gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The brain tumor microenvironment (2011)

High-grade brain tumors are heterogeneous with respect to the composition of bona fide tumor cells and with respect to a range of intermingling parenchymal cells. Glioblastomas harbor multiple cell types, some with increased tumorigenicity and stem cell-like capacity. The stem-like cells maybe the cells of origin for tumor relapse. However, the tumor-associated parenchymal cells such as vascular cells,microglia, peripheral immune cells, and neural precursor cells also play a vital role in controlling the course of pathology.In this review, we describe the multiple interactions of bulk glioma cells and glioma stem cells with parenchymal cell populations and highlight the pathological impact as well as signaling pathways known for these types of cell-cell communication. The tumor-vasculature not only nourishes glioblastomas, but also provides a specialized niche for these stem-like cells. In addition, microglial cells,which can contribute up to 30% of a brain tumor mass,play a role in glioblastoma cell invasion. Moreover, non-neoplastic astrocytes can be converted into a reactive phenotype by the glioma microenvironment and can then secrete a number of factors which influences tumor biology. The young brain may have the capacity to inhibit gliomagenesis by the endogenous neural precursor cells, which secrete tumor suppressive factors. The factors, pathways, and interactions described in this review provide a new prospective on the cell biology of primary brain tumors, which may ultimately generate new treatment modalities. However, our picture of the multiple interactions between parenchymal and tumor cells is still incomplete.
Oligodendrocytes assist in the maintenance of sodium channel clusters independent of the myelin sheath (2004)

To ensure rapid and efficient impulse conduction, myelinated axons establish and maintain specific protein domains. For instance, sodium (Na+) channels accumulate in the node of Ranvier; potassium (K+) channels aggregate in the juxtaparanode and neurexin/caspr/paranodin clusters in the paranode. Our understanding of the mechanisms that control the initial clustering of these proteins is limited and less is known about domain maintenance. Correlative data indicate that myelin formation and/or mature myelin-forming cells mediate formation of all three domains. Here, we test whether myelin is required for maintaining Na+ channel domains in the nodal gap by employing two demyelinating murine models: (1) cuprizone ingestion, which induces complete demyelination through oligodendrocyte toxicity; and (2) ceramide galactosyltransferase deficient mice, which undergo spontaneous adult-onset demyelination without oligodendrocyte death. Our data indicate that the myelin sheath is essential for long-term maintenance of sodium channel domains; however, oligodendrocytes, independent of myelin, provide a partial protective influence on the maintenance of nodal Na+ channel clusters. Thus, we propose that multiple mechanisms regulate the maintenance of nodal protein organization. Finally, we present evidence that following the loss of Na+ channel clusters the chronological progression of expression and reclustering of Na+ channel isoforms during the course of CNS remyelination recapitulates development.
Survival of environmental and host-associated stress (2003)

In their unicellular state, bacteria are directly exposed to frequent and sometimes dramatic changes in an environment. The only way to survive and, if possible, to grow and multiply, is to adapt to these changes. Thus, being exposed to stressful conditions is the normal way of life for bacteria. Sometimes adaptation involves global changes in gene expression, which have made stress responses the paradigm of global gene regulation (130).
Antigenic modulation of junctional acetylcholine receptor is not sufficient to account for the development of myasthenia gravis in receptor immunized mice. (1984)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease thought to result from an autoimmune response against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of the neuromuscular junction. Although there is little doubt that the muscular weakness characteristic of MG can be attributed to an antibody-mediated reduction in the density of AChR, the mechanism responsible for this reduction remains uncertain. In the present studies we have used a mouse model of MG, termed experimental myasthenia gravis (EMG), to test the possibility that antigenic modulation of AChR may be the principle mechanism whereby this reduction in AChR density is achieved. We found that immunization of mice with AChR, on average, leads to a twofold increase in the rate of junctional AChR degradation. Because this effect occurred to the same extent in mice that developed severe paralysis and in those that gave no indication of muscular weakness, the role of antigenic modulation as a major pathologic mechanism in MG is questioned.
Dislocations of the sternoclavicular joint. (2000)

The effects of the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) soft tissue structures on joint dislocation strength by sequential sectioning the ligaments and capsule of twenty-eight SCJs were evaluated. The medial clavicle of each specimen was initially loaded in the anterior and posterior directions to provide control values for joint laxity. The anterior or posterior ligaments and capsular structures of the SCJs were then selectively cut and the specimens retested for laxity and then loaded to failure simulating either anterior or posterior dislocation. Testing of intact specimens showed that the posterior ligaments were stiffer than other structures in that it was significantly more difficult to posteriorly displace the SCJ than in any other direction and that the capsule was the important anterior structure affecting joint laxity. Load-to-failure testing showed that it required 50% more force to create a failure by posterior dislocation than by anterior dislocation. The results of this study explain the clinical rarity of posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations.
Electronic Spectroscopy and Ultrafast Energy Relaxation Pathways in the Lowest Rydberg States of Trimethylamine (2008)

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization photoelectron spectroscopy has been applied to study the electronic spectroscopy and relaxation pathways among the 3p and 3s Rydberg states of trimethylamine. The experiments used femtosecond and picosecond duration laser pulses at wavelengths of 416, 266, and 208 nm and employed two-photon and three-photon ionization schemes. The binding energy of the 3s Rydberg state was found to be 3.087 +/- 0.005 eV. The degenerate 3p x, y states have binding energies of 2.251 +/- 0.005 eV, and 3p z is at 2.204 +/- 0.005 eV. Using picosecond and femtosecond time-resolved experiments we spectrally and temporally resolved an intricate sequence of energy relaxation pathways leading from the 3p states to the 3s state. With excitation at 5.96 eV, trimethylamine is found to decay from the 3p z state to 3p x, y in 539 fs. The decay to 3s from all the 3p states takes place with a 2.9 ps time constant. On these time scales, trimethylamine does not fragment at the given internal energies, which range from 0.42 to 1.54 eV depending on the excitation wavelength and electronic state.
Casein Interference in Bovine Plasmin Assays Using a Synthetic Substrate (1991)

Bovine plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) activity on H-D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-4-nitroanilide was measured by determining the change in absorbance at 405 nm. Initial rates of reactions were estimated at all combinations of the following substrate concentrations [.4, 4, and 40 times the substrate concentration at one-half maximum velocity (Vmax) (Km)] and casein concentrations [.068, .68, and 6.8 times the inhibitor constant for competitive inhibition (KI)]. By nonlinear least squares fitting of the data to an equation that described reversible enzyme kinetics, steady state kinetic parameters, maximum velocity (Vmax), substrate concentration at one-half maximum velocity (Vmax) (Km), inhibitor constant for competitive inhibition (KI), and inhibitor constant for uncompetitive inhibition (KI) were estimated. Casein fit the equation as a competitive inhibitor of bovine plasmin. This enzyme has a catalytic constant (Kcat) of .0158 change in absorbance at 405 nm/min per nM, substrate concentration at one-half maximum velocity (Vmax) (Km) of .107 mM substrate, and inhibitor constant for competitive inhibition (KI) of .86 mg/ml of casein. Bovine plasmin activity can be measured directly in bovine milk without interference from casein.
Barriers Influencing Vaccine Development Timelines, Identification, Causal Analysis, and Prioritization of Key Barriers by KOLs in General and Covid-19 Vaccine R&D (2021)

A frequently mentioned factor holding back the introduction of new vaccines on the market are their prohibitively long development timelines. These hamper their potential societal benefit and impairs the ability to quickly respond to emerging new pathogens. This is especially worrisome since new pathogens are emerging at all-time high rates of over one per year, and many age-old pathogens are still not vaccine preventable.Through interviews with 20 key-opinion-leaders (KOLs), this study identified innovation barriers that increase vaccine development timelines. These innovation barriers were visualized, and their underlying causes revealed by means of qualitative root cause analysis. Based on a survey the innovation barriers were quantitatively ranked based on their relative impact on both regular, and Covid-19 vaccine development timelines. KOLs identified 20 key innovation barriers, and mapping these barriers onto the Vaccine Innovation Cycle model revealed that all phases of vaccine development were affected. Affected by most barriers is the area between the preclinical studies and the market entry. Difficult hand-off between academia and industry, lack of funding, and lack of knowledge of pathogen targets were often mentioned as causes. Quantitative survey responses from 93 KOLs showed that general vaccine development and Covid-19 vaccine development are impacted by distinct sets of innovation barriers. For the general vaccine development three barriers were perceived of the highest impact; limited ROI for vaccines addressing disease with limited market size, limited ROI for vaccines compared to non-vaccine projects, and academia not being able to progress beyond proof of principle. Of highest impact on Covid-19 vaccine development, are lack of knowledge concerning pathogen target, high risk of upscaling unlicensed vaccines, and proof of principle not meeting late-stage requirements. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that barriers hampering timelines in vaccine development are present across the Vaccine Innovation Cycle. Prioritizing the impact of barriers in general, and in Covid-19 vaccine development, shows clear differences that can be used to inform policies to speed up development in both war and peace time.
Efficient Bit-Plane Coding Scheme for EBCOT Algorithm in JPEG2000 (2009)

In JPEG2000, embedded block coding with optimized truncation (EBCOT) requires a lot of computations. To enhance the performance of EBCOT, an efficient EBCOT algorithm is proposed. This algorithm consists of pass-prediction and pass-propagation. Pass prediction predicts the pass state in the next bit-plane. In particular, pass propagation generates the state of neighboring passes in the next bit-plane. This work also accomplishes boundary pass classification. With the propagated state, the pass state of the code-block can be classified for indicating the correct coding method. Various simulations have been conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of scan times by 42% to 52.7% for gray-level images and 11.8% to 34% for color images. The comparison demonstrates that the performance of our proposed method is higher than that of previous methods.
Clinical and radiographic outcomes of thoracic and lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy for fixed sagittal imbalance (2006)

The ability to perform a PSO at both lumbar and thoracic levels is a powerful asset for the spine surgeon treating spinal deformity. In the present study radiographic and clinical outcomes were superior when PSO was used to treat lumbar deformity rather than thoracic deformity because of several anatomical and technical obstacles that hindered the thoracic procedure. Nevertheless, the thoracic PSO proved a useful addition with which to produce regional improvement in sagittal balance for patients with a fixed thoracic kyphosis.
Phase locking of a 2.5 THz quantum cascade laser to a microwave reference using THz Schottky mixer (2015)

The frequency of a 2.5 THz QCL are stabilized to sub-hertz accuracy by phase-locking to a stable 100 MHz microwave reference, using a 2.3–3.2 THz room temperature Schottky diode based harmonic mixer. The down-converted phase locked beat note is stable over a long term test.
A new crystal: layer-structured rhombohedral In3Se4 (2013)

A new layer-structured rhombohedral In3Se4 crystal was synthesized by a facile and mild solvothermal method. Detailed structural and chemical characterizations using transmission electron microscopy, coupled with synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis and Rietveld refinement, indicate that In3Se4 crystallizes in a layered rhombohedral structure with lattice parameters of a = 3.964 ± 0.002 Å and c = 39.59 ± 0.02 Å, a space group of Rm, and with a layer composition of Se–In–Se–In–Se–In–Se. The theoretical modeling and experimental measurements indicate that the In3Se4 is a self-doped n-type semiconductor. This study not only enriches the understanding on crystallography of indium selenide crystals, but also paves a way in the search for new semiconducting compounds.
Laboratory Ozonolysis Using an Integrated Batch–DIY Flow System for Renewable Material Production (2022)

Flow chemistry offers a solution for replacing batch methods in chemical preparation where intermediates or products may pose toxicity or instability hazards. Ozonolysis offers an ideal opportunity for flow chemistry solutions, but multiple barriers to entry exist for use of these methods, including equipment cost and performance optimization. To address these challenges, we developed a programmable DIY syringe pump system to use for a continuous flow multireactor process using 3D-printed parts, off-the-shelf stepper motors, and an Arduino microcontroller. Reaction kinetics of ozonide formation informed the use of an integrated batch-flow approach, where ozone addition to an olefin was timed to coincide with fluid movement of a single-syringe pump, followed by downstream Pinnick oxidation and reductive quench in flow. The system was demonstrated by continuous preparation of azelaic acid from ozonolysis of palmitoleic acid, a process limited to low production volumes via batch chemistry. High total production of azelaic acid with 80% yield was obtained from an algae oil sourced unsaturated fatty acid: a product with important applications in medicine, cosmetics, and polymers. This low-cost, scalable approach offers the potential for rapid prototyping and distributed chemical production.
Cystic fibrosis in Uruguay (2002)

We conducted clinical and genetic analyses of 52 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients in Uruguay, which is about half of the known affected individuals in the country. A relatively high proportion had a mild presentation, characterized by pancreatic sufficiency (28%), a strong pulmonary component (97%), and borderline sweat electrolyte measurements (25%). Mutational analysis of CF chromosomes demonstrated a relatively low incidence of the DeltaF508 allele (40%) and a large number of other cystic fibrosis conductance regulator mutations, with an overall detection rate of about 71%. Fifteen different mutations were detected in our patients: DeltaF508, G542X, R1162X, G85E, N1303K, R334W, R75Q, R74W, D1270N, W1282X, DeltaI507, 2789+5G-->A, R1066C, -816C/T, R553X, as well as RNA splicing variant IVS8-5T. This group of Uruguayan CF patients has some characteristics in common with other populations of similar origin (Hispanics), as well as some unique characteristics.
N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester Functionalized Perfluorophenyl Azides as Novel Photoactive Heterobifunctional Crosslinking Reagents. The Covalent Immobilization of Biomolecules to Polymer Surfaces (1994)

The synthesis of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) functionalized perfluorophenyl azides (PFPAs) 2 and 3 is described together with a general method for the covalent modification of polymer surfaces using heterobifunctional, photoactivable cross-linking reagents 1 and 3. The NHS-active ester group becomes covalently attached to the polymer surface via an efficient CH bond insertion reaction of the photogenerated, highly reactive nitrene intermediate derived from the PFPA. The NHS ester is capable of further reaction with a variety of primary amine-containing reagents including biomolecules by way of amide formation. The method is illustrated as follows. Photolysis of polystyrene (PS) and poly-(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) thin films spin-coated with NHS PFPA ester 1 or 3 gave films 8 or 9, respectively. Each film was then exposed to an aqueous solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), giving films 10 or 11, respectively. The amounts of HRP immobilized on PS and P3OT were calculated from enzyme activity assays to be 0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/mm2 for 10a, 1.0 +/- 0.2 ng/mm2 for 11a, 0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/mm2 for 10b, 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/mm2 for 11b. Using this surface functionalization methodology, biotin-streptavidin-biotin-HRP was constructed on the PS film. The storage stability of HRP thus immobilized through the extended linker, biotin-streptavidin-biotin, was enhanced as compared to that of HRP directly immobilized on the PS surface.
Categorization of real-time software components for code size estimation (2010)

Background: To estimate Software Code Size early in the development process is important both for Cost/Effort estimation and electronic hardware design reasons. The COSMIC FSM (Functional Size Measurement) method treats the intended software to be measured as a black box, and measures CFP (COSMIC Function Points) based only on data movement in and out of the software. Therefore, CFP can be measured on requirements defined early, and be used to estimate Code Size if there exists a strong correlation between CFP and Code Size. We have conducted four experiments in the automotive industry showing strong correlation between CFP and implemented Code Size in Bytes. All four experiments, of which two have not been published before, show equally strong correlation but the linear relationship is different between the experiments.
Building a customer‐focused local authority – inChristchurch, New Zealand (1995)

Recounts Christchurch City Council’s attempt to develop a comprehensive strategy through which all employees could focus on improving performance in the varied areas of service to its internal and external customers. Customer satisfaction and value for money were key objectives, though the Council’s intention was to achieve them through identifying “best practice” in the customer‐focused business performance improvement in a local government context. Offers an analysis of several features of the Christchurch improvement strategy considered to be of particular interest to people working in or with local government.
Human tracheobronchial epithelial cells direct migration of lung fibroblasts in three-dimensional collagen gels (1992)

Normal airway morphogenesis and repair after injury depend in part on the interaction between the mesenchymal and epithelial cells in the tracheobronchial tree. We cultured human lung fibroblasts between layers of type I collagen gel and examined sections through these three-dimensional matrices to assess fibroblast migration. The migration assay used in these experiments allowed simultaneous assessment of directed and random fibroblast migration as well as cell number. We tested the hypothesis that human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells direct the migration of fibroblasts. When fibroblasts were cultured alone, migration was nearly equivalent in the upper and lower collagen layers. When HTBE cells were plated on the upper collagen lattice, there was a net migration of fibroblasts toward the HTBE cells. The differential migration was evident early in culture but became maximal after 1 wk. Differences increased at higher HTBE cell inoculation densities. No epithelial chemokinetic or mitogenic influence was evident: total cell migration and total fibroblast number were not significantly different between the control and coculture sections. HTBE fibronectin production may contribute to directed migration because fibronectin, added to the upper lattice, reproduced a portion of the directed migration seen in coculture. Our data support the hypothesis that epithelial cells direct fibroblast migration.
Temperature Dependence of the Structure Factor ofAs2Se3Glass Up to the Glass Transition (1981)

The temperature dependence of the structure factor of glassy ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ has been measured. Surprising results were found for the first peak, which shows a large increase in intensity from 40 K to the glass transition temperature, ${T}_{g}$; in contrast the second peak decreases in this range. The first peak corresponds to interlayer correlation in the glass. Its increase indicates a smoothing of the layers which may lead to layers slipping past one another, thus decreasing the viscosity above ${T}_{g}$.
Physical Origin of the Differential Voltage Minimum Associated with Lithium Plating in Li-Ion Batteries (2020)

The main barrier to fast charging of Li-ion batteries at low temperatures is the risk of short-circuiting due to lithium plating. In-situ detection of Li plating is highly sought after in order to develop fast charging strategies that avoid plating. It is widely believed that Li plating after a single fast charge can be detected and quantified by using a minimum in the differential voltage (DV) signal during the subsequent discharge, which indicates how much lithium has been stripped. In this work, a pseudo-2D physics-based model is used to investigate the effect on Li plating and stripping of concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients in the active electrode materials. A new modelling protocol is also proposed, in order to distinguish the effects of fast charging, slow charging and Li plating/stripping. The model predicts that the DV minimum associated with Li stripping is in fact a shifted and more abrupt version of a minimum caused by the stage II-stage III transition in the graphite negative electrode. Therefore, the minimum cannot be used to quantify stripping. Using concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients yields qualitatively different results to previous work. This knowledge casts doubt on the utility of DV analysis for detecting Li plating.
Optical Quality in Keratoconus Is Associated With Corneal Biomechanics (2020)

Corneal biomechanical indices correlated with ocular HOAs in patients with KC. In particular, there was a strong association with the increase in coma caused by inferosuperior asymmetry of the shape of the cornea in patients with KC.
Analyse circuit équivalent d’une métasurface passive en tant qu’absorbant électromagnétique (2021)

International audience
Nanoaluminum as a Solid Propellant Fuel (2009)

Experimental studies on the burning of nanoaluminum-based solid rocket propellants are carried out. Data on the properties of condensed combustion products, mechanisms of their formation, and burning-rate law are obtained.&#13;\nBased on these data, a physical picture is developed of the considered burning-propellant classes. Mathematical modeling of burning nanoaluminum in composite solid rocket propellants is carried out. The influence of nanoaluminum on ignition temperature of the metal fuel and burning-rate law is shown. The results of this study allow carrying out the analysis and selection of good-quality propellants using nanoaluminum.