gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical Trapping and the Photorefractive Effect (2007)

The photorefractive rate equations[1], now 30 years old, have been integral in supporting the growth of the field of photorefractive nonlinear optics. They have been used to model the strength and response time of the phase gratings responsible for nonlinear effects such as optical phase conjugation, image processing, and spatial solitons. Over time, several researchers in the photorefractive field have begun to display an interest in another optically mediated effect: optical tweezers. It is maybe not such a coincidence that Arthur Ashkin, one of the founders of the field of photorefractive nonlinear optics [2] also helped to found the field of optical tweezers [3]. Both of these effects are mediated by photoinduced motion of small particles: the first by charge migration induced by spatial gradients in the optical intensity, the second by forces induced by spatial gradients of optical intensity. Although optical tweezers is usually thought of in terms of manipulation of microscopic particles such as silica or polystyrene microspheres and biological microorganisms and cells, it can also be thought of as a nonlinear optical effect. Many of the methods of measuring forces on trapped particles rely on measurement of the distance of the trapped particle from the axis of the trapping beam. Commonly, this is done by using a split photodiode to monitor the deviation of the trapping light after passage through the trapped microsphere acting as a ball lens forced off the optical axis. It can be thought of as a case of light interacting with light via a medium with a nonlinear optical effect. Where does this nonlinearity come from? After all, neither the trapped microsphere, nor the surrounding fluid medium have any appreciable nonlinearity by themselves. It is the combination of the two components that results in the nonlinearity. The sphere reacts nonlinearly to light in the fluid medium. In a sense, this is closely related to the electrostrictive effect responsible for Brillouin scattering. In that case, electrostrictive forces resulting from a spatially varying optical field compresses the medium into regions of high intensity. If the spatial field variation is due to an optical interference pattern from two intersecting laser beams, the result is a phase grating that constitutes a real time hologram coupling one beam into the other. It is the origin of Brillouin enhanced four wave mixing and stimulated Brillouin scattering.
The biochemical pharmacology of abused drugs; III. Cannabis, opiates, and synthetic narcotics (1974)

In this final part of the review, we cover the widely abused plant drugs, Cannabis obtained from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, and the opiates, from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. The psychoactivity of preparations of these plants has been known for a very long time. Cannabis has never found a genuine medical application for its particular psychoactivity and, although it has been in most of the world's pharmacopoeias at one time or another, there is no established medical use for it. The opiates are essential for the alleviation of severe pain and in the treatment of certain gastrointestinal disorders. Their use in the medicine of the nineteenth century was Widespread, but realization of the dangers of prolonged dosage has led to a restriction to circumstances when they are speCifically indicated. Owing to the well‐established dangers of the opiates from the viewpoint of dependence, many attempts have been made to synthesize a “safe” powerful analgesic. There has been no real success, but several such compounds have come to be abused in their own turn. The three most important of these are meperidine, methadone, and pentozocine, and these are reviewed here along with the naturally occurring opiates.
Organizing structural principles of the IL-17 ligand–receptor axis (2022)

The IL-17 family of cytokines and receptors have central roles in host defence against infection and development of inflammatory diseases<sup>1</sup>. The compositions and structures of functional IL-17 family ligand-receptor signalling assemblies remain unclear. IL-17E (also known as IL-25) is a key regulator of type 2 immune responses and driver of inflammatory diseases, such as allergic asthma, and requires both IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) and IL-17RB to elicit functional responses<sup>2</sup>. Here we studied IL-25-IL-17RB binary and IL-25-IL-17RB-IL-17RA ternary complexes using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy, single-molecule imaging and cell-based signalling approaches. The IL-25-IL-17RB-IL-17RA ternary signalling assembly is a C2-symmetric complex in which the IL-25-IL-17RB homodimer is flanked by two 'wing-like' IL-17RA co-receptors through a 'tip-to-tip' geometry that is the key receptor-receptor interaction required for initiation of signal transduction. IL-25 interacts solely with IL-17RB to allosterically promote the formation of the IL-17RB-IL-17RA tip-to-tip interface. The resulting large separation between the receptors at the membrane-proximal level may reflect proximity constraints imposed by the intracellular domains for signalling. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of IL-17A-IL-17RA and IL-17A-IL-17RA-IL-17RC complexes reveal that this tip-to-tip architecture is a key organizing principle of the IL-17 receptor family. Furthermore, these studies reveal dual actions for IL-17RA sharing among IL-17 cytokine complexes, by either directly engaging IL-17 cytokines or alternatively functioning as a co-receptor.
Using Marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetics to Study Potential Offshore Groundwater: Canterbury Basin, New Zealand (2017)

Continental shelves are the submarine edges of the continental crust and in some areas have been shown to&#13;\ncontain freshwater aquifers beneath the seafloor. During the Quaternary, continental shelves experienced&#13;\nmaximum exposure to meteoric water during the Last Glacial Maximum. Offshore groundwater systems are&#13;\nslowly adjusting toward a new equilibrium in present-day conditions as a result of rising sea-level. Information&#13;\nregarding the location, characteristics and dynamics of offshore groundwater systems and whether they can&#13;\nbe used sustainably as a potential source of drinking water may be obtained by applying a range of geophysical&#13;\ntechniques including marine controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) and multichannel seismics. However,&#13;\nthe methods applied to map the extent, volume and connectivity of offshore aquifers are still in the experimental&#13;\nphase. One promising geophysical tool to study offshore groundwater is the CSEM method. CSEM is capable&#13;\nof mapping the spatial variations of saline and fresh water zones in the sub-seafloor. Currently, there are only&#13;\na few studies that have successfully applied marine CSEM to quantify offshore groundwater aquifers. This&#13;\nstudy constitutes a new attempt in using CSEM to detect the offshore groundwater at large spatial scales&#13;\n(around 100 km).
Structurally unique basic protein coextracted with histones from calf thymus chromatin. (1980)

A histone-like protein that is rich in alanine and lysine (protein AK) has been obtained in homogeneous form by high-resolution gel filtration of H2SO4 extracts of calf thymus chromatin. Protein AK: (i) migrates as a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in both acetic acid/urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate; (ii) is a basic protein; (iii) lacks tryptophan; (iv) is not extracted from chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl; and (v) is not soluble in 0.75 M HClO4. Protein AK is distinguished from the high-mobility group (HMG) proteins on the basis of these latter solubility characteristics and from the histones and protein A24 on the basis of amino acid composition and distribution of tryptic peptides in two-dimensional chromato-electrophoresis. In addition, protein AK is distinguished from the HMG proteins, the histones, and protein A24 on the basis of its mobility in two polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. The amino acid composition of protein AK resembles that of HU, a basic DNA-binding protein found in Escherichia coli.
Thermochemical Energy Storage: Calcium Doping Facilitates Water Dissociation in Magnesium Oxide (Adv. Sustainable Syst. 1/2018) (2018)

Aiming for highly reactive and reversible thermochemical energy storage materials based on magnesium hydroxide, the impact of Ca2+ as dopant in magnesium hydroxide/oxide is investigated in article number 1700096 by Danny Müller and co-workers. Calcium doped magnesium oxide reveals notably increased water dissociation rates, compared to pure MgO, enhancing both rate and reaction completeness of the hydration. For a series of mixed magnesium-calcium oxides (MgxCa1−xO) with varying Ca-contents between 0 and 40% the material of a composition Mg0.9Ca0.1O shows the fastest rehydration, transforming completely within 80 minutes to the mixed hydroxide. In consecutive dehydration/rehydration cycles reasonable cycle stability is found. A “regeneration” of the aged material (reactivity reduced by excessive cycling) in liquid water re-establishes the initial rehydration reactivity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the experimental findings, confirming that calcium doping can reduce the energy of the rate limiting water dissociation reaction exploiting both electronic and steric (size) effects.
Memristor Devices: Fabrication, Characterization, Simulation, and Circuit Design (2011)

Significant interest has been placed on developing systems based on memristors since the initial fabrication by HP Labs in 2008 [1].The memristor is a nanoscale device with dynamic resistance that is able to retain the last programmed resistance value after power is removed from the device.This property shows that the memristor can be used as a non-volatile memory component, and has potential to enhance many types of systems, such as high density memory, and neuromorphic computing architectures.This thesis presents the fabrication and characterization results obtained based memristor devices developed at the University of Dayton.In addition, a comparison between the existing memristor device models was completed to show how the memristor can be used in a multistate operation.Lastly, circuit designs were completed that demonstrate the writing and reading of information to and from memristor devices.These represent the initial steps required in developing electronic systems based on memristors.
A 40 nm 222 mW H.264 Full-HD Decoding, 25 Power Domains, 14-Core Application Processor With x512b Stacked DRAM (2010)

In this paper we introduce a 14-core application processor for multimedia mobile applications, implemented in 40 nm, with a 222 mW H.264 full high-definition (full-HD) video engine, a 124 mW 40 M-polygons/s 3D/2D graphics engine, and a video/audio multiprocessor for various Codecs and image processing. The application processor has 25 power domains to achieve coarse-grain power gating for adjusting to the required performance of wide range of multimedia applications. The simple on-chip power switch circuits perform less than 1 μs switching while reducing rush current. Furthermore, the Stacked Chip SoC (SCS) technology enables rewiring to the DRAM chip during assembly/packaging phase using a wire with 10 μm minimum pitch on Re-Distribution Layer (RDL) using electroplating. The peak memory bandwidth is 10.6 GB/s with an x512b SCS-DRAM interface, and the power consumption of this interface is 3.9 mW at 2.4 GB/s workload.
An analysis to quantify the overall survival (OS) benefit of sipuleucel-T accounting for the crossover in the control arm of the IMPACT study. (2012)

144 Background: Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cellular immunotherapy approved for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Our previous analyses on the effect of salvage crossover treatment with a product constructed from previously frozen cells (APC8015F) on OS in the control arms of mCRPC studies of sipuleucel-T suggested a positive treatment effect with salvage therapy (George DJ et al. JCO 2011;29:abstr 139). To quantify how treatment with APC8015F might have impacted the OS of the IMPACT study, we performed an exploratory analysis adjusting for the potential bias that salvage APC8015F might have had in estimating the OS advantage of sipuleucel-T. Methods: After objective disease progression, patients (pts) in the control arm were offered 3 infusions of APC8015F, an autologous immunotherapy made from cells cryopreserved at the time of control generation. A rank-preserving structural failure time (RPSFT) model, as previously described, was applied to adjust the sipuleucel-T treatment effect. Results: In the 512-pt IMPACT study, there was a 4.1-month median improvement in OS (25.8 vs 21.7 months) for sipuleucel-T compared to control (HR=0.78; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.98; p=0.032). 109/171 (64%) of control pts received APC8015F; other post-progression interventions were balanced. Median OS was 23.8 months for control pts receiving APC8015F and 11.6 months for control pts not receiving APC8015F. Using the RPSFT model, and assuming APC8015F was equally as effective as sipuleucel-T, the estimate of median OS for control was 18.0 months (HR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.95), representing a 7.8-month median improvement in OS in favor of sipuleucel-T. Results from extensions of the RPFST model, where APC8015F is assumed to have less treatment effect than sipuleucel-T, will be presented. Conclusions: Adjusting for a positive effect of APC8015F in the control arm resulted in a sipuleucel-T OS treatment benefit in the IMPACT study ranging from 4.1 to 7.8 months. These results support a greater treatment effect of sipuleucel-T than reported in the IMPACT study and should be factored into future studies without APC8015F crossover.
Safer car driving by robust steering control (1996)

The task of steering a car may be split into two subtasks: (1) Plan a path, starting at the present car position and velocity, and steer the car by preview such that it follows the planned path. (2) Stabilize the yaw motion in order to prevent swerving or skidding caused by disturbance torques around a vertical axis through the center of gravity. The first subtask is simple routine for the driver as long as the problems with the second subtask do not interfere. Safety critical situations primarily arise from the human reaction time followed by panic overreaction in the yaw stabilization task. During the reaction time large tire sideslip angles between the tire direction and the local velocity vector can build up and push the available tire lateral force into saturation. Control systems can react faster, more precisely and without panic to unexpected yaw motions. Nowadays reasonably priced yaw rate sensors for the use in automobiles are available. On the actuator side the addition of a small feedback-controlled steering angle to the main driver-controlled steering angle is required, it needs only ±2 degrees at the front wheels but a higher bandwidth than the driver. What is needed then is a simple and robust control algorithm to connect the yaw rate sensor with the additional steering actuator. “Robust” means that the feedback control system should not only perform well for nominal values of tire and road contact, vehicle velocity and mass, but for a wide range of such varying parameters.
Le Trésor de Saint Denis. By B. de Montesquiou Fezensac. 11 × 9. Pp. 333. Paris: Éditions A. et J. Picard, 1973. Fr. 150. (1975)

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Acute effects of bradykinin on cerebral microvascular permeability in the anaesthetized rat (2000)

1. The permeability response to acutely applied bradykinin and [des-Arg9]-bradykinin on single cerebral venular capillaries has been investigated using the low molecular mass fluorescent dyes Lucifer Yellow and Sulforhodamine B with the single vessel occlusion technique. 2. When bradykinin was applied repeatedly for up to 2 h, the permeability increase was small and reversible for concentrations that ranged from 5 nM to 50 microM. 3. The logEC50 of the permeability response to bradykinin was -5.3 +/- 0.15 (logM; mean +/- s.e.m.). This was reduced to -6.37 +/- 0.24 with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, to -6.33 +/- 0.19 with the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor phosphoramidon and to -7.3 +/- 0.20 with captopril and phosphoramidon combined. 4. The permeability response to bradykinin was blocked by the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140, by inhibition of the Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2, by the scavenging of free radicals, or by inhibition of both cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase in combination. Block of Ca2+ entry channels with SKF 96365 had no effect on the response. 5. Application of [des-Arg9]-bradykinin also increased permeability over the concentration range 5 nM to 50 microM, with a logEC50 of -5.6 +/- 0. 37. This response was not affected by free radical scavenging, but was completely blocked by the histamine H2 receptor blocker cimetidine. 6. These results imply that the acute permeability response to bradykinin is mediated via the release of arachidonic acid, which is acted on by cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase resulting in the formation of free radicals, and that the response to [des-Arg9]-bradykinin is mediated via histamine.
Database-adaptive Re-ranking for Enhancing Cross-modal Image Retrieval (2021)

We propose an approach that enhances arbitrary existing cross-modal image retrieval performance. Most of the cross-modal image retrieval methods mainly focus on direct computation of similarities between a text query and candidate images in an accurate way. However, their retrieval performance is affected by the ambiguity of text queries and the bias of target databases (DBs). Dealing with ambiguous text queries and DBs with bias will lead to accurate cross-modal image retrieval in real-world applications. A DB-adaptive re-ranking method using modality-driven spaces, which can extend arbitrary cross-modal image retrieval methods for enhancing their performance, is proposed in this paper. The proposed method includes two approaches: "DB-adaptive re-ranking'' and "modality-driven clue information extraction''. Our method estimates clue information that can effectively clarify the desired image from the whole set of a target DB and then receives user's feedback for the estimated information. Furthermore, our method extracts more detailed information of a query text and a target DB by focusing on modality-driven spaces, and it enables more accurate re-ranking. Our method allows users to reach their desired single image by just answering questions. Experimental results using MSCOCO, Visual Genome and newly introduced datasets including images with a particular object show that the proposed method can enhance the performance of state-of-the-art cross-modal image retrieval methods.
(Invited) Single-Molecule Electronics for DNA Sequencing (2020)

Nanoscale materials provide new opportunities to interface solid-state electronics with biomolecules and biochemical activity. For example, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have the special property of electronic resistance that is sensitive to single electrons. We have exploited this sensitivity to build nanoelectronic biosensors that monitor the biochemical activity of individual proteins [1]. As an attached protein moves, binds, or performs catalysis, its charged amino acid sidechains induce resistance fluctuations in the SWNT device that may be monitored with microsecond resolution [2]. Recently, we have used this measurement platform for single-molecule measurements of DNA polymerases [3]. Polymerases are the key enzymes for converting single-stranded DNA to double-stranded helices, the primary step in DNA replication, amplification, and most sequencing technologies. When a polymerase processing DNA is also attached to a SWNT device, the electrical signal provides a high-resolution readout of single-nucleotide incorporations and exciting possibilities for high-density, high-throughput electronic DNA sequencing. To investigate the feasibility of electronic DNA sequencing, we have compared single-molecule transduction by DNA polymerases from three different organisms. By working with multiple families of DNA polymerases, we have tested the applicability of the electronic technique while also generating detailed records of differences among the enzymes. For example, we observe an anomalous rate variability when measuring the polymerase from the bacillus phage φ29. Base incorporation rates average 20 s -1 for most the enzymes processing single-stranded DNA templates, but rates up to 200 and 400 s -1 occurred when φ29 encountered homopolymeric sequences of poly(dT) or poly(dC), respectively. When processing poly(dA) and poly(dG) sequences, on the other hand, φ29 had bursts of activity interrupted by pauses lasting 50 to 300 s. This sequence-dependent activity illustrates one way that single-molecule methods reveal information hidden in ensemble-based techniques. Another workhorse protein in DNA sequencing technologies is the DNA polymerase derived from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus aquaticus (Taq). Anomalous stability at high temperatures makes Taq a unique enzyme for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and commercial amplification of DNA. In a first for single-molecule biophysics, SWNT devices have recorded Taq activity over a wide temperature range from 22 to 94 °C, including the typical PCR operating temperature of 72 °C. Even operating at this high temperature, the technique resolved Taq testing incoming nucleotides for complementarity and incorporating correct matches in the base-by-base construction of Watson-Crick pairs. The detailed recordings reveal the similarities of Taq’s operation to other, room temperature polymerases. [1] Y. Choi, et . al ., Science 335 , 319 (2012). [2] M. V. Akhterov, et . al ., ACS Chem. Biol. 10 , 1495 (2015). [3] T. J. Olsen et . al ., JACS 135 , 7855 (2013); O. T. Gul et . al ., Biosensors 6 , 29 (2016)
Efficacy evaluation of prime–boost protocol (1998)

Immunization schemes employing ALVAC-based FIV vaccines in combination with inactivated FIV-infected cell vaccine generate protective immune responses that can cross-react with FIV isolates that are genetically distinct from the vaccine strains.
QUEST--Query Environment for Science Teaching (2012)

QUery Environment for Science Teaching (QUEST) is a proposed digital library implementation consisting of a set of research projects dealing with data capture and organization, content analysis, information seeking and visual interfaces.The QUEST team includes a large number of renown technical collaborators and prominent source collaborators, as well as a significant number of contributors in the University of Maryland, the central, co-ordinating agency. A large collection of multidisciplinary materials in visual and textual formats, made accessible to us by our source collaborators, will be organized to allow integrated access by users from the science education community, that is elementary school through college level teachers. QUEST will be structured so as to provide seamless access to widespread resources on disparate subjects. We intend to provide first-rate subject analysis and representation in order to provide ready access. QUEST will be accessible nationally by means of Mosaic. We propose to provide highly sophisticated querying, browsing and information investigation facilities which will handle integrated textual and visual materials without difficulty. They will be augmented by online reference and referral services, immediately accessible by the user. QUEST will provide a comprehensive information resource for science education accessible through a dynamic, visual user interface.