gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adjustment and growth prospects in the developed economies (2015)

The global financial crisis triggered in 2007-2008 has been the most serious shock to the world economy since the Second World War. As a result of the crisis, the GDP of the main developed economies fell by between 3% and 6% from its previous high, despite the rapid and coordinated response of the economic authorities. The measures aimed at stimulating aggregate demand, supporting the financial sector and restoring agents’ confidence succeeded in breaking the negative feedback loop between the weakness of financial systems and the deterioration in the real economy, and contributed to the start of a moderate recovery. Gradually, the role of macroeconomic policy in support of the recovery has become more focused on monetary policy, given the deterioration in the public finances of many advanced economies. Despite the support of monetary policy, recovery in the major economies is proving slow, fragile and uneven. Some of these economies, such as the United States, have returned to growth rates close to pre-crisis levels; others, including some in the euro area, continue to post growth rates far below those achieved in the previous upswing, and have even suffered fresh setbacks. As a result, GDP levels are well below their pre-crisis trends (see Charts 1 and 2). In this context, there is heated debate about the causes of the persistent low growth in advanced economies, which has significant implications both for their prospects and for economic policy responses. The numerous factors that have been highlighted in this debate include the imbalances accumulated in the past (both before and during the crisis), certain longer-term trends, that were already apparent before the global financial crisis was triggered and might be behind the persistent weakness of aggregate demand (such as the increasingly unequal income distribution or the higher demand for safe assets), and various phenomena that might point to a reduction in potential growth (such as population ageing or a slowdown in technical progress). This article offers a broad overview of the studies that have been emerging on the impact of the crisis on advanced economies, with a view to determining and assessing the main factors responsible for the weakness of the recovery in these economies, and reflecting on the appropriate economic policies to overcome this prolonged period of slow growth. The next section outlines the usual patterns of exit from financial crises, and compares them to the current path of recovery. The third section analyses the main imbalances resulting from the crisis, assessing the extent to which they are being corrected. In the fourth, the outlook for potential growth is discussed, while in the fifth the role of economic policies in the current situation is reviewed. The article concludes with some brief final reflections.
Modeling with cubic A-patches (1995)

We present a sufficient criterion for the Bernstein Bezier (BB) form of a trivariate polynomial within a tetrahedron, such that the real zero contour of the polynomial defines a smooth and single-sheeted algebraic surface patch, We call this an A-patch. We present algorithms to build a mesh of cubic A-patches to interpolate a given set of scattered point data in three dimensions, respecting tbe topology of any surface triangulation T of the given point set. In these algorithms we first specify "normals" an the data points, then build a simplicial hull consisting of tetrahedral surrounding the surface triangulation 2', and finally construct cubic A-patches within each tetrahedron. The resulting surface constructed is C' (tangent plane) continuous and single sheeted in each of the tetrahedral. We also show how to adjust the free parameters of the A-patches to achieve both local and global shape control.
High performance clustering based on the similarity join (2000)

A broad class of algorithms for knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) relies heavily on similarity queries, i.e. range queries or nearest neighbor queries, in multidimensional feature spaces. Many KDD algorithms perform a similarity query for each point stored in the database. This approach causes serious performance degenerations if the considered data set does not fit into main memory. Usual cache strategies such as LRU fail because the locality of KDD algorithms is typically not high enough. In this paper, we propose to replace repeated similarity queries by the similarity join, a database primitive prevalent in multimedia database systems. We present a schema to transform query intensive KDD algorithms into a representation using the similarity join as a basic operation without affecting the correctness of the result of the considered algorithm. In order to perform a comprehensive experimental evaluation of our approach, we apply the proposed transformation to the clustering algorithm DBSCAN and to the hierarchical cluster structure analysis method OPTICS. Our technique allows the application of any similarity join algorithm, which may be based on index structures or not. In our experiments, we use a similarity join algorithm based on a variant of the X-tree. The experiments yield substantial performance improvements of our technique over the original algorithms. The traditional techniques are outperformed by factors of up to 33 for the X-tree and 54 for the R*-tree.
Susceptibility of different insect pupae to the bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophila, isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (2008)

Cells of the bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus nematophila from the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae entered the pupae of Plutella xylostella after 15 minutes treatment with suspensions containing the bacterial cells. Secretions of Xenorhabdus nematophila, in either broth or water, were found lethal to the pupae of P. xylostella when applied in moist sand. The bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus nematophila was found lethal to the pupae of greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in the absence of the nematode vector and the cells of X. nematophila entered the haemocoele of the pupae.
Model-Based Infrared Metrology for Advanced Technology Nodes and 300 mm Wafer Processing (2005)

The use of infrared spectroscopy for production semiconductor process monitoring has evolved recently from primarily unpatterned, i.e. blanket test wafer measurements in a limited historical application space of blanket epitaxial, BPSG, and FSG layers to new applications involving patterned product wafer measurements, and new measurement capabilities. Over the last several years, the semiconductor industry has adopted a new set of materials associated with copper/low-k interconnects, and new structures incorporating exotic materials including silicon germanium, SOI substrates and high aspect ratio trenches. The new device architectures and more chemically sophisticated materials have raised new process control and metrology challenges that are not addressed by current measurement technology. To address the challenges we have developed a new infrared metrology tool designed for emerging semiconductor production processes, in a package compatible with modern production and R&D environments. The tool incorporates recent advances in reflectance instrumentation including highly accurate signal processing, optimized reflectometry optics, and model-based calibration and analysis algorithms. To meet the production requirements of the modern automated fab, the measurement hardware has been integrated with a fully automated 300 mm platform incorporating front opening unified pod (FOUP) interfaces, automated pattern recognition and high throughput ultra clean robotics. The tool employs a suite of automated dispersion-model analysis algorithms capable of extracting a variety of layer properties from measured spectra. The new tool provides excellent measurement precision, tool matching, and a platform for deploying many new production and development applications. In this paper we will explore the use of model based infrared analysis as a tool for characterizing novel bottle capacitor structures employed in high density dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips. We will explore the capability of the tool for characterizing multiple geometric parameters associated with the manufacturing process that are important to the yield and performance of advanced bottle DRAM devices.
A Follow‐Up Study of Hyperbilirubinaemia in Full‐term Infants without Iso‐immunisation (1961)

Summary One hundred and thirteen full‐term infants with bilirubin values of 18 mg% or more during the neonatal period, have been followed‐up at the age of 2–3 years, and compared with 51 full‐term, non‐icteric infants, born during the same period. Exchange transfusion was carried out in 30 of the children with jaundice. No cases of kernicterus could be demonstrated. Play audiometry was carried out in 125 children (86 with jaundice, 39 controls). No deafness of central type was revealed. At the paediatric follow‐up examination no relevant abnormalities were found. Merrill‐Palmer testing produced evidence of a similar I.Q. distribution among the icteric as among the non‐icteric children. A cerebral lesion was diagnosed in 3 cases, but in all these another aetiology (disturbance at the time of birth) occurred in addition to hyper‐bilirubinaemia. Hyperbilirubinaemia alone did not give rise to any cerebral lesion.
Polyploidy in arctic plants (2004)

The Arctic is an excellent model system for the study of polyploidy. It is one the Earth's most polyploid-rich areas, in particular of high-level and recently evolved polyploids. Here we re-address previous hypotheses on arctic polyploidy based on a new analysis of the circumarctic flora, and review recent molecular, cytological and reproductive studies. The frequency and level of polyploidy strongly increase northwards within the Arctic. We found no clear-cut association between polyploidy and the degree of glaciation for the arctic flora as a whole, which contains many widespread species. However, for 'arctic specialist' taxa with restricted distributions, the frequency of diploids is much higher in the Beringian area, which remained largely unglaciated during the last ice age, than in the heavily glaciated Atlantic area. This result supports the hypothesis that polyploids are more successful than diploids in colonizing after deglaciation. There is abundant molecular evidence for recurrent formation of arctic polyploids at different scales in time and space. Examples are given of low-level polyploids formed after the last glaciation and of repeated and successively more high-level polyploidizations throughout the Quaternary. Recurrent polyploid origins, followed by interbreeding within and across ploidal levels, provide a major explanation for the taxonomic complexity of the arctic flora. In the well-studied, recently deglaciated archipelago of Svalbard, most species are mainly selffertilizing or clonal. All Svalbard polyploids examined so far are genetic allopolyploids with fixed heterozygosity at isozyme loci. The level of heterozygosity in 65 taxa increases dramatically from diploids to high-level polyploids. In the circumarctic area, there is evidence for numerous recently evolved sibling species within diploid taxonomic species. Rapid evolution of crossing barriers at the diploid level promotes further diversification after expansion from different refugia, and may provide new raw materials for allopolyploid formation. We conclude that the evolutionary success of polyploids in the Arctic may be based on their fixed-heterozygous genomes, which buffer against inbreeding and genetic drift through periods of dramatic climate change.
Highly Flexible Hybrid Polymer Aerogels and Xerogels Based on Resorcinol-Formaldehyde with Enhanced Elastic Stiffness and Recoverability: Insights into the Origin of Their Mechanical Properties (2017)

Flexible low-density materials, such as aerogels and polymer foams, have received increasing attention as energy absorbers and cushions that protect artificial products and human bodies. Microscopic geometry is a crucial factor determining their mechanical functions, i.e. strength and toughness (flexibility). However, it is a formidable challenge to combine these two properties because they are mutually elusive in general; stiff materials are brittle, while flexible ones are soft. Here, we demonstrate lightweight porous polymeric materials based on a common phenolic resin, resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) gels, with salient combinatorial properties of high stiffness (up to 100 MPa) and good recoverable compressibility (against 80–90% strain), which can deliver remarkable energy absorption and dissipation performances repetitively. The detailed investigation reveals that the unique mechanical features originate from the synergetic effect of interdigitated hard and soft components in polymer matrices as well as exquisitely designed highly branched microstructures both generated through the spontaneous supramolecular self-assembly of the nonionic block copolymer (F127) and RF oligomer, which is essentially analogous to how natural organisms create biological structural materials, e.g. nacre and bone.
Learning Physical Parameters and Detail Enhancement for Gaseous Scene Design Based on Data Guidance (2020)

This article articulates a novel learning framework for both parameter estimation and detail enhancement for Eulerian gas based on data guidance. The key motivation of this article is to devise a new hybrid, grid-based simulation that could inherit modeling and simulation advantages from both physically-correct simulation methods and powerful data-driven methods, while combating existing difficulties exhibited in both approaches. We first employ a convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate the physical parameters of gaseous phenomena in Eulerian settings, then we can use the just-learnt parameters to re-simulate (with or without artists' guidance) for specific scenes with flexible coupling effects. Next, a second CNN is adopted to reconstruct the high-resolution velocity field to guide a fast re-simulation on the finer grid, achieving richer and more realistic details with little extra computational expense. From the perspective of physics-based simulation, our trained networks respect temporal coherence and physical constraints. From the perspective of the data-driven machine-learning approaches, our network design aims at extracting a meaningful parameters and reconstructing visually realistic details. Additionally, our implementation based on parallel acceleration could significantly enhance the computational performance of every involved module. Our comprehensive experiments confirm the controllability, effectiveness, and accuracy of our novel approach when producing various gaseous scenes with rich details for widespread graphics applications.
Relationship of eukaryotic DNA replication to committed gene expression: general theory for gene control. (1991)

The historic arguments for the participation of eukaryotic DNA replication in the control of gene expression are reconsidered along with more recent evidence. An earlier view in which gene commitment was achieved with stable chromatin structures which required DNA replication to reset expression potential (D. D. Brown, Cell 37:359-365, 1984) is further considered. The participation of nonspecific stable repressor of gene activity (histones and other chromatin proteins), as previously proposed, is reexamined. The possible function of positive trans-acting factors is now further developed by considering evidence from DNA virus models. It is proposed that these positive factors act to control the initiation of replicon-specific DNA synthesis in the S phase (early or late replication timing). Stable chromatin assembles during replication into potentially active (early S) or inactive (late S) states with prevailing trans-acting factors (early) or repressing factors (late) and may asymmetrically commit daughter templates. This suggests logical schemes for programming differentiation based on replicons and trans-acting initiators. This proposal requires that DNA replication precede major changes in gene commitment. Prior evidence against a role for DNA replication during terminal differentiation is reexamined along with other results from terminal differentiation of lower eukaryotes. This leads to a proposal that DNA replication may yet underlie terminal gene commitment, but that for it to do so there must exist two distinct modes of replication control. In one mode (mitotic replication) replicon initiation is tightly linked to the cell cycle, whereas the other mode (terminal replication) initiation is not cell cycle restricted, is replicon specific, and can lead to a terminally differentiated state. Aberrant control of mitotic and terminal modes of DNA replication may underlie the transformed state. Implications of a replicon basis for chromatin structure-function and the evolution of metazoan organisms are considered.
Amino acid dimorphism in IL1A is detectable by PCR amplification (1993)

Amino acid dimorphism in IL1A is detectable by PCR amplification Get access Pieter A.v.d. Velden, Pieter A.v.d. Velden Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Hematology, University HospitalBuilding 1, C2-R PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Pieter H. Reitsma Pieter H. Reitsma * Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Hematology, University HospitalBuilding 1, C2-R PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands *To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 1993, Page 1753, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/2.10.1753-a Published: 01 October 1993
Development of the sensory nervous system that provides service robots with flexibility, redundancy, and self-testing capabilities (2022)

The concept of the sensory nervous system is proposed for service robots. Three key modules, i.e., sensor units, nerve cables, and spinal cord units, are employed to build a dedicated system to sense external / internal events and changes of the robot. Such units make modification of the sensory system, implementation of redundant one, and addition of built-in self-testing functions relatively easier. Addition of the sensor units is made easy because of unique unit constructions, such as terminal-type, insertion-type, and harness-type constructions. The sensor units send data to and receive power supplied from the spinal cord units through the nerve cables.
A Water‐Proof Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Hybrid Generator for Energy Harvesting in Harsh Environments (2015)

Packaging is a critical aspect of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) toward practical applications, since the performance of TENG is greatly affected by environmental conditions such as humidity. A waterproof triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator (WPHG) for harvesting mechanical energy in harsh environments is reported. Since the mechanical transmission from the external mechanical source to the TENG is through a noncontact force between the paired magnets, a fully isolated packaging of TENG part can be easily achieved. At the same time, combining with metal coils, these magnets can be fabricated to be electromagnetic generators (EMG). The characteristics and advantages of outputs from both TENG and EMG are systematically studied and compared to each other. By using transformers and full‐wave rectifiers, 2.3 mA for total short‐circuit current and 5 V for open‐circuit voltage are obtained for WPHG under a rotation speed of 1600 rpm, and it can charge a supercapacitor (20 mF) to 1 V in 22s. Finally, the WPHG is demonstrated to harvest wind energy in the rainy condition and water‐flow energy under water. The reported WPHG renders an effective and sustainable technology for ambient mechanical energy harvesting in harsh environments. Solid progress in both the packaging of TENG and the practical applications of the hybrid generator toward practical power source and self‐powered systems is presented.
Highly Selective “Turn‐On” Fluorescent and Colorimetric Sensing of Fluoride Ion Using 2‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐2,3‐dihydroquinolin‐4(1 H)‐one based on Excited‐State Proton Transfer (2013)

A simple, highly selective and sensitive colorimetric system for the detection of fluoride ion in an aqueous medium has been developed using 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one. This system allows selective "turn-on" fluorescence detection of fluoride ion, which is found to be dependent upon guest basicity. An excited-state proton transfer is proposed to be the signaling mechanism, which is rationalized by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. The present sensor can also be applied to detect fluoride levels in real water samples.
Optimal International Agreement and Treatment of Domestic Subsidy (2012)

TWe investigate how a domestic subsidy is treated in an international agreement, when a government, having incentive to use its subsidy as a means of import protection, can disguise its protective use of subsidy as a legitimate intervention with which to address a market imperfection in the import-competing sector. We show that any optimal agreement permits the use of a positive domestic subsidy, but it restricts the home government’s freedom to select domestic subsidy in order to increase the market-access level for foreign exporters. Our finding implies that proper restrictions on domestic subsidies are somewhere between GATT and WTO rules.
Measurement and correction of two-sided freeform optical elements with combined tactile-optical metrology equipment (2019)

Freeform optical elements are state of the art for several years to fabricate very high performance optical systems with the necessity of, e.g., strong folding in mirror system or correction of typical asymmetric aberrations in mirror systems as well as lens systems. For freeform mirror systems, in particular for metal mirrors, the metrology is well understood and iterative process chains are well established. For transmission elements with a freeform surface on both sides, manufacturing, metrology, and correction for both sides in a parallel manner is quite difficult. The article presents a method to measure such an optical element and correct it with a well-defined correction step to have both sides in a well-defined position to each other.
(1S,5R,9R)-2-Cyclopropylmethyl-2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-8-oxo-6,7-benzomorphan hydrochloride monohydrate (ketazocine), C18H23NO2.HCl.H2O (1983)

Cristallisation dans P2 1 2 1 2 1 avec Z=4; affinement jusqu'a R=0,049. La chaine laterale cyclopropylmethyl adopte la meme conformation que dans la gemazocine