gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimized Deposition Parameters for Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposited Titanium Silicide (1988)

A system and a process have been developed for the low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of titanium silicide. We report for the first time the optimization of LPCVD titanium silicide film properties against the deposition parameters, including the temperature, pressure, and flow rate ratios. Smooth, reproducible, low resistivity (15–20 μΩ‐cm) titanium silicide films have been deposited at a temperature of 730°C, a pressure of 67 mtorr, and a flow rate ratio of . The as‐deposited films did not require any post‐deposition annealing to achieve this low resistivity. All the as‐deposited films had a Si/Ti metal ratio of about 2 (determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy). Within the Auger detection limit, no contamination was observed in the silicide films, and the films had uniform composition except for a transition region between the titanium silicide and the underlying polysilicon layers. During the experiments, it was observed that the flow rate ratio is the primary variable that affects the titanium silicide film properties. The rate of the silicon consumption during the silicide deposition has been determined and discussed in conjunction with the dependence of this rate on the flow rate; increasing the flow increases the polysilicon consumption rate.
Towards highly functionalized and semi-rigid polyzwitterions, 1. Poly(dizwitterionic methacrylates): synthesis and specific properties (1999)

Monoamino-monozwitterionic (AZ) and dizwitterionic (Z2) methacrylates (CH2=C(CH3)— CO[O—(CH2)2] p—(NH—CO)q—O—CH[CH2—N+(CH3)2—O—CO—C–(CN)2]2 as Z2 species) were synthesized by controlled quaternization of their diamino (A2) precursors with 2,2-dicyanoketene ethylene acetal (DCKEA). In absence of a spacer group (p = q = 0), free radical polymerization in homogeneous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution is possible only for the AZ monomer but not for the Z2 one, as a result of steric hindrance in the latter case. In presence of a spacer group (p = 0, q = 1 and p = q = 1), polymerization of the Z2 monomers readily leads to high molecular weight polymers (degree of polymerization DPw > 103). The poly(dizwitterionic methacrylate) bearing the longer spacer group (p = q = 1) displays specific solution and bulk properties: a) solubility either in highly dipolar aprotic solvents with lower critical solution temperatures (N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC): 54°C) and a “salting-in” effect of LiCl or in concentrated aqueous NaSCN solutions (≈ 3 mol·L–1) with upper critical solution temperatures (dT/d[NaSCN] ≈ –71°C·L·mol–1); b) slightly reduced chain flexibility characterized by a persistence length of about 30 Å; c) lyotropic behavior in concentrated N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution (local nematic order for a polymer volume fraction φP > 0.4); d) ability to dissolve LiClO4 up to stoichiometric amounts ([LiClO4]/[zwitterion] = 1) to yield amorphous blends showing glass transition temperatures much lower than that of the pure polymer (Tg = 160°C) and local order likely corresponding to a double-layer lamellar structure.
The chemistry of coal plasticity. (1987)

This paper reviews a substantial number of chemical and physical factors which influence the development of plasticity in coal. Results of our recent studies convincingly show that development of plasticity is essentially a transient hydrogen-donor process (stabilization of the resulting free radicals by hydrogen atoms) in which the solvating and hydrogen donating vehicle is supplied by the coal itself.The importance of the vehicle of low weight substances of quality and of quantity was stressed.New methods of characterization of coal and coal tar by means of iodine doping are also discussed.The understanding of plasticity development is profoundly significant in most process uses of coal and especially to the design of coke furnaces in the future.
Response of Nontarget Species to Underground Strychnine Baiting for Pocket Gopher in Southwest Oregon (2002)

Abstract Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) impede reforestation efforts in the Pacific Northwest and strychnine baiting is used to reduce their populations. We conducted a capture and release program in southern Oregon to determine whether strychnine baiting negatively impacted nontarget small mammal species. Two nontarget species dominated the program: golden mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) and yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus). There was a short-term decline in ground squirrel populations after baiting, but yellow pine chipmunk populations were not adversely affected. We conclude that underground baiting with 0.5% strychnine treated grain is unlikely to cause long-term adverse effects on nontarget wildlife species in southwest Oregon. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):9–13.
Optimal Download of Dynamically Generated Data by Using ISL Offloading in LEO Networks (2019)

With the growing demand for satellite network technology in military and commercial applications, a large number of LEO(Low Earth Orbit) satellites have been launched in various countries around the world. One of the most important tasks is to download the data collected by these satellites to the Earth Stations(ESs) for processing. Previous research efforts have focused on how to download satellite-collected data to ESs. They didn't consider the situation that the satellites continuously collect data when downloading data. In this paper, our goal is to optimize the data download from the satellites to the ES in the case of dynamic collection of satellite data. We use inter-satellite links (ISLs) to offload data from heavily loaded satellites to the light ones. We build a topology map based on the interaction time between satellites and the interaction time between the satellite and the ES, and allocate the download time to the satellite carrying the largest amount of data. Then, the time slice is dynamically divided and the inter-satellite scheduling is determined by a way of classifying the idle satellites. Finally, the maximum flow algorithm is applied to determine the specific inter-satellite transmission scheme. In this way, the ES idle time is minimized. Simulations results show that our solution can greatly improve the data download efficiency from the satellites to the ES.
F-Type Bacteriocins of Listeria monocytogenes: a New Class of Phage Tail-Like Structures Reveals Broad Parallel Coevolution between Tailed Bacteriophages and High-Molecular-Weight Bacteriocins (2016)

Phage tail-like bacteriocins (PTLBs) are structures widespread among the members of the bacterial kingdom that are evolutionarily related to the DNA delivery organelles of phages (tails). We identified and characterized "monocins" of Listeria monocytogenes and showed that they are related to the tail structures of TP901-1-like phages, structures not previously known to function as bacteriocins. Our results show that multiple types of envelope-penetrating machines have coevolved in parallel to function either for DNA delivery (phages) or as membrane-disrupting bacteriocins. While it has commonly been assumed that these structures were coopted from phages, we cannot rule out the opposite possibility, that ancient phages coopted complex bacteriocins from the cell, which then underwent adaptations to become efficient at translocating DNA.
Variable block-size double predictor DPCM image data compression (2002)

This study investigates the design and performance of a double predictor differential pulse code modulation (DP-DPCM) algorithm for image data compression. A modified DP-DPCM image coding system operates on an image that has been preprocessed into segments of variable size, square blocks. The differential values between the nearby pixels within an image block are reduced. Therefore, we can decrease the distribution range of prediction error as well as reduce the bit rate and quantization levels. Each block is separately encoded by a DP-DPCM system to reduce the effect from the fed-back quantization error. The system performance of this variable block-size DP-DPCM image data compression scheme is about 5 dB (or greater) coding gain in SNR than that of a conventional DPCM system for low-rate (R/spl les/3) image compression.
Interoperability in digital broadcasting systems (1999)

The introduction of advanced digital television coding and transmission techniques has enabled the delivery of advanced services directly to the home on a number of media. New digital services will require considerable software support and any receiver will be more complex than that needed for current analogue services. The standards adopted for digital television systems include MPEG for the source coding, DVB (Europe and elsewhere) and ATSC (USA) for the transmission modulation schemes for different media and some proprietary technology for conditional access and receiver software elements. The standards are complex, but necessarily so in order to support the flexibility of the technology and its wide scope, and take the form of tool kits whose components are complementary and can be used in sub-sets by the users to support many different service types. Such users can be broadcasters or telecommunications network operators or even computer system operators as a result of the converging influence of digitally coded information being a common format for all these users. This means that the selection of the standards and their subsets is itself a complex matter and leads to a significantly more demanding test regime prior to and after launch of services. Interoperability among different service providers and the receivers is a particular challenge, especially because different operating regimes are employed by players in the same market. The example of the UK is used to illustrate the issues arising in the testing environment brought about by digital broadcasting.
Nano/CMOS architectures using a field-programmable nanowire interconnect (2007)

A field-programmable nanowire interconnect (FPNI) enables a family of hybrid nano/CMOS circuit architectures that generalizes the CMOL (CMOS/molecular hybrid) approach proposed by Strukov and Likharev, allowing for simpler fabrication, more conservative process parameters, and greater flexibility in the choice of nanoscale devices. The FPNI improves on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture by lifting the configuration bit and associated components out of the semiconductor plane and replacing them in the interconnect with nonvolatile switches, which decreases both the area and power consumption of the circuit. This is an example of a more comprehensive strategy for improving the efficiency of existing semiconductor technology: placing a level of intelligence and configurability in the interconnect can have a profound effect on integrated circuit performance, and can be used to significantly extend Moore's law without having to shrink the transistors. Compilation of standard benchmark circuits onto FPNI chip models shows reduced area (8 × to 25 ×), reduced power, slightly lower clock speeds, and high defect tolerance—an FPNI chip with 20% defective junctions and 20% broken nanowires has an effective yield of 75% with no significant slowdown along the critical path, compared to a defect-free chip. Simulations show that the density and power improvements continue as both CMOS and nano fabrication parameters scale down, although the maximum clock rate decreases due to the high resistance of very small (<10 nm) metallic nanowires.
New Potential Inhibitors of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase 4: Design and Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Energy dependence of fission product yields from 235U, 238U, and 239Pu with monoenergetic neutrons between thermal and 14.8 MeV (2017)

Under a joint collaboration between TUNL-LANL-LLNL, a set of absolute fission product yield measurements has been performed. The energy dependence of a number of cumulative fission product yields (FPY) have been measured using quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams for three actinide targets, 235 U, 238 U and 239 Pu, between 0.5 and 14.8 MeV. The FPYs were measured by a combination of fission counting using specially designed dual-fission chambers and -ray counting. Each dual-fission chamber is a back-to-back ionization chamber encasing an activation target in the center with thin deposits of the same target isotope in each chamber. This method allows for the direct measurement of the total number of fissions in the activation target with no reference to the fission cross-section, thus reducing uncertainties. -ray counting of the activation target was performed on well-shielded HPGe detectors over a period of two months post irradiation to properly identify fission products. Reported are absolute cumulative fission product yields for incident neutron energies of 0.5, 1.37, 2.4, 3.6, 4.6, 5.5, 7.5, 8.9 and 14.8 MeV. Preliminary results from thermal irradiations at the MIT
Oxidative stress, a trigger of hepatitis C and B virus-induced liver carcinogenesis (2016)

Virally induced liver cancer usually evolves over long periods of time in the context of a strongly oxidative microenvironment, characterized by chronic liver inflammation and regeneration processes. They ultimately lead to oncogenic mutations in many cellular signaling cascades that drive cell growth and proliferation. Oxidative stress, induced by hepatitis viruses, therefore is one of the factors that drives the neoplastic transformation process in the liver. This review summarizes current knowledge on oxidative stress and oxidative stress responses induced by human hepatitis B and C viruses. It focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which these viruses activate cellular enzymes/systems that generate or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and control cellular redox homeostasis. The impact of an altered cellular redox homeostasis on the initiation and establishment of chronic viral infection, as well as on the course and outcome of liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis will be discussed The review neither discusses reactive nitrogen species, although their metabolism is interferes with that of ROS, nor antioxidants as potential therapeutic remedies against viral infections, both subjects meriting an independent review.
Neuroimaging of the Optic Nerve After Fenestration for Management of Pseudotumor Cerebri-Reply (1993)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —An extensive MEDLINE search under optic nerve sheath fenestration and/or optic nerve sheath decompression did not produce the reference cited by Dr Skalka. His article shows a case of optic nerve sheath decompression with a bleb close to the fenestration site on B-scan echography. We are impressed that this degree of anatomic detail was demonstrable in 1976, given the crude quality of ultrasound equipment available then. Our article shows B- and A-scan echograms of the blebs and the optic nerves, as well as the magnetic resonance appearance of the bleb in one case. We apologize for overlooking this reference. Had we found the reference by Dr Skalka, we would have credited it in our article. We congratulate Dr Skalka for his original observations that further strengthen our own. We expect more work on this subject in the future.
High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Women With De Novo Chemosensitive Metastatic Breast Cancer (2004)

The prognosis of patients with de novo stage IV breast cancer seems to be similar to that of patients with metastatic disease. Because these patients have not been exposed to prior therapy, the use of high dose chemotherapy (HDCT) may be beneficial. Twenty-four newly diagnosed (median age 42) responding metastatic breast cancer patients underwent HDCT (Stamp V) and stem cell support as their initial treatment. The predominant sites of metastatic disease were bone (12), lung (5), liver (2), lymph nodes (6), marrow (4), and soft-tissue (1). Estrogen/progesterone receptors were positive in 35%, negative in 45%, and unknown in 20%. Before transplantation, 10 patients were in complete remission (CR), 6 were in partial remission (PR), and 8 were inevaluable. Radiotherapy was administered to sites of documented metastatic disease. Tamoxifen was given to patients with receptor positive and unknown tumor status. After a median follow-up of 60 months from diagnosis (range 42 to 96 months), 15 patients have relapsed and 10 died. Mean and median progression free survival from transplant are 53 (SE 6.6, CI 40-66) and 60 (SE 18, CI 25-96) months, respectively. The median survival has not yet been achieved (>6 years). There was no treatment-related mortality. The use of HDCT in patients with chemosensitive, de novo metastatic breast cancer is safe and well tolerated. Overall clinical outcome is good; however, this study cannot determine whether this was due to treatment or selection bias.
Spatial Grain Growth and Composition Evolution during Sulfurizing Metastable Wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanocrystal-Based Coatings (2017)

A drawback of nanocrystal-based processing, that leads to the notoriously poor crystallinity of pure-sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber, was recently reported to be effectively overcome by the annealing of thin films made from the ink of metastable wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals in a combined S and SnS atmosphere. However, the formation pathway from nanometer-sized crystals in the wurtzite phase to micrometer-sized grains with the kesterite phase during this process still lacks in-depth study. In this work, the spatial grain growth and composition evolution during the sulfurization of wurtzite nanocrystal coatings are systematically investigated by classifying samples into temperature and time series. In the process of heating up, the reversible migration of Cu and Zn species contributes to a continuous growth of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 grains on the surface. At higher temperature, a fast phase-transition growth from wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles to kesterite grains is also directly observed in the region away from the surface. After reaching 580 °C, the thin film experiences impressive decomposition and reorganization changes as a function of time, which cause the formation of an absorber with good crystallinity and homogeneous compositional distribution. The solar cell device, fabricated by employing this pure-sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber from wurtzite nanocrystal-based coatings, demonstrated an energy conversion efficiency of 6.0% in the absence of an antireflection coating.
Gene expression alterations in bipolar disorder postmortem brains (2013)

These results support a hypothesis of synaptic and intercellular communication impairment in BD. The apparent normalization of expression patterns with exposure to antipsychotic medication may represent a physiological process that relates both to etiology and improvement patterns of the disorder.
And Justice for All (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Environmental Justice Legal Aspects of Environmental Justice17 Arguments Against Environmental Justice What Engineers Can Do References and Notes
Design of High-Strength Concrete Columns for Strength and Ductility (2003)

First Name is required invalid characters Last Name is required invalid characters Email Address is required Invalid Email Address Invalid Email Address
Highly Resolved Systems Biology to Dissect the Etioplast-to-Chloroplast Transition in Tobacco Leaves (2019)

Upon exposure to light, plant cells quickly acquire photosynthetic competence by converting pale etioplasts into green chloroplasts. This developmental transition involves the de novo biogenesis of the thylakoid system and requires reprogramming of metabolism and gene expression. Etioplast-to-chloroplast differentiation involves massive changes in plastid ultrastructure, but how these changes are connected to specific changes in physiology, metabolism, and expression of the plastid and nuclear genomes is poorly understood. Here, we describe a new experimental system in the dicotyledonous model plant tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>) that allows us to study the leaf deetiolation process at the systems level. We have determined the accumulation kinetics of photosynthetic complexes, pigments, lipids, and soluble metabolites and recorded the dynamic changes in plastid ultrastructure and in the nuclear and plastid transcriptomes. Our data describe the greening process at high temporal resolution, resolve distinct genetic and metabolic phases during deetiolation, and reveal numerous candidate genes that may be involved in light-induced chloroplast development and thylakoid biogenesis.
Input-port control of two-port networks (2002)

The authors present a method for synthesizing an input-port control for an ideal control of output-port variables (current and voltage) in two-port networks. Since the control of the output-port variables is performed at the input port, the synthesis method effectively provides for a control on distance. The algorithms provide for an unconditional control of the output-port variables, voltage and current. The unconditional control is in that the output-port variables are put in direct proportion to an input voltage command regardless of the changing load connected at the output port. An appropriate set of parameters, inverse transmission parameters, is used to characterize the two-port network. A knowledge of the parameters is required for the control to be entirely performed from the input-port side. A parameter-free control method is also shown. It does not need the knowledge of the network parameters but, in the general case, requires additional stabilizing circuits. Computer simulation results verify the theory presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Detection of Amino-terminal Extracellular Domain of Somatostatin Receptor 2 by Specific Monoclonal Antibodies and Quantification of Receptor Density in Medulloblastoma (2009)

Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is expressed by most medulloblastomas (MEDs). We isolated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the 12-mer (33)QTEPYYDLTSNA(44), which resides in the extracellular domain of the SSTR2 amino terminus, screened the peptide-bound MAbs by fluorescence microassay on D341 and D283 MED cells, and demonstrated homogeneous cell-surface binding, indicating that all cells expressed cell surface-detectable epitopes. Five radiolabeled MAbs were tested for immunoreactive fraction (IRF), affinity (KA) (Scatchard analysis vs. D341 MED cells), and internalization by MED cells. One IgG(3) MAb exhibited a 50-100% IRF, but low KA. Four IgG(2a) MAbs had 46-94% IRFs and modest KAs versus intact cells (0.21-1.2 x 10(8) M(-1)). Following binding of radiolabeled MAbs to D341 MED at 4 degrees C, no significant internalization was observed, which is consistent with results obtained in the absence of ligand. However, all MAbs exhibited long-term association with the cells; binding at 37 degrees C after 2 h was 65-66%, and after 24 h, 52-64%. In tests with MAbs C10 and H5, the number of cell surface receptors per cell, estimated by Scatchard and quantitative FACS analyses, was 3.9 x 10(4) for the "glial" phenotype DAOY MED cell line and 0.6-8.8 x 10(5) for four neuronal phenotype MED cell lines. Our results indicate a potential immunotherapeutic application for these MAbs.