gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Grid Cells for Navigation (2015)

Mammals are able to navigate to hidden goal locations by direct routes that may traverse previously unvisited terrain. Empirical evidence suggests that this "vector navigation" relies on an internal representation of space provided by the hippocampal formation. The periodic spatial firing patterns of grid cells in the hippocampal formation offer a compact combinatorial code for location within large-scale space. Here, we consider the computational problem of how to determine the vector between start and goal locations encoded by the firing of grid cells when this vector may be much longer than the largest grid scale. First, we present an algorithmic solution to the problem, inspired by the Fourier shift theorem. Second, we describe several potential neural network implementations of this solution that combine efficiency of search and biological plausibility. Finally, we discuss the empirical predictions of these implementations and their relationship to the anatomy and electrophysiology of the hippocampal formation.
P5164Protective roles of small GTP-binding protein GDP dissociation stimulator against angiotensin II-induced thoracic aortic aneurysm formation and rupture in mice -A possible novel therapeutic target- (2017)

Best Posters in atherosclerosis / Aortic disease 1071Purpose: Investigate whether association of PTX and MTX to LDE may reduce atheromas and vascular inflammation in rabbits with atherosclerosis.Methods: 28 rabbits underwent induction of atherosclerosis by consuming high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks.After this period, 7 rabbits were euthanized and had their aortas analyzed (Controls).In the other 21 rabbits, high-cholesterol ingestion was withdrawn, and were divided into 3 groups of 7 animals, according to different 8-week treatments: LDE-PTX, LDE-PTX+MTX and LDE-alone.Rabbits were then euthanized and aortas were analyzed for TNF-α gene expression.GAPDH gene was used to normalize the relative gene expression data.Lipid profile and hematological, hepatic and renal toxicities were also determined.This study followed the "Principles of laboratory animal care" (NIH Publication no.85-23 revised 1985).Results: See figure.LDE-PTX and LDE-PTX+MTX treatments showed marked regression of plaque areas when compared to Controls: -64% (p<0.01) and -71% (p<0.01),respectively.Compared to LDE group, both treatments also presented gross regression of plaque areas: -49% in LDE-PTX (p<0.01) and -59% for LDE-PTX-MTX (p<0.01).Regarding TNF-α gene expression, both treatment groups presented markedly decreased TNF-α gene expression (p<0.01).LDE-PTX had 0.31±0.10 and LDE-PTX+MTX 0.20±0.09TNF-α mRNA expression.The withdrawal of the cholesterol intake during the ensuing eight weeks (LDE group) considerably decreased the plasma total cholesterol, but by the time they were euthanized, the total cholesterol values were still fifteen-fold higher than the basal, pre-cholesterol feeding values.Similarly, HDL-C values were diminished 8 weeks after cholesterol feeding stopped, but were still several-fold higher than the basal values.No toxicity was observed during the protocol. Results Conclusion:This study shows that the treatment with PTX+MTX associated to LDE produces marked plaque regression in rabbits with atherosclerosis.The antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects observed and the absence of any toxicity of this treatment lead us to propose a new drug-targeting therapy based on lipid nanoparticle.
Named entity recognition with document-specific KB tag gazetteers (2015)

We consider a novel setting for Named Entity Recognition (NER) where we have access to document-specific knowledge base tags. These tags consist of a canonical name from a knowledge base (KB) and entity type, but are not aligned to the text. We explore how to use KB tags to create document-specific gazetteers at inference time to improve NER. We find that this kind of supervision helps recognise organisations more than standard widecoverage gazetteers. Moreover, augmenting document-specific gazetteers with KB information lets users specify fewer tags for the same performance, reducing cost.
Direct Observation of the Interplay of Catechol Binding and Polymer Hydrophobicity in a Mussel-Inspired Elastomeric Adhesive (2018)

Marine organisms such as mussels have mastered the challenges in underwater adhesion by incorporating post-translationally modified amino acids like l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in adhesive proteins. Here we designed a catechol containing elastomer adhesive to identify the role of catechol in interfacial adhesion in both dry and wet conditions. To decouple the adhesive contribution of catechol to the overall adhesion, the elastomer was designed to be cross-linked through [2 + 2] photo-cycloaddition of coumarin. The elastomer with catechol moieties displayed a higher adhesion strength than the catechol-protected elastomer. The contact interface was probed using interface-sensitive sum frequency generation spectroscopy to explore the question of whether catechol can displace water and bond with hydrophilic surfaces. The spectroscopy measurements reveal that the maximum binding energy of the catechol and protected-catechol elastomers to sapphire substrate is 7.0 ± 0.1 kJ/(mole of surface O-H), which is equivalent to 0.10 J/m<sup>2</sup>. The higher dry and wet adhesion observed in the macroscopic adhesion measurements for the catechol containing elastomer originates from multiple hydrogen bonds of the catechol dihydroxy groups to the surface. In addition, our results show that catechol by itself does not remove the confined interstitial water. In these elastomers, it is the hydrophobic groups that help in partially removing interstitial water. The observation of the synergy between catechol binding and hydrophobicity in enabling the mussel-inspired soft adhesive elastomer to stick underwater provides a framework for designing materials for applications in tissue adhesion and moist-skin wearable electronics.
Effects of Exercise Training on Insulin-Regulatable Glucose-Transporter Protein Levels in Rat Skeletal Muscle (1990)

Exercise training has been shown to enhance the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in responsive tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise training on the levels of the insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (IRGT) in rat skeletal muscle. After 6 wk of voluntary running in exercise-wheel cages, male Sprague-Dawley rats were rested for approximately 27 h and fasted overnight before removal of plantaris and soleus muscles. The concentration of glucose transporters per unit of muscle protein or DNA was quantitated by immunoblotting with an anti-IRGT polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide. The IRGT protein was increased by 60% (141 +/- 14 vs. 229 +/- 24 counts/min [cpm]/25 micrograms protein, P less than 0.01) in plantaris muscle from exercise-trained rats compared with controls. Total protein yield, DNA content, and 5'-nucleotidase activity were not different in plantaris muscle from control and exercise-trained rats. In contrast, there was no significant increase in the IRGT protein in soleus muscle after training when data were expressed per unit of muscle protein (292 +/- 22 vs. 346 +/- 16 cpm/25 micrograms protein). These data indicate that the increase in the IRGT in plantaris muscle is a selective response to exercise training that does not reflect an overall increase in muscle protein. The changes in IRGT for these muscles with exercise training parallel changes observed in insulin-mediated glucose uptake. We propose that this increase in the total number of glucose transporters may be a major component of the increase in insulin-mediated glucose uptake that is observed with exercise training.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitromethyl Benzoate Annulation Reactions: A Rapid Construction of the Stealthin Skeleton. (2012)

Abstract A Michael addition/Claisen condensation sequence affords polycyclic adducts representing the carbocyclic framework of stealthins.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of langasite as material for wireless high temperature SAW sensors (2010)

Different cuts of langasite were investigated theoretically and experimentally as candidates for high temperature sensors utilizing SAW resonators and reflecting SAW tags. Single port SAW resonators with central frequencies close to 170, 200 and 433 MHz with W, Ir and Pt electrodes of different thickness were fabricated and their characteristics were measured as functions of temperature. An approach to SAW device encapsulation, which helps to avoid stress development during heating to high temperatures, was suggested and tested. The damage of the langasite surface during heating to high temperature is strong in the cut family with Euler angles (0°, 138.5°, ψ), while orientations with Euler angles (0°, 90°, ψ) and (0°, 22°, ψ) were found to be more resistant to heating. In the latter cut family, two cuts, (0°, 22°, 31.5°) and (0°, 22°, 90°) can provide zero power flow angle and sufficient piezoelectric coupling. COM parameters of SAW resonators with W, Ir and Pt electrodes, including complex reflection coefficient, were calculated as functions of electrode thickness and measured in the wide temperature range. The frequency responses were described by COM equations and the fitted COM-parameters were compared to their simulated values. Resonators show high Q and their performance is perfectly described by COM equations.
[Structural-functional relations of short analogs of enkephalin]. (1986)

The similarity of action of narcotic analgesics and opioid peptides is due to activation of a common opiate receptor as the primary step in initiating biochemical chains responsible for diverse morphine-like effects. The most widely used assays for opioid and analgesic activities are presented and evaluated. Approximately 180 short enkephalin analogues (di-, tri- and tetrapeptides), described in the literature, are systematized and their opioid and systemic analgesic activities compared with methionine-enkephalin and morphine as the reference compounds, respectively. The analysis of structure-opioid activity relationships among these enkephalin analogues substantiates the hypothesis that only a limited N-terminal region of the peptide molecule is essential for the binding of opioid peptides to the subclass of opiate receptors interacting with narcotic alkaloids (mu-receptors). An attempt has been made to identify minimal structural elements responsible for the mu-receptor activation. Shortening of the molecule and modification of its elements are examined with regard to the mu- and delta-receptor selectivity. It is emphasized that the aromatic structure of the C-terminal region of the peptide is not obligatory for the mu-receptor binding. Modifications of short enkephalin analogues which might confer them antagonistic properties are reviewed. The correlation between the ability of short enkephalin analogues to interact with mu-receptors and their antinociceptive properties is discussed along with some structural features pertinent to the analgesic effect after systemic administration of peptides. On the basis of this analysis, peptides containing no more than four amino acids are considered as the most probable morphine-like analgesics.
Soft and isotropic phonons in PrFeAsO1−y (2011)

Phonons in single crystals of PrFeAsO${}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}$ are investigated using high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering and ab initio pseudopotential calculations. Extensive measurements of several samples ($y\ensuremath{\sim}0$, 0.1 and 0.3) at temperatures spanning the magnetic ordering temperature (${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\sim}145$ K for $y\ensuremath{\sim}$ 0) and the superconducting transition temperature (${T}_{c}=36$ K for $y\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$ and ${T}_{c}=45$ K for $y\ensuremath{\sim}$ 0.3) show that there are some changes in phonon spectra with temperature and/or doping. We compare our measurements with several ab initio pseudopotential models (nonmagnetic tetragonal, oxygen-deficient O${}_{7/8}$ supercell, magnetic orthorhombic, and magnetic tetragonal) and find that the experimentally observed changes are much smaller than the differences between the experimental data and the calculations. Agreement is improved if magnetism is included in the calculations via the local spin density approximation, as the Fe atomic motions parallel to the ferromagnetic ordering direction are softened. However, the antiferromagnetically polarized modes remain hard, and in disagreement with the experimental data. In fact, given the increasing evidence for anisotropy in the iron pnictide materials, the phonon response is surprisingly isotropic. We consider several modifications of the ab initio calculations to improve the agreement with the experimental data. Improved agreement is found by setting the matrix to zero (clipping the bond) between nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetically aligned Fe atoms in the magnetic calculation, or by softening only the in-plane nearest-neighbor Fe-As force constant in the nonmagnetic calculation. We discuss these results in the context of other measurements, especially of phonons, for several FeAs systems. Fluctuating magnetism may be a partial explanation for the failure of the calculations, but seems incomplete in the face of the similarity of the measured phonon response in all the systems investigated here including those known to have static magnetism.
Mechanisms of Action for an Androgen-Mediated Autoregulatory Process in Rat Thecal-Interstitial Cells1 (1993)

In rat thecal-interstitial cells (TIC), treatment with the synthetic androgen mibolerone has led to the documentation of an autoregulatory process for androgen production. In the present study, accumulated evidence has provided insight into the mechanisms of mibolerone action that control this process. Investigations using the nonsteroidal antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide were conducted to characterize mibolerone's mode of action. Hydroxyflutamide had differential effects on hCG action, the 1-microM dose stimulating hCG-induced androsterone synthesis by 27% and the 10-microM concentration decreasing the androgen levels by 84%. In addition, treatment with 1 microM hydroxyflutamide was effective in partially reversing the inhibitory action of mibolerone on hCG-stimulated androsterone production. Thus, the data indicated that mibolerone's mode of action may be mediated, at least in part, via the androgen receptor. The possibility that mibolerone had multiple sites of action prompted studies on the effectiveness of this androgen to alter various signaling pathways. Treatment with increasing concentrations (0.01-100 nM) of the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), which activates protein kinase C, resulted in a 75% decrease in hCG-stimulated androgen production at a dose of 100 nM TPA. Treatment with mibolerone (100 nM) was unable to alter the action of TPA on androgen synthesis when doses of 1 and 10 nM TPA were employed. It was also found that Ca2+ can serve as a mediator of mibolerone action. Treatment with a 0.01-microM dose of A23187, a Ca2+ ionophore known to increase intracellular Ca2+, was ineffective in altering hCG-stimulated androsterone synthesis. The concurrent treatment of mibolerone (100 nM) and A23187 (0.01 microM) resulted in the potentiation of mibolerone's inhibitory effects on hCG-stimulated androgen production, thereby suggesting that mibolerone can stimulate Ca2+ influx. Additional studies revealed that the administration of a 1-microM dose of the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil to TIC cultures was able to partially block the inhibitory effect of mibolerone on androgen synthesis. Evidence for an additional site of mibolerone action was revealed through an analysis of the mRNA levels of P450scc and P450(17) alpha enzymes. Although hCG and insulin-like growth factor I treatment resulted in 20- and 32-fold increases in the amount of P450scc and P450(17) alpha mRNA, respectively, the addition of mibolerone (100 nM) reduced only P450(17) alpha mRNA levels by 91%. Overall, the evidence indicates that mibolerone has multiple sites of action in exerting its regulatory effect on androgen synthesis.
Social Psychiatry and Sociology of Mental Health: A View on Their Past and Future Relevance (1992)

The origins of social psychiatry can be traced to the age of enlightenment and to the effects of the industrial revolution. Social psychiatry deals with social factors associated with psychiatric morbidity, social effects of mental illness, psycho-social disorders and social approaches to psychiatric care. Since the end of World War II up to the early seventies it has been claimed that social psychiatry should concentrate on the fight against war, poverty, racial discrimination, urban decay and all other social ills affecting people's mental health, and that the psychiatrist should be responsible for the mental health of the society. In contrast, sociology of mental health questioned the expertise of the psychiatrist and the very existence of mental illness, claiming that it covers deviant behaviour rejected by the society. The paper refutes this approach indicating that not the existence but the perception and presentation of psychiatric illness are socially determined. Acknowledging the contribution of sociology and social sciences to psychiatry, it is suggested that the heroic period of social psychiatry and the iconoclastic approach of sociology of mental health are over. However, social psychiatry, enriched by the use of epidemiological methods, has still much to offer to the daily practice of psychiatry.
Measurement of gas-compressibility factor data for natural gas and synthetic gas components and their mixtures. Annual report, April 1983-March 1984 (1984)

The objective of this contract is to obtain high accuracy data on natural and synthetic gas components and, especially, mixtures to supply needs of GRI super-compressibility correlation project. These are in addition to data from other labs. A Burnett-type P-V-T cell has been set up with auxiliaries and calibrated by use of the best nitrogen data available. The internally consistent mixture second virials will assist determination of interactions for correlation development. Equipment has been set up for gravimetric preparation of mixtures for new tests. Software is being developed for automation of the equipment.
Chemical Bonding of Partially Fluorinated Graphene (2014)

Understanding the interactions of graphene and chemical additives is crucial to achieve control over chemically modified graphene materials. Here, density functional theory and experiments are used to elucidate the chemical bonding of partially fluorinated graphene. This material includes F–C bonds whose ionicity varies depending upon local concentration and structure. Three bonding states dominate. Single fluorine on graphene forms a semi-ionic bond with a C atom in an sp2 configuration. Fluorine in highly stable domains of poly(carbon fluoride) consists of covalent F–C bonds alternating in ortho position one to another on both sides of graphene. Fluorine in regions of poly(tetracarbon fluoride) has F species on one side of graphene in para position one to another, and F–C bonds with a character intermediate between the semi-ionic and covalent. Such variability in chemical bonding could be exploited to tailor fluorinated graphene materials to achieve a variety of properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of R‐(+)‐α‐Lipoic Acid. (1988)

Abstract The triacetoxyalkenal (I), prepared from D‐glucose by known methods, undergoes Wittig olefination with the ethoxycarbonylmethylenephosphorane (II).
NO Cations as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions (2009)

Abstract NO cations were found to be a highly effective catalysts in several carbon–carbon bond forming reactions. For example, [3+2] cycloadditions of nitrones or azomethine imines with vinyl ethers proceeded in the presence of 0.1–1 mol % of the NO cation to afford the desired adducts in high yields.
Effects of Transfer Distance on Spine Kinematics for De-palletizing Tasks (2013)

One approach to reducing lateral bending and twisting in manual lifting tasks is to separate the lift's origin and destination, thereby encouraging lifters to step and turn their entire bodies. The objective of the current study was to determine how the degree to which one laterally bends and twists changes with transfer distance and initial lift height. Eighteen males lifted 10.9 kg boxes from a conveyor 0.5 m, 0.9 m, and 1.3 m above the floor and placed the boxes on a conveyor .50, .75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, or 1.75 m away at a height of .9 m. During picking, lateral bending and trunk extension velocities increased with increasing transfer distances. When placing the box, the degree of twisting decreased with increased transfer distance. In sum, when attempting to control the twisting and lateral bending during de-palletizing, the lift origin and destination should be separated by between 1 and 1.25 meters.
Elastin mRNA levels during foetal development of sheep nuchal ligament and lung. Hybridization to complementary and cloned DNA (1984)

Elastin mRNA levels were quantified in sheep nuchal ligament and lung during the latter half of foetal development with elastin-specific cDNA (complementary DNA) probes using both hybridization in solution (saturation analysis) and hybridization on a fixed support (Northern analysis). For the solution-hybridization studies, cDNA prepared from nuchal-ligament mRNA was enriched to 65% for elastin sequences by hybridizing it to its template at a R0t (mol X s X litre-1) value that included only the abundant class of mRNA sequences. Hybridization of this probe to RNA extracted from nuchal ligament between 70 and 138 days after conception demonstrated elastin sequences increased about 10-fold (from 0.047 to 0.438% of total RNA). In contrast, lung elastin mRNA levels increased only 3-fold (from 0.009 to 0.022% of total RNA) during the same period. Over this development period these values correspond to increases in the average number of elastin mRNA molecules from 950 to 20 000 molecules/ligament cell and from 130 to 330 molecules/lung cell. For Northern analysis, elastin mRNA was purified from near-term-sheep nuchal ligament on sucrose density gradients. Analysis of the translation products of this elastin mRNA showed that relative elastin precursor synthesis was at least 80% of total [3H]valine incorporation. The Mr of this elastin mRNA, determined by methylmercury-agarose-gel electrophoresis, was approx. 1.25 X 10(6). Northern hybridization of nuchal ligament and lung RNA to a [32P]cDNA probe, transcribed from this sucrose-gradient-purified elastin mRNA, confirmed the developmental changes in elastin mRNA levels detected by solution-hybridization techniques. The specificity of this method was confirmed by using a cloned elastin gene fragment. These studies demonstrate that elastin mRNA levels in organs such as nuchal ligament and lung increase with foetal development, but that there are significant differences in the average cellular elastin mRNA content of these two organs.
Randomized Pipage Rounding for Matroid Polytopes and Applications (2009)

We present concentration bounds for linear functions of random variables arising from the pipage rounding procedure on matroid polytopes. As an application, we give a (1 − 1/e − ɛ)-approximation algorithm for the problem of maximizing a monotone submodular function subject to 1 matroid and k linear constraints, for any constant k ≥ 1 and ɛ&amp;gt; 0. This generalizes the result for k linear constraints by Kulik et al. [11]. We also give the same result for a super-constant number k of ”loose ” linear constraints, where the right-hand side dominates the matrix entries by an Ω(ɛ −2 log k) factor. As another application, we present a general result on minimax packing problems that involve a matroid base constraint. An example is the multi-path routing problem with integer demands for pairs of vertices; the goal is to minimize congestion. We give an O(log m / log log m)approximation for the general problem min{λ: ∃x ∈ {0, 1} N, x ∈ B(M), Ax ≤ λb} where m is the number of packing constraints.