gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Utility-Weighted Modified Rankin Scale: Derivation and Application to Completed Stroke Trials (P5.008) (2014)

OBJECTIVE: To derive, and assess the performance of, a utility-weighted version of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) assessment of global disability. BACKGROUND: The mRS is the most commonly employed primary endpoint in acute stroke trials, but its power is limited when analyzed in dichotomized fashion and interpretability limited when analyzed in ordinal fashion. Weighting the 7 Rankin levels by utilities may improve scale precision, converting rank spacing from arbitrarily fixed intervals to distances that directly reflect patient and society valuation of outcome disability states. DESIGN/METHODS: A utility weighted mRS (UW-mRS) was derived by averaging values from patients in a population-based study and health professionals in a person-tradeoff study. The resulting UW-mRS, standard ordinal mRS, and mRS dichotomized at 0-1, 0-2, and 0-4 were applied to 13 trials or meta-analyses of acute stroke treatments generally recognized as beneficial. RESULTS: Utility values were: mRS0-1.0; mRS1-0.91; mRS2-0.76; mRS3-0.65; mRS4-0.33; mRS5-0; mRS6-0. Mean outcome utilities were nominally higher in the intervention arm in all 13 treatment comparisons, except treatment with IV TPA in the 4.5-6h window. The UW-mRS generally paralleled the ordinal mRS in power, except when treatment effects were bidirectional (both benefit and harm). Among all comparisons of >3h interventions for large ischemic strokes, the UW-mRS, ordinal mRS, and dichotomized 0-2 were each positive in 3 of 5 trials, and dichotomized 0-1 and 0-4 each positive in 2 of 5. The UW-mRS, similar to the ordinal, showed superior power to dichotomized analyses when treatment benefits accrued at multiple health state transitions, and less power when treatment effects concentrated at a single health state transition. CONCLUSIONS: A utility-weighted mRS performs similarly to the standard ordinal mRS in detecting treatment effects in actual stroke trials and in ensures the quantitative outcome is a valid reflection of patient-centered benefits. Study Supported by:
Novel energy relay dyes for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (2015)

4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Hoechst 33342 (H33342) were used as novel energy relay dyes (ERDs) for an efficient energy transfer to the N719 dye in I(-)/I3(-) based liquid-junction dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The introduction of the ERDs, either as an additive in the electrolyte or as a co-adsorbent, greatly enhanced the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), mainly because of an increase in short-circuit current density (Jsc). This was attributed to the effects of non-radiative Förster-type excitation energy transfer as well as the radiative (emission)-type fluorescent energy transfer to the sensitizers. The net PCEs for the N719-sensitized DSSCs with DAPI and H33342 were 10.65% and 10.57%, and showed an improvement of 12.2% and 11.4% over control devices, respectively.
Installation and Commissioning of the MICE RF Module Prototype (2015)

A special vacuum vessel prototype was built to house the first production 201 MHz RF cavity for the International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE). The resulting prototype RF module has been assembled, instrumented, installed and commissioned at Fermilab's MuCool Test Area and the effort has provided valuable experience for the design of modules that will be used in the cooling channel for the experiment.
Einführung (1995)

Der ungebrochenen Aktualität des Themas und einer entsprechenden Nachfrage unseres Bandes über „Schule — Gewalt — Rechtsextremismus“,verdanken‘ wir diese zweite, aktualisierte Auflage.
Parkinson's disease: a novel MRI method for determining structural changes in the substantia nigra (1999)

This methodology suggests the possibility of detecting presymptomatic disease in those judged to be at risk, and also in confirming the diagnosis in patients with early disease. Furthermore, the technique seems to hold promise as a means for staging the disease, and possibly differentiating other forms of parkinsonism.
Dynamic gain equalization in two-stage fiber amplifiers (1990)

Relative gain differences among channels in WDM-amplified lightwave systems can be corrected in two-stage fiber amplifiers having complementary gain spectra in each stage. With two channels spaced by 2.5 nm, relative gain corrections of 1 dB were demonstrated. Simulations show that this method can be used to dynamically equalize the channel gain in long-distance transmission systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion during Dietary Copper Deficiency in Rats (1996)

The role of dietary copper deficiency in platelet-to-endothelial cell adhesion and in platelet-to-platelet aggregation was studied in vitro. Platelets were obtained from male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats fed purified diets which were either copper-adequate (CuA, 6.3 micrograms copper/g of diet) or copper-deficient (CuD, 0.3 microgram/g of diet) for 4 weeks. The platelet adhesion study was performed by adding CuA or CuD platelets either suspended in homologous plasma or in Tyrode buffer salt solution (TBSS) to cultured rate endothelial cells. After a one hour incubation at 37 degrees C non-adhered platelets were removed and counted in a microcytometer. Platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma (PRP) samples was induced by adding ADP (2 x 10(-4)M) and measured in a turbidometric aggregometer. The content of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in platelets and in plasma and the content of fibrinogen in platelets was determined. Platelet adhesion to rat endothelial cells was significantly lower for platelets from CuD rats than for platelets from CuA rats. ADP induced platelet aggregation from CuD rats was significantly higher than platelet aggregation from CuA rats. The content of vWF in platelets and in plasma from CuD rats was significantly lower than in platelets and plasma from CuA rats. However, the amount of fibrinogen in platelets from ++CuD rats was about 4-fold higher than that in platelets from CuA rats while the plasma fibrinogen was lower in CuD rats than in CuA rats. These studies illustrate that copper deficiency diminishes platelet adhesion to endothelial cells but increases platelet aggregability. The results suggest that these physiological alterations may be the result of decreased platelet vWF and increased platelet fibrinogen during dietary copper deficiency.
Relaxing Chosen-Ciphertext Security. (2003)

Abstract. Security against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks (or, CCA security) has been accepted as the standard requirement from encryption schemes that need to withstand active attacks. In particular, it is regarded as the appropriate security notion for encryption schemes used as components within general protocols and applications. Indeed, CCA security was shown to suffice in a large variety of contexts. However, CCA security often appears to be somewhat too strong: there exist encryption schemes (some of which come up naturally in practice) that are not CCA secure, but seem sufficiently secure “for most practical purposes.” We propose a relaxed variant of CCA security, called Replayable CCA (RCCA) security. RCCA security accepts as secure the non-CCA (yet arguably secure) schemes mentioned above; furthermore, it suffices for most existing applications of CCA security. We provide three formulations of RCCA security. The first one follows the spirit of semantic security and is formulated via an ideal functionality in the universally composable security framework. The other two are formulated following the indistinguishability and non-malleability approaches, respectively. We show that the three formulations are equivalent in most interesting cases. 1
ONC201 Depletes Cancer Stem Cells in Refractory Cancer Patient Samples (2014)

Abstract ONC201 is a small molecule that is being developed as a novel anticancer drug based on its strong anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical models of advanced cancer (Allen et al, Sci Transl Med, 2013). ONC201 has demonstrated strong antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo in a variety of solid and liquid tumors. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be responsible for tumor propagation and maintenance as well as driving resistance to many cancer therapies. Based on the potent efficacy of ONC201 in preclinical models, we investigated the therapeutic impact of ONC201 on CSCs to rationalize its strong antitumor effects and realize the extent of its therapeutic potential. In primary refractory AML patient samples, ONC201 induced very high levels of apoptosis in leukemia stem/progenitor cells (CD45 dim+/ CD34+/ CD38-) to a similar extent observed in the bulk tumor population. In addition to this effect in hematological malignancies, ONC201 has also exhibited strong anti-CSC efficacy in solid tumors such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). ONC201 eradicated CSC-enriched 3-dimensional neurosphere culture models of primary GBM samples, including newly diagnosed and recurrent samples. ONC201 potently inhibited in vitro cell proliferation of all 5 neurosphere lines tested, with IC50 values of 433 nM (MGG18), 1.46 µM (MGG4), 1.09 µM (MGG8), 3.97 µM (MGG67R) and 688 nM (MGG152). In CRC, ONC201 significantly depleted CD133, CD44 and Aldefluor positive CSCs in HCT116, DLD1 and SW480 cells. ONC201 significantly inhibited colonosphere formation of unsorted and sorted Aldefluor positive 5-Fluorouracil-resistant DLD1 and SW480 cells. ONC201 significantly reduced tumor growth of CSC-initiated tumors and prevented the passage of these tumors. CD44 and CD133 expression was reduced in ONC201-treated tumors. ONC201-treatment decreased tumor initiation relative to 5-Fluorouracil treatment in a limiting dilution tumor initiation assay. The ONC201-mediated anti-CSC effect was significantly blocked by the TRAIL sequestering antibody RIK-2. ONC201-mediated TRAIL-induction was also observed in CSC-initiated tumors. ONC201 inhibited Akt and ERK leading to Foxo3a activation and surface TRAIL induction in sorted CSCs and non-CSCs. Overexpression of myristoylated Akt significantly reduced the induction of surface TRAIL by ONC201 in CSCs and prevented ONC201-mediated depletion of CSCs and colonosphere inhibition. In conclusion, ONC201 cytotoxicity is extended to CSCs in hematological and solid malignancies as well as the bulk tumor population. The ability of ONC201 to deplete CSCs suggests the clinical potential for ONC201 to reduce the incidence of disease relapse, which is frequently a fatal event in hematological malignancies, in addition to its immediately apparent antitumor effects. Disclosures Allen: Oncoceutics: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents &amp; Royalties. Andreeff:Oncoceutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. El-Deiry:Oncoceutics: Equity Ownership, Patents &amp; Royalties.
Chromatin-state barriers enforce an irreversible mammalian cell fate decision (2021)

Stem and progenitor cells have the capacity to balance self-renewal and differentiation. Hematopoietic myeloid progenitors replenish more than 25 billion terminally differentiated neutrophils every day under homeostatic conditions and can increase this output in response to stress or infection. At what point along the spectrum of maturation do progenitors lose capacity for self-renewal and become irreversibly committed to differentiation? Using a system of conditional myeloid development that can be toggled between self-renewal and differentiation, we interrogate determinants of this "point of no return" in differentiation commitment. Irreversible commitment is due primarily to loss of open regulatory site access and disruption of a positive feedback transcription factor activation loop. Restoration of the transcription factor feedback loop extends the window of cell plasticity and alters the point of no return. These findings demonstrate how the chromatin state enforces and perpetuates cell fate and identify potential avenues for manipulating cell identity.
Vapor Adsorption onto Metal and Modified Interfaces:  Evidence for Adsorbate Penetration of an Alkanethiol Monolayer on Gold (1997)

We have studied the adsorption of organic molecules from the vapor phase onto bare gold, n-octadecanethiol-modified, and 11-mercapto-1-undecanol-modified gold surfaces using a controlled atmosphere chamber with an ellipsometer and a quartz crystal microbalance for simultaneous in-situ determination of adsorbate thickness and mass. Our experimental data are fit by the BET adsorption isotherm, and results from these fits place limits on the ways in which the adsorbates can interact with the selected substrates. Ellipsometric data, in combination with the mass adsorption data, demonstrate that n-octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold experience penetration by adsorbates, where the 11-mercapto-1-undecanol-modified surfaces and the gold surface do not. We compare these findings to other literature reports that bear on the permeability of the alkanethiol/gold interface.
Formal models for expert finding in enterprise corpora (2006)

Searching an organization's document repositories for experts provides a cost effective solution for the task of expert finding. We present two general strategies to expert searching given a document collection which are formalized using generative probabilistic models. The first of these directly models an expert's knowledge based on the documents that they are associated with, whilst the second locates documents on topic, and then finds the associated expert. Forming reliable associations is crucial to the performance of expert finding systems. Consequently, in our evaluation we compare the different approaches, exploring a variety of associations along with other operational parameters (such as topicality). Using the TREC Enterprise corpora, we show that the second strategy consistently outperforms the first. A comparison against other unsupervised techniques, reveals that our second model delivers excellent performance.
Mutagenicity of pyrolyzates of natural substances toward Salmonella typhimurium TA97. (1985)

Wereported previously that pyrolyzates of amino acids, peptides, proteins and proteinous foods were potently mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.1)2) The pyrolyzates of sugars have been reported to show marked mutagenic activity toward TA100.3) Recently, a new tester strain, TA97, for frameshift mu-
Imaging Soil Bacteria in an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (2002)

The introduction of the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) has made possible, with little or no specimen preparation, the observation of the biotic constituents of soil and their spatial relation with the abiotic constituents. The capability of this instrument to operate at a water vapor pressure over 4.6 Torr (611 pascals), the vapor pressure of water at 0C, makes it feasible to image a saturated specimen, and document the processes of hydration and dehydration We have used this capability to observe a simplified soil model, a culture of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) on clean quartz sand. Our objective is to optimize the observation conditions to be used in the future when addressing more complex systems.
Retention of different sizes of electronic identification boluses in the forestomachs of sheep1,2 (2006)

Twelve types of electronic identification ruminal boluses of different dimensions were used to obtain a model for predicting their retention in the forestomachs of sheep. Boluses (n = 1,662) were made of ceramic materials, and their dimensions varied in o.d. (9 to 21 mm), length (37 to 68 mm), volume (2.5 to 21.0 mL), and specific gravity (0.85 to 3.91). Each bolus contained a half-duplex, standardized, glass-encapsulated transponder (32 x 3.8 mm). Boluses were administered to sheep (n = 1,497) of different ages by using the appropriate balling guns, and their retention under semiintensive conditions was recorded for at least 2 yr. When a bolus was lost, the sheep was rebolused with a heavier bolus. All sheep wore 2 plastic ear tags: one for the official control of health programs and the other for farm use. To determine the anatomical limit for a bolus passing through the gastrointestinal tract, the size of the reticulo-omasal orifice was measured in 46 adult sheep (male, n = 14; female, n = 32) that died by causes not related to bolus administration during the experiment. No signs of disease or growth alteration were detected in the bolused sheep. Total ear tag losses during the experiment period were 7.5% on average. Bolus retention (5 to 100%) varied according to bolus features and age of the sheep, but it showed a plateau after 18 mo. Inadequately dimensioned boluses were regurgitated or passed through the gastrointestinal tract and were excreted with the feces. The diameter of the reticulo-omasal orifice in adult sheep differed between male and female (23.1 and 21.8 mm, respectively; P < 0.01) and was greater than the o.d. of the retained boluses. Retention rate was predicted from bolus weight and volume by a logistic regression (R2 = 0.997; P < 0.001). When retention data from the literature (59.0 to 100%) were included in the model, the adjustment was slightly lower (R2 = 0.967). As a result, the minimum bolus weight estimated to reach a 99.5% retention rate in sheep varied between 16 and 45 g when volume varied between 3 and 22 mL, for boluses with a specific gravity between 2.0 and 5.2. In conclusion, bolus retention rate in sheep varied dramatically according to their features. For safe and efficient retention of electronic identification boluses in sheep, boluses of small volume and diameter (e.g., < 15 mm) with specific gravity and weight greater than 3.0 and 20 g, respectively, are recommended.
An Analysis of the Binding Characteristics of a Panel of Recently Selected ICAM-1 Binding Plasmodium falciparum Patient Isolates (2014)

The basis of severe malaria pathogenesis in part includes sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) from the peripheral circulation. This phenomenon is mediated by the interaction between several endothelial receptors and one of the main parasite-derived variant antigens (PfEMP1) expressed on the surface of the infected erythrocyte membrane. One of the commonly used host receptors is ICAM-1, and it has been suggested that ICAM-1 has a role in cerebral malaria pathology, although the evidence to support this is not conclusive. The current study examined the cytoadherence patterns of lab-adapted patient isolates after selecting on ICAM-1. We investigated the binding phenotypes using variant ICAM-1 proteins including ICAM-1Ref, ICAM-1Kilifi, ICAM-1S22/A, ICAM-1L42/A and ICAM-1L44/A using static assays. The study also examined ICAM-1 blocking by four anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) under static conditions. We also characterised the binding phenotypes using Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HDMEC) under flow conditions. The results show that different isolates have variant-specific binding phenotypes under both static and flow conditions, extending our previous observations that this variation might be due to variable contact residues on ICAM-1 being used by different parasite PfEMP1 variants.
Spin-torque-induced switching and precession in fully epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions (2009)

We experimentally investigated current-driven oscillation in fully epitaxial Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) to pave the way for a better understanding of why the linewidth (a few hundred MHz) of microwave oscillation in spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) based on textured MTJs is much larger than that (smaller than 10 MHz) in STNOs based on current-perpendicular-to-plane giant-magnetoresistance junctions. The epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe STNO is a model system for studying the physics of spin-transfer torque because it has a well-defined single-crystal barrier and electrode layers with atomically flat interfaces. In the Fe/MgO/Fe STNOs, clear spin-torque-induced switching and spin-torque-induced precession were observed in epitaxial MTJs. When the initial magnetic alignment was antiparallel and the bias current exceeded the threshold current, a state in which the spin-torque compensates for the damping, the STNOs showed a rapid increase in the peak intensity, a redshift of the peak frequency, and a minimum linewidth, all clear evidence of spin-torque-induced precession above the threshold current. The minimum linewidth of the STNOs was 200 MHz, which is comparable to that of textured CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB MTJs. This indicates that the origin of the large linewidth cannot be attributed to structural inhomogeneity in textured MTJs. When the initial magnetic alignment was parallel, the microwave spectrum showed a single peak, which has rarely been observed in textured MTJs without application of a perpendicular magnetic field. The mechanism of the single-peak oscillation can be explained by taking account of the induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the 3-nm-thick Fe(001) free layer grown on the MgO(001) barrier layer.
Interpretation of fractures and stress anisotropy in Marcellus Shale using multicomponent seismic data (2014)

Abstract Using a data set from the Marcellus Shale, we evaluated the advantages of multicomponent seismic data for fracture and anisotropy studies over conventional P-wave data. Using traveltime and amplitude analysis on pre- and poststack seismic data, we concluded that PS-waves can provide more accurate information about the location, orientation, and intensity of natural fractures and stress anisotropy than P-waves. Our analysis indicated that regional stress was the main cause of velocity anisotropy. Amplitude variation with offset and azimuth appeared to be more useful for fracture studies, whereas traveltime variations (especially PS-waves) provided a better indication of regional stress orientations. Principal directions for amplitudes and traveltimes of PP- and PS-waves were different. Misalignment of PP- and PS-waves principal directions suggested that the simplest, most realistic anisotropy model for the fractured Marcellus is monoclinic symmetry.
Linking Communalism to Achievement Correlates for Black and White Undergraduates. (2010)

This study examined relationships between home-based communal activities and beliefs and student reports of various achievement correlates with 290 black and white undergraduates. MANOVA procedures examined differences in self-esteem, self-efficacy, identified motivation, motivation to know, and amotivation and scores on Home Communalism Measure subscales as a function of race and other demographic variables. No significant race differences emerged for any of the communalism or motivation subscales. Subsequent regression analyses found that reports of communalism were predictive of students’ self-efficacy, self-esteem, identified motivation, motivation to know and amotivation scores. Implications and limitations of findings are discussed.