gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alcohol-induced protein folding transitions in platelet factor 4: The O-state (1993)

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) (7800 daltons) is an anti-parallel beta-sheet, alpha/beta class protein whose tertiary structure is stabilized by the presence of two disulfide bonds. Titration of PF4 with 2-propanol or similar low molecular weight, aliphatic alcohols induces reversible protein folding transitions which are observed to be in slow exchange on the 600-MHz 1H NMR time scale. Line fitting of resolved resonances assigned to ring protons of Y60, H35, H23, and alpha H of K50 in native and alcohol-induced states (O-states) allows derivation of folding equilibrium constants and exchange kinetics. Folding exchange rates vary between 5 and 100 s-1 on going from 9.8 to 3.3 M2-propanol. Simple linear extrapolation to 0 M2-propanol yields an O-state to N-state exchange rate of about 500 s-1, i.e., millisecond time scale. At relatively high 2-propanol concentration (>9.5 M), where the O-state is predominant (>90%), NMR spectra suggest a more "unfolded" structure, while CD data indicate the preservation of considerable secondary structure. Increasing 2-propanol from 3.3 to 9.8 M, however, shifts the CD-derived fractional compositions significantly, with overall beta-structure decreasing by about 20% and alpha-helix composition increasing by about 25%. Alcohol-jump experiments, which identify O-state long-lived NHs in the NMR spectrum of native PF4, indicate folding transition reversibility and conservation of about 15 long-lived NHs in native and O-states. Most of these NHs are assigned to residues in anti-parallel beta-sheet structure. Of these 15 NHs, H/D exchange rates, although variably reduced in the O-state, are generally still long-lived compared with random coil H/D exchange. Overall, the PF4 O-state is a stable intermediate with an apparently more highly fluctuating anti-parallel beta-sheet structure and a more stabilized C-terminal alpha-helix.
Vertebral Bone Marrow Fat Associated With Lower Trabecular BMD and Prevalent Vertebral Fracture in Older Adults (2013)

Higher marrow fat correlated with lower trabecular, but not cortical, BMD in older women but not men. Higher marrow fat was associated with prevalent vertebral fracture in men, even after adjustment for BMD.
Proposal of a multi-core model for polymer nanocomposite dielectrics (2005)

A multi-core model, i.e. a simplified term of a multi-layered core model, is proposed as a working hypothesis to understand various properties and phenomena that polymer nanocomposites exhibit as dielectrics and electrical insulation. It gives fine structures to what are called "interaction zones". An interfacial layer of several tens nm is multi-layered, which consists of a bonded layer, a bound layer, and a loose layer. In addition, the Gouy-Chapman diffuse layer with the Debye shielding length of several tens to 100 nm is superimposed in the interfacial layer to cause a far-field effect. Nano-particles may interact electrically with the nearest neighbors each other due to this effect, resulting in possible collaborative effect. Such a multi-core model with the far-field effect is discussed, for example, to explain partial discharge (PD) resistance of polyamide layered silicate nanocomposites, and is verified to demonstrate its effectiveness.
IL-17-induced Regulator of G-protein Signaling orchestrates germinal center kinetics in the onset of autoimmunity in BXD2 mice (159.24) (2012)

Abstract Development of germinal centers (GCs) is a hallmark of BXD2 autoimmunity. We have shown that IL-17+ CD4 cell frequencies are significantly elevated in the spleen of BXD2 mice, leading to the induction of Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) 13 and 16 and decreased sensitivity to CXCL12 and CXCL13. The resulting chemotactic arrest within the GC promotes extensive somatic hypermutation (SHM) mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Here we explore mechanisms underlying this phenotype using BXD2-Rgs13-/- and BXD2-Rgs16-/- mice. BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice exhibited higher autoantibody titers in early age compared to wild-type (WT) mice though smaller GCs and lower AID levels suggested a lesser extent of SHM and affinity maturation. There was upregulation of IRF4 in B cells of BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice, suggesting these B cells develop into plasma cells more rapidly than WT B cells. At older ages, BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice showed less IgG deposits in the glomeruli, suggesting reduced autoantibody pathogenicity. RGS16 deficiency led to aberrantly localized T cell zones and reduced aggregation of a population of CD86hi marginal zone precursor (MZP) B cells, accompanied by significantly fewer GCs, suggesting a role in localization of MZP in GC light-zone and B-T co-stimulation events. Taken together, these results suggest a unique role for IL-17 in inducing pathogenic GCs and development of autoimmune disease in BXD2 mice through RGS13 and RGS16-dependent pathways.
Experimental study of the steam gasification of grain dust in a fluidized bed reactor (1981)

Corn dust was gasified with steam in a 5 cm ID bench scale fluidized-bed reactor. The principal components of the product gas were H/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, and CO which comprised over 90% of the gas. The remaining 10% consisted of CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/H/sub 4/, and C/sub 2/H/sub 6/. The energy recovery increased linearly from 8 to 55% over the temperature range studied (867 to 1033/sup 0/K). 12 refs.
Optimization of the structure of 1–3 piezocomposite materials to maximize the performance of an underwater acoustic transducer using equivalent circuit models and finite element method (2015)

The structure of 1–3 piezocomposites has been optimized with such design variables as volume fraction of piezoceramics inside the composite and the thickness and aspect ratio of the piezoceramic pillars to enhance the performance of an underwater acoustic transducer operating in the thickness mode of the piezocomposites. Influence of the design variables on the transducer performance was analyzed with equivalent circuits and finite element method. In operation of the transducer, inter-pillar modes of vibration were likely to occur between piezoceramic pillars due to the lattice-structure of the piezocomposite, which could deteriorate the performance of the transducer. The structure of the 1–3 piezocomposite plate has been optimized to maximize transmitting, receiving and transmitting–receiving performance of the underwater acoustic transducer while preventing the coupling of the thickness mode with inter-pillar modes within the frequency range of interest. As results, volume fraction (VF) of 40.5% and aspect ratio (AR) of 0.4 showed the highest transmitting performance while VF of 30.0% and AR of 0.5 showed the highest receiving performance. For the transmitting–receiving performance, VF of 43.7% and AR of 0.5 were the optimal. Genetic algorithm was used in the optimal design.
Interferon-α is a reproductive hormone (1991)

If the knowledge accumulated in the past 4 years on the reproductive role of interferon-α (IFN-α) had been available 20 years ago, then there is no doubt that this molecule would have been designated as a reproductive hormone. Eventually some workers would have expressed surprise that the molecule also exhibited properties of a lymphokine, though it might well have been argued that the findings were the result of contamination in 'pure' preparations of the hormone. But the surprise has been in the opposite direction: a material which is considered as an archetypal lymphokine has been very belatedly identified as a major embryonic signal in several mammalian species. The extent of this 'surprise' may be judged from a recent review in this Journal which described (with admirable clarity and detail) the possible role of lymphokines in endocrinology but made no mention of the fact that endocrinology has just hijacked the most
A Survey of Artificial Cognitive Systems: Implications for the Autonomous Development of Mental Capabilities in Computational Agents (2007)

This survey presents an overview of the autonomous development of mental capabilities in computational agents. It does so based on a characterization of cognitive systems as systems which exhibit adaptive, anticipatory, and purposive goal-directed behavior. We present a broad survey of the various paradigms of cognition, addressing cognitivist (physical symbol systems) approaches, emergent systems approaches, encompassing connectionist, dynamical, and enactive systems, and also efforts to combine the two in hybrid systems. We then review several cognitive architectures drawn from these paradigms. In each of these areas, we highlight the implications and attendant problems of adopting a developmental approach, both from phylogenetic and ontogenetic points of view. We conclude with a summary of the key architectural features that systems capable of autonomous development of mental capabilities should exhibit
Deviations from normal bedtimes are associated with short-term increases in resting heart rate (2020)

Despite proper sleep hygiene being critical to our health, guidelines for improving sleep habits often focus on only a single component, namely, sleep duration. Recent works, however, have brought to light the importance of another aspect of sleep: bedtime regularity, given its ties to cognitive and metabolic health outcomes. To further our understanding of this often-neglected component of sleep, the objective of this work was to investigate the association between bedtime regularity and resting heart rate (RHR): an important biomarker for cardiovascular health. Utilizing Fitbit Charge HRs to measure bedtimes, sleep and RHR, 255,736 nights of data were collected from a cohort of 557 college students. We observed that going to bed even 30 minutes later than one's normal bedtime was associated with a significantly higher RHR throughout sleep (Coeff +0.18; 95% CI: +0.11, +0.26 bpm), persisting into the following day and converging with one's normal RHR in the early evening. Bedtimes of at least 1 hour earlier were also associated with significantly higher RHRs throughout sleep; however, they converged with one's normal rate by the end of the sleep session, not extending into the following day. These observations stress the importance of maintaining proper sleep habits, beyond sleep duration, as high variability in bedtimes may be detrimental to one's cardiovascular health.
Conformational restriction shapes inhibition of a multidrug efflux adaptor protein (2022)

Abstract Membrane efflux pumps play a major role in bacterial multidrug resistance. The tripartite multidrug efflux pump system from Escherichia coli , AcrAB-TolC, is a target for inhibition to lessen resistance development and restore antibiotic efficacy, with homologs in other ESKAPE pathogens. Here, we rationalize a mechanism of inhibition against the periplasmic adaptor protein, AcrA, using a combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, cellular efflux assays, and molecular dynamics simulations. We define the structural dynamics of AcrA and find that an inhibitor can inflict long-range stabilisation across all four of its domains, whereas an interacting efflux substrate has minimal effect. Our results support a model where an inhibitor forms a molecular wedge within a cleft between the lipoyl and αβ domains of AcrA, diminishing its conformational transmission of drug-evoked signals from AcrB to TolC. This work provides molecular insights into multidrug adaptor protein function which could be valuable for developing antimicrobial therapeutics.
Zooplankton Size and Taxonomic Selectivity of Channel Catfish Fry (2003)

Abstract Zooplankton utilization and their importance to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fry during pond culture is not well documented. Current fry stocking decisions are based on total zooplankton densities. We studied the feeding habits (zooplankton size and taxa selection) of channel catfish fry. Catfish fry just completing swim-up were placed into glass aquaria or into cages in ponds and allowed to forage on natural zooplankton assemblages. The zooplankton sizes and taxa consumed by the fry were compared with the available sizes and taxa in the aquarium or pond environments. Rotifers and copepod nauplii were abundant in all environments but were never observed in the fry stomachs. Ostracods, adult copepods, and cladocerans were the only three taxa consumed. The data from both experiments indicated that ostracods were consumed in proportions equal to natural abundances, but in the field experiment larger ostracods were selected. Consumption of adult copepods and cladocerans depended on the relativ...
Myths and Misconceptions Around Reducing Carbon Embedded in Cloud Platforms (2023)

Major cloud providers have stated public plans to lower their carbon emissions. Historically, this has meant focusing on emissions from producing the electricity consumed by datacenters. While work and challenges remain on this avenue, research and industry are actively working on the next step of reducing carbon embedded in servers and racks. At a high level, a promising direction to reduce embodied carbon is to avoid emissions from new manufacturing, which often requires using existing components, devices, and buildings for longer. However, much of the data around carbon breakdowns and reduction opportunities remains silo-ed, leading to speculations and assumptions - both internally and externally - around the opportunities to reduce datacenter carbon intensity. We aim to clarify some of the misconceptions we have encountered.
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites in Glomerular Disease (1995)

A large body of evidence accumulated over the last decade indicates that partially reduced oxygen metabolites are important mediators of ischemic, toxic, and immune-mediated tissue injury (7, 19, 30, 32, 52, 82). Numerous studies have examined the role of reactive oxygen metabolites in leukocyte­ dependent and -independent models and the biological effects these metabo­ lites have in glomerular pathophysiology (9, 21, 73, 74). In this review, I define the term reactive oxygen metabolites, briefly recount the sequence of events that led to the consideration of these metabolites as important mediators of tissue injury, and present the available evidence in support of the role of reactive oxygen metabolites in glomerular disease, including the recent studies in which the role of intrinsic antioxidant defenses are beginning to be deline­ ated. Oxygen normally accepts four electrons and is converted directly to water. However, partial reduction of oxygen can and does occur in biological systems, which leads to the generation of partially reduced and potentially toxic reactive oxygen intermediates (33, 53). Thus sequential reduction of oxygen along the univalent pathway leads to the generation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and water (33, 53).
Twitter User Income Dataset (2015)

PONE-D-15-14201 User Income Dataset 5191 users annotated with their income through their SOC 3-digit occupation. Contents: Feature representation for each of the five feature categories: f-profile, f-shallow, f-demo, f-emo, f-topics<br>Users mapped to their income: users-income<br>Words for each topic: word-topics-200
Prehospital Resuscitation Performed on Hypotensive Trauma Patients in Afghanistan: The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience (2018)

Most casualties with documented hypotension after trauma in the Prehospital Trauma Registry did not receive prehospital blood or fluid intervention. Of the interventions performed, most did not match with contemporary TCCC guidelines.
Anatomically specific reactive oxygen species production participates in Marfan syndrome aneurysm formation (2019)

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder that results in aortic root aneurysm formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) seem to play a role in aortic wall remodelling in MFS, although the mechanism remains unknown. MFS Fbn1<sup>C1039G/+</sup> mouse root/ascending (AS) and descending (DES) aortic samples were examined using DHE staining, lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (LGCL), Verhoeff's elastin-Van Gieson staining (elastin breakdown) and in situ zymography for protease activity. Fbn1<sup>C1039G/+</sup> AS- or DES-derived smooth muscle cells (SMC) were treated with anti-TGF-β antibody, angiotensin II (AngII), anti-TGF-β antibody + AngII, or isotype control. ROS were detected during early aneurysm formation in the Fbn1<sup>C1039G/+</sup> AS aorta, but absent in normal-sized DES aorta. Fbn1<sup>C1039G/+</sup> mice treated with the unspecific NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin reduced AS aneurysm formation, with attenuated elastin fragmentation. In situ zymography revealed apocynin treatment decreased protease activity. In vitro SMC studies showed Fbn1<sup>C1039G/+</sup> -derived AS SMC had increased NADPH activity compared to DES-derived SMC. AS SMC NADPH activity increased with AngII treatment and appeared TGF-β dependent. In conclusion, ROS play a role in MFS aneurysm development and correspond anatomically with aneurysmal aortic segments. ROS inhibition via apocynin treatment attenuates MFS aneurysm progression. AngII enhances ROS production in MFS AS SMCs and is likely TGF-β dependent.
One‐Minute Walk and modified Timed Up and Go tests in children with cerebral palsy: performance and minimum clinically important differences (2013)

AIM This prospective multicenter study assessed performance and changes over time, with and without surgical intervention, in the modified Timed Up and Go (mTUG) and One-Minute Walk tests (1MWT) in children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs) were established for these tools. METHOD Two hundred and nineteen participants with bilateral spastic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I–III) were evaluated at baseline and 12 months follow-up. The non-surgical group (n=168; 54 females, 114 males; mean age 12y 11mo, [SD 2y 7mo], range 8y 1mo–19y) had no surgical interventions during the study. The surgical group (n=51; 19 females, 32 males; mean age 12y 10mo [SD 2y 8mo] range 8y 2mo–17y 5mo) underwent soft-tissue and/or bony procedures within 12 months from baseline. The mTUG and 1MWT were collected and MCIDs were established from the change scores of the non-surgical group. RESULTS Dependent walkers (GMFCS level III) required more time to complete the mTUG (p≤0.01) than independent walkers (GMFCS levels I and II). For the 1MWT, distance walked decreased with increasing impairment (p≤0.01). 1MWT and mTUG change scores were not significantly different at any GMFCS level for either the surgical or non-surgical groups (p≤0.01). INTERPRETATION Children with varying levels of function (GMFCS level) perform differently on the 1MWT and mTUG. The data and MCID values can assist clinicians in interpreting changes over time and in assessing interventions.
Distributed Rendering for Scalable Displays (2000)

We describe a novel distributed graphics system that allows an application to render to a large tiled display. Our system, called WireGL, uses a cluster of off-the-shelf PCs connected with a high-speed network. WireGL allows an unmodified existing application to achieve scalable output resolution on such a display. This paper presents an efficient sorting algorithm which minimizes the network traffic for a scalable display. We will demonstrate that for most applications, our system provides scalable output resolution with minimal performance impact.
Identification and Quantitation of Ibogaine and an o-Demethylated Metabolite in Brain and Biological Fluids Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (1995)

This report describes a sensitive method for quantitating ibogaine and a single major metabolite in biological fluids and brain tissue. We identified the metabolite as 12-hydroxy-ibogamine (12-OH-ibogamine or noribogaine) by full-scan, electron-impact gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ibogaine, 12-OH-ibogamine, and o-(methyl)-ibogaine-d3 (ibogaine-d3) internal standard were isolated by solvent extraction under basic conditions. The resulting organic extract was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was derivatized at room temperature with ethyl iodide in the presence of trimethyl anilinium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction was terminated by acidification and washed with organic solvents to remove impurities. The aqueous phase was then alkalinized and reextracted. The organic extract was concentrated and analyzed by GC-MS. Quantitation was based upon the ratios of the molecular ions at m/z 310 for ibogaine, m/z 313 for ibogaine-d3, and m/z 324 for 12-OH-ibogamine ethyl ether. The limit of detection was 5 ng/mL for both ibogaine and derivatized 12-OH-ibogamine, and limits of quantitation were between 5 and 10 ng/mL for all matrices tested. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 3-1000 ng/mL or ng/g for both analytes.
Intrusion Detection Based on Twin SVM (2009)

SVM is a machine learning method based on statistics.Twin SVM is a binary SVM classifier that determines two nonparallel planes by solving two related SVM-type problems.Compare to the traditional SVM algorithm,it has faster speed,better effect and reduces the complexity of time.During the application of intrusion detection,Twin SVM maintains fine detection status in the condition of small-scale training dataset.
Hot-air turbulence generator for multiconjugate adaptive optics (2003)

In this article, a simple low-cost, statistically repeatable, hot air optical turbulence generator based on the mixing of two air flows with different temperatures is described. Characterization results show that it is possible to create any turbulence strength up to C<sub>N</sub><sup>2</sup>&Delta;<i>h</i> &asymp; 6 x 10<sup>-10</sup> <i>m</i><sup>1/3</sup>, allowing Fried's parameter as small as <i>r</i><sub>0</sub> &asymp; 1.7 <i>mm</i> for one crossing through the turbulator or <i>r</i><sub>0</sub> &asymp; 1.1 <i>mm</i> for two crossings. Outer scale of (<i>L</i><sub>0</sub> &asymp; 133 &plusmn; 60 <i>mm</i>) is found to be compatible to the turbulator chamber size (170 <i>mm</i>), and inner scale (<i>l</i><sub>0</sub> &asymp; 7.6 mm &plusmn; 3.8 <i>mm</i>) compatible with usual values measured by other authors for the free atmosphere. Power spectrum analysis of the centroid of the focused image shows a perfect and accurate agreement with Kolmogorov's theory, allowing to conclude that this device can be used with confidence to emulate good and easily controllable turbulence. In particular, this turbulator will be used with the MCAO test bench developed at the University of Victoria. By allowing two passes of the optical beam through the turbulator, without overlapping, two independent turbulent layers, set at equivalent altitudes of 5 and 15 km above the telescope entrance pupil, will be generated.
FSIM: A Feature Similarity Index for Image Quality Assessment (2011)

Image quality assessment (IQA) aims to use computational models to measure the image quality consistently with subjective evaluations. The well-known structural similarity index brings IQA from pixel- to structure-based stage. In this paper, a novel feature similarity (FSIM) index for full reference IQA is proposed based on the fact that human visual system (HVS) understands an image mainly according to its low-level features. Specifically, the phase congruency (PC), which is a dimensionless measure of the significance of a local structure, is used as the primary feature in FSIM. Considering that PC is contrast invariant while the contrast information does affect HVS' perception of image quality, the image gradient magnitude (GM) is employed as the secondary feature in FSIM. PC and GM play complementary roles in characterizing the image local quality. After obtaining the local quality map, we use PC again as a weighting function to derive a single quality score. Extensive experiments performed on six benchmark IQA databases demonstrate that FSIM can achieve much higher consistency with the subjective evaluations than state-of-the-art IQA metrics.