gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photomediated Controlled Radical Polymerization and Block Copolymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride (2016)

This review summarizes recent research on novel photochemical methods for the initiation and control of the polymerization of main chain fluorinated monomers as exemplified by vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and for the synthesis of their block copolymers. Such reactions can be carried out at ambient temperature in glass tubes using visible light. Novel, original protocols include the use of hypervalent iodide carboxylates alone or in conjunction with molecular iodine, as well as the use of photoactive transition metal carbonyls in the presence of alkyl, fluoroalkyl, and perfluoroalkyl halides. An in-depth study of the reaction parameters highlights the use of dimethyl carbonate as a preferred polymerization solvent and outlines the structure-property relationship for hypervalent iodide carboxylates and halide initiators in both the free radical and iodine degenerative transfer controlled radical polymerization (IDT-CRP) of VDF. Finally, the rational selection of metal carbonyls that are successful not only as IDT mediators but, more importantly, in the quantitative activation of both PVDF-CH2-CF2-I and PVDF-CF2-CH2-I chain ends toward the synthesis of well-defined PVDF block copolymers is presented.
B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide - Diagnostic role in stable coronary artery disease. (2006)

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal fragment (NT-proBNP) are released from ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to an increase in ventricular wall stress and to myocardial ischemia. Both BNP and NT-proBNP have proven to be reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with heart failure. Recently, the diagnostic roles of BNP and NT-proBNP in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have been investigated. For patients with acute coronary syndromes, data have been derived from a great number of studies, whereas in patients with stable CAD, only a limited amount of recent data is available; although limited, these data show that elevations in BNP and NT-proBNP levels are associated with the extent of CAD, thus providing prognostic information for an unfavourable clinical outcome. However, clinical and therapeutic implications are indistinct and need to be elucidated in further studies.
A simplified method of generating thermal models for power MOSFETs (2003)

There is an increasing need for designers to understand the thermal performance of the semiconductors they use because end-product case sizes are shrinking while product power levels remain the same or increase. A simulation tool such as P-SPICE is the most commonly available tool for engineers to use in performing thermal analysis of semiconductors. However, generating the thermal model for power semiconductors represents a major hurdle in performing such an analysis. A simplified method of model generation is needed. In this paper an Excel spreadsheet uses datasheet information published by the manufacturer to generate the R-C (resistance-capacitance) parameters for a thermal model. Implementation of the model in P-SPICE enables performance evaluation for any pre-defined operating condition. The intent is to arrive at a fair estimate of the junction temperature of the power-handling device, the MOSFET, under transient high-power pulse/s. The explanation of a proposed simplified method of thermal model generation includes an example featuring a power MOSFET.
Deposition temperature effect of the memory characteristics for Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> (AYO) multi-stacked film (2012)

An investigation was conducted involving the memory characteristics of the Pt/Al2O3/Y2O3/SiO2/Si structure using a high-k Y2O3 charge trapping layer for SONOS (poly-silicon/oxide/nitride/oxide/silicon)-type nonvolatile memory applications. This work focused on Y2O3 layer deposition at different substrate temperatures, which ranged from 450–550°C by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and examined the electrical properties and structural differences of each specimen. Results showed that the Y2O3 deposited at 500°C had the highest memory characteristics and reliability than the other deposition condition. The maximum memory window of capacitor with an Y2O3 trapping layer deposited at 500°C was 3.11 V which well endured up to 104 program/erase (P/E) cycles. The results indicated that deposition temperature is one of the most critical factors influencing the charge trapping properties.
A miniaturized, ultra-wideband, circularly polarized spiral antenna (2014)

A low-profile and compact, ground-plane backed spiral antenna with an ultra-wideband circularly-polarized response is presented. This antenna system is a multilayer structure composed of a center-fed modified Archimedean spiral antenna that includes a novel loading structure, a ring shaped absorber, a feeding network, and a 180° power splitter. The loading structure possesses both inductive and capacitive characteristics, which increase the equivalent electrical length of the antenna while maintaining its maximum dimensions. Using this structure, a compact spiral antenna with a diameter of 0.20λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> is obtained (λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> is the wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation of the antenna). This antenna is integrated into the multilayer structure along with a feeding network. An optimized ring shape absorber is used to reduce the ground effects on the performance of the antenna. The peak gain of the antenna with the feeding network is 3.94 dBic. The 3-dB axial ratio (CP) bandwidth is 155%. The VSWR <; 3 bandwidth is 137%. The size of the antenna with the feeding network is 0.20λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> × 0.20λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> × 0.08λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> . The design and simulation results of the antenna are presented and discussed in this paper.
Interleaver design for three dimensional turbo codes (2002)

A new bandwidth efficient interleaver is described for turbo codes when used to decode short frames of data using the MAP algorithm. Applications in rate compatible turbo codes and encryption are presented.
Robust Adaptive Controller Design for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems Using Online T–S Fuzzy-Neural Modeling Approach (2010)

This paper proposes a novel method of online modeling and control via the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy-neural model for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with some kinds of outputs. Although studies about adaptive T-S fuzzy-neural controllers have been made on some nonaffine nonlinear systems, little is known about the more complicated uncertain nonlinear systems. Because the nonlinear functions of the systems are uncertain, traditional T-S fuzzy control methods can model and control them only with great difficulty, if at all. Instead of modeling these uncertain functions directly, we propose that a T-S fuzzy-neural model approximates a so-called virtual linearized system (VLS) of the system, which includes modeling errors and external disturbances. We also propose an online identification algorithm for the VLS and put significant emphasis on robust tracking controller design using an adaptive scheme for the uncertain systems. Moreover, the stability of the closed-loop systems is proven by using strictly positive real Lyapunov theory. The proposed overall scheme guarantees that the outputs of the closed-loop systems asymptotically track the desired output trajectories. To illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method, simulation results are given in this paper.
JetScope (2015)

Interactive, reliable, and rich data analytics at cloud scale is a key capability to support low latency data exploration and experimentation over terabytes of data for a wide range of business scenarios. Besides the challenges in massive scalability and low latency distributed query processing, it is imperative to achieve all these requirements with effective fault tolerance and efficient recovery, as failures and fluctuations are the norm in such a distributed environment. We present a cloud scale interactive query processing system, called JetScope, developed at Microsoft. The system has a SQL-like declarative scripting language and delivers massive scalability and high performance through advanced optimizations. In order to achieve low latency, the system leverages various access methods, optimizes delivering first rows, and maximizes network and scheduling efficiency. The system also provides a fine-grained fault tolerance mechanism which is able to efficiently detect and mitigate failures without significantly impacting the query latency and user experience. JetScope has been deployed to hundreds of servers in production at Microsoft, serving a few million queries every day.
ICON: 3D reconstruction with ‘missing-information’ restoration in biological electron tomography (2016)

Electron tomography (ET) plays an important role in revealing biological structures, ranging from macromolecular to subcellular scale. Due to limited tilt angles, ET reconstruction always suffers from the 'missing wedge' artifacts, thus severely weakens the further biological interpretation. In this work, we developed an algorithm called Iterative Compressed-sensing Optimized Non-uniform fast Fourier transform reconstruction (ICON) based on the theory of compressed-sensing and the assumption of sparsity of biological specimens. ICON can significantly restore the missing information in comparison with other reconstruction algorithms. More importantly, we used the leave-one-out method to verify the validity of restored information for both simulated and experimental data. The significant improvement in sub-tomogram averaging by ICON indicates its great potential in the future application of high-resolution structural determination of macromolecules in situ.
Context dependent ARMA modeling (2002)

We propose to extend the use of Risannen's (1983) "tree source"-a relative of the partial hidden Markov model-to continuous signals. While the original algorithm is dedicated to modeling the context in which each symbol can occur in a discrete symbol space, we propose to match a specific ARMA model with each identified context. An example is presented.
A New Approach to Automated Solid Phase Synthesis Based on Centrifugation of Tilted Plates (1998)

High throughput solid phase synthesis can be performed with application of the centrifugation based liquid removal. This technique uses readily available standard microtiterplates and eliminates filtration step. It is therefore applicable to simultaneous processing of unlimited number of reaction compartments. Its use is illustrated on the synthesis of an array of 380 tetrahydroisoquinolinones.
Enantioselective Syntheses of Tremulenediol A (I) and Tremulenolide A (II). (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gas Chromatography Study of Reagent Degradation During Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

The high temperature decomposition of three types of hydrocarbons, such as ethanol, camphor and cyclohexanol has been studied in order to determine the role played by the molecular structure of the precursor during the formation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) catalyzed by ferrocene. This investigation will help in identifying the properties of the carbon precursor crucial to obtain the highest CNT selectivity and quality. A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was employed to monitor the evolution of the volatile thermal degradation products exhausted after a growth process of CNTs run at 900 degrees C in Ar atmosphere. The presence of ferrocene catalyst has shown negligible effect on the composition of the volatile products and the main decomposition molecule detected was benzene. Furthermore, the comparison of GC/MS results with scanning electron microscopy images and Raman spectra of the as-grown samples have suggested that the presence of benzene and its interaction with the iron clusters play a key role in the CNT formation, but only on the bare silicon wafer.
Thermal Degradation of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin during Cooking (2022)

The thermal stability of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were investigated by conducting cooking tests where temperature and duration varied. These results were used to calculate the half-life of capsaicin at different temperatures and to obtain sufficient data to describe all the variables in the Arrhenius equation between 100°C and 210°C. In addition, the degradation of capsaicinoids appeared to followed first order kinetics. Degradation rates also increased at higher temperatures as expected. The unknown variables in the Arrhenius equation of frequency factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) were determined for both capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. The frequency factor for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were 2.60×109and 1.25×109, respectively. The activation energy for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were 87.2 kJ/mol and 84.0 kJ/mol, respectively. Pepper samples cooked in water had longer half-lives than dry pepper powder, which suggests hydrolysis was not a significant degradation mechanism. These results estimated that less than 30% capsaicinoid degradation occurred in nine typical cooking scenarios.
Relationships among Udder Shape, Udder Capacity, Cow Longevity and Calf Weights (1987)

Udder capacity and udder shape were scored on 3- to 10-yr-old cows from a large Hereford herd. Udder capacity was scored from 1 (small) and 5 (large) and udder shape was scored from 1 (balanced, udder level with ground) to 5 (unbalanced, funnel-shaped udder). Data were analyzed within age of cow for udder capacity scores from 1 to 4 and for udder shape scores from 1 to 3 because of the limited number of observations in other categories. Year of birth of cow was a significant source of variation in both udder capacity and udder shape. Days in lactation (ranging from 81 +/- 23 d in 3-yr-old cows to 71 +/- 25 d in 4-yr-old cows) was an important source of variation for udder capacity; as lactation progressed udder capacity score declined. Body condition of the cow was an important source of variation for udder capacity in 3- and 4-yr-old cows; cows with more external body condition had larger udder capacity scores. The heritability estimates of udder capacity and udder shape for 3-yr-old cows were .12 +/- .14 and .15 +/- .16, respectively; the repeatability estimates of scores over years were .14 +/- .02 and .16 +/- .03, respectively. Residual correlations between udder capacity and udder shape were low, ranging from -.10 in 3-yr-old cows to .10 in 6-yr-old cows. Neither udder characteristic affected the number of years a cow remained in the herd, but cows with unbalanced udders had more udder defects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bis(dimethylamido) Complexes of Alkyl- and Phenylgallium. Useful Precursors to the RGa2+ Synthon (2001)

Alkyl- and phenylbis(dimethylamido)gallium, [RGa(NMe(2))(2)](2) [R = Me (1), Et (2), (n)Bu (3), (n)Hx (4), and Ph (5)], were synthesized by reactions of LiNMe(2) with (RGaCl(2))(2). The crystal structure of compound 1 was a disordered mixture of anti and syn isomers, with the ratio of anti/syn being 64:36, which was consistent with the ratio (57:43) found in the (1)H NMR spectrum. The Ga(2)N(2) cores of the anti and syn structures were nonplanar. (1)H NMR spectra indicated the presence of both anti and syn isomers for all of the other substituents. (1)H NMR and mass spectra indicated that a species with the general formula of R(3)Ga(2)(NMe(2))(3) was formed when these compounds were heated at high temperatures.
The Komera Initiative : turning product design into public service (2010)

Every mechanical engineering student at MIT takes the same courses: 2.009 being one of them.In our capstone product design course at MIT, most students glean an incredible amount from their teams, mentors, and projects, then focus their efforts on slightly more pressing issues, such as graduating and finding jobs and grad school.But what if the project you found was bigger than just a course, and had the potential of improving the lives of those less fortunate than you?The Komera project creates affordable sanitary protection for women in developing countries from the locally available and all-natural fiber from banana plants.In doing so, the initiative not only empowers girls by allowing them to attend school during their periods, but also creates employment and income within their communities.Our first initial iterations of the machine to fabricate pads were created in 2.009.Previous mechanical solutions to this problem are inefficient and labor-intensive.With our prototype, we seek to reduce the labor involved and increase pad output by twofold.However, we didn't want out work to stop there.Over the course of the semester, we continued to expand the Komera project twofold: by working on the mechanical design of the product and by expanding our scope to transform the product into a public service initiative.This thesis discusses the trials and tribulations of both directions.We explore the differences and challenges in designing for the developing world within a 1 st-world product design context -paying attention to manufacturing, materials, cost, and usability.We also offer a guide through the creation of an initiative: how we took a product and turned it into an IDEAS-winning public service project.It has been an incredibly rewarding experience for us, and we hope that we can inspire others to work on international development products as well.
Vertebral Decancellation for Severe Scoliosis (2000)

Staged surgery including vertebral decancellation is an effective surgical method for patients with severe scoliosis, where an inflexible rigid curve or the risk of occurrence of neurologic complications due to temporary correction may exist.
The reaction between ethanedioyl (oxalyl) dihalides and Ag2C2O4: a route to Staudinger’s elusive ethanedioic (oxalic) acid anhydride (1998)

Ethanedioic (oxalic) acid anhydride 1 was prepared for the first time and its dimeric cyclic nature established by spectroscopic and chemical evidence. The strong instability of 2-chloro-2-oxoethanoic acid 3 was incidentally observed. The chemical behaviour of 1 with MeOH and CH2N2 was investigated.
Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Cefdinir Residues on Manufacturing Equipment Surfaces (2013)

The cleaning validation procedure for the manufacturing equipment surfaces of cefdinir was done using cotton swabs moistened with the extraction solution (900 ml of water and 3.0 ml phosphoric acid and then adjusting the pH to 7.0 ± 0.05). The HPLC method was validated on a LC system using Waters (USA) Symmetry - C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm) at 25°C in the presence of a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile: pH 7 buffer (85-15) as at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and an injection volume of 20 μl over the concentration range 14.5-74.5 μg mL-1. UV detection was made at 254 nm. The detection limit (DL) and quantification limit (QL) were 0.7 and 2.2 μg mL-1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions, expressed as relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), were below 2.00%. The recoveries were 98.68, 101 and 102.28% for three concentration levels with an average recovery of 100.65%.
053 Inhibition of TNF-alpha Signaling can Prevent Parasympathetic Nerve Function by Upregulating ERK Signaling (2017)

Chronic neuroinflammation can induce erectile dysfunction (ED) following radical prostatectomy (RP). TNF-alpha (TNFA) induces neuronal apoptosis after peripheral nerve injury. Extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) are shown to be activated to promote nerve regeneration. We hypothesize that ED can be prevented by blocking TNFA signalling. Smooth muscle function of penises harvested from TNFA receptor - 1,2 double knock-out mice (TNFRKO) and wild type (WT) mice was tested after bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) to test this hypothesis. WT and TNFRKO mice underwent either BCNI or sham surgery (n=6/group). Major pelvic ganglia (MPGs) and penises were harvested 4 days after surgery. Myography was used to evaluate smooth muscle function of penises. Parasympathetic-nerve mediated relaxation was evaluated by electrical field stimulation (EFS) after maximal contraction induced by phenylephrine 1.0 x 10-4 M. MPGs were processed to evaluate gene expression of choline acetyl transferase (Chat), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (Nos1), ERK1 and ERK2 by qPCR.
Engineering donor lymphocytes with Fas ligand protein effectively prevents acute graft-versus-host disease (2023)

Alloreactive T-effector cells (Teffs) are the major culprit of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ex vivo nonspecific depletion of T cells from the donor graft impedes stem cell engraftment and posttransplant immune reconstitution. Teffs upregulate Fas after activation and undergo Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated restimulation-induced cell death (RICD), an important mechanism of immune homeostasis. We targeted RICD as a means to eliminate host-reactive Teffs in vivo for the prevention of aGVHD. A novel form of FasL protein chimeric with streptavidin (SA-FasL) was transiently displayed on the surface of biotinylated lymphocytes, taking advantage of the high-affinity interaction between biotin and streptavidin. SA-FasL-engineered mouse and human T cells underwent apoptosis after activation in response to alloantigens in vitro and in vivo. SA-FasL on splenocytes was effective in preventing aGVHD in >70% of lethally irradiated haploidentical mouse recipients after cotransplantation with bone marrow cells, whereas all controls that underwent transplantation with nonengineered splenocytes developed aGVHD. Prevention of aGVHD was associated with an increased ratio of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory (Tregs) to Teffs and significantly reduced transcripts for proinflammatory cytokines in the lymphoid organs and target tissues. Depletion of Tregs from the donor graft abrogated the protection conferred by SA-FasL. This approach was also effective in a xenogeneic aGVHD setting where SA-FasL-engineered human PBMCs were transplanted into NSG mice. Direct display of SA-FasL protein on donor cells as an effective means of eliminating alloreactive Teffs in the host represents a practical approach with significant translation potential for the prevention of aGVHD.
Analysis and design of a 30 MHz resonant boost converter (2012)

This paper presents the analysis and design procedure of a Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) resonant Boost converter operating at 30 MHz under hysteretic control (also called on-off control or bang-bang control). The Boost converter is based on the Class Φ inverter and combined with a class E rectifier. A multi-stage resonant gate driver is used to drive the power MOSFET effectively. The power train, gate dive and control design are provided in detail respectively. The design considerations are presented based on the efficiency optimization between the high component stress and the effect of parasitic parameters. The simulation results of the 30 MHz resonant Boost converter are given to verify the validity of the design method. An experimental prototype is being built.