gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy:  Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions (2002)

A comparison of the performance of Brassica carinata oil-derived biodiesel with a commercial rapeseed oil-derived biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel is discussed as regards engine performance and regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions. B. carinata is an oil crop that can be cultivated in coastal areas of central-southern Italy, where it is more difficult to achieve the productivity potentials of Brassica napus (by far the most common rapeseed cultivated in continental Europe). Experimental tests were carried out on a turbocharged direct injection passenger car diesel engine fueled with 100% biodiesel. The unregulated exhaust emissions were characterized by determining the SOOT and soluble organic fraction content in the particulate matter, together with analysis of the content and speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are potentially carcinogenic, and of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones) that act as ozone precursors. B. carinata and commercial biodiesel behaved similarly as far as engine performance and regulated and unregulated emissions were concerned. When compared with petroleum diesel fuel, the engine test bench analysis did not show any appreciable variation of output engine torque values, while there was a significant difference in specific fuel consumption data at the lowest loads for the biofuels and petroleum diesel fuel. The biofuels were observed to produce higher levels of NOx concentrations and lower levels of PM with respect to the diesel fuel. The engine heat release analysis conducted shows that there is a potential for increased thermal NOx generation when firing biodiesel with no prior modification to the injection timing. It seems that, for both the biofuels, this behavior is caused by an advanced combustion evolution, which is particularly apparent at the higher loads. When compared with petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel emissions contain less SOOT, and a greater fraction of the particulate was soluble. The analysis and speciation of the soluble organic fraction of biodiesel particulate suggest that the carcinogenic potential of the biodiesel emissions is probably lower than that of petroleum diesel. Its better adaptivity and productivity in clay and sandy-type soils and in semiarid temperate climate and the fact that the performance of its derived biodiesel is quite similar to commercial biodiesel make B. carinata a promising oil crop that could offer the possibility of exploiting the Mediterranean marginal areas for energetic purposes.
Studies on Non‐Thiazolidinedione Antidiabetic Agents. Part 1. Discovery of Novel Oxyiminoacetic Acid Derivatives. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Memory Impairment in Rats after Desflurane Anesthesia is Age and Dose Dependent (2015)

Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) predominantly affects the elderly who suffer memory and concentration deficits after anesthesia and surgery. Animal studies have demonstrated anesthetic alone may contribute to POCD but results are variable and little is known about common anesthetics other than isoflurane. The present study investigated dose-dependence of desflurane anesthesia in young adult and aged rats. We hypothesize higher concentrations of desflurane will result in memory impairment in the water maze and that impairment will be worse in aged rats. Effects of anesthesia (1 or 1.5 MAC, 4 h) desflurane, or sham exposure on cognition were investigated in young adult (3 months) and aged (20-24 months) rats at 1, 4, and 12 weeks post-exposure. The Morris water maze was used to assess acquisition and retention of spatial reference memory. Latency to find the hidden platform and swimming speed were compared between treatments. Aged rats showed significant impairment in task acquisition after exposure to 1.5 MAC, but not 1.0 MAC desflurane anesthetic when tested 1 week following exposure. Latency to find the platform and distance travelled were significantly longer in aged rats given 1.5 MAC desflurane (latency: F(1,108) = 19.71, p < 0.0001; distance: F(1,108) = 5.79, p = 0.018). Deficits were not long-lasting and were no longer present at 4 or 12 weeks. In contrast, young adult rats performed equally as well as sham-exposed control rats irrespective of desflurane dose. This study showed the effects of desflurane on learning and memory in the water maze are age and dose dependent and are brief in duration.
Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cleistanthin B in normal and tumour cells (1996)

Cleistanthin B, one of the toxic constituents of Cleistanthus collinus, was found to be cytotoxic to normal and tumour cells. In comparison with normal cells, tumour cells were sensitive to lower doses of toxin. The 50% growth inhibition (GI50) values for normal cell lines were from 2 x 10(-5) to 4.7 x 10(-4) M and for tumour cells the values ranged from 1.6 x 10(-6) to 4 x 10(-5) M. Short exposure (30 min) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to cleistanthin B at 1-6 micrograms/ml resulted in extensive chromatid and isochromatid breaks and gaps. However there was no significant increase in cell death and DNA strand breaks in cells treated under the above conditions. Cleistanthin B induced micronucleus formation in cultured lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. CHO cells treated with high doses of cleistanthin B showed a decrease in cell viability and a concomitant increase in DNA strand-breaks. The cell death appears to be due to apoptosis since nucleosome-like ladders were observed in the treated cells when the DNA was electrophorized in agarose gels.
"Budding" and Nuclear Division in Cultured Protoplasts of Corn, Convolvulus, and Onion (1971)

Protoplasts were isolated from seedlings of Zea mays L, roots of Convolvulus arvensis L, and root callus of C arvensis L. (filamentous strain of root callus) and Allium cepa L. by cellulase treatment They were maintained for over 3 weeks in liquid medium containing either 0.4 M sorbitol or a mixture of sorbitol and 1% sucrose. Protoplasts of C. arvensis L were observed to form protuberances or "buds"; such protoplasts demonstrated regenerated wall formation within 2-3 days of culture A few protoplasts exhibited nuclear divisions on the second day of culture About 4%-5% became binucleate, and 2% became three- to four-nucleate In experiments on the effect of "Sendai" virus on plant protoplasts, no agglutination or fusion was observed
Non-polar compound profile and preliminary assessment of the antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris (2023)

ISHS XXXI International Horticultural Congress (IHC2022): International Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Domestication, Breeding, Cultivation and New Perspectives Non-polar compound profile and preliminary assessment of the antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris
Polymer–surfactant complexation in polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies (2006)

Layer-by-layer self-assembly can be used to incorporate amphiphilic molecules into multilayered polyelectrolyte architectures. This review examines equilibrium LbL assemblies constructed by direct adsorption from aqueous solution. LbL systems have not only provided fundamental insight into the nature of polyion-surfactant complexation, but have also yielded functional materials with useful surface, optical, and electronic properties.
Differential cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles (2008)

Concerns about the potential health hazards of nanomaterials are growing. To determine the potential toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles, human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and H4 neuroglioma cells were exposed to Fe2O3, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles and their metal ion counterparts (Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) at a concentration range of 0.01–100 µM for 48 h, under the cell culture conditions: 95% O2, 5% CO2, 85% humidity, 37°C. Their ensemble cell viability was determined by MTS cell proliferation assay. A live/dead cell assay was also performed, and cellular images were acquired by a high-content fluorescence microscope and quantified by a novel computerised image analysis protocol. Our data indicated that exposure of these nanoparticles induced differential toxic effects in both SH-SY5Y and H4 cells, and the cells had dose-dependent toxic responses to the CuO nanoparticle insult. In conclusion, the toxic responses of the nanoparticles are complex, and they warrant further in vivo studies. However, it remains to be determined if these nanopartilces have synergistically enhancing or cancelling toxic effects upon both SH-SY5Y and H4 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROGEN ANALOGS OF OROTIC ACID DERIVATIVES (1978)

Abstract Durch Schwefelung von (I) entstehen die Thio‐ Verbindungen (II), die zu (III) hydrolysiert werden können.
A Case of Pemphigus foliaceus after Interferon Alpha-2a Therapy (1994)

We present here a 63-year-old man with chronic hepatitis C who developed bullous lesions and anti-intercellular antibodies when he received interferon (IFN) alpha-2a, 9 MU subcutaneously, 3 times a week for 3 months. The direct immunofluorescence was consistent with pemphigus features. The indirect immunofluorescence showed negative before IFN treatment, but it became positive after 3 months. The immunoblot study showed no specific bands. This is the third report of the bullous lesions with anti-intercellular antibodies following IFN therapy.
In situ Synthesis and Immobilization of Enzyme Molecules on Microreactor Array Chips (2015)

The improved catalytic activity of enzymes is required in various fields. Enzymes have conventionally been improved by the screening of bacteria possessing mutant enzymes. However, the screening conditions are limited since screening requires the growth of bacteria. Here, we report the development of a protein microarray for the analysis of enzymatic activity. A his-tagged enzyme is synthesized in situ and immobilized on the microarray, which is composed of microreactors with a diameter and depth of 4 μm and a density of 1.0 x 106 reactors/cm2. β-glucosidase, synthesized in situ using a cell-free synthesis system, was immobilized on the microreactor array chip and its catalytic activity was observed. This enzyme-immobilized microarray is expected to enable the rapid and quantitative screening of enzymes.
An Improved qFibrosis Algorithm for Precise Screening and Enrollment into Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Trials (2020)

The refined qFibrosis algorithm incorporated 26 novel parameters that showed a good discriminatory ability for NASH fibrosis stage 1 and 2 cases, representing an invaluable assistive tool for in-house pathologists when screening patients for NASH clinical trials.
TiO2nanoparticles catalysed synthesis of 2-arylbenzimidazoles and 2-arylbenzothiazoles using hydrogen peroxide under ambient light (2015)

A H2O2/TiO2 P25 nanoparticle system has been examined and applied towards synthesis of a wide range of 2-substituted benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives from oxidative coupling of aromatic 1,2-phenylendiamine and 2-aminothiophenol with aromatic aldehydes bearing different types of substituents.
Water activity‐adjusted enzymatic partial hydrolysis of phospholipids to concentrate polyunsaturated fatty acids (1997)

Abstract Selective partial hydrolyses of egg yolk phospholipid and squid skin phospholipid were carried out. By keeping the water activity ( a w ) of Lipozyme IM at an intermediate level, it was easy to concentrate docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It was also possible to concentrate both DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) simultaneously to a certain level under this a w range. However, it was impossible to concentrate AA alone when DHA was present. Though there is a limitation in concentrating AA exclusively, the proposed a w ‐adjusted hydrolytic reaction is a promising way for preparing phospholipids rich in DHA.
Detection and tracking of systematic time-evolving failures in sensor networks (2011)

Sensor networks are often deployed to monitor hazardous environments. Several events/phenomenon in such environments may cause spatially and temporally correlated failures in the network. We present here, a low complexity distributed algorithm for detecting and tracking such failures. We assume that nodes inside the failure region are either destroyed or unable to communicate with any other node. The algorithm presented here does not assume any co-ordinate information for the nodes. We evaluate the algorithm using simulations.
Computational Science: Ensuring America's Competitiveness (2005)

Computational science is now indispensable to the solution of complex problems in every sector, from traditional science and engineering domains to such key areas as national security, public health, and economic innovation. Advances in computing and connectivity make it possible to develop computational models and capture and analyze unprecedented amounts of experimental and observational data to address problems previously deemed intractable. Yet, despite the great opportunities and needs, universities and the Federal government have not effectively recognized the strategic significance of computational science in either their organizational structures or their research and educational planning. These inadequacies compromise U.S. scientific leadership, economic competitiveness, and national security. Universities and the Federal government's R&amp;D agencies must make coordinated, fundamental, structural changes that affirm the integral role of computational science in addressing the 21st century's most important problems, which are predominantly multidisciplinary, multi-agency, multisector, and collaborative. To initiate the required transformation, the Federal government, in partnership with academia and industry, must also create and execute a multi-decade roadmap directing coordinated advances in computational science and its applications in science and engineering disciplines. The Federal government must rebalance R&amp;D investments to create a new generation of well-engineered, scalable, easy-to-use software suitable for computational science that can reduce the complexity and time to solution for today's challenging scientific applications and can create accurate models and simulations that answer new questions; design, prototype, and evaluate new hardware that can deliver larger fractions of peak hardware performance on key applications; and focus on sensor- and data-intensive computational science applications in light of the explosive growth of data.
The impact of slow steaming on refrigerated exports from New Zealand. (2015)

The practice of slow steaming has had a significant impact on New Zealand export industries with increased transit times in some cases causing significant reductions in shelf life once the product has reached the retail stage. The longer transit times also impose the extra cost to exporters of having more inventory tied up in transit. While there is clear evidence to suggest slow steaming has reduced fuel consumption and hence fuel emissions and fuel costs, these savings have not been passed on by the liners to their customers. However, there is no indication that slow-steaming has caused a significant reduction in export earnings for New Zealand (at least up to the middle of 2014). A predicted move to super-slow steaming would put extra strain on the New Zealand meat industry especially, with their lucrative European chilled lamb market under particular threat.
Precision Synthesis of Hybrid Block Copolymers by Organotellurium‐Mediated Successive Living Radical and Cationic Polymerizations (2010)

Living cationic polymerization reactions using organotellurium compounds as initiators are reported. Polymerization of vinyl ethers in the presence of an organotellurium initiator and a Lewis acid, such as In(OTf)(3) and BF(3)·OEt(2), affords well-controlled poly(vinyl ether)s with predetermined molecular weights and narrow molecular-weight distributions. Poly(meth)acrylates possessing organotellurium group at the ω-polymer end, which are prepared using organotellurium-mediated controlled/living radical polymerization (TERP), are used as macroinitiators for living cationic polymerization. The one-pot, two-step reaction of the macroinitiator with vinyl ether under radical and cationic conditions gives well-controlled AB diblock copolymers. ABA triblock copolymers with controlled structures are also synthesized from a bifunctional organotellurium initiator.
Preparation of Crosslinked Alginate-Cellulose Derivative Microparticles for Protein Delivery (2022)

Microparticle protein delivery system using alginate and cellulose derivative (HPC, HEC and CMC) composite system was prepared using external gelation with vibration technology. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein was encapsulated using these biodegradable materials. This preparation showed an increase in encapsulation efficiency in comparison to the samples where pure alginate was used as the encapsulating material. Compared with the other microparticles, the 50:50 alginate/HEC samples exhibited significant encapsulation efficiency. Consequently, its release rate in the acidic medium was comparatively substantial and higher cumulative release in the simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) medium at the end of the dissolution study was observed to be high at around 86.17%.
Sulfone-Rhodamines: A New Class of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes for Bioimaging (2016)

Given the wavelength dependence of tissue transparency and the requirement for sufficiently low background autofluorescence, the development of fluorescent dyes with excitation and emission maxima beyond 700 nm is highly desired, but it is a challenging task. Herein, a new class of fluorescent dyes, named sulfone-rhodamines (SO2Rs), was developed on the basis of the one-atom replacement of the rhodamine 10-position O atom by a sulfone group. Such a modification makes their absorption and emission maxima surprisingly reach up to 700-710 and 728-752 nm, respectively, much longer than their O-, C-, and Si-rhodamine analogs, due to the unusual d*-π* conjugation. Among these dyes, SO2R4 and SO2R5, bearing disubstituted meso-phenyl groups, show the greatest potentials for bioimaging applications in view of their wide pH range of application, high photostability, and big extinction coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields. They could quickly penetrate cells to give stable NIR fluorescence, even after continuous irradiation by a semiconductor laser, making them suitable candidates for time-lapse and long-term bioimaging applications. Moreover, they could specifically localize in lysosomes independent of alkylmorpholine targeted group, thus avoiding the problematic alkalization effect suffered by most LysoTrackers. Further imaging assays of frozen slices of rat kidney reveal that their tissue imaging depth is suprior to the widely used NIR labeling agent Cy5.5.
Tuberculosis: A Basic Discourse (2015)

Tuberculosis has been among the top health threats and killers in human history. Current reemergence of the disease in most difficult form in parallel with the HIV epidemic constitutes global emergency. The magnitude of tuberculosis challenge mandates continuing education of all providing healthcare in the human biology of tuberculosis and its control. The present article presents unified simple overview of otherwise specialized scientific perspects of tuberculosis.
Evidence for carrier-mediated transport of melphalan by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. (1977)

Mechanism of transport of the alkylating agent [14C]melphalan was investigated in L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. A time course of melphalan uptake was approximately linear for 5 to 10 min and thereafter entered a plateau region. Evidence that unidirectional influx of melphalan is carrier mediated was that uptake obeyed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, that it demonstrated chemical specificity, and that the cell/medium distribution ratio of drug decreased with increasing extracellular drug concentration. The kinetic parameters for melphalan transport consisted of a Km (mean +/- S.E.) of 1.53 +/- 0.18 X 10(-4) M and a transport capacity (Vmax) of 3.48 +/- 0.31 X 10(-17) mole/min/cell. Findings suggesting that transport was at least in part energy dependent and not simply a passive process were that drug uptake was temperature sensitive and sodium dependent. Analysis of cell sap constituents indicated the presence of intact drug within the cell. The percentage of radioactivity (mean +/- S.D.) found in the cell sap fraction was 95.8 +/- 2.2% of total cell activity, and 92.6 +/- 4.1% of this was trichloroacetic acid soluble. Thin-layer chromatography of the cell sap fraction and medium each revealed that the majority of radioactivity migrated as a single peak with an RF value identical with that obtained for free drug. The alkylating potential of intact drug complicated interpretation of the finding of apparent uphill transport against a concentration gradient. This observation, together with the relatively low cell-medium ratio (mean +/- S.D.) of 3.07 +/- 1.07, favors the concept that melphalan transport occurs by a facilitated diffusion process, although an active transport system has not been entirely excluded. The relative insensitivity of melphalan uptake to a wide range of metabolic inhibitors also suggests that transport is by a facilitated diffusion mechanism rather than an active process. Other alkylating agents and several amino acids including the L and D isomers of phenylalanine did not inhibit melphalan transport; thus a native substrate was not identified for the melphalan carrier and transport was by a mechanism separate from that of other alkylating agents.
Semi-automatic generation of audience-specific release notes (2016)

Agile development methodologies encourage frequent releases. However, many releases can overwhelm clients, testers and users if they do not understand what the actual difference is between two versions. Every release raises questions like whether they need to update right away, whether functionality has been added or problems have been fixed and finally whether it is worth their time to try out a new version.
Einflüsse des Gerinnungs- und Fibrinolysesystems auf den Wundheilungsprozeß und auf die Thrombusorganisation (1978)

Blutgerinnung, Wundheilung und Thrombusbildung sind eng aneinander gekoppelte Phänomene, welche die Bildung von Thrombin und die Entstehung eines Fibringerinnsels einschließen. Zusätzlich ist die Proliferation der Fibroblasten von entscheidender Bedeu-tung, sowohl in der Biologie der Wundheilung als auch beim Prozeß der Thrombusorganisation. Die mitotische Wirkung von Thrombin auf Fibroblasten ist küzlich durch Chen et al. (1975) analysiert worden. Die hier durchgeführten Untersuchungen hatten zum Ziel, anhand von Dosiswirkungskurven den biologisch wirksamen Bereich des Thrombin im Hinblick auf die Fibroblastenproliferation einzugrenzen, mögliche weitere fördernde oder hemmende Substanzen dieser stimulierenden Wirkung zu testen und damit Bedingungen und Voraussetzungen der Wundheilung einerseits und der Thrombusorganisation ande-rerseits zu definieren.
Multifactorial Preoperative Predictors for Postcesarean Section Pain and Analgesic Requirement (2006)

The authors' results suggest a meaningful combination of preoperative patient responses from physical and psychological tests yields a valid multifactorial predictive model for postoperative pain and analgesic requirement with significant improvements over individual predictive variables.