gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method for providing a low density high strength polyurethane foam (2023)

Disclosed is a method for making a polyurethane closed-cell foam material exhibiting a bulk density below 4 lbs/ft.sup.3 and high strength. The present embodiment uses the reaction product of a modified MDI and a sucrose/glycerine based polyether polyol resin wherein a small measured quantity of the polyol resin is &quot;pre-reacted&quot; with a larger quantity of the isocyanate in a defined ratio such that when the necessary remaining quantity of the polyol resin is added to the &quot;pre-reacted&quot; resin together with a tertiary amine catalyst and water as a blowing agent, the polymerization proceeds slowly enough to provide a stable foam body.
ChemInform Abstract: LEAD CORROSION IN AEQUOUS SOLUTIONS AND IN DRINKING WATER (1984)

Abstract Das elektrochemische Verhalten des Pb in Leitungswasser und in SOf‐ und CF‐haltigen wäßrigen Lösungen sowie die Deckschichtbildung und ‐zusammensetzung werden im Zusammenhang mit der Aufnahme des hochtoxischen Pb durch den Menschen untersucht Die in Leitungswasser gebildeten porigen Deckschichten haben erstens nur schwach schützende Wirkung und werden zweitens in Partikelform durch das strömende Wasser freigesetzt.
Cisplatin resistance by induction of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 in human bladder cancer cells (2013)

Cisplatin is currently the most effective anti-tumor agent available against bladder cancer. To clarify the mechanism underlying cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer, the present study examined the role of the aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2) protein on chemoresistance using a human bladder cancer cell line. The function of AKR1C2 in chemoresistance was studied using the human HT1376 bladder cancer cell line and the cisplatin-resistant HT1376-CisR subline. AKR1C2 was expressed in HT1376-CisR cells, but not in the parental cells. The effect of small interfering (si) RNAs and an inhibitor targeting AKR1C2 was examined to determine whether cisplatin sensitivity can be rescued by blocking AKR1C2 expression or function. Silencing of AKR1C2 mRNA or inhibition of AKR1C2 by 5β-cholanic acid resulted in a decrease in the survival of cells following cisplatin exposure. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using a 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H<sub>2</sub>DCFDA) fluorescent probe. Cisplatin exposure increased the level of intracellular ROS in HT1376 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The ROS levels in HT1376-CisR cells were significantly lower than those in HT1376 cells and knockdown of AKR1C2 mRNA significantly restored ROS levels. Cisplatin exposure did not increase intracellular ROS in HT1376-CisR cells, although the level of intracellular ROS increased in HT1376 cells following cisplatin exposure. Silencing of AKR1C2 mRNA restored the ROS increase response to cisplatin and menadione as an oxidative stressor in HT1376-CisR cells. Menadione has the function of an oxidative stressor. The silencing of AKR1C2 mRNA restored the increased ROS response to cisplatin and menadione in HT1376-CisR cells. These results indicate that induction of AKR1C2 in human bladder cancer cells aids in the development of cisplatin resistance through antioxidative effects. The results of this study indicate that AKR1C2 may be an effective molecular target for restoring cisplatin resistance.
Risk Classification for Large Cell Lymphoma using Lactate Dehydrogenase, Beta-2 Microglobulin, and Thymidine Kinase (1995)

We have previously proposed a staging system for large cell lymphoma using the two serum markers beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We recently tested this model in a different cohort of patients with large cell lymphoma and also examined the possible contribution of thymidine kinase (TK), a previously reported serologic prognostic factor. Using an inclusion criteria in the multivariate analysis for both forward and backward selection of p < 0.15, only LDH, B2M, and TK were significant independent prognostic factors for both time to treatment failure (TTF) and survival. Inclusion of TK in the serologic model resulted in three significantly different risk groups for both TTF and survival. Corresponding endpoints at three years were: 1) good risk (no markers elevated, n = 43): 78%, 91%; 2) intermediate risk (1 or 2 markers elevated, n = 47): 41%, 36%; 3) poor risk (3 markers elevated, n = 11): 0%, 0%. This analysis extends the observation of the independent prognostic significance of B2M and LDH. The addition of TK permits a more precise estimate of risk, contributing to the utility of a serological staging system for large cell lymphoma.
Caractérisation de l'indice non linéaire induit en présence de génération de second harmonique ou de redressement optique : application à la compensation de l'intégrale de rupture. (2002)

L'objectif consistait a compenser l'integrale B presente dans les chaines laser de puissance par cascade d'effets non-lineaires d'ordre deux. Les deux voies amenant une non-linearite de type Kerr ont ete etudiees. Le dephasage non-lineaire via une onde TeraHertz (THz) a ete mesure a l'aide d'une experience d'effet Kerr. Sa dynamique femtoseconde non locale et la competition avec la non-linearite d'ordre trois sont presentees. Le modele analytique permet de decrire chaque etape du processus : la generation de l'onde THz et la retroaction sur une onde optique. Le dephasage non-lineaire via une onde harmonique, n2GSH, a ete caracterise pour des impulsions a spectre large. Les experiences d'auto-diffraction mesurent l'amplitude tandis que les mesures de phase precisent la forme spectrale et spatiale de n2GSH. Ces etudes indiquent que n2GSH est susceptible de corriger l'integrale B. Experimentalement, une integrale B~4π a ete compensee par un cristal de BBO sur une plage d'intensite importante.
Probing the Interactions of Phosphosulfomannans with Angiogenic Growth Factors by Surface Plasmon Resonance (2003)

The binding interactions of the phosphosulfomannan anticancer agent PI-88 (1) with the angiogenic growth factors FGF-1, FGF-2, and VEGF were studied by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on a BIAcore 3000 biosensor. Compared with heparin, PI-88 has at least 11-fold higher affinity for FGF-1 and at least 3-fold higher affinity for VEGF, but at least 13-fold lower affinity for FGF-2. To define the structural features of PI-88 that are important for growth factor binding, several analogues, such as dephosphorylated PI-88 and a sulfated pentasaccharide, were prepared. The binding interactions of these analogues with FGF-1, FGF-2, and VEGF were similarly studied by SPR, and structure-activity relationships were determined.
Resonance transmission or absorption in deep gratings explained by magnetic polaritons (2009)

Resonance transmission or absorption has been observed in metallic deep gratings and previously characterized as coupled surface plasmon polaritons or Fabry–Pérot-like resonances. This letter provides a quantitative explanation of this phenomenon by means of localized magnetic polaritons. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis is used to predict the spectral transmittance and absorptance of subwavelength gratings. The resonance condition is compared with that predicted by the LC circuit model. Some geometric effects that cannot be explained by previous models can be well understood in terms of magnetic polaritons. The insight gained from this study may facilitate future design and applications of subwavelength periodic structures.
Network analysis reveals the molecular bases of statin pleiotropy that vary with genetic background (2022)

Abstract Many approved drugs are pleiotropic, for example statins, whose main cholesterol lowering activity is complemented by anticancer and pro-diabetogenic mechanisms involving poorly characterized genetic interaction networks. We investigated these using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetic model where most genetic interactions known are limited to the statin-sensitive S288C genetic background. We therefore broadened our approach by investigating gene interactions to include two statin-resistant UWOPS87-2421 and Y55 genetic backgrounds. Networks were functionally focused by selection of HMG1 and BTS1 mevalonate pathway genes for detecting genetic interactions. Networks, multi-layered by genetic background, were analysed for modifying key genes using network centrality (degree, betweenness, closeness), pathway enrichment, functional community modules and gene ontology. Statin treatment induces the unfolded protein response and we found modifying genes related to dysregulated endocytosis and autophagic cell death. To translate results to human cells, human orthologues were searched for other drugs targets, thus identifying candidates for synergistic anticancer bioactivity.
Feasibility of Photodynamic Diagnosis for Challenging TUR-Bt Cases Including Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, BCG Failure or 2nd-TUR (2015)

PDD-TURBT has high sensitivity to diagnose BC even for 2nd-TUR, MIBC or BCG failure cases.
Thermochemical Wear of Single Crystal Diamond Catalyzed by Ferrous Materials at Elevated Temperature (2017)

Single crystal diamond has been recognized as the optimal tool material in ultra-precision machining. However, the excessive tool wear prevents it from cutting ferrous materials. This paper conducts a series of thermal analysis tests under the conditions of different gas atmospheres, heating temperatures, crystallographic planes and workpiece materials, in order to clarify the details of thermochemical wear of diamond catalyzed by iron at elevated temperature. Raman scattering analysis was performed to identify the transformation of diamond crystal structure. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to detect the change in chemical composition of the work material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was adopted to confirm the resultants of interfacial thermochemical reactions. The experimental results revealed that the diamond wear included the graphitization, diffusion and oxidation. Temperature was considered as the key factor affecting these wear mechanisms. The initial graphitization temperatures of diamond catalyzed by iron under different conditions were obtained, and the graphitized degree relied heavily on the crystallographic plane while being insensitive to the workpiece material. The diffusion wear rule was preliminarily achieved by the established prediction model of the carbon atoms diffusing into the iron lattice, and the types and resultants of interfacial chemical reactions were deduced.
Organotypic glioma spheroids for screening of experimental therapies: How many spheroids and sections are required? (2009)

Cancer spheroids are a valuable model for screening anticancer strategies. However, studies are published using various numbers of spheroids and sections per spheroid. Here, we establish the sample size requirements for valid screening strategies to treat glioma: how many spheroids per experimental group and how many sections per spheroid are required to detect one-third reduction in an endpoint measurement after treatment? From two glioblastoma patients, 32 untreated organotypic spheroids were cultured and sectioned entirely (14-100 sections per spheroid). The viable fraction was determined as endpoint by automated image analysis in sections and used to establish the minimally-detectable difference between a treatment and reference group. Variance was considerable with a coefficient of variance of 21%. The biological variation in viability in sections of spheroids produced 97% of variance when sample size was large. Variance increased when numbers of spheroids but not numbers of sections per spheroid were reduced. A minimum of 12 spheroids per group and one section per spheroid was required for a valid comparison of a treatment group and a control group. When 10 treatment groups and one control group were compared, 16 spheroids per group were required. Thus, the statistical power depended almost entirely on the number of organotypic glioma spheroids and hardly on the number of sections per spheroid. The organotypic glioma spheroid model does not appear to be suitable for high-throughput screening of anticancer strategies, because of the relatively large number of spheroids required. It is the model of choice for low-throughput screening, because this model is far more representative for the parental tumor than any other more efficient glioma model.
The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis in Vertebrates: Gut Microbiota Effect, a Review (2018)

The gut microbiota is integral to an organism&rsquo;s digestive structure and has been shown to play an important role in producing substrates for gluconeogenesis and energy production, vasodilator, and gut motility. Numerous studies have demonstrated that variation in diet types is associated with the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota, a relationship that plays a significant role in nutrient absorption and affects gut size. The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis states (ETH) that the metabolic requirement of relatively large brains is offset by a corresponding reduction of the other tissues, such as gut size. However, how the trade-off between gut size and brain size in vertebrates is associated with the gut microbiota through metabolic requirements still remains unexplored. Here, we review research relating to and discuss the potential influence of gut microbiota on the ETH.
Structural studies in the ruthenium–dithiocarbamate system. Part II. Crystal structures of two salts of the [Ru2(dtc)5]+ cation, one containing the [Ru2Cl6]2– anion (1975)

The crystal structures of two derivatives of ruthenium di-isopropyldithiocarbamate (dtc) have been determined by X-ray diffraction: viz. (I)[Ru2(dtc)5]Cl,2.5C6H6 and (II)[Ru2(dtc)5]2[Ru2Cl6],2CHCl3,(C6H12 ?). The structures were solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by least squares to R 0·084 [(I) 5 079 reflections] and 0.12 [(II) 4 714 reflections]. Crystals of both are monoclinic, space groups P2l/a(I), P21n(II); for (I)a= 27.13(1), b= 17.25(2), c= 14.53(3)Å, β= 97.82(4)°, Z= 4; for (II)a= 33.83(1), b= 12.527(2), c= 15.825(2)Å, β= 95.72(2)°, Z= 2. Within the [Ru2(dtc)5]+ cation, a strong Ru ⋯ Ru interaction is found, the geometry of the bridging ligands being greatly compressed with a short Ru ⋯ Ru distance [2·789(4)Å]. The bridging dithiocarbamate groups are also unusual: the pπ orbital of one of the sulphur atoms is utilized for bonding so that there is an unusual disparity in the two C ⋯ S distances, the longer of which approximates to the single-bond value. (II) contains the novel [Ru2Cl6]2– centrosymmetric anion; the ruthenium atoms are pseudo-tetrahedral.
Plant-Based Alternatives to Cheese Formulated Using Blends of Zein and Chickpea Protein Ingredients (2023)

In this study, zein protein isolate (ZPI) and chickpea protein concentrate (CPC) ingredients were used to formulate five plant-based cheese alternatives. Ingredient ratios based on protein contributions of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 from ZPI and CPC, respectively, were used. Formulations were developed at pH ~4.5, with a moisture target of 59%. Shea butter was used to target 15% fat, while tapioca starch was added to target the same carbohydrate content for all samples. Microstructural analysis showed differences among samples, with samples containing ZPI displaying a protein-rich layer surrounding the fat globules. Schreiber meltability and dynamic low amplitude oscillatory shear rheological analyses showed that increasing the proportion of ZPI was associated with increasing meltability and greater ability to flow at high temperatures. In addition, the sample containing only CPC showed the highest adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness values from the texture profile analysis, while the sample containing only ZPI exhibited the highest hardness. Furthermore, stretchability increased with increasing ZPI proportions. This work will help understanding of the role and potential of promising plant-protein-ingredient blends in formulating plant-based alternatives to cheese with desirable functional properties.
Optimization of electrically tunable VCSEL with intracavity nematic liquid crystal (2015)

We optimize the wavelength tuning range of a Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser with an intracavity layer of nematic Liquid Crystal (LC-VCSEL) lasing around 1.3 μm. The tunability is obtained by applying voltage to the liquid crystal layer, which esentially is to vary the refractive index from the extraordinary to the ordinary. We achieve 71.6 nm continuous tuning (without mode hopping) with liquid crystal thickness of about 3.2 μm. We investigate the impact of ambient temperature on the LC-VCSEL tuning range and show that mode-hop tuning can be achieved in the temperature range from -10°C to 50°C where the LC is in nematic phase.
Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Layered Tungsten Disulfide-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrids Synthesized by a Facile Hydrothermal Method (2013)

We report here the synthesis of layer structured WS2/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrids by a facile hydrothermal method for its possible application as supercapacitor materials in energy storage devices. The prepared two-dimensional materials are characterized thoroughly by various analytical techniques to ascertain their structure and to confirm the absence of any impurities. Two-electrode capacitance measurements have been carried out in aqueous 1 M Na2SO4. The WS2/RGO hybrids exhibited enhanced supercapacitor performance with specific capacitance of 350 F/g at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. The obtained capacitance values of WS2/RGO hybrids are about 5 and 2.5 times higher than bare WS2 and RGO sheets. Because of the unique microstructure with combination of two layered materials, WS2/RGO hybrids emerge as a promising supercapacitor electrode material with high specific capacitance, energy density, and excellent cycling stability.
Electric vehicles as flexible loads: Algorithms to optimize aggregate behavior (2012)

This paper considers load shifting for electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce the peak value of the total power consumption. Large numbers of EV charging requests are classified into relatively small number of load types so that the computational effort remains unchanged as number of loads increases. A twolayer optimization scheme is proposed to deal with tasks that may demand sequentially varying power levels, which further reduces the computational burden. These ideas are potentially useful in harnessing flexibility in electric loads.
Mesoporous lanthanum phosphate nanostructures containing H3PO4 as superior electrolyte for PEM fuel cells (2013)

Mesoporous lanthanum phosphate nanostructures, involving diverse shaped LaPO4 nanostructures synthesized in EG solution and dandelion-like LaPO4·0.5H2O nanospheres obtained in aqueous solution, have different surface areas and pore volumes for various nanostructures. Lanthanum phosphate containing H3PO4 were prepared by impregnating as-obtained lanthanum phosphate nanostructures in phosphoric acid solution, which showed different proton conductivities for diverse morphologies of lanthanum phosphate and different contents of H3PO4. Among them, sphere-shaped LaPO4 nanostructures containing 5 wt% H3PO4 (s-LaPO4–5 wt% PA) showed promising proton conductivity of around 10−2 S cm−1 at 120–180 °C and 20% RH. Moreover, the pellet pressed by s-LaPO4–5 wt% PA powder could act as the electrolyte of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and exhibit higher performance (maximum power density of 84.0 mW cm−2) than Nafion 115 membrane at 180 °C and under 20% RH. In addition, the stability of the MEA electrolyte and the duration of a single cell based on s-LaPO4–5 wt% PA were also tested.
Impact Ionization Effect in Complementary CHarge Injection Transistor (1993)

We report for the first time an analysis of impact ionization phenomena occurring in a complementary charge injection transistor. We observed the real-space transfer of minority carriers generated by impact ionization and collected by the collector contact. From the measured collector current and by means of a simple model, we estimated the electron impact ionization coefficient of In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As. Experimental data support a recent theory reporting a soft threshold for impact ionization with a ``significant'' ionization rate at low electric fields.
Suppl. Figs from Adoptive Transfer of Invariant NKT Cells as Immunotherapy for Advanced Melanoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial (2023)

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Type 3c truncus arteriosus. Case report with clinical and surgical implications. (1974)

An infant with type 3c truncus arteriosus of Collett and Edwards is reported. In this anomaly, the left pul- monary artery arises from the left lateral wall of the truncus and the right pulmonary artery originatesfrom a rght-sided ductus arteriosus. Only two reports of this malformation have been described previously. Precise anatomical diagnosis is of importance since some of these patients may have a smallpersistent ductus arteriosus and right pulmonary artery, so that surgical correction is not feasible. This rare anomaly is discussed and comment made on the surgical and clinical implications.
Co-learning of extrusion deposition quality for supporting interconnected additive manufacturing systems (2022)

Additive manufacturing systems are being deployed on a cloud platform to provide networked manufacturing services. This article explores the value of interconnected printing systems that share process data on the cloud in improving quality control. We employed an example of quality learning for cloud printers by understanding how printing conditions impact printing errors. Traditionally, extensive experiments are necessary to collect data and estimate the relationship between printing conditions vs. quality. This research establishes a multi-printer co-learning methodology to obtain the relationship between the printing conditions and quality using limited data from each printer. Based on multiple interconnected extrusion-based printing systems, the methodology is demonstrated by learning the printing line variations and resultant infill defects induced by extruder kinematics. The method leverages the common covariance structures among printers for the co-learning of kinematics-quality models. This article further proposes a sampling-refined hybrid metaheuristic to reduce the search space for solutions. The results showed significant improvements in quality prediction by leveraging data from data-limited printers, an advantage over traditional transfer learning that transfers knowledge from a data-rich source to a data-limited target. The research establishes algorithms to support quality control for reconfigurable additive manufacturing systems on the cloud.
Cyclisierung von N‐Acylalanin‐ und N‐Acylglycinestern (1985)

Cyclization of N ‐Acylalanine and N ‐Acylglycine Esters The cyclization of N ‐(2,6‐Dialkylphenyl)‐ N ‐acylalanine and ‐glycine esters 1 to 2,4‐pyrrolidinediones 2 or the enols 3 is described. The acylation of 3 gives O ‐acyl derivatives; the alkylation of 3 yields mixtures of O ‐ and C ‐alkylation products.