gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lasing without inversion: Gain enhancement through spectrally colored population pumping (1993)

We propose the use of spectrally colored rather than white (i.e., incoherent) population pumping in lasing-without-inversion schemes. We show that colored pumping can lead to a significant enhancement in gain by presenting explicit results for the gain in a three-level ladder system. These results are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations of the coupled density-matrix equations, which, for a colored pump, acquire the structure of Langevin equations.
Genetic diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on variable numbers of tandem DNA repeats (1998)

Genetic loci containing variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR loci) form the basis for human gene mapping and identification, forensic analysis and paternity testing. The variability of bacterial tandem repeats has not been systematically studied. Eleven tandem repeat loci in the M. tuberculosis genome were analysed. Five major polymorphic tandem repeat (MPTR) loci contained 15-bp repeats with substantial sequence variation in adjacent copies. Six exact tandem repeat (ETR) loci contained large DNA repeats with identical sequences in adjacent repeats. These 11 loci were amplified in 48 strains to determine the number of tandem repeats at each locus. The strains analysed included 25 wild-type strains of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum and M. microti and 23 substrains of the attenuated M. bovis BCG vaccine. One of the five MPTR loci and all six ETR loci had length polymorphisms corresponding to insertions or deletions of tandem repeats. Most ETR loci were located in intergenic regions where copy number may influence expression of downstream genes. Each ETR locus had multiple alleles in the panel. Combined analysis identified 22 distinct allele profiles in 25 wild-type strains of the M. tuberculosis complex and five allele profiles in 23 M. bovis BCG substrains. Allele profiles were reproducible and stable, as demonstrated by analyses of multiple isolates of particular reference strains obtained from different laboratories. VNTR typing may be generally useful for strain differentiation and evolutionary studies in bacteria.
Identification of pathogens by comprehensive real-time PCR versus conventional methods in community-acquired pneumonia in Japanese adults (2016)

Real-time PCR of NPS and sputum samples could better identify bacterial and viral pathogens in CAP than conventional methods, both overall and in patients with prior antibiotic treatment.
Quantitation and Properties of Fecal and Upper Small Intestinal Aerobic Microflora in Infants and Young Children with Persistent Diarrhea (1989)

Summary: The duodenal juice and fecal aerobic microflora was investigated in 54 patients with persistent diarrhea (age ≤2 years). The duodenal aspirates yielded increased aerobic bacteria (>105 organisms/ml) in 28 (51.9%) of the patients. Established enteric pathogens were isolated from the duodenal aspirates of 12 (22.2%) of the 54 patients, viz., enteroadherent Escherichia coli (EAEC) (5), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (3), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (1), nontyphoidal Salmonella (1), and Giardia lamblia (2). The total aerobic bacterial count was >105 in all 12 patients positive for specific pathogens apart from one case in whom E. coli showing diffuse adherence to HEp-2 cells were identified. Among the remaining 42 specific pathogen-negative patients, 19 (45.2%) also had >105 aerobic organisms/ml in the small bowel. Eight strains of Klebsiella from four of the patients were negative for enterotoxin production in a rabbit ileal loop assay and for adherence to HEp-2 cells. In contrast, 28/54 (51.9%) of the same patients had known enteric pathogens in their stools, viz., nontyphoidal Salmonella (8 or 14.8%), Shigella (2 or 3.7%), Campylobacter (1 or 1.9%), ETEC (4 or 7.4%), EPEC (2 or 3.7%), EAEC (7 or 13.0%), and G. lamblia and Entameba histolytica (3 or 5.6%). Further search for potential virulence factors among aerobic bacteria colonizing the upper small intestine in persistent diarrhea is warranted.
Editorial: Combined water and heat integration in the process industries (2022)

Editorial on the Research Topic Combined water and heat integration in the process industries Water and energy are resources that are used in large quantities in different sectors (domestic, agricultural, and industrial). Based on data on global water and energy consumption in the world over the recent past, as well as forecasts for the coming years, a continuous trend of increasing water and energy consumption can be observed. The expected growth of the human population in the future and the needs for various products are some of the reasons for this trend. The industrial sector will play a very significant role in the future in providing a wide range of products for the market to satisfy the needs of the human population. As a consequence of the increased production, the consumption of natural resources (raw materials, energy, and water) will increase in the industrial sector. Some of the main challenges are discovering strategies and solutions for sustainable use of water, energy, and other natural resources in the industrial sector, especially in processes that are large consumers of these resources. This is very important in designing new processes, but also in the operation of existing processes. As a result, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability of processes in the industrial sector can be achieved.
A New Composite‐Sample Method for Orientation‐Distribution Analysis (1992)

A new composite‐sample method is suggested for crystallite orientation distribution analysis. The proposed method entails preparation of composites such that the surface to be examined is perpendicular to the rolling direction. The suggested reference frame is (—ND, TD, RD) for Roe′s method. This choice simplifies expression of the results with respect to the conventional (RD, TD, ND) frame. A novel technique employing laser welding on three surfaces is used to bond adjacent sheet layers. The proposed composite‐sample can be more easily and accurately constructed. It requires only about 12 percent of the material needed for Lopata and Kula′s method. Existing programs for incomplete pole‐figures have been modified to permit application of the new method. The method is expected to be statistically advantageous where materials develop “pancake”‐ or acicular‐shaped grains. The method is illustrated for a deep‐drawing aluminum‐killed sheet steel, and results are compared with those obtained with a conventional sheet‐sample.
Detection of media defects in perpendicular recording (2005)

Previous studies examined the algorithms used to detect media defects (MDs) in longitudinal recordings. The basic idea was to make tentative decisions at the output of the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) channel detector based on the signs of the log-likelihood-ratios (LLR) and check if any run-length-limited (RLL) k-constraint was violated. The algorithm was analyzed by tracking the BCJR recursions. Amplitudes in addition to the sign of the LLRs were used to improve detection. This paper extends the algorithm to a perpendicular recording. This is a nontrivial extension because the partial response targets of perpendicular recording have no zeros at either zero or the Nyquist frequency, therefore a zero-output waveform sequence are invalid.
Managing the value of new-trait varieties in the canola supply chain in Canada (2000)

The adoption of biotechnology-assisted breeding has caused a proliferation of new traditional and transgenic crop varieties with both input and output traits. Meanwhile, increasing demands for products with low quality variations are forcing the grains and oilseeds industries worldwide to investigate and experiment with identify preserved production and marketing (IPPM) systems. This study identifies the drivers, classifies the structures, examines the governance systems and estimates the relative economic costs and benefits of various IPPM systems that have evolved in the Canadian canola industry. The systems vary significantly depending on whether they are managing input- or output-based traditionally bred or biotechnology-based traits.
Face Recognition and Gender determination (1995)

The system presented here is a specialized version of a general object recognition system. Images of faces are represented as graphs, labeled with topographical information and local templates. Different poses are represented by different graphs. New graphs of faces are generated by an elastic graph matching procedure comparing the new face with a set of precomputed graphs: the &amp;quot;general face knowledge&amp;quot;. The final phase of the matching process can be used to generate composite images of faces and to determine certain features represented in the general face knowledge, such as gender or the presence of glasses or a beard. The graphs can be compared by a similarity function which makes the system efficient in recognizing faces. 1 Introduction Face recognition systems can be subdivided into two main categories [1] depending on the nature of the coding of an input picture and its processing. Schemes that use pixels (grey-level values) as the basis for their coding and various forms of sta...
Shipboard Power Quality and VFD Effect (2019)

Shipboard power generation and distribution system design and development must be in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations to ensure that power source characteristics are suitable for the intended ship service applications. The ship power system with variable frequency drive (VFD) generates electric noise in many different forms deteriorating the power quality in the ship service power distribution system. The VFD selection is very complex due to fact that shipboard islanded system-level applications are often ignored during early stages of design. The shipboard power distribution systems require systematic power quality calculation and system level impact analysis related verification so that system level power quality is not compromised. The chapter presents an example to show how to calculate the harmonic distortion level and then apply various harmonic mitigating features to reduce the harmonic to IEEE-519 acceptable level.
Investigation into the Impact of Integration of Mobile Technology Applications into Enterprise Architecture (2009)

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a role or function that primarily ensures the Information Technology strategy and implementation within an organization is correctly aligned with its business strategy and objectives. An EA function focuses on the collection and analysis of information including software applications, business processes, business information (data), technology, and governance (people). The result of this analysis delivers the technology strategy and the roadmap required to support what the organization is trying to achieve. Mobile Technology (MT) integration into the EA function creates the opportunities to deliver and respond to rapidly growing organizations that require immense flexibility from a technology perspective. This is so because mobility can overcome the boundaries of time and location in the dealings of the organization. The result of this extension is the creation of a Mobility Enterprise Architecture (M-EA) model, which will provide the organization with advantages of realtime business processing, better customer and end-user services, and the addition of increased control across the entire organization. This chapter brings together the experience of an Enterprise Architect with a Ph.D research candidate to investigate the M-EA model and its implementation. The chapter includes an overview of EA and M-EA models and also includes investigations of the advantages; limitations and blueprint overcome those challenges of M-EA implementation.
Image segmentation based on fuzzy connectedness using dynamic weights (2006)

Traditional segmentation techniques do not quite meet the challenges posed by inherently fuzzy medical images. Image segmentation based on fuzzy connectedness addresses this problem by attempting to capture both closeness, based on characteristic intensity, and "hanging togetherness," based on intensity homogeneity, of image elements to the target object. This paper presents a modification and extension of previously published image segmentation algorithms based on fuzzy connectedness, which is computed as a linear combination of an object-feature-based and a homogeneity-based component using fixed weights. We provide a method, called fuzzy connectedness using dynamic weights (DyW), to introduce directional sensitivity to the homogeneity-based component and to dynamically adjust the linear weights in the functional form of fuzzy connectedness. Dynamic computation of the weights relieves the user of the exhaustive search process to find the best combination of weights suited to a particular application. This is critical in applications such as analysis of cardiac cine magnetic resonance (MR) images, where the optimal combination of affinity component weights can vary for each slice, each phase, and each subject, in spite of data being acquired from the same MR scanner with identical protocols. We present selected results of applying DyW to segment phantom images and actual MR, computed tomography, and infrared data. The accuracy of DyW is assessed by comparing it to two different formulations of fuzzy connectedness. Our method consistently achieves accuracy of more than 99.15% for a range of image complexities: contrast 5%-65%, noise-to-contrast ratio of 6%-18%, and bias field of four types with maximum gain factor of up to 10%.
Introduction (2001)

This introductory chapter first describes how Tocqueville's study of America served as an impetus for this volume. It then explains the book's focus on three high points in the tradition of political theory: the ancient Greek polis, the modern state, and democratic America.
Daily rhythms in the sorghum shootfly, Atherigona soccata : oviposition, egg‐hatch and adult eclosion (1982)

ABSTRACT. Daily rhythms controlling oviposition, egg‐hatching and adult eclosion in the sorghum shootfly, Atherigona soccata Rondani, were investigated. Eggs were laid only during the photophase of a LD 12:12 cycle, in two peaks. Under continuous light, this oviposition was considerably attenuated but not made immediately arrhythmic. Egg‐hatching and adult eclosion both commenced just before dawn. Some feature of the scotophase during or immediately after black‐head formation apparently acts as a signal for hatching. Eclosion was controlled by light but its timing in the field was modified by temperature. The last 2–3 days of the pupal period constituted the most sensitive stage, and light signals received during this period determined the time of eclosion. Ecological advantages of these rhythms to the shootfly are discussed.
Positron Emission Tomography Based Elucidation of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect in Dogs with Cancer Using Copper-64 Liposomes (2015)

Since the first report of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, the research in nanocarrier based antitumor drugs has been intense. The field has been devoted to treatment of cancer by exploiting EPR-based accumulation of nanocarriers in solid tumors, which for many years was considered to be a ubiquitous phenomenon. However, the understanding of differences in the EPR-effect between tumor types, heterogeneities within each patient group, and dependency on tumor development stage in humans is sparse. It is therefore important to enhance our understanding of the EPR-effect in large animals and humans with spontaneously developed cancer. In the present paper, we describe a novel loading method of copper-64 into PEGylated liposomes and use these liposomes to evaluate the EPR-effect in 11 canine cancer patients with spontaneous solid tumors by PET/CT imaging. We thereby provide the first high-resolution analysis of EPR-based tumor accumulation in large animals. We find that the EPR-effect is strong in some tumor types but cannot be considered a general feature of solid malignant tumors since we observed a high degree of accumulation heterogeneity between tumors. Six of seven included carcinomas displayed high uptake levels of liposomes, whereas one of four sarcomas displayed signs of liposome retention. We conclude that nanocarrier-radiotracers could be important in identifying cancer patients that will benefit from nanocarrier-based therapeutics in clinical practice.
Dilatory responses to estrogenic compounds in small femoral arteries of male and female estrogen receptor-β knockout mice (2005)

The objectives of this study were to determine whether acute dilatory responses to estrogen receptor agonists are altered in isolated arteries from estrogen receptor beta-deficient mice (beta-ERKO) and to gain insight into the role of nitric oxide (NO) in these responses. Femoral arteries (approximately 250 microm) from male and female beta-ERKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates (26 female, 13 in each group; and 24 male, 12 in each group) were mounted on a Multi-Myograph. Concentration-response curves to 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2) and the selective estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) agonist propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triy-trisphenol (PPT) were obtained before and after NO synthase (NOS) inhibition [Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 0.1 mM] in arteries preconstricted with U-46619 (a thromboxane analog). In WT mice, responses to the potent estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta) agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) and the contribution of NO were also assessed. Concentration-response curves to 17beta-E2 and PPT were similar in arteries from WT and -ERKO mice of both genders, but NO-mediated relaxation was different, since L-NAME reduced 17-E2 mediated relaxation in arteries from male and female beta-ERKO but not WT mice (P < 0.05). NOS inhibition reduced dilation to PPT in arteries from male and female WT mice, as well as arteries from female beta-ERKO mice (P < 0.05). Responses to DPN in arteries from WT female and male mice did not differ after NOS inhibition. The acute dilatory responses to estrogenic compounds are similar in WT and beta-ERKO mice but differ mechanistically. Because NO appeared to contribute to responses to 17beta-E2 in arteries from beta-ERKO but not WT mice, the presence of ER- apparently inhibits ER--mediated NO relaxation.
Efficient Processing of Probabilistic Threshold Top-k Queries Based on X-tuple in Uncertain Database (2012)

Top-k queries are widely used in analyzing and processing uncertain data. In the uncertain database, the xtuple consists a number of alternatives which are mutually exclusive, the independence still remains among the x-tuples. Probabilistic threshold top-k queries (PT-k queries) return the tuple taking a probability of at least threshold p to be in the top-k list, but it didn't take alternatives in x-tuple as a whole so that there are limits on its usable range. We define a novel queries, probabilistic threshold x-tuple top-k queries (PT-x-k queries), which solves that problem. Meanwhile, the paper provides pruning methods for the algorithm. The great efficiency of our algorithm is proved by experiments on various data sets.
Leveraging Advanced Process Control (APC) technology in developing Predictive Maintenance (PdM) systems (2012)

Predictive Maintenance (PdM) systems use process and equipment state information to predict when a tool or a particular component in a tool might need maintenance. PdM systems can be realized cost-effectively by leveraging Advanced Process Control (APC) technologies and infrastructure. APC data collection infrastructure can provide the state information necessary for prediction. APC fault detection systems contain necessary algorithms to identify features important to prediction, including tool health. In leveraging APC systems in a reusable and reconfigurable way, cost-effective PdM systems can be realized as part of existing fab infrastructure, leading to lower unscheduled downtimes, reduced mean-time-to-repair, reduced scrap, and increased life of components and consumables.
Characterization of alpha-galactosidase from Corynebacterium murisepticum and mechanism of its induction. (1992)

In C. murisepticum, alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) was induced during growth in the presence of melibiose or raffinose, and to a much lesser extent in the presence of galactose, as a single carbon source. Evidence was obtained to show that the enzymes induced by any of the sugars were identical with one another. The principal inducer of C. murisepticum alpha-galactosidase is melibiose. Raffinose elicits induction only indirectly by prior extracellular hydrolysis to melibiose. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from melibiose-grown cells by column chromatographic fractionation of cell-free extract on Sephadex G-200, followed by that on QAE-Sephadex A-25, and finally by ultracentrifugation in a 5-20% sucrose density gradient. The purified C. murisepticum alpha-galactosidase is a homotetramer of 320 kDa molecular mass, with a Km for melibiose, 2mM; for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG), 0.17mM; and pH optimum of 7.5. Under optimal conditions of induction, 2% of total protein synthesized by C. murisepticum cells was alpha-galactosidase (as determined by selective immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled enzyme protein).
A novel ion chamber technology for quality assurance in external beam radiotherapy (2017)

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the suitability of an innovative technology to quality assurance applications in complex radiotherapy techniques. This technology is based on ionization chambers, which are arranged in a 2D grid in the final detector design. The main desired characteristics of the technology are high sampling resolution and low sensitivity dependence on dose rate/dose per pulse. The development process is divided into three major phases. In each phase, a detector prototype is built and tested under different types of radiation. The technology is demonstrated to be a valuable option in addressing the need for innovative tools that arises from the increasing complexity and effectiveness of modern radiotherapy techniques.
A Ca2+ Release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) Modulatory Domain (CMD) within STIM1 Mediates Fast Ca2+-dependent Inactivation of ORAI1 Channels (2009)

STIM1 and ORAI1, the two limiting components in the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) signaling cascade, have been reported to interact upon store depletion, culminating in CRAC current activation. We have recently identified a modulatory domain between amino acids 474 and 485 in the cytosolic part of STIM1 that comprises 7 negatively charged residues. A STIM1 C-terminal fragment lacking this domain exhibits enhanced interaction with ORAI1 and 2-3-fold higher ORAI1/CRAC current densities. Here we focused on the role of this CRAC modulatory domain (CMD) in the fast inactivation of ORAI1/CRAC channels, utilizing the whole-cell patch clamp technique. STIM1 mutants either with C-terminal deletions including CMD or with 7 alanines replacing the negative amino acids within CMD gave rise to ORAI1 currents that displayed significantly reduced or even abolished inactivation when compared with STIM1 mutants with preserved CMD. Consistent results were obtained with cytosolic C-terminal fragments of STIM1, both in ORAI1-expressing HEK 293 cells and in RBL-2H3 mast cells containing endogenous CRAC channels. Inactivation of the latter, however, was much more pronounced than that of ORAI1. The extent of inactivation of ORAI3 channels, which is also considerably more prominent than that of ORAI1, was also substantially reduced by co-expression of STIM1 constructs missing CMD. Regarding the dependence of inactivation on Ca(2+), a decrease in intracellular Ca(2+) chelator concentrations promoted ORAI1 current fast inactivation, whereas Ba(2+) substitution for extracellular Ca(2+) completely abrogated it. In summary, CMD within the STIM1 cytosolic part provides a negative feedback signal to Ca(2+) entry by triggering fast Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of ORAI/CRAC channels.