gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ketone Methylenation Using the Tebbe and Wittig Reagents - A Comparison (1991)

Ketone methylenation has been accomplished using the Tebbe and the Wittig reagents. Comparison of the two reagents for a variety of ketones shows that the Tebbe reagent gives better product yields than the Wittig reagent. This is particularly important when the ketone substrate is hindered. It is also noted that the Tebbe reaction accomplishes methylenation in a non-basic medium, thus racemization does not take place on substrates with enolizable chiral centers.
Electrically controlled light scattering with single metal nanoparticles (2002)

A concept to electrically control the scattering of light is introduced. The idea is to embed noble metal nanoparticles in an electro-optical material such as a liquid crystal in order to induce a spectral shift of the particle plasmon resonance by applying an electric field. Light scattering experiments on single gold nanoparticles show that spherically shaped nanoparticles become optically spheroidal when covered by an anisotropic liquid crystal. The two particle plasmon resonances of the optically spheroidal gold nanoparticles can be spectrally shifted by up to 50 meV when electric fields of more than 10 kV/cm are applied.
Controlled Release of Microquantities of Macromolecules (1984)

A technique for insuring the controlled release of small amounts of macromolecules such as polypeptides from polymeric delivery systems is described. We show that incorporation of albumin in milligram quantities into these delivery systems can facilitate the sustained release of nanogram or microgram quantities of a model macromolecule such as inulin. The albumin-containing controlled-release polymers did not cause inflammation or tissue damage in two commonly used assay sites for certain biological growth factors such as tumor angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors--the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and the rabbit cornea. The method reported here should be particularly suited to the delivery of purified growth factors which are active and usually obtainable in microgram or smaller amounts.
Comments on ‘Bayesian evaluation of comparison data’ (2007)

A recent paper by Ignacio Lira in this journal (2006 Metrologia 43 S231–4) proposes a new procedure to evaluate the data from a simple key comparison where a travelling standard of a stable value during the comparison is independently measured by the participants. In particular, Lira presents an expression, which he claims to be the kernel of a Bayesian posterior probability density function for the value of the measurand. Lira claims that his expression encodes the collective state of knowledge whether or not the results are consistent. Thus Lira offers an alternative to the method recommended by an Advisory Group on Uncertainties commissioned by the BIPM. We discuss Lira's procedure from the viewpoint of what we believe to be a good practice of Bayesian statistics.
Minichromosome maintenance 2 expression is correlated with mode of invasion and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinomas (2003)

Higher MCM2 LI provides useful information for patient prognosis in oral SCCs.
When Traditional Model Meets Competencies in Singapore: Beyond Conflict Resolution (2014)

We had learned from this unique experience that when 2 very different models of medical education clashed, the outcome may not be mere conflict resolution but also effective consolidation and transformation.
Neuroimmunology of gangliosides in human neurons and glial cells in culture (1986)

Gangliosides (sialic-acid-bearing glycolipids) have received attention in recent years because of their role in cell recognition phenomena, synaptic transmission, memory generation, and nerve regeneration in the fields of neurosciences. It is suggested that each brain region or each neural cell type may contain a specific and characteristic set of gangliosides. We have investigated the immunocytochemical localization of several classes of gangliosides that include GM1, GM4, GD3, and GQ gangliosides on the cell surface of various cell types found in human neural cell cultures with antibodies specific for these gangliosides. Cell cultures were obtained from adult human brains and fetal human dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord and cultured in vitro for the period up to 6 months and utilized for the ganglioside immunocytochemistry. It was demonstrated that GM1 ganglioside was present in all galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes and most of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes (80%), most of neurofilament-positive neurons (80%), 50-70% of Schwann cells, and 5-10% of fibronectin-positive fibroblasts; GM4 ganglioside could be detected in all oligodendrocytes, 80% of astrocytes, and 50% of Schwann cells, while no staining was found in neurons or fibroblasts; GD3 ganglioside was present in all oligodendrocytes and 5-10% of astrocytes but not in neurons, Schwann cells, or fibroblasts; and all of fetal CNS neurons and approximately 80-90% of fetal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and a small percentage of astrocytes (10-20% in fetal and less than 1% in adult astrocytes) was labeled by A2B5 antibody which is specific for GQ ganglioside, while this antibody did not stain cell surface of oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, or fibroblasts. Three classes of gangliosides, GM1, GM4, and GD3 were found to be definite components of fetal and adult human oligodendroglial plasma membrane, while GM1 and GM4 gangliosides were detected on the surface of most astrocytes. Only a minor population of astrocytes from both fetal and adult human CNS contained GD3 and GQ gangliosides. Two classes of gangliosides, GM1 and GQ, were detected on the surface of fetal human neurons. More than half of fetal Schwann cells reacted to GM1 and GM4 antibodies but did not to GD3 or GQ antibodies. We recognized the presence of a specific and characteristic set of gangliosides on the cell surface of different human neural cell types and these findings should facilitate further investigation of the precise biological activity of these gangliosides.
Assay of membrane complement receptors (CR1 and CR2) with C3b- and C3d-coated fluorescent microspheres. (1982)

A sensitive and specific fluorescence assay for membrane complement (C) receptors (CR1 and CR2) was developed with purified C3b and C3d fragments coupled to fluorescent microspheres (0.9 mu diameter). C3-microspheres (C3-ms) bound to cells with low numbers of receptors that were undetectable by other assay techniques. Inhibition studies with anti-CR1 and anti-CR2 demonstrated that C3b-ms and C3d-ms bound exclusively to CR1 and CR2, respectively. Preparation of the C3-ms required only small amounts of partially purified C3 and no immunoglobulin or other C components. Once formed, the C3-ms were stable for up to 4 mo at 4 degrees C.
Effect of intimal flap motion on flow in acute type B aortic dissection by using fluid‐structure interaction (2020)

A monolithic, fully coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) computational framework was developed to account for dissection flap motion in acute type B aortic dissection (TBAD). Analysis of results included wall deformation, pressure, flow, wall shear stress (WSS), von Mises stress and comparison of hemodynamics between rigid wall and FSI models. Our FSI model mimicked realistic wall deformation that resulted in maximum compression of the distal true lumen (TL) by 21.4%. The substantial movement of intimal flap mostly affected flow conditions in the false lumen (FL). Flap motion facilitated more flow entering the FL at peak systole, with the TL to FL flow split changing from 88:12 in the rigid model to 83:17 in the FSI model. There was more disturbed flow in the FL during systole (5.8% FSI vs 5.2% rigid) and diastole (13.5% FSI vs 9.8% rigid), via a λ<sub>2</sub> -criterion. The flap-induced disturbed flow near the tears in the FSI model caused an increase of local WSS by up to 70.0% during diastole. This resulted in a significant reduction in the size of low time-averaged WSS (TAWSS) regions in the FL (113.11 cm<sup>2</sup> FSI vs 177.44 cm<sup>2</sup> rigid). Moreover, the FSI model predicted lower systolic pressure, higher diastolic pressure, and hence lower pulse pressure. Our results provided new insights into the possible impact of flap motion on flow in aortic dissections, which are particularly important when evaluating hemodynamics of acute TBAD. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Our monolithic fully coupled FSI computational framework is able to reproduce experimentally measured range of flap deformation in aortic dissection, thereby providing novel insights into the influence of physiological flap motion on the flow and pressure distributions. The drastic flap movement increases the flow resistance in the true lumen and causes more disturbed flow in the false lumen, as visualized through the λ<sub>2</sub> criterion. The flap-induced luminal pressure is dampened, thereby affecting pressure measures, which may serve as potential prognostic indicators for late complications in acute uncomplicated TBAD patients.
Two-phase flow regimes in microchannels (2010)

Capillary hydrodynamics has three considerable distinctions from macrosystems: first, there is an increase in the ratio of the surface area of the phases to the volume that they occupy; second, a flow is characterized by small Reynolds numbers at which viscous forces predominate over inertial forces; and third, the microroughness and wettability of the wall of the channel exert a considerable influence on the flow pattern. In view of these differences, the correlations used for tubes with a larger diameter cannot be used to calculate the boundaries of the transitions between different flow regimes in microchannels. In the present review, an analysis of published data on a gas-liquid two-phase flow in capillaries of various shapes is given, which makes it possible to systematize the collected body of information. The specific features of the geometry of a mixer and an inlet section, the hydraulic diameter of a capillary, and the surface tension of a liquid exert the strongest influence on the position of the boundaries of two-phase flow regimes. Under conditions of the constant geometry of the mixer, the best agreement in the position of the boundaries of the transitions between different hydrodynamic regimes in capillaries is observed during the construction of maps of the regimes with the use of the Weber numbers for a gas and a liquid as coordinate axes.
Intrinsic Growth and Fermentation Rates of Alginate‐Entrapped Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)

Abstract Experiments were conducted under anaerobic conditions to determine the intrinsic specific rates of growth, glucose uptake, and ethanol production for Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate. The simultaneous processes of diffusion and reaction in an alginate membrane were analyzed to determine the intrinsic specific growth and reaction rates from glucose and ethanol concentration measurements made outside the alginate phase. Under anaerobic conditions, the specific growth rate of immobilized S. cerevisiae decreased by 20% compared to the growth rate for suspended cells. The specific glucose uptake rate and specific ethanol production rate increased by a factor of 4 compared to those for suspended cells. The ethanol yield remained the same, and the biomass yield decreased to one‐fifth the yield for suspended cells. Further experiments were conducted under aerobic conditions to investigate the effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on the specific rates of growth, glucose uptake, and ethanol production of immobilized S. cerevisiae. Although the obtained results cannot be interpreted unambiguously, oxygen appears to affect immobilized cells in a way similar to the way it affects suspended cells, while the observed differences between immobilized and suspended cells under anaerobic conditions remain the same in the presence of oxygen. Due to rate variability with oxygen, the obtained results are representative of average rate values. Experimental data and simulations indicate that glucose mitigates oxygen effects, yielding relatively small rate variations with aeration rates and relatively constant ethanol yields.
Justice and Public Safety in the Twenty-First Century (1998)

Good morning.It is a real privilege to speak with you this morning about the extraordinary opportunities we have in the area of information technology.I regret that I am not able to join you personally this morning, but I would like to take advantage of our technology to speak with you about using technology to share information between and among law enforcement and criminal justice agencies to improve and enhance in every way possible our ability to fight crime.The information technology industry has given us some remarkable tools, but with these tools come some extraordinary challenges for law enforcement.Advances in technology have created new kinds of crime and criminals who keep pace with, if not out-run, our new crime fighting tools.It is estimated that by the year 2000, a vast majority of criminals may be computer literate.With this literacy, they will have new opportunities for crime directly related to computer systems such as software piracy and theft of intangible property.This literacy will also enable criminals to perpetrate traditional crimes such as theft, embezzlement, gambling, drug trafficking, and pornography on a much wider scale.Supersophisticated criminals have even turned technology against law enforcement by using computers, cellular phones, and other devices to gather counterintelligence on law enforcement operations.In addition, we have the challenge of keeping current.In just the five years that I have been Attorney General, I realize that as each day goes by, something we purchased in those five years has become obsolete.We must mitigate this problem by appropriate strategic planning, encouraging coordination and cooperation between government and private industry, encouraging the development of information sharing standards, and building carefully so that we build for the future with the resources we have.We must ensure links and interoperability within the Department of Justice, between the Department and all Federal agencies, and especially with state and local criminal justice agencies.We must make sure that we do not duplicate efforts with expensive systems that only serve one use, or one criminal justice component.This equipment is going to be too expensive to afford this luxury.We must plan ahead to ensure that we use taxpayers' dollars as wisely as possible.We must balance privacy interests with the need to catch the bad guys
A comparative in vitro study of the closing characteristics of Björk-Shiley and Bicer-Val tilting disc mitral valve prostheses (1986)

The replacement of mitral valves has become a relatively common procedure in cardiac surgery. Information concerning losses due to backflow through the valve may be used to assess and compare the physical characteristics of commercially available prostheses. A simple apparatus based on an artificial ventricle was used to measure closing volume, leakage volume, total volume, leakage rate and closing time on a beat by beat basis for Björk-Shiley and Bicer Val prosthetic mitral valves. The Björk-Shiley valve opened to 60 degrees and displayed a smaller closing volume than the Bicer Val, which opened to 75 degrees; and the Björk-Shiley displayed higher leakage than the Bicer Val, thus reducing its advantage in terms of closing volume. Overall, the Bicer-Val showed about 1 ml greater reflux per beat than the Björk-Shiley. Study of a Bicer-Val, modified to have an opening angle of 80 degrees, confirmed that valve closing volume was a function of opening angle.
Semidefinite Programming (1996)

In semidefinite programming, one minimizes a linear function subject to the constraint that an affine combination of symmetric matrices is positive semidefinite. Such a constraint is nonlinear and nonsmooth, but convex, so semidefinite programs are convex optimization problems. semidefinite programming unifies several standard problems (e.g., linear and quadratic programming) and finds many applications in engineering and combinatorial optimization. Although semidefinite programs are much more general than linear programs, they are not much harder to solve. Most interior-point methods for linear programming have been generalized to semidefinite programs. As in linear programming, these methods have polynomial worst-case complexity and perform very well in practice. This paper gives a survey of the theory and applications of semidefinite programs and an introduction to primaldual interior-point methods for their solution.
Inactivation fonctionnelle des gènes par ARN interférence (2004)

L‘ARN interference est un mecanisme hautement conserve entre especes qui permet d‘eteindre l‘expression d‘un gene de maniere sequence‐specifique en utilisant l‘ARN double brin pour provoquer la degradation de l‘ARN messager homologue. Chez les mammiferes, l‘extinction d‘un gene peut etre realisee par l‘introduction dans les cellules de petits ARNs double brin de 19‐21 nucleotides appeles siARNs sans declencher de reponse antivirale de type interferon. La decouverte de ce mecanisme naturel a revolutionne la genetique inverse en procurant aux chercheurs un formidable outil pour comprendre la fonction des genes. La tres haute specificite de sequence de ce mecanisme etend le champ d‘application de cette nouvelle technologie a de multiples applications medicales. Le developpement recent de vecteurs qui permettent l‘expression intracellulaire des siARNs fait de cette technique un outil therapeutique potentiel pour maitriser les pathologies causees par des alleles dominants portant des mutations, comme le cancer ou les maladies neurodegeneratives ou encore pour combattre les infections virales.
Iterative Refinement of a Binding Pocket Model: Active Computational Steering of Lead Optimization (2012)

Computational approaches for binding affinity prediction are most frequently demonstrated through cross-validation within a series of molecules or through performance shown on a blinded test set. Here, we show how such a system performs in an iterative, temporal lead optimization exercise. A series of gyrase inhibitors with known synthetic order formed the set of molecules that could be selected for "synthesis." Beginning with a small number of molecules, based only on structures and activities, a model was constructed. Compound selection was done computationally, each time making five selections based on confident predictions of high activity and five selections based on a quantitative measure of three-dimensional structural novelty. Compound selection was followed by model refinement using the new data. Iterative computational candidate selection produced rapid improvements in selected compound activity, and incorporation of explicitly novel compounds uncovered much more diverse active inhibitors than strategies lacking active novelty selection.
Differentiation of live, dead and treated cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using FT-IR spectroscopy (2011)

This technique has potential applications for use with foods subjected to various inactivation treatments.
Service deployment for virtual enterprises (2001)

The ubiquity of the WWW offers far reaching opportunities for emerging web-based applications based on service invocations. Although network-centric technologies will make the diverse services easily accessible via the Web, the development of E-commerce services (e-services) and networked services which share existing e-services is still an ad-hoc, very demanding, and time consuming task. In this paper we propose an integrated framework for e-services spanning legacy systems and modern enterprise business processes so that business transactions can be automated across the networked enterprises. Networked enterprise applications can thus be developed by fusing together services provided by individual enterprises.
Characteristic mechanism of molecular dissociation and nanofabrication using optical near fields (2004)

A quasi particle (exciton-phonon polariton) model, as a simple model of an optical near-field probe, is proposed to investigate an unresolved problem on characteristic (non-adiabatic) mechanisms in photochemical processes. Incident photon energy and intensity dependences of Zn deposition rates are analyzed and good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is obtained. It suggests that the probe system plays an important role in non-adiabatic transitions as well as electronic transitions in photodissociation processes, and that the couplings between the optical near field and molecular vibrations are enhanced to permit a non-resonant photodissociation inherent in the optical near field.
PLASE: a Novel Planar Surface Extraction Method for the Autonomous Navigation of Micro-Air Vehicle (2012)

A planar surface extraction method is proposed for the indoor navigation of a micro-air vehicle (MAV). The algorithm finds planar clusters from the unorganized pointclouds. This is achieved by implementing a novel approach that first segments the data points into clusters and then each cluster is estimated for its planarity. The method is tested on indoor point cloud data obtained by 3D PrimeSense based sensor. In order to validate the algorithm, a simulated model containing a set of planes has been constructed, with noise injected into the model. The results of the empirical evaluation suggest that the method performs well even in the presence of the noise and non-planar objects, suggesting that the method will be a viable one for use in MAV navigation in the presence of noisy sensor data.
Diverse in- and output polarities and high complexity of local synaptic and non-synaptic signaling within a chemically defined class of peptidergic Drosophila neurons (2013)

Peptidergic neurons are not easily integrated into current connectomics concepts, since their peptide messages can be distributed via non-synaptic paracrine signaling or volume transmission. Moreover, the polarity of peptidergic interneurons in terms of in- and out-put sites can be hard to predict and is very little explored. We describe in detail the morphology and the subcellular distribution of fluorescent vesicle/dendrite markers in CCAP neurons (NCCAP), a well defined set of peptidergic neurons in the Drosophila larva. NCCAP can be divided into five morphologically distinct subsets. In contrast to other subsets, serial homologous interneurons in the ventral ganglion show a mixed localization of in- and output markers along ventral neurites that defy a classification as dendritic or axonal compartments. Ultrastructurally, these neurites contain both pre- and postsynaptic sites preferably at varicosities. A significant portion of the synaptic events are due to reciprocal synapses. Peptides are mostly non-synaptically or parasynaptically released, and dense-core vesicles and synaptic vesicle pools are typically well separated. The responsiveness of the NCCAP to ecdysis-triggering hormone may be at least partly dependent on a tonic synaptic inhibition, and is independent of ecdysteroids. Our results reveal a remarkable variety and complexity of local synaptic circuitry within a chemically defined set of peptidergic neurons. Synaptic transmitter signaling as well as peptidergic paracrine signaling and volume transmission from varicosities can be main signaling modes of peptidergic interneurons depending on the subcellular region. The possibility of region-specific variable signaling modes should be taken into account in connectomic studies that aim to dissect the circuitry underlying insect behavior and physiology, in which peptidergic neurons act as important regulators.
General Guidelines for Vacuum Circuit Breaker Application (1972)

Vacuum circuit breakers have been used successfully in a variety of applications, spanning duties from fault interruption to highly repetitive arc-furnace switching. Application guidelines that have resulted from extensive engineering investigations and successful experience in service are described.