gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting Interleukins for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease—What Lies Beyond Anti-TNF Therapy? (2013)

: Inflammatory bowel disease accounts for significant patient morbidity in the Western world. Several immunosuppressive therapies are available but are associated with potential significant adverse effects. In addition, there remains a cohort of patients with refractory or relapsing disease. Therefore, the search for novel therapeutic agents continues. In this review, we evaluate the role of a number of designated cytokines that are candidates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and discuss how their manipulation has been explored as a therapeutic strategy for this disease. The interleukins (ILs) chosen for discussion reflect those that currently show most promise as future therapeutic targets, as well as discussing the role of some of the most recently identified ILs, such as IL-27, IL-33, IL-35, and IL-22, in this context.
Redistribution of spatial representation in the hippocampus of aged rats performing a spatial memory task. (1996)

Young and old rats performed on a maze according to a forced-choice and then a spatial memory procedure either in the same or a different environment.Aged rats were slower to learn the spatial memory task when tested in the same, but not in a different, room.One interpretation of this pattern of results is that although old rats learn new rules as quickly as young rats, they show less flexibility with old rules and familiar spatial information.Impaired choice accuracy during asymptote performance suggests poor processing of trial-unique information by old rats.Spatial correlates of hippocampal CA1 and hilar cells varied with task demand: CA1 cells of aged rats showed more spatially selective place fields, whereas hilar cells showed more diffuse location coding during spatial memory, and not forced-choice, tests.Such representational reorganization may reflect a compensatory response to age-related neurobiological changes in hippocampus.Extensive literature indicates that normal aging is accompanied by a decline in the ability to acquire new information.Importantly, this impairment appears selective to certain types of information.For example, aged rats perform relatively poorly on complex visuospatial memory tasks (for a review, see Barnes, 1990).Past studies have ruled out the possibility that the impaired performance is due to changes in motor system function, motivation level, or visual function.The selectivity of the learning impairment has been demonstrated by many laboratories that found that aged rats perform as well as young rats on visually dependent, nonspatial maze tasks (Barnes, Green, Baldwin, & Johnson, 1987;Lowry, Ingram, Olton, Waller, Reynolds, & London, 1985;Rapp, Rosenberg, & Gallagher, 1987;Winocur, 1988).Given that hippocampal lesions often produce deficits in tasks requiring animals to learn trial-unique data, the spatial learning impairment of old rats may be mediated by age-associated neurobiological changes in hippocampus.One could also argue that old rats have difficulty learning the rules associated with particular spatial tasks.The latter interpretation suggests the involvement of nonhippocampal brain structures (e.g., frontal cortex; Winocur & Moscovitch, 1990).Therefore, we evaluated the relative contribution of rule-based and item-and event-based learning systems to the spatial navigation deficit shown by old rats.Also, given the extensive evidence indicating at least hippocampal involvement in the spatial decline of old animals (e.g., Barnes, 1979;Gallagher, Bostock, & King, 1985), we investigated possible age changes in spatial coding by hippocampal neurons.
Citicoline for the Management of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in the Acute Phase: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023)

PROSPERO CRD42021238998.
Core Size Scaling Law of Two-Phase Coupled Inductors – Demonstration in a 48-to-1.8 V Hybrid Switched-Capacitor MLB-PoL Converter (2022)

Conventional design of coupled inductors is focused on a specific converter topology, and the size advantage of coupled inductors over uncoupled inductors is rarely analyzed systematically. This work models the core size for generalized two-phase gapped coupled inductors and provides an effective way to compare the core size for different duty ratios (corresponding to different topologies) and different coupling coefficients. Both the analytical model and hardware prototypes are provided to demonstrate a significant size reduction by using tightly-coupled inductors in hybrid switched-capacitor converters with a large duty ratio. The proposed coupled inductors are applied in a Multi-Level Binary (MLB) Point-of-Load (PoL) converter, achieving 94.4% peak system efficiency and 474 W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> power density with 48-to-1.8 V conversion and 60 A output. Both the efficiency and power density are higher than the conventional MLB-PoL converter using discrete inductors.
A General Approach to Porous Crystalline TiO2, SrTiO3, and BaTiO3 Spheres (2006)

Monodispersed porous crystalline TiO(2), SrTiO(3), and BaTiO(3) spheres were produced through a one-step hydrothermal process from amorphous TiO(2) spheres. The resulting samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen sorption measurements. On the basis of the characterization results, we proposed a formation process of these porous spheres according to a mechanism analogous to the Kirkendall effect. This study provides a general way to synthesize porous titania-based spheres.
Comments on “Theoretical Analysis and Practical Considerations for the Integrated Time-Stretching System Using Dispersive Delay Line (DDL)” (2013)

An integrated time-stretching system with a formula for the amount of time stretching was reported in the above paper. We show here that this formula is incorrect by a simple counterexample and derive the correct formula.
Double parallel dynamic resolution through lipase-catalyzed asymmetric transformation (2013)

Dynamic systems based on double parallel reactions have been generated and resolved in situ by secondary lipase-catalyzed asymmetric transformation, resulting in high chemo- and enantioselectivities.
Synthesis and processing of composites by reactive metal penetration (1997)

Achieving better performance in commercial products and processes often is dependent on availability of new and improved materials. Ceramic-metal composites have advantages over more conventional materials because of their high stiffness-to-weight ratios, good fracture toughness, and because their electrical and thermal properties can be varied through control of their compositions and microstructures. However, ceramic composites will be more widely used only when their costs are competitive with other materials and when designers have more confidence in their reliability. Over the past four years reactive metal penetration has been shown to be a promising technique for making ceramic and metal-matrix composites to near-net-shape with control of both composition and microstructure. It appears that, with sufficient development, reactive metal penetration could be an economical process for manufacturing many of the advanced ceramic composites that are needed for light-weight structural and wear applications for transportation and energy conversion devices. Near-net-shape fabrication of parts is a significant advantage because costly and energy intensive grinding and machining operations are substantially reduced, and the waste generated from such finishing operations is minimized. The most promising compositions to date consist of Al and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}; thus, these composites should be of particular interest to the aluminum industry. The goals of this ceramic-metal composite research and development program are: (1) to identify compositions favorable for making composites by reactive metal penetration; (2) to understand the mechanism(s) by which these composites are formed; (3) to control and optimize the process so that composites and composite coatings can be made economically; and (4) to apply R&D results to problems of interest to the aluminum industry.
A Linear Approach to Matching Cuboids in RGBD Images (2013)

We propose a novel linear method to match cuboids in indoor scenes using RGBD images from Kinect. Beyond depth maps, these cuboids reveal important structures of a scene. Instead of directly fitting cuboids to 3D data, we first construct cuboid candidates using super pixel pairs on a RGBD image, and then we optimize the configuration of the cuboids to satisfy the global structure constraints. The optimal configuration has low local matching costs, small object intersection and occlusion, and the cuboids tend to project to a large region in the image, the number of cuboids is optimized simultaneously. We formulate the multiple cuboid matching problem as a mixed integer linear program and solve the optimization efficiently with a branch and bound method. The optimization guarantees the global optimal solution. Our experiments on the Kinect RGBD images of a variety of indoor scenes show that our proposed method is efficient, accurate and robust against object appearance variations, occlusions and strong clutter.
Highly Crystalline and (110)-Oriented n-Type Perovskite Films with Excellent Structural Stability via Cu Doping (2020)

The crystallinity improvement of a perovskite film is one of the most important factors that determines its final photovoltaic performance. In this work, we unusually initiated the perovskite film fabrication by taking advantage of elemental Cu–Pb composite films as novel precursors. After a simple one-step spin-coating process and a reaction at room temperature, the corresponding X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of the resulting Cu-containing perovskite films clearly exhibited an extremely high crystallization nature with a (110) orientation. Particularly, the (110) diffraction peak intensity of the optimized Cu-doped sample is about 100× higher than that of the control perovskite thin films, which should be the best crystallinity improvement among the reported perovskite material preparations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses revealed that copper ions were indeed incorporated in the perovskite lattice by occupying the position of methylamine ions, which formed a heavily doped (CH3NH3)1–xCuxPbI3 perovskite structure with an excellent structural stability. The effects of various parameters, including the reaction type, the precursor concentration, the rotation speed, the reaction temperature and time, the initial thickness of the Cu–Pb composite films, the surrounding humidity, and the initial copper content, on the diffraction intensity of the Cu-doped perovskites were carefully investigated. The transient-surface photovoltage (TSPV) measurement indicated that the conduction type of the resulting perovskite films changed from p-type to the unconventional n-type, which was probably induced by the heavy Cu doping. The transportation performances were thus significantly improved, while the recombination was reduced due to the high crystallinity. The novel copper–lead composite-initiated approach may pave the way for the future design and fabrication of metal-doped perovskite thin films with ultrahigh crystallizations and good stabilities.
1PT117 Structural study on inhibitor specifity of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps(The 50th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan) (2012)

TheBiophysicalSociety of JapanGeneral IncorporatedAssociation variants (four molecular species); and 4SS (WT).The extent of monomolecular folding covered by this set of proteins ranges from global unfolding, through local foldingtunfolding, to global folding.Fibrillation reaction was carried out with the addition ofsonicated WT lysozyme fibri1 fragments as seeds, at various incubation ternperatures and periods, and was monitored with thioflavine T fiuorescence, CD spectroscopy, and scanning probe microscopy.All the data showed that the presence of the disu]fide bonds C64-C80 andler C76-C94
Protecting Chickens Against Coccidiosis in Floor Pens by Administering Eimeria Oocysts Using Gel Beads or Spray Vaccination (2013)

Control of avian coccidiosis is increasingly being achieved by the administration of low doses of Eimeria oocysts to newly hatched chicks. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of gel beads containing a mixture of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella oocysts as a vaccine to protect broilers raised in contact with litter. Newly hatched chicks were either sprayed with an aqueous suspension of Eimeria oocysts or were allowed to ingest feed containing Eimeria oocysts-incorporated gel beads. Control, 1-day-old chicks were given an equivalent number of Eimeria oocysts (10(3) total) by oral gavage or received no vaccine (nonimmunized controls). All chicks were raised in floor-pen cages in direct contact with litter. At 4 wk of age, all chickens and a control nonimmunized group received a high-dose E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella challenge infection. Chickens immunized with Eimeria oocysts in gel beads or by spray vaccination displayed significantly (P < 0.05) greater weight gain (WG) compared to nonimmunized controls. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) also showed a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in both groups relative to nonimmunized controls. Moreover, WG and FCR in both groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from chickens immunized by oral gavage or from nonimmunized, noninfected controls. Oocyst excretion after Eimeria challenge by all immunized groups was about 10-fold less than in nonimmunized controls. These findings indicate that immunization efficacy of gel beads and spray vaccination is improved by raising immunized chicks in contact with litter.
Residents as Innovators on COVID-19 Respiratory Isolation Units (2021)

To the Editor: Residents and fellows spend as many as 48 weeks a year providing direct patient care, exposing them to the full spectrum of health system endeavors while they learn to quickly adapt to new circumstances. When the COVID-19 pandemic required a rapid restructuring of institutional norms, the skills and experiences of these trainees meant they were perfectly suited to quickly implement new care structures. This experience serves as a case study for how trainees can play a more meaningful and established role in health systems decisions going forward. In response to the surge in COVID-19 cases, many U.S. hospitals created respiratory isolation units (RIUs) to cohort infectious patients, conserve personal protective equipment, and reduce hospital staff exposure to the virus. An assessment of 46 RIUs showed that only 2 or 3 had resident involvement of any kind. 1 In contrast, the University of Chicago created a resident-led RIU that cared for 65% of COVID-19 floor patients and 100% of COVID-19 intensive care unit patients. In April and May 2020, residents discharged 649 floor patients, not including those patients in the intensive care unit, with an average length of stay of 8.65 days. Residents staffed these services on a voluntary basis, with approximately 100 residents serving in the RIU, most working multiple rotations. Rapidly fluctuating census numbers and evolving treatment paradigms required these units to have a more agile structure than a traditional service, and residents reliably rose to meet the challenge. Residents employed master adaptive learning to improve quality and efficiency of care by designing and implementing training models for new residents and faculty joining the RIU. They also modified personal protective equipment conservation methods, adapted resuscitation protocols, and championed the use of innovative noninvasive helmet ventilation to conserve hospital ventilators. 2 These interventions were implemented quickly because residents were empowered to use their unique skills and experiences to improve patient care. The lessons learned from this trainee-driven change model in an overwhelmed health care system remain invaluable. What we as residents lack in longitudinal experience, we make up for in nearly all-encompassing immersion in providing frontline patient care. As health system leaders are increasingly removed from patient care, leveraging the unique skills and experiences of trainees in quality improvement, administration, and structural decisions can benefit both health systems and patients. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Vineet Arora, Julie Oyler, and Valerie Press for their guidance throughout this process.
A new stain for quantitative measurement of sprouting at neuromuscular junctions (1978)

A new combined stain for the simultaneous demonstration of motor nerve terminals and cholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions is described. It employs bromoindoxyl acetate dye-staining for cholinesterase and silver-gold impregnation for nerve terminals. The clarity and reliability of the stain permit quantitative measurements of neuromuscular junctions in order to evaluate nerve terminal sprouting as well as other pathological changes. The method is rapid, reproducible, and simple, and it is well suited for the processing of large numbers of frozen sections.
Forming of Nickel and Cobalt Sheet Alloys (2006)

Abstract This article tabulates the nominal compositions for nickel and cobalt alloys. It illustrates the comparison of strain-hardening rates of a number of alloys in terms of the increase in hardness with increasing cold reduction. The forming practice for age-hardenable alloys and the lubricants used in the forming processes of nickel and cobalt alloys are also discussed. The article summarizes the modification of tools and dies used for cold forming other metals, as the physical and mechanical properties of nickel and cobalt alloys frequently necessitate it. It discusses forming techniques for these alloys and provides several examples of these techniques, which include shearing, blanking, piercing, deep drawing, spinning, explosive forming, bending, and expanding/tube forming.
Microstructural Changes and Improvement of Mechanical Properties in an Fe-30Cr-5Al Alloy with Ce Additions (1988)

In oder to obtain useful information about the improvement of mechanical properties of Fe-30(mass)%Cr-5%Al alloys containing Ce, some examinations were made on these alloys, as cast and as rolled, using various techniques such as the tensile test, optical microscopy, electron prove microanalysis and X-ray diffraction.The experimental results are as follows.[A] The Alloy, without Ce: (1) Mechanical properties are remarkably improved by hot rolling. (2) In advance of cold rolling, it is neccessary to roll at 1273 K. When cold rolled beyond 30%, the tensile strength of the alloy is 750 MPa and the elongation is 20%.[B] The alloy, with Ce: (1) Increasing Ce addition decreases the amount of Cr23C6 by the precipitation of R2M17 intermetallic compounds. The alloys with less than 0.16%Ce additions can be rolled at 1273 K. (2) With increasing reduction, the grain size appears much smaller. When cold rolled beyond 30%, the tensile strengh of the alloy is 750 MPa and the elongation is 15%.
Focal Sleep Spindle Deficits Reveal Focal Thalamocortical Dysfunction and Predict Cognitive Deficits in Sleep Activated Developmental Epilepsy (2021)

Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (CECTS) is the most common focal epilepsy syndrome, yet the cause of this disease remains unknown. Now recognized as a mild epileptic encephalopathy, children exhibit sleep-activated focal epileptiform discharges and cognitive difficulties during the active phase of the disease. The association between the abnormal electrophysiology and sleep suggests disruption to thalamocortical circuits. Thalamocortical circuit dysfunction resulting in pathologic epileptiform activity could hinder the production of sleep spindles, a brain rhythm essential for memory processes. Despite this pathophysiologic connection, the relationship between spindles and cognitive symptoms in epileptic encephalopathies has not been previously evaluated. A significant challenge limiting such work has been the poor performance of available automated spindle detection methods in the setting of sharp activities, such as epileptic spikes. Here, we validate a robust new method to accurately measure sleep spindles in patients with epilepsy. We then apply this detector to a prospective cohort of male and female children with CECTS with combined high-density EEGs during sleep and cognitive testing at varying time points of disease. We show that: (1) children have a transient, focal deficit in spindles during the symptomatic phase of disease; (2) spindle rate anticorrelates with spike rate; and (3) spindle rate, but not spike rate, predicts performance on cognitive tasks. These findings demonstrate focal thalamocortical circuit dysfunction and provide a pathophysiological explanation for the shared seizures and cognitive symptoms in CECTS. Further, this work identifies sleep spindles as a potential treatment target of cognitive dysfunction in this common epileptic encephalopathy.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes is the most common idiopathic focal epilepsy syndrome, characterized by self-limited focal seizures and cognitive symptoms. Here, we provide the first evidence that focal thalamocortical circuit dysfunction underlies the shared seizures and cognitive dysfunction observed. In doing so, we identify sleep spindles as a mechanistic biomarker, and potential treatment target, of cognitive dysfunction in this common developmental epilepsy and provide a novel method to reliably quantify spindles in brain recordings from patients with epilepsy.
Functional linear regression analysis for longitudinal data (2005)

We propose nonparametric methods for functional linear regression which are designed for sparse longitudinal data, where both the predictor and response are functions of a covariate such as time. Predictor and response processes have smooth random trajectories, and the data consist of a small number of noisy repeated measurements made at irregular times for a sample of subjects. In longitudinal studies, the number of repeated measurements per subject is often small and may be modeled as a discrete random number and, accordingly, only a finite and asymptotically nonincreasing number of measurements are available for each subject or experimental unit. We propose a functional regression approach for this situation, using functional principal component analysis, where we estimate the functional principal component scores through conditional expectations. This allows the prediction of an unobserved response trajectory from sparse measurements of a predictor trajectory. The resulting technique is flexible and allows for different patterns regarding the timing of the measurements obtained for predictor and response trajectories. Asymptotic properties for a sample of n subjects are investigated under mild conditions, as n→∞, and we obtain consistent estimation for the regression function. Besides convergence results for the components of functional linear regression, such as the regression parameter function, we construct asymptotic pointwise confidence bands for the predicted trajectories. A functional coefficient of determination as a measure of the variance explained by the functional regression model is introduced, extending the standard R2 to the functional case. The proposed methods are illustrated with a simulation study, longitudinal primary biliary liver cirrhosis data and an analysis of the longitudinal relationship between blood pressure and body mass index.