gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Formation Damage by Using Completion with Built-in-Casing Perforations Instead of Perforation with Explosive Charges (2015)

Abstract The downside of the conventional perforating method with explosive charges and guns is that it is risky. In addition to this, the method has a negative effect on the near wellbore permeability, and it creates mechanical damage. The impact stress associated with shaped charge and the outward travelling shock wave weakens the rock matrix, which increases the risk of sand production. Another negative impact of the shape charge is the creation of a low permeability zone, in which sand grains are forced toward the vicinity of the perforation chamber. For example, a perforation process with a 55% permeability reduction around the perforation tunnel led to 60% reduction in well productivity. An intended large underbalance differential pressure offers, to some extent, a solution to clean up the crushed zone. However, the de-bonded and weakened structure of the damaged zone is irreversible. The required surge pressure to clean up the perforations varies from 200 to 5,000 psi, because not all the perforations react the same way. On the other hand, built-in nozzles cause no damage to the formation, because no charge or shock is imposed to the formation. Furthermore, there is no longer an impact from underbalance or overbalance pressure differential between wellbore and formation. In this paper, we will introduce the engineering and mechanism of built-in casing (BIC) nozzles. With BIC, nozzles are activated from surface with deployment of specific activation tools. Once the tool engages with the targeted profile, the nozzles are opened and projected to the wellbore fluid. With circulation of cement-dissolving fluid, cement breaks and formation connection is initiated. Quantity and size of nozzles are engineered as per downhole production design criteria. In unconsolidated or poorly consolidated reservoirs, the strength of the rock structure should be evaluated to reduce the risk of sand production. Ultimately, the differential pressure shall be high enough to effectively clean the perforations, but not so high as to cause sand production. As mentioned above, there are a great deal of scenarios and variable parameters involved in perforation with shape charges that have to be taken into consideration to ensure an effectively performing set of perforations. Because such a study and remedial approaches are costly and not always guarantee results, an alternative method is to use BIC perforations.
Steam savings of 33% provided by vacuum system (1979)

Iron is an essential trace metal element for maintaining vital functions, and it is involved in hemoglobin synthesis, redox reaction, enzyme activity, cell proliferation and apoptosis in various cells. Iron deficient-related diseases represented anemia are well-known, on the other hand, iron overload disease has attracted little attention. Excessive iron produces hydroxyl radicals via Fenton/Haber-Weiss reaction, causing organ damage in hereditary iron overload diseases. Additionally, it has been clarified that iron accumulation is involved in the pathological conditions even in metabolic diseases thought to be unrelated to iron so far. Therefore, the role of iron in the living body has been raised attention again. Recent studies have reported that body iron content is associated with both obesity and diabetes, and iron might be an aggravating factor of obesity and diabetes. We have revealed that iron chelating agent reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, suppressing the development of adipose hypertrophy in KKAy mice. Dietary iron restriction also diminishes oxidative stress, leading to the inhibition of increased albuminuria excretion and glomerular lesions in db/db mice. In this review, we give an outline of the role of iron on obese and diabetes, and diabetic kidney disease, and present the possibility of application to treatment with iron regulation in those disorders.
Systemic Nicotine Administration Suppresses Food Intake Via Reduced Meal Sizes in Both Male and Female Rats (1998)

The appetite suppressing effect of tobacco products, via the main pharmacological agent nicotine, is a major reason for its usage both by woman and man. Food intake (FI) could be changed by altering either meal size (MZ) or meal number (MN), which are regulated dependently in a reciprocal manner. The present study investigated the effect of systemic nicotine administration on the rat feeding pattern. Because of gender differences in the effects of nicotine, both male and female rats were studied. Alzet mini-osmotic pumps (Model 2001) and the automated rat eatometer were used to evaluate the feeding pattern of male and female Fischer 344 rats during seven days of systemic nicotine infusion (6 mg/kg b.w. s.c.). The main findings are: 1) systemic nicotine infusion decreased food intake in both sexes; 2) the decreased food intake was due to significantly reduced meal sizes while meal numbers were not altered significantly in either males or females; 3) the cyclical pattern of vaginal smears, food intake, meal number and meal size of female rats was not affected by nicotine administration. We conclude that the feeding suppressive effect of nicotine, which is due to reduced meal sizes and thus satiation, is not sex-hormones related.
Comparative Analysis of Proteomes and Functionomes Provides Insights into Origins of Cellular Diversification (2013)

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of modern species is a difficult problem complicated by the conceptual and technical limitations of phylogenetic tree building methods. Here, we propose a comparative proteomic and functionomic inferential framework for genome evolution that allows resolving the tripartite division of cells and sketching their history. Evolutionary inferences were derived from the spread of conserved molecular features, such as molecular structures and functions, in the proteomes and functionomes of contemporary organisms. Patterns of use and reuse of these traits yielded significant insights into the origins of cellular diversification. Results uncovered an unprecedented strong evolutionary association between Bacteria and Eukarya while revealing marked evolutionary reductive tendencies in the archaeal genomic repertoires. The effects of nonvertical evolutionary processes (e.g., HGT, convergent evolution) were found to be limited while reductive evolution and molecular innovation appeared to be prevalent during the evolution of cells. Our study revealed a strong vertical trace in the history of proteins and associated molecular functions, which was reliably recovered using the comparative genomics approach. The trace supported the existence of a stem line of descent and the very early appearance of Archaea as a diversified superkingdom, but failed to uncover a hidden canonical pattern in which Bacteria was the first superkingdom to deploy superkingdom-specific structures and functions.
Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in mexicans: Bioequivalence of two oral formulations (URO‐TS D® and bactrim F®) (1990)

Two oral pharmaceutical formulations (URO-TS D and Bactrim F) containing 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and 160 mg of trimethoprim (TMP) were given to 10 Mexican healthy volunteers, following a randomized cross-over design. Blood and urine samples were obtained, concentrations of TMP, SMZ, and its metabolite N4-acetyl SMZ were measured by HPLC and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. The observed Cmax, tmax, half-life, AUC, and cumulative urinary excretion values for the three compounds studied were within the ranges that have been previously reported for European and North American subjects. Therefore, it appears that pharmacokinetics of SMZ and TMP in Mexicans are similar to those observed in Caucasian populations. When the two studied formulations were compared, no statistically significant differences were detected in any pharmacokinetic parameter. Therefore, it is concluded that both brands tested are bioequivalent. Moreover, these two formulations manufactured in Mexico yield SMZ and TMP plasma and urine levels similar to those obtained with equivalent formulations of European or North American origin.
Substituent-dependent structures and catalysis of benzimidazole-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of Ag(i), Ni(ii) and Pd(ii) (2010)

Homoleptic cationic benzimidazole-imidazolin-2-ylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC = L) complexes of Ni(II) and Pd(II) have been prepared directly from the ligand precursor in salt form [H.L]Cl and from the transmetallation route via Ag(I). The N-tether of the imidazolinylidene ring imposes a significant influence on the nuclearity of the intermediate Ag(I)-NHC complexes and the geometric isomer outcome of the d(8) products. Use of a benzyl-substituted NHC gives [Ag(4)(L(Bn))(2)Cl(4)], 2a (from [HL(Bn)]Cl, 1a, and Ag(2)O) (Bn = benzyl), which shows an alignment of four silver atoms bridged by the difunctional C-N ligands and chlorides. Its transmetallation with NiCl(2)(PPh(3))(4) and PdCl(2)(MeCN)(2) results in double-metal salts 2[M(L(Bn))(2)](2+)[Ag(4)Cl(8)](4-) (M = Ni (3a) and Pd (4a)). The nuclearity of the Ag(4) aggregate is maintained in the transmetallation process. Their Ag-free forms [M(L(Bn))(2)]Cl(2) (M = Ni (5) and Pd (6)) were prepared by direct deprotonation of 1a with M(OAc)(2). The two carbenic carbon donor are cis- to each other in both 3a and 4a, thus imposing the weaker sigma-benzimidazole nitrogen donor to be trans to them. A sterically demanding mesityl pendant however gives the dinuclear dissymmetic [Ag(2)(L(Mes))(2)Cl(2)], 2b (Mes = mesityl) that shows a 12-membered metallomacrocyclic ring with a 2-coordinated [Ag(I)(NHC)(2)] and 4-coordinated [Ag(I)(Imd)(2)Cl(2)] (Imd = imidazole). Transmetallation of the latter, or direct metallation from [HL(Mes)]Cl, 1b, gives [M(L(Mes))(2)]Cl(2) (M = Ni (3b) and Pd (4b)) with the two carbonic carbon trans to each other. The catalytic potential of 3b and 4b, which are more effective than 5 and 6, has been demonstrated by their high activities in Ni-catalyzed Kumada at room temperature and Pd-catalyzed Heck couplings of aryl and/or heteroaryl halides, respectively.
Discrete monotron oscillator having one-half wavelength coaxial resonator with one-quarter wavelength gap spacing (2023)

A discrete monotron oscillator for use in a high power microwave device is formed with a microwave oscillator having a half-wavelength resonant coaxial microwave cavity operating in fundamental TEM mode for microwave oscillation with an inner conductor defining a drift tube for propagating an electron beam and an outer conductor coaxial with the inner conductor. The inner conductor defines a modulating gap and an extraction gap downstream of the modulating gap. The modulating gap and the extraction gap connect the coaxial microwave cavity with the drift tube so that energy for the microwave oscillation is extracted from the electron beam at the extraction gap and modulates the electron beam at the modulating gap. For high power operation, an annular electron beam is used.
Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-MSMA in Organic Arsenical-Resistant and -Susceptible Mississippi Biotypes of Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumariumL.) (1995)

The uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14 C-MSMA in organic arsenical-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur were investigated. The two biotypes did not differ significantly with respect to either uptake, total translocation, or translocation pattern of 14 C-MSMA plus its radiolabeled metabolites regardless of whether plants were pre-treated with 1.12 kg ai ha −1 of unlabeled MSMA or treated only with radiolabeled material. Absorption of 14 C-MSMA was greater in unlabeled MSMA-pretreated plants than untreated plants, whereas the percent of total absorbed 14 C-MSMA that was translocated out of the 14 C-MSMA-treated leaf was almost the same in MSMA-pretreated and untreated plants. Qualitative detection of 14 C-MSMA distribution by autoradiographs confirmed quantitative results obtained with radioassays. Herbicide metabolism in the 14 C-treated leaf showed that MSMA was not readily broken down in both biotypes and the extractable 14 C was the same. Uptake, translocation, and metabolic degradation were not involved in the mechanism of resistance of the resistant-Mississippi biotype common cocklebur to MSMA.
Wastewater Treatment with Biomass Attached to Porous Geotextile Baffles (2006)

A bench-scale study used nonwoven geotextiles as a compact biomass host media to treat wastewater from a combined sewer system. The geotextile coupons were used as baffles and suspended in an aerated reactor. Each baffle was offset in succession to form a sinuous channel with permeable boundaries. Filtering the total suspended solids (TSS) and micro-organisms formed a biomass floc in the interior of the baffles, which grew to emerge on the surface. Suspended and nonsettleable colloidal solids in the influent wastewater were captured by both filtration and adsorption from the channel flow. This bench-scale setup, named the geotextile baffle contact system, consistently provided secondary treatment to influent concentrations up to 318 mg/l of TSS and 114 mg/l of biological oxygen demand. Ammonia (NH3–N) concentrations were reduced over 90%, and mineralization of the nitrate (NO3–N) was also observed when the biofilm aged and thickened. Some of the influent TSS and sloughed biomass from the baffles settled to the bottom of the tank.
Monte Carlo simulations of shielded MR head (1993)

A 2-D micromagnetic model is developed to predict performance of soft adjacent layer biased shielded magnetoresistive (MR) head. A Monte Carlo method is used to predict MR head performances such as isolated pulse amplitude, PW50 and pulse amplitude asymmetry versus critical process parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Substitution of <i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived Recombinant Proteins with Mannose Containing O- and N-Linked Glycans Decreases Specificity of Diagnostic Tests (2004)

Production of recombinant molecules in yeast (or moulds) can introduce IgG-binding glycans that negatively affect the specificity of diagnostic tests.
Polarization dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: impact of optical feedback and optical injection (2010)

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) present significant advantages over their edge-emitting counterparts, such as single longitudinal mode emission, low cost, circular output beam, and easy fabrication in two-dimensional arrays. However, due to the surface emission and cylindrical symmetry VCSELs lack strong polarization anisotropy and may undergo polarization switching. This provides new features to the rich nonlinear dynamics observed in semiconductor lasers under external perturbation. In this paper we present our recent results on nonlinear polarization dynamics of VCSELs for the case of optical injection and optical feedback.
Effect of the Polyimide Structure and ZnO Concentration on the Morphology and Characteristics of Polyimide/ZnO Nanohybrid Films (2005)

Abstract Summary: A series of polyimide/ZnO nanohybrid films with different ZnO content were prepared from a rigid pyromellitic dianhydride‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (PMDA‐ODA) polyimide (PI) and a flexible 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (BTDA‐ODA) PI with ZnO nanoparticles (3–4 nm). Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depict that the ZnO nanoparticles function as a physical cross‐linking agent with PI through hydrogen bonding between the OH on the ZnO nanoparticles and the CO of the imide groups. ZnO nanoparticles in the rigid PMDA‐ODA matrix cause a larger percentage decrease in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) than in the flexible BTDA‐ODA matrix. The BTDA‐ODA/ZnO hybrid films have two transition peaks in dynamic mechanical tan δ curves, but PMDA‐ODA/ZnO hybrid films only have one transition peak. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that ZnO decreases the thermal degradation temperature ( T d ) in both hybrid films, but less so in PMDA‐ODA/ZnO films. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal that the rigid matrix induces larger particle size (30–40 nm) compared to the flexible matrix (10–15 nm). Illustration of the interaction between ZnO nanoparticles and PI. magnified image Illustration of the interaction between ZnO nanoparticles and PI.
Desiccation Tolerance Studied in the Resurrection Plant Craterostigma plantagineum (2005)

This review will focus on the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. Molecular aspects of desiccation tolerance in this plant will be compared with the response of non-tolerant plants to dehydration. Unique features of C. plantagineum are described like the CDT-1 (Craterostigma desiccation tolerance gene-1) gene and the carbohydrate metabolism. Abundant proteins which are associated with the desiccation tolerance phenomenon are the late embryogenesis abundant (=LEA) proteins. These proteins are very hydrophilic and occur in several other species which have acquired desiccation tolerance.
SIGNAL SYSTEM DATA MINING (2000)

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) include large numbers of traffic sensors that collect enormous quantities of data. The data provided by ITS is necessary for advanced forms of control, however basic forms of control, primarily time-of-day (TOD) which are prevalent in the United States do not directly rely on the data. Thus sensor data is typically unused and discarded in this country. The sensor data is in fact capable of providing abundant amounts of information that can aid in the development of improved TOD\nsignal timing plans. Data mining tools are necessary to extract the information necessary from the data to improve on timing plan development and in turn would allow the timing plan development and monitoring process to be automated. This paper describes a research program that is investigating the application data mining tools, including statistical clustering and classification techniques to aid in the development of traffic signal timing plans. Specifically, a case study was conducted that illustrated that the use of Hierarchical Cluster analysis can be used to identify temporal interval break points that support the design of a time-of-day (TOD) signal control system. The cluster analysis approach was able to utilize a highresolution system state definition that takes full advantage of the extensive set of sensors deployed in a traffic signal system. Finally, the case study also demonstrated that a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) could be developed that can be used to automatically monitor the quality of TOD intervals as\ntraffic conditions change through time. The results of this research indicate that advanced data mining techniques hold high potential to provide automated techniques that assist traffic engineers in signal control system design and operations.\n
Supplementary Figure S4 from Preclinical Investigation of <sup>212</sup>Pb-DOTAMTATE for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in a Neuroendocrine Tumor Model (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Alpha imaging of tumors treated with 212Pb-DOTAMTATE showed homogenous distribution of the drug at all tumor sizes up to 1500mm3 (Panel B). Kidney protection agent consisting of 35mg lysine are effective at reducing kidney uptake of 212Pb-DOTAMTATE but do not have an impact on 212Pb-DOTAMTATE uptake by AR42J tumors (Panel B).&lt;/p&gt;
CD36 and GPR120 differently mediate Ca2+ signaling in humantaste bud cells (2014)

High concentrations of linoleic acid induced Ca(2+) signaling
via CD36 and GPR120 in human and mice TBC, as well as in STC-1
cells, and low concentrations induced Ca(2+) signaling via only
CD36. Incubation of human and mice fungiform TBC with lineoleic
acid down-regulated CD36 and up-regulated GPR120 in membrane
lipid rafts. Obese mice had decreased spontaneous preference
for fat. Fungiform TBC from obese mice had reduced Ca(2+) and
serotonin responses, but increased release of glucagon-like
peptide-1, along with reduced levels of CD36 and increased
levels of GPR120 in lipid rafts. CONCLUSIONS: CD36 and GPR120
have nonoverlapping roles in TBC signaling during orogustatory
perception of dietary lipids; these are differentially
regulated by obesity.
Closed-Loop Statistical Verification of Stochastic Nonlinear Systems\n Subject to Parametric Uncertainties (2017)

This paper proposes a statistical verification framework using Gaussian\nprocesses (GPs) for simulation-based verification of stochastic nonlinear\nsystems with parametric uncertainties. Given a small number of stochastic\nsimulations, the proposed framework constructs a GP regression model and\npredicts the system's performance over the entire set of possible\nuncertainties. Included in the framework is a new metric to estimate the\nconfidence in those predictions based on the variance of the GP's cumulative\ndistribution function. This variance-based metric forms the basis of active\nsampling algorithms that aim to minimize prediction error through careful\nselection of simulations. In three case studies, the new active sampling\nalgorithms demonstrate up to a 35% improvement in prediction error over other\napproaches and are able to correctly identify regions with low prediction\nconfidence through the variance metric.\n
<title>Radiation dosimetry in radiotherapy: a model for an extrinsic optical fiber sensor</title> (1998)

The success of radiotherapy relies on the on-line monitoring of the dose of radiation to which the tumour and its adjacent tissues are exposed. Conventional thermoluminescence dosimeters provide only off-line monitoring, since they determine the radiation dosage after completion of the exposure.
Pharmacologic and Surgical Management of Detrusor Instability (2004)

For a person to be continent, the pressure in the urethra must exceed the pressure in the detrusorat all times. If bladder pressure should overcome urethral pressure, urine loss may result.Researchers have devised different tests to assess the relationship between urethral and bladderpressure. Their goal is to differentiate between patients with urinary incontinence based solelyon an anatomic loss of urethral support, from patients with a loss of ability to maintain urethralpressure due to an incompetent urethral sphincter. Both urethral pressure profilometry and leakpoint pressure look at urethral resistance to voiding. However, urethral pressure profiles arestatic measurements along the length of the urethra thought to represent the intrinsic sphinctermechanism, while leak point pressures are dynamic tests of the amount of pressure it takes toovercome urethral resistance (1).