gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Projections of chemically-specified neurons in the guinea-pig colon. (1990)

The arrangement of the enteric nerve plexuses in the colon of the guinea-pig and the distributions and projections of chemically specified neurons in this organ have been studied. Immunoreactivity for neuron specific enolase was used to examine the total population of neurons and individual subpopulations were studied using antibodies raised against calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), leu-enkephalin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), galanin, gamma aminobutyric acid, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Neuronal pathways within the colon were lesioned using myotomy and myectomy operations and extrinsic pathways running between the inferior mesenteric ganglia and the colon were also severed. Each of the antibodies revealed nerve cells and nerve fibres or only nerve fibres within the wall of the colon. VIP, galanin and GRP were in anally projecting pathways in the myenteric plexus, as they are in other species. In contrast, there are differences in the projection directions of enkephalin, substance P, NPY and somatostatin nerve fibres between regions and species. Surprisingly, somatostatin and NPY fibres have opposite projections in the small intestine and colon of the guinea-pig. The majority of nerve fibres that innervate the circular muscle, including fibres with immunoreactivity for VIP, enkephalin, substance P, NPY, galanin and GRP come from the myenteric ganglia. The mucosa is innervated by fibres from both the myenteric and submucous ganglia. The present results suggest that the guinea-pig distal colon is a suitable place in which to determine relations between structure, neurochemistry and functions of enteric neural circuits.
On the Relative Strengths of Model-Based and Dynamic Event Extraction-Based GUI Testing Techniques: An Empirical Study (2012)

Many software systems rely on graphical-user interfaces (GUIs) to support user interactions. The correctness of these GUIs affects the overall quality of the systems, and thus, it is important that GUIs be tested. To support such testing, GUI test case generation techniques based on graph models such as event flow graphs (EFGs) have been used to generate test cases in the form of sequences of events. Models, however, are abstractions of dynamic behavior and may not accurately reflect actual system behavior, thus, test case generation techniques based on models may create nonexecutable test cases and miss important events. Test case generation techniques based on dynamic event extraction-based approaches, in contrast, may suffer less from these effects. As a consequence, we expect that the two approaches will differ in terms of cost and effectiveness. In this paper, we report the results of an empirical study comparing the cost and effectiveness of model-based and dynamic event extraction-based test case generation approaches. Our results show that event extraction-based approaches, though more expensive than model-based approaches, are indeed more effective in terms of their ability to achieve code coverage and to cover events, but at additional cost, with implications for both researchers and practitioners.
Self-assembly dynamics and accumulation mechanisms of ultra-fine nanoparticles (2015)

The self-assembly of nanomaterials into three-dimensional hierarchical structures is a fundamental step impacting a large number of synthetic and natural processes. These range from the scalable fabrication of nano-devices such as batteries, sensors and third generation solar cells to the uptake and accumulation of particulate pollution in the lung alveoli. Here, we show that the Dynamic behavior of ultra-fine particles (UFP < 100 nm) diverges significantly from that of sub- and micro equivalents. For freely diffusing bodies, this leads to the formation of stochastically reproducible films that approach the morphology and density of ballistically deposited ones. A novel deposition mechanism and regime are proposed that successfully capture the full spectrum of size-dependent self-assembly dynamics. These findings are a significant step toward the engineering of scalable parallel nano-fabrication approaches, and the understanding of the interaction of unbound nanostructures with their surrounding.
Functional gait disorders (2020)

Functional gait disorders are common in clinical practice. They are also usually disabling for affected individuals. The diagnosis is challenging because no single walking pattern is pathognomonic for a functional gait disorder. Establishing a diagnosis is based not primarily on excluding organic gait disorders but instead predominantly on recognizing positive clinical features of functional gait disorders, such as an antalgic, a buckling, or a waddling gait. However, these features can resemble and overlap with organic gait disorders. It is therefore necessary to also look for inconsistency (variations in clinical presentation that cannot be reconciled with an organic lesion) and incongruity (combination of symptoms and signs that is not seen with organic lesions). Yet, these features also have potential pitfalls as inconsistency can occur in patients with dystonic gait or those with freezing of gait. Similarly, patients with dystonia or chorea can present with bizarre gait patterns that may falsely be interpreted as incongruity. A further complicating factor is that functional and organic gait disorders may coexist within the same patient. To improve the diagnostic process, we present a sign-based approach-supported by videos-that incorporates the diverse clinical spectrum of functional gait disorders. We identify 7 groups of supportive gait signs that can signal the presence of functional gait disorders. For each group of signs, we highlight how specific clinical tests can bring out the inconsistencies and incongruencies that further point to a functional gait disorder.
Observation of Charge Generation via Photoinduced Stark Effect in Mixed-Cation Lead Bromide Perovskite Thin Films (2020)

Extensive transient absorption studies on hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have elucidated many optical properties important for their device performance. Despite the enormous progress, the derivative shaped photoinduced absorption feature in transient spectra that is above the bandgap has many explanations, including the photoinduced Stark effect, where the bandgap is blue shifted due to a local electric field generated by charges. In this work, we employ broad band transient absorption and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to examine the early transient events after photoexcitation of [CH(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>0.83</sub>Cs<sub>0.17</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub> (FA<sub>0.83</sub>Cs<sub>0.17</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub>). 2DES resolves a photomodulation feature at the excitation energy of the exciton, suggesting the presence of a dipole field created by a polaron pair shifting the exciton transition to higher energies. As this polaron pair dissociates over 200 fs, the exciton transition shifts to higher energies over the same time scale, evidenced by the 2DES diagonal energy spectra. Given that the observations are well explained in terms of the Stark effect, our work provides extra grounds to support the Stark effect assignment of the above-gap photoinduced absorption. Furthermore, our study reports on the time scale of charge generation, contributing to the fundamental understanding of mixed-cation lead bromide perovskite photophysics.
Strontium-Containing Apatite/Poly Lactide Composites Favoring Osteogenic Differentiation and in Vivo Bone Formation (2015)

Strontium was shown to enhance bone growth; however, its oral administration may lead to severe side effects. The application of strontium in orthopedic biomaterials may therefore be an alternative to achieve targeted and sustained strontium treatment to the surgery site in aid of bone growth locally. In this study, strontium-containing composites were prepared by introducing various levels of strontium into amorphous apatite and extruding the obtained apatite powders into polylactide in a weight ratio of 1:1. Strontium substitution increased apatite dissolution and enhanced the degradation behavior of the resulting composites. Sustained and dose-dependent strontium release from the composites was observed for up to 24 weeks in simulated physiological solution, indicating that strontium release can be tuned by its substitution level in the embedded apatite. Strontium-containing composites enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of murine mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. After heterotopic implantation with the combination of rhBMP-2, bone formation on strontium-containing composites was enhanced. These results suggest that strontium-releasing composites provide a local ion-rich (i.e., Sr2+ as well as Ca2+ and PO43–) environment that favors osteogenic differentiation and in vivo bone formation.
The Usefulness of Electronic Activity Measurement for 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (2006)

Background and Objectives：The overriding influence of physical activity and the diurnal variation during ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been well demonstrated. We prospectively evaluated the usefulness of electronic activity monitoring for deriving the actual physical activity and the diurnal variation of ABPM. Subjects and Methods：24-hour ABPM with using an electronic activity monitor was performed on ten normotensive volunteers and fifteen hypertensive subjects. To interpret the ABPM results of the fifteen hypertensive subjects, we obtained the actual awake/sleep periods of every subject with using an electronic activity monitor. Results： The activity values obtained from the ten normotensive volunteers correlated well with the values of the blood pressure (BP) and the heart rate. In the hypertensives, the nocturnal mean BP derived by the actual period was significantly lower than that derived by the arbitrary period (13016/8113 mmHg versus 12413/7712 mmHg, respectively, p8.7/11.67.5 mmHg versus 21.18.6/16.27.4 mmHg, respectively, p
Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of plasticizers in water by response surface methodology (2012)

In this work, a simultaneous ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (IL-based MADLLME) method was developed for the determination of plasticizers in water using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as type and volume of ionic liquid and disperser solvent, microwave time and temperature, were investigated by single factor experiments. Then, the microwave irradiation time and temperature, and the volumes of extraction and disperser solvents were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal values were determined to be within an extraction volume of 110 μL, a dispersive solvent volume of 0.26 mL, and a microwave irradiation temperature and time of 60 °C and 2 min, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 23–230 μg L−1 for dimethyl phthalate (DMP), 23.8–238 μg L−1 for diethyl phthalate (DEP), 16.5–165 μg L−1 for benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), 19.5–195 μg L−1 for dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and 18.6–186 μg L−1 for diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) of these plasticizers were in the range of 0.71–1.94 μg L−1. Validation of the methodology was carried out by the method of standard addition at two concentration levels for three water samples. The recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 85.2–103.3%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) ≤ 5.9%. The results show that IL-based MADLLME is a suitable method for the determination of these five plasticizers in water.
Stripe composite solitons in two-dimensional nonlinear photonic lattices (2004)

We study experimentally the interaction of a quasi-one-dimensional soliton-stripe with a two-dimensional nonlinear photonic lattice. We observe a novel type of composite soliton created by strong coupling of mutually incoherent periodic and localized beam components.
A reliable, low-cost, temperature-controlled oven (1977)

A temperature-controlled oven is described which is inexpensive and easy to construct. The temperature-dependent resistance of the filament is used as the temperature sensor. The circuit is based on a low-drift operational amplifier. Long-term stability (more than 20 h) of +or-0.6 mK, a regulation factor of 3.5*10-5 and a reproducibility of Delta T/T=1*10-3 are reported. The temperature range is essentially limited by the oven material.
The size dependence of the diamond-graphite transition (2000)

The transition between nanometre-scaled diamond and graphite as well as the corresponding thermodynamic functions are discussed based on the temperature-pressure phase diagram of carbon including the contribution due to surface effects. As a result, the equilibrium transition size between diamond and graphite as a function of temperature and the thermodynamic function for the transition are obtained. It is found that as the size and temperature decrease, diamond becomes more stable than graphite. The obtained result is consistent with the reported experimental results on the chemical vapour synthesis of nanometre-sized diamond under ambient pressure.
The Formal Potentials of Solid Metal Hexacyanometalates (1996)

The first report of the formal potentials of a series of solid metal hexacyanometalates (M + ) n M′[M″ (CN) 6 ] is given (M + = Li + , K + , Na + , Rb + , Cs + ; M′ = Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Mn, Ni, Pb; M″ = Cr, Fe, Mn). A linear correlation exists between the ionic potential Φ = z /r eff of the nitrogen‐bonded M′ ions and the formal potentials of the hexacyanometalate ions. This results from increased π back bonding when the acid–base interaction between the nitrogen atom of the cyanide ions and the M′ ions is stronger.
Dynamic sub-wavelength encryption (2003)

The suggested device includes a spatial light modulator (SLM) allowing varying the polarization state of an input illumination source. Attached to the SLM a sub wavelength grating is placed per each pixel of the device. This grating is used to encode the input information. The decoding is done by another sub wavelength grating. When the two gratings are attached a variation of the energetic efficiency between the two polarization states occurs. The polarization ratio encrypts the spatial information stream. The sub wavelength grating are hard to copy and thus high encryption capability is obtained.
A framework for profile-based system-level synthesis of embedded systems (2002)

Modern advances in compiler technology for instruction-level parallelism (ILP) have significantly increased the ability of compilers to capitalize on the opportunities for parallel execution that exist in many programs. At the same time, number of new microprocessor architectures have been introduced that present the hardware structures desired by most ILP compilers such as VLIW and SIMD structures. The new class of mediaprocessor architectures combines some of the features of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) devices with those of more general purpose processors which make them good targets for compilation. While these devices seem to be good targets for high-level compilation, the architectures have features that clearly are geared toward multimedia and communications systems. 
Unfortunately the vast majority of ILP research has focused on general-purpose computing and thus they do not capture all of the essential elements of modern embedded multimedia and communications applications. We have developed the MediaBench suite to address this need. In order to accurately represent emerging applications of the embedded system domain, we have established theoretically and statistically sound foundation for characterizing the application domain. 
Conventional System-on-Chip (SOC) consists of microprocessor core, caches, and a combination of DSP/ASIC components. While the model works well for a variety of embedded system projects; it lacks flexibility and provides less opportunity for customization to improve performance or power consumption. We recognized that the combination of ILP compiler technologies and new mediaprocessor architectures could offer new opportunities for embedded system designers. Through the application domain characterization study we learned that the new technologies could help address the shortcomings of the conventional model. As ILP compiler technologies mature and new mediaprocessor architectures are commercially available, the possibility becomes reality. 
We introduce the fundamental concepts in the new application domain characterization paradigm. We establish quantitative principles and show its application in characterizing multimedia and communications domain. We set up an experimental framework for profile-based system level synthesis of embedded systems. The framework incorporates a production-quality ILP compiler, new mediaprocessor architectures (in particular VLIW architecture), and a set of techniques to accurately generate profiles for an application domain. We conduct a number of experiments to establish the effectiveness and applicability of the framework. We demonstrate that the framework is flexible and powerful through a mix of diverse system level synthesis experiments.
The role of polymers in optical recording media (1981)

In this review, the utility of polymers as disk substrates, surfacing/subbing layers, protective overcoatings, and ablative imaging layers in optical recording media is exemplified. Each of these applications may require specific different polymers. Amorphous polymers such as poly(methylmethacrylate) and poly(4-methylpentene-1) may be particularly advantageous as disk substrates. Specialty polymers may find application in surfacing/subbing layers which are used to perfect the disk surface and to provide an appropriate surface for the deposition of the imaging layer. Crosslinked siloxane elastomers have been widely used as protective overcoatings for ablative imaging layers. Depolymerizable polymers, polymers which solublize dyes, and polymers which are effective in the formation of homogeneous colloidal pigment or metal dispersions are essential in a promising new class of optical recording media, polymer/absorber composites.
Universal Capacitance Model for Real-Time Biomass in Cell Culture (2015)

: Capacitance probes have the potential to revolutionize bioprocess control due to their safe and robust use and ability to detect even the smallest capacitors in the form of biological cells. Several techniques have evolved to model biomass statistically, however, there are problems with model transfer between cell lines and process conditions. Errors of transferred models in the declining phase of the culture range for linear models around +100% or worse, causing unnecessary delays with test runs during bioprocess development. The goal of this work was to develop one single universal model which can be adapted by considering a potentially mechanistic factor to estimate biomass in yet untested clones and scales. The novelty of this work is a methodology to select sensitive frequencies to build a statistical model which can be shared among fermentations with an error between 9% and 38% (mean error around 20%) for the whole process, including the declining phase. A simple linear factor was found to be responsible for the transferability of biomass models between cell lines, indicating a link to their phenotype or physiology.
In VivoEvaluation of a Mechanically Oscillating Dual-Mode Applicator for Ultrasound Imaging and Thermal Ablation (2009)

Unresectable liver tumors are often treated with interstitial probes that modify tissue temperature, and efficacious treatment relies on image guidance for tissue targeting and assessment. Here, we report the in vivo evaluation of an interstitial applicator with a mechanically oscillating five-element dual-mode transducer. After thoroughly characterizing the transducer, tissue response to high-intensity ultrasound was numerically calculated to select parameters for experimentation in vivo. Using perfused porcine liver, B-mode sector images were formed before and after a 120-s therapy period, and M-mode imaging monitored the therapy axis during therapy. The time-averaged transducer surface intensity was 21 or 27 W/cm (2). Electroacoustic conversion efficiency was maximally 72 +/- 3% and impulse response length was 295 +/- 1.0 ns at -6 dB. The depth of thermal damage measured by gross histology ranged from 10 to 25 mm for 13 insertion sites. For six sites, M-mode data exhibited a reduction in gray-scale intensity that was interpreted as the temporal variation of coagulation necrosis. Contrast ratio analysis indicated that the gray-scale intensity dropped by 7.8 +/- 3.3 dB, and estimated the final lesion depth to an accuracy of 2.3 +/- 2.4 mm. This paper verified that the applicator could induce coagulation necrosis in perfused liver and demonstrated the feasibility of real-time monitoring.
μ3-Benzylidyne-tris(tricarbonylcobalt)(3Co–Co) (1986)

Co3(C7H5)(CO)9), M r= 518.01, triclinic, ei, a= 15.771(3), b= 15.930(3), c=8.051 (3)A,, a= 100.97(2), fl= 100.02(2), y= 101.10(1) °, V= 1901.4/~3, Z = 4, D m = 1.83, D x = 1.81 Mg m -3, 2(MoKtx) =0.71069/i,, g= 2.523 mm -~, F(000) = 1016, T= 293 (1)K, final R = 0.0466 for 4027 ob- served (I > 3 o(/)) reflections. There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The three Co atoms form an equilateral triangle, symmetrically capped by the C atom of the g3-carbyne ligand, to form a tetrahedral cluster core. The phenyl substituent of the carbyne is displaced slightly from a totally symmetrical orientation towards one of the Co atoms. Introduction. Clusters of the type YCCo3(CO)9 (Y = alkyl, aryl, halo etc.) are well known (Penfold & Robinson, 1973; Seyferth, 1976; Schmid, 1978) and interest in their chemistry stems from the unusual stability afforded by the clamping effect of the bridging carbyne and the potential of these systems in catalysis (Masters, 1979). The title compound has been the subject of investigation in our laboratories since the discovery that its one-electron reduction leads to the formation of a particularly stable radical anion (Peake, Robinson, Simpson & Watson, 1977; Bond, Peake, Robinson, Simpson & Watson, 1977). This, in turn, provides an effective substrate for electron-transfer- catalyzed substitution (Bezems, Rieger & Visco, 1981; Arewgoda, Robinson & Simpson, 1983) and metal-
Abstract 17472: Changes in the Vascular Properties, Not the Ventricular Properties, Predominantly Contributes to the Baroreflex Induced Arterial Pressure Regulation (2013)

Background: Baroreflex (BR) modulates both the ventricular and vascular properties, and feedback regulates arterial pressure (AP). However how changes in those mechanical properties quantitatively ...
Far-field detection of the super-lensing effect in the mid-infrared: theory and experiment (2005)

Super-lensing is an electromagnetic phenomenon, based on the amplification of evanescent waves, capable of increasing the resolution of an optical imaging device beyond the diffraction limit. A multi-layer planar super-lens can be constructed from two materials: one with a negative dielectric permittivity ε < 0 inserted between two slabs of another material with a positive dielectric permittivity ε d = −ε > 0. We numerically modelled and experimentally implemented a super-lens in the mid-infrared spectral range (around 11 μm) by creating a three-layered structure of submicron thickness, SiO2/SiC/SiO2, in which the polaritonic material SiC has a negative dielectric permittivity in the restrahlen band between the frequencies of the transverse and longitudinal optical phonons. A far-field diagnostic of super-lensing based on measuring transmission and reflection coefficients through the metal-coated super-lens has been implemented using a tunable CO2 laser.