gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions and financial viability of residential heating systems located in New York state (2022)

Abstract Achieving the stringent climate goals established by New York State will require significant emissions reductions across the agriculture, commercial and residential, electricity, industry and transportation sectors. This study analyzed the residential heating sector and quantified the environmental and financial impacts of four different residential heating pathways for buildings located in New York State. A conventional ultra‐low sulfur diesel pathway served as the baseline scenario against which three low‐carbon alternative pathways were compared: (1) a ‘bioheat’ scenario in which biomass‐based diesel is blended with heating oil; (2) a natural gas scenario; and (3) an electric scenario (air‐source heat pump). The low‐carbon alternative heating pathways incorporate the social cost of carbon as an internalized financial benefit from the conventional ultra‐low sulfur diesel baseline scenario. The bioheat pathway yielded the highest net present value (NPV) at $3 684 513 and the electric (air‐source heat pump) pathway had a NPV of $3 618 229. The electric and bioheat scenarios yielded the lowest and second lowest total cumulative emissions at 28545 Mt CO 2 e and 51 438 Mt CO 2 e, respectively. This study also incorporated a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to depict the impact of: NPV discount rates, fuel costs, carbon intensity values, system installation costs and social cost of carbon values. The study provides policymakers, researchers and other interested stakeholders with a comparison of the environmental and financial impacts of diverse residential heating systems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
The Los Alamos detonating pellet test (DPT): PBX 9501 evaluation tests (2014)

High explosive (HE) Velocity of Detonation (VOD) measurements are usually conducted using rate-stick-type tests. This method is highly accurate if carefully implemented, but is relatively costly and may require kilograms or more of HE depending on its sensitivity. We present a novel technique for inferring VOD using a single HE pellet, which for Conventional High Explosives (CHEs) can use 10 gm of HE or even less. This attribute makes the Detonating Pellet Test (DPT) ideal for the preliminary performance characterization of newly synthesized HE materials. On the other end of the size spectrum, the DPT can be scaled to very large dimensions so as to minimize the HE load necessary to characterize highly insensitive HEs such as ANFO. The DPT exploits the fact that the detonation emerging from the pellet face can be made highly spherical over some central region. Spherical detonation breakout on the Sample Pellet (SP) face is described by a simple analytic equation, which depends on the VOD and the Center Of Initiation (COI). The latter is determined by separate characterization of the detonator, with a wave refraction correction at the detonator/SP interface. The SP VOD is then determined by fitting the ideal breakout equation, with specified detonator COI, to detonation breakout data obtained via streak camera. We develop the DPT method and appraise it using sample PBX 9501 data in particular, while discussing its benefits and limitations in general.
Coherent optical correlator using a deformable mirror device spatial light modulator in the Fourier plane (1988)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text James M. Florence and Richard O. Gale, "Coherent optical correlator using a deformable mirror device spatial light modulator in the Fourier plane," Appl. Opt. 27, 2091-2093 (1988) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Further Petroformynes from Both Atlantic and Mediterranean Populations of the Sponge Petrosia ficiformis (1998)

Five novel polyacetylenes (5-9) were isolated from two different populations of the sponge Petrosia ficiformis collected in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Their structures were established by extensive NMR analysis and by comparison with known petroformynes.
Reflectance and Natural Illumination from Single-Material Specular Objects Using Deep Learning (2017)

In this paper, we present a method that estimates reflectance and illumination information from a single image depicting a single-material specular object from a given class under natural illumination. We follow a data-driven, learning-based approach trained on a very large dataset, but in contrast to earlier work we do not assume one or more components (shape, reflectance, or illumination) to be known. We propose a two-step approach, where we first estimate the object's reflectance map, and then further decompose it into reflectance and illumination. For the first step, we introduce a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that directly predicts a reflectance map from the input image itself, as well as an indirect scheme that uses additional supervision, first estimating surface orientation and afterwards inferring the reflectance map using a learning-based sparse data interpolation technique. For the second step, we suggest a CNN architecture to reconstruct both Phong reflectance parameters and high-resolution spherical illumination maps from the reflectance map. We also propose new datasets to train these CNNs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for both steps by extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluation in both synthetic and real data as well as through numerous applications, that show improvements over the state-of-the-art.
α-Tomatine degradation to tomatidine by food-related Aspergillus species belonging to the section Nigri (2023)

α-Tomatine is a steroidal glycoalkaloid in tomato plants and degrades with ripening. The aglycone form, tomatidine, is reported to have beneficial effects. In this study, the ability of food-related microorganisms to produce tomatidine from α-tomatine was evaluated. A total of 11 strains of Aspergillus species belonging to the section Nigri exhibited tomatinase activity, and Aspergillus luchuensis JCM 22302 was selected for optimization due to its high activity in its mycelia, conidia, and non-mycotoxin-producing property. Next, using A. luchuensis JCM22302 conidia, the highest yield was obtained in a 24-h reaction with 50 m m of acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) at 37 °C. Similar to the tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. lyceopersici, the time course analysis suggested that A. luchuensis JCM 22302 removed the entire sugar moiety in a single step. Future research will focus on utilizing conidia for large-scale tomatidine production because of their high tolerance and manageability.
Nanoplasmonic Catalysis for Synthetic Fuel Production (2010)

Abstract : Our objective is to assess whether catalytic enhancement can be achieved in the production of synthetic fuels by integrating plasmon resonant nanostructures with strongly catalytic materials. We seek a fundamental understanding of the basic mechanism underlying this enhancement with the ultimate goal of producing synthetic fuels, such as hydrogen, methane and methanol using visible illumination.
Heme Oxygenase-2 Deficiency Contributes to Diabetes-Mediated Increase in Superoxide Anion and Renal Dysfunction (2006)

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and -2 play an important role in cytoprotection and are physiologic regulators of heme-dependent protein synthesis in renal tissues. The impact of HO-2 deletion comparing hyperglycemic HO-2 (+/+) mice and HO-2 knockout (-/-) mice was examined. Hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and its effect on renal HO-1/HO-2 protein, HO activity, and creatinine levels were assessed. The effect of HO induction using systemic administration of the HO inducers heme or cobalt protoporphyrin and the effect of HO inhibition using systemic administration of the HO inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin also were assessed in STZ-treated mice. In STZ-treated HO-2 (-/-) mice, there was marked renal functional impairment as reflected by an increase in plasma creatinine, associated with acute tubular damage and microvascular pathology as compared with HO-2 (+/+). In these animals, HO activity was decreased with a concomitant increase in superoxide anion. Upregulation of HO-1 in HO-2 (-/-) mice by weekly administration of cobalt protoporphyrin prevented the increase in plasma creatinine levels and tubulointerstitial and microvascular pathology. Inhibition of HO activity by administration of tin mesoporphyrin accentuated superoxide production and increased creatinine levels in hyperglycemic HO-2 (-/-) mice. In conclusion, HO-2 deficiency enhanced STZ-induced renal dysfunction and morphologic injury and HO-1 upregulation in HO-2 (-/-) mouse rescue and prevented the morphologic damage. These observations indicate that HO activity is essential in preserving renal function and morphology in STZ-induced diabetic mice probably via mitigation of concomitant oxidative stress.
Toward the Development of Bivalent Ligand Probes of Cannabinoid CB1 and Orexin OX1 Receptor Heterodimers (2014)

Cannabinoid CB1 and orexin OX1 receptors have been suggested to form heterodimers and oligomers. Aimed at studying these complexes, a series of bivalent CB1 and OX1 ligands combining SR141716 and ACT-078573 pharmacophores were designed, synthesized, and tested for activity against CB1 and OX1 individually and in cell lines that coexpress both receptors. Compound 20 showed a robust enhancement in potency at both receptors when coexpressed as compared to individually expressed, suggesting possible interaction with CB1-OX1 dimers. Bivalent ligands targeting CB1-OX1 receptor dimers could be potentially useful as a tool for further exploring the roles of such heterodimers in vitro and in vivo.
The Formation of Anhydrochymotrypsin by Removing the Elements of Water from the Serine at the Active Site1 (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Formation of Anhydrochymotrypsin by Removing the Elements of Water from the Serine at the Active Site1H. Weiner, W. N. White, D. G. Hoare, and D. E. Koshland Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 16, 3851–3859Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00968a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00968a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views361Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Capillary‐Bound Dense Micelle Brush Supports for Continuous Flow Catalysis (2021)

Abstract Flow reactors are appealing alternatives to conventional batch reactors for heterogeneous catalysis. However, it remains a key challenge to firmly immobilize the catalysts in a facile and flexible manner and to simultaneously maintain a high catalytic efficiency and throughput. Herein, we introduce a dense cylindrical micelle brush support in glass capillary flow reactors through a living crystallization‐driven self‐assembly process initiated by pre‐immobilized short micelle seeds. The active hairy corona of these micellar brushes allows the flexible decoration of a diverse array of nanocatalysts, either through a direct capture process or an in situ growth method. The resulting flow reactors reveal excellent catalytic efficiency for a broad range of frequently utilized transformations, including organic reductions, Suzuki couplings, photolytic degradations, and multistep cascade reactions, and the system was both recyclable and durable. Significantly, this approach is readily applicable to long capillaries, which enables the construction of flow reactors with remarkably higher throughput.
Convergent Synthesis of the NS5B Inhibitor GSK8175 Enabled by Transition Metal Catalysis (2018)

A convergent eight-stage synthesis of the boron-containing NS5B inhibitor GSK8175 is described. The previous route involves 13 steps in a completely linear sequence, with an overall 10% yield. Key issues include a multiday S<sub>N</sub>Ar arylation of a secondary sulfonamide using HMPA as solvent, multiple functional group interconversions after all of the carbon atoms are installed (including a Sandmeyer halogenation), use of carcinogenic chloromethyl methyl ether to install a protecting group late in the synthesis, and an unreliable Pd-catalyzed Miyaura borylation as the penultimate step. We have devised an orthogonal approach using a Chan-Lam coupling between a halogenated aryl pinacol boronate ester and an aryl methanesulfonamide. This reaction is performed using a cationic Cu(I) precatalyst, which can be easily generated in situ using KPF<sub>6</sub> as a halide abstractor. High-throughput screening revealed a new Pd catalyst system to effect the penultimate borylation chemistry using simple monodentate phosphine ligands, with PCyPh<sub>2</sub> identified as optimal. Reaction progress analysis of this borylation indicated likely mass-transfer rate limitations under standard conditions using KOAc as the base. We have devised a K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/pivalic acid system as an alternative, which dramatically outperforms the standard conditions. This new synthesis proceeds in eight stages with a 20% overall yield.
Biofuel Cells Composed by Using Glucose Oxidase on Chitosan Coated Carbon Fiber Cloth (2013)

This study presents a high-performance biofuel cell construction based on the covalent immobilizing of glucose oxidase (GOx) on chitosan-coated carbon cloth which is used as an anodic catalyst. The chitosan was coated by the coagulation of an aqueous chitosan solution on the carbon cloth surface. The GOx was coupled to chitosan using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as the condensing agents. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were employed to search for the optimal conditions, and to understand the significance of the factors affecting the activity of immobilized GOx. From ridge max analysis, the optimal immobilization condition was found at a reaction time of 50 min, a pH of 5.9, and an enzyme/support ratio of 3 (w/w). Under optimal conditions, the predicted and the experimental immobilized GOx activities were 34.42±1.07 and 33.50±0.92 U g-1 support, respectively. Based on the regression model, the carbon cloth electrodes with various GOx activities were prepared, and the effect of GOx activity on the power density generated from the biofuel cell was investigated. The power density was increased with GOx activity, and the maximum power of 1.87 mW cm-2 was obtained at a cell voltage of 0.44 V.
Effects of slippage on the dewetting of a droplet (2016)

In many macroscopic dynamic wetting problems, it is assumed that the macroscopic interface is quasistatic, and the dissipation appears only in the region close to the contact line. When approaching the moving contact line, a microscopic mechanism is required to regularize the singularity of viscous dissipation. On the other hand, if the characteristic size of a fluidic system is reduced to a range comparable to the microscopic regularization length scale, the assumption that viscous effects are localized near the contact line is no longer justified. In the present work, such microscopic length is the slip length. We investigate the dewetting of a droplet using the boundary element method. Specifically, we solve for the axisymmetric Stokes flow with i) the Navier-slip boundary condition at the solid/liquid boundary, and ii) a time-independent microscopic contact angle at the contact line. The profile evolution is computed for different slip lengths and equilibrium contact angles. When decreasing the slip length, the typical nonsphericity first increases, reaches a maximum at a characteristic slip length $\tilde{b}_m$, and then decreases. Regarding different equilibrium contact angles, two universal rescalings are proposed to describe the behavior for slip lengths larger or smaller than $\tilde{b}_m$. Around $\tilde{b}_m$, the early time evolution of the profiles at the rim can be described by similarity solutions. The results are explained in terms of the structure of the flow field governed by different dissipation channels: viscous elongational flows for large slip lengths, friction at the substrate for intermediate slip lengths, and viscous shear flows for small slip lengths. Following the transitions between these dominant dissipation mechanisms, our study indicates a crossover to the quasistatic regime when the slip length is small compared to the droplet size.
Nickel-Catalyzed α-Alkylation of Arylacetonitriles with Challenging Secondary Alcohols (2023)

Nickel(II) complex <b>1</b> was utilized as a sustainable catalyst for α-alkylation of arylacetonitriles with challenging secondary alcohols. Arylacetonitriles with a wide range of functional groups were tolerated, and various cyclic and acyclic secondary alcohols were utilized to yield a large number of α-alkylated products. The plausible mechanism involves the base-promoted activation of precatalyst <b>1</b> to an active catalyst <b>2</b> (dehydrochlorinated product) which activates the O-H and C-H bonds of the secondary alcohol in a dehydrogenative pathway.
Axially overlapped multi-focus light sheet with enlarged field of view (2021)

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy provides optical sectioning and is widely used in volumetric imaging of large specimens. However, the axial resolution and the lateral Field of View (FoV) of the system, defined by the light sheet, typically limit each other due to the spatial band product of the excitation objective. Here, we develop a simple multi-focus scheme to extend the FoV, where a Gaussian light sheet can be focused at three or more consecutive positions. Axially overlapped multiple light sheets significantly enlarge the FoV with improved uniformity and negligible loss in axial resolution. By measuring the point spread function of fluorescent beads, we demonstrated that the obtained light sheet has a FoV of 450 μm and a maximum axial FWHM of 7.5 μm. Compared with the conventional single-focus one, the multi-focus Gaussian light sheet displays a significantly improved optical sectioning ability over the full FoV when imaging cells and zebrafish.
Geological risk and uncertainty for underground storage of buoyant fluids, lessons learned in Illinois (2022)

Abstract This paper describes selected natural gas storage and carbon capture and storage (CCS) case studies from Illinois, USA, their general applicability to subsurface buoyant fluid storage, and summarizes lessons learned. In Illinois, a 70-year history of sustained natural gas storage has provided a foundational understanding of risk associated with using the subsurface for storing buoyant fluids. In addition to natural gas storage, over 3 million tonnes of CO 2 have been injected into the Cambrian Mt Simon Sandstone at the Decatur, IL CCS project site. In Illinois, many of the storage projects are in the Mt Simon Sandstone, a saline (aquifer) reservoir. In gas storage fields the characterization of faulting and seal properties has historically not been adequate. Identification of Precambrian palaeotopography is essential when completing initial site assessment in reservoirs close to the Precambrian contact. The presence of basement palaeotopographical highs increases the risk of not having a storage reservoir and increased chance of induced seismicity. The Cambrian Mt Simon Sandstone of the Illinois Basin has some of the most suitable strata in the midwestern USA for the sequestration of CO 2 and storage of energy in the form of natural gas. The improved understanding gained from natural gas storage and from carbon sequestration is also directly applicable to assessing the potential of emerging energy storage technologies, such as compressed air energy storage (CAES) and geological hydrogen storage.
Comparison of hepatic glutathione S-transferases of male and female rats. (1984)

Six and eight peaks of activity toward 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were observed in carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose chromatograms of hepatic glutathione S-transferases in female and male rats, respectively. These peaks were named transferases I, II, IIIa, III, IIIb, IV, V and VI in the order of elution with KCl (transferases IIIa and IIIb could not be detected in the case of female rats). Transferase I could be further resolved into at least two enzymes by CM-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. Transferase II was confirmed to consist of YaYa subunits (ligandin) by CM-cellulose chromatography ; Habig et al. did not detect this transferase because of their use of 1, 2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) as a substrate for assaying these species of transferases. Phenobarbital treatment caused 43 and 93% increases in the total activity toward CDNB in female and male rat livers, respectively. Transferases I and II were strongly induced in both sexes of rats by this treatment. Transferases IV was slightly increased in both sexes. Transferases III and V were induced in male rats, but not in female rats. The subunit species and substrate specificities of the present transferases were compared with those of reported transferases.
Visual Activation in α‐Chloralose‐anaesthetized Cats Does Not Cause Lactate Accumulation in the Visual Cortex as Detected by [1HINMR Difference Spectroscopy (1997)

The hypothesis that neuronal activation results in lactate accumulation due to mismatch between glucose and oxygen consumption was tested in the cat model of visual activation by monitoring cerebral metabolism with localized 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Adult cats were anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose, paralysed and mechanically ventilated. Visual evoked potentials measured over the occipital cortex showed maximal amplitude at 2 Hz stimulation, but the latencies of the early cortical potentials, N1 and P1, were independent of stimulation frequency. High signal-to-noise ratio, short echo time volume-selected [1H]MRS was used to monitor cerebral lactate with a temporal resolution of 70 s. Difference proton spectroscopy unambiguously showed no lactate peak in the visual cortex during visual activation at stimulation frequencies ranging from 1 to 16 Hz. Absence of change in lactate concentration during visual stimulation was confirmed by averaging all the spectra acquired during activation and subtracting them from reference spectra collected in darkness, a procedure that had a calculated lactate detection limit of 0.17 mM. We also reduced the O2 in the inspired air to 13%, which decreased pO2 from 94.5 +/- 8.9 to 47.0 +/- 6.8 mmHg, during visual stimulation at 2 or 4 Hz. At this low PO2 level, visual stimulation did not cause lactate accumulation in the visual cortex, however. The present data show that neuronal activation to this degree in the cat brain is not associated with aerobic lactate production to an extent that can be detected with 1H MRS.