gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Synthesis of 6-Amino-Substituted Pyridin-2(1H)-ones Using in situ Generated Propiolic Acid Chloride (2005)

A regioselective and highly efficient synthesis of 6-amino-substituted pyridin-2(1H)-ones is presented. In situ generated propiolic acid chloride was used for the cyclization of acyclic β-keto N,S-acetals to afford the heterocyclic core. Substitution by amines led to a flexible access of the target compounds.
A Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor for Wearable Respiration Monitoring System (2017)

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a wearable capacitive pressure sensor for respiration-monitoring systems. For the dielectric layer of the proposed capacitive sensor, Porous Ecoflex with a porosity of ~36% was prepared from a manually made sugar cube via a simple melting process. A polydimethylsiloxane-based silver nanowire and carbon fibers thin films were used for the sensor electrodes. The fabricated flexible pressure sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 0.161 kPa <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> for low pressure regime (<;10 kPa), a wide working pressure range of <;200 kPa, and a high durability over 6000 cycles. Since the proposed sensor is flexible and resizable, it can be integrated into clothes and easily placed at any location of the human body. Finally, the practicality of the sensor was successfully demonstrated by integrating the sensor into a waist belt to monitor the real-time respiration signal of the human being. The finding is highly useful to monitor respiration signal for the detection of diseases, such as sleep apnea, asthma, and others.
Motion Re-estimation for MPEG-2 to MPEG-4 Simple Profile Transcoding (2002)

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a new discursive regime that encompasses global environmental change challenges and sustainability sciences, including adaptation to climate change. Co-production of knowledge has become a key, intrinsic component in both sustainability sciences and adaptation research. In this review article, we investigate if and how the SDG agenda is included in the application of participatory approaches and co-production of knowledge for climate change adaptation. We review findings from such processes in projects whose objective is to foster adaptation in the context of SDGs and to categorize the methods employed to forward co-production. We investigate 1) whether and how co-production approaches localize SDG targets and address tradeoffs and synergies, 2) whether they focus on power asymmetries and political dimensions in such participatory processes, and 3) whether and how the literature show that the SDG agenda contributes to a shift in the role of researchers towards a more interventionist approach to co-production. Our results show that there is little evidence that the SDG agenda contributes to a shift towards more interventionist or transformative approaches within climate change adaptation. Further, we have a identified a missed opportunity in the exclusion of "social" SDGs (SDG 5 and 10) in the discussions of adaptation and co-production and SGDs. Most importantly, we find that participatory efforts, including the co-production of knowledge, for localizing SDG goals and resolving tradeoffs and benefits, are the most salient aspects that tie the three co-production - adaptation - the SDG agenda together. Such participatory localizing processes have a great potential in facilitating long-enduring empowerment and legitimacy in adaptation efforts.
Towards Summarization for Social Media - Results of the TL;DR Challenge (2019)

With most summarization research focused on the news domain and scientific papers, little is known about the capabilities of the state of the art at summarizing more informal text. Today, the vast majority of text on the web is informally written on social media, and staying on top of the fast-paced stream of posts originating from one's subscriptions and followees is a burden to many. The TL;DR challenge marks a first step towards developing new summarization technology for social media, focusing on abstractive summarization. This paper reports the results of the challenge and describes our manual evaluation of the submissions. Finally, we discuss the expected properties of a good summary after analyzing the comments provided by human annotators.
Modeling of tsunami waves and atmospheric swirling flows with graphics processing unit (GPU) and radial basis functions (RBF) (2009)

Abstract The faster growth curves in the speed of graphics processing units (GPUs) relative to CPUs have spawned a new area of development in computational technology. There is much potential in utilizing GPUs for solving evolutionary partial differential equations and producing the attendant visualization. We are concerned with modeling tsunami waves, where computational time is of extreme essence in broadcasting warnings. We employed an NVIDIA board on a MacPro to test the efficacy of the GPU on the set of shallow‐water equations, and compared the relative speeds between CPU and GPU for two types of spatial discretization based on second‐order finite differences and radial basis functions (RBFs). We found that the GPU produced a speedup by a factor of 8 in favor of the finite difference method and a factor of 7 for the RBF scheme. We also studied the atmospheric dynamics problem of swirling flows over a spherical surface and found a speedup of 5.3 by the GPU. The time steps employed for the RBF method are larger than those used in finite differences, because of the fewer number of nodal points needed by RBF. Thus, RBF acting in concert with GPU would hold great promise for tsunami modeling because of the spectacular reduction in the computational time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Induction of autophagy with catalytic mTOR inhibitors reduces huntingtin aggregates in a neuronal cell model (2011)

Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene. This expansion produces a mutant form of the huntingtin protein, which contains an elongated polyglutamine stretch at its amino-terminus. Mutant huntingtin may adopt an aberrant, aggregation-prone conformation predicted to start the pathogenic process leading to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Thus, strategies reducing mutant huntingtin may lead to disease-modifying therapies. We investigated the mechanisms and molecular targets regulating huntingtin degradation in a neuronal cell model. We first found that mutant and wild-type huntingtin displayed strikingly diverse turn-over kinetics and sensitivity to proteasome inhibition. Then, we show that autophagy induction led to accelerate degradation of mutant huntingtin aggregates. In our neuronal cell model, allosteric inhibition of mTORC1 by everolimus, a rapamycin analogue, did not induce autophagy or affect aggregate degradation. In contrast, this occurred in the presence of catalytic inhibitors of both mTOR complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2. Our data demonstrate the existence of an mTOR-dependent but everolimus-independent mechanism regulating autophagy and huntingtin-aggregate degradation in cells of neuronal origin.
You May Not Need Ratio Clipping in PPO (2022)

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) methods learn a policy by iteratively performing multiple mini-batch optimization epochs of a surrogate objective with one set of sampled data. Ratio clipping PPO is a popular variant that clips the probability ratios between the target policy and the policy used to collect samples. Ratio clipping yields a pessimistic estimate of the original surrogate objective, and has been shown to be crucial for strong performance. We show in this paper that such ratio clipping may not be a good option as it can fail to effectively bound the ratios. Instead, one can directly optimize the original surrogate objective for multiple epochs; the key is to find a proper condition to early stop the optimization epoch in each iteration. Our theoretical analysis sheds light on how to determine when to stop the optimization epoch, and call the resulting algorithm Early Stopping Policy Optimization (ESPO). We compare ESPO with PPO across many continuous control tasks and show that ESPO significantly outperforms PPO. Furthermore, we show that ESPO can be easily scaled up to distributed training with many workers, delivering strong performance as well.
Abstract 23: Visceral Adiposity is Associated with Persistently High and Less Variable Blood Pressure: Results From the Dallas Heart Study (2016)

Introduction: Hypertension is strongly linked to obesity. Blood pressure variability (BPV), a novel BP phenotype with potential clinical significance, may also be associated with increased adiposity. We aimed to investigate the relationship between body fat distribution and average BP and BPV in the short- and long-term. Methods: Using data from the Dallas Heart Study, we assessed within-visit (short-term) and visit-to-visit (long-term) BPV (average real variability [ARV], defined as the average of absolute differences of BP between successive BP measures) during a 5-month follow-up period (2000-2002). Five BP measures were taken at each of the 3 visits (two in-office and one in-home survey). The associations of visceral (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) quantified by MRI and lower body subcutaneous fat (LBF) by DEXA with BP phenotypes were assessed using multivariable-adjusted linear regression. Results: 2595 participants with mean age 44 years; 54 % women; 68 % non-White; mean BMI 29 kg/m2, mean SBP 127 mmHg and DBP 79 mmHg were included. The short-term ARV of SBP at home and office, and long-term ARV of SBP over 3 visits were 4.0±2.4 mm Hg, 4.1±2.5 mmHg, and 9.8±7.1 mmHg, respectively. VAT, SAT, and LBF were not associated with short-term ARV of SBP, while higher VAT was associated with lower long-term ARV of SBP (Table). VAT was strongly associated with average SBP in the short- and long-term, while higher LBF was associated with lower average SBP in the short- and long-term. Conclusions: Greater VAT is associated with persistently higher short- and long-term average BP with lower variability over visits. The presence of persistently elevated BP, coupled with lower BPV, associated with visceral adiposity may impose higher cardiac workload and consequently increase cardiac hypertrophy and risk for heart failure.
Signal integrity evaluation of a 10 Gbits/sec optoelectronic interconnect (2003)

Signal integrity is of vital importance to high speed interconnects. The 10G system is a 10 Gbit/second optical interconnect with a cross-section bandwidth of over 1T bit/second fabricated on a heterogeneous platform consisting of a multi-chip module, high-speed SiGe and GaAs opto-electronics. We compare lumped and multisegment microstrip models of the transmission lines on the MCM hybrid. We also model the wirebonds using a quasi-static model and a Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) model for the bump bonds between the GaAs and SiGe substrates. These models are utilized by a behavioral simulator to demonstrate the effects of interconnect components on waveform shape. The results demonstrate convincingly that signal integrity is of critical importance to end-to-end performance measures at high transmission speeds and that incorporating these models is important to behavioral simulation.
SU‐GG‐T‐448: Beam Parameters for Gated Irradiations of Moving Targets in Scanned Particle Therapy (2010)

Purpose : To investigate gating parameters for gated irradiation of moving targets with a scanned ion beam using a 4D motion phantom. Method and Materials : For a scanned particle beam the residual motion within the gating window causes interplay which leads to unacceptable under‐ and overdose. Beam parameters (residual motion, beam spot size, and raster grid spacing) have to be chosen such that the increased overlap (spot size / grid spacing) of neighboring pencil beams mitigates the dosimetric impact of the residual motion. Due to the impossibility of measuring all potential cases that can occur for a given gating parameter set (e.g. different motion amplitudes and starting phases), the optimal parameter set is determined in simulations. The result of the simulations is then validated by a set of representative measurements. We performed experiments with 1D motion and studied the influence of different beam overlaps (spot size vs. grid spacing) with respect to the dosimetric impact of residual motion amplitudes. Films and an array of ionization chambers were used as detectors. As a preparation of measurements with 3D motion, we constructed a thorax‐phantom that simulates 3D internal tumor motion using a robotic arm and further allows independent control of surface motion in order to study robustness against e.g. baseline drifts. Results : A beam overlap of 6.7 was less sensitive to residual motion than an overlap of 3. The robotic phantom moves reproducible with a spatial precision of &lt; 0.3 mm Conclusion : A framework for beam parameter definition for gated treatments with a scanned particle beam has been set up and tested in initial experiments. Conflict of Interest : Research sponsored by German Research Foundation (DFG).
One - staged reconstruction of bladder exstrophy in male patients: long - term follow-up outcomes (2017)

One-stage reconstruction minimizes the number of surgical procedures required to achieve UC and potentiates bladder-neck function. The advantages of using groin flaps over current techniques for complete repair are the small risk for penile tissue loss and the avoidance of ostheotomies.
Topological design and modulation strategy for buck-boost three-level inverters (2007)

To date, designed topologies for DC-AC inversion with both voltage buck and boost capabilities are mainly focused on two-level circuitries with extensions to three-level possibilities left nearly unexplored. Contributing to this area of research, this paper presents the design of a number of viable buck-boost three-level inverters that can also support bidirectional power conversion. The proposed front-end circuitry is developed from the Cuk-derived buck-boost two-level inverter, and by using the ldquoalternative phase opposition dispositionrdquo modulation scheme, the buck-boost three-level inverters can perform distinct five-level line voltage and three-level phase voltage switching by simply controlling the active switches located in the designed voltage boost section of the circuits. As a cost saving option, one active switch can further be removed from the voltage boost section of the circuits by simply rerouting the gating commands of the remaining switches without influencing the AC output voltage amplitude. To verify the validity of the proposed inverters, MATLAB/PLECS simulations were performed before a laboratory prototype was implemented for experimental testing.
Fuzzy clustering in data mining for telco database marketing campaigns (2003)

Fuzzy methods have been applied to data mining and to databases of customer information for marketing. This paper explores fuzzy clustering approaches to telecommunications database marketing. Fuzzy clustering methods can be used to mine telco customer and prospect databases to gain residential and business customer market share. Four key fuzzy enhancements to traditional database marketing are developed in this paper. First, customers often have significant membership values in more than one distinct fuzzy cluster and can be considered in a natural manner for hybrid or multiple contacts in a given marketing campaign. Second, fuzzy clustering outcomes are shown to be dependent on the particular offer or marketing message. Third, there are differences in clustering outcomes over time, as various offers and treatments are successively presented to consumers, and as products and tastes change. This evolution of fuzzy clusters can be used to help understand customer loyalty and to extract a more optimal lifetime economic relationship value. Fourth, in the longer run, formal procedures can be suggested involving intuitive fuzzy-based clustering metrics for continuous process improvement, to support increasingly flexible and opportunistic campaign management.
Generic building blocks for the telecommunications management network (2003)

The TMN (telecommunications management network) is envisioned as an approach for interconnecting the network elements with the operations systems. The generic TMN is planned to be built with embedded operations channels now made available by the data links within ESF and SONET, SS7 signaling links, and dedicated channels. The concept of mediation is briefly reviewed. Three levels of mediation are defined: shelf/frame, office, and network node levels. A generic TMN node is described. It consists of transmission interfaces, a high-capacity message switch, and an open interface to computer elements. The latter is expected to be very important to the growth and performance of the TMN.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Short Bowel Syndrome in Adults (2022)

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare disorder characterized by severe intestinal dysfunction leading to malabsorption of macronutrients and micronutrients that often results in permanent need of parenteral nutrition support. Patients can develop SBS because of massive intestinal resection or loss of intestinal function and consequently experience significant morbidity and increased healthcare utilization. The remaining anatomy and length of bowel after intestinal resection have important prognostic and therapeutic implications. Because patients with SBS constitute a heterogenous group, management is complex and multifaceted, involving nutrition support, fluid and electrolyte management, and pharmacologic therapies in particular to control diarrhea. Surgical interventions including intestinal transplantation may be considered in selected individuals. Successful care of these patients is best accomplished by a multidisciplinary team that is experienced in the management of this syndrome.
QSAR OF DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS FOR PU (NO3)062-COMPLEXES USING MOLECULAR MECHANICS (2000)

Computer-aided modeling has been very successful in the design of chelating ligands for the formation of selective metal complexes. We report herein preliminary efforts to extend the principles developed for ion-specific chelating ligands to the weaker, more diffuse electrostatic interactions between complex anions and dicationic sites of anion-exchange resins. Calculated electrostatic affinity between plutonium (IV) hexanitrato dianions and analogue of dicationic anion-exchange sites correlate well with empirically-determined distribution coefficients. This Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) is useful in the determination of the overall trend within a select series of bifunctional resins and which structural modifications are most likely to be advantageous. Ultimately, we hope to refine this methodology to allow the a priori determination of ion-exchange behavior for abroad class of materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Melatonergic Ligands: Pharmaceutical Development and Clinical Applications (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a tool to study transferrin interactions with metals of biological interest (2003)

Transferrins constitute a class of metalloproteins that sequester and transport iron in vertebrates. Understanding the metal-binding properties of transferrin is essential for studies of iron metabolism and metabolic disorders. However, dynamics of these systems is poorly understood, since they are not amendable to analysis by NMR due to the high spin of the metal ion and the large molecular weight of the protein (35–80 kDa). In this work we successfully developed and utilized an ESI MS based approach to study metal-release properties of the human serum transferrin N-lobe (hTF/2N), as well as the intact transferrin from human (hTF). Both composition and conformation of a protein complex was monitored under a variety of conditions that are designed to mimic extracellular and endosomal environments. It was determined that iron dissociation occurs in vitro at typical endosomal pH 5.5 when physiological chelators (e.g. citrate) are present at endogenous levels. In the absence of such chelating agents, detectable iron release occurs at much lower pH (&lt;4.5) and is accompanied by unfolding of the protein. ESI MS data also indicated the transient nature of the anion in the holo-protein. Furthermore, studies of hTF revealed that the conformation of the iron-free N-lobe is stabilized when the C-lobe contains iron, confirming the existence of an interlobe interaction within the protein. Another surprising discovery was that the apo-N-lobe is significantly less flexible compared to the apo-C-lobe. These results provide strong support for the earlier suggestions that hTF interacts with its receptor (TfR) primarily through the C-lobe both at the cell surface and inside the endosome. We also successfully extended the above ESI MS approach to characterize interaction of intact transferrin (80kDa) with metals of medicinal relevance, such as In3+ and Bi3+. The results of our studies have revealed that indium-hTF complex exhibits the same pattern of conformational and metal release properties as iron-hTF. Because of conformational similarities between indium-hTF and iron-hTF, it is possible that indium-hTF is recognized by transferrin receptor protein (TfR) at the cell surface and is transported into the cells by the same mechanism of receptor mediated endocytosis as iron. On the other hand the results of our bismuth studies suggest that hTF adopts a semi-open conformation upon bismuth uptake. This conformation is different from that of iron-hTF, therefore it is likely that bismuth transport does not occur via the similar mechanism.
A Secure Email System Based on Fingerprint Authentication Scheme (2007)

Most of secure email systems adopt PKI and IBE encryption schemes to meet security demands in communications via emails, however, both PKI and IBE encryption schemes have their own shortcomings and flaws and consequently bring security problems to email systems. This paper proposes a new secure email system based on a fingerprint authentication scheme which combines fingerprint authentication technology with IBE scheme. The system perfectly solves the existing problems encountered in email security protection implementations.
Tentorial edge traumatic aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery (1997)

The authors report an unusual case of a traumatic aneurysm of the right superior cerebellar artery (SCA). A 22-year-old woman presented with continuous headaches that appeared 15 days after she experienced closed head trauma as a result of a cycling accident. Computerized tomography scanning performed 3 months later showed a nodular lesion on the free edge of the tentorium, which mimicked a meningioma. The aneurysm was identified on magnetic resonance angiography, which showed the SCA as the parent vessel. The parent vessel was trapped, and the aneurysm sac was excised via right temporal craniotomy. Pathological examination of the sac revealed a false aneurysm. The patient's outcome was excellent. The pathophysiology of traumatic aneurysm at such a location suggests that surgery may be the treatment of choice.