gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Depth-of-Focus in Microscopy (1993)

Digital image processing and analysis provide a powerful tool for describing optical systems. In this paper we show that conventional formulas for the depth-of-focus (∆ z) of a high numerical aperture, diffraction-limited optical system are incorrect. Using standard diffraction wave theory we have (re-)discovered a formula for ∆ z and then tested that formula under controlled experimental conditions using digital image processing and analysis. Our expression for ∆ z is given by: ∆ z = λ 4• n •1 − 1 − NA n
Diverse functions of matrix metalloproteinases during fibrosis (2014)

Fibrosis--a debilitating condition that can occur in most organs - is characterized by excess deposition of a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). At first sight, the activities of proteinases that can degrade matrix, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), might be expected to be under-expressed in fibrosis or, if present, could function to resolve the excess matrix. However, as we review here, some MMPs are indeed anti-fibrotic, whereas others can have pro-fibrotic functions. MMPs modulate a range of biological processes, especially processes related to immunity and tissue repair and/or remodeling. Although we do not yet know precisely how MMPs function during fibrosis--that is, the protein substrate or substrates that an individual MMP acts on to effect a specific process--experiments in mouse models demonstrate that MMP-dependent functions during fibrosis are not limited to effects on ECM turnover. Rather, data from diverse models indicate that these proteinases influence cellular activities as varied as proliferation and survival, gene expression, and multiple aspects of inflammation that, in turn, impact outcomes related to fibrosis.
Resilience design using the Challenge Countermeasure Tree (CCT) model (2014)

Graphical models are powerful tools for risk analysis and decision-making support. In this paper, we introduce an extension of the attack tree model that integrates countermeasures into its nodes. We name it CCT: “Challenge Countermeasure Tree”. Challenges involve both accidental failures and intentional attacks. The CCT model distinguishes between three classes of countermeasures: (i) prevention to reduce the probability of occurrence of a challenge; (ii) mitigation to reduce its impact; (iii) recovery to return (bounce back) to normal operation. This explicit differentiation improves the selection process of the optimal set of countermeasures during resilience design. We illustrate the features of CCT using a case study.
THE IED BLAST FOOT: OUTCOMES FROM FOOT AND ANKLE BLAST INJURIES (2018)

Background The conflict in Afghanistan has been epitomised by the emergence of the Improvised Explosive Device (IEDs). Improvements in protection and medical treatments have resulted in increasing numbers of casualties surviving with complex lower extremity injuries. To date, there has been no analysis of foot and ankle blast injuries as a result of IEDs. Therefore the aims of this study are to report the pattern of injury and determine which factors were associated with a poor clinical outcome. Methods Using a prospective trauma registry, UK Service Personnel who sustained lower leg injuries following an under-vehicle explosion between Jan 2006 and Dec 2008 were identified. Patient demographics, injury severity, the nature of lower limb injury and clinical management was recorded. Clinical endpoints were determined by
 (i)need for amputation and (ii)need for ongoing clinical output at mean 33.0 months follow-up. Results 63 UK Service Personnel (89 injured limbs) were identified with lower leg injuries from explosion. 50% of casualties sustained multi-segmental injuries to the foot and ankle complex. 26(29%) limbs required amputation, with six amputated for chronic pain 18 months following injury. Regression analysis revealed that hindfoot injuries, open fractures and vascular injuries were independent predictors of amputation. Of the 69 limbs initially salvaged, the overall infection rate was 42%, osteomyelitis 11.6% and non-union rates was 21.7%. Symptomatic traumatic osteoarthritis was noted in 33.3% salvaged limbs. At final follow-up, 66(74%) of injured limbs had persisting symptoms related to their injury, with only 9(14%) fit to return to their pre-injury duties. Conclusions This study demonstrates that foot and ankle injuries from IEDs are frequently associated with a high amputation rate and poor clinical outcome. Although, not life-threatening, they remain a source of long-term morbidity in an active population. Primary prevention of these injuries remain key in reducing the injury burden.
The effect of focusing on polarization qubits (2005)

When a photon with well-defined polarization and momentum passes through a focusing device, these properties are no longer well defined. Their loss is captured by describing polarization by a 3x3 effective density matrix. Here we show that the effective density matrix corresponds to the actual photodetection model and we provide a simple formula to calculate it in terms of classical fields. Moreover, we explore several possible experimental consequences of the "longitudinal" term: limits on single-photon detection efficiency, polarization-dependent atomic transitions rates and the implications on quantum information processing.
Convergent functional groups XIV. Synthesis and binding studies of new molecular clefts for recognition and catalysis (1993)

Abstract Two new molecular clefts have been synthesized, both containing an adenine receptor portion and a metal‐binding site. The binding of adenine derivatives was evaluated in CDCl 3 , acetone‐ d 6 and water using NMR titrations. Base‐paired hydrogen‐bonded complexes are formed in all three solvents, but structural differences in the complexes are also observed. The Cu II binding ability was established using UV spectroscopy.
A novel method to quantify IRDye800CW fluorescent antibody probes ex vivo in tissue distribution studies (2012)

The novel method for quantification of the optical tracer IRDye800CW gives similar results as the reference method of gamma ray quantification. This new method is considered very useful in the context of the preclinical development of IRDye800CW fluorescent probes for optical molecular imaging, likely contributing to the selection of lead compounds that are the most promising for clinical translation.
pH-Responsive robust polymer micelles with metal–ligand coordinated core cross-links (2014)

We report on pH-responsive core-shell polymer micelles with catechol-Fe(3+) coordinated core cross-links, which provide robustness to drug-loaded polymer micelles and allow the facilitated intracellular release of loaded anticancer drugs in response to an endosomal acidic pH.
Dynamic Evacuation Architecture using Context-Aware Policy Management. (2009)

In recent years, there is an increasing number of communication systems and intelligent tools supporting first responders and evacuees in the tasks of communication, decision-making, information exchange and coordination in emergency and crisis evacuation. This paper gives the state-of-the art of communication technologies for crisis and emergency evacuation and identifies challenges for usage of policies for intelligent information delivery, (re)configuration of communication services, sophisticated evacuation path distribution and automated control of the communication services of the evacuation systems. Enhancements of the emergency communication infrastructure based on intelligent context-aware policy management solutions are discussed considering emergency scenarios in building environments and groups of first responders and evacuees. Design of intelligent policy management facilities for crisis and emergency scenarios are discussed considering enhancements of ontology based autonomous policy management prototype.
<title>Dose control for noncontact laser coagulation of tissue</title> (1995)

Nd:YAG lasers emitting at 1064 nm are often used for coagulation of tissue in a non-contact mode, i.e. the treatment of verrucae, endometriosis, tumor coagulation and hemostasis. During this process an uncontrolled temperature rise of the irradiated area leads to vaporization and, finally, to a carbonization of the tissue surface. To prevent this, a dose controlled system was developed using an on-line regulation of the output laser power. The change of the backscattered intensity (remission) of the primary beam was used as a dose dependent feedback parameter. Its dependence on the temperature was determined with a double integrating sphere system and Monte-Carlo simulations. The remission of the tissue was calculated in slab geometry from diffusion theory and Monte-Carlo simulations. The laser control was realized with a PD-circuit and an A/D-converter, enabling the direct connection to the internal bus of the laser system. Preliminary studies with various tissues revealed the practicability of the system.
Third party stabilization of unstable coordination in systems of coupled oscillators (2021)

The Haken-Kelso-Bunz (HKB) system of equations is a well-developed model for dyadic rhythmic coordination in biological systems. It captures ubiquitous empirical observations of bistability - the coexistence of in-phase and antiphase motion - in neural, behavioral, and social coordination. Recent work by Zhang and colleagues has generalized HKB to many oscillators to account for new empirical phenomena observed in multiagent interaction. Utilising this generalization, the present work examines how the coordination dynamics of a pair of oscillators can be augmented by virtue of their coupling to a third oscillator. We show that stable antiphase coordination emerges in pairs of oscillators even when their coupling parameters would have prohibited such coordination in their dyadic relation. We envision two lines of application for this theoretical work. In the social sciences, our model points toward the development of intervention strategies to support coordination behavior in heterogeneous groups (for instance in gerontology, when younger and older individuals interact). In neuroscience, our model will advance our understanding of how the direct functional connection of mesoscale or microscale neural ensembles might be switched by their changing coupling to other neural ensembles. Our findings illuminate a crucial property of complex systems: how the whole is different than the system's parts.
Cleaning Molten Steel with the Centrifugal Flow Tundish (2000)

A new process was devised for promoting inclusion separation from the steel in a tundish. The process utilizes electromagnetic force to rotate molten steel in a cylindrical chamber. This process is refered to as the Centrifugal Flow Tundish (CF Tundish).
On the sensitization of Eu3+ with Ce3+ and Tb3+ by composite structured Ca2LuHf2Al3O12 garnet phosphors for blue LED excitation (2018)

This work deals with the photoluminescence of various composite structured Ca2LuHf2Al3O12 garnet type LED phosphors. It is well known that sensitization of Eu3+ with Ce3+ suffers from metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) quenching. Spatial separation of the sensitizer and activator results in a reduced quenching mechanism and thus higher luminescence intensities, when Ce3+ is excited in the blue spectral range and transfers its energy to Eu3+. The phosphor particles were prepared via different synthesis techniques. The phase purity of the synthesized particles was determined by X-ray powder diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy images were obtained to study the particle morphology and composite formation. Photoluminescence properties were determined by recording the emission spectra, excitation spectra and diffuse reflectance spectra. Furthermore, the temperature dependent emission spectra and fluorescence lifetimes were recorded to compare thermal quenching and decay behavior of the samples. External quantum efficiencies (EQEs) were calculated to examine the MMCT quenching behavior. Since the EQE of Ca2LuHf2Al3O12:Ce3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ is lower than 1%, it could be demonstrated that the composite approach significantly increases the EQE due to the spatial separation of Ce3+ and Eu3+.
Wiener filter design using polynomial equations (1991)

A simplified way of deriving realizable and explicit Wiener filters is presented. Discrete-time problems are discussed in a polynomial equation framework. Optimal filters, predictors, and smoothers are calculated by means of spectral factorizations and linear polynomial equations. A tool for obtaining these equations, for a given problem structure, is described. It is based on the evaluation of orthogonality in the frequency domain, by means of canceling stable poles with zeros. Comparisons are made to previously known derivation methodologies such as completing the squares for the polynomial systems approach and the classical Wiener solution. The simplicity of the proposed derivation method is particularly evident in multistage filtering problems. To illustrate, two examples are discussed: a filtering and a generalized deconvolution problem. A new solvability condition for linear polynomial equation appearing in scalar problems is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Magnetostrictive fiber-optic sensor system for detecting dc magnetic fields (1983)

A magnetostrictive fiber-optic sensor system employing a thin film of amorphous Fe(80)B(20) alloy coated directly onto the fiber cladding is reported. A novel detection system to facilitate measurement of dc magnetic fields is described, and results presented show the advantages of amorphous alloys compared with nickel for sensing purposes.
HAPNet: hierarchically aggregated pyramid network for real-time stereo matching (2020)

Recovering the 3D shape of the surgical site is crucial for multiple computer-assisted interventions. Stereo endoscopes can be used to compute 3D depth but computational stereo is a challenging, non-convex and inherently discontinuous optimisation problem. In this paper, we propose a deep learning architecture which avoids the explicit construction of a cost volume of similarity which is one of the most computationally costly blocks of stereo algorithms. This makes training our network significantly more efficient and avoids the needs for large memory allocation. Our method performs well, especially around regions comprising multiple discontinuities around surgical instrumentation or around complex small structures and instruments. The method compares well to the state-of-the-art techniques while taking a different methodological angle to computational stereo problem in surgical video.
Progressive image coding with spatially variable resolution (2002)

We present a wavelet-based progressive image coding system that allows the specification of regions of interest to alter the spatial allocation of future transmitted bits. When used in an interactive mode with feedback, the viewer, after seeing a low resolution version of the image, can instruct the encoder to concentrate more effort on coding regions of interest. When operating in an independent mode, the encoder can select regions of interest based on automatic feature recognition algorithms or offline human selection. The algorithm is flexible enough to adapt to changes of interest during encoding.
Comparison between quantitative measurements of diffusion tensor imaging and T2 signal intensity in a large series of cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients for assessment of disease severity and prognostication of recovery (2019)

In this large prospective study of CSM patients, FA at LMC appears to be a better biomarker for determining long-term outcomes following surgery in CSM patients than NT2SI or the combination values at LMC.
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 1/2 Study to Determine the Appropriate ATX-101 Concentration for Reduction of Submental Fat (2021)

All ATX-101 concentrations were safe and efficacious for moderate/severe submental fat reduction.
Deeply-Supervised Nets (2015)

Our proposed deeply-supervised nets (DSN) method simultaneously minimizes classification error while making the learning process of hidden layers direct and transparent. We make an attempt to boost the classification performance by study-ing a new formulation in deep networks. Three aspects in convolutional neural networks (CNN) style architectures are being looked at: (1) transparency of the intermediate layers to the overall classification; (2) discriminativeness and robust-ness of learned features, especially in the early layers; (3) effectiveness in training due to the presence of the exploding and vanishing gradients. We introduce “com-panion objective ” to the individual hidden layers, in addition to the overall objec-tive at the output layer (a different strategy to layer-wise pre-training). We extend techniques from stochastic gradient methods to analyze our algorithm. The advan-tage of our method is evident and our experimental result on benchmark datasets shows significant performance gain over existing methods (e.g. all state-of-the-art results on MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and SVHN). 1
Blockchain for Future Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey (2020)

The concept of smart grid has been introduced as a new vision of the conventional power grid to figure out an efficient way of integrating green and renewable energy technologies. In this way, Internet-connected smart grid, also called energy Internet, is also emerging as an innovative approach to ensure the energy from anywhere at any time. The ultimate goal of these developments is to build a sustainable society. However, integrating and coordinating a large number of growing connections can be a challenging issue for the traditional centralized grid system. Consequently, the smart grid is undergoing a transformation to the decentralized topology from its centralized form. On the other hand, blockchain has some excellent features which make it a promising application for the smart grid paradigm. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey on the application of blockchain in smart grid. As such, we identify the significant security challenges of smart grid scenarios that can be addressed by blockchain. Then, we present a number of blockchain-based recent research works presented in different literature addressing security issues in the area of smart grid. We also summarize several related practical projects, trials, and products that have emerged recently. Finally, we discuss essential research challenges and future directions of applying blockchain to smart grid security issues.
Frequency dependence of increased cell proliferation, in vitro, in exposures to a low‐amplitude, low‐frequency electric field: Evidence for dependence on increased mitogen activity released into culture medium (1989)

In order to investigate the mechanism(s) through which an electric field can increase bone cell proliferation, we have developed an in vitro model incorporating a low-amplitude (estimated 10(-7) V/cm in the serum-free culture medium), low-frequency, capacitively coupled electric field. In previous studies with this model, we have shown that electric field exposure can increase bone cell proliferation both in chick tibiae organ cultures and in calvaria-derived monolayer cell cultures. The current in vitro studies demonstrate that skeletal tissue responses to a 30 min electric field exposure are characterized by a) a frequency window for both increased cell proliferation and increased release of mitogen activity into the cell-conditioned medium, with a peak near 16 Hz; b) a dependence on conditioned medium from exposed cells for increased cell proliferation; and c) a correlation between the alkaline phosphatase content of the bone cell cultures and effects of electric field exposure on both cell proliferation and release of mitogen activity into the conditioned medium.
Preparation, characterization and antibacterial properties againstE. coliK88of chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions (2008)

The present study was conducted to prepare and characterize chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions, and evaluate their antibacterial activity. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared based on ionotropic gelation, and then the copper ions were loaded. The particle size, zeta potential and morphology were determined. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against E. coli K(88) by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in vitro. Results showed that the antibacterial activity was significantly enhanced by the loading of copper ions compared to those of chitosan nanoparticles and copper ions. The MIC and MBC of chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions were 21 times and 42 times lower than those of copper ions, respectively. To confirm the antibacterial mechanism, morphological changes of E. coli K(88) treated by chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions were dynamically observed with an atomic force microscope (AFM). It was found that chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions killed E. coli K(88) through damage to the cell membrane.
Preliminary feasibility study of a speed estimator for piezoelectric actuators used in forging processes (2011)

In this paper the feasibility of a speed estimator for a piezoelectric actuator used in a forging process is studied. It is based on a simplified linear model and its robustness is tested using a more complex model that include the hysteresis effects. The preliminary results proves that the concept is feasible despite the non-linearities, provided that some parameters of the actuator are known.
MiR-125b promotes proliferation and migration of type II endometrial carcinoma cells through targeting TP53INP1 tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo (2011)

TP53INP1 was newly identified to be the direct downstream target of miR-125b. MiR-125b, which was overexpressed in type II EC cells compared with type I, contributes to malignancy of type II EC possibly through down-regulating TP53INP1.
Flow-Noise Research Related to the Sonar Self-Noise Problem (1966)

A sonar dome is excited into bending vibration by random pressure fluctuations of turbulent-boundary-layer flow over the dome. A reverberant acoustic field is set up within the dome. The field appears as an important source of self-noise in the sonar transducer at moderate to high ship speeds. Much of the research on the corresponding aerodynamic-noise problem is directly applicable to the study of this underwater-noise problem; in particular, work characterizing the random pressure field for subsonic boundary-layer flows may be carried over directly. Dome response and the consequent internal acoustic radiation, however, are severely influenced by internal and external water loading. In addition, hydrodynamic coincidence effects play a markedly different rôle in the underwater problem than in the aerodynamic problem. Those aspects of flow-noise research pertinent to the sonar self-noise problem are reviewed in this paper, and directions for further research upon the influence of water loading in the prediction of self-noise levels are pointed out.
Accurate Modeling and Characterization of Mobility in Tensile and Compressive Stress for State-of-the-Art Manufacturing NMOSFETS (2007)

A novel mobility model and its characterization technique were presented for manufacturing strained-Si NMOSFETs. The mobility terms in Matthiessen's form can be precisely decoupled to investigate Coulomb scattering effect for different stress conditions. Stress devices suffered serious Coulomb scattering at high vertical field, however, tensile stress NMOSFET exhibits better mobility enhancement than compressive counterpart due to less Coulomb scattering.