gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoresponsive Viscosity and Host−Guest Association in Aqueous Mixtures of Poly-Cyclodextrin with Azobenzene-Modified Poly(acrylic)acid (2007)

In aqueous solutions, beta-cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin-containing polymers (PolCD) associate with azobenzene-modified polyacrylate (AMP). Inclusion complexes in solution of CD (or PolCD) and AMP, and the viscosity of these mixtures, have been studied as a function of the composition of AMP and concentrations of samples. AMPs are random copolymers containing a low fraction of a light-responsive hydrophobic moieties (<10 mol % of 6-[4-alkylamido]phenylazobenzene acrylamide), and a charged hydrophilic unit, sodium acrylate. PolCDs are beta-cyclodextrin randomly conjugated with epichlorohydrin and fractionated to yield copolymers of average number of CD per chain equal to 50. In dilute solutions, the composition of complexes has been investigated by capillary electrophoresis and UV-vis spectrometry. Association between PolCD and AMP appears more complex than the conventional Benesi-Hildebrand scheme. We identified a tight (quantitative) binding regime followed by a gradual increase of the density of AMP-bound PolCD upon increasing the concentration of PolCD. At higher concentrations, the formation of large clusters has been characterized by the increase of viscosity by several decades. Light-triggered trans-conformation of the azobenzene moieties of AMPs leads to a marked photoswitch of viscosity. Reversible viscosity swings by up to 6-fold were achieved by alternative exposure to UV and visible lights. In contrast, the composition of PolCD/AMP complexes in dilute regime does not respond to light, though subtle modifications of the structures of complexes are reflected by variation of electrophoretic mobilities and UV spectra. The properties of interpolymer clusters and photoviscosity are accordingly the result of modification of the dynamics of association. In practice, the low concentration of photochrome makes it possible to obtain rapid responses in samples having a thickness of the order of cm. The data reported provide guidelines for the formulations of CD/polymer systems, specifically, viscosity enhancers, which should show promising developments in pharmaceuticals or cosmetics.
Selective Ligation to Sterically Isolated Metallophthalocyanines (2003)

A new class of sterically hindered phthalocyanine has been synthesized and characterized. Pentaphenylbenzene units were introduced at the periphery of each phthalocyanine to yield a sterically protected metal center. The attachment of the bulky oligophenylbenzene units resulted in the complete isolation of individual MPc molecules. The pockets around a cobalt center affect selectivity in the ligation of pyridines that have different sizes and shapes.
Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations (2014)

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a potentially disruptive yet beneficial change to our transportation system. This new technology has the potential to impact vehicle safety, congestion, and travel behavior. All told, major social AV impacts in the form of crash savings, travel time reduction, fuel efficiency and parking benefits are estimated to approach $2000 to per year per AV, and may eventually approach nearly $4000 when comprehensive crash costs are accounted for. Yet barriers to implementation and mass-market penetration remain. Initial costs will likely be unaffordable. Licensing and testing standards in the U.S. are being developed at the state level, rather than nationally, which may lead to inconsistencies across states. Liability details remain undefined, security concerns linger, and without new privacy standards, a default lack of privacy for personal travel may become the norm. The impacts and interactions with other components of the transportation system, as well as implementation details, remain uncertain. To address these concerns, the federal government should expand research in these areas and create a nationally recognized licensing framework for AVs, determining appropriate standards for liability, security, and data privacy.
The Effect of Fat Content on the Microbiology and Proteolysis in Cheddar Cheese During Ripening (2000)

We investigated the effect of incremental reduction in fat content, in the range 33 to 6% (wt/wt), on changes in the microbiology and proteolysis of Cheddar cheese, over a 225-d ripening period at 7 degrees C. A reduction of fat content resulted in significant increases in contents of moisture and protein and a decrease in the concentration of moisture in nonfat substance. Reduced fat had little effect on the age-related changes in the population of starter cells. The populations of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria decreased with fat content, and counts in the low fat cheese (6% wt/wt) were significantly lower than those in the full fat cheese (33% wt/wt) at ripening times >1 and <180 d. Proteolysis as measured by the percentage of total N soluble at pH 4.6 or in 70% ethanol decreased significantly as the fat content decreased. However, the content of pH 4.6 soluble N per 100 g of cheese was not significantly influenced by fat content. At ripening times >60 d, the content of 70% ethanol soluble N per 100 g of full fat (33% wt/wt) cheese was significantly lower than that in either the half fat (17% wt/wt) or low fat (6% wt/wt) cheeses. The concentration of AA N, as a percentage of total N, was not significantly affected by fat content. However, when expressed as a percentage of total cheese, amino acid N increased significantly with decreasing fat content. Analysis of pH 4.6 soluble N extracts by reverse phase- and gel permeation HPLC revealed that fat content affected the pattern of proteolysis, as reflected by the differences in peptide profiles.
Conversion of a scorpion toxin agonist into an antagonist highlights an acidic residue involved in voltage sensor trapping during activation of neuronal Na + channels (2004)

Gating modifiers constitute a large group of polypeptide toxins that interact with the voltage-sensing module of ion channels. Among them, scorpion beta-toxins induce a negative shift in the voltage dependence of sodium channel activation. To explain their effect, a "voltage sensor trapping" model has been proposed in which the voltage sensor of domain-II (DIIS4) is trapped in an outward, activated position by a prebound beta-toxin upon membrane depolarization. Whereas toxin effect on channel activation was enhanced upon neutralization of the two outermost arginines in DIIS4, toxin residues involved in sensor trapping have not been identified. Using the scorpion excitatory beta-toxin, Bj-xtrIT, we found two conserved acidic residues, Glu15 and Glu30, mandatory for toxin action. Whereas mutagenesis of Glu30 affected both toxicity and binding affinity, substitutions E15A/F abolished activity but had minor effects on binding. Complete uncoupling of activity from binding was obtained with mutant E15R, acting as an efficient antagonist of Bj-xtrIT. On the basis of the voltage sensor trapping model and our results, we propose that Glu15 interacts with the emerging gating charges of DIIS4 upon membrane depolarization. Conserved acidic residues found in a variety of gating modifiers from scorpions and spiders may interact similarly with the voltage sensor.
Novel micromachined approaches to MMICs using low-parasitic, high-performance transmission media and environments (2002)

A new micromachined technology suitable for three-dimensional planar circuit configurations has been presented. At higher frequencies, problems associated with the substrates make conventional approaches unfeasible, and membrane supported circuit components offer the only planar alternative to costly waveguide-based approaches. Micromachined transmission lines and circuits have been shown to perform very well in frequency bands all the way up to W-band (110 GHz). Circuits commonly used in CPW implementations are shown to have superior performance when realized with membrane supported transmission lines like the microshield line. The microshield line has a relative effective dielectric constant of 1.07 through 100 GHz and, as a result, it exhibits zero dispersion and zero substrate loss. The micromachined CPW has the lowest attenuation yet demonstrated for planar transmission lines. Filters and resonant stubs have been measured up to 250 GHz and have demonstrated an unparalleled electrical performance.
2-Deoxyglucose Induces Noxa-Dependent Apoptosis in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (2011)

Alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas are childhood tumors that do not respond well to current chemotherapies. Here, we report that the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) can efficiently promote cell death in alveolar, but not embryonal, rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Notably, 2-DG also induced cell differentiation accompanied by downregulation of PAX3/FOXO1a, the chromosome translocation-encoded fusion protein that is a central oncogenic driver in this disease. Cell death triggered by 2-DG was associated with its ability to activate Bax and Bak. Overexpression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 homologues Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1 prevented apoptosis, indicating that cell death proceeds through the mitochondrial pathway. Mechanistic investigations indicated that Mcl-1 downregulation and Noxa upregulation were critical for 2-DG-induced apoptosis. In addition, 2-DG promoted eIF2α phosphorylation and inactivation of the mTOR pathway. Mcl-1 loss and cell death were prevented by downregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced protein ATF4 and by incubating cells in the presence of mannose, which reverted 2-DG-induced ER stress but not ATP depletion. Thus, energetic stresses created by 2-DG were not the primary cause of cell death. Together, our findings suggest that glycolysis inhibitors such as 2-DG may be highly effective in treating alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and that Noxa could offer a prognostic marker to monitor the efficacy of such agents.
Diastematomyelia--clinical manifestation and treatment outcome (1994)

Diastematomyelia is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a division of the spinal cord or the filum terminale into two parts. In Korea, only one case has been reported. The authors have operated on 5 cases of diastematomyelia with septum since July, 1978. The ages ranged from 1 to 44 years (median; 11 years). There were 2 boys, 2 girls and an adult man. The disease manifested by cutaneous abnormalities and neurological or orthopedic deficits. Pain was a chief complaint in the adult patient. The symptoms had progressed in 3 cases. The diagnosis was made correctly by CT myelography or MRI in 4 cases. The median septum was located at the lumbar area in 4 cases and at the lumbosacral region in 1 case. Associated abnormalities included low lying conus (5 cases), lipoma (2 cases), thickened filum terminale (1 case), hemilipomyelomeningocele (1 case) and syrinx (1 case). The median septum was removed. The dural sleeve adjoining the septum was resected and the dural sac was reconstructed. The role of MRI in the diagnosis and planning of surgery and the high frequency of associated low lying conus were emphasized. Though the surgical treatment relieved pain, it did not reverse the neurological deficits or orthopedic deformities significantly, which suggests the beneficial effects of early surgical intervention in the cases with progressive symptoms.
Modern solutions for industrial matrix-converter applications (2002)

Thus far, matrix converter topology has not reached industrial use. Reasons for this have been complex control schemes, inefficient solutions for overvoltage protection, questionable robustness of the bi-directional switch commutation at disturbed supply voltages, and missing power semiconductor modules. Recent research results concerning these problems have led to innovative solutions and, from a technical point of view, industrial use seems to be reasonable now.
A novel NOX2 inhibitor attenuates human neutrophil oxidative stress and ameliorates inflammatory arthritis in mice (2019)

Neutrophil infiltration plays a significant pathological role in inflammatory diseases. NADPH oxidase type 2 (NOX2) is a respiratory burst oxidase that generates large amounts of superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•-</sup>) and subsequent other reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX2 is an emerging therapeutic target for treating neutrophilic inflammatory diseases. Herein, we show that 4-[(4-(dimethylamino)butoxy)imino]-1-methyl-1H-benzo[f]indol-9(4H)-one (CYR5099) acts as a NOX2 inhibitor and exerts a protective effect against complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory arthritis in mice. CYR5099 restricted the production of O<sub>2</sub><sup>•-</sup> and ROS, but not the elastase release, in human neutrophils activated with various stimulators. The upstream signaling pathways of NOX2 were not inhibited by CYR5099. Significantly, CYR5099 inhibited NOX2 activity in activated human neutrophils and in reconstituted subcellular assays. In addition, CYR5099 reduced ROS production, neutrophil infiltration, and edema in CFA-induced arthritis in mice. Our findings suggest that CYR5099 is a NOX2 inhibitor and has therapeutic potential for treating neutrophil-dominant oxidative inflammatory disorders.
Computing the discrete Fourier transform on FPGA based systolic arrays (1996)

No abstract available.
Cyclic stress-strain relation under high cycle fatigue process (2008)

In order to simulate mechanical fatigue phenomena represented by cyclic plasticity such as ratcheting and hysterisis loop, the plastic stretching within a yield surface has to be described, whilst the plastic strain is induced remarkably as the stress approaches the dominant yielding state. The traditional plastic constitutive equation, however, is capable of describing deformation behavior for the stress path only near the monotonic/proportional loading, since the inside of the yield surface is assumed to be an elastic state. In this study, an unconventional plasticity model is proposed for the description of the cyclic loading behavior observed during so-called high cycle fatigue subjected to the cyclic stresses lower than the yield stress. The extended elastoplastic constitutive equation is formulated by introducing both the elastic boundary and the damage concepts. The former is introduced to describe a purely elastic response for the stresses lower than the proportional limit, and the later is to describe the damage effect represented by a progressive degradation of stiffness of materials, which is caused by the accumulation of plastic strain even under the macroscopically elastic condition. The proposed model exhibits a smooth elastic-plastic transition with increase of stress to the dominant yielding state with both plasticity and damage effects. Finally, the extended elasto-plastic model is applied for metals obeying not only isotropic but also kinematic hardening law, and the mechanical responses under cyclic loading condition are examined briefly and compared with the corresponding experimental results for SN490B.
The signal/noise of an HMBC spectrum can depend dramatically upon the choice of acquisition and processing parameters (2009)

The effect of various acquisition and processing parameters on the sensitivity of HMBC spectra for typical organic molecules has been systematically investigated. For molecules in the 200-600 molecular weight range, an acquisition time of 0.2 to 0.4 s, a recycle time of no more than 1.0 s, optimization for (n)J(CH) = 8 Hz and 512 time increments (with two- to fourfold linear prediction) are recommended. Some form of sine bell weighting along f2 and either Gaussian or sine bell weighting along f1 is suggested. The use of a 0.1-s acquisition time and/or Gaussian or exponential weighting along f2 can result in dramatic sensitivity loss, particularly for correlation peaks involving protons with complex splitting patterns, and should be avoided.
Distributed turbo coding with selective relaying (2009)

In this paper, we consider a general two-hop relay network and propose a distributed turbo coding with selective relaying (DTC-SR) scheme to improve the performance of relayed transmission. In the proposed scheme, each relay adaptively selects an amplify and forward (AAF) or a decode and forward (DAF) protocol based on whether it can decode correctly or not. Among all the relays, a single relay, which has the maximum destination SNR, is selected for transmission. If the selected relay uses the DAF protocol, it decodes the received signals, interleaves, re-encodes and forwards them to the destination. At the destination, the signals directly transmitted from the source and that from the selected relay form a distributed turbo code (DTC). If the selected relay uses the AAF protocol, it just simply amplifies the received signal. The destination then combines the signals transmitted from the source and the relay. Simulation results show that the DTC-SR can take advantages of both distributed turbo coding and relay selection, providing not only a considerable SNR gain contributed from the relay selection, but also a coding gain contributed from the distributed turbo coding. And these gains increase as the number of relay increases.
Assessment Methods Under Abet Ec2000 At University Of Washington Lessons Learned: What Works And What Doesn't (2020)

Assessment methods used by the departments comprising eleven programs undergoing reaccreditation at the University of Washington College of Engineering (UW COE) under ABET EC2000 sometimes varied significantly. A post-visit analysis of these various assessment methods provided insight into lessons learned as to how well each method worked for each department. Although many assessment methods were, in general, similar from department to department (e.g., surveys or coursework) the implementation (and success) of these methods often differed considerably from department to department. Of even more interest were those methods that were unique to departments (e.g., self-assessments of individual courses) and the success of these methods. Comparison and contrast of these assessment methods replete with lessons learned can provide valuable feedback not only to individual departments within the UW COE, but also for departments at other universities still preparing for their first visits under ABET EC2000.
2,4-Diaminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogs of trimetrexate and piritrexim as potential inhibitors of Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase (1993)

A series of eight previously undescribed 2,4-diaminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues of the potent dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors trimetrexate (TMQ) and piritrexim (PTX) were synthesized as potential drugs against Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii, which are major causes of severe opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. 2,4-Diamino-5-methyl-6-(aryl/aralkyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 3,4,5-trimethoxy or 2,5-dimethoxy substitution in the aryl/aralkyl moiety and 2,4-diamino-5-(aryl/aralkyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 2,5-dimethoxy substitution in the aryl/aralkyl moiety were obtained by reaction of the corresponding 2-amino-3-cyanothiophenes with chloroformamidine hydrochloride. The aryl group in the 5,6-disubstituted analogues was either attached directly to the hetero ring or was separated from it by one or two carbons, whereas the aryl group in the 5-monosubstituted analogues was separated from the hetero ring by two or three carbons. 2-Amino-3-cyano-5-methyl-6-(aryl/alkyl)thiophene intermediates for the preparation of the 5,6-disubstituted analogues were prepared from omega-aryl-2-alkylidene-malononitriles and sulfur in the presence of a secondary amine, and 2-amino-3-cyano-4-(aryl/aralkyl)thiophene intermediates for the preparation of the 5-monosubstituted analogues were obtained from omega-aryl-1-chloro-2-alkylidenemalononitriles and sodium hydrosulfide. Synthetic routes to the heretofore unknown ylidenemalononitriles, and the ketone precursors thereof, were developed. The final products were tested in vitro as inhibitors of DHFR from Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, rat liver, beef liver, and Lactobacillus casei. A selected number of previously known 2,4-diaminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines lacking the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl substitution pattern of TMQ and PTX, respectively, were also tested for comparison. None of the compounds was as potent as TMQ or PTX, and while some of them showed some selectivity in their binding to Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii versus rat liver DHFR, this effect was not deemed large enough to warrant further preclinical evaluation.
A review on trust propagation and opinion dynamics in social networks and group decision making frameworks (2018)

On-line platforms foster the communication capabilities of the Internet to develop large-scale influence networks in which the quality of the interactions can be evaluated based on trust and reputation. So far, this technology is well known for building trust and harnessing cooperation in on-line marketplaces, such as Amazon (www.amazon.com) and eBay (www.ebay.es). However, these mechanisms are poised to have a broader impact on a wide range of scenarios, from large scale decision making procedures, such as the ones implied in e-democracy, to trust based recommendations on e-health context or influence and performance assessment in e-marketing and e-learning systems. This contribution surveys the progress in understanding the new possibilities and challenges that trust and reputation systems pose. To do so, it discusses trust, reputation and influence which are important measures in networked based communication mechanisms to support the worthiness of information, products, services opinions and recommendations. The existent mechanisms to estimate and propagate trust and reputation, in distributed networked scenarios, and how these measures can be integrated in decision making to reach consensus among the agents are analysed. Furthermore, it also provides an overview of the relevant work in opinion dynamics and influence assessment, as part of social networks. Finally, it identifies challenges and research opportunities on how the so called trust based network can be leveraged as an influence measure to foster decision making processes and recommendation mechanisms in complex social networks scenarios with uncertain knowledge, like the mentioned in e-health and e-marketing frameworks.
Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis sp. nov. and Caldicellulosiruptor hydrothermalis sp. nov., two extremely thermophilic, cellulolytic, anaerobic bacteria from Kamchatka thermal springs (2008)

Five novel strains (2002(T), 2902, 2006, 108(T) and 117) of cellulose-degrading, anaerobic, thermophilic bacteria were isolated from terrestrial hot springs of Kamchatka (Far East, Russia). Strains 2002(T) and 108(T) were non-spore-forming bacteria with a Gram-positive type cell wall and peritrichous flagella. Optimum growth of strains 2002(T) and 108(T) occurred at pH 7.0 and at temperatures of 70 and 65 degrees C, respectively. The G+C contents of the DNA of strains 2002(T) and 108(T) were 35.1 and 36.4 mol%, respectively. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to the genus Caldicellulosiruptor. However, DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that the levels of relatedness between strains 2002(T) and 108(T) and those of recognized members of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor ranged between 32 and 54 %. Based on both phenotypic and genomic differences, strains 2002(T) and 108(T) are considered to represent two novel species of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor. The names proposed for these organisms are Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis sp. nov. (type strain 2002(T)=DSM 18902(T)=VKM B-2412(T)) and Caldicellulosiruptor hydrothermalis sp. nov. (type strain 108(T)=DSM 18901(T)=VKM B-2411(T)).