gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High retreatability and dimensional stability of polymer grafted waterlogged archaeological wood achieved by ARGET ATRP (2019)

To explore new methods to maintain the dimensional stability of waterlogged archaeological wood after drying and keep the natural cell lumens unaltered for future retreatments, activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is employed to consolidate archaeological wood. To prepare the ATRP process, the waterlogged archaeological wood samples (Pinus massoniana with maximum moisture content of around 529%) were first modified by 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> to acquire C-Br bonds as initiators. Then, butyl methacrylate or styrene was polymerized to the remaining cell walls with catalyst (CuBr<sub>2</sub>), reductant (ascorbic acid) and ligand (PMDETA) in ethanol. After the treatment, the samples were washed and naturally dried. The results characterized by microscopy showed that the polymerization only took place within the remaining cell walls, showing no sign of collapse or distortion after air drying, and all natural cell lumens could be retained for future retreatments. Also, anti-shrinkage efficiencies as high as 87.8% for the wood sample grafted with polystyrene and 98.5% for the wood sample grafted with polybutylmethacrylate were obtained from the treatment described in this paper, indicating modification of grafting polymer through ARGET ATRP can help maintain the dimensional stability of water archaeological wood effectively.
Vitrectomy for intra ocular foreign body removal. (1993)

Ten consecutive cases of perforating ocular injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies over a period of 2 years were reviewed retrospectively in this study. All cases were operated upon by a 3 port pars plana vitrectomy and if necessary endolaser done. All ten cases (100%) were successful in terms of intraocular foreign body removal through the pars plana sclerotomy but ultimately we lost three [3] [30%] cases of which two had retinal detachments with P.V.R. D-3 preoperatively and the other had endophthalmitis. Of the seven (70%) successful cases four eyes (40%) had a post-operative vision of 6/12 or better while 2 [20%] had 6/24 and the last had 6/60 [10%]. Nine cases [90%] had a magnetic Intraocular foreign body. Various complications of Intraocular foreign bodies like vitreous haemorrhage, retinal incarceration, cataract and retinal detachment were noted preoperatively. Silicone oil was used in three (30%) cases. Sulfur Hexafluoride was used in 5 cases (50%). Endolaser photocoagulation was done in 7 cases (70%).
Studies on the synthesis and thermal properties of copoly(L‐lactic acid/glycolic acid) by direct melt polycondensation (2004)

Abstract A two‐step direct copolymerization process of L ‐lactic acid ( L ‐LA)/glycolic acid (GA) was developed. The first step was to produce an oligomer of L ‐LA/GA and then the oligomer was polymerized with binary catalyst tin chloride dihydrate/ p ‐toluenesulfonic acid. In this way, the copoly( L ‐LA/GA) (PLGA), without any organic solvent, was synthesized directly. The thermal properties and solubility in chloroform of PLGA were studied by DSC and NMR. The results showed that the melting point of PLGA decreases with increasing mole fraction of GA units in copolymer. In addition, the melting point of polymer also decreased with increasing degree of racemization of polymer. The solubility of PLGA in chloroform decreased with the increase of the average lengths of the glycolic acid units. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2163–2168, 2004
Environment linked to autism rise once again (2014)

Roughly 1% of children in the US population is affected by autism spectrum disorder. Rates in many countries, including the US, have risen sharply in recent years but no one is sure why. It is still not clear whether this is prompted by something in the environment, a result of people having children later, or increased awareness of the condition and changes in diagnoses.
Volatile Chemicals Formed in the Headspace of a Heated D-Glucose/L-Cysteine Maillard Model System (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVolatile Chemicals Formed in the Headspace of a Heated D-Glucose/L-Cysteine Maillard Model SystemKatsumi Umano, Yukio Hagi, Kazuaki Nakahara, Akihiro Shyoji, and Takayuki ShibamotoCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43, 8, 2212–2218Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00056a046RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views524Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
PGE2 receptors rescue motor neurons in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2004)

Recent studies suggest that the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX-2, promotes motor neuron loss in rodent models of ALS. We investigated the effects of PGE2, a principal downstream prostaglandin product of COX-2 activity, on motor neuron survival in an organotypic culture model of ALS. We find that PGE2 paradoxically protects motor neurons at physiological concentrations in this model. PGE2 exerts its downstream effects by signaling through a class of four distinct G-protein-coupled E-prostanoid receptors (EP1-EP4) that have divergent effects on cAMP. EP2 and EP3 are dominantly expressed in ventral spinal cord in neurons and astrocytes, and activation of these receptor subtypes individually or in combination also rescued motor neurons. The EP2 receptor is positively coupled to cAMP, and its neuroprotection was mimicked by application of forskolin and blocked by inhibition of PKA, suggesting that its protective effect is mediated by downstream effects of cAMP. Conversely, the EP3 receptor is negatively coupled to cAMP, and its neuroprotective effect was blocked by pertussis toxin, suggesting that its protective effect is dependent on Gi-coupled heterotrimeric signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrate an unexpected neuroprotective effect mediated by PGE2, in which activation of its EP2 and EP3 receptors protected motor neurons from chronic glutamate toxicity.
An improved systematic method for constructing systolic arrays from algorithms (1987)

An improved systematic method is introduced which reduces the number of ad hoc steps and provides all possible systolic solutions for a given algorithm. Algorithms are modeled using index space (geometric) representations where the index transformation matrices are determined systematically. Systolic arrays are produced by geometric projections.
Molecular Mechanism of DAPD/DXG against Zidovudine- and Lamivudine- Drug Resistant Mutants: A Molecular Modelling Approach (2002)

In order to understand molecular mechanism of antiviral drug resistance of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) as well as potent antiviral activity of 2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (DAPD) [prodrug of (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine (DXG)] against drug-resistant RTs, molecular modelling studies of three structurally distinct nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI)-triphosphates (TP) [zidovudine (AZT)-TP, lamivudine (3TC)-TP and DXG-TP] complexed with the wild-type (WT) and mutated RT were conducted. The computational analyses indicated that the antiviral activity and the calculated relative binding energy of the RT inhibitor triphosphates can be correlated, and the minimized structures gave information on the molecular mechanism of drug resistance conferred by mutations. The interactions between the NRTI-TP and adjacent amino acid residues (Lys65, Lys70, Arg72, Tyr115 and/or Gln151) played important roles in stabilizing the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Particularly, Arg72 was found to stabilize the dioxolane and oxathiolane sugar moiety through hydrogen bonding, which was responsible for favourable binding affinity of DXG-TP to AZT- as well as 3TC-resistant mutants. The conformational changes in these amino acid residues caused by mutation always affected the changes in the tertiary structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes through either closing or opening the gap between the fingers and palm domains. The enzyme-inhibitor complexes with good binding affinity showed tight binding modes by closing the gap between the two domains, whereas weak inhibitors gave open and loose complexes.
Effect of electron beam self fields in free electron laser. (1987)

The influences of electron beam self fields on the electron orbit and the FEL growth rate are investi-gated. By the numerical analysis of the electron orbit, the suitable region for FEL operation in u-v3 space is shown, where u is the axial invariant of electron motion in the ideal helical wiggler and guide field, and v3 is the axial velocity of the electron. It is also found that the growth rate of FEL does not increase with the increase of the beam current because of the self field effects, when the beam current is greater than the critical value.
A new method to estimate myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue (2008)

Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue are supposed to be mainly determined by two physiological factors: 1) the decrease of the conduction velocity (CV) of motor unit action potentials (MUAP) (peripheral fatigue), and 2) the increase of MU synchronization by the central nervous system (central fatigue). To describe separately the peripheral and central components of the myoelectric manifestations of fatigue, we investigated the following indexes: 1) mean spectral frequency – MNF, 2) median spectral frequency – MDF, 3) root mean square – RMS, 4) average rectified value – ARV, 5) estimation of muscle fiber conduction velocity – ECV, 6) percentage of determinism – %DET , 7) spectral indexes defined as the ratio between signal spectral moments – FIk, 8) MNF estimated by autoregressive analysis – MNFAR, 9) MNF estimated by Choi-Williams time-frequency representation – MNFCWD, 10) MNF estimated by continuous wavelet transform – MNFCWT, 11) signal entropy – S, 12) fractal dimension – FD. The indexes were tested with a set of synthetic EMG signals, with different CV distribution and level of MU synchronization. The indexes were calculated on epochs of 0.5 s. It was observed that ECV is uncorrelated with the level of simulated synchronization (promising index of peripheral fatigue). On the other hand FD was the index least affected by CV changes and most related to the level of synchronism (promising index of central fatigue). A representative application to some experimental signals from vastus medialis muscle during an isometric endurance test supported the results of the simulations. The vector (ECV, FD) is suggested to provide selective indications of peripheral and central fatigue. The description of EMG fatigue by a bi-dimensional vector opens new perspectives in the assessment of muscle properties, with potential application in both clinical and sport sciences.
The glenoid-labral socket. A constrained articular surface. (1989)

An anatomic study was designed to test the hypothesis that the articular surface of the glenoid fossa and labrum produces a composite socket of significant depth. Measurements were obtained from 25 anatomic specimen shoulders. The glenoid articular surface and labrum combine to create a socket that is approximately 9 mm deep in the superoinferior (SI) direction and 5 mm deep in the anteroposterior (AP) direction. The circular, pliable, fibrous labrum contributes approximately 50% of the total depth of the socket. Detachment of the labrum anteriorly, as in a Bankart lesion, may reduce the depth of the socket in the AP direction from approximately 5.0 to 2.4 mm. These anatomic observations provide some evidence that the socket may be an important factor in shoulder stability. Further in vivo kinematic studies of shoulders will be needed to better define the stabilizing role of the glenoid-labral socket.
What can we deduce from measured resonance frequencies of trumpets concerning playing frequencies (2013)

International audience
Generation of FM signals with quasi-chirp behavior using three-dimensional chaotic flows (2011)

In previous work, we constructed wideband FM signals for high range resolution applications using the non-linear Lorenz system, which has a set of three state variables and three control parameters. The FM signals were generated using any one of the three state variables as the instantaneous frequency which was then controlled by adjusting the values of the parameters in the chaotic regime. We now determine the spectral characteristics of the Lorenz FM signal and compare the spectral characteristics to those of a similar FM signal based on the Lang-Kobayashi system. We show that for either chaotic system, the local linearity of the attractor yields an FM signal with a distinct chirp behavior. Irrespective of the statistical independence of the chaotic flow samples, we show that the chaotic FM signal follows Woodward's theorem in the sense that the spectrum of the FM signal follows the shape of the probability density function of the state variable. The chirp rate of the FM signal can be controlled through a time-scale parameter that compresses or expands the chaotic flow. As the chaotic flow evolves in time, so does the spectrum of the corresponding FM signal, which experiences changes in center frequency and bandwidth. We show that segments of the signal with a high chirp rate can be significantly compressed to achieve high range-Doppler resolution. The ability to change the center frequency and the shape of the spectrum is interpreted as added frequency agility.
Testing object-oriented software using the category-partition method (1995)

When migrating from conventional to object-oriented programming, developers face di cult decisions in modifying their development process to best use the new technology. In particular, ensuring that the software is highly reliable in this new environment poses different challenges and developers need to understand effective ways to test the software. Much previous work in testing OO software has focused on developing new techniques and procedures. We ask whether existing techniques can work, and present empirical data that show that the existing technique of category-partition testing can effectively find faults in object-oriented software, and new techniques may not be needed. For this study, we identified types of faults that are common to C++ software and inserted faults of these types into two C++ programs. Test cases generated using the category-partition method were used to test the programs. A fault was considered detected if it caused the program to terminate abnormally or if the output was different from the output of the original program. The results show that the combination of the category-partition method and a
Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones by Carbonyl Transposition (2017)

Abstract This article has no abstract.
Structural Mechanisms of Inactivation in Proteolytically Inactive Serine Proteases from Sarcoptes scabiei (2011)

The scabies mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) is a parasitic mite responsible for major morbidity in disadvantaged communities and immuno-compromised patients worldwide. The scabies mite produces 33 proteins that are closely related to the dust mite group 3 allergen and belong to the S1-like protease family (chymotrypsin-like). However, all but one of these molecules contain mutations in the conserved active-site catalytic triad that are predicted to render them catalytically inactive. These molecules are thus termed Scabies Mite Inactivated Protease Paralogues (SMIPPs). The precise function of SMIPPs remains unclear. However, it has been suggested that these proteins may function by binding and protecting target substrates from cleavage by host immune proteases, thus preventing the host from mounting an effective immune challenge. The high-resolution crystal structures of two members of the SMIPP family have been solved and provide insight into how SMIPPs have lost the ability to bind substrates in a classical ‘canonical’ fashion, and instead have evolved alternative functions in the lifecycle of the Scabies mite.
TransFusion: Multi-view Divergent Fusion for Medical Image Segmentation with Transformers (2022)

Combining information from multi-view images is crucial to improve the performance and robustness of automated methods for disease diagnosis. However, due to the non-alignment characteristics of multi-view images, building correlation and data fusion across views largely remain an open problem. In this study, we present TransFusion, a Transformer-based architecture to merge divergent multi-view imaging information using convolutional layers and powerful attention mechanisms. In particular, the Divergent Fusion Attention (DiFA) module is proposed for rich cross-view context modeling and semantic dependency mining, addressing the critical issue of capturing long-range correlations between unaligned data from different image views. We further propose the Multi-Scale Attention (MSA) to collect global correspondence of multi-scale feature representations. We evaluate TransFusion on the Multi-Disease, Multi-View \&amp; Multi-Center Right Ventricular Segmentation in Cardiac MRI (M\&amp;Ms-2) challenge cohort. TransFusion demonstrates leading performance against the state-of-the-art methods and opens up new perspectives for multi-view imaging integration towards robust medical image segmentation.
Vaccination of boars with a GnRH vaccine (Improvac) eliminates boar taint and increases growth performance. (2001)

Peri- and postpubertal boars accumulate substances (e.g., androstenone and skatole) in their fatty tissue that are responsible for boar taint in pork. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a GnRH vaccine, Improvac, in eliminating boar taint. Three hundred male (200 intact boars, 100 barrows) crossbred (Large White x Landrace) pigs were used in a 2 x 3 factorially arranged experiment. The respective factors were sex group (barrows, boars treated with placebo, or boars treated with Improvac) and slaughter age (23 or 26 wk). Vaccines were administered 8 and 4 wk before slaughter. All Improvac-treated pigs exhibited anti-GnRH titers. Testes and bulbo-urethral gland weights in treated pigs were reduced by approximately 50% (P < 0.001) and serum testosterone levels were below 2 ng/mL in the majority of treated boars (94 and 92% across both age groups at 2 and 4 wk, respectively). Boar taint, as assessed by the concentration of androstenone and skatole in s.c. fat, was suppressed to low or undetectable levels in 100% of Improvac-treated boars. No Improvac-treated pigs had significant concentrations of either androstenone (> 1.0 microg/g) or skatole (> 0.20 microg/g). In contrast, 49.5% of placebo-treated controls had significant androstenone and 10.8% had significant skatole levels, resulting in 10% of the control boars with high concentrations of both compounds. The mean concentrations of taint compounds in the Improvac-treated pigs were not significantly different from those in barrows. Improvac-treated boars grew more rapidly (P = 0.051 and < 0.001 for pigs slaughtered at 23 and 26 wk of age, respectively) than control boars over the 4 wk after the secondary vaccination, possibly because of reduced sexual and aggressive activities. Compared with barrows, Improvac-treated boars were leaner and had superior feed conversion efficiency. The vaccine was well tolerated by the pigs, and no observable site reactions could be detected at the time of slaughter. Vaccination of boars with Improvac allows production of heavy boars with improved meat quality through prevention and control of boar taint.
Role of Synthetic and Naturally Occurring Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors in Colon Cancer Prevention (2003)

Colorectal cancer, one of the most common and persistent human malignancies in the Western world, accounts for about 57,000 deaths annually in the United States (1,2);and therefore is a major public health problem (2). An impressive body of evidence supports the concept that chemoprevention has the potential to be a major component of colorectal cancer control. Chemoprevention refers to the administration of chemical agents, those naturally occurring in foods, as well as synthetic analogs that may block the tumor initiation (mutation) and promotion events that are the sequential stages of cancer development (3,4) Inhibition of these processes before the occurrence of clinically detectable tumors is receiving increasing attention as an attractive and plausible approach to cancer control. Growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which chemopreventive agents act defines opportunities to use specific agents at critical points in carcinogenesis. Chemopreventive agents that can retard, block, or reverse the process of carcinogenesis, or reduction of the underlying risk factors can be applied across a continuum of the general population as preventive strategies. Understanding the mechanisms that account for this relationship and specific chemopreventive agents that are responsible for this response will assist in the formulation of appropriate intervention strategies for target populations. Such application is urgent for persons with precancerous lesions, and those diagnosed at early stages, and for subgroups with particular genetic susceptibility to cancer.
(1,3-Dialkyl-5-amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)arylmethanones. A series of novel central nervous system depressants (1984)

A series of novel (1,3-dialkyl-5-amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)arylmethanones was synthesized. Pharmacological evaluation of these compounds demonstrated central nervous system depressant activity, potential anticonvulsant properties, and a low order of acute toxicity. In addition, selected compounds showed potential antipsychotic effects. This report focuses on the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of these compounds. (5-Amino-1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(2-chlorophenyl) methanone (21) was the most active compound against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions. (5-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(3-chlorophenyl)methanone (4) also has a favorable anticonvulsant depression ratio. (5-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)methan one (8), (5-amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(3-thienyl)methanone (13), and (5-amino-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenylmethanone (14) are very potent depressants. (5-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(2-thienyl)methanone (12) possessed marked central depressant activity without anticonvulsant activity and without impairment of motor functioning. (5-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) (2-fluorophenyl)methanone (2) has a behavioral profile suggestive of antipsychotic activity and gave a positive Ames test result.