gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Refractive index change in porous silicon after detaching from the substrate (2010)

Porous silicon technology offers a simple, wide dynamic range technique for tuning the refractive index of silicon in multilayer structures. However, the refractive index values are very sensitive to fabrication parameters, oxidation and other factors. In this work we investigate some possible causes of refractive index change in porous silicon (PS) fabricated by electrochemical etching of silicon in hydrofluoric acid (HF). The index change is monitored through the wavelength shift in the response of Bragg Reflectors Multilayer Porous Silicon. A shift in the response towards shorter wavelengths was observed after the porous silicon thin film was detached from the silicon substrate. This shift is attributed in part to oxidation due to PS large surface area, and also to stresses inside the material after releasing the thin film from the substrate; these factors have been studied and possible solutions have been suggested.
Analysis and testing of application layer protocols with an application to FTAM (1992)

An experience with formal specification, analysis, and testing of an application layer protocol is presented. The ISO file, transfer, access, and management (FTAM) protocol is chosen due to its potential for widespread use. The specification language used was the ISO standard Estelle. This tool generates control and dataflow graphs of the specification and derives unparameterized test sequences for each function identified by the user. The authors describe formal specification of application layer protocols in Estelle and translation of ASN.1 data definitions into Estelle data types. The test design tool is used to obtain functional decomposition of the control and dataflow graphs. This way unparameterized test sequences are obtained. These sequences lead to a complete test suite obtained by parameterization which must be the next step. Analysis of the control and dataflow graphs leads to the derivation of several properties that most of the application layer protocols must possess. The identified properties are shown to simplify the test design process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fate of Linear Alkylbenzenes Released to the Coastal Environment near Boston Harbor (2001)

Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were used to assess the fates of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) released to a large urban harbor and the adjoining offshore waters. We found that particulate concentrations of the individual C12 LAB isomers in 1996 summertime surface waters decreased from 1 pM in Boston Harbor to 20-200 fM in coastal Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays. Levels fell to only a few fM in offshore Gulf of Maine locations. These observations were consistent with municipal wastewater in Boston Harbor as the predominant input followed by dispersal via known circulation patterns in this region. Phase-dependent removal rate coefficients for flushing, vertical scavenging, volatilization, photodegradation, and biodegradation of individual LAB isomers were constrained from literature, field observations, and laboratory experiments and combined with estimates of wastewater release rates into a predictive 3-box model. Vertical scavenging, biodegradation, and flushing were predicted to be the most important fate processes for C12 LABs in the Boston Harbor-MA Bay-Cape Cod Bay flow system with about 1% of the harbor releases "surviving" passage. For HOCs such as the relatively bio-recalcitrant LAB, 6-phenyldodecane, it appears that we are at present able to predict the coastal fate of harbor-introduced HOCs in this system within a factor of 2. Contrary to expectations from biodegradation experiments, the ratio of internal-to-external (I/E) LAB isomers decreased offshore in both water and sediment samples, suggesting we are "missing" an important process affecting LAB fates.
Analysis of Carbon/Carbon Fragments from the Columbia Tragedy (2013)

The extensive investigation following the Space Shuttle Orbiter Columbia accident of February 1, 2003 determined that hot gases entered the wing through a breach in the protective reinforced carbon/carbon (RCC) leading edge. In the current study, the exposed edges of the recovered RCC from the vicinity of the breach are examined with scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Electron microscopy of the exposed edges revealed regions of pointed carbon fibers, characteristic of exposure to high temperature oxidizing gases. The Raman technique relates the observed 1350 and 1580 to 1600 cm(-1) bands to graphitic dom ains and their corresponding temperatures of formation. Some of the regions showed evidence of exposure temperatures beyond 2700 ?C during the accident.
Microscopic Characterization of Ocular Development and Disease (1999)

Abstract The embryonic lens contains two populations of cells, lens epithelial cells and lens fiber cells. As the growth of the human lens is linear from the age of 10 to 90, lens epithelial cells divide and differentiate into fiber cells at a uniform rate during adulthood. Any defects that arise during fiber formation will remain in the lens. We postulate that regulation of early lens growth is critical for the onset of cataracts that usually occur later in life. Slowing the growth of the lens could therefore provide a strategy to suppress the formation of cataracts. However, the factor(s) that control lens growth in vivo have not been identified. We have identified 18 receptor and cytoplasmic kinases present in lens epithelial cells. Using these as potential targets for factors controlling growth, we tested corresponding ligands in a lens epithelial cell proliferation assay. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) proved to promote a growth activity similar to, but distinct from, that of embryo serum.
The Leader Peptide Is Not Required for Post-Translational Modification by Lacticin 481 Synthetase (2007)

Lantibiotics are post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptides. The modification process features dehydration of Ser and Thr residues to the corresponding dehydroalanine (Dha) and dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) residues and the subsequent conjugate addition by cysteine thiols onto the dehydro amino acids. The ribosomally synthesized peptide precursors contain an N-terminal leader peptide that is not modified during maturation and a C-terminal structural region that is transformed into the lantibiotic. The role of the leader peptide has been the subject of much speculation. Incubation of lacticin 481 synthetase with the structural peptide (with the leader peptide provided in trans) resulted in three of four dehydrations showing that a covalent link between the leader peptide and the structural region is not required. Incubation of lacticin 481 synthetase with the structural peptide in the absence of the leader peptide still resulted in dehydration, although the activity was reduced. These findings show that the leader peptide is not absolutely required for dehydration.
Space vehicle with customizable payload and docking station (2023)

A "black box" space vehicle solution may allow a payload developer to define the mission space and provide mission hardware within a predetermined volume and with predetermined connectivity. Components such as the power module, radios and boards, attitude determination and control system (ADCS), command and data handling (C&DH), etc. may all be provided as part of a "stock" (i.e., core) space vehicle. The payload provided by the payload developer may be plugged into the space vehicle payload section, tested, and launched without custom development of core space vehicle components by the payload developer. A docking station may facilitate convenient development and testing of the space vehicle while reducing handling thereof.
Toward Thermodynamic Predictions of Aqueous Vitamin Solubility: An Activity Coefficient-Based Approach (2019)

Research on water-soluble vitamins is still required, especially due to the diversity of their structures that influence strongly physicochemical properties of water–vitamin mixtures. Such influences are still underexplored. Further, solubility of vitamins in aqueous environment is of crucial importance for life sciences and process design, but still experimental data of vitamin solubility is rather limited in literature. In this work, solubilities of the vitamins ascorbic acid, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin were predicted with Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT). PC-SAFT parameters for vitamins were estimated by fitting them to solubility-independent data, namely experimental liquid-density data and osmotic-coefficient data of aqueous vitamin solutions measured in this work. PC-SAFT predicted solubilities were validated by new experimental solubility data at T = 298.15 K and p = 1 bar. PC-SAFT predictions were in quantitative agreement to experimental vitamin solubility in water. Further, PC-SAFT allowed predicting the temperature influence on the solubility of vitamins in water with reasonable accuracy.
Quality Assessment of Randomized Controlled Trials Published in the Korean Journal of Urology Over the Past 20 Years (2011)

Although RCTs consistently increased in both quantity and quality, in future studies, researchers should continue to strive toward achieving adequate allocation concealment and appropriate double-blinding. In addition, researchers must become more interested in receiving external funding and undergoing examination by institutional review boards.
Optical fiber measurements of particle concentration in dense suspensions: calibration and simulation (1992)

A fiber-optic sensor that measures the particle volume fraction in dense suspensions is calibrated against a quantitative capacitance probe. For homogeneous, dense, random suspensions of smooth, monodisperse, transparent dielectric spheres, the calibration is simulated by using a ray-tracing Monte Carlo algorithm that predicts systematic uncertainties of the sensor's output, the extent of its measurement volume, and the effects of changing its optical properties. The simulation shows that the output and accuracy of the sensor increase with a decreasing sphere diameter and with an increasing N.A. of the fiber. The output also increases when the ratio of the indices of refraction of the sphere and the suspending medium is increased. For small particles the measurement volume scales as the average interparticle distance.
Photoelastic modulated infrared spectra of methanol adsorbed on metallic surfaces (1990)

We have set up an infrared reflection absorption grating spectrometer working under high vacuum conditions. The infrared source is made of a tantalum cavity heated to 2500 K. Its brightness at 3000 cm<sup>-1</sup> (emissivity > 0.7) is four times higher than that of a common silicon carbide source at 1500 K. The adsorbate absorption detection technique is based on the use of a photoelastic modulator. All those features permit a high absorbance sensitivity while avoiding the measured infrared spectrum to be affected by the absorption from residual gases in the spectrometer. The measurement of infrared spectra between 2.6 and 5 &mu;m allowed us to specially follow the evolution of the methyl and hydroxyl stretching bands of CH3OH and CD3OD versus exposure at 80 K and versus annealing temperature for a polycrystailine platinum and a Cu(110) substrates. The strong attenuation of the OH band at low coverage indicates that, in the submonolayer coverage range, the methanol molecules are adsorbed with their OH group axes quasi parallel to both metallic surfaces. Because both the symmetric and asymmetric CH3 (or CD3) stretching modes are detected, the methyl group axis must be inclined versus the surface normals. In the multilayer coverage range, the methanol forms a thin amorphous phase which can be crystallized upon annealing. The simultaneous detection of the in-phase and out of phase components of the crystallized layer hydroxyl stretching indicates that this layer is constituted by arbitrarily oriented small crystallites.
Optimizing outcomes of advanced prostate cancer: drug sequencing and novel therapeutic approaches. (2012)

The rapid approval of several novel agents has given prostate cancer patients and their treating physicians many new and effective therapeutic options. Three new medical therapies were recently approved on the basis of prolonged overall survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients: sipuleucel-T (Provenge), cabazitaxel (Jevtana), and abiraterone acetate (Zytiga). Additionally, there are several other promising prostate cancer agents in late-stage development, including MDV3100, PROSTVAC-VF (Prostvac), orteronel (TAK-700), and radium-223 chloride (Alpharadin), each with a novel mechanism of action. Taken together, we have entered a period of accelerated drug development and optimism in the care of advanced prostate cancer. The treatment paradigm for these patients is rapidly evolving, with future study needed to define the optimal sequencing and potential combinations of these new agents.
Multiple-pass Raman gain cell (1980)

The application of a multiple-pass Herriott cell to stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is evaluated and demonstrated. The cell combines a long optical path length with periodic refocusing to enhance Raman gain. This technique is especially useful for reducing SRS threshold pump power in the IR where the Raman gain is low. This paper presents an analysis and design procedure for a multiple-pass Raman gain cell and gives experimental results for SRS in H(2) gas.
Does the Literature Support Double‐Row Suture Anchor Fixation for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair? A Systematic Review Comparing Double‐Row and Single‐Row Suture Anchor Configuration (2009)

Level III, systematic review of Levels I to III studies.
Pricing for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided Wireless Networks: Models and Principles (2022)

Owing to the recent advancements of meta-materials and meta-surfaces, the concept of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been embraced to meet the spectral- and energy-efficient, and yet cost-effective solutions for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. From an operational standpoint, RISs can be easily deployed on the facades of buildings and indoor walls. Albeit promising, in the actual network operation, the deployment of RISs may face challenges because of the willingness and benefits of RIS holders from the aspect of installing RISs on their properties. Accordingly, RIS-aided wireless networks are faced with a formidable mission: how to balance the wireless service providers (WSPs) and RIS holders in terms of their respective interests. To alleviate this deadlock, we focus on the application of pricing models in RIS-aided wireless networks in pursuit of a win-win solution for both sides. Specifically, we commence with a comprehensive introduction of RIS pricing with its potential applications in RIS networks, meanwhile the fundamentals of pricing models are summarized in order to benefit both RIS holders and WSPs. In addition, a Stackelberg game-based model is exemplified to illustrate the operation of utility-maximization pricing. Finally, we highlight open issues and future research directions of applying pricing models to the RIS-aided wireless networks.
Probing Exfoliated Graphene Layers and Their Lithiation with Microfocused X-rays (2019)

X-ray diffraction is measured on individual bilayer and multilayer graphene single-crystals and combined with electrochemically induced lithium intercalation. In-plane Bragg peaks are observed by grazing incidence diffraction. Focusing the incident beam down to an area of about 10 μm × 10 μm, individual flakes are probed by specular X-ray reflectivity. By deploying a recursive Parratt algorithm to model the experimental data, we gain access to characteristic crystallographic parameters of the samples. Notably, it is possible to directly extract the bi/multilayer graphene c-axis lattice parameter. The latter is found to increase upon lithiation, which we control using an on-chip peripheral electrochemical cell layout. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of in situ X-ray diffraction on individual, micron-sized single crystallites of few- and bilayer two-dimensional materials.
Developing And Delivering The Virtual MBA Course (2011)

The use of the Internet offers a unique opportunity to bring together individuals in an interactive setting for social and educational purposes. Colleges and universities have augmented their brick and mortar classes with virtual course offerings using the Internet for distance education. This paper will examine the origins of distance education and offer insights and recommendations for developing and delivering an on-line MBA course in Privacy and Information Security.
Unveiling the obscured universe with SPICA, A joint infrared space observatory (2021)

The mid/far infrared hosts a wealth of spectral information that allows direct determination of the physical state of matter in a large variety of astronomical objects, unhindered by foreground obscuration. Accessing this domain is essential for astronomers to much better grasp the fundamental physical processes underlying the evolution of many types of celestial objects, ranging from protoplanetary systems in our own milky way to 10-12 billion year old galaxies at the high noon of galaxy formation in our universe. The joint ESA/JAXA SPICA space mission will give such access for the astronomical community at large, by providing an observatory with unprecedented mid- to far-infrared imaging, polarimetric and spectroscopic capabilities. With a launch expected to happen in 2032, it will be the ideal complement of the space based (ATHENA) and ground based facilities available at this time (ELT, TMT, ALMA, SKA), so that the entire high energy to radio electromagnetic spectrum will be accessible to world astronomers with unprecedented power and sensitivity. The SPICA mission, under development as a joint ESA/JAXA project, will combine a 2.5-meter diameter telescope cooled to below 8 K with instruments employing state-of-the-art ultra-sensitive detectors. Instead of using liquid cryogen, a combination of passive cooling and mechanical coolers is employed to cool both the telescope and the instruments, allowing the mission lifetime to extend significantly beyond the required three years. SPICA offers spectroscopy instruments with spectral resolving power ranging from R~50 through 11000 in the 17-230 μm domain as well as R~28.000 spectroscopy between 12 and 18 μm. The state-of-the-art Transition Edge Detectors in the 35-230 μm detectors in the SAFARI spectrometer will provide an unprecedented sensitivity of ~5×10−20 W/m2 (5σ/1hr) - at least two orders of magnitude improvement over what has been attained to date. With the 10'x12' large Field of View SMI imager SPICA will be able to very efficiently do sensitive large area 30-37 μm broad band mapping. In addition the B-BOP instrument will provide accurate polarimetric imaging at 70, 220 and 350 μm With this exceptional leap in performance, new domains in infrared astronomy will become accessible, allowing us, for example, to unravel definitively galaxy evolution and metal production over cosmic time, to study dust formation and evolution from very early epochs onwards, and to trace the gas, dust and ice evolution in planetary systems.
The Syntheses and Structure of the First Vanadium(IV) and Vanadium(V) Binary Azides, V(N3)4, [V(N3)6]2- and [V(N3)6]- (Preprint) (2009)

Abstract : During the last decade, there has been much interest in inorganic polyazide chemistry.[1-16] Because of the energetic nature of the azido group, polyazides are highly endothermic compounds, whose energy content increases with an increasing number of azido ligands. It is, therefore, not surprising, that the synthesis of molecules with a high number of azido groups is very challenging due to their explosive nature and shock-sensitivity.
Reduced Hippocampal Dendrite Branching, Spine Density and Neurocognitive Function in Premature Rabbits, and Reversal with Estrogen or TrkB Agonist Treatment (2019)

Preterm-born children suffer from neurological and behavioral disorders. Herein, we hypothesized that premature birth and non-maternal care of preterm newborns might disrupt neurobehavioral function, hippocampal dendritic arborization, and dendritic spine density. Additionally, we assessed whether 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement or the TrkB receptor agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), would reverse compromised dendritic development and cognitive function in preterm newborns. These hypotheses were tested by comparing preterm (E28.5) rabbit kits cared and gavage-fed by laboratory personnel and term-kits reared and breast-fed by their mother doe at an equivalent postconceptional age. Neurobehavioral tests showed that both premature-birth and formula-feeding with non-maternal care led to increased anxiety behavior, poor social interaction, and lack of novelty preference compared with term-kits. Dendritic branching and number of total or mushroom dendritic spines were reduced in the CA1 field of preterm-kits compared with term controls. While CDC42 and Rac1/2/3 expression levels were lower, RhoA-activity was higher in preterm-kits compared with term controls. Both E2 and DHF treatment reversed prematurity-induced reduction in spine density, reduced total RhoA-GTPase levels, and enhanced cognitive function. Hence, prematurity and non-maternal care result in cognitive deficits, and reduced dendritic arbors and spines in CA1. E2 replacement or DHF treatment might reverse changes in dendritic spines and improve neurodevelopment in premature infants.
Improving the performance of a mixed excitation LPC vocoder in acoustic noise (1992)

A number of improvements to the mixed excitation linear predictive coding (LPC) vocoder are presented. First, the authors have added more sophisticated frequency shaping of the pulse and noise in the mixture. They use a bandpass filter bank to attain a staircase approximation to any desired noise shape. Voicing strength in each frequency band is controlled by periodicity analysis of both the bandpass filtered speech and the bandpass speech envelope. Second, the authors have improved their pitch detection algorithm by using separate searches on the LPC residual and the input speech signal. Finally, they have added a fixed pulse shaping filter based on a spectrally flattened synthetic glottal pulse. The improved LPC vocoder performs much better in acoustic background noise, and it produces natural sounding speech in both quiet and noisy environments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Wo finden sich welche Parasiten? (2012)

Parasiten attackieren ihre Wirte aus den verschiedensten Positionen heraus. So dringen manche Endoparasiten vom Boden aus in die Haut der „Opfer“ ein und vollziehen dort eventuell lange Wanderungen, bevor sie sich in einem bevorzugten (in der Evolution ermittelten) Organ niederlassen und sich dort ggf. vermehren bzw. auf die Übertragung auf einen Endwirt warten. Andere Parasiten werden in bestimmten Stadien (Eier, Larven) mit der Nahrung in den Körper aufgenommen und verweilen dort wie die perkutan eingedrungenen Parasiten als Endoparasiten.