gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Methylation and Demethylation in Mammals (2011)

Cell type-specific DNA methylation patterns are established during mammalian development and maintained in adult somatic cells. Understanding how these patterns of 5-methylcytosine are established and maintained requires the elucidation of mechanisms for both DNA methylation and demethylation. The enzymes involved in the de novo methylation of DNA and the maintenance of the resulting methylation patterns have been fairly well characterized. However, important remaining challenges are to understand how DNA methylation systems function in vivo and in the context of chromatin. In addition, the enzymes and mechanisms for demethylation remain to be elucidated. There is still no consensus as to how active enzymatic demethylation is achieved in mammalian cells, but recent studies implicate base excision repair for genome-wide DNA demethylation in germ cells and early embryos.
A MAC-Layer Retransmission Algorithm Designed for the Physical-Layer Characteristics of Clustered Sensor Networks (2006)

We consider scenarios in which an event, such as a mobile node arriving to collect data or a data-request arriving at a node via the sensor network, initiates the collection of one packet of data from each node in the surrounding cluster of nodes. The node requesting the data broadcasts its identity and purpose to the cluster and assumes the role of clusterhead. This broadcast message is also used to synchronize all nodes in the cluster, which covers an area with a radius of several hundred meters, to within a few microseconds. We exploit this ability to synchronize the cluster to improve retransmission algorithms in CSMA/CA-based MAC protocols. The result is a retransmission algorithm that uses a synchronized, shared contention window (SSCW) that is easy to implement and results in fewer collisions than retransmission algorithms that use binary-exponential-backoff (BEB). A simple analytical approach is further proposed to optimize the size of the shared contention window. We show via analytical, numerical, and simulation results that an SSCW-based 802.11 DCF protocol performs significantly better in these scenarios we consider than both 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and BEB-based 802.11 DCF (WiFi). We also show that SSCW-based 802.11 is more fault-tolerant and fair than TDMA
Benign multifocal stenosing ulceration, or CMUSE---A rarely diagnosed small intestinal disorder (2016)

A rarely diagnosed clinical and pathological disorder was historically characterized by multiple benign small intestinal ulcers, involving the mucosa and, occasionally, the submucosa of the small intestine, and histopathologically by non-specific inflammatory changes without granulomas
Developing a methodology to replace peat in UK horticulture with responsibly sourced alternative raw materials (2019)

ISHS International Symposium on Growing Media, Soilless Cultivation, and Compost Utilization in Horticulture Developing a methodology to replace peat in UK horticulture with responsibly sourced alternative raw materials
Self-assembly of mesoporous TiO2 nanospheres via aspartic acid templating pathway and its catalytic application for 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural synthesis (2011)

Self-assembled mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticulate material with well-defined nanospherical morphologies was prepared by using DL-aspartic acid as a template. Powder XRD, TEM and SEM techniques were used to characterize the TiO2 nanoparticles. The presence of high acid density in the mesoporous TiO2 was confirmed by pyridine-IR and NH3-TPD studies. This new mesoporous TiO2 nanomaterial efficiently catalyzed the dehydration of D-fructose and D-glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in DMA-LiCl solvent under microwave assisted heating. The acidic sites of the TiO2 nanomaterial were responsible for the dehydration reaction which produced a maximum 82.3% HMF.
A novel approach to solve forward/inverse problems in remote sensing applications (2022)

Inversion of electromagnetic (EM) signals reflected from or transmitted through a medium, or emitted by it due to internal sources can be used to investigate the optical and physical properties of a variety of scattering/absorbing/emitting materials. Such media encompass planetary atmospheres and surfaces (including water/snow/ice), and plant canopies. In many situations the signals emerging from such media can be described by a linear transport equation which in the case of EM radiation is the radiative transfer equation (RTE). Solutions of the RTE can be used as a forward model to solve the inverse problem to determine the medium state parameters giving rise to the emergent (reflected/transmitted/emitted) EM signals. A novel method is developed to determine layer-by-layer contributions to the emergent signals from such stratified, multilayered media based on the solution of the pertinent RTE. As a specific example of how this approach may be applied, the radiation reflected from a multilayered atmosphere is used to solve the problem relevant for EM probing by a space-based lidar system. The solutions agree with those obtained using the standard lidar approach for situations in which single scattering prevails, but this novel approach also yields reliable results for optically thick, multiple scattering aerosol and cloud layers that cannot be provided by the traditional lidar approach.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON N‐(OMEGA‐ISOCYANATOACYL)‐ UND N‐(OMEGA‐ISOTHIOCYANATOACYL)‐LACTAMEN (1975)

Abstract N‐Trimethylsilyl‐lactame (I) reagieren mit ω‐Iso(thio)‐cyanatocarbonsäurechloriden (II) bei Temperaturen unterhalb von ‐10°C zu N‐(ω‐Isocyanatoacyl)‐ bzw. N‐(ωo‐Isothiocyanatoacyl)‐lactamen (III) in Ausbeuten von 55 ‐ 93%.
GaN-Based Two-Stage Colpitts Oscillator for Wireless Power Transfer (2021)

This work investigates the applicability of a two-stage Colpitts oscillator based on GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) for wireless power transfer applications. An inductive load is used both as part of the resonance network in the oscillator and as a power transmitting coil. Simulations and experimental results using commercial GaN transistors are provided.
Atomic-scale Evidence for Open-system Thermodynamics in the Early Solar Nebula (2021)

Abstract We report a new integrated framework that combines atomic-length-scale characterization via aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy with first-principles-driven thermodynamic modeling and dust-transport models to probe the origins of some of the first-formed solids in the solar system. We find that within one of the first solids that formed in our solar system, spinel, nominally MgAl 2 O 4 , occurs as a twinned inclusion within perovskite, CaTiO 3 , and contains vanadium segregated to its twin boundary as atomic columns. Our results support a scenario in which spinel condensed at 1435 K in the midplane of the solar protoplanetary disk and was later transported inward to a hotter region where perovskite condensed around it at 1681 K. The spinel became twinned as a result of a displacive phase transition in the perovskite after which it was later transported to cooler regions of the disk and incorporated into its parent asteroid. The condensation, transport, and phase transformation can all be explained within the developed self-consistent framework that reproduces the observed phase assemblage and atomic-scale structure. This framework suggests that planetary materials evolved within a thermodynamically open system and, moving forward, motivates such an approach in order to understand the thermodynamic landscape on which planetary materials formed.
Tri‐orthogonal polarization diversity for 5G networks (2016)

Abstract Millimetre‐waves offer the possibility of wide bandwidth and consequently high‐data rate for wireless communications. For both uni‐polarised and dual‐polarised systems, signals sent over a link may suffer severe degradation because of antenna misalignment. Orientation robustness may be enhanced by the use of mutual orthogonality in three dimensions. Multiple‐input multiple‐output polarisation diversity offers a way of improving signal reception without the limitations associated with spatial diversity. Scattering effects often assist propagation through multipath. However, high‐path loss is often considered to limit millimetre‐wave propagation, thereby reducing any reception enhancement through scattering. We show that the inclusion of a third orthogonal dipole at a frequency of commercial interest provides antenna orientation robustness in this setting, as well as improved performance in a rich scattering environment, by means of a Ricean fading channel model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Developmental Expression of Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Underlies Depolarization-Induced Long-Term Depression at Mossy Fiber–CA3 Pyramid Synapses (2007)

Many central excitatory synapses undergo developmental alterations in the molecular and biophysical characteristics of postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors via changes in subunit composition. Concerning AMPA receptors (AMPARs), glutamate receptor 2 subunit (GluR2)-containing, Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs (CI-AMPARs) prevail at synapses between mature principal neurons; however, accumulating evidence indicates that GluR2-lacking, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) contribute at these synapses early in development. Here, we used a combination of imaging and electrophysiological recording techniques to investigate potential roles for CP-AMPARs at developing hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell (MF-PYR) synapses. We found that transmission at nascent MF-PYR synapses is mediated by a mixed population of CP- and CI-AMPARs as evidenced by polyamine-dependent inwardly rectifying current-voltage (I-V) relationships, and partial philanthotoxin sensitivity of synaptic events. CP-AMPAR expression at MF-PYR synapses is transient, being limited to the first 3 postnatal weeks. Moreover, the expression of CP-AMPARs is regulated by the PDZ (postsynaptic density-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1) domain-containing protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1), because MF-PYR synapses in young PICK1 knock-out mice are philanthotoxin insensitive with linear I-V relationships. Strikingly, MF-PYR transmission via CP-AMPARs is selectively depressed during depolarization-induced long-term depression (DiLTD), a postsynaptic form of MF-PYR plasticity observed only at young MF-PYR synapses. The selective depression of CP-AMPARs during DiLTD was evident as a loss of postsynaptic CP-AMPAR-mediated Ca2+ transients in PYR spines and reduced rectification of MF-PYR synaptic currents. Preferential targeting of CP-AMPARs during DiLTD is further supported by a lack of DiLTD in young PICK1 knock-out mice. Together, these findings indicate that the transient participation of CP-AMPARs at young MF-PYR synapses dictates the developmental window to observe DiLTD.
Mobile-to-Mobile Wireless Channels (2012)

Present-day mobile communications systems can be classified as fixed-to-mobile because they allow mobility on only one end (e.g. the mobile phone to a fixed mobile operator's cell tower). In answer to the consumer demand for better coverage and quality of service, emerging mobile-to-mobile (M-to-M) communications systems allow mobile users or vehicles to directly communicate with each other. This practical book provides a detailed introduction to state-of-the-art M-to-M wireless propagation. Moreover, the book offers professionals guidance for rapid implementation of these communications syste
Glasbau Atlas (2006)

Kaum eine Idee bleibt unrealisiert, kaum eine Utopie ungebaut: Glas bietet vielf&#228;ltige Anwendungsm&#246;glichkeiten in der Architektur &#8211; und wie kein anderer erlebte dieser Baustoff in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten einen enormen Innovationsschub. F&#252;r den Planer bedeutet dies die kontinuierliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Hochleistungsmaterial: Der komplett &#252;berarbeitete Glasbau Atlas vermittelt in kompakter ansprechender Form die aktuellen Kenntnisse zum Planen und Konstruieren mit Glas, von der Geschichte &#252;ber die technischen Grundlagen bis hin zu den innovativsten Einsatzm&#246;glichkeiten. Erstaunliche Aspekte zum W&#228;rme- und Sonnenschutz sowie eine sinnvolle Erg&#228;nzung der Beispiele aus der Praxis runden das umfassende Nachschlagewerk ab.
Three-dimensional "atomistic" simulation of discrete random dopant distribution effects in sub-0.1 μm MOSFET's (2002)

In this paper, discrete random dopant distribution effects in sub-0.1 /spl mu/m MOSFET's were studied using three-dimensional drift-diffusion "atomistic" simulations. Effects due to the random fluctuation of the number of dopants in the MOSFET channel and the microscopic random distribution of dopant atoms in the MOSFET channel were investigated. We found that, in addition to the well-known fluctuation of the threshold voltage, there was an average shift of the threshold voltage to a lower value. The average shift was believed to be attributed to the inhomogeneity of channel potential due to the discreteness of channel dopants, and the logarithmic dependence of subthreshold current. Microscopic dopant distribution also gave rise to asymmetry in drain current upon interchanging the source and the drain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Artificial immune based self organizing maps for seismic facies analysis (2011)

Self organizing maps (SOM) provide an intuitive and effective way of classifying seismic data using various pattern recognition techniques. They provide better supervised or unsupervised strategies or both simultaneously for seismic clustering. Conventional approaches involve identification of clusters in the data‐set using techniques such as K‐means algorithm, fuzzy clustering and visual identification with respect to well information using color techniques such 1D, 2D or 3D color‐bars. The success of such techniques is dependent on the various effects of noise that can degrade the quality of facies maps. We introduce artificial immune based self organizing maps that can better resolve seismic data into various clusters using two different nature‐inspired techniques. In the first stage, an artificial immune system (AIS) is used to identify the major clusters in a given data‐set, further reducing its dimensionality. High‐level information about identified clusters is then provided by clustering the data into predefined number of facies, using a Kohonen Self Organizing Map (SOM). We demonstrate our technique with a field 3D seismic dataset.
High Asymmetric Induction in Conjugate Additions of RCu · BF3 to Chiral Enoates. Preliminary communication (1981)

Abstract 1,4‐Additions of PhCu · BF 3 , n ‐Bu · BF 3 and MeCu · BF 3 to the trans ‐8‐phenyl‐menthyl enoates 1 proceeded with high chiral induction. Saponification of the resulting esters 2 gave the corresponding enantiomerically pure β‐substituted alkanoic acids 3 and the recovered (−)‐8‐phenylmenthol in good overall yields. Analogous additions to the cis ‐crotonate 1 led preferentially to the acids 3 enantiomeric to those obtained from the trans ‐crotonate 1 , although with lower selectivity. A stereochemical model is proposed consistent with the observed results (Scheme 2, Table) .
Learning-based detection of acne-like regions using time-lapse features (2011)

Objective evaluation of acne treatment requires observing test subjects for multiple months. To capture the appearance of acne lesions during the treatment period, a subject is photographed at imaging sessions separated by time intervals of days or weeks. The efficacy of the treatment method is evaluated by counting the number of acne lesions in the acquired skin images. Traditionally, the counting of acne lesions has been done manually. However, manual counting is unreliable and time consuming; therefore in recent years there has been an increasing interest in automatically detecting and counting acne lesions using computer-based methods. In this paper we model acne-like and non-acne regions using spatio-temporal features, and use a supervised learning approach to find the separating hyperplane between the regions in the feature space. The temporal component is an important feature because acne lesions change over time, while scars and other marks remain constant. Precise alignment is a challenge in computing meaningful temporal features. The images must be aligned to a subpixel level, exceeding the requirements of typical face alignment algorithms. We have acquired and aligned a time series acne dataset by imaging a human subject with facial acne under the same illumination and pose on 39 different days over a period of three months. The resulting time-lapse video of skin with precision alignment is the first of its kind and impressively demonstrates the temporal evolution of acne lesions. We use this registered time-lapse set to train and test an acne lesion classifier.
Multimodal analgesia is superior to opiates alone after tibial fracture in patients with substance abuse history (2022)

<b>Objectives:</b> To evaluate the effectiveness of multimodal analgesia in patients with a tibial shaft fracture. <b>Design:</b> Retrospective review. <b>Setting:</b> Large, urban, academic center. <b>Patients:</b> One hundred thirty-eight patients were evaluated before implementation of multimodal analgesia. Thirty-four patients were evaluated after implementation. All patients were treated operatively with internal fixation for their tibial shaft fracture. Patients with polytrauma were excluded. <b>Intervention:</b> Multimodal analgesia. <b>Main Outcome Measures:</b> Pain levels at rest and with movement were assessed. Morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) dosed per patient were calculated each day. Length of stay was also documented. <b>Results:</b> After implementation of a multimodal analgesic program, there was a statistically significant decrease in pain score at rest (4.7-4.0, <i>P</i> = 0.034) and with movement (5.8-4.8, <i>P</i> = 0.007). MMEs dosed in the multimodal analgesic program correlated with pain score (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.5), whereas before implementation of the program, MMEs dosed were not dependent on pain score (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.007). Patients with a history of substance abuse had the most profound effect from this paradigm change. For those with a history of substance abuse, treatment of pain using a multimodal approach reduces MMEs dosed and length of stay (5.7-3.1 days, <i>P</i> = 0.016). <b>Conclusions:</b> Multimodal analgesia improves patient pain scores both at rest and during movement. In patients with a history of substance abuse, multimodal analgesia not only decreases pain but also decreases length of stay and MMEs dosed to levels consistent with someone who does not have a substance abuse history. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Therapeutic Level III.
Data-based reduction of kinetic mechanisms in automotive catalysis (2006)

The authors describe a children's mental health unit (CMHU) in a general hospital and cite the need for short- and intermediate-term children's psychiatric facilities within the community. They point out the special need for psychiatric inpatient units for the 3-13 age group and note that in their CMHU the average length of stay and patient turnover ratio compare favorably with adolescent units, which they attribute to the emphasis on diagnosis and treatment rather than long-term rehabilitation.
Matching Pursuits using Slant Patterns and Its Dictionary Design (2005)

Video coding methods have been based on hybrid coding which employ motion compensation and discrete cosine transforms. But another highly efficient video coding method, at low bit rates, using matching pursuits, is another waveform coding technique which has been suggested recently. The matching pursuits algorithm represents a signal approximately using a dictionary, therefore its performance depends heavily on the dictionary. Matching pursuits generally use a separable dictionary composed of one dimensional basis functions. But, it is difficult for a separable dictionary to code images including slant patterns efficiently. In this paper, we design the dictionary for slant patterns by a simple geometric transform. And we propose a dictionary design algorithm by employing a learning technique for the required memory and complexity reduction. We evaluate the performance of the designed dictionary by computer simulations.
Nature juridique de la clause de substitution dans le bénéfice d'une promesse unilatérale de vente : une autonomie de circonstance ? (1996)

International audience
The Influence of ZrO2 Particles on Ceramic Glazes Used in the Single-Fired Tile Industry (2008)

The use of ZrO2 in ceramic materials has increased in the last decades due to its excellent reinforcing properties. In this work the interaction of different ZrO2 particles with different glass frits has been studied. Two glass frits (transparent and opaque) and five ZrO2 samples with different specific surface area and particle size have been used in this study. The reactions between glass frits and ZrO2 particles have been followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The reactions between ZrO2 particles and glass frits are dependent on the chemical composition of the frits and the percentage of ZrO2 added. Because the transparent glass frit does not have zir-conia in its composition, the ZrO2 particles are disolved in the glass network if the percentage added is less than 5%. For higher percentages, zircon is formed and zirconia is observed when the ZrO2 added is over 20%. For the opaque glass frit zircon is observed for the first ZrO2 additions, and zirconia goes over 20%. However for ZrO2 particles over 4.6 μm, the zirconia is not completely disolved. The crystallization of zircon depends on the specific surface area of the ZrO2 particles. The higher the specific surface area, the higher the concentration of zircon.