gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AC-DC Converters with Bi-directional Power Flow and Some Possible Applications (2006)

The AC side current of some high switching frequency AC-DC converters may be programmed so as to draw a sinusoidal current with adjustable amplitude and phase with respect to at AC applied voltage. This may be viewed as virtual capacitance emulation. Simultaneously to rectifying real power, such converters may be applied for compensation of reactive power system currents and for generators output reactance, thus increasing their power throughput. Experimental evidence are provided, which support the proposed method
Preoperative macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients considering advanced-technology intraocular lenses for cataract surgery (2016)

None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
[Prophylactic immunization of dangguibuxue decoction against Cryptosporidium infection in immune suppressed mice]. (2008)

Administration of high dose dangguibuxue decoction plays a role of prophylaxis on the infection of C. parvum in immunosuppressed mice through improving the immune status.
<title>Multiplexing of fiber optic sensors for stress measurements in civil engineering applications</title> (1998)

We present a polarimetric and interferometric fiber-optic sensor systems employing highly birefringent fibers for stress monitoring in civil engineering applications. Both systems are designed to be used with concrete-embeddable pressure c ells, optimized for stress measurement inside a concrete medium and equipped with a direct read-out of its inside pressure using an internally incorporated all-fiber sensor. In its present form the polarimetric system contains up to four space division multiplexed sensors. An overall system accuracy, including temperature drift in a wide range of temperatures is better than 1% at pressures up to 40 MPa. A concept of coherence multiplexing was applied in the interferometric system. We built and tested the system composed of three serially connected temperature-compensated pressure sensors.
Featherlight, Mechanically Robust Cellulose Ester Aerogels for Environmental Remediation (2017)

A unique combination of well-established synthesis procedures involving chemical cross-linking, careful solvent exchange to water, and subsequent freeze drying is used to produce ultralight (4.3 mg/mL) and highly porous (99.7%) cellulose diacetate (CDA) aerogels with honeycomb morphology. This versatile synthesis approach is extended to other nonaqueous polymers with hydroxyl functionalities such as cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate to produce a single component polymer aerogel. These aerogels demonstrate a maximum water and oil uptake of up to 92 and 112 g/g, respectively. The honeycomb morphology provides a maximum compression strain of 92% without failure and reaches a compressive stress of 350 kPa, for 4 w/v % CDA aerogels (4%), which is higher than that reported for cellulosic aerogels. The 4% CDA aerogel were rendered hydrophobic and oleophilic via chemical vapor deposition with organosilane. The modified CDA aerogel surpasses their counterparts in maintaining their mechanical integrity for fast oil cleanup and efficient oil retention from aqueous media under marine conditions. These aerogels are identified to be reusable and durable for a long period.
A low supply voltage 2&#x00B5;W half bandgap reference in standard sub-&#x00B5; CMOS (2014)

Design of a sub-1V supply, half bandgap voltage reference (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> ) is proposed, which can generate V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> of about 620mV and operate with power supply voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> ) as low as about 750mV at 0°C. To enhance manufacturability and facilitate ease of design portability across different process nodes, the design is implemented in standard 180nm digital CMOS without the need for any special CMOS processes or non-conventional devices. The proposed topology only utilizes parasitic substrate bipolar junction transistors (BJT), poly resistors, and normally configured CMOS transistors that chiefly operate in subthreshold. Lower V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> is achieved by segregating BJTs from the resistors used in the proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) and the complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) signal loops. Such configuration results in lowering the emitter-base voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EB</inf> ) via biasing the BJTs at n-times (i.e. 100s of times) lower currents than the PTAT and CTAT resistors and signal loops. Therefore, the scarce V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> headroom in sub-1V applications is freed-up in the PTAT loop from V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EB</inf> by V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> × ln (n), or in the range of typically 10%–15% of V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> . Moreover, biasing the BJT loop at nano-ampere currents keeps the power consumption low, while it avoids using prohibitively large PTAT or CTAT resistors.
Full-chip OPC and verification with a fast mask 3D model (2011)

Mask topography (3D) scattering has to be taken into account for a more accurate solution of optical proximity correction (OPC) to meet the advanced Lithography patterning requirements. We report full-chip OPC and verification with a fast mask 3D model. To compare to the conventional mask model with Kirchhoff approximation, we performed lithography model calibration, OPC correction, and verification on a 40nm half-pitch BEOL metal layer using both approaches. OPC accuracies of both models are evaluated by measuring the critical dimension (CD) data on the printed wafer. OPC time with the fast 3D model is comparable to Kirchhoff model for the studied lithography configurations in this paper. Process windows of post-OPC layout are compared for both approaches.
Parallel Intelligent Systems for Integrated High-Speed Railway Operation Control and Dynamic Scheduling (2018)

The information exchange gap between current operation control and dynamic scheduling in high-speed railway systems (HRSs) still exists, and this gap has hindered the further integrative improvement of HRSs. This paper aims to explore a feasible solution to bridging the information exchange gap for further improving the efficiency of HRSs, with the parallel intelligent systems for integrated HRS operation control and dynamic scheduling first analyzed and constructed using the ACP approach, that is, "artificial systems" (A), "computational experiments," (C) and "parallel execution" (P). Then, on the basis of the constructed parallel intelligent systems, experiments on several typical scenarios in HRSs are conducted to achieve a set of control and management strategies for actual HRSs. Experimental results show that a number of powerful tools provided by the proposed parallel intelligent systems can be utilized not only to study the current HRSs, but also to further undertake research on integrated operation control and dynamic scheduling for HRSs.
Incorporation of Sulfur Dioxide into the Products of Reaction of Schiff Bases with Halo‐ or Alkylthio‐ketenes in Liquid SO2. Preliminary communication (1975)

Abstract A simple ‘three‐component‐reaction’ between halo‐ or alkylthio‐ketenes, Schiff bases and sulfur dioxide, yielding 4‐oxo‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐1,1‐dioxides 4 in one step, is presented.
GROK-LAB (2013)

Timing Extraction identifies the delay of fine-grained components within an FPGA. From these computed delays, the delay of any path can be calculated. Moreover, a comparison of the fine-grained delays allows a detailed understanding of the amount and type of process variation that exists in the FPGA. To obtain these delays, Timing Extraction measures, using only resources already available in the FPGA, the delay of a small subset of the total paths in the FPGA. We apply Timing Extraction to the Logic Array Block (LAB) on an Altera Cyclone III FPGA to obtain a view of the delay down to near individual LUT granularity, characterizing components with delays on the order of a few hundred picoseconds with a resolution of ±3.2 ps. This information reveals that the 65 nm process used has, on average, random variation of Ã/¼ = 4.0% with components having an average maximum spread of 83 ps. Timing extraction also shows that as VDD decreases from 1.2 V to 0.9 V in a Cyclone IV 60 nm FPGA, paths slow down and variation increases from Ã/¼ = 4.3% to Ã/¼ = 5.8%, a clear indication that lowering VDD magnifies the impact of random variation.
Trimeric PEG-Conjugated Exendin-4 for the Treatment of Sepsis (2016)

Exendin-4 (EX4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist that regulates blood glucose levels, has been used in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus. EX4 can be PEGylated to improve its antidiabetic effects by enhancing its stability and extending the circulation half-life. Here, to determine whether PEGylated EX4 is effective for the treatment of sepsis, C-terminal thiol-specific PEGylated EX4s with linear maleimide-PEG-2K, -5K, -20K and trimeric maleimide-PEG-50K (hereafter referred to as EX4-2K, EX4-5K, EX4-20K, and EX4-50K, respectively) were prepared, and their antiseptic responses were investigated. These PEGylated EX4s reduced cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced organ injury by decreasing hyperpermeability, and suppressing interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells. The binding avidity and stability of EX4-50K toward GLP-1R were superior to that of wild-type EX4, as was the circulation half-life of EX4-50K. In addition, the antiseptic effects of EX4-50K were superior to those of other PEGylated EX4s, which may be attributed to enhanced proteolytic stability, longer circulation half-life, and higher receptor-binding affinity of EX4-50K due to its trimeric PEG structure. Therefore, EX4-50K may decrease CLP-induced septic mortality in vivo. There are currently neither effective preventatives against nor treatment options for sepsis; our results show that EX4-50K has the potential to treat sepsis.
Protein Kinase R Is Constitutively Expressed in the Human Pancreas (2018)

Viral infection of the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas has been proposed in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Protein kinase R (PKR) is a cytoplasmic protein activated through phosphorylation in response to cellular stress and particularly viral infection. As PKR expression in pancreatic beta-cells has been interpreted as a viral footprint, this cross-sectional study aimed at characterizing the PKR expression in non-diabetic human pancreases. PKR expression was evaluated in pancreas tissue from 16 non-diabetic organ donors, using immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and western blot. Immunohistochemistry and western blot showed readily detectable PKR expression in the pancreatic parenchyma. The qPCR detected PKR mRNA in both endocrine and exocrine samples, with a slightly higher expression in the islets. In conclusion, PKR is constitutively expressed in both endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas and its expression should not be interpreted as a viral footprint in pancreatic beta cells.
Linking ecology and plant pathology to unravel the importance of soil-borne fungal pathogens in species-rich grasslands (2018)

Soil-borne fungal diseases are a major problem in agriculture. A century ago, the Dutch plant pathologist Johanna Westerdijk recognized the importance of linking fungal biology with ecology to understand plant disease dynamics. To explore new ways to manage soil-borne fungal disease in agriculture by ‘learning from nature’, we follow in her footsteps: we link below ground plant-fungal pathogen interactions to ecological settings, i.e. natural grasslands. Ecological research hypothesised that the build-up of ‘enemies’ is reduced in species-rich vegetation compared to monocultures. To understand how plant diversity can suppress soil-borne fungal pathogens, we first need to identify fungal actors in species-rich grasslands. Next-generation sequencing revealed a first glimpse of the potential fungal actors, but their ecological functions often remain elusive. Databases are becoming available to predict the ecological fungal guild, but classic phytopathology studies that isolate and characterize – taxonomically and functionally -, remain essential. Secondly, we need to set-up experiments that reveal ecological mechanisms underlying the complex below ground interactions between plant diversity and fungal pathogens. Several studies suggested that disease incidence of (host-specific) pathogens is related to abundance of the host plant species. However, recent studies suggest that next to host species density, presence of heterospecific species additionally affects disease dynamics. We explore the direct and indirect ways of these neighboring plants diluting pathogen pressure. We argue that combining the expertise of plant pathologists and ecologists will improve our understanding of belowground plant-fungal pathogen interactions in natural grasslands and contribute to the design of sustainable and productive intercropping strategies in agriculture.
Long-Term Prognosis of Chinese Patients with A Lacunar Infarct Associated with Small Vessel Disease: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study (2009)

Approximately one in four patients either died and/or had recurrent stroke within 5 years after a lacunar infarct. Age, stroke severity, and volume of white matter lesion predict a poor long-term prognosis.
In-your-face, yet unseen? (2014)

One unique property of head-mounted displays (HMDs) is that content can easily be displayed at a fixed position within the user's field of view (head-stabilized). This ensures that critical information (e.g. warnings) is continuously visible and can, in principle, be perceived as quickly as possible. We examined this strategy with a physically and visually distracted driver. We ran two consecutive studies in a driving simulator, comparing different warning visualizations in a head-up display (HUD) and a HMD. In an initial study, we found no significant effects of warning type or display technology on the reaction times. In a second study, after modifying our visualization to include a visual reference marker, we found that with only this minor change, reaction times were significantly lower in the HMD when compared to the HUD. Our insights can help others design better head-stabilized notifications.
Determinants of Maximally Attained Level of Pulmonary Function (2004)

This study investigated the determinants of sex-specific maximally attained levels of FEV(1), VC, and the ratio of FEV(1) to VC. Subjects were between the ages of 15 and 35 years (1,818 males and 1,732 females), participating in the Vlagtwedde/Vlaardingen study in The Netherlands. The subjects were followed (3-year intervals) with questionnaire, spirometry, peripheral blood eosinophil counts, and testing for airway responsiveness to histamine. Skin tests were performed only at study onset. Regression splines were used to assess the effects of these variables on levels of FEV(1), VC, and the ratio of FEV(1) to VC, with adjustment for age, height, and area of residence. Current (-44 ml/pack/day) and cumulative (-85 ml/10 packs/year) cigarette smoking were significant predictors of reduced maximal level of FEV(1) in males but not in females. The presence of respiratory symptoms (-114 ml in males, -106 ml in females), increased eosinophils (-128 ml [males], -53 ml [females]), and increased airway responsiveness (-225 ml [males], -213 ml [females]) were all significant predictors of reduced level of FEV(1). To the degree that these factors diminished plateau phase pulmonary function, they may be important predictors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in later life.
Sodium removal by peritoneal dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2018)

Achievement of sodium and fluid balance is considered a major determinant of dialysis adequacy in peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, the contribution of different PD modalities to dialytic sodium removal (DSR) remains ill-defined. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare DSR by manual (continuous ambulatory PD, CAPD) versus automated PD (APD). Alternative PD strategies to remove sodium were also analyzed. Seven cohort studies, including 683 patients, 406 in CAPD and 277 in APD, were meta-analyzed out of the 30 studies selected based on DSR data availability. Overall, the unstandardized mean difference between CAPD and APD was significant [- 56 mmol/day (95% CI - 106, - 6), p = 0.027]. Heterogeneity was high (I<sup>2</sup> 87.2%; p < 0.001). Meta-regression showed a strict correlation of DSR difference with creatinine dialysate/plasma ratio (D/P) (p = 0.04). DSR was significantly lower in APD than CAPD [86.2 (57.3-115.1) vs. 141.3 (107.6-174.9) mmol/day, p = 0.015]. Conversely, ultrafiltration (UF) did not differ [1122.6 (891.2-1354.0) in CAPD and 893.6 (823.0-964.2) ml/day in APD, p = 0.064]. A very strong correlation between DSR and achieved UF was found in CAPD (R = 0.94; p < 0001) while no relationship was detected in APD (R = - 0.07; p = 0.85). CAPD allows a higher DSR than APD, even though UF is not different. APD removes more water than sodium; therefore, DSR should be measured rather than estimated from the achieved UF. The difference in DSR between the two modalities decreases in high transporters. Novel strategies proposed to increase DSR, e.g. lower sodium dialysate or adapted-APD, are promising, but ad hoc studies are necessary.
ChemInform Abstract: Perovskites as Substitutes of Noble Metals for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Dream or Reality (2014)

Abstract Review: 835 refs.
寻找刘易斯·卡罗尔：道奇森的多面人生 (2010)

相信很多人都听说过《爱丽丝漫游奇境》这部小说，并被作者刘易斯·卡罗尔那些荒诞绝妙的想法折服。你知道吗，刘易斯·卡罗尔是作者发表小说时用的笔名，他的真名是查尔斯·路特维奇·道奇森。他是牛津大学的讲师、才华横溢的数学家，还是当时有名的摄影家，但他最大的名声来自两部小说——《爱丽丝漫游奇境》和《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》。《爱丽丝》系列小说被多次改编成电影、音乐剧和动画片，可见其影响之大。在蒂姆·波顿版的《爱丽丝》上映之际，我们一起来寻找真正的刘易斯·卡罗尔。
On the Theory of the Modulation Instability in Optical Fiber and Laser Amplifiers (2010)

The modulation instability (MI) in optical fiber amplifiers and lasers with anomalous dispersion leads to CW beam breakup and the growth of multiple pulses. This can be both a detrimental effect, limiting the performance of amplifiers, and also an underlying physical mechanism in the operation of MI-based devices. Here we revisit the analytical theory of MI in fiber optical amplifiers. The results of the exact theory are compared with the previously used adiabatic approximation model, and the range of applicability of the latter is determined. The same technique is applicable to the study of spatial MI in solid state laser amplifiers and MI in non-uniform media.
Correction to: Fabrication of Conductive 3D Gold-Containing Microstructures via Direct Laser Writing (Advanced Materials, (2016), 28, 18, (3592-3595), 10.1002/adma.201506126) (2020)

Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3592–3595 The conductivities reported in the main published paper and in the Supporting Information (SI) are different. We have become aware of the fact that this difference has given rise to confusion. This situation has led us to re-inspect the laboratory notebooks. Here, we should like to clarify and, in addition, correct a mistake in the paper that we have found in the process. First, Figure S7 in the SI gives an example for how to convert measured resistances into conductivities for the considered geometry. For the example of 80 Ω resistance, we obtain a conductivity of 2.2 × 105 S m−1. This example is correct, but it is not meant to imply that this value is the best or the average value that we report in the paper. In fact, 80 Ω resistance corresponds to a rather bad sample from one of the early batches of our experiments on photoresist 4 in the paper. The two-point measurements depicted in Figure S8 show yet larger resistances. As usual, two-point measurements include the contributions from the contacts. We included all of these data to provide an honest account of our observations. Second, the average conductivity of 2.2 × 106 S m−1 reported in the paper, which is 20 times lower than that of bulk gold (4.1 × 107 S m−1), is incorrect. This error is the result of a bookkeeping mistake that occurred during the writing of the manuscript. A correct version of what we reported in the published paper on page 3594 is the following: In the case of photoresist 4, several batches of samples were prepared. The measured resistances obtained from four-point experiments for the best batch were R = 50 Ω (with wire length l = 25 µm and wire diameter d = 1.0 µm), leading to a conductivity of σ = 6.3 × 105 S m−1, and R = 22 Ω (with wire length l = 25 µm and wire diameter d = 1.1 µm), leading to a conductivity of σ = 1.2 × 106 S m−1. The corresponding measured current–voltage curves, taken in four-point geometry, and calculations (in analogy to Figure S7) are depicted below. These two conductivity values are 65 and 34 times smaller than the conductivity of bulk gold, respectively. Their average is 50 times smaller than the conductivity of bulk gold. 1 Figure (Figure presented.) Raw data of four-point measurements (bottom row) and corresponding calculations of conductivity σ (top row) for two wire samples prepared from photoresist 4 and after thermal treatment (at 200 °C for 10 min). The calculations are based on the cylinder model (cf. Figure S7, Supporting Information of the originally published article). As already explained there, l is the distance between the inner two electrodes, d = 2r is the diameter of the wire (estimated from SEM images), A = πr2 is the cross-sectional area of the wire, and R is the resistance as obtained from the slope of the current–voltage curve shown in the bottom row. a) A first sample leading to R = 50 Ω hence σ = 6.3 × 105 S m−1. b) A second sample leading to R = 22 Ω hence σ = 1.2 × 106 S m−1.
Safety Aspects and Environmental Considerations for a 10 MW Cogeneration Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Burning Coke Oven Gas With 60% Hydrogen Content (1992)

A customer of European Gas Turbines GmbH processes coal tar into chemical intermediate and final products. Continuous production throughout the year requires a peak electrical power of 10 megawatts and a continuous supply of approximately 30 tons per hour of superheated steam at a pressure of 41 bar. To cover these needs the customer chose a heavy duty gas turbine, type G3142J driving a generator. The exhaust gas from the gas turbine is fed to a waste heat boiler for steam production.
Discussion of standard nitration rates for benzenoid and heteroaromatic compounds (1975)

Standard log ko values for nitration are compared with previous partial rate factors. log ko values for mono-substituted benzenes are correlated by σ+ with ρ–9.7, but for polysubstituted derivatives and heterocyclic analogues much scatter is shown which is not improved by a correction term of type πσ+ for substituent-substituent interactions. Comparison of relative reactivities of individual substrates towards nitration and to hydrogen exchange shows that there is no simple unique scale of substrate reactivity toward electrophilic substitution.