gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks with Spiroborate Linkage (2015)

Abstract A novel type of ionic covalent organic framework (ICOF), which contains sp 3 hybridized boron anionic centers and tunable countercations, was constructed by formation of spiroborate linkages. These ICOFs exhibit high BET surface areas up to 1259 m 2 g −1 and adsorb a significant amount of H 2 (up to 3.11 wt %, 77 K, 1 bar) and CH 4 (up to 4.62 wt %, 273 K, 1 bar). Importantly, the materials show good thermal stabilities and excellent resistance to hydrolysis, remaining nearly intact when immersed in water or basic solution for two days. The presence of permanently immobilized ion centers in ICOFs enables the transportation of lithium ions with room‐temperature lithium‐ion conductivity of 3.05×10 −5 S cm −1 and an average Li + transference number value of 0.80±0.02. Our approach thus provides a convenient route to highly stable COFs with ionic linkages, which can potentially serve as absorbents for alternative energy sources such as H 2 , CH 4 , and also as solid lithium electrolytes/separators for the next‐generation lithium batteries.
Gate Leakage Effects on Yield and Design Considerations of PD/SOI SRAM Designs (2007)

We present a critical study of the impact of gate tunneling currents on the yield of a 65nm PD/SOI SRAM cell. Gate-leakage tunneling currents are obtained from hardware measurements. It is shown that the gate-leakage impact on the cell yield can be non-monotonic, and is appreciable even for non-defective devices. It is also shown that further design optimizations such as the operating voltage or bitline loading can help alleviate the gate-leakage impact on yield. Mixture importance sampling is used to estimate yield, and threshold voltage variations to model random fluctuation effects are extrapolated from hardware
Yeast genome sequencing: the power of comparative genomics (2004)

For decades, unicellular yeasts have been general models to help understand the eukaryotic cell and also our own biology. Recently, over a dozen yeast genomes have been sequenced, providing the basis to resolve several complex biological questions. Analysis of the novel sequence data has shown that the minimum number of genes from each species that need to be compared to produce a reliable phylogeny is about 20. Yeast has also become an attractive model to study speciation in eukaryotes, especially to understand molecular mechanisms behind the establishment of reproductive isolation. Comparison of closely related species helps in gene annotation and to answer how many genes there really are within the genomes. Analysis of non-coding regions among closely related species has provided an example of how to determine novel gene regulatory sequences, which were previously difficult to analyse because they are short and degenerate and occupy different positions. Comparative genomics helps to understand the origin of yeasts and points out crucial molecular events in yeast evolutionary history, such as whole-genome duplication and horizontal gene transfer(s). In addition, the accumulating sequence data provide the background to use more yeast species in model studies, to combat pathogens and for efficient manipulation of industrial strains.
Porous properties of coprecipitated Al2O3-SiO2 xerogels prepared from aluminium nitrate nonahydrate and tetraethylorthosilicate (1999)

Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 xerogels with various chemical compositions have been prepared by coprecipitation and their porous properties investigated by nitrogen gas adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and 29 Si and 27 Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). The precipitates were formed by adding conc. aqueous ammonia to an ethanol solution of Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O and Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 (TEOS). The syntheses were performed both with and without added H 2 O(H 2 O/TEOS≥18/1). The xerogels were dried and calcined at 300 °C for 4 h. The porous properties [specific surface area (S A ), pore volume (V p ) and pore size (r P )] varied with their chemical composition, especially the SiO 2 rich xerogels. The experimental S A values ranged from ca. 10 to 560 m 2 g –1 , the V P values from 0.02 to 1.55 ml g –1 and the r P values from 2 to 34 nm. The addition of H 2 O during the preparation markedly influenced the porous properties of the xerogels with SiO 2 rich composition. The structure and microtexture of the xerogels are discussed on the basis of the NMR, SAXS and TEM data.
Theory of Thermal Grooving (1957)

A theory is presented which describes the development of surface grooves at the grain boundaries of a heated polycrystal. The mechanisms of evaporation-condensation and surface diffusion are discussed with the use of the Gibbs-Thompson formula and the assumption that the properties of an interface do not depend on its orientation. For the idealized case in which only one of the mechanisms is operative, the groove profile is shown to have a time-independent shape whose linear dimensions are proportional to t½ for evaporation-condensation, and to t½ for surface diffusion. The proportionality constants are evaluated, and criteria are developed which permit one to estimate which process predominates in practice. Order of magnitude agreement is obtained with estimates of actual grooving speeds and profiles.
Stress distribution and development within geosynthetic-reinforced soil slopes (2012)

ABSTRACT: Numerical methods combined with centrifuge tests are used to investigate the distribution and development of soil stresses and reinforcement tensile loads in geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) structures. In this study, system stability indicated by the factor of safety (FS) of GRS slopes is calculated by limit equilibrium analysis. Stress information under various stress states is evaluated using finite element analysis. Advanced models and an integration algorithm are implemented in finite element code to enhance the simulation results. The proposed numerical models are validated by centrifuge tests of two GRS slopes with different backfill densities. Numerical results indicate that soil stress mobilisation can be described by the soil stress level S, which is defined as the ratio of the current stress status to peak failure criteria. For both slope models, as loading increases, backfill stresses develop and propagate along the potential failure surface. Mobilisation of soil stress was non-uniform along the failure surface. Immediately after the stress level reaches peak (S = 1), strength softening initiates at the top and toe of the slope at approximately FS = 1.2. The slope settlement rate and reinforcement tensile load increase significantly when soil softening begins. The softening occurs randomly and irregularly along the failure surface, and the formation of the soil-softening band completes at approximately FS = 1.1. The failure surface corresponds to the locus of intense soil strains and the maximum tensile loads at each reinforcement layer. Additionally, the numerical results show that the initiation of soil softening and the failure of the slope occurred earlier in the slope model with low backfill density. The numerical results support the view that peak shear strength, not residual shear strength, governs system stability. Last, the distribution of maximum reinforcement tensile loads with depth was highly uniform at low g-level and became trapezoidal at high g-level. The peak value was located at approximately mid-height of the reinforced slopes. This observation contradicted the triangular distribution with depth assumed in current design methodologies for geosynthetic structures.
Application of Cellulolytic and Plant Tissue Macerating Enzyme ofIrpex lacteusFr. as Feed Additive Enzyme (1978)

The effects of supplementation of enzyme preparation (Driselase, DRS) produced by Irpex lacteus Fr. (KY 2902) on feeding animals were studied. When 0.01~0.03 % of DRS were supplemented to broiler diets which contained about 60% corn, body weight gain and feed conversion were significantly improved at 10% and 5% level, respectively. When 0.01~0.03% of DRS were supplemented to broiler diets which contained about 60% of barley, body weight gain and feed coversion were also improved significantly at 1% level each. DRS supplementation improved feed efficiency of barley to the level of corn. In case of piglets when 0.01% of DRS was supplemented to artificial milk, body weight gain increased significantly at 5% level. Feed conversion was improved about 9%. The digestibility of crude protein, fat and fibre in the ration increased by about 2.4%, 1.7% and 6.3 %, respectively.
Frequency‐modulated steady‐state free precession imaging (2002)

Exploration of the possibilities of steady-state free precession (SSFP) excitation has led to the discovery that it is tolerant of slow variations in spectral offset frequency. The effect has been used to eliminate banding artifacts from images obtained with the fully balanced SSFP imaging sequence.
A global virus network and a perspective on viral infections in humans (2012)

During the flu pandemic of the 1910s, the polio outbreaks of the 1950s, and the AIDS crisis of the 1980s, invaluable time was wasted and a large number of people died or became seriously ill while authorities planned a response, identified and concentrated resources, and developed a plan to prevent others from becoming infected.

Each of these 3 pandemics of the last century as well as the smallpox epidemics were caused by viruses. I have noted that often there are no expert responsible medical virologists, and concomitantly I noted a decline in newly trained medical virologists.

Without experts, initial responses to viral outbreaks can be needlessly harsh and economically devastating. Fear replaces logical analysis, and entire populations of healthy pigs and birds have been slaughtered simply because they could potentially harbor swine or avian flu strains. These over-reactions hurt small farmers and the economies in developing nations, and make crafting a vaccine more difficult.

Public health authorities require a reliable source of experts on basic human and animal virology to turn to for rapid answers. A select group of frontline virologists is needed to work quickly to convert preliminary information into advances in the laboratory to protect the blood supply when needed and begin looking for clinical treatments and, ultimately, a vaccine.

Organizations involved in the surveillance of viruses, like the World Health Organization and CDC, and those involved in the delivery of care during emergencies, like the Gates Foundation’s GAVI Program, often do not have the manpower for training initiatives and basic virus research which are important parts of addressing any public health threat. The Global Virus Network is uniquely positioned to utilize the expertise of its members to bridge these efforts.

The overall aim of the network is to achieve accelerated, innovative solutions to human viral diseases. The GVN also focuses on coordinated virology training for junior scientists and developing scholar exchange programs for recruiting and training the next generation of medical virologists.

Today, the GVN is made up of 30 centers and 3 affiliates in 19 countries on 6 of the world’s 7 continents. Its membership includes all 7 medical virologists in the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and others who are members of their own countries’ national academies. Their collective expertise covers all types of existing, emerging, and re-emerging viruses which affect humans.
Advances in metabolic modeling of oleaginous microalgae (2018)

Production of biofuels and bioenergy precursors by phototrophic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, is a promising alternative to conventional fuels obtained from non-renewable resources. Several species of microalgae have been investigated as potential candidates for the production of biofuels, for the most part due to their exceptional metabolic capability to accumulate large quantities of lipids. Constraint-based modeling, a systems biology approach that accurately predicts the metabolic phenotype of phototrophs, has been deployed to identify suitable culture conditions as well as to explore genetic enhancement strategies for bioproduction. Core metabolic models were employed to gain insight into the central carbon metabolism in photosynthetic microorganisms. More recently, comprehensive genome-scale models, including organelle-specific information at high resolution, have been developed to gain new insight into the metabolism of phototrophic cell factories. Here, we review the current state of the art of constraint-based modeling and computational method development and discuss how advanced models led to increased prediction accuracy and thus improved lipid production in microalgae.
Trypsin Purification byp-Aminobenzamidine Immobilized on Macroporous Chitosan Membranes (1998)

Membranes with suitable mechanical properties, chemical stability, and macroporosity which have a selectivity for trypsin were prepared by coupling a ligand (p-aminobenzamidine) to cross-linked chitosan membranes via a spacer (succinic acid). The chitosan membranes were cross-linked with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether in order to avoid their dissolution in acidic media. The cross-linked chitosan membranes were then covalently coupled with succinic anhydride, at ambient temperature, to obtain hydrophilic spacers with carboxyl terminals. The amino groups of the chitosan membranes which have not reacted with the succinic anhydride were blocked with acetic anhydride to avoid the nonspecific interactions. Finally the ligand p-aminobenzamidine (PAB) was incorporated via the coupling between the carboxyl groups of the succinic acid and the amino groups of PAB, using 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDAC) as the activating agent. A PAB density of 2.7 × 10-3 mol/g of chitosan was achieved. Since the PAB−chitosan membranes have a much higher affinity toward trypsin than toward chymotrypsin, they have been employed for the purification of crude trypsin solutions. A purification factor > 7, a specific activity > 9500 BAEE units/mg, and activity yields between 60 and 80% were obtained. These results suggest that the PAB−chitosan affinity membrane can be efficient for trypsin purification.
Leukotriene D4 increases pulmonary vascular permeability and pressure by different mechanisms in the rabbit. (1986)

We designed experiments to define the effects of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) in the rabbit lung and to determine whether or not these effects were due to the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products. Infusion of LTD4 (0.01, 0.03, and 0.10 microgram) into the rabbit pulmonary vasculature caused a dose-related increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and tracheal pressure. Pretreatment with FPL 55712 (38 microM), a leukotriene receptor antagonist, or indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml of perfusate) completely prevented the increase in tracheal and pulmonary arterial pressure. We also studied the effect of LTD4 on pulmonary vascular permeability by measuring lung weight gain at 4 levels of left atrial pressures (0, 5, 10, and 15 mmHg). Leukotriene D4 increased lung weight gain at all levels of left atrial pressure compared with that in the control group. Pretreatment with FPL 55712 completely inhibited the increase in vascular permeability caused by LTD4. Although pretreatment with indomethacin blocked the increase in tracheal and vascular pressure caused by LTD4, it did not prevent the increase in vascular permeability. We conclude that in the rabbit, LTD4 increases tracheal pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary vascular permeability. Leukotriene D4 increases tracheal and pulmonary arterial pressure by stimulating the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products, and it increases vascular permeability through a mechanism that does not require the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products.
Code Generation from Statecharts: Simulation of Wireless Sensor Networks (2008)

Automatic generation of code starting from lightweight modeling languages such as UML is by now a widely adopted approach. In particular generation of executable SystemC models starting from StateCharts and other UML diagrams represents a promising research field. While RTL SystemC appears better suited for matching the StateCharts formalism (being intrinsically clocked), performances of the generated code suffer from the heavy overhead induced by time management, specially when the number of concurrent processes is high. In this paper we present a methodology that allows applying a solution mixing event based and clock-driven approach. More specifically, clock-driven simulation is activated only when the configuration of the system is identified to be evolving. When no events are present this fact is also detected (together with the interval of absence of events) so that no simulation is performed although the clock runs on. This solution is particularly suited for low duty cycle systems, as, e.g. when simulating Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN); in such instances, speedup of the generated code has been found to be well over two orders of magnitude. Application of the technique to the generation of a power simulator for the IEEE 802.15.4 networking protocol is used as a test case.
Polarized white light from LEDs using remote-phosphor layer sandwiched between reflective polarizer and light-recycling dichroic filter (2013)

This study introduces an efficient polarized, white phosphor-converted, light-emitting diode (pc-LED) using a remote phosphor film sandwiched between a reflective polarizer film (RPF) and a short-wavelength pass dichroic filter (SPDF). The on-axis brightness of polarized white light emission of a RPF/SPDF-sandwiched phosphor film over a blue LED, showed greater recovery than that of a conventional unpolarized remote phosphor film over blue LED, due to the recycling effect of yellow light from an SPDF. The relative luminous efficacy of an RPF/SPDF-sandwiched phosphor film was made 1.40 times better by adding an SPDF on the backside of an RPF-capped phosphor film. A polarization ratio of 0.84 was demonstrated for a white LED with an RPF/SPDF-sandwiched phosphor film, in good agreement with the measured results from the RPF-only sample.
NFBD1, a Novel Nuclear Protein with Signature Motifs of FHA and BRCT, and an Internal 41-Amino Acid Repeat Sequence, Is an Early Participant in DNA Damage Response (2003)

Efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks depends on the intact signaling cascade, comprising molecules involved in DNA damage signal pathways and checkpoints. Budding yeast Rad9 (scRad9) is required for activation of scRad53 (mammalian homolog Chk2) and transduction of the signal further downstream in this pathway. In the search for a mammalian homolog, three proteins in the human data base, including BRCA1, 53BP1, and nuclear factor with BRCT domains protein 1 (NFBD1), were found to share significant homology with the BRCT motifs of scRad9. Because BRCA1 and 53BP1 are involved in DNA damage responses, a similar role for NFBD1 was tested. We show that NFBD1 is a 250-kDa nuclear protein containing a forkhead-associated motif at its N terminus, two BRCT motifs at its C terminus, and 13 internal repetitions of a 41-amino acid sequence. Five minutes after gamma-irradiation, NFBD1 formed nuclear foci that colocalized with the phosphorylated form of H2AX and Chk2, two phosphorylation events known to be involved in early DNA damage response. NFBD1 foci are also detected in response to camptothecin, etoposide, and methylmethanesulfonate treatments. Deletion of the forkhead-associated motif or the internal repeats of NFBD1 has no effect on DNA damage-induced NFBD1 foci formation. Conversely, deletion of the BRCT motifs abrogates damage-induced NFBD1 foci. Ectopic expression of the BRCT motifs reduced damage-induced NFBD1 foci and compromised phosphorylated Chk2- and phosphorylated H2AX-containing foci. These results suggest that NFBD1, like BRCA1 and 53BP1, participates in the early response to DNA damage.
Gastric function preserving esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (2013)

This article investigates adaptive output formation tracking control of nonlinear multiagent systems with time-varying actuator faults and unknown nonidentical control directions under double semi-Markovian switching topologies. Considering the dynamic changes of communication connections in uncertain environments, a double semi-Markov process is first introduced into the leader-follower structure to describe the random switching of communication topologies. Then, a novel adaptive distributed fault-tolerant output formation tracking control framework is established using the backstepping and Nussbaum gain technique to address matched/mismatched uncertainties and disturbances, time-varying actuator faults, and unknown nonidentical control directions. In this control framework, the independent variable of the Nussbaum function is designed as a non-negative function that monotonically increases with respect to time, thereby overcoming the presence of the absolute value of its derivative in the integration process. Based on the distributed structure, an adaptive fault-tolerant controller is further proposed to achieve the asymptotic output formation tracking in mean-square sense. The stability of the closed-loop nonlinear multiagent systems is analysed through the contradiction argument and Lyapunov theorem. The simulation example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Design of a Compact GaN MMIC Doherty Power Amplifier and System Level Analysis With X-Parameters for 5G Communications (2018)

This paper presents a monolithic microwave integrated circuit Doherty power amplifier (DPA) operating at sub6 GHz for 5G communication applications by a 0.25-μm gallium nitride high-electron mobility transistor process. A compact impedance inverter and output matching of the DPA are achieved using a transmission line network and shunt capacitors. Also, the size ratio of power cells in the main and auxiliary amplifiers is optimized for a high efficiency at output power backoff (OPBO). The measured peak output power (Pout) and the 1-dB compression point (P1 dB) are 38.7 and 32.1 dBm, respectively, at 5.9 GHz. The power-added efficiency at 6-dB OPBO is up to 49.5%. Without digital predistortion (DPD), the DPA can deliver an average Pout of 23.5 dBm with error vector magnitude (EVM) <;-28 dB and 21.5 dBm with EVM <;-32 dB for 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 256-QAM signals, respectively. The measured X-parameters are employed to further investigate the DPA nonlinear characteristics and verify the accuracy of conventionally used power amplifier characterization/measurement methods for system-level design and testing applications. The simulated results based on the X-parameters also indicate that the average output power can be enhanced up to 25.7 dBm with DPD for 256-QAM.
Flexural Torsional Guided Wave Mechanics and Focusing in Pipe (2005)

Theoretical work on flexural torsional guided waves in pipe is presented along with angular profile experimental justification. Combined with previous work on flexural longitudinal modes and axisymmetric longitudinal and torsional modes, this work now forms a framework of nonaxisymmetric guided wave mechanics in pipe. Pipe inspection experiments are also carried out by flexural torsional wave focusing to demonstrate the advantages of the focusing technique.
Conjugated Polymers (2006)

Many significant fundamental concepts and practical applications have developed since the publication of the best-selling second edition of the Handbook of Conducting Polymers. Now divided into two books, the third edition continues to retain the excellent expertise of the editors and world-renowned contributors while providing superior coverage of