gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pir Proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Are Attached to β-1,3-Glucan by a New Protein-Carbohydrate Linkage (2006)

A family of covalently linked cell wall proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, called Pir proteins, are characterized by up to 10 conserved repeating units. Ccw5/Pir4p contains only one complete repeating sequence and its deletion caused a release of the protein into the medium. The exchange of each of three glutamines (Gln69, Gln74, Gln76) as well as one aspartic acid (Asp72) within the repeating unit leads to a loss of the protein from the cell wall. Amino acid sequencing revealed that only Gln74 is modified. Release of the protein with mild alkali, changed Gln74 to to glutamic acid, suggesting that Gln74 is involved in the linkage. Analysis by mass spectrometry showed that 5 hexoses are attached to Gln/Glu74. Sugar analysis revealed glucose as the only constituent. It is suggested that Pir proteins form novel, alkali labile ester linkages between the gamma-carboxyl group of glutamic acids, arising from specific glutamines, with hydroxyl groups of glucoses of beta-1,3-glucan chains. This transglutaminase-type reaction could take place extracellularly and would energetically proceed on the account of amido group elimination.
Chronic Renal Insufficiency (1998)

Chronic renal insufficiency ultimately culminating in end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation is a major health problem in the United States. The first task confronting the physician caring for a patient with renal disease is to decide whether the renal insufficiency is acute or chronic. The initial differential diagnostic approach to chronic renal insufficiency consists of determining whether the patient has glomerular disease or interstitial or vascular disease on the basis of a careful history taking, urinalysis, and measurement of 24-hour protein excretion. Further refinement of diagnostic considerations often requires serologic studies, renal biopsy, or imaging the urinary tract with ultrasonography or computed tomography. Management considerations begin with the identification and correction of any acute reversible causes of renal insufficiency in patients with chronic renal disease. Recent studies have shown that effective antihypertensive therapy, especially with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, restriction of dietary protein, and excellent glycemic control in patients with diabetes, can retard the progression of chronic renal disease. Once these therapeutic strategies are in place, it is important to anticipate and treat the multiple manifestations of chronic progressive renal insufficiency: fluid overload, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism, and anemia.
The Expression and Regulation of Class Ii Antigens in Normal and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Peripheral Blood Monocytes and Intestinal Epithelium (1991)

Elevated constitutive expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) class II antigens occurs in the enterocytes of patients with IBD. It has been suggested that this aberrant expression of class II molecules may play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. We examined two possible reasons for such a finding. 1) Heightened sensitivity of IBD enterocytes to endogenous gamma interferon (gamma IFN) and 2) enhanced endogenous secretion of gamma interferon by intestinal cells in close proximity to the enterocytes (lamina propria lymphocytes). Constitutive and gamma interferon stimulated HLA-DR and DP density on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) from UC patients (IEC n = 13; PBM n = 20), CD patients (IEC n = 14; PBM n = 18) and non-IBD controls (IEC n = 12; PBM n = 20) were measured via flow cytometry (mean channel fluorescence). gamma IFN production by PHA stimulated and unstimulated lamina propria lymphocyte (LPL) cultures of UC patients (n = 11) CD patients (n = 8) and non-IBD controls (n = 11) was measured using a vesicular stomatitis virus/WISH cell bioassay. We found significantly greater gamma IFN secretion by IBD-derived PHA stimulated LPL than from non-IBD stimulated controls (CD = 39.4 +/- 12.4u; UC41.5 +/- 6.8u; NL = 22.4 +/- 8.3u, p less than 0.05) while gamma IFN induced HLA-DR and DP upregulation was no greater in IBD-derived IEC and PBM than in non-IBD controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Strömungs‐ und Trennverhalten von Tellerseparatoren zur Abscheidung von Ölnebelaerosolen, Untersuchungen zum Rotor/Rotor‐Konzept (2008)

Abstract In dieser Arbeit werden allgemeingültige Gesetzmäßigkeiten zum Strömungsverhalten und zur Tropfenabscheidung in Tellerseparatoren vorgestellt. Das geometrische Apparatekonzept orientiert sich am Aufbau klassischer Tellerseparatoren (Rotor/Rotor‐Konzept). Untersucht werden die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Strömungsverhalten, Druckverlust, Verteilung des Rohgases auf die einzelnen Tellerspalte und dem Gesamttrenngrad. Die Berechnung des Strömungsverhaltens erfolgt auf Basis der Finite‐Volumen‐Methode. Unter Zugrundelegung eines bekannten Strömungsfeldes werden die Bewegungen der Tropfen jeweils einzeln verfolgt, was der Betrachtungsweise des Euler‐Lagrange‐Verfahrens entspricht. Ein analytisches Modell wird entwickelt, das neben der Berechnung des Trenngrades auch die Bestimmung der Volumenstromverteilung und des Druckabfalls erlaubt. Dieses Näherungsverfahren versteht sich als Ergänzung zu einer Auslegung mittels einer numerisch gewonnenen universellen Trenngradkurve und dient zugleich zur Minimierung aufwändiger CFD‐Berechnungen. Betrachtet werden die einzelnen Strömungsgebiete im Tellerseparator als ein Netzwerk, das auf der Unterteilung in Maschen und Knoten basiert. Für jeden Knoten gilt die Erhaltung des Gesamtvolumenstroms und für jede Masche muss die Summe aller Druckänderungen gleich null sein. Die Ergebnisse der analytischen Berechnungsmethode zeigen sowohl für die Volumenstromverteilung als auch für die Separatortrenngrade eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Daten der numerischen Strömungssimulation. Die in diesem Zusammenhang berechneten Druckänderungen werden ebenfalls durch das Experiment bestätigt. Damit gelingt ein umfassendes Apparate‐Scale‐up unter Berücksichtigung aller wesentlichen betrieblichen, stofflichen und geometrischen Einflussgrößen einschließlich des Tellerwinkels und des Radienverhältnisses der Teller.
Identification of Novel Drosophila Meiotic Genes Recovered in a P-Element Screen (1999)

The segregation of homologous chromosomes from one another is the essence of meiosis. In many organisms, accurate segregation is ensured by the formation of chiasmata resulting from crossing over. Drosophila melanogaster females use this type of recombination-based system, but they also have mechanisms for segregating achiasmate chromosomes with high fidelity. We describe a P-element mutagenesis and screen in a sensitized genetic background to detect mutations that impair meiotic chromosome pairing, recombination, or segregation. Our screen identified two new recombination-deficient mutations: mei-P22, which fully eliminates meiotic recombination, and mei-P26, which decreases meiotic exchange by 70% in a polar fashion. We also recovered an unusual allele of the ncd gene, whose wild-type product is required for proper structure and function of the meiotic spindle. However, the screen yielded primarily mutants specifically defective in the segregation of achiasmate chromosomes. Although most of these are alleles of previously undescribed genes, five were in the known genes alphaTubulin67C, CycE, push, and Trl. The five mutations in known genes produce novel phenotypes for those genes.
Ablation of oncogenic ALK is a viable therapeutic approach for anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (2005)

Anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) carry chromosome translocations in which the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene is fused to several partners, most frequently, the NPM1 gene. We have demonstrated that the constitutive activation of ALK fusion proteins results in cellular transformation and lymphoid neoplasia. Herein, we specifically down-regulated ALK protein expression by using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting a sequence coding for the catalytic domain of ALK. The ablation of ALK leads to the down-modulation of known ALK downstream effectors, cell growth arrest, and reversion of the transformed phenotype of ALK(+) mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. In human ALCL cells lentiviral-mediated ALK knock-down leads to G(1) cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and tumor growth inhibition and regression in vivo. Using a specific approach we have demonstrated that the survival and growth of ALK(+) ALCLs are strictly dependent on ALK activation and signaling. Therefore, ALK is a viable target for therapeutic intervention and its inactivation might represent a pivotal approach for the treatment of ALK lymphomas and other ALK-dependent human tumors.
Endoscopic Applications of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) in Cancers of the Digestive and Respiratory Tracts (2022)

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed and promising therapy that specifically destroys target cells by irradiating antibody-photo-absorber conjugates (APCs) with NIR light. APCs bind to target molecules on the cell surface, and when exposed to NIR light, cause disruption of the cell membrane due to the ligand release reaction and dye aggregation. This leads to rapid cell swelling, blebbing, and rupture, which leads to immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD activates host antitumor immunity, which assists in killing still viable cancer cells in the treated lesion but is also capable of producing responses in untreated lesions. In September 2020, an APC and laser system were conditionally approved for clinical use in unresectable advanced head and neck cancer in Japan, and are now routine in appropriate patients. However, most tumors have been relatively accessible in the oral cavity or neck. Endoscopes offer the opportunity to deliver light deeper within hollow organs of the body. In recent years, the application of endoscopic therapy as an alternative to surgery for the treatment of cancer has expanded, providing significant benefits to inoperable patients. In this review, we will discuss the potential applications of endoscopic NIR-PIT, especially in thoracic and gastrointestinal cancers.
Recent advances in stratification and film formation of latex films; attenuated total reflection and step-scan photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic studies (1998)

Surfactant–latex molecular level interactions as well as transient effects during latex film formation play an important role in latex technology. This review article focuses on the siloxane effects on anionic sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (SDOSS) surfactant exudation during latex coalescence and quantitative analysis of SDOSS distribution at the both film–air (F–A) and film–substrate (F–S) interfaces. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized for characterization of the interactions between SDOSS and styrene–butyl acrylate latex copolymers. In addition, studies of SDOSS stratification along with depth-profiling analysis during latex film formation utilizing step-scan photoacoustic (S2-PAS) FTIR spectroscopy illustrate that SDOSS content is enriched at the F–A interface and decreases as the penetration depth increases across the latex film thickness. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 1321–1348, 1998
Candidates for peptide receptor radiotherapy today and in the future. (2005)

Regulatory peptide receptors are overexpressed in numerous human cancers. These receptors have been used as molecular targets by which radiolabeled peptides can localize cancers in vivo and, more recently, to treat cancers with peptide receptor radiation therapy (PRRT). This review describes the candidate tumors eligible for such radiotherapy on the basis of their peptide receptor content and discusses factors in PRRT eligibility. At the present time, PRRT is performed primarily with somatostatin receptor- and cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2)-receptor-expressing neuroendocrine tumors with radiolabeled octreotide analogs or with radiolabeled CCK2-selective analogs. In the future, PRRT may be extended to many other tumor types, including breast, prostate, gut, pancreas, and brain tumors, that have recently been shown to overexpress several other peptide receptors, such as gastrin-releasing peptide-, neurotensin-, substance P-, glucagon-like peptide 1-, neuropeptide Y-, or corticotropin-releasing factor-receptors. A wide range of radiolabeled peptides is being developed for clinical use. Improved somatostatin or CCK(2) analogs as well as newly designed bombesin, neurotensin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs offer promise for future PRRT.
Quantum heat engine with a quadratically coupled optomechanical system (2019)

We propose a quantum heat engine based on a quadratically coupled optomechanical system. The optical component of the system is driven periodically with an incoherent thermal drive, which induces periodic oscillations in the mechanical component. Under the action of the quadratic optomechanical interaction, the mechanical mode evolves from an initial thermal state to a thermal-squeezed steady state, as verified by calculating the Wigner functions. The dynamics of the system is identified as an effective four-stroke Otto cycle. We investigated the performance of the engine by evaluating the dissipated power, the maximum power under a load, and the maximum extractable work. It is found that the engine operating with quadratic optomechanics is more powerful than the one operating with linear optomechanics. The effect is explained by the presence of squeezing in the quantum state of the mechanical mode.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (2008)

Usually resolves over time, and intervention offers only limited benefit

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is defined as pain behind or around the patella caused by stress in the patellofemoral joint. Symptoms are usually provoked by climbing stairs, squatting, and sitting with flexed knees for long periods of time. It is a common presentation in general practice and can have a big effect on patients’ ability to work.1 Physiotherapy and foot orthoses available without prescription are often used in the management of patellofemoral pain syndrome. In the linked randomised controlled trial (doi:10.1136/bmj.a1735), Collins and colleagues assess the effectiveness of foot orthoses, flat insoles, multimodal physiotherapy (patellofemoral joint mobilisation, patellar taping, quadriceps muscle retraining, and education), or a combination of foot orthoses and physiotherapy in people with this syndrome.2

The rationale for treatment is to correct unbalanced tracking of the patella. Knee braces, knee taping, knee sleeves, and …
The kinetics of acetic acid steam reforming on Ni/Ca-Al2O3 catalyst (2022)

As a significant by-product of many thermochemical and biological waste conversion processes, acetic acid (AcOH) is often investigated as model feedstock in the production of sustainable hydrogen from non-fossil sources. The kinetics of its steam reforming were extracted from packed bed reactor experiments over an industrially produced 14 wt% Ni/Ca-Al2O3 catalyst at atmospheric pressure. The model consisting of AcOH steam reforming producing CO2 and H2, AcOH decomposition to CO and H2, and water gas shift, achieved the best fit, reflected in the lowest average relative errors (ARE) with experimental results, with ARE values below 5.4% and 6.4% on AcOH and water conversions respectively, and below 4% on H2 mol fraction. This model was validated away from equilibrium using additional experimental points, as well as for a wide range of equilibrium conditions with varying temperature (600–700 °C) and feed molar steam to carbon ratios (3–8) at atmospheric pressure using an independent method.
BURS automata generation (1995)

A simple and efficient algorithm for generating bottom-up rewrite system (BURS) tables is described. A small code-generator generator implementation produces BURS tables efficiently, even for complex instruction set descriptions. The algorithm does not require novel data structures or complicated algorithmic techniques. Previously published methods for on-the-fly elimination of states are generalized and simplified to create a new method, triangle trimming, that is employed in the algorithm. A prototype implementation, burg, generates BURS tables very efficiently.
Evaluation of repetitive control for power quality improvement of distributed generation (2003)

Small-scale distributed generation (DG) is often not a natural 50 or 60 Hz AC source and so employs an inverter for the interface to the utility grid. Here, repetitive control is examined as a means of also using a DG inverter to improve the distortion of a local grid where a large proportion of the load is nonlinear. The proposed controller can offer better waveform quality in balanced and unbalanced conditions than PI controllers in either stationary or rotating reference frames. The inverter also requires a control loop to regulate the exported power. A decoupled P and Q controller is applied and compared to a traditional amplitude and angle controller. The controllers are tested for disturbance rejection of variations in grid voltage, DC-link voltage and load power.
Beyond HIV microbicides: multipurpose prevention technology products (2014)

Multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) that aim to simultaneously prevent unintended pregnancy, HIV-1 infection and other sexually transmitted infections are among the most innovative and complex products currently in development within women's sexual and reproductive health care. In this review article, MPTs are placed within the wider context of combination products, combination drug products and multi-indication products. The current MPT product landscape is mapped and assessed with reference to existing products for the corresponding single indications, before identifying the gaps in the current MPT product pipeline and highlighting priority products and challenges moving forward.
Increased uptake and accumulation of catecholamines by red blood cells in phaeochromocytoma. (1986)

Red blood cell (RBC) and plasma catecholamine content were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in 18 patients suspected of having phaeochromocytoma on the basis of clinical manifestations, especially hypertension and laboratory findings. Eight normotensive health individuals served as controls. The fivne patients with tumours had strikingly greater RBC catecholamine concentrations (C) than in plasma and reached CRBS/Cplasma ratios approximating 5, significantly different from the ratios in controls and in hypertensive patients without tumours. One tumour patient had a normal RBC catecholamine content as well as repeatedly normal plasma and urinary catecholamine levels. The other 12 patients, who had no ++tumours, had only slight elevations in plasma and RBC catecholamine levels. There is an accelerated uptake of catecholamines against a concentration gradient by the RBC in phaeochromocytoma, which indicates that RBC play a major role in the clearance of catecholamines after they are secreted into circulation.
Crystallinity, strain, and thermal stability of heteroepitaxial Si1−xGex/Si (100) layers created using pulsed laser induced epitaxy (1992)

Heteroepitaxy of Si1−xGex/Si alloy layers on Si (100) substrates has been achieved using pulsed laser induced epitaxy (PLIE). The energy of 1 to 20 pulses from a spatially homogenized XeCl excimer laser beam is used to melt a structure consisting of electron-beam evaporated Ge on Si (100) substrates. Alloy films with different Ge fractions are investigated and films with up to 21% Ge content are found to exhibit excellent crystallinity, as confirmed by MeV-ion channeling along the 〈100〉 direction. MeV-ion channeling is also used to determine the level of strain in the layers. This is done by comparing angular yield curves around the 〈110〉 direction for the substrate and alloy layer. The strain values obtained match with calculations for an ideally strained layer state. The strain is also measured for layers that have been subjected to different thermal cycles. A high level of strain is preserved in the alloy layer even after heating to 950 °C for 1 h. This unusual thermal stability is believed to be due to two process features, the ultrarapid nature of the process and the interfacial grading of the Ge fraction created during the melt-regrowth process.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation and Reaction of Mesoionic Imidazolo(2,3‐b)(1,3)thiazines and (1,2,4,6)Thiatriazino(3,2‐b)(1,3)thiazin‐4‐one 2,2‐Dioxides from 2‐Arylimino‐1,3‐thiazines. (1988)

Abstract The aryliminothiazine derivatives (I) undergo cyclocondensation with chloroacetyl chloride (II) to produce the isomeric dihydroimidazolothiazinylium olates (III) and (IV).
Atividade antimicrobiana de fitoconstituintes obtidos do caule de Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (2023)

O objetivo deste projeto foi determinar a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos do caule da Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill. A extração ocorreu pelo método de arraste com polaridades que variam do solvente apolar ao mais polar. Após a realização de uma fitoquímica qualitativa os testes antimicrobianos realizados foram a Concentração inibitória mínima e máxima, curva cinética de crescimento bacteriano, teste de disco-difusão e concentração bactericida mínima. Cada teste se relaciona e juntos podem determinar a o potencial antimicrobiano, se os fitoconstituintes de cada extrato e polaridade são bactericidas ou bacteriostáticos e afim eventos de resistência bacteriana. Os ensaios demonstraram que a dose mínima de extrato para todas as cepas fora de acima de 20 mg e a máxima entre 160 – 180 mg. Ainda os ensaios apresentaram eventos de resistência para as cepas Gram negativas (E. coli e P. aeruginosa). Portanto os bioativos de Lobeira apresentam atividade antimicrobiana, sendo ela bactericida e bacteriostática.
Losses Caused by End-region Field in Synchronous Generators at Different Operating Conditions (2022)

It is challenging to measure losses caused by end-region field in real synchronous generators, because of accessibility and cost. This paper presents a dedicated test setup to emulate the field experienced by clamping structures and stator end core, and validate loss models. Measurements show that the loss model employed has an averaged error of 3.6%. Investigation of a 100 kVA synchronous generator shows that these losses are heavily dependent on operating conditions. The case with Leading PF has the highest loss, and the dominant loss component for all the cases is eddy current loss in clamping structures.
LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION (1988)

This article describes a class of theories, the distinguishing characteristic of which is that elements of each of a series of representational systems (levels) are constructed from those of an immediately subordinate, qualitatively distinct, system. Each of these ascending levels of representation (LOR) succeeds in modeling attributes of the environment that are not captured by lower levels (emergent properties); and each ascending level provides correspondingly novel mechanisms for the control of behavior. The class of LOR theories has instantiations as diverse as Aristotle's multilevel conception of the soul, Pavlov's two signal systems, and Piaget's genetic epistemology. This article describes applications to human cognition and behavior of a 5-level LOR theory that is based on recent cognitive research.