gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
When and why PINNs fail to train: A neural tangent kernel perspective (2020)

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have lately received great attention thanks to their flexibility in tackling a wide range of forward and inverse problems involving partial differential equations. However, despite their noticeable empirical success, little is known about how such constrained neural networks behave during their training via gradient descent. More importantly, even less is known about why such models sometimes fail to train at all. In this work, we aim to investigate these questions through the lens of the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK); a kernel that captures the behavior of fully-connected neural networks in the infinite width limit during training via gradient descent. Specifically, we derive the NTK of PINNs and prove that, under appropriate conditions, it converges to a deterministic kernel that stays constant during training in the infinite-width limit. This allows us to analyze the training dynamics of PINNs through the lens of their limiting NTK and find a remarkable discrepancy in the convergence rate of the different loss components contributing to the total training error. To address this fundamental pathology, we propose a novel gradient descent algorithm that utilizes the eigenvalues of the NTK to adaptively calibrate the convergence rate of the total training error. Finally, we perform a series of numerical experiments to verify the correctness of our theory and the practical effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. The data and code accompanying this manuscript are publicly available at \url{https://github.com/PredictiveIntelligenceLab/PINNsNTK}.
Immobilization of Enzymes: A Literature Survey (2013)

The term immobilized enzymes refers to "enzymes physically confined or localized in a certain defined region of space with retention of their catalytic activities, and which can be used repeatedly and continuously." Immobilized enzymes are currently the subject of considerable interest because of their advantages over soluble enzymes. In addition to their use in industrial processes, the immobilization techniques are the basis for making a number of biotechnology products with application in diagnostics, bioaffinity chromatography, and biosensors. At the beginning, only immobilized single enzymes were used, after 1970s more complex systems including two-enzyme reactions with cofactor regeneration and living cells were developed. The enzymes can be attached to the support by interactions ranging from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages to stable covalent bonds. Although the choice of the most appropriate immobilization technique depends on the nature of the enzyme and the carrier, in the last years the immobilization technology has increasingly become a matter of rational design. As a consequence of enzyme immobilization, some properties such as catalytic activity or thermal stability become altered. These effects have been demonstrated and exploited. The concept of stabilization has been an important driving force for immobilizing enzymes. Moreover, true stabilization at the molecular level has been demonstrated, e.g., proteins immobilized through multipoint covalent binding.
Protein destabilization and the Diseasome (2008)

Human genetic variation is mainly due to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), accounting for about 90% of overall variations (Collins et al., 1998). One of the main interests of Bioinformatics in relation to SNPs is the understanding of mechanisms responsible for the insurgence of pathologic phenomena related to genetic mutations (Risch et al 1996, Collins et al., 1997). In general, mutations occurring in coding regions may have a greater dramatic impact on the gene functionality (Cargill et al 1999) and for this reason we focus our attention on those SNPs, called missense SNPs (mSNPs) that cause changes in the protein sequence. Mutations can impair proteins when the mutation is directed towards functional residues, and more generally acting on protein stability and/or affecting protein-protein interactions patches. In a recent work, in order to simplify the problem of disease ontology, a network of disorders and disease linked genes [about 2000] was generated on the basis of known disorder–gene associations (the human Diseasome, Goh et al. 2007). The network indicates that the vast majority of disease related genes are nonessential and show no tendency to encode for hub proteins in the human interactome. When mutations occur in essential genes, these are mainly responsible of cancer insurgence (Goh et al. 2007). &#13;\nA major problem in disease related mutations is also at which extent the mutation is affecting protein stability. The protein stability issue relating to human disease is well established for proteins involved in the phenomena of protein aggregation leading to the formation of amyloid fibers in maladies of dramatic social impact such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (Chiti and Dobson, 2006). It is therefore relevant to ask the question as to whether and to which extent mutations, diseases and protein misfolding are related starting from the data of polymorphisms that are presently available. In this paper we will focus on how to predict protein destabilazion and accordingly we will discuss some extent of correlation among protein destabilization and specific mutations, suggesting that protein destabilization is a major feature common to several diseases in the Diseasome.
Heart Rate Variability and Intensity of Habitual Physical Activity in Middle-Aged Persons (2005)

In older adults with different lifestyles, habitual moderate PAEE is associated with better self-estimated overall health status and higher vagal-related HRV indexes compared with subjects with low PAEE, especially when moderate- to very high-intensity physical activities are undertaken.
FIGURE 1 from Development of an Anti-canine PD-L1 Antibody and Caninized PD-L1 Mouse Model as Translational Research Tools for the Study of Immunotherapy in Humans (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Working flow chart for production and validation of the cPD-L1 antibody. &lt;b&gt;A,&lt;/b&gt; Immunization of antigen, cPD-L1 protein. &lt;b&gt;B,&lt;/b&gt; Establishment of hybridomas (over 2,000 clones). &lt;b&gt;C,&lt;/b&gt; Evaluation of the cPD-L1 specific antibody by the live cell–based antibody binding assay. &lt;b&gt;D,&lt;/b&gt; Therapeutic antibody selection by cPD-L1/cPD-1 blockade assay. &lt;b&gt;E,&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; validation of therapeutic efficacy of cPD-L1 antibodies in the caninized PD-L1 mice. &lt;b&gt;F,&lt;/b&gt; Production of the cPD-L1 chimeric antibody. &lt;b&gt;G,&lt;/b&gt; Validation of the cPD-L1 chimeric antibody. &lt;b&gt;H,&lt;/b&gt; Initial safety profile and PK analysis. PK, pharmacokinetic.&lt;/p&gt;
Broadcast Applications of 4:2:2 MPEG (1998)

Professional broadcasting applications of digital processing technology have been proceeding well for the last decade. The agreement of the fundamental standard for the so-called “4:2:2” studio signal coding—ITU-R Recommendation 601—began a continuing process of development within studios and in contribution and distribution. During the late 1980s, high-performance video and audio compression systems based on the 4:2:2 standard were developed for use in contribution and distribution. Some of these were standardized by ITU-T and in Europe by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). These systems were based on high bit rates, typically 140 Mbits/sec or 34 to 45 Mbytes/sec, required by the compression algorithms available at the time. Technology has moved on, and the MPEG standard can achieve remarkable results at lower bit rates, typically in the range of 5 to 20 Mbits/sec, which is sufficient to support the needs of contribution and distribution applications.
Dyson’s Brownian motion and universal dynamics of quantum systems (1993)

We establish a correspondence between the evolution of the distribution of eigenvalues of a N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N matrix subject to a random Gaussian perturbing matrix, and a Fokker-Planck equation postulated by Dyson. Within this model, we prove the equivalence conjectured by Altshuler and co-workers between the space-time correlations of the Sutherland-Calogero-Moser system in the thermodynamic limit and a set of two-variable correlations for disordered quantum systems calculated by them. Multiple variable correlation functions are, however, shown to be inequivalent for the two cases.
Some Gas-Phase Reactions of Fluoroallyl Halides1a (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Gas-Phase Reactions of Fluoroallyl Halides1aPaul Tarrant and John SavoryCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 6, 1728–1730Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01041a521https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01041a521research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Scheme for Measuring Queueing Delay of a Router Using Probe-Gap Model: The Single-Hop Case (2014)

In this letter, we propose a probe-gap scheme to measure queueing delay of a router in a single-hop path. The proposed scheme is based on estimating the change of an intra-probe gap between a pair of probing packets after they traverse the router under test. The proposed scheme can be applied to online routers and is sensitive to small queueing delays. Our simulation results show that this scheme consistently achieves high measurement accuracy under different levels of queueing delays.
Modulation of VEGF Expression in Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells by GDF-5 (2007)

Angiogenesis is essential for bone formation and several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been shown to induce angiogenesis through osteoblast-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. Growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a member of the BMP family expressed in bone and known to induce angiogenesis in vivo. In this study, the effects of GDF-5 on osteogenic differentiation and expression of VEGF-related genes were determined using rat bone marrow stromal cells. GDF-5 stimulated osteogenic differentiation. It also upregulated the expression of VEGF-A after 3 hr, accompanied by a trend of decrease in its receptor VEGFR-2 at 6 and 24 hr. VEGF-D and its receptor VEGFR-3 showed peak expression at later time points. This regulation may be further controlled by neuropilin 2 that exhibited a parallel profile to VEGF-D. These observations indicate that GDF-5 stimulates osteogenic differentiation and has a potential to induce angiogenesis through osteoblast-derived VEGF-A in bone.
Tumor Cell Dormancy: Threat or Opportunity in the Fight Against Cancer (2018)

Tumor dormancy, a clinically undetectable state of cancer, makes a major contribution to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), minimum residual disease (MRD), tumor outgrowth, cancer relapse, and metastasis. Despite its high incidence, the whole picture of dormancy-regulated molecular programs is far from clear. That is, it is unknown when and which dormant cells will resume proliferation causing late relapse, and which will remain asymptomatic and harmless to their hosts. Thus, identification of dormancy-related culprits and understanding their roles can help predict cancer prognosis and may increase the probability of a timely therapeutic intervention for the desired outcome. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the dormancy-dictated molecular mechanisms, including an angiogenic switch, immune escape, cancer stem cells, extra cellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, metabolic reprogramming, miRNAs, epigenetic modifications, and stress-induced-p38 signaling pathways. Further, we analyze the possibility of leveraging these dormancy-related molecular cues to outmaneuver cancer, and discuss the implications of such approaches in cancer treatment.
Biochemical and Genetical Responses ofPhoenix dactyliferaL. to Cadmium Stress (2017)

The cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal, causes toxicity, which leads to hampering the growth and development of the plant. The molecular and biochemical approaches were used for the investigation of antioxidant system response and genotoxicity in date palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.) cv. Sagai in pot experiment having Cd. The root length was more affected than the shoot length as more accumulation of Cd occurs in roots. Fresh weights of root and shoot were reduced significantly in treated plants as compared to the control. The proline content was increased at low concentration of Cd (300 <i>µ</i>M-CdCl<sub>2</sub>) than the medium and high concentrations (600 and 900 <i>µ</i>M-CdCl<sub>2</sub>), respectively. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was increased at 600 and 900 <i>µ</i>M-CdCl<sub>2</sub> compared to the plants treated at 300 <i>µ</i>M-CdCl<sub>2</sub> and controls. Antioxidant enzymatic assay was performed under Cd stress and compared with control plants. The catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were found to be high in plants treated with CdCl<sub>2</sub> at 300 <i>µ</i>M compared to at 600 and 900 <i>µ</i>M-CdCl<sub>2</sub>, respectively. The genotoxicity of Cd was assessed using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker where all treated and control plants were clustered into three main groups based on genetic similarity. <i>P. dactylifera</i> plants were found to be more divergent at high Cd stress as compared to control and plants treated at low concentration of Cd.
Age and Radiation Sensitivity of Rat Mammary Clonogenic Cells (1994)

The relative risk of breast cancer is very high among women who were exposed to ionizing radiation during or before puberty. In the current studies, the surviving fractions of clonogenic mammary cells of groups of virgin rats were estimated after single exposures to 137Cs gamma rays at intervals from 1 to 12 weeks after birth. The radiosensitivity of clonogens from prepubertal rats was high and changed with the onset of puberty at between 4 and 6 weeks of age. By this time, the increase in the size of the clonogenic cell subpopulation was slowing and differentiation of terminal mammary end buds and alveolar structures was occurring. Analysis of the relationship of clonogen survival and radiation dose according to the alpha/beta model showed that the exponential alpha D term predominated at the second and fourth weeks of age. By the eighth week of age, the beta D2 term had come to predominate and the survival curve had a pronounced initial convex shoulder. Further experiments are required to determine whether there is an association between the high sensitivity of the prepubertal and pubertal mammary clonogens to radiation killing and a high susceptibility to radiogenic initiation of cancer.
A novel adsorbent of circulating bacterial toxins and cytokines: The effect of direct hemoperfusion with CTR column for the treatment of experimental endotoxemia* (2006)

CTR, a novel adsorbent, effectively adsorbed small- to middle-sized proteins, such as cytokines, enterotoxins, and TSST-1 in vitro. Direct hemoperfusion apheresis with CTR column reduced mortality and had inhibitory effects on the inflammatory responses during endotoxemia in vivo. These findings suggest that extracorporeal blood purification with CTR column may be available to use for patients with sepsis and/or endotoxemia.
A new era in fintech payment innovations? A perspective from the institutions and regulation of payment systems (2017)

This article analyses the existing institutions and infrastructure for payments. Authoritative settlement based on central bank support is seen as being essential for both large value and retail payment systems; and, in the EU, UK, and US, the importance of regulating for the protection of consumers who use retail payment systems is recognised. In this institutional context, payment innovations (including Bitcoin and distributed ledger or autonomous organisation technologies) are assessed. It is suggested that, while competition at certain levels is likely to bring social benefits through commercial developments, the maintenance of public interest objectives necessarily delineates the scope of competition. While this might limit the disruptive impact of payment innovations, it is argued that, in the light of the public policy needs for a stable and efficient public infrastructure and the social needs of confidence and trust in a predictable and regulated payment system that meets commercial and social expectations such as in consumer protection, this is not necessarily undesirable.
A Case Study of Evaluating Service Process Satisfaction of Brand��s Health Museum by Analysis of Variance (2013)

Companies can become tourism factories to further establish a bond between consumers and brand and eventually add values for service innovation. Customer satisfaction is the key factor for a successful tourism factory and is highly dependent on the behaviors of front-line service providers. In this study, a case of Brand’s Health Museum is chosen to examine how the behaviors of the front-line service providers affect the customers’ perceptions in service quality by internal customer survey. Oneway analysis of variance and independent sample t-test are applied to identify which demographic variable(s) might have greater impact on service process satisfaction. The results are summarized below. Group visitors have higher satisfaction on booking service, guided tour, guideline on indicator moving lines, content display, and air corridor factory tour. Age groups perceive different satisfaction on booking service, help desk service, guided tour, and gift shop service. Different living areas have different satisfaction on indicator moving lines. Finally, Bonferroni’s test is further performed on age groups and living areas for post hoc analysis.
IP address lookup using a dynamic hash function (2006)

The explosive growth of the Internet and of new applications over IP has made Internet routers the bottleneck in enabling higher speed communications. One of the more resource intensive functions of a router is the IP address lookup. This paper proposes a new IP address lookup algorithm that improves the performance and memory requirements of a hash-based lookup by exploiting the statistical repartition of prefixes in the forwarding table. Prototyping has shown that only one main memory access and several fast cache memory accesses are needed to perform a lookup on average. Furthermore, the configuration of the data structures can be tuned to control both memory usage and lookup performance
Gesture Language Glove (2020)

Gesture language recognition is a technology that allows humans and animals to interact with computers and hardware without the need for any mechanical actuation between them. Gestures can include anything from facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand and arm motion, or other bodily movements and can therefore encompass a wide range of control for complicated systems. As sensor technology becomes smaller, cheaper and more readily available, gesture language recognition becomes a more viable solution for projects and systems to employ. This paper presents a prototype gesture language recognition system composed of hobby-grade electronics, compares it against systems using higher-grade hardware or more advanced software algorithms and extrapolates what further technological advancement will do for gesture language recognition systems.
The ESSAI teleshopping system: an example of a broadband multimedia application (2002)

The goal of the paper is to show how the progress in multimedia and communication technologies makes possible the implementation of an effective teleshopping application, based on a unique control center connected through a network to a large number of remote low cost vending terminals. In the paper, the advantages that this centralized, network-based architecture has over a distributed one is highlighted and the lessons learned through the operation of a first prototype installed in Milan reported. This application is being studied and developed by a Consortium of 13 European Companies and Research Institutions in the frame of the RACE Project 2029 ESSAI, sponsored by the EEC.
Suprafluide Heliumtröpfchen: außergewöhnlich kalte Nanomatrices für Moleküle und molekulare Komplexe (2004)

Abstract Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über neuere Experimente zur Spektroskopie und zu chemischen Reaktionen von Molekülen und Komplexen in Heliumtröpfchen. Im Inneren solcher Matrices wird eine ähnlich hohe spektroskopische Auflösung wie in der Gasphase erzielt, und durch Verdampfungskühlung lässt sich eine isotherme Tieftemperaturumgebung von T =0.37 K ( 4 He‐Tröpfchen) oder 0.15 K ( 3 He‐Tröpfchen) aufrechterhalten – kälter als in den meisten Festkörpermatrices möglich ist. Die Heliumtröpfchentechnik kombiniert somit die Vorteile von Gasphasen‐ und klassischen Matrixisolationstechniken. Ein wichtiger Punkt ist, dass die suprafluide Heliumumgebung binäre Stöße erleichtert und die bei der Rekombination freigesetzte Bindungsenergie absorbiert. Die Tröpfchen lassen sich folglich als isotherme nanoskopische Reaktoren betrachten, in denen Einzelmoleküle, Cluster oder sogar einzelne reaktive Stöße bei ultratiefen Temperaturen isoliert werden können.
Secondary bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia in a patient with carbamazepine-induced hypogammaglobulinaemia (2009)

Here we describe a case of a secondary bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), which was associated with repeated respiratory infections caused by carbamazepine (CBZ)- induced hypogammaglobulinaemia. A 49-year-old woman had been treated with CBZ (400 mg/day). Two and a half years later, she developed of dyspnea with productive cough and high-grade fever. Chest roentgenogram and computed tomography showed bilateral infiltrates in lower lung fields. Her laboratory findings revealed severe hypogammaglobulinaemia, suggesting that an immune system disorder caused pulmonary infection. Histological examination by trans-bronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) demonstrated that many foamed alveolar macrophages were obstructing the alveolar ducts and adjacent alveoli, suggesting BOOP. After cessation of CBZ, the hypogammaglobulinaemia and chest roentgenogram findings markedly improved. The present case suggests that CBZ may have some adverse effects on the immune system and cause frequent airway infections, and that secondary BOOP could be induced by repeated infections caused by CBZ-induced hypogammaglobulinaemia.