gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of turbo-code decoders applied to short frame transmission systems (1996)

A novel class of binary parallel concatenated recursive systematic convolutional codes termed turbo-codes, having amazing error correcting capabilities, has previously been proposed. However, the decoding of turbo-codes relies on the application of soft input/soft output decoders. Such decoders can be realized either using maximum a posteriori (MAP) symbol estimators or MAP sequence estimators, e.g., the a priori soft output Viterbi algorithm (APRI-SOVA). In this paper, the structure of turbo-code encoders as well as of turbo-code decoders is described. In particular, four different decoder structures are illustratively characterized and their error rate performance capabilities compared in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) as well as flat Rayleigh-fading channels based on extensive simulation results for short frames used for speech transmission in the uplink of a digital mobile radio system applying code division multiple access and joint detection. The decoders are investigated as follows: 1) the MAP symbol estimator-based approach used by Berrou et al. [1993], 2) the MAP symbol estimator-based approach used by Robertson [1994], 3) a new reduced complexity MAP symbol estimator-based approach [Jung 1995], and 4) an APRI-SOVA based approach used by Hagenauer et al. [1994].
Non-uniform DFT filter banks design with semi-definite programming (2004)

The uniform DFT filter banks are well studied but they are not always suitable for applications with non-uniform time frequency representations such as speech and image processing. Using an all-pass transformation, non-uniform spacings between the frequency subbands can be obtained. However, this introduces an additional aliasing due to non-linear phase distortions. This paper considers the design of non-uniform DFT filter banks with a specified group delay by minimising the aliasing whilst constraining the magnitude and phase distortions to a prescribed tolerance.
Analysis of gold nanoparticle mixtures: a comparison of hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to ICP-MS (2012)

Robust methods to detect and characterize engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in environmental samples are an urgent need, particularly given the increasing use of ENPs in consumer products. To be successful, methods should enable differentiation of ENPs from background nanoparticulates and other system components. The element specificity of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can, to some degree, satisfy this requirement. Given the polydisperse nature of particles in natural systems, combining ICP-MS with a size separation method holds particular promise. This paper compares hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4), both coupled with ICP-MS, in their capacity to detect, quantify, and characterize nanoparticles. The detection limits, resolution, and recoveries for both techniques were determined using gold nanoparticle standards. AF4 is capable of separating mixtures of 5, 20, 50 and 100 nm gold ENPs with significantly greater resolution than HDC, with these resolution differences being most pronounced in the smaller size range. However, HDC recoveries ranged from 77 to 96%, while recovery during AF4 ranged from 4 to 89%. The low AF4 recoveries generally occurred for the largest ENPs at the lowest concentrations examined. The limits of detection for both techniques were found to be approximately 5 μg L−1, however different experimental conditions could lower this value. HDC provides an additional benefit over AF4 by proving capable of separating a dissolved signal from a NP sample.
Reduced real lifetime of PV panels – Economic consequences (2023)

The maintenance and analyzing failures of PV systems and plants are becoming more and more important issues. Our data from the long-term operation of 85 photovoltaic power plants in central Europe show that their actual lifetime is about half that of the originally planned lifetime. After about 10 years, serious failures of 1st tier (bankable) PV panels occur at an increasing rate. This article presents selected typical data and describes the most serious failures. Furthermore, economic calculations of returns on investment are carried out in relation to the price of electricity, which is currently changing at a rapid pace. It shows that the PV panel lifetime reduction from 20 to 30 years, declared at commercial leaflets, to real lifetime about 10–12 years can reduce PV power plant profit substantially, but the investment is still worth it. The reason is that after 10–12 years ser vice/maintenance expenses to replace damaged PV panels and inverters are growing very quickly. The new information could be helpful for owners of PV power plants to get a more realistic estimation of profits.
Left Ventricular Pacing Threshold and Outcome in MADIT‐CRT (2014)

High intraoperative LVPT is associated with significantly lower echocardiographic and clinical response to CRT-D.
Decision-Making For Patients With Resectable Breast Cancer: Individualized Decisions For and By Patients and Their Physicians (2003)

Decisions regarding the use of adjuvant cytotoxic and hormonal therapies for women with breast cancer ideally should be made jointly by the patient and oncologist. For patients to be adequately involved in this decision-making process, they must be provided with appropriate education regarding the potential benefits and risks of adjuvant therapies. The recommended steps for doing this are: 1) understand baseline prognosis with locoregional therapy (surgery, radiation, or both) alone for the individual patient at hand; 2) determine the estimated benefit afforded by adjuvant therapy options for the individual patient; 3) estimate the risk of side effects of adjuvant therapy options; 4) convey the above information to the individual patient; 5) facilitate the individual patient's decision regarding adjuvant systemic therapy; and 6) support the patient's decision. Two computer-based tools (Numeracy and Adjuvant!) are available to facilitate this process.
Co-operative ligation of diporphinatoiron(II) complexes with carbon monoxide: a haemoglobin model for gaseous molecule ligation (1986)

E. Tsuchida, S. Wang, M. Yuasa and H. Nishide, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986, 179 DOI: 10.1039/C39860000179
Comparison of the Biological Effects of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine in the Rat* (1977)

To compare the biological effects of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), the results of varying the production rates of T3 and T4independently were evaluated. In one set of experiments, the responses of hypothyroid rats to thyroid hormones were measured in terms of weight gain, hepatic mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (aGPD) and serum TSH. T4 was given with, and without, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PTU) and αGPD activity paralleled, and could completely be accounted for, by the effect of the quantities of the T3 produced. The direct role of T3 production in the maintenance of hepatic αGPD activity was supported by finding normal serum T3 and αGPD activities, but reduced T4, in rats on low iodine diet for 2 months. Only after 4 months of iodine deficiency was αGPD reduced in the presence of a normal serum T3. These results suggest that T4 per se plays a minimal role in this system. In contrast, there were significant effects of T4 administration on stimulation of weight gain and suppression of TSH release in hypothyroid animals which were not due to the T3 produced by peripheral conversion. While T3 given parenterally was about tenfold more potent than T4 in acute suppression of TSH, PTU pretreatment did not alter the acute decrease in TSH after T4 which lasted for at least 22 h, as opposed to less than 7 h for T3. Despite the direct effect of T4 on TSH suppression, acute reduction in T3 in normal rats resulted in an elevation of serum TSH even though serum T4 concentrations were unchanged or even increased at this time. The results indicate that the thyrotroph, unlike the hepatocyte, can respond acutely to both increases and decreases in either T3 or T4 production. The differential sensitivities of various tissues to T3 and T4 indicate that the relative potencies of these two hormones must be defined experimentally in terms of a specific biological effect.
Coordination of Automated Vehicles at Intersections: Decision, Efficiency and Control (2015)

This papers studies the kind of control that is needed to efficiently coordinate multiple automated vehicles. An intersection is chosen in order to present the main concept but consequences of this work also hold for other areas of cooperation, such as lane changes or maneuvers in parking lots. We chose the classical framework for multi-robots systems: the coordination space i.e. we assume the future paths are known and fixed. The problem is to coordinate the speeds of the vehicles. We first prove a theorem stating that a smooth feedback control cannot always avoid gridlocks: for more than 2 vehicles, there are always starting states ending into gridlocks. The paper then proposes some ways to avoid this drawback, leading to a better conceptual way to take decision in such a cooperative system, in order to have provable efficient decision and control.
A design guide and specification for small explosive containment structures (1994)

The design of structural containments for testing small explosive devices requires the designer to consider the various aspects of the explosive loading, i.e., shock and gas or quasistatic pressure. Additionally, if the explosive charge has the potential of producing damaging fragments, provisions must be made to arrest the fragments. This may require that the explosive be packed in a fragment attenuating material, which also will affect the loads predicted for containment response. Material also may be added just to attenuate shock, in the absence of fragments. Three charge weights are used in the design. The actual charge is used to determine a design fragment. Blast loads are determined for a {open_quotes}design charge{close_quotes}, defined as 125% of the operational charge in the explosive device. No yielding is permitted at the design charge weight. Blast loads are also determined for an over-charge, defined as 200% of the operational charge in the explosive device. Yielding, but no failure, is permitted at this over-charge. This guide emphasizes the calculation of loads and fragments for which the containment must be designed. The designer has the option of using simplified or complex design-analysis methods. Examples in the guide use readily available single degree-of-freedom (sdof) methods, plus static methods for equivalent dynamic loads. These are the common methods for blast resistant design. Some discussion of more complex methods is included. Generally, the designer who chooses more complex methods must be fully knowledgeable in their use and limitations. Finally, newly fabricated containments initially must be proof tested to 125% of the operational load and then inspected at regular intervals. This specification provides guidance for design, proof testing, and inspection of small explosive containment structures.
The annealed (0001) α-alumina surface and its influence on thin-film growth (1995)

The growth of semiconductors, superconductors, metals, and other insulators has been investigated using alumina substrates in a variety of orientations. The surface state of the alumina (for example surface reconstruction and step nature) can be expected to affect the growth nature and quality of the epilayers. As such, the surface nature has been studied using a number of techniques including low energy electron diffraction (LEED), reflection electron microscopy (REM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), molecular dynamics computer simulations, and also by theoretical surface energy calculations. In the (0001) orientation, the bulk alumina lattice can be thought of as a layered structure with A1-A1-O stacking. This gives three possible terminations of the bulk alumina lattice, with theoretical surface energy calculations suggesting that termination should occur between the Al layers. Thus, the lattice often has been described as being made up of layers of (Al-O-Al) unit stacking sequences. There is a 180° rotation in the surface symmetry of successive layers and a total of six layers are required to form the alumina unit cell.
Electric Fields Within Cells as a Function of Membrane Resistivity—A Model Study (2004)

Externally applied electric fields play an important role in many therapeutic modalities, but the fields they produce inside cells remain largely unknown. This study makes use of a three-dimensional model to determine the electric field that exists in the intracellular domain of a 10-microm spherical cell exposed to an applied field of 100 V/cm. The transmembrane potential resulting from the applied field was also determined and its change was compared to those of the intracellular field. The intracellular field increased as the membrane resistance decreased over a wide range of values. The results showed that the intracellular electric field was about 1.1 mV/cm for Rm of 10,000 omega x cm2, increasing to about 111 mV/cm as Rm decreased to 100 omega x cm2. Over this range of Rm the transmembrane potential was nearly constant. The transmembrane potential declined only as Rm decreased below 1 omega x cm2. The simulation results suggest that intracellular electric field depends on Rm in its physiologic range, and may not be negligible in understanding some mechanisms of electric field-mediated therapies.
Achievable rates for transmission of discrete constellations over the Gaussian MAC channe (2011)

In this paper we consider the achievable rate region of the Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (MAC) when suboptimal transmission schemes are employed. Focusing on the two-user MAC and assuming uncoded Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), we derive a rate region that is a pentagon, and propose a strategy with which it can be achieved. We also compare the region with outer bounds and with orthogonal transmission.
Overview of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy for receptor positive breast cancer in post menopausal women (2004)

For elderly women, great importance is increasingly being attached to the question of breast conservation. Current data confirms the concept of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy as an option in postmenopausal women to reduce the volume of locally advanced carcinomas and thereby increase the rate of breast conserving operations. Moreover, in vivo testing of the effectiveness of endocrine neoadjuvance is important for subsequent adjuvant therapy. Endocrine therapy is also particularly well tolerated. Current data are available, although to different degrees, both for tamoxifen and for all aromatase inhibitors. Initial neoadjuvant treatment studies with tamoxifen showed clinical response rates of 49 to 68% with a median reduction in tumour volume of 58%. Studies comparing adjuvant tamoxifen with primary tamoxifen treatment and subsequent surgery in the event of disease progression found no difference in total survival. For the aromatase inhibitors, results were variable overall: In the IMPACT study (Phase III) anastrozole, tamoxifen or the two drugs combined showed no difference with respect to response after 3 months (anastrozole 37.2%, tamoxifen 36.1%); an increased rate of breast conserving operations was achieved with anastrozole (45.2%) compared with tamoxifen (22.2%). Exemestane, at 88.6%, has a greater response than tamoxifen (57.2%) (Phase II) and letrozole shows a response of 55-92% compared with 36% for tamoxifen (Phase II and III). Extension of the neoadjuvant therapy phase with exemestane to 4-5 months improved the response, with further increases in the rates of complete remission based on clinical and pathological evidence and an increased rate of breast conservation of 45.2%; figures for letrozole at 6-8 months were 67.0%. Data on the long-term outcome are not yet available. Future studies are focusing on optimisation of the treatment period, the search for reliable predictive markers and improvement of the therapeutic index.
A Novel Rigid β-Turn Molecular Scaffold (1998)

We describe here the solution 1H NMR analysis, restrained and unrestrained molecular dynamic simulations of the bicyclic peptide cyclo(Met1-asp2-Trp3-Phe4-dap5-Leu6)cyclo(2β-5β) (MEN10701) (dap: (2R)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid). This compound is an analogue of cyclo(Met1-Asp2-Trp3-Phe4-Dap5-Leu6)cyclo(2β-5β) (MEN10627) (Dap: (2S)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid), which is the most potent and selective, peptide-based NK2 receptor antagonist known to date. MEN10701 differs from MEN10627 for the d chirality of the Asp2 and Dap5 residues; it was designed to better understand the role of the lactame bridge in determining the shape of the molecule and to elucidate whether its position, above or below the plane containing the pharmacophores (Met1, Trp3, Phe4, and Leu6 side chains), could modulate the biological response. Despite our expectations, the uncoercible bicyclic structure of MEN10627 is dramatically coerced into a novel conformation, by the replacement of the lactame bridge forming units (Asp2 and Dap5) with residues of opposite chirality. The overall shape of MEN10701 is also quite unique because of its compactness. It is ellipsoidal instead of being rectangle-like, and the structure is stabilized by two intramolecular hydrogen bonds encompassing two type I‘ β-turns. This structure can be added to the repertoire of rigid β-turn scaffolds for the design of bioactive molecules, which require turned motifs to elicit potency and specificity.
Characterization of Rare Variants in MC4R in African American and Latino Children With Severe Early-Onset Obesity (2019)

Although the prevalence of MC4R mutations in this cohort was similar to that reported for obese children of European ancestry, some of the variants were novel.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SLUG, <italic>AGRIOLIMAX RETICULATUS</italic> (MÜLLER): EXPERIMENTS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION (1972)

Journal Article THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SLUG, AGRIOLIMAX RETICULATUS (MÜLLER): EXPERIMENTS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION Get access WALKER GRAHAM WALKER GRAHAM Zoology Department, University College of North WalesBangor Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Molluscan Studies, Volume 40, Issue 1, April 1972, Pages 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065204 Published: 01 April 1972
Un conjunto de medidas para la evaluación de modelos workflow (2008)

En todo proceso de negocio es muy importante su mejora continua, lo que lleva a las organizaciones a buscar herramientas que den soporte a la realización de estas mejoras. La Gestión de Procesos de Negocio proporciona este soporte mediante los Sistemas de Gestión de Procesos de Negocio (BPMS). Una de las tecnologías más significativas para dar soporte a la automatización de los procesos de negocio son los Sistemas de Gestión de Workflow (SGW). Para favorecer y dar flexibilidad a los SGW, de manera que puedan adaptarse a los cambios constantes del negocio, es fundamental tener un lenguaje de modelado que permita una fácil adaptación de los modelos. De la misma manera es fundamental tener herramientas que permitan medir la calidad de dichos modelos. En función de esto, proponemos un conjunto de métricas para la evaluación de modelos workflows en función de su adaptabilidad y entendibilidad.
T-Cell Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis: Immunoregulatory Mechanism and Prospects for Therapy (2001)

Vaccination with inactivated autoreactive T cells (T-cell vaccination) was originally developed to study immune regulation in experimental autoimmune conditions. During the last two decades, research in this area has led to the new understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby autoreactive T cells are regulated in vivo and the development of new therapeutic strategies using synthetic peptides and plasmid or viral DNA vectors. Recently T-cell vaccination has been advanced to human trials in patients with multiple sclerosis. These early clinical studies were designed to test the potential treatment efficacy of T-cell vaccination and have shown some promising results. In this article, new insights in the understanding of the regulatory mechanism induced by T-cell vaccination and the results of the clinical trials are reviewed. In particular, issues related to the improvement of the current T-cell vaccination protocol are discussed in relationship to the concept of immune regulation and clinical considerations.
Religion, Politics, and Feminist Epistemology: A Comment on the Uses and Abuses of Morality in Public Discourse (2002)

Symposium on "Law, Morality, and Popular Culture in the Public Sphere" at the Indiana University School of Law-Bloomington, April 6, 2001.
Effect of Moxifloxacin on Production ofProinflammatory Cytokines from Human Peripheral BloodMononuclearCells (2003)

The effects of moxifloxacin, a new methoxyfluoroquinolone, on the production of proinflammatory cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated. Moxifloxacin inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6) by PBMCs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and heat-killed bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxic effects. The addition of moxifloxacin reduced the population of cells positive for CD-14 and TNF-alpha and for CD-14 and IL-6 among the LPS- or LTA-stimulated PBMCs. By Western blot analysis, moxifloxacin pretreatment reduced the degradation of IkappaBalpha in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. In conclusion, moxifloxacin could interfere with NF-kappaB activation by inhibiting the degradation of IkappaBalpha and reduce the levels of production of proinflammatory cytokines.
Role of Endosomal Cathepsins in Entry Mediated by the Ebola Virus Glycoprotein (2006)

Using chemical inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA), we have confirmed roles for cathepsin B (CatB) and cathepsin L (CatL) in Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP)-mediated infection. Treatment of Ebola virus GP pseudovirions with CatB and CatL converts GP1 from a 130-kDa to a 19-kDa species. Virus with 19-kDa GP1 displays significantly enhanced infection and is largely resistant to the effects of the CatB inhibitor and siRNA, but it still requires a low-pH-dependent endosomal/lysosomal function. These and other results support a model in which CatB and CatL prime GP by generating a 19-kDa intermediate that can be acted upon by an as yet unidentified endosomal/lysosomal enzyme to trigger fusion.
In-situ 4D-STEM of the Martensitic Phase Transformation in NiTi (2022)

Journal Article In-situ 4D-STEM of the Martensitic Phase Transformation in NiTi Get access Jennifer Donohue, Jennifer Donohue Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew M Minor Andrew M Minor Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USANational Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, USA Corresponding author: aminor@berkeley.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 28, Issue S1, 1 August 2022, Pages 492–494, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622002628 Published: 01 August 2022
Structure and Local Chemical Properties of Boron-Terminated Tetravacancies in Hexagonal Boron Nitride (2015)

Imaging and spectroscopy performed in a low-voltage scanning transmission electron microscope are used to characterize the structure and chemical properties of boron-terminated tetravacancies in hexagonal boron nitride. We confirm earlier theoretical predictions about the structure of these defects and identify new features in the electron energy-loss spectra of B atoms using high resolution chemical maps, highlighting differences between these areas and pristine sample regions. We correlate our experimental data with calculations which help explain our observations.