gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Testing of a 2-Hour Oxygen Prebreathe Protocol for Space Walks from the International Space Station (2000)

To develop and test a 2-hour prebreathe protocol for performing extravehicular activities (EVAs) from the International Space Station (ISS). Combinations of adynamia (non-walking), prebreathe exercise, and space suit donning options (10.2 vs. 14.7 psi) were evaluated, against timeline and consumable contraints to develop an operational 2- hour prebreathe protocol. Prospective accept/reject criteria were defined for decompression sickness (DCS) and venous gas emboli (VGE) from analysis of historical DCS data, combined with risk management of DCS under ISS mission circumstances. Maximum operational DCS levels were defined based on protecting for EVA capability with two crew-members at 95% confidence, throughout ISS lifetime (within the constraints of NASA DCS disposition policy JPG 1800.3). The accept/reject limits were adjusted for greater safety based on analysis of related medical factors. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to design a closed sequential, multi-center human trial. Protocols were tested with 4 different prebreathe exercises (Phases I-IV), prior to exposure to 4.3 psi for 4 hrs. Subject selection, Doppler monitoring for VGE, test termination criteria, and DCS definitions were standardized. Phase I: upper and lower body exercises using dual-cycle ergometry (75% VO2 max for 10 min). Phase II: ergometry plus 24 min of light exercise (simulating space-suit preparations). Phase III: same 24 min of light exercise but no ergometry, and Phase IV: 56 min of light exercise without ergometry. A prebreathe procedure was accepted if, at 95% confidence, the incidence of DCS was less than 15% (with no Type II DCS), and Grade IV VGE was less than 20%.
Use of Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation Among Heart Attack Survivors — 20 States and the District of Columbia, 2013 and Four States, 2015 (2017)

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States (1). Each year, approximately 790,000 adults have a myocardial infarction (heart attack), including 210,000 that are recurrent heart attacks (2). Cardiac rehabilitation (rehab) includes exercise counseling and training, education for heart-healthy living, and counseling to reduce stress. Cardiac rehab provides patients with education regarding the causes of heart attacks and tools to initiate positive behavior change, and extends patients' medical management after a heart attack to prevent future negative sequelae (3). A systematic review has shown that after a heart attack, patients using cardiac rehab were 53% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 41%-62%) less likely to die from any cause and 57% (95% CI = 21%-77%) less likely to experience cardiac-related mortality than were those who did not use cardiac rehab (3). However, even with long-standing national recommendations encouraging use of cardiac rehab (4), the intervention has been underutilized. An analysis of 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data found that only 34.7% of adults who reported a history of a heart attack also reported subsequent use of cardiac rehab (5). To update these estimates, CDC used the most recent BRFSS data from 2013 and 2015 to assess the use of cardiac rehab among adults following a heart attack. Overall use of cardiac rehab was 33.7% in 20 states and the District of Columbia (DC) in 2013 and 35.5% in four states in 2015. Cardiac rehab use was underutilized overall and differences were evident by sex, age, race/ethnicity, level of education, cardiovascular risk status, and by state. Increasing use of cardiac rehab after a heart attack should be encouraged by health systems and supported by the public health community.
Engineering and Characterization of a Chimeric Anti-platelet Glycoprotein Ibα Monoclonal Antibody and Preparation of Its Fab Fragment (2010)

Glycoprotein Ibalpha (GPIbalpha) is a platelet-specific membrane protein. It mediates platelet adhesion to collagen exposed at the vascular injury site by binding to von Willebrand factor (VWF) in plasma. This process is crucial for arterial thrombus formation. Blocking interaction between GPIbalpha and VWF may prevent platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. We previously generated a high affinity monoclonal antibody against human platelet GPIbalpha, SZ2, which inhibits both ristocetin- and botrocetin-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. To convert SZ2 into mouse/human chimeric antibody for anti-platelet therapy in humans, in this study, we constructed a mouse/human chimeric antibody derived from the hybridoma cells producing murine antibody against platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha, conducted its expression in dihydrofolate reductase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and prepared its chimeric Fab fragment. Results from ELISA and Western blot analysis showed that the chimeric antibody was secreted from the cells and that the heavy and light chains were assembled correctly. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed specific binding of the chimeric antibody to the GPIb-expressing CHO cells. In vitro functional studies revealed that the chimeric antibody and its Fab fragment prevented platelet adhesion to VWF under high shear stress and inhibited ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that the chimeric antibody was successfully engineered and suggested that the Fab fragment of chimeric antibody against GPIbalpha is a promising therapeutic antibody more suitable for prevention and treatment of human arterial thrombosis.
Microbiological Studies of Coli-aerogenes Bacteria (1959)

Dihydrostreptomycin not only depressed the bacterial accumulation of α-ketoglutarate from a variety of carbonaceous substances including glucose, acetate, pyruvate, lactate and C4-dicarboxylic acids such as succinate, fumarate and malate, but also stimulated the bacterial oxidation of α-keto-glutarate under suitable conditions. The dihydrostreptomycin-resistive strains were found to induce α-ketoglutaric acid-fermentation, and an explanation was put forward for the mechanism of development of drug-resistance. Chloramphenicol was observed to inhibit the α-ketoglutarate-synthe-sizing system in the bacteria without causing any inhibition of the oxidative removal of a variety of carbonaceous substances. It was concluded that the bacteria possessed both oxidation oz respiration system; one was sensitive to the drug and the other non-sensitive. The mode of action of streptomycin or chloramphenicol upon the formation of an adaptive enzyme (protein synthesis) was discussed here, based on the results of present investigations. Tetracycline and the related compounds were ascertained to greatly inhibit the consumption of substrates by the bacteria.
Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: Risk factors and outcomes* (2007)

Case-control methodology and multivariable logistic regression analysis concurred that even a single episode of severe hypoglycemia was independently associated with increased risk of mortality. Safe implementation of tight glycemic control requires appropriate monitoring to reduce the risk of this complication.
WOODY PLANT RICHNESS AND NDVI RESPONSE TO DROUGHT EVENTS IN CATALONIAN (NORTHEASTERN SPAIN) FORESTS (2007)

The role of species diversity on ecosystem resistance in the face of strong environmental fluctuations has been addressed from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints to reveal a variety of positive and negative relationships. Here we explore empirically the relationship between the richness of forest woody species and canopy resistance to extreme drought episodes. We compare richness data from an extensive forest inventory to a temporal series of satellite imagery that estimated drought impact on forest canopy as NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) anomalies of the dry summer in 2003 in relation to records of previous years. We considered five different types of forests that are representative of the main climatic and altitudinal gradients of the region, ranging from lowland Mediterranean to mountain boreal-temperate climates. The observed relationship differed among forest types and interacted with the climate, summarised by the Thorntwaite index. In Mediterranean Pinus halepensis forests, NDVI decreased during the drought. This decrease was stronger in forests with lower richness. In Mediterranean evergreen forests of Quercus ilex, drought did not result in an overall NDVI loss, but lower NDVI values were observed in drier localities with lower richness, and in more moist localities with higher number of species. In mountain Pinus sylvestris forests NDVI decreased, mostly due to the drought impact on drier localities, while no relation to species richness was observed. In moist Fagus sylvatica forests, NDVI only decreased in plots with high richness. No effect of drought was observed in the high mountain Pinus uncinata forests. Our results show that a shift on the diversity-stability relationship appears across the regional, climatic gradient. A positive relationship appears in drier localities, supporting a null model where the probability of finding a species able to cope with drier conditions increases with the number of species. However, in more moist localities we hypothesize that the proportion of drought-sensitive species would increase in richer localities, due to a higher likelihood of co-occurrence of species that share moist climatic requirements. The study points to the convenience of considering the causes of disturbance in relation to current environmental gradients and historical environmental constraints on the community.
Photoluminescence up-conversion induced by intersubband absorption in asymmetric coupled quantum wells (1993)

We report a new mechanism of photoluminescence up-conversion in undoped GaAs-AlGaAs asymmetric coupled quantum wells. Under band-to-band excitation, resonant excitation of the ${\mathit{E}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{E}}_{2}$ intersubband transition is shown to result in a finite nonthermal occupation of the ${\mathit{E}}_{2}$ subband, giving rise to an ${\mathit{E}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{HH}}_{1}$ photoluminescence. The induced luminescence closely follows the polarization selection rules and the spectral dependence of the intersubband absorption. We show that this up-conversion scheme can be used to estimate the intersubband scattering time, which is found to be 2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7 ps.
Comparison of gas permeation in vinyl and vinylidene polymers (1991)

Abstract The gas transport properties of several simple vinyl and vinylidene polymers are compared to examine the effect of pendant group type (H, CH 3 , F, Cl) and symmetry of placement. The literature contains extensive information about these polymers, which has been critically reviewed to obtain consistent data for interpretation of the effect of structure on gas permeability. The gas transport data available for many of these polymers are quite variable because of differences in additives, thermal history, and crystallinity. The values used here are from studies where the physical properties of the film were reported along with the transport data. The appropriate data were not available for poly(vinyl fluoride) or poly(vinylidene chloride). For poly(vinyl fluoride), permeability measurements and thermal analysis were done to supply this information. Results for poly(vinylidene chloride) were obtained by extrapolation of copolymer permeation properties. Estimates of the permeability of oxygen in the amorphous phase of each polymer are discussed in terms of the estimated fractional free volume of that phase. In this way, the intrinsic effects of molecular structure on gas permeation exclusive of crystallinity effects have been evaluated.
IN VIVO CINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF KNEE BEHAVIOUR AFTER INSERTION OF A SINGLE-COMPARTMENT PROSTHESIS (2002)

Purpose: Cinematic studies after total knee arthroplasty without an anterior cruciate ligament demonstrate abnormal behaviour compared with the normal knee. The purpose of this cinematic analysis was to examine the knee behaviour after implantation of single-compartment prostheses with an intact anterior cruciate ligament.

Material and methods: The femorotibial contact points were analysed by videofluoroscopy in 20 patients executing a complete weight-bearing extension to flexion movement. These patients had medial (n=16) or lateral (n=4) single-compartment implants. The clinical result in all patients was considered to be very good with a mean HSS score of 97.9 points at a mean 56 months postoperatively. The femorotibial contact points were determined using an automatic computerised adaptation-modelling system. An anterior contact on the medial tibial line in the sagittal plane was positive and a posterior contact was negative. The rotation axis in the craniopodal direction was measured between the anteroposterior longitudinal axis of the femoral component and the fixed axis of the tibial component.

Results: The mean position of the contact point for medial single-compartment prostheses was −90.8 mm in complete extension, −1.4 mm at 30° flexion, −2.4 mm at 60°, and −1.7 mm at 90°. Mean position of the contact point for lateral single-compartment prostheses was −4.0 mm at complete extension, −7.9 mm at 30° flexion, −5.7 mm at 60° and −5/7 mm at 90°. Seven patients with a medial implant and two patients with a lateral implant exhibited paradoxical anterior translation of the femur during flexion. On the average, patients with a medial implant had normal 3.3° axial rotation at 90°; axial rotation was 11.2° for patients with a lateral implant.

Discussion and conclusion: Cinematic analysis of the normal knee has demonstrated anterior femorotibial contact in extension and 14.2 mm posterior rolling of the femoral component during flexion. After total knee arthroplasty without preservation of the anterior cruciate ligament, the rolling movement is limited or absent and a paradoxical anterior translation can be observed. In the present study, the first reported on single-compartment implants, demonstrates that movement is similar to that in the normal knee but with major interindividual variability. A posterior contact at extension and a paradoxical anterior translation can also be observed. This suggests progressive development of anterior cruciate ligament laxity over time, which can at least in part explain the premature polyethylene wear observed after implantation of single-compartment knee implants.
Morphology, Individual Age, DNA and Sex of the Yuka Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Northern Yakutia, Russia (2021)

A partial carcass of the woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, named “Yuka Mammoth,” was found thawed from the Pleistocene Yedoma (permafrost) deposits of the Oyogos Yar bluff on the coast of the Dmitry Laptev Strait. Yuka’s AMS calibrated radiocarbon date yielded the date between ~40 100–39 000 calendar years BP. The mDNA analyses demonstrated that Yuka clusters with previously published Siberian woolly mammoths falling into clade 1 and represents ancestral to a haplotype shared by two ~18 500 14C yr old mammoths, including the Yukagir Mammoth that was discovered ~140 km from the Yuka’s site. The hide morphology in the genital area suggests that Yuka was a female. The teeth generation (DP3/dp3-Dp4/dp4) and their state of wear, season of her death (autumn) and confirmed earlier the dental development delay in infants allowed to estimate Yuka’s age as 5.5 yr old juvenile. Yuka’s tusks suggests that yuka was not older than 5.5 years woolly mammoth specimens with the similar dental age. Yuka’s missing body parts and the damage of the hide suggests that it was hunted by cave lions, but she managed to escape into a mudhole, where she died and was partially scavenged.
Chemistry of Larger Calix[n]aremes (n=7, 8, 9) (2006)

Clearly, the chemistry of larger calix [n ]arenes is much less explored than that of the smaller homologues. In the case of heptamer and nonamer this is partly due to lack of efficient large-scale preparation procedures for the basic macrocycles. This is not true for calix [8 ]arenes which are easily obtained in high yields with standard procedures (up to the point that sometimes they are considered unwanted, unavoidable cyclization products). In fact, for all the three macrocycles the main reason has to be the discouraging prospect of an intricate chemistry affording conformationally mobile, unshaped products. On the other hand, the large dimensions that make their chemistry difficult, are somewhat attractive for the preparation of large receptors able to host molecules bigger than those of simple organic solvents. However, this requires the investment of research efforts to disclose the more amenable paths toward properly functionalized, tridimensionally preorganized host molecules. The work reviewed in this chapter demonstrates that this approach is worthwhile since very interesting molecules can be easily obtained by adapting to the particular chemical and conformational propensity of these macrocycles. Of course, much work is still to be done requiring the imagination and ingenuity of researchers to further advance the field of supramolecular chemistry.
Script Recognition—A Review (2010)

A variety of different scripts are used in writing languages throughout the world. In a multiscript, multilingual environment, it is essential to know the script used in writing a document before an appropriate character recognition and document analysis algorithm can be chosen. In view of this, several methods for automatic script identification have been developed so far. They mainly belong to two broad categories-structure-based and visual-appearance-based techniques. This survey report gives an overview of the different script identification methodologies under each of these categories. Methods for script identification in online data and video-texts are also presented. It is noted that the research in this field is relatively thin and still more research is to be done, particularly in the case of handwritten documents.
EFFECT OF SOIL SUBMERGENCE ON UREA HYDROLYSIS (1985)

Reports on the effects of soil submergence on urea hydrolysis are divergent, and hydrolysis of urea in the components (floodwater; oxidized and reduced soils) of the wetland soil system is not completely understood. In laboratory experiments, we evaluated the effect of soil submergence on urea hydrolysis with time in the floodwater, the oxidized soil, and the reduced soil. In a submerged soil system with about 1 mm of floodwater and incubated for <24 h, the depletion of O2 seemed to retard the hydrolysis. With a longer submergence time, soil Eh decreased, and soil urease activity also decreased to a nearly stabilized value. However, on reoxidation of the reduced soil under a continuous 1 cm of floodwater, the soil urease activity showed a marked increase. In general, the order of the urea hydrolysis in the main three components of the wetland soil system was: oxidized soil > reduced soil > floodwater (without algae). The presence of algae increased urease activity in the floodwater. The iron oxides (FeO-Fe2O3, Fe2O3, and αFeOOH), which may be present in the floodwater and the underlying oxidized layer, did not seem to influence urease activity in the floodwater. It is apparent from these results that urease activity will show temporal and spatial variations in the wetland rice soils. The amount of urea hydrolyzed in a given time, therefore, will be an overall consequence of (1) the differences in the urease activities in the floodwater and in the underlying oxidized-reduced soil components of the system, and (2) the relative distribution of urea in those components as influenced by method of application used. We suggest that, for a better understanding of in situ urea hydrolysis in a wetland rice field, along with the effect of soil submergence time, the effects of rice plant rhizosphere and sunlight need to be considered.
Highly Efficient and Stable Rigid Perovskite/Si and Flexible Perovskite/CIGS 4-Terminal Tandems (2019)

In this work, efficient rigid and flexible semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) were prepared in inverted (light incidence through hole transport layer) configuration. All layers were deposited by a combination of low-temperature solution-based, sputtering and spatial atomic layer deposition (sALD) techniques, which can be potentially up-scalable for sheet to sheet and roll to roll manufacturing lines. The rigid and flexible opaque PSCs reach stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19% and 16% [1], while rigid ST-PSC reaches 16.4% stabilized PCE. Besides those results, we have developed our current flexible opaque stack to the flexible semi-transparent stack using top TCO electrode and sALD buffer layer. We also highlight that the inverted configuration exhibited extremely high infrared transparency [2] and a remarkable stability during the light and thermal stress. The encapsulated ST-PSCs retained 93% of their initial stabilized PCE after 3000h aging at 85°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Interestingly, using highly transparent transport layers, rigid and flexible ST-PSCs show comparable efficiency by illumination from both rear and front TCO sides, resulting in a bifacility of 99%.
Experiment K-6-01. Distribution and biochemistry of mineral and matrix in the femurs of rats (1990)

Previous analyses of the composition of mineral and matrix in the bone of young rats following space flight has revealed deficits in calcium, phosphorus, and osteocalcin, a non-collagenous protein, without an associated decrease in collagen. To characterize the location and nature of this mineralization defect in a weight bearing long bone, the femur, researchers attempted to relate the spatial distribution of mineral in situ in the proximal, central and distal thirds of the femoral diaphysis to the biochemical composition of bone from the same area. Biochemical analyses revealed lower concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and osteocalcin but not collagen only in the central third of the diaphysis of the flight animals (F) compared to synchronous controls (S). Collagen concentration was reduced only in the proximal third of the diaphysis, where all 3 crosslinks, expressed as nM/mol collagen were higher in F than S. A new technique, x ray microtomography, with a resolution of 26 microns, was used to obtain semi-quantitative data on mineral distribution in reconstructed sections of wet whole bone. To improve the resolution of the mineral density distribution, images of the surfaces of cut sections were analyzed by backscattered electrons in a scanning electron microscope (BSE). There was good agreement between the results of the two stereochemical techniques which revealed distinct patterns of mineralization in transverse and longitudinal directions of the diaphysis. The novel methodology developed for this flight experiment shows considerable promise in elucidating the biochemical nature of what appear to be regional alterations in the mineralization of long bones of animals exposed to spaceflight.