gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nearly Perfect Proppant Transport by Particle Fracturing Fluids Yields Exciting Opportunities in Well Completion Applications (2015)

Abstract Reservoir completion techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing for low permeability wells and frac pack for unconsolidated formation treatments, are normally applied to increase well productivity. The production of treated wells can be greatly enhanced by increased propped fracture area and proppant pack conductivity, both of which are highly dependent on proppant distribution in the fracture. Stimulation fluids with high viscosity are traditionally employed to open fractures and carry proppant into created fracture area in the formation. Although conventional crosslinked fluids are observed to provide good proppant suspension in laboratory environments, they might not provide the desired proppant transport under downhole conditions. Crosslinked fluids can be difficult to clean up, due to residual gel damage to proppant pack and formation. Post-treatment production analyses with crosslinked gel often indicate that the treatment did not achieve the designed conductive fracture area, which could be attributed to non-ideal proppant placement and/or significantly damaged fracture conductivity. Perfect proppant suspension and transportation under downhole conditions is the ultimate dream for any fracturing fluid technology as it suggests proppant placement throughout the created fracture area to maximize stimulation efficiency of the treatment. Unlike conventional fracturing fluid technology which uses fluid rheology, polymer chains overlap and inter-chain crosslinking to generate viscosity, as the way to suspend proppant. The new concept involves a novel approach of particle packing mechanism to provide the near perfect proppant suspension in the new fluid, while maintaining minimum formation and proppant pack damage after breaking with frac fluid breakers. As to proppant transport mechanics with conventional fluids, viscosity and velocity above threshold levels can move proppant in a generally horizontal direction until gravity prevails as the velocity decays. However, neither viscosity nor velocity can overcome gravity to effectively move proppant upwardly from the wellbore. The packing mechanics of the soft particle fluids substantially mitigate the effects of gravity until such time as fracture closure confines the proppant. This paper discusses laboratory results for this unique particle fluid system (1) to enhance proppant carrying capacity, (2) to deliver significantly better proppant vertical distribution of the fracture, (3) and to yield near 100% regained proppant pack conductivity. The system can unlock reservoir potential in areas requiring high propped fracture area and high regained conductivity, such as unconventional liquid-rich and offshore unconsolidated formations.
Designs of wide-view and broadband circular polarizers (2005)

A novel methodology for designing wide view circular polarizers is proposed. Both single wavelength and broadband wide-view circular polarizers are discussed. Over the +/-85 degrees viewing cone, the light leakage from the crossed circular polarizers is less than 2.87x10(-4) using the proposed single wavelength circular polarizers (lambda=550 nm) and less than 1.7x10(-3) using the proposed broadband circular polarizer (lambda=450~650 nm). An example of using the designed broadband, wide-view circular polarizers for enhancing the optical efficiency of a direct-view liquid crystal display is elucidated.
MICROMIXING EFFECTS ON BARIUM SULFATE PRECIPITATION IN A DOUBLE-JET SEMI BATCH REACTOR (1999)

Abstract The effects of turbulent mixing on barium sulfate precipitation in an imperfectly mixed double jet semi batch reactor were investigated experimentally and theoretically. When two feed solutions in separate streams were fed into the semi batch reactor, the precipitation was significantly altered by the impeller speed and the feeding time. Generally, in the range of low impeller speed (below 400 rpm), the suspension was segregated vertically in the reactor and the average particle size increased with increasing impeller speed. However, in the range of high impeller speed (above 400 rpm) the suspension was homogeneously dispersed in the reactor, but the trend of the turbulent mixing effect on the precipitation was opposite to that in range of the low impeller speed. The precipitation in the semi batch reactor was controlled by particle mass transfer and micromixing of the feed streams, both of which were promoted by increasing the impeller speed. At low impeller speed the influence of the mass transfer was dominant so that the particle size increased with increasing impeller speed, but at high impeller speed it was surpassed by the influence of micromixing so that the trend was reversed because enhanced micromixing generates a large number of small particles in the reactor. To model our hypothesis for the effects of imperfect mixing on the reaction precipitation in the semi batch reactor, a micromixing-limited plug flow-ideal semi batch series reactor model was developed. The model predicts that enhanced micromixing created high supersaturation levels in the premixing region (plug flow reactor) which reduces the average particle size. The model also predicts the effect of feeding time on the precipitation in the semi batch reactor. These predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. An interesting prediction of our model is that micromixing in the premixing region plays an important role in the overall reaction precipitation and its effect is greatly intensified as the turbulent mixing intensity is increased, which is opposite to our common sense. KEYWORDS: Premixing regionmicromixing limitationbarium sulfatesemi batchprecipitation
Separation of transition metals from rare earths by non-aqueous solvent extraction from ethylene glycol solutions using Aliquat 336 (2018)

Solvent extraction is a widely used separation technique in extractive metallurgy. A conventional solvent extraction system consists of an aqueous phase and an immiscible organic phase. In this work, we show that replacement of water by a polar organic solvent can lead to superior metal separations. Cobalt(II) and samarium(III) chlorides dissolved in water and ethylene glycol (EG), respectively, with LiCl as chloride source, were extracted by Aliquat 336 diluted in toluene. Both cobalt and samarium were extracted from the aqueous solutions, but cobalt was extracted more efficiently from the ethylene glycol solutions than from the aqueous solutions, whereas samarium was not extracted at all from the ethylene glycol solutions. As a result, cobalt and samarium could be separated completely in a single extraction step from ethylene glycol solutions. The mechanisms of cobalt extraction by Aliquat 336 from the ethylene glycol and aqueous solutions were found to be similar, as validated by slope analysis and UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy. Samarium was extracted from the aqueous solution through the salting-out effect of LiCl. Interestingly, LiCl has a much lower salting-out effect for samarium in ethylene glycol than in water due to the lower dielectric constant of ethylene glycol and the lower solubility of LiCl in ethylene glycol. Consequently, samarium is not salted out from ethylene glycol, leading to a very efficient separation of cobalt and samarium. This separation effect can also be applied to the separation of other transition metal and rare-earth metal pairs, including iron/neodymium and zinc/europium.
Stereochemical course of phosphokinases. The use of adenosine [.gamma.-(S)-16O,17O,18O]triphosphate and the mechanistic consequences for the reactions catalyzed by glycerol kinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and acetate kinase (1979)

We report the synthesis of adenosine [gamma-(S)-16O,17O,18O]triphosphate, an isotopically labeled species of ATP that is chiral at the gamma-phosphoryl group, the configuration of which has been confirmed by independent stereochemical analysis. This molecule has been used as a substrate in the reactions catalyzed by glycerol kinase and by acetate kinase. The resulting samples of isotopically labeled sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and of acetyl phosphate have been used as substrates in the alkaline phosphatase mediated transfer of the chiral phosphoryl groups to (S)-propane-1,2-diol, whence the configuration at phosphorus has been determined [Abbott, S. J., Jones, S. R., Weinman, S. A., & Knowles, J. R. (1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 2558]. It is shown that glycerol kinase and acetate kinase (and, by virtue of an earlier correlation, pyruvate kinase and hexokinase) proceed by pathways that result in inversion of the configuration at phosphorus. The sterochemical approach provides an access to the otherwise cryptic events that are involved in phosphoryl-group transfer within the ternary complexes of these kinases and their substrates.
The Future of Building Science Education with the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon: Preprint (2022)

Experience the future of Building Science Education with the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon, from community-focused designs to real-life innovative zero energy buildings constructed by students. In this paper, we will introduce the Solar Decathlon programs and a reimagined Building Science Education curriculum that is transforming education to inspire future building design professionals and bring sustainable, equitable design and construction strategies to the real world. The Solar Decathlon is a collegiate-level building design competition that challenges students in 10 Contests, from embodied environmental impact to affordability and resilience. We will cover the structure of the competition and its two Challenges - the Build Challenge and the Design Challenge - as well as additional programs that impact all aspects of the buildings industry. These programs include the Solar Decathlon Building Science Education course, a free online video series that provides students and working professionals with building science fundamentals; the Design Partners Program, which connects innovative student design teams and local building owners seeking low-risk, low-cost opportunities to incorporate sustainable design alternatives into their building portfolio; and Solar Decathlon Pro, a program piloted in 2021 that brings Solar Decathlon resources to design professionals. The Solar Decathlon's effective approach to bringing real-world solutions to building science empowers future professionals to do impactful work.
Effect of .ALPHA.-cyclodextrin on thermostability of glucoamylase. (1988)

It is important to conduct enzymereactions at high temperatures to improve productivity and prevent contamination, especially for industrial purposes.
Endolysosomal proteolysis and its regulation (2002)

The endolysosomal system comprises a unique environment for proteolysis, which is regulated in a manner that apparently does not involve protease inhibitors. The system comprises a series of membrane-bound intracellular compartments, within which endocytosed material and redundant cellular components are hydrolysed. Endocytosed material tends to flow vectorially through the system, proceeding through the early endosome, the endosome carrier vesicle, the late endosome and the lysosome. Phagocytosis and autophagy provide alternative entry points into the system. Late endosomes, lysosome/late endosome hybrid organelles, phagosomes and autophagosomes are the principal sites for proteolysis. In each case, hydrolytic competence is due to components of the endolysosomal system, i.e. proteases, lysosome-associated membrane proteins, H+-ATPases and possibly cysteine transporters. The view is emerging that lysosomes are organelles for the storage of hydrolases, perhaps in an inactivated form. Once a substrate has entered a proteolytically competent environment, the rate-limiting proteolytic steps are probably effected by cysteine endoproteinases. As these are affected by pH and possibly redox potential, they may be regulated by the organelle luminal environment. Regulation is probably also affected, among other factors, by organelle fusion reactions, whereby the meeting of enzyme and substrate may be controlled. Such systems would permit simultaneous regulation of a number of unrelated hydrolases.
Raman forward scattering of short-pulse high-intensity lasers (1994)

Raman forward scattering of short-pulse relativistic-intensity laser pulses is investigated. Differential equations which model the instability for arbitrarily large pump strengths are derived. Exact solutions are obtained for a set of physically relevant initial conditions. The growth rate is found to asymptotically approach zero for ultrarelativistic laser intensities. The relevance of the results to present experiments and the limitations of the quasistatic equations are discussed
Targeting Receptor-Histidine Kinase Signaling in Staphylococcus Aureus (2025)

Two-component signaling systems involving receptor-histidine kinases (RHKs) are present in all branches of life outside of the animal kingdom. Remarkably, very little is known concerning the extracellular ligands that presumably bind to RHKs to initiate signaling. The two-component agr signaling circuit in the bacterial pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is one system where the ligands are known in chemical detail. These ligands (the AIPs) are short (7-9 aminoacyl residue) peptides containing a thiolactone structure, in which the α-carboxyl group of the C-terminal amino acid is linked to the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine, which is always the fifth amino acid from the C-terminus of the peptide. In the agr system, the AIPs generally activate virulence expression in the producer strain and cross-inhibit virulence expression in S. aureus strains expressing other AIPs. In this study, genetic studies on the receptor-histidine kinase, AgrC, have demonstrated that intra-group activation and inter-group inhibition are both mediated by the same group-specific receptors. Pharmacological analysis has shown that the AIPs compete for a common binding site on the receptor, and this site has been partly localized through the use of chimeric receptor analysis. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have identified residues within the AIPs that are critical for receptor binding and activation. These results have facilitated the development of global inhibitors of virulence in S. aureus, which, in one case, consists of a truncated version of one of the naturally occurring AIPs. Cell-based in vitro assays of this peptide have demonstrated IC50's in the nanomolar range for inhibition of the transcription of a known global regulator of virulence in S. aureus, RNAIII. Virulence inhibition in vivo has been seen with native AIPs in a murine subcutaneous abscess model. Ongoing studies are focused on peptidomimetic design to generate stable and pharmacologically relevant lead compounds. These results collectively suggest that the design of molecules that compete with natural agonists for binding at RHK sensor domains could represent a general approach to the inhibition of RHK signaling.
Laser Radar Systems (1991)

Electromagnetic spectrum atmospheric propagation detection probabilities and false alarm rates lasers and detectors incoherent receiver detection systems and techniques coherent laser systems and techniques.
Monitoring Tumor Glucose Utilization by Positron Emission Tomography for the Prediction of Treatment Response to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Inhibitors (2006)

Glucose metabolic activity closely reflects response to gefitinib therapy. FDG-PET may be a valuable clinical predictor, early in the course of treatment, for therapeutic responses to EGFR kinase inhibitors.
Phylum Verrucomicrobia representatives share a compartmentalized cell plan with members of bacterial phylum Planctomycetes (2009)

A unique compartmentalized cell plan so far found among Domain Bacteria only within phylum Planctomycetes, and challenging our concept of prokaryote cell plans, has now been found in a second phylum of the Domain Bacteria, in members of phylum Verrucomicrobia. The planctomycete cell plan thus occurs in at least two distinct phyla of the Bacteria, phyla which have been suggested from other evidence to be related phylogenetically in the proposed PVC (Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae) superphylum. This planctomycete cell plan is present in at least 3 of 6 subdivisions of Verrucomicrobia, suggesting that the common ancestor of the verrucomicrobial phylum was also compartmentalized and possessed such a plan. The presence of this compartmentalized cell plan in both phylum Planctomycetes and phylum Verrucomicrobia suggest that the last common ancestor of these phyla was also compartmentalized.
The Impact of Latency on Target Selection in First-Person Shooter Games (2023)

While target selection in a 2D space is fairly well-studied, target selection in a 3D space, such as shooting in first-person shooter (FPS) games, is not, nor are the benefits to players for many latency compensation techniques. This paper presents results from a user study that evaluates the impact of latency and latency compensation techniques on 3D target selection via a bespoke FPS shooter. Analysis of the results shows latency degrades player performance (time to select/shoot a target), with subjective opinions on Quality of Experience (QOE) following suit. Individual latency compensation techniques cannot fully overcome the effects of latency but combined techniques can, letting players perform and feel as if there is no network latency. We derive a basic analytic model for the distribution of the player selection times which can be part of a simulation of a full-range of FPS games.
Clinical, biologic, and therapeutic aspects of malignancies associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Part I and Part II. (1988)

The incidence of malignant disease in AIDS patients is around 40%. Ninety percent of the tumors are Kaposi's sarcoma and 10% are malignant lymphomas, predominantly of B cell origin. The natural history of the AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma is variable. It may remain entirely asymptomatic without treatment for many months or it may be rapidly progressive and produce life-threatening pulmonary, cardiac, or gastrointestinal symptoms requiring acute therapeutic intervention. The malignant lymphomas occurring in AIDS patients are usually very aggressive in their natural history. The treatment of choice for symptomatic Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma is chemotherapy. In general, such treatment can alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life in AIDS patients; however, the underlying immune defect is not improved by such treatment and the patients remain susceptible to life-threatening opportunistic infections. The ultimate control of the malignancies associated with AIDS depends upon the development of therapies capable of reversing the underlying immune defect.
Brain-to-cervical lymph node signaling after stroke (2019)

Abstract After stroke, peripheral immune cells are activated and these systemic responses may amplify brain damage, but how the injured brain sends out signals to trigger systemic inflammation remains unclear. Here we show that a brain-to-cervical lymph node (CLN) pathway is involved. In rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia, lymphatic endothelial cells proliferate and macrophages are rapidly activated in CLNs within 24 h, in part via VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signalling. Microarray analyses of isolated lymphatic endothelium from CLNs of ischemic mice confirm the activation of transmembrane tyrosine kinase pathways. Blockade of VEGFR3 reduces lymphatic endothelial activation, decreases pro-inflammatory macrophages, and reduces brain infarction. In vitro, VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signalling in lymphatic endothelial cells enhances inflammatory responses in co-cultured macrophages. Lastly, surgical removal of CLNs in mice significantly reduces infarction after focal cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that modulating the brain-to-CLN pathway may offer therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate systemic inflammation and brain injury after stroke.
Seventy-five years' survival in partial atrioventricular septal defect. (2003)

Long-term survival of patients with partial atrioventricular septal defect (PAVSD) without operative therapy is very rare. The case is reported of a 75-year-old man who presented with dyspnea and decline of general condition. A heart defect was known but not investigated as the patient refused to undergo invasive cardiologic diagnosis. Hence, treatment was conservative. At autopsy, a huge (3 cm diameter) ostium primum atrial septal defect (ASD) was found, together with deformation of the right and left atrioventricular valves and extreme dilatation of the heart. Pulmonary arteriosclerosis indicating pulmonary hypertension was present, but there was no lung fibrosis. Life expectancy in patients with PAVSD ranges from 3 to 37.5 years. The present patient showed very late onset pulmonary hypertension, which may be a critical parameter for survival.
Sorption Characteristics of Uranium on Goethite and Montmorillonite under Biogeochemical Reducing Conditions (2012)

산화/환원 반응에 매우 민감한 우라늄의 침철석 및 몬모릴로나이트에 대한 수착 특성을 알아보기 위해 산화우라늄(VI)과 환원우라늄(IV)를 준비하였다. 환원우라늄은 황산염환원박테리아에 의해 황산염이 환원되는 과정에서 같이 환원된 우라늄(IV)를 희석하여 사용하였다. 광물에 대한 우라늄의 수착량은 우라늄(IV)가 우라늄(VI)에 비해 상대적으로 낮았으며, 이러한 원인 중의 하나는 용액상의 우라늄(IV)가 미세한 콜로이드 형태로 존재하여 광물 표면에 대한 수착력이 약했기 때문이다. 투과전자현미경을 사용하여 우라늄(IV)가 나노 콜로이드의 특징을 가지고 있음을 확인하였고, 이러한 결과는 심부 자연계의 지하수를 따라 이동 가능한 우라늄종이 이온성 우라늄(VI)뿐만 아니라 콜로이드성 우라늄(IV)도 포함될 수 있음을 의미한다. Two kinds of uranium species, oxidized uranium(VI) and reduced uranium(IV), were prepared to be interacted with goethite and montmorillonite to identify sorption characteristic of uranium species, which are very sensitive to the redox-reaction. The reduced uranium was prepared by diluting a substantial uranium(IV) that was concomitantly produced during a sulfate reduction via a sulfate-reducing bacterium. The sorption amount of uranium(IV) by the minerals was relatively lower than that of uranium(VI) because the aqueous uranium(IV) had fine colloidal forms to cause its weak adsorption onto the mineral surfaces. We found that the uranium(IV) phase has a nano-colloid character by the transmission electron microscope, suggesting that the uranium species possibly migrating with the flow of groundwater in underground environments can be the colloidal uranium(IV) as well as the ionic uranium(VI).
Demonstrating The Entity Registry System: Implementing 5-Star Linked Data Without the Web (2014)

Linked Data applications often assume that connectivity to data repositories and entity resolution services are always available. This may not be a valid assumption in many cases. Indeed, there are about 4.5 billion people in the world who have no or limited Web access. Many data-driven applications may have a critical impact on the life of those people, but are inaccessible to such populations due to the architecture of today's data registries. In this demonstration, we show how our new open-source ERS system can be used as a general-purpose entity registry suitable for deployment in poorly-connected or ad-hoc environments.
The reduction of collision induced dissociation effects in thermospray sources on sector instruments (1987)

Thermospray spectra on a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, by definition measured at high accelerating voltages, are seen to be highly fragmented. This is rationalised in terms of the necessity to accelerate ions through a region of high pressure in the vicinity of the ion-collecting orifice at the spray volume, where ions may be energized by ion molecule collisions. In this region, a high percentage of the parent ion current is lost through the dispersion of the ion beam and by the collisional activation of molecular ions resulting in extensive fragmentation. The investigation of means by which these effects may be minimized has led to the construction of an improved sector thermospray source. Comparative results for gramicidin S demonstrate that its fragmentation is reduced and that the intensity of the protonated molecular ion is greatly enhanced.