gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Test pattern generation for droop faults (2010)

In nanometer ICs, when several transistors in physical proximity switch within the same clock cycle, a substantial power supply drop, known as droop, may occur because of concurrent load on a via of the power grid. Transistors may slow down because of lower supply voltage. Modelling of such timing faults, termed as droop faults, and their impact on the functionality and timing behaviour of the circuit are yet to be fully understood. In this study, a simple automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) based procedure for stuck-at faults has been adapted to test droop faults. For validation of the methodology in combinational circuits and full scan sequential circuits, a set of appropriate clusters of gates is selected to cover potential droop-prone regions in a circuit. Experimental results on ISCAS-85 and ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits reveal that a very high droop fault coverage can be obtained by applying a short sequence of test vectors.
Lower mitochondrial DNA and altered mitochondrial fuel metabolism in HIV-exposed uninfected infants in Cameroon (2017)

Compared with HUU infants, HEU infants receiving postnatal zidovudine appear to be at increased risk for decreased blood mtDNA content which may be associated with altered mitochondrial fuel utilization in HEU-Z infants.
Linear Dichroism and Circular Dichroism (2010)

This book provides an introduction to optical anisotropy (linear dichroism, LD) and optical activity (circular dichroism, CD) as techniques for the study of structures and interactions of molecules in solution. The book covers the use of these techniques for both small and large molecular systems with particular emphasis being placed on proteins and nucleic acids. CD is a well-established technique and this book aims to explain how it can be used simply and effectively for new entrants to the field as well as covering more advanced techniques for experts. LD is often seen as a rather exotic method intended only for experienced spectroscopists. This book demonstrates that it is an approach with real utility that may be used by both students and scientists from graduate level onwards to give simple answers, which are not available from any other technique, to structural and kinetic questions. Much of the emphasis is on flow orientation of samples in solution phase. The book first describes the techniques and the information they can provide; it then goes on to give specific details on how to actually implement them, including a wide range of examples showing how LD and CD can help with * protein and nucleic acid secondary structure elucidation; * analysis of the formation and rearrangements of fibrous proteins and membrane proteins; * identification of the absolute configuration of small molecules; * determination of the orientation of small molecules in anisotropic media; * assignment of transition moment polarizations; * investigation of binding strengths and geometries of ligand-macromolecule complexes; * 3-D structure determination from LD, molecular replacement and MD modeling. The advantages of combined LD/CD studies are also outlined with examples of DNA/drug complexes and protein insertion into membranes. Taken together the book represents a comprehensive text on the theory and application of LD and CD in the chemical and biological sciences.
Ultra-smooth lithium niobate photonic micro-structures by surface tension reshaping (2010)

Annealing of micro-structured lithium niobate substrates at temperatures close to, but below the melting point, allows surface tension to reshape preferentially melted surface zones of the crystal. The reshaped surface re-crystallizes upon cooling to form a single crystal again as it is seeded by the bulk which remains solid throughout the process. This procedure yields ultra-smooth single crystal superstructures suitable for the fabrication of photonic micro-components with low scattering loss.
Modeling Wellbore Transient Fluid-Temperature and -Pressure During Diagnostic Fracture Injection Testing in Unconventional Reservoirs (2013)

Abstract Diagnostic fracture injection testing or DFIT has gained widespread usage in the evaluation of unconventional reservoirs. The DFIT entails injection of water above the formation-parting pressure, followed by a long-duration pressure falloff test. This test is a pragmatic way of gaining critical reservoir information, such as the formation-parting pressure, fracture-closure pressure, and initial-reservoir pressure, leading to fracture-completion design and reservoir-engineering calculations. In typical field operations, pressure is measured at the wellhead, not at the bottomhole, because of cost considerations. The bottomhole pressure (BHP) is obtained by simply adding a constant hydrostatic head of the water column to the wellhead pressure (WHP) at each timestep. Questions arise whether this practice is sound because of significant changes in temperature that occur in the wellbore, leading to changes in density and compressibility throughout the fluid column. The paper explores this question and offers an analytical model for estimating the transient temperature at a given depth and timestep for computing the BHP. Furthermore, based on the premise of line-source well, we showed that the early-time data can be represented by the square-root of time formulation, leading to the new modified-Hall relation for the injection period.
Conditions for stable coherent operation of two CO2lasers with unstable resonators (1989)

The influence of a phase shift in a channel coupling two unstable-resonator CO2 lasers on the band width of stable phase locking of the laser fields was studied experimentally for the first time. The fraction of the radiation effecting the optical coupling was determined experimentally and found to vary in the range 10 − 3–10 − 2 for different coupling apertures. The maximum mismatch of the resonator lengths which did not disrupt the coherence amounted to ΔL≈λ / 20. A method developed for calculating the diffraction made it possible to determine numerically the stable phase locking range of the output radiation from two lasers with unstable resonators. The calculated and experimental parametric dependences of the phase-locking band width were in qualitative agreement.
Risk of re-identification for shared clinical speech recordings (2022)

Large, curated datasets are required to leverage speech-based tools in healthcare. These are costly to produce, resulting in increased interest in data sharing. As speech can potentially identify speakers (i.e., voiceprints), sharing recordings raises privacy concerns. We examine the re-identification risk for speech recordings, without reference to demographic or metadata, using a state-of-the-art speaker recognition system. We demonstrate that the risk is inversely related to the number of comparisons an adversary must consider, i.e., the search space. Risk is high for a small search space but drops as the search space grows ($precision &gt;0.85$ for $&lt;1*10^{6}$ comparisons, $precision &lt;0.5$ for $&gt;3*10^{6}$ comparisons). Next, we show that the nature of a speech recording influences re-identification risk, with non-connected speech (e.g., vowel prolongation) being harder to identify. Our findings suggest that speaker recognition systems can be used to re-identify participants in specific circumstances, but in practice, the re-identification risk appears low.
Design of compounds that increase the absorption of polar molecules (1997)

Hydrophilic drugs are often poorly absorbed when administered orally. There has been considerable interest in the possibility of using absorption enhancers to promote absorption of polar molecules across membrane surfaces. The bile acids are one of the most widely investigated classes of absorption enhancers, but there is disagreement about what features of bile acid enhancers are responsible for their efficacy. We have designed a class of glycosylated bile acid derivatives to evaluate how increasing the hydrophilicity of the steroid nucleus affects the ability to transport polar molecules across membranes. Some of the glycosylated molecules are significantly more effective than taurocholate in promoting the intestinal absorption of a range of drugs, showing that hydrophobicity is not a critical parameter in transport efficacy, as previously suggested. Furthermore, the most effective glycosylated compound is also far less damaging to membranes than the best bile acid absorption promoters, presumably because it is more hydrophilic. The results reported here show that it is possible to decouple absorption-promoting activity from membrane damage, a finding that should spark interest in the design of new compounds to facilitate the delivery of polar drugs.
Molecular characterization of multiresistant strains ofSalmonella typhifrom South Asia isolated in Ontario, Canada (1998)

Two hundred and fourteen isolates of Salmonella typhi submitted to our laboratory between 1992 and 1996 were tested for susceptibility to 20 antimicrobial agents. Forty-eight of the 214 isolates (22.4%), recovered from individuals who had travelled in South Asia, were multiresistant. Forty-four of the 48 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, cotrimoxazole, ticarcillin, and piperacillin; the other four isolates were resistant to four to six agents. Forty-two of the multiresistant isolates belonged to Vi phage type E1, two isolates from the Punjab State belonged to phage type A, another from the Punjab State belonged to phage type E3, one isolate from Pakistan belonged to type M1, and one isolate from India belonged to type J1. Plasmids from 45 of 48 isolates showed a temperature-sensitive mechanism of transfer to Escherichia coli K-12 strains, characteristic of H1 incompatibility group plasmids. The majority of plasmids had an estimated molecular weight of 120 MDa and encoded both citrate utilization and mercury resistance. Plasmids from three isolates had an estimated molecular weight of 112-115 MDa; one of these isolates encoded citrate utilization but not mercury resistance. Analysis of isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after digestion with XbaI and SpeI indicated that the majority of multiresistant isolates shared a common restriction profile, while four isolates had unique patterns.
Aerosol measurement : principles, techniques, and applications (2001)

In recent years, industry has become increasingly interested in modern aerosol measurement methods, not only to protect the health of their workers but also to augment productivity and thereby gain competitive advantage. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition offers scientists and practitioners the fundamental principles used in deciding which aerosol properties to measure and how to interpret the results. Divided into three parts, the material reviews the physical understanding of aerosols, covers specific instrumental techniques, and explains applications in fields ranging from health care to mining and upper-atmosphere research. Leading experts contribute to the review of such areas as direct-reading techniques, bioaerosol sampling, indoor air evaluations, industrial aerosol processing, and measurement in semiconductor clean rooms. Plus, all the chapters in this latest edition have been updated and some have been rewritten by new authors. Two new chapters have been added: one on historical aspects of aerosol measurements and the other on real-time single particle analysis.
Availability Constrained Traffic Control for AMC-Enabled Wireless Mobile Backhaul Networks (2012)

Mobile backhaul networks have been gaining importance due to the growing demand for mobile internet. With faster wireless access speed, mobile backhaul networks need to keep up with the increasing demand. Mobile operators are adopting point-to-point wireless links with Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) capability to cope with the increasing demand. However, AMC makes it hard to provide QoS guaranteed connection due to its fluctuating capacity. In this paper, we present a routing scheme for mobile backhaul networks to guarantee end-to-end communication availability in consideration of unstable capacity attributed to AMC. The routing scheme is composed of three techniques: finding highest-availability path, finding protection path, and bandwidth reallocation to optimize the bandwidth usage. Flows are admitted if searched path meets availability requirement. We have evaluated the performance of the routing scheme through simulation with various link conditions. We show that improvement of each technique is affected by link conditions.
Analysis of the Central Nervous System Transcriptome of the Eastern Rock Lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi Reveals Its Putative Neuropeptidome (2014)

Neuropeptides have been discovered in many arthropod species including crustaceans. The nature of their biological function is well studied and varies from behavior modulation to physiological regulation of complex biochemical processes such as metabolism, molt and reproduction. Due to their key role in these fundamental processes, neuropeptides are often targeted for modulating these processes to align with market demands in commercially important species. We generated a comprehensive transcriptome of the eyestalk and brain of one of the few commercially important spiny lobster species in the southern Hemisphere, the Eastern rock lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi and mined it for novel neuropeptide and protein hormone-encoding transcripts. We then characterized the predicted mature hormones to verify their validity based on conserved motifs and features known from previously reported hormones. Overall, 37 transcripts which are predicted to encode mature full-length/partial peptides/proteins were identified, representing 21 peptide/protein families/subfamilies. All transcripts had high similarity to hormones that were previously characterized in other decapod crustacean species or, where absent in crustaceans, in other arthropod species. These included, in addition to other proteins previously described in crustaceans, prohormone-3 and prohormone-4 which were previously identified only in insects. A homolog of the crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH), recently found to be female-specific in brachyuran crabs was found to have the same levels of expression in both male and female eyestalks, suggesting that the CFSH female specificity is not conserved throughout decapod crustaceans. Digital gene expression showed that 24 out of the 37 transcripts presented in this study have significant changes in expression between eyestalk and brain. In some cases a trend of difference between males and females could be seen. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive neuropeptidome of a commercially important crustacean species with novel peptides and protein hormones identified for the first time in decapods.
Exploring electron and phonon transport at the nanoscale for thermoelectric energy conversion (2011)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
A European aerosol phenomenology-6: Scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles from 28 ACTRIS sites [Discussion paper] (2017)

This investigation presents the variability of near-surface in-situ aerosol particle light scattering measurements obtained over the past decade at 28 measuring atmospheric observatories which are part of the ACTRIS Research Infrastructure and most of them belong to the GAW network. This manuscript provides a comprehensive picture of the spatial and temporal variability of aerosol particles optical properties in Europe.
TCP over multihop 802.11 networks (2005)

Analyzing TCP operation over 802.11 multihop ad hoc networks involves a cross-layer study. In this work, we investigate the effect of congestion and MAC contention on the interaction between TCP and on-demand ad hoc routing protocol in the 802.11 ad hoc networks. Our study reveals several problems stemming from lack of coordination and sharing in such networks. It is observed that TCP induces the over-reaction of routing protocol and hurts the quality of end-to-end connection. So, one of the critical sources of lowering TCP throughput lies in the TCP window mechanism itself. To fix this problem, we propose a fractional window increment (FeW) scheme for TCP to prevent the over-reaction of the on-demand routing protocol by limiting TCP's aggressiveness. The proposed scheme is applicable to a wide range of transport protocols using the basic TCP mechanism, and the protocol behavior is analytically tractable. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can dramatically improve TCP performance and network stability in a variety of 802.11 multihop networks. For example, in some chain-like topologies, the proposed scheme outperforms basic TCP by over 90%, and recent related variants of TCP (ADTCP, LRED) by over 70%.
Flow Control Over Swept, Sharp-Edged Wings at Low and Moderate Angles of Attack (2003)

Abstract : Active control of fully-separated flow over symmetric sharp-edged wings at high angles of attack is investigated. Experiments were carried out in a low-speed, open circuit wind tunnel, as well as a Mach 0.2, 6'x6' wind tunnel. Angles of attack from 30 to 210 were tested. Low-power input, unsteady excitation was applied to the leading edge of the wings. The actuation was introduced by the periodic oscillation of a 4-percent-chord flap placed on the suction side of the airfoil and facing the sharp edge. We also carried out experiments with pulsing jets and larger models at Reynolds numbers the order of one million. Our results indicate that blowing practically at the leading edge of a sharp airfoil is as effective as oscillating mini-flaps. Pressure measurements over all models show that the control increases the normal force coefficient by up to 40% to 70%. The application of flow control on sharp-edged aircraft wings could lead to improved maneuverability, short take-off and landing, innovative flight controls and weight reduction.
SD0006: A Potent, Selective and Orally Available Inhibitor of p38 Kinase (2009)

SD0006 is a diarylpyrazole that was prepared as an inhibitor of p38 kinase-alpha (p38alpha). In vitro, SD0006 was selective for p38alpha kinase over 50 other kinases screened (including p38gamma and p38delta with modest selectivity over p38beta). Crystal structures with p38alpha show binding at the ATP site with additional residue interactions outside the ATP pocket unique to p38alpha that can confer advantages over other ATP competitive inhibitors. Direct correlation between inhibition of p38alpha activity and that of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNFalpha release was established in cellular models and in vivo, including a phase 1 clinical trial. Potency (IC(50)) for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) release, in vitro and in vivo, was <200 nmol/l. In vivo, SD0006 was effective in the rat streptococcal-cell-wall-induced arthritis model, with dramatic protective effects on paw joint integrity and bone density as shown by radiographic analysis. In the murine collagen-induced arthritis model, equivalence was demonstrated to anti-TNFalpha treatment. SD0006 also demonstrated good oral anti-inflammatory efficacy with excellent cross-species correlation between the rat, cynomolgus monkey, and human. SD0006 suppressed expression of multiple proinflammatory proteins at both the transcriptional and translational levels. These properties suggest SD0006 could provide broader therapeutic efficacy than cytokine-targeted monotherapeutics.
Subjective responses to synthesised speech with lexical emotional content: the effect of the naturalness of the synthetic voice (2012)

This study aimed to investigate how the degree of naturalness and lexical emotional content of synthesised speech affects the subjective ratings of emotional experiences and how the naturalness of the voice affects the ratings of voice quality. Twenty-four participants listened to a set of affective words produced by three different speech synthesis techniques: formant synthesis, diphone synthesis and unit selection synthesis. The participants’ task was to rate their experiences evoked by the speech samples using three emotion-related bipolar scales for valence, arousal and approachability. The pleasantness, naturalness and clarity of the voices were also rated. The results showed that the affective words produced by the synthesisers evoked congruent emotion-related ratings in the participants. The ratings of the experienced valence and approachability were statistically significantly stronger when the affective words were produced by the more humanlike voices as compared to the more machinelike voice. The more humanlike voices were also rated as statistically significantly more natural, pleasant and clear than the less humanlike voice. Thus, our findings suggest that even machinelike voices can be used to communicate affective messages but that increasing the level of naturalness enhances positive feelings about synthetic voices and strengthens emotional communication between computers and humans.
Fabrication of 30 nm gate length electrically variable shallow-junction metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors using a calixarene resist (1997)

We have fabricated electrically variable shallow-junction metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (EJ-MOSFETs) with an ultrafine gate for the first time. The gate length was reduced to 32 nm by using electron-beam lithography with a calixarene resist, which has an under 10 nm resolution with a sharp pattern edge. Moreover, normal transistor operation of 32 nm gate-length EJ-MOSFETs was confirmed.
Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method (SCAM) (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Methods and approaches Troubleshooting References
Development of Self-Propelled Rotary Tools Based on Cutting Characteristics. (1994)

The purpose of this study is to enhance the practicability of the self-propelled rotary tools for high-performance machining of new industrial materials. Based on investigation of the rotary cutting mechanics, a new concept of rotary tool design featuring compact and simple structure has been developed and evaluated experimentally. Exhibiting superior cutting performance in machining new industrial materials equivalent to the previous design, the new cutting tools show higher rotating accuracy and stiffness resulting in better machined surface roughness. It enables the rotary cutting technology to be practicable in a number of machining operations where its predecessors have met difficulties because of their structural constraints.
Perturbation On-Time (POT) Technique in Power Factor Correction (PFC) Controller for Low Total Harmonic Distortion and High Power Factor (2012)

The proposed perturbation on-time technique suppresses total harmonic distortion (THD) and, thus, improves the power factor in the power factor correction (PFC) controller. Besides, the adaptive control of the minimum off time by the proposed inhibit time control can improve efficiency even at low ac input voltage. Therefore, highly integrated PFC converter fabricated in the TSMC 800-V ultrahigh voltage process can achieve low THD of 6%, high PF of 99%, and high efficiency of 95% at the output power of 90 W.