gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonuniformity and NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>x</sub> Ratio Effects on the SCR Performance under Transient Engine Conditions (2014)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are in use on heavy duty diesel engines for NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; control. An SCR NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; reduction efficiency of higher than 95% is required to meet the proposed increasingly stringent NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emission standards and the 2014-2018 fuel consumption regulations. The complex engine exhaust conditions including the nonuniformity of temperature, flow, and maldistribution of NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; present at the catalyst inlet need to be considered for improved performance of the SCR system. These factors cause the SCR to underperform negatively impacting the NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; reduction efficiency as well as the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; slip.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, the effects of the nonuniformity of temperature, flow velocity and maldistribution of NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; on the SCR performance were investigated using 1-dimensional (1D) model simulations for a Cu-zeolite SCR. The model was previously calibrated and validated to reactor and steady-state and transient engine experimental data. The SCR engine experimental measurements collected from a transient cycle were used as the baseline for the simulations. The model was configured to include multiple axial channels running in parallel. Different inputs were assigned to the channels of the model to simulate the catalyst inlet nonuniformity. Another important factor affecting the SCR performance is the inlet NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; ratio. Its effects on the SCR NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; reduction, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; slip and NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; storage under transient conditions were investigated using simulations from a single-channel version of the same model. It was determined that the SCR inlet NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; maldistribution caused a 3.5% decrease in NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; reduction efficiency over a surrogate HD-FTP cycle. The nonuniformity of the SCR inlet temperature and exhaust mass flow rate had minimal effect on the cycle cumulative NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; reduction (&amp;lt;1%). Controlling the inlet NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; ratio to near 0.5 is important to achieve the optimal SCR performance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Proserpinaca: Photoperiodic and Chemical Differentiation of Leaf Development and Flowering (1967)

Proserpinaca palustris L. produced juvenile leaves on 8-hour photoperiods, adult leaves on 12-hour photoperiods, and adult leaves and flowers on 14-hour photoperiods. Treatment of plants growing on 8- and 14-hour photoperiods with gibberellic acid caused stem elongation and inhibited flowering. The treated plants on 8-hour photoperiods produced adult-like leaves.
Recharging processes of Ce3+ in gamma-irradiated YAG:Ce single crystals (2015)

The influence of γ-irradiation on the spectral properties of YAG and YAG:Ce (∼0.12 and ∼0.2 at %) single crystals is studied. The interrelation between the changes of γ-induced absorption of Ce3+ and of some color centers in the crystals is established. It is shown that the analysis of radiative behavior of Ce3+ in YAG:Ce crystals gives the opportunity: to evaluate a quantity of electron-hole traps influencing on cerium ions in as-grown crystals and involving in radiation processes of cerium ions recharging; to predict the concentration changes of Ce3+ in the crystals irradiated by doses (1.13–5.5) × 107 rad of γ-rays. The reasons of the activator ions concentration impact on the various radiation behaviors of γ-induced absorption and optical quality of these crystals are discussed.
COVID-19 and pregnancy: are they friends or enemies? (2021)

Currently available data didn't show significant relationship between COVID-19 severity and pregnancy and there is no strong evidence that mother's infection can lead to adverse pregnancy outcome, but further studies are needed to determinate the possible effects of COVID-19 gained during earlier pregnancy.
Influence of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Potato and Foliage Availability on Overwinter Survival of First-Generation Colorado Potato Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North Carolina (1996)

Journal Article Influence of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Potato and Foliage Availability on Overwinter Survival of First-Generation Colorado Potato Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North Carolina Get access Brian A. Nault, Brian A. Nault Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ned M. French, II, Ned M. French, II Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar George G. Kennedy George G. Kennedy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 89, Issue 1, 1 February 1996, Pages 124–130, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.1.124 Published: 01 February 1996 Article history Received: 01 June 1995 Accepted: 25 August 1995 Published: 01 February 1996
NHC‐catalyzedCO2Fixations in Organic Synthesis (2020)

Valorization of impure waste CO2 to well-defined products is a favorable pathway to the net reduction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and renewable one-carbon utilization. But there exists a severe challenge for the efficient and selective conversion of CO2 in organic synthesis, because of its inherent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. The last 10 years have witnessed a rapid-growing research interest in the area of CO2 capture, storage and utilization. Among these approaches, several efforts have been directed toward the utilization of CO2 as an ideal C1 feedstock into useful chemicals. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs)-catalyzed reactions with CO2 has immense potential for the preparation of various classes of organic compounds and their applications. The present book chapter focuses on multiple opportunities offered by NHCs to activate and fix CO2 in organic synthetic transformations with particular emphasis on C─H bond carboxylation, cycloaddition reactions/cyclization and reductive amination/formylation reactions.
Spatially resolved analysis of the T cell immune contexture in lung cancer-associated brain metastases (2021)

Despite unique genetic alterations within brain metastases (BrMs) and an immunologically distinct surrounding microenvironment, the composition and functional properties of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within BrM remain largely unexplored. In particular, the expression of coinhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 3 (TIM-3), and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), within BrMs is unknown. Using multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), this study evaluates the localized expression of PD-L1, level and functional profile of major T cell subsets, and coinhibitory receptors within lung cancer-associated BrMs and primary lung tumors. Clinicopathologically annotated samples from 95 patients with lung cancer between 2002 and 2015 were represented in a tissue microarray format. Spatially resolved and multiplexed QIF was used to evaluate PD-L1 protein, phenotype markers for major T cell subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3), cell-localized activation and proliferation markers (granzyme B and Ki67), and coinhibitory receptors (PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3). The signal for each marker was measured in marker-selected tissue compartments, and associations between marker levels, tumor location, and major clinicopathological variables were studied. In total, 41 primary lung tumors and 65 BrMs were analyzed, including paired samples from 11 patients. Levels of tumor PD-L1 expression were comparable between BrMs and primary lung tumors. BrMs had significantly lower levels of all T cell subsets relative to primary lung tumors, and T cells in BrMs displayed lower levels of granzyme B than primary lesions. PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 levels in CD3<sup>+</sup> T-cells were also significantly lower in BrMs. Marker expression in patients with paired samples from BrMs and primary lung tumors showed comparable results. High CD3<sup>+</sup> T-cells, as well as high levels of TIM-3 and LAG-3 in CD3<sup>+</sup> T-cells, were associated with longer overall survival in BrMs but not primary lung tumors. Lung cancer-associated BrMs display lower T cell infiltration, markers of cytolytic function, and immune regulatory signals than primary lung tumors. Despite these differences, high TIM-3 and high LAG-3 expressions in CD3<sup>+</sup> T-cells were associated with longer survival. These features are accompanied by comparable levels of PD-L1 protein expression compared with primary lung tumors. These results highlight unique aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment within the brain and provide further support for intracranially focused therapies.
Deletion of hypothetical wall teichoic acid ligases in Staphylococcus aureus activates the cell wall stress response (2012)

The Staphylococcus aureus cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS) is activated by cell envelope-targeting antibiotics or depletion of essential cell wall biosynthesis enzymes. The functionally uncharacterized S. aureus LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) proteins, MsrR, SA0908 and SA2103, all belong to the CWSS. Although not essential, deletion of all three LCP proteins severely impairs cell division. We show here that VraSR-dependent CWSS expression was up to 250-fold higher in single, double and triple LCP mutants than in wild type S. aureus in the absence of external stress. The LCP triple mutant was virtually depleted of wall teichoic acids (WTA), which could be restored to different degrees by any of the single LCP proteins. Subinhibitory concentrations of tunicamycin, which inhibits the first WTA synthesis enzyme TarO (TagO), could partially complement the severe growth defect of the LCP triple mutant. Both of the latter findings support a role for S. aureus LCP proteins in late WTA synthesis, as in Bacillus subtilis where LCP proteins were recently proposed to transfer WTA from lipid carriers to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Intrinsic activation of the CWSS upon LCP deletion and the fact that LCP proteins were essential for WTA-loading of the cell wall, highlight their important role(s) in S. aureus cell envelope biogenesis.
Natural hybrids in endemic Canarian dendroid spurges(Euphorbiasubsect.Pachycladae) (2005)

Molero, J. & Rovira, A. M.: Natural hybrids in endemic Canarian dendroid spurges (Euphorbia subsect. Pachycladae). — Willdenowia 35:271–280. — ISSN 0511 -9618; © 2005 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.35.35207 (available via http//dx.doi.org/)The hybridization in Canarian dendroid spurges belonging to Euphorbia subsect. Pachycladae is discussed. Natural hybrids accepted to date are nomenclaturally typified, two new hybrids, E. ×marreroi (E. regis-jubae × E. aphylla) in Gran Canaria and E. xfernandez-lopezii (E. bourgeana × E. berthelotii) in La Gomera, are described, and all hybrids and their parents are morphologically characterised and compared.
Some recent developments at NBS in mass measurements (1986)

During the early 1970's the results of a routine circulation of some mass artifacts between several laboratories revealed unexpected systematic errors. Our interest in understanding these anomalies led us to undertake several projects that are soon to be incorporated into a new round-robin effort. We believe this new work will demonstrate that the mass unit can be disseminated through artifacts of less than ideal characteristics and the results remain free of serious systematic errors. Such a demonstration will not only increase our confidence in the calibration of mass strandards but should also point to areas where fine tuning can yield further improvements on a laboratory-by-laboratory basis. We will discuss the effects on mass measurement of artifact characteristics, i.e., geometry, thermal conductivity, density, etc. The role played by the interaction of these artifact properties with ambient conditions is important to the outcome of a mass measurement process. To minimize these interactions we have applied electronic control circuitry to the weighing process. Our next round-robin weight package will contain the developments which are discussed in this paper.
Automatic generating fuzzy rules with a particle swarm optimization (2005)

We have proposed a pruning algorithm to obtain the desirable fuzzy rules based on particle swarm optimization. Compared the standard particle swarm optimization, in the proposed algorithm we adopted a binary value vector and a real values vector to represent a solution, and used the different equation to update the different parameters. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Comparison of LDPC block and LDPC convolutional codes based on their decoding latency (2012)

We compare LDPC block and LDPC convolutional codes with respect to their decoding performance under low decoding latencies. Protograph based regular LDPC codes are considered with rather small lifting factors. LDPC block and convolutional codes are decoded using belief propagation. For LDPC convolutional codes, a sliding window decoder with different window sizes is applied to continuously decode the input symbols. We show the required E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</inf> /N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> to achieve a bit error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−5</sup> for the LDPC block and LDPC convolutional codes for the decoding latency of up to approximately 550 information bits. It has been observed that LDPC convolutional codes perform better than the block codes from which they are derived even at low latency. We demonstrate the trade off between complexity and performance in terms of lifting factor and window size for a fixed value of latency. Furthermore, the two codes are also compared in terms of their complexity as a function of E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</inf> /N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> . Convolutional codes with Viterbi decoding are also compared with the two above mentioned codes.
PLASMA AND RED BLOOD CELL CARNITINE DYNAMICS FOLLOWING HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE 1005 (1996)

Carnitine (CARN) is essential for the translocation of free fatty acids into the mitochondrion for energy liberation and has been demonstrated to be deficient in patients (pts) with chronic heart failure (CHF). Studies on healthy adults suggest that elevations in plasma (PL) [CARN] following exercise (EX) reflects a loss of muscle CARN and/or an exchange with the hepatic CARN pool. The purpose was to determine the effects of acute high-intensity EX on PL [CARN] and red blood cell (RBC) [CARN] in CHF pts. Twelve pts (60±5 yrs) with CHF secondary to CAD (L VEF<40%; CHF duration 5±3yrs; NYHA II/III) performed an SL-GXT (mod. Naughton) to determine VO2peak and hematologic changes. Venous blood samples were collected before EX and at VO2peak and analyzed for Hct (corrected 4% for trapped PL and venous to whole body Hct ratio), Hb, PL CARN, and RBC CARN. Changes in blood volume (BV) and PL volume (PV) were calculated according to the equations of Dill and Costill. Mean EX time and VO2peak were 10±2min and 13.0±5.0 ml/kg/min. Pre-EX PL [CARN] was 54.6±3.9 (Total) and 49.7±3.1 nmol/ml (Free), whereas RBC [CARN] was 212.0±31.5 (Total) and 187.6±26.3 nmol/g Hb (Free). Following EX PL [CARN] increased 6.7% (Total) and 6.0% (Free). After correcting for an 11% decrease in PV, PL CARN content ([concentration]* volume) decreased from 54.6 to 51.0±3.1 nmoles (Total) and from 49.7 to 46.7±3.1 nmoles (Free). RBC [CARN] decreased 12% (Total) and 4%(Free) following EX. In conclusion, the decrease in RBC [CARN] and PL CARN content suggests a net loss of CARN from the intravascular compartment following high-intensity EX in CHF pts.
Insecticidal and fungicidal effect of plant extract - a laboratory based study. (2013)

The alternatives of Bio hazardous chemical insecticide were evaluated in the laboratory with methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extract of Lantana camara Linn. against Sand fly (Phlebotomus argentipes), methanol extract against Diamond Back Moth (Plutella xylostella), Red Spider Mites (Tetranychus urticae) and Fungi (Pyricularia oryzae, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium oxysporum -MTCC, Chandigarh) were evaluated. All were found effective against P. argentipes (max. 87.5% methanol extract), P. xylostella, T. urticae (max.100% methanol extract) and antifeedancy of P. xylostella (max. 83% methanol extract). The growth inhibition of P. oryzae, F. oxysporum, C. capsici with methanol extract was found 28.2, 22.4 and 19.2% on 9 th day. The study will lead to explore the findings in broader areas like fungicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal effect to insect having medical as well as economic importance with eco-friendly plant products.
Transplacental transfer of schistosomal circulating anodic antigens in cows (2002)

The present work investigated the transplacental passage of circulating anodic schistosome antigens (CAA) and the production of foetal antibodies in response to antigenic stimulation in Schistosoma mattheei infected cows. Three groups were available: six calves born to non-infected cows received colostrum from a pool from non-infected cows (group 1), six calves born to non-infected cows (group 2) and six calves born to infected cows (group 3) received colostrum from a pool from infected cows. Schistosoma-specific IgG1 antibody and CAA levels were measured in the colostrum pools, the sera collected from the cows, and the sera collected from the calves at birth, after intake of colostrum and at day 30. The specific IgG1 antibody levels were significantly higher in the sera from cows of group 3. In four cows of group 3 high CAA levels were detected. The specific IgG1 antibody levels were 0.646 and 0.176 OD for the infected and non-infected colostrum pool, respectively, and the CAA levels were 5667 and 2557 pg CAA/mL, respectively. At birth high levels of specific IgG1 antibody and CAA were detected in 4 calves of group 3; levels in the other two calves were negligible. After intake of colostrum, specific IgG1 antibody levels of group 1 increased slightly at day 1 to become again insignificant at day 30. In group 2 specific IgG1 antibody levels increased significantly between days 0 and 1, to decrease, although not significantly, at day 30. Finally, in group 3 the delta OD values increased at day 1 and remained high until day 30. After intake of colostrum the CAA level increased very slightly for groups 1 and 2 to become again undetectable at day 30. In group 3 a nonsignificant decrease in CAA levels was observed at day 1 followed by a further significant decrease to reach low levels at day 30. The suggested intrauterine antigenic stimulation may be important not only for generating immune responses to natural early infections, but also for enhancing the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines administered to newborns.
Analysis of frequency chirp of self‐injected nanostructure semiconductor lasers (2014)

The frequency chirp of a self‐injected quantum dot (QD) semiconductor laser is studied through the chirp‐to‐power ratio. By taking into account the carrier dynamics in the nanostructures, the effects of the optical feedback conditions as well as of the linewidth enhancement factor are investigated with a semi‐analytical rate equation model. On the one hand, under the long delay case, the simulations show the occurrence of a detrimental parasitic ripple both in the amplitude and the frequency responses. On the other hand, in the short cavity regime, the calculations reveal that the modulation properties can be nicely purified regarding the amplitude and the phase of the delayed field. To this end, substantial improvements in terms of the modulation bandwidth, the relaxation frequency and the frequency chirp are pointed out. Finally, the simulations also show that the linewidth enhancement factor constitutes a severe constraint in the self‐injected QD lasers independent of the cavity regime.
Run-time dynamic linking for reprogramming wireless sensor networks (2006)

From experience with wireless sensor networks it has become apparent that dynamic reprogramming of the sensor nodes is a useful feature. The resource constraints in terms of energy, memory, and processing power make sensor network reprogramming a challenging task. Many different mechanisms for reprogramming sensor nodes have been developed ranging from full image replacement to virtual machines.We have implemented an in-situ run-time dynamic linker and loader that use the standard ELF object file format. We show that run-time dynamic linking is an effective method for reprogramming even resource constrained wireless sensor nodes. To evaluate our dynamic linking mechanism we have implemented an application-specific virtual machine and a Java virtual machine and compare the energy cost of the different linking and execution models. We measure the energy consumption and execution time overhead on real hardware to quantify the energy costs for dynamic linkin.Our results suggest that while in general the overhead of a virtual machine is high, a combination of native code and virtual machine code provide good energy efficiency. Dynamic run-time linking can be used to update the native code, even in heterogeneous networks.
Total synthesis of an N-methylporphyrin (1985)

A. H. Jackson, R. K. Pandey and E. Roberts, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 470 DOI: 10.1039/C39850000470
Formulating calcium carbonate masterbatches (2022)

Abstract The effects of filler content, filler particle size and surface coating, as well as the natures of the wax and metal stearate lubricants on the properties of calcium carbonate-filled linear low-density polyethylene compounds were investigated. The elongation at break decreased exponentially with filler loading irrespective of whether the filler was surface coated or not. The corresponding decline in the impact strength was more gradual but it dropped abruptly on reaching a filler loading of 70 wt%. The effect of shear rate on the apparent melt viscosity followed an empirically modified Carreau–Yasuda model which included the effect of filler content. It features the zero-shear viscosity and the flow consistency index as adjustable parameters. These characterize the viscosity trends at low- and high-shear rates, respectively. In the absence of additives, the melt viscosity at 60 wt% filler exceeded that of the neat polymer by a factor of three. Adding 3 wt% wax and 1.0 wt% zinc stearate returned the melt viscosity to levels just above that of the neat polymer. Calcium stearate and magnesium stearate were less effective at reducing the apparent melt viscosity but a blend of the latter with zinc stearate performed particularly well.