gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abdominal abscess (2015)

Intra-abdominal infections generally occur after entry of enteric organisms into the peritoneal cavity. An abscess is the body's way of attempting to contain an infection. Intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal abscesses can develop as a result of appendicitis, diverticulitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, tubo-ovarian infection, surgery, or trauma. Given the vast number of microbes in our alimentary tract, any penetration of the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a result of a vascular, traumatic, or iatrogenic event introduces these microbes into the abdomen. The concentration of microorganisms increases with distal progression down the GI tract. The morbidity of an intra-abdominal infection is 40%. The mortality is 20% in immunocompetent patients, and can be as high as 70% in the immunocompromised. This chapter explains types of peritonitis, locations of abscesses, diagnosis, treatment, common organisms associated with community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections, and suggested use of antimicrobials.
Obstetric and perinatal outcome after oocyte donation: comparison with in-vitro fertilization pregnancies (1998)

The obstetric and perinatal outcome in 51 oocyte donation pregnancies (61 infants) was compared with that of a control group of standard in-vitro fertilization (IVF) patients (97 pregnancies, 126 infants). The oocyte recipients (mean +/- SD age 33.5+/-4.7 years) included 39 women with ovarian failure and 12 women with functioning ovaries. In oocyte recipients, first trimester bleeding (53%) occurred significantly more often than in IVF mothers (31%, P < 0.01). Pregnancy-induced hypertension was observed in 31% of oocyte recipients compared with 14% in IVF mothers (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the duration of pregnancies or in the preterm delivery rate between the two groups. When restricting analysis to singleton pregnancies, 63% of oocyte recipients were hospitalized in the antenatal period compared with 29% in the IVF group (P < 0.001). The Caesarean section rate was 57% in the oocyte donation group and 37% in the IVF group (P < 0.05). Birthweight in singleton pregnancies was similar in both groups. The perinatal mortality rate was 3.3% in the oocyte donation group and 0% in the IVF group. In conclusion, oocyte donation pregnancies are associated with an increased risk compared with IVF pregnancies, but the complications are usually manageable and most oocyte recipients experience a good pregnancy outcome.
Semantics Based Cohesion and Coupling Metrics for Evaluating Understandability of State Diagrams (2011)

State diagrams commonly used for describing dynamic behavior of systems or objects can have various forms that specify the same behavior. Highly understandable state diagrams are important for efficient and clear communication between developers. Measurement of understandability of state diagrams is the first step to obtain highly understandable ones. Unfortunately, there is little research on metrics for evaluating state diagram's understandability. In this paper, we propose cohesion and coupling metrics, named Average Cohesiveness Of States (ACOS) and Average number of Similar States Of States (ASSOS), to evaluate understandability of state diagrams. To validate effectiveness of the metrics, we compared understandability of three state diagrams of different representations but the same behavior for two systems. The experiments showed that ACOS and ASSOS can capture understandability more correctly than existing structure-based metrics.
High nuclearity structurally – related Mn supertetrahedral T4 aggregates (2021)

The simultaneous employment of 1,3-propanediol and di-2-pyridyl ketone in Mn carboxylate chemistry has provided access to three new, structurally-related [Mn<sub>24</sub>] and [Mn<sub>23</sub>] clusters. They are based on nanosized supertetrahedal T4 Mn/O structural cores and exhibit slow relaxation of magnetization below 3.5 K.
Primary standards and dosimetry protocols for brachytherapy sources (2009)

Current primary standards for the calibration of both photon and beta particle emitting brachytherapy sources are reviewed. Methods for quality control being used as well as methods of transferring these standards to secondary laboratories and users are also discussed. Finally, dosimetry protocols for brachytherapy sources are described.
Determination of the Geometric Parameters of Electrode Systems for Electrical Impedance Myography: A Preliminary Study (2021)

The electrical impedance myography method is widely used in solving bionic control problems and consists of assessing the change in the electrical impedance magnitude during muscle contraction in real time. However, the choice of electrode systems sizes is not always properly considered when using the electrical impedance myography method in the existing approaches, which is important in terms of electrical impedance signal expressiveness and reproducibility. The article is devoted to the determination of acceptable sizes for the electrode systems for electrical impedance myography using the Pareto optimality assessment method and the electrical impedance signals formation model of the forearm area, taking into account the change in the electrophysical and geometric parameters of the skin and fat layer and muscle groups when performing actions with a hand. Numerical finite element simulation using anthropometric models of the forearm obtained by volunteers' MRI 3D reconstructions was performed to determine a sufficient degree of the forearm anatomical features detailing in terms of the measured electrical impedance. For the mathematical description of electrical impedance relationships, a forearm two-layer model, represented by the skin-fat layer and muscles, was reasonably chosen, which adequately describes the change in electrical impedance when performing hand actions. Using this model, for the first time, an approach that can be used to determine the acceptable sizes of electrode systems for different parts of the body individually was proposed.
Dasatinib and rapamycin synergistically inhibit the proliferation of cells expressing oncogenic KIT kinase via global inhibition of AKT-dependent signaling (2007)

5416 Activating mutations of KIT are found in association with several human neoplasms including subsets of patients with GIST, AML or systemic mast cell disorders (SM). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have proven clinical activity in these diseases, but responses are largely partial or incomplete. We previously demonstrated that dasatinib (formerly BMS-354825), a small-molecule low ATP-competitive inhibitor of SRC and ABL tyrosine kinases, potently inhibits imatinib-sensitive as well as -resistant mutant KIT isoforms. We now show that, inhibition of KIT phosphorylation (as a surrogate for kinase activation) does not completely inhibit AKT activity allowing continued activation of the mTOR-p70S6kinase pathway. In our study, we used mastocytosis, leukemia and hematopoietic cell lines with endogenous or exogenous mutant KIT isoforms (wildtype, D816V, D816Y, V560G). The inhibitory effect of dasatinib and/or rapamycin on KIT-dependent downstream pathways was evaluated by immunoblotting. In addition, the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of monotherapy vs. combination therapy were also evaluated. We report herein, that KIT activates downstream pathways important for cell viability and cell survival including the MAP Kinase (MAPK), STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways. Dasatinib inhibited KIT activation and resulted in decreased phosphorylation of members of the MAPK1/2, STAT3 and AKT pathways. Notably, dasatinib treatment abolished phosphorylation of AKT Ser-473 whereas AKT Thr-308 remained constitutively phosphorylated. This partial inhibition of AKT activity was insufficient to completely inhibit downstream kinases, such as p70S6Kinase, a known substrate of mTOR (Target Of Rapamycin). To determine the biological effect of more completely inhibiting AKT-dependent signaling, we tested combinations of dasatinib with rapamycin, using doses of that did not have any significant anti-tumor effects when administered as monotherapy. The combination of dasatinib and rapamycin demonstrated strong additive to synergistic inhibition of cellular proliferation and induction of apoptosis. We conclude that inhibition of oncogenic KIT signaling by dasatinib is insufficient to completely inhibit AKT-dependent signaling (e.g. p70S6kinase). Thus, combination therapy of KIT-dependent malignancies using a TKI such as dasatinib along with rapamycin may improve clinical efficacy compared with TKI monotherapy.
New Flaw Inspection Technique Based on Infrared Thermal Images under Joule Effect Heating (1994)

A new nondestructive inspection technique using infrared thermography was proposed, in which the thermal image of a heated test sample was used to identify flaws and defects. Joule effect heating by electric current was employed to heat up the sample instantaneously. Both numerical and experimental studies were made on the resolution and the applicability in the detection of the through-thickness and surface cracks embedded in steel plate samples. The results showed that a singular concentration in the surface temperature field was observed at the crack tips of the sample, and the cracks were found to be sensitively detected from the singular temperature field in the early stage of the heat conduction process. This technique was also applied to the inspection of the delamination defect in CFRP samples. The subsurface defect was found to be identified from a localized low-temperature region appearing on the sample surface. It was found that the proposed technique is applicable to damage inspection in CFRP as well as flow inspection in metallic materials.
Breathomics for Assessing the Effects of Treatment and Withdrawal With Inhaled Beclomethasone/Formoterol in Patients With COPD (2018)

<b>Background:</b> Prospective pharmacological studies on breathomics profiles in COPD patients have not been previously reported. We assessed the effects of treatment and withdrawal of an extrafine inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-long-acting β<sub>2</sub>-agonist (LABA) fixed dose combination (FDC) using a multidimensional classification model including breathomics. <b>Methods:</b> A pilot, proof-of-concept, pharmacological study was undertaken in 14 COPD patients on maintenance treatment with inhaled fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (500/50 μg b.i.d.) for at least 8 weeks (visit 1). Patients received 2-week treatment with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol (100/6 μg b.i.d.) (visit 2), 4-week treatment with formoterol alone (6 μg b.i.d.) (visit 3), and 4-week treatment with beclomethasone/formoterol (100/6 μg b.i.d.) (visit 4). Exhaled breath analysis with two e-noses, based on different technologies, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) NMR-based metabolomics were performed. Sputum cell counts, sputum supernatant and EBC prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and 15-F<sub>2t</sub>-isoprostane, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, and spirometry were measured. <b>Results:</b> Compared with formoterol alone, EBC acetate and sputum PGE<sub>2</sub>, reflecting airway inflammation, were reduced after 4-week beclomethasone/formoterol. Three independent breathomics techniques showed that extrafine beclomethasone/formoterol short-term treatment was associated with different breathprints compared with regular fluticasone propionate/salmeterol. Either ICS/LABA FDC vs. formoterol alone was associated with increased pre-bronchodilator FEF<sub>25-75%</sub> and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (<i>P</i> = 0.008-0.029). The multidimensional model distinguished fluticasone propionate/salmeterol vs. beclomethasone/formoterol, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol vs. formoterol, and formoterol vs. beclomethasone/formoterol (accuracy > 70%, <i>P</i> < 0.01). <b>Conclusions:</b> Breathomics could be used for assessing ICS treatment and withdrawal in COPD patients. Large, controlled, prospective pharmacological trials are required to clarify the biological implications of breathomics changes. EUDRACT number: 2012-001749-42.
Disease Susceptibility to ST11 Complex Meningococci Bearing Serogroup C or W135 Polysaccharide Capsules, North America1 (2004)

Clusters of meningococcal disease caused by a hyperinvasive lineage of Neisseria meningitidis, the ST11 complex, bearing a serogroup C polysaccharide capsule, have been prominent in Europe and North America since the early 1990s. This situation has led to expensive public health measures for outbreak control and, finally, to the introduction of a serogroup C glyconjugate vaccine into the primary immunization schedule in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. ST11 complex meningococci may also express serogroup W135 polysaccharide capsules. We investigated the level of population immunity to this hyperinvasive clone in association with the appearance of outbreaks of meningococcal disease in southern British Columbia. We found that most adults and almost all children were apparently susceptible to infection with ST11 complex meningococci bearing both C and W135 polysaccharide capsules, which suggests that a vaccine program directed against only serogroup C meningococci may be insufficient to prevent hyperinvasive ST11 disease.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Transition Metal Trimetaphosphimates Zn3 [(PO2NH)3]2×14H2O and Co3 [(PO2NH)3]2×14H2O. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Telescopic Tower Facilitating Installation of ≥12 MW Offshore Wind Turbines (2020)

The trend of offshore wind power is bigger and bigger wind turbines. Turbines are now becoming so big that existing installation vessels no longer are feasible and new bigger installation vessels are needed. Ship owners hesitate to order new vessels worried that the rapid turbine growth will continue and make also the new vessels obsolete in a few years. This can create a bottleneck in the offshore wind market. This thesis assignment attempts to develop a telescopic tower as an alternative way of installing offshore wind turbines. A telescopic tower can decrease overall height and COG during marine installation, giving opportunity to install the largest wind turbines also with existing vessel fleet. The method for developing the telescopic tower is to first find the main problems and functions of the concept. A design basis based on a 12 MW reference wind turbine is developed. Based on this reference turbine different solutions to the main problems and functions are developed by creative thinking, literature research, modelling, calculations and analysis. A cost/benefit analysis is performed to investigate if there is any economic potential in the developed solution. To complete the study other installation methods and telescopic tower concepts are investigated for benchmark comparison. The telescopic tower will have two sections. Shoulders are welded to the inner wall of the lower tower. The upper tower fit inside the lower tower and a telescopic mechanism is installed below to lift the assembly as the mechanism climb the shoulders of the lower tower. The telescopic mechanism works much like a pin and hole mechanism used for jack-up rigs. The pins engage/disengage with the shoulders by the movement of linear actuators. The vertical climbing motion is provided by hydraulic cylinders. The power source is an HPU placed on the wind turbine external platform. To connect the upper and lower tower permanently a friction connection with long slotted holes is used. This connection is developed for assembly of onshore towers in an EU-sponsored project called Histwin. The walls of the lower and the upper tower overlap at the connection and are pressed together by pretensioned bolts to create a friction surface that hold the loads from the upper tower. The conclusion is that the telescopic tower is technically feasible and can be installed by the existing installation vessel fleet. The economic feasibility is dependent on the specific project characteristics, but there are scenarios where the telescopic tower can have great economical upside.
Piece-wise approximations of RLCK circuit responses using moment matching (2005)

Capturing RLCK circuit responses accurately with existing model order reduction (MOR) techniques is very expensive. Direct metrics for fast analysis of RC circuits exist but there is no such technique for RLCK circuits. This paper introduces a new family of MOR techniques based on piece-wise functions to capture RLCK circuit responses accurately using only four or five moments. The time-domain response is approximated using a piece-wise function whose pieces are simple polynomials. The proposed method is fast and guaranteed stable and it avoids the calculation of poles and residues associated with existing model order reduction techniques. Results for many different industrial netlists indicate that delay and transition time can be captured within 5% error using only four moments. To the authors' knowledge, there is no existing method that can extract as much information about RLCK circuits with only four or five moments.
Rapid GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with visual reading for identification of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (1983)

A modified, quicker and simpler GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) has been developed with the intent that it should be useful in less well-equipped laboratories. The method, which makes use of stable reagents including commercially available horseradish peroxidase immunoglobulin conjugate, can detect LT in overnight cultures within 1 working day (8 h), and the tests can be read with the naked eye. This GM1-horseradish peroxidase-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay shows excellent quantitative and qualitative correlation with the conventional GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When 100 human E. coli strains were analyzed blindly and in parallel by the two methods, LT production was identified in 50 out of 50 LT-positive strains and in 0 out of 50 LT-negative strains by either method.
Ambient temperature SARAATRP for meth(acrylates), styrene, and vinyl chloride using sulfolane/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate-based mixtures (2017)

The supplemental activator reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization (SARA ATRP) with catalytic system composed of Cu(0) and CuBr2/Me6TREN at room temperature using different sulfolane/co-solvent-based mixtures is reported. Three different co-solvents were studied: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6), water, and tetraethylene glycol (TEG). The results revealed a synergistic effect between sulfolane and BMIM-PF6, which enhanced the polymerization rate several times while maintaining a stringent control over the polymerization. The catalytic system was used as proof-of-concept for the SARA-ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (Sty), and vinyl chloride (VC). The addition of 10% of water (or TEG) to the sulfolane/BMIM-PF6 mixture resulted in fast polymerization rates. The results presented in this manuscript highlight the importance of the sulfolane as an universal industrial solvent for SARA-ATRP of different monomer families. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1322–1328
Understanding of short-channel mobility in tri-gate nanowire MOSFETs and enhanced stress memorization technique for performance improvement (2010)

We systematically studied short-channel mobility (μ) in SOI nanowire transistors (NW Tr.). The strain induced in the NW channel dominates short-L μ. μ of short-L <;110>; NW nFETs largely increases due to vertical compressive strain. We achieved further strain enhancement in NW channel by stress memorization technique (SMT). μ increase by SMT is much larger in NW Tr. than in planar Tr. In <;110>; NW nFETs, I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> on the same DIBL increases by as much as 58% by SMT thanks to significant R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SD</sub> reduction in addition to μ increase, while I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> degradation of pFETs is minimal.
Semiblind joint channel estimation and equalization for OFDM systems in rapidly varying channels (2010)

We describe a new joint iterative channel estimation and equalization algorithm for joint channel estimation and data detection for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in the presence of frequency selective and rapidly time-varying channels. The algorithm is based on the expectation maximization-maximum a posteriori (EM-MAP) technique which is very suitable for the multicarrier signal formats. The algorithm leads to a receiver structure that yields the equalized output, using the channel estimates. The pilot symbols are employed to estimate the initial channel coefficients effectively and unknown data symbols are averaged out in the algorithm. The band-limited, discrete cosine serial expansion of low dimensionality is employed to represent the time-varying fading channel. In this way, the resulting reduced dimensional channel coefficients are estimated iteratively with tractable complexity. The extensive computer simulations show that the algorithm has excellent symbol error rate (SER) and mean square error (MSE) performances for very high mobility even during the initialization step.
Protein kinase A activation alleviates cataract formation via increased gap junction intercellular communication (2023)

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Here, we reported a potential, effective therapeutic mean for cataract prevention and treatment. Gap junction communication, an important mechanism in maintaining lens transparency, is increased by protein kinase A (PKA). We found that PKA activation reduced cataracts induced by oxidative stress, increased gap junctions/hemichannels in connexin (Cx) 50, Cx46 or Cx50 and Cx46 co-expressing cells, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. However, ROS reduction was shown in wild-type, Cx46 and Cx50 knockout, but not in Cx46/Cx50 double KO lens. In addition, PKA activation protects lens fiber cell death induced by oxidative stress via hemichannel-mediated glutathione transport. Connexin deletion increased lens opacity induced by oxidative stress associated with reduction of anti-oxidative stress gene expression. Together, our results suggest that PKA activation through increased connexin channels in lens fiber cell decreases ROS levels and cell death, leading to alleviated cataracts.
Bifurcated Region 2 Field‐Aligned Currents Associated With Substorms (2019)

Abstract We analyze the magnetosphere‐ionosphere field‐aligned currents associated with substorms using the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment. We report a new phenomenon related to substorm onset: the development of a second pair of R2 field‐aligned currents located equatorward of the preexisting R1/R2 currents, especially in the dusk sector. The appearance of such events favors the summer hemisphere, suggesting that ionospheric conductance modulates this phenomenon. During ongoing geomagnetic activity, the events have a quasiperiodicity of approximately 1 hr. We suggest that this phenomenon is related to subauroral polarization streams, which are strong westward flows in the dusk sector midlatitude ionosphere. This paper proposes a new mechanism that describes the formation of these current bifurcations: Consecutive particle injections into the inner magnetosphere during disturbed geomagnetic conditions cause separate partial ring currents to form, leading to the presence of distinct R2 current systems, all flowing into the R1 current.