gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The crystal structure of methyldineopentylsulphonium tri-iododineopentylsulphonium-methylzincate, [(C5H11)2SMe]+[(C5H11)2SCH2Znl3]? (1969)

The structure of a new organo-zinc compound, methyldineopentylsulphonium tri-iododineopentylsulphonium-methylzincate, has been determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals contain discrete ions, a sulphonium cation [(C5H11)2SMe]+, and an organo-zinc anion [(C5H11)2SCH2Znl3]–. The zinc atom is tetrahedrally co-ordinated to three iodine atoms (mean distance Zn–l, 2·64 Å) and to the substituted methyl carbon atom (Zn–C, 2·14 Å).
Bone Remodeling: Cathepsin K in Collagen Turnover (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Proteolytic Machinery of Bone Resorption and Cathepsin K Specificity and Mechanism of Collagenase Activity of Cathepsin K Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Bone Diseases Development of Specific Cathepsin K Inhibitors and Clinical Trials Off-Target and Off-Site Inhibition Conclusion Acknowledgments References
Theoretical Approaches (1988)

The previous chapter identified some of the main features in a model of fiction seen as communication. Specific data relating to some of these features (such as the nature of the readership) have been gathered by scholars in a continuous process since the academic study of literature began; it provides a core of factual material which will be drawn on in relation to the texts used as examples in this book. The present chapter by contrast deals with a more subjective and controversial aspect of the socio-cultural approach; it summarises a number of theories which attempt to account for the characteristics of given novels in terms of the social composition of the society in which they were written. Since most of the theories refer to literature in general a specific application to fiction has been assumed.
User Intent Identification in a Lower-Extremity Exoskeleton via the Mahalanobis Distance (2020)

Existing strategies for controlling lower-limb robotic exoskeletons place different emphasis on the user's intentions considered at various resolutions, from high-level goals (increase speed) to mid-level actions (increase stride length) to low-level joint behaviors (increase hip flexion). While sensors onboard the exoskeleton sense the human only indirectly, via the human-robot interface, they offer advantages over more direct methods in terms of the time required to don the device. In this study, exoskeleton users, both able-bodied and having spinal cord injury, were asked to perform changes in their intended gait speed. Onboard sensor measurements were used offline to test an intent identification algorithm based on the Mahalanobis distance. The algorithm's goal is to identify an intent change and correctly classify its type, but not to realize that change via the exoskeleton. The algorithm correctly identified instances in which the user desired to walk faster or slower than the nominal speed in the device. For able-bodied subjects, the average delay between the known intent change and correct identification by the algorithm was 0.63 s. This delay for non-able-bodied subjects was 0.93 s on average. These proof-of-concept results show that intent identification based on the Mahalanobis distance is possible, while analysis of the approach suggests areas for further improvement.
A New Environmental Lubricant Supports Key Subsea Boosting and Compression Technology (2013)

Abstract In recent years development in the offshore industry has moved key processes from surface facilities to subsea, with the major focus being on subsea boosting and gas compression. This has led equipment manufacturers to develop high performance subsea pumps and compressors, driven by increasingly powerful, efficient and compact electric motors. These motors, together with the bearings and seals in the pumps and compressors, need to be lubricated and cooled efficiently by a lubricant with unique properties suited for operation in the subsea environment. This paper will focus on the challenges that were overcome in the development of a lubricant to meet both the performance and environmental requirements. The lubricant is normally supplied to the subsea unit via an umbilical from the host surface facility, and is one of the vital keys to the reliability of this (rotating) equipment. The performance characteristics of the lubricant must cope with industry trends such as increasing process stream temperatures, higher pressures and higher shaft rotational speeds. In combination with these demands tightening environmental legislation governing the use and discharge of chemicals into the oceans requires that the industry adopts more environmentally responsible lubricant technologies. The development process began by understanding in detail the conditions inside the various rotating elements within the pump/compressor. Critical parameters which will be reviewed include long term thermal stability, lubricant viscosity, lubricity, load carrying properties and water contamination management. With shaft speeds up to 6000rpm, and high simulated process temperatures, the product would be thermally stressed beyond limits typically seen in these applications. The screening tests on bespoke test rigs, selection of environmentally responsible lubricant components will be discussed, together with an overview of the global offshore environmental trends. This approach demonstrated the superior performance of the lubricant by testing it beyond the expected conditions to provide enhanced reliability assurance and reduce operational risk. The final lubricant solution will increase the operating envelope of subsea pumps and compressors, offer improved reliability, and being fully compliant with the tightest offshore environmental legislation.
Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in rabbit sclera after treatment with 7-methylxanthine, theobromine, acetazolamide, or L-ornithine (1999)

7-Methylxanthine, a metabolite of caffeine, increases collagen concentration and the diameter of collagen fibrils in the posterior sclera, and may be useful for treatment or prevention of conditions associated with low level and/or inferior quality of scleral collagen, such as axial myopia, chronic open angle glaucoma, and possibly neovascular age related macular degeneration. The apparent loss of collagen induced by chronic treatment with acetazolamide should be taken into consideration as a potentially harmful side effect. These results may indicate that scleral biochemistry and ultrastructure are influenced by the retinal pigment epithelium. One possible explanation is that the scleral fibroblasts which produce the collagen are sensitive to changes in the physiological electric field created by the retinal pigment epithelium.
Control of Center of Mass Motion during Walking Predicts Gait and Balance in People with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (2023)

Abstract Background There is evidence that ambulatory people with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) have an impaired ability to control lateral motion of their whole-body center of mass (COM) during walking. This impairment is believed to contribute to functional deficits in gait and balance, however that relationship is unclear. Thus, this cross-sectional study examines the relationship between the ability to control lateral COM motion during walking and functional measures of gait and balance in people with iSCI. Methods We assessed the ability to control lateral COM motion during walking and conducted clinical gait and balance outcome measures on twenty ambulatory adults with chronic iSCI (C1-T10 injury, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale C or D). To assess their ability to control lateral COM motion, participants performed three treadmill walking trials. During each trial, real-time lateral COM position and a target lane were projected on the treadmill. Participants were instructed to keep their lateral COM position within the lane. If successful, an automated control algorithm progressively reduced the lane width, making the task more challenging. If unsuccessful, the lane width increased. The adaptive lane width was designed to challenge each participant’s maximum capacity to control lateral COM motion during walking. To quantify control of lateral COM motion, we calculated lateral COM excursion during each gait cycle and then identified the minimum lateral COM excursion occurring during five consecutive gait cycles. Our clinical outcome measures were Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA). We used a Spearman correlation analysis (ρ) to examine the relationship between minimum lateral COM excursion and clinical measures. Results Minimum lateral COM excursion had significant moderate correlations with BBS (ρ=−0.54, p=0.014), TUG (ρ=0.59, p=0.007), 10MWT-preferred (ρ=−0.59, p=0.006), and FGA (ρ=−0.59, p=0.007) and a significant strong correlation with 10MWT-fast (ρ=−0.68, p=0.001). Conclusion Control of lateral COM motion during walking predicts a wide range of clinical gait and balance measures in people with iSCI. This finding suggests the ability to control lateral COM motion during walking could be a contributing factor to gait and balance in people with iSCI.
Abstract A26: Representation of minorities, the elderly, and women in over 1000 clinical trials (2018)

Abstract Background: Despite the importance of diversity while studying new drugs, many cancer clinical trials (CT) lack appropriate representation of specific patient populations, limiting the generalizability of the evidence obtained. Therefore, we determined the representation of ethnic minorities, the elderly, and women in cancer CT. Methods: Enrollment data from all therapeutic trials reported as completed in clinicaltrial.gov from 2003 to 2016 were analyzed. CT in rare cancers (&amp;lt; 1% incidence) or with recruitment outside of the United States were excluded. Enrollment fraction (EF) was defined as the number of enrollees divided by the 2013 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database cancer prevalence. Results: Out of 1,012 CT, 310 (31%) reported ethnicity with a total of 55,689 enrollees. 46,431 (83%) enrollees were non-Hispanic white, 3,270 (6%) African American, 2,982 (5.3%) Asian, 1,484 (2.6%) Hispanic, and 1,332 (2.4%) were classified as other. Participation in CT varied significantly across ethnic groups; non-Hispanic whites were more likely to be enrolled in CT (EF of 1.2%) than African Americans (EF of 0.7%, p &amp;lt;0.001) and Hispanics (EF of 0.4%, p &amp;lt;0.001). A decrease in African American (6% vs. 9.2%) and Hispanic (2.6% vs. 3.1%) enrollment was observed when compared with historical data from 1996 to 2002. Asians were well represented and their recruitment doubled over the past 14 years (2% vs. 5.3%). Hispanics were less represented in breast and prostate cancer CT, only contributing to 3% and 1.5% of the study population. African Americans were less represented in lung (5.4%) and renal cell carcinoma (3%) trials. Enrollees' median age was 60 years with 64% of patients &amp;lt;65 years of age. Younger patients (&amp;lt;65 years) were more likely to be enrolled in CT than the elderly (64% vs. 36%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Lower recruitment of female patients was observed in CT for melanoma (35%), lung (39%), and pancreatic cancer (40%). Conclusions: African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly were less likely to be enrolled in CT. Comparing with historical data, we observed a decrease in minorities' recruitment over the past 14 years. This change could be attributed to the increased complexity of CT and mandatory molecular testing as many minorities lack access to institutions with genetic-testing capacity. Future trials should take extra measures to recruit participants who adequately represent the U.S. cancer population. Citation Format: Narjust Duma, Jesus Vera-Aguilera, Yucai Wang, Jonas Paludo, Konstantinos Leventakos, Aaron Mansfield, Alex Adjei. Representation of minorities, the elderly, and women in over 1000 clinical trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A26.
Energy-Efficient Production Scheduling of a Cryogenic Air Separation Plant (2017)

Power-intensive processes, such as cryogenic air separation in which the major portion of the production cost is spent on energy/electricity, need to adopt a smart operational approach to ensure maximum usage of resources while minimizing the power cost. In this paper a state task network-based model of an air separation plant is designed to represent real world production constraints. A discrete time model-based production scheduling has been proposed and validated on several scenarios that reflects representative real time constraints. The optimal schedule found for every scenario chosen has shown efficient exploitation of all energy contracts and judicious utilization of the liquid products. Due to its granular and rigorous modeling approach along with computational efficiency, the proposed model manifests huge potential toward its implementation in a real-world air separation plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies for Delivering Local Anesthetics to the Skin: Focus on Liposomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Hydrogels and Patches (2014)

Abstract Review: 118 refs.
Millimeter-wave CMOS design (2005)

This paper describes the design and modeling of CMOS transistors, integrated passives, and circuit blocks at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. The effects of parasitics on the high-frequency performance of 130-nm CMOS transistors are investigated, and a peak f/sub max/ of 135 GHz has been achieved with optimal device layout. The inductive quality factor (Q/sub L/) is proposed as a more representative metric for transmission lines, and for a standard CMOS back-end process, coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines are determined to possess a higher Q/sub L/ than microstrip lines. Techniques for accurate modeling of active and passive components at mm-wave frequencies are presented. The proposed methodology was used to design two wideband mm-wave CMOS amplifiers operating at 40 GHz and 60 GHz. The 40-GHz amplifier achieves a peak |S/sub 21/| = 19 dB, output P/sub 1dB/ = -0.9 dBm, IIP3 = -7.4 dBm, and consumes 24 mA from a 1.5-V supply. The 60-GHz amplifier achieves a peak |S/sub 21/| = 12 dB, output P/sub 1dB/ = +2.0 dBm, NF = 8.8 dB, and consumes 36 mA from a 1.5-V supply. The amplifiers were fabricated in a standard 130-nm 6-metal layer bulk-CMOS process, demonstrating that complex mm-wave circuits are possible in today's mainstream CMOS technologies.
Effects of a rhubarb (Rhei rhizoma) solution and its fractions on the formation on of calcium phosphate precipitates (1996)

Inhibitory effects of a rhubarb (Rhei rhizoma) solution and its fractions on the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates were studied. The rhubarb solution inhibited both the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formation and the rate of hydroxyapatite (HAP) transformation, and extended the induction time. When the solution was fractionated using membrane filters, a filtrate with the molecular weight between 3 and 10 kDa (with 2/3 recovery of polyphenols) was found to be responsible for both the ACP formation and the extension of the induction time. Another filtrate with the molecular weight below 3 kDa (with 1/3 recovery of polyphenols) may be responsible for the inhibition of both the ACP formation and the rate of HAP transformation, and the extension of the induction time. When the extract of rhubarb was fractionated using a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, fraction IV greatly inhibited the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates, while fractions I, II and III slightly inhibited that reaction. Our finding suggests that fraction IV may contain useful substance(s) for the prevention of oral calcium phosphate precipitation (calculus formation). However, strong calcium chelating properties would limit the concentration that could be safely employed.
A simple scheme for the minimization of the impact of shorting defects in large-area thin-film integrated arrays (1984)

Randomly distributed shorting defects can become the dominating factor limiting the production yield of largearea thin-film solar cells. This paper describes a simple scheme to deal with the problem. By dividing a large-area monolithically integrated array into a parallel combination of subarrays, the detrimental effect of shorting defects can be dramatically reduced. For example, a 1000 cm/sup 2/ integrated array consisting of 60 cells in a series and having a defect density of 2 X 10/sup -2/ cm/sup -2/ is expected to lose 45% of its efficiency. By dividing the array into 10 subarrays, the efficiency loss is reduced to 4%.
Comparison between Reducibilities of Columnar Silico-ferrite of Calcium and Aluminum (SFCA) Covered with Slag and Acicular SFCA with Fine Pores (2018)

Reducibilities of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) have been examined using high temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis including the effect of hydrogen. Two types of sample were prepared: columnar SFCA covered with slag and acicular SFCA with fine pores, denoted by ‘Columnar SFCA’ and ‘Acicular SFCA’, respectively. These samples were synthesized using chemical reagents and iron ore powders. XRD analysis was applied to the samples heated in a condition simulating a blast furnace. Oxygen partial pressure was controlled by gas mixtures of CO–CO2–He, and there were some cases where 3.9 vol% of hydrogen gas was added to the mixture. The microstructures of the samples before and after heating were observed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). XRD profiles indicated: (i) both SFCA samples were reduced to Fe via calcio-wüstite (CW), (ii) the reduction from ‘Acicular SFCA’ to CW took place at lower temperatures than that of ‘Columnar SFCA’ during the heating cycle up to 1000°C, and (iii) CW produced from ‘Acicular SFCA’ was reduced to Fe earlier than CW from ‘Columnar SFCA’ at 1000°C. These results suggest that SFCA and CW phases in ‘Acicular SFCA’ have higher reducibility than those in ‘Columnar SFCA’. This would be because ‘Acicular SFCA’ consists of smaller SFCA particles with fine pores. BSE images have revealed that such microstructures still remained even after the reduction to CW. Additions of hydrogen promoted reduction of ‘Columnar SFCA’ more effectively, and this effect was observed more remarkably in the reduction from CW to Fe than from SFCA to CW.
Infrared spectroscopic study of coal depolymerization catalysis by metal chlorides (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared spectroscopic study of coal depolymerization catalysis by metal chloridesH. Paul Wang, Ben A. Garland, and Edward M. EyringCite this: Energy Fuels 1989, 3, 4, 444–448Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00016a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00016a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Shock-controlled bubble cloud dynamics and light emission. (2011)

Cavitation bubble collapse can generate intense concentrations of mechanical energy, sufficient to erode even the hardest metals and to generate light emissions visible to the naked eye. In this talk we describe cavitation bubble cloud experiments carried out in spherical resonators at ambient and acoustic pressures up to 30 MPa. Key to our system is the ability to nucleate with temporal and spatial controls, which we achieve using dielectric breakdown in water from pulsed focused laser beams. Our observations show that the cloud dynamics are controlled by the repetitive emission of shock waves, which propagate outward from the inertial cloud collapse, reflect off of the sphere wall, and then converge on the resonator center. Shock convergence phenomena and light emission from compact cloud collapse will be discussed. [Work supported by the Impulse Devices, Inc.]
Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes (1997)

Carbon nanotubes containing small amounts of nitrogen are produced by the pyrolysis of aza-aromatics such as pyridine, methylpyrimidine and triazine over cobalt nanoparticles in an Ar atmosphere; good yields of such nanotubes are obtained by carrying out the pyrolysis of a mixture of pyridine and Fe(CO)5 in flowing Ar+H2 .
Toward Practical Li Metal Batteries: Importance of Separator Compatibility Using Ionic Liquid Electrolytes (2019)

Long-term cycling studies of high capacity Li-metal|lithium iron phosphate (LFP, 3.5 mAh/cm2) cells were carried out using two highly concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs). Cells incorporating N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (C3mpyrFSI) or triethylmethylphosphonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (P1222FSI), with 50 mol % lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) electrolytes were shown to operate for over 180 cycles at 50 °C at a rate of C/2 (1.75 mA/cm2). The choice of separator was identified as a critical factor to enable high areal capacity cycling, with the occurrence of cell failure through a short-circuiting mechanism being particularly sensitive to separator characteristics. Several commercial separators were characterized and tested, and their performance was related to membrane properties such as the MacMullin number, pore size, and contact angle. Celgard 3000 series separators were found to support long-term cycling due to their combination of desirable nanoporosity and wettability. The most compatible cell components were assembled into a pouch cell to further demonstrate the feasibility of ILE incorporation into high-capacity lithium metal batteries for commercial purposes.