gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the nanostructure of melamine-formaldehyde aerogels (1995)

The transparency of melamine-formaldehyde (MF) aerogels strongly depends on the solution pH during polymerization. Two MF aerogels were studied. MF #1 was transparent and was formed at pH ⋍ 2 with a bulk density of 160 kg/m3 and a Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of 970 m2/gm. MF #2 was an opaque aerogel formed at pH ⋍ 0.5 with a bulk density of 130 kg/m3 and a surface area of 850 m2/gm. Both MF aerogels have a polymeric nanostructure. Melamine and formaldehyde formed single polymeric chains of ⋍ 0.95 nm in diameter. The MF #1 aerogel connectors were frequently composed of two or three polymeric chains with the connector diameter averaging ⋍ 2.0 and ⋍ 2.8 nm which usually showed branching every 12.6 ± 4.5 nm thereby defining the connector length. The side chains along the connectors in MF #1 formed a reticular MF matrix. The MF #1 matrix pores averaged 10.4 ± 5.5 nm and pores between sections of the MF matrix averaged 28.8 ± 19 nm. In MF #2, the connectors also formed side chains but these side chains did not form a reticular matrix. As a consequence, the connector diameter, 8.8 ± 5.8 nm, includes the side chains projecting from a core chain of 1.9 ± 0.7 nm. In addition to the average pore size of 47.7 ± 30 nm, MF #2 contained cavities or voids within the aerogel with length dimensions averaging 328 ± 130 nm, responsible for its opacity. The high BET surface areas of both MF aerogels correlate with their polymeric structure.
Variation and Reliability in FPGAs (2013)

This paper focuses on variability and reliability issues for FPGAs. The paper shows how these issues can be effectively addressed using one of the most powerful features of FPGAs: their ability and flexibility to be reconfigured. The paper also presents techniques for characterizing variability and degradation in these systems.
Electromagnetic optimization using Taguchi method: a case study of linear antenna array design (2006)

This paper introduces a novel electromagnetic optimization technique using Taguchi method. To illustrate this technique, a linear antenna array is optimized to realize a null control pattern and a sector beam pattern. It is found that Taguchi method is easy to implement and it converges to the desired patterns quickly. This method is a good candidate for optimizing EM applications.
HLA-G gene activation in tumor cells involvescis-acting epigenetic changes (2004)

The tissue distribution of HLA-G molecules is broader than originally reported in trophoblastic cells. On the basis of numerous studies, HLA-G is also expressed in malignant tumors and involved in tumor immune escape. The mechanisms of HLA-G gene regulation differ from those of classical HLA class I genes and involve epigenetic processes. Here, we provide additional evidence on the influence of DNA demethylation on HLA-G activation. We also analyze the 5' regulatory region of HLA-G in 2 cellular models, melanoma (FON, M8) and choriocarcinoma (JEG-3, JAR), either expressing HLA-G transcripts or not. The data strongly suggest that HLA-G is silenced as a result of CpG site hypermethylation within a 5' regulatory region encompassing 450 bp upstream of the start codon, whereas it is activated upon demethylation. This result correlates with the acetylation status of histones within this region and the putative locus control region located at -1.2 kb. cis-acting epigenetic changes and the fact that demethylating agents activate HLA-G expression at least 5 days following treatment should be taken into account in epigenetic cancer therapies.
Experimental antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of the camptothecin analog irinotecan (CPT-11) in mice (1996)

Irinotecan (CPT-11) is a semi-synthetic derivative of camptothecin currently in clinical trials. In vitro, CPT-11 presented preferential cytotoxicity toward some solid tumor cells (mouse colon 38 and pancreas 03; human pancreas MIA PaCa-2) as compared to leukemia cells (L1210), whereas SN-38, a metabolite of CPT-11, was not solid tumor selective. In vivo, schedule of administration studies in P388 leukemia and mammary adenocarcinoma 16/C (MA16/C) showed that CPT-11 was not markedly schedule dependent. In order to determine its spectrum of anticancer activity, CPT-11 was evaluated against a variety of mouse and human tumors. The end points used were total log cell kill (Lck) for solid tumors and increase in life span (% ILS) for leukemia. Intravenous CPT-11 was found highly active against both early and advanced stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 03 (P03), with 60% long-term survivors and 100% complete regressions, respectively. Other responsive tumors included: colon adenocarcinomas 38 and 51 (both 1.0 Lck); MA16/C (3.4 Lck); MA13/C (1.0 Lck); human Calc18 breast adenocarcinoma (2.8 Lck); Glasgow osteogenic sarcoma (1.8 Lck); Lewis lung carcinoma (1.4 Lck); B16 melanoma (1.4 Lck); P388 leukemia (170% ILS) and L1210 leukemia (64% ILS). Of interest, CPT-11 was active against tumors with acquired resistance to vincristine (P388/Vcr), to doxorubicin (P388/Dox) and to docetaxel (Calc18/TXT). CPT-11 was also found highly active after oral administration in mice bearing P03 and MA16/C tumors. Pharmacokinetic evaluations performed i.v. at the highest non-toxic dosage in mice bearing P03 tumors revealed CPT-11 peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 8.9 micrograms/ml and a terminal half-life of 0.6 h. The metabolite SN-38 plasma concentrations presented a Cmax of 1.6 micrograms/ml and a terminal half-life of 7.4 h. Although the CPT-11 tumor levels were similar to the plasma concentrations for early time points, drug levels decreased more slowly in the tumor compared to plasma (half-life, 5.0 h). SN-38 tumor levels reached concentrations in the range of 0.32-0.34 micrograms/g and decayed with a half-life of 6.9 h. No significant difference in plasma or tumor pharmacokinetics of either CPT-11 or SN-38 were noted after one or five daily i.v. injections. Overall, these data show that CPT-11 has good activity in experimental models, when administered both by the i.v. and the oral routes. Compared to humans, a similar schedule of administration independence was observed and similar CPT-11 levels could be reached at efficacious dosages although metabolite SN-38 levels were found higher in mice.
Development and Characterization of a Human and Mouse Intestinal Epithelial Cell Monolayer Platform (2017)

We describe the development and characterization of a mouse and human epithelial cell monolayer platform of the small and large intestines, with a broad range of potential applications including the discovery and development of minimally systemic drug candidates. Culture conditions for each intestinal segment were optimized by correlating monolayer global gene expression with the corresponding tissue segment. The monolayers polarized, formed tight junctions, and contained a diversity of intestinal epithelial cell lineages. Ion transport phenotypes of monolayers from the proximal and distal colon and small intestine matched the known and unique physiology of these intestinal segments. The cultures secreted serotonin, GLP-1, and FGF19 and upregulated the epithelial sodium channel in response to known biologically active agents, suggesting intact secretory and absorptive functions. A screen of over 2,000 pharmacologically active compounds for inhibition of potassium ion transport in the mouse distal colon cultures led to the identification of a tool compound.
Critical care transesophageal endosonography and guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis and management of posterior mediastinitis (2003)

Bedside transesophageal endosonography/fine-needle aspiration of posterior mediastinal lesions in critically ill patients was an effective and relatively noninvasive way to detect mediastinitis and provide material to identify the etiologic agent. It was particularly useful in postesophagectomy patients.
The Variability Puzzle in Human Memory (2017)

Abstract Memory performance exhibits a high level of variability from moment to moment. Much of this variability may reflect inadequately controlled experimental variables, such as word memorability, past practice and subject fatigue. Alternatively, stochastic variability in performance may largely reflect the efficiency of endogenous neural processes that govern memory function. To help adjudicate between these competing views, we conducted a multisession study in which subjects completed 552 trials of a delayed free-recall task. Applying a statistical model to predict variability in each subject’s recall performance uncovered modest effects of word memorability, proactive interference, and other variables. In contrast to the limited explanatory power of these experimental variables, performance on the prior list strongly predicted current list recall. These findings suggest that endogenous factors underlying successful encoding and retrieval drive variability in performance.
Electro-hydrodynamic atomization of drug solutions for inhalation purposes (2001)

Monodisperse aerosols show therapeutic advantages, but they are difficult to generate. A new method (electrohydrodynamic atomization) is described. A high voltage is applied to a nozzle through which a solution, containing dissolved drug, is pumped. At the nozzle tip, a liquid cone is formed and a stream of monodisperse droplets is released. The droplet diameter is governed by the density, conductivity, and the flow rate of the fluid. The droplets are charged and need to be neutralized. Therefore, a corona discharge system is used. Methylparahydroxybenzoate was used as a model drug, and additional data were generated by using beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP). At a flow rate of 1 ml/h and 0.5% methylparahydroxybenzoate, 1.58-microm particles were produced with a geometric SD of 1.18. Increasing the flow rate to 3 ml/h and the concentration to 3% resulted in 4.55-microm particles with a geometric SD of 1.29. The experiments with BDP resulted in similar particle sizes. The mass of BDP was found to range between 1.42 and 6 microg/l air. Aqueous solutions cannot be sprayed by using this setup. This method can be used to deliver antiasthma drugs to patients.
An architecture for designing distributed spoken dialogue interfaces (2003)

A spoken dialogue interface allows a user to interact with a computer application using speech. The user engages in a conversation with the application to achieve some goal, for example to obtain travel information or to book theatre tickets. In this paper, we describe an architecture and development environment for designing distributed spoken dialogue interfaces. A distributed spoken dialogue interface allows multiple users, distributed throughout a computer network, to interact with an application using speech. With a distributed spoken dialogue interface, several users engage in a conversation with the application, at different times, to achieve some goal. Our approach to distributed spoken dialogue interfaces is based on the idea of an intelligent agent that coordinates the activities of the multiple users interacting with the application. To support our model of distributed spoken dialogues, we have created a software development environment, JSBB, that can be used to design both distributed and non-distributed spoken dialogue interfaces.
Video multicast using layered FEC and scalable compression (2001)

The use of scalable video with layered multicast has been shown to be an effective method to achieve rate control in heterogeneous networks. We propose the use of layered forward error correction (FEC) as an error-control mechanism in a layered multicast framework. By organizing FEC into multiple layers, receivers can obtain different levels of protection commensurate with their respective channel conditions. Efficient network utilization is achieved as FEC streams are multicast, and only to receivers that need them. Furthermore, FEC is used without overall rate expansion by selectively dropping data layers to make room for FEC layers. Effects of bursty losses are amortized by staggering the FEC streams in time, giving rise to a tradeoff between delay and quality. For rate control at the receivers, we propose an equation-based approach that computes network usage as a function of measured network characteristics. We show that equation-based rate control achieves more fair bandwidth sharing amongst competing sessions as compared to existing multicast rate control schemes such as RLM and RLC. Fairness is achieved since competing sessions sharing a path will measure similar network characteristics. Simulations and actual MBONE experiments are performed using error-resilient, scalable video compression. We find that video quality is significantly improved at the same communication rate when layered FEC is used.
Bomb detection system implementation analysis. Final report (1964)

To determine the economic feasibility and reliability of bomb detection devices adequate for use at airports serving air carriers, nationwide systems of devices for surveillance of passengers and baggage and detection of gamma-ray emissions from bombs using Co60-tagged detonator caps are examined. Alternatives to the liquid scintillator coincidence device, which was developed and tested by Catholic University for airport application, are also examined. It is concluded that a liquid scintillator device large enough to monitor a full cart or pod of baggage at one time is most suitable for monitoring baggage, but that sodium iodide scintillator devices have significant advantages for use in monitoring passengers. (Author)
Self-Organized Low-Power Multihop Failover Protocol for a Cellular-Based Public Safety Device Network (2022)

This study proposes a network failover protocol for public safety devices, such as fire alarms and gas leak detectors using a cellular (i.e., 5G and LTE) Internet of Things (IoT) network, and evaluates its performance through experiments. The proposed protocol recovers communication functions by establishing a detour route through the secondary network (i.e., 447-MHz narrowband wireless network) when a problem occurs in the primary network (i.e., cellular network) in a disaster situation. All operations of the proposed protocol are performed autonomously by self-organization and collaboration of distributed nodes without centralized control. Thus, the communication function is maintained until all physically configurable routes are cut without any network reconfiguration process, even under adverse conditions, where nodes and communication paths status frequently change in real time due to a disaster. In addition, this failover protocol reduces power consumption by activating the secondary network only at the moment when network failover is necessary by using the novel self-organized low-power multihop relay wake-up scheme proposed in this study. Therefore, the proposed protocol can be easily applied to IoT devices that are often operated only by batteries. The proposed protocol also has the advantage of immediate use without any modification of the current cellular IoT network.
Endothelial Cell Traction Forces on RGD-Derivatized Polyacrylamide Substrata (2002)

Receptor-mediated adhesion involves both mechanical and chemical signals occurring at the cell−substrate interface. Using a relatively new technique called traction force microscopy, the magnitude, direction, and spatial location of mechanical forces exerted by endothelial cells on a RGD-peptide-derivatized hydrogel substrate were measured. We constructed a surface with a controlled density of cell adhesion nonapeptide containing RGD, which can ligate endothelial cell integrin receptors and induce cell spreading. Increasing the concentration of the RGD peptide increases cell spreading on an otherwise nonadhesive surface of polyacrylamide, and cell area is a monotonically increasing function of peptide concentration. Correlating the force exerted by the cell to the cell area reveals that force is a linear, increasing function of cell area, with a mean increase in cell force of 104 dyn/cm2 cell area. Additionally, we have found that tractions exerted by endothelial cells are concentrated at the ends of pseudopodia and are almost negligible under the nucleus. These results indicate that endothelial cells may have an internal structure that contacts and pulls on the substrate at concentrated locations within the tips of cell extensions and that the strength in adhesion increases with cell spreading.
Synergistic activation of human t cells by interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 (1988)

Purified human interleukin 6 (IL 6) was found to stimulate the proliferation of human tonsillar and peripheral rosetting T cells subliminally activated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). This response seemed independent of IL 2 but highly dependent on the presence of accessory cells. Indeed, when accessory cell-depleted tonsillar T cells were activated with PHA and exposed to IL 6, only minimal proliferations were observed. A similar result was obtained with IL 1. However, a combination of these two cytokines induced strong proliferations, indicating that IL 1 and IL 6 plays a synergistic role in the interactions between accessory cells and T lymphocytes.
Refractive index and temperature sensitivity characteristics of a micro-slot fiber Bragg grating (2012)

Fabrication and characterization of a UV inscribed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with a micro-slot liquid core is presented. Femtosecond (fs) laser patterning/chemical etching technique was employed to engrave a micro-slot with dimensions of 5.74 μm(h)×125 μm(w)×1388.72 μm(l) across the whole grating. The device has been evaluated for refractive index (RI) and temperature sensitivities and exhibited distinctive thermal response and RI sensitivity beyond the detection limit of reported fiber gratings. This structure has not just been RI sensitive, but also maintained the robustness comparing with the bare core FBGs and long-period gratings with the partial cladding etched off.
The Association of Estrogen Receptor-β Gene Variation With Salt-Sensitive Blood Pressure (2017)

The variation at rs10144225 in ESR2 was associated with SSBP in premenopausal women (estrogen-replete) and not in men or postmenopausal women (estrogen-deplete). Inappropriate aldosterone levels on a liberal salt diet may mediate the SSBP.
Chain Mobility, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(ethylene furanoate) Compared to Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2014)

Poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), the furan-derived analogue to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), can provide a fully biosourced alternative to PET with greatly improved barrier properties and attractive thermal and mechanical properties. The improved barrier for PEF compared to PET is unexpected due to the higher free volume of PEF vs PET. Segmental motions related to penetrant diffusion in both polyesters were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, 13C–CP/MAS solid-state NMR variable contact-time experiments, and centerband-only detection of exchange (CODEX) measurements. Unlike the active phenyl ring-flipping mechanism in PET, furan ring-flipping is greatly suppressed, thereby reducing β relaxation motions and diffusion in PEF due to the energy penalty associated with the nonlinear axis of ring rotation and ring polarity. Preliminary work also shows similar oxygen solubilities for PEF and PET, thereby proving that the drastic permeability reduction results from a decrease in diffusion coefficient caused by a hindrance in furan ring-flipping.
Rapamycin Resistance Tied to Defective Regulation of p27 Kip1 (1996)

The potent antiproliferative activity of the macrolide antibiotic rapamycin is known to involve binding of the drug to its cytosolic receptor, FKBP12, and subsequent interaction with targets of rapamycin, resulting in inhibition of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K). However, the downstream events that lead to inhibition of cell cycle progression remain to be elucidated. The antiproliferative effects of rapamycin are associated with prevention of mitogen-induced downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1, suggesting that the latter may play an important role in the growth pathway targeted by rapamycin. Murine BC3H1 cells, selected for resistance to growth inhibition by rapamycin, exhibited an intact p70S6K pathway but had abnormally low p27 levels that were no longer responsive to mitogens or rapamycin. Fibroblasts and T lymphocytes from mice with a targeted disruption of the p27Kip1 gene had impaired growth-inhibitory responses to rapamycin. These results suggest that the ability to regulate p27Kip1 levels is important for rapamycin to exert its antiproliferative effects.
Small-Form-Factor Optical Phased Array Module for Technology Adoption in Custom Applications (2019)

We present a small-form-factor optical phased array module with a 512-element array, driving CMOS ASICs, and interfacing FPGA. This 80×40×20 mm3 module enables unprecedented evaluation and adoption of optical phased array technology for custom applications.
Frequency of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 strains from patients failing triple drug regimens. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. (2000)

The frequency of protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) gene mutations was determined in HIV-1 strains from 153 patients entering the CPCRA 046 (GART) study who were failing triple-drug regimens consisting of one protease inhibitor (PI) and two RT inhibitors. Population-based sequence analyses showed that nearly all patients had similar RT gene mutations regardless of prior drug exposure, although the M184V mutation was significantly less prevalent in patients not recently treated with lamivudine. Whilst typical inhibitor-specific ('signature') protease gene mutations were found in patients failing their first PI, these mutations were significantly less likely to be found in patients exposed to two or more PIs. Protease gene mutations associated with multi-PI resistance were more likely to be observed in patients treated with more than one PI. These results suggest sequential treatment with PIs select for a relatively limited number of protease gene mutations that likely originated during early PI therapy. These protease gene mutations and a similarly limited set of RT gene mutations appear to be responsible for treatment failure in antiretroviral therapy.
Passively Q-Switched Microchip Lasers (2017)

A passively Q-switched microchip laser consists of a gain medium and a saturable absorber in a short, plane-parallel Fabry–Perot cavity. As the gain medium is pumped it accumulates stored energy and emits photons. The high peak powers of passively Q-switched microchip lasers make it easy to perform nonlinear frequency generation, with or without amplification. Energy levels in ionic gain media are grouped into manifolds. Most diode-pumped systems that are referred to as “three-level” lasers have a lower laser level that is slightly above the ground level, typically within the same ground-state manifold. The rate-equation model can be derived as an approximation to the fundamental equations relating the electromagnetic field, the material polarization, and the quantum-state populations. The electrical field within the optical beam of a high-power laser can be large enough to damage optical components. This is particularly important in high-peak-intensity pulsed lasers such as passively Q-switched microchip lasers.
Evaluation of drought-tolerance strategies in cotton (2012)

Genomic information and genetic resources have led to a substantial increase in our knowledge about how plants respond to stressful environmental conditions. This provides the basis for many new strategies for optimization of stress tolerance in crop plants through both traditional and transgenic approaches. Application of novel stress-tolerance technologies will require extensive physiological and agronomic evaluation of plants that express these genes to determine their ultimate applicability to crop systems. Preliminary work with transgenic cotton plants show that optimization of expression patterns using different promoters or other regulatory strategies will be necessary.