gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reverse Operation based Data Augmentation for Solving Math Word Problems (2020)

Automatically solving math word problems is a critical task in the field of natural language processing. Recent models have reached their performance bottleneck and require more high-quality data for training. We propose a novel data augmentation method that reverses the mathematical logic of math word problems to produce new high-quality math problems and introduce new knowledge points that can benefit learning the mathematical reasoning logic. We apply the augmented data on two SOTA math word problem solving models and compare our results with a strong data augmentation baseline. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our approach. We release our code and data at https://github.com/yiyunya/RODA.
Lipase-Catalyzed Regioselective Acylation and Deacylation of Glucose Derivatives (1995)

In the development of an efficient synthesis of 1-O-decanoyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucose (β-2) several lipase-based approaches have been explored. Among five immobilized Upases tested, the lipase from Candida antarctica proved particularly efficient for catalyzing selective hydrolysis in the 1-position of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-β-D-glucose (β-1). Using triethylamine as catalyst, the hydrolysis product 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucose (3) can be esterified with decanoyl chloride to form β-2 selectively, thereby providing an efficient chemo-enzymatic synthesis starting from readily available raw materials. Attempts to produce β-2 from β-1 by lipase-catalyzed interesterification or to esterify 3 with decanoic acid using a lipase as catalyst were unsuccessful. The latter finding was explained by the hemiacetal OH group of glucose being unable to act as nucleophile in the lysis of the lipase acyl-enzyme intermediate. Furthermore, β-2 was found to bee a too bulky substrate to fit into the active site of any of the lipases tested.
Anodes for Refuelable Magnesium-Air Batteries (1969)

The aim of this work was to select a suitable anode and electrolyte combination for the operation of a replaceable anode magnesium‐air battery. Various combinations were considered from the standpoint of cell voltage, parasitic consumption of metal, and the volume of reaction product sludge formed. Packaging materials were also tested to prevent the sludge from falling to the bottom of the cells and to minimize magnesium hydroxide formation on the cathodes. The anode package selected consisted of AZ61 magnesium alloy covered on each surface with Vexar expanded polyethylene and glycerinated cellulose. Sodium chloride solutions, between 7 and 18%, were satisfactory electrolytes, the latter being superior as a result of a lower resistive drop in the electrolyte and a shorter voltage transient on changing current densities.
On the Complexity of Random Satisfiability Problems with Planted Solutions (2018)

The problem of identifying a planted assignment given a random $k$-satisfiability ($k$-SAT) formula consistent with the assignment exhibits a large algorithmic gap: while the planted solution becomes unique and can be identified given a formula with $O(n\log n)$ clauses, there are distributions over clauses for which the best-known efficient algorithms require $n^{k/2}$ clauses. We propose and study a unified model for planted $k$-SAT, which captures well-known special cases. An instance is described by a planted assignment $\sigma$ and a distribution on clauses with $k$ literals. We define its distribution complexity as the largest $r$ for which the distribution is not $r$-wise independent ($1 \le r \le k$ for any distribution with a planted assignment). Our main result is an unconditional lower bound, tight up to logarithmic factors, for statistical (query) algorithms [M. Kearns, J. ACM, 45 (1998), pp. 983--1006; V. Feldman, E. Grigorescu, L. Reyzin, S. S. Vempala, and Y. Xiao, J. ACM, 64 (2017), pp. 8:1--8:37], matching known upper bounds, which, as we show, can be implemented using a statistical algorithm. Since known approaches for problems over distributions have statistical analogues (spectral, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, gradient-based, convex optimization, etc.), this lower bound provides a rigorous explanation of the observed algorithmic gap. The proof introduces a new general technique for the analysis of statistical query algorithms. It also points to a geometric paring phenomenon in the space of all planted assignments. We describe consequences of our lower bounds to Feige's refutation hypothesis [U. Feige, Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 2002, pp. 534--543] and to lower bounds on general convex programs that solve planted $k$-SAT. Our bounds also extend to other planted $k$-CSP models and, in particular, provide concrete evidence for the security of Goldreich's one-way function and the associated pseudorandom generator when used with a sufficiently hard predicate [O. Goldreich, preprint, ia.cr/2000/063, 2000].
[Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C in laryngeal squamous carcinoma and its role in lymphatic metastasis]. (2004)

The above findings indicate a close correlation between VEGF-C expression and lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous carcinoma.
On Quantifying the Benefits of Dead Code Removal (2022)

Engineers consider the presence of dead code as an undesirable attribute of the code base. The industry lacks methods to quantify the benefits of deleting dead code efficiently. The current approach utilizes a simplistic metric that uses the lines of code (LOC) deleted as a proxy to estimate the benefit gained. However, not all LOC are equal. The research community can support the industry and propose methods and metrics that can help to (a) determine the priority order for dead code removal, and (b) quantify the benefits of dead code removal. Improved metrics can result in a more objective ranking of dead code deletion efforts when compared to other competing tasks.
Minireview: Sleep regulation in adenosine A2Areceptor-deficient mice (2003)

Adenosine is proposed to be an endogenous sleep-promoting substance based on the results of a variety of pharmacologic and behavioral experiments.1 For example, sleep is induced in rats after administration of metabolically stable adenosine analogues, such as N6-l-(phenylisopropyl)-adenosine, adenosine-5′-N-ethylcarboxamide, and cyclohexyladenosine,2,3⇓ which are agonists for adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) or A2A receptors (A2ARs). Caffeine is considered to inhibit sleep by acting as an antagonist of adenosine receptor.4 Adenosine content is increased in the basal forebrain, one of the sleep centers, after sleep deprivation and is proposed to be a sleep substance accumulating in the brain during prolonged wakefulness.5 Most previous studies on sleep regulation by adenosine have focused on the A1R-mediated pathway1,6⇓ because A1R is widely distributed in the CNS, whereas A2AR is localized mainly in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory bulb. However, we found that A2AR is also important in sleep regulation by using several A1R and A2AR agonists, including N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino)-adenosine-5′- N -ethylcarboxamideadenosine (CGS 21680).7-12⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓ CGS 21680 is highly selective for the A2AR (Ki = 14 nmol/L), having a much lower affinity for the A1R (Ki = 2,600 nmol/L), whereas CPA is selective for the A1R (Ki = 0.6 nmol/L) and has a lower affinity for the A2AR (Ki = 462 nmol/L).13,14⇓

We investigated the molecular mechanism of induction of non-REM (NREM) sleep by prostaglandin (PG) D2, which is also known as a potent endogenous sleep-promoting substance.15-17⇓⇓ In the course of this study, Satoh et al.7 found that PGD2 …
Use of immuno-LCM to identify the in situ expression profile of cellular constituents of the tumor microenvironment (2006)

Expression profiling using microarrays has become an essential tool for interrogating tumor biology. However, profiling of whole tumor RNA reflects both tumor and host cells, making it difficult to dissect molecular events within specific cellular compartments in the tumor microenvironment. We developed and optimized a simple, rapid technique combining immunohistochemistry and laser-capture microdissection (immuno-LCM) to purify specific cell populations from the tumor microenvironment followed by RNA isolation and amplification for microarray analysis. Using this methodology, we were able to elucidate the in situ expression profile of pure tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells from ovarian tumors with brisk immune infiltrates. This technique not only increased the specificity of profiling isolated cell populations, eliminating genes expressed by surrounding cells, but also increased the sensitivity of analysis, allowing for the detection of low expression genes that were not detected in whole tumor arrays. Pathway analysis of tumor cells in situ identified distinct activation of signaling pathways converging on NF-kappaB, as compared to pathways identified in cultured tumor cell lines, which were primarily metabolic. Profiling of tumor vascular cells revealed most known panendothelial and tumor endothelial-specific markers, and unveiled genes specific to the myeloid-monocytic lineage. We propose that immuno-LCM coupled with transcriptional profiling is a convenient tool for dissecting molecular and cellular events in complex biological systems such as the tumor microenvironment.
Lactic Acidosis Associated With High-Dose Niacin Therapy (1991)

We have reported a case of lactic acidosis induced by ingestion of sustained-release nicotinic acid. Prompt recovery followed treatment with glucose-containing fluids and discontinuation of nicotinic acid therapy.
2.8Gb/s Inductively Coupled Interconnect for 3-D ICs (2005)

An inductively coupled interconnect scheme for vertical signaling in 3D ICs is demonstrated. Test chips were fabricated in TSMC 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, then thinned and stacked. For 90 /spl mu/m thick chips using 150 /spl mu/m inductors, the transceiver communicates NRZ signals at 2.8Gb/s, and tolerates up to 50 /spl mu/m misalignment. TX and RX power dissipation are 10.0 mW and 37.6 mW, respectively. The transceiver circuit does not require a clock to recover the data and is able to maintain less than 100 ps jitter at the RX output.
The Tla protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50: a homolog of the RI protease precursor (PrpRI) is an outer membrane receptor required for growth on low levels of hemin (1997)

The prpR1 gene of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 encodes the polyprotein precursor (PrpRI) of an extracellular arginine-specific protease. PrpRI is organized into four distinct domains (pro, alpha, beta, and gamma) and is processed to a heterodimeric protease (RI) which comprises the alpha and beta components in a noncovalent association. The alpha component contains the protease active site, whereas the beta component appears to have a role in adherence and hemagglutination processes. DNA sequences homologous to the coding region for the RI beta component are present at multiple loci on the P. gingivalis chromosome and may represent a family of related genes. In this report, we describe the cloning, sequence analysis, and characterization of one of these homologous loci isolated in plasmid pJM7. The 6,041-bp P. gingivalis DNA fragment in pJM7 contains a major open reading frame of 3,291 bp with coding potential for a protein with an Mr 118,700. An internal region of the deduced sequence (V304 to N768) shows 98% identity to the beta domain of PrpRI, and the recombinant product of pJM7 is immunoreactive with an antibody specific to the RI beta component. The N terminus of the deduced sequence has regional similarity to TonB-linked receptors which are frequently involved in periplasmic translocation of hemin, iron, colicins, or vitamin B12 in other bacteria. We have therefore designated this gene tla (TonB-linked adhesin). In contrast to the parent strain, an isogenic mutant of P. gingivalis W50 in which the tla was insertionally inactivated was unable to grow in medium containing low concentrations of hemin (<2.5 mg liter(-1)), and hemin-depleted cells of this mutant failed to respond to hemin in an agar diffusion plate assay. These data suggest a role for this gene product in hemin acquisition and utilization. Furthermore, the mutant produced significantly less arginine- and lysine-specific protease activities than the parent strain, indicating that there may be a regulatory relationship between tla and other members of this gene family.
Effect of blood perfusion on the ablation of liver parenchyma with high-intensity focused ultrasound (1993)

This paper discusses the effect of blood perfusion on the ablation of rat liver tissue with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). For this study a practical method has been developed, in which the liver blood flow can be reduced by ligation of the hepatic artery and portal vein. During the treatment the rat liver was mobilized out of the abdomen and the blood flow was measured using both the radioactive microsphere method and a laser Doppler blood-flow monitor. The results show that the hepatic blood flow was about 23 ml/100 g min-1 via the hepatic artery and about 227 ml/100 g min-1 via the portal vein. The total liver blood flow was reduced by 98% when both the hepatic artery and portal vein were ligated. Comparative lesions were made on the same liver lobes of rats with both normal and reduced blood flow using a focused ultrasound beam of 1.7 MHz, 67-425 W cm-2 spatially averaged focal intensity ISAL and 2-20 s exposure duration. A marked difference has been found between the lesion dimensions obtained with normal blood flow and that with reduced blood flow. For exposures at 169 W cm-2 the lesion diameter with normal blood flow was reduced by 14% for 3 s exposure duration compared to that obtained with both hepatic artery and portal vein ligated, while the reduction was more than 20% for longer durations.
Patient Needs and Point‐of‐Care Requirements for HIV Load Testing in Resource‐Limited Settings (2010)

Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is an international, independent medical nongovernmental organization. One way in which MSF acts to improve patient care is to assist in the identification and development of adapted and appropriate tools for use in resource-limited settings. One strategy to achieve this goal is through active collaborations with scientists and developers, to make some of the field needs known and to help define the medical strategy behind the implementation of new diagnostic tests. Tests used in the field need to be effective in often extreme conditions and must also deliver high-quality, reliable results that can be used in the local context. In this article, we discuss some patient and health care provider needs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load measurement in resource-limited settings. This is just one of the areas in which effective, quality tools are desperately needed, not only by MSF and other international nongovernmental organizations, but also by many other health service providers. We hope that, by clearly defining the needs of patients in MSF clinics-as well as we can assess this-and by explaining why these tools are needed, how they should perform, and how their results can be integrated into a program, we will encourage the development of such tools and hasten their implementation in areas where they are so urgently needed.
An Augmented Reality System for MR Image–guided Needle Biopsy: Initial Results in a Swine Model (2006)

Biopsy procedures performed with a combination of a closed-bore MR system and an AR system are feasible and accurate.
Crystallographic Texture of Dissimilar Laser Welded Al5083-Al6013 Sheets (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Path restorable networks (1997)

Intense competition between transport network service providers and the widespread deployment of vulnerable high-capacity fiber optic transport facilities has created the need for capacity-efficient transport networks with short restoration times. Ensuring service continuity affordably and quickly is called the restoration problem in modern tellecommunications practice. Solving the restoration problem not only requires restoring a failure quickly, but determining an economic capacity placement which permits full restoration. This thesis solves the restoration problem in path restorable mesh networks by formulating a capacity design methodology, and an optimized distributed real time path restoration mechanism, named OPRA. 
One of the main contributions of this thesis is OPRA. OPRA synthesizes link-disjoint loop-free pathsets that are very close to the multicommodity, max-flow ideal by autonomous, database-free, self-organizing interaction between nodes. The results presented in this thesis show that OPRA will in practice very likely restore a failure in a tightly spared network in less than two seconds, regardless of a network's size and topology, the distribution of alarms in time, and the number and location of connected demand pairs affected by a failure. 
The second main contribution of this thesis is the capacity design methodology which uses integer programming. The integer program formulated in this thesis uses flow constraints based on a suitable set of predefined routes over which pathsets are implemented to optimize the spare and/or working capacity of a path restorable network. The results presented in this thesis show mesh restorable networks using path restoration are the most capacity efficient, reducing the total capacity of the corresponding span restorable network design by up to 19%. 
Together these advances make feasible path restorable transport networks which restore failures within two seconds and require less spare capacity than existing transport networks. In the envisaged network, capacity would be minimized using the integer program, and failures would be restored in real time in an entirely autonomous distributed manner using OPRA.
Diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins on hamster cells: candidates for diphtheria toxin receptors (1979)

Diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins of high molecular weight (greater than 100,000) were identified on the surface of lymph node and thymus cells from hamsters, a diphtheria toxin-sensitive species. These diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins also interacted with CRM197 protein, which possesses toxin-blocking activity, but not with diphtheria toxoid, fragment A of diphtheria toxin, or cholera toxin, all of which lack toxin-blocking activity. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the detected diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins are involved in intoxication of cells by this toxin and possibly serve as the plasma membrane receptors for diphtheria toxin.
Design of Stable Nanocrystalline Alloys (2012)

Nanostructured metals are generally unstable; their grains grow rapidly even at low temperatures, rendering them difficult to process and often unsuitable for usage. Alloying has been found to improve stability, but only in a few empirically discovered systems. We have developed a theoretical framework with which stable nanostructured alloys can be designed. A nanostructure stability map based on a thermodynamic model is applied to design stable nanostructured tungsten alloys. We identify a candidate alloy, W-Ti, and demonstrate substantially enhanced stability for the high-temperature, long-duration conditions amenable to powder-route production of bulk nanostructured tungsten. This nanostructured alloy adopts a heterogeneous chemical distribution that is anticipated by the present theoretical framework but unexpected on the basis of conventional bulk thermodynamics.
Analysis of Aggregate Gradation and Packing for Easy Estimation of Hot-Mix-Asphalt Voids in Mineral Aggregate (2010)

The voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) design parameter is one of the most important in the current Superpave mix design procedure that links hot-mix-asphalt (HMA) mix properties to field performance. The success of achieving the appropriate VMA at an early stage of the mix-design process not only significantly impacts the design time and effort but also can produce an economical and reasonable design with good field performance. Although several current mix and gradation design methods have provided some guidance on adjusting gradation to achieve target VMA, these approaches still have to rely on initial experimental results with some degree of trial and error, and provide no direct correlation between aggregate gradation and VMA. This paper presents an analysis of aggregate packing and discrete-element modeling (DEM) simulation to link the aggregate gradation property to the VMA of HMA. A new definition is proposed for characterizing traditional dense-graded aggregate gradations into three types: coarse-graded, medium-graded, and fine-graded. A gradation weighing factor, fv, defined as the percentage of voids change by volume caused by unit additional aggregate, is developed to theoretically evaluate the packing of an aggregate structure. A method of VMA estimation based on the generated fv values is thus provided. Eleven mix designs from different states are used for verifying the accuracy of the prediction. Most predictions are within 1% difference of the design VMA. Using one nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) of 12.5 mm as an example, this study provided a promising method for a fast and accurate VMA estimation. It can be used directly in the HMA mix design to reduce the design time and effort, and contribute to the estimation of the HMA mixture performance at an early stage of the design period.
Adipose differentiation-related protein regulates lipids and insulin in pancreatic islets (2010)

The excess accumulation of lipids in islets is thought to contribute to the development of diabetes in obesity by impairing beta-cell function. However, lipids also serve a nutrient function in islets, and fatty acids acutely increase insulin secretion. A better understanding of lipid metabolism in islets will shed light on complex effects of lipids on beta-cells. Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) is localized on the surface of lipid droplets in a wide range of cells and plays an important role in intracellular lipid metabolism. We found that ADFP was highly expressed in murine beta-cells. Moreover, islet ADFP was increased in mice on a high-fat diet (3.5-fold of control) and after fasting (2.5-fold of control), revealing dynamic changes in ADFP in response to metabolic cues. ADFP expression was also increased by addition of fatty acids in human islets. The downregulation of ADFP in MIN6 cells by antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) suppressed the accumulation of triglycerides upon fatty acid loading (56% of control) along with a reduction in the mRNA levels of lipogenic genes such as diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-2 and fatty acid synthase. Fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and lipolysis were also reduced by downregulation of ADFP. Moreover, the reduction of ADFP impaired the ability of palmitate to increase insulin secretion. These findings demonstrate that ADFP is important in regulation of lipid metabolism and insulin secretion in beta-cells.