gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Technology - Old Law: Autonomous Vehicles and California's Insurance Framework (2012)

In 1988 California voters adopted Proposition 103. The Proposition moved California into the group of states that regulates and requires prior approval of all automotive rates. Had it done only this, insuring autonomous vehicles would present only modest challenges. Proposition 103, however, did much more. It entrenched into California insurance law a number of requirements that are incompatible with autonomous vehicles and the rapidly advancing technology they embody. The Proposition mandates the use of some specific rating factors that determine a vehicle owner’s premium. This rating system makes little sense when applied to self-driving vehicles. The Proposition also mandates a 20% discount for people who qualify as “good drivers.” Again, this mandated discount, which must be balanced by charging more to other drivers who do not qualify, presents serious issues when applied to vehicles that drive themselves. In addition, Proposition 103 does not permit the facile adjustment of rates as rapidly changing technology reduces the risks presented by autonomous vehicles. To the extent liability, and the accompanying insurance coverage, moves to the products liability arena, the provisions of the Proposition relating to automobile polices will not apply. Moving the primary source of compensation for injured parties to suppliers, manufacturers and their insurers, however, presents coverage issues for innovative companies acquired by others. To some extent, moving coverage to suppliers and manufacturers also exacerbates problems of moral hazard and adverse selection. If automobile insurers are the first line of compensation for injuries caused by defects in autonomous vehicles driven by faultless vehicle owners, they will pass the costs to the suppliers and manufacturers. The suppliers and manufacturers will then pass their insurance premiums back to autonomous vehicle buyers in the cost of the vehicle. Since insurers of suppliers and manufacturers are not constrained by the unique rating factors mandated by Proposition 103, applying Proposition 103 to the insurers of self-driving automobiles is a costly and fruitless exercise. These challenges would little matter if Proposition 103 were easily adjusted to meet this new technology. It is not. It may be amended only by another proposition or by a 2/3 vote of the legislature, and in the latter case only when the legislation furthers the Proposition’s purposes—whatever that may prove to mean.
Nuclear safety policy working group recommendations for SEI nuclear propulsion safety (1992)

Nuclear propulsion has been identified as an essential technology for the implementation of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). An interagency Nuclear Safety Policy Working Group (NSPWG) was chartered to recommend nuclear safety policy, requirements, and guidelines for the SEI nuclear propulsion program to facilitate the implementation of mission planning and conceptual design studies. The NSPWG developed a top level policy to provide the guiding principles for the development and implementation of the nuclear propulsion safety program and the development of Safety Functional Requirements. In addition, the NSPWG reviewed safety issues for nuclear propulsion and recommended top level safety requirements and guidelines to address these issues. Safety topics include reactor start‐up, inadvertent criticality, radiological release and exposure, disposal, entry, safeguards, risk/reliability, operational safety, ground testing, and other considerations. All recommendations are in conformance with existing regulations and are formulated with the objectives of assuring safety rather than establishing prescriptive requirements.
La photonique dans la métropole lilloise (2022)

Ces dernières années, la métropole lilloise s’est imposée comme un pôle de recherche académique incontournable dans le domaine de la photonique. C’est notamment le cas des travaux en optique fibrée, en optique non-linéaire, en topologie ou encore en photonique-Terahertz, qui ont une forte visibilité internationale. En lien étroit avec les grandes universités, le Conseil Régional et des industries implantées en région, ces activités structurent recherche et formation dans la métropole lilloise.
ChemInform Abstract: Lactols in Stereoselection. Part 3. Highly anti‐Cram Selective 1,2‐Asymmetric Induction. (1989)

Abstract The lactol (I) is cleaved with the methylmetallic reagents (II) to form the 1,4‐diols (III) and (IV).
Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Spectra of Latent Fingerprints: A Biometric Gauge for the Age of an Individual* (2008)

To determine if changes in fingerprint infrared spectra linear with age can be found, partial least squares (PLS1) regression of 155 fingerprint infrared spectra against the person's age was constructed. The regression produced a linear model of age as a function of spectrum with a root mean square error of calibration of less than 4 years, showing an inflection at about 25 years of age. The spectral ranges emphasized by the regression do not correspond to the highest concentration constituents of the fingerprints. Separate linear regression models for old and young people can be constructed with even more statistical rigor. The success of the regression demonstrates that a combination of constituents can be found that changes linearly with age, with a significant shift around puberty.
Tandem Prins/pinacol reaction for the synthesis of oxaspiro[4.5]decan-1-one scaffolds (2014)

A novel Lewis acid catalyzed Prins/pinacol cascade process has been developed for the synthesis of 7-substituted-8-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-1-ones in good yields with excellent selectivity. This is the first example of the synthesis of oxaspirocycles from aldehydes and 1-(4-hydroxybut-1-en-2-yl)cyclobutanol through a cascade of Prins/pinacol rearrangement. This method is applicable to a wide range of aldehydes such as aromatic, aliphatic, heteroaromatic, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
Molecular-Scale Processes Involving Nanoparticulate Minerals in Biogeochemical Systems (2005)

Mineral particles with diameters on the scale of nanometers (nanoparticles) are important constituents of natural environments. The small size of such particles has a host of consequences for biogeochemical systems, which we will review in this chapter. We begin by briefly reviewing what is known about how and when nanoparticles form and the ways in which nanoparticles impact natural processes.

Nanoparticles form via a variety of inorganic and biological pathways and may be introduced into the environment as a consequence of human activity. They are widespread in the environment (Banfield and Navrotsky 2001; Penn et al. 2001; Kennedy et al. 2003a,b; van der Zee et al. 2003), although few quantitative studies of their abundance are available. While all crystals begin as very small particles, an important subset retain small size at the Earth’s surface over relatively long time scales, because the combination of low temperature and low solubility inhibits growth. As a consequence, nanoparticles have the potential for a long lifetime in the environment, and widespread transport under certain circumstances.

Processes that result in the removal of nanoparticles from an environment include dissolution, settling from air, transport in solution, and crystal growth. Particle aggregation may be an important component of these processes because it will promote settling, limit dispersal via solution transport, and can lead to aggregation-based crystal growth.

The presence of nanoparticles can profoundly influence biological systems. Because they are frequently formed in environments that are populated by microorganisms, nanoparticles often adhere to cell surfaces or cell-associated polymers (see Fig. 1⇓ for examples). These coatings can have important consequences for metabolic activity, for example, by restricting communication between the cell and its surroundings. They may also provide protection from predators, inhibit desiccation, screen cells from ultraviolet radiation, and alter the cell buoyancy (e.g., …
ChemInform Abstract: BODIPY Dyes and Their Derivatives: Syntheses and Spectroscopic Properties (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Standardised method for cardiomyocyte isolation and purification from individual murine neonatal, infant, and adult hearts (2021)

Abstract Primary cardiomyocytes are invaluable for understanding postnatal heart development. However, a universal method to obtain freshly purified cardiomyocytes without using different agedependent isolation procedures and cell culture, is lacking. Here, we report the development of a standardised method that allows rapid isolation and purification of high-quality cardiomyocytes from individual neonatal through to adult C57BL/6J murine hearts. Langendorff retrograde perfusion, which is currently limited to adult hearts, was adapted for use in neonatal and infant hearts by developing an easier in situ aortic cannulation technique. Tissue digestion conditions were optimised to achieve efficient digestion of hearts of all ages in a comparable timeframe (&lt;14 min). This resulted in a high yield (1.56-2.2×10 6 cells/heart) and viability (~70-100%) of cardiomyocytes post-isolation. An immunomagnetic cell separation step was then applied to yield highly purified cardiomyocytes (~95%) as confirmed by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR. For cell-type specific studies, cardiomyocyte DNA, RNA, and protein could be extracted in sufficient yields to conduct molecular experiments. We generated transcriptomic datasets for neonatal cardiomyocytes from individual hearts, for the first time, which revealed nine sex-specific genes (FDR&lt;0.05) encoded on the sex chromosomes. Finally, we also developed an in situ fixation protocol that preserved the native cytoarchitecture of cardiomyocytes (~94% rodshaped post-isolation), and used it to evaluate cell morphology during cardiomyocyte maturation, as well as capture spindle-shaped neonatal cells undergoing cytokinesis. Together, these procedures allow molecular and morphological profiling of high-quality cardiomyocytes from individual hearts of any postnatal age.
Studies on Stable Formulations for a Hydrophobic Cytokine (2006)

The goal of the thesis was to analyze the impact of the formulation conditions on the stabilization of a hydrophobic cytokine. A standard way to formulate the cytokine at physiological pH is using Human Serum Albumin (HSA) as excipient. Based on a lyophilized formulation with mannitol as bulking agent and HSA as stabilizer analogous to commercially available systems, the impact of HSA-stabilizers, NaCl and pH on particle formation and stability of the cytokine in the liquid state was elucidated. As NaCl can impact the freezing and lyophilization behavior, the impact of NaCl on the behavior of mannitol-HSA placebo mixtures based on the cytokine-HSA formulations was studied. The goal was to understand how freezing, lyophilization and a subsequent storage of the formulations are influenced by NaCl and the HSA-stabilizers. The use of HSA as excipient is related to the risk of blood born pathogens, enhanced immunogenicity, as well as to analytical difficulties. Therefore, approaches to replace HSA in the cytokine formulation and to achieve stable HSA-free formulations were developed. For the lyophilized formulations HSA was replaced by sucrose as amorphous stabilizer and the physico-chemical properties of the system mannitol–sucrose during freezing and lyophilization were analyzed. To achieve a stable HSA-free formulation, cytokine adsorption and its low solubility were the major issues that had to be overcome. Overall, it was feasible to stabilize the cytokine without the use of HSA at low pH as liquid and lyophilized formulation. By using glass type I+ vials, respectively adding polysorbate 20 it was possible to minimize protein adsorption. Thus, the studies provided an extensive characterization of the hydrophobic cytokine, its stabilization with HSA and the pH dependent instability of HSA-containing systems. As an alternative a stable HSA-free formulation for the cytokine could be presented. Especially for the lyophilized formulations it could be shown that subtle changes of excipients e.g. in the NaCl content can have a detrimental impact.
Diffusion Monte Carlo study of a valley-degenerate electron gas and application to quantum dots (2008)

A many-flavor electron gas (MFEG) in a semiconductor with a valley degeneracy ranging between 6 and 24 was analyzed using diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) calculations. The DMC results compare well to an analytic expression derived by one of us [Phys. Rev. B 78, 035111 (2008)] for the total energy to within $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%$ over an order of magnitude range of density, which increases with valley degeneracy. For ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{Te}}_{3}$ (sixfold valley degeneracy) the applicable charge-carrier densities are between $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. DMC calculations distinguished between an exact and a useful approximate expression for the 24-fold degenerate MFEG polarizability for wave numbers $2{p}_{F}&lt;q&lt;7{p}_{F}$. The analytical result for the MFEG is generalized to inhomogeneous systems by means of a gradient correction; the validity range of this approach is obtained. Employed within a density-functional theory calculation this approximation compares well to DMC results for a quantum dot.
SNP‐Based Improvement of a Microsatellite Marker Associated with Karnal Bunt Resistance in Wheat (2006)

Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has become the technology of choice for introgressing important traits with indistinct phenotypes into agronomically elite cultivars. Karnal bunt (KB, causal agent Tilletia indica Mitra) is an economically important fungal pathogen of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) which has caused economic losses in the USA since it was first reported in 1996. To protect U.S. wheat from this emerging disease and the losses incurred from export quarantines, genetic sources of resistance are needed by breeders to improve U.S. germplasm. Resistance to KB is difficult to score phenotypically, making MAS an ideal choice for deploying this trait into U.S. wheat. Here we describe the conversion of a codominant microsatellite marker, Xgwm538 , associated with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for KB resistance into a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based marker. The SNP marker was developed to improve gel‐based resolution and amplification consistency. The gwm538 primers amplify three fragments in the KB resistant line HD29: 137‐, 147‐, and a 152‐bp fragment that maps to the long arm of chromosome 4B and is linked to the KB QTL. By cloning and sequencing all three fragments, we were able to exploit a SNP and design a new primer to selectively amplify the 152‐bp fragment of interest (gwm538snp). Amplification consistency is improved with gwm538snp since the amplification of competing nontarget fragments is eliminated, and ambiguity is reduced since heterozygous plants are easily identified among backcross progeny.
Design and analysis of a protecting breathing device (VITER) disinfecting air with an integrated UVC radiation mechanism (2022)

A microbicidal Protecting Breathing Device using an Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) air-sterilization unit, is designed and analyzed. The system is producing short-wave UV light which inactivates bacteria, viruses, and protozoa and it is connected to a full-face mask supplying sterilized inhaled air to the user and in a unique way, also sterilizes the exhaled air back to the ambient environment so covering the case of an asymptomatic transmitter. A dedicated control system is developed and built in the device for a full surveillance of the system.
Cue Reactivity in Converted and Native Intermittent Smokers (2014)

Though CITS show some remnants of their history of daily smoking, CITS and NITS demonstrate similar cue reactivity, suggesting that they would not require different behavioral approaches to help them quit.
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis with neurological manifestations (1998)

PCR and DNA hybridization of skin lesions from the man contained HPV-20 and HPV-57. He was treated with long-term oral acitretin; the warty lesions became partly or wholly flattened and the plantar hyperkeratosis showed a remarkable improvement. The woman died 10 years later as a result of metastasizing breast cancer.
Post-growth bandgap engineering in InP (2005)

We report novel quantum-well intermixing techniques that allow multiple bandgaps to be generated on a single InP substrate or device. The proposed processes are suitable for the manufacture of monolithically integrated optoelectronic devices and circuits
Production of endoglucanase by the native strains of Streptomyces isolates in submerged fermentation (2008)

Cellulase is a complex enzyme system, commercially produced by filamentous fungi under solid-state and submerged cultivation. It has wide applicability in textile, food and beverage industry for effective saccharification process. In this study, cellulolytic enzyme activity, particularly endoglucanase of 26 Streptomyces strains isolated from garden soil was examined, including two isolates selected on the basis of potential cellulolytic activity on Bennett's agar medium. To enhance the endoglucanase formation in broth culture, different conditions including carbon and nitrogen sources, and growth conditions were tested. The maximum endoglucanase activity (11.25-11.90 U/mL) was achieved within 72-88 h in fermentation medium containing Tween-80, followed by phosphate sources. Both cellulolytic Streptomyces isolates gave almost equal quantity of enzyme in all trials. However the effect of medium ingredients on endoglucanase induction diverged with strains in some extent.
Effectiveness of an internet intervention (Deprexis) for depression in a United States adult sample: A parallel-group pragmatic randomized controlled trial. (2017)

Results suggest that Deprexis can produce symptomatic improvement among depressed adults recruited from the United States. Additional research is needed that examines whether improvements are maintained over time and who is particularly likely to respond to this form of treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
Two problems in pre‐stack inversion: Optimal regularization and computation of differential seismograms (2002)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002Two problems in pre‐stack inversion: Optimal regularization and computation of differential seismogramsAuthors: Mrinal K. SenIndrajit G. RoyMrinal K. SenUniversity of Texas at Austin Austin, Tx and Indrajit G. RoyUniversity of Texas at Austin Austin, Txhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1817406 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1817406FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 2002 Pages: 2478 publication data© 2002 Copyright © 2002 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 03 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Mrinal K. Sen and Indrajit G. Roy, (2002), "Two problems in pre‐stack inversion: Optimal regularization and computation of differential seismograms," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 894-897. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1817406 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
This Month in Adult Urology (2013)

No AccessJournal of UrologyThis Month in Adult Urology1 Apr 2013This Month in Adult Urology William D. Steers William D. SteersWilliam D. Steers More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.01.034AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "This Month in Adult Urology." The Journal of Urology, 189(4), pp. 1181–1182 References 1 : Results of a randomized phase III trial of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder. J Urol2013; 189: 1388. Link, Google Scholar 2 : Operational characteristics of 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for prostate cancer with biochemical recurrence after initial treatment. J Urol2013; 189: 1308. Link, Google Scholar 3 : Acute spinal cord injury—do ambulatory patients need urodynamic investigations?. J Urol2013; 189: 1369. Google Scholar 4 : Percutaneous renal cryoablation after partial nephrectomy: technical feasibility, complications and outcomes. J Urol2013; 189: 1243. Link, Google Scholar 5 : A prospective randomized trial of povidone-iodine prophylactic cleansing of the rectum before transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol2013; 189: 1326. Link, Google Scholar 6 : Association of bowel habits with lower urinary tract symptoms in men: findings from the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Urol2013; 189: 1409. Abstract, Google Scholar 7 : Prospective, randomized, double-blind, vehicle controlled, multicenter phase IIb clinical trial of the pore forming protein PRX302 for targeted treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol2013; 189: 1421. Link, Google Scholar © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4April 2013Page: 1181-1182 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information William D. Steers More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Porous nanomaterials having three-dimensional patterning (2023)

Provided are methods for imprinting a porous material, the methods including applying a first stamp to a porous material having an average pore size of less than about 100 μm, the first stamp having at least a first portion having a first height, a second portion having a second height and a third portion having a third height, wherein the first height, second height and third height are different.
Can On-line Social Network Users Trust That What They Designated as Confidential Data Remains So? (2015)

Internet users in general and on-line social networks users in particular are becoming more savvy about masking data they consider private. However, some of this masked data may be inferable from other data the user has not masked. Furthermore, even if a user masks all its data, it may still be inferable from the unmasked data of its friends, due to affinities in likes and personal attributes. In contrast to the conventional data mining approach, in which a model is built for all users, we build a rule set which is individualized for each user. In this paper we propose a novel rule induction approach (that incorporates predictive metrics) which enable a user to evaluate the potential risk incurred by unmasked attributes, friends' attributes and also the risk of befriending new users. We find that all of these risks are quantifiable and a risk ranking of attributes and friends/potential friends can be individualized for each user. We give examples and use cases and confirm the effectiveness of the approach, using a sophisticated synthetic OSN-data to define risk attribute and user combinations which coincide with the risk ranking produced by our algorithm.