gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-1 modulation of cytokine receptors on human neutrophils: in vitro and in vivo studies (1993)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) modulation of cytokine receptors (human IL-1 receptor [hIL-1R], human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [hG-CSFR], human granulocyte-macrophage CSF receptor [hGM-CSFR], and human tumor necrosis factor receptor [hTNFR]) on human neutrophils was studied both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, incubation of neutrophils with IL-1 at 37 degrees C for 0.5 or 8 hours caused a reduction of IL-1 binding in a dose-dependent manner, but did not demonstrably affect binding of the other cytokines tested. In vivo, neutrophils from patients with gastrointestinal malignancies who were participating in a clinical trial of recombinant human IL-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) demonstrated modulation of cytokine receptors in an IL-1 beta dose- and time-dependent manner. At the two highest dose levels of IL-1 beta (0.068 and 0.1 microgram/kg), reduction (> 40%) of G-CSF binding and elevation (twofold to sixfold) of IL-1 binding to neutrophils was observed after 1 hour and 4 to 8 hours, respectively. In addition, IL-1 beta rapidly elevated G-CSF and glucocorticoid levels in plasma. Patients at the lowest dose level (0.002 microgram/kg) had a less dramatic change in these parameters. Further in vitro studies showed that synthetic glucocorticoids and G-CSF synergistically up-modulated IL-1 binding to neutrophils in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Scatchard analysis of binding data showed that this in vitro synergistic modulation was due to an increase in receptor numbers, rather than an increase in binding affinity. In addition, both human umbilical cord blood and bone marrow neutrophils responded to G-CSF and dexamethasone (Dex) with a superadditive increase in IL-1 binding. Therefore, one of mechanisms for IL-1 up-modulation of IL-1R on human neutrophils in vivo was due to the fact that IL-1 rapidly elevates serum levels of G-CSF and glucocorticoids.
EPISTASIS AND THE TEMPORAL CHANGE IN THE ADDITIVE VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX INDUCED BY DRIFT (2004)

The effect of population bottlenecks on the components of the genetic covariance generated by two neutral independent epistatic loci has been studied theoretically (additive, covA; dominance, covD; additive-by-additive, covAA; additive-by-dominance, covAD; and dominance-by-dominance, covDD). The additive-by-additive model and a more general model covering all possible types of marginal gene action at the single-locus level (additive/dominance epistatic model) were considered. The covariance components in an infinitely large panmictic population (ancestral components) were compared with their expected values at equilibrium over replicates randomly derived from the base population, after t consecutive bottlenecks of equal size N (derived components). Formulae were obtained in terms of the allele frequencies and effects at each locus, the corresponding epistatic effects and the inbreeding coefficient Ft. These expressions show that the contribution of nonadditive loci to the derived additive covariance (covAt) does not linearly decrease with inbreeding, as in the pure additive case, and may initially increase or even change sign in specific situations. Numerical examples were also analyzed, restricted for simplicity to the case of all covariance components being positive. For additive-by-additive epistasis, the condition covAt > covA only holds for high frequencies of the allele decreasing the metric traits at each locus (negative allele) if epistasis is weak, or for intermediate allele frequencies if it is strong. For the additive/dominance epistatic model, however, covAt > covA applies for low frequencies of the negative alleles at one or both loci and mild epistasis, but this result can be progressively extended to intermediate frequencies as epistasis becomes stronger. Without epistasis the same qualitative results were found, indicating that marginal dominance induced by epistasis can be considered as the primary cause of an increase of the additive covariance after bottlenecks. For all models, the magnitude of the ratio covAt/covA was inversely related to N and t.
Concepts and Applications of Interaxle Differentials (1970)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For years now, differentials have been used in both on and off highway vehicles, of the single or multidrive axle varieties. The vast majority of differential applications have been in the axle itself. Recently, there has been a trend in the application and use of interaxle differentials in multidrive axle vehicles. This paper will discuss the concepts and applications of interaxle differentials in both on and off highway vehicles. Detroit Automotive Products believes there is a definite design trend for interaxle differentials and overrunning clutches in the more sophisticated on and off highway vehicles currently being developed.&lt;/div&gt;
Prediction of human metabolism of the sedative-hypnotic zaleplon using chimeric mice transplanted with human hepatocytes (2013)

1. Human chimeric mice (h-PXB mice) having humanized liver, constructed by transplantation of human hepatocytes, were evaluated as an experimental model for predicting human drug metabolism. Metabolism of zaleplon in h-PXB mice was compared with that in rat chimeric mice (r-PXB mice) constructed by transplantation of rat hepatocytes. 2. Zaleplon is metabolized to 5-oxo-zaleplon by aldehyde oxidase and to desethyl-zaleplon by cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) in rat and human liver preparations. 3. Liver S9 fraction of h-PXB mice metabolized zaleplon to 5-oxo-zaleplon and desethyl-zaleplon in similar amounts. However, liver S9 fractions of r-PXB and control (urokinase-type plasminogen activator-transgenic severe combined immunodeficient) mice predominantly metabolized zaleplon to desethyl-zaleplon. 5-Oxo-zaleplon was detected as a minor metabolite. 4. Oxidase activity of h-PXB mouse liver cytosol toward zaleplon was about 10-fold higher than that of r-PXB or control mice. In contrast, activities for desethyl-zaleplon formation were similar in liver microsomes from these mice, as well as rat and human liver microsomes. 5. In vivo, the level of 5-oxo-zaleplon in plasma of h-PXB mice was about 7-fold higher than that in r-PXB or control mice, in agreement with the in vitro data. Thus, aldehyde oxidase in h-PXB mice functions as human aldehyde oxidase, both in vivo and in vitro. 6. In contrast, the plasma level of desethyl-zaleplon in r-PXB and control mice was higher than that in h-PXB mice. 7. These results suggest h-PXB mice with humanized liver could be a useful experimental model to predict aldehyde oxidase- and CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism in humans.
Candida auris: An Emerging Yeast Pathogen Posing Distinct Challenges for Laboratory Diagnostics, Treatment, and Infection Prevention (2019)

The rapid emergence of <i>C auris</i> has presented unique challenges for the areas of laboratory diagnostics and infection prevention and in options for antifungal treatment, which are limited. The current lack of established antifungal susceptibility test breakpoints complicates therapeutic decision making. Enhanced awareness of this pathogen is essential to monitor outbreaks and to reduce the risk of spread within health care environments.
A comparison of resonant topologies in high voltage DC applications (1987)

Because of their tolerance of transformer non-idealities, resonant converters appear well-suited to high voltage applications. In this paper, the series and parallel resonant topologies, as well as a newly discovered hybrid resonant topology are compared for high voltage applications. Design criteria which incorporate transformer nonidealities are deloped, and are employed in the construction of high voltage prototypes for each topology. It is found that the parallel topology leads to the lowest peak switch current and the most ideal behavior.
Electronic health record usability: analysis of the user-centered design processes of eleven electronic health record vendors (2015)

The usability of electronic health records (EHRs) continues to be a point of dissatisfaction for providers, despite certification requirements from the Office of the National Coordinator that require EHR vendors to employ a user-centered design (UCD) process. To better understand factors that contribute to poor usability, a research team visited 11 different EHR vendors in order to analyze their UCD processes and discover the specific challenges that vendors faced as they sought to integrate UCD with their EHR development. Our analysis demonstrates a diverse range of vendors' UCD practices that fall into 3 categories: well-developed UCD, basic UCD, and misconceptions of UCD. Specific challenges to practicing UCD include conducting contextually rich studies of clinical workflow, recruiting participants for usability studies, and having support from leadership within the vendor organization. The results of the study provide novel insights for how to improve usability practices of EHR vendors.
A synthesis flow for digital signal processing with biomolecular reactions (2010)

We present a methodology for implementing digital signal processing (DSP) operations such as filtering with biomolecular reactions. From a DSP specification, we demonstrate how to synthesize biomolecular reactions that produce time-varying output quantities of molecules as a function of time-varying input quantities. Unlike all previous schemes for biomolecular computation, ours produces designs that are dependent only on coarse rate categories for the reactions (fast and slow). Given such categories, the computation is exact and independent of the specific reaction rates. We implement DSP operations through a self-timed handshaking protocol that transfers quantities between molecular types based on the absence of other types. We illustrate our methodology with the design of a simple moving-average filter as well as a more complex biquad filter. We validate our designs through transient stochastic simulations of the chemical kinetics. Although conceptual for the time being, the proposed methodology has potential applications in domains of synthetic biology such as biochemical sensing and drug delivery. We are exploring DNA-based computation via strand displacement as a possible experimental chassis.
Background Invariant Classification on Infrared Imagery by Data Efficient Training and Reducing Bias in CNNs (2022)

Even though convolutional neural networks can classify objects in images very accurately, it is well known that the attention of the network may not always be on the semantically important regions of the scene. It has been observed that networks often learn background textures which are not relevant to the object of interest. In turn this makes the networks susceptible to variations and changes in the background which negatively affect their performance. We propose a new two-step training procedure called split training to reduce this bias in CNNs on both Infrared imagery and RGB data. Our split training procedure has two steps: using MSE loss first train the layers of the network on images with background to match the activations of the same network when it is trained using images without background; then with these layers frozen, train the rest of the network with cross-entropy loss to classify the objects. Our training method outperforms the traditional training procedure in both a simple CNN architecture, and deep CNNs like VGG and Densenet which use lots of hardware resources, and learns to mimic human vision which focuses more on shape and structure than background with higher accuracy.
Figure S8 from Circulating T-cell Immunosenescence in Patients with Advanced Non–small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Single-agent PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors or Platinum-based Chemotherapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Scatter plot of tumor growth rate variation and hyperprogressive disease according to SIP status (27 patients, ICI validation cohort)&lt;/p&gt;
Time-Optimal Multi-Waypoint Mission Planning in Dynamic Environments (2018)

The present paper demonstrates the use of exact equations to predict time-optimal mission plans for a marine vehicle that visits a number of locations in a given dynamic ocean current field. This problem bears close resemblance to that of the classic “traveling salesman”, albeit with the added complexity that the vehicle experiences a dynamic flow field while traversing the paths. The paths, or “legs”, between all goal waypoints are generated by numerically solving the exact time-optimal path planning level-set differential equations. Overall, the planning proceeds in four steps. First, current forecasts for the planning horizon is obtained utilizing our data-driven 4D primitive equation ocean modeling system (Multidisciplinary Simulation Estimation and Assimilation System; MSEAS), forced by high-resolution tidal and real-time atmopsheric forcing fields. Second, all tour permutations are enumerated and the minimum number of times the time-optimal PDEs are to be solved is established. Third, due to the spatial and temporal dynamics, a varying start time results in different paths and durations for each leg and requires all permutations of travel to be calculated. To do so, the minimum required time-optimal PDEs are solved and the optimal travel time is computed for each leg of all enumerated tours. Finally, the tour permutation for which travel time is minimized is identified and the corresponding time-optimal paths are computed by solving the backtracking equation. Even though the method is very efficient and the optimal path can be computed serially in real-time for common naval operations, for additional computational speed, a high-performance computing cluster was used to solve the level set calculations in parallel. Our equation and software is applied to simulations of realistic naval applications in the complex Philippines Archipelago region. Our method calculates the global optimum and can serve two purposes: (a) it can be used in its present form to plan multi-waypoint missions offline in conjunction with a predictive ocean current modeling system, or (b) it can be used as a litmus test for approximate future solutions to the traveling salesman problem in dynamic flow fields.
Convolutional Phase Retrieval via Gradient Descent (2017)

We study the convolutional phase retrieval problem, of recovering an unknown signal $\mathbf x \in \mathbb C^n $ from $m$ measurements consisting of the magnitude of its cyclic convolution with a given kernel $\mathbf a \in \mathbb C^m $. This model is motivated by applications such as channel estimation, optics, and underwater acoustic communication, where the signal of interest is acted on by a given channel/filter, and phase information is difficult or impossible to acquire. We show that when $\mathbf a$ is random and the number of observations $m$ is sufficiently large, with high probability $\mathbf x$ can be efficiently recovered up to a global phase shift using a combination of spectral initialization and generalized gradient descent. The main challenge is coping with dependencies in the measurement operator. We overcome this challenge by using ideas from decoupling theory, suprema of chaos processes and the restricted isometry property of random circulant matrices, and recent analysis of alternating minimization methods.
BULK CARRIER OPERATIONS SAFETY ENHANCEMENT PROJECT - PHASE III. VOLUME I: TANK ATMOSPHERE CONTROL - FULL SCALE MEASUREMENTS AND MODEL CORRELATIONS (1980)

Full scale gas concentration measurements were obtained in the No. 7C and No. 12S tanks of a 390,000 DWT ULCC during shiptank gas atmosphere control operations. Concentration-time histories were recorded in both the dilution and displacement mode of gas exchange. The full scale data were utilized to validate (1) the scale modeling methodology, and (2) the conclusions and recommendations based on a comprehensive set of scale model tests which were conducted under Phase II of this project (MARAD Contract No. 5-38044). Excellent agreement was obtained between full scale measurements and model predictions. As a result of this work, the modeling techniques developed in Phase II have been validated and the design and operational guidelines developed as part of the Phase II studies are also shown to be valid.
Tissue distribution of Na+/H+exchanger isoforms NHE2 and NHE4 in rat intestine and kidney (1997)

We present evidence that tissue distribution of two highly conserved Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms, NHE2 and NHE4, differs significantly from previously published reports. Riboprobes unique to each of these antiporters, from 5' (noncoding and coding) and 3' coding regions, were used to analyze mRNA from adult rat kidney and intestine by ribonuclease protection assay and in situ hybridization. In contrast to earlier work that concluded that both NHE2 and NHE4 were expressed throughout the intestine and in the kidney, our data show that there is no NHE2 message in the kidney and NHE4 is not expressed in small or large intestine. Analyses of intestinal epithelial and kidney membrane proteins by an NHE2-specific antibody identified a doublet at < 90 kDa in intestine but not in kidney. NHE2 is highly expressed in the Na(+)-absorptive epithelium of jejunum, ileum, and ascending and descending colon. NHE4 mRNA message is found in the inner medulla of the kidney as previously reported (C. Bookstein, M. W. Musch, A. DePaoli, Y. Xie, M. Villereal, M. C. Rao, and E. B. Chang. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 29704-29709, 1994) and not in the intestine. From these data, we speculate that neither NHE2 nor NHE4 has a role in renal Na+ absorption. NHE2 is likely involved in gut Na+ absorption, whereas NHE4 may have a specialized role in cell volume rectification of inner medullary collecting duct cells. Knowledge of the correct tissue and cell-specific distribution of these two antiporters should help significantly in understanding their physiological roles.
Forward error correction and interleaving performance for lasercom terminals in fading channels (2022)

Interleaving is a well-known technique utilizing temporal diversity to mitigate burst errors in a communications link. Interleaving provides robustness at the physical layer of the network stack, at the expense of an increase in latency. An important parameter used in characterizing interleaver performance is the temporal diversity L, defined as the number of statistically independent fade events experienced by an individual codeword. This temporal diversity L characterizes the interleaver’s ability to whiten a channel so that forward error correction codes designed to mitigate additive white Gaussian noise function effectively. For large values of L, the interleaver is effectively “infinite”, and deeper interleaving produces no additional benefit. As L is decreased, the power penalty grows, and increasingly more average power must be transmitted to ensure error-free decoding at the receiver. Here we investigate interleaver performance in the regime where L is decreasing and the interleaver is not effectively infinite. Our goals are to (1) determine the regime where the interleaver is no longer effectively infinite, and (2) characterize the power penalty as a function of L to understand how the performance degrades as L is reduced. A theoretical model is presented that allows us to investigate interleaver performance in the presence of weak, moderate, and strong turbulence (scintillation indices of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0, respectively). The model results show a gradual increase in penalty for reduced L for the weak-fading conditions. The moderate and strong fading conditions show similar dependence, with significant penalties over 3 dB developing as L drops below 100, and these penalties grow more rapidly when L drops below 10. We show close agreement to these models with experiments using a fiber-based, optical modem. This optical modem utilizes rate-1/2 coding together with a variable interleaver delay spanning three octaves. The optical data signal is transmitted through a fade emulator that applies the same fade profiles used in the theoretical model. This faded signal is sent to an optical-to-electrical receiver, and then into a digital electronics unit that processes the electrical signal to assess the coded communications performance.
Diethyl(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)phosphonate: a novel multifunctional electrolyte additive for high voltage batteries (2018)

DTYP exhibits multiple functionalities that dramatically improve the performance of a high voltage Li-ion cell using LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> at elevated temperature.
Concept of using a benchmark part to evaluate rapid prototype processes (1994)

A conceptual benchmark part for guiding manufacturers and users of rapid prototyping technologies is proposed. This is based on a need to have some tool to evaluate the development of this technology and to assist the user in judiciously selecting a process. The benchmark part is designed to have unique product details and features. The extent to which a rapid prototyping process can reproduce these features becomes a measure of the capability of the process. Since rapid prototyping is a dynamic technology, this benchmark part should be used to continuously monitor process capability of existing and developing technologies. Development of this benchmark part is, therefore, based on an understanding of the properties required from prototypes and characteristics of various rapid prototyping processes and measuring equipment that is used for evaluation.
HFC-245fa Spray Polyurethane Foam Systems Co-Blown with Water: A Quality, Cost Effective, Safe Substitute for HCFC-141b (2001)

The effective use of insulation is key to energy conservation. The effectiveness of insulation is dependent upon many factors. In the case of rigid foam insulation a key factor is the blowing agent used. Industry evaluations have shown that HFC-245fa produces foams with the highest insulation value of any HCFC-141b alternative-blowing agent in the construction market. Meeting the market needs is critical to the success of any new product. Today’s insulation specifiers are not only concerned about energy savings but also cost. Chemical and manufacturing changes can have a significant effect on product cost. The higher vapor pressure of HFC-245fa and its potential impact on packaging has also been a concern to the spray foam industry. This paper contains the latest results about the use of HFC-245fa foam systems co-blown with water, which meet the needs of the spray foam market. They are cost effective, produce foams with low k-factors, good physical properties, and can be stored and shipped in existing drums. This will allow applicators and manufacturers to safely use existing equipment without significant modifications or safety concerns. HFC-245fa and water used as co-blowing agents provide a wide range of benefits in spray foam. Since less HFC-245fa is used, the vapor pressure is lower, and the cost of the system is reduced while improving the physical properties of the foam. There is however an increase in k-factor. We have determined also that the addition of low levels of •-methyl styrene to a spray foam polyol blend lowers the vapor pressure of the polyol blend and enhances the k-factor of the foams produced. This allows the user to optimize k-factor while lowering the cost. Data from laboratory evaluations of these blends are presented. This paper also includes a discussion of the cost of these blends from a chemical, manufacturing and performance perspective. We consider HFC-245fa/water co-blown spray foam to be a quality, cost effective and safe alternative to HCFC-141b blown foams in the future.