gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WITHIN TREE AND ORCHARD VARIABILITY OF SILVER KING PEACH (PRUNUS PERSICA (L.) BATSCH) FRUIT QUALITY (2012)

The variability of crop quality accounts for most of seasonal variation of farmers' incomes, since fruit value mostly depends on its size and overall quality. Canopy architecture and orchard lay-out are mainly responsible for within tree environment and allocation, which in turn, account for fruit quality and its variability. Little is known about within tree and between trees variability resulting from different planting and training systems. A positive relationship has been measured in peach between PAR and TEAC (Motisi et al., 2005; Scalzo et al., 2005; Motisi et al., 2008). This study was carried out to measure within tree and orchard variability of fruits of the early ripening ‘Silver King’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), 8-years-old peach trees trained to a Y-shape and delayed vase. Fruits were picked twice with a 7 day interval and all harvested fruits were analysed in terms of size (weight), soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH and firmness. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was measured on fruit samples. Fruit weight variability between single trees was larger than within the tree and between training systems. Moreover, Y-shaped trees gave a more uniform crop (with smaller fruits) than the delayed vase. Fruit soluble solids content and firmness had a higher variability than fruit size and within tree variability was higher in delayed vase trees than in Y-shaped ones. Field variability did not change with training system for any of the fruit quality parameters. Between- and within-trees variability of fruit firmness increased with fruit ripening, more than size and TSS, thus making the correct choice of harvest time more difficult. TEAC changed fruit allocation within the canopy.
Robust signal processing for damaged vehicles with variability (2012)

The focus of this paper is on establishing a robust signal processing approach for damaged vehicles (i.e., cracked structures) with structural variability such as thicknesses of various components and Young's modulus variations. The approach assumes that vibration–type data is collected during the operation of a vehicle. Next, the collected data is used in a novel combined sensor selection and signal processing methodology. The new methodology resolves two key issues for complex structures with variability: (i) decides which field data channels are statistically optimal to be used, and (ii) establishes which data channels should correlate and how. The overall algorithm is based on a generalised version of the effective independence distribution vector. Also, the correlations among channels are used for noise rejection. Furthermore, the dynamics of the vehicle (i.e., a complex structure with variabilities) is modelled using Parametric Reduced Order Models (PROMs) and the concept of bilinear mode shapes introduced recently by the authors for cracked structures. PROMs are used to address the presence of variability and account for their effects on the data collected from various channels. The bilinear modes are used to capture the effects of the crack. The proposed methodology is demonstrated for a complex/realistic model of a HMMWV frame with parameter variability and a crack.
Effect of Different Chlorine Sources on the Formation of 3-Monochloro-1,2-Propanediol and 2-Monochloro-1,3-Propanediol Fatty Acid Esters during Frying (2019)

Several studies indicated that chlorine salts provoke 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD-FE) and 2-monochloro-1,3- propanediol fatty acid esters (2-MCPD-FE) formation in oils during frying. The amount of MCPD strongly depends on the type and the amount of chlorine salt. Food raw materials, additives themselves may contain several chlorine compounds, providing precursors for 2- and 3-MCPD-FE formation during frying. Then, the fat uptake can cause measurable concentrations in the fried food as well. This paper aims at screening chlorine compounds occurring in food industry. Influence of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the formation of MCPD-FE was investigated, mimicking frying conditions (175-180 °C, atmospheric pressure), applying high oleic sunflower oil as frying medium. 2-MCPD-FE and 3-MCPD-FE were determined by using an indirect method based on alkaline-catalyzed transesterification and GC-MS analysis. As expected, the reference sample without using any chlorine salt resulted only slight increase in 3-MCPD-FE concentration, and no increase in 2-MCPD-FE concentration. In case of the stable salts minor formation was observed. At as high as 3 % dosage of NaCl and KCl 1.6 and 2.4 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE generated, respectively. Adding CaCl2, NH4Cl and FeCl3 resulted in very strong MCPD-FE formation by both isomers (2- and 3-MCPD-FE) in this increasing order. 0.1 % FeCl3 generated 70 mg/kg 2-MCPD-FE and 238 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE by the end of 8-hour heating.
Is facet joint distraction a cause of postoperative axial neck pain after ACDF surgery (2020)

Introduction: Intervertebral distraction in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been postulated to injure the degenerative facet joints posteriorly and increase postoperative pain and disability. This study aims to determine if there is a correlation between the amount of facet distraction and postoperative patient reported outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing ACDF for degenerative pathologies was performed. Each patient received lateral cervical spine x-rays at the immediate postoperative time point and were split into groups based on the amount of facet distraction measured on these films: Group A: < 1.5 mm; Group B: 1.5-2.0 mm; and Group C: > 2.0 mm. Patients reported outcome measures were obtained preoperatively and at 1-year postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare outcomes between groups. Results: A total of 229 patients were included with an average follow-up of 19.8 [19.0, 20.7] months with a mean facet joint distraction of 1.7mm. There were 87 patients in Group A, 76 patients in Group B, and 66 patients in Group C. Patients significantly improved across all outcome measures from baseline to postoperatively (p < 0.05). There was no difference between groups at any time point with respect to outcome scores (p > 0.05). Multiple regression analysis did not identify increasing distraction as a predictor of patient outcomes. Conclusions: There were no significant differences between patient outcomes and the amount of facet distraction after ACDF surgery. Multivariate analysis did not find a correlation between facet distraction and overall HRQOL outcome.
The longitudinal muscle of rat ileum as a sensitive monoreceptor assay for bradykinin B1 receptors (1996)

1. Various bradykinin derivatives, acting preferentially at B1 or B2 receptors, were tested in the isolated longitudinal smooth muscle of rat ileum. Experiments were carried out in the presence of chlorpheniramine and atropine (both 1 microM), guanethidine and indomethacin (both 3 microM) and of the peptidase inhibitors (captopril, bestatin and thiorphan, all 1 microM). 2. The rank order of potency was (pD2 values +/- s.e.mean, n = 5 in parentheses, at 5 h from set-up): [des-Arg9]-BK (8.27 +/- 0.11) > or = [des-Arg10]-kallidin (7.67 +/- 0.24) > bradykinin (6.69 +/- 0.25). The B2 receptor selective agonist, [Hyp3,Tyr(Me)8]-BK, was approximately 10 fold less active than bradykinin. Contractile responses to all agonists increased with time. The maximal response to the B1 receptor agonist, [desArg9]-BK at 5 h (94 +/- 2%) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that measured at 2 h (74 +/- 2%). 3. The B2 receptor antagonist, D-Arg[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]-BK (Hoe 140, 0.1 microM) did not affect responses to the B1 receptor agonist [des-Arg9]-BK (0.1 nM--1 microM) nor those to the B2 receptor agonist, [Hyp3,Tyr(Me)8]-BK (1 nM--10 microM). In control experiments performed in the longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum and rat isolated urinary bladder as bioassays for B2 receptors, the B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (0.1 microM) antagonized bradykinin-induced contractions. 4. In the rat isolated ileum the B1 receptor antagonist, D-Arg[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8, des-Arg9]-BK ([des-Arg10]-Hoe 140, 0.3 - 10 microM) competitively antagonized contractile responses to [des-Arg9]-BK with an estimated pKB of 6.74 +/- 0.08 (Schild plot slope with confidence limits 1.22, (0.70 - 1.73) n = 13). In control experiments in the guinea-pig isolated ileum and rat isolated urinary bladder, [des-Arg10]-Hoe 140 (1 - 10 microM) did not inhibit B2 receptor-mediated contractile responses. 5. The putative B1 receptor antagonist, [Leu8,des-Arg9]-BK, behaved as a partial agonist when responses were determined 2 h from set-up (pD2 6.43 +/- 0.21, n = 5; Emax 30% of that evoked by [des-Arg9]-BK); at 5 h from set-up it behaved as a full agonist (pD2 7.48 +/- 0.12, n = 5; Emax 90% of that evoked by [des-Arg9]-BK). At this time the response to [Leu8,des-Arg9]-BK was antagonized in a concentration-dependent manner by [des-Arg10]-Hoe 140, which at 1 microM and 10 microM, produced dose-ratios of 6.33 +/- 3.66 (n = 4) and 103 +/- 40 (n = 4). 6. In view of the rank order of potency of agonists, the antagonist activity by [des-Arg10]-Hoe 140 and the lack of antagonist activity of Hoe 140, we conclude that the longitudinal smooth muscle of rat ileum, after histamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and prostanoid production blockade, is a sensitive monoreceptor assay for studying the pharmacology of bradykinin B1 receptors. Further the preparation can also be used as a sensitive bioassay to identify partial agonist activity of B1 receptor antagonists such as [Leu8,desArg9]-BK.
Compact test sets for digital logic circuits (1992)

The cost of testing typically forms a significant portion of the total product cost. One of the major factors influencing the cost of testing is the size of the test sets. Reducing the test set sizes decreases the cost of testing as test application and test storage costs are lowered. This thesis presents an integrated methodology for deriving compact or small test sets for various fault models in combinational logic circuits, without compromising the fault coverage and without requiring undue computing resources. The problem of test set compaction for single stuck-at, CMOS stuck-open, single transition, and path delay fault models is addressed.
Two different approaches to test compaction for single stuck-at faults are presented. A dynamic test compaction method, which performs test generation and test set compaction at the same time, is described. A set of heuristics to aid the derivation of small test sets are presented. The heuristics can be added to existing test generators without compromising the fault coverage. A complementary approach, in which test compaction is performed statically to reduce an already generated test set, is also presented. This approach can be applied to reduce the small test sets generated by the first approach or to reduce an arbitrary test set.
As stuck-open and transition faults are closely related, test compaction techniques applicable to both the fault models are developed. The problem of generating small and comprehensive test sets by considering stuck-open and transition faults together is also addressed. A dynamic test compaction strategy which exploits the test compaction techniques developed for stuck-at faults, and which performs dynamic test overlap to generate small test sets, is presented.
Test compaction procedures aimed at generating compact test sets for robust test generation of path delay faults are presented. A dynamic test compaction and overlap method and fault ordering heuristics are developed to generate tests that detect large numbers of faults. The test compaction techniques developed are directly applicable to multi-level circuits.
In all the cases, extensive experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the test set compaction techniques presented.
Longevity of seropositivity and neutralizing antibodies in recovered MERS patients: a 5-year follow-up study (2021)

The seropositivity rate of the recovered MERS patients persisted up to 4 years after infection and significantly dropped in the fifth year, whereas the neutralizing antibody titres against MERS-CoV decreased more rapidly and were significantly reduced at 4 years after infection.
Lack of Association with Rheumatoid Arthritis of Selected Polymorphisms in 4 Candidate Genes: CFH, CD209, Eotaxin-3, and MHC2TA (2009)

None of the SNP in CFH and CD209 showed evidence of association with RA. We did not replicate the association of eotaxin-3 with RA described in Koreans, or that of the MHC2T SNP.
The π Configuration of the WWW Motif of a Short Trp-Rich Peptide Is Critical for Targeting Bacterial Membranes, Disrupting Preformed Biofilms, and Killing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2017)

Tryptophan-rich peptides, being short and suitable for large-scale chemical synthesis, are attractive candidates for developing a new generation of antimicrobials to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria (superbugs). Although there are numerous pictures of the membrane-bound structure of a single tryptophan (W), how multiple Trp amino acids assemble themselves and interact with bacterial membranes is poorly understood. This communication presents the three-dimensional structure of an eight-residue Trp-rich peptide (WWWLRKIW-NH<sub>2</sub> with 50% W) determined by the improved two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance method, which includes the measurements of <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N chemical shifts at natural abundance. This peptide forms the shortest two-turn helix with a distinct amphipathic feature. A unique structural arrangement is identified for the Trp triplet, WWW, that forms a π configuration with W2 as the horizontal bar and W1/W3 forming the two legs. An arginine scan reveals that the WWW motif is essential for killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and disrupting preformed bacterial biofilms. This unique π configuration for the WWW motif is stabilized by aromatic-aromatic interactions as evidenced by ring current shifts as well as nuclear Overhauser effects. Because the WWW motif is maintained, a change of I7 to R led to a potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm peptide with 4-fold improvement in cell selectivity. Collectively, this study elucidated the structural basis of antibiofilm activity of the peptide, identified a better peptide candidate via structure-activity relationship studies, and laid the foundation for engineering future antibiotics based on the WWW motif.
Isotretinoin administration improves sperm production in men with infertility from oligoasthenozoospermia: a pilot study (2017)

There is currently no effective medical therapy for men with infertility due to oligoasthenozoospermia. As men with abnormal sperm production have lower concentrations of 13-cis-retinoic acid in their testes, we hypothesized that men with infertility from oligoasthenozoospermia might have improved sperm counts when treated with isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid). We conducted a single-site, single-arm, pilot study to determine the effect of therapy with isotretinoin on sperm indices in 19 infertile men with oligoasthenozoospermia. Subjects were men between 21 and 60 years of age with infertility for longer than 12 months associated with sperm concentrations below 15 million sperm/mL. All men received isotretinoin 20 mg by mouth twice daily for 20 weeks. Subjects had semen analyses, physical examinations, and laboratory tests every 4 weeks during treatment. Nineteen men enrolled in the study. Median (25th, 75th) sperm concentration increased from 2.5 (0.1, 5.9) million/mL at baseline to 3.8 (2.1, 13.0) million/mL at the end of treatment (p = 0.006). No significant changes in sperm motility were observed. There was a trend toward improved sperm morphology (p = 0.056). Six pregnancies (three spontaneous and three from intracytoplasmic sperm injection) and five births occurred during the study. Four of the births, including all three of the spontaneous pregnancies, were observed in men with improvements in sperm counts with isotretinoin therapy. Treatment was well tolerated. Isotretinoin therapy improves sperm production in some men with oligoasthenozoospermia. Additional studies of isotretinoin in men with infertility from oligoasthenozoospermia are warranted.
Influence of User Tasks on EEG-based Classification Performance in a Hazard Detection Paradigm (2019)

Attention-based brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigms offer a way to exert control, but also to provide insight into a user's perception and judgment of the environment. For a sufficient classification performance, user engagement and motivation are critical aspects. Consequently, many paradigms require the user to perform an auxiliary task, such as mentally counting subsets of stimuli or pressing a button when encountering them. In this work, we compare two user tasks, mental counting and button-presses, in a hazard detection paradigm in driving videos. We find that binary classification performance of events based on the electroencephalogram as well as user preference are higher for button presses. Amplitudes of evoked responses are higher for the counting task-an observation which holds even after projecting out motor-related potentials during the data preprocessing. Our results indicate that the choice of button-presses can be a preferable choice in such BCIs based on prediction performance as well as user preference.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Tumor Cell–Independent Estrogen Signaling Drives Disease Progression through Mobilization of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Expression of ESR1 by PCR and lack of responsiveness of tumor cells used in vivo.&lt;/p&gt;
Polyhalogenoaromatic compounds. Part 46. Circumstantial evidence for the intermediacy of radical anions during the reaction of magnesium with ω-bromoalkoxypolychloro-arenes and -heteroarenes (1982)

4-(ω-Bromoalkoxy)tetrachloropyridines, 4-(ω-bromoalkoxy)-3,5-dichloro-2,6-difluoropyridines, and (ω-bromoalkoxy)-pentachlorobenzenes have been prepared by reaction of the appropriate aryl and heteroaryl oxides with 1,ω-dibromoalkanes. The main products from the reactions of the bromoethoxy- or bromopropoxy-tetrachloropyridines with magnesium were the furopyridine (9a) and pyranopyridine (9b), respectively. Elimination of other possible reaction pathways leads to the hypothesis that the cyclisations proceed by electron transfer from magnesium to the tetrachloropyridyl group, followed by nucleophilic displacement of bromide from the side chain. In the absence of a leaving group in the side chain, the radical-anion intermediate leads to a Grignard reagent.
The optimal training load for the development of dynamic athletic performance (1993)

This study was performed to determine which of three theoretically optimal resistance training modalities resulted in the greatest enhancement in the performance of a series of dynamic athletic activities. The three training modalities included 1) traditional weight training, 2) plyometric training, and 3) explosive weight training at the load that maximized mechanical power output. Sixty-four previously trained subjects were randomly allocated to four groups that included the above three training modalities and a control group. The experimental groups trained for 10 wk performing either heavy squat lifts, depth jumps, or weighted squat jumps. All subjects were tested prior to training, after 5 wk of training and at the completion of the training period. The test items included 1) 30-m sprint, 2) vertical jumps performed with and without a countermovement, 3) maximal cycle test, 4) isokinetic leg extension test, and 5) a maximal isometric test. The experimental group which trained with the load that maximized mechanical power achieved the best overall results in enhancing dynamic athletic performance recording statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvements on most test items and producing statistically superior results to the two other training modalities on the jumping and isokinetic tests.
Importance of the proline-rich multimerization domain on the oligomerization and nucleic acid binding properties of HIV-1 Vif (2010)

The HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) is required for productive infection of non-permissive cells, including most natural HIV-1 targets, where it counteracts the antiviral activities of the cellular cytosine deaminases APOBEC-3G (A3G) and A3F. Vif is a multimeric protein and the conserved proline-rich domain (161)PPLP(164) regulating Vif oligomerization is crucial for its function and viral infectivity. Here, we expressed and purified wild-type Vif and a mutant protein in which alanines were substituted for the proline residues of the (161)PPLP(164) domain. Using dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, we established the impact of these mutations on Vif oligomerization, secondary structure content and nucleic acids binding properties. In vitro, wild-type Vif formed oligomers of five to nine proteins, while Vif AALA formed dimers and/or trimers. Up to 40% of the unbound wild-type Vif protein appeared to be unfolded, but binding to the HIV-1 TAR apical loop promoted formation of β-sheets. Interestingly, alanine substitutions did not significantly affect the secondary structure of Vif, but they diminished its binding affinity and specificity for nucleic acids. Dynamic light scattering showed that Vif oligomerization, and interaction with folding-promoting nucleic acids, favor formation of high molecular mass complexes. These properties could be important for Vif functions involving RNAs.
Alkyl 1-[2-(oxido anion)-, 3-, 4-, 5-alkyl substituted]phenyl ketyl radicals (1979)

Reactions of R 2 ,R 3 -alkyl substituted 2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acids 2-HO-C 6 H 2 R 2 -COOH with Grignard reagents R 1 MgBr in the presence of nickel give stable aryl alkyl ketyl radicals 2-O - -R 2 -, R 3 -C 6 H 2 -CO - -R 1 where R 1 = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 2 D 5 , n-C 3 H 7 and R 2 ,R 3 = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , i-C 3 H 7 , t-C 4 H 9 . The β protons of ketyl group are equivalent (splitting constant 1.25 mT) and non-equivalent (splitting constants within 0.5 to 1.5 mT) for R 1 = methyl and other alkyl groups, respectively. Interaction of the γ protons with the unpaired electron was only observed in the case of R 1 = n-propyl (splitting constants about 0.07 mT). The substituents R 1 have but slight effect on values of splitting constants of the protons in R 2 ,R 3 and vice versa . Also splitting constants of the benzene nucleus ( a 4 H = 0.55 mT, a 6 H = 0.44 mT) are only slightly affected by the substituents R 1 ,R 2 ,R 3 , which indicates dominant electron-donor effect of the oxido-anion group eliminating the relatively smaller contributions of the alkyl substituents.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of N‐Arylimines Catalyzed by the Xyl‐Skewphos/DPEN‐Ruthenium(II) Complex (2012)

Abstract The new catalyst system of RuBr 2 [( S , S )‐xyl‐skewphos][( S , S )‐dpen] and potassium tert ‐butoxide shows high reactivity and enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of N ‐arylimines [Xyl‐Skewphos=2,4‐bis(di‐3,5‐xylylphosphino)pentane, DPEN=1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine]. A range of imines derived from aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones as well as some ferrocenyl and vinylic imines are hydrogenated with a turnover number as high as 18,000 under 10–50 atm of hydrogen to afford the amine products in up to 99% enantiomeric excess. The reaction is applied to the synthesis of a chiral N ‐arylamine, which is the synthetic intermediate of a biologically active compound. The mode of enantioselection is interpreted by using transition‐state models based on the X‐ray structure of the Xyl‐Skewphos/DPEN‐RuBr 2 complex.