gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endogenous tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and gamma interferon levels during Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice (1992)

Mice were infected intravenously with a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes cells and then levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in the bloodstreams, spleens, and livers were monitored. The maximum level of TNF was detected at 72 h in the spleens and livers, but TNF was never detected in the bloodstreams. IL-6 appeared in the bloodstreams and spleens and peaked at 48 h. The maximum level of IFN-gamma could be detected in all three specimens, and the highest titer was shown in the spleens. Endogenous TNF production was suppressed by in vivo administration of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) or anti-asialo GM1 antibody but not by anti-CD8 MAb, whereas none of these antibodies suppressed endogenous IL-6 production. Endogenous production of neither IL-6 nor IFN-gamma was inhibited in rabbit anti-recombinant mouse TNF-alpha antibody-treated mice. Similarly, production of TNF and IL-6 did not decrease in anti-mouse IFN-gamma MAb-treated animals, but TNF production was augmented in these animals. These results suggest that the these endogenous cytokines are produced by different mechanisms in L. monocytogenes infection.
Suppression of RIP3-dependent Necroptosis by Human Cytomegalovirus (2015)

Necroptosis is an alternate programmed cell death pathway that is unleashed by caspase-8 compromise and mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3). Murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) encode caspase-8 inhibitors that prevent apoptosis together with competitors of RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent signal transduction to interrupt the necroptosis. Here, we show that pro-necrotic murine CMV M45 mutant virus drives virus-induced necroptosis during nonproductive infection of RIP3-expressing human fibroblasts, whereas WT virus does not. Thus, M45-encoded RHIM competitor, viral inhibitor of RIP activation, sustains viability of human cells like it is known to function in infected mouse cells. Importantly, human CMV is shown to block necroptosis induced by either TNF or M45 mutant murine CMV in RIP3-expressing human cells. Human CMV blocks TNF-induced necroptosis after RIP3 activation and phosphorylation of the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase. An early, IE1-regulated viral gene product acts on a necroptosis step that follows MLKL phosphorylation prior to membrane leakage. This suppression strategy is distinct from RHIM signaling competition by murine CMV or HSV and interrupts an execution process that has not yet been fully elaborated.
Semi-continuous hidden Markov models in isolated word recognition (2003)

A semicontinuous hidden Markov model is proposed to incorporate the vector quantization distortion into the general hidden Markov model methodology under a probabilistic framework. It provides a relatively simple but powerful tool for modeling time-varying signal sources. Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the semi-continuous model is measurably improved in comparison to that of the conventional discrete hidden Markov model and template-based dynamic time warping techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of Three Different Fibrates on Intrahepatic Cholestasis Experimentally Induced in Rats (2013)

Background. Activation of PPAR α modulates cholesterol metabolism and suppresses bile acid synthesis. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PPAR α agonists, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil, on acute cholestasis induced by ethinylestradiol (EE) plus chlorpromazine (CPZ) in rats. Method. 100 male albino rats (150-200 gm) were divided randomly into 10 equal groups. Control group received 1% methylcellulose vehicle; disease group received CPZ plus EE for 5 consecutive days; four groups received either ursodeoxycholic acid, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, or gemfibrozil for 7 days; 2 days before EE + CPZ, three other groups received one of the three fibrates after GW6471, a selective PPAR α antagonist in addition to EE + CPZ. The final group received GW6471 alone. Results. The three fibrates showed marked reduction (P < 0.05) in serum levels of ALP, GGT, ALT, AST, total bile acids, bilirubin, TNF α , and IL-1 β and in hepatic malondialdehyde level as well as a significant increase in bile flow rate (P < 0.05) in addition to improvements in histopathological parameters compared to diseased group. In groups which received GW6471, these effects were completely abolished with fenofibrate and partially blocked with bezafibrate and gemfibrozil. Conclusion. Short-term administration of fibrates to EE/CPZ-induced intrahepatic cholestatic rats exerted beneficial effects on hepatocellular damage and apoptosis. Fenofibrate anticholestatic effect was solely PPAR α dependent while other mechanisms played part in bezafibrate and gemfibrozil actions.
Figure (2014)

Abstract The first chapter poses the problem that fictional characters are made of words, of images, of imaginings, and are not real in the way that people are real; but then that we endow these sketched-in figures with a semblance of reality which moves us. It explores this tension between thinking of characters as pieces of writing or imaging and thinking of them as person-like entities, and seeks to resolve that tension by proposing that fictional character must—in ways that are logically difficult to hold together—be seen to be both at once.
In-Line Ultrasonic Sensor for Characterization of Opaque Suspensions (2002)

This paper presents the assessment of the efficiency of the main biological nitrogen transformation processes in a shallow well-oxygenated river and conditions under which they are active and stabilise. The process dynamics was studied with the help of mathematical modelling of 2 years on-line data series measured in a reach of the Toess River, Switzerland. The algal nitrogen uptake was very stable and unaffected by most but frequent flood events. Daylight photosynthetic nitrogen uptake stabilised at 6 mgN mstreambed(-2) h(-1) (15 degrees C), dark uptake on storage products at rates of 0.5-2.5 mgN mstreambed(-2) h(-1). Nitrogen uptake by heterotrophic bacteria in the hyporheic zone was relatively constant at a level of 1.5-3.5 mgN mstreambed(-2) h(-1). Streambed nitrification could establish only during periods with average an daily concentration of at least 0.3 g(NH4-N) m(-3) in river water for several weeks. The maximum nitrification rate was 35 mgN mstreambed(-2) h(-1) for 3 g(NH4-N) m(-3). The effects of reduced nitrification in the WWTP and of river banks shading on a sudden ammonium peak were simulated. A river reach endangered by ammonium spills should be kept open to sun to favour ammonium uptake by algae. In-stream nitrification reduces ammonium peaks efficiently but leads to toxic nitrite concentrations.
A study of interpersonal information seeking: the role of topic and comment in the articulation of certainty and uncertainty of information need (2006)

<br><b>Introduction.</b> This paper presents the findings and discussions of the qualitative analysis of users' information seeking articulation in interpersonal interactions. The discussion is focused on the role of the topic and comment in communicating the user's cognitive uncertainty and certainty in the quest for salient information seeking interaction effectiveness. <br><b>Method.</b> The qualitative analysis was done on the basis of the sequence of the uncertainty and certainty and the topic and comment in the user's utterances during the interaction in order to explore the use of these elements. <br><b>Results.</b> The findings suggested some patterns in the employment of uncertainty and certainty and topic and comment. Users initiated the need description with uncertainty and then provided certainty to describe the need in detail. Both topic and comment were used in every stage of information seeking interaction, on the basis of which the source person provided information. <br><b>Conclusion.</b> The study confirmed that the user's certainty and uncertainty are important for describing the user's information need and that both topic and comment are essential to communicate the need.
Aminopeptidase N purified from gypsy moth brush border membrane vesicles is a specific receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis CryIAc toxin (1996)

We have evaluated the binding of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins to aminopeptidase N (APN) purified from Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV). CryIAc toxin bound strongly to APN, while either the structurally related CryIAa and CryIAb toxins or CryIC, CryIIA, and CryIIIA toxins showed weak binding to APN. An in vitro competition binding study demonstrated that the binding of CryIAc to L. dispar BBMV was inhibited by APN. Inhibition of short circuit current for CryIAc, measured by voltage clamping of whole L. dispar midgut, was substantially reduced by addition of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, which is known to release APN from the midgut membrane. In contrast, addition of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C had only a marginal effect on the inhibition of short circuit current for CryIAa. These data suggest that APN is the major functional receptor for CryIAc in L. dispar BBMV. A ligand blotting experiment demonstrated that CryIAc recognized a 120-kDa peptide (APN), while CryIAa and CryIAb recognized a 210-kDa molecule in L. dispar BBMV. In contrast, CryIAa and CryIAb bound to both the 120- and 210-kDa molecules in Manduca sexta BBMV, while CryIAc recognized only the 120-kDa peptide. The 120-kDa peptide (APN) in L. dispar BBMV reacted with soybean agglutinin, indicating that N-acetylgalactosamine is a component of this glycoprotein.
α‐Tocopherol mediated peroxidation in the copper (II) and met myoglobininduced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein: The influence of lipid hydroperoxides (1995)

The principal antioxidant in human LDL, alpha-tocopherol, is converted to the alpha-tocopheroxyl radical after reaction with peroxyl radicals or Cu2+, and, if it does not terminate with peroxyl radicals, could initiate lipid peroxidation; a phenomenon called 'tocopherol mediated peroxidation'. Only in the presence of Cu2+ and low levels of lipid hydroperoxides was an alpha-tocopherol dependent decrease in the resistance of LDL to oxidation detected. This suggests that tocopherol mediated peroxidation will probably not contribute significantly as a pro-oxidant process in those individuals most at risk of developing atherosclerosis through an oxidative mechanism.
On Inner-Product Kernels of High Dimensional Data (2019)

In this article we investigate the eigenspectrum of inner-product kernel matrices of the type √pK={f(xi <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sup> xj/√p)}i,j=1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> . Under a two-class mixture modeling of the input data xi ∈ \mathbbR <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sup> , we position ourselves in the regime where the number of data n and their dimension p are both large and comparable, and show, for a wide range of kernel functions f, that the spectrum of K only depends on f via three key parameters, with only two of them useful in extracting the statistical structure from the data. By carefully balancing these two parameters, a significant gain in classification performance is observed on real-world datasets.
Optically switched conductivity of epitaxial diamond on nitrogen doped diamond substrates (2004)

Epitaxial diamond with remarkably low p-type doping (1×1014–1×1017 cm−3) and exceptionally low compensation ∼1×1013 cm−3, has enabled the demonstration of a optically-switched conduction modulation of the epitaxial layer. Charge exchange between the diamond substrate and the epitaxial layer makes it possible to modulate the conductivity of the epitaxial layer. Incandescent light will make the lightly p-doped epitaxial layer insulating and ultraviolet radiation will make the layer conductive again. Once the layer conductivity has been established it will remain in the same electrical state for days, if kept in the dark.
Comparative Study on Thermal Behavior of Lithium-Ion Battery Systems With Indirect Air Cooling and Indirect Liquid Cooling (2012)

A comparative study is conducted on the thermal behavior of three Li-ion battery modules with two cooled indirectly with air and one cooled indirectly with liquid. All three battery modules are stacked with the same twelve 8Ahr high-power pouch Li-ion battery cells. Heat generated from the cells is dissipated through 1-mm thick aluminum cooling plates sandwiched between two cells in the module. Each of the cooling plates has an extended surface for heat dissipation. The battery heat is dissipated through the cooling fins exposed in air flow channels in the case of air cooling, and through the extended cooling plate surfaces that are in contact with a liquid-cooled cold plate in the case of liquid cooling. The cell temperatures are analyzed using a simplified Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model for battery cooling. Simulation results show that with air cooling channels structured similar to that of compact heat exchangers, the air utilization and effectiveness of air cooling can be improved significantly. With proper design of the air cooling channels (i.e. with fin inserts in the air flow channels), indirect air cooling could reach a cooling condition comparable to that of indirect liquid cooling and obtain a higher gravimetric energy density with the same cooling-related parasitic volume in the battery system as long as the cell heat rejection is &lt; 10 W/cell.
Broadband Infrared Emission from Single-Mode Silicon Waveguides (2023)

We describe the first observation of electrically-pumped infrared emission in single-mode silicon waveguides. Recombination in a p-i-n diode generates broadband emission, which is sufficiently bright for photonic integrated circuit spectroscopy and sensing.
Integral 3D TV using ultrahigh-definition D-ILA device (2008)

The integral method is one of the ideal means for forming 3D spatial images like real objects. It requires, however, extremely high-resolution device in order to satisfy sufficient resolution and wide viewing angle. The authors have been examining integral 3D television systems applying the Super Hi-Vision (SHV) system, which uses ultrahigh-definition LCOS, D-ILA devices. This paper describes the experimental integral 3D display and approaches to improve the quality of elemental images, which are projected behind the lens array, by decreasing blurs and improving registration accuracy. The display panels are four chips of D-ILA (4096 &times; 2160 pixels), each of which is used for R, B, G1 and G2 (pixel-offset method). The optics of the R/B projector and the G1/G2 projector are accurately aligned by a half mirror and the elemental images are formed on a 22 inches screen. The diffuser of the screen is a thin LC film with sufficient resolution and homogeneous visual field. The lens array consists of newly developed short focus lenses to enable wide viewing angle for multiple viewing. A drastic improvement of the 3D image quality has been achieved together with the electronic distortion correction technique.
Enhancement of the sensing distance of an embedded surveillance system with video streaming recording triggered by an infrared sensor circuit (2008)

In this paper we propose a design for a home surveillance system with an enhancement circuit for the pyroelectric infrared sensor (PIR sensor) which has been included to improve the sensing distance. We implement the surveillance system with an embedded board which has the advantages of low power consumption, small size, low cost and high mobility. In this system we design an external circuit consisting of a PIR sensor to be the external interrupt. If the PIR sensor senses an intruder in the area, the embedded board is triggered by the PIR circuit and instantly captures the current image of the moment by web camera. In addition, by using an analog adder for the signal from the PIR we enhance the sensing distance. We also compare the distribution of the sensing distance between the uni-PIR sensor module and the enhanced sensor circuit module under different temperatures to obtain the average and standard deviation values of the sensing distance. By means of an analysis of our experimental data we can judge the stability of the PIR sensor circuit. Our design further allows the user to use either a PDA, a smart device or a PC to connect the video streaming server constructed on the embedded board to the internet in order to browse a webpage.
Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Comparative Effectiveness Trial Examining Healing, of Acellular-Reticular Human-Dermis Versus Standard Care in Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2016)

Category: Diabetes Introduction/Purpose: One sequitur of prolonged diabetes is the development of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), which are often complicated by lower extremity amputation (LEA). The annual incidence of DFUs and LEAs calculated from the Medicare population is approximately 6% and 0.4% respectively. Many acellular dermal matrices have been shown to successfully heal these wounds. In this study, we examined a novel, human, acellular reticular dermis with an open, porous, uniform framework aseptically processed to retain endogenous matrix protein versus standard of care in non healing diabetic foot wounds. Methods: This study was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in which diabetic patients having at least one non-healing neuropathic foot ulcer that failed at least 4 weeks of documented conservative care with adequate blood flow and a lack of renal failure were screened for a 2-week period. Those meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, after 2-weeks of offloading and moist wound care if the diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) failed to reduce in area by 20% were randomized 1:1 to standard of care (SOC) or human acellular dermal tissue (HADT) applied weekly plus SOC for up to 12 weeks Results: At 6 weeks, 65% of the HADT–treated wounds had healed (13/20) compared to 5% (1/20) of the wounds that received SOC alone (adjusted p=.00028). At 12 weeks, 80% of the HADT–treated wounds (16/20) had healed compared to 20% (4/20) of the DFUs in the SOC group (adjusted p=.00036). Mean time to heal within 12 weeks was 39.6 days for the HADT group compared to 77.0 days for the SOC group (adjusted p=.00014). There was no incidence of increased adverse or serious adverse events between groups, nor adverse events related to the graft. The mean and median costs to closure in the HADT group were $1475.00 and $963.00, respectively, per healed wound Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that weekly application of acellular human reticular dermis is an effective treatment for non-healing diabetic foot wounds. Wound-size-specific pieces may allow for decreased cost to closure and wastage.
The FEI2-SOS5 pathway and CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 5 are required for cellulose biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis seed coat and affect pectin mucilage structure (2012)

A common adaptation in angiosperms is the deposition of hydrophilic mucilage into the apoplast of seed coat epidermal cells during the course of their differentiation. Upon imbibition, seed mucilage, composed mainly of carbohydrates (i.e. pectins, hemicelluloses and glycans) expands rapidly, encapsulating the seed and aiding in seed dispersal and germination. The FEI1/FEI2 receptor-like kinases and the SOS5 extracellular GPI-anchored protein were previously shown to act on a pathway regulating cellulose biosynthesis during Arabidopsis root elongation. In the highlighted study, we demonstrated that FEI2 and SOS5 regulate the production of the cellulosic rays deposited across the inner adherent-layer of seed mucilage. Mutations in either fei2 or sos5 disrupted the formation of rays, which was associated with an increase in the soluble, outer layer of pectin mucilage and accompanied by a reduction in the inner adherent-layer. Mutations in CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 5 also led to reduced rays and mal-partitioning of the pectic component of seed mucilage, further establishing a structural role for cellulose in seed mucilage. Here, we show that FEI2 expressed from a CaMV 35S promoter complemented both root and seed mucilage defects of the fei1 fei2 double mutant. In contrast, expression of FEI1 from a 35S promoter complemented the root, but not the seed phenotype of the fei1 fei2 double mutant, suggesting that unlike in the root, FEI2 plays a unique and non-redundant role in the regulation of cellulose synthesis in seed mucilage. Altogether, these data suggest a novel role for cellulose in anchoring the pectic component of seed mucilage to the seed surface and indicate that the FEI2 protein has a function distinct from that of FEI1, despite the high sequence similarity of these RLKs.
Some remarks on the determination of unknown parameters in large nonlinear systems- a problem in spacecraft thermal test evaluation (1976)

As a special case of large nonlinear systems with many imprecisely known parameters, this paper considers the thermal behaviour of a spacecraft. It is simu lated in the steady state by a mathematical model consisting of a system of nonlinear equations and in the transient state by a system of nonlinear differ ential equations. The system contains a large number of parameters, many of which cannot be calculated or measured directly with satisfactory precision. The estimated parameters of the initial mathematical model can be improved by analysing the results of thermal tests performed on the spacecraft itself. The objective is to minimize the differences between measured and calculated temperatures. Since the temperatures are nonlinear functions of many para meters, the minimization is a difficult task. Methods which transform the nonlinear functions into linear ones may not result in the minimization of the temperature deviations. The major disadvantage of linearizing methods is the restriction of the validity of the first-order terms to the vicinity of the point about which the linearization was made. Therefore there cannot be a universal, straightfor ward procedure to evaluate a great number of unknown parameters in complex nonlinear systems. Engineering methods for special solutions need to be developed and made as general as ingenuity can make them.
Gene therapy for ischemic brain disease with special reference to vascular dementia (2007)

Vascular dementia is the second largest cause of dementia in the elderly. There is no effective treatment for cerebral infarction, which is one of the common causes of vascular dementia. In rodent experimental models, gene therapies using growth factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor‐2, hepatocyte growth factor, glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor or vascular endothelial growth factor had beneficial effects on neuroprotection, neurogenesis and/or angiogenesis. Thus, gene therapies can be expected to be useful as new treatments for ischemic diseases, especially for vascular dementia. In clinical trials, gene therapy for vascular dementia still has some problems to be solved, such as the safety and effectiveness of vectors and delivery systems, the timing of treatment, and cell‐specific targeting strategies. The most important thing might be the definition of the best combination of these subjects for every target disease.