gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction between intra‐oral cinnamaldehyde and nicotine assessed by psychophysical and physiological responses (2016)

Cinnamaldehyde and nicotine activate the transient receptor potential subtype A1 (TRPA1) channel, which may cause burning sensations. This study investigated whether cinnamaldehyde modulates nicotine-induced psychophysical and physiological responses in oral tissues. Healthy non-smokers (n = 22) received, in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, three different gums containing 4 mg of nicotine, 20 mg of cinnamaldehyde, or a combination thereof. Assessments of orofacial temperature and blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, taste experience, and intra-oral pain/irritation area and intensity were performed before, during, and after a 10-min chewing regime. Cinnamaldehyde increased the temperature of the tongue and blood flow of the lip, and was associated with pain/irritation, especially in the mouth. Nicotine increased the temperature of the tongue and blood flow of the cheek, and produced pain/irritation in the mouth and throat. The combination of cinnamaldehyde and nicotine did not overtly change the psychophysical or physiological responses. Interestingly, half of the subjects responded to cinnamaldehyde as an irritant, and these cinnamaldehyde responders reported greater nicotine-induced pain/irritation areas in the throat. Whether sensitivity to cinnamaldehyde can predict the response to nicotine-induced oral irritation remains to be determined. A better understanding of the sensory properties of nicotine in the oral mucosa has important therapeutic implications because pain and irritation represent compliance issues for nicotine replacement products.
Dynamic Null Steering in Linear Antenna Arrays Using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (2007)

In wireless applications the antenna pattern can be shaped in such way that it cancels interfering signals and produces a strong beam towards the wanted signal according to signal direction of arrival (DOA) by placing nulls in the direction of the interfering signals, these nulls also helps to reduce co- channel interference due to less energy being transmitted in unwanted directions. An adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is proposed to real time pattern shaping. The problem is formulated and solved by means of the proposed algorithm. Two examples are simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness and the design flexibility of adaptive PSO in the framework of electromagnetic synthesis of linear arrays.
An analytical model for the design of RF resonators for MR body imaging (1991)

A closed form, analytical solution describing the RF fields generated by an RF body coil resonator for MR imaging at 1.5 and 4.0 T is presented. This solution extends the results of earlier studies of RF penetration in the body by explicitly including the RF coil, the RF shield, and the field variation along the z axis for high-pass bird cage coils. A salient feature of this treatment is the calculation of the axial propagation constant, kz, which determines the z dependence of the RF field. We have determined the relative power deposition in the body, the B1 field homogeneity, and coil losses, which are functions of the coil-to-shield separation and body size. The relative power deposition in the body has been calculated to vary as the 1.58 power of the body radius. The calculations have also predicted that the field homogeneity in the z direction exhibits greater degradation at higher frequencies in a high-pass coil than in a low-pass coil. The model predicts an increase in coil losses by a factor of 2.8 as the coil-to-shield separation is reduced from 5 to 2 cm in a standard body resonator. Although the results for only a homogeneous cylindrical object or body are presented, the theory can be extended to a multilayered heterogeneous object of varying permittivity and conductivity.
Crystallisation and Structural Studies on Omega Transaminase Enzymes (2012)

Omega transaminase enzymes are proving to be of vital importance in the production of chiral amines for drug manufacturing due to their high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity reactions. Omega transaminases also possess another key feature that can make them more desirable than other transaminase enzymes in that they are able to utilise substrates lacking a carboxyl group. This project has purified several recombinant omega transaminases from the bacteria; Streptomyces avermitilis, Deinococcus geothermalis, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Attempts have been made to crystallise the proteins in order to determine their structures. D. geothermalis omega transaminase failed to purify due to lack of binding to Nickel columns despite having a histidine tag. P. putida omega transaminase failed to produce any crystals in the crystal screens available. P. aeruginosa omega transaminase crystals, whose holoenzyme structure has already been solved, were soaked in pyruvate and also produced crystals from co-crystallisation experiments with pyruvate. These crystals however did not show sufficient electron density in the active site to determine if the substrate had bound. They did however diffract to 2.0 Å and 1.8 Å resolution respectively. Co-crystallisation experiments with P. aeruginosa omega transaminase and the inhibitor gabaculine were successful however to date they have failed to produce X-ray diffraction data that could be processed despite diffracting to high resolution. The S. avermitilis omega transaminase produced crystals that were shown to be disordered when they underwent X-ray diffraction. Differential scanning fluorometry was carried out to identify the optimal buffer for protein stability. This identified the current Tris pH 7.5 buffer to lead to a low thermodynamic stability of the protein. Several new buffers including MES at pH 6 were identified as being the most likely candidates for stabilising the protein and producing ordered crystals. Data collected from a Chromobacterium violaceum omega transaminase with a F89 to A89 mutation was successfully processed and refined. The resultant structure showed an increase in flexibility in the substrate carboxyl binding residue, R416, and an increase in space available for substrate binding. HPLC assays showed alpha-methylbenzylamine activity remained. An amino acid oxidase/horseradish peroxidase linked assay showed there to be a small increase in activity towards β-alanine due to this mutation. Further mutations will be necessary to enable this enzyme to utilise β-alanine at a more practical rate of conversion.
Low Utility of Frequent Imaging Follow-up for Incidental Ascending Aortic Aneurysms (2023)

C urrent guidelines for surveillance imaging of inciden- tal ascending aortic dilatation (40 mm) are vague, and the optimal imaging interval is unknown (1-3).The 2022 American College of Radiology/American Heart Association Guideline proposes that initial follow-up at 6-12 months and continued surveillance imaging every 6-24 months thereafter may be "reasonable" (3).These recommendations are primarily based on observational studies drawing from data collected in the 1980s and 1990s, which included heritable aneurysms and chronic dissections with short-term follow-up (4,5).There are no prospective studies exposing patients to different follow-up time intervals, and we should not expect those to be conducted anytime soon.But more recent literature on the natural history of nongenetic, nonsyndromic, moderately dilated ascending aortas reports that the growth rate is relatively slow, or even negligible, with low occurrence of aortic-related events and high survival (6-9).Consequently, the utility and cost-effectiveness of frequent surveillance have been called into question.To address this clinically relevant issue, in this issue of Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging, Hammer and Kong take an interesting approach to determine an optimal CT
Remarkable Differences in Catalyst Activity and Selectivity for the Production of Methyl Propanoate versus CO−Ethylene Copolymer by a Series of Palladium Complexes of Related C4-Bridged Diphosphines (2000)

The C4-bridged diphosphines cis- and trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclohexane (cis, 1a; trans, 1b) and endo,endo-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)norbornane and exo,endo-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)norbornane (endo,endo, 1c; exo,endo, 1d) and their corresponding palladium complexes [(P−P)PdCl2] (2a−d), [(P−P)Pd(OAc)2] (3a−d), and [(P−P)PdMeCl] (P−P = 1a, 4a; P−P = 1c, 4c) have been prepared and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of 2a reveals that 1a forms a seven-membered chelate ring with the cis-disubstituted cyclohexyl ring in the expected chair conformation. Variable-temperature 31P{1H} NMR studies of 2a have revealed a dynamic process that interchanges stereoisomers via conformational changes in the six-membered ring, often characteristic of cis-disubstituted cyclohexane derivatives. The free energy of activation associated with this exchange has been determined (ΔG⧧ = 48 kJ mol-1, 2a). Variable-temperature 31P{1H} and 31P NOESY NMR studies have shown that 4a exist as an interconverting mixture of isomers which differ in the position of the Pd−Me, trans either to an axial or to an equatorial diphenylphosphinomethyl group. The free energy of activation associated with this interchange (ΔG⧧ = 44.2 kJ mol-1), as determined from a line shape analysis of the 31P{1H} NMR spectra in the temperature range 213−308 K, is similar to that for 2a and consistent with a process involving inversion of the cyclohexane ring. At 213 K, the equilibrium population of these isomers is surprisingly disparate. Full energy minimization calculations at the ZINDO(1) level gave an energy difference between the two minimized structures of 4 kJ mol-1, which corresponds to an equilibrium constant of 5 and is fully consistent with that obtained using NMR spectroscopy. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of 4a has revealed a square-planar geometry, such that the axial diphenylphosphinomethyl group occupies the site trans to the methyl and the equatorial diphenylphosphinomethyl group occupies the position trans to the chloride. The single-crystal X-ray structures of compounds 2d and 4c are also reported. Methanol solutions of 3a−c and methane sulfonic acid are selective for the copolymerization of ethylene with carbon monoxide, generating low molecular weight polymers. Surprisingly, the activity of catalyst systems based on cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclohexane (1a) is markedly higher than those based on its trans-isomer 1b. In contrast, catalyst systems formed from exo,endo-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)norbornane (1d) are highly selective for the production of methyl propanoate (>90%).
Ethanol-Induced Motor Impairment Mediated by Inhibition of 7 Nicotinic Receptors (2016)

The motor-impairing effects of ethanol contribute to intoxication-related injury and death. Here we explore the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced motor impairment. Physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol inhibit activity of a nicotinic receptor subtype that is expressed in brain areas associated with motor control. That receptor inhibition is mediated by decreased receptor phosphorylation, suggesting an indirect modulation of cell signaling pathways to achieve the physiological effects.
Beryllium doping in Ga0.47In0.53As and Al0.48In0.52As grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (1981)

Beryllium-doped Ga0.47In0.53As and Al0.48In0.52As epitaxial layers lattice matched to InP substrates have been grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Doping levels as high as 2.5×1019 cm−3 have been achieved for both p-type Ga0.47In0.53As and Al0.48In0.52As. The maximum carrier concentration is an order of magnitude higher for these Be-doped layers than for those doped with Mn. The carrier concentration varies proportionally with the arrival rate of Be and the sticking coefficient of Be is estimated to be unity. Under our growth conditions, the carrier concentrations in Ga0.47In0.53As and Al0.48In0.52As layers are identical for the same Be arrival rate. Mobility studies showed that MBE grown Be-doped Ga0.47In0.53As layers are comparable to the best reported results obtained with liquid-phase epitaxy. When Sn was used as the n-type dopant, both Ga0.47In0.53As and Al0.48In0.52As p-n junction diodes were fabricated and evaluated.
HadoopDB (2009)

The production environment for analytical data management applications is rapidly changing. Many enterprises are shifting away from deploying their analytical databases on high-end proprietary machines, and moving towards cheaper, lower-end, commodity hardware, typically arranged in a shared-nothing MPP architecture, often in a virtualized environment inside public or private "clouds". At the same time, the amount of data that needs to be analyzed is exploding, requiring hundreds to thousands of machines to work in parallel to perform the analysis. There tend to be two schools of thought regarding what technology to use for data analysis in such an environment. Proponents of parallel databases argue that the strong emphasis on performance and efficiency of parallel databases makes them well-suited to perform such analysis. On the other hand, others argue that MapReduce-based systems are better suited due to their superior scalability, fault tolerance, and flexibility to handle unstructured data. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of building a hybrid system that takes the best features from both technologies; the prototype we built approaches parallel databases in performance and efficiency, yet still yields the scalability, fault tolerance, and flexibility of MapReduce-based systems.
A &#x201C;string of feature graphs&#x201D; model for recognition of complex activities in natural videos (2011)

Videos usually consist of activities involving interactions between multiple actors, sometimes referred to as complex activities. Recognition of such activities requires modeling the spatio-temporal relationships between the actors and their individual variabilities. In this paper, we consider the problem of recognition of complex activities in a video given a query example. We propose a new feature model based on a string representation of the video which respects the spatio-temporal ordering. This ordered arrangement of local collections of features (e.g., cuboids, STIP), which are the characters in the string, are initially matched using graph-based spectral techniques. Final recognition is obtained by matching the string representations of the query and the test videos in a dynamic programming framework which allows for variability in sampling rates and speed of activity execution. The method does not require tracking or recognition of body parts, is able to identify the region of interest in a cluttered scene, and gives reasonable performance with even a single query example. We test our approach in an example-based video retrieval framework with two publicly available complex activity datasets and provide comparisons against other methods that have studied this problem.
Estimation of Cell Density and Protein Production from Glucose and Lactate Measurement (1993)

Recombinant CHO-K1 cells expressing human soluble thrombomodulin (rsTM) were cultured in a repeated batch system and a continuous culture system including a fluidized bed reactor. A procedure for estimating cell density and protein production was established using experimental glucose and lactate measurements from repeated batch cultures. In this procedure, cell density is estimated from the glucose consumption rate, and the specific protein (rsTM) production rate is estimated from the ratio of lactate production/glucose consumption (ΔL/ΔG). Cell density and protein productivity in repeated batch cultures were well estimated by this procedure. Since there is a large advantage for establishing a control scheme for protein production by estimation from glucose and lactate measurements, this procedure was applied to a continuous culture.
Desenvolvimento de concretos refratários multifuncionais (2001)

A facilidade de aplicação dos concretos tem sido uma das principais justificativas da substituição de peças moldadas por refratários monolíticos. Todavia, as inúmeras técnicas disponíveis para aplicação dos monolíticos têm resultado em uma diversificação muito acentuada das classes de concreto refratário (p. ex., vibrados, projetados, auto-escoantes, "shotcreting"). Em virtude disso, há atualmente uma crescente demanda por concretos de maior versatilidade, denominados multifuncionais, que possibilitem a utilização das mais variadas técnicas para aplicação. No entanto, ainda questiona-se se a versatilidade dos concretos multifuncionais durante a aplicação também implica em benefícios com relação à etapa de mistura e ao seu desempenho a altas temperaturas. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os requisitos necessários para a obtenção de concretos multifuncionais, e comparar o seu comportamento reológico e resistência à fluência a quente com concretos normalmente aplicados com técnicas específicas de instalação. Os resultados indicam que a distribuição granulométrica é a principal determinante da característica multifuncional de concretos de alta alumina com ultra-baixo teor de cimento.
<title>Real-time imaging system applied to human movement analysis</title> (1999)

This paper describes a complete fast imaging system applied to human movement analysis. The main goal of this system composed of a fast CCD camera associated with a real time calculation board, is to follow and to analyze the movement of a human operator. This system functions to 300 images by second. This has been able to be possible thanks to the utilization of FPGA circuits.
Economic-engineering Assessment of Sequential Extraction Processing of Corn (1995)

A simulation model, termed SIMSEP for simulating the Sequential Extraction Process (SEP), was developed to assess the economic and engineering feasibilities of SEP, an innovative approach to processing corn into ethanol, edible oil, industrial and edible proteins, and feed ingredients. SEP is designed to produce a new mix of value-added co-products that could improve the profitability of processing corn and corn-derived ethanol. Simulations were carried out for various system variables to examine their effects on profitability. Results showed that SEP is economically and technically feasible. Estimates for return on investment for a proposed plant are attractive under many likely market situations, and several additional opportunities exist to further improve profitability. The SEP technology should not be commercialized until additional potential technical and market problems are resolved; but based on this analysis, continued research and development activities are warranted.
Catalytic, asymmetric difluorination of alkenes to generate difluoromethylated stereocenters (2016)

Difluoromethyl groups possess specific steric and electronic properties that invite their use as chemically inert surrogates of alcohols, thiols, and other polar functional groups important in a wide assortment of molecular recognition processes. We report here a method for the catalytic, asymmetric, migratory geminal difluorination of β-substituted styrenes to access a variety of products bearing difluoromethylated tertiary or quaternary stereocenters. The reaction uses commercially available reagents (m-chloroperbenzoic acid and hydrogen fluoride pyridine) and a simple chiral aryl iodide catalyst and is carried out readily on a gram scale. Substituent effects and temperature-dependent variations in enantioselectivity suggest that cation-π interactions play an important role in stereodifferentiation by the catalyst.
Adaptive Equalization of Vibrotactile Actuators (2020)

In order to provide convincing artifical touch sensations, humans should be presented with high quality haptic stimuli. In the vibrotactile domain, signals are usually displayed through mechanical actuators. Current high quality actuators exhibit a high dynamic range and have the ability to display a wide range of frequencies. However, fundamentally all actuators introduce distortions into the displayed signals. These distortions are usually nonlinear with additive noise components and they can be detrimental to some vibrotactile application scenarios that require high signal playback precision. To neutralize these distortions, we propose a signal-based equalization setup with adaptive filtering. Such a setup is very general and can be applied to any actuator in a straightforward manner. We introduce a novel adaptive filter based on Volterra and bilinear filter models that is nonlinear and more robust than previous approaches. In simulations and experiments, we show that our filter model is able to consistently outperform existing adaptive filter models and equalize vibrotactile actuators efficiently.
Conductor-gap-silicon plasmonic waveguides and passive components at subwavelength scale (2010)

Subwavelength conductor-gap-silicon plasmonic waveguides along with compact S-bends and Y-splitters were theoretically investigated and experimentally demonstrated on a silicon-on-insulator platform. A thin SiO2 gap between the conductor layer and silicon core provides subwavelength confinement of light while a long propagation length of 40 microm was achieved. Coupling of light between the plasmonic and conventional silicon photonic waveguides was also demonstrated with a high efficiency of 80%. The compact sizes, low loss operation, efficient input/output coupling, combined with a CMOS-compatible fabrication process, make these conductor-gap-silicon plasmonic devices a promising platform for realizing densely-integrated plasmonic circuits.
Growth Pattern Analysis of Murine Lung Neoplasms by Advanced Semi-Automated Quantification of Micro-CT Images (2013)

Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging modality used to monitor human lung cancers. Typically, tumor volumes are calculated using manual or semi-automated methods that require substantial user input, and an exponential growth model is used to predict tumor growth. However, these measurement methodologies are time-consuming and can lack consistency. In addition, the availability of datasets with sequential images of the same tumor that are needed to characterize in vivo growth patterns for human lung cancers is limited due to treatment interventions and radiation exposure associated with multiple scans. In this paper, we performed micro-CT imaging of mouse lung cancers induced by overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase, a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis, and developed an advanced semi-automated algorithm for efficient and accurate tumor volume measurement. Tumor volumes determined by the algorithm were first validated by comparison with results from manual methods for volume determination as well as direct physical measurements. A longitudinal study was then performed to investigate in vivo murine lung tumor growth patterns. Individual mice were imaged at least three times, with at least three weeks between scans. The tumors analyzed exhibited an exponential growth pattern, with an average doubling time of 57.08 days. The accuracy of the algorithm in the longitudinal study was also confirmed by comparing its output with manual measurements. These results suggest an exponential growth model for lung neoplasms and establish a new advanced semi-automated algorithm to measure lung tumor volume in mice that can aid efforts to improve lung cancer diagnosis and the evaluation of therapeutic responses.
Selenoprotein P expression is controlled through interaction of the coactivator PGC-1α with FoxO1a and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α transcription factors (2008)

High-level expression of SeP in liver is ensured by concerted action of the coactivator PGC-1alpha and the transcription factors FoxO1a and HNF-4alpha. Hence, the production of SeP is regulated similarly to that of the gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. As hepatic SeP production is crucial for selenium distribution throughout the body, the present study establishes PGC-1alpha as a key regulator of selenium homeostasis.