of a bird with a grasping force. This work analyzes in depth these ornithopter-like manipulators and proposes a nonlinear controller aware of the limitation in the grasping force of the claw, modeled as static friction. The solution is based on a methodology to control constrained-nonlinear systems via diffeomorphisms providing an explicit controller with low torques demand to meet aerial requirements. It is verified on a realistic simulator with 5DOF links-claw, low/upp-er leg, body, neck and beak-, and experimentally validated in a simpler 3DOF prototype.
Design considerations for direct and indirect active matrix flat-panel portal imagers (2001)

Background. Recent advances in thin film transistor (TFT) technology have allowed the construction of active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPI) for various medical imaging modalities. Since the design of such systems is still in the development stage, it is unclear what detector characteristics are required in order to optimize these detectors for portal imaging. Material and methods. In this work, we used cascade analysis and Monte Carlo techniques to calculate the DQE for both direct and indirect AMFPIs for portal imaging, and use these calculations to study the optimal detector characteristics. We validate our calculations with existing experimental data. Results. We show that the for ideal flat-panel characteristics the direct and indirect detection methods have the same DQE for a given mass thickness. Conclusions. We generate graphs which may be helpful in the design of future megavoltage AMFPIs.
Pharmacological Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation for Nephroprotective Activity (2022)

The kidney plays an essential role in removing waste products and drugs from the body and maintaining balanced body fluids. It gets affected due to many factors, notably, diabetes and high blood pressure. Nowadays, naturally, derived products are essential in curing various ailments and are safe and cost-effective. The purpose of this study is to assess the toxicity profile and nephroprotective effect of a proprietary polyherbal formulation in Wistar albino rats for gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. The Polyherbal formulation was procured from Rumi Herbals Private Limited. Acute toxicity experiments were conducted in Wistar rats using the Gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity model as per OECD standards 423, and the efficacy was assessed using the Gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity model. The formulation was proven safe up to 2000mg/kg orally in an acute toxicity study, with no behavioral abnormalities and no fatality. The gentamicin 80 mg/kg i.p for 7 days induced nephrotoxicity in rats showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the renal parameters and reduction in antioxidant levels compared with day 0. Whereas test drug-treated groups at a low dose (200 mg/kg) and high dose (400 mg/kg) showed significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in elevated renal parameters and improvement in antioxidant levels compared with the disease control group. According to the histopathological interpretation of isolated kidneys, this formulation protects from kidney damage and restores typical kidney architecture. From the results, the proprietary polyherbal formulation has shown effective nephroprotective activity may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites/phytoconstituents. Further investigation is essential to focus on the mechanism involved and standardize the active phytoconstituents responsible for the nephroprotective activity.
New techniques in antivenom production and active immunization against snake venoms (1989)

Etude prospective des differentes approches permettant d'obtenir des antivenins efficaces. Dans cet article sont presentees des techniques d'immunisation avec des lipososomes, des techniques d'enrichissement des antiserums commerciaux des methodes utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux ou des techniques de genie genetique
Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson′s Disease with Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Clinical Study (2009)

The objective of this clinical study is to examine the effects of a Chinese herbal medicine formula (Jia Wei Liu Jun Zi Tang: JWLJZT) on motor and non-motor symptoms, and on complications of conventional therapy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), using an add-on design. Fifty-five patients with PD were randomly allocated to receive either Chinese herbal medicine or placebo for 24 weeks. Primary outcome measure was the 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). Secondary outcome measures included the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Short-Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), home diaries, and a range of category rating scales. JWLJZT resulted in a significant improvement in the UPDRS IVC when compared with placebo at 12 weeks (P = .039) and 24 weeks (P = .034). In addition, patients in the Chinese herbal medicine group also showed significant improvement in PDQ-39 communication scores at 12 weeks (P = .024) and 24 weeks (P = .047) when compared with the placebo group. There were no significant differences between treatment and control groups for SF-36 variables, GDS score or the mean daily "on-off" time. One case of mild diarrhea was noted in the treatment group. The findings suggest that JWLJZT can relieve some non-motor complications of conventional therapy and improve the communication ability in patients with PD. The results of this pilot study warrant larger multi-center clinical studies to assess long-term efficacy and tolerability of JWLJZT, and to elucidate the mechanisms by which it affects PD function.
Efficient Speaker Recognition Using Approximated Cross Entropy (ACE) (2007)

Techniques for efficient speaker recognition are presented. These techniques are based on approximating Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM) likelihood scoring using approximated cross entropy (ACE). Gaussian mixture modeling is used for representing both training and test sessions and is shown to perform speaker recognition and retrieval extremely efficiently without any notable degradation in accuracy compared to classic GMM-based recognition. In addition, a GMM compression algorithm is presented. This algorithm decreases considerably the storage needed for speaker retrieval.