gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Local line edge roughness in microphotonic devices: An electron-beam lithography study (2007)

Microphotonic resonators are very sensitive to sidewall roughness. Several structures with sub-100-nm gap between bus and ring have been patterned on silicon-on-insulator wafer with 50keV electron-beam lithography at different doses. The authors’ direct Monte Carlo (DMC) model has been used to model the electron scattering and energy deposition to predict proximity effects and image modulation. By comparing the point spread function from DMC with independent experimental results, the DMC model has been validated. Experimentally, the line edge roughness (LER) study has been carried out to include both the first order (standard deviation) and the second order of statistical analysis (correlation length). The authors found that the LER is not uniform and varies with the position along the pattern—this nonlocal LER may have profound implications for the performance of the devices. The highest local LER is obtained at the position when the bus is closest to the ring. This phenomenon will be exacerbated when the gap size becomes smaller and will affect coupling efficiency of the waveguides.
A Regularized DBN Based on Fault Diagnosis Model for Inductively Coupled Plasma System (2019)

The data-driven approach is an ideal method for modern system fault diagnosis. However, due to the complexity and comprehensiveness of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) generating systems, it is necessary to monitor the parameters of each sensor and the movement of each position, then, how to extract features effectively from massive monitoring data is the key to fault diagnosis of the system. This paper proposes a fault diagnosis model for Deep Belief Networks (DBN) based on regularized constraint. The regularized constraint is imposed on the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) to preserve the feature manifold structure in the data while ensuring the sparsity of the learning model. Finally, the model is trained for fault classification of inductively coupled plasma generating systems. The research results show that our method has a more accurate fault diagnosis rate than the existing fault diagnosis methods.
Methyllysine Reader Plant Homeodomain (PHD) Finger Protein 20-like 1 (PHF20L1) Antagonizes DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) Proteasomal Degradation (2014)

Background: SET7 monomethylates DNMT1, promoting its proteasomal degradation, yet methylated DNMT1 still remains throughout the cell cycle. Results: The methyllysine reader PHF20L1 stabilizes methylated DNMT1. Disruption of PHF20L1 induces DNMT1 degradation and genome hypomethylation. Conclusion: PHF20L1, an epigenetic reader, cooperates with writer and eraser to regulate epigenetic inheritance. Significance: PHF20L1 can be targeted as a means of regulating DNMT1 activity and DNA methylation in cells.
Xylitol’s Health Benefits beyond Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review (2019)

Xylitol has been widely documented to have dental health benefits, such as reducing the risk for dental caries. Here we report on other health benefits that have been investigated for xylitol. In skin, xylitol has been reported to improve barrier function and suppress the growth of potential skin pathogens. As a non-digestible carbohydrate, xylitol enters the colon where it is fermented by members of the colonic microbiota; species of the genus <i>Anaerostipes</i> have been reported to ferment xylitol and produce butyrate. The most common <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species do not appear to be able to grow on xylitol. The non-digestible but fermentable nature of xylitol also contributes to a constipation relieving effect and improved bone mineral density. Xylitol also modulates the immune system, which, together with its antimicrobial activity contribute to a reduced respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, and otitis media risk. As a low caloric sweetener, xylitol may contribute to weight management. It has been suggested that xylitol also increases satiety, but these results are not convincing yet. The benefit of xylitol on metabolic health, in addition to the benefit of the mere replacement of sucrose, remains to be determined in humans. Additional health benefits of xylitol have thus been reported and indicate further opportunities but need to be confirmed in human studies.
Cost comparison of radiologic versus surgical placement of long-term hemodialysis catheters. (1999)

Radiologic placement of long-term hemodialysis catheters resulted in substantial savings over surgical placement.
Experimental and theoretical study of reflection and coherent thermal emissionby a SiC grating supporting a surface-phonon polariton (1997)

Polarized directional reflectivity and emissivity of a SiC one-dimensional grating are studied. Measurements and calculations are performed between 10 and 11.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m where the real part of the permittivity of SiC is negative. Pronounced dips due to surface-phonon polariton excitations are observed in the reflectivity spectra in p polarization. Thermal emission displays peaks in the same directions and at the same particular frequencies. A comparison between theory and experiments shows a good agreement for both cases. The dispersion relation is obtained theoretically and experimentally. Finally, we discuss the spatial coherence of the monochromatic thermal emission. Indeed, it is shown that the existence of peaks of the emitted-monochromatic radiation, in particular angular directions, implies that, due to surface waves, the thermally excited field is partially spatially coherent along the interface.
A new modulation principle for incoherent scatter measurements (1987)

A new method for measuring the ionosphere plasma autocorrelation function with an incoherent scatter radar is described. This method can be used in similar situations where multipulse methods have been used previously. In situations where the design of the transmitted signal is limited by a maximum allowed modulation time and a maximum radar peak power and where the signal to noise ratio is small, this method provides significantly more accurate ACF estimates than can be obtained by frequency commutated multiple pulse measurements. A simple explanation of the method is given, as well as a precise definition based on ambiguity functions. Computational algorithms are discussed, and it is shown that there are several possibilities to modify present algorithms so that this method can be implemented.
Hydrogen plasma treatment effects on electrical and optical properties of n-ZnO (2003)

The effects of hydrogen plasma treatment on high-quality bulk n-ZnO crystals were studied. It is shown that after plasma exposure at 200 °C for 0.5 h the hydrogen penetrates into the material down to about 20 μm and shows concentrations close to 1017 cm−3 in that region. The incorporation of this hydrogen coincides with an increase in the shallow donor concentration to about the same level as the concentration of hydrogen. In contrast to that in most other semiconductor materials, hydrogen plasma treatment of ZnO is shown to increase the concentration of the already existing electron and hole traps and to introduce electron traps near 0.55 eV, earlier observed in proton irradiated samples. The effect is at least partially due to the surface damage caused by plasma exposure. Despite this increase in the density of deep traps, the luminescence intensity in the near band-edge region is shown to increase down to the depth corresponding to the hydrogen penetration depth in the material.
Exploring Policy Issues of Electronic Cash: The Mondex Case (1999)

Electronic cash in Canada is moving from the developmental into the implementation phase. Mondex, a smart card-based electronic money system, began its most extensive field trial worldwide on February 13, 1997 in Guelph, Ontario, foreshadowing a Canadian nationwide roll-out. This paper introduces the basic concepts of electronic money and describes the Mondex system and the dynamics of its current test in detail. This provides the basis for an analysis of its social and political implications. Mondex raises interrelated questions of access, privacy, and the development of private currencies. We conclude that Mondex has a strong potential, but if the implementation is completely market driven there is a substantial danger of excluding whole segments of the population from a technology which is positioned to become a key element of the future technological infrastructure. The flexibility of the Mondex system creates a new, potentially significant threat to the individual’s privacy. Electronic cash, by effectively introducing private currencies, contributes to the decrease of economic influence of the nation state’s institutions vis-à-vis global financial institutions. The paper concludes by proposing starting points for the policy debate to develop an inclusive and privacy-safeguarding framework for implementing electronic cash in Canada.
DIFFERENTIAL SIGNALING BY LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS (1997)

Studies performed during the past several years make plain that ligand occupancy of antigen receptors need not necessarily provoke identical responses in all instances. For example, ligation of antigen receptors may stimulate a proliferative response, induce a state of unresponsiveness to subsequent stimulation (anergy), or induce apoptosis. How does a single type of transmembrane receptor induce these very heterogeneous cellular responses? In the following pages, we outline evidence supporting the view that the nature of the ligand/receptor interaction directs the physical recruitment of signaling pathways differentially inside the lymphocyte and hence defines the nature of the subsequent immune response. We begin by providing a functional categorization of antigen receptor components, considering the ways in which these components interact with the known set of signal transduction pathways, and then review the evidence suggesting that differential signaling through the TCR is achieved by qualitative differences in the effector pathways recruited by TCR, perhaps reflecting the time required to bring complicated signal transduction elements into proximity within the cell. The time-constant of the interaction between antigen and receptor in this way determines, at least in part, the nature of the resulting response. Finally, although our review focuses substantially on T cell receptor signaling, we have included a less detailed description of B cell receptor signaling as well, simply to emphasize the parallels that exist in these two closely related systems.
Abstract 18: Aco Payment Models And The Use Of Discretionary And Non-discretionary Cardiovascular Care (2014)

Background: Accountable care organizations (ACOs) seek to limit discretionary health care spending while ensuring high-quality care. We studied spending patterns in cardiovascular care, one of the largest cost centers for Medicare patients, in hospitals enrolled in an ACO pilot program, the Medicare Physician Group Practice Demonstration (PGPD). Methods: To estimate spending on discretionary and non-discretionary cardiovascular care in for beneficiaries in PGPD and non-PGPD care systems, we performed a quasi-experimental analyses comparing pre-intervention (2001-2004) and post-intervention (2005-2009) rates of use of diagnostic and therapeutic cardiovascular procedures. We studied ten physician groups across the United States. The intervention group was composed of fee-for-service Medicare patients (n=990,177) receiving care from the groups participating in the practices in the PGPD. Controls were Medicare patents (n=7,514,453) from the same regions who received care from non-PGPD physicians. Our main outcome measure was the difference in the rate of discretionary imaging and procedures in PGPD practices compared to control practices, before and after implementation of ACO payment models (difference-in-difference). We studied this for carotid and coronary imaging, in both discretionary and non-discretionary clinical settings. Results: As expected, before and after PGPD implementation, at both PGPD sites and their controls, the rates of carotid and coronary imaging and procedures were higher in non-discretionary situations when compared to discretionary clinical situations (55% versus 22%, p&lt;0.001). For discretionary carotid and coronary imaging, the differences in the rate of change in imaging use before and after the ACO implementation period was minimal (carotid imaging difference between PGPD and controls, 0.25% (95% CI -0.44%-0.95%, discretionary coronary imaging difference between PGPD and controls, 0.06% (95% CI -0.45%-0.58%). Similarly, the differences in the rate of change in discretionary revascularization procedure use before and after ACO implementation was minimal between PGPD sites and controls (carotid revascularization 0.003% 95% CI -0.008%- 0.002%, coronary revascularization -0.13%, 95% CI -0.30% - 0.029%). Similar results were seen for non-discretionary cardiovascular imaging and procedures. Conclusion: Little evidence exists to suggest that ACO payment models will save money by limiting discretionary cardiovascular imaging or procedures.
Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes with Single- and Double-Layer Structures Using Poly(2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-5,8-diyl) (1994)

A light-emitting diode (LED) using poly(2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-5,8-diyl) (PdPhQx) as the light-emitting material, ITO/PdPhQx/MgAg, emits blue-green (490 nm) light. Introduction of hole transporting layers such as vacuum-deposited or spin-coated thin layers of poly(thiophene-2,5-diyl), poly( p -phenylene), and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) between ITO and PdPhQx in the LED enhances electroluminescence efficiency by about two orders of magnitude. Addition of a diaryldiamine (TPD) in the PdPhQx layer causes a red shift of the emitted light to 565 nm due to formation of an exciplex between PdPhQx and TPD.
Reynolds and Prandtl number scaling of viscous heating in isotropic turbulence (2017)

How large are the heat fluctuations induced by viscous dissipation in turbulent flow? This question is addressed by varying the fluid and flow properties in numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence.
Metabolomics-Driven Discovery of a Prenylated Isatin Antibiotic Produced byStreptomycesSpecies MBT28 (2015)

Actinomycetes are a major source of antimicrobials, anticancer compounds, and other medically important products, and their genomes harbor extensive biosynthetic potential. Major challenges in the screening of these microorganisms are to activate the expression of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters and the development of technologies for efficient dereplication of known molecules. Here we report the identification of a previously unidentified isatin-type antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp. MBT28, following a strategy based on NMR-based metabolomics combined with the introduction of streptomycin resistance in the producer strain. NMR-guided isolation by tracking the target proton signal resulted in the characterization of 7-prenylisatin (1) with antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis. The metabolite-guided genome mining of Streptomyces sp. MBT28 combined with proteomics identified a gene cluster with an indole prenyltransferase that catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan into 7-prenylisatin. This study underlines the applicability of NMR-based metabolomics in facilitating the discovery of novel antibiotics.
CD3 monitoring of antithymocyte globulin therapy in thoracic organ transplantation (2002)

CD3 monitoring of antithymocyte globulin therapy in thoracic organ recipients reduced the amount of drug received by each patient, while maintaining CD3 counts less than 100 cells/microl.
Lipid Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Bacterial Peptidoglycan (2007)

This review is an attempt to bring together and critically evaluate the now-abundant but dispersed data concerning the lipid intermediates of the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Lipid I, lipid II, and their modified forms play a key role not only as the specific link between the intracellular synthesis of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and the extracytoplasmic polymerization reactions but also in the attachment of proteins to the bacterial cell wall and in the mechanisms of action of antibiotics with which they form specific complexes. The survey deals first with their detection, purification, structure, and preparation by chemical and enzymatic methods. The recent important advances in the study of transferases MraY and MurG, responsible for the formation of lipids I and II, are reported. Various modifications undergone by lipids I and II are described, especially those occurring in gram-positive organisms. The following section concerns the cellular location of the lipid intermediates and the translocation of lipid II across the cytoplasmic membrane. The great efforts made since 2000 in the study of the glycosyltransferases catalyzing the glycan chain formation with lipid II or analogues are analyzed in detail. Finally, examples of antibiotics forming complexes with the lipid intermediates are presented.
Circumferential Lumbar Spinal Fusion With Brantigan Cage Versus Posterolateral Fusion With Titanium Cotrel–Dubousset Instrumentation (2002)

Circumferential lumbar fusion restored lordosis, provided a higher union rate with significantly fewer repeat operations, showed a tendency toward better functional outcome, and resulted in less peak back pain and leg pain than instrumented posterolateral fusion. The clinical perspective of the current study implies a recommendation to favor circumferential fusion as a definitive surgical procedure in complex lumbar pathology involving major instability, flatback, and previous disc surgery in younger patients, as compared with posterolateral fusion with pedicle screws alone.
Femoral taperosis (2013)

A modular femoral head-neck junction has practical advantages in total hip replacement. Taper fretting and corrosion have so far been an infrequent cause of revision. The role of design and manufacturing variables continues to be debated. Over the past decade several changes in technology and clinical practice might result in an increase in clinically significant taper fretting and corrosion. Those factors include an increased usage of large diameter (36 mm) heads, reduced femoral neck and taper dimensions, greater variability in taper assembly with smaller incision surgery, and higher taper stresses due to increased patient weight and/or physical activity. Additional studies are needed to determine the role of taper assembly compared with design, manufacturing and other implant variables.
Freeze-Thaw Durability of Porous Building Materials (1980)

Water held in the pores of a solid becomes unstable when cooled to temperatures below 0°C. If the conditions permit, the water leaves the pores and ice accumulates outside the system. In case of high cooling rate, high degree of saturation, and long diffusion path, the water cannot reach the external surface and solidifies in a glassy, amorphous state. Mechanical damage occurs only in the latter case. This mechanism is not indigenous to any single type of solid, thus it is applicable to cement paste, stone, and brick, and could be used for increasing the durability of porous materials and for improving test procedures.
Heterogeneity of expression and induction of mouse mammary tumor virus antigens in mouse mammary tumors. (1982)

Seven spontaneous BALB/cfC3H mouse mammary tumors were heterogeneous in expression of murine mammary tumor virus-associated cell surface antigens. To determine the basis of this heterogeneity, cells from spontaneous tumors and from five subpopulations isolated from a single spontaneous tumor were examined for expression of viral antigens under both conventional conditions and conditions known to induce synthesis of murine mammary tumor virus antigens (5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone). Induction with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine resulted in further manifestation of the antigenic heterogeneity of spontaneous tumors. The five subpopulations from a single tumor differed in the amount of viral antigens present in untreated and in induced cultures. Coculturing showed that viral antigen expression was independent in each subpopulation within a heterogeneous mixture and was not influenced by the presence of other subpopulations with different potentials for viral antigen synthesis. The expression of murine mammary tumor virus structural antigens, a protein with a molecular weight of 28,000 and a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 52,000, differed within the heterogeneous subpopulations, and was noncoordinate. The data suggest that the antigenic heterogeneity in spontaneous tumors reflects the existence of cells within them that differ in both expression of viral antigens and in their response to inducers of viral antigen synthesis.
Thermo-Physical, Mechanical and Hygro-Thermal Properties of Newly Produced Aerated Concrete (2021)

The main objective of this study is to characterize a material, non-autoclaved aerated concrete, referred to as "foamed concrete", newly produced in Burkina Faso. This study made it possible to determine some thermo-physical, mechanical and hygro-thermal properties of foamed concrete. The material was obtained by making a mixture of cement, sand, water and a foaming agent.The tests were carried out with five types of samples having densities between 600 and 930 kg/m 3 and a water content ranging from 22 to 35%. The experimental results obtained show that the studied foamed concrete has a thermal conductivity ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 W/m.K and compressive strength is between 1.2 to 3.4 MPa. The dynamic Young's modulus is between 1.18and 3.1 GPa and the porosity is varying from 55.60 to 72.36%. Analysis of the results show that the incorporation of the foam in the mortar made it possible to have a more insulating material and acceptable mechanical properties for sustainable construction.
Direct Design Approach for Virtual Oscillator Control Synchronisation Condition & Parameter Selection using Describing Functions (2018)

Virtual Oscillator Controls (VOCs) allow inverters to self-synchronise and form robust and stable microgrids. The existing design methodology requires an iterative tuning of key design parameters with time domain simulations required at each step. This paper presents an improved design methodology based on a per unit approach, Describing Functions (DFs) and control systems stability concepts. Direct calculation of key VOC parameters are derived, and this methodology is confirmed by simulation studies.
Design of proteins with hydrophobic and polar amino acids (1998)

A two amino acid (hydrophobic and polar) scheme is used to perform the design on target conformations corresponding to the native states of 20 single chain proteins. Strikingly, the percentage of successful identification of the nature of the residues benchmarked against naturally occurring proteins and their homologues is around 75%, independent of the complexity of the design procedure. Typically, the lowest success rate occurs for residues such as alanine that have a high secondary structure functionality. Using a simple lattice model, we argue that one possible shortcoming of the model studied may involve the coarse-graining of the 20 kinds of amino acids into just two effective types. Proteins 32:80–87, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.