gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chediak–Higashi Syndrome: A Rare Disorder of Lysosomes and Lysosome Related Organelles (2002)

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe immunologic defects including recurrent bacterial infections, impaired chemotaxis and abnormal natural killer (NK) cell function. Patients with this syndrome exhibit other symptoms such as an associated lymphoproliferative syndrome, bleeding tendencies, partial albinism and peripheral neuropathies. The classic diagnostic feature of CHS is the presence of huge lysosomes and cytoplasmic granules within cells. Similar defects are found in other mammals, the most well studied being the beige mouse and Aleutian mink. A positional cloning approach resulted in the identification of the Beige gene on chromosome 13 in mice and the CHS1/LYST gene on chromosome 1 in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is 3801 amino acids and is highly conserved throughout evolution. The identification of CHS1/Beige has defined a family of genes containing a common BEACH motif. The function of these proteins in vesicular trafficking remains unknown.
Impact of Electric Field on the Optical Properties of Hydrophilic Quantum Dots (2015)

The most important requirements for biochemical applicability of quantum dots (QDs) are: 1) the surface cap should render intact or improved optical properties; 2) mono-dispersion and good stability in aqueous phase in a wide range of pH and ionic strength values; 3) presence of functional groups, available for bioconjugation; 4) minimal impact from the environment on the QDs’ properties and, vice versa, minimal influence of the QDs’ components on the environment and 5) stability against chemical/biochemical/physical influence. The latter is especially important for in vitro and in vivo applications. For example, some physical intracellular delivery strategies (e.g., electroporation) imply a rapid high-voltage electric field impulse in order to temporarily generate hydrophilic pores in the cell plasma membrane, necessary for the passive transportation of QDs into the cell. In this regard, it is interesting to investigate how different capping layers, which can provide high stability and sufficient fluorescent properties of QDs in a water solution, behave under these abnormal conditions. In this contribution, hydrophobic core-shell CdSe/CdS/CdZnS/ZnS QDs (λem=600 nm), produced by means of the Successive Ion Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique, were transferred to a water solution using two of the most commonly used methods: (i) encapsulation in an amphiphilic brush polymer based on poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAO) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains and (ii) silica covering. Polymer encapsulation preserves the initial ligands on the QDs’ surface owing to the hydrophobic attraction between the hydrophobic groups of the amphiphilic molecules and the surface hydrophobic groups of the QDs. This covering process allows maintaining the initial fluorescent properties, but it leads to a considerable increase of the QDs’ size. However, covering with a silica shell, by means of the reverse microemulsion method, allows maintaining both size and fluorescent properties of the initial QDs. The obtained water solutions of polymer covered and silica coated QDs in three different concentrations were exposed to a low-voltage electric field for a short time and the fluorescent properties were investigated. It is shown that the PMAO-PEG polymer acquires some additional charges in the presence of the electric field, which causes repulsion between the polymer and the QDs’ surface. This process destroys the homogeneity of the whole amphiphilic shell and it dramatically decreases the fluorescent properties (dropping to 10% from its initial value) because of the direct contact of the QDs with the strongly oxidative environment (water). In contrast, a silica shell possesses dielectric properties which allow retaining 90% of its initial fluorescence intensity, even after a longer electric impact. Thus, silica shells are clearly a preferable covering for bioapplication of QDs, because – besides the high uniform morphology, controlled size and biocompatibility – it allows protecting QDs from oxidation, even under the influence of an electric field.
Gas phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions of fluorophenyl anions (1999)

Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions of fluorophenyl and difluorophenyl anions (C6H4F−, o-C6H3F2−, m-C6H3F2−, p-C6H3F2−) have been studied using the flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube technique. The C6H4F− anion exchanges all hydrogens for deuterium upon reaction with D2O. The difluorophenyl anions o-, m-, and p-C6H3F2− exchange three, two, and one hydrogen, respectively, with D2O, whereas they undergo one, two, and three H/D exchanges, respectively, with CH3OD. The structures of the anions and the isotope exchange dynamics within the intermediate ion-dipole complexes are discussed using ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Calculated values for the proton affinities of the most stable anions are 385.2, 378.0, 371.9, and 378.2 kcal/mol for C6H4F−, o-C6H3F2−, m-C6H3F2−, and p-C6H3F2−, respectively, in excellent agreement (within 2 kcal/mol) with the previous experimental values for the acidities of the corresponding fluorobenzenes. The H/D exchange results are explained by the energy differences of the intermediate DO− and CH3O− species within the ion-dipole complexes; CH3O− is mobile within the “hot” intermediate complex, whereas DO− is nearly “frozen” within the complex and cannot migrate across the barriers caused by the fluorine atoms or by the π electrons.
Synthesis of Monodispersed Co(Fe)/Carbon Nanocomposite Microspheres with Very High Saturation Magnetization (2009)

Through the complexation of cyano groups in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) microspheres with cobalt (iron) ions under mild conditions, cobalt (iron)-containing PAN microspheres could be prepared effectively, then after pyrolyzation of the composite microspheres at 800 °C under N2 atmosphere, Co(Fe)/carbon nanocomposite microspheres could be prepared, and the metal content is up to ∼71 wt % in the Co(Fe)/carbon nanocomposite microspheres. Thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry investigation proved that almost all the cobalt nanoparticles were embedded in the interior of the carbon microspheres, which protected the metal nanocrystals (Co or Fe) from oxidation. The microspheres possess high magnetization (Ms is up to ∼161 emu/g) and show near-zero remanence and coercivity (Hc is down to ∼0.012 KOe) at room temperature, suggesting that they are outstanding soft ferromagnets with high magnetic susceptibilities and practically nil hysteresis loss.
Supplementary Figure S3 from Intraductal Transplantation Models of Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Reveal Progressive Transition of Molecular Subtypes (2023)

&lt;p&gt;When used for IGO transplants, distinct organoid lines generate either Fast- or Slow-progressors.&lt;/p&gt;
Pharmacokinetics of 1,4‐dioxane in humans (1977)

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 1,4‐dioxane were determined in four healthy male volunteers exposed to 50 ppm dioxane vapor for 6 hr. Samples of blood and urine collected during and after the exposure were analyzed for dioxane and its metabolite β‐hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA) by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A pharmacokinetic model with associated parameters was constructed to describe the fate of dioxane and HEAA in humans. The model was compared to a model constructed previously for dioxane in rats. This comparison facilitates assessment of the hazard to humans of dioxane exposure by extrapolation of toxicological information obtained in rats. The dynamics of dioxane uptake and elimination in humans could be described by a one‐compartment open‐system model with zero‐order uptake and first‐order elimination. The half‐life for elimination of dioxane was 59 + 7 min; 99.3% of the elimination was by metabolism of dioxane to HEAA, and 0.7% was by excretion of dioxane in the urine. Dioxane and HEAA were detectable in the urine until 6 and 18 hr after cessation of exposure, respectively. The total absorbed dose of dioxane during the 6 hr period was 5.4 ±1.1 mgjkg, although the maximum amount of dioxane in the body at any one time was 1.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg and occurred at the end of the exposure. At 6 hr the amount of dioxane in the body had reached over 99% of the steady‐state amount. A simulation of repeated daily exposures to 50 ppm dioxane for 8 fir/day indicated that dioxane would never accumulate to concentrations above those attained after a single 8 hr exposure as long as the exposure concentration of dioxane was 50 ppm or less. Lack of accumulation of dioxane on repeated exposure is a critical point since saturation of the metabolism of dioxane at high dosage levels to rats has been shown to lead to toxicity. The results of the study conducted in human volunteers support the conclusion that exposure to the current threshold limit value of 50 ppm dioxane in the workplace will not cause adverse effects, even when the exposure is on a continuous or repeated basis.
<title>Two methods to improve the optical quality of Ni-C multilayer coatings: ion bombardment and optimization of the substrate temperature</title> (1992)

We report on two methods for producing multilayer optics with considerably better reflectivities than `state of the art' coatings: deposition at optimized substrate temperatures and application of ion beam bombardment. In the first case we show that deposition of Ni - C multilayer coatings at optimized substrate temperatures results in increases in reflectivity at (lambda) equals 6.76 nm with a factor of 1.4 (Toptimum approximately equals 100 degree(s)C, d approximately equals 5.0 nm) compared to those deposited at room temperature. In the case of ion bombardment (at room temperature) the increase in reflectivity is more dramatic: a factor of 4 was observed for ion etched Ni - C coatings compared to nontreated ones (ion beam of 200 eV Ar+ at an angle of incidence of 45 degree(s), d approximately equals 2.8 nm). We note that due to the difference in d-spacing of the coatings the increases can not be compared directly. Finally, we discuss thermal treatment of Ni - Si multilayer coatings: contrary to Ni - C we observed an increase in reflectivity at temperatures below room temperature.
Neutron and x-ray diffraction evidence for a structural phase transition in the sulfur-based ambient-pressure organic superconductor bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene triiodide (1984)

A low-temperature structural phase transition in the ambient-pressure organic superconductor, bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene triiodide, ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{T}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{F})}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$, abbreviated ${(\mathrm{ET})}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$, has been observed from single-crystal x-ray diffraction and time-of-flight neutron diffraction data. Superlattice peaks with indices of $(\mathrm{hkl})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}q$, where $q=(0.08, 0.27, 0.205)$, appear when crystals are cooled below \ensuremath{\sim}200 K. This is the first example of an incommensurate modulated superstructure in the class of sulfur- and selenium-containing organic superconductors of which ${(\mathrm{ET})}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ is the first ambient-pressure S-based derivative.
Liquid-chromatographic assay of cefmenoxime in serum and urine. (1983)

This is a simple, precise liquid-chromatographic procedure for determining cefmenoxime in patients' serum and urine. p-Anisic acid is used as the internal standard. Protein is precipitated from 0.5 mL of serum or dilute urine with 100 microL of perchloric acid. The clear supernate is injected directly onto a mu-Bondapak CN reversed-phase column. The mobile phase is acetate buffer, pH 3.8 (25 degrees C). The flow rate is 2.5 mL/min. Column effluent is monitored at 254 nm. Extraction recovery from serum averaged 74.6%. Calibration curves were linear from 0.5 mg/L, the lower limit of quantification, to 100 mg/L. We present cefmenoxime concentrations in serum from a patient being treated for pneumonia. The procedure was evaluated in the clinical setting to determine its applicability to the study of cefmenoxime pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients.
Generalized epilepsies: a review (1984)

In this discussion of the pathophysiology of generalized seizures, the authors conclude that current evidence supports a primarily cortical origin, and that there is a continuum between strictly partial seizures at one end of the spectrum and definite generalized seizures at the other. Typical interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns seen in patients with generalized seizures and their clinical correlations are discussed, and the ictal EEG patterns are subdivided according to their relationship to interictal EEG patterns. Special tests, such as sleep, photic stimulation, hyperventilation, evoked potentials, computer analysis, and prolonged EEG video-monitoring, which enhance diagnostic ability, are reviewed.
Complex-valued sparse representation based on smoothed &#x2113;<sup>0</sup> norm (2008)

In this paper we present an algorithm for complex-valued sparse representation. In our previous work we presented an algorithm for sparse representation based on smoothed lscrdeg- norm. Here we extend that algorithm to complex-valued signals. The proposed algorithm is compared to FOCUSS algorithm and it is experimentally shown that the proposed algorithm is about two or three orders of magnitude faster than FOCUSS while providing approximately the same accuracy.
Mechanical response of CH3NH3PbI3 nanowires (2018)

We report a systematic study of the mechanical response of methylammonium lead triiodide CH3NH3PbI3 nanowires by employing bending measurements using atomic force microscope on suspended wires over photo-lithographically patterned channels. Force-deflection curves measured at room temperature give a Young's modulus between 2 and 14 GPa. This broad range of values is attributed to the variations in the microcrystalline texture of halide perovskite nanowires. The mechanical response of a highly crystalline nanowire is linear with force and has a brittle character. The braking modulus of 48 ± 20 MPa corresponds to 100 μm of radius of curvature of the nanowires, rendering them much better structures for flexible devices than spin coated films. The measured moduli decrease rapidly if the NW is exposed to water vapor.
The Role of Calmodulin in the Structure and Regulation of Phosphorylase Kinase from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle (1979)

Phosphorylase kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle has been shown to possess the structure (αβγδ)4, where the δ-subunit is identical to the calcium binding protein, termed calmodulin. The amount of calmodulin was found to be stoichiometric with the α, β and γ subunits in all preparations of phosphorylase kinase, and was not dissociated from the enzyme even in the presence of 8 M urea, provided that calcium ions were present. The activity of phosphorylase kinase was increased by the addition of calmodulin to the assay, and half-maximal activation was observed at a molar ratio, calmodulin/phosphorylase kinase, of 20:1. At saturating concentrations of calmodulin, all preparations of phosphorylase kinase had a specific activity of 13.5 ± 1.0 U/mg at pH 8.2. In the absence of calmodulin, the specific activity ranged from 2–7 U/mg, so that the stimulation by calmodulin varied from 2–7-fold with different preparations of phosphorylase kinase. The molecular basis for this variability is discussed. The stimulation of the activity by calmodulin was prevented by the addition of troponin-I or the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine, whereas these compounds had little effect on the calcium-dependent activity in the absence of calmodulin. These results demonstrated that the activation by calmodulin was caused by the interaction of a second molecule of calmodulin with phosphorylase kinase. The existence of an additional calmodulin binding site was also indicated by the finding that phosphorylase kinase bound to calmodulin-Sepharose in the presence of calcium ions. Experiments with ICR/IAn mice which lack muscle phosphorylase kinase activity and C3H/He-mg mice with normal activity, demonstrated that when muscle extracts were fractionated with ammonium sulphate, 90–95% of the calmodulin which precipitated at 0–35% ammonium sulphate was bound to phosphorylase kinase. This information was used to show that at least 35% of the calmodulin in low ionic strength EDTA extracts of rabbit skeletal muscle was bound to phosphorylase kinase. Muscle extracts from ICR/IAn mice and C3H/He-mg mice had identical myosin light-chain kinase activities, showing that there was not a generalized defect in calmodulin-dependent enzymes in ICR/IAn mice. The skeletal muscle extracts of ICR/IAn mice contained 60% of the calmodulin found in C3H/He-mg mice, and addition of calmodulin did not restore phosphorylase kinase activity to muscle extracts prepared from ICR/IAn mice. This indicated that the lack of phosphorylase kinase activity was not caused by an absence of the calmodulin molecule. The role of calmodulin in the regulation of muscle phosphorylase kinase activity is discussed.
Influence of OPRM1 Polymorphism on Postoperative Pain After Intrathecal Morphine Administration in Italian Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section (2017)

In the Italian population participating in this study there was a different incidence of pruritus in the postcesarean period in response to intrathecal opioids related to OPRM1 gene polymorphism, but not of postoperative pain.
Analog current-mode design for soft-max computation (2006)

A modular design methodology supports CMOS circuits for the analog implementation of the soft-max function. An optimization-based strategy allows the designer to fit VLSI-technology requirements to soft max mapping accuracy. Specific circuit solutions to both the approximation of the exp() function and the normalizing ratio enhance overall effectiveness by: 1) reducing VLSI complexity, 2) exploiting inherent parallelism, and 3) limiting power consumption. Simulation results confirm the consistency of the hardware realization with theoretical predictions.
Bewertung von Inklusionsräumen aus Sicht der jugendlichen Akteure (2014)

ZusammenfassungAn den Aussagen der Jugendlichen fällt auf, dass sie zwar untereinander Unterschiede wahrnehmen, diese für sie aber eine weitaus geringere Rolle spielen, als ihr gemeinsames Medium, die Musik: Best Friends Forever nennen Kriterien musikalischer Dynamik (Takt, Lautstärke) und klanglicher Qualitäten (Vorliebe für Klavier) ebenso wie die emotionale Verbindung mit der Band: Zusammen zu spielen ist cool.
The Ratio of Dicentrics to Centric Rings Produced in Human Lymphocytes by Acute Low-LET Radiation (1992)

Chromosome aberrations produced by ionizing radiation are assumed to develop from DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) which interact pairwise, in an exchange event. Dicentrics and centric rings are aberrations that exemplify inter- and intrachromosomal exchanges, respectively. We show from a survey of published data that for acute low-LET irradiation of resting human lymphocytes the observed ratio of dicentrics to centric rings is approximately five times smaller than predicted by a pairwise interaction model which assumes complete randomness. Such a low ratio can be interpreted as evidence for a proximity effect, favoring exchanges of an intrachromosomal type. That is, since DSBs induced close together have an above-average chance of pairwise interaction, the observed excess of centric rings indicates that at the time of irradiation there is some degree of spatial confinement for the two arms of a single chromosome. Assuming the excess of centric rings is indeed due to proximity effects, the data are used to estimate that the volume of a domain, within which any one lymphocyte chromosome is localized at one instant during the G0/G1 phase, is at most approximately 20% of the nuclear volume.
Unix File Access and Caching in a Multicomputer Environment (1993)

This paper describes the Unix file access and caching mechanisms in a version of the OSF/1 Unix operating system designed to run in a multicomputer environment. The multicomputer hard-ware platforms targeted can consist of hundreds or even thousands of individual nodes, where each node consists of one or more processors.

The multicomputer version of OSF/1 (called OSF/1 AD) uses Mach memory objects to cache data from Unix files, and relies on an in-kernel distributed shared memory implementation to maintain coherency for data cached across multiple nodes. The focus of this paper is on the modifications made to standard OSF/1 functionality to support distributed, efficient access to memory objects. Of particular interest are the introduction of a mapped files module for synchronizing clients and maintaining file meta data, the elimination of the traditional Unix buffer cache from the file data access path, and the implementation of a disk block reservation scheme to correctly support Unix write() semantics.

An evaluation of the technology is presented, providing insight into how it can be improved in the future, including several possible enhancements to Mach. As will be seen, most of this insight would equally apply to a single-node operating system based on Mach.
Financing the Class: Strengthening the Class Action through Third-Party Investment (2015)

AB S TRACT.Class action lawsuits compensate harmed individuals and enforce public norms.Their success depends largely on the ability of a private bar of entrepreneurial, fee-seeking attorneys to finance lawsuits through contingency fee representation.But the current method of awarding fees and restrictions on nonlawyer investment in lawsuits distort the set of class actions that make it into court and potentially inflate attorney fees.This Note proposes a novel method of financing class actions and setting attorney fees.Instead of relying on judges to award fees once the suit is over, this method would sell equity in a prospective class action award or settlement to financial investors before the case begins.Realigning the economics of the class action lawsuit in this way would enhance the ability of aggregate litigation to benefit plaintiffs and society.
Thermal assessment of silver--cadmium batteries for space application. Final report (1976)

A thermal study of silver--cadmium batteries for use onboard ISEE-B was made. A thermal model based on an equivalent electrical network was established which allows calculation of the dynamic power dissipation profile during discharge. A model of the ISEE-B battery was set up based on the model established. Calculated expected temperature profiles for the battery during specified environmental and electrical conditions were verified by tests. Good agreement was obtained between calculated and measured values.