gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A P-ternary threshold element network-an application of ternary logic to a neural system treating ambiguity (2003)

An application of ternary logic to a neural system treating ambiguity is considered. A method to find a threshold function (a learning method) is proposed. Ternary logic functions with no information loss concerning ambiguity, called P-functions, are introduced. A neural element representing a P-function is considered, using the above learning method. A neural system using the P-type elements is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Factor V turnover in a primate model (1995)

The isolation and characterization of baboon plasma factor V (FV) were performed for the development of an in vivo model for studying factor V/Va physiology in nonhuman primates. Baboon FV was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography with an antihuman FV monoclonal antibody and exhibits a specific activity of 1,940 U/mg. Baboon FV activation by thrombin proceeds through two proteolytic pathways similar to those observed with human and bovine FV. Limited amino acid sequencing of FV and its thrombin activation fragments shows 95% identity with human and 79% identity with bovine FV. 125I-Factor V and a mixture of thrombin cleaved 125I-FV activation products were infused into normal male baboons and evaluated by blood sample radioactivity measurements and by autoradiography of plasma samples following resolution by gel electrophoresis. Factor V disappeared with a half-life (t1/2) of 12.98 +/- 1.85 hours and was cleared without obvious degradation of the molecule during circulation. The radioactivity associated with the thrombin activated FV mixture, which consisted of the Mr = 220,000 activation intermediate, the Mr = 150,000 activation peptide, the heavy chain (HC) and the light chain (LC) of FVa, was cleared in a nonlinear manner. The HC and LC were removed with t1/2 &lt; 20 minutes. The apparent molecular weight (Mr) = 220,000 and Mr = 150,000 fragments were cleared with t1/2 &gt; 6 hours and t1/2 &gt; 30 hours, respectively.
Receptors: Localization and Specificity of Binding of Serotonin in the Central Nervous System (1971)

Formation of a Schiff base between the ethylamine residue of serotonin and an appropriate carbonyl residue at the receptor site may be among the forces holding serotonin onto the receptor. Reduction of this imine may provide a means of permanently labeling receptors as a preliminary to their isolation.
Studies on Iron (Fe[sup 3+]∕Fe[sup 2+])-Complex/Bromine (Br[sub 2]∕Br[sup −]) Redox Flow Cell in Sodium Acetate Solution (2006)

The formal potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple shifts markedly in the negative direction by complexation with ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), oxalate, and citrate. The potentials of the complexes with EDTA and oxalate are less pH-dependent than with citrate. But, the relatively high pH of around 6.0 is favorable electrochemically due to high corresponding currents. Complexation of Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple can provide fast electrode kinetics except for the complex with citrate. But, the solubility of the complex with citrate is up to 0.8 M. Charge-discharge measurements were conducted with the iron-complex/Br-2 redox cells. The results show that performance of the cells with 0.1 M Fe(III)/Fe(II)-oxalate or Fe(III)/Fe(II)-citrate is relatively poor due to slow kinetics for the Fe(III)/Fe(II)-citrate and the unstability of the ferric form for the Fe(III)/Fe(II)-oxalate, whereas performance of the iron-citrate/Br-2 cell is improved considerably by increasing concentration of the Fe(III)-citrate complex. Also, energy efficiencies of up to approximately 80 and 70% could be obtained for the cell with 0.1 M Fe(III)/Fe(II)-EDTA and 0.8 M Fe(III)/Fe(II)-citrate, respectively. The preliminary study shows that novel Br-2/iron-complex cells are technically feasible in redox flow batteries but need further investigation. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society.
Natural convection of low Prandtl-number fluids in rectangular enclosures (1999)

A three-dimensional, finite volume algorithm was developed to calculate the velocity and temperature profiles of liquid tin heated from below in rectangular enclosures. These calculations are performed for a variety of Rayleigh numbers as a function of the two aspect ratios. The predicted first critical Rayleigh number and flow patterns are in good agreement with previous calculations conducted by other techniques.
Studies on antitumor agents. IV. Syntheses and antitumor activities of compounds related to 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil metabolites. (1982)

A hydroxylated metabolite of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT), 1-(trans-3-hydroxytetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (trans-3'-OH-FT, VIII) and its isomer, 1-(cis-3-hydroxytetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (cis-3'-OH-FT, VI), were synthesized and isolated at high purity. As compounds related to FT metabolites, 2, 3'-anhydro-1-(cis-3-hydroxytetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (2, 3'-anhydro-FT, V), 1-(2, 5-dihydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (3', 4'-dehydro-FT, XII) and 1-(5-acetoxytetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (5'-AcO-FT, XI) were also synthesized. The antitumor activities of these compounds against sarcoma 180 and L 1210 were examined. The activities of cis-3'-OH-FT (VI) and 2, 3'-anhydro-FT (V) were found to be lower than that of FT. The activity of 5'-AcO-FT (XI) was the same as that of FT. 3', 4'-Dehydro-FT (XII) showed much greater activity than FT.
Free nitrous acid breaks down extracellular polymeric substances in waste activated sludge (2015)

The chemical breakdown of EPS components by FNA has been proved to account for the improvement of sludge biodegradability in addition to enhanced cell lysis in FNA-based sludge treatment technology.
Wall‐protein antibodies as inhibitors of growth and of autolytic reactions of isolated cell wall (1981)

Antiserum raised against protein prepared from corn ( Zea mays L. hybrid B73 X Mo17) seedling cell wall exhibits antigrowth activity and inhibits autolytic reactions of isolated cell wall. The growth of corn coleoptile segments pretreated in wall‐protein antiserum was inhibited 35% compared to tissue which had been exposed to normal serum. Since the cuticle constituted a barrier to the entry of serum protein the coleoptile surface was abraded prior to exposure to the serum. Growth inhibition observed in nonabraded sections (8 to 10%) was apparently the result of the entry of serum protein via the cut ends of the tissue. Subsections recut from the central region of antiserum‐treated, nonabraded coleoptiles responded normally in growth experiments. Antiserum brought in contact with isolated cell wall prior to its use with intact coleoptiles was less effective as a growth inhibitor, which suggested that the antibodies which impede growth responses bind to cell wall. Wall‐protein antiserum also strongly inhibited autolytic reactions of isolated cell wall. Wall treated in normal serum or buffer liberated sugars at a rate of 8.6 μg‐ (mg wall dry‐weight) −1 ·h −1 while antiserum‐treated wall autolyzed at a rate of 2.6 μg·mg −1 ·h −1 representing a 70% reduction in autolytic potential. After 24 h yields from antiserum‐treated wall were 50% lower than yields obtained from control wall. The antiserum had no effect on the molecular‐weight distribution of the autolytically‐liberated products, and direct assays of wall‐bound and solubilized endo‐ and exo‐β‐ d ‐glucanases involved in autolytic reactions demonstrated no significant impairment of their catalytic activity. However, the addition to antiserum‐treated wall of a wall‐protein preparation containing autolytic enzymes resulted in a significant enhancement (132%) in autolytic potential. The evidence suggests that enzyme mobility may be critical in the autolytic hydrolytsis of plant cell wall.
Effective augmentative biological control - importance of natural enemy dispersal, host location, and post-release assessment. (2005)

Augmentative biological control in outdoor cropping systems is often considered to be ineffective. High release rates are often needed for effective control and may be so frequently required that they become prohibitively expensive, especially when natural enemies are purchased from commercial suppliers. Natural enemies released argumentatively may provide control levels that are considered too low to be economically viable. Other germane issues are the selection of appropriate natural enemy species or strains for specific crops, and protocols related to timing and density of releases relative to crop phenology and other pest management strategies. There are indeed cases where effective augmentative programs have been implemented in outdoor crops. This paper addresses grounds for the effectiveness of these programs, with special reference to the use of Trichogramma ostriniae in sweet corn and field corn, where low-density inoculative releases can be highly effective. The importance of understanding dispersal capacity and host location behavior of the biological control agents is examined. Host-seeking behavior of parasitoids in different crop habitats is considered and expanded upon as an aspect of central importance in ensuring effectiveness of augmentative biological control. This is compared to less successful efforts at developing augmentative biological control in other crops with other parasitoid species (Trichogrammatidae and Scelionidae), in an attempt to identify key characteristics of a potential augmentative agent that are likely to result in success or failure.
Optical switching in organometallic films (1983)

Previously we reported electrical field-induced switching between two stable resistance states in polycrystalline organometallic semiconducting films.1,2 These films consist of either copper or silver complexed with the electron acceptors tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), tetracyanonapthoquinodimethane (TNAP), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), or other derivatives of TCNQ. The electrical switching is reversible and fast and has a field-strength threshold of 2 × 103-2 × 104 V/cm, depending on material and conditions of growth.
Using Broadband Radio Noise From Power‐Lines to Map and Track Dense Es Structures (2020)

Abstract We present passive observations of midlatitude sporadic E ( E s ) structures in the 30–50 MHz range using the long wavelength array telescopes in New Mexico. Spectral and temporal analysis of the structures reveals that some of the emissions can be characterized by broadband, spark‐like radiation occurring at a repetition frequency of 60 Hz. The azimuthal distribution indicates that the brightest emissions come from the directions of several large metropolitan centers with distances ranging from 700 to 1,250 km from the telescopes. This implies that the source is unintended human‐made noise, originating from devices connected to 60 Hz alternating current power. The geometry of our observations rule out coherent scatter from field‐aligned irregularities, and indicate that the unintended noise must undergo a specular reflection off of over‐dense plasma distributed approximately parallel to Earth's surface. On certain occasions the reflections are seen at such high frequencies and high elevation angles that the local plasma frequency must be above 30 MHz. During both day and night E s conditions, the dense structures are observed to be arranged in propagating fronts, and travel at speeds of 70–100 m/s. We also present observations that reveal quasi‐periodic amplitude oscillations with frequencies consistent with atmospheric gravity waves and acoustic waves.
Superimposed Event Detection by Sequential Monte Carlo Methods (2007)

In this paper, we consider the detection of rare events by applying particle filtering. We model the rare event as an AR signal superposed on a background signal. The activation and deactivation times of the AR-signal are unknown. We solve the online detection problem of this superpositional rare event by extending the state space dimension by one. The additional parameter of the state represents the AR-signal, which is zero when deactivated. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Action learning to single robot using MAS &#x2014; A proposal of agents action decision method based repeated consultation (2015)

Robots can employ a multi-agent system (MAS) as a technique to adapt to complex environments. In a MAS, numerous agents operate autonomously, but each agent is required to make decisions by considering other agents. Thus, agent cooperation is an important feature of a MAS. In this study, we focus on a MAS where the agents make connections by reinforcement learning. We propose a method that allows agents to learn and cooperate via communication. The actions of other agents are added to the state of each agent. Each agent performs virtual action selection and communicates with other agents to produce each action output.
Residual time extrapolation operators for efficient wavefield construction (2012)

Solving the wave equation using finite-difference approximations suffers from dispersion and stability related issues that might limit efficient or proper extrapolation of high frequencies. Spectral-based time extrapolation methods tend to mitigate these problems, but at an additional cost to the extrapolation. I investigate the prospective of using a residual formulation of the spectral approach, along with utilizing Shanks transform based expansions, that adheres to the residual requirements, to improve accuracy and reduce the cost. Utilizing the fact that spectral methods excel (time steps are allowed to be large) in homogeneous and smooth media, the residual implementation allows for velocity discretization that optimizes the use of this feature.
Oxythiamine and dehydroepiandrosterone induce a G1 phase cycle arrest in Ehrlich's tumor cells through inhibition of the pentose cycle (1999)

Transketolase (TK) reactions play a crucial role in tumor cell nucleic acid ribose synthesis utilizing glucose carbons, yet, current cancer treatments do not target this central pathway. Experimentally, a dramatic decrease in tumor cell proliferation after the administration of the TK inhibitor oxythiamine (OT) was observed in several in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Here, we demonstrate that pentose cycle (PC) inhibitors, OT and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), efficiently regulate the cell cycle and tumor proliferation processes. Increasing doses of OT or DHEA were administered by daily intraperitoneal injections to Ehrlich's ascites tumor hosting mice for 4 days. The tumor cell number and their cycle phase distribution profile were determined by DNA flow histograms. Tumors showed a dose dependent increase in their G0-G1 cell populations after both OT and DHEA treatment and a simultaneous decrease in cells advancing to the S and G2-M cell cycle phases. This effect of PC inhibitors was significant, OT was more effective than DHEA, both drugs acted synergistically in combination and no signs of direct cell or host toxicity were observed. Direct inhibition of PC reactions causes a G1 cell cycle arrest similar to that of 2-deoxyglucose treatment. However, no interference with cell energy production and cell toxicity is observed. PC inhibitors, specifically ones targeting TK, introduce a new target site for the development of future cancer therapies to inhibit glucose utilizing pathways selectively for nucleic acid production.
Diversification of the ant odorant receptor gene family and positive selection on candidate cuticular hydrocarbon receptors (2015)

This study provides support for the hypothesis that some ant lineage-specific Or genes have evolved under positive selection. Newly duplicated genes particularly in the candidate cuticular hydrocarbon receptor clade that have evolved under positive selection may contribute to the highly sophisticated lineage-specific chemical communication in each ant species.
The capsular group B meningococcal vaccine, 4CMenB: clinical experience and potential efficacy (2014)

4CMenB induces significant reactogenicity when administered with routine infant vaccines, in particular with respect to fever rates. Fevers can be somewhat reduced using paracetamol. The efficacy of the vaccine is unknown but has been extrapolated from effectiveness data obtained from use of one of its components in New Zealand, immunogenicity data from clinical trials and estimation of coverage from in vitro studies. These data suggest that the vaccine will prevent a proportion of invasive meningococcal disease cases in infants and young children. Implementation and well-planned post-marketing surveillance will address uncertainties over field effectiveness.
PROCTER: PROnunciation-aware ConTextual adaptER for personalized speech recognition in neural transducers (2023)

End-to-End (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems used in voice assistants often have difficulties recognizing infrequent words personalized to the user, such as names and places. Rare words often have non-trivial pronunciations, and in such cases, human knowledge in the form of a pronunciation lexicon can be useful. We propose a PROnunCiation-aware conTextual adaptER (PROCTER) that dynamically injects lexicon knowledge into an RNN-T model by adding a phonemic embedding along with a textual embedding. The experimental results show that the proposed PROCTER architecture outperforms the baseline RNN-T model by improving the word error rate (WER) by 44% and 57% when measured on personalized entities and personalized rare entities, respectively, while increasing the model size (number of trainable parameters) by only 1%. Furthermore, when evaluated in a zero-shot setting to recognize personalized device names, we observe 7% WER improvement with PROCTER, as compared to only 1% WER improvement with text-only contextual attention
Comparative Analysis of Atypical Spitz Tumors With Heterozygous Versus Homozygous 9p21 Deletions for Clinical Outcomes, Histomorphology, BRAF Mutation, and p16 Expression (2014)

Studies have shown that atypical Spitz tumors (ASTs) with homozygous deletions in 9p21 have worse prognosis than those without this finding. Conversely, numerous studies have shown that a range of other copy number aberrations including isolated 6q23 or 3p21 loss may be seen in ASTs without conferring higher risk for aggressive behavior. We studied 31 cases of ASTs with heterozygous 9p21 loss and hypothesize that heterozygous 9p21 loss in ASTs does not confer an increased risk for aggressive behavior. We compared clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features of 31 ASTs with heterozygous 9p21 deletions with 30 ASTs with homozygous 9p21 deletions. No ASTs with heterozygous 9p21 deletions resulted in distant metastasis. Severe cytologic atypia, a predominance of epithelioid cytomorphology and increased dermal mitotic activity were more frequent in ASTs with homozygous deletions versus ASTs with heterozygous deletions (P=0.0003, 0.0004, and 0.042, respectively). Expression of p16 and mutated BRAF proteins was also evaluated in 17 conventional (nonspitzoid) melanomas with homozygous 9p21 loss and the 2 groups of ASTs. Expression of p16 was retained in 67% of ASTs with heterozygous loss, whereas among ASTs with homozygous loss, 100% of cases had areas with complete loss of staining. Mutated BRAF protein expression was detected in 53% of conventional melanomas, in none of the ASTs with heterozygous loss, and in 1 AST with homozygous loss (P=0.0007 between homozygous ASTs and the conventional melanomas). Coexisting BRAF mutation and 9p21 deletion was more common in conventional melanomas than in ASTs with heterozygous or homozygous 9p21 deletion. BRAF mutation was highly uncommon among the ASTs.
Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells (2021)

Of the most prevalent issues surrounding long-term spaceflight, the sustainability of human life and the maintenance of homeostasis in an extreme environment are of utmost concern. It has been observed that the human immune system is dysregulated in space as a result of gravitational unloading at the cellular level, leading to potential complications in astronaut health. A plethora of studies demonstrate intracellular changes that occur due to microgravity; however, these ultimately fall short of identifying the underlying mechanisms and dysfunctions that cause such changes. This comprehensive review covers the changes in human adaptive immunity due to microgravity. Specifically, there is a focus on uncovering the gravisensitive steps in T cell signaling pathways. Changes in gravitational force may lead to interrupted immune signaling cascades at specific junctions, particularly membrane and surface receptor-proximal molecules. Holistically studying the interplay of signaling with morphological changes in cytoskeleton and other cell components may yield answers to what in the T cell specifically experiences the consequences of microgravity. Fully understanding the nature of this problem is essential in order to develop proper countermeasures before long-term space flight is conducted.
Psychiatric Complications of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease (2004)

As information continues to emerge, psychiatrists will play vital roles in the assessment and continuing care of patients who receive DBS. These findings may also provide the framework to determine which patients are at psychiatric risk from DBS. Symptoms of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder have been noted to improve with DBS, which has led researchers to begin studying its effectiveness for this condition.
Join and capture (2001)

The XWeb architecture delivers interfaces to a wide variety of interactive platforms. XWeb's SUBSCRIBE mechanism allows multiple interactive clients to synchronize with each other. We define the concept of Join as the mechanism for acquiring access to a service's interface. Join also allows the formation of spontaneous collaborations with other people. We define the concept of Capture as the means for users to assemble suites of interactive resources to apply to a particular problem. These mechanisms allow users to access devices that they encounter in their environment rather than carrying all their devices with them. We describe two prototype implementations of Join and Capture. One uses a Java ring to carry a user's identification and to make connections. The other uses a set of cameras to watch where users are and what they touch. Lastly we present algorithms for resolving conflicts generated when independent interactive clients manipulate the same information.
Pharmacological and genetical evidence supporting nitric oxide requirement for 2,4-epibrassinolide regulation of root architecture inArabidopsis thaliana (2013)

Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate various physiological processes, such as tolerance to stresses and root growth. Recently, a connection was reported between BRs and nitric oxide (NO) in plant responses to abiotic stress. Here we present evidence supporting NO functions in BR signaling during root growth process. Arabidopsis seedlings treated with BR 24-epibrassinolide (BL) show increased lateral roots (LR) density, inhibition of primary root (PR) elongation and NO accumulation. Similar effects were observed adding the NO donor GSNO to BR-receptor mutant bri1-1. Furthermore, BL-induced responses in the root were abolished by the specific NO scavenger c-PTIO. The activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like, two NO generating enzymes were involved in BR signaling. These results demonstrate that BR increases the NO concentration in root cells, which is required for BR-induced changes in root architecture.
The clinical and molecular spectrum of ZFYVE26-associated 1 hereditary spastic paraplegia: SPG15 (2022)

Research article "The clinical and molecular spectrum of ZFYVE26-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia: SPG15"