gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving Memory Encryption Performance in Secure Processors (2005)

Due to the widespread software piracy and virus attacks, significant efforts have been made to improve security for computer systems. For stand-alone computers, a key observation is that, other than the processor, any component is vulnerable to security attacks. Recently, an execution only memory (XOM) architecture has been proposed to support copy and tamper resistant software. In this design, the program and data are stored in an encrypted format outside the CPU boundary. The decryption is carried out after they are fetched from memory and before they are used by the CPU. As a result, the lengthened critical path causes a serious performance degradation. We present an innovative technique in which the cryptography computation is shifted off from the memory access critical path. We propose using a different encryption scheme, namely, "pseudo-one-time pad" encryption, to produce the instructions and data ciphertext. With some additional on-chip storage, cryptography computations are carried in parallel with memory accesses, minimizing the performance penalty. We performed experiments to study the trade-off between storage size and performance penalty. Our technique reduces the performance overhead from 20.79 percent to 1.28 percent on average for reasonably sized (64 KB) on-chip storage.
Guided Dyna-Q for Mobile Robot Exploration and Navigation (2020)

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) enables an agent to learn world models from trial-and-error experiences toward achieving long-term goals. Automated planning, on the other hand, can be used for accomplishing tasks through reasoning with declarative action knowledge. Despite their shared goal of completing complex tasks, the development of RL and automated planning has mainly been isolated due to their different modalities of computation. Focusing on improving model-based RL agent's exploration strategy and sample efficiency, we develop Guided Dyna-Q (GDQ) to enable RL agents to reason with action knowledge to avoid exploring less-relevant states toward more efficient task accomplishment. GDQ has been evaluated in simulation and using a mobile robot conducting navigation tasks in an office environment. Results show that GDQ reduces the effort in exploration while improving the quality of learned policies.
Role of the bile acid receptor TGR5 (GPBAR1) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (2019)

The membrane bound G-protein coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 (GPBAR1) is expressed in epithelial cells of the liver. Activation of the TGR5 receptor through bile acids (BAs) triggers secretion, proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects in normal cholangiocytes and CCA cell lines. TGR5 was found to be overexpressed in human cholangiocarcinoma tissue (CCA) and cell lines generated from CCAs. Especially secondary bile acids play a role in the development of different malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal tract, including liver. Whether TGR5 activation also promotes invasiveness and metastasis development of CCA is unclear and aim of this work.
On the performance of multicarrier modulation in a broadcast multipath environment (2002)

Multicarrier modulation (MCM) has traditionally been used on severely distorted channels for which there is a reverse path to the transmitter. A potential area of application of multicarrier modulation is for the terrestrial broadcasting of high rate digital television, including high-definition television (HDTV). We show that certain multipath conditions can substantially degrade the performance of MCM, even when combined with coding. If certain conditions are met, however, multipath contributes positively to the performance of the MCM receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Supplementary Methods and Materials, Figure Legends 1-4 from Differential Regulation of Hypoxia-Induced CXCR4 Triggering during B-Cell Development and Lymphomagenesis (2023)

Supplementary Methods and Materials, Figure Legends 1-4 from Differential Regulation of Hypoxia-Induced CXCR4 Triggering during B-Cell Development and Lymphomagenesis
Comparing Real-World Behaviors of Drivers With High versus Low Rates of Crashes and Near-Crashes (2009)

In-depth analyses were conducted examining both quantitative and qualitative differences between drivers who were involved in a high number of crashes and near-crashes (mean of 1,438.1 per MVMT) versus drivers who were involved in far fewer crashes and near-crashes (mean of 195.4 per MVMT). These two groups of drivers were labeled as safe and unsafe, respectively. Primary findings indicated that unsafe drivers exhibited more hard deceleration, acceleration, and swerve maneuvers during baseline driving than did the safe drivers. Results also indicated that risky driving behaviors such as traveling at inappropriate speeds and improper braking may increase drivers relative crash risk above that of normal driving. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to assess engagement in risky driving behavior during a variety of environmental and roadway conditions. The results from this analysis indicated that all drivers were willing to engage in risky behaviors during moderately high traffic densities when their speed was impeded than during very low traffic densities when speed selection was not impeded.
Turbidity investigation of the sol–gel transition in carrageenan gels under physiologic conditions (1998)

A spectrophotometer was used to measure the turbidity of a carrageenan gel as a function of temperature. The optical transmission of the gels was found to decrease as the gels undergo the sol–gel phase transition. The differential of transmission (I) with respect to temperature (T), dI/dT, exhibits peaks for both the cooling and the heating runs with the peak positions corresponding to temperatures of gelation and melting, respectively. The full-width at half-height of the dI/dT peak obtained from the heating curve is about 2.5 times broader than that from the cooling curve. This indicates that the melting of gels may involve multiple relaxation mechanisms. The area of the hysteresis loop covered by the cooling and the heating curves increases with a decrease in the scanning rate. The thermal cycling has little impact on the sol–gel transition in the gels. The experiments show that turbidity is a powerful tool for studying the sol–gel transition in carrageenan gels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68:29–35, 1998
Derivation of Phonon Boundary Resistance (2008)

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Automatic Time-picking of Microseismic Data Combining STA/LTA and the Stationary Discrete Wavelet Transform (2011)

Summary A strategy for automatic time-picking using results from the stationary discrete wavelet transform (SDWT) as an input to the STA/LTA (short-term-average over long-term-average) filter is proposed. This strategy is compared against four other published methodologies using both synthetic and real data. The compared methodologies are the standard STA/LTA filter using energy as characteristic function (CF), STA/LTA filter using a CF that takes into account the derivative of the input trace, the modified energy ratio function, and the SDWT using the square of the first scale. The comparisons observed in this work suggest improved results when using methods based on the SDWT.
Uniformity Is Key in Defining Structure–Function Relationships for Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts: The Case of Pt/CeO2 (2019)

Catalysts consisting of atomically dispersed Pt (Pt<sub>iso</sub>) species on CeO<sub>2</sub> supports have received recent interest due to their potential for efficient metal utilization in catalytic convertors. However, discrepancies exist between the behavior (reducibility, interaction strength with adsorbates) of high surface area Pt<sub>iso</sub>/CeO<sub>2</sub> systems and of well-defined surface science and computational model systems, suggesting differences in Pt local coordination in the two classes of materials. Here, we reconcile these differences by demonstrating that high surface area Pt<sub>iso</sub>/CeO<sub>2</sub> synthesized at low Pt loadings (<0.1% weight) exhibit resistance to reduction and sintering up to 500 °C in 0.05 bar H<sub>2</sub> and minimal interactions with CO-properties previously seen only for model system studies. Alternatively, Pt loadings >0.1 weight % produce a distribution of sub-nanometer Pt structures, which are difficult to distinguish using common characterization techniques, and exhibit strong interactions with CO and weak resistance to sintering, even in 0.05 bar H<sub>2</sub> at 50 °C-properties previously seen for high surface area materials. This work demonstrates that low metal loadings can be used to selectively populate the most thermodynamically stable adsorption sites on high surface area supports with atomically dispersed metals. Further, the site uniformity afforded by this synthetic approach is critical for the development of relationships between atomic scale local coordination and functional properties. Comparisons to recent studies of Pt<sub>iso</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> suggest a general compromise between the stability of atomically dispersed metal catalysts and their ability to interact with and activate molecular species.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazole as a Leaving Group in Nucleophilic Substitution in 3,6‐Bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazines. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
SU‐E‐T‐412: Biological Consequences of Errors in MLC Calibration in the Context of IMRT Delivery and QA (2011)

Purpose: To quantify biological consequences of MLC calibration errors in prostate IMRT and relate those biological consequences to IMRT QA action levels. Methods: Ten consecutive prostate cancer patients treated with a 5‐field IMRT (Varian iX with Millenium 120 leaf MLC) were selected. All cases were treated with a prescription dose of 74 Gy. An in‐house program was used to introduce systematic MLC offsets. Combinations of X1 and X2 offsets in the range from −2 to +2mm were explored. Modified files were imported into the treatment planning system (TPS) to recalculate dose for each modified plan. DVHs were exported from the TPS and generalized equivalent uniform doses (gEUD) were calculated for the rectum (n=0.09) and PTV (a=−10). Each plan was also recalculated on a CT scan of a cylindrical phantom with a contoured ion camber. Dose distributions were exported for 3D gamma analysis with dose and distance to agreement set to 3% and 3 mm, respectively. Pass criteria were: at least 95% of voxels have to pass and dose to chamber has to be within 2% of the reference dose. Results: Plans with offsets of 2 mm, single leaf bank or combined, have not passed gamma QA, however 30% of plans passed chamber dose QA. For 1.5 mm offsets 20% and 70% of plans passed gamma and chamber dose QA, respectively. Change in gEUD for PTV and rectum was of the order of 2% for plans passing both QA methods and larger than 3% for those which failed QA. Conclusions: With currently used methods and criteria for prostate IMRT QA, we can only detect changes in gEUD greater than 3% that are resultant from MLC calibration errors. This is important because it provides a lower limit on the ability of current IMRT QA to estimate a biological impact for machine errors.
Developing a dynamic model of a methanol steam reformer for use in a fuel cell propulsion system (1995)

Transportation fuel cell systems are being developed for methanol as the on-board fuel instead of the difficult-to-store hydrogen. Two such systems under development include polymer electrolyte and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PEFC, PAFC), which operate at 80{degrees}C and 200{degrees}C, respectively. Because of these relatively low operating temperatures, the methanol must be converted to a hydrogen-rich gas before it can be fed to the fuel cell stack (except in the case of the direct electrochemical oxidation of methanol, presently under development). Steam reforming of methanol is used in the PAFC buses developed by H-Power Corp. A methanol steam reformer is also being developed by General Motors (GM) for light-duty vehicle PEFC systems. Earlier, we described results from steady-state and off-design simulations of methanol-fueled PEFC systems. These results indicated that the dynamic response of the fuel cell system is likely governed by the transient performance of the methanol reformer (rather than the dynamic performance of the fuel cell stack or other balance-of-plant components). This paper discusses the development of a dynamic model for the methanol steam reformer, which will subsequently be used in simulating the dynamic performance of the complete fuel cell system.
Emerging role of Akt kinase/protein kinase B signaling in pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications (2005)

In addition to a number of deleterious effects on cellular integrity and functions, diabetic metabolic milieu has been implicated in a rapidly growing number of alterations in signal transduction. In this review we focus on Akt kinase physiology, its alterations in diabetes mellitus (DM), and on the emerging role of this signaling system in the pathophysiology of diabetic microvascular complications. Studies focusing on Akt in diabetes suggest both decrease and increase of Akt activity in DM. Alterations of Akt activity have been found in various tissues and cells in diabetes depending on experimental and clinical contexts. There is convincing evidence suggesting defective Akt signaling in the development of insulin resistance. Similar defects, as in insulin-sensitive tissues, have been reported in endothelia of DM Type 2 models, possibly contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction under these conditions. In contrast, Akt activity is increased in some tissues and vascular beds affected by complications in DM Type 1. Identification of the role of this phenomenon in DM-induced growth and hemodynamic alterations in affected vascular beds remains one of the major challenges for future research in this area. Future studies should include the evaluation of therapeutical benefits of pharmacological modulators of Akt activity.
Communication-wavelength (1.55 μm) laser-induced refractive index change in nematic liquid crystalline films (2001)

We have studied the optical nonlinearities of aligned nematic liquid crystalline films in the near IR communication spectral region (1.55 micrometers ). The measured refractive index coefficients are on the order of 10<SUP>-3</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP>/W. The origins of the refractive index changes are thermal indexing effect and director axis reorientation. Phase modulation of several (pi) s can be generated with mW-power near IR lasers in micron thick films.
Growth of Oriented Zinc Oxide Nanowire Array into Novel Hierarchical Structures in Aqueous Solutions (2008)

The strategy to manipulate nanoscale building blocks into well-regulated hierarchical architectures is of great interest and valuable to both material synthesis and advanced nanodevices. Novel ZnO hierarchical structures with nanowire arrays connected on both faces of parallel ZnO hexagonal disks were produced in a facile temperature-dependent multi-step hydrothermal route within an open vessel, in which lamellar zinc hydroxide (LHS-Zn) disks were firstly formed as intermediate basic floor, whose surface may be roughened at elevated temperature; the resultant ZnO nanowires were then assembled into a highly ordered array on the top/bottom surfaces of disks in the presence of dense ammonia. Higher [Zn2+] at the beginning lead to multicell sandwiches or nanowire−disk−nanowire−disk−nanowire-like superlattice. Ammonia molecules in the vessel play a key role in controlling architecture evolution. Room-temperature Raman-scattering and photoluminescence measurements indicated the optical properties of single as-prepared ZnO structure.
BRAF somatic mutations in malignant melanoma and melanocytic naevi (2006)

BRAF somatic mutations are frequently found in primary and metastatic melanomas and melanocytic naevi. Commonly found BRAF mutants stimulate constitutive RAF/MEK (mitogen-activated ERK-activating kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway activation and act as transforming oncogenes in NIH-3T3 cells and immortalized murine melanocytes. The most common BRAF mutation is the V600E alteration, but over 30 distinct BRAF mutations, varying in biological activity, have been found and may be predictive of clinically relevant tumour differences. The origin of these acquired mutations remains unknown, but melanomas have a different BRAF mutational spectrum from other tumours, possibly resulting from unique environmental exposures. In melanoma cases, BRAF mutations are frequently found in superficial spreading or nodular histological subtypes, in tumours on intermittently sun-exposed sites and in younger patients. Although evidence indicates that the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway influences the proliferation, invasion and survival of melanoma cells in vitro, the exact role of BRAF mutation in melanoma tumour progression, maintenance and outcome remains controversial. In addition, although BRAF and NRAS mutations are mutually exclusive in melanomas, other genetic events may complement BRAF mutation to produce biological activity similar to NRAS mutation. Nonetheless, preclinical and early clinical studies predict that RAF/MEK/ERK pathway inhibitors will have therapeutic activity towards melanoma, but that tumour subclassification by BRAF/NRAS mutational status may be necessary to evaluate their efficacy.
Astronomical Polarimetry (1996)

Radiation from astronomical objects generally shows some degree of polarization. Although this polarized radiation is usually only a small fraction of the total radiation, it often carries a wealth of information on the physical state and geometry of the emitting object and intervening material. Measurement of this polarized radiation is central to much modern astrophysical research. This handy volume provides a clear, comprehensive and concise introduction to astronomical polarimetry at all wavelengths. Starting from first principles and a simple physical picture of polarized radiation, the reader is introduced to all the key topics, including Stokes parameters, applications of polarimetry in astronomy, polarization algebra, polarization errors and calibration methods, and a selection of instruments (from radio to X-ray). The book is rounded off with a number of useful case studies, a collection of exercises, an extensive list of further reading and an informative index. This review of all aspects of astronomical polarization provides both an essential introduction for graduate students, and a valuable reference for practising astronomers.
Experimental study on current re-distribution and stability of multi-strand superconducting cables (1997)

Stability of multi-strand superconducting cables against local disturbances should be influenced by the current re-distribution among strands in quench or recovery processes. The current re-distribution and its influence on stability are examined experimentally with two types of three-strand cable. One is made of chrome-plated strands, and another is made of strands with bare-copper surface. A heat pulse is applied to short part of a strand, and normal voltage and current in each strand are measured. The large contact resistance between strands in chrome-plated cable affects the current re-distribution. The minimum heater energy required for quench is measured. The experimental results prove that the stability against local disturbances is improved by the current re-distribution.
Large-Scale Synthesis of Enantio- and Diastereomerically Pure (R,R)-Formoterol (1998)

(R,R)-Formoterol (1) is a long-acting, very potent β2-agonist, which is used as a bronchodilator in the therapy of asthma and chronic bronchitis. Highly convergent synthesis of enantio- and diastereomerically pure (R,R)-formoterol fumarate is achieved by a chromatography-free process with an overall yield of 44%. Asymmetric catalytic reduction of bromoketone 4 using as catalyst oxazaborolidine derived from (1R, 2S)-1-amino-2-indanol and resolution of chiral amine 3 are the origins of chirality in this process. Further enrichment of enantio- and diastereomeric purity is accomplished by crystallizations of the isolated intermediates throughout the process to give (R,R)-formoterol (1) as the pure stereoisomer (ee, de >99.5%).
GRK2: A Novel Cell-Specific Regulator of Severity and Duration of Inflammatory Pain (2010)

Chronic pain associated with inflammation is a common clinical problem, and the underlying mechanisms have only begun to be unraveled. GRK2 regulates cellular signaling by promoting G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and direct interaction with downstream kinases including p38. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of GRK2 to regulation of inflammatory pain and to unravel the underlying mechanism. GRK2(+/-) mice with an approximately 50% reduction in GRK2 developed increased and markedly prolonged thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after carrageenan-induced paw inflammation or after intraplantar injection of the GPCR-binding chemokine CCL3. The effect of reduced GRK2 in specific cells was investigated using Cre-Lox technology. Carrageenan- or CCL3-induced hyperalgesia was increased but not prolonged in mice with decreased GRK2 only in Na(v)1.8 nociceptors. In vitro, reduced neuronal GRK2 enhanced CCL3-induced TRPV1 sensitization. In vivo, CCL3-induced acute hyperalgesia in GRK2(+/-) mice was mediated via TRPV1. Reduced GRK2 in microglia/monocytes only was required and sufficient to transform acute carrageenan- or CCL3-induced hyperalgesia into chronic hyperalgesia. Chronic hyperalgesia in GRK2(+/-) mice was associated with ongoing microglial activation and increased phospho-p38 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the spinal cord. Inhibition of spinal cord microglial, p38, or TNF-alpha activity by intrathecal administration of specific inhibitors reversed ongoing hyperalgesia in GRK2(+/-) mice. Microglia/macrophage GRK2 expression was reduced in the lumbar ipsilateral spinal cord during neuropathic pain, underlining the pathophysiological relevance of microglial GRK2. Thus, we identified completely novel cell-specific roles of GRK2 in regulating acute and chronic inflammatory hyperalgesia.