gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2‐Indolyl ketone synthesis (1979)

Abstract The preparation of 2‐indolyl alkyl ketones by reductive cleavage of a β‐keto sulfone or by the reaction of 1‐chloro‐2‐propanone (chloroacetone) with a 2‐aminobenzoic acid derivative is described. The β‐keto sulfone intermediates are prepared by condensation of the carbanion of dimethyl sulfone and indole‐2‐carboxylic acid esters. Lack of reactivity of several 2‐aminobenzoic acids in the 1‐chloro‐2‐propanone process is related to the presence of electron‐withdrawing substituents in the aromatic ring.
Abstract 352: ERG protein is a marker for vascular tumors and prostatic adenocarcinoma (2011)

Abstract ERG belongs to the ETS-family of transcription factors and is expressed in subsets of Ewing sarcomas, myeloid leukemias and prostate carcinomas due to chromosomal translocations. Normal expression of ERG has been detected in vascular endothelial cells. In this study we examined ERG-expression in selected adult and embryonic normal tissues, vascular tumors, and non-vascular tumors as controls. A mouse monoclonal antibody (CPDR ERG-MAb) that specifically recognizes ERG oncoprotein was developed at the Center for Prostate Disease Research. We have utilized CPDR ERG-MAb with a Leica automatic immunostainer in combination with the Leica's avidin-biotin free polymer-based detection system. Diaminobenzidine was used the chromogen. Tissues that demonstrated nuclear ERG-immunoreactivity were scored, and only nuclear immunoreactivity was counted as positive. Approximately 10% of examined tissues lacked any ERG-immunoreactivity suggesting that this epitope may be sensitive to sub-optimal preservation. In normal adult skin, tonsil, thymus, liver, kidney, pancreas and, stomach, and colon nuclear ERG-immunoreactivity was restricted to vascular endothelial cells. In human and mouse embryonic tissues wide-spread immonolocalization of ERG was observed in endothelial cells and restricted expression in precartillage, and hematopoietic tissues. Nuclear ERG-positivity was consistently observed in benign vascular tumors (n = 6, at minimum in each category): capillary and cavernous hemangiomas of different types, papillary endothelial hyperplasia, and lymphangioma. In spindle cell hemangioma, the endothelial component was positive and spindle cells negative. In malignant vascular tumors, majority of spindle cells and endothelial cells in Kaposi sarcomas (n = 11) and tumor cells in epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (n = 11) and angiosarcoma (n = 17), were positive. All non-vascular tumors (minimum 5 cases of each): glomus tumor, epithelioid sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, metastatic malignant melanoma, undifferentiated carcinomas of lung and small intestine, pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and malignant mesotheliomas were negative. Consistent with our previous report, In prostatic adenocarcinomas ERG oncoprotein was present in 45% of the examined cases, with no reactivity in non-neoplastic prostate. ERG oncoprotein is a promising marker for prostatic adenocarcinoma in sepration of it from no-neoplastic prostate and other adenocarcinomas. Our recent study revealed that detecting ERG may also be utilized for the diagnosis of angiosarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and endothelial components of hemangiomas. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 352. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-352
Advances in Homology Protein Structure Modeling (2006)

Homology modeling plays a central role in determining protein structure in the structural genomics project. The importance of homology modeling has been steadily increasing because of the large gap that exists between the overwhelming number of available protein sequences and experimentally solved protein structures, and also, more importantly, because of the increasing reliability and accuracy of the method. In fact, a protein sequence with over 30% identity to a known structure can often be predicted with an accuracy equivalent to a low-resolution X-ray structure. The recent advances in homology modeling, especially in detecting distant homologues, aligning sequences with template structures, modeling of loops and side chains, as well as detecting errors in a model, have contributed to reliable prediction of protein structure, which was not possible even several years ago. The ongoing efforts in solving protein structures, which can be time-consuming and often difficult, will continue to spur the development of a host of new computational methods that can fill in the gap and further contribute to understanding the relationship between protein structure and function.
Comparison of constitutive and thiabendazole-induced expression of five cytochrome P450 genes in fourth-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus isolates with different drug susceptibility identifies one gene with high constitutive expression in a multi-resistant isolate (2017)

Benzimidazoles (BZs) remain amongst the most widely used anthelmintic drug classes against gastro-intestinal nematode infections, although their efficacy is increasingly compromised by resistance. The primary underlying mechanisms for BZ resistance are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene causing the substitutions F167Y, E198A or F200Y. However, resistance is believed to be multi-genic and previous studies have shown that isolates carrying 90-100% F200Y can vary considerably in their resistance level in the egg hatch assay (EHA). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are associated with drug resistance in mammals and arthropods and have been considered as mediators of anthelmintic resistance. In Caenorhabditis elegans, several members of the CYP34/35 and CYP31 families are BZ and/or xenobiotic inducible and thiabendazole (TBZ) is metabolised by CYP35D1. Here, expression of all 5 CYPs closely related to the C. elegans CYP34/35 and CYP31 families was investigated in fourth-stage larvae of two susceptible and three BZ-resistant Haemonchus contortus isolates following in vitro exposure to TBZ for 3 and 6 h using real-time RT-PCR. The resistance status of all isolates was determined using EHAs and quantification of resistance-associated β-tubulin SNPs using pyrosequencing. While none of the CYPs was TBZ inducible, constitutive expression of CYP34/35 family member HCOI100383400 was significantly 2.4-3.7-fold higher in the multi-drug resistant WR isolate with the strongest BZ resistance phenotype compared to susceptible and intermediate-level BZ-resistant isolates. Although this increase is only moderate, HCOI100383400 might still be involved in high-level BZ resistance by further decreasing susceptibility in isolates already carrying 100% of a β-tubulin SNP causing BZ resistance. Lower transcript levels were observed for all CYPs in the intermediately resistant IRE isolate in comparison to the susceptible HcH isolate, which, except for CYP HCOI01579500, were statistically non-significant. This suggests that none of the investigated CYPs may contribute to protection against TBZ in this particular isolate.
Expression of Ghrelin and of the GH Secretagogue Receptor by Pancreatic Islet Cells and Related Endocrine Tumors (2002)

Ghrelin is a novel gastrointestinal hormone produced by rat and human gastric X-like neuroendocrine cells, which strongly stimulates GH secretion and influences energy balance, gastric motility, and acid secretion. Ghrelin is expressed in pituitary and gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. It binds to the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), which is present in a wide variety of central and peripheral human tissues. The aim of the present study was 2-fold: 1) to determine, by immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis, whether pancreatic islet cells produce ghrelin and express GHS-R; and 2) to investigate ghrelin and GHS-R expression in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Seven cases of nonneoplastic pancreatic tissue and 28 endocrine tumors were studied. In pancreatic islets, ghrelin immunoreactivity was present in all cases and confined to beta-cells. Eleven of the 28 (39%) endocrine tumors were immunoreactive for ghrelin. In situ hybridization and RT-PCR confirmed the immunohistochemical data for both tumors and islets but also revealed ghrelin mRNA in 8 and 11 additional tumors, respectively. GHS-R 1a and 1b mRNAs were present in 7 of 28 and 14 of 28 tumors, respectively, studied by RT-PCR. These findings demonstrate that ghrelin production is not restricted to the stomach but is also present in pancreatic beta-cells and endocrine tumors (regardless of the type of pancreatic hormone produced, if any). Expression of GHS-R in some of the endocrine tumors studied indicates that autocrine/paracrine circuits may be active in neoplastic conditions.
Sources of Inter-package Conflicts in Debian (2011)

Inter-package conflicts require the presence of two or more packages in a\nparticular configuration, and thus tend to be harder to detect and localize\nthan conventional (intra-package) defects. Hundreds of such inter-package\nconflicts go undetected by the normal testing and distribution process until\nthey are later reported by a user. The reason for this is that current\nmeta-data is not fine-grained and accurate enough to cover all common types of\nconflicts. A case study of inter-package conflicts in Debian has shown that\nwith more detailed package meta-data, at least one third of all package\nconflicts could be prevented relatively easily, while another one third could\nbe found by targeted testing of packages that share common resources or\ncharacteristics. This paper reports the case study and proposes ideas to detect\ninter-package conflicts in the future.\n
Effect of the Synthetic Retinoid Fenretinide on Dark Adaptation and the Ocular Surface (1994)

The women treated with 200 mg fenretinide daily showed a relatively high incidence of mild-to-moderate alterations of dark-adaptometry as measured with the Goldmann-Weekers adaptometer. However, the real-life implication of the measurements is an open question, for the questionnaire shows that 50% of the patients with altered dark adaptometry were asymptomatic.
Extending the depth of focus for enhanced three-dimensional imaging and profilometry: an overview (2009)

We overview the benefits that extended depth of focus technology may provide for three-dimensional imaging and profilometry. The approaches for which the extended depth of focus benefits are being examined include stereoscopy, light coherence, pattern projection, scanning line, speckles projection, and projection of axially varied shapes.
Effect of complex recovery of saturable absorption on the performance of mode-locked lasers (2011)

Saturable absorbers with balanced slow and fast recovery mechanisms exhibiting a broadband recovery dynamics are shown to be advantageous for both reliable start-up of passive mode-locking and efficient pulse shortening.
The sirtuin SIRT6 deacetylates H3 K56Ac in vivo to promote genomic stability (2009)

"The sirtuin SIRT6 deacetylates H3 K56Ac in vivo to promote genomic stability." Cell Cycle, 8(16), pp. 2662–2663
COMPARISON OF ASSAY METHODS FOR N2 FIXATION UTILIZING WHITE BEAN AND SOYBEAN (1987)

Acetylene reduction estimates of N 2 fixation and nodulation by white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are generally low under field conditions. Recent reports using 15 N dilution have resulted in higher estimates. In the work reported here, estimates of white bean N 2 fixation determined by acetylene reduction, 15 N dilution, and the difference method were compared under field conditions. Difference and acetylene reduction assays were also compared under controlled environment conditions. Soybean (Glycine max), which has given high estimates by all three methods and is generally well nodulated under field and controlled environment conditions, was included as a control. Results from field experiments showed that the 15 N dilution and difference method estimates were not different within or between species. Acetylene reduction estimates of N 2 fixation for soybean grown in the field or under controlled environment conditions were about half those of the difference assay. This was also true for white bean in the growth room, but in the field the acetylene reduction estimate for white bean was about 10% that of the difference or 15 N dilution method. Either the acetylene reduction assay is not applicable to white bean under field conditions, or white bean has access to a source of N not detected by acetylene reduction and not available to soybean or the control plants used in the 15 N dilution and difference methods. In support of the latter possibility, white beans grown under controlled environment conditions, without soil N, nodulated and reduced acetylene as well as soybeans grown under the same conditions.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, N 2 fixation assay methods, alternate N sources, bean (white), soybean
Acoustic Change Complex: Clinical Implications (2015)

The acoustic change complex (ACC) is a cortical auditory evoked potential elicited in response to a change in an ongoing sound. The characteristics and potential clinical implications of the ACC are reviewed in this article. The P1-N1-P2 recorded from the auditory cortex following presentation of an acoustic stimulus is believed to reflect the neural encoding of a sound signal, but this provides no information regarding sound discrimination. However, the neural processing underlying behavioral discrimination capacity can be measured by modifying the traditional methodology for recording the P1-N1-P2. When obtained in response to an acoustic change within an ongoing sound, the resulting waveform is referred to as the ACC. When elicited, the ACC indicates that the brain has detected changes within a sound and the patient has the neural capacity to discriminate the sounds. In fact, results of several studies have shown that the ACC amplitude increases with increasing magnitude of acoustic changes in intensity, spectrum, and gap duration. In addition, the ACC can be reliably recorded with good test-retest reliability not only from listeners with normal hearing but also from individuals with hearing loss, hearing aids, and cochlear implants. The ACC can be obtained even in the absence of attention, and requires relatively few stimulus presentations to record a response with a good signal-to-noise ratio. Most importantly, the ACC shows reasonable agreement with behavioral measures. Therefore, these findings suggest that the ACC might represent a promising tool for the objective clinical evaluation of auditory discrimination and/or speech perception capacity.
Comparison of Characteristics of Internal Planetary Gear Reducer with Epitrochoid Curve using Metal and 3D Printed Parts (2023)

The demand for industrial robots has recently increased and is expected to continue to grow. In addition, efforts toward the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and carbon neutrality are gaining momentum worldwide. In this paper, we evaluate lightweight reduction gears developed for improving the energy efficiency of robots. To reduce robot weight, it is necessary to replace conventional metal materials with lightweight materials such as composite materials and resins. However, in general, weight reduction tends to reduce stiffness, resulting in a decrease in the speed and precision performance required for industrial robots. We evaluate the applicability of replacing metal parts with plastic materials made using a fused deposition modeling 3D printer. The evaluation was conducted using a drive unit, which has a significant impact on the power and position control performance of a robot. In addition, a gear with a low reduction ratio, which is generally considered to have high backdrivability, is developed to incorporate into robots that work side-by-side with humans. Onyx resin, with a density less than half that of metal, was used to make the plastic parts. The use of resin for the case that encloses the gears significantly contributes to weight reduction and has only a small effect on torsional stiffness and hysteresis loss. Since the resin case is easily deformed, it allows for errors caused by metal machining, resulting in smooth rotation and improved torque transmission efficiency.
Tailored Structural Design and Aeromechanical Control of Axial Compressor Stall—Part II: Evaluation of Approaches (2004)

A theoretical evaluation was conducted delineating how aeromechanical feedback control can be utilized to stabilize the inception of rotating stall in axial compressors. Ten aeromechanical control methodologies were quantitatively examined based on the analytical formulations presented in the first part of this paper. The maximum operating range for each scheme is determined for optimized structural parameters, and the various schemes are compared. The present study shows that the most promising aeromechanical designs and controls for a class of low-speed axial compressors were the use of dynamic fluid injection. Aeromechanically incorporating variable duct geometries and dynamically re-staggered IGV and rotor blades were predicted to yield less controllability. The aeromechanical interaction of a flexible casing wall was predicted to be destabilizing, and thus should be avoided by designing sufficiently rigid structures to prevent casing ovalization or other structurally induced variations in tip clearance. Control authority, a metric developed in the first part of this paper, provided a useful interpretation of the aeromechanical damping of the coupled system. The model predictions also show that higher spatial modes can become limiting with aeromechanical feedback, both in control of rotating stall as well as in considering the effects of lighter, less rigid structural aeroengine designs on compressor stability.
4. Möglichkeiten des Menschseins: die „anthropologische Funktion“ von Nietzsches Religionskritik. Eine Interpretation von Nietzsches Thematisierung des „Todes Gottes“ (2009)

4. Möglichkeiten des Menschseins: die „anthropologische Funktion“ von Nietzsches Religionskritik. Eine Interpretation von Nietzsches Thematisierung des „Todes Gottes“ was published in Der letzte Jünger des Philosophen Dionysos on page 361.
Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of porous powders of CaCO3 (2012)

The results of small-angle and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering on porous CaCO 3 microparticles of pulverulent vaterite made by a conventional chemical route and by using supercritical CO 2 are presented. The scattering curves are analysed in the framework of the Guinier–Porod model, which gives the radii of gyration of the scattering objects and their fractal dimension. In addition, the porosity and the specific surface area are determined by using the Porod invariant, which is modified to take into account the effective thickness of the pellet. The results of this analysis are compared with those obtained by nitrogen adsorption.
Identification of secondary flow pattern in a heated curved rectangular channel using image processing technique (2002)

This paper introduces a new application of pattern recognition techniques to the problem of automatic identification of secondary flow patterns in heated curved rectangular channels. The proposed algorithm is based on two observations. Firstly, in the study of secondary flow patterns, it is found that a smaller pair of secondary vortices is generated when the flowrate of a fluid in a curved passage is beyond certain threshold value. Secondly, humans can easily identify the centre of the vortex by visual inspection. This paper proposes an algorithm that can automatically realise the existence and location of such vortices. Such information can be used to provide a feedback signal for the control of the flow within the channel.
Selective liquid phase oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid over novel supported Pt catalysts (2013)

Several supported platinum catalysts were prepared by extractive-pyrolytic method for the selective glyceric acid production from glycerol. Al2O3, Y2O3, Lu2O3, ZrO2-Y2O3 TiO2, SG, Fe2O3, ?-AlO(OH) and C were used as catalyst supports, glycerol oxidation was carried out in the alkaline solutions and oxygen was used as oxidant. The optimal catalyst preparation parameters and glycerol oxidation conditions to obtain glyceric acid were determined. The best result (selectivity to glyceric acid 57% with glycerol conversion 92%) was achieved in the presence of 4.8%Pt/Al2O3 catalyst.
First determination of β-delayed multiple neutron emission beyond A=100 through direct neutron measurement: The P2n value of Sb136 (2018)

Background: $\ensuremath{\beta}$-delayed multiple neutron emission has been observed for some nuclei with $A\ensuremath{\le}100$, being the $^{100}\mathrm{Rb}$ the heaviest $\ensuremath{\beta}2n$ emitter measured to date. So far, only $25\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{P}_{2n}$ values have been determined for the $\ensuremath{\approx}300$ nuclei that may decay in this way. Accordingly, it is of interest to measure ${P}_{2n}$ values for the other possible multiple neutron emitters throughout the chart of the nuclides. It is of particular interest to make such a measurement for nuclei with $A&gt;100$ to test the predictions of theoretical models and simulation tools for the decays of heavy nuclei in the region of very neutron-rich nuclei. In addition, the decay properties of these nuclei are fundamental for the understanding of astrophysical nucleosynthesis processes, such as the $r$-process, and safety inputs for nuclear reactors.Purpose: To determine for the first time the two-neutron branching ratio, the ${P}_{2n}$ value, for $^{136}\mathrm{Sb}$ through a direct neutron measurement and to provide precise ${P}_{1n}$ values for $^{136}\mathrm{Sb}$ and $^{136}\mathrm{Te}$.Method: A pure beam of each isotope of interest was provided by the JYFLTRAP Penning trap at the Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line (IGISOL) facility of the University of Jyv\"askyl\"a, Finland. The purified ions were implanted into a moving tape at the end of the beam line. The detection setup consisted of a plastic scintillator placed right behind the implantation point after the tape to register the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decays and the BELEN detector, based on neutron counters embedded in a polyethylene matrix. The analysis was based on the study of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$- and neutron-growth-and-decay curves and the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-one-neutron and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-two-neutron time correlations, which allowed us the determination of the neutron-branching ratios.Results: The ${P}_{2n}$ value of $^{136}\mathrm{Sb}$ was found to be 0.14(3)% and the measured ${P}_{1n}$ values for $^{136}\mathrm{Sb}$ and $^{136}\mathrm{Te}$ were found to be 32.2(15)% and 1.47(6)%, respectively.Conclusions: The measured ${P}_{2n}$ value is a factor 44 smaller than predicted by the finite-range droplet model plus the quasiparticle random-phase approximation (FRDM+QRPA) model used for $r$-process calculations.
Sliding wear behavior of submicron‐grained alumina in biological environment (2007)

Sliding wear behavior of sintered alumina with grain sizes between 0.45 and 4 microm was studied in bovine serum environment with unidirectional pin-on-disc wear testing machine. Submicron grained alumina of average grain size of G=0.45 microm exhibits lowest wear factor among the others. It was found that grain pull out or localized grain dislodgement caused by coalescence of grain boundary microcracks is the basic wear mechanism of submicron grained alumina though the extent of cracking and pull-out was substantially less than that with higher grained material. However, in few cases, some areas where substantial volume of material was removed following pull-out of cluster of grains have also been observed.