gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamental study on the application of liquid crystals to actuator devices (2016)

In a fundamental study to develop liquid crystal microactuators, we prepared a sandwich cell with a movable upper plate and used backflow induced by applying repetitively a rectangular wave voltage to drive the upper plate in its plane. We used 4-cyano-4′-pentyl biphenyl, a low-molar-mass nematic liquid crystal. The speed of the plate depends significantly on the frequency of the applied voltage. With specific settings of applied voltage, duty ratio, plate gap, and upper plate mass, the speed increases with increasing frequency, attaining a maximum value of 120 μm/s at 175 Hz. Further increases in frequency, however, produce a gradual decrease in plate speed because the molecules of the liquid crystal respond too slowly to the change in voltage at the higher frequencies. In addition, to expand the field of application of liquid crystal actuators, we performed an experiment to control the direction of movement of the upper plate by patterning the electrodes and the alignment layer to govern the orientation of molecules at the walls. The plate changes its direction smoothly with quick responses at each switching, but its speed is reduced compared with the unidirectional actuators over the entire frequency range.
Overeating Saturated Fat Promotes Fatty Liver and Ceramides Compared With Polyunsaturated Fat: A Randomized Trial (2019)

SFA markedly induces liver fat and serum ceramides, whereas dietary PUFA prevents liver fat accumulation and reduces ceramides and hyperlipidemia during excess energy intake and weight gain in overweight individuals.
Failure protection in layered networks with shared risk link groups (2004)

The shared risk link group (SRLG) has been widely recognized as a fundamental concept in layered network design by the industry. However, several issues related to SRLG protections that are of both theoretical interest and practical importance have not been explored fully. Two major issues are avoiding failures caused by "traps" in finding backup paths, and minimizing the total network capacity requested by active and backup paths. In this article, we highlight the significance of the trap problem in layered networks with SRLG and evaluate the performance of several existing SRLG protection schemes in terms of trap avoidance and bandwidth efficiency, as well as their complexities. We also demonstrate that a simple yet intelligent heuristic algorithm can achieve good performance.
The Chemistry of the Phthalazines. (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Chemistry of the Phthalazines.Wyman. R. VaughanCite this: Chem. Rev. 1948, 43, 3, 447–508Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60136a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60136a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views589Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Prognostic and predictive value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in two phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer (BC) trials. (2014)

11087 Background: TIL have been proposed as a new prognostic factor for triple negative BC [Dieci MV, 2014]. Here we seek to evaluate the prognostic and predictive role of TIL in BC patients enrolled in two prospective adjuvant trials. Methods: The % of intratumoral (It) and stromal (Str) TIL were evaluated on H&E slides of tumors from 817 patients from two randomized trials comparing anthracycline-based to no chemotherapy [Arriagada R, 2005]. Samples were classified as High-TIL if ItTIL and/or StrTIL >=50%. CD3, CD8 and CD20 were also evaluated. Association with Disease-free survival (DFS) and interaction with chemotherapy were studied. Results: 781 of 817 cases were evaluable for TIL. High-TIL patients were more likely Grade 3 and ER-negative (P<0.001 for both). In multivariate analyses including age, tumor grade, tumor size, nodal status, ER, HER2 and treatment arm, both continuous It-TIL and Str-TIL variables were significantly associated with DFS. Each 10% increase in ItTIL or StrTIL was associated with 14% and 13% reduction in risk relapse (HR 0.86, 95%CI 0.78-0.94, P=0.001; HR 0.87, 95%CI 0.80-0.94, P<0.001), respectively. There was no prognostic effect in the ER+/HER2- subgroup, whereas both continuous ItTIL and StrTIL showed a significant prognostic value in multivariate analyses for both the ER-/HER2- and the HER2+ groups (P=0.05, P=0.04 for ItTIL and P=0.02, P=0.01 for StrTIL respectively). In the ER-/HER2- group 10yrs DFS rate was 85% and 53% for High-TIL and Low-TIL patients, respectively (HR 0.43 95%CI 0.20-0.94, P =0.03), whereas in the HER2-positive group 10yrs DFS rate was 74% and 54% for the High-TIL and Low-TIL groups, respectively (HR 0.48 95%CI 0.21-1.07, P=0.07). Either continuous ItTIL or StrTIL did not predict for the efficacy of anthracyclines, either in the whole study population or in different molecular subgroups (test for interaction: P>0.2). Conclusions: TILs did not predict anthracycline efficacy. We confirmed in prospective randomised trials the prognostic value of TIL for early triple negative BC patients and we suggested a prognostic impact in HER2+ patients. Analyses of TIL composition (CD3, CD8, CD20) are ongoing and will be presented at the meeting.
Lipid kinases as therapeutic targets for chronic pain (2020)

Existing analgesics are not efficacious in treating all patients with chronic pain and have harmful side effects when used long-term. A deeper understanding of pain signaling and sensitization could lead to the development of more efficacious analgesics. Nociceptor sensitization occurs under conditions of inflammation and nerve injury where diverse chemicals are released and signal through receptors to reduce the activation threshold of ion channels, leading to an overall increase in neuronal excitability [98; 28]. Drugs that inhibit specific receptors have so far been unsuccessful in alleviating pain, possibly because they do not simultaneously target the diverse receptors that contribute to nociceptor sensitization. Hence, focus has shifted towards targeting downstream convergence points of nociceptive signaling [98]. Lipid mediators, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), are attractive targets as these molecules are required for signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Furthermore, PIP2 regulates the activity of various ion channels [80]. Thus, PIP2 sits at a critical convergence point for multiple receptors, ion channels and signaling pathways that promote and maintain chronic pain. Decreasing the amount of PIP2 in neurons was recently shown to attenuate pronociceptive signaling and could provide a novel approach for treating pain. Here, we review the lipid kinases that are known to regulate pain signaling and sensitization and speculate on which additional lipid kinases might regulate signaling in nociceptive neurons.
Fast Charging Battery Buses for the Electrification of Urban Public Transport—A Feasibility Study Focusing on Charging Infrastructure and Energy Storage Requirements (2015)

The electrification of public transport bus networks can be carried out utilizing different technological solutions, like trolley, battery or fuel cell buses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how and to what extent existing bus networks can be electrified with fast charging battery buses. The so called opportunity chargers use mainly the regular dwell time at the stops to charge their batteries. This results in a strong linkage between the vehicle scheduling and the infrastructure planning. The analysis is based on real-world data of the bus network in Muenster, a mid-sized city in Germany. The outcomes underline the necessity to focus on entire vehicle schedules instead on individual trips. The tradeoff between required battery capacity and charging power is explained in detail. Furthermore, the impact on the electricity grid is discussed based on the load profiles of a selected charging station and a combined load profile of the entire network.
Relationship between Expression of Chalcone Synthase Genes and Chromones in Artificial Agarwood induced by Formic Acid Stimulation Combined with Fusarium sp. A2 Inoculation (2017)

Agarwood (gaharu) is a fragrant resin produced in the heartwood of resinous <i>Gyrinops</i> and <i>Aquilaria</i> species. Artificial agarwood samples were obtained from <i>Aquilaria sinensis</i> (Lour.) Gilg using formic acid (FA) stimulation combined with <i>Fusarium</i> sp. A2 inoculation. The relationship between the expression of chalcone synthase genes (<i>CHS</i>) and dynamic changes in chromone content was explored in resin-deposited parts of the trunks of <i>A. sinensis</i>. <i>CHS</i> gene expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR analysis. The chemical composition of agarwood obtained from the heartwood of <i>A. sinensis</i> before and within 1 year after induction was determined by GC-MS. After induction with FA stimulation combined with <i>F</i>. sp. A2 inoculation, the <i>CHS</i>1 gene showed relatively high expression, whereas the <i>CHS</i>2 gene showed low expression. The relative gene expression level of <i>CHS</i>1 peaked at 12 months, with a 153.1-fold increase, and the dominant period of the <i>CHS</i>2 gene expression was 10 months with a 14.13-fold increase. Moreover, chromones were not detected until after 2 months, and a large proportion of chromone compounds were detected after 4 months. Chromone content increased with time and peaked at 12 months. <i>CHS</i>1 gene expression was significantly correlated with 6-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone accumulation, and <i>CHS</i>2 gene expression was significantly correlated with 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone accumulation. <i>CHS</i> gene expression was extremely sensitive to FA stimulation combined with <i>F</i>. sp. A2 inoculation and responded to late-onset injury. <i>CHS</i> genes expression also preceded the chromone accumulation. This work laid the foundation for studies on the mechanism by which genes regulate chromone biosynthesis pathways during the formation of agarwood resin in <i>A. sinensis</i>.
Questionable alternative therapies for cancer, “The devil is in the detail” (2018)

The wide usage of so called "alternative therapies" for cancer, has risen legitimate concerns over their safety and efficacy. This paper provides a summary of an anecdotal report intending to support the need for further studies before such therapies are commonly considered as neutral in the patent outcome, as some could negatively impact the treatment outcome and further patient survival. We conclude that further attention is required to ensure patients' safety is not over looked by prescribing alternative means of care by alternative practitioners.
ENHANCEMENT OF Fe MAGNETIC MOMENTS IN FERROMAGNETIC Fe16B2, Fe16C2, AND Fe16N2 (1993)

In order to investigate electronic and magnetic properties of Fe 16 X 2 (X=B, C, N) ferromagnet, we have performed electronic structure calculations employing the total energy self-consistent local density functional linearized muffin tin orbital (LMTO) band method. Large enhancement of the magnetic moment is observed in FeII and FeIII, which are located farther from X than FeI. This suggests that the local environment plays a very important role in determining Fe magnetic moments in these compounds. Orbital contribution to the magnetic moment in Fe atoms of Fe 16 N 2 is minor, total of ~0.6 μ B in the unit cell. We have obtained the average magnetic moments per Fe atom, 2.30, 2.40, and 2.50 μ B , in Fe 16 B 2 , Fe 16 C 2 , and Fe 16 N 2 , respectively.
Hashimoto's disease is a frequent comorbidity and an exacerbating factor of chronic spontaneous urticaria (2014)

The comorbidity rate of HD in CSU patients was high, and such patients tended to have a positive ASST. Thyroid therapy in CSU patients with HD can lead to a considerable remission of urticarial symptoms, which may suggest that HD is possibly involved in the aetiology of CSU, or is at least a potential exacerbating factor for CSU.
Fine-Tuned Access Control for Internet of Things (2022)

Security within the internet of things suffers from balancing power consumption and memory usage in devices. We propose two protocols that aim to reduce these strains while maintaining effective security through symmetric keys. Our first protocol takes a user-level approach for fine-tuned access control over advanced operations between a device and its installed software. Our second protocol allows for flexibility between the energy and memory tradeoff for network designers along with a dynamic bootstrapping mechanism for an already established network.
Increased endothelin and endothelin receptor mRNA expression in polycystic kidneys of cpk mice. (1993)

The renal mRNA levels of endothelin (ET)-1 and ET-3 and for ET receptors A and B were measured in the cystic kidneys of cpk/cpk mice at 1, 2, and 3 wk of age. At 1 wk of age, renal ET-1 mRNA was 3.2-fold greater in cystic mice than in controls and continued to increase with the progression of cyst formation to reach 10.4-fold more than controls at 3 wk. ET-3 mRNA levels did not differ between cystic and control mice. Renal ETA and ETB receptor mRNA increased gradually in cystic mice with the progression of their cysts, reaching 4.2- and 6.3-fold increases over controls, respectively, at 3 wk. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen mRNA expression was also examined, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen mRNA levels were found to be significantly increased in the kidneys of cystic mice compared with controls: 2. 1-fold at 1 wk, 4.5-fold at 2 wk, and 7.8-fold at 3 wk. The mRNA levels for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the kidneys of cystic mice were also examined and were found to be increased progressively with age (TGF-beta, 2.1-fold at 1 wk, 4.2-fold at 2 wk, and 6.2-fold at 3 wk; TNF-alpha, 2.2-fold at 1 wk, 3.8-fold at 2 wk, and 5.4-fold at 3 wk).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Jasmonate Controls Leaf Growth by Repressing Cell Proliferation and the Onset of Endoreduplication while Maintaining a Potential Stand-By Mode (2013)

Phytohormones regulate plant growth from cell division to organ development. Jasmonates (JAs) are signaling molecules that have been implicated in stress-induced responses. However, they have also been shown to inhibit plant growth, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on leaf growth regulation were investigated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants altered in JA synthesis and perception, allene oxide synthase and coi1-16B (for coronatine insensitive1), respectively. We show that MeJA inhibits leaf growth through the JA receptor COI1 by reducing both cell number and size. Further investigations using flow cytometry analyses allowed us to evaluate ploidy levels and to monitor cell cycle progression in leaves and cotyledons of Arabidopsis and/or Nicotiana benthamiana at different stages of development. Additionally, a novel global transcription profiling analysis involving continuous treatment with MeJA was carried out to identify the molecular players whose expression is regulated during leaf development by this hormone and COI1. The results of these studies revealed that MeJA delays the switch from the mitotic cell cycle to the endoreduplication cycle, which accompanies cell expansion, in a COI1-dependent manner and inhibits the mitotic cycle itself, arresting cells in G1 phase prior to the S-phase transition. Significantly, we show that MeJA activates critical regulators of endoreduplication and affects the expression of key determinants of DNA replication. Our discoveries also suggest that MeJA may contribute to the maintenance of a cellular "stand-by mode" by keeping the expression of ribosomal genes at an elevated level. Finally, we propose a novel model for MeJA-regulated COI1-dependent leaf growth inhibition.
Titelbild: Catalytic Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Aldehydes on Pt(111): Understanding the Selectivity from First‐Principles Calculations (Angew. Chem. 33/2005) (2005)

Die selektive Hydrierung von ungesättigten Aldehyden wie Propenal an einer Pt(111)‐Oberfläche ist beispielhaft für eine heterogenkatalysierte Reaktion, die zwei konkurrierende Produkte liefert: Propenol und Propanal. Die Selektivität der Reaktion beruht auf einem Wechselspiel zwischen den Hydrierungsschritten an der Oberfläche und der Produktdesorption. D. Loffreda et al. beschreiben auf S. 5413 ff. ihre Untersuchungen der Reaktionspfade mithilfe von Dichtefunktionaltheorie und einem mikrokinetischen Modell.
Bacterial polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines (1999)

The age-related and T-cell independent properties of polysaccharides limit their use as vaccines. These limitations are overcome by covalently binding polysaccharides to proteins to form conjugates. Widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugates has virtually eliminated systemic infection caused by this pathogen, notably meningitis, in individuals of all ages. The principles derived from the development and use of Hib conjugates have been applied to other capsulated pathogens including pneumococci and meningococci. We have shown that vaccine-induced serum IgG antibodies to the surface polysaccharides of enteric pathogens confer immunity to typhoid fever (Vi) and to S. sonnei. Our preliminary data show that synthetic saccharides provide a method for increasing the immunogenicity of conjugates and permitted more direct characterization of a S. dysenteriae type 1 conjugate. Both the chain length and density of the saccharides on the protein were related to the immunogenicity of conjugates in mice. A synthetic approach has also been extended to the LPS types of Vibrio cholerae O1.
SYNTHESIS AND REDOX BEHAVIOR OF [Mo(2,4,6-TRIALKYLBENZENETHIOLATO)4]. UNIQUE REDOX PROPERTIES OF TETRA-COORDINATED Mo(IV) COMPLEXES WITH BULKY THIOLATES (1985)

Abstract Two new molybdenum(IV) complexes having bulky thiolato ligands, [Mo(2,4,6-trimethylbenzenethiolato)4] and [Mo(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenethiolato)4], were synthesized. These complexes show paramagnetic properties due to a nearly tetrahedral coordination and exhibit the quasi-reversible redox couples of Mo(V)/Mo(IV) at −0.07 V and +0.47 V vs. SCE, respectively in 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The two bulky isopropyl groups at o-position prevent π-interaction between Mo(IV) and sulfur, providing an ionic character at the Mo–S bond and stabilizing Mo(IV) state against oxidation.
Changes in the organisms of resistant peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. (2004)

Peritonitis is one of the most serious complications of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Approximately 20% of peritonitis infections have been reported to be resistant to initial therapy, either failing to resolve with appropriate antibiotics or relapsing within 2 weeks of antibiotic discontinuation. To investigate the current situation with regard to resistant peritonitis, we retrospectively examined the incidence and the organisms of resistant peritonitis in our unit over a period of 9 years. From January 1, 1994, to January 1, 2003, we introduced 325 patients onto CAPD. At January 1, 2003, we followed up 172 patients who were receiving CAPD in our unit. During 1994-1996, 12 cases of peritonitis and 3 cases of resistant peritonitis (25%) occurred among our patients. Microbiologic examination revealed that the organisms involved in peritonitis were alpha-streptococcus (17%), coagulase-negative staphylococcus [CNS (17%)], and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [MSSA (17%)]. The organisms of resistant peritonitis were methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA (67%)] and methicillin-resistant CNS (33%). During 1997-1999, 39 cases of peritonitis and 13 cases of resistant peritonitis (33%) occurred among our patients. The most frequently cultured organisms in peritonitis were CNS (26%), Candida species (13%), and alpha-streptococcus (10%). The organisms of resistant peritonitis were methicillin-resistant CNS (46%) and Candida species (38%). In the most recent 3-year period (2000-2002), our patients experienced 57 cases of peritonitis and 24 cases of resistant peritonitis (42%). The organisms of peritonitis were alpha-streptococcus (46%), CNS, MSSA, Escherichia coli, and Candida species (38%). However, the organisms of resistant peritonitis were methicillin-resistant CNS (13%), Candida species (21%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Serratia (13%), Citrobacter (13%), and Corynebacterium (13%). In the last several years, methicillin-resistant CNS has come to be main organism of resistant peritonitis. In addition, opportunistic infection has become a serious peritonitis problem. Given these data, we conclude that the incidence of resistant peritonitis is increasing and that the organisms of resistant peritonitis are changing.
Inhibiting the natural number bias in rational number tasks (2014)

Inhibiting the natural number bias in rational number tasks: towards a comprehensive test instrument While rational numbers form an essential part of mathematical literacy, research has repeatedly shown that they form a stumbling block in education. A big source of difficulty is the inappropriate application of natural number knowledge. Problems and misconceptions occur when the rules counting for natural numbers are no longer applicable for rational numbers. The research literature points out different aspects on which natural numbers differ from rational numbers: density, operations, and size. While there has been a large number of studies about each of the aspects, there is, to our knowledge, no test instrument that combines all of them. Based on an extensive literature review and an analysis of the school curriculum of Flanders, a comprehensive paper-and-pencil test was created that includes the three aspects. By conducting an IRT-analysis, we aimed at creating a valid instrument that measures the capacity of persons of different age levels to inhibit their natural number knowledge in tasks with rational numbers. Students from the fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth and twelfth grade were tested (200-300 for each age group). A fitting scale was found for the sixth graders which leads to the conclusion that ‘natural number inhibition’ can be considered a one-dimensional construct in 6th graders. The analysis further showed that several items behaved differently according to age, which makes it necessary to use Differential Item Functioning in the construction of the IRT scales in the other grades.