gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The many facets of PPARγ: novel insights for the skeleton (2010)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a master transcriptional regulator of adipocyte conversion. During PPARgamma transactivation, multiple signaling pathways interact with one another, leading to the differentiation of both white and brown adipose tissue. Ligand activation of the PPARgamma-RXR heterodimer complex also enhances insulin sensitivity, and this property has been heavily exploited to develop effective pharmacotherapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PPARgamma is also expressed in stem cells and plays a critical role in mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation and lineage determination events. The many facets of PPARgamma activity within the bone marrow niche where adipocytes, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic cells reside make this molecule an attractive target for pharmacological investigation. Additional findings that osteoblasts can alter energy metabolism by influencing adiposity and insulin sensitivity, and observations of decreased bone turnover in diabetic subjects, underscore the contribution of the skeleton to systemic energy requirements. Studies into the role of PPARgamma in skeletal acquisition and maintenance may lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing stromal cell differentiation in the mesenchyme compartment and whether PPARgamma activity can be manipulated to benefit skeletal remodeling events and energy metabolism.
The Carbonylation of α-Haloacetophenones and Benzyl Halides by Disodium Tetracarbonylferrate (1979)

Abstract α-Haloacetophenones and benzyl chlorides can be converted into derivatives of β-keto acid and phenylacetic acid respectively by two succesive reactions, with Na2-Fe(CO)4 and then with nitrobenzenes or iodine-ethanol as the oxidizing reagents.
Nondestructive Determination of Ply-Layup Error in Cured/Uncured CF/Epoxy Composites (2006)

A nondestructive technique would be very beneficial, which could be used to test the part before (uncured) and after curing CF/Epoxy. A new method for nondestructively determining the ply layup in a composite laminate is presented. The method employs a normal-incidence longitudinal ultrasound to perform C-scan of ply interfaces of the laminate, and extracts fiber orientation information from the ultrasonic reflection in the laminate. Using two-dimensional spatial Fourier transform, interface C-scan images were transformed into quantitatively angular distribution plots to show the fiber orientation information therein and to determine the orientation of the ply. In order to develop these methods into practical inspection tools, an automated system using a motor has been developed for different measurement modalities for acquiring ultrasonic effects of ply-layup error. Therefore, it is found that the efficiency of developed system shows between the practical testing and model in characterizing cured/uncured ply-layup error of the laminates. A C-scan image of a ply interface seem to have the ply-layup error information of the two neighboring plies of CF/Epoxy composite laminates.
Síndrome metabólico, factores de riesgo en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso (2016)

Introduccion: se asocia al Sindrome Metabolico, la probabilidad de contraer enfermedad cardiovascular, hipertension, resistencia a la insulina, diabetes y muerte prematura.Objetivo: evaluar la presencia de Sindrome Metabolico en ninos y adolescentes con sobrepeso y establecer la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo asociados al Sindrome Metabolico.Metodos: estudio transversal, descriptivo y analitico en ninos y adolescentes con sobrepeso que acudieron a consulta de Endocrinologia de los Hospitales “Manuel Ascencio Villarroel” y “Albina Patino” de la ciudad de Cochabamba entre mayo a julio de 2015. Un total de 41 ninos y adolescentes de 7 a 16 anos de edad (24 hombres y 17 mujeres), fueron sometidos a evaluacion antropometrica y laboratorial.Resultados: la prevalencia de Sindrome Metabolico en ninos y adolescentes fue de 41%; el componente mas frecuente de SM fue el HDL bajo que alcanzo el 78%, seguido de hipertrigliceridemia con un 48.8 %. Se observa la existencia de una asociacion altamente significativa (Sig. 0.021) en la determinacion del Indice de HOMA con el sobrepeso y obesidad. De igual forma entre la Insulina y el Indice de HOMA (Sig. 0,009). Al relacionar los criterios para la determinacion de Sindrome metabolico, el 41,7% de los pacientes con sobrepeso presenta un solo factor de riesgo, al igual que el 44,83% de los que presentan obesidad, los que presentan 2 factores de riesgo, los valores son similares entre la poblacion que presenta sobrepeso y obesidad (41,7% y 41,4 % respectivamente). Conclusiones: desarrollar habitos y estilo de vida saludables a una edad temprana, para evitar las consecuencias del Sindrome Metabolico, ademas de reducir los costos de atencion a pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares o Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. De ahi la importancia de realizar estudios que confirmen el diagnostico precoz.Palabras claves:sindrome metabolico,resistencia a la insulina, factores de riesgo, obesidad.Palabras claves: sindrome metabolico,resistencia a la insulina, factores de riesgo, obesidad
A High-throughput <em>Shigella</em>-specific Bactericidal Assay (2019)

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing activity by assessing the ability of antibodies in serum to bind to bacteria and activate complement. This complement activation results in the lysis and killing of the target bacteria. These assays are valuable because they go beyond quantifying antibody production to elucidate the biological functions that these antibodies have, allowing researchers to study the role that antibodies may play in preventing infection. SBAs have been used to study immune responses for many human pathogens, but there is no widely accepted methodology for Shigella at present. Historically, SBAs have been very labor-intensive, requiring many time-consuming steps to accurately quantify surviving bacteria. This protocol describes a simple, robust, and high-throughput assay that measures functional antibodies specific for Shigella in serum in vitro. The method described here offers many advantages over traditional SBAs, including the use of frozen bacterial stocks, 96 well assay plates, a micro-culture system, and automated colony-counting. All of these modifications make this assay less labor-intensive and more high-throughput. This protocol is simpler and faster to perform than traditional SBAs while still using simple technologies and readily available reagents. The protocol has been successfully applied in multiple independent laboratories and the assay is robust and reproducible. The assay can be used to assess immune responses in pre-clinical as well as clinical studies. Quantifying shigellacidal antibody titers both before and after antigen exposure (either by immunization or infection) allows for a broader understanding of how functional antibody responses are generated and their contribution to protective immunity. The development of this standardized, well-characterized assay may greatly facilitate Shigella vaccine design.
A Feasible Approach for Direct His‐Bundle Pacing Using a New Steerable Catheter to Facilitate Precise Lead Placement (2005)

This feasibility study shows that DHBP can be accomplished with a new system consisting of a steerable catheter and an active fixation lead in 92% of the patients in whom it was attempted.
Oxidation of Formic Acid and Carbon Monoxide on Gold Electrodes Studied by Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and DFT (2005)

The oxidation of formic acid and carbon monoxide was studied at a gold electrode by a combination of electrochemistry, in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and first-principles DFT calculations. Comparison of the SERS results and the (field-dependent) DFT calculations strongly suggests that the relevant surface-bonded intermediate during oxidation of formic acid on gold is formate HCOO- ad*. Formate reacts to form carbon dioxide via two pathways: at low potentials, with a nearby water to produce carbon dioxide and a hydronium ion; at higher potentials, with surface-bonded hydroxyl (or oxide) to give carbon dioxide and water. In the former pathway, the rate-determining step is probably related to the reaction of surface-bonded formate with water, as measurements of the reaction order imply a surface almost completely saturated with adsorbate. The potential dependence of the rate of the low-potential pathway is presumably governed by the potential dependence of formate coverage. There is no evidence for CO formation on gold during oxidation of formic acid. The oxidation of carbon monoxide must involve the carboxyhydroxyl intermediate, but SERS measurements do not reveal this intermediate during CO oxidation, most likely because of its low surface coverage, as it is formed after the rate-determining step. Based on inconclusive spectroscopic evidence for the formation of surface-bonded OH at potentials substantially below the surface oxidation region, the question whether surface-bonded carbon monoxide reacts with surface hydroxyl or with water to form carboxyhydroxyl and carbon dioxide remains open. The SERS measurements show the existence of both atop and bridge-bonded CO on gold from two distinguishable low-frequency modes that agree very well with DFT calculations.
Highly Scalable Multihop Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

With the recent advancement in wireless sensor networks (WSN), it is anticipated that these networks will be deployed in large scale in the near future. For typical WSN applications, such as military surveillance, environmental monitoring, etc., it is required that the network itself is large scale, in terms of either nodes density/number or service coverage area. Clustering topology enables efficient utilization of the limited network resources. In this paper, we propose the enhanced multihop clustering algorithm (EMCA) which utilizes multihop links for both intra-cluster & inter-cluster communication. Flow graph and TDMA scheduling of EMCA are also presented. We deduce the optimal parameter values to minimize the total energy consumption of the whole network. Results show that when both LEACH and EMCA operate with optimal parameter values, the total energy consumption of EMCA is much smaller. Additionally, it is also proved that EMCA is highly scalable when the network scale increases. Thus, EMCA is especially suitable for relatively large-scale WSNs
Tailoring liquid/solid interfacial energy transfer: fabrication and application of multiscale metallic surfaces with engineered heat transfer and electrolysis properties via femtosecond laser surface processing techniques (2014)

Femtosecond Laser Surface Processing (FLSP) is a powerful technique for the fabrication of self-organized multiscale surface structures on metals that are critical for advanced control over energy transfer at a liquid/solid interface in applications such as electrolysis. The efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction on stainless steel 316 electrodes in a 1 molar potassium hydroxide solution is used to analyze the role of surface geometry to facilitate the phase conversion of the liquid to a gaseous state in the vicinity of the interface. It is found that the efficiency of the electrolysis process is directly related to the separation of micro-scale features on an electrode surface. The enhancement is attributed to the size of the valleys between microstructures controlling the contact between an evolving vapor bubble and the electrode surface. The results suggest an alternative pathway for the tailoring of interfacial energy transfer on structured surfaces separate from traditional benchmarks such as surface area and contact angle.
Towards Smart Digital Circuit Breakers enabling advanced control and diagnostic features (2019)

In the modern smart grid concept the role of the MV Circuit Breaker is progressively changing from “simple” protection device to active apparatus able to interact directly with the main installation-specific electrical quantities and coordinate the operations. Advancements in sensor technologies and growing in the usage of sensor systems have paved the road for making the power grid more reliable, robust, and intelligent. Low-cost sensor developments and innovative sensor solutions are expected to transform the traditional way of operating power systems to the extent that the potential impact is often compared to that of the Internet in the early ‘90’s.The paper introduces the new generation of MV apparatus and discuss example of applications where the integration of the new generation of IoT sensor and control electronics, allowed to exploit the extension in quality performance of the apparatus and of their operations in service, as well as opening the way for new business models.
42 GBd 3-bit power-DAC for optical communications with advanced modulation formats in InP DHBT (2011)

A 3-bit power-DAC was designed and fabricated in 0.7 µm InP double-heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) technology. An 8-level differential output signal with 3.6 Vpp amplitude was measured at symbol rates in the range of 40 GBd. The circuit combines DAC and driver functions allowing to directly drive a modulator without need for a linear amplifier. This compact IC solution is suitable for transmitters with advanced modulation formats like 64-QAM operating at high symbol rate.
Channel estimation or prediction for UWA? (2013)

UnderWater Acoustic (UWA) channels are narrow bandwidth and typically affected by some interference due to propagation, Doppler effect, noise and possible disturbing signals originated by different acoustic sources. Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) is an effective answer to such impairments. Resource management in the framework of OFDM usually makes use of channel knowledge without taking care of its cost. This work tackles with the dualism between channel estimation and channel prediction and its impact on adaptive modulation, both from a bandwidth and power point of view also in the presence of acoustic interference. The main result is that adaptivity is worth even if requires some processing both at the transmit and receive sides.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in Mouse Spleen: Identification of Receptor-Bearing Cells as Resident Macrophages (1990)

CRF is a primary integrator of the organism's coordinated neuroendocrine, autonomic, behavioral, and immune responses to stress. In the present study the identity of the cell type(s) expressing CRF receptors in mouse spleen was determined using a combination of cell fractionation and receptor-binding techniques. Autoradiographic studies of the distribution of [125I]Tyro-ovine CRF [( 125I]oCRF)-binding sites in spleen localized CRF receptors primarily to the red pulp and marginal zones. The distribution pattern of [125I]oCRF-binding sites closely resembled the pattern of India ink accumulated in phagocytic cells in the same sections. To identify the specific cell type(s) expressing CRF receptors, [125I]oCRF-binding activity was evaluated in splenic cell populations fractionated on the basis of their physical and functional properties. Macrophages were identified in each fraction by their phagocytosis of polystyrene beads and membrane labeling with MONTS-4, a monoclonal antibody specific for resident macrophages. Spleen cells were fractionated by adherence to glass bead or Sephadex G-10 columns, phagocytosis of carbonyl iron particles, and centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll gradients. By all fractionation methods, there was a significant correlation of [125I]oCRF binding with both phagocytic activity (r = 0.75; P less than 0.001) and MONTS-4 staining (r = 0.84; P less than 0.001), strongly suggesting that CRF receptors are primarily expressed on resident splenic macrophages. However, there was essentially no specific binding of [125I]oCRF to either resident or elicited peritoneal macrophages or to several monocyte/macrophage, B-cell, or T-cell lines. While these results suggest that the expression of CRF receptors may be restricted to a population of splenic macrophages, they do not exclude the possibility that CRF receptors may be induced on resident macrophages in spleen and other immune system-related tissues by factors present in the microenvironment.
Ribonuclease H activities associated with viral reverse transcriptases are endonucleases. (1989)

A series of test substrates have been synthesized to establish the effect of termini on the putative exoribonuclease H activity of reverse transcriptase. Recombinant reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus, natural enzyme from avian myeloblastosis virus, and a known endonuclease, Escherichia coli ribonuclease H, cleaved relaxed, circular, covalently closed plasmids in which 770 consecutive residues of one strand were ribonucleotides. The avian enzyme also deadenylated capped globin mRNA with a covalently attached oligo(dT) tail at the 3' end. These results resolve a long-standing controversy--that the viral enzymes are obligatory exonucleases in vitro, based on their failure to cleave certain substrates for E. coli ribonuclease H, including circular poly(A).linear poly(T) and ribonucleotide-substituted supercoiled plasmids, but resemble endonucleases in vivo, based on their ability to degrade RNA in complex DNA.RNA hybrids. The data strongly suggest that the viral enzymes are endonucleases with exquisite sensitivity to the conformation of heteroduplexes. Inhibition of viral, but not cellular, ribonuclease H with ribonucleoside-vanadyl complexes further distinguishes these enzymes.
Evaluation of touch-down real-time PCR based on SYBR Green I fluorescent dye for the detection ofNeisseria meningitidisin clinical samples (2004)

Antibiotic treatment prior to transport or admission of patients to hospital has reduced the proportion of patients with invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) from whom Neisseria meningitidis can be isolated by standard microbiological techniques. Assays to detect the crgA gene were used to detect meningococcal DNA by both conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR (RTPCR) in relation to microbiological diagnosis of cases over two years between 2002 and 2003. The sensitivity of both PCR assays for culture-confirmed cases was 93% and the specificity was 98.6%. Agreement between the two PCR assays was 96.2%. The inter- and intra-assay variations and effects of different amounts of DNA on the melting temperatures were examined. The touch-down RTPCR based on SYBR Green I fluorescent dye detected and characterized N. meningitidis in clinical samples within one hour.
Combined OX40 Agonist and PD-1 Inhibitor Immunotherapy Improves the Efficacy of Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in a Urothelial Tumor Model (2021)

Our findings suggest that VTP synergizes with PD-1 blockade and OX40 agonist to promote strong antitumor immune responses, yielding therapeutic efficacy in an animal model of urothelial cancer.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Acute Liver Failure Present in a 67-Year-Old Immunocompetent Female (2016)

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare illness with a high mortality rate. The only favorable management is emergent liver transplantation. About 13% of ALF cases have no clear etiology. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated ALF accounts for less than 1% of all ALF cases, and is seen mostly in adults younger than 40 years. There are only a few cases of EBV-associated ALF in elderly immunocompromised adults. We report a case of ALF in an immunocompetent 67-year-old woman caused by EBV infection that was treated by orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The diagnosis of EBV-associated ALF was established by EBV-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and EBV-encoded RNA (EBER-RNA) <i>in situ</i> hybridization (EBER-RISH). The patient is currently doing well 6 months after transplantation without any evidence of clinical EBV infection. This case illustrates the importance of early recognition and diagnosis of EBV-associated ALF by detection of EBV from liver biopsy, especially when patients are immunocompetent and other causes are excluded. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of EBV-associated ALF present in an immunocompetent elderly female.
Histologic Studies of the Posterior Stapediovestibular Joint in Otosclerosis (2001)

Two of 140 bones had otosclerosis exclusively at the posterior SVJ. Of the remaining 138 bones, all of which had otosclerosis at the anterior SVJ, 82 bones also had otosclerosis at the posterior joint. Of the 56 bones without otosclerosis of the posterior joint, there was bony ankylosis of the posterior joint in 3 bones. Thus, 53 bones (38%) had neither ankylosis nor otosclerosis involving the posterior joint, and they would be potentially suitable for a laser STAMP or a similar procedure. There was no correlation between otosclerosis at the posterior SVJ and age, sex, or duration of conductive hearing loss. Otosclerosis at the posterior joint in one ear was significantly associated with its presence at the posterior joint in the opposite ear (p = 0.01). The audiogram could not be used to reliably predict otosclerotic involvement of the posterior SVJ or the degree of footplate pathologic changes, such as ankylosis.
Performance Analysis of TCP Using ErrorModel (2007)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the protocols which are widely used from the Internet environments. Through the flow control of TCP, it could be increased efficiency for the loss and a re-transmission of data and the flow control become accomplished through window technique which puts the limit of size. By the flow control, TCP divided in various versions. In this paper, it is analyzed the simulation result which applies the error model in the Newreno which is an improved model of the representative Tahoe, Reno.
Hierarchical Network Formation Games in the Uplink of Multi-Hop Wireless Networks (2009)

In this paper, we propose a game theoretic approach to tackle the problem of the distributed formation of the hierarchical network architecture that connects the nodes in the uplink of a wireless multi-hop network. Unlike existing literature which focused on the performance assessment of hierarchical multi-hop networks given an existing topology, this paper investigates the problem of the formation of this topology among a number of nodes that seek to send data in the uplink to a central base station through multihop. We model the problem as a hierarchical network formation game and we divide the network into different hierarchy levels, whereby the nodes belonging to the same level engage in a noncooperative Nash game for selecting their next hop. As a solution to the game, we propose a novel equilibrium concept, the hierarchical Nash equilibrium, for a sequence of multi-stage Nash games, which can be found by backward induction analytically. For finding this equilibrium, we propose a distributed myopic dynamics algorithm, based on fictitious play, in which each node computes the mixed strategies that maximize its utility which represents the probability of successful transmission over the multi-hop communication path in the presence of interference. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm presents significant gains in terms of average achieved expected utility per user up to 125.6% relative to a nearest neighbor algorithm.