gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel and vector computation in heat transfer (1990)

This collection of manuscripts complements a number of other volumes related to engineering numerical analysis in general; it also gives a preview of the potential contribution of vector and parallel computing to heat transfer. Contributions have been made from the fields of heat transfer, computational fluid mechanics or physics, and from researchers in industry or in academia. This work serves to indicate that new or modified numerical algorithms have to be developed depending on the hardware used (as the long titles of most of the papers in this volume imply). This volume contains six examples of numerical simulation on parallel and vector computers that demonstrate the competitiveness of the novel methodologies. A common thread through all the manuscripts is that they address problems involving irregular geometries or complex physics, or both. Comparative studies of the performance of certain algorithms on various computers are also presented. Most machines used in this work belong to the coarse- to medium-grain group (consisting of a few to a hundred processors) with architectures of the multiple-instruction-stream-multiple- data-stream (MIMD) type. Some of the machines used have both parallel and vector processors, while parallel computations are certainly emphasized. We hope that this work will contribute to themore » increasing involvement of heat transfer specialists with parallel computation.« less
Methodology for the Synthesis of Polyketide Fragments (2009)

This work expands the scope of tandem intramolecular silylformylation-(allyl)crotylsilylation by demonstrating that internal alkynes can be used as substrates, allowing for the generation of an additional stereocenter. The authors also demonstrate the application of this methodology to polyketide natural product synthesis.
Tensile Strained Selective Silicon Carbon Alloys for Recessed Source Drain Areas of Devices (2006)

Si 1-y C y films grown lattice matched into recessed source drain areas can produce a tensile strained Silicon channel, which in turn will enhance electron mobility. We demonstrate a Cyclical Deposition Etch (CDE) process that consists of a nonselective deposition, (epitaxial growth over the exposed crystalline Silicon areas of the source and drain and amorphous (a) or polycrystalline deposition over the dielectric areas) together with a subsequent selective removal of a-material from the insulator, with negligible removal of epitaxial material from source and drain areas. To make such an approach production worthy, two requirements are essential: 1) a high growth rate (GR) with a low a/epi GR ratio, and 2) a high etch rate (ER) with a high a/epi ER ratio. We focus on the integration and defect formation aspect of our CDE process on patterned substrates.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Mouse versus Human Neutrophils in Cancer: A Major Knowledge Gap. (2019)

Many types of cancer recruit neutrophils that could have pro-or anti-tumor effects on tumor development.Numerous findings in murine models suggest a predominantly pro-tumoral role for neutrophils in cancer development.However, there are fundamental differences between mouse versus human tumors in the evolution of tumors, genetic diversity, immune response, and also in the intrinsic biology of neutrophils that might have a profound impact on tumor development and the function of these cells.A crucial difference is that the majority of mouse tumor models lack the prolonged initial phases of multistage tumor evolution present in humans when anti-tumoral mechanisms are activated.Here, we discuss the challenges specific to cross-species extrapolation of neutrophil function during mouse versus human tumor development.
An Intracameral Injection of Antigen Induces In Situ Chemokines and Cytokines Required for the Generation of Circulating Immunoregulatory Monocytes (2012)

Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) induced by an intracameral injection of antigen generates antigen-specific regulatory splenic T cells that suppress specifically cell-mediated immunity specific for the injected antigen. Circulating F4/80(+) cells recovered from mice receiving an intracameral injection of antigen are thought to be ocular in origin and induce the development of thymic and splenic regulatory T cells. We have shown previously that after the intracameral injection of antigen there is a CCR2/CCL2-dependent infiltration of circulating F4/80(+) cells into the anterior chamber associated with the generation of circulating, ACAID-inducing F4/80(+) monocytes. Here we tested the hypothesis that the intracameral injection of antigen induces events in the anterior chamber that are associated with the induction of circulating immunoregulatory monocytes that induce the suppression of cell-mediated immunity. The intracameral injection of antigen resulted in aqueous humor (i) a time- dependent increase of CCL2 and CCL7, (ii) a transient increase in TNF-α, and (iii) an infiltration of CD11b(hi), Gr1(hi) and F4/80(+) as well as F4/80(-) and Gr1(hi) peripheral blood cells into the anterior chamber. Further characterization of these F4/80(+) cells revealed that they are Ly 6C(hi), LY6G(lo) or negative, 7/4 (LY6B)(hi), CD115(+), CD45(+), CD49B(+), and CD62 L(+). Antibody-mediated neutralization of TGF-β in situ in the anterior chamber prevented the induction of circulating, ACAID-inducing monocytes and ACAID. These cells did not increase in the irides of ACAID-refractory CCR2-/- and CCL2-/- mice that received an intracameral injection of antigen. Our results extend our suggestion that ACAID is initiated as the result of a mild proinflammatory response to intracameral injection that results in the infiltration of a CCR2(+) subset of monocytes into the anterior chamber where there is a TGF-β-dependent induction of an immunosuppressive phenotype in the infiltrated monocytes that recirculate to induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells.
Quality of Service in ATM Networks: State-of-the-Art Traffic Management (1999)

From the Book:
PREFACE: Preface
Over the past decade there has been tremendous momentum in the development and standardization of the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology with a very strong focus on its traffic management (TM) capability. ATM has become a networking technology capable of integrating different types of networks into a single, consolidated, broadband network. 

The objective of this book is to demystify the ATM traffic management strategy. The book provides a structured, detailed description of all the TM functions needed to efficiently support a wide range of services in a single network. Although this book focuses specifically on ATM traffic management strategy, the general concepts also apply to any networking technology that attempts to support multiple services with varying quality-of-service objectives. 

The book describes and explains the content of the ATM Forum and ITU-T* traffic management specifications and standards. It also covers in detail the elements that are not subject for standardization. Thorough literature review and analysis provide insight into possible implementation of the TM concepts. Specifically, conformance, admission control, scheduling, flow control, and congestion control are discussed in detail. The book also discusses how other networking technologies such as Frame Relay and the Internet Protocol (IP) can be carried efficiently on an ATM network. 

The book also provides highly technical and mathematical material useful for readers familiar with the subject. 
*ITU-T-International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector 

Acknowledgments
Natalie Girouxwouldlike to thank Alan Bryenton for continuous support, encouragement, and insightful comments. Sudhakar Ganti would like to thank Sridevi and Pranav Ganti for their support and encouragement during the course of this work. 

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Newbridge Networks Corporation for allowing them to accomplish this project. The authors would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the following individuals: Louis Wojnarowski, Emmanuel Desmet, Vijay Samalam, Shawn McAllister, Subha Ramanan, Tom Davis, Mustapha Aissaoui, Bryan Morris, Steve Rosenberg, Marie-Claude Bonneau, and other members of the Newbridge Performance Engineering group; Scott Brim, Mike Gassewitz, and Keith Galway. Finally, the authors would like to thank the reviewers of the book for their thorough reviews. 

This book represents the views of the authors, and cannot be attributed to their employer, Newbridge Networks Corporation. 

Natalie Giroux
Sudhakar Ganti
Polymerization of A2 with B3 Monomers:  A Facile Approach to Hyperbranched Poly(aryl ester)s (2003)

Hyperbranched polymers have received significant attention due to their unique combination of low viscosity, excellent solubility, and facile synthesis. This paper describes an efficient approach to hyperbranched poly(aryl ester)s via the polycondensation of A2 and B3 monomers. A dilute bisphenol A (A2) solution was added slowly to a dilute 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (B3) solution at 25 °C to prepare hyperbranched poly(aryl ester)s in the absence of gelation. The molar ratio of A2:B3 was maintained at 1:1, and the maximum final monomer concentration was ∼0.08 M. 1H NMR spectroscopy and derivitization of terminal groups indicated that the phenol functionalities were quantitatively consumed during the polycondensation. Two model compounds were synthesized to identify 1H NMR resonances for linear, dendritic, and terminal units, and the final degree of branching was determined to be ∼50%. Moreover, the hyperbranched polymers exhibited lower glass transition temperatures relative to their linear analogues.
Measuring lung resistivity using electrical impedance tomography (1992)

We propose the use of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) imaging techniques in the measurement of lung resistivity for detection and monitoring of apnea and edema. In EIT, we inject currents into a subject using multiple electrodes and measure boundary voltages to reconstruct a cross-sectional image of internal resistivity distribution. We found that a simplified, therefore fast, version of the impedance imaging method can be used for detection and monitoring of apnea and edema. We have showed the feasibility of this method through computer simulations and human experiments. We speculate that the EIT imaging technique will be more reliable than the current impedance apnea monitoring method, since we are monitoring the change of internal lung resistivity. However, more study is required to verify that this method performs better in the presence of motion artifact than the conventional two-electrode impedance apnea monitoring method. Future work should include experiments which carefully simulate different kinds of motion artifacts.
Molecular Identification ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) in Argentina and Development of a Novel PCR-RFLP Method for its Rapid Differentiation FromH. zeaandH. gelotopoeon (2015)

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) is among the most voracious global pests of agriculture. Adults of this species were identified recently in northern Argentina by dissection of male genitalia. In this work, a rapid and simple molecular tool was designed to distinguish H. armigera from the morphologically similar indigenous bollworms Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (Dyar), regardless of the life stage. Amplification of partial COI gene with a new primer pair, and subsequent digestion with endonuclease HinfI, yielded different RFLP profiles for the three main Helicoverpa pests currently present in South America. The method was validated in Helicoverpa specimens collected across Argentina, whose identity was further corroborated by COI sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The data reported here constitute the first molecular confirmation of this pest in the country. The survey revealed the occurrence of H. armigera in northern and central Argentina, including the main soybean- and maize-producing area.
Properties of Sphaeroplasts of a Halotolerant Achromobacter Strain and Their Infection with Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1973)

SUMMARY: A halotolerant collagenolytic strain of Achromobacter was converted to sphaeroplasts by growth in the presence of penicillin in sucrose-supplemented medium. The sphaeroplasts could be stabilized by sucrose and CaCl2 and supported phage growth. Sphaeroplasts formed from bacteria incubated for 90 min were competent for transfection with DNA isolated from phage α3. A linear relationship between infective units and DNA concentration was obtained. Prolonged incubation of sphaeroplasts with DNA caused a drop in phage titre.
Wafer Level Capping Technology for Vacuum Packaging of Microbolometers (2023)

This paper presents novel technology developments for vacuum wafer level packaging of microbolometer arrays for thermal infrared sensors targeting applications in automotive, safety, and security/surveillance. The concept is based on fabrication of large cap structures on temporary carrier wafers and their subsequent transfer bonding to device wafers. The objective of the presented work was to develop and test wafer level vacuum packaging for MEMS microbolometer arrays (MBA) fabricated on read out integrated circuit (ROIC) wafers. For that, related MBA layouts integrating diverse Pirani vacuum test structures were fabricated on 200-mm silicon wafers. With intent of hermeticity, all wafer bonding steps were done by AuSn soldering using seal rings, which were deposited by electroplating. The relevant process flows with alternative process options as well as the obtained results of the capping approaches are presented and discussed extensively in this article. For characterization of the sealing results, Pirani test structures were utilized. First, their resistance vs. pressure behavior was determined under controlled reference vacuum. The measured resistance values of identical structures after capping were then compared with the reference data to estimate the residual vacuum inside the cavity of the bonded cap structures.
Pitfalls of lazy subscription (2014)

Transactional Lock Elision (TLE) uses Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) to execute unmodified critical sections concurrently, even if they are protected by the same lock. To ensure correctness, the transactions used to execute these critical sections “subscribe” to the lock by reading it and checking that it is available. A recent paper proposed using the tempting “lazy subscription” optimization for a similar technique in a different context, namely transactional systems that use a single global lock (SGL) to protect all transactional data. We identify several pitfalls that show that lazy subscription is not safe for TLE because unmodified critical sections executing before subscribing to the lock may behave incorrectly in a number of subtle ways. We also show that recently proposed compiler support for modifying transaction code to ensure subscription occurs before any incorrect behavior could manifest is not sufficient to avoid all of the pitfalls we identify. We further argue that extending such compiler support to avoid all pitfalls would add substantial complexity and would usually limit the extent to which subscription can be deferred, undermining the effectiveness of the optimization. Hardware extensions suggested in the recent proposal also do not address all of the pitfalls we identify. A longer version of this paper proposes hardware extensions that make lazy subscription safe, both for SGL-based transactional systems and for TLE, without the need for special compiler support.
A secondary cache controller design for a high-end microprocessor (1992)

The design of a CMOS cache controller chip for a high-end (i486) microprocessor is presented. The cache controller supports either two lines per tag (sectored) or one line per tag (nonsectored). A single cache controller directly supports nonsectored 64 kilobyte or sectored 128 kilobyte cache memories. The sectored mode effectively doubles the cache size compared to the nonsectored mode while maintaining the same tag RAM size. The cache controller is designed to be completely software transparent and contains a 4 K-tag entry tag RAM on-chip and supports burst read, burst line fill, snoop, and back-off cycles. Read-only spaces can also be cached with write protections. Two-way set associativity, sectored cache, and efficient cache protocols optimize performance of the cache memory system and complexity of the cache controller design. This chip supports a 25- or 33-MHz microprocessor. This high speed is achieved by dividing the tag RAM array into eight small sections, thus reducing the overall access time of the tag RAM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Diabetes Treatment: Insulin and Incretins (2010)

I nsulin is the original and the most effective treatment to control glucose levels in diabetic patients. It was first used in the treatment of diabetes by Frederick Banting and Charles Best in 1922. Although originally thought to be a cure for diabetes, it soon became evident that insulin was a method of controlling the disorder. We now know that insulin may be used to control the hyperglycemia of virtually any form of diabetes. Although it was initially prepared by isolation from animal pancreatic tissue, insulin is now prepared through recombinant DNA techniques using microorganisms. Use of recombinant insulin has decreased the immunogenicity of commercially available insulin.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a loss of pancreatic β-cells and therefore an absolute insulin deficiency. The mainstay of therapy, therefore, is insulin treatment. Because the disease does not affect insulin sensitivity, patients typically require small doses of insulin to maintain glucose control. By contrast, type 2 diabetes is characterized by preexisting insulin resistance followed by a relative insulin deficiency. As a result of insulin resistance and progressive insulin deficiency, patients with type 2 diabetes typically require higher doses of insulin with gradual upward titration of doses.

Since the discovery of insulin and its use to treat diabetes, insulin has been combined with additives and even modified at the molecular level to change its pharmacokinetic properties. Some insulin preparations accelerate insulin's effects in the bloodstream, whereas others prolong the pharmacokinetic profile. These insulin preparations may be used alone or in combination with other insulins in formulating an insulin regimen.

Regular insulin was the first available insulin preparation and therefore the first short-acting insulin. At the time of injection, regular insulin self-associates to form hexamers, which are poorly absorbed into the circulation. Gradually, insulin hexamers dissociate into dimers and monomers, which enter the …
Investigation of Mineral-Processing Wastewater Recycling Processes: A Pilot Study (2018)

Mineral processing requires large amounts of water, but, often in the remote locations of many mines, sufficient fresh water frequently cannot be supplied. Therefore, recycling of water is important in mineral processing and enhancing the efficiency of the liquid-solid separation and dewatering steps in mineral processing wastewater treatment is critical. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of anionic flocculant dosage and sludge recycling (SR) on solid removal and sludge dewaterability. Different combinations of the flocculant dosage with and without SR were applied in a mineral-processing wastewater treatment pilot plant. Increasing the amount of flocculant dose of 1.1% v/v (flocculant solution to wastewater) did not significantly decrease the turbidity of the treated water, while the combination of a flocculant with SR increased the zeta potential. Increasing flocculant dose adversely affected dewaterability, although the dewaterability of the 0.6% v/v flocculant-treated sludge significantly increased after aging of the sludge. Sludge recycling was effective for increasing the dewaterability, and a flocculant dose of 1.1% v/v with SR led to formation of large flocs that were stable during aging and sonication.
Effect of cellular phospholipid modification on phorbol diester binding. (1983)

The influence of cellular lipid composition on the specific binding of [20-3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate to intact human promyelocytic leukemia cells was investigated. Cellular phospholipid composition could be manipulated by culturing cells in serum-free, chemically defined media containing base analogues of phospholipid polar head groups. Human promyelocytic leukemia cells grown in the presence of dimethylethanolamine, monomethylethanolamine, 3-aminopropanol, or isopropylethanolamine assimilated these natural and unnatural base moieties into endogenous phospholipids to the extent that 22 to 52% of the cell glycerophospholipids contained the base analogue. The formation of the phospholipid analogues was accompanied by a pronounced reduction in the levels of intracellular choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. Analogue-supplemented cultures exhibited a reduced growth rate compared to control cells maintained in choline-containing medium. Specific [20-3H ]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding was examined in lipid-altered cells and shown to be markedly higher (approximately 200% of control) in cells grown with dimethyl- or monomethylethanolamine. In contrast, exposure of cells to 3-aminopropanol or isopropylethanolamine resulted in a major reduction in [20-3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding. Only minimal changes in nonspecific binding occurred between control and experimental cells. Because phorbol esters are highly membrane targeted, it is possible that phospholipid modification or the resulting changes in membrane organization influence receptor dynamics.
Surgical fellowship training in Canada: What is its current status and is improvement required? (2012)

This paper examines current issues concerning surgical fellowship training in Canada. Other than information from a few studies of fellowship training in North America, there are scant data on this subject in the literature. Little is known about the demographic characteristics of those who pursue fellowship training in Canada, what the experiences and expectations are of fellows and their supervisors with respect to the strengths and weaknesses of this level of training, or how this level of education fits in with Canadian undergraduate and postgraduate medical training. We summarize current knowledge about fellowship training in Canada as it pertains to demographic characteristics, finances, work hours, residency training, preparation for clinical and research work and satisfaction with training. Most information on surgical fellowship training comes from the United States. As such, we used information from American studies to supplement the Canadian data. Because a surgical fellowship experience in Canada may be different from that in the United States, we propose that Canadian surgical fellows and their supervisors should be surveyed to gain an understanding of such information. This knowledge could be used to improve surgical fellowship training in Canada.