gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shape from Defocus via Diffusion (2008)

Defocus can be modeled as a diffusion process and represented mathematically using the heat equation, where image blur corresponds to the diffusion of heat. This analogy can be extended to non-planar scenes by allowing a space-varying diffusion coefficient. The inverse problem of reconstructing 3-D structure from blurred images corresponds to an "inverse diffusion" that is notoriously ill-posed. We show how to bypass this problem by using the notion of relative blur. Given two images, within each neighborhood, the amount of diffusion necessary to transform the sharper image into the blurrier one depends on the depth of the scene. This can be used to devise a global algorithm to estimate the depth profile of the scene without recovering the deblurred image, using only forward diffusion.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Substituted Group 4 Metallocene Catalysts for the Polymerization of α‐Olefins. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evaluation of intestinal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and immunoglobulin a in diversion colitis (2020)

It is reported that an increase in aerobic bacteria, a lack of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and immune disorders in the diverted colon are major causes of diversion colitis. However, the precise pathogenesis of this condition remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the microbiota, intestinal SCFAs, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the diverted colon. Eight patients underwent operative procedures for colostomies. We assessed the diverted colon using endoscopy and obtained intestinal samples from the diverted colon and oral colon in these patients. We analyzed the microbiota and SCFAs of the intestinal samples. The bacterial communities were investigated using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. The microbiota demonstrated a change in the proportion of some species, especially <i>Lactobacillus</i>, which significantly decreased in the diverted colon at the genus level. We also showed that intestinal SCFA values were significantly decreased in the diverted colon. Furthermore, intestinal IgA levels were significantly increased in the diverted colon. This study was the first to show that intestinal SCFAs were significantly decreased and intestinal IgA was significantly increased in the diverted colon. Our data suggest that SCFAs affect the microbiota and may play an immunological role in diversion colitis.
The Oil Compatibility Model and Crude Oil Incompatibility (1999)

Although incompatible crude oils have not been previously discussed in the scientific literature, they are discovered to be relatively common. Consequently, with the need of a predictive method, the Oil Compatibility Model was derived from two hypotheses. One hypothesis is that asphaltenes precipitate from the oil at the same mixture solubility parameter, no matter that the oil is blended with noncomplexing liquids or another oil. The other hypothesis is that the solubility parameter of a mixture is the volumetric average solubility parameter. As a result, the solubility parameter of a crude oil and its flocculation solubility parameter on a toluene−n-heptane scale can be determined based upon mixing the crude oil with toluene and n-heptane and determining if each mixture dissolves or precipitates asphaltenes. Thereafter, the correct proportions and correct order of blending oils to ensure compatibility can be specified. A refinery example is given where determining the correct order of blending potentially incompatible crude oils mitigated the coking of vacuum pipestill furnace tubes.
Nanoparticle fabrication by geometrically confined nanosphere lithography (2013)

Arrays of metal nanoparticles, typically gold or silver, exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance, a phenomenon that has many applications, such as chemical and biological sensing. However, fabrication of metal nanoparticle arrays with high uniformity and repeatability, at a reasonable cost, is difficult. Nanosphere lithography (NSL) has been used before to produce inexpensive nanoparticle arrays through the use of monolayers of self-assembled microspheres as a deposition mask. However, control over the size and location of the arrays, as well as uniformity over large areas is poor, thus limiting its use to research purposes. In this paper, a new NSL method, called here geometrically confined NSL (GCNSL), is presented. In GCNSL, microsphere assembly is confined to geometric patterns defined in photoresist, allowing high-precision and large-scale nanoparticle patterning while still remaining low cost. Using this new method, it is demonstrated that 400 nm polystyrene microspheres can be assembled inside of large arrays of photoresist patterns. Results show that optimal microsphere assembly is achieved with long and narrow rectangular photoresist patterns. The combination of microsphere monolayers and photoresist patterns is then used as a deposition mask to produce silver nanoparticles at precise locations on the substrate with high uniformity, repeatability, and quality.
Pmr-1 gene affects susceptibility of Caenorhabditis elegans to Staphylococcus aureus infection through glycosylation and stress response pathways' alterations (2019)

Calcium signaling can elicit different pathways involved in an extreme variety of biological processes. Calcium levels must be tightly regulated in a spatial and temporal manner in order to be efficiently and properly utilized in the host physiology. The Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase, encoded by <i>pmr-1</i> gene, was first identified in yeast and localized to the Golgi and it appears to be involved in calcium homeostasis. PMR-1 function is evolutionary conserved from yeast to human, where mutations in the orthologous gene ATP2C1 cause Hailey-Hailey disease. In this work, we used the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> model system to gain insight into the downstream response elicited by the loss of <i>pmr-1</i> gene. We found that <i>pmr-1</i> knocked down animals not only showed defects in the oligosaccharide structure of glycoproteins at the cell surface but also were characterized by reduced susceptibility to bacterial infection. Although increased resistance to the infection might be related to lack of regular recognition of <i>C. elegans</i> surface glycoproteins by microbial agents, we provide genetic evidence that <i>pmr-1</i> interfered nematodes mounted a stronger innate immune response to Gram-positive bacterial infection. Thus, our observations indicate <i>pmr-1</i> as a candidate gene implicated in mediating the worm's innate immune response.
Rapid ratiometric determination of hemoglobin concentration using UV-VIS diffuse reflectance at isosbestic wavelengths (2010)

We developed a ratiometric method capable of estimating total hemoglobin concentration from optically measured diffuse reflectance spectra. The three isosbestic wavelength ratio pairs that best correlated to total hemoglobin concentration independent of saturation and scattering were 545/390, 452/390, and 529/390 nm. These wavelength pairs were selected using forward Monte Carlo simulations which were used to extract hemoglobin concentration from experimental phantom measurements. Linear regression coefficients from the simulated data were directly applied to the phantom data, by calibrating for instrument throughput using a single phantom. Phantoms with variable scattering and hemoglobin saturation were tested with two different instruments, and the average percent errors between the expected and ratiometrically-extracted hemoglobin concentration were as low as 6.3%. A correlation of r = 0.88 between hemoglobin concentration extracted using the 529/390 nm isosbestic ratio and a scalable inverse Monte Carlo model was achieved for in vivo dysplastic cervical measurements (hemoglobin concentrations have been shown to be diagnostic for the detection of cervical pre-cancer by our group). These results indicate that use of such a simple ratiometric method has the potential to be used in clinical applications where tissue hemoglobin concentrations need to be rapidly quantified in vivo.
A 3D Morphable Model Learnt from 10,000 Faces (2016)

We present Large Scale Facial Model (LSFM) - a 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) automatically constructed from 9,663 distinct facial identities. To the best of our knowledge LSFM is the largest-scale Morphable Model ever constructed, containing statistical information from a huge variety of the human population. To build such a large model we introduce a novel fully automated and robust Morphable Model construction pipeline. The dataset that LSFM is trained on includes rich demographic information about each subject, allowing for the construction of not only a global 3DMM but also models tailored for specific age, gender or ethnicity groups. As an application example, we utilise the proposed model to perform age classification from 3D shape alone. Furthermore, we perform a systematic analysis of the constructed 3DMMs that showcases their quality and descriptive power. The presented extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations reveal that the proposed 3DMM achieves state-of-the-art results, outperforming existing models by a large margin. Finally, for the benefit of the research community, we make publicly available the source code of the proposed automatic 3DMM construction pipeline. In addition, the constructed global 3DMM and a variety of bespoke models tailored by age, gender and ethnicity are available on application to researchers involved in medically oriented research.
Medium-range order in glasses: Comparison of Raman and diffraction measurements (1992)

The correlation lengths of vitreous structures estimated from the low-frequency (boson) peak in Raman spectra and from the width of the first sharp diffraction peak are compared. This first comparison shows that the two estimates, which are based on dynamic and static properties, respectively, are in good quantitative agreement. The present result supports the concepts that (a) a decisive scale for structural order in glasses is \ensuremath{\sim}10 \AA{}, and (b) the low-frequency excitations are defined by the characteristic length in vitreous structures.
Developing practical automatic metadata assignment and evaluation tools for internet resources (2005)

This paper describes the development of practical automatic metadata assignment tools to support automatic record creation for virtual libraries, metadata repositories and digital libraries, with particular reference to library-standard metadata. The development process is incremental in nature, and depends upon an automatic metadata evaluation tool to objectively measure its progress. The evaluation tool is based on and informed by the metadata created and maintained by librarian experts at the INFOMINE Project, and uses different metrics to evaluate different metadata fields. In this paper, we describe the form and function of common metadata fields, and identify appropriate performance measures for these fields. The automatic metadata assignment tools in the iVia virtual library software are described, and their performance is measured. Finally, we discuss the limitations of automatic metadata evaluation, and cases where we choose to ignore its evidence in favor of human judgment.
The use of nanofiltration for the removal of pesticides from groundwater: an evaluation (2001)

This study explores the combined removal of four pesticides (atrazine, simazine, diuron, isoproturon) and hardness from groundwater with nanofiltration (NF). Four NF membranes were used: NF45 and NF70 (Dow/FilmTec), and UTC-20 and UTC-60 (Toray Ind. Inc.). Each pesticide was added to groundwater samples in a concentration of 1 μg/l, representative for contaminated sources. For the determination of pesticides in such low concentrations, an analytical method using solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography was elaborated. The retentions with NF were compared and explained by means of molecular size and dipole moment. Molecular size, expressed as an effective diameter representing the projection of the molecule on the membrane surface, was calculated by determining the energetically most favourable molecular configuration. The largest molecules had the highest retentions, when all other properties are comparable. A high dipole moment decreases retentions because of charge interactions with the membrane. The hardness retentions were high. For drinking water production, it might be necessary to add hardness after filtration. The groundwater flux was approximately 5% lower compared to the distilled water flux. This relatively small flux decline indicates pore blocking due to adsorption in the membrane pores. The flux decline was proved reversible; no membrane fouling occurred.
Reconfigurable Loaded Planar Inverted-F Antenna Using Varactor Diodes (2011)

This letter presents a compact reconfigurable multiband microstrip antenna. The multiplicity of bands is achieved by the use of concentric external metallic semirings around a central internal semicircular microstrip patch. These are all shorted to the ground plane via a vertical metallic wall through the common diametric plane, thereby adopting the concept of the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for size reduction and thus compactness. The operation frequencies are tuned by varactor diodes placed between the inner semicircular patch and the outer half-rings. In addition to tunability, the overall bandwidth may also be widened by combining the tunable range. Theoretical simulations and measurements of manufactured prototypes agree well with each other.
Tissue Adhesives for Simple Traumatic Lacerations (2008)

This review provides evidence that tissue adhesives are an option to SWC (sutures, staples, adhesive strips) for the management of simple traumatic lacerations. Overall, no significant differences were found in cosmetic scores at the reported assessment periods between tissue adhesives and SWC. At 1 to 3 months, a subgroup analysis significantly favored butylcyanoacrylate over SWC. Tissue adhesives significantly lowered the time to complete the procedure, levels of pain, and rate of erythema. However, the data revealed a significant increase in the rate of dehiscence with the use of tissue adhesives when compared with SWC. The low methodologic quality of the evidence should be considered in the interpretation of the findings.
Local application of tacrolimus in distal colitis: Feasible and safe (2008)

This study demonstrates that local colonic application of tacrolimus 2-4 mg daily in patients with refractory distal colitis is feasible, probably safe, and potentially efficacious, and therefore opens the need for a further, randomized trial.
Pediatric Dermatology (2016)

This bestselling quick reference provides practice-focused guidance on the recognition and treatment of more than 100 pediatric and adolescent skin conditions.
Oncolytic vaccinia virus synergizes with irinotecan in colorectal cancer (2015)

Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is complex clinical challenge for which there are limited treatment options. Chemotherapy with or without surgery provides moderate improvements in overall survival and quality of life; nevertheless the 5-year survival remains below 30%. Oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) shows strong anti-tumour activity in models of CRC, however transient delays in disease progression are insufficient to lead to long-term survival. Here we examined the efficacy of VV with oxaliplatin or SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) in CRC cell lines in vitro and VV with irinotecan in an orthotopic model of metastatic CRC. Synergistic improvements in in vitro cell killing were observed in multiple cell lines. Combination therapy was well tolerated in tumour-bearing mice and the median survival was significantly increased relative to monotherapy despite a drug-dependent decrease in the mean tumour titer. Increased apoptosis following in vitro and in vivo combination therapy was observed. In vitro cell cycle analysis showed increases in S-phase cells following infection occurred in both infected and uninfected cell populations. This corresponded to a 4-fold greater increase in apoptosis in the uninfected compared to infected cells following combination therapy. Combination treatment strategies are among the best options for patients with advanced cancers. VV is currently under clinical investigation in patients with CRC and the data presented here suggest that its combination with irinotecan may provide benefit to a subset of CRC patients. Further, investigation of this combination is necessary to determine the tumour characteristics responsible for mediating synergy.
CD117 is Not a Useful Marker for Diagnosing Atypical Fibroxanthoma (2010)

To the Editor: We read with great interest the article entitled “CD117 is Not a Useful Marker for Diagnosing Atypical Fibroxanthoma” by Beer and Haig in the October 2009 issue. The authors reviewed 50 cases of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) and evaluated them with immunostains for CD117, S100, CD1a, and tryptase. Only 1 of the 50 AFXs in their series showed positive staining of atypical tumor cells for CD117. They reported that all 50 tumors in their study exhibited a similar pattern of mast cell staining with CD117 and tryptase, and subsequently proposed that the CD117-positive cells in AFX were mast cells, not neoplastic cells. Due to the rarity of positively staining tumor cells in their study they concluded, in contrast to recently published reports, including ours, that CD117 is neither a sensitive nor specific marker for identifying AFX. Although we applaud the efforts of Beer and Haig to undertake further investigation into the utility or lack thereof for use of CD117 in the identification of AFX, it is important that previously published works are accurately referenced. In our Letter to the Editor entitled “CD117 Immunoreactivity in Atypical Fibroxanthoma,” in the February 2009 issue, we reported that of our 14 cases of AFX, only 7 (50%) demonstrated positive staining in less than 10% of lesional cells. We noted that staining was seen only among the spindle cells constituting the neoplasm with none of the large, bizarre, or anaplastic cells. We felt it important to share these findings, as they were juxtaposed to the results of Mathew et al.1 Based on our results, in contrast to the previous report, we proposed that “these findings would suggest that CD117 does not seem to be a sensitive marker for AFX.” We concluded that “as we strive to develop immunohistochemical techniques that allow for diagnostically reliable and reproducible results, it is clear that the findings of our study indicate that further investigation into the utility or lack thereof for CD117 in relationship to AFX is warranted.”2 Therefore, the conclusion of Beer and Haig's study supports our findings, rather than refutes them. Keira L. Barr, MD* *Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA Jacqueline J. Russo, MD† Vladimir Vincek, MD, PhD† †Department of Pathology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Improvement of seed quality of medicinal plants and herbs in organic farming (2006)

As in vegetable growing or grain cropping the seed quality is an important factor for the successful cultivation of medicinal plants and herbs. In spite of intensive efforts made by specialised seed producers there are recurring problems with important quality parameters (e.g. germination capacity, emergence or seed health). The lack of sufficient study results is typical for special purpose crops, also concerning the particular host-parasite relationship and its methodical verification. Few experiences with the improvement of seed quality of medicinal plants and herbs are available. The intention of the study is to test physical and biological methods of seed treat-ment for their practicability in medicinal plants and herb cultivation. Fundamental information on the pathogens is also examined. Moreover there is a focus on further aspects of the production techniques (e.g. harvesting time) as a means to improve the seed quality.
Mechanistic Insights for Low-Overpotential Electroreduction of CO2 to CO on Copper Nanowires (2017)

Recent developments of copper (Cu)-based nanomaterials have enabled the electroreduction of CO2 at low overpotentials. The mechanism of low-overpotential CO2 reduction on these nanocatalysts, however, largely remains elusive. We report here a systematic investigation of CO2 reduction on highly dense Cu nanowires, with the focus placed on understanding the surface structure effects on the formation of *CO (* denotes an adsorption site on the catalyst surface) and the evolution of gas-phase CO product (CO(g)) at low overpotentials (more positive than −0.5 V). Cu nanowires of distinct nanocrystalline and surface structures are studied comparatively to build up the structure–property relationships, which are further interpreted by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the reaction pathway on the various facets of Cu. A kinetic model reveals competition between CO(g) evolution and *CO poisoning depending on the electrode potential and surface structures. Open and metastable facets such as (110) and reconstructed (110) are found to be likely the active sites for the electroreduction of CO2 to CO at the low overpotentials.
Glucocorticoids Regulate Glutamate and GABA Synapse-Specific Retrograde Transmission via Divergent Nongenomic Signaling Pathways (2009)

Glucocorticoids exert an opposing rapid regulation of glutamate and GABA synaptic inputs to hypothalamic magnocellular neurons via the activation of postsynaptic membrane-associated receptors and the release of retrograde messengers. Glucocorticoids suppress synaptic glutamate release via the retrograde release of endocannabinoids and facilitate synaptic GABA release via an unknown retrograde messenger. Here, we show that the glucocorticoid facilitation of GABA inputs is due to the retrograde release of neuronal nitric oxide and that glucocorticoid-induced endocannabinoid synthesis and nitric oxide synthesis are mediated by divergent G-protein signaling mechanisms. While the glucocorticoid-induced, endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of glutamate release is dependent on activation of the G(alpha)s G-protein subunit and cAMP-cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation, the nitric oxide facilitation of GABA release is mediated by G(beta)gamma signaling that leads to activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Our findings indicate, therefore, that glucocorticoids exert opposing rapid actions on glutamate and GABA release by activating divergent G-protein signaling pathways that trigger the synthesis of, and glutamate and GABA synapse-specific retrograde actions of, endocannabinoids and nitric oxide, respectively. The simultaneous rapid stimulation of nitric oxide and endocannabinoid synthesis by glucocorticoids has important implications for the impact of stress on the brain as well as on neural-immune interactions in the hypothalamus.
Postzygotic HRAS Mutation Causing Both Keratinocytic Epidermal Nevus and Thymoma and Associated With Bone Dysplasia and Hypophosphatemia Due to Elevated FGF23 (2013)

An identical postzygotic HRAS mutation was shown to be present in both keratinocytic epidermal nevus and thymoma and to be associated with bone lesions and hypophosphatemia due to elevated FGF23 levels. These may all be related to the HRAS mutation.
Anti-HER-2 engineering antibody ChA21 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of SK-OV-3 cells (2010)

These data suggest that ChA21 inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis of SK-OV-3 via regulating the balance between Bax and Bcl-2.