gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The impact of geographic inequality in federal research funding: A comparative longitudinal study of research and scholarly outputs in EPSCoR versus non-EPSCoR states (2023)

Some states in the U.S. have traditionally received less federal research funding than other states. The National Science Foundation (NSF) created a program in 1979, called the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) to enhance the research competitiveness in such states. While the geographic disparity in federal research funding is well known, the overall impact of federal funding on the research performance of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR has not been previously studied. In the current study, we compared the combined research productivity of Ph.D. granting institutions in EPSCoR versus the non-EPSCoR states to better understand the scientific impact of federal investments in sponsored research across all states. The research outputs we measured included journal articles, books, conference papers, patents, and citation count in academic literature. Unsurprisingly, results indicated that the non-EPSCoR states received significantly more federal research funding than their EPSCoR counterparts, which correlated with a higher number of faculty members in the non-EPSCoR versus EPSCoR states. Also, in the overall research productivity expressed on a per capita, the non-EPSCoR states fared better than EPSCoR states. However, when the research output was measured based on per $1M investment of federal research funding, EPSCoR states performed significantly better than the non-EPSCoR states in many research productivity indicators, with the notable exception of patents. Together, this study found preliminary evidence that EPSCoR states achieved a high degree of research productivity despite receiving significantly fewer federal research dollars. The limitations and next steps of this study are also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: A GENERAL METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF 6‐HYDROXY‐4‐ALKYLHEXANALS (1977)

Abstract p‐Äthylphenol (I) wird über das Cyclohexanol (II) in das Cyclohexanon (III) umgewandelt, das bei der Behandlung mit 40%iger Peressigsäure zum Oxepanon (IV) führt.
Figure FS3 from Loss of the Volume-regulated Anion Channel Components LRRC8A and LRRC8D Limits Platinum Drug Efficacy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Pt-drug treatment of polyclonal cell lines with wild type as well as Lrrc8a or Lrrc8d knockout alleles shows positive selection for knockout alleles&lt;/p&gt;
Preloaded D-methionine protects from steady state and impulse noise-induced hearing loss and induces long-term cochlear and endogenous antioxidant effects (2021)

The optimal D-met preloading starting time window is earlier for steady state (3.5-2.5 days) than impulse noise (3.0-2.0). At 21 days post impulse noise, D-met increased serum GR for 2 preloading time points but not SOD, CAT, or GpX and not cochlear GSH, GSSG or the GSH/GSSG ratio. At 21 days post steady state noise D-met increased serum SOD and GPx at select preloading time points but not CAT or GR. However D-met did increase the cochlear GSH at select preloading time points but not GSSG or the GSH/GSSG ratio.
Bang-bang digital PLLs at 11 and 20GHz with sub-200fs integrated jitter for high-speed serial communication applications (2009)

This paper describes an integer-N BB-PFD DPLL architecture for wireline communication applications. The feasibility of the structure is demonstrated by implementations targeting applications in the 8-to-11 Gb/s and 17-to-20 Gb/s ranges. A key challenge associated with this approach is how to achieve the proportional-path latency and gain required for overall low-noise DPLL performance. In particular, it is well-known that the strong nonlinearity introduced by the BB-PFD manifests itself as a bounded limit cycle. This results in the DPLL output jitter to increase as the proportional path latency and gain increase. To minimize the negative effect of the limit cycle, the DPLL architecture features a separate low-latency proportional path, with the BB- PFD output directly controlling the DCO. Other features include controllability of the proportional-path gain and of the BBPFD gain.
System of Grid Resource Monitoring Service (2006)

Resource monitoring is a key component in grid system. It can help understanding the performance limits and forecasting the failure of the system, advice in the scheduling and configuration of grid application and so on. This paper puts forward a system of grid resource monitoring service which is based on MDS (Monitoring and Discovery Service), which achieves real-time monitoring and the visualization of historical monitoring data for computing nodes in grid by Globus Toolkits. It introduces the design ideas of this service system, presents its architecture, and discusses its supports for low delay, low performance affection, scalability and manageability.
Chemical Cleavage of Proteins at Aspartyl-X Peptide Bonds (2009)

Some methods for chemically cleaving proteins, such as those described in Chapters 94 and 95, are fairly specific for a particular residue, show good yields, and generate usefully large peptides (as reaction occurs at relatively rare amino acid residues). There may be cases, however, when such peptides (or indeed, proteins) lacking these rarer residues need to be further fragmented, and in such instances cleavage at the more common aspartyl residue may prove useful. The method described in this chapter (and in ref. 1) for cleavage to the carboxy-(C)-terminal side of aspartyl residues is best limited to smaller polypeptides rather than larger proteins because yields are <100% and somewhat variable according to sequence. Partial cleavage of Asp-X bonds in a larger protein leads to a very complex set of peptides that may be difficult to analyze. Partial hydrolysis of smaller peptides yields correspondingly simpler mixtures. This may even be preferable to complete fragmentation for some purposes, such as peptide sequencing or mass spectrometry whereby the series of overlapping peptides may be used to order the peptides in the protein sequence (as in ref. 2 in which partial cleavage at methionyl-X bonds by CNBr was used).
Milk accumulation triggers apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells. (1997)

Continuous milk production is a consequence of a complex interplay of lactogenic hormones and it depends on the suckling stimulus during lactation. Involution is associated with a massive engorgement of the gland with milk followed by apoptosis of secretory epithelial cells and a restructing of the gland. Sealing of a single gland during lactation is sufficient to induce an initial engorgement and a subsequent collapse of alveolar structures and massive epithelial cell death while the other glands of the same animal remain morphologically and functionally in a lactating state. Many markers of involution such as sulfated glycoprotein-2, protein kinase A, transcription factor AP-1 and most notably stromelysin are induced in sealed glands. These findings suggest a cell death pathway which is independent of the systemic levels of lactogenic hormones but which is triggered by an accumulation of apoptosis-inducing factors in the milk, in the lobulo-alveolar structures or by a physical distortion of secretory epithelial cells generated by the engorgement.
Concepts for Cost Reduction in CSP Power Plants (2015)

In solar thermal power plants concentrating collectors are used to provide the high-temperature heat for the power plant. There are a number of different concepts available in which the heat transfer fluid is either directly used in the power plant cycle (e.g. water vapor), or alternatively a secondary cycle with a different fluid (e.g. thermal oil) is used to collect the solar energy. To date, especially parabolic trough systems that use synthetic thermal oil as heat transfer medium are the dominant technology in the market. However alternative approaches that use other concentrator geometries (like central receiver tower power plants) and /or alternative heat transfer fluids are increasingly showing up. The lecture introduces two different concepts that use molten salt as heat transfer as well as storage medium. Technological strengths and weaknesses as well as expectations with respect to efficiency and cost are discussed.
Plant Sterols (1975)

Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context ...Read More
Quantitative evaluation of interim positron emission tomography in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (2021)

qPET and ∆SUV<sub>max</sub> identify large fractions of PTCL patients destined to experience treatment failure. qPET may be preferred because it requires a single PET scan, halving the diagnostic effort.
Adipocyte-specific PIK3C3/VPS34 controls adipogenesis, metabolically-triggered inflammation, insulin resistance, and adaptive thermogenesis in mice (2021)

Abstract Interactions between cells of the immune and metabolic systems play critical roles in controlling immune responsiveness and metabolic health. When these interactions are dysregulated, metabolic diseases such as obesity or lipodystrophy may develop. We have focused on cellular processes related to autophagy, a cellular self-degradation process, in controlling interactions between the immune and metabolic systems. In this study, we analyzed mice with an adipocyte-selective deficiency in PIK3C3/VPS34, a key early player in autophagy. These animals showed reduced white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT) with enhanced macrophage infiltration, systemic immune activation, and spontaneous insulin-resistance. The phenotype of these animals bears a striking resemblance with the disease manifestations seen in individuals with lipodystrophy. Mechanistically, we found that conditional Pik3c3-deficiency inhibits adipogenesis in both WAT and BAT by downregulating glucose uptake and fatty acid metabolism, and impairs the thermogenic function of BAT by downregulating the expression of key regulators (Prdm16, Ucp1, and Cidea). Upon acute cold exposure, Pik3c3-deficient mice became cold-sensitive under fasting conditions due to insufficient thermogenesis in BAT. In contrast, these animals exhibited blunted beige fat thermogenesis in subcutaneous WAT in response to administration of a b3-adrenergic receptor agonist. Collectively, our data demonstrate that PIK3C3 is a vital regulator of adipose tissue development, metabolically-triggered inflammation, insulin resistance, and adaptive thermogenesis. Hence, we identify PIK3C3 as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
Thermalization of incoherent nonlinear wave-packets (2007)

We present both theoretically and experimentally in an optical-fiber system a novel phenomenon of velocity-locking of incoherent nonlinear waves. This intriguing process is explained by simple thermodynamic arguments based on the weak turbulence theory
GPU accelerated partitioned reconstruction algorithm for millimeter-wave 3D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images (2017)

3D reconstruction using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is a computationally complex process due to the large amount of data involved. This paper proposes a partitioned reconstruction method for 3D SAR imaging, which leads to computationally efficient algorithms. The proposed method allows for parallel processing, e.g. using a general purpose graphic processing unit (GPU). Experimental results using a laboratory K-Band (15–26.5 GHz) ultra-wideband SAR system are presented. It is shown that 3D SAR reconstruction with GPU acceleration using the proposed algorithms is 300 times faster than the conventional matched filter approach.
Variable Wave Plate via Tunable Form-Birefringent Structures (2008)

We propose a compact and low-cost design for a variable wave plate using tunable form-birefringent grating structures in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The described device operates through PDMS deformation via electrostatically actuated transparent electrodes. The optical and mechanical properties of tunable form-birefringent structures are modeled using birefringence, rigorous coupled-wave analysis, and simple structural mechanics theory. The device is fabricated by a form of soft nanoimprint lithography. The optical properties are characterized for different structure geometries. Operating principles were verified through testing of the completed device. The experimental results and theoretical study show that an irregular grating structure performs better than a periodic subwavelength structure. [2007-0303].
Infantile Vitreous Hemorrhage as the Initial Presentation of X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (2009)

The authors report two cases of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) manifested as bilateral vitreous hemorrhage as early as in an 1-month-old infant and in a 3-month-old infant. The one-month-old male infant showed massive bilateral vitreous hemorrhage. During vitrectomy, thin membrane representing an inner part of schisis cavity was excised and intraschisis hemorrhage was evacuated. As intraschisis cavities were cleared, the stump of inner layer appeared as the demarcation line between the outer layer of the schisis retina and non-schisis retina. The other three-month-old male infant presenting with esodeviation also showed bilateral vitreous hemorrhage. Typical bilateral retinoschisis involving maculae could be seen through vitreous hemorrhage in both eyes on fundus examination. Spontaneous absorption of hemorrhage was observed on regular follow-up. XLRS could be manifested as massive hemorrhage inside or outside of the schisis cavity early in infancy.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of theEscherichia coliglucose-1-phosphatase (2001)

Encoded by the agp gene, Escherichia coli glucose-1-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose-1-phosphate in the periplasmic space of the bacterium. It is a potential drug-design target because inositol phosphatases have been identified as important virulence determinants in several human and animal pathogens. The enzyme was isolated and purified to homogeneity from a strain of E. coli CU1867 (an appA-deficient mutant). Crystals were obtained overnight by the equilibrium vapour-diffusion method from a solution containing 10 mg ml(-1) enzyme, 1.2 M ammonium sulfate and 25% polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 5000 in 0.1 M MES at pH 6.5. The crystals belong to space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 156.0, c = 92.2 A. The diffraction limit was 2.6 A at a rotating-anode X-ray source; a 2.7 A resolution data set has been collected using light mineral oil as a cryoprotectant. The data set was 95.2% complete, with an R(sym) of 0.058. There were two monomers of glucose-1-phosphatase in the asymmetric unit, which correspond to a V(M) of 2.36 A Da(-1) and 47.5% solvent content. Self-rotation analysis unambiguously shows a twofold non-crystallographic symmetry.
A hardware-software co-simulator for embedded system design and debugging (1995)

No abstract available.
All‐aromatic liquid crystalline thermosets with high glass transition temperatures (2009)

Abstract We have synthesized and characterized a new family of low melting all‐aromatic ester‐based liquid crystal oligomers end‐capped with reactive phenylethynyl end groups. In a consecutive, high‐temperature step, the reactive end groups were thermally activated and polymerization was initiated. This reactive oligomer approach allows us to synthesize liquid crystal thermosets with outstanding mechanical and thermal properties, which are superior to well‐known high‐performance polymers such as PPS and PEEK. We have modified an intractable LC formulation based on hydroquinone and terephthalic acid, with M n = 1000, 5000, and 9000 g mol −1 , and varied the backbone composition using isophthalic acid, resorcinol, 4‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid, 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid, and chlorohydroquinone. All fully cured polymers showed glass transition temperatures in the range of 164–275 °C, and high storage moduli at room temperature (∼ 5 GPa) and elevated temperature (∼ 2 GPa at 200 °C). All oligomers display nematic mesophases and in most cases, the nematic order is maintained after cure. Rheology experiments showed that the phenylethynyl end group undergoes predominantly chain extension below 340 °C and crosslinking above this temperature. Highly aligned fibers could be spun from the nematic melt, and we found that the order parameter 〈 P 2 〉 was not affected by the chain extension and crosslink chemistry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1368–1380, 2009
A Priori Optimization (1990)

Consider a complete graph G = (V, E) in which each node is present with probability p. We are interested in solving combinatorial optimization problems on subsets of nodes which are present with a certain probability. We introduce the idea of a priori optimization as a strategy competitive to the strategy of reoptimization, under which the combinatorial optimization problem is solved optimally for every instance. We consider four problems: the traveling salesman problem (TSP), the minimum spanning tree, vehicle routing, and traveling salesman facility location. We discuss the applicability of a priori optimization strategies in several areas and show that if the nodes are randomly distributed in the plane the a priori and reoptimization strategies are very close in terms of performance. We characterize the complexity of a priori optimization and address the question of approximating the optimal a priori solutions with polynomial time heuristics with provable worst-case guarantees. Finally, we use the TSP as an example to find practical solutions based on ideas of local optimality.
Thermally Self-Healing Polymeric Materials: The Next Step to Recycling Thermoset Polymers? (2009)

We developed thermally self-healing polymeric materials on the basis of furan-functionalized, alternating thermosetting polyketones (PK-furan) and bis-maleimide by using the Diels−Alder (DA) and Retro-Diels−Alder (RDA) reaction sequence. PK-furan can be easily obtained under mild conditions by the Paal−Knorr reaction of the polyketones with furfurylamine. The highly cross-linked polymers can be thermally remended to complete recovery in fracture loading, whereas the remending process can be repeated multiple times without any loss in mechanical properties. It is found that the achieved self-healing ability of this easily accessible system provides full recyclability and reworkability, which often is perceived to be difficult or impossible for thermosetting polymers. The simplicity of the synthesis, the broad range of available polyketone precursors, and the striking healing ability (kinetics and efficiency of mechanical properties recovery) of this system could expand the scientific understanding of self-healing materials and introduce the cradle-to-cradle concept for thermoset-based plastics and composites.
Large-Area, Freestanding, Single-Layer Graphene–Gold: A Hybrid Plasmonic Nanostructure (2014)

Graphene-based plasmonic devices have recently drawn great attention. However, practical limitations in fabrication and device architectures prevent studies from being carried out on the intrinsic properties of graphene and their change by plasmonic structures. The influence of a quasi-infinite object (i.e., the substrate) on graphene, being a single sheet of carbon atoms, and the plasmonic device is overwhelming. To address this and put the intrinsic properties of the graphene-plasmonic nanostructures in focus, we fabricate large-area, freestanding, single-layer graphene-gold (LFG-Au) sandwich structures and Au nanoparticle decorated graphene (formed via thermal treatment) hybrid plasmonic nanostructures. We observed two distinct plasmonic enhancement routes of graphene unique to each structure via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The localized electronic structure variation in the LFG due to graphene-Au interaction at the nanoscale is mapped using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. The measurements show an optical density of ∼0.007, which is the smallest experimentally determined for single-layer graphene thus far. Our results on freestanding graphene-Au plasmonic structures provide great insight for the rational design and future fabrication of graphene plasmonic hybrid nanostructures.
Losses and transmission in two-dimensional slab photonic crystals (2004)

Using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method, we present an extensive study of the losses in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals patterned in step-index waveguides. We examine the origin of these losses and their dependence on the various system parameters such as the filling ratio, the lattice constant, the shape of the holes, and the propagation direction. Furthermore, we examine the possibility of studying these losses using an approximate 2D model; the validity and limitations of such a model are discussed in detail.
Pilot Study: A Non-Invasive Urine Test for Potential Prostate Abnormalities (2002)

Currently, serum is used more often than urine to detect prostate specific antigen (PSA). The need for a non-invasive test yielding similar results led us to develop a urine test that uses solar irradiated water as a reactant species. To develop this technology, seven reagents plus one control were produced by exposure of water for 40 days in sunlight to the colors of the visible spectrum through colored cellophane, control being an unwrapped bottle of sterile water. Patients (127) were examined for serum PSA and the urine was tested using the above reagents. A positive urine test was observed with yellow-filtered irradiated water which absorbed at 454nm. Twenty-five of the 45 patients with positive results for the urine test had PSA levels of 0.21-4.0 ng/ml. Thus, this pilot study describes a non-invasive urine test mainly positive in patients with PSA 0.21-4.0 ng/ml.
Supplemental Tables S1-S5 from The Estrogen Receptor Cofactor SPEN Functions as a Tumor Suppressor and Candidate Biomarker of Drug Responsiveness in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Clinical data (S1); Expression levels of SPEN and PGR as evaluated with DNA microarrays (S2); IC50 values of SPEN-overexpressing T47D clones, SPEN-silenced MCF-7 clones and their respective controls (S3); Loss of heterozysity assessment using polymorphic microsatellite repeat markers (S4); Primers sequence for the sequencing of SPEN (S5).&lt;/p&gt;
Synthesis of spiro-compounds: use of diselenoacetals for generation of quaternary centres by alkylation and radical cyclization (1985)

Ketones are readily converted viathe corresponding diphenyl diselenoacetals (2) into selenides (5) which undergo radical 5-exo cyclization to spiro-compounds (7) on treatment with triphenyltin hydride and azoisobutyronitrile; an analogous sequence serves for the preparation of spiro-lactones (12).
Defects in the Ripple Structure of Phospholipids (1987)

Abstract The authors propose a model for the arrangement of the phospholipid molecules in a lipid bilayer membrane, based upon both the structure of the fatty acyl chains packed in highly ordered hexagonal arrays below the main transition temperature and the ripple structures in which the ripple lines have a hexagonal symmetry. This assumption results in three kinds of the configurations, whose boundaries make the angle of 120° among them. According to this domain structure, the texture appearing on the freeze-fractured surface in the ripple phase can be explained consistently, and furthermore, the kinetics of the domain boundary motion can be understood satisfactorily.