gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sustained Spending and Persistent Response: A New Look at Long-Term Marketing Profitability (1999)

An intuitively appealing decision rule is to allocate a company's scarce marketing resources to where they have the greatest long-term benefit. This principle, however, is easier to accept than it is to execute, because long-run effects of marketing spending are difficult to estimate. The authors address this problem by examining the behavior of market response and marketing spending over time and identify four common strategic scenarios: business as usual, hysteresis in response, escalation, and evolving business practice. The authors explain and illustrate why each scenario can occur in practice and describe its positive and negative consequences for long-term profitability. The authors propose to use multivariate persistence measures to identify which of the four strategic scenarios is taking place and illustrate this approach in the pharmaceutical and packaged-food industries. The results substantiate the authors’ proposition that the strategic scenario is a major determinant of marketing effectiveness and long-term profitability. This conclusion sets up a substantial agenda for further research.
Carbon–hydrogen and metal–carbon bond formation and breakage in thermal reactions of bis(mesityl)(cyclo-octatetraene)zirconium(IV) derivatives. Crystal structures of [Zr(η8-C8H8)(mes)2], [{Zr(η8-C8H8)[η-OC(mes)2]}2], [{Zr(η8-C8H8)(µ-2,4-Me2-6-CH2C6H2)}2], and [{Zr(η8-C8H8)}2(µ-mes)(µ-2,4-Me2-6-CHC6H2)](mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) (1990)

The reaction of [Zr(η8-C8H8)Cl2(thf)], (1), with Mg(mes)Br (thf = tetrahydrofuran, mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) in Et2O afforded the very thermally labile complex [Zr(η8-C8H8)(mes)2], (2). An X-ray analysis on complex (2) at 173 K gave insights on the possible stabilization of the hitherto unstable alkyl derivatives of (1), showing that the o-methyl groups protect the metal centre. The significant lability of the aryl ligand in complex (2) is shown by the facile double migration of the mes residue to CO forming [{Zr(η8-C8H8)[η-OC(mes)2]}2], (3). The carbonylation reaction has to be carried out at 0 °C, since complex (2) undergoes thermal decomposition at room temperature, the nature of which depends on the solvent used. In Et2O complex (2) loses mesitylene at room temperature forming [{Zr(η8-C8H8)(µ-2,4-Me2-6-CH2C6H2)}2], (7). Complex (7) has a triple-decker type structure in which two allyl units, coplanar with the η8-C8H8 rings, bridge the two zirconium atoms. Because of the allyl structure the aromaticity of the phenyl ring is lost. More drastic thermal conditions cause a hydrogen migration in (7) which rearranges to [{Zr(η8-C8H8)}2(µ-mes)(µ-2,4-Me2-6-CHC6H2)], (8), which contains an alkylidene ligand bridging two zirconium atoms. Complexes (2), (3), (7), and (8) were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis: (2), tetragonal, space group I41/a, a=b= 26.495(4), c= 13.711 (2)Å, Z= 16, R= 0.054 for 2 468 independent observed reflections; (3), monoclinic, space group C2/c, a= 25.856(9), b= 12.444(3), c= 15.571 (8)Å, β= 92.59(3)°, Z= 4, R= 0.112 for 1 659 independent observed reflections; (7), orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a= 7.831 (1), b= 19.368(2), c= 18.177(2)Å, Z= 4, R= 0.045 for 949 independent observed reflections; (8), triclinic, space group P, a= 16.469(3), b= 17.452(3), c= 10.373(2)Å, α= 92.35(1), β= 103.83(2), γ= 103.06(2)°, Z= 2, R= 0.041 for 3 792 independent observed reflections.
Joint Optimization of Radiotherapy Treatments Involving Multiple Radiation Modalities (2021)

Most radiotherapy treatments are performed with high-energy photons. Particles have both advantages and disadvantages compared to photons regarding their dosimetric characteristics, availability, and radiobiological properties. In this article, we investigate how to optimally combine photons and particles. We introduce treatment plan optimization methodology to simultaneously optimize multiple radiation modalities for three applications: 1) electron&#x2013;photon combinations are illustrated for a superficial tumor, where electrons may reduce integral normal tissue dose. Joint optimization is based on cumulative physical dose as both modalities are delivered in each fraction; 2) proton&#x2013;photon combinations are demonstrated for a liver stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment in which 1 fraction is delivered with protons and 4 with photons, showing that protons are best exploited by delivering higher doses per fraction to parts of the tumor. Such combinations can be optimized based on cumulative biologically effective dose to incorporate fractionation; and 3) carbon&#x2013;photon combinations, optimized based on the cumulative biological effect, are demonstrated for glioblastoma where carbon ions can deliver a high dose to the radioresistant gross tumor volume while photons are superior for protecting normal brain within the clinical target volume through fractionation. In conclusion, through simultaneous optimization of multimodality treatments, the distinct characteristics of different radiation types can be exploited to achieve improvements over single-modality treatments.
Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis of Calcium Antimony Oxide Hydroxide with High Photocatalytic Activity toward Benzene (2009)

A nanocrystalline CaSb2O5(OH)2 photocatalyst synthesized from CaCl2 and K2H2Sb2O7 was used to degrade benzene in the gas phase for the first time. The obtained sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption-desorption, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron spin resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The CaSb2O5(OH)2 sample had an average particle size of approximately 8 nm, a specific surface area of 101.8 m2 g(-1), and a band gap of 4.6 eV. Photocatalytic activity of the sample was mainly evaluated by the degradation of benzene in an O2 gas stream under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results demonstrated that the photoactivity of CaSb2O5(OH)2 was higher than that of commercial TiO2 (P25, Degussa Co.). In the photocatalytic degradation of benzene, it finally reached a steady conversion ratio of 29%. CaSb2O5(OH)2 has also exhibited activity toward other aromatic organic compounds. A possible mechanism of photocatalysis over CaSb2O5(OH)2 nanocrystals was proposed.
Molecular analysis of the Escherichia coli ruvC gene, which encodes a Holliday junction-specific endonuclease (1991)

The Escherichia coli ruvC gene is involved in DNA repair and recombination and encodes an endonuclease that resolves Holliday structure in vitro. The 2.8-kb chromosomal DNA fragment that encompasses the ruvC gene and its flanking regions was cloned and sequenced. Four open reading frames were identified in the order orf17-orf26-ruvC-orf23 immediately upstream of the ruvAB operon, and their orientations are the same as the ruvAB operon, except for orf23. Proteins encoded by orf17, orf26, and ruvC (orf19) were identified by the maxicell method, and their sizes agreed with those predicted from the DNA sequences. Among the open reading frames in this region, only ruvC is involved in the repair of UV-damaged DNA. ruvC appeared to be regulated by at least two promoters, but, in contrast to the ruvAB operon, ruvC is not regulated by the SOS system as demonstrated by operon fusions.
Differential apoptotic response of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts to biodegradable magnesium alloys in an in vitro direct culture model (2017)

The biodegradable magnesium-based implants have been widely utilized in medical orthopedic applications in recent years. We have recently shown that direct culture on Pure Mg and Mg2Ag alloys lead to a progressive differentiation impairment of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. In this study, we aimed to analyze the apoptotic reaction of MC3T3-E1 cells in response to the direct culture on Pure Mg, Mg2Ag and Extreme High Pure Mg (XHP Mg) alloy samples. Our results demonstrated that long-term culturing of MC3T3-E1 cells on Pure Mg and Mg2Ag alloys induce time-dependent expression of active caspase-3 (active casp-3) and cleaved PARP-1 (cl. PARP-1), the hallmark of apoptosis reactions concomitant with a significant increase in the number of dead cells. However, direct culture on XHP Mg material results in a lower number of dead cells in comparison to Pure Mg and Mg2Ag alloys. Furthermore, XHP Mg materials influence expression of apoptotic markers in a process resembles that of observed in osteogenic condition apparently indicative of MC3T3-E1 osteodifferentiation. This study indicates that Mg alloy samples mediated differential apoptotic reactions of MC3T3-E1 cells can be ascribed to factors such as distinct topography and hydrophobicity features of Mg material surfaces, contrasting nature/composition of corrosion products as well as different impurities of these materials. Therefore, initial Mg alloys surface preparation, controlling the growth and composition of corrosion products and Mg alloys purity enhancement are necessary steps towards optimizing the Mg alloys usage in medical orthopedic applications.
The Infrared Interference Method of Measuring Epitaxial Layer Thickness (1969)

The infrared interference method of measuring the layer thickness of silicon layers deposited on heavily doped substrates of the same type is a well‐known technique. The correction factors and theoretical models in existence are discussed and their limits of application defined. It is shown that, for most cases, it is not necessary to correct for the profile of impurities in the epitaxial layer due to out‐diffusion and autodoping. A new method of calculating the thickness from the interference maxima and minima is presented which includes the phase shift and wave‐length dependence of the reflection at the layer‐substrate interface. It is shown that, with a spectrophotometer capable of scanning the wave‐length range 2.5–50μ, layer thicknesses to 0.8μ can be measured. Comparisons are made between this technique, a stain technique, and the spreading resistance technique for N/N+ and P/P+ silicon with layer thicknesses from 1.5 to 16μ. The precision of the infrared interference technique is quoted and correlation curves between the techniques are presented.
Congeners of the .alpha. conformer of dopamine derived from octahydrobenz[h]isoquinoline (1980)

Two synthetic paths have been investigated for the preparation of cis and trans 8,9-dioxygenated octahydrobenz[h]isoquinoline ring systems. A sequence involving intramolecular Diels--Alder cyclization of a ring-opened intermediate product of a benzocyclobutene derivative was more satisfactory. The trans-fused isomers of the title compounds are frozen congeners of the alpha conformer of dopamine, isomeric with certain other tricyclic heterocycles which elicit a high degree of dopamine agonist activity. However, the present series of compounds exhibited a very low potency in an assay for dopamine-like actions. A possible reason for this inactivity has been suggested.
Crystalline orientation and molecular transport properties in nanoporous syndiotactic polystyrene films (2002)

The orientation of the crystalline δ nanoporous phase in syndiotactic polystyrene films, obtained by different procedures, have been characterized. For both solution cast and biaxially stretched films a high degree of uniplanar orientation, corresponding to the tendency of the ac crystallographic planes, to be parallel to the film plane has been observed and rationalized. According to molecular dynamics simulations of diffusion of small molecules into the δ nanoporous phase, this uniplanar orientation would minimize the molecular diffusivity through the nanoporous crystalline phase.
SYNTHESIS OF 2′-DEOXY-2′-FLUORO- 1-β-d-ARABINOFURANOSYL URACIL DERIVATIVES: A METHOD SUITABLE FOR PREPARATION OF [18F]-LABELED NUCLEOSIDES (2002)

ABSTRACT N-glycosylation of 2,4-bis-O-(trimethylsilyl)-pyrimidine bases with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-3,5-di-O-benzoyl-1-(Br, OBz)-α-d-arabinose derivatives are reported. 1-Bromo-arabinose provides high yield and a favorable anomeric ratio (β/α) of pyrimidine nucleoside in either MeCN or CH2Cl‒CH2Cl. This method should be suitable for the synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-[18F]fluoro-1-β-d-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives.
Proposed Photon Interference Experiment for Test of Quantum Measurement Theories (1987)

We propose a possible experimental test of quantum measurement theories by means of a photon interference experiment, focusing on distinction between the many-Hilbert-spaces theory and the environment-induced-superselection-rule theory or the many-worlds interpretation.
Single-Cell Proteomics Reveals the Defined Heterogeneity of Resident Macrophages in White Adipose Tissue (2021)

Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) regulate homeostasis and contribute to the metabolically harmful chronic inflammation in obese individuals. While evident heterogeneity of resident ATMs has been described previously, their phenotype, developmental origin, and functionality remain inconsistent. We analyzed white adipose tissue (WAT) during homeostasis and diet interventions using comprehensive and unbiased single-cell mass cytometry and genetic lineage tracking models. We now provide a uniform definition of individual subsets of resident ATMs. We show that in lean mice, WAT co-harbors eight kinetically evolving CD206<sup>+</sup> macrophage subpopulations (defined by TIM4, CD163, and MHC II) and two CD206<sup>-</sup> macrophage subpopulations. TIM4<sup>-</sup>CD163<sup>+</sup>, TIM4<sup>-</sup>CD163<sup>-</sup> and CD206<sup>-</sup> macrophage populations are largely bone marrow-derived, while the proliferating TIM4<sup>+</sup>CD163<sup>+</sup> subpopulation is of embryonic origin. All macrophage subtypes are active in phagocytosis, endocytosis, and antigen processing <i>in vitro</i>, whereas TIM4<sup>+</sup>CD163<sup>+</sup> cells are superior in scavenging <i>in vivo</i>. A high-fat diet induces massive infiltration of CD206<sup>-</sup> macrophages and selective down-regulation of MHC II on TIM4<sup>+</sup> macrophages. These changes are reversed by dietary intervention. Thus, the developmental origin and environment jointly regulate the functional malleability of resident ATMs.
Sea Surface Conditions Remotely Sensed by Upward-Looking ADCPs (1995)

Surface data obtained from 153-kHz acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed in the Greenland Sea at about 350-m depth during the winter of 1988/89 were investigated under several aspects. First a method is described to improve the instrument depth measurements using the binned backscattered energy profile near the surface. The accuracy of the depth estimates is found to be significantly better than 0.5 m. Further, improvements of wind speed estimates were found by using the ambient noise in the 150-kHz band in favor of the surface backscattered energy as suggested by Schott. Limitations of the ambient sound method at low wind speeds are presented when thermal noise overwhelms the wind-induced noise. Finally, a method to detect the presence of sea ice above the ADCP is presented by cross correlating the surface backscatter strength and the magnitudes of all Doppler velocity components. The resulting time series of ice concentration are in overall good agreement with Special Sensor Microwave/Imager estimates but allow for higher temporal resolution. Further, in the vicinity of the ice edge, enhanced high-frequency ambient noise in the 150-kHz band was observed.
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of chromatin: kinetics of relaxation and its effect on chromatin solubility (1985)

We have studied the kinetics of relaxation of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated polynucleosomes produced by endogenous enzyme activity by comparing the generation of hyper(ADP-ribosyl)ated histone H1 and its effect on the chromatin structure as revealed by electron microscopy. A correlation can be established between the appearance of histone H1 modified forms and the localized relaxation of the chromatin. We have also noticed, in parallel, that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated chromatin showed increased solubility in the presence of Mg2+ and 0.2 M NaCl. Electron microscopic examination of the solubilized chromatin produced by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation shows polynucleosomes exhibiting more relaxed conformation, whereas an increasing amount of hyper(ADP-ribosyl)ated histone H1 is found in the pellet, as shown by acid-urea-polyacrylamide electrophoretic separation of histone extracts.
Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonances in Silver Infiltrated Metalattices by Monochromated Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (2018)

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THE MANAGEMENT APPROACH (1964)

The author of this article, a corrosion consultant, treats an aspect of his subject which is of primary importance but which has so far received very little publicity, namely the attitude of financial, non‐technical management towards the problems arising in their plants due to corrosion deterioration. This attitude is seen to be often lacking in comprehension of the real technical and financial requirements involved. Suggestions are made whereby technical and financial management can get together and talk a similar language in overcoming the difficulties of what is nearly always a complex problem, judged from the standpoint of either party. It is emphasised that this will mean changes in the attitude of the technical man— who is frequently deficient in knowledge of fiscal requirements—as well as that of the people usually referred to as ‘management’.
Perfect soliton crystals in optical microresonators (2019)

We demonstrate the existence of perfect soliton crystal states and develop the deterministic procedure for their excitation in Si3N4 microresonators. We show that despite exceptional symmetrical properties, their behavior is strongly linked to the chaotic regimes of the microresonator.
Thermometer Code Based Modular Arithmetic (2012)

This paper presents a novel approach to perform modular arithmetic addition and subtraction using base-1 thermometer code data format for operands corresponding to the residues of the same modulus. Two n-bit thermometer code operands are first concatenated and logically shifted to produce a normalized 2n-bit thermometer code intermediate sum. Modulo operation is then applied to this 2n-bit intermediate sum to produce an n-bit datum corresponding to the modular sum of the two input operands. This approach greatly simplifies the modulo addition operation by eliminating the carry bit propagation during the arithmetic operation encountered when using the conventional base-2 binary code data format. It also enables practical applications of modular arithmetic for signal processing algorithms in a very efficient way. Circuit for implementing the modular arithmetic units using multiplexers and basic logic gates are also described in this paper.
High-voltage generation using a CMOS image sensor with dual photo-sensing and energy harvesting capabilities (2013)

A CMOS image sensor with dual photo-sensing and energy harvesting capabilities is presented. The image sensor is comprised of an array of configurable pixels. Configurable pixels can be programmed to work as tiny solar cells or as photosensors. To work as photo-sensors, the in-pixel photodiode is reverse biased. To work as a solar cell, the reverse bias network is disconnected allowing the photodiode to work in the photovoltaic region. As a proof of concept, an image sensor consisting of a 32 × 32 pixel array has been designed and fabricated in a standard 0.5 m CMOS process. A DC-DC boost converter is proposed to step-up the low voltage of the photodiodes working as solar cells. The DC-DC converter uses a flying inductor to avoid connecting the photodiodes N-well to ground improving the energy conversion efficiency. Measurements show that voltages up to 3.9 V can be generated using the hybrid pixels enough to charge a small battery.
Java as a specification language for hardware-software systems (1997)

The specification language is a critical component of the hardware-software co-design process since it is used for functional validation and as a starting point for hardware-software partitioning and co-synthesis. The paper proposes the Java programming language as a specification language for hardware-software systems. Java has several characteristics that make it suitable for system specification. However static control and data flow analysis of Java programs is problematic because Java classes are dynamically linked. The paper provides a general solution to the problem of statically analyzing Java programs using a technique that pre-allocates most class instances and aggressively resolves memory aliasing using global analysis. The output of the analysis is a control data flow graph for the input specification. The results for sample designs show that the analysis can extract fine to coarse-grained concurrency for subsequent hardware-software partitioning and co-synthesis steps of the hardware-software co-design process to exploit.
Precision measurement of the integrated luminosity of the data taken by BESIII at center-of-mass energies between 3.810 GeV and 4.600 GeV (2015)

From December 2011 to May 2014, about 5 fb(-1) of data were taken with the BESIII detector at center-ofmass energies between 3.810 GeV and 4.600 GeV to study the charmonium-like states and higher excited charmonium states. The time-integrated luminosity of the collected data sample is measured to a precision of 1% by analyzing events produced by the large-angle Bhabha scattering process.
Identification of a Novel Class of Retinoic Acid Receptor β-Selective Retinoid Antagonists and Their Inhibitory Effects on AP-1 Activity and Retinoic Acid-induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells (1999)

Four candidate retinoid antagonists (LE135, LE511, LE540, and LE550) were designed on the basis of the ligand superfamily concept and synthesized. Analysis of these related retinoids by transient transfection assay demonstrated that LE135, LE540, and LE550 are effective retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonists, whereas LE511 selectively induced RARbeta transcriptional activity. Both LE135 and LE540 inhibited retinoic acid (RA)-induced transcriptional activation of RARbeta, but not RARalpha, RARgamma or retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), on a variety of RA response elements. The retinoid antagonists also inhibited all-trans-RA-induced transcriptional activation of RARbeta/RXRalpha heterodimers, although they did not show any effect on transactivation activity of RXR/RXR homodimers. In ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells, cotreatment of LE135 and LE540 with all-trans-RA inhibited all-trans-RA-induced apoptosis of the cells, further demonstrating that RARbeta plays a role in RA-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. We also evaluated the effect of these retinoids on AP-1 activity. Our data showed that LE135 and LE540 strongly repressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced AP-1 activity in the presence of RARbeta and RXRalpha. Interestingly, LE550 induced AP-1 activity when RARbeta and RXRalpha were expressed in HeLa cells but not in breast cancer cells. These results demonstrate that LE135 and LE540 were a novel class of RARbeta-selective antagonists and anti-AP-1 retinoids and should be useful tools for studying the role of retinoids and their receptors.