gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gasoline from Woody Biomass via Thermochemical Gasification, Methanol Synthesis, and Methanol-to-Gasoline Technologies: A Technoeconomic Analysis (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionGasoline from Woody Biomass via Thermochemical Gasification, Methanol Synthesis, and Methanol-to-Gasoline Technologies: A Technoeconomic AnalysisSteven D. Phillips, Joan K. Tarud, Mary J. Biddy, and Abhijit DuttaCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 24, 14226Publication Date (Web):November 16, 2011Publication History Published online16 November 2011Published inissue 21 December 2011https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie2024992https://doi.org/10.1021/ie2024992correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2011 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views689Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
First insights into regiospecific transnitrosation reactions between tryptophan derivatives: melatonin as an effective target (2004)

Melatonin, a derivative of the essential amino acid tryptophan, has been portrayed as a hormone, a tissue factor, an autocoid, a paracoid, and a vitamin with antioxidative capabilities. In the present study a novel reaction which cannot be attributed to any of these suggested features, i.e. the transfer of the nitroso-function from N-nitrosotryptophan derivatives to melatonin, is unequivocally demonstrated. In the lipophilic buffer dimethylsulfoxide reaction of N-acetyl-N-nitrosotryptophan (NANT) with melatonin was very slow (k = 1.5 x 10(-6)/m/s), but reversible as shown by 15N-NMR spectrometry. These measurements demonstrated also that the thermodynamical equilibrium lies on the side of N-nitrosomelatonin (NOMela). Quantum-chemical calculations performed with the third-generation density functional B97-2 additionally predicted that this is also the case in an aqueous environment. In fact, reaction of melatonin with either NANT or N-nitrosotryptophan located at the endothelin-1 fragment 16-21 yielded NOMela with a rate constant of 1.7 +/- 0.5/m/s as shown by capillary zone electrophoresis. Interestingly, the known reactive nitrogen oxide species scavenger, piperazine, did not inhibit the NANT-dependent nitrosation of melatonin, thus very strongly indicating a direct transnitrosation reaction. All of these capabilities are known from the reaction of S-nitrosothiols with thiolate anions and are believed to be highly important in the transport and targeting of nitric oxide.
Simple spread-spectrum pulse-modulation technique for EMI mitigation in power converters (2017)

The adoption of wide-bandgap (WBG) switching devices such as gallium nitride (GaN) transistors in power converters enables to achieve higher switching frequencies and higher power density with reduced cooling requirements and smaller passive components. However, the potential for increased electromagnetic interference (EMI) resulting from the faster switching transients possible with WBG devices is a concern in many applications. Hence techniques for reducing EMI are of increasing interest. In this paper we present a simple implementation of a spread-spectrum pulse-modulation technique to reduce the peak EMI generated by switch-mode power converters. The method is based on an aperiodic gate drive signal generated from two periodic signals, e.g. a sawtooth and a sinewave, which are anharmonically related. Simulations and experimental measurements of conducted EMI from a prototype of a SEPIC converter incorporating a hybrid GaN HEMT demonstrated a 10 dB reduction in peak EMI.
Visual Indication of Mechanical Damage Using Core–Shell Microcapsules (2011)

We report a new core-shell microcapsule system for the visual detection of mechanical damage. The core material, 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene, is a conjugated cyclic olefin and a precursor to intensely colored polyacetylene. A combination of poly(urea-formaldehyde) and polyurethane is required to effectively encapsulate the volatile core material. Increasing the outer shell wall thickness and including a core-side prepolymer improves the thermal stability and free-flowing nature of these capsules, which tend to leach and rupture with thinner shell walls. Capsules ruptured in the presence of the Grubbs-Love ruthenium catalyst show immediate color change from nearly colorless to red-orange and dark purple over time, and color change in thin films resulted from scratch damage.
Solving Price Per Unit Problem Around the World: Formulating Fact Extraction as Question Answering (2022)

Price Per Unit (PPU) is an essential information for consumers shopping on e-commerce websites when comparing products. Finding total quantity in a product is required for computing PPU, which is not always provided by the sellers. To predict total quantity, all relevant quantities given in a product attributes such as title, description and image need to be inferred correctly. We formulate this problem as a question-answering (QA) task rather than named entity recognition (NER) task for fact extraction. In our QA approach, we first predict the unit of measure (UoM) type (e.g., volume, weight or count), that formulates the desired question (e.g., "What is the total volume?") and then use this question to find all the relevant answers. Our model architecture consists of two subnetworks for the two subtasks: a classifier to predict UoM type (or the question) and an extractor to extract the relevant quantities. We use a deep character-level CNN architecture for both subtasks, which enables (1) easy expansion to new stores with similar alphabets, (2) multi-span answering due to its span-image architecture and (3) easy deployment by keeping model-inference latency low. Our QA approach outperforms rule-based methods by 34.4% in precision and also BERT-based fact extraction approach in all stores globally, with largest precision lift of 10.6% in the US store.
ChemInform Abstract: Aushärtungseffekte in Faserverbunddrähten aus Eisen‐Kupfer. (1982)

Abstract Verbunddrähte von Fe + 33 Vol.‐% Cu wurden durch Strangpressen einer Mischung von feinsten Pulvern und Kaltnachziehen hergestellt.
Evaluation of HBsAg, Anti-HCV and Anti-HIV Reactivity in Covid-19 Patients (2022)

Amaç: Çin’in Wuhan eyaletinde 2019 yılında ortaya çıkıp kısa sürede tüm dünyaya yayılan SARS-CoV-2; Coronaviridae ailesine ait pozitif polariteli, zarflı bir RNA virüsü olup Covid-19 hastalığının etkenidir. Primer olarak akciğer tutulumu ile seyreden bu hastalığın karaciğer başta olmak üzere pek çok sistemi tutabildiği gösterilmiştir. Pandeminin etkisini azaltmak için alınan önlemler hepatit gibi kronik hastalıkların takip ve tedavisinde aksamalara sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada hastanemize başvuran ve Covid-19 tanısı doğrulanmış poliklinik, servis ve yoğun bakım birimlerinde takipli hastaların HBsAg, Anti-HCV ve Anti-HIV parametreleri ile mortalite oranları incelenmiştir. Yöntem: SARS-CoV-2 PCR testi ile tanıları doğrulanmış hastaların HbsAg, Anti-HCV ve Anti-HIV verileri hastane bilgi sisteminden retrospektif olarak elde edilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 352(%47)’si erkek 397(%53)‘si kadın olmak üzere 749 hasta bulunmaktadır. Hastalar sağ kalıma göre iki gruba ayrılmış olup mortal seyreden grubun(n=144) yaş ortalaması sağ kalan gruba(n=605) göre daha yüksek bulunmuş ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır (p&amp;lt;0.001). HBsAg ve Anti-HCV sonuçları reaktif olan hasta gruplarındaki mortalite oranlarına bakıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (sırasıyla p=0.59, p=0.13). Hastalar takip edildikleri birimlere göre poliklinik(n=265), servis(n=357) ve yoğun bakım(n=127) olmak üzere üç alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Yoğun bakımda takip edilen hastaların mortalite oranı daha yüksek olup istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p&amp;lt;0.001).Sonuç: Pandeminin toplum sağlığına olan primer etkilerinin yanı sıra kronik hastalıkların takip ve tedavisine de olumsuz etkileri olduğu ve bu konuda çalışmalar yapılarak literatüre katkı sağlanmasıgerektiğini düşünmekteyiz.
Learning Task Specifications from Demonstrations (2017)

Real world applications often naturally decompose into several sub-tasks. In many settings (e.g., robotics) demonstrations provide a natural way to specify the sub-tasks. However, most methods for learning from demonstrations either do not provide guarantees that the artifacts learned for the sub-tasks can be safely recombined or limit the types of composition available. Motivated by this deficit, we consider the problem of inferring Boolean non-Markovian rewards (also known as logical trace properties or specifications) from demonstrations provided by an agent operating in an uncertain, stochastic environment. Crucially, specifications admit well-defined composition rules that are typically easy to interpret. In this paper, we formulate the specification inference task as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability inference problem, apply the principle of maximum entropy to derive an analytic demonstration likelihood model and give an efficient approach to search for the most likely specification in a large candidate pool of specifications. In our experiments, we demonstrate how learning specifications can help avoid common problems that often arise due to ad-hoc reward composition.
Liver transplantation for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors: Outcomes and prognostic variables (2015)

In the absence of poor prognostic factors, metastatic neuroendocrine tumor is an acceptable indication for liver transplantation. Identification of favorable prognostic factors should allow assignment of a MELD exception similar to hepatocellular carcinoma.
Effects of the peripherally acting NK3 receptor antagonist, SB‐235375, on intestinal and somatic nociceptive responses and on intestinal motility in anaesthetized rats (2004)

Abstract We investigated the effects of the selective NK 3 tachykinin receptor antagonist, SB‐235375, on noxious signalling from gut and skin and on intestinal motility in anaesthetized rats. We also measured penetrance into brain and spinal cord. Nociceptive responses in reaction to colorectal distension and skin pinch were assessed by recording the electromyogram (EMG) from the external oblique muscle (a visceromotor response). Motility was measured by recording intraluminal pressure waves during changes in baseline pressure in the jejunum. Colorectal compliance was assessed by measuring luminal pressure change during isovolumic distension. SB‐235375 (20 mg kg −1 , by i.v. bolus) reduced the EMG response to colorectal distension by over 90%. The reduction was slow at onset, peaked at about 60 min, and lasted for over 2 h. Responses to noxious skin pinch were unchanged. Amplitudes of propulsive waves in the jejunum were slightly reduced, but their frequency of occurrence was unchanged. SB‐235375 decreased colorectal compliance by 5–10%. There was undetectable penetration of i.v. SB‐235375 into brain or spinal cord. We conclude that SB‐235375 acts peripherally to substantially reduce nociceptive signalling from colorectum without affecting noxious signalling from skin and with little effect on intestinal motility.
Optimal Calibration of PET Crystal Position Maps Using Gaussian Mixture Models (2004)

A method is developed for estimating optimal PET gamma-ray detector crystal position maps, for arbitrary crystal configurations, based on a binomial distribution model for scintillation photon arrival. The approach is based on maximum likelihood estimation of Gaussian mixture model parameters using crystal position histogram data, with determination of the position map taken from the posterior probability boundaries between mixtures. This leads to minimum probability of error crystal identification under the assumed model.
Evolution of Adaptive Neural Networks: The Role of Voltage‐Dependent K+ channels (1998)

The vestibular pathway of the mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis mediates a reflexive, unconditioned response to disorientation, clinging, that has been conserved during evolution even to the emergence of our own species. This response becomes associated with a visual stimulus (mediated by a precisely ordered visual‐vestibular synaptic network) according to principles of Pavlovian conditioning that are also followed in human learning. It is not entirely surprising therefore that molecular and biophysical cascades responsible for this associative learning appear to function in both mollusks and mammals. In brief, combinational elevation of [Ca 2 +] i , diacylglycerol, and arachidonic acid activates protein kinase C to phosphorylate the Ca 2+ and guanosine triphosphate‐binding protein, cp20 (now called calexcitin [Nelson T, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:13808–13]), which potently inactivates postsynaptic voltage‐dependent K + currents and thereby increases synaptic weight. Longer term changes included rearrangement of synaptic terminals and modified protein synthesis. This cascade has also been implicated in other associative‐learning paradigms (e.g., spatial maze, olfactory discrimination) and as a pathophysiologic target in early Alzheimer's disease. Recent molecular biologic experiments also demonstrate the dependence of associative memory (but not long‐term potentiation) on voltage‐dependent K + currents. Theoretic learning models based on these findings focus on dendritic spine clusters and yield computer implementations with powerful pattern‐recognition capabilities.
A Game-theoretic Understanding of Repeated Explanations in ML Models (2022)

This paper formally models the strategic repeated interactions between a system, comprising of a machine learning (ML) model and associated explanation method, and an end-user who is seeking a prediction/label and its explanation for a query/input, by means of game theory. In this game, a malicious end-user must strategically decide when to stop querying and attempt to compromise the system, while the system must strategically decide how much information (in the form of noisy explanations) it should share with the end-user and when to stop sharing, all without knowing the type (honest/malicious) of the end-user. This paper formally models this trade-off using a continuous-time stochastic Signaling game framework and characterizes the Markov perfect equilibrium state within such a framework.
ECG Classification Using Wavelet Packet Entropy and Random Forests (2016)

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most important techniques for heart disease diagnosis. Many traditional methodologies of feature extraction and classification have been widely applied to ECG analysis. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of such methodologies remain to be improved, and much existing research did not consider the separation of training and testing samples from the same set of patients (so called inter-patient scheme). To cope with these issues, in this paper, we propose a method to classify ECG signals using wavelet packet entropy (WPE) and random forests (RF) following the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) recommendations and the inter-patient scheme. Specifically, we firstly decompose the ECG signals by wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), and then calculate entropy from the decomposed coefficients as representative features, and finally use RF to build an ECG classification model. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that WPE and RF are used to classify ECG following the AAMI recommendations and the inter-patient scheme. Extensive experiments are conducted on the publicly available MIT–BIH Arrhythmia database and influence of mother wavelets and level of decomposition for WPD, type of entropy and the number of base learners in RF on the performance are also discussed. The experimental results are superior to those by several state-of-the-art competing methods, showing that WPE and RF is promising for ECG classification.
High‐Affinity Interaction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type‐1 Reverse Transcriptase with Partially Complementary Primers (1995)

The comparison of Km and Vmax values for various primers in the reaction of polymerization catalyzed by the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase was carried out. The primers were: (a) complementary to the template, (b) partially complementary with mismatched nucleotides at different positions from the 3' end or (c) non-complementary. Non-complementary primers were not elongated by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. However, if they contained only one residue complementary to the template or an abasic unit at the 3' end, they could serve as primers. The most effective discrimination between matched and mismatched primers, due to a decrease in the affinity and Vmax, was found in the case of oligonucleotides containing non-complementary bases at the second or third position from the 3' end of the primer. The efficiency of discrimination by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase between matched and mismatched base-paired primers was about 1-1.5 orders of magnitude lower than that of procaryotic, eucaryotic and archaebacterial DNA polymerases and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. Oligonucleotides such as (dT)4(dCdG)k(dT)4 showed higher affinity for the enzyme than (dT)4 or (dT)8 primers. These data suggest that HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, in contrast to procaryotic, eucaryotic and archaebacterial DNA polymerases, forms additional contacts with the 5'-end region of the non-complementary primer. In addition, using tRNA(3Lys), the natural primer of HIV-1, it was shown that the p66 subunit of reverse transcriptase can be crosslinked, in the presence of a platinum derivative, to the 5' end of tRNA. Thus, besides the normal binding site for the 3' end of tRNA, which is crucial for the initiation of cDNA synthesis, the 5' end of the tRNA also interacts with a specific site on the enzyme.
P1‐201: CEREBROVASCULAR ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND COGNITION IN PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (2014)

Vascular risk factors are known to be associated with increased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and poorer outcome of the disease. Most studies investigating, the relationship between the cerebrovascular diseases and AD focused on small vessel disease, however, the relationship between the large vessel disease and AD are relatively sparse. The objectives of this study were to compare the degree of atherosclerosis markers of large vessels between AD patients and healthy controls and to investigate the relationship between these markers and neuropsychological test performances in patients with AD. A total of sixty-three AD patients, aged 55 to 90 (mean age 73.6 years, 41 women and 22 men), underwent carotid duplex sonography and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).All the participants completed detailed neuropsychological evaluation with Seoul neuropsychological screening battery (SNSB) which examined attention, language and related functions, visuospatial functions, verbal and visual memory, frontal and executive functions, Korean version of mini-mental status examination (K-MMSE) and clinical dementia rating scale.A total of eighty-six healthy controls (mean age 60.7 years, 19 women and 67 men) who completed carotid duplex sonography were recruited for comparison. The severity of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis markers were measured by carotid plaque-score, intima-media thickness (IMT), and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0. The plaque-score of carotid artery (1.35 ± 1.20 vs. 0.66 ± 0.91) was significantly higher in patients with AD than healthy control (p=0.023) after adjustment of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and IMT. In AD patients, the presence of carotid plaque was associated with a lower Seoul Verbal Learning Test (SVLT)immediate recall score (p=0.026) and a lower Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) phonemic test score (p=0.044). Moreover, carotid IMT was associated with higher error rates (p=0.027) and lower correction rates (p=0.018) of the Stroop-word test in AD patients. A severity of intracranial arterial stenosis was associated with poorer performances on SVLT immediate recall p=0.002), SVLT delayed recall (p=0.013), Ray Complex Figure Test (RCFT) immediate recall (p=0.000), RCFT delayed recall (p=0.000) and Stroop-color test correction rate (p=0.007). The presence of carotid plaque is more common in AD patients than healthy controls. Carotid atherosclerosis influenced frontal executive functions, and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis was associated with memory functions in AD patients. These findings suggest that large artery disease may impact on cognitive decline in patients with AD. Future studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of how large artery disease interacts with AD and affects cognitive decline.
Practical Tips (2020)

Abstract This chapter is home to a number of pieces of useful information, practical tips, advice, and techniques that have proven useful when programming SYCL and using DPC++. None of these topics are covered exhaustively, so the intent is to raise awareness and encourage learning more as needed.
Photodarkening and partial photobleaching: application to dichromated gelatin (2001)

Photodarkening or partial photobleaching of photochromic solid media is described by means of an approximated analytical equation. The equation shows that the effective rate of the photochemical reaction is proportional to the square root of the final transmittance of the illuminated layer. The model is applied to describe the photodarkening of dichromated gelatin at 488 nm.