gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards progressive regulatory approaches for agricultural applications of animal biotechnology (2022)

Traditional breeding techniques, applied incrementally over thousands of years, have yielded huge benefits in the characteristics of agricultural animals. This is a result of significant, measurable changes to the genomes of those animal species and breeds. Genome editing techniques may now be applied to achieve targeted DNA sequence alterations, with the potential to affect traits of interest to production of agricultural animals in just one generation. New opportunities arise to improve characteristics difficult to achieve or not amenable to traditional breeding, including disease resistance, and traits that can improve animal welfare, reduce environmental impact, or mitigate impacts of climate change. Countries and supranational institutions are in the process of defining regulatory approaches for genome edited animals and can benefit from sharing approaches and experiences to institute progressive policies in which regulatory oversight is scaled to the particular level of risk involved. To facilitate information sharing and discussion on animal biotechnology, an international community of researchers, developers, breeders, regulators, and communicators recently held a series of seven virtual workshop sessions on applications of biotechnology for animal agriculture, food and environmental safety assessment, regulatory approaches, and market and consumer acceptance. In this report, we summarize the topics presented in the workshop sessions, as well as discussions coming out of the breakout sessions. This is framed within the context of past and recent scientific and regulatory developments. This is a pivotal moment for determination of regulatory approaches and establishment of trust across the innovation through-chain, from researchers, developers, regulators, breeders, farmers through to consumers.
Molecular Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Liquid Crystal−Coil Diblock Copolymers with Azobenzene Side Groups (1997)

The synthesis and characterization of a family of well-defined liquid crystal−coil (LC−coil) diblock copolymers have been carried out. The block copolymers in this study have been designed to have nearly identical molecular weight azobenzene-containing LC blocks in order to eliminate possible variations in LC behavior caused by the differences in the LC block molecular weight. Quantitative hydroboration chemistry was used to convert the pendent double bonds of an isoprene block to hydroxyl groups to which the mesogenic groups were attached via acid chloride coupling. The LC homopolymer and the block copolymers (LC volume fraction from fLC = 0.82 to fLC = 0.20) all exhibited smectic mesophases with similar clearing transition temperatures. The clearing transition enthalpies strongly depend on the block composition ratio and decrease as the LC block volume fraction decreases. Solvent-casting of a lamellar LC−coil copolymer (SICN5-66/60) resulted in an oriented bulk film in which both the axes of the mesogenic groups and the lamellar interfaces lie parallel to the film surfaces. A LC cylinder morphology was observed with a fLC = 0.22 LC-containing block (SICN5-176/55) using TEM and confirmed by SAXS measurements. This is the first observation with the LC block in a cylinder microdomain. Other morphologies (bicontinuous, LC sphere) were observed by TEM while retaining the smectic order in the LC microphase.
The Identification of Clinically Relevant Gait Variables in Children With Hypotonia (2005)

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Holographic Performance of Azo-Carbazole Dye-Doped UP Resin Films Using a Dyeing Process (2019)

For the practical application of dynamic holography using updatable dyed materials, optical transparency and an enlarged sample size with a uniform dispersion of the dye and no air bubbles are crucial. The holographic films were prepared by applying a dyeing method comprising application, curing, dyeing, and washing to an unsaturated polyester (UP) resin film. The unsaturated polyester (UP) resin film with high optical transparency was dyed with a 3-[(4-cyanophenyl)azo]-9<i>H</i>-carbazole-9-ethanol (CACzE) (azo-carbazole) dye via the surfactant, polyoxyethylene (5) docosyl ether, in an aqueous solution. The amount of dye uptake obtained via the dyeing process ranged from 0.49 to 6.75 wt.%. The dye concentration in the UP resin was proportional to the dye concentration in the aqueous solution and the immersion time. The UP resin film with 3.65 wt.% dye exhibited the optical diffraction property <i>η</i>₁ of 0.23% with a response time <i>τ</i> of 5.9 s and a decay time of 3.6 s. The spectroscopic evaluation of the UP resin film crosslinking reaction and the dyeing state in the UP resin film are discussed. Furthermore, as an example of its functionality, the dynamic holographic properties of the dye-doped UP resin film are discussed.
Self-assembled fluorocarbon films for enhanced stiction reduction (2002)

We have developed a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coating process for stiction reduction in polysilicon MEMS that does not use chlorinated solvents. Using this process, cantilever beams up to 2 mm in length emerge from the final water rinse dry and released. Beam arrays fabricated from two types of polysilicon were used to characterize in-use stiction. In the first set of structures (poly A, rms roughness /spl ap/12 nm), all beams out to the maximum length of 1 mm remained unstuck following actuation, giving an adhesion energy per apparent contact area of less than 2.4 /spl mu/J/m/sup 2/. Poly B structures (rms roughness /spl ap/3 nm) gave an apparent adhesion energy of 5.2 /spl mu/J/m/sup 2/ compared to 23 /spl mu/J/m/sup 2/ for the OTS SAM coating. The fluorinated SAMs survive heat treatment in both air and N/sub 2/ at 400/spl deg/C for 5 minutes and are thus compatible with several MEMS packaging processes.
Exploiting Fluorescence Lifetime Plasticity in FLIM: Target Molecule Localization in Cells and Tissues (2011)

The mechanisms of drug-receptor interactions and the controlled delivery of drugs via biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticulate carriers are active research fields in nanomedicine. Many clinically used drugs target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) due to the fact that signaling via GPCRs is crucial in physiological and pathological processes and thus central for the function of biological systems. In this letter, a fast and reliable ratiometric fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (rmFLIM) approach is described to analyze the distribution of protein-ligand complexes in the cellular context. Binding of the fluorescently labeled antagonist naloxone to the G-protein coupled μ-opioid receptor is used as an example. To show the broad applicability of the rmFLIM method, we extended this approach to investigate the distribution of polymer-based nanocarriers in histological liver sections.
An Interaction between Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 2 (IGFBP2) and Integrin α5 Is Essential for IGFBP2-induced Cell Mobility (2006)

In the study we report here, we tested the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) promotes cell mobility through its interaction with integrin alpha5. Our previous microarray studies showed that IGFBP2 activates the expression of integrin alpha5. In addition, IGFBP2 has an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain, which is a known integrin binding motif. We first confirmed our microarray results by showing that the expression of integrin alpha5 is indeed up-regulated at the protein level in IGFBP2-overexpressing SNB19 glioma cells. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we confirmed that IGFBP2 does interact with integrin alpha5. To confirm that IGFBP2 interacts directly with integrin alpha5 through the RGD domain, we created an RGD --> RGE mutant (D306E) IGFBP2 and stably overexpressed the mutant IGFBP2 in the same cell line. Co-immunoprecipitation then showed that D306E-IGFBP2 had no detectable binding with integrin alpha5. We further observed that IGFBP2-overexpressing cells have extensive cell surface lamellipodia, whereas D306E-IGFBP2-overexpressing cells show abundant cell surface focal adhesions. Consistent with this, phenotype analysis then showed that IGFBP2-overexpressing cells have elevated migration rates compared with vector control; in contrast, the migration rates of the D306E-IGFBP2-overexpressing cells were not elevated and were comparable with that of vector control. Decreased expression of integrin alpha5 by small interference RNA in IGFBP2-overexpressing cells also reduced cell mobility. Therefore, we have concluded that one mechanism by which IGFBP2 activates IGFBP2-induced cell mobility is through its interaction with integrin alpha5 and this interaction is specifically mediated through the RGD domain on IGFBP2.
Universal detection of body fluid traces in situ with Raman hyperspectroscopy for forensic purposes: Evaluation of a new detection algorithm (HAMAND) using semen samples (2019)

Abstract Towards closing the technological gaps in forensic science, Raman spectroscopy has been a boon to the field. One area that this technique shows exceptional promise is in body fluid identification and characterization, but substrate interference remains a major impediment to its practical implementation. Here, we present an approach for the universal detection of body fluids regardless of the substrate. This approach, which is based on Raman hyperspectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution, was applied to datasets representing simulated semen evidence. In every instance, the signal of the fluid was extracted and matched to a reference of semen. This approach has immediate application for body fluid detection and allows for a universal, automatic, nondestructive, on‐field method for confirmatory identification of body fluid traces at a crime scene. This approach is applicable where an analyte is either a minor contributor or spatially distributed on a strongly interfering substrate.
[Comparison of the effects of regional ischemia and of reperfusion on the hypertrophied heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats and the heart of Wistar-Kyoto rats with isolated perfused heart via the left atrium. Effects of lidocaine, propranolol and verapamil]. (1983)

1. A comparative study between the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on the hypertrophied heart of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and on the heart of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) was carried out in working heart conditions. 2. The decrease of coronary flow induced by a coronary occlusion had an equal magnitude in the two groups. In the SHR group, the aortic output became null in 40% of the cases, whereas this effect was never seen in WKY group. 3. In reperfusion conditions, the recovery of haemodynamic values was slower in SHR group. The release of LDH and the rhythmic disturbances were also increased. 4. The perfusion of SHR hearts by lidocaine (4.3 10(-5) M), propranolol (7.7 10(-6) M) and verapamil (1.1 10(-7) M) decreased significantly the heart rate and the aortic output. 5. When these substances were added to the perfusion medium, the deleterious effects of reperfusion were greatly reduced. Aortic output recovered more quickly than his basal values and the enzymatic leakage was decreased. None of the hearts fibrillated after lidocaine and propranolol. Ventricular fibrillation continued in 14% of cases after verapamil compared to 80% of cases in the control group.
Hole transport through proton-irradiatedp-type silicon wafers during electrochemical anodization (2006)

The hole current density flowing through and around proton-irradiated areas of $p$-type silicon during electrochemical anodization is simulated and studied experimentally using scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence imaging. It is shown that for certain irradiation geometries the current flow may be either reduced or enhanced in areas adjacent to irradiated lines, resulting in enhanced or reduced rates of porous silicon formation and corresponding changes in photoluminescence intensity and feature height. The current flow to the surface is unaffected by both the beam straggle and the high defect density at the end of ion range, enabling feature dimensions of $\ensuremath{\sim}200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ to be attained. This study has enabled fabrication of micromachined and patterned porous silicon structures in anodized wafers with accurate control of feature dimensions, layer thickness, and photoluminescence emission wavelength and intensity.
Ventilation during simulated altitude, normobaric hypoxia and normoxic hypobaria (1997)

To investigate the possible effect of hypobaria on ventilation (Ve) at high altitude, we exposed nine men to three conditions for 10 h in a chamber on separate occasions at least 1 week apart. These three conditions were: altitude (Pb=432, F i O 2 =0.207), normobaric hypoxia (Pb=614, F i O 2 =0.142) and normoxic hypobaria (Pb=434, F i O 2 =0.296). In addition, post-test measurements were made 2 h after returning to ambient conditions at normobaric normoxia (Pb=636, F i O 2 =0.204). In the first hour of exposure Ve was increased similarly by altitude and normobaric hypoxia. The was 38% above post-test values and end-tidal CO 2 (P et CO 2 ) was lower by 4 mmHg. After 3, 6 and 9 h, the average Ve in normobaric hypoxia was 26% higher than at altitude (p et CO 2 was higher than at altitude. Changes in Ve and P et CO 2 in normoxic hypobaria were minimal relative to normobaric normoxia post-test measurements. One possible explanation for the lower Ve at altitude is that CO 2 elimination is relatively less at altitude because of a reduction in inspired gas density compared to normobaric hypoxia; this may reduce the work of breathing or alveolar deadspace. The greater Ve during the first hour at altitude, relative to subsequent measurements, may be related to the appearance of microbubbles in the pulmonary circulation acting to transiently worsen matching. Results indicate that hypobaria per se effects ventilation under altitude conditions.
Improving comparability between microarray probe signals by thermodynamic intensity correction (2007)

Signals from different oligonucleotide probes against the same target show great variation in intensities. However, detection of differences along a sequence e.g. to reveal intron/exon architecture, transcription boundary as well as simple absent/present calls depends on comparisons between different probes. It is therefore of great interest to correct for the variation between probes. Much of this variation is sequence dependent. We demonstrate that a thermodynamic model for hybridization of either DNA or RNA to a DNA microarray, which takes the sequence-dependent probe affinities into account significantly reduces the signal fluctuation between probes targeting the same gene transcript. For a test set of tightly tiled yeast genes, the model reduces the variance by up to a factor approximately 1/3. As a consequence of this reduction, the model is shown to yield a more accurate determination of transcription start sites for a subset of yeast genes. In another application, we identify present/absent calls for probes hybridized to the sequenced Escherichia coli strain O157:H7 EDL933. The model improves the correct calls from 85 to 95% relative to raw intensity measures. The model thus makes applications which depend on comparisons between probes aimed at different sections of the same target more reliable.
Recent Investigations of Plant Based Natural Gums, Mucilages and Resins in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (2011)

All pharmaceutical dosage forms contain many additives besides the active ingredients to assist manufacturing and to obtain the desired effect of the pharmaceutical active ingredients. The advances in drug delivery have simultaneously urged the discovery of novel excipients which are safe and fulfill specific functions and directly or indirectly influence the rate and extent of release and /or absorption. The plant derived gums and mucilages comply with many requirements of pharmaceutical excipients as they are non-toxic, stable, easily available, associated with less regulatory issues as compared to their synthetic counterpart and inexpensive; also these can be easily modified to meet the specific need. Most of these plant derived gums and mucilages are hydrophilic and gel- forming in nature. Recent trend towards the use of plant based and natural products demands the replacement of synthetic additives with natural ones. Many plant derived natural materials are studied for use in novel drug delivery systems, out of which polysaccharides, resins and tannins are most extensively studied and used. This review discusses about the majority of these plant-derived polymeric compounds, their sources, extraction procedure, chemical constituents, uses and some recent investigations as excipients in novel drug delivery systems. ABSTRACT
Dissociation of early and late face-related processes in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams syndrome (2021)

Abstract Williams syndrome (WS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are psychiatric conditions associated with atypical but opposite face-to-face interactions patterns: WS patients overly stare at others, ASD individuals escape eye contact. Whether these behaviors result from dissociable visual processes within the occipito-temporal pathways is unknown. Using high-density electroencephalography, multivariate pattern classification and group blind source separation, we searched for face-related neural signals that could best discriminate WS (N = 14), ASD (N = 14) and neurotypical populations (N = 14). We found two peaks in neurotypical participants: the first at 170ms, an early signal known to be implicated in low-level face features, the second at 260ms, a late component implicated in decoding salient face social cues. The late 260ms signal varied as a function of the distance of the eyes in the face stimulus with respect to the viewers’ fovea, meaning that it was strongest when the eyes were projected on the fovea and weakest when projected in the retinal periphery. Remarkably, both components were found distinctly impaired and preserved in WS and ASD. In WS, we could weakly decode the 170ms signal probably due to their relatively poor ability to process faces’ morphology while the late 260ms component shown to be eye sensitive was highly significant. The reverse pattern was observed in ASD participants who showed neurotypical like early 170ms evoked activity but impaired late evoked 260ms signal. Our study reveals a dissociation between WS and ASD patients and point at different neural origins for their social impairments.
Tularemia as a Biological Weapon (2001)

A weapon using airborne tularemia would likely result 3 to 5 days later in an outbreak of acute, undifferentiated febrile illness with incipient pneumonia, pleuritis, and hilar lymphadenopathy. Specific epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological findings should lead to early suspicion of intentional tularemia in an alert health system; laboratory confirmation of agent could be delayed. Without treatment, the clinical course could progress to respiratory failure, shock, and death. Prompt treatment with streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin is recommended. Prophylactic use of doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be useful in the early postexposure period.
Experimental realization of an additively manufactured monatomic lattice for studying wave propagation (2022)

Increasing interest in wave propagation in phononic systems and metamaterials motivates the development of experimental designs, measurement techniques, and fabrication methods for use in basic research and classroom demonstrations. The simplest phononic system, the monatomic chain, exhibits rich physics such as dispersion and frequency-domain filtering. However, a limited number of experimental studies showcase monatomic chains for macroscale observation of phonons. Herein, we discuss the design, fabrication, and testing of monatomic lattices as enabled by three-dimensional (3D) printing. Using this widely available technology, we provide design guidelines for realization of a monatomic chain composed of 3D printed serpentine springs and press-fitted cylindrical masses. We also present measurement techniques that record propagating waves and algorithms for the experimental determination of dispersion behavior.
Lasonolide A, a potent and reversible inducer of chromosome condensation (2012)

Lasonolide A (LSA) is a natural product with high and selective cytotoxicity against mesenchymal cancer cells, including leukemia, melanomas and glioblastomas. Here, we reveal that LSA induces rapid and reversible premature chromosome condensation (PCC) associated with cell detachment, plasma membrane smoothening and actin reorganization. PCC is induced at all phases of the cell cycle in proliferative cells as well as in circulating human lymphocytes in G 0. It is independent of Cdk1 signaling, associated with cyclin B downregulation and induced in cells at LSA concentrations that are three orders of magnitude lower than those required to block phosphatases 1 and 2A in vitro. At the epigenetic level, LSA-induced PCC is coupled with histone H3 and H1 hyperphosphorylation and deacetylation. Treatment with SAHA reduced LSA-induced PCC, implicating histone deacetylation as one of the PCC effector mechanisms. In addition, PCC is coupled with topoisomerase II (Top2) and Aurora A hyperphosphorylation and activation. Inhibition of Top2 or Aurora A partially blocked LSA-induced PCC. Our findings demonstrate the profound epigenetic alterations induced by LSA and the potential of LSA as a new cytogenetic tool. Based on the unique cellular effects of LSA, further studies are warranted to uncover the cellular target of lasonolide A ("TOL").
Mast cells mediate acute inflammatory responses to implanted biomaterials (1998)

Implanted biomaterials trigger acute and chronic inflammatory responses. The mechanisms involved in such acute inflammatory responses can be arbitrarily divided into phagocyte transmigration, chemotaxis, and adhesion to implant surfaces. We earlier observed that two chemokines-macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-and the phagocyte integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)/surface fibrinogen interaction are, respectively, required for phagocyte chemotaxis and adherence to biomaterial surfaces. However, it is still not clear how the initial transmigration of phagocytes through the endothelial barrier into the area of the implant is triggered. Because implanted biomaterials elicit histaminic responses in the surrounding tissue, and histamine release is known to promote rapid diapedesis of inflammatory cells, we evaluated the possible role of histamine and mast cells in the recruitment of phagocytes to biomaterial implants. Using i.p. and s. c. implantation of polyethylene terephthalate disks in mice we find: (i) Extensive degranulation of mast cells, accompanied by histamine release, occurs adjacent to short-term i.p. implants. (ii) Simultaneous administration of H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists (pyrilamine and famotidine, respectively) greatly diminishes recruitment and adhesion of both neutrophils (<20% of control) and monocytes/macrophages (<30% of control) to implants. (iii) Congenitally mast cell-deficient mice also exhibit markedly reduced accumulation of phagocytes on both i.p. and s.c implants. (iv) Finally, mast cell reconstitution of mast cell-deficient mice restores "normal" inflammatory responses to biomaterial implants. We conclude that mast cells and their granular products, especially histamine, are important in recruitment of inflammatory cells to biomaterial implants. Improved knowledge of such responses may permit purposeful modulation of both acute and chronic inflammation affecting implanted biomaterials.
Complement activation fragment C5a receptors, CD88 and C5L2, are associated with neurofibrillary pathology (2013)

The observed association of CD88 and C5L2 with neurofibrillary pathology suggests a common altered pathway of degradation.