gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutations in the X-linked RSK2 gene (RPS6KA3) in patients with Coffin-Lowry syndrome (2001)

RSK2 is a growth factor-regulated serine-threonine protein kinase, acting in the Ras-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Mutations in the RSK2 gene (RPS6KA3) on chromosome Xp22.2, have been found to cause Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS), an X-linked disorder characterized by psychomotor retardation, characteristic facial and digital abnormalities, and progressive skeletal deformations. By screening of 250 patients with clinical features suggestive of Coffin-Lowry syndrome, 71 distinct disease-associated RSK2 mutations have been identified in 86 unrelated families. Thirty-eight percent of mutations are missense mutations, 20% are nonsense mutations, 18% are splicing errors, and 21% are short deletion or insertion events. About 57% of mutations result in premature translation termination, and the vast majority are predicted to cause loss of function of the mutant allele. These changes are distributed throughout the RSK2 gene and show no obvious clustering or phenotypic association. However, some missense mutations are associated with milder phenotypes. In one family, one such mutation was associated solely with mild mental retardation. It is noteworthy that nine mutations were found in female probands, with no affected male relatives, ascertained through learning disability and mild but suggestive facial and digital dysmorphisms. Hum Mutat 17:103–116, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Carbohydrate Derivatives Using β-Glycosidase ofSulfolobus Solfataricus (1994)

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of different β-D-glycosides was obtained using as biocatalyst immobilized cells, crude homogenate, and homogeneous native and recombinat β-glycosidase activity of the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. In particular our investigation was concerned with the selectivity in the glycosylation of hydroxybenzyl alcohols, salicin, 1,2-propanediol, and more complex polyols as well as the use of immobilized cells for the synthesis of hexyl-β-D-glucoside. The aromatic glucosides obtained by enzyme-catalyzed transglucosylation were used for kinetic studies of purified Sulfolobus solfataricus enzyme in the hydrolysis reaction.Key Words: GlycosidasesSulfolobus solfataricustransglycosylationenzymatic synthesis
Experiments With MHD Power Generation (1961)

This paper is a report on the development of an experimental MHD electrical generator which derives its energy from the combustion of a liquid fuel and oxygen. The fuel burned is a number 2 distillate oil in which a soluble potassium octoate is mixed to increase the degree of thermal ionization in the product gas. The actual generating volume is approximately 125 cubic inches and the rating of 10 KW has been exceeded. The paper describes some of the broad construction features of the generator and problems arising during its operation. Other sections deal with the fuel and combustion systems, fuel characteristics, and the electrical and magnetic aspects. The theory of MHD power generation in a uniform duct is presented. Results of the experiments are presented and actual performance compared with theory. The paper is illustrated with photographs and sketches of the various components and curves of power and voltage.
Abstract 20291: Preservation of Generated Cardiac Spiral Flow Structures is Valve-Type Dependent (2016)

Introduction: Non-invasive imaging modalities (e.g. 3D echo, 4D MRI) have demonstrated prevalence of spiral blood flow in the cardiovascular system. Fluid spirality imparts flow stability, minimize...
All Eyes on Interferon in Graft Failure after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (2023)

For a finite abelian group G with exp(G)=n and an integer k≥2, Balachandran and Mazumdar (2019) introduced the extremal function fG(D)(k) which is defined to be min{|A|:0̸≠A⊆[1,n−1] withDA(G)≤k} (and ∞ if there is no such A), where DA(G) denotes the A-weighted Davenport constant of the group G. Denoting fG(D)(k) by f(D)(p,k) when G=Fp (for p prime), it is known (Balachandran and Mazumdar, 2019) that p1/k−1≤f(D)(p,k)≤O(plogp)1/k holds for each k≥2 and p sufficiently large, and that for k=2,4, we have the sharper bound f(D)(p,k)≤O(p1/k). It was furthermore conjectured that f(D)(p,k)=Θ(p1/k). In this short paper we prove that f(D)(p,k)≤4k2p1/k for sufficiently large primes p.
A Dynamical Model for a Hydrostatic Wind Turbine Transmission Coupled to the Grid with a Synchronous Generator (2019)

This paper presents a model to capture the electromechanical dynamics of a wind turbine with hydrostatic transmission (HST) coupled to the electrical grid through a synchronous generator. The HST is a continuously variable transmission that decouples the generator from the wind-turbine rotor shaft, which allows it to rotate at its synchronous speed. The topology does not include any power-electronics interfaces for energy conversion. The dynamic model of the HST and synchronous generator are used to examine the performance of the system under various disturbances in incident wind through detailed time-domain simulations. We find that with the proposed topology, the terminal voltage and frequency of the generator can be well regulated under a variety of large-signal disturbances.
Abstract 9800: Racial Differences in Donor-Derived and Mitochondrial Cell-Free Dna Could Explain Inferior Outcomes in Black Heart Transplant Patients, on Behalf of the Graft Investigators (2022)

Introduction: Black heart transplant patients are at higher risk of acute rejection (AR) and death than White patients. Our group has shown that %donor-derived cell-free DNA (%ddcfDNA) is a sensitive and specific marker of AR in heart transplantation. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cfmtDNA) has been linked to allograft dysfunction and may mechanistically implicated in inferior outcomes for Black heart transplant recipients. Hypothesis: Higher levels of allograft injury when quantitated using %ddcfDNA and total cfmtDNA will be seen in Black heart transplant patients as compared to White patients. Methods: The Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT) is a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal cohort study of heart transplant patients transplanted between 2015 and 2021. We included Black and White patients and shotgun sequencing was used to quantitate %ddcfDNA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantitate total cfmtDNA levels. AR was defined as grade ≥2R cellular rejection or pAMR ≥1 antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Results: We included 151 patients (73 Blacks and 78 Whites), the median age was 56y (29% Female sex). Patients of both racial groups had comparable baseline characteristics. There were a ~1100 ddcfDNA and cfmtDNA measures included in the analysis. At 18-months, the incidence of AR was 2.8% in White patients and 9.2% in Black patients (p&lt;0.01). The diagnostic accuracy of %ddcfDNA to detect AR was comparable between Black and White patients (0.90 vs. 0.83, p=0.19). The %ddcfDNA and cfmtDNA was higher at serial time points after transplant in Black compared to White patients (Figure). CfmtDNA levels were also elevated with AMR which occurred almost exclusively in Black patients (No rejection: 146,345 copies/ul, AMR: 242,238 copies/ul; p=0.004). Conclusions: Elevated levels of %ddcfDNA and cfmtDNA after heart transplant may explain the higher incidence of AR, AMR, and inferior outcomes in Black heart transplant recipients.
Query-Key Normalization for Transformers (2020)

Low-resource language translation is a challenging but socially valuable NLP task. Building on recent work adapting the Transformer's normalization to this setting, we propose QKNorm, a normalization technique that modifies the attention mechanism to make the softmax function less prone to arbitrary saturation without sacrificing expressivity. Specifically, we apply $\ell_2$ normalization along the head dimension of each query and key matrix prior to multiplying them and then scale up by a learnable parameter instead of dividing by the square root of the embedding dimension. We show improvements averaging 0.928 BLEU over state-of-the-art bilingual benchmarks for 5 low-resource translation pairs from the TED Talks corpus and IWSLT'15.
IFN- β 1b Induces Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism in Human Macrophages: Potential Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment (2001)

Interferon-beta(1b) (IFN-beta(1b)) has limited efficacy in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The kynurenine pathway (KP) is chiefly activated by IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha, leading to the production of a variety of neurotoxins. We sought to determine whether IFN-beta(1b) induces the KP in human monocyte-derived macrophages, as one explanation for its limited efficacy. Serial dilutions of IFN-beta(1b) (at concentrations comparable to those found in the sera of IFN-beta(1b)-treated patients) were added to human macrophage cultures. Supernatants were collected at various time points and assayed for the KP end product, quinolinic acid (QUIN). The effect of IFN-beta(1b) on the KP enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), 3-hydroxyanthranilate dioxygenase (3HAO), and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRTase) mRNA expression was assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. IFN-beta(1b) (> or =10 IU/ml) led to increased mRNA expression of both IDO and QUIN production (7901 +/- 715 nM) after 72 h at 50 IU/ml IFN-beta(1b) (p < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that IFN-beta(1b), in pharmacologically relevant concentrations, induces KP metabolism in human macrophages and may be a limiting factor in its efficacy in the treatment of MS. Inhibitors of the KP may be able to augment the efficacy of IFN-beta in MS.
Tumor induction in germ-free rats fed bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). (1981)

This study indicated that there was no significant difference in the incidence of intestinal tumors between germ-free and conventional rats fed a diet containing bracken, suggesting that gut microflora did not play a definite role in bracken tumorigenesis. However, bracken induced exclusively sarcoma but no adenocarcinoma in germ-free rats, whereas it induced predominantly adenocarcinoma in conventional rats.
Measurement of theB+/B0production ratio from theΥ(4S)meson usingB+→J/ψK+andB0→J/ψKS0decays (2004)

We report a measurement of the production ratio of charged and neutral B mesons from $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$ decays based on the ratio of efficiency-corrected yields for the charmonium modes $J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}^{+}$ and $J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{s}^{0}$ with 81.9 ${\mathrm{fb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ of data collected with the BABAR detector on the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$ resonance at 10.580 GeV. We find a value of $1.006\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.036(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.031(\mathrm{syst})$ for the ratio ${R}^{+/0}=\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{B}^{+}{B}^{\ensuremath{-}})/\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{B}^{0}{B}^{0}).$
Volume‐based trends in surgical care of patients with oropharyngeal cancer (2011)

The proportion of oropharyngeal cancer surgery patients treated by high-volume surgeons and hospitals increased significantly from 1990 to 1999 to 2000 to 2009, with a decrease in partial glossectomy, total glossectomy, pharyngectomy, and mandibulectomy procedures. These findings may be due to changing trends in the primary management of oropharyngeal cancer.
Survey on security threats and protection mechanisms in embedded automotive networks (2013)

Embedded electronic components, so-called ECU (Electronic Controls Units), are nowadays a prominent part of a car's architecture. These ECUs, monitoring and controlling the different subsystems of a car, are interconnected through several gateways and compose the global internal network of the car. Moreover, modern cars are now able to communicate with other devices through wired or wireless interfaces such as USB, Bluetooth, WiFi or even 3G. Such interfaces may expose the internal network to the outside world and can be seen as entry points for cyber attacks. In this paper, we present a survey on security threats and protection mechanisms in embedded automotive networks. After introducing the different protocols being used in the embedded networks of current vehicles, we then analyze the potential threats targeting these networks and describe how the attackers' opportunities can be enhanced by the new communication abilities of modern cars. Finally, we present the security solutions currently being devised to address these problems.
Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (2019)

Neuroendocrine neoplasms constitute a diverse group of tumors that derive from the sensory and secretory neuroendocrine cells and predominantly arise within the pulmonary and gastrointestinal tracts. The majority of these neoplasms have a well-differentiated grade and are termed neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This subgroup is characterized by limited proliferation and patients affected by these tumors carry a good to moderate prognosis. A substantial subset of patients presenting with a NET suffer from the consequences of endocrine syndromes as a result of the excessive secretion of amines or peptide hormones, which can impair their quality of life and prognosis. Over the past 15 years, critical developments in tumor grading, diagnostic biomarkers, radionuclide imaging, randomized controlled drug trials, evidence-based guidelines, and superior prognostic outcomes have substantially altered the field of NET care. Here, we review the relevant advances to clinical practice that have significantly upgraded our approach to NET patients, both in diagnostic and in therapeutic options.
Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. (2000)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring group of dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid found in beef and dairy products. CLA has been reported to reduce body fat. To examine the mechanism(s) of CLA reduction of fat mass, female C57BL/6J mice were fed standard semipurified diets (10% fat of total energy) with or without CLA (1% wt/wt). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick endlabeling (TUNEL) and DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that fat-mass decrease by CLA was mainly due to apoptosis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and uncoupling protein (UCP)-2 mRNA levels increased 12- and 6-fold, respectively, in isolated adipocytes from CLA-fed mice compared with control mice. Because it is known that TNF-alpha induces apoptosis of adipocytes and upregulates UCP2 mRNA, a marked increase of TNF-alpha mRNA with an increase of UCP2 in adipocytes caused CLA-induced apoptosis. However, with a decrease of fat mass, CLA supplementation resulted in a state resembling lipoatrophic diabetes: ablation of brown adipose tissue, a marked reduction of white adipose tissue, marked hepatomegaly, and marked insulin resistance. CLA supplementation decreased blood leptin levels, but continuous leptin infusion reversed hyperinsulinemia, indicating that leptin depletion contributes to the development of insulin resistance. These results demonstrate that intake of CLA reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and results in lipodystrophy, but hyperinsulinemia by CLA can be normalized by leptin administration.
Uncertainty-Aware Contrastive Distillation for Incremental Semantic Segmentation (2022)

A fundamental and challenging problem in deep learning is catastrophic forgetting, i.e., the tendency of neural networks to fail to preserve the knowledge acquired from old tasks when learning new tasks. This problem has been widely investigated in the research community and several Incremental Learning (IL) approaches have been proposed in the past years. While earlier works in computer vision have mostly focused on image classification and object detection, more recently some IL approaches for semantic segmentation have been introduced. These previous works showed that, despite its simplicity, knowledge distillation can be effectively employed to alleviate catastrophic forgetting. In this paper, we follow this research direction and, inspired by recent literature on contrastive learning, we propose a novel distillation framework, Uncertainty-aware Contrastive Distillation (UCD). In a nutshell, UCDis operated by introducing a novel distillation loss that takes into account all the images in a mini-batch, enforcing similarity between features associated to all the pixels from the same classes, and pulling apart those corresponding to pixels from different classes. In order to mitigate catastrophic forgetting, we contrast features of the new model with features extracted by a frozen model learned at the previous incremental step. Our experimental results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed distillation technique, which can be used in synergy with previous IL approaches, and leads to state-of-art performance on three commonly adopted benchmarks for incremental semantic segmentation.
Femtogram Mass Biosensor Using Self-Sensing Cantilever for Allergy Check (2006)

A self-sensing mass biosensor with a femtogram mass sensitivity has been developed using a piezoresistive microcantilever. The mass change due to antigen and antibody adsorption on the cantilever in water was detected by the resonance frequency shift of the cantilever. We constructed a prototype harmonic vibration sensor using a commercial piezoresistive cantilever, Wheatstone bridge circuits, a positive feedback controller, an exciting piezoactuator and a phase-locked loop (PLL) demodulator. As experimental results, a mass sensitivity of about 190 fg/Hz, and a mass resolution of about 500 fg were obtained in water. The mass sensitivity is 100 times higher than that of a quartz crystal oscillation method. We demonstrated that the sensor can detect the reaction between an antibody of immunoglobulin (IgG) and an antigen of egg albumen (OVA). We confirmed that the binding ratio between the antibody and the antigen was about 1 : 2. The detection method is available for allergy check because the measured reaction ratio occurring on the cantilever concurs with the theoretical method.
Data from Smoking, <i>Helicobacter Pylori</i> Serology, and Gastric Cancer Risk in Prospective Studies from China, Japan, and Korea (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Smoking is an established risk factor for gastric cancer development. In this study, we aimed to assess prospectively the association of smoking with gastric cancer risk in 1,446 non-cardia gastric cancer cases and 1,796 controls from China, Japan, and Korea with consideration of &lt;i&gt;Helicobacter pylori&lt;/i&gt; infection as a potential effect modifier. Applying logistic regression models stratified by study and adjusted for age and sex we found that current, but not former, smoking was significantly associated with gastric cancer risk [OR = 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.65]. However, the association was significant only in &lt;i&gt;H. pylori&lt;/i&gt; sero-positive individuals determined by 3 different sero-markers: overall sero-positivity, sero-positivity to the onco-protein CagA, and sero-positivity to the gastric cancer associated sero-marker HP0305 and HP1564. Specifically, a significant interaction was found when stratifying by HP0305/HP1564 (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;interaction&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.01) with a 46% increased risk of gastric cancer among HP0305/HP1564 sero-positive current smokers (95% CI, 1.10–1.93) as opposed to no increased gastric cancer risk among HP0305/HP1564 sero-negative current smokers (OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.65–1.33). We confirmed that current smoking is associated with an increased gastric cancer risk, however, only among individuals that are simultaneously sero-positive for the leading causal factor for gastric cancer, &lt;i&gt;H. pylori&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab and infliximab treatment for immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis in patients with cancer: a two-center observational study (2021)

Treatment with vedolizumab as compared with infliximab for IMDC led to comparable IMDC response rates, shorter duration of steroid use, fewer hospitalizations, and lower IMDC recurrence, though with slightly longer time to IMDC response. Higher number of SIT doses was associated with better survival outcome, while more steroid exposure resulted in worse patient outcomes.
Accelerating effect of NaNO2 on the polymer plating of 6‐substituted‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐dithiol mono sodium salts (2001)

Abstract Organic polymer plating properties of 6‐ substituted ‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐dithiol mono sodium salts were investigated in the presence of various supporting electrolytes. Among these, the NaNO 2 supporting electrolyte greatly accelerated the film formation rate in polymer plating. The accelerating effect of NaNO 2 was further confirmed by comparing plating potentials in the presence of NaNO 2 and Na 2 CO 3 . The potentiostatic polymer plating of DAN in the presence of the NaNO 2 supporting electrolyte took place in the potential range of 1.65–1.8 V (compared against saturated calomel electrode reference). Film formation was influenced by such factors as the pH of solution and both the chemical structure and the concentration of triazine dithiol. In polymer platings, NO anions are thought to be electrochemically oxidized to yield NO radicals and these radicals react with DAN to yield new thiyl radicals. The thiyl radicals in the DAN molecules couple with each other by means of disulfide bonds, resulting in the growth of polymer film. Organic polymer plating films are shown to contain disulfide bonds, monosulfide bonds obtained by the reaction between allyl groups and thiyl radicals, and network chains. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2300–2309, 2001
Formation of &alpha;&Prime; Martensite and {332}&lang;113&rang; Twin during Tensile Deformation in Ti-40 mass%Nb Alloy (2002)

The α″ martensite phase in the quenched Ti-40 mass%Nb alloy transforms reversely to the β phase upon short-time aging at 623 K for 0.9 ks, resulting in the β+ω microstructure in the aged specimen. The relationship between the tensile property and the microstructure of this specimen was investigated by the observation of the structural changes in the quenched and aged specimen during tensile deformation. Products of the β phase, which were similar to {332} twins, surrounded by the matrix of α″ martensite were formed in the quenched specimen upon tensile deformation. In the aged specimen, on the other hand, α″ martensites and {332} twins were formed upon tensile deformation. The amount of α″ martensite in the two specimens was larger in the nonuniformly deformed area near the fracture. In particular, concentrated slip occurred in the nonuniformly deformed area of the aged specimen accompanied by the extinction of ω phases. The results indicate that the α″ transformation and then the reverse α″→β transformation were involved in the formation of 332 twins. It is suggested that the formation of {332} twins was due to lattice instability, and that besides the role of deformation resistance, ω phases played a part in nonuniform deformation.