gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Change of Surface Grinding Flaw of β-Sialon with Oxidation and Its Influence on Bending Strength (1991)

β-sialon sintered body was fabricated from a spray dried mixture of α-Si3N4 and Al(Oi-Pr)3 solution by hot-pressing. The bending specimens with the size of 3mm×3mm×30mm were ground using a #600 diamond wheel. Change of grinding flaws by oxidation at 1400°C for 100h was observed by an optical microscope. Change of bending strength with oxidation and polishing after oxidation was examined. Grinding flaws consisted of surface flaws with depth of 5μm and cracks with depth of more than 20μm following the flaws. The surface flaws changed to a smooth and dense oxide layer by oxidation. However, the cracks were supposed to remain with the original size even after oxidation, though they were filled with the oxide. The strength of sample after oxidation was about 1000MNm-2, that of sample after removing the oxide layer by polishing was about 1200MNm-2, and that of sample heat treated at 1200°C 2h in air after polishing was about 1400MNm-2, all increased comparing with as-ground sample. These increase of strength was supposed to be a result from the decrease of depth of the cracks as fracture origins. To evaluate essential strength of β-sialon, it is necessary to remove the cracks by polishing or milder machining at least more than 25μm.
Fibre reinforced polymer reinforcement for fabric formed concrete structures (2010)

Every year approximately 2.8Gt of cement is produced worldwide, resulting in a global concrete usage approaching 1.5m 3 per person per year (USGS, 2008).Whilst the components of concrete are easily found and extracted, our most widely used man made material has a moderately high embodied energy (Hammond, 2008) and cement manufacture alone is estimated to account for 3% of global CO 2 emissions (WRI, 2005).This suggests that concrete should be cast in optimised, variable section structures that minimise material use and capitalise on the fluidity of concrete.By following the compression and tension forces that arise from the loads applied to a structure, it is quite feasible to place material only where it is required.Such constructions not only minimise material use, but are also structurally efficient and aesthetically pleasing.The downside to such an approach comes during construction, where traditional formwork systems can be complex and uneconomical.
High-throughput flowing upstream sperm sorting in a retarding flow field for human semen analysis (2017)

In this paper, we propose a microfluidic device capable of generating a retarding flow field for the sorting and separation of human motile sperm in a high-throughput manner.
A New Endoluminal, Flow-Disrupting Device for Treatment of Saccular Aneurysms (2007)

The Pipeline NED is a trackable, bio- and hemocompatible device able to occlude saccular aneurysms with preservation of the parent artery and small, adjacent branch vessels.
Multi-processor architectural support for protecting virtual machine privacy in untrusted cloud environment (2013)

Virtualization is fundamental to cloud computing because it allows multiple operating systems to run simultaneously on a physical machine. However, it also brings a range of security/privacy problems. One particularly challenging and important problem is: how can we protect the Virtual Machines (VMs) from being attacked by Virtual Machine Monitors (VMMs) and/or by the cloud vendors when they are not trusted? In this paper, we propose an architectural solution to the above problem in multi-processor cloud environments. Our key idea is to exploit hardware mechanisms to enforce access control over the shared resources (e.g., memory spaces), while protecting VM memory integrity as well as inter-processor communications and data sharing. We evaluate the solution using full-system emulation and cycle-based architecture models. Experiments based on 20 benchmark applications show that the performance overhead is 1.5%--10% when access control is enforced, and 9%--19% when VM memory is encrypted.
A Prospective Analysis of Low‐Grade Gastric MALT Lymphoma after Helicobacter pylori Eradication (2006)

The status of H. pylori is the most important risk factor affecting recurrence. Therefore, adequate eradication regimen and accurate regular evaluation for H. pylori status are needed during follow up of primary gastric low-grade B-cell MALT lymphoma.
Treatment of intracellular Mycobacterium avium complex infection by free and liposome-encapsulated sparfloxacin (1996)

Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex (MAC) is the most frequent cause of opportunistic bacterial infection in patients with AIDS. Previous studies have indicated that liposome-encapsulated aminoglycosides are highly effective in treating MAC infections in mice. We investigated whether the fluoroquinolone sparfloxacin is effective in treating MAC infection in the murine macrophage-like cell line J774. Sparfloxacin was encapsulated in the membrane phase of multilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylglycerol-phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol (1:1:1 molar ratio). MAC-infected macrophages were treated for either 24 h or 4 days with free or liposome-encapsulated sparfloxacin. Treatment with free or liposome-encapsulated sparfloxacin (6 micrograms/ml) for 24 h resulted in the reduction of the growth index to 25 and 30% of that of untreated controls, respectively. When cultures were treated for 4 days, free sparfloxacin reduced the growth index to 6% of that of the untreated control, while liposome-encapsulated sparfloxacin reduced it to 8% of that of the control.
Mechanical stress in solar cells with multi busbar interconnection — Parameter study by FEM simulation (2016)

The interconnection of silicon solar cells is commonly realized by soldering copper ribbons or wires with a solder coating onto screen-printed silver contacts. Due to the difference of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of copper and silicon, thermomechanical stress is induced after the soldering process during cooling down to room temperature. In the first part of this work, a model is introduced based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) to determine the influence of crucial interconnector properties on the deformation of a section of a silicon solar cell with Multi Busbar (MBB) layout, connected on one side. The deformation is easy to measure and serves as a visible indicator for the mechanical stress in the solar cell. We determine the diameter of the wire to have the largest influence on the cell deformation. However, it has to be taken into account that, if the wire diameter is changed also the number of wires for the interconnection of an entire MBB solar cell has to be adapted. Moreover, the considerable influences of the Young's modulus and the yield strength of the copper wire on the cell bow are shown. Additionally, the results of a FEM model to determine the distribution of the thermomechanical stress in a MBB solar cell, connected on both sides, are shown. The stress distribution in the interconnecting wires reveals that they undergo plastic deformation during the cooling down to room temperature after the solder process. We determine maximum tensile stress values in the wires of about 162 MPa, located adjacent to the outermost pads of a pad row on the front side or a pad group on the back side of the MBB solar cell. In addition, we find areas with large tensile stresses within the silicon solar cell. Due to the stress level near the outermost pads on both sides of the MBB solar cell we expect these areas to be most sensitive to defects like cracks in the silicon or adhesive failures of the pad metallization.
Independent Generation and Reactivity of 2′-Deoxyguanosin-N1-yl Radical (2020)

2'-Deoxyguanosin-<i>N</i>1-yl radical (dG(<i>N</i><sub>1</sub>-H)<sup>•</sup>) is the thermodynamically favored one-electron oxidation product of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), the most readily oxidized native nucleoside. dG(<i>N</i><sub>1</sub>-H)<sup>•</sup> is produced by the formal dehydration of a hydroxyl radical adduct of dG as well as by deprotonation of the corresponding radical cation. dG(<i>N</i><sub>1</sub>-H)<sup>•</sup> were formed as a result of the indirect and direct effects of ionizing radiation, among other DNA damaging agents. dG(<i>N</i><sub>1</sub>-H)<sup>•</sup> was generated photochemically (λ<sub>max</sub> = 350 nm) from an <i>N</i>-aryloxy-naphthalimide precursor (<b>3</b>). The quantum yield for photochemical conversion of <b>3</b> is ∼0.03 and decreases significantly in the presence O<sub>2</sub>, suggesting that bond scission occurs from a triplet excited state. dG is formed quantitatively in the presence of excess β-mercaptoethanol. In the absence of a reducing agent, dG(<i>N</i><sub>1</sub>-H)<sup>•</sup> oxidizes <b>3</b>, decreasing the dG yield to ∼50%. Addition of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) as a sacrificial reductant results in a quantitative yield of dG and two-electron oxidation products of 8-oxodGuo. <i>N</i>-Aryloxy-naphthalimide <b>3</b> is an efficient and high-yielding photochemical precursor of dG(<i>N</i><sub>1</sub>-H)<sup>•</sup> that will facilitate mechanistic studies on the reactivity of this important reactive intermediate involved in DNA damage.
Assemblies of Metal Nanoparticles and Self‐Assembled Peptide Fibrils—Formation of Double Helical and Single‐Chain Arrays of Metal Nanoparticles (2003)

Double helical and single‐chain arrays of Au and Pd metal nanoclusters have been achieved by assembling the corresponding metal nanoparticles on peptide nanofibril templates at different pH values. The assembled metal nanoparticles are useful for studying the superstructures of the peptide nanofibrils. Pd nanowires of different shapes have also been prepared by varying the amount of metal deposition.
B-scan imaging and thermal lesion monitoring using miniaturized dual-functionality ultrasound arrays (2005)

A key potential advantage for ultrasound therapy is the ability to treat and image tissue using the same device. The recent development of miniaturized dual-functionality (image and treatment) probes, capable of both high power and broad bandwidth, has allowed real-time imaging and monitoring of thermal lesioning with complete coregistration of image and treatment regions of interest. High-quality B-scan images and useful monitoring information can be obtained during therapy planning and treatment. B-scan image quality is quantitatively comparable to that of current transabdominal ultrasound arrays. Challenges associated with limited probe dimensions and channel count are met using interpolation, filtering, and reverberation reduction methods that improve image definition and contrast. Tissue boundaries and critical structures are clearly delineated in phantoms and in vivo. In addition to real-time B-scan visualization, techniques employed include quantification of tissue backscatter and attenuation changes, and analysis of echo waveform changes to detect boiling and tissue modification. Gas activity, associated with gross B-scan changes as well as large waveform and attenuation changes, consistently implies tissue ablation for the exposure conditions studied. However, preliminary experience suggests that absence of large echo changes does not consistently predict absence of ablation, and that the magnitude of echo changes shows limited correlation with the severity of ablation.
Thermal Desorption of Explosives Vapour from Organic Fluorescent Sensors (2021)

Organic semiconductors can be used as highly sensitive fluorescent sensors for the detection of trace-level vapours of nitroaromatic explosives. This involves fluorescence quenching of the sensors and indicates the presence of explosives in the surrounding environment. However, for many organic fluorescent sensors, the quenching of fluorescence is irreversible and imposes a limitation in terms of the reusability of the sensors. Here, we present a study of thermal desorption of 2,4-DNT from thin-film explosives sensors made from the commercial fluorescent polymers Super Yellow and poly(9-vinyl carbazole). Thermal cycling of the sensor results in recovery of fluorescence, thereby making them reusable.
Schnelle Shortsea-Verkehre als Alternative zur Strasse (2000)

Der Seetransport von Guetern ist offensichtlich nach wie vor wenig attraktiv. Ein Grund ist sicherlich seine gegenueber dem Lkw, selbst wenn dieser immer oefter im Stau steht, viel laengere Transportdauer und die Beschraenkung auf eine oft sehr geringe Abfahrtsfrequenz der Schiffe. Die Idee, mit schnellen Schiffen das natuerliche Manko des Seeverkehrs auszugleichen, ist nicht neu. Mittlerweile kann man fast von einem Boom der sogenannten Speed sprechen. Gleitende Einruempfer und Katamarane sind die bekanntesten Vertreter dieser Gattung. Dieser Schiffstyp ist jedoch gewichtskritisch und damit zum Ladungstransport ungeeignet. Mit dem patentierten Monohull-Konzept hat Blohm + Voss eine technische Loesung unter anderem fuer schnelle Faehren oder reine Roll-on/Roll-off-Schiffe entwickelt. Mit dem Konzept koennen bei moderaten Antriebsleistungen Geschwindigkeiten von mehr als 30 Knoten erzielt werden. Im Beitrag wird das Konzept vorgestellt und auf die spezifischen Vorteile dieses Schiffstyps verwiesen. Die Betriebskosten sind mit denen konventioneller Konzepte vergleichbar. Die Ueberlegenheit des Fast Monohull-Konzepts fuer den schnellen Seetransport von schweren Fahrzeugen im Vergleich zu den High Speed Craft wurde kuerzlich durch eine Studie bestaetigt, die im Auftrag der EU durchgefuehrt wurde.
In Vivo Human Apolipoprotein E Isoform Fractional Turnover Rates in the CNS (2012)

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and has been implicated in the risk for other neurological disorders. The three common ApoE isoforms (ApoE2, E3, and E4) each differ by a single amino acid, with ApoE4 increasing and ApoE2 decreasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both the isoform and amount of ApoE in the brain modulate AD pathology by altering the extent of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide deposition. Therefore, quantifying ApoE isoform production and clearance rates may advance our understanding of the role of ApoE in health and disease. To measure the kinetics of ApoE in the central nervous system (CNS), we applied in vivo stable isotope labeling to quantify the fractional turnover rates of ApoE isoforms in 18 cognitively-normal adults and in ApoE3 and ApoE4 targeted-replacement mice. No isoform-specific differences in CNS ApoE3 and ApoE4 turnover rates were observed when measured in human CSF or mouse brain. However, CNS and peripheral ApoE isoform turnover rates differed substantially, which is consistent with previous reports and suggests that the pathways responsible for ApoE metabolism are different in the CNS and the periphery. We also demonstrate a slower turnover rate for CSF ApoE than that for amyloid beta, another molecule critically important in AD pathogenesis.
Linking experimental results, biological networks and sequence analysis methods using Ontologies and Generalised Data Structures. (2005)

The structure of a closely integrated data warehouse is described that is designed to link different types and varying numbers of biological networks, sequence analysis methods and experimental results such as those coming from microarrays. The data schema is inspired by a combination of graph based methods and generalised data structures and makes use of ontologies and meta-data. The core idea is to consider and store biological networks as graphs, and to use generalised data structures (GDS) for the storage of further relevant information. This is possible because many biological networks can be stored as graphs: protein interactions, signal transduction networks, metabolic pathways, gene regulatory networks etc. Nodes in biological graphs represent entities such as promoters, proteins, genes and transcripts whereas the edges of such graphs specify how the nodes are related. The semantics of the nodes and edges are defined using ontologies of node and relation types. Besides generic attributes that most biological entities possess (name, attribute description), further information is stored using generalised data structures. By directly linking to underlying sequences (exons, introns, promoters, amino acid sequences) in a systematic way, close interoperability to sequence analysis methods can be achieved. This approach allows us to store, query and update a wide variety of biological information in a way that is semantically compact without requiring changes at the database schema level when new kinds of biological information is added. We describe how this datawarehouse is being implemented by extending the text-mining framework ONDEX to link, support and complement different bioinformatics applications and research activities such as microarray analysis, sequence analysis and modelling/simulation of biological systems. The system is developed under the GPL license and can be downloaded from http://sourceforge.net/projects/ondex/
Effect of Substrate Imperfections on GaAs Injection Lasers Prepared by Liquid-Phase Epitaxy (1969)

A study was made of the correlation between substrate flaws and the performance of GaAs injection lasers fabricated by liquid-phase epitaxy. These devices are p+/n structures where the p+ region is deposited epitaxially, followed by heat treatment to displace the p-n junction about 1–2 μ into the n-type substrate. The melt-grown substrates were studied with the aid of transmission electron microscopy, infrared transmission, x-ray topography, etching studies, and photoluminescence. It is concluded that the dislocation density of the substrate is not the controlling factor in laser performance unless it exceeds 105 cm−2. A dislocation density of 103–104 cm−2 is not excessive. Precipitates and impurity striations in the substrate are probably the most damaging imperfections. In Te-doped GaAs the presence of Ga2Te3 precipitates is to be avoided. In the case of Si-doped materials, the precipitation problem appears to be less severe. Nevertheless, small clusters have been detected by electron transmission microscopy in the back portion of some melt-grown ingots (furthest from the seed end). Their nature is unknown but they severely degrade laser performance. We show that a good correlation exists between the relative photoluminescence efficiency and laser performance. Thus, photoluminescence measurements are useful in the selection of Si-doped substrates.
Specific Inhibition of Human Lymphocyte Responses by Primed Autologous Lymphocytes (1979)

Abstract Human lymphocytes from person A, primed for 10 to 14 days in MLC against lymphocytes from person B, inhibit specifically the proliferative response to B by fresh (i.e., unprimed) lymphocytes of A. Gamma-irradiated (2000 R) primed lymphocytes likewise inhibit specifically, although less strongly. Cells of A, primed with cells of B and then irradiated, usually can inhibit the response of A to cells of any individual sharing HLA-D antigens with B, and the effect tends to be independent of the number of stimulating cells. We also often see inhibition of responses to cells sharing HLA-A and -B antigens with person B, but this effect tends to be lost when the number of stimulating cells is increased. Similarly, at low doses, cells primed for HLA-D antigen a appear not to inhibit the response to an irrelevant HLA-D antigen b on the same stimulating cell. At higher doses of primed cells, even the response to the irrelevant antigen is inhibited. These data suggest to us that at least two mechanisms may be involved: one directed at the stimulating cell (most likely cell-mediated cytolysis), and predominant at high ratios of primed cells to stimulating cells; the other directed at specific clones of responding cells, and predominant at low ratios.
Chronic (60-Week) Toxicity Study of DUROS Leuprolide Implants in Dogs (2001)

The toxicity and pharmacodynamics of leuprolide acetate delivered from subcutaneously implanted DUROS leuprolide implants were examined in sexually mature male beagle dogs. The DUROS leuprolide implant is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, nonerodible, single-use, implantable, osmotically driven, drug delivery system for the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer. It contains 65 mg of leuprolide and is designed to deliver leuprolide continuously at a nominal rate of 120 microg per day for at least 12 months. Serum drug and testosterone concentrations were compared to values from dogs receiving monthly intramuscular injections of Lupron Depot 3.75 mg or no treatment (sham-operated). The local tissue response induced by subcutaneously implanted DUROS leuprolide implants was also evaluated. Beagles were implanted with a DUROS leuprolide implant for 52 weeks followed by removal and implantation of a new DUROS leuprolide implant for an additional 8 weeks. No mortality or morbidity occurred in this study. No treatment-related changes occurred in mean body weights, blood chemistry, or hematology during the study. Treatment-related atrophy of the testes, epididymides, and prostate gland, consistent with the known pharmacological effects of the drug, was observed in all dogs receiving the DUROS leuprolide implant or the Lupron Depot. Histological examination of these organs showed no distinguishable difference between dogs treated with the DUROS leuprolide implant or Lupron Depot. Weekly serum samples from dogs with DUROS leuprolide implants indicated continuous leuprolide delivery over 60 weeks, while some samples from the Lupron Depot group fell below measurable concentrations. Analysis of serum samples collected every 28 days just before Lupron Depot injection showed that 80% of these samples had leuprolide concentrations below the limit of quantitation (0.1 ng/ml). Serum testosterone concentrations were below castrate levels (<50 ng/dl) by 4 weeks after implantation of DUROS leuprolide implant and remained so for the duration of the study. Lupron Depot 3.75 mg also effectively lowered serum testosterone concentrations, but required reinjection every 28 days. All local tissue reactions to the DUROS leuprolide implant at implant sites were classified as mild following macroscopic examination. Microscopic site scores were mild to moderate. The DUROS leuprolide implant was shown to be safe, to provide continuous leuprolide delivery, and to effectively lower serum testosterone concentrations below castrate levels.