gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antithrombin III-beta associates more readily than antithrombin III-alpha with uninjured and de-endothelialized aortic wall in vitro and in vivo. (1991)

The properties of two isoforms, alpha and beta, of rabbit antithrombin III (ATIII) were compared in the presence of undamaged or de-endothelialized rabbit aortic wall. Similar quantities of ATIII-alpha and ATIII-beta bound to and rapidly saturated the endothelium in vitro, but the rate of transendothelial passage of ATIII-beta exceeded that of ATIII-alpha by 22%. Furthermore, ATIII-beta was adsorbed approximately twice as rapidly as ATIII-alpha by the subendothelium of the de-endothelialized aorta. Binding of both isoforms was decreased (ATIII-beta more than ATIII-alpha) by pretreating the subendothelial surface with heparitinase. Also, subendothelium-bound ATIII-beta was desorbed more readily than bound ATIII-alpha by thrombin. In vivo, the rate of uptake of iodine-131-labeled ATIII-beta from the circulation by the aortic wall and the major organs was 30-50% faster than that of iodine-125-labeled ATIII-alpha. In contrast, the uptake of 131I-ATIII-beta by the de-endothelialized aorta in vivo was three times faster than that of 125I-ATIII-alpha. By these criteria, ATIII-beta is the more active of the two isoforms. We surmise that plasma and, consequently, vessel wall levels of ATIII-beta may be vital for controlling thrombogenic events caused by injury to the vascular wall.
Obtaining channel knowledge for closed-loop multi-stream broadband MIMO-OFDM communications using direct channel feedback (2005)

This paper introduces direct channel feedback in broadband multi-stream MIMO-OFDM communications as an efficient means for providing the base station with complete broadband channel information. The mobile station first estimates the complete (frequency selective) downlink channel responses between all transmit and receive antenna combinations and then transmits these responses back to the base in the frequency domain in place of the usual data symbols. The base station equalizes the received feedback signal and recovers the channel information by using standard channel estimation techniques. Using some signal processing tricks, multiple channel responses can be encoded together and sent back in a single feedback message, making the feedback very bandwidth efficient. Additional gains in bandwidth efficiency are provided by allowing multiple mobile stations to transmit their feedback on the same time-frequency resource in a spatial division multiple access (SDMA) fashion. Simulation results demonstrate that in IEEE 802.16 type systems, up to 16 complete broadband channels can be sent in one OFDM symbol period using the direct channel feedback method
Some aspects on the use and specification of modified bitumens (1988)

The use of modified bitumens in road maintenance is becoming accepted practice throughout the world. It is important that a uniform appraisal technique, which broadly characterises a modified binder is available to be used universally for comparative purposes. Such a system must give some indication of the engineering properties of the material expressed in standard engineering units and terms. It is recognised that the scheme suggested here makes no allowance for rates of shearing strain or other more complex rheological properties, and that each country may well use and develop more sophisticated tests which bear a closer relationship to their own set of performance criteria. The scheme is intended to offer a first approximate solution in what will be a reiterative process and utilise equipment and practices already used by much of the road industry.
Monomeric Unit (2017)

IUPAC recommendations on source-based nomenclature for single-strand polymers have so far addressed its application mainly to copolymers, non-linear polymers and polymer assemblies, and within generic source-based nomenclature of polymers. In this document, rules are formulated for devising a satisfactory source-based name for a polymer, whether homopolymer or copolymer, which are as clear and rigorous as possible. Thus, the source-based system for naming polymers is presented in a totality that serves as a user-friendly alternative to the structure-based system of polymer nomenclature. In addition, because of their widespread and established use, recommendations for the use of traditional names of polymers are also elaborated.
Interferon regulatory factor-2 is required for the establishment of the gut intraepithelial T-cell compartment (2022)

CD8αα+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) are known for their unique role in keeping the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, but factors affecting the development of these cells have not been thoroughly understood. Here, we found that the transcriptional regulator interferon regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2) plays a cell-intrinsic, indispensable role in establishing iIEL populations. CD8αα+, but not CD8αβ+, iIELs bearing TCRαβ or TCRγδ were severely reduced in numbers in mice lacking this factor (Irf2-/- mice). Moreover, the majority of residual CD8αα+TCRαβ+ iIELs in these mice was immature as judged from their Thy1.2high phenotype and inefficient T-bet expression. Thymic IEL precursors isolated from Irf2-/- mice failed to efficiently generate CD8αα+TCRαβ+ and TCRγδ+ IELs upon transfer in vivo and CD8αα+TCRαβ+ cells in response to IL-15 in vitro. Double mutant mice lacking both interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IRF-2 showed an even more severe iIEL defect than in mice lacking IL-15 alone. Upon increasing agonistic TCR signal strength through OT-II TCR transgenesis, CD8αα+TCRαβ+ iIELs became more abundant but remained immature on the Irf2-/- background. Our current observations, thus, revealed the unique bimodal role that IRF-2 plays in promoting not only generation of IEL progenitors in the thymus but also maturation of iIELs in the periphery in IL-15-dependent and -independent manners.
Range Queries in MANET: Can Information-Centric Networking Help? (2013)

As wireless nodes become more powerful, a large volume of diverse content, such as images or videos, become available in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). It follows that a MANET can largely benefit from the support for "range queries", i.e., a query for content whose attributes are within a requested range. Supporting range queries over MANET is challenging due to node mobility and adverse medium conditions. In this work, we argue that Information- Centric Networking (ICN), a novel networking paradigm that decouples resources from the host they reside on, can enable efficient support for range queries in MANET. Accordingly, we design and evaluate ERMINE, a solution for "Enabling Range queries in MANET with Information-centric NEtworking".
Reducing the complexity of discrete convolutions by a linear transformation and modulo arithmetic (2002)

For the discrete convolution with a Toeplitz coefficient matrix, a general algorithm with minimum number of multiplications is derived by means of a linear transformation. In order to keep the results applicable to long convolutions with limited wordlength, modulo arithmetic and block-partitioning is introduced. The resulting algorithms reveal small complexity and generate no roundoff noise. The same holds for linear and cyclic convolution algorithms derived from the presented algorithms of the more general Toeplitz convolution. The main advantages of the new algorithms compared to similar algorithms based on number theoretic transforms are a simpler and more general derivation and far less restrictions for the convolution length.
Innovative three-dimensional models for understanding mechanisms underlying lung diseases: powerful tools for translational research (2023)

Chronic lung diseases result from alteration and/or destruction of lung tissue, inevitably causing decreased breathing capacity and quality of life for patients. While animal models have paved the way for our understanding of pathobiology and the development of therapeutic strategies for disease management, their translational capacity is limited. There is, therefore, a well-recognised need for innovative <i>in vitro</i> models to reflect chronic lung diseases, which will facilitate mechanism investigation and the advancement of new treatment strategies. In the last decades, lungs have been modelled in healthy and diseased conditions using precision-cut lung slices, organoids, extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels and lung-on-chip systems. These three-dimensional models together provide a wide spectrum of applicability and mimicry of the lung microenvironment. While each system has its own limitations, their advantages over traditional two-dimensional culture systems, or even over animal models, increases the value of <i>in vitro</i> models. Generating new and advanced models with increased translational capacity will not only benefit our understanding of the pathobiology of lung diseases but should also shorten the timelines required for discovery and generation of new therapeutics. This article summarises and provides an outline of the European Respiratory Society research seminar "Innovative 3D models for understanding mechanisms underlying lung diseases: powerful tools for translational research", held in Lisbon, Portugal, in April 2022. Current <i>in vitro</i> models developed for recapitulating healthy and diseased lungs are outlined and discussed with respect to the challenges associated with them, efforts to develop best practices for model generation, characterisation and utilisation of models and state-of-the-art translational potential.
The Google Similarity Distance (2007)

Words and phrases acquire meaning from the way they are used in society, from their relative semantics to other words and phrases. For computers, the equivalent of "society" is "database," and the equivalent of "use" is "a way to search the database". We present a new theory of similarity between words and phrases based on information distance and Kolmogorov complexity. To fix thoughts, we use the World Wide Web (WWW) as the database, and Google as the search engine. The method is also applicable to other search engines and databases. This theory is then applied to construct a method to automatically extract similarity, the Google similarity distance, of words and phrases from the WWW using Google page counts. The WWW is the largest database on earth, and the context information entered by millions of independent users averages out to provide automatic semantics of useful quality. We give applications in hierarchical clustering, classification, and language translation. We give examples to distinguish between colors and numbers, cluster names of paintings by 17th century Dutch masters and names of books by English novelists, the ability to understand emergencies and primes, and we demonstrate the ability to do a simple automatic English-Spanish translation. Finally, we use the WordNet database as an objective baseline against which to judge the performance of our method. We conduct a massive randomized trial in binary classification using support vector machines to learn categories based on our Google distance, resulting in an a mean agreement of 87 percent with the expert crafted WordNet categories
CommerceNet: spontaneous electronic commerce on the Internet (2002)

The Internet is evolving rapidly into a global electronic marketplace, where buyers and sellers can meet and spontaneously transact business. This market-place is an unprecedented medium for sales, marketing, distribution, customer service, and corporate communication that will fundamentally change the structure of corporations and how they do business. We will assess this phenomenon and its implications from the perspective of CommerceNet, a consortium of nearly 80 leading US companies who have come together to field the first large-scale market trial of electronic commerce on the Internet.
The Effects of Drive Configuration on Undesirable Behaviors of Articulated Steer Vehicles (2005)

The dynamic behavior of an articulated steer vehicle with different drive configurations during lateral instabilities is investigated. For doing this, a virtual prototype of a vehicle is used to simulate the disturbance response at a front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, and four-wheel drive configuration during the snaking and jackknifing instabilities. For small deviations, the change in the dynamic behavior due to a change in the drive configuration will be examined. Based on the results, it is shown that the drive configuration has no significant effect on the dynamic behavior of the vehicle during the instabilities.
Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 regulates alternative splicing of angiogenic and anti‐angiogenic VEGF isoforms (2006)

VEGF pre‐mRNA is differentially spliced from 8 exons to form two families of mRNAs ‐ the pro‐angiogenic VEGF xxx isoforms by proximal splice site selection and the anti‐angiogenic VEGF xxx b isoforms by distal splice site selection in exon 8. VEGF xxx b are competitive inhibitors of VEGF xxx – binding the receptors but not stimulating all the intracellular signalling pathways. The mechanisms underlying regulation of this alternative splicing are unknown. Insulin like Growth Factor‐1 (IGF‐1) has previously been shown to increase total VEGF expression, but its effect on splicing is unknown. Proliferating CIPs (PCIPs) express relatively more VEGF 165 than VEGF 165 b. PCIPs were treated with IGF‐1 in varying doses (0nM, 1nM, 5nM, 20nM) and different times (24h and 48h). Total VEGF protein and medium were collected from PCIP after 24 and 48h and measured by ELISA. VEGF isoforms expression was determined by Western blotting. Incubation with IGF‐1 for 24h and 48h significantly increased the level of the total VEGF protein expression at 5nM and 20nM (1.25±0.07 and 1.35±0.03 fold respectively). VEGF 165 b protein levels, measured by Western blotting were significantly decreased by IGF at 5nM and 20nM (0.88±0.03 and 0.7±0.05 fold respectively), indicating that IGF‐1 stimulated a time‐ and dose‐ dependent increase in total VEGF, yet decreased VEGF 165 b proteins. These results indicate that IGF‐1 regulates the balance of angiogenic and anti‐angiogenic isoforms of VEGF.
3D Thioether‐Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Selective and Efficient Mercury Removal (2021)

Developing functionalized 3D covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) is critical to broaden their potential applications. However, the introduction of specific functionality in 3D COFs remains a great challenge because most of the functional groups are not compatible with the synthesis conditions. Herein, for the first time 3D thioether-based COFs (JUC-570 and JUC-571) for mercury (Hg<sup>2+</sup> ) removal from aqueous solution is reported. These 3D thioether-based COFs prepared by the bottom-up approach display high Hg<sup>2+</sup> uptakes (972 mg g<sup>-1</sup> for JUC-570 and 970 mg g<sup>-1</sup> for JUC-571 at pH = 5), fast adsorption kinetics (distribution coefficient K<sub>d</sub> value of 2.29 × 10<sup>7</sup> mL g<sup>-1</sup> for JUC-570 and 2.07 × 10<sup>7</sup> mL g<sup>-1</sup> for JUC-571), and favorable selectivity. In particular, JUC-570 is periodically decorated with isopropyl groups around imine bonds that markedly improve its chemical stability and effectively prevent the pore collapse, and thus endows high Hg<sup>2+</sup> adsorption capacity (619 mg g<sup>-1</sup> ) and excellent cycle performance even at pH = 1. This study not only puts forward a new route to construct stable functionalized 3D COFs, but also promotes their potential applications in areas related to the environment.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of FeOH+ and CoOH+ with Alkanes in the Gas Phase. (1987)

Abstract The gas‐phase reactions of FeOH+ and CoOH+ with linear (up to C 6 H 14 ), branched, and cyclic alkanes are studied.
Combining a photocatalyst with microtopography to develop effective antifouling materials (2013)

Polydimethylsiloxane surfaces textured with a square-wave linear grating profile (0, 20, 200, 300 and 600 μm), and embedded with a range of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle loadings (3.75, 7.5, 11.25 and 15 wt.%), were used to test the combined efficacy of these technologies as antifouling materials. Settlement of the fouling bryozoan species Bugula neritina was quantified in the laboratory under two intensities of UV light. The lowest settlement rates were observed on 20 μm surfaces. However, texture effects were not as critical to larval settlement as the presence of TiO2. In conjunction with UV light, TiO2 completely inhibited larval metamorphosis even at the lowest loading (3.75 wt.%) and the lowest intensity of UV light (24 W m(-2)). Recruitment of B. neritina was also quantified in field trials and showed similar results to laboratory assays. The lowest recruitment was observed on 20 and 200 μm surfaces, with recruitment being significantly lower on all surfaces containing TiO2. Therefore for B. neritina, although all TiO2 loadings were effective, 3.75 wt.% can be used as a minimum inhibitory concentration to deter larval settlement and the addition of a 20 μm texture further increases the deterrent effect.
Performance of decision-feedback channel estimation for TDM based control signals in OFDMA downlink (2012)

In orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), time division multiplexing (TDM) based layer 1 (L1)/layer 2 (L2) control signals provide advantageous features such as a power saving effect using micro-sleep operation and a short round trip delay (RTD) for channel-dependent scheduling and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) compared to a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) based structure. However, only a portion of the reference signal (RS) symbols is used for channel estimation assuming staggered RS multiplexing in order to obtain the merits of the TDM based control signals. Hence, this paper presents decision-feedback channel estimation (DFCE) methods using soft-symbol estimation for control signals for the TDM based control signals in the OFDMA downlink. In the proposed DFCE methods, channel estimation accuracy is improved by using soft-symbol estimation of the control signals based on the extrinsic log-likelihood ratio (LLR) at the soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) for convolutional coding in addition to the RS symbols. Computer simulation results show that the required average received signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) satisfying the average block error rate (BLER) of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> using DFCE in the subframe of interest is decreased by approximately 0.6 dB compared to that for RS based channel estimation. Hence, we conclude that DFCE with soft-symbol estimation is very effective in improving the channel estimation accuracy using a limited number of RS symbols over the duration in which TDM based control signals are multiplexed, while maintaining the merits such as an efficient power saving effect using micro-sleep operation and a short processing delay.
Design of a switched-current median filter (1995)

This paper discusses the application of switched-current techniques to the implementation of median filters. A new switched current element is introduced which has the ability to compare and toggle two signals. Using this new element and other basic constituents such as current mirrors and delay cells, a systolic algorithm can be implemented which performs the signal processing function of median filtering. Median filters implemented in this way enjoy all the inherent advantages of the current-mode circuit operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Enantioselective Synthesis of [7]Helicene: Dramatic Effects of Olefin Additives and Aromatic Solvents in Asymmetric Olefin Metathesis (2008)

The asymmetric synthesis of [7]helicene was accomplished in good ee (80%) by kinetic resolution by means of asymmetric olefin metathesis. Three key factors contributed to the success of the kinetic resolution: the use of new Ru-based olefin metathesis catalysts bearing C1-symmetric N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, simple olefins as additives to control the nature of the propagating alkylidene and hexafluorobenzene as a solvent.
Preparation and properties of a form‐stable phase‐change hydrogel for thermal energy storage (2016)

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to fabricate a form‐stable phase‐change hydrogel (PCH) with excellent mechanical properties and heat‐storage properties. Sodium alginate (SA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) composite hydrogels were prepared with ionically crosslinked SA in a PAAm hydrogel network. Glauber's salt [i.e., sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O)] was incorporated within the hydrogel network as a phase‐change material. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed that Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O was confined in the micropores of the hydrogel inner spaces, and differential scanning calorimetry curves showed that the composite hydrogel possessed a considerable storage potential. Mechanical properties tests, such as tensile and compressive measurements, presented a decreasing trend with increasing Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O dosage. We concluded that the prepared composite PCH could be used to design hydrogel materials with thermal‐energy‐storage applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 , 43836.
Glaucoma patient satisfaction regarding tolerance to their prostaglandin treatment: results from the GOAL (Glaucoma patients treated with prOstaglandins; sAtisfaction evaLuation) survey in Europe (2015)

Purpose The high prevalence of ocular surface diseases ( OSD ) in patients treated for OHT /glaucoma is expected to displease them. To evaluate this, a survey was conducted in three European countries: the Netherlands, Belgium and United Kingdom. Methods In this multicentre epidemiological survey, the following data were recorded during a visit to the ophthalmologist: glaucoma history, previous treatments and reasons for any change, tolerance, patient satisfaction, ocular signs and the presence of OSD . Results The data of 793 patients treated with prostaglandins were analysed (168 from the Netherlands, 253 from Belgium and 372 from England). Only 9% of the treatments were preservative‐free. A very large number (93.7%) of patients declared to be satisfied or very satisfied with their current glaucoma treatment. The mean score of tolerance evaluated on a Visual Analog Scale ( VAS ) was 82.7 ± 16.1 mm (range from 0 mm: very bad tolerance to 100 mm: very good tolerance). At the same time, the survey revealed (displayed in percentage of all patients): OSD was diagnosed in 42.5% symptoms upon instillation in 31.4% symptoms between instillations in 57.3% a conjunctival hyperaemia in 32% frequent use of artificial tears in 25.1% The presence of hyperaemia, ocular signs, and symptoms upon or between instillations, positive conjunctival staining and frequent use of tear substitutes was statistically significantly linked to patient satisfaction (p ≤ 0.006). Conclusions A high percentage of satisfied patients (94%) was found in this survey, despite OSD signs and symptoms. Tear film substitutes are commonly prescribed to treat these side effects. Alternative treatment regimes such as preservative free treatments may reduce local side effects and encourage ophthalmologists to convince their patients that local intolerance is no longer inevitable.