gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seasonality of spectral albedo and transmittance as observed in the Arctic Transpolar Drift in 2007 (2010)

The first continuous and high temporal resolution record of spectral albedo and transmittance of snow and sea ice in the Arctic Ocean over an entire summer season is presented. Measurements were performed at a manned station on multiyear sea ice in the Transpolar Drift during the drift of the schooner Tara from April to September 2007. Concurrent autonomous measurements of ice mass balance and weekly observations of snow and sea‐ice properties complement the data set. The seasonality of physical and biological processes of snow and sea ice is characterized, including quantification of melt onset (10 June), melt season duration, and freeze onset (15 August). Over one year, approximately two thirds of the transmitted energy reached the ocean during the 66‐day‐long melt season. During the second half of July, transmitted irradiance decreased by 90% and absorption in and directly under the ice increased, significantly affecting the vertical partitioning of irradiance. The spectral radiation time series suggests that high biomass abundance in or below the sea ice caused this decrease. Comparing the spectral data set with broadband albedo data measured at the same location shows that 90% of the temporal variability of broadband albedo can be explained by variability in spectral albedo integrated over the limited wavelength range. The combination of spectral radiation and ice mass balance measurements allows a comprehensive description, and quantification, of snow and sea‐ice processes, even with minimal additional in situ observations, suggesting such data sets can be collected autonomously to provide insight into the physical and biological processes on sea ice.
Test volume reduction via flip-flop compatibility analysis for balanced parallel scan (2005)

Test generation for scan-based test of sequential circuits is typically performed by generating tests for the embedded combinational logic (ECL) and translating these into scan test vectors. However, the serial nature of scan-based test incurs significant overhead in terms of test application time. To reduce the test data volume, in this paper we propose a new algorithm for compatibility analysis of the circuit flip flops. This algorithm, when applied to parallel-scan methods such as the Illinois Scan Architecture (ILS), results in shorter and more balanced scan chains. It also eliminates the need to apply test vectors in serial mode. As a result, an average reduction of 1.4/spl times/ and a maximum reduction of 1.7/spl times/ in test data volume was obtained for the ISCAS89 benchmarks, over current versions of ILS.
Automated Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Deep Learning Models: A Review (2022)

In recent years, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become one of the leading causes of mortality globally. CVDs appear with minor symptoms and progressively get worse. The majority of people experience symptoms such as exhaustion, shortness of breath, ankle swelling, fluid retention, and other symptoms when starting CVD. Coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart defect (CHD), mitral regurgitation, and angina are the most common CVDs. Clinical methods such as blood tests, electrocardiography (ECG) signals, and medical imaging are the most effective methods used for the detection of CVDs. Among the diagnostic methods, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is increasingly used to diagnose, monitor the disease, plan treatment and predict CVDs. Coupled with all the advantages of CMR data, CVDs diagnosis is challenging for physicians due to many slices of data, low contrast, etc. To address these issues, deep learning (DL) techniques have been employed to the diagnosis of CVDs using CMR data, and much research is currently being conducted in this field. This review provides an overview of the studies performed in CVDs detection using CMR images and DL techniques. The introduction section examined CVDs types, diagnostic methods, and the most important medical imaging techniques. In the following, investigations to detect CVDs using CMR images and the most significant DL methods are presented. Another section discussed the challenges in diagnosing CVDs from CMR data. Next, the discussion section discusses the results of this review, and future work in CVDs diagnosis from CMR images and DL techniques are outlined. The most important findings of this study are presented in the conclusion section.
New Directions in Information Processing (2022)

Our understanding of genomics, neuroscience, cognitive behaviors of biological systems, and theoretical understanding of information from the general theory of information (GTI) is throwing new light on information processing structures both in nature and the digital information systems. The session on &amp;ldquo;New Directions in Information Processing&amp;rdquo; in the &amp;ldquo;Theoretical and Foundational Problems in Information Studies&amp;rdquo; conference at the 2021 IS4SI Summit was devoted to bringing different views from experts in multiple disciplines. We present here an overview of the session and highlight some of the observations discussed in various presentations. These include the nature of computation, the relationship between data, information and knowledge, nature of information processing structures in biology, classical and quantum computations, and their relationship with the Church-Turing Thesis, etc. in addition to the individual presentations of their papers, a plenary talk discussed not only how information processing structures operate in biological systems, but also pointed to a novel approach to design and build a new class of digital machines that enhance the sentience, resilience, and intelligence of current generation information technologies.
Synthesis and structural characterization of mixed-metal chloro chalcogenido cluster complexes of molybdenum and nickel [Mo3Ni2X4Cl4{P(C2H5)3}5] (X = S, Se) (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and structural characterization of mixed-metal chloro chalcogenido cluster complexes of molybdenum and nickel [Mo3Ni2X4Cl4{P(C2H5)3}5] (X = S, Se)Taro Saito, Yoshimichi Kajitani, Tsuneaki Yamagata, and Hideo ImotoCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1990, 29, 16, 2951–2955Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00341a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00341a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Determination of the maximum diameter of free fines to assess the internal stability of coarse granular materials (2015)

International audience
Linear parallel interference cancellation in long-code CDMA multiuser detection (1999)

Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is a promising detection technique for code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. It has previously been shown that the weighted multistage PIC can be seen as an implementation of the steepest descent algorithm used to minimize the mean squared error (MSE). Following this interpretation, a unique set of weights, based on the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix, was found to lead to the minimum achievable MSE for a given number of stages in a short-code system. In this paper, we introduce a method for finding an appropriate set of time-invariant weights for systems using long codes. The weights are dependent on moments of the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix, exact expressions of which can be derived. This set of weights is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the ensemble averaged MSE over all code-sets. The loss incurred by averaging rather than using the optimal, time-varying weights is practically negligible, since the eigenvalues of sample correlation matrices are tightly clustered in most cases of interest. The complexity required for computing the weights increases linearly with the number of users but is independent of the processing gain, hence on-line weight updating is possible in a dynamic system. Simulation results show that a few stages is usually sufficient for near-MMSE performance.
Paternal Military Service and Risk for Childhood Leukemia in Offspring (2000)

To assess the association between paternal military service and risk for childhood leukemia, the authors analyzed data from three case-control studies conducted by the Children's Cancer Group from 1983 to 1993. A total of 605 acute myeloid leukemia (AML, age < or = 18 years) cases, 2,117 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, age < or = 14 years) cases, and 3,155 individually matched controls were included in these studies. Paternal military history and other exposure data were obtained in 2,343 matched case-control sets, including 1,805 ALL and 528 AML cases. Paternal general military service was not associated with the leukemia risk. A small, but significant, increase in the risk for AML was seen, however, among offspring of veterans who had served in Vietnam or Cambodia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 2.9), after adjustment for paternal education, race, income, smoking, X-ray exposure, and marijuana use. The risk was predominantly present in children diagnosed before the age of 2 (OR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 16.1), although there were inconsistencies in the risks associated with length of time served and interval between service and diagnosis of leukemia. Military service in Vietnam or Cambodia was unrelated to the risk for ALL. The etiologic importance, if any, of these observations has yet to be determined.
Abstract 523: Pioglitazone and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Stimulate Mitochondrial Turnover in the Heart When Administered After the Infarct in Obese Mice (2018)

Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that pioglitazone (PIO), a thiazolidinedione, and liraglutide and semaglutide, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1Ra), are effective in treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of considerable interest is the additional observation that they may also be effective in reducing the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) independent of glycemic control. The mechanism underlying this protection is unknown. To test the hypothesis that enhanced mitochondrial turnover (mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis) might play a role, obese mice with insulin resistance were subjected to permanent coronary artery ligation (PCAL). Two hours later they were administered an i.p. bolus of vehicle (50μL DMSO), PIO (10mg/kg), or a GLP1Ra (10nmoles/25g) (Sigma). This was repeated every other day for 2 weeks. Hearts were probed by western blot for markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. As shown, PIO was a strong inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis evidenced by increased mitochondrial markers in the whole lysate (mitochondrial biogenesis) whereas GLP1Ra stimulated mitophagy, indicated by Parkin, p62 and optineurin translocation to the mitochondrial fraction. These findings suggest that enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy may be important therapeutic targets for the prevention of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. If confirmed, enhanced mitochondrial turnover may be one of the mechanisms underlying the reduced incidence of MACE that was observed in the PROactive (PIO) and the LEADER and SUSTAIN-6 (GLP1Ra) clinical trials.
Metrology to Enable High Temperature Erosion Testing – A New European Initiative (2013)

Abstract High-temperature solid particle erosion (SPE) is a major threat to efficiency in power plants and jet engines, potentially reducing turbine efficiency by 7-10% and causing significant CO2 emissions. The sources of these particles vary widely, from volcanic ash in engines to fly ash in boilers and scale in turbines. While better surface engineering and coatings offer solutions, their development is hampered by a lack of standardized test methods and reliable models. To address this, the METROSION initiative aims to establish a comprehensive framework for characterizing the high-temperature SPE performance of new materials and coatings. This framework will require a step change in test methods and control, focusing on accurately measuring key parameters like temperature, flow rate, particle properties, and impact angles. This paper outlines the initiative’s goals, with a particular focus on the techniques used for in-situ measurements of temperature, particle velocity, and 3D shape/size.
Genetic diversity of resistance to soil-borne viruses in barley and exploitation by breeding (2005)

In Europe barley yellow mosaic virus disease is caused by at least two strains each of Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). Due to transmission by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa graminis chemical measures against the disease are neither efficient nor economic. Starting in the 1990s several loci have been identified in the barley genome, which in some cases carry alleles conferring strain-specific resistance. For most of these loci closely Jinked PCR-base8 markers have been developed, which provide the basis for marker assisted selection. Recently mapped based cloning of the Rym4/5-locus on barley chromosome 3HL revealed that resistance is caused by mutations in the translation initiation factor 4E (Hv-e!F4E). Within this gene a number of rym4/5-diagnostic SNPs have been detected and screening for additional diversity at this locus is in progress. Apart from detailed knowledge on alleles and their effectiveness against different strains, the availability of markers closely linked to additional loci, e.g. Ryml 1, Rym9, Ryml 5, facilitates the efficient exploitation of the genetic diversity of resistance to these viruses for breeding. Besides the application of marker based selection and backcrossing schemes, pyramiding of resistance genes represents a strategy to achieve broad spectrum resistance and to extend the usability of partly overcome resistance genes. Based on doubled haploid lines (DHs) and molecular markers double and triple combinations involving the genes/alleles rym4, rym5, rym9, and ryml I have been created. Pyramiding may become of particular importance in the future as many of the resistance genes known so far are not effective against all strains of the barley yellow mosaic virus complex.
The emerging role of the fibroblast growth factor-23–klotho axis in renal regulation of phosphate homeostasis (2007)

Normal mineral ion homeostasis is tightly controlled by numerous endocrine factors that coordinately exert effects on intestine, kidney, and bone to maintain physiological balance. The importance of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23-klotho axis in regulating mineral ion homeostasis has been proposed from recent research observations. Experimental studies suggest that 1) FGF23 is an important in vivo regulator of phosphate homeostasis, 2) FGF23 acts as a counter regulatory hormone to modulate the renal 1alpha-hydroxylase and sodium-phosphate cotransporter activities, 3) there is a trend of interrelationship between FGF23 and parathyroid hormone activities, 4) most of the FGF23 functions are conducted through the activation of FGF receptors, and 5) such receptor activation needs klotho, as a cofactor to generate downstream signaling events. These observations clearly suggest the emerging roles of the FGF23-klotho axis in maintaining mineral ion homeostasis. In this brief article, we will summarize how the FGF23-klotho axis might coordinately regulate normal mineral ion homeostasis, and how their abnormal regulation could severely disrupt such homeostasis to induce disease pathology.
Latent Diploid Parthenogenesis and Parthenote Cleavage in Egg-Equivalents of Norway Spruce (1994)

It is widely thought that the absence of asexuality in the gymnosperms results from difficulties in evolving asexual reproduction. These difficulties have now been overcome under artificially controlled conditions. Specialized cells from suspension cultures of early embryos are shown to combine aposporous diploid parthenogenesis with cleavage. These latent and plastic sequential ontogenetic pathways are traced from isolated embryonal tubes that become initiated as putative central cells and produce binucleate egg-equivalents. In the absence of fertilization or fusion, egg-equivalent nuclei undergo parthenogenesis by forming a neocytoplasm and a thin cell wall. These are released as numerous diploid parthenotic leader cells into the culture medium. Parthenote (early embryo) development from leader cells occurs with a variable free-nuclear stage characteristic of zygotic and somatic proembryos. Parthenote development comprises a cleavage process that reconstitutes new individuals to further multiply a clonal population. The multiplication of free nuclei in egg-equivalents is stimulated by colchicine and directly contributes, through a homokaryotic advantage, to increased numbers of parthenotes and to parthenoclonal variations. The division and multiplication of free nuclei represents an early and latent form of classical cleavage polyembryony in Norway spruce.
Wastewater to clinical case (WC) ratio of COVID-19 identifies insufficient clinical testing, onset of new variants of concern and population immunity in urban communities (2022)

Abstract Clinical testing has been the cornerstone of public health monitoring and infection control efforts in communities throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. With the extant and anticipated reduction of clinical testing as the disease moves into an endemic state, SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance (WWS) is likely to have greater value as an important diagnostic tool to inform public health. As the widespread adoption of WWS is relatively new at the scale employed for COVID-19, interpretation of data, including the relationship to clinical cases, has yet to be standardized. An in-depth analysis of the metrics derived from WWS is required for public health units/agencies to interpret and utilize WWS-acquired data effectively and efficiently. In this study, the SARS-CoV-2 wastewater signal to clinical cases (WC) ratio was investigated across seven different cities in Canada over periods ranging from 8 to 21 months. Significant increases in the WC ratio occurred when clinical testing eligibility was modified to appointment-only testing, identifying a period of insufficient clinical testing in these communities. The WC ratio decreased significantly during the emergence of the Alpha variant of concern (VOC) in a relatively non-immunized community’s wastewater (40-60% allelic proportion), while a more muted decrease in the WC ratio signaled the emergence of the Delta VOC in a relatively well-immunized community’s wastewater (40-60% allelic proportion). Finally, a rapid and significant decrease in the WC ratio signaled the emergence of the Omicron VOC, likely because of the variant’s greater effectiveness at evading immunity, leading to a significant number of new reported clinical cases, even when vaccine-induced community immunity was high. The WC ratio, used as an additional monitoring metric, complements clinical case counts and wastewater signals as individual metrics in its ability to identify important epidemiological occurrences, adding value to WWS as a diagnostic technology during the COVID-19 pandemic and likely for future pandemics.
Image analysis and three‐dimensional model of chymotrypsin‐transformed human alpha2‐macroglobulin complexed with a monoclonal antibody specific for this conformation (1988)

Alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is a plasma inhibitor of proteinases, the steric mechanism of which is based on a considerable conformational change. The typical and distinct H-like shape of alpha 2M-chymotrypsin (alpha 2M-chy) complexes seen by electron microscopy led us to an ultrastructural study of the binding of a monoclonal antibody (Mab) specific for this conformation of alpha 2M. The epitope of this Mab is located near the extremities of the 4 arms of the H-like alpha 2M-chy, at a site that is not accessible on the native molecule. The identical binding of the Mab on the 4 arms of the tetrameric molecule demonstrates that these arms are equivalent portions of the 4 monomers. Various types of immune complexes between alpha 2M and IgG are described, and images of individual immune complexes were processed by correspondence analysis. This extracts new information concerning the organization of chymotrypsin-transformed alpha 2M. The molecule appears asymmetrical, presents 2 conformational states (which we describe as relaxed and twisted), and has flexible arms. These intramolecular motions are supposed to be related to IgG binding. The results are discussed in comparison with previously published models of proteinase-transformed alpha 2M.
Electronic defects in the halide antiperovskite semiconductor Hg3Se2I2 (2017)

Halide perovskites have emerged as a potential photoconducting material for photovoltaics and hard radiation detection. We investigate the nature of charge transport in the semi-insulating chalcohalide ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}{\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ compound using the temperature dependence of dark current, thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy, and photoconductivity measurements as well as first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Dark conductivity measurements and TSC spectroscopy indicate the presence of multiple shallow and deep level traps that have relatively low concentrations of the order of ${10}^{13}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and capture cross sections of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. A distinct persistent photoconductivity is observed at both low temperatures ($&lt;170\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) and high temperatures ($&gt;230$ K), with major implications for room-temperature compound semiconductor radiation detection. From preliminary DFT calculations, the origin of the traps is attributed to intrinsic vacancy defects (${V}_{\mathrm{Hg}}, {V}_{\mathrm{Se}}$, and ${V}_{\mathrm{I}}$) and interstitials (${\mathrm{Se}}_{\mathrm{int}}$) or other extrinsic impurities. The results point the way for future improvements in crystal quality and detector performance.