gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches (2021)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder accountable for dementia and cognitive dysfunction. The etiology of AD is complex and multifactorial in origin. The formation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation, persistent oxidative stress, and alteration in signaling pathways have been extensively explored among the various etiological hallmarks. However, more recently, the immunogenic regulation of AD has been identified, and macroglial activation is considered a limiting factor in its etiological cascade. Macroglial activation causes neuroinflammation via modulation of the NLRP3/NF-kB/p38 MAPKs pathway and is also involved in tau pathology via modulation of the GSK-3β/p38 MAPK pathways. Additionally, microglial activation contributes to the discrete release of neurotransmitters and an altered neuronal synaptic plasticity. Therefore, activated microglial cells appear to be an emerging target for managing and treating AD. This review article discussed the pathology of microglial activation in AD and the role of various nanocarrier-based anti-Alzeihmenr's therapeutic approaches that can either reverse or inhibit this activation. Thus, as a targeted drug delivery system, nanocarrier approaches could emerge as a novel means to overcome existing AD therapy limitations.
Atmospheric Electrical Plume Detection: Theory and Field Measurements (1979)

Airborne atmospheric electrical measurements may be useful in studies of air pollution, turbulence, and aerosol distributions. A short summary of the electrical nature and behavior of the atmosphere is given relative to the atmospheric electrical detection of aerosol plumes. An example of the efficacy of this approach is illustrated through an experiment in which an aircraft equipped with atmospheric electrical instruments flew side by side with another aircraft equipped to measure particles and gases while tracking a plume out to 90 km. The approach described would be equally viable for the detection of exhaust tracks from ships and submarines and for detecting and monitoring radioactive plumes.
Biological control programmes—time to retrospect (1992)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment) No abstract provided.
NPRL2 Sensitizes Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells to Cisplatin Treatment by Regulating Key Components in the DNA Repair Pathway (2010)

NPRL2, one of the tumor suppressor genes residing in a 120-kb homozygous deletion region of human chromosome band 3p21.3, has a high degree of amino acid sequence homology with the nitrogen permease regulator 2 (NPR2) yeast gene, and mutations of NPRL2 in yeast cells are associated with resistance to cisplatin-mediated cell killing. Previously, we showed that restoration of NPRL2 in NPRL2-negative and cisplatin-resistant cells resensitize lung cancer cells to cisplatin treatment in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we show that sensitization of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to cisplatin by NPRL2 is accomplished through the regulation of key components in the DNA-damage checkpoint pathway. NPRL2 can phosphorylate ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase activated by cisplatin and promote downstream gamma-H2AX formation in vitro and in vivo, which occurs during apoptosis concurrently with the initial appearance of high-molecular-weight DNA fragments. Moreover, this combination treatment results in higher Chk1 and Chk2 kinase activity than does treatment with cisplatin alone and can activate Chk2 in pleural metastases tumor xenograft in mice. Activated Chk1 and Chk2 increase the expression of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, including Cdc25A and Cdc25C, leading to higher levels of G2/M arrest in tumor cells treated with NPRL2 and cisplatin than in tumor cells treated with cisplatin only. Our results therefore suggest that ectopic expression of NPRL2 activates the DNA damage checkpoint pathway in cisplatin-resistant and NPRL2-negative cells; hence, the combination of NPRL2 and cisplatin can resensitize cisplatin nonresponders to cisplatin treatment through the activation of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway, leading to cell arrest in the G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis. The direct implication of this study is that combination treatment with NPRL2 and cisplatin may overcome cisplatin resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy.
Semaphorin Regulation of Cellular Morphology (2007)

Semaphorin proteins, although initially characterized as repulsive neuronal guidance cues, are now appreciated as major contributors to morphogenesis and homeostasis for a wide range of tissue types. Semaphorin-mediated long- and short-range repulsive, and attractive, guidance has profound influences on cellular morphology. The diversity of semaphorin receptor complexes utilized by various semaphorin ligands, the ability of semaphorins themselves to serve as receptors, and the myriad of intracellular signaling components that comprise semaphorin signaling cascades all contribute to cell-type-specific responses to semaphorins. Analysis of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying semaphorin function in neural and vascular systems provides insight into principles governing how this large protein family contributes to organogenesis, function, and disease.
Synthesis of caproyl lysozyme and improvement of its lymphatic transport following small intestinal administration in rats. (1992)

Lysozyme(Mw : 14, 300) was derivatized by chemical modification with caproic anhydride to the N-terminal of lysine residue. The product observed to be more lipophilic than parent lysozyme by high-performance liquid chromatography. The activity and modified percentage of amino groups of caproyl derivative were 76.5% and 40% of parent lysozyme, respectively. Intestinal absorption of lysozyme and caproyl derivative was examined by in situ closed small intestinal loops of rats. A significant increase in cumulative amount of lymph fluid of caproyl derivative was found in comparison with that of parent lysozyme. However both compounds were not detected in plasma. Lysozyme and caproyl derivative were observed to be almost stable in phosphate buffered saline or lymph fluid in vitro. These findings suggested that acylation of lysozyme such as caproylation might be a useful approach for improving the lymphatic transport of enzyme with high molecular weight.
Highest cryogenic transconductance of 2.2 S/mm for 400-nm-gate InGaAs/InAlAs PHEMT fabricated on [411]A-oriented InP substrate (2005)

We fabricated an In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) with a gate length (L/sub g/) of 400 nm on a [411]A-oriented InP substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and obtained a maximum transconductance (g/sub m/) of 1.6 S/mm at 300 K, which is almost the same as those of ever reported for HEMTs with similar L/sub g/. Furthermore, the g/sub m/ reached 2.2 S/mm at 16 K, which is the highest value ever reported for HEMTs. This PHEMT also showed a much enhanced cutoff frequency (f/sub T/) of 165 GHz at 16 K, compared with its room temperature value (125 GHz).
86Rb+ ion fluxes in resting and immunologically stimulated mucosal mast cells (1993)

We studied fluxes of Rb+ ions, using its 86Rb isotope as a radioactive tracer in living rat mucosal mast cell cultures (RBL-2H3 line) grown to high density on beads. Continuously perfused samples of these cells could be immunologically stimulated by antigen clustering of IgE bound to the cells type I Fc epsilon receptors (Fc epsilon RI) and both the cellular response, as measured by the secreted mediators, as well as the uptake of 86Rb+ of the perfused sample could be monitored. The following results were obtained. (i) In resting cells, 86Rb+ influx is observed upon exposure to extracellular 86Rb+. It proceeds with a monoexponential time course (tau = 30.6 +/- 8 min) reaching a steady-state distribution of [86Rb+]int/[86Rb+]ext = 31.6 +/- 6.4 and can be inhibited by ouabain. (ii) Fc epsilon RI clustering-mediated stimulation of these cells causes an immediate and marked increase in both amplitude and rate of 86Rb+ uptake, which also fits a monoexponential function (tau = 26.8 +/- 8.6 min). (iii) This stimulated 86Rb+ uptake can also be inhibited by ouabain. It is not caused by Ca2+ influx or by the exocytotic process as evidenced by the fact that it is also observed in buffer to which no Ca2+ ions were added. Analysis of these results by a simple model taking into account unidirectional 86Rb+ influx by the Na+/K(+)-dependent ATPase and its efflux by K+ channels yields a resting cells unidirectional K+ uptake of 3.0 +/- 1.1 10(7) ions/cell/s, which is increased by ca. 10% upon clustering of the Fc epsilon RI by IgE and antigen. The stimulated influx is suggested to be due to enhanced activity of the Na+/K(+)-dependent ATPase, reflecting increased permeability for Na+ ions.
Effect of the ancillary ligands on the binding of ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(dmp)2(MCMIP)]2+ and [Ru(dmb)2(MCMIP)]2+ with DNA (2008)

Abstract Two polypyridine ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(dmp)2(MCMIP)]2+ (1) (MCMIP = 2-(6-methyl-3-chromonyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]-phenanthroline, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and [Ru(dmb)2(MCMIP)]2+ (2) (dmb = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ES-MS and 1H NMR. The DNA-binding behaviors of these complexes were investigated by electronic absorption titration, fluorescence spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and thermal denaturation. The results show that 1 and 2 effectively bind to CT-DNA; the DNA-binding affinities are closely related to the ancillary ligand. Keywords: Effect of ancillary ligandsRuthenium(II) complexDNA Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Nature Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 0711220400121), the Science and Technology Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2004B33301029) and Guangdong Pharmaceutical University for financial support.
Hepatitis B and C in the Liver Transplant Recipient (2000)

Liver disease related to chronic viral hepatitis is the leading indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) worldwide. The evolution of our understanding of hepatitis B and C infection in the OLT recipient has been rapid in the last decade. The spontaneous risk for viral recurrence after transplantation is high but has been effectively decreased in hepatitis B infected recipients with the use of HBIG and lamivudine with dramatic improvements in patient and graft survivals. HCV recurrence as defined by histologic injury is almost universal although graft or patient outcomes for the first decade after OLT do not appear to be limited by HCV infection for most patients. However, individual patients do suffer severe graft injury and even graft loss due to recurrent HCV. With longer follow up into the second decade, the prevalence of HCV-related graft failure is likely to increase. In addition, the role of different immunosuppressive protocols on disease recurrence requires further study. Thus, although hepatitis B recurrence has been effectively contained by use of HBIG with or without lamivudine, the more intractable problem of managing recurrent HCV has as yet no obvious solutions. Optimal antiviral strategies for hepatitis C post-OLT have yet to be identified.
Drilling in High-Temperature Areas in Brazil: A Wellbore Stability Approach (2001)

Abstract In this work the stress concentration around unlined holes in areas classified as High Temperature (HT) is determined. The thermal stress generated due to the difference between the drilling fluid and the undisturbed formation temperature is evaluated through an axysimmetric Finite Element Model (FEM) employing the Galerkin’s method and four nodes quadrilateral elements, using a transient non-linear thermoelastic solution. In addition, the thermal effect is compared with the mechanical effect, induced by the drilling process (excavation and internal pressure), to assess its significance. Moreover, it is shown, through two field cases in HT areas in Brazil, that failure to consider the thermal effect can lead to misjudgments in the evaluation of the potential wellbore stability.
Selective development of T helper (Th)2 cells induced by continuous administration of low dose soluble proteins to normal and beta(2)-microglobulin-deficient BALB/c mice. (1996)

Continuous administration of soluble proteins, delivered over a 10-d period by a mini-osmotic pump implanted subcutaneously, induces a long-lasting inhibition of antigen-specific T cell proliferation in lymph node cells from BALB/c mice subsequently primed with antigen in adjuvant. The decreased T cell proliferative response is associated with a down-regulation of the T helper cell (Th)1 cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma and with a strong increase in the secretion of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 by antigen specific CD4+ T cells. This is accompanied by predominant inhibition of antigen-specific antibody production of IgG2a and IgG2b, rather than IgG1 isotype. Interestingly, inhibition of Th1 and priming of Th2 cells is also induced in beta(2) microglobulin-deficient BALB/c mice, indicating that neither CD8+ nor CD4+ NK1.1+ T cells, respectively, are required. The polarization in Th2 cells is stably maintained by T cell lines, all composed of CD4+/CD8- cells expressing T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) alpha/beta chains, derived from BALB/c mice treated with continuous antigen administration, indicating that they originate from Th2 cells fully differentiated in vivo. This polarization is induced in BALB/c mice by continuous administration of any protein antigen tested, including soluble extracts from pathogenic microorganisms. Priming of Th2 cells is dose dependent and it is optimal for low rather than high doses of protein. Blocking endogenous IL-4 in vivo inhibits expansion of antigen-specific Th2 cells, but does not restore IFN-gamma production by T cells from mice treated with soluble antigen-specific Th2 cells, but does not restore IFN-gamma production by T cells from mice treated with soluble antigen, indicating the involvement of two independent mechanisms. Consistent with this, Th2 cell development, but not inhibition of Th1 cells, depends on non-major histocompatibility complex genetic predisposition, since the Th2 response is amplified in BALB/c as compared to DBA/2, C3H, or C57BL/6 mice whereas tested. These findings support the hypothesis that continuous release of low amounts of protein antigens from pathogenic microorganisms may polarize the immune response toward a Th2 phenotype in susceptible mouse strains.
Measurement of the Fast Neutron Energy Spectrum of an $^{241}{\rm Am\!-\!Be}$ Source Using a Neutron Scatter Camera (2011)

We have measured the neutron energy spectrum of an <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">241</sup> Am-Be(α,n) source between 1.5 MeV and 9 MeV using a neutron scatter camera. The apparatus consists of two segmented planes each with 16 liquid scintillator cells (Eljen EJ-309), for a total of 32 elements; the neutron energy spectrum is measured using double elastic scatter events. After unfolding resolution effects using a maximum likelihood technique, the measurement is compared to reference Am-Be spectra. Further, we discuss the ability of the neutron scatter camera to distinguish between an Am-Be source and a spontaneous fission source.
A Combinatorial View of the Service Rates of Codes Problem, its Equivalence to Fractional Matching and its Connection with Batch Codes (2020)

We propose a novel technique for constructing a graph representation of a code through which we establish a significant connection between the service rate problem and the well-known fractional matching problem. Using this connection, we show that the service capacity of a coded storage system equals the fractional matching number in the graph representation of the code, and thus is lower bounded and upper bounded by the matching number and the vertex cover number, respectively. This is of great interest because if the graph representation of a code is bipartite, then the derived upper and lower bounds are equal, and we obtain the capacity. Leveraging this result, we characterize the service capacity of the binary simplex code whose graph representation is bipartite. Moreover, we show that the service rate problem can be viewed as a generalization of the multiset primitive batch codes problem.
A novel IP over UDP tunneling based firewall traversal for peer-to-peer networks (2013)

The connection failure caused by firewalls has become a serious problem in P2P applications such as P2P based online game, instant message and file sharing. To address this problem, we propose a firewall traversal method using IP over UDP tunneling, and show some details of its implementation. In such a method, two peers behind firewalls create a bi-directional UDP tunnel with the help of a FTP server which has a public IP address. After that, they encapsulate IP tunnel packets (IPTP) by adding new IP and UDP headers into an IP packet, and transfer IPTP through the opened UDP tunnel. With this firewall traversal method, any peer can communicate with other peers freely and directly.
Universal soft matter template for photonic applications (2011)

A new class of high efficiency photonic devices can be realized by combining the optical properties of anisotropic, soft, composite materials with re-configurability, owing to a specific confining geometry and to high response properties. A light sculptured polymeric template is used to micro/nanoconfine a wide selection of organic elements, stabilized through self-organization processes at the nanoscale. We exploit a general purpose method, used to align several kinds of liquid crystalline materials: an excursus of well known optical, electro-optical and all-optical effects is reported, which confirms the capability of our polymeric template to induce self-organization, without the need of any kind of surface chemistry.
MODELLING OF STEADY-STATE MECHANICAL POWER LOSSES IN PLANETARY GEAR TRAINS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS (2017)

In this study, steady-state mechanical power loss model of an automatic transmission gear train consisting of multiple stages of planetary gear sets is developed. Load dependent (mechanical) power losses at the internal (ring-planet) and external (sun-planet) gear meshes and planet bearing interfaces are included through elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) based power loss formulations. At the end, efficiency of an 8-speed automatic transmission is studied under representative operating conditions to quantify the contribution of various loss mechanisms to the total loss under variable speed, load and temperature conditions. Impact of gear surface roughness amplitudes on the resultant power losses is also described.
The extreme-ultraviolet stellar characterization for atmospheric physics and evolution (ESCAPE) mission concept (2019)

The long-term stability of exoplanetary atmospheres depends critically on the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flux from the host star. The EUV flux likely controls the demographics of the short-period planet population as well the ability for rocky planets to maintain habitable environments long enough for the emergence of life. We present the Extreme-ultraviolet Stellar Characterization for Atmospheric Physics and Evolution (ESCAPE) mission, an astrophysics Small Explorer proposed to NASA. ESCAPE employs extreme-and far-ultraviolet spectroscopy (70 - 1800 angstrom) to characterize the high-energy radiation environment in the habitable zones (HZs) around nearby stars. ESCAPE provides the first comprehensive study of the stellar EUV environments that control atmospheric mass-loss and determine the habitability of rocky exoplanets. The ESCAPE instrument comprises an EUV grazing incidence telescope feeding four diffraction gratings and a photon-counting detector. The telescope is 50 cm diameter with four nested parabolic primary mirrors and four nested elliptical secondary mirrors, fabricated and aligned by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The off-plane grating assemblies are fabricated at Pennsylvania State University and the ESCAPE detector system is a micro-channel plate (MCP; 125mm x 40mm active area) sensor developed by the University of California, Berkeley. ESCAPE employs the versatile and high-heritage Ball Aerospace BCP-100 spacecraft.
Performance Modeling and Design of High Energy Density Microbatteries (2019)

This work reports the design and simulated performance of high energy density lithium metal primary microbatteries whose 2016 Wh/L and 605 Wh/kg energy densities are 3X greater than the best microbatteries. The simulations match experimental data and give insight into the excellent energy and power density performance. The high energy density is the result of the ultra-thick and dense cathode which has high lithium-ion diffusivity and electronic conductivity. These results show great promise towards realizing the next generation of high performance microbatteries.
Activation pathways that drive CD4+ T cells to break tolerance in autoimmune diseases* (2022)

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysfunctional immune systems that misrecognize self as non-self and cause tissue destruction. Several cell types have been implicated in triggering and sustaining disease. Due to a strong association of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) proteins with various autoimmune diseases, CD4<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes have been thoroughly investigated for their roles in dictating disease course. CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell activation is a coordinated process that requires three distinct signals: Signal 1, which is mediated by antigen recognition on MHC-II molecules; Signal 2, which boosts signal 1 in a costimulatory manner; and Signal 3, which helps to differentiate the activated cells into functionally relevant subsets. These signals are disrupted during autoimmunity and prompt CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells to break tolerance. Herein, we review our current understanding of how each of the three signals plays a role in three different autoimmune diseases and highlight the genetic polymorphisms that predispose individuals to autoimmunity. We also discuss the drawbacks of existing therapies and how they can be addressed to achieve lasting tolerance in patients.
Decentralized learning multi-agent system for online machine shop scheduling problem (2023)

Customer profiles have rapidly changed over the past few years, with products being requested with more customization and with lower demand. In addition to the advances in technologies owing to Industry 4.0, manufacturers explore autonomous and smart factories. This paper proposes a decentralized multi-agent system (MAS), including intelligent agents that can respond to their environment autonomously through learning capabilities, to cope with an online machine shop scheduling problem. In the proposed system, agents participate in auctions to receive jobs to process, learn how to bid for jobs correctly, and decide when to start processing a job. The objective is to minimize the mean weighted tardiness of all jobs. In contrast to the existing literature, the proposed MAS is assessed on its learning capabilities, producing novel insights concerning what is relevant for learning, when re-learning is needed, and system response to dynamic events (such as rush jobs, increase in processing time, and machine unavailability). Computational experiments also reveal the outperformance of the proposed MAS to other multi-agent systems by at least 25% and common dispatching rules in mean weighted tardiness, as well as other performance measures.