gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond (2019)

Several recently proposed stochastic optimization methods that have been successfully used in training deep networks such as RMSProp, Adam, Adadelta, Nadam are based on using gradient updates scaled by square roots of exponential moving averages of squared past gradients. In many applications, e.g. learning with large output spaces, it has been empirically observed that these algorithms fail to converge to an optimal solution (or a critical point in nonconvex settings). We show that one cause for such failures is the exponential moving average used in the algorithms. We provide an explicit example of a simple convex optimization setting where Adam does not converge to the optimal solution, and describe the precise problems with the previous analysis of Adam algorithm. Our analysis suggests that the convergence issues can be fixed by endowing such algorithms with `long-term memory' of past gradients, and propose new variants of the Adam algorithm which not only fix the convergence issues but often also lead to improved empirical performance.
Assessing Binocular Interaction in Amblyopia and Its Clinical Feasibility (2014)

Our findings demonstrate that abnormal binocular interaction can be reliably captured by measuring the effective contrast ratio of the weak eye and quantitative assessment of binocular interaction is a quick and simple test that can be performed in the clinic. We believe that reliable and timely assessment of deficits in a binocular interaction may improve detection and treatment of amblyopia.
Numerical analysis of the propagation modes of photo-switching PDMS-arylazopyrazole optical waveguide and thin-film spectroscopic characterization (2023)

A new light responsive arylazopyrazole (AAP) containing polymer matrix thin film is fabricated by spincoating of different concentrations of the AAP azo dye into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer at 150°C. The new AAP molecular switch was also used to fabricate a solid-state PDMS-AAP waveguide by contact lithography and soft replica modeling methods in the micrometer scale. The refractive index of the spin-coated photoswitchable material can be modulated via the reversible trans-to-cis photoisomerization behavior of the AAP unit using different concentrations. When 0.01 M solution of the AAP unit was used, the refractive of the composite was 2.32 in the trans state and dropped to 1.85 in the cis state in the operating wavelength of 340 nm. At higher concentrations of 0.020 and 0.03 M, a wide refractive index tuning is achieved under the same wavelength. In 0.030 M the refractive index was 2.65 for the trans state and 2.0 for the cis state. The results suggest that the increase in refractive index tuning is related to the concentration of the AAP unit of the composite film. Theoretically, the spectral properties of the composite film are also simulated with two methods: 1) the Maxwell Equations; and 2) the frequency dependent finite element, showing excellent agreement for the different propagation modes of the proposed waveguide for regulated signals of 365/525 nm wavelengths. Furthermore, the photoisomerization of the PDMS-AAP thin film is analyzed with UV-vis spectroscopy to demonstrate the isomerization responses of the AAP moiety in the solid state. Additionally, preliminary photomechanical actuation properties of the composite film have been investigated. The PDMS-AAP waveguide described in this study provides a new approach for optically tunable photonics applications in the Visible-IR region.
β‐Carotene and Ascorbic Acid Retention in Fresh and Processed Vegetables (1999)

ABSTRACT: Broccoli, carrots, and green beans (grown in 2 consecutive years) were randomly divided into 3 treatments: fresh‐refrigerated (F‐R), frozen (FZ) or canned (C) (carrots only). FZ or C vegetables were processed within 24 h and stored for up to 1 yr. F‐R vegetables were held at 4 °C for 3 wk (broccoli and green beans) or 6 mo (carrots). Trans b‐carotene (Tb‐C) and total ascorbic acid (AA) were determined at specified times, before and after microwave cooking. Vitamin content differed between years due to environmental conditions. Blanching resulted in AA loss, but retention remained stable after freezing broccoli and green beans. F‐R green beans lost &gt;90% AA after 16 d storage. Linear decreases in AAwere found in most F‐R or FZ vegetables. Tb‐C decreased slightly during freezer storage. Reductions in Tb‐C occurred in canned carrots. Microwave cooking had minimal effects on AA or Tb‐C.
Reticular Graphene Reinforced Copper for Electromagnetic Shielding Application (2023)

The performance and longevity of smart electrical gadgets are heavily dependent on heat dissipation and electromagnetic (EM) shielding capabilities, which must be solved. The reticulated architecture of Graphene foam (GrF) is adopted for developing advanced Cu matrix composites for EM shielding applications. A layered structure of Cu-decorated GrF interface with a thickness of up to 1 μm embedded in the Cu matrix was consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). SPS has also shown the successful and seamless fabrication of graded porosity in Cu matrix with a multi-layered Cu decorated GrF interface. The improved shielding effectiveness (SE) up to the frequency of 250 MHz in Cu-GrF (40–120 dB) when compared to Cu (60 dB) is attributed to the intrinsic conductivity of GrF. The study suggests an effective method to design Gr-based composites with a layered structure suitable for high performance in flexible microwave identification devices.
Object Recognition Based on Object's Identity for Cooking Recognition Task (2010)

In this paper, we address a novel task "cooking recognition task". Cooking recognition task is to keep recognizing a cooking action of a cook and the target food product of the action at any time of the cooking. The target object of the recognition could change its visual feature completely by peeling, cutting, and mixed with others during the task. Nonetheless, such food product is called by the name that is given at the beginning of the cooking. Because the existing image recognition methods recognizes an object based on such idea that objects of the same name have similar visual feature, such methods cannot solve this cooking recognition task. Therefore, we propose new methods that recognize an object based on such idea that object keeps its identity even after manufactured and/or mixed with others.
Data dependent precharging dynamic chain architecture for low power end high speed adders (2002)

This paper presents a power efficient dynamic chain adder based on a Data Dependent Precharging (DDP) algorithm. It suppresses spurious transitions due to the unconditional precharging of outputs during the 'precharge' mode. A 64-bit adder has been designed using the DDP dynamic chain architecture. Simulation results confirm that it operates at 270 MHz with 0.105 mW/MHz power consumption at 3.3 V supply. It reduces power by 36% without speed degradation.
Structural Investigation of the Dopamine-2 Receptor Agonist Bromocriptine Binding to Dimeric D2HighR and D2LowR States (2018)

The active (D2<sup>High</sup>R) and inactive (D2<sup>Low</sup>R) states of dimeric dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) models were investigated to clarify the binding mechanisms of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine, using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. The aim of this comprehensive study was to investigate the critical effects of bromocriptine binding on each distinct receptor conformation. The different binding modes of the bromocriptine ligand in the active and inactive states have a significant effect on the conformational changes of the receptor. Based on the MM/GBSA approach, the calculated binding enthalpies of bromocriptine demonstrated selectivity toward the D2<sup>High</sup>R active state. There is good agreement between the calculated and experimentally measured D2<sup>High</sup>R selectivity. In the ligand-binding site, the key amino acids identified for D2<sup>High</sup>R were Asp114(3.32) and Glu95(2.65), and for D2<sup>Low</sup>R, it was Ser193(5.42). Moreover, analysis of replicate MD trajectories demonstrated that the bromocriptine structure was more rigid at the D2<sup>High</sup>R state and more flexible at the D2<sup>Low</sup>R state. However, the side chains of the ligand-receptor complex of D2<sup>High</sup>R showed larger variations relative to the corresponding regions of D2<sup>Low</sup>R. The present study is part of an ongoing research program to study D2R conformational changes during ligand activation and to evaluate the conformational state selectivity for ligand binding.
Blood Gene Expression Reveal Pathway Differences Between Diet‐Sensitive and Resistant Obese Subjects Prior to Caloric Restriction (2010)

Weight loss in response to caloric restriction displays significant interindividual heterogeneity. To develop early predictors of weight-loss success, we have compared whole-blood gene expression profiles of obese, diet-sensitive vs. obese, diet-resistant subjects prior to the initiation of clinically supervised caloric restriction. Pathway enrichment analysis of gene expression profiles by multiple applications converged on the "oxidative phosphorylation" (OXPHOS) pathway, and to a lesser extent the "proteasome" pathway, as statistically significantly upregulated in obese, diet-sensitive subjects compared to the diet-resistant subjects. The finding of increased OXPHOS is consistent with earlier observations of increased proton leak, increased expression of OXPHOS genes, and increased oxidative muscle fibers in skeletal muscle of obese, diet-sensitive subjects. The current study further highlights the utility of blood as a sentinel tissue reflecting systemic states and provides a potential modality to predict future weight-loss success, relevant to the design of individualized bariatric treatment programs.
Fabrication of Epitaxial W-Doped VO2 Nanostructured Films for Terahertz Modulation Using the Solvothermal Process (2021)

We report a feasible and high-throughput method for high-quality W-doped VO2 nanostructured epitaxial films on r-sapphire substrate fabrication. Single-phase, smooth vanadium dioxide thin films with uniform distribution of tungsten (up to 2.3%) are formed using the solvothermal process from ethylene glycol/water V4+ and W6+ solutions. Compositional analysis by X-ray photoelectron and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XPS and EDX, respectively); structural analysis (X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction (SAED)); and detailed analysis of the surface morphology and substrate–film interface using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (SEM, AFM, HRTEM, respectively) confirm the formation of nanoscale (50–60 nm) epitaxial W:VO2 (M1) on r-sapphire with epitaxial relationships (100)VO2∥(101̅2)Al2O3 and [010]VO2∥[011̅0]Al2O3. The nanostructured films demonstrate excellent terahertz (THz) transmission properties: a phase transition temperature of 31 °C, a huge THz modulation depth of over 60%, and broad bandwidth (≥2 THz) operation. Hence, they can be efficiently used as active material for tunable THz manipulation devices.
Issues and Opinions—Information Technologies in Business: A Blueprint for Education and Research (2007)

How are business schools thinking about developing leaders for the emerging digital economy? Is there a set of core principles we can apply to thinking about the enabling potential of information technologies and their consequences for business and society? We present a business-centric framework and a technology-centric framework that together form a blueprint for answering these questions. The business-centric framework articulates three compelling reasons why information technology (IT) matters in business: (1) IT continually transform industry and society, (2) executive decisions about IT investments, governance, and strategy are critical to organizational success, and (3) deriving value from increasingly available data trails defines effective decision making in the digital economy. However, our conversations with the leadership of 45 business schools and our subsequent data indicate that business schools are challenged by effectively training future executives to think about these reasons and act on them as part of a forward-looking program of business education that is grounded in stable concepts. In response, the technology-centric framework provides a set of grounding concepts and stable principles about IT that have emerged over the last four decades, and leads to a natural set of consequences that can inform thinking about IT in business. We illustrate how these complementary frameworks—business and technology—can be combined to frame an educational program by outlining a set of key questions, by placing these questions in the context suggested by our frameworks, and by providing guidelines toward answering them. These questions also define a natural path for future research about IT in business and society that will lead to stronger intellectual foundations for the field and define future education that is better grounded in concepts and theories that emerge from academic research.
PRODUCTION OF IMPERMEABLE GRAPHITE (1959)

Two processes for the production of graphite with very low permeability to gases are presented. The processes are furfuryl alcohol impregnation and gas impregnation. (W.L.H.)
An optimized potential function for the calculation of nucleic acid interaction energies I. Base stacking (1978)

An optimized potential function for base-stacking interactions is constructed. Stacking energies between the complementary pairs of a dimer are calculated as a function of the rotational angle and separation distance. Using several different sets of atomic charges, the electrostatic component in the monopole-monopole approximation (MMA) is compared to the more refined segmented multipole-multipole representation (SMMA); the general features of the stacking minima are found to be correctly reproduced with IEHT or CNDO atomic charges. The electrostatic component is observed to control the location of stacking minima.The MMA, in general, is not a reliable approximation of the SMMA in regions away from minima; however, the MMA is reliable in predicting the location and nature of stacking minima.The attractive part of the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential is compared to and parameterized against the expressions for the second-order interaction terms composed of multipole-bond polarizability for the polarization energy and transition-dipole bond polariz abilities for approximation of the dispersion energy. The repulsive part of the Lennard-Jones potential is compared to a Kitaygorodski-type repulsive function; changing the exponent from its usual value of 12 to 11.7 gives significantly better agreement with the more refined repulsive function.Stacking minima calculated with the optimized potential method are compared with various perturbation-type treatments. The optimized potential method yields results that compare as well with melting data as do any of the more recent and expensive perturbation methods.
Study of Tire–Pavement Noise Acoustic Performance in Resilient Road Pavement Made of Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (2023)

A modified strain-hardening cementitious composite (SHCC) material, fabricated using corundum aggregates (SHCC-Cor), has been proposed for roadway applications as it offers high structural performance and high skid resistance. However, the acoustic performance of SHCC is unclear and has not been well studied in the past. Theoretically, SHCC may not provide the optimum solution in acoustic performance as it provides a low texture profile, high density, and low porosity. In this study, the acoustic performance of pavement slabs made of SHCC and modified SHCC-Cor are investigated using a nondestructive method to determine the surface roughness (macro texture) of slab surfaces. The pavement–tire noise level was then simulated using SPERoN software. As result, the noise level coming from the pavement made of SHCC could be up to 65 dB(A), while the noise level for SHCC-Cor increased up to 69.2 dB(A) because of the lower shape factor (G) due to a rougher surface as a result of the existence of corundum aggregate on the SHCC surface. The aeroacoustics were also increased compared to the SHCC slab. The modification of SHCC-Cor by introducing grooves (SHCC-Cor-Gro) successfully reduced the sound level coming from the vibration.
Cardiovascular effects of forskolin and phosphodiesterase-III inhibitors (1989)

In the first part of this presentation, data is reported on the hemodynamic effects of forskolin given to patients with dilated cardiomyopathy in a concentration of 3µg/kg/min and 4 µg/kg/min. At the lower dosage, forskolin had no effect on dP/dtmax, cardiac index, ejection fraction, or myocardial oxygen consumption. With small dosages of dobutamine, however, an increase of all four parameters has been observed in the same group of patients. Systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure fell with forskolin given at the lower concentration. Forskolin administered at a dosage of 4 µg/kg/min induced an increase in dP/dtmax by 19% and a 16% rise in heart rate. However, these changes were associated with symptomatic flush syndromes. Therefore, forskolin may serve as a vasodilating substance in lower concentrations, but cannot be used as a positive inotropic compound because of the subjective symptoms. In the second part, a study is reported in which an anti-ischemic effect of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor enoximone was observed in patients with proven significant coronary heart disease. With respect to the hemodynamic parameters, the most striking findings were the decreases in left ventricular enddiastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Furthermore, when left ventricular stroke work index was plotted as a function of the left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, enoximone shifted the left ventricular function curve to the left. Therefore, the anti-ischemic effect of enoximone may not only be due to a reduction in preload and afterload but may rather reflect an effect on diastolic compliance. Studies with intracoronary injections of enoximone and animal experiments support this hypothesis.
Analog and digital computers aid in the design of a numerically controlled positioning servomechanism (1961)

NUMERICAL POSITIONING controls for machine tools have in recent years demonstrated their ability to effect considerable economies in many industries; hence, further applications of these controls to machines may be expected.
Comparison of Computerized Sway Referencing and Standing on a Compliant Surface (2009)

Background: By removing vision and altering somatosensory inputs, we can examine the contributions of the vestibular system on balance control. Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) systems accomplish this by using a dynamic plate that moves in proportion to the sway of the subject. A potential alternative to CDP is the use of a compliant foam surface. The goal of this study was to compare postural sway during each condition. Methods: Thirty-two healthy subjects (16 male and 16 female) were tested on a Equitest computerized posturography system and on a 5 inch thick block of foam (NeuroCom International; Clackamas, OR). Subjects performed three trials with their head erect and five trials with dynamic head tilts ( 20 at 0.33Hz) in the anterior-posterior (AP) plane. Subjects were instructed to stand quietly with their arms folded and eyes closed for each trial lasting 20 seconds. The sway in both AP and medial-lateral (ML) planes was calculated for each trial, as well as the total sway path length. Results: In general, AP sway tended to be greater on the Equitest than on foam and greater during the head movement trials than the head erect. The ML sway was consistently higher on foam and did not vary between head erect and moving conditions. Sway path length was consistently greater for head erect trials on foam and tended to be greater for head movement trials on the Equitest. The addition of head movements increases AP sway and the total path length. Conclusions: Based on the increase of sway in the ML direction, it is important to quantify sway in all directions when on a compliant foam surface.
Prevalence of and predictive factors for sustained disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug–free remission in rheumatoid arthritis: Results from two large early arthritis cohorts (2009)

Sustained DMARD-free remission in RA patients treated with conventional therapy is not uncommon. Symptom duration at presentation and the absence of autoantibodies are associated with sustained DMARD-free remission.
Characteristics of magnetic labeling on liver tumors with anti-alpha-fetoprotein-mediated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (2012)

For preoperative and intraoperative detection of tumor distribution, numerous multimodal contrast agents, such as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with several examination indicators, are currently in development. However, complex materials, configuration, and cost are required for multimodal contrast agents, accompanied by a high possibility of toxicity and low popularity in clinics. Nevertheless, the magnetic labeling of MNPs using bioprobes should be feasible not only in preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but also in intraoperative examination based on other magnetic properties. In this study, anti-alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-mediated Fe(3)O(4) MNPs, injected into mice with liver tumors, were used to examine the characteristics of magnetic labeling. Using MRI and scanning superconducting-quantum-interference-device biosusceptometry (SSB), based on alternating current (AC) susceptibility, the magnetic labeling occurred significantly on the first day post-injection of anti-AFP magnetic fluid (MF), and then decreased over time. However, for both MF without antibodies and an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen MF, no magnetic labeling occured on the first day of their respective post-injection. The favorable agreement indicates that magnetic labeling possesses two magnetic characteristics: distortion of the imaging field and AC susceptibility. In addition, the results of the biopsy tests, anti-AFP staining, and Prussian blue staining show the same dynamics as those of magnetic methodologies and prove that bound MNPs on tumor tissue are rotatable by an AC magnetic field to express AC susceptibility. Therefore, with the simple configuration of antibody-mediated MNPs, magnetic labeling is also feasible for intraoperative examinations using SSB with high mobility and sensitivity.
Analysis of the Front-End Wet Strip Efficiency Performance for Productivity ISSM Paper: MC-O-125 (2007)

With the ever-increasing price erosion of wafers and the variation of product mix, we are faced with the chal- lenge of increasing our capacity through productivity im- provement and fab expansion. Our priority is to first optimize the efficiency of critical tools in order to minimize investment cost in expansion. In this study, we focused on the efficiency improvement for the wet benches through the adoption of an enhanced dispatching rule. The dispatching rule attempts to minimize efficiency loss. Using simulation, we observed that it improved the capacity by 8%. Our model managed to achieve an accuracy of at least 95%.
Salivation in Cattle. I. Feed and Animal Factors Affecting Salivation and Its Relation to Bloat (1964)

Studies on saliva secretion were nmde with rumen-fistulated, identical-twin cattle of varying bloat susceptibilities fed alfalfa pasture or hay. Collection of feed boluses at the cardia showed 2.90 kg saliva added per kilogram of dry matter eaten on lush alfalfa pasture, 2.70 kg on freshly cut succulent alfalfa, 3.30 kg on mature pasture, and 3.25 kg on hay. Total saliva added per feeding was 8.0 kg with freshly cut Mfalfa and 15.8 kg with hay.