gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Final Scientific/Technical Report for "A Novel,Highly Efficient and Economic Purification Process Revolutionizing PTA Production" (2008)

GTC Technology, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the DOE’s Industrial Technologies Program and in collaboration with Montana State University, has completed pilot scale testing of a revolutionary new process to produce purified terephthalic acid (PTA), a crucial chemical commodity manufactured worldwide. Purified terephthalic acid (PTA) is a starting material for the formation of polyester resin. Polyester resin is used to make many valuable commercial products, including clothing, plastic containers and films. In traditional PTA production, critical reactions are carried out at high temperatures and pressures, creating physically harsh and economically costly operating conditions. The chemical halide bromine is an essential ingredient for part of the conventional process. As a result of using bromine, the highly toxic and environmentally insidious compound methyl bromide is formed. The corrosive nature of bromine also mandates the use of specialized and expensive corrosion-resistant materials for plant construction. Plants processing PTA conventionally must also use copious amounts of precious water resources and manage costly water treatment operations. GTC’s new TA purification method employs a unique two-step crystallization process capable of operating at lower temperatures and pressures than traditional methods. Utilization of a highly selective, proprietary organic solvent blend also allows for the flexibility of acceptingmore » higher levels of impurities in the initial purification feedstock. The relaxed physical operating conditions combined with the effectiveness of the blended organic solvent allow for the efficient purification of feedstock created in a bromine free manner. Along with the elimination of bromine, the new purification technology drastically reduces energy costs and expensive wastewater treatment. Industry wide implementation in the United States alone could yield energy savings of 22 trillion BTU per year. In 2007, using the aforementioned innovative and novel approaches to purification, GTC successfully produced PTA at the pilot scale. The product was sent to a major polyester manufacturer for commercial evaluation. The findings from the resin manufacturer noted that polymerization characteristics of GTC-PTA were identical to that of commercially available PTA. Global production of PTA is predicted to grow significantly over the next decade, as consumers demand lighter, more disposable goods and products. The potential environmental and economic benefits of implementing GTC’s new terephthalic acid purification technology are phenomenal in scope. Reduced capital and operating costs, combined with the ability to easily integrate into existing facilities and handle less pure feedstock make this revolutionary new technology incredibly valuable to polyester consumers worldwide.« less
Antiischemic Effects of Nifedipine in Isolated Working Heart Preparations of Healthy, Diabetic, and Hypertensive Rats (1994)

Summary: We evaluated the antiischemic effects of nifedipine in isolated working rat hearts from age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), diabetic WKY, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and diabetic SHR. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. First, we constructed concentration-response curves for the negative inotropic effect of nifedipine in every group. After 15 min of pretreatment with nifedipine (EC60), low-flow ischemia (30 min) was induced by reducing the afterload from 51.5 to 11.0 mm Hg and nifedipine was infused simultaneously. The six measured parameters were left ventricular pressure (LVP), maximum rate of pressure increase (+ dP/dtmax), maximum rate of pressure decrease (− dP/dtmax), aortic output (AO), coronary flow (CF), and cardiac output (CO), determined after 15-min equilibration in the working heart mode and at the end of the experiment. From these data, the recovery percentages were calculated. There were no significant differences in sensitivity to nifedipine (as measured by the EC50 concentration) between the four groups with respect to LVP, + dP/dtmax, − dP/dtmax, CF, and CO. However, hearts from SHR were less sensitive to nifedipine than those from diabetic SHR and nondiabetic WKY with regard to AO. In isolated hearts from nondiabetic WKY and SHR, there were no significant differences between vehicle-treated organs and nifedipine-treated preparations. In hearts from diabetic WKY and diabetic SHR, however, the nifedipine-treated group (LVP 87.1 ± 3.3 and 60.5 ± 12.1%, respectively) recovered significantly (p < 0.05) better from ischemia as compared with the control group (LVP 35.7 ± 14.7 and 10.7 ± 9.8%, respectively) (n = 6 for each group). Hearts from diabetic rats treated with nifedipine recovered much better from ischemia than did hearts derived from nondiabetic rats.
Conformance Testing of Object-Oriented Components Specified by State/Transition Classes (1999)

In object-oriented software development, a class is the basic unit of semantic abstraction, a component is a closely related collection of classes, and a system is a collection of components designed to solve a problem. An object is an instance of a class. Each object consists of state and behavior, where state is determined by the values of state variables identified in the class definition, and behavior is determined by methods (i.e. functions or procedures), defined in the class, that operate on one or more object instances to read or modify their state variables. Objects communicate by sending messages to one another, where a message is a request to invoke one of the recipient object’s methods. Conformance testing of object-oriented software is often done in three stages: unit testing, to ensure that the individual methods of a class are properly defined over all possible object instances; component testing, to ensure that methods restricted to the component under test operate as specified by rules of how the component should behave and that messages to external objects are properly sent; and system testing, to ensure that the entire system behaves as specified by some overall system functional specification. Both component testing and system testing rely heavily on integration testing, which ensures that messages from objects in one class or component are sent and received in the proper order and have the intended effect on the state of external objects that receive the messages. This new work focuses on integration testing. It is strongly influenced by the work of Hong, Kwon, and Cha, who model a single class as a finite state machine, transform that representation into a data flow graph that explicitly identifies the definitions and uses of each state variable of the class, and then apply conventional data flow coverage criteria and testing techniques to produce a collection of abstract test cases that can be used to test conformance of the given class to its functional specification. This paper extends those ideas to an arbitrary number of classes and components. It introduces flexible representations for message sending and receiving among objects and allows parallel processing among any, or all, classes and components. Our approach relies on finite state machines, database modeling and processing techniques, and algorithms for analysis and traversal of directed graphs. A prototype implementation of the approach demonstrates its effectiveness on non-trivial, real-world problems.
Central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in blood pressure regulation. (1992)

Both intravenous and central administration of ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, decrease blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity, suggesting a central origin of its effects. However, ketanserin also possesses alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking properties. Selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonists devoid of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking properties, e.g. LY 53857 and cinanserin, fail to reduce blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity. In addition, 5-HT2 receptor agonists increase blood pressure and sympathetic nerve discharge. Therefore, it seems improbable that blockade of central 5-HT2 receptors alone could lead to a reduction in blood pressure. In contrast, the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonists 8-OH-DPAT and flesinoxan decrease blood pressure and heart rate by a centrally-mediated decrease in sympathetic tone and an increase in vagal tone. The sympatho-inhibitory effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists result from the stimulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors within the ventrolateral pressor area. These results suggest that selective 5-HT1A receptor agonists acting in the central nervous system could be developed for the treatment of hypertension. Indeed, drugs such as flesinoxan and urapidil are effective in this setting.
C-Arm Cone Beam Computed Tomography Needle Path Overlay for Fluoroscopic Guided Vertebroplasty (2010)

C-arm CBCT with needle path overlay for fluoroscopic guided vertebroplasty is feasible and allows for reliable unilateral therapy of both lumbar and thoracic vertebral bodies. Extrapedicular approaches were performed safely and with good accuracy of reaching the targets.
Affordable High Throughput Field Detection of Wheat Stripe Rust Using Deep Learning with Semi-Automated Image Labeling (2022)

Stripe rust ​​(caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat and causes large-scale epidemics and severe yield loss. Applying fungicides during early epidemic development is crucial to controlling the disease but is often challenged by resource-limited human visual scouting. Deep learning has the potential to process images and videos captured from affordable devices to empower high-throughput phenotyping for early detection of stripe rust for timely application of fungicides and improve control efficiency. Here, we developed RustNet, a neural network-based image classifier, for efficiently monitoring fields for stripe rust. RustNet was built on a ResNet-18 architecture pre-trained with ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) dataset using transfer learning. RGB images and videos of multiple wheat fields with different wheat types (winter and spring wheat), conditions (irrigated and non-irrigated), and locations were acquired using smartphones or unmanned aerial vehicles near the canopy. A semi-automated image labeling approach was conducted to improve labeling efficiency by combining automated machine labeling and human correction. Cross-validations across multiple categories (sensor platforms, wheat types, and locations) achieved Area Under Curve from 0.72 to 0.87. Independent validation on a published dataset from Germany achieved accuracies ranging from 0.79 to 0.86. The visualization of the last convolutional layer of RustNet demonstrated the identification of pixels with stripe rust. RustNet is freely available at https://zzlab.net/RustNet.
Gold catalysis in total synthesis—an update (2011)

In this critical review, the strongly increasing amount of new applications of gold catalysis in total synthesis is summarised and, for the new developed methods, the mode of activation of the substrate by the gold catalyst is discussed (47 references).
Optimal component sizing and operational optimisation of a mobile energy system for decentralised electricity supply (2023)

The ambitious legislation driven by climate change, makes it necessary to focus more strongly on previously untapped greenhouse gas saving potentials, such as the mobile supply of renewable electrical energy which can create geographical flexibility. Consumers are supplied with electrical energy by the mobile energy system, whereby the energy can potentially come from the photovoltaic modules (PV), the diesel generator (DG), the fuel cell (FC) or the battery (EES) contained in the overall system. Exemplary customers of the service can be, e.g., road construction sites, festivals or other temporary events or also local distribution grid balancing applications. Given exogenous PV production and load profiles, this study determines the cost-optimal sizing of the system components (FC, DG, and EES) while deriving the optimal operating strategy for the overall system using mixed integer linear programming (MILP). In addition to investment and fuel costs, emission costs are integrated, which primarily occur in the context of DG operation. The model is implemented in Python in the optimisation environment Pyomo and solved by the Gurobi solver. The simulation is based on three scenarios for different combinations of PV production and load profiles as well as various hydrogen and emission price scenarios. It turns out, that the optimal sizes of the FC and the DG are between 0.5 and 2 kW for 60% and 0% demand coverage through PV respectively. For the battery, an optimal size between 1 and 4.8 kWh can be derived analogously.
Self‐reported cochlear implant management skills: development and validation of the self‐administered Cochlear Implant Management Skills (CIMS‐self) survey (2016)

This study demonstrated that a self-report survey is an effective method for the evaluation of skills required for cochlear implant device management.
Noise suppression in photoreceptors and its relevance to incremental intensity thresholds (1978)

Quantal noise is the main limiting factor of visual contrast sensitivity only over an intermediate range of light intensities. At low and high intensities receptor and neural noise determine the bound on sensitivity. In this paper we analyze the effect of receptor nonlinearity on the statistics of visual signals and show its role in the suppression of quantal and receptor noise at high light intensities. This provides adequate physical interpretation of physiological data. Extending this analysis to the behavior of the whole visual system, we arrive at the conclusion that such noise suppression provides a unified explanation of psychophysical incremental threshold data over the whole visual range.
Mouse Model of Dengue Virus Infection with Serotypes 1 and 2 Clinical Isolates (2016)

Dengue is a global public health threat caused by infection with any of the 4 related dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4). Clinical manifestations range from self-limiting febrile illness, known as dengue fever (DF), to life-threatening severe diseases, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Most cases of DHF/DSS are associated with secondary heterotypic infections through a phenomenon that is described as antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). There are an estimated 400 million human infections and several hundred thousand cases of severe dengue occurring yearly. At present, however, there are no approved antiviral drugs against DENV infection. The lack of a suitable animal model has hampered the evaluation of novel antiviral candidates for DENV infection. Since DENV poorly establishes infection in immunocompetent mice, AG129 mice (lacking type I and II IFN [interferon] receptors) and mouse-adapted DENV2 strains have been applied to dengue animal models that enable to reproduce several of the major pathologies of human infection. Recently, we developed new mouse models with clinical isolates DENV1 and DENV2 that would be useful for drug testing and dengue pathogenesis studies (Watanabe et al., 2016). Here we describe the details to establish dengue mouse models of clinical isolates; from in vitro preparation of the materials to in vivo virus infection. Of note, since infectivity of DENV in mice differs among virus strains, not all clinical isolates can induce severe dengue.
CNN. II. Applications and VLSI circuit realizations (2003)

For pt.I, see ibid., p.144-5, 1992. Several different classes of cellular neural network (CNN) applications are reviewed, and a very exhaustive list of publications is given. The application potential of CNN relies on the innovative architecture, and as well on a successful high-speed or low-cost hardware implementations. The characterization of the CNN VLSI circuit realization is based on a fully tested high-speed analog chip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
DNA HYDROGELS: Self‐Assembled DNA Hydrogels with Designable Thermal and Enzymatic Responsiveness (Adv. Mater. 9/2011) (2011)

An easy and versatile approach to constructing DNA hydrogels is reported by Dongsheng Liu and co-workers. DNA building blocks, Y-scaffolds and linkers, can self-assemble into hydrogels by hybridization of their sticky ends. The DNA hydrogels undergo a solgel transition upon heating or enzymatic treatment, and this responsiveness can be adjusted by tailoring the sequence of building blocks. on p. 1117
Presence o fbenzodiazepine-like molecules in vegetables and thei implication in the nutrition of cirrhotic pateints. (1998)

The findings indicate that it is possible to select vgetables with low amount of benzodiazepine-like molecules which appear to be more appropriate in order to avoid the occurence of episodes of encephalopathy in patients with severe liver disease.
Mechanistic Basis for Therapeutic Targeting of the Mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase (2006)

Altered cellular bioenergetics are implicated in many disease processes, and modulating the F 1 F o -ATPase, the enzyme responsible for producing the majority of ATP in eukaryotic cells, has been proposed to have therapeutic utility. Bz-423 is a 1,4-benzodiazepine that binds to the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein subunit of the mitochondrial F 1 F o -ATPase and inhibits the enzyme. In response to Bz-423, cells moderately decrease ATP synthesis and significantly increase superoxide, resulting in redox-regulated apoptosis. Administering Bz-423 to autoimmune mice leads to apoptosis of pathogenic cells and potent attenuation of disease progression. To determine if a mechanism of action distinguishes Bz-423 from toxic F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitors like oligomycin, we studied how both compounds inhibit the enzyme. Oligomycin is a high-affinity mixed inhibitor, displaying time-dependent inhibition, resulting in severe depletion of ATP. In contrast, Bz-423 is an allosteric inhibitor with lower affinity that rapidly dissociates from the enzyme. Our data support a model in which the interplay of these features underlies the favorable properties of Bz-423. They also represent key criteria for the development of therapeutic F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitors, which should have utility across a range of areas.
Industrial Microorganisms:Pichia pastoris (2016)

The yeast Pichia pastoris (Komagataella sp.) is widely used as a production host for recombinant proteins. Its ability to utilize methanol has largely dictated strain and process development. In the past years, production processes applying glucose, glycerol, or other carbon sources have gained increasing interest. Physiological background, genetic elements, and strategies to enhance the production of heterologous proteins are discussed. Genomic information has enabled systems biology applications that led to the identification of new, efficient promoters and pathways of central metabolism and protein processing, which improved protein production upon their manipulation. Recent approaches that used P. pastoris also for metabolite production are discussed as well.
“Risk, Reward & Regulatory Compliance – New Challenges for Geophysical Information Systems?” (2007)

Geophysics was traditionally a specialist’s province, a tool to help locate, quantify and produce hydrocarbons. But with public interest in the energy sector growing exponentially and topics such as climate change, corporate accountability and energy politics appearing in seemingly every news bulletin, many other groups are starting to demand geophysical information. Additionally, geophysicists are demanding access to a wider range of data types and data sources than ever before. This is revolutionizing the way we manage seismic and other types of E&amp;P data. With the assistance of recent case studies, this paper will examine the new tools at our disposal and make suggestions for a real-time, integrated and above all holistic approach.
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Under the Third Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States (1988)

This Note argues that the Restatement Third provisions fail to provide a precise outline of jurisdictional boundaries as generally accepted by the international community. Part I analyzes the jurisdictional provisions in the Restatement Second and contrasts them with corresponding sections in the Restatement Third. Part II examines issues that have arisen under the Restatement Second jurisdictional scheme. Part III examines those same issues in light of the Restatement Third modifications. This Note concludes that the Restatement Third provisions limiting extraterritorial prescriptions function as abstention principles developed by the U.S. judiciary, and that in order to determine the outermost limits of U.S. jurisdiction under international law, the executive and legislative branches should be guided by principles commonly understood by a consensus of the international community as acceptable extraterritorial prescriptions.
Generating Entanglement and Squeezed States of Nuclear Spins in Quantum Dots (2011)

Entanglement generation and detection are two of the most sought-after goals in the field of quantum control. Besides offering a means to probe some of the most peculiar and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, entanglement in many-body systems can be used as a tool to reduce fluctuations below the standard quantum limit. For spins, or spin-like systems, such a reduction of fluctuations can be realized with so-called squeezed states. Here we present a scheme for achieving coherent spin squeezing of nuclear spin states in few-electron quantum dots. This work represents a major shift from earlier studies in quantum dots, which have explored classical "narrowing" of the nuclear polarization distribution through feedback involving stochastic spin flips. In contrast, we use the nuclear-polarization-dependence of the electron spin resonance (ESR) to provide a non-linearity which generates a non-trivial, area-preserving, "twisting" dynamics that squeezes and stretches the nuclear spin Wigner distribution without the need for nuclear spin flips.
A demonstration of automatic recognition of &#x2018;yes&#x2019; or &#x2018;no&#x2019; non-lexical verbal responses for speech-based interaction (2010)

In this paper, we demonstrated our work in context-independent classification of non-lexical `yes' and `no' responses. A typical use case in speech-based interaction with a computer was presented. Related data collection procedure adopted from human-human communication was also described.
Immobilization of beta‐galactosidase on metal‐chelate‐substituted gels (1994)

The use of copper, zinc, iron, nickel and calcium in three different chelating gels was investigated for preparing immobilized beta-galactosidase. The chelated ligands [Cu(2+)-iminodiacetate (IDA), Cu(2+)-Tris(carboxymethyl)ethylenediamine (TED), Ni(2+)-IDA and Fe(3+)-IDA] absorbed the protein so strongly that it can be considered a true immobilization. The obtained enzyme derivatives were investigated with regard to activity and stability. Enzymic activity was highly preserved in general for the TED derivates (90% when compared with that for Cu(2+)-TED). The immobilized Ni2+ derivatives were more stable to high temperature and to storage than the Cu2+ derivatives. Temperature-stability of the immobilized enzyme was very much improved by adding a strong metal-chelating gel such as carboxymethylated tetraethylenepentamine-agarose. The gel could be re-used and reloaded after elution with chelator. beta-Galactosidase from Escherichia coli was purified using immobilized-metal-ion-chelate chromatography (i.m.a.c.). The potential use of beta-galactosidase immobilized on i.m.a.c. gels for technical purposes is discussed.