gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct observation of Lomer-Cottrell Locks during strain hardening in nanocrystalline nickel by in situ TEM (2013)

Strain hardening capability is critical for metallic materials to achieve high ductility during plastic deformation. A majority of nanocrystalline metals, however, have inherently low work hardening capability with few exceptions. Interpretations on work hardening mechanisms in nanocrystalline metals are still controversial due to the lack of in situ experimental evidence. Here we report, by using an in situ transmission electron microscope nanoindentation tool, the direct observation of dynamic work hardening event in nanocrystalline nickel. During strain hardening stage, abundant Lomer-Cottrell (L-C) locks formed both within nanograins and against twin boundaries. Two major mechanisms were identified during interactions between L-C locks and twin boundaries. Quantitative nanoindentation experiments recorded show an increase of yield strength from 1.64 to 2.29 GPa during multiple loading-unloading cycles. This study provides both the evidence to explain the roots of work hardening at small length scales and the insight for future design of ductile nanocrystalline metals.
Overexpression of Mcl-1 confers resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors alone and in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors in melanoma (2015)

Melanoma harboring BRAF mutations frequently develop resistance to BRAF inhibitors, limiting the impact of treatment. Here, we establish a mechanism of resistance and subsequently identified a suitable drug combination to overcome the resistance. Single treatment of BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines with vemurafenib or dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitors) alone or in combination with trametinib (MEK1/2 inhibitor) resulted in overexpression of Mcl-1. Overexpression of Mcl-1 in A375 and SK-MEL-28 by transfection completely blocked BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitor-mediated inhibition of cell survival and apoptosis. Melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibitors showed massive expression of Mcl-1 as compared to respective sensitive cell lines. Silencing of Mcl-1 using siRNA completely sensitized resistant melanoma cells to growth suppression and induction of apoptosis by BRAF inhibitors. In vivo, vemurafenib resistant A375 xenografts implanted in athymic nude mice showed substantial tumor growth inhibition when treated with a combination of vemurafenib and Mcl-1 inhibitor or siRNA. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses demonstrated enhanced expression of Mcl-1 and activation of ERK1/2 in vemurafenib-resistant tumors whereas level of Mcl-1 or p-ERK1/2 was diminished in the tumors of mice treated with either of the combination. Biopsied tumors from the patients treated with or resistant to BRAF inhibitors revealed overexpression of Mcl-1. These results suggest that the combination of BRAF inhibitors with Mcl-1 inhibitor may have therapeutic advantage to melanoma patients with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors alone or in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors.
Causative factors in hamstring strains. (1970)

The possible cause of hamstring strains was investigated in football players and track athletes, The subjects were divided into those who did (experimental) and those who did not (control) sustain hamstring strains. Five members of the San Diego Chargers football team and 12 track athletes made up t
Comparison of three different multi-scale models for transmission lines to simulate diverse transients in power systems (2014)

This paper presents three main multi-scale transmission line models that are capable of simulating diverse transients. Such multi-scale simulation is achieved by using the methodology frequency-adaptive simulation of transients (FAST). In addition to the time-step size, a new simulation parameter referred to as shift frequency is introduced. Appropriate adjustment of both shift frequency and time-step size allows the integral simulation of electromagnetic and electromechanical transients within the same study. Based on the simulation concept FAST, three different multi-scale models of transmission lines are developed. These models include multi-scale line model with lumped parameters, multi-scale line model with constant distributed parameters, and multi-scale line model with frequency dependence. Case studies are performed to validate different multi-scale line models in terms of accuracy and efficiency. For studying diverse transients, the multi-scale line model with frequency dependence is the best choice.
Distribution of the carcinogenic tryptophan pyrolysis product Trp-P-1 in control, 9-hydroxyellipticine and β-naphthoflavone pretreated mice (1983)

Autoradiograms obtained 1-4 h after i.v. injection of the 14C-labelled carcinogenic tryptophan pyrolysis product Trp-P-1 to albino and pigmented mice showed a pronounced uptake of radioactivity in the lymphatic system (thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen), in the endocrine system (hypophysis, thyroid, adrenal medulla) and in the liver, kidney medulla and brain. High radioactivity was present in the excretory pathways, predominantly in the bile/intestinal contents. At longer post-injection times (24 h to 6 days) most of the labelled substance had left the tissues, except for the liver which still retained a high concentration of radioactivity. Trp-P-1 is known to be activated by cytochrome P-448. The uptake of radioactivity in the liver could be reduced by pretreatment with the cytochrome P-448 inhibitor 9-hydroxyellipticine suggesting that the observed accumulation of radioactivity in the liver was partly due to metabolites of Trp-P-1. After pretreatment with the cytochrome P-448 inducer beta-naphthoflavone, the administration of Trp-P-1 resulted in a highly selective accumulation of radioactivity in the lung parenchyma, exceeding all other tissues in the body. beta-Naphthoflavone pretreatment also increased the uptake of radioactivity in the kidney cortex and small intestinal mucosa. As indicated by a high labelling of the pigmented tissues of the maternal and fetal eye, the carcinogen and/or its metabolites were accumulated in melanin.
Neue laserbasierte Technologien in der Augenheilkunde (2009)

Die Nutzung laserbasierter Technologien zur Diagnostik und Therapie in der Augenheilkunde bietet sich aufgrund der Transparenz der brechenden Medien des Auges an. Verschiedenste bildgebende und bearbeitende Verfahren sind seit Jahren Standard. Die dynamischen Entwicklungen der Biophotonik eröffnet jedoch laufend neue interessante Anwendungsfelder. Dieses Themenheft zeigt einige der derzeitigen Entwicklungen und neuen Möglichkeiten auf.
Direct In Vivo Visualization of Right Cardiac Anatomy by Fiberoptic Endoscopy Hemodynamic Effects and Image Validation (1995)

The authors tested the ability of a balloon-tipped fiberoptic endoscope to accurately visualize and identify right-heart anatomy in 7 anesthetized dogs. A 3.6-mm-diameter fiberoptic endoscope with a latex balloon covering the distal tip was inserted into the right atrium, where the balloon was inflated with air in 5 mL increments. Heart rate did not show changes. Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output started to show significant decreases with a balloon volume at 25 and 20 mL, respectively (n = 7). Visual image quality was excellent with a balloon volume of 10 mL or greater. With a balloon volume of 7-10 mL, the visual field was 15-20 mm in diameter. Right-heart anatomy including the right free wall, ostium of the coronary sinus, atrioventricular node area, tricuspid valve, right ventricular structures, and pulmonary arteries was clearly and accurately identified. Additionally, spatial relationships among these structures could be established. Furthermore, there was an excellent concordance between endoscopically observed images and postmortem findings. In conclusion, balloon-tipped fiberoptic endoscopy can accurately visualize normal intracardiac structures with no or minimal hemodynamic compromise.
Lung cancers with mutations in EGFR exon 18: Molecular characterization and clinical outcomes in response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (2017)

9029 Background: Little data is available to guide clinical management of individuals with less common oncogenic drivers such as exon 18 mutations (ex18m) in EGFR. To better understand the impact of these rare mutations on treatment outcomes, we reviewed clinicopathologic data in patients (pts) with ex18m treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in EGFR-mutant lung cancers. Methods: Pts with EGFR ex18m were detected via molecular diagnostics using Sequenom™, FoundationOne™ or MSK IMPACT™ NGS testing from 2003-2016. We reviewed their clinical data for molecular alterations in EGFR, treatment outcomes in response to TKI (time on treatment) and median overall survival (OS). Results: We identified mutations in EGFR ex18m in 63 pts. Median age at diagnosis was 68; 63% were women; 29% never smokers. Overall, 74 ex18m were found in 63 pts, including: G719A = 38, G719S = 11, G719C = 8, E709K = 6, E709_T710delinsD = 6, E709A = 3, G719D = 2. E709 and G719 co-mutations in ex18 were found in 9 pts, and 1 pt was found to have 3 separate tumors, each with a distinct ex18m. 29/63 (46%) patients with ex18m had a co-occurring EGFR mutation: 9 with another ex18m; 20 with ex19-21m. Using our IMPACT NGS, the median number of co-mutations was 8 (range 1-17). Two out of 63 pts had a pre-treatment T790M mutation. The 25 pts with non-metastatic disease presented in the following stages: IA = 19; IB = 3; IIB = 1; IIIA = 2; IIIB = 2. 34/38 pts with metastatic disease were treated with the following first-line EGFR-TKIs: erlotinib = 28, afatinib = 5, osimertinib = 1. Median duration on TKI treatment in months was: erlotinib = 10 mo, (range 1-25), afatinib = 3 mo (range 2-9), osimertinib = 4 mo. Median OS from the date of diagnosis of metastatic disease was 22 months (95% CI 18-29). In comparison, a similar cohort of pts with sensitizing EGFR exon19del/L858R mutations had a median OS of 31 months (95% CI 28-33) (Naidoo Cancer2015). Conclusions: Almost half of ex18m occur concurrently with another EGFR mutation. Overall, ex18m pts have a shorter median OS when compared to similar patient cohorts. EGFR-TKIs appear to be an effective treatment for pts with ex18m in EGFR-mutant lung cancers.
The rate of polymerization in two loci reaction systems: VDF‐HFP precipitation copolymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide (2011)

Abstract When the copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) is carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) under heterogeneous conditions, the reaction occurs both in the continuous CO 2 ‐rich phase and in the dispersed polymer‐rich phase. The two phases being characterized by different values of reactant concentrations and kinetic parameters, one would expect that the reaction kinetics is affected by the polymer phase holdup in the reactor. However, the reaction rate is almost insensitive to the amount of produced polymer, at least at specific reaction conditions. This apparent contradiction is discussed and clarified in this paper by a series of comparative simulations carried out using different models, accounting for the reaction in one single phase (one‐locus) or in two phases (two‐loci). This analysis provides general procedures which can be used to design experimental investigations able to identify the number of reaction loci for a given heterogeneous polymerization system. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
The HLA-DQ2 gene dose effect in celiac disease is directly related to the magnitude and breadth of gluten-specific T cell responses (2003)

In patients with celiac disease, inflammatory T cell responses to HLA-DQ2-bound gluten peptides are thought to cause disease. Two types of HLA-DQ2 molecules exist, termed HLA-DQ2.5 and HLA-DQ2.2. Whereas HLA-DQ2.5 predisposes to celiac disease, HLA-DQ2.2 does not. We now provide evidence that the disease-associated HLA-DQ2.5 molecule presents a large repertoire of gluten peptides, whereas the non-disease-associated HLA-DQ2.2 molecule can present only a subset of these. Moreover, gluten presentation by HLA-DQ2 homozygous antigen-presenting cells was superior to presentation by HLA-DQ2/non-DQ2 heterozygous antigen-presenting cells in terms of T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. Gluten presentation by HLA-DQ2.5/2.2 heterozygous antigen-presenting cells induced intermediate T cell stimulation. These results correlated with peptide binding to the antigen-presenting cells. Finally, we demonstrate that HLA-DQ trans dimers formed in HLA-DQ2.5/2.2 heterozygous individuals have properties identical with HLA-DQ2.5 dimers. Our findings explain the strongly increased risk of disease development for HLA-DQ2.5 homozygous and HLA-DQ2.2/2.5 heterozygous individuals, and they are indicative of a quantitative model for disease development, where HLA-DQ expression and the available number of T cell-stimulatory gluten peptides are critical limiting factors. This model may have important implications for disease prevention.
Spruce Embryogenesis (2008)

Somatic embryogenesis, the process in which embryos, similar in morphology to their zygotic counterparts, are induced to develop in culture from somatic cells, is a suitable model system for investigating the regulation of embryo development. Through this process, a large number of embryos at defined stages of development can easily be obtained. Somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce is comprised of a sequence of steps including initiation, proliferation, early embryo formation, embryo maturation, desiccation and germination. To execute this pathway, a number of critical physical and chemical treatments should be applied with proper timing. Embryogenic cell lines of Norway spruce are initiated from zygotic embryos. The cell lines proliferate as proembryogenic masses (PEMs) in the presence of auxin and cytokinin. Early somatic embryos develop from PEMs after withdrawal of auxin and cytokinin. PEM to somatic embryo transition is a key developmental switch that determines the yield and quality of mature somatic embryos. The embryos develop further, to a stage corresponding to late embryogeny, in the presence of abscisic acid. Some cell lines deviate from normal pattern formation exhibiting developmental arrest at certain stages. These arrested cell lines, together with transgenic lines, are valuable tools for studying embryo development. Particle bombardment is routinely used to produce transgenic plants of Norway spruce.
Cortical plasticity induced by different degrees of peripheral nerve injuries: a rat functional magnetic resonance imaging study under 9.4 Tesla (2013)

After major peripheral nerve injury, an adjacent nerve, with similar function to the injured nerve, may become significantly over-activated in the cortex when stimulated. This results in intra-hemispheric cortical expansion as the only component of cortical plasticity. When all nerves responsible for a certain function are injured, the same nerves on the contralateral side of the body are affected and become significantly over-activated during a task. Both intra- and inter-hemispheric cortical expansion exist, while the latter dominates cortical plasticity.
Multilayer Boolean and stack filter design (1994)

This paper analyzes the properties of some layered structures formed by cascading layers of Boolean and stack filters and solves the optimal design problem using techniques developed under a training framework. We propose a multilayer filtering architecture, where each layer represents a Boolean or a stack filter and the outputs of the intermediate filtering layers provide some partial solutions for the optimization problem while the final solution is provided by the last layer output. The approach to the optimal design is based on a training framework. Simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in image restoration applications.
Low-threshold InGaAsP/InGaP lasers at 810 nm grown on GaAs substrate by LPE (1984)

InGaAsP/InGaP double-heterostructure lasers emitting at 810 nm have been fabricated on GaAs substrates using liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE). A threshold current as low as 2.0 kA/cm2 with an external differential quantum efficiency of 54% is obtained. Thus it has been shown that high-quality InGaAsP/InGaP lasers can be obtained by LPE growth.
The distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the axial region of the developing chick embryo. II. Biochemical analysis (1970)

Abstract An investigation of the appearance of glycosaminoglycans in the axial region (dermatome, myotome, scleratome, neural tube and notochord) of the developing chick embryo during early somite differentiation (stages 17–28; 2.5 to 5.5 days of age) was conducted with biochemical methods for comparison with a previously conducted histochemical analysis (Kvist and Finnegan, '70). The biochemical analysis confirmed that the weakly acidic anionic glycosaminoglycan observed histochemically was hyaluronic acid and that the sulphated anionic glycosaminoglycan was mainly chondroitin‐4‐ and/or chondroitin‐6‐sulphate (chondroitin‐sulphate A and/or C). Trace amounts of dermatan‐sulphate (chondroitin‐sulphate B) were found and, since some glucosamine was present in the sulphated fractions, it is possible that a small amount of heparin was present. This latter observation could account for the polysulphated material seen with histochemical methods. Quantitatively, the hyaluronic acid concentration (uronic acid/gm dry weight of tissue) was at a peak between stages 21–25 and exceeded the chondroitin‐sulphate concentration in axial tissues until stage 25, after which time chondroitin‐sulphate concentration increased very rapidly, concomitant with perichordal cartilage formation, while hyaluronic acid concentration began slowly to decline. Thus, whereas hyaluronic acid concentration was 2.5 times that of chondroitin‐sulphate at stage 17, this ratio was nearly completely reversed by stage 28. The increase in sulphated anionic glycosaminoglycans would seem to be directly related to cartilage formation but the high level of hyaluronic acid content in stages 21–25, when myotube formation as well as sclerotome aggregation are occurring, and its subsequent decrase could indicate that it plays some developmental role in somitogenesis.
The initial stages of multicomponent particle formation during the gas phase combustion synthesis of mixed SiO2/TiO2 (2017)

The ability to properly scale the synthesis of advanced materials through combustion synthesis routes is limited by our lack of knowledge regarding the initial stages of particle formation. In flame aerosol reactors, the high temperatures, fast reaction rates, and flame chemistry can all play a critical role in determining the properties of the resulting nanomaterials. In particular, multicomponent systems pose a unique challenge as most studies rely on empirical approaches toward designing advanced composite materials. The lack of predictive capabilities can be attributed to a lack of data on particle inception and growth below 2nm. Measurements for the initial stages of particle formation during the combustion synthesis of SiO2 and composite SiO2/TiO2 using an atmospheric pressure inlet time-of-flight mass spectrometer are presented. Both positively and negatively charged clusters can be measured and results show the presence of silicic acid species which grow through dehydration, hydrogen abstraction, and interactions with hydroxyl radicals. In the case of composite SiO2/TiO2 particle formation, new molecular species containing Ti atoms emerge. Tandem differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry (DMA-MS) provided further insight into the size-resolved chemistry of particle formation to reveal that at each cluster size, further hydroxyl-driven reactions take place. From this we can conclude that previous assumptions on collisional growth from simple monomer species of SiO2 and TiO2 do not sufficiently describe the collisional growth mechanisms for particle growth below 2nm.Copyright (c) 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research
A unified treatment of derivative discontinuity, delocalization and static correlation effects in density functional calculations (2017)

We propose a method that incorporates explicit derivative discontinuity of the total energy with respect to the number of electrons and treats both delocalization and static correlation effects in density functional calculations. Our approach is motivated by the exact behavior of the ground state total energy of electrons and involves minimization of the exchange-correlation energy with respect to the Fock space density matrix. The resulting density matrix minimization (DMM) model is simple to implement and can be solved uniquely and efficiently. In a case study of KCuF$_3$, a prototypical Mott-insulator with strong correlation, LDA+DMM correctly reproduced the Mott-Hubbard gap, magnetic ordering and Jahn-Teller distortion.
CLASSROOM VS. E-LEARNING: A CASE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN DIFFERENT LEARNING SCENARIOS (2016)

CLASSROOM VS. E-LEARNING: A CASE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN DIFFERENT LEARNING SCENARIOS
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐METHOXYBUTA‐1,3‐DIENON‐(TRICARBONYL)‐EISEN, EINE NEUE CARBONYLIERUNG UND EIN STABILISIERTES VINYLKETEN (1972)

Abstract Während die Methoxyallylhalogenide (I) beim Erhitzen mit Dieisen‐enneacarbo== nyl (II) die Carbonylkomplexe (III) liefern, reagiert das Chlorid (IV) unter den gleichen Reaktionsbedingungen zu einer Verbindung mit komplex gebundener Vinylketen (V).
Optimized Pretreatment Method for Long-Term Transduction Efficiency of AAV Into Rat Bladder (2022)

Abstract Objective We sought the optimal preprocessing method to improve the long-term transfer efficiency of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors of rat bladder urothelium. Methods Rat bladders were pretreated by eight different chemical reagents including PBS, trypsin, poly-L-lysine (PLL), protamine sulfate (PS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DDM), HCl or NaOH followed by transurethral instillation with AAV2/9-CMV-zsgreen. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by the percentage of urothelium with green fluorescence after 4 weeks. Results We employed eight different chemical components and eleven pretreatment methods. The rat bladder was harvested and evaluated without any mortality at 4 weeks post-infection. Compared with other treatment groups, the rate of urothelium transfection is comparatively high in the groups of rats treated with HCl or NaOH. In addition, rats treated with 0.1N NaOH 4 min showed significantly highest transfection efficiency (about 3%). The histopathologic results showed regular morphology of the bladder treated with HCl or NAOH and no significant damage was observed. Conclusion Pretreatment with 0.1N NaOH 4 min could improve the transfection efficiency of AAV in bladder urothelium and maintain the transfection efficiency for a long time without pathological damage. Importance We found that pretreatment of the bladder with HCl and NaOH can improve the transfection efficiency of AAV for a long time compared to control group. In addition, rats treated with 0.1N NaOH 4 min could have the most significant effect among these strategies, which was discovered for the first time. This could be valuable for future bladder gene therapy.
Amino Acid Sequence around a Cysteine Residue in the Active Center of Jack Bean Urease (1984)

Cysteine residues in the active center of jack bean urease [EC 3.5.1.5] were modified with 14C-labeled diazonium-1H-tetrazole (DHT). The labeled enzyme was carboxymethylated with iodoacetic acid, and then hydrolyzed with trypsin. The tryptic digest was subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, yielding two radioactive fractions. The [14C]DHT-labeled peptide having a lower molecular weight, which was determined to be approximately 1,000 by the method of gel filtration, was further purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. [14C]DHT-labeled cysteine was identified as cysteic acid after performic acid oxidation, and the amino acid sequence of the low-molecular-weight [14C]DHT-labeled peptide was determined to be Phe-Glu-Pro-Gly-Asp-Cys-Asn-Ser-Thr-Phe-Lys.