gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. (1987)

The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N £ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensiona l image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position an$ image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification).
Treatment of Superficial Venous Incompetence with a Hemodynamic Technique on an Outpatient Basis: The SAVAS Technique (1992)

Three techniques to treat venous incompetence on an outpatient basis were compared in 138 limbs [107 patients) with superficial venous incompetence. They were treated with the dentist's technique (DT) [Group A, 44 limbs], compres sion sclerotherapy (CS) [Group B, 45 limbs], or the SAVAS [ sectionnement en Ambulatoire des Varices Avec Sclerotherapie] technique [Group C, 49 limbs]. All patients were followed up (five years) with ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) measurements and color duplex scanning. DT consisted of the sectioning under local anesthetic of incompetent veins. CS was done by injecting polidocanol 3% with compression applied for four weeks. The SAVAS was done with a combination of DT and CS with sectioning of the incompetent veins under local anesthetic and retrograde injection in the distal veins of polidocanol 3%. This type of retrograde injection perfuses only incompetent veins. After five years there was a significantly lower refilling time (RT) with AVP in the SAVAS group (average of twenty seconds). RT was 12.5 seconds in group B and fifteen in A. The number of significantly incompetent residual veins was on the average 0.9 in the SAVAS group, significantly lower than in the other two groups. The average cost per treated limb was significantly lower is the SAVAS group. In conclusion, after a five-year follow-up, the SAVAS technique was more effective, its hemodynamic value was superior to DT and CS, and its costs were lower.
Performance of the V storage server (1985)

Network file access efficiency is a key issue in a distributed system's performance, especially when many of the network nodes are diskless and rely on a shared network file server. We have designed and implemented a file server that uses the network interprocess communication of the V kernel for file access. This paper describes the basic design of the file server with emphasis on the performance-critical areas. We also give its performance under a variety of workloads and compare these measurements with results predicted by other modeling studies.
Optimal mass and speed for interstellar flyby with directed-energy propulsion (2022)

The design of mission scenarios for the flyby investigation of nearby star systems by probes launched using directed energy is addressed. Multiple probes are launched with a fixed launch infrastructure, and download of scientific data occurs following target encounter and data collection. Assuming the primary goal is to reliably recover a larger volume of collected scientific data with a smaller data latency (elapsed time from launch to complete recovery of the data), it is shown that there is an efficient frontier where volume cannot be increased for a given latency and latency cannot be reduced for a given volume. For each probe launch, increasing the volume along this frontier is achieved by increasing the probe mass, which results in a reduced probe speed. Thus choosing the highest feasible probe speed generally does not achieve an efficient tradeoff of volume and latency. Along this frontier the total distance traveled to the completion of data download does not vary significantly, implying that the download time duration is approximately a fixed fraction of the launch-to-target transit time. Due to longer propulsion duration when probe mass is increased, increasing data volume incurs a cost in the total launch energy expended, but with favorable economies of scale. An important characteristic of any probe technology is the scaling law that relates probe mass to transmit data rate, as this affects details of the efficient frontier.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Studies of New π‐Extended Metalloporphyrins (2009)

Abstract A doubly fused porphyrin has been synthesized by two successive cyclization reactions. The first meso ‐phenyl group was fused by an intramolecular Cadogan reaction leading to an enamine‐functionalized porphyrin. After Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of the nickel enaminoporphyrin, an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction followed by dehydration of the intermediate alcohol afforded the doubly fused aromatic nickel porphyrin, which could be demetalated. The free base and the copper and palladium porphyrins show extremely high absorbances in the 700–800 nm range. The palladium complex was a good catalyst for the oxidation of cholesterol with singlet oxygen, which makes this chromophore a potential candidate for photodynamic therapy.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome as a result of traumatic injuries: management principles (2004)

Conus medullaris syndrome (CMS) and cauda equina syndrome (CES) are complex neurological disorders that can be manifested through a variety of symptoms. Patients may present with back pain, unilateral or bilateral leg pain, paresthesias and weakness, perineum or saddle anesthesia, and rectal and/or urinary incontinence or dysfunction. Although patients typically present with acute disc herniations, traumatic injuries at the thoracolumbar junction at the terminal portion of the spinal cord and cauda equina are also common. Unfortunately, a precise understanding of the pathophysiology and optimal treatments, including the best timing of surgery, has yet to be elucidated for either traumatic CES or CMS. In this paper the authors review the current literature on traumatic conus medullaris and cauda equina injuries and available treatment options.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydroboration and Dehydrogenative Borylation of Linear and Cyclic Alkenes with Pinacolborane (2007)

The bis(dihydrogen)ruthenium complex RuH2(H2)2(PCy3)2 (1) catalyzes efficiently the borylation of linear and cyclic alkenes with pinacolborane. Similar results are obtained by using RuH[(μ-H)2Bpin](σ-HBpin)(PCy3)2 (2) as catalytic precursor. Selective hydroboration into the corresponding linear pinacol boronate is achieved in the case of 1-hexene, 1-octene, styrene, and allylbenzene. In the case of styrene, phenethyl pinacolboronate is isolated in 87% yield. Faster conversions of HBpin are obtained by increasing the alkene:borane ratio, with less than 10% of alkene hydrogenation. Isomerization into trans-β-methylstyrene is observed in the case of allylbenzene. Dehydrogenative borylation is competitive with ethylene and cyclic alkenes with large rings. Hydroboration of cyclohexene is highly favored, whereas for cyclodecene, vinylboronate is produced with only traces of allylboronate. Cyclooctene provides the two unsaturated boron-attached products, vinyl- and allylboronate in a 1:3 ratio, whereas only allylboronate is obtained from cycloheptene. The coupling of cyclodecenyl pinacolboronate with the aryl bromide (CF3)2C6H3Br, using standard catalytic Suzuki−Miyaura conditions, gives the corresponding product (CF3)2C6H3(C10H17) in 85% yield. Mechanistic investigations allow the characterization of the hydrido(boryl)(ethylene) complex RuH(Bpin)(C2H4)(PCy3)2 (3) as a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle.
18 Gchips/s electronic CDMA for low-cost optical access networks (2009)

This paper reports, for the first time, the coding and decoding of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) signals for use in optical access networks using electronic transversal filters at a chip rate of 18 Gchips/s, a ninefold improvement over previous demonstrations. We demonstrate a 2-user ECDMA system. The use of 7-chip transversal filters gives a potential for 7 users, where each user has a data rate of 1.25 Gb/s. This is comparable to typical all-optical CDMA systems but with potentially lower cost, power consumption and complexity. Error-free transmission of a 1.25 Gb/s electronic CDMA user signal, with and without a single interferer, over 10 km of single-mode fiber is reported for the first time.
Periodontal Response to Mechanical Non‐Surgical Therapy: A Review (1992)

This literature review is concerned with the ability of personal oral hygiene and mechanical instrumentation to establish and maintain periodontal health. Clinical, microbiologic, and histologic responses to non-surgical therapy are evaluated to provide guidelines for expected treatment results. Factors that may limit the effectiveness of non-surgical therapy as a closed procedure are also addressed. These include length of therapy, skill of therapists, patient compliance, responsibility of clinician for maintenance, and disease activity status of the patient.
Correlations between standard accelerated tests for protective organic coatings and field performance (2022)

Accelerated testing is widely used in development and pre-qualification of protective organic coatings. In this work 26 coating systems have been investigated in a 2-year C5 atmospheric exposure field test, ISO 9227 salt spray test, ISO 12944-9 cyclic ageing and ISO 16773 electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement of coating resistance. Of the 26 coating systems, 16 have epoxy mastic primers and 10 have zinc rich epoxy primers. In the field test, the zinc rich primer improved corrosion creep resistance from scribe by a factor of about 10. However, this is not reflected in any of the accelerated lab tests. The lab tests all show rather poor correlation to the field test with respect to corrosion creep. All the coatings had little corrosion creep from scribe in the field test, even the coating systems with epoxy mastic primers. The large focus on this parameter in coating pre-qualification testing, e.g. in ISO 12944-6 and 12944-9, may therefore not be justified.
Generation of Combinatorial Lentiviral Vectors Expressing Multiple Anti-Hepatitis C Virus shRNAs and Their Validation on a Novel HCV Replicon Double Reporter Cell Line (2020)

Despite the introduction of directly acting antivirals (DAAs), for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, their cost, patient compliance, and viral resistance are still important issues to be considered. Here, we describe the generation of a novel JFH1-based HCV subgenomic replicon double reporter cell line suitable for testing different antiviral drugs and therapeutic interventions. This cells line allowed a rapid and accurate quantification of cell growth/viability and HCV RNA replication, thus discriminating specific from unspecific antiviral effects caused by DAAs or cytotoxic compounds, respectively. By correlating cell number and virus replication, we could confirm the inhibitory effect on the latter of cell over confluency and characterize an array of lentiviral vectors expressing single, double, or triple cassettes containing different combinations of short hairpin (sh)RNAs, targeting both highly conserved viral genome sequences and cellular factors crucial for HCV replication. While all vectors were effective in reducing HCV replication, the ones targeting viral sequences displayed a stronger antiviral effect, without significant cytopathic effects. Such combinatorial platforms as well as the developed double reporter cell line might find application both in setting-up anti-HCV gene therapy approaches and in studies aimed at further dissecting the viral biology/pathogenesis of infection.
Multistep fluorescence gated proportional counters (1990)

A new type of proportional counter is being developed at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The device, a multistep fluorescence gated detector combines superior energy and spatial resolution with a high degree of background rejection suited to x‐ray astronomy for applications up to 100 keV. Its utility is demonstrated by the fact that detectors of this basic design are integral parts of the CASES, POF, and EXOSS missions discussed elsewhere in these proceedings.
Accumulation Dynamics and Acute Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles toDaphnia magnaandLumbriculus variegatus: Implications for Metal Modeling Approaches (2015)

Frameworks commonly used in trace metal ecotoxicology (e.g., biotic ligand model (BLM) and tissue residue approach (TRA)) are based on the established link between uptake, accumulation and toxicity, but similar relationships remain unverified for metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs). The present study aimed to (i) characterize the bioaccumulation dynamics of PVP-, PEG-, and citrate-AgNPs, in comparison to dissolved Ag, in Daphnia magna and Lumbriculus variegatus; and (ii) investigate whether parameters of bioavailability and accumulation predict acute toxicity. In both species, uptake rate constants for AgNPs were ∼ 2-10 times less than for dissolved Ag and showed significant rank order concordance with acute toxicity. Ag elimination by L. variegatus fitted a 1-compartment loss model, whereas elimination in D. magna was biphasic. The latter showed consistency with studies that reported daphnids ingesting NPs, whereas L. variegatus biodynamic parameters indicated that uptake and efflux were primarily determined by the bioavailability of dissolved Ag released by the AgNPs. Thus, principles of BLM and TRA frameworks are confounded by the feeding behavior of D. magna where the ingestion of AgNPs perturbs the relationship between tissue concentrations and acute toxicity, but such approaches are applicable when accumulation and acute toxicity are linked to dissolved concentrations. The uptake rate constant, as a parameter of bioavailability inclusive of all available pathways, could be a successful predictor of acute toxicity.
Do Oriental Psychiatric Patients receive Different Dosages of Psychotropic Medication when Compared with Occidentals (1987)

The literature suggests the possibility of different drug dosage requirements between patients of different ethnic origins. This study thereby attempted to investigate the average dosages of psychotropic medications being prescribed for Orientals versus Occidentals using a retrospective drug history review and an international opinion survey. The retrospective drug history review compared drug dosages for four commonly used psychotropic medications in well matched Oriental and Occidental populations. Data from this review showed that final/maintenance dosages of amitriptyline were significantly lower for Orientals than Occidentals. The opinion survey assessed the responses of psychiatrists in the Orient, as well as in North America, with respect to average dosages prescribed for the two populations; their beliefs in possible variability and causes underlying the variability. Data indicated that significantly lower dosages of chlorpromazine, phenelzine, diazepam, and chlordiazepoxide are being prescribed for Orientals as compared with Occidentals. Beliefs in differences were dependent upon the degree of exposure to Orientals. Suggested etiological factors underlying the variability were usually related to drug metabolism, side effects, and body weight. In both types of studies, Orientals appeared to have lower prescribed dosages than Occidentals. The lower dosages, however, appeared to be a function of the physician's experience in treating the Oriental population.
Tellurium-centered radical cations. 1. The 1,3-ditellurole radical cation by chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical oxidation (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTellurium-centered radical cations. 1. The 1,3-ditellurole radical cation by chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical oxidationMichael R. Detty, Neil F. Haley, Raymond S. Eachus, James W. Hassett, Henry R. Luss, M. Gary Mason, John M. McKelvey, and Alex A. WernbergCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 22, 6298–6304Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00308a023RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views139Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (882 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Handbook of cathodic corrosion protection: theory and practice of electrochemical protection processes (1998)

Historic development of corrosion protection. Fundamentals and concepts of corrosion and electrochemical corrosion protection. Fundamentals and practice of electrical measurements. Corrosion in water and soil. Corrosion protection by coatings and cladding. Sacrificial anodes. Impressed current anodes. Impressed current installations and protective current instruments. Impressed current installations in the ground and influential factors. Pipelines. Storage containers and storage tanks. Local cathodic protection. Telephone cable. Power cables. Influence of stray current and stray current protection. Marine buildings and offshore pipelines. Cathodic protection of ships. Cathodic protection of borehole piping. Cathodic protection of reinforcing steel in concrete structures. Internal cathodic protection of water tanks. Electrochemical corrosion protection for internal surfaces of apparatus, containers, and pipes. Safety and economy. Effect on long conducting pipelines of high voltage installations. Current and voltage distribution in a stationary electric field.
Characterization of urothelial carcinoma with seminal vesicle involvement in locally advanced bladder cancer. (2016)

440 Background: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is associated with poor clinical outcomes, especially in locally advanced (pT4) disease. There is a paucity of data, however, regarding the clinical impact of seminal vesicle (SV) involvement. Therefore, we sought to characterize clinicopathologic features of patients with urothelial carcinoma involving seminal vesicles, and evaluate clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced (pT4) bladder cancer with or without SV involvement. Methods: After institutional review board (IRB) approval, we retrospectively identified all men with pT4 (per the 7 th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual) bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy between 2002 and 2013 at a single large academic institution. Clinicopathologic and follow-up data for all patients were obtained from the electronic medical record. The presence or absence of divergent differentiation, including aggressive forms (plasmacytoid, nested, micropapillary, and sarcomatoid), was recorded. Estimates of overall survival (OS) were compared by plotting Kaplan-Meier curves and using log-rank test. Results: A total of 62 patients were eligible for analysis. The median age and follow-up duration were 72 (range: 46 – 87) years and 12 (range: 0 – 141) months respectively. SV involvement was present in 17.7% (11/62) of patients. The frequency of divergent differentiation (including aggressive forms), angiolymphatic invasion, nodal disease (pN1-3), and positive soft tissue margins was relatively higher among those with SV involvement (not significant, all p &gt;0.05). The 1 and 2-year OS for patients with SV involvement were 32.7% and 0% respectively, compared with 51.0 % and 24.9% respectively for patients without SV involvement. There was no statistically significant difference between the median OS of men with and without SV involvement (9 vs. 13 months, respectively; p = 0.19). Conclusions: In this relatively limited sample size cohort, we did not observe any difference in the overall survival of locally advanced bladder cancer patients with and without SV involvement.