gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation and image reconstruction based optimization of the spatially variant PSF on the ingenuity TF PET/MR scanner (2012)

The Ingenuity TF PET/MR is a newly developed hybrid scanner combining the molecular imaging capabilities of PET with the excellent soft tissue contrast of MRI. Due to the magnetic field, spatial resolution in PET could potentially be affected. As such, it is important to characterize the system's point spread function (PSF) and understand its variation under spatial transformations to guide clinical studies. An array of 12×7 printed point sources was scanned for 120 minutes to sample the spatially variant PSF with the MR magnet on and the reconstructed data (blob-based LOR-RAMLA) were fitted in image space with a double 3-D Gaussian mixture model to derive parameters of interest. Based on the analysis, the axial resolution was found to be the least variant (up to 5.7mm) followed by the tangential (up to 6.4mm) and the radial (up to 6.9mm). The radial and tangential components were found to be variant under radial transformations and almost invariant under axial transformation. However, this radial dependency was found to be minimal with the resolution degrading only by 2.5mm towards the edge of the radial FOV. Overall the PET subsystem exhibits excellent resolution characteristics mainly due to the fact that the raw data are not under-sampled/re-binned enabling the spatial resolution to be dictated by the scanner's intrinsic resolution and the image reconstruction parameters. To this extent, blob parameters used during image reconstruction could be further optimized to improve the system's resolution characteristics.
Approximation of set-valued functions with compact images–-an overview (2006)

Continuous set-valued functions with convex images can be approximated by known positive operators of approximation, such as the Bernstein polynomial operators and the Schoenberg spline operators, with the usual sum between numbers replaced by the Minkows
Particle inhalability curves for humans and small laboratory animals. (1995)

Several inhalability curves for nose breathing in humans have been developed. No studies have been designed specifically to develop inhalability functions for animals, although it has been shown that pulmonary deposition of large particles (> 4-5 microns) via inhalation is minimal in laboratory animals [Raabe et al., Inhaled Particles VI, pp. 53-63. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1988)]. The logistic function was fitted to these animal deposition data of Raabe et al. (1988) to estimate an inhalability curve for laboratory animals. The logistic function was also fitted to the human data of Breysse and Swift [Aerosol Sci. Technol. 13, 459-464 (1990)] for comparison. The results suggest that ambient concentration is a good predictor (inhalability > 95%) of inhaled concentration for humans for particles < 11 microns dae. In small laboratory animals, however, the inhalable portion of the ambient concentration is predicted to be 95% for 0.7 microns dae particles but declines to 45% for 10 microns dae particles. It is, therefore, important to consider the effects of inhalability when estimating dose delivered to the target tissue in animals. In comparing delivered doses between animals and humans, adjusting for inhalability may change not only the magnitude of the difference but also which species is predicted to receive a greater delivered dose.
Cross-sectional centiles of blood pressure by age and sex: a four-hospital database retrospective observational analysis (2020)

We have quantified variations in blood pressure by age and sex in hospitalised patients that have implications for recognition of deterioration. Nearly 10% of younger women met the blood pressure criterion for sepsis at hospital discharge.
Network Partitioning and Avoidable Contention (2020)

Network contention frequently dominates the run time of parallel algorithms and limits scaling performance. Most previous studies mitigate or eliminate contention by utilizing one of several approaches: communication-minimizing algorithms; hotspot-avoiding routing schemes; topology-aware task mapping; or improving global network properties, such as bisection bandwidth, edge-expansion, partitioning, and network diameter. In practice, parallel jobs often use only a fraction of a host system. How do processor allocation policies affect contention within a partition?
Design of photonic metamaterial multi-junction solar cells using rigorous coupled wave analysis (2010)

We have developed a method to design multi-junction horizontally-oriented solar cells using single-layer photonic metamaterials. These metamaterial light harvesting templates are capable of separating white light into discrete wavelength ranges and trapping it efficiently into different, separately wired cavities. Any number of different wavelength-tailored charge separation complexes can be fixed to the walls of these tuned cavities. To design the metamaterials we have developed a coupled wave analysis of 2D periodic metamaterials. Past results with 1D gratings have shown that this is a very effective method for designing periodic structures and we have generalized the approach to 2D periodic cavities.
Cytosine-Based TET Enzyme Inhibitors (2019)

DNA methylation is known as the <i>prima donna</i> epigenetic mark for its critical role in regulating local gene transcription. Changes in the landscape of DNA methylation across the genome occur during cellular transition, such as differentiation and altered neuronal plasticity, and become dysregulated in disease states such as cancer. The TET family of enzymes is known to be responsible for catalyzing the reverse process that is DNA demethylation by recognizing 5-methylcytosine and oxidizing the methyl group via an Fe(II)/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent mechanism. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel cytosine-based TET enzyme inhibitors, a class of small molecule probes previously underdeveloped but broadly desired in the field of epigenetics. We identify a promising cytosine-based lead compound, Bobcat339, that has mid-μM inhibitor activity against TET1 and TET2, but does not inhibit the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3a. <i>In silico</i> modeling of the TET enzyme active site is used to rationalize the activity of Bobcat339 and other cytosine-based inhibitors. These new molecular tools will be useful to the field of epigenetics and serve as a starting point for new therapeutics that target DNA methylation and gene transcription.
Full-waveform LiDAR echo decomposition based on wavelet decomposition and particle swarm optimization (2017)

To measure the distances and properties of the objects within a laser footprint, a decomposition method for full-waveform light detection and ranging (LiDAR) echoes is proposed. In this method, firstly, wavelet decomposition is used to filter the noise and estimate the noise level in a full-waveform echo. Secondly, peak and inflection points of the filtered full-waveform echo are used to detect the echo components in the filtered full-waveform echo. Lastly, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to remove the noise-caused echo components and optimize the parameters of the most probable echo components. Simulation results show that the wavelet-decomposition-based filter is of the best improvement of SNR and decomposition success rates than Wiener and Gaussian smoothing filters. In addition, the noise level estimated using wavelet-decomposition-based filter is more accurate than those estimated using other two commonly used methods. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the proposed method that was compared with our previous method (called GS-LM for short). In experiments, a lab-build full-waveform LiDAR system was utilized to provide eight types of full-waveform echoes scattered from three objects at different distances. Experimental results show that the proposed method has higher success rates for decomposition of full-waveform echoes and more accurate parameters estimation for echo components than those of GS-LM. The proposed method based on wavelet decomposition and PSO is valid to decompose the more complicated full-waveform echoes for estimating the multi-level distances of the objects and measuring the properties of the objects in a laser footprint.
Intracellular DNA replication and differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi is asynchronous within individual host cells in vivo at all stages of infection (2020)

Investigations into intracellular replication and differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi within the mammalian host have been restricted by limitations in our ability to detect parasitized cells throughout the course of infection. We have overcome this problem by generating genetically modified parasites that express a bioluminescent/fluorescent fusion protein. By combining in vivo imaging and confocal microscopy, this has enabled us to routinely visualise murine infections at the level of individual host cells. These studies reveal that intracellular parasite replication is an asynchronous process, irrespective of tissue location or disease stage. Furthermore, using TUNEL assays and EdU labelling, we demonstrate that within individual infected cells, replication of both mitochondrial (kDNA) and nuclear genomes is not co-ordinated within the parasite population, and that replicating amastigotes and non-replicating trypomastigotes can co-exist in the same cell. Finally, we report the presence of distinct non-canonical morphological forms of T. cruzi in the mammalian host. These appear to represent transitional forms in the amastigote to trypomastigote differentiation process. Therefore, the intracellular life-cycle of T. cruzi in vivo is more complex than previously realised, with potential implications for our understanding of disease pathogenesis, immune evasion and drug development. Dissecting the mechanisms involved will be an important experimental challenge.
MR imaging of tumor-associated macrophages (2012)

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) in breast cancers foster several aspects of tumor progression and metastasis, and represent a biomarker associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome. As new therapeutic agents selectively targeting leukocytes enter the clinic whose mechanism of action involves diminishing macrophage infiltration or presence in tumors, it becomes increasingly important to identify those tumors heavily infiltrated by TAMs, as well as monitoring TAM response to therapy. MR imaging with iron oxide nanoparticles enables noninvasive quantification of TAMs in tumors, and thus, provides an easily accessible ex vivo assessment of TAMs for prognosis and related treatment decisions.
High throughput screening: a rapid way to recombinant allergens (2001)

Complex allergenic sources such as moulds, foods and mites contain large panels of IgE-binding molecules which need to be cloned, produced and characterized in order to mimic the entire allergenicity of whole extracts reconstituted by mixing single standardized recombinant allergens. Phage display of cDNA libraries allows selective enrichment of allergen-expressing clones using IgE from allergic patients. For the characterization of all different clones present in enriched cDNA libraries in a fast and cost-effective way, however, high-throughput screening technology is required. We have used a high-throughput, quantitative technology for fast identification of all different clones present in selectively enriched phage surface-displayed cDNA libraries in order to characterize whole allergenic repertoires from complex allergenic sources. The strategy, based on a combination of phage display and high-density arrays, allowed fast discovery of panels of related structures from different allergenic sources. They cover secreted, cytoplasmic and structural proteins with or without enzymatic activity and offer a rational explanation for the IgE-mediated cross-reactivity frequently encountered in clinical practice.
A peer-to-peer anonymizing network layer (2002)

Tarzan is a peer-to-peer anonymous IP network overlay. Because it provides IP service, Tarzan is general-purpose and transparent to applications. Organized as a decentralized peer-to-peer overlay, Tarzan is fault-tolerant, highly scalable, and easy to manage. Tarzan achieves its anonymity with layered encryption and multi-hop routing, much like a Chaumian mix. A message initiator chooses a path of peers pseudo-randomly through a restricted topol-ogy in a way that adversaries cannot easily influence. Cover traffic prevents a global observer from using traffic analysis to identify an initiator. Protocols toward unbiased peer-selection offer new direc-tions for distributing trust among untrusted entities. Tarzan provides anonymity to either clients or servers, without requiring that both participate. In both cases, Tarzan uses a net-work address translator (NAT) to bridge between Tarzan hosts and oblivious Internet hosts. Measurements show that Tarzan imposes minimal overhead over a corresponding non-anonymous overlay route. 1.
<title>Laser thermal-wave microscopy for remote nondestructive testing</title> (1994)

Consideration has been given to the laser thermal-wave microscopy method of nondestructive inspection that relies upon thermal wave excitation with flying laser spot and IR-radiometry registration of thermal waves. The theoretical analysis disclosed that contrast and amplitude of thermal image depend heavily on the relative position of the thermal beam and observation point, as well as on scanning velocity. The location of the thermal wave recording point at a distance of 1 or 2 thermal beam diameters ahead of the moving laser beam is optimum. The use of laser-scanning heat source and thermal wave recording with IR detector array improves greatly the inspection efficiency over the point-by-point technique of thermal wave recording.
POAM III measurements of dehydration in the Antarctic and comparisons with the Arctic (2002)

We present measurements of stratospheric water vapor taken at high northern and southern latitudes by the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument. The measurements show the seasonal variations in both hemispheres, including wintertime descent in the polar vortices and dehydration in the Antarctic. While POAM is unable to measure in regions with high aerosol extinction and can therefore not measure the temporary sequestration of water in ice clouds, POAM can measure the effects of such dehydration events if they result in the permanent removal of water vapor from an air parcel. A study of POAM “matches,” where the same parcel is observed more than once by the POAM instrument, shows significant permanent dehydration in the Antarctic for nearly all cases in which the parcel is either exposed to conditions where the mixing ratio either exceeds the saturation mixing ratio by &gt;2 ppmv or experiences temperatures that remain below the saturation temperature for &gt;2 days. These POAM matches suggest that parcels undergo several episodes of dehydration before their water vapor mixing ratio is reduced to the 1–2 ppmv level typically observed within the vortex in the Antarctic spring. Interannual differences in Antarctic vortex temperatures are shown to be qualitatively consistent with interannual differences in dehydration observed by POAM. Although analyses of parcels observed by POAM in the Arctic indicate that a few of these parcels experience conditions which generally cause permanent dehydration in the Antarctic, no significant permanent dehydration is observed in the POAM Arctic measurements.
Practical Web Design for Absolute Beginners (2016)

I dedicate this book to the open source community. Without these committed people we would not have free text editors, free FTP programs, and free servers such as XAMPP/Apache. Because the software is free and supported by many forums run by knowledgeable enthusiasts, there are no obstacles preventing my readers and students from learning how to produce excellent websites from scratch.
Diskusveränderungen und andere Handgelenkspathologien (2006)

Beim Berufstätigen mit Symptomen am Handgelenk oder der übrigen Hand müssen drei ätiologische Problemkreise unterschieden werden: a) physiologische Degenerationsvorgänge, b) Verschleiß durch chronisch-repetitive Überbeanspruchung und c) das Akuttrauma. Folgende Läsionsgruppen lassen sich differenzieren:
Vacuum system design for the PEP-II B Factory High-Energy Ring (1994)

The design of the vacuum system for the PEP-II B Factory High-Energy Ring is reviewed. The thermal design and vacuum requirements are particularly challenging in PEP-II due to high stored beam currents up to 3.0 amps in 1658 bunches. The vacuum chambers for the HER arcs are fabricated by electron beam welding extruded copper sections up to 6 m long. Design of these chambers and the vacuum PumPing configuration is described with results from vacuum and thermal analyses.
ChemInform Abstract: Soluble Polymer‐Bound Ligand‐Accelerated Catalysis: Asymmetric Dihydroxylation. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Anti‐static properties of some cationic polymers used in hair care products (1983)

Synopsis Anti-static properties of cationic polymers on hair have been measured by using an electrostatic voltmeter. Comparisons are made with conventional cationic surfactants. Behaviour of cationic polymers from a cationic base and an anionic base have been explained. Experiments are performed to arrive at the hypothesis that cationic polymers form a complex with anionic detergent and that this cation-anion complex solubilizes in excess of anionic detergent, but on dilution with water it forms a turbid solution.
Convergence properties of dynamic agents consensus networks with broken links (2008)

Convergence properties of distributed consensus protocols on networks of dynamical agents have been analyzed by combinations of algebraic graph theory and control theory tools under certain assumptions, such as strong connectivity. Strong connectivity can be regarded as the requirement that the information of each agent propagates to all the others, possibly with intermediate steps and manipulations. However, because of network failures or malicious attacks, it is possible that this assumption no longer holds, so that some agents are only receiving or only transmitting information from other subsets of agents. In this case, strong connectivity is replaced by weak connectivity. We analyze the convergence properties of distributed consensus on directed graphs with weakly connected components. We show conditions for which the agreement is reached, and, for the cases in which such conditions do not hold, we provide bounds on the residual disagreement.
Sub-stoichiometry-facilitated oxidation kinetics in a δ-TixC-doped Ti-based alloy (2018)

Abstract Titanium carbide has been widely considered as a stabilizer to alleviate the serious chemical activity of Ti-based alloys at elevated temperatures. However, a reverse effect may also take place: we show the sub-stoichiometry characteristic of δ-Ti x C can facilitate the oxidation kinetics of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy to a significant extent. In particular, oxygen atoms tend to preferentially occupy the vacant carbon sites within the Ti 2 C phase, giving rise to a higher oxidation rate. The intrinsic mechanisms were understood with a combination of ab initio simulation and experimental validation.
Magnetic and structural properties of high remanence Nd8(FeCo)88B4 prepared by mechanical milling (1997)

The effect of Co substitution for Fe on the structure and magnetic properties of mechanically milled Nd8Fe88B4 has been investigated. As-milled Nd8(Fe1−xCox)88B4 (x=0–0.6) alloys exhibited a two-phase mixture consisting of an amorphous phase and a bcc FeCo phase. Optimal annealing of the as-milled samples led to the formation of a nanocrystalline mixture of Nd2(FeCo)14B and a bcc FeCo phase. The optimally annealed samples exhibited single-phase magnetic behavior and remanence enhancement. Replacement of up to 20% of Fe by Co increased both remanence and coercivity. Over substitution of Co and heat treatment at temperatures exceeding 600 °C caused the deterioration of both remanence and coercivity.
Fisheye State Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. (2000)

Activation of both positive and "negative" or anti-proliferative signals has emerged as a common paradigm for regulation of cell growth through cell surface receptors that regulate immune responses. SHP-1 and -2 and the novel 5'-inositol phosphatase SHIP have recently been shown to function as growth inhibitory molecules in immune receptor signaling. In the current study, we have identified distinct regions in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) distal to the conserved box 2 motif necessary for mitogenesis, which exert positive and negative influences on growth signaling in Ba/F3 pro-B lymphoid cells. The region spanning amino acids 682 to 715 mediates activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'(PI3)-kinase. Activation of PI3-kinase leads to inhibition of apoptosis, promotion of cell survival, and enhanced proliferative responses to G-CSF. We show that the region of 98 amino acids in the distal tail of the class I G-CSFR down-modulates proliferative signaling, not only in myeloid cell lines, as previously reported, but also in Ba/F3 cells. This same region recruits SHIP to the signaling cascade through a mechanism involving Shc, with the formation of Shc/SHIP complexes. Our data suggest a model in which PI3-kinase and SHIP coordinately regulate growth signaling through the G-CSFR.
Human Neonatal Naive CD4+ T Cells Have Enhanced Activation-Dependent Signaling Regulated by the MicroRNA miR-181a (2013)

Compared with older children and adults, human neonates have reduced and delayed CD4(+) T cell immunity to certain pathogens, but the mechanisms for these developmental differences in immune function remain poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that impaired human neonatal CD4(+) T cell immunity was due to reduced signaling by naive CD4(+) T cells following engagement of the αβ-TCR/CD3 complex and CD28. Surprisingly, calcium flux following engagement of CD3 was significantly higher in neonatal naive CD4(+) T cells from umbilical cord blood (CB) compared with naive CD4(+) T cells from adult peripheral blood. Enhanced calcium flux was also observed in adult CD4(+) recent thymic emigrants. Neonatal naive CD4(+) T cells also had higher activation-induced Erk phosphorylation. The microRNA miR-181a, which enhances activation-induced calcium flux in murine thymocytes, was expressed at significantly higher levels in CB naive CD4(+) T cells compared with adult cells. Overexpression of miR-181a in adult naive CD4(+) T cells increased activation-induced calcium flux, implying that the increased miR-181a levels of CB naive CD4(+) T cells contributed to their enhanced signaling. In contrast, AP-1-dependent transcription, which is downstream of Erk and required for full T cell activation, was decreased in CB naive CD4(+) T cells compared with adult cells. Thus, CB naive CD4(+) T cells have enhanced activation-dependent calcium flux, indicative of the retention of a thymocyte-like phenotype. Enhanced calcium signaling and Erk phosphorylation are decoupled from downstream AP-1-dependent transcription, which is reduced and likely contributes to limitations of human fetal and neonatal CD4(+) T cell immunity.