gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phototherapy: How does UV work? (2005)

Phototherapy has been largely empirical. Thus, despite the long term use its mechanisms of action are quite unclear. Because of the recent achievements in photoimmunology and molecular photobiology we are now beginning to understand some of the mechanisms. Many of the effects are certainly mediated via induction of apoptotic cell death. Another major mechanism is the induction of immunosuppression. This review primarily focuses on recent advances in photoimmunology which will contribute to the further understanding how phototherapy acts.
Facile Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of CuO Nanomaterials and Their Catalytic and Electrochemical Properties (2011)

Copper oxides have been widely used as catalysts, gas sensors, adsorbents, and electrode materials. In this work, CuO nanomaterials were synthesized via a facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal process in Cu(CH3COO)2(0.1 M)/urea(0.5 M) and Cu(NO3)2(0.1 M)/urea(0.5 M) aqueous systems at 150 °C for 30 min. The formation processes of copper oxides were investigated, and their catalytic activities were evaluated by the epoxidation of alkenes and the oxidation of CO to CO2. Their electrochemical properties were compared as supercapacitor electrodes using cyclic voltammetry. Experimental results indicated that copper acetate solution could be hydrolyzed to form urchin-like architectured CuO, and the addition of urea accelerated this transformation. CuO nanoparticles were formed and aggregated into spheroidal form (CuO-1) in Cu(CH3COO)2/urea aqueous solution. Cu2(OH)2CO3 was formed as an intermediate, and then thermally decomposed into CuO nanorods (CuO-2) in the Cu(NO3)2/urea aqueous system. The synthesized copper oxide nanomaterials exhibited excellent catalytic activities for the epoxidation of alkenes, the oxidation of CO, and pseudocapacitance behavior in potassium hydroxide solution. The increase of specific surface area promoted the catalytic activities and conversions for olefins and CO. CO was oxidized to CO2 when the applied temperature was higher than 115 °C, and conversion of 100% was obtained at 130 °C. CuO-1 showed higher catalytic activities and capacitance values than those of CuO-2 likely due to the former having a larger specific surface area. This work facilitates the preparation of nanosized CuO materials with excellent catalytic and electrochemical performance.
On the Capacity of a Class of Cognitive Z-Interference Channels (2011)

We study a special class of the cognitive radio channel in which the receiver of the cognitive pair does not suffer interference from the primary user. Previously developed general encoding schemes for this channel are complex as they attempt to cope with arbitrary channel conditions, which leads to rate regions that are difficult to evaluate. The focus of our work is to derive simple rate regions that are easily computable, thereby providing more insights into achievable rates and good coding strategies under different channel conditions. We first present several explicit achievable regions for the general discrete memoryless case. We also present an improved outer bound on the capacity region for the case of high interference. We then extend these regions to Gaussian channels. With a simple outer bound we establish a new capacity region in the high-interference regime. Lastly, we provide numerical comparisons between the derived achievable rate regions and the outer bounds.
Synthesis, structural analysis, and visualization of poly(2‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole)s and poly(3‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole)s containing chiral and achiral minidendritic substituents (2002)

Abstract The synthesis of 2‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole and 3‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole monomers containing first‐generation chiral and achiral dendritic (i.e., minidendritic) substituents, 2‐ethynyl‐9‐[3,4,5‐tris(dodecan‐1‐yloxy)benzyl]carbazole (2ECz), 3‐ethynyl‐9‐[3,4,5‐tris(dodecan‐1‐yloxy)benzyl]carbazole (3ECz), 2‐ethynyl‐9‐{3,4,5‐tris[( S )‐2‐methylbutan‐1‐yloxy]benzyl}carbazole (2ECz*), and 3‐ethynyl‐9‐{3,4,5‐tris[( S )‐2‐methylbutan‐1‐yloxy]benzyl}carbazole (3ECz*), is presented. All monomers were polymerized and copolymerized by stereospecific polymerization to produce cis‐transoidal soluble stereoisomers. A structural analysis of poly(2ECz), poly(2ECz*), poly(3ECz), poly(3ECz*), poly(2ECz*‐ co ‐2ECz), and poly(3ECz*‐ co ‐3ECz) by a combination of techniques, including 1 H NMR, ultraviolet–visible, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, thermal optical polarized microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction experiments, demonstrated that these polymers had a helical conformation that produced cylindrical macromolecules exhibiting chiral and achiral nematic phases. Individual chains of these cylindrical macromolecules were visualized by atomic force microscopy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3509–3533, 2002
Broadening participation by teaching accessibility (2021)

Strategies for incorporating accessibility into computing education.
Thin‐Film Metal‐Oxide Electrodes for Lithium Microbatteries (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Lithium Cobalt Oxide Thin Films LiNiO2 and Its Derivatives Compounds LiNi1-xMO2 LiMn2O4 Films V2O5 Thin Films MoO3 Thin Films General Conclusions References
Chiral Guanidine-catalyzed 1,4-Addition Reaction of 5H-Oxazol-4-ones to Alkynones (2012)

Abstract An asymmetric 1,4-addition reaction of 5H-oxazol-4-ones to alkynones using chiral guanidine catalysts bearing a hydroxy group at the appropriate position was developed, and applied to several substrates. The method provides a synthetically useful enone-substituted α-hydroxy acid derivatives with a chiral quaternary α-carbon atom.
Interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with the Mr 90,000 heat shock protein: an evolving model of ligand-mediated receptor transformation and translocation. (1989)

Reports from several laboratories support a model for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transformation in cytosol in which a heteromeric 9S complex of GR and the Mr 90,000 heat shock protein undergo a temperature-dependent and hormone-promoted dissociation to yield the free DNA-binding form of the receptor. In this paper, we review evidence that the 9S heteromeric complex is derived from the normal inactive state of the receptor in the intact cell and that both Mr 90,000 heat shock protein and the untransformed GR localize by immunofluorescence with specific monoclonal antibodies to microtubules in a variety of cell types in culture. We propose that an association with cytoskeleton may be required for translocating the GR from its cytoplasmic site of synthesis to its nuclear site of action and that the 9S complex is derived from this cytoskeleton-associated form. Similar molybdate-stabilized 9S complexes can be obtained for all of the steroid receptors, several of which clearly are localized to the nucleus prior to exposure to hormone. These receptors may have moved to the terminus of the translocation pathway where they remain in a cytoskeleton-bound "docking" position. We speculate that, in the intact cell, ligand-dependent dissociation of Mr 90,000 heat shock protein permits the steroid receptors to progress by some ordered mechanism to their high affinity sites of action within the nucleus.
Response to “Comment on ‘Resonant acoustic scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish’ ” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 571–580 (1978)] (2013)

In the 1970s a model of resonant scattering from a swimbladder-bearing fish was developed. The fish was modeled as an air bubble, representing a swimbladder, encased in a viscous spherical shell, representing the fish flesh. This model has been used successfully to correlate acoustic scattering data with fish information in a number of ocean locations. Recently, questions have arisen about viscous damping of the flesh and the thickness of the shell [K. Baik, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 5-8 (2013)]. This Letter responds to those questions and provides practical insight into the model's use.
Present and Future Situations of China Offshore Oil and Gas Development (2013)

Offshore oil and gas production in China account for 20.4%and 8.7%of the nation's total respectively after development for more than twenty years.The northern South Sea contributed the most among all other waters during the 1990s but was replaced by the Bohan Bay after 1997 when the former started to decline sharply in its production.However,the production of the Bohai Bay had also started to drop in 2011,signaling a relatively production plateau or production decrease.Therefore,China needs to strengthen a strategic replacement of production and reserves in its sea waters through intensive exploration in South China Sea,especially the deep and ultra-deep waters in the continental slope of the northern part for replacement,and focusing on new domain being in the Mesozoic from the northern South China Sea to East China Sea.
Seizures and epilepsy (1984)

Because seizures are a sign of dysfunction of the CNS, thorough evaluation of patients is necessary prior to treatment. Patient and family histories are essential in diagnosis, and electroencephalography, computed tomography, and information obtained from observers are useful as well. Before deciding whether or not to treat a patient, the physician needs to determine the probability of recurrence of seizures, based on the results of diagnostic evaluation. In the majority of patients, seizures can be controlled by proper drug therapy; even better drugs should be available within the next few years. If a seizure is determined to be nonepileptic, specific intervention techniques such as psychiatric counseling may be needed.
Lack of a‐CGRP Prevents High Fat Diet Induced Biliary Proliferation and Hepatic Steatosis (2018)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a prevalent problem in westernized societies where incidents of obesity lead to a reduction in blood flow and a deposition of fat into the liver increasing incidents of maladies ranging from minor nonclinical hepatic steatosis (NASH) to severe cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). We have previously shown that cholangiocytes participate in a sub epithelial fibrotic process that is the hallmark of hepatobiliary injury. Employing a well‐established mouse model of mechanical liver injury through bile duct ligation (BDL), we have shown that cholangiocytes are regulated, in part, through sensory innervation, and manipulation of the innervation pathway through a‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide (a‐CGRP) signaling results in a reduction in cholangiocyte proliferation as well as liver fibrosis. Due to the fibrotic nature of fatty liver disease and our previous research demonstrating the interplay between cholangiocytes, neuropeptides, and sensory receptors, we AIM to evaluate the role a‐CGRP plays in the biliary progression from hepatic steatosis to the profibrotic phenotype found in the damaged biliary epithelium. METHODS Studies were performed in C57 (WT) and CGRP KO mice (4 wk of age). Mice were treated with Control and High Fat Diet (0.2% cholesterol, 45% fat calories, with 30% of the fat in the form of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil) with 45% fructose, 55% glucose (42g/L) drinking water for 20 wks. Fat deposition was visualized via Oil Red O staining. Ductular reaction (IBDM), CGRP accessory protein and collagen deposition was evaluated by IHC for CK‐19, RAMP1 and Sirius Red, respectively, in total liver sections. a‐CGRP was evaluated via protein expression in mouse total liver and mRNA in human tissue by IHC and q PCR. mRNA data for CLR, CALCRL, RAMP1, and CGRP was obtained via q PCR in pure cholangiocytes in WT CD and WT HFD. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in the fat deposition in the a‐CGRP KO HFD compared to the WT HFD. There was a significant decrease in IBDM and collagen deposition in CGRP KO HFD mice compared to WT HFD. Both mouse HFD and human steatotic livers showed significant increases in a‐CGRP when compared to their WT counterpart. Additionally, IHC demonstrated a significant increase in RAMP1 in the WT HFD when compared to CD. Cholangiocytes had significant increase in the expression of mRNA in the CGRP receptor (CLR), the receptor component (CGRPRC), its accessory, RAMP1, and the protein CGRP in HFD when compared to the WT CD. CONCLUSION a‐CGRP plays a substantial role in proliferation and hepatic fibrosis. Modulation of the a‐CGRP axis may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the management of NAFLD. Support or Funding Information NIH R01 DK76898 This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Postburn immunosuppression in an animal model. II. Restoration of cell-mediated immunity by immunomodulating drugs. (1984)

We used a model of full-thickness burn injury in the mouse and quantitated cell-mediated immunity (CMI) by measuring the degree of sensitization to the contact antigen, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Our previous studies have shown that CMI in the burned mouse is severely suppressed. Using this immunosuppression model, we were able to significantly restore CMI by treating animals following the burn injury either with one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen or indomethacin or with the cytotoxic alkylating agent cyclophosphamide. These drugs probably restore CMI by inhibiting generation of suppressor T lymphocytes in the burned host.
Salt fingers in an unbounded thermocline (2001)

Numerical solutions for salt e ngers in an unbounded thermocline with uniform overall vertical temperature-salinity gradients are obtained from the Navier-Stokes-Boussinesq equations in a e nite computational domain with periodic boundary conditions on the velocity. First we extend previous two-dimensional (2D) heat-salt calculations [Prandtl number Pr 5 n/k T 5 7 and molecular diffusivity ratio t 5 k S/k T 5 0.01] for density ratio R 5 2; as R decreases we show that the average heat and salt e uxes increase rapidly. Then three-dimensional (3D) calculations for R 5 2.0, Pr 5 7, and the numerically “ accessible” values of t 5 1/6, 1/12 show that the ratio of these 3D e uxes to the corresponding 2D values [at the same ( t, R, Pr)] is approximately two. This ratio is then extrapolated to t 5 0.01 and multiplied by the directly computed 2D e uxes to obtain a e rst estimate for the 3D heat-salt e uxes, and for the eddy salt diffusivity (dee ned in terms of the overall vertical salinity gradient). Since these calculations are for relatively “ small domains” [ O(10) e nger pairs], we then consider much larger scales, such as will include a slowly varying internal gravity wave. An analytic theory which assumes that the e nger e ux is given parametrically by the small domain e ux laws shows that if a critical number A is exceeded, the wave-strain modulates the e nger e ux divergence in a way which amplie es the wave. This linear theoretical result is cone rmed, and the e nite amplitude of the wave is obtained, in a 2D numerical calculation which resolves both waves and e ngers. For highly supercritical A (small R) it is shown that the temporally increasing wave shear does not reduce the e uxes until the wave Richardson number drops to ;0.5, whereupon the wave starts to overturn. The onset of density inversions suggests that at later time (not calculated), and in a sufe ciently large 3D domain, strong convective turbulence will occur in patches.
Flexible technological process for functional integration (2002)

In this paper, a flexible technological process suitable for the development of complex integrated power structures based on the functional integration mode is presented. This technological process is based on a succession of basic technological steps corresponding to the fabrication of IGBT devices and compatible specific steps supporting more complex functions.
A Stochastic Model of Space Radiation Transport as a Tool in the Development of Time-Dependent Risk Assessment (2011)

A new computer model, the GCR Event-based Risk Model code (GERMcode), was developed to describe biophysical events from high-energy protons and heavy ions that have been studied at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) [1] for the purpose of simulating space radiation biological effects. In the GERMcode, the biophysical description of the passage of heavy ions in tissue and shielding materials is made with a stochastic approach that includes both ion track structure and nuclear interactions. The GERMcode accounts for the major nuclear interaction processes of importance for describing heavy ion beams, including nuclear fragmentation, elastic scattering, and knockout-cascade processes by using the quantum multiple scattering fragmentation (QMSFRG) model [2]. The QMSFRG model has been shown to be in excellent agreement with available experimental data for nuclear fragmentation cross sections
Microstructured Hydrophobic Skin for Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction (2004)

6Wood, D. H., “A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Stall-Delay on Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 37, 1991, pp. 1–14. 7Cebecci, T., An Engineering Approach to the Calculation of Aerodynamic Flows, Springer, Berlin, 1999, pp. 51–62. 8Banks, W. H. H., and Gaad, G. E., “Delaying Effect of Rotation on Laminar Separation,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1963, pp. 941, 942.
Characterization of novel genes induced by sexual adhesion and gamete fusion and of their transcriptional regulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (2008)

When mating type plus and minus gametes of Chlamydomonas are mixed, they agglutinate with each other via their flagella, fuse, then initiate the zygote formation program which includes synthesis of the zygote cell wall, fusion of nuclei and chloroplasts, and the digestion of chloroplast DNA from the minus parent. The mRNAs from gamete and zygote cells was isolated and hybridized to cDNA-macroarray filters both to identify new genes expressed during the mating reaction and the early zygote formation process and to analyze the gene expression programs that underlie these sexual processes. Twenty-one novel genes were identified in this screen, designated as EZY (early zygote expressed) genes. The EZY genes included genes encoding proteins whose function is unknown, and genes encoding proteins that appear to be involved in processes such as cell wall synthesis, gene expression, intracellular trafficking or secretion, and vesicular transport in zygotic cells. All of the EZY genes were strongly induced within 1 h during the mating process, including early zygote formation. The transcriptional characteristics of EZY genes were analyzed by using the fusion-defective mutant fus mt(+). Among the EZY genes, 12 genes were not activated in fusion-defective conditions, suggesting that cell fusion is required for their expression. The remaining nine that were transcribed in fusion-defective fus matings were also inducible by cell wall removal in either vegetative or gametic cells, indicating that these genes were induced only indirectly by the cAMP signaling pathway initiated by flagellar agglutination as a result of mating-induced cell wall loss.
Bleeding severity in patients with rare bleeding disorders: real-life data from the RBiN study (2020)

Patients with hereditary rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) present with diverse hemorrhagic symptoms. Correlation between factor activity levels and clinical bleeding severity is poor for most RBDs. Threshold factor activity levels have been previously described in relation to bleeding severity but have not yet been validated. The Rare Bleeding Disorders in the Netherlands (RBiN) study is a nationwide cross-sectional study of patients registered in all 6 Dutch Haemophilia Treatment Centers with a known RBD and who are age 1 to 99 years. Bleeding scores were determined, and laboratory and clinical data were extracted from patient files. In all, 263 patients were included, of whom 202 (77%) attended the scheduled study visit. The median International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) bleeding assessment tool (BAT) score was 9. Correlations between baseline factor activity levels and ISTH BAT scores were strong for deficiencies in factor II (FII) (r = -0.792) and FX (r = -0.838) and were moderate for deficiencies of fibrinogen (r = -0.683), FV (r = -0.623), FVII (r = -0.516), FXIII (r = -0.516), and α2-antiplasmin (r = -0.594). There was no correlation for FXI deficiency (r = -0.218). The RBD BAT identified more women (94% vs 83%) and children (100% vs 71%) with an RBD than the ISTH BAT did. Importantly, 48% of patients had more severe bleeding than predicted for their baseline factor activity level. In addition, 34% of patients were predicted to be asymptomatic, but they actually had grade 2 (31%) or 3 (3%) bleeding. Bleeding severity in patients with RBDs is more pronounced than previously anticipated. The previously determined threshold factor activity levels to ensure no (spontaneous) bleeding in patients with an RBD are inaccurate. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03347591.
A more reliable PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples (1994)

Diagnostic techniques based on PCR have two major problems: false-positive reactions due to contamination with DNA fragments from previous PCRs (amplicons) and false-negative reactions caused by inhibitors that interfere with the PCR. We have improved our previously reported PCR based on the amplification of a fragment of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-specific insertion element IS6110 with respect to both problems. False-positive reactions caused by amplicon contamination were prevented by the use of uracil-N-glycosylase and dUTP instead of dTTP. We selected a new set of primers outside the region spanned by the formerly used primers to avoid false-positive reactions caused by dTTP-containing amplicons still present in the laboratory. With this new primer set, 16 copies of the IS6110 insertion element, the equivalent of two bacteria, could be amplified 10(10) times in 40 cycles, resulting in a mean efficiency of 77% per cycle. To detect the presence of inhibitors of the Taq polymerase, which may cause false-negative reactions, part of each sample was spiked with M. tuberculosis DNA. The DNA purification method using guanidinium thiocyanate and diatoms effectively removed most or all inhibitors of the PCR. However, this was not suitable for blood samples, for which we developed a proteinase K treatment followed by phenol-chloroform extraction. This method permitted detection of 20 M. tuberculosis bacteria per ml of whole blood. Various laboratory procedures were introduced to reduce failure or inhibition of PCR and avoid DNA cross contamination. We have tested 218 different clinical specimens obtained from patients suspected of having tuberculosis. The samples included sputum (n=145), tissue biopsy samples (n=25), cerebrospinal fluid (n=15), blood (n=14), pleural fluid (n=9), feces, (n=7), fluid from fistulae (n=2), and pus from a wound (n=1). The results obtained by PCR were consistent with those obtained with culture, which is the "gold standard." We demonstrate that PCR is a useful technique for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis at various sites.