gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonconvex Nonseparable Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for Hyperspectral Unmixing (2020)

Hyperspectral unmixing is an important step to learn the material categories and corresponding distributions in a scene. Over the past decade, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has been utilized for this task, thanks to its good physical interpretation. The solution space of NMF is very huge due to its nonconvex objective function for both variables simultaneously. Many convex and nonconvex sparse regularizations are embedded into NMF to limit the number of trivial solutions. Unfortunately, they either produce biased sparse solutions or unbiased sparse solutions with the sacrifice of the convex objective function of NMF with respect to individual variable. In this article, we enhance NMF by introducing a generalized minimax concave (GMC) sparse regularization. The GMC regularization is nonconvex and nonseparable, enabling promotion of unbiased and sparser results while simultaneously preserving the convexity of NMF for each variable separately. Therefore, GMC-NMF better avoids being trapped into local minimals, and thereby produce physically meaningful and accurate results. Extensive experimental results on synthetic data and real-world data verify its utility when compared with several state-of-the-art approaches.
Carrier illumination for characterization of ultrashallow doping profiles (2004)

The Carrier Illumination™ (CI) method is an optical technique for nondestructive in-line monitoring of postanneal junction depth, preanneal preamorphization implant depth, and dose. This work intends to extend the use of the CI measurements from a relatively process specific quantitative measurement towards a more universal quantitative analysis of junction depth, profile abruptness, and implant dose. For that purpose the predictive capabilities of the present physical models with respect to the quantitative dependence of the CI signal on the applied generation power is investigated for a wide variety of samples, including bulk material, highly abrupt chemical vapor deposition grown (B) structures, and implanted ultrashallow junctions (B, BF2, As). In general, the CI signal may arise from a combination of three components: a primary one originating from the reflection of the probe laser beam from the dopant profile depth corresponding with the injected excess carrier level, in some cases, from reflection from near-surface carriers, and in other cases, from residual damage within the doped region.
Characterization of HelD, an interacting partner of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis (2014)

Bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is an essential multisubunit protein complex required for gene expression. Here, we characterize YvgS (HelD) from Bacillus subtilis, a novel binding partner of RNAP. We show that HelD interacts with RNAP-core between the secondary channel of RNAP and the alpha subunits. Importantly, we demonstrate that HelD stimulates transcription in an ATP-dependent manner by enhancing transcriptional cycling and elongation. We demonstrate that the stimulatory effect of HelD can be amplified by a small subunit of RNAP, delta. In vivo, HelD is not essential but it is required for timely adaptations of the cell to changing environment. In summary, this study establishes HelD as a valid component of the bacterial transcription machinery.
Effect of Oncology Analytics (OA) cancer care quality initiative on inappropriate use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with curative intent. (2014)

e17552 Background: ESA use in cancer patients to counter anemia associated with chemotherapy is extremely common despite the fact that experimental and level 1 clinical data suggest that ESAs have the potential to stimulate cancer growth and spread. FDA/NCI consensus conferences, all major guidelines, and ASCO policy recommend against ESA use in cancer patients being treated with curative intent. OA is a cancer decision-support company which screens all therapeutic requests for patients of one major payor and their network of 2,800 southeastern US oncology providers. In 2011, OA initiated a four-tiered quality enhancement program to manage such ESA requests: (1.) Auto-processing interactions discouraging ESA use in adjuvant/curative settings (2.) Educational fax bringing relevant data to the requesting oncologists (3.) Oncologist-to-oncologist peer review of all relevant data (4.) Recommendation to payer not to approve request and not to pay for ESA. We hypothesize that this OA quality enhancement initiative will diminish the use of ESAs in adjuvant/curative settings over time. Methods: We tabulated all requests for potentially curative cancer chemotherapy over 12 consecutive quarters (2011-2013). We then analyzed the proportions of all concurrent ESA requests for patients being treated in the adjuvant/curative setting over this period by chi squared analysis. Results: 1,989 potentially curative chemotherapy requests were made during these 36 months. Concurrently, 88 (4.4%) ESA requests were made for patients being treated with curative intent. There was a persistence of inappropriate requests throughout these 12 quarters which diminished steadily across time. The proportion of ESA requests declined relative to the number of adjuvant chemotherapy requests, from 9% in early 2011 to 3% by the end of 2013 (chi-sq 76.9; p<0.001). Conclusions: Active monitoring of inappropriate ESA use by board certified OA medical oncologists materially diminishes ESA prescribing in the curative setting resulting in safer, less costly cancer care. Continued monitoring is essential for maintaining this quality advantage.
Influence of microstructure on permeability dispersion and power loss of NiZn ferrite (2008)

Permeability spectra of NiZn ferrite with different microstructures had been resolved into contributions of domain wall resonance and spin rotation relaxation. The fitting results of permeability dispersion revealed the relationships among domain wall resonance, spin rotation relaxation mechanisms, and microstructures. Pcv (power loss) was analyzed by dividing Pcv into Ph (hysteresis loss) and Pe+Pr (eddy current loss and residual loss) from the frequency dependence of the power loss. When excited under large flux density, sample with larger average grain size and closed pores could obtain lower Pcv. This could be attributed to the fact that closed pores were not easy to block domain wall movement and grain boundaries became the predominant domain wall pinning factor. However, for the low induction condition, sample with small grain size had better performance on Pcv due to the fact that influence of the closed pores was more significant. With increasing frequency, Pe+Pr gradually became the predominant factors in Pcv, so the sample with small grain size was more suitable for high-frequency use.
Tailoring the Membrane‐Electrode Interface in PEM Fuel Cells: A Review and Perspective on Novel Engineering Approaches (2017)

Abstract The interface between the catalyst layer (CL) and the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) in a fuel cell has substantial impact on its electrochemical performance. In consequence, there have been growing research activities to engineer this interface to improve the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This review summarizes these novel approaches and compares the various techniques. Based on available fuel cell data in the literature, a quantitative comparison of relative improvements due to a micro‐ and nano‐engineered PEM|CL interface is provided. This allows several conclusions: First, regardless of the applied method, a re‐engineering of the PEM|CL interface leads to an improvement of power‐determining parameters, such as mass transport resistances. The latter has hitherto not been clearly connected to the PEM|CL interface and is an important piece of information for future fuel cell development. Second, for patterned membrane surfaces, feature sizes of about 1–10 µm on the membrane surface seem to result in the most significant power density improvement. Third, an engineered PEMCL interface can contribute to extend the fuel cell durability due to enhanced adhesion and contact between the two layers. With this, novel membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) can be designed that enable significantly higher power densities compared conventional 2D‐layer MEAs.
Diversity of model approaches for breast cancer screening: a review of model assumptions by The Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Network (CISNET) Breast Cancer Groups (2004)

The National Cancer Institute-sponsored Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Network program on breast cancer is composed of seven research groups working largely independently to model the impact of screening and adjuvant therapy on breast cancer mortality trends in the US from 1975 to 2000. Each of the groups has chosen a different modeling methodology without purposeful attempt to be in contrast with each other. The seven groups have met biannually since November 2000 to discuss their methodology and results. This article investigates the differences in methodology. To facilitate this comparison, each of the groups submitted a description of their model into a uniformly structured web based 'model profiler'. Six of the seven models simulate a preclinical natural history that cannot be observed directly with parameters estimated from published evidence concerning screening and therapy effects. The remaining model regards published evidence on intervention effects as prior information and updates that with information from the US population in a Bayesian type analysis. In general, the differences between the models appear to be small, particularly among the models driven by natural history assumptions. However, we demonstrate that such apparently small differences can have a large impact on surveillance of population trends. We describe a systematic approach to evaluating differences in model assumptions and results, as well as differences in modeling culture underlying the differences in model structure and parameters.
Minor disease features in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and their possible value in diagnosis of NF1 in children < or = 6 years and clinically suspected of having NF1. Neurofibromatosis team of Sophia Children's Hospital. (1998)

In children with insufficient diagnostic criteria aged < or = 6 years, documentation of minor disease features may be a helpful aid in predicting the diagnosis of NF1 in years to come.
One-dimensional CaWO4 and CaWO4:Tb3+ nanowires and nanotubes: electrospinning preparation and luminescent properties (2009)

One-dimensional CaWO4 and CaWO4:Tb3+ nanowires and nanotubes have been prepared by a combination method of sol-gel process and electrospinning. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), photoluminescence (PL), low voltage cathodoluminescence (CL) and time-resolved emission spectra, as well as kinetic decays were used to characterize the resulting samples. The results of XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA indicate that the CaWO4 and CaWO4:Tb3+ samples begin to crystallize at 500 °C with the scheelite structure. Under ultraviolet excitation and low-voltage electron beams excitation, the CaWO4 samples exhibit a blue emission band with a maximum at 416 nm originating from the WO42−groups, while the CaWO4:Tb3+ samples show the characteristic emission of Tb3+ corresponding to 5D4–7F6,5,4,3 transitions due to an efficient energy transfer from WO42− to Tb3+. The energy transfer process was further studied by the time-resolved emission spectra as well as kinetic decay curves of Tb3+ upon excitation into the WO42−groups. Furthermore, the PL emission colour of CaWO4: x mol %Tb3+ can be tuned from blue to green by changing the concentrations (x) of the Tb3+ ion, making the materials have potential applications as fluorescent lamps and field emission displays (FEDs).
A Comparison of Ventricular Function During High Right Ventricular Septal and Apical Pacing after His-Bundle Ablation for Refractory Atrial Fibrillation (1999)

This study compares LV performance during high right ventricular septal (RVS) and apical (RVA) pacing in patients with LV dysfunction who underwent His-bundle ablation for chronic AF. We inserted a passive fixation pacing electrode into the RVA and an active fixation electrode in the RVS. A dual chamber, rate responsive pulse generator stimulated the RVA through the ventricular port and the RVS via the atrial port. Patients were randomized to initial RVA (VVIR) or RVS (AAIR) pacing for 2 months. The pacing site was reversed during the next 2 months. At the 2 and 4 month follow-up visit, each patient underwent a transthoracic echocardiographical study and a rest/exercise first pass radionuclide ventriculogram. We studied nine men and three women (mean age of 68 +/- 7 years) with congestive heart failure functional Class (NYHA Classification): I (3 patients), II (7 patients), and III (2 patients). The QRS duration was shorter during RVS stimulation (158 +/- 10 vs 170 +/- 11 ms, P < 0.001). Chronic capture threshold and lead impedance did not significantly differ. LV fractional shortening improved during RVS pacing (0.31 +/- 0.05 vs 0.26 +/- 0.07, P < 0.01). RVS activation increased the resting first pass LV ejection fraction (0.51 +/- 0.14 vs 0.43 +/- 0.10, P < 0.01). No significant difference was observed during RVS and RVA pacing in the exercise time (5.6 +/- 3.2 vs 5.4 +/- 3.1, P = 0.6) or the exercise first pass LV ejection fraction (0.58 +/- 0.15 vs 0.55 +/- 0.16, P = 0.2). The relative changes in QRS duration and LV ejection fraction at both pacing sites showed a significant correlation (P < 0.01). We conclude that RVS pacing produces shorter QRS duration and better chronic LV function than RVA pacing in patients with mild to moderate LV dysfunction and chronic AF after His-bundle ablation.
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in metastatic RCC (mRCC) as a potential predictor of response. (2020)

674 Background: ICIs such as nivolumab (N) have improved outcomes in mRCC patients (pts), but are also associated with immune-related adverse events. As has been shown in melanoma, we hypothesized that pts experiencing an autoimmune reaction directed against the tissue of origin may be more likely to benefit from ICI. Specifically, we evaluated whether pts with nivolumab-induced AIN (N-AIN) exhibited improved outcomes. Methods: We identified all patients with mRCC at UT Southwestern Medical Center from 2014 - 2018 who received at least one dose of N. We extracted creatinine (Cr) values over the entirety of each pt's N treatment course from the electronic medical record. Pts with a 1.5 fold Cr increase over baseline were investigated. The diagnosis of N-AIN was made by biopsy or by clinical criteria (timing of kidney injury, laboratory analysis, and exclusion of other causes). Results: We identified 177 mRCC pts who received at least one dose of N, 36 of whom had at least a 1.5 fold increase in Cr over baseline while on treatment. Of those, two had biopsy-proven AIN and one was clinically diagnosed, resulting in an incidence of 1.7%. Two received N monotherapy after first line, and the third in combination with ipilimumab as initial therapy. The earliest case of N-AIN occurred 1.5 months from N onset, and the others were diagnosed at 11 and 12 months. Of the 3 pts, one had a partial response lasting 2 years, and the other two had a complete response which is ongoing in both pts with over 2 years of follow up. In all 3 cases, N-AIN was treated with cessation of N and prednisone with a return to baseline kidney function. None required dialysis. Conclusions: AIN is a rare event with N, but it may portend a higher likelihood of response. One possible explanation is antigenic crossover between normal renal tubular cells and mRCC, resulting in a robust immune response.
Fatty Acids Composition of Vegetable Oils and Its Contribution to Dietary Energy Intake and Dependence of Cardiovascular Mortality on Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids (2015)

Characterizations of fatty acids composition in % of total methylester of fatty acids (FAMEs) of fourteen vegetable oils--safflower, grape, silybum marianum, hemp, sunflower, wheat germ, pumpkin seed, sesame, rice bran, almond, rapeseed, peanut, olive, and coconut oil--were obtained by using gas chromatography (GC). Saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), palmitic acid (C16:0; 4.6%-20.0%), oleic acid (C18:1; 6.2%-71.1%) and linoleic acid (C18:2; 1.6%-79%), respectively, were found predominant. The nutritional aspect of analyzed oils was evaluated by determination of the energy contribution of SFAs (19.4%-695.7% E(RDI)), PUFAs (10.6%-786.8% E(RDI)), n-3 FAs (4.4%-117.1% E(RDI)) and n-6 FAs (1.8%-959.2% E(RDI)), expressed in % E(RDI) of 1 g oil to energy recommended dietary intakes (E(RDI)) for total fat (E(RDI)--37.7 kJ/g). The significant relationship between the reported data of total fat, SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs intakes (% E(RDI)) for adults and mortality caused by coronary heart diseases (CHD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in twelve countries has not been confirmed by Spearman's correlations.
Stabilization and structural analysis of a membrane-associated hIAPP aggregation intermediate (2017)

Membrane-assisted amyloid formation is implicated in human diseases, and many of the aggregating species accelerate amyloid formation and induce cell death. While structures of membrane-associated intermediates would provide tremendous insights into the pathology and aid in the design of compounds to potentially treat the diseases, it has not been feasible to overcome the challenges posed by the cell membrane. Here, we use NMR experimental constraints to solve the structure of a type-2 diabetes related human islet amyloid polypeptide intermediate stabilized in nanodiscs. ROSETTA and MD simulations resulted in a unique β-strand structure distinct from the conventional amyloid β-hairpin and revealed that the nucleating NFGAIL region remains flexible and accessible within this isolated intermediate, suggesting a mechanism by which membrane-associated aggregation may be propagated. The ability of nanodiscs to trap amyloid intermediates as demonstrated could become one of the most powerful approaches to dissect the complicated misfolding pathways of protein aggregation.
Flexible spectrum coding in the 3GPP EVS codec (2015)

This paper proposes a flexible encoding technique based on multi-stage multiple scale lattice vector quantization and block-constrained trellis coded vector quantization. It is used for the spectrum encoding, more precisely encoding of the LSF parameters, and incorporated in the recently standardized 3GPP EVS codec. The proposed method can handle multiple bit allocations and signal types with low complexity and low memory requirements.
Risk stratification for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy: the role of the wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (2013)

The benefit of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy depends upon appropriate evaluation of a persisting risk of sudden death and estimation of the patient's overall survival. Assessment of a stable and unchangeable arrhythmogenic substrate is often difficult. Structural abnormality and ventricular dysfunction, the two major risk parameters, may recover, and heart failure symptoms can improve so that ICD therapy may not be indicated. Risk stratification can take time while the patient continues to be at high risk of arrhythmic death, and patients may need temporary bridging by a defibrillator in cases of interrupted ICD therapy. The wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD) combines a long-term electrocardiogram (ECG)-monitoring system with an external automatic defibrillator. The LIfeVest® (ZOLL, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) is composed of a garment, containing two defibrillation patch electrodes on the back, and an elastic belt with a front-defibrillation patch electrode and four non-adhesive ECG electrodes, connected to a monitoring and defibrillation unit. The WCD is a safe and effective tool to terminate ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation events, unless a conscious patient withholds shock delivery. It may be used in patients in the early phase after acute myocardial infarction with poor left ventricular function, after acute coronary revascularization procedures (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (≤35%), in patients with acute heart failure in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy of uncertain aetiology and prognosis. The WCD may be helpful in subjects with syncope of assumed tachyarrhythmia origin or in patients with inherited arrhythmia syndromes. The WCD may replace ICD implantation in patients waiting for heart transplantation or who need a ventricular-assist device. This review describes the technical details and characteristics of the WCD, discusses its various potential applications, and reports the currently available experience with the wearable defibrillator.
Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. (1999)

Between July and October 1996, a West Nile (WN) fever epidemic occurred in the southern plain and Danube Valley of Romania and in the capital city of Bucharest, resulting in hundreds of neurologic cases and 17 fatalities. In early October 1996, entomologic and avian investigations of the epidemic were conducted in the city of Bucharest and nearby rural areas. Thirty (41%) of 73 domestic fowl sampled had neutralizing antibody to WN virus, including 5 of 13 ducks (38%), 1 of 1 goose, 19 of 52 chickens (37%), 1 of 1 peahen, and 4 of 6 turkeys (67%). Seroprevalence in domestic fowl (27%, or 7 of 26) from the urban Bucharest site was not significantly different (P = 0.08, by Fisher's exact test) than rates at three rural sites (50%, or 23 of 46). Serum collected from one of 12 Passeriformes, an Erithacus rubecula, was positive for neutralizing antibody to WN virus. A total of 5,577 mosquitoes representing seven taxa were collected. Culex pipiens pipiens accounted for 96% of the mosquitoes collected. A single virus isolate, RO97-50, was obtained from a pool of 30 Cx. p. pipiens females aspirated from the walls and ceiling of a blockhouse located near the center of Bucharest, resulting in a minimum infection rate of 0.19 per 1,000. Antisera prepared against RO97-50 failed to distinguish among RO97-50, WN virus strain Eg101, and Kunjin (KUN) virus strain MRM16. A 2,323-basepair DNA fragment of the envelope (E) glycoprotein gene from RO97-50 and a Romanian WN virus strain obtained from a human cerebrospinal fluid sample, RO96-1030, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of 23 WN virus strains and one KUN virus strain using the amino acid and nucleotide sequences for a small portion of the E gene suggest the existence of two large lineages of viruses. Bootstrap analysis of the nucleotide alignment indicated strong support (95%) for a lineage composed of WN virus strains from northern Africa, including isolates from Egypt and Algeria, and west, central, and east Africa, all of the European isolates, those from France and Romania, an Israeli isolate, and an isolate of KUN virus from Australia. The nucleotide sequence of RO97-50 was identical to the sequence of a WN virus isolate obtained from Cx. neavei mosquitoes from Senegal and Cx. univittatus mosquitoes from Kenya. The phylogenetic analyses were compatible with the introduction of virus into Romania by birds migrating from sub-Saharan Africa, to northern Africa, and into southern Europe.
Preparation and properties of tris(trimethylsilyl)thallium (1969)

Tris(trimethylsilyl)thallium has been prepared in 60% yield by the exchange between trimethylthallium and bis-(trimethylsilyl)mercury. The reactions with hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, and methanol have been studied. With chloroform, bis(trimethylsilyl)thallium chloride is formed.