gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ranging with Frequency Dependent Ultrasound Air Attenuation (2021)

Measuring the distance between two points has multiple uses. Position can be geometrically calculated from multiple measurements of the distance between reference points and moving sensors. Distance measurement can be done by measuring the time of flight of an ultrasonic signal traveling from an emitter to receiving sensors. However, this requires close synchronization between the emitter and the sensors. This synchronization is usually done using a radio or optical channel, which requires additional hardware and power to operate. On the other hand, for many applications of great interest, low-cost, small, and lightweight sensors with very small batteries are required. Here, an innovative technique to measure the distance between emitter and receiver by using ultrasonic signals in air is proposed. In fact, the amount of the signal attenuation in air depends on the frequency content of the signal itself. The attenuation level that the signal undergoes at different frequencies provides information on the distance between emitter and receiver without the need for any synchronization between them. A mathematical relationship here proposed allows for estimating the distance between emitter and receiver starting from the measurement of the frequency dependent attenuation along the traveled path. The level of attenuation in the air is measured online along the operation of the proposed technique. The simulations showed that the range accuracy increases with the decrease of the ultrasonic transducer diameter. In particular, with a diameter of 0.5 mm, an error of less than ± 2.7 cm (average value 1.1 cm) is reached along two plane sections of the typical room of the office considered (4 × 4 × 3 m<sup>3</sup>).
Step-Bunching Instability of Vicinal Surfaces under Stress (1995)

On a vicinal surface under stress, elastic relaxation at steps produces a long-range attractive interaction between the steps. As a result, the surface is unstable against step bunching, driven by the energetics of the system rather than by the kinetics of step flow. This bunching instability differs from the predictions of previous continuum models by its lack of a characteristic wavelength. Instead, it evolves by progressive coalescence of step bunches. Flux can dramatically modify this evolution, limiting the growth of step bunches.
Development of an intravenous oxygenator using microbubbles (2014)

Patients in critical care with lung injuries require oxygenation, but current methods are not applicable for all situations. The most common method, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation is an expensive procedure and requires highly trained staff. Respiratory Assist Catheters (RACs) could be used as an alternative because they do not place extra stress on the lungs, are easy to implement, cost-effective and are available for immediate use in clinical settings or in first aid situations. This paper describes experiments and simulations to evaluate the feasibility of intravenously oxygenating the blood using microbubbles. The tests included in vivo and ex vivo tests using animal models to investigate both the dissolution times of the microbubbles as well as the physiological effects of an intravenously placed device. Numerical simulations based on the dissolution rate of oxygen in venous blood were also completed. The results indicate that the dissolution times for the micro bubbles are too slow for the device to be successful in clinical practice.
Differentiation of Porcine Mycoplasma Strains (1965)

SUMMARY: Porcine Mycoplasma strains, previously called ‘swine enzootic pneumonia strains’ are antigenically closely related to Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Other porcine Mycoplasma strains which are culturally and antigenically distinct from M. hyorhinis are more heterogeneous and fall into four serotypes. M. granularum, however, is antigenically unrealted to these strains.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Hydrogen Complexes of the Transition Metals. Part 2. Evidence for a New Complex, Mo(CO)(dppe)2(H2), and for Solution Equilibrium Between Dihydrogen and Dihydride Forms, M ‐ η2‐H2 ↔ H ‐ M ‐ H, in W(CO)3(PR3)2(H2). (1986)

Abstract The formally 16‐electron complex (I) reacts with H 2 to form two forms of the crystalline η 2 ‐H 2 derivative (II) depending on solvent.
Electrochemical Properties of Some Biologically Active Quinone Derivatives: Furanquinones, Pyridoquinones, and Diplamine, a Cytotoxic Pyridoacridine Alkaloid (1997)

The electrochemical properties of 17 furanquinones, 5 pyridoquinones, and the iminoquinone diplamine in aprotic solvent systems were investigated. For the furanquinone and pyridoquinone derivatives, the quinone/semiquinone and semiquinone/dianion redox couples were observed as two successive one‐electron transfer steps during cyclic voltammetry. For the pyridoquinones, two additional voltammetric waves attributed to nitro group reduction were observed at more negative potentials. The influence of molecular structure on quinone reduction potential is addressed. Reduction of diplamine was analogous to reduction of the quinones, occurring in two successive one‐electron processes. In the presence of a proton donor, pyridoquinone reduction occurred via an ECEC mechanism. For the furanquinones, a general relationship is observed between reduction potential and reported inhibitory activity against various cancer cell lines.
Clustering for Interference Alignment in a Multiuser Interference Channel (2012)

Interference alignment (IA) has been shown as a promising technique to achieve the optimal capacity scaling of a multiuser interference channel at asymptotically high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). However, in practical communication systems, mitigating all interference via IA is not necessary since some of them only have negligible effect due to path loss. Moreover, IA feasibility constraint hinders its application to all users. Clustered IA provides a mechanism to mitigate the IA feasibility constraint and maximize the achievable rate. However, how to form IA clusters properly has not been well addressed. In this paper, we consider the problem of IA clustering in a multiuser interference channel at finite SNR. By exploiting the statistics of the channel state information (CSI), two novel clustering algorithms based on graph partitioning and heuristic are proposed. It is shown that the proposed schemes lead to significant gain in achievable rate when compared with non-cooperative transmission scheme.
Silicon Isotope Separation by two frequency IRMPD (2017)

InfraRed Multi-Photon Dissociation (IRMPD) is a highly selective laser isotope separation technique.This process consists of a sequential IR photon absorption from the ground vibrational state up to dissociation by a molecule that contains the isotope of interest.High dissociation threshold molecules require large intensity radiation fields.This drawback could be overcome by two-frequency IRMPD.In this technique, a low energy laser resonant with the first energy levels guarantees isotopic selectivity excitation and a second non-resonant large energy laser achieves molecular dissociation.The possibility of obtaining silicon laser isotopic enrichment using SiF4 as working molecule was investigated in this work.Two-frequency IRMPD of SiF4 with two TEA CO2 single transverse mode lasers was studied in a molecular jet.The dissociation process was monitored with a Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer with UV multi-photon ionization.The excitation laser fluence and wavelength dependence of the isotopic dissociation estimator, α, and the enrichment factor estimator, β, were determined and compared to those obtained in single-frequency IRMPD.
Perfluorinated Polymer Monolayers on Porous Silica for Materials with Super Liquid Repellent Properties (2002)

We report on the preparation of water- and oil-repellent surfaces using surface-attached monolayers of perfluorinated polymer molecules. A covalent attachment of the polymer molecules to the substrate surfaces is achieved by generation of the polymer chains through starting a surface-initiated radical-chain polymerization of a fluorinated monomer. To this, self-assembled monolayers of azo initiators are attached to SiO2 substrates, which are used to kick off the polymerization reaction in situ. The growth of the fluorinated polymer brushes and the characterization of the obtained surfaces by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface plasmon spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements is described. It is shown that perfluorinated polymer films can be grown with controlled thicknesses on flat and even on porous silica surfaces, essentially without changing the surface roughness. The combination of the low surface energy coating and the surface porosity allows generation of materials which are both water and oil repellent.
Regeneration of NADH and Hydrogenation of Ketones to Alcohols with the Combination of Hydrogenase and Alcohol Dehydrogenase (1987)

Abstract The regeneration of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (reduced form, NADH) by the reduction of NAD with hydrogen gas was carried out in the presence of the hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus, and ketone hydrogenation was tried by the combination of the above system and alcohol dehydrogenase (ALDH). The ketones such as 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, and 2-hexanone were easily hydrogenated by hydrogen gas. After 65 h, the turnover number of NAD was 64 for 2-butanone showing a recurrence of NAD by hydrogen gas.
Photographic assessment of the appearance of chronic pressure and leg ulcers. (2000)

The purpose of this paper was to examine the validity and reliability of using photographs of wounds to accurately assess wound status. The results of assessing wound appearance using wound photographs was compared to results obtained from a bedside assessment using the Pressure Sore Status Tool (PSST). The photographic wound assessment tool (PWAT) used in this comparison represents a modified version of the PSST and includes the six domains that can be determined from wound photographs. The PWAT was used on photographs of both chronic pressure ulcers (n = 56) and leg ulcers due to vascular insufficiency (n = 81). The photographic tool has excellent intrarater (ICC = 0.96) and interrater (ICC = 0.73) reliability and good concurrent validity (r = 0.70) compared with a full bedside assessment PSST. The PWAT has also shown to be sensitive to change in wound appearance of healing ulcers, but not nonhealing ulcers. These results would suggest that in the event that a full bedside assessment is not possible, wound photographs may be used to accurately assess wound appearance of both chronic pressure ulcers located on the trunk and vascular ulcers of the lower extremity. Establishing a valid and reliable assessment of wound healing using photographic images is of great relevance to the advancing fields of computer image analysis and telemedicine.
Correlation of vancomycin and daptomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus in reference to accessory gene regulator (agr) polymorphism and function (2007)

The combination of vancomycin with either rifampicin or gentamicin prevented the emergence of vancomycin resistance in agr I and II S. aureus isolates. Changes in daptomycin susceptibility were independent of agr group and function. The association between agr and vancomycin resistance in S. aureus requires further investigation.
Utilization of a high-throughput shoot imaging system to examine the dynamic phenotypic responses of a C4 cereal crop plant to nitrogen and water deficiency over time (2015)

The use of high-throughput phenotyping systems and non-destructive imaging is widely regarded as a key technology allowing scientists and breeders to develop crops with the ability to perform well under diverse environmental conditions. However, many of these phenotyping studies have been optimized using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, The Plant Accelerator(®) at The University of Adelaide, Australia, was used to investigate the growth and phenotypic response of the important cereal crop, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench and related hybrids to water-limited conditions and different levels of fertilizer. Imaging in different spectral ranges was used to monitor plant composition, chlorophyll, and moisture content. Phenotypic image analysis accurately measured plant biomass. The data set obtained enabled the responses of the different sorghum varieties to the experimental treatments to be differentiated and modelled. Plant architectural instead of architecture elements were determined using imaging and found to correlate with an improved tolerance to stress, for example diurnal leaf curling and leaf area index. Analysis of colour images revealed that leaf 'greenness' correlated with foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll, while near infrared reflectance (NIR) analysis was a good predictor of water content and leaf thickness, and correlated with plant moisture content. It is shown that imaging sorghum using a high-throughput system can accurately identify and differentiate between growth and specific phenotypic traits. R scripts for robust, parsimonious models are provided to allow other users of phenomic imaging systems to extract useful data readily, and thus relieve a bottleneck in phenotypic screening of multiple genotypes of key crop plants.
Environmental Triggers and Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes (2005)

Type 1 diabetes is perceived as a chronic immune-mediated disease with a subclinical prodromal period characterized by selective loss of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets in genetically susceptible subjects. A series of evidence supports a critical role of exogenous factors in the development of type 1 diabetes, such as 1) the fact that <10% of individuals with HLA-conferred diabetes susceptibility do progress to clinical disease, 2) a pairwise concordance of type 1 diabetes of <40% among monozygotic twins, 3) a more than 10-fold difference in the disease incidence among Caucasians living in Europe, 4) a several-fold increase in the incidence over the last 50 years, and 5) migration studies indicating that the disease incidence has increased in population groups who have moved from a low-incidence to a high-incidence region. This article discusses the trigger-booster hypothesis claiming that the diabetic disease process is triggered by an exogenous factor with definite seasonal variation and driven by one or several other environmental determinants. In addition, there are a series of modifying factors affecting the fate and pace of the process. Accordingly, progression to clinical type 1 diabetes typically requires the unfortunate combination of genetic disease susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger, and a high exposure to a driving antigen.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecularly Competitive Ireland—Claisen Rearrangements: Scope and Potential Applications to Natural Product Synthesis. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Polymerization mechanism forin situ supported metallocene catalysts (2000)

The polymerization of ethylene was carried out with a novel in situ supported metallocene catalyst that eliminated the need for a supporting step before polymerization. In the absence of trimethyl aluminum (TMA), in situ supported Et[Ind]2ZrCl2 was not active, but the addition of TMA during polymerization activated the catalyst. Et[Ind]2Zr(CH3)2 was active even in the absence of TMA, whereas the addition of TMA during polymerization enhanced the catalytic activity. The polymerization-rate profiles of the in situ supported metallocene catalysts did not show rate decay as a function of time. A polymerization mechanism for the in situ supported metallocene catalysts is proposed for this behavior. During polymerization, the in situ supported metallocene catalysts may deactivate, but homogeneous metallocene species present in the reactor may form new active sites and compensate for deactivated sites. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 462–468, 2000
Diode pumped 2.79 μm Er/sup 3+/:Cr/sup 3+/:YSGG laser (2004)

In this paper, we report on lasing at 2.79 /spl mu/m under 974 nm diode laser excitation in an Er:YSGG crystal codoped with chromium. The host is YSGG, an Y/sub 3/Sc/sub 2/Ga/sub 3/O/sub 12/ crystal. The present Cr/sup 3+/:Er/sup 3+/:YSGG crystal is grown by the Czochralski method at the Institute of General Physics in Moscow. The crystal has a thickness of 3 mm and its absorption coefficient at 974 nm is 2.6cm/sup -1/. Therefore, 54.2% of the incident pump power is absorbed in the crystal. The 2.79 /spl mu/m radiation occurs from the transition of /sup 4/I/sub 11/2/ to /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ in Er/sup 3+/. The best absorption of the Er/sup 3+/ ions is at 976 nm. The laser threshold is about 0.5 W and increases with a rising pump wavelength. The slope efficiency is 3.4 %. The resonator configuration is by no means optimized.
Angular dependence of the first-order vortex-lattice phase transition inBi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (1997)

The paramagnetic peak in the local ac susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{|\mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}}$ is used to identify the first-order vortex-lattice phase transition in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ at various tilt angles \ensuremath{\theta} of the dc magnetic field with respect to the c axis. The transition field ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{m}}$ follows roughly the two-dimensional scaling function ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$cos (\ensuremath{\theta}). The scaling fails for field orientations close to the ab plane. The amplitude of the paramagnetic peak, which is proportional to the jump in magnetization \ensuremath{\Delta}B, does not depend on the tilt angle up to configurations very close to the ab plane (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}). From this we conclude that the entropy jump at the transition, \ensuremath{\Delta}s, is insensitive to the presence of the in-plane field.
Tweeting is believing? (2012)

Twitter is now used to distribute substantive content such as breaking news, increasing the importance of assessing the credibility of tweets. As users increasingly access tweets through search, they have less information on which to base credibility judgments as compared to consuming content from direct social network connections. We present survey results regarding users' perceptions of tweet credibility. We find a disparity between features users consider relevant to credibility assessment and those currently revealed by search engines. We then conducted two experiments in which we systematically manipulated several features of tweets to assess their impact on credibility ratings. We show that users are poor judges of truthfulness based on content alone, and instead are influenced by heuristics such as user name when making credibility assessments. Based on these findings, we discuss strategies tweet authors can use to enhance their credibility with readers (and strategies astute readers should be aware of!). We propose design improvements for displaying social search results so as to better convey credibility.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW TETRAHYDROPYRAN SYNTHESIS. ACID‐CATALYZED CYCLIZATION OF Δ‐SUBSTITUTED ALDEHYDES (1978)

Abstract Das aus dem Methylpenten (I) durch Hydrocarbonylierung in Gegenwart eines Rhodiumkatalysators hergestellte Methylhexanal (II) cyclisiert mit 96%iger Schwefelsäure zum Tetrahydropyran (III).
Imiquimod Treatment In Vivo Induces Massive Skin Recruitment and Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in a Disease-Independent Manner (2004)

s for the 19th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer, San Francisco, California, November 4-7, 2004: Dendritic Cells and Vaccines
Concerns about the use of digoxin in acute coronary syndromes (2021)

Digoxin therapy is associated with an increased risk of early death among women and men with ACS complicated by HF. This finding highlights the need for re-examination of digoxin use in the clinical setting of ACS.
Funciones de dirección del entrenador moderno en el proceso de preparación deportiva (2010)

This project points out the main funtions of management that a sport training must fulfill at this time, explaining it in a different and modern way. Through this project we make some analysis and evaluations beyond the competence or the teams in order to go into the inner preparation of the sporting team with lower results in the specialized sources, and also taking into account the methodological work in the planning and management process of training and with a sharp orientation towards higher aims. All of this with the purpose of illustrate mainly to youth trainers in this hard work at present times. The conclusions must lead a powerful guide for the learners in this activity.
Magnetic Attitude Control of a Momentum-Biased Satellite in Near-Equatorial Orbit (1979)

A novel closed-loop magnetic attitude control scheme is described for momentum-biased, near-equatorial orbit satellites. Unlike the other schemes proposed so far, the controller presented here performs both the attitude correction and nutation damping, thus obviating the need for a separate nutation damping mechanism. The magnetic torquer is placed along the roll axis of the spacecraft. The roll error , obtained from the Earth sensor, is filtered out into two components; one varying at orbital frequency 0 , and the other varying at nutational frequency „. The control dipole moment .Mc of the magneto-torquer is governed by the control law, Mc = K2 n -K'l^0, where K'j and K'2 are constants. Analytical expressions for time response of the system and conditions for stability are derived, using linearized equations of motion. The roll/yaw dynamics of the satellite were simulated on an analog computer, and the simulation and analytical results matched well. Also, the simulation results indicate that enough damping is provided in the yaw channel. Design aspects such as choice of feedback gains and saturation characteristics of the magneto-torquer are discussed.
Crack detection and measurement using laser pulse heating and thermal microscopy (1995)

This article describes a new approach to the surface crack length measurement problem based on the use of laser pulse heating and thermal microscopy. Cracks are detected either by the increased thermal radiance emitted by an open crack cavity or by the fact that cracks behave as thermal barriers that affect the surface temperature distribution where a thermal gradient is present. The first method, increased cavity radiance, is a simple and effective method for detecting cracks that are open at least 3 to 5 {micro}m (0.1 to 0.2 milli-in.). However, when the crack is closed, such as in the area near the crack tip, it becomes more difficult to distinguish the crack from other surface features. In this situation, the crack can be found by locally heating the specimen and examining the resulting thermal gradients for discontinuities.