gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid-State Characterization of E3210 Polymorphs (2011)

Polymorphism is an interesting property of crystalline substances and is of importance in pharmaceutical development. Studies were conducted to identify the most stable of the five polymorphic (one hydrate and four anhydrous) forms of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) E3210. Between the different polymorphs, the transformation mechanisms and thermodynamic stability relationships were complex. Forms A and B were further characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at various heating rates and by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD; isothermal and temperature-controlled). Analysis by DSC revealed that Form A displayed a single and large endothermic melting peak. Form B displayed two small peaks, one endothermic peak and the other exothermic; the endothermic peak was an enantiotropically related reversible transformation from Form B to Form B′, and the exothermic peak was a monotropically related thermodynamically irreversible transformation from Form B′ to Form A. Thus, Forms B and B′ were enantiotropically related polymorphs, and both were monotropically related to Form A. Form A was the most stable polymorphic form and Form B was metastable.
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin and hemolytic activities require a second gene, cyaC, for activation (1991)

In these studies, the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin homology to the Escherichia coli hemolysin is extended with the finding of cyaC, a homolog to the E. coli hlyC gene, which is required for the production of a functional hemolysin molecule in E. coli. Mutations produced in the chromosome of B. pertussis upstream from the structural gene for the adenylate cyclase toxin revealed a region which was necessary for toxin and hemolytic activities of the molecule. These mutants produced the 216-kDa adenylate cyclase toxin as determined by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. The adenylate cyclase enzymatic activities of these mutants were equivalent to that of wild type, but toxin activities were less than 1% of that of wild type, and the mutants were nonhemolytic on blood agar plates and in in vitro assays. The upstream region restored hemolytic activity when returned in trans to the mutant strains. This genetic complementation defined a gene which acts in trans to activate the adenylate cyclase toxin posttranslationally. Sequence analysis of the upstream region defined an open reading frame with homology to the E. coli hlyC gene. In contrast to E. coli, this open reading frame is oriented oppositely from the adenylate cyclase toxin structural gene.
Constraints on a split superconducting transition under uniaxial strain in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$ from scanning SQUID microscopy (2023)

More than two decades after the discovery of superconductivity in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$, it is still unclear whether the order parameter has a single component or two degenerate components. For any two-component scenario, application of uniaxial strain is expected to lift the degeneracy, generating two distinct phase transitions. The presence of a second (lower-temperature) transition may be observable by probes that are sensitive to changes in the London penetration depth, $λ$, as a function of temperature, $T$. Here, we use scanning SQUID microscopy combined with a uniaxial strain device to test for a second transition under strain. We only observe a single transition. Within the temperature range where a second transition has been suggested by $μ$SR measurements, we further place a tight upper bound of less than 1% on the change in the zero temperature superfluid density $n_s\proptoλ^{-2}(0)$ due to a second transition, suggesting that such a transition does not occur. These results constrain theories of the order parameter in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$.
Study on Lipid Peroxidation of Fat Emulsion and Clinical Safety in Infants with Very Low Birth Weight (2007)

Objective To explore the relationship of delivery of parenteral fat emulsion and lipid peroxidation,and to observe the safety and effectiveness of parenteral nutrition(PN)in infants with very low birth weight(VLBWI).Methods Thirty infants with VLBWI were randomly divided into 3 groups:the preterm infants received pareneral nutrition containing amino acids and dextrose and soluvit,while intralipid provided separately,intralipid were light exposed(group A,n=10)or light protected(group B,n=10).In group C(n=10),soluvit and vitlipid were co-administered with intralipid and light protected.All the prematures received PN for 7 days and 10 cases of VLBWI not recei-ving PN were collected as control group.Anti-oxidation level,ascorbate,blood glucose,oxygen saturation,serum biochemistry index and body weight were determined before and after experiment.Results Seven days after PN,the MDA concentrations in the test groups all increased(⊿dA was the most,⊿dB was the next,⊿dC was the least).For superoxidedimutuse(SOD)reduction concentrations,⊿dA decreased sharply,then was ⊿dB,⊿dc decreased little,The blood Vit C increase in group B and C were more than group A.Significant changes of MDA,SOD and Vit C existed among the group B,C and A.In the 3 test groups,bilirubin,albumin,prealbumin concentrations were higher after the experiment,but there were no significant changes compared with control group.No significant changes in blood biochemistry,oxygen saturations were found before and after the observation in every group.Conclusions Multivitamin preparations protect fat emulsion against light-induced formation of lipid hydroperoxides,and administering multivitamins with fat emulsion via dark delivery tubing provide a practical way of preventing peroxidation of the lipid while limiting vitamin loss.Furthermore,it is relatively safe to apply fat emulsion intravenously with suitable dose and infusion rate for a few days to VLBWI from the second day of birth who require partial parenteral nutrition.
Assessment Items of Outdoor Environment through Analysis of SITES (2014)

Although assessing outdoor environment and green space in terms of sustainability and environmental performance is perceived as an important issue, most existing green building certification systems are more focused on buildings and indoor environment. Recently, the Sustainable Site Initiatives (SITES) has been developed by American Society of Landscape Architecture in order to evaluate sustainability of site development and outdoor environment. Separate from LEED, the SITES are increasingly receiving attentions as a reliable certification system in the United States. As a preliminary study to develop the items of outdoor environmental assessment, the present study is purposed to analyze the assessment items, grading system and applicability of SITES for better understanding on the system. Also it was compared to existing green building certification criteria, including G-SEED, LEED-NC, and LEED-ND in order to investigate similarities and discrepancies. The results would provide insights and basic data to improve assessment items for outdoor environment of G-SEED.
Study on the coupling of acyclic esters with alkenes – the synthesis of 2-(2-hydroxyalkyl)cyclopropanols via cascade cyclization using allylsamarium bromide (2012)

The radical cyclization between aliphatic acyclic esters and alkenes was achieved unprecedentedly in the presence of allylsamarium bromide with HMPA and H(2)O as additives. The cascade radical cyclization-ring-opening-anionic cyclization allowed facile and efficient access to 2-(2-hydroxyalkyl)cyclopropanols from readily available materials.
45nm SOI CMOS Technology with 3X hole mobility enhancement and Asymmetric transistor for high performance CPU application (2007)

45nm SOI CMOS technology target for high performance CPU application is reported. Process induced strained CMOS demonstrates 1232/855 uA/um DC Ion at 100nA/um Ioff under Vdd=1V, which is the highest ever reported performance at 45nm ground rule for both SOI and bulk technology. Small width PFET reaches record high 975uA/um. High SiGe over Si volume ratio in thin film SOI enables high compressive stress even at small device width and active area. Hole mobility is enhanced by 3X and Ion is increased 2X. On top of record high drive current, asymmetric transistor is implemented to further improve energy-delay by 20%. Our 45nm SOI technology offers industry leading performance in terms of speed, energy and density.
Technical Insights into Highly Sensitive Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Fixed and Live Circulating Tumor Cells for Early Detection of Tumor Invasion (2017)

Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) and Circulating Tumor Microemboli (CTM) are Circulating Rare Cells (CRC) which herald tumor invasion and are expected to provide an opportunity to improve the management of cancer patients. An unsolved technical issue in the CTC field is how to obtain highly sensitive and unbiased collection of these fragile and heterogeneous cells, in both live and fixed form, for their molecular study when they are extremely rare, particularly at the beginning of the invasion process. We report on a new protocol to enrich from blood live CTC using ISET® (Isolation by SizE of Tumor/Trophoblastic Cells), an open system originally developed for marker-independent isolation of fixed tumor cells. We have assessed the impact of our new enrichment method on live tumor cells antigen expression, cytoskeleton structure, cell viability and ability to expand in culture. We have also explored the ISET® in vitro performance to collect intact fixed and live cancer cells by using spiking analyses with extremely low number of fluorescent cultured cells. We describe results consistently showing the feasibility of isolating fixed and live tumor cells with a Lower Limit of Detection (LLOD) of one cancer cell per 10 mL of blood and a sensitivity at LLOD ranging from 83 to 100%. This very high sensitivity threshold can be maintained when plasma is collected before tumor cells isolation. Finally, we have performed a comparative next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of tumor cells before and after isolation from blood and culture. We established the feasibility of NGS analysis of single live and fixed tumor cells enriched from blood by our system. This study provides new protocols for detection and characterization of CTC collected from blood at the very early steps of tumor invasion.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of heterotopic ossification. (2014)

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a debilitating condition in which cartilage and bone forms in soft tissues such as muscle, tendon, and ligament causing immobility. This process is induced by inflammation associated with traumatic injury. In an extremely rare genetic disorder called fibrodysplasia ossificans progessiva (FOP), a combination of inflammation associated with minor soft tissue injuries and a hereditary genetic mutation causes massive HO that progressively worsens throughout the patients' lifetime leading to the formation of an ectopic skeleton. An activating mutation in the BMP type I receptor ALK2 has been shown to contribute to the heterotopic lesions in FOP patients, yet recent studies have shown that other events are required to stimulate HO including activation of sensory neurons, mast cell degranulation, lymphocyte infiltration, skeletal myocyte cell death, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). In this review, we discuss the recent evidence and mechanistic data that describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms that give rise to heterotopic bone.
Carbon Nanotubes as Intracellular Transporters for Proteins and DNA: An Investigation of the Uptake Mechanism and Pathway (2005)

Endocytose oder keine Endocytose: Als Mechanismus der Internalisierung von Konjugaten einwandiger Nanoröhren in Säugerzellen wurde eine energieabhängige Endocytose über Clathrin-ausgekleidete Vertiefungen ermittelt.
Time-Interleaved Digital-to-Analog Converters for UWB Signal Generation (2007)

In this paper, a differentially encoded Time-Interleaved Digital-to-Analog Converter (TIDAC) structure for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signal generation is presented. We show that the output spectrum of the TIDAC is identical to the output of a DAC running at a higher sampling rate. To support the mathematical derivations, the UWB signal generator has been implemented on FPGA hardware and measurements have been taken for a sinusoidal wave, a Gaussian UWB pulse shape and for a UWB OFDM signal. The measurements show that, compared to the single-channel DAC, the mirror images around the sampling frequency can be reduced by about 30 dB and the analog interpolation filter design is simplified.
Total Intermittent Pringle Maneuver during Liver Resection Can Induce Intestinal Epithelial Cell Damage and Endotoxemia (2012)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01099475.
ATP Citrate (pro-3S)-Lyase in the Rat; Two-Step Purification Procedure, Properties, Organ Distribution (1979)

A simple two-step procedure is described for the purification of rat liver ATP citrate lyase with an overall yield of upt to 70%. In binding experiments on Blue Sepharose CL-6B (an affinity gel for nucleotide-specific enzymes) it is observed that ATP citrate lyase recognizes ATP and CoA as well as ADP, 3'-AMP, and NADP, but not 5'-AMP, NAD, or adenosine. It is further demonstrated that ATP citrate lyase is activated by various anions including chloride, hydrogen carbonate, and acetate. The highest specific activity of the enzyme is found in adipose tissue of various origins. Activities are also present in the adrenals, in liver, and intestine, in brain, and in lung. No measurable enzyme activity is found in heart, skeletal muscle, and in the kidneys.
Predictive autonomous robot navigation (2003)

This paper considers the problem of a robot navigating in a crowded or congested environment. A robot operating in such an environment can get easily blocked by moving humans and other objects. To deal with this problem it is proposed to attempt to predict the motion trajectory of humans and obstacles. Two kinds of prediction are considered: short-term and long-term. The short-term prediction refers to the one-step ahead prediction and the long-term to the prediction of the final destination point of the obstacle's movement. The robot movement is controlled by a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). POMDPs are utilized because of their ability to model information about the robot's location and sensory information in a probabilistic manner. The solution of a POMDP is computationally expensive and thus a hierarchical representation of POMDPs is used.
Effect of Verbenone on Attraction of Predatory and Woodboring Beetles (Coleoptera) to Kairomones in Lodgepole Pine Forests (2002)

The response of bark beetle predators and woodboring beetles to the bark beetle anti-aggregation pheromone, verbenone, was tested in the field with multiple-funnel traps baited with attractant kairomones. Catches of the predators Thanasimus undatulus (Say), Enoclerus sphegeus (F.), Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), and Lasconotus complex LeConte (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) declined significantly with increasing release rates of verbenone. Lasconotus subcostulatus Kraus, and Corticeus praetermissus (Fall) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (in two of three experiments), showed no significant response to verbenone. In a third experiment, catches of C. praetermissus increased with verbenone dose. Likewise, catches of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), increased with verbenone dose in one experiment, but there was no effect in two other experiments. Verbenone had no effect on the response of Spondylis upiformis Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We hypothesize that predators specializing on early successional bark beetles are repelled by verbenone since this compound indicates a late stage attack. Generalist predators and woodborers either do not respond to verbenone at all, or they may be attracted by it.
Nucleolar stress: Molecular mechanisms and related human diseases (2023)

Ribosome biogenesis in the nucleolus is an important process that consumes 80% of a cell's intracellular energy supply. Disruption of this process results in nucleolar stress, triggering the activation of molecular systems that respond to this stress to maintain homeostasis. Although nucleolar stress was originally thought to be caused solely by abnormalities of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (RPs), an accumulating body of more current evidence suggests that many other factors, including the DNA damage response and oncogenic stress, are also involved in nucleolar stress response signaling. Cells reacting to nucleolar stress undergo cell cycle arrest or programmed death, mainly driven by activation of the tumor suppressor p53. This observation has nominated nucleolar stress as a promising target for cancer therapy. However, paradoxically, some RP mutations have also been implicated in cancer initiation and progression, necessitating caution. In this article, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of nucleolar stress and the human ribosomal diseases and cancers that arise in its wake.
Electrode immersion depth determination and control in electroslag remelting furnace (2023)

An apparatus and method for controlling an electroslag remelting furnace comprising adjusting electrode drive speed by an amount proportional to a difference between a metric of electrode immersion and a set point, monitoring impedance or voltage, and calculating the metric of electrode immersion depth based upon a predetermined characterization of electrode immersion depth as a function of impedance or voltage.
Elucidating the role of inhibitory G‐protein, Gz, in β‐cell preservation and regeneration (1062.3) (2014)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs when β‐cell death causes insufficient β‐cell mass to maintain normoglycemia. Although select T1D patients are candidates for transplantation, no pharmaceutical cure for T1D exists. Such cures would augment the residual β‐cell mass had by most, if not all, T1D patients. We showed the α subunit of the heterotrimeric Gz protein, Gαz, inhibits production of cAMP, a second messenger proposed to potentiate β‐cell function and mass. In an obesity‐linked T2D model, we demonstrated islets from Gαz‐null mice have constitutively increased β‐cell cAMP production, insulin secretion, and replicative capacity. We hypothesized Gαz‐null mice subjected to chemical induction of T1D would have improved β‐cell replication, survival, and, ultimately, mass, especially when treated with drugs known to stimulate cAMP production. To test our hypothesis, we induced diabetes in mice with streptozotocin. The Gαz‐null mutation partially protected against hyperglycemia, as did treatment with the known cAMP potentiator, exendin‐4. Combining the Gαz‐null mutation with exendin‐4 treatment was completely protective. These pancreas sections had both increased β‐cell replication and decreased apoptosis. In vitro assays with novel Gαz variants are pinpointing critical downstream signaling pathways. Overall, our results support targeting Gαz signaling to preserve and regenerate functional β‐cell mass. Grant Funding Source : Supported by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
Structure and Properties of Ca and Zr Containing Heat Resistant Wire Aluminum Alloy Manufactured by Electromagnetic Casting (2021)

Experimental aluminum alloy containing 0.8% Ca, 0.5% Zr, 0.5% Fe and 0.25% Si (wt.%), in the form of a long-length rod 12 mm in diameter was manufactured using an electromagnetic casting (EMC) technique. The extremely high cooling rate during alloy solidification (≈104 K/s) caused the formation of a favorable microstructure in the ingot characterized by a small size of the dendritic cells, fine eutectic particles of Ca-containing phases and full dissolution of Zr in Al the solid solution. Due to the microstructure obtained the ingots possess high manufacturability during cold forming (both drawing and rolling). Analysis of the electrical conductivity (EC) and microhardness of the cold rolled strip and cold drawn wire revealed that their temperature dependences are very close. The best combination of hardness and EC in the cold rolled strip was reached after annealing at 450 °C. TEM study of structure evolution revealed that the annealing mode used leads to the formation of L12 type Al3Zr phase precipitates with an average diameter of 10 nm and a high number density. Experimental wire alloy has the best combination of ultimate tensile strength (UTS), electrical conductivity (EC) (200 MPa and 54.8% IACS, respectively) and thermal stability (up to 450 °C) as compared with alloys based on the Al–Zr and Al– rare-earth metal (REM) systems. In addition, it is shown that the presence of calcium in the model alloy increases the electrical conductivity after cold forming operations (both drawing and rolling).
Synthesis of 3-Aminoimidazo[4,5-c]pyrazole Nucleoside via the N-N Bond Formation Strategy as a [5:5] Fused Analog of Adenosine (2005)

3-Amino-6-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-c]pyrazole (2) was synthesized via an N-N bond formation strategy by a mononuclear heterocyclic rearrangement (MHR). A series of 5-amino-1-(5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilysilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)imidazoles (6a-d), with different substituents at the 5-position of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole, were synthesized from 5-amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA Ribose, 3). It was found that 5-amino-1-(5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)imidazole (6a) underwent the MHR with sodium hydride in DMF or DMSO to afford the corresponding 3-acetamidoimidazo[4,5-c]pyrazole nucleoside(s) (7b and/or 7a) in good yields. A direct removal of the acetyl group from 3-acetamidoimidazo[4,5-c]pyrazoles under numerous conditions was unsuccessful. Subsequent protecting group manipulations afforded the desired 3-amino-6-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-c]pyrazole (2) as a 5:5 fused analog of adenosine (1).
<title>Advantages of using high-pressure short-arc xenon lamps for display systems</title> (2005)

Xenon produces a brilliant white flash of light when it is excited electrically. The characteristics Xenon brings to short arc, high-pressure xenon lamps are substantial, particularly in display systems. The broadband and relatively flat profile of the xenon emission in the visible spectrum generates superior metameric matching to life-like colors, whereby the visible spectrums of other lamps generally contain spikes requiring additional adjustment. Xenon-powered lamps generate a native color point of 5900K to 6200K - very near the optimal D65 point - increasing efficiency and minimizing the need for filtering. Filtering often results in an undesirable loss of luminous efficacy. Instant turn-on/turn-off is possible since the xenon is in its gaseous state at the operating pressures of the lamp. This is an improvement over most ultra-high pressure mercury lamps requiring warm-up times. The DC drive of the lamp provides a compact arc near one of the electrodes that produces a very small volume of light that is ideal for coupling to elliptical reflectors. The light output can be dimmed by controlling the applied electrical power. Xenon-powered short arc, high-pressure lamps operate safely within the specified parameters, and incorporating a reflector within the lamp body provides alignment-free replacement. The xenon lamps also eliminate the use of mercury, an important benefit in today's environmentally-conscious industry.