gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutron Depth Profiling Applications to Lithium-Ion Cell Research (2009)

This research proved that neutron depth profiling (NDP) is a useful technique that provides insight into lithium transport within lithium-ion cells. Studies were conducted utilizing NDP to examine lithium-ion cell behavior under three environmental and operational parameters: (i) storage of cells at temperature, (ii) cell charge/discharge cycling, and (iii) charge/discharge rate and state of charge. During the first study, where cells were stored at for up to 140 days, the solid electrolyte interface growth rate was determined to range up to 4.8 nm per day depending on the cell capacity. The second study involving cell charge/discharge cycling did not reveal a statistically significant buildup of lithium near the cathode–electrolyte surface; however, the depth profiles showed an increased fluctuation in lithium concentrations as the number of cycles increased. Depth profiles from the third area of investigation quantified the linear relationship between lithium buildup near the cathode–electrolyte surface and the rate of charge (ranging from 0.1 to 4 C in this study).
RECONSTRUCTION OF DOSE TO THE RESIDENTS OF OZERSK FROM THE OPERATION OF THE MAYAK PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION: 1948-2002: Progress Report on Project 1.4 (2009)

This Progress Report for Project 1.4 of the U.S.–Russia Joint Coordinating Committee on Radiation Effects Research continues in the abbreviated format of providing details only on the work accomplished during this six-month reporting period.
XeCl excimer laser ablation of a polyethersulfone film: Dependence of periodic microstructures on a polarized beam (1990)

Highly periodic stable microstructures appeared on the surface of polyethersulfone (PES) by XeCl excimer laser ablation with a single polarized beam in ambient air. Its formation mechanism was investigated using the time-resolved light scattering technique with the pulsed light of an XeF excimer laser. In addition to the polarization of the ablating beam, thermal processes on the etched surface play a significant role in microstructure formation.
Emergency Guide Wire Pacing: New Methods for Rapid Conversion of a Cardiac Catheter into a Pacemaker (1984)

We developed a new electrode to convert rapidly a previously inserted pulmonary artery or left ventricular catheter into a pacemaker. One method of doing this is by withdrawal of the pulmonary artery catheter from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle by pressure control, and a Teflon-coated guide wire, stripped of 5 mm of insulation at its tip, is advanced through the catheter to contact the endocardium. In the second method, the pacing electrode is advanced through the distal lumen of the catheter while it is positioned within the pulmonary artery and withdrawn into the right ventricle while pacing. Finally, a third method involves advancement of the guide wire electrode into the left ventricle through a pigtail catheter. To pace, the guide wire electrode is connected to the cathode of a pacemaker referenced to a skin electrode. We paced 10 of 10 right heart cardiac catheterization, intra- and postoperative surgery patients by methods 1 and 2, and 4 of 4 left heart catheterization patients by method 3. Thresholds (mean +/- SEM) for guide wire pacing were: right ventricle 1.52 +/- 0.4 mA; left ventricle 1.33 +/- 0.1 mA. Guide wire pacing is rapid, reliable, and requires little operator skill. Our indications for guide wire pacing are: 1) emergency right ventricular pacing in operative or intensive care unit patients with unexpected bradyarrhythmias who have an indwelling pulmonary artery catheter; and 2) emergency left ventricular pacing in left heart cardiac catheterization patients with contrast-induced bradyarrhythmias.
Chemically induced carcinogenesis: a comparison of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene,diethylnitroso-amine and azoxymethan models (minireview). (2001)

The induction of mammary gland and other organ tumours by selected chemical carcinogens, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, diethylnitrosoamine and azoxymethane is described and their application in experimental carcinogenesis research is discussed.
A general computation rule for lossy summaries/messages with examples from equalization (2006)

Elaborating on prior work by Minka, we formulate a general computation rule for lossy messages. An important special case (with many applications in communications) is the conversion of "soft-bit" messages to Gaussian messages. By this method, the performance of a Kalman equalizer is improved, both for uncoded and coded transmission.
Geometric spectral theory for compact operators (2013)

We introduce a notion of joint spectrum for a tuple of compact operators on a separable Hilbert space and show that in many situations these operators commute if and only if the joint spectrum consists of countably many, locally finite, complex hyperplanes. In particular, we show that normal matrices (of the same size) $A_1,\cdots,A_n$ commute if and only if the polynomial $\det(z_1A_1+\cdots+z_nA_n+I)$ is completely reducible, that is, it can be factored into a product of linear polynomials.
Serological Diversity Demonstrable by a Set of Monoclonal Antibodies to Eight Serotypes of the Mutans Streptococci (2005)

A set of monoclonal antibodies were prepared by the conventional cell fusion of myeloma cells (SP2/0-Ag14) with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunised with whole cells of a strain of mutans streptococci. Their specificities were examined against 35 reference strains of mutans streptococci, 34 reference strains of other oral streptococci and 8 reference strains of other microorganisms often inhabiting the oral cavity. Specificity was examined by enzyme immunoassay using whole cells. A total of 52 strains, consisting of 19 strains isolated in Japan, 19 strains isolated in Italy and 14 strains isolated in England, were characterised by conventional physiological and biochemical tests and then serotyped by the use of 8 monoclonal antibodies with different specificities. They were also confirmed by guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their nucleic acid and DNA-DNA hybridisation test. The results indicated that all monoclonal antibodies are useful for identification of 8 serotypes of the mutans streptococci responsible for dental caries. They also suggest the existence of more serological varieties among mutans species.
Pitfalls in Aeromedical and Ground Crew Engagement: Lessons Learned (2008)

Aeromedical (AM) evacuation of trauma victims from action is an integral part of trauma care. The Israeli Air Force Rescue and Evacuation Unit is responsible for nearly all AM evacuations in Israel. We present three recent cases, within 1 year of operation, of engagement process failure during evacuations performed by the Rescue and Evacuation Unit. We then discuss possible pitfalls and lessons learned. In sum, we reveal that successful AM and ground crew engagement can save lives, as long as the engagement process is as short and efficient as possible.
High-order CRF based on product-of-experts for unsupervised SAR image multiclass segmentation (2015)

Conditional random fields (CRF) model is suitable for image segmentation because this model directly defines the posterior distribution as a Gibbs field and allows one to capture the dependencies of the observed data. However, this model has a limited ability to capture the high-order label dependencies with only the pairwise potential being constructed generally. Moreover, for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image segmentation, SAR scattering statistics that are essential to SAR image processing are not considered in CRF model. Then in this paper, we propose a high-order CRF model based on product-of-experts (POE) for unsupervised SAR image multiclass segmentation, named as HCRF-POE model. HCRF-POE model decomposes the high-order label dependencies into the low-order ones and constructs the high-order potential based on POE, thus effectively capturing high-order label dependencies. In addition, to capture SAR data information including the textural features and the scattering statistics, in a more completed manner, HCRF-POE model integrates SAR data information under unsupervised Bayesian framework. The effectiveness of HCRF-POE model is demonstrated by the application to the unsupervised segmentation of the simulated image and the real SAR images.
Dermal Permeation of Biocides and Aromatic Chemicals in Three Generic Formulations of Metalworking Fluids (2009)

Metalworking fluids (MWF) are complex mixtures consisting of a variety of components and additives. A lack of scientific data exists regarding the dermal permeation of its components, particularly biocides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dermal permeation of biocides and other aromatic chemicals in water and in three generic soluble oil, semi-synthetic, and synthetic MWF types in order to evaluate any differences in their permeation profiles. An in vitro flow-through diffusion cell study was performed to determine dermal permeation. An infinite dose of different groups of chemicals (6 biocides and 29 aromatic chemicals) was applied to porcine skin, with perfusate samples being collected over an 8-h period. Perfusate samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS), and permeability was calculated from the analysis of the permeated chemical concentration-time profile. In general, the permeation of chemicals was highest in aqueous solution, followed by synthetic, semi-synthetic, and soluble oil MWF. The absorption profiles of most of the chemicals including six biocides were statistically different among the synthetic and soluble oil MWF formulations, with reduced permeation occurring in oily formulations. Permeation of almost all chemicals was statistically different between aqueous and three MWF formulation types. Data from this study show that permeation of chemicals is higher in a generic synthetic MWF when compared to a soluble oil MWF. This indicates that a soluble oil MWF may be safer than a synthetic MWF in regard to dermal permeation of chemicals to allow for an increased potential of systemic toxicity. Therefore, one may conclude that a synthetic type of formulation has more potential to produce contact dermatitis and induce systemic toxicological effects. The dilution of these MWF formulations with water may increase dermal permeability of biocides, allowing for an enhanced risk for systemic toxicological effects and dermatitis potential.
Improvement of crystalline quality of GaPN layers grown by RF‐plasma MBE with ion collector (2005)

Abstract The effects on structural crystalline quality and luminescence properties of deflecting nitrogen (N) ions away from the substrate were investigated for GaPN layers grown on GaP substrates by RF‐plasma MBE. The GaPN layers were grown with and without use of an ion collector for N ions deflection. The Pendellösung fringes in the X‐ray diffraction spectrum were more distinct in samples grown with than without the ion collector. This result indicates that the structural and/or interface quality were improved by preventing ion‐induced damage. The sample grown with the ion collector indicated higher crystalline quality by the more linear excitation power dependence of photoluminescence intensity. On the other hand, the sample grown without the ion collector appears to contain a high concentration of non‐radiative recombination centers related to the ion‐induced damage. The ion‐induced damage cannot be completely healed by rapid thermal annealing. To summarize, eliminating ion exposure during growth improves the crystalline quality and radiative recombination properties of the GaPN layer. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) as a novel in vitro model for neuroblastoma tumours (2019)

We were able to create a novel preclinical model for NB exhibiting self-renewal property and allowing to obtain a reservoir of NB patients' biological material useful for the study of NB molecular pathogenesis and to test drugs for personalised treatments.
Contact Modulated Ionic Transfer Doping in All‐Solid‐State Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Ultra‐High Sensitive Tactile Perception at Low Operating Voltage (2020)

Abstract Ionic‐electronic coupling across the entire volume of conjugated polymer films endows organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with high transconductance (g m ) and low operating voltage. However, OECTs utilize liquid electrolytes, which limit their long‐term operation, reproducibility, and integration while solid electrolytes typically result in inefficient ion transport. Here, a solid polymer electrolyte is shown that can facilitate good electrochemical response in conjugated polymers and yield high OECT performance. This allows for the OECT‐based pressure sensors, modulated through a pressure sensitive ionic doping process. The pressure sensor exhibits the highest sensitivity ever measured (≈10 000 kPa −1 ) and excellent stability. Flexible sensor arrays achieve static capture of spatial pressure distribution and enable monitoring of dynamic pressure stimuli. The findings here demonstrate that all‐solid‐state OECTs are good candidates for providing rich tactile information, enabling applications for soft robotics, health monitoring, and human‐machine interfaces.
Effects of ion bombardment on a two-dimensional target: Atomistic simulations of graphene irradiation (2010)

Using atomistic computer simulations based on analytical potential and density-functional theory models, we study effects of ion irradiation on graphene. We identify the types and concentrations of defects which appear in graphene under impacts of various ions with energies ranging from tens of electron volts to mega-electron volts. For two-dimensional targets, defects beyond single and double vacancies are formed via in-plane recoils. We demonstrate that the conventional approach based on binary-collision approximation and stochastic algorithms developed for bulk solids cannot be applied to graphene and other low-dimensional systems. Finally, taking into account the gas-holding capacity of graphene, we suggest the use of graphene as the ultimate membrane for ion-beam analysis of gases and other volatile systems which cannot be put in the high vacuum required for the operation of ion beams.
The Protease-activated Receptor-2-specific Agonists 2-Aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH2 and 6-Aminonicotinyl-LIGRL-NH2 Stimulate Multiple Signaling Pathways to Induce Physiological Responses in Vitro and in Vivo (2011)

Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) is one of four protease-activated G-protein-coupled receptors. PAR(2) is expressed on multiple cell types where it contributes to cellular responses to endogenous and exogenous proteases. Proteolytic cleavage of PAR(2) reveals a tethered ligand that activates PAR(2) and two major downstream signaling pathways: mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Peptides or peptidomimetics can mimic binding of the tethered ligand to stimulate signaling without the nonspecific effects of proteases. The most commonly used peptide activators of PAR(2) (e.g. SLIGRL-NH(2) and SLIGKV-NH(2)) lack potency at the receptor. However, although the potency of 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) (2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2)) underscores the use of peptidomimetic PAR(2) ligands as a mechanism to enhance pharmacological action at PAR(2), 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) has not been thoroughly evaluated. We evaluated the known agonist 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) and two recently described pentapeptidomimetic PAR(2)-specific agonists, 2-aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH(2) (2-at-LIGRL-NH(2)) and 6-aminonicotinyl-LIGRL-NH(2) (6-an-LIGRL-NH(2)). All peptidomimetic agonists stimulated PAR(2)-dependent in vitro physiological responses, MAPK signaling, and Ca(2+) signaling with an overall rank order of potency of 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) ≈ 2-at-LIGRL-NH(2) > 6-an-LIGRL-NH(2) ≫ SLIGRL-NH(2). Because PAR(2) plays a major role in pathological pain conditions and to test potency of the peptidomimetic agonists in vivo, we evaluated these agonists in models relevant to nociception. All three agonists activated Ca(2+) signaling in nociceptors in vitro, and both 2-at-LIGRL-NH(2) and 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) stimulated PAR(2)-dependent thermal hyperalgesia in vivo. We have characterized three high potency ligands that can be used to explore the physiological role of PAR(2) in a variety of systems and pathologies.
A Non‐Destructive Method for Assessing Hair Interior and Surface Damage by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (2007)

This paper reports a non‐destructive method for evaluating hair interior and surface damage based on near‐infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy. It is important to know the extent of chemical damage in the interior and surface proteins of the hair in order to choose an appropriate restoration agent or chemical treatment. Unfortunately, though there are many simple and non‐destructive methods for evaluating the hair surface, the existing evaluation methods for monitoring chemical changes in the interior proteins are very complicated and destructive. Therefore, we have attempted to develop a new non‐destructive method to evaluate the damage of the hair interior and surface simultaneously by using NIR‐DR spectroscopy. The key to this study was the combined application of NIR‐DR spectroscopy and principal component analysis to development of a method for the evaluation of hair damage and finding the most suitable wavenumber region (5060—4500 cm ‐1 ) for this evaluation. In this study, we developed a new evaluation method that can indicate hair interior and surface damage conditions induced by chemical treatments in a simple, rapid, non‐destructive manner based on NIR‐DR using a fibre probe on hair Paper presented at the IFSCC International Conference 2005, Florence, Italy.
pH‐feedback controlled infusions of ranitidine are no more effective than fixed‐dose infusions in reducing gastric acidity and variability in antisecretory responses. (1992)

1. The antisecretory responses to pH‐feedback controlled (maximum dose 800 mg 24 h‐1) and fixed‐dose (0.25 mg kg‐1 h‐1) continuous infusions of ranitidine were compared in a randomised, placebo‐controlled, cross‐ over study in 10 healthy male volunteers. 2. To assess tolerance during repeated dosing with ranitidine, the same infusion regimens were given before and after 6 days oral dosing with ranitidine 300 mg four times daily. 3. With the pH‐feedback controlled infusion of ranitidine the median % time (interquartile range) with pH greater than 4 in the 24 h period was 57% (45‐76) before and 23% (17‐34) after 6 days oral dosing (P less than 0.001). The respective values with fixed‐dose infusion were 51% (38‐63) and 26% (15‐32) (P less than 0.002). 4. The median 24 h doses (interquartile range) of ranitidine given by feedback‐ controlled infusion before and after 6 days oral dosing were 675 mg (542‐728) and 749 mg (709‐760), respectively (P less than 0.01). The dose of ranitidine given by fixed‐rate infusion was 423 mg (393‐502) on both study days (P less than 0.001 vs feedback infusion). 5. Plasma gastrin concentrations remained slightly elevated after 6 days of oral ranitidine dosing, whereas pancreatic polypeptide plasma levels remained unchanged. 6. The antisecretory efficacy of infusions of ranitidine is significantly decreased by circadian stimuli and tolerance. Individually‐adapted infusions of high doses of ranitidine were not superior to fixed‐dose infusion of 0.25 mg kg‐1 h‐1 in overcoming this variability.
Abstract 60: Dexmedetomidine Administration During CPR Improves Stroke Volume During the Early Postresuscitation Period (2011)

Introduction: Elevated sympathetic response after CPR worsens myocardial dysfunction and cardiac output. Dexmedetomodine has sympatholytic effects both in animal and human studies. Hypothesis: Dexmedetomidine given during CPR improves stroke volume (SV) after ROSC compared with standard CPR. Methods Sixteen anesthetized &amp; ventilated (2 months old) farm pigs (UF Research Swine) of either sex were blindly randomized (8/group) after induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF; via direct right ventricular current) to receive either dexmedetomidine (2 mcg/kg) or placebo after the first minute of chest compressions per AHA CPR guidelines. Chest compressions were delivered at 100/min by a pneumatic compressor device (Thumper, Michigan instruments, USA) and 21% FiO 2 was used for ventilation. SV was measured at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after ROSC using a Pressure-Volume (P-V) catheter in the left ventricle (Millar instruments, Michigan, USA). Cardiac output was calculated from SV and heart rate. Outcome (mean±SD) was analyzed using mixed linear model (SAS Proc MIXED). We used an unpaired t-test for the differences between groups at each time point; p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results Dexmedetomidine group had significantly higher stroke volume (% change from baseline) at 15 minutes (97±24 vs. 44±19, p =0.0006) and 30 minutes (87±26 vs. 51±21 p =0.0153). CO (% change from baseline) was higher in Dex group at 15 minutes (141±53 vs. 61±23, p =0.0061) and at 30 minutes (115±44 vs. 55±17 p =0.0122). SV and CO were higher, but not significantly after 30 minutes. The study group had significantly higher CO (% change from baseline) across all time points combined compared with the control group (89.3±6.14 vs. 60.1±7.15, p=0.0033). End-diastolic volume trended higher in Dexmedetomidine group but was not significant. HR was not different between the two groups. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine, when given during the initial cycle of chest compressions during CPR, increases SV and CO early post ROSC. Further studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate dose, continuous infusion and time of administration.
Part of speech tagging in context (2004)

We present a new HMM tagger that exploits context on both sides of a word to be tagged, and evaluate it in both the unsupervised and supervised case. Along the way, we present the first comprehensive comparison of unsupervised methods for part-of-speech tagging, noting that published results to date have not been comparable across corpora or lexicons. Observing that the quality of the lexicon greatly impacts the accuracy that can be achieved by the algorithms, we present a method of HMM training that improves accuracy when training of lexical probabilities is unstable. Finally, we show how this new tagger achieves state-of-the-art results in a supervised, non-training intensive framework.
An Integrated Indenter-ARFI Imaging System for Tissue Stiffness Quantification (2008)

The goal of this work is to develop and characterize an integrated indenter-ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) imaging system. This system is capable of acquiring matched datasets of ARFI images and stiffness profiles from ex vivo tissue samples, which will facilitate correlation of ARFI images of tissue samples with independently-characterized material properties. For large and homogeneous samples, the indenter can be used to measure the Young's moduli by using Boussinesq's solution for a load on the surface ofa semi-infinite isotropic elastic medium. Experiments and finite element method (FEM) models were designed to determine the maximum indentation depth and minimum sample size for accurate modulus reconstruction using this solution. Applying these findings, indentation measurements were performed on three calibrated commercial tissue-mimicking phantoms and the results were in good agreement with the calibrated stiffness. For heterogeneous tissue samples, indentation can be used independently to characterize relative stiffness variation across the sample surface, which can then be used to validate the stiffness variation in registered ARFI images. Tests were performed on heterogeneous phantoms and freshly-excised colon cancer specimens to detect the relative stiffness and lesion sizes using the combined system. Normalized displacement curves across the lesion surface were calculated and compared. Good agreement ofthe lesion profiles was observed between indentation and ARFI imaging.