gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current mapping in Graphene Contacts to AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures (2015)

We have exploited conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) to characterize the vertical current transport from graphene (Gr) to the 2D electron gas of AlxGa1 xN/GaN heterostructures considering different kinds of AlGaN surfaces in terms of roughness and unevenness. The vertical current transport mechanism can radically change depending on these nanometer size superficial fluctuations whereby the nanoscale lateral resolution of CAFM current voltage (I V) measurements offers the ideal conditions to distinguish this effect form the average macroscopic behavior. We have characterized bare and Gr coated high quality AlGaN surface at first, observing for both a rectifying behavior. In particular the contact on Gr shows a lower Schottky barrier height (SBH) (ΦB = 0.4 eV) than the bare AlGaN (ΦB = 0.9 eV), and a smaller spread between the array of sampled positions. In particular this lateral homogeneity can be explained as an averaging effect of Gr on the AlGaN surface potential fluctuations over a length scale around the AFM tip in the order of the electron mean free path of a transferred CVD grown Gr (~100 nm). In order to exclude the role of the AFM metal tip force contact to the observed behavior we have performed a force dependent characterization establishing a tip force range in which this effect is negligible. We have also repeated the same characterizations on a Gr/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with a high structured AlGaN surface. In this case a lower SBH (ΦB = 0.6 eV) and an ohmic behavior have been observed on bare AlGaN and Gr coated AlGaN respectively. This result has been attributed to the presence of preferential current paths in correspondence of the surface voids and the contemporary collection of the AFM morphology and the current map of the bare AlGaN has confirmed it. In particular, the ohmic behavior through Gr has been imputed to a contemporary lowering of the SBH and a homogenization effect of a certain density of preferential current paths
Letter from Elvin A. Kabat to Michael Heidelberger (1937)

Kabat, Heidelberger's first graduate student at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons and later his colleague there, went to the University of Upsala in Sweden in 1937 to use the university's newly-developed ultracentrifuge to type and determine the size of antibody globulins in horse and rabbit antipneumococcal sera, which had been prepared by Heidelberger. In this letter, written from Cambridge, England, prior to his return to the United States in the summer of 1938, Kabat contemplated the limits of ultracentrifugation in determining the molecular weights of the complex proteins of antibodies. He also discussed a meeting with the pioneer of X-ray structure analysis of proteins, John Desmond Bernal, who expressed an interest in subjecting antibody protein to his new techniques of X-ray crystallography.
Early facial expression recognition using early RankBoost (2013)

This work investigated a new challenging problem: how to recognize facial expressions as early as possible, in contrast to finding ways to improve the facial expression recognition rate. Unlike conventional facial expression recognition, early facial expression recognition is inherently difficult due to the initial low intensity of the expressions. To overcome this problem, a novel early recognition approach based on RankBoost is used to infer the facial expression category of an input facial expression sequence as early as possible. Facial expression intensity increases monotonically from neutral to apex in most cases, and this observation was elaborated for developing an early facial expression recognition method. To identify the most discriminative features of subtle facial expressions, weak rankers are used to learn the temporal variations of pairwise subtle facial expression features in accordance with their temporal order. Then, a weight propagation method is applied to boost a weak ranker into an early recognizer. Experiments on the Cohn-Kanade database and a custom-made dataset built using a high-speed motion capture system demonstrated that the proposed method has promising performance for early facial expression recognition.
Layer-induced seismic anisotropy from full-wave sonic logs: Theory, application, and validation (2006)

Abstract Thin isotropic elastic layering in the earth is one cause of seismic VTI anisotropy, along with intrinsic anisotropy and fractures. An important issue related to the routine use of VTI seismic data processing is the estimation of the necessary parameters. The full set of layer-induced VTI anisotropy parameters can be computed from full-wave sonic and density log data using Backus averaging. Intrinsic anisotropy can be incorporated if it is known from laboratory analysis. The isotropic layering method is applied to six wells in eastern Saudi Arabia, and the estimated anisotropy parameters are persistent across distances of many kilometers. This leads to the possibility of parameter estimation at sparse well locations for use in seismic data processing. Validation is demonstrated by direct numerical simulation of elastic wavefields in original and Backus-averaged earth models with various window lengths. We observe precise equivalence of the full wavefield when the averaging length is less than or equal to one-third of the minimum dominant wavelength. First arrival information, used in depth migration, is preserved with much longer averaging windows, up to twice the minimum dominant wavelength.
Concept and Technology Exploration for Transparent Hearing (2003)

Abstract : Modern militaries are challenged to physically protect open-field personnel from a great variety of life and effectiveness threats, including chemical, biological, laser, ballistic, and percussive weapons. Many chemical and biological threats require covering all orifices, including the ears, to achieve minimal protection. Additionally, warfighting involves operating in very close proximity to loud equipment, from which the noise can degrade an individual 5 auditory perception, and over time can degrade general performance. Common hearing protection and occlusion isolates the warfighter from the environment, deflating situational awareness, confidence, and effectiveness, thus putting the warfighter at high risk and compromising his ability to detect and assess threats. Often, soldiers are so uncomfortable with the isolation of hearing protection that they will choose to go without hearing protection and expose themselves to painful and harmful noise, which can result in deafness and reduced effectiveness as warfighters. This effort includes a survey of relevant head-borne hear-through auditory systems, a selection of approaches to a transparent hearing solution, implementation of the approaches, and evaluation.
The extraordinary Hall effect: Intuitive theory and experimental verification (1976)

We present a review of the theoretical literature on the extraordinary Hall effect. By using the formulation of Noziéres and Lewiner, we give an elementary presentation, stressing the physical aspects of the problem. Insight into the role of the spin‐orbit interaction in Bloch functions and in the extraordinary Hall effect is provided by the concept of the transverse displacement of a spin‐polarized electron. From this different terms of Luttinger are found and discussed on intuitive grounds. Two types of effects are distinguished: the ’’side‐displacement’’ contributions and the skew‐scattering effect. The conflicting results of various theories in the literature are compared and criticized. In the very simple case of a III‐V semiconductor the wavefunctions are well known and the calculations can be carried out exactly. We have measured the extraordinary Hall effect in such a system; by using a spin resonance method, the much larger ordinary Hall effect is circumvented as it gives no contribution to the signal. Our results provide an unambiguous test of the theory.
Telemetering of Intraenteric Pressure in Man by an Externally Energized Wireless Capsule (1960)

Gastrointestinal intraluminal pressures have been recorded in eight patients by a pressure-sensitive telemetering capsule energized by an external, wireless source. The capsule is smaller and simpler than a battery-powered capsule, and has a relatively unlimited life. The pressure records are similar to those obtained by other sensing devices.
Electrochemically n-Doped CsPbBr3 Nanocrystal Thin Films (2021)

Electrochemical doping is a promising strategy to dope halide perovskites without introducing impurities into the lattice. However, n-type doping of halide perovskites remains challenging due to intrinsically limited electrochemical stability. Herein, we report electrochemically n-doped CsPbBr3 nanocrystal (NC) films within electrochemically stable potential windows (−0.9–0.5 V vs Ag/AgNO3). Compared to bulk films with limited accessible surface area for cation charge compensation, NC films show more efficient n-doping properties due to their porous nature. Electrochemically doped NC films exhibit Fermi level shifts, confirmed via electrochemical measurements, vacuum-Kelvin probe contact potential difference, and photoelectron spectroscopy. As a result, in situ conductivity measurements show increases when films are p- or n-doped. Furthermore, n-doped films show a photoluminescence intensity increase. Given that we remain within the electrochemically stable window, we suspect this is due to an alleviation of electron traps, likely a result of altering the charge state of the interstitial Br population.
Coulter counter model S and model S-plus measurements of mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) are influenced by the mean erythrocyte haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (1981)

We found differences between the mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) when measured by the Coulter counter model S-plus and when calculated from the erythrocyte volume fraction obtained by centrifugation and corrected for trapped plasma. The difference was positively correlated to the mean erythrocyte haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) so that MCV by the Coulter S+ is too low at low MCHC and too high at high MCHC. Similar although smaller differences were observed with the Coulter S. The erroneous MCV gives errors in the calculated erythrocyte volume fraction and MCHC. Only in the case of MCHC does the error have any practical significance; too high values are obtained at low concentrations of haemoglobin in the erythrocytes and too low at high concentrations. Hence, MCHC measured by the Coulter S+ contains no useful information.
Analysis and prediction of ridership impacts during planned public transport disruptions (2022)

Urban metro and tram networks are regularly subject to planned disruptions, including closures, resulting from the need to maintain and renew infrastructure. In this study, we first empirically analyse the passenger demand response to planned public transport disruptions based on individual passenger travel behaviour, based on which we infer generalised journey time and cost elasticities for different passenger groups and time periods of the day. Second, we develop a model which enables predicting public transport demand for individual origin-destination pairs affected by a closure. The model is trained based on the empirically observed travel behaviour. The proposed method is applied to a case study closure in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, based on which we empirically derive generalised journey time and generalised journey cost elasticities of − 0.99 and − 1.11, respectively. Our results suggest that passengers’ demand response is lower for frequent users of the public transport network, as well as during weekdays - especially during the peak periods. Arguably, this stems from a higher share of captive passengers with a mandatory journey purpose in these segments, who will continue making their journey nevertheless. During weekends - with typically higher shares of leisure related journeys - a much more pronounced demand response is found. The estimated neural network regression model is able to predict passenger demand during public transport closures with a high level of accuracy. This provides public transport agencies more precise insights into the impact of closures on their revenue losses and on the potential need for resources reallocation.
CORNUS FLORIDA POLLEN ONTOGENY (1995)

Development of Cornus florida L. pollen was monitored using standard paraffin histological techniques and light microscopy. Terminal buds (putative floral buds) were collected over a 6 weeks from mature landscape trees located on The Univ. of Tennessee Agricultural Campus, Knoxville. Examination of samples taken at 3- to 7-day intervals revealed variations in development representing 1- to 2-week differences between florets in a single inflorescence, florets on the same tree, and florets from different trees. Floral initiation occurred before 19 July in the 2 years of this study. Pollen development followed typical angiosperm stages: tapetal cells were multinucleate, pollen tetrads were tetrahedral, and meiosis occurred late in the developmental period. Pollen grains appeared morphologically mature by early September in both years.
Near-infrared photosensitive composites with electron conductivity (2006)

Polymer composite films were prepared on the basis of poly(vinyl ethylal) doped with a low concentration of an anionic polymethine dye that absorbs light in the near IR region and a higher concentration of 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone or tetrakis(benzylamino)octahydrofullerene organic acceptor. The photoconductivity of the polymer composite films increases on passing to fullerene derivatives. The main reason for this effect is a decrease in the influence of steric factors on intermolecular electronic transitions in the case of the near-spherical structure of acceptor molecules as compared with the planar structure.
Synthesis of Cu-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composites by Warm Processing of Gas Atomized Powders (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Layer-by-Layer Construction of Nanostructured Porphyrin−Fullerene Electrodes (2002)

The fabrication of high quality, robust, and photoactive ITO electrodes is reported. Electrostatic and van der Waals interactions have been used for the step-by-step deposition of layers containing a fullerene−porphyrin dyad as the active layer. The new electrodes give rise to improved light harvesting features in the visible, with absorbances as high as 0.2 (i.e., at the Soret band of H2P) for a monolayer coverage and IPCEs of 0.38% and 0.6% under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively.
Thermal Modeling of a High-Speed Switched Reluctance Machine with Axial Air-gap Flow for Vacuum Cleaners (2012)

Knowing the precise thermal behavior of switched reluctance machines (SRM) is important to increase the power density of such machines. Up to now, literature is lacking about how to model in detail switched reluctance machines at high speed with axial air-gap flow. The aim of this paper is to present a model showing the effects of varied air-gap flow on temperature distribution in vacuum cleaner machines with a power of 1kW and 60.000 rpm.First, a simulation model was set up, illustrating various operating points of the drive. Then the results of this model were verified on a test bench. Hereby, a simulation was found for high-speed switched reluctance machines that ideally reflects the temperature distribution within the machine and also depicts the effects of changing axial air-gap flow. In conclusion, this presented model indicates that even at high speed and with reduced air-gap flow, these switched reluctance machines can be operated within established temperature limits. Ultimately, this model is very good for predicting the thermal behavior of similar switched reluctance machines with air-gap flow.
Evaluation of a New Method of Heading Estimation for Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Using Shoe Mounted Sensors (2005)

In this paper, a novel method of sensor based pedestrian dead reckoning is presented using sensors mounted on a shoe. Sensor based systems are a practical alternative to global navigation satellite systems when positioning accuracy is degraded such as in thick forest, urban areas with tall buildings and indoors. Using miniature, inexpensive sensors it is possible to create self-contained systems using sensor-only navigation techniques optimised for pedestrian motion. The systems developed extend existing foot based stride measurement technology by adding the capability to sense direction, making it possible to determine the path and displacement of the user. The proposed dead-reckoning navigation system applies an array of accelerometers and magneto-resistive sensors worn on the subject's shoe. Measurement of the foot's acceleration allows the precise identification of separate stride segments, thus providing improved stride length estimation. The system relies on identifying the stance phase to resolve the sensor attitude and determine the step heading. Field trials were carried out in forested conditions. Performance metrics include position, stride length estimation and heading with respect to a high accuracy reference trajectory.
Novel Modifications in RNA (2011)

The past several years have seen numerous reports of new chemical modifications for use in RNA. In addition, in that time period, we have seen the discovery of several previously unknown naturally occurring modifications that impart novel properties on the parent RNAs. In this review, we describe recent discoveries in these areas with a focus on RNA modifications that introduce spectroscopic tags, reactive handles, or new recognition properties.
Relationship between Hansen Solubility Parameters of ABS and its Homopolymer Components of PAN, PB, and PS (2010)

ABS, an important terpolymer produced from acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene, is widely used in the form of ABS alloys. Because the microstructure of ABS and its alloys shows a multiphase, researching the miscibility is of significant concern for ABS applications. In order to completely understand the special solubility properties of ABS resin, the relationship between Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) of ABS and its homopolymer components (polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, and polybutadiene) were researched by the Hansen method in this paper. It was found that the dipolar component and hydrogen-bonding component of polyacrylonitrile were the strongest, and the dipolar component and hydrogen-bonding component of polybutadiene were the weakest. An interesting phenomenon was observed, namely that the HSP of the copolymer of styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) and ABS were very similar to the HSP of polystyrene. This means that the HSP of ABS, the typical terpolymer, were not the addition or average of the HSP of its three homopolymer components; instead they were decided by only one homopolymer component, the polystyrene segment.
Model Building for Tilted Transverse Anisotropic Depth Migration of the Crystal Gulf of Mexico – Wide Azimuth Survey (2010)

The method used to build an anisotropic model for TTI migration is described. The method includes calibrating seismic depth to well depths, estimation of the tilted axis of symmetry of the anisotropy, iterative depth migration and tomography, and salt horizon interpretation. Cycle time is reduced by using a fast 3D, wide azimuth, beam, prestack depth migration. Results are shown on a wide azimuth marine survey in the deep water Gulf of Mexico.
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-based therapy: mechanism, systemic safety and biodistribution for precision clinical applications (2021)

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising resource for cell-based therapy because of their high immunomodulation ability, tropism towards inflamed and injured tissues, and their easy access and isolation. Currently, there are more than 1200 registered MSC clinical trials globally. However, a lack of standardized methods to characterize cell safety, efficacy, and biodistribution dramatically hinders the progress of MSC utility in clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the current state of MSC-based cell therapy, focusing on the systemic safety and biodistribution of MSCs. MSC-associated risks of tumor initiation and promotion and the underlying mechanisms of these risks are discussed. In addition, MSC biodistribution methodology and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cell therapies are addressed. Better understanding of the systemic safety and biodistribution of MSCs will facilitate future clinical applications of precision medicine using stem cells.
Skyline-based registration of 3D laser scans (2011)

Acquisition and registration of terrestrial 3D laser scans is a fundamental task in mapping and modeling of cities in three dimensions. To automate this task marker-free registration methods are required. Based on the existence of skyline features, this paper proposes a novel method. The skyline features are extracted from panoramic 3D scans and encoded as strings enabling the use of string matching for merging the scans. Initial results of the proposed method in the old city center of Bremen are presented.
PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL OF NATURAL CIRCULATION BOILING REACTORS (1957)

A parametric study of the potential and performance of natural circulation boiling nuclear reactors is presented. Analyses are based on engineering data and correlation extrapolations obtained from boiling studies at Argonne. Graphs are used extensively to show interrelationships of power density, system pressure, average core coolant density, core height, riser height, channel hydraulic diameter, recirculation flow rate, and exit steam volume fraction. Interesting aspects of reactor design and their diameter, recirculation flow rate, and exit steam volume fraction. Interesting aspects of reactor design and their effects on performance are discussed briefly. (auth)
Alkane adsorption from vapour onto hydrophobic solid/vapour and hydrophobic solid/water interfaces (1999)

In connection with our interest in the effect of adsorption of alkanes on the wettability by water of hydrophobic solid surfaces, we have determined adsorption isotherms for a range of alkane vapours onto methyl-terminated self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers. The adsorption has been measured using a quartz crystal microbalance. The isotherms are well-fitted using the isotherm equation proposed by Aranovich and Donohue. It is found that alkane adsorption is only slightly affected by the alkanethiol chain length (between 10 and 18). Mixed alkanethiol layers (10+18) however lead to enhanced alkane adsorption. We have compared adsorption of alkanes onto the crystalline thiol layers with that observed for liquid-like surfactant monolayers on water, where mixing of alkane with surfactant alkyl chains is known to occur. Using surface pressures of '‘saturated’' alkane layers on the solid surfaces, together with various measured contact angles, we have obtained surface pressures of alkanes at the hydrophobic solid/water interface. The adsorption of alkanes onto solid surfaces, the solid/water interface and into surfactant monolayers has been treated successfully using simple theory of van der Waals forces together with reasonable values of Hamaker constants.