gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partial purification of elicitors from Lentinula edodes basidiocarps protecting cucumber seedlings against Colletotrichum lagenarium (2006)

The shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) has been used in research involving the prevention and the control of human and plant diseases. In cucumber plants, treated with aqueous extracts from mushroom basidiocarps, there was a reduction in anthracnose severity caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium, and an increase in peroxidase activity in the leaves. With the aim of obtaining molecules of agronomic interest, the crude aqueous extract from L. edodes basidiocarp was fractioned with ammonium sulfate. The fraction corresponding to 40-80% of saturation (p40-80), the most effective in reducing anthracnose on cucumber cotyledons, was submitted to anion exchange chromatography (AEC). After AEC, six protein peaks were obtained and the peak V, containing 34% of the proteins present in p40-80, induced peroxidase increase in the cucumber cotyledons besides reducing anthracnose severity. Separation of peak V proteins by SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of more than one band in the gel. Thus, a partial purification of elicitors present in the L. edodes basidiocarp was achieved.
Muscle Mitogen raises new hope to cure DMD (1998)

128 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severely debilitating, and eventually lethal genetic disease. The available drug treatment, surgical procedures, and physical therapies have very little effect on the process of the disease. Therefore, recent strategy for treatment of DMD has incorporated a new approach, that is the transplantation of normal myoblast cells into diseased muscles. It was hoped that myoblast transfer would restore muscle function in children with DMD through incorporation of nucleus of myoblasts obtained from an unaffected donor, into the muscle cells of the affected host. Once incorporated into fibers, nuclei from normal myoblasts would express the missing dystrophin protein in the hybrid fibers. Thus it was hoped that the procedure would prevent muscle degeneration and restore function. However, the poor results of clinical trials resulted from poor incorporation of injected normal myoblasts into muscle cells of the host. In some cases only more dystrophin was expressed at the site of injection in myoblast-injected muscles than that in non-injected muscles. Muscles outside the immediate site of injection did not express dystrophin. The underlining indication of these results seems that the injection itself produces muscle injury exactly at the site of injection, and the myoblasts can only incorporate themselves into muscle fibers via the route at injury sites. So the main barrier to curing DMD by this strategy of normal myoblasts transplantation rely on how the injected myoblasts can be incorporated into all or at least most of muscle fibers of the DMD patients, and, therefore, more dystrophin can be expressed in all or most of the muscle fibers of the patients. In practice, we cannot make puncture to every muscle fiber due to the technical impossibility and considerable damage to the patient and the patient will also not accept that practice. So we have to work out another alternative way. Normally, myoblasts do not incorporate into intact muscle fibers. However, we can incorporate myoblasts into most intact muscle fibers using muscle mitogen according to our experiments. We partially isolated muscle mitogen from rat muscle extract by fractionation-test-subfractionation-test method. We used thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) to label newly synthesized nucleus of proliferated myoblasts and their incorporation into preexisting muscle fibers in rats. After 4 days of administration of the muscle mitogen, the rat muscle was sectioned and stained with BrdU immunohistochemical and eosin staining. The result showed that there are lots of BrdU labeled nucleus can be seen in host muscle fibers. In contrast, there are almost no any incorporation of myoblasts into the intact host muscle fibers in control administered same amount of BSA. This result indicates that the activated myoblasts by muscle mitogen can be incorporated into the existing intact muscle fibers very actively that is a critical point in circumvention of the main barrier in current strategy of myoblast transplantation in curing DMD. We believe muscle mitogen raises new hope for DMD patients.
Automatic Development from Pixel-level Representation to Action-level Representation in Robot Navigation. (2007)

Many important real-world robotic tasks have high diam-eter, that is, their solution requires a large number of prim-itive actions by the robot. For example, they may require navigating to distant locations using primitive motor control commands. In addition, modern robots are endowed with rich, high-dimensional sensory systems, providing measure-ments of a continuous environment. Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown promise as a method for automatic learning of robot behavior, but current methods work best on low-diameter, low-dimensional tasks. Because of this problem, the success of RL on real-world tasks still depends on hu-man analysis of the robot, environment, and task to provide a useful sensorimotor representation to the learning agent. A new method, Self-Organizing Distinctive-state Ab-straction (SODA) Provost, Kuipers, &amp;amp; Miikkulainen (2006);
Hemodynamic Rounds: Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis (1992)

Partial table of contents: Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis 1: The Stenotic Aortic Valve (M. Kern & U. Deligonul) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis 3: Intraventricular Gradients (M. Kern & U. Deligonul) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis: The Left-Side V Wave (M. Kern) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis: Pericardial Compressive Hemodynamics, Part 1 (M. Kern & F. Aguirre) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis: Cardiac Arrhythmias (M. Kern, et al.) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis: The Effects of Nitroglycerin (M. Kern, et al.) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis 4: Extra Hearts, Part 2. (M. Kern & U. Deligonul) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis: Adult Congenital Anomalies (M. Kern, et al.) Interpretation of Cardiac Pathophysiology from Pressure Waveform Analysis: Pressure Wave Artifacts (M. Kern, et al.).
Toscana virus cap-snatching and initiation of transcription (2017)

Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne phlebovirus within the family Phenuiviridae in the order Bunyavirales. It seems to be an important agent of human meningoencephalitis in the warm season in the Mediterranean area. Because the polymerase of Bunyavirales lacks a capping activity, it cleaves short-capped RNA leaders derived from the host cell, and uses them to initiate viral mRNA synthesis. To determine the size and nucleotide composition of the host-derived RNA leaders, and to elucidate the first steps of TOSV transcription initiation, we performed a high-throughput sequencing of the 5' end of TOSV mRNAs in infected cells at different times post-infection. Our results indicated that the viral polymerase cleaved the host-capped RNA leaders within a window of 11-16 nucleotides. A single population of cellular mRNAs could be cleaved at different sites to prime the synthesis of several viral mRNA species. The majority of the mRNA resulted from direct priming, but we observed mRNAs resulting from several rounds of prime-and-realign events. Our data suggest that the different rounds of the prime-and-realign mechanism result from the blocking of the template strand in a static position in the active site, leading to the slippage of the nascent strand by two nucleotides when the growing duplex is sorted out from the active site. To minimize this rate-limiting step, TOSV polymerase cleaves preferentially capped RNA leaders after GC, so as to greatly reduce the number of cycles of priming and realignment, and facilitate the separation of the growing duplex.
Blends of crystalline and amorphous poly(lactide). III. Hydrolysis of solution-cast blend films (1997)

Hydrolysis of blend films prepared from amorphous poly(DL-lactide) (a-PLA) and isotactic crystalline poly(D- or L-lactide) (c-PLA) having different c-PLA contents [X = c-PLA/(a-PLA + c-PLA)] was performed in phosphate buffered solution of pH 7.4 at 37°C. The blend films before and after hydrolysis were studied using gel permeation chromatography, tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and optical rotation. The mass of the blend films remaining after hydrolysis of longer than 20 months was larger with the increasing initial X. The tensile strength of the blend films remained unchanged in the early stage of hydrolysis, followed by a rapid decrease with time, the duration of period for the tensile strength remaining unchanged was longer for the blend films of smaller X. The change in crystallinity, molecular weight, and specific optical rotation during hydrolysis of the blend films revealed that degradation took place preferentially in the amorphous region than in the crystalline region of the blend films. A double melting peak was observed in the DSC spectra of blend films with X = 0.75 and 0.5 after hydrolysis for 20 months. The time difference in the induction of reduction between the tensile strength and the mass due to hydrolysis of the blend films increased with an increase in X. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 855–863, 1997
Prophylactic Effect of Bovine Anti‐CryptosporidiumHyperimmune Colostrum Immunoglobulin in Healthy Volunteers Challenged withCryptosporidium parvum (1998)

Bovine hyperimmune anti-Cryptosporidium colostrum immunoglobulin (BACI) decreases the intensity of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro. We investigated the prophylactic effect of BACI in healthy adults challenged with C. parvum. After we established an oocyst dose that resulted in 100% infection in four volunteers (baseline group), 16 volunteers were randomized to receive (1) BACI prior to C. parvum challenge (BACI group) and a nonfat milk placebo 30 minutes later, (2) BACI prior to and 30 minutes after challenge (reinforced BACI group), or (3) nonfat milk placebo prior to and 30 minutes after challenge. Subjects received BACI (10 g) or nonfat milk placebo three times a day for a total of 5 days and were followed for clinical symptoms and oocyst excretion for 30 days. A trend toward less diarrhea (P = .08) was observed for subjects receiving BACI in comparison with occurrences in placebo recipients. Subjects receiving BACI or nonfat milk placebo had a 100-fold reduction in oocyst excretion as compared with excretion in the baseline group.
Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of pNS1, a staphylococcal tetracycline-resistance plasmid propagated inBacillus subtilis (1986)

The complete nucleotide sequence of pNS1 (3879 bp), a tetracycline-resistance (TcR) plasmid drived from staphylococcal plasmid pTP5, has been determined and compared with that of the staphylococcal TcR plasmid pT181 [6]. The nucleotide sequences of the 2 plasmids are in agreement, except for 18 nucleotides, but these differences are significant in that they give rise to new open reading frames (ORFs). A short ORF-D is found in the copy control region, and the TcR region contains a single large ORF-A, that encodes the Tet protein (50 kDa). The upstream region of ORF-A contains 3 inverted repeat sequences, which can generate structures very similar in conformation of the structure of the control region of the inducible erythromycin-resistance gene of pE194.
IL-10: A Multifunctional Cytokine in Viral Infections (2017)

The anti-inflammatory master regulator IL-10 is critical to protect the host from tissue damage during acute phases of immune responses. This regulatory mechanism, central to T cell homeostasis, can be hijacked by viruses to evade immunity. IL-10 can be produced by virtually all immune cells, and it can also modulate the function of these cells. Understanding the effects of this multifunctional cytokine is therefore a complex task. In the present review we discuss the factors driving IL-10 production and the cellular sources of the cytokine during antiviral immune responses. We particularly focus on the IL-10 regulatory mechanisms that impact antiviral immune responses and how viruses can use this central regulatory pathway to evade immunity and establish chronic/latent infections.
Transmogrification (2013)

A transmogrifier is a novel interface that enables quick, on-the-fly graphic transformations. A region of a graphic can be specified by a shape and transformed into a destination shape with real-time, visual feedback. Both origin and destination shapes can be circles, quadrilaterals or arbitrary shapes defined through touch. Transmogrifiers are flexible, fast and simple to create and invite use in casual InfoVis scenarios, opening the door to alternative ways of exploring and displaying existing visualizations (e.g., rectifying routes or rivers in maps), and enabling free-form prototyping of new visualizations (e.g., lenses).
Recursive nanoboxes: reliable circuits and computer system architectures for nanotechnology devices (2004)

Molecular computing (building computer components out of molecules) is a rapidly growing topic in the field of Nanotechnology. To date, researchers have demonstrated molecular devices which can be controlled and which can store a state, equivalent to being able to control transistors to store a one or zero. However, the natural characteristics of these molecular devices result in memories which unexpectedly and frequently change state. 
Prior work on building computers out of molecular devices used external testing hardware to periodically survey the system to identify and route around faulty components. In this thesis, we introduce NanoBox circuit elements, which are logic lookup tables with fault tolerance coding applied to the lookup table bit string. In this way, we contain and self-correct errors within the lookup table, thereby presenting a robust logic block to higher levels of logic design. 
As a follow-on to the NanoBox circuit elements, we design the Recursive NanoBox Processor Grid, a highly parallel, application-specific computer system architecture composed of NanoBox circuit elements. Our demonstrations show components of the system can calculate correctly 100 percent of the time with raw FIT (failures in time) rates as high as 1023, which is twenty orders of magnitude higher than the FIT rates of contemporary CMOS device technologies. We achieve this error correction with an area overhead on the order of 9x, which is quite reasonable given the high integration densities expected with nanodevices. 
Finally, we develop the MinneSPEC input set for the SPEC CPU 2000 benchmark suite. This new workload will be used to evaluate the NanoBox Processor Grid on general purpose workloads, when a (future work) cycle-based microarchitecture simulator is developed for the NanoBox Processor Grid.
Further characterization of a size control gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)

The DAF1-1 mutation reduces cell size and reduces or eliminates G1 phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and results in alpha-factor resistance. DAF1-1 cells transferred into low cycloheximide express an increased G1 phase in their cycle, suggesting that G1 regulation is present but cryptic in the DAF1-1 cycle in rich medium. DAF1-1 reduces cell size by the criterion of RNA content per cell as well as cell volume. The alpha-factor resistance of DAF1-1 cannot be suppressed by bypassing the pheromone-receptor interaction with 'signalling-constitutive' mutations, suggesting that pheromone binding and initial signalling is normal in DAF1-1 strains, but that division arrest in response to the signal is specifically defective. Consistent with this idea, the cdc28-13 mutation significantly suppresses DAF1-1 alpha-factor resistance at permissive temperature; CDC28 is a gene required specifically for START and the G1/S transition, and does not affect pheromone response. Genetic results additional to those previously reported confirm that the wild-type dafl+/WHI1 gene is non-essential; this result may be surprising since the gene product is apparently rate-limiting for the G1/S transition: its deletion increases cell size, and multiple copies decrease cell size.
Abstract 4613: Serum levels of antioxidants in college aged, elderly, and cancer patients (2011)

Abstract Antioxidants are able to prevent the oxidation of biomolecules. Free radicals are oxidants known to be agents which damage DNA. This damage can lead to cancer. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and are an effective defense system. It has been shown that consumption of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and seeds increases the body's total antioxidant capacity.1 Performing a study that provides data on antioxidant levels in serum will offer insight on potential improvements that can be made in the diets of various populations. In this study we used the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) to compare serum antioxidant status in three different groups, college age, elderly, and cancer patients. Serum was obtained from 15 college age students (18-21) at Brigham Young University, 15 age matched elderly persons (over the age of 55), and 15 cancer patients. 10 ml of blood was drawn, allowed to clot, centrifuged to separate the cells from the serum, and then diluted to a 1/128 concentration. The ORAC assay was utilized as a way to determine the ability of serum to prevent the oxidation of fluorescein. The results of the experiment surprisingly demonstrate that cancer serum has the highest level of antioxidant status with 99200.97 trolox equivalents per Liter (TE/L) and a standard deviation (STDEV) of 17838.13. The elderly presented the second highest levels of serum antioxidants with 37837.75 TE/L and a STDEV of 7947.08. The college age group had the lowest TE/L with 19051.82 and a STDEV of 2113.36. The elderly compared to the youthful had a p-value &amp;lt; 0.0001, and the cancer patients compared to the healthy possessed a p-value &amp;lt; 0.0001. These results have brought forth more questions than answers. The elderly and cancer patients may have a greater concern for proper dietary intake compared to college age individuals. The cells of the youthful also may be more capable of intaking the antioxidants from the bloodstream. Further studies on these two conclusions may reveal more on the data retrieved. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4613. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4613
The role of organic complexants and microparticulates in the facilitated transport of radionuclides (1996)

This progress report describes the results of ongoing radiological and geochemical investigations of the mechanisms of radionuclide transport in groundwater at two low-level waste (LLW) disposal sites within the waste management area of the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL), Ontario, Canada. These sites, the Chemical Pit liquid disposal facility and the Waste Management Area C solid LLW disposal site, have provided valuable 30- to 40-year-old field locations for characterizing the migration of radionuclides and evaluating a number of recent site performance objectives for LLW disposal facilities. This information will aid the NRC and other federal, state, and local regulators, as well as LLW disposal site developers and waste generators, in maximizing the effectiveness of existing or projected LLW disposal facilities for isolating radionuclides from the general public and thereby improving the health and safety aspects of LLW disposal.
A NovelCACNA1FGene Mutation Causes Aland Island Eye Disease (2007)

Mutations in CACNA1F are known to cause the incomplete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2). Since the clinical picture of AIED is quite similar to CSNB2, it has long been discussed whether these disorders are allelic or form a single entity. The present study clearly indicates that AIED is also caused by a novel CACNA1F gene mutation.
On the altitude dependence of the spectral characteristics of decametre-wavelength E region backscatter and the relationship with optical auroral forms (2001)

Abstract. Observations of E region backscatter by the Ice-land East SuperDARN HF radar from the 30 minute period 2330 to 2400 UT on 13 September 1999 are presented, along with simultaneous observations of auroral luminosity from two all-sky cameras. Interferometric techniques are employed to estimate the altitude of origin of each echo observed by the radar. Under investigation is a region of backscatter which is L-shell aligned and exists in a region of low auroral luminosity bounded to the north and the south by two auroral arcs. The spectral characteristics of the backscatter fall into three main populations: broad, low Doppler shift spectra; narrow, high Doppler shift spectra; and exceptionally narrow, low Doppler shift spectra. The first two populations are similar to type II and type I spectra observed with VHF radars, respectively. These populations scatter from near the peak of the E region. The high Doppler shift population appears to exist in a region of sub-critical electric field. The third population originates below the E region peak at altitudes between 80 and 100 km. We argue that a non-coherent scattering process is responsible for this backscatter.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities)
Supplementary Figures 1-12 from Autophagy Is Activated by TGF-β and Potentiates TGF-β–Mediated Growth Inhibition in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells (2023)

Supplementary Figures 1-12 from Autophagy Is Activated by TGF-β and Potentiates TGF-β–Mediated Growth Inhibition in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells