gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New developments in the management of narcolepsy (2017)

Narcolepsy is a life-long, underrecognized sleep disorder that affects 0.02%-0.18% of the US and Western European populations. Genetic predisposition is suspected because of narcolepsy's strong association with HLA DQB1*06-02, and genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms in T-cell receptor loci. Narcolepsy pathophysiology is linked to loss of signaling by hypocretin-producing neurons; an autoimmune etiology possibly triggered by some environmental agent may precipitate hypocretin neuronal loss. Current treatment modalities alleviate the main symptoms of excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) and cataplexy and, to a lesser extent, reduce nocturnal sleep disruption, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Sodium oxybate (SXB), a sodium salt of γ hydroxybutyric acid, is a first-line agent for cataplexy and EDS and may help sleep disruption, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Various antidepressant medications including norepinephrine serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants are second-line agents for treating cataplexy. In addition to SXB, modafinil and armodafinil are first-line agents to treat EDS. Second-line agents for EDS are stimulants such as methylphenidate and extended-release amphetamines. Emerging therapies include non-hypocretin-based therapy, hypocretin-based treatments, and immunotherapy to prevent hypocretin neuronal death. Non-hypocretin-based novel treatments for narcolepsy include pitolisant (BF2.649, tiprolisant); JZP-110 (ADX-N05) for EDS in adults; JZP 13-005 for children; JZP-386, a deuterated sodium oxybate oral suspension; FT 218 an extended-release formulation of SXB; and JNJ-17216498, a new formulation of modafinil. Clinical trials are investigating efficacy and safety of SXB, modafinil, and armodafinil in children. γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) modulation with GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor agonists clarithromycin and flumazenil may help daytime somnolence. Other drugs investigated include GABA<sub>B</sub> agonists (baclofen), melanin-concentrating hormone antagonist, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Hypocretin-based therapies include hypocretin peptide replacement administered either through an intracerebroventricular route or intranasal route. Hypocretin neuronal transplant and transforming stem cells into hypothalamic neurons are also discussed in this article. Immunotherapy to prevent hypocretin neuronal death is reviewed.
Improving the Performance of Ambulatory Gait Training System for Rehabilitation by Mechatronics and Design Simulation (2021)

Abstract This paper addresses the design procedures and simulation results from the mechatronic model of the rehabilitation equipment, which can improve the functionality and precision of the ambulatory gait training system. The distinguishing feature of mechatronic systems is the achievement of system functionality through intensive integration. The paper demonstrates how the mechatronic design modeling has helped improve the design and performance of the new rehabilitation equipment built by the authors and is known as Navigaitor. The Navigaitor is designed to aid the patients who need to improve their balance and walk. The mechatronics aspects allow a better understanding of the dynamic behavior and interactions of the components. Depending on the severity of the patient’s injury (stroke survivor, Parkinson, etc.), the oscillatory motion can range from uniform to non-uniform. The motion needs to be converted from the oscillatory sinusoidal motion of the patient into linear motion that the system can follow the patient with minimum lag and maximum stability. The data acquired during the training stage showing a different rate of recovery and response assists the system designers and thereby provides input to fine-tune the system and upgrade the control requirements.
Abstract 4938: Free β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates choriocarcinoma cell invasion independent of LH/hCG receptor. (2013)

Abstract Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimer consisting of an α- and a β-subunit (hCGα and hCGβ) that are non-covalently linked. Intact hCG, but not free subunits, bind to the LH/hCG receptor. Expression of hCG and hCGβ has been observed in several cancers. Most trophoblastic tumors of placental and germ cell origin produce hCG, while many non-trophoblastic tumors, including bladder, renal and gastrointestinal cancers, often produce hCGβ, and increased serum concentrations of these are associated with adverse prognosis. hCG has been found to stimulate trophoblast invasion. The stimulatory activity has especially been ascribed to a hyperglycosylated form of hCG (hCG-h) expressed in early pregnancy. hCG-h is also a major form of hCG produced by choriocarcinoma and by testicular cancers, although tumor-derived hCG-h is often glycosylated differently than that produced by the placenta. We aimed to compare different forms of hCG in their stimulatory activities on the invasion of JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells. Various forms of hCG and hCGβ were purified from urine of one patient with nonseminomatous testicular cancer, one with invasive molar disease, and pregnant women. Both hCG and hCGβ, and their hyperglycosylated forms stimulated the invasion of JEG-3 cells. However, cancer-derived hCG-h was more effective than “regular” hCG in stimulating the invasion. Down-regulation of the LH/hCG receptor by RNA-interference did not significantly reduce the effect of hCGβ and hCG on cell invasion. Increased invasion was associated with increased activity of MMP-2, MMP-9 and uPA in conditioned culture medium from JEG-3 cells. Our findings suggest that hCG and hCGβ stimulates the invasion of choriocarcinoma cells independent of the classical LH/hCG-receptor. Citation Format: Cheuk-Lun Lee, Philip CN Chiu, Laura Hautala, William SB Yeung, Ulf-Håkan Stenman, Hannu Koistinen. Free β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates choriocarcinoma cell invasion independent of LH/hCG receptor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4938. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4938
MIMO System with Relative Phase Difference Time-Shift Modulation in Rician Fading Environments (2008)

In line-of sight (LOS) environments, the performance of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems depends largely on the difference of the phase difference of direct paths from transmit antennas to each receive antenna. When the phase difference of direct paths are close to each other, the spatial division multiplexing (SDM) channel is not orthogonal to each other so that the signal detection becomes difficult. In this paper, we propose a MIMO system with relative phase difference time-shift modulation (RPDTM) in Rician fading environments. The proposed scheme transmits independent signals from each antenna at each time slot where relative phase difference between signal constellations used by transmit antennas varies with a pre-determined pattern. This transmission virtually changes the phase difference of direct paths from transmit antennas to each receive antenna without lowering data rate and without knowledge of the channels. In addition, forward error correction coding (ECC) is applied to exploit the time slots where the receiver can detect the signals easily to improve the detection performance. From the results of computer simulation, we show that MIMO system with RPDTM can achieve the better bit error rate (BER) than the conventional MIMO system. We also show that the MEMO system with RPDTM is effective by about Rician factor K = 10 dB.
C–F Bond Activation in the Solid State: Functionalization of Carbon through Reactions of Graphite Fluoride with Amines (2021)

Functionalization of carbon can be achieved by reactions of graphite fluoride with organic amines. Two exemplary amines, benzylamine and tetramethylethylenediamine, have been investigated. The dominant process is hydrodefluorination to form carbonaceous solids and hydrogen fluoride. Oxidative dehydrogenation of the amines provides hydrogen and concomitantly generates imines. The reactions are considered to proceed through a series of proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) steps with graphite fluoride acting as an oxidizing agent. Intermediate radicals react with the carbonaceous solids to introduce sp2 and sp3 nitrogen-containing groups into the carbon.
Field Notes on Field Notes: Informing Technology Support for Biologists (2004)

Biology fieldwork generates a wealth of qualitative and quantitative information, an unstructured “bag of data,” requiring substantial labor to coordinate and distill. In the interest of furthering research, we present findings from interviews with 15 biologists and analyses of 13 notebooks. We learned that biologists rely on their notebooks as the primary record of observations, plans, measurements, and results. However, a gap exists between the field tools used to collect data and the laboratory tools used to analyze that data. Our goal is to bridge this gap, bringing the field to the laboratory and the laboratory to the field. We introduce ideas to augment notebooks with two related goals: presenting notes alongside contextual information and using the notebook itself as a query interface. Author Keywords Biology, augmented field/laboratory notebook, Anoto pen, contextual inquiry, interactive paper, sensor networks. ACM Classification Keywords H5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI).
<title>Copper chip technology</title> (1998)

Recently, IBM announced the first silicon integrated circuit technology that incorporates copper on-chip wiring. This technology, which combines industry-leading CMOS ULSI devices with 6 levels of hierarchically-scaled Cu metallization, has reached the point of manufacturing, after passing the qualification test required to prove feasibility, yield, reliability, and manufacturability. The discussion of the change from Al to Cu interconnects for ULSI encompasses a wide variety of issues. This paper attempts to address these by way of example, from the broad range of detailed studies that have been performed in the course of developing these so-called 'copper chips'. Motivational issues are covered by comparative modeling of performance aspects and cost. The technology parameters and features are shown, as well as data relating to the process integration, electrical yield and parametric behavior, early manufacturing data, high-frequency modeling and measurements, noise and clock skew. The viability of this technology is indicated by results from reliability stressing, as well as the first successful demonstrations of fully functional SRAM, DRAM, and microprocessor chips with Cu wiring. The advantages of integrated Cu wiring may be applied even more broadly in the future. An example shown here is the achievement of very high-quality integrated inductor; these may help prospects for complete integration of RF and wireless communications chips onto silicon.
Tactical Backhaul Range Extension using MIMO: Investigation based on ITU-R P.530 (2019)

In this paper, we investigate the capabilities of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems in increasing the transmission range in tactical backhaul links. We utilize the ITU-R P.530 extensive measurement-based results in order to extract the correlation properties of the long-range line-of-sight (LOS) MIMO channel. Then we use this correlation information to formulate-based on the concept of worst-month outage probability -the improvements that can be achieved by MIMO- MRC (maximum ratio combining) systems. The main findings of this work are as follows. 1) For very low link outage requirement (e.g., $10^{-5}$ outage probability), a 2×2 MIMO system can increase the communication range by about 160% compared to a Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) system -this range extension is almost double what can be achieved when using a 1×2 (Single-Input Multiple-Output) SIMO-MRC system. 2) For comparably moderate link outage requirement (e.g., 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> outage probability), the range extension achieved by MIMO is only around 10% higher than what can be achieved by SIMO, but the strong gain is maintained compared to traditional SISO. We demonstrate that, for tactical backhaul links where high reliability is required, MIMO technology provides superior capabilities allowing for significantly increasing the transmission range.
Multiband H/sub ∞/ control in a behavioural setting (2002)

The most appropriate mathematical background for the treatment of frequency domain specifications appears to be the H/sub /spl infin// optimization theory. In this paper, a solution in the full information case of standard H/sub /spl infin// control is given in a behavioural setting. It turns out that a good approximation to the optimal solution can be obtained by separate optimization in several frequency bands. Such a separation simplifies the procedure and sometimes reduces it to a primitive graphical technique. More importantly, the direct solution allows the designer to analyze the relationship between different frequency bands in the system. There are only a few basic constraints that need to be satisfied in order to tie together solutions in neighbouring frequency regions. Finally, an exact approach for estimating the accuracy of bandwidth truncation is developed on the basis of quadratic constraints.
Ar+ laser induced chemical vapor deposition of Si from SiH4 (1982)

For the first time polycrystalline silicon has been grown by using the visible light of an Ar+ laser for pyrolytical decomposition of SiH4. With a laser irradiance of 3600 W/mm2 a deposition rate of 30 μm/s was obtained. The temperature dependence of the deposition rate was investigated. The kinetically controlled regime is characterized by an activation energy of 44±4 kcal/mole.
Pressure and flow control of a pulverized coal injection vessel (2000)

This paper deals with model-based pressure and flow control of a fine coal injection vessel for the use of the blast furnace process. A control system should be in place to maintain a constant coal mass flow from the injection vessel to the blast furnace, since irregularities in the coal mass flow cause significant variations in the hot metal quality. By means of system modeling, the structure and behavior of the coal injection vessel are analyzed. It is shown that by use of a model-based design, the control objectives can be reached and the control performance can be significantly improved compared to the proportional integral (PI) controllers. Alternative control strategies are discussed and compared with the conventional design. The linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) design method is used to design a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) controller which is validated through experiments on the coal injection plant at SSAB Tunnplat, Lulea, Sweden.
Competition in secondary spectrum markets: Price war or market sharing? (2012)

Recent initiatives allow cellular providers to offer spot service of their licensed spectrum, paving the way to dynamic secondary spectrum markets. This paper characterizes market outcomes when multiple providers are drawn into competition for secondary demand. We study a game-theoretic model in which each provider aims to enhance its revenue by opportunistically serving secondary demand, while also serving dedicated primary demand. The secondary demand is a function of the price being charged. We consider two philosophies for sharing spectrum between primary and secondary demand: In coordinated access, spectrum providers have the option to decline a secondary access request if that helps enhance their revenue. We explicitly characterize a break-even price such that profitability of secondary access provision is guaranteed if secondary access is priced above the break-even price, regardless of the volume of secondary demand. Consequently, we establish that competition among providers that employ coordinated access leads to a price war. In particular market sharing above the break-even price is not an equilibrium outcome. This conclusion is valid for arbitrary secondary-demand functions. While the demand function does not play a part in determining the winner, it does affect the price of secondary access as exercised by the winning provider. In uncoordinated access, primary and secondary users share spectrum on equal basis, akin to the sharing modality of ISM bands. We demonstrate that market equilibrium in an uncoordinated access setting can be fundamentally different as it opens up the possibility of providers sharing the market at higher prices.
DNA sequence analysis of crown gall tumor T-DNA encoding the 0.7kb transcript (1984)

Crown gall tumor formation involves integration into the plant genome of DNA sequences (the T-region) of tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids present in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The T-DNA of the tumor expresses several gene products. Little is known about the function or regulation of expression of the 0.7kb transcript, which represents a relatively abundant T-DNA transcript in octopine-type tumors. In this report, a detailed structural analysis of the gene encoding the 0.7 kb transcript has been obtained by DNA sequence analysis of T-DNA isolated from A6S/2 tumor line. An indication of the structural characteristics of the protein product is obtained from the predicted amino acid sequence. The sequences flanking the open reading frame show characteristics with other eucaryotic genes. The corresponding DNA sequence of the inducing Ti plasmid (pTiA6) is identical with that of the DNA sequence from the tumor. Comparison of this gene sequence with the corresponding region of another Ti plasmid (pTiAch5) shows several differences in the 5' flanking sequence, but the nucleotide sequence of the coding region and 3' flanking region are identical.
Influence of back contact roughness on light trapping and plasmonic losses of randomly textured amorphous silicon thin film solar cells (2013)

The influence of nanotextured metallic back contacts on light trapping and plasmonic losses of amorphous silicon solar cells was investigated. The optical losses of the back contact are determined by the texture of the metallic back contact and the dielectric constant of the interlayer between the solar cell and the metal back contact. The investigations show that the optical losses are highest if nano features are present at the back contact, while the texture of the front contact which propagates through the layer stack exhibits only a minor effect on the optical losses.
Low-magnetic-field dependence and anisotropy of the critical current density in coated conductors (2011)

Many applications of ReBCO-coated conductors operate at low magnetic fields in the superconductor (below 200 mT). In order to predict the critical current and AC loss in these applications, it is necessary to know the anisotropy and field dependence of the critical current density at low magnetic fields. In this paper, we obtain a formula for the critical current density in a coated conductor as a function of the local magnetic field and its orientation. Afterwards, we apply this formula to predict the critical current of a pancake coil that we constructed. We extract the critical current density of the tape from measurements of the in-field critical current at several orientations. Numerical simulations correct the effect of the self-field in the measurements and successfully predict the critical current in the pancake coil. We found that a simple elliptical model is not enough to describe the anisotropy of the critical current density. In conclusion, the analytical fit that we present is useful to predict the critical current of actual coils. Therefore, it may also be useful for other structures made of coated conductor, like power-transmission cables, Roebel cables and resistive fault current limiters.
Entering the Era of Data Science: Targeted Learning and the Integration of Statistics and Computational Data Analysis (2014)

This outlook paper reviews the research of van der Laan’s group on Targeted Learning, a subfield of statistics that is concerned with the construction of data adaptive estimators of user-supplied target parameters of the probability distribution of the data and corresponding confidence intervals, aiming at only relying on realistic statistical assumptions. Targeted Learning fully utilizes the state of the art in machine learning tools, while still preserving the important identity of statistics as a field that is concerned with both accurate estimation of the true target parameter value and assessment of uncertainty in order to make sound statistical conclusions. We also provide a philosophical historical perspective on Targeted Learning, also relating it to the new developments in Big Data. We conclude with some remarks explaining the immediate relevance of Targeted Learning to the current Big Data movement.
Description and DNA Barcoding of a New Sillago Species, Sillago shaoi (Perciformes: Sillaginidae), in the Taiwan Strait. (2016)

<b>Jia-Guang Xiao, Na Song, Zhi-Qiang Han, and Tian-Xiang Gao (2016)</b> Reliance only on morphology to identify fishes to the species level is challenging when the diagnostic characters are similar among related taxa. Within the genus <i>Sillago</i>, differences among some nominal species are generally small and restricted to a few characters. In this study, a new species of <i>Sillago</i> (<i>Sillago shaoi</i> sp. nov.) was described using morphology and genetic analysis of DNA barcoding. The morphological results differentiated <i>S</i>. <i>shaoi</i> sp. nov. from eight other <i>Sillago</i> spp. Genetic analysis verified both the validity of the current taxonomy and the relationships between the new species and other <i>Sillago</i> species. <i>S</i>. <i>shaoi</i> sp. nov. formed a monophyletic group as a distinct phylogenetic species and showed strong genetic divergence from others. The present study also revealed that the COI gene was an effective molecular marker for identifying <i>Sillago</i> species.
Interleukin‐5 and interleukin‐8 in relation to eosinophils and neutrophils in nasal fluids from school children with seasonal allergic rhinitis (1999)

The objectives of this study were to measure interleukins 5 and 8 (IL‐5 and IL‐8) in relation to eosinophils and neutrophils, in nasal lavage fluids from 60 school children with allergic rhinitis, and to determine the influence of treatment with a topical steroid (budesonide) on the levels of the two cytokines. Highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays were used to analyze IL‐5 and IL‐8. IL‐5 levels and relative eosinophil counts in nasal lavage fluid increased significantly in patients with allergic rhinitis during the pollen season, compared with values obtained before the start of the season, and decreased significantly after treatment with budesonide. By contrast, no significant changes in IL‐8 or neutrophils were found during the pollen season, nor did they decrease following treatment. In the untreated patients, IL‐5 levels correlated significantly with eosinophil counts but not with neutrophil counts, whereas IL‐8 levels correlated with neutrophil counts but not with eosinophil counts. After budesonide treatment, the correlation between IL‐8 and neutrophils remained, and a correlation between IL‐8 and eosinophils emerged. These findings support the concepts that IL‐5 has a key role in regulating eosinophils and that IL‐8 is important for the regulation of neutrophils. Whereas IL‐5 and relative eosinophil counts are profoundly affected by topical steroid treatment, IL‐8 and neutrophils are not demonstrably affected by such treatment. It is possible that neutrophils, through the release of IL‐8, could be chemotactic for eosinophils in steroid‐treated patients.