gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Intracellular Glucose at Single Cells Using Electrochemiluminescence Imaging (2016)

Here, luminol electrochemiluminescence was first applied to analyze intracellular molecules, such as glucose, at single cells. The individual cells were retained in cell-sized microwells on a gold coated indium tin oxide (ITO) slide, which were treated with luminol, triton X-100, and glucose oxidase simultaneously. The broken cellular membrane in the presence of triton X-100 released intracellular glucose into the microwell and reacted with glucose oxidase to generate hydrogen peroxide, which induced luminol luminescence under positive potential. To achieve fast analysis, the luminescences from 64 individual cells on one ITO slide were imaged in 60 s using a charge-coupled device (CCD). More luminescence was observed at all the microwells after the introduction of triton X-100 and glucose oxidase suggested that intracellular glucose was detected at single cells. The starvation of cells to decrease intracellular glucose produced less luminescence, which confirmed that our luminescence intensity was correlated with the concentration of intracellular glucose. Large deviations in glucose concentration at observed single cells revealed high cellular heterogeneity in intracellular glucose for the first time. This developed electrochemiluminescence assay will be potentially applied for fast analysis of more intracellular molecules in single cells to elucidate cellular heterogeneity.
Recent Developments on Tyrosinase Inhibitors based on the Chalcone and Aurone Scaffolds (2018)

Chalcones and aurones are natural products which belong to the flavonoid family and possess a variety of pharmacological and biological activities. Chalcones and, in a lesser extent, aurones, are especially versatile chemical scaffolds, therefore a large number of synthetic analogues have been prepared and studied for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. This report aims to briefly present all the studies about the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of chalcones and aurones, which are dated from 2009 until now. The type of inhibition mechanism as well as the key structural features that enhance activity are discussed. The review reveals the importance of tyrosinase inhibitors of the structural type as whitening agents in cosmetology, as antibrowning agents in food chemistry, and as therapeutics. Keywords: Aurones, chalcones, scaffolds, tyrosinase inhibitors, whitening agents, xanthohunol.
Tunable optical delay-line using an optical frequency shifter with a single-sideband modulator (2002)

We propose a tunable delay-line using an optical frequency shifter, and an optical loop. The optical frequency shifter consists of an optical single sideband modulator. The number of times light circulates in the loop can be controlled by the electric signal fed to the modulator. Packets of any lengths can go through our proposed delay-line without any collisions, even if the length of the packet is larger than that of the delay loop.
Differences and Similarities in the Pattern of Early Metabolic and Morphologic Response after Induction Chemo-Immunotherapy versus Induction Chemotherapy Alone in Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer (2022)

Background: In head and neck cancer patients, parameters of metabolic and morphologic response of the tumor to single-cycle induction chemotherapy (IC) with docetaxel, cis- or carboplatin are used to decide the further course of treatment. This study investigated the effect of adding a double immune checkpoint blockade (DICB) of tremelimumab and durvalumab to IC on imaging parameters and their significance with regard to tumor cell remission. Methods: Response variables of 53 patients treated with IC+DICB (ICIT) were compared with those of 104 who received IC alone. Three weeks after one cycle, pathologic and, in some cases, clinical and endoscopic primary tumor responses were evaluated and correlated with a change in 18F-FDG PET and CT/MRI-based maximum-standardized uptake values (SUVmax) before (SUVmaxpre), after treatment (SUVmaxpost) and residually (resSUVmax in % of SUVmaxpre), and in maximum tumor diameter (Dmax) before (Dmaxpre) and after treatment (Dmaxpost) and residually (resD). Results: Reduction of SUVmax and Dmax occurred in both groups; values were SUVmaxpre: 14.4, SUVmaxpost: 6.6, Dmaxpre: 30 mm and Dmaxpost: 23 mm for ICIT versus SUVmaxpre: 16.5, SUVmaxpost: 6.4, Dmaxpre: 21 mm, and Dmaxpost: 16 mm for IC alone (all p < 0.05). ResSUVmax was the best predictor of complete response (IC: AUC: 0.77; ICIT: AUC: 0.76). Metabolic responders with resSUVmax ≤ 40% tended to have a higher rate of CR to ICIT (88%; n = 15/17) than to IC (65%; n = 30/46; p = 0.11). Of the metabolic nonresponders (resSUVmax > 80%), 33% (n = 5/15) achieved a clinical CR to ICIT versus 6% (n = 1/15) to IC (p = 0.01). Conclusions: ICIT and IC quickly induce a response and 18F-FDG PET is the more accurate modality for identifying complete remission. The rate of discrepant response, i.e., pCR with metabolic nonresponse after ICIT was >30%.
Formation of Low-Resistivity Germanosilicide Contacts to Phosporous Doped Silicon-Germanium Alloy Source/Drain Junctions for Nanoscale CMOS (2003)

Conventional source/drain junction and contact formation processes can not meet the stringent requirements of future nanoscale complimentary metal oxide silicon (CMOS) technologies. The selective Si[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x] source/drain technology was proposed in this laboratory as an alternative to conventional junction and contact schemes. The technology is based on selective chemical vapor deposition of in-situ boron or phosphorus doped Si[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x] in source/drain areas. The fact that the dopant atoms occupy substitutional sites during growth make the high temperature activation anneals unnecessary virtually eliminating dopant diffusion to yield abrupt doping profiles. Furthermore, the smaller band gap of Si[subscript 1-xGe[subscript x] results in a smaller Schottky barrier height, which can translate into significant reductions in contact resistivity due to the exponential dependence of contact resistivity on barrier height. This study is focused on formation of self-aligned germanosilicide contacts to phosphorous-doped Si[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x] alloys. The experimental results obtained in this study indicate that self-aligned nickel germanosilicide (NiSi[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x]) contacts can be formed on Si[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x] layers at temperatures as low as 350&amp;deg;C. Contacts can yield a contact resistivity of 1E-8 ohm-cm&amp;#178; with no sign of germanosilicide induced leakage. However, above a threshold temperature determined by the Ge concentration in the alloy, the NiSi[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x]/Si[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x] interface begins to roughen, which affects the junction leakage. For phosphorus doped layers considered in this study, the threshold temperature was around 500&amp;deg;C, which is roughly 100&amp;deg;C higher than the threshold temperature for NiSi[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x contacts formed on boron doped Si[subscript 1-x] Ge[subscript x] layers with a Ge percentage of ~ 50%. Nickel and zirconium germanosilicides were also considered as contact candidates but they were found to result in a contact resistivity near 1E-7 ohm-cm&amp;#178;.
Metamagnetic Phases and Interplay with Superconductivity of Single Crystal DyNi2B2C (1998)

DyNi 2 B 2 C with T c ~ 6 K, less than the Neél temperature T N , is particularly interesting. Crystal electric field splitting locks the magnetic moments in the ab-plane at low temperature and a series of metamagnetic transitions is observed with increasing field below T N . Detailed measurments of in-plane magnetization, magnetic susceptibility and resistivity of DyNi 2 B 2 C single crystals have been carried out in order to investigate the anisotropic interplay between superconductivity and the magnetic phases.
Interferon therapy as chemoprevention of hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis C (2003)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently a very common malignancy and its incidence is increasing, both in Japan and the USA. Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major risk factor for the development of HCC. A number of large-scale retrospective cohort studies have demonstrated that interferon therapy reduces the incidence of HCC not only in sustained virological responders but also in transient biochemical responders without the elimination of HCV. We also demonstrated that retreatment with interferon at certain intervals reduced the incidence of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis C, even if eradication of HCV was not achieved by retreatment. We cannot, however, explain how a transient normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase levels induced by a maximum 6 months of interferon treatment reduces the incidence of HCC during the progression of chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis or HCC, which requires dozens of years. In this article, we discuss how interferon treatment might reduce the incidence of HCC even in transient biochemical responders, especially in view of antiproliferative or antioxidative activity of interferon-alpha.
Impact Response of Sandwich Structures with Auxetic and Honeycomb Core (2019)

Impact behavior of sandwich panels with auxetic and hexagonal honeycomb cores are investigated experimentally and numerically. Re-entrant and anti-tetrachiral geometries are considered for auxetic cores. In the experimental side of the study, auxetic and honeycomb cores are produced using a 3D printer. The sandwich panels are then produced by attaching aluminium face sheets and cores. The impact tests are performed using a particle impact test system. The numerical analyses are achieved by using LSDYNA finite element software. The deformation results are compared and the effect of having different type of core is evaluated.
Equalizer Design and Performance Trade-Offs in ADC-Based Serial Links (2011)

This paper investigates the performance benefit of using nonuniformly quantized ADCs for implementing high-speed serial receivers with decision-feedback equalization (DFE). A way of determining an optimal set of ADC thresholds to achieve the minimum bit-error rate (BER) is described, which can yield a very different set from the one that minimizes signal quantization errors. By recognizing that both the loop-unrolling DFE receiver and ADC-based DFE receiver decide each received bit based upon the result of a single slicer, an efficient architecture named reduced-slicer partial-response DFE (RS-PRDFE) receiver is proposed. The RS-PRDFE receiver eliminates redundant or unused slicers from the previous DFE receiver implementations. Both the simulation and measurement results from a 10 Gb/s ADC-based receiver fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology and multiple backplane channels demonstrate that the RS-PRDFE can achieve the BER of a 3-4-bit uniform ADC only with 4 data slicers. Also, the combined use of linear equalizers (LEs) can further reduce the required slicer count in RS-PRDFE receivers, but only when the LEs are realized in analog domain.
Embedded digital signal processing for digital ultrasound imaging (2011)

Ultrasound imaging is an efficient, noninvasive, method for medical diagnosis. Efficient implementations of digital ultrasound systems on embedded digital signal processing on FPGA, this miniaturization enables a design with low power consumption, low noise, and light weight. This paper proposed embedded digital signal processing (DSP) for digital ultrasound imaging on FPGA (Xilinx, Inc.). The DSP was composed of FIR Hilbert transform filter, which was used to generate Quadrature component (Q) from the In-phase component (I) of the ultrasound data. The envelope (magnitude) of the received echo was computed. The implementation has been done in the Virtex-5 FPGA. The objective of this work is to build embedded DSP for ultrasound imaging system using the FIR Hilbert transform filter, which will be described in the methods. The system was consisted of: the pipeline adder block to reconstruct the focus ultrasound line, the bit modifier block to modify the bit of the signal to 16 bit, the FIR Hilbert filter block to obtain the quadrature components, the fractional delay filter (in-phase filter) to compensate the delay when we were used a high FIR order, and the envelope detection block to compute the envelope of the in-phase and quadrature components. The Hilbert filter is implemented in the form whereby the zero tap coefficients are not computed and therefore an order L filter uses only L/2 multiplications. This was reducing the computational time by a half. The simulation results of FIR Hilbert filter and the envelope detection are near to the ideal Hilbert. The results of the implementation are good compared to the simulation results. From the implementation result the total estimated power consumption equal to 0.8142W and the device utilization was acceptable. It is possible for the system to accept anther devices for further processing. The hardware architecture of the design provided flexibility.
ΑΙΣΧϒΛΟϒ ΤΡΑГΩιΔΙΑ (2011)

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Metalated Nitriles:  Chelation-Controlled Cyclizations to cis and trans Hydrindanes and Decalins (2007)

Chelation provides a powerful means of stereocontrol in alkylations of metalated nitriles. Doubly deprotonating a series of cyclic beta-hydroxynitriles triggers cyclizations that implicate metalated nitrile intermediates having configurations imposed by chelation with an adjacent, chiral lithium alkoxide. Identifying chelation as a general stereocontrol element explains several previously anomalous alkylations of metalated nitriles and provides a potential solution to the long-standing difficulty of synthesizing trans-hydrindanes. Employing chelation to control the metalated nitrile geometry permits selective cyclizations to cis and trans hydrindanes and decalins and provides key insight into the geometrical requirements of these demanding cyclizations.
Systematically Analyzing Vulnerabilities in the Connection Establishment Phase of Wi-Fi Systems (2022)

To establish a secure Wi-Fi connection, several un-protected management frames are exchanged between an access point and a station before they mutually authenticate each other and start a protected session. In this paper, we are the first to formally model and analyze this connection establishment phase, based on the latest IEEE 802.11 standard, and accordingly, expose a new denial of service (DoS) vulnerability and three new variants of a known man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack. We also formally show that the optional operating channel validation technique introduced in the latest standard is capable of protecting the system only against multi-channel MitM. To validate our identified DoS vulnerability, we test it against the latest wpa_supplicant daemon, showing that an adversary can stealthily prevent a station from connecting to a preferred AP for up to 90 minutes, likely more. We also propose a mitigation approach to counter it.
The Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 hoxX gene participates in hydrogenase regulation (1994)

Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a 1,791-bp open reading frame in the hox gene cluster of the gram-negative chemolithotroph Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. In order to investigate the biological role of this open reading frame, we generated an in-frame deletion allele via a gene replacement strategy. The resulting mutant grew significantly more slowly than the wild type under lithoautotrophic conditions (6.1 versus 4.2 h doubling time). A reduction in the level of the soluble NAD-reducing hydrogenase (60% of the wild-type activity) was shown to be the cause of the slow lithoautotrophic growth. We used plasmid-borne gene fusions to monitor the expression of the operons encoding the soluble and membrane-bound hydrogenases. The expression of both operons was lower in the mutant than in the wild-type strain. These results suggest that the newly identified gene, designated hoxX, encodes a regulatory component which, in conjunction with the transcriptional activator HoxA, controls hydrogenase synthesis.
Study of the local order around magnetic impurities in semiconductors for spintronics (2009)

The semiconductors doped with magnetic ions (DMS) are promising materials for applications in the emerging field of spintronics. To address this challenge, a relatively high amount of magnetic impurities should enter the host crystal structure without phase separation, thus a detailed characterization at the nano-scale is mandatory. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy is a technique well suited for probing the short-range order, so as to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for the special physical properties of these materials. The starting point of this study is the well known GaAs doped with Mn where the creation of Mn interstitial defects reduce the ferromagnetic transition temperature (T_C) and post-growth treatments are necessary as a remedy. A new promising material is Fe-doped GaN showing interesting magnetic properties when doped around the solubility limit of Fe. In this case the key issue is the transition from Fe substitutional to the precipitation of Fe-rich nano-crystals at the conditions of spinodal decomposition. In fact, it is observed that T_C is considerably increased exploiting the spinodal decomposition as in the case of Mn in Ge, where Mn-rich ferromagnetic nanocolumns are formed in the crystalline host with a disordered local structure. Finally, first data are reported on the Mn incorporation in GaAs and InAs nanowires that are expected to play a key role in fabricating one dimensional DMS devices.
X-ray-photoemission-spectroscopy evidence for anomalous oxidation states of silicon after exposure of hydrogen-terminated single-crystalline (100) silicon to a diluted N2 : N2O atmosphere (2002)

The early oxidation stages of hydrogen-terminated single-crystalline (100) silicon exposed to a diluted N2 : N2O atmosphere at 850°C for different durations have been studied by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, following the evolution of the Si 2p signal. Evidence is given that the usual analysis, in terms of five pairs of peaks attributed to silicon in the oxidation states from 0 to +4, does not account for the observed Si 2p signal. An explanation for silicon in unusual oxidation states is proposed.
Conformable actively multiplexed high-density surface electrode array for brain interfacing (2023)

Provided are methods and devices for interfacing with brain tissue, specifically for monitoring and/or actuation of spatio-temporal electrical waveforms. The device is conformable having a high electrode density and high spatial and temporal resolution. A conformable substrate supports a conformable electronic circuit and a barrier layer. Electrodes are positioned to provide electrical contact with a brain tissue. A controller monitors or actuates the electrodes, thereby interfacing with the brain tissue. In an aspect, methods are provided to monitor or actuate spatio-temporal electrical waveform over large brain surface areas by any of the devices disclosed herein.
[Tissue concentration of 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin in renal cell carcinoma and urinary bladder tumor]. (1985)

Each of 5 patients with renal cell carcinoma and urinary bladder tumor who were operated on at the department of urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine and its affiliated hospitals, received 20 mg of 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (THP) intravenously at the beginning of surgery. Heparinized peripheral blood samples were collected at regular intervals and separated in plasma and blood cell fractions by centrifugation for the estimation of THP. The THP concentration of the surgical specimen was also studied. In renal cell carcinoma, the surgical specimen was divided into cytoplasm and nuclear fractions, and the THP concentration in each fraction was measured. The THP concentration gradually decreased in the plasma and blood cell fractions with passage of time after the administration in both renal cell carcinoma and urinary bladder tumor. In renal cell carcinoma, although the tumor revealed a lower concentration of THP compared with the normal renal cortex and medulla, the nuclear fraction of the tumor showed a higher concentration than those of the normal renal cortex and medulla. In contrast to renal cell carcinoma, the THP concentration of the urinary bladder tumor was found to be higher than those of the normal urinary bladder mucosa and muscle.
Differentiable probabilistic models of scientific imaging with the Fourier slice theorem (2019)

Scientific imaging techniques such as optical and electron microscopy and computed tomography (CT) scanning are used to study the 3D structure of an object through 2D observations. These observations are related to the original 3D object through orthogonal integral projections. For common 3D reconstruction algorithms, computational efficiency requires the modeling of the 3D structures to take place in Fourier space by applying the Fourier slice theorem. At present, it is unclear how to differentiate through the projection operator, and hence current learning algorithms can not rely on gradient based methods to optimize 3D structure models. In this paper we show how back-propagation through the projection operator in Fourier space can be achieved. We demonstrate the validity of the approach with experiments on 3D reconstruction of proteins. We further extend our approach to learning probabilistic models of 3D objects. This allows us to predict regions of low sampling rates or estimate noise. A higher sample efficiency can be reached by utilizing the learned uncertainties of the 3D structure as an unsupervised estimate of the model fit. Finally, we demonstrate how the reconstruction algorithm can be extended with an amortized inference scheme on unknown attributes such as object pose. Through empirical studies we show that joint inference of the 3D structure and the object pose becomes more difficult when the ground truth object contains more symmetries. Due to the presence of for instance (approximate) rotational symmetries, the pose estimation can easily get stuck in local optima, inhibiting a fine-grained high-quality estimate of the 3D structure.
Sarcopenia as a tool for preoperative decision making (2018)

The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery® is designed to provide the scientific basis to optimize care of the severely injured and critically ill surgical patient. Thus, the Journal has a high priority for basic and translation research to fulfill this objectives. Additionally, the Journal is enthusiastic to publish randomized prospective clinical studies to establish care predicated on a mechanistic foundation. Finally, the Journal is seeking systematic reviews, guidelines and algorithms that incorporate the best evidence available.The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery® is designed to provide the scientific basis to optimize care of the severely injured and critically ill surgical patient. Thus, the Journal has a high priority for basic and translation research to fulfill this objectives. Additionally, the Journal is enthusiastic to publish randomized prospective clinical studies to establish care predicated on a mechanistic foundation. Finally, the Journal is seeking systematic reviews, guidelines and algorithms that incorporate the best evidence available.
PMD and Chirp Effects Suppression in RF Tone-Based Chromatic Dispersion Monitoring (2006)

We investigate the effects of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and chirp on radio-frequency tone-based chromatic dispersion (CD) monitoring method, and show that the PMD and chirp induce significant CD monitoring errors. We propose a CD monitoring technique to suppress these effects. Experiment results show that the CD monitoring errors induced by PMD and chirp fluctuation are greatly suppressed.