gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of tail docking and tail biting on performance and welfare of growing–finishing pigs in a confinement housing system1 (2017)

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tail docking on the welfare and performance of victimized pigs by tail biting and tail biters. Pigs ( = 240; 25.7 ± 2.9 kg average weight), including 120 pigs that were tail docked at birth and 120 pigs that remained with intact tails, were used. Pigs were housed in 8 pens of 30 pigs in a confinement barn for 16 wk, with 4 pens each housing pigs of both sexes with docked or intact tails. Tail biters and victimized pigs with damaged tails were identified during outbreaks of tail biting. Growth performance was monitored, and skin lesions on the tail, ears, and body were assessed. Blood samples were collected from focal tail biters, victimized pigs, and nonvictimized pigs for analysis of total serum protein, IgG, and substance P concentrations. When pigs were marketed, carcass weights and the number of pigs with carcass trim loss were recorded. During the growing-finishing period, 48% of pigs with docked tails and 89% of pigs with intact tails experienced lesions on their tails, including 5% of docked pigs and 30% of intact pigs identified as victimized pigs that experienced puncture wounds with signs of infection on their tails or loss of tails ( < 0.001). Victimized pigs tended to gain less weight ( = 0.07) between 17 and 21 wk of age than other pigs when tail biting prevailed in this study. Victimized pigs were more frequently ( = 0.04) sold for less than full value and had a lower dressing percentage ( < 0.001) compared with nonvictimized pigs. For victimized pigs, total serum protein and IgG concentrations were elevated 5 d after tails were injured, suggesting that tail damage can cause inflammation, which may lead to carcass abscesses and trim loss. Compared with victimized pigs and nonvictimized pigs, tail biters had lower total serum protein ( = 0.01) and IgG ( = 0.01) concentrations, indicating that tail biters may experience poor immune functions. Results of this study demonstrated that tail docking reduced tail damage in pigs kept in a confinement system. Tail damage can cause inflammation and reduce the value of market pigs. More research is needed to test whether compromised immune functions predispose pigs to tail biting.
Spacecraft energy storage systems (1997)

Flywheel Energy Storage Systems represent an exciting alternative to traditional battery storage systems used to power satellites during periods of eclipse. The increasing demand for reliable communication and data access is driving explosive growth in the number of satellite systems being developed as well as their performance requirements. Power on orbit is the key to this performance, and batteries are becoming increasingly unattractive as an energy storage media. Flywheel systems offer very attractive characteristics for both energy storage, in terms of energy density and the number of charge/discharge cycles, and the important side benefit of spacecraft attitude control.
Host Factors and Biomarkers Associated with Poor Outcomes in Adults with Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (2016)

Host factors, disease severity, and biomarkers, especially WBC counts and serum creatinine, were more important determinants of mortality than bacterial factors.
An Economic Index regarding Market Creation of Products Obtained from Utilization of Radiation and Nuclear Energy (IV) (2002)

In modern times, the use of nuclear energy and radiation are inseparable. The size of two wheels can be measured and compared by the term economic scale, which in this case refers to the revenue of electricity at terminal and production costs associated with radiation applications at a factory. The magnitude of nuclear (nuclear energy+radiation) between Japan and the United States of America (the U.S. or U.S.A.) was hereinafter compared for the year 1997. Results obtained are: (1) The economic scale of nuclear use in the U.S. was 158b$ (billion dollars), 119b$ (75%) of which was attributed to radiation applications with a further 39b$ (25%) due to nuclear energy. In the case of Japan, the total of 99b$ was composed of 52b$ (53%) radiation with a further 47b$ (47%) on nuclear energy. (2) The economic scale for nuclear use in the U.S. is larger than that of Japan by a factor of 1.6, due primarily to its larger economic scale of industry and medicine. The economic scale of nuclear energy in the U.S. is relatively smaller than that for Japan. The U.S. as opposed to Japan, which depends highly on nuclear energy, depends more highly on the use of coals for power generation. This in itself is the main reason for the smaller economic scale of nuclear energy in the U.S.
Augmented Reality Scenarios for Guitar Learning (2005)

In this paper, an experimental self-teaching system capable of superimposing audio-visual information to support the process of learning to play the guitar is proposed. Different learning scenarios have been carefully designed according to diverse levels of experience and understanding and are presented in a simple way. Learners can select between representative numbers of scenarios and physically interact with the audio-visual information in a natural way. Audio-visual information can be placed anywhere on a physical space and multiple sound sources can be mixed to experiment with compositions and compilations. To assess the effectiveness of the system some initial evaluation is conducted. Finally conclusions and future work of the system are summarized.
Evolving Concepts and Translational Relevance of Enteroendocrine Cell Biology (2015)

The EEC system represents the largest specialized endocrine network in human physiology, integrating environmental and nutrient cues, enabling neural and hormonal control of metabolic homeostasis. Updating EEC classification systems will enable more accurate comparative analyses of EEC subpopulations and endocrine networks in multiple regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Molecular interactions of polymer oleogelation (2011)

We have successfully gelled ethyl cellulose (EC) in different vegetable oils. This work investigated the molecular interactions responsible for such gelation process. Rheological measurements show that flaxseed oil gels need a larger yield force than soybean and canola analogues. We have used both Raman and IR spectroscopy to elucidate which functional groups are involved in the gelation process. We have found that the glycerol group of the triglycerides behaves in the same way in the free oil as in the gel. This is an indication that the specificity seen by using different oils is not due to electrostatic interactions involving this functional group. Our results show that the conformation of the lipid chains is mainly responsible for solvent–solvent interaction. However, the difference seen in the rheological properties is explained in terms of polymer–solvent interactions. These are influenced by the molar volume of the solvent, which is dependent on the amount of unsaturations, such that the larger volume leads to an increased separation of the polymer strands and a decrease in the number of tie points in the polymer network.
Insecticide Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When Is Insecticide Resistance a Problem? (2010)

Many of the most dangerous human diseases are transmitted by insect vectors. After decades of repeated insecticide use, all of these vector species have demonstrated the capacity to evolve resistance to insecticides. Insecticide resistance is generally considered to undermine control of vector-transmitted diseases because it increases the number of vectors that survive the insecticide treatment. Disease control failure, however, need not follow from vector control failure. Here, we review evidence that insecticide resistance may have an impact on the quality of vectors and, specifically, on three key determinants of parasite transmission: vector longevity, competence, and behaviour. We argue that, in some instances, insecticide resistance is likely to result in a decrease in vector longevity, a decrease in infectiousness, or in a change in behaviour, all of which will reduce the vectorial capacity of the insect. If this effect is sufficiently large, the impact of insecticide resistance on disease management may not be as detrimental as previously thought. In other instances, however, insecticide resistance may have the opposite effect, increasing the insect's vectorial capacity, which may lead to a dramatic increase in the transmission of the disease and even to a higher prevalence than in the absence of insecticides. Either way-and there may be no simple generality-the consequence of the evolution of insecticide resistance for disease ecology deserves additional attention.
A 0.9-V 1T1C SBT-based embedded nonvolatile FeRAM with a reference voltage scheme and multilayer shielded bit-line structure (2005)

A one-transistor one-capacitor (1T1C) SBT-based embedded nonvolatile FeRAM, which operates at a low voltage of 0.9 V even after 10 years of imprint degradation, was fabricated using a 0.18-/spl mu/m process. The low voltage operation and high reliability characteristics have been achieved using a novel reference voltage scheme and a multilayer shielded bit-line structure.
FT-IR Spectroscopic Imaging of Anisotropic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid) Blends with Polarized Radiation (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTFT-IR Spectroscopic Imaging of Anisotropic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid) Blends with Polarized RadiationChristian Vogel†, Elke Wessel‡, and Heinz W. Siesler*†View Author Information Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Schuetzenbahn 70, D-45117 Essen, Germany, and Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, D-20253 Hamburg, Germany* To whom correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: [email protected]†University of Duisburg-Essen.‡Beiersdorf AG.Cite this: Macromolecules 2008, 41, 9, 2975–2977Publication Date (Web):April 12, 2008Publication History Received21 January 2008Revised27 March 2008Published online12 April 2008Published inissue 1 May 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma800139uhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma800139urapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views805Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Organic polymers,Plastics,Polymer films,Thickness Get e-Alerts
Monitoring and Mitigation of Ionospheric Anomalies for GNSS-Based Safety Critical Systems: A review of up-to-date signal processing techniques (2017)

The ionosphere has been the most challenging source of error to mitigate within the community of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based safety-critical systems. Users of those systems should be assured that the difference between an unknown true position and a system-derived position estimate is bounded with an extremely high degree of confidence. One of the major concerns for meeting this requirement, known as integrity, is ionosphere-induced error or discontinuity of GNSS signals significant enough to threaten the safety of users. The potentially hazardous ionospheric anomalies of interest in this article are ionospheric spatial decorrelation and ionospheric scintillation under disturbed conditions. As the demand of safety-critical navigation applications increases with the rapid growth of the autonomous vehicle sector, ionospheric monitoring and mitigation techniques become more important to support such systems.
Generation of Alkalinity in an Anoxic Limestone Drain (1992)

The rate of 1 imestone dissolution and a1 kal inity generation in an anoxic 1 imestone drain is determined by many factors, including the qua1 i ty of the limestone used and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the system. Carbon dioxide concentrations greater than
양액재배시 생장조절제 처리가 하추국 ‘백광’의 재절화의 품질에 미치는 영향 (2004)

양액 재절화 재배의 가능성 검토와 생장조절제 처리에 따른 절화 국화 ‘백광’ 품질의 향상 방법을 구명코자 실시하였다. 1차 재배시 GA₃ 처리 농도가 높을수록 초장과 절화장이 커졌고 줄기직경이 굵어졌다. 그러나 꽃목길이는 길어지는 경향이었다. 개화소요일수는 GA₃ 처리시 9~15일 단축되었고, 에세폰 처리시 13~25일 지연되었다. 재절화 재배시는 GA₃ 처리시 초장과 절화장이 크고 줄기직경이 굵었으며 개화소요일 수가 단축되었다. 또한 생리장해 발생이 경감되어 상품 수량이 높았다. 에세폰 처리시는 초장과 절화장은 농도가 높아감에 따라 짧아졌고 로젯트와 노심화의 발생이 증가하였다. 결과적으로 양액 재배시 GA₃와 에세폰 처리 모두 재절화가 가능하였으나, 에세폰 처리시에는 1차 재배 때와는 달리 생리장해로 인한 상품의 수량 및 품질이 떨어졌다.
Elastic‐wave sensitivity analysis for seismic monitoring (2008)

Effective and reliable reservoir monitoring is critically important for optimizing oil/gas production and ensuring safe geological carbon sequestration. It requires an optimal seismic sensor deployment that uses a minimum number of sensors to record the most significant information resulting from reservoir property changes. The monitoring survey has typically been designed using conventional seismic‐wavefield illumination analyses. However, seismic‐wavefield illumination cannot alone yield an optimum seismic acquisition for effectively monitoring reservoir property changes. We introduce a new approach for designing optimal seismic monitoring surveys by analyzing sensitivities of elastic wavefields with respect to reservoir property changes. The method is based on differentiating the elastic‐wave equation with respect to geophysical parameters. The resulting equations are solved using a finite‐difference scheme. Numerical studies demonstrate that seismic survey designs based on elastic‐wave sensitivity analysis can be very different than those based on elastic‐wavefield illuminations under the same optimal criteria. Sensitivity analyses can also be used to investigate whether a VSP or a surface seismic survey is more effective for monitoring P‐ or S‐wave speed changes in a target region.
Figure S1 from Targeting the Hsp40/Hsp70 Chaperone Axis as a Novel Strategy to Treat Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Structure of C86 and its effects on endogenous or exogenous FL-AR/ARv7 protein/target gene expression and VCaP viability&lt;/p&gt;
Heavy-metal molybdates. I. Crystal structure of a basic zinc molybdate, NaZn2OH(H2O)(MoO4)2 (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHeavy-metal molybdates. I. Crystal structure of a basic zinc molybdate, NaZn2OH(H2O)(MoO4)2Abraham. Clearfield, Michael J. Sims, and Ramanathan. GopalCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1976, 15, 2, 335–338Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50156a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50156a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views259Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Sulfated glucosamine libraries: Solution and solid -phase synthesis (2005)

Orthogonally protected glucosamine derivatives were synthesized as building blocks for oligosaccharides related to heparan sulfate and 1,4-linked α-glucosamine sulfate. Heparin and heparan sulfate possess highly charged domains which are thought to be responsible for much of their biological activities, but the structure-function relationships for biologically active sequences is poorly defined. We propose to generate libraries of sulfated oligosaccharides by developing an orthogonal sulfation strategy based on a common intermediate. Each position can be selectively deprotected and sulfated in the presence of the remaining protecting groups, and subsequent deprotections can be performed in the presence of the sulfate esters. Optimized deprotections and sulfations were also performed with the orthogonally protected glucosamines loaded onto a solid support. The solid-phase approach improves the efficiency of the orthogonal sulfation strategy by simplifying the workup and purification of highly polar intermediates. The chemistry developed on resin-supported carbohydrate ligands may also be useful in the preparation of multivalent gold glyconanoparticles, to screen for high-affinity ligands for heparin-binding proteins or to inhibit cell-surface receptor dimerization. In the course of this synthetic work, a temperature-dependent reductive ring opening of p-methoxybenzylidene acetals was developed. The method proved to be general and highly regioselective, producing either the 4-O- or 6-O-PMB ethers in high yields using the same set of reagents. Reductive cleavage at 0°C resulted in the exclusive formation of 4-O-PMB ethers, whereas reaction at -78°C produced 6-O-PMB ethers. The latter condition was observed to be compatible with a variety of acid-sensitive functional groups.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF VOXEL SIMILARITY MEASURES FOR AFFINE REGISTRATION OF DIFFUSION TENSOR MR IMAGES (2007)

Deriving an accurate cost function for tensor valued data has been one of the main difficulties in diffusion tensor image (DTI) registration. In this work, we evaluate and compare five voxel similarity measures: Euclidean distance (ED), Log-Euclidean distance (LOG), distance based on diffusion profiles (DP), diffusion mode based similarity (MBS), and multichannel version of sum of squared differences (SSD). In evaluation we used an optimization-independent evaluation protocol to assess the capture range, the number of local minima, and cyclic registrations to evaluate consistency. Statistically significant differences were observed: DP and MBS were found to be the most consistent similarity measures, ED had the least number of local minima, and SSD was inferior to other similarity measures in all evaluations.
Screening for portopulmonary hypertension using computed tomography‐based measurements of the main pulmonary artery and ascending aorta diameters in patients with portal hypertension (2021)

CT-based measurements of mPA-D and mPA-D/aAo-D have the potential to screen patients with suspicious PoPH in clinical practice focused on portal hypertension.
A process for energy-efficient high-solids fed-batch enzymatic liquefaction of cellulosic biomass (2015)

The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass is a key step in the biochemical production of fuels and chemicals. Economically feasible large-scale implementation of the process requires operation at high solids loadings, i.e., biomass concentrations &amp;gt;15% (w/w). At increasing solids loadings, however, biomass forms a high viscosity slurry that becomes increasingly challenging to mix and severely mass transfer limited, which limits further addition of solids. To overcome these limitations, we developed a fed-batch process controlled by the yield stress and its changes during liquefaction of the reaction mixture. The process control relies on an in-line, non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rheometer to monitor real-time evolution of yield stress during liquefaction. Additionally, we demonstrate that timing of enzyme addition relative to biomass addition influences process efficiency, and the upper limit of solids loading is ultimately limited by end-product inhibition as soluble glucose and cellobiose accumulate in the liquid phase.
Liver glucokinase of the biotin deficient rat (1968)

The physiological role of liver ATP: D-glucose-6-phosphotransferase with a high K m for glucose is now well recognized. The activity of this enzyme (glucokinase) is greatly reduced in the liver of the starving or diabetic animal. Our results show that glucokinase is reduced by 40–45% in the biotin deficient rat liver. The specific activity of this enzyme decreases during fasting in both control and deficient rat livers. The extent of the increase in glucokinase activity of the deficient rats following refeeding is considerably lower than in control animals. When biotin deficient rats are given either biotin or insulin or both, the liver glucokinase activity is restored to the control level within 24 h.
Electroabsorption in an InGaAs/GaAs strained-layer multiple quantum well structure (1986)

Electroabsorption in an InGaAs/GaAs strained-layer multiple quantum well structure has been observed. With only ten quantum wells, 6.4% transmission modulation was obtained at 0.950 μm with 2 V reverse bias. A single absorption peak was observed, in contrast to the double peak observed in similar GaAs/AlGaAs structures. The present structure is fabricated on a GaAs substrate which is transparent to light at the exciton absorption wavelength.
Crystal Structure of a Soluble Form of Human CD73 with Ecto‐5′‐Nucleotidase Activity (2012)

CD73 is a dimeric ecto-5'-nucleotidase that is expressed on the exterior side of the plasma membrane. CD73 has important regulatory functions in the extracellular metabolism of certain nucleoside monophosphates, in particular adenosine monophosphate, and has been linked to a number of pathological conditions such as cancer and myocardial ischaemia. Here, we present the crystal structure of a soluble form of human soluble CD73 (sCD73) at 2.2 Å resolution, a truncated form of CD73 that retains ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity. With this structure we obtained insight into the dimerisation of CD73, active site architecture, and a sense of secondary modifications of the protein. The crystal structure reveals a conserved loop that is directly involved in the dimer-dimer interaction showing that the two subunits of the dimer are not linked by disulfide bridges. Using biophotonic microarray imaging we were able to confirm glycosylation of the enzyme and show that the enzyme is decorated with a variety of oligosaccharide structures. The crystal structure of sCD73 will aid the design of inhibitors or activator molecules for the treatment of several diseases and prove useful in explaining the possible roles of single nucleotide polymorphisms in physiology and disease.