gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Weather and Climate Needs for Lidar Observations from Space and Concepts for Their Realization (1981)

The spectrum of weather and climate needs for lidar observations from space is discussed. This paper focuses mainly on the requirements for winds, temperature, moisture, and pressure. Special emphasis is given to the needs for wind observations and it is shown that winds are required to depict realistically all atmospheric scales in the tropics and the smaller scales at higher latitudes, where both temperature and wind profiles are necessary. The need for means to estimate air-sea exchanges of sensible and latent heat also is noted. Lidar can aid here by measurement of the slope of the boundary layer. Recent theoretical feasibility studies concerning the profiling of temperature, pressure, and humidity by differential absorption lidar (DIAL) from space and expected accuracies are reviewed. Initial ground-based trials provide support for these approaches and also indicate their direct applicability to path-average temperature measurements near the surface. An alternative approach to Doppler lidar wind measurements also is presented. The concept involves the measurement of the displacement of the aerosol backscatter pattern, at constant height, between two successive scans of the same area, one ahead of the spacecraft and the other behind it, a few minutes later. Finally, an integrated space lidar system capable of measuring temperature, pressure, humidity, and winds which combines the DIAL methods with the aerosol pattern displacement concept is described briefly.
Inhibitory effect of meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on N -nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine induced biliary carcinogenesis in Syrian hamsters (2005)

Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a high risk factor in biliary tract carcinoma. The chemopreventive action of a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor (meloxicam) on N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine (BOP)-induced gallbladder cancer in hamster PBM models was investigated. In 7-week-old female Syrian golden hamsters, the extrahepatic bile duct at the distal end of the common duct was ligated and cholecystoduodenostomy was performed (group I). In group II, the same surgery was performed and from week 4 after surgery, 10 mg/kg of BOP was injected subcutaneously once a week with a 1-week interval. In group III, in addition to the measures employed in group II, 5 mg/kg/day of meloxicam was administered once a day, every weekday. Pathological findings in the gallbladder in week 20 after surgery were as follows. In group I, proper epithelium (PE) was predominant and there was no cancer. In group II, PE was predominant, but there was also hyperplasia and atypical epithelium (AE) recognized in 8 of 11 cases (72.7%); the area of AE was more extensive than that in group I. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) was recognized in 4 of 11 cases (36.4%) in group II. Group III showed the same pathological findings as group I. However, compared with group II, the incidence of AE decreased to 27.3% and no cancerous lesion was observed. In week 20 after surgery, the proliferative cell nuclear antigen labeling index in group III was statistically significantly lower than in group II (P = 0.045). No statistically significant differences were noted among the groups in terms of apoptosis labeling index in week 20 after surgery. In conclusion, it was confirmed that meloxicam suppresses carcinogenesis in hamster PBM models and its mechanism may be based on the suppression of cell growth.
Nonlinear Problems in Fluid Dynamics and Inverse Scattering (1993)

Abstract : The inverse scattering of a class of differential-difference equations and multidimensional operators has been constructed. Solutions of nonlinear wave equations arising in fluid dynamics and plasma physics were found and analyzed. Novel and fast computational algorithms were developed and in relevant nonlinear problems wavelet bases with controlled localization properties in the time-frequency domain have proven to be an effective tool. Landau type amplitude equations governing the small gap Taylor problem have been obtained and analyzed. Detailed project summaries and research activities are given in the attached document. A list of published papers, preprints, and invited lectures are included
A Context-Aware User-Item Representation Learning for Item Recommendation (2019)

Both reviews and user-item interactions (i.e., rating scores) have been widely adopted for user rating prediction. However, these existing techniques mainly extract the latent representations for users and items in an independent and static manner. That is, a single static feature vector is derived to encode user preference without considering the particular characteristics of each candidate item. We argue that this static encoding scheme is incapable of fully capturing users’ preferences, because users usually exhibit different preferences when interacting with different items. In this article, we propose a novel c ontext- a ware user-item r epresentation l earning model for rating prediction, named CARL. CARL derives a joint representation for a given user-item pair based on their individual latent features and latent feature interactions. Then, CARL adopts Factorization Machines to further model higher order feature interactions on the basis of the user-item pair for rating prediction. Specifically, two separate learning components are devised in CARL to exploit review data and interaction data, respectively: review-based feature learning and interaction-based feature learning . In the review-based learning component, with convolution operations and attention mechanism, the pair-based relevant features for the given user-item pair are extracted by jointly considering their corresponding reviews. However, these features are only reivew-driven and may not be comprehensive. Hence, an interaction-based learning component further extracts complementary features from interaction data alone, also on the basis of user-item pairs. The final rating score is then derived with a dynamic linear fusion mechanism. Experiments on seven real-world datasets show that CARL achieves significantly better rating prediction accuracy than existing state-of-the-art alternatives. Also, with the attention mechanism, we show that the pair-based relevant information (i.e., context-aware information) in reviews can be highlighted to interpret the rating prediction for different user-item pairs.
The concept of a “synovio‐entheseal complex” and its implications for understanding joint inflammation and damage in psoriatic arthritis and beyond (2007)

The pathogenesis of tissue inflammation and damage in rheumatic diseases that are associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the spondylarthritides (SpA), has mainly been viewed in relation to an autoimmune effector mechanism (1–3). However, because synovial joints serve to promote movement, it is logical to assume that aberrant functioning of their constituent parts could contribute to inflammation. Although such “wear and tear” mechanisms are well recognized as contributory factors in osteoarthritis (OA), it is less clear that factors intrinsic to the biomechanical functioning of synovial joints could be significant in diseases considered to be autoimmune. Investigators in our group previously proposed that the primary basis for the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and SpA could be biomechanical rather than autoimmune (4–6). This was based on our interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in knee disease in early SpA, which showed specific patterns of inflammation. Moreover, such observations were not confined to SpA, because the anatomic locations of ligaments and tendons also affected both the magnitude of synovitis and the propensity for erosions in early RA (7). This concept of such tissue-specific factors or “autoinflammatory factors” (as distinct from autoimmunity, which is principally played out in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs) allowed for the development of a new classification scheme for all inflammatory disorders (8). Such tissue-specific factors might also underscore common inflammatory or tissue repair pathways that may be shared by both inflammatory and degenerative disorders (9). Thus, the purpose of the present article is to develop the idea that joint-specific factors could trigger innate immune responses and may be pivotal players in the phenotypic expression of PsA, the related SpA, RA, and even OA. The concept is centered on an anatomic unit we have called the synovio-entheseal complex (SEC) and is described in relation to PsA and other types of arthropathy.
RSIO (2010)

We present RSIO, a processor scheduling framework for improving the response time of latency-sensitive applications by monitoring accesses to I/O channels and inferring when user interactions occur. RSIO automatically identifies processes involved in a user interaction and boosts their priorities at the time the interaction occurs to improve system response time. RSIO also detects processes indirectly involved in processing an interaction, automatically accounting for dependencies and boosting their priorities accordingly. RSIO works with existing schedulers and requires no application modifications to identify periods of latency-sensitive application activity. We have implemented RSIO in Linux and measured its effectiveness on microbenchmarks and real applications. Our results show that RSIO is easy to use and can provide substantial improvements in system performance for latency-sensitive applications.
Cleavage and formation of metal-carbon .SIGMA. bonds associated with redox reactions. (1988)

Recent studies on cleavage and formation of metal-carbon σ bonds associated with redox reactions have been reviewed. The redox states of organometallic compounds as well as the steric factors of alkyl groups are shown to play essential roles to control the stabilities of metal-carbon bonds. Irreversible electron transfer processes accompanied by cleavage and formation of metal-carbon bonds are sought to be emphasized as key reaction steps in understanding the versatile reactivities of organometallic compounds from a single, unified view.
East Pacific Rise Near 13°N: Geology of New Hydrothermal Fields (1983)

Abundant massive sulfide deposits are present at the crest of the East Pacific Rise near 13 degrees North, where the opening rate is about 12 centimeters per year. Large manganese and helium-3 anomalies in seawater samples, evidence of intense present-day activity of hydrothermal springs, indicate that sulfides are still being produced along this segment of the rise. Massive sulfides also occur on adjacent off-axis seamounts.
Caspase Activation Is Required for Nitric Oxide–Mediated, CD95(APO-1/Fas)–Dependent and Independent Apoptosis in Human Neoplastic Lymphoid Cells (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO), an important effector molecule involved in immune regulation and host defense, was shown to induce apoptosis in lymphoma cells. In the present report the NO donor glycerol trinitrate was found to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells that are sensitive to CD95-mediated kill. In contrast, a CD95-resistant Jurkat subclone showed substantial protection from apoptosis after exposure to NO. NO induced mRNA expression of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) and TRAIL/APO-2 ligands. Moreover, NO triggered apoptosis in freshly isolated human leukemic lymphocytes which were also sensitive to anti-CD95 treatment. The ability of NO to induce apoptosis was completely blocked by a broad-spectrum ICE (interleukin-1β converting enzyme)-protease/caspase inhibitor and correlated with FLICE/caspase-8 activation. This activation was abrogated in some neoplastic lymphoid cells but not in others by the inhibitor of protein synthesis cycloheximide. Our results were confirmed using an in vitro experimental model of coculture of human lymphoid target cells with activated bovine endothelial cells generating NO as effectors. Furthermore, the inhibition of endogenous NO production with the inducible NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine caused a complete abrogation of the apoptotic effect. Our data provide evidence that NO-induced apoptosis in human neoplastic lymphoid cells strictly requires activation of caspases, in particular FLICE, the most CD95 receptor-proximal caspase. Depending on the cell line tested this activation required or was independent of the CD95 receptor/ligand system.
Accurate Simulation of Optical Properties in Dyes (2008)

Since Antiquity, humans have produced and commercialized dyes. To this day, extraction of natural dyes often requires lengthy and costly procedures. In the 19th century, global markets and new industrial products drove a significant effort to synthesize artificial dyes, characterized by low production costs, huge quantities, and new optical properties (colors). Dyes that encompass classes of molecules absorbing in the UV-visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum now have a wider range of applications, including coloring (textiles, food, paintings), energy production (photovoltaic cells, OLEDs), or pharmaceuticals (diagnostics, drugs). Parallel to the growth in dye applications, researchers have increased their efforts to design and synthesize new dyes to customize absorption and emission properties. In particular, dyes containing one or more metallic centers allow for the construction of fairly sophisticated systems capable of selectively reacting to light of a given wavelength and behaving as molecular devices (photochemical molecular devices, PMDs).Theoretical tools able to predict and interpret the excited-state properties of organic and inorganic dyes allow for an efficient screening of photochemical centers. In this Account, we report recent developments defining a quantitative ab initio protocol (based on time-dependent density functional theory) for modeling dye spectral properties. In particular, we discuss the importance of several parameters, such as the methods used for electronic structure calculations, solvent effects, and statistical treatments. In addition, we illustrate the performance of such simulation tools through case studies. We also comment on current weak points of these methods and ways to improve them.
Video abstraction inspired by human visual attention models (2018)

This paper describes an application of three different state-of-the-art human inspired visual attention models to video abstraction. Two types of video abstractions, video skim and key frame extraction, are performed over three different genres of videos. Qualitative and quantitative results are reported based on user studies and statistical tests. A comparison is made with human made video abstraction set to benchmark the current analysis. We report some abstraction similarities at scene level showing that all three models are successful in capturing semantic content despite having anatomical differences. However different models are more suitable for different genres of videos.
Reconsidering CO2 emissions from Computer Vision (2021)

Climate change is a pressing issue that is currently affecting and will affect every part of our lives. It’s becoming incredibly vital we, as a society, address the climate crisis as a universal effort, including those in the Computer Vision (CV) community. In this work, we analyze the total cost of CO2 emissions by breaking it into (1) the architecture creation cost and (2) the life-time evaluation cost. We show that over time, these costs are non-negligible and are having a direct impact on our future. Importantly, we conduct an ethical analysis of how the CV-community is unintentionally overlooking its own ethical AI principles by emitting this level of CO2. To address these concerns, we propose adding "enforcement" as a pillar of ethical AI and provide some recommendations for how architecture designers and broader CV community can curb the climate crisis.
Dynamics of the nematic-electroclinic effect (1991)

The effective response time ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ of the nematic-electroclinic effect was determined as a function of driving frequency and temperature. Near the nematic--smectic-A transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}--\mathrm{Sm}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$A, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ was found to be a function of driving frequency, indicating the existence of more than one physical process. Several degrees above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}--\mathrm{Sm}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$A, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ was found to be frequency independent up to 100 kHz. At these temperatures, moreover, the effective response times are quite small, of order 100 ns.
Immunlokalisation (2010)

Der spezifische Nachweis von Makromolekülen (Proteine, Polysaccharide, Lipide, Nucleinsäuren etc.) in Zellen und Geweben mit Hilfe von Antikörpern ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Forschung und Anwendung in Medizin und Biologie. Die Immunhistologie ist heute ein wesentliches Werkzeug für die Pathologie und medizinische Diagnostik, zum Beispiel zur Identifikation und Lokalisation von Tumoren. Entwicklungsbiologen untersuchen mit ihrer Hilfe die zeitlich-räumliche Verteilung von Proteinen bei Wachstum und Differenzierung von pflanzlichen und tierischen Geweben, um die Evolution und Steuerung von Entwicklungsprozessen zu verstehen. Durch die Immuncytologie können Antigene sehr genau und spezifisch innerhalb einer Zelle lokalisiert werden (Abb. 9.1). Damit dient sie zum Beispiel Zellbiologen zur Analyse der Expression bestimmter Gene oder der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Makromolekülen in der Zelle.
Enzymatic Cascade To Evaluate the Tricyclization of Glycopeptide Antibiotic Precursor Peptides as a Prequel to Biosynthetic Redesign (2019)

Natural products are the greatest source of antimicrobial agents, although their structural complexity often renders synthetic production and diversification of key classes impractical. One pertinent example is the glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs), which are highly challenging to synthesize due to their heavily cross-linked structures. Here, we report an optimized method that generates >75% tricyclic peptides from synthetic precursors in order to explore the acceptance of novel GPA precursor peptides by these key existent biosynthetic enzymes.
Discussion on adjustment of expansive financial policy of China (2003)

The expansive financial policy started to be implemented in 1998, the effect on economic growth is strong, which is recognized internationally. But the squeezing exit effect inhibits the growth of civilian demand, which makes economic growth of China excessively depend on the increase in government expenditure. The financial deficit and debt surplus should be noticed and it is necessary to adjust current financial expanding policy so that financial expansive policy can promote economy and the unfavorable influence of the squeezing out effect can be avoided. Positive financial policies of China should be further consummated.
Author's Reply (2010)

We thank Drs. Hoshino and Fu for their excellent and insightful comments. We completely agree with their assessment and recognize that meticulous attention to AM portal placement or use of an accessory medial portal may avoid many of the technical issues discussed in this study. In fact, we continue to use an AM portal reaming technique for independent socket preparation during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Rather, the primary conclusion from this study is that there is a significant risk of short tunnel length or posterior wall compromise with use of conventional offset guides with AM portal reaming. When an AM portal drilling technique is used, the guide pin may be better placed by a freehand technique that references the native footprint anatomy. Use of an offset guide that indirectly references from osseous anatomy may paradoxically increase the risk of critically short tunnel length and provide a false sense of protection against posterior wall blowout. Anteromedial Portal Drilling for Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament ReconstructionArthroscopyVol. 26Issue 9PreviewWe read with interest the article by Bedi et al.1 The study clearly shows better obliquity of the tunnel as well as the risk of a short tunnel and posterior wall damage when the anteromedial (AM) portal is used for creating femoral tunnels. Full-Text PDF
Carbon-carbon Bond Formation Reaction Promoted by Elimination of Carbon Monoxide or Hydrogen and the Related Reactions (2008)

The acid mediated carbon-carbon bond formation promoted by elimination of small molecule of carbon monoxide or hydrogen and the related reactions are discussed. The specific decarbonyla-tive arylation reactions of a-alkoxy- or a-oxocarboxylic acids with the aid of acidic mediator such as P2O5-MSOH or TFOH affording various arylated products are presented. Furthermore, the acid mediated dehydrogenafive formation of enol ethers or equivalents followed by crossed-aldol addition to activated benzaldehyde derivative or equivalents giving a, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds or 1-alkoxy-2-alkylindenes is discussed. The elucidation of the structural requirements, the reaction routes, and the reaction mechanisms for these molecular transformations are described in detail. Some related reaction behaviors such as distinction in regiospecificity and dependence on acidic mediator of acid-mediated aroylation of γ- or δ-oxocarboxylic acids and intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution of a-alkylcinnamaldehydes affording 1-alkoxy-2-alkylindenes are also discussed.
Line scan diffusion imaging: characterization in healthy subjects and stroke patients. (1998)

Line scan diffusion imaging on low- and medium-field-strength MR scanners equipped with conventional hardware was reliable and practical for measuring brain apparent diffusion values, which can be applied to the early diagnosis, and hence timely management, of stroke.
Effects of Monoclonal Antibody Against the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Complex on Monkey Platelet In Vivo (1991)

To assess the effects of a monoclonal antibody against the human platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex in vivo, the murien monoclonal antibody NNKY 1-32 was injected into Japanese monkeys.All of the IgG, F(ab′)2 and Fab fragments of NNKY 1-32 completely inhibited monkey platelet aggregation induced by ADP or collagen in vitro.Four monkeys received 0.4 and 1.0mg/kg of NNKY 1-32 F(ab′)2 or Fab fragments, while another four received 0.4mg/kg of NNKY 1-32 IgG fragments. In two monkeys given the IgG fragments of the antibody, platelet counts decreased remarkably. And in two other monkeys, transient thrombocytopenia was observed. In all monkeys, bleeding time was prolonged, platelet aggregation was suppressed, and the antibodies were associated with the platelets for up to 72 hours. Compared with the Fab fragments of the antibody, the F(ab′)2 fragments strongly suppressed platelet function. In general, the time course and dose-dependence of the effects of the injected antibodies were correlated with bleeding time, platelet aggregation and platelet-bound antibody titers.This study indicated that a murine monoclonal antibody that inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro could suppress platelet function in vivo without inducing spontaneous hemorrhage or marked thrombocytopenia.
Measurement of the stress/strain response of energetic materials as a function of strain rate and temperature: PBX 9501 and Mock 9501 (1996)

We have measured the stress/strain behavior of PBX 9501, Mock 900-21 and two new mocks consisting of monoclinic granular sugar embedded in (1) a BDNPA-F/estane binder (a PBX 9501 material mock; a hard organic crystal embedded in a plastic) and (2) neat estane (an LX-14 mock) at strain rates from 10−3 to 10−1, at two L/D’s and at two temperatures (25 and 60 C). We find that the compressive strength falls with increasing temperature and rises with increasing strain rate. We also find that the new PBX 9501 sugar mock most closely resembles the behavior of the PBX 9501 explosive and differences may be attributable to the different ages of the estane binder used.