gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analytical Framework for Performance Evaluation of Research Organizations (2014)

Performance evaluation is an important measure of the total quality management, which can be used to assess the performance of an individual or an organization with respect to set goals and targets. The metrics/parameters used for evaluating the performance and the way in which these are measured by using appropriate tools and techniques play a major role in the evaluation process. Performance evaluation is even more challenging in the case of R and D organizations, where the outcome/output may not be tangible/measurable and varies from one organization to another, depending on the nature, vision, charter and character. A methodology is proposed to arrive at a framework that can help in objectively assessing or evaluating the performance of each of the laboratories of CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) based on four knowledge portfolios which are appropriately given weightages according to the impact they have on the four goods viz-Public, Private, Social and Strategic Appropriate parameters have been identified which can help in objectively evaluating the performance of the laboratory. The proposed analytical framework will facilitate quantification of performance of an R and D organization to enable resource allocation in a rational manner.
<title>Fiber optic gyroscope using proton exchange lithium tantalate integrated optics chip</title> (1993)

We compare the use of lithium tantalate and lithium niobate as a substrate material for integrated optics chips for fiber optic gyroscopes. We also show the performance of a fiber optic gyroscope using a proton exchange lithium tantalate chip. The results indicate that, when normalized for detected power, the gyroscope built with the lithium tantalate chip performs as well as that with the lithium niobate chip.
Determination of an epitope of the diffuse systemic sclerosis marker antigen DNA topoisomerase I: sequence similarity with retroviral p30gag protein suggests a possible cause for autoimmunity in systemic sclerosis. (1989)

The possibility that viruses play a role in the etiology of various autoimmune diseases has been proposed. One approach to the search for these agents involves identifying potential crossreactive epitopes in viruses that infect cells of the immune system or of the target tissues. Antibodies to DNA topoisomerase I are the marker autoantibodies for diffuse systemic sclerosis. The major epitope of the antigen was therefore sought through cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human topoisomerase I and eventually by the synthesis of the smallest possible peptide recognized by sera from patients with the diffuse form of systemic sclerosis. The antigenic 11-amino acid sequence contains 6 sequential amino acids that are identical to a sequence present in the group-specific antigen (p30gag) of some mammalian retroviruses. This sequence is separated by only 1 amino acid from the retroviral epitope sequence that crossreacts with autoantibodies against the marker antigen for mixed connective-tissue disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, the 70-kDa polypeptide of U1 ribonucleoprotein particles. These findings suggest that a retroviral agent may be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis and other connective tissue diseases and that antibodies to intracellular antigens are not involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease but may be useful as footprints for tracking the potential etiological agent of autoimmune disease.
Single Heteroatom Substitutions in the Efavirenz Oxazinone Ring Impact Metabolism by CYP2B6 (2016)

Previously, we observed that the oxazinone ring is important for cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) activity toward efavirenz ((4S)-6-chloro-4-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one), a CYP2B6 substrate used to treat HIV. To further understand the structural characteristics of efavirenz that render it a CYP2B6 substrate, we tested the importance of each heteroatom of the oxazinone ring. We assembled a panel of five analogues: 6-chloro-4-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazine (1), (4S)-6-chloro-4-[(1E)-2-cyclopropylethenyl]-3,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2(1H)-quinazolinone (2), (4S)-6-chloro-4-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)-3,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2(1H)-quinazolinone (3), 6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-3,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2(1H)-quinolinone (4), and 6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-benzo[d][1,3]dioxin-2-one (5). The metabolism of compounds 1-5 was investigated using human liver microsomes, individual P450s, and mass spectrometry or UV/Vis absorbance detection. Steady-state analysis of CYP2B6 metabolism of 1-5 showed K<sub>M</sub> values ranging from 0.3- to 3.9-fold different from that observed for efavirenz (K<sub>M</sub> : 3.6±1.7 μm). The lowest K<sub>M</sub> values, approximating 1 μm, were observed for the metabolism of 1, whereas the greatest K<sub>M</sub> value, 14±6.4 μm, was found for 4. Our work reveals that analogues with heteroatom changes in the oxazinone ring are still CYP2B6 substrates, although the changes in K<sub>M</sub> suggest altered substrate binding.
Recent advances in continuous extraction of bioactive ingredients from food-processing wastes by pulsed electric fields (2020)

The food processing produces a great amount of wastes that are rich in nutrients. Extraction is the first and most important step in recovery and purification of active ingredients from these wastes. The traditional extraction technologies are known to be laborious and time-consuming, require large volumes of organic solvent, have high temperature and energy costs, and obtain relatively low extraction efficiency. In recent 10 years, a novel, efficient and green extraction method, pulsed electric fields (PEFs) continuous extraction, which is emerging non-thermal food-processing technology, has shown great promise in extracting these food wastes. This work gives an overview of development in the use of PEF continuous extraction for obtaining bioactive ingredients from food-processing wastes. The technology is described in detail with respect to the mechanism, equipment, critical parameters. The protocols and applications of the technology in the extraction of food-processing wastes are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the degradation of bioactive ingredients, industrial applications, problem of novel food, consumer acceptance, and future trends of the technology are discussed. The PEF continuous extraction is considered as the ideal technology of high efficiency and low temperature for natural ingredients extraction. The technology possesses many remarkable potential applications in the food-processing industries compared to the conventional extraction methods.
Abstract 14573: Cardiac Developmental Roadmap Predicts Cardiogenic Outcome of Pluripotent Stem Cells (2012)

Rationale: Cardiogenic development is a complex process giving rise to an integrated, multi-lineage cardiac tissue. Interrogation of individual genes has provided the backbone for cardiac developme...
Computer simulation of high-bit-rate optical fiber transmission using single-frequency lasers (1987)

Chirp-induced dispersion penalties in high-bit-rate optical fiber transmission are assessed using numerical integration of laser rate equations and a Fourier transform fiber dispersion routine. The roles of the imposed modulation waveform and laser design parameters are evaluated from computer generated eye diagrams and simple analytical observations. Consistent with experiment, we find device dependent optimum laser extinction ratios. In addition, we address the delicate balance between nonlinear chirp-induced dispersion penalties and the speed limitations imposed by linear current filtering on both the laser transmitter and the receiver. These considerations become increasingly important at higher bit rates such as 8 Gbit/s.
A cis–syn photodimer of thymine: Thy[1(CH2–CHOH–CH2)1']Thy (1982)

CI3HI6N40 5, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 6.227(1), b = 16.222(4), c = 13.085 (2)A, fl = 93.80 (2) ° , Z = 4, D c = 1.55 Mg m -3, g(Cu Ka) = 1.04 mm -l. The final R value is 0.045 for 1446 reflexions and 199 parameters. The molecule (isomer Z) has the cis-syn configuration. Both pyrimidine rings adopt non-planar conformations: ring A is a distorted sofa and ring B a flattened chair. The cyclobutane ring is puckered. The seven-membered diazacycloheptane ring has a slightly twisted chair conformation. Introduction. The investigation of base-base interactions in nucleic acid strands is strongly complicated by the hydrogen bonds or phosphodiester linkages. Knowledge of these interactions is important to elucidate the secondary or tertiary structures of nucleic acids. For elimination of some of the hydrogen bonds between bases, Browne, Eisinger & Leonard (1968) suggested the investigation of base-base interactions in the dinucleotide analogs in which the bases are connected by the polymethylene chain B ( C H 2 ) n B ' (where B and B' are residues of uracil, thymine or cytosine). Some of the connexions of B(CHE)n-B ' type undergoing the photoreaction yield photodimers c(6) whose stereochemistry can be used as a model for N(1) c(2) natural photoproducts (Leonard, Golankiewicz, 0(2) McCredie, Johnson & Paul, 1969). N(3) The investigation of photodimers [bis(5-alkylc(4) uracils)] connected by the trimethylene bridge in the 0(4) c(5) 1,1'-position was carried out as a continuation of c(9) studies on dinucleotide analogs (Rajchel & Golanc(5') kiewicz, 1976). T h y l l ( C H 2 C H O H C H 2) l ' ]Thy, C(9') containing the hydroxyl group in the trimethylene c(4') bridge, is a derivative of the above-mentioned o(4') N(Y) compounds (Rajchel & Golankiewicz, 1981). 0(29 Crystals were obtained by the slow cooling of an c(2') aqueous solution. A crystal of dimensions 0.15 x 0.20 N(I') C(6') C(7') c(8) c(7) 0(8) * The abbreviation is that proposed by Cohn, Leonard & Wang (1974). 0567-7408/82/030999-03501.00 x 0.40 mm, sealed in a glass capillary, was used for data collection. Cell parameters and intensities of reflexions were measured on a Syntex P21 diffractometer with monochromated Cu Ka radiation. The 0--20 scan mode, with variable scan rate, was applied and the integrated intensities were determined by peak-profile analysis by the method of Lehmann & Larsen (1974) (program PRAN; Jask61ski, 1979). The structure was solved with M U L T A N (Germain, Main & Woolfson, 1971). All H atoms were found on a difference Fourier map. The H-atom parameters were not refined. Full-matrix least-squares refinement with 1446 reflexions [I _> 1.96o(1)] gave R = 0.045 and R w = 0.050. The weighting scheme was w = Fo/F t if F o < F t, w = 1 if F t Table 1. Atomic coordinates (X10 4) and thermal parameters for non-hydrogen atoms
Aggregated IgG inhibits the differentiation of human fibrocytes (2006)

Fibrocytes are fibroblast-like cells, which appear to participate in wound healing and are present in pathological lesions associated with asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and scleroderma. Fibrocytes differentiate from CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes, and the presence of serum delays this process dramatically. We previously purified the factor in serum, which inhibits fibrocyte differentiation, and identified it as serum amyloid P (SAP). As SAP binds to Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G (IgG; Fc gammaRs), Fc gammaR activation may be an inhibitory signal for fibrocyte differentiation. Fc gammaR are activated by aggregated IgG, and we find aggregated but not monomeric, human IgG inhibits human fibrocyte differentiation. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to Fc gammaRI (CD64) or Fc gammaRII (CD32) also inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. Aggregated IgG lacking Fc domains or aggregated IgA, IgE, or IgM do not inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. Incubation of monocytes with SAP or aggregated IgG inhibited fibrocyte differentiation. Using inhibitors of protein kinase enzymes, we show that Syk- and Src-related tyrosine kinases participate in the inhibition of fibrocyte differentiation. These observations suggest that fibrocyte differentiation can occur in situations where SAP and aggregated IgG levels are low, such as the resolution phase of inflammation.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfinyl‐Directed Diastereoselective [5 + 2] Pyrone—Alkene Cycloadditions: A Practical Route to Enantiopure 8‐Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Derivatives. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Measurement of Tracking Proficiency (1969)

The problem of measuring tracking proficiency is reviewed and analyzed. The five classes of measurements discussed are: (1) single-axis error amplitude scores; (2) multi-axis error amplitude scores; (3) simple frequency scores; control effort; (4) special engineering measurement techniques; (5) adaptive tracking measurements. The most widely used score in psychological investigations, time on target, is shown not to be an interval measurement of tracking error amplitude and, in addition, is shown to be unreliable. Seventeen equations for the measurement of tracking skill are described. Adaptive tracking measurement techniques are shown to be more effective than are techniques employing fixed-difficulty tasks.
Phase-locking of neural activity to the envelope of speech in the delta frequency band reflects differences between word lists and sentences (2023)

Abstract The envelope of a speech signal is tracked by neural activity in the cerebral cortex. The cortical tracking occurs mainly in two frequency bands, theta (4 - 8 Hz) and delta band (1 - 4 Hz). Tracking in the faster theta band has been mostly associated with lower-level acoustic processing, such as the parsing of syllables, whereas the slower tracking in the delta band relates to higher-level linguistic information of words and word sequences. However, much regarding the more specific association between cortical tracking and acoustic as well as linguistic processing remains to be uncovered. Here we recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to both meaningful sentences as well as random word lists in different levels of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) that lead to different levels of speech comprehension as well as listening effort. We then related the neural signals to the acoustic stimuli by computing the phase-locking value (PLV) between the EEG recordings and the speech envelope. We found that the PLV in the delta band increases with increasing SNR for sentences but not for the random word lists, showing that the PLV in this frequency band reflects linguistic information. When attempting to disentangle the effects of SNR, speech comprehension, and listening effort, we observed a trend that the PLV in the delta band might reflect listening effort rather than the other two variables, although the effect was not statistically significant. In summary, our study shows that the PLV in the delta band reflects linguistic information and might be related to listening effort.
Henry's Law Constants and Percent Resistance to Transfer in the Liquid Phase (2007)

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Formate as a key intermediate in CO2 utilization (2022)

Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) presents a great opportunity. CO 2 can be electrocatalytically converted to formate. The subsequent formate to oxalate coupling reaction (FOCR), which has been studied for two centuries, is critically discussed.
Perioperative intravenous tranexamic acid reduces blood transfusion in primary cementless total hip arthroplasty. (2019)

BT rate was significantly less for the TXA group (37.5%) compared with the control group (65%; p=0.011). The mean blood volume transfused was also significantly less for the TXA group (240 mL) compared with the control group (450mL; p=0.009). No adverse events occurred in any group. Conclusons: Perioperative intravenous tranexamic acid is effective in reducing blood transfusion rate and volume of transfused blood, without increasing the risk of thromboembolic events in patients undergoing primary cementless total hip arthroplasty.
Optimizing the Layout of Offshore Wind Energy Systems (2008)

Offshore wind energy technology is a reality in Europe and is poised to make a significant contribution to the U.S. energy supply in the near future as well. The layout of an offshore wind farm is a complex problem involving many trade-offs. For example, energy production increases with turbine spacing, as do electrical costs and losses. Energy production also increases with distance from shore, but so do O&amp;M (operations and maintenance), foundation, transmission, and installation costs. Determining which of these factors dominates requires a thorough understanding of the physics behind these trade-offs, can lead to the optimal layout, and helps lower the cost of energy from these farms. This paper presents the results of a study carried out to investigate these trade-offs and to develop a method for optimizing the wind farm layout during the micrositing phase of an offshore wind energy system design. It presents a method for analyzing the cost of energy from offshore wind farms as well as a summary of the development of an offshore wind farm layout optimization tool. In addition to an initial validation of the optimization tool, an example of the use of this tool for the design of an offshore wind farm in Hull, Massachusetts, is also given.
Expression of Transient Receptor Potential C6 and Related Transient Receptor Potential Family Members in Human Airway Smooth Muscle and Lung Tissue (2003)

Elevation of the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration regulates many functional responses in airway smooth muscle, including contraction, proliferation, adhesion, and cell survival. This increase in calcium can be achieved by a release from internal stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum) and/or entry across the cell membrane from the extracellular environment. The molecular identity of this calcium influx pathway in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) remains unclear. Functional studies using Fluo 4-loaded HASM suggest the presence of a histamine H(1) receptor-activated Ca(2+) entry pathway with characteristics similar to those seen with transient receptor potential (TRP) family homologs. Using a range of molecular and cell biological approaches we defined the expression pattern of transient receptor potential classics (TRPC) homologs in airway cells and tissue. Here we show that HASM and human bronchial epithelial cells both express TRPC1, -4, and -6, with HASM also expressing TRPC3 at the mRNA level. Identification of TRPC6 protein by western blot and confocal microscopy indicated that the protein is localized in specific cell types, suggesting that it plays an important role in regulating key functions in airway cells. These data demonstrate the expression of a range of TRPC homologs in the airway and the presence of a functional Ca(2+) entry pathway with characteristics typical of TRPC family members. TRPC homologs may provide an important novel target for the treatment of airway disease.
Pediatric heart transplantation (2000)

Pediatric heart transplantation has improved to the point that the initially restricted ages and indications have expanded considerably. The number of annual pediatric cardiac transplants has remained stable, but the number of centers performing transplants continues on a downward trend. Currently the half-life (50% still alive) for children who underwent transplantation in the early 1980s is 11.5 years, with a conditional half-life of more than 14 years. An era effect in improved survival is evident for the first time. There is an association between morbidity and the type of immunosuppression regimen employed. The early posttransplant period continues to be the highest risk time. Early rejection correlates with poor late outcome. Transplant coronary disease continues to be the most significant cause of late mortality. Detection of transplant coronary disease may be improved by adjunctive noninvasive imaging such as dobutamine stress echocardiography. There may be dramatic changes in clinical transplant protocols as a result of experience and new technology. This review focuses on key advances in knowledge reported in the past year.
Exome-wide assessment of the functional impact and pathogenicity of multinucleotide mutations (2019)

Approximately 2% of de novo single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) appear as part of clustered mutations that create multinucleotide variants (MNVs). MNVs are an important source of genomic variability as they are more likely to alter an encoded protein than a SNV, which has important implications in disease as well as evolution. Previous studies of MNVs have focused on their mutational origins and have not systematically evaluated their functional impact and contribution to disease. We identified 69,940 MNVs and 91 de novo MNVs in 6688 exome-sequenced parent-offspring trios from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study comprising families with severe developmental disorders. We replicated the previously described MNV mutational signatures associated with DNA polymerase zeta, an error-prone translesion polymerase, and the APOBEC family of DNA deaminases. We estimate the simultaneous MNV germline mutation rate to be 1.78 × 10<sup>-10</sup> mutations per base pair per generation. We found that most MNVs within a single codon create a missense change that could not have been created by a SNV. MNV-induced missense changes were, on average, more physicochemically divergent, were more depleted in highly constrained genes (pLI ≥ 0.9), and were under stronger purifying selection compared with SNV-induced missense changes. We found that de novo MNVs were significantly enriched in genes previously associated with developmental disorders in affected children. This shows that MNVs can be more damaging than SNVs even when both induce missense changes, and are an important variant type to consider in relation to human disease.
Overexpression of uncoupling protein 3 in skeletal muscle protects against fat-induced insulin resistance (2007)

Insulin resistance is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and is strongly associated with obesity. Increased concentrations of intracellular fatty acid metabolites have been postulated to interfere with insulin signaling by activation of a serine kinase cascade involving PKCtheta in skeletal muscle. Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) has been postulated to dissipate the mitochondrial proton gradient and cause metabolic inefficiency. We therefore hypothesized that overexpression of UCP3 in skeletal muscle might protect against fat-induced insulin resistance in muscle by conversion of intramyocellular fat into thermal energy. Wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet were markedly insulin resistant, a result of defects in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in these tissues was associated with reduced insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate 1- (IRS-1-) and IRS-2-associated PI3K activity in muscle and liver, respectively. In contrast, UCP3-overexpressing mice were completely protected against fat-induced defects in insulin signaling and action in these tissues. Furthermore, these changes were associated with a lower membrane-to-cytosolic ratio of diacylglycerol and reduced PKCtheta activity in whole-body fat-matched UCP3 transgenic mice. These results suggest that increasing mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle may be an excellent therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Standard model processes (1996)

We present the results obtained by the Standard Model Process group in the CERN Workshop "Physics at LEP2" (1994/95).