gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Preparation of 4° Off-Axis 4H-SiC Substrate for Epitaxial Growth (2013)

Results of surface preparation on Si-face 4° off-cut 4H-SiC substrates are presented in this paper. The influences of two types of etchants, i.e. hydrogen chloride (HCl) and only hydrogen (H2), were investigated by Nomarski microscopy and AFM. The experiments were performed in a hot wall CVD reactor using a TaC coated susceptor. Four etching temperatures, including 1580 °C, 1600 °C, 1620 °C and 1640 °C, were studied. In-situ etching with only H2 as ambient atmosphere is found to be the optimal way for the SiC surface preparation. Using HCl at temperature higher than 1620 °C could degrade the substrates surface quality.
Supplementary Figure S5 from Suppression of Metastases Using a New Lymphocyte Checkpoint Target for Cancer Immunotherapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S5. Anti-CD96 combines with anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 to enhance survival following challenge with experimental lung metastases.&lt;/p&gt;
Parameter Identification for Respiratory Dynamics by Personalized Simulation and Experiment (1992)

Gas flow in the airway and lung deformation due to tissue elasticity and surface tension are the main characteristics of respiratory dynamics. In this study, a simulation with the discretized model as a distributed parameter system is used extensively to identify some of the model parameters which could not be measured directly, and to estimate the real situation of lung respiration. With the use of 5 excised lungs from Japanese white rabbits, the pleural pressure vs lung volume change (Ppl-ΔV) relations are observed in situ under oscillating pleural pressure. The elastic properties of the lung tissue are measured under biaxial tension. The unknown parameters, such as that for the surface tension in the alveoli, are identified so that the Ppl-ΔV relations calculated by the simulation coincide with the experimental ones for an individual lung. The simulation studies with identified parameters demonstrate potential for estimation of the actual phenomena inside of an excised lung.
A video surveillance system under varying environmental conditions (2006)

The proposed video surveillance method comprises segmentation of moving targets and tracking the detected objects through five features of the target. We introduce motion object segmentation by fusion of 3-frame temporal differencing and edge-based detection, which is further updated by a median filter. The combination of the five features spatial positions, LBW, Compactness, Orientation and color histogram through particle filter approach tracks the segmented objects. These five features help in matching the target tracks during occlusions, merging of targets, stop and go motion in vary challenging environmental (rainy and snowy) conditions shown in the results. Our proposed method provides solution to common problems related to matching of target tracks. We provide encouraging experimental results calculated on synthetic and real world sequences to demonstrate the algorithm performance.
Superconducting Properties of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Ceramics Prepared by the Melt-Quenching Method (1989)

We prepared superconducting Bi 0.8 Pb 0.2 SrCaCu x O y ceramics by the melt-quenching method, and examined the effects of the materials (alumina and platinum) of the crucible and the concentration of Cu element on the superconducting properties. It was found that the Al element, which was introduced from an alumina crucible, and an excess amount of Cu element, which was estimated as a deviation from the nominal composition of the high- T c phase, caused a degradation in the superconducting properties. The annealed (840°C, 250 h) sample of Bi 0.8 Pb 0.2 SrCaCu 1.5 O y exhibited superconductivity with a T c (zero) of 104 K and a critical current density (77 K, zero magnetic field) of 250 A/cm 2 .
Intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil sequestration in the lung microvasculature is due to a factor produced in the peritoneal cavity (2008)

Intraperitoneal injection of Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in a profound decrease in circulating leukocyte counts with a significant increase in neutrophil sequestration in the lung microvasculature as measured by lung myelo-peroxidase levels. Mice made deficient in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are resistant to LPS challenges. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the systemic effects of LPS are due to parenchymal, possibly endothelial, cells and not due to bone marrow-derived cells, such as leukocytes.
Innovative MRI Techniques in Neuroimaging Approaches for Cerebrovascular Diseases and Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2019)

Cognitive impairment and dementia are recognized as major threats to public health. Many studies have shown the important role played by challenges to the cerebral vasculature and the neurovascular unit. To investigate the structural and functional characteristics of the brain, MRI has proven an invaluable tool for visualizing the internal organs of patients and analyzing the parameters related to neuronal activation and blood flow in vivo. Different strategies of imaging can be combined to obtain various parameters: (i) measures of cortical and subcortical structures (cortical thickness, subcortical structures volume); (ii) evaluation of microstructural characteristics of the white matter (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity); (iii) neuronal activation and synchronicity to identify functional networks across different regions (functional connectivity between specific regions, graph measures of specific nodes); and (iv) structure of the cerebral vasculature and its efficacy in irrorating the brain (main vessel diameter, cerebral perfusion). The high amount of data obtainable from multi-modal sources calls for methods of advanced analysis, like machine-learning algorithms that allow the discrimination of the most informative features, to comprehensively characterize the cerebrovascular network into specific and sensitive biomarkers. By using the same techniques of human imaging in pre-clinical research, we can also investigate the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological alterations identified in patients by imaging, with the chance of looking for molecular mechanisms to recover the pathology or hamper its progression.
Ca and Sr dynamics in the Indo-Gangetic plains : Different sources and mobilization processes in northwestern India (2004)

The leachable fraction of the sediments from the Thar Desert fringe and the adjacent Ganges alluvial plains, has been studied to determine the sources and the processes responsible for the mobilization of Ca and Sr using Sr isotopes and Ca/Sr ratios. In the desert the leachable fraction of the soil/sediments is probably derived from mixing of old marine carbonates, microfossils with the sea-spray of the Arabian Sea and rainwater. Aeolian reworking of soil carbonates of this mixed origin could have provided the carbonate found at the desert fringe. The sub-humid zone of the Gangetic plains, just outside the desert fringe, has relatively higher 8 7 Sr/ 8 6 Sr ratios with lower Ca/Sr ratios, indicating silicate weathering as the major contributor of leachable fraction. The spatial geochemical differences could also be related to the ineffectiveness of dust transport and accumulation processes in the humid Ganga plain. The 8 7 Sr/ 8 6 Sr ratio of the present-day dust leachate from the polluted city of Delhi indicates that its Sr source is petroleum burnt residues.
A microfluidic device for stepwise size-based capturing of suspended particles (2010)

In this paper, we report a new method for size-based capturing of suspended particles by a specially designed micro fluidic structure named 'vernier walls'. A number of particles in suspension can be captured based on their sizes by a series of gaps between the closest walls, one standing on the ceiling and the other on the bottom of a wide microfluidic channel. The dimensions of the gaps narrow stepwise along the flow direction with a fixed step size per gap, which can be determined according to the required capturing resolution. Particles are captured based on their sizes in a line along each of the gaps with their corresponding dimensions. A part of the wide channel works as a bypass area, where the gap is constant to avoid clogging, letting the excess number of particles go through the channel. To realize the proposed structure, a new device assembly method has also been developed adopting planar gear-shaped structures surrounding the microfluidic channel solely for the fine and easy alignment of the narrowing gaps. The performance of the present method was evaluated using a device designed and fabricated for size-based capturing with a 5 µm resolution, and it was demonstrated that three kinds of particles with diameters from 10 to 26 µm were successfully captured by size. Additionally, we confirmed that the capturing rate was no less than 20% under the experimental condition. The present method can be used as a basic tool for handling particles with certain ranges of sizes.
Baseline exposure, antibody subclass, and hepatitis B response differentially affect malaria protective immunity following RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in African children (2018)

Cytophilic IgG responses to the C-terminal and NANP repeat regions of CSP and anti-HBsAg antibodies induced by RTS,S/AS01E vaccination were associated with malaria protection. In contrast, higher malaria exposure at baseline and non-cytophilic IgG responses to CSP were associated with disease risk. Data provide new correlates of vaccine success and failure in African children and reveal key insights into the mode of action that can guide development of more efficacious next-generation vaccines.
Identification of Soil Moisture Deficits Influencing Genotype-by-Environment Interactions In Maize (ZEA MAYS L.) (2012)

Maize grain yield is often highly influenced by the genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions which limit plant breeders’ ability to select for superior performance as variation in line performance exists across different environments. While studies have focused on the genetic components underlining GxE interactions, few have investigated the environmental components. The focus of this thesis was to investigate the role that soil moisture stress plays in the formation of GxE patterns using a unique set of hybrid recombinant inbred lines (RIL) that exhibit minimal phenological differences. With the use of environmental groups (EG, environments with similar GxE patterns), the field trials demonstrated that different EGs form when relative soil moisture stress is moderate to high; however, relative low soil moisture stress did not appear to influence the formation of GxE patterns. Seasonal corn heat unit (CHU) accumulation among EGs was the likely cause for EG differentiation among the low moisture stress EGs. It appears that CHUs were the primary cause of different GxE patterns forming when they did not exceed the recommended CHU for a population and when CHU differed greatly from one environment to another. When CHU were not limiting different GxE patterns formed based on the relatively moderate to high soil moisture stress conditions within the growing season.
Rapid aim identification for surface to air missiles with a hierarchical search (2006)

This work deals with the following question: using passive (line-of-sight angle) observations of a multistage surface to air missile from an aircraft, how can one infer that the missile is or is not aimed at the aircraft. The observations are assumed to be made only on the initial portion of the missile's trajectory. The approach is to model the trajectory of the missile with a number of kinematic and guidance parameters, estimate them and use statistical tools to infer whether the missile is guided toward the aircraft or not. A mathematical model is presented for a missile under pure proportional navigation with a changing velocity (direction change as well as speed change), to intercept a nonmaneuvering aircraft. A maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is used for estimating the missile's motion parameters and a goodness-of-fit test is formulated to test if the aircraft is the aim or not. Using measurement data from several realistic missiles - single stage as well as multistage - aimed at an aircraft, it is shown that the proposed method can solve this problem successfully. The key to the solution, in addition to the missile model parametrization, is the use of a reliable global optimization algorithm with a hierarchical search technique for the MLE. The estimation/decision algorithm presented here can be used for an aircraft to decide, in a timely manner, whether appropriate countermeasures are necessary.
Assessing the Protective Service Needs of the Impaired Elderly Living in the Community (1987)

The aim of this paper is to define the guidelines for the preparation of reports on protective service needs of the (impaired) elderly living in the community. Such guidelines are of special importance both because they have not been set down in detail, and because of recent moves to establish adult guardianship legislation in various jurisdictions. Three major areas are addressed in detail: the definition of an adequate assessment; the essential components of each report; and who should have responsibility for the assessment process. Medico-legal issues of guardianship are reviewed.
Inhibition of nucleotide synthesis promotes replicative senescence of human mammary epithelial cells (2019)

Cellular senescence is a mechanism by which cells permanently withdraw from the cell cycle in response to stresses including telomere shortening, DNA damage, or oncogenic signaling. Senescent cells contribute to both age-related degeneration and hyperplastic pathologies, including cancer. In culture, normal human epithelial cells enter senescence after a limited number of cell divisions, known as replicative senescence. Here, to investigate how metabolic pathways regulate replicative senescence, we used LC-MS-based metabolomics to analyze senescent primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). We did not observe significant changes in glucose uptake or lactate secretion in senescent HMECs. However, analysis of intracellular metabolite pool sizes indicated that senescent cells exhibit depletion of metabolites from nucleotide synthesis pathways. Furthermore, stable isotope tracing with <sup>13</sup>C-labeled glucose or glutamine revealed a dramatic blockage of flux of these two metabolites into nucleotide synthesis pathways in senescent HMECs. To test whether cellular immortalization would reverse these observations, we expressed telomerase in HMECs. In addition to preventing senescence, telomerase expression maintained metabolic flux from glucose into nucleotide synthesis pathways. Finally, we investigated whether inhibition of nucleotide synthesis in proliferating HMECs is sufficient to induce senescence. In proliferating HMECs, both pharmacological and genetic inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2), a rate-limiting enzyme in dNTP synthesis, induced premature senescence with concomitantly decreased metabolic flux from glucose into nucleotide synthesis. Taken together, our results suggest that nucleotide synthesis inhibition plays a causative role in the establishment of replicative senescence in HMECs.
On the Diffusivity, Solubility and Adsorption of Hydrogen in Isotropic, Mechanically Nanostructured Graphite and Graphite Nanofibers (2005)

Thermodynamic analysis of experimental data on the hydrogen sorption behavior in graphite and novel carbon-based nanomaterials shows that the mechanism of the hydrogen storage is not well known. The interpretation of the thermodynamic and kinetic results is proposed basing on the “ab initio” molecular orbital study of the adsorption of atomic hydrogen on the graphite and carbon nanostructures. Characteristics and nature of five desorption peaks (processes) have been determined and analyzed in respect to the technological requirements for electric vehicles. Both experimental and theoretical developments are discussed.
Multiple gate oxide thickness for 2 GHz system-on-a-chip technologies (2002)

Multiple t/sub OX/ is thoroughly investigated for nitrogen-implanted gate oxides with the optimization of Q/sub BD/ and a demonstration of 2 GHz counters. Furnace growth at 800/spl deg/C, 850/spl deg/C, and 900/spl deg/C is compared with rapid-thermal-oxidation (RTO) at 1050/spl deg/C. A wide range of reduced growth rate, 20% to 80%, is achieved that meets the SIA road-map for the next few generations of the CMOS technology. Optimization of charge-to-breakdown (Q/sub BD/) is achieved through investigation of the nitrogen distribution profile in the oxide that is affected by the growth temperature, nitrogen implant dose, and post-oxidation anneals. 10/sup 15//cm/sup 2/ nitrogen dose results in a higher Q/sub BD/ as well as a tighter tail distribution of Q/sub BD/ than 5/spl times/10/sup 14//cm/sup 2/ nitrogen dose. The tight distribution of Q/sub BD/ is important for yield improvement. If the oxide is either grown or annealed at 900/spl deg/C, Q/sub BD/ is as good as the Q/sub BD/ of regular oxide without nitrogen. As an example of integration, 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS devices with dual gate oxides of 3 nm and 4 nm are fabricated and characterized at 1.5, 1.8, and 2.5 V. Performance of divide-by-3 counters is evaluated with the consideration of parasitic RC delays, and the results are superior to the most recently published data. At room temperatures, the maximum toggle frequency (f/sub T/) is higher than 2 GHz for both 1.8 and 2.5 V operation, with a power dissipation of 3.4 /spl mu/W at 85/spl deg/C. To further reduce the power dissipation to 0.08 /spl mu/W, 1.5-V operation gives 1-GHz f/sub T/ also at 85/spl deg/C.
Position-sensitive detection of thermal neutrons (1983)

This book presents papers on position-sensitive detection of thermal neutrons. Topics covered include the following: the principles of thermal neutron detection; hardware aspects of neutron position-sensitive detectors; recent advances in position-sensitive, gaseous detectors in nuclear and particle physics; and PSD Utilization.
Aircraft (ER-2) laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS) for in-situ stratospheric measurements of HCl, N_2O, CH_4, NO_2, and HNO_3 (1994)

The Aircraft Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS) instrument is a high-resolution (0.0003 cm-(1)) scanning tunable-diode-laser spectrometer designed, tested, and flown more than 30 times on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's high-altitude ER-2 aircraft in the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition of 1991-1992. Using long-path infrared laser absorption spectroscopy to detect optical absorptions as small as 10-(5), ALIAS provides fast, continuous in-situ measurements of key atmospheric gases, with gas detection sensitivities of tens of parts in 10(12). With four lasers and detectors in a single liquid-nitrogen Dewar, simultaneous measurements of HCI, NO(2), HNO(3), CH(4), and N(2)O are made using laser sources at 3.4-8 µm, injected into a 1-m-long, 80-pass Herriott cell.
All Pairings Are in a Group. (2008)

Abstract. In this paper, we suggest that all pairings be in a group from an abstract angle. According to our results, we can define some new pairings with short Miller loops and hence speed up pairing computations. It is possible that our observation can be applied into other aspects of pairing-based cryptosystems. Keywords: curves, Group.
Roles of chromatin factors in C. elegans development (2007)

It is now well established that cells modify chromatin to establish transcriptionally active or inactive chromosomal regions. Such regulation of the chromatin structure is essential for the proper development of organisms. C. elegans is a powerful organism for exploring the developmental role of chromatin factors and their regulation. This chapter presents an overview of recent studies on chromatin factors in C. elegans with a description of their key roles in a variety of cellular and developmental processes.
Comparison of Risk from Orbital Debris and Meteoroid Environment Models on the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) (2019)

A well-known hazard associated with exposure to the space environment is the risk of failure from an impact from a meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) particle. An extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) “spacesuit” impact during a US extravehicular activity (EVA) is of great concern as a large leak could prevent an astronaut from safely reaching the airlock in time resulting in a loss of life. A risk assessment is provided to the EVA office at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) by the Hypervelocity Impact Technology (HVIT) group prior to certification of readiness for each US EVA. Need to understand the effect of updated meteoroid and orbital debris environment models to EMU risk.
Development of an Online LC‐MS/MS Method for the Investigation of Enzyme Kinetics Using Trypsinization of Apomyoglobin Protein as a Model System (2021)

The optimization of enzymatic protein cleavage by trypsin is often performed “in the dark” wherein researchers perform the reaction under different conditions on a laboratory bench for a single or a small selection of time points. Upon quenching of the trypsinization reaction with a strong acid, the resulting protein reaction mixture is injected onto a liquid chromatography column for profiling of the peptide mixture. The arbitrary selection of enzyme reaction time presents a major limitation to this experimental approach. Herein, we present a “real time” optimization of the enzymatic reaction enabled by performing the reaction within a vial in an autosampler with regular sampling of the mixture. Using this method, we are able to simultaneously monitor degradation of the intact protein target and the release of its tryptic peptides. Peptides with missed cleavage sites may appear and then disappear with time as fully tryptic peptides dominate the endpoint of the reaction. The method can be multiplexed in that we can sample many parallel mixtures in series. This allows us to directly compare such variables as pH, solvent, ionic strength, protein to enzyme ratio, enzyme concentration and metal salts on digestion efficiency while always including a positive control for reference. Our liquid chromatograph‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis platform uses a Dionex Ultimate 3000 interfaced with a hybrid quadrupole‐Orbitrap (Q‐Exactive) mass spectrometer capable of mass resolution of 140,000 and a mass accuracy better than 10 ppm. We are able to monitor the efficiency and kinetics of tryptic digestion of apomyoglobin with high resolution in the time dimension. At room temperature, the enzymatic reaction can take in excess of 12 hours to reach completion compared with about 3 hours at 38 o C. A low percentage of ethanol (~ 0.1%) added to the reaction mixture was shown to double the yield of most peptides while the addition of alkaline earth metals also had beneficial effects, in particular 10 mM barium chloride. Other metals were shown to either inhibit the degradation of apomyoglobin (zinc) or to prevent the detection of the resulting peptides (lead). Overall, the effects of adding barium in the presence of 0.1% ethanol improved peptide yield as much as 11‐fold for the LFTGHPETLEK peptide of apomyoglobin while showing no effect on the tryptic release of the YLEFISDAIIHVLHSK peptide. This method offers a promising strategy for the optimization of targeted protein quantitation as well as a means to study the kinetics and characterize the specificity of other proteolytic enzymes.
Exploiting the noise: improving biomarkers with ensembles of data analysis methodologies (2012)

Biomarkers comprise a fundamental component of personalized medicine. We first validated two NSCLC prognostic biomarkers in an independent patient cohort. Power analyses demonstrate that even this large, 442-patient cohort is under-powered for stage-specific analyses. We then use these results to discover an unexpected sensitivity of validation to subtle data analysis decisions. Finally, we develop a novel algorithmic approach to exploit this sensitivity to improve biomarker robustness.