gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward on-demand production of diverse PET tracers: Repeatable, multi-step synthesis of [18F]FDG on a compact, electronically-actuated droplet-based microfluidic platform (2011)

1444 Objectives Currently, PET tracers are produced in centralized radiopharmacies due to the high cost of infrastructure, equipment and specialized personnel. Decentralized production of 18F-labeled tracers could enhance the diversity of tracers available to researchers and clinicians and increase flexibility of production [1] but requires new technology. Methods We have developed a compact microfluidic platform based on electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) [2] that can perform multi-step reactions in droplets. The EWOD microdevice is electronically controlled to perform basic unit operations such as dispensing, transporting, heating and evaporation of organic droplets.[3] Additionally, the hydrophobic layer used in EWOD is also stable against a wide range of temperatures and solvents, making EWOD more suitable for diverse syntheses than other microfluidic platforms. Results Based on our previous proof-of-concept demonstration [4], [5], we have optimized the synthetic methodology to produce doses of [18F]FDG sufficient for multiple pre-clinical mouse imaging studies. The first modification was to perform the fluorination reaction in dimethyl sulfoxide, which has low vapor pressure and maintains complete solvation of the reaction mixtures. This critical modification enabled systematic screening of an optimal microdroplet reaction conditions on EWOD to achieve high and reliable yield. Additionally, a controlled nitrogen flow was integrated onto the EWOD chip to effectively remove residual water vapor and thus activate the [18F]F-/K+/K222 complex for the fluorination reaction. Conclusions Based on the optimized synthetic approach, a high and reliable fluorination efficiency was attained (84 ± 6%; n = 7) on the EWOD chip
Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase. Edited by Richard Sisson and Stanley Wolpert. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988. xii, 420 pp. $48.00. - Indian National Congress and Indian Society, 1885–1985: Ideology, Social Structure, and Political Dominance. Edited by Paul R. Brass and Francis Robinson. Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1987. x, 480 pp. $35.00. - Congress in Indian Politics: A Centenary Perspective. Edited by Ram Joshi and R. K. Hebsur. Riverdale, Md.: Riverdale Company, 1988. xii, 299 pp. $32.00. (1989)

Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase. Edited by Richard Sisson and Stanley Wolpert. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988. xii, 420 pp. $32.00. - Volume 48 Issue 4
Imagining xenophobia : life skills, language and literature (2003)

This article argues that if the learning area Life Orientation is to give substance to the recommendations of the James Report (2000) values will have to be imaginatively apprehended and reinterpreted in each life situation. This article explores ways of using language and literature study to give imaginative access to xenophobia, a key social problem in South Africa (and beyond) and so taking Life Orientation beyond the letter of the lay to honouring its 'spirit, purport and objects' (Constitution 39.(2)). The three literary works used in this case are Judges 12 (New International Bible), Snow Falling on Cedars (David Guterson) and Welcome to our Hillbrow (Phaswane Mpe). Life Orientation, as a learning area in the school curriculum
Localized Response of Damaged Structural Systems (2010)

The effects of cracks in a composite beam-mass system on local and global strain caused by external excitation are examined. The natural frequency of the system varied around 8 Hz. Data from strain gage and fiber optics measurements before and after damaging the beam are compared. The results show a general agreement between the different sets of measurements. The level of noise varied between the different gratings and over different locations in individual gratings. From both sets of measurements, the response of the damaged beam has a lower amplitude in comparison with that of the undamaged beam. This indicates that higher damping is associated with the damage. Different ratios of the amplitudes of the response frequency for the undamaged and damaged beams over the regions where cracks were present than in the regions away from the cracks are obtained. This suggests a change in the shape of the excited mode of the beam when damaged.
Intestinal Development and Function of Broiler Chickens on Diets Supplemented with Clinoptilolite (2013)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural clinoptilolite (NCLI) and modified clinoptilolite (MCLI) on broiler performance, gut morphology, intestinal length and weight, and gut digestive enzyme activity. A total of 240 d-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatments, each of which comprised 8 pens of 10 chicks per pen. Birds in the control group were fed the basal diet, while those in the experimental groups were fed diets supplemented with NCLI at 2% (NCLI group), or MCLI at 2% (MCLI group), respectively, for 42 d. Compared with the control, supplementation with NCLI or MCLI had no significant (p>0.05) effects on productive parameters from d 1 to 42. Supplementation with NCLI or MCLI had no influence on the relative length and weight of small intestine at d 1 to 21. But supplementation with NCLI or MCLI significantly reduced the relative weight of duodenum. Supplementation with MCLI and NCLI was associated with greater (p<0.05) villus height in the jejunal and ileal mucosa compared with those areas in the controls from d 1 to 42. However, supplementation with NCLI and MCLI had no significant (p>0.05) influence on the crypt depth in the jejunal and ileal mucosa compared with those in the controls. The addition of either NCLI or MCLI to the diet improved the activities of total protease, and amylase in the small intestinal contents. In conclusion, supplementation with NCLI or MCLI in diets improved intestinal morphology, increased the intestinal length and weigh and gut digestive enzyme activity.
A combined centralized/decentralized voltage regulation method for PV inverters in LV distribution networks (2014)

A combined centralized/decentralized reactive power control strategy for PV systems connected to LV distribution networks is discussed in the present paper. The proposed solution is based on a centralized control performed by the Distribution System Operator (DSO) coordinated with a local/decentralized control operated at the PV converter level. The proposed strategy ensures high performance in terms of proper voltage regulation both in the overall network (considering the voltage in every node) and locally (controlling the voltage at the point of common coupling of every PV system). The presented method aims to provide a viable solution towards the fulfillment of a real DG integration into the distribution network and the achievement of a LV "active" network. A radial distribution topology, commonly used in LV networks, is selected to evaluate the proposed strategy. Results are also included in the paper.
Scalable fabrication of electrowetting displays with self-assembled oil dosing (2007)

Scalable fabrication of electrowetting displays with self-assembled oil dosing is reported. Electrowetting pixel structures consisted of flexible substrate/electrode/hydrophobic dielectric/hydrophilic grid. 20 electrowetting display prototypes were constructed with four pixel sizes ranging from 300×900to50×150μm2 and with five grid thicknesses ranging from 16.2to3.3μm. Self-assembled oil dosing was achieved by dip coating the substrate through an oil film suspended on water. The oil films in pixels were geometrically flat. Operating voltage increased with pixel aspect ratio. Electrical capacitance and optical absorption calculations confirm that oil thickness is within ±5% of the hydrophilic grid height.
The Sun and the Heliosphere as an Integrated System (2005)

The heliosphere is a bay in the interstellar space around the Sun where the solar wind blows lustily and holds back the magnetic fields and plasma of the local interstellar cloud. According to recent measurements from the Voyager 1 spacecraft, the radius of this bay, which is where the solar wind ceases to be supersonic, is about 94 astronomical units (AU) (1 AU = distance from the Sun to Earth). Much of what happens at the outer edges of the heliosphere is determined by what happens on the Sun. Magnetic fields generated in the solar interior boil to the surface and emerge into the outer atmosphere, called the corona, where they destabilize and propel coronal mass ejections (CMEs) into the heliosphere. The corona is also the source of the solar wind.
ACCESS: integration, and pre-flight performance (2017)

Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant to many astrophysical problems. ACCESS, “Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars”, is a series of rocket-borne sub-orbital missions and ground-based experiments designed to enable improvements in the precision of the astrophysical flux scale through the transfer of absolute laboratory detector standards from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to a network of stellar standards with a calibration accuracy of 1% and a spectral resolving power of 500 across the 0.35 − 1.7&mu;m bandpass. This paper describes the sub-system testing, payload integration, avionics operations, and data transfer for the ACCESS instrument.
A new asymmetrical halo source GOLD drain (HS-GOLD) deep sub-half-micrometer n-MOSFET design for reliability and performance (1991)

An asymmetrical n-MOSFET device structure was developed that is suitable, in terms of reliability and performance, for scaling down to the sub-quarter-micrometer level without reduction of the supply voltage below 3.5 V. In this structure, large-tilt implantation is used to form the gate-overlapped LDD (GOLD) region at the drain electrode only. A halo (punchthrough stopper) is used at the source, but not at the drain. Superior hot carrier reliability and high punchthrough resistance are obtained using this device structure. A reliability-limited supply voltage of 4.2 V is obtained for an asymmetrical n-MOSFET with effective channel lengths as short as 0.25 mu m. By extrapolation from the measured threshold roll-off characteristics, the authors expect that this structure can be designed with substantially shorter channel length while maintaining the 3.5-V supply voltage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Influence of the solar EUV flux on the Martian plasma environment (2005)

Abstract. The interaction of the solar wind with the Martian atmosphere and ionosphere is investigated by using three-dimensional, global and multi-species hybrid simulations. In the present work we focus on the influence of the solar EUV flux on the Martian plasma environment by comparing simulations done for conditions representative of the extrema of the solar cycle. The dynamics of four ionic species (H+, He++, O+, O2+), originating either from the solar wind or from the planetary plasma, is treated fully kinetically in the simulation model in order to characterize the distribution of each component of the plasma, both at solar maximum and at solar minimum. The solar EUV flux controls the ionization frequencies of the exospheric species, atomic hydrogen and oxygen, as well as the density, the temperature, and thus the extension of the exosphere. Ionization by photons and by electron impacts, and the main charge exchange reactions are self-consistently included in the simulation model. Simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the observations made by Phobos-2 and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft: 1) the interaction creates a cavity, void of solar wind ions (H+, He++), which depends weakly upon the phase of the solar cycle, 2) the motional electric field of the solar wind flow creates strong asymmetries in the Martian environment, 3) the spatial distribution of the different components of the planetary plasma depends strongly upon the phase of the solar cycle. The fluxes of the escaping planetary ions are computed from the simulated data and results for solar maximum are compared with estimates based on the measurements made by experiments ASPERA and TAUS on board Phobos-2.
[Hemodilution in acute arterial circulatory disorders of the retina]. (1991)

20 patients (age: 68 +/- 9 years) with an acute central artery obstruction of the retina were examined in a prospective study. All patients received a hyper- or isovolemic hemodilution depending on the haematocrit value for a period of 10 days. Clinical, hemodynamical and rheological data of these patients were recorded before therapy, after 10 days and after 6 weeks. Under this therapy, 10 patients presented an improved central vision by 2 or more stages. The degree of the distributed circulation can be determined by means of the arteriovenous passage time (AVP) and the dye bolus velocity (MDV). Compared to a control group, a significantly increased arterious-venous passage time and decreased dye bolus velocity can be observed initially. The values after 10 days of therapy and after 6 weeks were significantly improved (p less than 0.01) compared to the initial values.
Synthese von bromosubstituierten Butenoliden II (1976)

Synthesis of Bromosubstituted Butenolides II . Methyl 4,4′‐dibromosenecioate ( 2 ) was prepared by double N‐bromosuccinimide bromination of methyl senecioate ( 1 ) and converted to methyl 4,4′‐diiodo‐senecioate ( 3 ) with sodium iodide and to 3‐bromomethyl‐2‐buten‐4‐olide ( 4 ) with aqueous hydrobromic acid. A mixture of methyl ( Z )‐ and ( E )‐4‐bromosenecioate ( 8 and 9 ) yielded 3‐methyl‐2‐butenolide ( 5 ) with aqueous hydrobromic acid and a mixture of ( Z )‐and ( E )‐4‐methoxy‐senecioic acid ( 10 and 11 ) with methanolic potassium hydroxide. N‐Bromosuccinimide treatment of the butenolide 5 afforded 4‐bromo‐3‐methyl‐2‐buten‐4‐olide ( 6 ) and 4,4‐dibromo‐3‐methyl‐2‐buten‐4‐olide ( 7 ).
Parameters of vitamin A (VA) status in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) (2009)

VA status is compromised and there is chronic inflammation in SCD. We examined effects of VA (300‐600 µg/day; n=22) or VA + zinc (AZ; 300‐600 µg VA + 10 mg Zn/d; n=16) vs placebo (PL; n=21) on serum VA and its transporters in SCD children (7.7 ± 2.8 y). Serum samples were analyzed for retinol concentrations (ROH) at baseline and after 3, 6 or 12 mo of supplementation and for retinol‐binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR) at baseline and 3 or 12 mo. ROH was low at baseline (0.64 ± 0.14 µmol/L, n=59) compared to the cut‐off for VA deficiency (&lt; 0.70 µmol/L). In children with low baseline ROH (&lt; 0.70 µmol/L), ROH was significantly higher in AZ than in PL but VA alone did not significantly increase ROH (0.626 ± 0.117 [AZ], 0.606 ± 0.125 [VA], 0.574 ± 0.143 µmol/L [PL]). Serum ROH was significantly higher at 3 (5 % increase) and 12 mo (6.5 %) vs baseline in children with low baseline ROH. There InInThwere no differences among groups in the molar ratio of ROH:RBP, which was low in all subjects (0.422 ± 0.102). Higher molar ratios of ROH:RBP were associated with lower molar ratios of RBP:TTR (p=0.000). Our findings indicate that, in spite of VA or VA + zinc supplementation, ROH and ROH:RBP were not normalized in SCD children. Funding provided by: Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center (NIH: 5 U54 HL070596 ), CTRC (UL1‐RR‐024134), and the Nutrition Center of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Tetrazine functionalized zirconium MOF as an optical sensor for oxidizing gases (2014)

Dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dicarboxylate was introduced into the chemically stable UiO-66 structure by a postsynthetic linker exchange reaction to create an optical sensor material for the detection of oxidative agents such as nitrous gases. The incorporated tetrazine unit can be reversibly oxidized and reduced, which is accompanied by a drastic colour change from yellow to pink and vice versa. The high stability of the framework during redox reaction was proven by powder X-ray diffraction and nitrogen physisorption measurements.
Estimating Water Content of Soils from Electrical Resistivity (1993)

Abstract Electrical resistivity has been demonstrated to be an effective predictor of various soil hydraulic properties including water content, degree of saturation, and hydraulic conductivity. Standardized laboratory procedures for measuring soil electrical resistivity are based on the use of the Miller soil box for determining soil corrosive potential from soil resistivity. However, these procedures and the Miller soil box do not allow for the flexibility in measurements necessary to develop explicit relationships between soil resistivity and hydraulic properties. As an alternative to the use of the Miller soil box, circular four-probe resistivity cells provide a measurement method that can be used to develop explicit relationships between soil resistivity and hydraulic parameters. For a test experiment, relationships were developed where volumetric water content could be estimated from soil resistivity with a standard error of 0.009.
Strong radiative coupling in quantum dots: an experimental observation (2005)

The effect of intraventously administered furosemide (20 mg) on the concentration of 21 amino acids in the blood serum and urine of 6 healthy volunteers was investigated. A substantially increased concentration of glutaminic acid and citrulline and a statistically significantly greater excretion of arginine with urine were ascretained.
Advancements and prospects of thermal management and waste heat recovery of PEMFC (2021)

Despite that the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is considered to be an efficient power device; around half of the energy produced from the electrochemical reaction is dissipated as heat due to irreversibility of the cathodic reaction, Ohmic resistance, and mass transport overpotentials. Effective heat removal from the PEMFC, via cooling, is very important to maintain the cell/stack at a uniform operating temperature ensuring the durability of the device as excessive operating temperature may dry out the membrane and reduces the surface area of the catalyst hence lowering the performance of the cell. In addition to cooling, capturing the produced heat and repurposing it using one of the Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technologies is an effective approach to add a great economic value to the PEMFC power system. Global warming, climate change, and the high cost of energy production are the main drivers to improve the energy efficiency of PEMFC using WHR. This paper presents an overview of the recent progress concerning the cooling strategies and WHR opportunities for PEMFC. The main cooling techniques of PEMFCs are described and evaluated with respect to their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the potential pathways for PEMFC-WHR including heating, cooling, and power generation are explored and assessed. Furthermore, the main challenges and the research prospects for the cooling strategies and WHR of PEMFCs are discussed.
Low prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the northwest region of the Philippines (2017)

Of the 163, 82 (50.3%) cases had at least one tissue sample that was valid for molecular analysis. Only two of the DNA valid cases (2.4%) were HPV DNA-positive (HPV11 and HPV33). All HPV mRNA assays rendered negative results except for HPV11 transcripts. Results of this study may indicate that there is probably very low prevalence of HPV-associated HNSCC among Filipino adults living in a rural region of the Philippines. This study could serve as a benchmark for designing follow-up studies that would assess possible changes in trends of HNSCC among Filipinos in different ethnic regions of the country, especially urban areas in which the population is expected to adapt Western style sexual behavior. A prospective sampling of fresh frozen tissue is also highly recommended to ensure better molecular analyses.
Highly uniform E/D MESFETs by Si ion-implantation and methane/hydrogen plasma gate recessing (1991)

A methane/hydrogen (CH4H2) plasma has been used for the gate recessing of E/D MESFETs fabricated on a highly uniform active layer formed on a semi-insulating LEC grown GaAs substrate by Si ion-implantation through an excellent plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposited silicon nitride layer and rapid thermal annealing with the same layer as cap. Threshold voltage standard deviation ( sigma Vth) as low as 16 and 31 mV, over a full 5 cm wafer, has been achieved for respectively E and D MESFETs with a gate length of 1.5 mu m.
The “Current Concepts in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction” Supplement (2018)

Dallas, Texas From the Editor-in-Chief, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Received for publication June 19, 2018; accepted June 20, 2018. Disclosure:Dr. Rohrich receives instrument royalties from Eriem Surgical, Inc., and book royalties from Thieme Medical Publishing. He is a clinical and research expert for Allergan, Inc., and MTF Biologics, and the owner of Medical Seminars of Texas, LLC. No funding was received for this supplement or this article. Rod J. Rohrich, MD, Dallas Plastic Surgery Institute, 9101 North Central Expressway, Suite 600, Dallas, TX 75231, [email protected] Twitter: @DrRodRohrich Instagram: @Rod.Rohrich
Atomization of Coal Water Mixtures: Evaluation of Fuel Nozzles and a Cellulose Gum Simulant (1985)

An experimental evaluation of four air-assist fuel nozzles has been conducted to determine atomization levels of coal-water mixture (CWM) fuels at operating conditions simulating a high pressure combustor. Two of the nozzles were commercial units marketed for use in atmospheric burners, while two nozzles were specially designed for CWM operation in a high pressure combustor. Sprays from all four injectors were characterized in tests performed over a range of liquid and air flowrates. Most of the tests were performed using a cellulose-gum water solution prepared to match the viscosity and drip characteristics of an available CWM. Atomization data acquired from a limited test series using the CWM were found to be properly represented by the gum solution data. High levels of atomization (SMD ∼ 10 micron) were achieved by two of the nozzles — one commercial unit and one special unit — at an assist airflow level corresponding to a nozzle air-fuel ratio between 0.6–0.8.
Automated chart filing on panoramic radiographs using deep learning (2021)

Deep learning may assist clinicians in summarizing the radiological findings on panoramic radiographs. The impact of using such models in clinical practice should be explored.