gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of electron transfer in the reduction of organic halides by lithium aluminum hydride and aluminum hydride (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOccurrence of electron transfer in the reduction of organic halides by lithium aluminum hydride and aluminum hydrideEdward C. Ashby, R. N. DePriest, A. B. Goel, B. Wenderoth, and T. N. PhamCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 19, 3545–3556Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00193a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00193a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2039Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Economics of Compressed Natural Gas Sea Transport (2008)

Abstract Natural gas has come to the forefront of the international energy debate. The reasons include increasing demand in the United States, China and India and a changing worldwide preference in power generation because of environmental concerns. As a result, the transport of natural gas becomes important. Currently, 70 percent of gas is transported to market by pipeline and 30 percent as liquefied natural gas (LNG). Pipelines are attractive but, offshore, their feasibility is greatly hindered by distance limits and terrain restrictions. On the other hand LNG facilities are expensive to construct and the process is complicated, costly and energy wasteful. It is applicable primarily for long distances and large volumes of gas. Sea-going compressed natural gas (CNG) is an alternative that has been proposed in recent years but has not made substantial headway for two reasons: 1) the emphasis for investments by producers and large consumers has been primarily on LNG; 2) CNG boat designs and projects have been envisioned to eke a bite out of the LNG pie which is not necessarily a good approach. CNG must make a niche in smaller markets and shorter distances. Here we present definitive economics by performing a specific case study for Sakhalin Island, Russia. Results delineate the landscape where this mode of transport is attractive and how it can be deployed with specific requirements of distance, market size and size distribution. Our studies show that for shorter distances (e.g., 500 km, about 300 miles) and even relatively large volumes, LNG cannot compete with CNG and at longer distances (e.g., 2,000 km, about 1,250 miles) CNG is far more attractive at small volumes, assuming that offshore pipelines are not feasible. For volumes such as 1 to 2 billion cubic meters per year (about 35 to 70 billion cubic feet per year), CNG is the only feasible solution to bring this energy source to many markets. These findings suggest that many parts of the world (such as the entire Mediterranean basin, the Scandinavian peninsula, Sakhalin Island, South-East Asia and the Caribbean) would be better served by CNG even if LNG projects have already been approved and under construction. We also performed a sensitivity study on gas price (both at the source and at the market) impacts on the value of both CNG and LNG projects and determine the breakeven points under a given gas demand of e.g., 1.5 Bcm/yr (about 50 Bcf/yr) and a distance of 1,500 km (about 900 miles). For example if the source price is $6/MMBtu then the breakeven price for CNG is $10.05 whereas for LNG it will have to be $14.24, a 40% increase.
Instability of the Phosphodiester-Amide Interribonucleotide Bond in Neutral Aqueous Solution (1984)

Abstract Ap(NH2)dT was synthesized as a model compound for a study of the stability of the phosphodiester-amide interribonucleotide linkage in neutral aqueous solution, by photolyzing AnBnp(NH2)dT in anhydrous p-dioxane. Ap(NH2)dT proved to be unstable even under anhydrous conditions and could not be isolated. It was rapidly decomposed in neutral aqueous buffer solution, at 25°C, to give A>p, dT and ApdT. Three unstable intermediates of this decomposition, A>pNH2, ApNH2 and A>pdT were detected by 31P NMR. On the basis of the structure of the products, a mechanism is proposed for the decomposition.
Use of the novel phylogenetic marker dnaJ and DNA–DNA hybridization to clarify interrelationships within the genus Aeromonas (2007)

The interrelationships of 27 Aeromonas strains were investigated using dnaJ sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization. dnaJ sequence similarities showed a stronger relationship with DNA-DNA relatedness values than did 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Additionally, dnaJ sequence analysis, with interspecies divergence over 5.2 % in most cases, gave better resolution than 16S rRNA gene sequences for the differentiation of strains at the species level. Relationships among Aeromonas species were therefore elucidated on the basis of dnaJ sequences and DNA-DNA reassociation. Strains of Aeromonas encheleia and Aeromonas sp. HG11 were unquestionably grouped in the same genetic species, since they shared 98.7 % dnaJ sequence similarity and 82-85 % genomic relatedness. The phylogenetically close relationships obtained from dnaJ sequence analysis (1.7-3.3 % genetic distance) were corroborated by high DNA-DNA relatedness (73-97 %) to support the previous suggestion that Aeromonas culicicola and Aeromonas allosaccharophila are later heterotypic synonyms of Aeromonas veronii. Our findings will contribute to the clarification of controversial relationships in the genus Aeromonas and also demonstrate that analysis of dnaJ sequences can be a powerful tool for interspecies study of the genus.
Reconstructive surgery of the joints (1996)

Volume 1: Part 1 General information. Part 2 The hand and wrist. Part 3 The elbow. Part 4 The shoulder. Volume 2: Part 5 The hip. Part 6 The knee. Part 7 The foot and ankle.
Automotive Steering Control in a Split-� Manoeuvre Using an Observer-Based Sliding Mode Controller (2004)

Abstract Summary In this paper a sliding mode integral action controller and sliding mode observer are used to enhance vehicle stability in a split- µ manoeuvre. Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) have become an integral part of modern cars, and they have dramatically improved vehicle handling in braking manoeuvres. However, when a vehicle attempts to brake on a surface with uneven friction coefficient such as on wet or icy roads, a so-called split- µ scenario, the yaw moment generated by the asymmetric braking can prove demanding for an inexperienced driver. The controller presented hereworks in conjunction with a conventional ABS system to provide safe and effective braking through steer-by-wire. This paper extends previous state-feedback work by only using certain measurable quantities in the controller, estimating further signals by employing an observer.
Correlation between Performance of QM/MM Docking and Simple Classification of Binding Sites (2009)

Use of SiteMap for binding site classification and its connection to QM/MM (quantum mechanics/ molecular mechanics) docking performance were investigated. Using the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character values along with balance between them which SiteMap calculates, we sorted 455 cocrystal complexes available from protein data bank into three groups and tested how Glide, a conventional docking program, and QPLD, a QM/MM docking program, perform on them. QPLD showed improvements on all three groups over Glide but with varying degrees. Analysis of the results was carried out, and establishment of correlations between the classification of binding sites and QM/MM docking performance was attempted. It was found that QM/MM docking delivers the most improvements for primarily hydrophobic binding sites with substantial hydrophilic interactions. Based on our findings, we make suggestions for use of QM/MM docking and directions for further developments.
Brine Ions and Mechanism of Low Salinity Water Injection in Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review (2015)

Brine ion improvement and optimization in water flooding is one of the topics which have attracted many researchers in the recent years. Numerous studies have identified Crude Oil/Brine/Rock (COBR) interactions as the main factor contributing to oil recovery factor in both sandstone and carbonate rocks. The current study is a review on previous researches on brine ions and mechanism of Low Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Results of this literature show that Low Salinity Surfactant Flooding (LSSF) can be introduced as the inter medium method between LSW and surfactant flooding, which includes both of their late benefits (wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction) simultaneously. Moreover application of software as powerful tools for both simulation and optimization as new cost effective and precise utilization methods have been looked at. In regard with the latest argument two software are introduced; Design of Experiment (DOE) programs which dedicate to LSWI studies as a core medium to simulate LSWI experiments and on the other hand simulation programs to identify the corresponding COBR interactions while LSWI using new software such as UTCHEM software. According to combined results from UTCHEM and experimental tests the main mechanism behind LSWI is wettability alteration to identifying contributors of which special attention is required to determine the main factors involved in, which requires more detailed researches as the actual attributors are not yet known.
Electronic transport measurements in graphene nanoribbons (2007)

Abstract We review recent experiments at Columbia on electronic transport in graphene nanostructures. We define the graphene nanostructures by e‐beam lithography followed by oxigen plasma etch. In this way we can pattern nanoribbons, rings, as well as other nanostructures. We use this technique to pattern graphene nanoribbons and study the formation of a band gap due to transverse electron confinement. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New insights into the mechanism of interaction between CO2 and polymers from thermodynamic parameters obtained by in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (2016)

This work reports new physical insights of the thermodynamic parameters and mechanisms of possible interactions occurring in polymers subjected to high-pressure CO2. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has been used in situ to determine the thermodynamic parameters of the intermolecular interactions between CO2 and different functional groups of the polymers capable of specific interactions with sorbed CO2 molecules. Based on the measured ATR-FTIR spectra of the polymer samples subjected to high-pressure CO2 (30 bar) at different temperatures (300-340 K), it was possible to characterize polymer-polymer and CO2-polymer interactions. Particularly, the enthalpy and entropy of the formation of the specific non-covalent complexes between CO2 and the hydroxy (-OH), carbonyl (C[double bond, length as m-dash]O) and hydroxyimino ([double bond, length as m-dash]N-OH) functional groups of the polymer samples have been measured. Furthermore, the obtained spectroscopic results have provided an opportunity for the structure of these complexes to be proposed. An interesting phenomenon regarding the behavior of CO2/polymer systems has also been observed. It has been found that only for the polyketone, the value of enthalpy was negative indicating an exothermic process during the formation of the CO2-polymer non-covalent complexes. Conversely, for the polyoxime and polyalcohol samples there is a positive enthalpy determined. This is a result of the initial polymer-polymer interactions requiring more energy to break than is released during the formation of the CO2-polymer complex. The effect of increasing temperature to facilitate the breaking of the polymer-polymer interactions has also been observed. Hence, a mechanism for the formation of CO2-polymer complexes was suggested based on these results, which occurs via a two-step process: (1) the breaking of the existing polymer-polymer interactions followed by (2) the formation of new CO2-polymer non-covalent interactions.
Efficient degradation of FK-506 to a versatile synthetic intermediate (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEfficient degradation of FK-506 to a versatile synthetic intermediateD. Askin, Daisy Joe, R. A. Reamer, R. P. Volante, and I. ShinkaiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 20, 5451–5454Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00307a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00307a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views243Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
GOP Level Rate-Control for Real-Time Video Transmission (2013)

The growing demand for advanced mobile multimedia let the wireless mobile internet access be developed rapidly. The current mobile network is capable of providing flexible quality of service mechanisms including exact estimation of network bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a new GOP level rate control algorithm which can accurately estimate an initial QP according to the estimated network bandwidth. In H.264/AVC, the first frame of a GOP is encoded in intra mode which generates a large number of bits. The amount of bits for I-frame affects the qualities of the following frames of a GOP since they are encoded using the remaining bits of the bits allocated to the GOP. In addition, the first frame is used for the inter mode encoding of the following frames. Thus, the initial QP affects the following frames as well as the first frame. In the proposed algorithm, we observe the relation between the initial QP and the number of bits of I-frame in a GOP. Based on the observation, we propose a new method to estimate the optimal initial QP which maximizes the PSNR of a GOP. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed algorithm predicts the optimal initial QP accurately and thus achieves better PSNR performance than that of the existing algorithm.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity Evaluation of Some Aminoadamantane Derivatives (1994)

The synthesis of some spiro[cyclopropane-1,2'-adamantan]-2-amines and methanamines and some spiro[pyrrolidine-2,2'-adamantanes] is described. The title compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses (influenza A, influenza B, parainfluenza 3, RSV, HSV-1, TK- HSV-1, HSV-2, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie B4, sindbis, semliki forest, Reo 1, HIV-1, and HIV-2), and some of them (compounds 6b, 6c, 9a, 16a, 16b, and 17) inhibited the cytopathicity of influenza A virus at a concentration significantly lower than that of amantadine and also significantly lower than the concentrations at which they proved cytotoxic to the host cells. None of the new aminoadamantane derivatives was active against influenza B virus or any of the other viruses tested, which points to their specificity as anti-influenza A virus agents.
Silk, Java and object-oriented simulation (2000)

Silk(R) is a set of Java classes that support object-oriented, general-purpose simulation and animation using the Java programming language. Silk enables the development of complex, yet manageable simulations through the construction of usable and reusable simulation objects. Silk objects are usable because they express the precise behavior of individual entity-threads from the object perspective using familiar process-oriented modeling constructs and the object-oriented features of a general purpose programming language. Silk objects are reusable because they can be easily archived, edited and assembled using professional Java visual development environments that support the JavaBeans component architecture. This introduction describes the fundamentals of designing and creating a Silk model.
Sparing of the Brain in Neonatal Undernutrition: Amino Acid Transport and Incorporation into Brain and Muscle (1980)

Rates of tyrosine and lysine transport and incorporation into protein were measured in control and undernourished weanling rats. Undernutrition was induced by feeding lactating dams a low protein diet (12 percent casein) from birth to day 21. At weaning, body and brain weights of undernourished rats were 50 percent and 88 percent, respectively, of control values. Lysine and tyrosine transport rates into skeletal muscle were reduced by over 75 percent, more than twice the reduction seen in brain. Rates of amino acid incorporation into muscle protein were reduced by approximately 50 percent; the change in rate of incorporation into brain protein was not statistically significant. These data indicate that, in spite of marked retardation of amino acid transport into brain, the brain seems fully capable of maintaining normal rates of protein synthesis.
Z‐Selective Cross Metathesis with Ruthenium Catalysts: Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Implications (2015)

Olefin cross metathesis is a particularly powerful transformation that has been exploited extensively for the formation of complex products. Until recently, however, constructing Z-olefins using this methodology was not possible. With the discovery and development of three families of ruthenium-based Z-selective catalysts, the formation of Z-olefins using metathesis is now not only possible but becoming increasingly prevalent in the literature. In particular, ruthenium complexes containing cyclometalated NHC architectures developed in our group have been shown to catalyze various cross metathesis reactions with high activity and, in most cases, near perfect selectivity for the Z-isomer. The types of cross metathesis reactions investigated thus far are presented here and explored in depth.
A Gain-Clamped SOA With Distributed Bragg Reflectors Fabricated Under Both Ends of Active Waveguide With Different Lengths (2004)

We demonstrate a gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifier (GC-SOA) which has gratings under both end regions of an active waveguide. Two gratings of the new GC-SOA are fabricated in different lengths. Their lasing modes and gain characteristics are measured and analyzed with different combinations of grating lengths. It shows different gain and noise characteristics according to the measurement direction in asymmetric grating combinations.
Real-time homodyne reception of 40-Gb/s BPSK signal by digital optical phase-locked loop (2010)

We demonstrate real-time homodyne demodulation of a 40-Gb/s BPSK signal by using novel digital optical phase-locked loop with a Costas-loop structure. The optical carrier is locally recovered in the receiver side with a slow-speed digital signal processor employing bandwidth-enhanced samplers.
A wavelet de-noising signal processing method for overall noise-to-signal (NSR) profile extraction, characterization and comparison of 3μm-5μm MWIR strained-layer super-lattice (SLS) photo-detectors enhanced with microsphere lenses of different material structures and sizes (2015)

MWIR detectors have received a lot of attention due to their importance and high viability in many civilian and military applications, such as target identification, bio-imaging, medical field, and defense. One crucial component in achieving high-sensitivity performance in MWIR photo-detectors, is obtaining reasonable MWIR high detector signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) profiles. The classical IR photo-detector SNR model is limited as it does not reflect modeling of all physical factors, including detector environment sources causing undesired noise. In general, there is a need for better empirical methods to accurately estimate and extract the detector integrated-sources of imperfection noise. In this paper we present and discuss a non-parametric wavelet-based de-noising signal processing method for accurate extraction, characterization and comparison of the overall combined effects of detector sources of noise, including spectral fabrication imperfection noise, electronics testing equipment imperfection noise, and microsphere lens material fabrication/alignment imperfection noise, among others, of eleven (11) 3μm-5μm MWIR InAS/GaSb strained-layer Superlattice (SLS) single photodetectors enhanced with microsphere-lenses of different material structures/sizes. With the collected spectral FTIR data considered and the detector wavelet-denoising-based extracted NSR, the results show that there is a decrease (improvement) of about 71 % (difference between lens-enhanced and no-lens-enhanced NSR values divided by no-lens-enhanced NSR) in the noise-to-signal ratio (NSR) of the SLS photodetector of size 40μm and enhanced with a microsphere-lens sapphire of size 300μm in the targeted 3μm-5μm MWIR wavelength-band considered.