gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction solid waste landfills: risk assessment and monitoring by fibre optic sensing technique (2020)

The development of underground spaces generates large amounts of construction wastes, which are generally disposed for the landfill outside of the city in China. This study briefly reviewed a landslide tragedy of a CSW landfill in China; Lessons learned from the failure of risk assessment and preventions were discussed, which showed that two challenging strategies are significant for the risk identification and mitigation. One is the effective early warning system based on field large-deformation measurement; the other is the efficient risk assessment with internal deformation data. To this end, a new sensing method is developed for the large-deformation measurement inside CSW landfills. The proposed fibre-optic based transducer can measure large deformation of up to 1200 mm with a high accuracy. Finally, the risk assessment of CSW landfill was proposed with the combined use of field monitoring data and risk evaluation model. The theoretical equations for stability analysis and potential application framework for the application of this technique in the risk assessment of CSW landfill landslide are presented. This approach possesses the advantages of capturing excessive and irregular deformation of solid waste landfills and of efficient response for the risk mitigation with the help of early warning system.
Supporting User Fusion of AI Services through Conversational Explanations (2019)

As systems become more complex, they become harder to understand both in terms of their composition (by system developers) and in terms of their operation (by system users). In dynamic systems the services may have been composed in real-time without human involvement, to support a specific user request. It is therefore even more important that the ability to understand the composition, the data sources and the component services is possible. There may also be restrictions relating to what each user is allowed to know about different aspects of the system, services or datasets, and all of the elements of the system may be widely varied and volatile, with the whole system subject to rapid and pervasive change. In this paper we define a conversational mechanism to enable interaction with such a system. Able to handle volatility and variety through the simple conversational interface, this proposed capability enables the explanation of the system and the results at a number of levels. We map our basic architecture to the JDL data fusion model (at all levels) and view this particular conversational explanation capability as belonging in level 5 (user refinement).
The Research of Backfill Grouting Pressure in Shield Tunneling (2012)

As to shield tunneling, that soil is reinforced into the void is one of the most important reasons which cause the ground settlement, and always most important factor in the tunnel construction and the relative research. The numerical simulation studies presented in this paper focus on the different grouting pressure causing different ground settlement, plastic area and stress growth behavior. Based on the simulation results and the engineering ground settlement limit, propose reasonable synchronous slurry injection pressure and the relative method of controlling ground settlement. Propose reasonable suggestion for the determination of grouting pressure during shield construction.
Accurate and reliable soldier and first responder indoor positioning: multisensor systems and cooperative localization (2011)

A robust, accurate positioning system with seamless outdoor and indoor coverage is a highly needed tool for increasing safety in emergency response and military urban operations. It must be lightweight, small, inexpensive, and power efficient, and still provide meter-level accuracy during extended operations. GPS receivers, inertial sensors, and local radio-based ranging are natural choices for a multisensor positioning system. Inertial navigation with foot-mounted sensors is suitable as the core system in GPS denied environments, since it can yield meter-level accuracies for a few minutes. However, there is still a need for additional supporting sensors to keep the accuracy at acceptable levels during the duration of typical soldier and first responder operations. Suitable aiding sensors are three-axis magnetometers, barometers, imaging sensors, Doppler radars, and ultrasonic sensors. Furthermore, cooperative positioning, where first responders exchange position and error estimates in conjunction with performing radiobased ranging, is deemed a key technology. This article provides a survey on technologies and concepts for high accuracy soldier and first responder positioning systems, with an emphasis on indoor positioning.
Clustering of Sun exposure measurements (2003)

In a medically motivated Sun-exposure study, questionnaires concerning Sun-habits were collected from a number of subjects together with UV radiation measurements. This paper focuses on identifying clusters in the heterogeneous set of data for the purpose of understanding possible relations between Sun-habits exposure and eventually assessing the risk of skin cancer. A general probabilistic framework originally developed for text and Web mining is demonstrated to be useful for clustering of behavioral data. The framework combines principal component subspace projection with probabilistic clustering based on the generalizable Gaussian mixture model.
The chemistry of nitroso-compounds. Part 15. Formation of N-nitrosamines in solution from gaseous nitric oxide in the presence of iodine (1979)

Quantitative results are reported for the N-nitrosation of piperidine, morpholine, and N-methylpiperazine by NO (saturated) and iodine under anaerobic conditions in solvent EtOH, EtOH–water, and MeCN at 25 °C. The reactions are very much faster than those with NO in the absence of iodine, with maximum yields of N-nitrosamine being obtained in ca. 5–30 min depending on the solvent. The rates, however, are largely independent of the initial concentrations of either amine or iodine, and are similar for all three amines despite their different basicities. With excess of amine, 2 moles of N-nitrosamine are obtained per mole of iodine. Otherwise, the limiting yields of N-nitrosamine depend on both the concentration and basicity of the amine, with ca. 50, 66, and 100% reacting for piperidine, morpholine, and N-methylpiperazine, respectively. Addition of NaOH to the reaction solution, however, increases the yield to 100% throughout. Both added NaN3 and thiourea inhibit the formation of N-nitrosamines. The mechanism of these reactions is considered to involve rate-limiting formation of NOI (principally from NO and I2) followed by rapid reaction with the amine base. The amine cation is unreactive; NaN3 and thiourea inhibit reaction by competing for the NOI reagent. The results are also discussed in relation to human exposure to carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.
Gas Sensing Characteristics of Zinc-Tin Complex Oxide Thin Films with Spinel-Type Structure (1996)

Zn-Sn metallic films were deposited on alumina substrates by an evaporation method, and then complex oxide films were fabricated by annealing in air. The relation between the formation of spinel-type Zn2SnO4 and their sensing characteristics to i-C4H10 gas was studied. Both ZnO and SnO2 films annealed at 500°C had higher sensitivity to i-C4H10 than the complex oxide films of ZnO and SnO2 because of fine crystallinity. The sensitivities of the complex oxide films increased with increasing annealing temperature from 600 to 800°C, because of the improved crystallinity. Higher sensitivities were obtained by laminating the complex oxide films. Moreover, the gas selectivity of Zn-Sn complex oxide films for several kinds of gases was investigated. The Zn-Sn complex oxide film had a very high sensitivity to NO2 gas.
Subtypes of betaglycan and of type I and type II transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) receptors with different affinities for TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2 are exhibited by human placental trophoblast cells (1992)

Transforming growth factor-beta is likely to be an important factor controlling placental activities, including growth, differentiation, invasiveness, hormone production, and immunosuppression. We have used a chemical cross-linking technique with either 125I-TGF-beta 1 or 125I-TGF-beta 2 and bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) to characterize TGF-beta binding components on human placental cells in primary culture. Trophoblast-enriched primary cultures exhibited a predominant affinity-labelled complex characteristic of membrane-anchored betaglycan (formerly termed the Type III TGF-beta receptor) and relatively low levels of the Type I and Type II TGF-beta receptor complexes. The results from affinity labelling saturation and competition experiments with TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 suggest the existence of two distinct subtypes of betaglycan: one subtype has a lower capacity and higher affinity, binds both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, yet has a preferential affinity for TGF-beta 2; the second subtype has a higher capacity and lower affinity and binds TGF-beta 1 exclusively. In contrast, mesenchymal cell-enriched placental primary cultures possessed only one subtype of the betaglycan component that binds the two TGF-beta isoforms with similar affinities and capacities as observed on most cell lines. These experiments demonstrate that the betaglycan component which exhibits a higher affinity for TGF-beta 2 than for TGF-beta 1, that we had observed previously on term placental membranes, is actually present on trophoblast cells. In addition to the two distinctive betaglycan subtypes, subtypes of the Type I and II TGF-beta receptors were detected on the trophoblast-enriched cultures. In competition experiments, when 125I-TGF-beta 1 was used as the radiotracer, the Type I and II TGF-beta receptors show a much higher affinity for TGF-beta 1 than for TGF-beta 2, as observed with other cell types. However, when 125I-TGF-beta 2 was used, low abundance subtypes of both the Type I and II receptors that show similar affinities for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 were also revealed.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on Growth Mechanism and Mass Production (2010)

This review article deals with the growth mechanism and mass production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Different aspects of CNT synthesis and growth mechanism are reviewed in the light of latest progresses and understandings in the field. Materials aspects such as the roles of hydrocarbon, catalyst and catalyst support are discussed. Many new catalysts and new carbon sources are described. Growth-control aspects such as the effects of temperature, vapor pressure and catalyst concentration on CNT diameter distribution and single- or multi-wall formation are explained. Latest reports of metal-catalyst-free CNT growth are considered. The mass-production aspect is discussed from the perspective of a sustainable CNT technology. Existing problems and challenges of the process are addressed with future directions.
Virus-Infected Human Mast Cells Enhance Natural Killer Cell Functions (2016)

Mucosal surfaces are protected from infection by both structural and sentinel cells, such as mast cells. The mast cell's role in antiviral responses is poorly understood; however, they selectively recruit natural killer (NK) cells following infection. Here, the ability of virus-infected mast cells to enhance NK cell functions was examined. Cord blood-derived human mast cells infected with reovirus (Reo-CBMC) and subsequent mast cell products were used for the stimulation of human NK cells. NK cells upregulated the CD69 molecule and cytotoxicity-related genes, and demonstrated increased cytotoxic activity in response to Reo-CBMC soluble products. NK cell interferon (IFN)-γ production was also promoted in the presence of interleukin (IL)-18. In vivo, SCID mice injected with Reo-CBMC in a subcutaneous Matrigel model, could recruit and activate murine NK cells, a property not shared by normal human fibroblasts. Soluble products of Reo-CBMC included IL-10, TNF, type I and type III IFNs. Blockade of the type I IFN receptor abrogated NK cell activation. Furthermore, reovirus-infected mast cells expressed multiple IFN-α subtypes not observed in reovirus-infected fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Our data define an important mast cell IFN response, not shared by structural cells, and a subsequent novel mast cell-NK cell immune axis in human antiviral host defense.
A unique case of follicular lymphoma provides insights to the clonal evolution from follicular lymphoma in situ to manifest follicular lymphoma (2011)

To the editor:

Follicular lymphoma in situ (FLIS) is characterized by the presence of a B-cell population with immunophenotypic and genotypic features of follicular lymphoma (FL) but exclusively localized to germinal centers (GCs) in morphologically reactive lymph nodes.[1][1] FLIS lesions are
Reinforcement Learning with Exogenous States and Rewards (2023)

Exogenous state variables and rewards can slow reinforcement learning by injecting uncontrolled variation into the reward signal. This paper formalizes exogenous state variables and rewards and shows that if the reward function decomposes additively into endogenous and exogenous components, the MDP can be decomposed into an exogenous Markov Reward Process (based on the exogenous reward) and an endogenous Markov Decision Process (optimizing the endogenous reward). Any optimal policy for the endogenous MDP is also an optimal policy for the original MDP, but because the endogenous reward typically has reduced variance, the endogenous MDP is easier to solve. We study settings where the decomposition of the state space into exogenous and endogenous state spaces is not given but must be discovered. The paper introduces and proves correctness of algorithms for discovering the exogenous and endogenous subspaces of the state space when they are mixed through linear combination. These algorithms can be applied during reinforcement learning to discover the exogenous subspace, remove the exogenous reward, and focus reinforcement learning on the endogenous MDP. Experiments on a variety of challenging synthetic MDPs show that these methods, applied online, discover large exogenous state spaces and produce substantial speedups in reinforcement learning.
Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pKKA12) on chromosome 7 (D7S398) (1988)

Journal Article Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pKKA12) on chromosome 7 (D7S398) Get access Y. Nakamura, Y. Nakamura The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. Krapcho, K. Krapcho The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. Ballard, L. Ballard The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P.O' Connell, P.O' Connell The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. Leppert, M. Leppert The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G.M. Lathrop, G.M. Lathrop The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J.M. Lalouel, J.M. Lalouel The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. White R. White The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 16, Issue 20, 25 October 1988, Page 9886, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.20.9886 Published: 25 October 1988
A Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 in Adult Patients with Primary Brain Tumors—Final Report (Protocol BT-09) (2015)

Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 (ANP) are synthetic derivatives of glutamine, isoglutamine, and phenylacetic acid. In 1993, a phase II clinical trial program began according to protocols based on the initial protocol, BT-06, which was transferred from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Protocol BT-09 was designed for different types of primary brain tumors in adults that were not curable by standard treatment. The study was designed as a single arm, two-stage, phase II trial of ANP as a monotherapy in a high-risk, poor-prognosis population. The total number of registered subjects was 40. The majority of patients were diagnosed with high-grade tumors (N = 33). In this group, 12 patients carried diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and 11 patients of glioblastoma. In the group of low-grade tumors (N = 7), there were 6 cases of low-grade glioma, and 1 neurocytoma grade 2. A group of 12 patients did not receive any prior treatment, 12 patients had surgical resection only, 5 patients received radiation therapy (RT) only, and 11 patients received both RT and chemotherapy. The median duration of ANP was 16.6 weeks. The median dosage of A10 was 7.16 g/kg/d and AS2-1 was 0.27 g/kg/d. Responses were accessed by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Objective responses (OR) in all patients were 22.5% and in the AA group were 41.7% of patients. The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the AA group was 5.4 months. The median overall survival (OS) was 12.7 months and OS at 1 and 2 years was 54.5% and 45.5% correspondingly. The treatment was well-tolerated with reversible grade 3 and 4 toxicities in 35% of all patients (N = 40). In conclusion, the study reached efficacy endpoint and ANP was well-tolerated and compared favorably to the current treatment of AA.
Forecasting from LiDAR via Future Object Detection (2022)

Object detection and forecasting are fundamental components of embodied perception. These two problems, however, are largely studied in isolation by the community. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end approach for detection and motion forecasting based on raw sensor measurement as opposed to ground truth tracks. Instead of predicting the current frame locations and forecasting forward in time, we directly predict future object locations and backcast to determine where each trajectory began. Our approach not only improves overall accuracy compared to other modular or end-to-end baselines, it also prompts us to rethink the role of explicit tracking for embodied perception. Additionally, by linking future and current locations in a many-to-one manner, our approach is able to reason about multiple futures, a capability that was previously considered difficult for end-to-end approaches. We conduct extensive experiments on the popular nuScenes dataset and demonstrate the empirical effectiveness of our approach. In addition, we investigate the appropriateness of reusing standard forecasting metrics for an end-to-end setup, and find a number of limitations which allow us to build simple baselines to game these metrics. We address this issue with a novel set of joint forecasting and detection metrics that extend the commonly used AP metrics from the detection community to measuring forecasting accuracy. Our code is available at https://github.com/neeharperi/FutureDet
Stacked Injection with Low Thermal Mass Gas Chromatography for PPB Level Detection of Oxygenated Compounds in Hydrocarbons (2006)

The presence of oxygenated compounds in light hydrocarbons can have a negative impact in manufacturing processes and on the quality of products produced. The development of an analytical technique termed "stacked injection" has been reported earlier. With this technique, sensitivity in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range for oxygenated compounds can be achieved, even with a flame ionization detector; however, there are drawbacks for this approach that limit its overall effectiveness. A new, improved analytical technique has been developed that not only addresses the shortcomings encountered, but offers markedly higher analytical performance. The new concept employs multidimensional gas chromatography (GC) with low thermal mass GC. With this new approach, throughput improvements of up to 5 times, range extension of solutes amenable for this analysis of up to nC16 alcohol, and ppb levels of detection for oxygenated compounds are achieved. Apart from alcohols, this technique is successfully employed for the ppb level analysis of other classes of oxygenated compounds, such as ethers, aldehydes, and aromatics.
Measuring Phase-Amplitude Coupling Between Neuronal Oscillations of Different Frequencies (2010)

Neuronal oscillations of different frequencies can interact in several ways. There has been particular interest in the modulation of the amplitude of high-frequency oscillations by the phase of low-frequency oscillations, since recent evidence suggests a functional role for this type of cross-frequency coupling (CFC). Phase-amplitude coupling has been reported in continuous electrophysiological signals obtained from the brain at both local and macroscopic levels. In the present work, we present a new measure for assessing phase-amplitude CFC. This measure is defined as an adaptation of the Kullback-Leibler distance-a function that is used to infer the distance between two distributions-and calculates how much an empirical amplitude distribution-like function over phase bins deviates from the uniform distribution. We show that a CFC measure defined this way is well suited for assessing the intensity of phase-amplitude coupling. We also review seven other CFC measures; we show that, by some performance benchmarks, our measure is especially attractive for this task. We also discuss some technical aspects related to the measure, such as the length of the epochs used for these analyses and the utility of surrogate control analyses. Finally, we apply the measure and a related CFC tool to actual hippocampal recordings obtained from freely moving rats and show, for the first time, that the CA3 and CA1 regions present different CFC characteristics.
An exact formulation for the vector potential of a cylindrical antenna with uniformly distributed current and arbitrary radius (1993)

An exact formulation is given for the vector potential and corresponding electric fields associated with a uniform current cylindrical dipole antenna of arbitrary radius. The exact expressions converge rapidly in the induction and near-field regions of the antenna. They are completely general and independent of the usual restrictions involving the wavelength, field point distance, dipole radius and length. The properties of these expressions allow them to be readily used for the efficient as well as accurate computational modeling of cylindrical wire antennas. An exact expression for the cylindrical wire kernel which is analytically as well as numerically convenient to work with is presented. It is demonstrated that the integral of the kernel can be expressed in terms of a series which involves a generalized exponential integral and higher-order associated integrals. Several methods for evaluating the generalized exponential integral are discussed, including some useful asymptotic expansions. A numerically stable forward recurrence relation for the higher-order associated integrals is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>