gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High density avalanche chamber (HIDAC) positron camera. (1987)

A prototype positron camera has been constructed consisting of two high density avalanche chamber (HIDAC) detectors operated in coincidence with a resolving time (2 tau) of 40 nsec. The detectors are multiwire chambers, with specially constructed lead converters added to improve the photon detection efficiency at 511 keV. The current HIDAC detectors have a singles efficiency of approximately 12%, a sensitive area of 31 X 31 cm and an intrinsic spatial resolution of less than 2 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM). During data acquisition, the detectors are rotated around the patient in order to collect a complete angular data set. A three-dimensional image of the positron distribution is reconstructed from a single scan by weighted backprojection of the data into a matrix of either 64 X 64 X 64 or 128 X 128 X 16 voxels. The camera point response function is deconvolved by frequency-space filtering. Corrections are made during backprojection both for photon attenuation and for spatial variations in point source sensitivity. The reconstructed image is further corrected for contributions from accidental and scattered coincidences and displayed as a sequence of two-dimensional transverse, sagittal, or coronal sections. In addition, three-dimensional display is available using shaded graphics techniques. The prototype camera is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
Ameloblastin promotes bone growth by enhancing proliferation of progenitor cells and by stimulating immunoregulators (2010)

In this study, we examined the role of the enamel matrix protein, ameloblastin, in bone growth and remodelling, and attempted to identify some of the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. The effects of recombinant ameloblastin (rAmbn) were tested in vivo in rats, and in vitro in primary human mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts. We used a microarray technique to identify genes that were regulated in human osteoblasts and verified our findings using multiplex protein analysis and real-time RT-PCR. Recombinant ameloblastin was found to stimulate bone healing in vivo, and to enhance the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts, as well as the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells in vitro. The most profound effect was on the regulation of genes related to immune responses as well as on the expression of cytokines and markers of bone cell differentiation, indicating that ameloblastin has an effect on mesenchymal cell differentiation. A receptor has not yet been identified, but we found rAmbn to induce, directly and indirectly, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and 2 and downstream factors in the interferon pathway.
[Use of mycolic acids analysis in diagnosis of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis--three-year experience]. (2002)

The aim of the study was to estimate the utility of the HPLC-based method of mycolic acids analysis to classify Mycobacterium species in routine diagnostic procedure on the basis of own three-year experience. 2142 patients' specimens were examined. 141 AFB were cultured. 36.2% strains were classified as M. tuberculosis complex by HPLC. The identification was confirmed by AMPLICOR MTB (Roche diagnostic, USA). M. xenopi (17.0%), M. kansasii (14.2%) and M. gordonae (14.2%) were the most frequent identified out of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Four mycobacteriosis cases were suspected because of repeated identification of the isolated strains. 136 strains on L-J slant shipped from other centres were identified. We confirm that the HPLC method is highly effective and specific for Mycobacterium species classification, which can be performed in no more than a couple of hours. In our opinion it is a very helpful tool, hard to replace in diagnostic procedure of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis.
A Fluidized Bed Combustion Model with Discretized Population Balance. 2. Experimental Studies and Model Validation (2007)

The fluidized bed combustion behavior of a Dutch fuel, demolition wood, is of practical interest because of its commercial use for heat generation purposes and has been analyzed by experimental techniques. Experiments with a steady state bubbling fluidized bed combustion boiler at a thermal input scale of 1 MWth were carried out. The effect of different operating parameters (fluidization velocity, bed temperature, etc.) and air-staging (secondary air injection) on gaseous emissions (CO and NO) has been studied. The intention is to increase the use of this type of boiler especially for greenhouse heating, making use of the available residues. One of the unique features of this boiler is a moveable internal heat exchanger, which makes it possible to run it at variable thermal outputs. Experimental data was further analyzed and compared with the simulation results carried out with the fluidized bed model especially developed for solid fuel feedings. The model takes into account devolatilization, fragmentation, and attrition of the solid phase together with heterogeneous and homogenous reactions. A particle size distribution model is also included to calculate the elutriation losses of fine char particles. Experimental and model results indicate that optimization of operating parameters and air-staging ratios can significantly reduce the gaseous emissions.
Fatty acid metabolism complements glycolysis in the selective regulatory T cell expansion during tumor growth (2018)

The tumor microenvironment restrains conventional T cell (Tconv) activation while facilitating the expansion of Tregs. Here we showed that Tregs' advantage in the tumor milieu relies on supplemental energetic routes involving lipid metabolism. In murine models, tumor-infiltrating Tregs displayed intracellular lipid accumulation, which was attributable to an increased rate of fatty acid (FA) synthesis. Since the relative advantage in glucose uptake may fuel FA synthesis in intratumoral Tregs, we demonstrated that both glycolytic and oxidative metabolism contribute to Tregs' expansion. We corroborated our data in human tumors showing that Tregs displayed a gene signature oriented toward glycolysis and lipid synthesis. Our data support a model in which signals from the tumor microenvironment induce a circuitry of glycolysis, FA synthesis, and oxidation that confers a preferential proliferative advantage to Tregs, whose targeting might represent a strategy for cancer treatment.
Capture and conversion of CO2 at ambient conditions by a conjugated microporous polymer (2013)

Conjugated microporous polymers are a new class of porous materials with an extended π-conjugation in an amorphous organic framework. Owing to the wide-ranging flexibility in the choice and design of components and the available control of pore parameters, these polymers can be tailored for use in various applications, such as gas storage, electronics and catalysis. Here we report a class of cobalt/aluminium-coordinated conjugated microporous polymers that exhibit outstanding CO2 capture and conversion performance at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. These polymers can store CO2 with adsorption capacities comparable to metal-organic frameworks. The cobalt-coordinated conjugated microporous polymers can also simultaneously function as heterogeneous catalysts for the reaction of CO2 and propylene oxide at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, wherein the polymers demonstrate better efficiency than a homogeneous salen-cobalt catalyst. By combining the functions of gas storage and catalysts, this strategy provides a direction for cost-effective CO2 reduction processes.
Three-phase smart inverter for flexible power conditioning in low voltage distribution systems (2017)

This paper presents a three-phase smart inverter able to perform multi-task functionalities in low voltage distribution systems. The primary merit of such a smart inverter is the possibility of allowing flexible power conditioning in grid following mode and establishing regulated output voltage for critical loads in grid forming mode (islanded operation). Therefore, it is possible to inject active power plus compensate unwanted current terms (reactive, unbalance, and distortion), enabling full exploitation of the smart inverter capability and increasing its overall cost-benefit and efficiency. Furthermore, mitigating the electrical disturbances from the load currents improves the power quality for utility enhanced performance. Two well-known power theories, namely Conservative Power Theory (CPT) and Instantaneous Power theory (PQ) were considered from the performance perspective in multi-task operation. This may be particularly important for defining technical responsibilities in smart microgrids or in modern power grids. This paper also proposes the analysis and design of a cascaded voltage control scheme based on an inductor current feedback and load current feed-forward strategy for regulating and establishing the three-phase output voltage for critical loads. The principles supporting the developed control strategy are discussed and experimental results are provided in order to show the performance and robustness of the proposed control strategies.
Processor/memory/array size tradeoffs in the design of SIMD arrays for a spatially mapped workload (2002)

Though massively parallel SIMD arrays continue to be promising for many computer vision applications, they have undergone few systematic empirical studies. The problems include the size of the architecture space, the lack of portability of the test programs, and the inherent complexity of simulating up to hundreds of thousands of processing elements. The latter two issues have been addressed previously, here we describe how spreadsheets and tk/tcl are used to endow our simulator with the flexibility to model a large variety of designs. The utility of this approach is shown in the second half of the paper where results are presented as to the performance of a large number of array size, datapath, register file, and application code combinations. The conclusions derived include the utility of multiplier and floating point support, the cost of virtual PE emulation, likely datapath/memory combinations, and overall designs with the most promising performance/chip area ratios.
Cloud modernization assessment framework: Analyzing the impact of a potential migration to Cloud (2013)

Many software companies have in mind jumping into the Cloud in order to take advantage of this technical paradigm as well as the innovative business models associated (such as SaaS). However, taking this leap becomes a hard task since it implies a high uncertainty and a raised risk without knowing when or even if the investment will be recovered. This paper presents the solution proposed by the ARTIST project to assess companies which are considering the migration of their products to Cloud, and provide estimations of the costs, ROI, efforts and migration tasks that this process could imply. The envisioned solution comprises a pre-migration phase through which 1) the maturity (to migrate to Cloud) of the application and the company will be measured, 2) a feasibility analysis both at technical and business level will be performed. In addition to the general approach of the proposed solution, this paper presents the first results obtained by means of a theoretical exercise conducted with the PetStore Java application.
Removing Appraisal Bias from a Repeat-Transactions House Price Index – A Basic Approach (2006)

Responding to concerns that house price appraisals are biased measures of true home values, some researchers have suggested that repeat-transaction house price indices should be calculated using only price data from home purchases. This paper builds on previous literature and presents an alternative way of inoculating such indices from appraisal bias. Trends in and estimation precision for the "bias-neutral" index are compared against the properties of a purchase-only index, as well as the basic OFHEO house price index. Empirical estimates for three states and two metropolitan areas indicate that the "bias-neutral" index closely tracks the other two indices, while benefiting from relatively small standard errors.
Applications of Voronoi partitions in particle therapy (2012)

Treating cancer using charged particles heavier than electrons is becoming more and more popular in modern cancer management due to its increased dose to the targeted tumors and improved sparing of surrounding normal tissues and critical structures. Many challenging and interesting mathematical optimization problems arise in the planning of charged particle radiation therapy. In this thesis, we study three important optimization problems in particle therapy, which includes dose optimization, energy modulation change reduction, and LET (linear energy transfer) painting. Generally speaking the goal of treatment planning is to use computer based algorithms and software to find a therapeutic plan that maximizes the dose' delivered to the target tumor while at the meantime minimizing that to the surrounding normal tissues and critical structures. The word 'dose' here can refer to physical dose, i.e., energy imparted by the incoming ionizing radiation to the patient, radiobiological dose such as percentage of cells killed, or a combination of both. As an example, the LET painting problem that we studied can be viewed as a combination of physical dose and radiobiological dose, because the LET distribution of a treatment plan can be viewed as a 'surrogate' for beam quality and increasing the LET can lead to increased cell killing efficiency under certain circumstances. Various machine properties are also considered in these optimizations. In most particle facilities, changing the beam energies requires an undesirable delay; therefore, in the energy modulation change reduction we aim to reduce the number of energy changes without compromising the final physical dose distribution. The contributions of this thesis include the following. (1) We have developed a parameterizable prototype treatment planning system for physical dose optimizations which implements kernel based dose calculations for non-uniform mediums, and dose optimization using non-negative least squares. (2) We found that Voronoi partitions can provide effective heuristic solutions to the energy modulation change reduction and LET painting problems. In addition, this thesis also identified an array of important and challenging computational problems that are not only of importance to the clinicians but also of considerable interests to computer scientists.
Gated cardiac SPECT in rodents using a dedicated SPECT system: X-SPECT (2004)

Cardiac function is an important physiological parameter in preclinical studies. Nuclear cardiac scans are a standard of care for patients with suspected coronary artery occlusions and can assess perfusion and other physiological functions via the injection of radiotracers. In addition, correlated acquisition of nuclear images with electrocardiogram (ECG) signals can provide myocardial dynamics, which can be used to assess the wall motion of the heart. We have implemented this nuclear cardiology technique into a microSPECT/CT system, which provides sub-millimeter resolution in SPECT and co-registered high resolution CT anatomical maps. Radionuclide detection is synchronized with the R-wave of the cardiac cycle and separated into 16 time bins using an ECG monitor and triggering device for gating. Images were acquired with a 12.5 x 12.5 cm<sup>2</sup> small field of view pixilated NaI(Tl) detector, using a pinhole collimator. In this pilot study, rats (N = 5) were injected with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi, a tracer of myocardium, and anesthetized for imaging. Reconstructed 4-D images (3D plus timing) were computed using an Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM) algorithm. The measured perfusion, wall motion, and ejection fractions for the rats matched well with results reported by other researchers using alternative methods. This capability will provide a new and powerful tool to preclinical researchers for assessing cardiac function.
Introduction of Nucleophiles or Ethyl Group to the Indole Nucleus through Nucleophilic Substitution and/or Radical Reactions of 1-Methoxyindole-3- and -2-carboxaldehyde (1993)

1-Methoxyindole-3- and -2-carboxaldehyde were found to undergo nucleophilic substitution and radical reactions resulting in the introduction of nucleophiles and/or ethyl group at the 2- or 3-position
β-Galactosidase Activity of ‘McIntosh’ Apples in Storage1 (1982)

Abstract Wall-bound β-galactosidase activity within the cortical flesh of ‘McIntosh’ apples ( Malus domestica Bork.) increased in storage, but was independent of fruit ripening. There was less activity in fruits held in low pressure storage than in those held in controlled atmosphere or in refrigerated storage, and less activity in fruits held at 0.5 than at 3.5°C. Fruit field-treated with butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) had more β-galactosidase activity than control fruits at harvest, and maintained higher β-galactosidase activity in storage, but did not soften more rapidly than control fruits. Storage treatments that led to rapid softening coincided with the highest enzyme activity that developed in storage, but low enzyme activity was not consistently related to low softening rates.
Guest Editorial: From neuroscience to neuro-rehabilitation: transferring basic neuroscientific principles from laboratory to bedside (2013)

Several new approaches for treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders are currently under investigation, including the use of rehabilitation training strategies, which are often combined with electrical and/or pharmacological modulation of spinal locomotor circuitries. While these approaches show great promise in the laboratory setting, there still exists a large gap in knowledge on how to transfer these treatments to daily clinical use. This thematic series presents a cross section of cutting edge approaches with the goal of transferring basic neuroscience principles from the laboratory to the proverbial "bedside".
Oxidation behavior and mechanism of aluminum oxynitride (AlON) at elevated temperatures (2020)

Abstract The oxidation behavior and mechanism of aluminum oxynitride (AlON) powder exposed to air at elevated temperatures between 800°C and 1300°C was investigated by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and simultaneous thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, and mass spectrometry techniques (TG‐DTA‐MS). The weight of AlON gradually increases to a maximum value at 1150°C and then decreases with further heating. Meanwhile, AlON powder undergoes chemical changes, as evidenced by lattice expansion, and turns eventually into alumina. ESR spectra reveal the occurrence of lone pair electrons in the oxidized products and the intensity of corresponding resonance signal increases before disappearing with the increase in temperature. Combined with the results of NMR and TG‐DTA‐MS, the measured data suggest that Al‐N in [AlO 3 N] tetrahedron and [AlO 5 N] octahedron are gradually oxidized into Al‐O‐N group with lone pair electrons, which causes continuous weight gain and lattice expansion. Further oxidation at higher temperatures results in alumina and N 2 .
CuI/DABCO‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides with Arylboronic Acids (2006)

Abstract CuI combined with DABCO (1,4‐diaza‐bicyclo[2.2.2]octane) was developed as an inexpensive and efficient catalytic system for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of aryl halides with arylboronic acids. The couplings between aryl iodides and arylboronic acids catalyzed by catalytic amounts of CuI and DABCO proceeded smoothly in moderate to excellent yields. However, the CuI/DABCO system was less efficient in the reactions of aryl bromides, and a higher reaction temperature was required to improve the yield. For the less activated aryl bromides, a stoichiometric amount of CuI together with TBAB was necessary to obtain satisfactory yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Design of the dynamic stability properties of the collective behavior of articulated bipeds (2010)

The control of the collective behavior of multiple interacting agents is a challenging problem in robotics and autonomous systems design. Such behaviors can be characterized by the dynamic interaction between multiple locomoting bipeds with highly nonlinear articulation dynamics. The analysis and design of the stability properties of such complex multi-component systems is a largely unsolved problem. We discuss a first approach to this problem exploiting concepts from Contraction Theory, a recent framework for the analysis of the stability of complex nonlinear dynamical systems. We demonstrate the application of this framework to groups of humanoid agents interacting collectively in different ways, requiring different types of control rules for their propagation in space and their articulation dynamics. We illustrate the framework based on a learning-based realtime-capable architecture for simulation of the kinematics of propagating bipeds, suitable for the reproduction of natural locomotion trajectories and walking styles. Exploiting central theorems from Contraction Theory and nonlinear control, we derive conditions guaranteeing the global exponential stability of the formation of the coordinated multiagent behavior. In addition, we demonstrate that the same approach permits to derive bounds that guarantee minimum convergence speeds for the formation of ordered states for collective behaviors of multiple humanoid agents.
The Role of Methylation in the Phenotype-dependent Modulation of Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 2 and Latent Membrane Protein Genes in Cells Latently Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus (1989)

Seven virus-encoded proteins are regularly expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid (LCL) cell lines: the EBV nuclear antigens EBNA 1 to 6 and the latent membrane protein (LMP). In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), only EBNA 1 is regularly expressed; LMP is detected in about 50% of the tumours. In Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) tumours, only EBNA 1 is expressed. Also, in BL-derived cell lines that maintain the phenotypic markers characteristic of the in vivo tumour (group I), only EBNA 1 is expressed. EBV was rescued by induction or cocultivation from one BL cell line with a restricted group I pattern, and from one NPC tumour, into normal B cells. In the resulting LCLs EBNA 1 to 6 and LMP were expressed. We assessed the level of methylation in the genes encoding ENBNA 2 and LMP by restriction fragment analysis using the methylation-sensitive enzymes SmaI and HpaII. These genes were extensively methylated in the group I BL line Rael and the nude mouse-passaged C15 NPC tumour, but were demethylated in the derived LCLs. In the LMP-expressing NPC C15 tumour the 5' flanking region of the gene was hypomethylated, whereas the coding exons were methylated [corrected]. The EBNA 1 coding exon was methylated in the Rael line and in NPC, in spite of expression. In contrast, CpG pairs in oriP were originally hypomethylated and remained so after their transfer to LCLs. The cell phenotype-dependent pattern of EBV gene methylation correlated with the phenotype-dependent pattern of EBNA and LMP expression. The specific patterns of methylation localized to controlling regions (oriP and 5' flanking sequences) also suggest a specific role for methylation in the regulation of EBNA and LMP expression.