gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diesel Fuel Properties and Additive Effects on Dl Injector Deposit Formation (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A test was developed by the Cummins Engine Company to evaluate Diesel fuel quality and potential additive effects. This test utilizes a Cummins L10 Diesel engine with a PT fuel system and stepped plunger injectors. A modified CRC rating system is used to quantify deposit levels.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper further investigates the L10 Injector Depositing Test and will focus on Diesel fuel and additive variables. In the original work, the bulk of the data was collected on an industry standard reference fuel, Cat 1-H, as opposed to commercially available Diesel fuels.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Commercially available Diesel fuel varies in composition with regard to sulfur level, percent aromatics, final distillation end point, and cetane number. To evaluate these fuel properties and their possible effects on injector deposit formation, two test matrices were designed. The first experiment is a 12-run fractional factorial design with four factors: additive level, sulfur, aromatics, and 90 percent distillation point (T90). Several Diesel fuels were blended to achieve specific levels of the three fuel properties; these represent a range of fuel properties that can be found commercially. The second experiment, a six-run factorial design, evaluates the effects of cetane improver and additive level on deposit formation in a commercially available fuel. The first design was run at Engineering Test Services, while the second was completed at AutoResearch Laboratories; both used the procedure described in SAE Technical Paper #912331.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The paper presents conclusions on various fuel compositional effects as seen in the L10 Injector Deposit Test. Additionally, the effects of the various additives and additive concentration are discussed. The use of designed experiments allows a discussion of the statistical significance of the effects of fuel properties on deposit formation in this test. This data, combined with Lubrizol's large L10 data base, will facilitate future test refinements and eventually help to evaluate the suitability of this test for future Diesel fuels.&lt;/div&gt;
Development and application of genetic engineering methods for Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 (2017)

The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is used for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2, and is manufactured industrially with overproducing derivatives of _Actinoplanes_ sp. SE50/110. This strain was reportedly optimized through step-by-step conventional mutagenesis procedures in the past, however this strategy seems to reach its limits by now. Despite of high industrial significance, only limited information exists regarding acarbose metabolism, function and regulation of these processes, due to the absence of proper genetic engineering methods and tools developed for this strain. In this work, a full toolkit and set of methods for genetic engineering of _Actinoplanes_ sp. SE50/110 were developed. A standardized protocol for a DNA transfer through _E. coli_ - _Actinoplanes_ conjugation was adjusted and applied for the transfer of phiC31, phiBT1 and VWB actinophage-based integrative vectors and pSG5-based replicative vector. Integration sites, occurring once per genome for all integrative vectors, were sequenced and characterized for the first time in _{Actinoplanes_ sp. SE50/110. Notably, the studied plasmids were proven to be stable and neutral with respect to strain morphology and acarbose production, enabling future use for genetic manipulations of _Actinoplanes_ sp. SE50/110. To further broaden the spectrum of available tools, a GUS reporter system, was established in _Actinoplanes_ sp. SE50/110. The set of different methods for gene knockouts was tested, which included integrative and replicative vector based knockouts, ReDirect system based knockouts and CRISPR-Cas9 genetic engineering. ReDirect system was further used to create a library of _Actinoplanes_ single knockout strains. Two of the strains, _Actinoplanes_ _acbD_ and _Actinoplanes_ _cadC_ knockout mutants were further characterized in detail regarding their phenotype.&lt;br /&gt;\nThe developed gene cloning system offers multiple possibilities to solve fundamental questions regarding acarbose production, in particular, formulation and verification of the complete acarbose metabolism model, as well as the rational design of acarbose overproducing strains.
C-reactive protein response to influenza vaccination predicts cardiovascular disease risk in the Philippines (2020)

Inflammation is associated with increased risk for chronic degenerative diseases, as well as age-related functional declines across many systems and tissues. Current understandings of inflammation, aging, and human health are based on studies conducted almost exclusively in high-income nations that rely primarily on baseline measures of chronic inflammation. This analysis investigates the inflammatory response to vaccination as a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among older women in the Philippines, a lower-middle income nation with rising rates of overweight/obesity and relatively high burdens of infectious disease. Concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at baseline and 72 h following influenza vaccination in 530 women (mean age = 55.2 years). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) - an indicator of peripheral arterial disease and broader CVD risk - was measured approximately three years later. The magnitude of CRP response to vaccination was positively associated with ABI, indicating that a larger inflammatory response predicts lower CVD risk. Baseline CRP was negatively associated with CRP response to vaccination, and was not associated with ABI independently of CRP response. These results suggest that research across ecological settings, and with more dynamic measures of inflammatory response and regulation, may yield important insights into the associations among inflammation, aging, and disease.
Recent progress in the synthesis of pyridinylboronic acids and esters (2013)

Recent progress in the synthesis of (un)substituted pyridinylboronic acids and esters is reviewed. Five approaches to the synthesis of (un)substituted pyridinylboronic acids and esters are summarized: (1) halogen-metal exchange (HMe) and borylation, (2) metal-hydrogen exchange via directed ortho-metallation (DoM) followed by borylation, (3) palladium-catalyzed crosscoupling of halopyridines with tetraalkoxydiborane or dialkoxyhydroborane (4) iridium or rhodium catalyzed C-H or C-F borylation, and (5) [4+2] cycloadditions.
<title>Recent progress in short-distance optical interconnects</title> (1997)

Short distance optical interconnects are under development for a range of applications including local area networks, optical backplanes, and optoelectronic accelerators or signal processors. In some applications, the aggregate bandwidth required cannot be provided with electrical interconnects, offering an obvious advantage for optics, while in others it is the density of available interconnects which motivates the use of optics. In most commercial applications, it is the cost of the interconnect solution which will affect its acceptance by system integrator. For optics to be applied in a broad range of applications, greater transparency must be provided to the system integrator. We describe both intercabinet and intracabinet interconnects in which the addition of optical interconnects has been designed to perturb the overall system as little as possible and yet still take advantage of optics.
Transformation of leukotriene A4 methyl ester to leukotriene C4 monomethyl ester by cytosolic rat glutathione transferases (1984)

Six major basic cytosolic glutathione transferases from rat liver catalyzed the conversion of leukotriene A4 methyl ester to the corresponding leukotriene C4 monomethyl ester. Glutathione transferase 4-4, the most active among these enzymes, had a Vmax of 615 nmol X min-1 X mg protein-1 at 30 degrees C in the presence of 5 mM glutathione. It was followed in efficiency by transferase 3-4 which had a Vmax of 160 nmol X min-1 X mg-1 under the same conditions. Transferases 1-1, 1-2, 2-2 and 3-3 had at least 30 times lower Vmax values than transferase 4-4.
Synthesis and antioxidant activity of derivatives of 8Н -[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-в][1,2,4]triazin-7-ones (2020)

Oxidative stress is usually connected with many severe diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease etc. Therefore, the search for new antioxidants is a very important pharmacological task. The aim of the study – to synthesize new derivatives of 8-(41-hydroxy-3R-benzylidenamino)-6-tertbutyl-8Н-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazine-7-ones and to evaluate their antioxidant properties in screening test in vitro as compared with ionol and ascorbic acid. By interaction of equimolar amounts of 8-amino-6-tert-butyl-8H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin7-one with the corresponding aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes in ethanol, a series of Schiff bases with the key fragment 8H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-one were synthesized. The structure and purity of all the substances obtained were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Screening of compound’s antioxidant activity (AOA) was studied in vitro by their ability to inhibit lipoperoxide formation, induced by FeSO4 in yolk lipoproteins emulsion. It is shown, that, depending on the structure, the test substances exhibit both antioxidant and prooxidant properties. The regularities of the chemical structure – pharmacological action are established. It is shown that the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents (F, Cl, Br and COOMe) into the benzene ring leads to a decrease in the antioxidant properties as to the base molecule 6-tert-butyl-8(benzylideneamino)-8Н-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-оne 8 а without substitutes. The most active were derivatives of 8-(benzylideneamino)-6-~{tert}-butyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin7-ones, which had a hydroxyl group and an additional oxyalkyl fragment in the third position of the benzene ring (8 l, 8 o). The data obtained substantiate the feasibility of further studying the most active derivatives of 6-tertbutyl-8-(benzylideneamino)-8Н-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-оnes as potential antioxidant agents.
Statistics of natural image categories (2003)

In this paper we study the statistical properties of natural images belonging to different categories and their relevance for scene and object categorization tasks. We discuss how second-order statistics are correlated with image categories, scene scale and objects. We propose how scene categorization could be computed in a feedforward manner in order to provide top-down and contextual information very early in the visual processing chain. Results show how visual categorization based directly on low-level features, without grouping or segmentation stages, can benefit object localization and identification. We show how simple image statistics can be used to predict the presence and absence of objects in the scene before exploring the image.
Measurement of low frequency electric field using Ti:LiNbO3 optical modulator (1993)

The use of an asymmetric MachZehnder interferometric amplitude modulator to measure a relatively low frequency electric field strength is described. The sensitivity of an electric field sensor using a Ti:LiNbO3 optical modulator is strongly affected by the shape of a electrode (probe antenna). To measure the low frequency electric field, a probe antenna of wide effective area is more useful than the usual dipole antenna. As proof of this, the optical modulator was fabricated with a plate-type probe antenna and the usefulness of this antenna tested for measuring low frequency electric field strength. Measurements were performed in the range 0.1 V/cm to 60 V/cm at 60 Hz through 100 kHz. Using a probe antenna of 10 mm × 10 mm, the output voltage of 10−2 mV was measured with respect to the electric field strength of 0.1 V/cm at 60 Hz. By increasing the effective area of the probe antenna, better sensitivity was obtained over the measured range.
Integration of artificial intelligence in lung cancer: Rise of the machine (2023)

The goal of oncology is to provide the longest possible survival outcomes with the therapeutics that are currently available without sacrificing patients' quality of life. In lung cancer, several data points over a patient's diagnostic and treatment course are relevant to optimizing outcomes in the form of precision medicine, and artificial intelligence (AI) provides the opportunity to use available data from molecular information to radiomics, in combination with patient and tumor characteristics, to help clinicians provide individualized care. In doing so, AI can help create models to identify cancer early in diagnosis and deliver tailored therapy on the basis of available information, both at the time of diagnosis and in real time as they are undergoing treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature in AI specific to lung cancer and how it applies to the multidisciplinary team taking care of these complex patients.
Beyond the Digital Divide (2000)

If we study available evidence, the digital divide is closing rapidly. During the last decade, millions of people have gained access to computers every year. Never in the human history there have been so many people with access to computers, digital networks, and electronic communication technologies. Census Bureau’s Current Population Surveys indicate that telephone penetration has stabilized to about 94 per cent in the U.S. Since 1984, computer ownership has grown at least fivefold across races and ethnic groups, and more than fourfold across all age groups. In 1989, 3.3 per cent of American households owned modems. In 1998, more than one in four had Internet access.2 Internet use spreads f ster than any previous technology. According to a survey made in March 2000, nine million adult women went online for the first time during the previous six months in the United States. African Americans are the fastest growing group: 30 per cent of African American Internet users got online in the six months preceding the survey.3 What, then, do we mean by digital divide? Is it only a new name invented by technologists and policymakers to describe an existing divide? Is it a nightmare where Internet explodes the differences, until even the richest will have to pay their share for the
Achieving Bright Organic Light Emitting Field Effect Transistors with Sustained Efficiency through Hybrid Contact Design (2022)

Organic light emitting field effect transistors (OLEFETs) with bilayer structures have been widely studied due to their potential to integrate high-mobility organic transistors and efficient organic light emitting diodes. However, these devices face a major challenge of imbalance charge transport leading to severe efficiency roll-off at high brightness. Here, we propose a solution to this challenge by introducing a transparent organic/inorganic hybrid contact with specially designed electronic structures. Our design aims to steadily accumulate the electrons injected to the emissive polymer, allowing the light emitting interface to effectively capture more holes even when hole current increases. Our numerical simulations show that the capture efficiency of these steady electrons will dominate charge recombination and lead to a sustained external quantum efficiency of 0.23% over 3 orders of magnitude of brightness (4 to 7700 cd/m2) and current density (1.2 to 2700 mA/cm2) from -4 to -100 V. The same enhancement is retained even after increasing EQE to ~0.51%. The high and tunable brightness with stable efficiency offered by hybrid-contact OLEFETs make them ideal light emitting devices for various applications. These devices have the potential to revolutionize the field of organic electronics by overcoming the fundamental challenge of imbalance charge transport.
Silicon etch in the presence of a fluorocarbon overlayer: The role of fluorocarbon cluster ejection (2007)

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out to examine the role of large fluorocarbon (FC) cluster ejection during steady state Si plasma etching in the presence of a FC overlayer on the surface. Previous MD studies showed that the thickness of the FC film fluctuates during steady state Si etch, and that these fluctuations are an integral component of the Si etch mechanism. This work focuses on how the ejection of large FC clusters (containing six or more carbon atoms) contribute to FC film thickness fluctuations. Simulations reveal that ∼40%–60% of the carbon removal occurs through these clusters at steady state. Large FC cluster ejection was always observed when FC films form during etching. Product and kinetic energy distributions illustrate the effects of the plasma chemistry (i.e., the FC∕F∕Ar+ ratio impacting the surface) on the cluster ejection process. Further studies have also been carried out to examine the possibility of cluster redeposition on the surface and evaluate the likelihood of these large clusters contributing to FC film growth in typical plasma systems. Several clusters were found to have comparable (or even higher) sticking probability than the original FC deposition precursors. Overall, this work suggests that FC clusters play a key role in the Si etch process in these systems, and can also contribute to FC film growth. The effects of clusters in profile simulations and other plasma processing analyses may be more important than previously thought.
Malnutrition in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (2017)

Abstract This chapter discusses malnutrition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, including its diagnosis, prevalence, classification, and treatment. Factors to be considered in nutritional evaluation include undernutrition, body composition, appetite, joint involvement, energy expenditure, and growth. Overweight and obesity, effects of treatment on growth and nutrition, disease sequelae, and use of complementary and alternative medicines are specifically.
Kinetic parameters of a two‐phase model forin situ epoxidation of soybean oil (1995)

Abstract The process of in situ epoxidation consists of a two‐phase system that involves reactions in both phases, mass transfer between phases, and thermodynamic driving forces for the mass transfer. In this paper, we present a model that treats the process as a two‐phase system and uses local phase concentrations to calculate reaction and mass transfer rates. The process of in situ epoxidation has been broken down into a set of systematic steps, and rate constants for each step have been determined. A conventional stirred tank reactor, equipped with cooling coils, eliminated the heat and mass transfer limitations so that the true kinetics of in situ epoxidation were observed. It is shown that significantly larger rates (larger by factors of 2–10) are obtained when heat and mass transfer limitations are removed. The two‐phase model adequately predicts the epoxidation kinetics over a wide range of temperatures (50–90°C). In addition, the model also correctly predicts the effect of adding an inert solvent.
Modeled Economic Evaluation of Alternative Strategies to Reduce Sudden Cardiac Death Among Children Treated for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010)

Relative to current practice, adding ECG screening to history and physical examination pretreatment screening for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has borderline cost-effectiveness for preventing SCD. Relative cost-effectiveness may be improved by basing cardiology referral on ECG alone. Benefits of ECG screening arise primarily by restricting children identified with SCD risk from competitive sports.
Advanced Capacitor Development for Marxed Modulators (2005)

Sci-Eng Solutions is developing advanced, high-energy density capacitors requisite to the demanding requirements of Klystron drive modulators in conjunction with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Unique, nano-sized barium titanate and strontium titanate dielectric powders are used to fabricate high energy density ceramic capacitors. These crystalline ceramic powders have uniform spherical morphology and high dielectric constant, with sintering temperatures as low as 1000degC. The improved microstructure of the finegrained, sintered ceramic improves uniformity and reduces dielectric breakdown relative to equivalent, large grained ceramics. Moreover, various dopants or modifiers can also be used in binary compositions to tailor electrical performance for a wide range of applications. The size, purity and tailored compositions of the nano-powders result in a performance capability superior to convention ceramic technology; and the ultra-fine particle size makes these ceramic capacitors ideal for numerous modulator applications, such as directed energy weapons (high power microwaves and lasers), particle beam accelerators, high speed rail systems, lasers, and advanced radars.
Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity by toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in a macrophage-monocyte cell line. (1992)

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) is a Mr 22,000 protein produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It is thought to be the cause of toxic shock syndrome. We investigated the hypothesis that TSST-1 induces nitric oxide (NO) synthase and that the NO formed may be involved in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome. We used the murine monocyte-macrophage cell line J744.2 that responds to TSST-1 and also expresses NO synthase activity upon immunological stimulation. J774.2 macrophages stimulated with TSST-1 (10-100 nM) generated nitrite, a breakdown product of NO, and induced concentration-dependent elevations of cGMP in the pig kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1). This latter effect was due to the generation of L-arginine-derived NO for it was (i) abolished by oxyhemoglobin (10 microM), a scavenger of NO, or by methylene blue (10 microM), an inhibitor of NO-activated guanylate cyclase; (ii) potentiated by superoxide dismutase (100 units/ml), which prolongs the life of NO; (iii) inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (0.3 mM), an inhibitor of NO synthase; (iv) significantly decreased when L-arginine (0.4 mM) in the medium was replaced by D-arginine (0.4 mM). Moreover, TSST-1 (100 nM) enhanced the activity of cytosolic NO synthase in J774.2 cells. Hydrocortisone (1 microM) but not indomethacin (5 micrograms/ml) or salicylic acid (5 micrograms/ml) prevented the generation of NO2- and the increases in cGMP levels in LLC-PK1 cells induced by J774.2 cells stimulated with TSST-1. The effects of hydrocortisone were partially reversed by coincubation with RU 486 (1 microM), an antagonist of glucocorticoid receptors. Thus, TSST-1 and perhaps other exotoxins produced by Gram-positive bacteria induce NO synthase and the increased NO formation may contribute to toxic shock syndrome and possibly to changes in the immune responses that accompany infection.
Functional heterogeneity in the left lateral posterior parietal cortex during visual and haptic crossmodal dot‐surface matching (2021)

Taken together, the findings suggest that functional heterogeneity of the left LPPC during visuo-haptic crossmodal dot-surface retrieval processing reflects that the left LPPC does not simply contribute to retrieval of past information; rather, each subregion has a specific functional role in resolving different task requirements.