gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Heat Transfer Predictions for Finite Nuclear Fuel Rod Assemblies (1972)

AbstractTemperature distributions in an idealized nuclear fuel assembly were computed and studied parametrically. The assembly, which consists of a square array of spacer-free fuel elements, is bounded by an assembly wall and is cooled by longitudinal liquid metal flow. A single-region multicell analysis is used to predict the influence of the fuel assembly wall on the temperature distributions and Nusselt numbers in the idealized assembly. An analytical series solution method couples adjacent cellular temperature-field solutions, and boundary conditions on these and other irregular boundaries are satisfied using a least-squares matching technique. Two slug flow coolant models are considered in the analysis. A global slug flow model assumes a uniform coolant velocity. A cellular slug flow model assigns to each cell a velocity based on its hydraulic diameter.Results of this analysis show that the temperature distributions across the fuel assembly and around each individual fuel element are most strongly influenced by the cellular mass flow rate distribution, which is characterized by a single parameter—the cellular mass flow rate ratio. Fuel assembly temperature gradients are minimized if this ratio is chosen equal to unity. Computations of cellular Nusselt numbers indicate that while steep thermal gradients may exist across the fuel assembly, the Nusselt numbers of all but the cell closest to the wall are unaffected by the presence of the wall. Cellular Nusselt numbers, cellular coolant bulk temperatures, and fuel-element wall temperatures are presented for a range of pitch-to-diameter and cellular mass flow rate ratios.
A sensor-independent sensor-oriented tracking architecture (1999)

A new architecture for multisensor integration in modern fighter aircraft is proposed. It satisfies a set of requirements concerning system resources, availability demands, usability and data quality. It is the only architecture which, to our knowledge, satisfies all the stated requirements. Though the main focus in this paper is placed on the qualitative aspects, both qualitative and quantitative requirements are discussed. Examples of quantitative requirements are optimal detection and tracking quality, target cueing facilities and communication resources. Examples of quantitative aspects are robustness in the aspect of sensor failure, sensor modularity, track initiation mechanism, track prioritization capability and operator interaction facilities.
Some theory of multistage order statistic filters (2003)

The removal of noise by a class of order statistic filters, called multistage order statistic filters or multiwindow filters, is described. These filters take 'ranks of ranks'. A new filter type is defined and its equivalence under special circumstances to a filter defined in the literature is shown. This filter's deterministic and statistical properties are explored. This filter is believed to be the best available for smoothing high signal-to-noise ratio images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Efficacy of filter types for detecting Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental water samples by polymerase chain reaction (1993)

A previously developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a target region in the flaA Campylobacter flagellin gene was evaluated and adapted for use with environmental water samples. The ability to detect Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli in seeded water samples was tested with various filters after concentration and freeze-thaw lysis of the bacterial cells. A nonradioactive probe for the amplified flagellin gene fragment detected as little as 1 to 10 fg of genomic DNA and as few as 10 to 100 viable C. jejuni cells per 100 ml of water filtered onto Fluoropore (Millipore Corp.) filters. No amplification was obtained with cellulose acetate filters, most likely because of binding of the DNA to the filter. Concentration and lysis of target cells on Fluoropore and Durapore (Millipore Corp.) filters allowed PCR to be performed in the same reaction tube without removing the filters. This methodology was then adapted for use with environmental water samples. The water supply to a broiler chicken production farm was suspected as the source of C. jejuni known to be endemic in grow-out flocks at the farm, despite the inability to culture the organisms by standard methods. The filtration-PCR method detected Campylobacter DNA in more than half of the farm water samples examined. Amplified campylobacter DNA was not detected in small volumes of regional surface water samples collected on a single occasion in February. The filtration-PCR amplification method provided a basis for detection of C. jejuni and C. coli in environmental waters with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity.
Strained and Reactive Donor/Acceptor‐Supported Metallasilanone (2021)

Abstract A novel stable donor/acceptor‐supported Mn I ‐metallasilanone 3 was synthesized. The intramolecular silanone‐Mn I interaction induces a highly strained three‐membered cyclic structure, leading to an exceptionally high reactivity of 3 as a donor/acceptor complex of silanone. Indeed, metallasilanone 3 readily reacts with various small molecules such as H 2 or ethylene gas in mild conditions.
Lu2SiO5by single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction (2001)

The structure of dilutetium silicon pentaoxide, Lu2SiO5, has isolated ionic SiO4 tetrahedral units and non-Si-bonded O atoms in distorted OLu4 tetrahedra. The OLu4 tetrahedra form edge-sharing infinite chains and double O2Lu6 tetrahedra along the c axis. The edge-sharing chains are connected to the O2Lu6 double tetrahedra by isolated SiO4 units. The structure has been determined by neutron diffraction.
Elemental analysis using micro Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (μLIBS) in a microfluidic platform (2008)

We present here a non-labeled, elemental analysis detection technique that is suitable for microfluidic chips, and demonstrate its applicability with the sensitive detection of sodium (Na). Spectroscopy performed on small volumes of liquids can be used to provide a true representation of the composition of the isolated fluid. Performing this using low power instrumentation integrated with a microfluidic platform makes it potentially feasible to develop a portable system. For this we present a simple approach to isolating minute amounts of fluid from bulk fluid within a microfluidic chip. The chip itself contains a patterned thin film resistive element that super-heats the sample in tens of microseconds, creating a micro-bubble that extrudes a micro-droplet from the microchip. For simplicity a non-valved microchip is used here as it is highly compatible to a continuous flow-based fluidic system suitable for continuous sampling of the fluid composition. We believe such a nonlabeled detection technique within a microfluidic system has wide applicability in elemental analysis. This is the first demonstration of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a detection technology in conjunction with microfluidics, and represents first steps towards realizing a portable lower power LIBS-based detection system.
Supplemental Figure Legends from The Estrogen Receptor Cofactor SPEN Functions as a Tumor Suppressor and Candidate Biomarker of Drug Responsiveness in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancers (2023)

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Revealing the Chemical Bonding in Adatom Arrays via Machine Learning of Hyperspectral Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Data (2021)

The adatom arrays on surfaces offer an ideal playground to explore the mechanisms of chemical bonding via changes in the local electronic tunneling spectra. While this information is readily available in hyperspectral scanning tunneling spectroscopy data, its analysis has been considerably impeded by a lack of suitable analytical tools. Here we develop a machine learning based workflow combining supervised feature identification in the spatial domain and unsupervised clustering in the energy domain to reveal the details of structure-dependent changes of the electronic structure in adatom arrays on the Co<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub> cleaved surface. This approach, in combination with first-principles calculations, provides insight for using artificial neural networks to detect adatoms and classifies each based on their local neighborhood comprised of other adatoms. These structurally classified adatoms are further spectrally deconvolved. The unexpected inhomogeneity of electronic structures among adatoms in similar configurations is unveiled using this method, suggesting there is not a single atomic species of adatoms, but rather multiple types of adatoms on the Co<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub> surface. This is further supported by a slight contrast difference in the images (or slight size variation) of the topography of the adatoms.
Clinical, Echocardiographic, and Biomarker Associations With Impaired Cardiorespiratory Fitness Early After HER2-Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy (2021)

Readily available clinical measures were associated with VO<sub>2</sub>peak early post-breast cancer therapy. A combination of these parameters had good discrimination to identify patients with compromised functional independence and potentially increased future CVD risk.
Pd(O2CCF2CF3-O)2(dppf) and PdAg(µ-O2CCF2CF3)2(O2CCF2CF3-O)(dppf) [dppf = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]: A stable Pd(ii) phosphine carboxylate as a precursor to heterobimetallic carboxylates (2001)

Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of Pd(O2CCF2CF3-O)2(dppf) 1 shows that one of the two unidentate fluoropropanoates shows a rare bonding behavior with significant π character for the COcoord bond whereas the C–Opendant bond is long and bears a basic function. Complex 1 serves as a metalloligand towards AgO2CCF2CF3 to give PdAg(μ-O2CCF2CF3)2(O2CCF2CF3-O)(dppf) 2, which is fluxional in solution showing interchanges of the bridging and unidentate fluoropropanoate groups. Being an unusually stable Pd(II) carboxylate, 1 also serves an effective entry to mixed-metal carboxylates.
Modelling the large deformations in stratified media—the Cosserat continuum approach (1999)

Methods employing continuum approximation in describing the deformation of layered materials possess a clear advantage over explicit models. However, the conventional implicit models based on the theory of anisotropic continua suffers from certain difficulties associated with interface slip and internal instabilities. These difficulties can be remedied by considering the bending stiffness of the layers. This implies the introduction of moment (couple) stresses and internal rotations, which leads to a Cosserat-type theory. In the present model, the behaviour of the layered material is assumed to be linearly elastic; the interfaces are assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic. Conditions of slip or no slip at the interfaces are detected by a Coulomb criterion with tension cut off at zero normal stress. The theory is valid for large deformation analysis. The model is incorporated into the finite element program AFENA and validated against analytical solutions of elementary buckling problems in layered medium. A problem associated with buckling of the roof and the floor of a rectangular excavation in jointed rock mass under high horizontal in situ stresses is considered as the main application of the theory. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative genotoxic activities of pesticides evaluated by a modified SOS microplate assay (1995)

The genotoxic activities of 47 pesticides were determined using a modified SOS microplate assay in which the induction of beta-galactosidase in E. coli PQ37 was used as a quantitative measure of genotoxic activity. The results were compared with those obtained with anethole, curcumin, and capsaicin, a few examples of naturally occurring compounds present in foods. The assays were conducted with pesticides dissolved either in a suitable solvent, such as 10% DMSO in physiological saline or dispersed in sodium taurocholate micelles, to simulate conditions in the small intestine from where these substances are normally absorbed from the diet. 4-Nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) served as the reference standard of a direct acting mutagen. In micellar form, 4-NQO and 25 of the 47 pesticides tested showed significantly higher genotoxic activities than when they were tested in an organic solvent. In micellar form the SOS inducing potency of 4-NQO was almost twice as high as in 10% DMSO in physiological saline. In taurocholate micelles, the five most active compounds had activities in the range of 1,234-3,765 units/mumol and in the order of decreasing activities they were ranked as follows: malathion > dichlorvos > lindane > chlordane > endrin. They were significantly less active than 4-NQO (less than 40%). In micellar solution the naturally occurring compounds, anethole, curcumin, and capsaicin gave activities of 4,594, 928, and 809 units/mumol, respectively. These studies show that genotoxicity may depend upon the environment in which cells are exposed to these potential genotoxins. It appears that testing of the more hydrophobic compounds, both synthetic and naturally occurring, are needed.
Tumor Heterogeneity: Mechanisms and Bases for a Reliable Application of Molecular Marker Design (2012)

Tumor heterogeneity is a confusing finding in the assessment of neoplasms, potentially resulting in inaccurate diagnostic, prognostic and predictive tests. This tumor heterogeneity is not always a random and unpredictable phenomenon, whose knowledge helps designing better tests. The biologic reasons for this intratumoral heterogeneity would then be important to understand both the natural history of neoplasms and the selection of test samples for reliable analysis. The main factors contributing to intratumoral heterogeneity inducing gene abnormalities or modifying its expression include: the gradient ischemic level within neoplasms, the action of tumor microenvironment (bidirectional interaction between tumor cells and stroma), mechanisms of intercellular transference of genetic information (exosomes), and differential mechanisms of sequence-independent modifications of genetic material and proteins. The intratumoral heterogeneity is at the origin of tumor progression and it is also the byproduct of the selection process during progression. Any analysis of heterogeneity mechanisms must be integrated within the process of segregation of genetic changes in tumor cells during the clonal expansion and progression of neoplasms. The evaluation of these mechanisms must also consider the redundancy and pleiotropism of molecular pathways, for which appropriate surrogate markers would support the presence or not of heterogeneous genetics and the main mechanisms responsible. This knowledge would constitute a solid scientific background for future therapeutic planning.
Effect of B Site Coordination Environment in the ORR Activity in Disordered Brownmillerites Ba2In2–xCexO5+δ (2015)

Ba2In2O5 brownmillerites in which the In site is progressively doped with Ce exhibit excellent oxygen reduction activity under alkaline conditions. Ce doping leads to structural changes advantageous for the reaction. Twenty-five percent doping retains the ordered structure of brownmillerite with alternate layers of tetrahedra and octahedra, whereas further increase in Ce concentration creates disorder. Structures with disordered oxygen atoms/vacancies are found to be better oxygen reduction reaction catalysts probably aided by isotropic ionic conduction, and Ba2In0.5Ce1.5O5+δ is the most active. This enhanced activity is correlated to the more symmetric Ce site coordination environment in this compound. Stoichiometric perovskite BaCeO3 with the highest concentration of Ce shows very poor activity emphasizing the importance of oxygen vacancies, which facilitate O2 adsorption, in tandem with catalytic sites in oxygen reduction reactions.
Soft Syndrome Decoding of Quantum LDPC Codes for Joint Correction of Data and Syndrome Errors (2022)

Quantum errors are primarily detected and corrected using the measurement of syndrome information which itself is an unreliable step in practical error correction implementations. Typically, such faulty or noisy syndrome measurements are modeled as a binary measurement outcome flipped with some probability. However, the measured syndrome is in fact a discretized value of the continuous voltage or current values obtained in the physical implementation of the syndrome extraction. In this paper, we use this "soft" or analog information without the conventional discretization step to benefit the iterative decoders for decoding quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes. Syndrome-based iterative belief propagation (BP) decoders are modified to utilize the syndrome-soft information to successfully correct both data and syndrome errors simultaneously, without repeated measurements. We demonstrate the advantages of extracting the soft information from the syndrome in our improved decoders, not only in terms of comparison of thresholds and logical error rates for quasi-cyclic lifted-product QLDPC code families, but also for faster convergence of iterative decoders. In particular, the new BP decoder with noisy syndrome performs as good as the standard BP decoder under ideal syndrome.
Fenretinide activates caspases and induces apoptosis in gliomas. (1999)

The synthetic retinoid fenretinide (N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide or 4HPR) has been shown to not only inhibit cell growth but also to induce apoptosis in a variety of malignant cell lines. It is being tested presently for its potential as a chemopreventive agent against several cancers. A related retinoid, 13-cis-retinoic acid (cRA), has been shown to have activity against gliomas in vitro as well as in a recent clinical study. The present study aimed at assessing the activity of fenretinide against glioma cells in vitro and comparing it with that of cRA at pharmacologically relevant doses. We hypothesized that the ability of fenretinide to induce apoptosis would make it more potent against gliomas than cRA. Four glioma cell lines (D54, U251, U87MG, and EFC-2) were treated with fenretinide (1-100 microM) and showed dose- and time-dependent induction of cell death. At pharmacologically relevant doses, fenretinide was more active against glioma cells than cRA because of its ability to induce apoptosis. Flow cytometric studies using D54 cells demonstrated no significant changes in the cell cycle distribution compared with untreated control, but a sub-G1 fraction consistent with apoptosis was detected. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay indicated that the apoptotic fraction was cell cycle nonspecific. Fenretinide treatment resulted in cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase, indicating an activation of the caspase 3. Immunofluorescence studies using the nuclear stain 4',6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride showed nuclear condensation and an apoptotic morphology. Hence, this study demonstrates that, at clinically relevant doses, fenretinide is a potent inducer of apoptosis in gliomas acting via the caspase pathway. We also show that at clinically achievable doses, fenretinide has more activity against gliomas than comparable doses of cRA. The favorable side effect profile seen in previous clinical studies and the in vitro activity against gliomas demonstrated in this study suggest that fenretinide could be a promising therapeutic agent against gliomas.
Critical Stress on Strain Increase under Constant Load for SUS316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel at Cryogenic Temperature. (1994)

Investigation has been conducted on the following subject: low temperature creep deformation behavior of SUS316LN austenitic stainless steel under constant load which is expected to be the material of superconducting toroidal coil case in Tokamak fusion reactor. Round bar specimens were extracted from SUS316LN, and several tensile tests were carried out: monotonic loading tests at a room temperature, 77K and 4.2K, and constant loading tests at a room temperature and 77K. Increase in strain under constant load occurs over proportional limit of the material.
Tangent: Automatic Differentiation Using Source Code Transformation in Python (2017)

Automatic differentiation (AD) is an essential primitive for machine learning programming systems. Tangent is a new library that performs AD using source code transformation (SCT) in Python. It takes numeric functions written in a syntactic subset of Python and NumPy as input, and generates new Python functions which calculate a derivative. This approach to automatic differentiation is different from existing packages popular in machine learning, such as TensorFlow and Autograd. Advantages are that Tangent generates gradient code in Python which is readable by the user, easy to understand and debug, and has no runtime overhead. Tangent also introduces abstractions for easily injecting logic into the generated gradient code, further improving usability.
Combinatorial deposition by r.f. magnetron sputtering using subdivided powder targets as new development method for thin-film phosphors (2005)

A new technique incorporating combinatorial deposition to develop new multicomponent oxide and oxynitride thin-film phosphors by r.f. magnetron sputtering is demonstrated using subdivided powder targets. By sputtering with a powder target that is subdivided into two or more parts, phosphor thin films with a chemical composition that varied across the substrate surface could be successfully prepared. In Zn<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>1-X</sub>Ge<sub>X</sub>O<sub>4</sub>:Mn thin films, for example, the chemical composition (Ge content (X)) could be optimized to obtain higher electroluminescent and photoluminescent emission intensities by using only one deposition with the new technique. As a result, a high luminances of 11800 and 1536 cd/m<sup>2</sup> for green emission was obtained in Zn<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>0.6</sub>Ge<sub>0.4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>:Mn TFEL device driven at 1 kHz and 60 Hz, respectively. In ((AlN)<sub>1-X</sub>-(CaO)<sub>X</sub>):Eu thin films, for example, the chemical composition (CaO content (X)) could be optimized to obtain higher electroluminescent and photoluminescent emission intensities by using only one deposition with the new technique. As a result, a luminance of 170 cd/m<sup>2</sup> for red emission was obtained in an ((AlN)<sub>0.1</sub>-(CaO)<sub>0.9</sub>):Eu TFEL device driven at 1 kHz.
The metabolism and biological activity of ABA analogues in normal and flacca mutant tomato plants (1990)

The metabolism of deuterium-labelled analogues of ABA by normal and flacca mutant tomato plants was investigated. Comparison of the biological activity of ABA, ABA alcohol, ABA aldehyde and their 2-trans isomers was made in both mutant and non-mutant genotypes. While in normal plants ABA alcohol and ABA aldehyde were as effective as ABA in inducing stomatal closure, in the flacca mutants only ABA itself was biologically active. Both ABA alcohol and ABA aldehyde were converted to the inactive compound trans- ABA alcohol instead of ABA when fed to flacca plants. As trans-ABA aldehyde was also readily converted to trans-ABA alcohol by flacca plants, it was not possible to establish whether isomerization precedes reduction or vice versa in the synthesis of trans-ABA alcohol from ABA aldehyde.