gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive coevaporation synthesis and characterization of SrTiO/sub 3/-BaTiO/sub 3/ thin films (2003)

(Ba/sub x/Sr/sub 1-x/)TiO/sub 3/ thin films were prepared by reactive coevaporation on Pd-coated sapphire substrates. Ba and Sr metals were evaporated by K-cells and Ti metal was evaporated by an E-gun. Films of 80- to 90-nm thickness were deposited at 500 degrees C and were crystallized in perovskite phase for the whole Ba content (x) range. The leakage current density of as-deposited films was fairly large and could be reduced by rapid thermal annealing in /sub r/ decreased with increasing (Ba+Sr)/Ti atomic ratio. The leakage current characteristics were improved by increasing the (Ba+Sr)/Ti atomic ratio.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dynamic junction temperature estimation via built-in negative thermal coefficient (NTC) thermistor in high power IGBT modules (2017)

The junction temperature is closely related to the safe operation and reliability of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules and the power conversion system. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers are dedicating to the study of online junction temperature extraction method, which is essential for the aging estimation, health management and reliability assessment for the module and the system. In this paper, a dynamic junction temperature estimation method using the built-in negative thermal coefficient (NTC) thermistor in high power IGBT modules with transient thermal model is presented. A two-order thermal model is built to accurately describe the transient impedance between the chip and the built-in thermistor, which is verified by the experimental results. Then by employing the power loss on the module and the NTC temperature, junction temperature can be extract using the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to estimate the dynamic junction temperature under the situation of load variation and demonstrate its advantages on conventional method.
Latent Factor Analysis of Gaussian Distributions under Graphical Constraints (2020)

We explore the algebraic structure of the solution space of convex optimization problem Constrained Minimum Trace Factor Analysis (CMTFA), when the population covariance matrix Σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> has an additional latent graphical constraint, namely, a latent star topology. In particular, we have shown that CMTFA can have either a rank 1 or a rank n - 1 solution and nothing in between. The special case of a rank 1 solution, corresponds to the case where just one latent variable captures all the dependencies among the observables, giving rise to a star topology. We found explicit conditions for both rank 1 and rank n - 1 solutions for CMTFA solution of Σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> . As a basic attempt towards building a more general Gaussian tree, we have found a necessary and a sufficient condition for multiple clusters each having rank 1 CMTFA solution to satisfy a minimum probability, to combine together to build a Gaussian tree.
Exceptions Are Strictly More Powerful Than Call/CC. (1995)

Abstract : We demonstrate that in the context of statically typed pure functional lambda calculi, exceptions are strictly more powerful than call/cc. More precisely, we prove that the simply typed lambda calculus extended with exceptions is strictly more powerful than Girard's F(w), (a superset of the simply typed lambda calculus) extended with call/cc and abort. This result is established by showing that the first language is Turing equivalent while the second language permits only a subset of the recursive functions to be written. We show that the simply typed lambda calculus extended with exceptions is Turing equivalent by reducing the untyped lambda calculus to it by means of a novel method for simulating recursive types using exception-returning functions. The result concerning F(w) extended with call/cc is from a previous paper of the author and Robert Harper's.
Wireless Broadcasting Using the Scalable Extension of H. 264/AVC (2005)

For the ongoing standardization activities for IP-based broadcast video and audio streaming services over DVB H, DMB or 3GPP’s MBMS the use of new forward error protection techniques is investigated, since these activities only propose the use of equal error protection schemes. Especially in distributing video hierarchical protection schemes can be used for more efficient content aware protection. Even older video coding standards allow simple quality reducing mechanism like temporal scalability. New scalable video coding schemes like the scalable extensions of H. 264/AVC can be used for a further enhancement of the protection schemes. In combination with an unequal erasure protection scheme the efficiency of network delivery can be enhanced significantly. We propose a scheme, which shows benefits compared to single layer stream protection schemes. The scheme allows protection over a larger range of error rates compared to single layer protection while showing “ graceful degradation” like behavior.
MIGRATION BY EXTRAPOLATION OF TIME‐DEPENDENT BOUNDARY VALUES* (1983)

A bstract Migration of an observed zero‐offset wavefield can be performed as the solution of a boundary value problem in which the data are extrapolated backward in time. This concept is implemented through a finite‐difference solution of the two‐dimensional acoustic wave equation. All depths are imaged simultaneously at time 0 (the imaging condition), and all dips (right up to vertical) are correctly migrated. Numerical examples illustrate this technique in both constant and variable velocity media.
Knock‐down of transcript abundance of a family ofKunitz proteinase inhibitorgenes in white clover (Trifolium repens) reveals a redundancy and diversity of gene function (2015)

The transcriptional regulation of four phylogenetically distinct members of a family of Kunitz proteinase inhibitor (KPI) genes isolated from white clover (Trifolium repens; designated Tr-KPI1, Tr-KPI2, Tr-KPI4 and Tr-KPI5) has been investigated to determine their wider functional role. The four genes displayed differential transcription during seed germination, and in different tissues of the mature plant, and transcription was also ontogenetically regulated. Heterologous over-expression of Tr-KPI1, Tr-KPI2, Tr-KPI4 and Tr-KPI5 in Nicotiana tabacum retarded larval growth of the herbivore Spodoptera litura, and an increase in the transcription of the pathogenesis-related genes PR1 and PR4 was observed in the Tr-KPI1 and Tr-KPI4 over-expressing lines. RNA interference (RNAi) knock-down lines in white clover displayed significantly altered vegetative growth phenotypes with inhibition of shoot growth and a stimulation of root growth, while knock-down of Tr-KPI1, Tr-KPI2 and Tr-KPI5 transcript abundance also retarded larval growth of S. litura. Examination of these RNAi lines revealed constitutive stress-associated phenotypes as well as altered transcription of cellular signalling genes. These results reveal a functional redundancy across members of the KPI gene family. Further, the regulation of transcription of at least one member of the family, Tr-KPI2, may occupy a central role in the maintenance of a cellular homeostasis.
Magnetic Field Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Pentathiophene (2004)

Liquid crystalline α,α′-disubstituted pentathiophene was aligned using high magnetic fields (>5 T) resulting in macroscopically oriented samples. The pentathiophene crystallites were found to be aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field direction, as is evidenced by microscopy images. The samples are stable at room temperature and will be used for further investigations such as the determination of the (anisotropic) mobility and the polarization of the light emission.
Numerical simulation of mixing and segregation of granular material (2015)

Mixing and segregation of granular material, consisting of spherical particles of various sizes, stirred by a periodically moving bar was simulated numerically, using the discrete element method. It was shown that smaller particles of the granulated material tend to sink to the bottom while the larger particles rise to the top. The segregation process depends on mixing, which is more intense for higher values of the dynamic friction coefficient of the particle material. This dependence is similar to the case of hydrodynamics where mixing is more intense in more viscous fluids, but more thorough understanding of this dependence for the case of granular matter requires further investigations.
Acoustic Cavitation as an Enhancing Mechanism of Low-Frequency Sonophoresis for Transdermal Drug Delivery (2009)

We investigated the role of acoustic cavitation on sonophoretic skin permeation of calcein, a model permeant, across excised hairless rat skin. Three different frequencies (41, 158, 445 kHz) and various intensities (60 to 300 mW/cm(2)) of ultrasound were applied. Cavitation generation in degassed and undegassed (normal) water was monitored using a commercially available cavitation meter, then compared with skin permeability from calcein solution consistent of them. In addition, the penetration of a fluorescent dye, rhodamine B, into gelatin gel as a skin alternative was observed to estimate the role of cavitation collapse in the solution at or near the skin surface. Cavitation generation in the undegassed water was dependent on the ultrasound frequency, and the rank order of the cavitation was 41 kHz>158 kHz>445 kHz. At 41 kHz, cavitation generation in degassed water was clearly lower than that in undegassed water. Calcein permeability during ultrasound application correlated well with the cavitation generation in the medium, suggesting the important role of the indirect actions of cavitation collapse which occurred in the applied solution rather than the direct action in the skin. When ultrasound (41 or 158 kHz) was applied to the gelatin gels covered with rhodamine B solution, alteration in the surface configuration, like spots, and the coincident penetration of the dye were observed only at 41 kHz, while no alteration in the surface configuration was evident at 158 kHz. These results suggest that cavitation collapses in the vicinity of the skin surface might be more important for solute penetration in addition to skin permeabilization.
A new liquid encapsulant for IC packaging (2003)

The new SYCAR resin is shown to have the desirable characteristics for a liquid encapsulant. Unlike epoxy-based encapsulants, this resin consists of a silicon-carbon backbone which is highly crosslinked during the cure reaction. The desirable characteristics of this resin include a low level of ionic contamination, low moisture absorption, high glass transition temperature, excellent dispensability, and long shelf life. Package level reliability results indicated that the SYCAR encapsulant outperformed the leading domestic and Japanese encapsulants and met the 144 h of autoclave, 1000 h of bias humidity, and 1000 cycles of thermal shock requirements for mold compounds.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Measuring electrode arrangement for grounding resistance measurement of grounding system in vertical-layered soil (2002)

How to precisely measure the grounding resistance of a substation is the fundamental factor to guarantee the safe operation of power system. The arrangement rules of measuring electrodes for the grounding resistance measurement of grounding system in vertical-layered soil were analyzed by numerical method. The demanded correct site for the potential rod under different directions is obtained when the grounding system is arranged in different soil model. The analysis states that scientific and suitable measurement method is to correctly choose the site for the potential rod according to the soil and grounding system structures in order to precisely measure the grounding resistance, and realizes the difference between the measuring results and actual grounding resistance.
Numerical Integration of ODEs in Real-Time Systems Like State Observers: Stability Aspects (2011)

This paper deals with the performance of some numerical integration (NI) methods for ordinary differential equations in real-time applications involving stiffness. After summarizing the main results about accuracy and stability of some well-known schemes, the point of view of the control is emphasized, by showing the impact of the NI on the dynamics of the discretized model. Moreover, some peculiarities of the NI in hybrid systems are touched by introducing a simple hybrid model for testing the performances of some NI schemes. Finally, some experimental tests are shown, dealing with a control of a sensorless drive whose model is characterized by stiffness.
Characterization of keyhole dynamics in laser welding of copper by means of high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging (2022)

Laser welding of copper is of great importance for industrial applications, e.g., for manufacturing of electrical components such as hairpins. Solid state lasers are widely used due to the high power and beam brilliance, but the implementation can be challenging in terms of process instabilities and resulting weld defects, i.e., spatter and pore formation. In order to understand the formation thus avoid these defects, the development of the understanding of the keyhole and its interaction with the surrounding melt pool is required. In this paper, high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging (frame rate: 20,000 Hz) demonstrated its capability to study the keyhole geometry to quantify and describe the dynamic behavior inside the workpiece. Thus, novel insights into fundamental processes are provided and a new methodic approach was introduced to describe the time-dependent behavior of the keyhole and its interaction with the melt pool during laser beam deep welding of copper (Cu-ETP/CW004A).
Fabrication of photonic band gap crystal using microtransfer molded templates (2003)

We have proposed and demonstrated an economical technique to fabricate a three-dimensional layer-by-layer photonic band gap structure in the infrared wavelengths. An organic polymer template structure, an inverse layer-by-layer photonic crystal structure, is assembled using the microtransfer molding technique. This template is infiltrated with sol-gel or nanoparticle titanium oxide slurry, then later removed by heat treatment at a temperature range of 550–800 °C. This method can be extended to fabricate photonic crystals operating at optical and ultraviolet frequencies.
Application of 1 nm gold probes on paraffin wax sections for in situ hybridisation histochemistry. (1990)

An in situ hybridisation technique that uses 1 nm immunogold reagents and silver enhancement was devised to detect biotinylated DNA viral probes in formalin fixed, paraffin wax sections of human cervix. DNA probes labelled with biotin-11-deoxyuridine triphosphate were detected after hybridisation to nucleic acid sequences by an antibiotin antibody, followed by a gold labelled secondary antibody. Silver enhancement then permitted visualisation of the signal at the light microscopic level. The method was reliable and produced less background staining than previously described methods. The signal could be enhanced by epi polarisation microscopy. Furthermore, biotinylated DNA probes may be detected directly by a 1 nm gold labelled goat antibiotin antibody without loss of labelling intensity, and this may be preferable to the longer two layer technique, previously described.
Responder anonymity and anonymous peer-to-peer file sharing (2005)

Data transfer over TCP/IP provides no privacy for network users. Previous research in anonymity has focused on the provision of initiator anonymity. We explore methods of adapting existing initiator-anonymous protocols to provide responder anonymity and mutual anonymity. We present anonymous peer-to-peer file sharing (APFS) protocols, which provide mutual anonymity for peer-to-peer file sharing. APFS addresses the problem of long-lived Internet services that may outlive the degradation present in current anonymous protocols. One variant of APFS makes use of unicast communication, but requires a central coordinator to bootstrap the protocol. A second variant takes advantage of multicast routing to remove the need for any central coordination point. We compare the TCP performance of the APFS protocol to existing overt file sharing systems such as Napster. In providing anonymity, APFS can double transfer times and requires that additional traffic be carried by peers, but this overhead is constant with the size of the session.
TSentiment: On gamifying Twitter sentiment analysis (2016)

Social media platforms contain interesting information that can be used to directly measure people' feelings and, thanks to the use of communication technologies, also to geographically locate these feelings. Unfortunately, the understanding is not as easy as one may think. Indeed, the large volume of data makes the manual approach impractical and the diversity of language combined with the brevity of the texts makes the automatic approach quite complicated. In this paper, we consider the gamification approach to sentimentally classify tweets and we propose TSentiment, a game with a purpose that uses human beings to classify the polarity of tweets (e.g., positive, negative, neutral) and their sentiment (e.g., joy, surprise, sadness, etc.). We created a dataset of more than 65,000 tweets, we developed a Web-based game and we asked students to play the game. Obtained results showed that the game approach was well accepted and thus it can be useful in scenarios where the identification of people' feelings may bring benefits to decision making processes.
Selective back-off smoothing for incorporating grammatical constraints into the n-gram language model (2002)

ABSTRACTSpoken queries submitted to question answering systemsusually consist of query contents (e.g. about newspaper ar-ticles) and frozen patterns (e.g. WH-words), which can bemodeled with N-gram models and grammar-based models,respectively. We propose a method to integrate those differ-ent types of models into a single N-gram model. We rep-resent the two types of language models in a single wordnetwork. However, common smoothing methods, whichare effective for N-gram models, decrease grammatical con-straints for frozen patterns. For this problem, we proposea selective back-off smoothing method, which controls adegree to which smoothing is applied depending the net-work fragment. Additionally, resulting models are compati-ble with the conventional back-off N-gram models, and thusexisting N-gram decoders can easily be used. We show theeffectiveness of our method by way of experiments.1. INTRODUCTIONThe N-gram model has been used successfully as a languagemodel for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition(LVCSR) systems. The N-gram model is simple but ro-bust enough to model all word sequences in the vocabulary.However, it needs a large training corpus and such a corpuscannot be easily constructed unless there already exists alarge text corpus based on, for example, newspaper articles.On the other hand, the grammar-based model is used as alanguage model for tasks involving a relatively small vocab-ulary. This model does not need a training corpus because ittakes advantage of linguistic knowledge. It can model corre-lations more distant than is possible with the N-gram model,which can model only local relations between words.Thus, some spoken sentences can be modeled more suit-ably by the N-gram models and some more suitably bythe grammar-based model. This is also true from an intra-sentence perspective – some parts of sentence are best mod-eled by N-gram model and some parts are best modeled bya grammar-based model.For example, question answering systems receive queriesthat often consist of a part that conveys various query con-tents about, for example, newspaper articles, and a part thatrepresents a frozen pattern for query sentences. The ﬁrstpart seems to be best dealt with by using an N-gram modeltrained with a corpus of newspaper articles, and the secondpart is best dealt with by using the grammar-based model.
Effect of Ultrasonic Wave Irradiation Sequence in Microhollow Production Produced by Bubble Cavitation (2011)

Sonoporation, which makes micropores through a cell membrane by bubble cavitation, improves the efficacy in ultrasonic wave drug delivery systems. However, the effects of bubble cavitation are affected largely by bubble condition, such as bubble density and bubble aggregation, just before the irradiation of a high-intensity ultrasonic wave. Aiming at preparing a specific bubble condition in bubble cavitation, a method which uses the frequency modulation of a pumping ultrasonic wave was proposed. In this paper, the effects of the ultrasonic wave irradiation sequence are evaluated under different flow velocities and bubble densities. The spatial correlation between microbubble clouds produced by the pumping ultrasonic wave and the microhollows produced by the bubble cloud cavitation is also discussed.
Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving peritoneal dialysis with new-onset atrial fibrillation (2020)

The risks of ischemic stroke, all-cause death, and in-hospital cardiovascular death were significantly higher in patients undergoing PD with AF than those in patients without AF. The CHA2DS2-VASc score remained associated with the risk of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing PD with AF.
The 3.2Å resolution structure of human mTORC2 (2020)

Abstract The protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the central regulator of cell growth. Aberrant mTOR signaling is linked to cancer, diabetes and neurological disorders. mTOR exerts its functions in two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Here we report a 3.2 Å resolution cryo-EM reconstruction of mTORC2. It reveals entangled folds of the defining Rictor and the substrate-binding SIN1 subunits, identifies the C-terminal domain of Rictor as the source of the rapamycin insensitivity of mTORC2, and resolves mechanisms for mTORC2 regulation by complex destabilization. Two novel small molecule binding sites are visualized, an inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pocket in mTOR and an mTORC2-specific nucleotide binding site in Rictor which also forms a zinc finger. Structural and biochemical analyses suggest that InsP6 and nucleotide binding do not control mTORC2 activity directly but rather have roles in folding or ternary interactions. These insights provide a firm basis for studying mTORC2 signaling and for developing mTORC2-specific inhibitors.
Supplementary Figure 7 from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Selects for Lung Adenocarcinoma Stem Cells Dependent on Notch Signaling (2023)

Supplementary Figure 7 from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Selects for Lung Adenocarcinoma Stem Cells Dependent on Notch Signaling