gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Physically Based Two-Scale Ocean Surface Emissivity Model Tuned to WindSat and SSM/I Polarimetric Brightness Temperatures (2021)

A two-scale ocean surface emissivity model tuned to WindSat and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) polarimetric brightness temperatures for general passive microwave applications is detailed. The model provides a full Stokes vector emissivity calculation at arbitrary microwave frequencies and observation angles for wind speeds of up to 15 m/s. During model development, it was found that the untuned two-scale model generally produced plausible azimuthal behavior in the ocean surface emissivity vector; however, large discrepancies between the untuned model and WindSat and SSM/I observations were observed, in particular for the zeroth-azimuthal-harmonic coefficients. These discrepancies can be ascribed to inaccuracies in contemporary ocean foam coverage and emissivity models. Accordingly, foam influences were treated using machine-tunable correction parameters incorporated as a means of improving and extending the physically based two-scale model. In addition, a hydrodynamic modulation function and the lower cutoff wavenumber for small-scale perturbation integration were treated as empirically tunable. Model tuning was performed by minimizing the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\chi ^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> metric over all available wind bins, channel frequencies, polarizations, and azimuthal harmonics. The result is an approximately eightfold reduction in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\chi ^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from its initial untuned model value, indicating that machine tuning can considerably reduce model errors inherent in the two-scale model to levels acceptable for oceanic passive microwave remote sensing applications. The tuned model is independently validated against NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Instrument (GMI) measurements. The tuned model and GMI observed emissivities, when scaled to the surface temperature, are in agreement to within ±0.3 K root-mean-square (rms) error, thus suggesting good applicability of the model over a wide range of microwave frequencies and wind speeds.
Reliability of visual assessment by non-expert nuclear medicine physicians and appropriateness of indications of [123I]FP-CIT SPECT imaging by neurologists in patients with early drug-naive Parkinson’s disease (2019)

Visual assessment of [<sup>123</sup>I]FP-CIT SPECT imaging by community nuclear medicine physicians in patients with early PD is reliable. Neurologists who request DAT SPECT scans are not always aware that the high accuracy is limited only to the differentiation between neurodegenerative and non-neurodegenerative parkinsonism. A significant portion of neurologists who request DAT SPECT scans is not always aware that the high accuracy is limited to the differentiation between neurodegenerative and non-neurodegenerative parkinsonism as DAT SPECT cannot reliably distinguish the various Parkinsonian syndromes.
Enforcing Least Privilege Memory Views for Multithreaded Applications (2016)

Failing to properly isolate components in the same address space has resulted in a substantial amount of vulnerabilities. Enforcing the least privilege principle for memory accesses can selectively isolate software components to restrict attack surface and prevent unintended cross-component memory corruption. However, the boundaries and interactions between software components are hard to reason about and existing approaches have failed to stop attackers from exploiting vulnerabilities caused by poor isolation. We present the secure memory views (SMV) model: a practical and efficient model for secure and selective memory isolation in monolithic multithreaded applications. SMV is a third generation privilege separation technique that offers explicit access control of memory and allows concurrent threads within the same process to partially share or fully isolate their memory space in a controlled and parallel manner following application requirements. An evaluation of our prototype in the Linux kernel (TCB < 1,800 LOC) shows negligible runtime performance overhead in real-world applications including Cherokee web server (< 0.69%), Apache httpd web server (< 0.93%), and Mozilla Firefox web browser (< 1.89%) with at most 12 LOC changes.
UPR Responsive Genes Manf and Xbp1 in Stroke (2022)

Stroke is a devastating medical condition with no treatment to hasten recovery. Its abrupt nature results in cataclysmic changes in the affected tissues. Resident cells fail to cope with the cellular stress resulting in massive cell death, which cannot be endogenously repaired. A potential strategy to improve stroke outcomes is to boost endogenous pro-survival pathways. The unfolded protein response (UPR), an evolutionarily conserved stress response, provides a promising opportunity to ameliorate the survival of stressed cells. Recent studies from us and others have pointed toward mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) being a UPR responsive gene with an active role in maintaining proteostasis. Its pro-survival effects have been demonstrated in several disease models such as diabetes, neurodegeneration, and stroke. MANF has an ER-signal peptide and an ER-retention signal; it is secreted by ER calcium depletion and exits cells upon cell death. Although its functions remain elusive, conducted experiments suggest that the endogenous MANF in the ER lumen and exogenously administered MANF protein have different mechanisms of action. Here, we will revisit recent and older bodies of literature aiming to delineate the expression profile of MANF. We will focus on its neuroprotective roles in regulating neurogenesis and inflammation upon post-stroke administration. At the same time, we will investigate commonalities and differences with another UPR responsive gene, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), which has recently been associated with MANF's function. This will be the first systematic comparison of these two UPR responsive genes aiming at revealing previously uncovered associations between them. Overall, understanding the mode of action of these UPR responsive genes could provide novel approaches to promote cell survival.
Generalized interpolators for advanced movement-compensated 50 Hz-60 Hz conversion of interlaced sequences (2002)

Several television standards exist for TV and for HDTV signals. The worldwide interchange of programs makes the conversion between them of critical importance. Conventional transcoders use a static interpolation filter which is not able to deal with incorrectly bandlimited television signals. Motion compensation has been introduced in order to adapt interpolation to the signal. This approach proposes movement-oriented filtering and has been shown to give significant improvement. However, the known algorithms do not offer a perfect reconstruction step when the desired pixels have to be interpolated. A new system is proposed for the conversion between the popular interlaced TV standards (625 lines, 50 fields/s or 525 lines, 60 fields/s). The key feature is the use of generalized interpolators that are based on nonuniform sampling theory. The performance is compared with alternative interpolation techniques. In addition, the attached motion estimation algorithm relies on segmentation in the target field (i.e. the unknown 60 Hz field) to avoid assignment problems.
Manufacturability study of masks created by inverse lithography technology (ILT) (2005)

As photolithography is pushed to fabricate deep-sub wavelength devices for 90nm, 65nm and smaller technology nodes using available exposure tools (i.e., 248nm, 193nm steppers), photomask capability is becoming extremely critical. For example, PSM masks require more complicated processing; aggressive OPC makes the writing time longer and sometimes unpredictable; and, high MEEF imposes much more stringent demands on mask quality. Therefore, in order for any new lithography technology to be adopted into production, mask manufacturability must be studied thoroughly and carefully. In this paper we will present the mask manufacturability study on mask patterns created using Inverse Lithography Technology (ILT). Unlike conventional OPC methodologies, ILT uses a unique outcome-based technology to mathematically determine the mask features that produce the desired on-wafer results. ILT solves the most critical litho challenges of the deep sub-wavelength era. Potential benefits include: higher yield; expanded litho process windows; superb pattern fidelity at 90, 65 & 45-nm nodes; and reduced time-to-silicon - all without changing the existing lithography infrastructure and design-to-silicon flow. In this study a number of cell structures were selected and used as test patterns. "Luminized patterns" were generated for binary mask and attenuated phase-shift mask. Both conventional OPC patterns and "luminized patterns" were put on a test reticle side by side, and they all have a number of variations in term of correction aggressivity level and mask complexity. Mask manufacturability, including data fracturing, writing time, mask inspection, and metrology were studied. The results demonstrate that, by optimizing the inspection recipe, masks created using ILT technology can be made and qualified using current processes with a reasonable turn-around time.
Highly power efficient organic light-emitting diodes with a p-doping layer (2006)

In this letter, the authors demonstrate p-i-n organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) incorporating a p-doped transport layer which comprises tungsten oxide (WO3) and 4,4′,4″-tris(N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino)triphenylamine (2-TNATA) to replace the volatile tetrafluro-tetracyanoquinodimethane. The authors propose the 2-TNATA:WO3 composition functions as a p-doping layer which significantly improves hole injection and conductivity of the device that leads to the fabrication of tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum based p-i-n OLEDs with long lifetime, low driving voltage (3.1V), and high power efficiency (3.5lm∕W) at 100cd∕m2.
Peak force visible microscopy (2020)

The optical responses of molecules and materials provide a basis for chemical measurement and imaging. The optical diffraction limit in conventional light microscopy is exceeded by mechanically probing optical absorption through the photothermal effect with atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, the spatial resolution of AFM-based photothermal optical microscopy is still limited, and the sample surface is prone to damage from scratching due to tip contact, particularly for measurements on soft matter. In this article, we develop peak force visible (PF-vis) microscopy for the measurement of visible optical absorption of soft matter. The spatial resolution of PF-vis microscopy is demonstrated to be 3 nm on green fluorescent protein-labeled virus-like particles, and the imaging sensitivity may approach a single protein molecule. On organic photovoltaic polymers, the spatial distribution of the optical absorption probed by PF-vis microscopy is found to be dependent on the diffusion ranges of excitons in the donor domain. Through finite element modeling and data analysis, the exciton diffusion range of organic photovoltaics can be directly extracted from PF-vis images, saving the need for complex and delicate sample preparations. PF-vis microscopy will enable high-resolution nano-imaging based on light absorption of fluorophores and chromophores, as well as deciphering the correlation between the spatial distribution of photothermal signals and underlying photophysical parameters at the tens of nanometer scale.
Real-time video communications over GPRS (2000)

One of the stated aims of 3rd generation mobile communications systems is to provide enhanced multimedia services to the user. Such services will include an integration of video, high-quality audio and data services. This paper describes a real-time mobile video communications system which employs ETSI’s GPRS mobile packet system as a mobile access medium. Subjective performance tests are carried out for the error-resilient MPEG-4 video decoder using a real-time GPRS radio access emulator
Electromagnetically-Induced Transparency and Squeezed Light (2008)

We investigate propagation and storage of pulses of squeezed vacuum in rubidium vapor under the conditions of electromagnetically-induced transparency. Quantum states of retrieved pulses are characterized by optical homodyne tomography.
Hair Growth in Scalp Grafts From Patients With Alopecia Areata and Alopecia Universalis Grafted Onto Nude Mice (1987)

A basic question in both mild and severe forms of alopecia areata (AA) relates to whether the disease is inherent to the affected tissue or secondary to circulating factors. This question has been addressed by grafting 2-mm grafts of scalp from affected areas of seven patients with AA or alopecia universalis (AU) onto congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Hair growth in these grafts has been compared with that of 2-mm grafts from hair-bearing skin remnants from two individuals undergoing elective plastic surgical procedures. Because cyclosporine seems to directly affect hair growth, a group of grafted mice was treated with this agent. By day 48, hair growth was present in many surviving grafts. Cyclosporine affected hair growth; this was most prominent by day 78 when the number of hairs per graft and the mean length of hair had increased significantly over untreated groups. Grafts from patients with AU had more hairs per graft and had greater hair length than did similar grafts from patients with AA. These experiments show that hair growth ability in situ is likely normal in AA and AU, and that the factors causative to this disease in situ are mediated humorally. Furthermore, cyclosporine seems to directly influence hair growth in this model system.
Immune response following vaccination against Salmonella Enteritidis using 2 commercial bacterins in laying hens. (2010)

The humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to 2 commercial killed Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) vaccines (Layermune and MBL SE4C) was evaluated in laying hens. Layers were distributed in 2 experimental groups. The first received a single immunization at 16 wk of age, while the second experimental group was immunized at 12 wk of age and again at 18 wk of age. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies were measured using a commercial SE ELISA kit and showed persistent levels from 3 to 32 and 34 wk post-vaccination. The vaccination protocol using 2 immunizations showed a higher seroconversion level than the single vaccination. However, our results for bacterial intracellular survival indicated that IgG titers were not linked with bacterial killing. Local IgA production was measured in the intestines and oviducts with an in-house SE whole cell antigen ELISA. Only the MBL SE4C vaccine elicited IgA antibody production when tested on intestine and oviduct mucosal secretions, 3-weeks post-vaccination in both immunization protocol groups. To evaluate the CMI response, the splenic T-cells and B-cells populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. The CD3/B-cell ratio decreased 3 wk after the second immunization in the twice vaccinated Layermune group due to an increase in B-cells.
Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Can Functionally Control Productive HIV-1 Infection in Humanized-BLT Mice (2015)

Early ART did not act as prophylaxes but, rather, can control HIV-1 productive infection and prevented CD4 T-cell depletion in hu-BLT mice. This mouse model can be used to elucidate the mechanism for functional control of HIV-1.
Prevention of I/R injury in fatty livers by ischemic preconditioning is associated with increased mitochondrial tolerance: the key role of ATPsynthase and mitochondrial permeability transition (2009)

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a commonly encountered clinical problem and occurs probably as a consequence of irreversible mitochondrial injury. The increased susceptibility of fatty livers to ischemic injury is associated with depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, which is preserved by preconditioning. Mitochondria being the main ATP production source for the cell, we aimed to evaluate whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of fatty livers prevents the impairment in mitochondrial function induced by I/R. Lean and steatotic animals were subjected to 90 min of hepatic warm ischemia and 12 h of reperfusion. IPC effect was tested in fatty livers. After reperfusion, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured. Mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial respiration and susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) were evaluated, as well as ATPase activity and adenine nucleotides. IPC of fatty livers decreased serum AST and ALT levels. Fatty animals subjected to I/R exhibited decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and a delay in the repolarization after a phosphorylation cycle, associated with increased state 4 respiration. Increased tolerance to MPT induction, preservation of F(1)F(o)-ATPsynthase activity and mitochondrial bioenergetics were observed in ischemic preconditioned fatty livers. Thus, IPC is an endogenous protecting mechanism that preserves mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in fatty livers.
Comparative Antimicrobial Efficacy of Current Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs: Formulation, Dose, and Test Methods All Matter (2020)

Background: Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) are the primary form of hand hygiene in healthcare settings globally. Many developed countries, and most US hospitals utilize wall-mounted ABHR dispensers throughout the facility. The adoption of automated touch-free dispensers is increasing. However, data on the efficacy of ABHRs when used at dispensed amounts are limited. The evidence is strong, showing that formulation matters (not just alcohol concentration) and that agent volume impacts efficacy. Objective: We evaluated the efficacy of ABHR foams on human hands using 2 controlled test methods at variable volumes (ie, typical doses and realistic volumes that healthcare personnel could use in patient care practice). Methods: We tested 8 commercially available ABHR products, the WHO hand-rub formulation, (P1–P9) and a nonantibacterial foam handwash control (P10) on human participants at 2 different application frequencies (“1 application” and “10 applications”) using 2 different ASTM test methods (E1174 and E2755). Studies using ASTM-E1174 evaluated 3 different application volumes (0.7 mL, 1.1 mL, and 2.0 mL) of the 10 products, each tested on 12–13 subjects. Studies using ASTM-E2755 evaluated a single 1.1 mL volume for the 9 ABHR products (P1–P9), each on 2–12 subjects. A linear mixed-effects model was fit separately to log reductions with random effects for subject and date, and a fixed effect for product. Results: Four different foam formulations (P1–P4) consistently outperformed all other formulations by the E1174 method, especially with increasing volumes and after 10 product applications (Fig. 1). When tested with E2755, all formulations performed similarly, with only P1 and P2 differentiating after 10 applications (Fig. 2). ABHR efficacy consistently increased with larger application volumes, whereas the handwash control (P10) achieved a similar efficacy (∼2 log reduction) at all volumes. Efficacy for some ABHR formulations increased, whereas others decreased with repeated applications. Alcohol concentration did not correlate with log reduction. Conclusions: Formulation and the product application volume affect the antimicrobial efficacy of ABHR; therefore, those data should be critically assessed by healthcare personnel assessing ABHR product performance. Test methods matter: when E1174 was used, greater differentiation between formulations was observed. This may be due to the larger contamination volume and greater soil load used in E1174. Funding: GOJO Industries, Inc., provided Funding: for this study. Disclosures: James W. Arbogast and David R. Macinga report salary from GOJO Industries.
Surface micromachined accelerometers (2002)

Surface micromachining has enabled the co-fabrication of thin-film micromechanical structures and CMOS or Bipolar/MOS integrated circuits. Using linear, single-axis accelerometers as a motivating example, this paper discusses the fundamental mechanical noise floor as well as the electronic noise floors for representative capacitive position-sensing interface circuits. Operation in vacuum lowers the Brownian noise of a polysilicon accelerometer to below 1 /spl mu/g//spl radic/Hz. For improved sensor performance, the position of the microstructure should be controlled using electrostatic force-feedback. Both analog and digital closed-loop accelerometers are described and contrasted, with the latter using high-frequency voltage pulses to apply force quanta to the microstructure and achieve a very linear response.
Haemoptysis treated by bronchial artery embolisation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: case report (2020)

In the case of coronavirus-19 pneumonia, our experience suggests that the treatment of severe haemoptysis by bronchial artery embolisation is feasible and effective. The survival benefit should be assessed in the future.
Oxidative stress and cigarette smoke alter chromatin remodeling but differentially regulate NF‐κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine release in alveolar epithelial cells (2004)

Oxidative stress is implicated in lung inflammation due to its effect on proinflammatory gene transcription. Changes in gene transcription depend on chromatin remodeling and the relative activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Alterations in the nuclear histone acetylation:deacetylation balance may result in uncontrolled transcription of specific proinflammatory genes. We studied the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on histone acetylation:deacetylation in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). H 2 O 2 and CSC significantly increased acetylation of histone H4 proteins and were associated with decreased HDAC activity and HDAC2 levels in A549 cells. Also, the decreased HDAC2 activity was due to protein modification by aldehydes and nitric oxide products. Pretreatment of A549 cells with N ‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine attenuated the oxidant‐mediated reduction in HDAC activity. Treatment of A549 cells with CSC did not cause nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation or expression and release of either interleukin (IL)‐8 or IL‐6. However, H 2 O 2 , tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and IL‐1β significantly increased NF‐κB activation and expression of IL‐8 compared with control cells. Interestingly, CSC dose dependently inhibited TNF‐α‐ and IL‐ 1β‐mediated NF‐κB activation and IL‐8 expression. Thus, H 2 O 2 and CSC enhance acetylation of histone proteins and decrease histone deacetylase activity but differentially regulate proinflammatory cytokine release in alveolar epithelial cells.
THE NONAEROSOL HAIRCARE BUSINESS: A GROWING NEED FOR ATOMIZATION TECHNOLOGY (1997)

A brief history of the role of atomization technology in the consumer products industry is given. The current state of the art as well as recent changes in the market are described. An analysis of how these translate to specific development needs within the industry is provided, along with some examples of ongoing development projects from within the industry.