gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2‐Benzo[b]thienyl and 2‐Bithienyl Amidino‐Substituted Benzothiazole and Benzimidazole Derivatives (2023)

Novel benzo[b]thienyl- and 2,2'-bithienyl-derived benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles were synthesized to study their antiproliferative and antitrypanosomal activities in vitro. Specifically, we assessed the impact that amidine group substitutions and the type of thiophene backbone have on biological activity. In general, the benzothiazole derivatives were more active than their benzimidazole analogs as both antiproliferative and antitrypanosomal agents. The 2,2'-bithienyl-substituted benzothiazoles with unsubstituted and 2-imidazolinyl amidine showed the most potent antitrypanosomal activity, and the greatest selectivity was observed for the benzimidazole derivatives bearing isopropyl, unsubstituted and 2-imidazolinyl amidine. The 2,2'-bithiophene derivatives showed most selective antiproliferative activity. Whereas the all 2,2'-bithienyl-substituted benzothiazoles were selectively active against lung carcinoma, the benzimidazoles were selective against cervical carcinoma cells. The compounds with an unsubstituted amidine group also produced strong antiproliferative effects. The more pronounced antiproliferative activity of the benzothiazole derivatives was attributed to different cytotoxicity mechanisms. Cell cycle analysis, and DNA binding experiments provide evidence that the benzimidazoles target DNA, whereas the benzothiazoles have a different cellular target because they are localized in the cytoplasm and do not interact with DNA.
Power-efficient directional wireless communication on small form-factor mobile devices (2010)

Wireless access is known to be power-hungry for mobile devices. A key reason is that devices radiate power in all directions and much of this power will not reach the destination. To address this waste, we present BeamSwitch, a multi-antenna system designed to realize directional communication efficiently. Unlike power-hungry and expensive beamforming, BeamSwitch requires only one transceiver. We provide an 802.11-compliant design and prototype of BeamSwitch. Our measurements show that with three passive directional antennas, BeamSwitch reduces the power consumption of a commercial 802.11 adapter by up to 20% and provide better quality under diverse propagation environments and extreme rotation.
Caries detection: current status and future prospects using lasers (2000)

Caries detection currently occupies a good deal of attention in the arena of dental research for a number of reasons. In searching for caries detection methods with greater accuracy than conventional technique researchers have used a variety of optical methods and have increasingly turned to the use of lasers. Several laser-based methods have been and are being assessed for both imaging and disease quantification techniques. The phenomenon of fluorescence of teeth and caries in laser light and the different effects produced by different wavelengths has been investigated by a number of workers in Europe. With an argon ion laser excitation, QLF (Quantified Laser Fluorescence) demonstrated a high correlation between loss of fluorescence intensity and enamel mineral loss in white spot lesions in free smooth surface lesions, both in vitro and in vivo. Recent work with a red laser diode source (655 nm), which appears to stimulate bacterial porphyrins to fluoresce, has demonstrated that a relatively simple device based on this phenomenon can provide sensitivity and specificity values of the order of 80% in vitro and in vivo for primary caries at occlusal sites. In vitro studies using a simulated in vivo methodology indicate that the device can produce sensitivity values of the order of 90% for primary caries at approximal sites.
Visual speech feature extraction for improved speech recognition (2002)

Mainstream automatic speech recognition has focused almost exclusively on the acoustic signal. The performance of these systems degrades considerably in the real world in the presence of noise. On the other hand, most human listeners, both hearing-impaired and normal hearing, make use of visual information to improve speech perception in acoustically hostile environments. Motivated by humans' ability to lipread, the visual component is considered to yield information that is not always present in the acoustic signal and enables improved accuracy over totally acoustic systems, especially in noisy environments. In this paper, we investigate the usefulness of visual information in speech recognition. We first present a method for automatically locating and extracting visual speech features from a talking person in color video sequences. We then develop a recognition engine to train and recognize sequences of visual parameters for the purpose of speech recognition. We particularly explore the impact of various combinations of visual features on the recognition accuracy. We conclude that the inner lip contour features together with the information about the visibility of the tongue and teeth significantly improve the performance over using outer contour only features in both speaker dependent and speaker independent recognition tasks.
An HOG-LBP human detector with partial occlusion handling (2009)

By combining Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and Local Binary Pattern (LBP) as the feature set, we propose a novel human detection approach capable of handling partial occlusion. Two kinds of detectors, i.e., global detector for whole scanning windows and part detectors for local regions, are learned from the training data using linear SVM. For each ambiguous scanning window, we construct an occlusion likelihood map by using the response of each block of the HOG feature to the global detector. The occlusion likelihood map is then segmented by Mean-shift approach. The segmented portion of the window with a majority of negative response is inferred as an occluded region. If partial occlusion is indicated with high likelihood in a certain scanning window, part detectors are applied on the unoccluded regions to achieve the final classification on the current scanning window. With the help of the augmented HOG-LBP feature and the global-part occlusion handling method, we achieve a detection rate of 91.3% with FPPW= 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−6</sup> , 94.7% with FPPW= 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−5</sup> , and 97.9% with FPPW= 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−4</sup> on the INRIA dataset, which, to our best knowledge, is the best human detection performance on the INRIA dataset. The global-part occlusion handling method is further validated using synthesized occlusion data constructed from the INRIA and Pascal dataset.
Downregulation of the CCR5 β-Chemokine Receptor and Inhibition of HIV-1 Infection by Stable VA1-Ribozyme Chimeric Transcripts (2000)

The CCR5 beta-chemokine receptor is the coreceptor for macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1 and appears to be the principal coreceptor during early stages of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Approximately 1%-2% of the Western European Caucasian population is homozygous for a 32-bp deletion in the coding region of the CCR5 gene, rendering them less susceptible to HIV infection. These individuals still harbor a normal immune response, thereby making CCR5 an attractive cellular target for anti-HIV therapies. Based on the natural population studies, reduction in CCR5 expression should not affect the physiologic function of the modified cells but should interfere with their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. To downregulate this receptor, we have designed a hammerhead ribozyme (RZ) that specifically targets the CCR5 mRNA and lacks complementarity to other members of the chemokine receptor gene family. For expression of this highly specific ribozyme, we have taken advantage of the stable transcripts afforded by transcription from the RNA polymerase III (pol III)-based adenoviral VA1 gene. Importantly, the VA1-chimeric ribozyme is stably expressed with a half-life of almost 6 hours. Using this expression system, we show up to 70% downregulation of the elevated levels of CCR5 receptor in the HOS-CD4.CCR5 cell line. The monocytic cell line PM1 was stably transduced with the chimeric VA1 ribozyme constructs. In these cells, substantial resistance to challenge with an M-tropic but not a T-tropic HIV viral strain was observed, demonstrating specificity in downregulating the CCR5 coreceptor. The VA1-CCR5 ribozyme chimeras described in this study should prove useful in both studies of CCR5 receptor function and therapeutic intervention of monocytotropic HIV-1 infection. The VA1 vector described in this study is well suited for the stable cytoplasmic expression of other ribozyme constructs as well.
Zusammenfassung (1989)

Ich hoffe, daß ich Sie durch dieses Buch mit dem Thema der Herz-Lungen-Wiederbelebung vertraut machen konnte und Ihnen die Angst vor einer Herz-Lungen-Wiederbelebung wie sie im Haushalt, auf der Straße, am Arbeitsplatz oder auf Sportplätzen vorkommen kann, soweit als möglich nehmen konnte.
Triboelectric Charge Control of Polymer Microspheres by Low Temperature Plasma Treatments. (1997)

A rotary kiln type reactor is developed to control the triboelectric charge of crosslinked polystyrene microspheres by low temperature plasma treatment. Four kinds of plasma gass (Ar, O2, CO2 and NH3) were used as plasma gases. From surface analysis and measurements of the triboelectric charge of plasma-treated microspheres, the following results are obtained.(1) Plasma treatment with various gases makes it possible to incorporate various functional group such as amino, carbonyl and peroxy groups on the surface of the microspheres.(2) Sign and triboelectric charge of the polymer microspheres are able to be charged by changing charge gas and treatment time, respectively.
Effects of Over-the-Counter Jaw-Repositioning Mouth Guards on Dynamic Balance, Flexibility, Agility, Strength, and Power in College-Aged Male Athletes (2014)

Improvements in muscular power and anaerobic performance have resulted from the use of jaw-repositioning mouth guards designed with advanced dental techniques. The high cost of such techniques has dissuaded the widespread use. Recently, more affordable, over-the-counter (OTC) jaw-repositioning mouth guards have become available. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of 2 OTC jaw-repositioning mouth guards on muscular power and strength performance in college-aged male athletes. It was hypothesized that similar to previous observations with advanced dentistry-designed mouth guards, OTC jaw-repositioning mouth guards would impart positive effects on muscular power but not have any effect on muscular strength. Secondary objectives of this study included the examination of the effects of 2 OTC jaw-repositioning mouth guards on other variables related to athletic performance. Male collegiate athletes (N = 20) participated in 4 separate testing sessions that consisted of assessment of muscular power, dynamic balance, flexibility, agility, and muscular strength. The 4 conditions, 1 per testing session, were assigned in a randomized order and consisted of a no-mouth guard control (CON), a placebo mouth guard, a self-adapted jaw-repositioning mouth guard (SA), and a custom-fitted jaw-repositioning mouth guard (CF). No significant differences were observed between conditions in muscular power (p = 0.78), dynamic balance (p = 0.99), agility (p = 0.22), or muscular strength (p = 0.47). The CF had significantly lower hip flexion than the CON (p = 0.014) and had significantly greater lumbar spine lateral flexion compared with the SA condition (p = 0.054). However, these flexibility differences lack practical relevance as the effect sizes remain very small (ES = -0.27 and -0.14, respectively). In conclusion, the jaw-repositioning technique used in the design of these OTC mouth guards did not affect performance. It is important to note that negative effects were not observed indicating that mouth guard use did not impede performance.
Control Parameters Auto-tuning for Bi-axial Servo Feed System (2014)

To improve contour accuracy of bi-axial servo feed system and aim at the problem that conventional methods for tuning control parameters mainly depend on manual tuning and can hardly achieve desired performances. A novel method based on the improved genetic algorithm is proposed to tune control parameters on line, and to realize the dynamics optimal matching between motion axes. The adaptive crossover operation, adaptive mutation operation and elitism strategy are adopted to overcome the prematurity of population and to improve convergence rate effectively. The experimental results show that follow error and contour error are both reduced greatly.
Sensitive absolute-gravity gradiometry using atom interferometry (2002)

We report the demonstration of a sensitive absolute-gravity gradiometer based on light-pulse atom-interference techniques. The gradiometer consists of two absolute accelerometers operated in a differential mode. We report a differential acceleration sensitivity of $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}g/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}$ and an inferred differential acceleration accuracy of less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}g.$ This corresponds to a gravity-gradient sensitivity of $4E/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}$ ${(1E=10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2})$ and an accuracy of better than $1E$ for a 10-m separation between accelerometers. We demonstrate that the instrument can be used to detect nearby masses in a vibrationally noisy environment and characterize instrument sensitivity to spurious acceleration and rotation noise.
An Efficient Synthesis of α-Iodo Derivatives of Sulfones, Sulfoximines, and Phosphine Oxides (1985)

1-Iodoalkyl sulfones are prepared by conversion of alkyl sulfones into 1-sulfonylalkyltriethylalanates by reaction with butyllithium and triethylalane and subsequent reaction with iodine. The same method can be applied to the conversion of methyldiarylphosphine oxides into iodomethyldiarylphosphine oxides and of S-methylsulfoximines into S-iodomethylsulfoximines.
Quantitative Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Polymers and Peptides (2011)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a very powerful and widely used mass spectrometric technique to ionize high molecular weight compounds. The most commonly used dried droplet (DD) technique can lead to a concentration distribution of the analyte on the target and is therefore often not suitable for reproducible analyses. We developed a new solvent-free deposition technique, called compressed sample (CS), to prevent the distribution of the analytes caused by the crystallization of the compounds. The CS technique presented in this work allows the quantitative analysis of synthetic polymers such as derivatized maltosides with correlation coefficients of 0.999 and peptides up to 3500 Da with correlation coefficients of at least 0.982 without the use of stable-isotope-labeled standards.
Alpha-divergences pour la segmentation d'images par contours actifs basés histogrammes : Application à l'analyse d'images médicales et biomédicales (2012)

Cet article presente une methode de segmentation par contours actifs bases histogramme integrant comme mesure de similarite la famille particuliere des alpha-divergences. L'interet principal de cette methode reside (i) dans la flexibilite des alpha-divergences dont la metrique intrinseque peut-etre parametrisee via la valeur de alpha et donc adaptee aux distributions statistiques des regions de l'image a segmenter ; et (ii) dans la capacite unificatrice de cette mesure statistique vis-a-vis des distances classiquement utilisees dans ce contexte (Kullback- Leibler, Hellinger...). Nous abordons l'etude de cette mesure statistique tout d'abord d'un point de vue supervise pour lequel le processus iteratif de segmentation se deduit de la minimisation de l'alpha -divergence entre la densite de probabilite courante et une reference definie manuellement. Puis nous nous focalisons sur le point de vue non supervise qui permet de se dedouaner de l'etape de definition des references par le biais d'une maximisation de distance entre les densites de probabilites interieure et exterieure au contour. Par ailleurs, nous proposons une demarche d'optimisation de l'evolution du parametre alpha conjointe au processus d'extremisation de la divergence, permettant d'adapter iterativement la divergence a la statistique des donnees considerees. Au niveau experimental, nous proposons une etude comparee des differentes approches de segmentations : en premier lieu, sur des images synthetiques bruitees et texturees, puis, sur des images naturelles. Enfin, nous focalisons notre etude sur differentes applications issues des domaines biomedicaux (microscopie confocale cellulaire) et medicaux (radiographie X) dans le contexte de l'aide au diagnotic. Dans chacun des cas, une discussion sur l'apport des alpha-divergences est proposee.
Seismic data denoising through multiscale and sparsity-promoting dictionary learning (2015)

ABSTRACT Seismic data comprise many traces that provide a spatiotemporal sampling of the reflected wavefield. However, such information may suffer from ambient and random noise during acquisition, which could possibly limit the use of seismic data in reservoir locating. Traditionally, fixed transforms are used to separate the noise from the data by exploiting their different characteristics in a transform domain. However, their performance may not be satisfactory due to their lack of adaptability to changing data structures. We have developed a novel seismic data denoising method based on a parametric dictionary learning scheme. Unlike previous dictionary learning methods that had to learn unconstrained atoms, our method exploits the underlying sparse structure of the learned atoms over a base dictionary and significantly reduces the dictionary elements that need to be learned. By combining the advantages of multiscale representations with the power of dictionary learning, more degrees of freedom could be provided to the sparse representation, and therefore the characteristics of seismic data could be efficiently captured in sparse coefficients for denoising. The dictionary learning and denoising were processed from all overlapping patches of the given noisy seismic data, which maintained low complexity. Numerical experiments on synthetic seismic data indicated that our scheme achieved the best denoising performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio and minimizes visual distortion.
D1 and Functionally Selective Dopamine Agonists as Neuroprotective Agents in Parkinsons Disease (2006)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in major motor disturbances due primarily to loss of midbrain dopamine neurons. The mainstream treatment has been dopaminergic replacement therapy aimed at symptomatic relief, with the gold standard drug being the dopamine precursor levodopa. The general dogma has been that levodopa works primarily by indirectly activating the D(2) family of dopamine receptors. Recently, a number of direct dopamine agonists that target the D(2) and D(3) dopamine receptors have been used as dopaminergic replacement strategies. Although these direct D(2) and D(3) drugs cause only modest improvement in motor function compared to levodopa, they can delay the initiation of levodopa and can act synergistically with levodopa. In addition, they can delay the onset of levodopa-related motor complications. Recent imaging data also suggest that they may have neuroprotective effects. Whereas D(2)/D(3) agonists have received much attention as several drugs are available for clinical trials and usage, there has been a large body of data showing that the D(1) receptor actually may play a larger role in restoration of normal motor function. This review examines the current use of dopamine D(2)/D(3) agonists in treatment of PD and their potential for providing neuroprotection. Furthermore, we also examine the potential that D(1) agonists might have in neuroprotective actions in the disease progression.
The Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily Member Growth-Differentiation Factor-15 Protects the Heart From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (2006)

Data from the Women's Health Study show that serum levels of growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a distant member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, are an independent risk indicator for adverse cardiovascular events. However, the cellular sources, upstream regulators, and functional effects of GDF-15 in the cardiovascular system have not been elucidated. We have identified GDF-15 by cDNA expression array analysis as a gene that is strongly upregulated by nitrosative stress in cultured cardiomyocytes isolated from 1- to 3-day-old rats. GDF-15 mRNA and pro-peptide expression levels were also induced in cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) via NO-peroxynitrite-dependent signaling pathways. GDF-15 was actively secreted into the culture supernatant, suggesting that it might exert autocrine/paracrine effects during I/R. To explore the in vivo relevance of these findings, mice were subjected to transient or permanent coronary artery ligation. Myocardial GDF-15 mRNA and pro-peptide abundance rapidly increased in the area-at-risk after ischemic injury. Similarly, patients with an acute myocardial infarction had enhanced myocardial GDF-15 pro-peptide expression levels. As shown by immunohistochemistry, cardiomyocytes in the ischemic area contributed significantly to the induction of GDF-15 in the infarcted human heart. To delineate the function of GDF-15 during I/R, Gdf-15 gene-targeted mice were subjected to transient coronary artery ligation for 1 hour followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Gdf-15-deficient mice developed greater infarct sizes and displayed more cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the infarct border zone after I/R compared with wild-type littermates, indicating that endogenous GDF-15 limits myocardial tissue damage in vivo. Moreover, treatment with recombinant GDF-15 protected cultured cardiomyocytes from apoptosis during simulated I/R as shown by histone ELISA, TUNEL/Hoechst staining, and annexin V/propidium iodide fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Mechanistically, the prosurvival effects of GDF-15 in cultured cardiomyocytes were abolished by phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase inhibitors and adenoviral expression of dominant-negative Akt1 (K179M mutation). In conclusion, our study identifies induction of GDF-15 in the heart as a novel defense mechanism that protects from I/R injury.
SiGe MMICs and flip-chip MICs for low-cost microwave systems (2002)

Recent Progress in SiGe device technology has improved cutoff frequencies of these devices to beyond 200 GHz. This work describes two approaches for implementing distributed structures with Si substrates: microstrip transmission lines using thick polyimide over a ground plane on the substrate (polyimide MMIC) and small Si devices or chips flip-chip mounted onto a microwave circuit board containing the distributed elements (flip-chip MIC). Microwave circuits such as amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, and frequency dividers have been demonstrated using both techniques.