gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EDM Drilling and Shaping of Cooling Holes in Inconel 718 Turbine Blades (2016)

Machining capabilities of modern EDM drilling machines for drilling cooling holes and diffusers in turbine blades are described. For improving the process capability and machining efficiency of aerospace alloys, drilling of cooling holes and formation of diffusers can be combined into a single process by using the same electrode for both processes. Experimental results of material removal rate, relative tool wear and surface integrity for EDM drilling and shaping processes are shown. Particular attention is given to the process parameters analysis such as discharge current and discharge duration, their influence on the heat-affected zone and the influence of relative tool wear on the shape accuracy. Thereby the material removal rate reached 77 mm3/min, relative tool wear was reduced down to 20% and the average recast layer thickness was reduced to 8 μm. The best results were achieved separately with different sets of parameters. After diffusor shaping the roughness Sa of the internal surface is less than 1 μm. Accordingly the EDM drilling and shaping processes demonstrate the possibility to combine high processing speed with relatively low recast layer thickness and good surface quality.
A Homozygous Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase T Motif Variant Resulting in Markedly Reduced Telomerase Repeat Addition Processivity in Siblings with Hoyeraal Hreidarsson Syndrome (2012)

Abstract Abstract 1272 Hoyeraal Hreidarsson syndrome (HHS) is a severe form of dyskeratosis congenita (DC) characterized by bone marrow failure, intrauterine growth retardation, developmental delay, microcephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, and extremely short telomeres. As with DC, mutations in genes that encode factors required for telomere maintenance, such as the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), have been found in patients with HHS. We describe two sibling cases of HHS caused by a homozygous mutation (p.T567M) within the TERT T motif, which is a highly conserved motif specific to the telomerase-class of reverse transcriptases. This mutation resulted in a marked reduction in the capacity of telomerase to processively synthesize telomeric repeats, indicating for the first time a role for the T motif in this unique aspect of telomerase function. The consanguineous parents, heterozygous for this mutation, exhibited telomere lengths around the first percentile and no evidence of a DC phenotype. Although heterozygous processivity defects have been associated with familial adult-onset pulmonary fibrosis, these cases demonstrate the severe clinical and functional impact of biallelic processivity mutations. Thus, despite retaining the capacity to catalyze the addition of short stretches of telomeric repeats onto the shortest telomeres, the sole expression of telomerase repeat addition processivity mutants leads to a profound failure of telomere maintenance and early onset disease. In the course of our investigation of this mutant, several commonly used algorithms predicted no effect of TERT p.567M upon protein function. To examine this further, we compiled missense changes that are associated with a clinical phenotype and correlated each with its reported telomerase activity and presence of the phenotype in more than one family member. We then summarized the predicted functional impact for each of these mutations based upon four commonly used algorithms. Our results demonstrate these algorithms to be limited in their capacity for predicting the effect of missense changes upon telomerase function, emphasizing the importance of in vitro functional analyses including processivity assays for TERT variants of unknown significance. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Integrating GeoGebra with TPACK in Improving Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers’ Professional Development (2017)

The relationship between the use of Geogebra and Technological Pedagogical Content and Knowledge (TPACK) by teachers has not been fully investigated and understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to integrate GeoGebra technology to develop the TPACK of secondary school pre-service mathematics teachers. The participants of this study were 60 Indian teachers. Data were collected through the administration of pre-post TPACK surveys using a Google Online survey. Results from the survey revealed that there were changes in teachers' TPACK after undergoing the Geogebra workshop. Practical implications are discussed regarding how to enhance pre-service teachers' TPACK using GeoGebra in mathematics teaching.
The application and impact of cryopreservation of early cleavage stage embryos in assisted reproduction (2005)

The contribution of cryopreserved embryos to the overall outcomes achieved by a clinical assisted reproduction programme has increased in importance with the trend towards reducing the numbers of fresh embryos transferred following in vitro fertilisation. Although cryopreservation appears to fully preserve developmental potential in early cleavage stage embryos that survive intact, it results in a reduction in potential when blastomere loss occurs during freezing and thawing. Overall, it can be estimated that cryopreservation results in approximately a 30% reduction in the potential for pregnancy in a population of embryos. Both blastomere survival and post-thaw resumption of mitosis can act as markers of implantation potential in frozen/thawed embryos. Application of strict criteria for freezing embryos and transferring thawed embryos may enhance apparent success rates, but may also result in some pregnancy potential being discarded. The role of embryo cryopreservation in minimising the incidence of multiple pregnancy must be balanced with the need for efficiency in the quest to establish pregnancy.
Ion channels gated by heat (1999)

All animals need to sense temperature to avoid hostile environments and to regulate their internal homeostasis. A particularly obvious example is that animals need to avoid damagingly hot stimuli. The mechanisms by which temperature is sensed have until recently been mysterious, but in the last couple of years, we have begun to understand how noxious thermal stimuli are detected by sensory neurons. Heat has been found to open a nonselective cation channel in primary sensory neurons, probably by a direct action. In a separate study, an ion channel gated by capsaicin, the active ingredient of chili peppers, was cloned from sensory neurons. This channel (vanilloid receptor subtype 1, VR1) is gated by heat in a manner similar to the native heat-activated channel, and our current best guess is that this channel is the molecular substrate for the detection of painful heat. Both the heat channel and VR1 are modulated in interesting ways. The response of the heat channel is potentiated by phosphorylation by protein kinase C, whereas VR1 is potentiated by externally applied protons. Protein kinase C is known to be activated by a variety of inflammatory mediators, including bradykinin, whereas extracellular acidification is characteristically produced by anoxia and inflammation. Both modulatory pathways are likely, therefore, to have important physiological correlates in terms of the enhanced pain (hyperalgesia) produced by tissue damage and inflammation. Future work should focus on establishing, in molecular terms, how a single ion channel can detect heat and how the detection threshold can be modulated by hyperalgesic stimuli.
The physical basis of IMRT and inverse planning (2003)

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can sculpt the high-dose volume around the site of disease with hitherto unachievable precision. Conformal avoidance of normal tissues goes hand in hand with this. Inhomogeneous dose painting is possible. The technique has become a clinical reality and is likely to be the dominant approach this decade for improving the clinical practice of photon therapy. This Series will explore all aspects of the "IMRT chain". Only 15 years ago just a handful of physicists were working on this subject. IMRT has developed so rapidly that its recent past is also its ancient history. This article will review the history of IMRT with just a glance at precursors. The physical basis of IMRT is then described including an attempt to introduce the concepts of convex and concave dose distributions, ill-conditioning, inverse-problem degeneracy, cost functions and complex solutions all with a minimum of technical jargon or mathematics. The many techniques for inverse planning are described and the review concludes with a look forward to the future of image-guided IMRT (IG-IMRT).
The regulation of polyamine pathway proteins in models of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy: a potential role for mTORC1 (2021)

Polyamines have been shown to be absolutely required for protein synthesis and cell growth. The serine/threonine kinase, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), also plays a fundamental role in the regulation of protein turnover and cell size, including in skeletal muscle, where mTORC1 is sufficient to increase protein synthesis and muscle fiber size, and is necessary for mechanical overload-induced muscle hypertrophy. Recent evidence suggests that mTORC1 may regulate the polyamine metabolic pathway, however, there is currently no evidence in skeletal muscle. This study examined changes in polyamine pathway proteins during muscle hypertrophy induced by mechanical overload (7 days), with and without the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, and during muscle atrophy induced by food deprivation (48 h) and denervation (7 days) in mice. Mechanical overload induced an increase in mTORC1 signaling, protein synthesis and muscle mass, and these were associated with rapamycin-sensitive increases in adenosylmethione decarboxylase 1 (Amd1), spermidine synthase (SpdSyn), and c-Myc. Food deprivation decreased mTORC1 signaling, protein synthesis, and muscle mass, accompanied by a decrease in spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase 1 (Sat1). Denervation, resulted increased mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis, and decreased muscle mass, which was associated with an increase in SpdSyn, spermine synthase (SpmSyn), and c-Myc. Combined, these data show that polyamine pathway enzymes are differentially regulated in models of altered mechanical and metabolic stress, and that Amd1 and SpdSyn are, in part, regulated in a mTORC1-dependent manner. Furthermore, these data suggest that polyamines may play a role in the adaptive response to stressors in skeletal muscle.
LD SIG: Positive self-perception of Japanese language learners in groups (2013)

It is common to hear that Japanese students are not successful at learning English, but self-identification as part of a linguistically inept group negatively impacts language learning. The existing strength of the Japanese group can be used to increase self-directed learning, which can help to shift students’ perception to a more positive self-awareness. This paper describes how we can position students in a language-learning group with both individual and social obligations, in order to achieve this goal. 日本人学生は英語学習で良い結果を出せないとよく言われるが、自分が言語習得に不向きな集団に属すると考えることは、言語学習にマイナスの影響を及ぼす。しかし、日本人学生の自己認識を前向きに変えるのに役立つ自己管理学習(self-directed learning)を推進するために、日本人が集団として持つ本来の強みを利用できると考える。本論では、この目的を達成するため、学生に個人的・社会的責任を持たせる言語学習のグループを作る方法を述べる。
Microstructural stability of nanocrystalline LiCoO2 in lithium thin-film batteries under high-voltage cycling (2007)

The microstructural stability of nanocrystalline LiCoO2 cathodes in rechargeable thin-film batteries after high-voltage cycling was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that besides the trigonal-LiCoO2 phase, there are two other phases of LixCoO2, spinel and H1–3, that form inside the nanocrystalline cathode after electrochemical cycling (charge cutoff voltages ≧4.5V). The formation of the aforementioned secondary phases in the cathode material is irreversible and leads to capacity loss in lithium thin-film batteries.
Carrier-mediated enhancement of cognate T cell help: the basis for enhanced immunogenicity of meningococcal outer membrane protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (2001)

Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (PRP) conjugate vaccines, which are thought to induce T cell-dependent antibody production, induce protective responses after a single dose in individuals under 15 months of age. However, multiple doses of these vaccines are required to induce protective antibody responses in infants, with the exception of PRP conjugated to meningococcal outer membrane proteins (OMPC), which does so after a single dose. The basis for this difference is not fully understood, although others have proposed that OMPC and porins, the major protein component of OMPC, act as adjuvants or mitogens. In this report OMPC is shown to enhance CD40 ligand-mediated, T cell-dependent antibody production in mice. This paralleled the induction by OMPC of CD86, CD80 and CD40 costimulatory molecules on human neonatal and murine B cells and of Th1 cytokines. Neither porins nor lipopolysaccharide fully reproduced the effects of OMPC. These studies indicate that OMPC acts both as carrier and adjuvant, and thereby enhances T cell-dependent antibody responses in human infants.
Components of Traumatic Brain Injury Severity Indices (2014)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are underlying dimensions common among traditional traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity indices and, if so, the extent to which they are interchangeable when predicting short-term outcomes. This study had an observational design, and took place in United States trauma centers reporting to the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). The sample consisted of 77,470 unweighted adult cases reported to the NTDB from 2007 to 2010, with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) TBI codes. There were no interventions. Severity indices used were the Emergency Department Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Total score and each of the subscales for eye opening (four levels), verbal response (five levels), and motor response (six levels); the worst Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) severity score for the head (six levels); and the worst Barell index type (three categories). Prediction models were computed for acute care length of stay (days), intensive care unit length of stay (days), hospital discharge status (alive or dead), and, if alive, discharge disposition (home versus institutional). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) indicated a two dimensional relationship among items of severity indexes. The primary dimension reflected overall injury severity. The second dimension seemed to capture volitional behavior without the capability for cogent responding. Together, they defined two vectors around which most of the items clustered. A scale that took advantage of the order of items along these vectors proved to be the most consistent index for predicting short-term health outcomes. MCA provided useful insight into the relationships among components of traditional TBI severity indices. The two vector pattern may reflect the impact of injury on different cortical and subcortical networks. Results are discussed in terms of score substitution and the ability to impute missing values.
Challenges facing 3-D audio display design for multimedia (1999)

The challenges facing successful multimedia presentation depend largely on the expectations of the designer and end user for a given application. Perceptual limitations for distance, elevation, and azimuth sound source simulation differ significantly between headphone and cross-talk cancellation loudspeaker listening and therefore must be considered. Simulation of an environmental context is desirable but the quality depends on processing resources and control over interaction with the host acoustical environment. While techniques such as data reduction of head-related transfer functions have been used widely to improve simulation fidelity, another approach involves determining thresholds for environmental acoustic events. Psychoacoustic studies relevant to this approach are reviewed in consideration of multimedia applications. [Work supported by San Jose State University–NASA Ames Research Center Cooperative Grant NC 2-327.]
Iodocyclisation of Electronically Resistant Alkynes: Synthesis of 2-Carboxy (and sulfoxy)-3-iodobenzo[b]thiophenes* (2020)

The iodocyclisation of alkynes bearing tethered nucleophiles is a highly effective method for the construction and diversification of heterocycles. A key limitation to this methodology is the 5-endo-dig iodocyclisation of alkynes that have an unfavourable electronic bias for electrophilic cyclisation. These tend to direct electrophilic attack of the iodonium atom to the wrong carbon for cyclisation, thus favouring competing addition reactions. Using our previously determined reaction conditions for the 5-endo-dig iodocyclisations of electronically resistant alkynes, we have achieved efficient synthetic access to 2-carboxy (and sulfoxy)-3-iodobenzo[b]thiophenes. The corresponding benzo[b]furans and indoles were not accessible under these conditions. This difference may arise due to the availability of a radical mechanism in the case of iodobenzo[b]thiophenes. The 2-carboxy functionality of the iodocyclised products can be further employed in iterative alkyne-coupling iodocyclisation reactions, where the carboxy group or an imine (Schiff base) partakes in a second iodocyclisation to generate a lactone or pyridine ring.
Always-on CMOS image sensor pixel design for pixel-wise binary coded exposure (2017)

Pixel-wise coded exposure, as an emerging field of research in computational imaging, is widely implemented in applications such as high-speed imaging, compressive sensing, and focal-stack imaging. In this paper, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) pixel design for binary coded exposure is presented. Based on an always-on charge distribution structure, the proposed pixel achieves programmable charge selection. A prototype image sensor chip, fabricated in a 0.13-μm CMOS process demonstrates pixel's capability of binary exposure encoding in 60 fps while operating from a 3.3 V supply.
Active Region Design for High-Speed 850-nm VCSELs (2010)

Higher speed short-wavelength (850 nm) VCSELs are required for future high-capacity, short-reach data communication links. The modulation bandwidth of such devices is intrinsically limited by the differential gain of the quantum wells (QWs) used in the active region. We present gain calculations using an 8-band k·p Hamiltonian which show that the incorporation of 10% In in an InGaAs/AlGaAs QW structure can approximately double the differential gain compared to a GaAs/AlGaAs QW structure, with little additional improvement achieved by further increasing the In composition in the QW. This improvement is confirmed by extracting the differential gain value from measurements of the modulation response of VCSELs with optimized InGaAs/AlGaAs QW and conventional GaAs/AlGaAs QW active regions. Excellent agreement is obtained between the theoretically and experimentally determined values of the differential gain, confirming the benefits of strained InGaAs QW structures for high-speed 850-nm VCSEL applications.
Influence on sheet anisotropy, formation, Z-toughness and tensile stiffness of reduced feed area to a headbox nozzle (1994)

Article Influence on sheet anisotropy, formation, Z-toughness and tensile stiffness of reduced feed area to a headbox nozzle was published on January 1, 1994 in the journal Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal (volume 9, issue 1).
High contrast ratio and compact-sized prism for DLP projection system (2014)

In this paper, a novel light separator with contrast ratio enhancement but maintaining the optical efficiency of the DLP projection system is proposed. The main capability of the novel light separator is to direct the uncontrolled light away from the image system. The working theorem for the novel light separator is derived as well. Uncontrolled light is kept away from the image system by a total internal reflection surface, thereby effectively improving the image quality. Compared with the conventional contrast ratio enhancement method, the FO:FO contrast ratio can be improved from 839:1 to 48250:1, the ANSI contrast ratio can be improved from 180:1 to 306:1, while the image system efficiency remains at 76.2%.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Hydrophobic Associations in Aqueous Salt Solutions Indicate a Connection between Water Hydrogen Bonding and the Hofmeister Effect (2007)

Although the often profound effects of neutral salts on protein solubility were first identified over a century ago by Hofmeister, a general molecular explanation of these effects-capable of accounting even for salts with highly anomalous behavior-has yet to be established. As one way toward developing such an explanation, we aim here to quantify how eight simple monovalent salts alter the association thermodynamics of hydrophobic solute-pairs in a series of 1 micros explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations. For both methane-methane and neopentane-neopentane associations, the salt-induced strengthening of the hydrophobic interaction observed in the simulations is found to be highly correlated with corresponding experimental solubility data; the computed changes in interaction free energy are also found to be quantitatively predictable using the preferential interaction formalism of Timasheff (Timasheff, S. N. Adv. Protein Chem. 1998, 51, 355-432). From additional simulations of 20 different pure salt solutions-in which no hydrophobic solutes are present-a strong correlation is also observed between the extent of water-water hydrogen bonding and experimental solubility data for hydrophobic solutes; this suggests that the Hofmeister effects of the simple salts investigated here may primarily be a manifestation of salt-induced changes in the water structure. Importantly, all of the strong correlations with experiment obtained here extend even to salts of lithium, whose unusual behavior has previously been unexplained; lithium's anomalous behavior can be rationalized in part by its formation of alternating, linear clusters (strings) with halide anions. The close agreement between simulation and experiment obtained in the present study reinforces previous work, showing that molecular simulations can be a valuable tool for understanding salt-related phenomena and indicating that this can be so even when the simulations employ the simple, nonpolarizable potential functions widely used in simulations of biological macromolecules.
Immunoprecipitation of antigen-associated [32P]-labelled nucleic acids from Crohn's disease mesenteric lymph nodes. (1985)

The methods of immunoselection and electrophoretic analysis of [32P]-labelled nucleic acids have been applied to the problem of defining Crohn's disease (CD) specific antigen associated DNA or RNA, with the intention of identifying a presumptive aetiological microbial agent. Mesenteric lymph node derived cells from CD and control gastrointestinal disease cases were cultured in vitro with [32P] orthophosphate after mitogenic stimulation with phytohaemaglutinin and pokeweed mitogen. Total cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with CD and control serum IgG fractions and immune complexes recovered with pansorbin. Antigen associated [32P]-labelled nucleic acids were phenol/chloroform extracted and analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide and agarose gels. No immunoprecipitated nucleic acid specific to CD tissues could be detected and no differences in antigen recognition between CD and control serum IgG were observed. No evidence was obtained for nucleic acid containing antigens either of the autoimmune type or of possible viral or microbial origin in CD mesenteric lymph nodes.