gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-view second-harmonic generation imaging of mouse tail tendon via reflective micro-prisms (2015)

Here we experimentally show that second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging is not sensitive to collagen fibers oriented parallel to the direction of laser propagation and, as a consequence, can potentially miss important structural information. As an alternative approach, we demonstrate the use of reflective micro-prisms to enable multi-view SHG imaging of mouse tail tendon by redirecting the focused excitation and collection of subsequent emission. Our approach data corroborates the theoretical treatment on vanishing and nonvanishing orientations, where fibers along the laser direction are largely transparent by SHG. In strong contrast, the two-photon excited fluorescence of dye-labeled collagen fibers is isotropic and is not subject to this constraint. We utilized Pearson correlation to quantify differences in fluorescent and backward detected SHG images of the tendon fiber structure, where the SHG and TPEF were highly statistically correlated (0.6-0.8) for perpendicular excitation but were uncorrelated for excitation parallel to the fiber axis. The results suggest that improved imaging of 3D collagen structure is possible with multi-view SHG microscopy.
Non-Contrast Perfusion Detection with ARFI Variance of Acceleration (VoA) Imaging: Phantom and In Vivo Results (2019)

Low blood SNR makes detecting small vessels, measuring slow flow rates, and assessing blood perfusion without contrast administration challenging. A potential approach is to use Variance of Acceleration (VoA) imaging, which has been demonstrated previously in humans in vivo for monitoring subcutaneous bleeding and delineating intraplaque hemorrhage. We hypothesize that, without the addition of contrast agents, VoA can detect slow flow in small vessels for perfusion assessment. Experiments were performed on an ATS 700-D 527 calibrated flow phantom (vessel diameter of 1 mm, flow rates of 0-53 cm/s) and in the surgically exteriorized right kidneys of 3 pigs (2M/1F, mean body weight of 74.4 ± 9.3 kg) at baseline and after inducing ischemia. In the phantom, logVoA increased in the vessel with increasing flow rate, and it remained constant in the background. LogVoA values were higher in the background with versus without the ARF excitation. Similarly, logVoA values were higher in the vessel, particularly for flow rates <; 12 cm/s, with versus without ARF excitation. Vessel CNR by logVoA was higher with versus without ARF excitation for flow rates <; 12 cm/s, and CNR by logVoA was greater than CNR by power Doppler for all flow rates. Additionally, logVoA was statistically significantly greater at baseline than ischemia in all three in vivo pig kidneys. Finally, logVoA delineates a 1.25 mm-diameter vessel in a pig renal cortex in vivo, while power Doppler does not. These results suggest that logVoA could support contrast-free detection of slow blood flow in small vessels and in vivo perfusion assessment.
Plasma radiation shielding (1964)

Abstract : The principles of operation of the Plasma Radiation Shield are explained. The relationship between this device and others using crossed field electron beams (such as the microwave magnetron) is indicated. (Author)
Chemistry of Tantalum Clusters in Solution and on SiO2 Supports:  Analogies and Contrasts (2007)

Tantalum clusters have been synthesized from Ta(CH2Ph)5 on the surface of porous fumed SiO2. When these clusters are small, incorporating, on average, several Ta atoms, their chemistry is similar to that of molecular tantalum clusters (and other early transition-metal) clusters. For example, The Ta-Ta bonds in these small supported clusters have been characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, being similar to those in molecular analogues. The redox reactions of the supported clusters, characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure, are analogous to those of early transition-metal clusters in solution. In contrast to the largest of these clusters in solution and in the solid state, those supported on SiO2 are raftlike, facilitating the substantial metal-support-oxygen bonding that is evident in the EXAFS spectra. Samples consisting of tantalum clusters on SiO2 catalyze alkane disproportionation and the conversion of methane with n-butane to give other alkanes, but catalytic properties of analogous clusters in solution have barely been explored.
Three-dimensional Computerized Modeling of the Skull of Proconsul heseloni (2003)

The skull of Proconsul heseloni (KNM-RU-7290A) is three-dimensionally reconstructed in a virtual environment for morphological analyses of the evolution of Miocene hominoid skulls by the means of Computer Assisted Anthropology. The volume of the fossil is extracted from the CT-scan images and the surface is approximated by very tiny triangles. Such a computerized technique enables visualization, manipulation and measurements of its 3 D shape in a computer. Moreover, a replica of the virtually constructed model can be created by stereo-lithography.Taking advantage of the computerized system, non-homogeneous taphonomic deformation of the fossil is corrected based on skull’s basic geometry, that is, bilateral symmetry with respect to its midsagittal plane. Morphological landmarks of the skull are transferred so as to fulfill the geometrical conditions, and the entire shape of the skull is transformed according to the movements of the landmarks using a thin-plate spline function. Although the reconstruction is still incomplete due to inherent lack of information that can be extracted from the fossil for reversal of deformation, tentative results indicate efficacy of the proposed computerized system for advanced morphometrical and biomechanical studies of fossil skulls.
Rosamines Targeting the Cancer Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway (2014)

Reprogramming of energy metabolism is pivotal to cancer, so mitochondria are potential targets for anticancer therapy. A prior study has demonstrated the anti-proliferative activity of a new class of mitochondria-targeting rosamines. This present study describes in vitro cytotoxicity of second-generation rosamine analogs, their mode of action, and their in vivo efficacies in a tumor allografted mouse model. Here, we showed that these compounds exhibited potent cytotoxicity (average IC50<0.5 µM), inhibited Complex II and ATP synthase activities of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway and induced loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. A NCI-60 cell lines screen further indicated that rosamine analogs 4 and 5 exhibited potent antiproliferative effects with Log10GI50 = -7 (GI50 = 0.1 µM) and were more effective against a colorectal cancer sub-panel than other cell lines. Preliminary in vivo studies on 4T1 murine breast cancer-bearing female BALB/c mice indicated that treatment with analog 5 in a single dosing of 5 mg/kg or a schedule dosing of 3 mg/kg once every 2 days for 6 times (q2d×6) exhibited only minimal induction of tumor growth delay. Our results suggest that rosamine analogs may be further developed as mitochondrial targeting agents. Without a doubt proper strategies need to be devised to enhance tumor uptake of rosamines, i.e. by integration to carrier molecules for better therapeutic outcome.
Tracking sharks without teeth: a non-invasive rigid tag attachment for large predatory sharks (2015)

Many marine species are difficult to study because components of their lifecycles occur solely or partially outside of the observable realm of researchers. Advances in biologging tags have begun to give us glimpses into these unobservable states. However, many of these tags require rigid attachment to animals, which normally requires catching and restraining the animals. These methods become prohibitive with large, dangerous, or rare species, such as large predatory sharks, and can have significant consequences for individual survival and behavior. Therefore, there is a need for methods and hardware to non-invasively and rigidly attach biologging tags to large predatory sharks that presents limited effects on the animals and researchers. Here we test a clamp tag and methods to non-invasively and rigidly attach biologging tags to white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Gansbaai, South Africa. We developed stainless steel dorsal fin attachment clamps with abrasive pads for deployments of biologging devices on large marine organisms. We deployed 35 tags on 34 white sharks, which after modification, remained rigidly attached to the animals up to 93 h, even through significant dynamic motions, and released from the animals with little or no effect on the animals. These tags and attachments present a technique and hardware to equip large predatory sharks with biologging tags without the need to catch or restrain them, and with some additional modification, these tags may remain on the animals for long periods with potentially reduced risk for both researcher and animal.
Selection of Passive Inflow Control Devices Based on Dynamic Weight Fuzzy Evaluation (2014)

Abstract In long horizontal wells, early water or gas may breakthrough into the wellbore due to the imbalanced production profile caused by the heel-toe effect, reservoir anisotropic, reservoir heterogeneity or fracture-existing. Once coning occurs, oil production may severely decrease due to the limited flow contribution from the non-coning regions. Inflow control devices (ICDs) are installed to maintain the flow across production zones uniformly by creating an additional pressure drop which cancels out the imbalanced production profile. Since a typical well with ICDs can be in production from 5 to more than 20 years, the long-term reliability of such a device is crucial to the well's overall success. Therefore, the ICDs must exhibit certain performance features during every phase of the well's life, however, the reality is that none of current ICDs alone meet the ideal requirements of an ICD designed, and current ICD selection for a specific reservoir mainly depends on the qualitative awareness of both the reservoir condition and the ICD performance. To make a better selection of the ICDs, dynamic weight theory is introduced into the fuzzy evaluation, and analytic hierarchy process is used for reference, which make the weight of each evaluation index change with the reservoir condition. The optimal membership degrees of these ICDs with varying flow rate, fluid density, and fluid viscosity are first calculated and then compared, which help to develop the ICD selection pattern. With the help of the pattern, we can select the optimal ICD simply and quickly once the reservoir condition is determined, which has the best corrosion resistance and the least viscosity sensitivity. 1. Introduction In long horizontal wells, early water or gas may breakthrough into the wellbore due to the imbalanced production profile caused by the heel-toe effect, reservoir anisotropic, reservoir heterogeneity or fracture-existing (Wang et al., 2011). Once coning occurs, water/gas fast track will be generated, and then oil production may severely decrease due to the limited flow contribution from the non-coning regions. Inflow control devices (ICDs) are installed to maintain the flow across production zones uniformly by creating an additional pressure drop which cancels out the imbalanced production profile.
Effect of intravenous calcium and oral sodium phosphate in cows with parturient paresis (2012)

The goal of this study was to determine whether oral administration of sodium phosphate in conjunction with intravenous calcium is more efficaceous than intravenous calcium alone for the treatment of parturient paresis. Thirty cows with parturient paresis were examined and treated by the same veterinarian. The cows were divided randomly into two groups of 15 cows each. Cows in group A received 500 ml of a 40 per cent calcium borogluconate solution containing 15.65 g calcium gluconate and borogluconate, with a supplement of 6 per cent magnesium hypophosphite (9.85 g magnesium hypophosphite) intravenously over a period of approximately 15 min. Cows in group B received the same treatment as well as 350 g of monobasic sodium phosphate (70 g inorganic phosphate, NaH2PO4 2 H2O, Streuli) dissolved in 0.5 litres of distilled water orally via a stomach tube. After treatment, the heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, superficial body temperature, rumen motility, appetite and defecation of the cows were ...
1-Methylthio-d-xylulose 5-Phosphate Methylsulfurylase: A Novel Route to 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-Phosphate in Rhodospirillum rubrum (2012)

Rhodospirillum rubrum produces 5-methylthioadenosine (MTA) from S-adenosylmethionine in polyamine biosynthesis; however, R. rubrum lacks the classical methionine salvage pathway. Instead, MTA is converted to 5-methylthio-d-ribose 1-phosphate (MTR 1-P) and adenine; MTR 1-P is isomerized to 1-methylthio-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (MTXu 5-P) and reductively dethiomethylated to 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), an intermediate in the nonmevalonate isoprenoid pathway [Erb, T. J., et al. (2012) Nat. Chem. Biol., in press]. Dethiomethylation, a novel route to DXP, is catalyzed by MTXu 5-P methylsulfurylase. An active site Cys displaces the enolate of DXP from MTXu 5-P, generating a methyl disulfide intermediate.
Steam reforming of lignin modified with iron (2020)

Steam reforming of lignin was performed in the presence of catalytic amounts of iron introduced into lignin via an impregnation from a Fe(NO3)3 solution. Organic products with low molecular weights formed in the low-temperature region included aromatic, aliphatic and phenolic compounds. The high-temperature processing of lignin in H2O vapors resulted in the formation of CO and H2 as the major products.
Putative virulence factors are released in association with membrane vesicles fromBurkholderia cepacia (2003)

Like many other Gram-negative bacteria, Burkholderia cepacia naturally releases membrane vesicles (n-MVs) during normal growth. Through filtration and differential centrifugation, n-MVs from clinical isolates of the IIIa and V genomovars were isolated and their characteristics compared. Electron microscopy revealed that they were spherical, 30-220 nm in diameter, and bilayered. Virulence factors thought to play a role in pathogenicity (e.g., lipase, phospholipase-N, and protease, including a metalloprotease) were found associated with n-MVs, while peptidoglycan zymogram analysis also revealed 26, 28, 36, and 66 kDa peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes. n-MVs were often contaminated with flagella and pili when isolated by traditional methods, and a new strategy using a linear isopycnic sucrose gradient was utilized. For better characterization, this was applied to a representative genomovar IIIa strain (C5424) and showed that n-MVs consisted of a subset of specific outer membrane and periplasmic proteins as well as lipopoly saccharide possessing only a putative minor O-side chain polymer. This finding suggests that certain components are selected by B. cepacia during n-MV formation, and since some are putative virulence factors, this property could help deliver the factors to tissue, thereby aiding infection.
Automation in airport security X-ray screening of cabin baggage: Examining benefits and possible implementations of automated explosives detection (2018)

Bomb attacks on civil aviation make detecting improvised explosive devices and explosive material in passenger baggage a major concern. In the last few years, explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) have become available. Although used by a number of airports, most countries have not yet implemented these systems on a wide scale. We investigated the benefits of EDSCB with two different levels of automation currently being discussed by regulators and airport operators: automation as a diagnostic aid with an on-screen alarm resolution by the airport security officer (screener) or EDSCB with an automated decision by the machine. The two experiments reported here tested and compared both scenarios and a condition without automation as baseline. Participants were screeners at two international airports who differed in both years of work experience and familiarity with automation aids. Results showed that experienced screeners were good at detecting improvised explosive devices even without EDSCB. EDSCB increased only their detection of bare explosives. In contrast, screeners with less experience (tenure < 1 year) benefitted substantially from EDSCB in detecting both improvised explosive devices and bare explosives. A comparison of all three conditions showed that automated decision provided better human-machine detection performance than on-screen alarm resolution and no automation. This came at the cost of slightly higher false alarm rates on the human-machine system level, which would still be acceptable from an operational point of view. Results indicate that a wide-scale implementation of EDSCB would increase the detection of explosives in passenger bags and automated decision instead of automation as diagnostic aid with on screen alarm resolution should be considered.
Hyperglucagonemia during insulin deficiency accelerates protein catabolism (1987)

Hyperglucagonemia coexists with insulin deficiency or insulin resistance in many conditions where urinary nitrogen excretion is increased, but the precise role of glucagon in these conditions is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperglucagonemia on protein metabolism in insulin-deficient subjects. We used the stable isotope of an essential amino acid (L-[1-13C]leucine) as a tracer of in vivo protein metabolism. A combined deficiency of insulin and glucagon was induced by intravenous infusion of somatostatin. Hyperglucagonemia and hypoinsulinemia were induced by infusions of somatostatin and glucagon. When somatostatin alone was infused leucine flux increased, indicating a 6-17% increase in proteolysis. When somatostatin and glucagon were infused, leucine flux increased, indicating a 12-32% increase in proteolysis. The increase in leucine flux during the infusion of somatostatin and glucagon was higher than the increase during infusion of somatostatin alone. Somatostatin alone did not change leucine oxidation, whereas the somatostatin plus glucagon increased leucine oxidation 100%. We conclude that hyperglucagonemia accelerates proteolysis and leucine oxidation in insulin-deficient humans.
Fractionation Of Alcell® Lignin By Sequential Solvent Extraction (1996)

ABSTRACT A prototype solvolytic lignin has been fractionated into three fractions by successive extraction with organic solvents of increasing hydrogen-bonding capacity. A comparison between the fractions and the starting lignin has been made in terms of methoxyl group content, fractionation yields, molecular weight distribution, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, and 1H and13 C NMR spectroscopy. The fractionation procedure was found to isolate fractions having distinct group functionalities and molecular weight distributions. In particular, the heterogeneity of ALCELL® lignin is demonstrated from the data. A significant portion of this lignin, 27%, was found to be comprised of a very low molecular weight (Mw = 714 g/mol) fraction soluble in ether. This fraction had a lower polydispersity but a higher content of guaiacyl structures with saturated side chains than the higher molecular weight fractions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mass Spectrometric Study of C60F48. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electrical Spin Injection from an Organic-Based Ferrimagnet in a Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Heterostructure (2011)

We report the successful extraction of spin-polarized current from the organic-based room temperature ferrimagnetic semiconductor V[TCNE](x) (x∼2, TCNE: tetracyanoethylene; T(C)∼400 K, E(G)∼0.5 eV, σ(300 K)∼10(-2) S/cm) and its subsequent injection into a GaAs/AlGaAs light-emitting diode. The spin current tracks the magnetization of V[TCNE](x∼2), is weakly temperature dependent, and exhibits heavy-hole-light-hole asymmetry. This result has implications for room temperature spintronics and the use of inorganic materials to probe spin physics in organic and molecular systems.
Enhancement of Coil Electrospinning Using Two-Level Coil Structure (2018)

Coil-based electrospinning is among the most efficient needleless electrospinning technologies. Conventional coil electrospinning typically uses a coil with a smooth wire surface as the spinneret. The effect of wire surface morphology on coil electrospinning and nanofiber production is scarcely reported. Herein, we report a novel coil electrospinning that has a secondary coil structure on the coil spinneret. The secondary coil was found to have a great effect on the coil electrospinning process. It reduced the voltage for jet initiation by 4 kV and increased the nanofiber production rate by over 170% but had little influence on fiber diameter. The finite element analysis indicated that the secondary coil structure increased the electric field intensity on the coil surface and fiber-generating areas. These novel understandings may be useful for designing high-efficiency electrospinning spinnerets for nanofiber mass production.
Llums que no són només llums (2020)

Visible Light Communications (VLC) is a new paradigm in wireless communications. The characteristics of this technology, which uses light-emitting diode-based lighting devices as transmitting elements, make it possible to be considered a complement to current wireless radio communication systems. ----- Les comunicacions per llum visible o 'Visible Light Communications' (VLC) són un nou paradigma en comunicacions sense fils. Les característiques que presenta aquesta tecnologia, que utilitza els dispositius d'il{\lgem{}}luminació basats en díodes emissors de llum com elements transmissors, fa que es pugui considerar un complement dels actuals sistemes de comunicació inal`ambrics.
Multi-level flash/EPROM memories: new self-convergent programming methods for low-voltage applications (2002)

This paper proposes new low voltage programming methods for storing multi-levels of threshold voltage (V/sub T/) in flash memory cells. These methods are based on hot electron injection under low voltage (<5v) bias at drain or gate. Abundant hot electrons can be generated from the high field near drain together with various "seed" currents for avalanche mechanism, such as punch-through and parasitic bipolar currents in cell. The programmed cell V/sub T/ has excellent linear relation to the gate bias used for programming, therefore this technique is also useful for storing analog signals in cells. Many array architectures, such as NVG or ETOX, can be implemented with capability of programming one or more entire columns of cells into multi-levels or analog signals simultaneously. The methods demonstrated in this paper are promising for next generation high density and low power flash memory with applications in both digital and analog systems.
A model of symbol grounding in a temporal environment (2002)

The authors present a simple recurrent neural network which was trained to generate sequences of symbols classifying sequences of perceptual input originating from an environment. The symbols generated, although from a small set, constitute classifications of an environment which is both analog valued and which has strongly temporal features. The symbol grounding problem is addressed by relating the learned categories directly to the perceptual input, and by analyzing the representation space constructed by the network to perform the task. The authors demonstrate that such a grounded system can exhibit useful generalization, and that the internal representation of the symbolic classes is usually different than the traditional predicate logic approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>