gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Four-dimensional deformable image registration using trajectory modeling (2009)

A four-dimensional deformable image registration (4D DIR) algorithm, referred to as 4D local trajectory modeling (4DLTM), is presented and applied to thoracic 4D computed tomography (4DCT) image sets. The theoretical framework on which this algorithm is built exploits the incremental continuity present in 4DCT component images to calculate a dense set of parameterized voxel trajectories through space as functions of time. The spatial accuracy of the 4DLTM algorithm is compared with an alternative registration approach in which component phase to phase (CPP) DIR is utilized to determine the full displacement between maximum inhale and exhale images. A publically available DIR reference database (http://www.dir-lab.com) is utilized for the spatial accuracy assessment. The database consists of ten 4DCT image sets and corresponding manually identified landmark points between the maximum phases. A subset of points are propagated through the expiratory 4DCT component images. Cubic polynomials were found to provide sufficient flexibility and spatial accuracy for describing the point trajectories through the expiratory phases. The resulting average spatial error between the maximum phases was 1.25 mm for the 4DLTM and 1.44 mm for the CPP. The 4DLTM method captures the long-range motion between 4DCT extremes with high spatial accuracy.
Securing Data in Internet of Things (IoT) Using Cryptography and Steganography Techniques (2019)

Internet of Things (IoT) is a domain wherein which the transfer of data is taking place every single second. The security of these data is a challenging task; however, security challenges can be mitigated with cryptography and steganography techniques. These techniques are crucial when dealing with user authentication and data privacy. In the proposed work, the elliptic Galois cryptography protocol is introduced and discussed. In this protocol, a cryptography technique is used to encrypt confidential data that came from different medical sources. Next, a Matrix XOR encoding steganography technique is used to embed the encrypted data into a low complexity image. The proposed work also uses an optimization algorithm called Adaptive Firefly to optimize the selection of cover blocks within the image. Based on the results, various parameters are evaluated and compared with the existing techniques. Finally, the data that is hidden in the image is recovered and is then decrypted.
High Performance Iron Electrodes with Metal Sulfide Additives (2021)

Iron-based alkaline rechargeable batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications owing to their low cost, robustness and environmental-friendliness. However, the widespread deployment of iron-based batteries has been limited by the low charging efficiency and poor discharge rate capability of the iron electrode. Our previous efforts on iron electrodes based on carbonyl iron powder and iron (II) sulfide have shown promise in overcoming these limitations. With the goal of understanding the role of sulfide additives, in this study, we have compared the performance of iron electrodes with iron (II) sulfide, iron (II) disulfide, copper (I) sulfide and zinc sulfide. The electrode containing zinc sulfide outperformed all other electrodes with a remarkable faradaic efficiency of 95% at C/2 rate and a specific discharge capacity close to 0.24 Ah g −1 at 1 C rate. The electrode did not lose any capacity for 750 cycles of repeated deep discharge at C/2 charge and discharge rates. Further, these electrodes could be cycled at 55 degrees Celsius with no noticeable change in performance. We attributed the excellent performance of zinc sulfide containing electrode to the low solubility of zinc sulfide in the electrolyte and the stability of zinc sulfide towards electro-reduction under the operating conditions of the iron electrode. These insights indicate that zinc sulfide is a promising additive for designing highly efficient and robust iron electrodes for alkaline nickel-iron and iron-air batteries.
A New Efficient Synthesis of Nicotianamine and 2'-Deoxymugineic Acid (1997)

Nicotianamine and 2'-deoxymugineic acid, phytosiderophores, have been efficiently synthesized, which will be suitahle for large scale production of these plant physiologically important compounds.The synthetic method for 2.3"dideoxy-3"-oxomugineic acid was also investigated.Both nicotianamine (1) and 2'-deoxymugineic acid (2) are important phytosiderophores by which uptake
Chemical Properties of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Phenylplatinum(II) Hydroxo Complexes with Cod Ligands. Transmetalation of Arylboronic Acids, Coupling of the Phenyl Ligands, and Carbonylation (2006)

The reaction of bpy with [{Pt(Ph)(cod)}2(μ-OH)](BF4) (1-BF4; cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) in acetone splits a Pt−O bond to yield a mixture of Pt(CH2COMe)(Ph)(cod) (2) and [Pt(Ph)(bpy)(cod)](BF4) (3-BF4), whereas a similar reaction in toluene produces 3-BF4 and Pt(OH)(Ph)(cod) (4). The complex 4 was obtained in solution and was not isolated as analytically pure crystals because of its gradual disproportionation, giving PtPh2(cod) (5). The dinuclear complex 1-BF4 reacts with ArB(OH)2 (Ar = Ph, C6H2F3-2,4,6) to form 5 and Pt(C6H2F3-2,4,6)(Ph)(cod) (6), respectively, via aryl group transfer from boron to platinum. The accompanying formation of B(OH)3 has been confirmed by 11B{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of BF3·Et2O with 1-BF4 followed by the addition of NH4Cl(aq) produces biphenyl and PtCl2(cod), which takes place possibly via a dinuclear intermediate. The cationic dinuclear complex 1-BF4 reacts with CO (1 atm) to form benzophenone. Since the reactions of AgBF4 with Pt(COPh)(I)(cod) (7) and CO with [Pt(Ph)(THF)(cod)](BF4) also yield benzophenone, the above carbonylation of 1-BF4 is considered to involve mononuclear intermediates.
Influence of the Type of Sagittal Profile on Clinical Results of Lumbar Total Disk Replacement After a Mean Follow-Up of 39 Months (2012)

We suggest SPTs 1 and 4 to represent a contraindication for lumbar TDR of levels L4/5 or L5/S1. Local adaptation in the adjacent segment to TDR may influence the clinical outcome as well.
Evaluation of Niowave's Proposed Solvent Washing Approach (2021)

Niowave, Inc., is a domestic supplier of medical and industrial isotopes from uranium (U) and radium (Ra). The company has recently entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and plans to deploy a superconducting electron accelerator (LINAC) to fission U for molybdenum-99 (<sup>99</sup>Mo) production without the need for a nuclear reactor or highly enriched uranium (HEU). NNSA provided funding to the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to support Niowave in this effort. SRNL evaluated the application of the solvent washing process for Niowave.
A Plausible Model for the Sulfidation of a Calcium-Based Core-in-Shell Sorbent (2003)

A promising reusable sorbent for desulfurizing hot coal gas is being developed in the form of core-in-shell pellets which consist of a highly reactive CaO core encased in a porous protective shell made largely of an inert material. The spherical pellets are made by pelletizing plaster of Paris and then applying a coating of alumina (80%) and limestone (20%) particles. Subsequent high temperature treatment converts the cores to CaO and sinters the coating material to form the porous shells. The pellets absorb and react with H2S at high temperatures (e.g., 800−900 °C) to form CaS and are regenerated by applying a cyclic oxidation/reduction method. The rate of sulfidation does not appear to be controlled by chemical reaction but, instead, seems to be controlled by one or more of the following diffusion resistances: external gas film, porous shell, micropores between CaO grains in the core, and product layer surrounding CaO within each grain. After considering various models, a brief review of which is included in the paper, a semiempirical model was chosen which represents the process well over a limited range of conversion (approximately 0−85%). This is not a serious limitation for the model because above this range the rate of conversion becomes too slow for most applications. The model assumes that within this range the rate of conversion is controlled by the resistance to diffusion offered by the porous outside shell together with the resistance to diffusion presented by a porous layer of reacted material. The model is in effect an extension of the well-known shrinking, unreacted core model for gas−solid reactions. As more basic diffusion data become available, a more rigorous model, such as a modified grain model, is expected to be developed.
Wireless communication between personal electronic devices and hearing aids using high frequency audio and ultrasound (2018)

Hearing aids continue to be the main intervention for hearing loss but ease of use and control is of concern due to the small size of these aids. While technological advances in Bluetooth Low Energy have allowed for improved wireless control, in particular between personal electronic devices, its use for communication with hearing aids is problematic due to limited battery life. This paper outlines the implementation of acoustic wireless communication between personal electronic devices and hearing aids using On-Off Keying (OOK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) between the frequencies of 16 and 20 kHz. Reliable communication with bit error rates less than 10<sup>-3</sup> were achieved for OOK with maximum data signalling rates of 50, 35.7, and 27.8 bits per second (bps) obtained over 1, 2, and 3 metres respectively, while FSK provided maximum data signalling rates of 83.3, 50, and 27.8 bps over the same distances.
The effect of hypogonadism and testosterone‐enhancing therapy on alkaline phosphatase and bone mineral density (2014)

In hypogonadal men, the decrease in AP is associated with an increase in BMD on DEXA testing. This result suggests the use of AP as a marker of response to therapy.
Analysis of the effective permittivity and permeabilityof embedded lossy dielectric array (2013)

This paper explores the effective permittivity and permeability of the structure which has periodic lossy dielectric objects embedded in a matrix. The asymptotic expressions for both high conductivity and quasi-static are derived and discussed. Numerical results both from the MG formula and an integral equation approach are provided to verify all the asymptotic expressions and related conclusions.
A robotics-based flat-panel ultrasound device for continuous intraoperative transcutaneous imaging (2011)

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has become more and more popular in the last decade. Video laparoscopes remain the gold standard of intraoperative imaging during laparoscopic interventions. However, providing only superficial images of the target tissue. In contrast, ultrasound (US) imaging may offer crucial information of the interior of the target tissue that could improve surgical outcome. In this paper, we propose a new concept and prototype system to manipulate an US-probe during laparoscopic partial nephrectomies. Our primary goal was to provide the surgeon with US-images during the intervention in real-time. The prototype system consists of three components: a conventional US-machine, a manipulator to guide the US-probe, and a joystick console to control the manipulator. The results of our experiments show that the concept is feasible for US-imaging during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
A Generalization of Minimum-Shift-Keying (MSK)-Type Signaling Based Upon Input Data Symbol Pulse Shaping (1976)

In recent years, minimum-shift-keying (MSK) has gained increasing popularity as a modulation technique because of its desirable spectral properties. Quite often, the spectral concentration provided by MSK is not sufficient to meet requirements on out-of-band energy spillover. In these situations, one might apply additional input pulse shaping m such a way as to still maintain constant envelope signals. The properties of such MSK-type signals are the subject of this paper. Specific examples are included as illustrations of the theory both for the binary and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> -ary cases.
Attribute analysis and application of cross-well seismic data (2005)

Cross-well seismic data are expressed as depth domain and 18 attributes associated with depth domain of cross-well seismic data such as S/N ratio have been abstracted mainly taking such characteristic parameters as amplitude, waveform and correlate function, etc. into account. The attributes are normalized with respect to range normalization criterion. Three groups of attributes have been optimally selected from these 18 attributes after being analyzed by R clustering method. The optimized cross-well seismic attributes for thin inter-beds of shale and sandstone have been determined through cross-well seismic data from Ken 71 well-block of Shengli Oilfield.
Order-disorder octahedral tilting transitions inSrSnO3perovskite (2005)

High-temperature powder neutron diffraction has been used to characterize two structural phase transitions in the perovskite ${\mathrm{SrSnO}}_{3}$. A continuous orthorhombic Pnma to Imma symmetry transition occurs at 636 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and a first-order transition to a tetragonal $I4∕\mathit{mcm}$ phase occurs at 800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Such octahedral tilting transitions are very common in perovskite oxides and are generally assumed to be displacive. However, a displacive description of the transitions in ${\mathrm{SrSnO}}_{3}$ gives physically unrealistic results, and a considerable dynamic order-disorder component is found. A more realistic order-disorder modeling shows that the population difference between majority and minority tilt states is an appropriate order parameter, and the onset of tilting fluctuations $\ensuremath{\sim}300\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ below the Pnma to Imma transition leads to an unusual divergence of the lattice parameters on warming towards the transition.
Fair and Impartial? Military Jurisdiction and the Decision to Seek the Death Penalty (2015)

This paper argues that the military does not exercise jurisdiction in a fair and impartial manner over capital offenses not directly connected to the role of the armed services. The aim of this paper is to promote advocacy for the removal from the military’s jurisdiction of capital offenses not directly connected to the military.
Secure Beamforming in Downlink MIMO Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Networks (2017)

In this letter, we consider a cellular downlink multiple-input-multiple-output nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) secure transmission network, which consists of a base station, a central user, and a cell-edge user. The base station and two users are all equipped with multiple antennas. The central user is an entrusted user and the cell-edge user is a potential eavesdropper. We focus on secure beamforming optimization problem, which maximizes achievable secrecy rate of the central user subject to transmit power constraint at the base station and transmission rate requirement at the cell-edge user. The optimization problem is nonconvex. We employ majorization-minimization method to iteratively optimize a sequence of valid surrogate functions for the nonconvex optimization problem. Furthermore, in each iteration, we derive the semi-closed form solution to optimize the valid surrogate functions. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed NOMA scheme outperforms the zero-forcing-based NOMA scheme and conventional orthogonal multiple access scheme.
Thymidylate Synthase 5′- and 3′-Untranslated Region Polymorphisms Associated with Risk and Progression of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (2004)

The TSER and TS3'UTR polymorphisms are associated with SCCHN risk. The TSER 3R and TS3'UTR 0bp alleles seemed to jointly protect against SCCHN. In particular, the 0bp allele seemed to protect against oral cancer progression.
Volume Estimates by Imaging Methods: Model Comparisons with Visible Woman as the Reference (2003)

The equation based on the parallel trapezium and the two-column models is more accurate in estimating tissue volumes than the corresponding equation for truncated pyramid and truncated cone models. This finding has important implications for the volume calculations of imaging-based body compartments such as adipose tissue.
Current status of development of lightweight x-ray mirror with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) (2022)

CFRP is a composite material composed of carbon fiber and resin. CFRP is commonly applied to the aerospace industry which requires lightweight and intensity. Thanks to superior formability of CFRP, we can form shape of Wolter-1 optics, which consists of paraboloid and hyperboloid, to a monolithic substrate. Since the surface roughness of CFRP substrate is a few microns, it is required to make the smooth surface for reflecting X-rays on the CFRP substrate. We have developed a new method of shaping the reflective surface by pasting thin sheet-glass with 50~100 &mu;m thick onto the CFRP substrate. The surface roughness of the thin sheet-glass was measured to about 0.4 nm by Zygo. Our CFRP mirror is a candidate for backup mirrors in the FORCE mission, and are being developed for balloon-borne experiments planned in the near future. Current image quality of our CFRP mirror was measured to be about 60-120 arcsec by illuminating an X-ray pencil beam at the ISAS beam line. In order to achieve a high imaging quality less than 15 arcsec, we will improve the CFRP mirror surface using both the replica method, and an ultra-precision mold processed with a shape error of 0.1 µm or less. The mold will be completed in the summer of 2022. We report on the current status of the development of the CFRP mirrors.
Evaluation of the Yellow IRIS®: An Automated Method for Urinalysis (1986)

The authors evaluated the Yellow IRIS automated urinalysis instrument (International Remote Imaging Systems, Chatsworth, CA 91311) in terms of its analytic performance as well as its ease of use. The Yellow IRIS is a system using automated intelligence microscopy (AIM), coupled with a dipstick reader and specific gravity module. The instrument can handle up to 30 specimens per hour in the authors' setting as compared with 10 specimens per hour using a full manual urinalysis coupled with microscopic examination. The authors conclude that the Yellow IRIS performed better than the manual method in terms of precision, linearity, and throughput. In addition, the diagnostic yield using this system in terms of abnormal results was higher than would have been picked up by manual analysis alone.
Effects of magnitude uncertainties on estimating the parameters in the Gutenberg-Richter frequency-magnitude law (1985)

Abstract The evaluation of the parameters in the Gutenberg-Richter (GR) frequency-magnitude law log Nr = a − bm is shown to be strongly affected by magnitude uncertainties. If the magnitude errors are assumed to be distributed normally with standard deviation σ, the observed magnitude that we call the “apparent magnitude,” becomes a random variable, and the frequency-apparent magnitude law differs from the GR relation. We show that there is a range of magnitudes within which this law may be approximated as log Na = a − bm + γ2log(e). Here, γ2 = β2σ2/2, [β = b/log(e)], and Na stands for the apparent number of the earthquakes. As both the true and the apparent magnitude curves have the same slope on a logarithmic graph, the estimators usually employed for β remain valid. However, the usual estimators for a are biased by a quantity which is a quadratic function of the error standard deviation σ and of β. This implies that the apparent number, Na, of earthquakes exceeding a given magnitude tends to be larger than the real number Nr and for realistic values of a and b (or β), Na is expected to be even as large as twice Nr. The implications of the magnitude variability on the seismic risk analysis are also considered: in particular, the evaluations of the attenuation law parameters and of the exceedance probability of the ground motion peak acceleration are shown to be affected.
SU‐E‐I‐124: Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Sciatic Nerve at 3T (2011)

Purpose: To use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to visualize and evaluate normal fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the sciatic nerve in four volunteers at 3T.Methods: Initially, T1‐ weighted axial anatomic reference images were performed for anatomic reference (TR/TE, 641/10; flip angle 90 degrees; field of view, 128 mm; number of signal averages(NSA) of 2. Next, single‐shot spin‐echo echo‐ planar DTI sequences were performed with parameters: TR/TE, 5300/69; flip angle 90 degrees; field of view 16 cm; matrix size 128 × 128; 2 NSA; slice thickness 4 mm; number of slices, 40. Diffusion weighting with a b value of 1,000 s/mm2 was applied in 32 different directions. Total required imaging time was approximately 15 minutes. Image data was transferred to a workstation and fiber tracking was performed with Philips advanced tractography software available on the scanner and workstation. Color coded maps demonstrating the sciatic nerve were used to place circular regions‐of interest were then drawn over the nerve location demonstrated on the color coded maps to determine FA and ADCResults: In four volunteers (all males, average age = 40) the sciatic nerve was well visualized and had an average +/− SD FA of 0.52+/−0.20and ADC of ACD of 0.78+/−0.38 Conclusions: Normal FA and ADC values of the sciatic nerve could be measured using DTI and fiber tracking. Further studies are needed but these results suggest that FA and ADC can potentially be used to evaluate peripheral neuropathy and be used in patient follow‐up.
Quantitative Determination of Organic Semiconductor Microstructure from the Molecular to Device Scale (2012)

A study was conducted to demonstrate quantitative determination of organic semiconductor microstructure from the molecular to device scale. The quantitative determination of organic semiconductor microstructure from the molecular to device scale was key to obtaining precise description of the molecular structure and microstructure of the materials of interest. This information combined with electrical characterization and modeling allowed for the establishment of general design rules to guide future rational design of materials and devices. Investigations revealed that a number and variety of defects were the largest contributors to the existence of disorder within a lattice, as organic semiconductor crystals were dominated by weak van der Waals bonding. Crystallite size, texture, and variations in structure due to spatial confinement and interfaces were also found to be relevant for transport of free charge carriers and bound excitonic species over distances that were important for device operation.
Transfer Process Multiphysics Simulation in Electrophotography (2010)

The transfer process of color electrophotography involves various materials, including paper, rollers, toner, intermediate transfer belt, and sawlike static charge eliminator. Each component physically interacts with each other, creating electric fields, electric discharges, ion flows, electric conduction, and toner behavior. The authors have developed a numerical simulation method which considers electrical materials, geometric configuration, and physical phenomenon. The method the authors developed was used to calculate current characteristics, electric discharges, and toner scattering in a color electrophotographic system. The results showed good agreement with experiments. Furthermore, the calculation results showed removal of electricity by the static charge eliminator reduces toner scattering and separation discharges.