gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Consecutive One‐Pot Sonogashira—Glaser Coupling Sequence — Direct Preparation of Symmetrical Diynes by Sequential Pd/Cu Catalysis. (2011)

Abstract Sonogashira cross coupling of (het)aryl iodides (I) and (IV) with trimethylsilylacetylene (II) is successfully combined with Glaser coupling using air as oxidant to give symmetrical diaryldiacetylenes (III) and (V), resp., in a two‐step one‐pot sequence.
Fatigue Life Predictive Model and Acceleration Factor Development for Decoupling Capacitors (2018)

Decoupling capacitors are increasingly being used to decrease signal latency and to increase the speed and functionality of microprocessors used in ASICs and Server applications. SnAgCu (SAC) based solder joints are typically used to attach the capacitors to the organic laminate. Fatigue failure of the solder joints due to CTE mismatch between the capacitor and the laminate and due to proximity of the capacitor to the chip is a cause of concern. In this paper we have developed a predictive model and an Arrhenius type acceleration factor that can be used to determine the mean number of cycles for capacitor failure during any thermal cycling conditions including field-use conditions due to solder joint fatigue. The predictive model and the acceleration factor was developed using experimental data from test vehicles with 0306 and 0508 decoupling capacitors that were attached to the laminate using either SAC305 or SAC105 solder and were subjected to a wide range of thermal cycling conditions from harsh to benign.
Carboxylation of Isobutylene and Related Olefins with Carbon Monoxide and Water in the Presence of BF<sub>3</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O Complex Catalysts (1972)

Carboxylation of isobutylene (I. B.) and its oligomers (dimers∼tetramers) in the presence of BF3-H2O complex catalysts having 0.4∼1.0 BF3/H2O molar ratios was conducted in a heterogeneous liquid phase (solvent layer and catalyst layer) at 80∼140°C under CO atmosphere (50kg/cm2).Trimethylacetic acid (T. M. A. A.) was obtained as the main product together with C6, C8, C9, C13 acids and isobutylene oligomers.The rate of absorption of CO increased with the increase of BF3/H2O molar ratio of the catalyst. Carboxylic acids produced were usually distributed between solvent layer and catalyst layer, and the product distribution between both layers was greatly affected both by the BF3/H2O molar ratio of the catalyst and by reaction temperature. Total yield of carboxylic acids had the tendency to decrease with the higher reaction temperature with using catalyst of 0.5∼1.0 BF3/H2O molar ratios, but in the case of catalyst of molar ratio lower than 0.5 BF3/H2O, the yield of carboxylic acids increased along with the reaction temperature.Although the mode of addition of water to the reaction mixture did not show an appreciable effect on the total amount of carboxyl group in the products, it had an appreciable effect on the T. M. A. A. content in the acids produced.The effect of reaction time on the distribution of the products was studied too. In the early stage of the reaction, the larger part of I. B. introduced was converted into I. B. oligomers and the amount of I. B. used for the formation of carboxylic acids was comparatively small. In this stage the C9 acid content in the carboxylic acids produced predominated over that of T. M. A. A., C6 and C8, and C13 acids were also produced in appreciable amounts. However, in the latter stage of the reaction, the yield of carboxylic acids and the content of T. M. A. A. in the products increased at the expense of I. B. oligomers. The change in the composition of C9 acids in the course of the reaction was also observed.Based on the results obtained, the reaction scheme for carboxylation of isobutylene and its oligomers was discussed.
Reduction of tobacco smoke components yield in commercial cigarette brands by addition of HUSY, NaY and Al-MCM-41 to the cigarette rod (2014)

The effect of two zeolites, HUSY, NaY and a mesoporous synthesized Al-MCM-41 material on the smoke composition of ten commercial cigarettes brands has been studied. Cigarettes were prepared by mixing the tobacco with the three powdered materials, and the smoke obtained under the ISO conditions was analyzed. Up to 32 compounds were identified and quantified in the gas fraction and 80 in the total particulate matter (TPM) condensed in the cigarettes filters and in the traps located after the mouth end of the cigarettes. Al-MCM-41 is by far the best additive, providing the highest reductions of the yield for most compounds and brands analyzed. A positive correlation was observed among the TPM and nicotine yields with the reduction obtained in nicotine, CO, and most compounds with the three additives. The amount of ashes in additive free basis increases due to the coke deposited on the solids, especially with Al-MCM-41. Nicotine is reduced with Al-MCM-41 by an average of 34.4% for the brands studied (49.5% for the brand where the major reduction was obtained and 18.5 for the brand behaving the worst). CO is reduced by an average of 18.6% (ranging from 10.3 to 35.2% in the different brands).
Pharmacological Effects of .SIGMA.-Receptor Ligands. Sigma-receptor ligands and anti-stress actions. (1999)

The functional role of sigma receptors in the central nervous system has been investigated extensively. Sigma1-receptors have been shown to play an important role in antidepressive effects since selective sigma1-receptor agonists, as well as typical antidepressants, reduced the immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. The reduction of immobility by sigma1-receptor agonists is antagonized by NE-100, a sigma1-receptor antagonist. It has been suggested that sigma receptors are involved in anxiety since Lu 28-179, a sigma2-receptor agonist, has anxiolytic properties in rodents. In addition to the depressive animal model, phenytoin-sensitive sigma1-receptor agonists such as (+)-SKF-10,047 and dextromethorphan attenuate the conditioned fear stress (CFS) response (which is not influenced by typical anxiolytics and antidepressants) in rodents, the attenuating effects being mediated through phenytoin-sensitive sigma1 receptors, which are closely connected to the mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. Furthermore, neurosteroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate also attenuate the CFS response, the effect being mediated via sigma1 receptors. These findings suggest that sigma receptors are involved in stress-induced pathophysiological changes such as depression and anxiety and that phenytoin-sensitive sigma1-receptor ligands are useful for the treatment of affective disorders, particularly those considered to be treatment-resistant.
Value of Supplemental Air in Improving RBC Performance (1994)

Abstract Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) have been used extensively, but the process units had structural and operational problems. The main problems were related to low dissolved oxygen levels, resulting in thicker biomass growth in the initial stages. This paper discusses the observed value of supplemental aeration in improving RBC performance and in ensuring longer media and shaft life because of reduced mass of biofilm growth. Three full-scale upper-midwest RBC plants, having supplemental aeration in the first two stages, were studied to determine the value of supplemental air in improving RBC performance and in controlling Beggiatoa growth. These plants were operated over a fairly wide range of organic loading. The study results indicated that it was possible to achieve higher BOD5 removal rates when RBCs were provided with supplemental air. In addition, higher dissolved oxygen levels, resulting from the supplemental air, enhanced BOD5 removal and ammonia nitrification significantly. The resulting thinner biofilms also ensured longer life for the media and shaft. Supplemental aeration can be provided with nominal capital investment.
Recognition and discrimination of target mRNAs by Sib RNAs, a cis-encoded sRNA family (2010)

Five Sib antitoxin RNAs, members of a family of cis-encoded small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in Escherichia coli, repress their target mRNAs, which encode Ibs toxins. This target repression occurs only between cognate sRNA-mRNA pairs with an exception of ibsA. We performed co-transformation assays to assess the ability of SibC derivatives to repress ibsC expression, thereby revealing the regions of SibC that are essential for ibsC mRNA recognition. SibC has two target recognition domains, TRD1 and TRD2, which function independently. The target site for TRD1 is located within the ORF of ibsC, whereas the target site for TRD2 is located in the translational initiation region. The TRD1 sequence is sufficient to repress ibsC expression. In contrast, TRD2 requires a specific structure in addition to the recognition sequence. An in vitro structural probing analysis showed that the initial interactions at these two recognition sites allowed base-pairing to progress into the flanking sequences. Displacement of the TRD1 and TRD2 domains of SibC by the corresponding domains of SibD changed the target specificity of SibC from ibsC to ibsD, suggesting that these two elements modulate the cognate target recognition of each Sib RNA by discriminating among non-cognate ibs mRNAs.
The levosimendan metabolite OR‐1896 elicits vasodilation by activating the KATPand BKCachannels in rat isolated arterioles (2006)

1. We characterized the vasoactive effects of OR-1896, the long-lived metabolite of the inodilator levosimendan, in coronary and skeletal muscle microvessels. 2. The effect of OR-1896 on isolated, pressurized (80 mmHg) rat coronary and gracilis muscle arteriole (approximately 150 microm) diameters was investigated by videomicroscopy. 3. OR-1896 elicited concentration-dependent (1 nM-10 microM) dilations in coronary (maximal dilation: 66+/-6%, relative to that in Ca2+-free solutions; pD2: 7.16+/-0.42) and gracilis muscle arterioles (maximal dilation: 73+/-4%; pD2: 6.71+/-0.42), these dilations proving comparable to those induced by levosimendan (1 nM-10 microM) in coronary (maximal dilation: 83+/-6%; pD2: 7.06+/-0.14) and gracilis muscle arterioles (maximal dilation: 73+/-12%; pD2: 7.05+/-0.1). 4. The maximal dilations in response to OR-1896 were significantly (P<0.05) attenuated by the nonselective K+ channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium (1 mM) in coronary (to 34+/-9%) and gracilis muscle arterioles (to 28+/-6%). 5. Glibenclamide (5 or 10 microM), a selective ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) blocker, elicited a greater reduction of OR-1896-induced dilations in skeletal muscle arterioles than in coronary microvessels. 6. Conversely, the selective inhibition of the large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK(Ca)) with iberiotoxin (100 nM) significantly reduced the OR-1896-induced maximal dilation in coronary arterioles (to 21+/-6%), but was ineffective in skeletal muscle arterioles (72+/-8%). 7. Accordingly, OR-1896 elicits a substantial vasodilation in coronary and skeletal muscle arterioles, by activating primarily BK(Ca) and K(ATP) channels, respectively, and it is suggested that OR-1896 contributes to the long-term hemodynamic effects of levosimendan.
Fisetin Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinases and Reduces Tumor Cell Invasiveness and Endothelial Cell Tube Formation (2013)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tissue remodeling during normal physiological situations and pathological implications such as tumor invasion and metastasis. MMP inhibitors were screened from extracts of medicinal herbs by an enzymatic assay using the MMP-14 catalytic domain. Among samples tested, a methanol extract of the root of Dalbergia odorifera T. CHEN (Leguminosae) showed the strongest inhibitory activity. The inhibitory component was purified through fractionation methods and identified as fisetin, abundant in many fruits and vegetables. In addition to inhibition of MMP-14, fisetin inhibits MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9, more efficiently than a naturally occurring MMP inhibitor tetracycline. Fisetin dose-dependently inhibits proliferation of fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), MMP-14-mediated activation of proMMP-2 in HT-1080 cells, invasiveness of HT-1080 cells, and in vitro tube formation of HUVECs. Therefore, fisetin could be valuable as a chemopreventive agent against cancer and a lead compound for development of therapeutic MMP inhibitors.
POTENTIAL FOR PHEROMONE-BASED MATING DISRUPTION OF THE MULLEIN BUG, CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) (1996)

Abstract Atmospheric permeation of apple orchards with 16:1 butyl butyrate (BB): 2( E )-crotyl butyrate (CB), the sex pheromone of the mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae), demonstrated potential for pheromone-based mating disruption; atmospheric permeation with single components did not. In traps baited with 16:1 BB:CB, catches of male C . verbasci were 3, 64, and 105% of catches in nontreated controls for disruption treatments of 16:1 BB:CB, CB alone, and BB alone, respectively. With the two-component pheromone as a disruptant, catches of male C . verbasci were significantly reduced relative to controls at dispenser densities of 250, 500, and 1000 per hectare; catches were lowest at 1000 dispensers per hectare. For monitoring of operational trials, pheromone-baited open wing traps hung 1.5 m above ground were judged to be more practical than open wing traps hung 2.5 m above ground, or closed wing traps or white sticky cards at either height. Atmospheric permeation with pheromone did not affect numbers of males and females captured on nonbaited white sticky cards, and trap height did not affect catches of females. However, in pheromone-treated plots, significantly more males were captured on 2.5-m-high nonbaited cards than on 1.5-m-high cards, probably representing incidental catches of males following false trails to pheromone dispensers hung in the upper canopy. This study is the first reported example of pheromone-based disruption of orientation behavior in the Heteroptera.
The handbook of commercial mortgage-backed securities (1999)

In addition to an overview of the historical background of commercial real estate finance and commercial property markets, this reference provides an up-to-date examination of evolving GAP principles for users and investors in CMBS. It then moves on to give a framework for risk and relative value analysis of CMBS and an option-based approach to valuing details and prepayment risk in CMBS. Additional topics include: performing financial due diligence associated with commercial mortgage securitization; legal perspectives on disclosure on the bond structure of CMBS; and federal income taxation of RELICS and CMBS.
A time-wavelength assignment algorithm for a WDM star network (1992)

The first time-wavelength assignment algorithm for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) star-based local and metropolitan area networks is presented. The algorithm incorporates the unique aspects of WDM communication such as a number of tunable transmitters and receivers at each concentrator, the tuning time, and a limited number of wavelengths. The transmission duration is composed of two elements: the packet transmission time, and the overhead incurred due to the tunability of the system's transmitters and receivers. For a given traffic matrix, the algorithm obtains a TDM/WDM schedule with minimal packet transmission duration, while minimizing the tuning time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Oligogalacturonides induce resistance in wheat against powdery mildew. (2009)

Biological activities, priming and protective effects of two oligogalacturonides fractions (OGAs) were assayed during a compatible wheat/Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici interaction. These fractions were obtained from commercial polygalacturonic acid. They both consisted of oligogalacturonides with polymerisation degrees (DP) ranging from 2 to 25, and one of them was a 30% chemically acetylated fraction. A 5 g x L(-1) solution of each fraction was infiltrated in the first leave of ten-days-old plantlets, and activities of defence-related enzymes were measured 48H post-treatment. Among them, oxalate oxidase and peroxidase activities increased, suggesting an elicitation due to both fractions of oligogalacturonides. Some of the pre-treated plantlets were subsequently submitted to powdery mildew infection. As revealed by 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the penetration site of the fungus increased 21H after inoculation to the same extent in areas of plantlets infiltrated by both fractions. On the other hand, the intensity of fluorescence associated with papillae was higher when plantlets were pre-infiltrated with the acetylated fraction, whereas no difference was observed between control plantlets and those treated with the non-acetylated fraction. Moreover, microscopic assessment of the number of haustoria occurring 40H post-inoculation showed it was only reduced when acetylated fraction was used. Despite different modes of action of these molecules, a similar 45% protective effect occurred in both cases when the oligogalacturonides fractions were sprayed on ten-days-old plantlets.
Chronic infusion of taurolithocholate into the brain increases fat oxidation in mice (2017)

Bile acids can function in the postprandial state as circulating signaling molecules in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism via the transmembrane receptor TGR5 and nuclear receptor FXR. Both receptors are present in the central nervous system, but their function in the brain is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of taurolithocholate (tLCA), a strong TGR5 agonist, and GW4064, a synthetic FXR agonist, on energy metabolism. We determined the effects of chronic i.c.v. infusion of tLCA, GW4064, or vehicle on energy expenditure, body weight and composition as well as tissue specific fatty acid uptake in mice equipped with osmotic minipumps. We found that i.c.v. administration of tLCA (final concentration in cerebrospinal fluid: 1 μM) increased fat oxidation (tLCA group: 0.083 ± 0.006 vs control group: 0.036 ± 0.023 kcal/h, <i>F</i> = 5.46, <i>P</i> = 0.04) and decreased fat mass (after 9 days of tLCA infusion: 1.35 ± 0.13 vs controls: 1.96 ± 0.23 g, <i>P</i> = 0.03). These changes were associated with enhanced uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty acids by brown adipose tissue and with browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. I.c.v. administration of GW4064 (final concentration in cerebrospinal fluid: 10 μM) did not affect energy metabolism, body composition nor bile acid levels, negating a role of FXR in the central nervous system in metabolic control. In conclusion, bile acids such as tLCA may exert metabolic effects on fat metabolism via the brain.
<title>Ellipsometric tomography</title> (1992)

The method of ellipsometric tomography designed for precision measurements of complex refractive index variations in the volume of thin surface layers is considered. It is shown, that multi-wavelength ellipsometric measurements of light, reflected and scattered by the surface layer, allowed us to reconstruct its internal structure by solving a first order integral equation.
Shear strength and microleakage of light-cured glass ionomers. (1993)

Bond to dentin and marginal integrity of three light activated glass ionomer cements were evaluated, and compared to a traditional chemical-cured glass ionomer cement. Results indicated no significant difference in shear bond strength among the glass ionomer cements tested. However, there was a significant difference among glass ionomer cements in bond strength variability, with coefficients of variation ranging from 55 to 102%. A discrepancy between manufacturers' instructions and optimum curing times is one possible explanation for these results. There were also no significant differences in microleakage among glass ionomer cements. Most samples exhibited minimal or no microleakage.
Estimation of fracture parameters of orthorhombic media from reflection seismic data (1999)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1999Estimation of fracture parameters of orthorhombic media from reflection seismic dataAuthors: Andrey BakulinVladimir GreckhaIlya TsvankinAndrey BakulinSchlumberger Cambridge Research, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0EL England, Vladimir GreckhaCenter for Wave Phenomena, Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, and Ilya TsvankinCenter for Wave Phenomena, Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820912 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820912FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByUsing seismic attributes to detect vertical fractures: A physical model studyRobert W. Wiley, Byron C. Golden, Peter H. Wilson, and Scott W. Peters15 December 2008 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1999ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1999 Pages: 2061 publication data© 1999 Copyright © 1999 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 04 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Andrey Bakulin, Vladimir Greckha, and Ilya Tsvankin, (1999), "Estimation of fracture parameters of orthorhombic media from reflection seismic data," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 1879-1882. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820912 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Analytic Validation of a Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Measuring Epstein-Barr Viral Load (2001)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several benign and malignant diseases, and blood tests for EBV viral load show promise as markers of disease burden in affected patients. A commercial quantitative PCR method (BioSource International) was recently introduced to facilitate measuring viral load. It relies on coamplification of EBV DNA and a spiked competitor in plasma or serum, followed by semiautomated product detection on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. In the current study, analytic performance characteristics were assessed, and the authors describe several methodologic improvements to facilitate laboratory implementation. Rapid DNA extraction was accomplished using commercial silica spin columns, heat-labile uracil-N-glycosylase was used to inhibit amplicon contamination, and inexpensive agarose gels were used to screen for polymerase chain reaction products requiring ELISA plate quantitation. Accuracy and precision were verified using EBV DNA standards derived from two cell lines and plasmid containing viral sequences. The assay was sensitive to as few as five template copies per polymerase chain reaction and was linear across four orders of magnitude (correlation coefficient 0.995). When applied to matched plasma and serum samples from 15 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, both sample types yielded similar viral load results. This commercial EBV viral load assay provides sensitive and quantitative detection of EBV DNA using equipment already available in many molecular diagnostic laboratories.