gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
25th Anniversary Article: CVD Polymers: A New Paradigm for Surface Modifi cation and Device Fabrication (2013)

Well-adhered, conformal, thin (<100 nm) coatings can easily be obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for a variety of technological applications. Room temperature modification with functional polymers can be achieved on virtually any substrate: organic, inorganic, rigid, flexible, planar, three-dimensional, dense, or porous. In CVD polymerization, the monomer(s) are delivered to the surface through the vapor phase and then undergo simultaneous polymerization and thin film formation. By eliminating the need to dissolve macromolecules, CVD enables insoluble polymers to be coated and prevents solvent damage to the substrate. CVD film growth proceeds from the substrate up, allowing for interfacial engineering, real-time monitoring, and thickness control. Initiated-CVD shows successful results in terms of rationally designed micro- and nanoengineered materials to control molecular interactions at material surfaces. The success of oxidative-CVD is mainly demonstrated for the deposition of organic conducting and semiconducting polymers.
Boron-10 Concentration Measurements Using the Solid-State Nuclear Track Detector CR-39 and Automatic Image Analysis (1987)

Calibration curves are determined for measuring the concentration of 10B in the blood of rats using an autoradiographic procedure, with the polycarbonate solid-state nuclear track detector CR-39 and an image analysis system for automatic track counting. The calibration curves indicate that for the etch procedure used, the nitrogen concentration in the blood is an important interfering input for 10B concentration measurements. By discriminating against small tracks, the sensitivity to the blood nitrogen concentration can be reduced to the point that a variation in the nitrogen weight fraction of 0.01 gN/g blood causes a variation in the predicted 10B concentration of 0.3 µg 10B/ml blood.
A New Synthesis and Process Development of Bis(fluoroalkyl)pyrazoles As Novel Agrophores (2014)

The synthesis of 3,5-bis(fluoroalkyl)-pyrazoles as novel agrophores is described. Commercially available fluoroacetoacetates are treated with BF3-activated TFEDMA affording in a straightforward one-pot sequence pyrazole carboxylates in good yields and with excellent regioselectivity. The carboxylate intermediates have been converted into the corresponding pyrazolic acids and submitted to decarboxylation, affording valuable building blocks for the design of novel bioactive ingredients. The found process is suitable for scale up and preparation of compounds in kilogram quantity.
Scaffolding laboratory skills (2017)

The first-year physics laboratory program at UNSW Canberra has evolved over many years (Low &amp; Timmers, 2011), in response to the commonly-experienced drivers of available resources (material and human) and student feedback (on both enjoyment and learning outcomes). Here, we report on the most recent changes: moving towards an inquiry-oriented system that employs scaffolded skill development with a capstone assessment task.
Design and Implementation of Seven Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter Using Low frequency transformer with Single DC Source (2013)

Abstract — A cascaded H-Bridge Seven level inverter using low frequency transformer with single DC source is proposed. The proposed configuration reduces the complexity in design and modularity when compared to conventional method which also provides reduced switching losses and harmonics. A multilevel shifted carrier based sinusoidal PWM switching scheme is utilised to reduce the complexity in control design. Therefore an identical H-bridge module is used to improve manufacturability and modularity. The circuit performance is simulated using PSIM and experimental results are tested using laboratory prototype.
Distinct Effects of Calorie Restriction and Exercise on Mammary Gland Gene Expression in C57BL/6 Mice (2009)

Energy balance, including diet, weight, adiposity, and physical activity, is associated with carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies indicate that obesity and sedentary and/or active behavior are risk factors for breast cancer in postmenopausal women and survival in both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Thus, understanding the influence of energy balance modulation on changes in gene expression patterns in the normal mammary gland is important for understanding mechanisms linking energy balance and breast cancer. In a 6-week-long study, female C57BL/6 mice (9-week-old) were randomized into four groups: (a) food consumed ad libitum (AL), (b) AL with access to running wheels (AL+EX), (c) 30% calorie restricted (CR), and (d) 30% CR with access to running wheels (CR+EX). CR mice received 70% of calories but 100% of all other nutrients compared with AL mice. Diet and exercise treatments, individually and combined, had significant effects on body composition and physical activity. Affymetrix oligomicroarrays were used to explore changes in gene expression patterns in total RNA samples from excised whole mammary glands. Contrasting AL versus CR resulted in 425 statistically significant expression changes, whereas AL versus AL+EX resulted in 45 changes, with only 3 changes included among the same genes, indicating that CR and EX differentially influence expression patterns in noncancerous mammary tissue. Differential expression was observed in genes related to breast cancer stem cells, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the growth and survival of breast cancer cells. Thus, CR and EX seem to exert their effects on mammary carcinogenesis through distinct pathways.
Comparison of the field emissions between highly ordered carbon nanotubes with closed and open tips (2004)

We have studied the field emission from the closed and open tips of highly ordered carbon nanotubes fabricated on porous anodic aluminum oxide templates by changing the tube height. Due to the field-screening effect provoked by the proximity of the neighboring tubes, the field emission from both kinds of the tips was critically affected by the tube height that protruded from the surface. The field emission optimizes when the tube height is similar to the intertube distance for both kinds of tips. The field emission from the closed tips is much more efficient than that from the open ones.
Behavior of a MOEMS Package (TI DMD™) Under Mechanical and Thermal Loads (2000)

Abstract The Digital Micromirror Device (DMD™), developed by Texas Instruments is a key player in the digital projection arena. The packaging requirements of this device are different from those of standard integrated circuits. The current paper focuses on understanding the DMD™ package structural behavior under thermal and mechanical loads through finite element modeling. Package stress conditions were quantified using a metric that accounted for both peel and shear stress. Analysis showed that the package was highly sensitive to mechanical load magnitude and distribution. The results identified dominant failure modes and provided direction for developing new design verification tests needed to qualify the package design.
BIOPLUME II computer model of two-dimensional contaminant transport under the influence of oxygen limited biodegradation in ground water. Documentation. Final report (1988)

This manual presents a two-dimensional computer model, BIOPLUME II, that simulates the transport of dissolved hydrocarbons under the influence of oxygen-limited biodegradation. BIOPLUME II also simulates reaeration and anaerobic biodegradation as a first-order decay in hydrocarbon concentrations. The model is based on the USGS solute transport two-dimensional code (Konikow and Bredehoeft, 1978). The model computes the changes in concentration over time due to convection, dispersion, mixing, and biodegradation. The same numerical techniques that are used in the USGS code are maintained in BIOPLUME II. BIOPLUME II solves the solute transport equation twice: once for hydrocarbon and once for oxygen. As a result, two plumes are computed at every time step. The model assumes an instantaneous reaction between oxygen and hydrocarbon to simulate biodegradation processes. The model is extremely versatile in that it can be used to simulate natural biodegradation processes, retarded plumes, and in-situ biorestoration schemes. BIOPLUME II allows injection wells to be specified as oxygen sources into a contaminated aquifer. This means that alternate methods for aquifer reclamation can be investigated to design the most economically feasible scheme.
Tuberculosis detection in nonhuman primates is enhanced by use of testing algorithms that include an interferon-γ release assay (2021)

The detection and management of MTBC infection in captive nonhuman primate populations is an ongoing challenge, especially with animal imports and transfers. Despite standardized practices of initial quarantine with regular intradermal tuberculin skin testing, spontaneous outbreaks continue to be reported. Since infection encompasses a range of disease manifestations over time, a testing algorithm that incorporates multiple assays, such as the GIFT assay, to evaluate host cellular and humoral immunity in addition to agent detection is needed. Testing a combination of samples from controlled studies and spontaneous outbreaks of MTBC infection in nonhuman primates would advance the development and validation of a functional algorithm that incorporates promising tools such as the GIFT assay.
MIMO Interference Alignment in Random Access Networks (2012)

In this paper, we analyze a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel where nodes are randomly distributed on a plane as a spatial Poisson cluster point process. Each cluster uses interference alignment (IA) to suppress intra-cluster interference but unlike most work on IA, we do not neglect inter-cluster interference. We also connect the accuracy of channel state information to the distance between the nodes, i.e. the quality of CSI degrades with increasing distance. Accounting for the training and feedback overhead, we derive the transmission capacity of this MIMO IA ad hoc network and then compare it to open-loop (interference-blind) spatial multiplexing. Finally, we present exemplary system setups where spatial multiplexing outperforms IA due to the imperfect channel state information or the non-aligned inter-cluster interference.
New particle formation from the oxidation of direct emissions of pine seedlings (2009)

Abstract. Measurements of particle formation following the gas phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings are reported. Particle nucleation and condensational growth both from ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (OH) initiated oxidation of pine emissions (about 20–120 ppb) were investigated in a~smog chamber. During experiments, tetramethylethylene (TME) and 2-butanol were added to control the concentrations of O3 and OH. Particle nucleation and condensational growth rates were interpreted with a chemical kinetics model. Scots pine emissions mainly included α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene, limonene, myrcene, β-phellandrene and isoprene, composing more than 95% of total emissions. Modeled OH concentration in the O3+OH induced experiments was at a level of ~106 molecular cm−3. Our results demonstrate that OH-initiated oxidation of VOCs plays an important role in the nucleation process during the initial new particle formation stage. The highest average nucleation rate of 360 cm−3 s−1 was observed for the OH-dominated nucleation events and the lowest aerosol mean formation rate less than 0.5 cm−3 s−1 for the case with only O3 present as an oxidant. On the other hand, ozonolysis of monoterpenes appears to be much more efficient to the aerosol growth process following nucleation. Higher contributions of more oxygenated products to the SOA mass loadings from OH-dominating oxidation systems were found as compared to the ozonolysis systems. Comparison of mass and volume distributions from the aerosol mass spectrometer and differential mobility analyzer yields estimated effective density of these SOA to be 1.34±0.06 g cm−3 with the OH plus O3 initiated oxidation systems and 1.38±0.03 g cm−3 with the ozonolysis dominated chemistry.
Screening for Breast Cancer Using Near Field Infrared Spectroscopy of a Single Strand of Hair (2001)

Abstract : A recent Australian study has used synchrotron x-ray diffraction to identify changes in the structure of hair that may be linked to either the occurrence of breast cancer, or the increased predisposition to breast cancer because of the breast of a mutation of the BRCAl gene. We have successfully developed a new infrared method for the detection in a single strand of hair the presence of lipid deposits that were the putative cause of the observed x-ray patterns. Our study provides an independent test of the proposed link between hair structure and breast cancer. We have found that our table-top infrared technique does offer an alternative to expensive synchrotron x-ray sources for this purpose. However, our tests show that we find the presence of lipids in healthy patients as well. We performed independent x-ray studies in collaboration with researchers at Cornell University, who have confirmed our finding that the x-ray scattering patterns are observed in hair from healthy patients. Taken together Our work suggests that (i) IR microscopy is extremely promising, but (ii) the Australian study is likely to be wrong - a disappointing result for breast cancer patients.
Empty Substrate Integrated Waveguide Slot Antenna Array for 5G Applications (2018)

This paper introduces a linear slot antenna array based on an empty substrate integrated waveguide at 28 GHz. The proposed antenna offers the advantages of reduced weight and fabrication cost as well as facilitates relatively easier integration with planar electronic components as compared to conventional slotted waveguide antenna arrays. A high gain and efficiency and low losses are major considerations which can be achieved by the proposed design when compared to the substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna array. The proposed antenna geometry suggests an operating bandwidth of 10.4% (i.e. 26.5-29.4 GHz) suitable to fulfil 5G demands with high gain performance of 11.6 dBi at 28GHz.
Prolonged Induced Hypothermia in Hemorrhagic Shock Is Associated With Decreased Muscle Metabolism (2013)

Hemorrhagic shock is a leading cause of trauma-related death in war and is associated with significant alterations in metabolism. Using archived serum samples from a previous study, the purpose of this work was to identify metabolic changes associated with induced hypothermia in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Twelve Yorkshire pigs underwent a standardized hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation protocol to simulate battlefield injury with prolonged evacuation to definitive care in cold environments. Animals were randomized to receive either hypothermic (33°C) or normothermic (39°C) limited resuscitation for 8 h, followed by standard resuscitation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to evaluate serum metabolites from these animals at intervals throughout the hypothermic resuscitation period. Animals in the hypothermic group had a significantly higher survival rate (P = 0.02) than normothermic animals. Using random forest analysis, a difference in metabolic response between hypothermic and normothermic animals was identified. Hypothermic resuscitation was characterized by decreased concentrations of several muscle-related metabolites including taurine, creatine, creatinine, and amino acids. This study suggests that a decrease in muscle metabolism as a result of induced hypothermia is associated with improved survival.
Chemical Microscopy of Biological Samples by Dynamic Mode Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) (2009)

3D chemical microscopy is one of the emerging applications of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in biology. Tissues, cells, extracellular matrices, and polymer films can be imaged at present with a lateral resolution of 50 nm and depth resolution of 1 nm using the latest generation of CAMECA magnetic sector NanoSIMS 50 or with a lower lateral resolution (above 100 nm) using IMS 4f Cameca SIMS equipped with cold stage. Dynamic mode SIMS analysis is performed in ultrahigh vacuum and thus requires specific and careful preparation of biological samples aimed at preserving and minimizing destruction of the original structural and chemical properties of the samples. Here we describe a methodology based on the ultrafast plunge-freezing of biological tissues, preparation of the sample for SIMS analyses and transfer to the SIMS cold stage without interruption of the cold chain during the mounting procedure and subsequent SIMS analyses. Using this strategy, SIMS chemical microscopy can be performed on biological tissue in which unwanted molecular and/or structural reorganization, loss of constituents and chemical modifications are minimized and in which structures are therefore optimally preserved.
Wide Bandwidth Rogowski Current Transducers: (1993)

SummaryThis paper is the second of three parts giving a comprehensive examination of the use of Rogowski coils for wide bandwidth current waveform measurement. Rogowski coils have previously been used for special applications of current measurement such as very short duration high current pulses, but have only recently become available as general purpose transducers suitable for power electronic equipment. This requires a bandwidth of 50 Hz to at least 1 MHz for performance comparable to a standard co-axial shunt. Part I examined the Rogowski coil design and behaviour. Part II examines the integrator behaviour at both low (50 Hz) and high (1 MHz) frequencies. It introduces a feedback circuit which overcomes the problems of low frequency noise and drift and it also shows that with appropriate choice of operational amplifier the bandwidth can be extended beyond 1 MHz. Theoretical noise content is quantified and a transfer function model of the complete transducer is developed. Part III provides results of frequency response tests and recordings of current waveforms with dI/dt up to 3500 A/µs for different coil designs and alternative operational amplifiers.
Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering (2011)

Preface AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS Introduction Criteria for Good Biosensor Research Defining a Standard for Characterizing Biosensor Performances Success Stories in Biosensor Research Conclusion IMAGING OF SINGLE BIOMOLECULES BY SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY Introduction Interfacial Electron Transfer in Molecular and Protein Film Voltammetry Theoretical Notions in Bioelectrochemistry towards the Single-Molecule Level In Situ Imaging of Bio-related Molecules and Linker Molecules for Protein Voltammetry with Single-Molecule and Sub-molecular Resolution Imaging of Intermediate-Size Biological Structures: Lipid Membranes and Insulin Interfacial Electrochemistry and In Situ Imaging of Redox Metalloproteins and Metalloenzymes at the Single-Molecule Level Some Concluding Observations and Outlooks APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY IN BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY Introduction Theoretical Aspects of Neutron Scattering Experimental Aspects Selected Examples Summary and Future Aspects MODEL LIPID BILAYERS AT ELECTRODE SURFACES Introduction Biomimetic Membranes: Scope and Requirements Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Formation of Lipid Films in Biomimetic Membranes Various Types of Biomimetic Membranes Conclusions ENZYMATIC FUEL CELLS Introduction Bioanodes for Glucose Oxidation Biocathodes Assembled Biofuel Cells Conclusions and Future Outlook RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF BIOMOLECULES AT ELECTRODE SURFACES Introduction Raman Spectroscopy SERS and Surface-Enhanced Resonant Raman Spectroscopy Comparison of SE(R)RS and Fluorescence for Biological Studies Surfaces for SERS Plasmonic Surfaces SERS Surfaces for Electrochemistry Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy SE(R)RS of Biomolecules Conclusion MEMBRANE ELECTROPORATION IN HIGH ELECTRIC FIELDS Introduction Electrodeformation and Electroporation of Membranes in the Fluid Phase Response of Gel-Phase Membranes Effects of Membrane Inclusions and Media on the Response and Stability of Fluid Vesicles in Electric Fields Application of Vesicle Electroporation Conclusions and Outlook ELECTROPORATION FOR MEDICAL USE IN DRUG AND GENE ELECTROTRANSFER Introduction A List of Definitions How We Understand Permeabilization at the Cellular and Tissue Level Basic Aspects of Electroporation that are of Particular Importance for Medical Use How to Deliver Electric Pulses in Patient Treatment Treatment and Post-treatment Management Clinical Results with Electrochemotherapy Use in Internal Organs Gene Electrotransfer Conclusions
Initial Subcellular Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Soybeans Infected with the Soybean Cyst Nematode (2012)

Initial subcellular responses in susceptible (PI 274420) and resistant (cv. Hartwig) soybeans infected with the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) were examined 2 and 4 days after inoculation (DAI). Subcellular features common to both soybeans at 2 DAI included hypertrophied initial syncytial cells (ISCs) and syncytium-component cells (SCs) with a dense cytoplasm containing proliferated rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (RER and SER), a hypertrophied nucleolus, and reduced vacuoles, suggesting that the nematode-infected cells were dedifferentiated. In the resistant soybean, a striking initial subcellular difference from the susceptible soybean was the dilation of the RER, indicating ER dysfunction and leading to cell death. This disturbed nematode feeding, as evidenced by disrupted feeding tubes. In PI 274420, the ISC cytoplasm was depleted, with the exception of ER membranes, at 4 DAI, while the SC cytoplasm was dense with proliferation of starch-containing plastids around multiple nuclei that might be derived from the congregation of nuclei in the neighboring SCs and in part by nuclear division without cytokinesis. In cv. Hartwig, syncytia were necrotized with secondary cell wall thickening outside the plasma membrane and an extremely dense cytoplasm containing a nucleus with an electron-lucent nucleolus, accompanied by the proliferation of closely stacked parallel RER and ribosomes. These results suggest that syncytia develop continuously in PI 274420 to produce and store nutritional substances in SCs, providing for the nematode through ISC until maturation, but in cv. Hartwig, syncytia degenerate early due to excessive metabolism, blocking nematode feeding and cytoplasmic connections with adjacent intact cells.