gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Claudin-10a Deficiency Shifts Proximal Tubular Cl- Permeability to Cation Selectivity via Claudin-2 Redistribution (2022)

BACKGROUND: The tight junction proteins claudin-2 and claudin-10a form paracellular cation and anion channels, respectively, and are expressed in the proximal tubule. However, the physiological role of claudin-10a in the kidney has been unclear. METHODS: To investigate the physiologic role of claudin-10a, we generated claudin-10a-deficient mice; confirmed successful knockout by Southern blot, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining; and analyzed urine and serum of knockout and wild-type animals. We also used electrophysiologic studies to investigate the functionality of isolated proximal tubules, and studied compensatory regulation by pharmacologic intervention, RNA sequencing analysis, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and respirometry. RESULTS: Mice deficient in claudin-10a were fertile and without overt phenotypes. Upon knockout, claudin-10a was replaced by claudin-2 in all proximal tubule segments. Electrophysiology showed conversion from paracellular anion preference to cation preference and a loss of paracellular Cl- over HCO3- preference. As a consequence, there was tubular retention of calcium and magnesium, higher urine pH, and mild hypermagnesemia. A comparison of other urine and serum parameters under control conditions and sequential pharmacologic transport inhibition, as well as unchanged fractional lithium excretion, suggested compensative measures in proximal and distal tubular segments. Changes in proximal tubular oxygen handling and differential expression of genes regulating fatty acid metabolism indicated proximal tubular adaptation. Western blot and immunofluorescence revealed alterations in distal tubular transport. CONCLLUSIONS: Claudin-10a is the major paracellular anion channel in the proximal tubule and its deletion causes calcium and magnesium hyperreabsorption by claudin-2 redistribution. Transcellular transport in proximal and distal segments and proximal tubular metabolic adaptation compensate for loss of paracellular anion permeability.
A Novel Polycipiviridae Virus Identified in Pteropus lylei Stools (2019)

<i>Polycipiviridae</i> is a recently recognized viral family within the order <i>Picornavirales</i> with unusual genome organization and phylogenetic placement. Viruses belonging to this family were only reported from arthropod hosts. We describe here the first full genome of a distant polycipivirus-related virus identified in frugivorous bat stools in Cambodia.
A New Palladium-Catalyzed Addition:  A Mild Method for the Synthesis of Coumarins (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA New Palladium-Catalyzed Addition: A Mild Method for the Synthesis of CoumarinsBarry M. Trost and F. Dean TosteView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California 94305 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 26, 6305–6306Publication Date (Web):July 3, 1996Publication History Received4 April 1996Published online3 July 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja961107ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja961107irapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3078Altmetric-Citations163LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Organic acids,Organic compounds,Palladium,Sodium Get e-Alerts
Patterning of Functional Materials by Pulsed Laser Deposition through Nanostencils (2006)

We present how various features drawn in a miniature shadow-mask (nanostencil) can be efficiently transferred to a surface in the form of 3D nanostructures of metals (Pt, Cr), semiconductors (Ge) or complex oxides (e.g. BaTiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> ) by room temperature pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and stenciling. Using the proposed method, there is no aggressive interaction with the substrate, but selective deposition of the material by simply interposing a sieve with apertures down to 100 nm between the deposition source and the substrate. Nanostenciling allows organizing the structures in given architectures, with high accuracy, while reducing drastically the number of processes present in resist-based lithography. The material deposited through the stencil mask conserves the desired functionality even at the level of the individual nanostructures. The patterning process is simple and rapid since it is not implying additional processing steps to the deposition process; it is also parallel, resist-less and without interfering with the structures natural growth dynamics. Nanostenciling can be performed in high or ultra high vacuum and is suitable for parallel prototyping of fragile or functionalized surfaces.
The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) / The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP) (1997)

This document proposes a method to manage the dynamic bandwidth allocation of implementations supporting the PPP multilink protocol [2]. This is done by defining the Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP), as well as its associated control protocol, the Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP). BAP can be used to manage the number of links in a multilink bundle. BAP defines datagrams to co- ordinate adding and removing individual links in a multilink bundle, as well as specifying which peer is responsible for which decisions regarding managing bandwidth during a multilink connection.
A Very Condensed Survey and Critique of Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning (2020)

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved outstanding results in recent years. This has led to a dramatic increase in the number of applications and methods. Recent works have explored learning beyond single-agent scenarios and have considered multiagent learning (MAL) scenarios. Initial results report successes in complex multiagent domains, although there are several challenges to be addressed. The primary goal of this extended abstract is to provide a broad overview of current multiagent deep reinforcement learning (MDRL) literature, hopefully motivating the reader to review our 47-page JAAMAS survey article. Additionally, we complement the overview with a broader analysis: (i) We revisit previous key components, originally presented in MAL and RL, and highlight how they have been adapted to multiagent deep reinforcement learning settings. (ii) We provide general guidelines to new practitioners in the area: describing lessons learned from MDRL works, pointing to recent benchmarks, and outlining open avenues of research. (iii) We take a more critical tone raising practical challenges of MDRL.
In Vitro Antifungal Activity and Cytotoxicity of a Novel Membrane-Active Peptide (1999)

In the present study, we investigated the antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of a novel membrane-active peptide, KKVVFKVKFKK (MP). MP inhibited the growth of various pathogenic fungi isolated from patients and of fluconazole-resistant fungi at concentrations of 2 to 32 microg/ml. MP had potent fungicidal activity; the minimal fungicidal concentrations of the peptide were no more than fourfold greater than the MICs. Time course experiments of MP-induced killing of Candida albicans ATCC 36232 showed that the rate of killing was rapid and depended on the concentration of MP. MP had a strong synergism with other antifungal drugs; the fractional inhibitory concentration index values of MP with amphotericin B and fluconazole for C. albicans were 0.16 and 0.02, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of MP for NIH 3T3 and Jurkat cells were approximately 100 times higher than the MIC for C. albicans ATCC 36232, indicating that MP had high selectivity between the fungal and mammalian cells. These results suggest that MP has great advantages in the development of antifungal agents.
Absolute asymmetrische Synthese: Ursprung, Beeinflussung und Verstärkung von Chiralität (1999)

Die Homochiralität der Biomoleküle, deren Ursprung noch immer ein Rätsel ist, hat Wissenschaftler herausgefordert, chemische Systeme zu entwerfen, in denen chirale Moleküle durch absolute asymmetrische Synthese erzeugt werden und ein kleiner Enantiomerenüberschuß verstärkt werden kann. Die photochemische Trennung der Enantiomere des helicalen, sterisch überfrachteten Alkens 1 mit circular polarisiertem Licht und das Weiterleiten der stereochemischen Information durch Triggern der helicalen Anordnung einer großen Ansammlung von achiralen Molekülen in einer verdrillten nematischen flüssigkristallinen Phase (2) sind Beispiele für die Kontrolle und Verstärkung von Chiralität.
Keratoconus Treatment Toolbox: An Update (2020)

Keratoconus is a bilateral, asymmetric, progressive disease of the cornea which can lead to visual impairment and blindness as irregular astigmatism increases and corneal scar occurs. Currently, many methods are available for a treatment of keratoconus. The treatment can help enhance visual rehabilitation and prevent progression in keratoconus patients. The treatment options included non-surgical and surgical managements. This review offers a summary of the current and emerging treatment options for keratoconus- eyeglasses, contact lens, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL), CXL Plus, intrastromal corneal ring segment (ICRS), Corneal Allogenic Intrastromal Ring Segments (CAIRS), Penetrating Keratoplasty (PK), Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK), Bowman layer transplantation (BL transplantation) and gene therapy.
Muscle weakness in Ryr1I4895T/WT knock-in mice as a result of reduced ryanodine receptor Ca2+ ion permeation and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (2010)

The type 1 isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) is the Ca(2+) release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that is activated during skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Mutations in the RYR1 gene cause several rare inherited skeletal muscle disorders, including malignant hyperthermia and central core disease (CCD). The human RYR1(I4898T) mutation is one of the most common CCD mutations. To elucidate the mechanism by which RYR1 function is altered by this mutation, we characterized in vivo muscle strength, EC coupling, SR Ca(2+) content, and RYR1 Ca(2+) release channel function using adult heterozygous Ryr1(I4895T/+) knock-in mice (IT/+). Compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, IT/+ mice exhibited significantly reduced upper body and grip strength. In spite of normal total SR Ca(2+) content, both electrically evoked and 4-chloro-m-cresol-induced Ca(2+) release were significantly reduced and slowed in single intact flexor digitorum brevis fibers isolated from 4-6-mo-old IT/+ mice. The sensitivity of the SR Ca(2+) release mechanism to activation was not enhanced in fibers of IT/+ mice. Single-channel measurements of purified recombinant channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers revealed that Ca(2+) permeation was abolished for homotetrameric IT channels and significantly reduced for heterotetrameric WT:IT channels. Collectively, these findings indicate that in vivo muscle weakness observed in IT/+ knock-in mice arises from a reduction in the magnitude and rate of RYR1 Ca(2+) release during EC coupling that results from the mutation producing a dominant-negative suppression of RYR1 channel Ca(2+) ion permeation.
A Practical Algorithm for Topic Modeling with Provable Guarantees (2012)

Topic models provide a useful method for dimensionality reduction and exploratory data analysis in large text corpora. Most approaches to topic model inference have been based on a maximum likelihood objective. Efficient algorithms exist that approximate this objective, but they have no provable guarantees. Recently, algorithms have been introduced that provide provable bounds, but these algorithms are not practical because they are inefficient and not robust to violations of model assumptions. In this paper we present an algorithm for topic model inference that is both provable and practical. The algorithm produces results comparable to the best MCMC implementations while running orders of magnitude faster.
A Note on the Applicability of Thermo-Acoustic Engines for Automotive Waste Heat Recovery (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A thermo-acoustic engine is a device converting thermal energy into high amplitude acoustic waves that can be harvested, for example, to obtain electricity. The core of the device is a stack/regenerator along which a temperature gradient is created using one hot and one cold heat exchanger. Correctly designed, the thermal interaction between the working fluid and the regenerator assists in amplifying incident acoustic waves. Previous studies have indicated good efficiency obtained with a system of low geometrical complexity. However, for the practical application of this technique it is vital to understand and identify critical design parameters and operating conditions. This is of special interest in automotive applications where the operating conditions vary significantly over a drive cycle. This works aims at providing a framework for studying the net power generation over a drive cycle. First, an engineering non-linear model for the efficiency of the thermo-acoustic engine is established. It is based on low-order acoustic networks that have the advantage of being computationally effective and allows for individual optimization of components. This model is then used to loop over a drive cycle of a typical commercial vehicle, while also accounting for pump losses given by the heat exchange processes. Although an engine not optimized for the present problem was used, promising performance, with a thermal efficiency of 7%, was found. Also the importance of adapting the engine to the varying operating conditions over the drive cycle was illustrated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
MAP2P : An architecture supporting gnutella for mobile devices : Software Agent and its Applications (2005)

The use of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks such as Gnutella is proliferating on the Internet, but due to the broadcast nature of the protocols, the use of such applications are bandwidth consuming. This characteristic makes P2P file sharing unsuitable for mobile devices because they have severe bandwidth and power constraints. This paper proposes the MAP2P architecture that uses mobile agents to participate in the Gnutella network on behalf of mobile devices. The aim is to reduce the amount of traffic, and hence the power consumption, for the mobile devices. Moreover, our architecture provides support for device mobility at the application layer. The viability of our architecture is illustrated through our traffic and energy analyses with experiments using our demonstration implementation.
An Alternative Flavin-Dependent Mechanism for Thymidylate Synthesis (2002)

Although deoxythymidylate cannot be provided directly by ribonucleotide reductase, the gene encoding thymidylate synthase ThyA is absent from the genomes of a large number of nonsymbiotic microbes. We show that ThyX (Thy1) proteins of previously unknown function form a large and distinct class of thymidylate synthases. ThyX has a wide but sporadic phylogenetic distribution, almost exclusively limited to microbial genomes lacking thyA. ThyX and ThyA use different reductive mechanisms, because ThyX activity is dependent on reduced flavin nucleotides. Our findings reveal complexity in the evolution of thymidine in present-day DNA. Because ThyX proteins are found in many pathogenic microbes, they present a previously uncharacterized target for antimicrobial compounds.
Comparison between electrical and optical clock distribution for CMOS integrated circuits (2004)

Downscaling the CMOS technology is expected to encounter a metallic interconnect bottleneck in the near future due to the increasing delays of global on-chip interconnects, problems of signal integrity and timing uncertainty (skew and jitter) as well as power consumption. The possible silicon-compatible monolithic integration of optical on-chip interconnects is described as an alternative solution. It is shown that integrated optics using SOI single-mode waveguides, Si-based modulators, and Ge photodetectors offers a feasible way to distribute global signals such as the global clock across a chip. Taking into account the photodetectors followed by a CMOS-inverter-based transimpedance front-end amplifier with additional gain stages to ensure sufficient voltage swing, optical interconnects characteristics are compared with the performances of future metallic global interconnects recently published in the literature. The main advantages brought by optics include signal propagation with negligible distortion over cm-long distances, reduction of total chip power consumption, reduced delay, skew and jitter if compared with electrical repeated lines, and a lower sensitivity to temperature variations.
Limitations for TCR gene therapy by MHC-restricted fratricide and TCR-mediated hematopoietic stem cell toxicity (2012)

The clinical use of lymphocytes engineered to express high affinity T-cell receptors (TCRs) specific for two broadly expressed tumor-associated antigens is strongly limited by MHC-restricted fratricide of lymphocytes and TCR-mediated killing of hematopoietic stem cells. Specific clinical applications must therefore be conceived to bypass these limitations.
Highly Stereoselective Syntheses of syn- and anti-1,2-Amino Alcohols (2001)

The reduction of N-protected amino ketones can be carried stereoselectively to produce either the syn- or anti-amino alcohol diastereomer. Carbamate-protected amino ketones can be reduced predictably and selectively to anti-amino alcohols with LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3 in ethanol at -78 degrees C. N-Trityl-protected amino ketones can be reduced selectively to syn-amino alcohols with LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3 in THF at -5 degrees C.
On provisioning strategies in translucent elastic optical networks with flexible regeneration and superchannel transmission (2017)

Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) can increase the efficiency of already deployed optical fibers thanks to transponders that adjust the modulation format, baud-rate and number of optical carriers to achieve the desired transmission rate, bandwidth and reach. Due to the high cost of these transponders, transparent end-to-end lightpaths are usually desired, which can require a large amount of spectrum when provisioned over long distances. In this paper, we consider the case of translucent lightpaths, which make use of flexible regeneration schemes to reduce the amount of required spectrum. We analyze the trade-off between the spectrum usage and the number of transponder devices. In particular, we propose a proactive approach to provision EONs that considers the spectrum availability. Thus, it is possible to explore the referred trade-off with a load-incremental perspective, which may be relevant for network operators. Results show how the proposed approach can increase the supported capacity in the network at the cost of additional transponder devices.
Biomechanics of Cardiac Electromechanical Coupling and Mechanoelectric Feedback (2013)

Cardiac mechanical contraction is triggered by electrical activation via an intracellular calcium-dependent process known as excitation-contraction coupling. Dysregulation of cardiac myocyte intracellular calcium handling is a common feature of heart failure. At the organ scale, electrical dyssynchrony leads to mechanical alterations and exacerbates pump dysfunction in heart failure. A reverse coupling between cardiac mechanics and electrophysiology is also well established. It is commonly referred as cardiac mechanoelectric feedback and thought to be an important contributor to the increased risk of arrhythmia during pathological conditions that alter regional cardiac wall mechanics, including heart failure. At the cellular scale, most investigations of myocyte mechanoelectric feedback have focused on the roles of stretch-activated ion channels, though mechanisms that are independent of ionic currents have also been described. Here we review excitation-contraction coupling and mechanoelectric feedback at the cellular and organ scales, and we identify the need for new multicellular tissue-scale model systems and experiments that can help us to obtain a better understanding of how interactions between electrophysiological and mechanical processes at the cell scale affect ventricular electromechanical interactions at the organ scale in the normal and diseased heart.
Thion (RCSOH), Selenon (RCSeOH), and Telluron (RCTeOH) Acids as Predominant Species (1996)

Thiocarboxylic acids, such as selenocarboxylic acids, exist predominantly in the thioxo form (RCSOH, thion acid) in polar solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) at temperatures below −50 °C. Tellurocarboxylic acids (5) were observed for the first time by acidolysis of the corresponding cesium tellurocarboxylates with hydrogen chloride. The telluroic acids (6) exist predominantly in the telluroxo form (RCTeOH, telluron acid) in THF at temperatures below −70 °C. Telluron acids were reddish to blue violet for the aliphatics (R = alkyl) and dark green for the aromatics (R = aryl) and reacted with aryl isocyanates at −70 °C to give crystalline acyl carbamoyl tellurides in good yields.
Automated type-based analysis of data races and atomicity (2005)

Concurrent programs are notorious for containing errors that are difficult to reproduce and diagnose at run-time. This motivated the development of type systems that statically ensure the absence of some common kinds of concurrent programming errors including data races and atomicity violations. A method is atomic if every execution of the concurrent program is equivalent to an execution in which the atomic method is executed without being interleaved with other concurrently executed methods. Atomicity is a common correctness requirement in concurrent programs; atomicity violations may indicate incorrect synchronization. This paper presents Extended Parameterized Atomic Java (EPAJ), a type system for specifying and verifying atomicity in Java programs. EPAJ combines Flanagan and Qadeer's atomicity types [11] with a new and significantly more expressive type system for analyzing data races, called Extended Parameterized Race-Free Java (EPRFJ), allowing a more accurate analysis of atomicity. The paper also presents a type discovery algorithm to automatically obtain EPRFJ types, and a static interprocedural type inference algorithm that, given EPRFJ types, infers atomicity types. These algorithms can be incorporated into testing and debugging tools, benefiting users who know nothing about type systems. We report our experience with a prototype implementation.