gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serous Retinal Detachments in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (1985)

Serous retinal detachments are a rare ocular complication of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), with only six previous case reports in the literature. We have recently observed two patients with relapsing TTP who developed bilateral serous retinal detachments during acute exacerbations of their disease. In contrast to all but one of the previously described patients, both of our patients survived the episode during which retinal detachments occurred. Hypertension appears to contribute to the development of retinal detachments in TTP, and vigorous efforts at blood pressure control are indicated. Serous retinal detachments may be a more frequent component of chronic relapsing TTP than has been suspected.
DNA Condensation by Cholesterol Polyamine Carbamates: A First Step in Gene Therapy (1999)

Novel cholesterol polyamine carbamates were prepared and their pKa values determined potentiometrically. Using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, their charge, at physiological pH, was determined. Binding affinity for calf thymus DNA was measured using an ethidium bromide exclusion assay (fluorescence quenching).



These cholesterol polyamine carbamates are models for lipoplex formation, the first and a key step in gene delivery.
Plastic Deformation in Metals with Nanosized Grains: Atomistic Simulations and Experiments (2004)

Molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations of fully 3D-nanocrystalline (nc) metals with mean grain sizes up to 30 nm highlight the role of the structure and stress state of grain boundaries (GB) in the deformation mechanism by means of the atomic activity that plays a key role in GB sliding and the dislocations emitted from GBs. This paper discusses how the applied stress is accommodated by the nc-structure.
The crystal structure and luminescence properties of the first lithium oxonitridolithosilicate Li3SiNO2:Eu2+ (2022)

The compound Li<sub>3</sub>SiNO<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> was synthesized in high temperature solid-state reactions in weld shut tantalum ampules and the crystal structure of Li<sub>3</sub>SiNO<sub>2</sub> has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group <i>C</i>2/<i>c</i> (no. 15) with the lattice parameters <i>a</i> = 1049.01(3), <i>b</i> = 1103.42(3), <i>c</i> = 511.86(2) pm, <i>β</i> = 116.14(1)°, and a volume of <i>V</i> = 0.53187(2) nm<sup>3</sup>. This compound is built up from two different layers, which are arranged alternately along the crystallographic <i>a</i>-axis. The results from single-crystal diffraction were confirmed by the Rietveld analysis of bulk samples. Moreover, Li<sub>3</sub>SiNO<sub>2</sub> could be successfully doped with the activator ion Eu<sup>2+</sup> and the luminescence spectroscopy of single-crystals revealed broad band emission at <i>λ</i><sub>max</sub> = 601 nm (fwhm = 90 nm).
Dissipation and energy propagation across scales in an active cytoskeletal material (2023)

Living systems are intrinsically nonequilibrium: They use metabolically derived chemical energy to power their emergent dynamics and self-organization. A crucial driver of these dynamics is the cellular cytoskeleton, a defining example of an active material where the energy injected by molecular motors cascades across length scales, allowing the material to break the constraints of thermodynamic equilibrium and display emergent nonequilibrium dynamics only possible due to the constant influx of energy. Notwithstanding recent experimental advances in the use of local probes to quantify entropy production and the breaking of detailed balance, little is known about the energetics of active materials or how energy propagates from the molecular to emergent length scales. Here, we use a recently developed picowatt calorimeter to experimentally measure the energetics of an active microtubule gel that displays emergent large-scale flows. We find that only approximately one-billionth of the system's total energy consumption contributes to these emergent flows. We develop a chemical kinetics model that quantitatively captures how the system's total thermal dissipation varies with ATP and microtubule concentrations but that breaks down at high motor concentration, signaling an interference between motors. Finally, we estimate how energy losses accumulate across scales. Taken together, these results highlight energetic efficiency as a key consideration for the engineering of active materials and are a powerful step toward developing a nonequilibrium thermodynamics of living systems.
Bulbusrekonstruktion bei ausgedehnten Verletzungen des Hinterabschnittes (2004)

Severe injuries of the posterior eye segment mostly occur during perforation or rupture of the globe. The first treatment includes primary surgical repair of the ocular wound and prophylactic scleral buckling in case of involvement of the posterior segment. Thereafter, a vitrectomy should be performed to remove vitreous hemorrhage and intraocular foreign bodies and to achieve a stable attachment of the retina. Therefore, temporary perfluorocarbon and permanent silicone oil tamponade are used. A predictor of poor visual outcome is the presence of retinal and choroidal injury. In our patients, the most important prognostic factor was the initial visual acuity after the injury. Vitrectomy can significantly reduce the incidence of enucleation. Currently, better visual outcome is achieved by advances in surgical techniques.
Rain Removal in Video by Combining Temporal and Chromatic Properties (2006)

Removal of rain streaks in video is a challenging problem due to the random spatial distribution and fast motion of rain. This paper presents a new rain removal algorithm that incorporates both temporal and chromatic properties of rain in video. The temporal property states that an image pixel is never always covered by rain throughout the entire video. The chromatic property states that the changes of R, G, and B values of rainaffected pixels are approximately the same. By using both properties, the algorithm can detect and remove rain streaks in both stationary and dynamic scenes taken by stationary cameras. To handle videos taken by moving cameras, the video can be stabilized for rain removal, and destabilized to restore camera motion after rain removal. It can handle both light rain and heavy rain conditions. Experimental results show that the algorithm performs better than existing algorithms.
Mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (1988)

Forty-four patients with a diagnosis of refractory or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia received salvage chemotherapy with high-dose cytosine arabinosine 3 g/m2 intravenously over 2 hours every 12 hours for six doses and mitoxantrone 5 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 5 days. Overall 16 patients (36%) had a complete remission; 16 patients (36%) had resistant disease; and 12 (27%) died during induction therapy. The most significant predictive factor for remission was the duration of first remission: the response rate was 17% for patients whose first remission duration was shorter than 12 months (including those who did not achieve a first remission), 45% for those with a first remission lasting between 12 to 18 months, and 69% for those with longer remission durations (P = 0.008). Other predictive factors for higher response rates were a younger age group, a good performance status, and a favorable or diploid karyotype. The median survival from start of therapy was 4 months for the total population and 10 months for patients with remission. Serious side effects including pulmonary toxicity and neurotoxicity occurred in less than 10% of patients. This incidence was significantly lower than previous high-dose cytosine arabinoside schedules of 3 g/m2 for nine to 12 doses (total dose, 27 to 36 g per course). Significant granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were universal resulting in fever or documented infections in 98% of patients. We conclude that the combination of high-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone is an effective antileukemic regimen with acceptable toxicity. Future studies should incorporate it as part of the frontline induction or maintenance strategies in newly diagnosed patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.
Adaptive Microphone Arrays for Noise Suppression in the Frequency Domain (1992)

Several methods for adaptive multichannel noise suppression of speech signals are compared. A modified weighting function is proposed to reduce linear distortions of the desired signal which may be introduced by the postprocessing system component. Experimental results using an array of four microphones placed at the corners of a PC monitor show a good agreement between theory and experiment.
DNA Testing in Criminal Justice: Background, Current Law, Grants and Issues (2012)

This report provides an overview of how DNA is used to investigate crimes and help protect the innocent. It also reviews current statutory law on collecting DNA samples, sharing DNA profiles generated from those samples, and providing access to post-conviction DNA testing. The report also includes a summary of grant programs authorized by Congress to assist state and local governments with reducing DNA backlogs, provide post-conviction DNA testing, and promote new technology in the field. It also reviews select issues Congress might consider should it legislate or conduct oversight in this area.
Connecting the local and the online in information management (2010)

With the popularity of social media sites, digital content is increasingly stored and managed online. At the same time, the desktop and local storage continues to provide a personal environment in which users perform their daily tasks. Thus, to accomplish their tasks, users need to continuously switch between local and remote resources and applications, often carrying the burden of coordinating and synchronizing these in a consistent way. In this demonstration, we describe a system, called ScholarLynk, that bridges the local and online worlds and allows users to manage both local and online resources in a uniform way and in collaboration with others.
Assessment of Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Spirulina with Glitazone in a Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model (2013)

The objective of the current study was to assess the possible pharmacokinetic interactions of spirulina with glitazones in an insulin resistance rat model. Wistar male albino rats were equally divided into five groups: insulin resistant rats+spirulina (500 mg/kg)+pioglitazone (10 mg/kg), insulin resistant rats+pioglitazone (10 mg/kg), insulin resistant rats+spirulina (500 mg/kg)+rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg), insulin resistant rats+rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg), and insulin resistant rats+spirulina (500 mg/kg). Described doses of pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or spirulina were per orally administered and the plasma drug concentrations were determined. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as Tmax, Cmax, AUC(0-α), t1/2, and Kel were determined by plotting the drug concentration as a function of time. The data observed in this acute study indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters (Tmax, Cmax, AUC(0-α), t1/2, and Kel) of glitazones (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) or spirulina, when they were coadministered. Given the promising results, this study concludes that the coadministration of spirulina does not influence the pharmacokinetics of glitazones in a type 2 diabetes rat model. Further chronic in vivo studies are recommended to assess the real time effect.
Riemann Manifold Langevin and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Methods (2011)

Summary The paper proposes Metropolis adjusted Langevin and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling methods defined on the Riemann manifold to resolve the shortcomings of existing Monte Carlo algorithms when sampling from target densities that may be high dimensional and exhibit strong correlations. The methods provide fully automated adaptation mechanisms that circumvent the costly pilot runs that are required to tune proposal densities for Metropolis–Hastings or indeed Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and Metropolis adjusted Langevin algorithms. This allows for highly efficient sampling even in very high dimensions where different scalings may be required for the transient and stationary phases of the Markov chain. The methodology proposed exploits the Riemann geometry of the parameter space of statistical models and thus automatically adapts to the local structure when simulating paths across this manifold, providing highly efficient convergence and exploration of the target density. The performance of these Riemann manifold Monte Carlo methods is rigorously assessed by performing inference on logistic regression models, log-Gaussian Cox point processes, stochastic volatility models and Bayesian estimation of dynamic systems described by non-linear differential equations. Substantial improvements in the time-normalized effective sample size are reported when compared with alternative sampling approaches. MATLAB code that is available from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/research/rmhmc allows replication of all the results reported.
Growing carbon nanotubes in a microscope (2007)

Great advances have been achieved recently in producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By the same token, precisely controlling the growth of both multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs and SWNTs) to generate desired structures remains a major challenge. The importance of this deficiency cannot be underestimated because some of the most promising applications of CNTs in next-generation electronics and optical devices depend strongly on nanotube diameter size and specific chirality (i.e., whether the tube winds left or right). For this reason, better understanding of the initial stages and mechanisms of CNT growth could be key to developing practical, large-scale synthesis of CNTs. Generating nanotubes involves reacting a gaseous carbon source onmetal catalyst particles in a process known as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Observation of the gas–solid interactions is possible using an ‘environmental’ transmission electron microscope (TEM) fitted out with gas injectors and cells. Indeed, several groups have carried out in situ observations of carbon nanofiber and nanotube growth.1, 2 But nucleation—the first and most important step of nanotube production—is still a puzzle, mainly because the environmental TEM images are blurred by vibrations caused by the chemical reaction or electrical currents. In order to get around this problem, we observed the formation of CNTs in an entirely condensed phase (solid) process. Moreover, we were able to monitor, at atomic resolution, the birth of both SWNTs and MWNTs in a standard TEM.3 To grow a CNT inside the TEM, we subject anMWNT containing a catalytically active metal particle core to electron irradiation. This causes carbon from the graphitic shells of the MWNT to be injected into the body of the metal core and subsequently to emerge as an SWNT or MWNT inside the host nanotube (see Figure 1). This process differs from previous in situ studies because it does not involve a gaseous source of carbon, and elecFigure 1. The sequence of images shows the growth of an MWNT from a metal catalyst particle. The process is driven by the injection of carbon atoms, produced by electron irradiation, into the metal particle.
Gamma gap thresholds and HIV, hepatitis C, and monoclonal gammopathy (2020)

An elevated gamma gap of 4 g/dL is insensitive for HIV, HCV, or MGUS, but has a high specificity for HIV and HCV, suggesting that the absence of an elevated gamma gap does not rule out HIV, HCV, or MGUS. Conversely, an elevated gap may justify further testing for HIV and HCV, but does not justify electrophoresis in the absence of additional clinical information.
Critical Electric Field Strengths of Onion Tissues Treated by Pulsed Electric Fields (2010)

The impact of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on cellular integrity and texture of Ranchero and Sabroso onions (Allium cepa L.) was investigated. Electrical properties, ion leakage rate, texture, and amount of enzymatically formed pyruvate were measured before and after PEF treatment for a range of applied field strengths and number of pulses. Critical electric field strengths or thresholds (E(c)) necessary to initiate membrane rupture were different because dissimilar properties were measured. Measurement of electrical characteristics was the most sensitive method and was used to detect the early stage of plasma membrane breakdown, while pyruvate formation by the enzyme alliinase was used to identify tonoplast membrane breakdown. Our results for 100-μs pulses indicate that breakdown of the plasma membrane occurs above E(c)= 67 V/cm for 10 pulses, but breakdown of the tonoplast membrane is above either E(c)= 200 V/cm for 10 pulses or 133 V/cm for 100 pulses. This disparity in field strength suggests there may be 2 critical electrical field strengths: a lower field strength for plasma membrane breakdown and a higher field strength for tonoplast membrane breakdown. Both critical electric field strengths depended on the number of pulses applied. Application of a single pulse at an electric field up to 333 V/cm had no observable effect on any measured properties, while significant differences were observed for n≥10. The minimum electric field strength required to cause a measurable property change decreased with the number of pulses. The results also suggest that PEF treatment may be more efficient if a higher electric field strength is applied for a fewer pulses.
Empirical development of an exponential probabilistic model for text retrieval (2003)

Much work in information retrieval focuses on using a model of documents and queries to derive retrieval algorithms. Model based development is a useful alternative to heuristic development because in a model the assumptions are explicit and can be examined and refined independent of the particular retrieval algorithm. We explore the explicit assumptions underlying the naïve framework by performing computational analysis of actual corpora and queries to devise a generative document model that closely matches text. Our thesis is that a model so developed will be more accurate than existing models, and thus more useful in retrieval, as well as other applications. We test this by learning from a corpus the best document model. We find the learned model better predicts the existence of text data and has improved performance on certain IR tasks.
From Paris to Berlin: Discovering Fashion Style Influences Around the\n World (2020)

The evolution of clothing styles and their migration across the world is\nintriguing, yet difficult to describe quantitatively. We propose to discover\nand quantify fashion influences from everyday images of people wearing clothes.\nWe introduce an approach that detects which cities influence which other cities\nin terms of propagating their styles. We then leverage the discovered influence\npatterns to inform a forecasting model that predicts the popularity of any\ngiven style at any given city into the future. Demonstrating our idea with\nGeoStyle---a large-scale dataset of 7.7M images covering 44 major world cities,\nwe present the discovered influence relationships, revealing how cities exert\nand receive fashion influence for an array of 50 observed visual styles.\nFurthermore, the proposed forecasting model achieves state-of-the-art results\nfor a challenging style forecasting task, showing the advantage of grounding\nvisual style evolution both spatially and temporally.\n
Eradication of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms on Human Dentin (2016)

<b>Objectives:</b> This work assesses different methods to interfere with <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> biofilms formed on human dentin slabs. <b>Methods:</b> First, methods are presented that select for small molecule inhibitors of biofilm targets using multi-well polystyrene biofilm plates. Next, we establish methodologies to study and interfere with biofilm formation on a medically relevant model, whereby biofilms are grown on human root dentin slabs. <b>Results:</b> Non-conventional <i>D</i>-amino acid (<i>D</i>-Leucine) can efficiently disperse biofilms formed on dentin slabs without disturbing planktonic growth. Cation chelators interfere with biofilm formation on dentin slabs and polystyrene surfaces, and modestly impact planktonic growth. Strikingly, sodium hypochlorite, the treatment conventionally used to decontaminate infected root canal systems, was extremely toxic to planktonic bacteria, but did not eradicate biofilm cells. Instead, it induced a viable but non-culturable state in biofilm cells when grown on dentin slabs. <b>Conclusion:</b> Sodium hypochlorite may contribute to bacterial persistence. A combination of the methods described here can greatly contribute to the development of biofilm inhibitors and therapies to treat <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> infections formed in the root canal system.
Long-Term Use of Intranasal Insulin in Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients (1987)

This study, in 3 phases, compared the long-term acceptability and efficacy of insulin administered by nasal spray with an intensified subcutaneous regimen in nine type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects on baseline therapy with ultralente insulin. In phase 1, patients were begun and stabilized on a regimen of ultralente daily and Actrapid insulin three times daily. Phase 2 consisted of 4 mo of this intensified subcutaneous regimen. In phase 3, intranasal administration of insulin, with 1% (wt/vol) sodium glycocholate, replaced Actrapid insulin for 4 mo. Glycemic control was compared in each of the three phases. It was possible to maintain the dose of ultralente insulin relatively constant in only six of the nine subjects during the intranasal phase of the study. The six subjects showed a significant rise in glycosylated hemoglobin during the intranasal phase (10.4 +/- 0.6% intranasal vs. 9.1 +/- 0.3% subcutaneous, P less than .05) but not in plasma or urinary glucose levels. There was no significant change in the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes during intranasal insulin therapy in this group. The other three subjects were considered treatment failures. Six of the nine original subjects expressed a preference for intranasal insulin, and one subject complained of mild nasal irritation insufficient to cease treatment. The intranasal route of administration of insulin has the potential to replace short-acting insulin as an adjunct to longer-acting insulin in some insulin-treated diabetic patients.
SketchiLog: sketching combinational circuits (2014)

Despite the progress of higher-level languages and tools, Register Transfer Level (RTL) is still by far the dominant input format for high performance digital designs. Experienced designers can directly express their microarchitectural intuitions in RTL. Yet, RTL is terribly verbose, burdened with trivial details, and thus error prone. In this paper, we augment a modern RTL language (Chisel) with new semantic elements to express an imprecise specification: a sketch. We show how, in combination with a naive, unoptimized, but functionally correct reference, a designer can utilize the language and supporting infrastructure to focus on the key design intuition and omit some of the necessary details. The resulting design is exactly or almost exactly as good as the one the designer could have achieved by spending the time to manually complete the sketch. We show that, even limiting ourselves to combinational circuits, realistic instances of meaningful design problems are solved quickly, saving considerable design and debugging effort.