gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalyst‐Free Site‐Selective Diverse Functionalization of Inherent C–H Bonds in 1‐Aryl‐β‐carbolines, Norharmane and Harmine (2022)

Abstract A catalyst‐free, site‐selective diverse functionalization of latent C−H bonds in 1‐aryl‐β‐carbolines and natural norharmane and harmine has been accomplished. This method enables the functionalization of 1‐aryl‐β‐carbolines as C6‐chlorination, C6‐bromination, and C4‐nitration employing cost‐effective, eco‐friendly reagents such as trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), N ‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) and tert ‐butyl nitrite (TBN), respectively. Pleasingly, these catalyst‐/additive‐free strategies were suitable with a broad range of substrate functionalities of different electronic nature, providing moderate to good yields of functionalized 1‐aryl‐β‐carbolines. The critical/sensitive functionalities such as ‐CF 3 , ‐NO 2 , ‐CN, and 1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐β‐carboline were successfully employed, offering corresponding C6‐halogenated or C4‐nitrated products without strain. Furthermore, site‐selective chlorination and bromination of two natural alkaloids such as harmine, norharmane were realized, resulting in corresponding halogenated products, including natural product eudistomin‐N. In addition, we also employed these products in further diversification through ‐NO 2 reduction and Suzuki (C−C) coupling of brominated compounds to deliver a C6‐arylated product.
Glass-Forming Ability and Mechanical Properties of the Ternary Cu-Zr-Al and Quaternary Cu-Zr-Al-Ag Bulk Metallic Glasses (2007)

The effects of addition of Al and equivalent atomic ratio of Ag and Al on the glass-forming ability (GFA) of the Cu50Zr50 alloy are investigated. It is found that the alloy with the highest GFA is the Cu46Zr46Al8 alloy in ternary (Cu50Zr50)100−xAlx alloys, and the critical diameter is at least 8 mm. The simultaneous addition of Ag and Al is more effective to increase the glass-forming ability of the binary Cu50Zr50 alloy. The critical diameter of a glassy rod is 12 mm for the Cu42Zr42Al8Ag8 alloy. High stabilization of the supercooled liquid is the reason for high GFA of the Cu46Zr46Al8 and Cu42Zr42Al8Ag8 alloys. Both glassy alloys exhibited high fracture strength above 1960 MPa, but no distinct plastic strain is seen. There is no evident difference in the mechanical properties of the as-cast Cu42Zr42Al8Ag8 glassy rods with different diameters.
[Medical treatment of diabetic retinopathy]. (1990)

The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) consists of a complex patch-work of factors correlated and independent on one another at the same time. It is therefore difficult to find pharmaceuticals able to produce different, or even mutually contrasting effects. Another difficulty are the intrinsic characteristics of the disease which after developing to a "critical" stage, evolves with independent mechanism to the most advanced stages. In spite of that, a great deal of medicaments has been suggested so far, all providing therapeutical logic to interfere with one or more pathogenetical stages of the lesions. Although several clinical trials have been performed, survey and follow-up are still limited and insufficient to draw conclusion on the effectiveness of medical therapy. In recent times new types of medicaments such as aldose-reductase inhibitors and carbonic anhydrase-inhibitors have been suggested. The preliminary results present encouraging perspectives for their use, although caution, until long-term results are available with greater surveys and longer follow-up periods, is advised.
Cell-type-related segregation of surface galactosyl-containing components at an early developmental stage in hemopoietic bone marrow cells in the rabbit. (1983)

The avidin-biotin complex was used for the selective ultrastructural labeling of terminal cell surface galactosyl residues. Rabbit bone marrow cells were treated with the enzyme galactose oxidase in the presence of biotin hydrazide. Subsequent treatment with ferritin-avidin conjugates enabled the electron microscopic visualization of terminal membrane-based galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine on these cells. All stages of erythroid development were characterized by high levels of exposed cell surface galactose, whereas all leukoid cells in the same preparations were virtually unlabeled by the above method. Modulations in the distribution of these surface determinants during differentiation and maturation of rabbit erythroid cells were found to concur in inverse fashion with respect to that of terminal sialic acids. Neuraminidase treatment, before the above labeling procedure, resulted in the exposure of additional galactosyl residues on the surface of all bone marrow cell types. The results indicate that a galactose-bearing glycoconjugate(s) may comprise an erythroid-specific membrane constituent of rabbit bone marrow cells. The high density of galactose on the surface of even the earliest erythroid precursors may eventually enable the identification and isolation of a stem cell, which already contains the erythroid-specific galactoconjugate(s). The results suggest that variations in the spectrum of cell surface carbohydrates may serve as recognition signals in the complex set of intercellular interactions which occur during the development and maturation of the erythrocyte. The occurrence of similar but species-specific variations in the complement of surface heterosaccharides during erythroid development of humans and other mammals supports this contention.
Multi-camera motion descriptor extraction for video surveillance (2009)

This article discusses multi-camera motion descriptor extraction for video surveillance.
Cogging torque and acoustic noise reduction in permanent magnet motors by teeth pairing (2000)

This paper investigates reduction of cogging torque and acoustic noise in permanent magnet motors with larger stator slot opening. Using an energy method with Fourier series expansion, cogging torque is analytically determined with airgap MMF function and airgap permeance function. It shows that there exist several tooth widths which minimize the cogging torque. It also proposes a teeth pairing with two different types of tooth width which can effectively reduce the cogging torque and thus the acoustic noise. Experimental results show that the proposed teeth pairing reduces the cogging torque by 85% and the acoustic noise by 3.1 dB.
Skyrmions (2013)

Topologically stable magnetic screw-like nanostructures called skyrmions were designed by using the concept of topology and the guidance of theory. These particles in real space are found in non-centrosymmetric compounds such as MnSi. Skyrmions might have an enormous impact in the context of future spintronics applications.
A context-aware e-bike system to reduce pollution inhalation while\n cycling (2017)

The effect of transport-related pollution on human health is fast becoming\nrecognised as a major issue in cities worldwide. Cyclists, in particular, face\ngreat risks, as they typically are most exposed to tail-pipe emissions. Three\navenues are being explored worldwide in the fight against urban pollution: (i)\noutright bans on polluting vehicles and embracing zero tailpipe emission\nvehicles; (ii) measuring air-quality as a means to better informing citizens of\nzones of higher pollution; and (iii) developing smart mobility devices that\nseek to minimize the effect of polluting devices on citizens as they transport\ngoods and individuals in our cities. Following this latter direction, in this\npaper we present a new way to protect cyclists from the effect of urban\npollution. Namely, by exploiting the actuation possibilities afforded by\npedelecs or e-bikes (electric bikes), we design a cyber-physical system that\nmitigates the effect of urban pollution by indirectly controlling the breathing\nrate of cyclists in polluted areas. Results from a real device are presented to\nillustrate the efficacy of our system.\n
The Cross-Sectional Dispersion of Stock Returns, Alpha, and the Information Ratio (2010)

Both the cross-sectional dispersion of U.S. stock returns and the VIX provide forecasts of alpha dispersion across high-performing and low-performing portfolios of stocks that are statistically and economically significant. These findings suggest that absolute return investors can use cross-sectional dispersion and time-series volatility as signals to improve the tactical timing of their alpha-focused strategies. Because active risk increases by a greater amount than alpha, however, high-return-dispersion/high-VIX periods are followed by slightly lower information ratio dispersion. Therefore, relative return investors who keep score in an information ratio framework are unlikely to find return dispersion useful as a signal regarding when to increase or decrease the activeness of their portfolio strategies. <b>TOPICS:</b>Volatility measures, performance measurement, passive strategies
USING CONCEPT HIERARCHIES TO ENHANCE USER QUERIES IN WEB-BASED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL (2003)

The effectiveness of Internet search engines is often hampered by the ambiguity of user queries and the reluctance or inability of users to build less ambiguous multi-word queries. Our system, ARCH, is a client-side Web agent, which incorporates domainspecific concept hierarchies together with interactive query formulation in order to automatically produce a richer and therefore less ambiguous query. Unlike traditional relevance feedback methods, ARCH assists users in query modification prior to the search task. ARCH uses the domain knowledge inherent in Webbased classification hierarchies such as Yahoo, combined with a user’s profile information, to add just those terms likely to improve the match with the user’s intent. The goal of the system is therefore to meet the user’s information needs by closing the gap between the user’s stated query and the actual intent of the search. We present a detailed evaluation of the query enhancement in ARCH, comparing enhanced and nonenhanced queries over a range of topics. Our results show that concept-based query enhancement in ARCH leads to significantly higher precision for ambiguous queries without sacrificing recall. KEY WORDS Intelligent agents, concept hierarchies, query enhancement, information retrieval 1
A review of the putative causal mechanisms associated with lower macular pigment in diabetes mellitus (2019)

Macular pigment (MP) confers potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects at the macula, and may therefore protect retinal tissue from the oxidative stress and inflammation associated with ocular disease and ageing. There is a body of evidence implicating oxidative damage and inflammation as underlying pathological processes in diabetic retinopathy. MP has therefore become a focus of research in diabetes, with recent evidence suggesting that individuals with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, have lower MP relative to healthy controls. The present review explores the currently available evidence to illuminate the metabolic perturbations that may possibly be involved in MP's depletion. Metabolic co-morbidities commonly associated with type 2 diabetes, such as overweight/obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, may have related and independent relationships with MP. Increased adiposity and dyslipidaemia may adversely affect MP by compromising the availability, transport and assimilation of these dietary carotenoids in the retina. Furthermore, carotenoid intake may be compromised by the dietary deficiencies characteristic of type 2 diabetes, thereby further compromising redox homeostasis. Candidate causal mechanisms to explain the lower MP levels reported in diabetes include increased oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, overweight/obesity and dyslipidaemia; factors that may negatively affect redox status, and the availability, transport and stabilisation of carotenoids in the retina. Further study in diabetic populations is warranted to fully elucidate these relationships.
Large enhanced dielectric permittivity in polyaniline passivated core-shell nano magnetic iron oxide by plasma polymerization (2014)

Commercial samples of Magnetite with size ranging from 25–30 nm were coated with polyaniline by using radio frequency plasma polymerization to achieve a core shell structure of magnetic nanoparticle (core)–Polyaniline (shell). High resolution transmission electron microscopy images confirm the core shell architecture of polyaniline coated iron oxide. The dielectric properties of the material were studied before and after plasma treatment. The polymer coated magnetite particles exhibited a large dielectric permittivity with respect to uncoated samples. The dielectric behavior was modeled using a Maxwell–Wagner capacitor model. A plausible mechanism for the enhancement of dielectric permittivity is proposed.
Thermal Study of Anhydrous and Hydrated Forms of Olanzapine (2013)

FIGURE 1. Holotype male of Novaranea courti n. sp. from Fergies Paddock, Tasmania (QM S83467) (in ca. 70% EtOH). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, left pedipalp, ventral view, D, left pedipalp, dorsal view; E, left pedipalp, basal view to illustrate shape of median apophysis. Scale bars: A–B, 1.0 mm, C–E, 0.5 mm.
/sup 7/Li NMR relaxation in superionic. beta. -lithium aluminum (1986)

NMR measurements have been carried out on stoichiometric ..beta..-LiAl samples as a function of temperature and frequency. The /sup 7/Li spin-lattice relaxation was found to be predominantly dipolar. Data were analyzed using several diffusion models. The results show that a fraction of the constitutional Li vacancies in ..beta..-LiAl is bound to the vicinity of a Li antisite defect. The remaining free vacancies are responsible for the fact that LiAl is a superionic Li conductor. The spin-spin relaxation results support this picture of two different vacancy environments. The high temperature results demonstrate still another type of Li diffusion related to thermally generated defects. 41 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.
Structural Overview Of Mammalian Zinc Metalloproteinases (2002)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are crucial for homeostasis (tissue remodelling and repair, bone growth, wound healing, etc.) and pathology (metastasis, angiogenesis, aneurysm rupture, etc.). Upregulated MMPs from macrophages are thus a two-edged sword, playing both defensive and aggressive roles. The related family of ADAMs (a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase) is sometimes overlooked because of classification peculiarities. The best-studied ADAM-17, tumor necrosis factor a convertase (TNF-a), is a membrane-bound “shedase” that releases a membrane-bound cytokine, tumor necrosis factor a (TACE). Many of the ADAMs have remarkable structural and mechanistic and inhibitor proclivities similar to the MMPs; the potential for inhibitor side reactions and drug toxicities abounds. Over the past 10 years the crystallographic study of proMMPs, MMPs, and ADAMs in free and complexed forms has revealed the mechanistic and structural nature of these macromolecules to atomic resolution. These results will be reviewed and indications for future work will be presented. Special attention will be given to visualization tools to assist with the conceptualization of complex molecular interactions. (Support provided by the Robert A. Welch Foundation, the US National Science Foundation, and the R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute).
Optimization of intelligent-based approach for low-cost INS/GPS navigation system (2013)

Due to the inherent highly nonlinear vehicle state error dynamics obtained from low-cost inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system (GPS) along with the unknown statistical properties of these sensors, the optimality/accuracy of the classical Kalman filter for sensor fusion is not guaranteed. Therefore, in this paper, low-cost INS/GPS measurements integration is optimized based on different Neural Networks (NN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) architectures to achieve high-accuracy vehicle state estimates. The proposed approaches involve the use of NN based architectures as well as ANFIS architectures with overlapping windows for delayed input signals. Both the NN approaches and the ANFIS approaches are used once with overlapping position windows as the input and once with overlapping position and velocity windows as the input. Experimental tests are conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed AI approaches. The obtained results are presented and discussed. The study concludes that using ANFIS, with both position and velocity as input, provides the best estimates of position and velocity in the navigation system. This Input Delayed ANFIS (IDANFIS) approach is further analyzed at the end of the paper.
Controller-area-network bus control and monitor system for a radio astronomy interferometer (2007)

We describe the design and implementation of a controller-area-network bus (CANbus) monitor and control system for a millimeter wave interferometer. The Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) is a 15-antenna connected-element interferometer for astronomical imaging, created by the merger of two university observatories. Its new control system relies on a central computer supervising a variety of subsystem computers, many of which control distributed intelligent nodes over CANbus. Subsystems are located in the control building and in individual antennas and communicate with the central computer via Ethernet. Each of the CAN modules has a very specific function, such as reading an antenna encoder or tuning an oscillator. Hardware for the modules was based on a core design including a commercial CANbus-enabled single-board computer and some standard circuitry for interfacing to peripherals. Hardware elements were added or changed as necessary for the specific module types. Similarly, a base set of embedded code was implemented for essential common functions such as CAN message handling and time keeping and extended to implement the required functionality for the different hardware. Using a standard CAN messaging protocol designed to fit the requirements of CARMA and a well-defined interface to the high-level software allowed separate development of high-level code and embedded code with minimal integration problems. Over 30 module types have been implemented and successfully deployed in CARMA, which is now delivering excellent new science data.
Locus heterogeneity in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia: Evidence for the existence of a fifth locus (1994)

Bacteriophages and phage enzymes are considered as possible alternatives to antibiotics in the treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Due to the ability to cleave the capsular polysaccharides (CPS), one of the main virulence factors of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, phage depolymerases, has potential in the treatment of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> infections. Here, we characterized in vivo two novel phage-encoded polysaccharide depolymerases as therapeutics against clinical isolates of <i>K. pneumoniae</i>. The depolymerases Dep_kpv79 and Dep_kpv767 encoded by Klebsiella phages KpV79 (Myoviridae; Jedunavirus) and KpV767 (Autographiviridae, Studiervirinae, Przondovirus), respectively, were identified as specific β-galactosidases that cleave the <i>K. pneumoniae</i> K57 type CPS by the hydrolytic mechanism. They were found to be highly effective at combating sepsis and hip infection caused by <i>K. pneumoniae</i> in lethal mouse models. Here, 80-100% of animals were protected against death by a single dose (e.g., 50 μg/mouse) of the enzyme injected 0.5 h after infection by <i>K. pneumoniae</i> strains of the K57 capsular type. The therapeutic effect of the depolymerases is because they strip the capsule and expose the underlying bacterium to the immune attack such as complement-mediated killing. These data provide one more confirmation that phage polysaccharide depolymerases represent a promising tool for antimicrobial therapy.
Animal Model: Causes of windowing‐induced dysmorphogenesis (neural tube defects and early amnion deficit spectrum) in chicken embryos (1986)

Previous reports suggest that windowing the shells of chicken eggs during the first day of incubation frequently results in dysmorphogenesis of the central nervous system. We report here data that further delineate the neural tube defects associated with this animal model. In addition, we describe another birth defect syndrome associated with windowing: the early amnion deficit spectrum (EADS). Several components of the egg are altered structurally by windowing: the shell, outer and inner shell membranes, yolk, and air space at the blunt end of the egg. A new air space is formed over the embryo as the original one at the blunt end is obliterated. A series of studies (pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, relative humidity, temperature, and deformation of the yolk documented with magnetic resonance imaging) examining individual steps of the windowing procedure and additional techniques that stimulate windowing suggest that mechanical stress causes isolated neural tube defects and dehydration causes amnion defects. These amnion defects are associated with other embryonic abnormalities suggestive of deformations consistent with EADS.
Transient Monte Carlo simulations for the optimisation and characterisation of monolithic silicon sensors (2022)

An ever-increasing demand for high-performance silicon sensors requires complex sensor designs that are challenging to simulate and model. The combination of electrostatic finite element simulations with a transient Monte Carlo approach provides simultaneous access to precise sensor modelling and high statistics. The high simulation statistics enable the inclusion of Landau fluctuations and production of secondary particles, which offers a realistic simulation scenario. The transient simulation approach is an important tool to achieve an accurate time-resolved description of the sensor, which is crucial in the face of novel detector prototypes with increasingly precise timing capabilities. The simulated time resolution as a function of operating parameters as well as the full transient pulse can be monitored and assessed, which offers a new perspective for the optimisation and characterisation of silicon sensors. In this paper, a combination of electrostatic finite-element simulations using 3D TCAD and transient Monte Carlo simulations with the Allpix2 framework are presented for a monolithic CMOS pixel sensor with a small collection electrode, that is characterised by a highly inhomogeneous, complex electric field. The results are compared to transient 3D TCAD simulations that offer a precise simulation of the transient behaviour but long computation times. Additionally, the simulations are benchmarked against test-beam data and good agreement is found for the performance parameters over a wide range of different operation conditions.
Comparison of two different approaches for joint source-channel decoding of variable length codes (2005)

Two different approaches providing a joint optimization of source and channel decoding are compared for the decoding of variable length codes. The first one is based on a source-controlled channel decoding principle while the second one applies the turbo principle between the channel and source decoders. Different variants of these two approaches are included in this comparison using computational complexity and transmission performance criteria.