gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photodesorption from a copper chamber with a broached inner surface (1995)

A new method for surface treatment of copper vacuum chamber has been developed to easily obtain lower photodesorption coefficients due to synchrotron radiation at low cost. An oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper test chamber is extruded and degreased, then the inner surface is cut by broaching. The length of the test chamber is 300 mm and the outer diameter is 65 mm. For comparison, three OFHC copper test chambers are manufactured with different surface treatments. These treatments are (1) acid cleaning (pickling in a mixed solution of HNO3 and H2SO4, followed by passivation in a chromic acid with H2SO4), (2) broaching with oil, and (3) oil-free broaching. These test chambers were exposed to synchrotron radiation with 4 keV critical energy from BL21 beamline at the Photon Factory 2.5 GeV storage ring at KEK. The photodesorption coefficients (N2 or CO equivalent) for the chamber treated with oil-free broaching and for the chamber treated with acid cleaning are almost the same. However the decreasing slope of the photodesorption coefficients for oil-free broaching is steeper than for the acid cleaning. These photodesorption coefficients are proportional to D−0.53 and D−0.47, respectively, as a function of beam dose. The surface of the broached chamber is evaluated by measuring the roughness and by Auger electron spectroscopy analysis. The average roughness of the broached chamber is less than 1 μm, and the carbon concentration in the surface of the chamber treated by oil-free broaching is less than that of other two chambers.
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (1996)

Recent preclinical and clinical investigations suggest that extracorporeal photochemotherapy may have an important role to play in the blood banking industry’s efforts to improve the safety of the blood supply, as well as in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections. Unfortunately, the transition from preclinical research to clinical practice has been hampered by a lack of suitable, user‐friendly, and affordable light sources. It appears, however, that many forms of extracorporeal photochemotherapy could substantially benefit from solid state light sources similar to the ones originally developed for plant growth experiments in space.
An experimental evaluation of neural network approach to circuit partitioning (2002)

A methodology for using Hopfield neural networks for circuit partitioning is proposed. The objective function of the neural network is formulated to minimize the cut-size for multiple circuit partitioning. This new objective function is used for partitioning the circuits of standard benchmarks. A comparison of the neural network approach with the other circuit partitioning algorithms such as simulated annealing, Kernighan-Lin and local optimization is carried out. These experiments show that for circuit partitioning, the modified Hopfield network performs similar to local optimization algorithm; however, the neural network approach structurally retains the advantage of easy parallel hardware implementation.
Biphasic effects of m-chlorophenyl-piperazine on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in rat brain. (1977)

m-Chlorophenyl-piperazine dihydrochloride injected i.p. into rats caused a rapid increase and a subsequent decrease in whole brain concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of dopamine. The increase in DOPAC at 30 min and the decrease at 3 hrs were dose-related and occurred after doses as low as 5 mg/kg of m-chlorophenyl-piperazine dihydrochloride.
Stable extremely-high-damping discrete viscoelastic systems due to negative stiffness elements (2004)

Systems with negative stiffness constituents can have extreme material properties greatly exceeding those of either constituent. We show that a discrete system with a viscoelastic damping element and a negative stiffness element can be made with overall viscoelastic damping orders of magnitude higher than that of any constituent, or of the system with all elements of positive stiffness. The product of stiffness and damping, important for vibration damping, is also enhanced by orders of magnitude. We show this system is unconditionally stable in the high damping regime. The singularity in damping can be made arbitrarily close to the stability boundary.
A parametrization of structure-preserving transformations for matrix polynomials (2023)

Given a matrix polynomial A(λ) of degree d and the associated vector space of pencils DL(A) described in Mackey et al. [12], we construct a parametrization for the set of left and right transformations that preserve the block structure of such pencils. They form a special class of structure-preserving transformations (SPTs). An SPT in that class maps DL(A) to DL(A˜), where A˜(λ) is a new matrix polynomial that is still of degree d and whose finite and infinite eigenvalues and their partial multiplicities are the same as those of A(λ). Unlike previous work on SPTs, we do not require the leading matrix coefficient of A(λ) to be nonsingular. We show that additional constraints on the parametrization lead to SPTs that also preserve extra structures in A(λ) such as symmetric, alternating, and T-palindromic structures. Our parametrization allows easy construction of SPTs that are low-rank modifications of the identity matrix. The latter transform A(λ) into a matrix polynomial A˜(λ) whose jth matrix coefficient A˜j is a low-rank modification of Aj. We expect such SPTs to be one of the key tools for developing algorithms that reduce a matrix polynomial to Hessenberg form or tridiagonal form in a finite number of steps and without the use of a linearization.
DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF ALUMINIUM–COPPER ALLOYS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD (1966)

The degree of normal segregation, occurring during directional (normal) freezing in a transverse magnetic field of 34 000 oersteds, has been determined for aluminium–copper alloys solidified for rates of [Formula: see text] to 4 inches per hour. For ingots in the composition range 0.5% &lt; %Cu &lt; 4.5%, solidified at rates exceeding [Formula: see text] inch per hour, the magnetic field increased normal segregation, corresponding to a maximum decrease in the effective distribution coefficient k e of approximately 13%. It is shown that the decrease in k e can occur only through a rise in the liquidus of the alloy system, which is in agreement with the theory developed to account for the inverse segregation results obtained for aluminium–copper ingots chill-cast in a magnetic field (previously reported). An increase in k e due to the field was found for 0.5% Cu ingots and also for the 4.5% Cu and 7% Cu ingots. The concentration dependence of k e is related to the concentration gradients and diffusion zone lengths, and is shown to be compatible with the thermodynamic constraints on the system undergoing the irreversible process of solidification in a magnetic field.
Protein Binders Specific for Immunoglobulin G from Different Species for Immunoassays and Multiplex Imaging (2016)

An immunoassay is the most widely used method for analyzing a variety of analytes based on antigen-antibody interactions in the biological and medical sciences. However, the use of secondary antibodies has certain shortcomings, such as a high cost, cross-reactivity, and loss of binding affinity during labeling. Herein, we present the development of repebodies specifically binding to immunoglobulin G with a different origin, which is a small-sized nonantibody scaffold composed of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules, for use in immunoassays and imaging. Repebodies specific for IgG from different species (i.e., mouse, human, and rabbit) were selected through a phage display, and their affinities were matured using a modular engineering approach. The respective repebodies were labeled with various signal generators such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a fluorescent dye, and quantum dots, and the resulting repebodies were used as alternatives to conventional secondary antibodies in typical immunoassays and imaging. The labeled repebodies enabled the detection of diverse target analytes with high sensitivity and specificity, showing a negligible cross-reactivity. Moreover, the repebodies labeled with different color-emitting quantum dots allowed the imaging of cell-surface receptors and proteins in a multiplex manner. The developed repebodies can be effectively used for sensitive immunoassays and multiplex imaging.
Mapping precedence and communication relations of a large scale computation on a multiprocessor system (2003)

The authors present an efficient algorithm for mapping m computational modules with precedence relationship to be executed on a multiprocessor system consisting of p homogeneous processors with processor and communication costs to achieve minimum computation time. Minimax optimization is performed on the objective function to obtain the best mapping. Experiments for computing the inverse dynamics of a six-jointed PUMA-like manipulator based on the Newton-Euler dynamic equations were implemented on an NCUBE/ten hypercube computer to verify the proposed mapping algorithm. Computer simulation and experimental results are compared and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Association of C‐erbB‐2 protein over‐expression with high rate of cell proliferation, increased risk of visceral metastasis and poor long‐term survival in breast cancer (1991)

c-erbB-2 protein over-expression was studied immunohistochemically in 319 paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas representing 89% of all breast-cancer cases operated in the Tampere University Hospital between 1977 and 1981. The immunohistochemical evaluation of c-erbB-2 was optimized using protease pre-treatment and verified using antibodies for both the external and the internal domains of the protein. c-erbB-2 over-expression was found in 72 (23%) of the 319 cases and was associated with high histological and nuclear grade (p less than 0.0001), DNA aneuploidy (p = 0.003), high tumor S-phase fraction (p less than 0.0001), and lack of estrogen (p less than 0.0001) and progesterone (p = 0.03) receptors. Overall, breast-cancer patients with c-erbB-2 over-expression had about 2.2-fold relative risk (RR) of death (p less than 0.001) as compared with those without over-expression. According to a multivariate analysis, c-erbB-2 over-expression was an independent prognostic factor in the whole material as well as in the node-negative sub-set. In node-negative breast-cancer tumor size, S-phase and c-erbB-2 status defined a large patient group with only 4% 5-year and 15% 10-year mortality rate without adjuvant therapy. In comparison with c-erbB-2-negative tumors, those with over-expression of this gene metastasized 3 times more often (p = 0.0002) to the lungs, liver and brain and 3 times less often to the bone. Our findings suggest that the prognostic value of c-erbB-2 over-expression may be related not only to increased cell proliferation rate but also to a distinctive pattern of metastasis.
On the ergodic secrecy capacity of the wiretap channel under imperfect main channel estimation (2011)

The ergodic secrecy capacity of the wiretap channel is known when the main channel (between the transmitter and the legitimate receiver) state information (CSI) is perfect at the transmitter and the coherence period is sufficiently large to enable random coding arguments in each block. In a fast fading scenario, when the codeword length spans many coherence periods, the secrecy capacity is still not known. In this paper, we present a framework that characterizes this secrecy capacity under imperfect main channel estimation at the transmitter. Inner and outer bounds on the ergodic secrecy capacity are derived for a class of independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) fading channels. The achievable rate is a simple on-off scheme using a Gaussian input. The upper bound is obtained using an appropriate correlation scheme of the main and the eavesdropper channels. The upper and the lower bounds coincide with recently derived ones in the perfect main CSI extreme. Furthermore, the lower bound matches the upper bound in no main CSI extreme, where the secrecy capacity is equal to zero. Numerical results are provided for independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fading channels.
AN OPTIMIZED APPROACH TO VOICE TRANSLATION ON MOBILE PHONES (2014)

Current voice translation tools and services use natural language understanding and natural language processing to convert words. However, these parsing methods concentrate more on capturing keywords and translating them, completely neglecting the considerable amount of processing time involved. In this paper, we are suggesting techniques that can optimize the processing time thereby increasing the throughput of voice translation services. Techniques like template matching, indexing frequently used words using probability search and session-based cache can considerably enhance processing times. More so, these factors become all the more important when we need to achieve real-time translation on mobile phones.
Influence of Framework Heteroatoms on Olefin Metathesis Activity Using MoO3-MFI Catalysts (2018)

Zeolites with the MFI topology and Si:M (M = Al, B) ranging from pure silica to 20:1 were employed as supports for molybdenum oxide centers to catalyze the olefin metathesis reaction of ethylene and 2-butene to form propylene. Pure-silica MFI doubled the metathesis activity against a comparable amorphous silica support. Incorporation of trivalent aluminum or boron heteroatoms into the MFI support had a significant impact on the catalytic performance. While strongly acidic sites generated by Al incorporation decreased the overall metathesis rate from 1.1 × 10–7 mol s–1 gcat–1 to 3.9 × 10–9 mol s–1 gcat–1 after 8 h on stream, less polarizable sites generated by B incorporation decreased the rate only to 8.3 × 10–8 mol s–1 gcat–1. Na+ and K+ ion exchange of the Al-containing MFI partially mitigated the deleterious effect of the strong Al heteroatoms at the cost of altering the molybdenum configuration away from active states, as observed by Raman spectroscopy. This work demonstrates that structured silica supports with weakly acidic heteroatoms are optimal for metathesis activity.
Phase retrieval using the wavelet transform (2002)

The 1-D phase retrieval problem is to reconstruct a signal given the modulus of its Fourier transform. Conventional solution techniques approximate the solution by discretizing this continuous problem. Our solution obviates this approximation by employing basis functions to better represent a continuous signal. In particular, we use wavelet bases because they provide a structure which permits the use of a fast algorithm and because they incorporate a priori knowledge of the signal. This paper develops our algorithm and illustrates its effectiveness with numerical examples.
Predictive Uncertainty Estimation for Camouflaged Object Detection (2023)

Uncertainty is inherent in machine learning methods, especially those for camouflaged object detection aiming to finely segment the objects concealed in background. The strong enquote center bias of the training dataset leads to models of poor generalization ability as the models learn to find camouflaged objects around image center, which we define as enquote model bias. Further, due to the similar appearance of camouflaged object and its surroundings, it is difficult to label the accurate scope of the camouflaged object, especially along object boundaries, which we term as enquote data bias. To effectively model the two types of biases, we resort to uncertainty estimation and introduce predictive uncertainty estimation technique, which is the sum of model uncertainty and data uncertainty, to estimate the two types of biases simultaneously. Specifically, we present a predictive uncertainty estimation network (PUENet) that consists of a Bayesian conditional variational auto-encoder (BCVAE) to achieve predictive uncertainty estimation, and a predictive uncertainty approximation (PUA) module to avoid the expensive sampling process at test-time. Experimental results show that our PUENet achieves both highly accurate prediction, and reliable uncertainty estimation representing the biases within both model parameters and the datasets.
Elucidation of Xylem-Specific Transcription Factors and Absolute Quantification of Enzymes Regulating Cellulose Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa (2015)

Cellulose, the main chemical polymer of wood, is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature.1 The ability to perturb the abundance and structure of cellulose microfibrils is of critical importance to the pulp and paper industry as well as for the textile, wood products, and liquid biofuels industries. Although much has been learned at the transcript level about the biosynthesis of cellulose, a quantitative understanding at the proteome level has yet to be established. The study described herein sought to identify the proteins directly involved in cellulose biosynthesis during wood formation in Populus trichocarpa along with known xylem-specific transcription factors involved in regulating these key proteins. Development of an effective discovery proteomic strategy through a combination of subcellular fractionation of stem differentiating xylem tissue (SDX) with recently optimized FASP digestion protocols, StageTip fractionation, as well as optimized instrument parameters for global proteomic analysis using the quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer resulted in the deepest proteomic coverage of SDX protein from P. trichocarpa with 9,146 protein groups being identified (1% FDR). Of these, 20 cellulosic/hemicellulosic enzymes and 43 xylem-specific transcription factor groups were identified. Finally, selection of surrogate peptides led to an assay for absolute quantification of 14 cellulosic proteins in SDX of P. trichocarpa.
The potential for utilising in‐hospital glucose measurements to detect individuals at high risk of previously undiagnosed diabetes: Retrospective cohort study (2022)

The number of people who need to be tested to identify an individual who may have diabetes decreases as a testing threshold based on maximum in-hospital glucose concentration increases. Among those with hyperglycaemia and no previous HbA1c measurement in the diabetes range, there appears to be a lack of subsequent HbA1c measurement. This work identifies the potential for integrating the testing and follow-up of people, with apparently unrecognised hospital hyperglycaemia across primary and secondary care.
Transgenic mice demonstrate a testis-specific promoter for angiotensin-converting enzyme (1991)

There are two isozymes of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), one produced by somatic tissues and a smaller protein synthesized by developing spermatozoa (testis ACE). To investigate the molecular control of testis ACE, we generated mice transgenic for a construct containing a putative testis-specific ACE promoter linked to the Escherichia coli reporter gene encoding beta-galactosidase. The transgenic mice express beta-galactosidase protein and RNA only within the testis. Histochemical analysis of the transgenic mice shows co-localization of beta-galactosidase protein and endogenous ACE within elongating spermatozoa. These studies demonstrate that transcription of testis ACE is controlled by a strong intragenic testis-specific promoter that is contained within a 698-base pair fragment immediately upstream from the transcription start site of testis ACE. Characterization of the testis ACE promoter may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling cell stage-specific gene expression in the male germ line.
Vps34-mediated macropinocytosis in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2-deficient cells supports tumorigenesis (2018)

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), a rare genetic disorder with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) hyperactivation, is characterized by multi-organ hamartomatous benign tumors including brain, skin, kidney, and lung (Lymphangioleiomyomatosis). mTORC1 hyperactivation drives metabolic reprogramming including glucose and glutamine utilization, protein, nucleic acid and lipid synthesis. To investigate the mechanisms of exogenous nutrients uptake in Tsc2-deficient cells, we measured dextran uptake, a polysaccharide internalized via macropinocytosis. Tsc2-deficient cells showed a striking increase in dextran uptake (3-fold, p < 0.0001) relative to Tsc2-expressing cells, which was decreased (3-fold, p < 0.0001) with mTOR inhibitor, Torin1. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of the lipid kinase Vps34 markedly abrogated uptake of Dextran in Tsc2-deficient cells. Macropinocytosis was further increased in Tsc2-deficient cells that lack autophagic mechanisms, suggesting that autophagy inhibition leads to dependence on exogenous nutrient uptake in Tsc2-deficient cells. Treatment with a macropinocytosis inhibitor, ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA), resulted in selective growth inhibition of Atg5-deficient, Tsc2-deficient cells (50%, p < 0.0001). Genetic inhibition of autophagy (Atg5<sup>-/-</sup> MEFs) sensitized cells with Tsc2 downregulation to the Vps34 inhibitor, SAR405, resulting in growth inhibition (75%, p < 0.0001). Finally, genetic downregulation of Vps34 inhibited tumor growth and increased tumor latency in an in vivo xenograft model of TSC. Our findings show that macropinocytosis is upregulated with Tsc2-deficiency via a Vps34-dependent mechanism to support their anabolic state. The dependence of Tsc2-deficient cells on exogenous nutrients may provide novel approaches for the treatment of TSC.
<title>New fabrication methodology for fine-feature high-aspect-ratio structures made from high-Z materials</title> (1999)

Radiological imagin relies heavily on collimators to achieve diagnostic x-ray images. These collimating structures are required due to the lack of efficient x-ray reflectors or refractors needed to make lenses or mirrors. In order to achieve higher resolution x-ray images, finer collimator geometries are needed. The two critical parameters that define the fineness of a collimator are the length of the collimator structure and the aperture size. Current collimator fabrication technology provides structures with coarse cell sizes, which require long structural lengths, to achieve image optimization. Finer collimator geometries would help reduce the overall length of collimating structures. Tecomet, of Woburn, MA has developed a new technology to fabricate fine-featured, high aspect ratio structures made from high Z materials. These collimating structures have been made from tungsten with aspect ratios above 50:1 and geometry features less than 20 microns. This technology has enabled advancements in the design of x-ray coded apertures. This has opened the door to new ideas for x-ray imaging. Optimization coders, made from tungsten, can now be designed and fabricated to achieve very high angular resolution. Significant reduction in weight is realized due to the reduction in collimator thickness. The collimators made using these fabrication methods also provide greater long-term structural stability compared to collimators used in diagnostic x-ray imaging using lead.