gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative assessment of bond strengths of affected dentin, using two different remineralizing solutions with or without lasers: Results of an in vitro pilot study (2015)

Aims: Assessing remineralization and bond strengths of remineralizing agents with or without LASERS. Settings and Design: In vitro pilot study. Materials and Methods: Artificial caries-like lesion was created with 10% citric acid in 50 non carious extracted posterior teeth which were divided into six groups according to treatment: GC Tooth Mousse and Toothmin cream with or without LASER, positive and negative control. Remineralization was done for 5 min every day for 7 days. Microhardness test was repeated. Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser (1.064 çm wavelength) was used with a focused beam at 1W and 15 Hz for 10 s on exposed dentin surface. Samples were etched with etching gel for 15 s and rinsed with water for 30 s. Bonding composite restoration of 4 mm height was done with Mylar Strip. Tensile bond strength was calculated. Statistical Analysis: Student's paired t-test evaluated difference between mean values of microhardness. Student's unpaired t-test evaluated the difference between mean values of bond strengths between groups. Results: Significant difference in microhardness in HV (50 g load) was seen in all groups (P < 0.05 for all). LASER Toothmin groups showed the highest increase (311.17%) in microhardness in HV (50 g load) as compared to other groups (GC-255.11%, LASER GC-255.42%, Toothmin 250.34%). Shear bond strength of the LASER-treated Toothmin was significantly higher compared to other groups (P = 0.0021). Conclusions: Toothmin and GC Mousse with or without LASER were found to be effective in increasing mineralization. Bond strength of Toothmin with LASER treatment was higher compared to others.
Analyzing the overload behavior of a simple web server (2000)

Linux introduces POSIX Real Time signals to report I/O activity on multiple connections with more scalability than traditional models. In this paper we explore ways of improving the scalability and performance of POSIX RT signals even more by measuring system call latency and by creating bulk system calls that can deliver multiple signals at once. 1. Introduction Experts on network server architecture have argued that servers making use of I/O completion events are more scalable than today&amp;apos;s servers [2, 3, 5]. In Linux, POSIX Real-Time (RT) signals can deliver I/O completion events. Unlike traditional UNIX signals, RT signals carry a data payload, such as a specific file descriptor that just completed. Signals with a payload can enable network server applications to respond immediately to network requests, as if they were event-driven. An added benefit of RT signals is that they can be queued in the kernel and delivered to an application one at a time, in order, leaving an applic...
The Rise of Neo-Confucianism and the Establishment of It as a Ruling Ideology (2009)

This paper,starting from the historical background,explores into the origin of neo-Confucianism.Also by analyzing its relationships with Buddhism,Taoism,as well as other new schools of Confucianism,this paper discusses the process and reason why neo-Confucianism was established as the ruling ideology in late feudalistic China.
On the Convergence of Local Expansions of Layer Potentials (2013)

In a recently developed quadrature method (quadrature by expansion or QBX), it was demonstrated that weakly singular or singular layer potentials can be evaluated rapidly and accurately on-surface by making use of local expansions about carefully chosen off-surface points. In this paper, we derive estimates for the rate of convergence of these local expansions, providing the analytic foundation for the QBX method. The estimates may also be of mathematical interest, particularly for microlocal or asymptotic analysis in potential theory.
Demonstration of a Novel Mid Infrared Device: The Quantum-Dot Avalanche Photodiode (QDAP) (2006)

In this paper we demonstrate an intersubband quantum dot detector coupled to an avalanche photodiode to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and increase the operating temperature of the device. Mid-infrared photodetectors, operating in the 50-400 meV (3-25 mum) regime, have a variety of potential applications in medical diagnostics, thermal imaging, night vision cameras for battlefield recognition systems, and chip-based detection of chemical warfare agents. Intersubband quantum dot detectors have been proposed as a promising technology due to their normal incidence excitation and lower dark currents. However, the low quantum efficiency leads to a lower detectivity, responsivity and limits their operating temperature to about 70-80 K
Oligopyrrole‐Based Solid State Self‐Assemblies (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pulse transit time and pulse width as potential measure for estimating beat-to-beat systolic and diastolic blood pressure (2013)

Two cardiovascular parameters of emerging interest suitable for estimation of non-invasive, beat-to-beat, and without cuff, blood pressure parameters are pulse width (PW) and pulse transit time (PTT). In this study the performance of both parameters in estimating beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is analyzed. The overall data set used in the study includes synchronous electrocardiogram signal (ECG), pulse photoplethysmography signal (PPG) and continuous blood pressure signal of 16 healthy subjects during tilt table test, which provokes significant changes in SBP and DBP due to postural changes.
PR-335-203810-R02 Review of X-Ray Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Evaluation of Pipelines (2021)

The applications of Computed Tomography (CT) are vast, spanning several industries and disciplines. The industrial application of Computed Tomography to characterize pipeline defects is a complex and relatively new application of the technology that is rapidly evolving. This report documents the State-of-the-Art (SOTA) in CT for NDE of piping typically found in the pipeline industry (e.g. thin-walled carbon steel piping). This report focuses specifically on the application of CT for detection and sizing of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC); however, much of the information presented herein applies generally to the detection and sizing of flaws commonly found in pipelines.
Heterogeneous Inorganic Acid/Organic Acid-salt Reaction inside Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates (2010)

Abstract Reaction of gaseous HCl with Eosin-Y disodium salt (Eosin-Y·2Na) nanorods nested inside anodic aluminum oxide templates (AAO), produced perforated Eosin-Y free acid (Eosin-Y-FA) nanorods with surface nanoholes on the order of 50 nm in diameter. Diffusion of different acids yielded different surface patterns with retention of the overall nanorod structure. Also, different pattern formation was observed for different templated organic acid salts/inorganic acid interactions.
Cyclin A and cyclin B dissociate from p34cdc2 with half-times of 4 and 15 h, respectively, regardless of the phase of the cell cycle. (1994)

The exchange rate of cyclin A and cyclin B between endogenous p34cdc2 and bacterially expressed GST-cdc2 was measured in concentrated Xenopus egg extracts. The half-lives of the cyclin A.p34cdc2 and the cyclin B.p34cdc2 complexes are estimated as 4 and 15 h, respectively. There is no significant difference in these affinities when they are measured in mitosis, interphase, or during transition between these two states. The tight association between cyclin and p34cdc2 in the cell cycle may be significant for mechanisms of cyclin destruction.
A Word-Organized Photodetector Array (1969)

A new word-organized photodetecting array is described, which is fast, sensitive, and easily integrated. The array consists of "digit" lines connecting common sides of p-i-n photodetecting diodes and "word" lines consisting of a series connection of p-i-n switching diodes. The word-organized character of the array results from the connection or disconnection of the photo-detecting diodes from ground by the forward- or reverse-biased state of the word line switching diodes. Photocurrent generated by light falling on a photodetector attached to a forward-biased word line will flow and be detected by a sense amplifier. Photocurrent in a photodetector attached to a reverse-biased word line can not be detected. An advantage of this array over existing arrays is that the photodetecting element, the p-i-n photodiode, is always back-biased; these diodes can be made with long carrier lifetimes to achieve a low dark current without slowing the switching time of the array. A complete analysis of the array operation is given, and in particular design criteria are found that relate the detector array discridmation ratio to the array size and signal rise time. The trade-offs between array simplicity and speed of operation are indicated, and it is demonstrated that the array is capable of submicrosecond cycle time. Fabrication procedures are discussed in detail and experimental results that justify the analysis are presented. Applications, such as in holographic computer memories, are briefly discussed.
Residual flux estimation method for three-phase transformers without zero-sequence circuit on the switch-off side (2016)

Part of the magnetic flux will remain in the transformer core after it is switched off, referred to as the residual flux. When an unload transformer being energized, inrush current may flow in the voltage jump side, causing relay malfunction and many other problems. This paper presents a method to estimate the residual flux for a three-phase transformer without zero-sequence circuit on the switch-off side. The estimating method is based on the analysis of the switching-off transient process and mechanical characteristics of the vacuum circuit breaker. With this method, we could choose appropriate voltage angles to close the transformer for avoiding inrush current. The method has been tested in our laboratory. The results shows that inrush current has been restrained to a lower level after estimating the residual flux.
Cellular-based immune modulation in arthritis (2004)

The Bone and Joint Monitor Project was developed to quantify the global burden of musculoskeletal conditions and develop strategies for their prevention. Experts within the Monitor Project have worked previously with officers at the World Health Organization (WHO) to estimate morbidity and mortality associated with rheumatic conditions. The present collaboration seeks means of providing additional and more current burden data. Objective To develop recommendations for performing epidemiological studies in sample populations with musculoskeletal conditions and problems, accounting for determinants and consequences to the individual and society. Methods Recommendations have been developed identifying the most relevant domains for measuring and monitoring the various musculoskeletal conditions by review of epidemiological data on occurrence, determinants and outcomes, and by expert opinion. Instruments that measure these domains were reviewed.
The packing properties of superellipsoids (2010)

We investigate the properties of packings of frictionless non-spherical particles utilizing a dynamic particle expansion technique. We employ superquadric particles (superellipsoids), which allows us to explore how a broad range of particle shapes affect both the macroscopic and the local configurational properties of the system. We smoothly transition from spherical particles possessing only translational degrees of freedom to large aspect ratio non-spherical grains where rotational degrees of freedom are highly important. We demonstrate that the degree of anisotropy and local surface curvature of the particles have a profound effect on their packing properties, determining whether a random or an ordered packing is readily formed.
Substance abuse and dependence in physicians: the Missouri Physicians Health Program--an update (1995-2001). (2002)

Substance abuse and dependence (alcohol and drugs) are behavioral disorders and treatable medical diseases. There is growing concern in the medical community for physicians impaired by these diseases. The Missouri Physicians Health Program has been established to help impaired physicians return to healthy personal and professional lives. This confidential voluntary program of early referral, intervention, treatment, monitoring, and advocacy has been highly successful. The recovery rate in this study of 168 participants was 89%. New concepts of the "Behaviorally Disruptive Physician" and the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Health Care Organization requirements regulating physician impairment are also discussed.
Ageing in Woody Plants (1963)

The shoot systems of trees undergo characteristic changes with time, as they increase in size and complexity. Certain of these changes, such as reduced annual growth increment, loss of apical dominance, and changes in the geotropic responses, are easily reversible, by pruning or by grafting shoots from older trees on to young stocks. These changes are referred to as ‘ageing’. This paper describes the changes occurring in Pinus sylvestris and Larix leptolepis during ageing and reports an investigation into the possible mechanisms controlling these changes. Pruning experiments suggest that ageing is due to increased competition for nutrients between the various constituent shoots as the branch systems increase in complexity, but the distribution of available nutrients is modified by apical dominance. These conclusions were supported by the results of experiments involving the injection of radioactive phosphorus (22P), in association with the pruning treatments.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induction of egr-1 is independent of PDGF receptor autophosphorylation on tyrosine. (1994)

Autophosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor on tyrosine, which is dependent upon and occurs immediately after ligand binding, has been linked to the activation of second messenger pathways thought to be necessary for the induction of gene expression, DNA synthesis, and mitogenesis. We have investigated PDGF signal transduction in Balb/c3T3 and NIH-3T3 cells at the level of immediate-early gene induction under three conditions in which PDGF receptor autophosphorylation in response to PDGF binding is blocked: cells transformed by v-rasKi, cells transformed by v-mos, and cells treated with genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. PDGF induction of immediate-early genes c-myc, c-fos, and JE is blocked in these systems. Induction of another immediate-early gene, egr-1, occurs normally despite the absence of measurable tyrosine kinase activity. The same results were obtained when cells were stimulated with PDGF-AA or PDGF-BB. It is not yet clear if this receptor tyrosine kinase-independent signal utilizes known PDGF second messengers, but these results demonstrate a new arm of the PDGF signal transduction pathway which operates in the absence of, and independently from, autophosphorylation of the receptor on tyrosine.
Two-dimensional confocal images of organization, density, and gating of focal Ca 2+ release sites in rat cardiac myocytes (1998)

In cardiac myocytes Ca2+ cross-signaling between Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors takes place by exchange of Ca2+ signals in microdomains surrounding dyadic junctions, allowing first the activation and then the inactivation of the two Ca2+-transporting proteins. To explore the details of Ca2+ signaling between the two sets of receptors we measured the two-dimensional cellular distribution of Ca2+ at 240 Hz by using a novel confocal imaging technique. Ca2+ channel-triggered Ca2+ transients could be resolved into dynamic "Ca2+ stripes" composed of hundreds of discrete focal Ca2+ releases, appearing as bright fluorescence spots (radius congruent with 0.5 micrometer) at reproducible sites, which often coincided with t-tubules as visualized with fluorescent staining of the cell membrane. Focal Ca2+ releases triggered stochastically by Ca2+ current (ICa) changed little in duration ( congruent with7 ms) and size (congruent with100,000 Ca ions) between -40 and +60 mV, but their frequency of activation and first latency mirrored the kinetics and voltage dependence of ICa. The resolution of 0.95 +/- 0. 13 reproducible focal Ca2+ release sites per micrometer3 in highly Ca2+-buffered cells, where diffusion of Ca2+ is limited to 50 nm, suggests the presence of about one independent, functional Ca2+ release site per half sarcomere. The density and distribution of Ca2+ release sites suggest they correspond to dyadic junctions. The abrupt onset and termination of focal Ca2+ releases indicate that the cluster of ryanodine receptors in individual dyadic junctions may operate in a coordinated fashion.
Optimal design of fused deposition modeling structures using COMSOL Multiphysics® software (2015)

International audience
Generation of the First TCR Transgenic Mouse with CD4+ T Cells Recognizing an Anti-inflammatory Regulatory T Cell-Inducing Hsp70 Peptide (2016)

Antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) directed at self-antigens are difficult to study since suitable specific tools to isolate and characterize these cells are lacking. A T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mouse would generate possibilities to study such -antigen-specific T cells. As was shown previously, immunization with the mycobacterial heat shock protein (Hsp) 70-derived peptide B29 and its mouse homologs mB29a and mB29b induced anti-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, B29 induced antigen--specific Tregs in vivo. To study mB29b-specific Tregs, we isolated the TCR from T cell hybridomas generated against mB29b and produced a TCR transgenic mouse that expresses a MHC-class II restricted mB29b-specific TCR. These TCR transgenic CD4(+) T cells were found to cross-react with the B29 epitope as identified with peptide-induced proliferation and IL-2 production. Thus, we have successfully generated a novel mouse model with antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that recognize self and bacterial Hsp 70-derived peptides. With this novel mouse model, it will be possible to study primary antigen-specific T cells with specificity for a regulatory Hsp70 T cell epitope. This will enable the isolation and characterization CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs with a proven specificity. This will provide useful knowledge of the induction, activation, and mode of action of Hsp70-specific Tregs, for instance, during experimental arthritis.
Class Assignment: ULC 257: Nikola Tesla, Genius or Insanity? (2013)

Nikola Tesla was an engineer and inventor who immigrated from Croatia. He is responsible for developing the AC power that the world runs on. Some of his ideas, though, were far ahead of the time. Many of his ideas are now being looked into by modern scientists, who are having trouble reproducing his work.
In vitro measurement of the vena contracta for stenotic valves using laser induced fluorescence imaging and digital particle image velocimetry: comparison with ultrasound Doppler (2002)

Effective orifice areas of stenotic valves are routinely estimated using ultrasound Doppler. However, several questions regarding the flow dependent nature of this technique have been raised. Using precise laser induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV), the authors were able to measure flow through the vena contracta region of stenotic orifices in vitro. LIF measured vena contracta areas were compared to Doppler areas as flow rate increased from 25 cc/sec to 165 cc/sec. Although actual vena contracta areas exhibited very little change as flow rate increased, Doppler measured areas showed a strong dependence on flow, especially at low flow rates. Doppler areas underestimated actual vena contracta areas significantly at low flows. DPIV measurements of the velocity profile at the vena contracta suggest that Doppler underestimation is due to a breakdown of the flat velocity profile assumption inherent in the Doppler method.
Identification of aCRYABMutation Associated with Autosomal Dominant Posterior Polar Cataract in a Chinese Family (2006)

To date, only one CRYAB mutation has been associated with congenital isolated cataract. This study identified a second novel mutation in CRYAB in a large Chinese cataract family. Together, these results provide strong evidence that CRYAB is a pathogenic gene for congenital cataract.
How to monitor packet transfers on global network (2002)

It is not an exaggeration to say that using the Internet and World Wide Web have become common household activities. While the end users do not care how the information gets transferred between end points on a global network, system designers, software and hardware developers, and network managers need to be concerned about the packet based information transfers between the end points. There is a great need to know about how the packets are moving on the network, their relative time responses as the packets travel towards the destination station, and the IP (Internet Protocol) addresses of the intermediate nodes, to qualify the data transfers. Unix and the Windows based platforms are very popular for the Web and Internet related information transfer activities. The authors discuss some popular and very useful connectivity commands which will help the users to monitor the network behavior and show practical case studies of how these can be used to monitor the data transfers and the time involvement.
Theoretical Study of Structure and Raman Spectra for Models of Carbon Nanotubes in Their Pristine and Oxidized Forms (2002)

Changes upon oxidization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in structure and Raman spectra are investigated using geometry optimizations and frequency calculations with density functional theory and ONIOM(MO:MO) methods. Macrocycles consisting of six and 12 fused C6 hexagon units, C24H12 and C48H24 or [6]- and [12]-cyclacene, respectively, were chosen as model systems for zigzag single wall carbon nanotubes. A vertically extended belt model with three fused [12]-cyclacenes, C96H24, was also studied as well. The oxidation was modeled by 1,2- or 1,4-cycloaddition poducts of two oxygen atoms at the furthest ends of each macrocycle; 1,4-adducts are found to be much more stable than 1,2-adducts and are possibly the actual oxidation products. It is shown for all these cases that, when oxygen atoms react, the macrocycle undergoes large deformation from the totally symmetric cyclic structure toward an oval shape. This is due to the introduction of sp3 centers on the ring and subsequent relaxation of the adjacent C6 hexagon units. Upon oxidation calculated Raman spectra show large reduction in peak intensities, which can be attributed to the loss of cylindrical symmetry due to structural deformation. The study provides a novel explanation for the experimental observation that Raman spectra of individual CNTs are highly sensitive to oxidization.
Light field geometry of a standard plenoptic camera (2014)

The Standard Plenoptic Camera (SPC) is an innovation in photography, allowing for acquiring two-dimensional images focused at different depths, from a single exposure. Contrary to conventional cameras, the SPC consists of a micro lens array and a main lens projecting virtual lenses into object space. For the first time, the present research provides an approach to estimate the distance and depth of refocused images extracted from captures obtained by an SPC. Furthermore, estimates for the position and baseline of virtual lenses which correspond to an equivalent camera array are derived. On the basis of paraxial approximation, a ray tracing model employing linear equations has been developed and implemented using Matlab. The optics simulation tool Zemax is utilized for validation purposes. By designing a realistic SPC, experiments demonstrate that a predicted image refocusing distance at 3.5 m deviates by less than 11% from the simulation in Zemax, whereas baseline estimations indicate no significant difference. Applying the proposed methodology will enable an alternative to the traditional depth map acquisition by disparity analysis.