gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet as a magnetic refrigerant for low temperature x-ray detectors (2001)

Garnets doped with rare-earth elements can be used in adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. We have measured the specific heat and magnetization of a single crystal yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) doped with 30% Er3+ ion at temperatures between 93 mK and 8 K under magnetic fields up to 8.0 T along the 〈111〉 crystal axis. From the specific heat and magnetization, we derived consistent temperature and magnetic-field dependence of the magnetic entropy. Under zero magnetic field, the magnetic entropy begins to decrease below 2 K and becomes half of R ln 2 at ∼160 mK. This decrease is considered to be due to an antiferromagnetic short-range ordering among Er3+ ions. This behavior of the specific heat in the measured temperature range can be explained by a model in which both the crystalline-electric-field ground state and the first excited state are included. The operating temperature of the Er3+-doped YAG as a magnetic coolant is estimated to extend down to ∼100 mK, which is lower than those with nonsubstituted garnets such as gallium–gadolinium–garnet used in the range ∼4.2–15 K. With a doping level of 30%, we estimate that ∼6 kg of Er3+-doped YAG exhibits the same cooling performance at 60 mK as the 916 g of ferric–ammonium–alum salt used for the x-ray spectrometer (microcalorimeter detectors) on the Astro-E satellite.
Techniques to prevent sample surface charging and reduce beam damage effects for SBEM imaging (2013)

Sample surface charging and electron beam damage are common problems in scanning electron microscopy. In the case of serial block‐face electron microscopy (SBEM), sample charging prevents or restricts stack acquisition of non-conducting samples in high vacuum; beam damage imposes a lower limit on the cutting thickness (z-resolution). In this dissertation, I present three approaches that aim to overcome these limitations. To solve the charging problem, I implemented and evaluated two charge elimination techniques for SBEM: surface charge neutralization with an ion gun and automated in-chamber specimen coating with an electron beam evaporator. The ion gun method provides only partial charge neutralization in many cases, although high positive ion current densities are achieved. The automated in-chamber coating method, on the other hand, provides reliable charge elimination in all cases and allows the acquisition of SBEM stacks of non-conducting samples in high vacuum. Thin metallic films provide charge elimination for large sample surfaces and high beam currents, and reduce the signal-to-noise ratio less than the widely-used low-vacuum method. To reduce the effects of beam damage – with the aim of allowing thin cutting at higher electron doses – I have explored imaging and cutting at low temperatures (~100 K) using a closed-loop cooling system and a custom-built cryo-microtome. Further experiments will be necessary to quantify potential improvements of 'Cryo-SBEM' over room-temperature SBEM operation.
Supplemental Figure 2 from Human Dendritic Cells Mitigate NK-Cell Dysfunction Mediated by Nonselective JAK1/2 Blockade (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Inhibition of JAK1/2 with ruxolitinib reduces NK cell numbers and function among treated patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN).&lt;/p&gt;
DEVELOPMENT OF 3-COMPONENT FORCE-MOMENT BALANCE FOR LOW SPEED WATER TUNNEL (2005)

An effort is made to develop a new 3-component force-moment balance, which is capable of measuring lift force, drag force and pitching moment of a model mounted in the water tunnel. The concept used in the balance design is the bending- beam principle. The forces acting on the spring element cause strains on its surface, which are measured by strain gauges. Since strain yielded by the axial force is usually very small, therefore it is not practical to measure axial force using strain gauge directly to sense the strain in axial direction. The main idea of the new balance design is to translate all desired forces (lift and drag) in such a way that they yield bending strain at selected strain-gauge station. This is done by using a bending balance geometry. Under this apparatus, the model wing is mounted at one of its end to the bending balance. The corresponding Lift, Drag forces and Pitching moment are translated into moments at the other end of the balance, and can be measured from sets of strain gauges in bending mode (twisting mode for pitching moment). Example readings are presented in this paper.
Reversible densification in nano-Li 2 MnO 3 cation disordered rock-salt Li-ion battery cathodes (2020)

The electrochemical activation of Li <sub>2</sub> O in densified nano-Li <sub>2</sub> MnO <sub>3</sub> is responsible for the large reversible capacity (290 mA h g <sup>−1</sup> ) in this system.
Biosynthesis of xanthurenic acid 8-O-beta-D-glucoside in Drosophila. Characterization of the xanthurenic acid:UDP-glucosyltransferase activity. (1990)

Xanthurenic acid 8-glucoside is a side metabolite of the tryptophan-xanthommatin pathway in Drosophila. From 3-hydroxykynurenine, two biosynthetic pathways can be envisaged, one via xanthurenic acid, and another via 3-O-glucoside of 3-hydroxykynurenine. In this report evidence is presented to show that the synthesis takes place via xanthurenic acid. (a) We have demonstrated that the Drosophila melanogaster vermilion purple mutant (unable to synthesize 3-hydroxykynurenine) synthesizes xanthurenic acid 8-glucoside when fed with xanthurenic acid; and (b) the activities required for its synthesis via xanthurenic acid have been found (3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase and xanthurenic acid:UDP-glucosyltransferase). This is the first time that a UDP-glucosyltransferase activity that utilizes xanthurenic acid has been demonstrated. The enzyme in crude extracts from Drosophila sordidula shows the following characteristics. (a) It has optimal activity at 35 degrees C at pH 7.1 (in buffer Tris-HCl), and in the presence of a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Mn2+); (b) the activity is inhibited by xanthurenic acid (above 1.5 mM), UDP, D-gluconic acid 1,5-lactone, and Triton X-100; (c) it is localized in both the microsomal and the soluble fractions; (d) the specific activity is two times higher in heads than in bodies; and (e) the activity is enhanced in flies fed with phenobarbital.
A Convenient Synthesis of N-Alkyl-(E)-1-alkenesulfonamides (1998)

A series of vinylsulfonamides 3 has been synthesised through a condensation of N-Boc-methanesulfonamides 1 and aldehydes 2. O-Boc-2-hydroxyalkanesulfonamides were identified as intermediates, arising from N-O transfer of the Boc group. Elimination of OBoc gave the vinylsulfonamides.
Methyl Eugenol (Parapheromone) Trapping System on Diversity of Fruit Flies and Influence of Weather Parameters on Trap Catches in Mango and Guava Cropping Systems (2023)

Studies on species diversity and influence of weather parameters on methyl eugenol (parapheromone) trap catches were carried out in mango and guava orchards at Coimbatore and Dindigul Districts of Tamil Nadu from Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) 16th to SMW 25th. Species diversity indices were calculated, and the methyl eugenol trap catches were correlated with the weather parameters. The results revealed that four fruit fly species viz., Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Guava fruit fly, B. correcta (Bezii), B. caryeae (Kapoor), and Peach fruit fly, B. zonata (Saunders), were attracted to the parapheromone methyl eugenol traps. Among them the population of B. dorsalis was higher in both mango and guava orchards of Coimbatore and Dindigul Districts. The highest species diversity indices for fruit flies viz., Shannon H’ (0.936) and Simpsons D’ (0.593), evenness (0.468), and richness (0.482) were observed in guava orchard located in Coimbatore District, and the minimum diversity indices Shannon H’ (0.254), Simpsons D’ (0.921), evenness (0.160), and richness (0.291), were observed in mango orchard located in Dindigul District. The maximum number of fruit flies were trapped in 19th SMW in mango orchards in both Districts 134 and 145 flies/three traps, respectively. In Coimbatore District’s guava orchard and Dindigul District's mango orchard, trap catches revealed a significant positive correlation with rainfall. The subsequent weather parameters like max. temperature, min. temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, were either positively or negatively correlated with trap catches in mango and guava orchards. In multiple regression analysis, the maximum predictability was seen in mango orchard (75.54%) located in Coimbatore District and the minimum (66.68%) in mango orchard located in Dindigul District.
Association of plasma trace element levels with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (2020)

Although the triggers causing angiogenesis in the context of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are not fully understood, oxidative stress is likely involved. Oxidative stress in the eye can occur through exposure of macular tissues to sunlight and local or systemic exposure to oxidative stressors associated with environmental or lifestyle factors. Because trace elements have been implicated as regulators of oxidative stress and cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, we hypothesized that they may play a role as a risk factor, modifying the progression toward nAMD. Herein, we determined whether levels of human plasma trace elements are different in 236 individuals with nAMD compared to 236 age-matched controls without AMD. Plasma levels of 16 trace elements including arsenic, barium, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, lead, antimony, selenium, vanadium and zinc were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Associations of trace elements with demographic, environmental and lifestyle factors and AMD-associated genetic variants were assessed. Elevated levels of barium and cadmium and reduced levels of chromium were observed in nAMD patients compared to controls. Mean plasma concentrations of barium were 1.35 μg/L (standard deviation [SD] 0.71) in nAMD and 1.15 μg/L (SD 0.63) in controls (P = 0.001). Mean levels of chromium were 0.37 μg/L (SD 0.22) in nAMD and 0.46 μg/L (SD 0.34) in controls (P = 0.001). Median levels for cadmium, which were not normally distributed, were 0.016 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 0.001-0.026) in nAMD and 0.012 μg/L (IQR 0.001-0.022) in controls (P = 0.002). Comparison of the Spearman's correlation coefficients between nAMD patients and controls identified a difference in correlations for 8 trace elements. Cadmium levels were associated with the smoking status (P < 0.001), while barium levels showed a trend of association with the usage of antihypertensive drugs. None of the AMD-associated genetic variants were associated with any trace element levels. In conclusion, in this case-control study we detected elevated plasma levels of barium and cadmium and reduced plasma levels of chromium in nAMD patients. An imbalance in plasma trace elements, which is most likely driven by environmental and lifestyle factors, might have a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. These trace elements may be incorporated as biomarkers into models for prediction of disease risk and progression. Additionally, population-based preventive strategies to decrease Cd exposure, especially by the cessation of smoking, could potentially reduce the burden of nAMD. Future studies are warranted to investigate whether supplementation of Cr would have a beneficial effect on nAMD.
P4‐065: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS IN PRIMARY AGE‐RELATED TAUOPATHY (2019)

Recent studies had defined a distinct category of Alzheimer's type neurofibrillary degeneration that occurs in the absence of amyloid pathology. While tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) develops first in the medial temporal lobe and progresses to neocortical brain regions, tau pathology does not progress beyond the medial temporal lobe in PART. Since tau progresses in a different pattern in PART, there is a need to reassess and improve upon how tau pathology is measured in these amyloid-negative individuals for clinicopathological and genetic studies. Using a large collection of well-defined neuropathologically ascertained subjects with PART derived from multiple centers, we reassessed tau and other degenerative pathologies (e.g., Braak NFT stage, CERAD neuritic plaque burden, Thal phase) and correlated with clinical assessments (i.e., clinical dementia rating [CDR] and mini mental status exam [MMSE]). Patients were categorized as PART-definite (absence of neuritic amyloid plaques; n=63) and PART-probable (sparse neuritic amyloid plaques; n=39). We also performed computer-assisted morphometric assessment of tau burden. Variables associated with the cognitive measures were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Neuropathological and clinical assessments statistically differed for the PART-definite and PART-probable groups. The computer-assisted morphometric assessment of pathological tau was statistically correlated (p<0.05) with tau burden in the medial temporal lobe while Braak staging was not. The factors associated with the PART-definite group and the PART-probable groups were different, suggesting unique clinicopathological profiles. The novel computer-assisted morphometric method might be a more precise way to assess the progression of NFTs in PART.
Regulation of Retinoidal Actions by Diazepinylbenzoic Acids. Retinoid Synergists Which Activate the RXR−RAR Heterodimers (1997)

In human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, diazepinylbenzoic acid derivatives can exhibit either antagonistic or synergistic effects on the differentiation-inducing activities of natural or synthetic retinoids, the activity depending largely on the nature of the substituents on the diazepine ring. Thus, a benzolog of the retinoid antagonist LE135 (6), 4-(13H-10,11,12,13-tetrahydro-10, 10,13,13,15-pentamethyldinaphtho[2,3-b][1,2-e]diazepin-7-yl) benzoic acid (LE540, 17), exhibits a 1 order of magnitude higher antagonistic potential than the parental LE135 (6). In contrast, 4-[5H-2,3-(2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexano)-5-methyldibenzo[b,e] [1,4]diazepin-11-yl]-benzoic acid (HX600, 7), a structural isomer of the antagonistic LE135 (6), enhanced HL-60 cell differentiation induced by RAR agonists, such as Am80 (2). This synergistic effect was further increased for a thiazepine, HX630 (29), and an azepine derivative, HX640 (30); both synergized with Am80 (2) more potently than HX600 (7). Notably, the negative and positive effects of the azepine derivatives on retinoidal actions can be related to their RAR-antagonistic and RXR-agonistic properties, respectively, in the context of the RAR-RXR heterodimer.
PROMOTION OF TRIPLEX FORMATION BY 2′-O,4′-C-METHYLENE BRIDGED NUCLEIC ACID (2′,4′-BNA) MODIFICATION: THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC STUDIES (2001)

We analyzed the effect of 2'-O,4'-C-methylene bridged nucleic acid (2',4'-BNA) modification of triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) on pyrimidine motif triplex formation at neutral pH, a condition where pyrimidine motif triplexes are unstable. The binding constant of the pyrimidine motif triplex formation at pH 6.8 with 2',4'-BNA modified TFO was about 20 times larger than that observed with unmodified TFO. The observed increase in the binding constant at neutral pH by the 2',4'-BNA modification resulted from the considerable decrease in the dissociation rate constant.
Batteries: The Stone Age Revisited: Building a Monolithic Inorganic Lithium‐Ion Battery (Adv. Funct. Mater. 10/2012) (2012)

By controlling and optimizing the formulation of a composite electrode and the sintering parameters (temperature, pressure), which affect compactness of both the electrolyte and the composite electrode, an efficient and safe monolithic solid-state Li-ion battery can be assembled in a one-step process by spark plasma sintering (SPS). On page 2140, Renaud Bouchet and co-workers report that the first prototype shows good cycling and promising electrochemical performance.
Modified Faddeeva algorithm for concurrent execution of linear algebraic operations (1988)

An algorithm is described that provides an architectural framework for systematic execution of a wide class of linear algebraic operations using a single systolic array and simple data flow. The algorithm has been modified to use numerically stable Given's rotations and is therefore suited to any matrix problem of full rank. When the problem size exceeds that of the hardware array, it can be partitioned in a straightforward, numerically stable way. Numerous simulations have verified the algorithm's correctness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Electrical control of spontaneous emission and strong coupling for a single quantum dot (2009)

We report the design, fabrication and optical investigation of electrically tunable single quantum dot - photonic crystal defect nanocavities operating in both the weak and strong coupling regimes of the light matter interaction. Unlike previous studies where the dot-cavity spectral detuning was varied by changing the lattice temperature, or by the adsorption of inert-gases at low temperatures, we demonstrate that the quantum confined Stark effect can be employed to quickly and reversibly switch the dot-cavity coupling simply by varying a gate voltage. Our results show that exciton transitions from individual dots can be tuned by ~4 meV relative to the nanocavity mode before the emission quenches due to carrier tunneling escape. This range is much larger than the typical linewidth of the high-Q cavity modes (~0.10 meV) allowing us to explore and contrast regimes where the dots couple to the cavity or decay by spontaneous emission into the 2D photonic bandgap. In the weak coupling regime, we show that the dot spontaneous emission rate can be tuned using a gate voltage, with Purcell factors >=7. New information is obtained on the nature of the dot-cavity coupling in the weak coupling regime and electrical control of zero dimensional polaritons is demonstrated for the highest-Q cavities (Q>=12000). Vacuum Rabi splittings up to ~0.13 meV are observed, much larger than the linewidths of either the decoupled exciton or cavity mode. These observations represent a voltage switchable optical non-linearity at the single photon level, paving the way towards on-chip dot based nano-photonic devices that can be integrated with passive optical components.
The MD Anderson Prostate Cancer Patient-derived Xenograft Series (MDA PCa PDX) Captures the Molecular Landscape of Prostate Cancer and Facilitates Marker-driven Therapy Development (2020)

The MDA PCa PDX series is a dynamic resource that captures the molecular landscape of prostate cancers progressing under novel treatments and enables optimization of prostate cancer-specific, marker-driven therapy.
Cerebrospinal fluid nitrite/nitrate predicts poor outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (2003)

The study aimed to relate CSF levels of nitric oxide metabolites and oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) to the clinical outcome measures in patients after SAH. The study group comprised 10 SAH patients and 10 controls. CSF total nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentration was measured by a vanadium‐based assay while OxyHb level by spectrophotometry. There was a significant correlation between CSF concentrations of NOx and OxyHb ( P = 0.001, r = 0.87). When the impact of bleeding into CSF was considered, patients with good outcome had significantly lower CSF NOx than those with bad outcome ( P = 0.007). This study demonstrates that after SAH, CSF NOx levels correlate with OxHb and high CSF NOx predicted poor outcome.
Investigations of Thermomechanical Stress Induced by TSV-Middle (Through-Silicon via) in 3-D ICs by Means of CMOS Sensors and Finite-Element Method (2015)

This paper aims at determining thermomechanical stress variations induced by annealed copper filled through-silicon via (TSV) in single crystalline silicon using metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) rosette sensors. These eight branches sensors were specifically designed and embedded in a 65-nm CMOS technology test vehicle. An in-house four-point bending tool was employed to calibrate and to extract the six independent piezoresistive coefficients. Through the piezoresistive relations, the stress tensor was evaluated by carrying out electrical measurements on wafer splits. A finite-element approach was also adopted to evaluate numerically the stresses and the expected mobility variations induced by TSV. According to this paper, a large variation of stresses (up to 100 MPa) in the sensor area was estimated, suggesting possible sensor design improvements to better accuracy. A good agreement was obtained between numerical and experimental results, except for the orthoradial component, which was found slightly compressive experimentally. Based on a critical analysis of the experimental-numerical methodology and results detailed in this paper, guidelines are drawn to get better accuracy through the improvement of MOS size and positions as well as recommendations regarding test strategy to overcome process variability. In the longer term, such improvements should lead to the definition of a comprehensive strategy for mechanical stress probing with in situ structures in advanced semiconductor products.
Development of a Novel Screening Methodology for the Assessment of the Risk of Particle Size Attrition during Agitated Drying (2020)

A material-sparing screening methodology has been developed for assessing the risk of particle size attrition of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during agitated drying using a single-ball mill process assisted by resonant acoustic mixing. This method requires only gram quantities of material and provides a critical particle fragility assessment that can be used to identify suitable agitation protocols that minimize attrition during at-scale manufacturing. The impact of initial particle size, as well as physical properties such as hardness, aspect ratio, and thickness, on particle breakage was assessed for both Takeda APIs and a range of commercially available compounds. Two models were developed and validated using both laboratory-scale and plant-scale agitated filter dryers, and a suitable workflow for the application of the developed methodology is proposed.
Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Cancer-cell Proteomes Derived From Liquid and Solid Tumors (2015)

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, methods for quantitative proteomic characterization of patient-derived tumors and in particular their cellular subpopulations are largely lacking. Here we describe an experimental set-up that allows quantitative analysis of proteomes of cancer cell subpopulations derived from either liquid or solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic data analysis. To enrich specific cellular subsets, liquid tumors are first immunophenotyped by flow cytometry followed by FACS-sorting; for solid tumors, laser-capture microdissection is used to purify specific cellular subpopulations. In a second step, proteins are extracted from the purified cells and subsequently combined with a tumor-specific, SILAC-labeled spike-in standard that enables protein quantification. The resulting protein mixture is subjected to either gel electrophoresis or Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) followed by tryptic digestion. Finally, tryptic peptides are analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, and the data obtained are processed with bioinformatic software suites including MaxQuant. By means of the workflow presented here, up to 8,000 proteins can be identified and quantified in patient-derived samples, and the resulting protein expression profiles can be compared among patients to identify diagnostic proteomic signatures or potential drug targets.