gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of poly (diallyl-dimethyl-ammoniumchloride) (PDADMAC) and of copolymers of DADMAC with N-methyl-N-vinyl-acetamide (NMVA) on colloidal silica (2008)

The adsorption of cationic polyelectrolytes on colloidal silicaparticles is investigated. The adsorbed amounts and hydrodynamic layer thicknesses of the cationic polyelectrolytes poly(diallyl-dimethyl-ammoniumchloride) PDADMAC of different molar masses and statistic copolymers of DADMAC and N-methyl-N-vinyl-acetamide (NMVA) of various contents have been measured. Furthermore, the surface charge densities of the bare and polyelectrolyte covered silica particles have been determined by potentiometric titration. The adsorbed amounts as well as the hydrodynamic layer thicknesses of the adsorbed polyelectrolyte layer increase with the ionic strength and the pH of the suspension and at high salt concentration with the molar mass of the macroions. At low salt concentrations the adsorbed amounts rise with decreasing charge density of the polyelectrolyte. During polyelectrolyte adsorption the surface charge density of colloidal silica is increased because of the dissociation of silanol groups.
Adversarial Attacks against Binary Similarity Systems (2023)

In recent years, binary analysis gained traction as a fundamental approach to inspect software and guarantee its security. Due to the exponential increase of devices running software, much research is now moving towards new autonomous solutions based on deep learning models, as they have been showing state-of-the-art performances in solving binary analysis problems. One of the hot topics in this context is binary similarity, which consists in determining if two functions in assembly code are compiled from the same source code. However, it is unclear how deep learning models for binary similarity behave in an adversarial context. In this paper, we study the resilience of binary similarity models against adversarial examples, showing that they are susceptible to both targeted and untargeted attacks (w.r.t. similarity goals) performed by black-box and white-box attackers. In more detail, we extensively test three current state-of-the-art solutions for binary similarity against two black-box greedy attacks, including a new technique that we call Spatial Greedy, and one white-box attack in which we repurpose a gradient-guided strategy used in attacks to image classifiers.
The 10 to 20-day westward propagating mode and “Breaks in the Monsoons” (1980)

This study utilizes daily surface pressure data records for a 40-year period (1933 to 1972). The dominant transient modes of the wave number frequency spectra of surface pressure along the latitudes of the monsoon trough (i.e., 20° to 30° N) are determined from a longitude-time composite of roughly 3 months of surface pressure data for ten separate episodes of Breaks in the monsoons. This data base is composited relative to a reference (0, 0) which denotes the day of commencement of the Break in rainfall over central India and the longitude of central India (i.e., 75° E). These dominant modes, as determined from this composited data, exhibit interesting westward as well as eastward propagating modes. Furthermore, some of the salient modes exhibit steady variations of phase from one day to the next. The period of Breaks in the monsoon rainfall is shown to coincide with a pressure rise associated with the arrival of a ridge of the dominant modes over the reference origin (0, 0). The remaining 30 years of data are next subjected to a test of a hypothesis that the steady propagation of phase of a dominant westward propagating mode can be used to extrapolate, and thus to predict, the arrival of this ridge. The tests show that a 10-day linear extrapolation of the phase to Day 0 exhibits considerable skill in locating the ridge of the “Monsoon Breaks” central India. In over 70% of the cases examined we note that the arrival of the ridge coincides with a period of the observed Breaks in the monsoon. Suggestions for casting this problem in a truly predictive frame are made, the results of which will be reported in a separate study.
Relative Abundance of Single and Vacancy-Bonded Substitutional Nitrogen in CVD Diamond (2000)

Relations between the concentrations of neutral (N0) and charged (N+) single-substitutional nitrogen and of nitrogen–vacancy (N–V) complexes in chemical vapour deposited diamond films of ≈︂0.2 mm thickness with nitrogen impurity concentration levels of 10 ppm are studied. For this purpose the films were subjected to 8 MeV electron irradiation at room temperature and subsequent annealing at 800 °C. The samples were analysed by micro-photoluminescence, visible and IR absorption, and Electron Spin Resonance techniques. It was found that the concentration of nitrogen in the (N–V) and N+ forms, in as-grown films, is less than 0.1% and 10% of the neutral substitutional nitrogen N0, respectively.
<title>Optical coherence tomography device for paper characterization</title> (2004)

In this study, we propose to apply the method optical coherence tomography (OCT) for paper characterization. A PC-controlled experimental measurement system for OCT-imaging of paper is described in detail. A superluminescent diode is used as a light source in a Michelson interferometer. A rapid scanning optical delay line is using a piezo-transducer to modulate the measurement signal for optical heterodyne detection. Amplification, filtering and demodulation are performed by the unit specially designed for this purpose. Experimental measurements include the OCT slice imaging of a paper sample and comparison with a SEM-image. Also some results in surface profilometry are presented briefly. Discussion part gives some ideas of further research that will be carried out in the future.
Ultrafast Light Source at 1.8 μm Based on Thulium-Doped Fibers for Three-Photon Microscopy (2019)

Ultrafast laser systems operating around 1.7 μm to 1.8 μm are powerful tools to extend the penetration depth of mulitphoton microscopes [1,2]. However, radiation at this wavelength region is not readily available and thus frequency shifting was necessary to obtain the desired wavelength. Here, we demonstrate an ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser system generating the spectrum covering the 1.8 μm region, whose output pulses have sufficient intensity for three-photon excitation necessary for multiphoton microscopes.
Other stochastic optimization methods (2013)

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The Formation of a 12‐Hydroxystearic Acid/Vegetable Oil Organogel Under Shear and Thermal Fields (2013)

Abstract External laminar oscillatory shear applied during crystallization in combination with different temperature fields was used to modify the microstructure and physical properties of edible oil organogels. Crystallization at a high cooling rate (30 °C/min) resulted in a spherulitic microstructure with a higher oil‐binding capacity, lower storage modulus and lower yield stress compared with a material (with a fibrillar microstructure) crystallized at a slow cooling rate (1 °C/min). The application of an oscillatory shear resulted in the formation of novel microstructures depending on the cooling regime used. The application of an oscillatory shear (strain &gt; 500 % and frequency = 1 Hz) resulted in the thickening of fibers observed in the slow‐cooled material and an increased incidence of spherulite nucleation in the rapidly cooled material. Increasing the frequency of the oscillatory shear applied did not change the microstructure for the slow‐cooled gel but further increased the incidence of nucleation for the rapidly cooled gel. The application of controlled‐strain oscillatory shear to the crystallizing gel at either cooling rates resulted in an oily and very soft, paste‐like material. This material had a lower storage modulus and poorer oil‐binding capacity compared with the same gel crystallized statically. Reduction of the oscillatory strain from a maximum of 1500 to 500 % moderately mitigated the loss of mechanical properties and oil‐binding capacity although these properties were in no way comparable to those obtained from static crystallization. The study shows that the application of oscillatory shear and different cooling regimes can be used to tailor a crystalline organogel. However, the application of continuous shear must be done with care as application of excessive shear can result in a complete breakdown in gel structure and large amounts of oil loss.
Gas Core Reactor with Magnetohydrodynamic Power System and Cascading Power Cycle (2004)

The U.S. Department of Energy initiative Generation IV aim is to produce an entire nuclear energy production system with next-generation features for certification before 2030. A Generation IV-capable system must have superior sustainability, safety and reliability, and economic cost advantages in comparison with third generation light water reactors (LWRs). A gas core reactor (GCR) with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power converter and cascading power cycle forms the basis for a Generation IV concept that is expected to set the upper performance limits in sustainability and power conversion efficiency among all existing and proposed fission powered systems. A gaseous core reactor delivering thousands of megawatt fission power acts as the heat source for a high-temperature MHD power converter. A uranium tetrafluoride fuel mix, with ~95% mol fraction helium gas, provides a stable working fluid for the primary MHD Brayton cycle. The hot working fluid exiting a topping cycle MHD generator has sufficient heat to drive a conventional helium Brayton cycle with 35% thermal efficiency as well as a superheated steam Rankine cycle, with up to 40% efficiency, which recovers the waste heat from the intermediate Brayton cycle. A combined cycle efficiency of close to 70% can be achieved with only a modest MHD topping cycle efficiency. The high-temperature direct-energy conversion capability of an MHD dynamo combined with an already sophisticated steam-powered turbine industry knowledge base allows the cascading cycle design to achieve breakthrough first-law energy efficiencies previously unheard of in the nuclear power industry. Although simple in concept, the gas core reactor design has not achieved the state of technological maturity that established high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and high-temperature molten salt core reactors have pioneered. However, the GCR-MHD concept has considerable promise; for example, like molten salt reactors the fuel is continuously cycled, allowing high burnup, continuous burning of actinides, and hence greatly improved fuel utilization. The fuel inventory is two orders of magnitude lower than LWRs of comparable power output, and fissile plutonium production is likewise lower than in spent LWR fuel. Besides these features, specific GCR-MHD design challenges such as fission enhanced gas conductivity of the MHD partially ionized gas, GCR safety issues and related engineering problems are discussed.
Paclitaxel at ultra low concentrations inhibits angiogenesis without affecting cellular microtubule assembly (2003)

Many conventional chemotherapeutics, such as the microtubule-stabilizing anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol), have been shown to have anti-angiogenic activity and clinical application of a continuous low dose of these agents has been suggested for cancer therapy. In this study, we show that paclitaxel selectively inhibits the proliferation of human endothelial cells (ECs) at ultra low concentrations (0.1-100 pM), with an IC50 = 0.1 pM, while it inhibits non-endothelial type human cells at 10(4) - to 10(5) -fold higher concentrations, with IC50 = 1-10 nM. The selectivity of paclitaxel inhibition of cell proliferation is also species specific, as mouse ECs are not sensitive to paclitaxel at ultra low concentrations. They are inhibited by higher concentrations of paclitaxel with IC50 = 1-10 nM. Inhibition of human ECs by paclitaxel at ultra low concentrations does not affect the cellular microtubule structure, and the treated cells do not show G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suggesting a novel but as yet unidentified mechanism of action. In an in vitro angiogenesis assay, paclitaxel at ultra low concentrations blocks human ECs from forming sprouts and tubes in the three-dimensional fibrin matrix. In summary, paclitaxel selectively inhibits human EC proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis at low picomolar concentrations. The data support a clinical application of continuous ultra-low-dose paclitaxel to treat cancer.
Synchronized synthesis and intracellular transport of serum albumin and apolipoprotein B in cultured rat hepatocytes as studied by double immunofluorescence. (1986)

Synthesis and intracellular transport of two secretory proteins, serum albumin (SA) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) have been synchronized in primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes to make possible immunocytochemical study of the transport pathway. Under appropriate conditions of cycloheximide treatment, synthesis of new protein was inhibited and, by double immunofluorescent labeling, the cells were found to be largely depleted of the SA and apo B previously synthesized. Re-initiation of protein synthesis led to sequential appearance of SA and apo B, first in the endoplasmic reticulum, then in the Golgi complex, and finally at the cell surface. These results indicate that it should be feasible to use this cell system for high-resolution investigation of the sequence of structures involved in intracellular transport of SA and apo B by corresponding immunolabeling experiments as observed by electron microscopy.
Breast conserving surgery and radiation in the treatment of operable breast cancer. (1994)

Breast conserving treatment (BCT) is an alternative to mastectomy, and prospective randomized trials have demonstrated that BCT and radical mastectomy result in similar actuarial survival rates. BCT should fulfil two criteria: (1) it should afford the same local control of disease as radical mastectomy, and (2) it should offer clear cosmetic and psychological advantages. This paper reviews the current status of BCT in the treatment of breast cancer. The choice of a narrow marginal tumor excision with aggressive radiation versus a wide resection with a small dose of radiation is discussed. Although the narrower marginal excisions, such as tumorectomy or lumpectomy provide the best cosmetic results, they may not provide adequate local control even when combined with aggressive irradiation. Wide resections such as quadrantectomy combined with a smaller dose of radiation, results in adequate local control, but less satisfactory cosmetic results. Although body image is better preserved by BCT, a clear enhancement of the psychological well being has yet to be established. Nevertheless, with further improvement in surgical, radiological and chemotherapeutic techniques, BCT likely will be the treatment of choice in more and more patients with operable breast cancer.
Influence of green inhibitor on flow-accelerated corrosion of API X70 line pipe steel in synthetic oilfield water (2020)

Inhibition effect of oleic acid hydrazide (OAH), a green corrosion inhibitor on API X70 steel in an Indian oilfield produced water was investigated for the first time under flow condition. The test was carried out at a more critical location (90-degree pipe elbow) in a circulating loop system with the fixed flow velocity. This location is deliberately chosen because, at this location, catastrophic failure of a low alloy steel piping system usually takes place under highly corrosive turbulent flow with higher wall shear stress and flow velocity. The corrosion examination was carried out by varying the concentrations (0.05, 0.15, 0.30 g L−1) of the OAH inhibitor under flow condition. The maximum inhibitor efficiency is found 87.7% at 0.30 g L−1 concentration. The formation of protective film was confirmed by SEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy and FTIR spectra.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis in the Solid State via Hydrogen‐Bond‐Driven Self‐Assembly (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Convergence and Stability of Optimal Regulation via Generalized N-Step Value Gradient Learning (2023)

In this article, the generalized N -step value gradient learning (GNSVGL) algorithm, which takes a long-term prediction parameter λ into account, is developed for infinite horizon discounted near-optimal control of discrete-time nonlinear systems. The proposed GNSVGL algorithm can accelerate the learning process of adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) and has a better performance by learning from more than one future reward. Compared with the traditional N -step value gradient learning (NSVGL) algorithm with zero initial functions, the proposed GNSVGL algorithm is initialized with positive definite functions. Considering different initial cost functions, the convergence analysis of the value-iteration-based algorithm is provided. The stability condition for the iterative control policy is established to determine the value of the iteration index, under which the control law can make the system asymptotically stable. Under such a condition, if the system is asymptotically stable at the current iteration, then the iterative control laws after this step are guaranteed to be stabilizing. Two critic neural networks and one action network are constructed to approximate the one-return costate function, the λ -return costate function, and the control law, respectively. It is emphasized that one-return and λ -return critic networks are combined to train the action neural network. Finally, via conducting simulation studies and comparisons, the superiority of the developed algorithm is confirmed.
On the Placement of Particle Containing Cylindrical Cavities in a Grounded Dielectric Substrate to Change the Impedance of a Printed Reactive Surface (2019)

Real time control of the surface impedance of a printed conducting layer is of interest for the design of frequency selective surfaces and leaky wave antennas. Currently, the surface impedance is defined by changing the layout of printed conductors on a grounded dielectric substrate with fixed dielectric properties. However, the surface impedance can also be tailored by fixing the conductor layout and changing the dielectric substrate properties. In this paper, we present such a method where cylindrical air cavities containing micron-sized conducting particles embedded in a grounded substrate are used to change its dielectric properties. Results are presented to demonstrate the effect of cavity placement on the impedance of a fixed printed reactive surface at 10 GHz. The results are shown to compare well with published literature for validation.
Stability of black carbon in soils across a climatic gradient (2008)

The recalcitrant properties of black carbon (BC) grant it to be a significant pool of stable organic C (OC) in soils. Up to now, however, the longevity of BC under different climates is still unclear. In this study, we used BC samples from historical charcoal blast furnace sites to examine the stability of BC across a climatic gradient of mean annual temperatures (MAT) from 3.9 to 17.2°C. The results showed that OC concentration and OC storage in the BC‐containing soils at a soil depth of 0–0.2 m were 9.0 and 4.7 times higher than those in adjacent soils, respectively. Organic C in the BC‐containing soils was more stable, with a significantly lower amount of the labile OC fraction (4.4 mg g −1 OC versus 27.5 mg g −1 OC) and longer half‐life of the recalcitrant OC fraction (59 years versus 9 years) than the adjacent soils determined by incubation experiments. The stability of BC was primarily due to its inherently recalcitrant chemical composition as suggested by short‐term incubation and solid state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of isolated BC particles. A significant negative relationship between OC storage and MAT further indicated that OC storage was decreased with warmer climate. However, the lack of a relationship between MAT and BC mineralization suggested that the stability of the remaining BC was similar between sites with very different MAT. Despite the fact that warming or cooling result in immediate consequences for BC stocks, it may have little impact on the stability of remaining BC over the period studied.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of trametinib plus dabrafenib as first-line therapy for metastatic BRAF V600-mutated melanoma in the Swiss setting (2015)

The introduction of trametinib in Switzerland at US market prices for the treatment of metastatic BRAF V600-mutated melanoma with trametinib plus dabrafenib is unlikely to be cost-effective compared with vemurafenib monotherapy. A reduction in the total price of the combination therapy is required to achieve an acceptable cost-effectiveness ratio for this clinically promising treatment.
Macrolide‐resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in transplantation: Increasingly typical? (2020)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common bacterial causes of pneumonia. Macrolide-resistant M pneumoniae (MRMP) was documented in 7.5% of isolates in the United States. Resistance portends poor outcomes to macrolide therapy, yet patients respond well to fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines such as minocycline. However, MRMP may be under-appreciated because M pneumoniae generally causes relatively mild infections in non-immunosuppressed adults that may resolve without effective therapy and because microbiological confirmation and susceptibility are not routinely performed. We report two cases of pneumonia due to MRMP in kidney transplant recipients. Both patients required hospital admission, worsened on macrolide therapy, and rapidly defervesced on doxycycline or levofloxacin. In one case, M pneumoniae was only identified by multiplex respiratory pathogen panel analysis of BAL fluid. Macrolide resistance was confirmed in both cases by real-time PCR and point mutations associated with macrolide resistance were identified. M pneumoniae was isolated from both cases, and molecular genotyping revealed the same genotype. In conclusion, clinicians should be aware of the potential for macrolide resistance in M pneumoniae, and may consider non-macrolide-based therapy for confirmed or non-responding infections in patients who are immunocompromised or hospitalized.
Extraction Site Reconstruction for Alveolar Ridge Preservation. Part 2: Membrane-Assisted Surgical Technique (2001)

Alveolar ridge resorption has long been considered an unavoidable consequence of tooth extraction. Guided bone regeneration techniques and the use of bone replacement materials have both been shown to enhance socket healing and to potentially modify the resorption process. This article will describe a surgical technique using textured, high-density polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane and particulate bone replacement materials for graft containment and prevention of soft tissue ingrowth into healing extraction sites. The technique described does not require primary closure, facilitating the preservation of keratinized mucosa and gingival architecture.