gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Pretreatment, CH4 Gas Ratio and Bias Potential on the Microstructure of Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited Diamond Thin Films (1997)

Diamond thin films were deposited on p-type Si(100) wafers by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) using mixtures of H 2 , CH 4 and O 2 gases. Deposition was carried out at a substrate temperature of 900°C and a pressure of 40 Torr. In order to examine the effect of pretreatment on the film formation, SiC and diamond powders were used as pretreatment powders. Also, the methane gas ratio in the gas mixture was varied to observe its effect on the crystal structure of diamond films. Furthermore, the substrate bias effect on the diamond film formation was examined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the microstructures of diamond thin films. The highest nucleus density was obtained by pretreatment with diamond powders of 40mbox-60 µm in size and a negative bias potential to the substrates. The deposited diamond films were found to contain many defects. The density of the defects increased with CH 4 concentration in the gas mixtures. It is believed that the gas mixture with a high CH 4 ratio must have promoted the formation of a graphite phase, probably due to the insufficient amount of atomic hydrogen acting as a selective etchant for graphite. Diamond films with good quality and a nucleus density of 10 8 /cm 2 could be deposited by utilizing the combined effects of a negative bias potential and a magnetic field.
Gas-phase selective etching of native oxide (1990)

Gas-phase selective etching of native oxide film formed on a silicon surface is an essential requirement for ULSI process technologies. Ultraclear anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (AHF) gas and a corrosion-free system were developed for this etching process. The reaction mechanism of silicon oxide film with moistureless HF was investigated, and selective etching conditions were developed. The gas-phase selective etching of native oxide in an environment of strictly controlled AHF concentration in N/sub 2/ is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Directed Evolution of Chloroperoxidase for Improved Epoxidation and Chlorination Catalysis (2001)

Chloroperoxidase (CPO) from the fungus Caldariomyces fumago is undoubtedly the most versatile member of the heme protein family. In addition to functioning as a halogenating enzyme and a classical peroxidase, CPO catalyzes the dismutation of peroxides in a catalase-type reaction and carries out cytochrome P450 oxygen insertion reactions. From the viewpoint of biocatalysis the most important CPO reactions are chiral epoxidations, hydroxylations, and sulfoxidations. CPO catalyzes a variety of chiral epoxidation reactions with high yields and high enantioselectivities. However, the industrial use of native CPO for the synthesis of chiral epoxides is limited because of its relatively low epoxidation rates in comparison to its high catalase activity, which robs the epoxidation reaction of oxidant. The use of CPO is also restricted by its poor reactivities in organic solvents. Directed evolution technology has been used to address these problems. After three rounds of PCR-based random mutagenesis, we have isolated mutants of chloroperoxidase having greatly enhanced epoxidation activity compared to the wild-type enzyme. In addition, in the screening of a first generation library of random mutation transformants, we have isolated three CPO mutant clones having improved chlorination activity and enhanced stability in a ternary solvent microemulsion comprised of toluene, isopropanol and water. Surprisingly, all three recombinant variants carry a single mutation in the cysteine residue that functions as the proximal heme ligand in the native enzyme. Two of these mutant clones are identical, having the proximal cysteine heme-ligand replaced with a tyrosine residue. The third mutant has the cysteine-29 replaced with a histidine residue. The cysteine mutation in the three mutants is the only amino acid replacement. All other mutations in the three clones were silent mutations. These data suggest that ‘‘directed evolution’’ can be successfully applied to the engineering of chloroperoxidase in the quest for a better industrial biocatalyst.
Crosslinked Electroactive Polymers Containing Naphthalene-Bisimide Redox Centers for Energy Storage (2013)

Electroactive polymers represent an attractive alternative to the current inorganic-based materials for electrochemical energy storage systems as they allow eliminating the need for expensive transition and rare-earth metals. This is particularly relevant for all polymers that can be obtained by direct oxidative polymerization of the corresponding monomer. We investigate the energy storage properties of electroactive polymers based around the concept of attaching a redox-active core to a highly electronically conductive backbone. In this paper we describe the synthesis and characterization of physical and electrochemical properties of the naphthalene-bisimide (NPbIm) core coupled with Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). We find that the composite polymer shows two distinct monoelectronic redox peaks attributed to the reduction of naphthalene-bisimide to radical anion and dianion near 2.5 V vs. Li+/Li, as well as the standard PEDOT electrochemistry. The polymer shows excellent charge retention capabilities with more than 90% capacity maintained after 1000 cycles as an electropolymerized film. Composite electrodes prepared with 73 wt% of powders of active material exhibit good high rate capabilities by retaining more than 70% of the original capacity measured at C/10 when cycled at 1C rate. To the best of our knowledge this is one of the highest performances so far reported for organic materials
Automatic Minimal-Height Table Layout (2015)

Automatic layout of tables is useful in word processing applications and is required in online applications because of the need to tailor the layout to viewport width, choice of font, and dynamic content. However, if the table contains text, minimizing the height of the table for a given maximum width is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem because of the need to find the right choice of height/width configuration for each cell in the table. We investigate the modelling decisions involved in formulating this problem for use with standard combinatorial optimization techniques that are guaranteed to find the minimal-height table. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to do so. We provide a detailed empirical evaluation of the resulting models using mixed integer programming and constraint programming with lazy clause generation.
Containerless Melting of Glass by Magnetic Levitation Method (2000)

The Melting of glass materials levitated in high magnetic fields has been carried out without a crucible by using a hybrid magnet and a CO 2 laser. A cubic glass with 6 mm sides has become a complete sphere through melting and cooling in the air. This new method will provide opportunities for obtaining high-purity and new heterogeneous materials.
Application of novel low-intensity nonscanning fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for monitoring excited state dynamics in individual chloroplasts and living cells of photosynthetic organisms (2006)

Picosecond fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) provides a most valuable tool to analyze the primary processes of photosynthesis in individual cells and chloroplasts of living cells. In order to obtain correct lifetimes of the excited states, the peak intensity of the exciting laser pulses as well as the average intensity has to be sufficiently low to avoid distortions of the kinetics by processes such as singlet-singlet annihilation, closing of the reaction centers or photoinhibition. In the present study this requirement is achieved by non-scanning wide-field FLIM based on time- and space-correlated single-photon counting (TSCSPC) using a novel microchannel plate photomultiplier with quadrant anode (QA-MCP) that allows parallel acquisition of time-resolved images under minimally invasive low-excitation conditions. The potential of the wide-field TCSPC method is demonstrated by presenting results obtained from measurements of the fluorescence dynamics in individual chloroplasts of moss leaves and living cells of the chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina.
Effects of White Matter Injury on Resting State fMRI Measures in Prematurely Born Infants (2013)

The cerebral white matter is vulnerable to injury in very preterm infants (born prior to 30 weeks gestation), resulting in a spectrum of lesions. These range from severe forms, including cystic periventricular leukomalacia and periventricular hemorrhagic infarction, to minor focal punctate lesions. Moderate to severe white matter injury in preterm infants has been shown to predict later neurodevelopmental disability, although outcomes can vary widely in infants with qualitatively comparable lesions. Resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging has been increasingly utilized in neurodevelopmental investigations and may provide complementary information regarding the impact of white matter injury on the developing brain. We performed resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging at term equivalent postmenstrual age in fourteen preterm infants with moderate to severe white matter injury secondary to periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. In these subjects, resting state networks were identifiable throughout the brain. Patterns of aberrant functional connectivity were observed and depended upon injury severity. Comparisons were performed against data obtained from prematurely-born infants with mild white matter injury and healthy, term-born infants and demonstrated group differences. These results reveal structural-functional correlates of preterm white matter injury and carry implications for future investigations of neurodevelopmental disability.
A 3-V 0.5-μm CMOS A/D audio processor for a microphone array (1997)

A 0.5-/spl mu/m 3-V CMOS mixed-mode audio processor is presented. It is mainly composed of 11 low-noise input channels and a dedicated digital audio processor. Analog input signals are provided through an 11-microphone array. The chip size is about 50 mm/sup 2/, and the power dissipation is less than 100 mW. This circuit is dedicated to multimedia applications.
Design and Operational Features of the Low Temperature Fissiochemical Loop (1973)

A low temperature in-pile loop for the irradiation of chemical reactants, especially by fission fragments, has been designed, constructed and operated successfully.The main features of the loop are briefly described : the capsule for sample irradiation, the design and performance of the helium cooling system and safety considerations.Gaseous chemical reactants charged in an instrumented double capsule at pressures up to 20 kg/cm2, can be irradiated in a nuclear reactor at any temperature between +20" and -190C, for periods up t o 5 hr.The thermal performance of the helium cooling system was in good agreement with the design calculations.Irradiations of ethylene and other gases could be conducted at an absorbed fission fragment dose rate of about 20Mrad/hr, which is several times larger than the background reactor radiation.Thus, chemical reaction studies by fission fragments can be safely conducted at ambient to low temperatures in this loop.
A new boost type rectifier for a DC power supply with frequent output short circuit (2003)

This paper describes a new boost type rectifier. The proposed converter output DC capacitors do not discharge even in a load short circuit condition. When a load short circuit occurs, the capacitors become a floating state immediately. The stored capacitor energy is supplied to the load again as soon as the short circuit has been cleared. This feature satisfies the requirement of a DC power supply for a load with frequent output short circuits. The proposed converter has the characteristics of a simplified structure, a reduced cost, weight and volume compared with conventional power supplies with frequent output short circuits. Experimental results are presented to verify the usefulness of the proposed converter.
Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Therapeutics in Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders (2023)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as promising candidates for developing novel therapeutics for a wide range of pathologies, including ocular disorders, due to their ability to deliver a diverse array of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to recipient cells. Recent studies have shown that EVs derived from various cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), retinal pigment epithelium cells, and endothelial cells, have therapeutic potential in ocular disorders, such as corneal injury and diabetic retinopathy. EVs exert their effects through various mechanisms, including promoting cell survival, reducing inflammation, and inducing tissue regeneration. Furthermore, EVs have shown promise in promoting nerve regeneration in ocular diseases. In particular, EVs derived from MSCs have been demonstrated to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery in various animal models of optic nerve injury and glaucoma. EVs contain various neurotrophic factors and cytokines that can enhance neuronal survival and regeneration, promote angiogenesis, and modulate inflammation in the retina and optic nerve. Additionally, in experimental models, the application of EVs as a delivery platform for therapeutic molecules has revealed great promise in the treatment of ocular disorders. However, the clinical translation of EV-based therapies faces several challenges, and further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to fully explore the therapeutic potential of EVs in ocular disorders and to address the challenges for their successful clinical translation. In this review, we will provide an overview of different types of EVs and their cargo, as well as the techniques used for their isolation and characterization. We will then review the preclinical and clinical studies that have explored the role of EVs in the treatment of ocular disorders, highlighting their therapeutic potential and the challenges that need to be addressed for their clinical translation. Finally, we will discuss the future directions of EV-based therapeutics in ocular disorders. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of EV-based therapeutics in ophthalmic disorders, with a focus on their potential for nerve regeneration in ocular diseases.
BS16 Blood vessel organoids derived from diabetic patients revealed impaired function based on a subpopulation of endothelial cells (2023)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Impaired function of blood vessels can lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which is a major cause of death worldwide. The presence of both endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells is central to the proper function of blood vessels in health and pathological changes in diseases including diabetes. Although iPSCs-derived vascular organoids (VOs) provide an appealing source for in vitro vascular disease modelling and drug testing, whether these organoids can recapitulate human vascular disease is yet to be determined. <h3>Methods</h3> Blood mononuclear cells from six donors with diabetes (DB) and three with non-diabetes (ND) were subjected to reprogramming into iPSCs, and subsequent differentiation to VOs. DB-VOs and ND-VOs were compared using immunohistochemistry, angiogenic array, ROS production assay, acetylated-LDL uptake assay, transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. Additionally, the regenerative potential of DB-VOs vs ND-VOs was compared by assessment of blood recovery via Laser Doppler imaging in mice ischaemic hindlimb model, and organoid cells’ integration into host vasculature was tracked by Bruker fluorescent imaging. <h3>Results</h3> We showed diabetic derived-iPSCs-VOs represent impaired vascular function including enhanced ROS level, with higher mitochondrial content and activity, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and less regenerative potential in vivo. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified all specialized types of vascular cells (artery, capillary, vein, lymphatic and tip cells, as well as pericytes and vSMCs) within vascular organoids, while demonstrating the dichotomy landscape of ECs and mural cells. Furthermore, we revealed basal heterogeneity within vascular organoids and demonstrated differences between diabetic and non-diabetic VOs. Of note, a subpopulation of ECs significantly enriched for ROS and oxidative phosphorylation hallmarks in DB-VOs, representing early signs of aberrant angiogenesis in diabetes. For the first time, we report that GAP43 (Neuromodulin) is expressed in ECs, and GAP43+ ECs are distinctly increased in DB-VOs. Therefore, GAP43 is possibly a biomarker for the onset and progression of diabetic-related blood vessel dysfunction. <h3>Conclusions</h3> We comprehensively characterized DB-VOs versus ND-VOs at a single-cell resolution, demonstrated cellular components of blood vessel organoids for the first time, and represented molecular and functional differences between their vascular cell types and clusters. <h3>Conflict of Interest</h3> No
Rapid imaging of mammalian brain slices with a compact light sheet fluorescent microscope (2017)

Light sheet fluorescent microscopy is able to provide high acquisition speed and high contrast images, as well as the low photo-bleaching and photo-damage brought to the sample. Here we describe a compact setup design optimized for applications in neuroscience, in particular fast imaging of sub-neuronal structures in mammalian brain slices. We report this prototype instrument is capable of rapid imaging wide area of the dendritic or axonal arbor of a dye-filled neuron in hippocampal slice. We also show several applications of this compact light sheet fluorescent microscope, to demonstrate that our approach offers a powerful functionality to the neuroscience community that is not achievable with traditional imaging methods.
Two-dimensional paradigm for symmetry breaking: The nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a four-well potential (2009)

We study the existence and stability of localized modes in the two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear Schrödinger/Gross-Pitaevskii (NLS/GP) equation with a symmetric four-well potential. Using the corresponding four-mode approximation, we trace the parametric evolution of the trapped stationary modes, starting from the linear limit, and thus derive a complete bifurcation diagram for families of the stationary modes. This provides the picture of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the fundamental 2D setting. In a broad parameter region, the predictions based on the four-mode decomposition are found to be in good agreement with full numerical solutions of the NLS/GP equation. Stability properties of the stationary states coincide with those suggested by the corresponding discrete model in the large-amplitude limit. The dynamics of unstable modes is explored by means of direct simulations. Finally, in addition to the full analysis for the case of the self-attractive nonlinearity, the bifurcation diagram for the case of self-repulsion is briefly considered too.
A novel control technique for on‐load tap changer to enlarge the reactive power capability of wind power plants (2022)

Abstract This paper suggests a new control algorithm for On‐Load Tap Changer (OLTC) of wind farm main transformer that is responsible for voltage regulation of collector network. The conventional control scheme adjusts the voltage of LV side of transformer without considering the wind turbine voltages. The voltage of end‐string wind turbines may reach the upper or lower limits of Over or Under‐Excited operation regions. Voltages close to upper or lower limits bounds the reactive power capability (generation or consumption) of wind farm due to dependency of wind turbine reactive power capability to voltage. Operation of wind turbine at extreme voltages may stress its power electronic devices. Furthermore, minor disturbances at either grid or power plant may trigger the protection system and interrupt generation due to vicinity of operation point to protection thresholds. The suggested technique integrates the OLTC control into the power plant controller and considers both LV side voltage of transformer and wind turbine voltages. By monitoring the wind turbine voltages, the voltage setpoint of OLTC is adjusted to provide voltages closer to middle of range for wind turbines that prevents the wind turbines from reaching the voltage limits. Dynamical simulations conducted in DigSILENT PowerFactory software for both Under‐Excited and Over‐Excited operation regions demonstrate desired performance for the suggested technique.
Lymphoepithelial Cysts of the Pancreas. Can Preoperative Imaging Distinguish This Benign Lesion from Malignant or Pre-Malignant Cystic Pancreatic Lesions? (2012)

Lymphoepithelial cysts of the pancreas are rare and are characteristically seen in men. While a hypodense mass (less than 20 HU) with papillary projections should be considered suspicious for lymphoepithelial cyst, a definitive diagnosis cannot be made solely based on preoperative imaging. EUS-guided biopsy coupled with biochemical/tumor marker studies are increasingly being used as a diagnostic tool to help differentiate between the various types of cystic pancreatic neoplasms. Imaging findings of lymphoepithelial cysts are non-specific and hence surgical resection is often required to rule out the presence of a malignant or pre-malignant cystic pancreatic lesion. In true lymphoepithelial cysts, malignant transformation is not seen and patients who have these cysts are not at increased risk of developing a pancreatic malignancy.