gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Modulation Transfer Function of Focal Plane Arrays and Imaging Systems (1994)

Abstract : A method for measuring the MTF of focal-plane arrays (FPAs) has been developed which uses the statistical properties of laser speckle. The entire area of the focal plane is characterized, and no optics are required for target projection. The random nature of the test pattern avoids phasing effects between the target and the detector-array structure, which greatly relaxes alignment tolerances as compared to other methods. The technique is applicable to arrays that have intentional nonlinearity of response, as well as to those arrays that are inherently linear. The test can be performed on any focal-plane configuration, either one dimensional (lD) or two dimensional (2D). The data processing is usually performed by an off-line computer. However, the test is also useful for real-time diagnostics, to facilitate adjustment of focal-plane operating parameters. In the real-time case, the necessary signal processing can be performed on a digital oscilloscope
Gallium nitride and related materials II : symposium held April 1-4, 1997, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (1997)

This book from MRS dedicated to III-Nitrides, focuses on developments in AlN, GaN, InN and their alloys that are now finding application in short-wavelength lasers (~400nm, cw at room temperature) and high-power electronics (2.8W/mm at GHz). Experts from fields including crystal growth, condensed matter theory, source chemistry, device processing and device design come together in the volume to address issues of both scientific and technological relevance. And while much of the book reports on advances in material preparation and the understanding of defect issues, similar advances in material and device processing are also reported. Topics include: growth and doping; substrates and substrate effects; characterization; processing and device performance and design.
NIAID expands research on topical microbicides to prevent STDs in women. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (1995)

NIAID has recently begun three projects aimed at protecting women from sexually transmitted diseases. The projects focus on the development of topical microbicides--chemicals that a woman can use in her vagina before sexual intercourse to thwart infectious agents, including HIV. Studies are being conducted at the University of California in Los Angeles, Children's Hospital Research Foundation in Chicago, the University of Pittsburgh, and Magee-Womens Research Institute. Overall, these studies are looking at protegrins to protect women from HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes or trichomonas; the microbicide potential of polysulfated carbohydrates; using detergents such as nonoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride, and chlorhexidine, all known spermicides with potential microbicidal capability; and newly identified naturally occurring lipoidal microbicides.
Atrazine runoff from conservation tillage systems: A simulated rainfall study (1997)

ABSTRACT: Atrazine losses in surface runoff from a silty clay loam under no-till (NT), chisel (CH), and disk (DK) tillage were measured using simulated rainfall. Atrazine (0.56 kg ha−1; 0.50 lb acre−1) and rainfall (6.4 cm h−1; 2.5 in h−1, for 1.25 hr) were applied to small plots and atrazine in sediment and dissolved in water was determined for all runoff samples. Total atrazine losses were CH (58.6g ha−1) > NT (44.1 g ha−1) = DK (41.9 g ha−1). However, sediment losses were CH (2.84 MT ha−1) > DK (2.09 MT ha−1) = NT (0.37 MT ha−1). Dissolved atrazine in runoff water accounted for more than 99.8% of total atrazine loss, and atrazine lost through sediment transport was insignificant. Although atrazine partitioning between solution and solid phases in soil is often directly related to soil organic matter content, atrazine adsorption by soil organic matter did not control the amount of atrazine lost in runoff. Poor relationships between apparent Kd values and soil organic matter content across simulated rainfall studies suggest experimental conditions affect runoff losses of atrazine more than atrazine adsorption by soil organic matter. No-till systems reduce water and herbicide runoff under natural rainfall conditions, but results under simulated rainfall conditions are mixed. Presaturation of plots with water, high-intensity simulated rainfalls shortly after atrazine application, and other experimental conditions may outweigh tillage effects and mask differences in atrazine losses from land under different tillage systems. Future best management practices (BMPs) used to reduce herbicide runoff from agricultural land will be developed from simulated rainfall studies. Identification of successful BMPs that minimize herbicide runoff under environmental conditions requires careful selection of experimental conditions used in simulated rainfall studies.
Saving external carbon source for post-denitrification by deoxygenation of trickling filter effluent (2007)

When the effluent from a nitrifying trickling filter has to be denitrified the high oxygen concentration in the trickling filter effluent will consume considerable amounts of carbon source in the denitrification unit. By controlling the ammonium concentration after the trickling filter by the addition of small amounts of ammonium rich return liquors, oxygen can be consumed in a non-aerated nitrifying reactor. Deoxygenation experiments were carried out in laboratory scale MBBR:s filled with biofilm carriers previously acclimatised to low ammonium concentrations. The experimental results showed that a MBBR operated under low ammonium (0.8 mg NH4+-N/l) and oxygen concentrations (2.5 mg O2/l) achieved nitrification rates of about 0.5 g NH4+-N/m2d. When implemented at a 330 000 m3/d plant this is estimated to give a carbon source saving of about 400 kg of methanol per day.
Spatial Modulation-Assisted Scanning White-Light Interferometry for Noise Suppression (2017)

A route of spatial modulation-assisted scanning white-light interferometry with the inhibition of background noises and light source fluctuations for the topography measurement of micro-/nano-structure surface was explored in this letter. The spatial modulation frequency was introduced by tilting the sample at a small angle to separate the noise signals and interference signals in the spatial frequency domain. A bandpass filter and a normalization processing were also applied with the purpose of signal-to-noise-ratio improvement and contrast enhancement. The frequency domain analysis was then enrolled in the elimination of 2π ambiguity for the surface recovery with high-presicion. Both the theoretical analysis and the experiment results reveal the validity of spatial modulation-assisted scanning white-light interferometry and its potentials in high-fidelity measurement of smooth surfaces regardless of external disturbances.
PRODUCTION OF PHOSPHOLIPASES BY SOIL MICROORGANISMS (1970)

Department of Plant Pathology, University of Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Oncogenicity of Murine Mammary Tumor Virus Produced in Tissue Culture: Brief Communication2 (1978)

Murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), produced from a glucocorticoid-stimulated C3H mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cell line, was free of murine leukemia virus and oncogenic for weanling BALB/c mice. Adenocarcinomas were induced by MuMTV as early as 136 days post inoculation and with as low as 5 X 10(3) virus particles/mouse. Tumor incidence did not correlate directly with virus dose; rather, it was low at higher MuMTV concentrations (1.2 X 10(8) particles/mouse), reached and optimum at 1.3 X 10(5) particles/mouse, and decreased with virus dilution.
Biodegradation of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Eosinophil Peroxidase (2013)

Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is one of the major oxidant-producing enzymes during inflammatory states in the human lung. The degradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) upon incubation with human EPO and H₂O₂ is reported. Biodegradation of SWCNTs is higher in the presence of NaBr, but neither EPO alone nor H₂O₂ alone caused the degradation of nanotubes. Molecular modeling reveals two binding sites for SWCNTs on EPO, one located at the proximal side (same side as the catalytic site) and the other on the distal side of EPO. The oxidized groups on SWCNTs in both cases are stabilized by electrostatic interactions with positively charged residues. Biodegradation of SWCNTs can also be executed in an ex vivo culture system using primary murine eosinophils stimulated to undergo degranulation. Biodegradation is proven by a range of methods including transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and confocal Raman imaging. Thus, human EPO (in vitro) and ex vivo activated eosinophils mediate biodegradation of SWCNTs: an observation that is relevant to pulmonary responses to these materials.
Hydrothermally Deposited Antimony Sulfide Solar Cells with $\mathrm{V}_{\text{OC}}$ Approaching 800 mV (2022)

Antimony sulfide <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\text{Sb}_{2}\mathrm{S}_{3})$</tex> represents an emerging thin-film photovoltaic light-absorber, with potential as a wide gap top cell for high-efficiency tandem devices. Here, we report the development and characterization of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{Sb}_{2}\mathrm{S}_{3}$</tex> absorber layers prepared by the hydrothermal method. Completed devices based on chemical bath deposited cadmium sulfide (CdS) and Spiro-OMeTAD as the electron-and hole-transport layers, respectively, have yielded promising power conversion efficiencies as high as 5.5 %. Although the typical deficit reported between the Sb <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">${}_{2}\mathrm{S}_{3}$</tex> bandgap energy and the open-circuit voltage <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\mathrm{V}_{\text{OC}})$</tex> remains high, we report high Voc values approaching 800 mV.
Beyond Server Consolidation (2008)

Virtualization technology was developed in the late 1960s to make more efficient use of hardware. Hardware was expensive, and there was not that much available. Processing was largely outsourced to the few places that did have computers. On a single IBM System/360, one could run in parallel several environments that maintained full isolation and gave each of its customers the illusion of owning the hardware. Virtualization was time sharing implemented at a coarse-grained level, and isolation was the key achievement of the technology. It also provided the ability to manage resources efficiently, as they would be assigned to virtual machines such that deadlines could be met and a certain quality of service could be achieved.
A new approach to improved green emitting II-VI laser diodes (2002)

The realisation of green semiconductor lasers is the key to new optoelectronic display systems. The ZnCdSSe-system has already proven its potential for laser diodes in the spectral range of 490-540 nm. To achieve commercially relevant lifetimes longer than 400 hours large improvements are however necessary. In this contribution we demonstrate lithium-containing contact structures for the p-side and implantation induced disordering (IID) defined index guiding leading to dramatically improved laser characteristics like largely reduced threshold current density.
Predictors of Pathological Progression among Men with Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Active Surveillance: a Sub-Analysis of the REDEEM Study (2013)

Older age and higher prostate specific antigen density were independent predictors of pathological progression. Post-baseline measurements as predictors of pathological progression could not be established. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of dutasteride and establish better markers of pathological progression in active surveillance.
Plasma Membrane Lipid Order and Composition during Adipocyte Differentiation of 3T3F442A Cells (1989)

The plasma membrane lipid order of 3T3F442A cells was examined during the course of adipocyte differentiation by measuring the fluorescence polarization of 1-[4-(trimethylamino)phenyl]-6-phenylhexatriene. This cationic fluorophore labels the plasma membrane but does not rapidly redistribute to intracellular organellar membranes and can, therefore, be used to specifically probe the plasma membrane of intact cells. Studies with whole cells demonstrated that the plasma membrane of 3T3F442A cells becomes less ordered during the course of adipocyte conversion and that this alteration begins relatively early during the differentiation process. In addition, the lipid order of plasma membranes isolated from adipocyte-stage cells was found to be lower than the lipid order of the early, fibroblast-stage cells. Analysis of membrane lipid composition suggests that the molecular bases for the decrease in adipocyte plasma membrane lipid order are a large increase in the level of monounsaturated phospholipid acyl chains and a decrease in the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid. The alteration in plasma membrane lipid composition may be specifically required for integral membrane protein function, since the differentiation-dependent fatty acid desaturase activity is known to be maintained even in the absence of triacylglycerol accumulation.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Matrix Metalloproteinases Contribute Distinct Roles in Neuroendocrine Prostate Carcinogenesis, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis Progression (2023)

Supplementary Figure 4 from Matrix Metalloproteinases Contribute Distinct Roles in Neuroendocrine Prostate Carcinogenesis, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis Progression
Coaxial electrospray of microparticles and nanoparticles for biomedical applications (2012)

Coaxial electrospray is an electrohydrodynamic process that produces multilayer microparticles and nanoparticles by introducing coaxial electrified jets. In comparison with other microencapsulation/nanoencapsulation processes, coaxial electrospray has several potential advantages such as high encapsulation efficiency, effective protection of bioactivity and uniform size distribution. However, process control in coaxial electrospray is challenged by the multiphysical nature of the process and the complex interplay of multiple design, process and material parameters. This paper reviews the previous works and the recent advances in design, modeling and control of a coaxial electrospray process. The review intends to provide general guidance for coaxial electrospray and stimulate further research and development interests in this promising microencapsulation/nanoencapsulation process.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Alkylidene‐γ‐butyrolactone Synthesis via One‐Pot C—H Insertion/Olefination: Substrate Scope and the Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Cedarmycins A and B. (2015)

Abstract A series of α‐alkylidene‐γ‐butyrolactones is prepared by a C—H insertion/olefination sequence from the corresponding diazophosphonates.
A Microwell-Based Impedance Sensor in Microneedle Shape for Multiplexing Cytokine Detection (2021)

Monitoring cytokine profiles plays a crucial role in predictive medicine and early disease diagnosis, as well as enables basic research in many biological fields. Although single cytokine measurement can be very useful, simultaneous assessment of multiple biomolecular signatures can more fully illuminate complex biological function. To this end, multiplexing technologies for simultaneous assessment of multiple cytokines on a single measurement device have recently attracted significant interest. Despite the promise of these techniques, many still require specialized instrumentation or do not function in real-time, impeding their clinical adoption as point-of-care systems. Microfabrication can be exploited to create impedance-based cytokine sensors that can supply realtime assessment information; further, microfabrication can lead to device form factors suitable for in vivo operation. We present microfabricated needle-shaped microwell impedance sensors for rapid, label-free multiplexing detection of multiple cytokines. The sensor utilizes a microwell array configuration in which multiple microwell sensors are distributed along the needle shank. Multiplexed detection of multiple cytokines in vitro using these devices is demonstrated.
Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9 (2011)

After adjustment for length of use, users of oral contraceptives with desogestrel, gestodene, or drospirenone were at least at twice the risk of venous thromboembolism compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel.
Substrate Stiffness and Microtopography in PIP 2 Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Primary Cardiac Fibroblasts (2015)

Following tissue injury, fibroblasts are one of the primary responding cell types in the wound healing process. Upon myocardial infarction, local fibroblasts divide and increase collagen secretion, leading to cardiac fibrosis. In this study, the effect of the mechanical environment, through substrate stiffness and three‐dimensional topography, is examined in relation to the distribution and levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) in primary neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts. PIP 2 is a membrane component and known regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Substrates possessing 10 µm high microprojections are fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane to a stiffness of either 100 kPa or 400 kPa (Young's Modulus). A 3‐fold cellular decrease (P&lt;.001) in PIP 2 is found between flat‐soft substrates and flat‐polystyrene culture dishes. Additionally, microprojections are shown to blunt PIP 2 by a similar amount within each stiffness condition. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, yielding the rate constant K frap , allows study of actin dynamics in the various micromechanical conditions. A 4‐fold decrease (P&lt;.0001) is found between actin dynamics within lamellipodia to those within stress cables, correlating to a migrating or an anchored cell. This difference in dynamics coincides with an increased redistribution of PIP 2 to the lamella in migrating cells. An improved understanding of the intracellular lipid mechanisms involved in wound healing could aid in prevention of maladaptive scarring following major injury. Funded by NIH HL62426, T32HL07692
Size and density characterization of human committed and multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. (1985)

Physical characterization of human blood and bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic precursors is necessary for the design of adequate techniques to isolate these cells for experimental and possible clinical use. Elutriation and continuous Percoll gradient were used to define the size and density of committed (CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-E) and multipotent (CFU-MIX) progenitors on paired BM and blood samples from normal donors. Cells were initially prepared over Ficoll-Hypaque (specific gravity 1.077 g/cm3). Elutriation was performed on a Beckman JE-6B rotor with a standard chamber at 2000 rpm using flow rates of 7-23 ml/min. Percoll gradients were centered at 1.070 g/cm3 using ultracentrifugation. Cell density was determined using marker beads. Density was slightly higher for BM than for blood progenitors of the same class. Progenitor sizes (proportionate to elutriation flow rate) were similar in BM and blood. CFU-MIX, BFU-E, and CFU-GM coseparated in blood and BM; CFU-E (BM) were larger and more dense than other BM progenitors. BM and blood E-rosette-positive cells were separated more effectively by size than by density. The similarity in size and small differences in density between blood and BM progenitors may allow adaption of blood separation techniques (apheresis) to processing of BM for cryopreservation and/or in vitro treatment. Similarly, the ability to separate T cells from progenitors in blood by elutriation (albeit only partially), as has been described for BM, may help in the modification of existing apheresis techniques to achieve such separations.
Electrical stimulation for swallowing disorders caused by stroke. (2001)

ES appears to be a safe and effective treatment for dysphagia due to stroke and results in better swallow function than conventional TS treatment.
Differential configurations involving binding of USF transcription factors and Twist1 regulateAlx3promoter activity in mesenchymal and pancreatic cells (2012)

During embryonic development, the aristaless-type homeodomain protein Alx3 is expressed in the forehead mesenchyme and contributes to the regulation of craniofacial development. In the adult, Alx3 is expressed in pancreatic islets where it participates in the control of glucose homoeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of Alx3 gene expression in these two cell types. We found that the Alx3 promoter contains two E-box regulatory elements, named EB1 and EB2, that provide binding sites for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Twist1, E47, USF (upstream stimulatory factor) 1 and USF2. In primary mouse embryonic mesenchymal cells isolated from the forehead, EB2 is bound by Twist1, whereas EB1 is bound by USF1 and USF2. Integrity of both EB1 and EB2 is required for Twist1-mediated transactivation of the Alx3 promoter, even though Twist1 does not bind to EB1, indicating that binding of USF1 and USF2 to this element is required for Twist1-dependent Alx3 promoter activity. In contrast, in pancreatic islet insulin-producing cells, the integrity of EB2 is not required for proximal promoter activity. The results of the present study indicate that USF1 and USF2 are important regulatory factors for Alx3 gene expression in different cell types, whereas Twist1 contributes to transcriptional transactivation in mesenchymal, but not in pancreatic, cells.
Characterization of Muscle Spindle Afferents in the Adult Mouse Using an In Vitro Muscle-Nerve Preparation (2012)

We utilized an in vitro adult mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) nerve-attached preparation to characterize the responses of muscle spindle afferents to ramp-and-hold stretch and sinusoidal vibratory stimuli. Responses were measured at both room (24°C) and muscle body temperature (34°C). Muscle spindle afferent static firing frequencies increased linearly in response to increasing stretch lengths to accurately encode the magnitude of muscle stretch (tested at 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of resting length [Lo]). Peak firing frequency increased with ramp speeds (20% Lo/sec, 40% Lo/sec, and 60% Lo/sec). As a population, muscle spindle afferents could entrain 1:1 to sinusoidal vibrations throughout the frequency (10-100 Hz) and amplitude ranges tested (5-100 µm). Most units preferentially entrained to vibration frequencies close to their baseline steady-state firing frequencies. Cooling the muscle to 24°C decreased baseline firing frequency and units correspondingly entrained to slower frequency vibrations. The ramp component of stretch generated dynamic firing responses. These responses and related measures of dynamic sensitivity were not able to categorize units as primary (group Ia) or secondary (group II) even when tested with more extreme length changes (10% Lo). We conclude that the population of spindle afferents combines to encode stretch in a smoothly graded manner over the physiological range of lengths and speeds tested. Overall, spindle afferent response properties were comparable to those seen in other species, supporting subsequent use of the mouse genetic model system for studies on spindle function and dysfunction in an isolated muscle-nerve preparation.
Identification of TRAIL-inducing compounds highlights small molecule ONC201/TIC10 as a unique anti-cancer agent that activates the TRAIL pathway (2015)

These studies reveal the selective activity of ONC201/TIC10 that led to its selection as a lead compound for this novel class of antitumor agents and suggest that ONC201/TIC10 is a unique inducer of the TRAIL pathway through its concomitant regulation of the TRAIL ligand and its death receptor DR5.