gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liposomes and nanotechnology in drug development: focus on neurological targets (2013)

Neurological diseases represent a medical, social, and economic problem of paramount importance in developed countries. Although their etiology is generally known, developing therapeutic interventions for the central nervous system is challenging due to the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier. Thus, the fight against neurological diseases usually struggles "at the gates" of the brain. Flooding the bloodstream with drugs, where only a minor fraction reaches its target therapeutic site, is an inefficient, expensive, and dangerous procedure, because of the risk of side effects at nontargeted sites. Currently, advances in the field of nanotechnology have enabled development of a generation of multifunctional molecular platforms that are capable of transporting drugs across the blood-brain barrier, targeting specific cell types or functional states within the brain, releasing drugs in a controlled manner, and enabling visualization of processes in vivo using conventional imaging systems. The marriage between drug delivery and molecular imaging disciplines has resulted in a relatively new discipline, known as theranostics, which represents the basis of the concept of personalized medicine. In this study, we review the concepts of the blood-brain barrier and the strategies used to traverse/bypass it, the role of nanotechnology in theranostics, the wide range of nanoparticles (with emphasis on liposomes) that can be used as stealth drug carriers, imaging probes and targeting devices for the treatment of neurological diseases, and the targets and targeting strategies envisaged in the treatment of different types of brain pathology.
Botulinum Toxin Type A for Facial Aesthetic Enhancement: Role in Facial Shaping (2003)

Received for publication April 15, 2003. James M. Stuzin, M.D. 3225 Aviation Avenue Suite 100 Miami, Fla. 33133
Design of a 3780-point IFFT processor for TDS-OFDM (2002)

This correspondence presents a design of 3780-point IFFT processor for TDS-OFDM terrestrial DTV transmitter using FPGA. It demonstrates the algorithm design and error analysis of the processor, which can achieve a throughput of 7.56M complex IFFT operations per second. This design meets the signal-to-quantization noise ratio requirement of the TDS-OFDM system. It consists of two FPGA and one dual-port RAM. The data stream pipeline algorithm is implemented.
Electron Transfer from Tetrakis(isocyanide)rhodium(I) Monomers, and the Oligomers to Iron(III) and Cobalt(III) Complexes. Enhancement of the Reactivity by the Oligomerization (1982)

Abstract Electron transfer reactions from tetrakis(isocyanide)rhodium(I) ([RhL4]+ to iron(III) complexes of the [Fe(N–N)3]3+ type (N–N=1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2′-bipyridine) proceed through precursor complexes formed between [RhL4]+ and [Fe(N–N)3]3+ with 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 stoichiometry. A similar scheme is suggested for the reaction of bis(isocyanide)bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) with the same oxidants. The intramolecular electron transfer rate constants k1 in the 1:1 precursor complexes have been determined in MeCN at 298 K. In accordance with Marcus theory, the logk1 values are linearly related with the reduction potentials of oxidants with the theoretical slope of 8.5. The [RhL4]+ cations form oligomers in MeCN; [RhL4+]n (n=2,3), and the equilibrium constants for oligomerization have been determined. For a given oxidant [Co(bpy)3]3+ (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine), the logk1 value of [RhL4+]n increases in parallel with the HOMO energy of [RhL4+]n; monomer&amp;lt;dimer&amp;lt;trimer.
Using Core Genome Alignments To Assign Bacterial Species (2018)

With the exponential increase in the number of bacterial taxa with genome sequence data, a new standardized method to assign species designations is needed that is consistent with classically obtained taxonomic analyses. This is particularly acute for unculturable, obligate intracellular bacteria with which classically defined methods, like DNA-DNA hybridization, cannot be used, such as those in the <i>Rickettsiales</i>. In this study, we generated nucleotide-based core genome alignments for a wide range of genera with classically defined species, as well as those within the <i>Rickettsiales</i>. We created a workflow that uses the length, sequence identity, and phylogenetic relationships inferred from core genome alignments to assign genus and species designations that recapitulate classically obtained results. Using this method, most classically defined bacterial genera have a core genome alignment that is ≥10% of the average input genome length. Both <i>Anaplasma</i> and <i>Neorickettsia</i> fail to meet this criterion, indicating that the taxonomy of these genera should be reexamined. Consistently, genomes from organisms with the same species epithet have ≥96.8% identity of their core genome alignments. Additionally, these core genome alignments can be used to generate phylogenomic trees to identify monophyletic clades that define species and neighbor-network trees to assess recombination across different taxa. By these criteria, <i>Wolbachia</i> organisms are delineated into species different from the currently used supergroup designations, while <i>Rickettsia</i> organisms are delineated into 9 distinct species, compared to the current 27 species. By using core genome alignments to assign taxonomic designations, we aim to provide a high-resolution, robust method to guide bacterial nomenclature that is aligned with classically obtained results. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> With the increasing availability of genome sequences, we sought to develop and apply a robust, portable, and high-resolution method for the assignment of genera and species designations that can recapitulate classically defined taxonomic designations. Using cutoffs derived from the lengths and sequence identities of core genome alignments along with phylogenetic analyses, we sought to evaluate or reevaluate genus- and species-level designations for diverse taxa, with an emphasis on the order <i>Rickettsiales</i>, where species designations have been applied inconsistently. Our results indicate that the <i>Rickettsia</i> genus has an overabundance of species designations, that the current <i>Anaplasma</i> and <i>Neorickettsia</i> genus designations are both too broad and need to be divided, and that there are clear demarcations of <i>Wolbachia</i> species that do not align precisely with the existing supergroup designations.
Antiparasitic and Antimicrobial Indolizidines from the Leaves ofProsopis glandulosavar.glandulosa (2011)

A new indolizidine alkaloid, named Δ¹,⁶-juliprosopine (1), together with previously known indolizidine analogs (2- 6), was isolated from the leaves of Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa, collected from Nevada, USA; while two other known indolizidines, juliprosopine (6) and juliprosine (7), were isolated from P. glandulosa leaves collected in Texas, USA. The structures of compound 1 and 7 were determined using a combination of NMR and MS techniques. Compound 7 exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2 strains with IC (50) values of 170 and 150 ng/mL, respectively, while 1 was found to be less active (IC₅₀ values 560 and 600 ng/mL, respectively). Both compounds were devoid of VERO cells toxicity up to a concentration of 23 800 ng/mL. The antileishmanial activity of indolizidines was evaluated against Leishmania donovani promastigotes, axenic amastigotes, and amastigotes in THP1 macrophage cultures. When tested against macrophage cultures, the tertiary bases (1, 3, 6) were found to be more potent than quaternary salts (2, 5, 7), displaying IC₅₀ values between 0.8-1.7 µg/mL and 3.1-6.0 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, compound 7 showed potent antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare, while 1 was potent only against C. neoformans and weakly active against other organisms.
The Exothermic Reaction of Metakaolinite in the Presence of Mineralizers. Influence of Crystallinity (1977)

Abstract This paper presents further results concerning the nature of the exothermic reaction of meta-kaolinite near 950°C. In a previous work (Lemaitre et al. , 1975), we proposed that the exothermic effect had a double origin: (a) direct formation of mullite, promoted by CaO and (b) formation of a segregated spinel-type phase, i.e. γ-Al 2 O 3 , promoted by MgO. In this paper, we examine the influence of a further parameter on the reaction sequence, namely the crystallinity of the starting kaolinite as defined by Hinckley's index (c.i.; Hinckley, 1963). By combining X-ray and DTA techniques it is shown that the direct mullite formation path (a) occurs readily at 900°C in well-ordered kaolinite, but not in poorly ordered samples, even when fired with CaO. On the other hand, path (b) can be promoted in all samples using MgO as a mineralizer. When the indirect reaction path (b) occurs, a second exothermic effect is observed at approximately 1200°C indicating secondary mullite formation by recombination of segregated silica and alumina phases. This effect occurs in poorly ordered kaolinites even in the presence of CaO [path (a) promotor] indicating that path (b) is the most probable reaction mechanism in very disordered kaolinites.
pH-Responsive Gels of Hydrophobically Modified Poly(acrylic acid) (1997)

pH-responsive gels of hydrophobically modified (HM) weak polyacid were prepared from acrylic acid and n-alkyl acrylates (n = 8, 12, 18). The HM gels obtained bear up to 20 mol % of n-alkyl acrylate units randomly distributed along the network chains. The pH-driven swelling of these gels upon ionization in an aqueous medium was studied. The effect of the fraction and of the side chain length of n-alkyl acrylate groups on the equilibrium degree of swelling was examined. It was shown that the swelling transition shifts to alkaline pH with increasing hydrophobicity of the gel. This was explained by the stabilization of the collapsed state of the gel by hydrophobic aggregation of n-alkyl side chains. The formation of such aggregates, which break down in the course of gel ionization, was confirmed by the fluorescent probe method with pyrene as a probe and by NMR spectroscopy. Potentiometric titration data of HM poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) gels and of the corresponding linear copolymers evidence that the introduction of hydrophobic repeat units only slightly affects the apparent dissociation constant of PAA, except for the most hydrophobic gels.
Preservation of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Particle Phagocytosis and Binding with rat Alveolar Macrophages Adhered to a Plastic Substrate in a Serum Free System (1984)

Functional differences between adherent macrophages and macrophages in suspension have been repeatedly reported. During the course of developing serum-free phagocytic assays to evaluate Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R)-mediated phagocytosis by rat alveolar macrophages (AM) we found Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis by Rat AM in suspension was markedly greater than when these cells were bound to plastic substrate in protein-free medium. This dissimilarity in performance was related, in part, to a plastic substrate-associated loss in Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis in that this cell function was preserved when monolayers of AM were formed in culture medium containing a low concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results of particle binding studies suggest the diminished phagocytic activities of AM in monolayers formed in the absence of BSA was due to a loss in the functional expression of Fc gamma R.
La monotraite induit la méthylation d'une région régulatrice distale en amont du gène de la caséine- S1 (2013)

Séance : Régulation épigénétique : applications en élevage<br/>Séance : Régulation épigénétique : applications en élevage
In vivo prompt gamma neutron activation analysis for the screening of boron-10 distribution in a rabbit knee: a simulation study (2008)

Boron neutron capture synovectomy (BNCS) is under development as a potential treatment modality for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is characterized by the inflammation of the synovium (the membrane lining articular joints), which leads to pain and a restricted range of motion. BNCS is a two-part procedure involving the injection of a boronated compound directly into the diseased joint followed by irradiation with a low-energy neutron beam. The neutron capture reactions taking place in the synovium deliver a local, high-linear energy transfer (LET) dose aimed at destroying the inflamed synovial membrane. For successful treatment via BNCS, a boron-labeled compound exhibiting both high synovial uptake and long retention time is necessary. Currently, the in vivo uptake behavior of potentially useful boronated compounds is evaluated in the knee joints of rabbits in which arthritis has been induced. This strategy involves the sacrifice and dissection of a large number of animals. An in vivo (10)B screening approach is therefore under investigation with the goal of significantly reducing the number of animals needed for compound evaluation via dissection studies. The 'in vivo prompt gamma neutron activation analysis' (IVPGNAA) approach uses a narrow neutron beam to irradiate the knee from several angular positions following the intra-articular injection of a boronated compound whose uptake characteristics are unknown. A high-purity germanium detector collects the 478 keV gamma photons produced by the (10)B capture reactions. The (10)B distribution in the knee is then reconstructed by solving a system of simultaneous equations using a weighted least squares algorithm. To study the practical feasibility of IVPGNAA, simulation data were generated with the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code. The boron-containing region of a rabbit knee was partitioned into 8 compartments, and the (10)B prompt gamma signals were tallied from 16 angular positions. Results demonstrate that for this level of spatial resolution, an estimate of (10)B distribution inside the joint can be obtained to within 10% uncertainty, under ideal conditions. Variations of the anatomic dimensions among individual rabbit knees and potential knee positioning errors will result in an uncertainty of over 20%. IVPGNAA thus provides sufficient resolution and quantification regarding the in vivo uptake characteristics of boronated pharmaceuticals to serve as a useful means of screening new compounds of potential use in BNCS.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in hypoxic brain injury (2009)

Hypoxic or hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy is the result of prolonged oxygen deprivation of the central nervous system (CNS). The pathophysiology is reasonably well understood, from extensive studies in experimental animals.[1–3] At a critical reduced level of blood flow (or oxygen delivery), the electroencephalograph (EEG) trace slows, potassium increases, and ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) are depleted. These effects are largely reversible; however, if oxygen deprivation is prolonged, increased intracellular calcium and acidosis induce histological signs of necrosis, which become apparent at a much later (24–48 h) time. Free fatty acids appear as phospholipases are activated; cells swell as part of cytotoxic (hypoxic) edema. Excitatory neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate released from ischemic cells and lactate produced by glycolysis when oxidative metabolism is inhibited by hypoxia are all believed to contribute to the cytotoxicity.
Expression of a novel CNPY2 isoform in colorectal cancer and its association with oncologic prognosis (2017)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Recently, we identified a novel biomarker, canopy fibroblast growth factor signaling regulator 2 (CNPY2) isoform2, and subsequently investigated its expression and prognostic value in CRC patients. We initially generated CNPY2 isoform2 monoclonal antibodies and examined CNPY2 isoform2 expression in CRC cell lines and tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. We found that CNPY2 isoform2 expression significantly increased in tumor cell lines and tissues compared with that in normal colon epithelial cells and tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Survival analysis indicated that patients with low CNPY2 isoform2 expression had poorer 5-year overall survival (OS) in both the training cohort (41.7% vs. 77.7%, <i>P</i> = 0.007) and validation cohort (47.1% vs. 78.8%, <i>P</i> = 0.002). In multivariable analysis, CNPY2 isoform2 was identified as a predictor of 5-year OS in both the training cohort [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.001; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.156-11.598, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and validation cohort (HR= 2.443; 95% CI 1.197- 4.983, <i>P</i> = 0.014). In conclusion, CNPY2 isoform2 represents as a novel and valuable prognostic indicator for CRC patients, while the oncologic function of CNPY2 requires further study.
Electrical Contacts to Beta Silicon Carbide Thin Films (1988)

Ohmic and rectifying electrical contacts to n‐ or p‐type semiconducting thin films were developed and characterized. Upon annealing for 300s at 1523 K, Ni, Au‐Ta, and Cr were ohmic on n‐type material. , similarly heated to 1123 K, and as‐deposited Al also showed ohmic character. had the lowest room temperature contact resistivity of . For p‐type , annealed for 1800s at 1473 K and Al annealed for 180s at 1150 K exhibited ohmic behavior. Al was the better of the two, having a room temperature contact resistivity of . High temperature measurements of Al and contacts showed that these contacts are stable during electrical operation to at least 673 K for 8h in air. At this temperature the contact resistivity of and Al on decreased by a factor of two and ten, respectively. Contacts of Au were shown to be rectifying on with a barrier height of 1.20V.
Kap120 Functions as a Nuclear Import Receptor for Ribosome Assembly Factor Rpf1 in Yeast (2006)

The nucleocytoplasmic exchange of macromolecules is mediated by receptors specialized in passage through the nuclear pore complex. The majority of these receptors belong to the importin beta protein family, which has 14 members in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nine importins carry various cargos from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, whereas four exportins mediate nuclear export. Kap120 is the only receptor whose transport cargo has not been found previously. Here, we characterize Kap120 as an importin for the ribosome maturation factor Rpf1, which was identified in a two-hybrid screen. Kap120 binds directly to Rpf1 in vitro and is released by Ran-GTP. At least three parallel import pathways exist for Rpf1, since nuclear import is defective in strains with the importins Kap120, Kap114, and Nmd5 deleted. Both kap120 and rpf1 mutants accumulate large ribosomal subunits in the nucleus. The nuclear accumulation of 60S ribosomal subunits in kap120 mutants is abolished upon RPF1 overexpression, indicating that Kap120 does not function in the actual ribosomal export step but rather in import of ribosome maturation factors.
SD/sup 2/-A system for distributed software development (2002)

We design and implementation a system for distributed software development. The system helps the program designer by first extracting the program model (in Petri nets). The system then monitors the program run and collects program trace into a database. The monitor also interacts with the network management system for resource allocation. Program debugging is achieved by replaying the trace data, both textually and graphically, in coordination with the program model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
PTPμ Regulates N-Cadherin–dependent Neurite Outgrowth (1999)

Cell adhesion is critical to the establishment of proper connections in the nervous system. Some receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) have adhesion molecule-like extracellular segments with intracellular tyrosine phosphatase domains that may transduce signals in response to adhesion. PTPmu is a RPTP that mediates cell aggregation and is expressed at high levels in the nervous system. In this study, we demonstrate that PTPmu promotes neurite outgrowth of retinal ganglion cells when used as a culture substrate. In addition, PTPmu was found in a complex with N-cadherin in retinal cells. To determine the physiological significance of the association between PTPmu and N-cadherin, the expression level and enzymatic activity of PTPmu were perturbed in retinal explant cultures. Downregulation of PTPmu expression through antisense techniques resulted in a significant decrease in neurite outgrowth on an N-cadherin substrate, whereas there was no effect on laminin or L1-dependent neurite outgrowth. The overexpression of a catalytically inactive form of PTPmu significantly decreased neurite outgrowth on N-cadherin. These data indicate that PTPmu specifically regulates signals required for neurites to extend on an N-cadherin substrate, implicating reversible tyrosine phosphorylation in the control of N-cadherin function. Together, these results suggest that PTPmu plays a dual role in the regulation of neurite outgrowth.
A Multiphysics Finite Element and Peridynamics Model of Dielectric Breakdown (2017)

Abstract : A method for simulating dielectric breakdown in solid materials is presented that couples electro-quasi-statics, the adiabatic heat equation, and solid mechanics. These equations are coupled in several ways, including a temperature- and electric-field-dependent conductivity model, Joule heating, thermal expansion, Lorentz and Kelvin electrostatic forces, and a damage-dependent permittivity. A finite element approximation is used for the electro-quasi-static problem and peridynamics is used to model fracture in the solid material. Damage to the material may occur either from high temperatures or high strains. The Kelvin force computation used in the method is verified against a 1-D solution and the linearization scheme used to treat the nonlinear conductivity is verified against a fixed-point iteration solution. Finally, several numerical results are presented, including 2-D point plane problems, a 2-D composite capacitor with a conductive flaw, and a 3-D point plane problem. The results show that the method is capable of reproducing both channel-like and tree-like breakdown patterns.
Root cause reasoning based on fuzzy fault Petri net for petroleum engineering systems (2014)

In petroleum industry, engineering systems are becoming increasingly large-scale, high speed, automatic and intelligent. They are closely linked with the exploitation and transportation processes of oil and gas, making up an open complex system. Its failure often causes a chain reaction, which will further lead to serious or even catastrophic accidents with significant economic losses. Fault coupling and cascading are the “the real ultimate causes” of system breakdown, due to the complexity of its structure and behavior, as well as the high correlation and strong interaction among subsystems, system and environment. A new approach for root cause reasoning based on fault fuzzy Petri net is proposed considering the characteristics of cascading faults. The probability of each fault mode can be calculated and the fault propagation paths are ratiocinated. In this way, the proactive maintenance strategy or emergency plan can be made in advance to prevent accident. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is validated in the application of gearbox of the flue gas turbine used in refining system. The results reported in this paper could be useful for the petroleum engineering system designers and safety management personal.