gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inducible binding of a factor to the c-fos regulatory region. (1987)

The c-fos gene is rapidly and transiently activated in quiescent BALB/c-3T3 cells in response to serum, platelet-derived growth factor or conditioned medium from v-sis-transformed cells. This activation occurs at the level of transcription and in the absence of new protein synthesis. Using a gel electrophoresis DNA-binding assay, we have found a DNA-binding activity in BALB/c-3T3 cells that is induced within 20 min of treatment with conditioned medium from v-sis-transformed cells. A DNA methylation interference assay has shown that this factor binds to a sequence approximately 346 base pairs upstream of the transcription initiation site of the human c-fos gene. Insulin, epidermal growth factor, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate fail to induce this DNA-binding factor. Protein synthesis inhibitors do not block the induction of this activity. We propose that this factor preexists in an inactive form in quiescent cells and that its binding activity is activated in response to appropriate extracellular inducers.
Modeling of Upper Stage Cryogenic Propellants in a Rotating, Reduced Gravity Environment (2006)

Payloads requiring insertion into high altitude orbits are delivered using the upper stages of chemical rockets (ex., Delta and Atlas classes) normally employing cryogenic propellants. During the transfer period between orbits, the upper stage may coast for several hours during which time the thermodynamic state of the propellants may vary due to solar heating. At the conclusion of the coast phase, and in preparation for orbital insertion of the payload, the propellants must be within a narrowly defined range of temperature and pressure for the engine to resume operation. Therefore it is vital to ensure that the propellants are within the specified thermodynamic boundaries or the engine may not restart, resulting in mission failure. This paper investigates several analytical and computational models which are used to predict the state of the propellants at the conclusion of a low to high earth orbit coast phase.
Constitutive Equations for an Induced-Strain Bending Actuator with a Variable Substrate (2003)

The constitutive equations for an induced-strain bimorph are derived for a transducer with a substrate that has a variable thickness and variable modulus. The constitutive equations for sensing and actuation are derived using an energy analysis for the case of a tip force, constant moment, and distributed pressure on the bimorph. The expression for each of the constitutive terms is equivalent to the expression for an ideal bimorph multiplied by a nondimensional modifier. For this analysis we define an ideal bimorph as one which has a negligible substrate thickness. The nondimensional modifier is only a function of two parameters: the ratio of substrate thickness to active layer thickness and the ratio of elastic moduli between the active material and the substrate layer. This allows the results to be easily compared to previous solutions for an ideal bimorph. Expressions for the blocked force, free deflection, and stored electrical energy are derived from the constitutive equations. The results demonstrate that stored energy and the effective coupling coefficient of the actuator do not vary appreciably for thickness ratios less than 1, indicating that actuator performance can be maintained even when the substrate thickness is an appreciable percentage compared to the thickness of the active layer. Blocked force and free deflection do change appreciably above thickness ratios on the order of 0.5, indicating that varying the thickness and modulus of the substrate layer is an additional design freedom in achieving tradeoffs in blocked force and free deflection with bimorph actuators. The results of this paper are useful for the design of bimorph transducers with specific performance requirements. The results also provide insight into some of the limitations exhibited by polymeric bimorphs actuated by an electric field. Our analysis demonstrates that the work output of a bimorph can be one to two orders of magnitude smaller than the stored mechanical energy when the active layer thickness is small compared to the overall bimorph thickness. This result is consistent with other models that suggest that the induced strain layer in certain ionic polymer materials is only a small portion of the overall transducer thickness. Experimental verification is provided on a series of bimorphs ranging from thickness ratios of approximately 0.1 to 10. Experimental results closely agree with the model predictions, although discrepancies become more significant as the thickness ratio approaches 10.
Electron Beams Carrying Quantized Orbital Angular Momentum (2011)

We use nanofabricated diffraction holograms to demonstrate electron vortex beams carrying quantized orbital angular momentum. These beams are analogous to optical vortices but are composed of charged particle wavefunctions possessing mass.
Effects of C‐peptide on Microvascular Blood Flow and Blood Hemorheology (2003)

Beside functional and structural changes in vascular biology, alterations in the rheologic properties of blood cells mainly determines to an impaired microvascular blood flow in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Recent investigations provide increasing evidence that impaired C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetic patients might contribute to the development of microvascular complications. C-peptide has been shown to stimulate endothelial NO secretion by activation of the Ca2+ calmodolin regulated enzyme eNOS. NO himself has the potency to increase cGMP levels in smooth muscle cells and to activate Na+K+ATPase activity and therefore evolves numerous effects in microvascular regulation. In type 1 diabetic patients, supplementation of C-peptide was shown to improve endothelium dependent vasodilatation in an NO-dependent pathway in different vascular compartments. In addition, it could be shown that C-peptide administration in type 1 diabetic patients, results in a redistribution of skin blood flow by increasing nutritive capillary blood flow in favour to subpapillary blood flow. Impaired Na+K+ATPase in another feature of diabetes mellitus in many cell types and is believed to be a pivotal regulator of various cell functions. C-peptide supplementation has been shown to restore Na+K+ATPase activity in different cell types during in vitro and in vivo investigations. In type 1 diabetic patients, C-peptide supplementation was shown to increase erythrocyte Na+K+ATPase activity by about 100%. There was found a linear relationship between plasma C-peptide levels and erythrocyte Na+K+ATPase activity. In small capillaries, microvascular blood flow is increasingly determined by the rheologic properties of erythrocytes. Using laser-diffractoscopie a huge improvement in erythrocyte deformability could be observed after C-peptide administration in erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic patients. Inhibition of the Na+K+ATPase by Obain completely abolished the effect of C-peptide on erythrocyte deformability. In conclusion, C-peptide improves microvascular function and blood flow in type 1 diabetic patients by interfering with vascular and rheological components of microvascular blood flow.
Improvement of FinFET Electrical Characteristics by Hydrogen Annealing (2004)

Hydrogen anneal is used during FinFET processing to round off the corners of the silicon fins prior to gate oxidation and to smooth the surface of the fin sidewalls. This procedure greatly improves gate leakage and, in addition, reduces the width of the fins, resulting in a lower threshold voltage and improved drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) characteristics. Reduction of the leakage current by up to four orders of magnitude is obtained after edge rounding by hydrogen annealing. In addition, a 50% decrease of DIBL is observed, due to fin width reduction.
Investigating the Functional Role of the Cysteine Residue in Dehydrin from the Arctic Mouse-Ear Chickweed Cerastium arcticum (2022)

The stress-responsive, SK<sub>5</sub> subclass, dehydrin gene, <i>CaDHN</i>, has been identified from the Arctic mouse-ear chickweed <i>Cerastium arcticum</i>. CaDHN contains an unusual single cysteine residue (Cys143), which can form intermolecular disulfide bonds. Mutational analysis and a redox experiment confirmed that the dimerization of CaDHN was the result of an intermolecular disulfide bond between the cysteine residues. The biochemical and physiological functions of the mutant C143A were also investigated by in vitro and in vivo assays using yeast cells, where it enhanced the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide. Our results show that the cysteine residue in CaDHN helps to enhance <i>C. arcticum</i> tolerance to abiotic stress by regulating the dimerization of the intrinsically disordered CaDHN protein, which acts as a defense mechanism against extreme polar environments.
Correct dosage of Fog2 and Gata4 transcription factors is critical for fetal testis development in mice (2007)

Previous reports suggested that humans and mice differ in their sensitivity to the genetic dosage of transcription factors that play a role in early testicular development. This difference implies that testis determination might be somewhat different in these two species. We report that the Fog2 and Gata4 transcription factors are haploinsufficient for testis determination in mice. Whether gonadal sex reversal occurs depends on genetic background (i.e., modifier genes). For example, C57BL/6J (B6) XY mice develop testes if they are heterozygous for a mutant Fog2 (Fog2-) or Gata4 (Gata4(ki)) allele. However, if the B6 Y chromosome (Y(B6)) is replaced by the AKR Y chromosome (Y(AKR)), B6 Fog2-/+ XY(AKR) mice develop ovaries, and B6 Gata4(ki)/+ XY(AKR) mice develop ovaries and ovotestes (gonads containing both ovarian and testicular tissue). Furthermore, DBA/2J (D2) Fog2-/+ XY(AKR) mice and (B6 x D2)F1 hybrid Gata4(ki)/+ XY(AKR) mice develop testes. Sry is expressed in the mutant XY gonads, indicating that the lack of Sry expression is not the cause of ovarian tissue development in B6 Fog2-/+ or Gata4(ki)/+ XY(AKR) mice. However, up-regulation of Sox9 expression, which is critical for normal testicular development, does not occur in mutant XY gonads that develop as ovaries. We conclude that under certain genetic conditions, Sox9 up-regulation depends on the proper dosage of Fog2 and Gata4. We propose that in humans the FOG2 and/or GATA4 genes might be haploinsufficient for normal testis determination and thus could be the cause of some previously unassigned cases of XY gonadal sex reversal.
Fast cure of stable semi-pregs via VBO cure (2020)

To address the need for increased efficiency in high performance composite processing, a vacuum bag only (VBO) semi-preg was designed, modeled, and evaluated. The semi-preg featured a vinyl hybrid resin formulated for rapid cure. A model was developed to describe the kinetic behavior of the resin, and then was employed to guide the design of efficient cure cycles. The semi-preg featured a discontinuous distribution of resin on the fiber bed. The format imparted high through-thickness air permeability by virtue of the multitude of air evacuation pathways with short breath-out distances relative to conventional out-of-autoclave prepregs (OoA). The kinetic model was used to create a test matrix of panels from the semi-pregs. Microstructural quality, interlaminar shear strength, and glass transition temperature were compared to a control panel with a longer, conventional cure cycle. The results demonstrated that fast-cure resins can be used in conjunction with cure modeling and semi-preg formats to design appropriate VBO cure cycles that consistently yield parts with low defect contents without autoclaves.
Die Augmentation mit Alpha1-Antitrypsin assoziiert bei Patienten mit klassischem Alpha1-Antitrypsin-Mangel (Pi*ZZ-Genotyp) mit besseren Leber-Parametern (2020)

Hintergrund Die klassische Form des Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)-Mangels (Pi*ZZ-Genotyp) stellt aufgrund der Lungen- und Leberbeteiligung eine der häufigsten letal verlaufenden Erberkrankungen dar. Während die intravenöse Augmentation mit AAT die Progression der Pi*ZZ-assoziierten Lungenerkrankung hemmt, gibt es für die Pi*ZZ-assoziierte Lebererkrankung keine spezifische Therapie. Da eine AAT-Gabe in vitro zu einer verminderten hepatozytären AAT-Expression führt und da AAT in experimentellen Mausmodellen hepatoprotektiv wirkt, evaluierten wir den Einfluss der AAT-Augmentation auf den Leber-Phänotyp bei Pi*ZZ-Patienten.
Dynamic Heterogeneous Learning Games for Opportunistic Access in LTE-Based Macro/Femtocell Deployments (2014)

Interference is one of the most limiting factors when trying to achieve high spectral efficiency in the deployment of heterogeneous networks (HNs). In this paper, the HN is modeled as a layer of closed-access LTE femtocells (FCs) overlaid upon an LTE radio access network. Within the context of dynamic learning games, this work proposes a novel heterogeneous multiobjective fully distributed strategy based on a reinforcement learning (RL) model (CODIPAS-HRL) for FC self-configuration/optimization. The self-organization capability enables the FCs to autonomously and opportunistically sense the radio environment using different learning strategies and tune their parameters accordingly, in order to operate under restrictions of avoiding interference to both network tiers and satisfy certain quality-of-service requirements. The proposed model reduces the learning cost associated with each learning strategy. We also study the convergence behavior under different learning rates and derive a new accuracy metric in order to provide comparisons between the different learning strategies. The simulation results show the convergence of the learning model to a solution concept based on satisfaction equilibrium, under the uncertainty of the HN environment. We show that intra/inter-tier interference can be significantly reduced, thus resulting in higher cell throughputs.
Influence of Degree of Gelatinization on Expansion of Extruded, Starch‐Based Pellets during Microwave Vacuum Processing (2014)

Abstract The influence of the degree of gelatinization ( DG ) on microwave‐induced expansion of starch‐based, extruded pellets under vacuum was investigated. Expansion of extruded pellets with initial DG between 43.6 and 72.9% was investigated in a microwave vacuum drying system. With increasing DG , volume expansion showed a linear increase. The number of pores significantly increased at DG above 64.2%. A larger amount of water available might be the reason for the increased nucleation at large DG . The pore sizes decrease with increasing number of pores. If a larger number of bubbles is nucleated, a fewer amount of water can diffuse into every single bubble possibly resulting in lower water vapor pressure. No relationship between rheological and expansion properties of the matrix could be observed. We therefore assume that nucleation has the strongest effect on pore size distribution. Practical Applications In contrast to direct‐expanded extruded snacks, third‐generation snacks are generally produced by predrying nonexpanded, extruded pellets, followed by expansion to achieve a crispy and porous texture. By this procedure, extrusion can be performed at high moisture contents, moderate temperatures and moderate shearing conditions. This way, thermal‐ and mechanical‐sensitive ingredients can be preserved. A distinctive feature of the process investigated in this study is that the expansion is achieved by microwave vacuum processing, which allows an indirect expansion without the time‐ and energy‐consuming predrying process. This study shows that total volume and inner structure of the expanded pellets is influenced by the degree of gelatinization. With these information, producers can turn structure‐related properties such as appearance, crispiness and crunchiness to targeted values.
Benthic metabolism and denitrification in a river reach: a comparison between vegetated and bare sediments (2009)

This study aims at comparing biogeochemical processes in a Vallisneria spiralis meadow and in unvegetated sediments in the upper reach of the Mincio River (Northern Italy). The main hypothesis of this work is that meadows of rooted macrophytes affect benthic metabolism, enhancing capacity to retain nutrients (assimilation) and dissipate (denitrification) nitrogen loadings. In order to highlight how plants affect benthic processes in the riverbed, oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and inorganic nitrogen fluxes, together with denitrification rates, were measured from February to November 2007 in intact cores collected from stands of V. spiralis and bare sediments. V. spiralis biomass, elemental composition and growth rates were concurrently measured. Macrophyte biomass ranged from 60 to 120 g m-2 (as dry matter); growth rates followed a seasonal pattern from 0.001 in winter up to 0.080 d-1 in summer. On an annual basis, the macrophyte meadow was autotrophic with net O2 production and dissolved inorganic carbon uptake, while the bare sediment was net heterotrophic. The concurrent N assimilation by macrophytes and losses through denitrification led to similar N uptake/dissipation rates, up to 2500 mmol m-2 y-1. Under the very high NO3 - concentrations of the Mincio River, the competition between primary production and denitrification processes was also avoided. A significant ammonium regeneration from sediments to the water column occurred in the V. spiralis meadow, where plant debris and particulate matter accumulated. Here, SRP was also released into the water column, whilst in the bare sediment SRP fluxes were close to zero. Overall, V. spiralis affected the benthic metabolism enhancing the ecosystem capacity to control nitrogen contamination. However, the actual N removal rates were not sufficient to mitigate the pollution discharge.
Predicting Visual Assessment of Allergic Patch Test Reactions by Non-Invasive Measurements (2000)

The quantification of allergic patch test reactions to several compounds was evaluated on patients using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), transepidermal water loss and colorimetry. The correlation between visual scores and instrumental measurements was investigated by the implementation of a modern statistical method: a classification tree. The LDV showed the highest correlation with the severity of the reaction. The best prediction model was obtained when the data of the three instruments were considered together. Using the classification tree methodology, a model of classification, independent of human observation, was developed. The technique can not only predict an allergic reaction for a new patient, but can also give a measure of how reliable its predictions are. This new method, when entirely standardised and approved, could help in the harmonisation of patch test reactions in different laboratories, thus allowing a more homogenous interpretation of these reactions.
Diffuse optical imaging of the whole head (2006)

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) are increasingly used to detect hemodynamic changes in the cerebral cortex induced by brain activity. Until recently, the small number of optodes in NIRS instruments has hampered measurement of optical signals from diverse brain regions. Our new DOI system has 32 detectors and 32 sources; by arranging them in a specific pattern, we can cover most of the adult head. With the increased number of optodes, we can collect optical data from prefrontal, sensorimotor, and visual cortices in both hemispheres simultaneously. We describe the system and report system characterization measurements on phantoms as well as on human subjects at rest and during visual, motor, and cognitive stimulation. Taking advantage of the system's larger number of sources and detectors, we explored the spatiotemporal patterns of physiological signals during rest. These physiological signals, arising from cardiac, respiratory, and blood-pressure modulations, interfere with measurement of the hemodynamic response to brain stimulation. Whole-head optical measurements, in addition to providing maps of multiple brain regions' responses to brain activation, will enable better understandings of the physiological signals, ultimately leading to better signal processing algorithms to distinguish physiological signal clutter from brain activation signals.
Effector T Cell Egress via Afferent Lymph Modulates Local Tissue Inflammation (2015)

Memory/effector T cells recirculate through extralymphoid tissues by entering from blood and egressing via afferent lymph. Although T cell entry into effector sites is key to inflammation, the relevance of T cell egress to this process is unknown. In this study, we found that Ag recognition at the effector site reduced the tissue egress of proinflammatory Th1 cells in a mouse model of delayed hypersensitivity. Transgenic expression of "tissue exit receptor" CCR7 enhanced lymphatic egress of Ag-sequestered Th1 cells from the inflamed site and alleviated inflammation. In contrast, lack of CCR7 on Th1 cells diminished their tissue egress while enhancing inflammation. Lymph-borne Th1 and Th17 cells draining the inflamed skin of sheep migrated toward the CCR7 ligand CCL21, suggesting the CCR7-CCL21 axis as a physiological target in regulating inflammation. In conclusion, exit receptors can be targeted to modulate T cell dwell time and inflammation at effector sites, revealing T cell tissue egress as a novel control point of inflammation.
IR spectroscopy of diamondlike silicon-carbon films (2008)

IR spectra of metal-containing diamondlike silicon-carbon films are taken for the first time. It is shown that the optical response from the subsystem of free charge carriers in chromium-containing films can be described in terms of a simple model that deals with carriers localized inside clusters several nanometers in size. The data obtained indicate that the electric and dielectric properties of the films can be controlled by technological means during their synthesis and by varying the size, concentration, and conductivity of metallic nanoclusters.
Implementation and Performance Evaluation of a Complete, Accurate, Versatile and Realistic Simulation Model for Mobile WiMAX in NS-2 (2010)

IEEE 802.16e-based Mobile WiMAX has gained considerable popularity recently. However, there is no current simulation model that provides feature completeness and performance accuracy. In this paper we propose the design and implementation methodology of a complete, accurate, realistic and versatile simulation model to support Mobile WiMAX for the NS-2 simulation platform. In the proposed simulation model design, all major mandatory as well as many optional features in the IEEE 802.16e standard are implemented based on the enhancement of an open-source WiMAX model published by NIST. The major contributions of this work are: 1) the additional features integrated to the NIST model including OFDMA physical layer, 2) periodical ranging and Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) for robust link adaptation, 3) multi-hop support for large-scale test-bed simulation, as well as 4) the simulation model validation using WiMAX Forum certified devices. Versatile simulation scenarios are also designed to validate the implemented features.