gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction by Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Microscope with Improved Measurement Range (2017)

The objective of this research was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction system based on a time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) microscope. One of the critical drawbacks of OCT microscopes is that their axial measurement ranges are typically limited by their depths of field (DOFs), which are determined by the numerical apertures of their objective lenses and the central wavelengths of their light sources. If a low-coherence interference fringe is far outside the DOF, the measurement accuracy inevitably decreases, regardless of how well-adjusted the reference mirror is. To address this issue and improve the axial measurement range of the OCT microscope in this study, an object-scanning measurement scheme involving a Linnik interferometer was developed. To calibrate the system in the proposed technique, image post-processing is performed for a well-conditioned state to ensure that a low-coherence interference fringe is generated within the DOF, enabling 3D objects with high-aspect-ratio structures to be scanned along the axial direction. During object-scanning, this state is always monitored and is corrected by adjusting the reference mirror. By using this method, the axial measurement range can be improved up to the working distance (WD) of the objective lens without compromising the measurement accuracy. The WD is typically longer than 10 mm, while the DOF of the microscope is around 0.01 mm in general, although it varies depending on the imaging system. In this report, the experimental setup of a 3D reconstruction system is presented, a series of experimental verifications is described, and the results are discussed. The axial measurement range was improved to at least 35 times that of a typical OCT microscope with identical imaging optics.
[Kinetics of I-131 fibrinogen in cancer patients: pharmacological approach]. (1977)

The results obtained in a previous study using 131I fibrinogen in cancerous patients suggested a local intravascular clotting precess. In order to elucidate the mechanism of fibrinogen kinetic abnormalities different drugs, including heparin, prednisone, ticlopidin, aspirin and indomethacin were administered in 68 patients and their effects evaluated by change in the 311I fibrinogen disappearance rate. The results suggest that these drugs may counteract with the early stages of coagulation (kinin-forming system, factor XII) and that abnormal 131I fibrinogen kinetic in cancer would be a non specific phenomenon.
Animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A comparison of model validity (2018)

Animal models are necessary to investigate the pathogenic features underlying motor neuron degeneration and for therapeutic development in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Measures of model validity allow for a critical interpretation of results from each model and caution from over-interpretation of experimental models. Face and construct validity refer to the similarity in phenotype and the proposed causal factor to the human disease, respectively. More recently developed models are restricted by limited phenotype characterization, yet new models hold promise for novel disease insights, thus highlighting their importance. In this article, we evaluate the features of face and construct validity of our new zebrafish model of environmentally-induced motor neuron degeneration and discuss this in the context of current environmental and genetic ALS models, including C9orf72, mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 mouse and zebrafish models. In this mini-review, we discuss the pros and cons to validity criteria in each model. Our zebrafish model of environmentally-induced motor neuron degeneration displays convincing features of face validity with many hallmarks of ALS-like features, and weakness in construct validity. However, the value of this model may lie in its potential to be more representative of the pathogenic features underlying sporadic ALS cases, where environmental factors may be more likely to be involved in disease etiology than single dominant gene mutations. It may be necessary to compare findings between different strains and species modeling specific genes or environmental factors to confirm findings from ALS animal models and tease out arbitrary strain- and overexpression-specific effects.
Synthesis of α-Nitro Carbonyls via Nitrations in Flow (2016)

Reported is a safe, rapid method for the synthesis of α-nitro esters via the trapping of nitronium ions. The two-stage nitration and subsequent deacetylation of readily available 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds was achieved using a biphasic semicontinuous approach. α-Nitro esters and amides were obtained in good overall yields (53-84%). Some of the α-nitro-1,3-dicarbonyl intermediates exhibit enhanced reactivity and undergo an acid-catalyzed Nef-type reaction to α-oxo-carbonyls.
Effect of Al addition in Sn-Ag solder on the interfacial reactions with Cu and ENIG metallizations (2008)

It is well known that intermetallic compounds (IMCs) is the controlling factor on the reliability since the IMC is the brittle part in a solder joint. Alloy elements into solders can change the reaction products or eliminate the formation of Kirkendall voids at the solder joints. In this study, four different Sn-Ag-Al solders, with the Ag concentration fixed at 3.5 wt% and Al concentrations varied between 0.5-1.5 wt%, were used to study the interfacial reactions between Sn- 3.5Ag-xAl (x=0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%) solders with Cu and ENIG (electroless nickel immersion gold) metal pads. The effects of Al concentration in solders on the interfacial microstructures were investigated. The results showed that the interfacial reaction products depended on the Al concentration in the reactions between Sn-Ag-xAl and Cu. When the Al concentration was 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%, a CugSn5 layer formed at the interface and CuAl2 IMCs were observed in the solder matrix, and CuAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> IMC developed at the solder joints during the aging. An addition of 1.5 wt% Al introduced a layer-type CuAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layer at the interface and eliminated Cu-Sn IMCs, and the thickness of CuAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> was much thinner than that of CuSn IMC. For electrloss Ni(P)/Au UBM, 0.5Al and 1.0Al solders suppressed the formation of Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> SnP layer and IMC spalling at the solder joints, but Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> P layer was still observed. The beneficial effect of Al was clearly revealed in the case of 1.5Al solder ; a mixed phase, Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sri <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> , developed during the reflow and subsequent aging and Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> P layer was effectively suppressed, which would increase the solder joint reliability significantly.
A Method for Estimating Noise from Full-Scale Distributed Exhaust Nozzles (2004)

A method to estimate the full-scale noise suppression from a scale model distributed exhaust nozzle (DEN) is presented. For a conventional scale model exhaust nozzle, Strouhal number scaling using a scale factor related to the nozzle exit area is typically applied that shifts model scale frequency in proportion to the geometric scale factor. However, model scale DEN designs have two inherent length scales. One is associated with the mini-nozzles, whose size do not change in going from model scale to full scale. The other is associated with the overall nozzle exit area which is much smaller than full size. Consequently, lower frequency energy that is generated by the coalesced jet plume should scale to lower frequency, but higher frequency energy generated by individual mini-jets does not shift frequency. In addition, jet-jet acoustic shielding by the array of mini-nozzles is a significant noise reduction effect that may change with DEN model size. A technique has been developed to scale laboratory model spectral data based on the premise that high and low frequency content must be treated differently during the scaling process. The model-scale distributed exhaust spectra are divided into low and high frequency regions that are then adjusted to full scale separately based on different physics-based scaling laws. The regions are then recombined to create an estimate of the full-scale acoustic spectra. These spectra can then be converted to perceived noise levels (PNL). The paper presents the details of this methodology and provides an example of the estimated noise suppression by a distributed exhaust nozzle compared to a round conic nozzle.
Incidence of abortion in pregnancies after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. (1988)

Our purpose was to assess factors that are associated with an increased rate of spontaneous abortion in pregnancies initiated by in vitro fertilization. Pregnancies were diagnosed by measurement of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 15 days after embryo transfer. Of the 64 women who conceived, 47 delivered term infants, one patient delivered a stillborn at 22 weeks, 14 aborted in the first trimester, and two had pregnancies that implanted in the tube. Abortion rates were similar for women treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (24%; 12 of 54) and those who received clomiphene citrate (12.5%; one of eight). Two patients conceived after treatment with a combination of clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin, neither of whom aborted. In 54 patients treated with human menopausal gonadotropin, there were no significant differences in mean maternal age, number of years of infertility before the pregnancy, history of previous pregnancies, amount of human menopausal gonadotropin used to induce ovulation, serum estradiol levels on the day of hCG administration, mean number of follicles, and the mean number of transferred embryos between the group who delivered and the group who aborted. We conclude that none of these factors are associated with increased tendency for fetal loss in our in vitro fertilization program. Beta-hCG levels on day 15 after embryo transfer were significantly lower in the group who aborted than in the group who delivered, and may be predictive of implantation failure.
Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Poly(butylene succinate)/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Blend (2015)

Summary Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) has been blended into biodegradable Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). The PBS/NBR blends with ratios of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 by weight were prepared in an internal mixer. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used for vulcanization of the NBR phase in the blends. Mechanical properties and thermal stability as well as morphologies of pure PBS, vulcanized NBR and PBS/NBR blends were investigated. The blends provide much higher elongation and impact strength than the pure PBS. The PBS/NBR blend with a ratio of 90/10 shows superior result to toughness, and gives comparable results for modulus and tensile strength at break with respect to the pure PBS. Morphology observation reveals the compatibility of the PBS/NBR blends, especially in the blends with 10‐30 wt% NBR content. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) result shows that thermal stability of PBS is enhanced when NBR is added.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DprE1 inhibitor OPC-167832 is active against Mycobacterium abscessus in vitro (2022)

ABSTRACT The anti-tuberculosis candidate OPC-167832, an inhibitor of DprE1, was active against Mycobacterium abscessus . Resistance mapped to M. abscessus dprE1 , suggesting target retention. OPC-167832 was bactericidal and did not antagonize activity of clinical anti- M. abscessus antibiotics. Due to its moderate potency compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the compound lacked efficacy in a mouse model and is thus not a repurposing candidate. These results identify OPC-167832 – DprE1 as a lead-target couple for a M. abscessus -specific optimization program.
Milestone report - M4FT-14OR03120217 - Initiate very low iodine concentration adsorption tests (2014)

The objective of this effort was to design and install a system to allow the testing of sorbent materials under simulated vessel off-gas (VOG) conditions. The test system consisted of a gas supply system that allows the mixing of dry air, humidified air, and low levels of iodine. The iodine is supplied by a KIN-TEK Flexstream Gas Standards Generator. The sorbents are placed in three separate glass sorbent housings. The first housing is a thin bed, subdivided into four quadrants. The second housing holds a deep bed, followed by a third housing that holds a second thin bed. The first thin bed will allow periodic samples to be taken to examine the effect of time-on-line on sorbent performance. The second bed (deep bed) will allow a determination of the DF for the sorbent over time by the analysis of the third thin bed, which will be replaced at intervals during the multi-month test period. This system was been installed in the south hood of laboratory 38 in Building 4505, and the necessary safety documentation has been revised to reflect the addition of the KIN-TEK iodine generator.
Functional Imaging in the Follow-Up of Enteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Clinical Usefulness and Indications (2017)

FITs used in addition to CT in the follow-up of stage IV enteropancreatic NETs improve patient management (especially for G2 tumors). Follow-up program should be tailored according to tumor features.
Phage-mediated bioluminescent detection ofBacillus anthracis (2009)

The new methodology offers the potential for the detection of viable cells from either environmental or clinical samples.
Evaluation of Algorithms for Tracking Multiple Objects in Video (2006)

As video tracking research matures, the issue of tracker performance evaluation has emerged as a research topic in its own right, as evidenced by a series of workshops devoted solely to this purpose (the workshops on performance evaluation of tracking and surveillance-PETS). However, evaluations such as PETS have been limited to small scenarios with a handful of moving objects. In this paper, we present an evaluation methodology and set of experiments focused on large-scale video tracking problems with hundreds of objects in close proximity. The scale and complexity of this data exposes a number of issues. First, the association of computed tracks to image-truth tracks may have multiple plausible solutions, resulting in a combinatorial grouping problem that must be solved with an approximate solution. Second, computed tracks may be only partially correct, complicating the association problem further and indicating that multiple measures are required to characterize performance. We have created a system that associates computed tracks to manually-generated image-truth tracks, and calculates various measures such as the per-frame probability of detection, false alarm rate, and fragmentation, which is the number of computed tracks associated to a single track. We also normalize fragmentation by track length to reward fewer computed tracks for longer true tracks. The measures were used to compare three tracking methods on an aerial video sequence containing hundreds of objects, long occlusions, and deep shadows.
Message-passing for motif finding (2009)

A message-passing algorithm for motif finding is presented. Motif finding stands for the problem of identifying a collection of common subsequences within a given set of DNA sequences. Using a combinatorial framework for this problem, this paper describes it in terms of a graphical model. Subsequently, an inference problem is formulated over this graphical representation for the motif finding problem. The paper develops a message-passing algorithm to efficiently solve this graph-based inference problem. This algorithm serves as an efficient heuristic for solving what is otherwise a computationally intensive combinatorial optimization problem.
Mouse intraflagellar transport proteins regulate both the activator and repressor functions of Gli transcription factors (2005)

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is an active event in which cargo is transported along microtubules by motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein. IFT proteins are required for the formation and maintenance of flagella and cilia. We have previously shown that mouse mutants for two IFT proteins, IFT88 and IFT172, as well as Kif3a, a subunit of mouse kinesin 2, exhibit ventral spinal cord patterning defects that appear to result from reduced hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Although genetic epistasis experiments place IFT proteins downstream of the Hh receptor and upstream of the Gli transcription factors, the mechanism by which IFT regulates Gli function is unknown. The developing limb provides an excellent system to study Hh signaling, in particular as it allows a biological and molecular readout of both Gli activator and repressor function. Here we report that homozygous mutants for flexo (Fxo), a hypomorphic allele of mouse IFT88 generated in our ENU mutagenesis screen, exhibit polydactyly in all four limbs. Molecular analysis indicates that expression domains of multiple posteriorly restricted genes are expanded anteriorly in the mutant limbs, similar to loss of Gli3 transcriptional repressor function. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression is normal, yet Ptch1 and Gli1, two known targets of Hh signaling, are greatly reduced, consistent with loss of Shh signaling. Expression of Gli3 and Hand2 in the mutant limb indicates that the limb prepattern is abnormal. In addition, we show that partial loss-of-function mutations in another mouse IFT gene, Ift52 (Ngd5), result in similar phenotypes and abnormal Hh signaling as Fxo, indicating a general requirement for IFT proteins in Hh signaling and patterning of multiple organs. Analysis of Ift88 and Shh double mutants indicates that, in mouse, IFT proteins are required for both Gli activator and repressor functions, and Gli proteins are insensitive to Hh ligand in the absence of IFT proteins. Finally, our biochemical studies demonstrate that IFT proteins are required for proteolytic processing of Gli3 in mouse embryos. In summary, our results indicate that IFT function is crucial in the control of both the positive and negative transcriptional activities of Gli proteins, and essential for Hh ligand-induced signaling cascade.
Bioreactor Study of the Microbial Degradation of Low-Rank Coals (2017)

The first evidence of the degradation of coals by fungi was given by Cohen and Gabriele, who reported that the basidiomycetes Polyporus versicolor and Poria monticola were capable of growing on and solubilizing lignite. Much of the earlier work on coal degradation by fungal species was conducted using surface cultures grown over an agar layer. This chapter reports a preliminary study of the biodegradation of coal using a chemostat-type bioreactor operated in the batch mode. It describes a method to analyze degradation subsequent to microbial-coal contact in the chemostat bioreactor. To determine whether the decrease in transmittance of the fluid phase is due to microbial degradation of leonardite, a control experiment was conducted in the absence of fungal species. If there is to be significant biodegradation, the experimental observation that there are at most 570 mg of solubilized material for each 5 g of leonardite then implies that most of the degraded material must be insoluble at 4.2 pH.
Regulation of Hox orthologues in the oyster Crassostrea gigas evidences a functional role for promoter DNA methylation in an invertebrate (2015)

DNA methylation within promoter regions (PRDM) controls vertebrate early gene transcription and thereby development, but is neglected outside this group. However, epigenetic features in the oyster Crassostrea gigas suggest functional significance of PDRM in invertebrates. To investigate this, reporter constructs containing in vitro methylated oyster Hox gene promoters were transfected into oyster embryos. The influence of in vivo methylation was studied using bisulfite sequencing and DNA methyltransferase inhibition during development. Our results demonstrate that methylation controls the transcriptional activity of the promoters investigated, unraveling a functional role for PRDM in a lophotrochozoan, an important finding regarding the evolution of epigenetic regulation.
Postscript (2016)

Abstract This postscript develops a theme which is implicit in many of the chapters, namely the significance of technologies for the representation of risk. This constitutes an avenue for future research drawing specifically on the methods and focus of routines analysis, as developed by Brian Pentland, Martha Feldman, and others. It is suggested that routines theory can help provide greater understanding of when and how organizational agents divide attention between the ‘first order’ management of risk and concern with their own reputational risk, legitimacy, and the possibility of blame. Rather than being either/or, these two orientations to risk are nearly always co-present and it is the mix which determines their dynamics. The postscript concludes by suggesting some empirical questions which have the potential, as part of routines analysis, to shine some light on these dynamics and answer the big question: when and how does the management of risk itself turn into a risk?
Tobias Freimüller, Frankfurt und die Juden. Neuanfänge und Fremdheitserfahrungen 1945–1990. (Studien zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust, Bd. 1.) Göttingen, Wallstein 2020 (2021)

Article Tobias Freimüller, Frankfurt und die Juden. Neuanfänge und Fremdheitserfahrungen 1945–1990. (Studien zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust, Bd. 1.) Göttingen, Wallstein 2020 was published on June 1, 2021 in the journal Historische Zeitschrift (volume 312, issue 3).