gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Elevation, Curvature, and Power Descriptors for Corneal Topographic Mapping (1995)

Corneal topography systems sample thousands of surface points and from these data different descriptors are derived to create maps of the cornea. Without visualizing and comparing the maps, it is difficult to appreciate the implications of each descriptor for mapping. We created and compared several maps of an ellipsotoric cornea based on the following surface descriptors: relative elevation, dioptric curvature, and refractive power. Each map presented a different picture of the same cornea. Only elevation maps show true topography but must be calculated relative to an appropriate reference surface to reveal important features. Axial and to a greater degree instantaneous curvature maps bring out optically significant shape asymmetries but misrepresent refractive power away from the apex. Ray tracing maps display optical properties that are not apparent from the elevation or curvature maps, including spherical aberration. Oblique astigmatism can be described using a pair of maps for the sagittal and tangential powers at each surface point. A knowledge of these principles is necessary to interpret color maps of the corneal surface correctly.
ChemInform Abstract: Cation Effects on the Electrochemistry of Anions in Polysulfide Photoelectrochemical Cells. (1986)

Abstract Cations are shown to have significant effects on bulk electrolyte and electrodic properties of polysulfide oxidation.
Cu‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Preparation of 2‐(Pinacolato)boron‐Substituted Allylcopper Complexes and their In Situ Site‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Additions to Aldehydes and Ketones (2013)

Nachhaltig, effizient, selektiv: Ein Cu-katalysiertes Dreikomponenten-Eintopf-Verfahren zur chemo-, diastereo- und enantioselektiven Überführung von monosubstituierten Allenen sowie Aldehyden oder Ketonen mit B2(pin)2 in 2-B(pin)-substituierte Homoallylalkoxide wird vorgestellt. Die anschließende Funktionalisierung liefert wertvolle Produkte mit bis >98:2 d.r. und 97:3 e.r. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Variations on Fermat-Steiner-Torricelli (2022)

We reconsider a classic geometric problem and find some interesting generalizations and applications. The problem in question is Fermat's problem, where for a given triangle, ABC, one finds the point, T, such that the sum of the distances from T to the vertices is minimal. This point T is called the Torricelli point. We generalize the problem to finding this Torricelli point for an arbitrary collection of points in R2 and make connections with the study of linkages. We determine the symmetries that leave T invariant. We then propose a balancing problem: Migrate a given set of points minimally so that the Torricelli-point coincides with the origin, and analyze some variants under different objectives and constraints. We illustrate the relevance in foraging and applications in swarm configurations where minimum distance or minimal average communication delay may be important.
Oxidation of peptides during electrospray ionization (1993)

[M + H + 16]+ ions were observed in the electrospray ionization mass spectra of several synthetic and naturally occurring peptides. Initial results have shown that the appearance of the modification is dependent on the field strength at the electrospray needle and the flow rate of the solution passing through the capillary. Mass spectrometric experiments on peptides showing the + 16 Da modification attributed the change to the selective oxidation of either a methionyl, tryptophanyl, or tyrosyl residue present in the peptide. These results were further confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry experiments on peptides with a methionyl residue at either the N- or C-terminus, or within the peptide chain. This effect can occur under normal operating conditions and therefore care must be taken in the analysis of samples containing these oxidizable residues. Conversely, the selectivity of the oxidative process may be used to enhance the information obtained from the mass spectrometric analysis. For example, we show results for the analysis of a tryptic digest of the protein myoglobin where the occurrence of the [M + H + 16]+ ion is used, along with the molecular weight data, to correctly identify the trypic fragment.
Modeling prediction in recommender systems using restricted boltzmann machine (2017)

Collaborative filtering is a well-known technique used for designing recommender systems when advertising services and products offered to the Internet users. In this paper, we employ the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) for collaborative filtering and propose the neighborhood-conditional RBM (N-CRBM) model based on joint distributions of similarity and popularity scores. The model is trained and evaluated based on the number of hidden units, learning rates, and activation functions. Simulation results using a dataset consisting of 22 million records show that the proposed N-CRBM model achieves 0.46 average root mean square error (RMSE) and 78.5% accuracy in predicting users' selections of recommended advertisements.
Data from Hypoxia Induces Transcriptional and Translational Downregulation of the Type I IFN Pathway in Multiple Cancer Cell Types (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumors and is strongly linked to hallmarks of cancer. Recent evidence has shown that hypoxia promotes local immune suppression. Type I IFN supports cytotoxic T lymphocytes by stimulating the maturation of dendritic cells and enhancing their capacity to process and present antigens. However, little is known about the relationship between hypoxia and the type I IFN pathway, which comprises the sensing of double-stranded RNA and DNA (dsRNA/dsDNA) followed by IFNα/β secretion and transcriptional activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). In this study, we determined the effects of hypoxia on the type I IFN pathway in breast cancer and the mechanisms involved. In cancer cell lines and xenograft models, mRNA and protein expressions of the type I IFN pathway were downregulated under hypoxic conditions. This pathway was suppressed at each level of signaling, from the dsRNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5, the adaptor MAVS, transcription factors IRF3, IRF7, and STAT1, and several ISG including RIG-I, IRF7, STAT1, and ADAR-p150. Importantly, IFN secretion was reduced under hypoxic conditions. HIF1α- and HIF2α-mediated regulation of gene expression did not explain most of the effects. However, ATAC-seq data revealed in hypoxia that peaks with STAT1 and IRF3 motifs had decreased accessibility. Collectively, these results indicate that hypoxia leads to an overall downregulation of the type I IFN pathway due to repressed transcription and lower chromatin accessibility in an HIF1/2α-independent manner, which could contribute to immunosuppression in hypoxic tumors.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;These findings characterize a new mechanism of immunosuppression by hypoxia via downregulation of the type I IFN pathway and its autocrine/paracrine effects on tumor growth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Formation and Transformation of TiO 2 (Anatase) Solid Solution in the System TiO 2 —Al 2 O 3 (1989)

In the system TiO 2 —Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 (anatase, tetragonal) solid solutions crystallize at low temperatures (with up to ∼ 22 mol% Al 2 O 3 ) from amorphous materials prepared by the simultaneous hydrolysis of titanium and aluminum alkoxides. The lattice parameter a is relatively constant regardless of composition, whereas parameter c decreases linearly with increasing Al 2 O 3 . At higher temperatures, anatase solid solutions transform into TiO 2 (rutile) with the formation of α‐Al 2 O 3 . Powder characterization is studied. Pure anatase crystallizes at 220° to 360°C, and the anatase‐to‐rutile phase transformation occurs at 770° to 850°C.
Justification for Grazing Intensity Experiments: Economic Analysis (1989)

Economic arguments in favor of grazing intensity trials are provided by economic analysis of grazing intensity results from Coastal, Callie and experimental hybrid S-16 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers), and by emphasizing the biological and economic differences among cultivars. Cattle buying prices of 1.20, 1.30, and 1.40/kg and price margins (selling price minus buying price) from -0.20 to 0.20 were considered on a return/ha and /animal basis, assuming land or capital to buy animals to be limiting, respectively. When price margin was -0.20, the stocking rate at which profit/ha was maximized ranged from 4.19 to 5.85 animals/ha, while profit/animal was maximized between 4.77 and 6.89 animals/ha. Corresponding ranges in average weight of herbage present/ha which maximized profit/ha and /animal were 2.83 to 3.60 Mg and 2.34 to 3.72 Mg. For a price margin of 0.20, profit/ha and /animal were maximized at stocking rates of 7.36 to 9.86 and 4.14 to 5.93 animals/ha respectively, with corresponding levels of herbage present/ha in the ranges 0.33 to 1.79 Mg and 2.73 to 4.06 Mg. Relative differences in profit/ha and /animal among cultivars did not correspond to differences in gain/ha and /animal. Economic comparison of the cultivars considered in this study would have had little relevance if only one grazing intensity had been used in the field trial. Only grazing trials with several grazing intensities per treatment can allow for the determination of economic optimum grazing intensities in respect of a wide range in economic conditions.
Sorghum protein digestibility is affected by dosage of mutant alleles in endosperm cells (2008)

Abstract Protein digestibility in grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is affected by the structure of endosperm protein bodies that limits access of digestive enzymes to storage protein. In this experiment, we studied the effect of endosperm dosage of high digestible alleles ( hd + ) on protein digestibility in sorghum hybrids carefully constituted for such a study. We also examined the effect that these alleles may have on endosperm protein body structure and agronomic performance of the hybrids. The results showed that protein digestibility, endosperm texture and protein body morphology were highly influenced by dosage of mutant alleles. Genotypes carrying two or more hd + alleles had significantly higher protein digestibility than those with one or no mutant allele. Similarly, higher doses of these alleles resulted in opaque endosperm phenotype while the wild type alleles produced normal vitreous texture. Moreover, hybrids carrying variable proportions of mutant alleles had uniquely irregular but variable protein body structure that was distinct from spherical protein bodies found in normal genotypes. Agronomic performance was not affected by dosage of digestibility alleles.
Design and Determination of New Bimodal Pore Catalyst Structure with Hetero Atom Combination by Inside-Pore Organization of Nano-Particles from Sol (2009)

A catalyst support with spatially-connected small pores and large pores, as a distinct bimodal pore structure, has been developed, which has excellent advantages in solid-catalysis reactions because the large pores provide pathways for rapid molecular transportation and the small pores serve a large area of active surface. The obtained ZrO2-SiO2 bimodal support loaded with cobalt was applied in slurry-phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The bimodal catalyst presented the best reaction performance in slurry-phase FTS as higher reaction rate and lower methane selectivity, because the spatially promotional effect of bimodal structure and the chemically promotional effect of the porous zirconia were available at the same time inside the large pores of original silica gel.
Pesticide-Induced Release From Competition Among Competing <I>Aedes aegypti</I> and <I>Aedes albopictus</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) (2013)

Competitive interactions between mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) may depend on environmental conditions. Pesticides may alleviate density-dependent competition for limited food, and a differential species response to sublethal concentrations may modify interspecific competition. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to malathion alters interspecific resource competition between these two species. In the absence of malathion, Ae. aegypti survivorship and per capita rate of population change were negatively affected by increasing densities of Ae. albopictus. However, the asymmetrical negative effect ofAe. albopictus on Ae. aegypti was eliminated in the presence of malathion. In addition, the presence of malathion resulted in shorter development time compared with the controls. The relative importance of pesticide-mediated coexistence in nature has not been evaluated, so its role in mediating coexistence is unclear; however, these findings underscore the potential of environmental concentrations of malathion, and perhaps other pesticides to facilitate coexistence between species.
Azo-Derived Symmetrical Trithiocarbonate for Unprecedented RAFT Control (2021)

Bis(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)trithiocarbonate (<b>TTC-bCP</b>) is a new symmetrical trithiocarbonate with the best leaving group ever reported for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. We propose an elegant route to obtain <b>TTC-bCP</b> starting from 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as a donor of the 2-cyanopropan-2-yl group. <b>TTC-bCP</b> allowed the preparation of a high-molar-mass (<i>M</i><sub>n</sub> ≈ 135 kg mol<sup>-1</sup>) methyl methacrylate-<i>n</i>-butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate triblock copolymer with unprecedented control (<i>D̵</i> = 1.04) in reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Rheology measurements of this triblock copolymer showed a typical thermoplastic elastomer behavior with a steady rubbery plateau up to 120 °C.
Kinetics of the ethylene trimerization reaction on a homogeneous chromium-pyrrole catalyst (2012)

The results of studying the kinetics of the reaction of ethylene trimerization under the action of a homogeneous chromium-pyrrole catalyst have been presented. It has been shown that the reaction order with respect to ethylene decreases from 1.4 to a value close to 1 within 15 min after the start of the reaction, which is explained by the presence of two types of catalytic centers that catalyze the reactions of the first and second order with respect to ethylene. A model that includes the degradation of the second type of the catalyst during the reaction and inhibition of the activity of the first-type catalyst by the products has been proposed.
Construction of magnetic infrared sensor utilizing ferrimagnetic film (1999)

The magnetic infrared sensor (MIS) is a detector utilizing the pyromagnetic effect of ferrimagnetic film (FMF) with a low Curie temperature. When infrared rays are absorbed by the MIS, there is a magnetization change in the sensor. This change is read out by a magnetoresistance element and is converted into a voltage with a peak value that increases with a rise in infrared energy. This paper describes the construction of the MIS, and characterization of infrared rays.
The effects of proteins on metallic corrosion (1982)

The corrosion of the pure metals aluminium, cobalt, copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, and titanium and of a cobalt-chromium molybdenum casting alloy has been studied in buffered saline with and without the presence of the proteins serum albumin and fibrinogen. The corrosion of aluminium and titanium was unaffected by the protein. The corrosion rates of chromium and nickel showed a slight increase, while cobalt and copper dissolved to a very much greater extent in the presence of protein. However, with molybdenum the corrosion was inhibited by protein.
Matte based generation of land cover maps (2012)

A novel supervised technique for the generation of spatially consistent land cover maps based on class-matting is presented in this paper. This method takes advantage of both standard supervised classification technique and natural image matting. It adaptively exploits the spatial contextual information contained in the neighborhood of each pixel through the use of image matting to reduce the incongruence inherent in pixel-wise, radiometric classification of multi-spectral remote sensing data, providing a more spatially homogeneous land-cover map besides yielding a better accuracy. In order to make image matting possible for N-class land cover map generation, we extend the basic alpha matting problem into N independent matting problems, each conforming to one particular class. The user input required for the alpha matting algorithm in terms of initially identifying a few sample regions belonging to a particular class (known as the foreground object in matting) is obtained automatically using the supervised ML classifier. Experimental results obtained on multispectral data sets confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Use of a charge-coupled device camera for broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering measurements (1989)

The use of an unintensified charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for the acquisition of broadband CARS signals is demonstrated. The CCD camera offers significant advantages compared to intensified, linear photodiode array (PDA) detectors that are generally used for broadband CARS measurements. These advantages include higher spectral resolution and improved instrument function, larger dynamic range, and a 2-D format.
Evidence for weakly and strongly interacting two-level systems in amorphous silicon (2021)

Quantum two-level systems (TLSs) intrinsic to glasses induce decoherence in many modern quantum devices, such as superconducting qubits and single-photon astronomical detectors. Although the low-temperature physics of these TLSs is usually well-explained by the phenomenological standard tunneling model (STM) of independent TLSs, the nature of these TLSs, as well as their behavior out of equilibrium and at high energies above $1\,$K, remain inconclusive. Here we measure the non-equilibrium dielectric loss of TLSs in amorphous silicon using a superconducting resonator, where energies of TLSs are varied in time using a time-dependent electric field. Our results show the existence of two distinct ensembles of TLSs, interacting weakly and strongly with phonons. Analysis within a previously proposed two-TLS model allows insight into the origins and characteristics of the two types of TLSs, contributing to the loss near equilibrium and far from equilibrium, respectively.
Hierarchical test assembly for macro based VLSI design (2002)

A novel incremental procedure for the hierarchical assembly of macro test specifications into a chip test program is presented. To solve test generation/application problems, a bottom-up symbolic test assembly procedure that proceeds in line with the construction of the system is proposed. It is shown that for a modular design approach, this procedure can be extended with design-for-testability features to ensure that all macro tests are assembled into a chip test program. The approach is exemplified by the design of a decimation filter for a Sigma / Delta A/D (analog-to-digital) converter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
On the improvement of WirelessHART Access Points by means of Software Defined Radio (2010)

WirelessHART (WH) is a recently standardized wireless fieldbus. The connection between WH and the host plant network is obtained with Access Points and Gateways. These devices have complex (and costly) architecture, but do not offer flexibility with respect to new update of the specification, and have limited diagnostic capabilities. In this paper, the architecture of a smart WH Access Point, which takes advantage of the Software Defined Radio paradigm, is presented. Thanks to its extreme flexibility and adaptability, it can provide a good investment protection. Moreover, it has additional diagnostic features, like interfering protocol identification and decoding, that keep the network reliable and available. As proof of concept, a prototype of the proposed WH Access Point has been developed using GNU Radio, obtaining the first simulation results.
Detection of extracellular calcium gradients with a calcium-specific vibrating electrode. (1990)

We have developed a vibrating calcium-specific electrode to measure minute extracellular calcium gradients and thus infer the patterns of calcium currents that cross the surface of various cells and tissues. Low-resistance calcium electrodes (routinely approximately 500 M omega) are vibrated by means of orthogonally stacked piezoelectrical pushers, driven by a damped square wave at an optimal frequency of 0.5 Hz. Phase-sensitive detection of the electrode signal is performed with either analogue or digital electronics. The resulting data are superimposed on a video image of the preparation that is being measured. Depending on the background calcium concentration, this new device can readily and reliably measure steady extracellular differences of calcium concentration which are as small as 0.01% with spatial and temporal resolutions of a few microns and a few seconds, respectively. The digital version can attain a noise level of less than 1 microV. In exploratory studies, we have used this device to map and measure the patterns of calcium currents that cross the surface of growing fucoid eggs and tobacco pollen, moving amebae and Dictyostelium slugs, recently fertilized ascidian eggs, as well as nurse cells of Sarcophaga follicles. This approach should be easily extendable to other specific ion currents.
Identification and Fault Diagnosis of a Simulated Model of an Industrial Gas Turbine (2005)

In this study, a model-based procedure exploiting analytical redundancy for the detection and isolation of faults of a gas turbine system is presented. The diagnosis scheme is based on the generation of so-called "residuals" that are errors between estimated and measured variables of the process. The work is completed under both noise-free and noisy conditions. Residual analysis and statistical tests are used for fault detection and isolation, respectively. The final section shows how the actual size of each fault can be estimated using a multilayer perceptron neural network used as a nonlinear function approximator. The proposed fault detection and isolation tool has been tested on a single-shaft industrial gas turbine model.
One-dimensional Co–Cu–Fe–Ni–Zn high-entropy alloy nanostructures (2021)

We streamlined a way towards first experimental demonstration of synthesizing one-dimensional Co–Cu–Fe–Ni–Zn high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanowires (NWs) by an economical electrochemical technique in aqueous medium. HEA NWs have a face-centred cubic structure with nanocrystalline features, including twins along the nanowire of uniform length ∼50 µm and diameter 100 ± 20 nm. Control over the formation and uniform stoichiometry (required range for HEAs ∼ 5–35 atom %) throughout the HEA NWs and its nanocrystallinity was achieved using pulse electrodeposition. These Co–Cu–Fe–Ni–Zn nanowires are a new family of HEAs containing both magnetic and non-magnetic elements in addition to its new 1D morphology.
Facile and Convenient Syntheses of 6,11‐Dihydro‐5H‐indeno[1,2‐c]isoquinolin‐5‐ones and 6,11‐Dihydro‐5H‐indolo[3,2‐c]isoquinolin‐5‐one. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.