gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preface: Opening a Window into the Human Body Using Optics (2006)

This Trends in Optics and Photonics collection of articles and reprints summarizes the 1996 state-of-the-art in applied biomedical optical diagnostics and monitoring. It represents a survey, by no means complete, of several merging optical methods at a time when Western clinical medicine is undergoing nothing less than a paradigm shift in which optics is expected to play a key role.
GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL NLO CRYSTAL K_2Al_2B_2O_7 (2002)

The influences of proportion of flux and K2Al2B2O7 (KABO) and the decreasing rate of temperature on the crystal quality were investigated. The results show that the suitable proportion of NaF:KABO is 2:1 , the favorable decreasing rate of temperature is in the range of (0.1~5) ℃ /d and NaF is a suitable flux for the growth of KABO crystals. The seed with [110] orientation is favorable for the growth of high optical quality crystals. KABO crystals has anisotropic properties at the wavelength larger than 2500 nm. The UV cutoff for transmission of KABO crystals is 180 nm. Sellmeier equation was fitted using the measured refractive indices with a least square method. The phase matching curve of second harmonic generation (SHG) was calculated and the shortest output wavelength of SHG was determined to be 225.5 nm. The phase-matching angle for SHG at the output wavelength of 266 nm was determined to be 58.1°. The conversion efficiency of the fourth harmonic generation for Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers reached 12.3%.
Sustained antithrombotic activity of hirudin after its plasma clearance: comparison with heparin (1992)

Thrombus extension in patients with venous thromboembolism is due to the accretion of fibrin onto existing thrombi. Extension is promoted by both circulating and thrombus-bound thrombin, which convert fibrinogen to fibrin. Heparin is an effective antithrombotic agent, but it requires continuous administration to achieve persistent inhibition of thrombus extension. Heparin is highly effective in inhibiting fluid phase thrombin, but is a relatively ineffective inhibitor of thrombus-bound thrombin. Hirudin, unlike heparin, inactivates both circulating and fibrin-bound thrombin and, therefore, has the potential to prevent thrombus extension even after a short course of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of the accretion of new fibrin onto preexisting rabbit jugular vein thrombi after a 3-hour infusion of saline, heparin, and hirudin. Heparin and recombinant (r)-hirudin (CGP 39399) were infused at doses that doubled the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). At the end of the 3-hour infusions in rabbits treated with saline, heparin (0.75 mg/kg), or r-hirudin (1.25 mg/kg), accretion of 125I-fibrinogen was 59 +/- 5 micrograms, 34 +/- 4 micrograms, and 21 +/- 2 micrograms, respectively (heparin and r-hirudin v saline, P less than .01; r-hirudin v heparin, P less than .01). Three hours after the end of the infusions, the accreted 125I-fibrinogen in the saline-, heparin-, and hirudin-treated animals was 89 +/- 6 micrograms, 51 +/- 7 micrograms, and 23 +/- 3 micrograms, respectively; 9 hours after the end of the infusions, the accreted 125I-fibrinogen was 112 +/- 9 micrograms, 82 +/- 7 micrograms, and 25 +/- 3 micrograms, respectively. aPTT and thrombin clotting time (TCT) returned to the baseline value 90 minutes after the end of heparin or r-hirudin infusion. During in vitro experiments, human fibrin clots previously incubated in human plasma containing r-hirudin did not promote fibrinopeptide A (FPA) generation when washed and then incubated in human plasma in the absence of thrombin inhibitors. This persistent inhibition of FPA production was not observed after incubation in human plasma of human plasma clots preincubated with heparin. We conclude that heparin is effective in inhibiting thrombus extension while it is present in the circulation, but that this effect is rapidly lost after its plasma clearance. In contrast, the antithrombotic activity of r-hirudin is sustained beyond its plasma clearance, presumably because of its ability to inactivate thrombus-bound thrombin. Our findings indicate that r-hirudin might be an effective antithrombotic agent even when used for short periods.
Effects of Cyclosporin-A-induced Immunosuppression on Periapical Lesions in Rats (2004)

Cyclosporin A (CsA) might induce immune response alterations in periapical lesions and modify bone remodeling. This study determined the changes that occur in the periapical lesions of rats during CsA administration and after CsA withdrawal. After the induction of periapical lesions, the animals were treated with CsA (0-20 mg/kg/day) for 4 wks. Lesion volumes were measured by computed tomography. Histological observations and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed with anti-CD3 and anti-CD25 antibodies. CsA administration reduced lesion volumes, and the lesions significantly expanded after CsA withdrawal. CsA inhibited the proliferation and activation of T-cells at lesion sites. The effects of CsA on T-cells were dose-dependent up to 10 mg/kg/day, after which no significant difference was evident. These results suggest that CsA inhibits periapical destruction by interfering with T-cell function in periapical lesions.
Advantages of Airborne Lidar Technology in Power Line Asset Management (2011)

Airborne lidar technology is widely accepted among power utility companies as the most efficient tool for acquiring high-density and high-accuracy geo-referenced spatial data for various applications essential to power line asset management. This paper describes the typical workflow in lidar data collection. It also describes further application steps in the traditional engineering analysis required for power utilities management, including catenary modeling for thermal up-rating and vegetation encroachment analysis. It will be shown that lidar data can have exceptional precision and accuracy, enabling tight-tolerance engineering calculations for power line efficiency modeling. The paper will also briefly discuss change detection in transmission and distribution wires themselves, the underlying surface terrain and surrounding vegetation throughout the transmission corridor, and how lidar technology can help to address monitoring issues. Finally, the performance advantages of airborne laser terrain mapper (ALTM) systems are discussed in the context of applications related to power line asset management.
Genome Sizes of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA's in Higher Plants (1972)

Chloroplast (ct-) and mitochondrial (mt-) DNA's from pea, spinach, bean, and lettuce leaves have been studied for their molecular size and conformation. The ct-DNA's from these plants were found to band at a density of 1.698 ± 0.001 g/cm 3 and denatured with a Tm of 84° ± 0.5°C. The corresponding mt-DNA's had a buoyant density of 1.706 ± 0.001 g/cm 3 and denatured with a Tm of 88° ± 0.5°C. Both ct- and mt-DNA from these plants were found to have a homogeneous melting pattern. The sheared and denatured ctand mt-DNA's from these plants were found to renature as a single kinetic class with no indication of repeating sequences. The molecular weight of the ct-DNA from the higher plants studied has been found to be 95 ± 5 x 10 6 by renaturation rates assuming a value of 106 x 10 6 for T4 DNA.
ChemInform Abstract: ORTHOAMIDE 14. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON P‐TOLYL‐ UND ANISALDEHYD MIT EINEM AMINAL‐TERT.‐BUTYLESTER ZU (1,2‐BIS‐DIMETHYLAMINO‐VINYL)‐ARYL‐KETONEN (1970)

Abstract Aus dem Aldehyd (Ia) entsteht durch Reaktion mit dem Aminal (II) das Keton (IIIa) (Ausbeute 29%).
Zno:Al doping level and hydrogen growth ambient effects on CIGS solar cell performance (2008)

Cu(In,Ga)Se <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) cells require a highly conducting and transparent electrode for optimum device performance. ZnO:Al films grown from targets containing 2.0 wt.% Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> are commonly used for this purpose. Maximum carrier mobilities of these films grown at room temperature are ∼20–25 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> . Therefore, relatively high carrier concentrations are required to achieve the desired conductivity, which leads to free carrier absorption in the near infrared (IR). Lightly doped films (0.05 – 0.2 wt.% Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> ), which show less IR absorption, reach mobility values greater than 50 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> when deposited in H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> partial pressure. We incorporate these lightly doped ZnO:Al layers into CIGS PV cells produced at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Preliminary results show quantum efficiency values of these cells rival those of a past world-record cell produced at NREL that used 2.0 wt.% Al-doped ZnO films. The highest cell efficiency obtained in this trial was 18.1%.
Overexpression of the FAD3 Desaturase Gene in a Mutant of Arabidopsis (1997)

A mutant of Arabidopsis contained increased levels of 18:3 fatty acids and correspondingly decreased levels of 18:2. The fatty acid phenotype was strongly expressed in root and seed tissues and this observation, together with other data, suggested that the mutation leads to increased activity of the endoplasmic reticulum 18:2 desaturase encoded by the FAD3 gene. Gel-blot analysis of RNA from wild-type and mutant plants established that FAD3 transcript levels were increased 80% in the mutant relative to the wild type. Genetic analysis demonstrated a linkage between the new mutation and the fad3 locus. Linkage of the mutation to fad3 raises the possibility that the lesion is an alteration to the promoter or another regulatory region of the FAD3 gene, which results in increased transcription.
TTP Two Level Design Approach: Tool Support for Composable Fault-Tolerant Real-Time Systems (2000)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Over the last decade the electronic content in cars has increased dramatically. Today's cars employ a large number of control units that are networked to provide advanced functionality. One of the most difficult issues is the seamless integration of heterogeneous electronic subsystems-typically developed by different suppliers-into an integrated computer system. Consequently, system integrators have a pressing need for a composable system architecture and tool support that facilitates the painless integration of subsystems.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;During the system design phase this requires a two level design approach. At the cluster or overall system design level the system integrator defines the properties and interactions of the overall systems precisely in the value and time domain. The cluster design serves as a requirements definition for the node level design where node local details can be defined independently. This two level design approach is ideally complemented by the TTP/C communication protocol that provides hard real-time communication, fault-tolerance, clock-synchronization, and a membership service.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes a tool set (TTPplan and TTPbuild) supporting the two level design approach and the TTP&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; communication protocol.&lt;/div&gt;
Mobile robot controlling using environment map and force feedback (2007)

The essential surrounding environment information to control the remote mobile robot can be gained from devices such as camera, ultrasonic sensor, and infrared sensor. However, the image delay and noise sensitivity of sensors have an effect in achieving accurate surrounding environment data. This leads to unstable difficult control of the robot for the user. In order to reduce the difficulties in controlling the robot, this paper proposes a user friendly controlling environment to maximize the human performance. In addition, an efficient method to avoid obstacles while reducing the total run time is also proposed. By drawing an environment map, the user can easily and conveniently gain the surrounding environment information of the robot. The robot transmits collision warnings using voice to the user before collision and hence avoids the obstacles. This leads the user to control the robot without needing to consider obstacle collision. The robot also transmits force feedback corresponding to the rotation direction of the user. The user can recognize the rotation direction of the robot. This leads to the user not losing the navigation direction of the robot even if there is poor quality image detection.
Chromatic dispersions of the ocular media of human eyes (2005)

Of the commonly used chromatic dispersion equations, only the Sellmeier and the Cauchy equations seem to be theoretically based. Cauchy's equation is derived from the Sellmeier equation, is simpler to implement, and was found to give an excellent fit to published refractive-index data of the human eye. We used Cauchy's equation to model the chromatic difference in refraction of the Gullstrand number 1 schematic eye with a gradient-index lens. To estimate the dispersion at different refractive-index levels within the lens, a single dispersion equation at one nominal refractive index was linearly scaled. This scaling was justified after exploring the effect of mean refractive index on dispersion by using Sellmeier's equation and finding that a dispersion equation for one wavelength is just a linearly scaled version of the dispersion equation at any other wavlength. Because Cauchy's equation is theoretically based and gives excellent fit to data in the visible spectrum, it can be used to extrapolate results into the near infrared with confidence.
The Effectiveness of Active Head Restraint in Preventing Whiplash (2001)

SAHR is effective in reducing whiplash injury in rear crashes and is a passive public-health approach that works irrespective of manual head-restraint adjustment.
Intraband InAs/InAlGaAs/InP Quantum Dot Detectors for the MIR (2007)

In this work, the authors presented the results of a detailed optical characterization of specially designed stacked self-assembled InAs/InGaAlAs/InGaAs/InP QDIP structures grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The QDIP active region consists of an InGaAs quantum well grown on InGaAlAs followed by a thin InGaAlAs layer on top of which the dots are nucleated. The ternary and the quaternary material are lattice matched to InP. The dots are then covered by a thin InP barrier which helps reducing the dark current and is more convenient to be grown at the same temperature as the dots themselves.
Presence of chondroitin sulfate in the neuronal cytoplasm. (1979)

The distribution of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins has been studied in cytoplasmic and particulate fractions of neurons isolated in bulk from rat cerebrum. Lysis of the neurons in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 released 20% of the protein and over 90% of the lactate dehydrogenase in a soluble form. Eighty-two percent of the chondroitin sulfate was also released, together with 55% of the heparan sulfate and 24-25% of the hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins. The chondroitin sulfate remaining in the membranes was completely depolymerized to disaccharides after treatment with chondroitinase ABC, and treatment of the neuronal membranes with 0.1% trypsin removed 55-63% of the chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate but only 25% of the sulfated glycoproteins. The results reported here support our previous conclusion that the soluble chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain is largely a cytoplasmic constitutent of neurons (and astrocytes) and is not primarily present in nervous tissue as an extracellular ground substance.
Exome sequencing results in successful riboflavin treatment of a rapidly progressive neurological condition (2015)

Genetically targeted therapies for rare Mendelian conditions are improving patient outcomes. Here, we present the case of a 20-mo-old female suffering from a rapidly progressing neurological disorder. Although diagnosed initially with a possible autoimmune condition, analysis of the child's exome resulted in a diagnosis of Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome 2 (BVVLS2). This new diagnosis led to a change in the therapy plan from steroids and precautionary chemotherapy to high-dose riboflavin. Improvements were reported quickly, including in motor strength after 1 mo. In this case, the correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment would have been unlikely in the absence of exome sequencing and careful interpretation. This experience adds to a growing list of examples that emphasize the importance of early genome-wide diagnostics.
Rainbow refractometry applied to radially inhomogeneous spheres: the critical case of evaporating droplets (1998)

A detailed study of rainbow thermometry and its application to droplets in reactive systems is presented. To this end the light-scattering history of a vaporizing droplet under unsteady conditions is discussed. Unlike in previous papers, the reduction of the droplet's diameter is also taken into account in addition to the variation of the refractive-index profile. A finely stratified sphere model with thousands of layers (i.e., 20,000) is used to compute the scattering patterns of a radially inhomogeneous evaporating droplet at different heating times and therefore with different diameters and refractive-index profiles. In the studied case the temperatures inferred from rainbow thermometry do not represent the actual temperatures inside the droplet. They do not represent an average internal temperature or even the surface or the core temperature. For droplets with a temperature that increases from the core to the surface, the inferred values are always lower than the minimum temperature inside the droplet. Therefore the rainbow technique should be applied with caution in all cases in which droplet inhomogeneities are suspected. In addition, a careful analysis of the scattering in the rainbow region is presented. Because of the physical structure of the rainbow, a marked uncertainty in the inferred temperatures also has to be considered in the case of homogenous droplets. For inhomogeneous spheres this intrinsic uncertainty has to be added to the effects caused by the internal profiles of the refractive index.
Stabilization Treatment for Reutilization of Spent Refinery Catalyst into Value-Added Product (2003)

This study attempts to stabilize the heavy metals present on spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts in the marine clay matrix and produce value-added high strength bricks through a sintering process. Experimental results showed that the resulting bricks had high unconfined compressive strength ranging between 20.0 N/mm2 and 92.0 N/mm2 for marine clay-spent FCC catalyst samples and low-water absorption values ranging between 4.8 wt% and 18.5 wt%, as well as low metal leaching rates with metal concentrations ranging between 0.1 mg/l and 6.6 mg/l for vanadium and between 9.5 μg/l and 52.8 μg/l for nickel. It is believed that the stabilization process can be achieved in 2 ways: incorporation, in which the heavy metals form chemical bonds with the surrounding matrix to become part of its crystal structure, and encapsulation, in which a physical barrier is formed around the heavy metals, preventing them from leaching into the environment.
COMP (Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein) is Synthesized in Ligament, Tendon, Meniscus, and Articular Cartilage (1998)

The presence of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in extracts of ligament, tendon, meniscus, and canine articular cartilage was demonstrated by Western blot analysis using anti-dog COMP antibody. When the tissues were cultured in the presence of [35-S]methionine/cysteine, metabolically labeled COMP was purified from the culture media and from tissue extracts by DEAE-cellulose gel chromatography. SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by autoradiography and immunoblotting under reducing and non-reducing conditions revealed that COMP is synthesized by the cells of these connective tissues. Increased levels of COMP in samples of both synovial fluid and serum of patients with various joint diseases may not only be derived from cartilage but also from ligaments and tendons. COMP is not a highly tissue-specific cartilage molecule.
Dynamic Service Negotiation (2020)

This document defines the Connectivity Provisioning Negotiation
Protocol (CPNP) which is designed to facilitate the dynamic
negotiation of service parameters. CPNP is a generic protocol that
can be used for various negotiation purposes that include (but are not
necessarily limited to) connectivity provisioning services, storage
facilities, Content Delivery Networks, etc.
Electron reflector to enhance photovoltaic efficiency: application to thin‐film CdTe solar cells (2011)

ABSTRACT The incorporation of an electron reflector is a proposed strategy to improve the open‐circuit voltage of CdTe solar cells. An electron reflector is a conduction‐band barrier that can effectively reduce electron recombination at the back surface. In this work, the electron‐reflector strategy is numerically applied to a thin‐film CdTe record‐cell baseline model (efficiency = 16.5%). Simulation shows that to have the optimal effect from an electron reflector, the CdTe thickness should be on the order of 1 µm, or slightly lower if the optical reflection at the back surface can be enhanced. Efficiency above 19% should be achievable with a 0.2‐eV electron reflector and currently achievable parameters (10 14 ‐cm −3 hole density and 1‐ns lifetime). Moreover, efficiency above 20% should be possible at a 1‐µm absorber layer if large optical back reflection can also be achieved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Universal equilibrium currents in the quantum Hall fluid (1996)

A misprint has been found on page 13 607 concerning the reference of the representation of the shifted harmonic-oscillator wave function. The correct sentence should have the following form.
Measuring Gains from International Equity Diversification (1998)

The author uses a bootstrap replication to analyze the optimum allocation between U.S. and foreign equities. The bootstrap method enables a researcher to estimate the full distribution of portfolio returns. Research shows that international diversification increases risk-adjusted portfolio returns for two reasons. First, the return of the diversified portfolio is less variable, which by itself increases compound returns. Second, the reduced variability enables investors with given risk tolerances to allocate larger proportions of their overall portfolios to equities, thus increasing overall returns. To illustrate the benefits of international diversification, the author considers an increase in foreign equities from 0 to 40 percent of the equity portfolio. This change results in an increase of 65 basis points in risk-adjusted return.