gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA17: TSLP-driven inflammation fosters development of epithelial tumors (2012)

Abstract Solid tumors are often associated with aseptic inflammation. There are two types of inflammation that have opposing effects on tumors, chronic inflammation that promotes cancer cell survival, and metastasis, and acute inflammation which triggers cancer cell destruction. Chronic inflammation is often linked with the presence of type 2-polarized macrophages (M2), which are induced by Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13. Our recent studies have demonstrated the presence in breast cancer tumors of inflammatory Th2 cells, which produce IL-13, IL-4, and TNF. These CD4+ T cells appear to play a key role in the disease as they accelerate breast tumor development in a xenograft model through the production of IL-13. Breast tumors appear to play a critical role in conditioning the infiltrating myeloid DCs (mDCs) to induce such inflammatory Th2 cells. Our most recent results suggest that thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP) secreted by cancer cells plays a role in mDCs conditioning. Breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors from patients show TSLP protein expression. TSLP-neutralizing antibodies block the upregulation of OX40L by mDCs exposed to tumor supernatant and consequently block mDCs capacity to generate inflammatory Th2 cells in vitro. The TSLP production is mediated by PAR2-signaling in cancer cells. PAR2 is expressed by all 4 breast cancer cell lines, and TSLP production can be induced upon PAR2-agonist peptide treatment. Similar observations were made by us and others in pancreatic cancer as well as lung cancer. Thus, TSLP could serve as therapeutic target in tumors of epithelial origin.
Electric machinery parameters and torques by current and energy perturbations from field computations. I. Theory and formulation and II: applications and results (2002)

In these two-part companion papers the well-established energy/current (E/C) perturbation method of computation of machine winding inductances is reviewed. The method's efficacy in machine performance calculations is delineated and verified by comparison to experimental results. The critical role that winding inductance parameters have in modeling and simulation of the nonsinusoidal steady state time-domain (forced response) performance of electric machinery is demonstrated using state models in both the winding flux linkage and current-based frames of reference. The computed machine performance characteristics include profiles of winding inductances, induced terminal voltage waveforms, and instantaneous torque profiles that contain all the ripples due to the significant space harmonics in a machine. The method and associated formulations and techniques are shown to be very effective in both 2D-FE and 3D-FE electric machinery field solutions involving substantial degrees of saturation and complexity of construction. The machines analyzed include a 15-HP permanent magnet brushless DC motor, a 1.2-HP three-phase induction motor, and a 14.3 kVA three-phase modified Lundell alternator possessing very complex magnetic circuit geometries. The well-posedness of the method held true for all these cases, as well as many other case-studies briefly reviewed here.
Luminescence properties of Ce3+, Pr3+ and Nd3+ activated scintillators for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (2011)

The aging society comes with an increased number of people with serious health problems, including cancer and cardio vascular diseases. To combat these problems, early diagnosis is important and requires the development of new and improvement of existing medical imaging techniques. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is the technique of choice when it comes to the precise location of tumors and it can also be used to monitor metabolic activity. An important challenge is to improve the spatial resolution. In order to do so, materials used in the heart of the PET scanners, the so-called scintillators, need to be improved. Especially their timing properties are a concern. The materials used as scintillators are inorganic crystals which are capable of absorbing high energy radiation and lanthanide ions are incorporated in the crystals to emit flashes of light after a high energy X-ray or γ-ray is absorbed by the crystal. The shorter the flash of light is, the higher the resolution of the PET-scanner can be. The typical decay time of the emission of nowadays used scintillators is around 40 ns. In order to improve their performance, the emission lifetime must be shortened, preferably below 20 ns. The presently used luminescent ion is the lanthanide ion Ce3+ and shortening the emission lifetime below 20 ns is not possible with this ion. Instead, a different lanthanide ion, Pr3+, may be used to lower the emission lifetime by a factor of 2-3. This is a direct consequence of the higher energy of the emitting state of Pr3+. Based on a famous law in physics (Fermi’s Golden Rule) it is well known that the higher the energy of the emission is (shorter emission wavelength), the faster the emission will be. A new class of the scintillator materials developed in the past decade are Ce3+ activated chloride host lattices. Their great advantage is a very high light output (with the brightest scintillator ever developed emitting 100 000 photons per MeV of excitation energy), very good energy resolution and a fast emission decay (~30 ns). As mentioned above, substituting Ce3+ ions by Pr3+ in such chloride host lattices could lead to further improved timing properties. In this project the luminescence properties of Ce3+ and Pr3+ activated inorganic host materials with an extremely fast response time for the use as scintillators in the Positron Emission Tomography were investigated. The results show that the very fast emission can be obtained in the chloride hosts with lifetimes down to 10 ns. However, the energy transfer from the host lattice to the Pr3+ ions after the absorption of highly energetic radiation is not efficient in these chloride crystals and this hampers application as a scintillator in PET-scanners. In addition systematic research has been done on the lifetime of the Pr3+ emission and it was found that the shortest lifetime that is possible for a luminescent ion is about 6 ns. This makes it possible to get a better estimate of the ultimate resolution that can be obtained with PET-scanners.
Estimation of Damage Location of Beam Subjected to Impact Hammer Excitation Based on Nonlinear Wave Modulation Phenomenon (2013)

This paper concerns the estimation method of damage location based on the nonlinear wave modulation demodulation which has attracted much attention in the field of structural health monitoring. When a structure containing a contact-type damage is subjected to a low-frequency vibration, a high-frequency wave which propagates through the damage may undergo amplitude and phase modulation at the damage location because the scatter characteristics of high-frequency waves in the vicinity of the damage may fluctuate in synchronization with the low-frequency vibration because of the contact acoustic nonlinearity. Since this modulation propagates through the structure with the group velocity, it may be possible to estimte damage location by measuring the modulation and performing an inverse analysis based on the wave propagation model. In this paper, a mathematical model of the modulation propagation on a Timoshenko beam is constructed, and by considering the damage as a source of the modulation, an estimation algorithm of damage location which utilizes the time difference between the modulated waves measured by sensor arrays located at both sides of the damage is proposed, and examined experimentally.
THE EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF NEW SYDNONES CONTAINING FUSED RING (2002)

ABSTRACT Sydnones 2a–f were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding sydnones 1a–f with acetone in the presence of concentrate sulfuric acid or BF3–Et2O. Keywords: SydnoneIntramolecular Friedel–Crafts reactionAcetone ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are grateful for financial support from natural science foundation for young teachers of Beijing Normal University.
Buffered multi-layered modified constant modulus algorithm (2014)

In this paper, we propose an equalization algorithm which greatly reduces the convergence problems and the steady-state error rate of the conventional constant modulus algorithm (CMA). The algorithm introduces a buffer and multiple step-size decision layers to the existing variable step size modified constant modulus algorithm (VSS-MCMA). The buffer is employed to combat the convergence issue while the additional layers have been introduced to improve the sensitivity of the step size in both the convergence state and the steady-state. Computer simulations reveal that the proposed system has better symbol error rate and convergence rate than the VSS-MCMA and the CMA.
DFT Characterization of Adsorbed NHx Species on Pt(100) and Pt(111) Surfaces (2005)

Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations using plane waves have been performed to systematically investigate the adsorption and relative stability of ammonia and its dehydrogenated species on Pt(111) and Pt(100) surfaces. Different adsorption geometries and positions have been studied, and in each case, the equilibrium configuration has been determined by relaxation of the system. The vibrational spectra of the various ammonia fragments have been computed, and band assignments have been compared in detail with available experimental data. The adsorption of NH3 (on top) and NH2 (bridge) is more favorable on Pt(100) than on Pt(111), while similar adsorption energies were computed for NH (hollow) and N (hollow) on both surfaces. The remarkably lower adsorption energy of NH2 over Pt(111) as compared with Pt(100) (the difference being approximately 0.7 eV) can be related to different geometric and electronic factors associated with this particular intermediate. Accordingly, the type of platinum surface determines the most stable NH(x) fragment: Pt(100) has more affinity for NH2 species, whereas NH species are preferred over Pt(111).
Accurate Stator Fault Detection in an Induction Motor Using the Symmetrical Current Components (2020)

International audience
Generalized ball-scale: theory, algorithms, and application to image inhomogeneity correction (2005)

The concept of generalized scale (<i>g</i>-scale) was introduced previously to overcome the shape, topological, and anisotropic constraints imposed by previous local morphometric scale models. Roughly speaking, the <i>g</i>-scale of a voxel in a scene was defined as the largest set of all voxels associated with it, that satisfy some homogeneity criterion. <i>g</i>-scale was shown to have interesting theoretical properties, and its superiority to an existing image background inhomogeneity correction method was demonstrated. In this paper, we present a variant of <i>g</i>-scale that we refer to as <i>g<sub>B</sub></i>-scale. The difference between <i>g</i>- and <i>g<sub>B</sub></i>-scale is that, while for <i>g</i>-scale, individual voxels are included into the <i>g</i>-scale set one at a time, the <i>g<sub>B</sub></i>-scale set is grown by including hyperballs, the hyperball corresponding to the local ball scale at every voxel (which, briefly, is the radius of the largest hyperball of homogeneous intensity centered at the voxel). The <i>g<sub>B</sub></i>-scale model was found to be more resistant to severe levels of inhomogeneity and noise compared to <i>g</i>-scale. A methodology to perform image background inhomogeneity correction based on the idea of <i>g<sub>B</sub></i>-scale was qualitatively and quantitatively compared on nearly 250 clinical and phantom datasets, with a ball-scale- and a <i>g</i>-scale-based correction methodology. For scenes containing inhomogeneity but no noise, the <i>g</i>-, and <i>g<sub>B</sub></i>-scale methods performed comparably and were superior to the ball-scale method. For scenes containing both noise and inhomogeneity, the <i>g<sub>B</sub></i>-scale-based method outperformed both the <i>g</i>- and ball-scale correction methods.
Statistical models of shape and appearance (2014)

In this chapter, statistical models, derived from the shape and texture of an object in an image or volume, are studied. Statistical shape and appearance models can capture patterns of variability in shape and gray-level appearance. They form the basis of two of the most powerful tools for object analysis – active shape models (ASM) and active appearance models (AAM) – and are very popular in the computer vision and biomedical imaging analysis literature. This chapter reviews the basic foundation of these two statistical models and provides illustrative examples of their effectiveness in object modeling. The chapter builds upon various ideas studied in previous chapters.
Studies on pepper powdery mildew II. Conidiophore emergence and conidial formation on pepper leaf. (1981)

The formation of conidiophores and conidia were observed under an optical and scanning electron microscope. Leveillula taurica is one of a few endophytic species of powdery mildew. From inoculation to the emergence of fungus through stomata, it takes 3 days in summer and 7 days in winter. However, it was found in our experiments that this fungus was not only endoparasitic, but that it also had a creeping habit on the surface of pepper plants to form conidiophores on superficial mycelia (8%). Conidia were formed within 20 hours of conidiophore formation. Primary and secondary conidia differed markedly: primary conidia were boat-like in shape while secondary conidia were elliptical. The conidia were about 130×30μm in size, with thorn-like projections on the surface. Such projections were also recognized on the surface of conidiophores, on which they were concentrated on about the upper two-thirds of the surface below the conidia. They gradually thinned out and none were found on the conidiophore-base. This thorn-like projection on conidia and conidiophores is one of the features of L. taurica. Several kinds of exophytic species, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Erysiphe graminis, Cystotheca lanestris and Oidium euonymi-japonicae do not have such thorn-like projections either on their conidia or on their hyphae. Judging from the phenomena that conidia easily adhered to the abaxial surface of pepper leaves or a needle when they were gently attached, and in rare cases printed their traces on a slide glass when they were stirred with a needle after being attached to it, the surface of the conidia may possess some adhesive substance.
Click Chemistry for 18F-Labeling of RGD Peptides and microPET Imaging of Tumor Integrin αvβ3 Expression (2007)

The cell adhesion molecule integrin alpha vbeta 3 plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. A series of (18)F-labeled RGD peptides have been developed for PET of integrin expression based on primary amine reactive prosthetic groups. In this study, we report the use of the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition, also known as a click reaction, to label RGD peptides with (18)F by forming 1,2,3-triazoles. Nucleophilic fluorination of a toluenesulfonic alkyne provided (18)F-alkyne in high yield (nondecay-corrected yield: 65.0 +/- 1.9%, starting from the azeotropically dried (18)F-fluoride), which was then reacted with an RGD azide (nondecay-corrected yield: 52.0 +/- 8.3% within 45 min including HPLC purification). The (18)F-labeled peptide was subjected to microPET studies in murine xenograft models. Murine microPET experiments showed good tumor uptake (2.1 +/- 0.4%ID/g at 1 h postinjection (p.i.)) with rapid renal and hepatic clearance of (18)F-fluoro-PEG-triazoles-RGD 2 ( (18)F-FPTA-RGD2) in a subcutaneous U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model (kidney 2.7 +/- 0.8%ID/g; liver 1.9 +/- 0.4%ID/g at 1 h p.i.). Metabolic stability of the newly synthesized tracer was also analyzed (intact tracer ranging from 75% to 99% at 1 h p.i.). In brief, the new tracer (18)F-FPTA-RGD2 was synthesized with high radiochemical yield and high specific activity. This tracer exhibited good tumor-targeting efficacy and relatively good metabolic stability, as well as favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. This new (18)F labeling method based on click reaction may also be useful for radiolabeling of other biomolecules with azide groups in high yield.
Facile and Efficient Deoxygenation of Aromatic N-Oxides with Zinc and Aqueous Ammonium Chloride (1997)

Several aromatic N-oxides such as pyrazine, arylpyridine and quinoline N-oxides have been deoxygenated to parent amines under mild and efficient conditions using zinc and aqueous ammonium chloride in tetrahydrofuran.
Synergetic effects of K+and Mg2+ion intercalation on the electrochemical and actuation properties of the two-dimensional Ti3C2MXene (2017)

Two-dimensional materials, such as MXenes, are attractive candidates for energy storage and electrochemical actuators due to their high volume changes upon ion intercalation. Of special interest for boosting energy storage is the intercalation of multivalent ions such as Mg<sup>2+</sup>, which suffers from sluggish intercalation and transport kinetics due to its ion size. By combining traditional electrochemical characterization techniques with electrochemical dilatometry and contact resonance atomic force microscopy, the synergetic effects of the pre-intercalation of K<sup>+</sup> ions are demonstrated to improve the charge storage of multivalent ions, as well as tune the mechanical and actuation properties of the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene. Our results have important implications for quantitatively understanding the charge storage processes in intercalation compounds and provide a new path for studying the mechanical evolution of energy storage materials.
Data from Metastasizing Melanoma Formation Caused by Expression of Activated N-Ras<sup>Q61K</sup> on an INK4a-Deficient Background (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;In human cutaneous malignant melanoma, a predominance of activated mutations in the N-&lt;i&gt;ras&lt;/i&gt; gene has been documented. To obtain a mouse model most closely mimicking the human disease, a transgenic mouse line was generated by targeting expression of dominant-active human N-&lt;i&gt;ras&lt;/i&gt; (N-Ras&lt;sup&gt;Q61K&lt;/sup&gt;) to the melanocyte lineage by tyrosinase regulatory sequences (Tyr::N-Ras&lt;sup&gt;Q61K&lt;/sup&gt;). Transgenic mice show hyperpigmented skin and develop cutaneous metastasizing melanoma. Consistent with the tumor suppressor function of the INK4a locus that encodes p16&lt;sup&gt;INK4A&lt;/sup&gt; and p19&lt;sup&gt;ARF&lt;/sup&gt;, &gt;90% of Tyr::N-Ras&lt;sup&gt;Q61K&lt;/sup&gt; INK4a&lt;sup&gt;−/−&lt;/sup&gt; transgenic mice develop melanoma at 6 months. Primary melanoma tumors are melanotic, multifocal, microinvade the epidermis or epithelium of hair follicles, and disseminate as metastases to lymph nodes, lung, and liver. Primary melanoma can be transplanted s.c. in nude mice, and if injected i.v. into NOD/SCID mice colonize the lung. In addition, primary melanomas and metastases contain cells expressing the stem cell marker nestin suggesting a hierarchical structure of the tumors comprised of primitive nestin-expressing precursors and differentiated cells. In conclusion, a novel mouse model with melanotic and metastasizing melanoma was obtained by recapitulating genetic lesions frequently found in human melanoma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Helix (2020)

Botnets have been using domain generation algorithms (DGA) for over a decade to covertly and robustly identify the domain name of their command and control servers (C&C). Recent advancements in DGA detection has motivated botnet owners to rapidly alter the C&C domain and use adversarial techniques to evade detection. As a result, it has become increasingly difficult to track botnets in DNS traffic. In this paper, we present Helix, a method for tracking and exploring botnets. Helix uses a spatio-temporal deep neural network autoencoder to convert domains into numerical vectors (embeddings) which capture the DGA and seed used to create the domain. This is made possible by leveraging both convolutional (spatial) and recurrent (temporal) layers, and by using techniques such as attention mechanisms and highways. Furthermore, by using an autoencoder architecture, the network can be trained in an unsupervised manner (no labeling of data) which makes the system practical for real world deployments.
Restricted replication of the rhinovirus C34 prototype in standard cell lines (2015)

Enteroviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family and are small icosahedral viruses with RNA genomes of positive polarity, containing a single open reading frame. They mostly cause mild or asymptomatic infections, but also a wide array of diseases including: poliomyelitis, encephalitis, gastroenteritis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hepatitis and respiratory diseases, ranging from severe infections to the common cold. The projects described in this thesis have been carried out through reverse genetic studies of Enterovirus B and Rhinovirus C. In Papers I and II, a cassette vector was used to study recombination and translation of the RNA genome. It was found that the non-structural coding region could replicate when combined with the structural protein-coding region of other viruses of the same species. Furthermore, the genome could be translated and replicated without the presence of the structural protein-coding region. Moreover, it was found that when two additional nucleotides were introduced, shifting the reading frame, the virus could revert to the original reading frame, restoring efficient replication. In Paper III, a vector containing the genome of echovirus 5 was altered to produce an authentic 5’end of the in vitro transcribed RNA, which increased efficiency of replication initiation 20 times. This result is important, as it may lead to more efficient oncolytic virotherapy. An authentic 5’end was further used in Paper IV, where replication of Rhinovirus C in cell lines was attempted. Although passaging of the virus was unsuccessful, the genome was replicated and cytopathic effect induced after transfection. The restriction of efficient replication was therefore hypothesized to lie in the attachment and entry stages of the replication cycle. In Paper V, a cytolytic virus was found to have almost 10 times larger impact on gene expression of the host cell than a non-cytolytic variant. Furthermore, the lytic virus was found to build up inside the host cell, while the non-cytolytic virus was efficiently released. As a whole, this thesis has contributed to a deeper understanding of replication of enteroviruses, which may prove important in development of novel vaccines, antiviral agents and oncolytic virotherapies.
Recent British technical progress in aeronautics part Three—Space Activities (1961)

SPACE' in Britain over the past year could well be likened to a half‐finished crossword puzzle. It is clear that the empty spaces must at some time be filled (possibly with black squares!) but the clues are so devious that each answer awaits letters from other words; anagrams and conundrums abound and, what is more, there is no dictionary in which to look up the words. One might even say that half the clues have not been given. Like a crossword, the parts of the whole are tenuously connected and every clue has several possible meanings.