gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function in Protease Inhibitor-Treated and -Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children (2005)

Previous pediatric studies have failed to demonstrate a clear association between protease inhibitor (PI) therapy and abnormal glucose homeostasis in HIV-infected children. To define more precisely the impact of PI therapy on glucose homeostasis in this population, we performed the insulin-modified frequent-sampling iv glucose tolerance test on 33 PI-treated and 15 PI-naive HIV-infected children. Other investigations included fasting serum lipids; glucose, insulin, and C-peptide; single-slice abdominal computed tomography; and, in a subset of PI-treated children, an oral glucose tolerance test. There were no differences between the two groups with respect to fasting serum insulin or C-peptide, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance, or quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. The mean insulin sensitivity index of PI-treated and PI-naive children was 6.93 +/- 6.37 and 10.58 +/- 12.93 x 10(-4)min(-1) [microU/ml](-1), respectively (P = 0.17). The mean disposition index for the two groups was 1840 +/- 1575 and 3708 +/- 3005 x 10(-4)min(-1) (P = 0.013), respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding variables using multiple regression analysis, the insulin sensitivity index and disposition index of PI-treated children were significantly lower than that of PI-naive children (P = 0.01 for both). In PI-treated but not PI-naive children, insulin sensitivity correlated inversely with visceral adipose tissue area (r = -0.43, P = 0.01) and visceral to sc adipose tissue ratio (r = -0.49, P = 0.004). Mildly impaired glucose tolerance was noted in four of 21 PI-treated subjects tested. Our results demonstrate not only that PI therapy reduces insulin sensitivity in HIV-infected children but also that it impairs the beta-cell response to this reduction in insulin sensitivity and, in a subset of children, leads to the development of impaired glucose tolerance. The presence of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and the significant correlation of reduced insulin sensitivity with increased visceral adipose tissue content suggest that PI-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with the emergence of early features of a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype.
Data-driven anomaly detection in autonomous platoon (2018)

Technology brings autonomous vehicles into a reality where vehicles cruise themselves without human input. Vehicular platoon, on the other hand, is a group of autonomous vehicles that are organized into close proximity through wireless communication. In an autonomous platoon, vehicles cooperatively send data to each other to adjust their speed and distance to the leader, the first vehicle in the platoon. However, this cooperative data exchange can lead to security risks. A misbehaving platoon member could alter the data packets which may cause platoon instability. Therefore, identifying the modified packets has become an important requirement. In this paper, we investigate data-driven anomaly detection mechanisms for the autonomous platoon. We propose a novel statistical learning based technique to detect the modified packets and misbehaving vehicles. We demonstrate that the distance change to the leader would be sufficient to detect anomalies and misbehavior.
Fluorescence Study of Energy Transfer in PMMA Polymers with Pendant Oligo‐Phenylene‐Ethynylenes (2012)

A spectroscopic characterization of polymers containing rigid π-conjugated oligo(phenyleneethynylene) chromophores as well as oligo(phenyleneethynylene) and methyl methacrylate is presented. The polymers exhibit molar masses of up to 15,000 g mol(-1) and a degree of polymerization between 22 and 80. Emission measurements of the monomeric and polymeric species show that radiative as well as nonradiative rates are influenced by the degree of polymerization due to intramolecular interactions of chromophores pendant to the polymer backbone. Time-resolved emission anisotropy measurements suggest that energy migrates within the polymers. Steady-state emission anisotropy measurements also point to energy migration. Additionally, two oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s with different sizes of the conjugated system are copolymerized in order to enable energy trapping due to energy transfer. The shortened energy-donor fluorescence lifetime within the donor-acceptor copolymers suggest energy transfer. Depending on the degree of polymerization, dispersion of the donor fluorescence lifetime is observed.
Capability maturity model, version 1.1 (1993)

The capability maturity model (CMM), developed to present sets of recommended practices in a number of key process areas that have been shown to enhance software-development and maintenance capability, is discussed. The CMM was designed to help developers select process-improvement strategies by determining their current process maturity and identifying the issues most critical to improving their software quality and process. The initial release of the CMM, version 1.0, was reviewed and used by the software community during 1991 and 1992. A workshop on CMM 1.0, held in April 1992, was attended by about 200 software professionals. The current version of the CMM is the result of the feedback from that workshop and ongoing feedback from the software community. The technical report that describes version 1.1. is summarised.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sarcopenia Definitions as Predictors of Fracture Risk Independent of FRAX®, Falls, and BMD in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study: A Meta-Analysis (2020)

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived appendicular lean mass/height<sup>2</sup> (ALM/ht<sup>2</sup> ) is the most commonly used estimate of muscle mass in the assessment of sarcopenia, but its predictive value for fracture is substantially attenuated by femoral neck (fn) bone mineral density (BMD). We investigated predictive value of 11 sarcopenia definitions for incident fracture, independent of fnBMD, fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX<sup>®</sup> ) probability, and prior falls, using an extension of Poisson regression in US, Sweden, and Hong Kong Osteoporois Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) cohorts. Definitions tested were those of Baumgartner and Delmonico (ALM/ht<sup>2</sup> only), Morley, the International Working Group on Sarcopenia, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1 and 2), Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) 1 and 2 (using ALM/body mass index [BMI], incorporating muscle strength and/or physical performance measures plus ALM/ht<sup>2</sup> ), and Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (gait speed and grip strength). Associations were adjusted for age and time since baseline and reported as hazard ratio (HR) for first incident fracture, here major osteoporotic fracture (MOF; clinical vertebral, hip, distal forearm, proximal humerus). Further analyses adjusted additionally for FRAX-MOF probability (n = 7531; calculated ± fnBMD), prior falls (y/n), or fnBMD T-score. Results were synthesized by meta-analysis. In 5660 men in USA, 2764 Sweden and 1987 Hong Kong (mean ages 73.5, 75.4, and 72.4 years, respectively), sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 35%. Sarcopenia status, by all definitions except those of FNIH, was associated with incident MOF (HR = 1.39 to 2.07). Associations were robust to adjustment for prior falls or FRAX probability (without fnBMD); adjustment for fnBMD T-score attenuated associations. EWGSOP2 severe sarcopenia (incorporating chair stand time, gait speed, and grip strength plus ALM) was most predictive, albeit at low prevalence, and appeared only modestly influenced by inclusion of fnBMD. In conclusion, the predictive value for fracture of sarcopenia definitions based on ALM is reduced by adjustment for fnBMD but strengthened by additional inclusion of physical performance measures. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Multiterminal Josephson Effect (2020)

Experiments realize a multiterminal Josephson junction, in which superconducting phase-coherence builds up between multiple supercurrents, providing a tool for exploring novel superconductivity and fault-tolerant quantum computing.
Device and method for measuring thickness variation of large roller element bearing rings (2018)

The thickness variation of a large bearing ring is an important measure effecting on the rotational accuracy and partly defining the dynamic properties of the bearing. For example, when a bearing inner ring is installed on a rotor shaft, the final roundness profile of the installed bearing inner ring is the sum of the roundness profile of the rotor shaft roundness and the thickness variations of the inner ring and the possible conical adapter sleeve. In the present study, a device and a method for measuring the thickness variation of large roller element bearing rings was presented. To enhance the measurement quality, each measurement consisted of 20 rounds of measurement data, which were averaged in the frequency domain after the Fast Fourier Transform. In addition, the quality of the measurement was analysed by comparisons with existing devices, coordinate measurement machine (CMM) and roundness measurement machine, and by repeatability measurements. In the analysis, both thickness variation profiles and their harmonic components were investigated. The results show, that the overall agreements with the CMM and the roundness measurement machine were satisfying and good respectively. The repeatability of the proposed device was similar to the roundness measurement machine. According to the results, the device and the method were considered to be valid and deserve further interest and investigation for the bearing ring measurements.
3 Treatment with tin prevents the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (1988)

Sacerdoti, D.*; Escalante, B.; Abraham, N. G.; McGiff, J. C.; Levere, R. D.; Schwartzman, M. L. Author Information
Semiclassical fundamental solutions (2005)

It is the aim of this paper to show how the classical theory, based on fundamental solutions and explicit representations, via special functions can be combined with the functional analytical approach to partial differential equations, to produce semiclassical representation formulae for the solution of equations in cylinder‐like domains.
Early Transcriptional Response of Soybean Contrasting Accessions to Root Dehydration (2013)

Drought is a significant constraint to yield increase in soybean. The early perception of water deprivation is critical for recruitment of genes that promote plant tolerance. DeepSuperSAGE libraries, including one control and a bulk of six stress times imposed (from 25 to 150 min of root dehydration) for drought-tolerant and sensitive soybean accessions, allowed to identify new molecular targets for drought tolerance. The survey uncovered 120,770 unique transcripts expressed by the contrasting accessions. Of these, 57,610 aligned with known cDNA sequences, allowing the annotation of 32,373 unitags. A total of 1,127 unitags were up-regulated only in the tolerant accession, whereas 1,557 were up-regulated in both as compared to their controls. An expression profile concerning the most representative Gene Ontology (GO) categories for the tolerant accession revealed the expression "protein binding" as the most represented for "Molecular Function", whereas CDPK and CBL were the most up-regulated protein families in this category. Furthermore, particular genes expressed different isoforms according to the accession, showing the potential to operate in the distinction of physiological behaviors. Besides, heat maps comprising GO categories related to abiotic stress response and the unitags regulation observed in the expression contrasts covering tolerant and sensitive accessions, revealed the unitags potential for plant breeding. Candidate genes related to "hormone response" (LOX, ERF1b, XET), "water response" (PUB, BMY), "salt stress response" (WRKY, MYB) and "oxidative stress response" (PER) figured among the most promising molecular targets. Additionally, nine transcripts (HMGR, XET, WRKY20, RAP2-4, EREBP, NAC3, PER, GPX5 and BMY) validated by RT-qPCR (four different time points) confirmed their differential expression and pointed that already after 25 minutes a transcriptional reorganization started in response to the new condition, with important differences between both accessions.
MPC model sensitivity analysis: model ambit vs. correction runtime (2019)

Mask Process Correction (MPC) is becoming increasingly relevant as the industry moves toward more challenging technology nodes. Because running MPC on large layouts can be extremely resource intensive, it is important to strike a balance between the quality of the correction and the total turnaround time (TAT). This paper describes the results of applying a geometry-based MPC solution to a mask lithography process created at Toppan where the model is calibrated from AEI metrology data of patterns that accounts for beam blur, etch, and proximity effects present in the etched mask up to ~1 um. In this solution, the model calibration can result in different but equivalent predictors, i.e., the model parameters can differ while the overall error residuals (model RMS) can be nearly identical. The following sections probe a possible trade-off between correction quality and speed by testing how an MPC software based on edge movement behaves as the effective range of an enhanced multi-Gaussian mask model template is constrained.
Using a model filamentous fungus to unravel mechanisms of lignocellulose deconstruction (2013)

Filamentous fungi are the main source of enzymes used to degrade lignocellulose to fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels. While the most commonly used organism for the production of cellulases in an industrial setting is Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina), recent work in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa has shown that the variety of molecular, genetic and biochemical techniques developed for this organism can expedite analyses of the complexities involved in the utilization of lignocellulose as a source of carbon. These include elucidating regulatory networks associated with plant cell wall deconstruction, the identification of signaling molecules necessary for induction of the expression of genes encoding lignocellulolytic enzymes and the characterization of new cellulolytic enzymatic activities. In particular, the availability of a full genome deletion strain set for N. crassa has expedited high throughput screening for mutants that display a cellulolytic phenotype. This review summarizes the key findings of several recent studies using N. crassa to further understanding the mechanisms of plant cell wall deconstruction by filamentous fungi.
Gastric acidity inhibitors and the risk of intestinal infections (2009)

A proper utilization of these drugs, particularly for patients at high risk, is imperative in order to reduce deleterious effects on infection risk and to optimize cost-effectiveness ratio.
Further Investigation in Europeans of Susceptibility Variants for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Discovered in Genome-Wide Association Studies of Chinese Individuals (2014)

At least four of the PCOS susceptibility loci identified in the Chinese GWAS are associated with PCOS in Europeans. The overall genetic burden for PCOS, as demonstrated by the risk score, is also associated with the diagnosis of PCOS in Europeans. The PCOS susceptibility loci identified in the Chinese GWAS are thus likely to play an important role in the etiology of PCOS across ethnicities.
Biomaterial, Host, and Microbial Interactions (2020)

Resin composites are the most commonly used restorative materials in dentistry today due to growing demands for tooth-colored restorations, increasing concern regarding exposure to mercury in dental amalgams, and its varied applications in day-to-day practice. The four major components of dental resin composites are a polymeric matrix, inorganic filler particles, coupling agents such as silanes, for binding the filler to the matrix, and an initiator/inhibitor polymerization system. The purpose of resin adhesive systems is to bond the resin composite material to the tooth structure for retention of the restoration while providing an impermeable seal at the resin-tooth interface. Fluoride is commonly added to resin matrix and filler particles as an antimicrobial-releasing agent for its ability to interfere with biofilm formation, reduce bacterial acid production and enhance remineralization. Non-released insoluble antimicrobial agents inhibit bacterial growth by inactivating target microorganisms through direct contact, without releasing any compounds from the carrier material.
Synthesis of DL-[4-3H]glutamic acid for studies on clavulanic acid biosynthesis (1989)

The synthesis of [4-3H]glutamate involved regioselective tritiation of monomethyl succinate, a two-step selective conversion of its free acid function into an aldehyde, and its subsequent conversion by the Strecker reaction into the corresponding α-aminonitrile and hence to the target tritiated glutamate.
The KSR 1: bridging the gap between shared memory and MPPs (2002)

The KSR 1 bridges the gap between the historical shared memory model and massively parallel processors (MPPs) by delivering the shared memory programming model and all of its benefits in a scalable, highly parallel architecture. The KSR 1 runs a broad range of mainstream applications, ranging from numerically intensive computation to online transaction processing (OLTP) and database management and inquiry. The use of shared memory makes possible a standards-based open environment. The KSR 1's shared memory programming model is made possible by a new architectural technique called ALLCACHE memory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fundamentals of 3D Seismic Volume Visualization (1999)

Abstract Since the early 1980's, the volume of 3D seismic data has been steadily growing. Beyond the increase in size and number of 3D seismic surveys, there is also proliferation of attribute data. This increase places additional demands on the interpreter that is difficult to meet using traditional mainstream interpretation methods. A key element in solving this interpretation problem is the application of 3D volume visualization, which introduces new technologies and requires new skills. It enables the geoscientists to extract tremendous amounts of information in short periods of time. To maximize benefits, skills in the art of volume visualization must be established. Grasping the fundamentals of 3D seismic volume visualization provides a foundation for growth and creative solutions. Essential fundamental concepts and visualization processes, namely the Zone System, are discussed with examples of its application on stratigraphic, structural and amplitude interpretation problems. Important interpretation considerations, and discussions on color, and key strategies for quality visualization are included. Introduction 3D volume visualization is a method of seismic interpretation in which the interpreter directly evaluates the seismic reflectivity of the subsurface in three-dimensional space by applying various levels of transparency to the data. The technology and philosophy of 3D volume visualization1 differs from conventional interpretation and includes new interpretation strategies and methodology. Through direct integration of structural, stratigraphic and amplitude data, both regional and prospect-specific details can be revealed and evaluated prior to significant digital interpretation. This helps the interpreter to design an efficient work plan to achieve higher quality interpretations in a shorter period of time. Visualization Types There are two basic types of visualization: surface and volume. Surface visualization is the result of mapping individual horizons and faults, and then re-interpreting them collectively in 3D space as a 3D model. This method is time-consuming, involving two major interpretation steps and utilizes only a portion of the 3D data. Volume visualization assumes that the reflectivity of the subsurface provides enough detail to allow interpreters to directly evaluate and integrate structural, stratigraphic and amplitude features in 3D space. Both 3D regional and prospect-specific evaluations, including the identification of potential fluid contacts, can be performed quickly in detail. In contrast to surface visualization, a large percentage of the data volume is often evaluated. Interpretation Considerations In general, conventional interpretation methods produce maps, while volume visualization methods produce 3D perspectives. When the purpose of the task is specific, we normally make a map.
Regenerative Medicine: Charting a New Course in Wound Healing (2015)

Significance: Chronic wounds are a prevalent and costly problem in the United States. Improved treatments are needed to heal these wounds and prevent serious complications such as infection and amputation. Recent Advances: In wound healing, as in other areas of medicine, technologies that have the potential to regenerate as opposed to repair tissue are gaining ground. These include customizable nanofiber matrices incorporating novel materials; a variety of autologous and allogeneic cell types at various stages of differentiation (e.g., pluripotent, terminally differentiated); peptides; proteins; small molecules; RNA inhibitors; and gene therapies. Critical Issues: Wound healing is a logical target for regenerative medicine due to the accessibility and structure of skin, the regenerative nature of healing, the lack of good limb salvage treatments, and the current use of cell therapies. However, more extensive knowledge of pathophysiologic targets is needed to inform regenerative strategies, and new technologies must demonstrate value in terms of outcomes and related health economic measures to achieve successful market access and penetration. Future Directions: Due to similarities in cell pathways and developmental mechanisms, regenerative technologies developed in one therapeutic area may be applicable to others. Approaches that proceed from human genomic or other big data sources to models are becoming increasingly common and will likely suggest novel therapeutic avenues. To fully capitalize on the advances in regenerative medicine, studies must demonstrate the value of new therapies in identified patient populations, and sponsors must work with regulatory agencies to develop appropriate dossiers supporting timely approval.
Emergency response to a smallpox attack: The case for mass vaccination (2002)

In the event of a smallpox bioterrorist attack in a large U.S. city, the interim response policy is to isolate symptomatic cases, trace and vaccinate their contacts, quarantine febrile contacts, but vaccinate more broadly if the outbreak cannot be contained by these measures. We embed this traced vaccination policy in a smallpox disease transmission model to estimate the number of cases and deaths that would result from an attack in a large urban area. Comparing the results to mass vaccination from the moment an attack is recognized, we find that mass vaccination results in both far fewer deaths and much faster epidemic eradication over a wide range of disease and intervention policy parameters, including those believed most likely, and that mass vaccination similarly outperforms the existing policy of starting with traced vaccination and switching to mass vaccination only if required.