gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Lens Design for Nonexperts (1963)

Automatic lens design by nonexperts is practical with the 1962 LASL lens-designing code, a general-purpose iterative program for evaluating and designing optical lens and mirror systems with surfaces generated by conic sections. Using skew ray traces, it analyzes lens performance statistically, finds differences resulting from design-parameter alterations, and computes a linear combination which will1, improve performance. Program characteristics, lens parameters, ray sampling, image evaluation, lens-performance weights, merit calculation, and parameter interactions are briefly described. Sample calculations are given in detail for a Lister-type lens and in summary for a special-purpose zoom lens.
PZ Fiber Loss Measurements at LLNL and Plan to Confirm Results at CEA/Thomson (2000)

The objective of this paper is to confirm the slow-axis loss of less than 0.1 dB/m for the PZ fiber manufactured for LLNL by 3M and to provide samples of the fiber to CEA/Thomson that will permit them to readily verify this result.
Differential binding of fibroblast growth factor-2 and -7 to basement membrane heparan sulfate: comparison of normal and abnormal human tissues. (1997)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play multiple roles during development and in adult tissues as paracrine regulators of growth and differentiation. FGFs signal through transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases, but heparan sulfate is also required for signaling by members of the FGF family. In addition, heparan sulfate may be involved in determining tissue distribution of FGFs. Using biotinylated FGF-2 and FGF-7 (KGF) as probes, we have identified specific interactions between FGFs and heparan sulfates in human tissues. Both FGF species bind to tissue mast cells and to epithelial cell membranes. Binding to basement membrane heparan sulfate is tissue source dependent and specific. Although FGF-2 strongly binds to basement membrane heparan sulfate in skin and most other tissue sites examined, FGF-7 fails to bind to basement membrane heparan sulfate in most locations. However, in subendothelial matrix in blood vessels and in the basement membrane of a papillary renal cell carcinoma, strong FGF-7 binding is seen. In summary, distinct and specific affinities of heparan sulfates for different FGFs were identified that may affect growth factor activation and local distribution. Heparan sulfate may have a gatekeeper function to either restrict or permit diffusion of heparin-binding growth factors across the basement membrane.
A via-configurable regular fabric for nanometer technology (2005)

Nowadays very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) technology has advanced into the manometer era, The sharp increase in manufacturing and design complexity has made a fully-customized chip extremely difficult to design and fabricate. The huge design and manufacturing cost, particularly the cost of a full set of masks, has contributed to a significant decrease in new design starts lately, On the other hand, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) still cannot compete with cell-based designs in performance, area and power consumption. As a third alternative, structured-ASICs have become promising to fill the gap between cell-based and FPGA-based designs. 
In this work, a novel via-configurable regular fabric is proposed. The fabric has pre-fabricated transistors, contacts, metal-1 (M1) wires and a fixed metal-2 (M2) mask. A single via-mask between M1 and M2 is used to implement different functionality and local connections. Due to the very high flexibility of our base cells, the fabric can achieve pretty high utilization and packing density. Because the layout structure is similar to standard cells, the performance of our fabric is comparable to that of cell-based designs. 
To further reduce mask cost, different via-configurable routing architectures are explored. Our crossover crossbar routing structure achieves the best throughput and helps reduce routing congestion and chip area. We show how to make a single-routing-via-mask fabric and examine its induced penalty on circuit performance and area. 
We also develop a complete design flow for our fabric. The routability-driven flow intelligently allocates white-space in-place when routing resources are insufficient and applies an efficient incremental cell-movement technique for congestion reduction. The flow can also be used by fabric vendors to quickly evaluate the trade-off between logic and routing resources in a fabric and to deliver a series of fabric chips for different application needs. 
Using the flow, we compare our via-configurable gate array (VCGA) to cell-based and FPGA-based designs. On average, a design implemented based on VCGA can achieve close performance and comparable area to the cell-based implementation. It's much faster and smaller than the FPGA-based implementation.
Motion measurement for high-accuracy real-time airborne SAR (2004)

A real-time airborne synthetic aperture radar requires accurate measurement of the antenna at high and low frequencies to produce well-focused images with minimal target location errors. Sandia National Laboratories achieves accurate motion measurement by updating a navigation solution derived from an inertial measurement unit with global positioning system measurements via a unique Kalman filter. An overview of the motion measurement design and implementation is presented for the Lynx and Rapid Terrain Visualization radars, as well as results from a variety of experiments.
Notes on conidial fungi. IV. Hyalopleiochaeta anam. gen. nov. and some notes on Pleiochaeta (1996)

Hyalopleiochaeta anam.gen.nov. is described and illustrated.It is distinguished by the polyblastic sympodial proliferation of conidiogenous cells and by cylindrical, septate and colorless conidia with several filiform appendages arising from subapical and suprabasal conidial cells.This new taxon with uncolored structures was found on leaf litter from Cuba.Camposporidium ghindense comb.nov. is proposed.A key to the species of the related genus Pleiochaeta is provided.
Improved byte caching techniques (2015)

Byte caching (also known as redundancy elimination) is a commonly used technique in practice to compress data streams in data networks. The congestion of a bottleneck link can be significantly reduced when byte caching is implemented in both ends of the link. We propose four techniques to improve the original byte caching method. Two of these techniques offer better fingerprint sampling for caching and the other two offer better management of fingerprints to increase the likelihood of matching. The implementations of these techniques improve the compression ratio of the original byte caching method by 10-20%, which is a significant boost to the efficiency of byte caching methods. Proposed techniques can be implemented with minimal to moderate overhead compared with the original byte caching method.
Kalman Filter-Based Coarse-to-Fine Control for Display Visual Alignment Systems (2012)

A coarse-to-fine two-stage control method is investigated for the display visual alignment systems. The proposed visual servo is with hierarchical loops, where the original fine but slow vision loop is necessary for the exact localization of alignment marks while the coarse but fast vision loop of exploiting pruned image data is to compensate for the mask-panel misalignment. The degraded resolution of the reduced images is recovered in terms of the Kalman filter which tracks the mark centroids in near real-time. In order to construct the recursive estimation algorithm, the motion model for the moving alignment marks is determined by solving the forward kinematics of positioning mechanism and the measurements from vision sensors are given by means of the geometric template matching (Kwon and Hwang, “Kinematics, pattern recognition, and motion control of mask-panel alignment system,” Control Eng. Practice, vol. 19, pp. 883–892, 2011). Compared with the conventional alignment methods, this approach enables a fast and fine alignment control. Experimental results are followed to validate the proposed control framework.
On the Secure Degrees of Freedom of Relaying With Half-Duplex Feedback (2010)

Secure communication protocols over a single-relay system in the presence of a multiple-antenna eavesdropper are investigated. When there is no direct link between the source and the destination, an amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol that allows both the destination and the source to jam the eavesdropper is shown to achieve secrecy rates that grow linearly with the transmit power in dB, even if all the legitimate nodes have strictly fewer antennas than the eavesdropper. The number of achievable secure degrees of freedom is quantified and shown to match an upper bound when the number of antennas at the destination is sufficiently large. However, in the presence of a direct link between source and destination, this scaling rule no longer applies. The bottleneck of the AF scheme in the presence of a direct source-destination link is identified, motivating the use of another AF scheme and a novel compress-and-forward protocol that can achieve a positive number of secure degrees of freedom using an insecure feedback link.
Online recognizer for runon handprinted characters (2002)

A recognize-then-segment recognizer of unconstrained handprinting is described with uses a unified tablet-display to provide a paperlike computer interface. Whereas most handwriting recognition systems segment and then recognize, this one recognizes and then finds the best segmentation. It classifies strokes, generates character hypotheses, and verifies hypotheses to estimate the optimal character sequence for each word of runon handwritten characters. Linguistic constraints can limit the choices. The system is implemented on an IBM workstation, accepts runon characters written on a tablet, and performs recognition in real time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Application and usage of tactile aid in Iran. (2006)

The results of our study show that tactile aids are well accepted by the patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss who do not benefit from usual hearing aids.
Potential advantage of studying preoperative sentinel node mapping with three-dimensional images by a hybrid single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT system for breast cancer (2007)

601 Background: Lymph node status is one of the key factors in determining the stage, appropriate therapy and outcome in patients with breast cancer. Accurate identification of sentinel nodes (SNs) has clinical importance for each patients before surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT lymphoscintigraphy in SN identification for patients with breast cancer, and to analyze the impact of such information on estimating metastases to SNs. Methods: Two hundred and twenty-three clinically node-negative patients were underwent SN biopsy between July 2002 and November 2006. CT and SPECT images were obtained after injection of subcutaneal 1mCi (99m)Tc-nanocolloid, allowing identification of SN. Target and non-target structures, including lymph nodes identified by SPECT, were drawn by SPECT/CT combined system, which was comprised of a two-detector SPECT system and a multiple-detector CT at the same platform. We compared the anatomical location of SNs demonstrated on the 3D SPECT/CT images and correlation to SN positivity. Results: SPECT/CT uptake was detected in 221 cases (99.1%). 3D SPECT/CT images visualized accurate localization of SNs in each cases. Total number of biopsied SNs were 315 , and the most frequent locations of SN were trapezoid area in the upper side of axilla. We defined this area as ‘Pectoral area (PA)’. In SN negative (SN-) patients, 228 (98.3%) SNs were found in PA, and 4 (1.7%) SNs were out of this area such as parasternal area. In SN positive (SN+) patients, 65(78.3%) SNs were in the PA, and 18(21.7%)SNs were out of PA ,respectively. Significant differences (p&lt;0.01 ,chi-square test) were found in SNs distribution whether in or out of PA between SN+ and SN- patients. Conclusions: SN biopsy navigated by 3D-SPECT/CT can clarify the preoperative anatomical localization of SNs in patients with breast cancer. Atypical distribution of SNs out of PA may suggest SN positivity as a reflection of the failure of lymphatic drainage systems. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
A preferred orientation correction to describe a fiber texture under glancing incidence (2012)

Much work is nowadays being devoted to the characterization of the structure and the microstructure of thin films and mesoporous materials. Different physical and chemical processes used to elaborate these thin films often induce a fiber texture in these materials. The X-ray glancing-incidence technique appears to be a useful tool for collecting diffraction patterns of thin films while avoiding the peaks of the substrate. However, the scattering vector in this asymmetric scattering geometry is not perpendicular to the surface of the sample. This point implies that the correction developed to model the effects of a fiber texture in Bragg–Brentano geometry, where the scattering vector is always normal to the surface of the sample, cannot be applied in glancing incidence. This work presents a procedure to correct the preferred orientation due to this fiber texture in asymmetric scattering geometry and then in glancing incidence. By an example, it is proved that this correction of the fiber texture is efficient. The main point of interest regarding this correction is that only a few parameters are needed to handle the effect of the fiber texture on the diffraction patterns collected in asymmetric scattering geometry and then under glancing incidence.
Novel Methods for the Non-Invasive Administration of DNA Therapeutics and Vaccines (2005)

To develop a successful protein therapeutic, effective DNA delivery technologies are required that induce high and sustained levels of protein production in appropriate targets sites, whereas robust and long-lasting immune responses need to be induced by a DNA-based vaccine. Vectors for gene therapy and DNA vaccines must be resistant to degradation and attack by the immune system, have a satisfactory safety profile, and be able to express the therapeutic protein for the desired period of time. Effective non-viral vectors, which can express the proteins of interest at high levels, are available. However, since most of the DNA delivered in vivo is degraded before it can enter the nucleus, proper formulation and delivery are critical to the development of effective gene-based therapeutics and vaccines. These systems must be safe for human and veterinary clinical applications and yet ensure that the DNA survives the extra- and intracellular environment and is capable of entering the appropriate cellular compartments. In this review various potential and proven non-invasive chemical, mechanical, physical and biological DNA delivery systems for therapeutic and vaccine applications are discussed. A few of these approaches have been evaluated and proven to be promising in target species. Others, which promise to be less invasive, have only just started to be explored.
To MOOC, or Not to MOOC, That is the Question (2015)

This article presents view of two books on massive open online courses (MOOCs). The two books ride on a homologous theme: the revolutionary future of undergraduate education. A Whole New Engineer, by David E. Goldberg and Mark Somerville, describes the change in engineering education that is taking place at the newly minted Olin College of Engineering and the more established the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Another book, The End of College, Kevin Carey prognosticates the future of learning and the university of everywhere based upon emerging MOOCs. Rising tuition prices and a flagging global economy, combined with advances in information technology, are leading to a rapidly changing scene from traditional lecture-hall teaching to online education.
Using entropy as a measure of privacy loss in statistical databases (2004)

Although the Internet is a vast source of information for individuals it is also a major source of information about individuals. Data collection through surveys, registration pages, user forms have resulted in more personal information being available than before. Organizations like the Census Bureau, insurance companies, hospitals, universities keep databases that contain valuable information, increasing concerns about an individual's privacy. The problem of privacy in such databases is to protect information specific to an individual while releasing aggregate data for research purposes. Although there are several approaches to privacy preservation, definitions of privacy loss are either missing or tailored to each approach. In order to compare different approaches, we need a definition of privacy that not only determines if privacy loss occurs, but also measures the amount of privacy loss. In this thesis, we propose a definition of privacy based on the concept of entropy used in information theory. Entropy is a way to measure the amount of information in a signal based on probabilities. We use this notion of information and consider the entropy of records in a database. The amount of privacy loss caused by a statistical release is defined as the difference in entropy of a record before and after the statistical release. We argue that this notion of privacy loss is intuitive. In particular, we consider the amount of privacy loss after releasing the average in a randomly generated one-dimensional database, as the size of the database increases.
Operations and maintenance manual for the light duty utility arm (LDUA) at-tank instrument enclosure (ATIE) (LDUA system 4300) (1996)

The Light Duty Utility Arm (LDUA) At-Tank Instrument Enclosure has completed testing and is ready for operation. This document defines the requirements applicable to the operation and maintenance of the At-Tank Instrument Enclosure.
Future of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2018)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Nonlinear Kalman Filtering Algorithms for On-Line Calibration of Dynamic Traffic Assignment Models (2007)

An online calibration approach that jointly estimates demand and supply parameters of dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) systems is presented and empirically validated through an extensive application. The problem can be formulated as a nonlinear state-space model. Because of its nonlinear nature, the resulting model cannot be solved by the Kalman filter, and therefore, nonlinear extensions need to be considered. The following three extensions to the Kalman filtering algorithm are presented: 1) the extended Kalman filter (EKF); 2) the limiting EKF (LimEKF); and 3) the unscented Kalman filter. The solution algorithms are applied to the on-line calibration of the state-of-the-art DynaMIT DTA model, and their use is demonstrated in a freeway network in Southampton, U.K. The LimEKF shows accuracy that is comparable to that of the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">best</i> algorithm but with vastly superior computational performance. The robustness of the approach to varying weather conditions is demonstrated, and practical aspects are discussed.
Methods for coreference visualization and annotation (2010)

In this report we present methods for visualization of coreferences. We use Self Organizing Maps, graph-based models, and text-based techniques to visualize coreference information from a pair-wise model and offer an interactive presentation of the feature space. We introduce our software system and several visualizations of the Self Organizing Map. The visualizations enable the user to explore the feature space, provide insights for feature engineering and allow a fast annotation of data with coreference information.
PowerPoint Slides for: A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized Phase 1 Cross-Over Study with ALLN-177, an Orally Administered Oxalate Degrading Enzyme (2016)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Hyperoxaluria may result from increased endogenous production or overabsorption of dietary oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract leading to nephrolithiasis and, in some, to oxalate nephropathy and chronic kidney disease. ALLN-177 is an oral formulation of a recombinant, oxalate specific, microbial enzyme oxalate decarboxylase intended to treat secondary hyperoxaluria by degrading dietary oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing its absorption and subsequent excretion in the urine. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, cross-over, phase 1 study of ALLN-177 evaluated the tolerability of ALLN-177 and its effect on urinary oxalate excretion in 30 healthy volunteers with hyperoxaluria induced by ingestion of a high oxalate, low calcium (HOLC) diet. The primary end point was the difference in the mean 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion during the ALLN-177 treatment period compared with the placebo treatment period. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The daily urinary oxalate excretion increased in the study population from 27.2 ± 9.5 mg/day during screening to 80.8 ± 24.1 mg/day (mean ± SD) on the HOLC diet before introducing ALLN-177 or placebo therapy for 7 days. Compared to placebo, ALLN-177 treatment reduced urinary oxalate by 11.6 ± 2.7 mg/day, p = 0.0002 (least squares mean ± SD). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In healthy volunteers, with diet-induced hyperoxaluria treatment with ALLN-177, when compared to placebo, significantly reduced urinary oxalate excretion by degrading dietary oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby reducing its absorption. ALLN-177 may represent a new approach for managing secondary hyperoxaluria and its complications.
Synthesis of cyclic poly(l‐lactide) catalyzed by Bismuth Salicylates—A combination of two drugs (2019)

ABSTRACT l ‐lactide was polymerized in bulk at 160 or 180°C with mixtures of bismuth subsalicylate (BiSub) and salicylic (SA) as catalysts. The SA/Bi ratio and the monomer/Bi ratio were varied. The highest molecular weights (weight average, Mw ) were achieved at a SA/Bi ratio of 1/1 ( Mw up to 92 000 g mol −1 ). l ‐Lactide was also polymerized with combinations of BiSub and silylated SA, and Mw values up to 120 000 g mol −1 were achieved at 180°C. MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and Mark‐Houwink‐Sakurada measurements proved that under optimized reaction conditions the resulting polylactides consist of cycles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2056–2063