gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstruction (2018)

The obstructed kidney is characterized by accumulation of collagen-rich scar tissue, the most common feature of fibrotic organs. Most of the microscopic changes are confined to the tubules with little effect on the glomeruli. Fibrosis is a rapid occurrence in the experimentally obstructed kidney, with studies demonstrating the accumulation of collagens and other extracellular matrix components in the interstitium. Despite the relative sparing of the glomerulus from fibrosis, there is a clear decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the obstructed kidney. This is consistent with the finding in a variety of chronic renal diseases that the presence of interstitial fibrosis is a major determinant of GFR; this may result from the presence of atubular glomeruli, which are unable to filter properly. In addition, the accumulation of extracellular matrix can isolate tubules from their oxygen supply and may also result in obliteration of peritubular capillaries. All of this is accompanied by physiologic changes in the intrarenal hormonal environment and consequently in the glomerular filtration and tubular functions of the kidney. Fibrosis is a complex process, and the mechanisms which initiate and sustain it are both the subject of much investigation and controversy. Epithelial injury can result in tissue fibrosis through a number of mechanisms, all of which have been found in the obstructed kidney. Epithelial cell apoptosis is a hallmark of the obstructed kidney; in many experimental studies demonstrating effectiveness of various antifibrotic strategies, tubular apoptosis was decreased along with decreases in fibrosis. However, whether this is causative or merely a response to the treatments remains to be determined. Dysregulation of metabolic pathways, including excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, have been found in obstruction. The mitochondrial targeted peptide SS-31 decreased fibrosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the obstructed kidney. Transforming growth actor-β (TGF-β) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process have also been implicated. Many studies have shown that inhibiting either TGF-β's action or EMT reduced fibrosis in obstruction, although recent studies have cast some doubt on the importance of EMT. Finally, infiltration of macrophages and increased cytokine expression have also been implicated in the fibrosis of obstruction. As more is understood about these processes, the prospect of developing targeted therapies to attenuate fibrosis in unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) becomes more feasible. This chapter will discuss the traditional physiologic changes in UUO as well as an updated focus of information on interstitial fibrosis and its effects on renal function in UUO.
An optimization framework for control of non-square smart lighting systems with saturation constraints (2015)

Smart lighting systems are illumination systems that use feedback measurements from a network of color sensors to drive a set of spectrally tunable light sources to achieve a desired light field in an illuminated space. This paper proposes a general feedback control design framework for non-square smart lighting systems with saturation bounds, i.e., systems with a larger number of source channels (with limited maximum light output) than sensor channels. Since the number of inputs is larger than the number of measurements, a one-to-one setpoint based feedback control design is not possible because of the inherent redundancies. The feedback control design for such lighting systems is therefore posed as a constrained optimization problem with a cost function penalizing quality of light output and power consumed; and solved through a closed loop feedback approach. Two solutions to this problem are proposed: one based on Newton-Raphson method with projection and the second based on the interior point algorithm. We demonstrate the stability of the feedback loop for the projected Newton-Raphson method. The two proposed smart lighting algorithms are experimentally validated by implementation in a full-scale in-use smart conference room and a comparison of their performance is presented.
An independent-connection model for traffic matrices (2006)

A common assumption made in traffic matrix (TM) modeling and estimation is independence of a packet's network ingress and egress. We argue that in real IP networks, this assumption should not and does not hold. The fact that most traffic consists of two-way exchanges of packets means that traffic streams flowing in opposite directions at any point in the network are not independent. In this paper we propose a model for traffic matrices based on independence of connections rather than packets. We argue that the independent-connection (IC) model is more intuitive, and has a more direct connection to underlying network phenomena than the gravity model. To validate the IC model, we show that it fits real data better than the gravity model and that it works well as a prior in the TM estimation problem. We study the model's parameters empirically and identify useful stability properties. This justifies the use of the simpler versions of the model for TM applications. To illustrate the utility of the model we focus on two such applications: synthetic TM generation and TM estimation. To the best of our knowledge this is the first traffic matrix model that incorporates properties of bidirectional traffic.
Hypoxia-induced in vivo sickling of transgenic mouse red cells. (1991)

To develop an animal model for sickle cell anemia, we have created transgenic mice that express a severe naturally occurring human sickling hemoglobin, Hb S Antilles. Due to its low solubility and oxygen affinity, Hb S Antilles has a greater propensity to cause red cell sickling than Hb S. To make transgenic animals that express a high level of Hb S Antilles, the erythroid-specific DNAse I hypersensitive site II from the human beta-globin cluster was linked independently to the human alpha 2-globin gene and to the beta S Antilles gene. Embryos were injected with both constructs simultaneously and seven transgenic mice were obtained, three of which contained both the human alpha and the human beta S Antilles transgene. After crossing the human transgenes into the mouse beta-thalassemic background a transgenic mouse line was derived in which approximately half the beta-globin chains in the murine red cells were human beta S Antilles. Deoxygenation of the transgenic red cells in vitro resulted in extensive sickling. An increase of in vivo sickling was achieved by placing these transgenic mice in a low oxygen environment. This murine model for red cell sickling should help to advance our understanding of sickle cell disease and may provide a model to test therapeutic interventions.
Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay levels in dry-rolled corn finishing diets: Effects on finishing performance and feedlot nitrogen mass balance1 (2006)

One-hundred ninety-two crossbred steers (initial BW = 351 +/- 11 kg) were used to determine the effects of removing alfalfa hay (AH) from dry-rolled corn-based diets containing wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) on animal performance and nutrient (N and OM) mass balance in open feedlot pens. Steers were stratified by weight and assigned randomly to 24 pens (2 x 3 factorial) and fed for 132 d from June to October 2002. Experimental diets contained either 0 or 35% WCGF and 0, 3.75, or 7.5% AH, and were formulated to be isonitrogenous. For efficiency of gain, an interaction occurred (P = 0.09) between AH and WCGF. Feed efficiencies of cattle fed 35% WCGF were improved 4.4% (P = 0.10) compared with efficiencies of cattle fed no WCGF at 0% AH; there was a marked improvement in ADG for cattle fed WCGF compared with no WCGF in diets with 0% AH. Within 35% WCGF diets, efficiency decreased as AH inclusion increased (P = 0.06). Efficiency was equal across AH levels when 0% WCGF was fed; however, ADG was decreased when AH was removed. Interactions between AH and WCGF were not detected for other performance or carcass criteria; therefore, main effects of AH and WCGF are discussed. Daily intake, ADG, and HCW increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary AH level increased. Feeding 35% WCGF also resulted in greater DMI (P < 0.01) and a tendency for greater ADG and HCW (P < or = 0.10) compared with steers fed no WCGF. Interactions between AH and WCGF were not observed for feedlot N mass balance. As level of AH increased across diets, N intake, N retention, and N excretion increased (P < 0.05). Steers fed 35% WCGF consumed and excreted more N (P < 0.01) than those fed no WCGF. More manure DM (P = 0.11), OM, and N (P < 0.01) were removed from pens housing steers fed 35% WCGF as well as greater OM and N recovery in finished compost. More N (kilogram/steer) was also lost to volatilization as a result of greater N excretion when WCGF was fed. Expressed as a percentage of N excretion, loss of N from pens housing steers fed 0 and 35% WCGF was not different, averaging nearly 80%. These data suggest that AH has less value when dry-rolled corn-based diets contain 35% WCGF and can be decreased from conventional levels. Furthermore, loss of N from open feedlot pens is high during the summer months, and feeding WCGF may not reduce N losses during these times of year.
Dendritic cells in IBD pathogenesis: an area of therapeutic opportunity? (2013)

Dysfunction of the mucosal immune system plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Dendritic cells are emerging as central players based on both our increasing understanding of how genetic susceptibility impacts the mucosal immune system and the key role of dendritic cells in regulating response to gut microflora. We discuss areas of therapeutic opportunity in this evolving landscape.
Jamming mitigation by randomized bandwidth hopping (2015)

We present bandwidth hopping spread spectrum (BHSS), a novel technique to improve the jamming resistance of wireless communications. In BHSS, the bandwidth of a signal is hopped rapidly in a manner that is unpredictable to the jammer. We show in this work that by combining bandwidth hopping at the transmitter with adaptive filtering at the receiver, BHSS is able to improve the jamming resistance of the communication beyond the processing gain of conventional spread spectrum techniques such as DSSS and FHSS without an increase in RF spectrum requirements. We have designed and implemented a BHSS transmitter and receiver system on off-the-shelf software-defined radios. Our experimental results with different hopping patterns show that BHSS is able to boost the power advantage of spread spectrum communication by 8 to 20 dB for jammers of fixed bandwidth. When both transmitter and jammer hop randomly, the average power advantage we achieve with our system is 11.4 dB.
Full collision energy ramp‐MS 2 spectral features of natural esters: Salvianolic acid A as a case (2022)

The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1002/rcm.9344. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Original Contribution: Stearic acid delivery to corneum from a mild and moisturizing cleanser (2010)

The estimated total fatty acid delivered to skin from cleansing is comparable to the amount of fatty acid in a corneum layer. The delivered fatty acid is most likely incorporated in the corneum lipid phase.
Multiple view dual-energy X-ray imaging (2003)

This paper introduces a multiple view X-ray line-scan imaging technique for the screening of carry-on-luggage and hold cargo encountered in aviation security. The three-dimensional information inherent in the resultant perspective images can be visualised as a smooth object rotation on a video display monitor. It has also been demonstrated that this rotational effect can be incorporated into a dynamic binocular stereoscopic display. In order to produce the closely matched perspective images required by this technique an integrated multiple view dual-energy X-ray camera is under development.
Handwritten word recognition using hidden Markov models (1993)

Research in text recognition has long been focused on the recognition of machine-printed characters. Because of large variation involved in human handwriting, the recognition problem is very difficult. The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) has been widely and successfully used in speech processing and recognition. The recognition of handwritten words has many similarities to that of speech. They both involve the processing of noisy language symbol strings with ambiguous boundaries and considerable variations in symbol appearance. In this dissertation, we have proposed various types of HMM's for use in the recognition of totally unconstrained handwritten words (i.e. the words might by discretely printed, cursive, or a combination of both).
In applying HMM's to pattern recognition problems, the first consideration is how to represent the evolutionary pattern as a sequence of observations such that the HMM is applicable. The solution is quite straightforward for speech because of its strong temporal constraints. For handwriting, especially in off-line recognition systems, it is not trivial. Thus, a good segmentation algorithm is needed to obtain the observation sequence for the HMM's. Exclusively for this purpose, we have developed, and detailed in this dissertation, a sub-character segmentation algorithm based on mathematical morphology.
Another important reason for the HMM's success in speech recognition is its effective representation of speech in terms of LPC features. Unfortunately, no satisfactory representation exists for handwriting signals, and finding such a representation is an open research problem. In the approaches proposed here, based on empirical evidence, we have carefully selected a feature set which includes moment features, geometrical and topological features, and local and global pixel distribution features.
Finally, an important issue for applying HMM's is to select a good unit of handwriting to be modeled by the HMM. As in speech, words are the natural units for handwriting. Another alternative is the character, which is somewhat like the phoneme of speech but with a more distinct meaning.
We have designed a number of systems for handwriting recognition using different HMM units and two different implementation strategies: the model discriminant HMM and the path discriminant HMM. The success of these systems is demonstrated by means of experiments using real-world data. Finally, the comparative advantages and disadvantages of different systems are discussed.
Hybrids of coumarin–indole: design, synthesis and biological evaluation in Triton WR-1339 and high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rat models (2016)

Lipid lowering activity of novel coumarin–indole hybrids has been demonstrated.
Mining web logs for prediction models in WWW caching and prefetching (2001)

Web caching and prefetching are well known strategies for improving the performance of Internet systems. When combined with web log mining, these strategies can decide to cache and prefetch web documents with higher accuracy. In this paper, we present an application of web log mining to obtain web-document access patterns and use these patterns to extend the well-known GDSF caching policies and prefetching policies. Using real web logs, we show that this application of data mining can achieve dramatic improvement to web-access performance.
Reversible oxidation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) alters its interactions with signaling and regulatory proteins (2015)

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is involved in a number of different cellular processes including metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival. It is a redox-sensitive dual-specificity protein phosphatase that acts as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. While direct evidence of redox regulation of PTEN downstream signaling has been reported, the effect of PTEN redox status on its protein-protein interactions is poorly understood. PTEN-GST in its reduced and a DTT-reversible H2O2-oxidized form was immobilized on a glutathione-sepharose support and incubated with cell lysate to capture interacting proteins. Captured proteins were analyzed by LC-MSMS and comparatively quantified using label-free methods. 97 Potential protein interactors were identified, including a significant number that are novel. The abundance of fourteen interactors was found to vary significantly with the redox status of PTEN. Altered binding to PTEN was confirmed by affinity pull-down and Western blotting for Prdx1, Trx, and Anxa2, while DDB1 was validated as a novel interactor with unaltered binding. These results suggest that the redox status of PTEN causes a functional variation in the PTEN interactome. The resin capture method developed had distinct advantages in that the redox status of PTEN could be directly controlled and measured.
PCR Amplification and Species Determination of Microsporidia in Formalin-Fixed Feces after Immunomagnetic Separation (1998)

The term microsporidia is used to describe several species of opportunistic protozoan parasites. Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi have been found in stools of more than 40% of AIDS patients with diarrhea. Diagnosis of infection with these small protozoans has been difficult, and until recently their occurrence has not been well documented. Formalin is widely used to preserve clinical specimens, but due to the nature of the fixation process, subsequent analysis, especially analysis by the PCR, is difficult. This study evaluated methods used to prepare formalin-fixed fecal specimens for PCR amplification of microsporidial DNA. Two methods were devised to allow PCR detection and subsequent identification of microsporidia in formalin-fixed fecal specimens to the species level. One method involved immunomagnetic separation to concentrate microsporidial spores from fecal specimens. In the second method Chelex resin (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.) was used to remove inhibitory substances, followed by a DNA concentration step. Both methods resulted in reproducible, confirmed detection of microsporidia in formalinized fecal specimens and subsequent species determination by PCR sequencing. The detection sensitivity was two in vitro culture-derived spores (Encephalitozoon intestinalis) for the direct PCR. The reproducible detection sensitivity for DNA amplification from formalin-fixed fecal samples was 200 spores for either the Chelex method or the immunomagnetic bead separation method. Thus, we developed two methods for rapid, inexpensive detection of microsporidial spores in formalin-fixed fecal specimens.
Development, advantages, and methods of the continuous circular capsulorhexis technique (1990)

The development of the continuous circular capsulorhexis (CCC) technique has contributed significantly to the safety and effectiveness of cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. This technique facilitates every size of smooth, circular, capsular opening, and it produces a strong capsular rim that resists tearing even when stretched during lens material removal or lens implantation. Maintaining the general integrity of the eye and facilitating such procedures as hydrodissection, endolenticular phacoemulsification, capsule polishing, and safe lens implantation in both adults and children are some of the advantages of CCC. This procedure can be performed in several ways, and it has been proven to be consistently reproducible by experienced surgeons.
Optimization of Tablet Friability, Maximum Attainable Crushing Strength, Weight Variation and In Vitro Dissolution by Establishing In-Process Variable Controls (1988)

The level of intragranular microcrystalline cellulose, volume of granulating water, granulation moisture content and tablet crushing strength were used as in-process variables for optimizing tablet friability, maximum attainable crushing strength, weight variation and in vitro dissolution. A computer optimized experimental design (COED) allowed optimal characterization of the variables by designing 22 experiments. The results were analyzed by means of a general quadratic response surface model. Response surfaces were generated for tablet friability, maximum attainable crushing strength, weight variation and in vitro dissolution as a function of the in-process variables. The study provided a useful method in setting optimum ranges for the in-process variables in order to optimize the important tablet parameters.
Downregulation of Calpastatin in Rat Heart after Brief Ischemia and Reperfusion (1997)

The activities of calpain and its endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin, were measured in the soluble fraction of perfused rat heart after ischemia for 5-20 min and reperfusion for up to 30 min. The method for m-calpain measurement was modified: washing of the DEAE-cellulose column with 0.18 M NaCl instead of 0.15 M NaCl increased the m-calpain activity 12.5-fold. Ischemia for 20 min followed by reperfusion for 30 min did not affect the m-calpain activity but decreased the calpastatin activity. m-Calpain was enriched in the nucleus-myofibril fraction but was not further translocated on ischemia-reperfusion. Mu-calpain was below the limit of detection on immunoblotting or casein zymography, but its mRNA was substantially expressed, as detected on Northern blotting. Casein zymography also revealed a novel Ca2+-dependent protease without the typical characteristics of mu- or m-calpain. The immunoblotting of myocardial fractions showed that calpastatin was proteolyzed on ischemia-reperfusion. The calpastatin proteolysis was suppressed by a calpain inhibitor, Ac-Leu-Leu-norleucinal. Calpastatin may sequester calpain from its substrates in the normal myocardium, but may be proteolyzed by calpain in the presence of an unidentified activator in the early phase of calpain activation during ischemia-reperfusion, resulting in the proteolysis of calpastatin and then other calpain substrates.
Effect of electric fields on excitons in a coupled double-quantum-well structure (1987)

We present a detailed experimental study of the influence of electric fields on exciton states in a $\mathrm{GaAs}/{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ double-quantum-well structure. Both intrawell and interwell exciton transitions were observed. The coupling of electronic levels in the two quantum wells leads to an enhancement of the quantum-confined Stark effect (as much as 5 times that of the single-quantum-well case). From the measured exciton transitions, splittings of the quantum confined levels in a coupled double-quantum-well structure were derived without recourse to a theoretical model.