gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐J‐09: A Monte Carlo Analysis of the Relationship Between Cherenkov Light Emission and Dose for Electrons, Protons, and X‐Ray Photons (2014)

Purpose: A number of recent studies have proposed that light emitted by the Cherenkov effect may be used for a number of radiation therapy dosimetry applications. Here we investigate the fundamental nature and accuracy of the technique for the first time by using a theoretical and Monte Carlo based analysis. Methods: Using the GEANT4 architecture for medically‐oriented simulations (GAMOS) and BEAMnrc for phase space file generation, the light yield, material variability, field size and energy dependence, and overall agreement between the Cherenkov light emission and dose deposition for electron, proton, and flattened, unflattened, and parallel opposed x‐ray photon beams was explored. Results: Due to the exponential attenuation of x‐ray photons, Cherenkov light emission and dose deposition were identical for monoenergetic pencil beams. However, polyenergetic beams exhibited errors with depth due to beam hardening, with the error being inversely related to beam energy. For finite field sizes, the error with depth was inversely proportional to field size, and lateral errors in the umbra were greater for larger field sizes. For opposed beams, the technique was most accurate due to an averaging out of beam hardening in a single beam. The technique was found to be not suitable for measuring electron beams, except for relative dosimetry of a plane at a single depth. Due to a lack of light emission, the technique was found to be unsuitable for proton beams. Co nclusions: The results from this exploratory study suggest that optical dosimetry by the Cherenkov effect may be most applicable to near monoenergetic x‐ray photon beams (e.g. Co‐60), dynamic IMRT and VMAT plans, as well as narrow beams used for SRT and SRS. For electron beams, the technique would be best suited for superficial dosimetry, and for protons the technique is not applicable due to a lack of light emission. NIH R01CA109558 and R21EB017559.
Biological activities of fusarochromanone: a potent anti-cancer agent (2014)

Our data presented here indicates that FC101 is an excellent lead candidate for a small molecule anti-cancer agent that simultaneously affects angiogenesis signaling, cancer signal transduction, and apoptosis. Further understanding of the underlying FC101's molecular mechanism may lead to the design of novel targeted and selective therapeutics, both of which are pursued targets in cancer drug discovery.
Atomic Layer Deposition Alumina‐Mediated Graphene Transfer for Reduced Process Contamination (2019)

Herein, an approach for integrating gate insulator deposition and graphene transfer steps in the fabrication of graphene field‐effect devices is reported. A thin layer of Al 2 O 3 is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto as‐grown graphene on copper, where the improved surface wettability of graphene on copper aids in obtaining a uniform deposition of the ALD layer. The ALD Al 2 O 3 /graphene stack is then mechanically delaminated from the copper surface and transferred onto the desired target substrate. An ALD layer thickness between 20 and 30 nm is optimal for facilitating such transfer. The ALD layer protects graphene from process contamination during subsequent transfer and device fabrication, resulting in reduced doping in measured field‐effect devices.
Autophagy as an emerging therapeutic target for age-related vascular pathologies (2020)

<b>Introduction</b>: The incidence of age-related vascular diseases such as arterial stiffness, hypertension and atherosclerosis, is rising dramatically and is substantially impacting healthcare systems. Mounting evidence suggests that there is an important role for autophagy in maintaining (cardio)vascular health. Impaired vascular autophagy has been linked to arterial aging and the initiation of vascular disease.<b>Areas covered</b>: The function and implications of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells are discussed in healthy blood vessels and arterial disease. Furthermore, we discuss current treatment options for vascular disease and their links with autophagy. A literature search was conducted in PubMed up to October 2019.<b>Expert opinion</b>: Although the therapeutic potential of inducing autophagy in age-related vascular pathologies is considerable, several issues should be addressed before autophagy induction can be clinically used to treat vascular disease. These issues include uncertainty regarding the most effective drug target as well as the lack of potency and selectivity of autophagy inducing drugs. Moreover, drug tolerance or autophagy mediated cell death have been reported as possible adverse effects. Special attention is required for determining the cause of autophagy deficiency to optimize the treatment strategy.
A-9 草加太陽の家夏季運転実績 (1976)

During retinoic acid induced differentiation of the human promyelocyte leukemia cell line HL60 and the human myeloblast cell line RDFD along the myeloid pathway, there is marked modulation of both the cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate dependent protein kinase and the phospholipid-sensitive calcium dependent protein kinase. In order to further assess whether these kinases are intimately associated with the differentiation process, we have correlated the modulation of these enzymes and phosphorylations of their substrates with the extent of differentiation induced by various retinoid derivatives. We observed that there was a direct relationship between the degree of differentiation of the two leukemic cell lines and the elevation of the cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate dependent protein kinase and phospholipid sensitive calcium dependent protein kinase activities. In addition, the increased phosphorylation of the various substrates of these enzymes also correlates with the degree of differentiation. These observations support the hypothesis that modulation of these protein kinases and phosphorylation of their substrates are necessary steps in the differentiation process.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF AIR ASSISTED DIRECT IN-CYLINDER INJECTION SYSTEMS (1997)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Air Assisted Direct in-cylinder injection systems have now been in commercial production for over 18 months in large two-stroke outboard applications, offering the customer the advantage of emissions control, significant fuel economy improvements, smooth and misfire-free operation and improved driveability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;With the pending implementation of emission controls in most two-stroke engine applications, the fuel system of choice must be capable of being adapted in a short time period to a new or given application. Over the last three years, the air assisted direct injection system has been successfully applied across a range of cylinder displacements from 50 to 500cc. In all applications, the in-cylinder injection system's hardware has been maintained common in order to share in the benefits of economies of high volume production.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;As the emissions targets are generally not as stringent as those called for in today's and future automotive engine requirements, the design requirements become product specific, defined by performance and the cost targets.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper provides an overview of what has been achieved on the production of the Mercury Marine Optimax low emission two-stroke outboard utilising Orbital technology on the 3.0L 200DFI model. The authors also discuss some of the design considerations across a variety of both demonstration and commercially released recreational and motorcycle applications.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Heat-treatment, phytase and fermented liquid feeding affect the presence of inositol phosphates in ileal digesta and phosphorus digestibility in pigs fed a wheat and barley diet (2010)

The aim was to evaluate the effect of heat-treatment, microbial phytase addition and feeding strategy (dry feeding v. fermented liquid feeding) on degradation of phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, InsP6) and formation and further degradation of lower inositol phosphates (myo-inositol pentakisphosphate–myo-inositol bisphosphate, InsP5–InsP2) at the distal ileum of pigs. Furthermore, the apparent ileal digestibility/degradability (AID) of phosphorus (P), InsP6–P and calcium (Ca) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca were studied. Pigs were fitted with a T-shaped ileal cannula for total collection of digesta at 2 h intervals during an 8 h sampling period after feeding the morning meal. Each period lasted for 2 weeks: 8 days of adaptation followed by 3 days of total collection of faeces and 3 days of total collection of ileal digesta. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 4 Latin square with four pigs fed four diets. A basal wheat/barley-based diet was fed either as non-heat-treated or heat-treated (steam-pelleted at 90°C). The heat-treatment resulted in an inactivation of plant phytase below detectable level. Diet 1 (non-heat-treated basal diet fed dry); diet 2 (heat-treated basal diet fed dry); diet 3 (as diet 2 but with microbial phytase (750 FTU/kg as fed) fed dry); diet 4 (as diet 3 fed liquid (fermented for 17.5 h nighttime and 6.5 h daytime at 20°C with 50% residue in the tank)). Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was included as marker and ATTD was determined both by total collection of faeces (ATTDTotal) and Cr2O3 (ATTDCr). InsP6 was completely degraded in diet 4 before feeding resulting in no InsP6–P being present in ileal digesta. InsP6–P concentration in ileal digesta decreased with increasing dietary levels of plant or microbial phytase in pigs fed the dry diets. Consequently, AID and ATTD of P and Ca were greatest for pigs fed diet 4 followed by diets 3, 1 and 2. The ATTD of P depended on the used method as ATTDTotal of P was 72%, 61%, 44% and 34%, whereas ATTDCr of P was 65%, 52%, 38% and 23% for diets 4, 3, 1 and 2, respectively. In all pigs the ileal concentration of InsP5–InsP2–P was extremely small, and thus unimportant for maximisation of ATTD of plant P. In conclusion, fermented liquid feeding with microbial phytase seems to be an efficient approach to improve ATTD of plant P compared with dry feeding. This opens up for further reductions in P excretion.
Substituent constants for correlation analysis (1977)

Constants for pi and omega ahve been measured for a miscellaneous group of aromatic substituents of interest to medicinal chemists. Swain and Lupton's gamma and kappa values have been calculated from the omego constants. Values for molar refractivity are also given for each of the substituents.
A Bicistronic DNA Vaccine Containing Apical Membrane Antigen 1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 4/5 Can Prime Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses and Partially Protect Mice against VirulentPlasmodium chabaudi adamiDS Malaria (2004)

The ultimate malaria vaccine will require the delivery of multiple antigens from different stages of the complex malaria life cycle. In order to efficiently deliver multiple antigens with use of DNA vaccine technology, new antigen delivery systems must be assessed. This study utilized a bicistronic vector construct, containing an internal ribosome entry site, expressing a combination of malarial candidate antigens: merozoite surface protein 4/5 (MSP4/5) (fused to a monocyte chemotactic protein 3 chemoattractant sequence) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) (fused to a tissue plasminogen activator secretion signal). Transfection of COS 7 cells with bicistronic plasmids resulted in production and secretion of both AMA-1 and MSP4/5 in vitro. Vaccination of BALB/c mice via intraepidermal gene gun and intramuscular routes against AMA-1 and MSP4/5 resulted in antibody production and significant in vitro proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by both AMA-1 and MSP4/5. Survival of BALB/c mice vaccinated with bicistronic constructs after lethal Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS erythrocytic-stage challenge was variable, although significant increases in survival and reductions in peak parasitemia were observed in several challenge trials when the vaccine was delivered by the intramuscular route. This study using a murine model demonstrates that the delivery of malarial antigens via bicistronic vectors is feasible. Further experimentation with bicistronic delivery systems is required for the optimization and refinement of DNA vaccines to effectively prime protective immune responses against malaria.
THE INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON TITANIUM ALLOY Ti + 10Mo AND THE SLIDING SPEED OF THE FRICTION PAIR OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL - 45 STEEL FOR THEIR TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS (2016)

Досліджено вплив складу композиційних матеріалів (КМ1 Ti+10Mo+MoS2, КМ2Ti+10Mo+MoS2, КМ3 Ti+10Mo+CaF2, КМ4 Ti+10Mo+BN) і швидкості ковзання (1, 2, 4, 6і 15 м/с) на їх триботехнічні характеристики при терті у парі зі сталлю 45 на повітрі беззмащування під тиском 0,8 МПа
Considerations for Low-cost Reader Design and Label Selection for Lateral Flow Assays (2018)

We present a low-cost fluorescence and colorimetry label detection platform for point-of-care (POC) applications. Our platform is designed to deliver clinical level diagnostic sensitivity. It improves the performance of the traditional lateral flow assay (LFA) by decreasing the detection limit by 3 orders of magnitude and enabling quantitative detection of analytes. In this work, we characterize the fluorescence detection platform and detail the effects of label selection on the overall system performance. The effects of optoelectronic configuration, brightness, and spectral matching are presented. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our platform for colorimetric detection and compare its performance to a standard central laboratory microplate reader. The limit-of-detection (LOD) for our point-of-care platform was determined to be the same as the microplate reader, detecting 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> 0.5 μm microspheres without the use of focusing or transfer optics.
Femtosecond laser writing of the depressed cladding buried channel waveguides in ZnS crystal (2018)

We report the first direct laser-writing of buried channel waveguides in ZnS. A depressed cladding waveguide with propagation loss of 0.62 dB/cm at 1030 nm allowed to obtain spectral broadening under femtosecond-pumping at 1030 nm.
Design of the State Machine for A/D Converter (2008)

State machine represent one type of control logic, the very important part of each integrated circuit. There can be situation when analogue designers must design this digital block but they have only a few or even no experience with this kind of design. This paper presents the design of the state machine design for analogue designers. It helps them to design a digital block - when it is simple enough - without need of a digital design tools and helps them to design it fast and without useless mistakes. This design is presented on a real design of the state machine used in a dual-slope A/D converter for RFID devices.
Body mass index does not influence response to treatment, nor does body weight change with lower doses of conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate in early postmenopausal women (2004)

Lower- and standard-dose regimens of CE or CE/MPA are not associated with greater weight gain than placebo. In addition, BMI does not seem to influence effects of these regimens on vasomotor symptoms, vaginal atrophy, bleeding profiles, BMD, endometrial safety, or breast pain.
Saturable Bragg reflector self-starting passive mode locking of a Cr^4+:YAG laser pumped with a diode-pumped Nd:YVO_4 laser (1996)

We demonstrate self-starting passive mode locking of a Cr (4+):YAG laser, using an intracavity nonlinear mirror as a saturable absorber. The pump source is a diode-pumped Nd:YVO(4) laser. Output pulses are centered at 1541 nm, with 26-nm spectral bandwidth and 110-fs pulse width. Output powers of 70 mW are obtained with 8 W of pump power. This mode locking technique is compared with Kerr-lens mode locking.
Linearized dynamics and operating modes of a simple wind turbine model (1999)

Modal analysis and the future design of control strategies for a wind turbine rely heavily on the development of system descriptive dynamics models. Until now, wind turbine models have focused only on turbine simulations and not system characterization, which is necessary for the evaluation of operating modes, parameterization of stability, and controI designs. This paper presents an explicit, descriptive model of a rigid component, generic horizontal axis wind turbine, from which the system parameters and operating modes are extracted. A four degree-offreedom two-bladed turbine under free vibration is analyzed in parts and then as a complete system, presenting physical insight into the dynamic coupling behavior. A study perfonned at different rotor azimuth positions exposes the importance of Floquet analysis to better understand rotor-nacelle dynamic interactions. Mode shapes are identified and results are presented for modal frequencies at different rotor speeds.
Chances and Shortcomings of Adenovirus-Mediated ATP7B Gene Transfer in Wilson Disease: Proof of Principle Demonstrated in a Pilot Study with LEC rats (2002)

The data demonstrate proof of principle of successful gene therapy in an experimental model of WD. As a consequence of successful but only transient therapeutic effect of adenoviral gene transfer we can now focus more efficient and permanent gene transfer strategies.
Uniformity calibration for large area XY strip parallel plate ionization chamber (2022)

Demand for large area parallel plate ionization chamber (PPIC) or large area ionization chamber (LAIC) has risen in recent years due to several advantages of the large effective area in monitoring therapeutic radiation beams. PPICs are designed for the measurements of beam profile and dosimetry in radiation therapy quality assurance (QA) procedures.<i>Objective</i>. Heterogeneous responses over the large sensitive area pose an undeniable concern for the straightforward applications of PPICs in clinical dosimetry. Uniformity calibration for the detector response is thus essential for the accurate performance of each PPIC unit.<i>Approach.</i>A large area XY strip PPIC, characterized by a large effective area of 345.44 × 345.44 mm<sup>2</sup>and 256 readout channels, was investigated in this study. A new systematic uniformity calibration is developed to improve the lateral response of the PPIC over the measurements for both narrow beams and large square field beams. A 2D response map of the PPIC was obtained by a spot-scanning method using a compact x-ray tube (mini x-ray). The mini x-ray, providing stable radiation (uncertainty <0.1%), was moved with a step size of 20 mm in 2 dimensions across the entire PPIC surface to collect a complete spot scan. Different uniformity calibration methods were introduced for the measurement of the PPIC by adopting the information from the detector 2D response map.<i>Main results.</i>Deviation of the detector response, before calibration, was observed to reach about 7% for the testing PPIC unit which is much higher than the recommended uniformity response of 1% (IAEA TRS-398). The uniformity response of the PPIC improved significantly to less than 1% across the detector surface after calibration.<i>Significance.</i>The proposed methods enable the practical application of PPIC in routine clinical dosimetry and can be reliably adopted by any radiation facility to perform daily and monthly QA.
Relationship Between Frontal Knee Alignment and Reference Axes in the Distal Femur (2001)

The two transepicondylar axes (the clinical and surgical epicondylar axes), the posterior condylar axis, and the anteroposterior axis were constructed using computed tomography scans in 111 (66 patients) knees with symptomatic arthritis. The relationships between angles made by these reference axes and two angles indicating frontal knee alignment (the tibiofemoral valgus angle and the femoral valgus angle) were investigated. In Y of the knees, the surgical epicondylar axis could not be constructed because the sulcus of the medial epicondyle was not recognizable. The condylar twist angle was almost constant and averaged 6 degrees when the femoral valgus angle was 9 degrees or less, but increased gradually when the angle was greater than 9 degrees. The difference between the condylar twist angle and the posterior condylar angle was constantly 3 degrees. The anteroposterior axis was almost at right angles to the clinical epicondylar axis, and the relationship between these axes was constant, independent of the femoral valgus angle. With 3 degrees to 6 degrees external rotation relative to the posterior condylar axis, the femoral component could be set parallel to the transepicondylar axis in common varus or neutral knees. In cases with a larger femoral valgus angle, the anteroposterior axis would be a more reliable reference axis. Preoperative computed tomography scans are recommended for patients with knees with severe valgus deformity or severe hypertrophic osteoarthritis.
Ultrafast laser nanopatterning of metals below 100 nm (2021)

International audience
Formation of planar optical waveguides in the new nonlinear gadolinium calcium oxoborate, Ca_4GdO(BO_3)_3, crystal by 2-MeV He^+ implantation (1998)

A planar waveguide composed of the new nonlinear material, Ca(4)GdO(BO(3))(3) (GdCOB), is reported. This crystal belongs to the calcium oxoborate family. It has attractive nonlinear properties that can be of great interest in integrated optics applications. We used a method of He(+) implantation to fabricate waveguides in GdCOB crystals by creating a buried layer of lowered refractive index a few micrometers beneath the surface. Both TE and TM modes were observed. Therefore, according to the Y cut of the crystal, refractive-index values of n(x) , n(y) , and n(z) were obtained. Index profiles were reconstructed by an improved inverse WKB method. The profiles showed a steplike index behavior, indicating that the guiding region obtained was of good optical quality.