gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of 2-{2-[2-(5-Bromo-2- methoxyphenyl)-ethyl]-3-fluorophenyl}-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (ML00253764), a Small Molecule Melanocortin 4 Receptor Antagonist That Effectively Reduces Tumor-Induced Weight Loss in a Mouse Model (2004)

The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in body weight regulation and energy homeostasis. Administration of peptidic MC4R antagonists (usually by intracerebro ventricular injection) has been shown in the literature to increase body weight and/or food intake in several rodent models. We report here the identification of a novel nonpeptidic MC4R antagonist and its effects on tumor-induced weight loss in mice following peripheral administration.
Hard Magnetic Ferrite: ε-Fe2O3 (2013)

Abstract Iron oxide Fe2O3 has four polymorphs: α-, β-, γ-, and ε-phases. α-Fe2O3 (hematite) and γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) are abundant in nature, whereas β- and ε-Fe2O3 phases are very rare and must be artificially synthesized in the laboratory. Pure ε-Fe2O3 phase was first synthesized in 2004 using a combination of reverse-micelle and sol–gel techniques, and it shows the largest coercive field value (Hc) among metal oxide-based magnets of 20 kOe at room temperature. Successively, several kinds of metal-substituted ε-iron oxides, ε-MxFe2−xO3 (M = In, Ga, and Al), have been synthesized, and their magnetic properties are controlled by the degree of the metal substitution. Such iron oxides with a high Hc are attractive from industrial application viewpoints, e.g., magnetic recordings and electromagnetic wave absorbers. A series of ε-MxFe2−xO3 shows high-frequency electromagnetic wave absorption due to zero-field ferromagnetic resonance at 35–182 GHz in the millimeter range, which is useful for next-generation high-speed wireless communications. In this article, we describe (i) the synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of ε-Fe2O3, (ii) generation mechanism of ε-Fe2O3, the origin of the gigantic coercive field, and theoretical analysis of magnetic ordering, (iii) metal-substituted ε-iron oxides, ε-MxFe2−xO3, and (iv) electromagnetic wave absorption in the millimeter wave range.
A Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide Oxidase in Mung Bean Seedlings (1958)

Journal Article A Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide Oxidase in Mung Bean Seedlings Get access Tetsuro Kôno, Tetsuro Kôno Department of Agricultural Chemistry, the University of Tokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mikio Suekane Mikio Suekane Department of Agricultural Chemistry, the University of Tokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Volume 22, Issue 6, 1 November 1958, Pages 404–410, https://doi.org/10.1080/03758397.1958.10857504 Published: 01 November 1958 Article history Received: 25 June 1958 Published: 01 November 1958
Iterative decoding algorithm of lattices (2004)

The so-called min-sum algorithm for iterative decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is generalized to decode lattices. An upper bound on the decoding complexity per iteration is derived, and for LDPC lattices constructed by Construction D' and using a nested sequence of LDPC codes, exact values for computational complexity are also given. We show that iterative decoding of LDPC lattices has a reasonably low complexity such that lattices with dimensions of a few thousands can be easily decoded.
Effects of oxygen flow ratio and thermal annealing on defect evolution of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films by reactive DC magnetron sputtering (2021)

Al doped ZnO (AZO) is a promising transparent conducting oxide to replace the expensive Sn doped In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(ITO). Understanding the formation and evolution of defects in AZO is essential for its further improvement. Here, we synthesize transparent conducting AZO thin films by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The effects of oxygen flow ratio as well as the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in different conditions on their structural and optoelectrical properties were investigated by a variety of analytical techniques. We find that AZO thin films grown in O-rich conditions exhibit inferior optoelectrical performance as compared with those grown in Zn-rich conditions, possibly due to the formation of excessive native acceptor defects and/or secondary phases (e.g. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). Temperature-dependent Hall measurements indicate that mobilities of these highly degenerate AZO films with<i>N</i>> 10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>are primarily limited by ionized and neutral impurities, while films with relatively low<i>N</i>∼ 10<sup>19</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>exhibit a temperature-activated mobility owing to the grain-barrier scattering. As<i>N</i>increases, the optical band gap of AZO thin film increases as a result of Burstein-Moss shift and band gap narrowing. RTA treatments under appropriate conditions (i.e. at 500 °C for 60 s in Ar) can further improve the electrical properties of AZO thin film, with low resistivity of ∼6.2 × 10<sup>-4</sup>Ω cm achieved, while RTA at high temperature with longer time can lead to the formation of substantial sub-gap defect states and thus lowers the electron mobility. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provides further evidence on the variation of Al (Zn) content at the surface of AZO thin films with different processing conditions.
Quantum M onte C arlo Methods (2007)

Abstract We present a review of quantum Monte Carlo algorithms for the simulation of quantum magnets. A general introduction to Monte Carlo sampling is followed by an overview of local updates, cluster updates, and generalized ensemble techniques such as multicanonical and Wang‐Landau sampling for classical magnets. For quantum systems we present two complementary approaches: world‐line methods in (i) a path‐integral and (ii) a stochastic series expansion (SSE) representation, which are best suited for pure spin Hamiltonians. Determinental quantum Monte Carlo algorithms are the methods of choice for the simulation of fermionic Hamiltonians, such as the Hubbard model. An overview of the methods is followed by a selection of typical applications.
Beta-, Not Alpha-Adrenergic Stimulation Enhances Conduction Velocity in Cultures of Neonatal Cardiomyocytes (2007)

Alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation differently affect propagation of the electric impulse, which is primarily not caused by a differential effect on intercellular coupling. RT-PCR analysis and an enhanced AP upstroke velocity indicate a higher functional expression level of alpha(1c) and SCN5A in beta-adrenergic stimulated cells, which may explain the observed increase in CV.
Size-Dependent Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional MXene Flakes (2018)

Two-dimensional (2D) particles, including transition metal carbides (MXenes), often exhibit large lateral-size polydispersity in delaminated colloidal solutions. This heterogeneity results in challenges when conducting fundamental studies, such as investigating correlations between properties and the 2D flake size. To resolve this challenge, we have developed solution-processable techniques to control and sort 2D titanium carbide (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub>x</sub>) MXene flakes after synthesis based on sonication and density gradient centrifugation, respectively. By tuning the sonication conditions, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub>x</sub> flakes with varied lateral sizes, ranging from 0.1 to ∼5 μm, can be obtained. Furthermore, density gradient centrifugation was used to sort Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub>x</sub> flakes with different lateral sizes into more monodisperse fractions. These processing techniques allow for the characterization of size-dependent optical and electronic properties by measuring the absorption spectra and film conductivity, respectively. Additionally, by testing the material as electrochemical capacitor electrodes, we show the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub>x</sub> flake-size dependence of electrochemical performance. Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub>x</sub> films made of flakes with lateral sizes of ∼1 μm showed the best capacitance of 290 F/g at 2 mV/s and rate performance with 200 F/g at 1000 mV/s. The work provides a general methodology which can be followed to control the size of MXenes and other 2D materials for a variety of applications and fundamental size-dependent studies.
Status Epilepticus Induces a Particular Microglial Activation State Characterized by Enhanced Purinergic Signaling (2008)

Microglia cells are the resident macrophages of the CNS, and their activation plays a critical role in inflammatory reactions associated with many brain disorders, including ischemia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and epilepsy. However, the changes of microglia functional properties in epilepsy have rarely been studied. Here, we used a model of status epilepticus (SE) induced by intraperitoneal kainate injections to characterize the properties of microglial cells in hippocampal slices from CX3CR1(eGFP/+) mice. SE induced within 3 h an increased expression of inflammatory mediators in the hippocampus, followed by a modification of microglia morphology, a microglia proliferation, and a significant neurodegeneration in CA1. Changes in electrophysiological intrinsic membrane properties of hippocampal microglia were detected at 24-48 h after SE with, in particular, the appearance of new voltage-activated potassium currents. Consistent with the observation of an upregulation of purinergic receptor mRNAs in the hippocampus, we also provide pharmacological evidence that microglia membrane currents mediated by the activation of P2 receptors, including P2X(7), P2Y(6), and P2Y(12), were increased 48 h after SE. As a functional consequence of this modification of purinergic signaling, motility of microglia processes toward a source of P2Y(12) receptor agonist was twice as fast in the epileptic hippocampus. This study is the first functional description of microglia activation in an in vivo model of inflammation and provides evidence for the existence of a particular microglial activation state after a status epilepticus.
DeX: Scaling Applications Beyond Machine Boundaries (2020)

Increasing the computing performance within a single-machine form factor is becoming increasingly difficult due to the complexities in scaling processor interconnects and coherence protocols. On the other hand, converting existing applications to run on multiple nodes requires a significant effort to rewrite application logic in distributed programming models and adapt the code to the underlying network characteristics.This paper presents DeX, an operating system-level approach to extend the execution boundary of existing applications over multiple machines. DeX allows the threads in a process to be relocated and distributed dynamically through a simple function call. DeX makes it trivial for developers to convert any application to be distributed over multiple nodes and for applications to transparently utilize disaggregated resources in a rack-scale system with minimal effort. Evaluation results using a running prototype and eight real applications showed promising results - six out of the eight scaled beyond the single-machine performance on DeX.
High-Resolution Technique for Near-Field Power Density Measurement Accounting for Antenna/Body Coupling at Millimeter Waves (2021)

This letter introduces a technique for the power density (PD) pattern measurement in the near field taking into account the antenna/body coupling at millimeter waves (mmW). The proposed method employs a specifically designed structure reproducing the reflection coefficient from human skin. This structure is optimized to convert the absorbed PD into an infrared (IR) pattern, remotely recorded using a high-resolution IR camera for reconstruction of the PD distribution. As a validation example, numerical and experimental distributions are presented for a four-element patch antenna array and a conical horn antenna at 60 GHz. A very good agreement is demonstrated between simulations and measurements (correlation > 98%). The results suggest a strong potential of this technique for fast remote high-resolution PD measurements applied to characterization of wireless devices in vicinity of the human body.
Estimation of Rotor Effective Wind Speed: A Comparison (2013)

Modern wind turbine controllers use wind speed information to improve power production and reduce loads on the turbine components. The turbine top wind speed measurement is unfortunately imprecise and not a good representative of the rotor effective wind speed. Consequently, many different model-based algorithms have been proposed that are able to estimate the wind speed using common turbine measurements. In this paper, we present a concise yet comprehensive analysis and comparison of these techniques, reviewing their advantages and drawbacks. We implement these techniques and compare the results on both aero-servo-elastic turbine simulations and real turbine field experiments in different wind scenarios.
Curvature: A signature for Action Recognition in Video Sequences (2020)

In this paper, a novel signature of human action recognition, namely the curvature of a video sequence, is introduced. In this way, the distribution of sequential data is modeled, which enables few-shot learning. Instead of depending on recognizing features within images, our algorithm views actions as sequences on the universal time scale across a whole sequence of images. The video sequence, viewed as a curve in pixel space, is aligned by reparameterization using the arclength of the curve in pixel space. Once such curvatures are obtained, statistical indexes are extracted and fed into a learning-based classifier. Overall, our method is simple but powerful. Preliminary experimental results show that our method is effective and achieves state-of-the-art performance in video-based human action recognition.
Synthesis of Hydrophobic Molecular Sieves by Hydrothermal Treatment with Acetic Acid (2001)

A series of calcined borosilicate molecular sieves are treated hydrothermally with aqueous acetic acid and subsequently characterized in detail. The acid treatments are shown to expel boron from the molecular sieves, and the defects created by the boron removal are subsequently healed with silicon dissolved from other parts of the crystal. By use of this procedure, highly crystalline, hydrophobic all-silica CIT-1 and SSZ-33 (CON topology) molecular sieves are synthesized for the first time. 29Si Bloch decay (BD) and cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectra indicate that the materials have few internal defects and allow for structural characterization of CON materials by 29Si MAS NMR. Seven unique tetrahedral silicon species are identified in the spectra in agreement with the published crystal structure. The effects of treatment conditions such as acid type, solution pH, and temperature are studied in detail. Conditions near the isoelectric point of silica (pH = 0−2) are found to be efficient for the production of a variety of hydrophobic materials with few structural defects including molecular sieves of the *BEA, CON, and MWW topologies. Detailed control studies using SSZ-33 show that the nearly defect-free materials contain triangular mesopores that are clearly distinguishable in field-emission electron microscopy images. The silica that previously inhabited the mesopores is a likely source for the species required to heal the defects created by boron expulsion. In addition to healing the vacancies previously inhabited by boron with dissolved silicon, an additional aluminum or gallium source can be added to the acetic acid solution and the ions are incorporated into the framework. Many of the defects that are not filled with the Al3+ or Ga3+ species are filled with silicon during the treatment to produce a more hydrophobic metallosilicate than the one containing internal silanol defects.
Not Run-of-the-Mill (2013)

How things we use in our day-to-day lives keep changing is fascinating. Two homely examples are the toothbrush and the shaver, be it in the shape of the handle or head, or in flexibility. One blade in shavers became two, then three, until the ante was upped by manufacturers to six blades. Have those changes been driven by a real need (other than that of the manufacturers’ sales, to “get the edge,” so to speak) or just a need to change? In our professional lives, too, we have seen changes in the designs of plates and screws, some minor ones and others metamorphoses. Plates have incorporated compression, limited contact, locking, contouring, and anatomic design modifications. Screws have been cannulated, locking, and variable in diameter or pitch, to name a few qualities. Although these innovative design features may not be necessary all the time, they can serve a need in special situations. For run-of-the-mill problems, run-of-the-mill solutions usually suffice, but now and then we all face situations that need out-of-the-box solutions. For this issue of the journal, Steven Raikin graciously agreed to serve as Guest Editor. He put together a panel of renowned experts, who detail their techniques for the management of unusual scenarios of problems related to the first ray. Those articles are followed by innovative techniques for the exposure of talar osteochondritis dissecans and peroneal endoscopy. Vinod K. Panchbhavi, MD, FACS The author declares no conflict of interest.
LNA units present in the (2′-OMe)-RNA strand stabilize parallel duplexes (2′-OMe)-RNA/[All-RP-PS]-DNA and parallel triplexes (2′-OMe)-RNA/[All-RP-PS]-DNA/RNA. An improved tool for the inhibition of reverse transcription (2014)

Homopurine phosphorothioate analogs of DNA, possessing all phosphorus atoms of RP configuration ([All-RP-PS]-DNA), when interact with appropriate complementary RNA or (2'-OMe)-RNA templates, form parallel triplexes or parallel duplexes of very high thermodynamic stability. The present results show that T-LNA or 5-Me-C-LNA units introduced into the parallel Hoogsteen-paired (2'-OMe)-RNA strands (up to four units in the oligomers of 9 or 12 nt in length) stabilize these parallel complexes. At neutral pH, dodecameric parallel duplexes have Tm values of 62-68 °C, which are by 4-10 °C higher than Tm for the reference duplex (with no LNA units present), while for the corresponding triplexes, Tm values exceeded 85 °C. For nonameric parallel duplexes, melting temperatures of 38-62 °C were found and (2'-OMe)-RNA oligomers containing 5-Me-C-LNA units stabilized the complexes more efficiently than the T-LNA containing congeners. In both series the stability of the parallel complexes increased with an increasing number of LNA units present. The same trend was observed in experiments of reverse transcription RNA→DNA (using AMV RT reverse transcriptase) where the formation of parallel triplexes (consisting of an RNA template, [All-RP-PS]-DNA nonamer and Hoogsteen-paired (2'-OMe)-RNA strands containing the LNA units) led to the efficient inhibition of the process. Under the best conditions checked (four 5-Me-C-LNA units, three-fold excess over the RNA template) the inhibition was 94% effective, compared to 71% inhibition observed in the reference system with the Hoogsteen-paired (2'-OMe)-RNA strand carrying no LNA units. This kind of complexation may "arrest" harmful RNA oligomers (e.g., viral RNA or mRNA of unwanted proteins) and, beneficially, exclude them from enzymatic processes, otherwise leading to viral or genetic diseases.
Integrating error detection into arithmetic coding (1997)

Arithmetic coding for data compression has gained widespread acceptance as the right method for optimum compression when used with a suitable source model. A technique to implement error detection as part of the arithmetic coding process is described. Heuristic arguments are given to show that a small amount of extra redundancy can be very effective in detecting errors very quickly, and practical tests confirm this prediction.
PCASYS - a pattern-level classification automation system for fingerprints (1995)

This report describes a system we have developed that automatically classifies images of fingerprints into six pattern- level classes. Automatic classification is useful in an Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) because it can be used to partition the database of fingerprint cards and thereby reduce the amount of work that must be performed by the fingerprint matcher. Our program takes gray-level images of fingerprints as input, and for each fingerprint it produces a hypothesized classification as arch, left loop, right loop, scar, tented arch, or whorl, as well as a. number indicating how much confidence should be assigned to its classification decision. The system performs these processing steps: image segmentation; image enhancement; feature extraction; registration; application of a linear transform that both applies a pattern of regional weights and reduces dimensionality; running of a main classifier, which is a Probabilistic Neural Net, and of an auxiliary whorl-detecting classifier that traces and analyzes pseudoridges (approximate trajectories through the ridge flow); and finally, the combining of the outputs of the main and auxiliary classifiers so as to decide on a hypothesized class and a confidence level. The program's memory and disk space requirements can be met by a typical desktop workstation. The distribution consists of source code, data files, a demonstration set of 2700 fingerprint images, and documentation.
Relating timbre discrimination to perceptual distances between interpolated percussive timbres (2012)

A set of percussive timbres was generated using a hybrid resynthesis that was based upon the analysis of recorded conga and bongo drums. Comprising the set were drum timbres resulting from parametric variation in both damping of the low-frequency resonance associated with pitch of the drum, and variation in a higher-frequency resonance associated with percussive attack transients. Listeners were presented with all pairwise comparisons of the synthetic drum sounds, and were asked first to perform timbral discriminations for each pair, and subsequently to produce pairwise dissimilarity judgments. Underlying perceptual scales values were derived for each timbre from discrimination performance along the two manipulated stimulus dimensions, and these values predicted well the perceptual distances that were fit to the stimulus space coordinates derived from the dissimilarity judgments. Taken together, the results provide a basis for developing a reliable control structure for the synthesis of such percussive timbres.
Rapid spread of mannan to the immune system, skin and joints within 6 hours after local exposure (2019)

Psoriasis (Ps), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are common diseases dependent on environmental factors that activate the immune system in unknown ways. Mannan is a group of polysaccharides common in the environment; they are potentially pathogenic, because at least some of them induce Ps-, PsA- and RA-like inflammation in mice. Here, we used positron emission tomography/computed tomography to examine in-vivo transport and spread of mannan labelled with fluorine-18 [<sup>18</sup> F]. The results showed that mannan was transported to joints (knee) and bone marrow (tibia) of mice within 6 h after intraperitoneal injection. The time it took to transport mannan, and its presence in blood, indicated cellular transport of mannan within the circulatory system. In addition, mannan was filtered mainly through the spleen and liver. [<sup>18</sup> F]fluoromannan was excreted via kidneys, small intestine and, to some extent, the mouth. In conclusion, mannan reaches joints rapidly after injection, which may explain why mannan-induced inflammatory disease is targeted to these tissues.