gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Redox Measurements of Soils (1996)

Soil reduction-oxidation or redox potential measurements have been used throughout most of the history of soil science to characterize the intensity of reduction or oxidation and relate this to biological processes occurring in flooded soils. The platinum electrode readily transfers electrons either to or from the medium, but presumably does not react chemically with the medium. Redox potential remains a generally applicable, reasonably convenient way to identify the presence and intensity of reduction in wetland soils and sediments. Prior to testing new or previously used electrodes, the electrodes need cleaning. A number of satisfactory procedures have been used. Prior to installation, electrodes should be tested in a pH-buffered, quinhydrone solution. Field measurements of redox potential are increasingly being used to estimate the intensity of oxidation or reduction of soils and sediments. The chapter describes a simple system for controlling redox potential and pH in soil suspensions over the entire range encountered under normal conditions.
Regional Variations of HR-pQCT Morphological and Biomechanical Measurements of Bone Segments and Their Associations With Whole Distal Radius and Tibia Mechanical Properties (2019)

High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is a promising imaging modality that provides an in vivo three-dimensional (3D) assessment of bone microstructure by scanning fixed regions of the distal radius and tibia. However, how microstructural parameters and mechanical analysis based on these segment scans correlate to whole distal radius and tibia mechanics are not well-characterized. On 26 sets of cadaveric radius and tibia, HR-pQCT scans were performed on the standard scan segment, a segment distal to the standard segment, and a segment proximal to the standard segment. Whole distal radius and tibia stiffness were determined through mechanical testing. Segment bone stiffness was estimated using linear finite element (FE) analysis based on segment scans. Standard morphological and individual trabecula segmentation (ITS) analyses were used to estimate microstructural properties. Significant variations in microstructural parameters were observed among segments at both sites. Correlation to whole distal radius and tibia stiffness was moderate for microstructural parameters at the standard segment, but correlation was significantly increased for FE-predicted segment bone stiffness based on standard segment scans. Similar correlation strengths were found between FE-predicted segment bone stiffness and whole distal radius and tibia stiffness. Additionally, microstructural parameters at the distal segment had higher correlation to whole distal radius and tibia stiffness than at standard or proximal segments. Our results suggest that FE-predicted segment stiffness is a better predictor of whole distal radius and tibia stiffness for clinical HR-pQCT analysis and that microstructural parameters at the distal segment are more highly correlated with whole distal radius and tibia stiffness than at the standard or proximal segments.
Some general methods for tampering with watermarks (1998)

Watermarks allow embedded signals to be extracted from audio and video content for a variety of purposes. One application is for copyright control, where it is envisaged that digital video recorders will not permit the recording of content that is watermarked as "never copy". In such a scenario, it is important that the watermark survive both normal signal transformations and attempts to remove the watermark so that an illegal copy can be made. We discuss to what extent a watermark can be resistant to tampering and describe a variety of possible attacks.
Alterations in extracellular matrix composition during aging and photoaging of the skin (2020)

Human skin is composed of the cell-rich epidermis, the extracellular matrix (ECM) rich dermis, and the hypodermis. Within the dermis, a dense network of ECM proteins provides structural support to the skin and regulates a wide variety of signaling pathways which govern cell proliferation and other critical processes. Both intrinsic aging, which occurs steadily over time, and extrinsic aging (photoaging), which occurs as a result of external insults such as solar radiation, cause alterations to the dermal ECM. In this study, we utilized both quantitative and global proteomics, alongside single harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon autofluorescence (TPAF) imaging, to assess changes in dermal composition during intrinsic and extrinsic aging. We find that both intrinsic and extrinsic aging result in significant decreases in ECM-supporting proteoglycans and structural ECM integrity, evidenced by decreasing collagen abundance and increasing fibril fragmentation. Intrinsic aging also produces changes distinct from those produced by photoaging, including reductions in elastic fiber and crosslinking enzyme abundance. In contrast, photoaging is primarily defined by increases in elastic fiber-associated protein and pro-inflammatory proteases. Changes associated with photoaging are evident even in young (mid 20s) sun-exposed forearm skin, indicating that proteomic evidence of photoaging is present decades prior to clinical signs of photoaging. GO term enrichment revealed that both intrinsic aging and photoaging share common features of chronic inflammation. The proteomic data has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD015982.
Person identification using automatic height and stride estimation (2003)

We present a parametric method to automatically identify people in monocular low-resolution video by estimating the height and stride parameters of their gait. Stride parameters (stride length and cadence) are functions of body height, weight, and gender Previous work has demonstrated an effective use of these biometrics for identification and verification of people. In this paper, we show that performance is significantly improved by using height as an additional discriminant feature. Height is estimated by segmenting the person from the background and fitting their apparent height to a time-dependent model. With a database of 45 people and 4 samples of each, we show that a person is correctly identified with 49% probability when using both height and stride parameters, compared with 21% when using stride parameters only. Height estimates for this configuration are accurate to within /spl sigma/=3.5 cm. This method works with low-resolution images of people, and is robust to changes in lighting, clothing, and tracking errors.
Experimental investigation of magnetically driven flow of ferrofluids in porous media (1998)

This report presents experimental results of the flow of ferrofluids in porous media to investigate the potential for precisely controlling fluid emplacement in porous media using magnetic fields. Ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions of magnetic particles stabilized in various carrier liquids. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the ferrofluid becomes magnetized as the particles align with the magnetic field. Potential applications of ferrofluids to subsurface contamination problems include magnetic guidance of reactants to contaminated target zones in the subsurface for in situ treatment or emplacement of containment barriers. Laboratory experiments of magnetically induced ferrofluid flow in porous media in this report demonstrate the potential for mobilizing ferrofluid and controlling fluid emplacement through control of the external magnetic field. The pressures measured in ferrofluid due to the attraction of ferrofluid to a permanent magnet agree well with calculated values. The results show that a predictable pressure gradient is produced in the fluid which is strong near the magnet and drops off quickly with distance. This pressure gradient drives the fluid through sand without significant loss of ferrofluid strength due to filtration or dilution. Flow visualization experiments of ferrofluid in water-filled horizontal Hele-Shaw cells demonstrate that ferrofluid obtains a consistent final arc-shaped configuration around the magnet regardless of initial configuration or flow path toward the magnet. Analogous experiments in actual porous media showed similar features and confirm the ability of ferrofluid to move through porous media by magnetic forces.
Grain Boundary Structure and Strength of SiC Bicrystals (1989)

In order to clarify how the fracture strength depends on the grain boundary structure in covalent-bonded SiC, 6H-type α-SiC Bicrystals with twist misorientations around ‹0001› axis were prepared by a hot press technique at 2270K under 40MPa in a vacuum of 2.7MPa. The grain boundary structure was observed by high resolution electron microscopy and the fracture strength was measured by the three-point bending test. The results obtained are summarized as follows.(1) An amorphous-like layer was observed along the boundaries prepared. The structure was like the extended grain boundary reported for sintered SiC. The thickness of the boundary was about 1nm irrespective of the twist misorientation. The thickness is thinner than those observed in sintered SiC probably because of the low index boundary plane.(2) Twist misorientation dependence of grain boundary strength was weak, which is presumably caused by the isotropic nature of the extended grain boundary.(3) The extention of the boundary is considered to come of the polarity in SiC because the boundary with a misorientation of 0°±2° extended also.(4) The boundary structure is thought to depend on the preparing process. Coincidence site lattice boundaries are likely to be formed by sublimation-recrystallization or chemical vapor deposition, while extended grain boundaries are formed by sintering because each grain is constrained by surrounding grains during sintering.
A family of power-factor-correction controllers (2002)

This paper presents a family or constant-switching-frequency pulse-width-modulated controllers for single-phase power-factor-correction circuits that operate at continuous-conduction-mode. Both trading-edge and leading-edge pulse-width modulation are used. These controllers do not require the multiplier and the rectified-line-voltage sensor, which are needed by traditional control methods, and can be implemented with a unified control circuit to achieve simplicity. Controller examples are analyzed and verified experimentally.
Incremental Bloom Filters (2008)

A bloom filter is a randomized data structure for performing approximate membership queries. It is being increasingly used in networking applications ranging from security to routing in peer to peer networks. In order to meet a given false positive rate, the amount of memory required by a bloom filter is a function of the number of elements in the set. We consider the problem of minimizing the memory requirements in cases where the number of elements in the set is not known in advance but the distribution or moment information of the number of elements is known. We show how to exploit such information to minimize the expected amount of memory required for the filter. We also show how this approach can significantly reduce memory requirement when bloom filters are constructed for multiple sets in parallel. We show analytically as well as experiments on synthetic and trace data that our approach leads to one to three orders of magnitude reduction in memory compared to a standard bloom filter.
Transparent layer constancy. (1990)

Perceived transparency was studied as a constancy problem. In the episcotister (E-) model of scission, luminances are partitioned into layer and background components; four luminances determine values of two layer parameters that specify constancy of a transparent layer on different backgrounds. The E-model was tested in an experiment in which 12 Ss matched 24 pairs of four-luminance patterns by adjusting two luminances of the comparison pattern. Both the standard and the comparison were perceived as a transparent layer on a checkerboard. The E-model predicts matches when layer values are identical in the two patterns. One parameter was constant, constraining the adjustment along the second dimension. Obtained values corresponded well with E-predictions. Alternative models based on local luminance or average contrast ratios accounted for less variability. Results indicate that transparency models should utilize luminance, not reflectance, as the independent variable.
Core/Shell Nanoparticles as Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cell Reactions (2008)

Nanoscale catalysis depends on spatial and surface arrangements of atoms. The synthesis of core/shell nanoparticles by synthetic approaches, the characterization of the core/shell nanostructures in terms of the relative core/shell compositions, and the demonstration of the electrocatalytic activities for fuel cell reactions (see figure), as reported in this Communication, have important implications to the design of desired nanoscale catalysts.
Economic Modeling and Strategic Input for LTE Backhaul (2015)

The planning and optimization of long-term evolution (LTE) backhaul has to be based on a company's overall strategy. Economic modeling is very useful for all levels of planning, not only for the long-term investment preparation, since now also smaller optimization cycles can be motivated by business benefits and different ideas compared. Many strategic topics around LTE do not directly affect backhaul planning. Starting from the backhaul benefits, three separate types of benefit are discussed. First, service providers receive cash payments for the transmission services sold. In the second case, LTE backhaul is modeled as a contributor to the LTE service revenue. In the third case, various costs shall be saved. This chapter discusses the concepts of net present value (NPV) and payback period with a simple example. The calculations are based on cash inflows and outflows that do not depend on financial accounting.
Optimal homogeneous networks with best possible synchronizability (2012)

A large number of real-world complex networks or their sub-networks possess excellent dynamical properties such as high dynamic synchronizability, optimal controllability, strong resistance to attacks, and fast information spreading capability, but existing network models are unable to well represent these intrinsic features and ubiquitous phenomena. This paper establishes an optimal homogeneous network model which can well describe at least one of such optimal dynamical behaviors - the best possible synchronizability.
Multi-agent Approach to Multi-area Power System State Estimation Using the Gradient Tracking (2021)

In this paper we study the distributed state estimation (SE) in a power system divided into multiple areas, where agents have only partial information about system states and there exist certain communication constraints. Agents from one area only have available local information, but do not have access to measurements in other neighboring areas, which is realistic and widely occurring. Instead, only a limited amount of information is being exchanged (current state estimates and gradients of local functions in neighboring buses). We present a novel approach which combines classical weighted least square (WLS) SE and AB algorithm to promote consensus reaching. On the 300-bus test example with three areas we show that this method has high performance and exponential rate of convergence.
Beyond Moral Dilemmas (2017)

HRI research has yielded intriguing empirical results connected to ethics and how we act in social contexts with robots, even though much of this work has focused on task-based, one-on-one interaction. In this paper, we point to the need to investigate a wider range of ethically relevant dynamics that interaction with robots carries with it -- individually and in groups, with a single robot or more. We specifically examine three areas: 1) the primacy and implicit dynamics of bodily perception, 2) the competing interests at work in a single robot-human interaction, and 3) the social intricacy of multiple agents -- robots and humans -- communicating and making decisions. While these areas are not exhaustive by any means, we find they yield concrete directions for how HRI can contribute to a widening, intensifying set of ethical debates with critical empirical insight, starting to explore more of the ethical landscape in HRI.
Regulation of DNA transposition by CpG methylation and chromatin structure in human cells (2013)

We have shown that DNA CpG methylation upregulates transposition of IR/DR elements in the Tc1/mariner superfamily. CpG methylation provokes the formation of a tight chromatin structure at the transposon DNA, likely aiding the formation of a catalytically active complex by facilitating synapsis of sites bound by the transposase.
A discontinuous Galerkin framework for hybridizing VGFEM and FEM (2012)

In this paper, a hybrid finite element-vector generalized finite element method (FE-VGFEM) is developed by using discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM). The motivation behind this work is to develop a technique that takes advantage of positive attributes of each method. It is hoped that the hybrid method can be more efficient and accurate. The method is validated via simulation of wave scattering in waveguides with discontinuities and dielectric load.
Pressure distribution in a mechanical microcontact (2006)

We verify an important prediction of Hertz theory [J. Reine Angew. Math. 92, 156 (1882)] for hard microcontacts, namely, the hemispherical pressure distribution in the contact area. Therefore, a confocal microscope was used to measure the local spectral shifts of the fluorescence lines in a ruby (Al2O3:Cr3+) sphere of R=78μm radius compressed between two sapphire (Al2O3) plates. From the spectral shifts the local stress was calculated. At a load of 4.3N the radius of the circular contact area was measured to be a=(11.2±1.0)μm. A hemispherical pressure distribution was observed with a maximal normal pressure of P0=(12.7±2.2)GPa.
Detecting Objects In MR Image Sequences Based On Minimal Path Active Contour Model (2001)

Detecting a 3D object in a spatial sequence of images is a fundamental task in computer vision and medical image analysis. Ideally, a 3D “snake ” method would be employed to simultaneously extract the object in all images. Unfortunately, this approach has proven difficult,
Fully Automatic Software for Retinal Thickness in Eyes With Diabetic Macular Edema From Images Acquired by Cirrus and Spectralis Systems (2013)

The DOCTRAP may be useful to compare retinal thicknesses in eyes with DME across OCT platforms.
A17 A Study on the Improvement of Sign Detection System of the Flange-Climb Derailment (2013)

To improve railroad safety, many researches about derailment have been tried from several aspects. The researches on derailment are mainly classified into three fields. The first is on derailment mechanism. The second is investigations on safety assessment of derailment. The last is derailment detection. To realize derailment detection systems, measurement systems and detectable algorithms have been developed. Previously, the concept of a flange-climb derailment detection system was explained and its effectiveness was examined by a 1/10-scaled vehicle and an actual bogie experiment. However, the current system has insufficient time to prevent derailment. In this paper, improved derailment detection system with prediction is proposed and its effectiveness is shown.
Polarizability Matrix of Layered Chiral Sphere (1994)

Several magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that the entorhinal cortex (ERC) is the first brain area related to pathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), even before atrophy of the hippocampus (HP). However, change in ERC morphology (thickness, surface area and volume) in the progression from aMCI to AD, especially in the subtypes of aMCI (single-domain and multiple-domain: aMCI-s and aMCI-m), however, is still unclear. ERC thickness, surface area and volume were measured in 29 people with aMCI-s, 22 people with aMCI-m, 18 patients with AD and 26 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. Group comparisons of the ERC geometry measurements (including thickness, volume and surface area) were performed using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Furthermore, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses and the area under the curve (AUC) were employed to investigate classification ability (HC, aMCI-s, aMCI-m and AD from each other). There was a significant decreasing tendency in ERC thickness from HC to aMCI-s to aMCI-m to finally AD in both the left and the right hemispheres (left hemisphere: HC > aMCI-s > AD; right hemisphere: aMCI-s > aMCI-m > AD). For ERC volume, both the AD group and the aMCI-m group showed significantly decreased volume on both sides compared with the HC group. In addition, the AD group also had significantly decreased volume on both sides compared with the aMCI-s group. As for the ERC surface area, no significant difference was identified among the four groups. Furthermore, the AUC results demonstrate that combined ERC parameters (thickness and volume) can better discriminate the four groups from each other than ERC thickness alone. Finally, and most importantly, relative to HP volume, the capacity of combined ERC parameters was better at discriminating between HC and aMCI-s, as well as aMCI-m and AD. ERC atrophy, particularly the combination of ERC thickness and volume, might be regarded as a promising candidate biomarker in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of aMCI and AD.
RapidNAM: generative manufacturing approach of nasoalveolar molding devices for presurgical cleft lip and palate treatment (2017)

Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) is an accepted treatment strategy in presurgical cleft therapy. The major drawbacks of the treatment listed in the literature relate to the time of the treatment and the coordination of the required interdisciplinary team of therapists, parents, and patients. To overcome these limitations, we present the automated RapidNAM concept that facilitates the design and manufacturing process of NAM devices, and that allows the virtual modification and subsequent manufacture of the devices in advance, with a growth prediction factor adapted to the patient's natural growth. The RapidNAM concept involves (i) the prediction of three trajectories that envelope the fragmented alveolar segments with the goal to mimic a harmonic arch, (ii) the extrusion from the larger toward the smaller alveolar segment along the envelope curves toward the harmonic upper alveolar arch, and (iii) the generation of the NAM device with a ventilation hole, fixation pin, and fixation points for the nasal stents. A feasibility study for a vector-based approach was successfully conducted for unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. A comparison of the modified target models with the reference target models showed similar results. For further improvement, the number of landmarks used to modify the models was increased by a curve-based approach.
Diode-pumped Q-switched fiber laser (1993)

A Q-switched fiber laser is developed for eyesafe ranging applications. Using a highly doped erbium fiber pumped with a 30-mW laser diode at 980 nm, pulses of 290-W peak power and 20-ns duration are obtained. The laser consists of all-fiber elements, with the exception of a high-efficiency bulk acousto-optic Bragg cell aligned to the laser on the diffracted beam to provide <i>Q</i>-switching with high hold-off. Three emission bands of erbium are made to lase in continuous wave (cw) and <i>Q</i>-switched operation. It is established that optimal cw lasing is achieved at 1560 nm, and maximum intensity Q-switch pulses are produced at 1530 nm. The laser was packaged and tested in the field, demonstrating the readiness of this technology for ranging applications.