gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Mesh Refinement in Pseudospectral Optimal Control (2018)

Mesh refinement in pseudospectral (PS) optimal control is embarrassingly easy: simply increase the order of the Lagrange interpolating polynomial, and the mathematics of convergence automates the distribution of the grid points. Unfortunately, as increases, the condition number of the resulting linear algebra increases as ; hence, spectral efficiency and accuracy are lost in practice. In this paper, Birkhoff interpolation concepts are advanced over an arbitrary grid to generate well-conditioned PS optimal control discretizations. It is shown that the condition number increases only as in general, but it is independent of for the special case of one of the boundary points being fixed. Hence, spectral accuracy and efficiency are maintained as increases. The effectiveness of the resulting fast mesh refinement strategy is demonstrated by using polynomials of over one-thousandth order to solve a low-thrust long-duration orbit transfer problem.
A Well‐Defined Iron Catalyst for the Reduction of Bicarbonates and Carbon Dioxide to Formates, Alkyl Formates, and Formamides (2010)

A will of iron: An active well-defined iron complex (see structure; gray C, white H, yellow B, green F, brown Fe, pink P) catalyzes the title reaction (see scheme). The iron-catalyzed reduction of readily available bicarbonates to formates has also been demonstrated for the first time. This reaction could be an important step in the use of CO2 for hydrogen storage.
Recent progress toward a nanoslot modulator: polymer poling experiments (2011)

Modulators using silicon waveguides with a small (~100 nm) slot in the center of the waveguide filled with an electro-optic polymer can have very low switching voltage. A variety of challenges, including difficulty poling the polymer and difficulty achieving high-speed operation, have so far prevented successful demonstration. Problems poling the polymer may be electrical, such as nonuniform poling fields or too much polymer conductivity compared to the silicon electrodes, or they may be more fundamental. This paper discusses research into one possible improvement in the polymer poling method, which is illumination of the device with an 800-nm-wavelength laser during poling to improve conductivity between the external voltage source and the polymer in the slot.
The Mean Platelet Volume Combined with Procalcitonin as an Early Accessible Marker Helps to Predict the Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants (2022)

The combination of MPV with PCT had the highest overall AUC of the investigated parameters, and their combination can be considered an early marker for predicting the severity of NEC in preterm infants.
Cutaneous Tactile Allodynia Associated with Microvascular Dysfunction in Muscle (2008)

Our results demonstrate how microvascular dysfunction and ischemia in muscle can play a critical role in the development of cutaneous allodynia, and encourage the study of how these mechanisms contribute to chronic pain. We anticipate that focus on the pain mechanisms associated with microvascular dysfunction in muscle will provide new effective treatments for chronic pain patients with cutaneous tactile allodynia.
Interfering resonance as an underlying mechanism in the adaptive feedback control of radiationless transitions: Retinal isomerization (2017)

Control of molecular processes via adaptive feedback often yields highly structured laser pulses that have eluded physical explanation. By contrast, coherent control approaches propose physically transparent mechanisms but are not readily visible in experimental results. Here, an analysis of a condensed phase adaptive feedback control experiment on retinal isomerization shows that it manifests a quantum interference based coherent control mechanism: control via interfering resonances. The result promises deep insight into the physical basis for the adaptive feedback control of a broad class of bound state processes.
High average power lasers for future particle accelerators (2012)

Lasers are of increasing interest to the accelerator community and include applications as diverse as stripping electrons from hydrogen atoms, sources for Compton scattering, efficient high repetition rate lasers for dielectric laser acceleration, peta-watt peak power lasers for laser wake field and high energy, short pulse lasers for proton and ion beam therapy. The laser requirements for these applications are briefly surveyed. State of the art of laser technologies with the potential to eventually meet those requirements are reviewed. These technologies include diode pumped solid state lasers (including cryogenic), fiber lasers, OPCPA based lasers and Ti:Sapphire lasers. Strengths and weakness of the various technologies are discussed along with the most important issues to address to get from the current state of the art to the performance needed for the accelerator applications. Efficiency issues are considered in detail as in most cases the system efficiency is a valuable indicator of the actual ability of a given technology to deliver the application requirements.
Frequencies of poor metabolizer alleles of 12 pharmacogenomic actionable genes in Punjabi Sikhs of Indian Origin (2018)

Abstract Diversity in drug response is attributed to both genetic and non-genetic factors. However, there is paucity of pharmacogenetics information across ethnically and genetically diverse populations of India. Here, we have analyzed 21 SNPs from 12 pharmacogenomics genes in Punjabi Sikhs of Indian origin (N = 1,616), as part of the Sikh Diabetes Study (SDS). We compared the allele frequency of poor metabolism (PM) phenotype among Sikhs across other major global populations from the Exome Aggregation Consortium and 1000 Genomes. The PM phenotype of CYP1A2*1 F for slow metabolism of caffeine and carcinogens was significantly higher in Indians (SDS 42%, GIH [Gujarati] 51%, SAS [Pakistani] 45%) compared to Europeans 29% (p genotype = 5.3E-05). Similarly, South Asians had a significantly higher frequency of CYP2C9*3 (12% SDS, 13% GIH, 11% SAS) vs. 7% in Europeans (p genotype = &lt;1.0E-05) and ‘T’ allele of CYP4F2 (36%) SDS, (43%) GIH, 40% (SAS) vs. (29%) in Europeans (p genotype = &lt;1.0E-05); both associated with a higher risk of bleeding with warfarin. All South Asians –the Sikhs (0.36), GIH (0.34), and SAS (0.36) had a higher frequency of the NAT2*6 allele (linked with slow acetylation of isoniazid) compared to Europeans (0.29). Additionally, the prevalence of the low activity ‘C’ allele of MTHFR (rs1801131) was highest in Sikhs compared to all other ethnic groups [SDS (44%), GIH (39%), SAS (42%) and European (32%) (p genotype = &lt;1.0E-05)]. SNPs in MTHFR affect metabolism of statins, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate-based cancer drugs. These findings underscore the need for evaluation of other endogamous ethnic groups of India and beyond for establishing a global benchmark for pre-emptive genotyping in drug metabolizing genes before beginning therapeutic intervention.
Data preparation for digital scanner (2022)

Nikon has been developing the Digital Scanner (DS), an optical maskless exposure tool with a DUV light source and a micromirror-type spatial light modulator (SLM). Rasterized digital data, essentially huge bitmap files, are used to drive the SLM. The DS enables new applications such as large area printing and chip customization because its digital pattern data are easily modified. Flexible and fast data preparation software was developed for the new applications. As a standard operation of DS data preparation software, a CAD file (GDS or OASIS) is converted into bitmap files. In addition, bitmap file generation by a scripting language is available without a CAD file. This is useful when the CAD file includes a lot of polygons in which each polygon is similar but not identical, resulting in a huge file. As an example of application, a metasurface consists of sub-wavelength periodic patterns with various shapes, which are arranged to achieve the desired optical effect. The shape of each pattern at a grid point can be determined by a computer program, i.e., a pattern generator script. On the other hand, data preparation time can be shortened for periodic pattern which is often seen in semiconductor circuits. We report those data preparation methods for the DS, which have been used for our recent exposure experiments.
Isotopic Signature Transfer and Mass Pattern Prediction (IsoStamp): An Enabling Technique for Chemically-Directed Proteomics (2011)

Directed proteomics applies mass spectrometry analysis to a subset of information-rich proteins. Here we describe a method for targeting select proteins by chemical modification with a tag that imparts a distinct isotopic signature detectable in a full-scan mass spectrum. Termed isotopic signature transfer and mass pattern prediction (IsoStamp), the technique exploits the perturbing effects of a dibrominated chemical tag on a peptide's mass envelope, which can be detected with high sensitivity and fidelity using a computational method. Applying IsoStamp, we were able to detect femtomole quantities of a single tagged protein from total mammalian cell lysates at signal-to-noise ratios as low as 2.5:1. To identify a tagged-peptide's sequence, we performed an inclusion list-driven shotgun proteomics experiment where peptides bearing a recoded mass envelope were targeted for fragmentation, allowing for direct site mapping. Using this approach, femtomole quantities of several targeted peptides were identified in total mammalian cell lysate, while traditional data-dependent methods were unable to identify as many peptides. Additionally, the isotopic signature imparted by the dibromide tag was detectable on a 12-kDa protein, suggesting applications in identifying large peptide fragments, such as those containing multiple or large posttranslational modifications (e.g., glycosylation). IsoStamp has the potential to enhance any proteomics platform that employs chemical labeling for targeted protein identification, including isotope coded affinity tagging, isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation, and chemical tagging strategies for posttranslational modification.
Building on Existing Technology to Enhance Remote Assessments of Brain Health (2021)

Abstract Tablets, smartphones, linked devices have features such as high-fidelity microphones, accelerometers, GPS locators, and gyroscopes can be used to capture brain health-related data. Collection of data remotely is especially important given the vulnerability of older adults to COVID and the need to protect from such exposure. As part of an American Heart Association/Gates Venture Strategically Funded Network, a number of remote assessments are being deployed to capture information related to brain health in a subset of the Bogalusa Heart Study cohort (mean age 51.4, SD 5.3). The Linus Health Platform includes applications that measure cognitive abilities, and collect digital voice features and phone sensor data that can be derived into surrogate measures of cognitive function and mood. A readily available suite of games (Lumosity) is also being used to assess cognitive health. These devices and applications offer a largely unexplored opportunity for acquiring and assessing data related to brain health.
Life cycle experiences with micro-processor based relays and roadmap to sustainability (2018)

Microprocessor based protective relays have been widely used to provide many benefits including system performance, monitoring, technology and compliance. Recently utilities have started to replace earlier generation of microprocessor-based protective devices with modern protection and control Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). The upgrade is partially due to increased failure rates of the earlier generation of devices, as well as to benefit from the new functionalities including system integration, Synchrophasor applications, IEC61850 communication and cyber security. The process to upgrade numerical relays is quite different and is more complex than upgrading of traditional electromechanical or solid-state relays with a functionally equivalent device. In addition to the hardware replacement, functions related to cyber security, protection, automation and control, event recording and digital communications must be considered. The protection and control system practitioners need to manage the asset and set the strategies, with inputs from other stakeholders across lines of business as well as externally with manufacturers, regulators, consultants or even neighboring utilities because the selection and application criteria have expanded with the introduction of new features and functions. This paper discusses the existing asset management, performance, replacement, and technology considerations based on utility practices at the T&D level. Strategies and practical concerns including hardware and firmware compatibility, protection settings, or other features such as automation or other possible functions integrated and associated set point considerations, as well as commissioning and testing when upgrading or replacing a microprocessor device are described in detail. This paper will assist utility or industry electrical engineers that have an on-going relay upgrade project or are planning to upgrade their aging microprocessor relays in lessons learned from some major power companies in North America.
A clocked, regenerative comparator in 0.12&#x03BC;m CMOS with tunable sensitivity (2007)

This paper presents a clocked, regenerative comparator in a 1.5V/0.1mum CMOS technology, where the sensitivity is tuned by separately adjusting the tail currents of the latch and the input amplifier. The comparator reaches a sensitivity of 3.9mV (2GHz) and 9.2mV (3GHz) to achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> . The power consumption of the comparator is 422muW at 2GHz and 584muW at 3GHz. The simulated standard deviation of the offset is sigma=16.1mV. Finally a circuit extension is proposed, where only with an additional resistor the influence of noise and mismatch can be reduced.
Synthesis and conformation of substituted isothiochromans and derivatives. X-Ray analysis of cis-1,4-dimethylisothiochroman 2,2-dioxide, an S-heterocycle with preferred boat conformation (1973)

Stereoselective syntheses for cis-1,4- and cis-1,3-dimethylisothiochromans and their 2,2-dioxides are described. In the 1,4- and 1,3-dimethyl sulphones, the cis- and trans-forms, respectively, are shown to be the more thermodynamically stable stereoisomers. A preferred boat conformation is inferred for these compounds, and is demonstrated for the cis-1,4-dimethyl sulphone (16) by X-ray analysis; crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with Z= 4 in a unit cell a= 8·44 ± 0·01, b= 15·90 ± 0·02, c= 8·22 ± 0·01 Å, β= 114·37 ± 0·2°. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by least squares to R 0·081 for 1320 independent reflections measured on a diffractometer. 1-Methyl and 1,3-dimethylisothiochroman-4-ones intermediate in the synthesis are unstable to light, rearranging on irradiation to thiochroman-3-ones. Some heterocycles containing the 5,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran ring are reported.
Learned holographic light transport: Invited (2022)

Computer-generated holography algorithms often fall short in matching simulations with results from a physical holographic display.Our work addresses this mismatch by learning the holographic light transport in holographic displays. Using a camera and a holographic display, we capture the image reconstructions of optimized holograms that rely on ideal simulations to generate a dataset. Inspired by the ideal simulations, we learn a complex-valued convolution kernel that can propagate given holograms to captured photographs in our dataset. Our method can dramatically improve simulation accuracy and image quality in holographic displays while paving the way for physically informed learning approaches.
Band-specific phase engineering for curving and focusing light in waveguide arrays (2012)

Band-specific design of curved light caustics and focusing in optical waveguide arrays is introduced. Going beyond the discrete, tight-binding model, which we examined recently, we show how the exact band structure and the associated diffraction relations of a periodic waveguide lattice can be exploited to phase-engineer caustics with predetermined convex trajectories or to achieve optimum aberration-free focal spots. We numerically demonstrate the formation of convex caustics involving the excitation of Floquet-Bloch modes within the first or the second band and even multiband caustics created by the simultaneous excitation of more than one band. Interference of caustics in abruptly autofocusing or collision scenarios are also examined. The experimental implementation of these ideas should be straightforward since the required input conditions involve phase-only modulation of otherwise simple optical wavefronts. By direct extension to more complex periodic lattices, possibilities open up for band-specific curving and focusing of light inside two-dimensional or even three-dimensional photonic crystals.
Modes of atomization in biofuel droplets induced by a focused laser pulse (2022)

Single droplet fragmentation of different liquids is essential for the fundamental understanding and augmenting of the atomization process involved in several industrial processes. Most importantly, there is a need to increase our understanding of the atomization of biofuels in combustion devices such as gas turbines and internal combustion engines. In this work, we describe and compare the laser-induced fragmentation of ethanol, Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME), and their emulsions. We use a nanosecond laser pulse of various laser energies to fragment droplets. Acoustic levitation is used for non-contact manipulation of an isolated single droplet, and the fragmentation sequences are recorded using two high-speed cameras. Three breakup modes are observed: Droplet rupture and air entrapment, sheet breakup, and prompt/catastrophic fragmentation. At lower laser energy, air entrapment inside the droplet occurs. Sheet breakup and catastrophic breakup are observed for droplets of RME emulsions. The ligament-mediated atomization via Rayleigh-Plateau instability and the resulting secondary droplets are studied in detail. The breakup of RME-Ethanol emulsions results in the formation of small secondary droplets compared to pure liquid droplets.
Preparation of Quasi-Free-Standing Graphene with a Super Large Interlayer Distance by Methane Intercalation (2011)

Preparation of high quality graphene with uniform layers currently remains a bottleneck. In particular, graphene with only one large-sized monolayer is very difficult to obtain. With epitaxial growth of graphene under a hydrogen atmosphere and high temperature, even as high as 1550 °C, the obtained graphene was intercalated by methane and methyl group (−CH3) species. Spontaneously, this intercalation makes the coupling of adjacent layers weak and leads to each layer behaving like free-standing graphene. X-ray diffraction spectra demonstrate that the interdistance of adjacent layers is abnormally large, disclosing each layer suspended by the intercalation, regardless of the layer number. Our findings have opened a possible route to prepare free-standing, high quality graphene effectively in large-scale, behaving like one monolayer free-standing graphene. The Raman spectra also support this conclusion.
Анализ сингулярного разложения линеаризованного оператора динамической теории упругости для случая вертикального сейсмического профилирования (2007)

The singular value decomposition analysis of linearized forward operator of dynamic elasticity is presented. This operator is used in Newton method for solving one of the inverse problems of petroleum seismic. Such analysis allows to determine main features of the problem that should be taken into account when the numerical algorithm for solving the inverse problem is developed. Using this analysis the optimal parametrization for inversion was founded out. The principal impossibility of determining the smooth components of solution was also shown. Finally, a significant influence of the source wavelet to the solution of the inverse problem has been demonstrated.
Central Memory CD8+ T Cells Induce Graft-versus-Host Disease and Mediate Graft-versus-Leukemia (2009)

In allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, mature donor alphabeta T cells in the allograft promote T cell reconstitution in the recipient and mediate the graft-vs-leukemia (GVL) effect. Unfortunately, donor T cells can attack nonmalignant host tissues and cause graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). It has previously been shown that effector memory T cells not primed to alloantigen do not cause GVHD yet transfer functional T cell memory and mediate GVL. Recently, central memory T cells (T(CM)) have also been reported to not cause GVHD. In contrast, in this study, we demonstrate that purified CD8(+) T(CM) not specifically primed to alloantigens mediate GVHD in the MHC-mismatched C57BL/6 (B6)-->BALB/c and the MHC-matched, multiple minor histocompatibility Ag-mismatched C3H.SW-->B6 strain pairings. CD8(+) T(CM) and naive T cells (T(N)) caused similar histological disease in liver, skin, and bowel. B6 CD8(+) T(CM) and T(N) similarly expanded in BALB/c recipients, and the majority of their progeny produced IFN-gamma upon restimulation. However, in both models, CD8(+) T(CM) induced milder clinical GVHD than did CD8(+) T(N). Nonetheless, CD8(+) T(CM) and T(N) were similarly potent mediators of GVL against a mouse model of chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. Thus, in contrast to what was previously thought, CD8(+) T(CM) are capable of inducing GVHD and are substantially different from T(EM) but only subtly so from T(N).
A Thermal-Driven Test Application Scheme for 3-Dimensional ICs (2012)

In this work, we propose a novel scan architecture for 3-D ICs by considering the interconnection overhead of through-silicon-vias (TSVs). Since hotspots in 3-DICs often cause performance and reliability issues, we also developed a new test ordering scheme to avoid applying test vectors that could worsen the temperature distribution. Experimental results show that the peak temperature can be lowered by 20% by the 3-D scan tree architecture. When combined with the test ordering scheme, the 3-D scan tree can further reduce peak temperature by over 30%.
Magnon-phonon effects in ferromagnetic manganites (2001)

A model is presented for the magnon-phonon interaction in three-dimensional cubic ferromagnetic systems. The Heisenberg Hamiltonian for localized spins is used. The calculated magnon and phonon dampings are compared with the experiments and good agreement is found. It is estimated that there is a significant broadening in the magnon linewidth at the end of the zone and that the phonon linewidth is not affected by this mechanism. The modified magnon spectrum is also evaluated and compared to experimental measurements. It is found that the model predicts softening of the magnon mode at the end of the zone consistent with the experiments. The contribution from both Mn and O atoms is included. The developed model can be applied to systems with reduced dimensions and systems with different than cubic symmetry.