gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) detection of endotoxin in human blood (1994)

Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) has been applied to the detection of endotoxin in human serum, plasma and blood since the early 1970s. Although the diagnostic potential of LAL for endotoxemia was recognized immediately, the assay's modest sensitivity and specificity (for Gram-negative sepsis/bacteremia) were perceived as limiting the clinical usefulness of LAL. In an attempt to overcome these drawbacks, many studies have been conducted since the initial work by Levin and his colleagues. Numerous attempts have been made to improve the sensitivity of the assay by changing the formulation of the LAL and assay methodology. The original gel-clot method has for the most part been replaced with turbidimetric or chromogenic methods. The amount of endotoxin detectable within a 1 h incubation period has gone from the nanogram to the picogram range. Since blood (plasma) components interfere with the test, various methods to remove inhibition and/or enhancement have been developed. The chloroform extraction technique of Levin and co-workers has been replaced with acid extraction or with dilution and heating. Partitioning of endotoxin in blood may also influence the assay (recovery). Many recent investigators use platelet-rich plasma instead of ordinary plasma, while a few studies have used whole blood. Even with all the improvements, the specificity and related diagnostic usefulness of the LAL assay for Gram-negative sepsis remain an obstacle for regulatory acceptance. This may have more to do with our understanding of the septic process than with the ability of LAL to detect endotoxin. Although a recent study indicates that the type of Gram-negative bacteremia may be a critical determinant for clinical utility of the LAL test, the presence of endotoxin is not highly predictive of Gram-negative sepsis and vice versa. However, with the potential availability of anti-endotoxin therapy, the diagnosis of endotoxemia, with or without bacteremia, may be extremely important for timely and effective treatment modalities. It is concluded that the LAL test and accompanying sample preparation has evolved into a clinically useful test for the detection of circulating endotoxins and even its modest predictability for sepsis may have some clinical utility.
Effect of Length Stability on Complications in the Treatment of Preadolescent Diaphyseal Femur Fractures Treated With Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing (2022)

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for complete description of levels of evidence.
Supplementary Table S3 from Mitophagy Promotes Resistance to BH3 Mimetics in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S3 shows the information of the AML patient samples used in this study.&lt;/p&gt;
Metallic and Superconducting Surfaces of YBa2Cu3O7Probed by Electrostatic Charge Modulation of Epitaxial Films (1991)

Values for a dimensionless parameter X appearing in the expression for the scattering rate r =2zkA kBT on p.
A novel general method for fast and easy preparation of cationic, neutral dimethinehemicyanine and dimethine dyes by uncatalysed Knoevenagel condensation (2012)

Three novel general experimental procedures for preparation of cationic, neutral dimethinehemicyanine and dimethine dyes (eight of which are unpublished) by uncatalysed Knoevenagel condensation have been developed. The proposed methods are versatile as a variety of different starting materials can be used and they ensure good to very high yields, very short reaction times and high purity of the final dyes. Absorption and fluorescent properties of the novel dyes were investigated.
Price Competition in Communication Networks (2006)

We study the efficiency properties of oligopoly equilibria in congested networks. Our measure of efficiency is the difference between users’ willingness to pay and delay costs. Previous work has demonstrated that in networks consisting of parallel links, efficiency losses from competition are bounded. In contrast, in this paper we show that in the presence of serial links, the efficiency loss relative to the social optimum can be arbitrarily large because of the double marginalization problem, whereby each serial provider charges high prices not taking into account the effect of this strategy on the profits of other providers along the same path. Nevertheless, when there are no delay costs without transmission (i.e., latencies at zero are equal to zero), irrespective of the number of serial and parallel providers, the efficiency of strong oligopoly equilibria can be bounded by 1/2, where strong oligopoly equilibria are equilibria in which each provider plays a strict best response and all of the traffic is transmitted. However, even with strong oligopoly equilibria, inefficiency can be arbitrarily large when the assumption of no delay costs without transmission is relaxed.
Intravenous Regional Anesthesia Using Lidocaine and Clonidine (1999)

The addition of 1 microg/kg clonidine to lidocaine, 0.5%, for IVRA in patients undergoing ambulatory hand surgery improves postoperative analgesia without causing significant side effects during the first postoperative day.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters (2007)

Enzymatic synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters was performed in an organic solvent using an immobilized Candida antartica lipase and various sugars and oleic acid as substrates. A high solubility of the sugar in the solvent was needed for a high sugar ester yield. Among the sugars and solvents tested in this study, the highest yield (98 %) was obtained when xylitol and 2-methyl 2-butanol were used as the sugar and solvent, respectively. The optimal sugar-to-fatty acid ratio was in the range from 2:1 to 3:1 for a high conversion and minimization of the residual fatty acid concentration. The water content in the reaction medium was critical and had to be kept below 0.15 % to obtain a high sugar ester yield. The half life cycle of the enzyme used in this study was observed after 9-repeated uses. In a pilot reaction test, water formed during the reaction was effectively removed by recycling the reaction medium through a molecular sieve column outside the reactor; thus, a high sugar ester yield was obtained.
Support vector machines regression for estimation of forest parameters from airborne laser scanning data (2010)

Estimation of forest stand parameters from airborne laser scanning data relies on the selection of laser metrics sets and numerous field plots for model calibration. In mountainous areas, forest is highly heterogeneous and field data collection labour-intensive hence the need for robust prediction methods. The aim of this paper is to compare stand parameters prediction accuracies of support vector machines regression and multiple regression models. Sensitivity of these techniques to the number and type of laser metrics, and use of dimension reduction techniques such as principal component and independent component analyses are also tested. Results show that support vector regression was less accurate but more stable than multiple regression for the prediction of forest parameters.
Novelty and diversity metrics for recommender systems: Choice, discovery and relevance (2011)

Abstract. There is an increasing realization in the Recommender Systems (RS) field that novelty and diversity are fundamental qualities of recommendation effectiveness and added-value. We identify however a gap in the formalization of novelty and diversity metrics –and a consensus around them – comparable to the recent proposals in IR diversity. We study a formal characterization of different angles that RS novelty and diversity may take from the end-user viewpoint, aiming to contribute to a formal definition and understanding of different views and meanings of these magnitudes under common groundings. Building upon this, we derive metric schemes that take item position and relevance into account, two aspects not generally addressed in the novelty and diversity metrics reported in the RS literature.
Reversed Flow Structure and Heat Transfer Measurements for Buoyancy-Assisted Convection in a Heated Vertical Duct (1992)

Buoyancy-assisted convection flow and heat transfer processes in a heated vertical channel are studied experimentally for situations where the buoyancy parameter Gr/Re2 is relatively large. The channel wall is made of two parallel plates, with one wall heated uniformly and the opposite wall insulated. A uniform air flow is made to enter the channel from the bottom. The reversed flow is visualized, which occurs initially near the channel exit for the case when Gr/Re2 is greater than a threshold value. The cold reversed flow enters the channel from the outside and forms a V-shaped recirculating flow region in the downstream part of the duct. This region gradually propagates upstream as the buoyancy parameter Gr/Re2 increases. The counterflow motion, leading to mixing between the heated buoyant fluid and the V-shaped recirculation, is shown to be highly unstable and characterized by generation of eddies and vortices when the value of Gr/Re2 is large. An increase in Re has the effect of pushing the reversed flow downstream and making the recirculating region wider. Temperature fluctuations are measured to provide insight into the complex phenomena being studied. The penetration depth of the reversed flow is measured and compared with prediction based on a simple model. Local and average Nusselt numbers are also measured and presented.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Octahedral Coordination Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 19/2011) (2011)

Abstract The cover picture shows a selection of transition‐metal complexes in which tailored chiral ligands or auxiliaries control the metal‐centered configuration; the background highlights Alfred Werner's historical publication 100 years ago regarding the first experimental verification of metal‐centered chirality in octahedral metal complexes. Nowadays, highly preorganized chiral motifs in multidentate ligands, such as the 1,1′‐binaphthyl moiety of the shown bis(8‐quinolinolato)chromium(III) complex (top‐left corner) or the (bipyrrolidine)iron(III) complex shown in the bottom‐right corner, are capable of efficiently controlling the relative and absolute stereochemistry upon metal complexation. Alternatively, aromatic face‐to‐face π‐stacking can be exploited for the implementation of the metal‐centered chirality as demonstrated by the bis(iminobipyridine)iron(II) complex displayed in the bottom‐left corner. The ruthenium(II) complex on the top right is an intermediate in the auxiliary‐mediated asymmetric synthesis of (polypyridyl)ruthenium complexes. Further details are presented in the Microreview by E. Meggers on p. 2911 ff, which provides an overview of the asymmetric synthesis of octahedral metal complexes, ranging from the first experiments to the current state of the art. The structures of the metal complexes shown were created with PyMOL (DeLano Scientific LLC).
EINE BIPOLARE, AKTIVE ELEKTRODE ZUR VIELKANALABLEITUNG DES DYNAMISCHEN EMGS WÄHREND ELEKTROSTIMULATION (2002)

In this paper we present an electrode for measuring the surface electromyogram (EMG) that combines high quality of signal recording with the ease of use in clinical routine. Additional requirements have been the use of the electrode in combination with electrical stimulation and under dynamic conditions like walking. Special focus was put on the minimization of movement artifacts by integration of a dual impedance transformer (active electrode) and by a self-adjusting fixation of the two contacts of the electrode via proprietary springs. An elaborate preparation of the skin is not necessary due to a very high input impedance of the amplifier. A special circuit for overvoltage protection makes the electrode suitable for use in the presence of high voltage stimulation pulses without the risk of destroying the FET-input stages.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade prevents diastolic heart failure through modulation of Ca2+ regulatory proteins and extracellular matrix (2003)

AT(1)R blockade prevented abnormal relaxation at least partly through functional alterations in Ca2+-handling proteins in a hypertensive model of diastolic heart failure. It attenuated myocardial stiffening through preventing a shift in the phenotype of collagen synthesized and the accumulation of cross-linked collagen. These beneficial effects of AT(1)R blockade in diastolic heart failure are achieved without a reduction in blood pressure.
New Air‐Stable Catalysts for General and Efficient Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Heteroaryl Chlorides. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Potential Role of Oral Rinses Targeting the Viral Lipid Envelope in SARS-CoV-2 Infection (2020)

Emerging studies increasingly demonstrate the importance of the throat and salivary glands as sites of virus replication and transmission in early COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, characterized by an outer lipid membrane derived from the host cell from which it buds. While it is highly sensitive to agents that disrupt lipid biomembranes, there has been no discussion about the potential role of oral rinsing in preventing transmission. Here, we review known mechanisms of viral lipid membrane disruption by widely available dental mouthwash components that include ethanol, chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and povidone-iodine. We also assess existing formulations for their potential ability to disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 lipid envelope, based on their concentrations of these agents, and conclude that several deserve clinical evaluation. We highlight that already published research on other enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses, directly supports the idea that oral rinsing should be considered as a potential way to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Research to test this could include evaluating existing or specifically tailored new formulations in well-designed viral inactivation assays, then in clinical trials. Population-based interventions could be undertaken with available mouthwashes, with active monitoring of outcome to determine efficacy. This is an under-researched area of major clinical need.
A Novel Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-Based Conjugated Polymer with a Pendant Diketopyrrolopyrrole Unit for High-Performance Solar Cells (2012)

A novel conjugated polymer of PBDT-TDPP-S was synthesized, which contains a donor unit of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene in main chain and an acceptor unit of diketopyrrolopyrrole in side chain. This kind of side-chain donor–acceptor (D–A) polymer exhibited better solution processability, lower HOMO level (−5.34 eV), and more balanced carrier mobility relative to its corresponding main-chain D–A conjugated polymers. Using PBDT-TDPP-S as electron donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as electron acceptor, the resulting polymer solar cells exhibited outstanding photovoltaic properties with a power conversion efficiency of 4.89%, an open-circuit voltage of 0.84 V, a short-circuit current of 10.04 mA cm–2, and a fill factor of 56.0%.
The electrodynamics of torus knots (2002)

One of the major drawbacks for application of knot theory to electromagnetics has been the lack of available parameterizations which can be used to mathematically describe knotted curves. This is because knots have traditionally been studies within a topological context where parameterizations for the curves are not generally required. However, in order to successfully characterize the electromagnetic radiation and scattering properties of knots using Maxwell's equations, it is advantageous to develop parameterizations which can be used to geometrically describe the curves of these knots. This paper introduces such parameterizations for a family of knots known as (p,q)-torus knots. These knots reside on the surface of a standard torus, thereby making it possible to readily obtain useful parameterizations to describe them. The well-known trefoil is one important example of a (p,q)-torus knot.
Erratum [Am. J. Phys. 23, 549 (1955)] (1956)

First Page
DeLTA: GPU Performance Model for Deep Learning Applications with In-Depth Memory System Traffic Analysis (2019)

Training convolutional neural networks (CNNs) requires intense compute throughput and high memory bandwidth. Especially, convolution layers account for the majority of execution time of CNN training, and GPUs are commonly used to accelerate these layer workloads. GPU design optimization for efficient CNN training acceleration requires the accurate modeling of how their performance improves when computing and memory resources are increased. We present DeLTA, the first analytical model that accurately estimates the traffic at each GPU memory hierarchy level, while accounting for the complex reuse patterns of a parallel convolution algorithm. We demonstrate that our model is both accurate and robust for different CNNs and GPU architectures. We then show how this model can be used to carefully balance the scaling of different GPU resources for efficient CNN performance improvement.
Apoptosis in oral lichen planus (2001)

Apoptotic cell death may be a contributory cause of basal cell destruction in oral lichen planus (OLP). Therefore. the purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of apoptosis in OLP and the expression of two proteins (FasR and FasL) regulating this process. Biopsies from 18 patients with histologically diagnosed OLP were investigated, with comparison to normal oral mucosa of healthy persons. For visualisation of DNA fragmentation, the TUNEL method was used. In order to characterise the infiltrating cell population (CD3. CD4, CD8) and expression of FasR and FasL, we used an immunohistochemical technique. The results showed that T cells dominated in the subepithelial cell infiltrate. Within the epithelium the apoptotic cells were confined to the basal cell layer, and more apoptotic cells were seen in areas with basal cell degeneration and atrophic epithelium. There was a prominent expression of FasR/FasL in OLP. with a rather uniform distribution throughout the inflammatory cell infiltrate. In the epithelium, the FasR/FasL expression was more abundant in the basal cell area compared to the suprabasal cell layer. In conclusion, apoptosis within the epithelium is significantly increased in situ in OLP compared to normal oral mucosa, and seems to be related to the epithelial thickness.
Task-oriented modelling of autonomous decentralised systems (2002)

An ongoing project of the Programme for Highly Dependable Systems (PHDS) at the University of the Witwatersrand is the development of a dependable decentralised system using readily available hardware and software components. An experimental system has been developed to support multiple-task applications with different levels of criticality. Fault-tolerant protocols are used to detect faults, to mask incorrect results from faulty nodes. A task in a faulty node can he recovered through a system reconfiguration or task reallocation. A faulty node can he repaired and reintegrated into the system. This paper focuses on modelling the system under the occurrence of faults, reconfiguration and repair. The method developed can be used to evaluate individual task's reliability, risk and availability.
NEURAL ACTIVITY AND LANDING BIOMECHANICS: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE BRAIN, BODY, AND ACL INJURY-RISK (2021)

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries predominantly occur via non-contact mechanisms, secondary to motor coordination errors resulting in aberrant frontal plane knee loads that exceed the thresholds of ligament integrity. However, central nervous system processing underlying high injury-risk motor coordination errors remain unknown, limiting the optimization of current injury reduction strategies. Purpose: To evaluate the relationships between brain activity during motor tasks with injury-risk loading during a drop vertical jump. Methods: Thirty female high school soccer players (16.10 ± 0.87 years, 165.10 ± 4.64 cm, 63.43 ± 8.80 kg) were evaluated with 3D biomechanics during a standardized drop vertical jump from a 30 cm box and peak knee abduction moment was extracted as the injury-risk variable of interest. A neuroimaging session to capture neural activity (via blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal) was then completed which consisted of 4 blocks of 30 seconds of repeated bilateral leg press action paced to a metronome beat of 1.2 Hz with 30 seconds rest between blocks. Knee abduction moment was evaluated relative to neural activity to identify potential neural contributors to injury-risk. Results: There was a direct relationship between increased landing knee abduction moment and increased neural activation within regions corresponding to the lingual gyrus, intracalcarine cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus (r 2 = 0.68, p corrected &lt; .05, z max &gt; 3.1; Table 1 &amp; Figure 1). Conclusion: Elevated activity in regions that integrate sensory, spatial, and attentional information may contribute to elevated frontal plane knee loads during landing. Interestingly, a similar activation pattern related to high-risk landing mechanics has been found in those following injury, indicating that predisposing factors to injury may be accentuated by injury or that modern rehabilitation does not recover prospective neural control deficits. These data uncover a potentially novel brain marker that could guide the discovery of neural-therapeutic targets that reduce injury risk beyond current prevention methods. [Table: see text][Figure: see text]
Effect of Bafilomycin A1 and Nocodazole on Endocytic Transport in HeLa Cells: Implications for Viral Uncoating and Infection (1998)

Bafilomycin A1 (baf), a specific inhibitor of vacuolar proton ATPases, is commonly employed to demonstrate the requirement of low endosomal pH for viral uncoating. However, in certain cell types baf also affects the transport of endocytosed material from early to late endocytic compartments. To characterize the endocytic route in HeLa cells that are frequently used to study early events in viral infection, we used 35S-labeled human rhinovirus serotype 2 (HRV2) together with various fluid-phase markers. These virions are taken up via receptor-mediated endocytosis and undergo a conformational change to C-antigenic particles at a pH of <5.6, resulting in release of the genomic RNA and ultimately in infection (E. Prchla, E. Kuechler, D. Blaas, and R. Fuchs, J. Virol. 68:3713-3723, 1994). As revealed by fluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation of microsomes by free-flow electrophoresis (FFE), baf arrests the transport of all markers in early endosomes. In contrast, the microtubule-disrupting agent nocodazole was found to inhibit transport by accumulating marker in endosomal carrier vesicles (ECV), a compartment intermediate between early and late endosomes. Accordingly, lysosomal degradation of HRV2 was suppressed, whereas its conformational change and infectivity remained unaffected by this drug. Analysis of the subcellular distribution of HRV2 and fluid-phase markers in the presence of nocodazole by FFE revealed no difference from the control incubation in the absence of nocodazole. ECV and late endosomes thus have identical electrophoretic mobilities, and intraluminal pHs of <5.6 and allow uncoating of HRV2. As bafilomycin not only dissipates the low endosomal pH but also blocks transport from early to late endosomes in HeLa cells, its inhibitory effect on viral infection could in part also be attributed to trapping of virus in early endosomes which might lack components essential for uncoating. Consequently, inhibition of viral uncoating by bafilomycin cannot be taken to indicate a low pH requirement only.