gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human cytotoxic T-cells suppress the growth of spontaneous melanoma metastases in SCID/hu mice. (1993)

Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) provide an excellent model for studying interactions between human tumor cells and effector cells of the immune system. Because these animals lack functional B and T lymphocytes, they can accept human tumor xenografts and transfer of human effector cells. Here, we determined the ability of a human melanoma-specific, cytotoxic T-cell line (CTL) in suppressing the growth of spontaneously metastasizing human melanoma cells M24 met (HLA-A11, A33) in scid mice. This CTL line was highly cytotoxic and restricted by HLA-A11 against M24 met melanoma cells in vitro but poorly cytotoxic when tested against a human melanoma cell line that did not express HLA-A11. In order to evaluate the efficacy of this CTL line against M24 met melanoma cells in vivo, randomized groups of animals were given injections of either RPMI culture medium, interleukin 2 (IL-2), CTLs, or CTLs + IL-2. IL-2, per se, did not significantly reduce tumor metastases; however, injection of melanoma-specific, HLA-A11 restricted CTLs into scid mice, 1 day postexcision of the previously induced primary tumor, markedly reduced the number of metastatic foci in the lung and decreased metastatic involvement in lymph nodes. The combination of these CTLs with IL-2 proved even more effective, since almost all lung metastases were eradicated and metastatic involvement in both axillary and inguinal lymph nodes was substantially reduced. Our results indicate that these human CTLs maintain their ability for specific killing of metastasizing melanoma cells in scid mice. Our data suggest that reconstitution of scid mice with a specific group of effector cells (step-wise scid/hu) may be helpful for in vivo evaluation of potentially useful cancer immunotherapy modalities.
Psychometric properties of the Finnish 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (2001)

The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and the validity of the Finnish version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). As part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project, the TAS-20 was presented to a sample of 5034 31-year old persons. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model, earlier established with the original TAS-20, was in agreement with the Finnish version of the scale. Three criteria of goodness-of-fit met the standards for adequacy of fit. For the total scale, internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.83 and for the three subscales (factors 1, 2, and 3) it was 0.81, 0.77, and 0.66, respectively. Two- and one-factor models for TAS-20 were also examined, but the other models did not perform as well as the three-factor model. The factor model also worked well with a sample of 516 students with a mean age of 24.8 years. In conclusion, the TAS-20 scale is useful in the Finnish version, too.
23 MRI-conditionality has no impact on pacemaker and defibrillator lead parameter changes with MRI at 1.5 t (2018)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Although most pacemakers and defibrillators currently implanted are MRI-conditional, many still have legacy non-MRI conditional devices. Even following box-change to an MRI-conditional generator, these systems remain classed non-MRI conditional due to the leads, resulting in problems for patients accessing MRI. We therefore compared the effect of 1.5 T MRI on non-MRI conditional and MRI-conditional leads. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients undergoing MRI for clinical indications in two centres over 2.5 years were included. Patients were scanned at 1.5 T according to institutional protocols, with devices interrogated pre- and post-scan, and complications recorded. Analysis of changes to lead parameters peri-scan were stratified by MRI-conditionality and presented as mean (95% confidence interval). <h3>Results</h3> 201 MRI examinations (64% cardiac) were performed with no clinical complications in 185 patients (75 with defibrillators, 60 pacemaker-dependent). Of 442 leads scanned, 152 (34%) were non-conditional. Overall following MRI, although atrial lead amplitude reduced by 0.17 (0.05, 0.35) mV (p=0.008) with small statistically significant changes to lead impedance, pacing thresholds were unchanged. There were no significant differences in changes peri-scan between MRI-conditional and non-MRI conditional leads, including defibrillator leads (p=NS for all parameters). Parameter changes exceeding pre-specified cut-offs occurred in 25% of MRI-conditional and 21% non-MRI conditional leads. There was no influence of generator or lead age, or thoracic imaging on lead parameter changes. <h3>Discussion</h3> This study suggests the risk of scanning non-MRI conditional leads is no greater than with MRI-conditional leads. Larger studies are warranted to assess whether patients with MRI-conditional generators but non-MRI conditional leads should be re-stratified as ‘MRI-conditional’.
Structural length-scale sensitivities of reflectance measurements in continuous random media under the Born approximation (2012)

Which range of structures contributes to light scattering in a continuous random media, such as biological tissue? In this Letter, we present a model to study the structural length-scale sensitivity of scattering in continuous random media under the Born approximation. The scattering coefficient μs, backscattering coefficient μb, anisotropy factor g, and reduced scattering coefficient μs* as well as the shape of the spatial reflectance profile are calculated under this model. For media with a biologically relevant Henyey-Greenstein phase function with g∼0.93 at wavelength λ=633 nm, we report that μs* is sensitive to structural length-scales from 46.9 nm to 2.07 μm (i.e., λ/13 to 3λ), μb is sensitive from 26.7 to 320 nm (i.e., λ/24 to λ/2), and the spatial reflectance profile is sensitive from 30.8 nm to 2.71 μm (i.e., λ/21 to 4λ).
Development of a New Reporter Gene System-dsRed/Xanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase-Xanthine for Molecular Imaging of Processes Behind the Intact Blood-Brain Barrier (2003)

We report the development of a novel dual-modality fusion reporter gene system consisting of Escherichia coli xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT) for nuclear imaging with radiolabeled xanthine and Discosoma red fluorescent protein for optical fluorescent imaging applications. The dsRed/XPRT fusion gene was successfully created and stably transduced into RG2 glioma cells, and both reporters were shown to be functional. The level of dsRed fluorescence directly correlated with XPRT enzymatic activity as measured by ribophosphorylation of [ 14 C]-xanthine was in vitro ( K i = 0.124 ± 0.008 vs. 0.00031 ± 0.00005 mL/min/g in parental cell line), and [ * ]-xanthine octanol/water partition coefficient was 0.20 at pH = 7.4 (log P = 0.69), meeting requirements for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrating tracer. In the in vivo experiment, the concentration of [* C]-xanthine in the normal brain varied from 0.20 to 0.16 + 0.05% dose/g under 0.87 + 0.24% dose/g plasma radiotracer concentration. The accumulation in vivo in the transfected flank tumor was to 2.4 ± 0.3% dose/g, compared to 0.78 ± 0.02% dose/g and 0.64 ± 0.05% dose/g in the control flank tumors and intact muscle, respectively. [ 14 C]-Xanthine appeared to be capable of specific accumulation in the transfected infiltrative brain tumor (RG2-dsRed/XPRT), which corresponded to the 585 nm fluorescent signal obtained from the adjacent cryosections. The images of endogenous gene expression with the “sensory system” have to be normalized for the transfection efficiency based on the “beacon system” image data. Such an approach requires two different “reporter genes” and two different “reporter substrates.” Therefore, the novel dsRed/XPRT fusion gene can be used as a multimodality reporter system in the biological applications requiring two independent reporter genes, including the cells located behind the BBB.
Long backfire antenna with insular image guide feed for dual frequency operation (1979)

A long backfire antenna using an insular image waveguide feed compatible with microwave dielectric integrated circuit technology is presented. The antenna operates as a backfire component from 9.7 to 9.9 GHz and as an endfire antenna from 8.9 to 9.9 GHz, with symmetrical radiation patterns and low crosspolarisation. The important parameters of the antenna are experimentally optimised to give a maximum gain of 20 dB and 17 dB when working as a backfire and endfire antenna, respectively. This type of antenna can find extensive applications at millimetre-wave frequencies.
The Determination of Water Contents in Low Polymers of Formaldehyde by the Karl Fischer Method. II. The Determination of the Total Amounts of Adsorbed Water and Bound Water by the Methanol Absorption Method (1963)

Abstract The summed content of adsorbed water and bound water in low polymers of formaldehyde has been determined by the following method : (1) The sample is pyrolized in a steam of dry nitrogen. (2) The water thus formed is absorbed in methanol. (3) The water content of the methanol solution is determined by titrating with a Karl Fischer reagent. A comparison between the present method and the propylene glycol dissolution method reported in the previous paper has made it evident that the present method is easy in its operations and is applicable to polymers having a wide range of polymerization. It has also been found that formaldehyde does not react with methanol below 30°C.
Locating complex named entities in web text (2007)

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the task of locating and classifying names in text. In previous work, NER was limited to a small number of predefined entity classes (e.g., people, locations, and organizations). However, NER on the Web is a far more challenging problem. Complex names (e.g., film or book titles) can be very difficult to pick out precisely from text. Further, the Web contains a wide variety of entity classes, which are not known in advance. Thus, hand-tagging examples of each entity class is impractical. This paper investigates a novel approach to the first step in Web NER: locating complex named entities in Web text. Our key observation is that named entities can be viewed as a species of multiword units, which can be detected by accumulating n-gram statistics over the Web corpus. We show that this statistical method’s F1 score is 50% higher than that of supervised techniques including Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) and Conditional Markov Models (CMMs) when applied to complex names. The method also outperforms CMMs and CRFs by 117 % on entity classes absent from the training data. Finally, our method outperforms a semi-supervised CRF by 73%. 1
Complex Ureteral Access: Transplants, Diversions, and Duplications (2012)

A thorough appreciation of the common congenital and acquired anatomical anomalies of the genitourinary tract is necessary prior to any contemplated surgical intervention. Anomalous anatomy predisposes to a range of benign and malignant conditions which may require endourological management. As with any form of surgical management, definitive treatment should be achieved in a manner which minimizes invasiveness and morbidity. Successful treatment in this context depends on a number of factors including careful preoperative planning, interpretation of radiological investigations, and the availability of specialized instrumentation to effectively delineate and negotiate pathology in the urinary tract. Many cases are likely to require improvisation and the ability to safely apply a range of techniques in combination to achieve the desired outcome. This chapter outlines a series of safe and effective approaches to ureteral access in the context of transplant, urinary diversion, and duplications of the urinary tract. In presenting the chapter, we are mindful that there are likely to be many equally effective approaches to each of the problems discussed. The choice of technique will ultimately need to be adapted to the clinical scenario at hand.
The transformation matrices (distortion, orientation, correspondence), their continuous forms and their variants. Corrigenda (2019)

Appendices B4 and B5 of Cayron [ Acta Cryst . (2019), A 75 , 411–437] contain equations involving the point group and the metric tensor in which the equality symbol should be substituted by the inclusion symbol.
Data from NPM-ALK Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinase Controls T-Cell Identity by Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetic Silencing in Lymphoma Cells (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Transformed cells in lymphomas usually maintain the phenotype of the postulated normal lymphocyte from which they arise. By contrast, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell lymphoma with aberrant phenotype because of the defective expression of the T-cell receptor and other T-cell–specific molecules for still undetermined mechanisms. The majority of ALCL carries the translocation t(2;5) that encodes for the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK, fundamental for survival, proliferation, and migration of transformed T cells. Here, we show that loss of T-cell–specific molecules in ALCL cases is broader than reported previously and involves most T-cell receptor–related signaling molecules, including CD3ϵ, ZAP70, LAT, and SLP76. We further show that NPM-ALK, but not the kinase-dead NPM-ALK&lt;sup&gt;K210R&lt;/sup&gt;, downregulated the expression of these molecules by a STAT3-mediated gene transcription regulation and/or epigenetic silencing because this downregulation was reverted by treating ALCL cells with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine or by knocking down STAT3 through short hairpin RNA. Finally, NPM-ALK increased the methylation of ZAP70 intron 1-exon 2 boundary region, and both NPM-ALK and STAT3 regulated the expression levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 in transformed T cells. Thus, our data reveal that oncogene-deregulated tyrosine kinase activity controls the expression of molecules that determine T-cell identity and signaling. [Cancer Res 2009;69(22):8611–9]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Embed Me If You Can: A Geometric Perceptron (2021)

Solving geometric tasks involving point clouds by using machine learning is a challenging problem. Standard feed-forward neural networks combine linear or, if the bias parameter is included, affine layers and activation functions. Their geometric modeling is limited, which motivated the prior work introducing the multilayer hypersphere perceptron (MLHP). Its constituent part, i.e., the hypersphere neuron, is obtained by applying a conformal embedding of Euclidean space. By virtue of Clifford algebra, it can be implemented as the Cartesian dot product of inputs and weights. If the embedding is applied in a manner consistent with the dimensionality of the input space geometry, the decision surfaces of the model units become combinations of hyperspheres and make the decision-making process geometrically interpretable for humans. Our extension of the MLHP model, the multilayer geometric perceptron (MLGP), and its respective layer units, i.e., geometric neurons, are consistent with the 3D geometry and provide a geometric handle of the learned coefficients. In particular, the geometric neuron activations are isometric in 3D, which is necessary for rotation and translation equivariance. When classifying the 3D Tetris shapes, we quantitatively show that our model requires no activation function in the hidden layers other than the embedding to outperform the vanilla multilayer perceptron. In the presence of noise in the data, our model is also superior to the MLHP.
Local SAR constrained Hotspot Reduction by Temporal Averaging (2009)

gation, the sequence is partitioned into L different sections, and for each section, different excitation pulses bn l (1≤l≤L) are used. As input for the subsequent optimization of the temporal averaging, different pulses are selected with desired target magnetization patterns ml as similar as possible, however, with different critical hotspot locations. The optimal time partitioning for the pulses bn is given by dividing the total scan time T into L time intervals tj (j=1…L) so that minimal maximum SAR values are obtained. Time intervals were calculated according to the non-linear optimization problem max{Sx} = min subject to xj≥0 and ∑jxj=1. xj equals to the non-linear optimization problem max{ST/tj} = min. S contains the SAR values of all body cells in the columns for each pulse bnl. This problem is solved using a generic optimizer [10]. A real-time SAR calculation according to [11] was used. The experiments were carried out on an eight-channel transmit 3T MRI system [12] (based on Achieva, Philips Healthcare, The Netherlands). In a first step, L=8 different 2D Transmit SENSE RF pulses [13], transmitting very similar target patterns, were calculated using the above described algorithm (32×32 FOX pixel, reduction factor R=7, spiral k-space trajectory). In a second step, also some pulses with a higher deviation from the target pattern were used according to Fig. 1. Results and Discussion The individual spatial SAR distributions for the different RF pulses that were calculated iteratively using the algorithm above are shown in Fig. 4. The SAR of the initial RF pulse and the results of the local SAR reduction by temporal averaging are shown in Fig. 3. It was possible to reduce the limiting SAR hotspot in the torso region up to 55%, while meeting the SAR limits [14] in all other regions. A further reduction was achieved by using RF pulses with different excitation quality up to additional 25%. The use of the Lanczos algorithm enabled the calculation of the RF pulses within a few seconds making this iterative optimization procedure feasible. Conclusion A recently proposed temporal averaging approach, exploiting the temporal degree of freedom of multishot imaging sequences, was extended using an SOCP based minimization technique incorporating local SAR constraints. Thus it is being able to reduce local SAR hotspots iteratively. Further SAR reduction was achieved by using pulses of different excitation quality.
Equivariant adaptive source separation (1996)

Source separation consists of recovering a set of independent signals when only mixtures with unknown coefficients are observed. This paper introduces a class of adaptive algorithms for source separation that implements an adaptive version of equivariant estimation and is henceforth called equivariant adaptive separation via independence (EASI). The EASI algorithms are based on the idea of serial updating. This specific form of matrix updates systematically yields algorithms with a simple structure for both real and complex mixtures. Most importantly, the performance of an EASI algorithm does not depend on the mixing matrix. In particular, convergence rates, stability conditions, and interference rejection levels depend only on the (normalized) distributions of the source signals. Closed-form expressions of these quantities are given via an asymptotic performance analysis. The theme of equivariance is stressed throughout the paper. The source separation problem has an underlying multiplicative structure. The parameter space forms a (matrix) multiplicative group. We explore the (favorable) consequences of this fact on implementation, performance, and optimization of EASI algorithms.
Thermally-driven reactivity of Li0.35La0.55TiO3solid electrolyte with LiCoO2cathode (2022)

Co diffusion from LCO into LLTO onsets around 300 °C in air, in the absence of any secondary phases. Co diffusion into LLTO decreases the charge transfer resistance, by forming a mixed electronic and ionic conducting zone near the interface.
An energy-efficient multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detector architecture (2011)

In this paper, a novel low complexity energy efficient recon-figurable reduced dimension maximum likelihood (RRDML) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detector is proposed. RRDML is based on RDML [1], in which maximum likelihood (ML) is applied to detect a sub-dimension of the received vector and linear detection is used for the remaining dimension. The channel condition number is employed to configure RRDML. For a 4×4 MIMO system with 16-QAM modulation over a Rayleigh fading channel, Verilog simulation in a commercial 45nm, 1.2V CMOS process show that RRDML achieves up to 62.3% power savings with a BER loss at most 3.7% compared to ML based receivers.
Non-volatile Random Access Memory and NAND Flash Memory Integrated Solid-State Drives with Adaptive Codeword Error Correcting Code for 3.6 Times Acceptable Raw Bit Error Rate Enhancement and 97% Power Reduction (2011)

This paper proposes the adaptive codeword error correcting code (ECC) for non-volatile random access memory (NV-RAM) and NAND flash memory-integrated solid state drive (SSD). In the proposed SSD, NV-RAM such as resistive random access memory (ReRAM), phase change random access memory (PRAM) and magneto resistive random access memory (MRAM) is used as write buffers. The NV-RAM write buffer compensates the 10–100 times speed gap between the NAND flash memory and the SSD interface and realizes the 10 Gbps write. During the write, data are first stored in NV-RAM at 10 Gbps. Then, data in NV-RAM are transferred to the NAND flash memory with the sustained write speed of 2.69 Gbps. During the read, the read data output from the NAND flash memory to the controller by bypassing NV-RAM. At the 10 Gbps write, the proposed SSD decreases the power consumption by 97%. In the proposed adaptive codeword ECC, errors of both NV-RAM and the NAND flash memory are corrected without circuit area overhead. The ECC codeword, the data unit where ECC is performed, is adaptively optimized for NV-RAM and the NAND flash memory. As a result, the acceptable raw bit error rate before ECC increases by 3.6 times without ECC circuit area or power consumption penalty compared with the single ECC scheme where the single ECC circuits correct errors of both NV-RAM and the NAND flash memory.
95 Evaluation of variation attributable to lab and technician for measurements of beef carcass traits made using ultrasound (2020)

Abstract Carcass data that is collected using ultrasound contributes to national genetic evaluation of beef cattle. Cattle are scanned by many technicians and the resulting images are processed by three laboratories providing data to breed associations. The Ultrasound Guidelines Council certifies technicians and laboratories as being proficient. However, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of non-genetic sources of variation that affect the data. The objective of this study was to partition the variance of ultrasound carcass measurements to animal genetic effects, ultrasound scanning technician and image interpretation laboratory. Ultrasound carcass data for longissimus muscle area, percent intramuscular fat, and subcutaneous fat depth were provided by the American Angus Association (n=65,971), American Hereford Association (n=43,380), and American Simmental Association (n=48,298). For each breed variance components were estimated for additive genetic effects of each animal, technician, contemporary group nested within technician and residual. Genetic correlations were estimated treating measurements from the different interpretation laboratories as separate traits. Across all three breeds, additive genetic effects explained between 15 and 30%, 11 and 25%, and 6 and 13% of the phenotypic variance for IMF, SQF, and LMA, respectively. Similarly, technician explained 12-27%, 4-28%, and 4-26% of the phenotypic variance; contemporary groups within technician accounted for 25-45%, 20-54%, and 43-73% of phenotypic variance. Among the image interpretation laboratories, the ratio of greatest to least residual variance was 3.96, 1.62, and 1.50 for IMF, SQF, and LMA, respectively. Genetic correlations between labs ranged from 0.79 to 0.95 for IMF, 0.64 to 0.94 for SQF and 0.78 to 0.98 for LMA. These results suggest the potential for the residual variances to be heterogeneous, particularly for IMF, depending on the image interpretation laboratory.