gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrothoracic Artificial Respiration (1968)

TIFICIAL respiration has become synonymous with the positive pressure respirator. These mechanical devices successfully ventilate patients with acute respiratory failure. However, when artificial ventilation is necessary for an extended time, alterations occur in the tracheobronchial tree and lung parenchyma; these include retained secretions, atelectasis, pneumonitis, and interstitial pulmonary edema. As obstructive or inflammatory lesions develop in the lungs there is an increase in the physiological dead space and the related ventilation requirements. Pontoppidan and co-workers report the ratio of dead space to tidal volume may become so large that no improvement in alveolar ventilation occurs with increased tidal volumes? They also found impaired oxygenation in all their patients. Experience indicates that pulmonary complications contribute significantly to the mortality and morbidity of neurosurgical patients, and that these complications are neither minimized nor avoided by our present ventilation techniques. In our search for an improved ventilation technique we have assumed that, if the normal inspiratory muscles could be electrically driven, the chest cage elevated, and the lung uniformly expanded by negative pressure, some reduction in the high pulmonary complication rate might occur. Little attention was given to electronic driving of the normal neuromuscular apparatus in the work of respiration until the reports by Sarnoff and co-workers in 1948. They demonstrated the feasibility of artificial diaphragmatic respiration by electrical phrenic
Optic Neuritis–Independent Retinal Atrophy in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (2021)

In this longitudinal study, we observed progressive pRNFL and GCIPL atrophy in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD eyes unaffected by ON. These results support that subclinical involvement of the anterior visual pathway may occur in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD.
Analysis of Pyridinoline, a Cross-Linking Compound of Collagen Fibers, in Human Urine1 (1983)

Pyridinoline, a cross-linking compound of collagen fibers, was found in human urine. A significant portion of urinary pyridinoline was in free form. The ratio of total pyridinoline to creatinine changed with age. It was high in children and decreased with growth. It was low and constant in adults, and increased slightly in old age. It was increased significantly in patients with certain bone and joint diseases. Urinary pyridinoline may serve as a useful marker for the breakdown of collagen fibers of skeletal tissues.
Treatment of vasospasm with a 480-nm pulsed-dye laser (1991)

Laser energy at a wavelength of 480 nm was applied in 1-microseconds pulses of 3 to 10 mJ to two models of vasospasm. Rabbit common carotid arteries (CCA's) were constricted chronically by the application of human blood within a silicone sheath. Peak vasospasm developed 24 to 48 hours later, and persisted for up to 6 days. Endovascular laser treatment was delivered to 40 CCA's via a 200-microns diameter silica quartz fiber introduced through the femoral artery. The CCA caliber increased from 60% of the pre-vasospasm control diameter to a minimum post-laser diameter of 83% of control. No instances of laser-induced perforation or of arterial thrombosis were observed for up to 60 days after treatment. Prophylactic laser application to nine normal vessels was able to attenuate the development of vasospasm if blood was applied immediately thereafter (88% vs. 59% of control diameter, p less than 0.02), but not if blood was applied 7 days later. Studies in 16 normal CCA's established that there was a considerable margin between the laser energy required to induce dilatation and that which caused perforation, providing that the fiber remained relatively central within the artery. Morphological examination demonstrated focal loss of endothelial cells immediately after laser application, followed approximately 7 days later by the development of areas of intimal hyperplasia. Only minimal changes were observed in the medial or adventitial layers. In a second study, the basilar artery of seven dogs was constricted chronically by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood 3 days apart. Five dogs received endovascular laser treatment 7 or 10 days after the first injection, when basilar artery diameter was reduced to a mean of 61% and 77% of control, respectively. Immediately following treatment, basilar artery diameter increased to 104% and 102% of resting diameter, respectively. Both untreated and laser-treated arteries were smaller than the control diameter at 30 days (80% and 82%, respectively), but in each group the vasodilatory response to hypercapnia was preserved. These findings indicate that 1-microsecond laser pulses are well tolerated by systemic and cerebral arteries in two different animal models, and suggest that the 480-nm pulsed-dye laser may have an application for the treatment or prophylaxis of cerebral vasospasm.
Measurement of Energy Expenditure in Elite Athletes Using MEMS-Based Triaxial Accelerometers (2007)

Fitness development and performance assessment of elite athletes requires an understanding of many physiological factors, many of these are direct and indirect measures of athlete energy expenditure. Many methods are physiological factor assessments and require the athlete to be constrained by laboratory equipment or periodic interruption of activity to take measurements such as blood samples are required to be taken. This paper presents a method that is entirely ambulatory and noninvasive, using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers. The commonly used output of commercial accelerometer-based devices (known as "counts") cannot discriminate activity intensity for the activities of interest. This, in conjunction with variability in output from different systems and lack of commonality across manufacturers, limits the usefulness of commercial devices. This paper identifies anthropometric and kinematic sources of inter-athlete variability in accelerometer output, leading to an alternate energy expenditure estimator based mainly on step frequency modified by anthropometric measures. This energy expenditure estimator is more robust and not influenced by many sources of variability that affect the currently used estimator. In this system, low-power signal processing was implemented to extract both the energy estimator and other information of physiological and statistical interest
Death in the Balance: Alternative Participation of the Caspase-2 and -9 Pathways in Neuronal Death Induced by Nerve Growth Factor Deprivation (2001)

The data presented here demonstrate that sympathetic neurons have the potential to activate two alternative caspase-dependent pathways either of which is capable of mediating death induced by NGF deprivation and that these neurons have the potential to switch from one pathway to the other. The presence of these two alternative pathways to trophic factor deprivation-induced death may have implications for ensuring the correct development of the nervous system. In wild-type neurons, a caspase-2-dependent pathway is required for death, and a caspase-9-dependent pathway appears to be suppressed by endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). In contrast, for caspase-2-null neurons, death is dependent on the caspase-9 pathway. The mechanism underlying the shift is the result of a threefold compensatory elevation of caspase-9 expression and a doubling of levels of direct IAP binding protein with low pI/(DIABLO)/second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), an IAP inhibitor, both at the mRNA and protein levels [corrected]. These findings resolve seemingly discrepant findings regarding the roles of various caspases after NGF deprivation and raise a cautionary note regarding the interpretation of findings with caspase-null animals. The choice of the death-mediating caspase pathway in the sympathetic neurons is thus dependent on the regulated relative expression of components of the pathways including those of caspases, IAPs, and IAP inhibitors.
Natural and altered induction of the L-fucose catabolic enzymes in Klebsiella aerogenes (1976)

Mutants of Klebsiella aerogenes W70 were isolated that had gained the ability to utilize the uncommon pentose D-arabinose as their sole source of carbon and energy. In contrast to the D-arabinose-negative, parent strain, these mutants were found to be either constitutive for certain enzymes of the L-fucose catabolic pathway or inducible for such enzymes when incubated in the presence of D-arabinose. The mutants used L-fucose isomerase to convert D-arabinose to D-ribulose, which is an intermediate and inducer of the ribitol catabolic pathway. The D-ribulokinase of the ribitol pathway was then induced. This enzyme catalyzed the phosphorylation of D-ribulose at the 5-carbon position. Mutants that were negative for D-ribulokinase could still dissimilate D-arabinose slowly by using all three enzymes, the isomerase, kinase, and aldolase, of the L-fucose pathway. Using condition negative mutants, we were able to demonstrate that the natural induction of the L-fucose pathway enzymes by L-fucose required the activity of a functional L-fucose isomerase and a functional L-fuculokinase but not an L-fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase. A metabolic intermediate, L-fuculose-1-phosphate, was thereby shown to be a probable inducer of at least the isomerase and kinase of the L-fucose catabolic pathway. Similar experiments, with D-arabinose-positive mutants, which were induced for the L-fucose pathway enzymes upon incubation with D-arabinose, revealed that the activities of the L-fucose isomerase and the L-fuculokinase were also required for the induction of the L-fucose enzymes. These D-arabinose-positive mutants apparently produced an altered regulatory protein that accepted both L-fuculose-1-phosphate and D-ribulose-1-phosphate as inducers. Examination of constitutive mutants revealed that L-fucose isomerase and L-fuculokinase were both synthesized constitutively, with the aldolase apparently under separate control.
Tripeptide Aldehyde Inhibitors of Human Rhinovirus 3C Protease:  Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Cocrystal Structure Solution of P1 Glutamine Isosteric Replacements (1998)

The investigation of tripeptide aldehydes as reversible covalent inhibitors of human rhinovirus (HRV) 3C protease (3CP) is reported. Molecular models based on the apo crystal structure of HRV-14 3CP and other trypsin-like serine proteases were constructed to approximate the binding of peptide substrates, generate transition state models of P1-P1' amide cleavage, and propose novel tripeptide aldehydes. Glutaminal derivatives have limitations since they exist predominantly in the cyclic hemiaminal form. Therefore, several isosteric replacements for the P1 carboxamide side chain were designed and incorporated into the tripeptide aldehydes. These compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of purified HRV-14 3CP with Kis ranging from 0.005 to 0.64 microM. Several have low micromolar antiviral activity when tested against HRV-14-infected H1-HeLa cells. The N-acetyl derivative 3 was also shown to be active against HRV serotypes 2, 16, and 89. High-resolution cocrystal structures of HRV-2 3CP, covalently bound to compounds 3, 15, and 16, were solved. These cocrystal structures were analyzed and compared with our original HRV-14 3CP-substrate and inhibitor models.
The 4q12 Amplicon in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: Consequences on Gene Expression and Implications for Sunitinib Treatment (2010)

Since multiple receptors targeted by sunitinib are expressed or over-expressed by MPNST cells sunitinib appears as an attractive drug for treatment of MPNST patients. Presence of the 4q12 amplicon and subsequent over-expression of PDGFRA might serve as predictive markers for efficacy of sunitinib.
Mitochondrial Damage Induced by T-2 Mycotoxin on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line (2023)

T-2 toxin is produced by different <i>Fusarium</i> species and belongs to the group of type A trichothecene mycotoxins. T-2 toxin contaminates various grains, such as wheat, barley, maize, or rice, thus posing a risk to human and animal health. The toxin has toxicological effects on human and animal digestive, immune, nervous and reproductive systems. In addition, the most significant toxic effect can be observed on the skin. This in vitro study focused on T-2 toxicity on human skin fibroblast Hs68 cell line mitochondria. In the first step of this study, T-2 toxin's effect on the cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was determined. The cells were exposed to T-2 toxin, which resulted in dose- and time-dependent changes and a decrease in MMP. The obtained results revealed that the changes of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Hs68 cells were not affected by T-2 toxin. A further mitochondrial genome analysis showed that T-2 toxin in a dose- and time-dependent manner decreased the number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies in cells. In addition, T-2 toxin genotoxicity causing mtDNA damage was evaluated. It was found that incubation of Hs68 cells in the presence of T-2 toxin, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, increased the level of mtDNA damage in both tested mtDNA regions: NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5). In conclusion, the results of the in vitro study revealed that T-2 toxin shows adverse effects on Hs68 cell mitochondria. T-2 toxin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA damage, which may cause the disruption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and, in consequence, cell death.
Operating ranges of gas–liquid capillary microseparators: Experiments and theory (2014)

An experimental and theoretical study of capillary gas/liquid phase microseparators is presented. The device studied comprises a main microchannel with a set of capillaries fabricated to each side so that the liquid (wetting) phase can be separated from the gas (non-wetting) phase due to capillary effects. Different units are employed with different characteristics of capillaries (constant or tapered cross-sectional area and capillary size). We study how complete separation depends on the externally controlled pressure difference at the liquid and the gas outlet and how separation is affected by the imposed inlet flow rate. The results demonstrate that the operability pressure window becomes narrower as the fluid flow rates increase, and reveal discrepancies with theoretical predictions based on a simple Hagen–Poiseuille formulation. This is addressed by a new equation that takes into account interface curvature effects, and is found to be in qualitative agreement with the experimental results. In addition, we perform CFD simulations observing the emergence of interface breaking at high flow rates.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxyfunctionalization of Hydrocarbons. Part 17. Acid‐Dependent High Regioselectivity Hydroxylation of Naphthalene with Hydrogen Peroxide Giving 1‐ or 2‐Naphthol. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sensorless position detection and sinusoidal supply for small brushless DC motor (2000)

Keywords: Sensorless ; position ; detection ; sinusoidal ; brushless ; DS motor Reference EPFL-CONF-166235 Record created on 2011-05-31, modified on 2017-05-10
Observations of Coherent Optical Transition Radiation Interference Fringes Generated by Laser Plasma Accelerator Electron Beamlets (2018)

We report initial observations of coherent optical transition radiation interferometry (COTRI) patterns generated by microbunched electrons from laser-driven plasma accelerators (LPAs). These are revealed in the angular distribution patterns obtained by a CCD camera with the optics focused at infinity, or the far-field, viewing a Wartski two-foil interferometer. The beam divergences deduced by comparison to results from an analytical model are sub-mrad, and they are smaller than the ensemble vertical beam divergences measured at the downstream screen of the electron spectrometer. The transverse sizes of the beamlet images were obtained with focus at the object, or near field, and were in the few-micron regime as reported by LaBerge et al. The enhancements in intensity are significant relative to incoherent optical transition radiation (OTR) enabling multiple cameras to view each shot. We present two-foil interferometry effects coherently enhanced in both the 100-TW LPA at 215 MeV energy at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and the PW LPA at 1.0-GeV energy at the University of Texas-Austin. A transverse emittance estimate is reported for a microbunched beamlet example generated within the plasma bubble.
On-line pork carcass grading with the Autofom ultrasound system. (1998)

On-line pork carcass grading with the Autofom ultrasound system is described. The system consists of 16 ultrasound transducers positioned in a frame. The carcass is measured fully automatically at 3,200 positions to a depth of approximately 12 cm with a depth resolution of .19 mm. The ultrasound data form a three-dimensional ultrasound image, which is processed for noise reduction, orientation detection, and extraction of 127 features describing the carcass composition. The image features are used in a multivariate regression model, that is used for on-line predictions. On-line tests performed at line speeds up to 1,150 carcasses/h provide predictions of the meat percentage with an accuracy of 1.58 to 1.95%. Good predictions of the fat thickness and primal meat cuts have also been made.
Real-time monitoring and controlling of an Allen-Bradley SLC 500 through the Internet (2004)

Remote access to control and monitor various devices in industrial and other environments is very important and big challenge for engineers and automation institutes. The Internet technology is providing this accessibility with great benefits to the industry. One such demand is to access an Alien-Bradley SLC 500 family programmable logic controller (PLC) through the Internet using any available standard Web browser. This remote access capability provides real-time data acquisition to monitor and control devices that are connected to the inputs/outputs modules of the PLC. This paper presents a novel scheme to provide real-time accessibility to Alien Bradley PLC to control equipment without using any dedicated licensed software that runs as a tool for the Web server. Microsoft .NET programming technology has been used to implement the novel scheme. It involves two steps. The first step is to read and write data from the PLC SLC 5/03 using Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) programming language. In the second step, the SLC 5/03 data is displayed on the Web page "monitoring and controlling" as a HTML page, using Active Server Pages .NET (ASP.NET) through the Web Services. The Web server that has been utilized in this project is the Internet information services (US 5.0) under the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server.
Cuscutae Japonicae Semen Ameliorates Memory Dysfunction by Rescuing Synaptic Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease Models (2019)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and progressive cognitive impairment. To alleviate the symptoms of AD, functional foods and nutrients have been used for centuries. In this study, we investigated whether Cuscutae Japonicae Semen (CJS), a medicinal food traditionally used in East Asia, has effects on memory improvement and synapse protection in AD. We orally administered CJS to 5x familiar AD (5xFAD) transgenic mice and performed the Morris water maze test. The results showed that CJS treatment ameliorated the decline of memory function. Then, we demonstrated that CJS attenuated the degeneration of pre- and post-synaptic proteins in the hippocampi of 5xFAD mice. To demonstrate the effects of CJS in vitro, we treated Aβ in primary neuronal culture with CJS and observed that CJS rescued the loss of functional synapses. The protective effects of CJS on the synapse were due to the inhibition of activated caspase-3 expression. Additionally, CJS inhibited the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and tau proteins, which contribute to synaptic dysfunction. Taken together, our results suggest that CJS is efficient in alleviating memory loss by rescuing caspase-3-mediated synaptic damage in AD treatment.
SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF NOVEL FLUOROALKYL END-CAPPED OLIGOMERS CONTAINING 3,5-DIMETHYL-4-HYDROXYBENZYL AND 3-(2H-BENZOTRIAZOL-2-yl)-4-HYDROXYPHENYL SEGMENTS (2005)

New fluoroalkyl end-capped co-oligomers containing 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzyl segments [RF‒(DMHB)x‒(DMAA)y–RF] were prepared by the reactions of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with N-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)methacrylamide [DMHB] and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA). Similarly, fluoroalkyl end-capped homo- and co-oligomers containing 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl segments [RF–(BTRI)x–(Co–M)y–RF] were prepared by the reactions of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with 2-[3–(2H‒benzotriazol–2–yl)–4–hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate [BTRI] and co-monomers [Co–M] such as acrylic acid (ACA), DMAA, and acryloylmorpholine (ACMO). The fluoroalkyl end-capped DMHB and BTRI co-oligomers thus obtained were soluble not only in water but also in common organic solvents. In addition, these fluorinated co-oligomers were able to reduce the surface tension of 0.1 N NaOH solutions quite effectively to around 20 mN/mlevels, although the corresponding non-fluorinated co-oligomers were not effective in reducing the surface tension of 0.1 N NaOH solutions. A modified polystyrene film surface treated with these fluoroalkyl end-capped DMHB and BTRI co-oligomers was found to exhibit a good oleophobicity imparted by fluorine with an excellent hydrophilicity. XPS analyses showed that end-capped fluoroalkyl groups in RF-(BTRI)n-RF homo-oligomer were arranged regularly above the modified polystyrene surface. Of particular interest, it was demonstrated that the self-assembled molecular aggregates formed by RF-(DMHB)x-(DMAA)y-RF co-oligomers could interact strongly with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as a guest molecule to form a host–guest intermolecular complex, though such a host–guest interaction was not observed in the corresponding non-fluorinated DMHB co-oligomer.
Preparation and Characterization of IZO Transparent Conducting Films by the Sol-Gel Method (2004)

Indium-zinc oxide (IZO), with Zn/(Zn+In)=0.33 - 0.78, films were deposited by the sol-gel method. Effects of Zn/(Zn+In) atomic ratio and annealing temperature on the structural, electrical and optical properties of IZO thin film were investigated. Films of Zn/(Zn+In)=0.33 prepared at 600°C had the lowest resistivity value, 4.48X10 -2 Ω cm (carrier concentration=3.83X 10 18 cm -3 and mobility=25.54 cm2/Vs), and the structure of these films matched that of Zn 2 In 2 O 5 film. Average optical transmittances of all films were above 80% in the visible range. The highest average transmittance was observed at Zn/(Zn+In)=0.5, with 86.8% in the visible range.
Estimating Parameters of Logarithmic-Normal Distributions by Maximum Likelihood (1951)

Abstract This paper is concerned with the three-parameter logarithmic normal distribution; i.e., the general distribution in which the terminus is unknown. Maximum likelihood equations for estimating population parameters from random samples are derived, and an iterative method for their solution is outlined. Variances and covariances of these estimates are obtained from the information matrix. An illustrative example is included.