gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An empirical study of important keyword extraction techniques from documents (2017)

Keyword extraction is an automated process that collects a set of terms, illustrating an overview of the document. The term is defined how the keyword identifies the core information of a particular document. Analyzing huge number of documents to find out the relevant information, keyword extraction will be the key approach. This approach will help us to understand the depth of it even before we read it. In this paper, we have given an overview of different approaches and algorithms that have been used in keyword extraction technique and compare them to find out the better approach to work in the future. We have studied various algorithms like support vector machine (SVM), conditional random fields (CRF), NP-chunk, n-grams, multiple linear regression, and logistic regression to find out important keywords in a document. We have figured out that SVM and CRF give better results where CRF accuracy is greater than SVM based on F1 score (The balance between precision and recall). According to precision, SVM shows a better result than CRF. But, in case of the recall, logit shows the greater result. Also, we have found out that, there are two more approaches that have been used in keyword extraction technique. One is statistical approach and another is machine learning approach. Statistical approaches show good result with statistical data. Machine learning approaches provide better result than the statistical approaches using training data. Some specimens of statistical approaches are Expectation-Maximization, K-Nearest Neighbor and Bayesian. Extractor and GenEx are the example of machine learning approaches in keyword extraction fields. Apart from these two approaches, semantic relation between words is another key feature in keyword extraction techniques.
An Enzyme Immunoassay for Rat Growth Hormone: Validation and Application to the Determination of Plasma Levels and in Vitro Release (1997)

A competitive enzyme immunoassay for rat growth hormone (rGH) has been developed using polyclonal anti-rGH antibodies and an acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7.) enzymatic tracer coupled covalently with rGH. The assay was performed in 96-well microtiter plates coated with rabbit polyclonal anti-goat immunoglobulin antibodies. Molecular sieve filtration and Western blot analysis revealed a single immunoreactive peak for rat plasma or pituitary extracts. Cross-reactivity with other rat pituitary hormones or human GH was less than 1%. Assay of samples in a concentration range of 0.7 to 69 ng/ml by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay were well correlated (r = 0.87 and 0.85 respectively for plasma and culture medium samples). Intra- and inter-assay variations in plasma were 4 (n = 24) and 14% (n = 9) respectively. Minimal detectable amounts of rGH were 0.6 ng/ml. A two-site immunometric assay also developed with the same antibodies allowed a detection threshold of 0.25 ng/ml.
A microRNA Approach to Discriminate Cortical Low Bone Turnover in Renal Osteodystrophy (2020)

A main obstacle to diagnose and manage renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is the identification of intracortical bone turnover type (low, normal, high). The gold standard, tetracycline-labeled transiliac crest bone biopsy, is impractical to obtain in most patients. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Guidelines recommend PTH and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) for the diagnosis of turnover type. However, PTH and BSAP have insufficient diagnostic accuracy to differentiate low from non-low turnover and were validated for trabecular turnover. We hypothesized that four circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate osteoblast (miRNA-30b, 30c, 125b) and osteoclast development (miRNA-155) would provide superior discrimination of low from non-low turnover than biomarkers in clinical use. In 23 patients with CKD 3-5D, we obtained tetracycline-labeled transiliac crest bone biopsy and measured circulating levels of intact PTH, BSAP, and miRNA-30b, 30c, 125b, and 155. Spearman correlations assessed relationships between miRNAs and histomorphometry and PTH and BSAP. Diagnostic test characteristics for discriminating low from non-low intracortical turnover were determined by receiver operator curve analysis; areas under the curve (AUC) were compared by χ<sup>2</sup> test. In CKD rat models of low and high turnover ROD, we performed histomorphometry and determined the expression of bone tissue miRNAs. Circulating miRNAs moderately correlated with bone formation rate and adjusted apposition rate at the endo- and intracortical envelopes (ρ = 0.43 to 0.51; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Discrimination of low versus non-low turnover was 0.866, 0.813, 0.813, and 0.723 for miRNA-30b, 30c, 125b, and 155, respectively, and 0.509 and 0.589 for PTH and BSAP, respectively. For all four miRNAs combined, the AUC was 0.929, which was superior to that of PTH and BSAP alone and together (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In CKD rats, bone tissue levels of the four miRNAs reflected the findings in human serum. These data suggest that a panel of circulating miRNAs provide accurate noninvasive identification of bone turnover in ROD. © 2020 The Authors. <i>JBMR Plus</i> published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Neutron-rich radioisotope production at BNL (1997)

The choice of radiolabel is an important factor when optimizing the effectiveness of radioimmunotherapy (RAIT). We have chosen to investigate the production of neutron-rich radioisotopes with a medium-energy beta emission, several-day half-life, and imageable photon emission, specifically {sup 47}Sc, {sup 67}Cu, {sup 153}Sm, and {sup 199}Au.
DH5α Outer Membrane‐Coated Biomimetic Nanocapsules Deliver Drugs to Brain Metastases but not Normal Brain Cells via Targeting GRP94 (2023)

Receptor-mediated vesicular transport has been extensively developed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has emerged as a class of powerful brain-targeting delivery technologies. However, commonly used BBB receptors such as transferrin receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, are also expressed in normal brain parenchymal cells and can cause drug distribution in normal brain tissues and subsequent neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Here, the endoplasmic reticulum residing protein GRP94 is found upregulated and relocated to the cell membrane of both BBB endothelial cells and brain metastatic breast cancer cells (BMBCCs) by preclinical and clinical investigations. Inspired by that Escherichia coli penetrates the BBB via the binding of its outer membrane proteins with GRP94, avirulent DH5α outer membrane protein-coated nanocapsules (Omp@NCs) are developed to cross the BBB, avert normal brain cells, and target BMBCCs via recognizing GRP94. Embelin (EMB)-loaded Omp@EMB specifically reduce neuroserpin in BMBCCs, which inhibits vascular cooption growth and induces apoptosis of BMBCCs by restoring plasmin. Omp@EMB plus anti-angiogenic therapy prolongs the survival of mice with brain metastases. This platform holds the translational potential to maximize therapeutic effects on GRP94-positive brain diseases.
TIN-PROTON SPIN-SPIN COUPLING IN METHYLTIN HALIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTIN-PROTON SPIN-SPIN COUPLING IN METHYLTIN HALIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDSJohn R. Holmes and H. D. KaeszCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 18, 3903–3904Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01479a040RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views232Altmetric-Citations150LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (266 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Design and Preparation of a Novel Temperature-Responsive Ionic Gel. 3. Valence Selective Control of Transport Modes of Ions in Response to Temperature (2008)

We propose a novel model dialysis system that can valence-selectively control the transport modes of ions in response to temperature change. In a dialysis system consisting of an anionic gel membrane and mixed solutions containing a driving electrolyte and electrolytes with uni-, bi-, and trivalent cations, the dependence of the charge density of the gel and the valence of the ions on the transport modes of the ions through the gel membrane was investigated by computer simulations. The simulations show that the system has four transport types in the transport modes of the cations according to their valence [downhill (transport along their own concentration gradient in the system) and uphill (transport against their own concentration gradient)] in response to the charge density changes: (A) downhill transport of all the cations; (B) uphill transport of trivalent cations, downhill transport of the other cations; (C) uphill transport of bi- and trivalent cations, downhill transport of univalent cations; and (D) uphill transport of all the cations except for the driving cations. To examine the prediction of the simulations, a temperature-responsive anionic gel membrane was prepared from a modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing 2 mol % of sulfonic acid groups and another modified PVA prepared by in situ polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide in a PVA solution. Permeation experiments in a dialysis system consisting of the membrane and mixed electrolyte solutions of NaCl, LiCl, CaCl2, and LaCl3 indicate that the system valence-selectively controls the transport modes of the cations in response to temperature change as predicted in our simulations.
Numerical simulation of trabecular bone magnetic resonance imaging (2005)

A numerical simulation of trabecular bone structure MR imaging is described. The input of the model is derived from synchrotron 3D muCT trabecular bone images with a resolution of 14mummu14mumx14mum. The static magnetic field perturbation in the bone sample induced by the differences in magnetic susceptibility values between mineralized bone and bone marrow is computed and the MRI experiment for a selected imaging sequence is modeled.
Three things every CS educator should know about their students' future careers in software development: keynote address (2010)

Computer science education is fundamentally about transitioning students from novices to experts. As students learn new hard and soft skills, and master them, they grow more confident in their abilities and interactions with others. We are pleased to see them become big fish in a small pond. But, when college graduates enter the software engineering workforce, just how well do they fare? In this talk, I'll show you three surprising challenges that we saw newly graduated Computer Science students overcome as they began careers in software development at Microsoft. With the adoption of some innovative pedagogical approaches in Computer Science education already being taught in universities around the world, I think we can ease the transition and better prepare students for positions in the software industry.
Exploiting Data Entropy for Neural Network Compression (2020)

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) achieves tremendous success in computer vision. However, due to the increasing number of parameters and the limitation of hardware/software resources, model compression has become an important issue, so we should reduce the size of CNN's and improve the train and inference speed. This paper focuses on channel pruning, a model compression technique that evaluates the importance of channels within a convolution layer, and prune away the less important ones.In this paper, we propose a mutual information metric to prune the network. By measuring the entropy of feature maps, we can estimate how much information goes through each channel during the label recognition and prune away those that have the least information. We compute the mutual information between feature maps and labels, which is the only information relevant to the label classification.We also propose a weighted mutual information metric that further improves the accuracy. We observe from our experiments that the weighted mutual information metric achieves better accuracy than the classic L1-norm metric [1] and the original entropy metric [2]. We also discover that the classic L1-norm pruning metric can be improved by computing the L1-norm of output filter weights (denoted as output L1) instead of input filter weights (denoted as input L1).We test our channel pruning algorithms on the SVHN, the CIFAR-10, and the CIFAR-100 datasets using Simplenet [3]. When we prune away 70% parameters for all convolution layers, our weighted mutual information method has 1.52%, 13.24%, and 7.90% higher accuracy than the output L1 metric on these three datasets. In the global pruning experiment, our weighted mutual in-formation metric has about 2% higher accuracy than the output L1 metric when we removed 55% of parameters from the SVHN dataset. On the CIFAR-100 dataset, our metric is 1.5% more accurate than the output L1 metric when there are only 53% of the parameters remain. The only exception is the CIFAR-10 dataset, where our metric is 5% less accurate than the output L1 metric when there are 40% of the parameters remain.
Innate resistance to new antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum from Nigeria (1992)

The rapid dissemination of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in West Africa has been well documented and represents a significant health threat to autochthonous populations. The methodical development of alternative chemotherapeutic agents demands that dispensing new antimalarial drugs (mefloquine, halofantrine, and artemisinine [qinghaosu]) be closely monitored in order to protect their clinical utility. Indeed, mefloquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum have been reported. We present data from experiments in vitro on the innate resistance of P. falciparum isolates to mefloquine as well as a disturbing observation of transient resistance to artemisinine. The implications for the extended efficacy of these new antimalarial drugs are addressed.
Toward Biofabrication of Resorbable Implants Consisting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and Fibrin—A Characterization In Vitro and In Vivo (2021)

Cleft alveolar bone defects can be treated potentially with tissue engineered bone grafts. Herein, we developed novel biphasic bone constructs consisting of two clinically certified materials, a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and a fibrin gel that were biofabricated using 3D plotting. The fibrin gel was loaded with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) derived from bone marrow. Firstly, the degradation of fibrin as well as the behavior of cells in the biphasic system were evaluated in vitro. Fibrin degraded quickly in presence of MSC. Our results showed that the plotted CPC structure acted slightly stabilizing for the fibrin gel. However, with passing time and fibrin degradation, MSC migrated to the CPC surface. Thus, the fibrin gel could be identified as cell delivery system. A pilot study in vivo was conducted in artificial craniofacial defects in Lewis rats. Ongoing bone formation could be evidenced over 12 weeks but the biphasic constructs were not completely osseous integrated. Nevertheless, our results show that the combination of 3D plotted CPC constructs and fibrin as suitable cell delivery system enables the fabrication of novel regenerative implants for the treatment of alveolar bone defects.
ChemInform Abstract: CHELATION OR NONCHELATION CONTROL IN STEREOSELECTIVE REACTIONS OF TITANIUM REAGENTS WITH CHIRAL ALKOXYCARBONYL COMPOUNDS (1984)

Abstract Chelat‐gesteuerte 1,2‐asymmetrische Induktion ausgehend von (I) liefert die Addukte (III) und (IV).
Enantioselective synthesis of .beta.-hydroxy .delta.-lactones: a new approach to the synthetic congeners of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnantioselective synthesis of .beta.-hydroxy .delta.-lactones: a new approach to the synthetic congeners of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitorsG. Bhaskar Reddy, Tatsuya Minami, Takeshi Hanamoto, and Tamejiro HiyamaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 20, 5752–5754Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00020a008Request reuse permissionsArticle Views405Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Modulation of Tumor Tolerance in Primary Central Nervous System Malignancies (2012)

Central nervous system tumors take advantage of the unique immunology of the CNS and develop exquisitely complex stromal networks that promote growth despite the presence of antigen-presenting cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. It is precisely this immunological paradox that is essential to the survival of the tumor. We review the evidence for functional CNS immune privilege and the impact it has on tumor tolerance. In this paper, we place an emphasis on the role of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells in maintaining stromal and vascular quiescence, and we underscore the importance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity as a myeloid-driven tumor tolerance mechanism. Much remains to be discovered regarding the tolerogenic mechanisms by which CNS tumors avoid immune clearance. Thus, it is an open question whether tumor tolerance in the brain is fundamentally different from that of peripheral sites of tumorigenesis or whether it simply stands as a particularly strong example of such tolerance.
Measurement of the rates of detergent exchange between micelles and the aqueous phase using phosphorescent labeled detergents (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMeasurement of the rates of detergent exchange between micelles and the aqueous phase using phosphorescent labeled detergentsJohn D. Bolt and Nicholas J. TurroCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 26, 4029–4033Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150626a015https://doi.org/10.1021/j150626a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Establishment of the 1st National Reference Standard for Sabin Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine in Korea (2021)

In 2019, the first Sabin strain inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine was approved in Korea. It was necessary establishment of national reference standards of that vaccine for consistent quality control and standardization since international standards are provided only in small quantities per year. Therefore, Sabin strain inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine standard candidate was produced in 2019. In this study, we tried to establish the D-antigen content of the candidate standard through collaborate study with five institutions and six laboratories participated in the collaborate research. The candidate standard was set up value of DU/mL with Salk strain International Standard (12/104, NIBSC) and the SDU/mL value was established with the Sabin International Standard (17/160, NIBSC). The D-Ag contents (DU/mL and SDU/mL) derived from each laboratory were calculate using the CombiStat program and analyzed for statistical significance. Earlier this year, the candidate standard was registered as the 1st national reference standard of Sabin strain inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine and the D-Ag contents of the standard was assigned 47, 129, 262 DU/mL and 48, 106, and 193 SDU/mL by each type (Type 1, 2, 3,). Because of established of national standard, it will help consistent quality control and standardization of the Sabin strain inactivated poliomyelitis vaccines.
Plasma fluctuations, local partial Saha equilibrium, and the broadening of vacuum-arc ion charge state distributions (1999)

Charge state distributions (CSD's) of Fe, Co, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ag, Pt, Au ions produced at vacuum arc cathode spots are investigated without often-used averaging procedures. Statistical results are used to evaluate the contribution of fluctuations to the broadening of averaged CSD's. Calculations of Saha equations in the Debye-Huckel approximation are often successful in replicating experimental CSD's even when using the simple model of "instantaneous freezing". This allows us to use charge state spectrometry as a plasma diagnostic tool for the dense plasma near the cathode spot. Typically, total heavy particle (atoms and ions) densities and electron temperatures of 10/sup 24/ 10/sup 26/ m/sup -3/ and 3-4 eV have been measured this way at the transition zone from equilibrium to nonequilibrium, the "event horizon." It was also found that CSD's for some elements such as Co, Ag, and Hf could not be accurately simulated with the assumption of instantaneous freezing. Here, a more gradual transition to nonequilibrium occurs, This transition can be described by the model of partial local Saha equilibrium. Finally, an axial magnetic field was found to soften the transition to nonequilibrium thus causing broadening of experimental CSD's.