gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Conductometric Glucose Sensor Based on a Twin-Microband Electrode Coated with a Polyaniline Thin Film (1994)

Abstract A conductometric glucose sensor was fabricated by coating a twin-microband electrode with a bilayer of a membrane composed of polyaniline and glucose oxidase/gluconolactonase films. The enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of glucose induces a change in the conductivity of the pH-sensitive polyaniline film. The conductivity change was detected by the current flowing between the two-band electrode. The sensor demonstrates clear responses to glucose up to 1 mM.
Methods for arc-flash detection in electrical equipment (2010)

Arc-flash protection systems have evolved over the past decade with a range of solutions from arc-resistant gear to circuit breaker temporary instantaneous settings. One technology that has gained acceptance, especially in medium voltage applications is light sensing as applied in arc-flash relays. Recently, arc flash relays have moved into low voltage applications. While light based arc flash relays work well in medium voltage applications, low voltage applications pose reliability challenges. Additionally, in all applications it is desirable to minimize wiring and installation complexity. The authors will describe arc flash detection research and development to address some of these concerns.
Clinical outcomes of bariatric surgery in a specialist centre (2017)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
Characteristic Mechanical Responses of Graphene Membranes (2019)

This chapter contains sections titled: Characteristic Tensile Fracture of Polycrystalline Graphene Compressive Mechanical Response of Polycrystalline Graphene The GB Orientation Effects on the Tensile Fracture Orientation-Dependent Tensile Fracture in Monocrystalline Graphene Two-Dimensional Tensile Systems: Nanoindention
5G Air-to-Ground Network Design and Optimization: A Deep Learning Approach (2021)

Direct air-to-ground (A2G) communications leveraging the fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) can provide high-speed broadband in-flight connectivity to aircraft in the sky. A2G network deployment entails optimizing various design parameters such as inter-site distances, number of sectors per site, and the up-tilt angles of sector antennas. The system-level design guidelines in the existing work on A2G network are rather limited. In this paper, a novel deep learning-based framework is proposed for efficient design and optimization of a 5G A2G network. The devised architecture comprises two deep neural networks (DNNs): the first DNN is used for approximating the 5G A2G network behavior in terms of user throughput, and the second DNN is developed as a function optimizer to find the throughput-optimal deployment parameters including antenna up-tilt angles and inter-site distances. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed model and reveal system-level design insights.
Comparison of tritiated hypoxanthine, adenine and adenosine for purine-salvage incorporation into nucleic acids of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium berghei. (1975)

This study was accomplished to examine the relative importance of different metabolic precursors of nucleic acid synthesis in the malarial parasite, P. berghei. Three possible pathways for incorporation of Adenine (type) compounds exist: 1) incorporation via hypoxanthine, 2) via adenine, or 3) via adenosine. The parasitized cell and erythrocyte-free malarial parasite were both examined because of possible metabolic differences that could be encountered. Hypoxanthine was clearly the best precursor at both levels with extra-incorporation in the presence of allopurinol (10(-4)M), which protects oxidative metabolism of hypoxanthine. Adenosine was less efficient in its incorporation into nucleic acids at both levels. Adenine was clearly the poorest precursor being extremely less efficient compared to hypoxanthine 1/50 at parasitized cell level and 1/100 at the free parasite level. At both levels adenine seemed to be slightly more efficient in the presence of allopurinol and this appeared to be a similar to the incorporation via adenosine with allopurinol. In both cases, part of the incorporation could be coming via conversion to hypoxanthine because allopurinol protects oxidation of hypoxanthine via inhibition of xanthine oxidase. With the prior observation of Manandhar and Van Dyke that adenosine is converted to hypoxanthine outside or on the surface of the malarial parasite one is lead to conclude that of the three pathways the hypoxanthine pathway is probably the major and possibly the almost totally important pathway making hypoxanthine's uptake and/or conversion to inosine monophosphate a key event of metabolic and chemotherapeutic importance.
Radiolysis generates a complex organosynthetic chemical network (2021)

The architectural features of cellular life and its ecologies at larger scales are built upon foundational networks of reactions between molecules that avoid a collapse to equilibrium. The search for life's origins is, in some respects, a search for biotic network attributes in abiotic chemical systems. Radiation chemistry has long been employed to model prebiotic reaction networks, and here we report network-level analyses carried out on a compiled database of radiolysis reactions, acquired by the scientific community over decades of research. The resulting network shows robust connections between abundant geochemical reservoirs and the production of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and ribonucleotide precursors-the chemistry of which is predominantly dependent on radicals. Moreover, the network exhibits the following measurable attributes associated with biological systems: (1) the species connectivity histogram exhibits a heterogeneous (heavy-tailed) distribution, (2) overlapping families of closed-loop cycles, and (3) a hierarchical arrangement of chemical species with a bottom-heavy energy-size spectrum. The latter attribute is implicated with stability and entropy production in complex systems, notably in ecology where it is known as a trophic pyramid. Radiolysis is implicated as a driver of abiotic chemical organization and could provide insights about the complex and perhaps radical-dependent mechanisms associated with life's origins.
Involvement of the Mannose Receptor in Infection of Macrophages by Influenza Virus (2000)

Influenza viruses A/PR/8/34 (PR8; H1N1), A/Aichi/68 X-31 (HKx31; H3N2), and A/Beijing/89 X-109 (BJx109; H3N2) show marked differences in their ability to infect murine macrophages, including resident alveolar and peritoneal macrophages as well as the macrophage-derived cell line J774. The hierarchy in infectivity of the viruses (PR8 < HKx31 < BJx109) resembles that of their reactivity with mannose-binding lectins of the collectin family. Since the macrophage mannose receptor recognizes the same spectrum of monosaccharides as the collectins do, we investigated the possible involvement of this receptor in infection of macrophages by influenza virus. In competitive binding studies, the binding of (125)I-labeled mannosylated bovine serum albumin to macrophages was inhibited by the purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HANA) glycoproteins of influenza virus but not by HANA that had been treated with periodate to oxidize its oligosaccharide side chains. The inhibitory activity of HANA from the three strains of virus differed markedly and correlated with the infectivity of each virus for macrophages. Infection of macrophages, but not MDCK cells, by influenza virus was inhibited by yeast mannan. A variant line of J774 cells, J774E, which expresses elevated levels of the mannose receptor, was more readily infected than J774, and the sensitivity of J774E cells to infection was greatly reduced by culture in the presence of D-mannose, which down-modulated mannose receptor expression. Together, the data implicate the mannose receptor as a major endocytic receptor in the infectious entry of influenza virus, and perhaps other enveloped viruses, into murine macrophages.
Wear Tolerance, Shoot Performance, and Spectral Reflectance of Seashore Paspalum and Bermudagrass (1999)

Seashore paspalum ( Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) displays wide intraspecific diversity and exhibits tolerance to numerous abiotic stresses. In addition, comparatively low fertility requirements and high quality growth characteristics of many ecotypes render this grass a prospective candidate for use on golf courses, athletic fields, and landscaped areas in warm climates worldwide. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the relative growth, quality, and wear tolerance of seashore paspalum and bermudagrass. This research was conducted in two consecutive field trials during 1997 under wear and non‐wear conditions on seven seashore paspalum ecotypes and three hybrid bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy) cultivars established on a native Appling sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic typic Kanhapluduit) at the University Georgia Experiment Station at Griffin, GA. We found that two paspalum ecotypes, Temple 1 and SIPV‐2, ranked as high or higher than ‘Tifway’ and ‘Tifsport’ for visual quality, shoot density, shoot growth, and amount of verdure tissue under non‐wear conditions. In addition, these two paspalum ecotypes showed the most favorable spectral reflectance data responses, indicating greatest utilization of intercepted light, and also showed rates of recovery from wear which were equal to or greater than those of the bermudagrass entries. Paspalum ecotypes Temple 1 and SIPV‐2 appear to be suitable for use in areas where a high quality, traffic‐tolerant turfgrass is required. Paspalum ecotypes with lower shoot densities were less wear tolerant.
Efficient dynamics modeling for VRML and Java (1998)

Using dynamical systems rather than keyl%aming to animate a world is a desirable yet computationally expensive approach.We present techniques for culling dynamical systems that avoid unnecessary computation, and describe tools for automating much of the required work.Based on qualitative observations of how viewer's predict dynamical state over time, we identify methods for generating state while ensuring consistency, which we define as ensuring that a viewer's predictions are satisfied.Our to$s take as input a description of a dynamical system, and produce an altem+e description that may be efficiently culled..We also describe an interactive modeler in which authors attach dynamic variables to geometric transformations, allowing the modular Se-use of dynamical systems.Together, our tools enable large numbers of complex dynamic models to be efficiently and easily included in a VRML world while maintaining high frame rates.
Finding your spot: A photography suggestion system for placing human in the scene (2014)

Capturing a professional like photo is always a challenging task, especially for novice users. This paper proposes a photography suggestion approach to assist users to take high visual quality photos with human in the scene. In this research, we first investigate a set of aesthetic composition rules and visual perception principles to construct an aesthetic score prediction model in order to measure visual quality in terms of photo composition. Then we conduct a study on professional photos to define a proper size for the enclosure of human into the picture of a given scene. The proposed approach is able to leverage saliency and geometric detection to represent composition features. Finally, we utilize an efficient hierarchical search to obtain the optimal enclosure for human in the scene. Extensive experiments have been performed for hot spot landmark locations. Through subjective evaluation, the results show that the proposed approach can effectively provide appealing composition recommendation to help users take high quality photos with human in the scene.
Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical therapy for musculoskeletal pain (2018)

In those completing follow up measures, risk of additional pain-related healthcare utilization after physical therapy was best predicted by baseline characteristics and 4-week treatment response variables for pain intensity, disability and pain-related psychological distress. These findings suggest treatment monitoring of specific response variables could enhance identification of those at risk for future healthcare utilization in addition to baseline assessment. Further study is required to determine how specific characteristics of the clinical encounter influence future utilization.
Detection of Anomalies: Alternatives to Ultrasound (1998)

Ultrasound and biochemical screening are complementary screening tests that each have limitations and advantages. The next several years will see variable progress in the evolution of these techniques, which, it is hoped, will result in an appropriate role for each to achieve a cost-effective, highly sensitive and specific screening approach that will allow couples the most comfort in detecting problems during pregnancy, as well as a high degree of confidence that normal results are accurate.
TRANSITION IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Hypogonadism in adolescence (2015)

Puberty is a remarkable developmental process with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis culminating in reproductive capacity. It is accompanied by cognitive, psychological, emotional, and sociocultural changes. There is wide variation in the timing of pubertal onset, and this process is affected by genetic and environmental influences. Disrupted puberty (delayed or absent) leading to hypogonadism may be caused by congenital or acquired etiologies and can have significant impact on both physical and psychosocial well-being. While adolescence is a time of growing autonomy and independence, it is also a time of vulnerability and thus, the impact of hypogonadism can have lasting effects. This review highlights the various forms of hypogonadism in adolescence and the clinical challenges in differentiating normal variants of puberty from pathological states. In addition, hormonal treatment, concerns regarding fertility, emotional support, and effective transition to adult care are discussed.
Ancestral origin of ApoE ε4 Alzheimer disease risk in Puerto Rican and African American populations (2018)

The ApoE ε4 allele is the most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease. The risk conferred by ε4, however, differs across populations, with populations of African ancestry showing lower ε4 risk compared to those of European or Asian ancestry. The cause of this heterogeneity in risk effect is currently unknown; it may be due to environmental or cultural factors correlated with ancestry, or it may be due to genetic variation local to the ApoE region that differs among populations. Exploring these hypotheses may lead to novel, population-specific therapeutics and risk predictions. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed ApoE genotypes and genome-wide array data in individuals from African American and Puerto Rican populations. A total of 1,766 African American and 220 Puerto Rican individuals with late-onset Alzheimer disease, and 3,730 African American and 169 Puerto Rican cognitively healthy individuals (> 65 years) participated in the study. We first assessed average ancestry across the genome ("global" ancestry) and then tested it for interaction with ApoE genotypes. Next, we assessed the ancestral background of ApoE alleles ("local" ancestry) and tested if ancestry local to ApoE influenced Alzheimer disease risk while controlling for global ancestry. Measures of global ancestry showed no interaction with ApoE risk (Puerto Rican: p-value = 0.49; African American: p-value = 0.65). Conversely, ancestry local to the ApoE region showed an interaction with the ApoE ε4 allele in both populations (Puerto Rican: p-value = 0.019; African American: p-value = 0.005). ApoE ε4 alleles on an African background conferred a lower risk than those with a European ancestral background, regardless of population (Puerto Rican: OR = 1.26 on African background, OR = 4.49 on European; African American: OR = 2.34 on African background, OR = 3.05 on European background). Factors contributing to the lower risk effect in the ApoE gene ε4 allele are likely due to ancestry-specific genetic factors near ApoE rather than non-genetic ethnic, cultural, and environmental factors.
Review of U.S. Medical Device Regulation (2007)

Medical device regulation plays a significant role in the design, development, and commercialization of new medical technologies. A comprehensive understanding of the various regulatory requirements and their practical implementation is thus an essential cornerstone of successful medical device innovation. In this paper, we review the background, mission, and statutory requirements of medical device regulation in the United States. As opposed to pharmaceuticals, which have been regulated since the early 1900s, medical device regulation was not enacted before 1976, when Congress signed into law the Medical Device Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented a risk-based classification system, which is essential in determining the regulatory pathway for a given device. Our review of the different regulatory pathways discusses the specific steps and requirements associated with each pathway, and their implications for development and testing of different types of devices. The differences in these pathways are significant, and thus require careful consideration and analysis already at early stages of development. The FDA’s Quality Systems Regulation, which outlines specific requirements for development, testing, production, and postmarket surveillance, is another important aspect of device regulation. We present its elements and relationship to design controls and other operating procedures implemented by device manufacturers, and discuss their relevance in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of marketed devices. A summary of recent additions to device regulation, implemented by the FDA to allow for adequate regulation of products that combine drugs and devices or biologics and devices (so-called combination products), completes our review. Because of the significance of device regulation for medical device innovation, we strongly support increased efforts to educate the various stakeholders involved in the medical device development process, both at the academic and professional level.
Inductive Bias of Multi-Channel Linear Convolutional Networks with Bounded Weight Norm (2021)

We provide a function space characterization of the inductive bias resulting from minimizing the $\ell_2$ norm of the weights in multi-channel convolutional neural networks with linear activations and empirically test our resulting hypothesis on ReLU networks trained using gradient descent. We define an induced regularizer in the function space as the minimum $\ell_2$ norm of weights of a network required to realize a function. For two layer linear convolutional networks with $C$ output channels and kernel size $K$, we show the following: (a) If the inputs to the network are single channeled, the induced regularizer for any $K$ is independent of the number of output channels $C$. Furthermore, we derive the regularizer is a norm given by a semidefinite program (SDP). (b) In contrast, for multi-channel inputs, multiple output channels can be necessary to merely realize all matrix-valued linear functions and thus the inductive bias does depend on $C$. However, for sufficiently large $C$, the induced regularizer is again given by an SDP that is independent of $C$. In particular, the induced regularizer for $K=1$ and $K=D$ (input dimension) is given in closed form as the nuclear norm and the $\ell_{2,1}$ group-sparse norm, respectively, of the Fourier coefficients of the linear predictor. We investigate the broader applicability of our theoretical results to implicit regularization from gradient descent on linear and ReLU networks through experiments on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets.
Time-Response Analysis of the Effect of Stimulant Medication on the Learning Ability of Children Referred for Hyperactivity (1978)

This report introduces a method for obtaining behavioral time-response information for a short-acting psychotropic drug (methylphenidate [Ritalin]) that is widely used to treat behaviorally hyperactive children. We used a laboratory learning task to document that between one and two hours after the administration of a single dose of methylphenidate, the drug exerts its maximum effect on performance in a learning task in the laboratory. This effect on cognitive performance dissipates within the same day. This rapid and transient effect of methylphenidate makes it possible to classify patients in a single day into those who respond favorably and those who respond adversely to the drug in terms of its effect on cognitive behavior.
The Effect of Cooled Perches on Immunological Parameters of Caged White Leghorn Hens during the Hot Summer Months (2015)

The objective of this study was to determine if thermally cooled perches improve hen immunity during hot summer. White Leghorn pullets at 16 week of age were randomly assigned to 18 cages of 3 banks at 9 hens per cage. Each bank was assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments up to 32 week of age: 1) thermally cooled perches, 2) perches with ambient air, and 3) cages without perches. Hens were exposed to natural ambient temperatures from June through September 2013 in Indiana with a 4 h acute heat episode at 27.6 week of age. The packed cell volume, heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, plasma concentrations of total IgG, and cytokines of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, plus lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α factor were measured at both 27.6 and 32 week of age. The mRNA expressions of these cytokines, toll-like receptor-4, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were also examined in the spleen of 32 week-old hens. Except for H/L ratio, thermally cooled perches did not significantly improve currently measured immunological indicators. These results indicated that the ambient temperature of 2013 summer in Indiana (24°C, 17.1 to 33.1°C) was not high enough and the 4 h heat episode at 33.3°C (32 to 34.6°C) was insufficient in length to evoke severe heat stress in hens. However, cooled perch hens had a lower H/L ratio than both air perch hens and control hens at 27.6 week of age and it was still lower compared to control hens (P < 0.05, respectively) at 32 week of age. The lowered H/L ratio of cooled perch hens may suggest that they were able to cope with acute heat stress more effectively than control hens. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of thermally cooled perches on hen health under higher ambient temperatures.