gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of hydrosoluble polymers of oxazoline using Maghnite‐H as catalyst (2007)

Abstract 2,4,4‐Triméthyl‐2‐oxazoline was polymerized, using an acid exchanged montmorillonite clay as catalyst, with the aim to study the influence of the methyl group size in the initiation and propagation processes. The effect of amount of catalyst temperature, time, and solvent on the polymerization yield and viscosity of the polymers were studied. The polymers obtained were characterized by spectrometric methods and their average molecular weights were determined by viscosimetrie and GPC data. The polymers presented similar spectrometric results and narrow molecular weight distributions. The kinetics indicated that the polymerization rate is first order with respect to monomer concentration. The polymerization results showed that the methyl groups present in the monomer affected the initiation process. Mechanism studies showed that polymerization of TMOX involves nucleophilic ring opening by attack of nitrogen to cleave the CH 2 O bond of the oxazoline ring. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1792–1800, 2007
Structure and magnetism of self-organizedGe1−xMnxnanocolumns onGe(001) (2007)

We report on the structural and magnetic properties of thin ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}$ films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on $\mathrm{Ge}(001)$ substrates at temperatures $({T}_{g})$ ranging from 80 to $200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, with average Mn content between 1% and 11%. Their crystalline structure, morphology, and composition have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. In the whole range of growth temperatures and Mn concentrations, we observed the formation of manganese-rich nanostructures embedded in a nearly pure germanium matrix. The growth temperature mostly determines the structural properties of Mn-rich nanostructures. For low growth temperatures (below $120\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$), we evidenced a two-dimensional spinodal decomposition resulting in the formation of vertical one-dimensional nanostructures (nanocolumns). Moreover, we show in this paper the influence of growth parameters (${T}_{g}$ and Mn content) on this decomposition, i.e., on the nanocolumn size and density. For temperatures higher than $180\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, we observed the formation of ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{5}$ clusters. For intermediate growth temperatures, nanocolumns and nanoclusters coexist. Combining high-resolution TEM and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, we could evidence at least four different magnetic phases in ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}$ films: (i) paramagnetic diluted Mn atoms in the germanium matrix, (ii) superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic low-${T}_{C}$ nanocolumns $(120\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{C}\ensuremath{\le}170\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$, (iii) high-${T}_{C}$ nanocolumns $({T}_{C}\ensuremath{\ge}400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$, and (iv) ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{5}$ clusters.
Radiative corrections to the Dalitz plot of K_{l3}^0 decays (2015)

A model-independent expression for the Dalitz plot of semileptonic decays of neutral kaons, K_{l3}^0, including radiative corrections to order (α/π)(q/M_1), where q is the momentum transfer and M_1 is the mass of the kaon, is presented. The model dependence of radiative corrections is kept in a general form within this approximation, which is suitable for model-independent experimental analyses. Expressions for bremsstrahlung radiative corrections are presented in two forms: one with the triple integral over the kinematical variables of the photon ready to be performed numerically and the other one in a fully analytical form. The final result is restricted to the so-called three-body region of the Dalitz plot and it is not compromised to fixing the values of the form factors at predetermined values.
Chondroitin sulfate-E mediates estrogen-induced osteoanabolism (2015)

Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder of bone remodeling in which bone resorption outstrips bone matrix deposition. Although anticatabolic agents are frequently used as first-line therapies for osteoporosis, alternative anabolic strategies that can enhance anabolic, osteogenic potential are actively sought. Sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogens, are bidirectional regulators for bone homeostasis; therefore, estrogen-mediated events are important potential targets for such anabolic therapies. Here, we show that estrogen-induced, osteoanabolic effects were mediated via enhanced production of chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E), which could act as an osteogenic stimulant in our cell-based system. Conversely, estrogen deficiency caused reduced expression of CS-E-synthesizing enzymes, including GalNAc4S-6ST, and led to decreased CS-E production in cultures of bone marrow cells derived from ovariectomized mice. Moreover, Galnac4s6st-deficient mice had abnormally low bone mass that resulted from impaired osteoblast differentiation. These results indicated that strategies aimed at boosting CS-E biosynthesis are promising alternative therapies for osteoporosis.
Cross-Resistance of a Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Biotype to Aryloxyphenoxypropionate and Cyclohexanedione Herbicides (2006)

Dose-response experiments were conducted in a greenhouse on a biotype of johnsongrass from Washington County, Mississippi, to determine the level of resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicide fluazifop-P-butyl and the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides clethodim and sethoxydim. Both seedling and rhizomatous plants were evaluated. Resistant/susceptible (R/S) ratios were calculated based on GR 50 values (the rate required to reduce shoot dry biomass, expressed as a percent of the control, 50%). The GR 50 values for the resistant and susceptible seedling plants were 110 and 10 g ai/ha for clethodim, 193 and 34 g ai/ha for fluazifop-P-butyl, and 265 and 48 g ai/ha for sethoxydim, resulting in R/S ratios of 11.0, 5.7, and 5.5, respectively. The GR 50 values for the resistant and susceptible rhizomatous plants were 609 and 39 g/ha for clethodim, 657 and 29 g/ha for fluazifop-P-butyl, and 668 and 30 g/ha for sethoxydim, resulting in R/S ratios of 15.6, 22.7, and 22.3, respectively.
Collimation of a central wind by a disc-associated magnetic field (2003)

Studies of jets from young stellar objects (YSOs) suggest that material is launched from a small central region at wide opening angles and collimated by an interaction with the surrounding environment. Using time-dependent, numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we follow the detailed launching of a central wind via the coupling of a stellar dipole field to the inner edge of an accretion disc. Our method employs a series of nested computational grids, which allows the simulations to follow the central wind out to scales of tens of astronomical units (au), where it may interact with its surroundings. The coupling between the stellar magnetosphere and the inner edge of the disc has been known to produce an outflow containing both a highly collimated jet plus a wide-angle flow. The jet and wide-angle wind flow at roughly the same speed (100-200 km s -1 ), and most of the energy and mass is carried off at relatively wide angles. We show that the addition of a weak disc-associated field ( 0.1 G) has little effect on the wind launching, but it collimates the entire flow (jet + wide wind) at a distance of several au. The collimation is inevitable, regardless of the relative polarity of the disc field and stellar dipole, and the result is a more powerful and physically broader collimated flow than from the star-disc interaction alone. Within the collimation region, the morphology of the largescale flow resembles a pitchfork, in projection. We compare these results with observations of outflows from YSOs and discuss the possible origin of the disc-associated field.
The Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits Dα5 and Dα7 form functional homomeric and heteromeric ion channels (2012)

Data are presented demonstrating the ability of the Drosophila Dα5 and Dα7 subunits to generate functional homomeric and also heteromeric nAChRs.
Review: A History of American History, by Michael Kraus (1937)

Book Review| December 01 1937 Review A History of American HistoryMichael Kraus J. W. C. J. W. C. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (1937) 6 (4): 389–390. https://doi.org/10.2307/3633896 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation J. W. C.; Review. Pacific Historical Review 1 December 1937; 6 (4): 389–390. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3633896 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1937 The Arthur H. Clark Company Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Influence of acid hydrolysis on thermal and rheological properties of amaranth starches varying in amylose content (2012)

With amylose content increase, the effects of acid hydrolysis on gelatinisation temperatures became less pronounced. Nevertheless, prolonged acid hydrolysis decreased the storage and loss moduli, with the starch pastes becoming more liquid-like.
Data from Galectin-3 Shapes Antitumor Immune Responses by Suppressing CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells via LAG-3 and Inhibiting Expansion of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Galectin-3 is a 31-kDa lectin that modulates T-cell responses through several mechanisms, including apoptosis, T-cell receptor (TCR) cross-linking, and TCR downregulation. We found that patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) who responded to a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor–secreting allogeneic PDA vaccine developed neutralizing antibodies to galectin-3 after immunization. We show that galectin-3 binds activated antigen-committed CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells only in the tumor microenvironment. Galectin-3–deficient mice exhibit improved CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T-cell effector function and increased expression of several inflammatory genes. Galectin-3 binds to LAG-3, and LAG-3 expression is necessary for galectin-3–mediated suppression of CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. Lastly, galectin-3–deficient mice have elevated levels of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which are superior to conventional dendritic cells in activating CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells. Thus, inhibiting galectin-3 in conjunction with CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T-cell–directed immunotherapies should enhance the tumor-specific immune response. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Immunol Res; 3(4); 412–23. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Model-Driven Engineering of RNA Devices to Quantitatively Program Gene Expression (2011)

The models and simulation tools available to design functionally complex synthetic biological devices are very limited. We formulated a design-driven approach that used mechanistic modeling and kinetic RNA folding simulations to engineer RNA-regulated genetic devices that control gene expression. Ribozyme and metabolite-controlled, aptazyme-regulated expression devices with quantitatively predictable functions were assembled from components characterized in vitro, in vivo, and in silico. The models and design strategy were verified by constructing 28 Escherichia coli expression devices that gave excellent quantitative agreement between the predicted and measured gene expression levels (r = 0.94). These technologies were applied to engineer RNA-regulated controls in metabolic pathways. More broadly, we provide a framework for studying RNA functions and illustrate the potential for the use of biochemical and biophysical modeling to develop biological design methods.
Synthesis and reaction of β‐hydroxyaspartic acid‐based polymethacrylate (2002)

Abstract O ‐Methacryloyl‐ N ‐( tert ‐butoxycarbonyl)‐β‐hydroxyaspartic acid dimethyl ester was synthesized by methyl esterification of β‐hydroxyaspartic acid, followed by protection of the amino group with the tert ‐butoxycarbonyl group and then the reaction of the hydroxyl group with methacryloyl chloride. The monomer efficiently underwent radical polymerization to afford the corresponding polymer with a number‐average molecular weight of 42,000 in good yields. The alkaline hydrolysis of the polymer occurred not only at the methyl ester but also at the ester moiety between the main and side chains of the polymer. The methyl ester‐free polymer gradually released β‐hydroxyaspartic acid moiety in a phosphate buffer solution with pH = 7.3 and 7.8. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2782–2788, 2002
Microprobe Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry for Single-cell Metabolomics in Live Frog (<em>Xenopus laevis</em>) Embryos (2017)

The quantification of small molecules in single cells raises new potentials for better understanding the basic processes that underlie embryonic development. To enable single-cell investigations directly in live embryos, new analytical approaches are needed, particularly those that are sensitive, selective, quantitative, robust, and scalable to different cell sizes. Here, we present a protocol that enables the in situ analysis of metabolism in single cells in freely developing embryos of the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), a powerful model in cell and developmental biology. This approach uses a capillary microprobe to aspirate a defined portion from single identified cells in the embryo, leaving neighboring cells intact for subsequent analysis. The collected cell content is analyzed by a microscale capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization (CE-ESI) interface coupled to a high-resolution tandem mass spectrometer. This approach is scalable to various cell sizes and compatible with the complex three-dimensional structure of the developing embryo. As an example, we demonstrate that microprobe single-cell CE-ESI-MS enables the elucidation of metabolic cell heterogeneity that unfolds as a progenitor cell gives rise to descendants during development of the embryo. Besides cell and developmental biology, the single-cell analysis protocols described here are amenable to other cell sizes, cell types, or animal models.
The Effects of Institutional Support of Endangered Languages on Language Ideologies (2019)

Endangered languages are those that are spoken by a very small percentage of the population and are at risk of disappearing with all the knowledge and diversity they contain. Endangered languages often become endangered because the speakers and the society perceive the language as low status or of little use, and a positive change in perception of the language could aid in revitalizing the language. Institutions such as governments, businesses, and universities have recently begun supporting endangered languages in several areas, and this support could greatly affect language ideologies, perceptions of and attitudes about the language. In this research project, I intend to explore the effects on how an endangered language is viewed by both speakers and non-speakers when it is supported by linguistically dominant institutions such as business and higher education. This research was conducted in various areas of Scotland and Ireland and consists of survey data, ethnographic interviews, and participant observation. Specifically, this research aims to answer the following research questions: What is the relationship between institutional support and language ideologies? How do different forms of institutional support affect language ideologies? Institutional support of endangered languages could provide these languages with validity and recognition as a language, as well as offer economic and status advantages to speakers, creating positive attitudes about speaking and learning the languages. This positive change in the way these languages are perceived could be a crucial step in revitalizing endangered languages and preserving the linguistic diversity of the world.
A case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with properties characteristic of natural killer cells (1983)

A case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia that consisted of a homogeneous population of cells that had properties similar to those described for natural killer (NK) cells is presented. These leukemic cells had a morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and receptors for sheep erythrocytes (ER) and for the Fc portion of IgG (Fc gamma-R). They expressed pan-T antigens OKT3 and Leu-4, but neither helper/inducer T- cell differentiation antigens OKT4 and Leu-3a nor cytotoxic/suppressor T-antigens OKT8 and Leu-2a. HNK 1 antigen, which can be expressed on human NK cells, could be detected on almost all leukemic cells (LGL), whereas a myeloid differentiation antigen, OKM1, which can be expressed on macrophages, granulocytes, and NK cells, was not detected. Thus, it was concluded that the leukemia cells had a characteristic profile of the surface markers: ER+, Fc gamma-R+, HNK-1+, OKT3+, Leu-4+, OKT4-, OKT8-, Leu-3a, Leu-2a, and OKM1-. Although freshly isolated leukemic cells showed no cytotoxicity on NK targets, after incubation at 37 degrees C, the cells did show a potent cytotoxicity on targets of erythroleukemic cell, T cell, and monocyte (but not B cell) origins. When the cells were incubated at 37 degrees C, interferon (IFN gamma) was spontaneously produced in the culture fluids. Treatment with anti- HNK-1 and complement completely abrogated expression of NK activity and interferon production of the patient's lymphocytes in culture. These characteristic features of surface markers and functions strongly suggest the possibility that the leukemia cells of this case are of NK cell origin. The relationship between this case and chronic lymphocytic leukemia of T-cell origin is discussed.
Adaptive temporal resolution optimization in helical cardiac cone beam CT reconstruction (2003)

Cone beam computed tomography scanners in combination with heart rate adaptive reconstruction schemes have the potential to enable cardiac volumetric computed tomography (CT) imaging for a larger number of patients and applications. In this publication, an adaptive scheme for the automatic and patient-specific reconstruction optimization is introduced to improve the temporal resolution and image quality. The optimization method permits the automatic determination of the required amount of gated helical cone beam projection data for the reconstruction volume. It furthermore allows one to optimize subvolume reconstruction yielding an increased temporal resolution. In addition, methods for the assessment of the temporal resolution are given which enable a quantitative documentation of the reconstruction improvements. Results are presented for patient data sets acquired in low pitch helical mode using a 16-slice cone beam CT system with parallel ECG recording.
Rebuilding an airliner in flight: a retrospective on refactoring IBM testarossa production compiler for Eclipse OMR (2016)

Eclipse OMR is a new open source project created by refactoring the IBM J9 Java Virtual Machine to create a set of language agnostic components for building all kinds of language runtimes. This paper reflects on the effort, the successes, and the mistakes made while refactoring more than a million lines of code on the master development branch while 8 disparate production compiler products were under active development. Refactoring large scale projects like compilers and language runtimes can be done while shipping releases, but there are certainly challenges. We offer some recommendations for other projects considering this path.
Comparison of the Bactericidal Action of Amikacin, Netilmicin and Tobramycin in Free and Liposomal Formulation against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (1996)

The rates at which free, cationic and anionic liposomal forms of amikacin, netilmicin and tobramycin kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied in vitro. Control inocula with no antibiotic yielded 6.76, 9.53 and 9.74 log CFU/ml at 0, 6 and 24 h, respectively. Empty anionic or cationic liposomes had no effect on bacterial growth. The killing rates of free antibiotics against the bacterial strain were not enhanced by the addition of either empty anionic or cationic liposomes. After 6 and 24 h of exposure at 1, 2 and 4 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations, free amikacin, netilmicin and tobramycin demonstrated a more rapid bactericidal effect than encapsulated anionic or cationic liposomes. The killing rates of liposomal aminoglycosides were lower than those of free aminoglycosides at identical concentrations, suggesting that only fractions of the encapsulated drugs were released from liposomes.
Immunotherapy for IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein paraprotein-associated peripheral neuropathies (2016)

There is inadequate reliable evidence from trials of immunotherapies in anti-MAG paraproteinaemic neuropathy to form an evidence base supporting any particular immunotherapy treatment. IVIg has a statistically but probably not clinically significant benefit in the short term. The meta-analysis of two trials of rituximab provides, however, low-quality evidence of a benefit from this agent. The conclusions of this meta-analysis await confirmation, as one of the two included studies is of very low quality. We require large well-designed randomised trials of at least 12 months' duration to assess existing or novel therapies, preferably employing unified, consistent, well-designed, responsive, and valid outcome measures.
Air bake-out to reduce hydrogen outgassing from stainless steel (1998)

Hydrogen outgassing is the most significant factor limiting the attainment of outgassing rates below 10−12 mbar l s−1 cm−2 in stainless steel vacuum systems. This limit turns out to be crucial in very large vacuum systems, like the VIRGO vacuum tubes (2 tubes 1.2 m diam, 3000 m length). Heating the raw material at 400 °C in air was suggested as a money saving alternative to the classical vacuum heating at 950 °C. We report the results of hydrogen content analysis performed on stainless steel samples submitted to different treatments, and also the measurement performed on a prototype tube (1.2-m-diam, 48-m-long). We concluded that air bake-out drives out most of the hydrogen absorbed in the bulk stainless steel, while the presence of an oxide layer does not reduce the hydrogen outgassing.
Left ventricular assist device implantation with ECMO support instead of cardiopulmonary bypass (2013)

Aims: Replacing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with ECMO for isolated ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation has significant theoretical advantages, including less systemic inflammation and bleeding disorders. We evaluate whether LVAD implantation with ECMO is feasible and safe.