gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Technology of Plasma Spray Physical Vapour Deposition (2012)

Abstract The article presents a new technology of thermal barrier coating deposition called Plasma Spray – Physical Vapour Deposition (PS-PVD). The key feature of the process is the option of evaporating ceramic powder, which enables the deposition of a columnar ceramic coating. The essential properties of the PS-PVD process have been outlined, as well as recent literature references. In addition, the influence of a set of process conditions on the properties of the deposited coatings has been described. The new plasma-spraying PS-PVD method is a promising technology for the deposition of modern thermal barrier coatings on aircraft engine turbine blades.
Introduction to knowledge spaces: How to build, test, and search them. (1990)

This article gives a comprehensive description of a theory for the efficient assessment of knowledge. The essential concept is that the knowledge state of a subject with regard to a specified field of information can be represented by a particular subset of questions or problems that the subject is capable of solving. The family of all knowledge states forms the knowledge space. It is assumed that if 2 subsets K and K′ of questions are assumed to be states in a knowledge space , then KU K′ is also assumed to be a state in K. Such a theory is consistent with the idea that at least some of the notions in the field may be acquired from different sets of prerequisites. Various aspects of the theory are discussed. In particular, the problem of constructing a knowledge space in practice is analyzed in detail. A first sketch of the knowledge space can be obtained by consulting expert teachers in the field. The mathematical theory necessary to render this consultation efficient is given. This preliminary construction can then be tested and refined on the basis of empirical data. To this end, a probabilistic version of the theory is developed, which is similar in spirit to some psychometric models, but it is grounded on the concept of a knowledge space rather than on that of skill or ability. An exemplary application of this probabilistic theory to a high school mathematics test is described, based on a sample of several hundred students. By standard likelihood ratio methods, it is shown how the preliminary knowledge space can be gradually refined, and the number of possible knowledge states substantially reduced. Two classes of Markovian knowledge assessment algorithms are outlined. Most of the results presented summarize previous articles published in various technical journals. The application of the probabilistic theory to the high school mathematics test is original to this article.
Shangri-La (2005)

Programming network processors is challenging. To sustain high line rates, network processors have extremely tight memory access and instruction budgets. Achieving desired performance has traditionally required hand-coded assembly. Researchers have recently proposed high-level programming languages for packet processing, but the challenges of compiling these languages into code that is competitive with hand-tuned assembly remain unanswered.This paper describes the Shangri-La compiler, which accepts a packet program written in a C-like high-level language and applies scalar and specialized optimizations to generate a highly optimized binary. Hot code paths identified by profiling are mapped across processing elements to maximize processor utilization. Since our compilation target has no hardware caches, software-controlled caches are generated for frequently accessed application data structures. Packet handling optimizations significantly reduce per-packet memory access and instruction counts. Finally, a custom stack model maps stack frames to the fastest levels of the target processor's heterogeneous memory hierarchy.Binaries generated by the compiler were evaluated on the Intel IXP2400 network processor with eight packet processing cores and eight threads per core. Our results show the importance of both traditional and specialized optimization techniques for achieving the maximum forwarding rates on three network applications, L3-Switch, MPLS and Firewall .
Glycol-Modified Silanes: Novel Possibilities for the Synthesis of Hierarchically Organized (Hybrid) Porous Materials (2007)

The preparation of porous hierarchical architectures that have structural features spanning from the nanometer to micrometer and even larger dimensions and that exhibit certain functionalities is one of the new challenging frontiers in materials chemistry. The sol-gel process is one of the most promising synthesis routes toward such materials because it not only offers the possibility to incorporate organic functions into the porous host but also offers the possibility to deliberately tailor the pore structure. In this Account, the opportunities given by the application of novel diol-modified silanes are discussed for the synthesis of hierarchically organized inorganic and also inorganic-organic porous monoliths.
Nematicidal activity of some essential plant oils (1990)

Abstract Nematicidal activity of the essential oils of different plant species belonging to the families Labiatae (Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum sanctum and Mentha piperata), Myrtaceae (Callistemon lanceolatus and Eugenia caryophyllata) and Gramineae (Cymbopogon caesius) and their major monoterpenoidal constituents, linalool, eugenol, menthol, cineole and geraniol was determined against second‐stage juveniles of seed‐gall nematode (Anguina tritici), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and pigeon‐pea cyst‐nematode (Heterodera cajani). The essential oil of E. caryophyllata and its major constituent eugenol, as well as linalool and geraniol, exhibited non‐specific activity against all the four nematodes tested .
ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM RADIATION FROM CIRCULAR PATCHES (2016)

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) with a huge potential application in multiplexing and coding has become the subject of intense research in recent years. This paper presents a method to generate radio beams carrying OAM based on a circular patch antenna. A 3 dB quadrature hybrid is employed in the design to enable the circular patch to reconfigure opposite OAM states of a radiated field. The results of numerical simulations are presented to show that the circular patch radiates two OAM modes with opposite rotation directions simultaneously. The proposed circular patch is believed to be significant to the wireless communication applications due to its simple geometry, low cost, and OAM mode reconfiguration.
Spiro Cross-Links:  Representatives of a New Class of Glycoxidation Products (2003)

Covalently cross-linked proteins are among the major modifications caused by the advanced Maillard reaction. So far, the chemical nature of these aggregates is largely unknown. Investigations are reported on the isolation of 6-[2-[[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutyl]amino]-6,7-dihydroxy-6,7-dihydroimidazo[4,5-b]azepin-4(5H)-yl]-L-norleucine (10) and N-acetyl-6-[(6R,7R)-2-[[4-(acetylamino)-4-carboxybutyl]amino]-6,7,8a-trihydroxy-6,7,8,8a-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-b]azepin-4(5H)-yl]-L-norleucine (12) formed by oxidation of the major Maillard cross-link glucosepane 1. Independent synthesis and unequivocal structural characterization are given for 10 and 12. Spiro cross-links, representing a new class of glycoxidation products, were obtained by dehydrogenation of the amino imidazolinimine compounds N6-[2-[[(4S)-4-ammonio-5-oxido-5-oxopentyl]amino]-5-[(2S,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl]-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-ylidene]-L-lysinate (DOGDIC 2) and N6-[2-[[(4S)-4-ammonio-5-oxido-5-oxopentyl]amino]-5-[(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-ylidene]-L-lysinate (DOPDIC 3). These new oxidation products were synthesized, and their unambiguous structural elucidation proved the formation of the spiro imidazolimine structures N6-[(7R,8S)-2-[[(4S)-4-ammonio-5-oxido-5-oxopentyl]amino]-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-6-oxa-1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-4-ylidene]-L-lysinate (16), N6-(8R,9S)-2-[(4S)-4-ammonio-5-oxido-5-oxopentyl]amino]-8,9-dihydroxy-6-oxa-1,3-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-1-en-4-ylidene)-L-lysinate (19), and N6-[(8S)-2-[(4-amino-4-carboxybutyl)amino]-8-hydroxy-6-oxa-1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-4-ylidene]-L-lysinate (18), respectively. It was shown that reaction of the imidazolinone 15 led to the formation of spiro imidazolones, structurally analogous to 16 and 19.
Channel Coding Methods for Non-Volatile Memories (2016)

Non-volatile memories (NVMs) have emerged as the primary replacement of hard-disk drives for a variety of storage applications, including personal electronics, mobile computing, intelligent vehicles, enterprise storage, data warehousing, and data-intensive computing systems. Channel Coding Methods for Non-Volatile Memories discusses recent advances in coding for NVMs, covering topics such as error correction coding based on novel algebraic and graph-based methods, rank modulation, rewriting codes, and constrained coding. This monograph illuminates the advantages - as well as challenges - associated with modern NVMs. The authors present a succinct overview of several exciting recent developments in coding for memories and numerous potential research directions. The underlying goal is to inspire other researchers to contribute to this timely and thriving discipline. Channel Coding Methods for Non-Volatile Memories provides a starting point for any researcher who wants to understand the work that has been conducted so far and join in with their own avenue of research. This is a digestible, yet comprehensive, introduction to the topic for any serious researcher involved in coding for memory systems.
Bandwidth and Power Scalable Digital Predistorter for Compensating Dynamic Distortions in RF Power Amplifiers (2013)

In this paper, a bandwidth and power scalable digital predistortion architecture is proposed for the linearization of power amplifiers (PA) exhibiting memory effects. The proposed digital predistorter allows for low complexity update following changes in the signal's bandwidth and/or power level. Experimental validation carried on a 300-W Doherty PA shows that the scalable predistorter architecture achieves similar performance as its conventional counterpart. However, the proposed predistorter requires the update of up to 50% less coefficients than the conventional predistorter.
How Modern Engine Oils can impact on Emission Reduction (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Automotive engine oils have, for many years, relied on ZnDTP to provide protection against wear. ZnDTP functions by creating a sacrificial chemical layer between contacting metal surfaces which are in relative motion with each other.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In order to meet the requirements of ever more stringent emissions control legislation modern automotive vehicles are now fitted with complex exhaust after treatment devices and engine control systems.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The phosphorous contribution from ZnDTP is, typically, 1000 - 1400 ppm. It has been suggested that phosphorous can have detrimental effect on the performance of the after treatment exhaust catalyst and emission control systems (&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span class="xref"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This study demonstrates the effects of reducing phosphorous in automotive engine oils on both exhaust after treatment devices and on emission control system sensors by comparing the performance of two lubricant formulations, differing only in the antiwear chemistry, in fired engine bench tests. This comparison demonstrates that significant improvements in emissions control can be achieved by reducing the level of phosphorous in engine oil formulations without compromising wear protection.&lt;/div&gt;
Plasma-assisted catalysis for ammonia synthesis in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: key surface reaction steps and potential causes of low energy yield (2021)

Abstract Ammonia synthesis experiments were carried out in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor packed with several different supports and metal catalysts. There was a marked increase in the reaction rate, over that obtained in an empty DBD plasma reactor, upon introduction of a packed bed of γ -Al 2 O 3 , Ru/ γ -Al 2 O 3 , or SiO 2 particles. The difference in the reaction rates over γ -Al 2 O 3 and Ru/ γ -Al 2 O 3 was minimal. Complementary zero-dimensional plasma kinetic model analysis was also performed using inputs from experimental data. This kinetic analysis allowed for gas phase reactions, Eley–Rideal (E–R) reactions, and direct adsorption of radical species on the γ -Al 2 O 3 surface. On the metal surface, dissociative adsorption of N 2 and H 2 , and Langmuir – Hinshelwood reactions were also included. This analysis revealed that, under the conditions of our experiments, ammonia synthesis proceeds principally by the formation of reactive radicals in the gas phase, which then adsorb and participate in E–R reactions on both the metal and support material surfaces. This finding illustrates a challenge for substantially increasing the energy yield for plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis in typical DBD reactors containing packed catalyst beads.
Cache coherence for GPU architectures (2013)

While scalable coherence has been extensively studied in the context of general purpose chip multiprocessors (CMPs), GPU architectures present a new set of challenges. Introducing conventional directory protocols adds unnecessary coherence traffic overhead to existing GPU applications. Moreover, these protocols increase the verification complexity of the GPU memory system. Recent research, Library Cache Coherence (LCC) [34, 54], explored the use of time-based approaches in CMP coherence protocols. This paper describes a time-based coherence framework for GPUs, called Temporal Coherence (TC), that exploits globally synchronized counters in single-chip systems to develop a streamlined GPU coherence protocol. Synchronized counters enable all coherence transitions, such as invalidation of cache blocks, to happen synchronously, eliminating all coherence traffic and protocol races. We present an implementation of TC, called TC-Weak, which eliminates LCC's trade-off between stalling stores and increasing L1 miss rates to improve performance and reduce interconnect traffic. By providing coherent L1 caches, TC-Weak improves the performance of GPU applications with inter-workgroup communication by 85% over disabling the non-coherent L1 caches in the baseline GPU. We also find that write-through protocols outperform a writeback protocol on a GPU as the latter suffers from increased traffic due to unnecessary refills of write-once data.
Accuracy Evaluation of Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems in Children on Overnight Closed-Loop Control (2014)

This pilot study evaluated the difference in accuracy between the Bayer Contour® Next (CN) and HemoCue® (HC) glucose monitoring systems in children with type 1 diabetes participating in overnight closed-loop studies. Subjects aged 10-18 years old were admitted to a clinical research center and glucose values were obtained every 30 minutes overnight. Glucose values were measured using whole blood samples for CN and HC readings and results were compared to Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) reference values obtained with plasma from the same sample. System accuracy was compared using mean absolute relative difference (MARD) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) accuracy standards. A total of 28 subjects were enrolled in the study. Glucose measurements were evaluated at 457 time points. CN performed better than HC with an average MARD of 3.13% compared to 10.73% for HC (P < .001). With a limited sample size, CN met ISO criteria (2003 and 2013) at all glucose ranges while HC did not. CN performed very well, and would make an excellent meter for future closed-loop studies outside of a research center.
RMPE: Regional Multi-person Pose Estimation (2017)

Multi-person pose estimation in the wild is challenging. Although state-of-the-art human detectors have demonstrated good performance, small errors in localization and recognition are inevitable. These errors can cause failures for a single-person pose estimator (SPPE), especially for methods that solely depend on human detection results. In this paper, we propose a novel regional multi-person pose estimation (RMPE) framework to facilitate pose estimation in the presence of inaccurate human bounding boxes. Our framework consists of three components: Symmetric Spatial Transformer Network (SSTN), Parametric Pose Non-Maximum-Suppression (NMS), and Pose-Guided Proposals Generator (PGPG). Our method is able to handle inaccurate bounding boxes and redundant detections, allowing it to achieve 76:7 mAP on the MPII (multi person) dataset[3]. Our model and source codes are made publicly available.
Long bone fractures identified in the Joseon Dynasty human skeletons of Korea (2013)

Fracture is one of the pathological signs most frequently encountered in archaeologically obtained bones. To expand the paleopathological knowledge on traumatic injuries, it is desirable to secure data on long bone fractures from as wide a geographic and temporal range as possible. We present, for the first time, evidence of long bone fractures in a 16th-18th century Joseon skeletal series (n=96). In this study, we found 3 Colles' fractures of the radius in 2 individual cases. The pattern of fractures was unique. Although previous reports show that the ulna is broken more often than the radius, ulnar fracture associated with fending off a blunt attack was rare in our series (1/7 cases). Transverse fractures, typically caused by intentional violence, were also very rare (1/7 cases) in this study. These results may reflect the relatively tranquil lives of the Joseon people in 16th-18th century Korea. We also found post-fracture complications such as deformations, bone length shortening, and osteomyelitis. The present study would be of interest to medical scientists in related fields because it is one of the few studies conducted on long bone fractures among pre-modern societies in East Asian countries, thus far.
Water‐Soluble Ligands, Metal Complexes, and Catalysts: Synergism of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis (1993)

Abstract Rapid developments in the field of catalysis are leading to an increased demand for tailor‐made catalysts. Water‐soluble complex catalysts, which are being intensively investigated at the present time, combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: simple and complete separation of the product from the catalyst, high activity, and high selectivity. From the large number of available water‐soluble ligands, the appropriate catalysts can be developed for many reactions. The industrial applications in the fields of hydrogenation and hydroformylation have already indicated the wide scope of this type of catalyst. In addition, the annual production of 300 000 tons of butyraldehyde through application of water‐soluble rhodium complexes at Hoechst AG in Oberhausen, Germany, has demonstrated the industrial importance of the concept of complex‐catalyzed reactions in aqueous two‐phase systems. The efficient operation of catalytic processes increasingly requires the loss‐free recycling of the noble metal catalyst, and this can be simply and economically realized in two‐phase systems. Special applications in biochemical problems open up developments in the field of water‐soluble transition metal complexes that far transcend the familiar kinds of homogeneous catalysis. In the near future, the investigation and application of metal complex catalysts that are compatible with the physiological, cheap, and environmentally friendly solvent, water, is likely to become a high priority in catalysis research.
Studies of Collectors. V. The Preparation of Amidoxime-type Surfactants and the Flotation of a Trace Amount of Uranium (1983)

Abstract This study investigates the flotation of uranium with four amidoxime-type surfactants (R12Ax, R16Ax, Ls8.6Ax, and Ls7.2Ax6.0Hx). Ls7.2Ax6.0Hx was prepared by the telomerization of acrylonitrile and acrylamide using 1-dodecanethiol as a solvent, followed by treatment with hydroxylamine. Uranium could be floated effectively at pH 5.0 with R12Ax, R16Ax, or a combination of Ls8.6Ax and a nonionic surfactant. The floatability for uranium present in sea water was 43% after the addition of 1 mg R16Ax and 90% after the addition of 30 mg R12Ax. Ls7.2Ax6.0Hx formed a soluble complex, and 72% of the uranium present in sea water could be collected at pH 8.0 by foam fractionation using Ls7.2Ax6.0Hx. Little surfactant remained in the residual solution, and it was regenerated from an acidic solution dissolving the scum or froth.
Computational Model to Predict Oxygen Availability for Cells Cultured Under Flow Conditions (2010)

Tissue bioreactors are flow systems able to support cultured cells over time. Consequently the functionality of these in vivo systems require the cells to be provided with the required substrate, nutrient, and O2. When a bioreactor is used for liver support, the latter requirement is particularly critical since hepatocyte functionalities are highly dependent on O2 [1]. So for bioreactor designers, computational models would serve as a powerful tool for predicting O2 transport dynamics. In the current study, such a model is developed to predict the level of O2 available to hepatocytes dispersed within a porous collagen substrate, for varying flow conditions. This is carried out by intially verifying the model’s accuracy through experiments conducted using a customized flow device and then extending the model to clarify the sensitivity of O2 transport through the cellular space with respect to the flow conditions, the cells’ O2 consumption rates and dissolved O2 levels in the media.
X-ray emission by multiple passes of electrons through periodic and crystalline targets mounted inside a synchrotron (1998)

The number of passes of high-energy electrons through multiple foil and crystal radiators mounted inside of the Tomsk “Sirius” synchrotron, and the resulting increase in x-ray production efficiencies from these radiators, have been measured. The influence of electron transmission on the spectral and spatial distributions of parametric x radiation and on the spatial distribution of transition radiation has also been observed. We find that multiple passes increase the yields of these sources without destroying their angular distributions and spectra. Thus, multiple passes of electrons through these novel radiators may make them useful as x-ray sources for scientific and industrial purposes.
In vivo optogenetic stimulation of the primate retina activates the visual cortex after long-term transduction (2021)

Abstract Over the last 15 years, optogenetics has changed fundamental research in neuroscience, and is now reaching toward therapeutic applications. Vision restoration strategies using optogenetics are now at the forefront of these new clinical opportunities. But applications to human patients suffering from retinal diseases leading to blindness rise important concerns on the long-term functional expression of optogenes and the efficient signal transmission to higher visual centers. Here we demonstrate in non-human primates, continued expression and functionality at the retina level ∼20 months after delivery of our construct. We also performed in-vivo recordings of visually evoked potentials in the primary visual cortex of anaesthetized animals. Using synaptic blockers, we isolated the in-vivo cortical activation resulting from the direct optogenetic stimulation of primate retina. In conclusion, our work indicates long-term transgene expression and transmission of the signal generated in the macaque retina to the visual cortex, two important features for future clinical applications.