gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Category Theoretic Analysis of Photon-based Decision Making (2016)

Decision making is a vital function in this age of machine learning and artificial intelligence, yet its physical realization and theoretical fundamentals are still not completely understood. In our former study, we demonstrated that single-photons can be used to make decisions in uncertain, dynamically changing environments. The two-armed bandit problem was successfully solved using the dual probabilistic and particle attributes of single photons. In this study, we present a category theoretic modeling and analysis of single-photon-based decision making, including a quantitative analysis that is in agreement with the experimental results. A category theoretic model reveals the complex interdependencies of subject matter entities in a simplified manner, even in dynamically changing environments. In particular, the octahedral and braid structures in triangulated categories provide a better understanding and quantitative metrics of the underlying mechanisms of a single-photon decision maker. This study provides both insight and a foundation for analyzing more complex and uncertain problems, to further machine learning and artificial intelligence.
A survey of vacuum material cleaning procedures: A subcommittee report of the American Vacuum Society Recommended Practices Committee (1991)

A subcommittee of the American Vacuum Society (AVS) Recommended Practices Committee has conducted a survey of the cleaning procedures practiced by the ultrahigh vacuum industry and government laboratories. Although no two organizations practiced identical procedure, there was sufficient commonality among those canvassed to suggest that there is a sound basic procedure around which many variations have evolved. In the case of chemical cleaning of stainless steel, it is vapor degreasing, alkaline detergent washing and/or acid cleaning, water rinsing, and then heat drying. Various methods of mechanical, chemical, and thermal cleaning of metals and nonmetals practiced by sample organizations are presented with commentary. The Subcommittee recognizes that different situations call for different cleaning procedures. For this reason it aims to disseminate information so that one may formulate his own procedure best suited to his situation, rather than to recommend a single procedure as the best universally.
Cocycle twists of algebras (2015)

Let $A = \bigoplus_{n=0}^{\infty}A_n$ be a connected graded $k$-algebra over an algebraically closed field $k$ (thus $A_0=k$). Assume that a finite abelian group $G$, of order coprime to the characteristic of $k$, acts on $A$ by graded automorphisms. In conjunction with a suitable cocycle this action can be used to twist the multiplication in $A$. We study this new structure and, in particular, we describe when properties like Artin-Schelter regularity are preserved by such a twist. We then apply these results to examples of Rogalski and Zhang.
Development of FELIX based readout system for HV-CMOS sensor testbeam (2019)

The High Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) sensors are extensively investigated by the ATLAS collaboration for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade of the Inner Tracker (ITk) detector. The HV-CMOS technology is a commercial integrated circuit process with the advantages of monolithic readout and fast charge collection. A front-end test platform of CaRIBOu (Control and Readout Itk BOard) and a testbeam Telescope based on the ATLAS IBL (Insertable B-Layer) silicon pixel modules, have been developed for the HV-CMOS sensor study and characterization in testbeam experiments. The Front-End LInk eXchange (FELIX) system is a newapproach to function as the gateway between detector front-end electronics and the commodity switched network in the ATLAS upgrade. A FELIX based readout system has been developed for both the CaRIBOu and the testbeam Telescope. It has been deployed successfully in the testbeam at theCERNSPS H8 beamline in August 2017. The test results show that the readout system is capable of sensor calibration and readout of a high-density pixel detector with high trigger rate in testbeam experiments.
Figure S3 page1 from Combination Therapies with CDK4/6 Inhibitors to Treat <i>KRAS-</i>Mutant Pancreatic Cancer (2023)

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Al-2.43 Double Exposure (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
216 cell microconcentrator module with moderate concentration, &#x00B1;4&#x00B0; acceptance angle, and 13.3 mm focal length (2013)

We report on a demonstration prototype module created to explore the viability of using microscale solar cells combined with microlens array concentrators to create a thin, flat-plate concentrator module with a relatively large acceptance angle for use with coarse two-axis tracking systems designed for flat-plate, one-sun modules. The demonstration module was comprised of an array of 216 cell/microlens units and was manufactured using standard tools common to the integrated circuit, microelectromechanical system (MEMS), and electronics assembly industries. The module demonstrated an acceptance angle of ±4°, an optical concentration level of 36X, and a focal depth of 13.3 mm. The acceptance angle and focal depth of the system successfully demonstrated adequate performance for integration into a system using a coarse two-axis tracker for flat-plate modules. To fully take advantage of this system approach, significant future work is required to reduce optical losses, increase cell and module efficiency, reduce the focal length to approximately 5 mm, and increase the concentration level to greater than 100X while maintaining an acceptance angle of at least ±2°.
Evaluating energy differences on a quantum computer with robust phase estimation. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
High‐Order Elasticity Interpolants for Microstructure Simulation (2022)

Abstract We propose a novel formulation of elastic materials based on high‐order interpolants, which fits accurately complex elastic behaviors, but remains conservative. The proposed high‐order interpolants can be regarded as a high‐dimensional extension of radial basis functions, and they allow the interpolation of derivatives of elastic energy, in particular stress and stiffness. Given the proposed parameterization of elasticity models, we devise an algorithm to find optimal model parameters based on training data. We have tested our methodology for the homogenization of 2D microstructures, and we show that it succeeds to match complex behaviors with high accuracy.
Road Slope Aided Vehicle Position Estimation System Based on Sensor Fusion of GPS and Automotive Onboard Sensors (2015)

This paper proposes a road slope aided position estimation algorithm based on the fusion of GPS data with information from automotive onboard sensors. Many previous studies for position estimation did not consider the effect of road slope, although many sloped roads are existing. In order to analyze the influence of road slope on position estimation, theoretical proof and simulation are performed. Based on this analysis, a road slope aided position estimation algorithm is presented, which includes a vehicle motion model that can compensate for the effect of the road slope. This algorithm can estimate the position and road slope simultaneously. Furthermore, by compensating for the error due to the road slope, the algorithm can improve the position estimation accuracy and reliability. The estimation algorithm in this paper is implemented and evaluated using automotive onboard sensors and embedded system; therefore, additional motion sensors and high-performance computational units are not necessary. The experimental results show that the accuracy and reliability of the road slope aided position algorithm provide superior performance compared with a planar vehicle model-based position estimation algorithm in mountainous terrain.
Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of ischemic stroke: Criteria for the validation of primary imaging biomarkers (2009)

Ischemic stroke is associated with a high rate of disability and death. Establishing valid biomarkers could help accelerate the approval of promising new therapies for stroke. Whereas many serum biomarkers have been evaluated, possible imaging biomarkers of stroke lack validation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very sensitive technique to study acute stroke and MRI parameters have been established to assess the outcome of acute stroke. This review reassesses the criteria for the validation of MRI biomarkers of acute ischemic stroke (MRI-BAS). Seven criteria were used to review the validity of the main MRI-BAS: vascular status, lesion volume, reversibility on diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion alteration, penumbra studied with diffusion-perfusion mismatch, clinical-diffusion mismatch, diffusion-angiography mismatch and hemorrhagic transformation. We analyzed the definitions of these biomarkers and the extent to which each fulfills the criteria for validation and found that few MRI-BAS have been fully validated. Further studies should help to improve the validation of current MRI-BAS and develop new biomarkers.
Identification of 50 Class D β-Lactamases and 65 Acinetobacter-Derived Cephalosporinases in Acinetobacter spp (2013)

Whole-genome sequencing of a collection of 103 Acinetobacter strains belonging to 22 validly named species and another 16 putative species allowed detection of genes for 50 new class D β-lactamases and 65 new Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinases (ADC). All oxacillinases (OXA) contained the three typical motifs of class D β-lactamases, STFK, (F/Y)GN, and K(S/T)G. The phylogenetic tree drawn from the OXA sequences led to an increase in the number of OXA groups from 7 to 18. The topologies of the OXA and RpoB phylogenetic trees were similar, supporting the ancient acquisition of blaOXA genes by Acinetobacter species. The class D β-lactamase genes appeared to be intrinsic to several species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter pittii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Acinetobacter lwoffii. Neither blaOXA-40/143- nor blaOXA-58-like genes were detected, and their origin remains therefore unknown. The phylogenetic tree analysis based on the alignment of the sequences deduced from blaADC revealed five main clusters, one containing ADC belonging to species closely related to A. baumannii and the others composed of cephalosporinases from the remaining species. No indication of blaOXA or blaADC transfer was observed between distantly related species, except for blaOXA-279, possibly transferred from Acinetobacter genomic species 6 to Acinetobacter parvus. Analysis of β-lactam susceptibility of seven strains harboring new oxacillinases and cloning of the corresponding genes in Escherichia coli and in a susceptible A. baumannii strain indicated very weak hydrolysis of carbapenems. Overall, this study reveals a large pool of β-lactamases in different Acinetobacter spp., potentially transferable to pathogenic strains of the genus.
Surface modifications of silica nanoparticles are crucial for their inert versus proinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties (2014)

Our data suggest that amino and phosphate surface modifications, but not polyethylene glycol (PEG), mitigate the proinflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of SiO₂ NPs in allergic airway inflammation, paving the way for new strategies in the production of nanomaterials with lower health impact for humans.
Reinventing (Bio)chemical Analysis with Paper (2018)

This paper focuses on one of the most commonly encountered materials in our society, namely paper. Paper is an inherently complex material, yet its use provides for chemical analysis approaches that are elegant in their simplicity of execution. In the first half of the previous century, paper in scientific research was used mainly for filtration and chromatographic separation. While its use decreased with the rise of modern elution chromatography, paper remains a versatile substrate for low-cost analytical tests. Recently, we have seen renewed interest to work with paper in (bio)analytical science, a result of the growing demand for inexpensive, portable analysis. Dried blood spotting, paper microfluidics, and paper spray ionization are areas in which paper is (re)establishing itself as an important material. These research areas all exploit several properties of paper, including stable sample storage, passive fluid movement and manipulation, chromatographic separation/extraction, modifiable surface and/or volume, easily altered shape, easy transport, and low cost. We propose that the real, and to date underexploited, potential of paper lies in utilizing its combined characteristics to add new dimensions to paper-based (bio)chemical analysis, expanding its applicability. This article provides the reader with a short historical perspective on the scientific use of paper and the developments that led to the establishment of the aforementioned research areas. We review important characteristics of paper and place them in a scientific context in this descriptive, yet critical, assessment of the achieved and the achievable in paper-based analysis. The ultimate goal is the exploration of integrative approaches at the interface between the different fields in which paper is or can be used.
Electro-Optics of Cubic and Tetragonal Blue Phase Liquid Crystals Investigated by Two-Beam Interference Microscopy (2013)

The electro-optic properties of cholesteric blue phase (BP) liquid crystals is investigated by two-beam interference microscopy. The technique can facilitate the evaluation of BP materials, since only a single measurement is required to determine the two important electro-optic coefficients, i.e., the Kerr and electrostriction coefficients, of BPs. Moreover, field-induced symmetry transitions can be observed microscopically, making this a powerful tool to investigate the structure–property relationship in BPs. Herein, we observe field-induced transitions from cubic BPs I and II to the centered tetragonal BP X, and investigate the influence of this transition on the Kerr coefficient.
Approaches to high quality speech coding using gain-adaptive vector quantization (2003)

Preliminary results of ongoing research to utilize vector quantization to achieve practical high quality speech coding at 8 kb/s are reported. The basic concepts of speech coding and vector quantization are discussed, followed by a description of the gain adaptive time domain vector quantizer and the gain adaptive transform domain vector quantizer. The quantitative and qualitative performance of the proposed coding systems is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nanoislands-Based Charge Trapping Memory: A Scalability Study (2017)

Zinc-oxide (ZnO) and zirconia (ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) metal oxides have been studied extensively in the past few decades with several potential applications including memory devices. In this work, a scalability study, based on the ITRS roadmap, is conducted on memory devices with ZnO and ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanoislands charge trapping layer. Both nanoislands are deposited using atomic layer deposition; however, the different sizes, distribution, and properties of the materials result in different memory performance. The results show that at the 32-nm node charge trapping memory with 127 ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanoislands can provide a 9.4 V memory window. However, with ZnO only, 31 nanoislands can provide a window of 2.5 V. The results indicate that ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanoislands are more promising than ZnO in scaled down devices due to their higher density, higher-k, and the absence of quantum confinement effects.
Multiple Sample PCR Amplification and Electrophoretic Analysis on a Microchip (1998)

Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were carried out on as many as four DNA samples at a time on a microchip device. The PCR products were then analyzed, either individually or together on the same device, by microchip gel electrophoresis. A standard PCR protocol was used to amplify 199- and 500-base pair (bp) regions of bacteriophage lambda DNA and 346- and 410-bp regions of E. coli genomic and plasmid DNAs, respectively. Thermal lysis of the bacteria was integrated into the PCR cycle. A product sizing medium, poly(dimethylacrylamide), and an intercalating dye for fluorescence detection were used in the electrophoretic analysis of the products. PCR product sizes were determined by coelectrophoresis with marker DNA.
Asymmetrische Totalsynthesen von Prostaglandin $${F_{{2_\alpha }}}$$ und Compactin (1999)

Wie in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln erläutert wurde, ist die Herstellung von optisch reinen Verbindungen eine große Herausforderung für den synthetisch arbeitenden Organischen Chemiker, und es gibt eine Reihe von verschiedenen Strategien, die verwendet werden können. Welche Taktik auch immer gewählt wird, die Herstellung einer nicht-natürlichen Verbindung in optisch aktiver Form ist oft viel teurer als die Synthese des korrespondierenden (±)-Racemats. Dies liegt daran, daß die Route ein teures optisch aktives Ausgangsmaterial benötigt oder Extraschritte zur Racematspaltung eines besonderen synthetischen Bausteins (Synthons)1 in eine optisch aktive Form notwendig sind. Wir haben gesehen, daß die Wege zu optisch aktiven Synthons entweder (a) einen klassischen Racematspaltungsprozeß, (b) die stöchiometrische Verwendung von optisch reinen Verbindungen (bevorzugt wiederverwendbar), (c) die Verwendung von optisch aktiven Naturstoffen aus dem chiralen Pool oder (d) die Verwendung von chiralen Katalysatoren (einschließlich Enzyme) erfordert. Diese verschiedenen Strategien können an zwei Zielmolekülen, dem Prostaglandin $${F_{{2_\alpha }}}$$ ( $${F_{{2_\alpha }}}$$ ) und Compactin, illustriert werden.
Liposarcoma of the oral cavity. Clinical, tissue culture, and ultrastructure study of a case (1982)

This report represents the histologic, tissue culture, and ultrastructural findings in a well-differentiated liposarcoma that originated in the buccal mucosa of a 42-year-old female. A variety of cell types were identified in the recurrent tumor with light and electron microscopy; namely, rounded mesenchymal cells, signet-ring cells, multivacuolated cells and bizarre giant cells. The giant cells possessed large, multilobed nuclei with large nucleoli. Mitochondria appeared in varied numbers and Golgi zones were highly organized. Cytoplasmic inclusions were variable in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. A morphologic variation among cells was also noted in the tissue culture media. The histogenesis of this unusual and sometimes difficult to interpret neoplasm of the oral cavity is discussed.
Production of Ultrafine Single‐Crystal Copper Wires through Electron Beam Irradiation of Cu‐containing Zeolite X (2005)

Abstract We report the controlled synthesis of bare, single‐crystal copper nanowires, of high aspect ratio, through electron beam irradiation of copper‐containing zeolite X. The precursor material was specially prepared from as‐synthesized sodium zeolite X in a two stage process designed to maximize the number of copper ions bound within the zeolite. A high degree of experimental control over the copper wire length, its original location on the host crystallite and the crystal morphology has been achieved through judicious manipulation of the electron beam. Our results confirm that this promising new fabrication technique is not confined to silver but is applicable to other metals, which have previously been difficult to produce by other routes.
RF Transmission Line Method for Wide-Bandgap Heterostructures (2009)

We propose a high-frequency extension of the transmission line model method that allows for independent extraction of open-surface sheet resistance of a semiconductor layer and that under metallization. The method is applied for the characterization of an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with a high ( ~40%) Al content with and without a top dielectric layer. In both cases, the sheet resistance under the metal is approximately 30% smaller than that under the open surface. This reduction is attributed to the surface charge compensation by the top metal.