gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of intraruminal infusions of propionate and butyrate with two different protein supplements on milk production and blood metabolites in dairy cows receiving grass silage-based diet (1998)

Four cows were used in a balanced 4×4 Latin square with 2 week experimental periods to investigate the effects of intraruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids and protein source on milk production and blood metabolites. The four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement were isoenergetic intraruminal infusions of propionate (500 g day−1) or butyrate (417 g day−1) each given with isonitrogenous protein supplementation of fish meal (FM) or barley protein (BP). The cows were fed restrictively with 9 kg dry matter day−1 of formic acid treated grass silage and 8 kg day−1 of concentrate. Propionate infusion increased milk yield (24·9 vs 23·4 kg day−1; P<0·05), milk protein yield (832 vs 778 g day−1; P=0·05) and milk lactose content (44·7 vs 43·5 g kg−1; P<0·05) and yield (1113 vs 1023 g day−1; P<0·01), whereas butyrate infusion was associated with a higher milk fat content (44·7 vs 39·4 g kg−1; P<0·01) and yield (1033 vs 974 g day−1; P<0·01). FM tended (P<0·10) to increase milk yield, but had no significant effects on milk composition or milk component yields compared with BP. Butyrate infusion increased blood ketones, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and glycine relative to propionate infusion. The concentrations of ammonia N in rumen fluid and urea in plasma and milk were similar for both protein supplements. The profile of amino acids in plasma was similar for both protein supplements except for the higher concentrations of phenylalanine, proline and tyrosine with BP. The results show that protein utilisation can be improved by increasing the supply of propionate from rumen fermentation in cows given a grass silage-based diet. © 1998 SCI.
Speech synthesis by rule using an optimal selection of non-uniform synthesis units (2003)

A synthesis scheme is proposed for the optimal selection and extraction of synthesis units. This synthesis scheme has two advantages in the usage of speech segment units. One is the flexible use of nonuniform synthesis units and the other is the optimal choice of a unit sequence for an input phoneme string using appropriateness measures. In this synthesis system, all phoneme subsequences in each synthesis unit are also used as synthesis units. To facilitate the search for appropriate unit candidates, the phoneme sequence entry dictionary is made for a given speech set. Using this entry dictionary, all candidate unit templates are listed for a given input phoneme string. The most appropriate one is selected based on an appropriateness measure. In addition, the author presents a statistic analysis results of Japanese phoneme sequences based on distributions in the word dictionary and text corpora. This investigation provides an estimate of an appropriate number of Japanese phoneme sequences in this synthesis scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: pathogenesis, management, and current surgical approaches (2011)

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is an important cause of cervical myelopathy that results from bony ossification of the cervical or thoracic posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). It has been estimated that nearly 25% of patients with cervical myelopathy will have features of OPLL. Patients commonly present in their mid-40s or 50s with clinical evidence of myelopathy. On MR and CT imaging, this can be seen as areas of ossification that commonly coalesce behind the cervical vertebral bodies, leading to direct ventral compression of the cord. While MR imaging will commonly demonstrate associated changes in the soft tissue, CT scanning will better define areas of ossification. This can also provide the clinician with evidence of possible dural ossification. The surgical management of OPLL remains a challenge to spine surgeons. Surgical alternatives include anterior, posterior, or circumferential decompression and/or stabilization. Anterior cervical stabilization options include cervical corpectomy or multilevel anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion, while posterior stabilization approaches include instrumented or noninstrumented fusion or laminoplasty. Each of these approaches has distinct advantages and disadvantages. While anterior approaches may provide more direct decompression and best improve myelopathy scores, there is soft-tissue morbidity associated with the anterior approach. Posterior approaches, including laminectomy and fusion and laminoplasty, may be well tolerated in older patients. However, there often is associated axial neck pain and less improvement in myelopathy scores. In this review, the authors discuss the epidemiology, imaging findings, and clinical presentation of OPLL. The authors additionally discuss the merits of the different surgical techniques in the management of this challenging disease.
Foundations of Aerodynamics (2025)

This chapter explores many aspects of aerodynamics and the fundamental properties of a fluid. These properties may be separated into thermodynamic, kinematic, or transport properties. The chapter defines several categories of aerodynamic flows, and describes their dominant physics or characteristics. It introduces several nondimensional parameters that are important in fluid dynamics and heat transfer. Most of the parameters that are introduced are known as similarity parameters that may be used to compare the flows over different-sized bodies, based on similarities in their geometries or flow physics. The first two similarity parameters are the Mach number and the Reynolds number that are perhaps the most important in aerodynamics. The chapter also introduces the concept of entropy, which is essential in understanding the laws of thermodynamics. It derives the three fundamental equations of fluid motion such as the continuity, momentum, and energy equations.
Study on prevention of hypercapnia by Nasal High Flow in patients with endoscopic submucosal dissection during intravenous anesthesia (2020)

The study was registered the jRCTs 072190022.URL https://jrct.niph.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCTs072190022.
Atmospheric-pressure silica-like thin film deposition using 200 kHz/13.56 MHz dual frequency excitation (2019)

Abstract Atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition was used to synthesize silica-like thin films on polyethylene 2, 6 naphthalate substrate with hexamethyldisiloxane as the precursor and Ar/O 2 /N 2 mixture as the working gas. A dual frequency (DF) excitation consisting of 200 kHz and 13.56 MHz frequencies was employed as the plasma source. The results have shown that compared to the single low frequency discharges, the DF excitation helps to improve plasma uniformity with less filaments. This could help to reduce the macro-defects and therefore to improve the permeation performance of the barriers. Besides, due to the increased electron density and gas temperature, the DF excitation demonstrates a more efficient breaking of Si–CH 3 bonds and therefore more oxidized structures of the deposited silica-like thin films.
Codesign of an integrated metal–insulator–semiconductor photocathode for photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 to ethylene (2023)

Photoelectrochemical CO 2 reduction to ethylene is achieved by codesigning a Cu/TiO 2 /p-Si photoelectrode. Bilayer ionomer coatings and electrolyte-side illumination enable 4× more ethylene compared to no coatings and semiconductor-side illumination.
The 5′‐terminal sequence of TMV RNA question on the polymorphism found in vulgare strain (1983)

The complete nucleotide sequence of TMV RNA (common strain) reported in [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1982) 79, 5818] its 5′‐end to be represented by two variants which differed in length. We have tested that result and sequenced the 5′‐terminal regions of two strains of TMV RNA (common strain OM and tomato strain L) using cloned cDNA copies. The results showed that the 5′‐terminal region of the TMV genome is not polymorphic and that one of the two variants cited above represents a tomato strain but not the common strain.
Digital control of the czochralski growth of gallium arsenide. System reference manual. Valid for Czochralski growth controller software version 2.4 (1988)

Abstract : This report provides an updated and extended description (Version 2. 4) of the structure and the operation of the controller software developed for digital Czochralski Growth Control System (CGCS) for compound semiconductors. This manual outdates all previous versions. The Controller Software Reference Manual discusses the design considerations applied to digital LEC crystal growth control, gives a short overview of the growth controller computer hardware and operating system environment, describes the functions of the CGCS from an operator's point of view, and delineates the internal operations of the controller software by discussing the controller software and algorithms. Various appendices provide tables of controller software tasks, routines, and variables, file format information, and lists of system messages and error codes. Keywords: Liquid encapsulated Czochralski, Crystals.
Color Variation in Color-shade Polycrystalline Zirconia Ceramics by the Atmosphere Controlled Firing (2018)

Color shade variation was investigated in zirconia dental blocks, prepared using commercial powders. As a reference colorshade block we used the color indexes of A2, A3.5, A4 and B3, according to the VITA classical color scale. The zirconia powders for color shade blocks showed colors of white, yellow, pink and grey, respectively, after firing at 1530 o C. The zirconia powders were mixed according to the recipe of color shade blocks and shaped at lower pressure using a uniaxial hydrostatic press. The shaped sample was inserted into a vinyl pack and sealed in a vacuum form machine. The shaped block samples were reshaped at 450 bar using an isostatic cold press and fired at 1530 o C for three hours. In order to investigate the atmospheric color variation with firing temperature, the A2, A3.5, A4 and B3 sintered blocks were fired between 700 o C and 1300 o C under controlled atmosphere of pN 2 and pO 2 . The surface color picture was taken using a smart phone camera and compared with the results obtained using the VITA classical color scale. Quantitative color index value, CIELAB, was measured using a color-meter. Above 800 o C, the color darkness greatly increased with the increase of the reduction temperature and keeping time.
Distension produces medial but not endothelial damage in porcine internal mammary artery (1995)

The influence of intraluminal distension on porcine internal mammary artery was studied using adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) concentration and prostacyclin production as biochemical markers of medial and endothelial functional integrity respectively. Distension reduced mean (95% confidence limits) tissue ATP concentrations from 459 (337-581) nmol/g wet weight to 314 (193-435) nmol/g wet weight (n = 10, P < 0.01). Stimulated prostacyclin production was similar in undistended (25.8(15.9-35.9) pg/min per mg wet weight) and distended arteries (33.2(21.4-45.1) pg/min per mg wet weight) (n = 8, not significant). The data demonstrate that distension of the internal mammary artery results in acute medial but not endothelial damage. Distension-induced medial damage is unlikely to be rapidly reversible and might have implications for the early and long-term function of the artery as a bypass graft.
Impedance Changes during Epileptic Seizures (1966)

SUMMARY Impedance measurements and EEG recordings were made in ventral and dorsal hippocampus, amygdala and from the cortex during epileptic seizures induced in cats by injecting tungstic acid gel into the dorsal hippocampus or basolateral amygdala. Consistent changes in impedance occurred during seizures with an increase in the resistive component and a decrease in the capacitive component. Impedance changes provided focal correlates of the presence of epileptic activity. In regions of the brain where discharges did not spread, or spread only weakly, there were no significant impedance changes, but in regions powerfully involved in the seizures, significant shifts in impedance amounting to 10–12% of baseline were found. A regional specificity is indicated by large and consistent impedance changes in hippocampus on the one hand, particularly in the ventral hippocampus, and on the other by very small changes observed in the amygdala. Impedance changes begin after the onset of the seizure and return toward a baseline after termination of the seizure. This is interpreted to indicate that the observed changes in impedance are a consequence of the ictal events. RÉASUMÉA Les variations de l'impeAdance et l'eAlectroenceAphalogramme de l'hippocampe ventral et dorsal, de l'amygdale et du cortex furent enregistreAs sur des chats pendant des crises eApileptiques provoqueAes par injection de gel d'acide tungstique dans l'hippocampe dorsal ou dans la region basolateArale de l'amygdale. Des variations significatives de l'impeAdance ont eAteA observeAes pendant ces crises avec des augmentations de la composante reAsistive et des diminutions de la composante capacitive. Ces changements repreAsentent des manifestations localiseAes de la preAsence d'une activiteA eApileptique. Les reAgions du cerveau peu ou non atteintes par ces deAcharges n'ont montreA aucun changement significatif, par contre des variations de l'ordre de 10—12% furent rencontreAes dans les reAgions ouG la propagation des deAcharges eAtait importante. Une speAcificiteA reAgionale est indiqueAe par de larges variations de l'impeAdance dans l'hippocampe, particulieGrement dans l'hippocampe ventral, et par de petites variations dans l'amygdale. L'impeAdance commence aG varier apreGs le deAbut de la crise et tente de revenir aG son niveau initial apreGs la fin de la crise. Ce dernier point indique que les variations observeAes sont une conseAquence des eAveAnements critiques.
Analytical Study of an Iodide-Sensitive Membrane Electrode. (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalytical Study of an Iodide-Sensitive Membrane Electrode.G. A. Rechnitz, M. R. Kresz, and S. B. ZamochnickCite this: Anal. Chem. 1966, 38, 8, 973–976Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1966https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60240a009RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views83Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (468 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
1,3-Diarylindan-2-carboxylic Acids, Potent and Selective Non-Peptide Endothelin Receptor Antagonists (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1,3-Diarylindan-2-carboxylic Acids, Potent and Selective Non-Peptide Endothelin Receptor AntagonistsJohn D. Elliott, M. Amparo Lago, Russell D. Cousins, Aiming Gao, Jack D. Leber, Karl F. Erhard, Ponnal Nambi, Nabil A. Elshourbagy, Chandrika Kumar, and Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 11, 1553–1557Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00037a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00037a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views403Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Deeper natural language processing for evaluating student answers in intelligent tutoring systems (2006)

This paper addresses the problem of evaluating stu-dents ’ answers in intelligent tutoring environments with mixed-initiative dialogue by modelling it as a textual entailment problem. The problem of meaning represen-tation and inference is a pervasive challenge in any inte-grated intelligent system handling communication. For intelligent tutorial dialogue systems, we show that en-tailment cases can be detected at various dialog turns during a tutoring session. We report the performance of a lexico-syntactic approach on a set of entailment cases that were collected from a previous study we conducted with AutoTutor.
Analysis of an inhibin preparation reveals apparent identity between a peptide with inhibin‐like activity and a sperm‐coating antigen (1984)

The amino acid sequence of a large form of inhibin-like peptide in human seminal plasma was determined, and compared with structures reported for similar inhibin preparations and a seminal plasma globulin. The data confirm and correlate previous reports on this form of inhibin-like peptide. The structural comparisons further suggest that the peptide is closely similar to or possibly identical to a sperm-coating antigen reported to be synthesized from prostatic epithelium. This may correlate with non-gonadal origins of inhibin-like material and will help to elucidate the biological roles of inhibin(s).
Development of High Performance Nb-Added Hot Rolled Bainitic Steels Presenting a TRIP Effect (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Automating network application dependency discovery: experiences, limitations, and new solutions (2008)

Large enterprise networks consist of thousands of services and applications. The performance and reliability of any particular application may depend on multiple services, spanning many hosts and network components. While the knowledge of such dependencies is invaluable for ensuring the stability and efficiency of these applications, thus far the only proven way to discover these complex dependencies is by exploiting human expert knowledge, which does not scale with the number of applications in large enterprises.Recently, researchers have proposed automated discovery of dependencies from network traffic [8, 18]. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the performance and limitations of this class of dependency discovery techniques (including our own prior work), by comparing with the ground truth of five dominant Microsoft applications. We introduce a new system, Orion, that discovers dependencies using packet headers and timing information in network traffic based on a novel insight of delay spike based analysis. Orion improves the state of the art significantly, but some shortcomings still remain. To take the next step forward, Orion incorporates external tests to reduce errors to a manageable level. Our results show Orion provides a solid foundation for combining automated discovery with simple testing to obtain accurate and validated dependencies.
Molecular characterization of the solubilized receptor of somatostatin from rat pancreatic acinar membranes (1988)

The somatostatin receptors on rat pancreatic acinar membranes were demonstrated by use of a radioiodinated (125I-) analogue of somatostatin (SMS 204-090 or [Tyr3]SMS). The tracer was found to bind to the receptor with a Kd of 58 pM. The number of sites detected by this tracer (4.7 pmol/mg of protein) was 5-10 times higher than the number of sites previously found with other tracers. Since the level of non-specific binding was also very low as compared with findings with other tracers, 125I-204-090 might be of interest in future attempts to characterize the somatostatin receptors in the pancreas. The prelabelled membranes were solubilized with 1% CHAPS, and the solubilized complexes were found to adsorb to wheat-germ-agglutinin-coupled agarose, from which they could be eluted with 4 mM-triacetylchitotriose. The complexes within this eluate were shown by gel filtration on Trisacryl GF-2000 to have an Mr of about 400,000. The dissociation of the complexes was augmented both within the membranes as well as in the solubilized state by incubation with the GTP analogue guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate, indicating that the complexes are probably functionally linked to a guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory protein. After SDS/slab-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of cross-linked complexes after treatment with the heterobifunctional reagent N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide, a broad band occurred at approximately Mr 90,000 both in the membranes and in the eluates of complexes after lectin-adsorption chromatography. We conclude that the augmentation of the number of detectable sites for binding of somatostatin, as well as the very low level of non-specific binding obtained by the use of 125I-[Tyr3]SMS as tracer, has made it possible for us to demonstrate the solubilization of the somatostatin receptor in conjunction with its ligand and a GTP-binding regulatory protein, and we have succeeded in cross-linking 125I-[Tyr3]SMS to a binding subunit of Mr 90,000 in the membranes and in demonstrating the presence of the same labelled binding subunit within complexes solubilized and chromatographed on a lectin column before cross-linking.