gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Novel Design of a Single-Sided MRI Probe for Assessing Burn Depth (2017)

Burn depth assessment in clinics is still inaccurate because of the lack of feasible and practical testing devices and methods. Therefore, this process often depends on subjective judgment of burn surgeons. In this study, a new unilateral magnetic resonance imaging (UMRI) sensor equipped with a 2D gradient coil system was established, and we attempted to assess burns using unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance devices. A reduced Halbach magnet was utilized to generate a magnetic field that was relatively homogeneous on a target plane with a suitable field of view for 2D spatial localization. A uniplanar gradient coil system was designed by utilizing the mainstream target field method, and a uniplanar RF (radio frequency) coil was designed by using a timeharmonic inverse method for the UMRI sensor. A 2D image of the cross sections of a simple burn model was obtained by a fast 2D pure-phase encoding imaging method. The design details of the novel single-sided MRI probe and imaging tests are also presented.
Safety of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheotomy in Patients on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy and Anticoagulation (2019)

Bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy according to Ciaglia technique with careful consideration of all potential indications and contraindications may be a safe and low-complication procedure for airway management, even in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy and therapeutic anticoagulation simultaneously in our cohort with a high risk of bleeding.
The Targets of Currently Used Antibacterial Agents: Lessons for Drug Discovery (2012)

Based on the mode of action of antibacterial drugs currently used, targets can be defined as distinct cellular constituents such as enzymes, enzyme substrates, RNA, DNA, and membranes which exhibit very specific binding sites at the surface of these components or at the interface of macromolecular complexes assembled in the cell. Intriguingly, growth inhibition or even complete loss of bacterial viability is often the result of a cascade of events elicited upon treatment with an antibacterial agent. In addition, their mode of action frequently involves more than one single target. A comprehensive description of the targets exploited so far by commercialized antibacterial agents, including anti-mycobacterial agents, is given. The number of targets exploited so far by commercial antibacterial agents is estimated to be about 40. The most important biosynthetic pathways and cellular structures affected by antibacterial drugs are the cell wall biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, DNA per se, replication, RNA per se, transcription and the folate biosynthetic pathway. The disillusionment with the genomics driven antibacterial drug discovery is a result of the restrictive definition of targets as products of essential and conserved genes. Emphasis is made to not only focus on proteins as potential drug targets, but increase efforts and devise screening technologies to discover new agents interacting with different RNA species, DNA, new protein families or macromolecular complexes of these constituents.
Methods for Combinatorial and Parallel Library Design (2010)

Diversity has historically played a critical role in design of combinatorial libraries, screening sets and corporate collections for lead discovery. Large library design dominated the field in the 1990s with methods ranging anywhere from purely arbitrary through property based reagent selection to product based approaches. In recent years, however, there has been a downward trend in library size. This was due to increased information about the desirable targets gleaned from the genomics revolution and to the ever growing availability of target protein structures from crystallography and homology modeling. Creation of libraries directed toward families of receptors such as GPCRs, kinases, nuclear hormone receptors, proteases, etc., replaced the generation of libraries based primarily on diversity while single target focused library design has remained an important objective. Concurrently, computing grids and cpu clusters have facilitated the development of structure based tools that screen hundreds of thousands of molecules. Smaller "smarter" combinatorial and focused parallel libraries replaced those early un-focused large libraries in the twenty-first century drug design paradigm. While diversity still plays a role in lead discovery, the focus of current library design methods has shifted to receptor based methods, scaffold hopping/bio-isostere searching, and a much needed emphasis on synthetic feasibility. Methods such as "privileged substructures based design" and pharmacophore based design still are important methods for parallel and small combinatorial library design. This chapter discusses some of the possible design methods and presents examples where they are available.
Discrete viscous threads (2010)

We present a continuum-based discrete model for thin threads of viscous fluid by drawing upon the Rayleigh analogy to elastic rods, demonstrating canonical coiling, folding, and breakup in dynamic simulations. Our derivation emphasizes space-time symmetry, which sheds light on the role of time-parallel transport in eliminating---without approximation---all but an O(n) band of entries of the physical system's energy Hessian. The result is a fast, unified, implicit treatment of viscous threads and elastic rods that closely reproduces a variety of fascinating physical phenomena, including hysteretic transitions between coiling regimes, competition between surface tension and gravity, and the first numerical fluid-mechanical sewing machine. The novel implicit treatment also yields an order of magnitude speedup in our elastic rod dynamics.
Method for the rotational alignment of polarization-maintaining optical fibers and waveguides (2003)

A novel method has been developed for measuring the rota- tional angle of a fiber's or a waveguide's polarization axis with respect to a reference angle. The reference angle is the polarization axis of the measuring device. The method also gives the true polarization extinction ratio of the measured fiber or waveguide. The method is suitable for the characterization and rotational alignment of polarization-maintaining waveguides and fibers. In particular, the method can be used to rotation- ally align the fiber-waveguide interconnections during waveguide char- acterization. The measuring device is either a linear polarizer or a polar- ization splitter that is accurately rotated with respect to the device under test. According to the experiments with a polarization-maintaining fiber, the method is very easy and inexpensive to implement, and the angular accuracy can be better than 0.2 deg. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumen- tation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1600730)
Homogeneous ruthenium-based water–gas shift catalysts via supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) technology at low temperature and ambient pressure (2009)

Novel ruthenium-based supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysts for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction are reported which, compared to classical low temperature shift systems, operate at much lower temperatures and even at ambient pressure.
Functionalization of Deuterium- and Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond Particles with Mono- and Multilayers using Di-tert-Amyl Peroxide and Their Use in Solid Phase Extraction (2009)

In spite of an earlier report to the contrary and a different attempt that appears to have been unsuccessful, here we show an improved method that allows functionalization of hydrogen- and deuterium-terminated diamond with a dialkyl peroxide. In particular, hydrogen-/deuterium-terminated diamond particles were treated with neat di-tert-amyl peroxide (DTAP, C2H5C(CH3)2OOC(CH3)2C2H5) at elevated temperature. Surface changes were followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). After these reactions, the oxygen signal in the XPS spectra increased, the deuterium peak in the negative ToF-SIMS spectra decreased, and DRIFT showed C−H stretches, which were not previously present and which were similar to those of the precursor. In the C−H stretching region, the IR spectrum of adsorbed di-tert-amyl peroxide shows features that are red-shifted with respect to the IR spectrum of the precursor molecule. These trends are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These data are consistent with the chemisorption of fragments of di-tert-amyl peroxide primarily through ether linkages. The threshold for this reaction was determined by DRIFT to be ca. 95 °C. Multilayers of DTAP could be prepared by repeated exposure of the substrate to this reagent. Functionalized diamond particles were used in solid phase extraction.
Restriction of cell lysis by homologous complement: II. Protection of erythrocytes against lysis by newly activated complement (1988)

Our previous work revealed that homologous complement (C) was ineffective in lysing antibody-sensitized erythrocytes (EA) even at high concentrations. It was also shown that activation of complement on homologous EA resulted in the binding of C9 and the formation of EA bearing complement proteins C1 through C9 (EAC1–9), yet few hemolytic sites were formed. Instead, as shown here, the formation of homologous EAC1–9 caused the cells to become resistant to lysis even by heterologous complement during a second incubation. In contrast, when homologous EAC1–8 were produced by incubating EA with C9-depleted serum, such intermediates were not protected against lysis by heterologous complement during a second incubation. Furthermore, homologous C9 on EAC1–9 was able to reduce the hemolytic efficiency of heterologous complement without blocking C activation and the formation of new C5b-9 complexes. Protection was not modified when homologous EAC1–9 were produced in one step, by incubation of EA with serum, or sequentially by adding C9 to EAC1–8. The minimum number of 9-sites required to confer a protective effect on EAC1–9 was less than 200 per cell. Thus, in addition to its known effect in heterologous cell killing, homologous C9 is capable of protecting homologous cells against inadvertent complement lysis.
Reservoir Characterization and Estimation of Remaining Oil Saturation using NMR logs for Optimizing a CO2 Flood: A Pilot Study (2011)

Abstract Reinvestment in, and the rejuvenation of, aging oil fields are becoming increasingly commonplace. Because the price of oil has stabilized at an equitable value and enhanced oil recovery methods have been proven, previously-depleted oil reservoirs are being revisited to determine their potential for tertiary recovery by means of CO2 flooding. Accurate determinations of unswept oil and permeability distribution within the reservoir are critical elements in understanding and optimizing the CO2 flood. This paper presents a pilot study in utilization of NMR logging in the redevelopment of a field that has been waterflooded since 1953. These mature reservoirs pose well-known challenges for formation evaluation. Resistivity-based saturation models are inadequate and uncertain because of previous waterfloods and variable formation water salinity (Rw) values. The variations in grain size and the onlapping of sand bodies cause uncertainty with the use of a porosity-permeability transform to estimate permeability. These challenges must be overcome for optimal well placement, infill drilling, CO2 flood design, and other reservoir management practices. The standard logging suite for newly-drilled wells, triple combo and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), has evolved to address many of these challenges. This paper presents a pilot study that demonstrates the effectiveness of NMR logs for reservoir characterization. These reservoirs were evaluated for estimating formation porosity, bound and moveable fluid volumes, permeability, and remaining oil saturations. The log data were compared and calibrated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Specialized Core Analysis (SCAL), and Capillary Pressure data from core. Pore-size distribution from NMR has been used to identify facies changes and for geomodeling purposes. Variations in the facies and the distribution of the sand bodies have been correlated to 3D seismic data. This has helped with the accurate mapping of the reservoir units to understand sweep efficiency. Production results are used to validate the log interpretations. A similar method can be used in other aging oil fields and to evaluate the development plan of a CO2 flood.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ENTREPRENEUR IN CANADA (1987)

ABSTRACT This article draws on the results of an 11-nation Small Business Survey prepared for the 1984 International Small Business Congress in Amsterdam. It demonstrates the positive and driving qualities of the Canadian entrepreneur, which hold up well in international comparison. The article concludes by noting that a potentially dynamic entrepreneurial culture has been developing in Canada, largely in the absence of specific policies to foster such growth, and recommends that greater emphasis be placed on the broad policy area of education to assist in its development.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXIV. THE CYCLIC SULPHITES OF meso- AND levo-2,3-BUTANEDIOL (1947)

levo-2,3-Butanediol reacts spontaneously with thionyl chloride to give good yields of its cyclic sulphite (b.p. 177° to 178 °C.). This ester is optically active [Formula: see text] and can be hydrolyzed by dilute hydrochloric acid to pure levo-2,3-butanediol and sulphurous acid. The cyclic sulphite of meso-2,3-butanediol (b.p. 188° to 189 °C.) was also prepared.
COMPARISON OF SOFLENS CONTACT LENSES (POLYMACON) WITH HARD CONTACT LENSES AND SPECTACLES* (1975)

A study, comparing Soflens TM contact lenses (polymacon) with hard contact lenses and spectacles, and using 150 male and female patients, has been done. Volunteers qualified for the study if they had healthy eyes and had worn one type of corrective lenses for six months before they were interviewed and examined. During each patient's examination, his type of correction was not known. Such matters as visual acuity, corneal measurements and average wearing time were considered. (Soflens contact lenses were felt to be safer than hard contact lenses.)
The Influence of Node-Fibril Morphology on Healing of High-Porosity Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts (2002)

In high-porosity ePTFE vascular grafts, graft healing enhanced by transmural tissue ingrowth may be not largely dependent on node-fibril morphology. This knowledge will be helpful to design a new type of high-porosity ePTFE vascular grafts available for clinical use.
A Semi‐Mechanistic Model of CP‐690,550‐Induced Reduction in Neutrophil Counts in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis (2009)

CP-690,550, a selective inhibitor of the Janus kinase family, is being developed as an oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A semi-mechanistic model was developed to characterize the time course of drug-induced absolute neutrophil count (ANC) reduction in a phase 2a study. Data from 264 RA patients receiving 6-week treatment (placebo, 5, 15, 30 mg bid) followed by a 6-week off-treatment period were analyzed. The model included a progenitor cell pool, a maturation chain comprising transit compartments, a circulation pool, and a feedback mechanism. The model was adequately described by system parameters (BASE(h), ktr(h), gamma, and k(circ)), disease effect parameters (DIS), and drug effect parameters (k(off) and k(D)). The disease manifested as an increase in baseline ANC and reduced maturation time due to increased demand from the inflammation site. The drug restored the perturbed system parameters to their normal values via an indirect mechanism. ANC reduction due to a direct myelosuppressive drug effect was not supported. The final model successfully described the dose- and time-dependent changes in ANC and predicted the incidence of neutropenia at different doses reasonably well.
Development of Oleanane-Type Triterpenes as a New Class of HCV Entry Inhibitors (2013)

Development of hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry inhibitors represents an emerging approach that satisfies a tandem mechanism for use with other inhibitors in a multifaceted cocktail. By screening Chinese herbal extracts, oleanolic acid (OA) was found to display weak potency to inhibit HCV entry with an IC50 of 10 μM. Chemical exploration of this triterpene compound revealed its pharmacophore requirement for blocking HCV entry, rings A, B, and E, are conserved while ring D is tolerant of some modifications. Hydroxylation at C-16 significantly enhanced its potency for inhibiting HCV entry with IC50 at 1.4 μM. Further modification by conjugation of this new lead with a disaccharide at 28-COOH removed the undesired hemolytic effect and, more importantly, increased its potency by ~5-fold (54a, IC50 0.3 μM). Formation of a triterpene dimer via a linker bearing triazole (70) dramatically increased its potency with IC50 at ~10 nM. Mechanistically, such functional triterpenes interrupt the interaction between HCV envelope protein E2 and its receptor CD81 via binding to E2, thus blocking virus and host cell recognition. This study establishes the importance of triterpene natural products as new leads for the development of potential HCV entry inhibitors.
Bacterial membrane vesicles transport their DNA cargo into host cells (2017)

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are extracellular sacs containing biologically active products, such as proteins, cell wall components and toxins. OMVs are reported to contain DNA, however, little is known about the nature of this DNA, nor whether it can be transported into host cells. Our work demonstrates that chromosomal DNA is packaged into OMVs shed by bacteria during exponential phase. Most of this DNA was present on the external surfaces of OMVs, with smaller amounts located internally. The DNA within the internal compartments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OMVs were consistently enriched in specific regions of the bacterial chromosome, encoding proteins involved in virulence, stress response, antibiotic resistance and metabolism. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OMVs carry DNA into eukaryotic cells, and this DNA was detectable by PCR in the nuclear fraction of cells. These findings suggest a role for OMV-associated DNA in bacterial-host cell interactions and have implications for OMV-based vaccines.
Strain analysis and epitope mapping of West Nile virus using monoclonal antibodies. (1998)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against an Indian strain (804994) and an Egyptian strain (E 101) of West Nile virus (WNV) were prepared in mice. Nine MAbs against the 804994 strain and 5 MAbs against E 101 strain were obtained. All 14 MAbs reacted with the envelope (E) protein of WNV in an immunoblot assay. They were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for their cross-reactivity with WNV, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Dengue-2 virus (DEN-2), and for their reactivity in haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test. Based on these results MAbs were broadly grouped into three groups, namely WNV-specific HAI-positive, WNV-JEV cross-reactive HAI-positive, and WNV-JEV cross-reactive HAI-negative MAbs. The antigenic cross-reactivity between twelve WNV strains isolated from different geographical regions and their respective hosts was assessed using these MAbs in HAI and complement fixation (CF) tests. The strain analysis by CF distinguished Indian from South African strains. However, a similarity between some Indian and South African strains in HAI was observed. E 101 strain appeared to have antigenic similarity with Indian as well as South African strains. Overall it appears that antigenically similar strains of WNV are prevalent in India. A single heterogenous domain was apparent on the epitope map of WNV deduced by ELISA additivity test.
Determinants of surface atomic geometry: The CuCl(110) test case (1992)

The atomic geometry of the CuCl(110)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surface is determined by dynamical analysis of low-energy electron-diffraction intensities. This surface undergoes a relaxation characterized by a \ensuremath{\sim}30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Cu-Cl surface bond rotation, a 0.15 \AA{} contraction of the top-to-second layer distance, and a 0.4 \AA{} horizontal displacement of Cl relative to Cu. The relaxation is consistent with the ``universal'' structure deduced from the analysis of cleavage surface of tetrahedrally coordinated III-V and II-VI compounds, thereby revealing that this featuare of the structure does not depend significntly on the ionicity of the compound.
Visual-Inertial Navigation for Autonomous Vehicles (2019)

This thesis explores different aspects of the autonomous navigation problem for vehicles equipped with cameras and inertial measurement units. First, we propose a novel camera model for wide field-of-view cameras and two direct methods for visual-inertial odometry. After that, we present a method for fast environment mapping around the vehicle and collision-free trajectory planning. Finally, autonomous navigation using visual-inertial odometry and trajectory planning is demonstrated with a micro aerial vehicle as an example.
Parent‐Offspring Regression Estimates of Heritability for Salt Tolerance during Germination in Tomato (1992)

Salinity impositions can markedly delay and decrease germination rates of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seed. Wide phenotypic variability in plant growth and germination responses to salinity stress has been reported, but scant documentation concerning genotypic variation for salt responsiveness has restricted breeding efforts. This study evaluated the heritability of germination performance under salinity stress by parent‐offspring regression. Germination distribution data were collected for Fz and F3 seeds derived from a cross between a saltsensitive (UCT5) and a salt‐tolerant (PI 174263) cultivar under moderately high salinity levels (150 mM synthetic sea salt). Individuals germinating at different response time intervals were recovered and advanced to produce F 3 and F 4 progeny seeds. Progeny families were evaluated for mean times to selected germination quantiles of 25, 50, and 75% under salt stress and the family means were regressed on the individual parental values. Heritability estimates for the F 2:3 regression at the selected quantiles were 0.78, 0.76, and 0.58, respectively. These results were comparable with the F 3:4 regression estimates of 0.65, 0.73, and 0.58, respectively. The similarity of the estimates obtained in both parent‐offspring regressions suggests the absence of significant dominance genetic effects and when considered with the moderately high heritabilities estimated ( r = 0.58‐0.78), reasonably rapid response to selection in early segregating generations would be expected for this important seed trait in tomato.