gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zwitterionic Chitosan–Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Complex Nanoparticles as a pH-Sensitive Drug Carrier (2013)

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have been widely explored as carriers of therapeutics and imaging agents. However, amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers are rarely utilized in systemic applications due to their cytotoxicity and risk of opsonization, caused by their cationic charges. Such undesirable effects may be mitigated by shielding the PAMAM dendrimer surface with polymers that reduce the charges. However, this shielding may also interfere with the PAMAM dendrimers' ability to interact with target cells, thus reducing the cellular uptake and overall efficacy of the delivery system. Therefore, we propose to use zwitterionic chitosan (ZWC), a new chitosan derivative, which has a unique pH-sensitive charge profile, as an alternative biomaterial to modify the cationic surface of PAMAM dendrimers. A stable electrostatic complex of ZWC and PAMAM dendrimers was formed at pH 7.4, where the PAMAM dendrimer surface was covered with ZWC, as demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of ZWC coating protected red blood cells and fibroblast cells from hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of PAMAM dendrimers, respectively. Confocal microscopy showed that the protective effect of ZWC disappeared at low pH as the complex dissociated due to the charge conversion of ZWC, allowing PAMAM dendrimers to enter cells. These results demonstrate that ZWC is able to provide a surface coverage of PAMAM dendrimers in a pH-dependent manner and, thus, enhance the utility of PAMAM dendrimers as a drug carrier to solid tumors with acidifying microenvironments.
Axion Overview and the U.S. RF Cavity Axion Search (1997)

The axion, a hypothetical elementary particle, originally emerged from a solution to the strong CP problem in QCD. Later, axions were recognized as good dark matter candidates. Dark matter axions have only feeble couplings to matter and radiation, so their detection offers considerable challenge. Nonetheless, a new generation of exquisitely sensitive searches is underway. One such effort, in the United States, has already achieved sensitivity to plausible halo dark matter axion to photon couplings.
Preparation and Catalytic Activity of BINOL‐Derived Silanediols (2014)

Abstract Enantiopure silanediols derived from BINOL are an innovative family of stereoselective hydrogen‐bond donor (HBD) catalysts. Silanediols incorporated into a BINOL framework are attractive catalysts, as they are readily accessible and highly customizable. Structural modifications of the BINOL backbone affect the reactivity and selectivity of the silanediol catalysts in the additions of silyl ketene acetals to N ‐acyl isoquinolinium ions. The best results were obtained when the silanediol scaffold was substituted at the 4,4′‐ and 6,6′‐positions. This report includes details regarding the properties of selected BINOL‐based silanediol catalysts, including their acidities, binding constants, and X‐ray crystal structures.
Reviewer acknowledgement 2014 (2015)

This article was originally published online on 14 February 2015 Contributing reviewers The editors of World Allergy Organization Journal would like to thank all of our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 7 (2014). Mona Al-Ahmad Kuwait Suleiman Al-Hammadi United Arab Emirates Maria Cristina Artesani Italy Amal Assa'ad United States of America Emel Aygören-Pürsün Germany Claus Bachert Belgium Leonard Bielory United States of America W.M. Blom Netherlands Matteo Bonini Italy Homer Boushey United States of America Malcolm Brinn Australia Wesley Burks United States of America Carlo Caffarelli Italy Moises A. Calderon United Kingdom Giorgio Walter Canonica Italy Yoon-Seok Chang South Korea Marco Cicardi Italy Philip Cooper Ecuador Emily Cope United States of America Alexessander Couto Alves United Kingdom Linda Cox United States of America Julian Crane New Zealand Ceyhun Dalkan Cyprus Martin Depner Germany Martin Desrosiers Canada Ratko Djukanovic United Kingdom Sten Dreborg Sweden Motohiro Ebisawa Japan Alison Elliott Uganda Ira Finegold United States of America Puccio Franca Venezuela Maia Gotua Georgia Robert G. Hamilton United States of America Holger Heine Germany Martin Himly Austria Stephen Holgate United Kingdom Rose Kamenwa Kenya Amy Kantar Italy Monroe King United States of America Pierluigi Koch Italy Hans-Jørgen Malling Denmark Alberto Martelli Italy Marcus Maurer Germany Jim McKenna United Kingdom Martin Metz Germany Harold Nelson United States of America Robyn O'Hehir Australia Ayse Bilge Ozturk Turkey Pierluigi Paggiaro Italy Oscar Palomares Spain Hae-Sim Park South Korea Paola Parronchi Italy Giovanni Passalacqua Italy Carlos Pastor Vargas Spain Diego Peroni Italy Jay Portnoy United States of America Lars K. Poulsen Denmark David Price United Kingdom Kaisa Pyrhönen Finland Nelson Rosario Brazil Hugh Sampson United States of America Mario Sanchez-Borges Venezuela Joaquin Sastre Spain Glenis Scadding United Kingdom Irma Schabussova Austria Nicola Scichilone Italy Gianenrico Senna Italy James Sublett United States of America Stanley Szefler United States of America Mimi Tang Australia Alberto Tedeschi Italy Michael Wechsler United States of America Christina West Sweden Andrew White United States of America Torsten Zuberbier Germany
Integrated genetic analysis microsystems (2004)

With the completion of the Human Genome Project and the ongoing DNA sequencing of the genomes of other animals, bacteria, plants and others, a wealth of new information about the genetic composition of organisms has become available. However, as the demand for sequence information grows, so does the workload required both to generate this sequence and to use it for targeted genetic analysis. Microfabricated genetic analysis systems are well poised to assist in the collection and use of these data through increased analysis speed, lower analysis cost and higher parallelism leading to increased assay throughput. In addition, such integrated microsystems may point the way to targeted genetic experiments on single cells and in other areas that are otherwise very difficult. Concomitant with these advantages, such systems, when fully integrated, should be capable of forming portable systems for high-speed in situ analyses, enabling a new standard in disciplines such as clinical chemistry, forensics, biowarfare detection and epidemiology. This review will discuss the various technologies available for genetic analysis on the microscale, and efforts to integrate them to form fully functional robust analysis devices.
Real-time Interactions and Synchronization of Voxel-based Collaborative Virtual Environments (2007)

Collaborative virtual environments (C-VE) facilitate team-oriented training on virtual reality-based surgical simulators. Many C-VEs replicate the VE on each user's machine to allow for real-time interactions. However, this solution does not work well when modifying voxel-based C-VEs because large and frequent volumetric updates make it difficult to synchronize the C-VE. This paper describes a hybrid depth-buffered image (DBI) and geometry-based rendering method created to simulate visual interactions between local virtual bone cutting tools and remotely maintained volumetric bone material for a craniotomy simulator. For real-time interactions, users only store a DBI of the volumetric C-VE and composite it with rendered images of surgical tools. Additionally, we describe methods to combat network bandwidth/latency to remotely simulate haptic and bone drilling interactions between users' tools and the volumetric VE. For haptic feedback, a multi-rate solution (Cavusoglu and Tendick, 2000) allows users to construct a local approximation of the volumetric C-VE to compute new forces. Only 2D DBI updates are required to synchronize different users when the bone changes due to drilling. Our approach provides an improved performance over a replicated VE that uses 3D model-based updates
ChemInform Abstract: Biodegradation of Munition Waste, TNT (2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene), and RDX (Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Noise figure verification of Y-factor and cold source methods (2017)

Correlating noise figure measurements between R&D teams and manufacturing teams is becoming both more difficult and more important as LNAs are increasingly integrated with other components such as switches, filters and power amplifiers, to form a Front-End-Modules (FEM) used in wireless devices, thus the test systems must accommodate more complicated test scenarios than a simple LNA requires. Here is presented a 2-port verification artifact which has output noise well above kTB with a very well-known noise figure.
Advances in MRI based Electrical Properties Tomography: a Comparison between Physics-supported Learning Approaches (2022)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in several medical applications, which include the non-invasive and in-vivo investigation of the electrical properties of biological tissues. Such kind of inverse problem can be addressed by means of iterative methods, which are time and memory consuming and solution may converge to local minima. To accelerate the reconstructions and bypass the problem of local minima, we propose and compare two different learning methods to face the inverse problem underlying the MRI based electrical properties tomography, one based on supervised descent method and the other one on a cascade of multi-layers convolutional neural networks. Both methods are trained and tested using 2D simulated data of a human head model and show a good reconstruction capability. Better generalization ability can be achieved by using the CNN-based iterative approach.
Take a bite - Finding the worm in the Apple (2013)

When it comes to security risks, especially malware, Mac OS X has the questionable reputation of being inherently safe. While there is a substantial body of research and implementations dealing with malware on Windows and, more recently, Android systems, Mac OS X has received little attention so far. To amend this shortcoming, we built a Mac OS X based high-interaction honeypot and used it to evaluate over 6,000 blacklisted URLs to estimate how widespread malware for Mac OS X is today. We further built a dynamic analysis environment and analyzed 148 malicious samples to gain insight into the current state of Mac OS X malware. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to tackle this task.
Proteotyping SARS-CoV-2 Virus from Nasopharyngeal Swabs: A Proof-of-Concept Focused on a 3 Min Mass Spectrometry Window (2020)

Rapid but yet sensitive, specific, and high-throughput detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in clinical samples is key to diagnose infected people and to better control the spread of the virus. Alternative methodologies to PCR and immunodiagnostics that would not require specific reagents are worthy to investigate not only for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic but also to detect other emergent pathogenic threats. Here, we propose the use of tandem mass spectrometry to detect SARS-CoV-2 marker peptides in nasopharyngeal swabs. We documented that the signal from the microbiota present in such samples is low and can be overlooked when interpreting shotgun proteomic data acquired on a restricted window of the peptidome landscape. In this proof-of-concept study, simili nasopharyngeal swabs spiked with different quantities of purified SARS-CoV-2 viral material were used to develop a nanoLC-MS/MS acquisition method, which was then successfully applied on COVID-19 clinical samples. We argue that peptides ADETQALPQR and GFYAQGSR from the nucleocapsid protein are of utmost interest as their signal is intense and their elution can be obtained within a 3 min window in the tested conditions. These results pave the way for the development of time-efficient viral diagnostic tests based on mass spectrometry.
Simulations of the rf heating rates in a linear quadrupole ion trap (2005)

Molecular dynamics simulations of the ion clouds stored in a linear quadrupole rf ion trap are performed at low temperatures (0.1 mK--15 K). The introduction of periodic boundary conditions allowed us to study the translationally uniform ion cloud geometry. The time evolution of the kinetic energy of the ion cloud is monitored during the simulation and the increase in the kinetic energy of the cloud (rf heating) is determined; its dependence on temperature, trapping voltage, and the number of ions is studied. The dependence of rf heating rate on temperature shows that rf heating is undetectable until the temperature reaches approximately 0.5 K; it then increases rapidly until it reaches a maximum at around 2 K. It starts to decrease slowly at higher temperatures. The rf heating rate is shown to increase very sharply with the amplitude of the trapping voltage. The dependence of the rf heating rate on the number of ions shows the influence of the ion crystal shell structure at low temperatures, and has a simple linear dependence at higher temperatures.
Enhancing cache robustness for content-centric networking (2012)

With the advent of content-centric networking (CCN) where contents can be cached on each CCN router, cache robustness will soon emerge as a serious concern for CCN deployment. Previous studies on cache pollution attacks only focus on a single cache server. The question of how caching will behave over a general caching network such as CCN under cache pollution attacks has never been answered. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme called CacheShield for enhancing cache robustness. CacheShield is simple, easy-to-deploy, and applicable to any popular cache replacement policy. CacheShield can effectively improve cache performance under normal circumstances, and more importantly, shield CCN routers from cache pollution attacks. Extensive simulations including trace-driven simulations demonstrate that CacheShield is effective for both CCN and today's cache servers. We also study the impact of cache pollution attacks on CCN and reveal several new observations on how different attack scenarios can affect cache hit ratios unexpectedly.
Room-temperature Si-Si and Si-SiN wafer bonding (2010)

Nano-adhesion layer bonding method is proposed for heterogeneous wafer bonding at room temperature. In this method, the wafer surfaces are sputtered by Ar-ion and deposited with Fe nano-adhesion layers simultaneously. Si-Si and Si-SiN wafers are thus directly bonded at room temperature. The bonding strength is increased by optimizing Fe composition ratio on the Si surfaces. The microstructure and chemical states of the bonding interface are characterized using cross-sectional HRTEM, STEM and EELS. Moreover, our results demostrate that the nano-adhesion layer is formed across the bonding interfaces, which are composed of Si/FeSi/Si and Si/FeSi/FeSiN/SiN for Si-Si and Si-SiN bonding interfaces, respectively.
Parallel Programming Must Be Deterministic by Default (2018)

In today’s widely used parallel programming models, subtle programming errors can lead to unintended nondeterministic behavior and hard to catch bugs. In contrast, we argue for a parallel programming model that is <em><em>deterministic by default</em></em>: deterministic behavior is <em><em>guaranteed </em></em>unless the programmer explicitly uses nondeterministic constructs. This goal is particularly challenging for modern object-oriented languages with expressive use of reference aliasing and updates to shared mutable state. We propose a broad research agenda in support of this goal, and we describe some of our own work to further that agenda.
Geochemical fractionation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tapi estuary (2006)

Sequential extraction was used to study the operationally determined chemical forms of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn and their spatial distribution in the sediments of the Tapi estuary. It was found that oxidizable binding fraction was the most important phase for binding of all metals followed by Fe-Mn oxide and carbonate fractions. Zn bound to the Fe-Mn oxide fraction had a significant relationship with reducible Mn and reducible Fe concentrations suggesting that Fe-Mn oxides may be the main carriers of Zn from the fluvial environment to the estuarine body. The Zn bound to the Fe-Mn oxides and Cu bound to the oxidizable fraction showed a general distinctive decrease from the middle of the estuary (ES-3) to sea mouth (ES-5) and from upstream ES-2 to the mouth of the estuary (ES-2). Zn, Pb, and Cr were not correlated with bottom layers and had a high enrichment factor (up to 60 times) representing the influence of anthropogenic activities and thus are the main precursors of metal pollution. The average Igeo of six metals in the sediments from the middle of the estuary is 3.67 and is larger than the estuary mouth (1.24) and seaside sampling locations (2.33). This suggests that the middle of the estuary is strongly contaminated with heavy metals. Interestingly higher enrichment in the sediments is not linearly related to toxicity response factor which may be due to metal immobilization.
Fibrin Clot Retraction by Human Skin Fibroblasts: Effects of ADP and Thrombin (1976)

Thrombin stimulated human skin fibroblasts to retract fibrin clots. When Bothrops marajoensis thrombinlike enzyme was substituted for thrombin, no retraction occurred. Fibroblasts were found to contain 12 nmole of ATP and 3.6 nmole of ADP/mg of protein, a value closely resembling that of nonmetabolic adenine nucleotides in platelets. Thrombin caused neither release of adenine nucleotides from the suspension of fibroblasts harvested enzymatically nor did addition of ADP stimulate fibroblasts to retract fibrin clots.
Medical applications of polycapillary x-ray optics (1995)

Medical imaging was one of the earliest applications of x radiation and remains one of the most common and most important. Despite the advent of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, x-ray imaging is still the most widely used medical imaging modality. Its low cost and ease of use are critical for mass screening, for example in cancer detection. The recent invention of Kumakhov polycapillary x-ray optics allows for a new mechanism of control of broadband x-ray radiation for imaging. Polycapillary x-ray optics provide nearly complete scatter rejection, and can be used to magnify or demagnify the x-ray image without conversion to visible photons. Measurements have been made of the performance of prototype magnifying antiscatter optics. Significant contrast enhancement and resolution improvement have been measured. The potential application of polycapillary optics to focused beam therapy is also discussed.
Lymphome hodgkinien et infection VIH (2010)

Auteur(s) : Thomas Cluzeau Service d’hematologie clinique du Pr Cassuto, CHU de Nice, 151, route de Saint-Antoine-Ginestiere, 06200 Nice, France Le lymphome hodgkinien chez le patient VIH doit etre considere comme une entite a part entiere avec ses propres caracteristiques sur le plan epidemiologique, anatomopathologique, physiopathologique, pronostique et therapeutique. En 2007, selon l’Organisation mondiale de la sante (OMS), 33,2 millions de personnes etaient [...]
Auditory filter shape and age (1980)

Auditory filter shapes were estimated at three center frequencies (0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz) for 16 listeners from 23 to 75 years old. Estimates were derived for both ears of each listener from the function relating signal threshold to the width of the “notch” in a bandstop noise masker [e.g., Patterson, R. D. and Nimmo-Smith, I. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 229–245 (1980)]. There is little variation in filter shape across ears, individuals, or age for listeners below 60 years old. However, above 60 years, variability increases. Whereas tuning in some ears remains sharp up to age 75, in other ears the filter is quite broad before age 70. These relations are represented in a calculation of the filter shape which separates the filter characteristic and processing efficiency. [D.L.W. supported by NIH.]
A Regularized Inexact Penalty Decomposition Algorithm for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Problems With Complementarity Constraints (2010)

Economic and physical considerations often lead to equilibrium problems in multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), which can be captured by MDO problems with complementarity constraints (MDO-CC)—a newly emerging class of problem. Due to the ill-posedness associated with the complementarity constraints, many existing MDO methods may have numerical difficulties solving this class of problem. In this paper, we propose a new decomposition algorithm for the MDO-CC based on the regularization technique and inexact penalty decomposition. The algorithm is presented such that existing proofs can be extended, under certain assumptions, to show that it converges to stationary points of the original problem and that it converges locally at a superlinear rate. Numerical computation with an engineering design example and several analytical example problems shows promising results with convergence to the all-in-one solution.
A new non‐instrumental technique for cleaning and filling root canals (1995)

The aim of this in vitro study was to test the ability of a novel non-instrumental technique to prepare and obturate root canals. Cleaning of the root canal system was achieved with a device which was able to develop, under reduced pressure, controlled cavitation. The same device was used for proper drying and subsequent obturation of the root canal system. A total of 55 freshly extracted molars with 120 canals were treated either by the step-back technique and lateral condensation of gutta-percha and AH26 as a sealer or by the new device. The teeth were then sectioned horizontal to the long axis of the root canal and examined by light microscopy. The cross-sectional area, area with residual pulpal tissue and voids were assessed morphometrically. Overall, the treatment with the new device resulted in similar cleanliness and obturation quality when compared with the control group. Total treatment time using the new non-instrumental technique, however, was less than half of that using hand instrumentation.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐QUINONOID COMPOUNDS. PART XI. EXO‐SELECTIVITY IN THE DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS OF PHENYL‐SUBSTITUTED O‐QUINONOID DIENES (1976)

Abstract Bei der Addition der Diene (II) bzw. (V) an das Diphenylbenzopyranon (I) überwiegen die gebildeten exo‐Addukte (III) bzw. (VI) gegenüber den endo‐Addukten (IV) bzw. (VII); ähnliche Verhältnisse werden bei den Addukten mit Cyclopentadien‐(1,3), Norbornadien, Norbomen, cis‐Buten‐ (2) und Cyclopenten erhalten (Produktausbeuten in mg).
Stylized shadows (2007)

While much research has focused on rendering physically-correct shadows, a "correct" shadow often exhibits unnecessary detail that distracts from the primary subject of the scene. Artists often prefer to have creative control over the rendered appearance of the shadow. This paper presents an algorithm offering control over stylized shadows, based on four intuitive parameters - inflation, brightness, softness, and abstraction - that together support a broad range of effects. The algorithm, which works largely in image space, can easily be incorporated into existing rendering pipelines, and is independent of scene geometry or shadow determination method.
Characterization of continuity for real valued functions in terms of connectedness (2007)

In this paper we prove that for any real-valued function defined on a connected topological space being continuous is equivalent to having its graph connected coupled with the complement of the graph being disconnected.