gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Local Government Stimulation of Broadband: Effectiveness, E-Government, and Economic Development (2003)

Access to broadband is widely recognized as a prerequisite for a communityâs economic welfare and the delivery of government services. In communities where the private sector is perceived as having failed to deliver adequate and affordable broadband services, municipal and county governments face pressures to stimulate broadband deployment. However, no systematic data documents the nature and status of municipal broadband initiatives, the comparative effectiveness of alternative policies for promoting broadband access, or their implications for local economic development, private provisioning of infrastructure, and the operation of local government. As a result, hundreds of communities are proceeding independently to develop their own strategy, without the benefit of the accumulated experience of those that have gone before, and with no assurance of success. The objectives of this project are to collect, analyze, and disseminate data about the nature and effectiveness of local government initiatives to stimulate broadband deployment, adoption and use, as well as the effects of such initiatives on local e-government and economic development.
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC for Power Transmission - Economic Aspects and Comparison with other AC and DC Technologies (2012)

status: Published
A motion artifact generation and assessment system for the rapid testing of surface biopotential electrodes (2014)

Dry electrodes can reduce cost while increasing the usability and comfort of wearable monitoring systems. They are, however, susceptible to motion artifacts. The present electrode testing methods lack reliability and do not separate the factors that affect the motion artifact. In this paper, we introduce a first generation motion artifact generation and assessment system that generates the speed, amplitude, and pattern-wise programmable movement of the electrode. The system simultaneously measures electrode-skin impedance, the motion artifact, and one channel of an electrocardiogram that contains the motion artifact and monitors the mounting force applied to the electrode. We demonstrate the system by comparing the applied movement and the measured signals for electrode movements up to 6 mm and movement frequencies from 0.4 Hz to 4 Hz. Results show that the impedance change and surface potential are visually clearly related to the applied motion, with average correlations of 0.89 and 0.64, respectively. The applied force, electrode location, and electrode structure all affect the motion artifact. The setup enables the motion of the electrode to be accurately controlled. The system can be used as a precursor to the testing of integrated systems because it enables thorough, repeatable, and robust motion artifact studies. The system allows a deeper insight into motion artifacts and the interplay of the various factors that affect them.
Improvement in radiation-hard CMOS logic gates for noise margin (2002)

A design technique for fundamental CMOS logic gates that are almost insensitive to noise margin is proposed. An auxiliary circuit is added to the conventional CMOS logic gates. All the circuits are simulated by HSPICE. It is observed from simulation results that good radiation hard behavior appears in the improved inverter, NOR and NAND gates for noise margin, especially for the scaling down on supply voltage V/sub DD/.
Development and Testing of a Prototype Bismuth Cathode for Hall Thrusters (2005)

Using bismuth in place of gases such as xenon for Hall thruster propellant could potentially offer both physical and economical gains. As research continues to develop Hall thrusters that are fueled with bismuth, it will become advantageous to maintain one propellant supply rather than multiple supplies for the anode and cathode. The recent development of a bismuth Hall thruster at Michigan Tech, operated using a xenon LaB6 cathode, provided a motive to explore the feasibility of developing an entire bismuth system. This paper provides a background on the development and operation of a bismuth vapor LaB6 cathode. Comparisons of operating parameters are provided for the cathode running on xenon and bismuth propellants along with a description of the mass flow technique used. Complications in determining and controlling the mass flow rate are presented as well.
A dihydrogen arsenate-mediated supramolecular network: crystal structure and magnetic properties of {[(bipy)Cu(μ-H2AsO4)(H2AsO4)]2}n (2002)

Treatment of an aqueous suspension of Cu(OH)2 and 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) with either Na2HAsO4·7H2O (1∶1∶2) or As2O5 (1∶1∶1) yields single crystals of {[(bipy)Cu(μ-H2AsO4)(H2AsO4)]2}n, 1, on standing. The solid-state structure of 1 consists of a three dimensional supramolecular network, supported by a combination of coordination covalent, hydrogen bonding and face-to-face π–π interactions. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal very weak antiferromagnetic coupling between Cu(II) centres across the dihydrogen arsenate bridges (J = −0.58 cm−1).
Critical topics in exhaust gas aftertreatment (2000)

This book reviews the major technical issues of the subject from an applications and systems perspective. It describes where today's aftertreatment are currently under research, and how aftertreatment can most effectively be integrated into a vehicle's powertrain. The text is organised according to eight specific problems currently faced by the automotive industry, and which must be solved or circumvented if air quality goals are to be met. Much of the material has not appeared in monograph form before, and included is an extensive list of seven hundred references. Chapter headings include: (1) introduction; (2) the exhaust environment; (3) diesel particulate filters; (4) diesel oxidation catalysts; (5) formulation of three-way catalysts; (6) aging in catalysts and oxygen sensors; (7) the cold-start problem; (8) De NOx catalyts; (9) catalyst monitoring; (10) fuels and (11) closure.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanometallic Chemistry: Deciphering Nanoparticle Catalysis from the Perspective of Organometallic Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis (2013)

Abstract Review: 114 refs.
Space-switching 2.5 Gbit/s signals using wavelengthconversion and phased array routing (1996)

Space switching of 2.5 Gbit/s optical signals by wavelength conversion in a DBR laser and subsequent routing through a phased array wavelength demultiplexer is demonstrated. In addition, first results are presented using an integrated chip consisting of a phased array with 3 dB couplers at its inputs.
Targeting the Mitochondrial Protein VDAC1 as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in ALS (2022)

Impaired mitochondrial function has been proposed as a causative factor in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), caused by motor neuron degeneration. Mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause ALS and SOD1 mutants were shown to interact with the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), affecting its normal function. VDAC1 is a multi-functional channel located at the outer mitochondrial membrane that serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper controlling metabolic and energetic crosstalk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell and it is a key player in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Previously, we showed that VDAC1 interacts with SOD1 and that the VDAC1-N-terminal-derived peptide prevented mutant SOD1 cytotoxic effects. In this study, using a peptide array, we identified the SOD1 sequence that interacts with VDAC1. Synthetic peptides generated from the identified VDAC1-binding sequences in SOD1 directly interacted with purified VDAC1. We also show that VDAC1 oligomerization increased in spinal cord mitochondria isolated from mutant SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> mice and rats. Thus, we used the novel VDAC1-specific small molecules, VBIT-4 and VBIT-12, inhibiting VDAC1 oligomerization and subsequently apoptosis and associated processes such as ROS production, and increased cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup>. VBIT-12 was able to rescue cell death induced by mutant SOD1 in neuronal cultures. Finally, although survival was not affected, VBIT-12 administration significantly improved muscle endurance in mutant SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> mice. Therefore, VBIT-12 may represent an attractive therapy for maintaining muscle function during the progression of ALS.
SHORT-TERM IRRADIANCE VARIABILITY -- STATION PAIR CORRELATION AS A FUNCTION OF DISTANCE (2011)

In this article, we report on the correlation between the irradiance variability observed at two neighboring sites as a function of their distance, and of the considered variability time scale. Correlation is the factor that determines whether the combined relative fluctuations of two solar systems add up when correlation is high, or attenuate when correlation is low.
Quantification and Kinetic Modeling of 123I-mIBG using Dynamic SPECT for Cardiac Innervation (2015)

408 Objectives Current 2D planar or SPECT methods for 123I-mIBG are not sensitive, quantitative, and reproducible. We used a stationary CZT SPECT to estimate kinetic parameters of 123I-mIBG kinetics using quantitative dynamic SPECT. Scan duration and protocol were studied to achieve optimal and clinically feasible protocols for 123I-mIBG. Methods 4D-SPECT dynamic 123I-mIBG imaging was performed over 3 or 4 hours using a GE Discovery 570c SPECT/CT in 2 healthy dogs (3 separate scan sessions per dog) and 5 humans (1 normal subject and 4 heart failure patients). Test-retest and blocking studies of dog studies using desmethylimipramine (DMI) were performed and corrected for plasma metabolites. All images were reconstructed using MLEM algorithm with or without attenuation correction (AC) and and a recently developed scatter correction (SC) for CZT. Kinetic analysis was performed with one-tissue (1T), two-tissue (2T), and two-tissue irreversible (2Ti) models. Various combinations of scan duration and acquisition protocol were investigated. Results Plasma parent fractions in dog studies were Conclusions Dynamic 123I-mIBG SPECT can be used to derive kinetic parameters of sympathetic activity, although plasma metabolites correction is critical in 123I-mIBG kinetic modeling. Quantitative 123I-mIBG SPECT imaging is feasible using early 30 min dynamic imaging and a delayed acquisition 2 to 3 hrs post injection.
High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis ofMycobacterium tuberculosismolecular epidemiology (2001)

The worldwide threat of tuberculosis to human health emphasizes the need to develop novel approaches to a global epidemiological surveillance. The current standard for Mycobacterium tuberculosis typing based on IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) suffers from the difficulty of comparing data between independent laboratories. Here, we propose a high-resolution typing method based on variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) of genetic elements named mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) in 12 human minisatellite-like regions of the M. tuberculosis genome. MIRU-VNTR profiles of 72 different M. tuberculosis isolates were established by PCR analysis of all 12 loci. From 2 to 8 MIRU-VNTR alleles were identified in the 12 regions in these strains, which corresponds to a potential of over 16 million different combinations, yielding a resolution power close to that of IS6110-RFLP. All epidemiologically related isolates tested were perfectly clustered by MIRU-VNTR typing, indicating that the stability of these MIRU-VNTRs is adequate to track outbreak episodes. The correlation between genetic relationships inferred from MIRU-VNTR and IS6110-RFLP typing was highly significant. Compared with IS6110-RFLP, high-resolution MIRU-VNTR typing has the considerable advantages of being fast, appropriate for all M. tuberculosis isolates, including strains that have a few IS6110 copies, and permitting easy and rapid comparison of results from independent laboratories. This typing method opens the way to the construction of digital global databases for molecular epidemiology studies of M. tuberculosis.
Structural Semantic Relatedness: A Knowledge-Based Method to Named Entity Disambiguation (2010)

Name ambiguity problem has raised urgent demands for efficient, high-quality named entity disambiguation methods. In recent years, the increasing availability of large-scale, rich semantic knowledge sources (such as Wikipedia and WordNet) creates new opportunities to enhance the named entity disambiguation by developing algorithms which can exploit these knowledge sources at best. The problem is that these knowledge sources are heterogeneous and most of the semantic knowledge within them is embedded in complex structures, such as graphs and networks. This paper proposes a knowledge-based method, called Structural Semantic Relatedness (SSR), which can enhance the named entity disambiguation by capturing and leveraging the structural semantic knowledge in multiple knowledge sources. Empirical results show that, in comparison with the classical BOW based methods and social network based methods, our method can significantly improve the disambiguation performance by respectively 8.7 % and 14.7%. 1
Attention-Based User Temporal Model for Recommendation (2019)

For the traditional recommendation system, the user model is represented by the user's historical behaviors, but the user's interest is not static, and the user's interest drift affects the final recommendation effect of the recommendation system. However, most of the work to solve the drift of interest is to design long-term and short-term models for users, Using RNNbased models with different time spans to learn an overall embedding of user history sequences. It is not possible to dynamically monitor user interest drift. In this work, we propose a user model named Attention-Based User Temporal Model (AUTM). The key design of our work is to use the attention model to dynamically assign importance weights to user embedding of RNN network outputs at different times, and then combine the static user embedding. Compared to a set of baselines in real-word dataset, our model shows better performance in prediction precision and Area Under Curve (AUC) score.
The frequency analysis of transients (1988)

When a short-lived signal is recorded by a transient recorder which then relays it to a spectrum analyser to resolve the frequency components of that signal, distortions may occur which suggest the presence of spurious resonances in the spectrum. The source and nature of these distortions are discussed here.
Appropriate coronary revascularization can be accomplished if myocardial perfusion is quantified by positron emission tomography prior to treatment decision (2019)

Assessment of quantitative myocardial perfusion prior to revascularization could lead to more appropriate use of CA when managing patients with stable CAD.
ChemInform Abstract: A SPIROCYCLIC DIPHOSPHIRANE (1982)

Abstract Aus (Ia) wird über (Ib) das phosphorsubstituierte Derivat (Ic) hergestellt, aus dem bei der Destillation über die nicht nachgewiesene Zwischenstufe (II) die Verbindungen (III) und (IV) (Raumgruppe P2121 2, ; Z=4) entstehen.
Noninvasive light-reflection technique for measuring soft-tissue stretch (1999)

A novel, to our knowledge, sensor for measuring the stretch in soft tissues such as skin is described. The technique, which is a modification of two-dimensional polarization imaging, uses changes in the reflectivity of polarized light as a monitor of skin stretch. Measurements show that the reflectivity increases with stretch. Measurements were made on guinea pig skin and on nonbiological materials. The changes in reflectivity result from the changes that take place in the interface roughness between skin or material layers and the consequential changes in the diffuse reflective characteristics of the skin. Conceptually, as the roughness of an interface decreases, a smoother reflecting interface is produced, resulting in a commensurate increase in specular reflection. A simple roughness model correctly predicts the main experimental results. Results can be extended easily to real-time stretch analysis of large tissue areas that would be applicable for predicting stresses in skin during and after the surgical closure of wounds.
Self‐Rupturing and Hollow Microcapsules Prepared from Bio‐polyelectrolyte‐Coated Microgels (2007)

Abstract This paper reports on microcapsules obtained by layer‐by‐layer deposition of bio‐polyelectrolyte multilayers at the surface of biodegradable dextran microgels. The behavior of the layer‐by‐layer coating upon degradation of the microgel core strongly depends on the bio‐polyelectrolytes used. Two types of microcapsules, “self‐rupturing” microcapsules and “hollow” microcapsules, are presented. Self‐rupturing microcapsules are obtained when the swelling pressure of the degrading microgel core is strong enough to rupture the surrounding bio‐polyelectrolyte membrane. Self‐rupturing microcapsules could be of interest as a pulsed drug delivery system. Hollow microcapsules are obtained after applying multiple layers of bio‐polyelectrolyte that can withstand the swelling pressure of the degrading microgel core. Biomacromolecules (such as albumin and dextran) spontaneously accumulate in the hollow microcapsules prepared from dex‐HEMA microgels, which could be of interest for drug‐encapsulation purposes.
Measurement of placental alkaline phosphatase in maternal plasma as an indicator of subsequent low birthweight outcome (1988)

Placental alkaline phosphatase (P-ALP) was measured by a specific monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay in plasma samples of 117 women who subsequently were delivered of an infant of birthweight less than 2.5 kg. P-ALP values greater than twice the normal median were found in 32% of maternal plasma samples from low birthweight cases in one series and in 35% in another series, while in normal outcome controls the corresponding value was 8%. The differences were highly significant. The proportion of low birthweight cases with elevated maternal P-ALP values appears to be very similar between 15 and 34 weeks gestation. At 16-18 weeks gestation there is a significant positive correlation (r = 0.40) between P-ALP and maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values in low birthweight cases. The use of P-ALP assay in combination with AFP assay appears to improve the detection of pregnancies with subsequent low birthweight outcome.
Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets of fatty liver diseases (2020)

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the pathogeneses of fatty liver diseases, and continuous inflammation promotes the progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although both ALD and NAFLD are closely related to inflammation, their respective developmental mechanisms differ to some extent. Here, we review the roles of multiple immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets related to the inflammation associated with fatty liver diseases and the differences in the progression of ASH and NASH. Multiple cell types in the liver, including macrophages, neutrophils, other immune cell types and hepatocytes, are involved in fatty liver disease inflammation. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and complement also contribute to the inflammatory process, as does intertissue crosstalk between the liver and the intestine, adipose tissue, and the nervous system. We point out that inflammation also plays important roles in promoting liver repair and controlling bacterial infections. Understanding the complex regulatory process of disrupted homeostasis during the development of fatty liver diseases may lead to the development of improved targeted therapeutic intervention strategies.
Pavement Engineering (2022)

Pavement Engineering: Principles and Practice examines a wide range of topics in asphalt and concrete pavements from soil preparation and structural design to life cycle costing and economic analysis. This updated Fourth Edition covers all concepts and practices of pavement engineering in terms of materials, design, and construction methods for both flexible and rigid pavements and includes the latest developments in recycling, sustainable pavement materials, and resilient infrastructure. New and updated topics include material characterization concepts and tests, pavement management concepts, probabilistic examples of life cycle cost analysis, end-of-life considerations, waste plastic in asphalt, pervious concrete, pavement monitoring instrumentation and data acquisition, and more. The latest updated references, state of the art reviews, and online resources have also been included.
Design and analysis of a novel low loss homopolar electrodynamic bearing (2005)

A novel homopolar electrodynamic bearing, together with a suitable permanent magnet drive, have been developed for high-speed applications where low losses and high reliability are essential and exclude the use of ball bearings, and yet where active magnetic bearings offer a too complex system solution. Considered applications are small turbomolecular vacuum pumps, and maintenance free flywheels for energy storage in remote telecom and satellite systems. Other upcoming areas where these bearings offer interesting technical and economic solutions are compressors for fuel cells and heat pumps, applications which normally suffer from short bearing lifetime. Unlike active magnetic bearings, forces are produced in electrodynamic bearings without any control electronics, thanks to stabilizing eddy currents induced by permanent magnets. In the novel homopolar concept eddy current losses are reduced to a minimum using a homopolar design with ring magnets instead of multipole or Halbach arrays. Currents and forces are simulated using steady state 3D-FEM analysis, which can take velocity into account using an implemented Minkowski transform. From these results an analytical model has been developed, and the results are compared. The results are converted into useful rotordynamic data that is easily understood by machine engineers. The bearing has been experimentally tested in a rebuilt turbomolecular vacuum pump up to 90,000 rpm. Bearing forces have been accurately measured on a specially designed spring suspended scales, in which the bearing rotor is powered with the permanent magnet drive. Comparison of measured data with results from the 3D-FEM analysis shows excellent agreement.
Meglitinide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus (2007)

Meglitinides may offer an alternative oral hypoglycaemic agent of similar potency to metformin, and may be indicated where side effects of metformin are intolerable or where metformin is contraindicated. However, there is no evidence available to indicate what effect meglitinides will have on important long-term outcomes, particularly mortality.