gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time-Dependent Diffusion in Prostate Cancer (2017)

There is a measurable time dependence of ADC in prostate cancer, which is dependent on the underlying tissue and Gleason score. Therefore, there may be an optimal selection of t for prediction of tumor grade using ADC. Controlling t should allow ADC to achieve greater reproducibility between different sites and vendors. Intentionally varying t enables targeted exploration of D(t), a previously overlooked biophysical phenomenon in the prostate. Its further microstructural understanding and modeling may lead to novel diffusion-derived biomarkers.
On quantum backpropagation, information reuse, and cheating measurement collapse (2023)

The success of modern deep learning hinges on the ability to train neural networks at scale. Through clever reuse of intermediate information, backpropagation facilitates training through gradient computation at a total cost roughly proportional to running the function, rather than incurring an additional factor proportional to the number of parameters - which can now be in the trillions. Naively, one expects that quantum measurement collapse entirely rules out the reuse of quantum information as in backpropagation. But recent developments in shadow tomography, which assumes access to multiple copies of a quantum state, have challenged that notion. Here, we investigate whether parameterized quantum models can train as efficiently as classical neural networks. We show that achieving backpropagation scaling is impossible without access to multiple copies of a state. With this added ability, we introduce an algorithm with foundations in shadow tomography that matches backpropagation scaling in quantum resources while reducing classical auxiliary computational costs to open problems in shadow tomography. These results highlight the nuance of reusing quantum information for practical purposes and clarify the unique difficulties in training large quantum models, which could alter the course of quantum machine learning.
Morphing Planar Graph Drawings with a Polynomial Number of Steps (2013)

In 1944, Cairns proved the following theorem: given any two straight-line planar drawings of a triangulation with the same outer face, there exists a morph (i.e., a continuous transformation) between the two drawings so that the drawing remains straight-line planar at all times. Cairns's original proof required exponentially many morphing steps. We prove that there is a morph that consists of O(n2) steps, where each step is a linear morph that moves each vertex at constant speed along a straight line. Using a known result on compatible triangulations this implies that for a general planar graph G and any two straight-line planar drawings of G with the same embedding, there is a morph between the two drawings that preserves straight-line planarity and consists of O(n4) steps.
Pathways for kidney-specific uptake of the steroid hormone 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (2002)

Steroid hormones are believed to enter cells solely by free diffusion through the plasma membrane. However, recent work on the uptake of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 into the kidney has identified an endocytic pathway that is responsible for the delivery of this steroid to renal tissues. This finding led to a new perception that endocytosis may play an important role in the cell-type-specific targeting and uptake of steroid hormones. In the present review, we describe the molecular components (e.g. steroid carriers, endocytic receptors and intracellular transport proteins) that constitute this novel pathway for tissue-specific uptake of vitamin D metabolites.
Somatomedin-C/Insulinlike Growth Factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) and Insulinlike Growth Factor II (IGF-II) mRNAs during Lung Development in the Rat (1988)

Somatomedins/insulinlike growth factors (Sm/IGFs) are peptide growth factors that are synthesized in multiple tissues and have been implicated in organ growth. Poly(A +)RNAs from lungs of fetal and postnatal rats were examined by dot and Northern blot analyses to investigate the local synthesis of IGFs during lung organogenesis. Blots were successively hybridized with 32P-labeled human IGF-II and mouse Sm-C/IGF-I cDNAs followed by human ubiquitin cDNAs (a control). Multiple IGF-II mRNA species of 4.7, 3.9, 3.1, 2.2, 1.75, and 1.2 kb were observed. Prenatally, the 3.9 kb species was predominant. In adult lung, the 4.7 kb species was the major species, and the 1.2 kb species was not detectable. Multiple Sm-C/IGF-I mRNA species of estimated sizes 7.5, 4.7, 1.7, and 1.0 kb were observed and their relative abundance did not change discernibly throughout development. Densitometric quantification revealed that IGF-II mRNAs were 7-20 fold more abundant in fetal lung than adult lung. In addition, they were 5-8 times more abundant than Sm-C/IGF-I mRNAs in embryonic lung, and were slightly less abundant than Sm-C/IGF-I mRNAs in adult lung. These data suggest synthesis of both Sm-C/IGF-I and IGF-II throughout lung organogenesis. Developmental changes in IGF-II mRNA abundance during lung organogenesis imply regulation at the level of gene transcription and/or mRNA stability.
A Multi‐optical Collector of Sunlight Employing Luminescent Materials and Photonic Nanostructures (2015)

A multifunctional, semitransparent photovoltaic device is proposed for harvesting sunlight over a tunable spectral range extending from the UV to the IR. Self‐assembled monolayers of nanospheres applied to luminescent concentrators provide a photon management architecture, which relies on luminescence and diffraction of light. The light diffraction is tuned by changing the sphere diameter to match the transparency region of the fluorophores. The importance of each optical mechanism is inferred from a systematic experimental investigation of the external quantum efficiency of fabricated devices, and from the calculation of the resulting photocurrent under the AM 1.5 solar spectrum. Compared to the conventional luminescent concentrator, relative photocurrent improvements are shown between 50% and 500% depending on the spectral properties of the device components. It has been demonstrated how to tailor the photovoltaic performances, the color and the degree of transparency of the device to provide a versatile photovoltaic unit for sustainable building‐integrated applications.
Rule-based monitoring and steering of distributed scientific applications (2005)

This paper presents the design, prototype implementation and experimental evaluation of DIOS++, an infrastructure for enabling rule based management and control of distributed scientific applications. DIOS++ provides: 1) abstractions for enhancing existing application objects with sensors and actuators for runtime interrogation and control, access policies to control accesses to sensors/actuators and rule interfaces, and rule agents to enable autonomic monitoring and steering; 2) a hierarchical control network that connects and manages the distributed sensors and actuators, enables external discovery, interrogation, monitoring and manipulation of these objects at runtime, and facilitates dynamic and secure definition, modification, deletion and execution of rules for autonomic application management and control. The framework is currently being used to enable autonomic monitoring and control of a wide range of scientific applications including oil reservoir, compressible turbulence and numerical relativity simulations.
A Phone Verification Approach to Pronunciation Quality Assessment for Spoken Language Learning (2009)

APSIPA ASC 2009 - Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association 2009 Annual Summit and Conference
Towards a Theoretical Foundation of Policy Optimization for Learning Control Policies (2022)

Gradient-based methods have been widely used for system design and optimization in diverse application domains. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in studying theoretical properties of these methods in the context of control and reinforcement learning. This article surveys some of the recent developments on policy optimization, a gradient-based iterative approach for feedback control synthesis, popularized by successes of reinforcement learning. We take an interdisciplinary perspective in our exposition that connects control theory, reinforcement learning, and large-scale optimization. We review a number of recently-developed theoretical results on the optimization landscape, global convergence, and sample complexity of gradient-based methods for various continuous control problems such as the linear quadratic regulator (LQR), $\mathcal{H}_\infty$ control, risk-sensitive control, linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control, and output feedback synthesis. In conjunction with these optimization results, we also discuss how direct policy optimization handles stability and robustness concerns in learning-based control, two main desiderata in control engineering. We conclude the survey by pointing out several challenges and opportunities at the intersection of learning and control.
Energy enhancement on NV-GSD-HE (2003)

Higher energy boron implantation has been being required for CCD application on the NV-GSD-HE (HE). The HE LINAC acceleration system has characteristics that acceleration efficiency is dependent on a mass-to-charge ratio of ions to be accelerated. The maximum energy of boron is 2.3 MeV while that of phosphorus is 3.0 MeV since the original HE was designed to maximize the acceleration efficiency for singly charged phosphorus, while that for multiply charged boron is relatively poorer. New configuration of RF acceleration on the HE has been developed in order to increase the maximum energy of boron. On this configuration newly designed RF electrodes and electrostatic quadrupole lenses optimized for small mass-to-charge ratio ions are introduced, replacing the original electrodes and quadrupole lenses. As a result, the maximum energy of triply charged boron is increased up to 2.94 MeV and the maximum energy of doubly charged phosphorus is 2.6 MeV. Therefore, the newly configured tool can be used both for the CCD application and the well formation, including the triple well.
The Assembling of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Determination of vitamin D and its metabolites in plasma from normal and anephric man (1979)

A multiple assay capable of reliably determining vitamins D(2) and D(3) (ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol), 25(OH)D(2) (25-hydroxyvitamin D(2)) and 25(OH)D(3) (25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)), 24,25(OH)(2)D (24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), 25,26(OH)(2)D (25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D) and 1,25(OH)(2)D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) in a single 3-5ml sample of human plasma was developed. The procedure involves methanol/methylene chloride extraction of plasma lipids followed by separation of the metabolites and purification from interfering contaminants by batch elution chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and Lipidex 5000 and by h.p.l.c. (high-pressure liquid chromatography). Vitamins D(2) and D(3) and 25(OH)D(2) and 25(OH)D(3) are quantified by h.p.l.c. by using u.v. detection, comparing their peak heights with those of standards. 24,25(OH)(2)D and 25,26(OH)(2)D are measured by competitive protein-binding assay with diluted plasma from vitamin D-deficient rats. 1,25(OH)(2)D is measured by competitive protein-binding assay with diluted cytosol from vitamin D-deficient chick intestine. Values in normal human plasma samples taken in February are: vitamin D 3.5+/-2.5ng/ml; 25(OH)D 31.6+/-9.3ng/ml; 24,25(OH)(2)D 3.5+/-1.4ng/ml; 25,26(OH)(2)D 0.7+/-0.5ng/ml; 1,25(OH)(2)D 31+/-9pg/ml (means+/-s.d.). Values in two normal human plasma samples taken in February after 1 week of high sun exposure are: vitamin D 27.1+/-7.9ng/ml; 25(OH)D 56.8+/-4.2ng/ml; 24,25(OH)(2)D 4.3+/-1.6ng/ml; 25,26(OH)(2)D 0.5+/-0.2ng/ml. Values in anephric-human plasma are: vitamin D 2.7+/-0.8ng/ml; 25(OH)D 36.4+/-16.5ng/ml; 24,25(OH)(2)D 1.9+/-1.3ng/ml; 25,26(OH)(2)D 0.6+/-0.3ng/ml; 1,25(OH)(2)D was undetectable.
Microscale Shock Tube (2012)

This paper reports on the design, microfabrication, characterization, and testing of the first instrumented micrometer-scale shock tube. This device was fabricated by a series of etching, deposition, and patterning processes of the different structural layers on a silicon substrate to first create an array of direct-sensing piezoelectric pressure sensors followed by the bonding of another substrate to create a microchannel. The resulting assembly is a rectangular channel with a hydraulic diameter of 34 μm and a length of 2000 μm, instrumented with five wall pressure sensors along its length. This device is used to characterize, for the first time, the propagation of shock waves at microscales, where transport effects such as wall friction and heat transfer are important. The results show shock-wave attenuation along the length of the microchannel in accordance with simple analytical models for these flows.
17β-Estradiol attenuates cytokine-induced nitric oxide production in rat hepatocyte (2012)

17β-Estradiol decreases cytokine-stimulated iNOS expression and NO production. The down-regulation of iNOS expression may account for the beneficial role of estrogens in models of sepsis and shock.
Intracardiac Echocardiography Improves Procedural Efficiency During Cryoballoon Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Pilot Study (2010)

Additional ICE guidance appears to be associated with lower fluoroscopy, contrast, and procedure times, with similar efficacy rates. Specifically, ICE allows for better identification of the PV LA junction and more precise anatomically guided cryoballoon ablations.
Scheduling Tool for Flexible Manufacturing Systems using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (2006)

A hybrid scheduling tool (HST) which produces schedule for N numbers of parts to be processed on four machining centres (MC) with flexible routings is proposed. In the HST, genetic algorithm (GA) is combined with a heuristic for decoding the semi active schedule (chromosome) into an active schedule. A novel problem encoding (chromosome representation) method is implemented in the GA and the GA operators have been adapted to the problem. The tool has performed well for 4/4/Cmax job shop scheduling (JSS) bench mark problem and further work is recommended to extend the methodology to M number of machines and N number of parts and test its performance against other JSS bench mark problems. More cross over and mutation procedures need to be implemented in the tool for improvement of its convergence performance
Atomic Level Insights into Metal Halide Perovskite Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy (2021)

Metal halide perovskite materials (MHPMs) have attracted significant attention because of their superior optoelectronic properties and versatile applications. The power conversion efficiency of MHPM solar cells (PSCs) has skyrocketed to 25.5 %. Although the performance of PSCs is already competitive, several important challenges still need to be solved to realize commercial applications. A thorough understanding of surface atomic structures and structure-property relationships is at the heart of these remaining issues. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) can be used to characterize the surface properties of MHPMs, which can offer crucial insights into MHPMs at the atomic scale. This Review summarizes recent progress in STM and STS studies on MHPMs, with a focus on the surface properties. We provide understanding from the comparative perspective of several different MHPMs. We also highlight a series of novel phenomena observed by STM and STS. Finally, we outline a few research topics of primary importance for future studies.
Recent advances in modeling transition metal oxides for solar energy applications (2015)

Computational research offers a wide range of opportunities for materials science and engineering, especially in the energy area where there is a need for understanding how material composition and structure control energy conversion, and for designing materials that could improve conversion efficiency. Potential inexpensive materials for energy conversion devices are metal oxides. However, their conversion efficiency is limited by at least one of several factors: a too large band gap for efficiently absorbing solar energy, similar conduction and valence band edge characters that may lead to unfavorably high electron-hole recombination rates, a valence band edge that is not positioned well for oxidizing water, low stability, low electronic conductivity, and low surface reactivity. I will show how we model metal oxides with ab-initio methods, primarily DFT+U. Our previous results show that doping with lithium, sodium, or hydrogen could improve iron (II) oxide's electronic properties, and alloying with zinc or nickel could improve iron (II) oxide's optical properties. Furthermore, doping nickel (II) oxide with lithium could improve several key properties including solar energy absorption. In this talk I will highlight new results on our understanding of the mechanism of iron (III) oxide's surface reactivity. Our theoretical insights bring us a step closer towards understanding how to design better materials for solar energy applications.
Photoinduced Charge Generation in a Molecular Bulk Heterojunction Material (2012)

Understanding the charge generation dynamics in organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blends is important for providing the necessary guidelines to improve overall device efficiency. Despite more than 15 years of experimental and theoretical studies, a universal picture describing the generation and recombination processes operating in organic photovoltaic devices is still being forged. We report here the results of ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy measurements of charge photogeneration and recombination processes in a high-performing solution-processed molecular BHJ. For comparison, we also studied a high-performing polymer-based BHJ material. We find that the majority of charge carriers in both systems are generated on <100 fs time scales and posit that excited state delocalization is responsible for the ultrafast charge transfer. This initial delocalization is consistent with the fundamental uncertainty associated with the photon absorption process (in the visible, λ/4π > 30 nm) and is comparable with the phase-separated domain size. In addition, exciton diffusion to charge-separating heterojunctions is observed at longer times (1-500 ps). Finally, charge generation in pure films of the solution processed molecule was studied. Polarization anisotropy measurements clearly demonstrate that the optical properties are dominated by molecular (Frenkel) exictons and delocalized charges are promptly produced (t < 100 fs).
Maintenance of high proliferation and multipotent potential of human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells by growth factors (2013)

Cell therapy and cell-based tissue engineering is becoming increasingly important in regenerative medicine. Stem cells that are characterized by self-renewal, high proliferation and multiple differentiation potentials have attracted attention in cell-based regenerative medicine. Maintaining the aforementioned characteristics of stem cells is the first key step in cell-based regenerative medicine. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a well-known growth factor that efficiently maintains the self-renewal, high proliferation and multilineage differentiation potential of stem cells. Whether or not other growth factors, such as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have similar effects has yet to be fully elucidated. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HF-MSCs) were obtained by organ culture. They exhibited surface markers of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as shown by positive staining for CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105, and they also displayed trilineage differentiation potentials into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts by cytochemistry and qRT-PCR. Flow cytometry analysis showed that up to 70% of HF-MSCs cultured in the presence of aFGF, bFGF or EGF stayed at the G0/G1 phase. Proliferation analysis showed that both bFGF and EGF at as low as 1 ng/ml and aFGF at above 5 ng/ml levels significantly increased the proliferation of HF-MSCs by cell counting. Consistent with proliferation analysis, immunofluorescence staining showed that more than 95% of HF-MSCs cultured in the presence of aFGF, bFGF and EGF were positively stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. HF-MSCs cultured in the presence of aFGF, bFGF or EGF retained marked trilineage differentiation potentials. By contrast, HF-MSCs cultured in the absence of bFGF, aFGF and EGF lost multipotency.
Perioperative Pembrolizumab Therapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Phase III KEYNOTE-866 and KEYNOTE-905/EV-303 (2021)

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is associated with high rates of recurrence and poor prognosis despite aggressive treatment. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical cystectomy (RC) improves outcomes in cisplatin-eligible patients; however, the improvement in overall survival is modest. Standard of care for cisplatin-ineligible patients remains RC; more effective systemic therapies are needed. Recent Phase Ib/II studies suggest pembrolizumab monotherapy and combination therapy are effective neoadjuvant therapies for MIBC. The randomized Phase III KEYNOTE-866 and KEYNOTE-905/EV-303 studies are being conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety of perioperative pembrolizumab or placebo with chemotherapy in cisplatin-eligible patients with MIBC (KEYNOTE-866) and of pembrolizumab monotherapy versus pembrolizumab plus enfortumab vedotin versus RC plus pelvic lymph node dissection alone in cisplatin-ineligible patients with MIBC (KEYNOTE-905/EV-303). <b>Clinical trial registration:</b> NCT03924856 & NCT03924895 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Genetics (2014)

G Protein‐Coupled Receptor Genetics: Research and Methods in the Post‐Genomic Era features practical techniques inspired by the fast moving GPCR field. From powerful bioinformatic tools tracing the ev
Development of a probe-type optical absorption spectroscopic system for spatially resolved CF2 density measurement in inductively coupled C4F8/Ar plasmas (2020)

A spatially resolvable optical probe is developed for the measurement of absolute CF<sub>2</sub> radical density in inductively coupled plasmas using the broadband ultraviolet absorption spectroscopic method. The probe-type system is implemented inside a low-pressure inductively coupled plasma chamber and is built using a series of optical fibers, feedthroughs, collimators, and an ultraviolet light emitting diode. Using the CF<sub>2</sub> A(0, v<sub>2'</sub>, 0) ← X(0, 0, 0) absorption spectra, the spatial profile of CF<sub>2</sub> density in the remote region of an inductively coupled C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>/Ar plasma is investigated. The CF<sub>2</sub> density is found to decrease from 4.06 × 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>, around the chamber center, to 2.66 × 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>, near the chamber wall. The spatial profile of the measured CF<sub>2</sub> density, layer thickness, and composition of deposited films are compared. Plasma properties such as electron temperature and ion density are also discussed.
Long-term complications of living donor liver transplantation (2000)

1. Donor outcome after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is related to type of liver resection. Left lateral segmentectomy is used in pediatric cases and right lobectomy is used in adult cases. 2. Biliary complications occur in 5% to 10% of both pediatric and adult cases. 3. Three donors, 2 in pediatric LDLT and 1 in adult LDLT, have died. Estimated mortality is 0.13% for pediatric donation and 0.2% for adult donation. 4. Postoperative cholestasis occurs commonly in donors, but clinically relevant jaundice occurs in less than 5%. 5. Other donor morbidity may be related to incisional hernias, postoperative gastric dysfunction, and pain. 6. Donors report overall satisfaction with LDLT, and 88% believed that the role of LDLT should be increased. 7. All donors returned to predonation activities; 25% by 1 month, 75% by 3 months, 88% by 6 months, and 100% by 1 year.