gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Chromate Reduction by Ferrous Iron (1996)

Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is environmentally favorable as the latter species is not toxic to most living organisms and also has a low mobility and bioavailability. Ferrous iron is one possible reductant implicated as a major contributor to the removal of Cr(VI) from suboxic and anoxic waters and soils. Despite the importance of this redox reaction, no mechanistic or kinetic information are available, which are needed to determine the rate of Cr(VI) reduction and to assess the role of oxygen in limiting this reaction. In this study we used a stopped-flow kinetic technique monitored by UV−VIS spectroscopy and an initial rate method to ascertain the rate constant and the rate dependence of each reactant. We observed that the rate of Cr(VI) removal conformed to −d[Cr(VI)]/dt = kcr[Fe(II)]0.6[Cr(VI)]1 where kcr = 56.3 (±3.7) mmol-0.6 min-1 L0.6. Based on this rate expression and that for the oxygenation of Fe(II), Cr(VI) reduction should be unaffected by oxygen except at pH values in excess of 8 even at micromolar concentrations.
GMM Estimation and BER of Bursty Impulsive Noise in Low-voltage PLC Networks (2019)

In this paper, we perform Bit Error Rate (BER) estimation in a low-voltage indoor power line communication channel. This is done over power line channels impaired with bursty impulsive noise in the broadband frequency range of 1–30 MHz. This method is based on the estimation of the Probability Density Function(PDF) of the soft observed samples. We first of all use the Gaussian Mixture Method (GMM) distribution model to motivate the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm in a fairly informal way. GMM is a simple linear superposition of Gaussian components, aimed at providing a richer class of density models than the single Gaussian. The optimal number of Gaussians is computed by using Mutual Information theory. Simulation results are presented for the proposed BER estimator in the frame work of a multiuser Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) system and shows that attractive performance is achieved. These results show that GMM technique provides a good fit to our data samples and thus provides better performance in the sense of minimum variance of the estimator. This drastically reduces the needed number of samples required to estimate the BER in order to reduce the required simulation run-time, even at low BER.
Autonomous assembly of large structures in space: a technology review (2019)

Autonomous assembly of large structures in space is a key challenge to implement future missions that will necessitate structures to be self-deployed as a single piece. This paper presents a mission analysis of existing concepts for in-space assembly of telescopes, provides a survey of relevant robotics technologies and introduces the expected contribution of the PULSAR (Prototype of an Ultra Large Structure Assembly Robot) project to this challenge.
Low threshold quasi-three-level 946 nm laser operation of an epitaxially grown Nd:Y3Al5O12 waveguide (1993)

We report the 946 nm laser operation of an epitaxially grown Nd:YAG planar waveguide. The incident and absorbed power thresholds of 4 and 1.2 mW, respectively, are lower than those reported for bulk lasers when using a similar experimental setup. We also report the use of Ga doping of the active layer to increase the refractive index difference to allow the production of very small guiding layers.
Characterization of an ovine glucocorticoid receptor cDNA and developmental changes in its mRNA levels in the fetal sheep hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal (1992)

Fetal sheep tissues possess glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and these change in number during the last two-thirds of gestation. There is, however, no information about developmental changes in tissue GR mRNA levels which might account for alterations in fetal GR content. We have therefore cloned and sequenced a 942 bp GR cDNA from a sheep liver cDNA library, and used it to study the relative abundance of GR mRNA in fetal and neonatal sheep tissues. Analysis of the cDNA revealed a partial sequence of the ovine GR which displayed over 80% identity with residues 143-453 in human GR and 163-472 in rat GR. Furthermore, the first zinc finger motif in these receptors was perfectly conserved among species. The relative abundance of GR mRNA was studied in hypothalami, anterior pituitary glands and adrenals in fetuses at days 60-70, 100-110, 125-130 and at term (approximately 145 days), and in newborn lambs. Total RNA extracts (20 micrograms) were analysed by Northern blot analysis. A single 5.6 kb transcript was detected in all three fetal tissues, and its relative abundance did not change significantly throughout gestation. However, in newborn lambs, levels of GR mRNA increased significantly in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland but decreased to undetectable levels in the adrenal. These tissue-specific changes in the relative abundance of GR mRNA did not correlate with alterations in GR content in fetal tissues, which suggests that the latter may reflect alterations in GR mRNA translation, subsequent modifications and/or GR turnover. In addition, the pattern of developmental changes in GR mRNA content of the adrenal differs from that of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in neonatal lambs, and indicates that tissue-specific factors may influence GR gene expression in neonatal sheep.
Heat dissipation studies on sub- sea cables wound on winches (2015)

There are few applications in the industry where the power is conveyed to the destination by long cables which are stored on the winch rather being laid. This is particularly true if the load is a mobile system and cable length between the source and destination is of variable length as in the case of Remotely Operable Vehicles (ROV) and Underwater Mining Machines. This paper presents the dynamic analysis of heat transfer characteristics on subsea umbilical cable when wound on winches. Two different subsea umbilical cables were modeled and analyzed using Finite Element Analysis(FEA)Electromagnetic field simulation software with thermal analysis built-in. Asimulation results was compared with the experimental value and found to be matching with the simulation results. The paper determines the de-rating factor of the reeled subsea umbilical cable to supply power to the underwater system continuously without damaging the Subsea umbilical cable. Existing Insulated Cable Engineering Association (ICEA) do not provide de-rating factor for more than 4 layers and moreover the same is not suitable for subsea umbilical cables. The paper brings out the temperature rise in the subsea umbilical cable under wound and unwound conditions on a winch with multiple layers. The temperature rise at different layers of cable is arrived and this study will enable to size the cable suitably and control the amount of electrical loading that can be done over a period of time. FEA analysis was been done for 10 layers when it is in wound condition. From the results of the studies, safe ampacity curve for different layers of the cable is arrived for a specific ambient temperature. The safe ampacity curve can be used to estimate the operating window for the Underwater Mining Machine. The operating window for the mining machine can be improved by incorporating a suitable cooling mechanism on the cable winch.
Synthesis and Electrode Properties of Metastable Li[sub 2]Mn[sub 4]O[sub 9−δ] Spinel Oxides (2000)

spinel oxides with 0.36 < δ < 0.46 were synthesized by oxidation of aqueous with hydrogen peroxide or lithium peroxide in the presence of lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide followed by firing the precursor in air at 300–400°C spinel is metastable and disproportionates at about 500°C to give a lithium‐rich spinel and . The disproportionation temperature and the amount of impurity formed depended on the synthesis procedure and raw materials used. Use of lithium peroxide and lithium hydroxide in the solution‐based oxidation procedure produced the least amount of impurity at intermediate temperatures. However, the value of x in the lithium‐rich spinel decreased with a further increase in firing temperature, and the stoichiometric spinel without impurity was formed at 800°C. Phase analysis as a function of firing temperature for a wider range of Li/Mn ratios in the system (0.7 ≤ y ≤1.33) also revealed that single‐phase spinel could be formed for the entire firing temperature range 300 ≤ T ≤ 800°C only for a narrow value of 1.05 ≤ y ≤ 1.25. The lithium‐intercalation properties of the metastable spinel were influenced by the firing temperaturfe deltae. A sample formed at an optimum temperature of 400°C showed a capacity of 130 mAh/g in the range 3.8–2.0 V with excellent cyclability. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity Caused by Amphotericin B Lipid Complex and Liposomal Amphotericin B (2010)

Lipid preparations of amphotericin B, commonly used to treat fungal infections, have been demonstrated to have reduced nephrotoxicity compared to conventional amphotericin B. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive comparison of nephrotoxicity induced by different lipid preparations of amphotericin B has not been performed. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB). We searched the PubMed MEDLINE database and abstracts presented at key scientific meetings, and identified 11 studies reported between 1995 and 2008 that compared nephrotoxicity resulting from the use of these agents. Eight of the 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to determine odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR), and the Breslow-Day test was used to analyze homogeneity of ORs across different studies. Analysis of all 8 studies (n = 1160) included in the meta-analysis showed an increased probability of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with ABLC versus L-AmB (OR, 1.75; RR, 1.55), but there was a significant lack of homogeneity across these studies (p < 0.001). After excluding the study by Wingard et al, the probability of experiencing nephrotoxicity was more similar between the 2 AmB lipid preparations (OR, 1.31; RR, 1.24; n = 916), particularly when the analysis included only the salvage patient population reported by Hachem et al (OR, 1.12; RR, 1.09; n = 839); the 7 remaining studies were more homogenous by Breslow-Day test (p = 0.054). Our results suggest that nephrotoxicity is generally similar for ABLC and L-AmB in patients receiving antifungal therapy and prophylaxis. Abbreviations: ABLC = amphotericin B lipid complex, L-AmB = liposomal amphotericin B, NCI = National Cancer Institute, NS = not significant, OR = odds ratio, RR = relative risk, sCr = serum creatinine.
Interaction of Bacillus subtilis purine repressor with DNA (1997)

A purine repressor (PurR) mediates adenine nucleotide-dependent regulation of transcription initiation of the Bacillus subtilis pur operon. This repressor has been purified for the first time, and binding to control site DNA was characterized. PurR binds in vitro to four operons. Apparent Kd values for binding were 7 nM for the pur operon, 8 nM for purA, 13 nM for purR, and 44 nM for the pyr operon. In each case, DNase I footprints exhibited a pattern of protected and hypersensitive sites that extended over more than 60 bp. A GAAC-N24-GTTC sequence in the pur operon was necessary but not sufficient for the PurR-DNA interaction. However, this motif, which is conserved in the four binding sites, was not required for binding of PurR to purA. Thus, the common DNA recognition element for binding of PurR to the four operons is not known. Multiple PurR-pur operon DNA complexes having a binding stoichiometry that was either approximately two or six repressor molecules per DNA fragment were detected. The results of a torsional constraint experiment suggest that control site DNA forms one right-handed turn around PurR.
Hard Rock TBM Cutterhead Modeling for Design and Performance Prediction (2008)

Abstract As the use of hard rock TBMs constantly continues to grow, so are the experiences gained in these projects and the challenges that need new solutions. Cutterhead modeling has been a successful tool used by the industry at various levels of sophistications relative to the end use. These models are based on the estimation of the cutting forces and can be used for cutterhead design optimization as well as performance estimates. While these models have proven to be useful in these areas, there is still room for improving their accuracy to account for different rock features and rock mass properties. New and emerging technologies in cutter and machine manufacturing can be assisted by the use of these models in optimizing their use or assessing their potentials. This paper reviews the state of the art of modeling used for design and performance prediction of hard rock TBMs. A brief overview of the available models will be offered and their strength and shortcomings will be discussed.
Role of Amino Acid Sequences Flanking Dibasic Cleavage Sites in Precursor Proteolytic Processing (1995)

The amino acid sequences flanking 352 dibasic moieties contained in 83 prohormones and pro‐proteins listed in a database were examined. Frequency calculations on the occurrence of given residues at positions P 6 to P′ 4 allowed us to delineate a number of features which might be in part responsible for the in vivo discrimination between cleaved and uncleaved dibasic sites. These include the following: amino acids at these positions were characterized by a large variability in composition and properties; no major contribution of a given precursor subsite to endoprotease specificity was observed; some amino acid residues appeared to occupy preferentially certain precursor subsites (for instance, Met in P 6 and P 3 , Asp and Ala in P′ 1 , Pro in P 6 , Gly in P 3 and P′ 2 etc.) whereas some others appeared to be excluded. Most amino acid residues occupying the P′ 1 position in these precursor cleavage sites were tolerated. But the β‐carbon branched side chain residues (Thr, Val, Leu, Ile) and Pro, Cys, Met and Trp were either totally excluded or poorly represented, suggesting that they might be unfavourable to cleavage. The biological relevance of these observations to the efficacy of dibasic cleavage by model propeptide convertases was in vitro tested using both pro‐ocytocin convertase and Kex2 protease action on a series of pro‐ocytocin related synthetic substrates reproducing the Pro7→Leu15 sequence of the precursor in which the Ala13 residue (P′ 1 in the LysArg‐Ala motif) was replaced by various amino acid residues. A good correlation was obtained on this model system indicating that P′ 1 residue of precursor dibasic processing sites is an important feature and may play the role of anchoring motif to S′ 1 convertase subsite. We tentatively propose that the present database, and the corresponding model, may be used for further investigation of dibasic endoproteolytic processing of propeptides and pro‐proteins.
Recent Progress in Electrochemical Upgrading of Bio-Oil Model Compounds and Bio-Oils to Renewable Fuels and Platform Chemicals (2023)

Sustainable production of renewable carbon-based fuels and chemicals remains a necessary but immense challenge in the fight against climate change. Bio-oil derived from lignocellulosic biomass requires energy-intense upgrading to produce usable fuels or chemicals. Traditional upgrading methods such as hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) require high temperatures (200−400 °C) and 200 bar of external hydrogen. Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH), on the other hand, operates at low temperatures (<80 °C), ambient pressure, and does not require an external hydrogen source. These environmental and economically favorable conditions make ECH a promising alternative to conventional thermochemical upgrading processes. ECH combines renewable electricity with biomass conversion and harnesses intermediately generated electricity to produce drop-in biofuels. This review aims to summarize recent studies on bio-oil upgrading using ECH focusing on the development of novel catalytic materials and factors impacting ECH efficiency and products. Here, electrode design, reaction temperature, applied overpotential, and electrolytes are analyzed for their impacts on overall ECH performance. We find that through careful reaction optimization and electrode design, ECH reactions can be tailored to be efficient and selective for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Preliminary economic and environmental assessments have shown that ECH can be viable alternative to convention upgrading technologies with the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by 3 times compared to thermochemical upgrading. While the field of electrochemical upgrading of bio-oil has additional challenges before commercialization, this review finds ECH a promising avenue to produce renewable carbon-based drop-in biofuels. Finally, based on the analyses presented in this review, directions for future research areas and optimization are suggested.
Mild Cognitive Impairment and Changes in Everyday Function Over Time: The Importance of Evaluating Both Speed and Accuracy (2017)

Both speed and accuracy of performance on measures of IADL are valuable indices for early detection of functional change in MCI. The performance pattern may reflect a trade-off between speed and accuracy that can guide clinical recommendations for maintaining patient independence.
Structured annotations for 2D-to-3D modeling (2009)

We present a system for 3D modeling of free-form surfaces from 2D sketches. Our system frees users to create 2D sketches from arbitrary angles using their preferred tool, which may include pencil and paper. A 3D model is created by placing primitives and annotations on the 2D image. Our primitives are based on commonly used sketching conventions and allow users to maintain a single view of the model. This eliminates the frequent view changes inherent to existing 3D modeling tools, both traditional and sketch-based, and enables users to match input to the 2D guide image. Our annotations---same-lengths and angles, alignment, mirror symmetry, and connection curves---allow the user to communicate higher-level semantic information; through them our system builds a consistent model even in cases where the original image is inconsistent. We present the results of a user study comparing our approach to a conventional "sketch-rotate-sketch" workflow.
Biological factors in human cutaneous melanoma correlated to disease stage (2009)

9053 Background: Cutaneous melanoma cells express a variety of cytokines and growth factors (C/GF) as the tumor progresses. This study was undertaken to identify various C/GF at different stages of the disease with the hope of identifying prognostic factors. Methods: Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies were performed on 62 specimens of parafinized human melanoma comprised of 12 primaries, 10 local recurrences, 6 intransit, 15 regional lymph node and 19 distant metastases. Staining for 17 C/GF was performed using commercially available antibodies on Bond-Max automated IHC system. Results: The overexpression of C/GF in primary lesions was compared to distant metastases with regard to intensity and extent of staining. Data was dichotomized as positive (dark staining) or negative (lesser or no staining). There was simultaneous intense staining of 4–15 C/GF in primaries and 3–14 C/GF in metastatic lesions. Comparing primaries to metastases by Chi-Square using Fisher's exact test, statistical differences were seen in intensities of transforming growth factor-β (p&lt;0.001), β-catenin (p&lt;0.01), Bcl-2 (p&lt;0.01). Staining intensities of IL-8 approached significance (p&lt;0.058). Statistical differences in extent of staining between primaries and metastases were found for insulin-like growth factor-1 (p&lt;0.01), fibroblast growth factor-basic (p&lt;0.05) and IL-15 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Potential dynamic changes in overexpression or loss of expression of C/GF in metastatic melanoma is not clearly understood and may reflect on mutations. Melanoma is an extremely heterogeneous tumor and no single targeted therapeutic agent can control this disease. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Advances in low-coherence interferometry for tissue imaging (2000)

We present fiberized OCT systems developed to image biological tissue with high depth resolution. The systems can deliver transversal as well as longitudinal OCT images. When in the transversal mode, the systems provide a confocal image simultaneously with the OCT image. Design particularly in adopting the system for imaging either the skin or the retina in vivo are presented. They refer to the interface optics, power to the tissue and imaging speed. Images from retina and skin in vitro and in vivo are shown. When applied to the eye, line rates up to 1 kHz and frame rates up to 5 Hz can be used. In order to improve the penetration depth in skin, lower scanning rates are used. ALso, flow of milk into a vessel simulator is investigated using Doppler OCT. In this case, no transversal scanning is applied. The laminar profile of the velocity inside the vessel is determined with the depth accuracy of the OCT.
Barrier Slicing for Remote Software Trusting (2007)

Remote trusting aims at verifying the "healthy" execution of a program running on an untrusted client that communicates with a trusted server via network connection. After giving a formal definition of the remote trusting problem and a test to determine whether an attack against a given remote trusting scheme is successful or not, we propose a protection against malicious modification of the client code, based on the replication of a portion of the client on the server. To minimize the size of the code that is replicated, we propose to use barrier slicing. We show the feasibility of our approach on a case study. Our results indicate that a barrier slice is significantly smaller than the corresponding backward slice while providing the same level of protection.
Extraction of palladium from nuclear waste-like acidic solutions by a metal–organic framework with sulfur and alkene functions (2015)

Hard-and-soft combo does the trick: hard and robust Zr(<sc>iv</sc>)-carboxylate nodes build up the net, while soft allyl and sulfur donors selectively extract Pd(<sc>ii</sc>)-from amongst other elements in nuclear wastes.
The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm (2014)

While several consensus algorithms exist for the Byzantine Generals Problem, specifically as it pertains to distributed payment systems, many suffer from high latency induced by the requirement that all nodes within the network communicate synchronously. In this work, we present a novel consensus algorithm that circumvents this requirement by utilizing collectively-trusted subnetworks within the larger network. We show that the “trust” required of these subnetworks is in fact minimal and can be further reduced with principled choice of the member nodes. In addition, we show that minimal connectivity is required to maintain agreement throughout the whole network. The result is a low-latency consensus algorithm which still maintains robustness in the face of Byzantine failures. We present this algorithm in its embodiment in the Ripple Protocol.