gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition of the Electrode Determines Which Half-Cell’s Rate Constant is Higher in a Vanadium Flow Battery (2016)

Vanadium flow batteries are a promising system for stationary energy storage. One of their shortcomings is a low power density caused by slow kinetics of the redox reactions. To alleviate this drawback, many studies tried to catalyze the redox reactions. However, up to now, there is no consensus in the literature on which of the two half-cell reactions, the V2+/V3+ or the VO2+/VO2+reaction, features the slower electron transfer. The present study is the first showing that reaction rates for the half-cells are of the same order of magnitude with their respective rate constants depending on the composition of the electrode material. The surface functional groups hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl on carbon increase the wetted surface area, catalyze the V2+/V3+ redox reaction, but impede the VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction. This complex situation was unraveled by using a newly developed procedure based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Reaction mechanisms based on these results are discussed.
Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (Persea americana L.) Seeds (2023)

The aim of this research was to identify and quantify biologically active compounds from avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) seeds (AS) utilizing different techniques with the use of ultrasound (US), ethanol (EtOH), and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO<sub>2</sub>) for possible applications in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other relevant industries. Initially, a study of the process efficiency (<i>η</i>) was carried out, which revealed yields in the range of 2.96-12.11 wt%. The sample obtained using scCO<sub>2</sub> was found to be the richest in total phenols (TPC) and total proteins (PC), while the sample obtained with the use of EtOH resulted in the highest content of proanthocyanidins (PAC). Phytochemical screening of AS samples, quantified by the HPLC method, indicated the presence of 14 specific phenolic compounds. In addition, the activity of the selected enzymes (cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, protease, transglutaminase, and superoxide dismutase) was quantified for the first time in the samples from AS. Using DPPH radical scavenging activity, the highest antioxidant potential (67.49%) was detected in the sample obtained with EtOH. The antimicrobial activity was studied using disc diffusion method against 15 microorganisms. Additionally, for the first time, the antimicrobial effectiveness of AS extract was quantified by determination of microbial growth-inhibition rates (MGIRs) at different concentrations of AS extract against three strains of Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>) bacteria, three strains of Gram-positive (<i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>) bacteria, and fungi (<i>Candida albicans</i>). MGIRs and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC<sub>90</sub>) values were determined after 8 and 24 h of incubation, thus enabling the screening of antimicrobial efficacy for possible further applications of AS extracts as antimicrobial agents in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other industries. For example, the lowest MIC<sub>90</sub> value was determined for <i>B. cereus</i> after 8 h of incubation in the case of UE and SFE extracts (70 μg/mL), indicating an outstanding result and the potential of AS extracts, as the MIC values for <i>B. cereus</i> have not been investigated so far.
Fibroblasts Create Compartments in the Extracellular Space Where Collagen Polymerizes into Fibrils and Fibrils Associate into Bundlesa (1985)

Morphogenesis in the animal kingdom is closely coupled with the intracellular synthesis and the extracellular deposition of collagen. These morphogenetically important events involve multiple steps which begin in compartments inside the cell and continue in compartments outside the cell. The movement of matrix components from the intracellular compartments to the extracellular compartments is a functional continuum. Studies of embryonic chick tendon and cornea fibroblasts with the high-voltage (1000 kV) transmission electron microscope have provided the beginnings of an understanding of how this functional continuum is related to the structural compartments which the cells create. This series of compartments, both inside and outside the cell, is involved in collagen fibrillogenesis, collagen fibril bundle formation, and tissue morphogenesis.
XueBiJing Injection Versus Placebo for Critically Ill Patients With Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019)

In critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia, XueBiJing injection led to a statistically significant improvement in the primary endpoint of the pneumonia severity index as well a significant improvement in the secondary clinical outcomes of mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation and duration of ICU stay.
Improved Understanding of Zircaloy Hydrogen Pickup Mechanisms in BWRs. NSUF Report (Final Report) (2022)

Using an instrumented autoclave operating at 288°C and 1100 psi, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were taken from three neutron irradiated fuel channel samples (Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4). The three high priority fuel channel samples were tested at 288°C using a simulated PWR water with the AC frequency range extending down through 10<sup>-4</sup> Hz, with corresponding DC measurements to validate the resistance measurements. EIS measurements were also taken at room temperature using a simulated PWR water from four neutron irradiated fuel channel samples (Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4). and four water rod samples (Zircaloy-2). EIS measurements were also performed on unirradiated Zircaloy-2 tubes that were previously oxidized in autoclaves at various temperatures for different time durations to obtain oxide layers of different thicknesses. These experiments proved to be more challenging than anticipated because of the small size of the samples, which required development of fixtures to allow valid testing of the materials, some of which are radioactive, under pressure and temperature. Equivalent circuits were used to model the data. Some samples resulted in Nyquist plots where the arcs were too close to each other resulting in the inability to separate the different oxide morphological thicknesses. Microstructural characterization in the form of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy was performed to document the microstructural features of the oxidized Zr-2 and Zr-4 samples (oxide and metal/oxide interface) and to interpret the EIS results. At the start of this work, it was assumed that despite the laminar cracks and porosity visible in both optical and SEM, the oxide scale is dense near the metal, effectively preventing the water from contacting the metal directly. While it is generally accepted that the large laminar cracks pores allow the water to percolate into the oxide film, it is unknown just how deep it can go, and how interconnected is the porosity, which will dictate how much the porosity is connected electrically to the water within the oxide scale. The EIS results demonstrated that there is in fact a distribution of oxide thicknesses over the various samples, and within each material condition, that are communicating to the liquid. This is derived from the fact that Nyquist plots have an arc radius whose center point is often below the Z’ axis, implying that instead of a single oxide thickness, these oxides have a distribution of thicknesses. This distribution of thicknesses produces arcs that are not clearly separable in most of the samples.
Synaptic NMDA receptor stimulation activates PP1 by inhibiting its phosphorylation by Cdk5 (2013)

results in PP1 activation, likely through PP1-mediated autodephosphorylation.Notably we find no role for I-1 or calcineurin in the synaptic regulation of PP1 in primary neurons.On the other hand, we find that NMDA receptor signaling can activate PP1 without its dissociation from I-2. Notably, NMDA receptor signaling results in dephosphorylation of I-2 at T72, and this appears to be responsible for increasing the interaction of PP1 and I2.Finally, we find that I-2 knockdown (KD) increased phosphorylation of PP1 at T320 and I-2 KD blocked NMDA receptor-dependent LTD induction in primary neurons.Together, these results suggest a mechanism that includes PP1 dephosphorylation and I-2 regulation that is used to control PP1 activity in response to synaptic NMDA receptor stimulation and LTD induction. ResultsCalcium influx via synaptic NMDA receptors activates PP1
Dynamical models for fault detection in squirrel cage induction motors (2006)

Induction motors are the dominant components in industrial processes involving electromechanical energy conversion. Safety, reliability and efficiency are major concerns in modern induction motor applications. Since detecting faults on time could avoid costly unscheduled shutdowns, in recent years there has been an increased interest in induction motor fault detection and diagnosis. In this paper, we propose monitoring schemes to solve fault detection problems of induction motors. We begin with a monitoring scheme to detect detuning operation in Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) driven induction motors. Secondly, we present a monitoring scheme to detect broken rotor bars on IFOC-driven induction motors. The proposed monitoring scheme does not rely on spectral methods; instead, it monitors a carefully selected induction motor state, using an online observer. The key to fault detection is the development of a simplified dynamic model of a squirrel cage induction motor with broken rotor bars. Numerical simulations validate both monitoring schemes.
EMERGING NEED OF PHARMACOKINETICS IN AYURVEDIC SYSTEM OF MEDICINE (2013)

Ayurveda is the most ancient system of traditional medicine of the world has been practicing in India. It has been facing constant challenges like standardization and pharmacokinetic profile of biomarkers in the Ayurvedic formulations. Due to these challenges there will be a potential decrease in the global herbal market. Presently Indian herbal market is about US $1.1 billion whereas Chinese herbal market is about US $10 billion per annum. Thus there is an urgent need of standardization and pharmacokinetics of the Ayurvedic formulations in order to achieve the uphold position in the global market. Pharmacokinetics which deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the biomarkers or the new drug entity is the one of the regulatory requirement for an investigational new drug approval. Bioactive guided pharmacokinetic approach method is needed for Ayurvedic system of medicine to determine the pharmacokinetics of relevant markers in the formulation having number of markers. Also non compartmental analysis method should be applied for the analysis of pharmacokinetics of biomarkers from Ayurvedic formulations for successful pharmacokinetic evaluation. In this review we have explored the importance of pharmacokinetics in Ayurvedic system of medicine and integrated approaches for the pharmacokinetics in Ayurvedic system of medicine.
Remote stereoselective deconjugation of α,β-unsaturated esters by simple amidation reactions (2015)

The thermodynamically disfavored isomerization of α,β-unsaturated esters to deconjugated β,γ-unsaturated analogues occurs readily when coupled to an amidation. Within the framework of macrocyclic derivatives, it is shown that 15, 16, and 18 membered macrocycles react with <i>t</i>BuOK and anilines to generate, in one-pot, β,γ-unsaturated amides (yields up to 88%). Importantly, single (chiral) diastereomers are isolated (d.r. > 49 : 1, <sup>1</sup>H NMR) irrespective of the size and nature of the rings, showing an effective transmission of remote stereochemistry during the isomerization process. CSP-chromatographic resolution and absolute configuration determination by VCD are achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CYCLOOCTATETRAENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. X. 1,2,3,8‐TETRAPHENYLCYCLOOCTATETRAENE AND 2,3,4,5‐TETRAPHENYLCYCLOOCTA‐1,3,5‐TRIENE (1982)

Abstract Tetracyclon (I) und das Diels‐Alder‐Addukt (II) reagieren zu dem exo‐Cycloaddukt (III).
Ultrafast Semiconductor Quantum Optics (2010)

Since the "photon" was introduced by Albert Einstein in 1905, a large number of quantum optical experiments has been successfully performed with these quanta of light Also the interaction of single photons with atomic or molecular systems has been studied in great detail However, from an applications point of view, devices operating under high vacuum conditions are difficult to handle. Therefore, highly integrated quantum optical systems based on the solid-state are worthwhile studying. In this review we are focusing on semiconductor quantum dots.
Velocimetry of cathode particles in a magnetoplasmadynamic thruster discharge plasma (2015)

With high-speed imaging, it is possible to directly observe the time-evolution of the macroscopic behavior of the discharge plasma in a magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT). By utilizing direct high-speed imaging capable of capturing many images over the course of a single discharge, the velocity of the cathode erosion particles can be measured, opening the possibility of a novel, noninvasive technique for discharge plasma flow field velocimetry. In this work, an 8 kA argon MPDT discharge is imaged at 26 173 fps utilizing a 0.9 neutral density filter. The camera is aligned with thruster centerline 4 m downstream of the thruster exit plane. By tracking visible particles appearing in the multiple images, the particle motion in the radial and azimuthal directions is directly imaged. Through the use of traditional techniques in digital particle image velocimetry, the cathode particles emanating from the discharge are measured to have a mean radial velocity of 44.6 ± 6.0 m/s with a 95% confidence interval and a statistically insignificant azimuthal velocity. The setup and analysis employed permits measurement of the particle velocity in orthogonal direction to the image sensor plane using a single camera. By combining a background removal subtraction technique and knowledge of the optical focal plane, the estimated mean axial velocity of the particles is 1.59 km/s. This investigation ends with a discussion of important factors to consider for future MPDT high-speed imaging particle velocimetry, such as frame-rate, image size, spatial resolution, optics, and data handling selections.
Improvements in siRNA properties mediated by 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro- -D-arabinonucleic acid (FANA) (2006)

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged recently as an efficient mechanism for specific gene silencing. Short double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are now widely used for cellular or drug target validation; however, their use for silencing clinically relevant genes in a therapeutic setting remains problematic because of their unfavourable metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties. To address some of these concerns, we have investigated the properties of siRNA modified with 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-d-arabinonucleotide units (araF-N or FANA units). Here we provide evidence that these modified siRNAs are compatible with the intracellular RNAi machinery and can mediate specific degradation of target mRNA. We also show that the incorporation of FANA units into siRNA duplexes increases activity and substantially enhances serum stability of the siRNA. A fully modified sense 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinonucleic acid (FANA) strand when hybridized to an antisense RNA (i.e. FANA/RNA hybrid) was shown to be 4-fold more potent and had longer half-life in serum (approximately 6 h) compared with an unmodified siRNA (<15 min). While incorporation of FANA units is well tolerated throughout the sense strand of the duplex, modifications can also be included at the 5' or 3' ends of the antisense strand, in striking contrast to other commonly used chemical modifications. Taken together, these results offer preliminary evidence of the therapeutic potential of FANA modified siRNAs.
Two-Photon Excited Luminescent Styryl Dyes as Probes for the DNA Detection and Imaging. Photostability and Phototoxic Influence on DNA (2007)

The photostability and phototoxic influence on DNA of several styryl dyes are investigated by studying the absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of these dyes and DNA + dye systems. The dyes Bos-1, DBos-24, and DBos-30 exhibit a rather intensive fluorescence under the two-photon excitation. Changes of the optical density in the wavelength regions 250 ÷ 300 nm (DNA absorption) and 370 ÷ 650 nm (dye absorption) of DNA + dye solutions caused by the visible light irradiation are fixed. Bos-1 and DBos-30 dyes bound to DNA are more photostable than those in free state, being photochemically safe for DNA. DBos-24 and Dst-MdO dyes show a slight phototoxic effect on DNA.
Floorplanning using a tree representation (2001)

We present an ordered tree (O tree) structure to represent nonslicing floorplans. The O tree uses only n(2+[lg n]) bits for a floorplan of n rectangular blocks. We define an admissible placement as a compacted placement in both x and y directions. For each admissible placement, we can find an O-tree representation. We show that the number of possible O-tree combinations is O(n!2/sup 2n-2//n/sup l.5/). This is very concise compared to a sequence pair representation that has O((n!)/sup 2/) combinations. The approximate ratio of sequence pair and O-tree combinations is O(n/sup 2/(n/4e)/sup n/). The complexity of O tree is even smaller than a binary tree structure for slicing floorplan that has O(n!2/sup 5n-3//n/sup 1.5/) combinations. Given an O tree, it takes only linear time to construct the placement and its constraint graph. We have developed a deterministic floorplanning algorithm utilizing the structure of O tree. Empirical results on MCNC (www.mcnc.org) benchmarks show promising performance with average 16% improvement in wire length and 1% less dead space over previous central processing unit (CPU) intensive cluster refinement method.
Leveraging Snow Plow Dashboards Cams and Connected Vehicle Speed Data to Improve Winter Operations Performance Measures (2019)

Recent developments in mobile phone applications for polling traffic and roadway condition data from the public have led to new data sources that complement traditional Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) sensors, weather stations, and automatic vehicle location (AVL) on fleet vehicles. This study compared qualitative assessments by different users of snow plow dashboard images with interstate connected vehicle speeds. The data set was composed of 1,119 geotagged images collected during a snowstorm on February 2-3, 2016, on Interstate 80. The images were classified by three users into one of seven categories to describe the road conditions. The classification of images saw the greatest deviation when road conditions were “wet,” “dry,” or “icy,” suggesting some variation in the interpretation of these categories by the users. Connected vehicle speed data was used to validate conditions and analyze speeds at GPS locations of each image for a two-hour window around when the image was taken to identify any potential impacts the plows have made. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for all before and after combinations to determine which comparisons were the most significant between minutes before and after the plow, and found that speed data taken between 17 to 12 minutes before the plow had the greatest maximum distance improvement on the speed distributions 25 to 35 minutes after the plow has gone through. Longer term, these techniques will provide a framework for agencies to dynamically monitor changing road conditions and respond to changing weather conditions.
High flux coherent supercontinuum soft X-ray source driven by a single-stage Ti:sapphire-pumped OPA (2014)

We demonstrate the highest flux tabletop coherent soft X-ray source to date, using high harmonics driven by a single-stage Ti:sapphire-pumped OPA at 1.3µm. The spectrum extends to 200eV, with a flux of &gt;106 photons/pulse/1% bandwidth.
Analysis of Single-Buffer Polling Models for Time-Slotted Communication Protocols (1995)

The message waiting time in a system of multiple queues, each with a single buffer, attended by a server in cyclic order is studied under the assumption that the time axis is slotted. The results can be used for the performance comparison with other slotted communication protocols. The distribution and the mean of the waiting time are obtained for general asymmetric systems, and closed-form expressions are derived for symmetric systems with constant service and switchover times. The simple results for the continuous polling model are identified with the limiting forms for infinitely many queues in stable unlimited-buffer systems with exhaustive, gated, or limited service discipline.
Non-specular scattering of carriers from surface defects in thin metal interconnects (2020)

Non-specular scattering of carriers, despite being one of the key contributors to metal film resistivity, is conveniently characterized by a single parameter p (referred to as specularity parameter) in the literature without providing a means to separate out relative contributions of surface defects to it. In this work, we report a theoretical formalism to predict contributions to (non-specular) reflection (scattering) of carriers from different types of chemical and structural defects on the film surface. Establishing specular reflection as a special case of the more generalized reflection from the surface, we show that elastic scatterings contribute to the non-specular reflections by randomizing the forward momentum along the transport direction. We predict density and angle-dependent specularity coefficient for various types of defects and show that large angle reflections tend to be non-specular in the presence of isotropic surface defects. Using this formalism, we predict the probability of specular reflection for technologically relevant metal–metal and metal–insulator interfaces. Calculated specularity coefficients are in agreement with values obtained from experimental measurements. Our methodology will help in designing next generation interconnects and engineering the interfaces with minimal diffuse reflection.
SyML: Guiding Symbolic Execution Toward Vulnerable States Through Pattern Learning (2021)

Exploring many execution paths in a binary program is essential to discover new vulnerabilities. Dynamic Symbolic Execution (DSE) is useful to trigger complex input conditions and enables an accurate exploration of a program while providing extensive crash replayability and semantic insights.
Multigigabit-per-second avalanche photodiode lightwave receivers (1987)

High-speed avalanche photodiodes and high-sensitivity receivers are vital components for future multigigabit-per-second lightwave transmission systems. We review theoretical and experimental performance of high-speed III-V avalanche photodiodes, and also that of multigigabit-per-second lightwave receivers using FET and bi-polar amplifiers. Particular attention is given to APD gain-bandwidth product, and to its effect on high-speed receiver sensitivity. Comparisons between measured receiver sensitivities and calculated performance are presented for bit rates up to 8 Gbit/s.