gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies (2011)

Besides fluorine, oxygen is the most electronegative element with the highest reduction potential in biological systems. Metabolic pathways in mammalian cells utilize oxygen as the ultimate oxidizing agent to harvest free energy. They are very efficient, but not without risk of generating various oxygen radicals. These cells have good antioxidative defense mechanisms to neutralize these radicals and prevent oxidative stress. However, increased oxidative stress results in oxidative modifications in lipid, protein, and nucleic acids, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke-related brain damage. Research has indicated mitochondria play a central role in cell suicide. An increase in oxidative stress causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to more production of reactive oxygen species and eventually mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Once the mitochondria are destabilized, cells are destined to commit suicide. Therefore, antioxidative agents alone are not sufficient to protect neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases. Combinatorial treatment with antioxidative agents could stabilize mitochondria and may be the most suitable strategy to prevent neuronal loss. This review discusses recent work related to oxidative toxicity in the central nervous system and strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Yeast Malate Dehydrogenase: Enzyme Inactivation in Catabolite Repression (1967)

The apparent inactivation of malate dehydrogenase activity in yeast following exposure to glucose has been studied. It was found to be prevented by inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide, by addition of sodium azide, and by chilling the yeast to 0°. Kinetic evidence suggests that malate dehydrogenase from acetate‐induced and glucose‐repressed yeast are different molecular species. Possible mechanisms for “inactivation‐repression” are discussed.
Cytoskeletal defects in GBA2 knockout-testis already occur during the first spermatogenic wave. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;(A)&lt;/b&gt; Immunofluorescent labeling of the cytoskeleton in wild-type (+/+) and GBA2 knockout-testis (-/-) at P7. Microtubules have been labeled using an anti-beta tubulin III antibody (red), F-actin using Alexa Fluor Phalloidin 488 (green), and the DNA using DAPI (blue). Scale bars are indicated. &lt;b&gt;(B)&lt;/b&gt; See (A) for P21. &lt;b&gt;(C)&lt;/b&gt; See (A) for P23. &lt;b&gt;(D)&lt;/b&gt; See (A) for P34. &lt;b&gt;(E)&lt;/b&gt; Development of the manchette in spermatids. The manchette was stained with beta-tubulin (red), DNA was labeled with DAPI (blue). Different developmental stages are indicated. &lt;b&gt;(F)&lt;/b&gt; Manchette length. The manchette length of spermatids from wild-type (+/+) and GBA2 knockout-mice (-/-) was determined using ImageJ. At least 30 cells have been analyzed per genotype. Data are shown as mean ± S.D.; n numbers and p values calculated using One-Way ANOVA are indicated.&lt;/p&gt;
Force-Reflecting Anthropomorphic Hand Masters. (1995)

Abstract : A fully 'present' telerobotic or virtual reality (VR) hand interface would require perfect position, force, and tactile feedback to all of the operator's finger segments. A functional interface must meet a task-dependent subset of these requirements. Most interfaces have developed in the form of an exoskeleton that is worn on the hand. The state of the art in anthropomorphic force reflecting hand exoskeletons is characterized by a small number of independent efforts in government, academic, and commercial laboratories. Efforts are in widely varying stages of development, and have been slowed by the serious design limitations of this application, and by a dearth of suitable actuators. This report applies existing data on human sensing and biodynamic capabilities to generate hand master design criteria. Current efforts are reviewed for an assessment of the state of the art. Specific actuator technologies are evaluated for their potential, particularly emerging technologies in magnetostrictive and piezoelectric actuation. The report offers recommendations concerning design compromises and areas of future development. Appendices present calculations of maximum human finger joint torques, measurements of maximum human finger joint speeds, coverage of hand mechanics and anthropometry, photographs of hand masters, and a data sheet for each known force reflecting-hand master.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the endometrium of bitches (2002)

The relationships between activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the canine uterus and the occurrence of degeneration of the luminal epithelium, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra and uterine remodelling post partum were determined. Mature bitches (n = 10) were ovariectomized, treated with hormones (oestradiol benzoate, progestagen) and investigated at stages simulating pro-oestrus (n = 2), oestrus (n = 2), dioestrus (n = 2), and mid- (n = 2) and late (n = 2) anoestrus (3 and 9 weeks, respectively, after cessation of treatment with progestagen). Untreated bitches (n = 1 per group) served as controls (Expt 1). An additional 10 ovariectomized bitches, at the end of treatment-induced simulated dioestrus, were treated each day for a further 3 weeks either with the same dose (standard dose, n = 3), a decreased dose (n = 3) or an increased dose (n = 3) of progestagen, or no treatment (withdrawal dose, n = 1). These bitches were then investigated (Expt 2). A suture was placed in the lumen of one uterine horn of another five bitches at ovariectomy. Three of these bitches were treated to induce simulated dioestrus and two bitches served as untreated controls. In the hormone-treated bitches, the suture resulted in cystic endometrial hyperplasia in one bitch and in cystic endometrial hyperplasia with pyometra in two bitches. The control bitches showed no cystic endometrial hyperplasia or pyometra (Expt 3). Four intact bitches were studied at 2 (n = 1), 3 (n = 2) and 11 (n = 1) weeks post partum. Uterine tissues were also collected from two bitches with naturally occurring cystic endometrial hyperplasia with pyometra (Expt 4). All uteri were examined histologically and the activities of MMP-2, -7 and -9 (latent and active forms) were assessed using zymography of extracts of endometrium. In Expts 1 and 2, marked degeneration of the luminal epithelium in six of 25 bitches (simulated mid-anoestrus, withdrawal dose and decreased dose groups) was not associated with changes in MMP activities. Markedly increased activities of MMP-2 (active form), -7 (latent form) and -9 (active and latent forms) were observed in the bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia with pyometra (but not with cystic endometrial hyperplasia alone) and in the bitches at 2 and 3 weeks post partum (but not at 11 weeks post partum). These results indicate that MMPs are not involved with degeneration of the luminal epithelium, but are involved with uterine remodelling in the postpartum bitch and with cystic endometrial hyperplasia with pyometra.
Tri-Axial Force Measurements on the Cylinder of a Motored SI Engine Operated on Lubricants of Differing Viscosity (2009)

Friction is a determining factor in the efficiency and performance of internal combustion engines. Losses in the form of friction work typically account for 10–20% of an engine’s output. Improvements in the friction characteristics of the power cylinder assembly are essential for reducing total engine friction and improving the mechanical efficiency of internal combustion engines. This paper describes the development and implementation of a new concept of the ‘floating liner’ engine at Colorado State University that allows 0.5 crank angle degree resolved measurement of the forces on the cylinder along 3 axes — in the axial direction, the thrust direction, and along the wrist pin. Three different lubricants with differing properties were tested to observe the friction characteristics of each. Experimental results showed that the floating liner engine was able to resolve changes in friction characteristics coinciding with changes in lubricant viscosity and temperature. Axial force increases at TDC and BDC were observed as lubricant viscosity was decreased and larger amounts of mixed and boundary lubrication began to occur. For each test the axial friction force data was used to calculate total cycle friction work. The thrust and off-axis (wrist pin direction) forces are discussed under the same circumstances.
Nanoceria-Modified Platinum−Gold Composite Electrodes for the Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol and Ethanol in Acidic Media (2010)

Nanocrystalline Pt/Au/CeO2 composite electrodes of varying Pt/Au ratios were prepared on polycrystalline Pt and Au electrodes by simultaneous electrodeposition from K2PtCl6, AuCl3, and CeO2 solutions. The ratio of Pt:Au was varied from 0:2 to 2:0. It was observed that the electrodes prepared from a 2:1 Pt:Au solution yielded a slightly higher current for the oxidation of methanol. Scanning electron microscopy showed stark changes in the electrode morphology and surface area as the Au concentration is increased. The morphology of the electrodes varies with the ratio of Pt:Au, ranging from a relatively smooth deposit for Pt, a globular particulate for Pt:Au, and a dendrite-like triangular shape for Au. It was also observed that the 1:2 Pt:Au ratio gave a 2-fold increase in the oxidation current for the oxidation of ethanol, suggesting that the Pt:Au composite electrode proves to be a better catalyst for the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol. The changes in morphology of the film can probably be attributed to the catalytic enhancement in ethanol. However, the increase in the current is larger than what can be explained by surface area effects, suggesting a synergistic effect for the electrochemical oxidation of the alcohol.
5G infrastructures supporting end-user and operational services: The 5G-XHaul architectural perspective (2016)

We propose an optical-wireless 5G infrastructure offering converged fronthauling/backhauling functions to support both operational and end-user cloud services. A layered architectural structure required to efficiently support these services is shown. The data plane performance of the proposed infrastructure is evaluated in terms of energy consumption and service delay through a novel modelling framework. Our modelling results show that the proposed architecture can offer significant energy savings but there is a clear trade-off between overall energy consumption and service delay.
Reversible right vagal neuropathy (2011)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To investigate the correspondence between diagnoses on sick leave certificates and diagnoses made in structured psychiatric interviews. Secondary aims were to investigate length of sick leave by diagnoses on sick leave certificates, diagnoses made in structured interviews and symptom severity. <h3>Design</h3> Observational study consisting of a secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial and an observational study. <h3>Setting</h3> The regions of Stockholm and Västra Götaland, Sweden. <h3>Participants</h3> 480 people on sick leave for common mental disorders. <h3>Interventions</h3> Participants were examined with structured psychiatric interviews and self-rated symptom severity scales. <h3>Outcome measures</h3> (1) Sick leave certificate diagnoses, (2) diagnoses from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Self-rated Stress-Induced Exhaustion Disorder (SED) Instrument (s-ED), (3) symptom severity (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale-self-rating version and the Karolinska Exhaustion Disorder Scale) and (4) number of sick leave days. <h3>Results</h3> There was little correspondence between diagnoses on sick leave certificates and diagnoses made in structured psychiatric interviews. Many participants on sick leave for SED, anxiety disorder or depression fulfilled criteria for other mental disorders. Most on sick leave for SED (76%) and anxiety disorder (67%) had depression (p=0.041). Length of sick leave did not differ by certificate diagnoses. Participants with SED (s-ED) had longer sick leave than participants without SED (144 vs 84 days; 1.72 (1.37–2.16); p&lt;0.001). More severe symptoms were associated with longer sick leave. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Diagnoses on sick leave certificates did not reflect the complex and overlapping nature of the diagnoses found in the structured psychiatric interviews. This finding is relevant to the interpretation of information from health data registers, including studies and guidelines based on these data. A result of clinical interest was that more severe symptoms predicted long-term sick leave better than actual diagnoses.
Vagotomy Decreases Excitability in Primary Vagal Afferent Somata (2001)

Standard patch-clamp and intracellular recording techniques were used to monitor membrane excitability changes in adult inferior vagal ganglion neurons (nodose ganglion neurons, NGNs) 5 days following section of the vagus nerve (vagotomy). NGNs were maintained in vivo for 5 days following vagotomy, and then in vitro for 2–9 h prior to recording. Vagotomy increased action potential (AP) threshold by over 200% (264 ± 19 pA, mean ± SE, n = 66) compared with control values (81 ± 20 pA, n = 68; P &lt; 0.001). The number of APs evoked by a 3 times threshold 750-ms depolarizing current decreased by &gt;70% (from 8.3 to 2.3 APs, P &lt; 0.001) and the number of APs evoked by a standardized series of (0.1–0.9 nA, 750 ms) depolarizing current steps decreased by over 80% (from 16.9 APs to 2.6 APs, P &lt; 0.001) in vagotomized NGNs. Similar decreases in excitability were observed in vagotomized NGNs in intact ganglia in vitro studied with “sharp” microelectrode techniques. Baseline electrophysiological properties and changes following vagotomy were similar in right and left NGNs. A “sham” vagotomy procedure had no effect on NGN properties at 5 days, indicating that changes were due to severing the vagus nerve itself, not surrounding tissue damage. NGNs isolated after being maintained 17 h in vivo following vagotomy revealed no differences in excitability, suggesting that vagotomy-induced changes occur some time from 1–5 days after injury. Decreased excitability was still observed in NGNs isolated after 20–21 days in vivo following vagotomy. These data indicate that, in contrast to many primary sensory neurons that are thought to become hyperexcitable following section of their axons, NGNs undergo a marked decrease in electrical excitability following vagotomy.
Equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration, and ultracentrifugation compared for determining the plasma-protein-binding characteristics of valproic acid. (1985)

Equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration, and ultracentrifugation were compared to determine their reliability and applicability in the study of binding of an anticonvulsant drug, valproic acid, by plasma proteins. We studied drug binding with pooled serum and with solutions of human serum albumin at physiological concentrations. We compared binding characteristics such as number of binding sites, affinity constants, and percent of binding as measured by each method in the therapeutic range for valproic acid. Results by ultracentrifugation differed from those by equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration, which agreed reasonably well with each other.
Test di laboratorio di iniezione per l'impermeabilizzazione e consolidamento di terreni granulari per mezzo di materiali innovativi (2014)

La possibilità di iniettare un terreno, mediante una miscela in grado di modificarne le caratteristiche geotecniche, rimane oggi una delle tecniche di miglioramento dei terreni più efficace nell'ottica dello scavo di gallerie. I campi di applicabilità di queste miscele dipendono da numerosi parametri esterni, legati sia alle caratteristiche dei terreni da permeare, sia alle tecniche d'iniezione. Le prove di laboratorio non sono codificate e spesso sono basate su procedimenti concepiti ex novo dai vari sperimentatori. In linea generale si può dire che le prove di laboratorio sono prevalentemente focalizzate sulla caratterizzazione reologica delle miscele utilizzate, sulla loro effettiva capacità di penetrazione in terreni granulari campione e sui parametri di resistenza ottenibili sui terreni iniettati. Il principale obiettivo della ricerca è quello di analizzare le proprietà di due nuovi materiali per l'iniezione, il microcemento e la nanosilice colloidale, attraverso la caratterizzazione della miscela e lo studio della sua capacità di penetrazione in vari terreni granulari. Le prove effettuate in questa sperimentazione hanno dimostrato le effettive capacità di questi nuovi materiali nel conseguire un'eccellente penetrazione e un ottimo consolidamento dei terreni granulari, anche con percentuali di grani fini nel terreno
<title>Big Throughput Camera: the first year</title> (1998)

The Big Throughput Camera (BTC) recently celebrated its first anniversary as a user instrument on the Blanco 4-meter telescope at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory (CTIO), where it collects more photons per second than any other nighttime astronomical camera in the world. We offer a look at the successes and lessons learned during the first year of operation. After an overview of the hardware, we describe the software from the user's point of view, and then offer examples of the observing targets and strategies used. BTC has become very popular among CTIO observers -- more than one- third of dark time is now assigned to BTC -- but the large field of view leads to some new data reduction challenges which we discuss in the final section.
Microwave‐Assisted Formylations of Weakly Basic Anilines with Methyl Formate Catalyzed by Calcium and Hydrogen Triflimides (2016)

Abstract Catalytic amounts of calcium and hydrogen triflimides [Ca(NTf 2 ) 2 , HNTf 2 ] were found to be efficient for the solvent‐free formylation of a variety of weakly basic anilines by using cheap and widely available methyl formate as the formylating agent under microwave irradiation. Initial investigations showed that in the case of calcium triflimide, Brønsted acid catalysis was most likely operating. Remarkably, the corresponding calcium triflate and triflic acid were significantly less active.
CTCF, a novel fusion partner of ETO2 in a post-transplant relapsed acute myeloid leukemia patient (2020)

<title>Abstract</title> Background ETO2 is a nuclear co-repressor, which plays a critical role in the regulation of the cell cycle, self-renewal capacity, and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Methods We identified novel fusion transcripts involving <italic>ETO2</italic> and <italic>CTCF</italic> by RNA-seq in a post-transplant relapsed case. Results The <italic>CTCF-ETO2</italic> and <italic>ETO2-CTCF</italic> chimeric genes were validated by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. In addition, both transcripts apparently promoted cell proliferation which is beneficial to tumorigenesis. Conclusion The novel fusions may have prognostic value and pathogenic mechanisms in acute myeloid leukemia.
Deposition of a viscous fluid on the wall of a tube (1961)

Measurements of the amount of fluid left behind when a viscous liquid is blown from an open-ended tube are described.
Clustered Pose and Nonlinear Appearance Models for Human Pose Estimation (2010)

We investigate the task of 2D articulated human pose estimation in unconstrained still images. This is extremely challenging because of variation in pose, anatomy, clothing, and imaging conditions. Current methods use simple models of body part appearance and plausible configurations due to limitations of available training data and constraints on computational expense. We show that such models severely limit accuracy. Building on the successful pictorial structure model (PSM) we propose richer models of both appearance and pose, using state-of-the-art discriminative classifiers without introducing unacceptable computational expense. We introduce a new annotated database of challenging consumer images, an order of magnitude larger than currently available datasets, and demonstrate over 50% relative improvement in pose estimation accuracy over a stateof-the-art method.
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes from Normal Individuals Can Be Induced to Secrete Immunoglobulin G Antibodies against Self-Antigen Thyroglobulin in Vitro* (1985)

Autoantibodies to the self-antigen thyroglobulin (Tg) are usually not found in sera of normal individuals, but are often present in sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. To determine if the presence of such autoantibodies could be due to the abnormal appearance of self-reactive B cells, which are otherwise absent in normal subjects, or to an alteration in the mechanisms regulating such B cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal individuals and patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases were cultured and stimulated in vitro with the polyclonal stimulant pokeweed mitogen (PWM). A modified plaque assay was used to enumerate cells secreting protein A-binding immunoglobulins (Igs) and specific antibodies against Tg. PBL from all individuals tested, including normal subjects (n = 26), could be induced by PWM to produce antibodies against Tg in vitro and these antibodies were of IgG isotypes. PBL from patients with detectable serum anti-Tg had more inducible cells secreting anti-Tg [27,000 +/- 10,700 (+/- SD)/10(6) PBL] than those from patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases, who had no detectable serum anti-Tg (8,000 +/- 5,000), and those from normal individuals (7,200 +/- 4,200). The demonstration of inducible mature (IgG) anti-Tg-producing cells in normal individuals suggests that subclinical autoimmunity against certain self-antigens may be a normal phenomenon in man and that its escalation into clinical autoimmune conditions is prevented through regulation of the specific self-reactive cells.
Figure S2 from Prolactin Promotes Fibrosis and Pancreatic Cancer Progression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;The pancreas of adult prolactin deficient mice display no obvious abnormalities.&lt;/p&gt;
Advanced micro/nanocapsules for self-healing smart anticorrosion coatings (2014)

Smart self-healing micro/nanocontainers that heal cracks in the coating by releasing active compounds in response to external stimuli were reviewed.