gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward Green Acylation of (Hetero)arenes: Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Olefins to Ketones (2017)

Green Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions belong to the most desired transformations in organic chemistry. The resulting ketones constitute important intermediates, building blocks, and functional molecules in organic synthesis as well as for the chemical industry. Over the past 60 years, advances in this topic have focused on how to make this reaction more economically and environmentally friendly by using green acylating conditions, such as stoichiometric acylations and catalytic homogeneous and heterogeneous acylations. However, currently well-established methodologies for their synthesis either produce significant amounts of waste or proceed under harsh conditions, limiting applications. Here, we present a new protocol for the straightforward and selective introduction of acyl groups into (hetero)arenes without directing groups by using available olefins with inexpensive CO. In the presence of commercial palladium catalysts, inter- and intramolecular carbonylative C-H functionalizations take place with good regio- and chemoselectivity. Compared to classical Friedel-Crafts chemistry, this novel methodology proceeds under mild reaction conditions. The general applicability of this methodology is demonstrated by the direct carbonylation of industrial feedstocks (ethylene and diisobutene) as well as of natural products (eugenol and safrole). Furthermore, synthetic applications to drug molecules are showcased.
Comparative effects of insecticides against Millipedes, Oxidus gracilis (Koch) (1966)

Effects of fenitrothion, malathion, lindane, dieldrin, diazinon, fenthion, chlordane and dichlorvos were evaluated by exposing Millipedes, Oxidus gracilis (Koch) to the residues of toxicants for 15 min., 1 hours or 7 days. The toxicants were applied with acetone solution containing 5% of the insecticides on filter paper at a ratio of 50ml per square meter. In these experiments the most effective insecticide was dichlorvos with the following in descending order : fenitrothion, diazinon, malathion and fenthion. Chlordane, lindane, malathion and dieldrin were found to be ineffective for the control of this pest.
Role of noradrenergic pathways in sneeze-induced urethral continence reflex in rats (2006)

To clarify the role of noradrenergic pathways in preventing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) during sneezing, we investigated the effect of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor nisoxetine and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists phentolamine (nonspecific blocker) and prazosin (alpha(1)-receptor-selective blocker) on the neurally evoked urethral continence reflex induced by sneezing in rats. The amplitude of urethral pressure responses during sneezing (A-URS), urethral baseline pressure (UBP) at the midurethra, and sneeze-induced leak point pressure (S-LPP) were measured in normal female adult rats and rats with SUI induced by vaginal distention (VD). In normal rats, intrathecal (it) phentolamine (0.02 nmol) and prazosin (0.02 nmol) decreased A-URS by 11.9 and 15.7%, respectively, without affecting UBP. In both normal and VD rats, intravenous (iv) application of nisoxetine (1 mg/kg) increased A-URS by 17.2 and 18.3% and UBP by 23.7 and 32.7%, respectively. Phentolamine or prazosin (both it) eliminated nisoxetine-induced increases in A-URS, but not the increases in UBP, which were, however, suppressed by iv phentolamine (5 mg/kg) or prazosin (1 mg/kg). Sneezing induced fluid leakage from the urethral orifice in VD rats, but not in normal rats. In VD rats, S-LPP was increased by 30.2% by iv nisoxetine. Application of phentolamine and prazosin (both it) decreased S-LPP by 15.7 and 20.6%, respectively, and nisoxetine induced increases in S-LPP to 13.2 and 12.3%, respectively. These results indicate that activation of the noradrenergic system by a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor can prevent SUI via alpha(1-)adrenoceptors by enhancing the sneeze-induced active urethral closure mechanism at the spinal level and augmenting UBP at the periphery.
Key Areas of Effective Adolescent Literacy Programs (2012)

This paper reviews best practices for effective adolescent literacy programs. A focus is placed on five areas of literacy instruction including word study, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and motivation. Each of these areas is discussed as well as how each area is relevant to reading and understanding narrative and content-area text at high levels.
The Role of Cocrystals in Solid-State Synthesis:  Cocrystal-Controlled Solid-State Synthesis of Imides (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTThe Role of Cocrystals in Solid-State Synthesis: Cocrystal-Controlled Solid-State Synthesis of ImidesMiranda L. Cheney, Gregory J. McManus, Jason A. Perman, Zhenqiang Wang, and Michael J. ZaworotkoView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250 Cite this: Crystal Growth & Design 2007, 7, 4, 616–617Publication Date (Web):March 15, 2007Publication History Received19 February 2007Published online15 March 2007Published inissue 1 April 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cg0701729https://doi.org/10.1021/cg0701729rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2903Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (6)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Condensation,Molecules,Noncovalent interactions,Solvates Get e-Alerts
Deploying OpenMP on an embedded multicore accelerator (2013)

Multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoC) are now considered first-class citizens both in the embedded systems and in the high-performance computing arenas, in the form of specialized or general-purpose accelerators. Programming models for such systems is currently a hot research topic, and as a general rule require deep programmer knowledge of the underlying hardware architecture. In this paper we present the implementation of OpenMP, one of the most intuitive and productive programming models, on the STHORM accelerator. This particular platform provides a shared-memory substrate which OpenMP requires. An innovative feature of our design is the deployment of the OpenMP model both at the host and the fabric sides, in a seamless way, which provides the programmer with a simple but effective interface for offloading and executing OpenMP kernels on the MPSoC. The optimized runtime environment provides full OpenMP support despite its small footprint (less than 10KB for a 16-core cluster) and can sustain close-to-ideal speedups in computationally intensive applications. We detail on design issues we faced along with their solutions, given the limited available resources.
Performance of Nutri-Shield in Protecting Bunker-Stored Silage (1991)

Corn silage was packed into 104 L (28 gal) drums (mini-bunkers) and either left uncovered, covered with polyethylene, or treated with a spray-on coating of Nutri-Shield. The mini-bunkers, containing either 45 kg (100 lb) or 68 kg (150 lb) of silage, were placed outdoors horizontally or tilted 17 towards the south. Some mini-bunkers received simulated rain in addition to natural rain. Temperature in untreated, uncovered mini-bunkers reached 54 C (125 F) within a week of filling and then slowly declined. Polyethylene covered silage had a lower maximum temperature near the top of the mini-bunker. High density silage reached its maximum temperature 11 days earlier than low density silage. After two months in storage, the thickness of the spoiled layer was the least for polyethylene covered and greatest for low density silage. Higher silage density improved silage quality in all treatments while there was no significant difference in quality between Nutri-Shield treated and uncovered silage for similar conditions.
Semuloparin for Thromboprophylaxis in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Cancer (2012)

Semuloparin reduces the incidence of thromboembolic events in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer, with no apparent increase in major bleeding. (Funded by Sanofi; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00694382.).
A COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTION OF A NEOLITHIC RING DITCH IN BAVARIA (1988)

To evaluate more precisely the abilities of the electromagnetic (E.M.) Slingram method for magnetic features detection an experimental comparison was undertaken between the magnetic method with the best magnetometer now available (two optical pumping sensors in a differential mode) and the Slingram E.M. method with the SH3 apparatus. on the neolithic ring ditch a t Viecht (Bavaria, F.R.G.). Despite the absence of automatic recording the electromagnetic results give the same archaeological information as that obtained by the magnetic method.
Asymmetric Synthesis of anti-1,2-Amino Alcohols via the Borono-Mannich Reaction:  A Formal Synthesis of (−)-Swainsonine (2006)

Chiral alpha-hydroxy aldehydes generated in situ by the ADH reaction of vinyl sulfones undergo a borono-Mannich reaction with beta-styrenyl boronic acid and primary amines to give anti-1,2-amino alcohols in high enantiomeric purities (83-95% ee). This new method allows much more rapid access to these valuable chiral building blocks that has been used in a short formal synthesis (10 synthetic steps from 4-penten-1-ol) of (-)-swainsonine.
Characterization of Cross-Reactive Blood-Stage Antigens of the Plasmodium cynomolgi Complex Using Anti-Plasmodium vivax Monoclonal Antibodies (1988)

Five out of 18 monoclonal antibodies (moAB's) produced against blood stages of a Brazilian (Belem) strain of Plasmodium vivax were shown to cross-react with all of the 11 strains of the P. cynomolgi complex that were assayed. The 5 moAB's produced 3 different patterns of immunofluorescence, identical for both P. vivax and P. cynomolgi. Three of these moAB's appeared to react with antigens associated with the cytoplasm or membranes of infected erythrocytes. By Western blot analysis, 2 of these 3 moAB's identified an antigen with an apparent molecular weight of 31 kDa in extracts of parasitized erythrocytes of both species; the third of these moAB's reacted with an antigen with an apparent molecular weight of 95 kDa. By immunofluorescence, the 2 other moAB's reacted only with parasites at all developmental stages. The target antigen of these 2 moAB's was not identified. Immunoradiometric assays indicated that the moAB's are directed against 3 or possibly 4 distinct nonrepetitive epitopes. None of the moAB's inhibited merozoite invasion or growth of the parasites in an in vitro culture system of the Berok strain of P. cynomolgi.
Coral Growth Records from Southeast Florida: A History of Anthropogenic Influence (2008)

Coral skeletal growth records of extension, density, and calcification from Southeast Florida reveal a three-decade period of stress spanning ca. 1940 to 1970. The period is characterized by dramatically decreased annual extension rate and increased skeletal bulk density. No similar periods of growth departures of this intensity or duration are present in locally collected corals dating back to 1694. Coral growth from a total of 80 corals exhibits strong correlation with master chronologies indicating a common growth response to one or a combination of environmental limiting factors. Near-shore shallow-water corals in Southeast Florida are affected by a number of stresses including freshwater drainage and coastal runoff. The 30-year period of high skeletal densities and low extension rates matches with a 30-year period of increased freshwater discharge, at times, an order of magnitude greater than normal. Construction of the four major South Florida canal systems diverted waters from Lake Okeechobee in the 40s, 50s, and 60s to the ocean. Comparison of temporal patterns in coral extension with environmental variables reveals a positive correlation between extension rate and salinity (represented by sea water density). The direct cause may be linked to influences from freshwater discharge such as high turbidity and decreased light penetration, salinity, or deleterious water quality. Further analysis of skeletal chemistry will help to identify specific limitations on the growth potential of these corals. Since the early 1970’s, growth rates have generally increased relative to the historical average; however, the frequency of single-year stress bands has also risen. Increased growth rates coincide with warmer temperatures and stress bands likely resulting from partial bleaching when temperature thresholds are exceeded. This research has applications to better understanding coral stress and recovery with particular regard to watershed management.
Ruthenium Carbene Complexes Featuring a Tridentate Pincer-type Ligand (2005)

Ruthenium carbene complexes featuring the bulky tridentate N,N‘-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamido pincer-type ligand and different stabilizing phosphine ligands were synthesized and characterized. Preliminary results for the application to ring-closing metathesis show low activity for the cyclization of 1,7-octadiene with benzylidene(triphenylphosphine)[N,N‘-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamido-κ3O,N,O/O,N,N]ruthenium(II) (4a,b). Benzylidene(tricyclohexylphosphine)[N,N‘-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamido-κ3O,N,O]ruthenium(II) (5) successfully transformed 1,7-octadiene to cyclohexene and ethylene in good yields at room temperature or 80 °C.
Effect of Chain Length for Dicarboxylic Monomeric Units of Polyester Polyols on the Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Urethanes (2020)

Abstract Polyester polyols of 2000 g mol −1 M mass were synthesized via polyesterification reaction of butane‐1,4‐diol (1,4‐BDO) with linear dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) of odd and even carbon numbers, ranging from C 4 to C 10 . Melt transition temperatures and crystallization enthalpies of polyester polyols demonstrated differing trends between odd and even chain lengths of their DCA monomeric units, with the latter possessing higher melt transition temperatures and melting enthalpies. The underlying cause of this difference may be attributable to the formation of a crystalline phase between the polyols' alkyl groups, which leads to proper alignment of ester bonds to allow for formation of dipoles that effectively cancel the local polarization. Thermoplastic urethanes (TPUs) were prepared by reacting the polyester polyols with 4,4′‐methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (4,4′‐MDI) and 1,4‐BDO chain extender at mole ratio of 1:2:1, respectively. Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of TPUs were measured. Mechanical properties of TPUs also differ according to even vs. odd chain length of DCA monomeric units: higher hardness, tensile strength, hysteresis and tensile set for the former. The difference in properties is likely related to differences in phase segregation between hard and soft segments as a result of formation of hydrogen bonds as well as dipole–dipole interactions. Therefore, these findings have practical significance in the selection of polyester polyols to design TPUs for their specific applications.
Ambrein: a minor, but common constituent of mammalian faeces? (2020)

For nearly 200 years, the only natural source of the alcohol ambrein has been coproliths produced in about 1% of sperm whales and in related jetsam. However, the finding of ambrein in adipocere/faeces of human corpses, led us to hypothesise that ambrein might occur in the faeces of other mammals. Herein, we used a recently developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, with suitable derivatisation of the hindered hydroxy group of ambrein, to screen a number of extracts of mammalian faeces. Minor proportions of ambrein were detected in digested human sewage sludge and in the dung of elephant, domestic cattle, giraffe and buffalo. Whether ambrein formation in the terrestrial species is associated with coprolith formation, is unknown, but solid deposits known as enteroliths and fecaliths occur in humans and some domestic animals.
Achieving High Efficiency Under Micro-Watt Loads with Switching Buck DC–DC Converters (2009)

The present-day and potential benefits of highly integrated miniaturized applications like wireless micro-sensors and biomedical implants in military, space, medical, and commercial markets fuel the demand for self-sustaining micro-electronic systems. Extending operational life to practical levels in such volume-constrained environments is difficult because space limits energy and power. Although switching dc-dc converters have been frequently used in power systems to supply and condition power efficiently, their quiescent and switching losses often render them inefficient at lighter loads, where micro-scale applications reside. Arbitrarily decreasing switching frequency with reductions in load, unfortunately, does not guarantee maximum efficiency because, for example, doing so in discontinuous-conduction mode also increases conduction losses. This paper therefore explores how power losses in switching dc-dc converters relate to load, switching frequency, and other design variables under extreme light loading conditions and ascertains how to manage them to achieve the highest possible efficiency across a micro-watt load. To that end, the paper discusses, analyzes, verifies, and graphically illustrates when and how each of the power-consuming mechanisms dominate efficiency performance. The results show that, after mode-hopping from continuous to discontinuous conduction when the load decreases below half the inductor ripple current, the switching frequency (and quiescent current) should decrease linearly with load at an optimal (derived) rate to balance the losses (and only use just enough quiescent current to sustain the needed bandwidth) and yield maximum efficiency results (e.g., 85-95%) across the entire micro-power range. Simulations show that a constant peak-current control converter (as would a hysteretic converter) with the optimal frequency-load ratio achieves over 86% efficiency across a 50-500 μA load range.
RKIP Sensitizes Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells to Drug-induced Apoptosis (2004)

Cancer cells are more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis than their normal counterparts. Although it has been demonstrated that the increased sensitivity results from deregulation of oncoproteins during cancer development (Evan, G. I., and Vousden, K. H. (2001) Nature 411, 342-348; Green, D. R., and Evan, G. I. (2002) Cancer Cell 1, 19-30), little is known about the signaling pathways leading to changes in the apoptotic threshold in cancer cells. Here we show that low RKIP expression levels in tumorigenic human prostate and breast cancer cells are rapidly induced upon chemotherapeutic drug treatment, sensitizing the cells to apoptosis. We show that the maximal RKIP expression correlates perfectly with the onset of apoptosis. In cancer cells resistant to DNA-damaging agents, treatment with the drugs does not up-regulate RKIP expression. However, ectopic expression of RKIP resensitizes DNA-damaging agent-resistant cells to undergo apoptosis. This sensitization can be reversed by up-regulation of survival pathways. Down-regulation of endogenous RKIP by expression of antisense and small interfering RNA (siRNA) confers resistance on sensitive cancer cells to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Our studies suggest that RKIP may represent a novel effector of signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis and a prognostic marker of the pathogenesis of human cancer cells and tumors after treatment with clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs.
L‐6: Late‐News Paper : Achromatic Diffraction Using Reactive Mesogen Polarization Gratings (2007)

Abstract We propose and experimentally demonstrate an achromatic polarization grating, with ∼100% diffraction efficiency over nearly the entire visible spectral range. This five‐fold enhancement (∼34.3% versus ∼6.8%) is produced by two chiral liquid crystal layers with modest twist angle and opposite twist sense. Finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations support the experimental phenomena.
Securing Cyber-Physical Systems Through Blockchain-Based Digital Twins and Threat Intelligence. (2021)

The proliferation of digitization and complexity of connectivity in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) calls for a mechanism that can evaluate the functionality and security of critical infrastructures. In this regard, Digital Twins (DTs) are revolutionizing the CPSs. Driven by asset-centric data, DTs are virtual replicas of physical systems that mirror every facet of a product or process and can provide actionable insights through monitoring, optimization, and prediction. Furthermore, replication and simulation modes in DTs can prevent and detect security flaws in the CPS without obstructing the ongoing operations of the live system. However, such benefits of DTs are based on an assumption about data trust, integrity, and security. Data trustworthiness is considered to be more critical when it comes to the integration and interoperability of multiple components or sub-components among different DTs owned by multiple stakeholders to provide an aggregated view of the complex physical system. Moreover, analyzing the huge volume of data for creating actionable insights in real-time is another critical requirement that demands automation. This article focuses on securing CPSs by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain for intelligent and trusted DTs. We envision an AI-aided blockchain-based DT framework that can ensure anomaly prevention and detection in addition to responding against novel attack vectors in parallel with the normal ongoing operations of the live systems. We discuss the applicability of the proposed framework for the automotive industry as a CPS use case. Finally, we identify challenges that impede the implementation of intelligence-driven architectures in CPS.
Design and optimization of MOS current mode logic for parameter variations (2004)

An automated optimization-based design strategy is proposed for single-level MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) gates to overcome the complexities of the gate design procedure. The proposed design methodology determines the values of the design variables that achieve the minimum power dissipation point while attaining the required performance. The proposed design methodology has the advantage of speed, accuracy, and ability to include a large number of parameters in the design problem. Moreover, a formulation for the impact of parameter variations on the MCML gate performance is presented. The proposed strategy is used to design two popular circuits, namely; the ring oscillator and clock distribution network drivers with an average error from the required performance within 8%. The dependence of the gate parameters on parameter variations is used with the design methodology to redesign the same circuits while considering parameter variations. Furthermore, the impact of parameter variations as the technology scales down is investigated.