gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Razor clam to RoboClam: burrowing drag reduction mechanisms and their robotic adaptation (2014)

Estimates based on the strength, size, and shape of the Atlantic razor clam (Ensis directus) indicate that the animal's burrow depth should be physically limited to a few centimeters; yet razor clams can dig as deep as 70 cm. By measuring soil deformations around burrowing E. directus, we have found the animal reduces drag by contracting its valves to initially fail, and then fluidize, the surrounding substrate. The characteristic contraction time to achieve fluidization can be calculated directly from soil properties. The geometry of the fluidized zone is dictated by two commonly-measured geotechnical parameters: coefficient of lateral earth pressure and friction angle. Calculations using full ranges for both parameters indicate that the fluidized zone is a local effect, occurring between 1–5 body radii away from the animal. The energy associated with motion through fluidized substrate—characterized by a depth-independent density and viscosity—scales linearly with depth. In contrast, moving through static soil requires energy that scales with depth squared. For E. directus, this translates to a 10X reduction in the energy required to reach observed burrow depths. For engineers, localized fluidization offers a mechanically simple and purely kinematic method to dramatically reduce energy costs associated with digging. This concept is demonstrated with RoboClam, an E. directus-inspired robot. Using a genetic algorithm to find optimal digging kinematics, RoboClam has achieved localized fluidization burrowing performance comparable to that of the animal, with a linear energy-depth relationship, in both idealized granular glass beads and E. directus' native cohesive mudflat habitat.
Design of Improved Reference Window for 2D CFAR and Implementation on Zynq (2022)

Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is the key device in radar system, which usually needs two-dimensional processing for sea surface scene. In order to improve the detection ability and accuracy of the detector, an improved two-dimensional CFAR detection window is proposed by optimizing the selection rules of reference cells. The performance of the window is tested with simulated data and measured data. Among them, the processing of measured data is realized based on Zynq platform, and the overall scheme of radar data reading, writing and processing is innovatively designed, whose working stability and processing accuracy meet the requirements. CFAR detection results indicate that the improved reference window can effectively improve the ability of sea surface target detection and false alarm suppression, which shows certain engineering application value.
Test scenario and regression test suite generation from Object-Z formal specification for object-oriented program testing (1999)

Article Free Access Share on Test scenario and regression test suite generation from Object-Z formal specification for object-oriented program testing Authors: Chun-Yu Chen Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, ALView Profile , Richard Chapman Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, ALView Profile , Kai H. Chang Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, ALView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM-SE 37: Proceedings of the 37th annual Southeast regional conference (CD-ROM)April 1999 Pages 37–eshttps://doi.org/10.1145/306363.306408Published:01 April 1999Publication History 5citation389DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations5Total Downloads389Last 12 Months6Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
20.3: A Novel Double Display Screen with 2D and 3D Modes (2006)

Abstract A novel double display screen was developed by the polarized light directivity control method. Because the separation of the image doesn't depend on pixel pitch, it is possible to adopt it for high resolution panel. In addition, the switch to 2D and 3D display mode is also possible.
Maximum Entropy Approach for Deducing Amino Acid Interactions in Proteins (2008)

We present a maximum entropy approach for inferring amino acid interactions in proteins subject to constraints pertaining to the mean numbers of various types of equilibrium contacts for a given sequence or a set of sequences. We have carried out several kinds of tests for a two-dimensional lattice model with just two types of amino acids with very promising results. We also show that the method works very well even when the mean numbers of contacts are not known and therefore can be applied to real proteins.
Nitric Oxide and VIP as Co-Transmitters of Neurogenic Relaxation of Human Airways: To the Editor (1995)

"Nitric Oxide and VIP as Co-Transmitters of Neurogenic Relaxation of Human Airways: To the Editor." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151(5_pt_1), p. 1689
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL REDUCES LATE RENAL ALLOGRAFT LOSS INDEPENDENT OF ACUTE REJECTION (2000)

MMF therapy decreases the risk of developing CAF. This improvement is only partly caused by the decrease in the incidence of acute rejection observed with MMF; but, is also caused by an effect independent of acute rejection.
Adenovirus in a Synthetic Membrane Wrapper: An Example of Hybrid Vigor? (2008)

Nucleic acid delivery applications require the development of carrier systems that are effective, selective, and non-toxic. Many different viral and non-viral approaches, including the use of retroviruses, adenoviruses, liposomes, and dendrimers, have been investigated. Unfortunately, issues still remain with regard to the safety and efficiency of these delivery vehicles. In this Perspective, the challenges of designing a stable vector that is capable of effective gene therapy are highlighted. Progress in the area is also presented, including the work of Kostarelos and co-workers appearing in this issue of ACS Nano, in which they describe a novel delivery vehicle that consists of lipid envelopes encasing viral nanoparticles.
Preparation of tri‐O‐substituted cellulose ethers by the use of a nonaqueous cellulose solvent (1984)

Abstract The previously reported method for the preparation of tri‐ O ‐benzylcellulose was applied to the preparation of various tri‐O‐substituted cellulose ethers. By this method, in which a mixture consisting of SO 2 , diethylamine (DEA), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and powdered sodium hydroxide were used as a cellulose solvent and a base, respectively, many tri‐ O ‐arylmethylcelluloses could be prepared from the corresponding chlorides. Cellulose ethers containing double bonds such as tri‐ O ‐allyl, tri‐ O ‐methallyl‐, and tri‐ O ‐2‐butenylcellulose were also prepared from the corresponding chlorides under a milder condition than that used for the preparation of tri‐ O ‐arylmethylcelluloses. Reaction factors accelerating complete etherification were discussed.
Solid state red biphotonic excited emission from small dipolar fluorophores (2015)

Dyes emitting in the solid state in the red or near-infrared range are much sought after for application in bioimaging especially if the long emission wavelength can be combined with two-photon excitation to provide unique contrast and penetration depth.
S1158 Acute Renal Failure and Post-ERCP Complications: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Analysis (2022)

Introduction: Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when there is recent kidney injury. The insult can stem from an inflammatory response, which can be seen in pancreaticobiliary diseases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for diseases affecting the pancreas and biliary tract. End stage renal disease is known to increase the risks of post-ERCP complications but there is a lack of evidence evaluating the relationship between ARF and post-ERCP complications. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample database was used to identify patients over 18 years old who had an ERCP procedure between 2007 - 2017 using ICD9 and ICD10 codes. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and without ARF. Primary outcomes were length of stay, payor status, and total charges. Secondary outcomes were rates of post-ERCP pancreatitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, infection, hemorrhage, perforation, and overall mortality. Patients were matched by age, race, sex, and Elixhauser comorbidity index (ECI). Chi-squared tests compared categorical data and independent t-tests compared continuous data. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess secondary outcomes. Results: Of 413,517 total patients, 206,893 had ARF. For both groups, 56.6% were males, and the majority of the patients were White. The ECI was 14.8 in ARF group vs 12.7 in control group. Patients with ARF were older (70.4 years old vs 70.2, p< 0.001), had longer length of stay (12.1 days vs 7.5 days, p< 0.001), payor status with most patients having Medicare (p< 0.001), and higher average total charges ($130,844 vs $80,935, p< 0.001). Secondary outcomes were significant (p< 0.001) for pancreatitis (OR 2.0), perforation (OR 1.9), cholangitis (OR 2.8), cholecystitis (OR 3.2), infection (OR 4.4), hemorrhage (OR 3.3), and mortality (OR 4.9). (Table) Conclusion: Acute renal failure is seen in severely ill patients, which is demonstrated by an increased ECI, length of stay, and average total charges. These patients may be slightly older and have Medicare. In ARF, elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine may lead to falsely elevated mortality scores especially in post-ERCP pancreatitis, leading to inappropriate management. ARF is also an immunocompromised state that can lead to increased rates of post-ERCP infection, cholangitis, cholecystitis, perforation, hemorrhage, and mortality. Further studies are needed to look into other scoring systems that can better predict morbidity and mortality in patients with ARF. Table 1. - Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Acute Renal Failure who Underwent Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Odds Ratio (95% CI) P-Value Post-ERCP Pancreatitis 2.0 (1.8-2.2) < 0.001 Post-ERCP Perforation 1.9 (1.5-2.4) < 0.001 Post-ERCP Cholangitis 2.8 (2.4-3.1) < 0.001 Post-ERCP Cholecystitis 3.2 (2.5-4.1) < 0.001 Post-ERCP Infection 4.4 (4.1-4.7) < 0.001 Post-ERCP Hemorrhage 3.3 (2.7-4.1) < 0.001 Mortality 4.9 (4.7-5.1) < 0.001 CI = Confidence Interval.
TransceiVR (2020)

Virtual Reality (VR) users often need to work with other users, who observe them outside of VR using an external display. Communication between them is difficult; the VR user cannot see the external user's gestures, and the external user cannot see VR scene elements outside of the VR user's view. We carried out formative interviews with experts to understand these asymmetrical interactions and identify their goals and challenges. From this, we identify high-level system design goals to facilitate asymmetrical interactions and a corresponding space of implementation approaches based on the level of programmatic access to a VR application. We present TransceiVR, a system that utilizes VR platform APIs to enable asymmetric communication interfaces for third-party applications without requiring source code access. TransceiVR allows external users to explore the VR scene spatially or temporally, to annotate elements in the VR scene at correct depths, and to discuss via a shared static virtual display. An initial co-located user evaluation with 10 pairs shows that our system makes asymmetric collaborations in VR more effective and successful in terms of task time, error rate, and task load index. An informal evaluation with a remote expert gives additional insight on utility of features for real world tasks.
Nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond and graphene nanowalls coated graphite and silicon anodes for long-life lithium ion batteries (2016)

Both conventional graphite and emerging new anode materials, such as silicon based anodes for lithium ion batteries have been coated with nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond, graphene, and their hybrids. Novel micro- and nano-structures of the anodes enable the LIBs to survive repetitive charging and discharging by much higher number of cycles than those anodes without such innovative nano-carbon coatings. This paper presents the fabrication processes, excellent performance of the LIB anodes and their electrical and electrochemical properties.
Central Nervous System Distribution of the Poxviral Proteins After Intranasal Administration of Proteins and Titering of Vaccinia Virus in the Brain After Intracranial Administration (2012)

Poxviral proteins are known to interact with the immune system of the host. Some of them interact with the transcription factors of the host, whereas others interact with the components of the immune system. Vaccinia virus secretes a 28.8-kDa complement control protein (VCP), which is known to regulate the complement system. This protein helps the virus to evade the immune response of the host. Such viral proteins might also prove beneficial in the treatment and prevention of the progression of the disorders, where up-regulation of the complement system is evident. VCP has been shown experimentally to be effective in protecting tissues from inflammatory damage in the rodent models of Alzheimer's diseases (AD), spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and rheumatoid arthritis. Not only VCP, but also other poxviral proteins could be used therapeutically to treat or prevent the progression of the brain disorders, where the immune system is inadequately controlled. However, being a protein that cannot traverse the brain barrier because of its size, delivery of such proteins to the central nervous system (CNS) could be a limiting factor in their usefulness as CNS therapeutics. In this chapter, we show methods for the intranasal route of administration of a protein and show ways to detect its distribution in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to the different parts of the brain. These protocols can be extended to examine the distribution of viral antigens in the brain. A protocol is also included to quantitate vaccinia virus in different segments of the brain after intracranial administration of the virus.
Hydrogen‐Bonding Fingerprints in Electronic States of Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies (2009)

Induced charge polarization: Different hydrogen-bonding configurations have a distinct impact on the electronic structure of 2D assemblies, as shown by STS experiments. First-principles DFT calculations reveal that an intramolecular charge polarization induced by anisotropic strong triple hydrogen bonds is at the origin of the observed frontier molecular orbital energy level shifts (see picture). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Microbial ecology perturbation in human IgA deficiency (2018)

Paradoxically, loss of immunoglobulin A (IgA), one of the most abundant antibodies, does not irrevocably lead to severe infections in humans but rather is associated with relatively mild respiratory infections, atopy, and autoimmunity. IgA might therefore also play covert roles, not uniquely associated with control of pathogens. We show that human IgA deficiency is not associated with massive quantitative perturbations of gut microbial ecology. Metagenomic analysis highlights an expected pathobiont expansion but a less expected depletion in some typically beneficial symbionts. Gut colonization by species usually present in the oropharynx is also reminiscent of spatial microbiota disorganization. IgM only partially rescues IgA deficiency because not all typical IgA targets are efficiently bound by IgM in the intestinal lumen. Together, IgA appears to play a nonredundant role at the forefront of the immune/microbial interface, away from the intestinal barrier, ranging from pathobiont control and regulation of systemic inflammation to preservation of commensal diversity and community networks.
Benzene Trisulfonic Acid (H3BTS) as Analogue of Trimesic Acid for Building Open Frameworks: The First Rare Earth Examples [La(BTS)(H2O)5] and [RE(BTS)(H2O)4] (RE = Nd, Sm, Eu) (2010)

Abstract The reaction of benzene 1,3,5‐trisulfonic acid (H 3 BTS) with the hydroxides RE (OH) 3 ( RE = La, Nd, Sm, Eu) in aqueous solution afforded the sulfonates [La(BTS)(H 2 O) 5 ] and [ RE (BTS)(H 2 O) 4 ] ( RE = Nd, Sm, Eu). Single crystal investigations were performed for the lanthanum and the europium compound, respectively. [La(BTS)(H 2 O) 5 ] is triclinic [ P $\bar{1}$ , Z = 2, a = 783.18(6) pm, b = 1056.94(8) pm, c = 1082.38(8) pm, α = 114.860(2)°, β = 96.655(3)°, γ = 104.402(3)°] whereas [Eu(BTS)(H 2 O) 4 ] exhibits monoclinic symmetry [ P 2 1 / n , Z = 4, a = 767.61(5) pm, b = 1730.2(1) pm, c = 1134.06(8) pm, β = 108.375(8)°]. Despite these crystallographic differences, the structural features of the lanthanum and europium compounds are very similar. They show the metal ions connected by BTS anions to layers that are further linked by hydrogen bonds. Interestingly, only two of the three sulfonate groups are connected to rare earth ions, whereas the third remains uncoordinated and acts as acceptor within the hydrogen bonds. According to powder XRD measurements the neodymium and samarium sulfonates are isotypic with the europium compound. The thermal analyses of the compounds show the dehydration in a temperature range between 100 and 300 °C, whereas the decomposition of the organic ligands takes place at temperatures as high as 550 °C. Thus the anhydrous sulfonates are much more stable than comparable salts of trimesic acid. The residues of the thermal decompositions were identified by XRD experiments.
Relaxedc-plane InGaN layers for the growth of strain-reduced InGaN quantum wells (2015)

A fully relaxed In0.1Ga0.9N layer was grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane GaN using a grading technique. The growth of the graded InGaN layer in the intermediate regime enabled a smooth surface without the accumulation of In droplets. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the relaxation occurs through the formation of a high density of threading dislocations (TDs). Despite the presence of these TDs, relaxed InGaN films were then successfully used as a pseudo-substrate for the growth of InGaN/GaN quantum wells which luminesced at room temperature.
Receptor selectivity from minimal backbone modification of a polypeptide agonist (2018)

Human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and N-terminal fragments thereof activate two receptors, hPTHR1 and hPTHR2, which share ∼51% sequence similarity. A peptide comprising the first 34 residues of PTH is fully active at both receptors and is used to treat osteoporosis. We have used this system to explore the hypothesis that backbone modification of a promiscuous peptidic agonist can provide novel receptor-selective agonists. We tested this hypothesis by preparing a set of variants of PTH(1-34)-NH<sub>2</sub> that contained a single β-amino-acid residue replacement at each of the first eight positions. These homologs, each containing one additional backbone methylene unit relative to PTH(1-34)-NH<sub>2</sub> itself, displayed a wide range of potencies in cell-based assays for PTHR1 or PTHR2 activation. The β-scan series allowed us to identify two homologs, each containing two α→β replacements, that were highly selective, one for PTHR1 and the other for PTHR2. These findings suggest that backbone modification of peptides may provide a general strategy for achieving activation selectivity among polypeptide-modulated receptors, and that success requires consideration of both β<sup>2</sup>- and β<sup>3</sup>-residues, which differ in terms of side-chain location.
Real-Time Multi-Step View Reconstruction for a Virtual Teleconference System (2002)

We propose a real-time multi-step view reconstruction algorithm and we tune its implementation to a virtual teleconference application. Theoretical motivations and practical implementation issues of the algorithm are detailed. The proposed algorithm can be used to reconstruct novel views at arbitrary poses (position and orientation) in a way that is geometrically valid. The algorithm is applied to a virtual teleconference system. In this system, we show that it can provide high-quality nearby virtual views that are comparable with the real perceived view. We experimentally show that, due to the modular approach, a real-time implementation is feasible. Finally, it is proved that it is possible to seamlessly integrate the proposed view reconstruction approach with other parts of the teleconference system. This integration can speed up the virtual view reconstruction.
Characterization of bit transistors in a functional SRAM (2008)

A direct bit transistor access (DBTA) scheme is proposed and implemented in 8 Mb SRAMpsilas at 65 nm and 45 nm nodes. It allows, for the first time, characterization of each bit transistor in a functional SRAM. It thus enables (a) collection of transistor data across bit arrays, (b) collection of massive data for statistical analysis such as on transistor mismatch and NBTI Vt drift, and (c) collection of data for fast failure analysis. Measured data are presented.
Crown ether triad modified core–shell magnetic mesoporous silica nanocarrier for pH-responsive drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia applications (2017)

A “host–guest” complexation-based core–shell FeNP@SiOH@CET NP system was fabricated for chemotherapy and magnetic hyperthermia applications.
Effect of aminophylline on cerebral infarction in the Mongolian gerbil. (1978)

The effects of aminophylline in Mongolian gerbils subjected to unilateral carotid ligation were studied. The drug was given in varying intraperitoneal doses at varying postoperative intervals and the animals observed for 5 days for clinical signs of stroke. Doses of 100 mg per kg caused early death and were discontinued. Doses of 50 mg per kg had no significant effect on morbidity, mortality, time until death, stroke incidence or lesion size, as compared to saline given as a control. Doses of 80 mg per kg caused a higher mortality, higher morbidity, and a shorter interval to death, but a smaller infarct. Thus, aminophylline did not have a protective effect against stroke in gerbils and was actually detrimental during the first 16 hours following the carotid ligation.
The cost of doing science on the cloud: The Montage example (2008)

Utility grids such as the Amazon EC2 cloud and Amazon S3 offer computational and storage resources that can be used on-demand for a fee by compute and data-intensive applications. The cost of running an application on such a cloud depends on the compute, storage and communication resources it will provision and consume. Different execution plans of the same application may result in significantly different costs. Using the Amazon cloud fee structure and a real-life astronomy application, we study via simulation the cost performance tradeoffs of different execution and resource provisioning plans. We also study these trade-offs in the context of the storage and communication fees of Amazon S3 when used for long-term application data archival. Our results show that by provisioning the right amount of storage and compute resources, cost can be significantly reduced with no significant impact on application performance.