gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surgical instrumentation: the true cost of instrument trays and a potential strategy for optimization (2015)

Objective: Operating rooms (OR) generate a large portion of hospital revenue and waste. Consequently, improving efficiency and reducing waste is a high priority. Our objective was to quantify waste associated with opened but unused instruments from trays and to compare this with the cost of individually wrapping instruments.Methods: Data was collected from June to November of 2013 in a 550-bed hospital in the United States. We recorded the instrument usage of two commonly-used trays for ten cases each. The time to decontaminate and reassemble instrument trays and peel packs was measured, and the cost to reprocess one instrument was calculated.Results: Average utilization was 14% for the Plastic Soft Tissue Tray and 29% for the Major Laparotomy Tray. Of 98 instruments in the Plastics tray (n = 10), 0% was used in all cases observed and 59% were used in no observed cases. Of 110 instruments in the Major Tray (n = 10), 0% was used in all cases observed and 25% were used in no observed cases. Average cost to reprocess one instrument was $0.34-$0.47 in a tray and $0.81-$0.84 in a peel pack, or individually-wrapped instrument.Conclusions: We estimate that the cost of peel packing an instrument is roughly two times the cost of tray packing. Therefore, it becomes more cost effective from a processing standpoint to package an instrument in a peel pack when there is less than a 42%-56% probability of use depending on instrument type. This study demonstrates an opportunity for reorganization of instrument delivery that could result in a significant cost-savings and waste reduction.
On the Practical Use and Experimentation of LTE Signals for Radar-Communications (2022)

This paper examines practical implications of using traditional 4G long term evolution (4G LTE) downlink communications for monostatic radar purposes. A fast algorithm from the literature is examined and shown to suffer performance penalties due to deviations of the 4G signal from the ideal textbook orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) formulation. In particular, an integrated range sidelobe penalty is noted due to the nulling of the center subcarrier and spurious Doppler responses are shown due to the non-uniform cyclic prefix (CP). Finally, experimental results are shown which indicate an increased noise floor due to degraded cancellation of higher-order modulated data symbols.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of phosphoglucose isomerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeonPyrococcus furiosus (2003)

The glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase catalyses the reversible isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate. The phosphoglucose isomerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, which shows no sequence similarity to any known bacterial or eukaryotic phosphoglucose isomerase, has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and subsequently crystallized by the hanging-drop method of vapour diffusion using 1.6 M sodium citrate as the precipitant at pH 6.5. Multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersive X-ray data have been collected to a maximum resolution of 1.92 A on a single selenomethionine-incorporated crystal. This crystal belongs to space group C2, with approximate unit-cell parameters a = 84.7, b = 42.4, c = 57.3 A, beta = 120.6 degrees and a monomer in the asymmetric unit.
Thin Films of Cobalt Oxide Deposited on High Aspect Ratio Supports by Atomic Layer Deposition (2011)

Abstract Thin films of cobalt oxide are obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using cobaltocene (CoCp 2 ) and ozone as precursors. A window for ALD growth exists in the temperature range 137 to 331 °C. Self‐limiting growth is verified at a deposition temperature of 167 °C. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the films consist of polycrystalline Co 3 O 4 up to a deposition temperature of some 285 °C with CoO being identified as a secondary phase at 331 °C. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) proves increased roughness and grain size with increasing deposition temperature, apart from films deposited at 235 °C where the roughness is very low due to a change in preferred orientation of the growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) mapping measurements on coated anodiscs show a homogeneous deposition of cobalt oxide on the 5 µm upper part of the pores structure. The content of cobalt decreases inside the pores, however, still proving the existence of cobalt inside all pores.
Mechanism of somatic hypermutation at the WA motif by human DNA polymerase η (2013)

Somatic hypermutation is programmed base substitutions in the variable regions of Ig genes for high-affinity antibody generation. Two motifs, RGYW and WA (R, purine; Y, pyrimidine; W, A or T), have been found to be somatic hypermutation hotspots. Overwhelming evidence suggests that DNA polymerase η (Pol η) is responsible for converting the WA motif to WG by misincorporating dGTP opposite the templating T. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, crystal structures and kinetics of human Pol η substituting dGTP for dATP in four sequence contexts, TA, AA, GA, and CA, have been determined and compared. The T:dGTP wobble base pair is stabilized by Gln-38 and Arg-61, two uniquely conserved residues among Pol η. Weak base paring of the W (T:A or A:T) at the primer end and their distinct interactions with Pol η lead to misincorporation of G in the WA motif. Between two WA motifs, our kinetic and structural data indicate that A-to-G mutation occurs more readily in the TA context than AA. Finally, Pol η can extend the T:G mispair efficiently to complete the mutagenesis.
Stateful Three-Input Logic with Memristive Switches (2019)

Memristive switches are able to act as both storage and computing elements, which make them an excellent candidate for beyond-CMOS computing. In this paper, multi-input memristive switch logic is proposed, which enables the function X OR (Y NOR Z) to be performed in a single-step with three memristive switches. This ORNOR logic gate increases the capabilities of memristive switches, improving the overall system efficiency of a memristive switch-based computing architecture. Additionally, a computing system architecture and clocking scheme are proposed to further utilize memristive switching for computation. The system architecture is based on a design where multiple computational function blocks are interconnected and controlled by a master clock that synchronizes system data processing and transfer. The clocking steps to perform a full adder with the ORNOR gate are presented along with simulation results using a physics-based model. The full adder function block is integrated into the system architecture to realize a 64-bit full adder, which is also demonstrated through simulation.
Evolution of HIV drug Resistance in Zidovudine/Zalcitabine- and Zidovudine/ Didanosine-Experienced Patients Receiving Lamivudine-Containing Combination Therapy (1998)

Drug resistance patterns and their correlation to treatment response 24 weeks after addition of lamivudine to a previous zidovudine/zalcitabine or zidovudine/ didanosine combination treatment, or after substitution of lamivudine for the zalcitabine or didanosine in these combinations, were evaluated in 21 patients with CD4 counts between 50 and 300 cells/mm 3 . Clinical, immunological and virological outcomes were measured at baseline and at weeks 4, 12 and 24. Drug resistance was assessed using the recombinant virus assay and direct solid-phase sequencing of the reverse transcriptase gene. Viral load decreased by an average of 0.78 log RNA copies/ml at week 4, but returned to baseline at week 24 for most patients. CD4 cell counts increased in all treatment groups without reaching statistical significance. Resistance to lamivudine was readily acquired in all four treatment groups and was often associated with a partial reversal of phenotypic zidovudine resistance and a moderate increase in the 50% inhibitory concentrations for didanosine and zalcitabine. One patient receiving the zidovudine/didanosine combination treatment harboured multi-nucleoside analogue-resistant virus. A poor response to lamivudine tended to be related to the extent of pre-existing zidovudine resistance.
Self-Assembled Porphyrin Polymers (2000)

Control over self-assembling polymers is characterized by size-exclusion chromatography: The polymer, formed from cobalt porphyrins functionalized with two pyridine ligands, organizes to a high molecular mass (>100 kDa) in solution (see scheme). The mean molecular mass can be precisely controlled by adding monofunctional chain stoppers and by changing the concentration.
Statistical Considerations for Analysis of Microarray Experiments (2011)

Microarray technologies enable the simultaneous interrogation of expressions from thousands of genes from a biospecimen sample taken from a patient. This large set of expressions generates a genetic profile of the patient that may be used to identify potential prognostic or predictive genes or genetic models for clinical outcomes. The aim of this article is to provide a broad overview of some of the major statistical considerations for the design and analysis of microarrays experiments conducted as correlative science studies to clinical trials. An emphasis will be placed on how the lack of understanding and improper use of statistical concepts and methods will lead to noise discovery and misinterpretation of experimental results.
Improving Vehicle Fleet, Activity, and Emissions Data for On-Road Mobile Sources Emissions Inventories (2011)

The goal of this research is to improve the estimation or measurement of the three data types necessary for on-road emission modeling, namely vehicle fleet data, vehicle activity data, and vehicle emission data. For each of these data types, this research targets specific areas or data elements that are considered gaps in the current state of the knowledge and practices by evaluating alternative data sources as well as developing new tools and methods for filling such gaps. Specifically, the objectives of this research are to: (1) Review the current state of the practice in estimating vehicle class and age distributions, vehicle miles traveled of heavy-duty trucks, and idling hours of heavy-duty trucks; (2) Evaluate the use of license plate survey in conjunction with vehicle registration database and vehicle identification number (VIN) decoder to estimate local vehicle fleet data; (3) Evaluate the use of alternative sources of heavy-duty truck (HDT) activity data including truck’s electronic control unit (ECU) and telematics-based vehicle tracking and monitoring system to generate HDT activity data inputs for the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES); (4) Develop methods for fusing HDT activity datasets from multiple sources to result in more refined and accurate HDT activity data; and (5) Measure emissions from recent model year HDTs at different loaded vehicle weight.
Cycling with an amputation (2015)

This review study established the historical strategy and content of cycling with an amputation and identified the existing research themes. This will assist in summarising the current level of knowledge and help signpost such work in the future.
A reusable, self-adhesive electrode for intraoperative stimulation in the lower limbs. (2002)

A suction-based stimulating electrode was designed and fabricated to allow intraoperative testing of lower-limb muscles during routinely scheduled surgical procedures. The suction device can adhere to a small exposure of muscle surface with reproducible contact forces and can maintain its geometric relationship to the underlying tissue for sufficient time to grade the resulting muscle contraction before removal and repositioning. When operated with a 10-cc syringe, the device can generate between 0 and 23 N of contact force; correlation between measured contact forces and those analytically predicted was 0.989. Preliminary animal testing indicates that the reusable device maintains its position over the nerve entry point even during vigorous active contractions of the stimulated muscle. Thus, it may be a valuable useful tool for locating the optimal site for a permanent electrode for functional electrical stimulation (FES) applications, as well as an ideal means of providing accurate and repeatable stimulation in various locations.
Multiple-site ligand binding to flexible macromolecules: Separation of global and local conformational change and an iterative mobile clustering approach (1999)

This article concerns the calculation of equilibria of ligand binding to multiple sites in macromolecules in the presence of conformational flexibility and conformation-dependent interaction among the sites. A formulation of this problem is presented in which global conformational changes are distinguished from conformational changes that are confined to “locally flexible regions.” The formalism is quite general in that ligands of different types, multivalent binding sites, tautomeric binding sites, and sites that bind more than one type of ligand can be accommodated. Strictly speaking, the separation of the conformational problem into global and local parts does not impose any loss of generality, although in practice it is necessary to restrict the number of global and local conformers. Because of the combinatorics of binding and conformational states, the computational complexity of a problem having only local conformational flexibility grows exponentially with the number of sites and the number of locally flexible regions. An iterative mobile clustering method for cutting off this exponential growth and obtaining approximate solutions with low computational cost is presented and tested. In this method, a binding site is selected, and a “cluster” of strongly interacting sites is set up around it; within the cluster, the binding and conformational states are fully enumerated, whereas the influences of sites outside the cluster on the sites inside are treated by a mean field approximation. The procedure then moves to the next site around which another (possibly overlapping) cluster is formed and the calculation is repeated. The procedure iterates through the list of sites in this way, using the results of previous iterations for the mean-field terms of current iterations until a convergence criterion is met. The method is tested on a large set of randomly generated problems of varying size, whose geometries are chosen to have protein-like statistical properties. It is found that the method is accurate and rapid with the computational cost scaling linearly to quadratically with the number of sites, except for a minority of cases in which large clusters occur by chance. The new method is more accurate than a Monte Carlo method, and may be faster or slower depending on the clustering criteria and details of the macromolecule. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 1091–1111, 1999
Optical generation of picosecond electrical pulses in asymmetric quantum well structures placed in transverse magnetic field (1989)

It has been shown 1 that when a magnetic field is applied to the asymmetric quantum well (QW) structure in a direction perpendicular to the direction of growth, the transverse dispersion curves of the energy subbands in the conduction and valence bands shift by an amount proportional to the field strength and to the displacement of the center of gravity of the subband envelope function. It is shown in this work that optically excited carriers have asymmetrical distribution in k vector space and therefore they have finite drift velocity in the direction perpendicular to both growth direction and field direction. Depending on whether the external circuit is open or closed, that results in either voltage along the QW plane or the current in that direction. When the optical pulse is off, the voltage (current) decays with the time constant equal to that of intraband relaxation time, i.e., of the order of 1 ps or less depending on temperature. This may serve as a basis for future ultrafast detectors or as a tool for generation and study of hot carriers. Current sensitivity of the proposed device has been evaluated as a function of material, geometry, field, and other factors and found to be of the order of a few μ A/W at 10-T magnetic fields.
Track continuous monitoring using vehicle dynamic measurements from the commercial fleet (2023)

In this paper, a methodology for continuous monitoring of railway track geometry based on acceleration measurements from commercial trains is presented.A strict correlation between track longitudinal level and bogie vertical acceleration was identified making use of synthetic indicators.A linear regression model relating the standard deviation of the track geometry to the RMS of the bogie vertical acceleration was realized.The combined use of vehicle dynamic data and the proposed linear model allowed to accurately estimate the longitudinal level in a specific section of the rail line.The described results represent a first step towards the development of methodologies for track condition-based maintenance relying on measurements coming from the commercial fleet.
Multi-phase powder patterns in characterization of new solid-state materials (2017)

Structural characterization of any new material is an important step in understanding of its properties and their controllable tuning during the production on industrial scale.Unfortunately, quite often the early exploratory stages of the synthesis of new solid-state materials results in powder samples, which produce multi-phase X-ray patterns.What is the multi-phase powder pattern for us -temporary inconvenience or a path to new crystalline forms?Those who hold the first view (temporary inconvenience), trying to get a pure substance, improving the synthesis.Undoubtedly, this is the best way to structural characterization of the new crystalline form, although it may require a huge time costs.We adhere to the second point of view and use each multi-phase powder diffraction pattern for the search and selection of the peaks inherent to the new crystalline phase(s).Having a set of three or more multi-phase patterns, each of which contains diffraction peaks from the new crystalline phase, we are trying to establish its crystal structure.This approach has helped us in our work with Zn(II)-based MOFs with pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate linkers, when the crystal structure and composition of the novel phases were established from the multi-phase synchrotron powder diffraction patterns [1].Also, dealing with the cryomodified powder samples of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), we were able to establish new crystal structures of anhydrous DHEA forms III and VII from multi-phase patterns measured on the laboratory powder diffractometer [2].Recently, we have succeeded in the synthesis of single-phase sample of DHEA form III, and its powder pattern confirmed the correctness of the previously determined structure.Currently we are working with various samples of MOFs, processing their multi-phase powder patterns measured before and after their use in the catalysis.The obtained results will be presented and discussed.
Chiral oxime ethers: applications in synthesis (1996)

A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy at Loughborough University.
Building a Java virtual machine for server applications: The Jvm on OS/390 (2000)

As the use of the Java™ language and virtual machines proliferates beyond the sphere of applets into the space of server programs, developers are requiring better performance, availability, and transactional and scalability features. This paper describes the work done for the Operating System/390 (OS/390®) Java virtual machine to improve performance and serviceability, to introduce security and performance enhancements, and to redesign parts of the virtual machine to enable it to run server programs efficiently and safely. Although OS/390 was the motivating platform for these changes, Java server programs on any platform can benefit from these features.
Method to improve the linearity of the silicon Mach-Zehnder optical modulator by doping control (2016)

We optimize the linearity performance of silicon carrier-depletion Mach-Zehnder optical modulator through controlling the doping concentration. The optical field distribution in the waveguide is a Gaussian-like distribution. As the doping concentration increases, the dynamic depletion width of the PN junction under the same modulation signal will decrease, and the integration width of the overlap between the Gaussian-like optical field distribution and the depletion region will become smaller. Therefore the modulated signal has less nonlinear components. Our simulation results proved this analysis. We also fabricated different devices with different doping concentrations. By adopting a ten times doping concentration, the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) for third-order intermodulation distortion (TID) increases from 109.2 dB.Hz<sup>2/3</sup> to 113.7 dB.Hz<sup>2/3</sup> and the SFDR for second harmonic distortion (SHD) increases from 87.6 dB.Hz<sup>1/2</sup> to 97.5 dB.Hz<sup>1/2</sup> at a driving frequency of 2 GHz. When the driving frequency is 20 GHz, the SFDRs for TID and SHD distortions are 110.3 dB.Hz<sup>2/3</sup> and 96 dB.Hz<sup>1/2</sup>, respectively.
Robot Manipulator Control (2003)

Robot Manipulator Control offers a complete survey of control systems for serial-link robot arms and acknowledges how robotic device performance hinges upon a well-developed control system. Containing over 750 essential equations, this thoroughly up-to-date Second Edition, the book explicates theoretical and mathematical requisites for controls design and summarizes current techniques in computer simulation and implementation of controllers. It also addresses procedures and issues in computed-torque, robust, adaptive, neural network, and force control. New chapters relay practical information on commercial robot manipulators and devices and cutting-edge methods in neural network control.
Delivery of VEGF using collagen‐coated polycaprolactone scaffolds stimulates angiogenesis (2011)

Establishing sufficient vascularization in scaffold remains a challenge for tissue-engineering. To improve angiogenesis, we incorporated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in collagen-coating over the porous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. The release kinetics of loaded VEGF from collagen-coated PCL (col-PCL) scaffolds was same as from scaffolds without the collagen. The bioactivity of VEGF delivered by the col-PCL scaffolds was confirmed by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The col-PCL scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in mice for 7 and 14 days. At day 7, vascularization within scaffolds loaded with VEGF was superior to that in the scaffolds without VEGF. However, the vessel connectivity to host circulatory system was incomplete and restricted to the scaffold edges. At day 14, blood vessels in scaffolds reached density similar to the subcutaneous tissue and were perfusable throughout the implant thickness. Prewashing the scaffolds with saline to remove the unbound growth factor decreased the initial burst release and sustained the VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that physically adsorbed VEGF stimulated angiogenesis in collagen-coated PCL scaffolds.