gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On a Solver of Stiffness Maximization Problems in 3D With Multiple Materials Using Reaction Diffusion Equations (2019)

Multi-material design, where more than one material is placed in appropriate configurations, is indispensable to reduce weights of mechanical components while keeping their required performances. Multi-material topology optimization is a promising method for realizing such efficient multi-material designs.<br/> The present authors’ group has been developing a multi-material topology optimization method using level set functions and reaction diffusion equations. In this method, multiple level set functions are used to represent the geometrical structure (i.e., shape and topology) and distribution of materials according to the MM-LS (Multi-Material Level Set) model. Then, each level set function is updated using the design sensitivity of the objective functional w.r.t. the level set function and a reaction diffusion equation to obtain the optimal configurations. In this method, one can control complexity of both geometrical structure and distribution of the materials, as one adjusts the coefficients for the diffusion terms in the reaction diffusion equations. The design sensitivities are calculated with the help of the topological derivatives.<br/> In this presentation, we apply the multi-material topology optimization method to three dimensional problems to observe the performances. Specifically, we focus on stiffness maximization problems in 3D. The governing equation is the equilibrium equation for isotropic elastic body in 3D, and we consider a given load condition and boundary settings for the elastic body. The stiffness maximization problems are formulated as mean compliance minimization problems using multiple materials with given volume constraints. We show a new algorithm for calculating the design sensitivity w.r.t. each level set function. Some numerical examples are presented to show the validity and effectiveness of the method.
Atrial natriuretic peptide clearance receptor participates in modulating endothelial permeability (1998)

The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-C receptor is generally believed to clear ANP; however, the ANP-C receptor may serve to reduce cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. ANP decreases endothelial permeability in coronary endothelial cell monolayers. We tested the hypothesis that part of this effect might be mediated by the ANP-C receptor. We used an endothelial cell monolayer from rat coronary endothelium and measured albumin flux. We applied either ANP or a ring-deleted ANP (C-ANP), which only stimulates the ANP-C receptor. ANP and C-ANP both decreased permeability from 100 pM to 100 nM by 60 and 30%, respectively. ANP increased endothelial cGMP contents 5.5-fold, whereas C-ANP had no effect. ANP reduced endothelial cAMP contents by 75%, which was only partly blocked by pertussis toxin. C-ANP also reduced cAMP; however, this effect was completely blocked by pertussis toxin. Protein kinase G inhibition blocked the ANP-mediated decrease in permeability by 50%. In contrast, pretreatment with pertussis toxin, in the face of protein kinase G inhibition, blocked the effect completely. C-ANP decreased permeability by half the amount of ANP. This C-ANP effect was completely blocked by pertussis toxin but not by protein kinase G inhibition. Isoproterenol (10 microM) increased permeability by almost 50%, which was completely blocked by ANP but only partially blocked by C-ANP. The C-ANP effect was blocked completely by pertussis toxin. Isoproterenol increased cAMP threefold, which was abolished by ANP. C-ANP reduced the isoproterenol-induced increase in cAMP by 50%. Isoproterenol had no effect on cGMP. We conclude that agonist binding to the ANP-C receptor inhibits cAMP production via a Gi protein-coupled signaling system. This inhibition may contribute to the decreased endothelial permeability evoked by ANP in this system.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF β‐ARYLETHENYL α‐HYDROXYALKYL KETONES (1979)

Abstract Die Hydroxyketone (I) bilden mit den Aldehyden (II) die ungesättigten Hydroxyketone (III), deren Stereochemie diskutiert wird.
Band-Selective 2D HSQMBC: A Universal Technique for Detection and Measurement of 35,37Cl Isotope Effects for 13C Nuclei (2016)

A novel technique that allows efficient measurement of the <sup>35,37</sup>Cl isotope pattern for any <sup>13</sup>C resonance has been developed. The band-selective CLIP-HSQMBC experiment is reliable and universally applicable for the indirect measurement of the <sup>35,37</sup>Cl isotope shift of <sup>13</sup>C resonances. The experiment provides advantages over conventional 1D <sup>13</sup>C NMR and the recently developed bs-HSQC experiments. The utility and performance of the bs-CLIP-HSQMBC experiment is demonstrated for polyhalogenated synthons in a synthetic route and for a polyhalogenated marine natural product.
Nanoparticle Formation in Surface Layer of Oxide Materials and Improvement of Photocatalytic Properties of Rutile Titanium Dioxide (2003)

Negative‐ion implantation could be used to create nanoparticles in oxide insulators with finely controlled accuracy for both depth and size. For 50‐nm‐thick SiO2 film on Si, Ag nanoparticles with 3 nm in diameter were created in the center of the film with distribution thickness of 17 nm. Cu negative‐ion implanted silica glass and soda‐lime glass showed a high nonlinear susceptance of the 3rd order in nonlinear optical property. Cu and Ag double‐implanted silica glass showed an absorption peak between two absorption peaks of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for Cu and Ag nanoparticles. The optical absorption peak due to SPR of nanoparticle in oxide could be changed by forming nanoparticles with different kinds of elements and alloy. For application of metal nanoparticle to photocatalyst, Ag negative ions were implanted into rutile TiO2. The Ag‐implanted rutile samples showed improved photocatalytic efficiency after proper annealing in a decolorization test of methylene blue solution under fluorescent light. The better one was the Ag‐implanted rutile TiO2 (Ag: 65 keV, 5×1016 ions/cm2, 500°C annealed), which showed a photocatalytic efficiency higher by 2.2 times than that of unimplanted rutile TiO2. In the evaluation under fluorescent light through UV‐cut filter for 19 h, the Ag‐implanted rutile showed 6.7 times higher efficiency.
Effects of an electric field on the static friction of a metal on a ferroelectric material (1995)

We investigated the static friction of a metal placed on ferroelectrics when an alternating current (ac) electric field was applied. Specifically, we studied the angle at which a stainless-steel disc placed on a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) plate begins to slide, namely, the friction angle. It was found that under a constant voltage the friction angle increased as the frequency of the applied voltage was increased. A time dependency of the static friction coefficient on electrostatic force was discussed.
Adenine nucleotide degradation in the human myocardium during cardioplegia (1987)

The tissue content of adenine nucleotides and their metabolites, inosine monophosphate, adenosine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid, were determined in biopsy specimens from the left ventricle of six patients during cardioplegia for open heart surgery. Biopsy specimens were collected immediately after the induction and at the end of cardioplegia (51-82 min) and were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. After the induction of cardioplegia (cold potassium enriched solution) the left coronary artery was continuously perfused with cold (10 degrees C), potassium enriched, diluted blood. The adenosine triphosphate concentration decreased from 13 to 8 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle (p less than 0.01) during cardioplegia. Adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate concentrations were 6 and 3 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle respectively and remained unaffected. The adenosine concentration (0.3 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle) was three times higher than that of inosine monophosphate. Inosine concentrations increased from 0.8 to 2.7 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle (p less than 0.01) in parallel with the increase in hypoxanthine from 0.1 to 0.4 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle (p less than 0.01). The total adenine nucleotide pool decreased by 5 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle (p less than 0.01), whereas the corresponding increase in nucleotides and bases only was 2 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle. In conclusion, the adenosine triphosphate content and the adenine nucleotide pool were appreciably reduced during continuous cold blood cardioplegia as used in the present study. The tissue content of adenosine and further metabolites was considerably increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A rare variant of inguinal hernia (2014)

The surgeon must always be alert to the possibility of cryptorchid testis during a surgical exploration of an inguinal hernia. In suspected cases, laparoscopy ultrasonographic, CT scan and laparoscopy evaluation may be helpful in diagnosing of this atypical inguinal hernia before surgery.
Unveiling six potent and highly selective antileishmanial agents via the open source compound collection ‘Pathogen Box’ against antimony-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania braziliensis (2020)

Despite all efforts to provide new chemical entities to tackle leishmaniases, we are still dependent on a the limited drug arsenal, together with drawbacks like toxicity and drug-resistant parasites. Collaborative drug discovery emerged as an option to speed up the way to find alternative antileishmanial agents. This is the case of Medicines for Malaria Ventures - MMV, that promotes an open source drug discovery initiative to fight diseases worldwide. Here, we screened 400 compounds from 'Pathogen Box' (PBox) collection against Leishmania braziliensis, the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Twenty-three compounds were able to inhibit ≥ 80 % L. braziliensis growth at 5 μM. Six out of the PBox selected 23 compounds were found to be highly selective against L. braziliensis intracellular amastigotes with selectivity index varying from > 104 to > 746 and IC<sub>50</sub>s ranging from 47 to 480 nM. The compounds were also active against antimony-resistant L. braziliensis isolated from the field or laboratory selected mutants, revealing the potential on treating patients infected with drug resistant parasites. Most of the selected compounds were known to be active against kinetoplastids, however, two compounds (MMV688703 and MMV676477) were part of toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis 'PBox' disease set, reinforcing the potential of phenotyping screening to unveil drug repurposing. Here we applied a computational prediction of pharmacokinetic properties using the ADMET predictor pkCSM (http://biosig.unimelb.edu.au/pkcsm/). The tool offered clues on potential drug development needs and can support further in vivo studies. Molecular docking analysis identified CRK3 (LbrM.35.0660), CYP450 (LbrM.30.3580) and PKA (LbrM.18.1180) as L. braziliensis targets for MMV676604, MMV688372 and MMV688703, respectively. Compounds from 'Pathogen Box' thus represents a new hope for novel (or repurposed) small molecules source to tackle leishmaniases.
Laser beam welding of aluminum alloy 5754-O using a 3 kW Nd:YAG laser and fiber optic beam delivery (1996)

A program was conducted to evaluate laser beam welding of aluminum alloy 5754-O using a 3.0 kW Nd:YAG laser and fiber optic beam delivery. The alloy and laser system were chosen based on consideration for potential applications in the automotive industry. Process parameters were developed for producing autogenous, square-butt welds in 1.6 mm thickness. Metallographic analyses, mechanical property testing, and post weld formability testing were conducted to characterize joints produced under these conditions. Results of these evaluations indicate that the 3.0 kW Nd:YAG laser provides adequate power density and beam quality for welding of this thickness. Enhanced absorption associated with the Nd:YAG laser is believed to be responsible for improved stability of the weld pool and increased weld consistency. Results of tensile tests of the Nd:YAG laser beam welds provided over 90 percent of base metal strength and measurements of post process formability of the welds yielded approximately 70 percent of base metal formability.
Cassane- and Norcassane-Type Diterpenes of Caesalpinia crista from Myanmar (2004)

From the CH(2)Cl(2) extract of seed kernels of Caesalpinia crista from Myanmar, five new cassane-type diterpenes, caesalpinins MA-ME (1-5), and three new norcassane-type diterpenes, norcaesalpinins MA-MC (6-8), have been isolated, together with 12 known cassane-type diterpenes, 14(17)-dehydrocaesalmin F, caesaldekarin e, caesalmin B, caesalmin C, caesalmin E, 2-acetoxy-3-deacetoxycaesaldekarin e, 2-acetoxycaesaldekarin e, caesalpinin C, 7-acetoxybonducellpin C, caesalpinin E, norcaesalpinin B, and 6-acetoxy-3-deacetoxycaesaldekarin e. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data.
Exploring Interaction Strategies in the Context of Sleep (2011)

This paper highlights opportunities and considerations when developing interaction techniques in the relatively unexplored area of sleep. We do this by first describing the sociological aspects of sleep such as the need for scheduling and coordinating sleep within a collective, followed by a description of the physiological aspects such as the circadian rhythm and sleep stages. We then examine how some external factors like the location of sleep and family settings can affect sleep to highlight potential design opportunities. We finish the paper by describing five distinct themes such as scheduling for a collective, supporting sleep transitions and feigning and inhibiting sleep around which design opportunities are explored. The main contribution of this paper is a discussion on the phenomenon of sleep and its position in the social life to provide a rich understanding of sleep and a set of opportunities for interaction design research around sleep.
Iosulamide (1980)

Iosulamide is a bis-benzoic analogue of metrizoate that shows clear advantages in animal tests over meglumine iodipamide. The intravenous toxicity of iosulamide meglumine is considerably lower than that of iodipamide (Cholografin) in the mouse and rat. The LD50 in mice for iosulamide meglumine is 11,500 ± 844 mg free acid/kg and for iodipamide is 2380 ± 290 mg free acid/kg. A threefold difference in toxicity was seen in rats; the LD50 for iosulamide meglumine is 13,600 ± 1710 mg free acid kg and for iodipamide is 4430 ± 310 mg free acid/kg. Iosulamide is a highly effective contrast agent for cholangiocholecystographic visualization in cats and monkeys. Speed and degree of opacification are equivalent to that of iodipamide at equimolar doses. Studies of biliary and urinary excretion patterns indicate iosulamide is rapidly excreted compared to iodipamide, while at the same time providing equal concentrations in bile on an mg/ml bile basis. A more efficient blood to bile clearance rate and a shorter blood half-life for iosulamide may account for the lower circulating blood levels and rapid total excretion compared to iodipamide. Iosulamide's rapid blood-bile clearance coupled with its extremely low toxicity may allow rapid administration of high doses, affording superior visualization and safety compared to iodipamide. It may also provide visualization of the liver parenchyma with computerized axial tomography, due to the pharmacokinetic profile that provides for high liver clearance but low blood levels. The emetic potential of iosulamide meglumine is quite low compared to iodipamide. Iosulamide meglumine also lacks hypotensive activity. Little or no effect on blood pressure was seen with iosulamide meglumine in cats or monkeys, whereas iodipamide caused marked transient, or sustained, reductions. Iosulamide meglumine did not produce significant toxic effects when administered as single daily intravenous injections to albino rats for three weeks, or in 10-minute intravenous infusions to rhesus monkeys 10 times in 14 days. Clinical trials with iosulamide are under way.
Improvement of Intergranular Corrosion and Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Nickel-Base Weld Metals by Stabilization Parameter Control (1986)

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC) and Intergranular Corrosion (IGC) behaviors of nickel-base weld metals of Types 82 and 182 were examined by means of various accelarated tests in oxygenated high temperture pure water and the ASTM G28 test, respectively. Ordinary nickel-base weld metals showed large heat-to-heat variations in IGC and IGSCC susceptibility. The behavior could be characterized in terms of stabilization parameter (N), which was defined as the number of atoms of stabilization elements per a carbon atom of material itself. The SCC resistant, new weld metals could be successfully produced by the stabilization parameter (N) control, here, mainly by niobium addition and carbon adjustment. The nickel-base weld metals of high N values (≥12) were highly resistant to IGC and IGSCC. The theoretical mechanism of stabilization parameter (N) control was discussed.
Effects of Zn-Based Alloys Coating on Mechanical Properties and Interfacial Microstructures of Steel/Aluminum Alloy Dissimilar Metals Joints Using Resistance Spot Welding (2011)

The effects of Zn-based alloys coating (Zn, Al-Zn and Al-Mg-Zn) on the bondability of steel/aluminum alloy dissimilar metals joints were evaluated, in order to achieve strength in lower welding current. In the joint with Zn-based alloys insert, the oxide film on the aluminum alloy was sufficiently removed through eutectic reaction of Zn-based alloys and aluminum. In the joint with Zn-coated steel (GI), higher welding current is necessary to discharge the zinc coating and the oxide film from the bonding interface sufficiently. The thinner aluminum plate after welding and the thick reaction layer cause the decrease of cross tensile strength in the joints with no coating steel (SPCC) and Al-Zn-coated steel. Using Al-Mg-Zn-coated steel, higher strength was achieved in a lower welding current. This is because Al-Mg-Zn-coating melted at lower temperature than Zn and Al-Zn-coating, and the removal of the coating material and the oxide film on the aluminum alloy were sufficiently performed in the lower welding current.
Cytotoxic Activity of Kenaf Seed Oils from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extraction towards Human Colorectal Cancer (HT29) Cell Lines (2013)

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) from the family Malvaceae, is a valuable fiber plant native to India and Africa and is currently planted as the fourth commercial crop in Malaysia. Kenaf seed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid, phytosterol such as β -sitosterol, vitamin E, and other antioxidants with chemopreventive properties. Kenaf seeds oil (KSO) was from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction fluid (SFE) at 9 different permutations of parameters based on range of pressures from 200 to 600 bars and temperature from 40 to 80°C. They were 200/40, 200/60, 200/80, 400/40, 400/60, 400/80, 600/40, 600/60, and 600/80. Extraction from 9 parameters of KSO-SFE was screened for cytotoxicity towards human colorectal cancer cell lines (HT29) and mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cell lines using MTS assay. KSO-SFE at 600/40 showed the strongest cytotoxicity towards HT29 with IC50 of 200 µg/mL. The IC50 for NIH/3T3 was not detected even at highest concentration employed. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant increase in the accumulation of KSO-SFE-treated cells at sub-G1 phase, indicating the induction of apoptosis by KSO-SFE. Further apoptosis induction was confirmed by Annexin V/PI and AO/PI staining.
Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and microwave absorption properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/montmorillonite‐polypyrrole nanocomposites (2018)

In this work, thermoplastic polyurethane‐filled montmorillonite‐polypyrrole (TPU/Mt‐PPy) was prepared through melt mixing process for using in electromagnetic shielding applications. The effect of conducting filler content and type, sample thickness, and X‐band frequency range on the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) and EMI attenuation mechanism was investigated. A comparative study of electrical and microwave absorption properties of TPU/Mt‐PPy nanocomposites and TPU/PPy blends was also reported. The total EMI SE average and electrical conductivity of all Mt‐PPy.Cl or Mt‐PPy.DBSA nanocomposites are higher than those found for TPU/PPy.Cl and TPU/PPy.DBSA blends. This behavior was attributed to the higher aspect ratio and better dispersion of the nanostructured Mt‐PPy when compared with neat PPy. Moreover, the presence of Mt‐PPy into TPU matrix increases absorption loss (SE A ) mechanism, contributing to increase EMI SE. The total EMI SE values of nanocomposites containing 30 wt% of Mt‐PPy.DBSA with 2 and 5 mm thickness were approximately 16.6 and approximately 36.5 dB, respectively, corresponding to the total EMI of 98% (75% by absorption) and 99.9% (88% by absorption). These results highlight that the nanocomposites studied are promising materials for electromagnetic shielding applications.
Modifying u-net for small dataset: a simplified u-net version for liver parenchyma segmentation (2021)

Automation in the field of medical image segmentation is critical in helping the oncologists and surgeons for the accurate analysis of several pathological conditions by saving time. The ability to automatically segment the liver fast and accurately enables clinicians to understand the anatomical structure of the organ, and helps in the decision making process of diagnosis, surgery planning and as an anatomical map during surgical navigation especially important when using intraoperative image modalities . This work aims to develop an automatic liver parenchyma segmentation network which is based on U-Net architecture, a widely used architecture for medical image segmentation. This modified U-Net architecture includes reduced convolutional layers and using dropout layers as well as pre-processing the dataset to overcome the constraints of a small sample set. Reduced architecture complexity and introducing dropout regularization, addresses the problem of overfitting. We experimented with a callback for observing the training failure where it follows the early stopping policy and selecting the best model. Adding Gaussian noise to data can help the model to generalise well. For choosing the appropriate loss function we tested four different loss functions; Dice, binary cross entropy, Tversky and focal Tversky and concluded that Dice performs better. The network has been trained and validated using publicly available 3D-IRCADb dataset with images from 20 patients and achieved an overall Dice score of 94.5%. The overall objective of this work is to construct a network from a small sample set without the problem of overfitting or under-fitting, but delivering an acceptable Dice score.
Osseous Involvement in Calcific Tendinitis: A Retrospective Review of 50 Cases (2003)

Calcific tendinitis presenting with osseous destruction, marrow changes, and soft-tissue calcifications may be confused with neoplasm both radiologically and pathologically. Recognition of the atypical presentation of this common disease may prevent unnecessary biopsy.