Rôle du stress hypoxique dans la régulation de la réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale des lymphocytes "Natural Killer" (2014)

The tumor microenvironment, including hypoxic stress plays an immunosuppressive role in tumor cell escape from immune surveillance. Recent studies have shown that the exchange of microvesicles (MVs) between tumor cells and cells of the immune system could be responsible for the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this context, we investigated the effect of MVs derived from hypoxic tumor cells on the cytotoxicity of Natural Killer (NK) cells. Our results clearly demonstrated that NK cells are able to internalize MVs derived from both normoxic and hypoxic tumor cells. However, only hypoxic MVs are able to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Thus, we revealed that MVs derived from hypoxic tumor cells sequester two immunomodulators, TGF- and miR-23a. We have shown that the transfer of TGF- and miR-23a to NK cells was responsible for the respective reduction of the expression of NKG2D activating receptor on their surface and lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP-1 / CD107a) involved in degranulation of cytotoxic granules.In the second part of this thesis we have shown that tumor cells subjected to hypoxic stress were able to outmaneuver a functional immune system and thus escape NK-mediated immune surveillance. Indeed, our results clearly demonstrated that the resistance of hypoxic tumor cells to NK-mediated lysis was not related to the impairment of recognition by NK cells, but rather to the activation of an intrinsic resistance mechanism in tumor cells. We showed that the resistance mechanism involves the activation of the autophagy which operates in the tumor cells to degrade the granzyme B, a serine protease secreted by NK cells and internalized by target tumor cells to induce cell death. Cell imaging experiments combined to biochemical approaches have confirmed that the level of granzyme B in hypoxic tumor cells was significantly higher compared to normoxic tumor cells. The analysis of the subcellular distribution of granzyme B reveals that it is predominantly present in the endosomes and autophagosomes of hypoxic tumor cells. These results strongly suggest that granzyme B is subjected to be degraded by autophagy in hypoxic tumor cells. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy in hypoxic tumor cells was sufficient to block the degradation of granzyme B and thus restore the sensitivity of hypoxic tumor cells to NK-mediated lysis. Our results clearly demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy could improve NK-mediated antitumor immune response. We validated this concept in vivo using two syngeneic mice model of breast cancer and melanoma.Taken together, our work clearly shows that hypoxic stress, which is a major feature of the tumor microenvironment, can promote the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment by several mechanisms which are not mutually exclusive. Thus, hypoxic stress changes the characteristics of tumor cells and activates the mechanisms of resistance to immune surveillance. In addition, tumor cells can educate and export their hypoxic phenotype to the immune cells in the microenvironment in order to impair their cytotoxicity. Our findings pave the way for the development of new clinical applications in cancer immunotherapy based on the reactivation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and simultaneous inhibition of autophagy.