gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Training Deep Spiking Neural Networks Using Backpropagation (2016)

Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) hold the potential for improving the latency and energy efficiency of deep neural networks through data-driven event-based computation. However, training such networks is difficult due to the non-differentiable nature of spike events. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique, which treats the membrane potentials of spiking neurons as differentiable signals, where discontinuities at spike times are considered as noise. This enables an error backpropagation mechanism for deep SNNs that follows the same principles as in conventional deep networks, but works directly on spike signals and membrane potentials. Compared with previous methods relying on indirect training and conversion, our technique has the potential to capture the statistics of spikes more precisely. We evaluate the proposed framework on artificially generated events from the original MNIST handwritten digit benchmark, and also on the N-MNIST benchmark recorded with an event-based dynamic vision sensor, in which the proposed method reduces the error rate by a factor of more than three compared to the best previous SNN, and also achieves a higher accuracy than a conventional convolutional neural network (CNN) trained and tested on the same data. We demonstrate in the context of the MNIST task that thanks to their event-driven operation, deep SNNs (both fully connected and convolutional) trained with our method achieve accuracy equivalent with conventional neural networks. In the N-MNIST example, equivalent accuracy is achieved with about five times fewer computational operations.
The multi-courses tutoring system design (2004)

This paper describes architecture, design, and implementation of Multitutor a Web-based environment for the development the e-learning courses and for the use of them by the students. Multitutor is designed as a Web-classroom client-server system, ontologically founded, and is built using modern intelligent and Web-related technologies. Experience with Multitutor so far shows that both teachers and learners have positive feelings about using them as a support tool for creating and learning different courses. In order to illustrate the design of the system, this paper presents some details of Multitutor architecture.
Expression of the W6/32 HLA epitope by cells of rat, mouse, human and other species: critical dependence on the interaction of specific MHC heavy chains with human or bovine β2‐microglobulin (1987)

The HLA class I epitope W6/32 is conformationally dependent on both heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M). Previously, the W6/32 epitope has been detected in humans and other primates as well as from bovine sources. Two controversial reports suggest the W6/32 epitope is constitutively expressed by either normal or transformed murine cells expressing the Db allele. Here we show that the appearance of the W6/32 epitope in murine cells results from the association of either the Db or Kd gene products with either bovine or human beta 2M. We use congenic mouse strains and hybrid H-2 class I genes between Db and Kb to map the W6/32 epitope to particular amino acid residues in the alpha 2 domain. Subsequently, we show that beta 2M exchange is not confined to murine or human cells in vitro but can be detected after beta 2M injection into a mouse. The data presented suggests that beta 2M exchange takes place at the cell surface under physiological conditions and indicates that MHC class I heavy chains are in an equilibrium between the bound and unbound form of beta 2M.
Major Quantitative Trait Loci Affect Resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) (2008)

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a viral disease currently presenting a major problem in the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar). IPN can cause significant mortality to salmon fry within freshwater hatcheries and to smolts following transfer to seawater, although challenged populations show clear genetic variation in resistance. To determine whether this genetic variation includes loci of major effect, a genomewide quantitative trait loci (QTL) scan was performed within 10 full-sib families that had received a natural seawater IPN challenge. To utilize the large difference between Atlantic salmon male and female recombination rates, a two-stage mapping strategy was employed. Initially, a sire-based QTL analysis was used to detect linkage groups with significant effects on IPN resistance, using two to three microsatellite markers per linkage group. A dam-based analysis with additional markers was then used to confirm and position any detected QTL. Two genomewide significant QTL and one suggestive QTL were detected in the genome scan. The most significant QTL was mapped to linkage group 21 and was significant at the genomewide level in both the sire and the dam-based analyses. The identified QTL can be applied in marker-assisted selection programs to improve the resistance of salmon to IPN and reduce disease-related mortality.
New Insights on OX40 in the Control of T Cell Immunity and Immune Tolerance In Vivo (2011)

OX40 is a T cell costimulatory molecule that belongs to the TNFR superfamily. In the absence of immune activation, OX40 is selectively expressed by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), but not by resting conventional T cells. The exact role of OX40 in Treg homeostasis and function remains incompletely defined. In this study, we demonstrate that OX40 engagement in vivo in naive mice induces initial expansion of Foxp3(+) Tregs, but the expanded Tregs have poor suppressive function and exhibit features of exhaustion. We also show that OX40 enables the activation of the Akt and Stat5 pathways in Tregs, resulting in transient proliferation of Tregs and reduced levels of Foxp3 expression. This creates a state of relative IL-2 deficiency in naive mice that further impacts Tregs. This exhausted Treg phenotype can be prevented by exogenous IL-2, as both OX40 and IL-2 agonists drive further expansion of Tregs in vivo. Importantly, Tregs expanded by both OX40 and IL-2 agonists are potent suppressor cells, and in a heart transplant model, they promote long-term allograft survival. Our data reveal a novel role for OX40 in promoting immune tolerance and may have important clinical implications.
Particle Size and Chemical Effects on Contact Filtration Performance (1993)

This work involves a laboratory‐scale investigation of the effects of suspended particle size and coagulant type on the performance of contact or inline direct filtration (no flocculation). Dilute monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions of polystyrene particles (0.27‐, 1.24‐, 1.32‐, and 10‐μm diameters) were applied to shallow beds of 0.4‐mm glass‐bead filter media after destabilization with either cationic polymer or calcium chloride. The particle removal and head‐loss results show dramatic effects of particle size on filtration performance. Submicron particles significantly improve the removal of larger particles in mixed size suspensions and also dominate head‐loss development. Head‐loss development is typically linear with time and for mixed suspensions is the same as, or somewhat lower than, head loss for monodisperse suspensions of the smaller‐sized particle. Polymer destabilization generally causes more head loss than calcium chloride destabilization for a similar extent of particle deposition.
An Ultra-Low Power Energy Harvesting and Imaging (EHI) Type CMOS APS Imager With Self-Power Capability (2015)

A novel ultra-low power energy harvesting and imaging (EHI) type CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) imager with self-power capability is presented. The proposed EHI type CMOS APS pixel harvests one order of magnitude higher power than that of the other pixel technologies reported in the literature. It produces 46 μW of power under 57 klux illumination. The EHI imager presented has decoupled imaging and harvesting operations such that imaging related circuits are turned off while energy is harvested, and vice versa. The imager can operate on 1 V supply voltage consuming as low as 800 nW while capturing 1 frame per second (fps). Measured minimum full-chip imager FoM is 148 pJ/frame*pixel while capturing 21.2 fps. The imager contains a 64 × 45 array of 18 μm×18 μm EHI pixels. It is manufactured in a standard 2P4M/3.3 V 0.35 μm CMOS process. Ultra-low power operation is achieved by developing new imaging electronics including current reference generator, readout circuits, and SAR type, 8-bit, analog-to digital converter (ADC). A new polarity inverting charge pump circuit was developed for managing the energy harvested by the new energy harvesting pixels on the focal plane.
A study on the usability of opinion-unaware no-reference natural image quality metrics in the context of medical images (2016)

In this paper, we firstly study the possible usability of two state-of-the-art no-reference image quality assessment (IQA) metrics (NIQE and BIQES) originally designed for natural image, in the context of medical ones. We also proposed a modified NIQE, called NIQE-K, inspired by some BIQES features and more adapted to medical images. This study, based on evaluating concurrently the three methods, first encompasses tests conducted on natural IQA database (LIVE-Release2 and CSIQ). The second experiment is conducted on an ultrasound image with noise distortions. The last experiment includes tests on Magnetic Resonance images with compression distortions analyzed with quality scores evaluated by radiologists.
Ottimizzazione composizionale e microstrutturale di elettroliti sottili di BZCY18 per celle a combustibile a conduzione protonica (PCFC) = Compositional and microstructural optimization of thin BZCY18 electrolytes for proton-conducting fuel cells (PCFCs) (2017)

Studio delle proprieta di elettroliti sottili per celle a combustibile a conduzione protonica PCFC
Skeletonized versus pedicled internal thoracic artery and risk of sternal wound infection after coronary bypass surgery: meta-analysis and meta-regression of 4817 patients (2013)

It is suggested that the internal thoracic artery (ITA) harvesting technique influences the incidence of sternal wound infection (SWI) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). To determine if there is any real difference between skeletonized vs pedicled ITA, we performed a meta-analysis to determine if there is any real difference between these two established techniques in terms of SWI. We performed a systematic review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL/CCTR, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar and reference lists of relevant articles to search for studies that compared the incidence of SWI after CABG between skeletonized vs pedicled ITA until June 2012. The principal summary measures were odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and P values (statistically significant when <0.05). The ORs were combined across studies using the weighted DerSimonian-Laird random effects model and weighted Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects. Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were completed using the software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 (Biostat, Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). Twenty-two studies involving 4817 patients (2424 skeletonized; 2393 pedicled) met the eligibility criteria. There was no evidence for important heterogeneity of effects among the studies. The overall OR (95% CI) of SWI showed a statistically significant difference in favour of skeletonized ITA (fixed effect model: OR 0.443, 95% CI 0.323-0.608, P < 0.001; random effect model: OR 0.443, 95% CI 0.323-0.608, P < 0.001). In the sensitivity analysis, the difference in favour of skeletonized ITA was also observed in subgroups such as diabetic, bilateral ITA and diabetic with bilateral ITA; we also observed that there was a difference in the type of study, since non-randomized studies together demonstrated the benefit of skeletonized ITA in comparison with pedicled ITA, but the randomized studies together did not show this difference (although close to statistical significance and with the tendency to favour the skeletonized group). In meta-regression, we observed a statistically significant coefficient for SWI and proportion of diabetic patients (coefficient -0.02, 95% CI -0.03 to -0.01, P = 0.016). In conclusion, skeletonized ITA appears to reduce the incidence of postoperative SWI in comparison with pedicled ITA after CABG, with this effect being modulated by the presence of diabetes.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Annelation Method to Pyridine and Isoquinoline by Photochemical Means. (1987)

Abstract The chloroisoquinolinone (I) reacts with the ω‐alkenyl bromides (II) to yield a mixture of the N‐ and O‐substituted compounds (III) and (IV).
Segmentation of Medical Images Using Fuzzy Technique (2000)

Fuzzy logic has proved to yield promising results in image processing when little information about the image is available. On the other hand, fully automated segmentation is still unsolved and existing semi-automated segmentation techniques demand significant user input. Thus, an edge-based segmentation approach using fuzzy logic is hereafter presented, which does not require much user input. In comparison with other fuzzy techniques and with well-known conventional techniques, the fuzzy method has shown good results in the segmentation of Computed Tomography images of kidneys. Furthermore, a postprocessing contour-sorting technique using fuzzy rules is introduced, which avoids manual enhancement after segmentation of approximately round objects.
A Review of the effectiveness of seat belt systems: design and safety considerations (2001)

Abstract Following a description of seat belt components, this paper presents a review, analysis, and discussion of the effectiveness and limitations of seat belt systems. Causes of malfunction are identified. The paper also discusses expected findings in post-accident inspections of seat belt systems. Finally, a brief discussion of current and future design improvements is given.
IER5, a DNA damage response gene, is required for Notch-mediated induction of squamous cell differentiation (2020)

Notch signaling regulates squamous cell proliferation and differentiation and is frequently disrupted in squamous cell carcinomas, in which Notch is tumor suppressive. Here, we show that conditional activation of Notch in squamous cells activates a context-specific gene expression program through lineage-specific regulatory elements. Among direct Notch target genes are multiple DNA damage response genes, including <i>IER5</i>, which we show is required for Notch-induced differentiation of squamous carcinoma cells and TERT-immortalized keratinocytes. <i>IER5</i> is epistatic to <i>PPP2R2A</i>, a gene that encodes the PP2A B55α subunit, which we show interacts with IER5 in cells and in purified systems. Thus, Notch and DNA-damage response pathways converge in squamous cells on common genes that promote differentiation, which may serve to eliminate damaged cells from the proliferative pool. We further propose that crosstalk involving Notch and PP2A enables tuning and integration of Notch signaling with other pathways that regulate squamous differentiation.
ongestion in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes: n Essential Target of Evaluation and Treatment (2006)

atients with acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) typically present with signs and symptoms of systemic and ulmonary congestion at admission. However, elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures (hemodynamic ongestion) may be present days or weeks before systemic and pulmonary congestion develop, resulting in ospital admission. This “hemodynamic congestion,” with or without clinical congestion, may have deleterious ffects including subendocardial ischemia, alterations in LV geometry resulting in secondary mitral insuffiiency, and impaired cardiac venous drainage from coronary veins resulting in diastolic dysfunction. It is ossible that these hemodynamic abnormalities in addition to neurohormonal activation may contribute to LV emodeling and heart failure progression. Approximately 50% of patients admitted for AHFS are discharged ith persistent symptoms and/or minimal or no weight loss in spite of the fact that the main reason for admission as clinical congestion. Accordingly, the assessment and management of pulmonary and systemic congestion n these patients require reevaluation. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
MBTI 성격분석을 통한 체육전공학생과 일반전공학생의 차이점 연구비교 (2002)

본 연구는 체육전공학생과 일반전공학생의 성격 유형적인 차이점과 묵성을 비교하여 어떤 관계가 형성되는 지를 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 2001년 현재 경기도에 소재하고 있는 K대학교에 재학중인 대학생을 모집단으로 설정한 후, 집락무선표집법(cluster ramdom sampling)으로 표본을 추출하여 (MBTI)성격유형 검사도구를 사용하여 분석하였으며, 남자 299명(69%), 여자 100명(31%), 총 300명이었다.
이러한 실험과 실험에 따른 분석절차를 통해서 규명된 결론은 아래와 같다.
첫째 체육전공학생과 일반전공학생과의 성격유형의 차이를 경종한 결과 체육전공학생과 일반전공학생과는 성격유형의 차이가 있었다. 구체적으로 체육전공은 ESTJ(외향적 감각형)형이 높고, 일반 전공학생들은 ISTJ(내향성 감각형)형이 높게 나타났다.
둘째 체육전공학생과 일반전공학생과의 선호지표의 차이를 검증한 결과 E-I(외향형, 내향형) 성향은 차이가 있었다. 구체적으로 체육전공학생은 E(외향형)성향이 높고, 일반전공학생들은 I(내향형)성향이 높게 나타났다.
셋째 체육전공학생과 일반전공학생과의 선호지표의 차이를 검증한 결과 S-N(감각형, 직관형) 성향은 차이가 있었다. 구체적으로 체육전공학생은 S(감각형)성향이 높고, 일반전공학생은 N(직관형)성향이 높게 나타났다.
넷째, 체육전공학생과 일반전공학생과의 선호지표의 차이를 점증한 결과 T-F(사고형, 감정형) 성향은 차이가 있었다. 구체적으로 체육전공학생은 T(사고형)성향이 높고, 일만 전공학생은 F(감정형)성향이 높은 것으로 나타났다.
The Effect of Infrastructure Access and Quality on Non-Farm Enterprises in Rural Indonesia (2008)

There is growing interest in the rural non-farm sector in developing countries as a contributor to economic growth, employment generation, livelihood diversification and poverty reduction. Access to infrastructure is identified in some studies as a factor that affects nonfarm rural employment and income but less attention has been paid to the constraints imposed by poor quality infrastructure. In this paper we use data from 4000 households in rural Indonesia to show that the quality of two key types of infrastructure – roads and electricity – affects both employment in and income from non-farm enterprises. It appears that there would be gains from development strategies that improve both the access to and the quality of rural infrastructure.
Variations in mitochondrial membrane potential correlate with malic acid production by natural isolates ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaesake strains (2014)

Research on the relationship between mitochondrial membrane potential and fermentation profile is being intensely pursued because of the potential for developing advanced fermentation technologies. In the present study, we isolated naturally occurring strains of yeast from sake mash that produce high levels of malic acid and demonstrate that variations in mitochondrial membrane potential correlate with malic acid production. To define the underlying biochemical mechanism, we determined the activities of enzymes required for malic acid synthesis and found that pyruvate carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase activities in strains that produce high levels of malic acid were elevated compared with the standard sake strain K901. These results inspired us to hypothesize that decreased mitochondrial membrane potential was responsible for increased malic acid synthesis, and we present data supporting this hypothesis. Thus, the mitochondrial membrane potential of high malic acid producers was lower compared with standard strains. We conclude that mitochondrial membrane potential correlates with malic acid production.
Motor and Cognitive Modulation of a Single Session of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Post Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study (2023)

<i>Objective</i>: The aim of the present study is to explore whether a single session of transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) can enhance the ipsilesional, and contralesional upper limb motor functions as well as cognitive functions in stroke patients. The effects of the stimulation were evaluated through two different tasks: the box and blocks test (BB), indexing manual dexterity, and the Go/No-go task, a visuomotor paradigm used to assess both motor readiness and response inhibition. Tests were administered without tVNS, during tVNS and during sham tVNS. <i>Results</i>: The BB showed a statistical difference for both contralesional side (p = 0.05) between Basal-Real condition (p = 0.042) and ipsilesional side (p = 0.001) between Basal-Real (p = 0.008) and for Real-Sham (p = 0.005). Any statistical difference was found for the mean latencies in the three conditions of the Go/No-go test. <i>Conclusion</i>: A single session of tVNS seems to improve upper limb motor functions but not cognitive functions in post-stroke patients, despite a positive trend was detected.
The Cdkn2a gene product p19 alternative reading frame (p19ARF) is a critical regulator of IFNβ-mediated Lyme arthritis (2022)

Type I interferon (IFN) has been identified in patients with Lyme disease, and its abundant expression in joint tissues of C3H mice precedes development of Lyme arthritis. Forward genetics using C3H mice with severe Lyme arthritis and C57BL/6 (B6) mice with mild Lyme arthritis identified the Borrelia burgdorferi arthritis-associated locus 1 (Bbaa1) on chromosome 4 (Chr4) as a regulator of B. burgdorferi-induced IFNβ expression and Lyme arthritis severity. B6 mice introgressed with the C3H allele for Bbaa1 (B6.C3-Bbaa1 mice) displayed increased severity of arthritis, which is initiated by myeloid lineage cells in joints. Using advanced congenic lines, the physical size of the Bbaa1 interval has been reduced to 2 Mbp, allowing for identification of potential genetic regulators. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing identified Cdkn2a as the gene responsible for Bbaa1 allele-regulated induction of IFNβ and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The Cdkn2a-encoded p19 alternative reading frame (p19ARF) protein regulates IFNβ induction in BMDMs as shown by siRNA silencing and overexpression of ARF. In vivo studies demonstrated that p19ARF contributes to joint-specific induction of IFNβ and arthritis severity in B. burgdorferi-infected mice. p19ARF regulates B. burgdorferi-induced IFNβ in BMDMs by stabilizing the tumor suppressor p53 and sequestering the transcriptional repressor BCL6. Our findings link p19ARF regulation of p53 and BCL6 to the severity of IFNβ-induced Lyme arthritis in vivo and indicate potential novel roles for p19ARF, p53, and BCL6 in Lyme disease and other IFN hyperproduction syndromes.
Addition-Elimination Reaction in the Trifluoroacetylation of Electron-Rich Olefins (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAddition-Elimination Reaction in the Trifluoroacetylation of Electron-Rich OlefinsTakeshi Moriguchi, Takeshi Endo, and Toshikazu TakataCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 11, 3523–3528Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00116a045https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00116a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views600Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts