gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Official measurement protocol and accuracy results for an optical surgical navigation system (NPU) (2011)

Image-guided surgical navigation is on the rise in many different areas of modern medicine and is already an established standard in some disciplines like ear nose and throat (ENT) or maxillofacial surgery. When evaluating surgical navigation systems the absolute accuracy of the device is of major concern to the surgeon. The following work presents two different ways of measuring the accuracy of surgical navigation systems using the example of the KARL STORZ Navigation Panel Unit (NPU). According to these protocols the FDA approval of the NPU navigation system was prepared. In a first series of experiments the accuracy under realistic surgical conditions is evaluated with a phantom of a human head, which is manufactured in rapid-prototyping processes. In another series of experiments a custom registration board is used, which provides means to evaluate the accuracy under optimal conditions and also allows further measurements regarding the registration error, that are not possible with the phantom. In the experiments an accuracy of 1.44 mm ± 0.18 mm was measured in the surgical setup and 0.63 mm ± 0.07 mm under ideal conditions.
Iminoalditols as Affinity Ligands for the Purification of Glycosidases (1998)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction D-Glucosidases Glucosidase I Glucosylceramidase Cytosolic β-glucosidase Microsomal bile acid β-glucosidase D-Mannosidases N-Acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidases α-L-Fucosidases Miscellaneous Conclusions
Effect of iva group elements on the wettability between SiC and molten aluminum. (1985)

The wettability of molten aluminum alloys containing 5% of Ti, Zr and Hf in IVa group to SiC was measured by the dipping method at 1273 to 1373K. These elements have an effect to improve the wettability of aluminum to SiC. EPMA analysis shows that these elements are concentrated and form carbides at the SiC-aluminum alloy interface. The wetting process were analysed by an equation derived in the previous work. Activation energies for wetting were obtained as 335 and 327kj/mol for Al-Ti and Al-Zr alloys respectively, which are identical to those for pure aluminum and Al-V alloy. Plotting the values of k0 and τ obtained by theoretical analysis against atomic number of alloying elements, a periodic nature is found.
Labyrinth Seal Design Change to Reduce Rim Seal Coolant (2004)

In order to seal the roto r-stator disc -rim cavities in the turbine section of gas turbine engines against hot gas ingestion, at least one labyrinth seal with several teeth is required in the rim cavity . In accordance with t he seal clearance and tooth pitch , an interesting interact ion between the supplied cooling flow and hot gas ingestion occur s that affect s the net coolant flow and cavity temperature . Understanding this interaction and the relationship between seal design and the composition of the net flow leaving the rim cavity is critical in balancing turbine efficiency gain versus part life reduction. The high pressure turbine rim cavity of an industrial gas turbine was modeled for each of seven labyrinth seal design s using a 3-D CFD model under steady state condition s. It was found that a very high degree of turbulent mixing of mainstream and purge -coolant gases occurs in the large middle cavity to give much more uniform temperatures in the three -tooth labyrinth designs considered. In addition, an enhanced understanding of the effects of seal clearance and tooth pitch of the three -tooth labyrinth on ingress heating in the rim cavity area was obtained.
Errors-and-erasures decoding of block codes in hidden Markov channels (2002)

Most investigation on the performance of block codes assume perfect interleaving and memoryless channels that introduce only random errors. Some authors have investigated the effect of finite interleaving size on the decoder performance, using a two-state Gilbert-Elliott (GE) model to characterize the channel effect. However, there are circumstances that the burst-error channel of concern can not be properly described by a two-state GE model. This paper extends earlier analysis to investigate the performance of block codes in an environment that can be modeled as an arbitrary finite-state Markov chain.
Bioaktive Substanzen aus Schwämmen: Gene weisen den Weg bei der Suche nach neuen Arzneimitteln (1997)

Abstract Im Litoral der Ozeane und Meere, in den Korallenbänken und Schelfregionen, aber auch in Süßwasserseen und Flüssen findet man sie; die sessil lebenden und sich als aktive Strudler ernährenden Schwämme (Porifera). Sie sind die ältesten vielzelligen Organismen des Tierreichs und haben sich bereits im frühen Kambrium, also vor über 600 Millionen Jahren, entwickelt. Schwämme zeichnen sich durch eine große Vielfalt an Formen aus: Sie können relativ einfach aufgebaut sein, zum Beispiel schlauchförmig wie der Kalkschwamm Sycon raphanus (Abbildung 1a), Kugelförmig wie der Badeschwamm Spongia officinalis (Abbildung 1b), Einen zottenartigen Habitus zeigen wie Verongia aerophoba (Abbildung 1c), Einem menschlichen Gehirn ähneln wie der Kieselschwamm Geodia cydonium (Abbildung 1d) Oder bizarre Formen annehmen wie der Glasschwamm Aphrocallistes vastus , dessen filigranes Skelett im Titelbild gezeigt ist. Im Inneren enthalten die Schwämme ein ausgedehntes System von Kanälen und Kammern, die mit der Körperoberfläche durch Poren in Verbindung stehen. Durch dieses System strömt ständig Wasser, angetrieben durch die Schläge der Flagellen zahlreicher Kragengeißelzellen, welche die Wände der Kammern auskleiden. Schwämme kommen deshalb auch mit ihrem gesamten inneren Gewebe ständig mit dem sie umgebenden Milieu in Kontakt. Sie profitieren also einerseits von dem Vorteil, Nährstoffe direkt durch ihre Zellen aufnehmen zu können, andererseits leiden sie unter dem Nachteil, daß auch schädliche Substanzen direkt auf ihre Zellen einwirken können.
Infections, medication use, and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in childhood (2004)

These findings are consistent with other evidence that antibiotic use early in life may increase the risk of asthma. They are also consistent with some preliminary evidence associating paracetamol use with an increased risk of asthma. Any protective effect of notifiable childhood infections was weak.
Synthesis of poly(m‐phenylene) and poly(m‐phenylene)‐block‐ poly(3‐hexylthiophene) with low polydispersities (2011)

Abstract Well‐defined poly( m ‐phenylene) (PMP), which is poly(1,3‐dibutoxy‐ m ‐phenylene), was successfully synthesized via Grignard metathesis polymerization. PMP with a reasonably high number‐average molecular weight ( M n ) of 25,900 and a very low polydispersity index of 1.07 was obtained. The polymerization of a Grignard reagent monomer, 1‐bromo‐2,4‐dibutoxy‐5‐chloromagnesiobenzene, proceeded in a chain‐growth manner, probably due to the meta‐substituted design producing a short distance between the MgCl and Br groups and thereby making a smooth nickel species (CNiC) transfer to the intramolecular chain end (CNiBr) over a benzene ring. PMP showed a good solubility in the common organic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, CH 2 Cl 2 , and CHCl 3 . Furthermore, a new block copolymer comprised of PMP and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) was also prepared. The tapping mode atomic force microscopy image of the surface of the block copolymer thin film on a mica substrate showed a nanofibril morphology with a clear contrast. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011.
Rejection of Allogeneic Skin Grafts and Production of Isohemagglutinins by Sensitized Mice after Sublethal Irradiation (1965)

Summary Data are presented on hemagglutinin production and skin graft rejection by nonirradiated and irradiated mice sensitized by various means. Certain of these data suggest that hemagglutinin production and homograft sensitivity are mediated by separate products of cell differentiation, perhaps distinct cell populations.
Aspergillus fumigatus alb1 encodes naphthopyrone synthase when expressed in Aspergillus oryzae (2000)

Conidial pigment biosynthesis is an important virulence factor in Aspergillus fumigatus, a human fungal pathogen. Involvement of DHN-melanin pathway in the biosynthesis of A. fumigatus conidial pigment implies that the Alb1p polyketide synthase (PKS) is a 1,3,6, 8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (T4HN) synthase. The Alb1p, however, shows higher sequence similarity to a naphthopyrone synthase than to a T4HN synthase. To clarify the function of Alb1p, the alb1 gene was overexpressed in a heterologous host Aspergillus oryzae. The Alb1p PKS product in this heterologous expression system was identified as heptaketide naphthopyrone instead of pentaketide T4HN. The data suggest that Alb1p is a naphthopyrone synthase.
Head trauma and in vivo measures of amyloid and neurodegeneration in a population-based study (2013)

Among individuals with MCI, but not CN individuals, self-reported head trauma with at least momentary loss of consciousness or memory was associated with greater amyloid deposition, suggesting that head trauma may be associated with Alzheimer disease-related neuropathology. Differences between CN individuals and individuals with MCI raise questions about the relevance of head injury-PET abnormality findings in those with MCI.
Nocardicyclins A and B: New Anthracycline Antibiotics Produced by Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis. (1997)

Nocardicyclins A (1) and B (2), new anthracycline antibiotics have been isolated from the mycelial cake of Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis IFM 0624 (JCM 9894). The molecular formulae of 1 and 2 have been determined as C30H35NO11 and C32H37NO12, respectively, and the structures were characterized by 1- and 8-methoxyl groups, a 10-carbonyl group and a novel carbon-methylated aminosugar constituent. Nocardicyclin A (1) exerts cytotoxic activity against L1210 and P388 leukemia. Nocardicyclins A (1) and B (2) are active against Gram-positive bacteria including Mycobacterium spp. and Nocardia spp., but inactive against Gram-negative bacteria.
Electrospun Linear and Branched Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Potential Therapeutic Application in Melanoma (2018)

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원저 : 최근 12년간 피부과를 방문한 조갑백선 환자의 치료 결과 분석을 통한 실제 임상에서 항진균제의 효과 및 환자의 순응도 조사 (1998)

Background: We have little information about long-term treatment results of tinea unguium based on the treatment methods and oral antifungal agents used in dermatology. Objective : The purpose of this study was to assess the confirmed effectiveness and side effects of antifungal agents and to investigate the ratio of patients who completely finished the course of treatment in the practical area, not in the experimental studies. Methods : The medical records of 684 patients diagnosed with tinea unguium from January 1985 to December 1996 in Yeungnam l.Jniversity Hospital were analysed for the results. Results : The number of patients who were diagnosed with tinea unguium during this period was 684. In this study, we segregafed the patients whose outcome could be confirmed and calculated the percentage of completely treated and improved cases according to the antifungal agents used (griseofulvin-7.0%, ketoconazole-8.2%, itraconazole-9.0%, terbinafine-13.7%). We also calculated the percentage of patients who had completely finished the course of treatment (griseofulvin-6.8%, ketoconazole-7.4%, itraconazole-32.S%, terbinafine-31.8%). Among the patients whose results were unknown, more than half of patients(51.7%) had discontinued treatment within 3 weeks. The frequency of side effects of griseofulvin was 5.27a, ketoconazole 11.1%, itraconazole 6.7%, and terbinafine 6.1%. Conclusion : The treatment results of tinea unguium in clinical fields are different from results of previously reported studies. The percentages of completely treated and improved cases and those of patients who had completely finished the course of treatment are much lower than the results of previous experimental studies. Jt may be due to low compliance of patients and the long-term treatment course required. To increase the patients compliance and improve the results of treatment, we should explain to the patients about the disease course and duration of the treatment. (Korean J Dermatol 1998;36(5) . 772-779)
Biocatalytic carboxylation (2009)

Dwindling petroleum feedstocks and increased CO(2)-concentrations in the atmosphere currently open the concept of using CO(2) as raw material for the synthesis of well-defined organic compounds. In parallel to recent advances in the chemical CO(2)-fixation, enzymatic (biocatalytic) carboxylation is currently being investigated at an increased pace. On the one hand, this critical review provides a concise overview on highly specific biosynthetic pathways for CO(2)-fixation and, on the other hand, a summary of biodegradation (detoxification) processes involving enzymes which possess relaxed substrate specificities, which allow their application for the regioselective carboxylation of organic substrates to furnish the corresponding carboxylic acids (145 references).
Weaning to Hypoallergenic Formula Improves Gut Barrier Function in Breast-Fed Infants With Atopic Eczema (2003)

In breast-fed infants with atopy, gut barrier function is improved after cessation of breast-feeding and starting of hypoallergenic formula feeding.
Selective Expression of the Eotaxin Receptor CCR3 by Human T Helper 2 Cells (1997)

There is growing evidence that T helper cell subsets (TH1 and TH2) can be differentially recruited to promote different types of inflammatory reactions. Murine TH1 but not TH2 cells are recruited through P- and E-selectin into inflamed tissues, where they induce delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. The human eotaxin-receptor CCR3, originally described on eosinophils and basophils, was also found to be expressed by TH2 cells. An antibody to CCR3 was used to isolate T cells from peripheral blood that give rise to TH2-polarized cell lines and to identify TH2 cells derived from naïve T cells in vitro. Eotaxin stimulated increases in intracellular calcium and chemotaxis of CCR3(+) T cells. The attraction of TH2 cells by eotaxin could represent a key mechanism in allergic reactions, because it promotes the allergen-driven production of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 necessary to activate basophils and eosinophils.
Kinetically Controlled Formation and Decomposition of Metastable [(BiSe)1+δ]m[TiSe2]m Compounds (2018)

Preparing homologous series of compounds allows chemists to rapidly discover new compounds with predictable structure and properties. Synthesizing compounds within such a series involves navigating a free energy landscape defined by the interactions within and between constituent atoms. Historically, synthesis approaches are typically limited to forming only the most thermodynamically stable compound under the reaction conditions. Presented here is the synthesis, via self-assembly of designed precursors, of isocompositional incommensurate layered compounds [(BiSe)<sub>1+δ</sub>] <sub>m</sub>[TiSe<sub>2</sub>] <sub>m</sub> with m = 1, 2, and 3. The structure of the BiSe bilayer in the m = 1 compound is not that of the binary compound, and this is the first example of compounds where a BiSe layer thicker than a bilayer in heterostructures has been prepared. Specular and in-plane X-ray diffraction combined with high-resolution electron microscopy data was used to follow the formation of the compounds during low-temperature annealing and the subsequent decomposition of the m = 2 and 3 compounds into [(BiSe)<sub>1+δ</sub>]<sub>1</sub>[TiSe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>1</sub> at elevated temperatures. These results show that the structure of the precursor can be used to control reaction kinetics, enabling the synthesis of kinetically stable compounds that are not accessible via traditional techniques. The data collected as a function of temperature and time enabled us to schematically construct the topology of the free energy landscape about the local free energy minima for each of the products.
12 Gb/in/sup 2/ recording demonstration with SV read heads and conventional narrow pole-tip write heads (1999)

We have successfully demonstrated magnetic recording at areal densities as high as 12 Gb/in/sup 2/ at a data rate of 14/spl sim/15 MB/s using separate spin-valve read heads and narrow pole-tip inductive write heads on low noise Co alloy thin film disks. In this work, the nominal target densities were 350 Kbpi/spl times/34 Ktpi. To make these densities possible, large signal-to-noise gains were attained with the use of high performance spin-valve read heads and low noise thin film media. At the same time, very narrow track write heads were designed and fabricated by extending conventional photolithographic techniques. Finally, small magnetic spacings between the head and the disk were attained with low flying ABS designs and improved head and disk surfaces. Recording tests showed satisfactory writability and large readback signal of around 2 mV//spl mu/m. The 50% rolloff densities were as high as 10 Kfc/mm, while the write and read trackwidths were as narrow as 0.7 and 0.5 /spl mu/m respectively. An overall assessment of the parametric recording results indicated an areal density capability of at least 10 Gb/in/sup 2/. This projection was confirmed by error rate testing with an EPR-4 channel, where very low ontrack errors of 10/sup -10//spl sim/10/sup -9/ were achieved at 315/spl sim/380 Kbpi. Furthermore, squeeze measurements revealed well-defined 747 behavior with offtrack maxima at 0.7/spl sim/0.8 /spl mu/m trackpitch. The product of linear and track densities for the write and read head combinations tested indeed showed that an areal density of 11/spl sim/12 Gb/in/sup 2/ has been achieved.
Development of advanced strain diagnostic techniques for reactor environments (2013)

The following research is operated as a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) initiative at Sandia National Laboratories. The long-term goals of the program include sophisticated diagnostics of advanced fuels testing for nuclear reactors for the Department of Energy (DOE) Gen IV program, with the future capability to provide real-time measurement of strain in fuel rod cladding during operation in situ at any research or power reactor in the United States. By quantifying the stress and strain in fuel rods, it is possible to significantly improve fuel rod design, and consequently, to improve the performance and lifetime of the cladding. During the past year of this program, two sets of experiments were performed: small-scale tests to ensure reliability of the gages, and reactor pulse experiments involving the most viable samples in the Annulated Core Research Reactor (ACRR), located onsite at Sandia. Strain measurement techniques that can provide useful data in the extreme environment of a nuclear reactor core are needed to characterize nuclear fuel rods. This report documents the progression of solutions to this issue that were explored for feasibility in FY12 at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
Restoration of Digital Multiplane Tomosynthesis by a Constrained Iteration Method (1984)

Tomosynthetic reconstructions suffer from the disadvantage that blurred images of object detail lying outside the plane of interest are superimposed over the desired image of structures in the tomosynthetic plane. It is proposed to selectively reduce these undesired superimpositions by a constrained iterative restoration method, suitably generalized to permit simultaneous deconvolution of multiple planes. Sufficient conditions are derived ensuring the convergence of the iterations to the exact solution in the absence of noise and constraints. Although in practice the restoration process must be left incomplete because of inescapable noise and quantization artifacts, the experimental results demonstrate that for reasons of stability the convergence conditions derived for the noise-free, unconstrained case should be satisfied. In order to establish a basis for a formal stopping criterion of the iteration procedure, the buildup of noise in the sequence of iterative restorations arising from white noise in the original radiographs is investigated theoretically and experimentally. This results in the derivation of an approximation to the limiting noise variance in the reconstructions which is verified experimentally.
Computation of Nonlinear One-Dimensional Waves in Near-Sonic Flows (1978)

A nonlinear analysis is developed for sound propagation in a variable area duct in which the mean flow approaches choking conditions. A quasi-one-dimensional model is used; results of the standard linear theory are compared with the nonlinear results to assess the significance of the nonlinear terms. The nonlinear analysis represents the acoustic disturbance as a sum of interacting harmonics. Numerical results show that the basic signal is unaffected by the presence of higher harmonics if the throat Mach number is not too large, but as the Mach number approaches unity more harmonics are needed to describe the acoustic propagation. The strong interactions among harmonics in the numerical results occur in a region which is generally consistent with the nonlinear inner-expansion region of Callegari and Myers.
Ghrelin Protects Against Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (2020)

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia is a major limiting factor in maintaining optimal blood glucose in patients with type 1 diabetes and advanced type 2 diabetes. Luckily, a counterregulatory response (1) system exists to help minimize and reverse hypoglycemia, although more studies are needed to better characterize its components. Recently, we showed that the hormone ghrelin is permissive for the normal CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia when assessed in mice without diabetes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ghrelin also is protective against insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the streptozotocin (2) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. STZ-treated ghrelin-knockout (KO) (3) mice as well as STZ-treated wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a low-dose hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp procedure. The STZ-treated ghrelin-KO mice required a much higher glucose infusion rate than the STZ-treated WT mice. Also, the STZ-treated ghrelin-KO mice exhibited attenuated plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to the insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Taken together, our data suggest that without ghrelin, STZ-treated mice modeling type 1 diabetes are unable to mount the usual CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.