gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Designing DC/DC Converters with Impulse Loads for Secondary Supply Systems of Transmit/Receive Modules for Active Phased Array Antennas of Radars (2020)

The fundamental difference between voltage converters of secondary power supplies for transmit/receive modules of active phased array antennas with impulse load and converter with continuous power consumption is described. It is shown that methods to improve quality of transient processes in the converter with continuous power consumption during switching on and off are inapplicable to improve quality of transient processes in periodic current impulses caused by the impulse load. Options are reviewed for implementation of converters with single-loop negative feedback of output voltage with correction circuits and without correction; with energy storage capacitors, and with double-loop negative feedback of output voltage and choke current and with energy storage capacitor. It is shown that only voltage converters with double-loop negative feedback of output voltage and choke current and with energy storage capacitor provide for the required quality of power supply for transmit/receive modules of active phased array antennas.
An integrated visual-inertial technique for structural displacement and velocity measurement (2010)

Measuring displacement response for civil structures is very important for assessing their performance, safety and integrity. Recently, video-based techniques that utilize low-cost high-resolution digital cameras have been developed for such an application. These techniques however have relatively low sampling frequency and the results are usually contaminated with noises. In this study, an integrated visual-inertial measurement method that combines a monocular videogrammetric displacement measurement technique and a collocated accelerometer is proposed for displacement and velocity measurement of civil engineering structures. The monocular videogrammetric technique extracts three-dimensional translation and rotation of a planar target from an image sequence recorded by one camera. The obtained displacement is then fused with acceleration measured from a collocated accelerometer using a multi-rate Kalman filter with smoothing technique. This data fusion not only can improve the accuracy and the frequency bandwidth of displacement measurement but also provide estimate for velocity. The proposed measurement technique is illustrated by a shake table test and a pedestrian bridge test. Results show that the fusion of displacement and acceleration can mitigate their respective limitations and produce more accurate displacement and velocity responses with a broader frequency bandwidth.
Numerical Maps for Fiber Lasers Mode Locked with Nonlinear Polarization Evolution: Comparison with Semi-Analytical Models (2008)

Abstract We have used a fully vectorial model based on two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations to study mode locking and pulse generation initiated and stabilized by nonlinear polarization evolution in a stretched pulse, double-clad, Yb-doped, fiber laser. The model takes explicitly into account gain saturation, finite amplification bandwidth, Kerr-induced self- and cross-phase modulations, group velocity dispersion, polarization control, and linear birefringence. Complete maps versus the orientation of intra-cavity wave-plates have been established. They comprise a large variety of pulse regimes that can be simply obtained by turning the intracavity wave-plate: stable single pulse per round trip, multiple pulsing, unstable pulsing on a continuous wave (CW) background, as well as limit cycles. In addition, we have demonstrated that linear birefringence plays a key role in the pulse-shaping mechanism induced by nonlinear polarization evolution.
FA-Harris: A Fast and Asynchronous Corner Detector for Event Cameras (2019)

Recently, the emerging bio-inspired event cameras have demonstrated potentials for a wide range of robotic applications in dynamic environments. In this paper, we propose a novel fast and asynchronous event-based corner detection method which is called FA-Harris. FA-Harris consists of several components, including an event filter, a Global Surface of Active Events (G-SAE) maintaining unit, a corner candidate selecting unit, and a corner candidate refining unit. The proposed G-SAE maintenance algorithm and corner candidate selection algorithm greatly enhance the real-time performance for corner detection, while the corner candidate refinement algorithm maintains the accuracy of performance by using an improved event-based Harris detector. Additionally, FA-Harris does not require artificially synthesized event-frames and can operate on asynchronous events directly. We implement the proposed method in C++ and evaluate it on public Event Camera Datasets. The results show that our method achieves approximately 8x speed-up when compared with previously reported event-based Harris detector, and with no compromise on the accuracy of performance.
Alkaloids Containing a Seven‐Membered Oxygen Ring (1972)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Strychnine Group The Cularine Group Insularine and Insulanoline References
IL-17 and IL-22 enhance skin inflammation by stimulating the secretion of IL-1β by keratinocytes via the ROS-NLRP3-caspase-1 pathway (2011)

These results indicate that cytokines from T(h)17 cells may potentiate IL-1β-mediated skin inflammation and result in phenotypic alterations of keratinocytes via a feedback mechanism.
Magnetization processes and reorientation transition for small magnetic dots (1999)

A theory for magnetization processes in interacting arrays of small magnetic structures at finite temperatures is presented. Hysteresis and magnetic ordering of weakly coupled arrays of single-domain ferromagnetic particles are examined. The dots are arranged on a planar lattice and the effects of lattice geometry are examined via long-ranged dipolar coupling between magnetic dots. Small clusters of dots arranged in finite arrays are shown to have complicated hysteresis determined by the shape, size, and orientation of the cluster in externally applied fields. One result is an array induced ``shape'' anisotropy that controls how reversal occurs in the array itself. Finite temperature effects are examined and the strength of the dipolar coupling, though weak, can be significant for closely packed particles at low temperatures. A reorientation transition from in plane to perpendicular is shown to occur as the temperature is increased for dots with perpendicular anisotropy.
Bond Pricing and the Term Structure of Interest Rates: A New Methodology for Contingent Claims Valuation (1992)

David Heath, Robert Jarrow, Andrew Morton, Bond Pricing and the Term Structure of Interest Rates: A New Methodology for Contingent Claims Valuation, Econometrica, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 77-105
Formation of secondary allo-bile acids by novel enzymes from gut Firmicutes (2022)

ABSTRACT The gut microbiome of vertebrates is capable of numerous biotransformations of bile acids, which are responsible for intestinal lipid digestion and function as key nutrient-signaling molecules. The human liver produces bile acids from cholesterol predominantly in the A/B- trans orientation in which the sterol rings are “kinked”, as well as small quantities of A/B- cis oriented “flat” stereoisomers known as “primary allo-bile acids”. While the complex multi-step bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation pathway has been well-studied for conversion of “kinked” primary bile acids such as cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), respectively, the enzymatic basis for the formation of “flat” stereoisomers allo-deoxycholic acid (allo-DCA) and allo-lithocholic acid (allo-LCA) by Firmicutes has remained unsolved for three decades. Here, we present a novel mechanism by which Firmicutes generate the “flat” bile acids allo-DCA and allo-LCA. The BaiA1 was shown to catalyze the final reduction from 3-oxo-allo-DCA to allo-DCA and 3-oxo-allo-LCA to allo-LCA. Phylogenetic and metagenomic analyses of human stool samples indicate that BaiP and BaiJ are encoded only in Firmicutes and differ from membrane-associated bile acid 5α-reductases recently reported in Bacteroidetes that indirectly generate allo-LCA from 3-oxo-Δ 4 -LCA. We further map the distribution of baiP and baiJ among Firmicutes in human metagenomes, demonstrating an increased abundance of the two genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients relative to healthy individuals. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bile acid synthesis by vertebrates is central to digestion and nutrient signaling. Gut bacteria have evolved enzymes capable of converting primary bile acids to hundreds of secondary bile acids. While bile acid microbiology has been focused on the metabolism of ring hydroxyl groups and the carboxylated side-chain, very little is known about how bacteria alter the shape of the steroid ring system. Here, we describe enzymes expressed by Firmicutes that convert the “kinked” primary bile acid into “flat” secondary bile acids. Decades of research indicate that increased levels of secondary bile acids are risk factors for colorectal cancer. Hidden Markov Models developed from the BaiP and BaiJ enzyme sequences revealed significant enrichment in metagenomes of subjects with colorectal cancer.
Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and safety of riociguat given as an oral suspension or crushed tablet with and without food (2015)

Riociguat is approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Some patients have difficulty swallowing tablets; therefore, 2 randomized, nonblinded, crossover studies compared the relative bioavailability of riociguat oral suspensions and immediate-release (IR) tablet and of crushed-tablet preparations versus whole IR tablet. In study 1, 30 healthy subjects received 5 single riociguat doses: 0.3 and 2.4 mg (0.15 mg/mL suspensions), 0.15 mg (0.03 mg/mL), and 1.0 mg (whole IR tablet) under fasted conditions and 2.4 mg (0.15 mg/mL) after a high-fat, high-calorie American-style breakfast. In study 2, 25 healthy men received 4 single 2.5-mg doses: whole IR tablet and crushed IR tablet suspended in applesauce and water, respectively, under fasted conditions, and whole IR tablet after a continental breakfast. In study 1, dose-normalized pharmacokinetics of riociguat oral suspensions and 1.0-mg whole IR tablet were similar in fasted conditions; 90% confidence intervals for riociguat area under the curve (AUC) to dose and mean maximum concentration (C max) to dose were within bioequivalence criteria. After food, dose-normalized AUC and C max decreased by 15% and 38%, respectively. In study 2, riociguat exposure was similar for all preparations; AUC ratios for crushed-IR-tablet preparations to whole IR tablet were within bioequivalence criteria. The C max increased by 17% for crushed IR tablet in water versus whole IR tablet. Food intake decreased C max of the whole tablet by 16%, with unaltered AUC versus fasted conditions. Riociguat bioavailability was similar between the oral suspensions and the whole IR tablet; exposure was similar between whole IR tablet and crushed-IR-tablet preparations. Minor food effects were observed. Results suggest that riociguat formulations are interchangeable.
Evaluating novel gravity-driven membrane (GDM) water kiosks in schools (2017)

This paper presents results of the field evaluation of three gravity driven membrane (GDM) water kiosks purifying Victoria lake water in schools in Uganda.The study evaluated the technical performance of the systems and the feasibility of the operation and maintenance concepts over two years of operation, as well as the financial viability of the business model and management concept and overall system sustainability.The results show that GDM water kiosks are a simple technology capable of treating turbid surface water and can autonomously supply good quality water to schools and communities.They require little maintenance, are simple to operate and maintain, and with trained local O&M team support, they offer sustainability of operation in remote low-income areas.The business and management model evaluation has not yet been completed and is ongoing.
Determining the 3-D structure of serial-sectioned microscopic objects: analysis and limitations (2003)

The limited aperture of an optical system has the effect of zeroing a biconic portion of the 3-D spectrum of the specimen oriented along the optical axis; elsewhere, the spectrum is distorted by a low-pass function. The planar resolution of the serial sections can be improved by inverse filtering; however, the missing information cannot be recovered directly. In the absence of these effects, the sections can be processed to delineate significant changes in image intensity, or edges. The edges can be aggregated using morphology and other region correction procedures from which a 3-D representation of the specimen can be generated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An invisible watermarking technique for image verification (2002)

We propose a new method for invisibly watermarking high-quality color and gray-scale images. This method is intended for use in image verification applications, where one is interested in knowing whether the content of an image has been altered since some earlier time, perhaps because of the act of a malicious party. It consists of both a watermark stamping process which embeds a watermark in a source image, and a watermark extraction process which extracts a watermark from a stamped image. The extracted watermark can be used to determine whether the image has been altered. The processing used in the stamping and extraction processes is presented. We also discuss some advantages of this technique over other invisible watermarking techniques for the verification application; these include a high degree of invisibility, color preservation, ease of decoding, and a high degree of protection against retention of the watermark after unauthorized alterations.
Review of Statistical and Analytical Degradation Models for Photovoltaic Modules and Systems as Well as Related Improvements (2018)

In this work, we investigate practical approaches of available degradation models and their usage in photovoltaic (PV) modules and systems. On the one hand, degradation prediction of models is described for the calculation of degradation at system level where the degradation mode is unknown and hence the physics cannot be included by the use of analytical models. Several statistical models are thus described and applied for the calculation of the performance loss using as case study two PV systems, installed in Bolzano/Italy. Namely, simple linear regression (SLR), classical seasonal-decomposition, seasonal- and trend-decomposition using Loess (STL), Holt-Winters exponential smoothing and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) are discussed. The performance loss results show that SLR produces results with highest uncertainties. In comparison, STL and ARIMA perform with the highest accuracy, whereby STL is favored because of its easier implementation. On the other hand, if monitoring data at PV module level are available in controlled conditions, analytical models can be applied. Several analytical models depending on different degradations modes are thus discussed. A comparison study is carried out for models proposed for corrosion. Although the results of the models in question agree in explanation of experimental observations, a big difference in degradation prediction was observed. Finally, a model proposed for potential induced degradation was applied to simulate the degradation of PV systems maximum power in three climatic zones: alpine (Zugspitze, Germany), maritime (Gran Canaria, Spain), and arid (Negev, Israel). As expected, a more severe degradation is predicted for arid climates.
Building a Small-Animal Model for AIDS, Block by Block (2001)

A few labs have been plugging away for years to develop cheap, malleable animal models for AIDS, say, a rat or a mouse. Recent findings have brought the goal closer, but some AIDS researchers remain skeptical
The impact of lifestyle factors on reproductive performance in the general population and those undergoing infertility treatment: a review (2007)

This evidence-based review focuses on the impact of potentially modifiable, non-communicable lifestyle factors on reproductive performance in the general population and the infertile population undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. The impact of several lifestyle factors including; age, weight, smoking, diet, exercise, psychological stress, caffeine consumption, alcohol consumption and exposure to environmental pollutants are included in the review. The databases of Medline, PubMed and Cinahl were searched to identify relevant publications. There is strong evidence that age, weight and smoking impact on general health and adversely on reproductive performance. However there is a need for further research focusing specifically on the relationship between diet and various levels of exercise on reproductive performance. There are several other factors such as psychological stress, caffeine consumption, alcohol consumption and exposure to environmental pollutants that have been implicated but the evidence is equivocal. It is concluded that lifestyle modification can assist couples to conceive spontaneously or optimize their chances of conception with ART treatment.
Differential alterations in muscarinic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for cholinergic-based therapies (1995)

Molecular subtypes of muscarinic receptors (m1-m5) are novel targets for cholinergic replacement therapies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, knowledge concerning the relative distribution, abundance and functional status of these receptors in human brain and AD is incomplete. Recent data from our laboratory have demonstrated a defect in the ability of the M1 receptor subtype to form a high affinity agonist-receptor-G protein complex in AD frontal cortex. This defect is manifested by decreased M1 receptor-stimulated GTPgammaS binding and GTPase activity and by a loss in receptor-stimulated phospholipase C activity. Normal levels of G proteins suggest that the aberrant receptor-G protein interaction may result from an altered form of the m1 receptor in AD. The combined use of radioligand binding and receptor-domain specific antibodies has permitted the re-examination of the status of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the human brain. In AD, normal levels of m1 receptor [3H]-pirenzepine binding contrasted with diminished m1 immunoreactivity, further suggesting that there is an altered form of the m1 receptor in the disease. Reduced m2 immunoreactivity was consistent with decreased numbers of m2 binding sites. Increased levels of m4 receptors were observed in both binding and immunoreactivity measurements. These findings suggest one possible explanation for the relative ineffectiveness of cholinergic replacement therapies used to date and suggest potential new directions for development of effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2, and colorectal cancer prevention (2001)

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Despite proven screening strategies, less than 40% of eligible Americans undergo appropriate screening for colorectal cancer. Research evaluating the underlying defects responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis has provided insight into some of the molecular mechanisms responsible for familial and sporadic colorectal cancer. The signaling pathways involved in the development of colorectal cancer may provide effective targets for prevention and treatment. These targets include cyclooxygenase-2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- delta, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- gamma, transforming growth factor- beta receptors, and the inducible-nitric oxide synthase.
Control of grid connected AC-DC converters with minimized DC link capacitance under unbalanced grid voltage condition (2007)

Due to the limited lifetime of electrolytic capacitors, use of film capacitors is gaining popularity in AC-DC converter applications. In order to constrain both cost and converter volume while using film capacitors, small DC link capacitance values must be employed. Two challenges are associated with converters that have small DC link capacitors. First, such converters are highly susceptible to transient over/under voltages on the DC link. Secondly, even minor grid voltage imbalance can cause large 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> harmonic DC link voltage ripple to appear, possibly interfering with the load. This paper details a control scheme that overcomes both these problems. A feedforward matrix is employed to generate a set of reference current commands that are processed by high bandwidth stationary frame current controllers. A novel DC link voltage controller combines load feedforward with a resonant term to reduce transient over/under voltages and improve immunity to 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> harmonic voltage ripple under unbalanced grid conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed converter controller.
FINDING FOSSIL GROUPS: OPTICAL IDENTIFICATION AND X-RAY CONFIRMATION (2012)

We report the discovery of 12 new fossil groups (FGs) of galaxies, systems dominated by a single giant elliptical galaxy and cluster-scale gravitational potential, but lacking the population of bright galaxies typically seen in galaxy clusters. These FGs, selected from the maxBCG optical cluster catalog, were detected in snapshot observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We detail the highly successful selection method, with an 80% success rate in identifying 12 FGs from our target sample of 15 candidates. For 11 of the systems, we determine the X-ray luminosity, temperature, and hydrostatic mass, which do not deviate significantly from expectations for normal systems, spanning a range typical of rich groups and poor clusters of galaxies. A small number of detected FGs are morphologically irregular, possibly due to past mergers, interaction of the intra-group medium with a central active galactic nucleus (AGN), or superposition of multiple massive halos. Two-thirds of the X-ray-detected FGs exhibit X-ray emission associated with the central brightest cluster galaxy (BCG), although we are unable to distinguish between AGN and extended thermal galaxy emission using the current data. This sample representing a large increase in the number of known FGs, will be invaluable for future planned observations to determine FG temperature, gas density, metal abundance, and mass distributions, and to compare to normal (non-fossil) systems. Finally, the presence of a population of galaxy-poor systems may bias mass function determinations that measure richness from galaxy counts. When used to constrain power spectrum normalization and Omega(m), these biased mass functions may in turn bias these results.