gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compressed natural gas (CNG) measurement (1995)

The increased level of environmental awareness has raised concerns about pollution. One area of high attention is the internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine in and of itself is not a major pollution threat. However, the vast number of motor vehicles in use release large quantities of pollutants. Recent technological advances in ignition and engine controls coupled with unleaded fuels and catalytic converters have reduced vehicular emissions significantly. Alternate fuels have the potential to produce even greater reductions in emissions. The Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) has been a significant alternative to accomplish the goal of cleaner combustion. Of the many alternative fuels under investigation, compressed natural gas (CNG) has demonstrated the lowest levels of emission. The only vehicle certified by the State of California as an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) was powered by CNG. The California emissions tests of the ULEV-CNG vehicle revealed the following concentrations: Non-Methane Hydrocarbons 0.005 grams/mile Carbon Monoxide 0.300 grams/mile Nitrogen Oxides 0.040 grams/mile. Unfortunately, CNG vehicles will not gain significant popularity until compressed natural gas is readily available in convenient locations in urban areas and in proximity to the Interstate highway system. Approximately 150,000 gasoline filling stations exist in the United States whilemore » number of CNG stations is about 1000 and many of those CNG stations are limited to fleet service only. Discussion in this paper concentrates on CNG flow measurement for fuel dispensers. Since the regulatory changes and market demands affect the flow metering and dispenser station design those aspects are discussed. The CNG industry faces a number of challenges.« less
The structure and evolution of subtelomeric Y' repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1992)

The subtelomeric Y' family of repeated DNA sequences in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of unknown origin and function. Y's vary in copy number and location among strains. Eight Y's, from two strains, were cloned and sequenced over the same 3.2-kb interval in order to assess the within- and between-strain variation as well as address their origin and function. One entire Y' sequence was reconstructed from two clones presented here and a previously sequenced 833-bp region. It contains two large overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). The putative protein sequences have no strong homologies to any known proteins except for one region that has 27% identity with RNA helicases. RNA homologous to each ORF was detected. Comparison of the sequences revealed that the known long (Y'-L) and short (Y'-S) size classes, which coexist within cells, differ by several insertions and/or deletions within this region. The Y'-Ls from strain Y55 also differ from those of strain YP1 by several short deletions in the same region. Most of these deletions appear to have occurred between short (2-10 bp) direct repeats. The single base pair polymorphisms and the deletions are clustered in the first half of the interval compared. There is 0.30-1.13% divergence among Y'-Ls within a strain and 1.15-1.75% divergence between strains in the interval. This is similar to known unique sequence variation but contrasts with the 8-18% divergence among the adjacent subtelomeric repeats, X. Subsets of Y's exhibit concerted evolution; however, more than one variant appears to be maintained within strains. The observed sequence variation disrupts the first ORF in many Y's while most of the second ORF including the putative helicase region is unaffected. The structure and distribution of the Y' elements are consistent with having originated as a mobile element. However, they now appear to move via recombination. Recombination can account for the homogenization within subsets of Y's but does not account for the maintenance of different variants.
Biomass CHP Plant Güssing - A Success Story (2002)

ABSTRACT: A steam biomass gasification process has been demonstrated in Güssing, AT. The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical output of about 2 MWel with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %. Wood chips with a water content of 20- 30 % are used as fuel. The plant consists of a dual fluidized bed steam gasifier, a two stage gas cleaning system, a gas engine with an electricity generator, and a heat utilization system. The start up of the plant was in January 2002 and until September 2002 2500 hours of operation with the gasifier and the gas cleaning system and 750 hours of operation with the gas engine could be reached. The overall performance of the CHP plant is very good, however, some minor problems had to be solved. The most important parts operate quite well only the cooler of the producer gas had to be improved. In Austria and also in other European countries there are currently good conditions for an economical operation of an CHP-plant based on biomass due to high prices for green electricity. Nevertheless, further efforts have to be done to reduce the investment as well as the operating costs. The producer gas has a high amount of H2 and CO and is therefore also well suited for the production of synthesis gas.
The Synthesis of Streptogramin Antibiotics: (−)-Griseoviridin and Its C-8 Epimer (2000)

Mit einer Ringschlussmetathese als Schlüsselschritt gelang die erste Totalsynthese des zur Streptogramin-Klasse gehörenden Antibiotikums Griseoviridin 1 sowie seines C8-Epimers; als Edukte dienten D- bzw. L-Cystin. Durch diese Synthese konnte bestätigt werden, dass die Hydroxygruppen an C18 und C20 zueinander syn-ständig sind (die Struktur von 1 wurde bereits 1976 durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt, doch wurde hierfür die verkehrte relative Konfiguration angegeben).
A 5 Gb/s 16*16 Si-bipolar crosspoint switch (2003)

An experimental 16*16, nonblocking, asynchronous crosspoint switch with 5 Gb/s channel data rate is described. Implemented in a 0.8- mu m, double-poly, self-aligned Si-bipolar ECL (emitter coupled logic) technology, the 3*3 mm/sup 2/ chip with a multiplexer-type architecture and a three-device crosspoint cell features a data path delay of 420 ps and a set-up time of 1 ns, and dissipates about 4.6 W. Signal levels are ECL compatible. This crosspoint which supports selective or full broadcasting and a simple expansion mechanism.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stacked Extreme Learning Machines (2014)

Extreme learning machine (ELM) has recently attracted many researchers' interest due to its very fast learning speed, good generalization ability, and ease of implementation. It provides a unified solution that can be used directly to solve regression, binary, and multiclass classification problems. In this paper, we propose a stacked ELMs (S-ELMs) that is specially designed for solving large and complex data problems. The S-ELMs divides a single large ELM network into multiple stacked small ELMs which are serially connected. The S-ELMs can approximate a very large ELM network with small memory requirement. To further improve the testing accuracy on big data problems, the ELM autoencoder can be implemented during each iteration of the S-ELMs algorithm. The simulation results show that the S-ELMs even with random hidden nodes can achieve similar testing accuracy to support vector machine (SVM) while having low memory requirements. With the help of ELM autoencoder, the S-ELMs can achieve much better testing accuracy than SVM and slightly better accuracy than deep belief network (DBN) with much faster training speed.
<title>Tangential velocity measurement of diffuse object by using modulated dynamic speckle</title> (1996)

The use of transmission grating for measurement of rough body tangential velocity is discussed. The possibility of obtaining narrow component in the spectrum of scattered from rough surface and transmitted through the grating radiation is confirmed both theoretically and experimentally. The availability of a narrow component in the spectrum of scattered radiation with (Delta) f/f &lt; 2 10<SUP>-2</SUP> enables one to measure tangential velocity of the diffuse object within +/- 0.5% accuracy.
pUL21 regulation of pUs3 kinase activity influences the nature of nuclear envelope deformation by the HSV-2 nuclear egress complex (2021)

It is well established that the herpesvirus nuclear egress complex (NEC) has an intrinsic ability to deform membranes. During viral infection, the membrane-deformation activity of the NEC must be precisely regulated to ensure efficient nuclear egress of capsids. One viral protein known to regulate herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) NEC activity is the tegument protein pUL21. Cells infected with an HSV-2 mutant lacking pUL21 (ΔUL21) produced a slower migrating species of the viral serine/threonine kinase pUs3 that was shown to be a hyperphosphorylated form of the enzyme. Investigation of the pUs3 substrate profile in ΔUL21-infected cells revealed a prominent band with a molecular weight consistent with that of the NEC components pUL31 and pUL34. Phosphatase sensitivity and retarded mobility in phos-tag SDS-PAGE confirmed that both pUL31 and pUL34 were hyperphosphorylated by pUs3 in the absence of pUL21. To gain insight into the consequences of increased phosphorylation of NEC components, the architecture of the nuclear envelope in cells producing the HSV-2 NEC in the presence or absence of pUs3 was examined. In cells with robust NEC production, invaginations of the inner nuclear membrane were observed that contained budded vesicles of uniform size. By contrast, nuclear envelope deformations protruding outwards from the nucleus, were observed when pUs3 was included in transfections with the HSV-2 NEC. Finally, when pUL21 was included in transfections with the HSV-2 NEC and pUs3, decreased phosphorylation of NEC components was observed in comparison to transfections lacking pUL21. These results demonstrate that pUL21 influences the phosphorylation status of pUs3 and the HSV-2 NEC and that this has consequences for the architecture of the nuclear envelope.
Capability of Insulation Diagnosis for Mica-Resin Insulated Coils (1980)

A group of bar coils were subjected to accelerated insulation degradation, and the correlations between various nondestructive test results and insulation breakdown voltage were investigated. Nondestructive test values measured for only the flat part of the insulation layer of the coils showed good correlation with breakdown voltage. For the nondestructive test results measured on the entire insulation, including both flat parts and edge parts, better correlation with breakdown voltage was observed with those results which depend most strongly on the properties of the flat (or the slot) part. The edge part of the insulation does not undergo degradation even under static flexural strain; voltage degradation is saturated at an early date. In the flat part of the insulation, degradation proceeds at the same pace under either flexural voltage aging. Thus, better correlation with breakdown voltage is shown by those nondestructive measurements which more clearly express the change in the flat part of the insulation and occur without saturation of degradation. Among these correlations, it was found that as far as static flexural strain and voltage degradation are concerned, they fit on the same correlation curve.
Silicon spike-based synaptic array and address-event transceiver (2004)

An integrated array of 2,400 spiking silicon neurons, with reconfigurable synaptic connectivity and adjustable neural spike-based dynamics, is presented. At the system level, the chip serves as an address-event transceiver, with incoming and outgoing spikes communicated over an asynchronous event-driven bus. Internally, every cell implements a spiking neuron that models general principles of synaptic operation as observed in biological membranes. Synaptic conductance and synaptic reversal potential can be dynamically modulated for each event. The implementation employs mixed-signal charge-based circuits to facilitate digital control of system parameters and minimize variability due to transistor mismatch. In addition to describing the structure of the silicon neurons, we present experimental data characterizing the operation of the 3mm /spl times/ 3 mm chip fabricated in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
Optical-to-terahertz conversion through plasmon-coupled surface states (2021)

We demonstrate passive optical-to-terahertz conversion through plasmon-coupled surface states. When excited with an optical pump beam, photogenerated carriers in a photo-absorbing substrate are swept to an array of terahertz radiating nanoantennas by a surface-state-induced built-in electric field formed between the nanoantennas and substrate. The nanoantennas are used to couple optically-excited surface waves to the interface region where the built-in electric field is maximized to provide high optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies. We have used this scheme to develop a fiber-coupled bias-free terahertz source that provides more than a 110 dB dynamic range over a 5 THz bandwidth.
Bad Bugs Need Drugs: An Update on the Development Pipeline from the Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2006)

The Antimicrobial Availability Task Force (AATF) of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has viewed with concern the decreasing investment by major pharmaceutical companies in antimicrobial research and development. Although smaller companies are stepping forward to address this gap, their success is uncertain. The IDSA proposed legislative and other federal solutions to this emerging public health problem in its July 2004 policy report "Bad Bugs, No Drugs: As Antibiotic R&D Stagnates, a Public Health Crisis Brews." At this time, the legislative response cannot be predicted. To emphasize further the urgency of the problem for the benefit of legislators and policy makers and to capture the ongoing frustration our clinician colleagues experience in their frequent return to an inadequate medicine cabinet, the AATF has prepared this review to highlight pathogens that are frequently resistant to licensed antimicrobials and for which few, if any, potentially effective drugs are identifiable in the late-stage development pipeline.
Localizing blurry and low-resolution text in natural images (2011)

There is a growing body of work addressing the problem of localizing printed text regions occurring in natural scenes, all of it focused on images in which the text to be localized is resolved clearly enough to be read by OCR. This paper introduces an alternative approach to text localization based on the fact that it is often useful to localize text that is identifiable as text but too blurry or small to be read, for two reasons. First, an image can be decimated and processed at a coarser resolution than usual, resulting in faster localization before OCR is performed (at full resolution, if needed). Second, in real-time applications such as a cell phone app to find and read text, text may initially be acquired from a lower-resolution video image in which it appears too small to be read; once the text's presence and location have been established, a higher-resolution image can be taken in order to resolve the text clearly enough to read it.We demonstrate proof of concept of this approach by describing a novel algorithm for binarizing the image and extracting candidate text features, called "blobs," and grouping and classifying the blobs into text and non-text categories. Experimental results are shown on a variety of images in which the text is resolved too poorly to be clearly read, but is still identifiable by our algorithm as text.
High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Shigella Isolates in the United States Tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002 (2005)

Shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the United States, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. Since 1999, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for Enteric Bacteria has tested every 10th Shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. From 1999 to 2002, NARMS tested 1,604 isolates. Among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were Shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) were Shigella flexneri, 18 (1%) were Shigella boydii, and 7 (0.4%) were Shigella dysenteriae. Overall, 1,251 (78%) were resistant to ampicillin and 744 (46%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Prevalence of TMP-SMX- or ampicillin- and TMP-SMX-resistant Shigella sonnei isolates varied by geographic region, with lower rates in the South and Midwest regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 27% and 30%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 25% and 22%, respectively) and higher rates in the East and West regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 66% and 80%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 54% and 65%, respectively). Nineteen isolates (1%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (1% of S. sonnei and 2% of S. flexneri isolates); 12 (63%) of these isolates had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. One S. flexneri isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Since 1986, resistance to ampicillin and TMP-SMX has dramatically increased. Shigella isolates in the United States remain susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.
Dopaminergic Challenge With Bromocriptine One Month After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Altered Working Memory and BOLD Response (2011)

Catecholamines, particularly dopamine, modulate working memory (WM). Altered sensitivity to dopamine might play a role in WM changes observed after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thirty-one healthy controls (HC) and 26 individuals with mild TBI (MTBI) 1 month after injury were challenged with bromocriptine versus placebo before administration of a verbal WM functional MRI task. Bromocriptine was associated with improved WM performance in the HC but not the MTBI group. On bromocriptine, the MTBI group showed increased activation outside of a task-specific region of interest. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that individuals with MTBI have altered responsivity to dopamine.
Benzotriazole-Chromium Trioxide Complex A Versatile Oxidant of Organic Compounds (1990)

Abstract Benzotriazole has been found to complex with chromium trioxide to produce a versatile new oxidant. This complex is capable of oxidizing primary alcohols to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols to ketones, and bringing about the allylic oxidation of olefin substrates.
Joint power and bandwidth allocation in downlink transmission (2005)

We formulate and analyze the problem of optimal downlink scheduling with instantaneous channel and queue size information when both power and bandwidth may be adaptively split among multiple users. We derive optimal solutions of low computational complexity, as well as faster and simpler approximations, to various versions of this problem when the power, rate, and bandwidth allocations to the users can all take continuous values. For this case, we show that the optimal scheme requires transmission to no more than two users during each time slot when users can receive at arbitrary rates, even when the user rate per unit of bandwidth is upper bounded by the best available modulation scheme. Our methods also extend easily to incorporate other intuitive constraints such as upper limits on user rates to improve frame fill efficiency. Simulation results suggest that the simple approximations work nearly as well as the throughput optimal schemes when continuous bandwidth and power partitions are allowed. In practice, the rate and bandwidth assignments to users take discrete values, and we present heuristic methods motivated by the continuous optimum to this discrete case.
Electric power quality disturbance detection using wavelet transform analysis (2002)

The objective of the paper is to present a novel approach to detect and localize various electric power quality disturbances using wavelet transform analysis. Unlike other approaches where the detection is performed directly in the time domain, detection using wavelet transform analysis approach is carried out in the time-scale domain. As far as detection in power quality disturbance is concerned, one- or two-scale signal decomposition is adequate to discriminate disturbances from their background. This approach is robust in detecting and localizing a wide range of power disturbances such as fast voltage fluctuations, short and long duration voltage variations, and harmonic distortion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Evaluation of few-view reconstruction parameters for illicit substance detection using fast-neutron transmission spectroscopy (1996)

We have evaluated the performance of an illicit substance detection system that performs image reconstruction using the maximum likelihood algebraic reconstruction algorithm, a few number of projections, and relatively coarse projection and pixel resolution. This evaluation was done using receiver operator curves and simulated data from the fast-neutron transmission spectroscopy system operated in a mode to detect explosives in luggage. The results show that increasing the number of projection angles is more important than increasing the projection resolution, the reconstructed pixel resolution, or the number of iterations in the maximum likelihood algorithm. A 100% detection efficiency with essentially no false positives is possible for a square block of RDX explosive, a projection resolution of 2 cm, a reconstructed pixel size of 2/spl times/2 cm, and five projection angles. For rectangular shaped explosives more angles are required to obtain the same system performance.
Asymmetry detection during pathological gait using a plantar pressure sensing system (2013)

Foot pain has long been associated with various pathologies of the foot. These common clinical problems often correspond with high plantar pressure, which can lead to severe plantar injury if it is left untreated. The detection of plantar pressure abnormalities is therefore of paramount importance for the diagnosis, early intervention, treatment and prevention of plantar injury. Traditional clinical methods for the diagnosis of plantar pressure abnormalities are predominantly subjective and can be unreliable. This study aimed to utilise sensor shoe-insoles to assess the asymmetry in peak plantar pressure during gait between the left and right feet of individuals with and without known foot pathologies. Outcomes of this study demonstrate that the level of asymmetry is significantly different between the control and pathological population at the third and fourth metatarsophalangeal joints (MPJs) (P <; 0.05). The use of plantar pressure measurement and asymmetry analysis may prove to be effective in the diagnosis and assessment of treatment outcomes for the prevention of foot injury.
Detection of Bcl-2 family member Bcl-G in mouse tissues using new monoclonal antibodies (2012)

Bcl-G is an evolutionarily conserved member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that has been implicated in regulating apoptosis and cancer. We have generated monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognise mouse Bcl-G and have used these reagents to analyse its tissue distribution and subcellular localisation using western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We found that Bcl-G predominantly resides in the cytoplasm and is present in a wide range of mouse tissues, including the spleen, thymus, lung, intestine and testis. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that Bcl-G is expressed highly in mature spermatids in the testis, CD8(+) conventional dendritic cells (DCs) in hematopoietic tissues and diverse epithelial cell types, including those lining the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The Bcl-G monoclonal antibodies represent new tools for studying this protein, using a variety of techniques, including immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry.