gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prokaryotes Versus Eukaryotes: Who is Hosting Whom? (2014)

Microorganisms represent the largest component of biodiversity in our world. For millions of years, prokaryotic microorganisms have functioned as a major selective force shaping eukaryotic evolution. Microbes that live inside and on animals outnumber the animals' actual somatic and germ cells by an estimated 10-fold. Collectively, the intestinal microbiome represents a "forgotten organ," functioning as an organ inside another that can execute many physiological responsibilities. The nature of primitive eukaryotes was drastically changed due to the association with symbiotic prokaryotes facilitating mutual coevolution of host and microbe. Phytophagous insects have long been used to test theories of evolutionary diversification; moreover, the diversification of a number of phytophagous insect lineages has been linked to mutualisms with microbes. From termites and honey bees to ruminants and mammals, depending on novel biochemistries provided by the prokaryotic microbiome, the association helps to metabolize several nutrients that the host cannot digest and converting these into useful end products (such as short-chain fatty acids), a process, which has huge impact on the biology and homeostasis of metazoans. More importantly, in a direct and/or indirect way, the intestinal microbiota influences the assembly of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, helps to educate immune system, affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages, regulates angiogenesis, and modifies the activity of enteric as well as the central nervous system. Despite these important effects, the mechanisms by which the gut microbial community influences the host's biology remain almost entirely unknown. Our aim here is to encourage empirical inquiry into the relationship between mutualism and evolutionary diversification between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which encourage us to postulate: who is hosting whom?
MRI of the hip at 7T: Feasibility of bone microarchitecture, high-resolution cartilage, and clinical imaging (2013)

This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of performing a clinically comprehensive hip MRI protocol at 7T, including high-resolution imaging of bone microarchitecture and cartilage, as well as clinical imaging.
Lightning-Generated NO(x) Seen By OMI during NASA's TC-4 Experiment: First Results (2008)

We present here case studies identifying upper-tropospheric NO2 produced in convective storms during NASA's Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC~i)n July and August 2007. DC8 aircraft missions, flown from the mission base in Costa Rica, recorded in situ NO2 profiles near active storms and in relatively quiet areas. We combine these data with measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Aura satellite to estimate the amount of NO2 produced by lightning (LN02) above background levels in the regions influenced by storms. In our analysis, improved off-line processing techniques are employed to minimize known artifacts in the OM1 data. Information on lightning flashes (primarily CG) observed by the surface network operated by the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad are examined upwind of regions where OM1 indicates enhanced LNO2. Comparisons of the observed flash data with measurements by the TRMM/LIS satellite instrument are used to obtain the lightning detection efficiency for total flashes. Finally, using the NO/NO2 ratio estimated from DC-8 observations, we estimate the average NO(x) production per lightning flash for each case in this study. The magnitudes of the measured NO(x) enhancements are compared with those observed by the DC-8 and with similar OM1 measurements analyzed in mid-latitude experiments.
Background-frame based motion compensation for video compression (2005)

This work presents a new kind of reference frame, i.e., the "background frame", to improve the accuracy of motion compensation in video compression. When an object moves in the scene of a video sequence, a certain part of the background is overlapped at first. After several frames, it begins to reappear. In the frames the background reappears, the blocks contained in the background part may be poorly predicted by neighboring blocks which have been overlapped in the previous frames. To solve this problem, the "background frame" is constructed, based on blocks that have kept unchanged in a certain number of continuous frames. The background frame is free from the influence of moving objects. So, when it is used as a reference jointly with the traditional previous frame, better prediction would be obtained. The experimental results show that the background frame based motion compensation (BFMC) algorithm can obtain increased coding efficiency compared to the JVT/AVC/H.264 standard with one reference frame or two reference frames.
Developing computerized transcription exercises for American English (1987)

Acquiring the skill of phonetic transcription from orthographic text is a widespread technique included in all undergraduate curricula for phonetics, linguistics and speech science. It is an ability which is also frequently expected in students of modern languages and English. Any instructor who has been faced with a pile of thirty and more transcriptions to mark knows what a laborious task this is, requiring a lot of close examination of fine detail. To be able to lighten the load by computerizing some of the detail of error-correcting is therefore seen as desirable from several points of view.
Hollow Zn/Co ZIF Particles Derived from Core–Shell ZIF‐67@ZIF‐8 as Selective Catalyst for the Semi‐Hydrogenation of Acetylene (2015)

The rational design of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with hollow features and tunable porosity at the nanoscale can enhance their intrinsic properties and stimulates increasing attentions. In this Communication, we demonstrate that methanol can affect the coordination mode of ZIF-67 in the presence of Co(2+) and induces a mild phase transformation under solvothermal conditions. By applying this transformation process to the ZIF-67@ZIF-8 core-shell structures, a well-defined hollow Zn/Co ZIF rhombic dodecahedron can be obtained. The manufacturing of hollow MOFs enables us to prepare a noble metal@MOF yolk-shell composite with controlled spatial distribution and morphology. The enhanced gas storage and porous confinement that originate from the hollow interior and coating of ZIF-8 confers this unique catalyst with superior activity and selectivity toward the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene.
Remote characterization of spent LWR fuel for geologic disposal demonstrations (1980)

State-of-the-art hot cell examination techniques are being used to evaluate spent fuel performance during exposure to simulated geologic repository environments. Forty-five pressurized light water reactor fuel rods were examined prior to emplacement in geologic disposal tests. Sufficient data were collected on both cladding and fuel to provide a basis, along with post-test examination data, for assessing the ability of the spent fuel to retain radionuclides.
Microdetermination of fatty acids by gas chromatography and cardiovascular risk stratification by the "EPA+DHA level". (2006)

The therapeutic options for interfering with the electrical instability of a pathologically remodeled or ischaemic heart remain limited. Of increasing importance become interventions which target the fatty acid composition of blood and membrane lipids. In particular, the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provide parameters for stratification of risks associated with severe arrhythmia disorders and sudden cardiac death. Since EPA and DHA appear to have their anti-arrhythmogenic actions when present as free fatty acids, the parameters which determine a critical free fatty acid concentration are of great interest. In the present study, conclusions on EPA and DHA incorporation in blood lipids are derived from the administration of Omacor which contains highly purified (84%) EPA and DHA ethyl esters and reduced the risk of sudden cardiac death by 45% in post-myocardial infarction patients (GISSI-Prevention study). The "EPA+DHA level" is described as risk identifying parameter for severe arrhythmia disorders, particularly if they are associated with myocardial ischaemia. It appears essential not only to build up body stores for release of EPA and DHA but to provide also a sustained uptake of EPA and DHA in the form of ethyl esters. In contrast to more rapidly absorbed triacylglycerols from fish, ethyl esters are taken up slowly within 24 h. For the administration of 1 g/day Omacor to healthy volunteers, it is shown that in whole blood EPA is increased from 0.6% to 1.4% within 10 days while DHA is increased from 2.9% to 4.3%. After withdrawal, the EPA and DHA levels approach baseline values within 10 days. A gas chromatographic procedure was established which requires only 10 microl of whole blood for the identification of more than 30 fatty acids. Evidence is summarized strengthening the concept that a low "EPA+DHA level" presents a risk for severe arrhythmia disorders and sudden cardiac death. The administration of 840 mg/day of EPA and DHA ethyl esters raises the "EPA+DHA level" to approximately 6% that is associated with protection from sudden cardiac death. The pharmacological effects of ethyl esters are compared with the naturally occurring EPA and DHA triacylglycerols present in fish or fish oils which are of interest in primary prevention of cardiovascular disorders.
Non-Linear Regression for Bag-of-Words Data via Gaussian Process Latent Variable Set Model (2015)

Gaussian process (GP) regression is a widely used method for non-linear prediction.The performance of the GP regression depends on whether it can properly capture the covariance structure of target variables, which is represented by kernels between input data.However, when the input is represented as a set of features, e.g. bag-of-words, it is difficult to calculate desirable kernel values because the co-occurrence of different but relevant words cannot be reflected in the kernel calculation.To overcome this problem, we propose a Gaussian process latent variable set model (GP-LVSM), which is a non-linear regression model effective for bag-of-words data.With the GP-LVSM, a latent vector is associated with each word, and each document is represented as a distribution of the latent vectors for words appearing in the document. We efficiently represent the distributions by using the framework of kernel embeddings of distributions that can hold high-order moment information of distributions without need for explicit density estimation.By learning latent vectors so as to maximize the posterior probability, kernels that reflect relations between words are obtained, and also words are visualized in a low-dimensional space.In experiments using 25 item review datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the GP-LVSM in prediction and visualization.
RTMB/CTMB: A Collision Avoidance Scheme for VANET Broadcast (2011)

Traditional directional broadcast protocols for VANETs always select redundant nodes and thus are not very efficient. Road-based directional broadcast was proposed to solve this problem. The basic idea is to categorize vehicles based on road topology and select a relay for each road. It improves the efficiency significantly, but data propagation could fail due to collisions. In this paper, we aim to add reliability to road-based directional broadcast protocol. A MAC layer collision avoidance scheme is proposed to reduce the chance of collision between the sender and the selected relay nodes, while other nodes can receive data opportunistically. By limiting the number of selected relays, this scheme improves the delivery ratio than that of traditional broadcast protocols while keeping the efficiency at a comparable level.
Sensitivity and specificity of five different mycoplasma detection assays. (1992)

The sensitivity and specificity of five different mycoplasma detection tests were evaluated in comparison with the classical microbiological culture assay on agar plates as the reference method: direct fluorochrome DNA staining (direct DAPI), DNA staining of an indicator cell line (indirect DAPI), RNA hybridization with a cDNA specific for ribosomal mycoplasmal RNA, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with mycoplasma-specific antibodies, and a biochemical cytotoxicity assay (6-MPDR). A large panel of continuous cell lines (20 adherent and 233 suspension cell lines, most of the latter were human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines) were analyzed for infection with mycoplasma. The results of the comparative analysis for sensitivity and specificity of the various tests were as follows: 100% and 100% for the indirect DAPI, 100% and 98% for the RNA hybridization assay, 87% and 94% for the direct DAPI, 72% and 100% for the ELISA, 75% and 90% for the biochemical 6-MPDR assay. Each of these approaches has both advantages and disadvantages with regard to cost, time, reliability, specificity, and sensitivity. The best compromise for routine mycoplasma testing is a combination of several techniques (e.g. direct culture on agar, RNA hybridization, and direct or indirect DAPI).
Physical origin of the third order nonlinear optical response of orthogonal pyrrolo-tetrathiafulvalene derivatives (2010)

We present the third order nonlinear optical study of tetrathiafulvalene-based molecular corners. Degenerate four-wave mixing measurements have been done to provide information about the magnitude and the origin of the nonlinearity, while the nonlinear absorption has been separately measured by performing “open aperture” Z-scan measurements. The response has been found to be strongly dependent upon the structure of the molecular corners.
Feature Selection for Multimedia Analysis by Sharing Information Among Multiple Tasks (2012)

While much progress has been made to multi-task classification and subspace learning, multi-task feature selection has long been largely unaddressed. In this paper, we propose a new multi-task feature selection algorithm and apply it to multimedia (e.g., video and image) analysis. Instead of evaluating the importance of each feature individually, our algorithm selects features in a batch mode, by which the feature correlation is considered. While feature selection has received much research attention, less effort has been made on improving the performance of feature selection by leveraging the shared knowledge from multiple related tasks. Our algorithm builds upon the assumption that different related tasks have common structures. Multiple feature selection functions of different tasks are simultaneously learned in a joint framework, which enables our algorithm to utilize the common knowledge of multiple tasks as supplementary information to facilitate decision making. An efficient iterative algorithm is proposed to optimize it, whose convergence is guaranteed. Experiments on different databases have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
On paternity determination from multilocus DNA profiles (1991)

Various approaches have been worked out to calculate the probability of paternity from DNA multilocus profiles. Despite promising results, the application and practicability of these approaches are often restricted (due to, e.g., the equality assumption of the a priori probabilities by using Bayes' theorem, no allowance of mutations, etc). Here we present two methods for paternity determination, one of which is an extension of the well-known procedure of Evett et al. J. Forens. Sci. Soc. 1988, 28, 249-254. These methods depend on fewer assumptions and therefore may be applied to a wide spectrum of disputed paternity cases.
Core-Level Photoemission Spectroscopy : Kinetics of Cluster Formation During Femtosecond Laser Ablation (2002)

We report, to our knowledge, the first use of pump-probe photoemission spectroscopy to study core-level dynamics during a laser-driven phase transition. Synchrotron x-rays probe the kinetics of cluster formation during the initial moments of femtosecond laser ablation.
스포츠중계방송 욕설장면에 대한 대학생의 인식이 언어폭력에 미치는 영향: 가정환경을 매개변인으로 (2015)

본 연구는 스포츠중계방송 욕설장면에 대한 대학생의 인식이 언어폭력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 분석을 목적으로 한다. 연구대상은 P광역시 소재의 대학생들을 대상으로 총 230부의 설문지를 배포하여 설문지의 응답이 제대로 되지 않은 설문지를 제외한 총 203부를 회수하였다. 설문지 분석을 위해 SPSS Win 20.0과 AMOS 20.0을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 스포츠중계방송 욕설장면에 대한 대학생의 부정적인식은 언어폭력에 부적영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 스포츠중계방송 욕설장면에 대한 대학생의 부정적인식은 가정환경에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대학생의 가정환경도 언어폭력에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 스포츠중계방송 욕설장면에 대한 대학생의 부정적인식과 언어폭력간의 관계에서 가정환경은 매개하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 욕설장면에 대해 부정적인 인식이 높은 대학생이 언어폭력을 적게 한다고 할지라도 생방송으로 중계되는 경기에서의 욕설장면은 시청자들을 위해 방송국에서의 적절한 제재가 필요하다고 사료된다.
Simulation of PNP InAlAsAnGaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (1996)

Abstruct- The performance of single heterojunction InAlAshGaAs PNP heterojunction bipolar transistors is modeled numerically and good agreement is found with experimental measurements. Peak experimental values of f~ = 14 GHz, f~,~ = 22 GHz, p = 170 and U = 38 dB are obtained near a collector current density of lo4 A/cm2 for a nonoptimized device.
Characterization of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I as a myosin II regulatory light chain kinase in vitro and in vivo (2002)

Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase I (CaM-KI), which is a member of the multifunctional CaM-K family, is thought to be involved in various Ca(2+)-signalling pathways. In this report, we demonstrate that CaM-KI activated by an upstream kinase (CaM-K kinase), but not unactivated CaM-KI, phosphorylates myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC) efficiently ( K (cat), 1.7 s(-1)) and stoichiometrically (approximately 0.8 mol of phosphate/mol) in a Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent manner in vitro. One-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping and mutational analysis of MRLC revealed that the activated CaM-KI monophosphorylates only Ser-19 in MRLC. Transient expression of the Ca(2+)/CaM-independent form of CaM-KI (CaM-KI(1-293)) in HeLa cells induced Ser-19 phosphorylation of myosin, II accompanied by reorganization of actin filaments in the peripheral region of the cells. CaM-KI-induced reorganization of actin filaments was suppressed by co-expression of non-phosphorylatable MRLC mutants (S19A and T18AS19A). Furthermore, a kinase-negative form of CaM-KI (CaM-KI(1-293,K49E)) significantly reduced reorganization of actin filaments, indicating a dominant negative effect. This is the first demonstration that the activation of the CaM-KI cascade induces myosin II phosphorylation, resulting in regulation of actin filament organization in mammalian cells.
Additives depletion and engine oil condition – a case study (2005)

Purpose To study and estimate changes of various properties upon use of engine oil by different methods. Design/methodology/approach – By viscosity measurement, pH measurement, Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopic analysis and UV‐Visible (Ultraviolet and visible rays) spectroscopic analysis. Findings – Some specific changes in additives of the oil upon use could be traced. Practical implications – Correct choice for additives for a particular use may enhance the oil life and also protect the engine from damage. Originality/value – The findings may be important to the lube oil producers and the users.
The Information Matrix Test with Bootstrap-Based Covariance Matrix Estimation (2002)

We propose an information matrix test in which the covariance matrix of the vector of indicators is estimated using the parametric bootstrap. Monte Carlo results and heuristic arguments show that its small sample performance is comparable with that of the efficient score form.
94-GHz low noise amplifier on InP in coplanar technology (1999)

High performances have been achieved at W-band with a 2-stage 0.1 um gate-length InGaAs/InAlAs/InP LM-HEMT MMIC low noise amplifier in coplanar technology. To obtain the T-gate profile, we use silicon nitride SixNy technology, which leads to naturally passivated devices. For a drain-to-source current Ids=350mA/mm the devices demonstrate a maximum intrinsic transconductance Gm of 1600mS/mm and an intrinsic current gain cutoff frequency Fc=220GHz. The extrinsic current gain cut-off frequency Ft is 175GHz. The LNA shows a minimum noise figure of 3.3dB with an associated gain of 11.5dB at 94GHz.
Cellular and molecular imaging with targeted contrast ultrasound. (2006)

There is growing interest in the availability of methods for imaging disease at the level of the cellular and/or molecular mediators. Techniques for imaging molecular alterations have been develop for essentially all non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities. Molecular imaging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound relies on the detection of novel site-targeted contrast agents. These microbubbles or nanoparticles are retained within regions of a specific disease process, thereby allowing phenotypic characterization of tissue. Since most of these tracers remain within the intravascular space, the disease processes assessed must be characterized by antigens that are expressed within the vascular compartment. Accordingly, the pathologic states that have been targeted include inflammation, ischemia-and tumor-related angiogenesis, and thrombus formation; all of which are mediated in part by molecular events within the vascular space. This review describes: 10 different strategies that have been employed to target ultrasound contrast agents to regions of disease, 2) the unique challenges for imaging targeted ultrasound contrast agents, and 3) some of the early experience imaging molecular events in animal models of disease.
Wideband Circular Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Applications (2021)

A novel circular polarized dielectric antenna array (DRA) for millimeter-wave applications at 30 GHz is presented in this paper. The unit element array is a flower-shaped DRA fed with a cross slot. To obtain circular polarization, a sequential network combined with the cross slots is used to feed the 2×2 array. The prototype of the proposed antenna array is fabricated and measured to obtain a wide resonance bandwidth from 27 GHz to 38 GHz frequency band. Furthermore, this left-hand polarized antenna array has achieved a peak gain of 9.5 dBi with 3-dB axial ratio at 30 GHz. The proposed DRA array with wideband resonance and gain bandwidth has the potential to be used for millimeter-wave wireless communications at the 30 GHz band.
Variation in Fucoidan Contents and Monosaccharide Compositions of Korean Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar (Phaeophyta) (2006)

Three different forms of Undaria pinnatifida, the southern form (U. pinnatifida f. typica), the northern form (U. pinnatifida f. distans), and Samcheok form (recently cultivated strain), were examined for the contents and compositions of fucoidans. Fucoidans were extracted from the dried edible portions of three forms of U. pinnatifida in low pH condition, mainly by ethanol precipitation and CaCl2 treatment. It was shown that Samcheok form contains 1.8 and 3.5 times more fucoidans than the northern and the southern forms, respectively. The monosaccharide compositions of individual fucoidans were also varied. The fucoidans from the southern and the northern forms were shown to be composed of mainly fucose and galactose with the molar percentage ratios of 83.5%:16.5% and 87.4%:12.6%, respectively, indicating that these are F-type fucoidans. The fucoidan from Samcheok form, however, consisted of fucose (62.7%), galactose (32.9%), and small amount of glucose (4.4%). The results of this study showed that both amount and monosaccharide compositions of fucoidans are variable depending on U. pinnatifida forms.