gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-frequency impedance for the prediction of extracellular water and total body water (1995)

The relationship between total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW), measured by deuterium oxide dilution and bromide dilution respectively, and impedance and impedance index (height2/impedance) at 1, 5, 50 and 100 kHz was studied. After correction for TBW, ECW was correlated only with the impedance index at 1 and 5 kHz. After correction for ECW, TBW was best correlated with the impedance index at 100 kHz. The correlation of body-water compartments with impedance values obtained with modelling programs was lower than with measured impedance values. Prediction formulas for ECW (at 1 and 5 kHz) and TBW (at 50 and 100 kHz) were developed. The prediction errors for ECW and TBW were 1.0 and 1.7 kg respectively (coefficient of variation 5%). The residuals of both ECW and TBW were related to the ECW/TBW value. Application of the prediction formulas in a population, independently measured, revealed a slight overestimation of TBW and ECW, which could be largely explained by differences in the validation group in body-water distribution and in body build. The ratio of impedance at 1 kHz to impedance at 100 kHz was correlated with body-water distribution (ECW/TBW). The relation is however not strong enough to be useful as a predictor. It is concluded that an independent prediction of ECW and TBW, using impedance at low and high frequency respectively, is possible, but that the bias depends on the body-water distribution and body build of the measured subject.
Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of Aluminium Alloy 6061 Composites Reinforced by Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> Fiber and SiC Whisker (1988)

The mechanical properties and wear resistance of Al2O3 fiber and hybrid of Al2O3 and SiC whisker reinforced AA6061 were investigated.The elastic modulus of T6 heat treated Al2O3/6061 and Al2O3-SiC/6061 composites can be expressed as(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.) \ oindentrespectively. The fiber arrangement coefficient α is found to be 0.7 for Al2O3 and 0.45 for SiC whisker.The wear resistance of Al2O3/6061 composites is inferior to that of SiC/6061 composites. The addition of small volume fractions of SiC whisker to Al2O3/6061 composites gives rise to remarkable improvement of the wear resistance which is, on the contrary, superior to that of SiC/6061 composistes.
Dissolved Oxygen and Aeration in Ictalurid Catfish Aquaculture (2017)

Abstract Feed‐based production of ictalurid catfish in ponds is the largest aquaculture sector in the USA. Feed has an oxygen demand, and increases carbon dioxide, ammonia nitrogen, and phosphate inputs to ponds. Major sources of oxygen in ponds are phytoplankton photosynthesis and mechanical aeration; the major sink for oxygen is respiration by fish and by microorganisms in the water column and sediment. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decline when respiration exceeds photosynthesis, and the most crucial time for low dissolved oxygen concentration is at night. Mechanical aeration is applied to avoid nighttime dissolved oxygen concentrations from falling below the critical level for catfish of 3 mg/L. Electrically powered paddlewheel aerators are used by most catfish producers. The oxygen‐transfer efficiency of these aerators is known, but calculations of aeration requirement from stocking and feeding rates are not reliable because of variation in phytoplankton abundance and in weather conditions. Dissolved oxygen concentrations must be monitored, and when measurements suggest that nighttime dissolved oxygen concentration will be unacceptably low, tractor‐powered emergency aerators must be operated to supplement dedicated aeration. Dissolved oxygen concentration also is important in hatcheries, and small aeration systems have been developed for hatchery application.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Human Values and Information Sources Within a Tourism Framework (2000)

Abstract Throughout the years researchers and industry professionals from diverse disciplines have advanced methods for predicting consumer behavior. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between individuals' personal values and information sources. The secondary purpose is to identify significant relationships between personal values and selected demographics. Rokeach's value theory and Kahle's social adaptation theory serve as the theoretical framework. Findings yielded three personal values factors: hedonic, interpersonal and achievement. Five information sources factors also were identified: journalism, advertising, organizational, interpersonal, and new media.
In-fiber crystal growth (2023)

This paper briefly highlights advancements in crystalline semiconductor core optical fibers. Such fibers potentially open the doors to marry on-chip optoelectronics with fiber optics, particularly nonlinear fiber optics. However, since crystals are grown, not drawn like glass, their fabrication into practical lengths represented a major limitation. This limitation can be overcome using the molten core method (MCM), which affords long lengths of crystalline core fibers using industry accepted glass fiber draw methods. This paper briefly reviews the process and the crystalline semiconductor core fibers realized to-date.
Reduced-Rank MMSE Detection in Space-Time Coded Space-Division Multiple-Access Systems (2006)

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) space-division multiple-access (SDMA) system is presented and investigated, when the space-time block coded (STBC) user signals are transmitted over Rayleigh fading channels. In the proposed SDMA system each mobile uses two transmit antennas, while the base-station (BS) receiver employs multiple receive antenna arrays and each receive antenna array consists of several array elements. The MIMO SDMA signals at the BS are detected with the aid of various reduced-rank MMSE schemes. Specifically, three classes of reduced-rank MMSE techniques are investigated in conjunction with the proposed SDMA system. The three classes of reduced-rank MMSE algorithms are derived, respectively, based on the principles of principal components (PC), cross-spectral metric (CSM) and Taylor polynomial approximation (TPA). Our study and simulation results show that the reduced-rank MMSE detection is capable of achieving a satisfactory trade-off between the affordable detection complexity and the achievable detection BER performance
Rhamnolipids: diversity of structures, microbial origins and roles (2010)

Rhamnolipids are glycolipidic biosurfactants produced by various bacterial species. They were initially found as exoproducts of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and described as a mixture of four congeners: alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-hydroxydecanoyl-beta-hydroxydecanoate (Rha-Rha-C(10)-C(10)), alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-hydroxydecanoate (Rha-Rha-C(10)), as well as their mono-rhamnolipid congeners Rha-C(10)-C(10) and Rha-C(10). The development of more sensitive analytical techniques has lead to the further discovery of a wide diversity of rhamnolipid congeners and homologues (about 60) that are produced at different concentrations by various Pseudomonas species and by bacteria belonging to other families, classes, or even phyla. For example, various Burkholderia species have been shown to produce rhamnolipids that have longer alkyl chains than those produced by P. aeruginosa. In P. aeruginosa, three genes, carried on two distinct operons, code for the enzymes responsible for the final steps of rhamnolipid synthesis: one operon carries the rhlAB genes and the other rhlC. Genes highly similar to rhlA, rhlB, and rhlC have also been found in various Burkholderia species but grouped within one putative operon, and they have been shown to be required for rhamnolipid production as well. The exact physiological function of these secondary metabolites is still unclear. Most identified activities are derived from the surface activity, wetting ability, detergency, and other amphipathic-related properties of these molecules. Indeed, rhamnolipids promote the uptake and biodegradation of poorly soluble substrates, act as immune modulators and virulence factors, have antimicrobial activities, and are involved in surface motility and in bacterial biofilm development.
Effect of Overdischarge on Swelling and Recharge Performance of Lithium Ion Cells (2008)

Abstract Effects of overdischarge on characteristics of lithium ion cells were deeply studied, and experiments have been made to reveal its mechanisms. The results suggest that overdischarge may result in large swelling of cells and degradation of recharge capabilities. The mechanism can be explained as that: a copper foil used as an anode collector will be oxidized to copper ion when deep overdischarge occurs and reduce at the anode in recharging progress, which greatly deteriorates the cell efficiency; solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film is to decompose and reform because of excessive de‐intercalation of lithium ions, and the released gas such as carbon dioxide makes the cell bulge. The experimental results prove that when 20% Li(Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 )O 2 was added to LiCoO 2 cathode materials, the cell swelling rate could be greatly reduced, and the recharge capability would be enhanced much.
Powdered Activated Carbons and Activated Carbon Fibers for Methane Storage:  A Comparative Study (2002)

During this study different raw materials, activating agents, and preparation variables were used to compare the behavior of carbon materials with different morphologies in methane storage applications. Two different types of carbon materials have been prepared: (i) chemically activated carbons prepared from an anthracite and a bituminous coal using KOH as activating agent, and (ii) physically activated carbon fibers prepared from petroleum pitch and coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, by activation with CO2 and steam. Both type of materials have been prepared in order to cover a wide range of surface area. The effects of different properties of the adsorbents (porous texture, packing density, and pore size distribution) in their performance in methane storage applications (methane uptake and delivery) were analyzed. The comparison of both types of materials (powder and carbon fibers) has shown that activated carbon fibers have the advantage of a higher packing density than powdered activated carbons. On the other hand, the chemically activated carbons have the advantage of higher methane adsorption capacity than activated carbon fibers with similar micropore volumes, due to their narrower micropore size distribution. During the present work an adsorbent with a volumetric methane uptake as high as 165 V/V and another sample with a delivery as high as 145 V/V were produced.
Vapor-phase Stabilization of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors Using Mixed-metal Oxide Catalysts (2018)

&lt;div&gt;Mixed-metal oxides possess a wide range of tunability and show promise for catalytic stabilization of biomass pyrolysis products. For materials derived from layered double hydroxides, understanding the effect of divalent cation species and divalent/trivalent cation stoichiometric ratio on catalytic behavior is critical to their successful implementation. In this study, four mixed-metal oxide catalysts consisting of Al, Zn, and Mg in different stoichiometric ratios were synthesized and tested for ex-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) using pine wood as feedstock. The catalytic activity and deactivation behavior of these catalysts were monitored in real-time using a lab-scale pyrolysis reactor and fixed catalyst bed coupled with a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS), and data were analyzed by multivariate statistical approaches. In comparing Mg- and Zn-Al catalyst materials, we demonstrate that the Mg-Al materials possessed greater quantities of basic sites, which we attribute to their higher surface areas, and they produced upgraded pyrolysis vapors which contained less acids and more deoxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene. However, detrimental impacts on carbon yields were realized via decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions and coke formation. Given that the primary goals of catalytic upgrading of bio-oil are deoxygenation, reduction of acidity, and high carbon yield, these results highlight both promising catalytic effects of mixed-metal oxide materials and opportunities for improvement.&lt;/div&gt;
In Search of the Perfect Comorbidity Measure for Use With Administrative Claims Data (2006)

Although some comorbidity measures demonstrate minor advantages over others, each is fairly robust in predicting both chemotherapy receipt and noncancer death. Investigators should choose among these measures based on their availability, comfort with the methodology, and outcomes of interest.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Vincristine Enhances the Efficacy of MEK Inhibitors in Preclinical Models of KRAS-mutant Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 2 shows that the combination of trametinib and vincristine reduces weight of CRC PDXs.&lt;/p&gt;
Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in the elderly relation to serum calcium and family history of essential hypertension (1995)

To explore the syndrome of glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in the elderly, we analyzed the clinical findings from 35 patients aged more than 65 years (12 men, 23 women) who received glucocorticoid therapy. Resting blood pressures (BP) were less than 140/90 mm Hg before glucocorticoid therapy, and patients were apparently disease-free apart from the condition for which glucocorticoid therapy was prescribed. Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension is defined as systolic BP more than 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP more than 95 mm Hg after glucocorticoid administration. Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension was seen in 13 patients (37.1%); all patients with hypertension [steroid (glucocorticoid)-induced hypertension (SH(+)) group] received more than 20 mg of prednisolone daily, and BP rose rapidly within a week of commencing glucocorticoid administration. The SH(+) group did not differ significantly in terms of age, heart rate, blood count, plasma biochemistry, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, routine urinalysis, or urinary electrolytes from patients who did not show hypertension [SH(-) group]. However, serum total calcium concentrations were significantly lower in the SH(+) group both before and after 2 weeks of glucocorticoid therapy than in the SH(-) group. Furthermore, the SH(+) group showed a significantly higher percentage of patients with a positive family history of essential hypertension than the SH(-) group. In conclusion, although the detailed mechanisms are as yet uncertain, glucocorticoid-induced hypertension occurs often in elderly patients, and is more common in patients with total serum calcium concentrations lower than the normal range, and/or in those with positive family history of essential hypertension.
JSME Construction Standard for Superconducting Magnets of Fusion Facilities (2009)

The present paper describes the general view of the construction standard, which the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) has recently set up and published, for superconducting magnet structures to be used in nuclear fusion facilities. The present target of the standard is tokamak-type fusion energy facilities, especially the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor called ITER for short. The standard contains rules for structural materials including cryogenic materials, structural design considering magnetic forces, manufacture including welding and installation, nondestructive testing, pressure proof tests and leak tests of toroidal field magnet structures. The standard covers requirements for structural integrity, deformation control, and leak tightness of all the components of the superconducting magnets and their supports except for superconducting strands and electrical insulators. The standard does not cover deterioration which may occur in service as a result of corrosion, radiation effects, or instability of material. The standard consists of seven articles and twelve mandatory and non-mandatory appendices to the articles; i.e., (1) Scope, roles and responsibilities, (2) Materials, (3) Structural design, (4) Fabrication and installation, (5) Non-destructive examination, (6), Pressure and leak testing, and (7) Terms used in general requirements.
Enforcement or Management: Two Schools of Thought in the Institutional Design of the Kyoto Regime (2001)

The international negotiations on climate change continue to prepare for the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). If the political momentum behind this treaty is to be maintained, fundamental change may be needed. To this effect, a distinction is made between the Enforcement School and the Management School in designing a compliance regime for implementing the Kyoto Protocol. The distinction is important because without it, one school of thought tends to naively negate the elements of the other. Recognizing the logical chain of reasoning in both approaches will benefit the (re)design of the Protocol by streamlining activities and establishing a better regime. The reasoning of both schools of thought is analysed. Firstly, there are those who advocate stringent enforcement, favour sanctions to achieve compliance and dismiss all discretionary elements. Further, when its supporters see that the Protocol's targets are ambitious, they favour international market mechanisms, universal and simple rules to implement these, with national emission trading as a domestic policy option. Questions frequently addressed to this school ask whether national environmental numerical targets are enforceable by the democratic process, and whether economy-wide emission trading is politically and institutionally feasible. In contrast, those who advocate facilitative and cooperative compliance support another logic: no sanctions for noncompliance, discretionary elements in the hands of the Parties, incremental change in traditional environmental domestic policy instruments. Questions frequently asked of them include whether Parties would make efforts in the absence of sanctions and whether these would be cost-effective. While the ideas of the Enforcement School have a successful record in some issue areas including domestic SOx regulation in United States, the Kyoto Regime is too young to be burdened with these notions. Past experiences of multilateral environmental agreements suggest that the Kyoto regime should be designed in line with the ideas of the Management School, at least for its fledgling stage, including the First Commitment Period.
Stability of Partial Doses of Omeprazole–Sodium Bicarbonate Oral Suspension (2007)

Omeprazole-sodium bicarbonate suspension 2 mg/mL prepared from 20 mg packets was stable for at least 45 days when stored at 3-5 degrees C. A partial dose of 12.7 mg was stable following exposure to SGF for 2 hours at 37 degrees C. This suspension can be easily administered through 5, 6, and 8 French neonatal/pediatric feeding tubes and, when taking time and ease of preparation into account, it is cost competitive with simple omeprazole suspension.
Development and Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Diclazuril in Broiler Chickens (2023)

Withdrawal periods for diclazuril in broilers have traditionally been determined through regression analysis. However, over the last two decades, the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has gained prominence as a predictive tool for veterinary drug residues, which offers an alternative method for establishing appropriate withdrawal periods for veterinary drugs. In this current study, a flow-limited PBPK model was developed to predict diclazuril concentrations in broilers following long-duration administration via medicated feed and water. This model consists of nine compartments, including arterial and venous plasma, lung, muscle, skin + fat, kidney, liver, intestine contents, and the rest of the body compartment. Physiological parameters such as tissue weights (V<sub>cxx</sub>) and blood flow (Q<sub>cxx</sub>) were gathered from published studies, and tissue/plasma partition coefficients (P<sub>xx</sub>) were calculated through the area method or parameter optimization. Published diclazuril concentrations were compared to the predicted values, indicating the accuracy and validity of the model. The sensitivity analysis showed that parameters associated with cardiac output, drug absorption, and elimination significantly affected diclazuril concentrations in the muscle. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis, consisting of 1000 iterations, was conducted to calculate the withdrawal period. Based on the Chinese MRL values, we calculated a withdrawal period of 0 days for both recommended dosing regimens (through mediated water and feed at concentrations of 0.5-1 mg/L and 1 mg/kg, respectively). However, based on the European MRLs, longer periods were determined for the mediated feed dosing route. Our model provides a foundation for scaling other coccidiostats and poultry species.
Isolation and Differentiation of Chicken Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow (2009)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells found in bone marrow that have the capacity of differentiating into bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, and other tissues. Chicken MSCs were isolated from 1- to 14-day-old chickens. Microscopically, the cultured cells showed morphology resembling fibroblasts and divided actively. Chicken MSCs expressed the transcription factors PouV, Sox2, and Nanog, which have been shown to be critical for stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. The multilineage differentiation potential of chicken MSCs was revealed by their ability to undergo adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. Like mammalian MSCs, chicken MSCs also had immunoregulatory activity and inhibited in vitro mitogenic response of T cells. The inhibition of mitogenic response of T cells correlated with the production of nitric oxide (NO) in cultures containing MSCs and T cells. Our data show for the first time that MSCs can be isolated from postnatal chicken bone marrow and these cells are capable of in vitro multiplication and multilineage differentiation, thus making them a suitable model in the field of stem cell research.
AUTOMATED MARKETS AND TRADING AGENTS (2005)

Computer automation has the potential, just starting to be realized, of transforming the design and operation of markets, and the behaviors of agents trading in them. We discuss the possibilities for automating markets, presenting a broad conceptual framework covering resource allocation as well as enabling marketplace services such as search and transaction execution. One of the most intriguing opportunities is provided by markets implementing computationally sophisticated negotiation mechanisms, for example combinatorial auctions. An important theme that emerges from the literature is the centrality of design decisions about matching the domain of goods over which a mechanism operates to the domain over which agents have preferences. When the match is imperfect (as is almost inevitable), the market game induced by the mechanism is analytically intractable, and the literature provides an incomplete characterization of rational bidding policies. A review of the literature suggests that much of our existing knowledge comes from computational simulations, including controlled studies of abstract market designs (e.g., simultaneous ascending auctions), and research tournaments comparing agent strategies in a variety of market scenarios. An empirical game-theoretic methodology combines the advantages of simulation, agent-based modeling, and statistical and game-theoretic analysis.