gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vehicle weight estimation based on piezoelectric sensors used at traffic enforcement cameras experiences from the norwegian system (2017)

In Norway, piezo-based traffic enforcement cameras (TEC) are used for speed limit enforcement, but it also has the technology to estimate vehicle weights. Weight data from such TECs can be useful for road authorities for purposes such as evaluating road wear and traffic safety. The first aim of this paper is to evaluate how accurate weight data from such systems are, while the second aim is to examine if one site's accuracy changes over time. We also want to see if calibration coefficients can be used to improve the accuracy of the acquired weight data. The last aim is to assess the weight data's accuracy classes and subsequent areas of application according to COST 323. The methods involve comparing dynamic weight data from a piezo-based TEC with corresponding static weights. This enables assessment of the system's accuracy and precision, and is performed on two dates to evaluate if it changes over time. Also, calibration coefficients are used to try to improve the accuracy. Lastly, accuracy classes are calculated according to COST 323. Our findings were that there was a systematic error between the dynamic and static weights, which increased with increasing vehicle weights. Also, the system's accuracy changed over time. One factor contributing to this was different mean static weights during the two data acquisitions, which was caused by different vehicle samples. Moreover, calibration coefficients generally improved the accuracy, but not the precision of the dynamic weight data. At their best, the dynamic weight data were found to have accuracy class B (10), which is accurate enough for pre-selection of vehicles and designing roads. The other weight data reached the less accurate accuracy class D (25).
Quarterly Progress Report on Blowdown Heat Transfer Separate-Effects Program for July-September 1980 (1981)

Four transient and thirteen steady-state tests were completed in the period July through October 3, 1980. All tests except one were for dispersed flow film boiling in upflow. Analysis of results is still under way. Early results indicate that the Dougall-Rohsenow correlation overpredicted experimental heat transfer by factors of 2 to 3, while the Groeneveld 5.7 and 5.9 correlations predicted data better. Calculations using COBRA-TRAC indicated significant nonequilibrium in those tests. The other test was a large break loss-of-coolant accident simulation to investigate core thermal-hydraulics behavior, which includes time to critical heat flux (CHF). The test provides a data base for benchmarking advanced thermal-hydraulic computer codes for flat power profile 17 by 17 pressurized water reactor subassemblies. Linear rod power was 3.15 kW/m (10.35 kW/ft) before blowdown; power was decreased after blowdown by a predetermined program. All sheath thermocouples indicated CHF. Earliest time to CHF was 0.44 s, and latest was 1.538 s. Several instrument modifications were made to the Thermal-Hydraulic Test Facility.
CMOS nanoscale impulse radar utilized in 2-dimensional ISAR imaging system (2012)

This paper presents a complete impulse based radar transceiver integrated on a single chip. The high bandwidth of the transmitted pulses offers unique penetration abilities and very high accuracy. By taking advantage of the Continuous Time Binary Valued (CTBV) design paradigm, some of the main show stoppers of systems based on traditional digital design techniques have been removed. This paper explores the advantages and possibilities of the fully integrated CTBV radar, and introduces basic background on the Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) along with experimental results. Measurements have been performed that confirm the theory and show that the proposed nanoscale impulse radar system may be utilized for 2D-imaging combining low cost implementation with high quality. The CMOS radar consumes 113mW from a 1.2V/2.5V power supply.
Importance of anticoagulation and postablation silent cerebral lesions: Subanalyses of REVOLUTION and reMARQable studies (2017)

Adherence to a stringent anticoagulation regimen prior to and during ablation procedures appears to be an important factor in minimizing the risk of SCL.
Tunable Negative Group Delay in a Birefringent Fabry–Pérot-Like Cavity With High Fractional Advancement Induced by Cross-Interference Effect (2016)

A strong and broadband negative group delay (NGD) is demonstrated in a circular waveguide with an asymmetric cross-shaped slotted structure in the millimeter-wave region. For an input of 45° linear polarization (relative to the orientation of the cross-shaped slots), the NGD fractional bandwidth is as high as 3.57%, in which the optimal group advancement obtained is nearly 24 times greater than the delay traveling with the speed of light in vacuum. This further indicates a very high fractional advancement of 12.10%. In addition, the NGD can be controlled by adjusting the polarization azimuthal angle of the incident pulse. The observed tunable NGD effect is attributed to the destructive cross interference between the two polarization eigenstates, which effectively reduces the released field energy at the observed polarization channel. A general theory is provided with excellent agreement in the experimental and simulation results.
Spoken Term Detection Automatically Adjusted for a Given Threshold (2017)

Spoken term detection (STD) is the task of determining whether and where a given word or phrase appears in a given segment of speech. Algorithms for STD are often aimed at maximizing the gap between the scores of positive and negative examples. As such they are focused on ensuring that utterances where the term appears are ranked higher than utterances where the term does not appear. However, they do not determine a detection threshold between the two. In this paper, we propose a new approach for setting an absolute detection threshold for all terms by introducing a new calibrated loss function. The advantage of minimizing this loss function during training is that it aims at maximizing not only the relative ranking scores, but also adjusts the system to use a fixed threshold and thus maximizes the detection accuracy rates. We use the new loss function in the structured prediction setting and extend the discriminative keyword spotting algorithm for learning the spoken term detector with a single threshold for all terms. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of the new loss function by training a deep neural Siamese network in a weakly supervised setting for template-based STD, again with a single fixed threshold. Experiments with the TIMIT, Wall Street Journal (WSJ), and Switchboard corpora showed that our approach not only improved the accuracy rates when a fixed threshold was used but also obtained higher area under curve (AUC).
PARTIAL POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE DECKS (1975)

Polymer-impregnated concrete is being considered as a means of increasing the durability of bridge decks. For application to existing bridges, the process includes drying the bridge deck to remove the free moisture in the pores, soaking a low viscosity monomer solution int the concrete, and applying heat to polymerize the monomer. Drying, soaking, and curing requirements are discussed. A limited area of a bridge deck has been successfully polymerized to a depth of approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm). Evaluation studies were conducted to determine the freeze-thaw resistance, skid and wear resistance, and protection against corrosion of the reinforcement in relation to polymer-impregnated concrete. Freeze-thaw resistance was significantly increased, and skid resistance improved significantly for the partially impregnated slabs when the tests were performed when the surfaces were dry. Skid resistance was slightly higher when the surfaces were covered with abrasive grit and kept wet. Wear measurements generally indicated little difference between treated and untreated specimens. Corrosion resistance for slabs with a low-quality polymer impregnation is about 25 times greater than that for unimpregnated slabs.
Study of ion bombardment characteristics in high frequency plasmas (2000)

Categories of ions according to their energy -- Surface phenomena induced by low-energy ions -- Structure zone models -- Ion bombardment in high frequency plasmas -- Plasma definition -- Plasma sheath and ion bombardment energy -- Sheart in the radio frequency discharge -- Plasma systems -- Multigrid ion energy analyzer -- Hiden EQP-1000 plasma probe -- Rf-probe -- Surface treatment of polymers and complementary analysis -- Microwave plasma -- Continuous wave MW plasma -- MW/RF plasma -- Continuous wave rf and MW/rf plasmas -- Time-resolved measurements of ion energy distributions in dual-mode pulsed-microwave/radio frequency plasma -- Ion energy characteristics in the cold cathode ion source system -- Effect of ion bombardment in polymer surface modification : comparison of pulsed high frequency plasma and ion beam.
Exploring Aspartic Protease Inhibitor Binding to Design Selective Antimalarials (2022)

Selectivity is a major issue in the development of drugs targeting pathogen aspartic proteases. Here, we explore the selectivity-determining factors by studying specifically designed malaria aspartic protease (plasmepsin) open-flap inhibitors. Metadynamics simulations are used to uncover the complex binding/unbinding pathways of these inhibitors and describe the critical transition states in atomistic resolution. The simulation results are compared with experimentally determined enzymatic activities. Our findings demonstrate that plasmepsin inhibitor selectivity can be achieved by targeting the flap loop with hydrophobic substituents that enable ligand binding under the flap loop, as such a behavior is not observed for several other aspartic proteases. The ability to estimate the selectivity of compounds before they are synthesized is of considerable importance in drug design; therefore, we expect that our approach will be useful in selective inhibitor designs against not only aspartic proteases but also other enzyme classes.
Acquisition of NFKB1-Selective DNA Binding by Substitution of Four Amino Acid Residues from NFKB1 into RelA (1993)

The subunits of NF-kappa B, NFKB1 (formerly p50) and RelA (formerly p65), belong to a growing family of transcription factors that share extensive similarity to the c-rel proto-oncogene product. The homology extends over a highly conserved stretch of approximately 300 amino acids termed the Rel homology domain (RHD). This region has been shown to be involved in both multimerization (homo- and heterodimerization) and DNA binding. It is now generally accepted that homodimers of either subunit are capable of binding DNA that contains a kappa B site originally identified in the immunoglobulin enhancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that the individual subunits of the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex can be distinguished by their ability to bind distinct DNA sequence motifs. By using NFKB1 and RelA subunit fusion proteins, different regions within the RHD were found to confer DNA-binding and multimerization functions. A fusion protein that contains 34 N-terminal amino acids of NFKB1 and 264 amino acids of RelA displayed preferential binding to an NFKB1-selective DNA motif while dimerizing with the characteristics of RelA. Within the NFKB1 portion of this fusion protein, a single amino acid change of His to Arg altered the DNA-binding specificity to favor interaction with the RelA-selective DNA motif. Furthermore, substitution of four amino acids from NFKB1 into RelA was able to alter the DNA-binding specificity of the RelA protein to favor interaction with the NFKB1-selective site. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the presence of a distinct subdomain within the RHD involved in conferring the DNA-binding specificity of the Rel family of proteins.
A multi-view annotation tool for people detection evaluation (2012)

In this paper we introduce a novel multi-view annotation tool for generating 3D ground truth data of the real location of people in the scene. The proposed tool allows the user to accurately select the ground occupancy of people by aligning an oriented rectangle on the ground plane. In addition, the height of the people can also be adjusted. In order to achieve precise ground truth data the user is aided by the video frames of multiple synchronized and calibrated cameras. Finally, the 3D annotation data can be easily converted to 2D image positions using the available calibration matrices. One key advantage of the proposed technique is that different methods can be compared against each other, whether they estimate the real world ground position of people or the 2D position on the camera images. Therefore, we defined two different error metrics, which quantitatively evaluate the estimated positions. We used the proposed tool to annotate two publicly available datasets, and evaluated the metrics on two state of the art algorithms.
Enhanced MRI‐Guided Gadolinium (III) Neutron Capture Therapy by Polymeric Nanocarriers Promoting Tumor Accumulation and Intracellular Delivery (2020)

Abstract Gadolinium(III) (Gd(III)) chelates are promising compounds for developing MRI‐guided neutron capture therapies (NCT). However, despite their success as MRI contrast agents (CAs), current Gd(III) chelates do not present appropriate accumulation in tumors for effective NCT. To overcome this limitation, we developed a series of biocompatible polymeric nanocarriers conjugating Gd(III)‐chelates, i. e. Gd‐DOTA, as NCT agents with high MRI sensitivity and tumor delivery. These polymers were based on poly(aspartic acid) (P(Asp)) and were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains having different molecular weight (M w ) for controlling stability and pharmacokinetics. The T 1 relaxivity of the Gd‐DOTA conjugated polymers increased 2‐fold compared to that of clinically used Gd(III) CAs. In vivo, the PEG‐modified polymers promoted the accumulation in tumor tissues, enhancing the MRI contrast of tumors. After neutron irradiation, the nanocarriers effectively suppressed the tumor growth, particularly the PEG‐P(Asp‐Gd‐DOTA) with shorter PEG chain, which promoted higher intracellular delivery, supporting their potential as NCT agents.
Extracellular matrix molecules and their potential contribution to the function of transplanted pancreatic islets (2018)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are responsible for structural and biochemical support, as well as for regulation of molecular signalling and tissue repair in many organ structures, including the pancreas. In pancreatic islets, collagen type IV and VI, and laminins are the most abundant molecules, but other ECM molecules are also present. The ECM interacts with specific combinations of integrin α/β heterodimers on islet cells and guides many cellular processes. More specifically, some ECM molecules are involved in beta cell survival, function and insulin production, while others can fine tune the susceptibility of islet cells to cytokines. Further, some ECM induce release of growth factors to facilitate tissue repair. During enzymatic isolation of islets for transplantation, the ECM is damaged, impacting islet function. However, restoration of the ECM in human islets (for example by adding ECM to the interior of immunoprotective capsules) has been shown to enhance islet function. Here, we provide current insight into the role of ECM molecules in islet function and discuss the clinical potential of ECM manipulation to enhance pancreatic islet function and survival.
Proteomic Investigations of Autism Brain Identify Known and Novel Pathogenetic Processes (2019)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions defined by impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests or activities. Only a minority of ASD cases are determined to have a definitive etiology and the pathogenesis of most ASD is poorly understood. We hypothesized that a global analysis of the proteomes of human ASD vs. control brain, heretofore not done, would provide important data with which to better understand the underlying neurobiology of autism. In this study, we characterized the proteomes of two brain regions, Brodmann area 19 (BA19) and posterior inferior cerebellum (CB), from carefully selected idiopathic ASD cases and matched controls using label-free HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. The data revealed marked differences between ASD and control brain proteomes for both brain regions. Unlike earlier transcriptomic analyses using frontal and temporal cortex, however, our proteomic analysis did not support ASD attenuating regional gene expression differences. Bioinformatic analyses of the differentially expressed proteins between cases and controls highlighted canonical pathways involving glutamate receptor signaling and glutathione-mediated detoxification in both BA19 and CB; other pathways such as Sertoli cell signaling and fatty acid oxidation were specifically enriched in BA19 or CB, respectively. Network analysis of both regions of ASD brain showed up-regulation of multiple pre- and post-synaptic membrane or scaffolding proteins including glutamatergic ion channels and related proteins, up-regulation of proteins involved in intracellular calcium signaling, and down-regulation of neurofilament proteins, with DLG4 and MAPT as major hub proteins in BA19 and CB protein interaction networks, respectively. Upstream regulator analysis suggests neurodegeneration-associated proteins drive the differential protein expression for ASD in both BA19 and CB. Overall, the proteomic data provide support for shared dysregulated pathways and upstream regulators for two brain regions in human ASD brain, suggesting a common ASD pathophysiology that has distinctive regional expression.
Kinase Inhibitor Screening In Self-assembled Human Protein Microarrays (2019)

The screening of kinase inhibitors is crucial for better understanding properties of a drug and for the identification of potentially new targets with clinical implications. Several methodologies have been reported to accomplish such screening. However, each has its own limitations (e.g., the screening of only ATP analogues, restriction to using purified kinase domains, significant costs associated with testing more than a few kinases at a time, and lack of flexibility in screening protein kinases with novel mutations). Here, a new protocol that overcomes some of these limitations and can be used for the unbiased screening of kinase inhibitors is presented. A strength of this method is its ability to compare the activity of kinase inhibitors across multiple proteins, either between different kinases or different variants of the same kinase. Self-assembled protein microarrays generated through the expression of protein kinases by a human-based in vitro transcription and translation system (IVTT) are employed. The proteins displayed on the microarray are active, allowing for measurement of the effects of kinase inhibitors. The following procedure describes the protocol steps in detail, from the microarray generation and screening to the data analysis.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE GaP THIN FILMS GROWN BY MO-CVD PROCESS USING [Et2Ga - PEt2]3 AS ONLY SOURCE (1982)

Growth of polycrystalline GaP layers has been obtained between 650 and 775°C, by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, using the only molecule [Et2Ga-PEt2]3 as element source. The disorder has been characterized by Raman spectroscopy.
Absolutbestimmung der Taxie des Polyvinylchlorids aus dem Ultrarotspektrum (1963)

Abstract Bei der statistischen molekularen Bewegung einer gelösten PVC‐Kette werden in der unmittelbaren Umgebung der CH 2 ‐Gruppen vier Konformationen bevorzugt eingenommen, die dadurch ausgezeichnet sind, daß sie Gleichgewichtslagen zwischen Potentialbergen bilden. Diese energetisch ausgezeichneten Konformationen unterscheiden sich für CH 2 ‐Gruppen an isotaktischen und syndiotaktischen Monomerverkettungen. Die dadurch entstehenden verschiedenen molekularen Umgebungen der Methylen‐Gruppe im PVC geben den CH 2 ‐Scherenschwingungen eine andere Frequenz. Während die beiden möglichen isotaktischen Konformationen als Spiegelbilder energetisch gleichwertig sind, so daß in ihnen die Scherenschwingung bei einer Frequenz, nämlich bei 1434 cm −1 absorbiert, verteilen sich die beiden energetisch unterschiedlichen Konformationen der syndiotaktischen Segmente gemäß einem BOLTZMANN‐Gleichgewicht auf die beiden Banden bei 1428 und 1434 cm −1 . Durch Messung der Temperaturabhängigkeit des Intensitätsverhältnisses dieser Banden in PVC‐Lösungen ist es daher möglich, den syndiotaktischen Anteil α des PVC und die Energiedifferenz ΔE zwischen den beiden syndiotaktischen Anordnungen nach folgender Formel zu bestimmen: Hierbei ist λ das Verhältnis der optischen Dichten der beiden Banden, d. h. Für die sechs untersuchten PVC‐Proben, die zwischen +30 und −70°C polymerisiert worden waren, steigen die α‐Werte von 0,5 auf 0,8. Die zugehörigen Energiedifferenzen ΔE liegen bei den Proben mit α &gt; 0,7 einheitlich bei 840 cal/Mol, während für die zunehmend ataktischen Proben mit α zwischen 0,5 und 0,6 die Energie auf 1360 bzw. 1920 cal/Mol ansteigt.
Carbon monoxide detection using passive and active millimetre wave radiometry (2002)

This paper investigates the use of the rotational molecular resonance lines of carbon monoxide for the detection of this gas. Active and passive techniques are investigated, concluding that a passive technique is feasible but that an active technique is not. The passive technique would use a three channel spectral radiometer tuned on and around the resonance line. Concentrations of 10 parts per million could be detected over a path length of 100 m. Such a system could be incorporated into a passive millimetre wave imager to detect and measure remotely concentrations of carbon monoxide. Using active techniques, it is shown that modulated radiation temperature changes are too small to be measured using radiometry.