gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photosensitized Chemically Amplified Resist (PSCAR) 2.0 for high-throughput and high-resolution EUV lithography: dual photosensitization of acid generation and quencher decomposition by flood exposure (2017)

A new type of Photosensitized Chemically Amplified Resist (PSCAR) **: “PSCAR 2.0,” is introduced in this paper. PSCAR 2.0 is composed of a protected polymer, a “photo acid generator which can be photosensitized” (PS-PAG), a “photo decomposable base (quencher) which can be photosensitized” (PS-PDB) and a photosensitizer precursor (PP). With this PSCAR 2.0, a photosensitizer (PS) is generated by an extreme ultra-violet (EUV) pattern exposure. Then, during a subsequent flood exposure, PS selectively photosensitizes the EUV exposed areas by the decomposition of a PS-PDB in addition to the decomposition of PS-PAG. As these pattern-exposed areas have the additional acid and reduced quencher concentration, the initial quencher loading in PSCAR 2.0 can be increased in order to get the same target critical dimensions (CD). The quencher loading is to be optimized simultaneously with a UV flood exposure dose to achieve the best lithographic performance and resolution. In this work, the PSCAR performance when different quenchers are used is examined by simulation and exposure experiments with the 16 nm half-pitch (HP) line/space (L/S, 1:1) patterns. According to our simulation results among resists with the different quencher types, the best performance was achieved by PSCAR 2.0 using PS-PDB with the highest possible chemical gradient resulting in the lowest line width roughness (LWR). PSCAR 2.0 performance has furthermore been confirmed on ASML’s NXE:3300 with TEL’s standalone pre-alpha flood exposure tool at imec. The initial PSCAR 2.0 patterning results on NXE:3300 showed the accelerated photosensitization performance with PS-PDB. From these results, we concluded that the dual sensitization of PS-PAG and PS-PDB in PSCAR 2.0 have a potential to realize a significantly improved resist performance in EUV lithography.
In vivo heating of pacemaker leads during magnetic resonance imaging (2004)

MRI may produce considerable heating at the lead tip. Changes of pacing parameters due to MRI could be seen in chronic experiments. Potential risk of tissue damage cannot be excluded even though no reproducible alterations at the histological level could be found.
Striated muscle microvascular response to silver implants: A comparativein vivo study with titanium and stainless steel (2000)

Local microvascular perfusion is the primary line of defense of tissue against microorganisms and plays a considerable role in reparative processes. The impairment of the microcirculation by a biomaterial may therefore have profound consequences. Silver is known to have excellent antimicrobial activity and, although regional and systemic toxic effects have been described, silver is regularly discussed as an implant material in bone surgery. Because little is known about the influence of silver implants on the adjacent host tissue microvasculature, we studied in vivo nutritive perfusion and leukocytic response, and compared these results with those of the conventionally used materials titanium and stainless steel. Using the hamster dorsal skinfold chamber preparation and intravital microscopy, the implantation of a commercially pure silver sample led to a distinct and persistent activation of leukocytes combined with a marked disruption of the microvascular endothelial integrity, massive leukocyte extravasation, and considerable venular dilation. Whereas animals with stainless-steel implants showed a moderate increase in these parameters with a tendency to recuperate, titanium implants caused only a transient increase of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction within the first 120 min and no significant change in macromolecular leakage, leukocyte extravasation and venular diameter. After 3 days, five of six preparations with silver samples showed severe inflammation and massive edema. Thus, the use of silver as an implant material should be critically judged despite its bactericidal properties. The implant material titanium seems to be well tolerated by the local vascular system and currently represents the golden standard.
CACNA1S mutation‐associated dental anomalies: A calcium channelopathy (2023)

The malformations observed in our patients suggest a role for calcium signaling in organization of both cusps and roots, affecting cell dynamics within the dental epithelium.
Closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures: nitrous oxide versus general anaesthetic (2020)

Closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures performed under nitrous oxide with intranasal fentanyl is safe, effective and achieves comparable re-intervention rates and adverse events to those performed under GA in the operating theatre.
Real‐time preventive sensor maintenance using robust moving horizon estimation and economic model predictive control (2015)

Conducting preventive maintenance of measurement sensors in real‐time during process operation under feedback control while ensuring the reliability and improving the economic performance of a process is a central problem of the research area focusing on closed‐loop preventive maintenance of sensors and actuators. To address this problem, a robust moving horizon estimation (RMHE) scheme and an economic model predictive control system are combined to simultaneously achieve preventive sensor maintenance and optimal process economic performance with closed‐loop stability. Specifically, given a preventive sensor maintenance schedule, a RMHE scheme is developed that accommodates varying numbers of sensors to continuously supply accurate state estimates to a Lyapunov‐based economic model predictive control (LEMPC) system. Closed‐loop stability for this control approach can be proven under fairly general observability and stabilizability assumptions to be made precise in the manuscript. Subsequently, a chemical process example incorporating this RMHE‐based LEMPC scheme demonstrates its ability to maintain process stability and achieve optimal process economic performance as scheduled preventive maintenance is performed on the sensors. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 61: 3374–3389, 2015
Embryonal carcinoma antigen and the T/t locus of the mouse. (1976)

The presence of the F9 antigen and of four other antigens related to the T/t locus of the mouse was investigated by immunofluorescence on preimplantation embryos. In morulae heterozygous for any of these t haplotypes, both the appropriate t antigen and the F9 antigen are expressed. The F9 antigen segregates among the progeny of crosses producing embryos homozygous for some (tw32 and tw5) but not for other haplotypes. It is concluded that (i) whatever the time of action of a t haplotype, its corresponding antigen is expressed during cleavage and (ii) the F9 antigen is specified by a gene(s) in the region of the T/t locus.
Capillary crystallization and molecular-replacement solution of haemoglobin II from the clamLucina pectinata (2006)

Haemoglobin II is one of three haemoglobins present in the cytoplasm of the Lucina pectinata mollusc that inhabits the Caribbean coast. Using HBII purified from its natural source, crystallization screening was performed using the counter-diffusion method with capillaries of 0.2 mm inner diameter. Crystals of HbII suitable for data collection and structure determination were grown in the presence of agarose at 0.1%(w/v) in order to improve their quality. The crystals belong to the tetragonal space group P4(2)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 73.92, c = 152.35 A, and diffracted X-rays to a resolution of better than 2.0 A. The asymmetric unit is a homodimer with a corresponding Matthews coefficient (VM) of 3.15 A3 Da(-1) and a solvent content of 61% by volume.
234 MECHANISMS OF SPONTANEOUS ACTIVATION IN RAT OOCYTES (2008)

MII-arrested rat oocytes spontaneously resume meiotic maturation soon after recovery from oviducts. Time elapsed post oocyte retrieval, environmental factors, certain genetic background have been implied to promote spontaneous release from MII arrest in rat oocytes. The precise mechanism behind this process is unknown. This study was undertaken to explore signaling pathways, which may be involved in spontaneous activation in rat oocytes. Using triple immuno-staining and epifluorescence microscopy we have described morphological changes in the meiotic spindle of rat oocytes during 6h of in vitro culture (immature CD female rats from Charles River Laboratories). An ELISA-based method was used to evaluate cdc2 activity in rat oocytes subjected to in vitro culture. SDS-PAGE and western blotting were performed to study levels of phosphorylated and total p42/p44 MAPK, phosphorylated on Tyr15 and total cdc2, cyclin B1 and ß actin. Expression of Emi2 was analysed by RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using GLMM or ANOVA followed by t-test. Freshly collected oocytes contained well-preserved spindle with chromosomes aligned in metaphase plate. After being in culture for 2 h oocytes demonstrated signs of activation, such as spindle rotation, preparing to extrude second polar body, and some oocytes had entered anaphase. In the majority of oocytes cultured for 6 h spindles had disintegrated and chromosomes were scattered in the oocyte cytoplasm; microtubules were found around condensed chromosomes. Significant drop in cdc2 activity was detected in oocytes after 2 h of in vitro culture. In oocytes cultured for additional 4h of cdc2 activity returned to the level observed in freshly collected oocytes. Inhibitory phosphorylation of cdc2 on Tyr 15 was not associated with cdc2 inactivation. We were not able to detect changes in the level of cyclin B1 during the MII to MIII transition. Phosphorylated forms of activated p42/p44 MAPK in eggs were present throughout in vitro culture. Emi2 is a novel candidate cytostatic factor in vertebrate eggs. Expression of Emi2 was detected at mRNA level in rat eggs and zygotes with no expression at later stages of preimplantation development. Taken together, the onset of spontaneous activation in rat oocytes is correlated with a sharp decline in cdc2 activity and stable level of phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK. Dynamics of cdc2 and p42/p44 MAPK activity during spontaneous activation resembles that during the MI to MII transition, although spontaneously activated rat oocytes do not form MIII spindle. Molecular factors involved in spindle assembly may be missing during the MII to MIII transition. Persistence of p42/p44 MAPK in spontaneously activated rat oocytes could account for the absence of pronuclear formation. The role of Emi2 remains to be investigated. This work is supported by the CMVM, ORS, Mary Orr Paterson studentships and the Framework 6 activity EURATOOLS.
Validation of SpraySafe Manager, an aerial herbicide application decision support system (1999)

Spray Safe Manager (SSM) is a computer-based aerial application model, which unlike previous models, has a simple user interface. SSM not only predicts spray deposition but also integrates this data with herbicide-plant dose-response curves. This latter facility allows the operator to predict the size of buffer zone required to avoid damage to sensitive plants outside the spray area and the degree of weed control within the spray block. Validation trials showed that, for a helicopter applied spray, the model tended to overpredict spray deposition on stainless steel plates close to the spray block and underpredict deposition in the region 32-80 m from the centre of the spray release line and on isolated plants. The accuracy of model prediction was greater when the spray was applied using D8-45 nozzles orientated at 90°, than for spray applied using D6 nozzles orientated at 0°. The reasons for this are discussed. The model can also be used to predict possible work rates, hectares sprayed per hour, and potentially as a training tool.
Augmented DNA Nanoarchitectures: A Structural Library of 3D Self‐Assembling Tensegrity Triangle Variants (Adv. Mater. 49/2022) (2022)

Tensegrity Architectures In article number 2206876, Ruojie Sha and co-workers develop a structural library of augmented tensegrity architectures based on geometric expansion of triangular tiles. The highly asymmetric structure highlighted in the crystal lattice contains three linearly independent design axes that lay the foundation for the self-assembly of designer, heterogenous nanomaterials.
Immunogenetics of Type II Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice (2024)

Immunization of susceptible strains of mice, 1 rats 2 and primates 3 with type II collagen in adjuvant leads to the development of an erosive peripheral polyarthritis bearing similarities to human rheumatoid arthritis. 4 An autoimmune reaction to the type II collagen in joint hyaline cartilage is considered to be the primary etiologic factor in the development of this disease. 56 Type II collagen is a major component of joint articular cartilage and is restricted in its distribution in the rest of the body. 7 During the first 2 weeks after immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to type II collagen can be detected (Figure 1). This peaks at about day 10. A small peak of type II collagen-reactive DTH reaction can be subsequently demonstrated following the onset of arthritis. Antibodies against type II collagen can be detected by week 2, peaking around the day of onset of arthritis from 4 to 6 weeks postimmunization (Figure 1). The disease is characterized by acute redness and swelling of peripheral joints, followed by a chronic deforming phase in the affected joints resulting in final ankylosis (Figure 2). Clinical signs of arthritis are usually evident by week 8. However, X-ray changes in the affected joints may detect joint perturbation at an earlier stage (Figure 3). Joint inflammation in this animal model of arthritis is thought to be initiated by the deposition of pathogenic anti-collagen antibodies on the articular cartilage surfaces of the joints, with subsequent complement activation. 56 This is followed by synovial infiltration with polymorphonuclear cells Ia+ mononuclear cells and CD4+ T cells, synovial pannus formation, cartilage and bone erosions, and, eventually, joint destruction. 6 ' 8 , 9
Hybrid Gels Assembled from Fmoc–Amino Acid and Graphene Oxide with Controllable Properties (2014)

A supramolecular gel is obtained from the self-assembly of an ultralow-molecular-weight gelator (N-fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl glutamic acid) in good and poor solvents. The gelators can self-assemble into a lamellar structure, which can further form twisted fibers and nanotubes in the gel phase. Rheological studies show that the gels are robust and rigid, and are able to rapidly self-recover to a gel after being destroyed by shear force. Fluorescence experiments reveal the aggregation-induced emission effects of the gel system; the fluorescence intensity is significantly enhanced by gel formation. Graphene oxide (GO) is introduced into the system efficiently to give a hybrid material, and the interaction between gelators-GO sheets is studied. Rheological and fluorescent studies imply that the mechanical properties and the fluorescent emission of the hybrid materials can be fine-tuned by controlling the addition of GO.
Setting up user action probabilities in user simulations for dialog system development (2009)

User simulations are shown to be useful in spoken dialog system development. Since most current user simulations deploy probability models to mimic human user behaviors, how to set up user action probabilities in these models is a key problem to solve. One generally used approach is to estimate these probabilities from human user data. However, when building a new dialog system, usually no data or only a small amount of data is available. In this study, we compare estimating user probabilities from a small user data set versus handcrafting the probabilities. We discuss the pros and cons of both solutions for different dialog system development tasks.
Dendritic Cell Differentiation State and Their Interaction with NKT Cells Determine Th1/Th2 Differentiation in the Murine Model of Leishmania major Infection (2008)

Recent reports demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC) sense inflammatory and microbial signals differently, redefining their classical subdivision into an immature endocytic and a mature Ag-presenting differentiation stage. Although both signals induce DC maturation by up-regulating MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, only TLR signals such as LPS are able to trigger proinflammatory cytokine secretion by DCs, including Th1-polarizing IL-12. Here, we explored the murine Leishmania major infection model to examine the CD4(+) T cell response induced by differentially matured DCs. When partially matured TNF-DCs were injected into BALB/c mice before infection, the mice failed to control L. major infection and developed a Th2 response which was dependent on IL-4Ralpha signaling. In contrast, injections of fully matured LPS+CD40-DCs induced a Th1 response controlling the infection. Pulsing DCs with a lysate of L. major did not affect DC maturation with TNF-alpha or LPS+anti-CD40. When the expression of different Notch ligands on DCs was analyzed, we found increased expression of Th2-promoting Jagged2 in TNF-DCs, whereas LPS+CD40-DCs up-regulated the Th1-inducing Delta4 and Jagged1 molecules. The Th2 polarization induced by TNF-DCs required interaction with CD1d-restricted NKT cells. However, NKT cell activation by L. major lysate-pulsed DCs was not affected by blockade of the endogenous glycolipid, suggesting exchange with exogenous parasite-derived CD1 glycolipid Ag. In sum, the differentiation stage of DCs as well as their interaction with NKT cells determines Th1/Th2 differentiation. These results have generic implications for the understanding of DC-driven Th cell responses and the development of improved DC vaccines against leishmaniasis.
Resonant MEMS magnetometer with capacitive read-out (2009)

Here we demonstrate a Lorentz force driven, resonant SOI MEMS magnetometer operating at atmospheric pressure with a sensitivity of 31.4 mVrms/T, a minimum detectable field of 1.01 ¿T/¿(Hz) and a 3 dB bandwidth of 90 Hz. The noise floor is currently dominated by the detection electronics however the MEMS device alone has a Brownian noise floor of 155 nT/¿(Hz). The resonant magnetometer is modulated at its natural frequency of 8468 Hz and has a quality factor (Q) of 48.8. The premise of this magnetometer is to create an electronic compass with the same fabrication technology used for existing MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes in order to create a single chip inertial-measurement-unit (IMU).
Phenolic compounds from stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus and their pharmacological effect in chronic swimming stressed rats. (1990)

Ten phenolic compounds, isofraxidin (1), (+)-syringaresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), syringin (3), chlorogenic acid (4), isofraxidin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (5), 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (6), (+)-pinoresinol-O-beta-D-glucoside (7), (7), (+)-syringaresinol-O-beta-D-glucoside (8), (+)-pinoresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (9) and (+)-medioresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (10), were isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms and identified, respectively. The aqueous extract of the stem bark exhibited a prolonging effect on the exercise time to exhaustion in chronic swimming stressed rats. The effect on the exercise time in the chronic swimming stressed rats was respectively tested for compounds 2 and 4, which are major constituents of the stem bark. As a result, it was indicated that compound 2 is the compound responsible for part of the pharmacological effect which the aqueous extract of the stem bark showed.
Viability of dynamic cooling control in a data center environment (2004)

Data center thermal management challenges have been steadily increasing over the past few years due to rack level power density increases resulting from system level compaction. These challenges have been compounded by antiquated environmental control strategies designed for low power density installations and for the worst-case heat dissipation rates in the computer systems. These state of the art techniques are not energy efficient for the highly dynamic and high power density data centers of the future. This study examines several opportunities for improving thermal management and energy performance of data centers with automatic control. We describe the results of a set of experiments that demonstrate how simple, modular controls strategies could be implemented. Based on these results, we identify three strategies that could significantly improve the energy performance of the data center while maintaining proper thermal management conditions.
Tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells exhibit reactivity with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (2022)

Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications of cell surface proteins involved in the proliferation, metastasis and treatment resistance of cancer cells. However, little is known about the role of glycosylation as the mechanism of breast cancer cell resistance to endocrine therapy. Herein, we aimed to identify the glycan profiles of tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer cells, and their potential as predictive biomarkers for endocrine therapy. We established tamoxifen-resistant cells from estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell lines, and their membrane-associated proteins were subjected to lectin microarray analysis. To confirm differential lectin binding to cellular glycoproteins, we performed lectin blotting analyses after electrophoretic separation of the glycoproteins. Mass spectrometry of the tryptic peptides of the lectin-bound glycoproteins was further conducted to identify glycoproteins binding to the above lectins. Finally, expression of the glycans that were recognized by a lectin was investigated using clinical samples from patients who received tamoxifen treatment after curative surgery. Lectin microarray analysis revealed that the membrane fractions of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells showed increased binding to Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) compared to tamoxifen-sensitive cells. Glycoproteins seemed to be responsible for the differential WFA binding and the results of mass spectrometry revealed several membrane glycoproteins, such as CD166 and integrin beta-1, as candidates contributing to increased WFA binding. In clinical samples, strong WFA staining was more frequently observed in patients who had developed distant metastasis during tamoxifen treatment compared with non-relapsed patients. Therefore, glycans recognized by WFA are potentially useful as predictive markers to identify the tamoxifen-resistant and relapse-prone subset of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients.
Pathophysiology of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders. (2004)

Explaining the underlying mechanisms of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders remains a substantial challenge. The association of atypical antipsychotic agents with fewer drug-induced movement disorders than conventional agents has engendered several pathophysiologic hypotheses: (1) the hypothesis that, unlike conventional antipsychotic agents, atypical antipsychotics have greater activity in blocking serotonin-2A (5-HT(2A)) receptors than dopamine-2 (D(2)) receptors, which mitigates extrapyramidal symptoms; (2) the hypothesis that atypical antipsychotics block D(2) receptors only long enough to cause an antipsychotic action, but not as long as conventional agents; (3) the hypothesis that, in tardive dyskinesia, the nigrostriatal dopamine receptor system might develop increased sensitivity to dopamine as a result of treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs, but this may not occur with atypical antipsychotics; and (4) the hypothesis that there might be a genetic association in tardive dystonia relating to the dopamine D(3) allele. A number of factors contribute to the difficult task of gaining insight into the pathophysiologic processes of antipsychotic agents and why these agents may lead to drug-induced movement disorders.