gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oblique-Directional Plasma Etching of Si Using a Faraday Cage (2009)

A method for controlling the direction of Si etch profiles was developed using a Faraday cage system and a conventional gas-chopping process. The gas-chopping process consisted of sequentially alternating etching and deposition steps using and plasmas, respectively. The single-directional oblique etching was achieved using a Faraday cage having a top horizontal grid plane, inside of which a tilted substrate holder was placed. The double-directional etching was also obtained using a cage having two slanted grid planes. The double-directional etch profiles were either symmetrically or asymmetrically oblique according to the angle of the sample holder. During the oblique-directional etching, the shadowing effect by the bombardment of tilt-angled ions was found to affect etch profiles. Due to the shadowing effect, the top width of the pattern and the etch depth decreased as the ion-incident angle increased, and a fluorocarbon film accumulated in the shadow area. By regulating the process conditions to allow a higher mask selectivity, an oblique Si etch profile with a high aspect ratio (etch and aspect ) was obtained.
A VASP-Rac–Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Pathway Controls cGMP Production in Adipocytes (2012)

The ubiquitous second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) plays an important role in metabolism and promotes brown adipocyte differentiation. We showed that ablation of the gene encoding vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a major downstream component of the cGMP signaling cascade, increased cellular cGMP content in brown and white adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. VASP-deficient cells showed increased activation of Rac1, which in turn increased the abundance of the cGMP-producing enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), the main receptor for nitric oxide. Consequently, loss of VASP caused increased cGMP concentrations and enhanced brown adipocyte differentiation. Consistent with the in vitro data, we found increased energy expenditure in VASP-deficient mice and exposure to cold triggered enhanced lipolysis and cellular respiration in VASP-deficient brown fat cells. In addition, VASP-deficient mice exhibited increased development of brown-like adipocytes in white fat. Our data revealed that a VASP to Rac to sGC negative feedback loop limited cGMP production, thereby regulating adipogenesis and energy homeostasis.
Development and validation of an electrically controlled rotatory chair to be used as a simulator for spatial disorientation and motion sickness (2004)

The vestibular system, along with the eyes and proprioceptors, is responsible for the maintenance of balance. Two very common causes of accidents and incidents during flights and space missions are spatial disorientation and motion sickness. Since its invention by the physiologist Robert Barany, rotatory chairs have been widely used to train pilots and astronauts in relation to the effects of angular accelerations and microgravity on the semicircular canals. This paper presents the development of an electrically controlled rotatory chair (ECRC), the unique device of this type used as a simulator for spatial disorientation and motion sickness in Brazil. Validation of the ECRC was performed through the evaluation of the effects of a drug (scopolamine) on the prevention of signs and symptoms of motion sickness.
MaskFusion: Real-Time Recognition, Tracking and Reconstruction of Multiple Moving Objects (2018)

We present MaskFusion, a real-time, object-aware, semantic and dynamic RGB-D SLAM system that goes beyond traditional systems which output a purely geometric map of a static scene. MaskFusion recognizes, segments and assigns semantic class labels to different objects in the scene, while tracking and reconstructing them even when they move independently from the camera. As an RGB-D camera scans a cluttered scene, image-based instance-level semantic segmentation creates semantic object masks that enable realtime object recognition and the creation of an object-level representation for the world map. Unlike previous recognition-based SLAM systems, MaskFusion does not require known models of the objects it can recognize, and can deal with multiple independent motions. MaskFusion takes full advantage of using instance-level semantic segmentation to enable semantic labels to be fused into an object-aware map, unlike recent semantics enabled SLAM systems that perform voxel-level semantic segmentation. We show augmented-reality applications that demonstrate the unique features of the map output by MaskFusion: instance-aware, semantic and dynamic. Code will be made available.
Measurement of Cardiac Output by Alveolar Gas Exchange (1987)

The sections in this article are: 1 Measurement of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow With Physiological Gases 1.1 Measurement With O2 1.2 Measurement With CO2 1.2.1 Breath-Holding Methods 1.2.2 Rebreathing Methods 1.2.3 Single-Breath Expirate Method 1.2.4 One-Step Rebreathing Method 2 Measurement of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow with Chemically Inert Soluble Gases 2.1 Rebreathing, Multiple-Breath-Hold, and Single-Breath Constant Expiratory Methods 2.1.1 Multiple-Breath-Holding Method 2.1.2 Rebreathing Method 2.1.3 Single-Breath Constant Expiratory Method 2.2 Body Plethysmographic Methods 2.2.1 Procedure 2.2.2 Consideration of Plethysmographic Pressure 2.2.3 Improvement of Plethysmographic Volume and Flow Sensing 2.2.4 Respiratory Maneuver 2.2.5 Data Processing 2.2.6 Reproducibility and Accuracy 2.2.7 Applications 2.2.8 Appraisal 2.3 Substitution of Thorax for Body Plethysmograph 2.3.1 Glottis Open, Thoracic Volume Constant 2.3.2 Glottis Closed, Thoracic Volume Variable 2.4 Vital Capacity N2O Spirometric Method 2.4.1 Principle 2.4.2 Procedure 2.4.3 Appraisal 3 Summary
Life Event Dimensions of Loss, Humiliation, Entrapment, and Danger in the Prediction of Onsets of Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety (2003)

In addition to loss, humiliating events that directly devalue an individual in a core role were strongly linked to risk for depressive episodes. Event dimensions and categories that predispose to pure MD vs pure GAS episodes can be distinguished with moderate specificity. The event dimensions that preceded mixed MD-GAS episodes were largely the sum of those that preceded pure MD and pure GAS episodes.
Reactivite par broyage de quelques oxydes et hydrates d'oxydes mo#3. Nh#2o (m=w, mo). Analyse structurale des phases amorphes obtenues (1994)

Des oxydes et hydrates d'oxydes mo#3. Nh#2o (m=w, mo) ont ete etudies par broyage mecanique. Lorsqu'ils sont broyes seuls, on observe une desorganisation partielle ou totale de la structure. Les differences de comportement au broyage de chaque compose sont reliees a leur stabilite thermodynamique et a leur type de structure. Bien que le motif de base soit l'octaedre wo#6, des arrangements divers interviennent dans ces composes. Une analyse structurale des phases amorphes obtenues par broyage a ete menee par exafs et diffusion anomale des rayons x aux grands angles. La reactivite des oxydes de tungstene anhydres et hydrates desorganises partiellement ou totalement par broyage a ete ensuite examinee. Enfin, une etude du broyage des oxydes de tungstene anhydres et hydrates avec les carbonates de cesium, de calcium et de baryum a ete entreprise ; le broyage de ces melanges conduit respectivement a un tungstate de cesium cs#1#,#1w#1#,#6#5o#5#,#5 de type pyrochlore et a un tungstate de type scheelite two#4 (t=ca, ba). L'emploi de l'oxyde thermodynamiquement stable ou des oxydes metastables ne modifie pas le schema reactionnel mais seulement la cinetique. Ainsi on a pu en deduire que lorsqu'il n'existe aucune filiation structurale entre l'oxyde de depart et le produit de la reaction, les oxydes metastables sont les plus reactifs
The nature and timing of seasonal affective symptoms and the influence of self-esteem and social support: a longitudinal prospective study (2002)

Physiological symptoms may activate negative cognitions in individuals with risk factors of low self-esteem and poor social support so that the disorder is precipitated earlier and is of longer duration.
Interdigitated Array Electrode as an Alternative to the Rotated Ring−Disk Electrode for Determination of the Reaction Products of Dioxygen Reduction (1996)

Electrochemical reduction of dioxygen in aqueous media can proceed to water, hydrogen peroxide, or a mixture of the two. The production of hydrogen peroxide, classically established with the rotated ring-disk electrode, can also be quantitatively assessed at interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes, where dioxygen is reduced at the set of microband generator electrodes and any H(2)O(2) produced is detected by its oxidation (back to O(2)) at the interdigitated set of microband collector electrodes. The sensitivity of the IDA for H(2)O(2) detection is higher owing to its more complete collection, and to the ensuing regeneration of O(2), which leads to an amplification of the generator currents. The production of H(2)O(2) is thus reflected both in the ratio of collector and generator electrode currents [the collection efficiency, coll(τ)] and in the ratio of the generator current with the collector potential on to that with it off [amplification factor, ampl(τ)]. The necessary theory for interpretation of the fraction ε of H(2)O(2) produced per dioxygen reduced is presented, based on conformal mapping techniques. Explicit equations are derived for ε at long times that are independent of the IDA dimensions and that can be used with any two-product electrochemical reaction analogous to the dioxygen reduction. Experimental data are presented for dioxygen reduction in acidic and basic media to illustrate application of the theory.
Determination of In Situ Two-Phase Flow Properties Through Downhole Fluid Movement Monitoring (2010)

Summary In this paper, we present a novel method for in situ estimation of two-phase transport properties of porous media using time-lapse resistivity, pressure, and flow rate data from permanent downhole pressure, electrode resistivity array (ERA), and production logging tools. The objective of this fluid movement monitoring (FMM) experiment is to develop a new downhole hardware assembly, new measurement procedures, and associated interpretation techniques for inferring oil recovery factor, relative permeabilities to oil and water, and other two-phase flow properties. An oil well in a carbonate reservoir in Saudi Arabia was dedicated to conduct a week long extensive openhole monitoring data acquisition, enabling us to carry out suitable a priori characterization. This approach is new to the oil industry and is the first field experiment for direct determination of two-phase flow properties through successful integration of the downhole resistivity array and pressure data. Together with pressure transient responses, the ERA measurements allowed characterization to a radial distance of tens of meters from the wellbore.
Promising Approaches to Circumvent the Blood–Brain Barrier: Progress, Pitfalls and Clinical Prospects in Brain Cancer (2015)

Brain drug delivery is a major challenge for therapy of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Biochemical modifications of drugs or drug nanocarriers, methods of local delivery, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption with focused ultrasound and microbubbles are promising approaches which enhance transport or bypass the BBB. These approaches are discussed in the context of brain cancer as an example in CNS drug development. Targeting to receptors enabling transport across the BBB offers noninvasive delivery of small molecule and biological cancer therapeutics. Local delivery methods enable high dose delivery while avoiding systemic exposure. BBB disruption with focused ultrasound and microbubbles offers local and noninvasive treatment. Clinical trials show the prospects of these technologies and point to challenges for the future.
Telomerase Accelerates Osteogenesis of Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells by Upregulation of CBFA1, Osterix, and Osteocalcin (2003)

Telomerase activity can prevent telomere shortening and replicative senescence in human somatic cells. We and others have previously demonstrated that forced expression of telomerase in human bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSSCs) was able to extend their life-span and enhance their bone-forming capability, without inducing malignant transformation. In this study, we determined that telomerase was able to accelerate calcium accumulation of human BMSSCs under osteogenic inductive conditions. Similarly, xenogeneic transplantation of telomerase-expressing BMSSCs (BMSSC-Ts) yielded ectopic bone formation at 2 weeks post-transplantation, 2-4 weeks earlier than typically seen with BMSSCs transfected with empty vector (BMSSC-Cs). Low-density DNA array analysis revealed that telomerase activity increases the expression of G1 regulating genes including cyclin D3, cyclin E1, E2F-4, and DP2, associated with hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma (pRb), leading to the extended proliferative capacity of BMSSC-Ts. Importantly, BMSSC-T transplants showed a higher number of human osteogenic cells at 8 weeks post transplantation compared with the BMSSC-C transplants, coupled with a significantly increased osteogenic capacity. One possible mechanism leading to accelerated osteogenesis by BMSSC-Ts may be attributed, at least in part, to the upregulation of the important osteogenic genes such as CBFA1, osterix, and osteocalcin in vitro. Taken together, these findings show that telomerase can accelerate cell cycle progression from G1-to-S phase and enhance osteogenic differentiation of BMSSCs, because of the upregulation of CBFA1, osterix, and osteocalcin.
Developing and evaluating Malliavin estimators for intrusive sensitivity analysis of Monte Carlo radiation transport (2019)

We will develop Malliavin estimators for Monte Carlo radiation transport by formulating the governing jump stochastic differential equation and deriving the applicable estimators that produce sensitivities for our equations. Efficient and effective sensitivity can be used for design optimization and uncertainty quantification with broad utilization for radiation environments. The technology demonstration will lower development risk for other particle-based simulation methods.
Correlation between expressions of Cyclin-D1, EGFR and p53 with chemoradiation response in patients of locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (2014)

Expressions and coexpressions of Cyclin-D1 and p53 may serve as a prognostic marker in OSCC patients.
Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994)

High-dose boric acid (BA) exposure produces testicular lesions in adult rats characterized by inhibited spermiation (IS) that may progress to atrophy. In vivo and in vitro studies addressed possible mechanisms. In vivo, boron tissue disposition was examined, since no detailed data existed, and relevant boron concentrations for in vitro studies needed to be set. Since BA induces riboflavinuria and also affects calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, and testis zinc appears essential for normal testis function, we examined BA effects on flavin status and testis levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn). Data showed that the testicular toxicity and central nervous system (CNS) hormonal effect were not due to selective boron accumulation in testis or brain/hypothalamus, with testis boron concentrations at approximately 1 to 2 mM; that riboflavin deficiency is not involved, due to both the absence of overt signs of deficiency and effects on tissue flavin content during BA exposure; and that changes in testis P, Ca and Zn levels did not precede atrophy, and are therefore unlikely to be mechanistically relevant. In vitro studies addressed the hallmarks of the BA testicular toxicity: the mild hormone effect, the initial IS, and atrophy. No effect of BA on the steroidogenic function of isolated Leydig cells was observed, supporting the contention of a CNS-mediated rather than a direct hormone effect. Since increased testicular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) produces IS, and a role for the serine proteases plasminogen activators (PAs) in spermiation has been proposed, we examined in vitro BA effects on both Sertoli cell cAMP accumulation and PA activity, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Population and clonal tropism phenotyping of clinical isolates and comparison with next generation sequencing and prediction tools (2009)

Maraviroc (Pfizer's UK-427857, Selzentry or Celsentri outside the USA) is the first agent in the new class of oral HIV-1 entry inhibitors to acquire approval by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency. Considering the mechanism of action, it is expected that this drug will be effective only in a subpopulation of HIV-1-infected people, namely those harbouring the R5 virus. The favourable toxicity profile of the drug has been demonstrated in Phase III clinical trials in treatment-naive (MERIT) and treatment-experienced (MOTIVATE) patients. In the latter population, maraviroc showed a superior antiviral efficacy and immunological activity compared with optimized backbone therapy+placebo. However, in MERIT, a prospective double-blind, randomized trial in treatment-naive patients, maraviroc+zidovudine/lamivudine failed to prove non-inferiority to efavirenz+zidovudine/lamivudine as standard of care regimen in the 48 week intention-to-treat analysis. Using an assay with higher sensitivity for minority CXCR4-using (X4) HIV variants (the enhanced Trofile (TM) assay Monogram), non-inferiority was reached for the maraviroc-versus efavirenz-based combination. These data indicate the important impact of the sensitivity of tropism testing on treatment outcome of maraviroc-containing regimens. This paper discusses both the prospective and retrospective analyses of the MERIT data and highlights the impact of these results on daily practice in HIV care.
Electron-capture delayed fission properties of 244Es - eScholarship (2001)

Electron-capture delayed fission properties of 244 Es D. A. Shaughnessy, K. E. Gregorich , J. L. Adams, M. R. Lane ∗ , C. A. Laue † , D. M. Lee, C. A. McGrath ‡ , V. Ninov, J. B. Patin, D. A. Strellis § , E. R. Sylwester ║ , P. A. Wilk, and D. C. Hoffman Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 70A-1150, Berkeley, California 94720 and Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, California PACS number(s): 21.10.Gv, 23.40.-s, 25.70.Gh, 27.90.+b Electron-capture delayed fission was observed in 244 Es produced via the Np( 12 C,5n) 244 Es reaction at 81 MeV (on target) with a production cross section of 0.31±0.12 µb. The mass-yield distribution of the fission fragments is highly asymmetric. The average pre- neutron-emission total kinetic energy of the fragments was measured to be 186±19 MeV. Based on the ratio of the number of fission events to the measured number of α decays from the electron-capture daughter 244 Cf (100% α branch), the probability of delayed fission was determined to be (1.2±0.4) x 10 -4 . This value for the delayed fission probability fits the experimentally observed trend of increasing delayed fission probability with increasing Q value for electron-capture. Present address: The College Preparatory School, Oakland, CA 94618. Present address: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-231, Livermore, CA 94551. Present address: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID Present address: Ancore Corp., 2950 Patrick Henry Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95054. Present address: Glenn T. Seaborg Institute for Transactinium Science, L-231, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551.
A slow-adapting microfluidic-based tactile sensor (2009)

We present a microfluidic-based tactile sensor mimicking the human slow-adapting mechanoreceptor such as Merkel's disc. The sensor is composed of a polyimide (PI)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) multilayer structure. The device uses a hemispherical reservoir filled with electrolyte solution in the PDMS layer, a microchannel in the PI layer and a pair of sensing electrodes below the microchannel as the force transducer. The tactile signal is detected as the impedance change resulting predominantly from the resistance variance due to the electrodes coverage by the 1M NaCl solution and is measured across the electrode pair. The sensor response is linear and the working range is shown to be in the range of 0–1.8 N. The characterization results also demonstrate the sensing of various levels of forces and its long-term signal stability.
The Repeat Region of the Circumsporozoite Protein is Critical for Sporozoite Formation and Maturation in Plasmodium (2014)

The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the major surface protein of the sporozoite stage of malaria parasites and has multiple functions as the parasite develops and then migrates from the mosquito midgut to the mammalian liver. The overall structure of CSP is conserved among Plasmodium species, consisting of a species-specific central tandem repeat region flanked by two conserved domains: the NH2-terminus and the thrombospondin repeat (TSR) at the COOH-terminus. Although the central repeat region is an immunodominant B-cell epitope and the basis of the only candidate malaria vaccine in Phase III clinical trials, little is known about its functional role(s). We used the rodent malaria model Plasmodium berghei to investigate the role of the CSP tandem repeat region during sporozoite development. Here we describe two mutant parasite lines, one lacking the tandem repeat region (ΔRep) and the other lacking the NH2-terminus as well as the repeat region (ΔNΔRep). We show that in both mutant lines oocyst formation is unaffected but sporozoite development is defective.
Leachable Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate)/CaCO3 Composites for Additive Manufacturing of Microporous Vascular Structures (2020)

The aim of this work was to fabricate microporous poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) vascular structures by stereolithography (SLA) for applications in tissue engineering and organ models. Leachable CaCO<sub>3</sub> particles with an average size of 0.56 μm were used as porogens. Composites of photocrosslinkable PTMC and CaCO<sub>3</sub> particles were cast on glass plates, crosslinked by ultraviolet light treatment and leached in watery HCl solutions. In order to obtain interconnected pore structures, the PTMC/CaCO<sub>3</sub> composites had to contain at least 30 vol % CaCO<sub>3</sub>. Leached PTMC films had porosities ranging from 33% to 71% and a pore size of around 0.5 μm. The mechanical properties of the microporous PTMC films matched with those of natural blood vessels. Resins based on PTMC/CaCO<sub>3</sub> composites with 45 vol % CaCO<sub>3</sub> particles were formulated and successfully used to build vascular structures of various shapes and sizes by SLA. The intrinsic permeabilities of the microporous PTMC films and vascular structures were at least one order of magnitude higher than reported for the extracellular matrix, indicating no mass transfer limitations in the case of cell seeding.