gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women (2001)

Results of case-control studies and of a prospective investigation in men suggest that consumption of coffee could protect against the risk of Parkinson's disease, but the active constituent is not clear. To address the hypothesis that caffeine is protective against Parkinson's disease, we examined the relationship of coffee and caffeine consumption to the risk of this disease among participants in two ongoing cohorts, the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study (HPFS) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). The study population comprised 47,351 men and 88,565 women who were free of Parkinson's disease, stroke, or cancer at baseline. A comprehensive life style and dietary questionnaire was completed by the participants at baseline and updated every two to four years. During the follow-up (10 years in men, 16 years in women), we documented a total of 288 incident cases of Parkinson's disease. Among men, after adjustment for age and smoking, the relative risk of Parkinson's disease was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.23-0.78; p for trend < 0.001) for men in the top one-fifth of caffeine intake compared to those in the bottom one-fifth. An inverse association was also observed with consumption of coffee (p for trend = 0.004), caffeine from noncoffee sources (p for trend < 0.001), and tea (p for trend = 0.02) but not decaffeinated coffee. Among women, the relationship between caffeine or coffee intake and risk of Parkinson's disease was U-shaped, with the lowest risk observed at moderate intakes (1-3 cups of coffee/day, or the third quintile of caffeine consumption). These results support a possible protective effect of moderate doses of caffeine on risk of Parkinson's disease.
Ultralong Efficient Photon Storage Using Optical Locking (2010)

For the last decade quantum memories have been intensively studied for potential applications to quantum information and communications using atomic and ionic ensembles. With the importance of a multimode storage capability in quantum memories, on-demand control of reversible inhomogeneous broadening of an optical medium has been broadly investigated recently. However, the photon storage time in these researches is still too short to apply for long-distance quantum communications. In this paper, we demonstrate new physics of spin population decay dependent ultralong photon storage method, where spin population decay time is several orders of magnitude longer than the conventional constraint of spin phase decay time.
Ulcerative Colitis (2012)

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease sharing many features with Crohn's disease but differing in being confined to the colonic mucosa, without proximal involvement or penetration to the deeper layers of the bowel, in uncomplicated cases. Ulcerative colitis has changed face over time; once considered rare, it is now a major gastroenterologic problem in the developed world with changing demographics. The first controlled clinical therapeutic trial of corticosteroids in ulcerative colitis half century ago highlighted gastroenterology as an early exponent of evidence-based medicine. More recently, the prognosis of patients with severe disease has improved with attention to detail, critical care and the advent of immunomodulatory agents. However, despite remarkable advances, ulcerative colitis remains a significant burden on healthcare resources and a cause of much individual suffering.
Fatty acid-based methacrylate polymers as viscosity modifiers for mineral oils (2018)

In this work, partially biobased methacrylate polymers with various fatty acid side chains were used as efficient polymeric viscosity modifiers for mineral paraffinic oil (MPO). Firstly, oleic, palmitic, myristic and lauric acids were functionalized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by Steglich esterification to provide suitable monomers for radical polymerization. The resulting monomer from oleic acid (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl oleate) was polymerized through conventional radical polymerizations and telomerization in order to evaluate the influence of the polymer molecular weight on its efficiency as a viscosity modifier. Additionally, methacrylate monomers containing different chain lengths of fatty acids were involved in reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to obtain polymers with similar molecular weights in order to compare their efficiency as viscosity modifiers. For this purpose, all fatty acid-based polymers were mixed at 3 wt.% in MPO and relative viscosity measurement between MPO and polymer–MPO blends was performed at various temperatures. The results demonstrated that fatty acid-based methacrylate polymers have a higher polymer contribution on MPO viscosity with increasing temperature. This specific viscosimetric behavior was related to the coil polymer chains’ expansion with temperature, which was improved by increasing the polymer molar mass and the length of dangling fatty alkyl chains hanging off polymer backbones.
Investigation of plasma effects on plastic packages delamination and cracking (1993)

The use of a nonreactive plasma formed in a radio frequency discharge as a treatment to various substrates to reduce or eliminate the organic and inorganic contamination, thereby preventing intimate interfacial contact, was investigated. Argon was investigated as the plasma gas. The effects of time chamber pressure, and power were studied. A goniometer was utilized to measure wetting contact angles as a quantitative measure of the cleaning effectiveness of the surface treatment. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) data are correlated with substrate hydrophilicity, delamination, and package cracking. The results show the argon plasma treatment to be an effective means of reducing interfacial organic and inorganic contamination and improving the polyimide-to-mold-compound. The improvement in package cracking performance brought about by the argon plasma treatment is significant.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cysteine-type cathepsins promote the effector phase of acute cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (2019)

Cysteine-type cathepsins such as cathepsin B are involved in various steps of inflammatory processes such as antigen processing and angiogenesis. Here, we uncovered the role of cysteine-type cathepsins in the effector phase of T cell-driven cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHR) and the implication of this role on therapeutic cathepsin B-specific inhibition. <b>Methods</b>: Wild-type, cathepsin B-deficient (Ctsb<sup>-/-</sup>) and cathepsin Z-deficient (Ctsz<sup>-/-</sup>) mice were sensitized with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) on the abdomen and challenged with TNCB on the right ear to induce acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. The severity of cutaneous DTHR was assessed by evaluating ear swelling responses and histopathology. We performed fluorescence microscopy on tissue from inflamed ears and lymph nodes of wild-type mice, as well as on biopsies from psoriasis patients, focusing on cathepsin B expression by T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. Cathepsin activity was determined noninvasively by optical imaging employing protease-activated substrate-like probes. Cathepsin expression and activity were validated <i>ex vivo</i> by covalent active site labeling of proteases and Western blotting. <b>Results</b>: Noninvasive <i>in vivo</i> optical imaging revealed strong cysteine-type cathepsin activity in inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes in acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. In inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes, cathepsin B was expressed by neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, B, T and natural killer (NK) cells. Similar expression patterns were found in psoriatic plaques of patients. The biochemical methods confirmed active cathepsin B in tissues of mice with cutaneous DTHR. Topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors significantly reduced ear swelling in acute but not chronic DTHR. Compared with wild-type mice, Ctsb<sup>-/-</sup> mice exhibited an enhanced ear swelling response during acute DTHR despite a lack of cathepsin B expression. Cathepsin Z, a protease closely related to cathepsin B, revealed compensatory expression in inflamed ears of Ctsb<sup>-/-</sup> mice, while cathepsin B expression was reciprocally elevated in Ctsz<sup>-/-</sup> mice. <b>Conclusion</b>: Cathepsin B is actively involved in the effector phase of acute cutaneous DTHR. Thus, topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors might effectively limit DTHR such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis. However, the cathepsin B and Z knockout mouse experiments suggested a complementary role for these two cysteine-type proteases.
Multiple motifs regulate the B-cell-specific promoter of the B29 gene. (1993)

The B-cell-specific B29 and mb1 genes code for covalently linked proteins (B29 or Ig beta and mb1 or Ig alpha, respectively) associated with membrane immunoglobulins in the antigen receptor complex on B cells. We have functionally analyzed the upstream region of the B29 gene and have identified a 164-bp region which comprises the minimal promoter responsible for B-cell-specific transcription. Linker scanning mutagenesis of this minimal promoter has established that both the previously identified octamer motif and a DNA motif that binds an unknown protein factor are critical for B29 gene expression in a pre-B-cell and B-cell line. Further mutations showed that binding motifs for Ets, microB/LyF1, and Sp1 also significantly contributed to the overall activity of the minimal B29 promoter. However, the relative contribution of certain motifs to promoter activity was different in a pre-B versus a B-cell line. The microB/LyF1 motif was necessary for full promoter activity in the pre-B cells but was not required in the B cells.
The Recognition and Management of Myxedema Coma (1971)

Dr. Arthur Schneider, Junior Assistant Resident in Medicine, the Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, and Assistant in Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine: A 66-year-old white woman was admitted to Jewish Hospital with a two-day history of abdominal pain, vomiting of bilious material, and diarrhea. There was no previous history of weight gain, cold intolerance, or constipation. In the past few months she had had some drowsiness and a gradual decrease in mental acuity. On admission, the blood pressure was 130/ 80 mm Hg, pulse rate was 76 beats per minute, and temperature was 98 F (35.0 C). The voice was deeply pitched and hoarse, the skin was dry, and the scalp hair was coarse. Rales were heard at the bases of both lungs. Examination of the abdomen revealed diffuse involuntary rigidity, rebound tenderness, and high-pitched, rushing bowel sounds. Deep tendon reflexes were abnormally delayed and symmetrical in response. The
In Vivo Transfer and Expression of Genes Coding for Short Interfering RNAs (2004)

RNA interference can induce potent gene silencing through degradation of complementary mRNA. Short double-stranded interfering RNAs are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex that mediates the recognition and degradation of messenger RNAs in a very targeted manner. Though this phenomenon has been described in mammalian cells only a few years ago, there has been an explosion of interest in using small interfering RNAs to efficiently knockdown genes. Consequently, much effort has been put into the development of systems that allow chip and efficient delivery of these molecules into mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. To overcome the transient inhibitory effects of transfected RNA molecule synthesis in vitro, expression plasmids, mostly based on RNA polymerase III promoters, have been designed to achieve long-term or stable inhibition of the target genes. Moreover, these expression cassettes have been incorporated into viral vectors to obtain gene silencing also in primary cells refractory to plasmid transfection, and to target specific genes in vivo in animal models. The rapid progression in the field of RNA interference has revolutionized the manner in which gene function is studied and, notably, pharmaceutical companies are already validating this technology for medical applications in the near future.
Tributyl(3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-Propynyl)Stannane (2007)

[64185-12-2] C15H27F3Sn (MW 383.08) InChI = 1S/3C4H9.C3F3.Sn/c3*1-3-4-2;1-2-3(4,5)6;/h3*1,3-4H2,2H3;; InChIKey = XDLXCIZDZFHGEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a trifluoromethylethynyl or a trifluoromethylethenyl component in a wide array of reactions) Appearance: colorless oil. Solubility: sol hexane, ether, and most organic solvents. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be stored under inert gas (Ar, N2) atmosphere at −20 °C without significant decomposition for 2 months.
Document Image Page Segmentation and Character Recognition as Semantic Segmentation (2017)

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have produced excellent results in natural scene semantic pixel labeling tasks. We examine the application of this idea to document processing, using fully supervised Deep CNN semantic segmentation to separate content layers from historical document images containing diverse content types, including handwriting, machine print, form lines, and stamps. For efficiency, we employ a downsampling-upsampling network to make dense pixel predictions. CNNs achieve high generalization accuracy on document images with interleaved, overlapping strokes, even when trained on a solitary pixel-labeled document image. We also show a proof-of-concept extension of the semantic segmentation task to handwritten cursive character recognition, enabling a new "segmentation-free" approach to handwriting transcription.
Air Logistics Center Local Area Networks (2003)

The Air Force Logistics Command has embarked on a $1.7-billion program to modernize their computerized information systems for the 1990s. A description is given of the layout and performance of the backbone of this modernization program, the Air Logistics Center Local Area Network (ALC LAN), and of the ALC LAN program. The ALC LAN architecture includes three major systems. The cable plant provides RF connectivity for 24500 user outlets in 177 buildings across five ALCs. The network interface unit performs all the LAN intelligence functions, including addressing, error checking, and retransmission. A technical control and monitor system monitors the status of all LAN components and accumulates traffic data to assess system performance. Since 1985, installations of large LANs have been proceeding concurrently at five ALCs. Completion is expected in 1990.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Multilevel Surface Decomposition Algorithm for Rapid Evaluation of Transient Near-Field to Far-Field Transforms (2009)

A fast multilevel algorithm with reduced memory requirements for the evaluation of transient near-field to far-field transforms is presented. The computational scheme is based on a hierarchical decomposition of an arbitrary shaped enclosing surface over which the near-fields of an antenna or a scatterer are given. For surface subdomains at the highest decomposition level, the angular-temporal far-field patterns are calculated directly from the known near fields over a sparse angular grid of directions and a short temporal duration. The multilevel computation comprises angular and temporal interpolations thus increasing angular resolution and temporal duration of radiation patterns while aggregating the subdomain contributions between successive decomposition levels. These steps are repeated until obtaining the transient far-field response of the whole enclosing surface. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is substantially lower than that of the direct evaluation. Reduction in memory requirements is obtained by formulating the algorithm as a marching-on-in-time windowed scheme. This approach allows for embedding of the accelerated transforms within existing near-field modeling tools.
Vehicular Visible Light Communications with LED Taillight and Rolling Shutter Camera (2014)

Visible light communication (VLC) has recently emerged to become a promising wireless communication technology. Vehicle lights and traffic lights have started to utilize LEDs and due to their shorter response time, they can be easily modified to become VLC transmitters. In addition, cameras embedded in smartphones can be used as VLC receivers. As a result, Vehicular VLC (V2LC) between vehicle lighting and smartphone cameras has the potential to enable a great number of applications with low cost. In this paper, a prototype V2LC system that utilizes undersampled frequency shift ON-OFF keying (UFSOOK) modulation is proposed. The system utilizes rolling shutter cameras as the receiver and takes advantages of its characteristics to improve the receiving performance. An off- the-shelf vehicle LED taillight is used as the transmitter. Information is transmitted in the continuous state (ON-OFF) changes of LEDs which are invisible to human eyes. The performance evaluation results demonstrate that the communication prototype is robust and can resist common optical interferences and noises within the image.
In Situ Methylene Capping: A General Strategy for Efficient Stereoretentive Catalytic Olefin Metathesis. The Concept, Methodological Implications, and Applications to Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds (2017)

In situ methylene capping is introduced as a practical and broadly applicable strategy that can expand the scope of catalyst-controlled stereoselective olefin metathesis considerably. By incorporation of commercially available Z-butene together with robust and readily accessible Ru-based dithiolate catalysts developed in these laboratories, a large variety of transformations can be made to proceed with terminal alkenes, without the need for a priori synthesis of a stereochemically defined disubstituted olefin. Reactions thus proceed with significantly higher efficiency and Z selectivity as compared to when other Ru-, Mo-, or W-based complexes are utilized. Cross-metathesis with olefins that contain a carboxylic acid, an aldehyde, an allylic alcohol, an aryl olefin, an α substituent, or amino acid residues was carried out to generate the desired products in 47-88% yield and 90:10 to >98:2 Z:E selectivity. Transformations were equally efficient and stereoselective with a ∼70:30 Z-:E-butene mixture, which is a byproduct of crude oil cracking. The in situ methylene capping strategy was used with the same Ru catechothiolate complex (no catalyst modification necessary) to perform ring-closing metathesis reactions, generating 14- to 21-membered ring macrocyclic alkenes in 40-70% yield and 96:4-98:2 Z:E selectivity; here too, reactions were more efficient and Z-selective than when the other catalyst classes are employed. The utility of the approach is highlighted by applications to efficient and stereoselective syntheses of several biologically active molecules. This includes a platelet aggregate inhibitor and two members of the prostaglandin family of compounds by catalytic cross-metathesis reactions, and a strained 14-membered ring stapled peptide by means of macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis. The approach presented herein is likely to have a notable effect on broadening the scope of olefin metathesis, as the stability of methylidene complexes is a generally debilitating issue with all types of catalyst systems. Illustrative examples of kinetically controlled E-selective cross-metathesis and macrocyclic ring-closing reactions, where E-butene serves as the methylene capping agent, are provided.
Mechanical Characteristics of Cement Mortar at Low Temperature (1980)

With the rapid progress of the chemical industry and the result of coming energy crisis, there is a tendency to increase in usage of a wide range of energy resources and in the quantities. Most typical liquid fuels are liquefied natural gas (LNG). As a result, many diversified hazards associated with LNG are recognized. LNG will be stored in tanks made of, concrete or in underground spaces. But there are many unknown points about behavior of concrete and rocks at low temperatures. Here, the authors studied mechanical characteristics of cement mortar in range of temperature from room temperature to-180°C.Main results obtained are as follows:1) The tensile strength of cement mortar becomes maximum at the temperature of about-150°C and is 2.4 times as large as that at the room temperature.(See Fig. 3)2) The maximum compressive strength is obtained at abovementioned temperature and is 2.2 times as large as that at the room temperature.3) The maximum Young' modulus and Poisson' ratio are obtained at the temperature of about-150°C, and are1.4 and 1.5 times larger than those observed at the room temperature respectively.4) When samples are saturated with water, their maximum tensile and compressive strength are 4.5 times as large as values obtained at the room temperatures. And their Young's moduli become much larger.
ZIF‐based water‐stable mixed‐matrix membranes for effective CO2 separation from humid flue gas (2018)

Abstract Water stable mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) were developed to help control global warming by capturing and sequestrating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from humid flue gas originated from burning of fossil fuels. MMMs of different compositions were prepared by doping glassy polymer Ultrason ® S 6010 (US) with nanocrystals of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF‐302) in varying degrees. A solution‐casting technique was used to fabricate various MMMs to optimize their CO 2 capturing performance from both dry and wet gases. The prepared composite membranes indicated enhanced filler‐polymer interfacial adhesion, consistent distribution of nanofiller, and thermally stable matrix configuration. CO 2 permeability of the membranes was enhanced as demonstrated by gas sorption and single gas permeation tests carried out under dry and moist circumstances. As compared to neat Ultrason ® membrane, CO 2 permeability and expected CO 2 /N 2 permselectivity of the mixed membrane doped with 40 g/g ZIF‐302 nanocrystals were significantly enhanced. In contrast to the majority of previously reported membranes, key features of fabricated MMMs include their structural stability under humid conditions coupled with better and unaffected gas separation performance.
Frequency mixing with a tetrode vacuum transistor (2012)

Performance of frequency mixing with a vacuum transistor, which is composed of a vacuum transistor with a field emitter array (FEA), a collector and a control grid, was evaluated. The parameters of the current-voltage characteristics necessary to derive the performance of frequency mixing were obtained.
Geographic and Opportunistic Clustering for Underwater WSNs (2016)

In this paper, we propose Geographic and Opportunistic Clustering (GOC) protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. GOC is an improved version of Geographic and Opportunistic Routing for UWSNs (GEDAR). GOC uses a hybrid system in which the recovery algorithm of GEDAR is implemented alongside the clustering approach depending on the neighbor list of the void node. Similar to the architecture of GEDAR, GOC comprises of a swarm architecture in which multiple sonobuoys reside on surface of water. Nodes are capable of moving with a velocity of v = 2.4 /min at an energy cost of E = 1500 mJ/m. Improving the packet delivery ratio is GOC's achieved parameter. However, energy consumption and delay are compromised due to formation of clusters and association of nodes with the cluster head.