gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Characteristics in Brain Tumors (2005)

The inner milieu of the central nervous system (CNS) is closely regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). By its unique properties, the BBB restricts the entrance of blood-borne large and hydrophilic compounds into the brain, but also tightly controls cellular entry and the supply of nutrients to the brain. In this chapter, we will address the latest advances in both the cellular and molecular biology of this specialized structure, and discuss its functional characteristics and molecular organization in glioma.
決定橢圓曲線上 L 函數的特殊零點 (2019)

The order of the Dirichlet series of the elliptic curve at s=1 is of interest to everyone.
Mazur, Tate, and Teitelbaum found a way to calculate whether the Dirichlet series of the
twisted elliptic curve has a zero at the particular point s=1. This involves calculating the
modulo symbol. The aim of this paper is to sort out the methods they have given, and at
the same time propose a complete list of algorithms to calculate whether the Dirichlet
series of the twisted elliptic curve has a zero at the special point s=1.
End of an Era (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTEnd of an EraDonald R. PaulView Author Information EditorCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1, 1Publication Date (Web):January 8, 1996Publication History Published online8 January 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie950822ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ie950822ieditorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views378Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (9 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Chemical engineering and industrial chemistry Get e-Alerts
N-glycosylation profiles of the SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G mutant and its ancestral protein characterized by advanced mass spectrometry (2021)

Abstract N-glycosylation plays an important role in the structure and function of membrane and secreted proteins. The spike protein on the surface of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, is heavily glycosylated and the major target for developing vaccines, therapeutic drugs and diagnostic tests. The first major SARS-CoV-2 variant carries a D614G substitution in the spike (S-D614G) that has been associated with altered conformation, enhanced ACE2 binding, and increased infectivity and transmission. In this report, we used mass spectrometry techniques to characterize and compare the N-glycosylation of the wild type (S-614D) or variant (S-614G) SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins prepared under identical conditions. The data showed that half of the N-glycosylation sequons changed their distribution of glycans in the S-614G variant. The S-614G variant showed a decrease in the relative abundance of complex-type glycans (up to 45%) and an increase in oligomannose glycans (up to 33%) on all altered sequons. These changes led to a reduction in the overall complexity of the total N-glycosylation profile. All the glycosylation sites with altered patterns were in the spike head while the glycosylation of three sites in the stalk remained unchanged between S-614G and S-614D proteins.
Historical review of electron beam ion sources (invited) (1998)

Thirty years have passed since the modern concept of the production of highly charged ions in dense electron beams was first proposed, and less since the first electron beam ion source (EBIS) was built and tested. Milestones from the EBIS history, and future prospects are described in view of today’s needs in the production and use of highly charged ions. Various versions of EBIS, such as the classic EBIS, the electron beam ion trap—EBIT, the cross-over EBIS (T)-XEBIS/T and others were constructed, studied, and used in different laboratories. The ion-by-ion and “evaporative” cooling techniques are used to increase the time of ion confinement in an electron beam, ion charge states and ion yield. An alternative way to increase the ion yield is an increase of the electron beam current. The different concept of an ion source based on EBIS which uses multiple reflection of primary electrons and formation of a so-called electron string state is studied as well. Stability of electron-ion systems and nonexcitation of internal EBIS structure are the main goals in the present EBIS studies. Fast extraction of ions from EBIS, which can be done during several microseconds makes efficient the single turn injection into ion synchrotrons.
Segmentation Methods in Ultrasound Images (2011)

Ultrasound imaging now has widespread clinical use. It involves exposing a part of the body to highfrequency sound waves in order to generate images of the inside of the body. Because it is a real-time procedure, the ultrasound images show the movement of the body’s internal structure as well. It is usually a painless medical test and its procedures seem to be safe. Despite recent improvement in the quality of information from an ultrasound device, these images are still a challenging case for segmentation. Thus, there is much interest in understanding how to apply an image segmentation task to ultrasound data and any improvements in this regard are desirable. Many methods have been introduced in existing literature to facilitate more accurate automatic or semi-automatic segmentation of ultrasound images. This chapter is a basic review of the works on ultrasound image segmentation classified by application areas, including segmentation of prostate transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), breast ultrasound, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images.
Expression of the woodchuck N-myc2 retroposon in brain and in liver tumors is driven by a cryptic N-myc promoter. (1992)

The woodchuck intronless proto-oncogene N-myc2 was initially discovered as a frequent target site for hepadnavirus integration in hepatocellular carcinoma. N-myc2 possesses characteristics of a functional retroposon derived from the woodchuck N-myc gene. We have investigated the regulatory signals governing N-myc2 expression and found that a short promoter, including a variant TATA box and potential binding sites for several transcription factors, is localized in the N-myc2 sequences homologous to the 5' untranslated region of the second N-myc exon. The corresponding region in the intron-containing woodchuck N-myc gene also exhibited promoter activity in transient transfection assays. The high evolutionary conservation of these sequences in mammalian N-myc genes suggests that they contain a cryptic N-myc promoter which may be unmasked in the particular context provided by the N-myc2 retroposon. Although N-myc2, like the woodchuck N-myc gene, contributes to an extended CpG island and was found constitutively hypomethylated, it presents a highly restricted expression pattern in adult animals. Whereas the intron-containing N-myc gene is expressed at low levels in different tissues, N-myc2 mRNA was detected only in brain tissue, raising questions about the functional significance of the maintenance of a second N-myc gene in the woodchuck genome.
Molecular identification of the powdery mildew fungus infecting rubber trees in China (2019)

Abstract Powdery mildew is a foliar disease of rubber trees. It is one of the most important leaf diseases in rubber plantations worldwide. The causal agent of this powdery mildew, previously known as Oidium heveae , has been identified under various names. To precisely identify the causal agents of this disease, 57 conidial samples were collected from 2013 to 2017 in Hainan, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces, the main rubber tree planting regions in China. Based on morphological observations using light and scanning electron microscopy, pathogenicity testing, and nrDNA ITS and 28S sequences, Erysiphe quercicola is suggested as the only causal agent of rubber tree powdery mildew in China.
Teaming Up with Virtual Humans: How Other People Change Our Perceptions of and Behavior with Virtual Teammates (2015)

In this paper we present a study exploring whether the physical presence of another human changes how people perceive and behave with virtual teammates. We conducted a study (n = 69) in which nurses worked with a simulated health care team to prepare a patient for surgery. The agency of participants' teammates was varied between conditions; participants either worked with a virtual surgeon and a virtual anesthesiologist, a human confederate playing a surgeon and a virtual anesthesiologist, or a virtual surgeon and a human confederate playing an anesthesiologist. While participants perceived the human confederates to have more social presence (p <; 0.01), participants did not preferentially agree with their human team members. We also observed an interaction effect between agency and behavioral realism. Participants experienced less social presence from the virtual anesthesiologist, whose behavior was less in line with participants' expectations, when a human surgeon was present.
Different effects of substitutions at residues 224 and 228 of MHC class I on the recognition of CD8 (1993)

Previous studies indicated that weak xenoresponse to HLA class I by mouse T cells is due to the inefficient interaction of mouse CD8 with the alpha 3 domain of HLA class I. The present study using chimeric H-2Kb molecules with recombinant alpha 3 domain between H-2Kb and HLA-B7 as well as single amino acid mutants of H-2Kb demonstrated that each substitution at residues 224 and 228 affects recognition of CD8-dependent mouse CTL clones. On the other hand, reactivity of IL-2-producing H-2Kb-specific T cell hybridoma transfected with mouse CD8 alpha was abrogated by substitution at residue 224 but not by that at residue 228. This indicates that the substitution at residue 228 affects recognition of CD8-dependent CTL but does not critically affect binding of CD8 to MHC class I molecules, although residue 224 abrogates binding of CD8. The model structure of the alpha 3 domain of H-2Kb suggests that the substitution at residue 224 induces conformational change of CD8 binding loop, whereas minimum structure change by the substitution at residue 228 is expected. It is therefore speculated that minimum structure change of CD8 binding loop by substitution at residue 228 may influence binding affinity of CD8, which abrogates recognition of CD8-dependent CTL but not IL-2 production of the CD8-dependent T cell hybridoma.
United Scotsmen (2009)

The United Scotsmen was an underground revolutionary society that sought radical political reform in Scotland through a campaign of physical force activism and conspiratorial politics in association with the United Englishmen, United Irish, and French. Although the United Scotsmen was not directly descendant from the earlier Glasgow Society of United Scotsmen founded in 1793, it did share in common an emphasis on universal suffrage and parliamentary reform and probably some overlap of membership. However, a more direct influence on the origins and agenda of the United Scotsmen was the reinvigoration of the United Irishmen in 1795. The passing of the repressive Two Acts in that year made a clandestine existence an increasingly important and unavoidable feature of the United Irishmen, and it was United Irish deputies and Irish refugees who exported ideas of revolution to Scotland in the latter part of the 1790s. In July 1796, the first recorded contact between United Irish missionaries and Scottish radicals took place when two delegates from the Belfast United Irishmen were sent to Scotland. Armed with a copy of the constitution of the United Irishmen, the missionaries found the Scottish to be generally enthusiastic about forming a sister organization based on the Irish model.
Channel capacity characteristics of multi-user MIMO systems in urban area (2010)

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems have been expected to improve the channel capacity over a limited bandwidth of existing networks [1], [2]. The effects on channel capacity of Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) systems in urban scenarios have been previously studied [3]. It has been clarified that the larger number of antennas cannot contribute the improvement on the channel capacity in urban SU-MIMO scenarios due to very high spatial correlation. In this paper, we focus on the MU-MIMO transmission because it can discriminate multiple users by the difference of Angle of Arrival (AoA). We compare the Multi Access Channel (MAC) capacity in uplink with the channel capacity in SU-MIMO by setting the total numbers of transmitting and receiving antennas of SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to be the same. When the same numbers of antenna elements are used, the better performance is obtained with MU-MIMO in urban scenarios, unlike identical independent distributed (i.i.d.) channels which are generally assumed in MIMO transmission. We also clarify an interesting relationship between the channel capacity improvement of MU-MIMO compared with SU-MIMO and a path visibility.
Gold Nanoparticles in Single-Cell Analysis for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (2016)

The need for new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of challenging diseases such as cancer, which often consists of a highly heterogeneous and complex population of cells, brought up the idea of analyzing single cells. The development of novel techniques to analyze single cells has been intensively studied to fully understand specific alternations inducing abnormalities in cellular function. One of the techniques used for single cell analysis is surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in which a noble metal nanoparticle is used to enhance Raman scattering. Due to its low toxicity and biocompatibility, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are commonly preferred as SERS substrates in single cell analysis. The intracellular uptake, localization and toxicity issues of AuNPs are the critical points for interpretation of data since the obtained SERS signals originate from molecules in close vicinity to AuNPs that are taken up by the cells. In this review, the AuNP-living cell interactions, cellular uptake and toxicity of AuNPs in relation to their physicochemical properties, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering from single cells are discussed.
Channeling of Eukaryotic Diacylglycerol into the Biosynthesis of Plastidial Phosphatidylglycerol (2006)

Plastidial glycolipids contain diacylglycerol (DAG) moieties, which are either synthesized in the plastids (prokaryotic lipids) or originate in the extraplastidial compartment (eukaryotic lipids) necessitating their transfer into plastids. In contrast, the only phospholipid in plastids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), contains exclusively prokaryotic DAG backbones. PG contributes in several ways to the functions of chloroplasts, but it is not known to what extent its prokaryotic nature is required to fulfill these tasks. As a first step toward answering this question, we produced transgenic tobacco plants that contain eukaryotic PG in thylakoids. This was achieved by targeting a bacterial DAG kinase into chloroplasts in which the heterologous enzyme was also incorporated into the envelope fraction. From lipid analysis we conclude that the DAG kinase phosphorylated eukaryotic DAG forming phosphatidic acid, which was converted into PG. This resulted in PG with 2-3 times more eukaryotic than prokaryotic DAG backbones. In the newly formed PG the unique Delta3-trans-double bond, normally confined to 3-trans-hexadecenoic acid, was also found in sn-2-bound cis-unsaturated C18 fatty acids. In addition, a lipidomics technique allowed the characterization of phosphatidic acid, which is assumed to be derived from eukaryotic DAG precursors in the chloroplasts of the transgenic plants. The differences in lipid composition had only minor effects on measured functions of the photosynthetic apparatus, whereas the most obvious phenotype was a significant reduction in growth.
Enhanced flux pinning in YBa2Cu3O7 layers by the formation of nanosized BaHfO3 precipitates using the chemical deposition method (2007)

Both a high critical current density and a cost-competitive, easily upscalable procedure are among the most critical requirements for coated conductors. In this work, a low-cost method based on the trifluoroacetic acid process was used to prepare nanosized BaHfO3 particles inside a YBa2Cu3O7 film matrix. The inclusions have a perovskite structure and grow epitaxially in a cube-on-cube relationship. A drastically improved pinning force density and high irreversibility fields in the YBa2Cu3O7 layers were found and are discussed in respect to the Hf doping level in the precursor solutions, which resulted in an increased nanoinclusion content.
The Impact of Insulin Sensitivity Variability and Dynamics on Tight Glycemic Control in Neonatal and Adult Intensive Care (2009)

Hyperglycemia and glycemic variability increase mortality and poor outcomes in adult and neonatal intensive care units (ICU, NICU).Safe, effective tight glycemic control has proven difficult due to significant insulin resistance and its dynamic change over time in these patients.Successful glycemic control protocol design must account for glycemic variability.Model-fitted insulin sensitivity can provide a measure of the dynamic effects of insulin in the context of a real-time, clinically viable
Development of Adamantane-Conjugated TLR7/8 Agonists for Supramolecular Delivery and Cancer Immunotherapy (2019)

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often abundant in solid cancers, assuming an immunosuppressive (M2-like) phenotype which supports tumor growth and immune escape. Recent methods have focused on identification of means (e.g., drugs, nanomaterials) that polarize TAMs to a tumor suppressive (M1-like) phenotype; however, reducing the systemic side effects of these therapies and enabling their delivery to TAMs has remained a challenge. <b>Methods:</b> Here, we develop R848-Ad, an adamantane-modified derivative of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist resiquimod (R848) through iterative drug screening against reporter cell lines. The adamantane undergoes guest-host interaction with cyclodextrin nanoparticles (CDNPs), enabling drug loading under aqueous conditions and TAM-targeted drug delivery. Therapeutic efficacy and systemic side effects were examined in a murine MC38 cancer model. <b>Results:</b> R848-Ad retained macrophage polarizing activity through agonization of TLR7/8, and the adamantane moiety improved drug affinity for the CDNP. In preclinical studies, nanoformulated R848-Ad resulted in a drastic reduction in measurable systemic effects (loss of body weight) relative to similarly formulated R848 alone while arresting tumor growth. <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings demonstrate the ability of strong nanoparticle-drug interactions to limit systemic toxicity of TLR agonists while simultaneously maintaining therapeutic efficacy.
A procedure assistant for astronauts in a functional programming architecture, with step previewing and spoken correction of dialogue moves. (2003)

We present a demonstration of a prototype system aimed at providing support with procedural tasks for astronauts on board the International Space Station. Current functionality includes navigation within the procedure, previewing steps, requesting a list of images or a particular image, recording voice notes and spoken alarms, setting parameters such as audio volume. Dialogue capabilities include handling spoken corrections for an entire dialogue move, reestablishing context in response to a user request, responding to user barge-in, and help on demand. The current system has been partially reimplemented for better efficiency and in response to feedback from astronauts and astronaut training personnel. Added features include visual and spoken step previewing, and spoken correction of dialogue moves. The intention is to introduce the system into astronaut training as a prelude to flight on board the International Space Station.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Reactions, and Biological Evaluation of Some 1,2,4‐Triazine Derivatives. (1988)

Abstract Hydrolysis of the azlactones (I) followed by treatment with the thiosemicarbazide (II) yields the thioxo‐1,2,4‐triazinones (III).
Specific aspects of internal corrosion of nuclear clad made of Zircaloy (2015)

Abstract: In PWR, the Zircaloy based clad is the first safety barrier of the fuel rod, it must prevent the dispersion of the radioactive elements, which are formed by fission inside the UO2 pellets filling the clad. We focus here on internal corrosion that occurs when the clad is in tight contact with the UO2 pellet. In this situation, with temperature of 400 °C on the internal surface of the clad, a layer of oxidised Zircaloy is formed with a thickness ranging from 5 to 15 µm. In this paper, we will underline the specific behaviour of this internal corrosion layer compared to wet corrosion of Zircaloy. Simulations will underline the differences of stress field and their influences on corresponding dissolved oxygen profiles. The reasons for these differences will be discussed as function of the mechanical state at inner surface of the clad which is highly compressed. Differences between mechanical conditions generated by an inner or outer corrosion of the clad are studied and their influences on the diffusion phenomena are highlighted.
The Aerodynamic Interaction of Stator Shroud Leakage and Mainstream Flows in Compressors (2000)

The aerodynamics of stator shroud leakage and mainstream flow interactions have been investigated using a linear cascade in which leakage mass flow and tangential velocity could be varied independently. Experimental measurements confirm the detrimental effect of increasing leakage mass flow rate, but also show clearly that increasing cavity tangential velocity improves the performance of the blade row. Shroud leakage is also found to modify significantly the spanwise distribution of blockage, flow turning and loss at exit of the stator passage. The mechanisms behind these large-scale effects are identified and a description of the interaction process based on momentum thickness arguments is proposed. Experimental and numerical results show that the amount of leakage is a linear function of the difference between cavity pressure and average pressure on the hub upstream of the stator. This result is shown to be an axisymmetric result, and thus largely independent of the pitchwise variation in blade loading. Departures from linearity at low leakage fractions are associated to the blade loading inducing pitchwise non-uniformities in the structure of the flow at the interface between the shroud cavity and the mainstream. These non-uniformities involve vortical structures, which participate in the exchange of fluid and momentum between the cavity and the mainstream, even at zero net leakage. Experiments also show that these non-uniformities in flow structure contribute to the generation of loss.