gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonviral Gene Therapy (2001)

The last 10 years have seen substantial progress in the development and application of nonviral vectors in gene therapy. Several novel nonviral methods have been developed that approach viruses with respect to transfection efficiency. A variety of nonviral delivery systems that can be used for gene therapy in different clinical settings are also available. In this review article, we will detail all of the major nonviral vectors that are currently used in gene therapy while highlighting some recent developments, particularly the progress towards the understanding of the cellular and in vivo barriers in gene transfer. Recent advancement in achieving sustained and regulated gene expression will also be addressed. Finally, this review will briefly cover targeted gene repair using nonviral delivery systems. Their impact in gene therapy will also be discussed.
Massively parallel neural computation (2013)

Reverse-engineering the brain is one of the US National Academy of Engineering’s “Grand Challenges.” The structure of the brain can be examined at many different levels, spanning many disciplines from low-level biology through psychology and computer science. This thesis focusses on real-time computation of large neural networks using the Izhikevich spiking neuron model. Neural computation has been described as “embarrassingly parallel” as each neuron can be thought of as an independent system, with behaviour described by a mathematical model. However, the real challenge lies in modelling neural communication. While the connectivity of neurons has some parallels with that of electrical systems, its high fan-out results in massive data processing and communication requirements when modelling neural communication, particularly for real-time computations. It is shown that memory bandwidth is the most significant constraint to the scale of real-time neural computation, followed by communication bandwidth, which leads to a decision to implement a neural computation system on a platform based on a network of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), using commercial off- the-shelf components with some custom supporting infrastructure. This brings implementation challenges, particularly lack of on-chip memory, but also many advantages, particularly high-speed transceivers. An algorithm to model neural communication that makes efficient use of memory and communication resources is developed and then used to implement a neural computation system on the multi- FPGA platform. Finding suitable benchmark neural networks for a massively parallel neural computation system proves to be a challenge.A synthetic benchmark that has biologically-plausible fan-out, spike frequency and spike volume is proposed and used to evaluate the system. It is shown to be capable of computing the activity of a network of 256k Izhikevich spiking neurons with a fan-out of 1k in real-time using a network of 4 FPGA boards. This compares favourably with previous work, with the added advantage of scalability to larger neural networks using more FPGAs. It is concluded that communication must be considered as a first-class design constraint when implementing massively parallel neural computation systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Enediyne Compounds with Acid‐, Base‐ and Photo‐Sensitive Trigger Groups. Chemical Simulation of the Dynemicin A Reaction Cascade. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
[Peripheral thyroid insufficiency. Criteria of equilibrium in treatment with L-thyroxine]. (1989)

During treatment of primary hypothyroidism, the respective values of hormonal assays (total and free T4 and T3, ultrasensitive TSH assay, TRH test) and of the serum markers from peripheral tissue response to thyroid hormones used to detect overdosage are matter to debate. Thirty-four female patients with hypothyroidism, aged 38 +/- 7 years (mean +/- SD) were studied. the mean dose of L-thyroxine required to obtain clinical euthyroidism was 100 +/- 35 micrograms/day. Thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations were measured 20 to 24 hours after the last dose of L-thyroxine and after fasting overnight and were compared with the concentrations obtained in 45 euthyroid controls aged 32 +/- 10 years.
Memory of rats with amygdala lesions induced 30 days after footshock-motivated escape training reflects degree of original training. (1994)

This experiment was conducted to determine whether the amount of preoperative training influences the effects, on retention, of amygdala lesions induced 30 days after escape training. Rats received 1 or 10 footshock-motivated escape training trials; 30 days later, sham or neurotoxic amygdala lesions were induced. Results of an inhibitory avoidance test performed 4 days after surgery indicated that amygdala lesions impaired retention performance; however, increased preoperative training partially attenuated the retention deficit. Increased preoperative training also attenuated the impairing effects of the lesions on retention assessed in a continuous multiple-trial inhibitory avoidance task given 36 days after the original escape training. The finding that amygdala-lesioned rats remembered the escape training suggests that the amygdala is not a critical locus of the changes underlying the long-term retention of footshock-motivated escape training.
Neuromorphic Hardware Accelerated Adaptive Authentication System (2015)

In this paper we present a multimodal authentication (person identification) system based on simultaneous recognition of face and speech data using a novel bio-inspired architecture powered by the CM1K chip. The CM1K chip has a constant recognition time irrespective of the size of the knowledge base, which gives massive time gains in learning and recognition over software implementations of similar methods. We demonstrate a system utilizing the CM1K chip as a neural network accelerator along with data pre-processing done by a desktop PC. The system realized consumes energy of the order: 668 μJ for learning and 487 μJ for recognition, while operating at 25 MHz. The classification test accuracy of the system is approximately 91%.
Generalized modular design of testable m-out-of-n code checker (2002)

A testable design of a programmable m-out-of-n code checker is reported in this paper. The checker is modular in nature and can be easily extended by cascading. Basically, a cellular automaton (CA) structure is taken whose combinational logic port (CL-part) is modified in such a way that all the 1's in the initial state (seed) get accumulated in the rightmost cells. This CA is then transformed into an iterative array of combinational logic cells. To make the resulting structure testable for all stuck-at and unidirectional faults, it is partitioned into a number of identical blocks the outputs of which are combined to produce two complementary outputs.
Exploring the Cytotoxicity, Uptake, Cellular Response, and Proteomics of Mono- and Dinuclear DNA Light-Switch Complexes (2018)

Drug resistance to platinum chemotherapeutics targeting DNA often involves abrogation of apoptosis and has emerged as a significant challenge in modern, non-targeted chemotherapy. Consequently, there is great interest in the anti-cancer properties of metal complexes-particularly those that interact with DNA-and mechanisms of consequent cell death. Herein we compare a parent cytotoxic complex, [Ru(phen)<sub>2</sub>(tpphz)]<sup>2+</sup> [phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, tpphz = tetrapyridyl[3,2- a:2',3'- c:3″,2″- h:2‴,3‴- j]phenazine], with a mononuclear analogue with a modified intercalating ligand, [Ru(phen)<sub>2</sub>(taptp)]<sup>2+</sup> [taptp = 4,5,9,18-tetraazaphenanthreno[9,10- b] triphenylene], and two structurally related dinuclear, tpphz-bridged, heterometallic complexes, RuRe and RuPt. All three of these structural changes result in a switch from intercalation to groove-binding DNA interaction and concomitant reduction in cytotoxic potency, but no significant change in relative cytotoxicity toward platinum-resistant A2780CIS cancer cells, indicating that the DNA interaction mode is not critical for the mechanism of platinum resistance. All variants exhibited a light-switch effect, which for the first time was exploited to investigate timing of cell death by live-cell microscopy. Surprisingly, cell death occurred rapidly as a consequence of oncosis, characterized by loss of cytoplasmic volume control, absence of significant mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and lack of activation of apoptotic cell death markers. Importantly, a novel, quantitative proteomic analysis of the A2780 cell genome following exposure of the cells to either mononuclear complex reveals changes in protein expression associated with global cell responses to oxidative stress and DNA replication/repair cellular pathways. This combination of multiple targeting modalities and induction of a non-apoptotic death mechanism makes these complexes highly promising chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity leads.
Oxidation of Ru/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2–x at Ambient Temperature as a Trigger for Carbon-Free H2 Production by Ammonia Oxidative Decomposition (2020)

Ammonia has received attention as a hydrogen carrier for energy use, and although ammonia decomposition can produce hydrogen at a high rate, there is currently no simple process for decomposing ammonia that is easily and rapidly initiated at any time without an input of external energy. Here, we report the discovery of a process for initiating and sustaining the production of hydrogen from ammonia without heating the catalyst externally. The oxidative decomposition of ammonia to produce hydrogen at a high rate was repeatedly triggered at ambient temperature (∼25 °C) immediately after NH3 and O2 were supplied to a Ru/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst that had been previously reduced at ambient temperature. For this catalyst, active hydrogen atoms formed on Ru0 nanoparticles reduced Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 even at ambient temperature, and the very exothermic oxidation of Ce0.5Zr0.5O2–x as well as Ru0 heated the catalyst bed to the catalytic auto-ignition temperature for ammonia combustion, which was lowered by the contribution of mobile (active) oxygen over the Ce0.5Zr0.5O2. Oxidative ammonia decomposition was thereby triggered.
Special issue on neural and sensory information processing (1983)

IN RECENT YEARS, experimental and theoretical progress has rekindled interest in the study of organizational and computational principles underlying neural systems. Neural systems are both complex and intriguing, and the relation of neural and sensory information processing to communications, control, and behavior in living organisms continues to pose fundamental research issues in a variety of disciplines. This Special Issue on Neural and Sensory Information Processing is intended to provide a timely sampling of current views and progress in these studies.
A magnetic model for the incommensurate I phase of spin-Peierls systems (1998)

A magnetic model is proposed for describing the incommensurate I phase of spin-Peierls systems. Based on the harmonicity of the lattice distortion, its main ingredient is that the distortion of the lattice adjusts to the average magnetization such that the system is always gapful. The presence of dynamical incommensurabilities in the fluctuation spectra is also predicted. Recent experimental results for CuGeO_3 obtained by NMR, ESR and light scattering absorption are well understood within this model.
Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of the Enantiomers of 7-Fluoro-1-methyl-3-(methylsulfinyl)-4(1H)-quinolinone (Flosequinan). (1994)

The enantiomers of 7-fluoro-1-methyl-3-(methylsulfinyl)-4(1H)-quinolinone [(±)-1, flosequinan], a new drug for the treatment of heart failure, were synthesized from the optically active (R)-α-methylbenzylamine derivatives of quinoline. The key intermediates, (R)-α-methylbenzylamine derivatives, were prepared by diastereomeric separation. The configuration of (+)-1 was assigned on the basis of an X-ray crystallographic analysis of the synthetic precursor (4a). The absolute configuration was found to be (R)-(+)-1 and (S)-(-)-1.
Atrial Fibrillation and Other Cardiac Arrhythmias (2018)

Abstract Cardiac arrhythmias are common in hospitalized patients, with their incidence increasing in older patients and those with comorbidities. Cardiac arrhythmias represent a trigger for approximately 10% of rapid response team (RRT) activations. Of those, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly observed. Other common cardiac arrhythmias in the in-hospital setting include supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and bradycardias. Members of the RRT should be skilled in the diagnosis and management of these common arrhythmias. This chapter presents an overview of cardiac arrhythmias that RRT members are likely to encounter, discussing their incidence and significance, as well as their immediate management.
Thermodynamic Modeling and Experimental Studies of Dearomatization Process from a Complex Petroleum Fraction (2000)

Experimental studies and thermodynamic modeling for the separation of aromatic compounds from a complex mixture of hydrocarbons have been carried out. The sample used in this work is the main material for producing lubricating oils, and the solvent used for extraction of aromatic components is a new selective solvent which has unique specifications in comparison with conventional solvents such as furfural. This modeling is based on the method of Ruzicka for making model molecules. The parameters required for modeling were obtained, and then liquid–liquid equilibrium calculations were done and compared with the experimental data. These calculations were also carried out using published parameters for the vapor–liquid equilibria of the components involved in the mixture. The results have been compared with the previous calculations as well as with the experimental data, and good agreement was found.
Low jitter up-conversion detectors for telecom wavelength GHz QKD (2006)

We have developed a hybrid single photon detection scheme for telecom wavelengths based on nonlinear sum-frequency generation and silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The SPAD devices employed have been designed to have very narrow temporal response, i.e. low jitter, which we can exploit for increasing the allowable bit rate for quantum key distribution. The wavelength conversion is obtained using periodically poled Lithium niobate waveguides (W/Gs). The inherently high efficiency of these W/Gs allows us to use a continuous wave laser to seed the nonlinear conversion so as to have a continuous detection scheme. We also present a 1.27GHz qubit repetition rate, one-way phase encoding, quantum key distribution experiment operating at telecom wavelengths that takes advantage of this detection scheme. The proof of principle experiment shows a system capable of MHz raw count rates with a QBER less than 2% and estimated secure key rates greater than 100 kbit/s over 25 km.
Efficient coherent neighbour cell search for synchronous 3GPP LTE system (2008)

For a coherent neighbour cell search, the 3GPP long term evolution system detects a cell-specific secondary synchronisation channel by using the channel response estimated from the primary synchronisation channel (P-SCH). Owing to the limited number of P-SCH sequences, however, the channel response estimated from P-SCH does not exactly match the channel response of the target neighbour cell. To mitigate the effect of such channel mismatch problems, a simple technique is proposed which improves coherent neighbour cell search performance significantly.
Graves' ophtalmopathy: natural history and treatment outcomes (2001)

In conclusion, our study of a relatively large patient sample revealed the known epidemiological facts regarding Graves' disease and endocrine ophthalmopathy. The majority of patients needed no therapy or only local protective agents, and 47% improved spontaneously. Systemic corticosteroids and orbital irradiation appear to be equally effective as initial treatment in patients with more severe forms of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
DNA for genetic vaccination and therapy. (1997)

DNA coding for an antigen can be directly injected into muscle or skin and stimulate an immune response against the expressed antigen. The genes expressed can be derived from pathogens (e.g. viruses or bacteria), and can either code for surface molecules, which are often the basis for conventional peptide vaccines, or from the more genetically stable internal proteins. The DNA mimics a real infection in that the antigens are produced intracellularly where they are correctly folded and where they can be presented to the immune system so that cytotoxic T cells are stimulated as a defense mechanism. The DNA is expressed at low, but long-lasting, levels which is presumably the mechanism of its efficacy. Details of the mode of action and improvements for efficacy need to be worked out. Preclinical animal studies looked very promising, but need to be verified in humans. The method is safe and simple; DNA can be easily produced and transported, and can be composed of various genes. Recently also tumor-associated antigens have been tested in preclinical animal models, for example against colon cancer and malignant melanoma. Combinations with immune modulators are being worked out for improved efficacy. Successful therapies with this kind of gene medicine would be much cheaper and therefore superior to viral vectors. However, improvements are still required to prove that hopes are justified.
Lactogenic Hormone Activation of Stat5 and Transcription of the β-Casein Gene in Mammary Epithelial Cells Is Independent of p42 ERK2 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activity (1996)

HC11 mammary epithelial cells have been used to characterize molecular events involved in the regulation of milk protein gene expression. Treatment of HC11 cells with the lactogenic hormones prolactin, insulin, and glucocorticoids results in transcription of the beta-casein gene. Prolactin induces a signaling event which involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the mammary gland factor, Stat5, a member of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat). Here we show that HC11 cells express two Stat5 proteins, Stat5a and Stat5b. Phosphopeptide and phosphoamino acid analysis of Stat5a and Stat5b immunoprecipitated from phosphate-labeled HC11 cells revealed that both proteins were constitutively phosphorylated on serine. Lactogenic hormone treatment resulted in the appearance of a tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide in both Stat5 proteins. Consistent with this observation, a Western blot analysis of Stat5a and Stat5b showed that lactogenic hormones induced a rapid, transient increase in phosphotyrosine which paralleled the binding of Stat5 to its cognate recognition sequence in the beta-casein gene promoter. Lactogenic hormone treatment of the HC11 cells also led to a rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. We examined the role of this pathway in beta-casein transcription using a specific MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059. Concentrations of PD98059 which completely abrogated lactogen-induced MAP kinase activation did not affect the phosphorylation state of Stat5, its DNA binding activity, or transcriptional activation of a beta-casein reporter construct. This indicates that the MAP kinase pathway does not contribute to lactogenic hormone induction of the beta-casein gene.
Performance of FRAMES non-spread mode 1 (WB-TDMA) with turbo codes (2002)

Within ACTS the project FRAMES (Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access System) has been set up with an objective to define a proposal for a UMTS radio access system. Based on an initial evaluation phase in FRAMES, a harmonized multiple access platform has been designed consisting of two modes: FMA1, a wideband TDMA and FMA2, a wideband CDMA. In this paper, link level results obtained for FMA1 without spreading are presented. In particular, the application of the novel rate compatible punctured turbo-codes (RCPTC), are compared with conventional nonsystematic convolutional coding. The emphasis lies on the packet transmission and on the circuit switched high bit rates. These simulation results can be applied to frequency division duplex (FDD) and to time division duplex (TDD) operation.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Protects RINm5F and Human Islet Cells against Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis: Implication of the Antiapoptotic Protein A20 (2002)

Transplantation of islets of Langerhans is a potential cure for type 1 diabetes, but its success is hampered by destruction of the islets. The data presented herein suggest that the active metabolite of vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] may promote islet cell survival by modulating the effects of inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to beta-cell demise. We investigated some of the mechanisms triggering the apoptotic machinery in rat insulinoma RINm5F cells and human islets treated with IL-1beta plus interferon-gamma plus TNFalpha and assessed the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in these processes. Mitochondrial transmembrane permeability and apoptotic features, determined by percentage of sub-G1 cells, quantitation of DNA strand breaks, and Hoechst staining, were significantly increased by cytokines and reverted toward control values by 1,25-(OH)2D3 cotreatment. The cytoprotection of cells correlated with the abrogation of cytokine-induced nitric oxide production. The activation of nuclear factor-kappaB plays a key role in the different pathways implicated in nitric oxide generation. We demonstrated for the first time, in both RINm5F cells and human islets, that 1,25-(OH)2D3 was able to induce and maintain high levels of A20, an antiapoptotic protein known to block nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Our study showed a clear efficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on the apoptotic machinery triggered by cytokines in beta-cells and suggests that 1,25-(OH)2D3 could help overcome a major obstacle encountered in the cellular therapy of diabetes, such as nonfunction in the immediate posttransplantation period.
SIZE, SHAPE AND BONE MINERAL CONTENT OF THE HUMAN FEMUR IN GROWTH AND AGING (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY; ARIZONA). (1984)

The mechanical behavior of any bone depends upon structural and material properties. Therefore, whole bone, cross-sectional geometric and bone mineral data need to be integrated in studies of bone growth and aging. This dissertation examines femoral growth and aging in the prehistoric Grasshopper Pueblo population of Arizona (A.D. 1275 to 1400). The techniques include osteometrics, computed tomography and photon absorptiometry. Human osteological collections obtained from archaeological sites are useful for studies of bone physiology and mechanics. Even though the subjects are no longer living, non-invasive techniques must often be used because the skeletal collections are data bases for many researchers. This apparently limiting attribute of the sample used in the present study forced the application of computed tomography for analysis of cross-sectional geometry. As the availability of computed tomography to research increases, it will become the method of choice because digital images are well-suited to automated analysis and CT can also provide density data. Variability related to side, age and sex is explored. Additionally, (1) structural properties increase much more than material properties in growth, (2) the morphology of the proximal femoral diaphysis depends more upon the angle of antetorsion than the cervicodiaphyseal angle, (3) there is evidence suggestive of structural compensation for loss of bone mineral in aging, (4) osteoporosis is found not to protect the femoral compartment of the knee joint from osteoarthrosis, (5) the onset of bone loss in females seems to have been early by modern standards, although the rates of loss were similar, and (6) differential bone loss within the femur due to the amount of bone present at maturity and not different rates of loss.