gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING: DIAGNOSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL THINKING WITH MEANING EQUIVALENCE REUSABLE LEARNING OBJECTS (MERLO) (2010)

This paper discusses the management of learning for achieving deep understanding of concepts and techniques for the analysis of conceptual situations. Our goal is to to teach not only “how ” but also “why”. Conceptual understanding is a critical component of evidence-based management. The paper presents Meaning Equivalence Reusable Learning Objects (MERLO), a novel methodology for evaluating and enhancing deep comprehension of the essence of multidimensional, complex conceptual situations, often embedded in mixed data-sets. We take a broad view of conceptual understanding and use training of applied statisticians, architecture students, and Continuous Medical Education programs as examples. The next sections provide background to the evidence based management of learning; an introduction to MERLO; a concept mapping of information quality (InfoQ); and discussion and directions for future research. BACKGROUND Management decisions are usually based on two major inputs: Available evidence and decision making criteria. Managers ’ decisions are ostensibly based on objective evaluation of the evidence presented to them. What does ‘objective ’ mean? Often ‘objective ’ means circumstantial evidence: A combination of reliable personal/economical/engineering and market details relevant
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of LiNi x Mn2 − x  O 4 (1997)

has been synthesized using sol‐gel and solid‐state methods for 0 < x < 0.5. The electrochemical behavior of the samples was studied in coin‐type cells. When x = 0, the capacity of cells appears at 4.1 V. As x increases, the capacity of the 4.1 V plateau decreases as 1−2x Li per formula unit, and a new plateau at 4.7 V appears. The capacity of the 4.7 V plateau increases as 2x Li per formula unit, so that the total capacity of the samples (both the 4.1 and 4.7 V plateaus) is constant. This is taken as evidence that the oxidation state of Ni in these samples is +2, and therefore they can be written as . The 4.1 V plateau is related to the oxidation of to and the 4.7 V plateau to the oxidation of to . The effect of synthesis temperature, atmosphere, and cooling rate on the structure and electrochemical properties of is also studied on samples made by the sol‐gel method. samples made by heating gels at temperatures below 600°C in air are generally oxygen deficient, leading to Mn oxidation states significantly less than 4. samples heated above 650°C suffer due to disproportionation into with x < 0.5 and with z ≈ 0.2, which occurs above about 650°C. Pure materials can be made by extended heatings near 600°C or by slowly cooling materials heated at higher temperatures. made at 600°C has demonstrated good reversible capacity at 4.7 V in excess of 100 mAh/g for tens of cycles.
High Temperature Tensile Strength of TI6AL4V Processed by L-PBF—Influence of Microstructure and Heat Treatment (2023)

Abstract Ti6Al4V is the most widely used α‑β Titanium alloy for application in medicine, automotive, and aerospace, known for its high strength and corrosion resistance, but also its high maximal operating temperature of around 420 °C. Combined with its decent weldability under a shield atmosphere it has become a standard alloy for additive manufacturing processes, especially laser and electron beam powder bed fusion (L-PBF). Although this material is well studied, the influence of the L‑PBF process on its tensile properties at elevated temperatures remains almost unexplored. For that reason, this contribution focuses on the analysis of the tensile properties of Ti6Al4V up to 500 °C for different heat treatments and compares it to aerospace standards. Furnace annealed samples reach a tensile strength between 1022 to 660 MPa from room temperature to 500 °C respectively, while stress-relieved specimens reach 1205 to 756 MPa. Stress-relieved samples show a lower ductility at room temperature, but elongation at break increases at high temperature and outperforms furnace annealed samples at 500 °C.
Parameterized Concurrent Multi-Party Session Types (2016)

Session types have been proposed as a means of statically verifying implementations of communi-cation protocols. Although prior work has been successful in verifying some classes of protocols, it does not cope well with parameterized, multi-actor scenarios with inherent asynchrony. For example, the sliding window protocol is inexpressible in previously proposed session type systems. This paper describes System-A, a new typing language which overcomes many of the expressiveness limitations of prior work. System-A explicitly supports asynchrony and parallelism, as well as multiple forms of parameterization. We define System-A and show how it can be used for the static verification of a large class of asynchronous communication protocols. 1
Functional improvement and symptom management in multiple sclerosis: clinical efficacy of current therapies. (2011)

Disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), which are the foundation of multiple sclerosis (MS) care, reduce clinical exacerbations (relapses) and slow disease progression; however, improving quality of life (QOL) is an unmet need for many individuals with MS. DMTs, including interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, mitoxantrone, and fingolimod, reduce the rate and severity of relapses, the accumulation of brain and spinal cord lesions as shown on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and disability progression. Many studies link diminished QOL with specific MS symptoms (fatigue, impaired mobility, spasticity, etc). Even in patients already receiving DMTs, symptoms and QOL may improve with additional agents that treat specific symptoms, thereby improving patient function and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Patients have reported that mobility impairment is one of the worst aspects of MS. Almost half of patients treated with DMTs reported no improvement in mobility. However, blocking the voltage-dependent potassium channels on the surface of demyelinated nerve fibers may improve signal conduction. Dalfampridine, a potassium channel blocker, received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for all forms of MS specifically to improve walking, which was demonstrated by increased walking speed. By improving walking in some patients with MS, the effects of dalfampridine may complement those of DMTs and address the stated priorities of many patients.
13.5-Tb/s (135 × 111-Gb/s/ch) No-Guard-Interval Coherent OFDM Transmission over 6,248 km using SNR Maximized Second-order DRA in the Extended L-band (2009)

By employing 111Gb/s no-guard-interval coherent OFDM and SNR maximized second-order distributed Raman amplification in the extended L-band, we demonstrate the record capacity-distance product of 84.3Petabit/s.km (13.5Tb/s × 6,248km), and also 1Tb/s transmission over 9,612km.
Lectin microarrays identify cell-specific and functionally significant cell surface glycan markers (2008)

Glycosylation is among the most complex posttranslational modifications with an extremely high level of diversity that has made it refractory to high-throughput analyses. Despite its resistance to high-throughput techniques, glycosylation is important in many critical cellular processes that necessitate a productive approach to their analysis. To facilitate studies in glycosylation, we developed a high-throughput lectin microarray for defining mammalian cell surface glycan signatures. Using the lectin microarray we established a binary analysis of cell binding and hierarchical organization of 24 mammalian cell lines. The array was also used to document changes in cell surface glycosylation during cell development and differentiation of primary murine immune system cells. To establish the biological and clinical importance of glycan signatures, the lectin microarray was applied in two systems. First, we analyzed the cell surface glycan signatures and were able to predict mannose-dependent tropism using a model pathogen. Second, we used the glycan signatures to identify novel lectin biomarkers for cancer stem-like cells in a murine model. Thus, lectin microarrays are an effective tool for analyzing diverse cell processes including cell development and differentiation, cell-cell communication, pathogen-host recognition, and cell surface biomarker identification.
Keratometry for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Using Orbscan II in Eyes With Laser in situ Keratomileusis (2005)

K reading derived from the Gaussian optics formula correlated closely to that obtained from the clinical history method and would be especially useful in patients with no preoperative LASIK treatment data.
Electron-Pair Acceptor (2023)

This Glossary contains definitions, explanatory notes, and sources for terms used in physical organic chemistry. Its aim is to provide guidance on the terminology of physical organic chemistry, with a view to achieving a consensus on the meaning and applicability of useful terms and the abandonment of unsatisfactory ones. Owing to the substantial progress in the field, this 2021 revision of the Glossary is much expanded relative to the previous edition, and it includes terms from cognate fields.
Facile Preparation of the Oxetane‐Nucleosides. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Support Vector Compression Method Based on Singular Value Decomposition (2011)

In this letter, we propose a new compression method for a high dimensional support vector machine (SVM). We used singular value decomposition (SVD) to compress the norm part of a radial basis function SVM. By deleting the least significant vectors that are extracted from the decomposition, we can compress each vector with minimized energy loss. We select the compressed vector dimension according to the predefined threshold which can limit the energy loss to design criteria. We verified the proposed vector compressed SVM (VCSVM) for conventional datasets. Experimental results show that VCSVM can reduce computational complexity and memory by more than 40% without reduction in accuracy when classifying a 20,958 dimension dataset.
Synthesis of Tchebycheff Parameter Symmetrical Filters (1957)

This paper consists of two parts. The first part is tutorial and describes at an elementary level one of the contributions made by Darlington. This is the design theory of electrically symmetrical reactive (lossless) networks with particular attention to filters which exhibit Tchebycheff type performance in the pass and stop bands. The second part of the paper is the presentation, in "handbook" style, of step-by-step procedures to be followed in the design of filters of the above type. Emphasis is placed on the use of rapidly converging series in the computations in place of elliptic function tables.
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Classical Modes of Modulation to Allosteric Mechanisms (2008)

Heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large protein family responsible for mediating extracellular to intracellular signaling within a broad range of physiological contexts. Various conventional models have been used to describe their interactions with ligands and G-proteins. In recent years, however, numerous novel ligand-receptor interactions not adequately addressed by classical receptor theory have been recognized. In addition to traditional orthosteric ligands, many GPCRs can bind allosteric ligands that modulate receptor activity by interacting with distinct or overlapping receptor sites. Such ligands include positive allosteric modulators, which have become the focus of pharmaceutical drug discovery programs and have gained the attention of a growing body of basic and translational researchers within the academic community. Here, we review the fundamental aspects of allosteric GPCR modulation by small-molecule ligands, with particular focus on the emerging position of positive allosteric modulators in modern drug discovery.
Percutaneous absorption of minoxidil in man (1985)

• The percutaneous absorption and excretion of 1% and 5% solutions of minoxidil labeled with carbon 14 were measured in 12 adult male subjects. These subjects were randomly assigned to the 1% and 5% minoxidil testing groups, and all received nine topical applications to a bald area on the scalp, with the radioactive solutions applied on days 1 and 9. Urinary excretion of radioactivity was low, with mean values ranging from 1.6% to 3.9% of applied dose. No radioactivity could be detected in fecal samples. Recovery of radioactivity from the skin surface and from scalp and pillowcase washes was in the range of 41% to 45% of applied dose. No adverse reactions or notable abnormalities were noted in the subjects during the study. Although minoxidil is poorly absorbed through the skin, systemic doses in the range of 2.4 to 5.4 mg/day can be anticipated if application is made to entire scalp. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>1985;121:203-206)
Switching Performance of Epitaxially Grown Normally-Off 4H-SiC JFET (2008)

Static and dynamic behavior of the epitaxially grown dual gate trench 4H-SiC junction field effect transistor (JFET) is investigated. Typical on-state resistance Ron was 6 – 10mΩcm2 at VGS = 2.5V and the breakdown voltage between the range of 1.5 – 1.8kV was realized at VGS = −5V for normally-off like JFETs. It was found that the turn-on energy delivers the biggest part of the switching losses. The dependence of switching losses from gate resistor is nearly linear, suggesting that changing the gate resistor, a way similar to Si-IGBT technology, can easily control di/dt and dv/dt. Turn-on losses at 200°C are lower compared to those at 25°C, which indicates the influence of the high internal p-type gate layer resistance. Inductive switching numerical analysis suggested the strong influence of channel doping conditions on the turn-on switching performance. The fast switching normally-off JFET devices require heavily doped narrow JFET channel design.
A feasibility pilot study of the effects of neurostimulation on dysphagia recovery in Parkinson’s Disease (2021)

<ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Introduction:</ns3:bold> Dysphagia often occurs during Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can have severe consequences. Recently, neuromodulatory techniques have been used to treat neurogenic dysphagia. Here we aimed to compare the neurophysiological and swallowing effects of three different types of neurostimulation, 5 Hertz (Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 1 Hz rTMS and pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES). </ns3:p> <ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Method:</ns3:bold> 12 PD patients with dysphagia were randomised to receive either 5 Hz rTMS, 1 Hz rTMS, or PES. In a cross-over design, patients were assigned to one intervention and received both real and sham stimulation. Patients received a baseline videofluoroscopic (VFS) assessment of their swallowing, enabling penetration aspiration scores (PAs) to be calculated for: thin fluids, paste, solids and cup drinking. Swallowing timing measurements were also performed on thin fluid swallows only. They then had baseline recordings of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from both pharyngeal and (as a control) abductor pollicis brevis (APB) cortical areas using single-pulse TMS. Subsequently, the intervention was administered and post interventional TMS recordings were taken at 0 and 30 minutes followed by a repeat VFS within 60 minutes of intervention. </ns3:p> <ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Results:</ns3:bold> All interventions were well tolerated. Due to lower than expected recruitment, statistical analysis of the data was not undertaken. However, with respect to PAs swallowing timings and MEP amplitudes, there was visual separation in a positive direction between active and sham groups for all interventions. </ns3:p> <ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Conclusion:</ns3:bold> PES, 5 Hz rTMS and 1 Hz rTMS are tolerable interventions in PD related dysphagia. Due to small patient numbers no definitive conclusions could be drawn from the data with respect to individual interventions improving swallowing function and comparative effectiveness between interventions. Larger future studies are needed to further explore the efficacy of these neuromodulatory treatments in Parkinson’s Disease associated dysphagia. </ns3:p>
The human ribonucleotide reductase subunit hRRM2 complements p53R2 in response to UV-induced DNA repair in cells with mutant p53. (2003)

Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is responsible for the de novo conversion of the ribonucleoside diphosphates to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, which are essential for DNA synthesis and repair. RR consists of two subunits, hRRM1 and hRRM2. p53R2 is a new RR family member. Because the majority of human tumors possess mutant p53, it is important to know the molecular mechanism by which mutant p53 regulates RR and to what extent. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of p53R2 and hRRM2 after UV treatment in human prostate cancer PC3 cells, which possess mutant p53 with a truncated COOH-terminal, and in human oropharyngeal cancer KB cells, which possess wild-type p53. p53R2 (analyzed by Western blot and standardized relative to Coomassie Blue-stained band) was down-regulated in PC3 cells and up-regulated in KB cells after UV exposure. In contrast, hRRM2 was up-regulated by UV in both PC3 cells and KB cells. hRRM2 and p53R2 mRNA levels were assessed by Northern blot, and the results paralleled that of the Western blot. Coimmunoprecipitation assays using agarose-conjugated goat antihuman RRM1 antibody confirmed that the p53R2 binding to hRRM1 decreased in PC3 cells but increased in KB cells after UV treatment. hRRM2 binding to hRRM1 increased in both cell lines under the same conditions. These results suggest that PC3 cells are deficient in both transcription of p53R2 and binding to hRRM1 in response to UV irradiation. Confocal microscopy further confirmed that these findings were not due to translocation of hRRM2 and p53R2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. RR activity was measured following UV treatment and shown to increase in PC3 cells. It was unchanged in proportional of KB cells. The RR activity is consistent with the expression of hRRM2 seen in the Western blots. Thus, we hypothesize that hRRM2 complements p53R2 to form RR holoenzyme and maintain RR activity in PC3 cells after UV treatment. To further confirm this hypothesis, we examined the effect of RRM2 inhibitors on cells exposed to UV. In PC3 cells, hydroxyurea inhibited hRRM2 and resulted in increased sensitivity to UV irradiation. We also examined the effect of UV treatment on the colony-forming ability of cells transfected with hRRM2 as well as p53R2 sense or antisense expression vectors. Expression of antisense hRRM2 in PC3 cells led to decreased hRRM2 expression and resulted in greater sensitivity to UV than observed in wild-type PC3 cells. Taken together, we conclude that UV-induced activation of p53R2 transcription and binding of p53R2 to hRRM1 to form RR holoenzyme are impaired in the p53-mutant cell line PC3.
Analysis of stochastic fluctuations in responsiveness is a critical step toward personalized anesthesia (2019)

Traditionally, drug dosing is based on a concentration-response relationship estimated in a population. Yet, in specific individuals, decisions based on the population-level effects frequently result in over or under-dosing. Here, we interrogate the relationship between population-based and individual-based responses to anesthetics in mice and zebrafish. The anesthetic state was assessed by quantifying responses to simple stimuli. Individual responses dynamically fluctuated at a fixed drug concentration. These fluctuations exhibited resistance to state transitions. Drug sensitivity varied dramatically across individuals in both species. The amount of noise driving transitions between states, in contrast, was highly conserved in vertebrates separated by 400 million years of evolution. Individual differences in anesthetic sensitivity and stochastic fluctuations in responsiveness complicate the ability to appropriately dose anesthetics to each individual. Identifying the biological substrate of noise, however, may spur novel therapies, assure consistent drug responses, and encourage the shift from population-based to personalized medicine.
Fundamental limits to wavefront sensing in the submillimeter (2006)

With the advent of large-format submillimeter wavelength detector arrays, and a new 25 m diameter submillimeter telescope under consideration, the question of optimal wavefront sensing methods is timely. Indeed, not only should bolometric array detectors allow the use of a variety of wavefront sensing techniques already in use in the optical/infrared, but in some cases it should actually be easier to apply these techniques because of the more benign temporal properties of the atmosphere at long wavelengths. This paper thus addresses the fundamental limits to wavefront sensing at submillimeter wavelengths, in order to determine how well a telescope surface can be measured in the submillimeter band. First several potential measurement approaches are discussed and compared. Next the theoretical accuracy of a fringe phase measurement in the submillimeter is discussed. It is concluded that with Mars as the source, wavefront sensing at the micron level should be achievable at submillimeter wavelengths in quite reasonable integration times.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Synthesis of Isopropylidenediphenylsulfurane and Application to Industrially Viable Stereoselective Synthesis of Deltamethrin Insecticide. (1990)

Abstract Addition of the α‐lithiated sulfonium salt (II) to the butenolide (I) and the γ‐alkoxycarboxylic acid ester (V) produces stereoselectively the cyclopropanes (III) and (VI) which are both transformed into the cis‐hemicaronate (IV).
Meter-Scale Plasma-Wakefield Accelerator Driven by a Matched Electron Beam (2004)

A high-gradient, meter-scale plasma-wakefield accelerator module operating in the electron blowout regime is demonstrated experimentally. The beam and plasma parameters are chosen such that the matched beam channels through the plasma over more than 12 beam beta functions without spreading or oscillating over a range of densities optimum for observing both deceleration and acceleration. The wakefield decelerates the bulk of the initially 28.5 GeV beam by up to 155 MeV; however, particles in the back of the same beam are accelerated by up to 280 MeV at a density of $1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}\text{ }{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ as the wakefield changes sign.