gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Removal of Hydrogen Peroxide Interference in the Analysis of Chemical Oxygen Demand (2012)

Many advanced oxidation processes involve addition of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) with the aim of generating hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic contaminants in water. However, chemical oxygen demand, a common measure of gross residual organic contamination, is subject to interference from residual H(2)O(2) in the treated water. A new method, involving catalytic decomposition of H(2)O(2) with addition of heat and sodium carbonate (Na(2)CO(3)), is proposed in this work to address this problem. The method is demonstrated experimentally, and modeled kinetically. Results for 5 mM H(2)O(2) in deionized (DI) water included reduction to below the COD detection limit after 60 min heating (90(◦)C) with addition of 20 g/L Na(2)CO(3) concentrated solution, whereas 900 min were required in treated municipal wastewater. An approximate second order rate constant of 11.331 M(-1)·min(-1) at Na(2)CO(3) dosage of 20 g/L was found for the tested wastewater. However, kinetic modeling indicated a two-step reaction mechanism, with formation of peroxocarbonate (CO(4)(2-)) and ultimate decomposition to H(2)O and O(2) in pure H(2)O(2) solution. A similar mechanism is apparent in wastewater at high catalyst concentrations, whereas at low Na(2)CO(3) addition rates, the catalytic effects of other constituents appear important.
Hydrogen--halogen energy storage system. Annual report, January--December 1977 (1978)

Work at Brookhaven National Laboratory on the electrochemically regenerative hydrogen--chlorine energy storage system has included electrochemical investigations, materials studies, and technoeconomic assessment. Electrochemical studies have confirmed the reversibility of the cell reactions and the possibility of using the same cell in the electrolysis and fuel cell mode. The hydrogen--chlorine cell differs from most batteries in that the open circuit potential varies appreciably with temperature and depth of discharge. The temperature variation of the open circuit potential reflects the large negative entropy of formation of HCl. A detailed heat and mass balance analysis has been carried out for the H/sub 2//Cl/sub 2/ system for one method of reactant storage and two schemes of heat exchange between the hydrochloric acid storage subsystem and the reactant storage subsystems. Characterization of Nafion membranes in H/sub 2//Cl/sub 2/ cells is reported. From a cost comparison on a 20 MW/200 MWh electrochemically regenerative hydrogen--halogen system it was concluded that the use of either clorine or bromine or alternative methods of chlorine storage had an insignificant effect on the overall cost of the system. The most cost effective method of hydrogen storage is very dependent on the cost of activated metal hydrides.
Disrupted Membrane Structure and Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling in Adult Skeletal Muscle with Acute Knockdown of Bin1 (2011)

Efficient intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]i) homeostasis in skeletal muscle requires intact triad junctional complexes comprised of t-tubule invaginations of plasma membrane and terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Bin1 consists of a specialized BAR domain that is associated with t-tubule development in skeletal muscle and involved in tethering the dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) to the t-tubule. Here, we show that Bin1 is important for Ca²⁺ homeostasis in adult skeletal muscle. Since systemic ablation of Bin1 in mice results in postnatal lethality, in vivo electroporation mediated transfection method was used to deliver RFP-tagged plasmid that produced short -hairpin (sh)RNA targeting Bin1 (shRNA-Bin1) to study the effect of Bin1 knockdown in adult mouse FDB skeletal muscle. Upon confirming the reduction of endogenous Bin1 expression, we showed that shRNA-Bin1 muscle displayed swollen t-tubule structures, indicating that Bin1 is required for the maintenance of intact membrane structure in adult skeletal muscle. Reduced Bin1 expression led to disruption of t-tubule structure that was linked with alterations to intracellular Ca²⁺ release. Voltage-induced Ca²⁺ released in isolated single muscle fibers of shRNA-Bin1 showed that both the mean amplitude of Ca²⁺ current and SR Ca²⁺ transient were reduced when compared to the shRNA-control, indicating compromised coupling between DHPR and ryanodine receptor 1. The mean frequency of osmotic stress induced Ca²⁺ sparks was reduced in shRNA-Bin1, indicating compromised DHPR activation. ShRNA-Bin1 fibers also displayed reduced Ca²⁺ sparks' amplitude that was attributed to decreased total Ca²⁺ stores in the shRNA-Bin1 fibers. Human mutation of Bin1 is associated with centronuclear myopathy and SH3 domain of Bin1 is important for sarcomeric protein organization in skeletal muscle. Our study showing the importance of Bin1 in the maintenance of intact t-tubule structure and ([Ca²⁺]i) homeostasis in adult skeletal muscle could provide mechanistic insight on the potential role of Bin1 in skeletal muscle contractility and pathology of myopathy.
Is Type 2 Diabetes an Autoimmune-Inflammatory Disorder of the Innate Immune System? (2005)

The article by C. T. De Souza et al. (1) in this issue supports the conclusion that type II diabetes (DMII) is an autoimmune-inflammatory disease. It raises the possibility that DMII and its complications result from pathological expression of the innate immune system in nonimmune hypothalamic cells, as well as visceral adipocytes, -cells of the pancreas, and vascular endothelium.
Uncompensated relativity effects for a ground-based GPSA receiver (2003)

The author gives the complete relativity effects as applied to a ground-based receiver's local coordinate time. The current Global Positioning System (GPS) relativity corrections were based on an earth-centered inertial reference frame. The derivation assumed that the receiver obtained inertial GPS coordinate time from the satellites. However, the receiver has been treated tacitly as being stationary in the inertial frame. The problem is that relativity effects in GPS are compensated only for the moving satellites relative to the frame. It is shown that relativity effects for a ground-based receiver include gravity and earth rotation. Airborne GPS receivers have larger effects, and spaceborne GPS receivers have the worst uncompensated relativity effects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
On the determination of the secular acceleration of the Moon's longitude from modern observations (1919)

Abstract In ‘Proceedings,’ Ser. A, vol. 95, pp. 300-302, Mr. Nevill applies to a set of observed errors of the Moon’s longitude a change of the form a + bt + ct2 and argues that the result shows a total absence of any difference between the theoretical and observed values of the secular acceleration in the modern observations extending from 1640 to 1915. The value of c in the above expression has been so chosen that the value actually used shall be that given by theory. If the result of the application of such a change had been the reduction of the errors to small quantities which had apparently no systematic character, there might have been some foundation for the statement, but this is far from being the fact. It has long been well known, and it is again evident from the table of values which Mr. Nevill gives, that the errors show a periodic character and are so large that no conclusions can be drawn concerning the coefficient c until the nature and quantity of their periodicity has been determined. In order to avoid misconception it should be stated that a, b are constants which must be determined from observation and that large changes in their values are possible without sensibly affecting other portions of the theoretical expressions for the Moon’s co-ordinates. Hence, it is usual in making any alteration in c to so determine a, b that the observations are best represented by the formula.
Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for evaluation of FFDM/DBT and breast CT using inkjet printing (2018)

The breast phantoms currently available for evaluating full field digital mammography (FFDM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and breast CT (bCT) systems often lack the complexity present in real breasts. In this work we present a new methodology for creating physical anthropomorphic breast phantoms for use in FFDM, DBT, and dedicated bCT systems using zinc acetate-doped ink. First, an uncompressed virtual phantom was created through analytical modeling. The model represented a breast with 28% fibroglandular density with 13 tissue classes and contained a 5 mm lesion. The breast was binarized to two tissue classes: adipose and fibroglandular tissue. The phantom was then realized through inkjet printing using dye ink doped with zinc acetate for the fibroglandular components and three candidate materials for the adipose background: parchment paper, organic paper, and office paper. The fabrication process was evaluated in terms of material realism and reproducibility using spectroscopy, a clinical FFDM system, and a benchtop bCT system. The linear attenuation coefficient of the doped ink plus parchment paper and parchment paper alone closely matched those of the fibroglandular and adipose tissues, respectively. A methodology for generating anthropomorphic breast phantoms was developed using a novel inkjet printing technique for use in FFDM/DBT, as well as dedicated breast CT systems. A novel uncompressed breast phantom for bCT was fabricated using inexpensive, easily available materials with realistic tissue properties.
Frontotemporal Dementia Caused by CHMP2B Mutations (2011)

CHMP2B mutations are a rare cause of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The best studied example is frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3 (FTD-3) which occurs in a large Danish family, with a further CHMP2B mutation identified in an unrelated Belgian familial FTD patient. These mutations lead to C-terminal truncations of the CHMP2B protein and we will review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular effects of these mutant truncated proteins on vesicular fusion events within the endosome-lysosome and autophagy degradation pathways. We will also review the clinical features of FTD caused by CHMP2B truncation mutations as well as new brain imaging and neuropathological findings. Finally, we collate the current data on CHMP2B missense mutations, which have been reported in FTD and motor neuron disease.
Solvent Polarity Dependence of Photoinduced Charge Separation and Recombination Processes of Ferrocene−C60 Dyads (2003)

Photoinduced charge-separation and charge-recombination processes of the three ferrocene−C60 dyads have been investigated by using laser flash photolysis methods. From molecular orbital calculations, the HOMO states are delocalized over the ferrocene and linking phenyl-ethenyl group connecting ferrocene and C60, while the LUMO states are on C60. From short fluorescence lifetimes (≤ 120 ps) of the fullerene moieties of the dyads, charge separations were suggested. Charge-separated states in the dyads were observed upon femtosecond laser irradiation. The rate constants for the charge separation were on the order of 1010 s-1, and the quantum yields were close to unity in various solvents, such as benzonitrile, anisole, and toluene. It was confirmed that the absorption bands of the radical cation moiety shifted to longer wavelength side in polar solvents, probably due to structural change in the charge-separated states. The lifetimes of the charge-separated states of the dyads with longer linkage became longer, up to several 10s of nanoseconds in less polar solvents, while the lifetimes in polar solvents were shorter, since the charge-recombination processes are in the Marcus “inverted region”. On the other hand, the lifetime of the charge-separated state in the dyad with an acetyl linking group was on the order of nanoseconds in all of the solvents because of fast charge recombination of shorter distance. It was confirmed that the charge-recombination process generated the ground state of the dyads predominantly.
The Pros and Cons of Diagnosing Diabetes With A1C (2011)

An International Expert Committee was convened in 2008 by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Federation to consider the means for diagnosing diabetes in nonpregnant individuals, with particular focus on the possibility to indicate A1C as an alternative if not a better tool (1). After reviewing the available literature and a thorough discussion on the advantages and the limits of previous diagnostic strategies (essentially based on fasting glucose assessment) and the considered alternative approach (based on A1C measurement), a consensus was reached that the latter (i.e., A1C) should be included among diagnostic tools for diabetes and, with the exception of a number of clinical conditions, should even be preferred in diabetes diagnosis in nonpregnant adults.

The main conclusion of the International Expert Committee was implemented in the most recent clinical recommendations issued by the ADA. However, in these guidelines, A1C is indicated as a diagnostic tool alternative but not superior to blood glucose, leaving to the health care professional the decision about what test to use in an individual.

The World Health Organization is currently examining the proposal made by the International Expert Committee and is carefully addressing the controversial issues still remaining, most of which have been the subject of letters to the editor and articles recently published in the literature. Nevertheless, the use of A1C for diagnosing diabetes is rapidly becoming a reality in many Western countries.

In the text that follows, one of us (E.B.) will present the main points supporting A1C (pros) and the other (J.T.) will illustrate the main counterpoints challenging A1C (cons) as the primary tool for diabetes diagnosis. The text has been prepared in full coordination and the final conclusions represent the opinion of both authors. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the …
A targeted reactivation of latent HIV-1 using an activator vector in patient samples from acute infection (2020)

NIH and CIHR.
High-resolution spectroscopy and analysis of the ν2 + ν3 combination band of SF6 in a supersonic jet expansion† (2013)

Sulphur hexafluoride is a very strong greenhouse gas whose concentration is increasing in the atmosphere. It is detected through infrared absorption spectroscopy in the strong ν3 fundamental region. Due to the existence of low-lying vibrational states of this molecule, however, many hot bands arise at room temperature and those are still not known. We present here a contribution to the elucidation of this hot band structure, by analysing the ν2 + ν3 combination band. We use a supersonic jet expansion high-resolution spectrum at a rotational temperature of ca. 25 K that was recorded thanks to the Jet-AILES setup at the Source Optimisée de Lumière d’Energie Intermédiaire du LURE (SOLEIL) Synchrotron. The simplified structure of this cold spectrum allowed us to assign 444 rovibrational lines and to fit effective Hamiltonian parameters, leading to a very satisfactory spectrum simulation. The parameters obtained in this way allow to calculate the spectrum of the ν3+ν2−ν2 hot band.
Non-preemptive demand paging technique for NAND flash-based real-time embedded systems (2010)

NAND flash memory is utilized as code storage as well as for file system storage in consumer electronics. The demand paging technique for NAND flash code storage can reduce the required main memory space. However, in realtime systems, demand paging may invoke several problems, one such example is unpredictable timing behavior. Moreover, when NAND flash memory is used for both code storage and file system storage, the resource conflict issue needs to be resolved to allow for simultaneous accesses of demand paging and file system requests. This paper addresses several practical problems of NAND flash-based demand paging in real-time embedded systems and proposes a non-preemptive demand paging technique to resolve the resource conflict within non-preemptive critical sections. Experiments on a real mobile phone platform show that the proposed demand paging requires no significant overhead.
[Diverticulosis of the large intestine]. (1976)

Under observation were 47 patients with colonic diverticula. The clinical classification of diverticulosis of the colon is suggested. The principal method of treatment in patients with uncomplicated forms of the diverticulosis should be conservative. In profuse hemorrhage and intestinal obstruction as well as in perforation of the diverticulum, that would not respond to conservative therapy, surgery is indicated.
The attenuated salmonella typhimurium strains expressing anti-cancer proteins have overcome host immune barrier to infiltrate tumor tissues and induce massive cancer cell death (2007)

4809 The current cancer therapeutic modalities have encountered tremendous challenges in treating hypoxic cancer cells due to poor drug delivery for effective chemotherapy or low level of tumor oxygenation for effective radiation therapy. Bacteria can penetrate into hypoxic tumor regions and deliver therapeutic proteins, therefore treating cancer cells that usually escape from conventional cancer therapies. Recently, the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain was introduced with >10,000 virulence attenuation and ~1,000 tumor tropism in a variety of animal tumor models. The bacteria can be easily manipulated to introduce therapeutic genes and proteins for cancer treatment. However, in a human melanoma trial, the bacterial strain showed poor tumor tissue attraction, indicating that the bacteria injected i.v. in the cancer patients might be eliminated by human immune response. To resolve this issue, we hypothesize that genetic engineering of the attenuated Salmonella strain with therapeutic protein expressions may improve bacterial infiltration in tumor tissues by overcoming the host immune response. This was tested experimentally in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), a murine tumor model that eliminated the parent strain in immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice. Initially, an anti-cancer protein recombinant methioninase was successfully expressed in the Salmonella strain. The attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing methioninase not only infiltrated the LLC tumors in C57BL/6J mice but also induced massive tumor tissue destruction. On the other hand, the original Salmonella strain, which was not able to survive in the LLC tumors in the C57BL/6J mice, could successfully infiltrate the LLC tumors implanted in the immunodeficient CB-17 SCID mice. Therefore, the original Salmonella strain was likely eliminated by the host immune response in LLC on C57BL/6J mice. Similar results were observed with Salmonella expressing TNFalpha or a combination of Methioninase and TNFalpha. Tumor cell apoptosis and macrophage activation were revealed by TUNEL and immunochemical staining. Using magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) technique, the rapid tumor tissue destruction induced by the bacteria was monitored longitudinally in vivo in a period of two weeks. Importantly, the new bacteria were observed to migrate to distant tumor sites and, therefore, may be used to treat cancer metastasis. In conclusion, the Salmonella strains expressing methioninase and/or TNFalpha have overcome the host immune barrier and infiltrated LLC tumor tissues that usually eliminated the parent salmonella strain in C57BL/6J mice. The rapid tumor tissue destruction can be monitored in vivo by DWI. Thus, attenuated bacteria expressing protein drugs may be designed to overcome human immune barriers for effective human cancer treatment.
Implementation of the Driver Drowsiness Detection System (2013)

This paper is about making cars more intelligent and interactive which may notify or resist user under unacceptable conditions, they may provide critical information of real time situations to rescue or police or owner himself. Driver fatigue resulting from sleep deprivation or sleep disorders is an important factor in the increasing number of accidents on today's roads. In this paper, we describe a real-time safety prototype that controls the vehicle speed under driver fatigue. The purpose of such a model is to advance a system to detect fatigue symptoms in drivers and control the speed of vehicle to avoid accidents. In this paper, we propose a driver drowsiness detection system in which sensor like eye blink sensor are used for detecting drowsiness of driver .If the driver is found to have sleep, buzzer will start buzzing and then turns the vehicle ignition off . Once drowsiness is detected then buzzer will on and turns the vehicle ignition off . Then vehicle will stop immediately. Vehicle accidents are most common if the driving is inadequate. These happen on most factors if the driver is drowsy. Driver drowsiness is recognized as an important factor in the vehicle accidents. The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) reported that 51% of adult drivers had driven a vehicle while feeling drowsy and 17% had actually fallen asleep. Therefore real-time drowsiness monitoring is important to avoid traffic accidents. This paper involves controlling accident due to unconscious through Eye blink. Here one eye blink sensor is fixed in vehicle where if driver looses conscious and indicate through buzzer. The car simulator study was designed to collect physiological data for validation of this technology. Methodology for analysis of physiological data, independent assessment of driver drowsiness and development of drowsiness detection algorithm by means of sequential fitting and selection If the driver is found to have sleep, it warns and then turns the ignition off. And hence possibility of accident is avoided.
Microfabrication of cantilever styli for the atomic force microscope (1990)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a newly developed high resolution microscopy technique which is capable of mapping forces near surfaces or, by means of these forces, the topography of the surface itself. In one mode of operation, AFM can resolve individual atoms on both conducting and insulating surfaces. A crucial component for the AFM is a flexible force-sensing cantilever stylus, whose properties should include, among other things: a sharp tip, a low force constant, and a high mechanical resonance frequency. These requirements can be met by reducing the size of the cantilever stylus through microfabrication techniques and employing novel methods to construct a sharp tip. Presented here are a number of microfabrication processes for constructing cantilever styli with properties ideal for the AFM. These fabrication processes include (1) a method for producing thin film SiO2 or Si3N4 cantilevers without tips, (2) a method for producing Si3N4 cantilevers with integrated pyramidal tips formed by using an etch pit on the (100) surface of Si as a mold, (3) a method for producing SiO2 cantilevers with conical tips formed by a combination of isotropic and anisotropic plasma etching of a small Si post, and (4) a method for producing SiO2 cantilevers with integrated tetrahedral tips formed by anisotropically etching a corner of a small Si post to a sharp point. Each of these processes uses a (100) Si wafer as a substrate and relies on conventional batch fabrication techniques. The quality (i.e., sharpness) of the tips produced by the above methods matches or exceeds that of conventional tips used in the AFM or scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Alternative methods for producing tips by evaporation of material through an orifice or by selective chemical vapor deposition of W metal into a pyramidal etch pit in Si have been demonstrated, but these methods have not yet been successfully used in cantilever assemblies.