gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of the gene encoding the sole physiological fumarate reductase in Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (2003)

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a Gram-negative, nonfermentative rod with a complex electron transport system which facilitates its ability to use a variety of terminal electron acceptors, including fumarate, for anaerobic respiration. CMTn-3, a mutant isolated by transposon (TnphoA) mutagenesis, can no longer use fumarate as an electron acceptor; it lacks fumarate reductase activity as well as a 65-kDa soluble tetraheme flavocytochrome c. The sequence of the TnphoA-flanking genomic DNA of CMTn-3 did not align to those for fumarate reductase or related electron transport genes from other bacteria. Sequence analysis of the MR-1 genomic database demonstrated that an open reading frame encoding a 65-kDa tetraheme cytochrome c with sequence similarity to the fumarate reductase from S. frigidimarina NCIMB400 was found 8 kb away from the TnphoA-flanking genomic DNA of CMTn-3. PCR analysis demonstrated that a large deletion (>or=9.2 kb and <or=11 kb) of genomic DNA occurred in CMTn-3 as a result of TnphoA insertion. This deletion included at least half of the fumarate reductase gene as well as approximately 8 kb of upstream DNA. Complementation of CMTn-3 with the fumarate reductase gene plus 0.5-kb of upstream DNA restored growth on fumarate. These studies explicitly define the sole physiological fumarate reductase gene from the several possibilities suggested by the genomic sequence of MR-1. Surprisingly, the fumarate reductase gene plus 0.77-kb upstream DNA from S. frigidimarina NCIMB400 did not complement CMTn-3.
Preconditioning by extracorporeal liver support (MARS) of patients with cirrhosis and severe liver failure evaluated for living donor liver transplantation – a pilot study (2005)

Results of this small pilot study suggest that MARS, by reducing the severity of jaundice and encephalopathy, might be effective as a bridging option in AoCLF patients awaiting LDLT.
Effect of Reaction Pathway on the Extent and Mechanism of Uranium(VI) Immobilization with Calcium and Phosphate (2016)

Phosphate addition to subsurface environments contaminated with uranium can be used as an in situ remediation approach. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the dependence of the extent and mechanism of uranium uptake on the pathway for reaction with calcium phosphates. At pH 4.0 and 6.0 uranium uptake from solution occurred via autunite (Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2) precipitation irrespective of the starting forms of calcium and phosphate. At pH 7.5, a condition at which calcium phosphate solids could form, the uptake mechanism depended on the nature of the calcium and phosphate as determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. When dissolved uranium, calcium, and phosphate were added simultaneously, uranium was structurally incorporated into a newly formed amorphous calcium phosphate solid. Adsorption was the dominant removal mechanism for uranium contacted with preformed amorphous calcium phosphate solids. When U(VI) was added to a suspension containing amorphous calcium phosphate solids as well as dissolved calcium and phosphate, then removal occurred through precipitation (57 ± 4%) of autunite and adsorption (43 ± 4%) onto calcium phosphate. Dissolved uranium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations with saturation index calculations helped identify removal mechanisms and determine thermodynamically favorable solid phases.
Zusammenfassung (1979)

Die große Menge hocheisenhaltiger Stäube und Schlämme, die als Reststoffe in der Eisen- und Stahlindustrie anfallen, gab den Anlaß zur Entwicklung eines abgewandelten Verarbeitungsverfahrens. Da die bisherigen großtechnischen Verarbeitungswege dieser Entfallstoffe über Trocknung, Aufmahlung, Pelletierung, Brennen und Reduktion zu investitions- und arbeitsintensiv bzw. der Einsatz von vorgetrocknetem Feinmaterial in einem Wälzprozeß zu problematisch erschien, wurde in der hier durchgeführten Forschungsarbeit ein neues Verfahren erprobt, das sich in drei wesentliche Teilschritte gliedern läßt:
Improved High Collection Efficiency in Fluorescence Microscopy with a Weierstrass-Sphere Solid Immersion Lens (2002)

We investigate improvements of the collection efficiency in fluorescence microscopy with a Weierstrass-sphere solid immersion lens (SIL). Using a Weierstrass-sphere SIL with refractive index n=1.845 and an objective lens with 0.55 numerical aperture, we demonstrate the high collection efficiency of fluorescence from 0.11-µm-diameter dye-doped microsphere bead samples, which is 21 times higher than that measured in conventional microscopy and is estimated to be 76%. Illumination uniformity and aberrations in Weierstrass-sphere SILs are also evaluated.
Federal Disaster Assistance to State and Local Governments: A Critical Analysis (1985)

Natural calamities have been causing mankind havoc for ages. Hurricanes, tornadoes, riverine flooding, earthquakes and a number of lesser extreme events have wrought death and destruction worldwide. In the United States, disasters have historically elicited an outpouring of sympathy and material aid, revealing a fundamental desire to quickly restore economic health to a stricken area. The purposed of this paper is to critically examine the operation of the Federal Disaster Act of 1950 as mended by the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, a program of financial disaster relief, which has evolved in the United States primarily for state and local government.
Dielectric spectroscopy in time and frequency domain applied to diagnostics of power transformers (2002)

Dielectric spectroscopy in the time- and frequency domain has been used to assess the quality of the insulation systems of a number of power transformers at the Ringhals nuclear power station. Three different methods were used: low frequency dielectric spectroscopy measurements (FDS), time domain polarisation/depolarisation current measurements (PDC) and return voltage polarisation spectra (RVM). The results were analysed and quantitatively modelled using a general dielectric linear response model. Significant differences in oil quality and moisture content in the board were detected. FDS and PDC gave very similar results but RVM predicted significantly higher moisture levels in some transformers. FDS seems most rugged for field work and allows use of experience from traditional power frequency measurements in the interpretation.
Analysis of fluidized bed catalytic cracking regenerator models in an industrial scale unit (1981)

Abstract Fluidized bed regenerator models, under steady state conditions, have been reconsidered because of recent significant changes in the technology of fluidized bed regenerators. Zeolitic catalysts, temperatures of the dense bed at about 700°C and lower CO/CO 2 relationships are the new characteristics of the units. Following these innovations the operating conditions of the industrial catalytic cracking regenerator of Destileria La Plata, Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales, Argentina, were significantly modified. As a result, an important improvement in the coke conversion was observed. Five different conventional fluidized bed models using experimental data from the industrial regenerator have been tested. The analysis considers bubbles and grid jet regions, and for each model, the prediction of the regenerator performance is shown. The CSTR model is the most successful in this regard.
Single-dose monomeric HA subunit vaccine generates full protection from influenza challenge (2013)

Recombinant subunit vaccines are an efficient strategy to meet the demands of a possible influenza pandemic, because of rapid and scalable production. However, vaccines made from recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) subunit protein are often of low potency, requiring high dose or boosting to generate a sustained immune response. We have improved the immunogenicity of a plant-made HA vaccine by chemical conjugation to the surface of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which is non infectious in mammals. We have previously shown that TMV is taken up by mammalian dendritic cells and is a highly effective antigen carrier. In this work, we tested several TMV-HA conjugation chemistries, and compared immunogenicity in mice as measured by anti-HA IgG titers and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI). Importantly, pre-existing immunity to TMV did not reduce initial or boosted titers. Further optimization included dosing with and without alum or oil-in water adjuvants. Surprisingly, we were able to stimulate potent immunogenicity and HAI titers with a single 15 µg dose of HA as a TMV conjugate. We then evaluated the efficacy of the TMV-HA vaccine in a lethal virus challenge in mice. Our results show that a single dose of the TMV-HA conjugate vaccine is sufficient to generate 50% survival, or 100% survival with adjuvant, compared with 10% survival after vaccination with a commercially available H1N1 vaccine. TMV-HA is an effective dose-sparing influenza vaccine, using a single-step process to rapidly generate large quantities of highly effective flu vaccine from an otherwise low potency HA subunit protein.
A comprehensive understanding of the gut mucosal immune system in allergic inflammation (2018)

Despite its direct exposure to huge amounts of microorganisms and foreign and dietary antigens, the gut mucosa maintains intestinal homeostasis by utilizing the mucosal immune system. The gut mucosal immune system protects the host from the invasion of infectious pathogens and eliminates harmful non-self antigens, but it allows the cohabitation of commensal bacteria in the gut and the entry of dietary non-self antigens into the body via the mucosal surface. These physiological and immunological activities are regulated by the ingenious gut mucosal immune network, comprising such features as gut-associated lymphoid tissue, mucosal immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, secretory IgA, and commensal bacteria. The gut mucosal immune network keeps a fine tuned balance between active immunity (against pathogens and harmful non-self antigens) and immune tolerance (to commensal microbiota and dietary antigens), thus maintaining intestinal healthy homeostasis. Disruption of gut homeostasis results in persistent or severe gastrointestinal infection, inflammatory bowel disease, or allergic inflammation. In this review, we comprehensively introduce current knowledge of the gut mucosal immune system, focusing on its interaction with allergic inflammation.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of mica-mixed sand considering inherent anisotropy (2020)

This paper presents the effects of inherent anisotropy on the shear strength and shear modulus of both saturated and unsaturated sands. Several triaxial compression tests were performed using Toyoura sand with different contents of mica: 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. Specimens with various deposition angles α were prepared using the air pluviation (AP) and dry vibration (DV) methods. The shear strength properties were measured by conventional triaxial tests, whereas the small strain stiffness was measured by both local small strain (LSS) tests and bender element (BE) tests. The orientation of the sand particles was assessed based on two-dimensional optical microscopic measurements and mathematical estimation. The results showed that an increase in the mica content brought about a decrease in the degree of anisotropy of the shear strength because of mica particle breakage. However, the degree of anisotropy of the shear modulus became higher with a 0%–10% increase in the mica content. The shear modulus of the unsaturated sand had a slightly higher degree of anisotropy than that of the saturated sand. In addition, the degree of anisotropy of the shear modulus was assessed based on the average orientation angle θ of the sand particles.
Rapid Degradation of Auxin/Indoleacetic Acid Proteins Requires Conserved Amino Acids of Domain II and Is Proteasome Dependent (2001)

Auxin rapidly induces auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) transcription. The proteins encoded are short-lived nucleus-localized transcriptional regulators that share four conserved domains. In a transient assay measuring protein accumulation, an Aux/IAA 13-amino acid domain II consensus sequence was sufficient to target firefly luciferase (LUC) for low protein accumulation equivalent to that observed previously for full-length PSIAA6. Single amino acid substitutions in these 13 amino acids, corresponding to known auxin response mutants, resulted in a sixfold to 20-fold increase in protein accumulation. Naturally occurring variant amino acids had no effect. Residues identified as essential by single alanine substitutions were not sufficient when all flanking amino acids were alanine, indicating the importance of flanking regions. Using direct protein degradation measurements in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings, full-length IAA1, PSIAA6, and the N-terminal 73 PSIAA6 amino acids targeted LUC for rapid degradation with 8-min half-lives. The C-terminal 109 amino acids did not affect LUC half-life. Smaller regions containing domain II also targeted LUC for rapid degradation, but the rates were not equivalent to those of the full-length protein. A single domain II substitution in the context of full-length PSIAA6 increased half-life 30-fold. Proteasome inhibitors affected Aux/IAA::LUC fusion protein accumulation, demonstrating the involvement of the proteasome.
Base-induced reactions of isothiazolium salts with active 5-methyl or 5-methylene groups (1995)

It is shown that N-phenyl-substituted isothiazolium salts 2/3a–e with active 5-methyl or 5-methylene groups can easily be obtained by reaction of β-thiocyanatovinylaldehydes 1 and substituted anilines. Based on a wide variety of isothiazolium salts accessible in that way, a study of their various reaction products, e.g. 1,6-diphenyl-substituted thiadiazapentalenes 4a–d, 5a–j and special spiro compounds 6, and the influence of donor and acceptor substituents becomes possible. The structure of the basic skeleton of the thiadiazapentalenes was confirmed by X-ray analysis and ab initio MO calculations. Some mechanistic aspects are supported by the MO results.
Development of a new fusion-enhanced oncolytic immunotherapy platform based on herpes simplex virus type 1 (2019)

The new HSV-1 based platform described provides a potent and versatile approach to developing new oncolytic immunotherapies for clinical use. Each of the modifications employed was demonstrated to aid in optimizing the potential of the virus to both directly kill tumors and to lead to systemic therapeutic benefit. For clinical use, these viruses are expected to be most effective in combination with other anti-cancer agents, in particular PD1/L1-targeted immune checkpoint blockade. The first virus from this program (expressing GALV-GP-R<sup>-</sup> and hGM-CSF) has entered clinical development alone and in combination with anti-PD1 therapy in a number of tumor types (NCT03767348).
Principle and performance of variable rate multi-code CDMA method (2002)

A variable data rate multi-code CDMA method is proposed. It can be applied to a future variable rate CDMA system, a spread spectrum multimedia system, and a personal interactive system. This method, which can select a set of spreading codes for the transmitted information data rate and map them into a binary sequence by orthogonal spreading codes for every user, can be used in such a way that a user send only a sequence in the transmitting channel irrespective of the data rate of the user information. Therefore, the proposed method may be used for variable data rate CDMA communication, and can so improve the transmitting properties and spectral efficiency of CDMA technology. The fundamental principle, code design and performance of this method are discussed.
Inactivation of Acanthamoeba spp. and Other Ocular Pathogens by Application of Cold Atmospheric Gas Plasma (2016)

Currently there are estimated to be approximately 3.7 million contact lens wearers in the United Kingdom and 39.2 million in North America. Contact lens wear is a major risk factor for developing an infection of the cornea known as keratitis due to poor lens hygiene practices. While there is an international standard for testing disinfection methods against bacteria and fungi (ISO 14729), no such guidelines exist for the protozoan Acanthamoeba, which causes a potentially blinding keratitis most commonly seen in contact lens wearers, and as a result, many commercially available disinfecting solutions show incomplete disinfection after 6 and 24 h of exposure. Challenge test assays based on international standard ISO 14729 were used to determine the antimicrobial activity of cold atmospheric gas plasma (CAP) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba castellanii P. aeruginosa and C. albicans were completely inactivated in 0.5 min and 2 min, respectively, and trophozoites of A. polyphaga and A. castellanii were completely inactivated in 1 min and 2 min, respectively. Furthermore, for the highly resistant cyst stage of both species, complete inactivation was achieved after 4 min of exposure to CAP. This study demonstrates that the CAP technology is highly effective against bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens. The further development of this technology has enormous potential, as this approach is able to deliver the complete inactivation of ocular pathogens in minutes, in contrast to commercial multipurpose disinfecting solutions that require a minimum of 6 h.
Radiative Decay Engineering of Direct Bandgap Emission in Silver Ion-Implanted Polarized Silicon Quantum Dots (2010)

Si nanocrystal (NC) in SiO2 matrix normally exhibit quasi-direct interband transitions due to band mixing of direct and indirect gaps in a nanoscale environment. Compared to direct bandgap III-V or II-VI semiconductor nano-particles, the radiative recombination coefficient of Si is rather low at room temperature B ≈ 1e-14 cc/s. Therefore, even considering the defect mediated recombination and Auger assisted non-radiative transitions to be suppressed due to spatial localization of carriers in Si nanoparticles, the electron-hole recombination lifetime is observed to be in the range of ms to microsecond. Ion implantation provides a route for synthesis of Silicon based nanocrystals for VLSI compatible nanophotonic emitters.
Speech recognition systems on the Cell Broadband Engine processor (2007)

In this paper we describe our design, implementation, and initial results of a prototype connected-phoneme—based speech recognition system on the Cell Broadband Engine™ (Cell/B.E.) processor. Automated speech recognition decodes speech samples into plaintext (other representations are possible) and must process samples at real-time rates. Fortunately, the computational tasks involved in this pipeline are highly data parallel and can receive significant hardware acceleration from vector-streaming architectures such as the Cell/B.E. Architecture. Identifying and exploiting these parallelism opportunities is challenging and critical to improving system performance. From our initial performance timings, we observed that a single Cell/B.E. processor can recognize speech from thousands of simultaneous voice channels in real time—a channel density that is orders of magnitude greater than the capacity of existing software speech recognizers based on CPUs (central processing units). This result emphasizes the potential for Cell/B.E. processor-based speech recognition and will likely lead to the development of production speech systems using Cell/B.E. processor clusters.
Automated interpretation of LIBS spectra using a fuzzy logic inference engine (2012)

Automated interpretation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) data is necessary due to the plethora of spectra that can be acquired in a relatively short time. However, traditional chemometric and artificial neural network methods that have been employed are not always transparent to a skilled user. A fuzzy logic approach to data interpretation has now been adapted to LIBS spectral interpretation. Fuzzy logic inference rules were developed using methodology that includes data mining methods and operator expertise to differentiate between various copper-containing and stainless steel alloys as well as unknowns. Results using the fuzzy logic inference engine indicate a high degree of confidence in spectral assignment.
Utilization of chlorobenzoates by microbial populations in sewage (1979)

Microorganisms in sewage decomposed 3.4-dichlorobenzoate and m-, p-, and o-chlorobenzoates. As the substrate disappeared, populations capable of growing on these compounds proliferated. Neither 2,4-dichlorobenzoate nor 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoate was destroyed by the sewage microflora. The addition of glucose or benzoate and m-chlorobenzoate to the sewage did not promote degradation of 2,4-di- or 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoates. The populations responsible for the biodegradation of the chlorinated compounds were initially less than 100 cells/ml. During the metabolism of m-chlorobenzoate, 5-chlorosalicylate and 4-chlorocatechol were formed.
Manufacturing of SIG Sauer 9 x 19 mm Pistols (2012)

This article details the manufacturing processes and assembly of 9 x 19 mm calibre SIG Sauer duty, sporting and limited edition pistols produced at the factory in Eckernforde, Germany. The principal manufacturing focus for this paper is SIG Sauer barrel production, as two methods of rifling are utilized in their pistols; electrochemical rifling and cold hammer forged rifling. However, pistol slide and frame manufacturing is also discussed, as well as assembly, proofing and test firing of firearms before sale.
32-bit cyclic redundancy codes for Internet applications (2003)

Standardized 32-bit cyclic redundancy codes provide fewer bits of guaranteed error detection than they could, achieving a Hamming Distance (HD) of only 4 for maximum-length Ethernet messages, whereas HD=6 is possible. Although research has revealed improved codes, exploring the entire design space has previously been computationally intractable, even for special-purpose hardware. Moreover, no CRC polynomial has yet been found that satisfies an emerging need to attain both HD=6 for 12K bit messages and HD=4 for message lengths beyond 64 Kbits. This paper presents results from the first exhaustive search of the 32-bit CRC design space. Results from previous research are validated and extended to include identifying all polynomials achieving a better HD than the IEEE 802.3 CRC-32 polynomial. A new class of polynomials is identified that provides HD=6 up to nearly 16K bit and HD=4 up to 114K bit message lengths, providing the best achievable design point that maximizes error detection for both legacy and new applications, including potentially iSCSI and application-implemented error checks.
Planar-embedded InGaAsP/InP heterostructure laser with a semi-insulating InP current-blocking layer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1987)

We used metalorganic chemical vapor deposition to fabricate a planar-embedded InGaAsP/InP heterostructure laser with a semi-insulating InP current-blocking layer. The laser exhibits cw operation with a low, 20 mA threshold current and a high external differential quantum efficiency of 40% at room temperature. Measurements have also shown a small-signal frequency response of 10 GHz due to an extremely small parasitic capacitance of 3.5 pF.