gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Guatemala : the education sector (2001)

This paper describes the institutional aspects of the education sector, the education system, and education expenditures. Within the institutional aspects, the main objective of the restructuring process was to de-concentrate, decentralize, and simplify the education administration to promote efficiency and effectiveness in the provision of quality education services. The education system in Guatemala has shown marked improvements since 1996, but a lot still remains to be done. The system as a whole suffers from low coverage, inequities, low internal efficiency and low quality. Access to initial, pre-school, secondary and tertiary levels is very limited for rural area children and young adults. There is less female enrollment throughout the country, at all levels. Within this group, indigenous women, are at a greater disadvantage. Female students who attend primary school have lower achievement than their male counterparts, and indigenous children who attend primary school have lower achievement than non-indigenous children do. High repetition rates, and late enrollment in primary school are conducive to a high percentage of over-age students, whose achievement is lower compared to their younger counterparts. Finally, the Guatemalan education system has inadequate financing, compared to countries in the region, and to Latin America as a whole, and costly inefficiencies, particularly in the first grade of education.
Implementing a natural user interface for camera phones using visual tags (2006)

Abstract Pointing is a natural way of communicating. Children in A conventional keypad user interface of mobile phones is unsuitable for some modern situations. Here we present a visual tagging system and show how such a system can be used for fast and efficient user interface, utilizing a camera phone as a pointing device. We also present our two optional mobile phone implementations, one aiming for very fast processing and the other for high detection resolution. These efficient implementations are achieved by taking into account the strict constraints of the mobile environment. We present a flexible system where varying physical and storage sizes of the visual tag can be used in different applications through one interface application and we present some performance statistics of our implementations. We also identify some of the constraints on the mobile device programming environment concentrating on Symbian Series 60 mobile phones.
Clathrin- and AP-2-binding Sites in HIP1 Uncover a General Assembly Role for Endocytic Accessory Proteins (2001)

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a major pathway for the internalization of macromolecules into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The principle coat components, clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex, assemble a polyhedral lattice at plasma membrane bud sites with the aid of several endocytic accessory proteins. Here, we show that huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1), a binding partner of huntingtin, copurifies with brain clathrin-coated vesicles and associates directly with both AP-2 and clathrin. The discrete interaction sequences within HIP1 that facilitate binding are analogous to motifs present in other accessory proteins, including AP180, amphiphysin, and epsin. Bound to a phosphoinositide-containing membrane surface via an epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain, HIP1 associates with AP-2 to provide coincident clathrin-binding sites that together efficiently recruit clathrin to the bilayer. Our data implicate HIP1 in endocytosis, and the similar modular architecture and function of HIP1, epsin, and AP180 suggest a common role in lipid-regulated clathrin lattice biogenesis.
Comparing Decawave and Bespoon UWB location systems: Indoor/outdoor performance analysis (2016)

Several UWB location systems have already been proposed for accurate position estimation. These UWB systems, some available at commercial level, and others implemented as laboratory test-beds, have been individually evaluated for particular applications and under different fusion strategies. In this paper we compare two commercially available UWB systems (Decawave and Bespoon) under exactly the same experimental conditions, in order to generate a critical analysis about their performances. The analysis includes the characterization of the range error in Line-Of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. The NLOS conditions include the propagation/difraction of radio signals across furniture, metallic cabinets and several brick walls in indoor scenarios. The analysis also includes the 2D/3D positioning performance of both UWB systems using a particle filter estimation approach that takes into account NLOS conditions.
Cognition in MS correlates with resting-state oscillatory brain activity: An explorative MEG source-space study (2013)

Clinical and cognitive dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is insufficiently explained by structural damage as identified by traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, indicating the need for reliable functional measures in MS. We investigated whether altered resting-state oscillatory power could be related to clinical and cognitive dysfunction in MS. MEG recordings were acquired using a 151-channel whole-head MEG system from 21 relapsing remitting MS patients and 17 healthy age-, gender-, and education-matched controls, using an eyes-closed no-task condition. Relative spectral power was estimated for 78 regions of interest, using an atlas-based beamforming approach, for classical frequency bands; delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma. These cortical power estimates were compared between groups by means of permutation analysis and correlated with clinical disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale: EDSS), cognitive performance and MRI measures of atrophy and lesion load. Patients showed increased power in the alpha1 band and decreased power in the alpha2 band, compared to controls, mainly in occipital, parietal and temporal areas, confirmed by a lower alpha peak-frequency. Increased power in the alpha1 band was associated with worse overall cognition and especially with information processing speed. Our quantitative relative power analysis of MEG recordings showed abnormalities in oscillatory brain dynamics in MS patients in the alpha band. By applying source-space analyses, this study provides a detailed topographical view of abnormal brain activity in MS patients, especially localized to occipital areas. Interestingly, poor cognitive performance was related to high resting-state alpha1 power indicating that changes in oscillatory activity might be of value as an objective measure of disease burden in MS patients.
ChemInform Abstract: The Versatile Phenylthio Group. A Powerful Aid in Synthesis (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Dynamic Geometrical Modeling of Deposited Material in Multilayer Laser Solid Freeform Fabrication Process (2006)

In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed to develop a 3D transient finite element model of multilayer laser solid freeform fabrication (LSFF) process. The proposed model predicts the clad geometry as a function of time and process parameters including laser power, traverse speed, powder jet geometry, and material properties. In the modeling strategy, the interaction between the laser beam and powder stream is assumed to be decoupled, therefore, the melt pool boundary on the moving substrate is obtained in the absence of the powder stream. Once the melt pool boundary is calculated, a deposited layer is formed based on the powder feed rate, elapsed time, and intersection of the melt pool and powder stream. After the deposition of each layer, the effect of this geometrical change into the thermal distribution within the model is considered for thermal analysis of the next layer deposition. In the numerical simulation, the effects of a non-planar surface on the process parameters such as powder efficiency and absorption factor are taken into account. Geometrical aspects of a thin wall of steel AISI 4340 with four layers are numerically simulated by the developed modeling strategy. Numerical results show that with the growth of the number of layers in the wall, the powder efficiency increases while the absorption factor decreases. Experimental and numerical results are compared to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed model.
The Discoloration of Vinyl Instrument Panels by Polyurethane Foam Backing (1991)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Current designs put automotive instrument panels and other interior trim parts under severe heat and light stress. Vinyl itself can be easily formulated to pass the most rigorous oven aging and light stability tests. With a semi-rigid polyurethane foam backing as is currently used in these applications even the most stable vinyls fail to pass proposed new specifications. This study deals with the mechanism of what is going on in the polyurethane backed vinyl that brings about this instability.&lt;/div&gt;
Reaction Kinetics of the Incorporation of 2,2-Bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]propane in Poly(butylene terephthalate) via Solid-State Polymerization (2005)

The kinetics of the incorporation of an aromatic diol in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) via solid-state polymerization (SSP) was studied. The selected diol was 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]propane (Dianol 220). Mixtures consisting of 85 mol % PBT and 15 mol % Dianol were isothermally polymerized in the solid-state at 180 °C while the polymerization time was varied. Combining HPLC and 1H NMR spectroscopy results showed that Dianol monomer reacts with PBT via two consecutive first-order reactions, the Dianol monoester being an intermediate and fully incorporated Dianol as the final product. The two corresponding reaction rate constants were determined by fitting the first-order equations with experimental data, revealing that free Dianol monomer is more reactive toward transesterification with PBT than its monoester. Dianol was fully incorporated in PBT after a reaction time of 4 h. This result was confirmed by 13C NMR sequence distribution analysis. SEC measurements showed that the molecular weight and polydispersity first decrease during the SSP reaction due to chain scission of PBT. The subsequent recombination of polymer chains after complete incorporation of all Dianol monomer leads to a buildup of the molecular weight resulting in high molecular weight copolymers.
Free-standing composite hydrogel films for superior volumetric capacitance (2015)

Flexible, free-standing, high-performance supercapacitor electrodes were created by the development of a conducting composite hydrogel where graphene oxide sheets were<italic>in situ</italic>reduced by polyaniline.
Substrate effect on the electrical properties of a-Si:H thin films and its modification by diffusion-blocking interlayers (1989)

Electrical dark conductivity (σd) and surface composition of undoped and doped a-Si:H thin films have been investigated, using coplanar I–V measurements as a function of temperature and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The films were prepared by rf glow discharge deposition on standard soda-lime glass and on alkali-free glass substrates. Comparing these two sets of substrates for undoped films, we find that σd of the films deposited on soda-lime glass substrates at room temperature is higher by more than two orders of magnitude, their activation energy is lower by about a factor of 3, and their photosensitivity (σph/σd) is lower by two orders of magnitude than that of the films deposited on alkali-free glass substrates. We suggest that Na ions, leached from the glass into the a-Si:H overlayer play a significant role in determining the film conductivity by creating electrically active donorlike states. This conclusion is supported by similar measurements on p- and n-type a-Si:H films on the same substrates and by AES results. Films of a-Si:H, grown on thin a-Si:C:H interlayers on soda-lime glass, showed very low Na concentrations and low dark conductivities as found by AES and electrical measurements, respectively. The role of the a-Si:C:H interlayers as diffusion barriers is discussed.
Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Homocoupling of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides at Room Temperature and Its Synthetic Application (2013)

A room-temperature Ni-catalyzed reductive approach to homocoupling of unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides is described. The catalytic system can be easily generated from air-stable and cheap materials and demonstrates broad functional group tolerance, thus allowing facile access to useful dimeric triterpene and lignan-like molecules. Moreover, the dimerization of tertiary bromide 6 efficiently establishes sterically hindered vicinal quaternary carbons (C3a and C3a'), which is a key linkage of intriguing bispyrrolo[2,3-b]indoline alkaloids, thereby enabling us to complete the total syntheses of racemic chimonanthine (9) and folicanthine (10). In addition, this dimerization method can be expanded to the highly stereoselective synthesis of bisperhydrofuro[2,3-b]furan (5a) and the dimeric spiroketal 5b, signifying the involvement of possible radical species.
Cloning of a cDNA for a 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase That Is Expressed during Development of Female Flowers at the Apices of Cucumis sativus L. (1997)

In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants, it has been reported that a high correlation existed between the evolution of ethylene from the apices and the development of female flowers. We isolated three distinct cDNA encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase from cucumber. Among of these, only CS-ACS2 mRNA was detected at the apices of gynoecious cucumber in which female flowers were developing. The expression of the CS-ACS2 gene was examined in the apices of three cucumber cultivars (Rensei, Ougonmegami 2-gou and Shimoshirazu) by RNA gel blot analysis. In these cultivars, both the timing and the levels of expression of the CS-ACS2 transcript were correlated with the development of female flowers at the nodes. Furthermore, the timing of the induction of expression of the CS-ACS2 gene at the apex corresponded to that of the action of ethylene in induction of the first female flower at the apex of gynoecious cucumber plants. These results suggest that the development of female flowers might be regulated by the level of CS-ACS2 mRNA at the apex.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE CYCLOHEXENOL DERIVATIVES VIA HIGHLY STEREOSELECTIVE REDUCTION OF (R)‐3‐(P‐TERT‐BUTYLPHENYLTHIO)CYCLOHEXAN‐1‐ONE (1982)

Abstract Die Reduktion des auf bekanntem Wege aus Cyclohexenon zugänglichen optisch aktiven Ketons (I) führt in Abhängigkeit vom Reduktionsmittel zur (lS,3R)‐Verbindung (II) oder zur (1R,3R)‐Verbjndung (III).
Synthesis of Binary Transition Metal Nitrides, Carbides and Borides from the Elements in the Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell and Their Structure-Property Relations (2011)

Transition metal nitrides, carbides and borides have a high potential for industrial applications as they not only have a high melting point but are generally harder and less compressible than the pure metals. Here we summarize recent advances in the synthesis of binary transition metal nitrides, carbides and borides focusing on the reaction of the elements at extreme conditions generated within the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The current knowledge of their structures and high-pressure properties like high-(p; T) stability, compressibility and hardness is described as obtained from experiments.
Design and implementation of a high level programming environment for FPGA-based image processing (2000)

Reconfigurable hardware in the form of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has been proposed as a way of obtaining high performance for computationally intensive DSP applications such as image processing (IP), even under real time requirements. The inherent reprogrammability of FPGAs gives them some of the flexibility of software while keeping the performance advantages of an application specific solution. However, a major disadvantage of FPGAs is their low level programming model. To bridge the gap between these two levels, the authors present a high level software environment for FPGA-based image processing, which aims to hide hardware details as much as possible from the user. Their approach is to provide a very high level image processing coprocessor (IPC) with a core instruction set based on the operations of image algebra. The environment includes a generator which generates optimised architectures for specific user-defined operations.
New Catalytic Concepts for the Asymmetric Aldol Reaction (1998)

New and highly efficient methods based on various catalytic concepts have recently been developed for the asymmetric aldol reaction. These include new transition metal based catalysts, creative approaches for activating the ketone, and the use of novel chiral nonmetallic Lewis acids and Lewis bases as catalysts, shown schematically on the right.
Genomic Diversity Among Populations of Two Citrus Viroids from Different Graft-Transmissible Dwarfing Complexes in Israel (1995)

The nucleotide sequences of citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd) (formerly designated CV-Ib) and citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), both found among the citrus viroid (CVd) populations from five graft-transmissible dwarfing complexes (GTDCs) originating from different source plants and geographical locations in Israel, were determined. The sequence homology varied only slightly among the CBLVd sequence variants, i.e., 0-7 nucleotides (nts); originating from a single GTDC and 2-8 nts between CBLVds that were obtained from different GTDCs. The lowest level of homology between CBLVd variants obtained from citrus was 97.5%. Considerably larger variation (8-15 nucleotide changes) was observed between CBLVd variants derived from citrus and the type strain that was passed through avocado seedlings. The type strain differed from all variants in six positions, located at 38, 62, 138, 179, 264, and 268 nts. The CEVd sequence variants showed considerable heterogeneity. Five variants derived from four GTDCs differed only in 2-9 nts. Five other variants derived from two GTDCs showed 27-50 nucleotide changes compared with the first group of CEVd variants. The largest variation within a single GTDC of up to 41 nucleotide changes was observed between CEVd variants derived from GTDC-G. Using CEVd # 225 as a reference strain, most of the nucleotide changes occurred in the V, LT, and RT domains. Additional changes in the P domain were found only among CEVd isolates derived from GTDC-M and GTDC-G. The sequence homologies to CEVd # 225 ranged from 89-2 (CEVd-G 2 ) to 99-0% (CEVd-NG 1 )
Manifestations of Berry's Topological Phase for the Photon (1986)

Recently, Berry recognized in quantum mechanics a topological phase factor arising from the adiabatic transport of a system around a closed circuit, which is essentially the Aharonov-Bohm effect in parameter space. Here we consider manifestations of this phase factor for a photon in a state of adiabatically invariant helicity. An interferometer is suggested to see this phase. Also, an effective optical activity for a helical optical fiber is predicted. These effects emerge on a classical level as topological features of Maxwell's theory.
CATARACT AND UVEITIS MANAGEMENT BY PARS PLANA LENSECTOMY AND VITRECTOMY BY ULTRASONIC FRAGMENTATION (1985)

Cataract and uveitis occurs usually in young individuals and produces loss of vision from opacification of both the lens and vitreous. The condition does not lend itself to conventional surgery. In the experience of the authors and several other investigators, pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy by ultrasonic fragmentation not only improves vision but apparently causes a remission of uveitis. A retrospective study of 23 eyes with cataract and uveitis undergoing pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy by ultrasonic fragmentation (21 eyes) or vitrectomy alone (2 eyes) showed improved vision in 91.3%, no operative complications, and remission of the uveitis in 100% with observation periods of 1-11 years (average, 5 years). Pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy appears to be the treatment of choice in cataract and chronic uveitis.
Bilirubin Oxidase and [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− Modified Electrode Allowing Diffusion-controlled Reduction of O2 to Water at pH 7.0 (2002)

Abstract An enzyme-modified electrode was prepared producing a diffusion-limited bioelectrocatalytic current for the reduction of O2 to water at neutral pH and at ambient temperature. The electrode used bilirubin oxidase as an enzyme and [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as a mediator, both of which were immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by electrostatic entrapment with poly-l-lysine.
Joubert syndrome: a model for untangling recessive disorders with extreme genetic heterogeneity (2015)

This work illustrates how combining advanced sequencing techniques with phenotypic data addresses extreme genetic heterogeneity to provide diagnostic and carrier testing, guide medical monitoring for progressive complications, facilitate interpretation of genome-wide sequencing results in individuals with a variety of phenotypes and enable gene-specific treatments in the future.
Right ventricular tachycardia—arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy or idiopathic? (2003)

See doi:10.1016/S1095-668X(02)00654-1for the article to which this editorial refers. 

The majority of right ventricular tachycardias exhibit a left bundle branch block pattern with an inferior axis. The classical differential diagnosis is either idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia or arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Recently, the entity of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia has been extended to outflow tract tachycardias with potential origins in the right ventricular outflow tract, the left ventricular outflow tract or the aortic sinus of valsalva.1,2 Especially the R/S transition in the precordial leads of the 12-lead surface ECG has been useful to differentiate between a left or right-sided origin, with the classical left bundle branch block pattern indicating to the right side and a premature transition at V1 to V3 indicating more towards the left side or the aortic sinus. In some cases, the definite origin may only be defined periinterventionally. In general, right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia occurs in the absence of structural heart disease and has a favorable prognosis.3 In some studies, however, structural abnormalities have been described using magnetic resonance imaging.4 Clinical manifestations include nonsustained or sustained …