gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The pintos instructional operating system kernel (2009)

Pintos is an instructional operating system, complete with documentation and ready-made, modular projects that introduce students to the principles of multi-programming, scheduling, virtual memory, and filesystems. By allowing students to run their work product on actual hardware, while simultaneously benefiting from debugging and dynamic analysis tools provided in simulated and emulated environments, Pintos increases student engagement. Unlike tailored versions of commercial or open source OS such as Linux, Pintos is designed from the ground up from an educational perspective. It has been used by multiple institutions for a number of years and is available for wider use.
Reversal of snake neurotoxin binding to mammalian acetylcholine receptor by specific antiserum (1988)

Snake curaremimetic toxins are known to bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) [Changeux et al. (1970) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 67, 1241-1247], thus blocking neuromuscular transmission, and producing respiratory failure in mammals. In the present paper we show that the toxic effects of Naja nigricollis toxin alpha to mammals can be efficiently reversed by toxin-alpha-specific antibodies. In vivo we observed that return to normal breathing in toxin-alpha-intoxicated and ventilated rats was 12 times faster after injection of specific antiserum or monoclonal antibody (M-alpha 1) as compared with control animals. Ex vivo we observed that return to normal contraction of a toxin-alpha-blocked phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation was 14 times more rapid after treatment with specific antiserum than after washings. In vitro we observed that antibodies accelerated the reversal of binding of [3H]toxin alpha to AcChoR prepared from rat diaphragm. The observation made in vitro furthermore indicates that antibodies are capable of destabilizing the [3H]toxin-AcChoR complex. A similar destabilization phenomenon occurs also in vivo, as inferred from measurements of receptor occupancy by [3H]toxin alpha in diaphragm of anaesthetized rats in the presence or absence of antibodies. The property of antibodies to reverse neurotoxin binding to AcChoR may be considered as a critical test for evaluation of the quality of a neurotoxin-specific antisera.
Ammonia Intoxication in Rats: Protection by N -Carbamoyl-L-Glutamate Plus L-Arginine (1972)

Rats given a lethal dose (LD(99.9)) of ammonium acetate (10.8 mmol/kg of body weight) were protected to the extent of 85 and 76% when previously injected with N-carbamoyl glutamate or L-arginine, respectively, at a level of 4 mmol/kg of body weight. At a dose of 1 mmol/kg of body weight, L-arginine protected 24%, while N-carbamoyl-L-glutamate protected 61% of the animals. When a combination of N-carbamoyl-L-glutamate plus L-arginine (1 mmol each per kg of body weight) was injected, 100% of the rats were protected. The efficacy of N-carbamoyl-L-glutamate is related to its role as an activator of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.2.5) and its resistance to hydrolysis by tissue acylaminoacid acylase. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate, the naturally occurring and most effective activator of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, was relatively ineffective in protection against lethal dose of ammonium acetate, because of its ready hydrolysis by acylaminoacid acylase. The findings reported provide a rational basis for the use of N-carbamoyl-L-glutamate plus L-arginine in the prevention and treatment of hyperammonemia in clinical conditions of liver disease and parental infusion of amino acids, and in feeding of urea supplements to ruminants.
Pharmacotherapy: non-serotonergic mechanisms (2002)

Antidepressants rapidly relieve pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and are effective at low doses. Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors appear to be more effective than selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, suggesting that pathways other than those modulated by serotonin may be involved in visceral sensation. Visceral sensitivity is reduced by both centrally and peripherally acting opioids, suggesting the possible existence of an endogenous opioid deficiency in patients with IBS. The alpha(2) adrenoceptor antagonist clonidine, as well as somatostatin, oxytocin, and possibly amitriptyline have also been shown to act as visceral analgesics. As knowledge increases, there are undoubtedly many other possible targets, and new drugs currently undergoing development may provide future benefit in patients with IBS.
Revision total knee arthroplasty (1996)

A paucity of published data on the results of revision knee arthroplasty exists; however, recently this topic has received increasing attention. We review recent report of knee arthroplasty and provide a summary of currently accepted reconstructive alternatives. (C) Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
Ejaculation frequency and prostate cancer: A large, prospective study with 16 years of follow-up. (2013)

5078 Background: A prospective study in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) cohort published in 2001 found significantly lower risks of prostate cancer (PCa) among men with more frequent ejaculation. Because associations were stronger among men at older ages, which could be indicative of reverse causation (i.e., men ejaculating less because of symptoms associated with PCa) and few advanced cases were included, we conducted an updated study with an additional 8 years of follow up. Methods: We included 31,929 men aged 46-81 years from the HPFS who answered ejaculation frequency questions on the 1992 questionnaire. We assessed average frequency per month at three time points: age 20-29, age 40-49, and in 1991 (the year prior to the questionnaire). These data were also combined to estimate average lifetime frequency. Using follow up through January 31, 2008, we used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for total PCa risk, as well as risk of advanced, lethal, and high-grade (Gleason 8-10) disease. As sensitivity analyses, we also examined associations within a subgroup of highly screened men and a subgroup of men without erectile dysfunction at baseline. Results: During 16 years of follow up, 3403 men were diagnosed with PCa; 455 were advanced, 360 were high grade, and 304 were lethal. Three percent of men reported a lifetime average frequency of &gt;21 times per month while 34% reported 4-7 times per month. Compared to a frequency of 4-7 times per month, multivariate RRs for total PCa for men with &gt;21 ejaculations per month were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.71-0.91) for ages 20-29; 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66-0.88) for ages 40-49; 0.68 (95% CI: 0.53-0.86) in 1991; and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.43-0.75) for lifetime average frequency. RRs for advanced PCa were of similar magnitudes at ages 20-29 years and 40-49 years but not statistically significant. Results were similar when we included only highly screened men or men without a history of erectile dysfunction. Conclusions: With extended follow up, ejaculation frequency continues to be strongly inversely associated with risk of total PCa. These findings are unlikely to be attributable to underlying disease or screening frequency.
Device performance and polymer morphology in polymer light emitting diodes: The control of device electrical properties and metal/polymer contact (2000)

We recently demonstrated that the morphology of a spin-cast polymer film can be controlled by the proper choice of solvent, polymer solution concentration, and spin speed [Y. Shi, J. Liu, and Y. Yang, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4254 (2000)]. In this article, we report the correlation between the morphology and the electrical properties of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene based light emitting diodes. The performance of these devices, such as device turn-on voltage, current injection efficiency, and quantum efficiency, shows a strong dependence on thin film processing conditions. It is found that aromatic solvents and nonaromatic solvents have very different effects on device performance, which suggests that the solvation induced morphology effect is one of the controlling factors for polymer-based optoelectronic devices.
Novel synthesis of substituted cyclopropane acetic acid ethyl esters from cyclopropyl alkyl ketones (2005)

The cyclopropane acetic acid ethyl esters 2 have been conveniently prepared in one step from cyclopropyl alkyl ketones 1 by reacting with lead (IV) acetate in triethyl orthoformate in the presence of 70% perchloric acid. In all these reactions triethyl orthoformate is used as the solvent.
Endotypes of allergic diseases and asthma: An important step in building blocks for the future of precision medicine (2016)

Discoveries from basic science research in the last decade have brought significant progress in knowledge of pathophysiologic processes of allergic diseases, with a compelling impact on understanding of the natural history, risk prediction, treatment selection or mechanism-specific prevention strategies. The view of the pathophysiology of allergic diseases developed from a mechanistic approach, with a focus on symptoms and organ function, to the recognition of a complex network of immunological pathways. Several subtypes of inflammation and complex immune-regulatory networks and the reasons for their failure are now described, that open the way for the development of new diagnostic tools and innovative targeted-treatments. An endotype is a subtype of a disease condition, which is defined by a distinct pathophysiological mechanism, whereas a disease phenotype defines any observable characteristic of a disease without any implication of a mechanism. Another key word linked to disease endotyping is biomarker that is measured and evaluated to examine any biological or pathogenic processes, including response to a therapeutic intervention. These three keywords will be discussed more and more in the future with the upcoming efforts to revolutionize patient care in the direction of precision medicine and precision health. The understanding of disease endotypes based on pathophysiological principles and their validation across clinically meaningful outcomes in asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis and food allergy will be crucial for the success of precision medicine as a new approach to patient management.
Lattice Long Short-Term Memory for Human Action Recognition (2017)

Human actions captured in video sequences are threedimensional signals characterizing visual appearance and motion dynamics. To learn action patterns, existing methods adopt Convolutional and/or Recurrent Neural Networks (CNNs and RNNs). CNN based methods are effective in learning spatial appearances, but are limited in modeling long-term motion dynamics. RNNs, especially Long Short- Term Memory (LSTM), are able to learn temporal motion dynamics. However, naively applying RNNs to video sequences in a convolutional manner implicitly assumes that motions in videos are stationary across different spatial locations. This assumption is valid for short-term motions but invalid when the duration of the motion is long.,,In this work, we propose Lattice-LSTM (L2STM), which extends LSTM by learning independent hidden state transitions of memory cells for individual spatial locations. This method effectively enhances the ability to model dynamics across time and addresses the non-stationary issue of long-term motion dynamics without significantly increasing the model complexity. Additionally, we introduce a novel multi-modal training procedure for training our network. Unlike traditional two-stream architectures which use RGB and optical flow information as input, our two-stream model leverages both modalities to jointly train both input gates and both forget gates in the network rather than treating the two streams as separate entities with no information about the other. We apply this end-to-end system to benchmark datasets (UCF-101 and HMDB-51) of human action recognition. Experiments show that on both datasets, our proposed method outperforms all existing ones that are based on LSTM and/or CNNs of similar model complexities.
Effects of Population Density and Nitrogen Rate in Ultra Narrow Row Cotton (2009)

A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of population density and nitrogen rate on yield, growth, and fiber response of ultra narrow row (UNR) cotton. Stand loss occurred at densities greater than 22 plants <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and nitrogen rates greater than 56&#x2009;kg&#x2009;<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>ha</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and stand loss exceeded 20&#37; at harvest. Seed cotton yields were similar across populations and rates of 56, 112, and 168&#x2009;kg&#x2009;<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>ha</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>. Nitrogen rates greater than 56&#x2009;kg&#x2009;<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>ha</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> resulted in greater vegetative growth based on increased plant height and number of nodes. These results indicate that populations of 22 plants <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and nitrogen rates of 56&#x2009;kg&#x2009;<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>ha</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> were sufficient for maximum yields in UNR cotton under our conditions. However, at higher nitrogen rates, boll formation increased at lower nodes with no corresponding change in yield. Higher nitrogen rates may promote earliness and distribute yield across more fruiting sites.
Electron extraction mechanisms of a micro-ECR neutralizer (2016)

Abstract Three-dimensional particle simulations have been conducted to analyze the mechanisms of electron extraction through the orifices of a 4.2 GHz microwave discharge microneutralizer, using a xenon electron cyclotron resonance plasma. The dimensions of the neutralizer are 20 × 20 × 4 mm 3 , and a ring-shaped microwave antenna and permanent magnets are employed for its discharges. The numerical model is composed of a particle-in-cell simulation with a Monte Carlo collision algorithm for charged particle motions, a finite-difference time-domain method for microwaves, and a finite element analysis for magnetostatic fields. The simulation results have shown that the electrostatic field inside the plasma source has a dominant effect on electron extraction. The extracted electrons move along the magnetic field line to the orifice entrances and the E × B drift at the orifice edge induces electron extraction.
Two‐Dimensional High‐Accuracy Simulation of Resistivity Log ging‐While‐Drilling (LWD) Measurements Using a Self‐Adaptiv e Goal‐Oriented $hp$ Finite Element Method (2006)

We simulate electromagnetic (EM) measurements acquired with a logging‐while‐drilling (LWD) instrument in a borehole environment. The measurements are used to assess electrical properties of rock formations. Logging instruments as well as rock formation properties are assumed to exhibit axial symmetry around the axis of a vertical borehole. The simulations are performed with a self‐adaptive goal‐oriented $hp$‐finite element method that delivers exponential convergence rates in terms of the quantity of interest (for example, the difference in the electrical current measured at two receiver antennas) against the CPU time. Goal‐oriented adaptivity allows for accurate approximations of the quantity of interest without the need to obtain an accurate solution in the entire computational domain. In particular, goal‐oriented $hp$‐adaptivity becomes essential to simulating LWD instruments, since it reduces the computational cost by several orders of magnitude with respect to the global energy‐norm‐based $hp$‐adaptivity. Numerical results illustrate the efficiency and high accuracy of the method, and provide physical interpretation of resistivity measurements obtained with LWD instruments. These results also describe the advantages of using magnetic buffers in combination with solenoidal antennas for strengthening the measured EM signal so that the “signal‐to‐noise” ratio is minimized.
Synthesis and properties of fluorinated telechelic macromolecular diols prepared by radical grafting of fluorinated thiols onto hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadienes (1993)

Abstract The radical grafting of C n F 2n +1 CH 2 CH 2 SH ( n = 6,8) onto the double bonds of hydroxyl‐terminated liquid polybutadienes (HTPBD) was studied. Various methods for investigating the amount of grafting (titration of residual thiol and fluorine analysis) were used and compared. The nature and the amount of the initiator, the quantity of thiol, the temperature and the time of the reaction. the solvent, and the microstructure of HTPBD were optimized. The kinetic aspect showed that the thiol disappeared according to a first‐norder law. A method using up to 100% of grafting fluorinated mercaptan was described and standards were set up with fluorine contents of 5–59% to evaluate the physicochemical properties of these thioether group‐containing polymers: solubility, refractive index, intrinsic and dynamic viscosities, and thermal characteristics (glass transition and decomposition temperatures). Finally, the surface properties of these standards showed improvements of surface energy as low as 9 mN m −1 for a totally saturated fluorinated HTPBD. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Hydrogen Peroxide Mouth Rinse: An Analgesic Post-Tonsillectomy (2005)

In our study, the H2O2 mouth rinse does not provide a better analgesic effect than the water rinse for post-tonsillectomy pain relief.
Anionic Gemini Surfactants: A Distinct Class of Surfactants (2006)

Anionic gemini surfactants are a new class of surfactants that comprise of two anionic head groups and two hydrophobic tails separated by a spacer group. Anionic gemini surfactants have low cmc values and show extraordinary surface activity. These surfactants have good water solubility and their ability to form micelles and lowering surface tension characteristics are fairly good as compared to conventional anionic surfactants. These surfactants have excellent lime soap dispersing ability (LSDA) too. Because of their higher surface activity these surfactants are used as promising surfactants in industrial detergency and emulsification. These surfactants are cost effective in area such as laundry detergent compositions, soil clean up, enhanced oil recovery and hydrotropic agents. This review deals with structure, synthesis, critical micelle concentration, surface active properties, performance properties, uses and biodegradability of anionic geminis.
Improvement of electro-optic effect and novel waveguide structure in hybrid polymer/sol-gel modulators (2007)

A thermally stable crosslinkable electro-optic (EO) polymer is successfully contact-poled in a hybrid EO polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulator. The highest EO coefficient is demonstrated when the EO polymer is poled with a low resistivity sol-gel cladding layer. We achieve the highest in-device EO polymer r<sub>33</sub> coefficient of 170pm/V at 1.55&mgr;m, which has not been possible with previously reported polymer claddings. A sol-gel waveguide/cladding plays the main role in our hybrid approach not only for poling efficiency, but also for low coupling loss, and stable coupling and waveguiding. The coupled light from the optical fiber propagates through the sol-gel input waveguide and adiabatically vertically transits between the sol-gel core and the EO polymer core. A phase modulator and a Mach-Zehnder modulator with a 2.4cm-long electrode and an inter-electrode distance of 15&mgr;m demonstrated a half wave voltages (V <sub>&pgr;</sub>) of 2.5V and 1.0V at 1.55&mgr;m, respectively. We also examine a push-pull poled Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator.
Empirical estimation of free testosterone from testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin immunoassays (2005)

We conclude that these simple, assumption-free empirical FT equations can estimate accurately blood FT from TT and SHBG measured in the same samples with the present assay methods and have suitable properties for wider application to evaluate the clinical utility of blood FT measurements.
Sex-related impact on clinical outcomes of patients treated with drug-eluting stents according to clinical presentation: Patient-level pooled analysis from the GRAND-DES registry (2021)

There was no sex difference in cardiac death after PCI with DES for SAP and UAP/NSTEMI patients. In STEMI patients, women had worse outcomes compared with men; however, after the adjustment of confounders, female sex was not an independent predictor of mortality.
Density of states prediction for materials discovery via contrastive learning from probabilistic embeddings (2022)

Machine learning for materials discovery has largely focused on predicting an individual scalar rather than multiple related properties, where spectral properties are an important example. Fundamental spectral properties include the phonon density of states (phDOS) and the electronic density of states (eDOS), which individually or collectively are the origins of a breadth of materials observables and functions. Building upon the success of graph attention networks for encoding crystalline materials, we introduce a probabilistic embedding generator specifically tailored to the prediction of spectral properties. Coupled with supervised contrastive learning, our materials-to-spectrum (Mat2Spec) model outperforms state-of-the-art methods for predicting ab initio phDOS and eDOS for crystalline materials. We demonstrate Mat2Spec's ability to identify eDOS gaps below the Fermi energy, validating predictions with ab initio calculations and thereby discovering candidate thermoelectrics and transparent conductors. Mat2Spec is an exemplar framework for predicting spectral properties of materials via strategically incorporated machine learning techniques.
Pressure modulator infrared radiometer (PMIRR) optical system alignment and performance (1991)

The alignment and performance of the optical system for the Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR) are described. This limb and nadir scanning instrument will be used for remote sounding of the Martian atmosphere and will be launched on Mars Observer in 1992. The instrument has nine channels distributed over the wavelength range 0.3 to 50 microns and has two pressure modulator cells for water vapor and carbon dioxide.