gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Argon Fluoride Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence of Arsenic in a H2/Air Flame and in an Ar ICP (1994)

Laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) can be an extremely sensitive method of trace analysis. However, some elements, such as As, have strong absorption lines only below 200 nm. Dye laser systems capable of resonance excitation of As are complicated and very expensive. By coincidence, a simple fixed-frequency argon fluoride (ArF) excimer laser produces a broad-band output centered at 193.0–193.2 nm overlapping the As absorption line at 193.7 nm. The use of an ArF excimer laser as a source for LEAFS detection of As in a H 2 /air flame and an Ar-ICP has been evaluated. Detection limits of about 20 ng/mL were obtained with both atomizers. The limiting noise was laser-induced scatter in both cases. Methods of improving the detection powers are discussed.
Toxins ofVibrio cholerae (2014)

This chapter reviews new information about cholera enterotoxin (CT) and about recently discovered toxins produced by Vibrio cholerae. The single tryptophan residue (Trp-88) in each subunit is essential for binding, as shown by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis studies. The majority of the experiments described in the chapter have been performed in vivo, and the results often differ from those obtained in in vitro experiments examining the role of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Several additional toxins produced by V. cholerae are discussed, such as hemolysin-cytolysin, zonula occludens toxin (Zot), accessory cholera enterotoxin and miscellaneous toxins. Stable enterotoxin (ST) and thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), have well-established mechanisms of enterotoxicity but are rarely produced by V. cholerae. Two of the toxins, the sodium channel inhibitor and the "new cholera toxin" (NCT) of Sanyal and coworkers, are insufficiently characterized to access their potential roles in disease. The three non-CT V. cholerae toxins that are the best characterized are the hemolysin-cytolysin, Zot, and Ace. The study of CT has produced profound insights into the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of cholera. Furthermore, it has yielded knowledge on basic cellular functions and structures such as intracellular messengers and neurological pathways. The study of V. cholerae toxins other than CT has demonstrated new potential mechanisms of diarrhea and may also produce new insights into basic cellular functions such as the assembly and regulation of tight junctions.
Familial influences on cortical evoked potentials in migraine (1999)

Cortical information processing in migraine patients is impaired between attacks, showing deficient habituation of pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP), and strong intensity dependence of auditory cortical evoked potentials (IDAP). This could be a genetic trait as certain genetic patterns are known for evoked potentials in healthy subjects. We investigated VEP habituation and IDAP in 20 pairs of migraineurs made up of parents and their children. Using a Monte-Carlo statistical method, we selectively assessed vertical familial influences. VEP habituation and IDAP were abnormal in both parents and children. However, similarity was far more pronounced between related pairs than between unrelated pairs. Familial influences are highly significant in determinants of cortical information processing in migraineurs, hence supporting the important role of genetic factors.
Supervised Image Processing Learning for Wall MARFE Detection Prior to Disruption in JET With a Carbon Wall (2014)

In the last years, several diagnostic systems have been installed on Joint European Torus (JET) providing new information that may be potentially useful for disruption prediction. The fast visible camera can deliver information about the occurrence of multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE) instabilities that precede disruptions in density limit discharges. Two image processing methods—the sparse image representation using overcomplete dictionaries and the Histogram of oriented gradients (HOGs)—have been used for developing MARFE classifiers with supervised learning. The methods have been tested with JET experimental data and a good prediction rate has been obtained. The HOG method is able to provide predictions useful for online disruption prediction.
Application of protease-catalyzed regioselective esterification in synthesis of 6'-deoxy-6'-fluoro- and 6-deoxy-6-fluorolactosides (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApplication of protease-catalyzed regioselective esterification in synthesis of 6'-deoxy-6'-fluoro- and 6-deoxy-6-fluorolactosidesShaopei Cai, Senitiroh Hakomori, and Tatsushi ToyokuniCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 12, 3431–3437Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00038a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00038a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views225Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Polyamines and cancer: implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention (2013)

Polyamines are small organic cations that are essential for normal cell growth and development in eukaryotes. Under normal physiological conditions, intracellular polyamine concentrations are tightly regulated through a dynamic network of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes, and a poorly characterised transport system. This precise regulation ensures that the intracellular concentration of polyamines is maintained within strictly controlled limits. It has frequently been observed that the metabolism of, and the requirement for, polyamines in tumours is frequently dysregulated. Elevated levels of polyamines have been associated with breast, colon, lung, prostate and skin cancers, and altered levels of rate-limiting enzymes in both biosynthesis and catabolism have been observed. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumour growth, the polyamine pathway is a rational target for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics. Here we describe the recent advances made in the polyamine field and focus on the roles of polyamines and polyamine metabolism in neoplasia through a discussion of the current animal models for the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic strategies that target the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic clinical trials for polyamine pathway-specific drugs and ongoing clinical trials targeting polyamine biosynthesis.
On the Security of Key Extraction From Measuring Physical Quantities (2016)

Key extraction via measuring a physical quantity is a class of information theoretic key exchange protocols that rely on the physical characteristics of the communication channel, to enable the computation of a shared key by two parties that share no prior secret information. The key is supposed to be information theoretically hidden to an eavesdropper. Despite the recent surge of research activity in the area, concrete claims about the security of the protocols typically rely on channel abstractions that are not fully experimentally substantiated. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for the experimental security analysis of these protocols. The crux of our methodology is a falsifiable channel abstraction that is accompanied by an efficient experimental approximation algorithm of the conditional min-entropy available to the parties given the view of the eavesdropper. We focus on the signal strength between two wirelessly communicating transceivers as the measured quantity, and we use an experimental setup to compute the conditional min-entropy of the channel given the view of the attacker which we find to be linearly increasing. Armed with this understanding of the channel, we showcase the methodology by providing a general protocol for key extraction in this setting that is shown to be secure for a concrete parameter selection. In this way, we provide a comprehensively analyzed wireless key extraction protocol that is demonstrably secure against passive adversaries assuming our falsifiable channel abstraction. Our use of hidden Markov models as the channel model and a dynamic programming approach to approximate conditional min-entropy might be of independent interest, while other possible instantiations of our methodology can be feasible and may be motivated by this paper.
Stereo‐ und Regioselektivität von chiralen, alkylsubstituierten ansa‐Zirconocen‐Katalysatoren bei der Methylalumoxan‐aktivierten Propen‐Polymerisation (1990)

Bis 94% Anteil an isotaktischen Pentaden wird bei der Polymerisation von Propen mit den ansa ‐Zirconocen‐Katalysatoren 1 erreicht. Es zeigt sich, daß sperrige β‐Substituenten für die Stereo‐ und α‐Substituenten für die Regioselektivität entscheidend sind. α‐Substituenten begünstigen darüber hinaus den Aufbau langer Ketten ( M W bis 9190). R 1 = t Bu, i Pr; R 2 = H, Me; μ‐X = Me 2 C‐CMe 2 , Me 2 Si. magnified image
Preoperative apolipoprotein CI levels correlate positively with the proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia following elective cardiac surgery (2008)

High plasma apoCI is positively related to proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia and confirms the observations in animal models.
A coarse-to-fine curvature analysis-based rotation invariant 3D face landmarking (2009)

Automatic 2.5D face landmarking aims at locating facial feature points on 2.5D face models, such as eye corners, nose tip, etc. and has many applications ranging from face registration to facial expression recognition. In this paper, we propose a rotation invariant 2.5D face landmarking solution based on facial curvature analysis combined with a generic 2.5D face model and make use of a coarse-to-fine strategy for more accurate facial feature points localization. Experimented on more than 1600 face models randomly selected from the FRGC dataset, our technique displays, compared to a ground truth from a manual 3D face landmarking, a 100% of good nose tip localization in 8 mm precision and 100% of good localization for the eye inner corner in 12 mm precision.
A Comparison of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Trigeminal Neurolysis and Microvascular Decompression of the Trigeminal Nerve for the Treatment of Tic Douloureux (1977)

In a 36-month period, 103 consecutive patients have been treated for classical trigeminal neuralgia with either percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal neurolysis (PTN) (48 patients) or microvascular decompression (MVD) via a suboccipital craniectomy (55 patients). The results of these two procedures are tabulated, emphasizing especially the complications that have occurred with each. Successful initial relief of pain was achieved in 88% of the patients with PTN and 96% of the patients with MVD. Two significant complications occurred in the former group. Severe recurrences have occurred to date in 13% of the patients with PTN and in 5% of those with MVD. It is concluded that both procedures are effective, but that microvascular decompression offers the advantage of avoiding sensory loss and associated dysesthetic sensations. Follow-up is too short to conclude that MVD is a curative procedure, but the early results are very encouraging.
Studies on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and on the availability of these elements from milk and from an inorganic source (1939)

SOME time ago experiments were reported from this laboratory [Henry & Kon, 1937, 1] on the availability to rats of Ca and P in raw and pasteurized milks. While no difference was found in this respect between the two milks two rather puzzling observations were made. In the first place, though the rats received only 60 to 70 % of the Ca and P normally retained by rats of their age on an adequate diet, they utilized only some 80 % of their intake of these minerals. Secondly, 90 % of the excreted Ca was found in the urine, a result hardly to be expected as it is usually believed that Ca is largely excreted in the faeces.
Depth camera based indoor mobile robot localization and navigation (2012)

The sheer volume of data generated by depth cameras provides a challenge to process in real time, in particular when used for indoor mobile robot localization and navigation. We introduce the Fast Sampling Plane Filtering (FSPF) algorithm to reduce the volume of the 3D point cloud by sampling points from the depth image, and classifying local grouped sets of points as belonging to planes in 3D (the “plane filtered” points) or points that do not correspond to planes within a specified error margin (the “outlier” points). We then introduce a localization algorithm based on an observation model that down-projects the plane filtered points on to 2D, and assigns correspondences for each point to lines in the 2D map. The full sampled point cloud (consisting of both plane filtered as well as outlier points) is processed for obstacle avoidance for autonomous navigation. All our algorithms process only the depth information, and do not require additional RGB data. The FSPF, localization and obstacle avoidance algorithms run in real time at full camera frame rates (30Hz) with low CPU requirements (16%). We provide experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach for indoor mobile robot localization and navigation. We further compare the accuracy and robustness in localization using depth cameras with FSPF vs. alternative approaches that simulate laser rangefinder scans from the 3D data.
Early epitope- and isotype-specific humoral immune responses to GAD65 in young children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (2006)

The humoral response to GAD65 epitope clusters is relatively uniform in young children, whereas there is conspicuous individual variation in IgG subclass responses except for IgG1. A narrow initial IgG subclass response to GAD65 and the emergence of IgG4 antibodies were characteristic of those who remained non-diabetic over the first few years of GAD65 autoimmunity.
Embedded ECC Solutions for Emerging Memories (PCMs) (2016)

Emerging Memories (EMs) could benefit from Error Correcting Codes (ECCs) able to correct few errors in a few nanoseconds. The low latency is necessary to meet the DRAM- like and/or eXecuted-in-Place requirements of Storage Class Memory devices. The error correction capability would help manufacturers to cope with unknown failure mechanisms and to fulfill the market demand for a rapid increase in density. This paper shows the design of an ECC decoder for a shortened BCH code with 256-data-bit page able to correct three errors in less than 3 ns. The tight latency constraint is met by pre-computing the coefficients of carefully chosen Error Locator Polynomials, by optimizing the operations in the Galois Fields and by resorting to a fully parallel combinatorial implementation of the decoder. The latency and the area occupancy are first estimated by the number of elementary gates to traverse, and by the total number of elementary gates of the decoder. Eventually, the implementation of the solution by Synopsys topographical synthesis methodology in 54nm logic gate length CMOS technology gives a latency lower than 3 ns and a total area less than \(250 \cdot 10^3 \mu m^2\).
Efficient Interconnection in Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells (2020)

Abstract Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials are excellent candidates as light absorbers in tandem solar cells with advantages of tunable bandgaps, high absorption coefficients, facile fabrication processes, and low costs. Tandem devices offer a route to further improve the efficiency and reduce the cost for the solar cell practical applications. One critical challenge that limits the development of two‐terminal perovskite‐based tandem devices is the interconnection between two subcells. To achieve efficient interconnection in the tandem devices, it is required to simultaneously fulfill the high electrical, optical, and chemical requirements. In particular, chemical protection requirement is necessary to enable a tandem device in the case of solution‐processed perovskite–perovskite tandem solar cells. In this work, recent advances of interconnection in perovskite‐based two‐terminal tandem solar cells are reviewed. A brief introduction to the topic is first given. The definition, functions, and requirements of interconnecting layers in two‐terminal tandem devices are then discussed. Next, the insights into recent advances of interconnecting layers in two‐terminal perovskite‐based tandem solar cells (perovskite–perovskite, perovskite–polymer, perovskite–inorganic tandem solar cells) are further described. Finally, an outlook of the future research directions and a brief summary are drawn.
A study of the effect of uncertainties when calculating the singular value decomposition of a polynomial matrix (2010)

An algorithm has been recently proposed by the authors for calculating a polynomial matrix singular value decomposition (SVD) based upon polynomial matrix QR decomposition. In this work we examine how this method compares to a previously proposed method of formulating this decomposition. In particular, the performance of the two methods is examined when each is used as part of a broadband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system by means of average bit error rate simulations. These results confirm a clear advantage of using the new polynomial matrix SVD method over the existing technique. This paper also discusses the possible errors that are encountered when formulating the SVD of a polynomial matrix and investigates how these errors affect the error rate performance of both SVD methods within the proposed application.
Inositol phosphates in aquatic systems. (2006)

While there is a considerable body of research on the abundance and behavior of inositol hexakisphosphate in soils, much less is known regarding its behaviour in aquatic systems. The observed physico-chemical behaviour of this organic P species suggests that in marine and freshwaters, it should be complexed and precipitated by major ions such as calcium, magnesium, iron or aluminium, and thus immobilized in the sediments (de Groot and Golterman, 1993). Furthermore inositol hexakisphosphate is known to be un-amenable to hydrolysis by exocellular alkaline phosphatase or phosphodiesterase (Turner et al., 2002a), and it is therefore regarded as biologically unavailable to phytoplankton. These observations tend to reinforce the classical, and quite understandable view, that inositol hexakisphosphate exists in aquatic systems as an insoluble, refractory, immobile and biologically unavailable P species.
Hierarchical test access architecture for embedded cores in an integrated circuit (2002)

The rapid emergence of reusable core-based designs, in the last few years, poses new challenges to the IEEE test access standard 1149.1. Due to widespread industrial acceptance of 1149.1 standard, ICs are now expected to be 1149.1-compliant. At the same time, a typical IC, like the TMS470 microcontroller manufactured by TI, often contains multiple cores with built-in 1149.1 compliant Test Access Port (TAP), as well as significant amounts of non-core logic, which does not have any built-in test access mechanism. In this paper, we present a new TAP design that enables systematic integration of TAP'ed cores with non-TAP'ed logic, and makes the total IC 1149.1 compliant, at the same time. This TAP design, designated Hierarchical Test Access Port (HTAP), has exactly the same I/O pin specifications as an 1149.1-compliant TAP, and can either serve as an 1149.1-compliant TAP, or act as an arbitrator between existing TAPs in the Embedded cores. Behavior of the HTAP-whether to act as a TAP or as an arbitrator of TAPs-is controlled via the TMS input pin.
Chemical Activators of Disease Resistance (2002)

Abstract Chemical activation of disease resistance in plants represents an additional option for growers to protect their crops from losses due to plant diseases. Against some pathogens, like bacteria and viruses, resistance activators may be the best chemical option where genetic resistance is not available or not sufficient. Against dynamic fungal pathogens with a history of adaptation to fungicides or to resistant cultivars, the integration of chemical activators of broad‐spectrum plant defenses with genetic resistance and fungicides is likely to prevent or slow such pathogen shifts. The challenge is to integrate optimally on each crop the new chemical activators of broad‐spectrum plant defense with all other disease control and crop production methods to achieve more sustainable crop health management systems.
Adapting Low-Cost Platforms for Robotics Research (2015)

Validation of robotics theory on real-world hard- ware platforms is important to prove the practical feasibility of algorithms. This paper discusses some of the lessons learned while adapting the EvoBot, a low-cost robotics platform that we designed and prototyped, for research in diverse areas in robotics. The EvoBot platform was designed to be a low- cost, open source, general purpose robotics platform intended to enable testing and validation of algorithms from a wide variety of sub-fields of robotics. Throughout the paper, we outline and discuss some common failures, practical limitations and inconsistencies between theory and practice that one may encounter while adapting such low-cost platforms for robotics research. We demonstrate these aspects through four represen- tative common robotics tasks- localization, real-time control, swarm consensus and path planning applications, performed using the EvoBots. We also propose some potential solutions to the encountered problems and try to generalize them. Index Terms — low cost, open-source, swarm robotics, lessons learned
Physical Layer Security Jamming: Theoretical Limits and Practical Designs in Wireless Networks (2016)

Physical layer security has been recently recognized as a promising new design paradigm to provide security in wireless networks. In addition to the existing conventional cryptographic methods, physical layer security exploits the dynamics of fading channels to enhance secured wireless links. In this approach, jamming plays a key role by generating noise signals to confuse the potential eavesdroppers, and significantly improves quality and reliability of secure communications between legitimate terminals. This article presents theoretical limits and practical designs of jamming approaches for physical layer security. In particular, the theoretical limits explore the achievable secrecy rates of user cooperation-based jamming whilst the centralized and game theoretic-based precoding techniques are reviewed for practical implementations. In addition, the emerging wireless energy harvesting techniques are exploited to harvest the required energy to transmit jamming signals. Future directions of these approaches and the associated research challenges are also briefly outlined.