gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Application of Fractional Order PIλDµ Controller in Grid-Connected Inverter System (2017)

In comparison with the traditional controller PID, the fractional order controller PIλDμ is added with two parameters (μ and λ), that increases the flexibility of the controller. The larger adjustable space makes it more favorable to the control of the nonlinear system like the three-phase grid-connected inverter. However, since the fractional calculus operator is an irrational function on the complex plane, it can’t be implemented directly in simulation or in practical applications. In this paper, the advantages of the fractional order controller PIλDμ will be analyzed, then the fractional calculus operator is fitted by the frequency domain analysis method. Based on the vector method, the fractional order controller PIλDμ of the grid-connected inverter is designed. Simultaneously, the optimal controller parameters are searched with the ITAE and IAE as the performance index. And finally, the results are compared with those of the traditional controller PID. In consideration of the defects of fractional algorithm and single discretization method, a hybrid discretization method is proposed in order to ensure that the discretized controller can keep the same time-domain response and frequency characteristics as the designed controller. The experimental results show that the proposed method has the dynamic and static characteristics better than the traditional controller PID, which proves that the application of fractional order controller in three-phase grid-connected inverter is effective and feasible.
Evaluation of the genetic component of early-onset prostate cancer. (2010)

4502 Background: Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk in case-control populations of European ancestry. As historical studies in other cancers have shown, men diagnosed with early onset (EO) cancer tend to reflect a stronger underlying genetic etiology. While existing GWAS's have provided insight into the association of genetic markers with PCa, the number of EO cases examined has been relatively limited. Therefore, we set out to evaluate the association between PCa and diagnosis < 56 yrs. (mean 49.8 ± 3.9) in the University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project (PCGP) and SNPs previously implicated in PCa. Methods: Fourteen SNPs [rs2660753 (3p12), rs9364554 (6q25), rs10486567 (7p15), rs6465657 (7q21), rs6983267 (8q24), rs1447295 (8q24), rs1571801 (9q33), rs10993994 (10q11), rs4962416 (10q26), rs7931342 (11q13), rs4430796 (17q12), rs1859962 (17q24.3), rs2735839 (19q13), rs5945619 (Xp11)] from 754 unrelated EO PCGP Caucasian cases were compared to data from 2,713 Caucasian Illumina controls (iControls) and 1,163 CGEMS cases diagnosed at ≥ 56 yrs. Results: 41% of PCGP cases had ≥ 1 first-degree relative with PCa and 30% were classified as having aggressive disease. We found confirmatory evidence (p < 0.05) of an association for 13 of 14 SNPs with EO PCa. Consistent with prior reports, no association was detected with rs2660753. Notably, the frequency of the risk allele for 11 SNPs was greater in EO cases than in CGEMS cases, with statistically significant differences for 4 SNPs. Overall, the mean cumulative number of risk alleles across 13 associated SNPs in PCGP men with EO PCa (n=12.44 ± 2.35) was significantly greater than in the iControls (n=11.16 ± 2.33; p = 1.6 × 10-36) or CGEMS cases (n=11.92 ± 2.28, p = 1.8 × 10-6). Conclusions: In this study, men diagnosed with EO PCa carried more genetic risk alleles compared to either a control population or men diagnosed with PCa at ≥ 56 yrs. These results demonstrate the potential for identifying PCa-associated variants when focusing on a sub-group of patients with EO disease. A full GWAS is in progress to investigate novel genetic variants specifically associated with EO prostate cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Ammonium, Alkaline and Alkaline-Earth Element Determination in Antarctic Lake Waters, Flowing Melt Waters, Sea Waters and Snow (1994)

Abstract Concentrations of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium were measured by ion-chromatography in samples collected in different sites during the 1989/90 Italian expedition in Antarctica. Sea waters, lake waters, flowing melt waters and snow were considered. In addition ammonium was determined in all the samples whenever the chromatographic separation of adjacent sodium and ammonium peaks was feasible. For each element the observed intervals of concentrations (shown in brackets) were: Snow (concentrations in μM units): Li(not detectable);Na(3–22);NH4 (0.3–13); K (0.2–1); Mg (0.4–2); Ca (0.3–1). Lake and melt waters (in mM units): Li ([0.4–4]×10−3);Na (0.1–6); K (0.01–0.3); Mg (0.01–0.6); Ca (0.006–0.6). The lowest concentrations were found in melt waters. Sea waters (in mM units): Li ([22–27]×10−3);Na (418–472); K (8.7–10); Mg (49–56); Ca (9.2–11). The above data represent the intervals of variability due to the non-homogeneity of composition among the sampling sites; for sea water, they include the water column depth effect. Correlations were searched for between relative concentrations of the analytes for the different natures of the samples in order to distinguish the origin of salt content both in snow and meltwater from marine aerosols and other environmental sources. Key Words: Alkalinealkaline-earth elementsAntarctic snow and waters
A New Bridgeless Boost Half-Bridge ZVS-PWM Frequency Converter for High-Frequency Induction Heating Applications (2015)

A practical evaluation of a novel utility-frequency AC (UFAC) to high-frequency AC (HFAC) power converter, called a frequency converter, for induction heating (IH) applications is presented in this paper. The proposed frequency converter can process the UFAC to HFAC power conversion without any diode full-bridge rectifier (bridgeless), thereby reducing the number of semiconductor power devices and eliminating the associated conduction power losses. In addition, power factor correction (PFC) can be naturally achieved while boosting the UFAC source voltage to the non-smoothed DC-link voltage. The operating principle of the proposed frequency converter together with its IH load power regulation scheme is described, and the circuit performance is demonstrated in an experiment based on its 3.0kW-30kHz laboratory prototype. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed frequency converter is evaluated from a practical point of view.
Trajectories of mental health before and after old-age and disability retirement: a register-based study on purchases of psychotropic drugs (2012)

While no overall decrease in psychotropic medication after retirement was observed, purchases of antidepressants decreased after disability retirement. Long-term trajectories suggest that disability retirement might be prevented if mental health problems were tackled more efficiently earlier in the pre-retirement period.
Intense absorption of azulene realized by molecular orbital inversion (2023)

The introduction of diarylamino groups at the 2- and 6-positions of azulene was found to invert the order of the orbital energy levels and allowed the HOMO-LUMO transition, resulting in a substantial increase in absorbance in the visible region. In addition, the stability of their one-electron oxidised species was improved by introducing bromine or methoxy groups at the 1- and 3-positions.
Non-neutral ion plasmas and crystals, laser cooling, and atomic clocks* (1994)

Experimental work which uses Penning and Paul traps to confine non-neutral ion plasmas is discussed. Penning traps use a static uniform magnetic field and a static electric field to confine ions. The Paul trap uses the ponderomotive force from inhomogeneous radio-frequency fields to confine ions to a region of minimum field strength. In many atomic physics experiments, these traps are designed to produce a harmonic restoring force for small numbers of stored ions (&amp;lt;104). Under these conditions and at low temperatures, both traps produce plasmas with simple shapes whose mode properties can be calculated exactly. Laser cooling has been used to reduce the temperature of trapped ions to less than 10 mK with ion spacings less than 20 μm. At such temperatures and interion spacings, the Coulomb potential energy between nearest neighbor ions is greater than the ion thermal energy and the ions exhibit spatial correlations characteristic of a liquid or crystal. Laser beams also apply a torque which, by changing the plasma angular momentum, changes the plasma density. Atomic clocks are an important application of ion trap plasmas. Better control of the plasma dynamics will reduce fluctuations in the relativistic time dilation, yielding better clocks.
Optimal Inductor Current in Boost DC/DC Converters Operating in Burst Mode Under Light-Load Conditions (2015)

This letter analyzes how the efficiency of boost dc/dc converters operating in burst mode under light-load conditions can be improved by an appropriate selection of the inductor current that transfers energy from the input to the output. A theoretical analysis evaluates the main power losses (fixed, conduction, and switching losses) involved in such converters, and how do they depend on the inductor current. This analysis shows that there is an optimal value of this current that causes minimum losses and, hence, maximum efficiency. These theoretical predictions are then compared with experimental data resulting from a commercial boost dc/dc converter (TPS61252), whose average inductor current is adjustable. Experimental results show that the use of the optimal inductor current, which was around 340 mA for an output voltage of 5 V, provides an efficiency increase of 7%.
Improved L‐lysine production with Corynebacterium glutamicum and systemic insight into citrate synthase flux and activity (2012)

We here developed a series of Corynebacterium glutamicum strains with gradual decreased specific citrate synthase (CS) activity and quantified in a multifaceted approach the consequences of residual activity on the transcriptome, metabolome, and fluxome level as well as on L-lysine formation and growth. We achieved an intended gradual L-lysine yield increase and recognized and overcame further new limitations in the L-lysine biosynthesis pathway to result in a strain with the highest yield reported so far when assayed under comparable conditions. As a non-intended outcome, a detailed flux analysis revealed an almost constant flux through CS at 10% remaining CS activity, whereas the metabolome data revealed an increase in the oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA concentrations. Hence reduced CS activity is apparently efficiently buffered by increased concentrations of CS substrates, implying a certain robustness of the central metabolism in response of the imposed gene expressions.
MOVPE growth and characterisation of silicon δ-doped GaAs, AlAs and Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As for advanced semiconductor devices (2002)

The results of metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth and characterisation of silicon /spl delta/-doped GaAs, AlAs and Al/sub 0.35/Ga/sub 0.65/As are presented. All epitaxial structures were grown in an atmospheric pressure horizontal AIX 200 Aixtron reactor. Delta doping was formed by SiH/sub 4/ introduction during the growth interruption. The growth temperature was 670/spl deg/C (for GaAs) and 760/spl deg/C (for AlAs and Al/sub 0.35/Ga/sub 0.65/As). Delta-doping characteristic were investigated using capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. The narrowest C-V profile (FWHM/sub C-V/=5.3 nm) was obtained for GaAs grown at 670/spl deg/C. The quality of Si delta-doped structures was also examined using photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy and X-ray measurements.
A hybrid approach of candidate region extraction for robust traffic light recognition (2017)

In this paper, we consider the problem of recognizing circular traffic lights from an image. The traffic light recognition is divided into two stages: candidate region extraction and traffic light recognition. For extracting candidates, we propose a hybrid method, which combines the results of spotlight detection and color-shape model-based method. Instead of handcrafting a set of features for classification, we scale each candidate as a 10-by-10 image patch and use its raw RGB pixel values as the input of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The classifiers are trained only using a Singapore dataset, and are tested on the US LISA dataset. The cross validation justifies the generalizability of our classifiers. The evaluation results show that our hybrid candidate extraction method lowers the chance of miss-detection and the proposed featureless classification approach has a high recognition precision. Our algorithm is robust and efficient, which can run at 30 fps for images with a resolution of 640*480.
Delayed onset of paresis in rats with experimental intramedullary spinal cord gliosarcoma following intratumoral administration of the paclitaxel delivery system OncoGel (2011)

OncoGel is safe for intramedullary injection in rats in doses up to 5 μl of 3.0 mg/ml, prolongs median survival, and increases functional motor scores in rats challenged with an intramedullary gliosarcoma at the doses tested. This study suggests that locally delivered chemotherapeutic agents could be of temporary benefit in the treatment of malignant IMSCTs under experimental settings.
Texture and acceptability of human foods (1991)

Preference (acceptability) and texture perception are judgments made by each of us every time we eat, without much conscious thought. Two groups of experimentalists are interested in how the two are mechanistically linked. They are behavioural psychologists and food product designers. From behavioural studies we can draw a few simple conclusions.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Behavior, and Photoinduced Reactivity of Tetraacylgermanes (2017)

Acylgermanes have been subject of great interest recently because of their low toxicity and the applicability as sources for germanium-centered radicals for visible-light induced free radical polymerization processes. We report on a novel and versatile method for the synthesis of tetraacylgermanes allowing the preparation of various tetra-substituted acylgermanes 1a–m. The formation of these derivatives was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. UV–vis absorption spectra of the prepared compounds reveal absorption in the visible region. This transition was assigned by TD-DFT calculations. It enabled a general screening of the influence of different substitution patterns on the absorption properties. The radical formation upon irradiation was confirmed by TR-EPR spectroscopy.
The relationship between the plasma proinflammatory cytokine levels of depressed/anxious children and their parents (2021)

Recent studies suggest immune function dysregulation in depression and anxiety disorders. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a marker for immune system dysregulation. No study assessed the correlation between the levels of cytokines in children and adolescents with depression/anxiety disorders and their parents. In this study, 92 children and adolescents (mean age 13.90 ± 2.41 years) with depression and/or anxiety disorders were treated with fluoxetine. Blood samples were collected before initiation of treatment. One hundred and sixty-four of their parents (mean age 50.6 ± 6.2 years) and 25 parents of healthy children (mean age 38.5 ± 6.2 years) also gave blood samples. Plasma levels of three pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and compared between depressed/anxious children and their parents. We also compared cytokine levels between parents of children with depression/anxiety and control parents. Mothers of depressed children had higher TNF-α levels than mothers of controls. No significant difference was detected in the fathers. A positive correlation was found between the IL-1β levels of the depressed/anxious boys and their mothers. No such correlation was observed in the fathers. Our conclusions are that higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines may indicate immune system activation in mothers in response to the distress associated with having depressed/anxious offspring. The correlation between IL-1β levels in the mothers and their depressed/anxious children may indicate familial vulnerability to depression and anxiety. Our observation highlights the need for a better understanding of sexual dimorphism in inflammatory responses to stress.
Reply to ‘‘Comment on ‘Existence of Wannier-Stark localization’’ (1991)

The argument of Emin and Hart is not that the staircase potential does not couple Bloch states of different energy bands; it does. Rather, the net effect of such interband terms on Wannier-Stark localization is argued to vanish. A new proof of a relationship disputed by Page and Brown is presented. The contradiction that Page and Brown claim results from this relationship is shown to be an artifact of their use of an incomplete set of basis states.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of 2-amino-4-Anilinoquinazoline Derivatives (2015)

The synthesis of the 4-chloro-2-aminoquinazoline ( The quinazolinone (6) was converted to 4-chloro-2-amino-
Dispersed leadership, power and change: An empirical study using a critical management framework (2008)

Using a critical management framework I provide a genealogical account of a police organization's attempt to implement what senior officers in its behavioural change division described as a dispersed leadership (Bryman, 1996; Gordon, 2002) strategy. I describe the organization and provide a detailed account of the dynamics that emerge as groups and individuals who historically held positions of power found themselves reporting to one of many designated leaders. The account depicts how the organization's dispersion of leadership, while on the surface represents a new and successful endeavour, is rendered problematic by the organization's historical constitution of power.
Hydrothermal syntheses and crystal structures of new layered tungsten(VI) methylphosphonates, M2(WO3)3PO3CH3(M = NH4, Rb, Cs) (1996)

The hydrothermal syntheses of Cs2(WO3)3PO3CH3, Rb2(WO3)3PO3CH3 and (NH4)2(WO3)3PO3CH3, three new non-centrosymmetric, layered tungsten(VI)-containing phases, are described. The crystal structures of Cs2(WO3)3PO3CH3 and (NH4)2(WO3)3PO3CH3 were refined by using Rietveld analysis of powder diffraction data. These phases are built up from hexagonal tungsten-oxide-like layers of vertex-sharing WO6 groups, capped by P—CH3 entities (as methylphosphonate groups) on one side of the tungsten oxide layer. Caesium, rubidium or ammonium cations provide interlayer charge compensation for the anionic layers. IR, Raman and thermogravimetry (TG) data for these phases are also presented. Crystal data: Cs2(WO3)3PO3CH3, Mr= 1055.36, trigonal, space group R3 (no. 146), a= 7.25791(9)Å, c= 20.2762(4)Å, V= 925.00(4)Å3, Z= 3, Rp= 2.37%, Rwp= 3.12%(2943 neutron powder data). (NH4)2(WO3)3PO3CH3, Mr=825.63, trigonal, R3 (no. 146), a= 7.22851(7)Å, c= 19.3471(3)Å, V= 875.48(3)Å3, Z= 3, Rp= 8.14%, Rwp= 10.12%(2665 X-ray powder data).
Analyzing population structure for forensic STR markers in next generation sequencing data (2020)

Match probabilities calculated during the evaluation of DNA evidence profiles rely on appropriate values of the population structure quantity θ. NGS-based methods will enhance forensic identification and with the transformation to such methods comes the need to facilitate NGS-based population genetics analysis. If NGS data are to be used for match probabilities there needs to be a way to accommodate population structure, which requires values for θ for those data. Such estimates have not been available. This study assesses population structure for sequence-based data using a relatively new approach applied to STR data over 27 loci in five different geographic groups. Matching proportions between individuals or groups are used to obtain locus-specific θ estimates as well as estimates per geographic group and a global measure. The results demonstrate similar effects of sequencing data on θ estimates compared to what has been seen for CE-based results.
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-, but not Growth and Differentiation Factor 15-, Receptor Activation Increases the Number of Interleukin-6-Expressing Cells in the External Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus (2019)

Interleukin (IL)-6 in the hypothalamus and hindbrain is an important downstream mediator of suppression of body weight and food intake by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor stimulation. CNS GLP-1 is produced almost exclusively in prepro-glucagon neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. These neurons innervate energy balance-regulating areas, such as the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBNel); essential for induction of anorexia. Using a validated novel IL-6-reporter mouse strain, we investigated the interactions in PBNel between GLP-1, IL-6, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, a well-known mediator of anorexia). We show that PBNel GLP-1R-containing cells highly (to about 80%) overlap with IL-6-containing cells on both protein and mRNA level. Intraperitoneal administration of a GLP-1 analogue exendin-4 to mice increased the proportion of IL-6-containing cells in PBNel 3-fold, while there was no effect in the rest of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. In contrast, injections of an anorexigenic peptide growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) markedly increased the proportion of CGRP-containing cells, while IL-6-containing cells were not affected. In summary, GLP-1R are found on IL-6-producing cells in PBNel, and GLP-1R stimulation leads to an increase in the proportion of cells with IL-6-reporter fluorescence, supporting IL-6 mediation of GLP-1 effects on energy balance.
The efficacy of quarantine measures against coronavirus (2020)

Alison Wall looks at the reasons behind many governments' decision to lock down their countries
Stereospezifische Cyclisierungen α – ω‐disubstituierter Aminoäthanole. 1. Mitt.: 1‐Aryl‐3‐imino‐3H‐oxazolo‐[3,4‐a]perhydro‐pyridine und Verwandte (1973)

Abstract Diastereomere 1,2‐disubstituierte Aminoäthanole werden a) mit Halogencyan unter Beibehaltung der Konfiguration und b) mit der ”︁Carbamoyl‐Thionylchloridmethode„ unter Waldenscher Umkehr stereospezifisch zu 4,5‐disubstituierten 2‐Iminooxazolidinen cyclisiert. Durch Kombination der beiden Verfahren kann man von einem der möglichen diastereomeren 1,2‐Aminoalkohole ausgehend das jeweils gewünschte cis‐ oder trans‐Iminooxazolidin synthetisieren. Die alkalische Hydrolyse dieser Stoffe erfolgt ohne merkliche Racemisierung. Durch Anwendung der ”︁Carbamoyl‐Thionylchloridmethode„ und nachfolgende Hydrolyse läßt sich sein sterisch einheitlicher 1,2‐disubstituierter Aminoalkohol in seine entgegengesetzt konfigurierte Form überführen.
Molecular Imaging and Biological Evaluation of HuMV833 Anti-VEGF Antibody: Implications for Trial Design of Antiangiogenic Antibodies (2002)

Because of the heterogeneity in tumor biology with respect to antibody uptake and clearance, we suggest that either intrapatient dose escalation approaches or larger, more precisely defined patient cohorts would be preferable to conventional strategies in the design of phase I studies with antiangiogenic compounds like HuMV833.