gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Carbodiphosphoranes: Strongly Nucleophilic σ‐Donor Ligands (2006)

Elektronenreiche Einkernkomplexe von Palladium(II) und Rhodium(I) (siehe Schema) wurden aus zweikernigen Vorstufen und einem sperrigen cyclischen Carbodiphosphoranliganden in guten Ausbeuten erhalten. Die sehr großen M-C-Abstände sprechen für das Vorliegen von Einfachbindungen; das Carbodiphosphoran wirkt demnach als Zweielektronen-σ-Donor-Ligand ohne π-Rückbindung durch das Metallzentrum. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z504396_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effects of Different Vehicle Parameters on Car to Car Frontal Crash Fatality Risk Estimated through a Parameterized Model (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For the purposes of analyzing and understanding the general effects of a set of different vehicle attributes on overall crash outcome a fleet model is used. It represents the impact response, in a one-dimensional sense, of two vehicle frontal crashes, across the frontal crash velocity spectrum. The parameters studied are vehicle mass, stiffness, intrusion, pulse shape and seatbelt usage. The vehicle impact response parameters are obtained from the NCAP tests. The fatality risk characterization, as a function of the seatbelt use and vehicle velocity, is obtained from the NASS database. The fatality risk is further mapped into average acceleration to allow for evaluation of the different vehicle impact response parameters. The results indicate that the effects of all the parameters are interconnected and none of them is independent. For example, the effect of vehicle mass on fatality risk depends on seatbelt use, vehicle stiffness, available crush, intrusion and pulse shape. As a result of this interaction, the net safety outcome from changes to one of these parameters to reduce fatality risk will depend on the state of the others. For example, vehicle parameter changes, such as increasing stiffness to prevent intrusion, may be beneficial to the belted occupants and counter-indicated for the unbelted; conversely, changes to benefit the unbelted may be counter-indicated for the belted. In general, the effect of changes made to different vehicle attributes intended to improve overall fleet fatality risk will depend on the state of the fleet at the time of the introduction of the changes. Consequently, short-term transitional effects will exist until the changes are complete throughout the fleet, thus rendering a new equilibrium.&lt;/div&gt;
Receptor-linked environment-sensitive probe monitors the local membrane environment surrounding the insulin receptor (2020)

Abstract Functional membrane proteins in the plasma membrane are suggested to have specific membrane environments that play important roles to maintain and regulate the function of proteins. However, the local membrane environments of membrane proteins remain largely unexplored due to the lack of techniques allowing to monitor them in living cells. We have developed a method to probe the local membrane environment surrounding a membrane protein in the plasma membrane by covalently tethering a solvatochromic, environment-sensitive dye, Nile red, to a membrane protein via a flexible linker. Our direct imaging reported on the spatio-temporal properties of membrane fluidity of the local environment surrounding the insulin receptor. The local environment was distinct from the average plasma membrane fluidity and was quite dynamic and heterogeneous. Upon addition of insulin, the local membrane environment surrounding the receptor increased in fluidity in an insulin receptor-kinase dependent manner. This new technology should allow researchers to examine changes in membrane properties caused by receptor activation and devise ways to address the role of these changes in physiological processes.
Impact of Ta and W-based spacers in double MgO STT-MRAM free layers on perpendicular anisotropy and damping (2017)

Free layers with double MgO/CoFeB interfaces are an established solution for improving the thermal stability at small device dimensions in perpendicular spin transfer torque-magnetic random access memory devices. A thin spacer layer, composed usually of Ta, W, Hf, etc., is used to ease crystallization and improve the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Here, we use ferromagnetic resonance to evaluate the impact of Ta or W containing spacer layers on the intrinsic anisotropy Hk and damping α parameters. While both spacer materials enable similar tunnel magneto-resistance and anisotropy values, W typically generates a higher damping. Ta-based spacers are therefore likely better candidates for very low switching current applications.
Antiepileptic Treatments in Developing Countries (2017)

Information and education campaigns are mandatory among the general population and among the medical and paramedical staff to make progress on the management of epilepsy in developing countries.
BodyCloud: Integration of Cloud Computing and body sensor networks (2012)

Spatially distributed sensor nodes can be used to monitor systems and humans conditions in a wide range of application domains. A network of body sensors in a community of people generates large amounts of contextual data that requires a scalable approach for storage and processing. Cloud computing can provide a powerful, scalable storage and processing infrastructure to perform both online and offline analysis and mining of body sensor data streams. This paper presents BodyCloud, a system architecture based on Cloud Computing for the management and monitoring of body sensor data streams. It incorporates key concepts such as scalability and flexibility of resources, sensor heterogeneity, and the dynamic deployment and management of user and community applications.
High Homology-Directed Repair Using Mitosis Phase and Nucleus Localizing Signal (2020)

In homology-directed repair, mediated knock-in single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) can be used as a homologous template and present high efficiency, but there is still a need to improve efficiency. Previous studies have mainly focused on controlling double-stranded break size, ssODN stability, and the DNA repair cycle. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on the correlation between the cell cycle and single-strand template repair (SSTR) efficiency. Here, we investigated the relationship between cell cycle and SSTR efficiency. We found higher SSTR efficiency during mitosis, especially in the metaphase and anaphase. A Cas9 protein with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) readily migrated to the nucleus; however, the nuclear envelope inhibited the nuclear import of many nucleotide templates. This seemed to result in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) before the arrival of the homologous template. Thus, we assessed whether NLS-tagged ssODNs and free NLS peptides could circumvent problems posed by the nuclear envelope. NLS-tagging ssODNs enhanced SSTR and indel efficiency by 4-fold compared to the control. Our results suggest the following: (1) mitosis is the optimal phase for SSTR, (2) the donor template needs to be delivered to the nucleus before nuclease delivery, and (3) NLS-tagging ssODNs improve SSTR efficiency, especially high in mitosis.
Three-color crystal digital PCR (2016)

Digital PCR is an exciting new field for molecular analysis, allowing unprecedented precision in the quantification of nucleic acids, as well as the fine discrimination of rare molecular events in complex samples. We here present a novel technology for digital PCR, Crystal Digital PCR™, which relies on the use of a single chip to partition samples into 2D droplet arrays, which are then subjected to thermal cycling and finally read using a three-color fluorescence scanning device. This novel technology thus allows three-color multiplexing, which entails a different approach to data analysis. In the present publication, we present this innovative workflow, which is both fast and user-friendly, and discuss associated data analysis issue, such as fluorescence spillover compensation and data representation. Lastly, we also present proof-of-concept of this three-color detection system, using a quadriplex assay for the detection of EGFR mutations L858R, L861Q and T790M.
A Dynamical System Approach to Decentralized Collision-free Autonomous Coordination of a Mobile Assistive Furniture Swarm (2022)

In order to facilitate and assist the indoor mobility of people with special needs, the classically static objects in the environment, such as furniture, can be rendered mobile. The need for efficient and safe autonomous coordination of a mobile furniture swarm arises. We present a closed-form approach for mobile furniture obstacle avoidance and navigation within an indoor environment. The approach shows that each mobile furniture agent, defined by a polygonal surface, does not collide with any static or mobile obstacle (e.g., a person is moving around). All controllable mobile furniture converges towards a defined goal position and orientation. We showcase the application of this algorithm in simulation on mobile furniture for smart environments. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can coordinate a swarm of mobile furniture to get out of the way of a mobile agent representing a person with limited mobility passing through the room while avoiding obstacles and converging towards a predefined target pose.
Use of Graph Theory to Characterize Human and Arthropod Vector Cell Protein Response to Infection With Anaplasma phagocytophilum (2018)

One of the major challenges in modern biology is the use of large omics datasets for the characterization of complex processes such as cell response to infection. These challenges are even bigger when analyses need to be performed for comparison of different species including model and non-model organisms. To address these challenges, the graph theory was applied to characterize the tick vector and human cell protein response to infection with <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. A network of interacting proteins and cell processes clustered in biological pathways, and ranked with indexes representing the topology of the proteome was prepared. The results demonstrated that networks of functionally interacting proteins represented in both infected and uninfected cells can describe the complete set of host cell processes and metabolic pathways, providing a deeper view of the comparative host cell response to pathogen infection. The results demonstrated that changes in the tick proteome were driven by modifications in protein representation in response to <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> infection. Pathogen infection had a higher impact on tick than human proteome. Since most proteins were linked to several cell processes, the changes in protein representation affected simultaneously different biological pathways. The method allowed discerning cell processes that were affected by pathogen infection from those that remained unaffected. The results supported that human neutrophils but not tick cells limit pathogen infection through differential representation of ras-related proteins. This methodological approach could be applied to other host-pathogen models to identify host derived key proteins in response to infection that may be used to develop novel control strategies for arthropod-borne pathogens.
El cólico del lactante. Actuación de enfermería (2010)

Transitions between steady states of a multi-stable stochastic system in the perfectly mixed chemical reactor are possible only because of stochastic switching. In realistic cellular conditions, where diffusion is limited, transitions between steady states can also follow from the propagation of travelling waves. Here, we study the interplay between the two modes of transition for a prototype bistable system of kinase-phosphatase interactions on the plasma membrane. Within microscopic kinetic Monte Carlo simulations on the hexagonal lattice, we observed that for finite diffusion the behaviour of the spatially extended system differs qualitatively from the behaviour of the same system in the well-mixed regime. Even when a small isolated subcompartment remains mostly inactive, the chemical travelling wave may propagate, leading to the activation of a larger compartment. The activating wave can be induced after a small subdomain is activated as a result of a stochastic fluctuation. Such a spontaneous onset of activity is radically more probable in subdomains characterized by slower diffusion. Our results show that a local immobilization of substrates can lead to the global activation of membrane proteins by the mechanism that involves stochastic fluctuations followed by the propagation of a semi-deterministic travelling wave.
Editorial: Neuroscience, computing, performance, and benchmarks: Why it matters to neuroscience how fast we can compute (2023)

At the turn of the millennium the computational neuroscience community realized that neuroscience was in a software crisis: software development was no longer progressing as expected and reproducibility declined. The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) was inaugurated in 2007 as an initiative to improve this situation. The INCF has since pursued its mission to help the development of standards and best practices. In a community paper published this very same year, Brette et al. tried to assess the state of the field and to establish a scientific approach to simulation technology, addressing foundational topics, such as which simulation schemes are best suited for the types of models we see in neuroscience. In 2015, a Frontiers Research Topic “Python in neuroscience” by Muller et al. triggered and documented a revolution in the neuroscience community, namely in the usage of the scripting language Python as a common language for interfacing with simulation codes and connecting between applications. The review by Einevoll et al. documented that simulation tools have since further matured and become reliable research instruments used by many scientific groups for their respective questions. Open source and community standard simulators today allow research groups to focus on their scientific questions and leave the details of the computational work to the community of simulator developers. A parallel development has occurred, which has been barely visible in neuroscientific circles beyond the community of simulator developers: Supercomputers used for large and complex scientific calculations have increased their performance from ~10 TeraFLOPS (10<sup>13</sup> floating point operations per second) in the early 2000s to above 1 ExaFLOPS (10<sup>18</sup> floating point operations per second) in the year 2022. This represents a 100,000-fold increase in our computational capabilities, or almost 17 doublings of computational capability in 22 years. Moore's law (the observation that it is economically viable to double the number of transistors in an integrated circuit every other 18–24 months) explains a part of this; our ability and willingness to build and operate physically larger computers, explains another part. It should be clear, however, that such a technological advancement requires software adaptations and under the hood, simulators had to reinvent themselves and change substantially to embrace this technological opportunity. It actually is quite remarkable that—apart from the change in semantics for the parallelization—this has mostly happened without the users knowing. The current Research Topic was motivated by the wish to assemble an update on the state of neuroscientific software (mostly simulators) in 2022, to assess whether we can see more clearly which scientific questions can (or cannot) be asked due to our increased capability of simulation, and also to anticipate whether and for how long we can expect this increase of computational capabilities to continue.
The influence of environment and pressure on the transition to dusting wear of graphite (1981)

An examination has been made of the way in which the type of environment and its partial pressure influence the transition to high friction and wear-dusting-of graphite sliding against carbon. It is shown that the onset of dusting is invariably associated with the attainment of a critical temperature at the contacting asperities. This temperature increases with partial pressure of the vapour and, for a series of n-paraffins and alcohols, also increases with molecular size (chain length). From the variations in critical temperature with partial pressure, adsorption energies can be derived and these are broadly consistent with a mechanism of physical adsorption on graphite basal planes. It is suggested that the adsorbed vapour on basal planes functions as a 'reservoir' from which molecules can migrate to neutralise edge sites being continuously exposed during the normal, low-wear regime.
Optical observations of thermospheric dynamics at Arecibo (1981)

Observations of thermospheric neutral winds have been made at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, by using a Fabry‐Perot interferometer to measure the Doppler shift of the nighttime O(¹D) 630‐nm emission. We have developed a scheme of making observations at eight equally‐spaced azimuth positions with a constant zenith angle. This technique allows us to determine the mean neutral wind velocities in the meridional and zonal directions, as well as any horizontal gradients in the wind field. It also provides a good means of simultaneously monitoring any spatial variations in neutral temperature and the intensity of the O(¹D) emission. In general, the highest equatorward wind velocity is observed at about 2100 LST. The meridional wind velocity usually lessens as midnight approaches and sometimes, but by no means always, reverses after midnight. The magnitude of the equatorward velocity is greater in summer than in winter months. For winter and spring months, the zonal wind blows eastward throughout the night, with the velocity tending to decrease in a fairly regular fashion from about 125 m s −1 at 2100 LST towards zero by 0400 LST. In summer the pattern is similar, but the eastward flow usually reverses earlier, and a westward velocity of some 50 m s −1 may be attained by 0400 LST. Significant horizontal wind gradients are often observed in the meridional direction, but not in the zonal direction. Near midnight especially, during both the equinox and summer months, the equatorward wind is often greater to the north of Arecibo than to the south. We interpret this as being an effect of the passage of the midnight equatorial pressure maximum to the south of the station. Measurements of neutral temperature with the interferometer do indeed show that, between 0100–0200 LST, the neutral temperature to the south of Arecibo is enhanced by some 40°K over that to the north.
Generation of Hydrogen through the Reaction between Plasma‐Modified Aluminum and Water (2017)

Abstract One of the main challenges related to hydrogen energy technologies is hydrogen storage in a safe and economically reasonable way. A promising solution could be related to the use of aluminum or its alloys to reduce water to form hydrogen when needed. The aluminum–water reaction is thermodynamically favorable, but does not proceed due to the passivation of the aluminum surface by the protective aluminum oxide layer, which prevents water molecules from coming into direct contact with metal particles. Herein, the surface of aluminum particles was modified by using a low‐temperature plasma‐activation approach. Such a modification induces a hydrophilicity effect and the modified aluminum powder sinks instantly in water, whereas unmodified powder floats on the top of the water. The plasma‐based activation technology is also discussed in detail. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by using SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and XRD. BET surface area analyses were also performed. The elemental composition on the nanoscale level and formation of polar groups were experimentally investigated by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Amounts of oxygen/hydrogen were measured by using the inert‐gas fusion method. Tests show that hydrogen production starts after 1 min of aluminum powder immersion into slightly alkaline water and continues for up to 20 min. The reaction by‐product is environmentally friendly and could be used for the production of aluminum oxide.
Anti-Stokes generation and soliton decay in stimulated Raman scattering (1993)

Using numerical methods we find that anti-Stokes generation in stimulated Raman scattering can cause Raman solitons to decay, unless the fields are phase matched. Photon number conservation then leads to unusually high intensities in regions where both the Stokes and anti-Stokes fields vanish. For large propagation lengths, the pump soliton can decay considerably, and as a result, the fields do not interact strongly. We therefore predict the formation of solitonlike pulses at the anti-Stokes frequency.
The Prolonged Time to Progression with Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin + Bortezomib Versus Bortezomib Alone in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma Is Unaffected by Extent of Prior Therapy or Previous Anthracycline Exposure. (2007)

Abstract Recently, a significant improvement in time to progression (TTP) was reported for pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) + bortezomib combination therapy vs. bortezomib monotherapy in a phase III randomized trial in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) (Orlowski, JCO 2007). This pre-specified analysis assessed the efficacy of PLD+bortezomib in RRMM based on the number of prior lines of therapy and previous anthracycline exposure status. Patients with ≥1 prior therapy were randomized to receive PLD at 30 mg/m2 on day 4 and bortezomib at 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11, or bortezomib alone for up to eight 21-day cycles, or at least 2 cycles beyond CR, or optimal response unless disease progression, or unacceptable toxicities occurred. The baseline beta-2 microglobulin levels were comparable between the subgroup with ≥2 prior treatments and that with 1 treatment (median 3.98 vs. 4.01 mg/L), as well as between anthracycline-exposed and -naïve patients (median 3.91 vs. 4.55 mg/L). The improved TTP reported previously with PLD+bortezomib over bortezomib in the total study population was similarly observed in all four subgroups of patients (patients with ≥2 lines of prior therapy or 1 prior therapy, anthracycline-exposed (median 144 mg/m2 in both treatment arms) or -naïve groups (Table)), indicating a consistent therapeutic benefit favoring the PLD+bortezomib combination. Furthermore, TTP was comparable for the PLD+bortezomib combination between groups with ≥2 lines of prior therapy vs. 1 prior therapy (heterogeneity test, p=0.523), as well as patients who were anthracycline-exposed or -naïve (heterogeneity test, p=0.716). Incidence of treatment-related SAEs, grade 3/4 neuropathy, and symptomatic cardiac events was comparable between treatment arms in each subgroup (Table). PLD-related hand-foot syndrome was also &lt;10% in all PLD+bortezomib subgroups. These results demonstrate that PLD+bortezomib combination therapy significantly improves TTP compared to bortezomib alone, regardless of the number of prior lines of therapy, or anthracycline exposure.