gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Donor-Acceptor Complexes in the Initiation of Ionic Polymerization (1975)

Abstract Work carried out in the past few years aimed at elucidating the mechanism of initiation of vinyl polymerization when a donor and an acceptor molecule, one or both of which may be vinyl monomers, is summarized. The emphasis of our investigation has been on polymerizable ether donors and strong electron acceptors which do not undergo polymerization, or the acceptor vinylidene cyanide. Alkyl vinyl ethers were polymerized in the presence of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) in polar solvents. Observation of the ESR spectrum of the DDQ radical anion and the isolation of a 1:1 addition product of DDQ and alkyl vinyl ether when the two are mixed in a 1:1 ratio and quenched in alcohol support an initiation mechanism involving a coupling reaction of the donor monomer (radical cation) and the acceptor initiator (radical anion). The reaction of vinylidene cyanide (VC) with the vinyl ethers p-dioxene, dihydropyran, ethyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, and ketene diethylacetal in a variety of solvents at 25°C spontaneously afforded poly(vinylidene cyanide), the cycloaddition products 7,7-dicyano-2,5-dioxo-bicyclo[4.2.0] octane, 8,8-dicyano-2-oxo-bicyclo[4.2.0] octane, the 1,1-dicyano-2-alkoxycyclo-butanes, and 1,1-diethoxy-2,2,4,4-tetracyanohexane, respectively, and with the exception of p-dioxene, homopolymers of the vinyl ethers. In the presence of AIBN at 80°C, alternating copolymers were obtained in addition to the homopolymers and cycloaddition products, supporting the involvement of donor-acceptor complexes. The reaction of styrene with VC spontaneously formed an alternating copolymer in addition to the 1:2 head-to-head cycloaddition product, 1,1,3,3-tetracyano-4-phenylcyclohexane. Mixing VC with any one of the cyclic ethers tetrahydrofuran, oxetane, 2,2-dimethyloxirane, 2-chloromethyloxirane, and phenyloxirane resulted in the polymerization of both the VC and the cyclic ether to afford homopolymers of both. The cyclic ethers trioxane, 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane, and oxirane initiated the polymerization of VC, but did not undergo ring-opening polymerizations themselves. Other ethers such as 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydropyran, and diethyl ether did not initiate the polymerization of VC. In these polymerizations, VC and the cyclic ethers polymerize via anionic and cationic propagation reactions, respectively.
Two cases of atypical periorificial dermatitis caused by Candida parapsilosis in patients volunteering in dog shelters (2019)

Candida is a genus of yeasts that can be a part of normal human skin flora, but may cause disease when the skin barrier is compromised. C. albicans is the most common pathogenic species of this genus, but in recent years infection with other species, such as C. parapsilosis has been growing. C. parapsilosis is a species of Candida that has been found in the skin of humans and other mammals, including dogs. In this brief report, the authors describe two cases of atypical periorifical infection with C. parapsilosis in patients who both volunteered in dog shelters. Owing to the atypical presentation of the fungal infections, the isolation of C. parapsilosis as the causative organism and their extensive history of exposure to dogs, these cases may represent the first evidence of possible zoonotic transmission of C. parapsilosis from dogs to humans.
Electrospray as a source of nanoparticles for efficient colloid thrusters (2000)

The need for electric propulsion in the thrust range of tens of micro-Newtons has triggered therebirth of colloid thrustertechnology.Theabilitytodeliverthrustattheselevelsinacontrollablefashionwillenhancetheuseofsmall satellites(massessmallerthan some20kg )and theexecutionofspacemissionsinwhichvery accuratepositioning of spacecraftsisrequired.Wepresenthereanovelapproachtothee eldofcolloidthrusters.Likepreviouseffortsituses electrospray as the mean of producing charged colloids. However, it differs in the spraying regime employed. Electrosprays of highly conducting propellants in single cone-jet mode allow the generation of droplets of high specie c charge at operating voltages lower than in the earlier era of colloid thruster research. In this article we use energy analysis techniques to characterize electrospray beams and to measure their thrust and specie c impulse. We have studied three novel propellants: formamide, tributyl phosphate, and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trie uoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The thrust, specie c impulse, and efe ciency associated with a single spray of the most conducting formamide solution are typically 0.3 πN, 300 s, and 75% for an acceleration voltage of 1300 V. The electrospray phenomenology presented in this article is diverse. For example, by varying the electrospraying parametersweareabletostudyemissionmodesinwhich1 )solvatedionsaree eldevaporatedfromthejet’ ssurface, 2) both satellite and main droplets result from the jet’ s breakup, and 3 ) only main droplets are emitted.
Flow Control of Centrifugal Jet-Flap Blowers for Air-Cushion Vehicles (1980)

Air-cushion vehicles and surface-effect ships may require some form of dynamic lifting air control. An experimental investigation was carried out to demonstrate both the steady-state and the dynamic flow control characteristics at constant pressure of a model (32.7 in. diameter) double-inlet, double-width centrifugal blower at low tip speed ( — 250 ft/s). The impeller was designed with fixed backward-curved jet-flap airfoil blades and the housing was equipped with rotatable jet-flap inlet guidevanes. The flow control test was carried out at constant pressure, starting from the maximum efficiency (85%) point of the basic blower. Over 50% negative flow control was achieved with the jet-flap inlet guidevanes and 50% positive flow control was obtained with the impeller jet-flap, with a jet-flap supply flow of only 2.8%. Frequency response tests were carried out on the impeller jet-flap flow control system with a rotating butterfly. The pressure amplitude ratio was found to remain above - 3 dB for all frequencies tested, up to the maximum 12.5 Hz, where the phase angle approached 90 deg. Nomenclature al — blower output pressure amplitude at variable frequency, psf al * = quasisteady output pressure amplitude, psf a2 = blower jet-flap input pressure amplitude at variable frequency, psf a2 * = quasisteady input pressure amplitude, psf b =
Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study (2001)

Betaine is a safe and well tolerated drug that leads to a significant biochemical and histological improvement in patients with NASH. This novel agent deserves further evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Influence of Aliovalent Substitutions on Oxygen Reduction on Tantalum Oxynitrides (2017)

The development of active and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts using low-cost, abundant elements is of critical importance to the widespread adoption of proton-exchanged membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Tantalum-containing compounds, such as tantalum oxynitrides, can catalyze ORR in acid, with the degree of oxidation proposed to play a central role in controlling the ORR activity. Herein, we report the incorporation of aliovalent ions in tantalum oxynitrides (Ta-ON) and their effect on the ORR activity in acid. We synthesize Ta-ON by utilizing urea as the nitrogen source and use aliovalent (Ti4+) and isovalent (Nb5+) substitutions to evaluate the influence of the aliovalent substitution on the ORR activity. We found that an aliovalent Ti4+ substitution increases the ORR activity by 3x, which we attribute to improved electrical conductivity and increased ORR active sites. In comparison, isovalent Nb5+ substitution or carbon inclusion as oxycarbonitride did not positively affect the ORR activity. Our finding points to the important role of defects and conductivity in the Ta-based ORR electrocatalysts.
Lead and mercury residues in kidney and liver of Canadian slaughter animals. (1976)

Liver and kidney samples were collected from Canadian slaughter animals during the winter of 1973-1974. A total of 256 samples were analyzed for lead. Mean lead levels of 1.02 ppm in poultry liver, 1.04 ppm in bovine liver, 1.02 ppm in bovine kidney, 0.73 ppm in pork liver and 0.85 ppm in pork kidney were found. A total of 265 samples were analyzed for mercury. Mean mercury levels of 0.003 ppm in poultry liver, 0.007 ppm in bovine liver, 0.008 ppm in bovine kidney, 0.001 ppm in pork liver and 0.013 ppm in pork kidney were found. All levels detected were below the Canadian official tolerance of 2 ppm for lead and administrative tolerance of 0.5 ppm for mercury.
T-cell cytokines differentially control human monocyte antimicrobial responses by regulating vitamin D metabolism (2010)

We investigated the mechanisms by which T-cell cytokines are able to influence the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced, vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway in human monocytes. T-cell cytokines differentially influenced TLR2/1-induced expression of the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and DEFB4, being up-regulated by IFN-γ, down-regulated by IL-4, and unaffected by IL-17. The Th1 cytokine IFN-γ up-regulated TLR2/1 induction of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (i.e., CYP27B1), leading to enhanced bioconversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25D(3)) to its active metabolite 1,25D(3). In contrast, the Th2 cytokine IL-4, by itself and in combination with the TLR2/1 ligand, induced catabolism of 25D(3) to the inactive metabolite 24,25D(3), and was dependent on expression of vitamin D-24-hydroxylase (i.e., CYP24A1). Therefore, the ability of T-cell cytokines to differentially control monocyte vitamin D metabolism represents a mechanism by which cell-mediated immune responses can regulate innate immune mechanisms to defend against microbial pathogens.
Surface plasmon resonance analysis of immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin and their interaction with thrombin and fibrinogen (1999)

The exploitation of surface plasmon resonance optical sensor for the study of the interaction of immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin monomer with soluble fibrinogen and thrombin is reported. Soluble fibrinogen was mostly reversible, the bound thrombin could be inhibited by milimolar concentration of phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF). At lease three sets of different thrombin binding sites were found. There was a residual fraction of thrombin bound to washed fibrin (ogin) (to about a five to ten percent of fibron monomer units) suggesting that a known naturally occurring fibrinogen variant differing in the gamma chain was the target. Surface bound fibrinogen was converted by thrombin to fibrin monomer that interacted with fibrinogen in solution. At low fibrin monomer surface density the second layer was formed that contained about the same amount of protein as the first layer, at higher fibrin monomer concentration less than one molecule of fibrinogen per molecule of fibrin monomer was captured. Starting with surface-bound fibrinogen and alternating addition of thrombin and fibrinogen a fibrin network of predetermined composition, size, and arrangement could be formed.
Anomalous Cooper pair interference on Bi2Te3 surface (2013)

It is believed that the edges of a chiral p-wave superconductor host Majorana modes, relating to a mysterious type of fermions predicted seven decades ago. Much attention has been paid to search for p-wave superconductivity in solid-state systems, including recently those with strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC). However, smoking-gun experiments are still awaited. In this work, we have performed phase-sensitive measurements on particularly designed superconducting quantum interference devices constructing on the surface of topological insulators Bi2Te3, in such a way that a substantial portion of the interference loop is built on the proximity-effect-induced superconducting surface. Two types of Cooper interference patterns have been recognized at low temperatures. One is s-wave like and is contributed by a zero-phase loop inhabited in the bulk of Bi2Te3. The other, being identified to relate to the surface states, is anomalous for that there is a phase shift between the positive and negative bias current directions. The results support that the Cooper pairs on the surface of Bi2Te3 have a 2πBerry phase which makes the superconductivity p_x+ip_y-wave-like. Mesoscopic hybrid rings as constructed in this experiment are presumably arbitrary-phase loops good for studying topological quantum phenomena.
SEU Error Signature Analysis of Gbit/s SiGe Logic Circuits Using a Pulsed Laser Microprobe (2006)

We present, for the first time, an analysis of the error signatures captured during pulsed laser microprobe testing of high-speed digital SiGe logic circuits. 127-bit shift registers, configured using various circuit level latch hardening schemes and incorporated into the circuit for radiation effects self test serve as the primary test vehicle. Our results indicate significant variations in the observed upset rate as a function of strike location and latch architecture. Error information gathered on the sensitive transistor nodes within the latches and characteristic upset durations agree well with recently reported heavy-ion microprobe data. These results support the growing credibility in using pulsed laser testing as a lower-cost alternative to heavy-ion microprobe analysis of sensitive device and circuit nodes, as well as demonstrate the efficiency of the autonomous detection and error approach for high speed bit-error rate testing. Implications for SEU hardening in SiGe are addressed and circuit-level and device-level Radiation Hardening By Design recommendations are made
Large-angle x-ray scatter in Talbot–Lau interferometry for breast imaging (2014)

Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate large-angle x-ray scatter at design energy of 25 keV during small field of view (9.6 cm × 5 cm) differential phase contrast imaging of the breast using Talbot-Lau interferometry. Homogenous, adipose and fibroglandular breasts of uniform thickness ranging from 2 to 8 cm encompassing the field of view were modeled. Theoretically determined transmission efficiencies of the gratings were used to validate the Monte Carlo simulations, followed by simulations to determine the x-ray scatter reaching the detector. The recorded x-ray scatter was classified into x-ray photons that underwent at least one Compton interaction (incoherent scatter) and Rayleigh interaction alone (coherent scatter) for further analysis. Monte Carlo based estimates of transmission efficiencies showed good correspondence [Formula: see text] with theoretical estimates. Scatter-to-primary ratio increased with increasing breast thickness, ranging from 0.11 to 0.22 for 2-8 cm thick adipose breasts and from 0.12 to 0.28 for 2-8 cm thick fibroglandular breasts. The analyzer grating reduced incoherent scatter by ~18% for 2 cm thick adipose breast and by ~35% for 8 cm thick fibroglandular breast. Coherent scatter was the dominant contributor to the total scatter. Coherent-to-incoherent scatter ratio ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 for 2-8 cm thick adipose breasts and from 2.7 to 3.4 for 2-8 cm thick fibroglandular breasts.
Phase-transfer catalysis in the oxidation of C 60 and C 70 fullerene with KMnO 4 and crown ether (2018)

The KMnO4 oxidation reaction of C60 or C70 fullerenes in benzene solution proceeds smoothly and almost quantitatively in presence of the crown ether 18-crown-6 as phase-transfer agent. The oxidation reaction was followed spectrophotometrically from the early stages to the completion. Essentially fullerenols or polyhydroxylated fullerenes were produced as confirmed also by FT-IR spectroscopy. The resulting degree of hydroxylation of both C60 and C70 was determined as C60(OH)28 and C70(OH)26. As secondary structures, also epoxide and carboxylic groups were detected.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Diols via Coupled Ruthenium and Enzyme Catalysis (1999)

Enzymatic acylation of secondary symmetrical diols (as <i>meso</i>/<i>dl</i> mixtures) in combination with ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization of the diol led to efficient dynamic kinetic resolution. In this way, a <i>meso</i>/<i>dl</i> mixture of the diol was transformed to enantiomerically pure (<i>R</i>,<i>R</i>)-diacetate, making efficient use of all the diol material. For some of the flexible substrates, substantial amounts of <i>meso</i>-diacetates were formed as side products. The results indicate that the major part of the <i>meso</i> product is formed via an intramolecular acyl-transfer pathway.
Doubly mutant mice, deficient in connexin32 and -43, show normal prenatal development of organs where the two gap junction proteins are expressed in the same cells (1999)

The connexins are a family of proteins that form the intercellular membrane channels of gap junctions. Genes encoding 13 different rodent connexins have been cloned and characterized to date. Connexins vary both in their distribution among adult cell types and in the properties of the channels that they form. In order to explore the functional significance of connexin diversity, several mouse connexin-encoding genes have been disrupted by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Although those experiments have illuminated specific physiological roles for individual connexins, the results have also raised the possibility that connexins may functionally compensate for one another in cells where they are coexpressed. In the present study, we have tested this hypothesis by interbreeding mice carrying null mutations in the genes (Gjb1 and Gja1) encoding connexin32 (beta 1 connexin) and connexin43 (alpha 1 connexin), respectively. We found that fetuses lacking both connexins survive to term but, as expected, the pups die soon thereafter from the cardiac abnormality caused by the absence of connexin43. A survey of the major organ systems of the doubly mutant fetuses, including the thyroid gland, developing teeth, and limbs where these two connexins are coexpressed, failed to reveal any morphological abnormalities not already seen in connexin43 deficient fetuses. Furthermore, the production of thyroxine by doubly mutant thyroids was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. We conclude that, at least as far as the prenatal period is concerned, the normal development of those three organs in fetuses lacking connexin43 cannot simply be explained by the additional presence of connexin32 and vice-versa. Either gap junctional coupling is dispensable in embryonic and fetal cells in which these two connexins are coexpressed, or coupling is provided by yet another connexin when both are absent.
Thermal analysis of micromirrors for high-energy applications (2003)

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the thermal mechanism between lasers and surface-micromachined micromirrors. Finite element models using ABAQUS are established and used to study the temperature distribution on the surface of micromirrors under high-power laser illumination. It is shown that heat conduction through the gas gap between the mirror surface and the substrate is the dominant thermal dissipation mechanism for high surrounding gas pressure, while heat conduction through the flexures is dominant for low surrounding gas pressure. Based on the simulation results, two novel methods are proposed in order to tolerate more power input under low surrounding gas pressure. The results of optical power testing validate these models, and indicate that these two approaches are efficient in improving micromirror performance for high-energy applications.
High-Throughput Screening Model to Quantify Re-Epithelialization Kinetics (2019)

In vitro scratch assays provide an attractive method to study the regulation and mechanisms of epithelial cell proliferation and migration that are involved in wound repair. The assay is performed by introducing a scratch into a confluent cell monolayer and monitoring the re-epithelialization of the “wound” by acquiring images over time. Despite improvements to the method over the past years, high-throughput screenings often require the integration of multiple image analysis and data extraction software tools. We developed a high-throughput image-based scratch assay and an automated processing pipeline that employs a mathematical model to describe re-epithelialization kinetics. We implemented a processing pipeline in Galaxy called KREAP that provides an open source web-based platform to enable scientists from diverse backgrounds to perform reproducible and quantitative repair data analyses in less than 45 minutes.
Heat Transfer 1 (2023)

Heat Transfer 1 deals with conduction and convection. It examines the treatment of transient conduction, which is essential for the optimization of processes and systems, as well as for all energy saving problems. The numerous solved exercises allow the reader to grasp the whole range of applications, whether in the field of building, transport, materials or the environment. The appendices contain all the data needed to solve the exercises and will be a valuable source of information. This book is designed for masters and engineering students who are interested in all aspects of heat transfer, but also for engineers who will find the bases needed to understand similar phenomena (conduction-convection-radiation), but which require a different form of reflection and approach.
Performance Analysis of Automated Technical Review Portal in from Oil Company Environment (2010)

A Technical Review Committee of 20 key experts representing all directorates of Kuwait Oil Company&lt;br&gt;(KOC-TRC) was established by the CEO of the KOC in 19 February 2008 to ensure that the quality of&lt;br&gt;the KOC abstracts papers and presentations at external technical journals and events reflect the high&lt;br&gt;standards of Kuwait oil Company.&lt;br&gt;On 24 March 2009 the KOC Management Committee approved the launch of an automated KOC-TRC&lt;br&gt;Pilot Portal that was designed by the TRC and developed by Information Solutions (Exploration &amp;&lt;br&gt;Production) Team of R&amp;T Group. The Portal was created to speed up and streamline the process of&lt;br&gt;submitting, reviewing and approving submissions intended for external technical events and&lt;br&gt;publications. Beyond that date all external technical abstracts, papers, posters and oral presentations&lt;br&gt;authored by members of the KOC Field Directorates were uploaded into the KOC-TRC Portal by KOC&lt;br&gt;principal authors, reviewed by up to three KOC reviewers; forwarded to the Kuwaiti Ministry of Oil for&lt;br&gt;endorsement through a dedicated TRC-MoO Portal, and finally returned to the principle authors to&lt;br&gt;submit for publication.&lt;br&gt;This paper summarizes more than two years of totally in-house efforts and experience in discussing,&lt;br&gt;planning, setting reviewing, vetting and ranking rules and forms, followed by designing workflows,&lt;br&gt;building and piloting a dedicated intra-company automated portal for submitting, anonymously&lt;br&gt;reviewing and assessing technical publications by an inter-directorate technical review committee.&lt;br&gt;Followed by diagnosing and addressing bottlenecks in the piloted system.&lt;br&gt;The piloted cross directorates anonymous reviewers system encouraged more promising and seasoned&lt;br&gt;professionals alike to submit and participate in reviewing and evaluating technical submittals across&lt;br&gt;Exploration and Field Development Directorates, and gave the authors and their managers immediate&lt;br&gt;progress notices and continuous access to their submittals.&lt;br&gt;** Brian Abbot passed away on 10 November 2008