gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferon-β response is impaired by hepatitis B virus infection in Tupaia belangeri (2017)

To date, the chimpanzee has been used as the natural infection model for hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, as this model is very costly and difficult to use because of ethical and animal welfare issues, we aimed to establish the tupaia (Tupaia belangeri) as a new model for HBV infection and characterized its intrahepatic innate immune response upon HBV infection. First, we compared the propagation of HBV genotypes A2 and C in vivo in tupaia hepatocytes. At 8-10days post infection (dpi), the level of HBV-A2 propagation in the tupaia liver was found to be higher than that of HBV-C. Abnormal architecture of liver cell cords and mitotic figures were also observed at 8 dpi with HBV-A2. Moreover, we found that HBV-A2 established chronic infection in some tupaias. We then aimed to characterize the intrahepatic innate immune response in this model. First, we infected six tupaias with HBV-A2 (strains JP1 and JP4). At 28 dpi, intrahepatic HBV-DNA and serum hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) were detected in all tupaias. The levels of interferon (IFN)-β were found to be significantly suppressed in the three tupaias infected with HBV A2_JP4, while no significant change was observed in the three infected with HBV A2_JP1. Expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 1 was suppressed, while that of TLR3 and TLR9 were induced, in HBV A2_JP1-infected tupaias. Expression of TLR8 was induced in all tupaias. Next, we infected nine tupaias with HBV-A2 (JP1, JP2, and JP4), and characterized the infected animals after 31 weeks. Serum HBsAg levels were detected at 31 weeks post-infection (wpi) and IFN-β was found to be significantly suppressed in all tupaias. TLR3 was not induced, except in tupaia #93 and #96. Suppression of TLR9 was observed in all tupaias, except tupaia #93. Also, we investigated the expression levels of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, which was found to be induced in all tupaias at 28 dpi and in four tupaias at 31 wpi. Additionally, we evaluated the expression levels of sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, which was found to be suppressed during chronic HBV infection. Thus, the tupaia infection model of HBV clearly indicated the suppression of IFN-β at 31 wpi, which might have contributed to the establishment of chronic HBV infection.
Synchronous QPSK transmission at 1.6 Gbit/s with standard DFB lasers and real-time digital receiver (2006)

In a coherent and synchronous QPSK system with real-time data recovery and standard DFB lasers a data throughput of 1.6 Gbit/s is achieved, faster than ever reported. After 63 km of fibre the BER is well below the FEC threshold.
ChemInform Abstract: Metalladiboranes of the Iron Subgroup: K(M(CO)4(η2‐B2H5)) (M: Fe, Ru, Os) and M′(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2(η2‐B2H5) (M′: Fe, Ru). Analogues of Metal‐Olefin Complexes. (1990)

Abstract The metalladiboranes (III) and (VI) are prepared according to the scheme and their properties including their NMR spectra, X‐ray structure of (VIa) (space group Pnam, Z=4), and Moessbauer spectra are described.
Atomic Calligraphy: The Direct Writing of Nanoscale Structures using MEMS (2013)

We present a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) based method for the resist free patterning of nano-structures. Using a focused ion beam (FIB) to customize larger MEMS machines, we fabricate apertures as small as 50 nm on plates that can be moved with nanometer precision over an area greater than 20x20 μm^2. Depositing thermally evaporated gold atoms though the apertures while moving the plate results in the deposition of nanoscale metal patterns. Adding a shutter only microns above the aperture, enables high speed control of not only where but also when atoms are deposited. Using a shutter, different sized apertures can be selectively opened and closed for nano-structure fabrication with features ranging from nano- to micrometers in scale. The ability to evaporate materials with high precision, and thereby fabricate circuits and structures in situ, enables new kinds of experiments based on the interactions of a small number of atoms and eventually even single atoms.
Estudo fitoquímico de Senna alata por duas metodologias (2009)

Senna alata, mais conhecida como mata-pasto na região Norte do Brasil, é uma planta utilizada pela medicina popular em várias partes do mundo e considerada espécie problemática em pastagens do Estado do Pará. No presente estudo, compararam-se duas metodologias distintas para a determinação das principais classes de constituintes potenciais aleloquímicos das diferentes frações (caules, flores, folhas, raízes, sementes e vagens) de S. alata. O material vegetal foi seco e sofreu extração exaustiva com solvente hidrometanólico, para obtenção dos extratos brutos; uma pequena parte dele foi solubilizada em metanol para obtenção das soluções utilizadas nos testes fitoquímicos. As metodologias utilizadas foram: testes por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) para determinação do perfil cromatográfico qualitativo; e ensaios para detecção preliminar dos diferentes constituintes químicos, com base na extração destes com solventes apropriados e na aplicação de testes de coloração. Os resultados em ambos os métodos demonstraram pouca semelhança, sendo o CCD o mais simples, barato, rápido e adequado para análise preliminar de compostos químicos derivados de plantas, embora seja um método qualitativo. Este método foi mais sensível para a detecção de flavonoides, porém, para detecção de alcaloides, o reativo de Bouchardat foi mais sensível do que o de Dragendorff, assim como o hidróxido de amônia 10% foi mais sensível às antraquinonas do que o hidróxido de potássio. O estudo comprovou a alta diversidade de compostos químicos presentes em Senna alata, justificando sua ampla utilização na medicina popular e indicando ainda o potencial alelopático para a sua utilização.
Standard CMOS implementation of a multiple-valued logic signed-digit adder based on negative differential-resistance devices (2002)

This paper presents MOS-NDR, a new prototyping technique for multiple-valued logic circuits combining MOS transistors and multipeak negative differential-resistance (NDR) devices such as resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs). MOS-NDR emulates the folded current-voltage characteristics of NDR devices such as RTDs using only NMOS transistors, MOS-NDR has enabled the development of a fully integrated multivalued signed-digit full adder (SDFA) circuit by means of a standard 0.6-micron CMOS process technology. The prototype has been fabricated and correct operation has been verified. The circuit dimensions are 123.75 by 38.7 microns, which is more than 15 times smaller than the area required by the equivalent hybrid RTD-CMOS prototype. The propagation delay of the hybrid RTD-CMOS design is estimated to be close to six times higher than that of the MOS-NDR implementation.
anti,anti-N-(2,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5-trithian-1-ylidene)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (1994)

The major product of the dimethylation of the tosylimide of 1,3,5-trithiane is shown to be the title compound, C 12 H 17 NO 2 S 4 , which has all the substituents in equatorial positions with respect to the 1,3,5-trithiane ring
Market expansion policy evaluation by simulation (1970)

This paper is concerned with the evaluation of proposed policies for expanding the market of a speciality industrial product and is based on an actual industrial case study. The product under consideration is relatively new and unique with the company holding excellent raw material and technical knowledge positions. While some completely new industrial processes using the new product are feasible, it is anticipated that the major use of the product will be as a replacement for existing products possessing significantly less advantageous use characteristics at a comparable price. Thus, the potential market for the new product is reasonably well known and the problem becomes one of seeking a greater market share rather than creating a strictly new market.Historically, the marketing and distribution system for this industrial speciality has involved the use of numerous independently owned outlets (often loosely chain affiliated). These distributors are geographically widely spread across the United States and provide the storage and immediate customer shipping and contact work necessary. This is similar to the usual industrial goods outlet handling a wide variety of products (occasionally offering two or more competitive products of the same type). Because of the extreme financial outlay required, the lack of actual customer marketing experience, the lack of a complete speciality product line in this general market, and time, it is not possible for the company to set up a distribution network of its own. Rather, the expansion of the use of the new product must take place by developing contractual relationships with existing distributors. Thus, a technical sales force must be organized and trained to act as the representative of the company to the various distributors (and also to the distributors' customers). By company policy, this route was preferred rather than, for example, the use of manufacturers agents, etc.
Albedo of the ocean–atmosphere system: influence of sea foam (1977)

The influence of the ocean's optical properties and wind induced sea surface foam (white caps) on the shortwave albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system is studied by solving the radiative transfer equation using a Monte Carlo method. It is found that for a foam free ocean, the planetary albedo of a very clear ocean is at most 10% greater than that for a totally absorbing ocean. However, the introduction of a relatively small amount of sea foam on the surface can produce a considerable increase in the albedo, especially if the foam is highly reflecting. For example, it is shown that for foam which is totally reflecting (the foam albedo is 1), an increase in the wind speed from 6 to 14 m/sec would double the planetary albedo for small solar zenith angles.
Understanding the Oil Recovery Mechanism in Mixed-Wet Unconventional Reservoirs: Uniqueness and Challenges of Developing Chemical Formulations (2018)

Abstract Several surfactant formulations that had been tested successfully in oil-wet unconventional reservoirs were tested in mixed-wet to oil-wet unconventional reservoir cores and did not generate the expected results. To study the mechanisms of oil recovery and understand the uniqueness of these shale reservoirs, a series of studies were performed utilizing Eagle Ford (EF) and Canadian Bakken shale rocks and fluids. In this study customized chemical formulations for improving production from the EF and the Canadian Bakken were developed. Previously related formulation development for the Bakken and Permian basins relied upon wettability alteration as the oil recovery mechanism; however, no significant oil recovery compared to brine was seen from wettability-altering formulations using EF and Canadian Bakken shale rock and fluids. Several imbibition tests showed that baseline oil recovery by brine was 20-30% of original oil in place (OOIP) for both formations. High oil recovery by brine was attributed to the mixed to water-wet nature of the pore surface. A well-connected fracture system may have also contributed. Further, there was no correlation between oil recovery and contact angle measurements. Failure of wettability alteration as an oil recovery mechanism led to investigation of interfacial tension (IFT) reduction as an alternative mechanism. Testing this hypothesis, a change in the EF formulation reduced IFT to 0.03 dyne/cm and had oil recoveries above 60% OOIP. However, these formulations were not stable at 320 °F. Formulation KPIs were set as lowering IFT and being stable up to 320 °F. Out of many formulations tested, two containing multiple actives in a specific mixture of solvents passed the KPIs and were tested for imbibition oil recovery. A synergistic mixture had a final oil recovery above 56% OOIP as compared to 20-25% OOIP for brine alone. The imbibition oil recovery results indicate that although the ultimate oil recovery by brine alone is significant, the early oil production is significantly slower than by surfactant solutions. Upscaling the laboratory time to the field time emphasizes the value of implementing customized surfactant formulation in both early and late oil production. Similarly, there was no correlation between wettability contact angle measurements and oil recovery for the Canadian Bakken shale. Surfactant formulations which exhibited low IFT (~0.01 dyne/cm) significantly accelerated the oil production and recovered an additional 30-45% OOIP in the tertiary mode from the imbibition tests. Further laboratory studies via the Washburn method, imbibition tests, and zeta potential measurements validated lowering IFT, not altering the wettability, as a primary oil recovery mechanism in the mixed-wet EF and Canadian Bakken. Optimal formulations for EF and Canadian Bakken will be tested in the field by mid-2018.
Rapid Genome Analyses of Emergent Human Adenovirus 14a Causing 2006-7 Febrile Respiratory Illness (FRI) Outbreaks in the US via High Throughput "Next-Generation" Pyrosequencing Technique (2008)

Abstract : During 2006-7, Ad14a was identified during a series of FRI outbreaks across the US, involving at least ten documented pneumonia fatalities. Leveraging sequence data from the prototype strain Ad14p (GenBank # AY803294), the full genome sequence of Ad14a was determined using the conventional, and very labor-intensive, Sanger sequencing method. The same genome was analyzed using Pyrosequencing, an emerging alternative genome sequencing technology offering much higher efficiency. This direct shotgun approach relies on random sequencing of small DNA fragments using adaptor sequences, rather than independent amplification of separate fragments using pre-determined pathogen-specific sequences. This new sequencing strategy is therefore ideally suited for the rapid sequencing of hitherto uncharacterized human pathogens. The Roche 454 FLX system was used to sequence and assemble multiple Ad14a viruses from recent US outbreaks, as well as closely related Ad11a isolates causing non-US ARD infections since the 1970s. The US Ad14a strain significantly diverges from the prototypical Eurasian strain, Ad14p, and shares greater than 98% genomic homology with Ad11a. Two genome types of Ad11, Ad11p and Ad11a display different tissue tropisms, causing renal and upper respiratory infections respectively. Ad14a and Ad11a share almost identical Fiber genes, which are known to be responsible for the adenoviruses' organ tropism, and both cause ARD infections. Both also share highly homologous Hexon genes, except for a 400 base pair (bps) region that allows these two viruses to be distinctly differentiated from each other based on serological cross reactivity.
Perdeuterated Conjugated Polymers for Ultralow‐Frequency Magnetic Resonance of OLEDs (2020)

The formation of excitons in OLEDs is spin dependent and can be controlled by electron-paramagnetic resonance, affecting device resistance and electroluminescence yield. We explore electrically detected magnetic resonance in the regime of very low magnetic fields (<1 mT). A pronounced feature emerges at zero field in addition to the conventional spin- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> Zeeman resonance for which the Larmor frequency matches that of the incident radiation. By comparing a conventional π-conjugated polymer as the active material to a perdeuterated analogue, we demonstrate the interplay between the zero-field feature and local hyperfine fields. The zero-field peak results from a quasistatic magnetic-field effect of the RF radiation for periods comparable to the carrier-pair lifetime. Zeeman resonances are resolved down to 3.2 MHz, approximately twice the Larmor frequency of an electron in Earth's field. However, since reducing hyperfine fields sharpens the Zeeman peak at the cost of an increased zero-field peak, we suggest that this result may constitute a fundamental low-field limit of magnetic resonance in carrier-pair-based systems. OLEDs offer an alternative solid-state platform to investigate the radical-pair mechanism of magnetic-field effects in photochemical reactions, allowing models of biological magnetoreception to be tested by measuring spin decoherence directly in the time domain by pulsed experiments.
Robot Manipulation Using Virtual Compliance Control (2000)

Experimental results proved that a unified method of impedance control, already presented as virtual compliance control, can make a robot manipulator without any special mechanism perform various patterns of motion, corresponding to the specified software parameters of the control method. Outcomes demonstrated are as follows. (1) The proposed control method can change the characteristics of spring constant and dashpot constant, that is impedance, of 6 degree of freedom (translational: 3 , rotational: 3) of the robot hand. (2) The change of characteristics mentioned above in (1) can be treated equivalently in both translational and rotational. (3) The change of characteristics mentioned above in (1) and (2) can be implemented in real time. (4) The proposed control method can change the characteristics of transient response in velocity control of 6-d.o.f. of the robot hands. (5) The change of characteristics mentioned above in (4) can be treated equivalently both translationally and rotationally. (6) The change of characteristics mentioned above in (4) and (5) can be implemented in real time. (7) The proposed control method can make impedance control applied to one axis, and position control applied to other axis simultaneously, as to 6-d.o.f. of the robot hands. (8) Experimental results mentioned above in (1) - (7) imply the following advantage and disadvantage; advantage: a unified control method that can perform various patterns of motion by specifying software parameters, disadvantage: control response is not necessarily precise that is because proposed control method is base on not dynamics but kinematics.
Examples of zero robustness in constrained model predictive control (2004)

Nominal robustness of model predictive control for nonlinear systems is considered. It is shown, by examples, that when the optimization problem involves state constraints, or terminal constraints coupled with short optimization horizons, the asymptotic stability of the closed loop may have absolutely no robustness. Namely, it is possible for arbitrarily small disturbances to keep the closed loop strictly inside the interior of the feasibility region of the optimization problem and, at the same time, far from the desired set point. This phenomenon does not occur when using model predictive control for linear systems with convex constraint sets. It is emphasized that a necessary condition for the absence of nominal robustness in nonlinear model predictive control is that the value function and feedback law are discontinuous at some point(s) in the interior of the feasibility region.
Behavioral Limits of Auditory Temporal Resolution in the Rat: Amplitude Modulation and Duration Discrimination. (2006)

Thresholds for detecting the presence of amplitude modulation in a noise carrier were determined for rats using conditioned avoidance procedures. There was a progressive increase in threshold with modulation rates between 5 Hz and 2 kHz. Further tests were conducted to determine difference thresholds for detecting an increase in modulation rate for standard rates of 10, 50, and 100 Hz. The size of the difference threshold increased progressively as the standard rate increased. In addition, thresholds for detecting an increase in the duration of a noise burst were determined for various standard durations. The difference thresholds were constant for values between 10 and 50 ms but increased progressively, with standard durations between 0.1 and 1.0 s.
β-Molybdenum nitride: synthesis mechanism and catalytic response in the gas phase hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (2011)

A temperature programmed treatment of MoO3 in flowing N2 + H2 has been employed to prepare β-phase molybdenum nitride (β-Mo2N) which has been used to promote, for the first time, the catalytic hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene. The reduction/nitridation synthesis steps have been monitored in situ and the starting oxide, reaction intermediates and nitride product have been identified and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance UV-Vis (DRS UV-Vis), elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET/pore volume measurements. Our results demonstrate that MoO3 → β-Mo2N is a kinetically controlled process where an initial reduction stage generates (sequentially) MoO2 and Mo as reaction intermediates with a subsequent incorporation of N to produce β-Mo2N. SEM analysis has established that the transformation is non-topotactic with a disruption to the platelet morphology that characterizes MoO3 and an increase in BET area (from 1 m2 g−1 to 17 m2 g−1). Moreover, temperature programmed desorption measurements have revealed a significant hydrogen uptake (0.71 μmol m−2) on β-Mo2N. This has been exploited in the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene where p-chloroaniline was generated as the sole product with an associated rate constant (k = 2.0 min−1) that is higher than values recorded for supported transition metals. Our study establishes the reaction mechanism involved in the synthesis of β-Mo2N and demonstrates its viability to promote selective –NO2group reduction as an alternative sustainable, high throughput route to commercially important haloamines.
Synthesis of Triisocyanatosilane in a Mixed Solvent System of Acetonitrile and Benzene. (1995)

Synthesis of triisocyanatosilane (TIS) in a mixed solvent system of acetonitrile and benzene was investigated. The yield of TIS varied depending on the composition of the solvents. The reaction did not proceed in benzene, while it proceeded when acetonitrile was added to benzene. When 3 vol% of acetonitrile was added to benzene, TIS was isolated in 70% yield without any by-products. Tetraisocyanatosilane was a by-product when a great amount of sodium isocyanate or acetonitrile was used at higher termperature.
Discrete-time lossless systems, feedback equivalence and passivity (1993)

In this paper we summarize and extend some recent results on the problem of when a discrete-time nonlinear system is feedback equivalent to a lossless system and the problem of global stabilization via smooth state feedback. In particular, we show how the criterion of zero-state detectability for discrete-time passive systems can be carried out in the absence of the KYP lemma, and how the feedback equivalence idea can be applied to stabilize a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems by means of smooth state feedback.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Discriminative Accuracy of [18F]flortaucipir Positron Emission Tomography for Alzheimer Disease vs Other Neurodegenerative Disorders (2018)

Among patients with established diagnoses at a memory disorder clinic, [18F]flortaucipir PET was able to discriminate AD from other neurodegenerative diseases. The accuracy and potential utility of this test in patient care require further research in clinically more representative populations.
WFE: Tunability for highly selective microwave systems (2004)

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