gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of sonic velocities from reflectivity losses at sea ice/water boundaries (1975)

Reflectivities are calculated as functions of sonic incidence angle, densities, and sonic velocities. The resulting sets of curves are used to determine under which conditions reflectivity measurements can or cannot yield information about the values of sonic velocities and density of sea ice. Subject Classification: 30.25, 30.30.
All-sky Search for Time-integrated Neutrino Emission from Astrophysical Sources with 7 yr of IceCube Data (2017)

Since the recent detection of an astrophysical flux of high-energy neutrinos, the question of its origin has not yet fully been answered. Much of what is known about this flux comes from a small event sample of high neutrino purity, good energy resolution, but large angular uncertainties. In searches for point-like sources, on the other hand, the best performance is given by using large statistics and good angular reconstructions. Track-like muon events produced in neutrino interactions satisfy these requirements. We present here the results of searches for point-like sources with neutrinos using data acquired by the IceCube detector over 7 yr from 2008 to 2015. The discovery potential of the analysis in the northern sky is now significantly below ${E}_{\nu }^{2}d\phi /{{dE}}_{\nu }$ = 10$^{−12}$ TeV cm$^{−2}$ s$^{−1}$, on average 38% lower than the sensitivity of the previously published analysis of 4 yr exposure. No significant clustering of neutrinos above background expectation was observed, and implications for prominent neutrino source candidates are discussed.
Leveraging Terrestrial Industry for Utilization of Space Resources (2017)

NASA's Journey to Mars: Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration released in October of 2015 states that NASA is working toward the capability to work, operate, and sustainably live safely beyond Earth. To progress from our current Earth-Reliant approach to exploration and eventually become Independent, we need to first identify resources in space and then learn to use and harvest them to minimize logistics from Earth, reduce costs, and enable sustainable and affordable space transportation and surface operations. Known as In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), the collection and conversion of space resources into products such as propellants, fuel cell reactants, and life support consumables can greatly reduce the mass, cost, and risk of space exploration. Also, the ability to perform civil engineering, construction, and manufacturing at sites of exploration can also allow for increased crew safety and sustainable growth in critical infrastructure. Much of what NASA wants to do on the Moon and Mars with respect to harnessing and utilizing space resources has been performed and perfected on Earth over the centuries. While minimizing mass and operating in the vacuum of space may be unique challenges to NASA, both terrestrial industry and NASA face many of the same challenges associated with operating in severe environments, minimizing maintenance and logistics, maximizing performance per unit mass and volume, performing remote and autonomous operations, and integrating hardware from many vendors and countries. In the end, both NASA and terrestrial industry need to obtain a return on the investment for the development and deployment of these capabilities. This paper will first examine what is ISRU and what are the space resources of interest. The paper will than discuss what are NASA's approach, life cycle, and economic considerations for implementing ISRU. The paper will outline the site and infrastructure needs associated with a phased implementation of ISRU into human missions to the Moon and Mars. The paper will than assess what technologies and operations from terrestrial industries are relevant and synergistic with ISRU (from prospecting to product storage), and what challenges and similarities between the two can be exploited. Lastly, the paper will end with a discussion on where do we go from here for industry and NASA to collaborate.
Filtered gain calibration and its effect on DQE and image quality in digital imaging systems (2000)

Digital imaging systems require offset and gain calibration to normalize the behavior of individual pixels. This normalization corrects for imperfections in the system and also external variables that have effects on uniformity. Imaging metrics like Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) and Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) define how sensitivity and resolution are transferred through the system. Gain calibration can result in a loss of DQE due to the noise associated with its application. The typical technique to minimize this noise is to average several gain calibration procedures so that the introduced noise is minimized. This paper discuses the effects of gain calibration on DQE. It measures DQE as a function of the number of gain calibration procedures averaged and contrasts it with a novel technique that uses a single filtered gain calibration. It demonstrates that noise filter techniques, applied to a single gain calibration, regains the loss in DQE without any degradation in resolution. This paper also compares imaging performance of a system using a filtered gain map against a system that has many gain calibrations averaged. The technique is demonstrated using a Thin-Film-Transistor (TFT)-based large area medical imaging system.
MicroRNA-21 targets peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α in an autoregulatory loop to modulate flow-induced endothelial inflammation (2011)

Adhesion of circulating monocytes to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) is a critical event leading to vascular inflammation and, hence, development of atherosclerosis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of endogenous, highly conserved, noncoding small RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression and cellular function, as well as pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, we showed that oscillatory shear stress (OSS) induces the expression of miR-21 at the transcriptional level in cultured human umbilical vein ECs via an increased binding of c-Jun, which is a component of transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), to the promoter region of miR-21. OSS induction of miR-21 inhibited the translation, but not transcription, of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α (PPARα) by 3'-UTR targeting. Overexpression of miR-21 up-regulated AP-1 activation, which was attenuated by exogenous expression of PPARα. OSS and overexpression of miR-21 enhanced the expression of adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and the consequential adhesion of monocytes to ECs. Overexpression of PPARα significantly attenuated the AP-1-mediated miR-21 expression. These results demonstrate a unique mechanism by which OSS induces AP-1-dependent miR-21 expression, which directly targets PPARα to inhibit its expression, thereby allowing activation of AP-1 and the promotion of monocyte adhesion. Our findings suggest the presence of a positive feedback loop that enables the sustained induction of miR-21, thus contributing to the proinflammatory responses of vascular endothelium under OSS.
Small strain stiffness within logarithmic contractancy model for structured anisotropic clay (2021)

Abstract Stiffness of soils in the small strain region is high and it decays nonlinearly with increasing shear strains or with mobilization of shear stresses. However, the commonly used critical state based constitutive models use a simple elastic formulation at small strains that falls short in the prediction of the small strain nonlinearity and anisotropy. This paper proposes a simple way for rendering the existing constitutive models with the capability to capture the small strain behaviour of soils. This is illustrated by proposing a new model for structured anisotropic clay extending an existing model that uses the framework of logarithmic contractancy called E-SCLAY1S. The proposed model is implemented into a Finite Element program as a user-defined soil model. The model predictions are compared with experimental data for various clays. Furthermore, the effect of nonlinearity is investigated for an excavation in soft clay.
Template gradient matching in spherical images (2004)

Most of today's robot vehicles are equipped with omnidirectional sensors which provide surround awareness and easier navigation. Due to the persistence of the appearance in omnidirectional images, many global navigation or formation control tasks, instead of using landmarks or fiducials, they need only reference images of target positions or objects. In this paper, we study the problem of template matching in spherical images. The natural transformation of a pattern on the sphere is a 3D rotation and template matching is the localization of a target in any orientation given by a reference image. Unfortunately, the support of the template is space variant on the Euler angle parameterization. Here we propose a new method which matches the gradients of the image and the template, with space-invariant operation. Using properties of the angular momentum, we have proved in fact that the gradient correlation can be very easily computed by the 3D Inverse Fourier Transform of a linear combination of spherical harmonics. An exhaustive search localizes the maximum of this correlation. Experimental results on real data show a very accurate localization with a variety of targets. In future work, we plan to address targets appearing in different scales.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis: A New Technology in Drug Discovery (2009)

The interest in the microwave assisted organic synthesis has been growing during the recent years. It results from an increasing knowledge of fundamentals of the dielectric heating theory, availability of an equipment designed especially for the laboratory use as well as the discovery of the special techniques of the microwave syntheses. The efficiency of microwave flash-heating chemistry in dramatically reducing reaction times (reduced from days and hours to minutes and seconds) has recently been proven in several different fields of organic chemistry and this aspect is of great importance in high-speed combinatorial and medicinal chemistry. In this contribution, the current state of the art is summarized providing examples of the most recent applications in the field of microwave assisted synthesis of biologically active compounds both in heterocyclic and in peptide and peptidomimetic optimization.
Potential Improvements of Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle by Modifying Critical Point of CO2 (2009)

This research was supported by WCU(World Class University) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R33-2008-000-10047-0).
First disclosure of a viable semi-commercial single CNT-based FE device (2008)

Several disclosures covering Carbon Nanotube (CNT) based devices for Field Emitter (FE) applications have been published, none of which have shown commercial viability. As a result of our research and development, El-Mul Technologies has recently gained knowledge of some critical factors which enable semi-commercial manufacturing of single CNT-based FE devices that are useful for a wide variety of applications. We present here this novel device and discuss its key characteristics. Our proprietary technology combines conventional semiconductor manufacturing processes with nanoscale innovations to yield scalable, high performance electron microgun emitters and emitter arrays.
Qualification and Deployment of a Unique Polymer Conformance Control System (2009)

Short circuiting between producers and injectors continues to challenge operators. A unique water-swelling polymer (WSP) system&lt;br&gt;was developed and extensively tested in the laboratory. This polymer has the ability to absorb 30 to 400 times its weight in water and&lt;br&gt;therefore can plug off high-permeability features or fractures. Because of the size of this material, it cannot penetrate most matrix&lt;br&gt;systems. Another potential application could be the control of lost circulation whilst drilling.
The Role of Secretory Granules in the Transport of Basement Membrane Components: Radio Autographic Studies of Rat Parietal Yolk Sac Employing3H-Proline as a Precursor of type IV Collagen (1987)

Biosynthesis of type IV collagen in the parietal endodermal cells of 12 day gestant Sherman rats was examined following intraconceptal injection of 3H-proline. The concepti were removed at times varying from 2 minutes to 24 hours after the injection. The parietal wall of the yolk sac, including endodermal cells and the associated basement membrane known as Reichert's membrane were processed for electron microscopic radioautography. Silver grains were counted over the organelles of endodermal cells as well as over Reichert's membrane. Radioactivity was high in endodermal cells during the first 2 hr after 3H-proline injection and later dropped to some extent, while radioactivity rose in Reichert's membrane. Examination of endodermal cell organelles showed some early labeling over rER and Golgi apparatus without a clear-cut trend, except for a drop in Golgi label at late times after 3H-proline injection. The density of silver grains over secretory granules rose significantly by 40 min, reached a high peak by 4 hr and then declined at the time when radioactivity increased over Reichert's membrane. Furthermore, the radioactively-labeled secretory granules were localized mainly at the trans Golgi face soon after injection and near the cell surface adjacent to Reichert's membrane at later times. Biochemical reports indicate that a substantial amount of the proline taken up by the 12-14.5 day rat embryo endodermal cells is incorporated into type IV collagen. Since there is high labeling of the secretory granules from 40 min to 4 hr and the labeled granules are associated with the Golgi apparatus at early times, it is proposed that collagen precursors are processed through rER and Golgi apparatus, packaged into secretory granules and then transported to the cell surface where type IV collagen or its precursors are released and subsequently deposited into Reichert's membrane.
A Compact Telemanipulated Retinal-Surgery System that Uses Commercially Available Instruments with a Quick-Change Adapter (2016)

We present a telemanipulation system for retinal surgery that uses a full range of unmodified commercially available instruments. The system is compact and light enough that it could reasonably be made head-mounted to passively compensate for head movements. Two mechanisms are presented that enable the system to use commercial actuated instruments, and an instrument adapter enables quick-change of instruments during surgery. A custom stylus for a haptic interface enables intuitive and ergonomic telemanipulation of actuated instruments. Experimental results with a force-sensitive phantom eye show that telemanipulated surgery results in reduced forces on the retina compared to manual surgery, and training with the system results in improved performance.
ChemInform Abstract: Δ‐LACTONES FROM GRIGNARD REACTIONS. THEIR ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION (1983)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung der Propiophenone (I) mit Methylacrylat (II) entstehen die ö‐Ketoester (III).
The Impact of Point Mutations in the Human Androgen Receptor: Classification of Mutations on the Basis of Transcriptional Activity (2012)

Androgen receptor mediated signaling drives prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Mutations within the receptor occur infrequently in prostate cancer prior to hormonal therapy but become prevalent in incurable androgen independent and metastatic tumors. Despite the determining role played by the androgen receptor in all stages of prostate cancer progression, there is a conspicuous dearth of comparable data on the consequences of mutations. In order to remedy this omission, we have combined an expansive study of forty five mutations which are predominantly associated with high Gleason scores and metastatic tumors, and span the entire length of the receptor, with a literature review of the mutations under investigation. We report the discovery of a novel prevalent class of androgen receptor mutation that possesses loss of function at low levels of androgen yet transforms to a gain of function at physiological levels. Importantly, mutations introducing constitutive gain of function are uncommon, with the majority of mutations leading to either loss of function or no significant change from wild-type activity. Therefore, the widely accepted supposition that androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer result in gain of function is appealing, but mistaken. In addition, the transcriptional outcome of some mutations is dependent upon the androgen receptor responsive element. We discuss the consequences of these findings and the role of androgen receptor mutations for prostate cancer progression and current treatment options.
Genetic algorithm involving coevolution mechanism to search for effective genetic information (2002)

A new genetic algorithm which exploits an idea of "coevolution" is proposed. The proposed method consists of two GAs: Host GA and Parasite GA. The Host GA searches for the solutions, and these two GAs are closely related to each other. The Parasite GA plays an important role in searching for useful schemata in the Host GA. Furthermore, two methods of fitness evaluation of Parasite GA are examined: differentiating method and averaging method. The differentiating method will yield the search for schemata that are not yet discovered by the Host GA. The averaging method will yield the search for schemata that have high average of fitness. Various computer simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Dirty salt velocity model building with constrained iterative tomography: Methodology and application (2013)

Subsalt imaging has been a challenge for Gulf of Mexico (GoM) exploration, mostly due to the complexity of salt geometry and high salt-sediment velocity contrast. In addition to these, the presence of inclusions within the salt, also referred to as dirty salt, presents an additional significant challenge in subsalt imaging. Following a systematic study with synthetic datasets, we propose a new method for automatically determining the dirty salt geometry, and a further consolidated constrained iterative dirty salt velocity model building flow. We applied this workflow on a real GoM dataset and demonstrate its effectiveness by presenting an improved subsalt image.
Compact Heat Exchangers, Part 1: Designing Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers (2002)

The study revealed E. coli as the predominant bacterial pathogen for the community acquired UTIs in Jaipur, Rajasthan. An increasing trend in the production ESBLs among UTI pathogens in the community was noted. Nitrofurantoin should be used as empirical therapy for primary, uncomplicated UTIs.
Versatile laser system for experiments with cold atomic gases (2012)

We describe a simple and compact architecture for generating all-optical frequencies required for the laser cooling, state preparation, and detection of atoms in an ultracold rubidium-87 experiment from a single 780&#xA0;nm laser source. In particular, repump light &#x223C;6.5&#x2009;&#x2009;GHz away from the cooling transition is generated by using a high-bandwidth fiber-coupled electro-optic modulator (EOM) in a feedback loop configuration. The looped repump light generation scheme solves the problem of the limited power handling capabilities characteristic of fiber EOMs. We demonstrate the functionality of the system by creating a high-atom-number magneto-optical trap (MOT).
Live Vaccinia Virus-Coated Microneedle Array Patches for Smallpox Vaccination and Stockpiling (2021)

Although smallpox has been eradicated globally, the potential use of the smallpox virus in bioterrorism indicates the importance of stockpiling smallpox vaccines. Considering the advantages of microneedle-based vaccination over conventional needle injections, in this study, we examined the feasibility of microneedle-based smallpox vaccination as an alternative approach for stockpiling smallpox vaccines. We prepared polylactic acid (PLA) microneedle array patches by micromolding and loaded a second-generation smallpox vaccine on the microneedle tips via dip coating. We evaluated the effect of excipients and drying conditions on vaccine stability in vitro and examined immune responses in female BALB/c mice by measuring neutralizing antibodies and interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells. Approximately 40% of the virus titer was reduced during the vaccine-coating process, with or without excipients. At -20 °C, the smallpox vaccine coated on the microneedles was stable up to 6 months. Compared to natural evaporation, vacuum drying was more efficient in improving the smallpox vaccine stability. Microneedle-based vaccination of the mice elicited neutralizing antibodies beginning 3 weeks after immunization; the levels were maintained for 12 weeks. It significantly increased IFN-γ-secreting cells 12 weeks after priming, indicating the induction of cellular immune responses. The smallpox-vaccine-coated microneedles could serve as an alternative delivery system for vaccination and stockpiling.
Changes in Apoptotic and Mitotic Index, bcl2, and p53 Expression in Rectum Carcinomas after Short‐Term Cytostatic Treatment (2003)

Twenty patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were endoscopically biopsied and given short-term cytostatic therapy [5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (600 mg/m(2)) and Ca-folinate (60 mg/m(2)) for 2 days]. Seven days later, the tumor was resected or a second biopsy was performed. Apoptotic and mitotic indices as well as (mutant) p53 and bcl(2) expression were determined in the tumor tissue before and after the short-term chemotherapy. The patients were treated thereafter with long-term, intermittent 5-FU administration and followed up clinically for 7-26 months. Six patients showed progression of the disease and died, whereas 14 improved or showed no tumor progression. Significant increase of the apoptotic index and nonsignificant decrease of the mitotic index after the short-term cytostatic treatment were seen in the tumor tissue of responder cases. Nonresponders showed no change in both mitotic activity and apoptotic activity. Both survivors and deceased showed high mutant p53 expression, and the changes after short-term 5-FU treatment were not significant. Expression of bcl(2) was present in only 5 cases, with the postchemotherapy changes being not significant. These findings suggest that apoptotic response to short-term cytostatic therapy may be an additional predictive factor in rectal adenocarcinoma.
Effect of Crossmatching on Outcome in Organ Transplantation (1995)

The complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) crossmatch and the flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) are both used prospectively in renal transplantation, and their use is under evaluation in other types of major organ transplantation. The FCXM is the more sensitive method and better predicts outcome in second and subsequent renal allografts. Improved survival has unmasked the detrimental effect of a positive crossmatch on outcome in liver transplantation. Because of the urgent need of liver transplant candidates, it is unrealistic to defer transplantation until a crossmatch-negative donor is found; however, additional therapeutic measures may be taken to improve outcome for crossmatch-positive liver recipients. Some reports suggest that prospective crossmatching may improve outcome for sensitized heart recipients, and, additionally, recent studies have demonstrated that HLA compatibility between donor and recipient is an independent variable affecting survival after heart transplantation, prompting a reassessment of the current practice of transplanting hearts without consideration of the HLA match.