gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
XML-Based Agent Scripts and Inference Mechanisms (2003)

Natural language understanding has been a persistent challenge to researchers in various computer science fields, in a number of applications ranging from user support systems to entertainment and online teaching. A long term goal of the Artificial Intelligence field is to implement mechanisms that enable computers to emulate human dialogue. The recently developed ALICEbots, virtual agents with underlying AIML scripts, by A.L.I.C.E. foundation, use AIML scripts - a subset of XML - as the underlying pattern database for question answering. Their goal is to enable pattern-based, stimulus-response knowledge content to be served, received and processed over the Web, or offline, in the manner similar to HTML and XML. In this thesis, we describe a system that converts the AIML scripts to Prolog clauses and reuses them as part of a knowledge processor. The inference mechanism developed in this thesis is able to successfully match the input pattern with our clauses database even if words are missing. We also emulate the pattern deduction algorithm of the original logic deduction mechanism. Our rules, compatible with Semantic Web standards, bring structure to the meaningful content of Web pages and support interactive content retrieval using natural language.
Thin-film imaging: Past, present, prognosis (1997)

As the limitations of conventional optical lithography approach, potential extensions of a current technology are examined more closely. One of these extensions is to limit the photoresist thickness that is needed for recording the imaging information. Because the low etch resistance of resist typically precludes the use solely of resists utilizing very thin film, a variety of alternatives have been explored. These range from elaborate trilayer schemes to relatively simple processes such as top-surface imaging (TSI) and a number of combinations thereof. In all of these systems, the aim is to limit the imaging resist thickness to a thin layer by confining the radiation near the surface of the resist. This improves process latitude (e.g., depth of focus, exposure latitude) and also reduces reflective notching and thin-film interference effects. The imaged pattern in the thin-film resist processed by TSI is then transferred by plasma etching into a thicker underlayer. This “stack” then serves as the resis t mask for subsequent wafer processing. In this paper, we refer to all of these types of approaches as thin-film imaging (TFI) systems. We review TFI approaches from a historical perspective, examine a number of the schemes that have been proposed, and describe the various technical issues associated with the implementation of such systems. From this perspective, we suggest that TFI systems may find a role in manufacturing for lithographic applications at wavelengths at, or less than, 193 nm.
Oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis: different sensitivities to activated protein C in women using second‐ and third‐generation oral contraceptives (1997)

Epidemiological studies have shown that women who use third-generation oral contraceptives (OC) containing desogestrel, gestodene or norgestimate have a higher risk of venous thrombosis than women who use second-generation OC containing levonorgestrel. It is also known that a mutation in factor V (factor V(Leiden)), which results in resistance to activated protein C (APC) and which is the most common cause of hereditary thrombophilia, potentiates the prothrombotic effect of OC. Effects of APC on thrombin generation in the plasma of women using OC were compared to the response to APC in non-OC users and in individuals that were heterozygous or homozygous for factor V(Leiden). The response towards APC was evaluated on basis of the ratio (APC-sr) of the time integrals of thrombin formation determined in the presence and absence of APC. Compared with women not using OC, women who used OC exhibited a significantly decreased sensitivity to APC (P<0.001), independent of the kind of OC used. Women who used third-generation monophasic OC were significantly less sensitive to APC than women using second-generation OC (P<0.001) and had APC-sr that did not significantly differ from heterozygous female carriers of factor V(Leiden) who did not use OC. Women who were heterozygous for factor V(Leiden) and used OC had APC-sr in the range of homozygous carriers of factor V(Leiden). Two women who started OC therapy had significantly elevated APC-sr within 3 d. Acquired APC resistance may explain the epidemiological observation of increased risk for venous thrombosis in OC users, especially in women using third-generation OC.
Design and experimental investigation of highly efficient resonance-domain diffraction gratings in the visible spectral region (2012)

Surface-relief resonance-domain diffraction gratings with deep and dense grooves provide considerable changes in light propagation direction, wavefront curvature, and nearly 100% Bragg diffraction efficiency usually attributed only to volume optical holograms. In this paper, we present design, computer simulation, fabrication, and experimental results of binary resonance-domain diffraction gratings in the visible spectral region. Performance of imperfectly fabricated diffraction groove profiles was optimized by controlling the DC and the depth of the grooves. Indeed, more than 97% absolute Bragg diffraction efficiency was measured at the 635 nm wavelength with binary gratings having periods of 520 nm and groove depths of about 1000 nm, fabricated by direct electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching.
Sub-pixel color edge detection by using binary quaternion-moment-preserving thresholding technique (2002)

This paper presents a new moment-preserving thresholding technique, called the binary quaternion-moment-preserving (BQMP) thresholding, for color image data. Based on representing color data by the quaternions, the statistical parameters of color data can be expressed through the definition of quaternion moments. Analytical formulas of the BQMP thresholding can thus be determined by using the algebra of the quaternions. The computation time for the BQMP thresholding is of order of data size. Employing the BQMP thresholding, quaternion-moment-based operators are designed for the applications of color image processing, such as color image compression and subpixel color edge detection. The experimental results showed that the proposed operators can be used as a tool for color image processing.
Optimisation of processing parameters for making pyrophyllite based ceramic tiles using di-sodium hydrogen phosphate binder (2001)

The processing parameters for making tiles using pyrophyllite with di-sodium hydrogen phosphate binder have been optimised. Infrared studies on sintered tiles prepared under optimised conditions indicate the presence of Si–O linkages and the formation of AlPO4. Using X-ray powder diffraction the various phases formed during sintering were identified as the tridymite form of aluminium phosphate (T-AlPO4), dehydroxylated pyrophyllite, and sodium silicate. Thermal changes taking place during sintering were studied using thermal analysis. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the presence of acicular T-AlPO4 crystals and dehydroxylated pyrophyllite with platelet morphology.
Unicondylar unicompartmental replacement for osteoarthritis of the knee. (1981)

Unicompartmental knee replacement is an attractive concept that offers several potential advantages over bicompartmental or tricompartmental replacement, including preservation of bone stock, of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, of the patellofemoral joint, and of the normal opposite compartment. Of our first 100 consecutive knees that had unicompartmental arthroplasty for osteoarthritis and were followed for two to six years (average, three and one-half years), eighty-eight were medial and twelve were lateral replacements. The ages of the patients at the time of operation ranged from forty-six to eighty-five years, with an average age of seventy-one years. At follow-up, pain relief was good to excellent in 92 per cent of the knees. The average amount of flexion was 114 degrees (range, 90 to 140 degrees); one-half of the knees had at least 120 degrees of flexion. The average flexion contracture was 1 degree. There were no infections and no peroneal palsies. At the time of writing, three failures had required revision. Radiolucent lines at the bone-cement interface were present around 8 per cent of the femoral components and 27 per cent of the tibial components. Two femoral components subsided in obese patients. There was no tibial loosening in the series. The most common complications, per anserinus bursitis, occurred in 12 per cent of the knees and was treated satisfactorily by injection of local anesthetics and steroids. Surgical technique must be precise to prevent subluxation of the tibia on the femur due to either improper positioning of the components or too tight a fit (too much pressure) between them. We view unicompartmental replacement as an attractive alternative for the treatment of unicompartmental osteoarthritis in elderly patients. However, we are strong advocates of proximal tibial osteotomy for unicompartmental osteoarthritis associated with a varus deformity in selected patients.
Differential diagnosis and management issues of idiopathic angiooedema and their resolution (2015)

Angiooedema is a local and self-limiting swelling of the subcutaneous and sub mucosal tissues, produced by vasoactive peptides that temporary increase the vascular permeability. It is recognized that recurrent angiooedema exposes patients to the risk of fatalities and reduced quality of life, being in some circumstances associated with a critical condition. Angiooedema can occur with or without wheals. The first symptom is urticaria, the second is a distinct nosologic entity. In absence of an identifiable cause, recurrent angiooedema without wheals can be defined as idiopathic and marked"idiopathic histaminergic angiooedema" when it is responsive to anti histamine treatment, and "idiopathic non-histaminergic angiooedema" when it is not. Furthermore, idiopathic non-histaminergic angiooedema can be diagnosed as hereditary or sporadic by family history. In this review, we summarize the approaches to diagnose and treat different forms of idiopathic angiooedema.
Mass Spectrometry in Carbohydrate Chemistry (1968)

The mass spectra of methyl 3-deoxy-β-D-threo-pentopyranoside, methyl 4-deoxy-β-D-threo-pentopyranoside, and 5-deoxy-β-D-xylo-furanoside are discussed and compared; fragmentation paths are sufficiently different to allow identification on the basis of their mass spectra. On the other hand, the mass spectra of methyl 2- and 3-deoxy-5-O-methyl-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosides do not exhibit fragmentation differences. The mass spectra of 3-deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-xylo-hexofuranose, 5-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-xylo-hexofuranose, and 6-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose show prominent differences, even between the 5- and 6-deoxy isomers. The interpretation of the spectra was aided by metastable-ion peaks, mass spectra of D2O-exchanged analogs, and the mass spectrum of an O-isopropylidene derivative prepared with acetone-d6.
Macropinocytosis: an endocytic pathway for internalising large gulps (2011)

Macropinocytosis is a regulated form of endocytosis that mediates the non-selective uptake of solute molecules, nutrients and antigens. It is an actin-dependent process initiated from surface membrane ruffles that give rise to large endocytic vacuoles called macropinosomes. Macropinocytosis is important in a range of physiological processes; it is highly active in macrophages and dendritic cells where it is a major pathway for the capture of antigens, it is relevant to cell migration and tumour metastasis and it represents a portal of cell entry exploited by a range of pathogens. The molecular basis for the formation and maturation of macropinosomes has only recently begun to be defined. Here, we review the general characteristics of macropinocytosis, describe some of the regulators of this pathway, which have been identified to date and highlight strategies to explore the relevance of this endocytosis pathway in vivo.
Phase II study of low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b antiangiogenic therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma overexpressing basic fibroblast growth factor: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (E2602). (2013)

9038 Background: FGF-2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of melanoma. In particular, FGF-2 and its receptor are expressed in melanoma cells. We investigated the use of graded dosages Peg-IFN in patients with stage IV melanoma overexpressing FGF-2. Primary objective: suppression of plasma FGF-2 to normal levels (&lt; 7.5 pg/mL). Secondary objectives: clinical efficacy of Peg-IFN and its association with angiogenic factor levels (FGF-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor /VEGF). Methods: Patients were eligible if they had stage IV melanoma from any primary site. Prior systemic therapies (&lt; 4) were allowed including IFN. Plasma FGF-2 was measured at baseline (Step 1) and patients with levels &gt; 15 pg/mL allowed to receive study treatment (Step 2). Peg-IFN was given weekly at starting dose of 0.5 mcg/kg/wk with increments every 3 weeks (maximum dose: 5 mcg/kg/wk) based on serial FGF-2 levels. Results: 207 patients entered into Step 1 and 45 (22%) overexpressed FGF-2 with a median level of 22 pg/dL (range, 15-216). 29 eligible patients enrolled into Step 2 and received treatment. The median age was 64 years and most had &gt; 2 prior therapies. FGF-2 decreased in 28 (97%) patients with suppression to normal level in 10 (35%). The median time to FGF-2 suppression was 30 days (range, 14-116). The best clinical responses were PR (7%) and stable disease (17%). The median PFS and OS were 2.0 and 9.7 months, respectively. Patients who achieved FGF-2 suppression were more likely to have a response or stable disease compared to those who did not (50% vs 11%; P=.03). Landmark analysis at 63 days showed similar OS between those who achieved FGF-2 suppression and those who did not (7.8 vs 7.7 months; P=.31). VEGF decreased in 27 patients (93%) during treatment and the levels paralleled those of FGF-2 over time. We did not find a compensatory rise in VEGF level among those with FGF-2 suppression. Conclusions: Graded dose Peg-IFN suppresses FGF-2 and has activity against metastatic refractory melanoma. Complete suppression of plasma FGF-2 was observed in 35% of the patients and correlated with clinical response but not OS. Clinical trial information: NCT00049530.
Variability of Bacterial Communities in the Moth Heliothis virescens Indicates Transient Association with the Host (2016)

Microbes associated with insects can confer a wide range of ecologically relevant benefits to their hosts. Since insect-associated bacteria often increase the nutritive value of their hosts' diets, the study of bacterial communities is especially interesting in species that are important agricultural pests. We investigated the composition of bacterial communities in the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens and its variability in relation to developmental stage, diet and population (field and laboratory), using bacterial tag-encoded FLX pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. In larvae, bacterial communities differed depending on the food plant on which they had been reared, although the within-group variation between biological replicates was high as well. Moreover, larvae originating from a field or laboratory population did not share any OTUs. Interestingly, Enterococcus sp. was found to be the dominant taxon in laboratoryreared larvae, but was completely absent from field larvae, indicating dramatic shifts in microbial community profiles upon cultivation of the moths in the laboratory. Furthermore, microbiota composition varied strongly across developmental stages in individuals of the field population, and we found no evidence for vertical transmission of bacteria from mothers to offspring. Since sample sizes in our study were small due to pooling of samples for sequencing, we cautiously conclude that the high variability in bacterial communities suggests a loose and temporary association of the identified bacteria with H. virescens.
Microstrip Balun Over High Impedance Wire-Ground (2009)

This letter presents a novel idea for the design of coupled line balun, where the operation relies on rejecting the common mode due to the presence of a high impedance wire-ground. This concept is verified by circuit modeling, EM simulations, and practical measurements of the proposed structure. The simple, though accurate, circuit model provides clear understanding of the concept of operation and simplifies the design flow and optimization. The novel design exhibits reliable performance at 2.4 GHz with a 50% bandwidth (1.8-3 GHz), an amplitude imbalance less than 0.5 dB, a return loss better than 15 dB, and a phase imbalance less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> .
Exploring rotavirus proteome to identify potential B- and T-cell epitope using computational immunoinformatics (2020)

Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide. The functional correlation of B- and T-cells to long-lasting immunity against rotavirus infection in the literature is limited. In this work, a series of computational immuno-informatics approaches were applied and identified 28 linear B-cells, 26 conformational B-cell, 44 T<sub>C</sub> cell and 40 T<sub>H</sub> cell binding epitopes for structural and non-structural proteins of rotavirus. Further selection of putative B and T cell epitopes in the multi-epitope vaccine construct was carried out based on immunogenicity, conservancy, allergenicity and the helical content of predicted epitopes. An <i>in-silico</i> vaccine constructs was developed using an N-terminal adjuvant (RGD motif) followed by T<sub>C</sub> and T<sub>H</sub> cell epitopes and B-cell epitope with an appropriate linker. Multi-threading models of multi-epitope vaccine construct with B- and T-cell epitopes were generated and molecular dynamics simulation was performed to determine the stability of designed vaccine. Codon optimized multi-epitope vaccine antigens was expressed and affinity purified using the <i>E. coli</i> expression system. Further the T cell epitope presentation assay using the recombinant multi-epitope constructs and the T cell epitope predicted and identified in this study have not been investigated. Multi-epitope vaccine construct encompassing predicted B- and T-cell epitopes may help to generate long-term immune responses against rotavirus. The computational findings reported in this study may provide information in developing epitope-based vaccine and diagnostic assay for rotavirus-led diarrhea in children's.
Slow deformation measurement of biological samples with 3D interferometric microscope (2012)

The 3D interference microscope is used to measure the mechanical and structural properties of biological samples. In this paper the pulsation of the eye of the zebrafish embryo and the motion of the neuron is measured. The measurement is often performed on a microsphere placed on a biological sample. The microsphere reflects a strong signal, and by applying a magnetic field the sphere can induce a controlled and varying pressure on the object. The deformation of the object and the motion of the sphere provide information about different mechanical properties of the biological sample. This paper specifically concentrates on the measurement of nanometric deformation at frequencies below 10Hz. Full Text: PDF References http://www.bruker-axs.com/white_light_interferometric_profilometers.html [Direct link] J. Schmit, K. Creath, J.C. Wyant, "Surface Profilers, Multiple Wavelength, and White Light Interferometry" in Optical Shop Testing, 667-755 (ed. D. Malacara, John Wiley, Hoboken 2007). J. Reed, M. Frank, J.J. Troke, J. Schmit, S.Han, M.A. Teitell J.K. Gimzewski, Nanotechnol. 19, 235101 (2008). [CrossRef] References 1-9 within: J. Reed, S. Ramakrishnan, J.Schmit, J.K. Gimzewski, "Mechanical interferometry of nanoscale motion and mechanical properties of living zebrafish embryos", www.acsnano.org 3(8), 2090 (2009). J. Reed, S. Ramakrishnan, J. Schmit, J. K. Gimzewski, "Mechanical interferometry of nanoscale motion and mechanical properties of living zebrafish embryos", www.acsnano.org 3(8), 2090 (2009). J. Schmit, K. Creath, App. Opt. 34(19), 3610 (1995). [CrossRef] J. Schmit, P. Unruh, E. Novak, "Measurement of object deformation with optical profiler", US Patent 7283250 (2007)
Vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory performance (2017)

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used for treating refractory epilepsy and major depression. While the impact of this treatment on seizures has been established, its impact on human cognition remains equivocal. The goal of this study is to elucidate the immediate effects of vagus nerve stimulation on attention, cognition, and emotional reactivity in patients with epilepsy. Twenty patients (12 male and 8 female; 45 ± 13 years old) treated with VNS due to refractory epilepsy participated in the study. Subjects performed a computer-based test of executive functions embedded with emotional distractors while their brain activity was recorded with electroencephalography. Subjects' cognitive performance, early visual event-related potential N1, and frontal alpha asymmetry were studied when cyclic vagus nerve stimulation was on and when it was off. We found that vagus nerve stimulation improved working memory performance as seen in reduced errors on a subtask that relied on working memory, odds ratio (OR) = 0.63 (95% confidence interval, CI [0.47, 0.85]) and increased N1 amplitude, F(1, 15) = 10.17, p = .006. In addition, vagus nerve stimulation resulted in longer reaction time, F(1, 16) = 8.23, p = .019, and greater frontal alpha asymmetry, F(1, 16) = 11.79, p = .003, in response to threat-related distractors. This is the first study to show immediate improvement in working memory performance in humans with clinically relevant vagus nerve stimulation. Furthermore, vagus nerve stimulation had immediate effects on emotional reactivity evidenced in behavior and brain physiology.
Preventive Effect ofLactobacillus delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricuson the Oxidation of LDL (2000)

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 2038 was examined for its activity to prevent the oxidation of the erythrocyte membrane in vitro, and the oxidation of LDL in vivo. Strain 2038 produced radical scavengers that reacted with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl (DPPH) during cultivation. Moreover, the ethereal extract from the supernatant of the culture prevented the oxidation of the erythrocyte membrane in vitro. As an in vivo study, male F344 rats were fed on diets containing 20% fresh soybean oil (or 13% oxidized oil and 7% fresh oil) with 10% freeze-dried powder of the 2038 culture (or with skim milk powder) for 4 weeks. The level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was lower in the low-density lipoproteins (per milligram of cholesterol) from rats fed on the oxidized oil with freeze-dried powder of the 2038 culture than without it. The level of vitamin E in the plasma was higher in the rats fed on the oxidized oil with the freeze-dried powder than without it.
A Test to Measure Lift Capacity of Physically Impaired Adults Part 1—Development and Reliability Testing (1995)

The safety and reliability of the EPIC Lift Capacity test was adequately demonstrated in a laboratory setting and across multiple field sites with evaluators who have varying types and degrees of professional preparation.