gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. II. Polymerization of vinyl ethers and film properties of polymers (1957)

Summary Vinyl ethers of stearyl, soybean, and linseed fatty alcohols have been prepared and polymerized in solution in hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents at temperatures down to −30°C. with several Lewis‐acidtype catalysts. Stearyl polyvinyl ether was a white, waxy solid melting at 44°–50°C. while soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers were colorless, viscous liquids. Molecular weights of these polymers range from 1,500 to 15,000 and higher, depending on the conditions of polymerization. Films of soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers containing driers were cast from toluene solution. Hard films were obtained with cobalt drier by baking at 150°C. while softer films were obtained under these conditions when lead driers were used. Soybean films containing cobalt drier and baked on Pyrex glass dissolved completely in 5% aqueous alkali. A fatty acid coresponding to the fatty alcohol side chain was isolated from this solution along with a material that appeared to be partially oxidized polyvinyl alcohol. Baked films of soybean polyvinyl ether with lead drier did not dissolve in alkali. Some improvement of alkali resistance was obtained with cobalt films by adding aromatic amines as antioxidants. Soybean polymer films containing cobalt and baked on soft glass or metal surfaces were resistant to 5% aqueous alkali for at least three days. Soybean polyvinyl ether was emulsified with an equal weight of water, using ammonium salts of fatty acids as emulsifiers. Films were prepared from this emulsion that appeared to be continuous.
The pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer: lessons learned from studies of skin carcinogenesis--thirty-third G. H. A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. (1994)

The multistage nature of cancer pathogenesis was first defined over 50 years ago by the sequential topical application of chemical agents to mouse skin. Since then, the skin model has provided remarkable insights into the biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and genetics of carcinogenesis. Discoveries from studies of mouse skin have proved to be landmarks in cancer research including: the binding of carcinogens to DNA; the monoclonal origin of benign and malignant tumors; the powerful tumor-promoting action of phorbol esters; the antipromoting potency of retinoids and steroids; the modifying role of age, caloric intake, and specific dietary constituents on cancer induction; the variable risk for benign tumors to progress to cancer; and the requirement for multiple genetic changes in malignant conversion. Many of these concepts are now widely applied to the interpretation of specific molecular discoveries both in simple experimental systems and in human cancers, but the power of this quantitative, multistage skin carcinogenesis model has made these assessments possible. It has also provided the separation of mechanistically distinct stages in cancer pathogenesis: initiation; promotion; premalignant progression; and malignant conversion. This paper will review our current understanding of the genetic, biological, and biochemical alterations that contribute to the evolution of each of these stages in skin carcinogenesis. These new insights provide an opportunity to replace the traditional operational-based schemata defining the process of carcinogenesis with a working model designed around functional alterations in neoplastic cells.
Posztkondicionálás kísérletes alkalmazása aortakirekesztés kapcsánr (2009)

Postconditioning proves to be capable in conferring protection against different organ injuries caused by longer circulatory occlusions during elective major vascular surgeries.
340 PERFORMANCE OF URINE IL-18 IN DIAGNOSIS AND RISK-STRATIFICATION OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (2005)

<h3>Background</h3> In acute renal failure (ARF) the production and clearance of serum creatinine is affected by several non-renal factors and the serum creatinine rises days after initial renal tubular injury. Thus, a urinary biomarker of renal injury is being sought. We have demonstrated that IL-18 is a mediator of ischemic ARF in mice and that urinary IL-18 levels are elevated in established human ARF. As a next step we investigated the performance of urine IL-18 test as an early diagnostic marker of ARF. <h3>Methods</h3> We performed a nested case-control study within the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) network trial. ARF was defined as an increase in serum creatinine by at least 50% from baseline within the first 6 days of ARDS study enrollment. 52 cases of ARF were eligible for our study. Each case of ARF was randomly matched with 2 controls that did not develop ARF. Urine samples were collected on study days 0, 1 and 3 and a total of 400 urine specimens were analyzed. <h3>Results</h3> Median urine IL-18 levels were significantly higher in ARF cases as compared to controls on day 0 (126 vs. 0), day 1 (65 vs. 0) and day 3 (88 vs. 0) (P≤ 0.001). On multivariable analysis after adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, urine IL-18 values predicted development of ARF 24 and 48 hours later. The adjoining figure demonstrates that urine IL-18 performs well as a diagnostic test with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 73% at 24 hours before clinical diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity range from 75% to 98% (Figure). The urine IL-18 values were also significantly different between survivors and non-survivors with ARF on days 0, 1 and 3. (P ≤ 0.05). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Urinary IL-18 test can be used for the early diagnosis and risk-stratification of ARF in ICU.
Separation and Fractionation of Macromolecules and Particles (1963)

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Sexual and reproductive health needs assessment & interventions in a female psychiatric intensive care unit (2021)

Aims To assess the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of women admitted to a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU), and acceptability of delivering specialist SRH assessments/interventions in this setting. Secondary aims were to explore the barriers to access and the feasibility of providing SRH assessments and interventions in the PICU. Method A retrospective analysis of fifteen months’ activity data found that only 25 SRH referrals had been made across 205 PICU admissions. This low referral rate of 12% likely reflected pathway barriers and was unlikely to represent the actual clinical need in female PICU patients. A bi-monthly SRH in-reach clinic and a nurse led SRH referral pathway were implemented on the PICU over a seven-month period. Within a quality improvement framework, a staff training needs assessment was performed, training delivered, a protocol developed, staff attitudes explored, and patient and carer engagement sought. Result A quality improvement approach streamlined SRH assessments on the PICU and resulted in 42% of women being assessed and a 3.5-fold increase in uptake. At least 30% of the women in the PICU had unmet SRH needs identified and proceeded to a specialist appointment. This amounts to a minimum 2.5-fold increase in SRH unmet need detection. The most common SRH needs were complex gynaecological issues (such as period problems, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge), STI advice/testing and contraception advice/options. 21% of women initiated SRH interventions, and 14% completed all the interventions required for their needs. The most common interventions were in the areas of contraception advice/family planning and STI advice/testing. Staff confidence on assessing SRH topics was identified as a barrier to access with a positive shift noted after bespoke SRH training was implemented and a protocol introduced: on a scale of 0-10 (with 10 being high), 81.3% of staff rated their confidence 8 or above in relation to discussing contraception/sexually transmitted infections (pre-training: 25.0%), and 93.8% in relation to discussing risky behaviours (pre-training: 18.8%). All 11 patient and carer participants felt it was important to have a forum to talk about SRH and 8 (72.7%) agreed it was important in the PICU. Conclusion Results identify that SRH needs for PICU admissions are greater than previously realised. Staff highlighted the acceptability and importance of SRH care, if interventions are appropriately timed and the patient's individual risk profile considered. Providing a nurse led referral pathway for an SRH in-reach clinic is acceptable, feasible and beneficial for PICU patients.
Comparative Evaluation of 2-Hour Rapid Diagnostic Algorithms for Acute Myocardial Infarction Using High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (2017)

Two-hour hsTnT algorithms can rule out AMI with very high sensitivity and NPV. The algorithm developed by Reichlin et al. had superior classification performance. Reichlin and colleagues' 2-hour rule-in algorithm had poor positive predictive value and might not be suitable for early rule-in decision-making.
Overcoming CAR-Mediated CD19 Downmodulation and Leukemia Relapse with T Lymphocytes Secreting Anti-CD19 T-cell Engagers (2022)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells have revolutionized the treatment of CD19-positive hematologic malignancies. Although anti-CD19 CAR-engineered autologous T cells can induce remission in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a large subset relapse, most of them with CD19-positive disease. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are clearly needed. Here, we report a comprehensive study comparing engineered T cells either expressing a second-generation anti-CD19 CAR (CAR-T19) or secreting a CD19/CD3-targeting bispecific T-cell engager antibody (STAb-T19). We found that STAb-T19 cells are more effective than CAR-T19 cells at inducing cytotoxicity, avoiding leukemia escape in vitro, and preventing relapse in vivo. We observed that leukemia escape in vitro is associated with rapid and drastic CAR-induced internalization of CD19 that is coupled with lysosome-mediated degradation, leading to the emergence of transiently CD19-negative leukemic cells that evade the immune response of engineered CAR-T19 cells. In contrast, engineered STAb-T19 cells induce the formation of canonical immunologic synapses and prevent the CD19 downmodulation observed in anti-CD19 CAR-mediated interactions. Although both strategies show similar efficacy in short-term mouse models, there is a significant difference in a long-term patient-derived xenograft mouse model, where STAb-T19 cells efficiently eradicated leukemia cells, but leukemia relapsed after CAR-T19 therapy. Our findings suggest that the absence of CD19 downmodulation in the STAb-T19 strategy, coupled with the continued antibody secretion, allows an efficient recruitment of the endogenous T-cell pool, resulting in fast and effective elimination of cancer cells that may prevent CD19-positive relapses frequently associated with CAR-T19 therapies.
3D Atom Probe: Chemical Analysis With (Near) Atomic Resolution (2003)

Since it's invention in the early 50's, field ion microscopy (FIM) allowed a true atomic resolution inspection of metallic materials. Lattice related features could be imaged for the very first time. Unfortunately, no chemical information can be obtained with the field ion microscope. This limitation was overcame in the late 60's by the addition to the field ion microscope of a time of flight mass spectrometer, equipped with a single atom detection system, giving birth to the atom probe (AP) technique Combining AP and FIM, the determination of the chemical nature of selected individual atoms became possible. Even if very exciting, the atom by atom process was very tedious, and routine experiments almost impossible to realise. The use of position sensitive detection system in the late 80 ' [2] opened a new way to approach crystal lattice reconstruction with chemical information. The analysis of a tungsten specimen in the <111> direction was realised. Using a Fourrier transform over the analysed volume, spots related to low index crystallographic directions were imaged, and reverse Fourrier transform technique was used to give an image of the BCC specimen lattice structure. With a confidence level higher than 90%, true atomic positioning and chemical identification of each individual atom is reached.
Maintaining sensor networks perpetually via wireless recharging mobile vehicles (2014)

The emerging wireless energy transfer technology based on magnetic resonant coupling is a promising technology for wireless sensor networks as it can provide a controllable and perpetual energy source to sensors. In this paper we study the use of minimum number of wireless charging mobile vehicles to charge sensors in a sensor network so that none of the sensors runs out of its energy, subject to the energy capacity imposed on mobile vehicles, for which we first advocate an flexible on-demand wireless charging paradigm that decouples sensor energy charging scheduling from data routing protocols design. We then formulate an optimization problem of scheduling mobile vehicles to charge lifetime-critical sensors with an objective to minimize the number of mobile vehicles deployed, subject to the energy capacity constraint on each mobile vehicle. As the problem is NP-hard, we devise an approximation algorithm with a provable performance guarantee for it. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm through experimental simulations. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is promising, and the solution obtained is fractional of the optimal.
Extending EUV lithography for DRAM applications (2020)

In this paper we show experimental verification of the feasibility of printing pitch 40x70nm hexagonal holes using EUV single patterning. We show that at a local CDU (LCDU) of 2.7nm and an exposure dose of 54 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> a defect rate smaller than 7x10<sup>-9</sup> is observed. This result was enabled by optimization of the illumination source and improvements in the resist. Resist selection identified multiple candidates that show a promising LCDU performance and optimization of the processing conditions resulted in improved performance. Experimental validation of the defect performance was done using HMI eP5 on the baseline process. Assessment of the LCDU performance for EUV single expose at pitches beyond 40x70nm, showed promising results.
Poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene). A New Stable Low Band Gap Conducting Polymer (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTPoly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene). A New Stable Low Band Gap Conducting PolymerKyunghoon Lee and Gregory A. SotzingView Author Information Department of Chemistry and the Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136 Cite this: Macromolecules 2001, 34, 17, 5746–5747Publication Date (Web):July 12, 2001Publication History Received10 April 2001Revised28 May 2001Published online12 July 2001Published inissue 1 August 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma0106245https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0106245rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2683Altmetric-Citations93LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Electrical conductivity,Plastics,Polymerization,Polymers,Thiophenes Get e-Alerts
High Load Lean SI-Combustion Analysis of DI Methane and Gasoline Using Optical Diagnostics with Endoscope (2021)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Homogeneous lean spark-ignited combustion is known for its thermodynamic advantages over conventional stoichiometric combustion but remains a challenge due to combustion instability, engine knock and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions especially at higher engine loads above the naturally aspirated limit. Investigations have shown that lean combustion can partly suppress knock, which is why the concept may be particularly advantageous in high load, boosted operation in downsized engines with high compression ratios.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;However, the authors have previously shown that this is not true for all cases due to the appearance of a lean load limit, which is defined by the convergence of the knock limit and combustion stability limit. Therefore, further research has been conducted with the alternative and potentially renewable fuel methane which has higher resistance to autoignition compared to gasoline. Operation with a gaseous fuel on high load was achieved by high pressure direct injection and boosting in a single cylinder research engine. To analyse the combustion further, an endoscope allowing optical access to the combustion chamber was utilized to acquire combustion chamber flame images.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;High load lean operation with methane could confirm the hypothesis that without a knock limit, optimal ignition timing could be maintained resulting in high combustion stability, and the lean load limit mitigated. Instead, limitation was reached due to peak cylinder pressure. Direct injected methane resulted in overall higher combustion stability compared to gasoline. However, methane also provided an overall lower fuel conversion efficiency by 1-2 %-units compared to gasoline. Despite higher combustion stability using methane, the maximum air-dilution could only be marginally extended. Flame images using the endoscope revealed that the flame growth post ignition was prohibited, possibly due to flame quenching, at high turbulence conditions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Pleomorphic carcinoma of the breast associated with cyst formation: a unique surgical case focusing on cytological and immunohistochemical findings. Cystic breast PC (2013)

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9290689448998782.
“Stay Tuned—We Will Be Back Right after these Messages”: Need to Evaluate Moderates the Transfer of Irritation in Advertising (2001)

Abstract Abstract Studies on irritation in advertising have primarily focused on commercial attributes that produce negative reactions to that commercial and the brand advertised. The present study extends this line of research by examining the carryover effects of irritation previously elicited by either disliked ads or a large number of ads (embedded in a documentary) to an unrelated, neutral ad (at the end of the documentary). We hypothesize that people with a high need to evaluate (NE) will show such a transfer of irritation more clearly than will low NE individuals. The results confirm this hypothesis; high NE individuals were (1) more irritated after exposure to disliked or many ads and, consequently, (2) more negatively affected in their evaluations of the neutral ad and brand. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
112 Global and temporal trends in mortality from ischaemic heart disease: statistics from the World Health Organisation (2019)

<h3>Background</h3> Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) has been considered the top cause of mortality globally. However, countries differ in their rates and there have been changes over time. <h3>Methods</h3> We analysed mortality data submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) from 2005 to 2015 by individual countries. We explored patterns in relationships with age, sex and income, and calculated age-standardised mortality rates for each country in addition to crude death rates. <h3>Results</h3> Russia, United States and Ukraine had the largest absolute numbers of deaths among the countries that provided data. Mortality from IHD has progressively decreased from 2005 to 2015 (Figure 1). Age-standardised IHD mortality rates per 100,000 people per year were much higher in Ukraine (324) and Kazakhstan (97) than in Brazil (54) and the UK (46), with much less difference in other causes of death (Figure 2). All 4 countries showed a progressive decline in IHD mortality. <h3>Conclusions</h3> IHD remains the single largest cause of death in countries of all income groups. Rates are very different between countries and are falling in most countries, indicating great potential for further gains. The political and economic transitions that have taken place in Eastern Europe and Central Asia may have contributed to trends in IHD mortality and risk factor control. <h3>Conflict of Interest</h3> nil
Identification of two isoforms of the catalytic subunit of Na,K-ATPase in myocytes from adult rat heart. (1987)

The present study demonstrates that two forms of the alpha catalytic subunit of the Na,K-ATPase are present in rat heart and originate from cardiomyocytes. They were resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction and alkylation of the sulfhydryl groups. The two forms were identified on immunoblots using two specific antisera against either the alpha subunit from Bufo marinus kidney and the alpha and beta subunits from lamb kidney. Comparison of the two forms to the alkylated Na,K-ATPase from rat kidney (containing one catalytic subunit) and from rat brain (containing alpha and alpha + subunits) suggested that, in rat cardiac myocytes, the form with a fast migration rate (alpha F) corresponds to the alpha subunit of low ouabain affinity and the one with a slow migration rate (alpha S), to a subunit of high ouabain affinity. Thus, the existence of two isoforms of the catalytic subunit in cardiac myocytes accounts well for the biphasic ouabain inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase activity and for the biphasic inotropic responsiveness to cardiac glycosides of the rat heart.
[Expression of bFGF in primary human lens epithelial cells]. (1998)

Based on bFGF promoting PHLEC growth and differentiation, the results suggest that bFGF from PHLECs take part in promoting such cell growth and differentiation.
Virtual cardiologist &#x2014; A conversational system for medical diagnosis (2013)

In this paper we describe a very preliminary conversational system focused on the automated diagnosis of heart conditions. The system uses a relational Ngram model to extract meaning from user queries and answers, and maintains a belief network consisting of 48 different cardiac conditions, symptoms, and other internal system parameters. The end result is a system that can process an initial user query, ask pertinent questions, and to deduce reasonable medical conclusions. Although several example output conversations are shown, the medical accuracy of the diagnosis is not the focus of this paper. Instead this paper focuses on the system level infrastructure and methodology for building a medical conversation system.