gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Reservoir Mixing on Recovery in Enriched-Gas Drives Above the Minimum Miscibility Enrichment (2001)

Summary Gas enrichment is an important variable used to optimize oil recovery in enriched-gas drives. For slimtube experiments, oil recoveries do not increase significantly with enrichments greater than the minimum miscibility enrichment (MME). For field projects, however, the optimum enrichment required to maximize recovery on a pattern scale may be different from the MME. The optimum enrichment is likely the result of greater mixing in reservoirs than in slimtubes. In addition, 2D effects, such as channeling, gravity tonguing, and crossflow, can impact the enrichment selected. Numerical simulation is often used to model the effect of physical mixing on oil recovery in miscible gasfloods. Unfortunately, numerical dispersion can cloud the interpretation of the results by artificially increasing the level of mixing in the reservoir. This paper investigates the interplay among various mixing mechanisms, enrichment levels, and numerical dispersion. The mixing mechanisms examined are mechanical dispersion, gravity crossflow, and viscous crossflow. The U. of Texas Compositional Simulator (UTCOMP) is used to evaluate the effect of these mechanisms on recovery for different grid refinements, reservoir heterogeneities, injection boundary conditions, relative permeabilities, and numerical weighting methods, including higher-order methods. The reservoir fluid used for all simulations is a 12-component oil displaced by gases enriched above the MME. The results show that for 1D enriched gasfloods, the recovery difference between displacements above the MME and those at or near the MME increases significantly with dispersion. The trend, however, is not monotonic and shows a maximum at a dispersivity of approximately 4 ft. The trend is independent of relative permeabilities and gas trapping for dispersivities of less than approximately 4 ft. For 2D enriched gasfloods with slug injection, the difference in recovery generally increases as dispersion and crossflow increase. The magnitude of the recovery differences is less than that observed for the 1D displacements. Recovery differences for 2D models are highly dependent on relative permeabilities and gas trapping. For water alternating gas (WAG) injection, the differences in recovery increase slightly as dispersion decreases. That is, the recovery difference is significantly greater with WAG at low levels of dispersion than with slug injection. For the cases examined, the magnitude of recovery difference varies from approximately 1 to 8% of the original oil in place (OOIP).
Rapid and Transient Activation of a Myelin Basic Protein Kinase in Tobacco Leaves Treated with Harpin from Erwinia amylovora (1997)

Harpins are bacterial protein elicitors that induce hypersensitive response-like necrosis when infiltrated into nonhost plants such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (Z.-M. Wei, R.J. Laby, C.H. Zumoff, D.W. Bauer, S.Y. He, A. Collmer, S.V. Beer [1992] Science 257: 85-88). Activity of a 49-kD Mg2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent kinase in tobacco leaves increased 50-fold 15 min after infiltration of harpin from Erwinia amylovora (harpinEa). Much less pronounced and more transient activation was detected in water-infiltrated leaves. Biochemical characteristics of the harpinEa-activated protein kinase (HAPK) activity are consistent with those of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. HAPK is cytosolic and phosphorylates myelin basic protein on serine/threonine residues. Treatment with a protein tyrosine phosphatase completely eliminated HAPK activity, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation is required for posttranslational activation. Sustained HAPK activation after cycloheximide treatment implies that HAPK may be negatively regulated by a translation-dependent mechanism. The extracellular Ca2+ chelator EGTA or the protein kinase inhibitor K252a, infiltrated in planta together with harpinEa, partially blocked HAPK activation. The Ca2+-channel blocker La3+ had no effect on HAPK activation, suggesting that phosphorylation events precede and/or do not depend on the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into the cell. These results suggest that early signal transduction events during harpinEa- induced hypersensitive response elicitation depend in part on the activation of HAPK.
Monoclonal antibodies which react with the T cell receptor γ/δ recognize different subsets of CD3WT31‐ T lymphocytes (1989)

A polyclonal CD3+4-8-WT31- cell line (termed SFG) was utilized for mice immunization in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for the T cell receptor (TcR) gamma/delta. Hybrid supernatants were screened for their ability to induce SFG cells (but not conventional TcR alpha/beta + CTL lines) to kill the murine Fc receptor-positive P815 target cell line. Three hybrids, termed G1, A13 and F11, were isolated according to this screening. By indirect immunofluorescence G1 mAb reacted with 65% of SFG cells, while A13 stained 26% and F11 75% of cells. Double-fluorescence analysis revealed that G1 and A13 mAb identify two distinct, non-overlapping subsets of cells present in the SFG cell line. The reactivity of the mAb was also analyzed on a panel of representative TcR gamma/delta clones. G1 mAb reacted with 5 clones, that were also stained by the previously described BB3 mAb (recognizing the disulfide-linked form of TcR gamma/delta). These clones failed to react with A13 and delta-TCS-1 mAb (the latter of which is known to react with a non-disulfide-linked form of TcR gamma/delta). Out of six clones that reacted with A13 mAb, four were also delta-TCS-1+, whereas two were delta-TCS-1- and none of them reacted with G1, (or BB3) mAb. In contrast to the mAb above, F11 brightly stained the G1+A13- clones and more weakly the G1-A13+ clones. Moreover, F11 efficiently triggered both types of clones to kill the P815 target cells while G1 and A13 were able to trigger only G1+ or A13+ clones, respectively. None of the mAb above reacted with a large number of CD3+WT31+ clones. Antibody-induced surface antigen modulation experiments indicated that molecules recognized by G1, A13 and F11 were physically associated on cell surface with CD3 determinants. In addition, immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (performed on 125I-surface-labeled TcR gamma/delta+ clones) revealed that molecules recognized by G1, A13 and F11 displayed an apparent mol. wt. corresponding to that of CD3-associated TcR molecules, immunoprecipitated by anti-CD3 mAb from the same clones.
Sono-electroanalysis of copper: enhanced detection and determination in the presence of surfactants (2002)

Surfactant adsorption has been shown to have a passivating effect on the electrode surface during anodic stripping voltammetric measurements. In the present work the feasibility of sono-anodic stripping analysis for the determination of copper in aqueous media contaminated with surfactant has been studied at an unmodified bare glassy carbon electrode. We illustrate the deleterious effect of three common surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dodecyl pyridinium chloride (DPC) and Triton-X 100 (TX-100) on conventional electroanalysis. The analogous sono-electroanalytical response was investigated for each surfactant at ultrasound intensities above and below the cavitation threshold. The enhancement in the stripping signal observed is attributed to the increased mass transport due to acoustic streaming and above the cavitation threshold the intensity of cavitational events is significantly increased leading to shearing of adsorbed surfactant molecules from the surface. As a result accurate analyses for SDS concentrations up to 100 ppm are possible, with analytical signals visible in solutions of SDS and TX-100 of 1000 ppm. Analysis is reported in high concentration of surfactant with use of sono-solvent double extraction. The power of this technique is clearly illustrated by the ability to obtain accurate measurements of copper concentration from starting solutions containing 1000 ppm SDS or TX-100. This was also exemplified by analysis of the low concentration 0.3 microM Cu(II) solution giving a percentage recovery of 94% in the presence of 1000 ppm SDS or TX-100.
Linear Interpolation of Periodic 633nm in Heterodyne Laser Interferometer for Subnanometer Dimensional Measurement (1988)

The heterodyne laser interferometry is discussed on its accuracy in the subnanometer range for precision dimensional measurement. Simplest optical nonpolarization heterodyne interferometer is tried experimentally in order to eliminate the leakage between reference and measuring optical signal and show that the accuracy around 0.1 nm is achieved.
Respiratory Effectiveness of Cloth Masks (2021)

The shortage of medical masks and respirators led to an explosion of cloth mask offerings. In the absence of any regulatory requirements, and appropriate guidance, the medical masks vary greatly in their performance and have become more of a fashion item. &#x0D; &#x0D; We review the filtration mechanisms and test methods and show data on common offerings. Almost exclusively, the data suggest that cloth masks do not offer much of a protection, and many are poorly designed with only the pressure drop and fogging in mind; these compromise the performance of the entire mask. While cloth masks do not offer significant respiratory protection, it is still critical that masks are worn during pandemics regardless in that they do reduce the number of aerosols expelled by the wearer.
Generation of a Drug-inducible Reporter System to Study Cell Reprogramming in Human Cells (2012)

These cellular systems provide a tool to enable the advancement of reprogramming technologies in human cells. Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells is achieved by the expression of defined transcription factors. In the last few years, reprogramming strategies on the basis of doxycycline-inducible lentiviruses in mouse cells became highly powerful for screening purposes when the expression of a GFP gene, driven by the reactivation of endogenous stem cell specific promoters, was used as a reprogramming reporter signal. However, similar reporter systems in human cells have not been generated. Here, we describe the derivation of drug-inducible human fibroblast-like cell lines that express different subsets of reprogramming factors containing a GFP gene under the expression of the endogenous OCT4 promoter. These cell lines can be used to screen functional substitutes for reprogramming factors or modifiers of reprogramming efficiency. As a proof of principle of this system, we performed a screening of a library of pluripotent-enriched microRNAs and identified hsa-miR-519a as a novel inducer of reprogramming efficiency.
Advanced Openhole Completions Utilizing a Simplified Zone Isolation System (2002)

Abstract As openhole completions become increasingly more complex, the need to create annular zone isolation within the borehole becomes critical for effective production or injection. Intelligent completions using gravel packs and stand-alone screens across the payzone are becoming a reality, with positive zone isolation a necessity. Historically, creating zone isolation within openhole completions has required a relatively complicated process, utilizing External Casing Packers (ECPs) that must be inflated during the completion installation. As long-term applications require cement inflation to minimize adverse effects on the packer, the installation process is further complicated, especially in highly deviated and horizontal wellbores. Utilizing the latest packer construction and materials technology, a non-inflatable openhole packer system has been developed which simplifies the installation operation and creates a positive annular seal, even in non-circular wellbores, while reducing overall risk to the operator. Composite material fabrication allows the mechanical packing element of the packer to expand and seal in irregular-shaped holes (washouts), which have proven difficult to effectively seal using conventional technology. The packer has been designed with a hydrostatic pressure driven setting mechanism, allowing one-trip installations utilizing a shifting tool run on the bottom of the inner workstring. Used in conjunction with other emerging technologies, this new zonal isolation system is compatible with horizontal gravel packing operations, allowing the packers to be expanded against the borehole wall after the gravel pack is displaced. This paper will describe the collaborative effort between a key North Sea operator and major service company in developing a simplified and reliable method to create openhole zone isolation. The packer and system design process will be reviewed along with a discussion of the verification-testing program used to validate the design. A summary of actual field applications employing this new system will also be presented, along with technical and operational comparisons to traditional isolation methods.
Hybrid TCP-UDP transport for Web traffic (1999)

Most of the web traffic today uses the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as the underlying transport protocol. Unfortunately, TCP is poorly suited for the short conversations that comprise a significant component of web traffic. The overhead of setting up and tearing down TCP state amortizes poorly for these small connections. Moreover, emerging modern web server systems employ HTTP redirection for server load-balancing and content distribution; such schemes require setting up (and tearing down) multiple TCP connections for servicing a single client request. We have designed and analyzed a hybrid scheme to address these issues. The scheme uses either TCP, or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as the underlying transport protocol for carrying web traffic. UDP is used for short transfers (including HTTP redirection), while TCP is used for all other transfers. In this manner, we avoid the extra TCP overhead for short connections, but still benefit from the reliable delivery and congestion control that TCP provides. We ran trace-based simulations to quantify the effects of various network parameters (i.e., packet loss rates) on the performance of the hybrid scheme. We observed performance gains exceeding 20-25% with HTTP/1.1-style persistent connections, and over 40-50% without persistent connections. These gains can be improved with further performance optimizations that we describe.
Adaptive deblocking filter for transform domain Wyner–Ziv video coding (2009)

Wyner–Ziv (WZ) video coding is a particular case of distributed video coding, the recent video coding paradigm based on the Slepian–Wolf and Wyner–Ziv theorems that exploits the source correlation at the decoder and not at the encoder as in predictive video coding. Although many improvements have been done over the last years, the performance of the state-of-the-art WZ video codecs still did not reach the performance of state-of-the-art predictive video codecs, especially for high and complex motion video content. This is also true in terms of subjective image quality mainly because of a considerable amount of blocking artefacts present in the decoded WZ video frames. This paper proposes an adaptive deblocking filter to improve both the subjective and objective qualities of the WZ frames in a transform domain WZ video codec. The proposed filter is an adaptation of the advanced deblocking filter defined in the H.264/AVC (advanced video coding) standard to a WZ video codec. The results obtained confirm the subjective quality improvement and objective quality gains that can go up to 0.63 dB in the overall for sequences with high motion content when large group of pictures are used.
Applying alpha-channeling to mirror machines (2012)

The α-channeling effect entails the use of radio-frequency waves to expel and cool high-energetic α particles born in a fusion reactor; the device reactivity can then be increased even further by redirecting the extracted energy to fuel ions. Originally proposed for tokamaks, this technique has also been shown to benefit open-ended fusion devices. Here, the fundamental theory and practical aspects of α channeling in mirror machines are reviewed, including the influence of magnetic field inhomogeneity and the effect of a finite wave region on the α-channeling mechanism. For practical implementation of the α-channeling effect in mirror geometry, suitable contained weakly damped modes are identified. In addition, the parameter space of candidate waves for implementing the α-channeling effect can be significantly extended through the introduction of a suitable minority ion species that has the catalytic effect of moderating the transfer of power from the α-channeling wave to the fuel ions.
A standard cell library for student projects (2004)

A standard-cell library for MOSIS scaleable CMOS rules has been developed. It is intended for use with Synopsys Design Compiler, Cadence Silicon Ensemble, and Cadence Virtuoso or Magic. The library is targeted for the AMI 0.5 /spl mu/m process, which currently offers the smallest feature size in the MOSIS educational program. The library also includes I/O pad cells and fully places and routes a padframe if desired. All steps in the design flow are fully automated with only three scripts and have been tested successfully in a large VLSI design class at the Illinois Institute of Technology. To customize and run these three scripts, for a given design, typically takes less than five minutes, since all details are transparent to the students, allowing them to focus on the design instead of worrying about the tools.
MEOX1: a novel druggable target that orchestrates the activation of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis (2021)

Single-cell genomic technology has been used to identify MEOX1 as a potential cell-specific, druggable target in cardiac fibrosis. To this effect, a landmark study was recently published in Nature by Alexanian and colleagues. While there is broad interest in developing novel antifibrotic therapeutics, currently, only nintedanib and pirfenidone have been approved to treat fibrosis for one disease entity; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 2 Both drugs interfere with pro-fibrotic growth factor signaling. Various other anti-fibrotic approaches are currently under investigation. These include small molecules or antibodies interfering with different cytokines involved in fibrosis, senolytic drugs, drugs targeting metabolic changes and macrophage-fibroblast crosstalk and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy targeting active fibroblasts. 2 However, none of these approaches have brought anti-fibrotic therapeutics to the clinic and novel therapeutics are still urgently needed.
Statins Therapy Improves Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Cardio-metabolic Disorders Measured by Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) (2021)

Lp-PLA2 mass level was higher in patients with AIS and linked with underlying poor cardio-metabolic disorders. Therefore, the Lp-PLA2 mass level is observed to be a surrogate biomarker of AIS mainly in patients with poor cardio-metabolic disorders. Statin therapy improves the Lp-PLA2 mass level and the poor cardio-metabolic profile in patients with AIS.
Negative Refraction and Superresolution Using Transparent Metallo-Dielectric Stacks (2006)

Negative refraction occurs in materials that simultaneously possess a negative electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. We propose a new way of achieving negative refraction with currently available technology, based on transparent, metallo- dielectric multilayer structures.
Screening for “Cancer”: When is it Valid?—Lessons from the Mammography Experience (2003)

There is increasing interest in the development of imaging tests to screen for diseases such as cancer. Mammographic screening for breast cancer has undergone greater scrutiny than any other test. Many important lessons have been learned from the issues that have been raised with regard to mammographic screening. Those interested in developing new screening tests can learn from the mammography experience.
Utility of Electrocardiogram for Predicting Increased Left Ventricular Mass in Asymptomatic Men at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease (1998)

The objective of this study was to test the value of electrocardiogram for predicting left ventricular mass (LVM), assessed echographically in 136 asymptomatic men with at least one major cardiovascular risk factor. We measured the Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell voltages, as well as the ratio of Cornell voltage to QRS voltage in lead II. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), defined as LVM of > or = 125 g/m2, was 6%, whereas that of increased LVM, defined as LVM of > or = 99 g/m2, the 90th upper percentile of a control group, was 29%. Receiver operating characteristics curves showed that for predicting LVH at 80% specificity, the Cornell/QRS(II) voltage ratio had a sensitivity of 75%, whereas those of the Cornell and Sokolow-Lyon voltages were 50% and 12.5%, respectively. For predicting increased LVM at 80% specificity, the Cornell/QRS(II) voltage ratio had a sensitivity of 56%, whereas the sensitivities of the Cornell and Sokolow-Lyon voltages were 36% and 22%, respectively. We conclude that, in constrast with the Sokolow-Lyon voltage, the new dimensionless Cornell/QRS(II) voltage shows a sensitivity at a high specificity value at least as acceptable as that of the Cornell voltage for predicting borderline-high LVM in a population with a low prevalence of LVH.
Penicillin binding proteins in Listeria monocytogenes. (1990)

Membranes of Listeria were obtained from protoplasts and treated with 125I-ampicillin as probe, at different concentrations. Eight bands, corresponding to proteins labelled with the probe were detected their molecular weight ranged from 38,000 to 100,000, being the predominant ones at 95,000; 85,000; 60,000; 49,000 and 38,000. The copy number of each PBP was also estimated. By means of competitive experiments the binding pattern of ampicillin, mecillinam, piperacillin, cefalotin, cefaloridine, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, azthreonam and imipenem was studied. The most effective binding was obtained with ampicillin, piperacillin and imipenem. Cefotaxime, and particularly cefoxitin, present an extremely low binding ability. The amount of antibiotic concentration preventing an effective label by the radioactive probe to the detected penicillin binding proteins seems to correlate with the lethal concentration of the different antibiotics on Listeria monocytogenes and explains the natural resistance of this genus to certain beta-lactamic compounds.
In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Nitazoxanide Derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2017)

Nitazoxanide has antiparasitic and antibiotic activities including activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. We prepared and evaluated a set of its analogues to determine the structure-activity relationship, and identified several amide- and urea-based analogues with low micromolar activity against <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in vitro. Pharmacokinetics in the rat suggested a path forward to obtain bioavailable compounds. The series had a good microbiological profile with bactericidal activity in vitro against replicating and nonreplicating <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. Analogues had limited activity against other Gram-positive bacteria but no activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Our studies identified the key liability in this series as cytotoxicity. Future work concentrating on identifying the target(s) could assist in removing activity against eukaryotic cells.