gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive Oxygen Species and Inhibitors of Inflammatory Enzymes, NADPH Oxidase, and iNOS in Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease (2012)

Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are emerging as important players in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). Out of several ROS-generating systems, the inflammatory enzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were believed to play major roles. Mounting evidence suggests that activation of NADPH oxidase and the expression of iNOS are directly linked to the generation of highly reactive ROS which affects various cellular components and preferentially damage midbrain dopaminergic neurons in PD. Therefore, appropriate management or inhibition of ROS generated by these enzymes may represent a therapeutic target to reduce neuronal degeneration seen in PD. Here, we have summarized recently developed agents and patents claimed as inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and iNOS enzymes in experimental models of PD.
Features Engineering for Malware Family Classification Based API Call (2022)

Malware is used to carry out malicious operations on networks and computer systems. Consequently, malware classification is crucial for preventing malicious attacks. Application programming interfaces (APIs) are ideal candidates for characterizing malware behavior. However, the primary challenge is to produce API call features for classification algorithms to achieve high classification accuracy. To achieve this aim, this work employed the Jaccard similarity and visualization analysis to find the hidden patterns created by various malware API calls. Traditional machine learning classifiers, i.e., random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighborhood (KNN), were used in this research as alternatives to existing neural networks, which use millions of length API call sequences. The benchmark dataset used in this study contains 7107 samples of API call sequences (labeled to eight different malware families). The results showed that RF with the proposed API call features outperformed the LSTM (long short-term memory) and gated recurrent unit (GRU)-based methods against overall evaluation metrics.
Synthesis of Enantioenriched 5,6‐Dihydrophenanthridine Derivatives through retro‐Carbopalladation of Chiral o‐Bromobenzylamines (2015)

Abstract Retro‐carbopalladation of aldimines in the presence of a suitable β‐hydrogen atom has been observed in the Pd‐catalyzed homocoupling reactions of o ‐bromobenzylamines, providing an expeditious synthetic route to 5,6‐dihydrophenanthridine derivatives. Furthermore, a highly enantioselective synthesis of 6‐aryl‐substituted 5,6‐dihydrophenanthridines was achieved in a one‐pot manner by taking advantage of Rh and Pd catalysis.
Relationship between acid-base balance and the central respiratory mechanisms (1963)

To study the effect of changes in acid-base balance on respiratory patterns, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (THAM, an organic buffer) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) were infused into midcollicular decerebrate, pontile, and medullary cats. NaHCO 3 increased the arterial pH, HCO – 3 , and pCO 2 . THAM increased the arterial pH and HCO – 3 . The arterial pCO 2 fell initially and then rose gradually with time. In the midcollicular decerebrate preparation with eupnea, NaHCO 3 increased while THAM decreased the rate and amplitude of respiration. In the vagotomized pontile preparation with apneustic breathing, NaHCO 3 accelerated and THAM decelerated the apneustic cycling; neither produced a significant change in amplitude. Larger doses of THAM abolished the apneustic cycling either by producing expiratory apnea or by prolonging the inspiratory phase. In the medullary preparation with periodic breathing, THAM decreased the rate with minimal changes in amplitude. The findings suggest that the respiratory effects of NaHCO 3 and THAM were due to changes in intracellular pH and pCO 2 and that all functional components of the respiratory center are influenced by changes in the acid-base status of the animals. Finally it is pointed out that elucidation of neural respiratory mechanisms requires definition of the acid-base state of the animal.
Investigation of the weak binding of a tetrahistidine‐tagged peptide to quantum dots by using capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection (2016)

Capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection was utilized to probe the self-assembly between cyanine group dye labeled tetrahistidine containing peptide and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, inside the capillary. Quantum dots and cyanine group dye labeled tetrahistidine containing peptide were injected into the capillary one after the other and allowed to self-assemble. Their self-assembly resulted into a measurable Förster resonance energy transfer signal between quantum dots and cyanine group dye labeled tetrahistidine containing peptide. The Förster resonance energy transfer signal increased upon increasing the cyanine group dye labeled tetrahistidine containing peptide/quantum dot molar ratio and reached a plateau at the 32/1 molar ratio. Additionally, the Förster resonance energy transfer signal was also affected by the increment of the interval time of injection and the sampling time. Online ligand exchange experiments were used to assess, the potential of a monovalent ligand of imidazole and a hexavalent ligand peptide, to displace surface bound cyanine group dye labeled peptide ligands from the quantum dots surface. Under optimal conditions, a linear relationship between the integrated peak areas and hexavalent ligand peptide was obtained at a hexavalent ligand concentration range of 0-0.5 mM. Therefore, the present assay has the potential to be applied in the online ligands detection.
Intermittent Fasting Activates AMP-Kinase to Restructure Right Ventricular Lipid Metabolism and Microtubules in Two Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2022)

Abstract Intermittent fasting (IF) extends lifespan via pleotropic mechanisms, but one important molecular mediator of the beneficial effects of IF is AMP-kinase (AMPK). AMPK enhances lipid metabolism and modulates microtubule dynamics. Dysregulation of these two molecular pathways causes right ventricular (RV) failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In two models of rodent PAH, we show IF activates RV AMPK, which restores mitochondrial morphology and peroxisomal density and restructures mitochondrial/peroxisomal lipid metabolism protein regulation. IF also increases electron transport chain (ETC) protein abundance and activity in the RV. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic measures of RV function are positively associated with fatty acid oxidation and ETC protein levels in correlational heatmapping analyses. IF also combats heightened microtubule density, which normalizes t-tubule structure. In summation, we demonstrate IF-mediated AMPK signaling counteracts two key molecular drivers of RV failure. Thus, IF may be a novel treatment approach for RV dysfunction, a currently untreatable and lethal consequence of PAH. Highlights - Intermittent fasting activates AMPK to restructure right ventricular mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid fatty acid metabolism in two rodent models of PAH. - Intermittent fasting prevents downregulation of multiple electron transport chain proteins in both monocrotaline and Sugen-hypoxia RVs. - Pathological microtubule-mediated junctophilin-2 dysregulation and subsequent t-tubule remodeling is mitigated by intermittent fasting. - Intermittent fasting suppresses the induction of both the canonical and peroxisomal ferroptosis pathways in RV failure.
Estimation of sensitivity of periodic trajectories with respect to structured uncertainty (2000)

The problem of computing bounds of periodic solutions to uncertain nonautonomous systems is considered. A bound on the distance between the perturbed and the nominal trajectory can be verified via the solution to a robust performance problem which is defined in terms of a sensitivity derivative. This robustness problem is solved using integral quadratic constraints and linear quadratic optimal control theory.
SERODIFFERENTIATION OF POLIOVIRUS STRAINS (1969)

The intratypic serodifferentiation test of type 3 polioviruses was carried out with the modified Wecker technique using anti-Sabin 3 rabbit sera. Thirty-four vaccine-related and 28 nonvaccine-related strains were examined. Of the 34 vaccine-related strains, 30 were classified as vaccine-like, 3 as intermediate, and one as nonvaccine-like. Out of 28 wild strains tested, 12 were classified as nonvaccine-like, 7 as intermediate, and 9 as vaccine-like.These results showed that with the modified Wecker technique, vaccinerelated virus could be classified as vaccine-like, whereas some of the wild type 3 poliovirus isolated in Japan were indistinguishable antigenically from the Sabin type 3 vaccine virus. For the more conclusive differentiation of type 3 polio strains, it was needed to carry out comparative studies of these strains by the McBride and modified Wecker techniques.
The current state of intermittent intraoperative neural monitoring for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury during thyroidectomy: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses (2017)

To date, I-IONM has not achieved a significant level of RLN injury reduction as shown by the meta-analysis conducted by Pisanu et al. (Surg Res 188:152-161, 2014). However, most recent developments of IONM technology including continuous vagal IONM and concept of staged thyroidectomy in case of loss of signal on the first side in order to prevent bilateral RLN injury may provide additional benefits which were out of the scope of this study and need to be assessed in further prospective multicenter trials.
No Graphene Etching in Purified Hydrogen (2013)

A systematic study has been conducted to investigate the role of hydrogen in the etching reaction of graphene films grown on copper foils. The results at 825 °C and 500 mTorr showed no evidence of graphene etching by purified ultrahigh purity (UHP)-grade hydrogen, whereas graphene films exposed to unpurified UHP-grade hydrogen were considerably etched due to the presence of oxygen or other oxidizing impurities. This finding reveals not only the major impact of oxidizing impurities in the graphene etching reaction, but also entails understanding and controlling the graphene chemical vapor deposition mechanism on copper substrates.
Artificial dielectric layers for the performance enhancement of slot antennas on a dielectric lens (2012)

In this work the concept of Artificial dielectric layers (ADL) has been utilized for the design of integrated slot antennas. ADL possess inherent property of enhancing the dielectric constant of the host dielectric materials, over extremely wide frequency ranges. They are realized by means of periodic metallic stratifications in a standard dielectric substrate. For the proof of concept, ADL have been used as an add-on component between a standard dual slot antenna and a dielectric lens. More than an octave of -10 dB impedance bandwidth has been achieved. The far-field radiation patterns are usable over approximately 60% of the impedance bandwidth.
Increasing evidence of low lymphatic filariasis prevalence in high risk Loa loa areas in Central and West Africa: a literature review (2018)

In West and Central Africa, there is a need to establish the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti in areas that are co-endemic for Loa loa, in order to implement the appropriate strategies to scale-up interventions for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). Due to the risk of severe adverse events (SAEs) to ivermectin in individuals with high L. loa microfilaraemia, the current strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) is twice yearly mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole, supplemented by vector control targeting the Anopheles vectors. Defining W. bancrofti prevalence in areas co-endemic with L. loa is complicated by the cross-reactivity of rapid diagnostic immunochromatographic card tests (ICT), widely used for LF mapping, in individuals with high L. loa microfilaraemia. This has probably resulted in the overestimation of LF prevalence, triggering the implementation of MDA strategies, which may be unnecessary and wasteful of the limited resources for elimination programme implementation. Here we review the literature and present historical evidence, which uniformly highlight low or no prevalence of W. bancrofti infection and/or clinical LF cases across five Central African countries, in more than 30 different geographical areas covering 280 individual sites and > 22,000 individuals tested within high risk L. loa areas. This highlights the very limited information available on LF prevalence in L. loa areas, and potentially has major policy implications, which could shift the focus towards revised mapping criteria to verify low or no W. bancrofti prevalence in high risk L. loa areas. In this situation, revising the current WHO strategy from MDA, to focus more on ensuring high and effective vector control, through insecticide treated/long-lasting impregnated bednets (ITNs/LLINs), integration of point-of-care test-and-treat options into health systems, and consolidating closer links with the malaria control programme may be a more effective and appropriate use of the limited resources and drug donations available for LF elimination.
PKC-DEPENDENT AND PKC-INDEPENDENT CELLULAR EFFECTS INDUCED BY RECOMBINANT TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR TYPE-BETA-1 (1995)

TGF-beta 1 purified from human platelets induces colony formation of rat fibroblasts reversibly when administered together with EGF. TGF-beta 1 has been reported by us to lead to stable transformation of rat fibroblasts, to activate latent Epstein-Barr virus, to exhibit tumor promoting activity for murine fibroblasts, and to cause the release of apoptosis-inducing signals from normal cells which are directed specifically against transformed cells. The use of recombinant TGF-beta 1 in this study showed that all the effects measured were indeed due to TGF-beta 1. In order to get information on intracellular signal pathways induced by TGF-beta 1, specific inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) were applied. Induction of EBV antigens by TGF-beta 1 was dependent on the function of PKC, whereas induction of apoptosis in transformed cells by TGF-beta 1-treated normal cells was independent of the action of PKC.
Poled polymer integrated photonic interconnect networks for electronic systems (2003)

Using straightforward extensions of semiconductor fabrication processes, multilayer structures of electrooptic (EO) polymers can be fabricated in large-area formats with high device packing densities. Furthermore, polymer EO devices can be fabricated directly on electronic substrates and assembled with IC's to permit true integration of photonics and electronics in a single highly compact and efficient package. Those applications that require very high levels of integration, high bandwidths, and hybrid assembly of photonic and electronic devices are described. The current status of the technology is illustrated by integrated optic devices based on EO polymer materials, notably a waveguide electrical-to-optical transmitter with a CMOS level drive integrated with an optical waveguide channel. Highly integrated structures, in which electronic and photonic functions operate in close proximity, place severe requirements on all materials parameters, and particularly on the thermal stability of the EO state of the polymer material. The materials requirements that have been derived for such systems are reviewed. One approach to achieving materials with the required stability is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Unifying Weak- and Strong-Segregation Block Copolymer Theories (1996)

A mean-field phase diagram for conformationally symmetric diblock melts using the standard Gaussian polymer model is presented. Our calculation, which traverses the weak- to strong-segregation regimes, is free of traditional approximations. Regions of stability are determined for disordered (DIS) melts and for ordered structures including lamellae (L), hexagonally packed cylinders (H), body-centered cubic spheres (QIm3m), close-packed spheres (CPS), and the bicontinuous cubic network with Ia3d symmetry (QIa3d). The CPS phase exists in narrow regions along the order−disorder transition for χN ≥ 17.67. Results suggest that the QIa3d phase is not stable above χN ∼ 60. Along the L/QIa3d phase boundaries, a hexagonally perforated lamellar (HPL) phase is found to be nearly stable. Our results for the bicontinuous Pn3m cubic (QPn3m) phase, known as the OBDD, indicate that it is an unstable structure in diblock melts. Earlier approximation schemes used to examine mean-field behavior are reviewed, and compa...
Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: Pathophysiology and Biomechanics (2006)

Investigations of the basic pathological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) over the past two decades have been carried out primarily in rodents. Unfortunately, these studies have not translated into improved outcome in patients with TBI. To better model human TBI, a swine model of controlled cortical impact (CCI) was developed. A CCI device was used to generate a focal lesion in 23 anesthetized male Yorkshire swine. In 10 swine, CCI parameters of velocity and dwell time were varied to achieve a consistent injury (3.5 m/sec, 400 msec, respectively). In 13 swine, depth of depression was varied from 9 to 12 mm. Physiological data, including heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), were collected for 10 h after injury. Following injury, ICP and HR increased above baseline values in all swine, with a more pronounced elevation in animals impacted to a depth of depression of 12 mm. An 11-mm depth of depression was found to most closely mimic pathological features of human TBI with edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, pericapillary hemorrhage, and petechial hemorrhages in the white matter. Injury to a depth of depression of 12 mm resulted in cortical laceration obscuring these features. Immunohistological staining with Neu-N, MAP-2, and Fluoro Jade B revealed evidence of degenerating neurons, axonal disruption, and impending cell death. These results indicate that the swine model of CCI results in a defined and reproducible injury with pathological features similar to human TBI. Physiological parameters after injury are readily monitored in a setting mimicking conditions of an intensive care unit, establishing a more clinically relevant experimental model for future investigations.
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Cidofovir in Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration (2014)

Dosage recommendations for cidofovir are available for renally competent as well as impaired patients; however, there are no data for patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. We determined the single-dose concentration-versus-time profile of cidofovir in a critically ill patient undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). One dose of 450 mg cidofovir (5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously due to a proven cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and failure of first-line antiviral therapy. Additionally, 2 g of probenecid was administered orally 3 h prior to and 1 g was administered 2 h as well as 8 h after completion of the infusion. The concentrations of cidofovir in serum and ultrafiltrate were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The peak serum concentration measured at 60 min postinfusion was 28.01 mg/liter at the arterial port. The trough serum level was 19.33 mg/liter at the arterial port after 24 h. The value of the area under the concentration-versus-time curve from 0 to 24 h was 543.8 mg·h/liter. The total body clearance was 2.46 ml/h/kg, and the elimination half-life time was 53.32 h. The sieving coefficient was 0.138±0.022. Total removal of the drug was 30.99% after 24 h. Because of these data, which give us a rough idea of the concentration profile of cidofovir in patients undergoing CVVH, a toxic accumulation of the drug following repeated doses may be expected. Further trials have to be done to determine the right dosage of cidofovir in patients undergoing CVVH to avoid toxic accumulation of the drug.
Thermal Test Chip Design and Performance Considerations (2008)

Increasing device complexity, greater power densities, ever changing packages, and shorter time-to-market deadlines have combined to make thermal characterization efforts more frenzied than ever. A thermal test chip was designed to assist the thermal engineer in answering critical thermal packaging or material questions. It has a standard heat source with integrated temperature sensors in a format that can handle both wire bond and bump chip configurations in a scaleable array size. This allows a single wafer to supply various array sizes to meet changing requirements. The key requirements for a thermal test chip are: • Maximum possible heating area relative to chip size • Uniform temperature profile across heating area • Low temperature coefficient for heating source • Temperature sensor in center of chip • Simple-to-use temperature sensor(s) • Multiple temperature sensors for a temperature profile across chip surface • Kelvin Connections (i.e., 4-wire connections) for improved measurement accuracy • Chip size that closely approximates the chip being simulated. This paper will describe a thermal test chip that meets these requirements in the simplest manner possible. Insight into future investigations will also be presented.
Sampling for assurance of future reliability (2016)

Ensuring measurement trueness, compliance with regulations and conformity with standards are key tasks in metrology which are often considered at the time of an inspection. Current practice does not always verify quality after or between inspections, calibrations, laboratory comparisons, conformity assessments, etc. Statistical models describing behavior over time may ensure reliability, i.e. they may give the probability of functioning, compliance or survival until some future point in time.
Advanced Small Rocket Chambers. Basic Program and Option 2: Fundamental Processes and Material Evaluation (1993)

Propellants, chamber materials, and processes for fabrication of small high performance radiation cooled liquid rocket engines were evaluated to determine candidates for eventual demonstration in flight-type thrusters. Both storable and cryogenic propellant systems were considered. The storable propellant systems chosen for further study were nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer with either hydrazine or monomethylhydrazine as fuel. The cryogenic propellants chosen were oxygen with either hydrogen or methane as fuel. Chamber material candidates were chemical vapor deposition (CVD) rhenium protected from oxidation by CVD iridium for the chamber hot section, and film cooled wrought platinum-rhodium or regeneratively cooled stainless steel for the front end section exposed to partially reacted propellants. Laser diagnostics of the combustion products near the hot chamber surface and measurements at the surface layer were performed in a collaborative program at Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA. The Material Sample Test Apparatus, a laboratory system to simulate the combustion environment in terms of gas and material temperature, composition, and pressure up to 6 Atm, was developed for these studies. Rocket engine simulator studies were conducted to evaluate the materials under simulated combustor flow conditions, in the diagnostic test chamber. These tests used the exhaust species measurement system, a device developed to monitor optically species composition and concentration in the chamber and exhaust by emission and absorption measurements.