gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Reconfigurable Sound Wave Decomposition Filterbank for Hearing Aids Based on Nonlinear Transformation (2015)

Hearing impaired people have their own hearing loss characteristics and listening preferences. Therefore hearing aid system should become more natural, humanized and personalized, which requires the filterbank in hearing aids provides flexible sound wave decomposition schemes, so that patients are likely to use the most suitable scheme for their own hearing compensation strategy. In this paper, a reconfigurable sound wave decomposition filterbank is proposed. The prototype filter is first cosine modulated to generate uniform subbands. Then by non-linear transformation the uniform subbands are mapped to nonuniform subbands. By changing the control parameters, the nonlinear transformation changes which leads to different subbands allocations. It provides four different sound wave decomposition schemes without changing the structure of the filterbank. The performance of the proposed reconfigurable filterbank was compared with that of fixed filerbanks, fully customizable filterbanks and other existing reconfigurable filterbanks. It is shown that the proposed filterbank provides satisfactory matching performance as well as low complexity and delay, which make it suitable for real hearing aid applications.
Differential polarization of immune responses by genetic cotransfer of chemokines changes the protective immunity of DNA vaccine against pseudorabies virus (2006)

Chemokines play a key role in eliciting adaptive immune responses by selectively attracting the innate cellular components to the site of antigen presentation. To evaluate the effect of the genetic adjuvant of chemokines on the adaptive immune responses induced by a plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycorotein B (gB) of the pseudorabies virus (PrV), a PrV DNA vaccine was co-inoculated with plasmid DNA expressing certain chemokines including CCL3 (MIP-1alpha), CCL4 (MIP-1beta), CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (MIP-2), and CXCL10 (IP-10). A co-injection of the CCL3 plasmid DNA induced immunity that was biased to the T helper type 2 (Th2) pattern, as judged by the ratio of immunoglobulin G isotypes and the production of interleukin-4 cytokine generated from stimulated immune T cells. However, CCL5 and CXCL10 induced immune responses of the Th1-type, which rendered the recipients more resistant to a virulent virus infection. CXCL8 also showed enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immunity (mixed-type pattern) providing effective protection against a viral challenge. However, there was no change in the immune responses induced by the PrV DNA vaccine in CCL4 recipients. These results suggest that co-injection of a chemokine, in the form of an adjuvant preparation, causes a rebalancing of the immunity, which subsequently affects the protective efficacy against a virulent virus infection.
A missense variant in CST3 exerts a recessive effect on susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration resembling its association with Alzheimer’s disease (2015)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are degenerative, multifactorial diseases involving age-related accumulation of extracellular deposits linked to dysregulation of protein homeostasis. Here, we strengthen the evidence that an nsSNP (p.Ala25Thr) in the cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin C gene CST3, previously confirmed by meta-analysis to be associated with AD, is associated with exudative AMD. To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting a genetic variant that increases the risk of developing both AD and AMD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the risk associated with the mutant allele follows a recessive model for both diseases. We perform an AMD-CST3 case-control study genotyping 350 exudative AMD Caucasian individuals. Bringing together our data with the previously reported AMD-CST3 association study, the evidence of a recessive effect on AMD risk is strengthened (OR = 1.89, P = 0.005). This effect closely resembles the AD-CST3 recessive effect (OR = 1.73, P = 0.005) previously established by meta-analysis. This resemblance is substantiated by the high correlation between CST3 genotype and effect size across the two diseases (R(2) = 0.978). A recessive effect is in line with the known function of cystatin C, a potent enzyme inhibitor. Its potency means that, in heterozygous individuals, a single functional allele is sufficient to maintain its inhibitory function; only homozygous individuals will lack this form of proteolytic regulation. Our findings support the hypothesis that recessively acting variants account for some of the missing heritability of multifactorial diseases. Replacement therapy represents a translational opportunity for individuals homozygous for the mutant allele.
Introduction to the Photonic Networks and Devices (NETWORKS) Special Issue (2020)

This special issue comprises extended versions of some of the top-scored papers that were presented at the OSA Photonic Networks and Devices (NETWORKS) meeting that was part of the OSA Advanced Photonics Congress held in Burlingame, California, USA, July 29–August 1, 2019. Here, we highlight relevant topics from included papers relating to photonic communication network development.
Transgenic approaches to epilepsy. (1999)

Transgenic animal models can reconstruct cellular, biochemical, and molecular alterations associated with human diseases and may help identify key disease mechanisms. Gene disruption, which results in the loss of the functional gene product, is the most common genetic alteration generated by transgenic approaches. Gene disruption can be introduced by random transgene integration or by gene targeting. Both of these approaches have resulted in mice that display recurrent seizures reminiscent of epilepsy. Here, we briefly describe the techniques of random transgene insertion and gene targeting and discuss how these methods were used to generate the epileptic jerky and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2C) receptor deficient mice. We also analyze how these mutants can contribute to our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying epileptic seizures.
Retrieval of the Refractive Index Structure Parameter from Frequency Comb Timing Jitter Data (2020)

We measure optical timing jitter due to atmospheric turbulence using frequency comb lasers. Retrieving the refractive index structure parameter, C n 2 , from this data, we find windspeed- dependent agreement to C n 2 values derived from in situ instruments.
Quantum key distribution over probabilistic quantum repeaters (2010)

A feasible route toward implementing long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) systems relies on probabilistic schemes for entanglement distribution and swapping as proposed in the work of Duan, Lukin, Cirac, and Zoller (DLCZ) [Nature (London) 414, 413 (2001)]. Here, we calculate the conditional throughput and fidelity of entanglement for DLCZ quantum repeaters by accounting for the DLCZ self-purification property in the presence of multiple excitations in the ensemble memories as well as loss and other sources of inefficiency in the channel and measurement modules. We then use our results to find the generation rate of secure key bits for QKD systems that rely on DLCZ quantum repeaters. We compare the key generation rate per logical memory employed in the two cases with and without a repeater node. We find the crossover distance beyond which the repeater system outperforms the nonrepeater one. That provides us with the optimum internode distancing in quantum repeater systems. We also find the optimal excitation probability at which the QKD rate peaks. Such an optimum probability, in most regimes of interest, is insensitive to the total distance.
Recent progress in the synthesis of homotropane alkaloids adaline, euphococcinine and N-methyleuphococcinine (2021)

The 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system is present in several insect- and plant-derived alkaloids. (-)-Adaline (<b>1</b>) and (+)-euphococcinine (<b>2</b>), found in secretions of <i>Coccinelid</i> beetles, and (+)-<i>N</i>-methyleuphococcinine (<b>3</b>), isolated from the Colorado blue spruce <i>Picea pungens</i>, are members of this alkaloid family. Their unique bicyclic system with a quaternary stereocenter, and the potent biological activity exerted by these homotropane alkaloids, make them attractive synthetic targets. This work aims briefly to review the chemical ecology of <i>Adalia bipunctata</i> and the recent methodologies to obtain adaline (<b>1</b>), euphococcinine (<b>2</b>), and <i>N</i>-methyleuphococcinine (<b>3</b>).
CD28 Homodimer Interface Mimetic Peptide Acts as a Preventive and Therapeutic Agent in Models of Severe Bacterial Sepsis and Gram-Negative Bacterial Peritonitis (2014)

Single-dose AB103 reduces mortality in experimental models of polymicrobial and gram-negative bacterial infection and sepsis, warranting further studies of this agent in clinical trials.
Detection of coherent light in an incoherent background (1999)

The change in position of the self-coherence function minimum is used to detect the presence of a coherent source, rather than the change in strength of the self-coherence function at the reference path difference. The system uses both optical and digital signal processing with MATLAB algorithm. An experimental system was built in the visible band, employing a Michelson interferometer, an interference filter centered in the red, and a silicon photodetector. The results were averaged over up to 50 scans, depending on the relative visibility of the white light and laser fringes, to reduce the scan to scan variability. Amplifier gain was introduced to reduce quantization noise.
Properties of a Bacillus subtilis strain lacking DNA polymerase I (1974)

We have isolated a mutant of Bacillussubtilis deficient in DNA polymerase I, denominated polA42, which shows a reduced ability to repair the damage to DNA by UV radiation, MMS and mitomycin C;the ability to perform recombination is not appreciably impaired.DEAE cellulose chromatography allows the separation of polymerases I and II from the parental strain;a simple procedure is also described which allows to separate rapidly the polymerases II and III of the mutant strain. The three separated polymerases have similar catalytic properties but they can be distinguished for their sensitivity to inhibitors: PCMB inhibits polymerases II and III but not polymerase I; HPUra inhibits only polymerase III. All three enzymes are unaffected by nalidixate. The DNA synthesis occurring in cells of the polA42 strain permeabilized with toluene is inhibited by nalidixate, whereas the synthesis occurring in polA(+) toluenized cells is unaffected by the drug. The polA gene has been mapped by transduction and localized between the phe(12) and argA(3) genes.
Variable changes in nematode infection prevalence and intensity after Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus emerged in wild rabbits in Scotland and New Zealand (2018)

The myxoma virus (a microparasite) reduced wild rabbit numbers worldwide when introduced in the 1950s, and is known to interact with co-infecting helminths (macroparasites) causing both increases and decreases in macroparasite population size. In the 1990s Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) infected rabbits and also significantly reduced rabbit numbers in several countries. However, not much is known about RHDV interactions with macroparasites. In this study, we compare prevalence and intensity of infection for three gastrointestinal nematode species (<i>Trichostrongylus retortaeformis</i>, <i>Graphidium strigosum</i> and <i>Passalurus ambiguus</i>) before and after RHDV spread across host populations in Scotland and New Zealand. During one common season, autumn, prevalence of <i>T. retortaeformis</i> was higher after RHDV spread in both locations, whereas it was lower for <i>G. strigosum</i> and <i>P. ambiguus</i> after RHDV arrived in New Zealand, but higher in Scotland. Meanwhile, intensity of infection for all species decreased after RHDV arrived in New Zealand, but increased in Scotland. The impact of RHDV on worm infections was generally similar across seasons in Scotland, and also similarities in seasonality between locations suggested effects on infection patterns in one season are likely similar year-round. The variable response by macroparasites to the arrival of a microparasite into Scottish and New Zealand rabbits may be due to differences in the environment they inhabit, in existing parasite community structure, and to some extent, in the relative magnitude of indirect effects. Specifically, our data suggest that bottom-up processes after the introduction of a more virulent strain of RHDV to New Zealand may affect macroparasite co-infections by reducing the availability of their shared common resource, the rabbits. Clearly, interactions between co-infecting micro- and macroparasites vary in host populations with different ecologies, and significantly impact parasite community structure in wildlife.
CARRY-OVER EFFECTS IN BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES (2001)

Carry-over effects are often considered to be one of the main problems of the cross-over design: should we adjust for carry-over or not? We attempt to answer this question by examining the observed frequency of carry-over effects in actual bioequivalence studies. A total of 96 six-sequence, three-period, three-treatment fed-fasted studies are analyzed for carry-over effects and 324 two-sequence, two-period, two-treatment fasted studies are analyzed indirectly for carry-over effects via sequence effects. Two log-transformed pharmacokinetic variables, Cmax and AUC0-t, are modeled in an analysis of variance. The impact of statistically significant carry-over effects on bioequivalence results is examined and the rationale behind not adjusting for carry-over in bioequivalence studies is discussed.
Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. (1994)

Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology.
Output-Weighted Optimal Sampling for Bayesian Experimental Design and Uncertainty Quantification (2021)

We introduce a class of acquisition functions for sample selection that leads to faster convergence in applications related to Bayesian experimental design and uncertainty quantification. The approach follows the paradigm of active learning, whereby existing samples of a black-box function are utilized to optimize the next most informative sample. The proposed method aims to take advantage of the fact that some input directions of the black-box function have a larger impact on the output than others, which is important especially for systems exhibiting rare and extreme events. The acquisition functions introduced in this work leverage the properties of the likelihood ratio, a quantity that acts as a probabilistic sampling weight and guides the active-learning algorithm towards regions of the input space that are deemed most relevant. We demonstrate superiority of the proposed approach in the uncertainty quantification of a hydrological system as well as the probabilistic quantification of rare events in dynamical systems and the identification of their precursors.
Atypical Localization and Dissociation between Glucose Uptake and Amyloid Deposition in Cognitively Normal APOE*E4 Homozygotic Elders Compared with Patients with Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (2018)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) progresses insidiously over decades. Therefore, study of preclinical AD is critical to identify early pathophysiological changes as potential targets for prevention or treatment. The brain processes at the preclinical stage remain minimally understood. Aside from age, the E4 allele of APOE flags a group at particularly high risk of late-onset AD (LOAD). Studies of these individuals could provide insights about the ontogenesis of AD offering clues for novel treatment strategies. To this end, cognitively normal, <i>APOE*E4</i> homozygotes from the Alzheimer's Diseases Neuroimaging Research Initiative database (ADNI-LONI) provided fluorodeoxyglucose and amyloid (florbetapir) PET scans (<i>n</i> = 8 and 7, respectively; mean age 76 years). Their scans were compared to those of matched cognitively normal elders who were not E4 carriers. There was dissociation in the distribution between glucose uptake and amyloid deposition in the homozygotes. Peak hypometabolism localized bilaterally along the medial temporal cortex. In contrast, peak amyloid deposition localized principally to the putamen, a finding also seen in preclinical carriers of autosomal dominant AD mutations and preclinical AD associated with Down syndrome. Additional regions of amyloid deposition in homozygotes were medial prefrontal cortices including the anterior cingulate, middle and inferior frontal cortices, and middle and inferior occipital cortices. These findings contrast with those reported for LOAD. These data begin to characterize elders with normal cognition despite high AD risk in comparison to the known phenotypes of patients with LOAD.
Crossover randomized comparison of intravenous versus intravenous/oral mesna in soft tissue sarcoma treated with high-dose ifosfamide. (2003)

On the basis of our study, an i.v./oral mesna regimen is at least as uroprotective as the approved i.v. regimen. The i.v./oral regimen will improve patient tolerance and convenience, allow for a reduction in elective hospitalizations for ifosfamide chemotherapy, reduce the potential morbidity associated with inpatient administration of chemotherapy, and likely result in decreased costs of care.
Improving surgical outcomes through benchmarking (2018)

Benchmarking is a popular quality-improvement tool in economic practice. Its basic principle consists of identifying the best (the benchmark), then comparing with the best, and learning from the best. In healthcare, the concept of benchmarking or establishing benchmarks has been less specific, where comparisons often do not target the best, but the average results. The goal, however, remains improvement in patient outcome. This article outlines the application of benchmarking and proposes a standard approach of benchmark determination in surgery, including the establishment of best achievable real-world postoperative outcomes. Parameters used for this purpose must be reproducible, objective and universal. A systematic approach for determining benchmarks enables self-assessment of surgical outcome and facilitates the detection of areas for improvement. The intention of benchmarking is to stimulate surgeons' genuine endeavour for perfection, rather than to judge centre or surgeon performance.
Patient Selection for Hepatic Resection of Colorectal Metastases (1996)

Patient selection for hepatic resection of colorectal cancer metastases based on standard clinical and tumor outcome variables should be expected to achieve long-term survival with low morbidity and mortality in bilobar disease or extended resection should generally be avoided, especially in medically compromised patients.
Thymalfasin for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection (2007)

The purpose of this review article is to examine previous and ongoing studies of thymalfasin in combination with peginterferon-alpha2a and peginterferon-alpha2a plus ribavirin in difficult-to-treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. The following studies will be reviewed in detail: (1) Sherman and colleagues conducted a study in 109 HCV RNA positive HVC patients comparing the combination of thymalfasin + IFN versus IFN alone versus placebo. (2) Rustgi et al. evaluated the efficacy and safety of thymalfasin and peg-IFN-alpha2a in 31 genotype 1, high viral load, HCV nonresponders in a 12-week viral kinetic study. (3) Di Bisceglie, Sherman et al. performed a study of previous HCV nonresponders being retreated with either peginterferon-alpha2a plus thymalfasin or peginterferon-alpha2a plus placebo. (4) Poo and colleagues in Mexico evaluated triple combination therapy using thymalfasin, peginterferon-alpha2a, and ribavirin for the treatment of Hispanic HCV nonresponders.
In vivo performance of the new non‐instrumentation technology (NIT) for root canal obturation (2002)

The present investigation demonstrated the performance of the NIT-obturation method in vivo. Root canals filled by the reduced-pressure-method using sealer combined with gutta-percha cones exhibited equivalent radiographic quality compared to conventionally filled canals.
Bragg scattering from periodically microstructured light emitting diodes (2000)

We present a simple method of generating a periodic wavelength scale structure in the optically active layer of a light emitting diode. This is achieved by solution deposition of a light emitting polymer on top of a corrugated substrate. The periodic structure allows waveguide modes normally trapped both in the substrate and in the thin polymer film to be Bragg scattered out of the structure, thus leading to a doubling of efficiency. This scattering process gives rise to a polarization of the emission spectrum as well as angular dispersion effects.
ITLinQ: A New Approach for Spectrum Sharing in Device-to-Device Communication Systems (2013)

We consider the problem of spectrum sharing in device-to-device communication systems. Inspired by the recent optimality condition for treating interference as noise, we define a new concept of "information-theoretic independent sets" (ITIS), which indicates the sets of links for which simultaneous communication and treating the interference from each other as noise is information-theoretically optimal (to within a constant gap). Based on this concept, we develop a new spectrum sharing mechanism, called "information-theoretic link scheduling" (ITLinQ), which at each time schedules those links that form an ITIS. We first provide a performance guarantee for ITLinQ by characterizing the fraction of the capacity region that it can achieve in a network with sources and destinations located randomly within a fixed area. Furthermore, we demonstrate how ITLinQ can be implemented in a distributed manner, using an initial 2-phase signaling mechanism which provides the required channel state information at all the links. Through numerical analysis, we show that distributed ITLinQ can outperform similar state-of-the-art spectrum sharing mechanisms, such as FlashLinQ, by more than a 100% of sum-rate gain, while keeping the complexity at the same level. Finally, we discuss a variation of the distributed ITLinQ scheme which can also guarantee fairness among the links in the network and numerically evaluate its performance.
About the true type of smoothers (2008)

We employ the variational formulation and the Euler-Lagrange equations to study the steady-state error in linear non-causal estimators (smoothers). We give a complete description of the steady-state error for inputs that are polynomial in time. We show that the steady-state error regime in a smoother is similar to that in a filter of double the type. This means that the steady-state error in the optimal smoother is significantly smaller than that in the Kalman filter. The results reveal a significant advantage of smoothing over filtering with respect to robustness to model uncertainty.