gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Progress of continuously rotating detonation engines (2015)

Continuously rotating detonation engine (CRDE) is a focus for concern in the field of aerospace propulsion. It has several advantages, including one-initiation, high thermal efficiency and simple structure. Due to these characteristics, it is expected to bring revolutionary advancements to aviation and aerospace propulsion systems and now has drawn much attention throughout the world. In this paper, an overview of the development of CRDE is given from several aspects: basic concepts, applications, experimental studies, numerical simulations, and so on. Representative results and outstanding contributions are summarized and the unresolved issues for further engineering applications of CRDE are provided.
Spatially Varying Energy Gap in the CuO Chains ofYBa2Cu3O7−xDetected by Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (1995)

Current-imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) was performed on cold-cleaved single crystals of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ at 20 K. CITS data include $I(V)$ curves taken simultaneously with a topographic scanning tunneling microscopic image. $I(V)$ curves taken on CuO chains show an energy gap of about 20 meV which disappears near oxygen vacancies. We explain several features of large-junction $I(V)$ measurements, photoemission spectroscopy, and single-point $I(V)$ spectroscopy in terms of local effects detected by our CITS measurements. Finally, we consider the possibilities that this energy gap is due to either a charge-density wave or proximity-coupled superconductivity from the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes.
Phosphorylation of MCM4 by Cdc7 Kinase Facilitates Its Interaction with Cdc45 on the Chromatin (2006)

Cdc7 kinase, conserved from yeasts to human, plays important roles in DNA replication. However, the mechanisms by which it stimulates initiation of DNA replication remain largely unclear. We have analyzed phosphorylation of MCM subunits during cell cycle by examining mobility shift on SDS-PAGE. MCM4 on the chromatin undergoes specific phosphorylation during S phase. Cdc7 phosphorylates MCM4 in the MCM complexes as well as the MCM4 N-terminal polypeptide. Experiments with phospho-amino acid-specific antibodies indicate that the S phase-specific mobility shift is due to the phosphorylation at specific N-terminal (S/T)(S/T)P residues of the MCM4 protein. These specific phosphorylation events are not observed in mouse ES cells deficient in Cdc7 or are reduced in the cells treated with siRNA specific to Cdc7, suggesting that they are mediated by Cdc7 kinase. The N-terminal phosphorylation of MCM4 stimulates association of Cdc45 with the chromatin, suggesting that it may be an important phosphorylation event by Cdc7 for activation of replication origins. Deletion of the N-terminal non-conserved 150 amino acids of MCM4 results in growth inhibition, and addition of amino acids carrying putative Cdc7 target sequences partially restores the growth. Furthermore, combination of MCM4 N-terminal deletion with alanine substitution and deletion of the N-terminal segments of MCM2 and MCM6, respectively, which contain clusters of serine/threonine and are also likely targets of Cdc7, led to an apparent nonviable phenotype. These results are consistent with the notion that the N-terminal phosphorylation of MCM2, MCM4, and MCM6 may play functionally redundant but essential roles in initiation of DNA replication.
Differential Signaling of G Protein-Coupled Chemotactic Receptors (CXCR4, cysLT1 and S1P1) Expressed in Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells. (2006)

Abstract We have previously demonstrated consistent and high expression of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) CXCR4, cysLT1 and S1P1 in human hematopoetic progenitor and stem cells (HPC). All of these receptors induced chemotactic responses in mobilized CD34+ HPC. As their ligands are present in the hematopoietic microenvironment, these GPCR may be involved in HPC homing and/or proliferation. Ligands for CXCR4 (SDF-1) and cysLT1 (cys-leukotrienes) are both produced by stromal cells, while the S1P1 ligand (sphingosine 1-phosphate, S1P) is released by megakaryocytes and platelets. As GPCR may activate multiple signaling pathways resulting in different functional effects, we compared the signaling capacities of CXCR4, cysLT1 and S1P1 in CD34+ HPC and CD34+ progenitor cell lines. At optimal ligand concentrations, cysLT1 mediated the strongest intracellular calcium fluxes, in contrast to CXCR4 (intermediate response) and S1P1 (almost absent calcium fluxes). Pertussis toxin (PTX) only partially inhibited cysLT1-mediated calcium signaling, indicating coupling of the receptor to both Gi and Gq proteins, while CXCR4-mediated responses were exclusively PTX-sensitive and therefore only Gi-dependent. Both cysLT1 and CXCR4 induced phosphorylation of the proliferation-related p44/42 (Erk) MAP kinase. Again, much stronger responses were mediated by cysLT1, which again were only partially PTX-sensitive. No Erk/MAP kinase activation was mediated by S1P1. We could demonstrate that pyk2, a kinase that links calcium signaling with Erk/MAP kinase activation, was involved in Gq-mediated signaling of cysLT1, as its phosphorylation was not inhibited by PTX. The fact that cysLT1 employs both Gi and Gq-mediated signaling pathways, while CXCR4 signaling was exclusively Gi-dependent, may explain why enhanced proliferation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in cytokine-supplemented serum-free liquid cultures was only seen in response to ligands of cysLT1, but not in response to the CXCR4 ligand SDF-1. Activation of CXCR4 resulted in phosphorylation of Akt, which was not observed in response to ligands of cysLT1, while both GPCR induced translocation of NFkappaB to the nucleus. We conclude that in CD34+ HPC, Gi protein-mediated signaling of CXCR4 is mainly involved in cell migration, while Gi and Gq-mediated signaling of cysLT1 also affects cell proliferation predominantly by combined and profound activation of the Erk/MAP kinase pathway. The signaling capacity of S1P1 however was limited compared to the other GPCRs.
Optimized diagnostic model combination for improving diagnostic accuracy (2013)

Identifying the most suitable classifier for diagnostics is a challenging task. In addition to using domain expertise, a trial and error method has been widely used to identify the most suitable classifier. Classifier fusion can be used to overcome this challenge and it has been widely known to perform better than single classifier. Classifier fusion helps in overcoming the error due to inductive bias of various classifiers. The combination rule also plays a vital role in classifier fusion, and it has not been well studied which combination rules provide the best performance during classifier fusion. Good combination rules will achieve good generalizability while taking advantage of the diversity of the classifiers. In this work, we develop an approach for ensemble learning consisting of an optimized combination rule. The generalizability has been acknowledged to be a challenge for training a diverse set of classifiers, but it can be achieved by an optimal balance between bias and variance errors using the combination rule in this paper. Generalizability implies the ability of a classifier to learn the underlying model from the training data and to predict the unseen observations. In this paper, cross validation has been employed during performance evaluation of each classifier to get an unbiased performance estimate. An objective function is constructed and optimized based on the performance evaluation to achieve the optimal bias-variance balance. This function can be solved as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. Sequential Quadratic Programming based optimization with better convergence property has been employed for the optimization. We have demonstrated the applicability of the algorithm by using support vector machine and neural networks as classifiers, but the methodology can be broadly applicable for combining other classifier algorithms as well. The method has been applied to the fault diagnosis of analog circuits. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been compared to other combination rules in the literature. It is observed that the proposed combination rule performs better in reducing the number of false positives and false negatives.
Model cortical responses for the detection of perceptual onsets and beat tracking in singing (2009)

We describe a biophysically motivated model of auditory salience based on a model of cortical responses and present results that show that the derived measure of salience can be used to identify the position of perceptual onsets in a musical stimulus successfully. The salience measure is also shown to be useful to track beats and predict rhythmic structure in the stimulus on the basis of its periodicity patterns. We evaluate the method using a corpus of unaccompanied freely sung stimuli and show that the method performs well, in some cases better than state-of-the-art algorithms. These results deserve attention because they are derived from a general model of auditory processing and not an arbitrary model achieving best performance in onset detection or beat-tracking tasks.
Phase II Study of Combination Therapy with S-1 and Irinotecan for Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group 3505 (2008)

The combination of S-1 and irinotecan is a potential alternative option with a favorable toxicity profile for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. This nonplatinum regimen warrants further evaluation in randomized trials.
Mixed ruthenium catalyst for methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide (1989)

Patent number: 88-204172-4847231 Reference LPI-PATENT-1989-002Search for this record at the European Patent Office Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2016-08-08
Improving the Thromboresistivity of Chemical Sensors via Nitric Oxide Release:  Fabrication and in Vivo Evaluation of NO-Releasing Oxygen-Sensing Catheters (2000)

The development and in vivo analytical performance of a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing amperometric oxygen sensor with greatly enhanced thromboresistivity are reported. Gas permeable coatings formulated with cross-linked silicone rubber (SR) containing NO-generating compounds (diazeniumdiolates) are shown to release NO for extended periods of time (> 20 h) while reducing platelet adhesion and activation. Oxygen-sensing catheters prepared by dip-coating the NO-releasing films over the outer SR tubes of the implantable devices display similar analytical response properties in vitro (sensitivity, selectivity, response times) when compared to analogous sensors prepared without the NO release coatings. Superior analytical accuracy (relative to blood PO2 values measured in vitro) and greatly reduced thrombus formation on the outer surface of the sensors are observed in vivo (in canine model) with the NO release PO2 sensors compared to control sensors (without NO release) implanted simultaneously within the same animals. Based on these preliminary studies, the use of NO release polymers to fabricate catheter-style chemical sensors may be a potential solution to lingering biocompatibility and concomitant performance problems encountered when attempting to employ such devices for continuous intravascular measurements of blood gases and electrolytes.
A wideband microstrip array antenna with unique dumbbell shaped aperture coupled radiating elements (2006)

A wideband 2/spl times/2 planar microstrip antenna array with dual circular polarization is proposed for serving mobile satellite communications. The basic array element is an optimized diagonal slotted diamond shaped dumbbell aperture fed patch antenna for improved axial ratio and impedance bandwidth performance. A 2:1 impedance bandwidth of 23% and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 19.2% with a circular directivity of 14.2 dBi is achieved with the optimized array structure. The above features make it an ideal circularly polarized structure for addressing wideband applications as required in mobile satellite communication systems.
Synthesis and solution properties of alternating maleimide/styrene hyperbranched copolymers via controlled radical mechanism (2003)

Abstract Copolymerizations of ( N , N ‐diethyldithiocarbamyl)methylstyrene (inimer: DTCS) with maleimide (MI) were carried out under UV irradiation. DTCS monomers play an important role in this copolymerization system as an inimer that is capable of initiating radical polymerization of the vinyl group. Reactivity ratios ( r 1 = 0.15 and r 2 = 0) were estimated by the curve‐fitting procedure (DTCS [M 1 ]; MI[M 2 ]). These reactivities show strong alternation, and the propagating copolymer radicals proceed with homopolymerization of 1:1 complexes formed between the donor and acceptor monomers. These alternating copolymers exhibit highly branched structure and are actually hyperbranched copolymers. The compact nature of the hyperbranched molecules was demonstrated by comparison of their dilute‐solution properties with those of the linear analogues. The hyperbranched macromolecules behave as single, well‐separated molecules (even in good solvent) and as hard spheres. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Delayed Nephropleural Fistula After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (2016)

Pleural effusions due to pleural injury following supracostal percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) occur in upwards of 15% of patients; however, these effusions are invariably diagnosed immediately postoperative or during the hospital stay. Herein, we report our initial experience with a delayed nephropleural fistula. A 52-year-old female underwent an uneventful supracostal right PCNL staghorn stone procedure and was discharged on postoperative day 1. She presented to the emergency department 8 days after her original procedure and one day after ureteral stent removal in the office, with right pleural effusion, concomitant contralateral renal colic secondary to migration of a left pelvic stone into her left proximal ureter, and acute renal failure/oliguria. She was treated with right chest tube drainage, bilateral nephrostomy tube placement, and subsequent left holmium laser ureterolithotripsy.
In situ mutation detection and visualization of intratumor heterogeneity for cancer research and diagnostics (2013)

Current assays for somatic mutation analysis are based on extracts from tissue sections that often contain morphologically heterogeneous neoplastic regions with variable contents of normal stromal and inflammatory cells, obscuring the results of the assays. We have developed an RNA-based in situ mutation assay that targets oncogenic mutations in a multiplex fashion that resolves the heterogeneity of the tissue sample. Activating oncogenic mutations are targets for a new generation of cancer drugs. For anti-EGFR therapy prediction, we demonstrate reliable in situ detection of KRAS mutations in codon 12 and 13 in colon and lung cancers in three different types of routinely processed tissue materials. High-throughput screening of KRAS mutation status was successfully performed on a tissue microarray. Moreover, we show how the patterns of expressed mutated and wild-type alleles can be studied in situ in tumors with complex combinations of mutated EGFR, KRAS and TP53. This in situ method holds great promise as a tool to investigate the role of somatic mutations during tumor progression and for prediction of response to targeted therapy.
Using a novel behavioral stimuli-response framework to Defend against Adversarial Cyberspace Participants (2011)

Participants (ABCD-ACP) is an experimental defensive framework against potentially adversarial cyberspace participants, such as malicious software and subversive insiders. By deploying fake targets (called baits/stimuli) onto a virtualized environment, the framework seeks to probabilistically identify suspicious participants through aggregate suspicious behavior, subvert their decision structure and goad them into a position favorable to the defense. Baits include simulating insertion of readable and writable drives with weak or no password, marked doc/pdf/txt/exe/cad/xls/dat files, processes with popular target names and processes that detect thread injections. This approach bears some similarities to the concept of subverting an enemy&amp;apos;s OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) loop, an information warfare strategy which seeks to proactively influence and change enemy behavior. By controlling perception of the environment, this approach similarly seeks to influence adversarial participants’ decision complexity, noise levels, effectiveness and ultimately their ability to fulfill their mission. This is a work in progress: The conceptual framework is described, and implemented baits and preliminary empirical results are presented.
The Advanced Turbogenerator Project — A Total Technology Education Experience for Engineering Undergraduate Students (1998)

The preparation of engineering students for industrial careers after graduating is a vital part of the education process at university. It is the responsibility of the university to teach sound foundations of engineering science but this on its own is not sufficient preparation. The subject of design has been identified as a valuable means by which engineering science can be applied at advanced levels but at the same time teach students skills which are necessary for successful careers in industry. Three years ago, five senior engineers from UK industry were appointed as Visiting Professors in Engineering Design with the support of the Royal Academy of Engineering. In was decided after discussions with academics at the college to undertake a project entitled the Advanced Turbogenerator project (ATG). The project was to be conducted by a large team of undergraduates with the aim of producing a design and finally an actual small gas turbine of 50 kW output. Applications for the small gas turbine include the highly topical hybrid vehicle propulsion powertrain and compact low emissions generator sets. The paper describes the progress made in the project in two years which has involved over 30 final year engineering students in the Mechanical, Electrical, Aeronautical and Materials Science Departments. The students have found the project very challenging but have experienced an unusually high level of motivation and commitment to the work. They have been provided with state of the art software and have demonstrated that realistic designs can be produced with the guidance of experienced gas turbine engineers. The project has been reviewed by the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and both have expressed the highest support for the programme. It is intended to continue the project next year with the intention of turning the design into prototype hardware.
Improved salt rejection, hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of novel thermoplastic polymer/chitosan nanofibre membranes (2020)

The present study reports on the preparation of novel nanofibre membranes from the thermoplastic polymer polyvinylidene fluoride coated with chitosan to enhance membrane properties such as hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, water flux and salt rejection. Initially, a supporting layer was produced from polyvinylidene fluoride using phase inversion methods, followed by being coated with chitosan using either electrospinning or immersion methods. Two types of fabricated membranes with different coating methods were characterized and tested for physical and chemical performance using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, tensile tests, permeation tests (water flux and salt rejection) and contact angle measurements. It was found that the support membrane (polyvinylidene fluoride) produced by the phase inversion method that was coated with chitosan using electrospinning showed better performance, with a salt rejection up to 70% for MgSO 4 , a decreased the contact angle (52°) and improved the elongation at the breaking point (~82%).
Domains in Liquid Crystals (1963)

A regular domain pattern has been observed to form in nematic liquid crystals when an electric field is applied. The domains are visible in unpolarized light by either transmission or reflection. Both ac and dc fields produce similar domain patterns and these appear at a rather sharp threshold field of about 1000 V/cm. The general features of the phenomenon have been investigated. It is believed that the domains are due to ordering in the liquid of a kind which has not previously been recognized.
Invisible gold in the high-sulphur Tertiary coals of Northeast India (2008)

During an investigation of some high-sulphur coals from
Meghalaya, Northeast India, with respect to their trace
metal content, we recorded the occurrence of gold in
iron sulphides (pyrites/marcasite) associated with such
coals. A maximum of 6 mg/l gold has been recorded in the
pyrite concentrates. Gold is lattice-bound and occurs
in ‘elemental form’, forming solid solutions within iron
sulphides. It is inferred that the iron sulphides are
mostly syngenetic with coal and gold is concentrated
in iron pyrites by biological activity during their precipitation and by inorganic adsorption process during
recrystallization in a reducing environment.
Induction of interleukin 1 by synthetic and naturally occurring muramyl peptides. (1986)

Like bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins), synthetic muramyl peptides (MPs) are thought to exert many of their biological effects by inducing the production of various mediators from host cells. Both synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and naturally occurring sleep factor (SF), which contains an MP structure, stimulate human monocytes to produce interleukin 1 (IL 1). IL 1 is a family of unique polypeptides that mediate a variety of host defense functions and possess several biological properties, many of which are shared with MPs. Endotoxins are potent inducers of IL 1, but polymyxin B, which blocks endotoxin's biological activities, has no effect on MP-induced IL 1 production. SF purified from human urine and SF isolated from the peritoneal fluid of patients undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) induce IL 1 when incubated with human mononuclear cells in vitro. SF from urine or CAPD fluid induces IL 1 production in the picrogram per milliliter range whereas synthetic MDP requires microgram per milliliter concentrations. Thus, both synthetic and naturally occurring MPs exert their biological effects, in part, by inducing IL 1.
Experience of islet isolation without neutral protease supplementation (2010)

Pancreata in the each group were digested with a similar collagenase dose. Digestion time was shorter in the no-NP (15.0±1.8 vs 19.5±0.6 min, P=0.004). At post-digestion, the no-NP had fewer trapped islets (10.9±2.8 vs 28.1±2.4%, P=0.009). Post-purification islet yield was similar (355±45 x10 ( 3) vs 318±17 x10 ( 3) IE, P=0.29). Five preparations in the no-NP were used for clinical transplantation, leading to a 64.3±15.2% reduction in insulin usage. Interestingly, cold ischemia time was longer in the no-NP (10.3±0.9 vs 7.9±0.4 h, P=0.04). One particular collagenase lot having the highest NP activity contamination was used in 7 isolations in the no-NP. Our experience indicates that supplementation of collagenase with NP is not always necessary for effective isolation. Cold ischemia time and NP contamination should be evaluated for optimal NP dosage.