gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substituent effects in the intramolecular photoredox reactions of benzophenones in aqueous solution (2007)

A number of α-hydroxy-3-benzylbenzophenones 7–11 have been synthesized for the purpose of studying the effect of a phenyl substituent on the intramolecular photoredox reaction of 3-(hydroxymethyl)benzophenone (5) discovered in our laboratory. This latter compound was found to undergo a unimolecular (formal) intramolecular redox reaction upon photolysis in aqueous acid that results in clean reduction of the benzophenone ketone (to secondary alcohol) and oxidation of the alcohol to aldehyde. Three of the phenyl-substituted compounds with simple phenyl (7), p-methylphenyl (8), and p-methoxyphenyl (9) were found to undergo the acid-catalyzed intramolecular photoredox reaction with the observation that 9 also undergoes a residual photoredox reaction that is not acid-mediated and may involve initial photoinduced electron transfer, which is supported by LFP data. The m-methoxyphenyl (10) compound did not undergo the reaction. The trend in observed relative reactivity may be partially rationalized by examining changes in molecular orbital coefficients observed in the calculated HOMOs and LUMOs. The photoredox reaction has also been applied twice in succession in a single compound 11, demonstrating that the photoredox reaction may be useful for sequential photoredox reactions in a multifunctional compound.Key words: intramolecular photoredox, acid catalysis, meta effect, benzophenone photochemistry.
Nitrogen signalling in Arabidopsis: how to obtain insights into a complex signalling network (2010)

It is well known that nitrogen (N) and N status can be sensed by plants to regulate their development, physiology, and metabolism. Based on approaches efficiently used for fungi and algae, plant researchers have been trying, but with little success, to elucidate higher plants N signalling for several years. Recently, the use of new strategies such as transcriptomics, comparative reverse genetics, and new forward genetic screens have unravelled some players within the complex plant N signalling network. This review will mainly focus on these recent advances in the molecular knowledge of N sensing in plants such as the dual function of the nitrate transporter CHL1, the roles of the transcription factors LBD37/38/39 and NLP7 or of the CIPK8/23 kinases, as well as the implication of small RNAs, which are at last opening doors for future research in this field.
frizzled regulates mirror-symmetric pattern formation in the Drosophila eye (1995)

Coordinated morphogenesis of ommatidia during Drosophila eye development establishes a mirror-image symmetric pattern across the entire eye bisected by an anteroposterior equator. We have investigated the mechanisms by which this pattern formation occurs and our results suggest that morphogenesis is coordinated by a graded signal transmitted bidirectionally from the presumptive equator to the dorsal and ventral poles. This signal is mediated by frizzled, which encodes a cell surface transmembrane protein. Mosaic analysis indicates that frizzled acts non-autonomously in an equatorial to polar direction. It also indicates that relative levels of frizzled in photoreceptor cells R3 and R4 of each ommatidium affect their positional fate choices such that the cell with greater frizzled activity becomes an R3 cell and the cell with less frizzled activity becomes an R4 cell. Moreover, this bias affects the choice an ommatidium makes as to which direction to rotate. Equator-outwards progression of elav expression and expression of the nemo gene in the morphogenetic furrow are regulated by frizzled, which itself is dynamically expressed about the morphogenetic furrow. We propose that frizzled mediates a bidirectional signal emanating from the equator.
Cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of felodipine—a 1,4-dihydropyridine—to the corresponding pyridine (1984)

Felodipine, a 1,4-dihydropyridine diester, is metabolized to its corresponding pyridine analogue by rat-liver microsomes. Kinetic studies showed similar Km, Vmax and t1/2 for the formation of the pyridine metabolite and the disappearance of felodipine, indicating that oxidation of felodipine to the corresponding pyridine analogue is the major pathway of metabolism. Response to inhibitors such as CO, SKF 525-A and metyrapone indicates participation of cytochrome P-450 in the aromatization of felodipine. Phenobarbital pretreatment markedly increased the metabolism of felodipine and its pyridine analogue. Felodipine pretreatment had no effect on the cytochrome P-450 concn. in rat-liver microsomes, nor on the rate of its own metabolism, but a slight increase was observed in the rate of metabolism of four standard substrates.
Supplementary Video 1 from Genetic Ablation of SOX18 Function Suppresses Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Metastasis of Melanoma in Mice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Quicktime file - 51K, Dynamics of the signal intensity in the tumor draining lymph node of wild type mice&lt;/p&gt;
Practical guide to controlled experiments on the web (2007)

The web provides an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate ideas quickly using controlled experiments, also called randomized experiments (single factor or factorial designs), A/B tests (and their generalizations), split tests, Control/Treatment tests, and parallel flights. Controlled experiments embody the best scientific design for establishing a causal relationship between changes and their influence on user-observable behavior. We provide a practical guide to conducting online experiments, where end-users can help guide the development of features. Our experience indicates that significant learning and return-on-investment (ROI) are seen when development teams listen to their customers, not to the Highest Paid Person's Opinion (HiPPO). We provide several examples of controlled experiments with surprising results. We review the important ingredients of running controlled experiments, and discuss their limitations (both technical and organizational). We focus on several areas that are critical to experimentation, including statistical power, sample size, and techniques for variance reduction. We describe common architectures for experimentation systems and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. We evaluate randomization and hashing techniques, which we show are not as simple in practice as is often assumed. Controlled experiments typically generate large amounts of data, which can be analyzed using data mining techniques to gain deeper understanding of the factors influencing the outcome of interest, leading to new hypotheses and creating a virtuous cycle of improvements. Organizations that embrace controlled experiments with clear evaluation criteria can evolve their systems with automated optimizations and real-time analyses. Based on our extensive practical experience with multiple systems and organizations, we share key lessons that will help practitioners in running trustworthy controlled experiments.
Age, circadian rhythms, and sleep loss in flight crews. (1993)

Age-related changes in trip-induced sleep loss, personality (n = 205), and the pre-duty temperature rhythm (n = 91) were analyzed in crews from various flight operations. Eveningness decreased with age (subjects aged 20-30 were more evening-type than subjects over 40). The minimum of the baseline temperature rhythm occurred earlier with age (earlier in subjects aged 30-50 than in subjects aged 20-30). The amplitude of the baseline temperature rhythm declined with age (greater in subjects aged 20-30 than in subjects over 40). Average daily percentage sleep loss during trips increased with age. Among crewmembers flying longhaul flight operations, subjects aged 50-60 averaged 3.5 times more sleep loss per day than subjects aged 20-30. These studies support previous findings that evening types and subjects with later peaking temperature rhythms adapt better to shift work and time zone changes. Age and circadian type may be important considerations for duty schedules and fatigue countermeasures.
Cooperativity in Drug−DNA Recognition:  A Molecular Dynamics Study (2001)

NMR studies have shown that the minor groove-binding ligand Hoechst 33258 binds to the two T4/A4 tracts within the duplex d(CTTTTCGAAAAG)2 in a highly cooperative manner, such that in titration experiments no intermediate 1:1 complex can be detected. The NMR-derived structures of the free DNA and the 2:1 complex have been obtained, but can shed little light on what the origins of this cooperativity may be. Here we present the results of a series of molecular dynamics simulations on the free DNA, the 1:1 complex, and the 2:1 complex, which have been designed to enable us to calculate thermodynamic parameters associated with the molecular recognition events. The results of the molecular dynamics studies confirm that structural factors alone cannot explain the cooperativity observed, indeed when enthalpic and hydration factors are looked at in isolation, the recognition process is predicted to be slightly anticooperative. However, when changes in configurational entropy are taken into account as well, the overall free energy differences are such that the calculated cooperativity is in good agreement with that observed experimentally. The results indicate the power of molecular dynamics methods to provide reasonable explanations for phenomena that are difficult to explain on the basis of static models alone, and provide a nice example of the concept of "allostery without conformational change".
Flight management system of the F-117A (1992)

The F-117A night attack aircraft flight management system (FMS) is described. The need for and purpose of the system are described, and the design goals are identified. The various modes and their important features are presented. The pitch and speed control laws are shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bioequivalence of pioglitazone tablet to Actos ® tablet (Pioglitazone 30 mg) (2009)

The bioequivalence of two pioglitazone tablets, Actos tablet (Takeda Chemical Industries, reference drug) and Pioglitazone tablet (Boryung Company, test drug) was evaluated according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration. Twenty-eight healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine (pioglitazone dose of 30 mg) in a crossover study with one week washout interval. After drug administration, blood samples were collected at specific time intervals from 0-36 hours. The plasma concentrations of pioglitazone were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total chromatographic run time was 5 min and calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 5-2000 ng/mL for pioglitazone. The method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the plasma concentration-time profiles of both formulations. The primary calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically to evaluate bioequivalence between the two preparations. The 90% confidence intervals of the ratio and the ratio for Pioglitazone tablet and Actos tablet were log0.9422~log1.1040 and log0.9200~log1.1556, respectively. Based on the statistical considerations, we can conclude that the test drug, Pioglitazone tablet was bioequivalent to the reference drug, Actos tablet.
Aerobic exercise in humans mobilizes HSCs in an intensity-dependent manner (2016)

Here we demonstrate for the first time that mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through exercise is intensity dependent, with the greatest mobilization occurring immediately after high-intensity exercise. As well, we show that exercise is a general stimulus for mobilization: increases in specific HSC populations are reliant on general mononuclear cell mobilization. Finally, we demonstrate no differences in mobilization between groups with different aerobic fitness.
Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants: Impact, Signaling, and Remediation Strategies (2021)

Heavy metals are the important components as they serve as micronutrients for proper growth and functioning of plants. But increased level of heavy metals in soil as a result of soil pollution becomes toxic and renders different negative impacts on plants’ metabolic activities. Different physiological changes take place when heavy metals affect plants such as overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and many adaptive features take place, such as vacuole sequestration, metal chelation, production of micro RNAs, etc. Heavy metals are mainly carried out by some proteins such as transporters and reductases. Different signaling pathways, such as MAPK, calcium, and hormone signaling take place in response to heavy metals. Therefore, to treat the increased level of heavy metal in soil, both microbial and plant remediation strategies are eco-friendly and efficient method.
Within the earth (1995)

The geographical background geographical applications tectonic landscapes decision-making exercise - hazard meeting risk scenario project suggestions.
In situ photoluminescence investigation of doped Alq (2002)

We report the photoluminescence (PL) properties measured in situ from vacuum-deposited organic films of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq) doped with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM), where the red emission from the guest molecules is due to Förster energy transfer of excited state energy from host to guest. Both bare DCM-doped Alq (Alq:DCM) and bilayer Alq/Alq:DCM films have been studied, with the thickness of the Alq overlayer continuously varied in the latter case. The PL spectra from the bilayer structure contain no Alq contribution when its thickness is below 2.4 nm. Taking the value as the maximum distance for which the Alq exciton can travel in the film and still transfer its energy to a DCM molecule, the minimum DCM concentration in Alq:DCM necessary to produce red emission only can be estimated at 0.31 wt %. The most efficient red emission appears at the DCM concentration of about 1.7 wt %, at which more than 90% Alq-originated excitons are involved in the Förster energy transfer process. There exists a gradual red shift of the PL spectra with increasing DCM concentration, which can be attributed to the polarization and accompanying aggregation tendency of DCM molecules in Alq during the formation of the doped films.
Lightweight and Easily Foldable MCMB-MWCNTs Composite Paper with Exceptional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding (2016)

Lightweight and easily foldable with high conductivity, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) composite paper is prepared using a simple, efficient, and cost-effective strategy. The developed lightweight and conductive composite paper have been reported for the first time as an efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material in X-band frequency region having a low density of 0.26 g/cm(3). The investigation revealed that composite paper shows an excellent absorption dominated EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of -31 to -56 dB at 0.15-0.6 mm thickness, respectively. Specific EMI-SE of as high as -215 dB cm(3)/g exceeds the best values of metal and other low-density carbon-based composites. Additionally, lightweight and easily foldable ability of this composite paper will help in providing stable EMI shielding values even after constant bending. Such intriguing performances open the framework to designing a lightweight and easily foldable composite paper as promising EMI shielding material, especially in next-generation devices and for defense industries.
T-cell-directed TAL-1 expression induces T-cell malignancies in transgenic mice. (1996)

The TAL-1 gene specifies for a basic domain-helix-loop-helix protein, which is involved in the control of normal hematopoiesis. In human pathology, the TAL-1 gene product is expressed in a high percentage of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias in the pediatric age range; however, it has not been established whether the expression has a causal role in oncogenesis. In this report, we describe the phenotype of mouse transgenic lines obtained by inducing tal-1 protein expression in lymphoid tissues using the LCK promoter. The survival rate of tal-1 transgenic animals was much lower as compared with control mice. Histopathological analysis revealed lymphomas of T-cell type, often comprising a minor B-cell component. Some mice showed marked splenic lymphocyte depletion. Primary lymphocyte cultures showed partial independence from exogenous growth stimuli and increased resistance to low-serum apoptosis. To further unravel the tal-1 oncogenic potential, a strain of tal-1 transgenic mice was crossbred with p53-/- mice; the survival rate in these animals was reduced by more than one-half when compared with that of tal-1 mice, and histopathological analysis revealed exclusively T-cell lymphomas. These data indicate that TAL-1, expressed in T cells, is per se a potent oncogene, which may exert a key leukemogenetic role in the majority of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias.
New Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) records with new collection data from New Brunswick, Canada: Scaphidiinae, Piestinae, Osorinae, and Oxytelinae (2012)

Nine species of Scaphidiinae are newly reported for New Brunswick, Canada, bringing the total number of species known from the province to 12. Scaphium castanipes Kirby, Baeocera inexspectata Löbl and Stephen, Baeocera securiforma (Cornell), Scaphisoma repandum Casey, and Toxidium gammaroides LeConte are reported for the first time from the Maritime provinces. Siagonum punctatum LeConte and Siagonum stacesmithi Hatch, and the subfamily Piestinae are reported for the first time from New Brunswick. The subfamily Osoriinae is reported for the first time from New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces based on the collection of three species: Clavilispinus prolixus (LeConte), Thoracophorus costalis (Erichson), and a Lispinodes species. The Lispinodes species is also newly recorded for Canada. Six species of Oxytelinae are newly recorded from New Brunswick, bringing the total number of species of this subfamily known to the province to 20. Apocellus sphaericollis (Say) and Platystethus americanus Erichson are new to the Maritime provinces. Additional locality and bionomic data are presented for Mitosynum vockerothi Campbell, and the male genitalia are illustrated for the first time. Collection and bionomic data are presented for all included species.
Thinking Inside the Box: System-Level Failures of Tamper Proofing (2008)

PIN entry devices (PEDs) are critical security components in EMV smartcard payment systems as they receive a customer's card and PIN. Their approval is subject to an extensive suite of evaluation and certification procedures. In this paper, we demonstrate that the tamper proofing of PEDs is unsatisfactory, as is the certification process. We have implemented practical low-cost attacks on two certified, widely-deployed PEDs - the Ingenico 13300 and the Dione Xtreme. By tapping inadequately protected smartcard communications, an attacker with basic technical skills can expose card details and PINs, leaving cardholders open to fraud. We analyze the anti-tampering mechanisms of the two PEDs and show that, while the specific protection measures mostly work as intended, critical vulnerabilities arise because of the poor integration of cryptographic, physical and procedural protection. As these vulnerabilities illustrate a systematic failure in the design process, we propose a methodology for doing it better in the future. These failures also demonstrate a serious problem with the Common Criteria. So we discuss the incentive structures of the certification process, and show how they can lead to problems of the kind we identified. Finally we recommend changes to the Common Criteria framework in light of the lessons learned.
Rate constants and Arrhenius parameters for the reactions of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals with tri-n-butyltin hydride (1981)

The rate constants for hydrogen atom abstraction from tri-n-butylgermanium hydride by the 5-hexenyl radical, k 5, have been measured in octane as solvent at temperatures varying from 233 to 393 K. Over this temperature range the data can be represented by log k 5 (M -1 s -1) = (8.44 ± 0.47) - (4.70 ± 0.62)/θ, where θ = 2.3RT kcal/mol. At ambient temperatures this germanium hydride is only about 1/20 as reactive toward primary alkyl radicals as the corresponding tin hydride. This should make it a useful probe for slow alkyl radical rearrangements.
Deep Learning for Time-Domain Diffuse Optical Tomography Reconstructions by Unrolling a Sensitivity Equation-based Algorithm (2023)

We have developed a neural network based on algorithm unrolling techniques to overcome challenges in the DOT inverse problem. Results from numerical and phantom experiments show the network's capability for high-speed and accurate DOT reconstructions.
Paracrine effects of hypoxic fibroblast-derived factors on the MPT-ROS threshold and viability of adult rat cardiac myocytes (2008)

Cardiac fibroblasts contribute to multiple aspects of myocardial function and pathophysiology. The pathogenetic relevance of cytokine production by these cells under hypoxia, however, remains unexplored. With the use of an in vitro cell culture model, this study evaluated cytokine production by hypoxic cardiac fibroblasts and examined two distinct effects of hypoxic fibroblast-conditioned medium (HFCM) on cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Hypoxia caused a marked increase in the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by cardiac fibroblasts. HFCM significantly enhanced the susceptibility of cardiac myocytes to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), determined by high-precision confocal line-scan imaging following controlled, photoexcitation-induced ROS production within individual mitochondria. Furthermore, exposure of cardiac myocytes to HFCM for 5 h led to loss of viability, as evidenced by change in morphology and annexin staining. HFCM also decreased DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. Normoxic fibroblast-conditioned medium spiked with TNF-alpha at 200 pg/ml, a concentration comparable to that in HFCM, promoted loss of myocyte viability and decreased DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. These effects of HFCM are similar to the reported effects of hypoxia per se on these cell types, showing that hypoxic fibroblast-derived factors may amplify the distinct effects of hypoxia on cardiac cells. Importantly, because both hypoxia and oxidant stress prevail in a setting of ischemia and reperfusion, the effects of soluble factors from hypoxic fibroblasts on the MPT-ROS threshold and viability of myocytes may represent a novel paracrine mechanism that could exacerbate ischemia-reperfusion injury to cardiomyocytes.