gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sloped Through Wafer Vias for 3D Wafer Level Packaging (2007)

Through silicon via (TSV) technology is one of the critical and enabling technologies for 3D chip stacking. Many TSV approaches that have been demonstrated are application specific; and there is a great need for generic solutions. This work describes the design, fabrication and characterization of a TSV technology for silicon substrates where the interconnects are fabricated typically after standard CMOS processing and can be applied to any silicon based technology. This so-called 3D Wafer Level Packaging (3D-WLP) technology die stacking is based on a the thinning first, via last approach: the via is fabricated from the backside of a thinned wafer. Plasma etching of the wafer is used to achieve sloped profile which allows the conformal deposition of the dielectric layer and copper seed metallization. The vias are isolated from the substrate using polymer dielectrics; and spray coating of photoresist is used to pattern the dielectric within the vias. Electrical connection between the front and the back of the wafer is achieved by partial filling of the vias with copper. All processes employed in the fabrication of sloped through wafer vias are performed using standard wafer handling and at low temperature (< 250°C) for post CMOS compatibility. Various dimensions of TSVs are fabricated and electrically characterized by four point measurements. The measurements and calculations on daisy chains connecting a number vias in series show that the via resistance is in the range of 20-30mΩ depending on the via size. We believe that this generic 3D-WLP via approach is suitable for many 3D applications.
Give-to-Get : free-riding resilient video-on-demand in P2P systems (2008)

Centralised solutions for Video-on-Demand (VoD) services, which stream pre-recorded video content to multiple clients who start watching at the moments of their own choosing, are not scalable because of the high bandwidth requirements of the central video servers. Peer-to-peer (P2P) techniques which let the clients distribute the video content among themselves, can be used to alleviate this problem. However, such techniques may introduce the problem of free-riding, with some peers in the P2P network not forwarding the video content to others if there is no incentive to do so. When the P2P network contains too many free-riders, an increasing number of the well-behaving peers may not achieve high enough download speeds to maintain an acceptable service. In this paper we propose Give-to-Get, a P2P VoD algorithm which discourages free-riding by letting peers favour uploading to other peers who have proven to be good uploaders. As a consequence, free-riders are only tolerated as long as there is spare capacity in the system. Our simulations show that even if 20% of the peers are free-riders, Give-to-Get continues to provide good performance to the well-behaving peers. In particular, they show that Give-to-Get performs very well for short videos, which dominate the current VoD traffic on the Internet.
Defective specialized SP beta transducing bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis that carry the sup-3 or sup-44 gene (1981)

We isolated defective specialized transducing phages of SP beta that carry one of the extracistronic suppressors, sup-3 or sup-44. Lysates containing these phages can be used in a simple spot test to determine whether an auxotrophic mutation can be suppressed. The sup-3 and sup-44 mutations are distinct, in that their suppression patterns differ for the markers hisA1, metC3, and thr-5; and they are not alleles.
Enhanced CO2 Photocatalysis by Indium Oxide Hydroxide Supported on TiN@TiO2 Nanotubes (2021)

Herein is developed a ternary heterostructured catalyst, based on a periodic array of 1D TiN nanotubes, with a TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticulate intermediate layer and a In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3-<i>x</i></sub>(OH)<sub><i>y</i></sub> nanoparticulate shell for improved performance in the photocatalytic reverse water gas shift reaction. It is demonstrated that the ordering of the three components in the heterostructure sensitively determine its activity in CO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysis. Specifically, TiN nanotubes not only provide a photothermal driving force for the photocatalytic reaction, owing to their strong optical absorption properties, but they also serve as a crucial scaffold for minimizing the required quantity of In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3-<i>x</i></sub>(OH)<sub><i>y</i></sub> nanoparticles, leading to an enhanced CO production rate. Simultaneously, the TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle layer supplies photogenerated electrons and holes that are transferred to active sites on In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3-<i>x</i></sub>(OH)<sub><i>y</i></sub> nanoparticles and participate in the reactions occurring at the catalyst surface.
Coimplantation of carbon and group II acceptors in GaAs (1996)

Coimplantation of carbon and one of the group II acceptors Mg, Zn, or Cd, was performed in GaAs using doses of 5×1014 cm−2, and the resulting p-type electrical activity was studied. Carbon and group II coimplantation offers a means of maintaining the III–V stoichiometry, which is known to be beneficial for both carbon and group II activation. The group II implantation profiles show reduced diffusivity from the balance in stoichiometry the carbon coimplantation provides. The group II elements Zn and Cd create substantial implantation damage and therefore help assist carbon activation by supplying the necessary abundance of As vacancies. The Mg coimplantation, because of the light mass of the ion, does not create a significant amount of lattice damage at this dose and consequently the implanted carbon remains inactive, which results in reduced conductivity. This investigation differs from past group III and carbon coimplantation studies because both of the coimplanted species, the group II and carbon, contribute to p-type conductivity as well as help to maintain the stoichiometry.
Supplementary Table S4. Literature Review - Efficacy Outcomes by MRD Log-Group for B-cell ALL CR1 using End-Of-Induction MRD Measurements from FDA Approval: Blinatumomab for Patients with B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Morphologic Remission with Minimal Residual Disease (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Literature review - efficacy by log-group MRD&lt;/p&gt;
Effect of xylose and nutrients concentration on ethanol production by a newly isolated extreme thermophilic bacterium (2011)

An extreme thermophilic ethanol-producing strain was isolated from an ethanol high-yielding mixed culture, originally isolated from a hydrogen producing reactor operated at 70 degrees C. Ethanol yields were assessed with increasing concentrations of xylose, up to 20 g/l. The ability of the strain to grow without nutrient addition (yeast extract, peptone and vitamins) was also assessed. The maximum ethanol yield achieved was 1.28 mol ethanol/mol xylose consumed (77% of the theoretical yield), at 2 g/l of initial xylose concentration. The isolate was able to grow and produce ethanol as the main fermentation product under most of the conditions tested, including in media lacking vitamins, peptone and yeast extract. The results indicate that this new organism is a promising candidate for the development of a second generation bio-ethanol production process.
Capabilities of Thoughtful Machines (2006)

When learning a concept the learner produces conjectures about the concept he learns. Typically the learner contemplates, performs some experiments, make observations, does some computation, thinks carefully (that is not output a new conjecture for a while) and then makes a conjecture about the (unknown) concept. Any new conjecture of an intelligent learner should be valid for at least some "reasonable amount of time" before some evidence is found that the conjecture is false. Then maybe the learner can further study and explore the concept more and produce a new conjecture that again will be valid for some "reasonable amount of time". In this paper we formalize the idea of reasonable amount of time. The learners who obey the above constraint are called "Thoughtful learners" (TEX learners). We show that there are classes that can be learned using the above model. We also compare this leaning paradigm to other existing ones. The surprising result is that there is no capability intervals in team TEX-type learning. On the other hand, capability intervals exist in all other models. Also these learners are orthogonal to the learners that have been studied in the literature.
Chemical and Physical Changes in Tropical Soils from Seawater Exposure and Subsequent Rainwater Washes (2013)

Abstract There is little published information regarding the response of tropical island soils to periodic seawater intrusions. In this paper, we describe batch experiments where samples of three Hawaiian acidic upland soils (collected from western Oahu, Hawaii) were equilibrated for 16 h with simulated seawaters, ranging from 0.25-25 g L -1 (or ppT) of total salt, and then washed three times with 20 μS cm -1 solutions containing dilute concentration of NaCl (approx. 0.01 g.L -1 ) to simulate rainfall events. Solution data showed that the exchangeable sodium (ExNa) loads were high on all soils. While much of this ExNa was lixiviated with the rainwater washes, the soil exhibited significant remaining exchangeable sodium percentages (ESP). Consequences of the residual ESP after intensive washings were exhibited in the enhanced dispersiveness (i.e., increased settling time) of the soil colloids. In balance of the continuous sea spray and lower rainfall of the site, it is likely that high salt, high sodium effects would be manifested for extended periods of time in these soils.
miRNA‐124‐3p/neuropilin‐1(NRP‐1) axis plays an important role in mediating glioblastoma growth and angiogenesis (2018)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal brain malignancy which involves multi-gene abnormality. Unfortunately, effective therapy against GBM remains lacking. Previously, we found that NRP-1 and its downstream NRP-1/GIPC1 pathway played an important role in GBM. In our study, we further investigated the upstream signaling of NRP-1 to understand how it is regulated. First, we identified that hsa-miR-124-3p was miRNA differentially expressed in GBM and in normal brain tissues by high-throughput sequencing. Then, by dual luciferase reporter gene, we found miR-124-3p can specially bind to the 3'UTR region of the NRP-1 thus suppresses its expression. Moreover, miR-124-3p overexpression significantly inhibited GBM cell proliferation, migration and tumor angiogenesis which resulted in GBM apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, putatively via NRP-1 mediated PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathways activation in GBM cells. Meanwhile, miR-124-3p overexpression also suppressed tumor growth and reduced tumor angiogenesis when targeted by NRP-1 in a PDX model. Furthermore, NRP-1 mAb exerted synergistic inhibitory effects with miR-124-3p overexpression in GBM. Thus, we discovered that miR-124-3p acts as the upstream suppressor of NRP-1 which promotes GBM cell development and growth by PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway. The miR-124-3p/NRP-1/GIPC1 pathway as a new pathway has a vital role in GBM, and it could be considered as the potential target for malignant gliomas in future.
[Culture of human normal keratinocytes. Main models and clinical applications]. (1990)

In the last fifteen years various epidermal cell (EC) culture systems have been developed suitable both for investigation purposes and for clinical applications. In organ and explant cultures skin pieces are grown to obtain in the first case vertical proliferation of epidermis and in the second outward migration and proliferation of EC. In isolated EC cultures, EC suspensions are seeded on plastic or specific substrates (collagens, fibronectin, 3T3 fibroblasts). EC attach to the substrate, proliferate to form a confluent multilayered epithelium and can be subcultured. Using a serum-free medium (MCDB 153) EC can be grown in culture free of any undefined supplement. In organotypical culture systems, EC are seeded on a biological matrix (dermis, dermal equivalent) and lifted at the air-liquid interface. Under these conditions a high level of differentiation of the cultured epidermis can be obtained. The availability of a culture-grown epithelium, similar to the in vivo epidermis, has led to the use of cultured epidermal sheets for the treatment of wounds, in particular burns. The therapeutic results have been quite promising.
Fas Ligand Enhances Hematopoietic Cell Engraftment Through Abrogation of Alloimmune Responses and Nonimmunogenic Interactions (2007)

Early after transplantation, donor lineage-negative bone marrow cells (lin(-) BMC) constitutively upregulated their expression of Fas ligand (FasL), suggesting an involvement of the Fas/FasL axis in engraftment. Following the observation of impaired engraftment in the presence of a dysfunctional Fas/FasL axis in FasL-defective (gld) donors or Fas-defective (lpr) recipients, we expressed a noncleavable FasL chimeric protein on the surface of donor lin(-) BMC. Despite a short life span of the protein in vivo, expression of FasL on the surface of all the donor lin(-) BMC improved the efficiency of engraftment twofold. The FasL-coated donor cells efficiently blunted the host alloimmune responses in primary recipients and retained their hematopoietic reconstituting potential in secondary transplants. Surprisingly, FasL protein improved the efficiency of engraftment in syngeneic transplants. The deficient engraftment in lpr recipients was not reversed in chimeric mice with Fas(-) stroma and Fas(+) BMC, demonstrating that the host marrow stroma was also a target of donor cell FasL. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are insensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis and thus can exploit the constitutive expression of FasL to exert potent veto activities in the early stages of engraftment. Manipulation of the donor cells using ectopic FasL protein accentuated the immunogenic and nonimmunogenic interactions between the donor cells and the host, alleviating the requirement for a megadose of transplanted cells to achieve a potent veto effect. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Fracture behavior of Tee pipe with local wall thinning (2002)

To investigate the fracture behavior of Tee pipe with local wall thinning, four point bending tests were carried out using a Tee pipe with local wall thinning without internal pressure. Local wall thinning part is subjected either tensile or compressive stress. Three-dimensional elasto-plastic analyses were also carried out for the Tee pipe with local wall thinning by using Finite Element Method. It has been found that the fracture type is classified into ovalization or local buckling. However, the local wall thinning had no significant effect on the plastic collapse load.
Device reliability performance awareness: Impact of RWA on EDFA failure reparation cost in optical networks (2017)

High reliability performance of network is essential to minimize the possible network service interruption time, particularly in optical backbone networks where a large amount of data can be affected by a single failure. The existing studies on improvement of network reliability performance assume that failures of network devices are not related to the traffic load, which on the other hand, is not always true. For example, the lifetime of erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) depends on the number of amplified lightpaths passing through. Encouraged by this observation, in this paper, we investigate the impact of used routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm on the number of failures in the network, and as a consequence on the network operational cost related to the failure reparation. We propose and evaluate a novel RWA approach, referred to as reliability performance aware RWA (RA-RWA), taking into account particular EDFA reliability performance characteristics with the goal of reducing the number of EDFA failures. The assessment results show that the operational cost related to EDFA failure reparation is impacted by the chosen RWA. The proposed RA-RWA provides 6% reduction, while other analyzed RWA algorithm, i.e., least loaded path (LLP), causes significant rise (up to 27%) of EDFA related failure reparation cost compared to the classical shortest path (SP) approach. In addition, RA-RWA offers further benefits in terms of reduced blocking probability compared to the SP. Concluding, we show that considering device reliability performance characteristics in RWA is important for the optical network operators as it can impact the network operational cost related to EDFA failure reparation.
World ocean simulation system (WOSS) (2009)

Network simulators are a fundamental tool for the performance evaluation of protocols and applications in complex scenarios, which would be too expensive or infeasible to realize in practice.
Outsourcing Biomarkers in Clinical Trials (2019)

The use of outsourcing in clinical trial biomarker research and development has become increasingly common as pharmaceutical companies have become more and more virtual. This section describes the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing biomarker work with respect to resources, access to novel technologies, expertise, quality, turnaround, and costs as well as discussing issues such as confidentiality and continuity of supply. The Contract Research Organization (CRO) biomarker outsourcing market has witnessed significant growth in the past decade. In 2016, the global biomarker discovery outsourcing service market was estimated to be worth $2.7 billion, and the global biomarker market is expected to reach $45.5 billion by 2020. The growth in outsourced biomarker studies is primarily due to the increased use of biomarkers in clinical trials as well as a rise in the amount of outsourcing being carried out by pharmaceutical companies. The use of CROs in clinical trials was originally born out of resourcing and capacity issues experienced by pharmaceutical company’s internal departments; this relationship has since matured, with CROs effectively acting as an extension of the pharmaceutical company’s own laboratories.
Evaluation of the retention of electronic identification boluses in the forestomachs of cattle1,2 (2006)

A total of 1,203 beef calves were used to evaluate 2 series of electronic identification boluses. Calves were intensively fattened and slaughtered at approximately 1 yr of age. Series 1 (n = 576 calves) consisted of 10 types of boluses with the same external dimensions (o.d. x length: 21 x 68 mm) but varying in weight (11 to 75 g) and specific gravity (0.63 to 3.36). Six boluses were made of ceramic (5 prototypes and 1 commercial bolus) and 4 were tubes made of plastic filled with concrete. Series 2 (n = 627 calves) consisted of 3 prototypes and 5 commercial boluses of different ceramic materials varying in external dimensions (o.d.: 15 to 21 mm; length: 39 to 78 mm), weight (20 to 73 g), and specific gravity (3.00 to 3.87). Boluses were administered to milk-fed calves (2 to 5 wk of age) by using adapted balling guns. To determine the anatomical limit for a bolus passing through the gastrointestinal tract, the size of the reticuloomasal orifice was measured in 90 male and 62 female fattened calves at slaughter. Three calves in series 1 (0.3%) could not swallow the 21-mm (o.d.) bolus at the first attempt and received the bolus 1 wk later. No problems for early administration were found with thinner boluses (o.d. < 20 mm) in series 2, and no signs of disease or growth alteration were detected in any bolused calves. Retention rate until slaughter varied according to bolus features and ranged from 0 to 100% (series 1), and from 69.7 to 100% (series 2). Inadequately dimensioned boluses were regurgitated or passed through the gastrointestinal tract and were excreted with the feces. The diameter of the reticuloomasal orifice differed between male and female yearling calves (32.5 and 29.9 mm, respectively; P < 0.01) and was greater than the o.d. of the retained boluses. Retention rate was predicted from bolus weight and volume by a logistic regression (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.001), in which the minimum bolus weight estimated to reach a 99.5% retention rate was 61 g when volume and specific gravity were 22.4 mL and 2.72, respectively. To achieve an effective retention rate of electronic identification boluses in the forestomachs of fattening calves, bolus volume and specific gravity, in addition to weight, should be optimized. No boluses of specific gravity lower than 3.0 and thicker than 20 mm o.d. are recommended for identification of cattle from early rearing (< 20 d of age) to slaughtering.
[3H]4‐(dimethylamino)‐N‐(4‐(4‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) butyl)benzamide: A selective radioligand for dopamine D3receptors. II. Quantitative analysis of dopamine D3and D2receptor density ratio in the caudate‐putamen (2010)

4-(Dimethylamino)-N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)benzamide (WC-10), a N-phenyl piperazine analog, displays high affinity and moderate selectivity for dopamine D(3) receptors versus dopamine D(2) receptors (Chu et al. [2005] Bioorg Med Chem 13:77-87). In this study, WC-10 was radiolabeled with tritium (specific activity = 80 Ci/mmol), and quantitative autoradiography studies were conducted using rhesus monkey and Sprague-Dawley rat brain sections. K(d) values for the binding of [3H]WC-10 to D(3) receptors obtained from quantitative autoradiography with rhesus monkey and rat brain sections are in agreement with K(d) values obtained from cloned human and rat receptors (Xu et al. [2009] Synapse 63:717-728). The D(2) selective antagonist [3H]raclopride binds with 11-fold higher affinity to human HEK D(2L) (K(d) = 1.6 nM) than HEK D(3) (K(d) = 18 nM) receptors; [3H]raclopride binds to rat Sf9 rD(2L) receptors with a K(d) of 6.79 nM, a value that is 4-fold lower than binding to human HEK D(2L) receptors and 2.5-fold higher than binding to rat Sf9 rD(3) receptors. In vitro quantitative autoradiography studies with [3H]WC-10 and [3H]raclopride were conducted on adult rat and rhesus monkey brain sections. A mathematical model for calculating the absolute densities of dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptors based on the in vitro receptor binding data of [3H]WC-10 and [3H]raclopride was developed.
Tuning electrical properties of phenanthroimidazole derivatives to construct multifunctional deep-blue electroluminescent materials (2018)

With enhanced electrical properties, TPAPOPPA can deliver decent efficiencies in non-doped, doped, single-layer, yellow and white OLEDs.
Differential exoprotease activities confer tumor-specific serum peptidome patterns (2005)

Recent studies have established distinctive serum polypeptide patterns through mass spectrometry (MS) that reportedly correlate with clinically relevant outcomes. Wider acceptance of these signatures as valid biomarkers for disease may follow sequence characterization of the components and elucidation of the mechanisms by which they are generated. Using a highly optimized peptide extraction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS-based approach, we now show that a limited subset of serum peptides (a signature) provides accurate class discrimination between patients with 3 types of solid tumors and controls without cancer. Targeted sequence identification of 61 signature peptides revealed that they fall into several tight clusters and that most are generated by exopeptidase activities that confer cancer type-specific differences superimposed on the proteolytic events of the ex vivo coagulation and complement degradation pathways. This small but robust set of marker peptides then enabled highly accurate class prediction for an external validation set of prostate cancer samples. In sum, this study provides a direct link between peptide marker profiles of disease and differential protease activity, and the patterns we describe may have clinical utility as surrogate markers for detection and classification of cancer. Our findings also have important implications for future peptide biomarker discovery efforts.