gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Invasion of Nostocales (cyanobacteria) to Subtropical and Temperate Freshwater Lakes – Physiological, Regional, and Global Driving Forces (2012)

Similar to the increased number of studies on invasive plants and animals in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, many reports were recently published on the invasion of Nostocales (cyanobacteria) to freshwater environments worldwide. Invasion and proliferation of Nostocales in new habitats have the potential to significantly alter the structure of the native community and to modify ecosystem functioning. But most importantly, they influence the water quality due to a variety of toxic compounds that some species produce. Therefore a special attention was given to the invasion and persistence of toxic cyanobacteria in many aquatic ecosystems. Here we summarize the currently published records on the invasion of two Nostocales genera, Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon, to lakes and water reservoirs in subtropical and temperate zones. These invading species possess traits thought to be common to many invasive organisms: high growth rate, high resource utilization efficiency and overall superior competitive abilities over native species when local conditions vary. Assuming that dispersion routes of cyanobacteria have not been changed much in recent decades, their recent establishment and proliferation in new habitats indicate changes in the environment under which they can exploit their physiological advantage over the native phytoplankton population. In many cases, global warming was identified as the major driving force for the invasion of Nostocales. Due to this uncontrollable trend, invasive Nostocales species are expected to maintain their presence in new habitats and further expand to new environments. In other cases, regional changes in nutrient loads and in biotic conditions were attributed to the invasion events.
Comparison of multivariate adaptive regression splines with coupled wavelet transform artificial neural networks for runoff forecasting in Himalayan micro-watersheds with limited data (2011)

Himalayan watersheds are characterized by mountainous topography and a lack of available data. Due to the complexity of rainfall–runoff relationships in mountainous watersheds and the lack of hydrological data in many of these watersheds, process-based models have limited applicability for runoff forecasting in these areas. In light of this, accurate forecasting methods that do not necessitate extensive data sets are required for runoff forecasting in mountainous watersheds. In this study, multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), wavelet transform artificial neural network (WA-ANN), and regular artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed and compared for runoff forecasting applications in the mountainous watershed of Sainji in the Himalayas, an area with limited data for runoff forecasting. To develop and test the models, three micro-watersheds were gauged in the Sainji watershed in Uttaranchal State in India and data were recorded from July 1 2001 to June 30 2003. It was determined that the best WA-ANN and MARS models were comparable in terms of forecasting accuracy, with both providing very accurate runoff forecasts compared to the best ANN model. The results indicate that the WA-ANN and MARS methods are promising new methods of short-term runoff forecasting in mountainous watersheds with limited data, and warrant additional study.
Side-polished multimode fiber biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance with halogen light (2007)

A side-polished multimode fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as the transducing element with a halogen light source is proposed. The SPR fiber sensor is side polished until half the core is closed and coated with a 37 nm gold thin film by dc sputtering. The SPR curve on the optical spectrum is described by an optical spectrum analyzer and can sense a range of widths in wavelengths of SPR effects. The measurement system using the halogen light source is constructed for several real-time detections that are carried out for the measurement of the index liquid detections for the sensitivity analysis. The sensing fiber is demonstrated with a series of refractive index (RI) liquids and set for several experiments, including the stability, repeatability, and resolution calibration. The results for the halogen light source with the resolution of the measurement based on wavelength interrogation were 3 x 10(-6) refractive index units (RIUs). The SPR dip shifted in wavelength is used as a measure of the RI change at a surface, and this RI change varies directly with the number of biomolecules at the surface. The SPR dip shift in wavelength, which was hybridized at 0.1 microM of the target DNA to the probe DNA, was 8.66 nm. The all-fiber multimode SPR sensor, which has the advantages of being low cost, being disposable, having high stability and linearity, being free of labeling, and having potential for real-time detection, permit the sensor and system to be used in biochemical sensing and environmental monitoring.
Safety assessment of tamoxifen and toremifene. (1997)

Nonclinical and clinical safety studies on the two antiestrogens, tamoxifen (Nolvadex) and toremifene (Fareston), are reviewed. Tamoxifen is genotoxic, carcinogenic in experimental animals, and carcinogenic in humans. Toremifene has yielded some positive findings for genotoxicity, but was not an initiating carcinogen in experimental animals. Thus, toremifene has a superior nonclinical safety profile, although information on its long-term effects in humans is needed to ascertain whether its use results in improved safety.
Different acidity and additive effects of zirconium metal–organic frameworks as catalysts for cyanosilylation (2015)

Both hydrous and anhydrous UiO-66 MOFs are heterogeneous and recyclable catalysts for aldehyde cyanosilylation owing to Brønsted and Lewis acidity, respectively, and pyridine can enhance the activity, instead of poisoning the catalysts.
Intracoronary irradiation markedly reduces restenosis after balloon angioplasty in a porcine model (1994)

Intracoronary irradiation (2,000 cGy) delivered to a target porcine coronary segment before balloon overdilation markedly reduces neointima formation at 30 days and thus significantly impairs the restenosis process.
Genomic Grade Index (GGI): Feasibility in Routine Practice and Impact on Treatment Decisions in Early Breast Cancer (2013)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01916837, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01916837.
A laboratory experiment to demonstrate Gauss’s law for electric fields (2008)

This paper describes an experiment that demonstrates Gauss’s law for electric fields. The experiment utilizes easily obtained equipment and requires simple electrostatic field measurements. The field measurements are obtained for azimuthally symmetric electrodes located over a conducting ground plane. The measurements are shown to be consistent with the image theory solution for a spherical electrode over a ground plane. The relation between Gauss’s law and the concept of capacitance is also demonstrated.
Counting Australia’s protected rivers (2011)

Australia is committed to protecting its important and representative ecosystems. Foremost among protection measures is the network of terrestrial and marine protected areas that comprise the National Reserve System (NRS). However, these reserves were often established with little regard for the conservation needs of riverine ecosystems. There has been no conservation status assessment to determine whether riverine ecosystems are adequately protected within terrestrial reserves. This study begins this task by determining the extent of riverine protection through the NRS. Three classes of protection are defined based on the proportion of the catchment of each stream segment (the link between tributary confluences) that is contained within a protected area, and the presence of major in-stream barriers. The analysis reveals cause for concern. While nearly 225000km (7.6%) of the 2.9million kilometres of streams assessed fall within a protected area of IUCN class I to IV where the principal objective is nature conservation, just 12334km of stream, less than half of one per cent of the total stream length, receives Class A protection, the strongest level of protection against threat. Class A is achieved where an entire drainage basin is contained within a protected area. Most of the protected stream length of the larger, named streams is potentially threatened by land-use activities occurring in unprotected headwaters or is fragmented by major dams and thus receives the lowest class of protection. Owing to a variety of pervasive threats, a more comprehensive conservation status assessment of these ecosystems would undoubtedly yield an even more pessimistic result. Such an assessment is recommended.
Neurologists vs Emergency Physicians: Reliability of a Neurological Script Concordance Test In A Multi-Centre, Cross-Disciplinary Setting (P1.327) (2014)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and reliability of a neurological script concordance test (SCT) in Neurology and Emergency departments (EDs) in 2 hospitals. BACKGROUND: Clinical reasoning (CR) varies with medical and socio-cultural contexts. This implies assessments of CR must demonstrate reliability across disciplines and institutions. SCTs are validated assessment tools of CR. We previously designed and validated a SCT for neurological emergencies and localisation . Since neurologists and emergency physicians frequently manage neurological emergencies and perform neurological localization, we aimed to validate the SCT on neurologists and emergency physicians in 2 hospitals. DESIGN/METHODS: The SCT was administered to faculty, residents and 4th year medical undergraduates in Neurology and EDs of 2 tertiary care centres in Singapore. These constituted National University Hospital Neurology Department (NUHNL], National University Hospital ED (NUHED), Tan Tock Seng Hospital ED (TTSHED) and National Neuroscience Institute-Tan Tock Seng Hospital [NNI-TTSH]). RESULTS: N= 289 (104 from NNI-TTSH, 36 from NUHNL, 95 from NUHED and 54 from TTSHED), consisting 60 experts, 151 residents and 78 undergraduates assigned to NNI-TTSH and NUHED. At each site, scores were derived from the departmental expert panel. All scores reported as mean± SEM. Respective scores for experts in NNI-TTSH; NUHNL; TTSHED; NUHED were 76.6± 1.1; 79.4± 1.2; 79.1± 1.0; 77.3± 0.6. Equivalent scores for residents were 68.3± 1.1; 69.6± 0.8; 66.8± 0.9; 67.0± 0.7. Undergraduates in NNI-TTSH and NUHED scored 61.0± 0.9 and 68.6± 0.5 respectively. Experts scored better than residents and undergraduates (p<0.05 in all centres and disciplines). Residents scored better than undergraduates in NNI-TTSH (p<0.05), but not NUHED. Test reliability was acceptable in all settings, Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.72 to 0.81. CONCLUSIONS: Across disciplines and institutions, the SCT showed acceptable construct validity and reliability. The SCT can be used in differing disciplines and institutions with appropriate selection of expert panels Study Supported by: National University Health System NICE (New innovations in clinical education) Fund
Microfluidic chip based microfiber/nanofiber sensors (2017)

We demonstrate three microfluidic chip based microfiber/nanofiber sensors for ultra-sensitive absorption, fluorescence, and femtoliter-scale sensing, respectively. The sensors shown here may open up new opportunities for ultra-sensitive biosensing and single molecule analysis.
Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that narrowband 280 and 310 nm UV-B induce distinctive responses in Arabidopsis (2021)

SUMMARY In plants, the UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) perceives UV-B and induces UV-B responses including synthesis of UV-B absorbing phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins. UVR8 absorbs a range of UV-B (260–335 nm). However, the responsiveness of plants to each UV-B wavelength has not been intensively studied so far. Here, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses of Arabidopsis using UV light emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak wavelengths of 280 and 310 nm to investigate the differences in the wavelength-specific UV-B responses. Irradiation with both UV-LEDs induced gene expression of the transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), which has a central role in the UVR8 signaling pathway. However, the overall transcriptomic and metabolic responses to 280 and 310 nm UV-LED irradiation were different. Most of the known UV-B-responsive genes, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and defense-related genes, responded only to 280 nm UV-LED irradiation. Lipids, polyamines and organic acids were the metabolites most affected by 280 nm UV-LED irradiation, whereas the effect of 310 nm UV-LED irradiation on the metabolome was considerably less. Enzymatic genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway upstream in anthocyanin biosynthesis were up-regulated only by 280 nm UV-LED irradiation. On the other hand, no enzymatic genes downstream in anthocyanin biosynthesis were induced by the UV-LEDs, but rather, they were down-regulated by 310 nm UV-LED irradiation. These results revealed that the responsivenesses of Arabidopsis to 280 and 310 nm UV-B were significantly different, suggesting that UV-B signaling is mediated by more complex pathways than the current model.
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging Of Endogenous Metabolites For Monitoring Oxidative Phosphorylation And Glycolysis In Vivo (2017)

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis are two cellular metabolic pathways that play a crucial role in the functions of biological systems. Currently, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (13C, 31P, and 1H) and positron emission tomography (PET) methods are used to investigate changes in these pathways that result from metabolic dysfunction. However, MRS methods are limited by low resolution and long acquisition times. While 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET is a widely used clinical modality, it requires the use of radioactive ligands. Thus, there is an unmet need for techniques to image these metabolic processes noninvasively, and with higher resolution in vivo. In this dissertation, we exploited the chemical exchange saturation (CEST) phenomenon to develop and optimize endogenous CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods to measure OXPHOS and glycolysis, and demonstrated application of those techniques to study impaired metabolism in vivo. These CEST methods offer several orders of magnitude higher sensitivity compared to traditional spectroscopic techniques. Recently developed CEST imaging of free creatine (CrCEST) was targeted as a means of measuring OXPHOS. We optimized and validated this technique in healthy human skeletal muscle, showing that CrCEST imaging in dynamic exercise studies provides a measure of the mitochondrial rate of OXPHOS. CrCEST imaging was then implemented in a cohort of subjects affected by genetic disorders of the mitochondria. The results of these studies demonstrate that CrCEST has the capability to distinguish between healthy and impaired OXPHOS in muscle. In some diseases with altered metabolism, like cancer, aerobic glycolysis dominates, leading to increased lactate production. Existing methods for imaging lactate in vivo involve expensive, radiolabeled tracers. In this work, we demonstrated the feasibility of imaging lactate with CEST (“LATEST”) in phantoms with physiological concentrations. Then, we validated the method dynamically in vivo by measuring lactate production and clearance in intensely exercised human skeletal muscle, which utilizes anaerobic glycolysis. Finally, we infused rats bearing lymphoma tumors with non-labeled pyruvate and demonstrated the ability of LATEST MRI to image tumors and measure dynamic lactate changes over time. Together, these studies demonstrate that metabolic processes can be monitored in vivo using CEST MRI, with potential for widespread clinical applications.
A diamond AGPM coronagraph for VISIR (2012)

In recent years, phase mask coronagraphy has become increasingly efficient in imaging the close environment of stars, enabling the search for exoplanets and circumstellar disks. Coronagraphs are ideally suited instruments, characterized by high dynamic range imaging capabilities, while preserving a small inner working angle. The AGPM (Annular Groove Phase Mask, Mawet et al. 2005<sup>1</sup>) consists of a vector vortex induced by a rotationally symmetric subwavelength grating. This technique constitutes an almost unique solution to the achromatization at longer wavelengths (mid-infrared). For this reason, we have specially conceived a mid-infrared AGPM coronagraph for the forthcoming upgrade of VISIR, the mid-IR imager and spectrograph on the VLT at ESO (Paranal), in collaboration with members of the VISIR consortium. The implementation phase of the VISIR Upgrade Project is foreseen for May-August 2012, and the AGPM installed will cover the 11-13.2 &mu;m spectral range. In this paper, we present the entire fabrication process of our AGPM imprinted on a diamond substrate. Diamond is an ideal material for mid-infrared wavelengths owing to its high transparency, small dispersion, extremely low thermal expansion and outstanding mechanical and chemical properties. The design process has been performed with an algorithm based on the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA), and the micro-fabrication has been carried out using nano-imprint lithography and reactive ion etching. A precise grating profile metrology has also been conducted using cleaving techniques. Finally, we show the deposit of fiducials (i.e. centering marks) with Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP). We conclude with the ultimate coronagraph expected performances.
Studies of Various Behavior Patterns in the Hybrid between Papilio xuthus LINNE and Papilio machaon hippocrates C. et R. FELDER (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae) (1976)

Various behavior patterns of the F1 hybrids between female adults of P. machaon and male adults of P. xuthus were examined. Though weak, hybrids were able to fly. Their nectar-seeking behavior was also observed. When a hybrid dummy was rotated at a distance of 15-30cm from a resting hybrid, the resting hybrid demonstrated the same flutter response the parental adults made to individuals of their own species. Experiments with dummies of parents and hybrids revealed that male hybrids could respond to dummies by approaching and contacting them.
Low-cost, Low-profile Dendrometer Optimized for Grapevines (2021)

Increasing agricultural demand for fresh water resources in the face of a changing climate requires improved irrigation management solutions to maximize resource efficiency while maintaining crop yield and quality. Soil water deficits can significantly reduce plant growth and development, dictating the quantity and quality of the crop. While plant-based measures of water deficits are considered to be the best measures of water stress, current methods for achieving precise stress measurements are time-consuming and inefficient. Dendrometers are one plant-based tool that have shown potential to improve irrigation management in high-value woody perennial crops. High-precision dendrometers continuously measure small fluctuations (± 1 micron) in stem diameter throughout the day, which directly correlates to water stress. However, currently available dendrometers are expensive, have mechanical hysteresis, and are subject to mechanical and environmental issues such as material expansion; weather and animal disruptions; and bulky, invasive design. The dendrometer created at the OPEnS Lab - tailored for grapevines - alleviates these key failure points through the use of zero-thermal expansion carbon fiber, spring tension, and a linear magnetic encoder. The design is also significantly less expensive than that of the competition, costing around $200 as opposed to $1000. Mass deployment of these automated dendrometers has the potential to provide a continuous picture of vineyard water stress at the whole-block level, thus providing valuable decision support for vineyard irrigation management. Follow the project at open-sensing.org/projects.
Transgenic CaMKIIδ C Overexpression Uniquely Alters Cardiac Myocyte Ca 2+ Handling (2003)

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) delta is the predominant cardiac isoform, and the deltaC splice variant is cytoplasmic. We overexpressed CaMKIIdeltaC in mouse heart and observed dilated heart failure and altered myocyte Ca2+ regulation in 3-month-old CaMKIIdeltaC transgenic mice (TG) versus wild-type littermates (WT). Heart/body weight ratio and cardiomyocyte size were increased about 2-fold in TG versus WT. At 1 Hz, twitch shortening, [Ca2+]i transient amplitude, and diastolic [Ca2+]i were all reduced by approximately 50% in TG versus WT. This is explained by >50% reduction in SR Ca2+ content in TG versus WT. Peak Ca2+ current (ICa) was slightly increased, and action potential duration was prolonged in TG versus WT. Despite lower SR Ca2+ load and diastolic [Ca2+]i, fractional SR Ca2+ release was increased and resting spontaneous SR Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) were doubled in frequency in TG versus WT (with prolonged width and duration, but lower amplitude). Enhanced Ca2+ spark frequency was also seen in TG at 4 weeks (before heart failure onset). Acute CaMKII inhibition normalized Ca2+ spark frequency and ICa, consistent with direct CaMKII activation of ryanodine receptors (and ICa) in TG. The rate of [Ca2+]i decline during caffeine exposure was faster in TG, indicating enhanced Na+-Ca2+ exchange function (consistent with protein expression measurements). Enhanced diastolic SR Ca2+ leak (via sparks), reduced SR Ca2+-ATPase expression, and increased Na+-Ca2+ exchanger explain the reduced diastolic [Ca2+]i and SR Ca2+ content in TG. We conclude that CaMKIIdeltaC overexpression causes acute modulation of excitation-contraction coupling, which contributes to heart failure.
Efficient Conventional‐ and Inverted‐Type Photovoltaic Cells Using a Planar Alternating Polythiophene Copolymer (2012)

A low-band-gap alternating copolymer, poly{5,6-bis(octyloxy)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole} (PTBT), was synthesized and investigated for photovoltaic applications. PTBT showed a minimized torsion angle in its main backbone owing to the introduction of solubilizing octyloxy groups on the electron-poor benzothiadiazole unit, thereby resulting in pronounced intermolecular ordering and a deep level of the HOMO (-5.41 eV). By blending PTBT with [6,6]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(61)BM), highly promising performance was achieved with power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 5.9 and 5.3% for the conventional and inverted devices, respectively, under air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm(-2)) illumination. The open-circuit voltage (V(OC) ≈ 0.85-0.87 V) is one of the highest values reported thus far for thiophene-based polymers (e.g., poly(3-hexylthiophene) V(OC) ≈ 0.6 V). The inverted device also achieved a remarkable PCE compared to other devices based on low-band-gap polymers. Ideal film morphology with bicontinuous percolation pathways was expected from the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, space-charge-limited current (SCLC) mobility, and selected-area electron-diffraction (SAED) measurements. This molecular design strategy is useful for achieving simple, processable, and planar donor-acceptor (D-A)-type low-band-gap polymers with a deep HOMO for applications in photovoltaic cells.