gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observation of two gate stress voltage dependence of NBTI induced threshold voltage shift of ultra-thin oxynitride gate p-MOSFET (2009)

Ultra-fast measurement of NBTI induced threshold voltage shift (|DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> |) reveals two |DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> | components that exhibit different dependence on the stress time and the gate stress voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sup> . One component is spontaneously generated upon stress, i.e. fast generation, and the amount generated saturates within the first few seconds of stress. The saturation level is observed to scale linearly with V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sup> . The second component increases steadily with stress time, i.e. it exhibits a relatively slow generation rate; its stress time dependence may be described by a power-law with exponent n asymptotically approaching ~0.167 at steady state. This component exhibits an exponential/power-law dependence on V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sup> .
Three-Dimensional Simulation Model for Synergistically Simulating Urban Horizontal Expansion and Vertical Growth (2022)

Urban expansion studies have focused on two-dimensional planar dimensions, ignoring the impact of building height growth changes in the vertical direction on the urban three-dimensional (3D) spatial expansion. Past 3D simulation studies have tended to focus on simulating virtual cities, and a few studies have attempted to build 3D simulation models to achieve the synergistic simulation of real cities. This study proposes an urban 3D spatial expansion simulation model to achieve a synergistic simulation of urban horizontal expansion and vertical growth. The future land use simulation model was used to simulate urban land use changes in the horizontal direction. The random forest (RF) regression algorithm was used to predict building height growth in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the RF algorithm was used to mine the patterns of spatial factors affecting building heights. The 3D model was applied to simulate 3D spatial changes in Shenzhen City from 2014 to 2034. The model effectively simulates the horizontal expansion and vertical growth of a real city in 3D space. The crucial factors affecting building heights and the simulation results of future urban 3D expansion hotspot areas can provide scientific support for decisions in urban spatial planning.
Multicatalytic, asymmetric Michael/Stetter reaction of salicylaldehydes and activated alkynes (2010)

We report the development of a multicatalytic, one-pot, asymmetric Michael/Stetter reaction between salicylaldehydes and electron-deficient alkynes. The cascade proceeds via amine-mediated Michael addition followed by an N-heterocyclic carbene-promoted intramolecular Stetter reaction. A variety of salicylaldehydes, doubly activated alkynes, and terminal, electrophilic allenes participate in a one-step or two-step protocol to give a variety of benzofuranone products in moderate to good yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities. The origin of enantioselectivity in the reaction is also explored; E/Z geometry of the reaction intermediate as well as the presence of catalytic amounts of catechol additive are found to influence reaction enantioselectivity.
<title>Thermal measurements in a soft tissue model during irradiation by a high-power semiconductor diode laser</title> (1996)

The temperature of a soft tissue model was measured during laser irradiation. A diode laser with a continuous wave output power of up to 10 W and a wavelength of 990 nm was used to heat and ablate samples of agar gel doped with haemoglobin. The internal temperature of the tissue was measured at depths of 2 - 5 mm below the surface using a thermocouple. The temperature at the surface was measured remotely using an infra-red sensor (over an area 1.4 mm in diameter at the center of the interaction). This method of measurement provides an inexpensive alternative to thermal imaging cameras. Temperature changes in time during the interaction both at the tissue surface and as a function of tissue depth are presented. At the onset of tissue surface rupturing and subsequent tissue ablation the temperature at a depth of 2 mm was found to be 75 +/- 6 degree(s)C. At this time a temperature of 60 +/- 2 degree(s)C, high enough to cause tissue coagulation, had been reached to a depth of 3 mm. After 10 s of continuous tissue ablation, the temperature at a depth of 3.5 mm and beyond had not reached coagulation temperature. The surface temperature rose steadily during irradiation and reached a temperature of 100 degree(s)C at the time of rupturing of the tissue surface. During the subsequent tissue ablation the measured temperature increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of 250 +/- 30 degree(s)C within a further 10 s.
Improving memory bank-level parallelism in the presence of prefetching (2009)

DRAM systems achieve high performance when all DRAM banks are busy servicing useful memory requests. The degree to which DRAM banks are busy is called DRAM Bank-Level Parallelism (BLP). This paper proposes two new cost-effective mechanisms to maximize DRAM BLP. BLP-Aware Prefetch Issue (BAPI) issues prefetches into the on-chip Miss Status Holding Registers (MSHRs) associated with each core in a multi-core system such that the requests can be serviced in parallel in different DRAM banks. BLP-Preserving Multi-core Request Issue (BPMRI) does the actual loading of the DRAM controller's request buffers so that requests from the same core can be serviced in parallel, minimizing the serialization of each core's concurrent requests. When combined, BAPI and BPMRI improve system performance by 11.7% on a 4-core CMP system for a wide variety of multiprogrammed workloads. BAPI and BPMRI also complement various existing DRAM scheduling and prefetching algorithms, and can be used in conjunction with them.
Giant magnetoresistance behavior of an iron/carbonized polyurethane nanocomposite (2007)

This letter describes the magnetoresistance (MR) behavior of the heat treated polyurethane composites reinforced with iron nanoparticles. The flexible nanocomposites were fabricated by the surface-initiated-polymerization method. The uniformly distributed nanoparticles within the polymer matrix, well characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, favor a continuous carbon matrix formation, rendering the transition from insulating to conductive composites. The coercive forces reflect strong particle loading and matrix dependent magnetic properties. By simply annealing in a reducing environment, the obtained nanocomposites possess a MR of 7.3% at room temperature and 14% at 130K occurring at a field of 90kOe.
Novel Cathelicidins from Pigeon Highlights Evolutionary Convergence in Avain Cathelicidins and Functions in Modulation of Innate Immunity (2015)

Cathelicidins are short cationic host defense peptides and play a central role in host innate immune system. Here we identified two novel cathelicidins, Cl-CATH2 and 3, from Columba livia. Evolutionary analysis of avian cathelicidins via phylogenetic tree and Ka/Ks calculations supported the positive selection that prompted evolution of CATH2 to CATH1 and 3, which originate from common ancestor and could belong to one superfamily. Cl-CATH2 and 3 both adopt amphipathic α-helical comformations identified by circular dichroism and the 3D structures built by Rosetta. Cl-CATH2 of CATH2 family with the most expression abundance in bird, exhibited relatively weak antimicrobial activity, but acted instead on the innate immune response without showing undesirable toxicities. In macrophages primed by LPS, Cl-CATH2 significantly down-regulated the gene and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines while enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokine, acting through MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Molecular docking shows for the first time that cathelicidin binds to the opening region of LPS-binding pocket on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) of toll-like receptor (TLR)4-MD-2 complex, which in turn inhibits the TLR4 pathway. Our results, therefore, provide new insight into the mechanism underlying the blockade of TLR4 signaling by cathelicidins.
Near-optimal Detector for SWIPT-enabled Differential DF Relay Networks with SER Analysis (2020)

In this paper, we analyze the symbol error rate (SER) performance of the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) enabled three-node differential decode-and-forward (DDF) relay networks, which adopt the power splitting (PS) protocol at the relay. The use of non-coherent differential modulation eliminates the need for sending training symbols to estimate the instantaneous channel state informations (CSIs) at all network nodes, and therefore improves the power efficiency, as compared with the coherent modulation. However, performance analysis results are not yet available for the state-of-the-art detectors such as the approximate maximum-likelihood detector. Existing works rely on Monte-Carlo simulation to show that there exists an optimal PS ratio that minimizes the overall SER. In this work, we propose a near-optimal detector with linear complexity with respect to the modulation size. We derive an accurate approximate SER expression, based on which the optimal PS ratio can be accurately estimated without requiring any Monte-Carlo simulation.
Urinary Excretion Study of Coenzyme Q10 in Rats by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (2008)

A method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) applying atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in the positive ion mode is developed for the determination of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in rat urine. The assay involves the extraction of crude urine, fast liquid chromatography on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 microm, 1.0 x 50 mm), and selected ion monitoring detection using mass transition. The calibration range is found to be 0.05-25 microg/mL, with the lower limit of quantitation of 0.05 microg/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation) for CoQ10 in rat urine range from 0.7% to 15%, and accuracy expressed in recovery rates in urine is between 83% and 118%. The recovery of this method is found to be between 80% and 95% at three concentrations. The total cumulative recovery of CoQ10 is 1.16 +/- 1.05% (percentage of dose intake, n = 4) from rat urine collected over 30 h after oral administration of the drug. The UPLC-MS method described allows the quick determination of CoQ10 in rat urine with good precision and accuracy. It is suitable for further excretion studies of CoQ10 in animals.
Efficient Parallel Algorithm for Fuel Cell Stack Simulation (2009)

A planar fuel cell stack is a layered structure consisting of repeated modules—membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) separated by bipolar plates (BPs). Generally, the distributions of voltage and temperature over the BP volume are described by three-dimensional Laplace equations. However, the thickness of a BP is much smaller than its in-plane size. This enables us to reduce a three-dimensional Laplace equation to a two-dimensional Poisson equation and to develop an efficient parallel algorithm for stack simulation. In the simplest variant, each individual module “MEA + BP” is solved on a separate processor. Typically, the number of cells in a stack is 10 to 100; this algorithm is thus most suitable for small- and medium-scale parallel machines. A much faster method is to cut every module into a number of “stripes” and to solve each stripe on a separate processor. Numerical tests with this method show that with eight stripes per module the solution of the electric problem is obtained roughly ten times faster than expected. Evidently, the striping algorithm provides much faster convergence of the iterative Poisson solver. The effect is presumably due to fast damping of high-frequency modes of potential in the iteration process. This algorithm may open up possibilities for fast simulation of real 100-cell stacks using massively parallel machines.
Fullerene and the origin of life. (2012)

The role of carbon in the development of life and as the structural backbone of all organisms is universally accepted and an essential part of evolution. However, the molecular basis is largely unknown and the interactions of carbon with nitrogen and oxygen in space are enigmatic. In 1985, the previously unknown form of carbon, coined fullerene, was discovered. We hypothesize that by virtue of the unique properties of fullerene, this hollow, ultra-robust, large, purely carbon molecule was the earliest progenitor of life. It acted as a stable universal biologic template on which small molecules spontaneously assembled and then formed, by further assembly, a surface mantle (here termed rosasome) of larger molecules. We submit that this process, by its inherent flexibility, initiated evolution, allowing the emergence of parallel diverse rosasome lines responding selectively to varying spatial environments. For example, rosasomal lines mantled with nucleotide and peptide layers are conceived as primordial forerunners of the ubiquitous ribosome. Moreover, the parallel independent and interdependent evolution of rosasome lines would be more rapid than sequential development, refute precedence of either DNA or RNA, and explain the evolution of integration of two subunits with different structures and functions in ribosomes and of the triplet nature of the codon. Based on recent astronomical data, this hypothesis supports the concept that life is not a singularity. This concept also suggests a potential vehicle for therapeutics, biotechnology and genetic engineering.
Modulation of Cortical Excitability with BCI for Stroke Rehabilitation (2019)

Here we present the possibility of inducing significant neuroplasticity as assessed by non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using a unique Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) build on known mechanisms of memory and learning. This BCI associates in time the cortical signals generated when a stroke patient attempts to perform a movement, and the artificial production of that movement. As for healthy participants, both chronic and sub-acute patients show neuroplastic changes following exposure to this BCI, that is accompanied by significant improvements in function as assessed by clinical scales. The relatively short duration of each intervention session, the fact that it does not require user training or residual muscle activity makes this a viable tool for the clinical setting and my pave the way for future BCIs in the clinic.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Based Studies of the Metabolism of Black Tea Polyphenols in Humans (2005)

Epidemiological studies indicate that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with an improved health status. Tea is one of the most abundant sources of flavonoids in the human diet. The bioavailability and biotransformation of tea flavonoids are, however, not clearly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolism of black tea via a nonspecific screening method. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to obtain nonselective profiles of urine samples collected from three human volunteers before and after a single dose of black tea. The complex spectroscopic profiles were interpreted with the use of pattern recognition techniques. Hippuric acid was confirmed as the major urinary black tea metabolite. One previously unknown metabolite was detected and identified as 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-2-O-sulfate (sulfate conjugate of pyrogallol) using HPLC directly coupled to mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. This study shows that NMR-pattern recognition studies can be used for the discovery of unknown flavonoid metabolites in humans.
Completion Delay Minimization for Instantly Decodable Network Coding with Limited Feedback (2011)

In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the broadcast completion delay for instantly decodable network coding with limited feedback. We first extend the stochastic shortest path formulation of the full feedback scenario in to the limited feedback scenario. We then show that the resulting formulation is more complicated to solve than the original one but has its same properties and structure. Based on this result, we design four variants of the algorithm employed in with four different approaches to deal with un-acknowledged transmissions. We finally compare these four algorithms through extensive simulations and show that the algorithm that temporarily avoids all un-acknowledged transmissions in subsequent coding decisions can result in tolerable degradation against the full feedback performance while using much lower feedback.
ADAM12 Transmembrane and Secreted Isoforms Promote Breast Tumor Growth (2011)

Increased levels of ADAM12 have been reported in a variety of human cancers. We have previously reported that urinary ADAM12 is predictive of disease status in breast cancer patients and that ADAM12 protein levels in urine increase with progression of disease. On the basis of these findings, the goal of this study was to elucidate the contribution of ADAM12 in breast tumor growth and progression. Overexpression of both the ADAM12-L (transmembrane) and ADAM12-S (secreted) isoforms in human breast tumor cells resulted in a significantly higher rate of tumor take and increased tumor size. Cells expressing the enzymatically inactive form of the secreted isoform, ADAM12-S, had tumor take rates and tumor volumes similar to those of wild-type cells, suggesting that the tumor-promoting activity of ADAM12-S was a function of its proteolytic activity. Of the two isoforms, only the secreted isoform, ADAM12-S, enhanced the ability of tumor cells to migrate and invade in vitro and resulted in a higher incidence of local and distant metastasis in vivo. This stimulatory effect of ADAM12-S on migration and invasion was dependent on its catalytic activity. Expression of both ADAM12 isoforms was found to be significantly elevated in human malignant breast tissue. Taken together, our results suggest that ADAM12 overexpression results in increased tumor take, tumor size, and metastasis in vivo. These findings suggest that ADAM12 may represent a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Optical Atmospheric Air-Speed Sensor for EDL Operations (2020)

An optical whispering-gallery-mode resonator-based speed sensor concept for atmospheric entry, descent, and landing operations is proposed and preliminary results are discussed. The sensor is intended as a compact and reliable alternative to inertial sensors.
Mortality in a Population of Daphnia Rosea (1972)

A Daphnia rosea population was observed over a 2—year period in order to compare mortality with natural predation pressure. A technique is presented for estimating the instantaneous death rate of Daphnia from population dynamics data as derived from quantitative, serial, plankton samples. The effect of predation by a specific predator (Chaoborus larvae) on daphniid mortality is shown by the comparison between (1) the number of daphniid deaths and number of predator—prey encounters (per unit time and volume), (2) the probability of daphniid deaths and the relative probability of a Daphnia encountering a predator, and (3) the Chaoborus feeding rate implied by the daphniid mortality and independently observed Chaoborus feeding rates. The Daphnia population had six generations per year. For the last four generations, Chaoborus predation accounted for about 93% of the daphniid mortality. Daphnia mortality due to salamander larvae (Ambystoma tigrinum) averaged 3.5%, never more than 10%, that of Chaoborus larvae. These results support the hypothesis that Chaoborus larvae are significant predators of the D. rosea population, and that the rate of the Daphnia population's growth is significantly influenced by predation pressure.
Circulating Levels of Select Micro-RNA Are Not Impacted by Manipulating Nutrient Intake Following High-Intensity Cycling (2019)

Circulating microRNAs (ci-miRNA) may facilitate intercellular communication as well as fine-tune phenotype adaptations to exercise through post-transcriptional regulation. Ci- miRNA levels are sensitive to acute aerobic exercise, yet much less is known about the influence of high-intensity interval type exercise. Further, almost nothing is known about the impact of post-exercise nutrition (carbohydrate and/or protein) on ci-miRNA levels. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of high-intensity interval cycling and different post-exercise nutrition treatments on select ci-miRNA levels. METHODS: Eight recreationally active males (age 22 ± 2 yrs; VO2max 50 ± 4 mL/kg/min) completed 3 trials, each consisting of 4 sets of 3-min intervals (90% Wmax) flanked by 30-sec Wingate intervals. Placebo (PLA; water), carbohydrate (CHO; 65 g), and carbohydrate (65 g) + protein (20 g) (PRO) beverages (600 mL) were consumed immediately following exercise. Serum levels of 9 miRNA (miR-1, -21, -126, -146a, -150, -210, -221, -222, and -486) were measured pre-exercise (Pre), immediately post (Post-0), Post-1hr, and Post-4hr. miRNA levels were expressed as fold changes relative to baseline and analyzed with repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS: With the exception of a 1.3-fold increase (p<0.05) in ci-miRNA-486 there was no main effect of time for any of the target ci-miRNA from Pre to Post-0 (i.e. prior to any nutritional intervention). There was a main effect of time for Ci-miRNA-150 from Pre to Post-1hr (0.6 fold-change, p<0.05) and from Pre to Post-4hr (0.7 fold-change, p<0.05), but there were no detectable nutritional effects. Further, ci-miRNA-1 increased from Pre to Post-4hr (3.1-fold-change, p<0.05) but again with no nutrition effect. No other differences, across time or between treatments, were detected. CONCLUSION: In general, high-intensity cycling had a subtle impact on serum levels of miRNA. However, mi-RNA associated with skeletal muscle (miRNA-1 and -486) and cardiac physiology (miRNA-1 and -150) were affected by exercise. Post-exercise nutrition had no consequences on any of the targets of interest. However, the extent to which ci-miRNA reflects intracellular miRNA activity is poorly understood and future work should investigate how nutrition may influence intracellular mi-RNA levels.