gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isotropic springs based on parallel flexure stages (2015)

We define isotropic springs to be central springs having the same restoring force in all directions. In previous work, we showed that isotropic springs can be advantageously applied to horological time bases since they can be used to eliminate the escapement mechanism [7]. This paper presents our designs based on planar serial 2-DOF linear isotropic springs. We propose two architectures, both based on parallel leaf springs, then evaluate their isotropy defect using firstly an analytic model, secondly finite element analysis and thirdly experimental data measured from physical prototypes. Using these results, we analyze the isotropy defect in terms of displacement, radial distance, angular separation, stiffness and linearity. Based on this analysis, we propose improved architectures stacking in parallel or in series duplicate copies of the original mechanisms rotated at specific angles to cancel isotropy defect. We show that using the mechanisms in pairs reduces isotropy defect by one to two orders of magnitude.
Predicting Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Shape, Structure, and Stress with In-vivo Operation (2019)

Objective: Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) durability remains a central issue hindering BHV designs. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel, mechanism-based model of BHV responses to long-term valve operation via a permanent set mechanism to predict the evolving geometry, microstructural and material property changes. Methods: Simulations were conducted using the Edwards Perimount valve geometry and collagen fiber distributions aligned with the circumference direction with the standard deviation of 30◦. There are four main stages in simulating permanent set: 1) modeling the initial state geometry, material properties and collagen fiber architecture, 2) simulation of the BHV using finite element method under physiological transvalvular pressure, 3) updating the material properties for the next time step, and 4) updating the BHV geometry for the next time step. Steps 2-4 are repeated for each subsequent time step until we reach the prechosen maximum number of cardiac cycles. Results: The key result here is that permanent set slows down after 20 million cycles and nearly completely seizes after 50 million cycles (Figure 1). Because collagen fibers have high rates of failure after being extended by 7-8%, more evenly distributing the stresses can reduce this mode of failure. We also note that the regions that undergo most permanent set were also the most common regions of failure. Due to the change in reference configuration, the collagen fibers in these regions recruit more quickly and may even be held in a constant extended state. Conclusions: By optimizing the initial BHV design so that the peak stress is minimal in the configuration after permanent set has seized, we can potentially improve the durability of BHVs by minimizing the load on the collagen fibers.
A Bioabsorbable Polymer for Collateral Ligament Repair in the Pig (1992)

Summary A bioabsorbable internal fixation device of a poly-L-isomer of lactic acid (PLLA) was used to repair the proximal attachment of the medial femorotibial collateral ligament (MCL) in six miniature Yucatan pigs and compared with metal screw fixation in four pigs. Healing was evaluated by physical examination, gross dissection of surgical sites and histological evaluation of bone ligament interface. Chemical stress analysis of the tack was also evaluated. The absorbable PLLA tack induced minimal tissue reaction and maintained sufficient apposition for healing of the MCL in the miniature Yucatan pigs. No postsurgical complications were noted in the experimental or control groups. All surgical implant procedures were considered successful in maintaining MCL apposition. This study suggests future potential for utilization of the PLLA tack for bioabsorbable implants in soft tissue or bone. A bioabsorbable internal fixation device of a poly-L-isomer of lactic acid was used to repair the proximal attachment of the medial femorotibial collateral ligament in pigs, and compared with metal screw fixation. No postsurgical complications were noted in either group. All surgical implant procedures were successful. This study suggests future potential for utilization of the tack for bioabsorbable implants in soft tissue or bone.
Active autoimmune gastritis without total atrophy of the glands. (1992)

To date, autoimmune gastritis has been diagnosed for the most part only when total atrophy of the oxyntic glands is detected. On the basis of 40 patients without total atrophy of the glands, and with parietal cell antibodies in the serum, we show that the diagnosis of type A gastritis is also possible in the pre-atrophic stage. The histological criteria for the diagnosis of active autoimmune gastritis without total atrophy of the glands are 1. usually dense, diffuse locally emphasized lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria between the glands in the oxyntic mucosa, 2. focal destruction of individual glands in the corpus of the stomach by lymphocytes, and 3. reactive pseudohypertrophy of the parietal cells. A comparison with a group of patients with autoimmune gastritis and total atrophy of the glands shows that in active autoimmune gastritis, too, women are more frequently affected than men (in both groups, the sex ratio is approximately 3:1). Patients without atrophy of the glands are, on average, about 12 years younger than those with "burnt out" type A gastritis (average age 69.98:57.80 years). While in the case of burnt out type A gastritis, no colonisation with Helicobacter pylori was to be found, such colonisation was demonstrated for the corpus mucosa in 22.5%, and for the antral mucosa in 15.0%. In 27.5% a minimal or low-grade inactive superficial gastritis, as may be seen after eradication of Helicobacter pylori, was additionally diagnosed in the antrum. A knowledge of the histological appearance of the pre-atrophic stage of type A gastritis might be of importance for the possible prevention of pernicious anaemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
190. Studies in electrolytic oxidation. Part VII. The electrolysis of acetates in non-aqueous solutions (1936)

S. Glasstone and A. Hickling, J. Chem. Soc., 1936, 820 DOI: 10.1039/JR9360000820
Spectrum of Legionella species whose intracellular multiplication in murine macrophages is genetically controlled by Lgn1 (1996)

We examined the intracellular growth of 20 strains within six species of Legionella in thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from A/J and C57BL/6 mice and a congenic strain derived from them (A.B Lgn1). With the exception of Legionella pneumophila Togus-1 and Bloomington-2, the intracellular growth of the 15 L. pneumophila strains tested was controlled by Lgn1. However, the intracellular growth of five Legionella species other than L. pneumophila was not under Lgn1's control.
On Extending the Wave Variable Method to Multiple-DOF Teleoperation Systems (2009)

It is well known that providing a human operator with contact force information can significantly improve task performance in a teleoperation system. Unfortunately, time delay is a serious problem for such systems. Even a small time delay in a bilateral teleoperation system will generally degrade the system's performance and cause instability. Consequently, without some form of compensation for time delay, latencies in a teleoperation system would preclude the use of force feedback. Fortunately, there are approaches based on scattering theory and passivity that can compensate for time delay and allow the use of force feedback in teleoperation systems with latencies. In particular, the wave variable method is a passivity-based approach that guarantees stability for any fixed time delay. Since its introduction, the wave variable method has been augmented with predictors to compensate for variable time delay. The wave variable formalism has also been extended to multiple-DOF systems by replacing scalar damping constants with a family of impedance matrices. In this paper, the authors generalize this last approach to include a larger family of impedance matrices. The paper includes a complete derivation of the extended family of impedance matrices as well as simulation and experimental results to illustrate the approach.
Die Kristall‐und Molekülstruktur von 4,4,6,6‐Tetrafluor‐1,3,5,2λ5,4λ5,6λ5‐triazatriphosphorin‐2,2‐diamin (1976)

Abstract Die Struktur des geminalen N 3 P 3 F 4 (NH 2 ) 2 ( 3 ) wurde aus Röntgenbeugungsdaten bestimmt und zu einem R ‐Wert von 3.5% verfeinert. Die Verbindung kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pnma . Der (PN) 3 ‐Ring ist innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen planar. Die PN‐Abstände betragen im (NH 2 ) 2 PNP(F 2 )‐Segment 1.597 und 1.524 Å mit dem kürzeren Abstand auf der Seite der PF 2 ‐Gruppe. Im (F 2 )PNP(F 2 )‐Segment ergibt sich die PN‐Bindungslänge zu 1.564 Å. Damit sind die Mittelwerte der Bindungslängen in jedem PNP‐Segment nahezu gleich groß. Die Mittelwerte für die PF‐ und die PN Amin ‐Bindungslängen betragen 1.532 bzw. 1.602 Å. Die NPN‐Winkel im Ring wurden zu 110.4° und 120.5°, die PNP‐Winkel zu 125.7° und 117.2° beobachtet.
Performance Characteristics of Two Real-Time PCR Assays for the Quantification of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA (2006)

We compared the performance of a laboratory-developed 5'-nuclease real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and a commercial assay (LightCycler, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) for quantification of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA. Using standards provided by the manufacturer, the LightCycler assay was linear from 100 to 1 million copies per reaction. Based on dilution of a plasmid containing the amplicon, the laboratory-developed assay was linear from 22 to 45 million copies per reaction. Both assays detected 0.5 copies of genomic EBV DNA per reaction; both showed good reproducibility with coefficients of variation from 0.3% to 2.4% for the LightCycler and 1.8% to 5.1% for the laboratory-developed assay. For 31 whole blood specimens with measurable values in both assays, the viral load values obtained with the LightCycler averaged 2.3-fold higher than those obtained with the laboratory-developed assay. Testing 30 matched whole blood and plasma samples in the laboratory-developed assay showed whole blood viral load values averaged 10-fold higher than those for plasma. The LightCycler and laboratory-developed assays are sensitive and reproducible with broad linear ranges. Further clinical evaluation is needed to determine the viral load cutoff that is predictive of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders.
Probiotics and prebiotics: prospects for public health and nutritional recommendations (2014)

Probiotics and prebiotics are useful interventions for improving human health through direct or indirect effects on the colonizing microbiota. However, translation of these research findings into nutritional recommendations and public health policy endorsements has not been achieved in a manner consistent with the strength of the evidence. More progress has been made with clinical recommendations. Conclusions include that beneficial cultures, including probiotics and live cultures in fermented foods, can contribute towards the health of the general population; prebiotics, in part due to their function as a special type of soluble fiber, can contribute to the health of the general population; and a number of challenges must be addressed in order to fully realize probiotic and prebiotic benefits, including the need for greater awareness of the accumulated evidence on probiotics and prebiotics among policy makers, strategies to cope with regulatory roadblocks to research, and high-quality human trials that address outstanding research questions in the field.
Tofacitinib inhibits inflammatory cytokines from ulcerative colitis and healthy mucosal explants and is associated with pSTAT1/3 reduction in T-cells (2020)

Poor translatability of animal disease models has hampered the development of new inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) therapeutics. We describe a preclinical, ex vivo system using freshly obtained and well-characterized human colorectal tissue from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy control (HC) participants to test potential therapeutics for efficacy and target engagement, using the JAK/STAT inhibitor tofacitinib (TOFA) as a model therapeutic. Colorectal biopsies from HC participants and patients with UC were cultured and stimulated with multiple mitogens ± TOFA. Soluble biomarkers were detected using a 29-analyte multiplex ELISA. Target engagement in CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells was determined by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and isolated mucosal mononuclear cells (MMCs) following the activation of STAT1/3 phosphorylation. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects modeling, <i>t</i> test, and analysis of variance. Biomarker selection was performed using penalized and Bayesian logistic regression modeling, with results visualized using uniform manifold approximation and projection. Under baseline conditions, 27 of 29 biomarkers from patients with UC were increased versus HC participants. Explant stimulation increased biomarker release magnitude, expanding the dynamic range for efficacy and target engagement studies. Logistic regression analyses identified the most representative UC baseline and stimulated biomarkers. TOFA inhibited biomarkers dependent on JAK/STAT signaling. STAT1/3 phosphorylation in T-cells revealed compartmental differences between PBMCs and MMCs. Immunogen stimulation increases biomarker release in similar patterns for HC participants and patients with UC, while enhancing the dynamic range for pharmacological effects. This work demonstrates the power of ex vivo human colorectal tissue as preclinical tools for evaluating target engagement and downstream effects of new IBD therapeutic agents.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Using colorectal biopsy material from healthy volunteers and patients with clinically defined IBD supports translational research by informing the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and target engagement for the development of new therapeutic entities. Combining experimental readouts from intact and dissociated tissue enhances our understanding of the tissue-resident immune system that contribute to disease pathology. Bayesian logistic regression modeling is an effective tool for predicting ex vivo explant biomarker release patterns.
Atomically Flat Gold for Biomolecule Immobilization and Imaging (2002)

A method of easily fabricating gold surfaces that are atomically flat (less than 1 nm variation in height) over large areas using mica as a template is outlined. The smooth gold surfaces are prepared by vacuum-depositing gold onto mica surfaces maintained at 300°C. After deposition of the gold, the surfaces are annealed at 300°C for a further 16 h before removal from the vacuum chamber. Cryogenically stripping the gold from the mica revealed flat surfaces that allowed ‘defect-free’ self-assembled monolayers to be produced and the imaging of biomolecules with sufficient resolution to ascertain their orientation on the surface. Manuscript received: 17 September 2001. Revised version: 15 November 2001.
Recent advances in high power fiber lasers (2004)

We will review recent progress on cladding-pumped fiber devices with output powers up to the kilowatt level and broad wavelength tunability in the 1 - 2 μm wavelength regime where silica fibers work well.
Circularly polarized grid array antenna composed of open-loop elements for beam scanning (2010)

This paper proposes a novel GAA that radiates a CP beam whose direction varies with frequency. The proposed GAA is composed of open-loop elements, instead of spiral elements; the proposed GAA has a two-layer structure leading to easy fabrication, unlike the spiral GAA. The radiation characteristics, including the beam direction, axial ratio, and radiation pattern, are analyzed and discussed.
Probabilistic Assessment of Design Error Costs (2013)

The statistical characteristics of design error rectification costs experienced in 139 Australian construction projects are analyzed. Theoretical probability distributions are fitted to the design error cost data. A generalized Pareto probability function was found to provide the best overall distribution fit for design error costs. The generalized Pareto distribution is used to calculate the probability of design error costs being experienced for the selected sample. A mean design error cost of 14.2% of a project’s contract value is reported. A significant difference between mean design error costs and project types was found for civil engineering (23.44%) and fit-out (22.50%) projects. Projects >Australian dollars (A$)101M were found to experience significantly higher mean design error costs (26.18%) than other projects. Being able to determine the likelihood of design error rectification costs from the derived empirical probability distribution will provide an ameliorated assessment of risk before the commencement of construction. Strategies to reduce design error rectification costs are also discussed.
Low-level radionuclide analysis using resonantly enhanced collisional ionization (1988)

The results of this study confirm that different Nrec are detectable in TMJ periarticular tissues but they are absent within the articular disk. In the latter site, only condrocytic processes are evident, especially in diseased TMJ, and they might have been confused with nervous endings in previous morphological studies. Nevertheless the absence of immunoreactivity for NF, NSE and SYN proves that they are not of neural origin.
Enhanced Drought Stress Tolerance by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in a Drought-Sensitive Maize Cultivar Is Related to a Broader and Differential Regulation of Host Plant Aquaporins than in a Drought-Tolerant Cultivar (2017)

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has been shown to improve maize tolerance to different drought stress scenarios by regulating a wide range of host plants aquaporins. The objective of this study was to highlight the differences in aquaporin regulation by comparing the effects of the AM symbiosis on root aquaporin gene expression and plant physiology in two maize cultivars with contrasting drought sensitivity. This information would help to identify key aquaporin genes involved in the enhanced drought tolerance by the AM symbiosis. Results showed that when plants were subjected to drought stress the AM symbiosis induced a higher improvement of physiological parameters in drought-sensitive plants than in drought-tolerant plants. These include efficiency of photosystem II, membrane stability, accumulation of soluble sugars and plant biomass production. Thus, drought-sensitive plants obtained higher physiological benefit from the AM symbiosis. In addition, the genes <i>ZmPIP1;1, ZmPIP1;3, ZmPIP1;4, ZmPIP1;6, ZmPIP2;2, ZmPIP2;4, ZmTIP1;1, and ZmTIP2;3</i> were down-regulated by the AM symbiosis in the drought-sensitive cultivar and only <i>ZmTIP4;1</i> was up-regulated. In contrast, in the drought-tolerant cultivar only three of the studied aquaporin genes (<i>ZmPIP1;6, ZmPIP2;2</i>, and <i>ZmTIP4;1</i>) were regulated by the AM symbiosis, resulting induced. Results in the drought-sensitive cultivar are in line with the hypothesis that down-regulation of aquaporins under water deprivation could be a way to minimize water loss, and the AM symbiosis could be helping the plant in this regulation. Indeed, during drought stress episodes, water conservation is critical for plant survival and productivity, and is achieved by an efficient uptake and stringently regulated water loss, in which aquaporins participate. Moreover, the broader and contrasting regulation of these aquaporins by the AM symbiosis in the drought-sensitive than the drought-tolerant cultivar suggests a role of these aquaporins in water homeostasis or in the transport of other solutes of physiological importance in both cultivars under drought stress conditions, which may be important for the AM-induced tolerance to drought stress.
Correction. The Gattermann Reaction in the Mono-methoxydiphenyl Ethers. (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrection. The Gattermann Reaction in the Mono-methoxydiphenyl Ethers.H Ungnade and E OrwollCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 12, 2279Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1945Publication History Published online17 January 2003Published inissue 1 December 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01228a603https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01228a603research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views29Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The IPv4 Subnet Selection Option for DHCP (2000)

This memo defines a new Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) option for selecting the subnet on which to allocate an address. This option would override a DHCP server's normal methods of selecting the subnet on which to allocate an address for a client.
Recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus with deletions of the G or SH genes: G and F proteins bind heparin (2001)

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) encodes three transmembrane envelope glycoproteins, namely the small hydrophobic (SH) protein, the attachment glycoprotein (G) and the fusion glycoprotein (F). The BRSV reverse genetics system has been used to generate viable recombinant BRSV lacking either the G gene or the SH gene or both genes. The deletion mutants were fully competent for multicycle growth in cell culture, proving that, of the BRSV glycoprotein genes, the SH and G genes are non-essential. Virus morphogenesis was not impaired by either of the deletions. The deletion mutants were used to study the role of the F glycoprotein and the contributions of SH and G with respect to virus attachment. Attachment mediated by the F protein alone could be blocked by soluble heparin, but not by chondroitin sulphate. Heparin affinity chromatography revealed that both the BRSV G and F glycoproteins have heparin-binding activity, with the affinity of the F glycoprotein being significantly lower than that of G. Therefore, the roles of the BRSV glycoproteins in virus attachment and receptor binding have to be reconsidered.