gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen use in Alaska. Project 40902 final report (1981)

Of the various alternative fuels that can be considered, the most fundamental is hydrogen. In this study it was estimated that $20 million would be required to convert a small rural Alaskan village to hydrogen energy. This cost would make the village energy self-sufficient and replace the purchase of conventional fossil fuels for the next 20 years. Although hydrogen can be produced cost competitively with fossil fuels in rural Alaska given an inexpensive renewable energy source, conversion of energy utilization and distribution equipment to hydrogen service may be cost prohibitive. To evaluate hydrogen's applicability in Alaska, this study was divided into a number of tasks. In the first task of this study, IGT examined four basic hydrogen production technologies: methane-steam reforming, partial oxidation of heavy oils, electrolysis of water, and thermochemical hydrogen production. This analysis was followed by an evaluation of gaseous hydrogen storage in pressurized gas cylinders, metal hydrides, glass microspheres, and underground formations as well as liquid hydrogen storage in insulated tanks. Next, the transportation and distribution of hydrogen and its coproduct oxygen by pipeline, truck, rail, and barge were investigated. The final aspect of Task 1 examined hydrogen for use as a general purpose fuel for appliancesmore » and transportation vehicles and for generating electricity via a fuel cell. Task 2 of this study dealt with the market potential of hydrogen in the lower 48 states, Canada, and Japan. Recognizing the fact that hydropower offers the lowest electricity cost and is the most abundant Alaskan renewable energy resource, Task 3 focused on an evaluation of proposed and existing hydroelectric production facilities. The final tasks of this study involved a preliminary technical and economic evaluation of a hydrogen-based energy system with respect to Alaska's unique resources, logistics, demographics, and economics.« less
VE-cadherin: adhesion at arm's length (2004)

VE-cadherin was first identified in the early 1990s and quickly emerged as an important endothelial cell adhesion molecule. The past decade of research has revealed key roles for VE-cadherin in vascular permeability and in the morphogenic events associated with vascular remodeling. The details of how VE-cadherin functions in adhesion became apparent with structure-function analysis of the cadherin extracellular domain and with the identification of the catenins, a series of cytoplasmic proteins that bind to the cadherin tail and mediate interactions between cadherins and the cytoskeleton. Whereas early work focused on the armadillo family proteins beta-catenin and plakoglobin, more recent investigations have identified p120-catenin (p120(ctn)) and a related group of armadillo family members as key binding partners for the cadherin tail. Furthermore, a series of new studies indicate a key role for p120(ctn) in regulating cadherin membrane trafficking in mammalian cells. These recent studies place p120(ctn) at the hub of a cadherin-catenin regulatory mechanism that controls cadherin plasma membrane levels in cells of both epithelial and endothelial origin.
Maternal transmission of HIV infection: a crime against my child? (2014)

This paper considers whether section 20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, which has been used to prosecute those who transmit the HIV virus in sexual relationships (eg, R v Konzani), could be used to prosecute women (in England and Wales) who transmit the virus to their child during pregnancy, delivery or via breast feeding. The discussion concludes that prosecution for transmission in pregnancy/delivery is unlikely. However, it is argued that there might be scope to prosecute the transmission of the virus via breast feeding in the event that there was sufficient evidence. However, this would also be subject to the Crown Prosecution Service deeming such a prosecution to be in the public interest. The paper does not seek to examine the ethical issues involved. However, it acknowledges that this issue is part of a broader debate as to whether, and if so, when, it is appropriate to criminalise the transmission of disease.
Functional and autoradiographic characterization of dopamine D2-like receptors in the guinea pig heart (2002)

Dopamine receptors include the D1- (D1 and D5 subtypes) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4 subtypes) families. D1-like receptors are positively and D2-like receptors negatively coupled to the adenylyl cyclase. Dopamine D2-like (D4 subtype) receptors have been identified in human and rat hearts. However the presence of D2 and D3 receptor subtypes is unclear. Furthermore, their role in cardiac functions is unknown. By autoradiographic studies of guinea pig hearts, we identified D3 and D4 receptors, using the selective radioligands [3H]-7-OH-DPAT and [3H]emonapride (YM-09151-2 plus raclopride). Western blot analysis confirmed D3 and D4 receptors in the right and left ventricle of the same species. Selective agonists of D3 and D4 receptors (+/-)-7-OH-DPAT and PD 168 077 (10(-9) to 10(-5) M, respectively) induced a significant negative chronotropic and inotropic effect in the isolated guinea pig heart preparation. Negative inotropic effect induced by PD 168 077 was associated with an inhibition in cyclase activity. No changes in cyclase activity were found with (+/-)-7-OH-DPAT. The aim of this study is to support the presence of D3 and D4 receptors in the heart. Although our results suggest that D3 and D4 receptors are functionally active in the heart, we need additional information with an antagonist and an agonist of improved potency and selectivity to understand the respective roles of D3 and D4 receptors in the cardiac functions.
Degrees of Freedom of the MIMO 2x2 Interference Network with General\n Message Sets (2016)

We establish the DoF region for the MIMO 2x2 interference network with a\ngeneral message set, consisting of nine messages, one for each pair of a subset\nof transmitters at which that message is known and a subset of receivers where\nthat message is desired. An outer bound on the general nine-message network is\nobtained and then it is shown to be tight, establishing the DoF region for the\nmost general antenna setting wherein all four nodes have an arbitrary number of\nantennas each. The DoF-optimal scheme is applicable to the MIMO 2x2 network\nwith constant channel coefficients, and hence, a fortiori, to time/frequency\nvarying channel scenarios. In particular, a linear precoding scheme is proposed\nthat can achieve all the DoF tuples in the DoF region. In it, the precise roles\nplayed by transmit zero-forcing, interference alignment, random beamforming,\nsymbol extensions and asymmetric complex signaling are delineated. For\ninstance, we identify a class of antenna settings in which ACS is required to\nachieve the fractional-valued corner points. Evidently, the DoF regions of all\npreviously unknown cases of the 2x2 interference network with a subset of the\nnine-messages are established as special cases of the general result of this\npaper. In particular, the DoF region of the well-known four-message (and even\nthree-message) MIMO X channel is established. This problem had remained open\ndespite previous studies which had found inner and outer bounds that were not\ntight in general. Hence, the DoF regions of all special cases obtained from the\ngeneral DoF region of the nine-message 2x2 interference network of this work\nthat include at least three of the four X channel messages are new, among many\nothers. Our work sheds light on how the same physical 2x2 network could be used\nby a suitable choice of message sets to take most advantage of the channel\nresource in a flexible and efficient manner.\n
Isolement et étude moléculaire de souches des virus de la clavelée et de l’ecthyma contagieux en Tunisie (2005)

L’élevage des petits ruminants est touché par plusieurs pathologies infectieuses cutanées. Ainsi, la clavelée et l’ecthyma contagieux représentent deux maladies virales importantes à étudier de part leur allure enzootique et la perte économique qu’elles entraînent. L’objectif de ce travail a été l’isolement en Tunisie de souches virales responsables de ces deux pathologies cutanées et leur caractérisation par l’application et la comparaison de méthodes de diagnostic. La microscopie électronique a été utilisée pour une étude morphologique externe et interne des différentes souches isolées sur culture cellulaire. L’identification par PCR a concerné le gène de la thymidine kinase (TK), le gène de l’analogue du récepteur des chimiokines (CXCR-2) et le gène de la protéine P42K présente chez les Parapoxvirus. L’identification moléculaire très sensible et très spécifique des souches de Capripoxvirus a été complétée par une analyse phylogénétique.
Management of Itch in Atopic Dermatitis (2011)

Atopic dermatitis is a common, pruritic, inflammatory skin disorder. Chronic, localized, or even generalized pruritus is the diagnostic hallmark of atopic dermatitis, and its management remains a challenge for physicians. The threshold for itch and alloknesis is markedly reduced in these patients, and infections can promote exacerbation and thereby increase the itch. Modern management consists of anti-inflammatory, occasionally antiseptic, as well as antipruritic therapies to address the epidermal barrier as well as immunomodulation or infection. Mild forms of atopic dermatitis may be controlled with topical therapies, but moderate-to-severe forms often require a combination of systemic treatments consisting of antipruritic and immunosuppressive drugs, phototherapy, and topical compounds. In addition, patient education and a therapeutic regimen to help the patient cope with the itch and eczema are important adjuvant strategies for optimized long-term management. This review highlights various topical, systemic, and complementary and alternative therapies, as well as provide a therapeutic ladder for optimized long-term control of itch in atopic dermatitis.
Semiautomated registration using new markers for assessing the accuracy of a navigation system (2002)

The measured results show a significant improvement in the preregistration data using the new markers together with the algorithm. This improvement leads to a reproducible and more accurate registration. The combination of the new marker type with the automated segmentation algorithm minimizes the human error factor, and provides the opportunity to directly compare image-guided and robotic systems.
The assessment of placental blood flow by three‐dimensional color power Doppler ultrasound: preliminary result of a three‐dimensional histogram study (2001)

Objective: To assess the placenta blood flow in normal gestation by three‐dimensional color power Doppler ultrasound. Methods: We collected normal pregnant women with gestational age between 20 and 40 weeks prospectively, consecutively and cross‐sectionally. Three‐dimensional ultrasound scanner, Voluson, 530D MT (Kretz, Zipf, Austria) was used to assess the placental blood flow in each case. First, we used the 3D transabdominal probe to scan the placenta under the 3D power Doppler mode at a fixed condition. Second, we used the VOCAL software (Kretz, Zipf, Austria) to calculate the histogram indices of fetal placental blood flow obtained from the 3D power Doppler scanning. The histogram indices included vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization‐flow index (VFI). Results: One‐hundred singleton pregnant women were enrolled into the program. The best‐fit equations for VI, FI, and VFI are 0.27107 × GΑ − 4.02743, 0.56115 × GΑ + 34.28945, and 0.15663 × GA − 2.53810, respectively. All the P ‐values are less than 0.05. All the indices were positively correlated with the fetal gestational age. Besides, The VI, FI, VFI of fetal placenta in third trimester were all higher than those indices of fetal placenta in the second trimester. Conclusion: The fetal placental blood flow increases with the advancement of gestational age. Our data may be a useful reference for further studies of fetal placental flow in abnormal gestations.
The Application of Thermodynamics to Industry (1955)

Since thermodynamics has to do with all industrial operations in which energy transfer is occurring there is a sense in which the application of thermodynamics in industry is universal. However it will be the aim of this lecture to pick out instances in which thermodynamic principles have been consciously applied to important industrial operations and significant advances or economies in operation have resulted.
Down‐regulation of ubiquitin gene expression during differentiation of human leukemia cells (1993)

Ubiquitin, which is ligated covalently to target proteins for their acquisition of a variety of functions, is encoded by multiple unique genes in human cells: two distinct poly-ubiquitin genes with tandemly repeated sequences of 3 or 9 moieties and two mono-ubiquitin genes fused with small and large ribosomal proteins. We found that all classes of ubiquitin genes as well as the two genes encoding the ribosomal proteins S17 and L31 were expressed at abnormally high levels in various hematopoietic malignant tumor cells. In contrast, in vitro terminal differentiation of various immature leukemic cell lines, such as HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells and K562 erythroleukemia cells into monocytic, granulocytic and erythroid cells, induced by various agents was found to cause rapid and marked down-regulation of ubiquitin expression, irrespective of the cell type, direction of differentiation or type of signal. These findings suggest that the expressions of the multiple ubiquitin genes, coordinated with those of the ribosomal protein genes, are in a dynamic state during growth and differentiation of leukemia cells.
Non-random distribution and co-localization of purine/pyrimidine-encoded information and transcriptional regulatory domains (1992)

In order to detect sequence-based information predictive for the location of eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory domains, the frequencies and distributions of the 36 possible purine/pyrimidine reverse complement hexamer pairs was determined for test sets of real and random sequences. The distribution of one of the hexamer pairs (RRYYRR/YYRRYY, referred to as M1) was further examined in a larger set of sequences (> 32 genes, 230 kb). Predominant clusters of M1 and the locations of eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory domains were found to be associated and non-randomly distributed along the DNA consistent with a periodicity of approximately 1.2 kb. In the context of higher ordered chromatin this would align promoters, enhancers and the predominant clusters of M1 longitudinally along one face of a 30 nm fiber. Using only information about the distribution of the M1 motif, 50-70% of a sequence could be eliminated as being unlikely to contain transcriptional regulatory domains with an 87% recovery of the regulatory domains present.
Three Novel Proteins of the Syntaxin/SNAP-25 Family (1998)

Intracellular membrane traffic is thought to be regulated in part by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) through the formation of complexes between these proteins present on vesicle and target membranes. All known SNARE-mediated fusion events involve members of the syntaxin and vesicle-associated membrane protein families. The diversity of mammalian membrane compartments predicts the existence of a large number of different syntaxin and vesicle-associated membrane protein genes. To further investigate the spectrum of SNAREs and their roles in membrane trafficking we characterized three novel members of the syntaxin and SNAP-25 (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa) subfamilies. The proteins are broadly expressed, suggesting a general role in vesicle trafficking, and localize to distinct membrane compartments. Syntaxin 8 co-localizes with markers of the endoplasmic reticulum. Syntaxin 17, a divergent member of the syntaxin family, partially overlaps with endoplasmic reticulum markers, and SNAP-29 is broadly localized on multiple membranes. SNAP-29 does not contain a predicted membrane anchor characteristic of other SNAREs. In vitro studies established that SNAP-29 is capable of binding to a broad range of syntaxins.
Polymer Aggregates with Crystalline Cores:  The System Polyethylene−Poly(ethylenepropylene) (1997)

We have studied the aggregation behavior of polyethylene−poly(ethylenepropylene) (PE−PEP) diblock copolymers dissolved in decane. For this purpose PE−PEP diblock copolymers of various molecular weights, compositions, and degrees of deuteration were synthesized via an anionic route. The structure and morphology of the aggregates was studied by small angle neutron scattering varying both the contrast as well as the polymer labeling. We found a hierarchy of structures: The PE component crystallizes in lamellar sheets (thickness 40−80 Å) surrounded on both sides by a PEP brush which exhibits a close to parabolic density profile. Different aggregates form macroaggregates of needlelike shape with the PE lamellar planes in the long direction. This macroaggregation is well described by a paracrystalline structure factor. The structural parameters depending on composition and molecular weights can be well understood in terms of a free energy of formation based on a scaling model. A quantitative evaluation of the different contributions to the free energy reveals an important role of defect structures resulting from the ethylene side branches in the polyethylene component. Finally, we show in a semiquantitative approach that the van der Waals energy between the brushes is large enough to facilitate macroaggregation.
Automated Pedestrian Detection and Pedestrians Who Are Visually Impaired (2014)

This article describes a new type of accessible pedestrian signal to assist visually-impaired pedestrians with crossing the street. The signals have a loudspeaker integrated into the pedestrian pushbutton and feature tactually discriminable arrows aligned in the correct travel direction that vibrate during the walk interval. One feature of this APS is a locator tone that lets an approaching pedestrian know that they should push a button to get a WALK indication. The authors outline both the possible benefits and possible adverse consequences of automated pedestrian detection for visually-impaired pedestrians. Also discussed are the challenges to installing automated pedestrian detection at intersections that have APS, and the need for careful evaluation to determine if vehicular and pedestrian volumes make installation of automated pedestrian detection with APS appropriate.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluoropyrazolesulfonylurea and thiourea derivatives as possible antidiabetic agents (2016)

Fluorinated pyrazoles, benzenesulfonylurea and thiourea and their cyclic sulfonylthiourea derivatives were prepared as hypoglycemic agents. The chemistry involves the condensation of 4-hydrazino benzenesulfonamide hydrochloride with fluorochalcones to give pyrazoline derivatives which upon oxidation with bromine water afforded corresponding pyrazoles. Reaction of pyrazolines with isocyanates and isothiocyanates give the corresponding ureas and thioureas. Subsequent cyclization of these thiourea derivatives with ethyl bromoacetate and α-bromoacetophenone yielded the 4-oxothiazolidines and thiazolines, respectively. Preliminary biological screening of the prepared compounds revealed significant antidiabetic activity. Molecular and biological properties calculations revealed favorable drug-like profiles of six compounds. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) and in silico drug relevant properties calculations (HBD, HBA, tPSA, miLogP, molecular weight, % ABS, drug-likeness and drug score) endorse that these compounds are potential leads for future drug discovery study.
Detection of mobile applications leaking sensitive data (2017)

Smart phones are the most popular and used devices by people. They host numerous types of data which can be classified as public and private. It is a new phenomenon to develop some malicious applications to exfiltrate personal data from smart phones. Hence personal data on these devices such as short messages, contacts, photos, videos, GPS locations, etc. require a specialized security mechanism which protects them from being leaked by malicious applications. The main problem is the disclosure of sensitive information when mobile applications try to access them via android permissions. This situation tells us that these mobile applications will probably leak the sensitive data. Therefore, some solutions especially considering data leakage on smart phones are required. This paper has two goals which are detecting the applications leak sensitive data and analyzing benign applications whether they have malicious intents or not. In this study, a sensitive data leakage prevention system for Android systems was proposed. J48 classification algorithm was used to detect mobile applications leaking sensitive data. In addition, trusted mobile applications downloaded from Google Play Store were evaluated whether they have any similarity with malicious mobile applications or not by clustering with K-Means clustering algorithm. The result has shown that the proposed system can detect malign and benign applications in 98.6% accuracy.
Distributed Event Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks for Disaster Management (2010)

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become mature enough to go beyond being simple fine-grained continuous monitoring platforms and become one of the enabling technologies for disaster early-warning systems. Event detection functionality of WSNs can be of great help and importance for (near) real-time detection of, for example, meteorological natural hazards and wild and residential fires. From the data-mining perspective, many real world events exhibit specific patterns, which can be detected by applying machine learning (ML) techniques. In this paper, we introduce ML techniques for distributed event detection in WSNs and evaluate their performance and applicability for early detection of disasters, specifically residential fires. To this end, we present a distributed event detection approach incorporating a novel reputation-based voting and the decision tree and evaluate its performance in terms of detection accuracy and time complexity.
Flame Generation of Two New Precursors of Vanadyl Pyrophosphate (1996)

Two new vanadyl pyrophosphate precursors were produced in a single step operation using a counterflow diffusion flame burner. The technique consists of adding a vanadium and a phosphorus halide to the fuel stream of hydrogen–oxygen flames. Particles nucleate and grow in the flame to an average diameter between 5 and 30 nm. Upon exiting the flame, powders are collected on two stainless steel strips and their crystalline structures are analyzed by x-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. A strong effect of flame temperature on the crystalline structure of the powders produced is observed. When a high temperature flame is used, the powder collected is a mixture of VOPO4· 2H2O and (VOPO4)1−x(VOHPO4)x·2.6H2O. This mixture forms γ-VOPO4upon subsequent reheating at 750°C in a oxidizing atmosphere, and transforms into (VO)2P2O7in an oxygen-free atmosphere at 700°C. When a lower temperature flame is used, the powder collected is (VOPO4)1−x(VOHPO4x·2.9H2O, which transforms at 750°C into β-VOPO4in an oxidizing atmosphere and to (VO)2P2O7at 700°C in an oxygen-free atmosphere. Structural differences between the two vanadyl pyrophosphates are observed. These differences are discussed in terms of the ability of (VO)2P2O7to accommodate various disordered and polytypic structures.