gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase 1B, randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation trial of CPG 10101 in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (2007)

CPG 10101, a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), is a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist with antiviral and immunomodulatory properties that could potentially influence chronic infection with HCV. In this multicenter Phase 1b trial, 60 HCV-positive patients (50 genotype 1 HCV) were randomized and received either placebo or CPG 10101 at 0.25, 1, 4, 10, or 20 mg subcutaneously (SC) twice weekly for 4 weeks or at 0.5 or 0.75 mg/kg SC once weekly for 4 weeks. Dose-dependent cytokine induction was observed after administration of CPG 10101. At 24 hours after administering the highest dose of 0.75 mg/kg CPG 10101, interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) had a mean increase over baseline levels (±SD) of 15,057 (±9769) pg/ml ( P &lt; 0.01, compared to placebo); IFN-α had a 106 (±63.3) pg/ml increase ( P &lt; 0.01); and 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) had a 163 (±120.6) pmol/dl increase ( P &lt; 0.01). Decreases in HCV RNA also were dose-dependent, with the greatest group geometric mean maximum reduction of 1.69 ± 0.618 log10 ( P &lt; 0.05) observed in the 0.75 mg/kg dose group. Decreases ≥1 log10 were seen in 22 of 40 patients who received ≥1 mg CPG 10101, with 3 patients exceeding a 2.5-log10 reduction. CPG 10101 was well tolerated, and adverse events were consistent with CPG 10101's mechanism of action. Conclusion: In this Phase 1 study, CPG 10101 was associated with dose-dependent increases in markers of immune activation and decreases in HCV RNA levels. The data support further clinical studies of CPG 10101 for treating chronic HCV infection.
A Convenient Synthesis of (16S,20S)-3β-Hydroxy-5α-pregnane-20,16-carbolactam and Its N-alkyl Derivatives (2020)

A concise synthesis of (16<i>S</i>,20<i>S</i>)-3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-20,16-carbolactam from tigogenin via the corresponding lactone is described. The most efficient synthetic route consisted of the lactone ring-opening with aminoalane reagent followed by PDC or Dess-Martin oxidation. The oxo-amide obtained was subjected to cyclization with Et<sub>3</sub>SiH/TFA or Et<sub>3</sub>SiH/Bi(TfO)<sub>3</sub>. Alternately, the lactone was converted first to the oxo-acid, which was then subjected to the microwave-assisted reductive amination. <i>N</i>-Alkyl derivatives were also obtained in a similar way.
Impacting Poverty with Medical Financial Partnerships Focused on Tax Incentives (2021)

SummaryPoverty is a significant determinant of health. Despite poverty’s many ramifications, the health care delivery system does not typically address it directly. The earned income tax credit, a federal refundable sum of money for low-to-moderate-income individuals, is one of the most effective poverty-alleviation tools currently available, but many who are eligible for the credit do not claim it. Medical financial partnerships (MFPs) — collaborations between financial service organizations and health systems to implement services that improve both the health and the financial well-being of the community — offer a pragmatic means of addressing poverty. We adapted the American Academy of Pediatrics model for developing and sustaining effective community partnerships. Over the past 2 years, we have prepared 337 federal tax returns, generating almost $700,000 of refunds to the community. The average MFP client in 2020 received $2,327. The program has high client acceptability, with many repeat clients in the second year and extended family referrals each year. We share details of our execution, including the navigation of challenges, for those interested in implementing this innovative model of health advancement.
Cu(I)-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks as Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Aqueous-Medium C–H Oxidation (2018)

The enantioselective transformation of ubiquitous C–H bonds into valuable C═O bonds offers an efficient synthetic approach to construct carbonyl functionalized molecules. However, the grand obstacles in the reaction are the selectivity issues and side reactions under the harsh reaction conditions. In order to overcome the limits, two Cu(I)-based MOFs {(NEt4)0.5[Cu3(TTPB)0.75(CN)0.5(H2O)]·H2O}n (1) and {[Cu2(TTPB)0.5]·DMF·2H2O}n (2) were synthesized (H4TTPB = 5,5′-(4′,5′-bis(4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-[1,1′:2′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′′-diyl) bis(1H-tetrazole)) under hydrothermal conditions with (triethylamine (TEA) and ethyldiisopropylamine (DIPEA) as structure-directing agents, respectively. Of these, 1 shows an anionic three-dimensional (3D) framework composed of two kinds of cagelike micropores with 7 × 17 Å and 10 × 17 Å, respectively. In comparison, 2 exhibits a 3D framework with open channels (14 × 8 Å). The stability studies showed that the crystallinity of 1 and 2 could remain in a series of organic solvents (ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, chloroform, dioxane, toluene) and acid and alkali aqueous solutions (pH = 1–13) at room temperature for 48 h. 1 and 2 with coordinatively unsaturated Cu(I) sites were applied as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of arylacycloalkanes in aqueous medium and exhibited excellent catalytic activities, selectivities, and recyclabilities. Moreover, free-radical reaction mechanism and reversible valence-tautomeric conversions of central copper were confirmed during the process by control experiment.
Propagation of Emulsified Acids in Vuggy Dolomitic Rocks (2012)

Abstract Carbonate formations are very complex in their pore structure and exhibit a wide variety of pore classes. Pore classes such as interparticle porosity, moldic porosity, vuggy porosity, intercrystalline porosity, and microporosity. Understanding the role of pore class on the performance of emulsified acid treatment and characterizing the physics of the flow inside is the objective of our study. The study was performed using vuggy dolomite cores that represent mainly the vuggy porosity dominated structure, while the homogenous cores represent the intercrystalline pore structure. Core flood runs were conducted on 6 × 1.5 in. cores using emulsified acid formulated at 1 vol% emulsifier and 0.7 acid volume fraction. The objective of this set of experiments is to determine the acid pore volume to breakthrough for each carbonate pore class at different injection rates. In this paper, a novel approach to interpret the core flood run results using thin section observations, tracer experiments, SEM, and resistivity measurements will be presented. Thin section observations provide means to study the vugs size and their distribution, connectivity, and explain the contribution of the pore class in the acid propagation. Relating the rotating disk experiments of emulsified acid with dolomite to our core flood run results will be also conducted in order. The acid pore volumes to breakthrough for vuggy porosity dominated rocks were observed to be much lower than that for homogenous carbonates (intercrystalline pore structure). Also, the wormhole dissolution pattern was found to be significantly different in vuggy rocks than that in homogenous ones. Comparison of thin section observations, tracer results and the core flood runs results indicates that the vugs are distributed in a manner that creates a preferential flow path which can cause a rapid acid breakthrough and effective wormholing than those with a uniform pore structure. Rotating disk experiment results, demonstrating that the reaction of emulsified acid with dolomite is much lower than that with calcite, showed that the reaction kinetics played a role in determining the wormhole pattern.
An Inductor-Less Broadband LNA with Gain Step (2006)

This paper presents a compact, inductor-less broadband LNA fabricated in a 90nm CMOS process. The LNA has 5.5GHz 3dB bandwidth, ~25dB voltage gain, a noise figure between 2-2.5 dB, iIP3 better than - 18dBm and provides a 28dB step coarse gain control. It occupies 0.03mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and is the most compact broadband LNA with step gain control to our knowledge
Interfacing a high speed crypto accelerator to an embedded CPU (2005)

Crypto coprocessors are needed for acceleration of encryption functions. But critical to the performance gain is the selection of an adequate interface. This paper presents the AES acceleration for two interface options to the LEON CPU core: the CPI interface and the memory-mapped interface. The complete system including the LEON core and the loosely coupled AES accelerators are implemented on an FPGA and the software programs that control the AES accelerators are tested. The cycle count, the throughput, the LUT usage, and the energy cost of running a complete AES program using the above accelerators are compared with a pure software implementation and with a tightly coupled instruction set extension option.
Mechanism of target cytolysis by peptide defensins. Target cell metabolic activities, possibly involving endocytosis, are crucial for expression of cytotoxicity. (1988)

Abstract In a previous study, potent tumor cytolysis mediated by human neutrophil peptide defensins occurred slowly over 3 to 15 h. Because these kinetics suggested a requirement for target cell metabolic processes before tumor killing could be realized, the mechanism of lysis by these purified peptides was further investigated. 125I-labeled defensin bound extensively to peptide-sensitive K562 targets with biphasic kinetics. Binding was inhibited in parallel with cytotoxicity when both assays were performed at low temperature or in the presence of FCS. The albumin content of serum could account for the inhibitory effects of FCS. Cytotoxicity was also antagonized by agents that interfered with target cell energy metabolism (azide and 2-deoxyglucose), the cytoskeletal apparatus (cytochalasin B and dihydrocytochalasin B), lysosomal function (NH4Cl and chloraquin), or calmodulin-mediated activities (trifluoperazine). FCS also completely removed membrane-bound defensin when it was added after 5 min of binding at 37 degrees C. However, significantly less defensin was removed when FCS was added at later time points after binding was initiated. Cytochalasin B and azide/2-deoxyglucose did not prevent binding of defensin to targets but it significantly inhibited the development of FCS resistance in membrane-bound peptide. However, these two classes of inhibitors acted during distinct time windows: cytochalasin-sensitive events were complete by 1 h, whereas azide/2-deoxyglucose continued to be inhibitory when added as late as 2 h after defensins. These latter data indicated that critical energy-dependent events continue after the cytochalasin-sensitive phase has been completed. The results suggest that defensin-mediated cytotoxicity requires initial binding of defensin molecules to targets and subsequent cytoskeletal- and energy-dependent translocation or internalization. Although the defensins are low m.w. peptides, the initial processes required for their cytotoxic activity resemble those of more complex bacterial, plant and mammalian cytotoxins.
Environmental Sound Recognition With Time–Frequency Audio Features (2009)

The paper considers the task of recognizing environmental sounds for the understanding of a scene or context surrounding an audio sensor. A variety of features have been proposed for audio recognition, including the popular Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) which describe the audio spectral shape. Environmental sounds, such as chirpings of insects and sounds of rain which are typically noise-like with a broad flat spectrum, may include strong temporal domain signatures. However, only few temporal-domain features have been developed to characterize such diverse audio signals previously. Here, we perform an empirical feature analysis for audio environment characterization and propose to use the matching pursuit (MP) algorithm to obtain effective time-frequency features. The MP-based method utilizes a dictionary of atoms for feature selection, resulting in a flexible, intuitive and physically interpretable set of features. The MP-based feature is adopted to supplement the MFCC features to yield higher recognition accuracy for environmental sounds. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of these joint features for unstructured environmental sound classification, including listening tests to study human recognition capabilities. Our recognition system has shown to produce comparable performance as human listeners.
Wide-field multiphoton imaging through scattering media without correction (2018)

Optical approaches to fluorescent, spectroscopic, and morphological imaging have made exceptional advances in the last decade. Super-resolution imaging and wide-field multiphoton imaging are now underpinning major advances across the biomedical sciences. While the advances have been startling, the key unmet challenge to date in all forms of optical imaging is to penetrate deeper. A number of schemes implement aberration correction or the use of complex photonics to address this need. In contrast, we approach this challenge by implementing a scheme that requires no a priori information about the medium nor its properties. Exploiting temporal focusing and single-pixel detection in our innovative scheme, we obtain wide-field two-photon images through various turbid media including a scattering phantom and tissue reaching a depth of up to seven scattering mean free path lengths. Our results show that it competes favorably with standard point-scanning two-photon imaging, with up to a fivefold improvement in signal-to-background ratio while showing significantly lower photobleaching.
Nanometer Resolution Self‐Powered Static and Dynamic Motion Sensor Based on Micro‐Grated Triboelectrification (2013)

A one-dimensional displacement and speed sensing technology that consists of a pair of micro-grating structures and utilizes the coupling between the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction is demonstrated. Its distinct advantages, including being self-powered, high resolution, large dynamic range, and long detecting distance, show extensive potential applications in automation, manufacturing, process control, and portable devices.
High-quality eutectic-metal-bonded AlGaAs-GaAs thin films on Si substrates (1992)

Device quality GaAs-AlGaAs thin films have been obtained on Si substrates, using a novel approach called eutectic-metal-bonding (EMB). This involves the lattice-matched growth of GaAs-AlGaAs thin films on Ge substrates, followed by bonding onto a Si wafer. The Ge substrates are selectively removed by a CF4/O2 plasma etch, leaving high-quality GaAs-AlGaAs thin films on Si substrates. We have obtained a minority-carrier lifetime of 103 ns in a EMB GaAs-AlGaAs double heterostructure on Si, which is nearly forty times higher than the state-of-the-art lifetime for heteroepitaxial GaAs on Si, and represents the largest reported minority-carrier lifetime for a freestanding GaAs thin film. In addition, a negligible residual elastic strain in the EMB GaAs-AlGaAs films has been determined from Raman spectroscopy measurements.
Routing design in operational networks (2004)

In any IP network, routing protocols provide the intelligence that takes a collection of physical links and transforms them into a network that enables packets to travel from one host to another. Though routing design is arguably the single most important design task for large IP networks, there has been very little systematic investigation into how routing protocols are actually used in production networks to implement the goals of network architects. We have developed a methodology for reverse engineering a coherent global view of a network's routing design from the static analysis of dumps of the local configuration state of each router. Starting with a set of 8,035 configuration files, we have applied this method to 31 production networks. In this paper we present a detailed examination of how routing protocols are used in operational networks. In particular, the results show the conventional model of interior and exterior gateway protocols is insufficient to describe the diverse set of mechanisms used by architects, and we provide examples of the more unusual designs and examine their trade-offs. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our methodology, and argue that it opens paths towards new understandings of network behavior and design.
Distilled Spirits: Tradition and innovation (2004)

Tradition and innovation in the Scotch whisky industry * Developments in aniseed products in Continental Europe * Herbs and spices as flavourings in the distilling industry * Changing perceptions in marketing spirits * The Scotch Whisky Association - levelling the playing field and protecting the category * New methods for detecting counterfeit or adulterated whiskies * The application of stable carbon isotope ratios to the authentication of Scotch whisky * Gin and vodka: problems and prospects * Sensory assessment of gin flavour * New technological opportunities in distilling raw materials * Optimising the fermentability of wort in a distillery - the role of limit dextrinase * The effect of distillery backset on hydrolytic enzymes in mashing and fermentation * The role of the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) in minimising distillery processing problems * The influence of brewers' yeast on the quality of malt whisky * Monitoring and controlling of whisky fermentation * The importance of metal ions in ethanolic fermentations * Measurement of alcohol in pot still run-off using ultrasonic sound velocity * The development of spirits produced in Japan and other East Asian countries * Fuel ethanol: the current global situation. Lessons for the beverage industry * Evolution of ethanol fermentation in Brazil * Indian whiskies - an overview * Modelling the maturation of Scotch whisky in hot climates * Understanding flavour development in Scotch whisky * New-make malt spirit quality: a statistical approach * Stabilised powdered flavour standards for use in training and validation of tasters of distilled spirits * The contribution of MMFDS to the flavour of Scotch whisky * Lactic acid bacteria and the Scotch whisky fermentation * Contribution of bacterial microflora in malt whisky quality * Rum - the commercial and technical apsects * The quality challenge: cachaca for export in the 21st century * Dimethyl sulphide and the sensory characteristic defect of cachaca distilled in the absence of copper * valuation of Brazilian woods as an alternative to oak for cachaca aging: sensory evaluation * The renaissance of American bourbons: developments and technical challenges of the production of premium bourbon distillates by batch distillation * The distilled spirits industry: where to now? * Index
Cogeneration power systems (1978)

Cogeneration is defined as the combination of electrical generation and process heat for more efficient use of fuel. Comparisons of energy utilization in conventional electric power plants and cogeneration electric power plants are presented. Characteristics of various cogeneration systems are also presented. Systems are analyzed for use in utility systems and industrial systems. Economic and cost analysis are reviewed.
Numerical Analysis of Plasmon Resonances in Nanoparticles Based on Fast Multipole Method (2007)

A novel technique for the numerical analysis of plasmon resonances by using the fast multipole method (FMM) is presented. This approach is based on the solution of the eigenvalue problem for boundary integral equations, which can be naturally implemented by using the FMM. Numerical examples that highlight the efficiency of the fast multipole implementation are reported
Study on La2O3 Wet Clean by pH Controlled Functional Water (2019)

In this paper, we discuss the mechanism as well as the methodology of the La2O3 dissolution and its inhibition by functional waters. To clarify the mechanism, the La2O3 etching behavior in the various solutions, the surface state of La2O3 before and after cleaning, and the impact of functional water process on the electrical properties are evaluated. In order to control the La2O3 dissolution, a functional water process with a CO2 dissolved water as well as an ultra-diluted NH4OH have been developed. As a result of this study, it could be concluded that the pH control of the wet solutions plays an important role in terms of controlling the La2O3 dissolution.
High temperature and pressure electrochemical test station (2013)

An electrochemical test station capable of operating at pressures up to 100 bars and temperatures up to 400 °C has been established. It enables control of the partial pressures and mass flow of O2, N2, H2, CO2, and H2O in a single or dual environment arrangement, measurements with highly corrosive media, as well as localized sampling of gas evolved at the electrodes for gas analysis. A number of safety and engineering design challenges have been addressed. Furthermore, we present a series of electrochemical cell holders that have been constructed in order to accommodate different types of cells and facilitate different types of electrochemical measurements. Selected examples of materials and electrochemical cells examined in the test station are provided, ranging from the evaluation of the ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytic solutions immobilized in mesoporous ceramic structures, to the electrochemical characterization of high temperature and pressure alkaline electrolysis cells and the use of pseudo-reference electrodes for the separation of each electrode contribution. A future perspective of various electrochemical processes and devices that can be developed with the use of the established test station is provided.
Synthesis of polyaniline by chemical oxidative polymerization and characteristic of conductivity and reflection for various strong acid dopants (2020)

Abstract Herein, polyaniline (PANI) is synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomer with ammonium persulfate as initiator by maintaining the flow rate and stirring for 8 h at room temperature. Particle sizes up to 54.716 μm are obtained, with a viscosity reaching 1.87 mPa-s at 270 min. The highest temperature during polymerization was 32 °C at 210 min. Thus, the polymer molecules undergo propagating process to form polymer chains. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of the PANI molecule, which reveals a complete reaction when the double-bond peak at 3442 cm −1 disappears from the spectrum and new peaks appear corresponding to benzoic and quinoid molecules at 1300-1600 cm −1 . This ensures that all aniline molecules are converted to PANI with no residual. We conclude that PANI is synthesized via oxidative polymerization. The electrical conductivity of PANI is driven by protonic acids. The conductivity increases upon adding protonic acids as a strong acid-doping agent. Thus, PANI-HClO 4 exhibits best conductivity. The best material candidate for a microwave-absorbing material is thus PANI-EB because it has the highest reflection loss at -29.69 dB at 11.812 GHz, whereas PANI-HClO 4 has only -2.74 dB reflection loss at 12.400 GHz.