gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preface (1995)

‘Finance’ is one of the fastest developing areas in the modern banking and corporate world. This, together with the sophistication of modern financial products, provides a rapidly growing impetus for new mathematical models and modern mathematical methods; the area is an expanding source for novel and relevant ‘real-world’ mathematics. The demand from financial institutions for well-qualified mathematicians is substantial, and there is a corresponding need for professional training of existing staff. Since 1992 the authors of this book have, in response, given graduate and undergraduate level courses on the subject. We have also organised a series of professional development courses for practitioners, held in Oxford and New York, with the assistance of Oxford University's Department for Continuing Education and the Oxford Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The material and notes from these courses became a book, Option Pricing: Mathematical Models and Computation, an advanced yet accessible account of applied and numerical techniques in the area of derivatives pricing.
Current Practice, Demographics, and Trends of Critical Care Trained Emergency Physicians in the United States (2010)

Emergency physicians are entering CCM fellowships in increasing numbers. Almost half of these EPs practice both EM and CCM.
A decade of changes in radiation protection. (1992)

Although radiation protection standards have changed remarkably little over the past decade, there have been changes in our understanding of radiation hazards that may affect the practice of radiation medicine over the next decade. With recognition of indoor radon exposure has come a new focus for public health concerns, because it is now clear that radon rather than medical exposure is the largest controllable source of radiation exposure to the general public. Continued follow-up of irradiated populations has led to an increase in our estimate of the cancer risk for high-dose exposures; this increased risk estimate is, in turn, leading to decreases in radiation exposure limits. Although our concern about the carcinogenic risk for radiation exposure has increased, our concern about genetic consequences has decreased, because no genetic effects have yet been observed in the offspring of atomic bomb survivors. Studies of atomic bomb survivors have also led to a change in the focus of concern over prenatal radiation exposure; the principle risk now appears to be mental retardation rather than childhood cancer.
Importance of beta-lactam pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on the recovery of microbial diversity in the airway of persons with cystic fibrosis (2021)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by acute pulmonary exacerbations (PExs) that are frequently treated with antibiotics. The impact of antibiotics on airway microbial diversity remains a critical knowledge gap. We sought to define the association between beta-lactam pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic target attainment on richness and alpha diversity. Twenty-seven children <18 years of age with CF participated in the prospective study. Airway samples were collected at hospital admission for PEx, end of antibiotic treatment (Tr), and >1 month in follow-up (FU). Metagenomic sequencing was performed to determine richness, alpha diversity, and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes. Free plasma beta-lactam levels were measured, and PK modeling was performed to determine time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (<i>f</i>T>MIC). 52% of study subjects had sufficient <i>f</i>T>MIC for optimal bacterial killing. There were no significant differences in demographics or PEx characteristics, except for F508del homozygosity. No significant differences were noted in richness or alpha diversity at individual time points, and both groups experienced a decrease in richness and alpha diversity at Tr compared with PEx. However, alpha diversity remained decreased at FU compared with PEx in those with sufficient <i>f</i>T>MIC but increased in those with insufficient <i>f</i>T>MIC (Shannon -0.222 vs +0.452, p=0.031, and inverse Simpson -1.376 vs +1.388, p=0.032). Fluoroquinolone resistance was also more frequently detected in those with insufficient <i>f</i>T>MIC (log2 fold change (log2FC) 2.29, p=0.025). These findings suggest sufficient beta-lactam <i>f</i>T>MIC is associated with suppressed recovery of alpha diversity following the antibiotic exposure period.
Discovering lactic acid bacteria by genomics. (2002)

This review summarizes a collection of lactic acid bacteria that are now undergoing genomic sequencing and analysis. Summaries are presented on twenty different species, with each overview discussing the organisms fundamental and practical significance, environmental habitat, and its role in fermentation, bioprocessing, or probiotics. For those projects where genome sequence data were available by March 2002, summaries include a listing of key statistics and interesting genomic features. These efforts will revolutionize our molecular view of Gram-positive bacteria, as up to 15 genomes from the low GC content lactic acid bacteria are expected to be available in the public domain by the end of 2003. Our collective view of the lactic acid bacteria will be fundamentally changed as we rediscover the relationships and capabilities of these organisms through genomics.
Leakage pressures for gasketless superhydrophobic fluid interconnects for modular lab-on-a-chip systems (2021)

Chip-to-chip and world-to-chip fluidic interconnections are paramount to enable the passage of liquids between component chips and to/from microfluidic systems. Unfortunately, most interconnect designs add additional physical constraints to chips with each additional interconnect leading to over-constrained microfluidic systems. The competing constraints provided by multiple interconnects induce strain in the chips, creating indeterminate dead volumes and misalignment between chips that comprise the microfluidic system. A novel, gasketless superhydrophobic fluidic interconnect (GSFI) that uses capillary forces to form a liquid bridge suspended between concentric through-holes and acting as a fluid passage was investigated. The GSFI decouples the alignment between component chips from the interconnect function and the attachment of the meniscus of the liquid bridge to the edges of the holes produces negligible dead volume. This passive seal was created by patterning parallel superhydrophobic surfaces (water contact angle ≥ 150°) around concentric microfluidic ports separated by a gap. The relative position of the two polymer chips was determined by passive kinematic constraints, three spherical ball bearings seated in v-grooves. A leakage pressure model derived from the Young-Laplace equation was used to estimate the leakage pressure at failure for the liquid bridge. Injection-molded, Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) chip assemblies with assembly gaps from 3 to 240 µm were used to experimentally validate the model. The maximum leakage pressure measured for the GSFI was 21.4 kPa (3.1 psig), which corresponded to a measured mean assembly gap of 3 µm, and decreased to 0.5 kPa (0.073 psig) at a mean assembly gap of 240 µm. The effect of radial misalignment on the efficacy of the gasketless seals was tested and no significant effect was observed. This may be a function of how the liquid bridges are formed during the priming of the chip, but additional research is required to test that hypothesis.
Evaluation of renal microperfusion in hyperuricemic nephropathy by contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (2022)

Diagnostic tools for the early detection of renal injury caused by hyperuricemia are still lacking. Here, we investigated whether contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) could be used as a diagnostic tool for hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN). In the HN rat model, CEUS detected a significant decline in renal cortical perfusion compared with that in control rats. Peak intensity (PI) values correlated significantly with serum KIM-1 levels and fibrosis scores in HN rats. An early decline in PI values was also observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1 patients with HN compared with the controls (61.1±4.52 dB versus 65.80±7.10 dB) and correlated with renal function in the patients with HN. In contrast, an increase in time to reach PI values was detected in HN patients with stage 1 CKD (15.14±1.75 s versus 14.52±4.75 s) and was more pronounced in CKD stage 4 patients (67.32±3.29 s). CEUS was able to detect abnormal renal perfusion in early CKD with HN, which correlated with renal function decline, suggesting that CEUS could be used as a noninvasive tool for assessing renal function in patients with HN.
Impact of the reduction of anaesthesia turnover time on operating room efficiency (2002)

Background and objective: We investigated whether an increase in anaesthesia staffing to permit induction of anaesthesia before the previous case had ended ('overlapping') would increase overall efficiency in the operating room. Hitherto, the average duration of operating sessions was too long, thus impeding the timely commencement of physicians' ward duties. Methods: The investigation was designed as a prospective, non-randomized, interrupted time-series analysis divided into three phases: (a) a baseline of 3.5 months, (b) a 2.5 month intervention phase, in which anaesthesia staffing was increased by one attending physician and one nurse, and (c) a further 2 months under baseline conditions. Data focussed on process management were collected from operating room staff, anaesthesia personnel and surgeons using a structured questionnaire collected daily during the entire study. Results: Turnover time between consecutive operations decreased from 65 to 52 min per operation (95% CI: 9; 17; P = 0.0001). Operating room occupancy increased from 4:28 to 5:27 h day−1 (95% CI: 50; 68; P = 0.005). The surgeons began their work on the ward 35 min (95% CI: 30; 40) later than before the intervention and their overtime increased from 22:36 to 139:50 h. Conclusions: The time between surgical operations decreased significantly. Increased operating room efficiency owing to overlapping induction of anaesthesia allows more intense scheduling of operations. Thus, physicians and nurses can be released to spend more time with their patients in the ward. Improving the efficiency of the operating room alone is insufficient to improve human resource management at all levels of a surgical clinic.
Development of on-machine Profile Measuring System With Contact-type Probe (2005)

To achieve both high precision machining and high efficiency machining, the on-machine measurement system is inevitable. But conventionally there are no desirable sensors for on-machine profile measurement in the point of measurement accuracy and size. Authors have developed an ultraprecision profile measurement probe for on-machine measurement, which has three key technologies: laser interferometric displacement sensor and ultra-low pressure air-slide are inside and real-time measurement is possible by transmitting the current position data directly from the machine scales to the PC simultaneously together with the displacement data from the probe. The newly developed probe has high linearity, repeatability and traceability.
Regioselective synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted 2-aminofurans (2014)

Three series of methyl 5-substituted 2-aminofuran-4-keto-3-carboxylates have been prepared following a multicomponent reaction strategy by the addition of an isocyanide to 4-oxo-2-butynoate in the presence of an aldehyde. The cycloaddition regioselectivity is generally high (>95%) but decreases when an electron-rich substituent is located at the butynoate 4-position.
1036 Phytonutrients as additives in ruminants: the unexpected target organ (2016)

Plants produce an extensive array of organic compounds derived from secondary metabolism that may be useful in animal nutrition because of their chemical makeup. These plant-derived bioactive compounds, also referred to as phytonutrients or phytobiotics, have been shown to express antimicrobial activities against a wide range of bacteria, yeast, and fungi and have been investigated as rumen modifiers in animal nutrition. Reports have concluded that phytonutrients may inhibit deamination of amino acids and methanogenesis in the rumen and shift fermentation toward propionate and butyrate. Responses, however, have been highly variable. Most of the experiments have been conducted in vitro. Although in vitro data are useful for screening purposes, the true value of phytonutrients for altering rumen microbial fermentation and ultimately enhancing animal production must be assessed in vivo and in long-term experiments. Some phytonutrients, due to their phenolic nature, are likely less susceptible to microbial degradation in the rumen and, similar to observations in monogastric species, may exhibit activities postruminally. For example, depending on dose, 15 to 30% of capsaicin from capsicum oleoresin administered intraruminally was estimated to escape ruminal degradation. Thus, phytonutrients, such as garlic, curcumin, and capsicum, which have modulatory effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems in monogastric animals, may exhibit similar properties in ruminants if protected from ruminal fermentation. This opens a new area of research on the effects of phytonutrients on the immune system, physiology, and health of ruminant animals. Studies with dairy cows have shown that some phytonutrients delivered postruminally increase subtype T cells in peripheral blood (CD4+) related to adaptive immunity. More recent reports indicated that capsicum increased energy-corrected milk yield and facilitated immune cells related to acute phase responses in high-producing dairy cows. In another study with dairy cows, a rumen-protected capsicum product tended to increase milk yield and increased feed efficiency. Increased insulin sensitivity during a glucose tolerance test in that study suggested that capsicum may redirect glucose for lactose synthesis and milk production. Data also suggest that capsicum may be enhancing fat mobilization in early lactation. Further research is needed to elucidate the effect and mode of action of phytonutrients on immune function and animal energetics. Overall, the effects of phytonutrients on immunity, health, and productivity of ruminant animals observed in short-term, crossover studies are encouraging but need to be confirmed in long-term, production experiments.
Reaction of N‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐3,5‐dimethylbenzamide and N‐(3‐pyridylmethyl)‐3,5‐dimethylbenzamide N‐oxides with acetic anhydride (1982)

Abstract As a continuation of our work on the reaction of N ‐pyridylmethyl‐3,5‐dimethylbenzamide N ‐oxides with acetic anhydride, we now report a study of the reaction of N ‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐3,5‐dimethylbenzam.de N ‐oxide ( 5 ) and N ‐(3‐pyridylmethyl)‐3,5‐dimethylbenzamide N ‐oxide ( 6 ) with acetic anhydride. Compound 5 gave N,N ′‐di(3,5.dimethylbenzoyl)‐1,2‐di(2.pyridyl)ethenediamine ( 7 ) and 3,5‐dimethylbenzamtde ( 8 ). Compound 6 afforded three products formulated as 2‐acetoxy‐3‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoylaminomethyl)pyridine ( 12 ), 3‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoylaminomethyl)‐2‐pyridone ( 13 ) and 5‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoylaminomethyl)‐2‐pyridone ( 14 ). Analytical and spectral data are presented which support the structures proposed.
Unusually selective synthesis of chlorohydrooligosilanes (2020)

New pathways towards molecular chlorohydrooligosilanes enable their one-pot synthesis in preparative amounts either by the selective chlorination of the corresponding perhydrosilanes with HCl/AlCl<sub>3</sub> or by the partial hydrogenation of perchlorooligosilanes with substoichiometric amounts of iBu<sub>2</sub>AlH. The unexpected selective formation of Cl<sub>3</sub>Si-substituted species in the partial hydrogenation reactions could be related to mechanistic aspects.
Question Answering System in Network Education Based on FAQ (2008)

The communication between the teachers and students is very important in network education. Question-answering system can resolve the problem. This paper proposes a question answering system in network education based on FAQ and then introduces the kernel module which is the calculation of the question similarity in detail. The paper presents the similarity algorithm of domain keywords and common words respectively and integrates them into the question similarity. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve good performance and the system is applied.
Regulation of ornithine aminotransferase mRNA levels in rat kidney by estrogen and thyroid hormone. (1983)

The regulation of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, ornithine aminotransferase, by estrogen and triiodothyronine (T3) in rat kidney was examined using a cloned cDNA probe and in vitro translation of poly(A+) RNA. After a single, acute dose of either 17 beta-estradiol or T3, the rate of enzyme synthesis and the levels of translatable and hybridizable ornithine aminotransferase mRNA all increase in parallel. Levels of hybridizable mRNA were estimated by hybridization of randomly 32P-labeled RNA to filter-bound plasmid DNA. Maximal levels of induction by estrogen and T3 were about 15- and 3-fold, respectively. Lag times of at least 5 h and less than 3 h were observed for induction by T3 and estrogen. T3 and estrogen exert a synergistic effect in increasing ornithine aminotransferase mRNA levels. 16 h after T3 administration and 24 h after estrogen administration, a 1.6- and 13-fold increase in mRNA levels were observed. Both of these treatments in combination for the indicated time periods resulted in a 21-fold increase in ornithine aminotransferase mRNA. From the mRNA accumulation curves, half-lives of 10 to 14 h and 12 to 16 h were estimated for the mRNA after estrogen and T3 induction, respectively. These similar half-lives suggest that an increase in the rate of mRNA production is primarily responsible for the induction observed after estrogen administration.
Optical gyration of A2BX4-type crystals (1985)

The optical gyrations of various A2BX4-type crystals were measured by the HAUP method. It is found that the optical gyrations of these crystals commonly exhibit a peculiar temperature dependence. From these characteristic curves the temperature dependence of the soliton density could be determined directly.
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Germylenes from (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium Chloride and (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium Tetrafluoroborate. (1987)

Abstract The title chloride (I) undergoes replacement of chlorine by various nucleophiles such as silyl‐substituted cyclopentadienides (II), Li amides LiR 4 R 5 , or LiCH(SiMe 3 ) 2 to give the unsym. germanocenes (III), the unsym. substituted new germylenes (V), or (VI).
Foundations of vision (1995)

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1997, Vol 42(7), 649-649. In Foundations of Vision (see record 1995-98050-000), Brian Wandell divides the study of vision into three parts: encoding, representation, and interpretation. Each part is designed to inform students on
Effect of Harvesting Autogenous Laryngeal Cartilage for Laryngotracheal Reconstruction on Laryngeal Growth and Support (1999)

The removal of unilateral and bilateral superior thyroid alar cartilage can be performed in kittens without postoperative respiratory or wound problems. The harvesting of autogenous thyroid cartilage has no apparent effect on subsequent laryngeal growth and stability in a kitten model.
Synthesis and characterization of aluminum-phosphorus adducts: X-ray crystal structures of Cl3Al (dot) P(SiMe3)3 (dot) C7H8 and Br3Al (dot) P(SiMe3)3 (dot) C7H8 (1994)

The attempted dehalosilylation reactions between AlX3 (X = Cl, Br) and P(SiMe3)3 in toluene in 1:1 mole ratios afforded only the adducts Cl3Al(do) P(SiMe3)3 (I) and Br3Al(dot)P(SiMe3)3 (II), respectively. Compounds I and II were characterized by (1)H, (13)C, (27)Al, and (31)P solution NMR spectroscopy, as well as partial elemental analysis. In addition, the solid state structures of the toluene solvates of I and II were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Characterization revealed that the solid solvated adducts I and II are isostructural and their crystals are isomorphous. In each compound, the Al and the P atoms reside in tetrahedral environments, with each X3Al(dot)P(SiMe3)3 (X = Cl, Br) molecule associated with one interstitial toluene molecule in the crystals. These adducts are noteworthy in that they possess extremely short, essentially equal Al-P bond lengths (For I: Al-P 2.392(4) A, and for III: Al-P = 2.391(6) A), which are the shortest found to date in aluminum-phosphorus molecular species. Aluminum-phosphorus compound, Adduct synthesis, Crystal structure
An Integrated System Dynamics and Discrete Event Supply Chain Simulation Framework for Supply Chain Resilience with Non-Stationary Pandemic Demand (2023)

COVID-19 resulted in some of the largest supply chain disruptions in recent history. To mitigate the impact of future disruptions, we propose an integrated hybrid simulation framework to couple nonstationary demand signals from an event like COVID-19 with a model of an end-to-end supply chain. We first create a system dynamics susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model, augmenting a classic epidemiological model to create a realistic portrayal of demand patterns for oxygen concentrators (OC). Informed by this granular demand signal, we then create a supply chain discrete event simulation model of OC sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution to test production augmentation policies to satisfy this increased demand. This model utilizes publicly available data, engineering teardowns of OCs, and a supply chain illumination to identify suppliers. Our findings indicate that this coupled approach can use realistic demand during a disruptive event to enable rapid recommendations of policies for increased supply chain resilience with controlled cost.
Thermo-resettable cross-linked polymers for reusable/removable adhesives (2018)

Reusable and removable adhesives have been synthesized using dynamic Diels–Alder chemistry with high lap shear strength, good reusability and easy removability.
Observation of dermal collagen fiber in wrinkled skin using polarization-resolved second-harmonic-generation microscopy (2009)

Optical probe methods for in vivo assessments of cutaneous photoaging are necessary in fields such as anti-aging dermatology and skin cosmetic development. We investigated the relation between wrinkle direction and collagen orientation in ultraviolet-B-exposed (UVB-exposed) skin using polarization-resolved second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy. A polarization anisotropic image of the SHG light indicated that wrinkle direction in UVB-exposed skin is predominantly parallel to the orientation of dermal collagen fibers. Furthermore, collagen orientation in post-UVB-exposed skin with few wrinkles changed from that of UVB-exposed wrinkled skin to that of no-UVB-exposed skin. The method proposed has the potential to become a powerful non-invasive tool for assessment of cutaneous photoaging.