gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of One-Dimensional Norm Detector for Nanosecond-Level Transient Electric Field Measurement (2017)

This paper develops a one-dimensional norm detector for nanosecond-level transient electric field (E-field) measurement based on the digital measurement technology. It has two main advantages over the traditional measurement method. First, the measured signals can be stored and no transmission line is needed. Hence, it can detect the E-field coupled in hermetically sealed cavities, such as the cockpit of an aircraft or a vehicle under electromagnetic compatibility test. Second, commonly used norms of the measured waveform can be acquired by the signal processing software quickly and conveniently. Therefore, the efficiency of the measurement experiment can be improved. This paper describes the detailed realization of the norm detector and the design of its signal processing software. The maximum sampling rate of the norms detector is 2 GSPS and the memory depth is 8 kB. Via adjusting the height of the antenna, the measuring range can be 0.1-55 kV/m and the estimated operation bandwidth is 1 kHz-460 MHz. The norm detector is tested and compared with the traditional E-field sensor with the fiber-optic link by measuring the square waveform and the actual electromagnetic pulse waveform. Furthermore, the norm detector can measure magnetic field, coupled current or high-voltage pulse by a simple structural modification.
Reducing the content (1986)

The letter from H S Fricker and I R Gomersall (Physics Bulletin June 1986 p243) is a very serious one: it needs an answer. They regret that content has been reduced in GCSE and fear that 'if pressure is not brought to bear soon, then A-level will go the same way' and they claim universities and industry will suffer.
Comparison of primary and secondary particle formation from natural gas engine exhaust and of their volatility characteristics (2017)

Abstract. Natural gas usage in the traffic and energy production sectors is a growing trend worldwide; thus, an assessment of its effects on air quality, human health and climate is required. Engine exhaust is a source of primary particulate emissions and secondary aerosol precursors, which both contribute to air quality and can cause adverse health effects. Technologies, such as cleaner engines or fuels, that produce less primary and secondary aerosols could potentially significantly decrease atmospheric particle concentrations and their adverse effects. In this study, we used a potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber to investigate the secondary aerosol formation potential of natural gas engine exhaust. The PAM chamber was used with a constant UV-light voltage, which resulted in relatively long equivalent atmospheric ages of 11 days at most. The studied retro-fitted natural gas engine exhaust was observed to form secondary aerosol. The mass of the total aged particles, i.e., particle mass measured downstream of the PAM chamber, was 6–268 times as high as the mass of the emitted primary exhaust particles. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential was measured to be 9–20 mg kgfuel−1. The total aged particles mainly consisted of organic matter, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium, with the fractions depending on exhaust after-treatment and the engine parameters used. Also, the volatility, composition and concentration of the total aged particles were found to depend on the engine operating mode, catalyst temperature and catalyst type. For example, a high catalyst temperature promoted the formation of sulfate particles, whereas a low catalyst temperature promoted nitrate formation. However, in particular, the concentration of nitrate needed a long time to stabilize – more than half an hour – which complicated the conclusions but also indicates the sensitivity of nitrate measurements on experimental parameters such as emission source and system temperatures. Sulfate was measured to have the highest evaporation temperature, and nitrate had the lowest. The evaporation temperature of ammonium depended on the fractions of nitrate and sulfate in the particles. The average volatility of the total aged particles was measured to be lower than that of primary particles, indicating better stability of the aged natural gas engine-emitted aerosol in the atmosphere. According to the results of this study, the exhaust of a natural gas engine equipped with a catalyst forms secondary aerosol when the atmospheric ages in a PAM chamber are several days long. The secondary aerosol matter has different physical characteristics from those of primary particulate emissions.
Significant Reduction in the Incidence of Phlebitis with Buffered Versus Unbuffered Cephalothin (1976)

Cephalothin (1 g every 2 h), buffered cephalothin, and diluent alone (5% dextrose in water) were each administered for 4 days intravenously to 12 volunteers in a double-blind crossover study. The incidence of phlebitis with buffered cephalothin was significantly lower than that with unbuffered drug (P < 0.01) and almost identical to the incidence with diluent alone.
Delayed hemorrhage after surgery and radiation in suprasellar pilocytic astrocytomas (2016)

Delayed intracranial hemorrhage is a rare complication of treatment for central nervous system tumors. This may be secondary to malignant transformation of the tumor or vasculopathy related to radiation therapy (RT). While most reports on radiation-induced vasculopathy in children with optic pathway gliomas are associated with ischemic complications, there are only two reports of hemorrhagic complications in these patients. In both cases, the hemorrhage was asymptomatic and remote from the site of the original tumor but within the field of irradiation. We describe a female patient who underwent surgery for an optico-chiasmatic pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) at the age of 12 followed by RT at the age of 17 for tumor progression. The patient was followed with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showing marginal regression and no subsequent evidence of tumor recurrence, including the most recent MRI done only 6 months before the latest presentation. She then developed a symptomatic intratumoral hemorrhage at the age of 32 for which she underwent emergent surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a nonaneurysmal-delayed hemorrhage within the site of previous surgery, several years after RT for a suprasellar PA. We review literature on delayed vasculopathy following the treatment of pediatric optic pathway gliomas and discuss the possible mechanisms of hemorrhage in our case. These long-term follow-up outcomes add significant insight and have implications in patient management.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Manual of Management (1950)

The purpose of this book is to present and emphasize the trend of plastic surgery since World War I. The basic principles of plastic surgery are discussed, and methods of application are evaluated. The author states in his preface that such conditions as hypospadias and epispadias should be corrected by the urologic surgeon, absence of the vaginal tract by the gynecologist and lesions of the tendons, nerves and bones by the orthopedist. The first chapter, which contains general considerations, is particularly well presented. More space could have been devoted to the section pertaining to plastic and reconstructive surgery of the breast. Although this subject was well presented in the eight pages devoted to it, the operative procedures should have been presented in the form of illustrations along with the preoperative and postoperative photographs shown. The book is well written and well printed. Numerous preoperative and postoperative photographs are shown, and
Patterns of Outcome and Prognostic Factors in Primary Large-Cell Lymphoma of the Testis in a Survey by the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (2002)

Testicular DLCL is characterized by a particularly high risk of extranodal relapse even in cases with localized disease at diagnosis. Anthracycline-based chemotherapy, CNS prophylaxis, and contralateral testicular irradiation seem to improve the outcome. Their efficacy is under evaluation in a prospective clinical trial.
A Note on Regime Classification in Disequilibrium Models (1980)

Journal Article A Note on Regime Classification in Disequilibrium Models Get access Nicholas M. Kiefer Nicholas M. Kiefer University of Chicago and CORE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 47, Issue 3, April 1980, Pages 637–639, https://doi.org/10.2307/2297314 Published: 01 April 1980 Article history Received: 01 December 1978 Accepted: 01 May 1979 Published: 01 April 1980
Surface‐based remote sensing of the observed and the Adiabatic liquid water content of stratocumulus clouds (1990)

A laser ceilometer, an acoustic sounder, and a microwave radiometer were used to estimate cloud thickness and the adiabatic and integrated liquid water content of shallow stratocumulus clouds continuously for three days using two‐minute averages. Although the observed liquid water path was close to the theoretical adiabatic value for most of the three days, there was one four‐hour period when the liquid water content dropped to about 50% of the adiabatic value. Hourly‐averaged values for a 19‐day period of intensive observations show that the cloud water content was generally close to the adiabatic value. Occasionally there were clouds greater than 300 m in depth in which the water content was clearly less than adiabatic.
Innovations in Genomics and Big Data Analytics for Personalized Medicine and Health Care: A Review (2022)

Big data in health care is a fast-growing field and a new paradigm that is transforming case-based studies to large-scale, data-driven research. As big data is dependent on the advancement of new data standards, technology, and relevant research, the future development of big data applications holds foreseeable promise in the modern day health care revolution. Enormously large, rapidly growing collections of biomedical omics-data (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, glycomics, etc.) and clinical data create major challenges and opportunities for their analysis and interpretation and open new computational gateways to address these issues. The design of new robust algorithms that are most suitable to properly analyze this big data by taking into account individual variability in genes has enabled the creation of precision (personalized) medicine. We reviewed and highlighted the significance of big data analytics for personalized medicine and health care by focusing mostly on machine learning perspectives on personalized medicine, genomic data models with respect to personalized medicine, the application of data mining algorithms for personalized medicine as well as the challenges we are facing right now in big data analytics.
Submerged Fermentation of Penicillium paxilli Biosynthesizing Paxilline, a Process Inhibited by Calcium-induced Sporulation (1987)

SUMMARY: A submerged fermentation process for the production of the tremorgenic mycotoxin paxilline by Penicillium paxilli has been developed. The fungus did not sporulate and accumulated paxilline to 1·5% (w/w) in freeze-dried cells within 6 d in a 60 1 stirred fermenter. Induction of extensive differentiation of conidiophores and profuse sporulation by adding 2% (w/v) CaCl2. 2H2O to the medium at batching reduced paxilline yield by 97%. Paxilline biosynthesis occurred when the glucose in the medium had been exhausted, implying that carbon catabolite repression may be involved in the biosynthesis of this alkaloid, even when calcium-induced sporulation inhibits or delays the onset of paxilline biosynthesis. Sporulation-induced inhibition of indole-terpenoid alkaloid biosynthesis in P. paxilli contrasts with the situation in some other penicillia elaborating indole alkaloids and allows disassociation of aspects of secondary metabolite biosynthesis from growth-associated differentiation, which formerly seemed to be linked.
310 Impact behavior of mercury droplet (2000)

In order to examine the impact behavior of mercury that is one of the important elements with a high intensity neutron spallation facility, the falling and colliding profiles of a mercury droplet were recorded by an image converter camera. The impact force was also measured using an input bar with strain gages. The profile change of the mercury droplet from the longitudinal ellipsoid to the transverse one was observed during the falling. The impact force of mercury was in proportion to the impact velocities and the square root of the potential energies as a sphere of metal. The difference between the impact duration times that were recorded by the camera and measured by the strain gages was three orders of magnitude.
Flow visualization of coolant in cable-in-conduit conductor (1991)

Flow visualization to observe the flow behavior of a coolant in a cable-in-conduit conductor was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. A dummy conductor in which many vinyl strings were inserted into an acrylic tube was used for visualization. Regions of both high and very low flow velocity, in comparison with the average velocity, existed in a cross section of the conductor. This fact shows that the flow behavior of the coolant in the cable-in-conduit conductor is not homogeneous but heterogeneous. Thus it is not possible to directly apply a numerical code based on homogeneous flow behavior to stability analysis of the cable-in-conduit conductor.
What is the best lattice for a planar photonic crystal superprism? (2006)

We compare the performance of S-vector and k-vector superprisms based on different lattices and show that for S-vector devices a 1-D lattice results in the smallest prism area while for k-vector devices prism area is largely independent of lattice type.
The FilmArray® respiratory panel: an automated, broadly multiplexed molecular test for the rapid and accurate detection of respiratory pathogens (2013)

The FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RP) (BioFire(™) Diagnostics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) is the first multiplex molecular panel cleared by the US FDA for the detection of both bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens in nasopharygeal swabs. The FilmArray RP targets 20 pathogens including 17 viruses and subtypes and three bacteria, and is performed with minimal sample manipulation. The FilmArray RP has a fully automated sample-to-answer workflow with a turn-around-time of approximately 1 h. The reported sensitivity and specificity of the assay ranges from 80 to 100 and 100%, respectively, with the sensitivity for the adenovirus as low as 46%. A new version of the FilmArray RP assay (version 1.7) with improved sensitivity for the adenovirus was released in 2013. The performance characteristics and simplified workflow have allowed its implementation in a wide range of laboratories. The FilmArray RP has changed the diagnostic landscape and will have a significant impact on the care of patients with respiratory tract infection.
Stabilization of the RAS:PDE6D Complex Is a Novel Strategy to Inhibit RAS Signaling (2022)

RAS is a major anticancer drug target which requires membrane localization to activate downstream signal transduction. The direct inhibition of RAS has proven to be challenging. Here, we present a novel strategy for targeting RAS by stabilizing its interaction with the prenyl-binding protein PDE6D and disrupting its localization. Using rationally designed RAS point mutations, we were able to stabilize the RAS:PDE6D complex by increasing the affinity of RAS for PDE6D, which resulted in the redirection of RAS to the cytoplasm and the primary cilium and inhibition of oncogenic RAS/ERK signaling. We developed an SPR fragment screening and identified fragments that bind at the KRAS:PDE6D interface, as shown through cocrystal structures. Finally, we show that the stoichiometric ratios of KRAS:PDE6D vary in different cell lines, suggesting that the impact of this strategy might be cell-type-dependent. This study forms the foundation from which a potential anticancer small-molecule RAS:PDE6D complex stabilizer could be developed.
Equilibrium Processes Cannot Explain High Levels of Short- and Medium-Range Linkage Disequilibrium in the Domesticated Grass Sorghum bicolor (2005)

Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are of interest because they provide evidence of both equilibrium (e.g., mating system or long-term population structure) and nonequilibrium (e.g., demographic or selective) processes, as well as because of their importance in strategies for identifying the genetic basis of complex phenotypes. We report patterns of short and medium range (up to 100 kb) LD in six unlinked genomic regions in the partially selfing domesticated grass, Sorghum bicolor. The extent of allelic associations in S. bicolor, as assessed by pairwise measures of LD, is higher than in maize but lower than in Arabidopsis, in qualitative agreement with expectations based on mating system. Quantitative analyses of the population recombination parameter, rho, however, based on empirical estimates of rates of recombination, mutation, and self-pollination, show that LD is more extensive than expected under a neutral equilibrium model. The disparity between rho and the population mutation parameter, , is similar to that observed in other species whose population history appears to be complex. From a practical standpoint, these results suggest that S. bicolor is well suited for association studies using reasonable numbers of markers, since LD typically extends at least several kilobases but has largely decayed by 15 kb.
Synergistic Effects of the Green Tea Extract Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and Taxane in Eradication of Malignant Human Prostate Tumors (2011)

We have examined whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and extract of green tea, in combination with taxane (i.e., paclitaxel and docetaxel), exerts a synergistic activity in blocking human prostate PC-3ML tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Growth assays in vitro revealed that the IC(50) values were ∼30 µM, ∼3 nM, and ∼6 nM, for EGCG, paclitaxel and docetaxel, respectively. Isobolograms generated from the data clearly indicated that EGCG in combination with paclitaxel or docetaxel had an additive effect in blocking tumor cell growth. EGCG combined with taxane also had an additive effect to increase the expression of apoptotic genes, (p53, p73, p21, and caspase 3) and the percent apoptosis observed in vitro and in tumor modeling studies in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The tumor modeling studies clearly showed that EGCG plus taxane injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) induced a significant increase in apoptosis rates (TUNEL assays) and eliminated preexisting tumors generated from PC-3ML cells implanted i.p., increasing disease-free survival rates to greater than 90%. More importantly, the combination therapy (i.p. biweekly) blocked metastases after intravenous injection of PC-3ML cells through the tail vein. In mice treated with EGCG plus taxane, the disease-free survival rates increased from 0% (in untreated mice) to more than 70% to 80% in treated mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that EGCG in combination with taxane may provide a novel therapeutic treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Influence of Fiber Surface Structure on Interfacial Structure between Fiber and Matrix in Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites (2009)

Vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced pure aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by the hot-pressing method below the melting temperature of pure aluminum. The surface structures of the vapor grown carbon fibers and the interfacial structures between the fibers and the matrix in the composite were observed. The precipitation mechanism of crystalline aluminum carbide was also investigated. An interlayer with an amorphous-like structure formed at the interface between the carbon surface structure and the aluminum matrix. This interlayer between the wave or irregular carbon structure and the matrix grew more rapidly than that formed between the linear carbon surface structure and the matrix. The thickness of the interlayer increased with the increased fabrication temperature of the composite. Crystalline aluminum carbide could not easily be precipitated in the composite fabricated below 933 K owing to the thicker interlayer separating the vapor grown carbon fibers and aluminum. By either extending the heat-treatment time to 18 ks or increasing the fabrication temperature to 933 K, we could promote the precipitation of crystalline aluminum carbide in the composite. After heat-treating the composite produced at 933 K, aluminum carbide crystals precipitated from the stacked carbon lamellae at the interface between the fibers and the matrix.
Exact functional differential variant of the generalized Kadanoff-Baym ansatz (1991)

We derive an exact functional differential relation for the physical Green's function ${\mathit{g}}_{\ensuremath{\lessgtr}}$(1;2) in terms of its retarded and advanced counterparts and the equal-time function ${\mathit{g}}_{\ensuremath{\lessgtr}}$(1;${\mathbf{x}}_{2}$,${\mathit{t}}_{1}$). This exact, formal, functional differential relation is a variant of the generalized Kadanoff-Baym GKB ansatz, and we examine the approximations involved in reducing it to the GKB ansatz.
An experimental and theoretical analysis on precoding-based vertical plane beam control for LTE systems (2014)

Most current cellular mobile communication systems employ 1-cell frequency reuse to achieve high spectrum efficiency. With 1-cell frequency reuse, the co-channel interference among cells remains as a critical barrier to achieving further improvement in the spectrum efficiency. Vertical plane beam control at base station is one approach to mitigating the co-channel interference. As a conventional method of vertical plane beam control, antenna beam tilting has been widely used. In the antenna beam tilting, the tilt angle is generally fixed per base station. If the vertical plane beam can be changed dynamically for each mobile station, it is possible to significantly improve the reception environment. Given this background, we have proposed precoding-based vertical plane beam control. In the proposed method, the vertical plane beam pattern for each mobile station is easily changed dynamically by just the precoding (phase control of digital baseband signal) operation without changing conventional antenna configuration drastically. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed method, we developed a prototype system, in which the proposed scheme is implemented on an LTE-based system, and conducted a field experiment. This paper overviews the prototype system and field experiment results. Measured results clarify that the proposed method is effective in mitigating interference level to the neighbor cells as well as improving the desired signal level in the serving cell. We also conducted theoretical analysis and confirmed that the experimental results are well in line with the theoretical results.
Analysis of a GaN/SiC UHF radar amplifier for operation at 125V bias (2015)

The relationship between Fe concentration in the buffer layer and breakdown voltage of an AlGaN/GaN on SiC HEMT transistor has been investigated to achieve operation of the device in a UHF power amplifier operated at a bias of 100V or higher. A 15mm transistor has been tested in a power amplifier at the frequency of 430MHz with a 100μs pulse and 10% duty factor, operated at 75V, 100V, 125V and 150V bias. At 100V bias, the device achieves 250W output power and 78% drain efficiency with 27dB gain almost independently of Fe content; at 125V bias, only the devices with Fe content above 1e18 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> achieve a saturated power in excess of 350W with 75% drain efficiency and 27dB gain. RF burn-in tests indicate very stable operation. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that UHF pulsed radar amplifier operation has been reported at voltages above 100V with GaN technology.