gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Profiling Success Rates from Degraded Skeletal Remains in Guatemala (2016)

No data are available regarding the success of DNA Short Tandem Repeat (STR) profiling from degraded skeletal remains in Guatemala. Therefore, DNA profiling success rates relating to 2595 skeletons from eleven cases at the Forensic Anthropology Foundation of Guatemala (FAFG) are presented. The typical postmortem interval was 30 years. DNA was extracted from bone powder and amplified using Identifiler and Minifler. DNA profiling success rates differed between cases, ranging from 50.8% to 7.0%, the overall success rate for samples was 36.3%. The best DNA profiling success rates were obtained from femur (36.2%) and tooth (33.7%) samples. DNA profiles were significantly better from lower body bones than upper body bones (p = <0.0001). Bone samples from males gave significantly better profiles than samples from females (p = <0.0001). These results are believed to be related to bone density. The findings are important for designing forensic DNA sampling strategies in future victim recovery investigations.
Behavior of Vaccine Revertants of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Influenza Virus in Ferret Tracheal Organ Culture (1979)

A live attenuated influenza vaccine candidate was not genetically stable when administered to some children who lacked antibody to surface proteins of the virus. To obtain additional biological information about these revertants, the vaccine strain, the wild-type parental strain, and isolates recovered from inoculated children during a vaccine trial were evaluated in ferret tracheal organ culture for effects on the ciliated epithelium and replication at both permissive and restrictive temperatures. The studies revealed that the vaccine strain destroyed cilia and replicated to high titer at its permissive temperature (33 degrees ) but caused minimal damage and replicated to very low titer at its restrictive temperature (37 degrees C). The wild-type parent destroyed cilia at both 33 and 37 degrees C. Isolates which were no longer temperature sensitive (ts(+)) destroyed cilia at both restrictive and permissive temperatures and grew to high titer. Isolates which retained the ts phenotype behaved as the vaccine strain in this system. The ts(+) virus recovered from volunteers behaved like the wild-type parent, which suggests that these viruses had not merely lost their ts phenotype, but had undergone reversion to wild type. Important information about the genetic stability of temperature-sensitive influenza vaccine strains recovered from volunteers can be obtained by evaluating them in ferret tracheal organ culture.
Development of an Industrial Process for Synthesizing Lodenosine (FddA) (2005)

Lodenosine, [9- (2, 3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine, FddA, 1] is an acid-stable purine nucleoside analog with activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are two possible approaches to 1 - the glycosylation of a nucleoside base with a fluorinated sugar or direct nucleoside fluorination. However, both methods have drawbacks in terms of the number of steps, the use of toxic agents and low overall yields. In this review article, we describe two industrial synthetic approaches to 1 via 6-chloropurine riboside and 6-chloropurine 3'-deoxyribo-side, the latter being derived from inosine, a readily available starting material produced by fer-mentation. Several deoxygenation and fluorination methods are compared considering reaction yields, cost, safety and environmental concerns.
Optimizing Information Freshness in Broadcast Network with Unreliable Links and Random Arrivals: An Approximate Index Policy (2019)

With the rapid growth of real-time Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the need for fresh information has surged. Age of Information (AoI) is a tailor-made metric to characterize the information freshness perceived by the devices. In this paper, we investigate the problem of scheduling updates to minimize AoI in broadcast network. In this case, a central controller, e.g. a base station, collects status updates from different sources and schedules them to corresponding clients. Different from previous work, we consider both stochastic status updates and unreliable links. The problem is first modeled as an infinite horizon average constrained cost Markov decision problem (CMDP). With Lagrangian relaxation, an approximation of Whittle's index is derived and a scheduling policy is designed based on the approximate index. The results in previous work can be view as degenerate cases of the approximation index policy either with reliable links or periodic arrival constraints. Simulation results demonstrate the near-optimal performance of the proposed policy.
Feasibility evaluations of alternating phase-shift mask for imaging sub-80nm feature with KrF (2003)

Alternating phase shift mask (AltPSM) is considered as one of the most promising technique in leading-edge lithography. Its optical performance can be verified by sub-100nm gate generation and guaranteed device properties, indicated as depth of focus (DOF) and on chip CD variation (OCV). Nevertheless, continuous gate reduction in logic device demands more high-qualified mask process and optimization of illumination to overcome resolution limit. As one of the solution, appropriate mask structure and OPC rule dependent on illumination condition are evaluated. Issues out of mask manufacturing and Cr-less PEPSM as substitution of PEPSM are also discussed. Besides, interrelation between issues of mask and optical characteristics are investigated and compared mutually. In the end of this paper, we propose the optimum mask type and opportune time for ArF lithography.
Structural Evidence for Standard‐Mechanism Inhibition in Metallopeptidases from a Complex Poised to Resynthesize a Peptide Bond (2011)

Auf und zu: Ein neuartiger Mechanismus der Metalloendopeptidase-Inhibition wurde für einen Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor von Insekten gefunden. Dieser Inhibitor wird durch Thermolysin unter geeigneten Bedingungen an Asn56-Ile57 sowohl gespalten als auch wieder zusammengefügt. Nach der Hydrolyse bildet sich ein Zwei-Produkte-Komplex, und gleichzeitig steht ein Michaelis-Komplex für die Synthese einer Peptidbindung bereit (siehe Kristallstruktur). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Tetrakis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)diplumbene: A Molecule with a Lead–Lead Double Bond (1999)

There is good agreement between the length of the lead–lead double bond calculated for H2Pb=PbH2 and that present in the tetraaryldiplumbene 1 (R=2,4,6-iPr3C6H2), which has now been synthesized and structurally characterized. Furthermore, the calculated and experimentally observed trans bent angles Θ are similar. Thus, compounds with homonuclear double bonds between all elements of Group 14 are now known.
Recent advances in maternal serum screening for Down syndrome. (2002)

For the past 15 years, addition of serum markers to screening for Down syndrome has enhanced the ability to identify affected pregnancies. During the 1990s, incremental improvements in screening have been tested and implemented, first with the addition of a fourth biochemical marker, inhibin A, to second trimester screening protocols, and second with the development of combined first trimester serum and ultrasound screening. With the new century, we are on the verge of a major breakthrough in the performance of prenatal screening for Down syndrome, with the opportunity to spare almost all pregnant women the risk of amniocentesis and CVS, yet attain levels of detection approaching 90%.
Memory Management for Self-Stabilizing Operating Systems (2006)

This work presents several approaches for designing the memory management component of self-stabilizing operating systems. We state the requirements which a memory manager should satisfy. One requirement is eventual memory hierarchy consistency among different copies of data residing in different (level of) memory devices e.g., ram and disk. Another requirement is stabilization preserving where the memory manager ensures that every process that is proven to stabilize independently, also stabilizes under the (self-stabilizing scheduler and the) memory manager operation. Three memory managers that satisfy the above requirements are presented. The first allocates the entire physical memory to a single process in every given point of time, the second uses fixed partition of the memory among processes, and the last uses memory leases for dynamic memory allocations.
Cationic Phosphinidene as a Versatile P1 Building Block: [LC–P]+ Transfer from Phosphonio–Phosphanides [LC–P–PR3]+ and Subsequent LC Replacement Reactions (LC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene) (2023)

Cationic imidazoliumyl(phosphonio)-phosphanides [L<sub>C</sub>-P-PR<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> (<b>1a-e</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>, L<sub>C</sub> = 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-diisopropylimidazolium-2-yl; R = alkyl, aryl) are obtained via the nucleophilic fragmentation of tetracationic tetraphosphetane [(L<sub>C</sub>-P)<sub>4</sub>][OTf]<sub>4</sub> (<b>2</b>[OTf]<sub>4</sub>) with tertiary phosphanes. They act as [L<sub>C</sub>-P]<sup>+</sup> transfer reagents in phospha-Wittig-type reactions, when converted with various thiocarbonyls, giving unprecedented cationic phosphaalkenes [L<sub>C</sub>-P═CR<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> (<b>5a-f</b>[OTf]) or phosphanides [L<sub>C</sub>-P-CR(NR<sub>2</sub><sup>'</sup>)]<sup>+</sup> (<b>6a-d</b>[OTf]). Theoretical calculations suggest that three-membered cyclic thiophosphiranes are crucial intermediates of this reaction. To test this hypothesis, treatment of [L<sub>C</sub>-P-PPh<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> with phosphaalkenes, that are isolobal to thioketones, permits the isolation of diphosphirane salts <b>11a,b</b>[OTf]. Furthermore, preliminary studies suggest that the cationic phosphaalkene [L<sub>C</sub>-P═CPh<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> may be employed to access rare examples of η<sup>2</sup>-P═C π-complexes with Pd<sup>0</sup> and Pt<sup>0</sup> when treated with [Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] and [Pt(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>] for which analogous complexes of neutral phosphaalkenes are scarce. The versatility of [L<sub>C</sub>-P]<sup>+</sup> as a valuable P<sub>1</sub> building block was showcased in substitution reactions of the transferred L<sub>C</sub>-substituent using nucleophiles. This is demonstrated through the reactions of <b>5a</b>[OTf] and <b>6c</b>[OTf] with Grignard reagents and KNPh<sub>2</sub>, providing a convenient, high-yielding access to MesP═CPh<sub>2</sub> (<b>16</b>) and otherwise difficult-to-synthesize 1,3-diphosphetane <b>17</b> and P-aminophosphaalkenes.
On the Translation of Manchu’s Entertainment Way: A Case Study of Hawkes’ Translation of Hongloumeng (2014)

Translation is not only a transference between two languages but also a communication between two cultures. In literary translation, a translator is expected to take the language features, the artistic style and cultural information of the source text into consideration. In this sense, translation serves as a bridge to introduce Chinese literature to western readers. However, the translation of Chinese classical literature is still at an outset stage. As one of the four great masterpiece of Classical Chinese literature, Hongloumeng has been translated by transaltors both at home and abroad. The most widely recognized English translation of Hongloumeng are Yang Xianyi&Gladys Yang’s version and David Hawkes’ version. As for the influence and acceptance of the two versions, Hawkes’ version is more popular among the western readers for its natural, smooth and idomatic language. However, after a careful comparision with the source text, we find that Hawkes’ version failed to impass part of the China-specific cultural information to the target reader. In this paper, the author will take Hawkes’ translation of Manchu’s entertainment way depicted in Hongloumeng as an example to demonstrate the loss of cultural information in Hawkes’ version. In terms of being responsible for the target reader and faithful to the source text writer, we strongly holds that cultural information should be reproduced in the most faithful way as much as possible.
Software-defined energy communication networks: From substation automation to future smart grids (2013)

Energy communication networks (ECNs) play an integral role in electrical substations. Substations host many Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) that monitor the state of the electricity infrastructure. This critical data is packaged and transmitted between multiple IEDs for proper system monitoring and control. The modern network that interconnects IEDs, while a significant improvement over the historic serial interconnection, has many challenges which have yet to be addressed - ranging from setup complexity to security policies. In this paper we propose that software-defined networking can alleviate many of today's problems and create a network which can evolve with changing technologies and needs. We demonstrate an auto-configuring substation network which eliminates many substation network management issues. Our prototype is built using a Ryu-based, software-defined network controller and tested with actual IEDs used in substations. We also discuss how our software-defined energy communication network (SDECN) architecture not only solves problems of today, but enables substation networks to easily evolve with the rapid evolution of the smart grid.
Second-harmonic generation and absorption studies of polymer–dye films oriented by corona-onset poling at elevated temperatures (1989)

Second-harmonic generation and spectroscopic absorption measurements are used to study the nonlinear-optical thin-film properties of azo dye guest molecules oriented in a polymer host by corona-onset poling at elevated temperatures (COPET). Parallel-wire electrode and needle electrode configurations are studied. The orientational order of the nonlinear molecules, the internal electric field, and the stability of the second-harmonic properties are measured. The nonlinear properties stabilize after 10 days and remain relatively constant over a period of at least 8 months, and the films tolerate power densities of at least 60MW/cm2. Compared with other poling methods, COPET produces a more efficient long-range and long-term orientational order in the guest–host system studied, resulting in large, stable second-harmonic properties.
Stationarity coefficients and short-time deviations from exponential decay in atomic resonance states (2001)

By solving rigorously and accurately the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation, we have obtained numerical results for the decay probability, $P(t),$ of real, multiparticle systems, in the time domain of $t\ensuremath{\approx}0.$ Three different types of atomic nonstationary states were examined, the ${\mathrm{He}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{1s2p}^{2}{}^{4}P,$ the Ca KLM $3d5p{}^{3}{F}^{o},$ and the ${\mathrm{He}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ $1s2s2p{}^{4}{P}_{5/2},$ the last one being metastable and decaying via spin-spin interactions. The main results are that there is a ${t}^{2}$ dependence of $P(t\ensuremath{\approx}0)$ and that a time-dependent short-time decay rate can be calculated. The computed coefficients of the ${t}^{2}$ term reflect the degree of stability of the state, (i.e., the degree of proximity to the notion of the standard stationary state of quantum mechanics), and are named the stationarity coefficients. These, together with the conventional quantity of the lifetime, corresponding to the exponential decay regime, constitute intrinsic properties of each real unstable state. For the herein studied metastable state the onset of exponential decay occurs after about $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}\mathrm{s},$ i.e., after a duration which is achievable experimentally with laser pulses.
MEASUREMENT (2011)

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Matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP‐11; stromelysin‐3) and synthetic inhibitors (2006)

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-11, or Stromelysin 3, is a particular member of MMP family, a group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases involved in matrix degradation and tissue remodeling. Despite intense efforts since its first characterization 15 years ago, its role and target substrates in different diseases remain largely unknown. While mice with MMP-11 deficiency display no particular phenotype, analysis of different tumorigenesis models with these mice lead to the conclusion that MMP-11 promotes tumor development. In contrast with other MMPs, MMP-11 is unable to degrade any major extracellular matrix component and unlike most of other MMPs that are secreted as inactive proenzymes and activated extracellularly, MMP-11 is secreted under active form. MMP-11 may thus play a unique role in tissue remodeling processes, including those associated with tumor progression. Although MMP-11 and other MMPs have been considered as promising targets to combat cancer, a first series of clinical trials using broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors have not led to significant therapeutic benefits. These disappointing results highlight the need for better understanding of the exact role played by each MMP during the different stages of tumor progression. Among the different strategies to fill this gap, highly specific MMP inhibitors would be of great value. This review provides an update on the selectivity profile of phosphinic MMP-11 synthetic inhibitors developed and discusses the opportunities and limitations to identify inhibitors able to fully discriminate MMP-11 from the other MMPs.
Enhancing Generalizability of Predictive Models with Synergy of Data and Physics (2021)

Wind farm needs prediction models for predictive maintenance. There is a need to predict values of non-observable parameters beyond ranges reflected in available data. A prediction model developed for one machine many not perform well in another similar machine. This is usually due to lack of generalizability of data-driven models. To increase generalizability of predictive models, this research integrates the data mining with first-principle knowledge. Physics-based principles are combined with machine learning algorithms through feature engineering, strong rules and divide-and-conquer. The proposed synergy concept is illustrated with the wind turbine blade icing prediction and achieves significant prediction accuracy across different turbines. The proposed process is widely accepted by wind energy predictive maintenance practitioners because of its simplicity and efficiency. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the importance of embedding physical principles within the machine learning process, and also highlight an important point that the need for more complex machine learning algorithms in industrial big data mining is often much less than it is in other applications, making it essential to incorporate physics and follow Less is More philosophy.
ILMART: Interpretable Ranking with Constrained LambdaMART (2022)

Interpretable Learning to Rank (LtR) is an emerging field within the research area of explainable AI, aiming at developing intelligible and accurate predictive models. While most of the previous research efforts focus on creating post-hoc explanations, in this paper we investigate how to train effective and intrinsically-interpretable ranking models. Developing these models is particularly challenging and it also requires finding a trade-off between ranking quality and model complexity. State-of-the-art rankers, made of either large ensembles of trees or several neural layers, exploit in fact an unlimited number of feature interactions making them black boxes. Previous approaches on intrinsically-interpretable ranking models address this issue by avoiding interactions between features thus paying a significant performance drop with respect to full-complexity models. Conversely, ILMART, our novel and interpretable LtR solution based on LambdaMART, is able to train effective and intelligible models by exploiting a limited and controlled number of pairwise feature interactions. Exhaustive and reproducible experiments conducted on three publicly-available LtR datasets show that ILMART outperforms the current state-of-the-art solution for interpretable ranking of a large margin with a gain of nDCG of up to 8%.
Induction of mutant lymphocytes in cyclophosphamide- and chlorambucil-treated patients (2001)

Monitoring patients treated with single antineoplastic agents is aiding our understanding of what hazard these drugs pose in vivo. In this study, the frequency of mutant 6-thioguanine-resistant (TG(R)) peripheral blood lymphocytes was monitored before treatment and for < or =35 weeks after treatment of patients with cyclophosphamide (CP) or chlorambucil (CAB). The mean mutant frequency before treatment for six multiple sclerosis patients treated with high-dose CP was 2.53 x 10(-5) and increased after treatment to 4.61 x 10(-5) (P = 0.08, paired t-test). Using each patient as their own control, there were significant increases (each at P < 0.04) detectable within 2-4 weeks in four of the multiple sclerosis patients treated with CP. There was no increase in an untreated control monitored over the same period. In a patient receiving five sequential CP treatments at 1 month intervals, there were cumulative increases in the frequency of mutant cells. The mutant frequency increased from 0.31 x 10(-5) before treatment to 3.64 x 10(-5) after the final treatment and had decreased to 0.53 x 10(-5) at 35 weeks after treatment. In one of two CAB-treated patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, there was a significant increase in mutant frequency (P < 0.03) after treatment. Freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with 4-hydroperoxy-CP in vitro demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in mutant frequency. The increment in mutant frequency observed in vivo is of the order expected from the in vitro experiments. Although this study demonstrates that single or multiple doses of a single antineoplastic agent are mutagenic in vivo for some patients, further studies are needed to determine the extent and mechanism of the inter-individual variations in mutagenic response.
Restructuring Web Service Interfaces to Support Evolution (2014)

This paper presents an overview of a scheme (RESWS) to enable Web Service providers to be able to evolve their service interface in a non-backwards compatible way and still maintain compatibility with existing consumers. The need for a non-passive approach to evolving services while still remaining backwards compatible is highlighted and presented based on a clear need identified within the literature. Based on graph rewriting theory, the set of refactorings was formally represented as transformations through rewriting rules and enables a set of preconditions to be defined for each transformation. A demonstrator has been developed to implement the RES-WS scheme as a message mediator which interprets the chain of primitive refactoring transformations required to carry out a particular complex transformation. Experimental validation was performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the message mediator for an upgraded Web Service against its QoS constraint.