gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Mission Requirements on the Economic Robustness of an HSCT Concept (1997)

Abstract Design for robustness and its subset design for economic robustness and viability are two areas in current design methodology and optimization research attracting a lot of attention, as the increasing number of publications and industry position papers in this field indicate. In fact, these publications attempt to address the paradigm shift taking place in industry, where design for performance is being replaced by design for affordability. That is designing and optimizing a system for a high yield while reducing the variation from that optimum yield. The study presented here can be viewed as a proof of concept for a proposed approach to design for robustness, called Robust Design Simulation (RDS). The paper outlines an alternative approach to Taguchi's, assigning probability distributions to uncontrollable factors (noise variables) which result in a distribution for the design objective instead of a point solution. The study also illustrates that indeed one is able to manipulate the mean and variance of the design objective concurrently, hence, optimizing a new Overall Evaluation Criterion (OEC) that is comprised of both the mean and variance of the design objective. The High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) was utilized as an illustrative case to demonstrate the implementation of RDS. The objective of this case study is to show and quantify the effects of mission and aircraft sizing parameters on the mean and variance of direct and total operating cost as well as the required average yield per revenue passenger mile ($/RPM). Finally, the optimal mission requirement settings which yield an OEC that concurrently minimizes the mean $/RPM as well as its variance are identified for the HSCT configuration studied.
Biochemical and functional characterization of the leucocyte tyrosine phosphatase CD4S (CD4SRO, 180 kD) from human neutrophils.In vivoupregulation of CD45RO plasma membrane expression on patients undergoing haemodialysis (1992)

The biochemical and functional characterization, and the regulation of plasma membrane expression of the leucocyte tyrosine phosphatase CD45, have been investigated in neutrophils from healthy donors and patients undergoing haemodialysis. CD45 proteins of 180 kD and 130-150 kD were precipitated from neutrophils from both healthy subjects and haemodialysed patients. Prolonged storing, as well as trypsin treatment of samples containing the 180-kD CD45 protein, generated the 130-150-kD polypeptides. The 130-150-kD CD45 polypeptides carried extracellular CD45 epitopes, including the sialic acid-related UCHL1 epitope (CD45RO). Furthermore, these trypsin-generated CD45 polypeptides did not possess phosphatase activity, which could be detected on the 180-kD protein. A remarkable quantitative increase of cell surface expression of the neutrophil CD45 components was detected both after in vitro neutrophil activation and after dialysis treatment with neutropenic membranes. The CD45 biochemical pattern did not qualitatively change upon either in vitro or in vivo dialysis-induced neutrophil activation. The upregulated expression of CD45 on neutrophils from dialysed patients correlated with the neutropenic effect induced by the different dialyser membranes. Maximal upregulation of CD45 expression was observed after 15 min of dialysis with neutropenic membranes, and normal expression levels were restored after 1 h. By contrast, increase of CD45 plasma membrane expression induced in vitro by treatment of normal neutrophils with the degranulatory agents fMLP or Ca2+ ionophore was maintained. These results demonstrate that neutrophil cell surface expression of the 180-kD CD45 protein is upregulated during the in vivo haemodialysis process, and suggest that a proteolytic activity could regulate the enzymatic activity of CD45 by degranulation of its cytoplasmic phosphatase domains.
Achievement of Blood Pressure Targets and Safety of Azilsartan Medoxomil/Chlorthalidone Fixed Dose Combination versus Azilsartan Medoxomil in Hypertensive Patients Uncontrolled on Monotherapy (2015)

Despite the availability of potent antihypertensive medicines, achieving blood pressure control with good tolerability remains challenging. The efficacy and safety of azilsartan-medoxomil (AZL-M)/chlorthalidone (CLD) combination at 40/12.5 and 40/25 mg were assessed against AZL-M/Plbo 40/0 mg in a randomized, double-blind (DB) study. Grade 2–3 essential hypertensive patients with post-placebo mean clinic SBP 160–190 mmHg and 24 h SBP 140–175 mmHg by ABPM were administered 40 mg AZL-M for 4 weeks. Less than 10% of patients on 4-week monotherapy achieved target SBP < 140 mmHg. “Non-responders” were then randomized to 8 weeks of DB treatment with AZL-M/Plbo 40/0 mg, AZL-M/CLD 40/12.5 or AZL-M/CLD 40/25 mg. After 8 weeks, target SBP and DBP (<140/90 [or < 130/80 mmHg for those with DM or CKD]) were achieved in 35.3 and 60.2% of subjects on monotherapy; 62.7 and 81.0% with AZL-M/CLD 40/12.5 mg, and 77.8% and 85.9% with AZL-M 40/25 mg, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Increased creatinine was observed in 8.1% of patients on AZL-M/CLD 40/25, versus 3.1 and 3.0% of those receiving AZL-M/CLD 40/12.5, and AZL-M/Plbo 40/0 mg. Study drug discontinuation was higher in the AZL-M/CLD 40/25 mg (6.7%) than in the AZL-M/CLD 40/12.5 mg or AZL-M/Plbo 40/0 mg groups (2.4 and 2.3%). No clinically relevant changes were observed for electrolytes (including potassium), hepatic enzymes, hematology or urinalysis parameters. Uric acid increase was observed at a slightly higher rate in the AZL-M/CLD groups without increase in gout-related events. AZL-M/CLD is highly effective and well tolerated in patients who don’t achieve blood pressure goals with AZL-M monotherapy.
An 8b extremely area efficient threshold configuring SAR ADC with source voltage shifting technique (2014)

An extremely low power and area efficient threshold configuring ADC (TC-ADC) for time interleaved ADC is proposed. The threshold configuring comparator (TCC) performs a binary search. 5b conversion is carried out by TCC with source voltage shifting technique. Additional 2b resolution is achieved by the proposed threshold interpolation (TI) technique with only 15% power overhead. Prototype ADC in 40nm CMOS occupies a core area of only 0.0038mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and when calibration circuit included, 0.0058 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . With a supply voltage of 0.7V, the ADC achieves 7.0 ENOB with 24MS/s. Peak FoM of 9.8fJ/conv. is obtained at 0.5V supply, which is over 15x improvement compared with conventional TC-ADC.
Gene expression in giant cell tumors (2004)

9050 Background: Malignant transformation is thought to be associated with changes in the expression of a number of genes, and this alteration in gene expression is felt to be critical to the development of the malignant phenotype. Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a primary bone tumor in which monocytic and multinucleated osteoclast-like cells infiltrate the tumor. The etiology of GCT is unknown. Methods: In this study, gene expression in 8 samples of GCT, as well as reparative bone from degenerative joint disease, and a variety of normal tissues was determined at Gene Logic Inc. (Gaithersburg, MD) using Affymetrix GeneChip, U 133 arrays containing approximately 40,000 known genes and ESTs. Gene expression analysis was performed with the Gene Logic Gene Express, Software System. Differences in gene expression were quantified as the fold change in gene expression between the various sample sets. Results: Differences in gene expression between GCTs and reparative bone were observed. In addition, genes expressed uniquely in GCTs among these and 519 samples from 20 other tissue types were identified. Some of the genes over-expressed in GCTs, such as tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and the lysosomal H+ transporting-ATPase, are also expressed by osteoclasts. Osteoprotegrin ligand (OPGL) was also selectively over-expressed in GCTs. Conclusions: The genes over-expressed in GCTs appear to reflect the genetic profile of osteoclast lineage cells and also the genetic profile of an osteoclastogenic environment. The genes identified in this study may play a role in the pathogenesis of giant cell tumors. They confirm the likely importance of OPGL in GCT pathogenesis, and may indicate other possible targets to which anti-tumor therapy could potentially be directed. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Repeat hepatic resections for colorectal metastases. (1990)

We identified 106 patients who had undergone complete resection of isolated colorectal hepatic metastases. Nine of these patients subsequently underwent repeat liver resections for isolated hepatic recurrences. The median follow-up for these patients was 21 months. One postoperative death was related to the second hepatectomy. At the time of last follow-up, five patients were alive and free of recurrent disease at 9, 19, 31, 50, and 67 months after their second hepatic resection. The remaining three patients were alive, but disease had recurred 11 months after resection in the first patient, 12 months after resection in the second, and 18 months after resection in the third. Among these three patients, two had solitary pulmonary nodules, which were resected, and one had unresectable liver disease. Our experience and a review of the literature suggest that repeat hepatic resection for isolated colorectal metastases can result in long-term survival in selected patients.
Induced magnetic anisotropy in Si-free nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials: A transmission x-ray diffraction study (2015)

In order to better understand the origin of field-induced anisotropy (Ku) in Si-free nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys, the lattice spacing of the bcc-Fe phase in nanocrystalline Fe94−xNb6Bx (x = 10, 12, 14) alloys annealed under an applied magnetic field has been investigated by X-ray diffraction in transmission geometry (t-XRD) with the diffraction vector parallel and perpendicular to the field direction. The saturation magnetostriction (λs) of nanocrystalline Fe94−xNb6Bx was found to increase linearly with the volume fraction of the residual amorphous phase and is well described by taking into account the volume-weighted average of two local λs values for the bcc-Fe nanocrystallites (−5 ± 2 ppm) and the residual amorphous matrix (+8 ± 2 ppm). The lattice distortion required to produce the measured Ku values (∼100 J/m3) was estimated via the inverse magnetostrictive effect using the measured λs values and was compared to the lattice spacing estimations made by t-XRD. The lattice strain required to produce Ku under the magnetoelastic model was not observed by the t-XRD experiments and so the findings of this study suggest that the origin of magnetic field induced Ku cannot be explained through the magnetoelastic effect.
Instructions to Authors (I) : Preparation of English Manuscripts (1999)

Instructions axe given to prepare the manuscript of an English paper submitted to the Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems. Being a model in itself, the document demonstratively prescribes the layout of the manuscript. Manuscripts should be typed on one side of white A4 size paper when they are submitted. Accepted manuscripts will be off-set printed. Titles of papers, names and affiliations of authors, abstracts, main texts, headings, references, equations, mathematical symbols, captions of figures and tables and so on should be in specified fonts. All references cited should be collected together at the end of the paper. Figures and Tables with their captions should be placed appropriately.
Bio‐Functional Mesolamellar Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic/Polymer Intercalation in Purple Membrane (Bacteriorhodopsin) Films (2007)

Evaporation-induced intercalation of nanosheets of organosilica, organoclay or various organic polymers within the interlayer spaces of an oriented bacteriorhodopsin/lipid membrane mesolamellar film is used to prepare stable, self-supporting biofunctional hybrid nanocomposites with photochromic and photoelectric properties. Compared with unmodified purple membrane films, mesolamellar nanocomposites containing intercalated organosilica exhibit enhanced stability in their photoelectric response at high relative humidity.
Multilayers of Cells Growing on a Permeable Support:An in Vitro Tumour Model (1997)

A system for growing three-dimensional cell culture has been developed which exhibits many features of solid tumours. This system comprises cells growing as a thick mat on a semipermeable membrane suspended in stirred media. SiHa cells grown as these multilayered cell cultures (MCCs) have produced cultures up to ca. 20 cell diameters in thickness. The MCCs, like solid tumours growing in vivo. develop diffusion-dependent necrosis and hypoxia and the cell packing acts as a barrier to the diffusion of drugs. These cultures can, therefore, be used to study aspects of cancer biology and drug transport that are difficult to study using other techniques.
Characterization of Cell-wall-bound Nuclease and Ribonuclease from Potato Tuber (1988)

Two enzymes, a nutlease and a ribonuclease (RNase) were isolated from the cell walls of potato tubers. The nuclease was purified by 1370-fold fractionation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 columns. The purified nuclease hydrolysed both RNA and DNA, yielding primarily purine 5′-nucleotides. The ribonuclease did not cleave DNA and the hydrolysis of RNA produced 2′:3′-cyclic nucleotides as products. Both enzymes were inhibited by Cu2+ and Zn2+, while EDTA inhibited the nuclease and promoted the RNase. The cell wall enzymes are different from the corresponding cytoplasmic enzymes previously characterized [T. T. Nguyen, M. M. Palcic and D. Hadziyev, J. Chromatogr., 388, 189 (1987)] with respect to pH and temperature optima and molecular weights.
Effect of Electron Donor and Solution Chemistry on Products of Dissimilatory Reduction of Technetium by Shewanella putrefaciens (2000)

To help provide a fundamental basis for use of microbial dissimilatory reduction processes in separating or immobilizing (99)Tc in waste or groundwaters, the effects of electron donor and the presence of the bicarbonate ion on the rate and extent of pertechnetate ion [Tc(VII)O(4)(-)] enzymatic reduction by the subsurface metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 were determined, and the forms of aqueous and solid-phase reduction products were evaluated through a combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and thermodynamic calculations. When H(2) served as the electron donor, dissolved Tc(VII) was rapidly reduced to amorphous Tc(IV) hydrous oxide, which was largely associated with the cell in unbuffered 0. 85% NaCl and with extracellular particulates (0.2 to 0.001 microm) in bicarbonate buffer. Cell-associated Tc was present principally in the periplasm and outside the outer membrane. The reduction rate was much lower when lactate was the electron donor, with extracellular Tc(IV) hydrous oxide the dominant solid-phase reduction product, but in bicarbonate systems much less Tc(IV) was associated directly with the cell and solid-phase Tc(IV) carbonate may have been present. In the presence of carbonate, soluble (<0.001 microm) electronegative, Tc(IV) carbonate complexes were also formed that exceeded Tc(VII)O(4)(-) in electrophoretic mobility. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the dominant reduced Tc species identified in the experiments would be stable over a range of E(h) and pH conditions typical of natural waters. Thus, carbonate complexes may represent an important pathway for Tc transport in anaerobic subsurface environments, where it has generally been assumed that Tc mobility is controlled by low-solubility Tc(IV) hydrous oxide and adsorptive, aqueous Tc(IV) hydrolysis products.
Necessary forward model specification accuracy for basis material decomposition in spectral CT (2014)

Material basis decomposition in the sinogram domain requires accurate knowledge of the forward model in spectral CT. Misspecifications over a certain limit will result in biased estimates and make quantum limited quantitative CT difficult. We present a method whereby users can determine the degree of allowed misspecification error in a spectral CT forward model, and still have quantification errors that are quantum limited.
Selective adherence of a sucralfate—tetracycline complex to gastric ulcers: Implications for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (1995)

The adherence of a sucralfate-tetracycline complex to gastric ulcers and to nearby non-ulcer sites was determined in the rabbit antrum. Persistent gastric ulcers were produced by a previously described method. The presence of the complex was assessed 1 and 4 h after dosing. Drug adherence was determined by quantitation of aluminum in stomach wall biopsies. Significantly more aluminum adhered to ulcer sites than to nearby non-ulcer sites. Adherence of the complex did not significantly decrease from 1 to 4 h. The complexation of tetracycline to sucralfate did not alter the selective adherence of sucralfate to gastric ulcers, providing a mechanism of ulcer site-selective drug delivery in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastric ulcer disease.
An indicator kriging method for distributed estimation in wireless sensor networks (2012)

SUMMARY The problem of distributed estimation in a wireless sensor network with unknown observation noise distribution is investigated, where each sensor only sends quantized data to a fusion center. The sensing field is modeled as a spatially random field. The objective was to accurately estimate a hidden parameter at the location where no sensor exists, while minimizing the total energy consumption. Driven by the lack of a prior knowledge of the sensing field and the existence of some outliers, an indicator kriging estimator is developed for distributed estimation under imperfect communication channels between the sensors and the fusion center. The tradeoff between estimation performance and energy consumption is formulated as an optimization problem, and a global search algorithm is proposed to approximate the solution. The results show that the proposed indicator kriging estimator achieves better performance than the inverse distance estimator and the simple averaging estimator. Moreover, the proposed search algorithm can schedule the sensors to reach the tradeoff. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of dipolar colloid particles by microcontact printing (2003)

A novel technique for preparation of dipolar colloid particles has been developed which is based on microcontact printing of films of water-insoluble ionic surfactants onto monolayers of colloid particles of opposite surface charge.
High field strength in a large volume: the extended double ridged guide vs. the biconical and log-periodic antenna (2002)

International civil standards require the generation of a reasonable constant field strength over a large area. In this paper it is shown that the dipole-like biconical and log-periodic antennas are less favourable compared to double ridged guide antennas. Due to the near field antenna pattern of the dipole-like antennas, considerable power is radiated to the floor and walls of a shielded enclosure. Although the floor and walls are covered by absorbing material, these absorbers are not performing well in the near field of antennas resulting in a high standing wave ratio of the antenna. Due to the high standing wave ratio the antennas present a low efficiency and poor quality of the field. A double ridged guide antenna has less sidelobes, higher gain and is less influenced by the floor and walls of a shielded enclosure. An extended double ridged guide antenna, extending the frequency range of classic double ridged guide antennas (200 MHz-1 GHz) to 80 MHz up to 1 GHz, has been developed and presented in this paper. The theoretical background and practically obtained results are shown.
Materials for Flexible, Stretchable Electronics: Graphene and 2D Materials (2015)

Recently, 2D materials have been intensively studied as emerging materials for future electronics, including flexible electronics, photonics, and electrochemical energy storage devices. Among representative 2D materials (such as graphene, boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides) that exhibit extraordinary properties, graphene stands out in the flexible electronics field due to its combination of high electron mobility, high thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, high optical transparency, excellent mechanical flexibility, and environmental stability. This review covers the synthesis, transfer, and characterization methods of graphene and 2D materials and graphene's application to flexible devices as well as comparison with other competing materials.
Low-Latency Sequential and Overlapped Architectures for Successive Cancellation Polar Decoder (2013)

Polar codes have recently emerged as one of the most favorable capacityachieving error correction codes due to their low encoding and decoding complexity. However, because of the large code length required by practical applications, the few existing successive cancellation (SC) decoder implementations still suffer from not only high hardware cost but also long decoding latency. In this paper, a data-flow graph (DFG) for the SC decoder is derived. A complete hardware architecture is first derived for the conventional tree SC decoder and the feedback part is presented next. Precomputation look-ahead technique is exploited to reduce the achievable minimum decoding latency. Substructure sharing is used to design a merged processing element (PE) for higher hardware utilization. In order to meet throughput requirements for a diverse set of application scenarios, a systematic approach to construct different overlapped SC polar decoder architectures is also presented. Compared with a conventional <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$N$</tex></formula> -bit tree SC decoder, the proposed overlapped architectures can achieve as high as <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$(N-1)$</tex></formula> times speedup with only <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$({N}\log_{2}{N})/2$</tex></formula> merged PEs. The proposed pre-computation approach leads to a 50% reduction in latency for <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">${N} &gt; 2^{7}$</tex></formula> , and 40% reduction for <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$N \leq 2^{7}$</tex></formula> .