gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of external representation in the writing process: implications for the design of hypertext-based writing tools (1989)

The long-range goal of the research reported here is to study the role of hypertext-based external representations in augmenting performance on a cognitively complex task, in particular, on a synthesis writing task. The production of a written synthesis is a challenging task that requires managing large amounts of information over an extended period of time. Thus, synthesis writing is a task that is well-suited for testing the potential of hypertext technologies to support work on complex tasks.
Neonatal Sound Stress and Development of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Lewis and Da Rats (1994)

This experiment deals with the effect of neonatal sound stress on the susceptibility of rats in adult life to the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Two inbred strains of rats, Lewis and DA, highly susceptible to EAE were used. On postnatal days 15, 18 and 21, animals of both sexes were sound stressed in a sound attenuated chamber (90dB, 60 rings/5 sec during 1 h, on a variable interval schedule) in the presence or absence of the mother. Experimental groups were as follows: (a) pups stressed without the mother (SP); (b) pups stressed in the presence of the mother (SPM); (c) control nonstressed pups separated from the mother (CP), and (d) control nonstressed pups undisturbed in their nest cages (CPM). Rats were weaned on postnatal day 28. At the age of 8 weeks, all groups were immunized with guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant. Signs of EAE were recorded daily until the day 20 after immunization when animals were bled and sacrificed. Serial sections of cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord were examined histologically for the presence of mononuclear cell infiltrates. Anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) antibodies were detected in serum samples using ELISA technique. Stressed Lewis rats (groups SP and SPM) compared to control groups CP and CPM, developed more severe EAE as revealed by a higher aggregate clinical score, more pronounced histological lesions and increased production of anti-MBP antibodies. The presence of the mother during stress session (group SPM) prolonged the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design and Dynamic Analysis of Integrated Injection–Locked DBR Lasers (2014)

An integrated injection-locked DBR laser has been studied. Design maps have been computed and dynamic simulations have been done to confirm the design results. The comparison of the obtained results with those of a typical external injection-locked lasers, where the master and the slave lasers are separated by an optical insulator, show that these integrated structures behave like composed cavity lasers and not as external injection-locked lasers
Polycrystalline silicon thin film transistor incorporating a semi-insulating field plate for high voltage circuitry on glass (1997)

The fabrication and enhanced performance of a polycrystalline silicon high voltage thin film transistor structure, which incorporates a semi-insulating field plate, are reported. For comparison, the performance of conventional offset drain and metal field plate structures, fabricated on the same wafer using the same low temperature (⩽610 °C) polycrystalline silicon process, is described. Electrical characterization of the high voltage thin film transistor structures demonstrates that the new three terminal device offers the highest blocking capability (&amp;gt;200 V) without sacrificing on state performance.
About a switch: how P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) harnesses the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to do mechanical work (2007)

The efflux of drugs by the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp; ABCB1) is one of the principal means by which cancer cells evade chemotherapy and exhibit multidrug resistance. Mechanistic studies of Pgp-mediated transport, however, transcend the importance of this protein per se as they help us understand the transport pathway of the ATP-binding cassette proteins in general. The ATP-binding cassette proteins comprise one of the largest protein families, are central to cellular physiology, and constitute important drug targets. The functional unit of Pgp consists of two nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) and two transmembrane domains that are involved in the transport of drug substrates. Early studies postulated that conformational changes as a result of ATP hydrolysis were transmitted to the transmembrane domains bringing about drug transport. More recent structural and biochemical studies on the other hand suggested that ATP binds at the interface of the two NBDs and induces the formation of a closed dimer, and it has been hypothesized that this dimerization and subsequent ATP hydrolysis powers transport. Based on the mutational and biochemical work on Pgp and structural studies with isolated NBDs, we review proposed schemes for the catalytic cycle of ATP hydrolysis and the transport pathway.
Atopic dermatitis: a candidate for disease‐modifying strategy (2012)

The concept of disease modification has been introduced to define the therapeutic strategies aimed to break, stop, or reverse the natural course of a chronic invalidating disease. This strategy is tightly related to the biomarker-based stratification of affected patients using genetic and other biological markers. With regard to the progress in understanding the genetic background of atopic dermatitis (AD), its natural history and its pivotal role in the emergence of allergic asthma, the time is mature to foster the research field of biomarkers in AD and to consider the elaboration of disease-modifying strategies in the management of AD with the goal to stop or even reverse the atopic march.
Facile Route to Ultraflat SAM‐Protected Gold Surfaces by “Amphiphile Splitting” (2004)

Self-assembled monolayers of both aliphatic and aromatic thiols can be produced with no apparent contact-angle hysteresis by a modified “template-stripping” method. Organothiol solutions serve as splitting reagents for the removal of the mica from the gold surface. These new ultrasmooth SAM surfaces (see the AFM image) provide new information on interfacial properties including wetting and adhesion.
Methanotrophs, methanogens and microbial community structure in livestock slurry surface crusts (2014)

This study is the first to present the overall microbial community structure in slurry surface crusts. A better understanding of microbial community in surface crusts could support strategies for mitigation of CH4 emissions from livestock manure management.
Inzidenz von Frakturen bei Typ-2-Diabetespatienten unter antihyperglykämischer Therapie im Versorgungsalltag: Retrospektive Datenbankanalyse (2015)

Fragestellung: Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus weisen ein erhöhtes Risiko für Frakturen auf. Es gibt bisher wenige Studien zum Einfluss der Art der antihyperglykämischen Therapie auf das Frakturrisiko unter realen Versorgungsbedingungen. In dieser retrospektiven Studie wird das Frakturrisiko bei Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes unter verschiedenen Insulintherapien untersucht.
Finite coupling Kondo insulator transition in the honeycomb lattice (2006)

We study the Kondo--Heisenberg model on the honeycomb lattice at half-filling. Due to the vanishing of the density of states at the fermi level, the Kondo insulator disappears at a finite Kondo coupling even in the absence of the Heisenberg exchange. We adopt a large-N formulation of this model and use the renormalization group machinery to study systematically the second order phase transition of the Kondo insulator (KI) to the algebraic spin liquid (ASL). We note that neither phase breaks any physical symmetry, so that the transition is not described by the standard Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson critical point. We find a stable Lorentz-invariant fixed point that controls this second order phase transition. We calculate the exponent $\nu$ of the diverging length scale near the transition. The quasi-particle weight of the conduction electron vanishes at this KI--ASL fixed point, indicating non-Fermi liquid behavior. The algebraic decay exponent of the staggered spin correlation is calculated at the fixed point and in the ASL phase. We find a jump in this exponent at the transition point.
Low-temperature diamond growth in a microwave discharge (1989)

A new regime for plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond is reported in which high quality diamond films can be deposited on silicon with relatively high ratios of methane in hydrogen mixtures and at significantly lower substrate temperatures than previously reported. The deposition was achieved in a microwave plasma discharge with a feed gas consisting of a mixture of only methane and hydrogen. The surface temperature of a molybdenum sample, when exposed to the same plasma environment, was measured at 500 °C with an infrared scanning camera. This substrate temperature is substantially lower than the 700–1000 °C range generally regarded as the optimal regime for CVD diamond growth. Analysis by Raman spectroscopy showed that films deposited with a 2% methane in hydrogen mixture produced a near graphite-free diamond film at our reported low-temperature regime, while deposition at 1000 °C resulted in films with a much higher graphitic content.
The process and potential of bioremediation (1990)

Abstract Bioremediation has proven to be a powerful weapon in cleaning up contaminated soils and aquifers. This article gives the perspective of time, cost, and extent of remediation. It warns that disappointment will follow unless adequate site assessments are made and that the support of nutrients and supply of oxygen must be assured. Bioremediation cannot deal with all contaminants and the process is not instantaneous. However, the method is fail safe. In spite of any mistakes we may make, nature will eventually come to our rescue.
Hybrid dynamic data race detection (2003)

We present a new method for dynamically detecting potential data races in multithreaded programs. Our method improves on the state of the art in accuracy, in usability, and in overhead. We improve accuracy by combining previously known race detection techniques -- lockset-based detection and happens-before-based detection -- to obtain fewer false positives than lockset-based detection alone. We enhance usability by reporting more information about detected races than any previous dynamic detector. We reduce overhead compared to previous detectors -- particularly for large applications such as Web application servers -- by not relying on happens-before detection alone, by introducing a new optimization to discard redundant information, and by using a two phase approach to identify error-prone program points and then focus instrumentation on those points. We justify our claims by presenting the results of applying our tool to a range of Java programs, including the widely-used Web application servers Resin and Apache Tomcat. Our paper also presents a formalization of locksetbased and happens-before-based approaches in a common framework, allowing us to prove a folk theorem that happens-before detection reports fewer false positives than lockset-based detection (but can report more false negatives), and to prove that key optimizations are correct.
Clinical significance of mutator phenotype and chromosome 17p and 18q allelic loss in gastric cancer (2001)

MSI status is an independent prognostic factor among gastric cancers at the same stage. Chromosome 17p and 18q status added no additional prognostic information to that of tumour stage. The combined use of tumour stage and MSI status may help in deciding whether patients with advanced gastric cancer require additional therapy other than surgery alone.
Expressive power of parametrized quantum circuits (2018)

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have been broadly used as a hybrid\nquantum-classical machine learning scheme to accomplish generative tasks.\nHowever, whether PQCs have better expressive power than classical generative\nneural networks, such as restricted or deep Boltzmann machines, remains an open\nissue. In this paper, we prove that PQCs with a simple structure already\noutperform any classical neural network for generative tasks, unless the\npolynomial hierarchy collapses. Our proof builds on known results from tensor\nnetworks and quantum circuits (in particular, instantaneous quantum polynomial\ncircuits). In addition, PQCs equipped with ancillary qubits for post-selection\nhave even stronger expressive power than those without post-selection. We\nemploy them as an application for Bayesian learning, since it is possible to\nlearn prior probabilities rather than assuming they are known. We expect that\nit will find many more applications in semi-supervised learning where prior\ndistributions are normally assumed to be unknown. Lastly, we conduct several\nnumerical experiments using the Rigetti Forest platform to demonstrate the\nperformance of the proposed Bayesian quantum circuit.
Effect of optical tissue clearing on spatial resolution and sensitivity of bioluminescence imaging (2006)

In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful method of in vivo molecular imaging based on the use of optically active luciferase reporter genes. Although this method provides superior sensitivity relative to other in vivo imaging methods, spatial resolution is poor due to light scattering. The objective of this study was to use hyperosmotic agents to reduce the scattering coefficient and hence improve spatial resolution of the BLI method. A diffusing fiber tip was used to simulate an isotropic point source of bioluminescence emission (550 to 650 nm). Mouse skin was treated in vitro and in vivo with glycerol (50%, 30 min) and measurements of optical properties, and imaging photon counts were made before, during, and after application of glycerol to the skin sample. Glycerol application to mouse skin had little effect on the absorption coefficient but reduced the reduced scattering coefficient by more than one order of magnitude. This effect was reversible. Consequently, the spot size (i.e., spatial resolution) of the bioluminescence point source imaged through the skin decreased by a factor of 2 (550-nm light) to 3 (650-nm light) after 30 min. Simultaneously, an almost twofold decrease in the amount of light detected by the BLI system was observed, despite the fact that total transmission increased 1.7 times. We have shown here that multiply scattered light is responsible for both observations. We have shown that applying a hyperosmotic clearing agent to the skin of small rodents has the potential to improve spatial resolution of BLI owing to a reduction in the reduced scattering coefficient in the skin by one order of magnitude. However, reducing the scattering coefficient reduces the amount of light reaching the camera due to a reduction in the amount of multiply scattered light that reaches the camera aperture and thus reducing the sensitivity of the method.
MRI signal and texture features for the prediction of MCI to Alzheimer's disease progression (2014)

An early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) confers many benefits. Several biomarkers from different information modalities have been proposed for the prediction of MCI to AD progression, where features extracted from MRI have played an important role. However, studies have focused almost exclusively in the morphological characteristics of the images. This study aims to determine whether features relating to the signal and texture of the image could add predictive power. Baseline clinical, biological and PET information, and MP-RAGE images for 62 subjects from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were used in this study. Images were divided into 83 regions and 50 features were extracted from each one of these. A multimodal database was constructed, and a feature selection algorithm was used to obtain an accurate and small logistic regression model, which achieved a cross-validation accuracy of 0.96. These model included six features, five of them obtained from the MP-RAGE image, and one obtained from genotyping. A risk analysis divided the subjects into low-risk and high-risk groups according to a prognostic index, showing that both groups are statistically different (p-value of 2.04e<sup>-11</sup>). The results demonstrate that MRI features related to both signal and texture, add MCI to AD predictive power, and support the idea that multimodal biomarkers outperform single-modality biomarkers.
Combined action of c-Kit and erythropoietin on erythroid progenitor cells (1992)

Mutations at the murine dominant-white spotting locus (W) (c-kit) affect various aspects of hematopoiesis. We have made antibodies against c-Kit with the synthetic peptides deduced from the murine c-kit gene and examined the role of c-Kit in erythropoiesis. The antibody inhibited the stromal cell-dependent large colony formation of the erythroid progenitors. In the culture of erythropoietin-responsive erythroid progenitors of the anemia-inducing Friend virus-infected mouse spleen, the antibody inhibited only proliferation, but not differentiation of the progenitor cells. The inhibition was effective only at the early phase (within 6 hours after erythropoietin addition) before the cells start to proliferate induced by erythropoietin. During the early phase, erythropoietin down-regulated c-kit gene expression. These results suggest a mechanism of combined action of c-Kit with erythropoietin on the lineage-restricted erythroid progenitor cells.
Effectiveness of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin‐9 monoclonal antibody treatment on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients with elevated lipoprotein(a) attending a clinic (2021)

PCSK9mAbs can effectively and safely lower plasma Lp(a) concentrations in patients with elevated Lp(a) in clinical practice; the impact of the fall in Lp(a) on ASCVD outcomes requires further investigation.
Geophone orientation and coupling in three‐component sea‐floor data: a case study (1999)

We analyse the geophone orientation and coupling in a data set from the North Sea. Based on the polarization of the water‐break on the sea‐floor, we have derived processing algorithms for determining the receiver orientation for gimballed and non‐gimballed geophone systems. For a gimballed system, the problem reduces to a simple horizontal rotation. However, for a non‐gimballed system, where all three geophone axes may vary due to varying acquisition conditions such as dipping sea‐floor, twisting of recording cable, etc., the three orientation angles cannot be found directly from the recorded displacement vectors. Using the data redundancy within a common‐receiver gather, a robust two‐stage method is derived for the non‐gimballed system in which all three orientations can initially be unknown. Testing on the North Sea data set acquired with a gimballed system shows that the three‐component geophones in the data set are orientated satisfactorily within an error of 5°. However, there are some undesirable cross‐couplings between the vertical and horizontal geophones, which results in leakage of shear‐wave energy from the horizontal components to the vertical components.
Miniaturized extinction culturing is the preferred strategy for rapid isolation of fast‐growing methane‐oxidizing bacteria (2011)

Methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) have a large potential as a microbial sink for the greenhouse gas methane as well as for biotechnological purposes. However, their application in biotechnology has so far been hampered, in part due to the relative slow growth rate of the available strains. To enable the availability of novel strains, this study compares the isolation of MOB by conventional dilution plating with miniaturized extinction culturing, both performed after an initial enrichment step. The extinction approach rendered 22 MOB isolates from four environmental samples, while no MOB could be isolated by plating. In most cases, extinction culturing immediately yielded MOB monocultures making laborious purification redundant. Both type I (Methylomonas spp.) and type II (Methylosinus sp.) MOB were isolated. The isolated methanotrophic diversity represented at least 11 different strains and several novel species based on 16S rRNA gene sequence dissimilarity. These strains possessed the particulate (100%) and soluble (64%) methane monooxygenase gene. Also, 73% of the strains could be linked to a highly active fast-growing mixed MOB community. In conclusion, miniaturized extinction culturing was more efficient in rapidly isolating numerous MOB requiring little effort and fewer materials, compared with the more widely applied plating procedure. This miniaturized approach allowed straightforward isolation and could be very useful for subsequent screening of desired characteristics, in view of their future biotechnological potential.
A methodology for the design of perforated tiles in raised floor data centers using computational flow analysis (2002)

Data centers are used to house multiple servers, mainframes, supercomputer systems, and storage systems used in business data processing and scientific analysis. Typically, data processing (DP) equipment is cooled using forced flow of air. Modular chillers are commonly used to cool the hot air exhausted from the DP equipment and a raised floor to recirculate the conditioned air back into the room. Therefore, data centers need well-designed ventilation systems, appropriate placement of the DP equipment, and modular chillers to ensure that the air used for cooling the processing equipment is within the desired temperature range. An important aspect of the design of data centers involves sizing of the perforated floor tiles for return of cold air, the size of the space under the raised floor, and placement of the DP equipment and modular chillers. The flow through individual perforated tiles needs to fulfil the cooling requirements of the computer equipment placed adjacent to them. The novelty of the paper lies in the treatment of the volume under the raised floor as a uniformly pressurized plenum. The accuracy of the Pressurized Plenum model is demonstrated with reference to a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the recirculating flow under the raised floor and the limits of its validity are also identified. The simple model of the volume under the raised floor enables use of the technique of Flow Network Modeling (FNM) for the prediction of the distribution of flow rates exiting from the various tiles. An inverse design method is proposed for one-step design of the perforated tiles and flow balancing plates for individual chillers. Subsequent use of the FNM technique enables assessment of the performance of the actual system. Further, modifications to an existing system design needed to accommodate the changes in the cooling requirements can also be evaluated using the FNM analysis in a simple, quick, and accurate manner. The resulting design approach is very simple and efficient, and is well suited for the design of modern data centers.
Hydraulic Fracturing, An Overview (2019)

This chapter contains sections titled: What is Hydraulic Fracturing? Why Hydraulic Fracturing is Important Fracture Characterization Geomechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Environmental Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing Induced Seismicity Case Study: Fracturing Induced Seismicity in California Assessment of Global Oil and Gas Resources Amenable for Extraction via Hydraulic Fracturing Economics of HF Conclusions Acknowledgement
Excellent endurance of MWCNT anode in micro-sized Microbial Fuel Cell (2012)

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a sustainable technology for energy production using bioelectrochemical reactions from bacteria. Microfabrication of micro-sized MFCs allows rapid and precise production of devices that can be integrated into Lab-on-a-chip or other ultra low power devices. We show a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) integrated anode in a biocompatible and high power and current producing device. Long term testing of the MWCNT anode also reveals a high endurance and durable anode material that can be adapted as a long-lasting power source.