gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The P2 Experiment - A future high-precision measurement of the electroweak mixing angle at low momentum transfer (2018)

This article describes the future P2 parity-violating electron scattering facility at the upcoming MESA accelerator in Mainz. The physics program of the facility comprises indirect, high precision search for physics beyond the Standard Model, measurement of the neutron distribution in nuclear physics, single-spin asymmetries stemming from two-photon exchange and a possible future extension to the measurement of hadronic parity violation. The first measurement of the P2 experiment aims for a high precision determination of the weak mixing angle to a precision of 0.14% at a four-momentum transfer of Q^2 = 4.5 10^{-3} GeV^2. The accuracy is comparable to existing measurements at the Z pole. It comprises a sensitive test of the standard model up to a mass scale of 50 TeV, extendable to 70 TeV. This requires a measurement of the parity violating cross section asymmetry -39.94 10^{-9} in the elastic electron-proton scattering with a total accuracy of 0.56 10^-9 (1.4 %) in 10,000 h of 150 \micro A polarized electron beam impinging on a 60 cm liquid H_2 target allowing for an extraction of the weak charge of the proton which is directly connected to the weak mixing angle. Contributions from gamma Z-box graphs become small at the small beam energy of 155 MeV. The size of the asymmetry is the smallest asymmetry ever measured in electron scattering with an unprecedented goal for the accuracy. We report here on the conceptual design of the P2 spectrometer, its Cherenkov detectors, the integrating read-out electronics as well as the ultra-thin, fast tracking detectors. There has been substantial theory work done in preparation of the determination of the weak mixing angle. The further physics program in particle and nuclear physics is described as well.
Perinatal stress and steroids: Life-long effects on disease susceptibility (2005)

Although synthetic glucocorticoids are frequently used neonatally for prevention of chronic lung disease, major concern has arisen about the possible long-term consequences. Children, born prematurely, receive dexamethasone (dex) immediately after birth during 7–21 days. It has been shown, however, that the children at 5–7 years of age display behavioral and learning deficits. However, we cannot discriminate yet between the contribution of either premature birth, additional therapeutic treatment after birth or glucocorticoid therapy. Therefore we have setup a rat model to study the effects of glucocorticoids separately. The data show that neonatal dex treatment of rats during the first three days of life has serious consequences during adulthood for the immune system, neuro-endocrine system, behavior and life-span. Dex treatment increases the susceptibility for inflammatory autoimmune diseases presumably by shifting the cytokine balance towards pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the level of the neuro-endocrine system, we demonstrated that ACTH and corticosterone (cort) responses to systemic administration of LPS, or novelty or conditioned fear were markedly attenuated. In addition, we have evidence that neonatal dex treatment induced an enhanced glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of the HPA axis. We also demonstrated that neonatal dex treatment led to a decrease in physical and neurologic development as well as to altered social behavior and impaired cognitive functioning in adulthood. Interestingly, dex treatment had a seriously negative effect on the life span of the animals. Early death of the rats was probably due to hypertension and chronic renal failure, as was shown by histo-pathological examination. Human studies on the negative effects of dexamethasone treatment are subject of intense investigation at the moment. Our first data show that dex treatment in early life is associated with more behavioral abnormalities.
The Size of a Photon (2021)

This paper begins by exploring a useful and neglected detail of a photon—its physical size perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the same way as an atom or neutron has a physical size. Such a photon size would be quite separate from the cross-section of a photonic interaction, which depends on the material interacting. Such a perpendicular dimension of a photon will be invariant under Lorentz transform parallel to the light propagation direction and will thus be the same for all frequencies of light. This study also leads to new details about how a photon interacts, offering an explanation for the familiar physics where light slightly above and below the mean frequency of an excited state can still excite the same state without violation of conservation of energy—a mystery explored thoroughly in a previous paper without finding the solution offered here. As usual, a better elucidation of the details of light interaction also leads to new insights—especially about the vacuum field. The Appendix summarizes some previous research relevant to this discussion
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) prolongs time to treatment failure in Kaposi‚s sarcoma (1999)

HAART is associated with prolonged time to treatment failure in Kaposi's sarcoma. Progression of Kaposi's sarcoma while on HAART is not necessarily associated with virological failure as determined by rising viral RNA titre.
Management van reumatoïde artritis bij oudere personen (2015)

The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an aging population is steadily increasing as a consequence of the chronicity of the disease and the increased life expectancy. The phenotype of the disease differs according to the age at which RA first appears. In elderly-onset RA (EORA), the most important differential diagnosis is polymyalgia rheumatica. The use of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologicals in older patients is currently not optimal. Literature data indicate that a higher disease activity in this age group is tolerated before adapting the pharmacotherapeutic management. Yet, there is no indication that the safety and efficacy of RA-specific drugs are essentially different between older and younger patients. An important criterion for making a decision is the biological age of the person to be treated. A discrepancy between the biological and the chronological age may be caused by frailty, multimorbidity and the presence of geriatric giant conditions (cognitive limitations, depression, sensory disorders, disturbed mobility and incontinence). In case of a favourable biological age, a sharp therapeutic target should be formulated and pharmacotherapy should be designed to reach such a target. If a person ages less successfully with an unfavourable biological age, drugs with a safety risk should be prescribed with more restraint and more safety surveillance. Non-pharmacotherapeutic care (exercise therapy, occupational therapy), in addition to drug therapy, has an important role for older patients with RA.
Development of Litz wire for deflection yoke coil with excellent convergence characteristics (2002)

Higher resolution CRT display systems are required to show more information on them. So as to achieve these requirements, the scanning frequency needs to be increased. However, the generation of excess heat in the deflection yoke (DY) becomes an issue as the frequency increases. The Litz wire is used to prevent the heat generation. The high-resolution CRT display systems, which Litz wires are used in, require a strict specification against picture distortion and color deviation (generally called convergence characteristics). Furthermore, the shape of the DY coil is affected by various factors such as bonding material which is a component of Litz wire, the construction of the Litz wire, and lubrication properties of the wire. The authors revealed the relationship between the coil shape and these factors. Fujikura has improved the Litz wire for DY coil with excellent convergence characteristics by optimizing these factors.
Assessment of Postoperative Analgesic Drug Efficacy: Method of Data Analysis Is Critical (2017)

Our analyses demonstrate that the applied statistical method may alter the statistical significance and estimates of effect size of analgesic outcome variables in postoperative pain trials. Our findings underline the importance of defining valid statistical methods for future analgesic drug trials. We propose an integrated assessment of longitudinally measured pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC). The method combines two interdependent analgesic outcomes, lowers the risk of mass significance, and provides more accurate representation of the dynamic nature of postoperative pain and analgesic drug efficacy.
Composite Hydrogels With Controlled Degradation in 3D Printed Scaffolds (2019)

Controlled cell delivery has shown some promising outcomes compared with traditional cell delivery approaches over the past decades, and strategies focused on optimization or engineering of controlled cell delivery have been intensively studied. In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication of a 3D printed hydrogel scaffold infused with degradable PEGPLA/NB composite hydrogel core for controlled cell delivery with improved cell viability and facile tunability. The 3D printed poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) scaffold with specifically designed architectures can provide mechanical support while allowing bidirectional diffusion of small molecules, thus permitting structural integrity and long-term cell viability. Poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PLA-PEG-PLA), which is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, however, the acrylation reactions it utilizes for chain growth have been reported as toxic to cells. Poly(ethylene glycol) norbornene (PEGNB), validated for its excellent cytocompatibility, was therefore mixed and infused together with PLA-PEG-PLA into the printed PEGDA scaffold. Cells encapsulated microfluidically into PEGNB microspheres and then polymerized within PEGPLA/NB composite hydrogel maintained excellent viability over a week. Controlled cell release was achieved via the manipulation of PEGPLA/NB composition. By increasing PEGNB proportion in the core, cell release was significantly slowed while increasing PLA-PEG-PLA proportion eventually resulted in a very robust cell release within a short time frame. The functionality of released cells was validated by their cell viability and proliferation potential. In summary, we have shown this droplet-microencapsulation technique coupled with composite degradable hydrogel and 3D printing could offer an alternative route for controlled cell delivery.
Dynamical manipulation of electromagnetic polarization using anisotropic meta-mirror (2016)

Polarization control of electromagnetic wave is very important in many fields. Here, we propose an active meta-mirror to dynamically manipulate electromagnetic polarization state at a broad band. This meta-mirror is composed of a double-layered metallic pattern backed by a metallic flat plate, and the active elements of PIN diodes are integrated into the meta-atom to control the reflection phase difference between two orthogonal polarization modes. Through switching the operating state of the PIN diodes, the meta-mirror is expected to achieve three polarization states which are left-handed, right-handed circular polarizations and linear polarization, respectively. We fabricated this active meta-mirror and validated its polarization conversion performance by measurement. The linearly polarized incident wave can be dynamically converted to right-handed or left-handed circular polarization in the frequency range between 3.4 and 8.8 GHz with the average loss of 1 dB. Furthermore, it also can keep its initial linear polarization state.
A time-domain simulation method incorporating magnetic materials (2011)

This paper presents a new time-domain simulation scheme that incorporates magnetic materials operating in the dominant mode. The proposed scheme is a modification of the Yee scheme by incorporating the Landau-Lifschitz equation of motion including the dominant and loss terms. The proposed scheme is validated by comparison of simulated scattering parameter data with scattering parameter data obtained from a common frequency-domain solver of a circulator with rectangular geometry from the open literature.
Catastrophic optical bulk damage (COBD) in high power multi-mode InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well lasers (2011)

State-of-the-art broad-area InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well (QW) lasers show an optical output power of over 20 W and a power conversion efficiency of over 70% under CW operation. Unlike broad-area (Al)GaAs QW lasers, broad-area InGaAs strained QW lasers show two failure types including facet catastrophic optical damage (COD) and bulk failure. Optimization of facet passivation processes has led to significant reduction in occurrence of facet COD (or COMD), but bulk failure (or COBD) has received little attention although it is crucial to understand degradation processes responsible for COBD and then develop COBD-free lasers for high reliability applications including potential satellite systems. Our group recently proposed a model for the COBD process and this paper further investigates the root causes of COBD in the broad-area lasers. We performed accelerated life-tests of MOCVD-grown broad-area strained InGaAs-AlGaAs single QW lasers at ~975 nm, which predominantly yielded catastrophic bulk failures. We employed various non-destructive techniques to study pre- and post-stressed lasers. Time resolved electroluminescence (TR-EL) was employed to observe formation and progression of dark spots and dark lines through windowed n-contacts during entire life-tests that eventually led to COBD. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) was employed to investigate trap characteristics in degraded devices at different stages of degradation to study the role that non-radiative recombination centers (NRCs) play in COBD processes. Time resolved photoluminescence (TR-PL) was employed to measure carrier lifetimes from both undamaged and damaged active areas to find correlation between dark line defects in degraded lasers and non-radiative recombination processes.
Energy management in the IEEE 802.16e MAC (2006)

Energy management is an important component for the emerging standard IEEE 802.16e supporting mobility. In this paper, we characterize the standardized sleep mode in IEEE 802.16e. The comparison between our result and the simulation shows that our analytical model is accurate in evaluating the energy consumption and hence provides a potential guidance in efficiently managing energy.
Powder Diffraction Data of Three 9-Amino-1,2,3,4- Tetrahydroacridine Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics (1991)

Abstract Tacrine hydrochloride monohydrate, velnacrine maleate and suronacrine maleate have been investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction. The unit cell dimensions, determined by single-crystal diffraction data, agree well with those of powder diffraction analysis, which is characterized by good figures of merit for the three drugs. Present work assures that single-crystals are good representatives of the commercial powdered samples, since experimental and simulated (from structure determination) powder patterns are practically identical.
Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) Feasibility Study of Scaling SiGe HBTs (2010)

Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) feasibility studies for for scaling a SiGe-based NPN with cutoff frequencies, fT/fMAX of 200/250GHz were conducted, in which the critical process and device design components were self-consistently addressed. The calibrated 200/250GHz calibration was verified by utilization for scaling to a 300GHz performance level, which was subsequently used as the baseline for scaling to a 500 and 630GHz fT performance level. Comparison of the transit time components reveal the base and collector-base transit times as being the predominant electron delay components for performance levels less than 500GHz. At 630GHz the device was observed to be limited primarily by the collector-base transit time.
Ginkgetin induces autophagic cell death through p62/SQSTM1-mediated autolysosome formation and redox setting in non-small cell lung cancer (2017)

Promoting cell death by autophagy could be a novel treatment for cancer. The major player in autophagy, p62, serves as a good therapeutic target. Ginkgetin, a biflavonoid from <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> leaves, exhibited promising anticancer activity in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, with an IC50 lower than that of cisplatin. This anticancer effect of ginkgetin was illustrated in a xenograft nude mouse model. Ginkgetin induced autophagic cell death in A549 cells, and this effect was markedly reversed by chemical and genetic approaches. Ginkgetin showed potential binding affinity to p62. Upregulation of p62 through chemical and genetic means decreased cell death, lysosome acidification, and autophagosome formation, which consequently disrupted autolysosome formation. In addition, the decreased autophagy induced by p62 overexpression increased Nrf2/ARE activity and the oxygen consumption rate and decreased on formation of reactive oxygen species. These phenomena were exhibited in a reciprocal manner when p62 was knocked down. Thus, p62 may be a potential target in ginkgetin-induced autophagic cell death, and ginkgetin could be developed as a novel anticancer drug.
Microw(h)att?! Ultralow-Power Six-Port Radar: Realizing Highly Integrated Portable Radar Systems with Good Motion Sensitivity at Relatively Low Cost (2017)

In this article, we have presented a lightweight, ultralow-power 24-GHz six-port radar system for remote vibration monitoring. Based on a detailed analysis of this year's competition scenario (featuring a slightly modified FOM), an optimized system concept and hardware implementation were proposed, with a strong focus on the ultralow-power system design. Using a purely passive six-port microwave interferometer, both a high phase resolution and an ultralow power consumption have been achieved. During the SDC, a sensitivity well below 100 nm was demonstrated, with the average power consumption of the whole system (not including USB data transmission) being approximately 30 nW (9 nA at 3.3 V). This is a significant improvement compared to previous years' SDCs [8], [9] and, to the best of our knowledge, currently the lowest reported power consumption for a short-range radar system. Table 3 compares the work presented here with all previous high-sensitivity radar SDC winners. With a standard CR2032 coin cell (3 V, 220 mAh), the proposed radar system (Figure 9) could be powered for more than two years, continuously performing six measurements each second. Furthermore, the number of measurements per second can easily be adjusted by software, depending on the application scenario. In this way, a higher measurement update rate or a higher sensitivity can be achieved when using additional filtering in the digital baseband, but at the cost of higher power consumption.
The iCub humanoid robot (2008)

We report about the iCub, a humanoid robot for research in embodied cognition. At 104 cm tall, the iCub has the size of a three and half year old child. It will be able to crawl on all fours and sit up to manipulate objects. Its hands have been designed to support sophisticate manipulation skills. The iCub is distributed as Open Source following the GPL/FDL licenses. The entire design is available for download from the project homepage and repository (http://www.robotcub.org). In the following, we will concentrate on the description of the hardware and software systems. The scientific objectives of the project and its philosophical underpinning are described extensively elsewhere [1].
Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Modified Hexosamine for Tissue-Engineering Osteoarthritic Cartilage (2013)

Inflammation and tissue degeneration play key roles in numerous rheumatic diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). Efforts to reduce and effectively repair articular cartilage damage in an osteoarthritic environment are limited in their success due to the diseased environment. Treatment strategies focused on both reducing inflammation and increasing tissue production are necessary to effectively treat OA from a tissue-engineering perspective. In this work, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and tissue production capacity of a small molecule 3,4,6-O-tributanoylated-N-acetylglucosamine (3,4,6-O-Bu3GlcNAc) previously shown to inhibit the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activity, a key transcription factor regulating inflammation. To mimic an inflammatory environment, chondrocytes were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a potent inflammatory cytokine. 3,4,6-O-Bu3GlcNAc exposure decreased the expression of NFκB target genes relevant to OA by IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes after 24 h of exposure. The capacity of 3,4,6-O-Bu3GlcNAc to stimulate extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation by IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes was evaluated in vitro utilizing a three-dimensional hydrogel culturing system. After 21 days, 3,4,6-O-Bu3GlcNAc exposure induced quantifiable increases in both sulfated glycosaminoglycan and total collagen. Histological staining for proteoglycans and type II collagen confirmed these findings. The increased ECM accumulation was not due to the hydrolysis products of the small molecule, n-butyrate and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), as the isomeric 1,3,4-O-tributanoylated N-acetylglucosamine (1,3,4-O-Bu3GlcNAc) did not elicit a similar response. These findings demonstrate that a novel butanoylated GlcNAc derivative, 3,4,6-O-Bu3GlcNAc, has the potential to stimulate new tissue production and reduce inflammation in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes with utility for OA and other forms of inflammatory arthritis.
Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase overexpression causes phenotypic reversion in SV40-transformed human lung fibroblasts. (1996)

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been found to be low in a wide range of tumor cells as well as in vitro-transformed cell lines and has been implicated as a new type of tumor suppressor gene. The relationship between MnSOD activity and the malignant phenotype was studied by transfection of MnSOD cDNA into the SV40-transformed human fibroblast cell line WI-38 VA13 subline 2RA. The integration and expression of the exogenous MnSOD cDNA was confirmed in three selected clones with a 2-3.5-fold increase in MnSOD activity. The effect of elevated expression of MnSOD on the cell phenotype was determined by observing growth characteristics. Compared with the parental and neo control cells, the MnSOD-overexpressing clones had a slower growth rate, lower plating efficiency, increased anchorage dependence, and morphological differences. These changes were correlated strongly with the level of MnSOD activity. The results suggest that an increase of MnSOD activity can reverse part of the malignant phenotype in SV40-transformed human fibroblast cells. A possible mechanism is that overexpression of MnSOD might alter the intracellular redox state by modulation of the balance of reactive oxygen species.
An algorithm for rotating images of objects represented as chain-code (2002)

An algorithm for rotating chain-coded images of objects by an arbitrary amount with little inherent distortion has been developed, and a program has been written to demonstrate its use. Chain code is a conveniently compact and efficient means of storing object outlines in computer memory, but with this coding scheme arbitrary rotations of coded outlines are difficult to perform. The algorithm presented not only allows for rotations of arbitrary angle, but has the additional advantage of allowing for rotation around any specified point in the image plane. The effectiveness of the rotation algorithm is discussed, and the results of its application to the rotation of a simple object are compared with the results obtained by rotating the original image of the object and reencoding its outline. Results show that distortions inherent in the algorithm are comparable with those obtained with encoding of a rotated original image.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>