gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ipilimumab Increases Activated T Cells and Enhances Humoral Immunity in Patients With Advanced Melanoma (2011)

Ipilimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, which blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, has demonstrated an improvement in overall survival in 2 phase III trials of patients with advanced melanoma. To gain an understanding of its mechanism of action, the effects of ipilimumab on T-cell populations and on humoral immune responses were studied in patients with advanced melanoma from 2 phase II trials. Antibody levels against 5 tumor antigens were assessed at baseline and up to 12 weeks after ipilimumab treatment. Serologic reactivity to the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 increased by at least 5-fold at week 12 of treatment in 10% to 13% of patients. Increased antibody levels were also observed to the tumor antigens Melan-A, MAGE-A4, SSX2, and p53. Immunocompetence was evaluated with tetanus boosters administered before ipilimumab and pneumococcal and influenza vaccines given 5 days after ipilimumab treatment. At week 7, most patients who received ipilimumab and vaccine showed greater humoral responses relative to baseline titers. For peripheral T-cell populations, statistically significant increases in the percent of activated (HLA-DR) CD4 and CD8 T cells with concomitant decreases in naive CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed after ipilimumab treatment. These changes were evident by week 4 of treatment. Increases were also observed in central memory, effector memory, and activated ICOS CD4 T cells, but not in ICOS CD8 T cells or in FoxP3 CD4 regulatory T cells. These results suggest that ipilimumab can enhance immune responses mediated by different T-cell populations, and humoral immunity, in melanoma patients.
A Whirlwind Tour of Current Mitsunobu Chemistry (1999)

This review summarizes the recent developments in chemistry derived from the Mitsunobu Reaction over the last decade. Furthermore, some of the newest innovations based on premise of this reaction mechanism are presented along with some current examples of its use toward natural product and analog syntheses.
Metformin is a potent inhibitor of endometrial cancer cell proliferation—implications for a novel treatment strategy (2020)

Obesity and diabetes are strong risk factors that drive the development of type I endometrial cancers. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that metformin may lower cancer risk and reduce rates of cancer deaths among diabetic patients. In order to better understand metformin's anti-tumorigenic potential, our goal was to assess the effect of metformin on proliferation and expression of key targets of metformin cell signaling in endometrial cancer cell lines.
Simultaneous determination of 13 carbohydrates using high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and mass spectrometry (2017)

A simple, accurate, and highly sensitive method was developed for the determination of 13 carbohydrates in polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis based on high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with deionized water using ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken design. Then the extracted polysaccharide was hydrolyzed by adding 1 mol/L trifluoroacetic acid before determination by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and confirmed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection method was performed on a CarboPac PA20 column by gradient elution using deionized water, 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, and 0.4 mol/L sodium acetate solution. Excellent linearity was observed in the range of 0.05-10 mg/L. The average recoveries ranged from 80.7 to 121.7%. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for 13 carbohydrates were 0.02-0.10 and 0.2-1.2 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method has been successfully applied to ambient samples, and the results indicated that high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and mass spectrometry could provide a rapid and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of carbohydrates.
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibition Does Not Favorably Modify the Physiological Responses to Dietary Counselling in Diabetes-Free, Sedentary Overweight and Obese Adult Humans (2020)

Sedentary obesity is associated with increased risk of many cardio-metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Weight loss is therefore a desirable goal for sedentary adults with obesity. Weight loss is also a well-documented side effect of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition, a pharmaceutical strategy for diabetes treatment. We hypothesized that, compared with placebo, SGLT2 inhibition as an adjunct to out-patient dietary counselling for weight loss would lead to more favorable modification of body mass and composition, and greater improvement in glucose regulation and lipid profile. Using a randomized, double-blind, repeated measures parallel design, 50 sedentary men and women (body mass index: 33.4 ± 4.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; mean ± SD) were assigned to 12 weeks of dietary counselling, supplemented with daily ingestion of either a placebo or SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin: up to 10 mg/day). Dietary counselling favorably modified body mass, body fat, glucose regulation, and fasting concentrations of triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (main effects of counselling: <i>p</i> < 0.05); SGLT2 inhibition did not influence any of these adaptations (counselling × medication interactions: <i>p</i> > 0.05). However, SGLT2 inhibition when combined with dietary counselling led to greater loss of fat-free mass (counselling × medication interaction: <i>p</i> = 0.047) and attenuated the rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (counselling × medication interaction: <i>p</i> = 0.028). In light of these data and the health implications of decreased fat-free mass, we recommend careful consideration before implementing SGLT2 inhibition as an adjunct to dietary counselling for weight loss in sedentary adults with obesity.
Glucose control and cardiovascular outcomes: reorienting approach (2012)

Cardiovascular disease accounts for nearly 70% of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Strides made in diabetes care have indeed helped prevent or reduce the burden of microvascular complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the same cannot be said about macrovascular disease in diabetes. Several prospective trials so far have failed to provide conclusive evidence of the superiority of glycemic control in reducing macrovascular complications or death rates in people with advanced disease or those with long duration of diabetes. There are trends that suggest that benefits are restricted to those with lesser burden and shorter duration of disease. Furthermore, it is also suggested that benefits might accrue but it would take a longer time to manifest. Clinicians are faced with the challenge to decide how to triage patients for intensified care vs less intense care. This review focuses on evidence and attempts to provide a balanced view of the literature that has radically affected how physicians treat patients with macrovascular disease. It also takes cognizance of the fact that the natural course of the disease may be changing as well, possibly related to better overall awareness and possibly improved access to information about better individual healthcare. The review further takes note of some hard held notions about the pathobiology of the disease that must be interpreted with caution in light of new and emerging data. In light of recent developments ADA and EASD have taken step to provide some guidance to clinicians through a joint position statement. A lot more research would be required to figure out how best to manage macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Glucocentric stance would need to be reconsidered, and attention paid to concurrent multifactorial interventions that seem to be effective in reducing vascular outcomes.
Asymmetric darzens condensation of ketones with α-chloroacetates by means of (–)-8-phenylmenthyl auxiliary (1996)

The Darzens condensation of symmetric and unsymmetric ketones with (–)-8-phenylmenthyl α-chloroacetate diastereoselectively affords glycidic esters in 77–94% de; the stereochemistry [(2R,3R) configuration] of the product is understandable in terms of π–π interaction in the open transition state model.
Temperature-Dependent Drain Current Characteristics and Low Frequency Noises in Indium Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors (2015)

The I–V characteristics and low frequency noises for indium zinc oxide thin film transistor are measured between 250 K and 430 K. The experimental results show that drain currents are thermally activated following the Meyer–Neldel rule, which can be explained by the multiple-trapping process. Moreover, the field effect electron mobility firstly increases, and then decreases with the increase of temperature, while the threshold voltage decreases with increasing the temperature. The activation energy and the density of localized gap states are extracted. A noticeable increase in the density of localized states is observed at the higher temperatures.
Self-sensing electrostatic drive in a MEMS nanopositioner for the application of vibration control (2014)

Nanopositioning is a core field of nanotechnology. Recent nanopositioner designs have been fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology due to the benefits associated with microfabrication. The electrostatic drive is a MEMS transducer commonly used to actuate these systems. This paper presents an implementation of a self-sensing electrostatic drive. The self-sensing drive operates by controlling the voltage across the terminals to actuate the system, and measuring the current through it for sensing. The response of the system is experimentally verified. Simulations are then used to demonstrate the drive's suitability to control the resonant motion of a MEMS nanopositioner. Damping can be achieved by feeding back the current measurement. However, the capacitive nature of the electrostatic drive amplifies high frequency input signals. An integrator is used to filter these high frequency signals and a resonant controller is then used to control vibrations. With the resonant controller, the quality factor can be reduced from 144 to 7.32.
New Approaches for ab initio Calculations of Molecules with Strong Electron Correlation (2016)

Reliable quantum chemical methods for the description of molecules with dense-lying frontier orbitals are needed in the context of many chemical compounds and reactions. Here, we review developments that led to our new computational toolbox which implements the quantum chemical density matrix renormalization group in a second-generation algorithm. We present an overview of the different components of this toolbox.
The Tumor Suppressor Gene Retinoblastoma-1 Is Required for Retinotectal Development and Visual Function in Zebrafish (2012)

Mutations in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (rb1) cause both sporadic and familial forms of childhood retinoblastoma. Despite its clinical relevance, the roles of rb1 during normal retinotectal development and function are not well understood. We have identified mutations in the zebrafish space cadet locus that lead to a premature truncation of the rb1 gene, identical to known mutations in sporadic and familial forms of retinoblastoma. In wild-type embryos, axons of early born retinal ganglion cells (RGC) pioneer the retinotectal tract to guide later born RGC axons. In rb1 deficient embryos, these early born RGCs show a delay in cell cycle exit, causing a transient deficit of differentiated RGCs. As a result, later born mutant RGC axons initially fail to exit the retina, resulting in optic nerve hypoplasia. A significant fraction of mutant RGC axons eventually exit the retina, but then frequently project to the incorrect optic tectum. Although rb1 mutants eventually establish basic retinotectal connectivity, behavioral analysis reveals that mutants exhibit deficits in distinct, visually guided behaviors. Thus, our analysis of zebrafish rb1 mutants reveals a previously unknown yet critical role for rb1 during retinotectal tract development and visual function.
Unusual Friedel–Crafts reactions. Part 7. Synthesis of α-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl lactates and their reductive cyclization to 3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-ols (1983)

A mild procedure has been developed where α-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl lactates (3), obtained via aluminium trichloride-promoted ortho-specific alkylation of lithium phenolates (1) with ethyl pyruvate (2), are reductively cyclized to racemic 3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ols (4) in high yields and purity.
SARS-CoV-2 and Risk to Food Safety (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a consideration of our understanding of transmission of the causal agent, SARS-CoV-2 to humans and its potential effect on food safety and food security. The main routes of transmission are reported to be person-to-person, by respiratory droplets and to a lesser degree, by fomites. Concerns have been raised on the possibility of transmission via food and food packaging and whether the virus poses a risk to food safety. The current contribution provides an exposé of updated literature and reports applicable to various components of food safety and its linkage to SARS-CoV-2. The article focuses on SARS-CoV-2 survival in food, on food contact materials and food packaging, and its categorization as a foodborne vs. respiratory virus, the possibility of fecal-oral transmission and the likelihood of infection via the gastro-intestinal system. The survival and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in food through thermal and non-thermal inactivation methods as well as the survival and inactivation on inanimate surfaces and effective disinfection of food contact surfaces, are discussed. Ultimately, the article endeavors to add to the body of knowledge pertaining to the role of SARS-CoV-2 in food safety and thereby contribute to an agile and robust fraternity that is equipped to absorb and weather the ongoing effects of the pandemic on the food sector.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. (1982)

We evaluated the effects of therapy with a small dose (0.5 microgram/day) of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in 12 previously untreated patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Combined radiocalcium kinetic and balance studies showed that at base line, net calcium absorption (mean +/- SEM) was low (7 +/- 3%), calcium balance was negative (-59 +/- 22 mg/day), and bone resorption rate (297 +/- 40 mg/day) exceeded bone formation rate (239 +/- 36 mg/day). After short-term therapy (6-8 months), calcium absorption was normal (27 +/- 3%, P less than 0.001 for difference from base line), calcium balance had improved (+2 +/- 26 mg/day, P less than 0.05), and bone resorption rate (195 +/- 35 mg/day, P less than 0.01) had decreased more than bone formation rate (197 +/- 26 mg/day, NS). Compared with base-line values, after long-term therapy (2 years) the increased level of calcium absorption was maintained (27 +/- 3%, P less than 0.001), but calcium retention declined to a level intermediate (-27 +/- 24 mg/day, NS) between base-line and short-term treatment values, and both bone resorption rate (294 +/- 33 mg/day, NS) and bone formation rate (267 +/- 34 mg/day, NS) increased. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was lower than before treatment (26.3 +/-2.0 mg/day) after both short-term (21.1 +/- 1.6 mg/day, P less than 0.001) and long-term (22.0 +/- 1.8 mg/day, P less than 0.01) treatments. Trabecular bone volume was 11.3 +/- 1.0% at base line and increased to 16.0 +/- 1.2% (P less than 0.01) after long-term treatment. By contrast, the eight patients studied before and after 6-8 months of placebo treatment had no significant change in any variable.
Copper(i)-catalyzed regioselective Ullmann-type coupling of primary carbamates and 5-substituted-1,2,3-triiodobenzenes: facile synthesis of 2,3-diiodinated N-aryl carbamates (2021)

Mild, efficient, and unprecedented synthesis of 2,3-diiodinated <italic>N</italic>-aryl carbamates <italic>via</italic> highly regioselective Ullmann-type cross-coupling of 5-substituted-1,2,3-triiodobenzene and carbamate.
Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes: Efficient Visible Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes (Adv. Mater. 34/2016) (2016)

Efficient quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are realized by partially substituting methyl ammonium (MA) cations with phenylethyl ammonium cations in MAPbBr3. The excitons move to the crystals, which have the smallest bandgap, and recombine. The quasi-2D PeLED designed by T.-W. Lee and co-workers, as described on page 7515, shows higher luminance and current efficiency (2935 cd m−2 and 4.90 cd A−1, respectively) compared with 3D MAPbBr3 PeLEDs.
A Crowdsourcing Approach to Developing and Assessing Prediction Algorithms for AML Prognosis (2016)

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a fatal hematological cancer. The genetic abnormalities underlying AML are extremely heterogeneous among patients, making prognosis and treatment selection very difficult. While clinical proteomics data has the potential to improve prognosis accuracy, thus far, the quantitative means to do so have yet to be developed. Here we report the results and insights gained from the DREAM 9 Acute Myeloid Prediction Outcome Prediction Challenge (AML-OPC), a crowdsourcing effort designed to promote the development of quantitative methods for AML prognosis prediction. We identify the most accurate and robust models in predicting patient response to therapy, remission duration, and overall survival. We further investigate patient response to therapy, a clinically actionable prediction, and find that patients that are classified as resistant to therapy are harder to predict than responsive patients across the 31 models submitted to the challenge. The top two performing models, which held a high sensitivity to these patients, substantially utilized the proteomics data to make predictions. Using these models, we also identify which signaling proteins were useful in predicting patient therapeutic response.
Phase‐Aware Speech Quality Estimation (2016)

While various studies have been conducted on evaluating and analyzing the correlation of instrumental measures with subjective listening tests, the importance of phase for speech quality estimation has not been adequately studied. Therefore, in this chapter we address the importance of phase in speech quality estimation, in particular when the spectral phase of the signal is modified. Through several examples, we will show how the conventional instrumental measures are limited to the assessment of magnitude-only modification schemes. As the conventional measures mostly rely on distortion metrics applied on the spectral magnitude of a reference (desired) signal and the estimated (processed) signal, it is not clear how reliable the conventional measures are when used to predict the performance of a phase-aware speech processing application. Therefore, we seek to address the following two fundamental questions: How well do the conventional instrumental measures predict the performance of signal enhancement methods where both spectral amplitude and phase are modified? Is it possible to improve the reliability of speech quality prediction by considering new measures? To address the first question, we will present a correlation analysis between conventional instrumental measures and subjective listening tests for phase-aware speech enhancement. To answer the second question, we suggest a list of candidates for new phase-aware instrumental metrics, where spectral distortions due to both spectral magnitude and phase are taken into account.
ISSCC 2019 Foreword (2019)

Presents the introductory welcome message from the conference proceedings. May include the conference officers' congratulations to all involved with the conference event and publication of the proceedings record.
A Bayesian network-based approach for identifying regions of interest utilizing global image features (2010)

An image-understanding algorithm for identifying Regions-of-Interest (ROI) in digital images is proposed. Global and regional features that characterize relations between image segments are fused in a probabilistic framework to generate ROI for an arbitrary image. Features are introduced as maps for spatial position, weighted similarity, and weighted homogeneity for image regions. The proposed methodology includes modules for image segmentation, feature extraction, and probabilistic reasoning. It differs from prior art by using machine learning techniques to discover the optimum Bayesian Network structure and probabilistic inference. It also eliminates the necessity for semantic understanding at intermediate stages. Experimental results show a competitive performance in comparison with the state-of- the-art techniques with an accuracy rate of ~80% on a set of ~20,000 publicly available color images. Applications of the proposed algorithm include content-based image retrieval, image indexing, automatic image annotation, mobile phone imagery, and digital photo cropping.
Effects of Rearing Density on the Stress Response and Growth of Rainbow Trout (1992)

One-year-old rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were reared for 8 weeks at a density of either 56 or 267 g fish/L (based on the volume of net-pens), equivalent to density indexes of 2.3 and 11.1 g fish/L-cm total fish length), respectively. The fish were held in 0.6 × 0.3-m netpens submerged to a depth of 0.15 m. Two net-pens for each fish density were suspended in each of three 3,040-L circular tanks provided with sufficient flow to maintain loading rates in the tanks at less than 800 g/(L-min). The fish were then subjected to an acute handling stress by being removed from the water for 60 s. No differences in the time course of changes in serum cortisol levels or hematocrits were observed over a 12-h period between fish in the two density groups. There were also no differences between the two groups of fish in weight, length, body condition factor (weight/length3), interrenal nuclear diameter, or the percentage of the anterior stomach that was mucosa. These results indicate that if high water quality is maintained, 1-year-old rainbow trout can be reared at a density index as high as 11. 1 g/(L-cm) without impairing their growth or causing overt chronic stress.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of the 1,3,5‐Triaza‐2‐phosphinane‐4,6‐diones. Part 5. Synthesis of Phosphoryl(III)(λ4P) and Thiophosphoryl(III)(. lambda.4P) Derivatives of 1,3,5‐Triaza‐2‐phosphinane‐4,6‐diones. Reactions with Ketones. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Supplementary Table 1 from Sensitivity of Small Cell Lung Cancer to BET Inhibition Is Mediated by Regulation of <i>ASCL1</i> Gene Expression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;JQ1 sensitivity and oncogene mutation or DNA copy number status of small cell lung cancer cell lines. Genomic information was obtained from the COSMIC database (23).&lt;/p&gt;
Sex steroids, growth factors and mammographic density: a cross-sectional study of UK postmenopausal Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean women (2009)

These findings suggest that sex hormone and IGF levels are not associated with BMI-adjusted percent mammographic density in cross-sectional analyses of postmenopausal women and thus do not explain ethnic differences in density. Mammographic density may still, however, be influenced by much higher premenopausal hormone levels.