gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applying the "Split-ADC" Architecture to a 16 bit, 1 MS/s differential Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (2008)

Successive Approximation (SAR) analog-to-digital converters are used extensively in biomedical applications such as CAT scan due to the high resolution they offer. Capacitor mismatch in the SAR converter is a limiting factor for its accuracy and resolution. Without some form of calibration, a SAR converter can only achieve 10 bit accuracy. In industry, the CAL-DAC approach is a popular approach for calibrating the SAR ADC, but this approach requires significant test time. This thesis applies the“Split-ADC" architecture with a deterministic, digital, and background self-calibration algorithm to the SAR converter to minimize test time. In this approach, a single ADC is split into two independent halves. The two split ADCs convert the same input sample and produce two output codes. The ADC output is the average of these two output codes. The difference between these two codes is used as a calibration signal to estimate the errors of the calibration parameters in a modified Jacobi method. The estimates are used to update calibration parameters are updated in a negative feedback LMS procedure. The ADC is fully calibrated when the difference signal goes to zero on average. This thesis focuses on the specific implementation of the“Split-ADC" self-calibrating algorithm on a 16 bit, 1 MS/s differential SAR ADC. The ADC can be calibrated with 105 conversions. This represents an improvement of 3 orders of magnitude over existing statistically-based calibration algorithms. Simulation results show that the linearity of the calibrated ADC improves to within ±1 LSB.
The Integrated Use of Alternative Approaches for Predicting Toxic Hazard (1995)

Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook,Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK; Unidad de Hepatologia Experimental, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda de Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain; FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK; School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy; Bundesinstitut fur gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinarmedizin (BgVV), Thielallee 88-92,14195 Berlin, Germany; Istitutodi R icercasulla Senescenza, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina, km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy; Sanofi Research Division, Alnwick Research Centre, Alnwick, NorthumberlandNE66 2 JH, UK;ChemQuest, Cheyney House, 19-21 Cheyney Street, Steeple Morden, Herts. SG8 OLP, UK; ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SKI 0 4TJ, UK; TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Division of Toxicology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; Research Institute of Toxicology (RITOX), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, Yalelaan 2, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; SIAT, Missionsstrasse 60, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
Single-molecule imaging of chromatin remodelers reveals role of ATPase in promoting fast kinetics of target search and dissociation from chromatin (2021)

ABSTRACT Conserved ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers establish and maintain genome-wide chromatin architectures of regulatory DNA during cellular lifespan, but the temporal interactions between remodelers and chromatin targets have been obscure. We performed live-cell single-molecule tracking for RSC, SWI/SNF, CHD1, ISW1, ISW2, and INO80 remodeling complexes in budding yeast and detected hyperkinetic behaviors for chromatin-bound molecules that frequently transition to the free state for all complexes. Chromatin-bound remodelers display notably higher diffusion than nucleosomal histones, and strikingly fast dissociation kinetics with 4-7 s mean residence times. These enhanced dynamics require ATP binding or hydrolysis by the catalytic ATPase, uncovering an additional function to its established role in nucleosome remodeling. Kinetic simulations show that multiple remodelers can repeatedly occupy the same promoter region on a timescale of minutes, implicating an unending ‘tug-of-war’ that controls a temporally shifting window of accessibility for the transcription initiation machinery.
Development of a Variable Extension Assist System to Reduce Load on Knee Joint During Walking with a Motor Reproducing Spring Effect (2017)

When the heel contacts during walking, since the maximum torque is generated in the knee joint, a very heavy load is applied to it. In order to reduce the load on the knee joint, this study proposes extension assist during the walking period from heel contact to heel release. The prototype system installs the motor and the encoder. In order to naturally assist like a spring effect, motor control that can output an assist torque inversely proportional to the knee joint angle is performed only for a predetermined period. A walking experiment was carryed out for five subjects to confirm the assist effect. As results, myoelectricity and knee joint moment decreased by assist. Therefore, it was shown that the developed system reduces the load on knee joint.
Data from Antitumor Activity and Acquired Resistance Mechanism of Dovitinib (TKI258) in <i>RET</i>-Rearranged Lung Adenocarcinoma (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt; rearrangement is a newly identified oncogenic mutation in lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Activity of dovitinib (TKI258), a potent inhibitor of FGFR, VEGFR, and PDGFR, in &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt;-rearranged LADC has not been reported. The aims of the study are to explore antitumor effects and mechanisms of acquired resistance of dovitinib in &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt;-rearranged LADC. Using structural modeling and &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; analysis, we demonstrated that dovitinib induced cell-cycle arrest at G&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;–G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; phase and apoptosis by selective inhibition of RET kinase activity and ERK1/2 signaling in &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt;-rearranged LC-2/ad cells. Strong antitumor effect of dovitinib was observed in an LC-2/ad tumor xenograft model. To identify the acquired resistance mechanisms to dovitinib, LC-2/ad cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of dovitinib to generate LC-2/ad DR cells. Gene-set enrichment analysis of gene expression and phosphor-kinase revealed that Src, a central gene in focal adhesion, was activated in LC-2/ad DR cells. Saracatinib, an src kinase inhibitor, suppressed ERK1/2 phosphorylation and growth of LC-2/ad DR cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that dovitinib can be a potential therapeutic option for &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt;-rearranged LADC, in which acquired resistance to dovitinib can be overcome by targeting Src. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 14(10); 2238–48. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Notch signaling regulates the differentiation of neural crest from human pluripotent stem cells (2014)

Neural crest cells are specified at the border between the neural plate and the epiderm. They are capable of differentiating into various somatic cell types, including craniofacial and peripheral nerve tissues. Notch signaling plays important roles during neurogenesis; however, its function during human neural crest development is poorly understood. Here, we generated self-renewing premigratory neural-crest-like cells (pNCCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and investigated the roles of Notch signaling during neural crest differentiation. pNCCs expressed various neural-crest-specifier genes, including SLUG (also known as SNAI2), SOX10 and TWIST1, and were able to differentiate into most neural crest derivatives. Blocking Notch signaling during the pNCC differentiation suppressed the expression of neural-crest-specifier genes. By contrast, ectopic expression of activated Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) augmented the expression of neural-crest-specifier genes, and NICD1 was found to bind to their promoter regions. Notch activity was also required for the maintenance of the premigratory neural crest state, and the suppression of Notch signaling led to the generation of neural-crest-derived neurons. Taken together, we provide a protocol for the generation of pNCCs and show that Notch signaling regulates the formation, migration and differentiation of neural crest from hPSCs.
Phase Behavior and Rheological Properties of Salt-Free Catanionic TTAOH/DA/H2O System in the Presence of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Salts (2010)

In the cationic and anionic (catanionic) surfactant mixed system, tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TTAOH)/decanoic acid (DA)/H(2)O, abundant phase behaviors were obtained in the presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic salts. The microstructures of typical L(α) phases with the different compositions were characterized by the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. Aqueous double-phase transition induced by addition of hydrophilic salts was observed when the cationic surfactant was in excess. Salt-induced reversible vesicle phases could be obtained when the anionic surfactant was excess, whereas the vesicle phase at lower salinity behaves highly viscoelastic but is much less viscoelastic with high salinity which was demonstrated by measuring their rheological properties. The L(α) phase with the positive membrane charges can be finally transferred into an L(1) phase with added salts. The ion specificity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic salts is discussed, and the order of cations is summarized, which is significant for the further study of the Hofmeister effects on catanionic surfactant mixed systems.
Electrophysiological relation between the superior vena cava and right superior pulmonary vein in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (2017)

An electrophysiological interrelation may be present between the SVC and RSPV in patients with paroxysmal AF. Semiempiric SVC isolation limited to patients with an arrhythmogenic RSPV may be a more efficient treatment strategy.
Nuclear Nano-architecture Markers of Gastric Cardia and Upper Squamous Esophagus Detect Esophageal Cancer “Field Effect” (2013)

Optical analysis of gastric cardia and upper squamous esophagus represents a potentially viable method to improve risk stratification and ease of surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus and to monitor the efficacy of ablative therapy.
Suppressing light reflection from polycrystalline silicon thin films through surface texturing and silver nanostructures (2014)

This work demonstrates a novel method combining ion implantation and silver nanostructures for suppressing light reflection from polycrystalline silicon thin films. Samples were implanted with 20-keV hydrogen ions to a dose of 1017/cm2, and some of them received an additional argon ion implant to a dose of 5 × 1015 /cm2 at an energy between 30 and 300 keV. Compared to the case with a single H implant, the processing involved both H and Ar implants and post-implantation annealing has created a much higher degree of surface texturing, leading to a more dramatic reduction of light reflection from polycrystalline Si films over a broadband range between 300 and 1200 nm, e.g., optical reflection from the air/Si interface in the AM1.5 sunlight condition decreasing from ∼30% with an untextured surface to below 5% for a highly textured surface after post-implantation annealing at 1000 °C. Formation of Ag nanostructures on these ion beam processed surfaces further reduces light reflection, and surface texturing is expected to have the benefit of diminishing light absorption losses within large-size (&amp;gt;100 nm) Ag nanoparticles, yielding an increased light trapping efficiency within Si as opposed to the case with Ag nanostructures on a smooth surface. A discussion of the effects of surface textures and Ag nanoparticles on light trapping within Si thin films is also presented with the aid of computer simulations.
Comparison of nonintensified and intensified CCD detectors for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2003)

The performance and sensitivity of an intensified CCD array system and a nonintensified CCD array detector system are compared for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS measurements were recorded in a calcium-based aerosol-seeded gas stream at ambient pressure. The signal-to-noise ratio based on the 393.37-nm calcium emission line was calculated as a function of detector delay with respect to the plasma-initiating laser pulse. Both ensemble-averaging and single-shot spectral analyses were performed. For all conditions, the intensified CCD system provided an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio compared with the nonintensified CCD system.
Current induced perpendicular-magnetic-anisotropy racetrack memory with magnetic field assistance (2014)

High current density is indispensable to shift domain walls (DWs) in magnetic nanowires, which limits the using of racetrack memory (RM) for low power and high density purposes. In this paper, we present perpendicular-magnetic-anisotropy (PMA) Co/Ni RM with global magnetic field assistance, which lowers the current density for DW motion. By using a compact model of PMA RM and 40 nm design kit, we perform mixed simulation to validate the functionality of this structure and analyze its density potential. Stochastic DW motion behavior has been taken into account and statistical Monte-Carlo simulations are carried out to evaluate its reliability performance.
Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (1993)

A magnetic sector (EB)/reflectron time-of-flight (R-TOF) is described with emphasis on the method of data acquisition. This chapter covers the basic instrumentation used for the EB/R-TOF development, the general requirements of the tandem TOF experiment, and the use of the instrument for fundamental studies. Clusters of the type [B---H+---B′] formed by Cs+ ion desorption ionization of a mixture of glycerol (B) and nitroaniline, (B′) are used to demonstrate pulsed laser photodissociation experiments. Such experiments are designed to probe H+-transfer reactions of electronically excited molecules. Metastable ion spectra of ions formed by laser desorption are used to demonstrate tandem mass spectrometry of ions formed by pulsed ionization methods.
Microradiographic Study on the Demineralization of Thick Enamel Sections: A Constant Composition Study (1987)

In this article a new microradiographic approach for measuring the mineral content after various demineralization stages of the same enamel section and of the same area is described. Repositioning errors are smaller than 3 μm. The method described uses thick sections (up to 300 μm can be used). The error in mineral content is of the same order (3% by volume) for thick sections as for thin sections. The experiments with this method showed that the first stage in demineralization is a surface-softening process; later on a surface layer was observed. A linear least-square fit of the cube of the lesion depths found shows a high correlation (r = 0.99). This is also valid for the cube of the microhardness indentation lengths made perpendicular to the surface (r = 0.96). The results described in this study indicate that the new microradiographic method is suitable for repeated measurements of mineral distributions.
Micromagnetics of the single-domain state of square ferromagnetic nanostructures (1998)

Using numerical micromagnetics we have studied the potential energy surface in the vicinity of the two principal remanent near single-domain states of nanoscale square-planar magnetic elements (magnetic nanostructures). We find that there is no metastability and therefore at any finite temperature the nanostructure must adopt its ground state. We have derived an analytical solution to the micromagnetic equations describing the properties of the near single-domain states by treating them as a small perturbation from the uniformly magnetized case. The analytical solution shows that the energy surface between the states can be described by a fourfold symmetric configurational anisotropy field, which can be several hundred Oersteds in strength and which changes sign at a critical width to thickness aspect ratio. The analytical model gives good physical insight into the origin of the configurational anisotropy and predicts a discontinuous transition with diverging susceptibility to occur at the critical aspect ratio.
Application of the flow‐through analyses of ammonia and calcium in ice core and fresh water by fluorometric detection (2001)

Abstract A flow‐through analyzer that can determine trace amounts of chemical components in ice cores was examined. To obtain the vertical profiles of ammonia and calcium in the ice core, which can be a measure of the climate change, sensitive fluorescence signals were examined. For the determination of ammonia, a reaction with o ‐phthalaldehyde and sulfite salt was performed. This system had the potential to measure down to 2 nM, with a 1‐mm ice‐core resolution, equivalent to the thickness of the monthly ammonia profiles during the last interglacial maximum. A trace calcium analyzer was simultaneously examined, with the use of the fluorescent enhancement of Fura2 with a detection limit of 15 nM. Ammonia and calcium in the Antarctic ice core showed similar variation patterns, different from that of the Greenland ice core. The ammonia analyzer was also applied to the analysis of lake water. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 29–36, 2001
The Effect of a Wrist Brace on Injury Patterns in Experimentally Produced Distal Radial Fractures in a Cadaveric Model (1997)

We compared patterns of bony and ligamentous injury with distal radial fractures in braced and unbraced wrists using 20 paired fresh cadaveric upper extremities. A commercially available wrist brace was placed on one wrist in each pair. Specimens were then placed in a fast-loading gravity-driven device and subjected to loads averaging 16 kg from an average height of 78 cm. Postfracture radiographs were obtained, the specimens were dissected, and fracture patterns and ligamentous integrity were assessed. The following fracture types were produced: distal radial fractures (eight unbraced, seven braced) and intraarticular (seven unbraced, four braced). Radiographically, seven unbraced wrists demonstrated carpal bone fracture and one braced wrist demonstrated carpal fractures. Eight unbraced and three braced wrists sustained carpal intrinsic ligament injuries, four unbraced and one braced wrists demonstrated extrinsic ligament injuries. More capsular tears occurred in the unbraced group (N = 8) than in the braced group (N = 1). This model demonstrated a difference in the patterns of injury in unbraced and braced wrists subjected to the same mechanical conditions, which suggests that use of a wrist brace may alter patterns of wrist injury.
IL7-IL12 Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Improve A CAR T Cell Attack Against Colorectal Cancer Cells (2020)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) redirected T cells are efficacious in the treatment of leukemia/lymphoma, however, showed less capacities in eliminating solid tumors which is thought to be partly due to the lack of cytokine support in the tumor lesion. In order to deliver supportive cytokines, we took advantage of the inherent ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to actively migrate to tumor sites and engineered MSCs to release both IL7 and IL12 to promote homeostatic expansion and Th1 polarization. There is a mutual interaction between engineered MSCs and CAR T cells; in presence of CAR T cell released IFN-γ and TNF-α, chronic inflammatory Th2 MSCs shifted towards a Th17/Th1 pattern with IL2 and IL15 release that mutually activated CAR T cells with extended persistence, amplification, killing and protection from activation induced cell death. MSCs releasing IL7 and IL12 were superior over non-modified MSCs in supporting the CAR T cell response and improved the anti-tumor attack in a transplant tumor model. Data demonstrate the first use of genetically modified MSCs as vehicles to deliver immuno-modulatory proteins to the tumor tissue in order to improve the efficacy of CAR T cells in the treatment of solid malignancies.
Practitioners’ Experience in Clay 3D Printing (2021)

In the context of artistic research, making has been traditionally understood as a process between the maker and the material. However, the digitalization that influences all practices brings us new kinds of making processes in which the ‘digital tools’ have a profound impact on the practitioner’s experience – also in the context of art, craft and design. This study explores the maker’s experience from a practice-led approach to understanding the subjective experience with clay 3D printing. To open up the 3D printing process with clay using our embodied understanding, the full process is viewed metaphorically – borrowing from music. The preliminary findings show that metaphorical viewing and the use of a score enables a successful review of the nature of computer-based practices in a way that all aspects and potentials fall naturally into place.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia Following Implantation of an Automatic Cardioverter Defibrillator (1993)

RF catheter ablation is a complementary therapeutic option in case of frequent or incessant ventricular tachycardia after ICD implantation.
Expression of the conjugate export pump encoded by the mrp2 gene in the apical membrane of kidney proximal tubules. (1997)

A novel ATP-dependent export pump for amphiphilic anionic conjugates, which has been cloned recently from liver, was identified in rat kidney and localized to the apical membrane domain of proximal tubule epithelia. This 190-kD membrane glycoprotein (Mrp2) has been described previously as the hepatocyte canalicular isoform of the multidrug resistance protein and as the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter. Mrp2 was identified in kidney by reverse transcription PCR followed by sequencing of the amplified 786-bp fragment and by immunoblotting, using an antibody specifically reacting with the carboxy terminus of rat Mrp2. Double immunofluorescence and confocal laser-scanning microscopy showed the presence of Mrp2 in the brush-border membrane domain of segments S1, S2, and S3 of proximal tubule epithelia. Mrp2 was not detectable in other segments of the nephron. The onset of Mrp2 expression during development occurred in a very early stage of nephron development. Mrp2 represents the first cloned ATP-dependent export pump for amphiphilic organic anions identified in kidney and localized to the apical membrane domain of proximal tubule epithelia. Mrp2 may contribute to cellular detoxification and to the secretion of endogenous and xenobiotic anionic substances, most of which are conjugates, from the blood into urine.