gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New segmented poly(ester-urethane)s from renewable resources (2001)

The physical and mechanical properties of aliphatic homopolyesters from monomers obtainable from renewable resources, namely, 1,3-propanediol and succinic acid, were improved by their combination with aromatic urethane segments capable of establishing strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Segmented poly(ester-urethane)s were synthesized from dihydroxy-terminated oligo(propylene succinate)s chain-extended with 4,4′-diisophenylmethane diisocyanate. The newly synthesized materials were exhaustively characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and with respect to their main static mechanical properties, an Instron apparatus was used. The average repeat number of the hard segments, evaluated by NMR, ranged from 4 to 9, whereas that of the flexible segments was about 14. The degree of crystallinity, glass-transition temperature, melting point, tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus were influenced by the ratio between hard and soft segments of the segmented copolymer in a predictable way. The results demonstrated that poly(ester-urethane)s from 1,3-propanediol and succinic acid are promising thermoplastics. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 630–639, 2001
Software behavior oriented parallelization (2007)

Many sequential applications are difficult to parallelize because of unpredictable control flow, indirect data access, and input-dependent parallelism. These difficulties led us to build a software system for behavior oriented parallelization (BOP), which allows a program to be parallelized based on partial information about program behavior, for example, a user reading just part of the source code, or a profiling tool examining merely one or few executions.
Bacterial Adhesion to Animal Cells and Tissues (2003)

The adhesion of bacteria to host cells is a critical event in the development of bacterial infections. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of this process is key to understanding an essential step in pathogenesis and to identifying potential targets for antimicrobial therapy.
This authoritative volume covers historical perspectives, general principles, methodologies, specific host cell and bacterial components associated with the process, including post-adhesion consequences, regulation of adhesion expression, and anti-adhesion therapy. The final chapter compiles, primarily in tabular format, a list of all the pathogenic bacterial species that were tested over the past ten years for their ability to adhere, the test substrata that were used, as well as the adhesions involved in the cases where they are known.
Bacterial Adhesion to Animal Cells and Tissues is an essential reference for students and investigators interested in host-pathogen interactions.
Electronic Only, 416 pages, illustrations, index.
Effectofviscoelasticityondropdynamicsin5:1:5contraction/expansion microchannelflow (2009)

Recently, we reported how viscoelasticity affects drop dynamics in a microchannel flow using the finite element-front tracking method (FE-FTM). In this work, we investigate drop dynamics for a wider range of parameters: viscosity ratio between droplet and medium (), capillary number (Ca), droplet size, and fluid elasticity. The Oldroyd-B model is adopted as the constitutive equation for the viscoelastic fluid. We observe that the drop deformation in a microfluidic channel is dependent on Ca ,w hich is more pronounced for smaller values. The present work shows that viscoelasticity plays an important role in drop dynamics with increasing values for Newtonian droplet in viscoelastic medium, which can be attributed to high normal stress developed in narrow film thickness between droplet and channel for higher values. We also study circulation problem inside droplets, which is important in practice, such as in droplet reactor application. The present work shows that circulation intensity is enhanced with decreasing values. We find that the relevance of viscoelastic effects on internal circulation is dependent on values, and the circulation intensity is distinctively decreased with increasing elasticity for high values for Newtonian droplet in viscoelastic medium. We expect that the present work be helpful not only in controlling droplets but also to improve our physical insight on drop dynamics in microchannel flows.
Single-photon nonlinearity of a semiconductor quantum dot in a cavity (2006)

A single atom in a cavity is the model system of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). The strong coupling regime between the atom and cavity-confined photon corresponds to the reversible exchange of energy between the two modes, and underpins a wide range of CQED phenomena with applications in quantum information science, including for example as quantum logic gates and as sources of entangled states. An important advance was achieved recently when strong coupling between excitons and cavity photons was reported for the first time for localized quantum dots (QDs) in micron-size solid state cavities. This has significance in terms of scalability and integration with other optical devices, and could lead to the emergence of "quantum optics on a chip" technology. However the results presented so far for quantum dots are in the linear regime, corresponding to coupling to the vacuum field (vacuum Rabi splitting); they are not a true QED effect and can equally well be described by classical physics as the coupling between two oscillators. In this paper, we present evidence for a purely quantum phenomenon for the QD/cavity photon system, namely the increase in splitting of the levels when the mean number of photons in the cavity is increased. This corresponds to non-linearities on the single-photon scale: the presence of a single excitation in the cavity changes the level structure, affecting the emission energies for a second photon. Such results are a first step in demonstrating the promise of quantum dots for CQED applications.
[Effect of temporal disturbance of the blood flow on the structure of neurons of the myenteric plexus]. (1982)

The dynamics of changes occurring in the myenteric plexus neurons have been followed in 230 mature cats from the first step up to the 120th day after 1-, 2.5-, 4-, 6-, 8-hour's disturbance in the arterial and venous blood circulation using Bielschowsky--Gros, Nissl and Nachlas techniques. Depending on duration of the ischemia and the postischemic period, various amount of unchanged neurons and neurons having certain reactive and destructive changes have been revealed. During all the periods of the investigation, certain differences are noted in the reaction both of all the ganglia and single neurons within one ganglion. Some neurons demonstrate certain resistivity to the prolonged disturbance in the blood flow. By means of the polarography method, the dynamics of changes in the oxygen strain in tissues of the experimental area of the small intestine after the arterial and mixed ischemia have been studied. An elevated oxygen strain has been revealed in the tissues under conditions of venous congestion and an attempt has been made to explain this effect.
Treatment of Cr(VI) in COPR Using Ferrous Sulfate–Sulfuric Acid or Cationic Polysulfides (2008)

Column tests were conducted to evaluate two treatment strategies for reducing and stabilizing hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in chromium ore processing residue (COPR): permeation with a FeSO4–H2SO4 solution and blending with a cationic polysulfide reagent (CaSX). Cr(VI) leached at concentrations exceeding 50mg∕L from untreated COPR permeated with synthetic groundwater for >20 pore volumes of flow (PVF), and concentrations of Cr(VI) in the solid phase remained high (6,600mg∕kg). Permeation with solutions containing FeSO4–H2SO4 eliminated Cr(VI) from the effluent after initial, elevated leaching of Cr(VI) (100–1,500mg∕kg); however, high solid-phase concentrations of Cr(VI) remained in the column residuals (>1,300mg∕kg). COPR treated with CaSX leached Cr at <0.33mg∕L for 23.5 PVF and had solid-phase concentrations of Cr(VI) <10mg∕kg, although mineralogical analyses of treated solids showed potential chromate-containing mineral phases. Mineralogical analyses showed that precipitation and cementation occurred in the pore space of the COPR permeated with FeSO4–H2SO4, initially lowering the hydraulic conductivity > two orders of magnitude. However, acid dissolution channels eventually formed, resulting in preferential flow. COPR permeated with FeSO4–H2SO4 contained less brownmillerite and Cr(VI)-bearing hydrocalumite and hydrogarnet relative to untreated COPR. For COPR treated with CaSx, S encapsulated the subparticles of COPR with some micropore penetration, suggesting permanence of excess reductant after leaching with 23.5 PVF of synthetic rainwater.
Hydrogen Permeation Resistant Coatings (2005)

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party&amp;apos;s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii protein synthesis by azithromycin (1993)

Azithromycin was shown to specifically inhibit the protein synthesis of Toxoplasma gondii in experimental systems by using free tachyzoites and T. gondii-infected mouse macrophages. RNA synthesis of the parasite was not affected by azithromycin. Inhibition of protein synthesis was also proportional to the relative anti-Toxoplasma activity of three macrolides.
An Effective Delay Analysis System for a Large Scale Computer Design (1986)

A delay analysis system called DASP was developed. DASP was proved to be very effective to reveal delay errors in a large scale computer design with the following features. (1) It analyzes automatically the delay time of paths between all flip-flops including paths that pass through different hierarchical levels. (2) It traces paths with high speed by a modified depth first search method that was newly developed. (3) It recognizes clock signals providing useful delay analysis information for multiple clocked synchronous logic circuits. DASP was applied to develop Hitachi's high performance computer M-68X and contributed much to save its development time.
Multiple myeloma: the (r)evolution of current therapy and a glance into future (2020)

Over the past 20 years, the regulatory approval of several novel agents to treat multiple myeloma (MM) has prolonged median patient survival from 3 to 8-10 years. Increased understanding of MM biology has translated to advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and response assessment, as well as informed the development of targeted and immune agents. Here we provide an overview of the recent progress in MM, and highlight research areas of greatest promise to further improve patient outcome in the future.
Antiresorptives overlapping ongoing teriparatide treatment result in additional increases in bone mineral density (2012)

During teriparatide (TPTD) treatment, high levels of bone formation are accompanied by an increase in bone resorption. The aim of this work was to test if coadministration of raloxifene (RAL) or alendronate (ALN) following 9 months of ongoing TPTD therapy would reopen the anabolic window, thereby exerting additional benefit on bone mineral density (BMD). Postmenopausal women (n = 125) with severe osteoporosis on TPTD treatment for 9 months were randomized into three open-label groups for a further 9 months: ALN (70 mg/week) in addition to TPTD; RAL (60 mg/d) in addition to TPTD; or no medication in addition to TPTD. Amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) and cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX), and areal and volumetric BMD at the lumbar spine and hip were assessed. During the combination period, P1NP concentrations did not change on TPTD monotherapy (693% ± 371%, p < 0.0001) and decreased in the ALN (360% ± 153%, p < 0.0001) and RAL (482% ± 243%, p < 0.0001) combination groups; whereas CTX did not change on TPTD monotherapy (283% ± 215%, p < 0.0001), decreased to the starting level in the ALN combination group (17% ± 72%, p = 0.39), and remained elevated in the RAL combination group (179% ± 341%, p < 0.0001). The increase in lumbar spine BMD was 5% ± 6.3% in the ALN and 6% ± 5.2% in the RAL combination groups compared with 2.8% ± 9.3% in the TPTD monotherapy group (p = 0.085 and p = 0.033, respectively). The increase of trabecular lumbar spine BMD for both the ALN and RAL combination groups was superior to TPTD monotherapy. Total hip BMD changes were 4% ± 5.3% for the ALN combination group and 1.4% ± 5.1% for the TPTD monotherapy (p = 0.032), and 1.4% ± 3.4% (p = 0.02) for the RAL combination group. With the exception of no differences in the trabecular compartment of femoral neck, volumetric BMD changes in the ALN combination group for all other comparisons were significantly superior to the two other groups. Our data suggest that ALN when added to TPTD 9 months after initiation of TPTD monotherapy results in a more robust increase in BMD, probably due to a reopening of the anabolic window. The clinical relevance of the BMD increase is unknown.
Computational issues connected with the protection of sensitive statistics by auditing sum-queries (2002)

An implementation of the auditing strategy is presented to avoid both exact and approximate disclosure. The key data structure is a query map, which is a graphical summary of answered queries. Since the size of a query map may be exponential in the number of answered queries, a query-restriction criterion is introduced to make every query map a graph. An auditing procedure on such a graph is presented and the computational issues connected with its implementation are discussed. All the computational tasks can be carried out efficiently but one, which is a provably intractable problem.
Mechanical stress power measurements during high-power laser ablation (1996)

Laser-induced stresses have been studied extensively to understand macroscopic phenomenon during high-power laser ablation of solids. Recently, a norm of stress times the rate of change in stress, similar to mechanical stress power, was monitored acoustically in the target and ambient medium during high-power laser-material interactions, and compared with stress measurements. This study investigates the relationship between stress and the stress powerlike measurements (P*), and their dependence on laser energy, intensity, and spot size. The importance of different components of stress on the measurements is also considered. Results from ablation of aluminum targets by a 30 ns uv excimer laser are presented that show changes in P* with laser energy coupling, and the dependence of P* on laser intensity and stress components. Potential issues are raised for further study of stress power as a diagnostic tool of laser-material interactions and as a fundamental mechanism of laser-energy coupling.
Recombinant ostreolysin induces brown fat-like phenotype in HIB-1B cells (2017)

rOly promotes brown adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a new mechanism for rOly's contribution to the battle against obesity.
Characterization of a rehydration phenomenon on cement-based materials containing heat-induced cracks: coupled transport properties and X-ray micro-tomography (2016)

This study deals with the phenomenon of rehydration in heat-induced macro/micro cracks for a normalized mortar and concrete paste, both having a W/C ratio of 50%. Reyhydration was tested using steady state gas (argon) and ethanol permeability measurements provided by our laboratory, combined with thermo-gravimetric (ATG) and micro-tomographic (CT) analyses. Prior to these experiments, all of the samples were subjected to successive heating-cooling cycles, from a 105C reference state, up to 600C. At the macroscopic level, the material's transport properties are determined by means of gas permeability tests, following which the same sample is measured using the ethanol permeability test (after saturation in distilled water and drying at 105C). At the microscopic level, the pore network of the heat-treated cement pastes is characterized using CT (voxel4m), before and after rehydration in order to assess its 3D profile. This includes quantitative analysis of the crack size, the connected and non-connected pore volume, the pore surface area, as well as the pores' distribution. The self-healing capacity of saturated heat-treated cement-based materials is clearly revealed, when these results are combined with ATG analyses of the material's mineralogical composition.
Manipulation of Periodic Coulomb Blockade Oscillations in Ultra-Scaled Memories by Single Electron Charging of Silicon Nanocrystal Floating Gates (2005)

Ultra-scaled silicon nanocrystal memories fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate exhibit very periodic Coulomb blockade oscillations at 4.2 K. We control the phase of those oscillations by charging and discharging the floating gate with a single electron. We can distinguish between resonances due to the whole channel area covered by the gate and impurity levels localized in the access regions and less coupled to the gate. Comparison with a reference device without nanocrystals is also reported.
Electrical actuation of electrically conducting and insulating droplets using ac and dc voltages (2008)

Electrical actuation of liquid droplets at the microscale offers promising applications in the fields of microfluidics and lab-on-chip devices. Much prior research has targeted the electrical actuation of electrically conducting liquid droplets using dc voltages (classical electrowetting). Electrical actuation of conducting droplets using ac voltages and the actuation of insulating droplets (using dc or ac voltages) has remained relatively unexplored. This paper utilizes an energy-minimization-based analytical framework to study the electrical actuation of a liquid droplet (electrically conducting or insulating) under ac actuation. It is shown that the electromechanical regimes of classical electrowetting, electrowetting under ac actuation and insulating droplet actuation can be extracted from the generic electromechanical actuation framework, depending on the electrical properties of the droplet, the underlying dielectric layer and the frequency of the actuation voltage. This paper also presents experiments which quantify the influence of the ac frequency and the electrical properties of the droplet on its velocity under electrical actuation. The velocities of droplets moving between two parallel plates under ac actuation are experimentally measured; these velocities are then related to the actuation force on the droplet which is predicted by the electromechanical model developed in this work. It is seen that the droplet velocities are strongly dependent on the frequency of the ac actuation voltage; the cut-off ac frequency, above which the droplet fails to actuate, is experimentally determined and related to the electrical conductivity of the liquid. This paper then analyzes and directly compares the various electromechanical regimes for the actuation of droplets in microfluidic applications.
Drilling of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Laminates – A Comparative Analysis of Five Different Drills on Thrust Force, Roughness and Delamination (2010)

The distinguishing characteristics of carbon fibre reinforced laminates, like low weight, high strength or stiffness, had resulted in the increase of their use during the last decades. Although parts are normally produced to “near-net” shape, machining operations like drilling are still needed. In result of composites non-homogeneity, this operation can lead to delamination, considered the most serious kind of damage as it can reduce the load carrying capacity of the joint. A proper choice of tool and cutting parameters can reduce delamination substantially. In this work, the results obtained with five different tool geometries are compared. Conclusions show that the choice of adequate drill geometry can reduce the thrust forces and consequently, the delamination damage.
The pupillary light reflex pathway (1997)

Since Wernicke1 publicized the matter in the 1880s, it has been considered practically a ‘law of nature’ that the pupillary light reflex pathway is a simple brainstem reflex. The afferent arc is formed by the retinal receptors, bipolar and ganglion cells; the impulse travels to the pretectal nuclei in the dorsal midbrain, and via the intercalated neurons to the Edinger-Westphal subnu-cleus of the ocular motor nucleus, and finally reaches the iris along the efferent arc carried by the oculomotor nerve and the short ciliary nerves. Thus, the pupillary light reflex was thought of as a purely subcortical activity, which was entirely consistent with the involuntary character of pupillary function.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update (2012)

Skeletal muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in muscle mass and it occurs when protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis. Potential triggers of muscle wasting are long-term immobilization, malnutrition, severe burns, aging as well as various serious and often chronic diseases, such as chronic heart failure, obstructive lung disease, renal failure, AIDS, sepsis, immune disorders, cancer, and dystrophies. Interestingly, a cooperation between several pathophysiological factors, including inappropriately adapted anabolic (e.g., growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1) and catabolic proteins (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha, myostatin), may tip the balance towards muscle-specific protein degradation through activation of the proteasomal and autophagic systems or the apoptotic pathway. Based on the current literature, we present an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to muscle wasting. We also focus on the multifacetted therapeutic approach that is currently employed to prevent the development of muscle wasting and to counteract its progression. This approach includes adequate nutritional support, implementation of exercise training, and possible pharmacological compounds.