gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved bitwidth-aware variable packing (2013)

Bitwidth-aware register allocation has caught the attention of researchers aiming to effectively reduce the number of variables spilled into memory. For general-purpose processors, this improves the execution time performance and reduces runtime memory requirements (which in turn helps in the compilation of programs targeted to systems with constrained memory). Additionally, bitwidth-aware register allocation has been effective in reducing power consumption in embedded processors. One of the key components of bitwidth-aware register allocation is the variable packing algorithm that packs multiple narrow-width variables into one physical register. Tallam and Gupta [2003] have proved that optimal variable packing is an NP-complete problem for arbitrary-width variables and have proposed an approximate solution. In this article, we analyze the complexity of the variable packing problem and present three enhancements that improve the overall packing of variables. In particular, the improvements we describe are: (a) Width Static Single Assignment (W-SSA) form representation that splits the live range of a variable into several fixed-width live ranges (W-SSA) variables); (b) PoTR Representation - use of powers-of-two representation for bitwidth information for W-SSA variables. Our empirical results have shown that the associated bit wastage resulting from the overapproximation of the widths of variables to the nearest next power of two is a small fraction compared to the total number of bits in use (≈13%). The main advantage of this representation is that it leads to optimal variable packing in polynomial time; (c) Combined Packing and Coalescing - we discuss the importance of coalescing (combining variables whose live ranges do not interfere) in the context of variable packing and present an iterative algorithm to perform coalescing and packing of W-SSA variables represented in PoTR. Our experimental results show up to 76.00% decrease in the number of variables compared to the number of variables in the input program in Single Static Assignment (SSA) form. This reduction in the number of variables led to a significant reduction in dynamic spilling, packing, and unpacking instructions.
Private Learning and Sanitization: Pure vs. Approximate Differential\n Privacy (2014)

We compare the sample complexity of private learning [Kasiviswanathan et al.\n2008] and sanitization~[Blum et al. 2008] under pure $\\epsilon$-differential\nprivacy [Dwork et al. TCC 2006] and approximate\n$(\\epsilon,\\delta)$-differential privacy [Dwork et al. Eurocrypt 2006]. We show\nthat the sample complexity of these tasks under approximate differential\nprivacy can be significantly lower than that under pure differential privacy.\n We define a family of optimization problems, which we call Quasi-Concave\nPromise Problems, that generalizes some of our considered tasks. We observe\nthat a quasi-concave promise problem can be privately approximated using a\nsolution to a smaller instance of a quasi-concave promise problem. This allows\nus to construct an efficient recursive algorithm solving such problems\nprivately. Specifically, we construct private learners for point functions,\nthreshold functions, and axis-aligned rectangles in high dimension. Similarly,\nwe construct sanitizers for point functions and threshold functions.\n We also examine the sample complexity of label-private learners, a relaxation\nof private learning where the learner is required to only protect the privacy\nof the labels in the sample. We show that the VC dimension completely\ncharacterizes the sample complexity of such learners, that is, the sample\ncomplexity of learning with label privacy is equal (up to constants) to\nlearning without privacy.\n
Atrial Fibrillation: Should Lifelong Athletes Be Worried? (2019)

ABSTRACT Atrial fibrillation (AF) in lifetime athletes (e.g., ≥5 years of participation) is a growing concern but remains enigmatic. Intriguingly, a direct relationship between lifetime training hours and risk of developing AF exists. Professionals in exercise and sport science are at the forefront to help recognize symptoms and direct the athlete to appropriate medical clinicians for expedient care. Although AF in athletes is usually not accompanied by structural heart disease or stroke risk factors (i.e., termed lone AF), it may, nonetheless, pose health risks. In this study, we review various types of AF, proposed mechanisms, and treatment strategies for athletes with AF.
The feasible maintenance dose of corticosteroid in Takayasu arteritis in the era of biologic therapy (2021)

<b>Objective</b>: Although biologic agents are used in Takayasu arteritis (TAK), corticosteroids are still the mainstay of treatment. This study aimed to investigate the feasible maintenance dose of prednisolone (PSL) in the biologic therapy era.<b>Method</b>: We enrolled 93 patients with TAK who satisfied the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and visited our department from 2008 to 2018. The clinical characteristics and PSL dose of the patients were retrospectively evaluated.<b>Results</b>: The mean ± sd maintenance dose of PSL was 5.0 ± 3.0 mg/day. In patients having TAK for > 20 years, PSL discontinuation and drug-free status were achieved in 27.2% and 18%, respectively. Although tapering the PSL dose to 10 mg/day was achieved within 12 months, tapering to 5 mg/day required 10 years. Relapse significantly interfered with the PSL dose reduction. The clinical characteristics of patients with relapse included a lower rate of combination therapy using immunosuppressants. Moreover, biologics were used in > 60% of patients with relapse. Tapering of PSL was significantly possible in patients receiving biologics and additional relapse was observed in 6.3% and 50% of patients with and without biologics, respectively. Such PSL-sparing effect enabled the reduction of the median PSL dose from 10 to 5 mg/day. Steroid discontinuation was achieved in some patients.<b>Conclusions</b>: The use of biologics significantly reduced the PSL dose in relapsed patients. A PSL dose of ≤ 5 mg/day is a feasible target for TAK, especially when biologic agents are used. Nevertheless, corticosteroid discontinuation may also be the target in some patients.
9C.09 (2015)

Objective: White coat hypertensive is a pre-hypertensive state that has been associated with increased sympathetic drive. The objective of the study was to compare the exposure of the kidney to sympathetic nerve activity using urinary normetanephrine (UNMN) as a marker of renal sympathetic exposure in white coat hypertensive (WCH) and healthy normotensive (HN) participants. Design and method: This was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. WCH were included if office blood pressure was >140/80 mmHg and ambulatory blood pressure <135/85 mmHg and HN if OBP was <140/90 mmHg and ABP <135/85 mmHg Participants were randomized to receive either 16 mg of candesartan or a matched placebo for one week before study day. On the study day systemic and renal hemodynamics as well as plasma norepinephrine and urinary excretion of normetanephrine (measured by LC/MS-MS were measured after one hour of baseline, one hour of lower body negative pressure and one hour of recovery period. Excretion of UNMN was expressed as the total of UNMN excreted during these three hours (cumUNMN). Paired or unpaired t-test were used for comparison. Results: 25 HN and 12 WCH participants were included in the study. Mean age (±standard deviation), BMI were respectively 31.0±10.5 years and 22.0 ± 2.2 Kg/m2 in HN and 40.7±17.8 years and 26.7 ± 6.3 Kg/m2 in WCH. Table 1 Baseline mean blood pressure, plasma noradrenaline and cumulated UNMN during placebo and candesartanMean blood pressure was higher during placebo and candesartan in WCH compared to HN. Cumulated UNMN was higher in both groups after candesartan treatment. Cumulated UNMN was higher in WCH than in HN only after candesartan treatment. Conclusions: Urinary excretion of normetanephrine is increased in WCH compared to HN when treated with candesartan. The increased excretion of uNMN when the renin angiotensin system is blocked might reflect an increased sensitivity of WCH to stress conditions such as orthostatic stress.
Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin Heteroarylhybrids as Potential Antimicrobial Agents (2011)

A new series of 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives 3a-d was synthesized by the reaction of 3-bromo-4-hydroxy coumarin 1 with various heteroaldehydes 2a-d in good yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their elemental and spectral (IR, (1)H-NMR and mass spectrometry) analysis. All target compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli bacterial strains and fungal cultures of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Penicillium marneffei by disk diffusion assay with slight modifications. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the test compounds as well as for reference standards. Among the tested compounds, 3a has shown the most potent antibacterial as well as antifungal activities.
From Grammar to Science (1996)

Although efforts have been under way for the past two centuries to treat language scientifically, linguists and others who work with language, speech, or communication have not found an adequate scientific foundation in current linguistic theory. Many of the difficulties are caused by longstanding confusions between the logical domain of science and grammar and the physical domain of sound waves and the people who speak and understand. In this book, therefore, the last impediments of tradition, the ancient semiotic-grammatical foundations of linguistics, are set aside. We move into the physical domain, where theories and hypotheses can be tested against observations of the physical reality. Here new foundations are laid that are fully consonant with modern science as practiced in physics, chemistry, and biology. On these foundations is built a structure of testable specific dynamic causal laws of communicative behavior that provides support for treating previously recalcitrant context-dependent semantic, pragmatic, interactive, rhetorical, and literary phenomena. The central role of context in the foundations of the theory provides the insights of scientific lawfulness while still honoring the particularity of situations celebrated in the humanities.
Opening the Black Box of Deep Neural Networks via Information (2017)

Despite their great success, there is still no comprehensive theoretical understanding of learning with Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) or their inner organization. Previous work proposed to analyze DNNs in the \textit{Information Plane}; i.e., the plane of the Mutual Information values that each layer preserves on the input and output variables. They suggested that the goal of the network is to optimize the Information Bottleneck (IB) tradeoff between compression and prediction, successively, for each layer. In this work we follow up on this idea and demonstrate the effectiveness of the Information-Plane visualization of DNNs. Our main results are: (i) most of the training epochs in standard DL are spent on {\emph compression} of the input to efficient representation and not on fitting the training labels. (ii) The representation compression phase begins when the training errors becomes small and the Stochastic Gradient Decent (SGD) epochs change from a fast drift to smaller training error into a stochastic relaxation, or random diffusion, constrained by the training error value. (iii) The converged layers lie on or very close to the Information Bottleneck (IB) theoretical bound, and the maps from the input to any hidden layer and from this hidden layer to the output satisfy the IB self-consistent equations. This generalization through noise mechanism is unique to Deep Neural Networks and absent in one layer networks. (iv) The training time is dramatically reduced when adding more hidden layers. Thus the main advantage of the hidden layers is computational. This can be explained by the reduced relaxation time, as this it scales super-linearly (exponentially for simple diffusion) with the information compression from the previous layer.
Back Cover: Impact of Pore Connectivity on the Design of Long‐Lived Zeolite Catalysts (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 5/2015) (2014)

The unique sensitivity of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy to subtleties in the pore connectivity of hierarchically structured MFI zeolites reveals the direct correlation with the catalyst longevity in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons, as shown by J. Pérez-Ramírez et al. in their Communication on page 1591 ff. Artwork: concept A. Gallardo, illustration M. Reich.
Las Caídas en los pacientes con cirrosis hepática (2013)

La tesis dirige la atencion hacia las caidas en los pacientes con cirrosis, un problema que hasta ahora no habia sido objeto de estudio en estos pacientes, pese a sus importantes consecuencias por lo que respecta a morbilidad, mortalidad, calidad de vida y coste economico y social. Los dos estudios que componen la tesis analizan el problema de las caidas en los pacientes con cirrosis desde diferentes perspectivas. Se incluye en los anexos un estudio previo que realiza un analisis retrospectivo en una cohorte de pacientes con cirrosis hepatica. En este primer articulo se describe por primera vez como la presencia de trastornos cognitivos (encefalopatia hepatica minima) se asocia a la presencia de caidas en estos pacientes. Este estudio supone el punto de partida de esta tesis, que incluye dos estudios clinicos que evaluan la relacion entre las caidas, el deterioro cognitivo y la calidad de vida en los pacientes con cirrosis. El primer estudio de la presente tesis analiza de forma prospectiva el valor predictivo del Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES), como instrumento para evaluar el deterioro cognitivo, para identificar a aquellos pacientes con cirrosis con riesgo de caidas. Este estudio incluye una cohorte prospectiva compuesta por 122 pacientes seguidos durante un ano, y confirma la relacion entre deterioro cognitivo y caidas. Los resultados tienen elevada trascendencia, ya que se establece un metodo para identificar a los pacientes cirroticos con alto riesgo de caidas: la presencia de un valor alterado en los resultados de la bateria neuropsicologica que constituye el PHES. Los pacientes con PHES alterado tuvieron una probabilidad de presentar caidas del 52.3% al ano de seguimiento. Cabe destacar el elevado uso de recursos sanitarios (hospitalizacion, estancias en urgencias y consultas ambulatorias) como consecuencia de las caidas y la identificacion de otros factores que intervienen en el incremento del riesgo de caidas, como son el genero femenino y los farmacos antidepresivos. En el segundo estudio se analiza la relacion entre caidas y calidad de vida desde una perspectiva fisica y mental en los pacientes con cirrosis mediante el cuestionario de calidad de vida SF-36. Este estudio demuestra la importancia de las caidas en el deterioro de calidad de vida que sufren los pacientes con cirrosis, ya que las caidas fueron un factor independiente relacionado con peor calidad de vida en el analisis multivariado. Otros factores asociados con el deterioro de la calidad de vida fueron: el genero femenino, la presencia de anemia, la hiponatremia, el antecedente de hemorragia digestiva y el deterioro cognitivo. En resumen, los estudios que componen la presente tesis demuestran como las caidas son un problema importante en los pacientes con cirrosis, establecen un metodo (el PHES) para identificar a los pacientes con alto riesgo de caer, y demuestran que las caidas en la cirrosis, ademas de otras consecuencias como complicaciones y hospitalizaciones, son un factor importante en el deterioro de calidad de vida.
Decipher identifies men with otherwise clinically favorable-intermediate risk disease who may not be good candidates for active surveillance (2019)

NCCN risk groups, including F-IR, are highly heterogeneous and should be replaced with multivariable risk-stratification. In particular, incorporating Decipher may be useful for safely expanding the use of AS in this patient population.
Spatially multiplexed optical MIMO imaging system in cloudy turbulent atmosphere (2009)

Active optical imaging is preferred over Radio Frequency (RF) counterparts due to its higher resolution, faster area search rate, and relatively easier interpretation by a human observer. However, in imaging through atmosphere one should consider dispersive effects of multiple scatterings and turbulence-induced wave perturbations, which give rise to intensity fluctuations, and wave-front distortions. All these phenomena broaden and distort the spatial impulse response known as the Point Spread Function (PSF). In this paper, a multiplexed Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) imaging system design is introduced. At the transmitter, a computer generated holographic beam-splitter is used to generate arrays of beamlets, providing faster area search rate and a uniformly distributed illumination all over the target. Then at the receiver, an array of photo-detectors is used to collect the reflected rays. While a Monte-Carlo Ray Tracing (MCRT) algorithm, developed at Pennsylvania State University, Center for Information and Communications Research (CICTR), is used to model imaging in multiple scattering turbid media, phase-screens are employed to simulate turbulence-induced wave-front distortions. Hence, a comprehensive frame work is exploited that takes into account possible sources of degradation. Using this frame of work, system performance is analyzed under different meteorological conditions and restoration techniques such as Blind Deconvolution (BD) are used to retrieve the original image by deconvolving PSF and observed image.
Energy Blowup of Sampling-based Approximation Methods (2019)

This paper considers the problem of approximating continuous functions of finite Dirichlet energy from samples of these functions. It will be shown that there exists no sampling-based method which is able to approximate every function in this space from its samples. Specifically, we are going to show that for any sampling based approximation method, the energy of the approximation tends to infinity as the number of samples is increased for almost every continuous function of finite energy. As an application, we study the problem of solving the Dirichlet problem on a bounded region. It will be shown that if only samples of the boundary function can be processed then the energy of the solution can not be controlled for any function from a non-meager dense set.
Fine structure and microstructure characteristics across the northwest Atlantic Subtropical Front (1996)

Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, horizontal velocity, rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, and thermal variance are used to examine the parameterization of turbulent mixing associated with internal waves in an upper ocean front. Previous attempts to quantify the rate of turbulent dissipation [e.g., Gregg , 1989; Polzin et al. , 1995] are based upon dynamical models of wave‐wave interactions using the Garrett and Munk [1979] (GM) spectrum. Non‐GM conditions (vertical and horizontal anisotropy, deviations in vertical wavenumber and frequency spectral shapes, and the presence of a background flow) may affect the character of wave interactions, altering the upwavenumber energy flux, which is equated with the rate of turbulent dissipation. Non‐GM conditions in the data are documented, and revisions to the wave‐wave interaction models are discussed. Additionally, the strength of wave‐wave interactions is directly compared with the strength of wave‐mean flow interactions. These data indicate that the dissipation rate is relatively insensitive to the presence of a background flow and anisotropic wave conditions, in agreement with theoretical expectations based upon wave‐wave interaction models and a model of wave‐mean flow interaction at high background Richardson number. These data support the findings of Polzin et al. [1995], who argue that the dissipation rate is most sensitive to variations in wave frequency.
Hot-carrier and BTI damage distinction for high performance digital application in 28nm FDSOI and 28nm LP CMOS nodes (2016)

We use dedicated test structures for high performance low power (LP) CMOS nodes designed with 28nm FDSOI and 28nm LP devices. These allow to distinguish AC high frequency dependence as a function of high temperature (125°C) experiments for Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) and Hot-Carrier Damage (HCD) (1) for inverter chains (buffers) and logic gates in order to obtain AC-DC ratios (2) in standard logic gate paths for timing degradation with activity as a variable. This shows that NBTI remains the worst-case of damage at high temperature with a frequency independence due to the limited effect of relaxation with activity lowering (t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> /t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> ) while HCD still represents a significant damage contribution at lower temperature due to the frequency and pulse shape dependences during transients. An accurate quantitative analysis is checked in a data path example with ELDO simulations that distinguishes each contribution.
Very low rates of culture-confirmed invasive bacterial infections in a prospective 3-year population-based surveillance in Southwest London (2014)

Although infection was suspected in almost half the children admitted to hospital, a significant pathogen was cultured from blood or CSF in only 2.4%, mainly among children with pre-existing co-morbidities, who may require a more broad-spectrum empiric antibiotic regime compared to previously healthy children. Invasive bacterial infection in previously healthy children is now very rare. Improved strategies to manage low-risk febrile children are required.
Lightning: Nature's Probe of Severe Weather for Research and Operations (2007)

Lightning, the energetic and broadband electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms, provides a natural remote sensing signal for the study of severe storms and related phenomena on global, regional and local scales. Using this strong signal- one of nature's own probes of severe weather -lightning measurements prove to be straightforward and take advantage of a variety of measurement techniques that have advanced considerably in recent years. We briefly review some of the leading lightning detection systems including satellite-based optical detectors such as the Lightning Imaging Sensor, and ground-based radio frequency systems such as Vaisala's National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), long range lightning detection systems, and the Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) networks. In addition, we examine some of the exciting new research results and operational capabilities (e.g., shortened tornado warning lead times) derived from these observations. Finally we look forward to the next measurement advance - lightning observations from geostationary orbit.
Machine Analysis of Bubble Chamber Pictures (1959)

Many people have suggested that a modern digital computer should be able to recognize a fairly complex pattern of tracks in a bubble chamber photograph.