gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids in Bacteria (2014)

Abstract Antibiotic resistance plasmids are bacterial extrachromosomal elements that carry genes conferring resistance to one or more antibiotics. They are notorious for their ability to transfer by conjugation between bacterial species and are significantly involved in the emergence and dissemination of multiple drug resistance associated with bacterial infections in humans. The information provided here includes some of the history and nature of antibiotic resistance as well as how plasmids have become significantly involved as intercellular carriers via the phenomenon of bacterial conjugation. The manner by which resistance determinants are able to move onto plasmids via their initial association with transposons and integrons is discussed. The existence of elements with both transpositional and conjugative properties, such as the conjugative transposons and integrative conjugative elements, is also noted. Key Concepts: Multiple antibiotic resistance represents a serious and growing clinical problem with regard to bacterial infections in humans. Resistance genes are commonly found on plasmids, which are small extrachromosomal elements commonly found in bacteria. Plasmids can vary widely with regard to their size and copy number in the cell. Plasmids are commonly able to move from one bacterial cell to another by a mechanism known as conjugation, which involves cell‐to‐cell contact followed by transfer of a copy of plasmid DNA from a donor to a recipient. Genes conferring antibiotic resistance are commonly found on elements known as integrons and transposons, which facilitate movement between different replicons such as between the bacterial chromosome and a plasmid. Some transposable elements, known as conjugative transposons, also carry resistance traits; and, although unable to replicate autonomously, they can move from one bacterial cell to another by a plasmid‐like mechanism. Excessive use of antibiotics in the treatment of human infections has, over time, contributed to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria in the gut, a phenomenon that includes passage of resistance traits between nonpathogens and pathogens.
The Electrical Conductivity of Living Tissues as it Pertains to Electrocardiography (1950)

Field analysis methods provide a convenient mathematical process for organization of electrocardiographic observations. The degree of divergence of calculated spatial orientations of heart forces from true orientations is dependent upon the magnitude of inaccuracy of the assumption that body tissues are electrically homogeneous. Preliminary to undertaking quantitative measurements of tissue resistivities in situ, technical difficulties of the problem have been surveyed, and previous studies have been analyzed. It is concluded that an accurate, quantitative measurement of such resistivity has not been made. If major inhomogeneity were found, current methods of application of field theory to electrocardiography might require extensive modification.
The electrophoretic mobility of asphaltenes in nitromethane (1962)

The microscope method of electrophoresis was employed to determine the electrophoretic mobility of asphaltenes in a nonaqueous system. Nitromethane was used as the suspending liquid.
Arrhythmogenic mechanisms of non‐sedating antihistamines (1999)

Antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists) are amongst the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide for the treatment of allergic conditions. Recently, there have been reports that certain non-sedating antihistamines, mainly terfenadine and astemizole, might be associated with the risk of rare but severe arrhythmias, namely torsades de pointes, particularly in overdosage, concomitant ingestion of imidazole or macrolide antibiotics and in patients with underlying cardiac or liver diseases. It has now been shown that the molecular target in human ventricle for the potassium channel blockade of antihistamine is HERG gene located in chromosome 7 that expresses the delayed rectifier IKr and appears to be involved in the congenital long QT syndrome. Mechanistic studies showed that blockade of IKr channels by these drugs leads to prolongation of the monophasic action potential (QT interval on surface electrocardiogram) which may then induce the development of early after-depolarization and dispersion of repolarisation leading to torsades de pointes through re-entry mechanism. There are still many questions that need to be answered such as the roles of other potassium channels (IKs, Ito, and Iped) and the relative expression of various potassium channels in different individuals which may be important in the pathogenesis of torsades de pointes with non-sedating antihistamines. There is also a lack of information on the cardiac actions of newer non-sedating antihistamines. It is hoped that with a better understanding of the arrhythmogenic mechanism of non-sedating antihistamines, one will be able to identify those at risk patients and prevent any cardiac toxicity associated with antihistamines and ultimately death.
Quantifying Percolated Triple Phase Boundary Density and Its Effects on Anodic Polarization in Ni-Infiltrated Ni/YSZ SOFC Anodes (2021)

Increasing the density of percolated triple phase boundaries (TPBs) by infiltrating nanoscale electrocatalysts can improve the performance of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes. However, the complex microstructure of these infiltrated nanocatalysts creates challenges in quantifying their role in anode performance improvements. In this research, scanning electron microscopy of fractured cross-sections of a Ni-nanocatalyst infiltrated anodic symmetric cell along with three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the same anode have been used to quantify the changes in percolated TPB densities due to infiltration. This change in percolated TPB density has been compared to the improvement in anode activation polarization resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that increased TPB densities only partially accounted for the measured performance improvement. Distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analyses showed that a reduction in the time constants of the catalytic processes in the anode also play a role, suggesting that the added nanoscale percolated TPB boundaries are more electrochemically active as compared to the cermet TPB boundaries.
Fabrication of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with polymer shells through surface RAFT polymerization (2007)

Abstract A core–shell hybrid nanostructure, possessing a hard backbone of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and a soft shell of brush‐like poly(methyl methacrylate), has been successfully prepared via a reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process using a RAFT agent immobilized on MWNTs. Polymer‐modified MWNTs are easily dispersed in good solvents for the grafted polymer, such as toluene, tetrahydrofuran and CHCl 3 . This observation has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The content of polymer in the functionalized MWNTs can be well controlled by the feed ratio. It is believed that realizing these hybrid structures, on the basis of such simple grafting, will pave the way for the design, fabrication, optimization and eventual application of more functional carbon nanotube‐related nanomaterials. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of bare soil extraction methods in black soil zone for AHSI/GF-5 remote sensing data (2020)

The black soil zone in the northeast of China is one of the three largest black soil zones in the world, and the most important cultivated area for growing food crops in China. Remote sensing can obtain regional soil information of large area more rapidly with less labor and money. One of the key issues of soil investigation is the extraction of bare soil. Hyperspectral remote sensing data have more spectral bands and nearly continuous spectral curve, indicating more detailed information of the soil properties than traditional multispectral images. By using hyperspectral data, we can obtain reliable bare soil information. This study aims to compare different bare soil extraction methods for black soil zone and analyze their feasibilities to be applied to AHSI/GF-5 data. Baoqing County in Heilongjiang Province is chosen as our study area. To perform a comprehensive and complete comparison of bare soil extraction methods, we compare 8 classical target detection algorithms and analyze the impacts of spectral dimension reduction and the spatial filter on the extraction results. The results show that it is feasible to extract bare soil information in the black soil zone based on AHSI/GF-5 hyperspectral data. MF and CEM can get the best extraction results with NPSAD and MNF through human-computer interaction parameter adjustment, while MTMF can also obtain a good extraction result without human interference.
Insulin Receptor Autoimmunity and Insulin Resistance (2008)

The frequency of insulin receptor autoantibodies (IR-ab) was determined among adolescents and young adults with documented insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) with and without concomitant autoimmunity. The study population was comprised of 61 patients with obesity, acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance (simple IRS); 12 with IRS and other autoimmune problems (lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis) (type B insulin resistance); six with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2; and 40 healthy controls. Using our newly developed radiobinding assay system, we found no control positive while 25% of the patients with type B IRS (3/12) were positive, as expected. However, we found that 9.8% of the patients with simple IRS (6/61) were also reproducibly positive. All the latter patients with positive IR-ab were female with ovarian hyperandrogenism. The phenotype of those affected was otherwise unremarkably different from those without IR-ab. Our findings suggest that autoimmunity to insulin receptors may be causal in IRS especially for females with ovarian hyperandrogenism, and that IR-ab may be found in IRS besides those previously defined by the type B phenotype. Determining the level of IR-ab in childhood onset IRS may provide mechanistic insights into the genesis of insulin resistance and lead to novel treatment approaches.
A ubiquitous, personalized computing environment for all: Teleporting in an X Window System Environment (1994)

Teleporting is the ability to redirect a windowing environment to different computer displays. This paper describes the implementation of a teleporting system developed at Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL). We outline two particular features of the system that make it powerful. First, it operates with existing applications, which will run without any modification. Second, it incorporates sophisticated techniques of personnel and equipment location which make it simple to use. Teleporting may represent a development in attempts to achieve a ubiquitous, personalised computing environment for all.
Suboptimal paths in the problem of a planar motion with bounded derivative of the curvature (1993)

: We consider the planar motion of a car-like robot with a bounded derivative of the curvature, with given initial and final configuration (i.e. positions, tangent angles and curvatures). The tangent angle and the curvature of the path are assumed to be continuous. When the distance between the initial and the final point is much greater than the initial and final curvatures and the curvature&amp;apos;s derivative, we show how to construct a suboptimal path (the cost is the path length). We admit a finite number of cusps in the path. Key-words: car-like robot, (sub)optimal path, clothoid, Maximum Principle of Pontryagin (R&amp;apos;esum&amp;apos;e : tsvp) Universit&amp;apos;e de Nice, Laboratoire de Math&amp;apos;ematiques U.R.A. du C.N.R.S., N168, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, 2004, Route des Lucioles 06565, Valbonne, France Unite de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex (France) Telephone : (33) 93 65 77 77 -- Telecopie : (33) 93 6...
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Carbonaceous Frameworks from a Template of a Mixed Amphiphilic Triblock‐Copolymer System of PEO–PPO–PEO and Reverse PPO–PEO–PPO (2007)

A series of highly ordered mesoporous carbonaceous frameworks with diverse symmetries have been successfully synthesized by using phenolic resols as a carbon precursor and mixed amphiphilic surfactants of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) and reverse PPO-PEO-PPO as templates by the strategy of evaporation-induced organic-organic self-assembly (EISA). The transformation of the ordered mesostructures from face-centered (Fd3m) to body-centered cubic (Im3m), then 2D hexagonal (P6mm), and eventually to cubic bicontinuous (Ia3d) symmetry has been achieved by simply adjusting the ratio of triblock copolymers to resol precursor and the relative content of PEO-PPO-PEO copolymer F127, as confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen-sorption measurements. The blends of block copolymers can interact with resol precursors and tend to self-assemble into cross-linking micellar structures during the solvent-evaporation process, which provides a suitable template for the construction of mesostructures. The assembly force comes from the hydrogen-bonding interactions between organic mixed micelles and the resol-precursor matrix. The BET surface area for the mesoporous carbonaceous samples calcined at 600 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere is around 600 m2 g(-1), and the pore size can be adjusted from 2.8 to 5.4 nm. An understanding of the organic-organic self-assembly behavior in the mixed amphiphilic surfactant system would pave the way for the synthesis of mesoporous materials with controllable structures.
Altered hypoxia-induced coronary vasodilatation in diabetic rabbit heart (1997)

The effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus on hypoxia-induced coronary vasodilation was studied in isolated perfused rabbit hearts. Four groups of hearts were compared: control hearts from normal rabbits perfused with physiological buffer (5 mM glucose and 2 mM pyruvate added), hearts from alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits (same perfusion as control), hyperglycemic hearts from normal rabbits perfused with 22 mM glucose and 2 mM pyruvate, and hyperosmotic hearts from normal rabbits perfused with 5 mM glucose, 2 mM pyruvate, and 8.5 mM choline chloride. Hypoxia was produced by perfusion with a mixture of N2- and O2- saturated solutions. Endothelium-dependent and -independent dilators were also tested. Papaverine-induced coronary vasodilatation was unaltered, whereas that of serotonin and adenosine was significantly reduced in hyperglycemic and hyperosmotic hearts but not in diabetic hearts perfused with normoglycemic buffer. Hypoxia (PO2 from 515 +/- 86 to 131 +/- 24 mmHg; 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) caused a significant coronary vasodilatation in normal hearts (-66 +/- 3%). This vasodilatation was reduced slightly in diabetic (-45 +/- 7%, p < 0.05) and severely in hyperglycemic (-21 +/- 5%, p < 0.05) and hyperosmotic (-24 +/- 5%, p < 0.05) hearts. The adenosine-receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (10 microM) reduced hypoxia-induced vasodilatation in normal and diabetic hearts. However, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with diclofenac (1 microM), which reduces hypoxia-induced vasodilatation in normal hearts, had no effect in diabetic hearts. In conclusion, alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus in rabbits is accompanied by a reduced coronary vasodilator response to hypoxia. The contribution of adenosine in this response is unaffected. However, the abated contribution of cyclooxygenase products may account for the reduced vasodilatation during hypoxia in this particular model.
Data associated with manuscript: Effect of spacer length on the performance of peptide-based electrochemical biosensors for protease detection (2017)

The design of peptide-based electrochemical biosensors involves selecting a suitable spacer, connecting the peptide sequence with the anchor moiety. The effect of varying the length of such a spacer has been evaluated for an electrochemical peptide-based biosensor in terms of sensor performance for protease detection and anti-fouling capabilities.
Direction finding with fewer receivers via time-varying preprocessing (1999)

We present a new technique for localizing multiple narrowband sources by a passive sensor array based on dimensionality-reducing time-varying preprocessing of the sensor outputs. The technique allows a significant reduction in the number of receivers required for the implementation with only two receivers sufficing in the extreme case. The estimation method we use is based on approximating the corresponding maximum likelihood estimator by a computationally simpler generalized least squares (GLS) estimator that is proved to be both consistent and asymptotically efficient. Simulation results confirming the theoretical results are included.
Research recommendations to the EPA in support of earth system modeling activities (1994)

A theme which emerges from our simple considerations is that some well-planned early parametric and sensitivity studies, using current-generation coupled Earth system model components, along with simplistic proxy models of terrestrial biospheric and biogeochemical processes, could furnish valuable information to help guide the development of a longer-term plan for research supporting ESM development. This theme is rooted in the premise that the importance of various ESM component processes can be fully assessed only from the perspective of a complete coupling of that process into the ESM context. That is, the question, ``How well must a given process be modelled``? Cannot be answered in isolation, but rather requires a careful blend of process research and coupled model studies.
Severe atherosclerosis of the aorta and development of peripheral T-cell lymphoma in an adolescent with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (2005)

We report an adolescent girl with a history of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) diagnosed at the age of 10 years. The patient also suffered from chronic persistent multiresistant herpes simplex virus infection. Atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the abdominal aorta and its major branches was observed at the age of 17 years, necessitating vascular surgical intervention 1 year later because of disease progression. Histological examination of the aorta disclosed widespread atherosclerosis and high levels of gene expression of both T-helper cell type (Th) 1- and Th2-derived cytokines. This suggests that a highly stimulated systemic immune response including increased production of both Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 may result in severe atherosclerotic lesions at a very young age. In addition, the patient developed a peripheral T-cell lymphoma at the age of 18 years. Neither systemic atherosclerosis nor T-cell lymphoma has been reported in association with ALHE. It is suggested that a highly stimulated dysfunctional immune response may play a key role in persistent inflammatory disease and premature development of atherosclerosis as well as malignant transformation of T cells.
Proteomics and Laser Microdissection (2006)

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS) is currently the method of choice in the majority of proteomic projects. Novel gel-free technologies have been developed but 2-DE remains the technique of choice for quantitative expression profiling of large sets of complex protein mixtures such as whole cell/tissue lysates. Solubilized proteins are separated in the first dimension according to their charge properties (isoelectric point, pI) by isoelectric focusing (IEF) under denaturing conditions, followed by their separation in the second dimension by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), according to their relative molecular mass (Mr). 2-DE can resolve more than 5000 proteins simultaneously (approximately 2000 proteins routinely) and can detect less than 1 ng of protein per spot. Furthermore, it delivers a map of intact proteins, which reflects changes in protein expression level, isoforms or posttranslational modifications. In this chapter we describe the various steps in the 2-DE proteomics workflow, namely sample preparation, solubilization, 2-D gel electrophoresis, protein detection and visualization, and protein identification by mass spectrometry. The use of 2-DE in conjunction with laser microdissection microscopy is presented and discussed.
A Class of Parallel Doubly Stochastic Algorithms for Large-Scale\n Learning (2016)

We consider learning problems over training sets in which both, the number of\ntraining examples and the dimension of the feature vectors, are large. To solve\nthese problems we propose the random parallel stochastic algorithm (RAPSA). We\ncall the algorithm random parallel because it utilizes multiple parallel\nprocessors to operate on a randomly chosen subset of blocks of the feature\nvector. We call the algorithm stochastic because processors choose training\nsubsets uniformly at random. Algorithms that are parallel in either of these\ndimensions exist, but RAPSA is the first attempt at a methodology that is\nparallel in both the selection of blocks and the selection of elements of the\ntraining set. In RAPSA, processors utilize the randomly chosen functions to\ncompute the stochastic gradient component associated with a randomly chosen\nblock. The technical contribution of this paper is to show that this minimally\ncoordinated algorithm converges to the optimal classifier when the training\nobjective is convex. Moreover, we present an accelerated version of RAPSA\n(ARAPSA) that incorporates the objective function curvature information by\npremultiplying the descent direction by a Hessian approximation matrix. We\nfurther extend the results for asynchronous settings and show that if the\nprocessors perform their updates without any coordination the algorithms are\nstill convergent to the optimal argument. RAPSA and its extensions are then\nnumerically evaluated on a linear estimation problem and a binary image\nclassification task using the MNIST handwritten digit dataset.\n
Robust Turbine Blade Optimization in the Face of Real Geometric Variations (2018)

Because of manufacturing variations, no real turbine blade exactly conforms to its nominal geometry. Even minimal deviations are known to affect aerodynamic performance, blade temperatures, and blade lifespan negatively. Rather than conventional deterministic design with its costly adherence to strict control of tolerance limits, robust design optimization aims to incorporate inevitable variations into the design process itself, so that both performance mean and scatter can be optimized simultaneously. Such a workflow is presented and applied in this paper to aerodynamically optimize an industrial turbine rotor blade against realistic manufacturing variations. A set of digitized three-dimensional laser scans from two turbofan engines forms the core of this study. On the basis of these deviations, the approach uses high-fidelity geometric models, nonintrusive uncertainty quantification, and efficient robust optimization with constraints to effectively locate Pareto-optimal designs. One selected robust blade is validated and shown to be desensitized to the observed manufacturing variability. The underlying measurement data are crucial to obtain realistic results and, as a consequence, are vital to design real robust turbine blades.