gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon–Carbon Bond Construction (2015)

Carlo Siciliano and Angelo Liguori of the Università della Calabria showed (J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 10575) that an amino acid 1 could be both protected and activated with Fmoc-Cl, so subsequent exposure to diazomethane delivered the Fmoc-protected diazo ketone 2. Pei-Qiang Huang of Xiamen University activated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 8314) a secondary amide 3 with triflic anhydride, then added an alkyl Grignard reagent with CeCl3 to give an intermediate that was reduced to the amine 4. John C. Walton of the University of St. Andrews found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13580) that under irradiation, titania could effect the decarboxylation of an acid 5 to give the dimer 6. Jin Kun Cha of Wayne State University demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 9517) that a zinc homoenolate derived from 7 could be transmetalated, then coupled with an electrophile to give the alkylated product 8. The Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction is an underdeveloped method for the construction of alkenes. Adrian L. Schwan of the University of Guelph showed (J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 10978) that 10 is a particularly effective brominating agent for this transformation. Daniel J. Weix of the University of Rochester coupled (J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 9989) the bromide 12 with the allylic carbonate 13 to give 14. The Julia-Kocienski coupling, illustrated by the addition of the anion of 16 to the aldehyde 15, has become a workhorse of organic synthesis. In general, this reaction is E selective. Jirí Pospísil of the University Catholique de Louvain demonstrated (J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 6358) that inclusion of a K+-sequestering agent switched the selectivity to Z. Yoichiro Kuninobu, now at the University of Tokyo, and Kazuhiko Takai of Okayama University constructed (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 6116) the tetrasubstituted alkene 20 with high geometric control by the Re-catalyzed addition of 19 to the alkyne 18. André B. Charette of the Université de Montréal converted (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 5464) the allylic halide 21 to the alkyne 22 by displacement with iodoform followed by elimination. In an elegant extension of his studies with alkyl tosylhydrazones, Jianbo Wang of Peking University added (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 5742) an alkyne 24 to 23 to give 25.
Versatile and Controlled Synthesis of Star and Branched Macromolecules by Dentritic Initiation (1997)

peer reviewed
A new species of Bartramia (Bartramiaceae) from Chile (2007)

A new Bartramia species, B. bellolioella, is described from Arauco and Ñuble provinces in the Bío-Bío Region of south-central Chile. The species belongs to section Vaginella Müll. Hal. It is closely related to the widespread B. ithyphylla Brid. and more distantly related to B. deciduaefolia Broth. & Yasuda from East Asia. Distinctive features of the species include its small size and spreading stem leaves that have enlarged, sheathing bases. Although sterile, B. bellolioella reproduces asexually by means of deciduous, linear-lanceolate leaves that lack sheathing bases. The deciduous leaves are produced at the stem apices or on whole plants.
FPSO Through Hull Cooling System (2022)

Abstract FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading) units have been considered one of the most efficient alternatives to produce oil and gas in deep waters. To perform this application, FPSOs have various systems and equipment that require cooling. Currently, this cooling is carried out through a closed circuit of industrial fluid cooled by an open circuit with seawater. This paper presents a new concept for the cooling system of these production units causing the closed-circuit cooling system using industrial fluid to be cooled through the contact of this fluid with the hull side/bottom shell and thus dissipating heat into seawater. In this way, there is no need to install the seawater lift system for cooling, reducing the footprint, and the structural reinforcement on the FPSO. In addition to increasing the platform's energy efficiency by reducing fuel consumption, this new cooling system concept mitigates the environmental impact of offshore production by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and the pollution of the oceans with biocide. As this new concept was recently debuted, its application studies are still in the conceptual design phase.
Intense Molar Circular Dichroism in Fully Conjugated All‐Carbon Macrocyclic 1,3‐Butadiyne Linked pseudo‐ meta [2.2]Paracyclophanes** (2022)

The synthetic access to macrocyclic molecular topologies with interesting photophysical properties has greatly improved thanks to the successful implementation of organic and inorganic corner units. Based on recent reports, we realized that pseudo-meta [2.2]paracyclophanes (PCPs) might serve as optimal corner units for constructing 3D functional materials, owing to their efficient electronic communication, angled substituents and planar chirality. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and optical properties of four novel all-carbon enantiopure macrocycles bearing three to six pseudo-meta PCPs linked by 1,3-butadiyne units. The macrocycles were obtained by a single step from enantiopure, literature-known dialkyne pseudo-meta PCP and were unambiguously identified and characterized by state of the art spectroscopic methods and in part even by x-ray crystallography. By comparing the optical properties to relevant reference compounds, it is shown that the pseudo-meta PCP subunit effectively elongates the conjugated system throughout the macrocyclic backbone, such that already the smallest macrocycle consisting of only three subunits reaches a polymer-like conjugation length. Additionally, it is shown that the chiral pseudo-meta PCPs induce a remarkable chiroptical response in the respective macrocycles, reaching unprecedented high molar circular dichroism values for all-carbon macrocycles of up to 1307 L mol<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup> .
<title>Autostereoscopic display system</title> (1996)

A new, patented, autostereoscopic display is described that enables a viewer to view 3D TV or computer graphics images without the need to wear special glasses or other head-wear. Unlike autostereoscopic systems based upon lenticular lenses this new display does not create reverse 3D effects and maintains 3D images despite movement of the viewers head and eyes. The 50' image size is achieved by using back projection and two projectors, one to produce the image for each eye. This increases the average image brightness and allows the system to operate in a normally lit room. In order to ensure that the viewer's left eye always sees the L image, and the right eye the R image, regardless of the exact position of the viewer's head and eyes, the system uses an eye-tracking technique. A video camera within the display images the viewer's head and image analysis hardware and software locates and tracks their eyes, automatically adjusting the position of the projected L and R images to keep them in the correct alignment for optimum 3D viewing. As a result the viewers head has the freedom to move from side to side or vertically, without losing the 3D effect.
Initializability consideration in sequential machine synthesis (1992)

It is shown that a finite-state machine, whose state encoding is obtained only to reduce the amount of logic in the final implementation, may not be initializable by a logic simulator or a test generator even when the circuit is functionally initializable (i.e. has synchronizing sequences). A fault simulator or a sequential circuit test generator that assumes all memory elements initially to be in the unknown state will be totally ineffective for such a design. Proper consideration for initializability during state assignment and logic optimization can guarantee the success for gate-level analysis tools. The conditions for initializability of finite-state machines are derived, and an automatic state assignment algorithm for logic minimality and initializability is given. Experimental results show that, in most cases, this method does not require more hardware than the other methods that may produce an uninitializable design. A partial reset technique, recommended for machines without a synchronizing sequence, is also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
<title>Ruggedized portable Fourier transform spectrometer for hyperspectral imaging applications</title> (1995)

A compact portable Fourier transform spectrometer is described. The simplicity of the instrument design and monolithic structure of the interferometer make it suitable for use in satellites or man-portable terrestrial measurements. Conceptual designs for hyperspectral imaging applications in the near-UV through near-IR, and in the mid-IR are presented. Imaging and spectral performance predictions are given using ray and beam tracing software to synthesize multispectral interferograms.
High-level, part-based features for fine-grained visual categorization (2017)

Object recognition--"What is in this image?"--is one of the basic problems of computer vision. Most work in this area has been on finding basic-level object categories such as plant, car, and bird, but recently there has been an increasing amount of work in fine-grained visual categorization, in which the task is to recognize subcategories of a basic-level category, such as blue jay and bluebird. Experimental psychology has found that while basic-level categories are distinguished by the presence or absence of parts (a bird has a beak but car does not), subcategories are more often distinguished by the characteristics of their parts (a starling has a narrow, yellow beak while a cardinal has a wide, red beak). In this thesis we tackle fine-grained visual categorization, guided by this observation. We develop alignment procedures that let us compare corresponding parts, build classifiers tailored to finding the interclass differences at each part, and then combine the per-part classifiers to build subcategory classifiers. Using this approach, we outperform previous work in several fine-grained categorization settings: bird species identification, face recognition, and face attribute classification. In addition, the construction of subcategory classifiers from part classifiers allows us to automatically determine which parts are most relevant when distinguishing between any two subcategories. We can use this to generate illustrations of the differences between subcategories. To demonstrate this, we have built a digital field guide to North American birds which includes automatically generated images highlighting the key differences between visually similar species. This guide, "Birdsnap," also identifies bird species in users' uploaded photos using our subcategory classifiers. We have released Birdsnap as a web site and iPhone application.
Clinical outcomes of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of single primary or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (≤3 cm) (2017)

Laparoscopic RFA is a safe and effective treatment for HCC cases that are unsuitable for percutaneous RFA.
VTLN-warped Gaussian posteriorgram for QbE-STD (2017)

Vocal Tract Length Normalization (VTLN) is a very important speaker normalization technique for speech recognition tasks. In this paper, we propose the use of Gaussian posteriorgram of VTLN-warped spectral features for a Query-by-Example Spoken Term Detection (QbE-STD). This paper presents the use of a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) framework for estimation of VTLN warping factor. This GMM framework does not require phoneme-level transcription and hence, it can be useful for unsupervised tasks. We propose the iterative approach for VTLN warping factor estimation with two GMM training approaches, namely, Expectation-Maximization (EM) and Deterministic Annealing-Expectation Maximization (DAEM). The VTLN-warped Gaussian posteriorgram gave the better QbE-STD performance. The performance of TIMIT QbE-STD was investigated with different evaluation factors, such as a number of Gaussian components in GMM, various local constraints, and a number of iterations in VTLN warping factor estimation. VTLN-warped Gaussian posteriorgram reduces the speaker-specific variation in Gaussian posteriorgram and hence, it is expected to give better performance than Gaussian posteriorgram.
Techniques in preparing TEM specimens of diamond thin films (1989)

Diamond, with its unique combination of optical, physical, mechanical, and electrical properties, has provided a superior potential for industrial and military applications. It has caught the attention of a growing number of researchers over the past decade. The recent development of low-pressure vapor deposition of diamond film has greatly increased the prospects for the practical utilization of diamond. To use a diamond film, the nature of the interface between diamond film and substrate must be understood. This paper presents three different techniques in preparing diamond thin films specimens for TEM study of the interfacial structure between diamond and substrate as well as the internal structure of diamond crystals. Diamond crystallites and films produced by radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) techniques were deposited on Si (100), polycrystalline Mo, and Cu substrates (925°C) at 40 mbar, with 0.5% methane and 0.2% oxygen in hydrogen gas at a total flow rate of 200 seem for MWPECVD and 2000 seem for RFPECVD. To examine the internal and interfacial structures of the diamond film on different substrates, three techniques were employed: (1) the chemical etching technique, which removes substrates then the substrate-free diamond film was supported on a Cu grid, (2) the conventional epoxy-embedding technique for cross-section study, and (3) the direct deposition of diamond crystallites on metal grids.
Assessment of right ventricular function (2008)

The right ventricle has traditionally received less consideration than the left ventricle. In recent years this interest has increased with the recognition of the critical role of right ventricular performance in determining the clinical outcome and decision-making in patients with both clinical heart failure and congenital heart disease. In this issue of Heart, Missant et al 1 ( see online only article on p e15 ) propose a non-invasive method for assessment of RV contractility that is less load-dependent than currently used techniques and that correlates with invasive pressure–volume assessment of RV function.

The right ventricle is a structurally and functionally complex chamber, with a shape less amenable to geometric simplification for the purpose of volume estimation than the left ventricle, and a heavily trabeculated endocardial surface. In addition, its substernal position makes echocardiographic assessment of its size and function difficult. When assessing RV function, it is necessary to bear in mind that the ventricular septum is an important architectural component of the right ventricle, and myocardial fibre orientation in both the free wall and the septum plays a major role in determining ejection. The RV free wall predominantly contains transverse fibres, whereas the septum contains oblique fibres.2 The oblique orientation of fibres in the LV free wall and septum allows the wringing or twisting required to eject blood into high systemic vascular resistance, whereas the compressive force generated by transverse fibres in the RV free wall is sufficient to eject blood in …
Hydrated goethite (alpha-FeOOH) (100) interface structure: Ordered water and surface functional groups. (2010)

Goethite({alpha}-FeOOH), an abundant and highly reactive iron oxyhydroxide mineral, has been the subject of numerous stud-ies of environmental interface reactivity. However, such studies have been hampered by the lack of experimental constraints on aqueous interface structure, and especially of the surface water molecular arrangements. Structural information of this type is crucial because reactivity is dictated by the nature of the surface functional groups and the structure or distribution of water and electrolyte at the solid-solution interface. In this study we have investigated the goethite(100) surface using surface diffraction techniques, and have determined the relaxed surface structure, the surface functional groups, and the three dimensional nature of two distinct sorbed water layers. The crystal truncation rod (CTR) results show that the interface structure consists of a double hydroxyl, double water terminated interface with significant atom relaxations. Further, the double hydroxyl terminated surface dominates with an 89% contribution having a chiral subdomain structure on the(100) cleavage faces. The proposed interface stoichiometry is ((H{sub 2}O)-(H{sub 2}O)-OH{sub 2}-OH-Fe-O-O-Fe-R) with two types of terminal hydroxyls; a bidentate (B-type) hydroxo group and a monodentate (A-type) aquo group. Using the bond-valence approach the protonation states of the terminal hydroxyls are predicted to be OH type (bidentate hydroxyl with oxygen coupled to two Fe{sup 3+} ions) and OH{sub 2} type (monodentate hydroxyl with oxygen tied to only one Fe{sup 3+}). A double layer three dimensional ordered water structure at the interface was determined from refinement of fits to the experimental data. Application of bond-valence constraints to the terminal hydroxyls with appropriate rotation of the water dipole moments allowed a plausible dipole orientation model as predicted. The structural results are discussed in terms of protonation and H-bonding at the interface, and the results provide an ideal basis for testing theoretical predictions of characteristic surface properties such as pK{sub a}, sorption equilibria, and surface water permittivity.
Frequency-tunable DVB-H antenna for mobile terminals (2007)

In this paper a frequency-tunable inverted F-antenna (IFA) for DVB-H reception is presented. The antenna is suitable for small mobile devices (40 mm times 90 mm times 10 mm). The operating frequency of the antenna is tuned with a varactor component. The varactor loads the IFA element and thus enables it to resonate at different frequencies. This kind of tunable narrowband antenna is suitable for DVB-H reception, since one channel in a bandwidth of 8 MHz is received at a time. The antenna presented in this paper can be compared with a frequency- tunable IFA of Ying (2005), presented in a recently published patent. This proves the potential of this kind of DVB-H antenna solution in commercial applications. A special advantage of the proposed antenna is that, since it can be located in a vertical position on the long side of the ground plane, as opposed to the work of Ying (2005), GSM antennas can be located in their optimal position at the upper part of the device.
Nonlinear gradient mappings and stochastic optimization: A general framework with applications to heavy-tail noise (2022)

We introduce a general framework for nonlinear stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for the scenarios when gradient noise exhibits heavy tails. The proposed framework subsumes several popular nonlinearity choices, like clipped, normalized, signed or quantized gradient, but we also consider novel nonlinearity choices. We establish for the considered class of methods strong convergence guarantees assuming a strongly convex cost function with Lipschitz continuous gradients under very general assumptions on the gradient noise. Most notably, we show that, for a nonlinearity with bounded outputs and for the gradient noise that may not have finite moments of order greater than one, the nonlinear SGD's mean squared error (MSE), or equivalently, the expected cost function's optimality gap, converges to zero at rate~$O(1/t^ζ)$, $ζ\in (0,1)$. In contrast, for the same noise setting, the linear SGD generates a sequence with unbounded variances. Furthermore, for the nonlinearities that can be decoupled component wise, like, e.g., sign gradient or component-wise clipping, we show that the nonlinear SGD asymptotically (locally) achieves a $O(1/t)$ rate in the weak convergence sense and explicitly quantify the corresponding asymptotic variance. Experiments show that, while our framework is more general than existing studies of SGD under heavy-tail noise, several easy-to-implement nonlinearities from our framework are competitive with state of the art alternatives on real data sets with heavy tail noises.
A Bayesian Monte Carlo Approach to Global Illumination (2009)

Abstract Most Monte Carlo rendering algorithms rely on importance sampling to reduce the variance of estimates. Importance sampling is efficient when the proposal sample distribution is well‐suited to the form of the integrand but fails otherwise. The main reason is that the sample location information is not exploited. All sample values are given the same importance regardless of their proximity to one another. Two samples falling in a similar location will have equal importance whereas they are likely to contain redundant information. The Bayesian approach we propose in this paper uses both the location and value of the data to infer an integral value based on a prior probabilistic model of the integrand. The Bayesian estimate depends only on the sample values and locations, and not how these samples have been chosen. We show how this theory can be applied to the final gathering problem and present results that clearly demonstrate the benefits of Bayesian Monte Carlo.
Preparation and Purification of .beta.-Amyloid (1-43) via Soluble, Amide Backbone Protected Intermediates (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Purification of .beta.-Amyloid (1-43) via Soluble, Amide Backbone Protected IntermediatesM. Quibell, W. G. Turnell, and T. JohnsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 7, 1745–1750Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00086a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00086a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views536Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts