gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Illumination on the Negative-Bias Stability of Transparent Hafnium–Indium–Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors (2010)

The stability of transparent hafnium-indium-zinc oxide (HIZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) was investigated under negative-bias stress conditions. TFTs that incorporate transparent electrode materials such as indium-tin oxide or indium-zinc oxide were studied, and the bias stress experiments showed that transparent TFTs undergo severe degradation (negative shift in threshold voltage <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VT</i> ) with simultaneous exposure to white light, in comparison with the results obtained in dark. The time evolution of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VT</i> indicates that the deterioration under illumination occurs mainly by the trapping of photogenerated carriers near the HIZO/dielectric interface.
Fundamental diversity of human CpG islands at multiple biological levels (2014)

CpG islands (CGIs) are commonly used as genomic markers to study the patterns and regulatory consequences of DNA methylation. Interestingly, recent studies reveal a substantial diversity among CGIs: long and short CGIs, for example, exhibit contrasting patterns of gene expression complexity and nucleosome occupancy. Evolutionary origins of CGIs are also highly heterogeneous. In order to systematically evaluate potential diversities among CGIs and ultimately to illuminate the link between diversity of CGIs and their epigenetic variation, we analyzed the nucleotide-resolution DNA methylation maps (methylomes) of multiple cellular origins. We discover novel 'clusters' of CGIs according to their patterns of DNA methylation; the stably hypomethylated CGI cluster (cluster I), sperm-hypomethylated CGI cluster (cluster II), and variably methylated CGI cluster (cluster III). These epigenomic CGI clusters are strikingly distinct at multiple biological features including genomic, evolutionary, and functional characteristics. At the genomic level, the stably hypomethylated CGI cluster tends to be longer and harbors many more CpG dinucleotides than those in other clusters. They are also frequently associated with promoters, while CGI clusters II and III mostly reside in intragenic or intergenic regions and exhibit highly tissue-specific DNA methylation. Functional ontology terms and transcriptional profiles co-vary with CGI clusters, indicating that the regulatory functions of CGIs are tightly linked to their heterogeneity. Finally, CGIs associated with distinctive biological processes, such as diseases, aging, and imprinting, occur disproportionately across CGI clusters. These new findings provide an effective means to combine existing knowledge on CGIs into a genomic context while bringing new insights that elucidate the significance of DNA methylation across different biological conditions and demography.
Finding Skill Similarity Matrix Utilizing Expert Recommended Skill Clusters (2018)

Humans cannot provide feedback on millions/billions of computer-calculated measures. This paper finds a way to adjust a large number of the calculated skill similarity pairs based on qualitative human expert feedback. The experts do not explicitly quantify millions of similarities. They only indicate what cluster a skill belongs to. This paper describes methods to correct a large similarity matrix corresponding to the expert recommended skill clusters.
Biogenesis of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in muscle. Evidence for a rapidly turning over, catalytically inactive precursor pool. (1988)

Tissue-cultured chicken embryo muscle cells synthesize several molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which differ in oligomeric structure and fate as membrane-bound or secreted molecules. Using irreversible inhibitors to inactivate AChE molecules we show that muscle cells rapidly synthesize and assemble catalytically active oligomers which transit an obligatory pathway through the Golgi apparatus. These oligomers acquire complex oligosaccharides and are ultimately localized on the cell surface or secreted into the medium. Immunoprecipitation of isotopically labeled AChE shows that the oligomers are assembled shortly after synthesis from two allelic polypeptide chains. About two-thirds of the newly synthesized molecules are assembled into dimers and tetramers, and once assembled these forms do not interconvert. Comparison of newly synthesized catalytically active AChE molecules with isotopically labeled ones indicates that a large fraction of the immature molecules are catalytically inactive. Pulse-chase studies measuring both catalytic activity and isotopic labeling indicate that only the catalytically active oligomers are further processed by the cell, whereas inactive molecules are rapidly degraded intracellularly by an as yet unknown mechanism. Approximately 70-80% of the newly synthesized AChE molecules are degraded in this manner and do not transit the Golgi apparatus. These studies indicate that muscle cells synthesize an excess of this important synaptic component over that which is necessary for maintaining normal levels of this protein. In addition, these studies indicate the existence of an intracellular route of protein degradation which may function as a post-translational regulatory step in the control of exportable proteins.
Facile Preparation of Alkylidenesuccinimides from Maleimides via the Phosphoniosilylation Process (2004)

Functionalization of a,^-unsaturated carbonyl compounds can be effected by a variety of methods, which generally involve either the organometallic conjugate addition procedures followed by enolate trapping and subsequent oxidation1 or the dipole reversal process involving the conversion of a,-unsaturated carbonyl compounds into acylvinyl anion equivalents. However, the former procedures are sometimes inadequate and the requisite organocuprates are difficult to obtain.2 In the case of enones, very efficient and practical -functionalization methods utilizing the phosphoniosilylation process, one of the latter processes, have been previously developed by Kozikowski, Kim and Lee.3-5 Recently, we have reported that such procedure can also be employed to a,-unsaturated lactones and esters by effecting -alkylation,-hydroxyalkylation,-conjugate addition of them, and ~sulfenylation (Scheme 1).6 As an extension of these studies we became interested in investi gating the possibility of phosphoniosilylation-based functionalizations of a,-unsaturated imides, maleimdes.
[DRUGS DESENSITIZATION]. (2015)

We now have the means to give a patient the drug he absolutely needs even if these have been responsible for immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reactions. We use so-called "desensitization protocols" which rely on strong experimental pathophysiological bases. We take as examples immediate hypersensitivity to aspirin/NSAID and chemotherapy and non-severe delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotic for which tolerance induction gives excellent results.
Final Results of the Prospective FH02 Mammographic Surveillance Study of Women Aged 35–39 at Increased Familial Risk of Breast Cancer (2019)

Mammography screening aged 35-39 years detects breast cancer at an early stage and is likely to be as effective in reducing mortality as in women at increased breast cancer risk aged 40-49 years.
Investigation of RuO[sub 2]-Incorporated Pt Layer as a Bottom Electrode and Diffusion Barrier for High Epsilon Capacitor Applications (1999)

The effects of the amount of added in the film on the electrical properties of the deposited film on the substrate by using metal mask of dot in size were investigated at the temperature range of in air. When the film was prepared without addition, it showed the higher total resistance and nonlinear characteristics, attributed to the oxidized layer at the interface formed by reaction between the indiffused oxygen through grain boundaries and during annealing in air. The layer fabricated by incorporation exhibited the lower total resistance and ohmic behavior up to and suppressed the reaction of up to . In the latter case, the incorporation of ruthenium dioxide into the bottom electrode layer led to the retardation of the interdiffusion of oxygen, , and up to , resulting from stuffing effect in the polycrystalline film. Consequently, this implies that the layer is expected to perform as a bottom electrode as well as diffusion barrier. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society
Mechanical performance of laminated discs (2000)

Laminated discs are one of the enabling technologies to increase areal density of a recording disc drive to beyond 100 G/in/sup 2/. Enhanced damping characteristics do, however, come at the expense of axial rigidity of the substrates. This work demonstrates that by varying the polymer thickness, damping and axial rigidity of the substrates can be tailored to achieve desirable performance. Laminated glass-ceramic substrates are shown to offer effective damping even with poor lamination. Disc deflection during a shock event is damped out within a few cycles of vibration for the laminated discs, which should provide additional margin for head slap damage. There is no significant clamping induced distortion found for the laminated discs. Overall, mechanical performance of the laminated discs are satisfactory provided the lamination process is optimal.
persistent activity of Ivermectin in cattle challenged daily with Nematodes (1996)

To investigate the persistent nematocidal activity of the injectable formulation of ivermectin under repeated challenge conditions, three studies were conducted in which the trial animals were administered infective larvae daily.
GEOSYNTHETIC CLAY LINERS. PART ONE: AN OVERVIEW (1996)

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) consist of factory manufactured rolls of bentonite placed between geotextiles of adhesively bonded to a geomembrane. The geosynthetics provide manufacturers with the opportunity to stitch bond, needlepunch or adhesively bond the bentonite into a unit suitable for handling, transportation and placement as a composite barrier material. Applications for GCLs in the environment, transportation and geotechnical engineering fields are numerous and rapid growing.
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell deficiency in patients with hepatitis C-mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis (2003)

Patients who are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) often develop mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), a B-cell proliferative disorder with polyclonal activation and autoantibody production. We investigated if MC is associated with a deficit of CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T (Treg) cells, which have been shown to control autoimmunity. Because Treg cells express higher amounts of CD25 than activated CD4(+) T cells, we analyzed blood CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg cells in 69 untreated patients chronically infected with HCV. Treg cell frequency in patients without MC (8.8% +/- 2.3%) or with asymptomatic MC (7.4% +/- 2.1%) was comparable to that of healthy controls (7.9% +/- 1.3%). In contrast, it was significantly reduced in symptomatic MC patients (2.6% +/- 1.2%, P <.001) even when compared to a panel of untreated HCV(-) patients with different inflammatory disorders (6.2% +/- 0.8%, P <.0001). In symptomatic MC patients, the purified remaining CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells retained suppressive activity in vitro. These results, together with experimental data showing that depletion of Treg cells induces autoimmunity, suggest a major role of Treg cell deficiency in HCV-MC vasculitis and this is the first report of a quantitative Treg cell deficiency in virus-associated autoimmunity.
A Linear Analog Network Coding for Asynchronous Two-Way Relay Networks (2010)

Time asynchronism is a practical issue need to be addressed for a general distributed two-way relay network, where two terminal nodes exchange information through multiple spatial-separated relay nodes. In this letter, we propose an analog network coding (ANC) scheme for a time asynchronous two-way relay network. In the proposed scheme, each relay node linearly transforms the received mixed asynchronous signals in the first time-slot by a Toeplitz matrix, and then broadcasts them back to the terminals in the second time-slot. A sufficient condition is derived for the proposed ANC to achieve full cooperative diversity using only linear receivers at the terminal nodes, such as zero-forcing (ZF), or minimum mean square error (MMSE) receivers, with any delay profiles of the timing errors. The decoding of the proposed ANC scheme is computationally efficient and the symbol rate can approach 1, when the coding block length is sufficiently large compared to the number of relay nodes R and the timing errors.
NanoString-based breast cancer risk prediction for women with sclerosing adenosis (2017)

Our results demonstrate that biomarkers of breast cancer risk can be detected in benign breast tissue years prior to cancer development in women with SA. These markers can be assessed using assay methods optimized for RNA derived from FFPE biopsy tissues which are commonly available.
Nucleotide sequence of the hemG gene involved in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity of Escherichia coli K12 (1993)

The hemG gene of Escherichia coli K12 is involved in the activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of protoporphyrinogen IX into protoporphyrin IX during heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The gene is located at min 87 on the genetic map of E. coli K12. The hemG gene was isolated by a mini-Mu in vivo cloning procedure. As expected, the hemG gene is able to restore normal growth to the hemG mutant, and the transformed cells display strong protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity. Sequencing of the hemG gene allowed us to identify an open reading frame of 546 nucleotides (181 amino acids), within the minimal fragment able to complement the mutant. The presumed molecular mass of the HemG protein is 21,202 Da, in agreement with values found by SDS-PAGE, in a DNA-directed coupled transcription-translation system. The identity of the first 18 amino acids at the amino-terminal end of the protein was confirmed by microsequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first cloning of a gene involved in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity of E. coli.
Molecular analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes M1 protein (2006)

Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a common human pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from mild conditions, such as pharyngitis and impetigo, to life-threatening disease, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. Antiphagocytic M protein, a cell-wall anchored virulence factor, is expressed by all pathogenic strains of GAS. This molecule is believed to form an alpha-helical coiled coil and demonstrates extensive variability in the surface exposed N-terminus. Binding of host factors such as fibrinogen (Fg), IgG and C4BP by M protein confers antiphagocytic properties to Gas. The X-ray crystallographic structure of an N-terminal fragment of M1 protein is presented here, revealing a disordered N- terminus followed by ordering of the A-region into a dimeric alpha-helical coiled coil. The Fg-binding B- repeats have disrupted coiled-coil packing, causing the alpha-helices in this region to splay apart from one another. The disrupted coiled-coil packing leads to instability of the M1 oligomeric state. Static light scattering and circular dichroism show that the M1 fragment exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers. The oligomeric state is especially sensitive to temperature; however, binding assays demonstrate that fibrinogen binding is independent of temperature. Structural analysis of the B-repeats showed that it contains many unfavorable residues in its a and d positions. These residues were mutated to optimal coiled- coil packing residues to determine the significance of M1 protein conserving non-canonical residues in these critical positions. Surprisingly, the optimized construct formed trimeric species and abrogated Fg-binding. The unexpected oligomeric state in the mutant constructs could be partially converted back to the monomer/dimer population observed in the native sequence by deleting a single amino acid just prior to the B-repeats. These species also did not bind Fg and indicated that the residues presiding in the core packing positions in the B- repeats may be critical in contacting Fg. We propose the B -repeats maintain a splayed state in the mature protein presented on the GAS surface and that this conformation is required to expose the residues that would otherwise be involved in coiled-coil packing. Instead these residues form the Fg-binding site in M1 protein
Improving Video Quality in Crowded Networks Using a DANE (2017)

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a technology for delivering video content over the Internet. It provides an effective mechanism, which has been adopted by major content providers. Nevertheless, available DASH player implementations have a number of drawbacks such as performance problems on shared network connections, which lead to video freezes and frequent video quality changes. In this paper, we propose a method to reduce the performance problems that exist in networks with a large number of DASH players. These networks can be found in hotels, apartment complexes, and airports. In experiments with up to 600 simultaneously active players, we are able to reduce the number of DASH players with freezes by 95% (from 345 to 15) compared to throughput-based adaptation and by 75% (from 62 to 15) compared to BOLA using our DASH Assisting Network Element (DANE). In addition, we reduced the number of quality switches by 94% compared to throughput-based adaptation, and by 85% compared to BOLA.
Effects of intrathecally administered dexmedetomidine, MPV‐2426 and tizanidine on EMG in rats (2003)

We conclude that in rats, intrathecally administered dexmedetomidine, MPV-2426 and tizanidine have dose-dependent effects on EMG. At antinociceptive doses, the EMG effects of these three alpha-2 adrenergic agonists differ (dexmedetomidine > MPV-2426 > tizanidine).
代謝症候群、缺血性膀胱與下泌尿道症狀：流行病學證據與病生理機制 (2017)

背景
下泌尿道症狀和代謝症候群都是盛行率很高的公共衛生問題，尤其是在較年長的族群。 而近來許多的流行病學研究皆顯示代謝症候群是造成下泌尿道症狀的可能因子之一。根據第三次美國國家健康與營養調查研究，60歲以上男性若有三個以上代謝症候群之危險因子，會增加得到下泌尿道症狀的風險(勝算比=1.80；95%信賴區間1.10-2.94)；而有代謝症候群的男性攝護腺之生長速率(0.92毫升/年)也較沒有代謝症候群的男性(0.64毫升/年)為高。兩者之間的關連性目前已有一些可能的機制被提出，包括內皮細胞功能異常、自主神經過度活化、Rho-kinase活化增加及骨盆腔血管硬化等。 糖尿病常見的併發症除了腎臟病變、神經病變及視網膜病變外，許多糖尿病患也會合併下泌尿道功能的障礙，導致所謂的下泌尿道症狀。但是臨床上糖尿病下泌尿道症狀之表現相當地多變，有些人以儲尿症狀如膀胱過動症表現；有些人則以排尿症狀如排尿困難為主，部分甚至惡化成末期膀胱病變，導致殘尿量增加，進而增加泌尿道感染與腎臟傷害的機會。雖然糖尿病造成下泌尿道症狀的證據越來越充分，但是目前對於其危險因子仍然不甚了解，基於糖尿病患常常同時合併代謝症候群，我們對於代謝症候群在此族群病患之下泌尿道症狀所扮演的角色相當的有興趣，因此設計了兩部分的研究予以探索。
 本論文分為兩部分。第一部分為流行病學研究，我們以第二型糖尿病女性病患為研究對象，探討代謝症候群對糖尿病患下泌尿道之影響；第二部分為基礎研究，目標為探討缺血性膀胱功能失調之分子機轉與可能治療方式。

研究方法
第一部份為一橫斷面的流行病學研究，自2005年10月至2007年6月，我們總共收錄了518位第二型糖尿病女性病患的臨床資料，包括了病史、生化檢查、身體檢查及下泌尿道症狀問卷等。而根據美國國家膽固醇教育計畫成人治療專家組第三次指南對於代謝症候群之定義，我們將病患分為兩組：糖尿病合併代謝症候群組及糖尿病無合併代謝症候群組。病患之下泌尿道功能則分別以美國泌尿科醫學會症狀評分表、IUSS問卷、尿流速等檢查來評估。我們以統計方法來比較兩組病患之各項數據。
 第二部分之基礎研究共分三個階段，第一階段我們將大白鼠的兩側膀胱動脈結紮二至四週後，期望能建立局部缺血造成膀胱病變的大白鼠動物模式；第二階段則以第一階段的結果為基礎，進行各項分子生物學的研究，探索可能的致病機轉；第三階段我們將探討可能治療的藥物，包括了蕈鹼類受體拮抗劑、嘌呤 類受體拮抗劑及抗氧化劑蘿蔔硫素，測試其是否能改善缺血所誘導的膀胱病變。

結果
從流行病學研究中，我們發現糖尿病患若同時合併有代謝症候群，會有較嚴重的下泌尿道症狀，尤其是膀胱過動症症狀。而隨著代謝症候群之危險因子數目越多，下泌尿道症狀和膀胱過動症的盛行率和嚴重程度也越高。多變數分析則發現糖尿病女性病患下泌尿道症狀最重要的預測因子並不是代謝症候群，而是周邊神經病變；但是如果我們再針對神經病變做調整分析後，代謝症候群則仍然扮演著很重要的角色。
 在動物實驗中，我們成功地建立局部缺血造成膀胱病變的大白鼠動物模式。缺血不但造成膀胱活體自由基的上升，也促進了細胞反應如內質網壓力(GRP78/CHOP)、細胞自噬(Beclin-1/p62/LC3 II)及細胞凋亡(caspase 3)的表現，並干擾了Keap1-Nrf2抗氧化系統；更重要的，缺血傷害也影響了膀胱蕈鹼類與嘌呤類訊息傳導路徑之表現，而其可能是膀胱過動之主因。而投予蕈鹼類或嘌呤類受體拮抗劑無法完全改善因缺血導致的膀胱功能失調，只有抗氧化劑蘿蔔硫素不但有效地緩解了各種細胞反應，並活化了Keap1-Nrf2抗氧化系統；更重要的是，蘿蔔硫素顯著地改善因缺血而導致的膀胱功能失調。

結論
我們推測糖尿病周邊神經病變是影響糖尿病女性病患下泌尿道症狀最重要的危險因子，若病患同時合併了代謝症候群，則有可能透過動脈粥樣硬化而導致了骨盆腔器官如膀胱的缺血，進而加重下泌尿道症狀的風險。而缺血性膀胱的動物模型更進一步地証實我們的假設。局部缺血不但增加了氧化壓力與相關的細胞反應，更影響了膀胱訊息傳導路徑，造成膀胱功能失調。而以抗氧化劑蘿蔔硫素治療可以有效地緩解因缺血而導致的膀胱功能失調。
Aldehydic DNA lesions induced by catechol estrogens in calf thymus DNA (2003)

The primary purpose of this research is to examine the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species generated by estrogen quinonoids are the main source for the formation of aldehydic DNA lesions (ADL) in genomic DNA. ADL induced by quinonoid metabolites of 17beta-estradiol (E2), e.g. 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OH-E2), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OH-E2), estrogen-3,4-quinones (E2-3,4-Q) and estrogen- 2,3-quinone (E2-2,3-Q), were investigated in calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) under physiological conditions. The abasic sites resulting from the spontaneous depurination-depyrimidination of the modified bases and the aldehydic base and sugar lesions resulting from the oxidative damage to deoxyribose moieties in the DNA molecules were measured by an aldehyde reactive probe and were estimated as the number of ADL per 106 nucleotides. With the addition of NADPH (100 micro M) and Cu(II) (20 micro M), nanomolar levels (100 nM) of 4-OH-E2 and 2-OH-E2 induced approximately 10-fold increases in the number of ADL over control (P<0.001). In parallel, increases in 8-oxoguanine were detected in DNA exposed to 4-OH-E2 and 2-OH-E2 (100 nM) plus Cu(II) and NADPH. Further investigation indicated that the ADL induced by estrogen catechols plus Cu(II) and NADPH were causally involved in the formation of hydrogen peroxide and Cu(I). Both E2-2,3-Q and E2-3,4-Q alone induced a 2-fold increase in the number of ADL over control (P<0.05) in CT-DNA at high concentrations (1 mM). Neither neutral thermal hydrolysis nor lower ionic strength of the reaction medium induced further increases in the number of ADL in E2-3,4-Q-modified CT-DNA. Conversely, with the inclusion of Cu(II) and NADPH, both E2-3,4-Q and E2-2,3-Q (1 micro M) induced parallel formation of DNA single strand breaks and approximately 20-fold increases in the number of ADL over control (P < 0.001). The data also demonstrated that the ADL induced by estrogen quinones with and without the presence of Cu(II) and NADPH contain 69 and 78% putrescine-excisable ADL in CT-DNA, respectively. Additionally, results of the ADL cleavage assay indicate that the ADL induced by estrogen quinones plus Cu(II) and NADPH in CT-DNA were predominantly T7 exonuclease-excisable (50%) and exonuclease III- excisable (20%) ADL, whereas the intact ADL, and other ADL accounted for 5 and 25%, respectively. These results suggest that the ADL induced by estrogen quinones in CT-DNA are derived from oxidative events rather than depurination/depyrimidination of labile estrogen quinone-DNA adducts. Overall, our results are at variance with the idea that depurination of estrogen quinone-DNA adducts is the major source for the formation of ADL in genomic DNA. We hypothesize that in addition to DNA adducts and oxidized bases, the ADL induced by estrogen quinonoid-mediated oxidative stress may play a role in estrogen-induced carcinogenicity.