gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide suppresses SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral infection in vitro&nbsp; (2021)

Abstract The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), persists worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Since membrane fusion between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells is essential for the early step of the infection, the membrane compositions, including sphingolipids, in host cells are considered to affect the viral infection. However, the role of sphingolipids in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. Here, we assessed several inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral infection in vitro . Among the compounds tested, only N -(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR, also known as fenretinide), an inhibitor of dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) and well known for having antitumour activity, suppressed cell-cell fusion (50% effective concentration [EC 50 ] = 4.1 µM) and viral infection ([EC 50 ] = 4.4 µM), wherein the EC 50 values are below its plasma concentration in previous clinical trials on tumours. DES1 catalyses the introduction of a double bond in dihydroceramide, and the inhibition efficiencies observed were consistent with an increased ratio of saturated sphinganine-based lipids to total sphingolipids and the decreased cellular membrane fluidity. These findings, together with the accumulated clinical data regarding the safety of 4-HPR, make it a likely candidate drug to treat COVID-19.
Deep Image Compression in the Wavelet Transform Domain Based on High Frequency Sub-Band Prediction (2019)

In this paper, we propose to use deep neural networks for image compression in the wavelet transform domain. When the input image is transformed from the spatial pixel domain to the wavelet transform domain, one low-frequency sub-band (LF sub-band) and three high-frequency sub-bands (HF sub-bands) are generated. Low-frequency sub-band is firstly used to predict each high-frequency sub-band to eliminate redundancy between the sub-bands, after which the sub-bands are fed into different auto-encoders to do the encoding. In order to further improve the compression efficiency, we use a conditional probability model to estimate the context-dependent prior probability of the encoded codes, which can be used for entropy coding. The entire training process is unsupervised, and the auto-encoders and the conditional probability model are trained jointly. The experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms JPEG, JPEG2000, BPG, and some mainstream neural network-based image compression. Furthermore, it produces better visual quality with clearer details and textures because more high-frequency coefficients can be reserved, thanks to the high-frequency prediction.
Passing an Enhanced Turing Test – Interacting with Lifelike Computer Representations of Specific Individuals (2013)

Abstract This article describes research to build an embodied conversational agent (ECA) as an interface to a question-and-answer (Q/A) system about a National Science Foundation (NSF) program. We call this ECA the LifeLike Avatar, and it can interact with its users in spoken natural language to answer general as well as specific questions about specific topics. In an idealized case, the LifeLike Avatar could conceivably provide a user with a level of interaction such that he or she would not be certain as to whether he or she is talking to the actual person via video teleconference. This could be considered a (vastly) extended version of the seminal Turing test. Although passing such a test is still far off, our work moves the science in that direction. The Uncanny Valley notwithstanding, applications of such lifelike interfaces could include those where specific instructors/caregivers could be represented as stand-ins for the actual person in situations where personal representation is important. Possible areas that come to mind that might benefit from these lifelike ECAs include health-care support for elderly/disabled patients in extended home care, education/training, and knowledge preservation. Another more personal application would be to posthumously preserve elements of the persona of a loved one by family members. We apply this approach to a Q/A system for knowledge preservation and dissemination, where the specific individual who had this knowledge was to retire from the US National Science Foundation. The system is described in detail, and evaluations were performed to determine how well the system was perceived by users.
Genetic Contribution to Bone Metabolism, Calcium Excretion, and Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Regulation (2001)

A classical twin study was performed to assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to bone metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and the hormones regulating them. It was examined further whether the genetic effect is menopause dependent. The subjects were 2136 adult twins (98.3% female): 384 monozygotic (MZ) and 684 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. The intraclass correlations were calculated, and maximum likelihood model fitting was used to estimate genetic and environmental variance components. The intraclass correlations for all of the variables assessed were higher in MZ twin pairs. The heritabilities (95% CIs) obtained from model fitting for hormones regulating bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis were parathyroid hormone (PTH), 60% (54-65%); 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]; 43% (28-57%), 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)], 65% (53-74%); and vitamin D binding protein 62% (56-66%). The heritabilities (95% CIs) for markers of bone formation also were assessed; bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), 74% (67-80%), and osteocalcin, 29% (14-44%); marker of bone resorption deoxypyridinoline (DPD), 58% (52-64%); and measure of calcium homeostasis 24 h urine calcium, creatinine (Cr), 52% (41-61%). The magnitude of genetic influence differed with menopause for most variables. This study provides evidence for the importance of genetic factors in determining bone resorption and formation, calcium excretion, and the hormones regulating these processes. It shows for the first time a clear genetic effect on bone resorption in premenopausal women and the regulation of PTH, vitamin D metabolism, and calcium excretion. The genes controlling bone hormones and markers are likely to be useful therapeutic and diagnostic targets.
Effects of Current and Discontinued Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Hip Structural Geometry: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (2001)

It is assumed that estrogen influences bone strength and risk of fractures by affecting bone mineral density (BMD). However, estrogen may influence the mechanical strength of bones by altering the structural geometry in ways that may not be apparent in the density. Repeated dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) hip scan data were analyzed for bone density and structural geometry in elderly women participating in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). Scans were studied with a hip structural analysis program for the effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on BMD and structural geometry. Of the 3,964 women with ERT-use data, 588 used ERT at both the start and end of the approximately 3.5-year study, 1,203 had past use which was discontinued by clinic visit 4, and 2,163 women had never used ERT. All groups lost BMD at the femoral neck, but the reduced BMD among users of ERT was entirely due to subperiosteal expansion and not bone loss, whereas both bone loss and expansion occurred in past or nonusers. BMD increased 0.8%/year at the femoral shaft among ERT users but decreased 0.8%/year among nonusers. Section moduli increased at both the neck and shaft among ERT users but remained unchanged in past and nonusers. Current, but not past, use of estrogen therapy in elderly women seems to increase mechanical strength of the proximal femur by improving its geometric properties. These effects are not evident from changes in femoral neck BMD.
Three-Dimensional Phase Modulator at Telecom Wavelength Acting as a Terahertz Detector with an Electro-Optic Bandwidth of 1.25 Terahertz (2018)

We report a thin film phase modulator employing organic nonlinear optical molecules, with an electro-optic bandwidth of 1.25 THz. The device acts as a polarization sensitive broadband Pockels medium for coherent electric field detection in a dual wavelength terahertz time-domain spectroscopy setup in the telecom band at 1550 nm. To increase the sensitivity, we combine a three-dimensional bow-tie antenna structure with strongly electro-optically active molecules JRD1 in poly(methyl methacrylate) supporting polymer. The antenna provides subwavelength field confinement of the terahertz wave with its waveguide gap with lateral dimensions of 2.2 μm × 5 μm × 4 μm. In the gap, the electric field is up to 150× stronger than in a diffraction limited space-time volume, such that an interaction length of only 4 μm suffices for the detection of fields below 10 V/m. This device is promising in the growing field of quantum optics in the terahertz, single photon terahertz detection, nonlinear imaging, and on-chip telecommunication.
Synthesis, Properties, and Photovoltaic Performances of Donor–Acceptor Copolymers Having Dioxocycloalkene-Annelated Thiophenes As Acceptor Monomer Units (2012)

New donor–acceptor-type copolymers containing dioxocycloalkene-annelated thiophenes as electron-accepting units have been designed and synthesized for application to p-type organic semiconducting materials in organic photovoltaics. The investigation of their photophysical and electrochemical properties revealed that these copolymers possessed low optical bandgaps (from 1.63 to 1.92 eV) and low-lying HOMO energy levels (from −5.41 to −5.33 eV). Organic field-effect transistor measurements revealed that these copolymers had hole-transporting characteristics with mobilities on the order of 10–7–10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1. The bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices fabricated from blends of these copolymers with fullerene derivatives as acceptors showed high power conversion efficiencies of up to 4.87%, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.90 V, a short-circuit current of 11.46 mA cm–2, and a fill factor of 0.48 under air mass 1.5 simulated solar illumination.
STERILISATION OF THE SCREW‐WORM FLY, CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA VILLENEUVE (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE), BY GAMMA RADIATION (1983)

ABSTRACT The effect of gamma radiation on the screw‐worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana , was studied to determine the optimum dose and stage for sterilisation. Laboratory cultured flies were exposed in a gamma irradiator with a cesium‐137 source. Treated flies were compared with untreated controls for adult emergence, survival, insemination and fertility. Puparia treated with 5 krad at 1–2 d before emergence were rendered infertile but not otherwise adversely affected. When flies were irradiated early in pupal development, adverse effects were apparent. When late puparia were irradiated with 1–8 krad, adult emergence, survival and rate of insemination were similar to controls. Complete sterility of males and females was achieved with 4 krad. There was no larval survival from eggs when both parents were treated with 1 or more krad but larval survival was recorded from eggs laid by untreated females mated with 1–2.5 krad treated males and from eggs laid by 1–1.5 krad treated females mated with untreated males. There was no recovery of fertility after sterilisation with 4 krad. Irradiation of males at 2–6 krad as late puparia did not impair mating competitiveness in laboratory tests. In a field evaluation of male competitiveness, the release of sterile males at a density of 144 males per km 2 per week over a 78 km 2 area for 7 weeks resulted in 25 per cent sterility in the native screw‐worm fly population after 4 weeks of releases.
<title>Multisensor fusion and enhancement using the Retinex image enhancement algorithm</title> (2002)

A new approach to sensor fusion and enhancement is presented. The retinex image enhancement algorithm is used to jointly enhance and fuse data from long wave infrared, short wave infrared and visible wavelength sensors. This joint optimization results in fused data which contains more information than any of the individual data streams. This is especially true in turbid weather conditions, where the long wave infrared sensor would conventionally be the only source of usable information. However, the retinex algorithm can be used to pull out the details from the other data streams as well, resulting in greater overall information. The fusion uses the multiscale nature of the algorithm to both enhance and weight the contributions of the different data streams forming a single output data stream.
Ultrafast transient reflectivity measurements of optimally doped Bi2+xSr2−xCaCu2O8+δ with disorder (2021)

The effect of disorder in high-${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ superconductors is investigated from the viewpoint of photoinduced quasiparticle (QP) dynamics, obtained through time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy. We perform the measurements on an optimally doped (OPD) ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2+x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (Bi2212) with an out-of-plane disorder induced by Bi-Sr substitution $(x)$, which is present in standard Bi2212 but is not usually controlled. Based on the systematic change of the disorder with controlled $x$, we identify the changes in the dynamics of QP relaxation and gap formation in superconducting (SC) and pseudogap (PG) states. The onset temperature ${T}^{*}$ of the PG response increases with an increase in $x$, which is more significant than the slight decrease in ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$. These properties are equivalently reflected in the destruction fluences of the SC and PG states. Bi-Sr substitution also accelerates relaxation times for SC and PG QPs, which can be due to the increased phonon scattering probability caused by the disorder. In contrast, the SC gap recovery observed in the strongly excited condition shows an identical fluence dependence for various $x$, implying that the disorder does not significantly contribute to coherent gap formation.
Alkyl‐Linked Porphyrin Porous Polymers for Gas Capture and Precious Metal Adsorption (2021)

In gas adsorption and metal recovery, inexpensive and covalently bonded porous polymers offer industrial feasibility, despite the challenge of having reactive functionalities while maintaining porosity. Herein, three highly porous covalent organic polymers (COPs), COP-210, COP-211, and COP-212, with porphyrin functionalities that are readily synthesized by a Friedel-Crafts reaction using chlorinated solvents as linkers are reported. The polymers exhibit competitive adsorption capacities for CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>, and CH<sub>4</sub>. Their porphyrin sites proved particularly effective in precious metal recovery, where COPs exhibit high selectivity toward gold, platinum, palladium, and silver. Analysis reveals that reductive metal capture is prevalent for gold and silver. Platinum is also captured through a combination of reduction and chelation. The gold adsorption capacities are 0.901-1.250 g g<sup>-1</sup> with fast adsorption kinetics at low pH. COP-212 selectively recovers 95.6% of gold from actual electronic waste (e-waste) collected from junkyards. The results show that the inexpensive and scalable porous porphyrin polymers offer great potential in gas capture, separation, and precious metal recovery.
Determination of cathepsins B, H, L and kininogen in breast cancer patients. (1992)

In 20 matched pairs, an increase of all cathepsins was measured in carcinoma tissue compared with normal tissue of the same breast. On contrary, the mean value for kininogen was almost 2 fold lower than mean value determined in normal cytosols. From all proteins tested, the amount of cathepsin B correlated mostly with the degree of malignancy inside the group of invasive ductal carcinoma (n = 90, p < 0.01).
Limitations of paperless on-line reporting of diagnostic bacteriology culture results. (1996)

In view of the results, measures were instituted to ensure delivery of printed reports to the health care providers of patients not admitted from the accident and emergency department. Organisations operating computerised reporting systems in evolving health care settings must ensure that system design guarantees delivery of reports to all end-users. This will minimise therapeutic problems, reduce wastage of laboratory resources, and limit risks of litigation.
Neural network Hilbert transform based filtered backprojection for fast inline x-ray inspection (2017)

X-ray imaging is an important tool for quality control since it allows to inspect the interior of products in a non-destructive way. Conventional x-ray imaging, however, is slow and expensive. Inline x-ray inspection, on the other hand, can pave the way towards fast and individual quality control, provided that a sufficiently high throughput can be achieved at a minimal cost. To meet these criteria, an inline inspection acquisition geometry is proposed where the object moves and rotates on a conveyor belt while it passes a fixed source and detector. Moreover, for this acquisition geometry, a new neural-network-based reconstruction algorithm is introduced: the neural network Hilbert transform based filtered backprojection. The proposed algorithm is evaluated both on simulated and real inline x-ray data and has shown to generate high quality reconstructions of 400 x 400 reconstruction pixels within 200 ms, thereby meeting the high throughput criteria.
Hereditary ectopia lentis. A series of 10 cases of ectopia lentis et pupillae. (1991)

Ectopia lentis may belong to different syndromes, Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria being the most common. Hereditary ectopia lentis may also be an isolated ocular condition. Inheritance of simple ectopia lentis is autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR). In ectopia lentis et pupillae the pupils are characteristically oval and slit shaped. Inheritance is AR. We will present our series of 10 cases.
Effects of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid (Ethephen) on Scenedesmus Quadricauda (1973)

The effects of various concentrations of 2-chloroethylphosphcnic acid (Ethephon), an ethylene-releasing compound, on the total protein, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels in Scenedesmus quadricauda IU 614 were investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF HIGH‐DENSITY CERIA‐YTTRIA CERAMICS (1982)

Abstract Die aus Ce‐Y‐Oxidpulvern durch Heißpressen erzeugte Keramik hat Fluoritstruktur mit einer Gitterkonstanten von 0.541088 nm und die Zusammensetzung Ce0‐914Y0‐"35O,‐957.
SustainBench: Benchmarks for Monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals with Machine Learning (2021)

Progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been hindered by a lack of data on key environmental and socioeconomic indicators, which historically have come from ground surveys with sparse temporal and spatial coverage. Recent advances in machine learning have made it possible to utilize abundant, frequently-updated, and globally available data, such as from satellites or social media, to provide insights into progress toward SDGs. Despite promising early results, approaches to using such data for SDG measurement thus far have largely evaluated on different datasets or used inconsistent evaluation metrics, making it hard to understand whether performance is improving and where additional research would be most fruitful. Furthermore, processing satellite and ground survey data requires domain knowledge that many in the machine learning community lack. In this paper, we introduce SustainBench, a collection of 15 benchmark tasks across 7 SDGs, including tasks related to economic development, agriculture, health, education, water and sanitation, climate action, and life on land. Datasets for 11 of the 15 tasks are released publicly for the first time. Our goals for SustainBench are to (1) lower the barriers to entry for the machine learning community to contribute to measuring and achieving the SDGs; (2) provide standard benchmarks for evaluating machine learning models on tasks across a variety of SDGs; and (3) encourage the development of novel machine learning methods where improved model performance facilitates progress towards the SDGs.
Orbital Physics in Transition-Metal Oxides (2000)

An electron in a solid, that is, bound to or nearly localized on the specific atomic site, has three attributes: charge, spin, and orbital. The orbital represents the shape of the electron cloud in solid. In transition-metal oxides with anisotropic-shaped d-orbital electrons, the Coulomb interaction between the electrons (strong electron correlation effect) is of importance for understanding their metal-insulator transitions and properties such as high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. The orbital degree of freedom occasionally plays an important role in these phenomena, and its correlation and/or order-disorder transition causes a variety of phenomena through strong coupling with charge, spin, and lattice dynamics. An overview is given here on this "orbital physics," which will be a key concept for the science and technology of correlated electrons.
High-resolution microwave phonon spectroscopy of dispersion-shifted fiber (2002)

First measurements of acoustic modes in dispersion-shifted fiber are presented. High-resolution microwave phonon spectroscopy, performed using an improved method for resolving resonant spectral features, reveals the presence of the L/sub 04/ mode. The use of external cavity tunable lasers for pump and probe enables kilohertz range spectral resolution and high sensitivity. In addition, this method enables down conversion of the phonon spectrum to lower frequencies through the use of beat-Brillouin effect.
Responsiveness of histological disease activity indices in ulcerative colitis: a post hoc analysis using data from the TOUCHSTONE randomised controlled trial (2018)

All four existing histological indices were similarly reliable and responsive based on this dataset.
Current Flow in Vibrissa Motor Cortex Can Phase-Lock With Exploratory Rhythmic Whisking in Rat (2004)

Rats explore their environment with rhythmic sweeps of their mystacial vibrissae in the range of 5-15 Hz. We tested if vibrissa primary motor (M1) cortex produces electrical activity that locks to this behavioral output. Rats were trained to whisk in air in search of a food reward. The EMG of the mystacial pad served as a surrogate of vibrissa position, while chronically implanted, 16-channel Si-based probes provided a record of field potentials throughout the depth of vibrissa M1 cortex as well as vibrissa primary somatosensory (S1) cortex. The measured potentials were used to estimate the current source density along the radial axis. We observed that current flow throughout the depth of M1 cortex is coherent with the mystacial EMG, i.e., the two signals co-vary with a defined phase relation. This coherence persists after transection of the infraorbital branch (IoN) of the trigeminal nerve, which provides the sole sensory input from the vibrissae. Furthermore, current flow in vibrissa S1 cortex that is coherent with the mystacial EMG also persists after transection of the IoN, consistent with anatomical pathways between M1 and S1. In combination with a previous observation that rhythmic, intracortical microstimulation of vibrissa M1 cortex can drive normal whisking motion, the present data support the hypothesis that, in principle, M1 cortex can initiate motion of the vibrissae on a cycle-by-cycle basis.