gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alkylating agents from sugars: Synthesis of chlorambucil derivatives carried by chiral glycosyl glycerols derived from D‐Glucosamine (2002)

Chlorambucilamide derivatives involving chiral glycosyl glycerols derived from D-glucosamine were synthesized in good yield by coupling the chlorambucil moiety to the amino group of omega-amino-(omega-1)-hydroxyalkyl 2-acylamino-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosides, and subsequent hydrolysis of the benzylidene group. The starting material was easily available from 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. The bonding of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-beta-D-galactopyranosylamine to chlorambucil by formation of an amide function is also described.
Modern gel permeation chromatography (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTModern gel permeation chromatographyEdward P. OtockaCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1973, 6, 10, 348–354Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50070a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50070a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views298Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthetic Macrolides that Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Migration in Vitro (2007)

The design and synthesis of a series of natural product-like synthetic macrolides built upon a quinic acid-containing scaffold are described. Three of the macrolides (1, 3, and 6) have been shown to inhibit 4T1 breast cancer cell migration with low nanomolar to sub-micromolar IC50 values (77, 525, and 550 nM, respectively) in complementary assays including a quantitative cell migration assay and a semiquantitative wound healing assay.
Experimental Investigation of the Heat Release Rate in a Sinusoidal Spark Ignition Engine (1989)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Compression and power stroke cycles for a 4 stroke cycle spark ignition engine modified by extending the connecting rod to simulate purely sinusoidal piston motion are analyzed over a range of operating speeds and are compared with those of a similar conventional engine. Heat release rate is estimated for both engines using a simple Wiebe function with the functional parameters found via a simplex curve fitting method used in conjunction with experimental pressure curves. It is shown that the functional parameters which represent the combustion and the duration of fuel burn are slightly larger over the range of operation in the sinusoidal engine while the shape factor remains largely the same. However, the pressure-crank angle curves are sufficiently similar such that conventional slider-crank curves can be used to model sinusoidal engines, which was the motivation behind this research.&lt;/div&gt;
Notizen: Synthese der Insulinketten und ihre Kombination zu insulinaktiven Präparaten (1963)

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588. Effective Prevention of Liver Fibrosis by Liver-Targeted Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 in Rat Liver Fibrosis Model (2015)

Liver fibrosis is final stage of chronic liver diseases which may cause liver failure and liver cancer. While various diagnostic methods, including serum marker have been established, no standard therapy has developed. The objective of this study is to assess the approach of overexpressing matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene (MMP13) in rat liver to block liver fibrosis. The rat liver fibrosis model was developed by the bile duct ligation (BDL). And the liver-targeted hydrodynamic gene delivery procedure involves catheter insertion via the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the junction of the IVC and the hepatic veins followed by the hydrodynamic injection of MMP13 expression vector, containing CAG promoter-MMP13-IRES-tdTomato-polyA cassette with temporal blood flow occlusions at the supra- and infra-hepatic IVC. Three groups (n=5 in each group) of animals, BDL alone (non-treated), BDL simultaneously followed by hydrodynamic delivery of pBGI-MMP13 (treated group), and hydrodynamic delivery of pBGI-MMP13 (control) were analyzed for: 1) MMP13 expression in serum and cells in the liver by ELISA, western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, and fluorescent detection; and 2) therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis by analysis of serum fibrotic markers of hyaluronic acid and collagen type IV, and histological analysis including silver staining. Serum concentration of MMP13 in pBGI-MMP13 treated group reached 71.±5.1 pg/ml (p<0.001) compared to ≈5 pg/ml in non-treated group in 2 weeks after the procedure which sustained for following 8 weeks and slowly declined to 37.±5.9 pg/ml in 20 weeks. The protein expression in the liver was also confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of the liver samples. The expression of MMP13 contributed on the therapeutic effect which was evidenced by the statistically lower level of the hyaluronic acids of 50.±7.0 ng/ml in treated group than that of 20 ± 19 ng/ml in non-treated group (p<0.5) 2 weeks after the BDL, which sustained for 8 weeks. The serum level of collagen type IV showed similar pattern although no statistical difference was marked. Silver staining showed a significantly lower volume of the fibrotic tissue in treated group than that of non-treated. These results suggest that the liver-targeted hydrodynamic injection of pBGI-MMP13 could achieve long-term gene expression in rat liver and prevent the fibrotic development in the liver.
SCADA Honeynets: The attractiveness of honeypots as critical infrastructure security tools for the detection and analysis of advanced threats (2011)

Since the Stuxnet worm was discovered by a Belarusian security company, there has been a growing awareness of and a renewed interest in control system security. There is concern from some security researchers that the attention Stuxnet has received will have a proliferating effect. Will control systems now attract more attention from hackers, organized crime, terrorists, and foreign intelligence services? Will these attacks evolve beyond the typical virus or malware driven attacks commonly seen? Using a honeynet designed for control systems, insight into these questions will be sought by comparing the number and types of attacks received by a simulated control system with the number and types of attacks received by an IT network. Also, the usefulness of using honeynets on control systems to track adversary’s means and methods as well as serve as an early warning system will be explored.
The diverse nature of intestinal fibroblasts in development, homeostasis, and disease (2023)

Only in recent years have we begun to appreciate the involvement of fibroblasts in intestinal development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. These insights followed the advent of single-cell transcriptomics that allowed researchers to explore the heterogeneity of intestinal fibroblasts in unprecedented detail. Since researchers often defined cell types and their associated function based on the biological process they studied, there are a plethora of partially overlapping markers for different intestinal fibroblast populations. This ambiguity complicates putting different research findings into context. Here, we provide a census on the function and identity of intestinal fibroblasts in mouse and human. We propose a simplified framework consisting of three colonic and four small intestinal fibroblast populations to aid navigating the diversity of intestinal fibroblasts.
DNA extraction protocols may influence biodiversity detected in the intestinal microbiome: a case study from wild Prussian carp,Carassius gibelio (2016)

In this investigation, we examined the influence of different DNA extraction protocols on results obtained for intestinal microbiota of Prussian carp. We showed that significant differences were observed in numbers of reads, OTUs, Shannon index and taxonomic composition between two different DNA extraction protocols for intestine of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), and differences were also evident between microbial communities in the intestinal mucosa and intestinal content. Statistical analyses of 25 published articles also revealed a significant relationship between methods of DNA extraction and bacterial diversity in fish intestine of freshwater species. Microbial diversity, community structure, proportions of read numbers derived from each OTU and the total number of OTU's obtained by different DNA extraction protocols could lead to a bias in results obtained in some cases, and therefore researchers should be conservative in conclusions about community structures.
Gene expression of IL17 and IL23 in the lungs of patients with active tuberculosis (2008)

type 1 responses (interferon (IFN)c
Supplementary Figure S3 from Small-Molecule Polθ Inhibitors Provide Safe and Effective Tumor Radiosensitization in Preclinical Models (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Accompanies Figure 2 (ART558 treatment leads to increased residual IR-induced DNA damage foci)&lt;/p&gt;
Chiral palladium bis(phosphite) PCP-pincer complexes via ligand C–H activation (2006)

The synthesis of a range of chiral palladium bis(phosphite) pincer complexes has been achieved via C-H activation of the parent ligands and one of the complexes formed shows good activity in the catalytic allylation of aldehydes.
Normal plasma IgG inhibits HIT antibody–mediated platelet activation: implications for therapeutic plasma exchange (2017)

TO THE EDITOR:

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe adverse reaction to heparin treatment characterized by antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin complexes.[1][1][⇓][2]-[3][3] Recent data suggest that therapies currently in use are associated with a significant likelihood of
Opposite Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Apoptosis by JNK3 and Pin1 after Spinal Cord Injury (2007)

Although oligodendrocytes undergo apoptosis after spinal cord injury, molecular mechanisms responsible for their death have been unknown. We report that oligodendrocyte apoptosis is regulated oppositely by c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) and protein interacting with the mitotic kinase, never in mitosis A I (Pin1), the actions of which converge on myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 (Mcl-1). Activated after injury, JNK3 induces cytochrome c release by facilitating the degradation of Mcl-1, the stability of which is maintained in part by Pin1. Pin1 binds Mcl-1 at its constitutively phosphorylated site, Thr163Pro, and stabilizes it by inhibiting ubiquitination. After injury JNK3 phosphorylates Mcl-1 at Ser121Pro, facilitating the dissociation of Pin1 from Mcl-1. JNK3 thus induces Mcl-1 degradation by counteracting the protective binding of Pin1. These results are confirmed by the opposing phenotypes observed between JNK3-/- and Pin1-/- mice: oligodendrocyte apoptosis and cytochrome c release are reduced in JNK3-/- but elevated in Pin1-/- mice. This report thus unveils a mechanism by which cytochrome c release is under the opposite control of JNK3 and Pin1, regulators for which the activities are intricately coupled.
High activation of STAT5A drives peripheral T-cell lymphoma and leukemia (2019)

Recurrent gain-of-function mutations in the transcription factors <i>STAT5A</i> and much more in <i>STAT5B</i> were found in hematopoietic malignancies with the highest proportion in mature T- and natural killer-cell neoplasms (peripheral T-cell lymphoma, PTCL). No targeted therapy exists for these heterogeneous and often aggressive diseases. Given the shortage of models for PTCL, we mimicked graded STAT5A or STAT5B activity by expressing hyperactive <i>Stat5a</i> or <i>STAT5B</i> variants at low or high levels in the hematopoietic system of transgenic mice. Only mice with high activity levels developed a lethal disease resembling human PTCL. Neoplasia displayed massive expansion of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and destructive organ infiltration. T cells were cytokine-hypersensitive with activated memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T-lymphocyte characteristics. Histopathology and mRNA expression profiles revealed close correlation with distinct subtypes of PTCL. Pronounced STAT5 expression and activity in samples from patients with different subsets underline the relevance of JAK/STAT as a therapeutic target. JAK inhibitors or a selective STAT5 SH<sub>2</sub> domain inhibitor induced cell death and ruxolitinib blocked T-cell neoplasia <i>in vivo</i> We conclude that enhanced STAT5A or STAT5B action both drive PTCL development, defining both STAT5 molecules as targets for therapeutic intervention.
The Relationship between Tapetum Cells and Microspores Based on Protein Localization inFraxinus angustifolia(Oleaceae) Pollen Grains (2009)

This study contributes to the knowledge of the traffic of substances between tapetum cells and microspores through the localization of pollen proteins during microsporogenesis, by using immunocytochemical techniques with TEM. Because the Oleaceae genera, including Olea and Fraxinus, share a very similar protein profile, an Ole e 1–like protein (which cross‐reacts with the Olea europaea major allergen Ole e 1) was detected in Fraxinus angustifolia pollen grains. From the tetrad to mature–pollen grain stages, distinct labeling intensities were localized in the tapetal cells, anther locule, and orbicules as well as in the microspore and pollen cytoplasms and walls. The localization of this protein in the glycocalyx proves the special role of this layer in ectexine development. At exine deposition stages, the detection of immunogold particles in the anther locule and orbicules can be interpreted as showing an active transfer of these proteins from the tapetum cells to microspores. Moreover, at the bicellular stage, the diffusion of proteins from the pollen cytoplasm to the intine channels indicates their contribution to intine formation. These findings provide new evidence of the role of sporophytic and gametophytic tissues in pollen grain development. Moreover, the Ole e 1–like protein may have an important role in modifying pollen grain walls.
The Economics of Climate Change (2007)

There is now clear scientific evidence that emissions from economic activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy, are causing changes to the Earth´s climate. A sound understanding of the economics of climate change is needed in order to underpin an effective global response to this challenge. The Stern Review is an independent, rigourous and comprehensive analysis of the economic aspects of this crucial issue. It has been conducted by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the UK Government Economic Service, and a former Chief Economist of the World Bank. The Economics of Climate Change will be invaluable for all students of the economics and policy implications of climate change, and economists, scientists and policy makers involved in all aspects of climate change.
Nonmonotonic Existential Rules for Non-Tree-Shaped Ontological Modelling. (2013)

Description logic (DL) formalisms are extensively used for ontological modelling, e.g., in biology [16] and chemistry [19]. One such example is the ChEBI ontology [20] – a reference terminology adopted by various biological databases for chemical annotation [23,8,10]. Despite their wide range of expressive features, DLs are severely limited in their ability to represent structures that are not tree-shaped. This explains, e.g., why ChEBI does not capture molecular structures in its ontology, thus excluding its main content from logical reasoning. In order to overcome this deficiency, numerous rulebased extensions of DLs have been proposed that provide certain kinds of graph-based modelling, such as description graphs [27]. However, in order to retain decidability of description graphs several constraints are imposed, such as role separation restrictions and a cumbersome acyclicity condition, that restrict the range of structures that can be modelled and thus hinder practical usability [26]. Moreover, when performing structurebased classification a form of closed-world assumption is often needed to reason about the absence of structural features, e.g., to conclude that a molecule is inorganic if it does not contain carbon. Expressing completeness (closure) of finite structures in DLs is prohibitively inefficient, whereas nonmonotonic extensions of DLs remain largely unrealised in tools and applications [28]. This motivates the use of logical languages that draw upon rules enriched with nonmonotonic negation for the representation and classification of objects with a complex internal structure. Existential rules—function-free Horn rules with existential quantifiers in rule heads—have been proposed as a new expressive ontological language [6,2], and can be viewed as a restricted kind of logic programs with function symbols. Recent works have considered nonmonotonic rule-based ontology languages using stratified negation [5,26], stable model semantics [13], and well-founded semantics [17]. If we additionally remove the stratification requirement, then the resulting language allows for the accurate modelling of complex finite structures such as those found in ChEBI. Unfortunately, reasoning in these formalisms is computationally challenging. If negation is stratified, then all of these semantics agree, and programs have uniquely determined stable models; this is highly desirable and easy to check, but too restrictive for many applications. Moreover, even without negation, satisfiability, fact entailment,
High-Throughput Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 Detection Enables Forecasting of Community Infection Dynamics in San Diego County (2021)

Large-scale wastewater surveillance has the ability to greatly augment the tracking of infection dynamics especially in communities where the prevalence rates far exceed the testing capacity. However, current methods for viral detection in wastewater are severely lacking in terms of scaling up for high throughput. In the present study, we employed an automated magnetic-bead-based concentration approach for viral detection in sewage that can effectively be scaled up for processing 24 samples in a single 40-min run. The method compared favorably to conventionally used methods for viral wastewater concentrations with higher recovery efficiencies from input sample volumes as low as 10 ml and can enable the processing of over 100 wastewater samples in a day. The sensitivity of the high-throughput protocol was shown to detect 1 asymptomatic individual in a building of 415 residents. Using the high-throughput pipeline, samples from the influent stream of the primary wastewater treatment plant of San Diego County (serving 2.3 million residents) were processed for a period of 13 weeks. Wastewater estimates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral genome copies in raw untreated wastewater correlated strongly with clinically reported cases by the county, and when used alongside past reported case numbers and temporal information in an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model enabled prediction of new reported cases up to 3 weeks in advance. Taken together, the results show that the high-throughput surveillance could greatly ameliorate comprehensive community prevalence assessments by providing robust, rapid estimates.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Wastewater monitoring has a lot of potential for revealing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks before they happen because the virus is found in the wastewater before people have clinical symptoms. However, application of wastewater-based surveillance has been limited by long processing times specifically at the concentration step. Here we introduce a much faster method of processing the samples and show its robustness by demonstrating direct comparisons with existing methods and showing that we can predict cases in San Diego by a week with excellent accuracy, and 3 weeks with fair accuracy, using city sewage. The automated viral concentration method will greatly alleviate the major bottleneck in wastewater processing by reducing the turnaround time during epidemics.
A randomized double-blind clinical trial of fluoxetine in obese diabetics. (1992)

Fluoxetine is an inhibitor of serotonin re-uptake which has been found to produce weight loss in humans and animals. To test the effects of this drug in obese diabetic subjects, 48 male and female, obese type II non-insulin dependent (NIDDM) diabetics who were being treated with insulin were randomized to receive either fluoxetine 60 mg or a placebo once daily in a randomized double-blind fashion for 24 weeks. A four week single-blind placebo lead-in period preceded and a six week single-blind placebo period followed the double-blind treatment period. Subjects performed daily home glucose monitoring and were given instruction in a 1200kcal American Diabetic Association (ADA) diet. Subjects treated with fluoxetine achieved a maximum 8 kg greater weight loss on average than the placebo-treated subjects. At the end of active treatment, fluoxetine-treated subjects had significantly lower glycohaemoglobin levels than the placebo-treated group (9.72 vs. 10.76%, P < 0.05). In addition, fluoxetine-treated subjects showed a greater decrease in total daily insulin dose than placebo-treated subjects (44.5 vs. 20.1% decrease at the end of active treatment, P < 0.05). These results suggest that fluoxetine may be of benefit in the treatment of obese patients with type II non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Effect of Surface-active Agent for the Peeling of Mandarin Orange (Part1) (1971)

温州みかんの缶詰製造で脱皮工程の塩酸処理液に可溶性の界面活性剤SAEOを添加したときの脱皮効果について検討した。その結果SAEO添加によって塩酸濃度およびその後のカセイソーダ濃度を低減できることを認めた。またこれらの化学処理にさきだって原料みかんを水またはSAEO水溶液に浸漬することにより安全に脱皮できることを見出した。
Ultrawideband radars: Features and capabilities (2009)

Features of ultrawideband (UWB) radars, which radiate signals whose spatial duration is substantially smaller than the antenna dimensions and/or the longitudinal dimension of the illuminated target, are analyzed. It is shown that, during the radar observation of the target, this signal changes its shape several times and enters the radar receiver as an unknown signal. In many cases, this circumstance prohibits application of the traditional theory for the design of UWB radars. Methods for calculating the characteristics of UWB radars on the basis of the energy approach are proposed. Examples of engineering and circuit designs of several UWB radars are presented. Possible lines of development of the technology and technique of such radars are considered.