gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of translocations for restoring populations of black-tailed prairie dogs (2005)

We evaluated translocation as a method to promote recovery of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) after plague-induced population declines in colonies at the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Montana. We translocated prairie dogs in June of 1999 and evaluated the effects of translocation on colony area 1 year and 4 years later. We also assessed effects of release group size and estimated rates of population growth and survival. Initial size of experimental colonies was categorized as inactive (0 ha), small (0.1–2.0 ha), or large (2.0–6.6 ha); numbers of prairie dogs translocated to each colony size class were 0 (control), 60, and 120. Among inactive colonies, the control remained inactive and the colony receiving 60 prairie dogs grew to 1.5 ha by 2000 and after a second release in 2002 was 1.9 ha in 2003. The colony receiving 120 grew to 3.3 ha by 2000 and decreased to 2.6 ha by 2003. Patterns on small and large colonies after 1 year were less dramatic, but in each case the proportional increase in colony area was lowest on the control and highest on the colony receiving 120 prairie dogs. Patterns were more difficult to discern 4 years after translocations. It appears that as large colonies approach historic size, area growth decreases and is slower than on small colonies. Experimental colonies grew 24.6 ha (315%) by 2000 and 72.1 ha (924%) in 4 years compared to non-experimental colonies of similar size that grew 6.5 ha (23%) in 1 year and 26.5 ha (93%) by 2003. Monthly survival rates of prairie dogs during the first 3 months following translocation were higher on large colonies (0.79, 95% CI=0.75-0.82) than on small (0.67, 95% CI=0.62-0.72) or inactive colonies, (0.63, 95% CI=0.57-0.68). Monthly survival rates were relatively high (0.88-1.0) during subsequent intervals and did not vary among initial colony size classes. Recapture rates for all colonies were higher during the fall trapping session (0.83, 95% CI=0.76-0.90) than in the winter (0.59, 95% CI=0.49-0.69). Translocation was effective for restoration of prairie dog populations, particularly on inactive colonies.
Die Suche Nach Allgemeinheit und die Pseudo-Erklärung (1968)

Der Wunsch zu wissen ist so alt wie die Menschheitsgeschichte. Gleichzeitig mit den Anfängen gesellschaftlicher Gruppen und dem Gebrauch von Werkzeugen zum Zwecke einer vollkommeneren Befriedigung der täglichen Bedürfnisse hat sich der Wunsch nach Wissen eingestellt, denn Wissen ist unentbehrlich für eine Beherrschung der Dinge unserer Umwelt, die wir für unsere Zwecke ausnutzen möchten.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing at 2μm (2012)

This paper shows, for the first time, the implementation of a WDM subsystem at the 2µm wavelength window with mixed formats. Three wavelength channels were directly modulated with BPSK Fast-OFDM at 5Gbit/s per channel, with a fourth channel NRZ-OOK externally modulated at 8.5Gbit/s giving a total capacity in excess of 20 Gbit/s.
The application of nonlinear structures to the reconstruction of binary signals (1991)

The problem of reconstructing digital signals which have been passed through a dispersive channel and corrupted with additive noise is discussed. The problems encountered by linear equalizers under adverse conditions on the signal-to-noise ratio and channel phase are described. By considering the equalization problem as a geometric classification problem the authors demonstrate how these difficulties can be overcome by utilizing nonlinear classifiers as channel equalizers. The manner in which neural networks can be utilized as adaptive channel equalizers is described, and simulation results which suggest that the neural network equalizers offer a performance which exceeds that of the linear structures, particularly in the high-noise environment, are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
High‐capacity Free‐space Optical Communications Using Multiplexing of Multiple OAM Beams (2021)

There has been extensive interest in increasing data capacity and spectral efficiency of free-space optical (FSO) communications. This chapter reviews the principle and experimental demonstrations of utilizing the orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing to achieve high-capacity FSO systems. Topics in this chapter include technical challenges, first-of-its-kind demonstrations of OAM-multiplexed FSO links, mitigation approaches for inter-channel crosstalk, and OAM systems in airborne and underwater environments. Potential further investigation and exploration of OAM multiplexing techniques are also discussed in each section of this chapter.
Neural associative memories for molecular databases (1996)

We describe recent and on going research into the use of neural associative memories in a molecular database system. The aim of the work is to allow rapid access to a large database of 3D images of molecules using possibly incomplete information provided by the user. Two approaches are being pursued. Both are based upon the use of a class of neural networks known as correlation matrix memories (CMMs) which possess certain computationally attractive features. The first approach uses CMMs to match featural descriptions derived from 2D bond diagram molecular models. The second is aimed at matching structural descriptions derived from complex and flexible 3D molecular models. We focus on the first approach but briefly outline the second method. We describe the architecture of the CMMs, and compare them to conventional database systems. The results of a theoretical study into CMM matching performance are presented, and used to illustrate the potential advantages of our strategy. (6 pages)
Exploring a Virtual Reality Simulation to Aid Inductive Learning of Fluid Pressure Characteristics (2018)

Abstract This paper introduces a desktop virtual reality (VR) simulation developed to facilitate inductive learning of fluid pressure characteristics and presents results from trialing it in inductive teaching (whole-class, teacher-led) vs. inductive learning (individual, more student-led) scenarios in a sophomore/junior level fluid mechanics course. Assessments administered to gauge learning included true/false, descriptive and drawing questions. Results show that the inductive teaching scenario led to better student performance, with higher average scores across all but one question. These differences were significant for the whole assessment, and for the individual true/false questions. The inductive scenario used (as against gender, age, test scores etc.) turned out to be the only determining factor. The extent of differences between the two scenarios was substantial considering the introductory concepts addressed and the detailed guided inquiry materials provided. The online and desktop version of the VR simulation are available for free use. Alternate versions (for tablets) and an augmented reality (AR) simulation that were developed for the same purpose are also mentioned.
Fixed field circular accelerator designs (2003)

The rapid rate and cycle time required to efficiently accelerate muons precludes conventional circular accelerators. Recirculating linacs provide one option, but the separate return arcs per acceleration pass may prove costly. Recent work on muon acceleration schemes has concentrated on designing fixed-field circular accelerators whose strong superconducting fields can sustain a factor of 4 increase in energy from injection to extraction. A 4 to 16 GeV fixed-field circular accelerator has been designed which allows large orbit excursions and the tune to vary as a function of momentum. Acceleration is 0.6 GeV per turn so the entire cycle consists of only 20 turns. In addition a 16 to 64 GeV fixed-field circular accelerator has been designed which is more in keeping with the traditional Fixed Field Alternating Gradient machines. In this work all three machine designs are described.
Corrugated Carbon Nanotube Microstructures with Geometrically Tunable Compliance (2011)

Deterministic organization of nanostructures into microscale geometries is essential for the development of materials with novel mechanical, optical, and surface properties. We demonstrate scalable fabrication of 3D corrugated carbon nanotube (CNT) microstructures, via an iterative sequence of vertically aligned CNT growth and capillary self-assembly. Vertical microbellows and tilted microcantilevers are created over large areas, and these structures can have thin walls with aspect ratios exceeding 100:1. We show these structures can be used as out-of-plane microsprings with compliance determined by the wall thickness and number of folds.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Isoindolones by a Lithium—Iodide Exchange‐Induced Intramolecular Wurtz—Fittig Reaction of o‐Iodobenzoyl Chloride/Imine Adducts. (2011)

Abstract Addition of o‐iodobenzoyl chlorides to alkyl imines generates acyliminium ions which undergo phenyllithium‐induced intramolecular Wurtz—Fittig coupling to produce isoindolones.
Examining the Safety and Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy for Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Review of the Literature (2020)

Based on our review of the literature, LLLT appears to be effective for treating pattern hair loss in both men and women. These laser devices have good safety profiles, with only minor adverse effects reported. However, physicians should be cautious when drawing conclusions as some studies included have a relationship with industry.
65 nm SOI CMOS 60 GHz passive mixer for six-port technology (2016)

This work describes the design and measurements of a 60 GHz passive mixer for six-port applications operating and implemented in a 65nm SOI CMOS technology. The mixer topology, consisting only of a n-MOS cold-FET and CPW transmission line matching networks, avoids the use of coupler in front of the detection circuit commonly found in six-port technology. The simplification reduces the chip size and the power consumption. Demodulation results at 60 GHz are demonstrated to validate the approach proposed.
Computational Social Choice Meets Databases (2018)

We develop a novel framework that aims to create bridges between the computational social choice and the database management communities. This framework enriches the tasks currently supported in computational social choice with relational database context, thus making it possible to formulate sophisticated queries about voting rules, candidates, voters, issues, and positions. At the conceptual level, we give rigorous semantics to queries in this framework by introducing the notions of necessary answers and possible answers to queries. At the technical level, we embark on an investigation of the computational complexity of the necessary answers. In particular, we establish a number of results about the complexity of the necessary answers of conjunctive queries involving the plurality rule that contrast sharply with earlier results about the complexity of the necessary winners under the plurality rule.
Determination of the wire profile of highly conducting wire gratings using an electromagnetic theory of diffraction (1993)

In a paper published in 1969 it was shown theoretically that within the accuracy of the first Born approximation, the low spatial-frequency components of the distribution of the refractive index throughout a semi-transparent object may be determined from measurements of the field scattered by the object at finite distances from it.1 First preliminary experiments, which verified the correctness of the theoretical predictions were performed soon afterwards.2'3 These investigations were carried forward by many workers (see, for example refs. 4 - 7) and have led to the development of the broad field of diffraction tomography, which is beginning to find useful applications.8-11 A mathematical theorem derived in ref. 1, which makes it possible to perform the reconstruction, has become of basic importance for diffraction tomography, where it is sometimes called the Fourier diffraction theorem.12
Fully Automatic Determination and Optimization of Engine Control Characteristics (1992)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The development of new generations of engines is guided by increasing challenges concerning performance, fuel consumption, emissions and driveability. In order to meet future requirements the engines are equipped with an increasing number of control devices, which have to be mapped according to the operating condition. Because of the large number of control elements and the often contradictory requirements, the determination of the best compromise is a complex and labor intensive task.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this paper, the combination of modern measurement techniques, automated test procedures and an optimization software package is demonstrated allowing the performance of a multidimensional optimization of such engine control characteristics as spark advance, injection phase, rate of exhaust gas recirculation, boost pressure, controller settings, etc., under steady state operating conditions for the whole engine map. With the integrated mathematical optimization method, it is possible to solve optimization problems with a free definition of objectives and boundaries.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;By direct communication of the test cell data acquisition and control system with the electronic engine management, it is possible to perform the optimization procedure directly in the test cell in an automated routine thus reducing time and volume of data required for the optimization process.&lt;/div&gt;
Author response: Redox-dependent rearrangements of the NiFeS cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (2018)

Life relies on countless chemical reactions, almost all of which need to be sped up by enzymes. About half of all enzymes carry metal ions that expand the range of the reactions that they can catalyze. In some enzymes these metal ions assemble with sulfur ions to form so-called metalloclusters. These structures can carry out many different types of reactions, including converting simple forms of elements like nitrogen and carbon into other forms that can be used to make more complicated biological molecules. One enzyme that contains metalloclusters is carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Known as CODH for short, this enzyme uses a metallocluster called the “C-cluster” to interconvert two gases: the pollutant carbon monoxide and the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. CODH enzymes are found inside certain bacteria, but they are also of interest for humans, who wish to use them to remove the harmful gases from the environment. But this is not as simple as it may at first seem: CODH enzymes usually become inactive when exposed to air because the metalloclusters fall apart in the presence of oxygen. One CODH enzyme from a widespread bacterium called Desulfovibrio vulgaris, however, is an attractive target for industrial use because it can tolerate oxygen better. Yet, it is still unclear why this enzyme does not get inactivated the way other CODHs do. Wittenborn et al. have now characterized the CODH enzyme from D. vulgaris in more depth via a technique called X-ray crystallography, which can reveal the location of individual atoms within a molecule. By a happy accident, the structures revealed that the C-cluster can adopt a dramatically different arrangement of metal and sulfur ions after being exposed to oxygen. This rearrangement is fully reversible; when oxygen is removed, the metal and sulfur ions move back to their normal positions. This ability to flip between different arrangements appears to protect the metallocluster from losing its metal ions when exposed to oxygen. By providing structural snapshots of how CODH responds to oxygen these results provide a more complete understanding of an enzyme that plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. This understanding could help scientists to develop bioremediation tools to remove carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and to engineer bacteria to capture carbon to make biofuels.
ECG segmentation and P-wave feature extraction: application to patients prone to atrial fibrillation (2005)

Presents an automatic analysis method of the P-wave, based on lead II of a 12 lead standard ECG, which will be applied to the detection of patients prone to atrial fibrillation (AF), one of the most frequent arrhythmias. It focuses first on the segmentation of the electrocardiogram P-wave, which is performed in two steps: first, detection of the QRS complexes, then association of a wavelet analysis method and a bidden Markov model to represent one beat of the signal. After segmentation, the P-wave is isolated and a set of parameters, which have the ability to detect patients prone to AF, is calculated from it. The detection efficiency is validated on an ECG database of 145 patients including a control group and a study group with documented AF. A discriminant analysis is applied and the results obtained show a specificity and a sensitivity between 65% and 70%.
Children's Brain Development Benefits from Longer Gestation (2011)

Disruptions to brain development associated with shortened gestation place individuals at risk for the development of behavioral and psychological dysfunction throughout the lifespan. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the benefit for brain development conferred by increased gestational length exists on a continuum across the gestational age spectrum among healthy children with a stable neonatal course. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with structural magnetic resonance imaging in 100 healthy right-handed 6- to 10-year-old children born between 28 and 41 gestational weeks with a stable neonatal course. Data indicate that a longer gestational period confers an advantage for neurodevelopment. Longer duration of gestation was associated with region-specific increases in gray matter density. Further, the benefit of longer gestation for brain development was present even when only children born full term were considered. These findings demonstrate that even modest decreases in the duration of gestation can exert profound and lasting effects on neurodevelopment for both term and preterm infants and may contribute to long-term risk for health and disease.
A Comparative Investigation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Indigenous South African Aromatic Plants with Popular Commercially Available Essential Oils (2006)

Essential oils have been accepted and recognized as having several therapeutic applications. Popular commercial oils such its lavender, rosemary, tea tree, thyme and peppermint have been used extensively in aromatherapy and as a treatment regimen against bacterial and fungal infections. Extensive studies on indigenous essential oils used in South African traditional healing rites indicate efficacy against a number of pathogens. By means of comparatively determining the MIC of the above-mentioned popular commercial oils against the essential oils of five indigenous plants (Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Heteropyxis natalensis, Artemisia afra and Lippiajavanica), efficacy was determined against eight bacterial reference strains and two yeast reference strains. The laboratory conditions and inoculum were standardized to ensure all 10 essential oils (commercial and indigenous) were evaluated under identical conditions. Where MIC data indicated coinciding values between commercial and indigenous oils, the MIC was further refined to narrow the increments. To comparatively demonstrate the time kill efficacy, commercial and indigenous oils were exposed to Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans and the cidal efficacy plotted over time against the logarithm of viable colonies. Results indicate that South African indigenous essential oils compare favorably with commercial oils studied herein. Of all oils studied, Myrothamnus flabellifolius showed the most rapid cidal effect against all three pathogens tested.
Prime-Boost Immunization Strategies against Chikungunya Virus (2014)

As of today, there is no licensed vaccine to prevent CHIKV infection. In considering potential new vaccine candidates, a vaccine that could raise long-term protective immunity after a single immunization would be preferable. While humoral immunity seems to be central for protection against CHIKV infection, we do not yet fully understand the correlates of protection. Therefore, in the absence of a functional vaccine, there is a need to evaluate a number of different candidates, assessing their merits when they are used either in a single immunization or in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost modality. Here we show that while single immunization with various vaccine candidates results in potent responses, combined approaches significantly enhance responses, suggesting that such approaches need to be considered in the further development of an efficacious CHIKV vaccine.
Enhanced LSTM for Natural Language Inference (2017)

Reasoning and inference are central to human and artificial intelligence. Modeling inference in human language is very challenging. With the availability of large annotated data In this paper, we present a new state-of-the-art result, achieving the accuracy of 88.6% on the Stanford Natural Language Inference Dataset. Unlike the previous top models that use very complicated network architectures, we first demonstrate that carefully designing sequential inference models based on chain LSTMs can outperform all previous models. Based on this, we further show that by explicitly considering recursive architectures in both local inference modeling and inference composition, we achieve additional improvement. Particularly, incorporating syntactic parsing information contributes to our best result-it further improves the performance even when added to the already very strong model.
Water Exchange in Fluoroaluminate Complexes in Aqueous Solution:  A Variable Temperature Multinuclear NMR Study (2001)

An 17O, 19F, and 27Al NMR study of fluoroaluminate complexes (AlFn(H2O)6-n((3-n)+), n = 0, 1, and 2) in aqueous solution supports the idea that for each substitution of a bound water molecule by a fluoride anion, the exchange rate of bound water with free water increases by about 2 orders of magnitude. New rate coefficients for exchange of inner-sphere water molecules in AlF(H2O)5(2+) are kex(298) = 230(+/-20) s(-1), DeltaH(dagger) = 65(+/-3) kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS(dagger) = 19(+/-10) J mol(-1) K(-1). The corresponding new values for the AlF2(H2O)4(+) complex are: kex(298) = 17 100(+/-500) s(-1), DeltaH(dagger) = 66(+/-2) kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS(dagger) = 57(+/-8) J mol(-1) K(-1). When these new results are combined with those of our previous study,(4) we find no dependence of the solvent exchange rate, in either AlF(H2O)5(2+) or AlF2(H2O)4(+), on the concentration of fluoride or protons over the range of SigmaF = 0.06-0.50 M and [H(+)] = 0.01-0.44 M. A paramagnetic shift of 27Al resonances results from addition of Mn(II) to the aqueous solution as a relaxation agent for bulk waters. This shift allows resolution of the AlFn(H2O)6-n((3-n)+) species in 27Al NMR spectra and comparison of the speciation determined via thermodynamic calculations with that determined by 27Al, 19F, and 17O NMR.
Waste Shell Cement Composites (2015)

Seashells waste is a growing economic and environmental hazard. The purpose of this project was to use seashells in concrete and determine how the concrete would perform compared to a standard mix. The testing consisted of eight mix designs that contained either conch or oyster shells. The shells were used as a substitute for 10% or 25% sand, and 5% cement powder pending the mix design. Four of the mixes used shells that were vinegar treated to determine if that affected the strength of the concrete. These mixes were all compared to the control and each other through a series of tests. The tests conducted were the 3-point bend test, compressive test, split tensile test, and shrinkage test. The samples were also examined using electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction.