gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Combination of Super-Resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging with Structured Illumination Microscopy for Large Fields-of-View (2021)

All fluorescence super-resolution microscopy techniques present trade-offs between, for example, resolution, acquisition speed, and live-cell compatibility. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) improves the resolution through successive imaging of the sample under patterned illumination. SIM can be fast and typically uses low light levels well suited for live cell imaging. However, in its linear form, the resolution gain of SIM is limited by the pattern frequency to a 2-fold improvement over the diffraction limit. Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) is another low-light level method that achieves higher resolution through the computation of spatiotemporal cross-cumulants of a time series of stochastically blinking fluorescent emitters. The resolution is theoretically enhanced by a factor n, where n is the cumulant order. In practice, it is restricted to smaller orders due to limited signal-to-noise and the need for many frames for good statistics. Here, we demonstrate the experimental combination of SOFI with SIM, where we use SOFI as a source of nonlinearity to further enhance the SIM resolution. We present two implementations of SIM combined with self-blinking dyes for SOFI. We first introduce a new Michelson SIM setup for achromatic high-efficiency (40%) illumination and fast structured pattern projection. We use the setup to acquire single- and two-color SIM data of blinking emitters with up to 2.4-fold image resolution increase and discuss the SOFI-SIM reconstruction challenges. We applied the same concept to realize SOFI-SIM on a flat-fielded, high-throughput instant SIM (iSIM) setup, achieving similar resolution enhancement and demonstrating the versatility of our approach. We established an experimental proof-of-principle of a wide-field combination of SOFI with SIM and iSIM for large fields-of-view, improving SIM resolution without increased complexity of the setup.
Bandwidth aspects in second generation current conveyors (2001)

This paper discusses bandwidth problems associated with second–generation current conveyors. In particular, our work is centered in high-capacitance applications, especially for wireless optical links and applied physics. We discuss techniques for improving bandwidth in these CCII, and develop a new CCII structure with larger bandwidth than traditional circuits. These circuits are then compared in terms of their noise and dynamic range characteristics.
Maximal Physiological Parameters during Partial Body-Weight Support Treadmill Testing (2012)

The AG can be used at maximal exercise intensities at BW of 85% to 95%, reaching faster running speeds than normally feasible. The AG could be used for overspeed running programs at the highest metabolic response levels.
Supplementary Figure 7 from RNA Helicase A Is a Downstream Mediator of KIF1Bβ Tumor-Suppressor Function in Neuroblastoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file 1540K, Figure S7, related to Figure 7G and Discussion. Model proposing mechanism of KIF1Bβ mediated apoptosis in a developing neuroblast competing for limiting trophic factor NGF&lt;/p&gt;
The feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide as a coolant for the CANDU reactor (2010)

This study indicates the technical feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide as a coolant for a CANDU-type reactor. A new concept of supercritical cooling loop is proposed in this study. The reactor is cooled by a single phase coolant, which is pumped at a high density liquid-like state. The supercritical-fluid-cooled reactor has the advantage of avoiding dryout as in gas-cooled reactors, and the advantage of low coolant-circulation power as for liquid-cooled reactors. As a result of eliminating dryout, the maximum operating temperature of the fuel sheath can be increased to 1021°F (550°C) for existing Canadian fuel bundles. Accordingly, the coolant temperature in the case study of this work was calculated to be 855°F. This high temperature coolant can produce steam at a temperature and pressure comparable to that of conventional fossil-fuel plants. However, since the exit coolant temperature from the steam generator may be as low as 280°F, a portion of the supercritical carbon dioxide coolant is used to produce low-pressure steam. A new dual-reheat cycle is proposed to reduce the high degree of irreversibility in the steam generation process. In the new dual-reheat cycle, the coolant heats the low and high pressure feeds in a parallel manner instead of alternative heating as in dual-pressure cycles. The ideal overall plant efficiency of the new proposed dual-reheat cycle is 33.02%, which is comparable to that of the Pickering generating station.
Data encryption using the dynamic location and speed of mobile node (2010)

Due to the fast development in electronic technology, some mobile devices are designed for new services in important applications in life. In this paper, we propose a new method of message security by using the coordinates in GPS service, where it can specify the path of movement by taking some coordinates during travel of mobile node MN and estimate the following situation of MN in a constant time interval. This new estimated coordinate is applied in our secret key. Dynamic Toleration Distance (DTD) is also designed in our key to increase its practicality. The security analysis shows that the probability to break this key is almost impossible due to the security of coordinates and DTD, and adjusting the length of the Random key. Experimental study shows that the ciphertext can only be decrypted under the restriction of DTD. It illustrates that our secret key (Sec_key) is effective and practical for data transmission in mobile environment.
The State of the Science of Preterm Birth (2020)

Preterm birth remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during the perinatal and neonatal periods. Now affecting approximately 1 in 10 births in the United States, preterm birth often occurs spontaneously and without a clear etiology. Careful assessment of risk factors, however, identifies vulnerable women allowing targeted interventions such as progestogen therapy and cerclage. This article is intended to highlight preterm birth risk factors and current predictive and preventive strategies for midwives, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and perinatal nurses.
The Music of Silence. Part I: Responses to Musical Imagery Encode Melodic Expectations and Acoustics (2021)

Musical imagery is the voluntary internal hearing of music in the mind without the need for physical action or external stimulation. Numerous studies have already revealed brain areas activated during imagery. However, it remains unclear to what extent imagined music responses preserve the detailed temporal dynamics of the acoustic stimulus envelope and, crucially, whether melodic expectations play any role in modulating responses to imagined music, as they prominently do during listening. These modulations are important as they reflect aspects of the human musical experience, such as its acquisition, engagement, and enjoyment. This study explored the nature of these modulations in imagined music based on EEG recordings from 21 professional musicians (6 females and 15 males). Regression analyses were conducted to demonstrate that imagined neural signals can be predicted accurately, similarly to the listening task, and were sufficiently robust to allow for accurate identification of the imagined musical piece from the EEG. In doing so, our results indicate that imagery and listening tasks elicited an overlapping but distinctive topography of neural responses to sound acoustics, which is in line with previous fMRI literature. Melodic expectation, however, evoked very similar frontal spatial activation in both conditions, suggesting that they are supported by the same underlying mechanisms. Finally, neural responses induced by imagery exhibited a specific transformation from the listening condition, which primarily included a relative delay and a polarity inversion of the response. This transformation demonstrates the top-down predictive nature of the expectation mechanisms arising during both listening and imagery.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> It is well known that the human brain is activated during musical imagery: the act of voluntarily hearing music in our mind without external stimulation. It is unclear, however, what the temporal dynamics of this activation are, as well as what musical features are precisely encoded in the neural signals. This study uses an experimental paradigm with high temporal precision to record and analyze the cortical activity during musical imagery. This study reveals that neural signals encode music acoustics and melodic expectations during both listening and imagery. Crucially, it is also found that a simple mapping based on a time-shift and a polarity inversion could robustly describe the relationship between listening and imagery signals.
Performance assessment of virtual multiple-input multiple-output systems with compress-and-forward cooperation (2012)

A cooperative virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system using two transmit antennas that implements bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) transmission and compress-and-forward (CF) relay cooperation among two receiving nodes is presented here. To perform CF cooperation, we propose to use standard source-coding techniques for virtual MIMO detection, based on the analysis of its expected rate bound and the tightness of the bound. Since the relay and the destination are closely spaced, the authors first assume an error-free conference link between them, to focus on investigating the achievable gain from the CF cooperation. Then the system throughput expression and upper bounds on the system error probabilities over block fading channels are derived. The results show that the relay enables the proposed cooperative virtual-MIMO system to achieve almost ideal MIMO performance with low source-coding rates. Furthermore, when we consider a non-ideal cooperation link for practical considerations, a channel-aware adaptive CF scheme is proposed, so that the relay could always adapt its source-coding rate to meet the data rate on the non-ideal link. Owing to the short-range communication and the proposed scheme, the impact of the non-ideal link is too slight to impair the system performance significantly.
Ultra-thin chip-in-flex (CIF) technology using anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) for wearable electronics applications (2015)

For improving the flexibility and compact package size, chip-on-flex (COF)/chip-in-flex(CIF) assembly using Anisotropic Conductive Films (ACFs) as interconnection materials are investigated for flexible packaging technology of wearable electronics applications. The fatigue reliability of COF/CIF packages under dynamic bending environment was investigated. COF packages were successfully fabricated using ACFs with 40 um thin silicon chips and flexible substrates. By attaching the cover adhesive film with a polyimide film to COF packages, CIF packages were successfully fabricated as well. Through both convex and concave dynamic bending test, the thickness of cover adhesive film was optimized and then the minimum bending radius was obtained at no chip-crack condition. After fabrication of CIF packages with optimal cover adhesive film thickness of 30 um, and the effect of 3 types of ACFs on the dynamic bending performance of CIF packages up to 160 k cycles was also investigated. CIF packages using ACFs of higher modulus showed excellent fatigue reliability and stable ACF joints without delamination or resin crazing during dynamic bending test conditions.
Identification and analysis of the expression of CD8 alpha beta and CD8 alpha alpha isoforms in chickens reveals a major TCR- gamma delta CD8 alpha beta subset of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. (1995)

Expression screening has been used to clone cDNAs encoding the alpha- and beta-chains of chicken CD8. Amino acid sequence similarities with the mammalian sequences were about 30%. Many amino acid residues of structural or functional importance were more highly conserved, as were the overall structures of both chains. Like human CD8 alpha, the chicken alpha-chain lacked sites for N-linked glycosylation, but the beta-chain contained three such sites. In COS cells transfected with CD8 beta cDNA, surface expression of the beta-chain was dependent on co-transfection of the alpha-chain cDNA, indicating that, as in mammals, chicken CD8 can be expressed as a CD8 alpha alpha homodimer or as a CD8 alpha beta heterodimer. Immunofluorescence analysis with mAbs that were shown to identify the CD8 alpha- and CD8 beta-chains revealed that the vast majority of the CD8+ cells in the thymus, spleen, and blood of adult chickens express both CD8 alpha- and CD8 beta-chains. However, a relatively large proportion of the CD8+ TCR-gamma delta cells in the spleens of embryos and young chicks express only the alpha-chain of CD8. Among intestinal epithelial lymphocytes the major CD8+ T cell populations present in mice are conserved, but there is a population of TCR-gamma delta CD8 alpha beta cells that is not found in rodents. This observation is important in interpretation of experiments examining the pathways of development of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in chickens.
Towards Optical DNA Sequencing Using Nanopore Arrays (2011)

Next generation DNA sequencing methods that utilize nanometersize pores have been subject of numerous studies in past years. One of the compelling features of the nanopore technique lies in its ability to electrophoretically focus long DNA strands towards the pore area and thread the molecules inside the pore in a highly efficient manner. Thus extremely small copy numbers of the target DNA are required for analyses†, circumventing the need for costly and time-consuming target amplification. One of the major bottlenecks for the realization of a viable nanopore-based DNA sequencing has been the ability to simultaneously read the electrical signals from hundreds to thousands of nanopores densely fabricated on sub-millimeter size silicon chip. To address this issue we develop an extremely high throughput single molecule DNA sequencing technique, which employs optical, widefield readout from DNA molecules electrically mobilized through the nanopores. Our method consists of two steps: First, target DNA molecules are converted according to pre-determined code, which is recognized by molecular beacons with four types of fluorophores (each uniquely corresponding to one of the four DNA bases). Solid-state nanopores are then used to sequentially strip off the beacons, leading to a series of photon bursts that can be detected with a custom made microscope. Notably the method circumvents the use of enzymes in the readout stage, and is thus not affected by their limited processivity and lifetime. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this method using a two color model system, and show for the first time, individual nucleotide recognition from multiple nanopores simultaneously‡, allowing straightforward parallelization of our system to nanopore arrays. †. Wanunu, M., W. Morrison, Y. Rabin, A. Y. Grosberg, and A. Meller. 2010. Electrostatic Focusing of Unlabeled DNA into Nanoscale Pores using a Salt Gradient. Nature Nanotechnology 5:160–165. ‡. McNally, B., A. Singer, Z. Yu, Y. Sun, Z. Weng, and A. Meller. 2010. Optical Recognition of Converted DNA Nucleotides for Single-Molecule DNA Sequencing Using Nanopore Arrays. Nano Letters 10:2237–2244.
L'ostéomalacie: étiologie, clinique, physiopathologie et thérapeutiques (1986)

peer reviewed
Spin-echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) of cold neutrons (2002)

The conceptual design of a new instrument is presented, which makes use of the spin echo technique to analyze the scattering angle of neutrons impinging upon a rough or corrugated surface at grazing incidence. In a grazing incidence geometry the roughness of the surface and of submersed interfaces give rise to a neutron scattering pattern at angles well resolved from that of specular reflection for corrugation lengths up to several microns, but only in the plane of specular reflection. In contrast, scattering caused by corrugations of comparable length perpendicular to the reflection plane is limited to angles that can be separated only with an extreme tightening of the instrumental resolution. However this scattering can be well resolved by spin-echo methods for polarized neutrons. Results from scattering in and out of the reflection plane provide complementary information on the structure of the roughness and its location in a system with complex layering. This spin-echo technique may also distinguish static from time-dependent roughness.
Processing of glycans on glycoprotein and glycopeptide antigens in antigen-presenting cells (2002)

Until about 12 years ago, almost all experimental work with antigens capable of stimulating T cells had been performed with proteins and peptides, as well as haptenated proteins and peptides. By far most of the work had been performed with mice that had been immunized and examined for responses in assays for T cell proliferation. Pure carbohydrates were found to be incapable of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding and T cell stimulation (1, 2). However, within the last 10 years it has become evident that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can recognize glycopeptides carrying mono- and disaccharides in a MHC-restricted manner provided the glycan group is attached to the peptide at suitable positions. In such glycopeptides, the primed T cells recognize the glycan structure with high fidelity (see below). The question of T cell recognition of glycopeptides may be important in the immune defense against microorganisms, because many microbial antigens are in fact glycosylated. T cell recognition of glycans may also play an important role in the immune defence against tumors, because one of the most consistent traits of a cancer cell is an abnormal glycosylation of the proteins of the malignant cell (3). In this issue of PNAS, Backlund et al. (4) provide evidence that T cell recognition of protein glycans may be crucial also for T cell responses to autoantigens in the course of autoimmune diseases. Below we will describe and discuss the general rules for MHC class II restricted T cell recognition of glycans, the fate of glycoprotein glycans during antigen processing, and the role of antigen glycosylation in tolerance to autoantigens and tumor antigens. 

T cell recognition of glycans may be crucial for T cell responses to autoantigens.
Three point mutations in the factor IX genes of five hemophilia B patients. Identification strategy using localization by altered epitopes in their hemophilic proteins. (1989)

In five patients with hemophilia B and detectable Factor IX antigen, altered reactivity to a specific polyclonal antibody fraction or monoclonal anti-Factor IX antibodies was noted. Amplification of selected portions of their Factor IX genes by polymerase chain reaction allowed rapid identification of a single base transition in each of the five families tested. In a patient with severe hemophilia and an altered calcium binding domain, a G to A transition in exon II changed the codon for Glu-27 to Lys (Factor IXSeattle 3). Patients from two families with mild hemophilia with decreased reactivity to a MAb that binds to a site within the sequence coded for by exon IV had a G to A transition changing the codon for Gly-60 to Ser (Factor IXDurham). Two unrelated patients with moderately severe hemophilia lacked reactivity to another murine monoclonal anti-Factor IX which binds to an epitope in the amino-terminal half of the heavy chain of Factor IXa. In these patients, exon VIII contained a G to A transition changing Arg-248 to Gln (Factor IXSeattle 4).
Analysis of Change in Optical Transmission Spectra Resulting from Ag Photodoping in Chalcogenide Film (1987)

Photodoping in a thin sample of Ag–Ge 30 S 70 was studied by an optical transmission measurement. Changes in the optical transmission spectra were analyzed on the bases of a uniform distribution of dissolved Ag. This study suggests that the spectra of thin samples are not modulated by the interference effect over a wavelength range of 350–800 nm. The amount of photodoped Ag is quantitatively estimated from values of ln [ T ( t )/ T (0)], where T ( t ) is the transmission after exposure to light for time t . There is a specific wavelength at which the transmission is practically independent of the irradiation time; traces of the spectra reach a point at this wavelength. This point is called an isotransmission point and is denoted λ * . The condition that λ * appears in the spectra was derived theoretically. The isotransmission point is useful for estimating the thicknesses of an Ag-doped layer.
A machine learning approach to web personalization (2002)

Most web sites today are designed one-size-fits-all: all visitors see the exact same pages regardless of interests, previous interactions, or, frequently, even browsing client (desktop PC or wireless PDA). But one size often does not fit all. Instead of presenting the same content, the web experience should be dynamic and personalized, adapting to visitors' preferences as evinced in previous interactions. 
This thesis proposes a framework for personalizing the web experience. Within our PROTEUS framework, we view personalization as a two-step process of first modeling users, and then improving the site given the model. We frame this problem as a machine learning task: the goal is to predict users' web navigation given their previous behavior. We explore several means of personalization, including improving the wireless web and building personalized, dynamic portals, and concentrate on one in particular—automatically adding shortcuts to likely navigation destinations. 
A challenge in modeling web navigation is that training data for an entire site may be plentiful, but sparse for any individual page. This difficulty can be overcome, however, by noting that most large web sites have a rich underlying relational structure that can be exploited for generalization: pages can belong to different types (e.g., pages about laptop computers versus pages about printers), with each type described by a different set of attributes (e.g., size of display versus printing speed). We leverage this structure by developing relational Markov models (RMMs), a novel extension to Markov models. States in an RMM belong to relations and are described by variables over hierarchically structured domains. Based on these hierarchies, the RMM defines sets of related states, learns transition probabilities between these sets, and uses shrinkage to estimate transitions between individual pages. This thesis presents RMMs in detail and provides results showing that they outperform traditional Markov models for predicting web navigation by a substantial margin.
CRISPR/CAS9 Technologies (2017)

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) pathway is revolutionizing biological research. Modifications to this primitive prokaryotic immune system now enable scientists to efficiently edit DNA or modulate gene expression in living eukaryotic cells and organisms. Thus, many laboratories can now perform important experiments that previously were considered scientifically risky or too costly. Here, we describe the components of the CRISPR/Cas system that have been engineered for use in eukaryotes. We also explain how this system can be used to genetically modify cell lines and model organisms, or regulate gene expression in order to search for new participants in biological pathways. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.