gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a sulfolane matrix (2001)

Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IR-MALDI) of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene was performed using a 10.6-microm CO2 laser and a liquid matrix. Sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide) was found to be an effective matrix for PAH ionization: mass spectra obtained with a sulfolane matrix contain an intense molecular ion peak; interference from PAH fragment and matrix peaks is negligible in all cases. The main limitation of the sulfolane matrix is sample evaporation after 3 to 5 min in vacuum. This sample lifetime can be increased to between 15 and 30 min using a 2:1 (v/v) mixture of sulfolane and glycerol, but the resulting spectra have greater matrix interference and decreased shot-to-shot signal stability.
Allocation Algorithms for Autonomous Management of Collaborative Cloudlets (2014)

Mobile applications are evolving towards support for advanced interactivity and resource-demanding multimedia features. Mobile platforms are however struggling to cope with these new innovative application concepts, such as Augmented Reality, due to the inherent limitations on their available resources, such as CPU, memory and battery power. Offloading resource-intensive calculations to nearby infrastructure or devices, also known as cloudlets, has emerged as a viable alternative in offering interactive and resource-intensive applications to mobile users. This concept of resource sharing provides promising opportunities for collaborative scenarios in which not only data processing, but also the data itself are shared between multiple users. In this paper, we investigate the challenges posed by offloading collaborative mobile applications. We describe the problem of autonomous management of collaborative cloudlets and propose two heuristic algorithms, Simulated Annealing and Steepest Descent, in order to solve this optimization problem. We observe that these heuristics yield an effectiveness of more than 90% for execution times that are three orders of magnitude lower when compared to a guaranteed-optimal approach.
Sequential Monte Carlo Steering of Large Language Models using Probabilistic Programs (2023)

Even after fine-tuning and reinforcement learning, large language models (LLMs) can be difficult, if not impossible, to control reliably with prompts alone. We propose a new inference-time approach to enforcing syntactic and semantic constraints on the outputs of LLMs, called sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) steering. The key idea is to specify language generation tasks as posterior inference problems in a class of discrete probabilistic sequence models, and replace standard decoding with sequential Monte Carlo inference. For a computational cost similar to that of beam search, SMC can steer LLMs to solve diverse tasks, including infilling, generation under syntactic constraints, and prompt intersection. To facilitate experimentation with SMC steering, we present a probabilistic programming library, LLaMPPL (https://github.com/probcomp/hfppl), for concisely specifying new generation tasks as language model probabilistic programs, and automating steering of LLaMA-family Transformers.
High expression of AID and active class switch recombination might account for a more aggressive disease in unmutated CLL patients: link with an activated microenvironment in CLL disease (2010)

Interaction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells with tissue microenvironment has been suggested to favor disease progression by promoting malignant B-cell growth. Previous work has shown expression in peripheral blood (PB) of CLL B cells of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) among CLL patients with an unmutated (UM) profile of immunoglobulin genes and with ongoing class switch recombination (CSR) process. Because AID expression results from interaction with activated tissue microenvironment, we speculated whether the small subset with ongoing CSR is responsible for high levels of AID expression and could be derived from this particular microenvironment. In this work, we quantified AID expression and ongoing CSR in PB of 50 CLL patients and characterized the expression of different molecules related to microenvironment interaction. Our results show that among UM patients (1) high AID expression is restricted to the subpopulation of tumoral cells ongoing CSR; (2) this small subset expresses high levels of proliferation, antiapoptotic and progression markers (Ki-67, c-myc, Bcl-2, CD49d, and CCL3/4 chemokines). Overall, this work outlines the importance of a cellular subset in PB of UM CLL patients with a poor clinical outcome, high AID levels, and ongoing CSR, whose presence might be a hallmark of a recent contact with the microenvironment.
Agent-Based Test Case Prioritization (2011)

In this paper an Adaptive Test Management System (ATMS) based on software agents is presented which prioritizes test cases considering available information from test teams and from developments teams about the software system and the test cases. The goal of the ATMS is to increase the number of found faults in the available test time with the determined prioritization order.
Defect Specific Penetrants (1978)

The failure to detect small through-the-thickness flaws in non-metallic coatings on metallic sub-strates can lead to corrosion rates several orders of ~gnitude greater than those of the bare metal. Therefore, the detection of such defects has high priority even though presently used inspection procedures are both expensive and difficult to perform. It has recently been shown that it is possible to make a penetrant that can detect those through-thickness flaws to the exclusion of all others. These penetrants are made by adding cheltting agents to a carrier fluid such as an alcoh01. The chelating agent becomes fluorescent when it contacts a metal substrate. Initial work utilized the chelating agent 8-hydroxy quinoline, and is sensitive to most metals. Current work is concentrating on chelating agents that are specific to certain metlls. Thus, cracks in chromium coatings or steel can be detected if they penetrate on the steel base. Work on organic and biological agents show promise. The failure to detect very small through-the thickness flaws in coatings on metal surfaces can result in corrosion rates several orders of ~gni tude greater than those for the bare meta 1.
CANCER PROBLEMS. (1908)

Cancer research to-day includes three separate departments : The Parasitic Theory. The Theory of Cell Autonomy. The Modern Biologic and Biochemic Study of Tumors. <h3>I. THE PARASITIC THEOEY.</h3> Since the seventeenth century, and the time of Lusitanus, medical literature has contained numerous reports of the contagiousness of cancer. It has been claimed that the disease arises in epidemics; that it is increasing in frequency ; that it exhibits, in certain localities, a significant relation to the soil and water; that it is transferred from one human being to another; that it may be inoculated into lower animals; while many have claimed to have identified the parasitic cause of its contagion. <i>Endemic Occurrence of Cancer</i>.—The observations on the endemic occurrence of cancer, under current discussion, relate to the discovery of many tumor animals in the stock of one breeder, to the frequency of cancer of the
Psec Nonlinear Optical Measurements on Photonic Crystal Materials (2000)

Abstract : We are requesting funds to purchase a psec visible wavelength laser which will be used to build a psec Z-scan and a degenerate 4-wave mixing experimental apparatus to allow us to measure the optical nonlinearities of our new crystalline colloidal array optical limiting and switching materials. In addition, this laser will be used to create psec optical defects in the photonic bandgap crystals (PBGC) we recently fabricated, in order to determine whether we can devise methods to inject and extract light into and from these enabling materials. This equipment will enhance the education of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in the areas of nonlinear optical measurements. Most importantly, it will enable rational experimental design of materials since the same researchers synthesize the materials and then walk into an adjacent lab to prove the material's properties.
Real-World Experience with COVID-19, Including Direct COVID-19 Antigen Testing and Monoclonal-Antibody Bamlanivimab in a Rural Critical Access Hospital in South Dakota. (2021)

This article summarizes the experiences of COVID-19 patients diagnosed and treated at Faulkton Area Medical Center (FAMC), a rural critical access facility in South Dakota, during three periods of COVID-19. Retrospective chart review was used to classify COVID-19 patients into three groups by time frame: 1.Early March 2020, with the arrival of COVID-19 to South Dakota, until August 31, 2020; 2.September 1, 2020, with the use of rapid result direct COVID-19 virus antigen testing, through November 24,2020 (which took place during our COVID-19 surge); and 3.November 25, 2020, the start of bamlanivimab infusions on high-risk patients with COVID-19, throughFebruary15, 2021, the cutoff for this review. Faulk County had higher COVID-19 case rates and COVID-19 death rates than South Dakota in general. Final review of the data showed stable overall hospitalization rates at FAMC in each of these time periods. Data was broken down by age and not other demographics due to small patient population size and limited ability to blind data. Breakdown of the data showed the hospitalization rates in the 60-90+ age groups did decrease from 33.3 percent to 22.2 percent, following bamlanivimab use. Absolute risk reduction 11.1 percent. Relative risk reduction of hospitalization from November 25, 2020 through February 15, 2021 compared to September 1, 2020 through November 25, 2020 was 0.33. (odds ratio = 0.57) (CI (95 percent) 0.21-1.58). This is not statistically significant. NNT=9. Data is limited by small overall numbers of patients and lack of data in Faulkton area residents who sought medical care outside the local facility.
Computational Investigation of Fluid and Thermal Mixing of the EPRI/Creare One-Fifth-Scale Facility (1985)

During an overcooling transient in a pressurized water reactor, the cold water from the high-pressure safety system is injected into the hot primary coolant in the cold leg. This can cause the water temperature in the cold leg and downcomer annulus to decrease; hence, the problem of pressurized thermal shock arises. A multidimensional numerical study for the analysis of the Electric Power Research Institute/Creare one-fifth-scale mixing test is performed. A new, accurate, stable mass-flow-weighted skew-upwind scheme is employed in the finite difference solution of the energy equation. The temperature predictions using the new scheme are in good agreement with the experimental data. A significant reduction in the numerical diffusion errors was achieved. These errors have plagued the conventional upwind scheme results. A good agreement between the computed velocity patterns and flow visualization is obtained.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors: A New Class of Drugs (2003)

Angiogenesis inhibitors belong to a new class of drugs. Many of these drugs are in clinical trials to treat cancer, while others have recently received FDA approval. However, angiogenesis inhibitors operate by different mechanisms than conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies, and require different guidelines for their optimum use in animal models and in humans. Some of the more significant guidelines of antiangiogenic therapy are assembled in this chapter, and their scientific basis is discussed.
Effects of Inflammatory Factors on Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Role in the Promotion of Tumor Angiogenesis in Colon Cancer (2011)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are modulated by cytokines present in the tumor microenvironment, play an important role in tumor progression. It is well documented that inflammation is an important part of the tumor microenvironment, so we investigated whether stimulation of MSCs by inflammatory cytokines would contribute to their ability to promote tumor growth. We first showed that MSCs could increase C26 colon cancer growth in mice. This growth-promoting effect was further accelerated when the MSCs were pre-stimulated by inflammatory factors IFN-γ and TNF-α. At the same time, we demonstrated that MSCs pre-stimulated by both inflammatory factors could promote tumor angiogenesis in vivo to a greater degree than untreated MSCs or MSCs pre-stimulated by either IFN-γ or TNF-α alone. A hen egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay showed that treatment of MSC-conditioned medium can promote chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis in vitro, especially treatment with conditioned medium of MSCs pretreated with IFN-γ and TNF-α together. This mechanism of promoting angiogenesis appears to take place via an increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which itself takes place through an increase in signaling in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-dependent pathway. Inhibition of HIF-1α in MSCs by siRNA was found to effectively reduce the ability of MSC to affect the growth of colon cancer in vivo in the inflammatory microenviroment. These results indicate that MSCs stimulated by inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α in the tumor microenvironment express higher levels of VEGF via the HIF-1α signaling pathway and that these MSCs then enhance tumor angiogenesis, finally leading to colon cancer growth in mice.
3D scattering microphantom sample to assess quantitative accuracy in tomographic phase microscopy techniques (2022)

In this paper we present a method to robustly evaluate the quantitative accuracy of various tomographic phase microscopy (TPM) methods with a multiple scattering 3D-printed microphantom with known geometry and refractive index distribution. We demonstrate this method by fabricating a multiple-scattering phantom and comparing 3D refractive index results that are output from three TPM reconstruction methods operating with visible and near-infrared wavelengths. One of these methods assumes the sample to be weak-scattering, while the other two take multiple scattering into account. This study can be readily extended to more complex microphantoms fabricated to more closely capture scattering characteristics of real-world scattering objects, such as tissue.
Chemical Sensor Utilizing a New Type of D-Shaped Optical Fiber (2023)

A novel fiber optics sensor approach was studied utilizing a new type of silica D-shaped self-made optical fiber. The fiber was applied as refractive index sensor for liquid medium exhibiting evanescent wave based sensing due to an asymmetric cross section. The tested liquid medium were isopropanol, distilled water and their mixture applied along 1-4 cm sensing region. The experiments were performed using a femtosecond Ytterbium doped fiber laser working at 1030 nm and effects such as analyte type, concentration and length of sensing region were examined. The sensing performance expressed polarization dependence with highest sensitivity in the case of perpendicular polarization to the flat fiber. Despite the small index difference between the two types of analytes, significant decrease of transmission was observed in the case of distilled water compared to isopropanol. Such effect was utilized for study for transmission dependence on water concentration in isopropanol solvent. The obtained results were explained in terms of scattering based losses of higher order modes causing elliptical output beam in the case of decreasing transmission.
SVM Based Intrusion Detection Using Nonlinear Scaling Scheme (2018)

Intrusion is one of major security issues of internet with the rapid growth in smart and Internet of Thing (IoT) devices, and it becomes important to detect attacks and set out alarm. In this paper, Support Vector Machine (SVM) with nonlinear input data scaling scheme is proposed to detect attacks, which is different than the existing linear scaling based machine learning methods. Experiments on the NSL-KDD dataset show that the performances of the proposed method are compared favorably with existing works. The detection rate from the new method is 82.2% for binary-classification, compared to 81.2% by existing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based works. For multi-classification, the proposed method shows similar performances of ANN. Further more, the detection rate of Denial of Service (DoS) is 86.5%, compared to 77.7% by existing ANN based works.
Compounds containing sulphur chromophores. Part V. Complex cyanines (1955)

E. B. Knott, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 949 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550000949
A rapid, efficient synthesis of oxytocin and [8-arginine]-vasopressin. Comparison of benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, and p-methylbenzyl as protecting groups for cysteine (1977)

&lt;p&gt;The impact of stress on the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) response in older population is understudied. This study investigated, in healthy older people, whether the DHEA and cortisol responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was related to performance on this task. Both speech (rated by committee and self-rated) and arithmetic (number of mistakes) performance were assessed. Sixty-five participants (55–77 years old) were exposed to the TSST. Increases in negative affect, state anxiety, and cortisol levels could be observed, but there were no significant changes in positive affect or DHEA levels. Interestingly, a larger DHEA response was related to better verbal performance after controlling for the cortisol's reactivity. No relationships were found between hormonal responses and the arithmetic task performance. Our results suggest that, in healthy older people, an increase in DHEA levels in response to acute psychosocial stress may help them to cope with this stressor by increasing verbal performance.&lt;/p&gt;
Energy Saving in the Hydraulic Circuit for Agricultural Tractors: Focus on the Power Supply Group (2015)

This work aims to analyze a complete hydraulic system of a medium size agricultural tractor, in order to perform an energy dissipation analysis and to suggest possibly alternative configurations and solutions. The fuel consumption and energy dissipation in off road vehicles have in fact become a key feature, given the great attention devoted to the need of reducing pollutant emissions, in order to satisfy the future emission limits. In this work the focus is on the fluid power supply group and the standard architecture of this unit has been compared with an alternative solution, called variable pump margin strategy and compared on the basis of the power consumption to perform the same duty cycle, showing that a relevant percentage of energy may be saved with simple modifications in the hydraulic power generator group.
Sex Differences in Voluntary Fluid Intake by Older Adults during Exercise (2005)

Older adults drank enough to maintain fluid balance when palatable fluid was readily available; however, CES promoted greater voluntary fluid intake and restored PV losses faster than water. In addition, older women drank more water than men during interval exercise in the heat, which may put smaller women at an increased risk for developing hyponatremia.
Prevalence, management, and outcome of problem residents among neurosurgical training programs in the United States (2018)

OBJECTIVE: The challenging nature of neurosurgical residency necessitates that appropriate measures are taken by training programs to ensure that residents are properly progressing through their education. Residents who display a pattern of performance deficiencies must be identified and promptly addressed by faculty and program directors to ensure that resident training and patient care are not affected. While studies have been conducted to characterize these so-called "problem residents" in other specialties, no current data regarding the prevalence and management of such residents in neurosurgery exist. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and the outcome of problem residents in US neurosurgical residency programs and identify predictive risk factors that portend a resident's departure from the program. METHODS: An anonymous nationwide survey was sent to all 108 neurosurgical training programs in the US to assess a 20-year history of overall attrition as well as the management course of problem residents, including the specific deficiencies of the resident, management strategies used by faculty, and the eventual outcome of each resident's training. RESULTS: Responses were received from 36 centers covering a total of 1573 residents, with the programs providing a mean 17.4 years' worth of data (95% CI 15.3-19.4 years). The mean prevalence of problem residents among training programs was 18.1% (95% CI 14.7%-21.6%). The most common deficiencies recognized by program directors were poor communication skills (59.9%), inefficiency in tasks (40.1%), and poor fund of medical knowledge (39.1%). The most common forms of program intervention were additional meetings to provide detailed feedback (93.9%), verbal warnings (78.7%), and formal written remediation plans (61.4%). Of the identified problem residents whose training status is known, 50% graduated or are on track to graduate, while the remaining 50% ultimately left their residency program for other endeavors. Of the 97 residents who departed their programs, 65% left voluntarily (most commonly for another specialty), and 35% were terminated (often ultimately training in another neurosurgery program). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, the following 3 factors were independently associated with departure of a problem resident from their residency program: dishonesty (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.67-6.253), poor fund of medical knowledge (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.47-4.40), and poor technical skill (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.37-4.12). CONCLUSIONS: The authors' findings represent the first study to characterize the nature of problem residents within neurosurgery. Identification of predictive risk factors, such as dishonesty, poor medical knowledge, and/or technical skill, may enable program directors to preemptively act and address such deficiencies in residents before departure from the program occurs. As half of the problem residents departed their programs, there remains an unmet need for further research regarding effective remediation strategies.
Early life (1992)

William Malcolm Hailey was born in 1872 at Newport Pagnell, a small town in north Buckinghamshire, the third son of Hammett Hailey, a country doctor who died when Malcolm was nine. His mother, Maria Coelia Clode, was from a family long established in the City of London, where her brother, John, had served as president of the Merchant Taylors’ Company. All three Hailey brothers attended the Merchant Taylors’ School. The eldest, Hammett (b. 1869), who was called by his initials, H.R.C., preceded Malcolm to Oxford and into the Indian Civil Service (ICS), serving in the land and revenue departments of the United Provinces (UP), where his more distinguished younger brother would one day retire as governor. Hammett's son, Peter, also joined the ICS. Malcolm's second brother, Rupert (b. 1870), was sent down after only four years at school and eventually became manager of a gold field in the northern Celebes. A younger sister, Violet, was the only one of Malcolm's siblings who survived him. Although they were late arrivals compared with the Stracheys or the Butlers, for instance, the Haileys were becoming an established Anglo-Indian family. Even the black sheep went overseas.
Characterisation of Chitin and a Study of its Acid-Catalysed Hydrolysis (2007)

My supervisor Professor Kjell Morten Vrum is thanked for his guidance, and for introducing me to the field of chitin and chitosan.Olav Smidsrd