gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization and fermentation products of Clostridium butyricum strains isolated from Thai soils (2014)

Atrazine degradation in liquid culture and soil by a novel yeast Pichia kudriavzevii strain Atz-EN-01 and its potential application for bioremediationEvy Alice Abigail, Jaseetha Abdul Salam and Nilanjana Das
First Report of ACCase-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in the United States (2016)

A goosegrass biotype with suspected resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors was identified in Georgia. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the resistance level of this biotype to ACCase inhibitors, efficacy of various herbicide mechanisms of action for control, and the physiological and molecular basis of resistance. In greenhouse experiments, the rate of diclofop-methyl that reduced dry shoot biomass 50% (SR 50 ) from the nontreated for the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes measured 4,100 and 221 g ai ha −1 , respectively. The SR 50 for sethoxydim measured 615 and 143 g ai ha −1 for the R and S biotype, respectively. The R biotype was cross resistant to clethodim, fenoxaprop, and fluazifop. The R and S biotypes were equally susceptible to foramsulfuron, glyphosate, monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA), and topramezone. In laboratory experiments, the two biotypes had similar foliar absorption of 14 C-diclofop-methyl. Both biotypes metabolized 14 C-diclofop-methyl to diclofop acid and a polar conjugate, but the R biotype averaged ∼2 times greater metabolism than the S biotype. Gene sequencing revealed an Asp-2078-Gly substitution in the ACCase of the R biotype that has previously conferred resistance to ACCase inhibitors. A second mutation was identified in the R biotype that yielded a Thr-1805-Ser substitution that has been previously reported, but is not associated with ACCase resistance in other species. Thus, the Asp-2078-Gly substitution is the basis for resistance to ACCase inhibitors for the R biotype. This is the first report of ACCase-inhibitor resistance in goosegrass from the United States and from a turfgrass system.
The interface of GaP(100) and H2O studied by photoemission and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (2013)

We study the initial interaction of adsorbed H2O with P-rich and Ga-rich GaP(100) surfaces. Atomically well defined surfaces are prepared by metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy and transferred contamination-free to ultra-high vacuum, where water is adsorbed at room temperature. Finally, the surfaces are annealed in vapour phase ambient. During all steps, the impact on the surface properties is monitored with in-situ reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). Photoelectron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction are applied for further in-system studies. After exposure up to saturation of the RA spectra, the Ga-rich (2 x 4) surface reconstruction exhibits a sub-monolayer coverage in form of a mixture of molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed water. For the p(2 x 2)/c(4 x 2) P-rich surface reconstruction, a new c(2 x 2) superstructure forms upon adsorption and the uptake of adsorbate is significantly reduced when compared to the Ga-rich surface. Our findings show that microscopic surface reconstructions of GaP(100) greatly impact the mechanism of initial interface formation with water, which could benefit the design of e.g. photoelectrochemical water splitting devices.
AGR-1, AGR-2 and AGR-3/4 Release-to-Birth Ratio Data Analysis (2019)

A series of Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) irradiation tests is being conducted in the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory in support of development and qualification of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) low enriched fuel used in the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR). Each AGR test consists of multiple independently controlled and monitored capsules containing fuel compacts placed in a graphite cylinder shrouded by a steel shell. These capsules are instrumented with thermocouples embedded in the graphite enabling temperature control. AGR configuration and irradiation conditions are based on prismatic HTGR technology distinguished primarily by the use of helium coolant, a low-power-density ceramic core capable of withstanding very high temperatures, and TRISO coated particle fuel. Thus, these tests provide valuable irradiation performance data to support fuel process development, qualify fuel for normal operating conditions, and support development and validation of fuel performance and fission product transport models and codes. The release-rate-to-birth-rate ratio (R/B) for each of fission product isotopes (i.e., krypton and xenon) is calculated from release rates in the sweep gas flow measured by the germanium detectors used in the AGR Fission Product Monitoring (FPM) System installed downstream from each irradiated capsule. Birth rates are calculated based on the fission power in the experiment and fission product generation models. Thus, this R/B is a measure of the ability of fuel kernel, particle coating layers, and compact matrix to retain fission gas atoms preventing their release into the sweep gas flow, especially in the event of particle coating failures that occurred during AGR-2 and AGR-3/4 irradiations. The major factors that govern gaseous radioactive decay, diffusion, and release processes are found to be material diffusion coefficient, temperature, and isotopic decay constant. For each of all AGR capsules, ABAQUS-based three-dimensional finite-element thermal models are created to predict daily averages of fuel compact temperatures for the entire irradiation period, which are used in establishing the R/B correlation with temperature and decay constant. This correlation can be used by reactor designers to estimate fission gas release from postulated failed fuel particles in HTGR cores, which is the key safety factor for fuel performance assessment.
Algorithms for the multi-sensor assignment problem in the δ-generalized labeled multi-Bernoulli filter (2017)

Previous adaptations of the δ-generalized labeled multi-Bernoulli (δ-GLMB) filter to the multi-sensor case involve the sequential application of the update step for each sensor or Gibbs sampling for multi-sensor data association. The practical usage of the sequential δ-GLMB filter is limited due to the number of hypotheses growing with each additional sensor. Similarly, the Gibbs method requires a large number of samples for each hypothesis. In this paper, in the aim of finding the optimal or near-optimal multi-sensor assignments, we propose two novel methods, the combination and the cross entropy methods. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed multi-assignment methods together with the standard sequential processing method and a stochastic optimization algorithm based on Gibbs sampling. The combination method is able to significantly reduce running time with respect to the sequential method while yielding competitive performance across a wide range of test scenarios.
Identification of a highly effective rapamycin schedule that markedly reduces the size, multiplicity and phenotypic progression of tobacco carcinogen-induced murine lung tumors. (2006)

Fifth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, Nov 12-15, 2006

A77 

Human and murine pre-neoplastic lung lesions induced by tobacco exposure are characterized by increased activation of the kinases Akt and mTOR, suggesting that activation of this pathway is important for the development of lung cancer. To test this hypothesis, we administered rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, to A/J mice that had been exposed to the tobacco carcinogen, NNK. When rapamycin was given on a daily 5 of 7 day regimen, mTOR activity was inhibited. Tumor size but not multiplicity was reduced. To optimize rapamycin delivery, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a daily 5/7 regimen were compared to an every-other-day regimen. Immunohistochemical analysis of S6 phosphorylation in lung tissue from this study revealed that although mTOR was inhibited equally immediately after rapamycin delivery, recovery of mTOR activity was different with the two regimens. With the daily 5/7 regimen, mTOR activity completely recovered after the 72 hour rest-period, which corresponded to blood levels of rapamycin that were undetectable. With every-other-day rapamycin, recovery of S6 phosphorylation was incomplete after the washout period, and rapamycin levels in this group nadired at 16.4 ng/ml, which is comparable to levels reached in humans. These studies suggested that an every-other-day regimen might be more effective than a daily 5/7 regimen. To test this, every-other-day rapamycin (1.5 mg/kg) was administered one week after NNK exposure, prior to tumor development. Rapamycin was continued for 12 wk and was well tolerated. At 16 wk, rapamycin reduced the multiplicity of tobacco-carcinogen induced tumors by 90%. Tumors that did develop showed decreased phenotypic progression and size that was associated with a decreased rate of proliferation. Inhibition of tumorigenesis by rapamycin was associated with mTOR inhibition in lung tumors, lung tissues, and surrogate tissues. These studies identify a highly effective treatment schedule of rapamycin that markedly reduced the burden of tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumors. Given the FDA-approval of rapamycin to prevent rejection of kidney transplants and the broad clinical experience with rapamycin, these studies provide a strong rationale to pursue prevention trials with rapamycin in smokers at high risk to develop lung cancer.
Designing Efficient Contact Tracing Through Risk-Based Quarantining (2020)

Contact tracing for COVID-19 is especially challenging because transmission often occurs in the absence of symptoms and because a purported 20% of cases cause 80% of infections, resulting in a small risk of infection for some contacts and a high risk for others. Here, we introduce riskbased quarantine, a system for contact tracing where each cluster (a group of individuals with a common source of exposure) is observed for symptoms when tracing begins, and clusters that do not display them are released from quarantine. We show that, under our assumptions, risk-based quarantine reduces the amount of quarantine time served by more than 30%, while achieving a reduction in transmission similar to standard contact tracing policies where all contacts are quarantined for two weeks. We compare our proposed risk-based quarantine approach against test-driven release policies, which fail to achieve a comparable level of transmission reduction due to the inability of tests to detect exposed people who are not yet infectious but will eventually become so. Additionally, test-based release policies are expensive, limiting their effectiveness in low-resource environments, whereas the costs imposed by risk-based quarantine are primarily in terms of labor and organization.
Liquid-Crystal-on-Silicon for Augmented Reality Displays (2018)

In this paper, we review liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) technology and focus on its new application in emerging augmented reality (AR) displays. In the first part, the LCoS working principles of three commonly adopted LC modes—vertical alignment and twist nematic for amplitude modulation, and homogeneous alignment for phase modulation—are introduced and their pros and cons evaluated. In the second part, the fringing field effect is analyzed, and a novel pretilt angle patterning method for suppressing the effect is presented. Moreover, we illustrate how to integrate the LCoS panel in an AR display system. Both currently available intensity modulators and under-developing holographic displays are covered, with special emphases on achieving high image quality, such as a fast response time and high-resolution. The rapidly increasing application of LCoS in AR head-mounted displays and head-up displays is foreseeable.
Effect of mouthpiece, noseclips, and head position on airway area measured by acoustic reflections (1987)

To investigate whether it is possible to simplify the methodology of measuring airway area by acoustic reflections, we measured upper airway area in 10 healthy subjects during tidal breathing according to seven different protocols. Three protocols employed custom-made bulky mouthpiece with or without nose-clips, two protocols used a scuba-diving mouthpiece and cotton balls placed in the nostrils instead of noseclips, and two protocols employed neck flexion and extension. We found no significant difference in average pharyngeal, glottic, and tracheal areas for any of the protocols except for neck flexion, which was associated with a significantly lower mean pharyngeal area. Intraindividual variabilities were comparable for all protocols, except for protocol employing the customary bulky mouthpiece and no noseclips, which consistently resulted in the most variable measurements of area for all three airway segments: pharynx, glottis, and trachea. Furthermore, we found that the protocol employing the scuba-diving mouthpiece with or without cotton balls in the nostrils resulted in the lowest number of unacceptable measurements. We conclude that measurements of airway area by acoustic reflections may be further simplified by using a scuba-diving mouthpiece without noseclips; furthermore, control of head position during measurements is not critical provided there is no obvious neck flexion.
Explainable Machine Learning for API Call Sequence Analysis (2022)

&lt;p&gt;Although deep learning achieves state-of-the-art performance in tasks like vulnerability detection and classification, they have drawbacks. A significant disadvantage of deep learning methods is their inexplicability. Many deep learning models, especially sequential models like long short-term memories and gated recurrent units, operate as black-boxes. The outputs of these black-box models are uninterpretable by security analysts and software developers. This inexplicability of deep learning models hinders their acceptance in enterprises. It also prevents the knowledgeable system experts from removing the spurious correlations that the model might have learned. Thus, it is highly desirable to have explainable deep learning models to promote their acceptance in real-world systems. Another major drawback of deep learning is adversarial machine learning. Cyber attackers can utilize adversarial machine learning to fool the deep learning-based cyber-attack detectors. Prior research has shown that cyber-defenders can use explainable artificial intelligence to defend against adversarial machine learning attacks. Therefore, adding explainability to deep learning models for cyber-security is highly desirable. This article proposes a method that enhances the explainability of system-call sequence analysis-based vulnerability detection. Our method can potentially pinpoint the precise instruction calls that have triggered the vulnerability. This insight is valuable for the security analyst as he can now evaluate the sequence of system calls more efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;
Automated Variational Inference in Probabilistic Programming (2013)

We present a new algorithm for approximate inference in probabilistic programs, based on a stochastic gradient for variational programs. This method is efficient without restrictions on the probabilistic program; it is particularly practical for distributions which are not analytically tractable, including highly structured distributions that arise in probabilistic programs. We show how to automatically derive mean-field probabilistic programs and optimize them, and demonstrate that our perspective improves inference efficiency over other algorithms.
Renal medullary oxygenation decreases with lower body negative pressure in healthy young adults (2020)

One in three Americans suffer from kidney diseases such as chronic kidney disease, and one of the etiologies is suggested to be long-term renal hypoxia. Interestingly, sympathetic nervous system activation evokes a renal vasoconstrictor effect that may limit oxygen delivery to the kidney. In this report, we sought to determine if sympathetic activation evoked by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) would decrease cortical and medullary oxygenation in humans. LBNP was activated in a graded fashion (LBNP; -10, -20, and -30 mmHg), as renal oxygenation was measured (T2*, blood oxygen level dependent, BOLD MRI; <i>n</i> = 8). At a separate time, renal blood flow velocity (RBV) to the kidney was measured (<i>n</i> = 13) as LBNP was instituted. LBNP significantly reduced RBV (<i>P</i> = 0.041) at -30 mmHg of LBNP (Δ-8.17 ± 3.75 cm/s). Moreover, both renal medullary and cortical T2* were reduced with the graded LBNP application (main effect for the level of LBNP <i>P</i> = 0.0008). During recovery, RBV rapidly returned to baseline, whereas medullary T2* remained depressed into the first minute of recovery. In conclusion, sympathetic activation reduces renal blood flow and leads to a significant decrease in oxygenation in the renal cortex and medulla.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> In healthy young adults, increased sympathetic activation induced by lower body negative pressure, led to a decrease in renal cortical and medullary oxygenation measured by T2*, a noninvasive magnetic resonance derived index of deoxyhemoglobin levels. In this study, we observed a significant decrease in renal cortical and medullary oxygenation with LBNP as well as an increase in renal vasoconstriction. We speculate that sympathetic renal vasoconstriction led to a significant reduction in tissue oxygenation by limiting oxygen delivery to the renal medulla.
Porous maleic anhydride-divinylbenzene copolymer beads as a subtractor for primary and secondary amines in reaction gas chromatography (1982)

酸無水物構造を有するポーラスポリマー(MA)を合成し,反応ガスクロマトグラフィーにおけるアミン捕捉剤として使用することを検討した.官能基量の異なる3種のポリマーのうちMA-II(5.99meq g-1)が最も適当であることが分かった.プレカラムとして使用したポリマーはt-ブチルアミン,t-アミルアミン,ジイソプロピルアミンなどの立体障害を有するもの及び塩基性の弱い芳香族アミンを除く第一級及び第二級アミンは完全に捕捉することができた.第三級アミンは全く反応性がなく捕捉されなかった.アルコール類,炭化水素類,ケトン類,アルデヒド類,エーテル類,メルカプタン類,エステル類,ハロゲン化アルキル類,エポキシド類のどれも全く除去されなかった.ブチルアミンで求めたカラム寿命は0.1μl/l回で100回注入してもアミンの除去率に変化が見られなかった.
Estimation of the Initial Shear Modulus of Twill Woven Denim Fabrics Based on Fabric Mechanical and Geometrical Properties (2012)

A new theoretical analysis is presented which predicts the initial shear modulus of twill woven denim fabrics (T3/1) in terms of fabric mechanical and geometrical properties under conditions of small strain. The warp and weft yarn lengths in a unit repeat for a twill weave (T3/1) structure are theoretically estimated by using geometrical parameters including the contact angles between warp and weft yarns based on yarn crimp values. The values of initial shear modulus predicted are compared with experimental values obtained by a Sirofast Tester 3. The results show that the predicted and experimental shear modulus values are linearly correlated (R2 = 0.904) with a performance factor (PF/3) value of 15%.
Investigation of the Polymer Composite Materials Reinforced by Hybrid Carbon and Basalt Fibers (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Procedure Results and Discussions Conclusion
Thermodynamics and Dynamics of the Mg—Fe—H System and Its Potential for Thermochemical Thermal Energy Storage. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cross-utilizing hyperchaotic and DNA sequences for image encryption (2017)

The hyperchaotic sequence and the DNA sequence are utilized jointly for image encryption. A four-dimensional hyperchaotic system is used to generate a pseudorandom sequence. The main idea is to apply the hyperchaotic sequence to almost all steps of the encryption. All intensity values of an input image are converted to a serial binary digit stream, and the bitstream is scrambled globally by the hyperchaotic sequence. DNA algebraic operation and complementation are performed between the hyperchaotic sequence and the DNA sequence to obtain a robust encryption performance. The experiment results demonstrate that the encryption algorithm achieves the performance of the state-of-the-art methods in term of quality, security, and robustness against noise and cropping attack.
New approaches to DVFS in mobile MPSoC for power-, thermal-efficiency and reliability (2020)

&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Modern mobile devices come equipped with heterogeneous multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) consisting of different types of cores such as CPU and GPU to cater for performance requirement of different types of applications. These MPSoCs also supports dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to reduce dynamic power consumption, which retrospectively affects the peak temperature of the multi-processors on the chip as well. In this poster presentation, we introduce three novel approaches to DVFS in mobile MPSoCs such that the executing applications can meet the performance requirement while consuming less power, reducing peak temperature and improving thermal side-channel security and reliability in terms of lifespan of the device.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The effective attenuation coefficient of soft tissue in the presence of Compton scattering from bone: experiments on models (1980)

Calibration methods are investigated for the determination of bone density by the Compton scattering method. The scattered radiation from materials of different densities and dimensions is measured for this purpose. A function for the dependence of the intensity on these parameters is derived and compared with the experimental results. The influence of the surrounding soft tissue is studied by simulation experiments with water. It is found that the 'effective attenuation coefficient' of water for the incident and scattered radiation depends on the thickness of the surrounding water layer itself, as well as on the density of the scattering material. The implications of these findings for the evaluation of bone density measurements are discussed.
Fever: Role of Pyrogens and Cryogens (1991)

The biology of cytokines is one of the most rapidly growing areas of biomedical research. It is understandable why the assumption was made several years ago that EP was equivalent to IL-1 (both alpha and beta) and subsequently to IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TNF. However, as more data have been obtained, it has become clearer that many cytokines and hormones are capable of participating in the febrile response. It is also becoming apparent that EPs and ECs might influence body temperature during nonpathological states, perhaps contributing to the elevation in temperature during or after exercise, the circadian variation in temperature, and others. Medical textbooks have begun to list IL-1 as the EP. As I attempted to make clear in this review, evidence that IL-1 alpha is a circulating EP is poor. The evidence is considerably stronger that IL-1 beta is an EP, at least during LPS-induced fever in rodents. The point I have tried to emphasize is that before any cytokine or hormone can be characterized as an EP or EC (or, for that matter, as being involved in any of the acute phase responses), clearly established rules must be followed, which are patterned after the traditional criteria used by Koch to distinguish a pathogenic microorganism from a benign one. As summarized in Tables 4 and 5, there are many candidates for EPs and ECs, but much more experimental evidence is essential before we gain a clear understanding of the relationship between contact with an exogenous pyrogen, the release of EPs and ECs, and the development of fever.
Total Starch (as Glucose) Quantification by NZYtech GOD-POD Method v1 (2021)

Total starch was previously extracted from plant tissue and enzymatically digested to D-Glucose. This protocol is based on the NZYtech GOD-POD kit's colorimetric determination of D-Glucose and includes basic calculations to convert D-Glucose back to total starch in the original tissue.