gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Second Primary Tumors From Lung Metastases in Patients With Head and Neck Sauamous Cell Carcinoma (1998)

In patients with HNSCC and a solitary SCC in the lung, microsatellite analysis provides a rapid genetic approach for discerning clonal relationships. In such patients, we found that a solitary SCC in the lung more likely represents a metastasis than an independent lung cancer. Microsatellite analysis could potentially be applied to any patient with multiple tumors, where tumor relationships are not clear on clinical, radiographic, or even histopathologic grounds.
Miniaturized InSb photovoltaic infrared sensor operating at room temperature (2008)

This paper reports the development of a novel InSb infrared photovoltaic sensor (PVS) operating at room temperature. The PVS consists of an InSb p+p−n+ structure grown on semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate, with a p+-Al0.17In0.83Sb barrier layer between the p+ and p− layers to reduce diffusion of photoexcited electrons. Photodiodes were fabricated by wet etching, and, using a 500-K blackbody, we obtained detectivity D*=2.8×108 cm Hz1/2/W and responsivity RV=1.9 kV/W at room temperature. The SNR was improved with the serial connection of 700 photodiodes patterned on a 600×600-µm2 chip. On increasing the number N of connected photodiodes, the SNR was improved by a factor of N1/2. The responsivity was constant for signals ranging from dc to 500 Hz. From spectral response measurements a cutoff wavelength of 6.8 µm was obtained. The PVS was flip-chip bonded on pre-amplifier IC, allowing the shortest possible connection between the PVS and the pre-amplifier, making the system immune to electromagnetic noise. The system was finally encapsulated in a dual flat nonleaded package with a window, which exposes the back of the GaAs substrate, allowing the infrared light incidence. The device is small (2.2×2.7×0.7 mm3), operates at room temperature, and is able to detect human body radiation in the middle IR range.
<title>Signal statistics in x-ray computed tomography</title> (2002)

Probability distribution functions (pdfs) of x-ray computed tomography (CT) signals form the basis for statistical reconstruction algorithms and for noise-simulation experiments. The conventional model for pdf's assumes a quanta-counting process obeying a discrete Poisson distribution. In reality, CT scanners employ energy-integrating sensors detecting a polyenergetic X-ray beam, with data quantized for digital reconstructions. A model was developed for the CT signal consisting of an energy spectrum of x-ray quanta (individually obeying Poisson statistics), contributing an incremental signal, proportional to their energy, to an analog-to-digital converter. Using a moment generating function approach, the pdf is shown to be a Compound Poisson process that is functionally dependent on the x-ray energy spectrum, flux level, and quantization step size. Pdfs were computed numerically by a Fourier transform of the characteristic function and compared to experimental pdfs collected from phantom scans. For exposures encountered in normal clinical usage, the pdf is similar to the conventional Gaussian approximation, with rescaling for quantization and polyenergetic spectra. For low intensities, the deviation from the conventional photon-counting (Poisson) model is significant and may have implications for statistical reconstruction algorithms.
Mathematical modeling of plus-strand RNA virus replication to identify broad-spectrum antiviral treatment strategies (2022)

Plus-strand RNA viruses comprise a large group of related and medically relevant viruses. The current global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-coronavirus-2 as well as the constant spread of diseases such as dengue and chikungunya fever show the necessity of a comprehensive and precise analysis of plus-strand RNA virus infections. Plus-strand RNA viruses share similarities in their life cycle. To understand their within-host replication strategies, we developed a mathematical model that studies pan-viral similarities and virus-specific differences of three plus-strand RNA viruses, namely hepatitis C, dengue, and coxsackievirus. By fitting our model to <i>in vitro</i> data, we found that only small virus-specific variations in the model were required to describe the dynamics of all three viruses. Furthermore, our model predicted that ribosomes involved in viral RNA translation seem to be a key player in plus-strand RNA replication efficiency, which may determine acute or chronic infection outcome. Furthermore, our <i>in-silico</i> drug treatment analysis suggests that targeting viral proteases involved in polyprotein cleavage, in combination with viral RNA replication, may represent promising drug targets with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
Camera calibration using two concentric circles: linear approach (2009)

We present a new algorithm for camera calibration using two concentric circles, which is a linear approach. In the calibration, a pinhole camera model is used. Different from previous methods, we take the projective equations of 3-D circles, which include the intrinsic parameter matrix of the camera, as the basis of our calibration approach. According to the special structure of the projective equations in algebra, we can get a linear equation system about the intrinsic parameters. After enough equations are constructed, the calibration can be easily finished. With at least three images of the two concentric circles, all five intrinsic parameters can be recovered. Experiments using computer simulated data and real data demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of our method.
Routing with Probabilistic Delay Guarantees in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks (2008)

In many wireless ad-hoc networks it is important to find a route that delivers a message to the destination within a certain deadline (delay constraint). We propose to identify such routes based on average channel state information (CSI) only, since this information can be distributed more easily over the network. Such cases allow probabilistic QoS guarantees i.e., we maximize and report the probability of on-time delivery. We develop a convolution-free lower bound on probability of on-time arrival, and a scheme to rapidly identify a path that maximizes this bound. This analysis is motivated by a class of infinite variance subexponential distributions whose properties preclude the use of deviation bounds and convolutional schemes. The bound then forms the basis of an algorithm that finds routes that give probabilistic delay guarantees. Simulations demonstrate that the algorithm performs better than shortest-path algorithm based on statistics of path loss or CSI.
Unconfined Dense Plunging Jets Used for Brine Disposal from Desalination Plants (2020)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure entrained air bubble penetration depth and dilution of a dense vertical unconfined plunging jet to evaluate its performance as an outfall to dilute brine from desalination plants as well as a means to aerate water column. Experiments involved neutrally buoyant or dense plunging jets discharging in quiescent receiving water. The density difference between effluent and receiving water, the plunging jet length (height above water surface), and the receiving water salinity were varied in the experiments. Observed penetration depth for neutrally buoyant jets was somewhat greater than previously reported, and increased modestly with jet density. Increasing density also resulted in an increasing number of fine bubbles descending together with the dense plume. These observations can help guide the design of plunging jets to mitigate anoxic conditions in the water column when brine is introduced to a receiving water body, as with seawater desalination.
SiC-MOSFET composite boost converter with 22 kW/L power density for electric vehicle application (2017)

A SiC-MOSFET composite boost converter for an electric vehicle power train application exhibits a volumetric power density of 22 kW/L and gravimetric power density of 20 kW/kg. The composite converter architecture, which is composed of partial-power boost, buck, and dual active bridge modules, leads to a 60% reduction in CAFE average losses, to a 280% improvement in power density, and to a 76% reduction in magnetics volume compared to the conventional Si-IGBT boost converter. These gains were achieved with the help of optimization based on a comprehensive loss model including SiC-MOSFET switching loss and magnetic losses based on the FEM method simulated in FEMM. Experimental results for the 22 kW/L SiC-MOSFET composite converter project 97.5% average efficiency on US06 driving cycle and a CAFE average efficiency of 97.8%.
SHRM4, A PROTEIN INVOLVED IN X-LID, DRIVES GABA B RECEPTORS INTO DENDRITES THROUGH ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE DYNEIN/DYNACTIN COMPLEX (2014)

Mutations in the KIAA1202 gene coding for the Shrm4 protein have been involved in intellectual disabilities (ID). However, its expression and role in the brain is still unknown. Our data revealed that Shrm4 is present in both cortical and hippocampal primary cultured neurons and localizes at the pre- and post-synapse. ShRNA-mediated Shrm4 knock-down leads to a dramatic reduction in spine density and length. Furthermore, we detected a significant decrease in the expression level of synaptic markers compared to scrambled control. Using different biochemical and imaging approaches, we showed that the N-terminal PDZ domain of Shrm4 interacts directly with the C-terminal tail of GABAB receptor subunit isoforms 1 (GABAB1) (both GABAB1a and GABAB1b subunits). We observed for the first time that Shrm4 regulates GABABRs transport in dendrites by modulating its association with the microtubule-dependent dynein/dynactin motor complex. According to our hypothesis, in vivo and in vitro Shrm4 knockdown reduces GABAB receptor-mediated K+ currents induced by baclofen application. These results supported the presence of a trimeric complex, necessary for the correct targeting of GABAB receptors to dendrites and for its physiological role in brain transmission. These observations raised evidences that symptoms observed in Shrm4 deficient human patients such as epilectic seizures could arise from reduced level of functional GABAB receptors.
Optimum Conditions for Variable Pitch Milling (2006)

From the perspective of regenerative chatter, variable-pitch milling process offers a mathematically very challenging task. It can be reduced to the problem of stability assessment on a linear time-invariant dynamics (LTI) which has more than one independent delays. This mathematically notorious problem is uniquely solved by a recent paradigm. It is called Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR). This paper presents a process optimization procedure using CTCR over a special milling operation with variable pitch cutters. The optimization is based on maximizing the metal removal rate while avoiding the onset of chatter, which, in turn, enables production of the parts with a desirable surface quality. The end result is a powerful tool to determine some important geometrical and operational features of the process: (i) the pitch angle selection on the tool (i.e., variable pitch cutter vs. uniform pitch cutter), (ii) the optimum cutting conditions (i.e., depth of cut and the spindle speeds).
Association of glycemic status and segmental left ventricular wall thickness in subjects without prior cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study (2018)

Abnormal glucose metabolism, including pre-diabetes, is associated with increased LV wall thickness independent of hypertension.
N-Dichloromethylene-N,N-dimethyliminium Chloride (2001)

[33842-02-03] C3H6Cl3N (MW 162.46)





InChI = 1S/C3H6Cl2N.ClH/c1-6(2)3(4)5;/h1-2H3;1H/q+1;/p-1



InChIKey = NRNFKRFWZQQDMD-UHFFFAOYSA-M



(converts alcohols into halides;5 useful in heterocycle synthesis;20-22 reacts with active methylenes to afford α-chloroenamines1, 30)



Alternate Names: PI; phosgeniminium chloride.



Physical Data: mp ∼186 °C (dec); 194–196 °C from acetonitrile (sublimation).2



Solubility: sol liquid SO2, thionyl chloride (for NMR measurements), nitromethane, acetonitrile; sparingly sol chloroform, dichloromethane, and polychloroethanes; insol benzene, ether, toluene; THF and dioxane are slowly decomposed; protic solvents and DMSO react violently.



Form Supplied in: white solid, commercially available. Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride and complexed HCl may be present.



Analysis of Reagent Purity: hydrolysis and titration, NMR (CD3NO2) δ = 4.07 ppm.



Preparative Methods: chlorination of Dimethylthiocarbamoyl Chloride using Chlorine,1, 2 Phosphorus(V) Chloride,2, 3 Phosgene or Sulfuryl Chloride.1 When exposed to excess chlorine the title reagent forms a yellow complex, PI·Cl2.2, 4 Dimethyldithiuram and dithiocarbamates are also cheap starting materials for the preparation of the reagent.3, 4



Purification: washing with dry dichloromethane and drying on a rotary evaporator at 40–60 °C/12 mmHg.



Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive. In the absence of moisture, has a shelf life of a few years. The reaction apparatus should be flame dried. The hydrolysis product, dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, is reportedly mutagenic.
Factors Associated with Blood Concentrations of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis (2010)

Background Accumulating evidence supports the important role of protein-bound uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol in uremic syndrome. They exert direct deleterious effects on a variety of cells and could link to clinical outcome. Factors relevant to indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol levels in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients have rarely been investigated. We conducted a cross-sectional study to analyze the factors that correlate with both total and free indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol. Methods 182 stable PD patients with mean PD therapy duration 38.5 ± 33.3 months were enrolled. Their mean age was 48.9 ± 13.5 years; 62.6% (114/182) were female patients. Demographic data, including age, gender, and PD therapy duration, were reviewed and recorded. PD-associated features such as residual kidney function (RKF), peritoneal transport property, and dialysis modality were also recorded. Hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were measured. Levels of total and free indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol were determined. Results Patients without RKF had lower Kt/V and weekly creatinine clearance and higher serum creatinine and IL-6 levels. These patients also had higher total and free indoxyl sulfate levels. There was no difference in indoxyl sulfate or p-cresol levels compared to patients with different peritoneal transport properties or with different treatment modalities. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that weekly creatinine clearance and serum creatinine were independent associates of total indoxyl sulfate level; IL-6, total indoxyl sulfate, and free p-cresol were associated with free indoxyl sulfate level. Weekly creatinine clearance and free p-cresol level independently correlated with total p-cresol; while gender, total p-cresol, and free indoxyl sulfate were associated with free p-cresol level. Conclusion The free forms of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol constituted a small portion of their total forms. The presence of RKF affected levels of free and total indoxyl sulfate. IL-6 level was significantly associated with free indoxyl sulfate level. There was a close relationship between indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol levels in their free forms in PD patients.
Sensorless explicit model predictive control of the DC-DC buck converter with inductor current limitation (2008)

This paper investigates the digital control of DC- DC buck converters. It proposes a new explicit model predictive controller for a buck DC-DC converter. The controller features an inherent current limitation over a wide range of loads and supply voltages using no current sensor. It achieves good reference tracking and good rejection of line and load transients. The complexity of the controller is limited as it consists of a table of optimal state feedback gains that have been derived off-line and that are chosen according to the measured state. Feasibility is validated experimentally on a fixed point DSP.
Difficulties in the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in early infancy: the 11 β-hydroxylase defect (1983)

Investigations of steroid metabolism in a newborn infant with steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency are described. Deficiency of this enzyme, like other forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) can be difficult to characterise in the neonatal period. In the first days of life the excretion of cortisol was low but most other hormonal parameters were normal and the major metabolite of 11-deoxycortisol (tetrahydro-S, THS) was not detectable in the urine. Using mass spectrometry, the presence of THS was confirmed in urine collected on the 12th day of life and from this time the excretion rates increased until approximately 300 micrograms were measured in urine on the 27th day of life. A new metabolite of 11-deoxycortisol was tentatively identified as 6 alpha-hydroxy-THS. This steroid is not a significant metabolite in 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency at other periods of life.
Spectral reshaping and pulse compression via sequential filamentation in gases (2008)

We provide a theoretical description of the spatio-temporal dynamics of sequential filamentation in noble gases that can lead to pulse compression down to nearly single-cycle pulses. We show that the strong pulse compression occurs as a result of serially-generated on-axis filaments and spectral filtering of an extensive blue-shifted compressible spectra. We show that the dynamics of this sequential filamentation can be readily tuned by varying the gas pressure and can be scaled to various pulse energies.
Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with an increased expression of myostatin and impaired satellite cell function in the portacaval anastamosis rat (2004)

Proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells are critical in the regeneration of atrophied muscle following immobilization and aging. We hypothesized that impaired satellite cell function is responsible for the atrophy of skeletal muscle also seen in cirrhosis. Myostatin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) have been identified to be positive and negative regulators, respectively, of satellite cell function. Using a rat model of cirrhosis [portacaval anastamosis (PCA)] and sham-operated controls, we examined the expression of myostatin, its receptor activinR2b, and its downstream messenger cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (CDKI p21) as well as IGF1 and its receptor in the gastrocnemius muscle. Expression of PCNA, a marker of proliferation, and myogenic regulatory factors (myoD, myf5, and myogenin), markers of differentiation of satellite cells, were also measured. Real- time PCR for mRNA and Western blot assay for protein quantification were performed. PCA rats had lower body weight and gastrocnemius weight compared with sham animals (P < 0.05). PCNA and myogenic regulatory factors were lower in PCA rats (P < 0.05). Myostatin, activinR2b, and CDKI p21 were higher in the PCA animals (P < 0.05). The expression of IGF1 and its receptor was lower in liver and skeletal muscle of PCA animals (P < 0.05). These data suggest that skeletal muscle atrophy seen in the portacaval shunted rats is a consequence of impaired satellite cell proliferation and differentiation mediated, in part, by higher myostatin and lower IGF1 expression.
Expanding the stoichiometric window for metal cross-linked gel assembly using competition (2019)

Polymer networks with dynamic cross-links have generated widespread interest as tunable and responsive viscoelastic materials. However, narrow stoichiometric limits in cross-link compositions are typically imposed in the assembly of these materials to prevent excess free cross-linker from dissolving the resulting polymer networks. Here we demonstrate how the presence of molecular competition allows for vast expansion of the previously limited range of cross-linker concentrations that result in robust network assembly. Specifically, we use metal-coordinate cross-linked gels to verify that stoichiometric excessive metal ion cross-linker concentrations can still result in robust gelation when in the presence of free ion competing ligands, and we offer a theoretical framework to describe the coupled dynamic equilibria that result in this effect. We believe the insights presented here can be generally applied to advance engineering of the broadening class of polymer materials with dynamic cross-links.
New cross section measurements for the production of the Auger electron emitters77Br and80mBr (2010)

Abstract The two Auger electron emitting radionuclides of bromine, namely 77 Br ( T 1/2 =57.04 h) and 80m Br ( T 1/2 =4.4 h), are promising candidates for internal radiotherapy. In this work, nuclear reaction cross sections were determined for their production using enriched Se targets. Thin Se samples were irradiated with incident protons of energies up to 85 MeV and the induced radioactivity was measured via non-destructive γ-ray spectroscopy, allowing the determination and extension of the excitation functions of the four reactions 77,78,80 Se( p ,ߙ xn ) 77 Br and 80 Se( p ,ߙ n ) 80m Br. The possible thick target yields were calculated and the different production routes discussed, especially with regard to the yield and the radionuclidic purity of the produced radionuclides.
Duane Isely (1918-2000): A Tribute (2001)

Duane Isely, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, died on 6 December 2000. Dr. Isely was an outstanding plant taxonomist with expertise in other fields as well, especially in seed technology and weed identification and control. He was born in Bentonville, Arkansas, on 24 October 1918 into a family of academicians. His father, Dwight Isely, was professor and later Dean of Agriculture at the University of Arkansas, and his mother, Blessie Elise Dort Isely, also taught at the University of Arkansas and eventually received her Ph.D.