gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alkaloid Profiles and Activity in Different Mitragyna speciosa Strains (2018)

Mitragyna speciosa (K.) H. (Kratom) is a tree that possesses stimulant and opioid-like analgesic effects, and is indigenous to Southeast Asia and Indochina, where it has seen widespread use for hundreds of years. The principal pharmacologically active alkaloids in kratom leaves include mitragynine (MG), 7-hydroxymitragynine (HMG), speciociliatine (SC), speciogynine (SG) and paynantheine (P). The pharmacological effects induced and their potency can vary dramatically according to variations in the proportions of alkaloid compounds present, which are related to geographic origin, stage of maturity and ecotype. Much of the analgesic and opiate-like psychoactive effect of kratom has been associated with the MG and HMG detected in M. speciosa (K.). H. Five different strains of M. speciosa (K.) H., which present differing vein colours and geographic origin, have been studied herein; red vein strains from Thailand, Malaysia and Bali, named Red Thai, Red Malay and Red Bali, a white vein strain from Borneo (White Borneo) and a green vein strain from Malaysia (Green Malay) were included in the study. Plant leaves were extracted under magnetic stirring at room temperature in a MeOH/H 2 O 1:1 mixture. Purified alkaloids were isolated in a number of organic extraction steps, from either aqueous basic or acidic phases, that culminated in precipitation (yields between 0.94 and 1.43%). These samples have been analysed using HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS to optimize the identification and quantification of the principal alkaloids present in the different strains. 24 alkaloids were detected in Red Bali whereas 11 compounds were found in the other varieties. Red Thai, Red Bali, Green Malay and White Borneo strains had a higher w/w percentage for MG than for P, while P was more abundant in Red Malay. The Green Malay variety (GMK) showed the highest w/w percentages for MG and total alkaloids in its extracts (59.7 and 94.9% respectively). The Green Malay variety was therefore chosen for in vivo pharmacological studies. The Green Malay extract has shown remarkable and significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in mouse hot plate and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests.
A 64-MHz clock-rate ΣΔ ADC with 88-dB SNDR and -105-dB IM3 distortion at a 1.5-MHz signal frequency (2002)

A 64-MHz clock rate sigma-delta (/spl Sigma//spl Delta/) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with -105-dB intermodulation distortion (IMD) at a 1.5-MHz signal frequency is reported. A linear replica bridge sampling network enables the ADC to achieve high linearity for high signal frequencies. Operating at an oversampling ratio of 29, a 2-1-1 cascade with a 2-b quantizer in the last stage reduces the quantization noise level well below that of the thermal noise. The measured signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) in 1.1-MHz bandwidth is 88 dB, and the spurious-free-dynamic-range (SFDR) is 106 dB. The modulator and reference buffers occupy a 2.6-mm/sup 2/ die area and have been implemented with thick oxide devices, with minimum channel length of 0.35 /spl mu/m, in a dual-gate 0.18-/spl mu/m 1.8-V single-poly five-metal (SP5M) digital CMOS process. The power consumed by the ADC is 230 mW, including the decimation filters.
Using a Target Language Model for Domain Independent Lexical Disambiguation (1999)

In this paper we describe a lexical disambigua-tion algorithm based on a statistical language model we call maximum likelihood disambigua-tion. The maximum likelihood method depends solely on the target language. The model was trained on a corpus of American English news-paper texts. Its performance was tested using output from a transfer based translation system between Turkish and English. The method is source language independent, and can be used for systems translating from any language into English. 1
The analysis of a stochastic differential approach for Langevin competitive learning algorithm (2003)

Recently, various types of neural network models have been used successfully to applications in pattern recognition, control, signal processing, and so on. However, the previous models are not suitable for hardware implementation due to their complexity. In this paper, we present a survey of the stochastic analysis for the Langevin competitive learning algorithm, known for its easy hardware implementation. Since the Langevin competitive learning algorithm uses a time-invariant learning rate and a stochastic reinforcement term, it is necessary to analyze with stochastic differential or difference equation. The result of the analysis verifies that the Langevin competitive learning process is equal to the standard Ornstein-Uhlenback process and has a weak convergence property. The experimental results for Gaussian distributed data confirm the analysis provided in this paper.
Cytotoxicity of Endogenous Lipids N-acyl Dopamines and their Possible Metabolic Derivatives for Human Cancer Cell Lines of Different Histological Origin. (2015)

According to the structure-activity relationship, N-acyl dopamines with an intact catechol group and a non-modified hydrophobic fatty acid residue are cytotoxic to cancer cell lines of various histological origins.
A DNA-templated fluorescent silver nanocluster with enhanced stability (2012)

We report the discovery of a DNA sequence that templates a highly stable fluorescent silver nanocluster. In contrast to other DNA templated silver nanoclusters that have a relatively short shelf-life, the fluorescent species templated in this new DNA sequence retains significant fluorescence for at least a year. Moreover, this new silver nanocluster possesses low cellular toxicity and enhanced thermal, oxidative, and chemical stability.
Fabrication of X-ray/Gamma-ray Detector by Growth of Microcolumnar CSI:Tl onto Silicon Photomultipliers (2012)

We present a technique to fabricate high spatial resolution and cost-effective X-ray/gamma-ray detectors using silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and microcolumnar structured CsI:Tl scintillator. SiPMs were placed inside a vacuum chamber and physical vapor deposition was used to directly deposit CsI:Tl onto the active surface of SiPMs. This approach leads to improved light transport from the scintillation material to the photodetector due to minimal light loss and light spread. Devices made by this technique may be used for gamma- and X-ray photon counting and imaging. Scanning electron micrographs show highly oriented microcolumnar CsI:Tl structure orthogonal to the SiPMs’ surface. These microcolumnar structures are excellent for channeling scintillation light to the SiPM and provide sub-macro-pixel resolution. We report the performance characteristics of the resultant detector in terms of position sensitivity, optical crosstalk, and signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of the detector fabricated in this manner is evaluated against other methods of coupling CsI:Tl scintillators to SiPMs.
Laser bandwidth and other sources of focus blur in lithography (2006)

It is well known that the refractive optics used in today's exposure tools are highly chromatic, meaning that small wavelength shifts will cause large focus shifts. Even a line-narrowed excimer laser has a large enough range of wavelengths that we can no longer think of an infinitely thin image plane. The concept of "focus blur" can be generalized to encompass the effect of laser bandwidth chromatic aberrations, vertical stage vibrations (MSDz) and stage tilts which cause focus to change during the scan. This paper will introduce a new parameter called Mean Absolute Defocus (MAD) that can characterize the focus blur, and will be shown to correlate with the lithographic effects. Focus blur can be incorporated into simulation models, in a manner similar to the way that stage vibration is modeled. New simulation results will illustrate the impact of focus blur on modern lithographic processes. Process stability and machine-to-machine matching issues will be discussed.
Genome-wide analysis of vaccinia virus protein–protein interactions (2000)

To detect interactions between proteins of vaccinia virus, we carried out a comprehensive two-hybrid analysis to assay every pairwise combination. We constructed an array of yeast transformants that contained each of the 266 predicted viral ORFs as Gal4 activation domain hybrid proteins. The array was individually mated to transformants containing each ORF as a Gal4-DNA-binding domain hybrid, and diploids expressing the two-hybrid reporter gene were identified. Of the approximately 70,000 combinations, we found 37 protein-protein interactions, including 28 that were previously unknown. In some cases, e.g., late transcription factors, both proteins were known to have related roles although there was no prior evidence of physical associations. For some other interactions, neither protein had a known role. In the majority of cases, however, one of the interacting proteins was known to be involved in DNA replication, transcription, virion structure, or host evasion, thereby providing a clue to the role of the other uncharacterized protein in a specific process.
Self-Optimization Algorithm for Inter-RAT Configuration Parameters (2011)

The increase in demand for wireless data communication has incited mobile operators to deploy new radio access technologies (RATs) overlaying with legacy ones. Flexible usage of multiple RATs and trouble-free inter-RAT operation require the optimization of the configuration parameters of different RATs. One approach to optimize these parameters is to try different default network-wide settings for all cells and apply the best in terms of network performance. Another approach is to manually optimize the parameters of the cells having problems with the aid of drive tests and expert knowledge. The major problem with these two approaches is that they require human intervention and increase operational expenditures. In this paper, a general and decentralized self-optimizing algorithm for the inter-RAT configuration parameters is proposed. The algorithm optimizes the configuration parameters on a cell-pair basis and runs only in the base stations of the newly installed RAT. As a testing use case, the proposed algorithm is applied to optimize the configuration parameters related to inter-RAT mobility handovers. Simulation results have shown that the proposed optimization algorithm outperforms the default network-wide settings and converges to a stable operation point that significantly improves the network performance.
Single- and double-mixed alkali-halide-cyanide crystals: model systems for orientational glasses (1990)

Abstract CN− molecules substituted into alkali-halide crystals are unique systems, permitting continuous various of their concentration x from isolated defects (x ≪ 1) up to a perfect CN− sublattice (x = 1)1. Similarly, the cationic sublattice order y can be continuously varied, initially only performed for x = i.e. cation-mixed alkali-cyanides 2, but recently extended to any chosen 0 < x < 1 value 3. This establishes within the cornerstone-framework of pure alkali-halides and - cyanides (xy) tableaus of single- or double-mixed crystals (one of them illustrated in Fig. 1), all characterized by rapidly reorienting disordered molecules and pseudo-cubic structure at 300 K. Under cooling, ferro- or antiferro-elastic molecular ordering-transitions into orthorhombic or monoclinic and rhombohedral structures occur above a critical CN− concentration xc(x,y)—and their related critical temperature functions Tc(x,y) and hysteresis effects—have been determined recently by the sudden onset of strong light-scattering due to multi-domain formation under cooling at Tc.
Hepatitis E Nanoparticle: A Capsid-Based Platform for Non-Invasive Vaccine Delivery and Imaging-Guided Cancer Treatment (2018)

journal of clinical gastroenterology is part of the Juniper publishers which is devoted to publish subject-specific articles focused on the needs of individual research communities across all areas of biology and medicine.
The genomic landscape across 474 surgically accessible epileptogenic human brain lesions (2022)

Abstract Understanding the exact molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology of epileptogenic pathologies with or without tumor activity is essential for improving treatment of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Here, we characterize the landscape of somatic genetic variants in resected brain specimens from 474 individuals with drug-resistant focal epilepsy using deep whole-exome sequencing (&gt;350×) and whole-genome genotyping. Across the exome, we observe a greater number of somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNV) in low-grade epilepsy-associated tumors (LEAT; 7.92±5.65 SNV) than in brain tissue from malformations of cortical development (MCD; 6.11±4 SNV) or hippocampal sclerosis (HS; 5.1±3.04 SNV). Tumor tissues also had the largest number of likely pathogenic variant carrying cells. LEAT had the highest proportion of samples with one or more somatic copy number variants (CNV; 24.7%), followed by MCD (5.4%) and HS (4.1%). Recurring somatic whole chromosome duplications affecting Chromosome 7 (16.8%), chromosome 5 (10.9%), and chromosome 20 (9.9%) were observed among LEAT. For germline variant-associated MCD genes such as TSC2, DEPDC5 , and PTEN , germline SNV were frequently identified within large loss of heterozygosity regions, supporting the recently proposed ‘second hit’ disease mechanism in these genes. We detect somatic variants in twelve established lesional epilepsy genes and demonstrate exome-wide statistical support for three of these in the etiology of LEAT (e.g., BRAF ) and MCD (e.g., SLC35A2 and MTOR ). We also identify novel significant associations for PTPN11 with LEAT and NRAS Q61 mutated protein with a complex MCD characterized by polymicrogyria and nodular heterotopia. The variants identified in NRAS are known from cancer studies to lead to hyperactivation of NRAS, which can be targeted pharmacologically. We identify large recurrent 1q21-q44 duplication including AKT3 in association with focal cortical dysplasia type 2a with hyaline astrocytic inclusions, another rare and possibly under-recognized brain lesion. The clinical genetic analyses showed that the numbers of somatic SNV across the exome and the fraction of affected cells were positively correlated with the age at seizure onset and surgery in individuals with LEAT. Finally, we report that identifying a likely pathogenic variant enabled us to refine or reclassify previous histopathological classifications post hoc in 20.5% of diagnoses. In summary, our comprehensive genetic screen sheds light on the genome-scale landscape of genetic variants in epileptic brain lesions, informs the design of gene panels for clinical diagnostic screening, and guides future directions for clinical implementation of epilepsy surgery genetics.
Life cycle analysis with regard to environmental impact of apple wholesale packaging (2009)

A comparison between cardboard and plastic boxes for apple packaging in the wholesale and retail trade has been drawn using the SimaPro programme for life cycle analysis. The environmental impact of using plastic cases was estimated much lower, mainly thanks to their repeated use.
Understanding and Controlling Sialylation in a CHO Fc-Fusion Process (2016)

A Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) bioprocess, where the product is a sialylated Fc-fusion protein, was operated at pilot and manufacturing scale and significant variation of sialylation level was observed. In order to more tightly control glycosylation profiles, we sought to identify the cause of variability. Untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics methods were applied to select samples from the large scale runs. Lower sialylation was correlated with elevated mannose levels, a shift in glucose metabolism, and increased oxidative stress response. Using a 5-L scale model operated with a reduced dissolved oxygen set point, we were able to reproduce the phenotypic profiles observed at manufacturing scale including lower sialylation, higher lactate and lower ammonia levels. Targeted transcriptomics and metabolomics confirmed that reduced oxygen levels resulted in increased mannose levels, a shift towards glycolysis, and increased oxidative stress response similar to the manufacturing scale. Finally, we propose a biological mechanism linking large scale operation and sialylation variation. Oxidative stress results from gas transfer limitations at large scale and the presence of oxygen dead-zones inducing upregulation of glycolysis and mannose biosynthesis, and downregulation of hexosamine biosynthesis and acetyl-CoA formation. The lower flux through the hexosamine pathway and reduced intracellular pools of acetyl-CoA led to reduced formation of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid, both key building blocks of N-glycan structures. This study reports for the first time a link between oxidative stress and mammalian protein sialyation. In this study, process, analytical, metabolomic, and transcriptomic data at manufacturing, pilot, and laboratory scales were taken together to develop a systems level understanding of the process and identify oxygen limitation as the root cause of glycosylation variability.
Evaluating three-dimensional information visualization designs: a case study of three designs (2002)

A number of 3D information visualization designs have been invented during the last few years. However, comparisons of such designs have been scarce, making it difficult for application developers to select a suitable design. This paper reports on a case study where three existing visualization designs have been implemented and evaluated. We found that the three information visualization designs have inherent problems when used for visualizing different data sets, and that certain tasks cannot be supported by the designs. A general methodology for evaluation is presented, which comprises the evaluation of suitability for different data sets as well as the evaluation of support for user tasks.
Inductive power transfer to an electric vehicle-analytical model (2002)

The roadway powered electric vehicle (RPEV) system is a unique electric vehicle system that receives electric power by inductive coupling from an inductor buried beneath the road surface. The analytical model of the system that transfers power from the wayside to the vehicle battery and DC traction motor is analyzed. This model includes the roadway inductor, the vehicle-mounted pick up inductor, and the onboard circuitry for control/conditioning of the coupled power. The equivalent circuit model of the inductive power coupling system is derived. Based on this model, the electrical characteristics of the system are explained. Trade-offs in selecting system parameters are discussed. All test results have tended to confirm simulation results obtained using the analytical model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Generation of mean flows in rotating anisotropic turbulence: The case of solar near-surface shear layer (2021)

Context. Results from helioseismology indicate that the radial gradient of the rotation rate in the near-surface shear layer (NSSL) of the Sun is independent of latitude and radius. Theoretical models using the mean-field approach have been successful in explaining this property of the NSSL, while global direct or large-eddy magnetoconvection models have so far been unable to reproduce this. Aims. We investigate the reason for this discrepancy by measuring the mean flows, Reynolds stress, and turbulent transport coefficients under conditions mimicking those in the solar NSSL. Methods. Simulations with as few ingredients as possible to generate mean flows were studied. These ingredients are inhomogeneity due to boundaries, anisotropic turbulence, and rotation. The parameters of the simulations were chosen such that they matched the weakly rotationally constrained NSSL. The simulations probe locally Cartesian patches of the star at a given depth and latitude. The depth of the patch was varied by changing the rotation rate such that the resulting Coriolis numbers covered the same range as in the NSSL. We measured the turbulent transport coefficient relevant for the nondiffusive (Λ-effect) and diffusive (turbulent viscosity) parts of the Reynolds stress and compared them with predictions of current mean-field theories. Results. A negative radial gradient of the mean flow is generated only at the equator where meridional flows are absent. At other latitudes, the meridional flow is comparable to the mean flow corresponding to differential rotation. We also find that the meridional components of the Reynolds stress cannot be ignored. Additionally, we find that the turbulent viscosity is quenched by rotation by about 50% from the surface to the bottom of the NSSL. Conclusions. Our local simulations do not validate the explanation for the generation of the NSSL from mean-field theory where meridional flows and stresses are neglected. However, the rotational dependence of the turbulent viscosity in our simulations agrees well with theoretical predictions. Moreover, our results agree qualitatively with global convection simulations in that an NSSL can only be obtained near the equator.
CA-based byte error-correcting code (1995)

This paper reports a novel approach for designing byte error-correcting codes using cellular automata (CA). A simple scheme for generation and decoding of single-byte error-correcting and double-byte error-detecting codes, referred to as CA-SbEC-DbED, is presented. Extension of the scheme to locate/correct larger number of information byte errors has been also included. The encoding and decoding algorithms have been designed with the help of a linear operator that can be conveniently realized with a maximum length group CA. The regular, modular and cascadable structure of CA can be economically built with VLSI technology. Compared to the existing architecture of the Reed-Solomon decoder chip, CA-based implementation of the proposed decoding scheme provides a simple cost effective solution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ecological controls over global soil carbon storage (1995)

Globally, soil carbon comprises about 2/3 of terrestrial carbon storage. Soil carbon is thus an important reservoir of carbon, but also influences the responses of ecosystems to change by controlling many aspects of nutrient cycling. While broad-scale patterns of soil carbon accumulation can be explained in terms of climatic and biome distributions, many ecological processes also influence the storage and turnover of carbon in soils. I will present a synthesis of information from field studies, model experiments and global data bases on factors controlling the turnover and storage of soil carbon. First, I will review a series of studies showing links between vegetation change (successional and invasions) and soil carbon. Then I will review model analyses of the sensitivity of soil carbon to climatic and ecological changes. Results show that soil carbon storage is broadly sensitive to climate but greatly influenced by the allocation of detritus between resistant (lignaceous and woody) and more labile forms, and that biotic changes that affect allocation, affect soil carbon substantially at regionally and perhaps global scales.
Isolation and Identification of Three New 5‐Alkenyl‐3,3(2H)‐furanones from Two Streptomyces Species Using a Genomic Screening Approach. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.