gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A prospective observational study of lenvatinib as an initial treatment for patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. (2022)

412 Background: The standard treatment for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been transarterial chemoembolization (TACE); however, it might not be suitable for patients (pts) beyond the up-to-7 criteria because of its insufficient efficacy and decline of liver function. Conversely, lenvatinib has shown a good response rate in the phase III trial REFLECT and was considered promising as an initial treatment for patients with BCLC stage B2 HCC. Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective observational study to evaluate the efficacy of lenvatinib as an initial treatment for pts aged 20 years or older, diagnosed with BCLC stage B2 HCC, naive to TACE, and with preserved organ function. The primary endpoint was a 1-year survival rate, with a threshold of 60% and an expected survival rate of 78% based on previous reports of TACE. With a one-sided alpha error of 5% and a power of 70%, 25 pts were recruited over an enrollment period of 2 years and a follow-up period of 10 months. Results: Enrollment began in June 2018 and was closed with 31 eligible pts enrolled by June 2020. Data cut-off was done in April 2021. Patient characteristics are as follows: the median age was 77 years (range: 57–86); 94% of the pts were male; the etiology of chronic liver disease was hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcohol abuse, and others in 3, 6, 9, and 10 pts, respectively; 20 and 11 pts had a Child-Pugh score of 5 and 6 points, respectively; the median maximum tumor diameter was 36 mm (range: 10–135); the number of pts with a tumor number of ≥10 was 8; and the median AFP level was 52.1 ng/mL (range: 2.4–49800). The 1-year survival rate was 71.0% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 68.4–73.6) and the primary endpoint was met. The median overall and progression-free survival was 17.0 months (95% CI, 15.3–19.2) and 10.4 months (95% CI, 6.6–13.8), respectively; the 2-year survival rate was 32.3%. The objective response rate according to RECIT1.1 and mRECIST was 22.6% and 70.0%, respectively. The common adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (68%), hypertension (65%), and anorexia (61%) in any grade, AST increased (23%), ALT increased (16%), and proteinuria (13%) in grade 3 or worse. Treatment interruption and dose reduction was required in 61% and 81% of the pts, respectively. The median relative dose intensity was 61.8% (range: 7.5–100). At the time of analysis, out of 24 pts, 17 (55%), nine (29%), and two (6%) discontinued lenvatinib due to disease progression, AEs, and conversion to curative treatments, respectively. One patient who showed partial response suddenly died during treatment due to unknown reasons. Systemic chemotherapy, TACE, and transarterial infusion therapy was administered in 11 (38%), six (21%) and one (3%) as a post study treatment, respectively. Conclusions: Our study indicates that initial treatment using lenvatinib prolongs the survival of pts with BCLC stage B2 HCC.
Reply to the Comments on "Curvature capillary migration of microspheres" by P. Galatola and A. Wurger (2015)

We have studied microparticle migration on curved fluid interfaces in experiment and derived an expression for the associated capillary energy $E$ for two cases, i.e., pinned contact lines and equilibrium contact lines, which differ from expressions derived by others in the literature. In this problem, a particle of radius $a$ makes a disturbance in a large domain characterized by principal radii of curvature $R_1$ and $R_2$. Since $a$ is smaller than all associated geometric and physico-chemical length scales, analysis calls for a singular perturbation approach. We recapitulate these concepts, identify conceptual errors in the Comments about our work, and provide evidence from experiment and simulation that supports our view.
Energetic Insights into the Role of Quaternary Ammonium Cations in Zeolite Synthesis (2023)

The thermodynamics of partitioning of an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) between water and an organic solvent such as chloroform or trichloroethane serve as a proxy for energetic interactions during zeolite synthesis. Using several newly synthesized OSDAs, we have extended our earlier calorimetric and partitioning studies of the thermodynamics of transfer to separate effects of charge (C/N+ ratio) and structure in a series of structurally related OSDAs. The Gibbs free energies of transfer are close to zero, resulting from a balance of strongly exothermic and relatively similar enthalpies and strongly negative and relatively similar entropies of transfer. There is no obvious correlation between the thermodynamics of transfer and the efficacy of a given OSDA in the zeolite synthesis. One must conclude that with bulk energetics of transfer being similar in most cases studied, the critical factors in OSDA function in zeolite synthesis are kinetically rather than thermodynamically controlled and arise from differences in activation energies related to details of OSDA structure and interactions during nucleation of possible zeolite precursors.
Catalytic template assisted interfacial polymerization for high‐performance acid‐resistant membrane preparation (2023)

Abstract Highly permeable acid‐resistant nanofiltration (NF) membranes are of critical significance for the efficient treatment of acidic streams. Enhancing permeability while maintaining the high solute rejection of acid‐resistant NF membranes remains a great challenge due to the low reactivity of monomers. In this work, a novel catalytic template assisted interfacial polymerization (IP) strategy of 3‐aminobenzenesulfonamide (ABSA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) was provided to prepare a poly(amide‐sulfonamide) membrane. Aminopyridine doped graphene quantum dots rich in acylation catalytic sites and ZIF‐8 nanoparticles are co‐loaded on a substrate as template. Benefiting from the enhanced phase integrity and self‐inhibition effect of the template assisted IP process, the resulting ultra‐thin acid‐resistant membrane exhibits an excellent water permeance (20.4 Lm −2 h −1 bar −1 ) with a high Na 2 SO 4 rejection of 90.5%, which outperforms almost all the reported acid‐resistant NF membranes. Our work paves a versatile way for synthesis of special separation membranes.
Framework for tracking and analysis of soccer video (2002)

In this paper, we present a complete framework for automatic analysis of soccer video by using domain specific information. In the proposed framework, following shot boundary detection, soccer shots are classified into 3 classes using the ratio of grass-colored pixels in a frame, and the size and number of soccer objects detected in a shot. These classes are long shots, in-field medium shots, and others, such as out-of-field of close-up shots. The long shots and in-field medium shots are further processed to analyze their semantic content. We observe that different low-level processing algorithms may be required to process different shot classes. For example, we introduce different tracking algorithms for the long shots and in- field medium shots. Furthermore, frame registration onto a reference field model is not usually applicable to in-field medium shots, because the field lines may not be visible. The proposed framework enables development of more effective low-level processing algorithms for high-level scene understanding, which perform nearly in real time. The results show the increased accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods.
DW2008S and its major constituents from Justicia procumbens exert anti‐asthmatic effect via multitargeting activity (2018)

Our previous study revealed that the ethanolic extract of Justicia procumbens ameliorates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of asthma. However, the mechanism of action of the extract remains unknown. In this study, we prepared DW2008S, an optimized and standardized powder extracted from J. procumbens using anhydrous ethanol, and investigated its anti-asthmatic effect and mechanism of action. Our results showed that DW2008S contains two major ingredients, justicidin A (JA) and justicidin B (JB), which selectively inhibit T helper 2 (Th2) cell responses in concanavalin A-activated spleen cells and polarized Th2 cells. Blockade of T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domains (TIGIT) using a neutralizing antibody also selectively inhibited Th2 cell responses. Furthermore, DW2008S regulated TIGIT expression in the mice and cultured cells. Additionally, DW2008S and JA antagonized human adenosine receptor A<sub>3</sub> (A<sub>3</sub> AR), which mediates mast cell-dependent inflammation and bronchoconstriction. DW2008S and JB inhibited human phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), which is known to cause bronchoconstriction; however, the required concentrations were higher than those needed to affect TIGIT . These findings suggest that DW2008S can potentially ameliorate Th2-driven airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction through negative regulation of TIGIT and blockade of A<sub>3</sub> AR and PDE4 activities.
Esterases in Barley and Malt (2002)

ABSTRACT Several esterases from barley and malt have been separated on polyacrylamide gels. The slowest moving bands appear to represent a single enzyme displaying a spread of migration owing to differences in surface charge. During malting, this enzyme, which is located in the starchy endosperm, shifts to a more migratory form. Two other main esterase groups are identified through gel electrophoresis, notably a highly anionic, highly labile enzyme, MW 62,000, located in the aleurone. The slowest and fastest moving bands have been partially purified using salt fractionation and ion‐exchange chromatography. The former, MW 47,000, has strong capability for hydrolyzing acetylxylan and it is speculated that its role in the starchy endosperm is as part of the enzyme system that hydrolyzes the cell walls.
In vitro cultivation of leprosy bacilli on hyaluronic acid based medium. 1. Preliminary report. (1976)

In vitro cultivation is reported of Mycobacterium leprae on a medium (designated LA-3) based on hyaluronic acid with additional ingredients of yeast extract, bovine albumin and glycerin together with phosphate buffer. The medium is also incorporated with agar or agarose (designated LA-3P) to serve as culture plates. Initial growth in LA-3 in test tubes required about six weeks but subsequently this was speeded up to about two weeks utilizing large quantities of media with aeration by shaking twice a day. Growth on LA-3P yields numerous small orange-yellow colonies in two to three weeks. Facets of the emerging aspects of the life cycle of M. leprae under cultivation are given preliminary report. The bases for the allegation of M. leprae identity of the cultured bacilli are essentially the following six determinations. 1. Pathologic and experimental determined rationale for the essential M. leprae nutrient requirement. 2. Several cultures having the same characteristics have been isolated from LL patients widely separate in time and by geography. 3. Failure of culture isolates to subculture on the usual media employed in the cultivation of mycobacteria at both 37 degrees C and room temperature. 4. 1 degree cultures in liquid medium successfully transferred to 2 degrees liquid medium and to 2 degrees agar medium plates. 5. Bacillary isolates and bacilli of 1 degree and 2 degrees liquid medium cultures all stain with pooled LL serum, FITC coupled, M. leprae specific antibody with which a broad range of other mycobacteria do not react. 6. M. lepraemurium also presents good growth on this medium.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Innate lymphoid cells drive interleukin-23-dependent innate intestinal pathology. (2010)

The key role of interleukin (IL)-23 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders is supported by the identification of IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) susceptibility alleles associated with inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis. IL-23-driven inflammation has primarily been linked to the actions of T-helper type 17 (TH17) cells. Somewhat overlooked, IL-23 also has inflammatory effects on innate immune cells and can drive T-cell-independent colitis. However, the downstream cellular and molecular pathways involved in this innate intestinal inflammatory response are poorly characterized. Here we show that bacteria-driven innate colitis is associated with an increased production of IL-17 and interferon-gamma in the colon. Stimulation of colonic leukocytes with IL-23 induced the production of IL-17 and interferon-gamma exclusively by innate lymphoid cells expressing Thy1, stem cell antigen 1 (SCA-1), retinoic-acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)-gammat and IL-23R, and these cells markedly accumulated in the inflamed colon. IL-23-responsive innate intestinal cells are also a feature of T-cell-dependent models of colitis. The transcription factor ROR-gammat, which controls IL-23R expression, has a functional role, because Rag-/-Rorc-/- mice failed to develop innate colitis. Last, depletion of Thy1+ innate lymphoid cells completely abrogated acute and chronic innate colitis. These results identify a previously unrecognized IL-23-responsive innate lymphoid population that mediates intestinal immune pathology and may therefore represent a target in inflammatory bowel disease. PMID: 20393462 Funding information This work was supported by: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States NIDDK NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: K99 DK085329 Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom Grant ID: 086354
Particle Filtering for Joint Symbol and Code Delay Estimation in DS Spread Spectrum Systems in Multipath Environment (2004)

We develop a new receiver for joint symbol, channel characteristics, and code delay estimation for DS spread spectrum systems under conditions of multipath fading. The approach is based on particle filtering techniques and combines sequential importance sampling, a selection scheme, and a variance reduction technique. Several algorithms involving both deterministic and randomized schemes are considered and an extensive simulation study is carried out in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.
An alternative criterion for regularization in Recursive Least-Squares problems (2010)

We motivate and propose an alternative criterion for the dynamical control of regularization in the context of the standard RLS algorithm. The proposed criterion explores the fact that in finite precision the numerical solution of a regularized linear system of equations may be closer to the analytical (unknown) solution of the original (unregularized) system than the numerical solution of the latter. We develop a measure of accuracy for such solutions and use it to automatically adjust the regularization parameter via a simple feedback mechanism. In order to keep computational complexity low, regularization is implemented indirectly via dithering of the input signal. Simulations show that the proposed criterion can effectively react, and compensate for large condition numbers, the precision available and unnecessarily large levels of regularization.
A nonevaporable low temperature activatable getter material (1981)

Nonevaporable getters have been widely used for many years in sealed vacuum or controlled atmosphere devices. They are also finding applications in other fields, where specific characteristics are required and tailor-made getters are requested, in some cases sacrificing speed in favor of lower activation temperatures, or lower operating temperature, while still maintaining an adequate sorption capacity. With these objectives, a decade long research project was undertaken which involved investigation of Zr–V–Fe alloys. The physico-chemical properties and the gettering characteristics (speed and capacity) of this family of alloys for some main gases usually present in vacuum devices (H2, CO, N2) have therefore been studied in a range of activation temperatures of less than about 700°C. The equilibrium pressure of H2 on these materials has also been studied as a function of concentration and temperature in a range of pressures less than ∠10 Pa. The results obtained, showing the efficiency of this type of alloy as a getter in a range of activation temperatures of about 500°C, are also discussed in comparison with some other well-known getter materials.
Real-Time Optimized Load Recovery Considering Frequency Constraints (2019)

A self-healing power grid can mitigate the impact of power outages and recover the affected area swiftly. To properly size the optimal amount and location of de-energized loads in the presence of both conventional and renewable sources, a precise optimization-based load recovery tool is proposed in this paper. The steady-state and transient behaviors of loads have been taken into account. The proposed tool contains three separate problems that interact with each other during the restoration period. The first-level problem determines the dispatching of generation units. The second-level problem comprises the non-linear algebraic equations, whose task is to provide the initial conditions for the third-level problem. Finally, the third-level problem intends to determine the optimal location and amount of load pickup through modeling the governor of generators as well as loads' dynamic behaviors. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed tool, a modified IEEE 39-system under a partial blackout condition has been tested. The results are verified by a commercial time-domain simulation software (PSS/E) to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed approach. Ultimately, the impact of wind turbine frequency control on the load recovery process has been studied under different penetration levels.
Identification of distinct steps during tubule formation by the movement protein of Cowpea mosaic virus (2003)

The movement protein (MP) of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) forms tubules through plasmodesmata in infected plants thus enabling virus particles to move from cell to cell. Localization studies of mutant MPs fused to GFP in protoplasts and plants identified several functional domains within the MP that are involved in distinct steps during tubule formation. Coinoculation experiments and the observation that one of the C-terminal deletion mutants accumulated uniformly in the plasma membrane suggest that dimeric or multimeric MP is first targeted to the plasma membrane. At the plasma membrane the MP quickly accumulates in peripheral punctuate spots, from which tubule formation is initiated. One of the mutant MPs formed tubules containing virus particles on protoplasts, but could not support cell-to-cell movement in plants. The observations that this mutant MP accumulated to a higher level in the cell than wt MP and did not accumulate in the cell wall opposite infected cells suggest that breakdown or disassembly of tubules in neighbouring, uninfected cells is required for cell-to-cell movement.
Role of myoplasmic phosphate in contractile function of skeletal muscle: studies on creatine kinase‐deficient mice (2001)

1. Increased myoplasmic inorganic phosphate (P(i)) has been suggested to have an important role in skeletal muscle fatigue, especially in the early phase. In the present study we used intact fast-twitch muscle cells from mice completely deficient in creatine kinase (CK(-/-)) to test this suggestion. These CK(-/-) muscle cells provide a good model since they display a higher P(i) concentration in the unfatigued state and fatigue without significant increase of P(i). 2. Tetanic contractions (350 ms duration) were produced in intact single muscle fibres. The free myoplasmic [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) was measured with the fluorescent indicator indo-1. The force-[Ca(2+)](i) relationship was constructed from tetani at different frequencies. 3. Compared with wild-type fibres, CK(-/-) fibres displayed lower force in 100 Hz tetani and at saturating [Ca(2+)](i) (i.e. 100 Hz stimulation during caffeine exposure), higher tetanic [Ca(2+)](i) during the first 100 ms of tetanic stimulation, reduced myofibrillar Ca(2+) sensitivity when measurements were performed 100-200 ms into tetani, and slowed force relaxation that was due to altered cross-bridge kinetics rather than delayed Ca(2+) removal from the myoplasm. 4. In wild-type fibres, a series of 10 tetani resulted in reduced tetanic force, slowed force relaxation, and increased amplitude of [Ca(2+)](i) tails after tetani. None of these changes were observed in CK(-/-) fibres. 5. Complementary experiments on isolated fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles showed a reduction of tetanic force and relaxation speed in CK(-/-) muscles similar to those observed in single fibres. 6. In conclusion, increased P(i) concentration can explain changes observed in the early phase of skeletal muscle fatigue. Increased P(i) appears to be involved in both fatigue-induced changes of cross-bridge function and SR Ca(2+) handling.
Novel volume based approach to estimate contrast recovery for NEMA image quality phantom (2019)

In this paper a new recipe for precise measurement of contrast recovery in NEMA image quality phantom for PET scanners is proposed. To accomplish this, we developed flexible numerical tool in three dimensional Cartesian to compute contrast recovery inside volume of interest while accounting of partial volume effects at the boundary of sphere. Also a method has been developed to find a location of centroid for each hot sphere inside NEMA IQ phantom automatically. We compared our proposed method (3D) to current NEMA NU2 2018 standard (2D) used to estimate contrast recovery.
Civil Litigation as a Means of Compensating Victims of International Terrorism (2002)

This Article discusses the rules of procedural law that authorize United States courts to enter civil judgments against international terrorists and the foreign states that sponsor them. Somewhat surprisingly, these rules do not make such judgments difficult to obtain. As the Sutherland case illustrates, plaintiffs have already recovered substantial money judgments against terrorist defendants. Not surprisingly, the real difficulties are encountered when plaintiffs seek to enforce such judgments. Private parties have successfully utilized civil litigation as a means of neutralizing domestic hate groups. The question now is whether they can achieve similar success with respect to international terrorists. Success in this context is measured by two basic goals: compensation of victims of international terrorism and deterrence of future wrongful acts on the part of international terrorist organizations and their state sponsors. This article attempts to provide some assessment of whether the rules of procedural law permit private parties to accomplish these goals. There has been a considerable amount of civil litigation involving international terrorism, even before the attacks in New York and Washington on September 11, 2001. Nearly all these cases have resulted in default judgments. As a consequence, few appeals have been taken and many of the procedural issues have not been addressed by appellate courts. This Article therefore begins with discussion of the three components that determine the validity of a default judgment within the United States courts: personal jurisdiction, service of process, and subject matter jurisdiction. Other issues discussed include venue and forum non conveniens, choice-of-law and jurisdiction to prescribe, the act of state doctrine, and judgments and enforcement of judgments. This Article concludes with some suggestions for the courts, the Congress, and the Executive branch that might provide the victims of international terrorism with more effective means of redress through civil litigation.