gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular Technologies for Emerging Markets: 2G, 3G and Beyond (2010)

Foreword 1: Role of Technology in Emerging Markets. Foreword 2: Connecting the Unconnected. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Cellular Technology in Emerging Markets. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 ICT in Emerging Markets. 1.3 Cellular Technologies. 1.4 Overview of Some Key Technologies. 1.5 Future Direction. 2 GSM and EGPRS. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 GSM Technology. 2.3 Network Planning in the GSM Network. 2.4 EGPRS Technology. 2.5 EGPRS Network Design and Optimization. 3 UMTS. 3.1 The 3G Evolution UMTS. 3.2 UMTS Services and Applications. 3.3 UMTS Bearer Service QoS Parameters. 3.4 QoS Classes. 3.5 WCDMA Concepts. 3.6 ATM. 3.7 Protocol Stack. 3.8 WCDMA Network Architecture Radio and Core. 3.9 Network Planning in 3G. 3.10 Network Optimization. 4 CDMA. 4.1 Introduction to CDMA. 4.2 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access. 4.3 Spread Spectrum Technique. 4.4 Codes in CDMA System. 4.5 Link Structure. 4.6 Radio Resource Management. 4.7 Planning a CDMA Network. 4.8 CDMA2000. 4.9 TD-SCDMA. 5 HSPA and LTE. 5.1 HSPA (High Speed Packet Access). 5.2 HSDPA Technology. 5.3 HSDPA Channels. 5.4 Dimensioning in HSDPA. 5.5 Radio Resource Management in HSDPA. 5.6 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). 5.7 HSUPA Channels. 5.8 HSUPA Radio Resource Management. 5.9 HSPA Network Dimensioning. 5.10 LTE (Long Term Evolution). 5.11 LTE Technology. 5.12 Radio Resource Management. 5.13 Security in LTE. 6 OFDM and All-IP. 6.1 Introduction to OFDM. 6.2 OFDM Principles. 6.3 MIMO Technology. 6.4 OFDM System. 6.5 Design of OFDM Channel. 6.6 Multi-User OFDM Environment. 6.7 All-IP Networks. 6.8 Architecture of All-IP Networks. 7 Broadband Wireless Access: WLAN, Wi-Fi and WiMAX. 7.1 Wireless Technology Differentiation. 7.2 Wireless LAN. 7.3 Wi-Fi Networks. 7.4 WiMAX Networks. 8 Convergence and IP Multimedia Sub-System. 8.1 Introduction to Convergence. 8.2 Key Aspects of Convergent Systems. 8.3 Architecture in Convergent Networks. 8.4 IMS. 8.5 IMS Architecture. 8.6 IMS Security System. 8.7 IMS Charging. 8.8 Service Provisioning in IMS. 9 Unlicensed Mobile Access. 9.1 Introduction to UMA. 9.2 Working on UMA Network. 9.3 Architecture of UMA. 9.4 Up Interface in UMA. 9.5 Protocols in UMA. 9.6 Security Mechanism of UMA. 9.7 Identifiers and Cell Identifiers in UMA. 9.8 Mode and PLMN Selection. 9.9 UMAN Discovery and Registration Procedures. 9.10 UNC Blocks. 9.11 Comparison between Femtocells and UMA. 9.12 Conclusion. 10 DVB-H. 10.1 Mobile Television. 10.2 Introduction to DVB. 10.3 DVB-H Ecosystem. 10.4 DVB-H System Technology. 10.5 DVB-H Network Architecture. 10.6 DVB-H Network Topologies. 10.7 Network Design in the DVB-H Network. Appendix A VAS Applications. A.1 Multimedia Messaging Service. A.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular. A.3 Streaming Service. A.4 Short Message Service. A.5 Wireless Application Protocol. Appendix B Energy in Telecommunications. B.1 The Solution Exists But It s Not VeryGood. B.2 Renewable Energy a Better Solution. B.3 The Optimal Design for a Base Station Site. B.4 Business Case for Renewable Energy in Mobile Base StationSites. B.5 Effects of Climate Change on Mobile Networks. Bibliography. Index.
Effects of Fluoridated Drinking Water on Dental Caries in Australian Adults (2013)

Systematic reviews produce conflicting conclusions regarding dental caries-preventive effects of water fluoridation in adults. The authors investigated the relationship using data from the nationally representative 2004-2006 Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health. Effects were compared between the pre-fluoridation cohort born before 1960 (n = 2,270) and the cohort born between 1960 and 1990 (n = 1,509), when widespread implementation of fluoridation increased population coverage from < 1% to 67%. Residential history questionnaires determined the percentage of each person's lifetime exposed to fluoridated water. Examiners recorded decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF-Teeth) and decayed and filled tooth surfaces (DF-Surfaces). Socio-demographic and preventive dental behaviors were included in multivariable least-squares regression models adjusted for potential confounding. In fully adjusted models, > 75% of lifetime exposure to fluoridation relative to < 25% of lifetime exposure was associated with 11% and 10% fewer DMF-Teeth in the pre-1960 (p < .0001) and 1960-1990 cohorts (p = .018), respectively. Corresponding reductions in DF-Surfaces were 30% (p < .001) and 21% (p < .001). Findings for intermediate fluoridation exposure suggested a dose-response relationship. Results were consistent in sensitivity analyses accounting for missing data. In this nationally representative sample of Australian adults, caries-preventive effects of water fluoridation were at least as great in adults born before widespread implementation of fluoridation as after widespread implementation of fluoridation.
Cluster-based resource provisioning for optical backbone networks (2006)

Feature Issue on High Availability in Optical NetworksA resource provisioning method for optical backbone networks running IP or multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is presented. Trunk and hose models are well-known bandwidth provisioning models, but both have significant disadvantages if applied to large-scale networks. The management complexity of the trunk model highly increases with the size of the network, and the bandwidth efficiency of the hose model is often excessively low. We propose an intermediate solution between the hose and trunk models. By dividing the network into clusters and using a cluster-based traffic description, an appropriate equilibrium can be found between management complexity and overprovisioning.
Molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of 5[alpha]-tetrahydrocorticosterone (2013)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
Single-site access robot-assisted epicardial mapping with a snake robot: preparation and first clinical experience (2012)

CardioARM, a highly flexible "snakelike" medical robotic system (Medrobotics, Raynham, MA), has been developed to allow physicians to view, access, and perform complex procedures intrapericardially on the beating heart through a single-access port. Transthoracic epicardial catheter mapping and ablation has emerged as a strategy to treat arrhythmias, particularly ventricular arrhythmias, originating from the epicardial surface. The aim of our investigation was to determine whether the CardioARM could be used to diagnose and treat ventricular tachycardia (VT) of epicardial origin. Animal and clinical studies of the CardioARM flexible robot were performed in hybrid surgical-electrophysiology settings. In a porcine model study, single-port pericardial access, navigation, mapping, and ablation were performed in nine animals. The device was then used in a small, single-center feasibility clinical study. Three patients, all with drug-refractory VT and multiple failed endocardial ablation attempts, underwent epicardial mapping with the flexible robot. In all nine animals, navigation, mapping, and ablation were successful without hemodynamic compromise. In the human study, all three patients demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with no major adverse events through a 30-day follow-up. Two cases achieved technical success, in which an electroanatomic map of the epicardial ventricle surface was created; in the third case, blood obscured visualization. These results, although based on a limited number of experimental animals and patients, show promise and suggest that further clinical investigation on the use of the flexible robot in patients requiring epicardial mapping of VT is warranted.
Importance Sampling in the Heath-Jarrow-Morton Framework (1999)

As the only practical way to deal with most path-dependent instruments, Monte Carlo estimation is now one of the workhorses of modern derivatives valuation. It has the advantage of being relatively easy to implement in its basic form, and, given enough computer resources, it will converge asymptotically to the correct answer. Yet, once these general principles are acknowledged, one faces the fact that many problems have such high dimension that the basic Monte Carlo technique can require an enormous number of simulations before convergence to a reasonably accurate answer is achieved. Some variance reduction techniques, like the use of antithetic variables, are helpful and easy to apply, but limited in effectiveness. Others, like non-random sample selection through use of stratified sampling or importance sampling, may depart from the basic, fully random Monte Carlo technique but can produce enormous improvement in performance in some cases. This article presents a remarkably effective simulation technique for high-dimensional problems that combines stratification with importance sampling, so that the simulation sample closely matches the desired probability distribution and resolution is maximized in the regions that are most important for the value of the derivative instrument.
Growth differentiation factor 15: a prognostic marker for recurrence in colorectal cancer (2011)

Growth differentiation factor 15 serves as a negative prognostic marker in CRC. High expression of GDF15 in tumour tissue and high plasma levels correlate with an increased risk of recurrence and reduced overall survival.
Push-pull test: a method of evaluating formation adsorption parameters for predicting the environmental effects on in situ coal gasification and uranium recovery (1980)

The push-pull test, which is a simple injection and pumping sequence of groundwater spiked with solutes of interest, is presented as a method of determining the adsorption characteristics of a formation. Adsorption properties are necessary to predict restoration from both in situ coal gasification and in situ uranium extraction. The major problems in applying laboratory measurements to the field concern scaling the effect of particle size and obtaining representative samples. Laboratory measurements are conducted on gram to kilogram scale samples, whereas the push-pull test evaluates a sample weighing approximately 130 to 1000 metric tons, depending on volume injected and porosity. The problem in translating laboratory results to the field appear to be less severe for sedimentary uranium bodies than for coal. Laboratory measurements are useful in delineating ranges in adsorption properties and in planning the field experiment. Two field push-pull tests were conducted on uranium formations in Wyoming. Adsorption properties estimated from these tests on the basis of a simple cell model were compared to the laboratory values. In the first case, excellent agreement was observed between the values estimated from the field test and the values measured in the laboratory. In the second case, the value for K/sub d/ determined in the laboratory was five times higher than the field value. It is recommended that push-pull tests be conducted on coal formations being considered for in situ gasification in view of the great uncertainty in extrapolating laboratory adsorption properties to the field.
Physicochemical measurements by gas chromatography (1988)

First the method of gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) has been used to obtain partition coefficients, K, at infinite dilution on polymeric and non-polymeric phases. About 30-40 solutes were studied per stationary phase. Secondly the method of gas-solid chromatography has been used to obtain adsorption isotherms for a series of adsorbents by the technique of elution by characteristic point (ECP). A single injection of a gas or vapour suffices to obtain the isotherm, and then the limiting Henry's law constant, Kh, for adsorption at low surface coverage. About 20-30 solutes were studied per adsorbent. Experiments were carried out at several levels of relative humidity (RH) 0%, 31% and 53%. The solute compounds used were chosen so as to have a wide range of properties such as polarity (pi*2), hydrogen-bond acidity (alpha[H]2), and hydrogen-bond basicity (beta[H]2). The results as log partition coefficients or -log Henry's constants were analysed by multiple linear regression analysis using equations such as: -LogK[H] or LogK = SPo + s.pi* 2 + a.alpha[H]2 + b.beta[H]2 + 1. LogL[18] where L[18] is the solute Ostwald absorption coefficient on n-hexadecane. In this way, the selectivity of the liquid polymeric phase or solid adsorbent towards classes of compound was investigated and equations for the prediction of further values of LogK or LogK[H] formulated. In parallel with the measurement of partition coefficients on liquid polymeric phases by GLC in this work, partition coefficients for the polymers have been determined using surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices by coworkers at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington. The results for a series of 8-9 solutes in six polymeric phases show that partition coefficients and patterns of responses predicted through GLC experiments are the same as those found experimentally using coated SAW devices. Hence GLC can be used to evaluate possible coating materials, and by the technique of multiple linear regression analysis, to predict SAW responses for a multitude of vapours.
Genome-Wide Mapping of Bivalent Histone Modifications in Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells (2019)

The "bivalent domain," a distinctive histone modification signature, is characterized by repressive trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and active trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) marks. Maintenance and dynamic resolution of these histone marks play important roles in regulating differentiation processes in various stem cell systems. However, little is known regarding their roles in hepatic stem/progenitor cells. In the present study, we conducted the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses in purified delta-like 1 protein (Dlk<sup>+</sup>) hepatic stem/progenitor cells and successfully identified 562 genes exhibiting bivalent domains within 2 kb of the transcription start site. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in developmental functions and differentiation processes. Microarray analyses indicated that many of these genes exhibited derepression after differentiation toward hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages. Among these, 72 genes, including <i>Cdkn2a</i> and <i>Sox4</i>, were significantly upregulated after differentiation toward hepatocyte or cholangiocyte lineages. Knockdown of <i>Sox4</i> in Dlk<sup>+</sup> cells suppressed colony propagation and resulted in increased numbers of albumin<sup>+</sup>/cytokeratin 7<sup>+</sup> progenitor cells in colonies. These findings implicate that derepression of <i>Sox4</i> expression is required to induce normal differentiation processes. In conclusion, combined ChIP-seq and microarray analyses successfully identified bivalent genes. Functional analyses of these genes will help elucidate the epigenetic machinery underlying the terminal differentiation of hepatic stem/progenitor cells.
Extending the Field of View With Phased Array Techniques: Results of European SKA Research (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The radio frequency window of the Square Kilometre Array is planned to cover the wavelength regime from centimeters up to a few meters. For this range to be optimally covered, different antenna concepts are considered. At the lowest frequency range, up to a few gigahertz, it is expected that multibeam techniques will be used, increasing the effective field-of-view to a level that allows very efficient detailed and sensitive exploration of the complete sky. Although sparse narrow-band phased arrays are as old as radio astronomy, multioctave sparse and dense arrays now considered for the SKA require new low-noise design, signal processing, and calibration techniques. The successful implementation of these new array techniques has already been introduced for the use of phased array feeds upgrading existing telescopes: enhancing aperture efficiency as well as effective field-of-view. Especially the development of low-cost array antenna design will allow a cost-effective large-scale implementation for the SKA. This paper addresses these new capabilities, emphasizing the R&amp;D work done in Europe and aims to provide insight into the status of enabling technologies and technical research on polarization, calibration, and side-lobe control that will unleash the potential of phased arrays for future growth of radio astronomy synthesis arrays. </para>
The Ubiquitous Carrier Protein — A Window to Metabolite Biosynthesis (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in African Americans. (2003)

HCC[2][1] is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. It is a diagnosis with very poor prognosis, causing about 1 million deaths each year. Chronic infection with HBV and HCV is a major risk factor for HCC.

For patients with active chronic hepatitis B, there is a 10–100-fold increase in the risk
Managing flash memory in personal communication devices (2002)

This paper describes a flash memory server (FMS) for personal communication devices and embedded home information systems, such as set-top boxes and Internet phones. Flash memory is small, lightweight, shock-resistant, nonvolatile, and requires little power. Writing to flash memory segments requires erasing the segment in advance. However, erase operations are slow and power-wasting and usually decrease system performance. The number of erase cycles is also limited. To reduce the number of erase operations needed and to evenly wear the flash memory, a new flash memory management scheme has been designed. A new cleaning policy is also proposed to reduce cleaning overhead. Performance evaluations show that erase operations can be reduced by 55%.
Some Implications of Low Power Wireless to IP Networking. (2006)

We examine and outline challenges in IPv6 routing over low-power wireless personal area networks (PANs). We present empirical measurements and analysis of an increasingly popular PAN link layer, 802.15.4. We show that over short periods 802.15.4 exhibits bimodal connectivity, but over longer periods has many intermediate links. We quantify how synchonous acknowledgments affect common lowpower routing metrics, such as ETX. We identify metrics for detecting modal changes in link quality. We explore how these behaviors affect IP routing and IPv6 requirements, such as route selection and maintenance, sub-IP fragmentation and assembly, and packet scheduling. 1
ChemInform Abstract: DEPROTONATION OF 1,1‐DIBORONIC ESTERS AND REACTIONS OF THE CARBANIONS WITH ALKYL HALIDES AND CARBONYL COMPOUNDS (1982)

Abstract Untersuchungen zeigen, daß eine wirkungsvolle Deprotonierung der aus Bis‐[dimethoxyboryl]‐methan (I) und entsprechenden Diolen synthetisierten 1,1‐Diboronsäureester (II) mit Li‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidid (III) in Gegenwart von Tetramethylethylendiamin in THF erfolgt.
In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification (2017)

In the past few years, the field of computer vision has gone through a revolution fueled mainly by the advent of large datasets and the adoption of deep convolutional neural networks for end-to-end learning. The person re-identification subfield is no exception to this. Unfortunately, a prevailing belief in the community seems to be that the triplet loss is inferior to using surrogate losses (classification, verification) followed by a separate metric learning step. We show that, for models trained from scratch as well as pretrained ones, using a variant of the triplet loss to perform end-to-end deep metric learning outperforms most other published methods by a large margin.
Co-ordination of hydraulic and stomatal conductances across light qualities in cucumber leaves (2011)

Long-term effects of light quality on leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were studied in cucumber, and their joint impact on leaf photosynthesis in response to osmotic-induced water stress was assessed. Plants were grown under low intensity monochromatic red (R, 640 nm), blue (B, 420 nm) or combined red and blue (R:B, 70:30) light. K(leaf) and g(s) were much lower in leaves that developed without blue light. Differences in g(s) were caused by differences in stomatal aperture and stomatal density, of which the latter was largely due to differences in epidermal cell size and hardly due to stomatal development. Net photosynthesis (A(N)) was lowest in R-, intermediate in B-, and highest in RB- grown leaves. The low A(N) in R-grown leaves correlated with a low leaf internal CO(2) concentration and reduced PSII operating efficiency. In response to osmotic stress, all leaves showed similar degrees of stomatal closure, but the reduction in A(N) was larger in R- than in B- and RB-grown leaves. This was probably due to damage of the photosynthetic apparatus, which only occurred in R-grown leaves. The present study shows the co-ordination of K(leaf) and g(s) across different light qualities, while the presence of blue in the light spectrum seems to drive both K(leaf) and g(s) towards high, sun-type leaf values, as was previously reported for maximal photosynthetic capacity and leaf morphology. The present results suggest the involvement of blue light receptors in the usually harmonized development of leaf characteristics related to water relations and photosynthesis under different light environments.
A randomised, open-label, parallel group phase 2 study of antisense oligonucleotide therapy in acromegaly (2018)

Baseline median IGF-I was 447 and 649 ng/mL in the once- and twice-weekly groups respectively. Compared to baseline, at week 14, twice-weekly ATL1103 resulted in a median fall in IGF-I of 27.8% (<i>P</i> = 0.0002). Between cohort comparison at week 14 demonstrated the median fall in IGF-I to be 25.8% (<i>P</i> = 0.0012) greater with twice-weekly dosing. In the twice-weekly cohort, IGF-I was still declining at week 14, and remained lower at week 21 than at baseline by a median of 18.7% (<i>P</i> = 0.0005). Compared to baseline, by week 14, IGFBP3 and ALS had declined by a median of 8.9% (<i>P</i> = 0.027) and 16.7% (<i>P</i> = 0.017) with twice-weekly ATL1103; GH had increased by a median of 46% at week 14 (<i>P</i> = 0.001). IGFBP3, ALS and GH did not change with weekly ATL1103. GHBP fell by a median of 23.6% and 48.8% in the once- and twice-weekly cohorts (<i>P</i> = 0.027 and <i>P</i> = 0.005) respectively. ATL1103 was well tolerated, although 84.6% of patients experienced mild-to-moderate injection-site reactions. This study provides proof of concept that ATL1103 is able to significantly lower IGF-I in patients with acromegaly.
Resistive model of the rf discharge including additional dc currents and electrodes (1993)

A resistive model including additional dc currents and electrodes enables understanding and analysis of rf discharges in the low-frequency range (\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{p}\mathit{i}}$). A general and exact analysis based on asymptotic solutions results in analytic representations of relations between sheath voltages, bias, and rf voltage. For sinusoidal rf voltage an expansion of sheath voltages and discharge current into Fourier series, e.g., important for probe measurements, and a general relation between these series is presented. From the power balance a lower bound of a sinusoidal rf voltage is derived. The model is extended for different densities and electron temperatures along the sheath edges. Correction and error estimation show the asymptotic solution to be well suited.