gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Motor Learning in the “Wild” With High Volume Video Game Data (2021)

Motor learning occurs over long periods of practice during which motor acuity, the ability to execute actions more accurately, precisely, and in less time, improves. Laboratory-based studies of motor learning are typically limited to a small number of participants and a time frame of minutes to several hours per participant. There is a need to assess the generalizability of theories and findings from lab-based motor learning studies on larger samples and time scales. In addition, laboratory-based studies of motor learning use relatively simple motor tasks which participants are unlikely to be intrinsically motivated to learn, limiting the interpretation of their findings in more ecologically valid settings ("in the wild"). We studied the acquisition and longitudinal refinement of a complex sensorimotor skill embodied in a first-person shooter video game scenario, with a large sample size (<i>N</i> = 7174, 682,564 repeats of the 60 s game) over a period of months. Participants voluntarily practiced the gaming scenario for up to several hours per day up to 100 days. We found improvement in performance accuracy (quantified as hit rate) was modest over time but motor acuity (quantified as hits per second) improved considerably, with 40-60% retention from 1 day to the next. We observed steady improvements in motor acuity across multiple days of video game practice, unlike most motor learning tasks studied in the lab that hit a performance ceiling rather quickly. Learning rate was a non-linear function of baseline performance level, amount of daily practice, and to a lesser extent, number of days between practice sessions. In addition, we found that the benefit of additional practice on any given day was non-monotonic; the greatest improvements in motor acuity were evident with about an hour of practice and 90% of the learning benefit was achieved by practicing 30 min per day. Taken together, these results provide a proof-of-concept in studying motor skill acquisition outside the confines of the traditional laboratory, in the presence of unmeasured confounds, and provide new insights into how a complex motor skill is acquired in an ecologically valid setting and refined across much longer time scales than typically explored.
What happens if the room at the bottom runs out? A close look at small water pores (2003)

Atalk by Richard Feynman, \``There is plenty of room at the bottom,'' was given >40 years ago at the California Institute of Technology during the annual meeting of the American Physical Society. Today, in the context of nanotechnology, this lecture is frequently cited because of its remarkable visionary power. Very early, Feynman envisaged nanotechnology as a whole new field and argued that a wealth of revolutionary technological advances and applications, like ultra-high density data storage media or ultra-small mechanical devices, would be feasible, with much room for improvements until finally fundamental physical limits at the atomic scale become relevant. To illustrate how much room there actually is at the bottom, Feynman asks us to imagine a miniaturization contest in which one participant manages to write on a pinhead \`\`how's this?'' Her competitor returns it, and in the dot of the \`\`i'' it says, \``not so hot,'' and so on.

The field has seen remarkable achievements since then, indeed, most notably the reduction of the area of transistors in microelectronic circuits by more than a factor of 107, or of the space required to store 1 bit of information on a magnetic surface by ≈108. Nanomechanical devices have seen tremendous progress, too, through impressive advances in scanning probe microscopy (1, 2).

But what if the room at the bottom actually runs out? What if the physics like that appears at the limit of miniaturization? In their molecular dynamics study in a recent issue of PNAS, Beckstein and Sansom (3) address this question for the water flow through a short hydrophobic nanopore, where the fluid is essentially confined to one dimension (Fig. …
A 16 Mb mask ROM with programmable redundancy (2003)

In response to demands for a mask ROM with large bit capacity, a 1M-word*16 bit mask ROM with 120-ns access time has been fabricated. A programmable redundancy technique utilizes electrically fusible polysilicon links with the secondary breakdown mechanism of a MOSFET for high production yield and small chip area. The memory cell matrix arranged in 8192 rows*2048 columns and is divided into four blocks by two sets of row decoders in order to reduce word line delay. The redundancy cell array is composed of 8 rows*256 columns which can replace four defective quarter-rows. The mask ROM is fabricated in single-polysilicon single-aluminium twin-well CMOS technology with 0.7- mu m photolithography for high bit density. The process parameters and design features of the mask ROM are given together with a block diagram.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Oxidative Stress Contributes to Arsenic-induced Telomere Attrition, Chromosome Instability, and Apoptosis (2003)

The environmental contaminant arsenic causes cancer, developmental retardation, and other degenerative diseases and, thus, is a serious health concern worldwide. Paradoxically, arsenic also may serve as an anti-tumor therapy, although the mechanisms of its antineoplastic effects remain unclear. Arsenic exerts its toxicity in part by generating reactive oxygen species. We show that arsenic-induced oxidative stress promotes telomere attrition, chromosome end-to-end fusions, and apoptotic cell death. An antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, effectively prevents arsenic-induced oxidative stress, telomere erosion, chromosome instability, and apoptosis, suggesting that increasing the intracellular antioxidant level may have preventive or therapeutic effects in arsenic-induced chromosome instability and genotoxicity. Embryos with shortened telomeres from late generation telomerase-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to arsenic-induced oxidative damage, suggesting that telomere attrition mediates arsenic-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, arsenite did not cause chromosome end-to-end fusions in telomerase RNA knockout mouse embryos despite progressively damaged telomeres and disrupting embryo viability. Together, these findings may explain why arsenic can initiate oxidative stress and telomere erosion, leading to apoptosis and anti-tumor therapy on the one hand and chromosome instability and carcinogenesis on the other.
Teriparatide and Abaloparatide Have a Similar Effect on Bone in Mice (2021)

Three bone anabolic pharmaceuticals are currently approved for treatment of osteoporosis, teriparatide (PTH (1-34)), the parathyroid hormone-related protein analog abaloparatide (ABL), and romosozumab. The present study compared the effect of intermittent PTH (1-34) and ABL on bone tissue directly mole-to-mole in female mice. Forty-seven C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated to the following groups: Baseline (<i>n</i> = 11), Control (Ctrl) (<i>n</i> = 12), PTH (<i>n</i> = 12), and ABL (<i>n</i> = 12). The mice were injected s.c. with PTH (100 µg/kg), ABL (96 µg/kg), or saline (Ctrl) five days a week for three weeks. To assess the effect of PTH and ABL, the hindlimb bones were analyzed with DXA, µCT, mechanical testing, dynamic bone histomorphometry, and histological quantification of bone cells. In addition, serum calcium concentration was determined. PTH and ABL significantly increased femoral areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (borderline significant <i>p</i> = 0.06 for PTH), femoral mid-diaphyseal bone strength, femoral metaphyseal and epiphyseal and vertebral bone volume fraction (BV/TV), connectivity density, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and bone formation rate (BFR/BS) compared to Ctrl. In addition, ABL also significantly increased mid-diaphyseal cortical thickness and bone area compared to Ctrl. Neither PTH nor ABL significantly increased bone strength at the femoral neck. In conclusion, abaloparatide and PTH have similar bone anabolic properties when compared directly mole-to-mole in mice.
Chitosan-Based Sensors (2022)

Chitosan and its derivatives are used to develop biosensors or supporting materials for sensors. Potential of these chitosan-based biosensors in medical applications is reviewed. Chitosan can be crosslinked with a targeted compound to modify its physical, chemical, and electrical properties. The fabrication of various chitosan-based biosensors and their electrochemical reaction mechanisms are briefly discussed.
Coherently Strained Si–SixGe1–x Core–Shell Nanowire Heterostructures (2015)

Coherently strained Si-SixGe1-x core-shell nanowire heterostructures are expected to possess a positive shell-to-core conduction band offset, allowing for quantum confinement of electrons in the Si core. We report the growth of epitaxial, coherently strained Si-SixGe1-x core-shell heterostructures through the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism for the Si core, followed in situ by the epitaxial SixGe1-x shell growth using ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition. The Raman spectra of individual nanowires reveal peaks associated with the Si-Si optical phonon mode in the Si core and the Si-Si, Si-Ge, and Ge-Ge vibrational modes of the SixGe1-x shell. The core Si-Si mode displays a clear red-shift compared to unstrained, bare Si nanowires thanks to the lattice mismatch-induced tensile strain, in agreement with calculated values using a finite-element continuum elasticity model combined with lattice dynamic theory. N-type field-effect transistors using Si-SixGe1-x core-shell nanowires as channel are demonstrated.
Modification of acyl‐plasmin‐streptokinase complex with polyethylene glycol (1985)

Acyl-plasmin-streptokinase complex has advantages as a 'site' directed fibrinolytic agent with the active site protected from the plasma protease inhibitors. But, in clinical use, the fibrinolytic potential of this acyl-enzyme complex is modified or abolished by the presence of streptokinase antibodies in the patients. Therefore, better therapeutic agents are required. In this work, chemical modification of the acyl-plasmin-streptokinase complex with polyethylene glycol was found to result in marked resistance to neutralization with streptokinase antibodies.
Line Equalizer for a Digital Subscriber Loop Employing Switched Capacitor Technology (1982)

A new line equalizer system for time compression burstmode digital suhscriber loop transmission that can equalize a line with multiple bridged taps (BT's) is developed. Using the developed equalizer, up to 5 km (0.4 mmφ) line length and four BT connections can be equalized at a data rate of 80 kbits/s in each direction. The equalizer is composed of a variable gain <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\surd{f}</tex> step equilizer, a decision feedback automatic equalizer, and a newly developed wave difference method (WDM) timing extraction PLL. In order to fabricate the whole circuit on a single-chip LSI, most of the analog portion is organized using; switched capacitor technology. In this paper, the system design concept, circuit configuration, and results of simulations and experiiments are described.
THE REDUCTIVE DEBROMINATION OF BROMOPHENOLS (1976)

(1976). THE REDUCTIVE DEBROMINATION OF BROMOPHENOLS. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 231-236.
OptSample: A Resilient Buffer Management Policy for Robotic Systems based on Optimal Message Sampling. (2019)

Modern robotic systems have become an alternative to humans to perform risky or exhausting tasks. In such application scenarios, communications between robots and the control center have become one of the major problems. Buffering is a commonly used solution to relieve temporary network disruption. But the assumption that newer messages are more valuable than older ones is not true for many application scenarios such as explorations, rescue operations, and surveillance. In this paper, we proposed a novel resilient buffer management policy named OptSample. It can uniformly sampling messages and dynamically adjust the sample rate based on run-time network situation. We define an evaluation function to estimate the profit of a message sequence. Based on the function, our analysis and simulation shows that the OptSample policy can effectively prevent losing long segment of continuous messages and improve the overall profit of the received messages. We implement the proposed policy in ROS. The implementation is transparent to user and no user code need to be changed. Experimental results on several application scenarios show that the OptSample policy can help robotic systems be more resilient against network disruption.
A quadrupolar two-photon fluorescent probe for in vivo imaging of amyloid-β plaques (2016)

The formation of beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques in specific brain regions is one of the early pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To enable the early detection of AD and related applications, a method for real-time, clear 3D visualization of Aβ plaques <i>in vivo</i> is highly desirable. Two-photon microscopy (TPM) which utilizes two near-infrared photons is an attractive tool for such applications. However, this technique needs a sensitive and photostable two-photon (TP) probe possessing bright TP exited fluorescence to impart high signal-to-noise (S/N) visualization of Aβ plaques. Herein, we report a quadrupolar TP fluorescent probe (<b>QAD1</b>) having large TP action cross section (<i>Φδ</i><sub>max</sub> = 420 GM) and its application for <i>in vivo</i> TPM imaging of Aβ plaques. This probe, designed with a centrosymmetric D-A-D motif with a cyclic conjugating bridge and solubilizing unit, displays bright TP excited fluorescence, appreciable water solubility, robust photostability, and high sensitivity and selectivity for Aβ plaques. Using the real-time TPM imaging of transgenic 5XFAD mice after intravenous injection of <b>QAD1</b>, we show that this probe readily enters the blood brain barrier and provides high S/N ratio images of individual Aβ plaques <i>in vivo</i>. We also used <b>QAD1</b> in dual-color TPM imaging for 3D visualization of Aβ plaques along with blood vessels and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) inside living mouse brains. These findings demonstrate that this probe will be useful in biomedical applications including early diagnosis and treatments of AD.
The p63/p73 network mediates chemosensitivity to cisplatin in a biologically defined subset of primary breast cancers (2007)

Breast cancers lacking estrogen and progesterone receptor expression and Her2 amplification exhibit distinct gene expression profiles and clinical features, and they comprise the majority of BRCA1-associated tumors. Here we demonstrated that the p53 family member p63 controls a pathway for p73-dependent cisplatin sensitivity specific to these "triple-negative" tumors. In vivo, DeltaNp63 and TAp73 isoforms were coexpressed exclusively within a subset of triple-negative primary breast cancers that commonly exhibited mutational inactivation of p53. The DeltaNp63alpha isoform promoted survival of breast cancer cells by binding TAp73 and thereby inhibiting its proapoptotic activity. Consequently, inhibition of p63 by RNA interference led to TAp73-dependent induction of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members and apoptosis. Breast cancer cells expressing DeltaNp63alpha and TAp73 exhibited cisplatin sensitivity that was uniquely dependent on TAp73. Thus, in response to treatment with cisplatin, but not other chemotherapeutic agents, TAp73 underwent c-Abl-dependent phosphorylation, which promoted dissociation of the DeltaNp63alpha/TAp73 protein complex, TAp73-dependent transcription of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, and apoptosis. These findings define p63 as a survival factor in a subset of breast cancers; furthermore, they provide what we believe to be a novel mechanism for cisplatin sensitivity in these triple-negative cancers, and they suggest that such cancers may share the cisplatin sensitivity of BRCA1-associated tumors.
Association of Cry1Ac Toxin Resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) with Increased Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in the Midgut Lumen (2012)

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin was characterized in a population of Helicoverpa zea larvae previously shown not to have an alteration in toxin binding as the primary resistance mechanism to this toxin. Cry1Ac-selected larvae (AR1) were resistant to protoxins and toxins of Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and the corresponding modified proteins lacking helix α-1 (Cry1AbMod and Cry1AcMod). When comparing brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) prepared from susceptible (LC) and AR1 larval midguts, there were only negligible differences in overall Cry1Ac toxin binding, though AR1 had 18% reversible binding, in contrast to LC, in which all binding was irreversible. However, no differences were detected in Cry1Ac-induced pore formation activity in BBMVs from both strains. Enzymatic activities of two putative Cry1Ac receptors (aminopeptidase N [APN] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) were significantly reduced (2-fold and 3-fold, respectively) in BBMVs from AR1 compared to LC larvae. These reductions corresponded to reduced protein levels in midgut luminal contents only in the case of ALP, with an almost 10-fold increase in specific ALP activity in midgut fluids from AR1 compared to LC larvae. Partially purified H. zea ALP bound Cry1Ac toxin in ligand blots and competed with Cry1Ac toxin for BBMV binding. Based on these results, we suggest the existence of at least one mechanism of resistance to Cry1A toxins in H. zea involving binding of Cry1Ac toxin to an ALP receptor in the larval midgut lumen of resistant larvae.
Data-Driven Review of Thermoelectric Materials: Performance and Resource Considerations (2013)

In this review, we describe the creation of a large database of thermoelectric materials prepared by abstracting information from over 100 publications. The database has over 18 000 data points from multiple classes of compounds, whose relevant properties have been measured at several temperatures. Appropriate visualization of the data immediately allows certain insights to be gained with regard to the property space of plausible thermoelectric materials. Of particular note is that any candidate material needs to display an electrical resistivity value that is close to 1 mΩ cm at 300 K, that is, samples should be significantly more conductive than the Mott minimum metallic conductivity. The Herfindahl–Hirschman index, a commonly accepted measure of market concentration, has been calculated from geological data (known elemental reserves) and geopolitical data (elemental production) for much of the periodic table. The visualization strategy employed here allows rapid sorting of thermoelectric compositions with respect to important issues of elemental scarcity and supply risk.
B. A. T. M. A. N. Handover Extension for Routing Nodes in Infrastructure WMNs (2016)

In the past, several proposals to support fast handover in wireless mesh networks have been published. However, most handover extensions are only concerned with moving stations that are unaware of the used routing protocol and assume relatively stationary routing nodes. In this paper we propose an extension to the BATMAN routing protocol to support seamless handover of routing nodes in infrastructure wireless mesh networks. We implement the new extension in our wireless mesh testbed and evaluate its performance in comparison to a standard WLAN handover followed by a route reestablishment using BATMAN. The evaluation shows that route reestablishment is more than 40 times faster with our extension when compared to standard BATMAN.
Neon (2010)

Modern organizations face increasingly complex information management requirements. A combination of commercial needs, legal liability and regulatory imperatives has created a patchwork of mandated policies. Among these, personally identifying customer records must be carefully access-controlled, sensitive files must be encrypted on mobile computers to guard against physical theft, and intellectual property must be protected from both exposure and "poisoning." However, enforcing such policies can be quite difficult in practice since users routinely share data over networks and derive new files from these inputs--incidentally laundering any policy restrictions. In this paper, we describe a virtual machine monitor system called Neon that transparently labels derived data using byte-level "tints" and tracks these labels end to end across commodity applications, operating systems and networks. Our goal with Neon is to explore the viability and utility of transparent information flow tracking within conventional networked systems when used in the manner in which they were intended. We demonstrate that this mechanism allows the enforcement of a variety of data management policies, including data-dependent confinement, mandatory I/O encryption, and intellectual property management.
Strain Degradation in Strained-Si Layers Far Thicker than the Critical Thickness Grown on Relaxed Si0.65Ge0.35 Layers (2006)

We have investigated for the first time the thickness effect of strained-Si layers grown on relaxed Si 0.65 Ge 0.35 layers for power MOSFET applications. It was found that 98% of the strain compared to theoretical value was still maintained up to 100nm but the value was decreased to 70% at 150nm and 44% at 300nm. We have also presented the mechanism of dislocation generation caused by an increase in the strained-Si layer thickness and how it degrades the strain, surface roughness, and wafer curvature.
Multiscale Study of Chemically-tuned Waterflooding in Carbonate Rocks using Micro-Computed Tomography (2019)

Summary Carbonate reservoirs host more than half of the remaining oil reserves worldwide. Due to their complex pore structure and intermediate to oil-wet nature, it is becoming more challenging to produce the remaining oil from these formations. Over the past two decades, chemically-tuned waterflooding (CTWF) has gained the attention of researchers worldwide. Experimental, numerical, and field studies in this area suggest that changes in injected water salinity and ion composition have the potential to increase oil recovery both in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs via wettability alteration. However, the physico-chemical mechanisms involved in improving oil recovery by CTWF remain poorly understood. This could be attributed to the interplay of several mechanisms at the pore-scale resulting in the incremental oil recovery observed at the macro-scale. It is also mainly due to the lack of consistent experimental data across different scales (i.e.: field scale, core-scale, and pore-scale), reducing the possibility of drawing accurate correlations across length-scales. This study proposes multiscale experimental measurements to investigate the effect of oil composition on the performance of CTWF, where continuum-scale floods are performed to investigate the effect of oil composition on oil recovery from oil-wet carbonate rocks by CTWF. In parallel, in-situ pore-scale measurements of wettability and interface curvature alteration are performed. X-ray microtomography is used to perform direct measurement of changes in interfacial curvatures and in-situ 3D contact angle distributions at the micro-scale at different stages of the CTWF. The study also aims at finding a correlation between the magnitude of improvement in oil recovery at the macro-scale and the corresponding magnitude of wettability alteration at the pore-scale at different conditions. This allows for a better understanding of the physico-chemical mechanisms controlling CTWF, which helps advance currently existing CTWF models, as well as result in more well-informed candidate reservoir selection and the development of a workflow to determine the optimum injection brine properties for a given crude oil-brine-rock system.