gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anatomic Single- and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Part 1 (2011)

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a frequently performed orthopaedic procedure. Although short-term results are generally good, long-term outcomes are less favorable. Thus, there is renewed interest in improving surgical techniques. Recent studies of anterior cruciate ligament anatomy and function have characterized the 2-bundle structure of the native ligament. During non-weightbearing conditions, the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles display reciprocal tension patterns. However, during weightbearing, both the AM and PL bundles are maximally elongated at low flexion angles and shorten significantly with increasing knee flexion. Conventional single-bundle reconstruction techniques often result in nonanatomic tunnel placement, with a tibial PL to a femoral "high AM" tunnel position. In vitro studies have demonstrated that these nonanatomic single-bundle reconstructions cannot completely restore normal anterior-posterior or rotatory laxity. Cadaveric studies suggest that anatomic single-bundle and anatomic double-bundle reconstruction may better restore knee stability. Although many cadaver studies suggest that double-bundle reconstruction techniques result in superior stability when compared with single-bundle techniques, others failed to demonstrate a clear benefit of this more complex procedure. Cadaver studies generally do not apply physiologically relevant loads and provide only a "time-zero" assessment that ignores effects of healing and remodeling after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In vivo, dynamic studies offer the most comprehensive assessment of knee function after injury or reconstruction, as they can evaluate dynamic stability during functional joint loading. Studies of knee kinematics during activities such as gait and running suggest that nonanatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction fails to restore preinjury knee function under functional loading conditions. Similar studies of more anatomic single- and double-bundle surgical approaches are in progress, and preliminary results suggest that these anatomic techniques may be more effective for restoring preinjury knee function. However, more extensive, well-designed studies of both kinematics and long-term outcomes are warranted to characterize the potential benefits of more anatomic reconstruction techniques for improving long-term outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Synthesis and texture manipulation of screening mammograms using conditional generative adversarial network (2019)

Annotated data availability has always been a major limiting f actor for the development of algorithms in the field of computer aided diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using a conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) to synthesize high resolution mammography images with semantic control. We feed a binary mammographic texture map to the generator to synthesize a full-field digital-mammogram (FFDM). Our results show the generator quickly learned to grow anatomical details around the edges within the texture mask. However, we found the training unstable and the quality of generated images unsatisfactory due to the inherent limitation of latent space and sample space mapping by the pix2pix framework. In order to synthesize high resolution mammography images with semantic control, we identified the critical challenge is to build the efficient mappings of binary textures with a great variety of pattern realizations with the image domain.
Mechanical properties of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2002)

The difference in both the pattern and the magnitude of the effect of cytoskeletal perturbing agent on the viscoelastic properties between HCC cells and hepatocytes may reflect differences in the state of the cytoskeleton structure and function and in the sensitivity to perturbing agent treatment between these two types of cells. Change in the viscoelastic properties of cancer cells may affect significantly tumor cell invasion and metastasis as well as interactions between tumor cells and their micro-mechanical environments.
Zn‐Cu‐In‐S‐Se Quinary “Green” Alloyed Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Solar Cells with a Certified Efficiency of 14.4 % (2020)

The photoelectronic properties of quantum dots (QDs) have a critical impact on the performance of quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). Currently, I-III-VI group QDs have become the mainstream light-harvesting materials in high-performance QDSCs. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve satisfactory efficiency for light-harvesting, charge extraction, and charge collection simultaneously in QDSCs. We design and prepare Zn<sub>0.4</sub> Cu<sub>0.7</sub> In<sub>1.0</sub> S<sub>x</sub> Se<sub>2-x</sub> (ZCISSe) quinary alloyed QDs by cation/anion co-alloying strategy. The critical photoelectronic properties of target QDs, including band gap, conduction band energy level, and density of defect trap states, can be conveniently tailored. Experimental results demonstrate that the ZCISSe quinary alloyed QDs can achieve an ideal balance among light-harvesting, photogenerated electron extraction, and charge-collection efficiencies in QDSCs compared to its single anion or cation quaternary alloyed QD counterparts. Consequently, the quinary alloyed QDs boost the certified efficiency of QDSCs to 14.4 %, which is a new efficiency record for liquid-junction QD solar cells.
Polyitaconic acid macromolecule primer for adhesive bonding and corrosion control of aluminum (1987)

When polyitaconic acid (PIA) macromolecules are applied as water-soluble primers in polyurethane (PU) adhesive/aluminum adherend joint systems, they interact preferentially with the hydrated oxide aluminum to form hydrogen bonds, and with the isocyanate groups in the adhesive to yield polymer-to-polymer chemical bonding. This chemical coupling between the adhesive and adherend acts significantly to promote interfacial adhesive bonds. The arrangement of a near monolayer of PIA intermediate film plays a key role in governing the adhesion durability of the joint system and the corrosion resistance of the aluminum upon exposure to corrosive fluids. The bond stability and the corrosion resistance are due primarily to the formation of interfacial reaction products which are less susceptible to hydrolysis.
Circumferential spicule growth by pericellular silica deposition in the hexactinellid spongeMonorhaphis chuni (2011)

The giant basal spicule of the hexactinellid sponge Monorhaphis chuni represents the longest natural siliceous structure on Earth. This spicule is composed of concentrically arranged lamellae that are approximately 10 μm thick. In the present study, we investigated the formation of outer lamellae on a cellular level using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. It is shown that the formation of an outermost lamella begins with the association of cell clusters with the surface of the thickening and/or growing spicule. The cells release silica for controlled formation of a lamella. The pericellular (silica) material fuses to a delimited and textured layer of silica with depressions approximately 20-30 μm in diameter. The newly formed layer initially displays 40 μm wide, well-structured banded ribbons and only attains its plain surface in a final step. The chemical composition in the depressions was studied using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and by staining with Texas Red. The data suggest that those depressions are the nests for the silica-forming cells and that silica formation starts with a direct association of silica-forming cells with the outer surface of the spicule, where they remain and initiate the development of the next lamellae.
Doped Zirconia with Acidity and High Thermal Stability, for Durable Diesel Catalysts (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Acidic doped zirconia catalyst supports with high thermal stability and high SOx resistance have been tested in Diesel exhaust. This paper focuses on the optimization of these materials to get the best trade-off between acidity and thermal stability. These materials were tested as a Platinum support for Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC). Preliminary data are also discussed concerning their ammonia adsorption properties for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx by ammonia (SCR).&lt;/div&gt;
Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Depostion Synthesis of Hollow Inorganic‐Fullerene‐Type MoS2 and MoSe2 Nanoparticles (2005)

Hollow, nested inorganic fullerene- type MoQ2 (Q = S, Se) nanoparticles (see Figure) are prepared in high yield and on a large scale from organometallic precursors. The MoQ2 nanoparticles are obtained by a gas-phase synthesis (using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition) from Mo(CO)6 and S/Se, followed by a subsequent annealing step.
Quantitative Structural Assessment of Heterogeneous Catalysts by Electron Tomography (2011)

We present transmission electron microscope (TEM) tomography investigations of ruthenium-based fuel cell catalyst materials as employed in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The digital three-dimensional representation of the samples not only enables detailed studies on number, size, and shape but also on the local orientation of the ruthenium particles to their support and their freely accessible surface area. The shape analysis shows the ruthenium particles deviate significantly from spherical symmetry which increases their surface to volume ratio. The morphological studies help to understand the structure formation mechanisms during the fabrication as well as the high effectiveness of these catalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode side of fuel cells.
The impact and spreading of a small liquid drop on a non-porous substrate over an extended time scale (2012)

High-speed imaging has been used to analyse the impact and spreading of sub-30 μm drops of Newtonian fluids (diethyl phthalate and glycerol–water mixture) on smooth glass surfaces with controlled wettabilities at velocities from 3 to 8 m s−1. Data on drop height and spreading diameter were generated with high time and spatial resolution, over eight orders of magnitude in time scale. During the initial kinematic phase, the contact diameter followed a simple power-law independent of impact speed and surface wettability. In the spreading phase there was significant influence of impact speed, with the time taken to reach the maximum spreading diameter increasing with speed. During the wetting phase, for a hydrophilic substrate the drop spreading followed Tanner's law for all impact speeds. Measurements of the maximum spreading factor were compared with the predictions of analytical models based on energy balance, and were in reasonable agreement. The final spreading factor, however, showed better agreement with the value predicted from a volume conservation model, and some confusion has been identified in the previous literature over the distinction between these two measures of spreading. Good correlation was found between the deposition dynamics over the whole range of time scales of these small drops, and the data for the much larger, mm-sized drops studied in much previous work, provided that the values of initial Reynolds and Weber numbers were similar.
Targeting Tumor Hypoxia Using Nanoparticle-engineered CXCR4-overexpressing Adipose-derived Stem Cells (2018)

Hypoxia, a hallmark of malignant tumors, often correlates with increasing tumor aggressiveness and poor treatment outcomes. Due to a lack of vasculature, effective drug delivery to hypoxic tumor regions remains challenging. Signaling through the chemokine SDF-1α and its receptor CXCR4 plays a critical role in the homing of stem cells to ischemia for potential use as drug-delivery vehicles. To harness this mechanism for targeting tumor hypoxia, we developed polymeric nanoparticle-induced CXCR4-overexpressing human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs). Using glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) as a model tumor, we evaluated the ability of CXCR4-overexpressing hADSCs to target tumor hypoxia in vitro using a 2D migration assay and a 3D collagen hydrogel model. Compared to untransfected hADSCs, CXCR4-overexpressing hADSCs showed enhanced migration in response to hypoxia and penetrated the hypoxic core within tumor spheres. When injected in the contralateral brain in a mouse intracranial GBM xenograft, CXCR4-overexpressing hADSCs exhibited long-range migration toward GBM and preferentially penetrated the hypoxic tumor core. Intravenous injection also led to effective targeting of tumor hypoxia in a subcutaneous tumor model. Together, these results validate polymeric nanoparticle-induced CXCR4-overexpressing hADSCs as a potent cellular vehicle for targeting tumor hypoxia, which may be broadly useful for enhancing drug delivery to various cancer types.
Introduction to multivariate regression analysis. (2010)

Statistics are used in medicine for data description and inference. Inferential statistics are used to answer questions about the data, to test hypotheses (formulating the alternative or null hypotheses), to generate a measure of effect, typically a ratio of rates or risks, to describe associations (correlations) or to model relationships (regression) within the data and, in many other functions. Usually point estimates are the measures of associations or of the magnitude of effects. Confounding, measurement errors, selection bias and random errors make unlikely the point estimates to equal the true ones. In the estimation process, the random error is not avoidable. One way to account for is to compute p-values for a range of possible parameter values (including the null). The range of values, for which the p-value exceeds a specified alpha level (typically 0.05) is called confidence interval. An interval estimation procedure will, in 95% of repetitions (identical studies in all respects except for random error), produce limits that contain the true parameters. It is argued that the question if the pair of limits produced from a study contains the true parameter could not be answered by the ordinary (frequentist) theory of confidence intervals1. Frequentist approaches derive estimates by using probabilities of data (either p-values or likelihoods) as measures of compatibility between data and hypotheses, or as measures of the relative support that data provide hypotheses. Another approach, the Bayesian, uses data to improve existing (prior) estimates in light of new data. Proper use of any approach requires careful interpretation of statistics1,2.
Nanoimprint Lithography on curved surfaces prepared by fused deposition modelling (2015)

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modelling, prototyping and production applications. The achievable surface roughness is one of its most limiting aspects. It is however of great interest to create well-defined (nanosized) patterns on the surface for functional applications such as optical effects, electronics or bio-medical devices. We used UV-curable polymers of different viscosities and flexible stamps made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to perform Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) on FDM-printed curved parts. Substrates with different roughness and curvature were prepared using a commercially available 3D printer. The nanoimprint results were characterized by optical light microscopy, profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our experiments show promising results in creating well-defined microstructures on the 3D-printed parts.
Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-profiling with biomarker identification by LC-QTOF to characterize coronary artery disease (2018)

Metabolite profiling by mass spectrometry (MS) is an area of interest for disease diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and therapeutic evaluation. A recently developed approach, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-profiling, searches for metabolites with precursor (Prec) and neutral loss (NL) scans in a representative sample and creates a list of ion transitions. These are then used in an MRM method for fast screening of individual samples and discrimination between healthy and diseased. A large variety of functional groups are considered and all signals discovered are recorded in the individual samples, making this a largely unsupervised method. MRM-profiling is described here and then demonstrated with data for over 900 human plasma coronary artery disease (CAD) samples. Representative pooled samples for each condition were interrogated using a library of over a hundred Prec and NL scans on a triple quadrupole MS. The data from the Prec and NL experiments were converted into ion transitions, initially some 1266 transitions. Each ion transition was examined in the individual samples on a time scale of milliseconds per transition, which allows for rapid screening of large sample sets (<5 days for 1000 samples). Use of univariate and multivariate statistics allowed classification of the sample set with high accuracy. The metabolite profiles classified the CAD female, CAD male, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) samples relative to controls with an accuracy of 90%, 78%, and 85%, respectively. The compounds responsible for informative ion transitions were identified by chromatography and high resolution MS; some have been previously reported and found to be associated with coronary artery disease metabolism, indicating that the methodology generates a meaningful metabolite profile while being faster than traditional methodologies.
Restoring the Orthogonality of Two Polarizations in Radio Communication Systems, I (1971)

The transmission medium or the radiating system often fails to maintain the orthogonality between two polarizations. Using a differential phase shifter and a differential attenuator, the orthogonality can be recovered by the transformation of two nonorthogonal elliptically polarized waves into two orthogonal polarizations.
Long-Term Xylitol Consumption and Mutans Streptococci in Plaque and Saliva (1991)

The effect of 4 to 6 years of habitual use of xylitol gum (greater than or equal to 2 times per day) on the viable counts of mutans streptococci in both plaque and saliva was evaluated in a cross-sectional study of participants of the Ylivieska xylitol study (Finland, 1982-1984). Paraffin-stimulated saliva was collected first, whereafter the remaining plaque was collected from all available tooth surfaces and pooled. The habitual xylitol consumers (n = 15) had less plaque than the controls (n = 21). The total viable counts of mutans streptococci in the plaque collected from the habitual xylitol users were about 10% of those determined in controls (p less than 0.01). The salivary mutans streptococci levels were relatively high in both habitual xylitol consumers and controls, as determined using a plate count and with an adhesion-based assay; no significant differences were detected between these groups. Thus, habitual xylitol consumption appeared not to be associated with a reduction in the total numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva. The plaque and the mutans streptococci were, however, more loosely bound to the tooth surfaces of the habitual xylitol users. The results of the plate count and the adhesion-based assay for salivary mutans streptococci were in good agreement for both habitual xylitol consumers and the controls. This suggests that it was the accumulation of plaque rather than the adhesiveness of mutans streptococci that was affected by the habitual consumption of xylitol.
Network-Wide Sensornet Checkpointing Made Practical (2013)

Developing sensornet software is difficult partly because ofthe limited visibility of the system state of deployed nodes. Sensornetcheckpointing is a method that allows developers to save and resto ...
Pancreatic Differentiation of Stem Cells Reveals Pathogenesis of a Syndrome of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes (2021)

Genetic analysis of an adult patient with an unusual course of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes (KPD) and lacking islet autoantibodies demonstrated a nucleotide variant in the&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;5’-UTR of &lt;i&gt;PDX1&lt;/i&gt;, a beta-cell development gene. When differentiated to the pancreatic lineage, his induced pluripotent stem cells stalled at the definitive endoderm stage. Metabolomic analysis of the cells revealed that this was associated with leucine hypersensitivity during transition from the definitive endoderm to the pancreatic progenitor stage, and RNA-sequencing showed defects in leucine-sensitive mTOR pathways contribute to the differentiation deficiency. CRISPR-Cas9 manipulation of the &lt;i&gt;PDX1&lt;/i&gt; variant demonstrated that it is necessary and sufficient to confer leucine sensitivity and the differentiation block, likely due to disruption of binding of the transcriptional regulator NFY to the &lt;i&gt;PDX1&lt;/i&gt; 5’-UTR, leading to decreased PDX1 expression at the early pancreatic progenitor stage. Thus, the combination of an underlying defect in leucine catabolism characteristic of KPD with a functionally relevant heterozygous variant in a critical beta-cell gene that confers increased leucine sensitivity and inhibits endocrine cell differentiation resulted in the phenotype of late-onset beta-cell failure in this patient. We define the molecular pathogenesis of a diabetes syndrome and demonstrate the power of multi-omics analysis of patient-specific stem cells for clinical discovery.
A phylogenetic review of the African leaf chameleons: genus Rhampholeon (Chamaeleonidae): the role of vicariance and climate change in speciation (2004)

The phylogenetic associations among 13 currently recognized African leaf chameleon species were investigated by making use of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data (44 taxa and 4145 characters). The gene tree indicates two divergent clades within Rhampholeon; this finding is congruent with previous morphological suggestions. The first clade (I) comprises three taxa (R. kerstenii, R. brevicaudatus and R. brachyurus) and is widely distributed in lowland forest and or non-forest biomes. The second clade (II) comprises the remaining Rhampholeon species and can be subdivided into three subclades. By contrast, most taxa belonging to clade II are confined to relict montane forest biotopes. Based on geographical, morphological and molecular evidence, it is suggested that the taxonomy of Rhampholeon be revised to include two genera (Rieppeleon and Rhampholeon) and three subgenera (Rhampholeon, Bicuspis and Rhinodigitum). There is a close correlation between geographical distribution and phylogenetic relatedness among Rhampholeon taxa, indicating that vicariance and climate change were possibly the most influential factors driving speciation in the group. A relaxed Bayesian clock suggests that speciation times coincided both with the northern movement of Africa, which caused the constriction of the pan African forest, and to rifting in east Africa ca. 20 Myr ago. Subsequent speciation among taxa was probably the result of gradual desiccation of forests between 20 and 5 Myr ago.