gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CAD for nanometer silicon design challenges and success (2004)

As silicon CMOS technology is scaled into the nanometer regime, the paradigm shift of computer-aided design (CAD) technology is indispensable to cope with two major challenges (i.e., the ever-increasing design complexity of gigascale integration and complicated physical effects inherent from the nanoscale technology). System-level design and verification methodologies manage the functional complexity, and manufacturing-aware design techniques control the nanoscale physical effects. In this highlight paper, most nanometer design issues are described and the issues related to the higher level of abstraction are summarized. Process variability can be controlled by statistical design, resolution enhancement, planarity control, and other manufacturing-aware design techniques. Continuously growing problems such as leakage power, signal integrity, and reliability are also discussed. Finally, technology CAD for future nanometer devices is presented. For successful nanometer silicon design, closer cooperation among the design, process technology, mask, and CAD communities are essential.
Activated carbon membrane biofilm reactor for the degradation of volatile organic pollutants (1995)

For the treatment of inhibitory wastewaters, biofilm reactors are distinguished by high process stability and flexibility. The activated carbon membrane biofilm reactor described in this paper combines the advantages of membrane technology and activated carbon adsorption in order to biologically degrade volatile organic pollutants in wastewater. Membranes provide oxygen, and activated carbon ensures a rapid reduction of organic concentration below the toxicity limit of the microorganisms. Two different reactor types are compared in this investigation.
Molecular prognostic markers in recurrent and in non-recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. (2005)

Our data support that high expression of MMP-9 and fibronectin indicate poor prognosis for ovarian cancer patients who have similar clinicopathological prognostic factors.
Safety and efficacy of topical norfloxacin versus tobramycin in the treatment of external ocular infections (1988)

Bacterial conjunctivitis appears to resolve more rapidly when treated with appropriate topical antimicrobial agents. In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind study of efficacy and safety, patients with presumed bacterial external eye infections were assigned to topical therapy with 0.3% norfloxacin or 0.3% tobramycin. A total of 120 patients were enrolled. Of the total, 65 had documented bacterial infections and were evaluable; 59 of these patients had bacterial conjunctivitis. All of the patients with documented infections were cured or improved regardless of the drug treatment regimen or in vitro susceptibility testing results. The most common bacteria isolated were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus sp. No patients had serious adverse reactions attributed to their therapy. Norfloxacin ophthalmic solution seems to be a safe, effective, and appropriate agent for the treatment of bacterial external eye infections.
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE GÖYNÜK AND SEYITOMER OIL SHALES OF TURKEY (1991)

The GCöynük and Seyitomer oil shales overlie coal seams. An investigation of their geochemistry by solid‐state and high‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, infra‐red spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the extracted bitumen suggests a classification as immature Type I kerogens. However. the n‐alkane distribution is consistent with a substantial input from terrestrial plants .
Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines and CXCL5 are essential for the recruitment of neutrophils in a multicellular model of rheumatoid arthritis synovium (2008)

This study is the first to demonstrate, in a model of human disease, that the function of DARC is essential for editing the chemokine signals presented by ECs and for promoting unwanted leukocyte recruitment.
Equivalent Circuit and Vector Diagram of an Autotransformer with Mapping of Magnetic Fluxes (2020)

A universal equivalent circuit of an autotransformer with explicit mapping of its main characteristic—transporting energy by two parallel paths (electrically and electromagnetically)—is presented. At the same time, a diagram displays the magnetic fluxes in the window sections and in separate sections of the magnetic circuit, as well as when the steel is saturated between it and the tank. A similar completeness of representation of the power and magnetic fluxes is provided by the vector diagram of autotransformer operating mode. With its help, a high degree of clarity was achieved when explaining overexcitation of individual parts of a magnetic circuit in a short-circuited autotransformer and when deriving formulas for determining super- and antisupercurrents in comparison with idle fluxes in this mode. The presented equivalent circuit is suitable for step-up and step-down autotransformers and is applicable to the study the steady-state and transient processes.
Inefficient boosting of antitumor CD8+T cells by dendritic-cell vaccines is rescued by restricting T-cell cytotoxic functions (2012)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful activators of primary and secondary immune responses and have promising activity as anticancer vaccines. However, various populations of immune cells, including natural killer cells, regulatory T cells and especially cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), can inhibit DC function through cytotoxic clearance. Spontaneous tumor-specific CTL responses are frequently observed in patients before immunotherapy, and it is unclear how such pre-existing responses may affect DC vaccines. We used an adoptive transfer model to show that DC vaccination fail to induce the expansion of pre-existing CTLs or increase their production of interferon γ (IFNγ). The expansion and effector differentiation of naïve host CD8(+) T cells was also suppressed in the presence of CTLs of the same specificity. Suppression was caused by the cytotoxic functions of the adoptively transferred CTLs, as perforin-deficient CTLs could respond to DC vaccination by expanding and increasing IFNγ production. Proliferation and effector differentiation of host CD8(+) T cells as well as resistance to tumor challenge were also significantly increased. Expression of perforin by antitumor CTLs was critical in regulating the survival of vaccine DCs, while FAS/FASL and TRAIL/DR5 had a significant, but comparatively smaller, effect. We conclude that perforin-expressing CTLs can suppress the activity of DC-based vaccines and prevent the expansion of naïve and memory CD8(+) T cells as well as antitumor immune responses. We suggest that, paradoxically, temporarily blocking the cytotoxic functions of CTLs at the time of DC vaccination should result in improved vaccine efficiency and enhanced antitumor immunity.
Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles: Improvements in Electric Battery Packs (2023)

Restrictions on fossil fuels and related environmental pollution issues motivate many organizations and countries to set their focus on electric vehicles (EVs) rather than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> . EVs require an energy storage system to store converted electric power in another form of energy and then reconvert the stored energy to electric power whenever it is required. The energy stored can be converted to electric energy for various uses, such as movement, lighting, and heating (although accessories are supplied by a 12-V auxiliary battery; the auxiliary battery is supplied by the main battery pack or by recuperative energy). Fortunately, many electrical energy storage technologies are available, with some offered commercially while others are in the research and development stage <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[3]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[4]</xref> . Electrochemical energy storage systems use various technologies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[5]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[6]</xref> . Energy storage systems, the heart of EVs, are composed of battery cells, battery modules, and a battery pack. Researchers work on various sections of battery packs to improve their performance <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[7]</xref> . These sections are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Figure 1</xref> . As shown in the figure, some EV battery technology developers are studying chemical materials to increase the capacity, power, energy density, safety, and cell voltage. In the past century, the most common batteries for EV applications were Pb–acid and Ni-based batteries <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[8]</xref> . In current use, Li-ion-based batteries are at the top.
Fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of circulating platelet activation during coronary angioplasty (2001)

Background and Objective Platelet activation during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) initiates thrombus formation and plaque regrowth at sites of arterial injury, limiting procedure efficacy. We have developed a simple assay for circulating platelet activation based on fluorescence analysis of membrane fluidity and intracellular calcium concentration and light scattering analysis of platelet aggregation. Study Design/Materials and Methods Platelet activation state was measured in 45 patients undergoing angioplasty, before and after treatment with platelet inhibitors. Results PTCA alone produced a decrease in pyrene dimer formation (P0.0083) and an increase in light scattering at 650 nm (P0.0128). Treatment with ADP and GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists reduced PTCA induced changes in pyrene dimer formation. An unexpected decrease in pyrene dimer formation (P0.05) was detected when the GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist was given together with an ADP receptor antagonist. Conclusions 1) Analysis of membrane fluidity provides a sensitive marker for platelet activation state. 2) Reduced membrane fluidity after combined platelet inhibitor treatments suggests reduced antiplatelet efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:414–426, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optomechanical Response Spectrum of a Tapered Fiber Coupled Microsphere Pendulum (2014)

We study the noise spectrum arising from absorptive and dispersive modulations to the motion of a micropendulum via transmission through the coupling tapered fiber. The observed asymmetrical line shape matches theoretical predictions.
Trivalent Subunit Vaccine Candidates for COVID-19 and Their Delivery Devices (2021)

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for platform technologies enabling rapid development of vaccines for emerging viral diseases. The current vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and thus far have shown tremendous efficacy. However, the need for cold-chain distribution, a prime-boost administration schedule, and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) call for diligence in novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approaches. We studied 13 peptide epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 and identified three neutralizing epitopes that are highly conserved among the VOCs. Monovalent and trivalent COVID-19 vaccine candidates were formulated by chemical conjugation of the peptide epitopes to cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles and virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Efficacy of this approach was validated first using soluble vaccine candidates as solo or trivalent mixtures and subcutaneous prime-boost injection. The high thermal stability of our vaccine candidates allowed for formulation into single-dose injectable slow-release polymer implants, manufactured by melt extrusion, as well as microneedle (MN) patches, obtained through casting into micromolds, for prime-boost self-administration. Immunization of mice yielded high titers of antibodies against the target epitope and S protein, and data confirms that antibodies block receptor binding and neutralize SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 against infection of human cells. We present a nanotechnology vaccine platform that is stable outside the cold-chain and can be formulated into delivery devices enabling single administration or self-administration. CPMV or Qβ VLPs could be stockpiled, and epitopes exchanged to target new mutants or emergent diseases as the need arises.
ChemInform Abstract: Degradation of the C1 Side Chain of Zaragozic Acid A. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Genome-wide miRNA profiling and pivotal roles of miRs 125a-5p and 17-92 cluster in human neutrophil maturation and differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells (2019)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are short non-coding post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in normal physiology and disease. Acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by accumulation of malignantly transformed immature myeloid precursors, and differentiation therapy, used to overcome this differentiation blockage, has become a successful therapeutic option. The human HL-60 acute leukemia cell line serves as a cell culture model for granulocytic maturation, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) incubation leads to its differentiation towards neutrophil-like cells, as assessed by biochemical, functional and morphological parameters. DMSO-induced HL-60 cell differentiation constitutes an excellent model to examine molecular processes that turn a proliferating immortal leukemic cell line into mature non-proliferating and apoptosis-prone neutrophil-like end cells. By performing genome-wide miRNA profiling and functional assays, we have identified a signature of 86 differentially expressed canonical miRNAs (51 upregulated; 35 downregulated) during DMSO-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to validate miRNA expression. Among these differentially expressed canonical miRNAs, we found miR-125a-5p upregulation and miR-17-92 cluster downregulation acted as major regulators of granulocytic differentiation in HL-60 cells. Enforced expression of miR-125a-5p promoted granulocytic differentiation in HL-60 cells, whereas miR-17-92 ectopic expression inhibited DMSO-induced HL-60 granulocytic differentiation. Ectopic expression of miR-125a-5p also promoted granulocytic differentiation in human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells, as well as in naïve human primary CD34<sup>+</sup>-hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells. These findings provide novel molecular insights into the identification of miRNAs regulating granulocytic differentiation of human leukemia cells and normal CD34<sup>+</sup>-hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells, and may assist in the development of novel miRNA-targeted therapies for leukemia.
The Development of a Novel in vitro Flow System to Evaluate Platelet Activation and Procoagulant Potential Induced by Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve Leakage Jets (2006)

Bileaflet mechanical heart valves (BMHVs) are prone to thrombus formation in the hinge region due to high shear stress combined with stagnation regions. This thesis research addresses the hypothesis that models that isolate and mimic BMHV hinge geometries can be used to quantitatively characterize procoagulant potential using a novel in vitro blood flow system. Furthermore, these results can be correlated with digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements detailing flow fields for the same models. &#13;\n\t&#13;\nThe significant findings were that: 1) recalcification of recirculating citrated blood markedly increases the magnitude of thrombus forming reactions and the sensitivity for their detection; 2) platelet activation, and the presence of adequate platelet numbers are essential for the activation of coagulation under conditions of high shear; and 3) thrombin formation can be inhibited by blocking the platelet receptors that facilitate platelet aggregation.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe DPIV studies give some insight into why different channel geometries resulted in varying propensities for coagulation. The channel geometries with abrupt changes in diameter induced significantly higher levels of TAT and also formed jets that were subject to increased entrainment of the stagnant fluid in the chamber. This entrainment enables more mixing of the shear-activated platelets with the surrounding flow, which can propagate the coagulation cascade, thus increasing the chance for thrombus formation.&#13;\nThe influence of abrupt changes in diameter was also evident in the BMHV human blood studies. The MP valve, which has a tortuous hinge pathway, induced significantly more TAT formation than the SJM Standard valve with a smoother hinge channel. Thus, BMHV hinge geometry should be as smooth and free of diameter changes as possible to eliminate stagnation regions that enable activated platelets to congregate and propagate the coagulation cascade. &#13;\n&#13;\nLeakage gap width also had a significant effect not only on procoagulant potential but also on platelet activation. Both the low and high leaker prototype valves had significantly higher levels of platelet activation compared to the SJM Standard valve, but only the low leaker valve demonstrated a higher propensity for coagulation. Thus, to minimize both platelet activation and thromboemboli formation, an optimal gap width should be maintained for BMHVs.
Evaluation of complete blood count results from a new, on-site hemocytometer compared with a laboratory-based hemocytometer (1996)

On-site hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, red cell distribution width, and platelet count values compare well with those results obtained from the laboratory. The MD 16 hemocytometer (Coulter Electronics) provides on-site hematologic results that can provide an accurate and rapid quantitative assessment of platelets, and red and white blood cells. Rapid access to information obtained from this type of system may be clinically useful, especially in critically ill patients.
Laboratory and field evaluation of real-time and near real-time PM 2.5 smoke monitors (2019)

Increases in large wildfire frequency and intensity and a longer fire season in the western United States are resulting in a significant increase in air pollution, including concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> (particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) that pose significant health risks to nearby communities. During wildfires, government agencies monitor PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations providing information and actions needed to protect affected communities; this requires continuously measuring instruments. This study assessed the performance of seven candidate instruments: (1) Met One Environmental beta attenuation monitor (EBAM), (2) Met One ES model 642 (ES642), (3) Grimm Environmental Dust Monitor 164 (EDM), (4) Thermo ADR 1500 (ADR), (5) TSI DRX model 8543 (DRX), (6) Dylos 1700 (Dylos), and (7) Purple Air II (PA-II) in comparison with a BAM 1020 (BAM) reference instrument. With the exception of the EBAM, all candidates use light scattering to determine PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations. Our comparison study included environmental chamber and field components, with two of each candidate instrument operating next to the reference instrument. The chamber component involved 6 days of comparisons for biomass combustion emissions. The field component involved operating all instruments in an air monitoring station for 39.5 days with hourly average relative humidity (RH) ranging from 19% to 98%. Goals were to assess instrument precision and accuracy and effects of RH, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) concentrations. All replicate candidate instruments showed high hourly correlations (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.80) and higher daily average correlations (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.90), where all instruments correlated well (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.80) with the reference. The DRX and Purple Air overestimated PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations by a factor of ~two. Differences between candidates and reference were more pronounced at higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations. All optical instruments were affected by high RH and by the EC/OC ratio. Equations to convert candidate instruments data to FEM BAM type data are provided to enhance the usability of data from candidate instruments.<i>Implications:</i> This study tested the performance of seven candidate PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentration measuring instruments in two settings - environmental chamber and field. The instruments were tested to determine their suitability for use during biomass combustion events and the effects of RH, PM mass concentrations, and concentrations of EC and OC on their performance. The accuracy and precision of each monitor and effect of RH, PM concentration, EC and OC concentrations are varied. The data show that most of these candidate instruments are suitable for measuring PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration during biomass combustions with a proper correction factor for each instrument type.
Management of ground-glass opacities: should all pulmonary lesions with ground-glass opacity be surgically resected? (2013)

Pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity (GGO) are frequently observed and will be increasingly detected. GGO can be observed in both benign and malignant conditions, including lung cancer and its preinvasive lesions. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ are typically manifested as pure GGOs, whereas more advanced adenocarcinomas may include a larger solid component within the GGO region. The natural history of GGOs has been gradually clarified. Approximately 20% of pure GGOs and 40% of part-solid GGOs gradually grow or increase their solid component, whereas others remain unchanged for years. Therefore, it remains unclear whether all pulmonary lesions with GGO should be surgically resected or whether lesions without changes may not require resection. To distinguish GGOs with growth from those without growth, a 3-year follow-up observation period is a reasonable benchmark based on the data that the volume-doubling time (VDT) of pure GGOs ranges from approximately 600 to 900 days and that of part-solid GGOs ranges from 300 to 450 days. Future studies on the genetic differences between GGOs with growth and those without growth will help establish an appropriate management algorithm.