gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma? (2006)

Fossil fuel burning releases about 25 Pg of CO2 per year into the atmosphere, which leads to global warming (Prentice et al., 2001). However, it also emits 55 Tg S as SO2 per year (Stern, 2005), about half of which is converted to sub-micrometer size sulfate particles, the remainder being dry deposited. Recent research has shown that the warming of earth by the increasing concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases is partially countered by some backscattering to space of solar radiation by the sulfate particles, which act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby influence the micro-physical and optical properties of clouds, affecting regional precipitation patterns, and increasing cloud albedo (e.g., Rosenfeld, 2000; Ramanathan et al., 2001; Ramaswamy et al., 2001). Anthropogenically enhanced sulfate particle concentrations thus cool the planet, offsetting an uncertain fraction of the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas warming. However, this fortunate coincidence is “bought” at a substantial price. According to the World Health Organization, the pollution particles affect health and lead to more than 500,000 premature deaths per year worldwide (Nel, 2005). Through acid precipitation and deposition, SO2 and sulfates also cause various kinds of ecological damage. This creates a dilemma for environmental policy makers, because the required emission reductions of SO2, and also anthropogenic organics (except black carbon), as dictated by health and ecological considerations, add to global warming and associated negative consequences, such as sea level rise, caused by the greenhouse gases. In fact, after earlier rises, global SO2 emissions and thus sulfate loading have been declining at the rate of 2.7% per year, potentially explaining the observed reverse from dimming to brightening in surface solar radiation at many stations worldwide (Wild et al., 2005). The corresponding increase in solar radiation by 0.10% per year from 1983 to 2001 (Pinker et al., 2005) contributed to the observed climate warming during the past decade. According to model calculations by Brasseur and Roeckner (2005), complete improvement in air quality could lead to a decadal global average surface air temperature increase by 0.8 K on most continents and 4 K in the Arctic. Further studies by Andreae et al. (2005) and Stainforth et al. (2005) indicate that global average climate warming during this century may even surpass the highest values in the projected IPCC global warming range of 1.4–5.8 ◦C (Cubasch et al., 2001). By far the preferred way to resolve the policy makers’ dilemma is to lower the emissions of the greenhouse gases. However, so far, attempts in that direction have
Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera (2013)

As a managed pollinator, the honey bee Apis mellifera is critical to the American agricultural enterprise. Recent colony losses have thus raised concerns; possible explanations for bee decline include nutritional deficiencies and exposures to pesticides and pathogens. We determined that constituents found in honey, including p-coumaric acid, pinocembrin, and pinobanksin 5-methyl ether, specifically induce detoxification genes. These inducers are primarily found not in nectar but in pollen in the case of p-coumaric acid (a monomer of sporopollenin, the principal constituent of pollen cell walls) and propolis, a resinous material gathered and processed by bees to line wax cells. RNA-seq analysis (massively parallel RNA sequencing) revealed that p-coumaric acid specifically up-regulates all classes of detoxification genes as well as select antimicrobial peptide genes. This up-regulation has functional significance in that that adding p-coumaric acid to a diet of sucrose increases midgut metabolism of coumaphos, a widely used in-hive acaricide, by ∼60%. As a major component of pollen grains, p-coumaric acid is ubiquitous in the natural diet of honey bees and may function as a nutraceutical regulating immune and detoxification processes. The widespread apicultural use of honey substitutes, including high-fructose corn syrup, may thus compromise the ability of honey bees to cope with pesticides and pathogens and contribute to colony losses.
Honey, I shrunk the DNA: DNA length as a probe for nucleic‐acid enzyme activity (2006)

The replication, recombination, and repair of DNA are processes essential for the maintenance of genomic information and require the activity of numerous enzymes that catalyze the polymerization or digestion of DNA. This review will discuss how differences in elastic properties between single- and double-stranded DNA can be used as a probe to study the dynamics of these enzymes at the single-molecule level.
Nucleotide sequence of the genes encoding the matrix protein of two wild-type measles virus strains (1991)

The nucleotide sequences of the matrix protein (M) genes of two wild-type measles virus (MV) isolates (JM and CM) have been determined and shown to differ in 56 positions; 31 of these differences are located in the non-coding region and 25 in the coding region of the gene. Most (80%) of the mutations in the coding region are changes to the third base of a codon. A maximum parsimony analysis of the available M gene nucleotide sequences allowed the construction of a tree with at least three lineages or subtypes. One wild-type strain (JM) was very similar to a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus strain (case B); the second wild-type strain, CM, showed nucleotide sequence similarity with MV from a case of measles inclusion body encephalitis. Both wild-type virus sequences are distinct from those so far determined for vaccine strains.
Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems (2018)

Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a new storage technology that combines the performance and byte addressability of DRAM with the persistence of traditional storage devices like flash (SSD). While these properties make NVM highly promising, it is not yet clear how to best integrate NVM into the storage layer of modern database systems. Two system designs have been proposed. The first is to use NVM exclusively, i.e., to store all data and index structures on it. However, because NVM has a higher latency than DRAM, this design can be less efficient than main-memory database systems. For this reason, the second approach uses a page-based DRAM cache in front of NVM. This approach, however, does not utilize the byte addressability of NVM and, as a result, accessing an uncached tuple on NVM requires retrieving an entire page.
Phasing schemes for the CEBAF cavities (2002)

The CEBAF accelerator requires accurate phasing of the 338 superconducting cavities to achieve the design rms energy spread of 2.5/spl middot/10/sup -5/. The rms phase error along each linac, with 160 cavities over a length of 200 m, may not exceed 2.6/spl deg/, assuming that the whole linac is operated on crest. The common procedure is to maximize the energy gain with a spectrometer. At CEBAF, however, phase-dependent cavity steering effects cause deflections of the beam of several mrad, requiring steering corrections in the linac, which makes this method very time consuming. Beam-induced transients can also be used in pulsed operation to determine the zero-energy-gain phase with high accuracy. Better than 2/spl deg/ accuracy is achieved when the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by signal averaging. These and other approaches for the phasing of cavities are compared and accuracy and feasibility are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Allergic contact dermatitis from hair dye and development of lichen simplex chronicus (2004)

Those who dye their hair frequently manifest allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from p-phenylenediamine (PPD)-containing hair dye. PPD is known to be the most frequent sensitizer in hair dye, but there has been no documentation of this sensitizer having a role in chronic dermatologic conditions. Our department experienced a case of a 62-year-old woman with lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), who complained of aggravation after hair dyeing and made such an association. We conducted a prospective and retrospective study to further evaluate the clinical associations between the two. In our prospective study, patch testing was performed in selected patients who regularly carried out hair dyeing and also had clinical manifestations of LSC. Also a retrospective examination was conducted in cases where patch testing had been performed with PPD in the past for suspected ACD and further selected cases with concurrent LSC and/or other neurodermatitis. 11 and 14 patients in our prospective and retrospective study, respectively, presented with both LSC and positive findings to PPD. 5 (45.5%) and 4 (28.6%) patients in our prospective and retrospective study showed clinical relevance from clinical improvement after stopping use and rechallenge. We report several cases of patients diagnosed as having LSC and/or prurigo nodularis who showed clinical improvement after discontinuing the use of hair dye. The suggestion can therefore be made that hair dye could be a possible aetiologic agent causing LSC in those using hair dyes.
[Efficacy of measles vaccination in young malnourished African children]. (1984)

A survey aiming at assessing the anti-measles vaccination efficiency among malnourished children, 1-3 years old, has been conducted in rural Upper-Volta. The haemagglutination inhibition technique has been used and antibodies titers higher or equal to 20 were considered as markers of protective immunity. Malnutrition does not seem to be a factor that decreases the anti-measles antibodies production, because there is no significative difference between seroconversion percentages of well and malnourished children. It is proposed that a new serological technique would be useful in the assessment of actual post-vaccinal immunity, mainly in children with ages ranging from 6 to 12 months old.
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN FOR BIAXIAL TENSION (2019)

Applying the approaches of topology optimization, we consider the problem of substantiation of the configuration of the 2D test specimen, in the workspace of which the biaxial stress-strain state is realized. The original area occupied by the specimen is a square plate with a given side size made of an isotropic material. At the boundaries of the region, segments of fixed length are established on which boundary conditions are specified. The length of the segments is determined by the dimensions of the grippers of the testing machine. In the central part of the specimen is located the working area of the square form where the definition of displacements is carried out using measuring devices. The dimensions of the working area are selected taking into account the region of the used measuring devices. The test specimen is considered as a complex system consisting of working and auxiliary parts interacting with each other. The latter ensures the transfer of forces from the testing machine to the working part. The basic criterion determining the performance of this system is the criterion of accuracy of determining the deformations (displacements) in the working part. The implementation of the criterion is possible by ensuring the necessary stiffness of the overall system, i.e. the system's ability to carry the effect of external loads with allowable deformations that do not violate the performance of the system. The specimen design scheme for biaxial stretching used in the topological optimization process is reduced to the scheme of a two-dimensional plate of variable thickness which is in a plane stress state and occupies the initial region. The original search field is replaced by its finite element approximation. The objective function to be maximized is the stiffness of the system, and the design variables are the thicknesses of 2D finite elements. The specimen volume is set. A technique is proposed that allows determining the distribution of the material ensuring the achievement of the maximum integral stiffness of the system. The analysis of results of numerical simulation using the technique showed the need for holes on the specimen sleeves used in the experiments.
The nucleolus today (1991)

ABSTRACT The nucleolus, the most prominent feature of the inter-phase nucleus, is involved in ribosome biogenesis (Warner, 1990). During evolution, the nucleolus first appeared at the time when nuclear envelope compartmentation of the cells was taking place. I would like in this review to provide information showing that the nucleolus is a particular nuclear territory in respect of the compartmentation of nuclear functions. In eukaryotic cells, the nucleolus is the site at which ribosomal gene transcription takes place and the machinery necessary for the production of the ribosomal subunits is assembled (Hadjiolov, 1985). At this site, the 18 S, 28 S and 5.8 S RNAs are synthesized and assembled with proteins such as ribosomal protein SI (Hügle et al. 1985a) and 5 S RNA.
Quantification of Ternary Mixtures of Heavy Metal Cations from Metallochromic Absorbance Spectra Using Neural Network Inversion (2004)

A new method based on artificial neural networks (ANN) for the processing of spectrophotometric data is proposed and illustrated on the example of the simultaneous quantification of ternary mixtures of zinc, cadmium, and mercury cations in aqueous solutions. Three types of commercially available metallochromic indicators were used as a simple model setup to create spectral data analogous to those normally received from an optical sensor array. In conventional ANN training methods for chemical sensors based on spectrophotometric data, a calibration is established by mathematically correlating the measured optical signal as network input with the concentration of the calibration sample as network output. In several situations, however, especially when dealing with mixed sample solutions, the relationship between a measured absorption spectrum and the corresponding ion concentrations is ambiguous, resulting in an "ill-posed problem". On the other hand, if the training direction is reversed by correlating known sample concentrations with measured optical signals, the relationship becomes reasonable for the ANN to obtain its structure. The proposed model illustrated in this paper is based on a more reasonable direct mapping and estimation by artificial neural network inversion (ANNI). In the training step, sample mixtures of known concentrations are optically measured to construct networks correlating the input data (ion concentrations) and the output data (absorption spectra). In the estimation step, the ion concentrations of unknown samples are estimated using the constructed ANN. The measured spectra of the unknown samples are fed to the output layer, and the appropriate input concentrations are determined by ANNI. When training the ANN system with 143 ternary mixtures of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ in a concentration range from 1 to 100 microM, root-mean-square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.45 (Zn2+), 0.96 (Cd2+), and 0.32 microM (Hg2+) were observed for the estimation of concentrations in 30 test samples, using the ANNI procedure. This newly proposed model, which involves the construction of an ANN based on direct mapping and estimation by ANNI, opens up one way to overcome the limitations of nonselective sensors, allowing the use of more easily accessible semiselective receptors to realize smart chemical sensing systems.
The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy amongst women with osteoporosis: an international epidemiological investigation (2006)

Low levels of serum 25(OH)D are common amongst women with osteoporosis. The results underscore the value of assuring vitamin D adequacy in these women.
A Comparison of Interferon-γ and IP-10 for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (2014)

Although IP-10 and QFT-IT performed well in Tanzanian adults, the tests exhibited an equally poor performance in diagnosing active TB in children. Test performance was especially compromised in young children. Neither test can be recommended for use in hospitalized children in high-burden settings.
Beta-Carboline Alkaloids in Crude Drugs. (1999)

Beta-carboline alkaloids in crude drugs were quantified by a reversed-phase HPLC method without interference from their artifactual formation during analysis and with fluorometric detection specific to each individual analyte. 1-Methyl-β-carboline, β-carboline, 7-hydroxy-1-methyl-β-carboline, 7-methoxy-1-methyl-β-carboline, 1-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-β-carboline and 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-β-carboline showed a wide distribution in the crude drugs and the former two β-carbolines were detected in all those tested. Schisandrae Fructus, Pinelliae Tuber, Evodiae Fructus and Passiflora incarnata contained relatively large amounts of β-carbolines at ng-μg/g dry weight levels. Beta-carboline alkaloids may be responsible for the pharmacological effects of crude drugs as the potent active substances.
Defective organellar membrane protein trafficking in Ap3b1-deficient cells (2000)

AP-3 is a heterotetrameric protein complex involved in intracellular vesicle transport. Molecular analyses show that Ap3b1, which encodes the AP-3 (&bgr;)3A subunit, is altered in pearl mice. To provide genetic evidence that mutation of Ap3b1 is responsible for the pearl phenotype and to determine the null phenotype, the Ap3b1 gene was disrupted by homologous recombination. Mice homozygous for the resulting allele, Ap3b1(LN), or compound heterozygotes with pearl, displayed phenotypes similar to those of pearl mice, confirming that Ap3b1 is the causal gene for pearl. Moreover, pearl is likely to be a hypomorph as the Ap3b1(LN) homozygotes had a lighter coat color and accumulated fewer of the micro3 and (&dgr;)3 subunits of AP-3 than did pearl mice. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis of fibroblasts and melanocytes cultured from Ap3b1(LN) homozygotes revealed that the lysosomal membrane proteins Lamp I and Lamp II and the melanosomal membrane protein tyrosinase were mislocalized. In particular, the Lamp proteins were clustered on the cell surface. These findings strengthen the evidence for an alternate pathway via the plasma membrane for cargo normally transported to organelles by AP-3.
IL‐23 gene therapy for mouse bladder tumour cell lines (2011)

• IL-23-secreting MBT2 cells were rejected in syngeneic mice by the activation of CD8 T cells. • MMC-treated MBT2/IL-23 can have a tumour vaccine effect for parental MBT2 cells, and this effect was enhanced by combination with in vivo CD25 depletion.
Towards Tracking Political Sentiment through Microblog Data (2014)

People express and amplify political opinions in Microblogs such as Twitter, especially when major political decisions are made. Twitter provides a useful vehicle for capturing and tracking popular opinion on burning issues of the day. In this paper, we focus on tracking the changes in political sentiment related to the U.S. Supreme Court (SCOTUS) and its decisions, focusing on the key dimensions on support, emotional intensity, and polarity. Measuring changes in these sentiment dimensions could be useful for social and political scientists, policy makers, and the public. This preliminary work adapts existing sentiment analysis techniques to these new dimensions and the specifics of the corpus (Twitter). We illustrate the promise of our work with an important case study of tracking sentiment change building up to, and immediately following one recent landmark Supreme Court decision. This example illustrates how our work could help answer fundamental research questions in political science about the nature of Supreme Court power and its capacity to influence public discourse. 1 Background and Motivation
Middle Fossa Vestibular Neurectomy in Retrolabyrinthine Neurectomy Failures (1992)

Retrolabyrinthine vestibular nerve section is an important treatment option in patients with refractory, incapacitating vertigo. However, an indistinct cleavage plane between the cochlear and vestibular portions of the eighth cranial nerve may result in incomplete sectioning of the superior and inferior vestibular nerve fibers. We describe 11 patients in whom middle fossa vestibular neurectomy was performed following failure of a retrolabyrinthine vestibular neurectomy. A successful postoperative outcome from this revision surgery was obtained in six of 11 patients on follow-up evaluation. Patients in whom infrared video electronystagmography showed persistent function of the inferior vestibular nerve following retrolabyrinthine vestibular nerve section had a better response to middle fossa vestibular neurectomy than those with no measurable residual vestibular function. Because it provides access to the vestibular nerves where there is separation from the cochlear nerves distal to the previous section, we feel that the middle fossa vestibular neurectomy is the procedure of choice in selected patients who fail retrolabyrinthine neurectomy.
Biologic matrices in oncologic breast reconstruction after mastectomy (2013)

As the demand for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction has continued to rise, options for the implantable soft-tissue replacement products which enhance the aesthetic and reconstructive outcome of these procedures has grown as well. While the most common product used in an alloplastic breast reconstruction is an acellular dermal matrix derived from human sources, many other options are currently available, each offering their own unique properties and benefits. This review presents a concise description of each of the biologic matrices currently available and discusses their use in the context of one-stage and two-stage breast reconstructions.
Broadband SiGe∕Si quantum dot infrared photodetectors (2007)

The broadband absorption of metal-oxide-semiconductor SiGe∕Si quantum dot infrared photodetectors is demonstrated using boron δ doping in the Si spacer. The peak at 3.7–6μm results from the intersubband transition in the SiGe quantum dot layers. The other peak at 6–16μm mainly comes from the intraband transition in the boron δ-doping wells in the Si spacers. Since the atmospheric transmission windows are located at 3–5.3 and 7.5–14μm, broadband detection is feasible using this device. The δ doping in SiGe quantum dots and Si0.9Ge0.1 quantum wells is also investigated to identify the origin of the absorption.
Experimental Study of Boundary Layer Transition on a Heated Flat Plate (1991)

A detailed investigation to the document momentum and thermal development of boundary layers undergoing natural transition on a heated flat plate was performed. Experimental results of both overall and conditionally sampled characteristics of laminar, transitional, and low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers are presented. Measurements were done in a low-speed, closed-loop wind tunnel with a freestream velocity of 100 ft/s and zero pressure gradient over a range of freestream turbulence intensities from 0.4 to 6 percent. The distributions of skin friction, heat transfer rate, and Reynolds shear stress were all consistent with previously published data. Reynolds analogy factors for momentum thickness Reynolds number, Re(sub theta) less than 2300 were found to be well predicted by laminar and turbulent correlations which accounted for an unheated starting length and uniform heat flux. A small dependence of turbulence results on the freestream turbulence intensity was observed.