gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid advances in commercial optoelectronic components and modules for DWDM systems (2002)

The rapid deployment in the past five years of wide-bandwidth DWDM systems has been largely enabled by the concurrent development of a wide variety of both active and passive optical components that can be manufactured in volume. The present status of these commercial components and related modules will be reviewed. Emphasis will be placed on devices key to systems being deployed in 2000, as well as devices that will enable new near-term systems. Devices for transmission, amplification, WDM/control, and switching will be described in the context of migration from 10 to 40 Gb/s and the increase in channel count from 32 to more than 80.
Environmental and livelihood impacts of dams: common lessons across development gradients that challenge sustainability (2012)

The economic benefits of dams have been assumed to outweigh the costs, thus providing rationale for construction of dams around the world. However, the development of these structures can be accompanied by negative biophysical, socio-economic, and geopolitical impacts; often through the loss of ecosystem services provided by fully functioning aquatic systems. Moreover, impacts of dams can be involuntarily imposed on marginalized peoples whose livelihoods are dependent on riverine resources. In this review, we examine the impacts of dam projects in regions of the world that are at different stages of development, using the USA, China, and Southeast Asia to represent a development gradient from developed to developing, respectively. Case studies for each region illustrate the environmental and livelihood impacts of dams in each region, while also providing a basis to better understand how environmental degradation is directly related to economic growth. We conclude that a distinct temporal component related to development mediates the relationship between policies and governance mechanisms and the mitigation of environmental and social costs of dams. The role of affected individuals to influence the political will behind dam projects and the importance of environmental advocacy is emphasized as a fundamental approach towards more sustainable development.
Supplementary Materials and Methods from Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Breast Cancer Coregulate Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases 2B15 and 2B17 (2023)

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An automated path planning system for a robot with a laser scanner for remote laser cutting and welding (2012)

Remote laser beam welding (RLW) and remote laser beam cutting (RLC) are technologies that are well suited for automated applications in industrial facilities due to their contactless mode of action. The main advantages of both processes are the high operation speed, good process quality and a tailored contour of the welding seams and cutting kerfs. For an optimal use of these processes the laser beam has to be guided accurately over the work piece. A common technical realization of such processes is the combination of a laser beam deflection unit, a laser scanner and an industrial robot. This setup represents a programming challenge, as the six degrees of freedom of the robot plus the two degrees of freedom of the laser scanner lead to a kinematic redundant system. However, the advantages of this combination, the large robot workspace and the fast and precise motion of the laser scanner make it a very attractive technology for improvement of welding and cutting processes. An automated programming system for the described setup is presented in this paper.
New photo-aligning and photo-patterning technology: superthin internal polarizers, retarders, and aligning layers (2001)

The photo-aligning materials based on azodye layers are proposed. The azodye aligning layers enable (i) high order parameter; (ii) excellent alignment quality of LCD with a high contrast ratio; (iii) temperature stability, suitable for LCD manufacturing; (iv) perfect adhesion and high voltage holding ratio due to the specific molecular groups (v) pretilt angle generation. The azodye layers can be used to fabricate thin internal patterned (pixelated) polarizers with different local orientations of the absorption axis and/or absorption colors. Our new methods allow to produce defect-free highly uniform alignment of lyotropic LC or iodine-doped azodye layers themselves with a fine resolution of the polarization pattern. The photo-aligned internal polarizers are cost-effective and enable new LCDs with excellent electro-optical response, including good viewing angles and high brightness. We prepared an internal phase retarder using UV-cured photo-polymerized material. 4-(6- acryloyloxyhexyloxy) benzoic acid had been synthesized and the synthesis procedure was modified for a better yield. We had shown that by applying an electric or magnetic field, the director deformation of the liquid crystalline monomer could be in-situ UV-cured for the optimal phase compensation generation.
Design and Synthesis of A3Adenosine Receptor Ligands, 3′-Fluoro Analogues of Cl-IB-MECA (2003)

Synthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro-N6-substituted adenosines as bioisosteres of Cl-IB-MECA and their binding affinities to A3 adenosine receptor are described.
Lamprey Variable Lymphocyte Receptors Mediate Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity (2013)

An alternative adaptive-immune system is present in the most basal vertebrates--lampreys and hagfish--the only surviving jawless vertebrates. These eel-like fish use leucine-rich repeat-based receptors for Ag recognition instead of the Ig-based receptors used in jawed vertebrates. We report that in Japanese lamprey (Lampetra japonica), variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR)B interacts with C1q and C3 proteins to mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity for bacteria and tumor cells. The immune-based lysis involves deposition of VLRB and C1q-like protein complex on the surface of target cells, activation of C3, and ultimate disruption of cell wall integrity. The demonstration of functional interaction between VLRB and complement components in lamprey provides evidence for the emergence of cooperative innate and adaptive-immune responses at a pivotal point in vertebrate evolution, before or in parallel with the evolution of Ig-based Abs and the classical complement-activation pathway.
Asymptotic efficiencies of truncated sequential tests (1982)

Truncation of a sequential test with constant boundaries is considered for the problem of testing a location hypothesis: <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f(x- \theta_{0})</tex> versus <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f(x- \theta_{1})</tex> . A test design procedure is developed by using bounds for the error probabilities under the hypothesis and alternative. By viewing the truncated sequential test as a mixture of a sequential probability ratio test and a fixed sample size test, its boundaries and truncation point can be obtained once the degree of mixture is specified. Asymptotically correct approximations for the operating characteristic function and the average sample number function of the resulting test are derived. Numerical results show that an appropriately designed truncated sequential test performs favorably as compared to both the fixed sample size test and the sequential probability ratio test with the same error probabilities. The average sample number function of the truncated test is uniformly smaller than that of the fixed sample size test, and the truncated test maintains average sample sizes under the hypothesis and the alternative that are close to those optimum values achieved by Wald's sequential probability ratio test. Moreover, the truncated test is more favorable than the sequential probability ratio test in the sense that is has smaller average sample size when the actual location parameter is between <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\theta_{0}</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\theta_{1}</tex> . This behavior becomes more pronounced as the error probabilities become smaller, implying that the truncated sequential test becomes more favorable as the error probabilities become smaller.
A Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Deep Few-Shot Meta Learning (2023)

We propose a novel hierarchical Bayesian model for learning with a large (possibly infinite) number of tasks/episodes, which suits well the few-shot meta learning problem. We consider episode-wise random variables to model episode-specific target generative processes, where these local random variables are governed by a higher-level global random variate. The global variable helps memorize the important information from historic episodes while controlling how much the model needs to be adapted to new episodes in a principled Bayesian manner. Within our model framework, the prediction on a novel episode/task can be seen as a Bayesian inference problem. However, a main obstacle in learning with a large/infinite number of local random variables in online nature, is that one is not allowed to store the posterior distribution of the current local random variable for frequent future updates, typical in conventional variational inference. We need to be able to treat each local variable as a one-time iterate in the optimization. We propose a Normal-Inverse-Wishart model, for which we show that this one-time iterate optimization becomes feasible due to the approximate closed-form solutions for the local posterior distributions. The resulting algorithm is more attractive than the MAML in that it is not required to maintain computational graphs for the whole gradient optimization steps per episode. Our approach is also different from existing Bayesian meta learning methods in that unlike dealing with a single random variable for the whole episodes, our approach has a hierarchical structure that allows one-time episodic optimization, desirable for principled Bayesian learning with many/infinite tasks. The code is available at \url{https://github.com/minyoungkim21/niwmeta}.
Saccharide Analysis of Onion Outer Epidermal Walls (2021)

Abstract Background Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. Typically they are multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack. These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. Results Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2 M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per- O -trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. Analysis of the walls by 13 C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). Conclusions Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~50%), cellulose (~20%), galactan (~10%), xyloglucan (~10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results.
Research on fault section location method of distribution networks with arc suppression coil grounding based on energy leakage function (2020)

In distribution networks with arc suppression coil grounding, the fault line can be set as the energy leakage channel of the capacitive current of the entire system. During the period from fault occurrence to the whole action process of arc suppression coil, there is abundant fault information in the transient waves. However, the data of this period are usually ignored in previous methods. In this study, a novel fault section location method based on the leakage energy function is proposed. Only the fault phase voltage and fault phase current are used in the proposed method, to avoid the difficulty of the zero‐sequence current measurement. Then, the action characteristics of two types of arc suppression devices are analysed. The influence of the capacitor current on the fault phase voltage and current during the entire process of arc suppression coil operation is deduced. The difference between the leakage energy on both sides of the fault section is used as the criterion for fault section location. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by a case study. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method has high sensitivity and high impedance adaptability, that will have more advantages in the actual situations.
A Zero Crossing PWM Controller of a Full Bridge Single Phase Synchronous Inverter for Microgrid Systems (2017)

The controlling method of microgrid connected inverter is complicated. Therefore, researchers have designed a&#13;\ndifferent way to improve the control system. Improving the control system by synchronizing the phase is still a critical issue. This&#13;\npaper introduces a zero crossing with the aid of PWM technique to synchronize the microgrid frequency and phase, decreased&#13;\nripple noise while forced discrete mode provides low output ripple current. Besides, to reduce the ripple current and phase&#13;\nsynchronized with same phase and frequency, an LC lowpass filter has been used in input and output on both sides of the inverter.&#13;\nDesigned inverter is validated through simulations using Matlab 2016a. Two parameters, a balanced resistive load of star&#13;\nconfiguration (RL = 20.5 Ω) and input DC voltage, ± 35V are considered. The initial parameters of the design are phase angle of 0 degree, switching frequency of 1.65kHz, microgrid frequency of 50 Hz and cut-off frequency of 33Hz. Simulated results indicate that the designed inverter has better performance regarding with overall efficiency of 96.01% and phase angle of only 3.450. . Therefore, it&#13;\nis expected that the proposed design will improve the performance of microgrid system.
The roughness of natural terrain: A planetary and remote sensing perspective (2001)

We examine the various methods and parameters in common use for quantifying and reporting surface topographic “roughness.” It is shown that scale‐dependent roughness parameters are almost always required, though not widely used. We suggest a method of standardizing the parameters that are computed and reported so that topographic data gathered by different workers using different field techniques can be directly and easily intercompared. We illustrate the proposed method by analyzing topographic data from 60 different surfaces gathered by five different groups and examine the information for common features. We briefly discuss the implications of our analysis for studies of planetary surface roughness, lander safety, and radar remote sensing modeling and analysis.
CTRP2 Overexpression Improves Insulin and Lipid Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice (2014)

CTRP2 is a secreted plasma protein of the C1q family that enhances glycogen deposition and fat oxidation in cultured myotubes. Its in vivo metabolic function, however, has not been established. We show here that acute and chronic metabolic perturbations induced by fasting or high-fat feeding up-regulated the mRNA expression of Ctrp2 in white adipose tissue without affecting its circulating plasma levels. We generated a transgenic mouse model with elevated circulating levels of CTRP2 to determine its metabolic function in vivo. When fed a low-fat diet, wild-type and CTRP2 transgenic mice exhibited no metabolic phenotypes. When challenged with a high-fat diet to induce obesity, wild-type and CTRP2 transgenic mice had similar weight gain, adiposity, food intake, metabolic rate, and energy expenditure. Fasting serum lipid and adipokine profiles were also similar between the two groups of mice. However, while glucose and insulin levels in the fasted state were comparable between wild-type and CTRP2 transgenic mice, insulin levels in the fed state were consistently lower in transgenic mice. Notably, CTRP2 transgenic mice had improved insulin tolerance and a greater capacity to handle acute lipid challenge relative to littermate controls. Our results highlight, for the first time, the in vivo role of CTRP2 in modulating whole-body metabolism.
Mission-Based Fault Reconfiguration for Spacecraft Applications (2013)

No AccessTechnical NoteMission-Based Fault Reconfiguration for Spacecraft ApplicationsAli Nasir, Ella M. Atkins and Ilya V. KolmanovskyAli NasirDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105*Graduate Fellow, Department of Aerospace Engineering; . Member AIAA.Search for more papers by this author, Ella M. AtkinsDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105†Associate Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering; . Associate Fellow AIAA.Search for more papers by this author and Ilya V. KolmanovskyDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105‡Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering; . Member AIAA.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:7 Nov 2013https://doi.org/10.2514/1.I010100SectionsRead Now ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations About References [1] Rago C., Prasanth R. K., Mehra R. K. and Fortenbaugh R., “Failure Detection and Identification and Fault Tolerant Control Using the IMM-KF with Applications to the Eagle-Eye UAV,” Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, IEEE Publ., Piscataway, NJ, Dec. 1998. Google Scholar[2] Abu Bakar B. and Veres S., “A Multi-Agent Approach to Integrated FDI and Reconfiguration of Autonomous Systems,” Proceedings of the 10th IASTED Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Innsbruck, Austria, 2010. Google Scholar[3] Puterman M. L., Markov Decision Processes: Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming, Wiley, 1994. CrossrefGoogle Scholar[4] Russell S. and Norvig P., Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3rd ed., Prentice–Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2010, pp. 645–684. Google Scholar[5] Nasir A., Atkins E. M. and Kolmanovsky I.V., “A Mission Based Fault Reconfiguration Framework for Spacecraft Applications,” [email protected] 2012, AIAA Paper 2012-2403, June 2012. LinkGoogle Scholar[6] Nasir A., “Comprehensive Fault Tolerance and Science-Optimal Attitude Planning for Spacecraft Applications,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 2012. Google Scholar[7] Moos H. W., Cash W. C., Crowie L. L., Davidsen A. F., Dupree A. K., Feldman P. D., Friedman S. D., Green J. C., Green R. F., Gry C., Hutching J. B., Jenkins E. B., Linsky J. L., Malina R. F., Michalitsianos A. G., Savage B. D., Shull J. M., Siegmund O. H. W., Snow T. P., Sonneborn G., Vidal-Madjar A. and et al., “Overview of the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Mission,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 538, No. 1, 2000, pp. L1–L6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/312795 AJLEEY 2041-8213 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[8] Williams C. B. and Nayak P. P., “A Model-Based Approach to Reactive Self-Configuring Systems,” Proceedings of AAAI-96, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Palo Alto, CA, 1996, pp. 971–978. Google Scholar Previous article Next article
Real-time process control in CO2 laser welding and direct casting: Focus and temperature (1997)

We describe a real-time control system for high power CO2laser processing based on a sensor that detects the light generated by the process co-axially with the laser beam. This system provides control of the laser focal position relative to the workpiece in both laser welding and laser direct casting. In addition, it is used to measure and control the temperature of the melt pool in the laser direct casting process.
SUBSTRA: Supervised Bayesian Patient Stratification (2019)

Patient stratification methods are key to the vision of precision medicine. Here, we consider transcriptional data to segment the patient population into subsets relevant to a given phenotype. Whereas most existing patient stratification methods focus either on predictive performance or interpretable features, we developed a method striking a balance between these two important goals. We introduce a Bayesian method called SUBSTRA that uses regularized biclustering to identify patient subtypes and interpretable subtype-specific transcript clusters. The method iteratively re-weights feature importance to optimize phenotype prediction performance by producing more phenotype-relevant patient subtypes. We investigate the performance of SUBSTRA in finding relevant features using simulated data and successfully benchmark it against state-of-the-art unsupervised stratification methods and supervised alternatives. Moreover, SUBSTRA achieves predictive performance competitive with supervised benchmark methods and provides interpretable transcriptional features in diverse biological settings, such as drug response prediction, cancer diagnosis, or kidney transplant rejection.
Phosphorylated oligosaccharides in lysosomal enzymes: identification of alpha-N-acetylglucosamine(1)phospho(6)mannose diester groups. (1980)

In human fibroblasts, the recognition of lysosomal enzymes by cell surface receptors is mediated by mannose 6-phosphate residues located on oligosaccharides that can be cleaved by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. About half of these oligosaccharides, as isolated from beta-hexosaminidase and cathepsin D secreted by human skin fibroblasts, are anionic. Most of these are resistant to alkaline phosphatase. The resistance is due to alpha-N-acetylglucosamine residues linked to mannose 6-phosphate by a phosphodiester bond. The major phosphorylated oligosaccharides contain one and two and possibly three phosphate groups blocked by N-acetylglucosamine. Besides the blocked phosphate groups these oligosaccharides contain a common inner core consisting of Man alpha 1,6-(Man alpha 1,3)Man alpha 1,6(Man alpha 1,3)Man beta GlcNAc and either one or two alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues.