gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Repeater Insertion in Tree Structured (2001)

The effects of inductance on repeater insertion in trees is the focus of this paper. An algorithm is introduced to insert and size repeaters within an tree to optimize a variety of possible cost functions such as minimizing the maximum path delay, the skew between branches, or a combination of area, power, and delay. The algorithm has a complexity proportional to the square of the number of possible repeater positions and determines a repeater solution that is close to the global minimum. The repeater insertion algorithm is used to insert repeaters within several copper-based interconnect trees to minimize the maximum path delay based on both an model and an model. The two buffering solutions are compared using the AS/X dynamic circuit simulator. It is shown that as inductance effects increase, the area and power consumed by the inserted repeaters to min- imize the path delays of an tree decreases. By including inductance in the repeater insertion methodology, the interconnect is modeled more accurately as compared to an model, permit- ting average savings in area, power, and delay of 40.8%, 15.6%, and 6.7%, respectively, for a variety of copper-based interconnect trees from a 0.25- m CMOS technology. The average savings in area, power, and delay increases to 62.2%, 57.2%, and 9.4%, respectively, when using five times faster devices with the same interconnect trees.
Analysis of Faces in a Decade of US Cable TV News (2021)

Cable (TV) news reaches millions of US households each day. News stakeholders such as communications researchers, journalists, and media monitoring organizations are interested in the visual content of cable news, especially who is on-screen. Manual analysis, however, is labor intensive and limits the size of prior studies. We conduct a large-scale, quantitative analysis of the faces in a decade of cable news video from the top three US cable news networks (CNN, FOX, and MSNBC), totaling 244,038 hours between January 2010 and July 2019. Our work uses technologies such as automatic face and gender recognition to measure the "screen time" of faces and to enable visual analysis and exploration at scale. Our analysis method gives insight into a broad set of socially relevant topics. For instance, male-presenting faces receive much more screen time than female-presenting faces (2.4x in 2010, 1.9x in 2019). To make our dataset and annotations accessible, we release a public interface at https://tvnews.stanford.edu that allows the general public to write queries and to perform their own analyses.
Study of Wetting and Adhesion Interactions between Water and Various Polymer and Superhydrophobic Surfaces (2011)

The wetting and adhesion characteristics of 20 different surfaces have been studied systematically by both static water contact angle (θ) and dynamic contact angle measurement techniques: sliding angle (α) and advancing (θA) and receding (θR) contact angles. These surfaces cover surfaces of all traits, from smooth and flat to rough and artificially textured. Fourteen of the surfaces are flat, and they range from molded plastic sheets to solution coated polymer films to chemical vapor deposition polymerized polymer films and to self-assembled monolayers on Si wafers. The rest of the surfaces include 4 fluorosilane coated textured Si wafer surfaces and two natural surfaces derived from the front and back side of the rose petal. Static water contact angle data suggest that these surfaces vary from hydrophilic with θ at ∼71° to superhydrophobic with θ exceeding 150°. Plots of θ of these surfaces versus α, (cos θR – cos θA), and the contact angle hysteresis (θA – θR) all yield scattered plots, indicating that there is little correlation between θ and α, (cos θR – cos θA) and (θA – θR). Since the later three parameters have been mentioned to relate to adhesion semiempirically between a liquid droplet and the contacting surface, the present work demonstrates with generality that contact angle indeed does not relate to adhesion. This is consistent with a known but not well recognized fact in the literature. In this work, we study both the wetting and adhesion forces between water and these 20 surfaces on a microelectromechanical balance (tensiometer). When the water drop first touches the surface, the attractive force during this wetting step was measured as the "snap-in" force. The adhesion force between the water drop and the surface was measured as the "pull-off" force when the water drop separates (retracts) from the surface. The snap-in force is shown to decrease monotonously as θA decreases and becomes zero when θA is >150°. The very good correlation is not unexpected due to the similarity between the wetting and the "snap-in" process. The analysis of the pull-off force data is slightly more complicated, and we found that the quality of the water–surface separation depends on the surface "adhesion". For surfaces that show strong adhesion with water, there is always a small drop of water left behind after the water droplet is pulled off from the surface. Despite this complication, we plot the pull-off force versus α, (cos θR – cos θA) and (θA – θR), and found very little correlation. On the other hand, the pull-off force is found to correlate well to the receding contact angle θR. Specifically, pull-off force decreases monotonically as θR increases, suggesting that θR is a good measure of surface adhesion. Very interestingly, we also observe a qualitative correlation between θR and the quality of the pull-off. The pull-off was found to be clean, free of water residue after pull-off, when θR is >∼90° and vice versa. The implications of this work toward surface contact angle measurements and print surface design are discussed.
Deficiency of Transporter for Antigen Presentation (TAP) in Tumor Cells Allows Evasion of Immune Surveillance and Increases Tumorigenesis (1999)

Proteins involved in class I MHC (MHC-I) Ag processing, such as the TAP, are deficient in some human tumor cells. This suggests that antitumor responses by CD8 T cells provide selection pressure to favor outgrowth of cells with defective processing of tumor Ags. Nonetheless, this evidence is only correlative, and controlled in vivo experiments have been lacking to demonstrate that TAP deficiency promotes survival of tumor cells. To explore the role of Ag processing defects in tumor progression, matched panels of TAP1-positive and TAP1-negative tumor cell lines were generated from a parental transformed murine fibroblast line. Inoculation of C57BL/6 mice with TAP1-negative cells produced large and persistent tumors. In contrast, TAP1-positive cells did not generate lasting tumors, although small tumors were detected transiently and regressed spontaneously. Both TAP1-positive and TAP1-negative cells produced tumors in athymic mice, confirming that TAP-dependent differences in tumorigenicity were due to T cell-dependent immune responses. Inoculation of C57BL/6 mice with mixtures of TAP1-positive and TAP1-negative cells produced tumors composed exclusively of TAP1-negative cells, indicating in vivo selection for cells with TAP deficiency. Thus, loss of TAP function allows some tumor cells to avoid T cell-dependent elimination, resulting in selection for tumor cells with deficient Ag processing.
Cover Picture: Nucleobase‐Modified PNA Suppresses Translation by Forming a Triple Helix with a Hairpin Structure in mRNA In Vitro and in Cells (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 3/2016) (2015)

The biological activity of triplex-forming peptide nucleic acid (PNA) modified with unnatural nucleobases is described by N. Sugimoto and co-workers in their Communication on page 899 ff. The triplex formed between the PNA and the 5′ untranslated region of an mRNA enabled sequence-specific reduction of the protein expression levels both in vitro and in cells by blocking progression of the small ribosomal subunit. The triplex-forming PNA can thus be used as a modulator of RNA functions. The biological activity of triplex-forming peptide nucleic acid (PNA) modified with unnatural nucleobases is described by N. Sugimoto and co-workers in their Communication on page 899 ff. The triplex formed between the PNA and the 5′ untranslated region of an mRNA enabled sequence-specific reduction of the protein expression levels both in vitro and in cells by blocking progression of the small ribosomal subunit. The triplex-forming PNA can thus be used as a modulator of RNA functions. Dynamic Covalent Chemistry Heterometallic Complexes Raman Spectroscopy
An evaluation of memory consistency models for shared-memory systems with ILP processors (1996)

Relaxed consistency models have been shown to significantly outperform sequential consistency for single-issue, statically scheduled processors with blocking reads. However, current microprocessors aggressively exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP) using methods such as multiple issue, dynamic scheduling, and non-blocking reads. Researchers have conjectured that two techniques, hardware-controlled non-binding prefetching and speculative loads, have the potential to equalize the hardware performance of memory consistency models on such processors.This paper performs the first detailed quantitative comparison of several implementations of sequential consistency and release consistency optimized for aggressive ILP processors. Our results indicate that hardware prefetching and speculative loads dramatically improve the performance of sequential consistency. However, the gap between sequential consistency and release consistency depends on the cache write policy and the complexity of the cache-coherence protocol implementation. In most cases, release consistency significantly outperforms sequential consistency, but for two applications, the use of a write-back primary cache and a more complex cache-coherence protocol nearly equalizes the performance of the two models.We also observe that the existing techniques, which require on-chip hardware modifications, enhance the performance of release consistency only to a small extent. We propose two new software techniques --- fuzzy acquires and selective acquires --- to achieve more overlap than allowed by the previous implementations of release consistency. To enhance methods for overlapping acquires, we also propose a technique to eliminate control dependences caused by an acquire loop, using a small amount of off-chip hardware called the synchronization buffer.
Internalizable insulin-BSA-chlorin E6 conjugate is a more effective photosensitizer than chlorin E6 alone. (1992)

Experiments with human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells involving the use of two different tests (colony formation and Trypan blue exclusion) have demonstrated a significantly higher photosensitizing activity of chlorin e6 conjugates with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and internalizable ligand insulin as compared to that of chlorin e6 itself. Receptor-mediated internalization of insulin-BSA-chlorin e6 conjugates ensures greater photosensitization of cells than the binding of those conjugates to cell surface receptors. The suitability of such conjugates permitting the delivery of a photosensitizer to most sensitive cell structures is discussed.
Quantum Dots Investigated for Solar Cells (2001)

The NASA Glenn Research Center has been investigating the synthesis of quantum dots of CdSe and CuInS2 for use in intermediate-bandgap solar cells. Using quantum dots in a solar cell to create an intermediate band will allow the harvesting of a much larger portion of the available solar spectrum. Theoretical studies predict a potential efficiency of 63.2 percent, which is approximately a factor of 2 better than any state-of-the-art devices available today. This technology is also applicable to thin-film devices--where it offers a potential four-fold increase in power-to-weight ratio over the state of the art. Intermediate-bandgap solar cells require that quantum dots be sandwiched in an intrinsic region between the photovoltaic solar cell's ordinary p- and n-type regions (see the preceding figure). The quantum dots form the intermediate band of discrete states that allow sub-bandgap energies to be absorbed. However, when the current is extracted, it is limited by the bandgap, not the individual photon energies. The energy states of the quantum dot can be controlled by controlling the size of the dot. Ironically, the ground-state energy levels are inversely proportional to the size of the quantum dots. We have prepared a variety of quantum dots using the typical organometallic synthesis routes pioneered by Ba Wendi et al., in the early 1990's. The most studied quantum dots prepared by this method have been of CdSe. To produce these dots, researchers inject a syringe of the desired organometallic precursors into heated triocytlphosphine oxide (TOPO) that has been vigorously stirred under an inert atmosphere (see the following figure). The solution immediately begins to change from colorless to yellow, then orange and red/brown, as the quantum dots increase in size. When the desired size is reached, the heat is removed from the flask. Quantum dots of different sizes can be identified by placing them under a black light and observing the various color differences in their fluorescence (see the photograph).
Interference-Aware Resource Allocation for Device-to-Device Radio Underlaying Cellular Networks (2009)

Future cellular networks such as IMT-Advanced are expected to allow underlaying direct Device-to-Device (D2D) communication for spectrally efficient support of e.g. rich multimedia local services. Enabling D2D links in a cellular network presents a challenge in radio resource management due to the potentially severe interference it may cause to the cellular network. We propose a practical and efficient scheme for generating local awareness of the interference between the cellular and D2D terminals at the base station, which then exploits the multiuser diversity inherent in the cellular network to minimize the interference. System simulations demonstrate that substantial gains in cellular and D2D performance can be obtained using the proposed scheme.
Comparison of visual outcomes after implantation of diffractive trifocal toric intraocular lens and a diffractive apodized bifocal toric intraocular lens (2016)

The trifocal toric IOL improved the intermediate vision without negatively impacting visual function and distance, near, or low-contrast VA when compared to a bifocal toric IOL. The toric component of the trifocal lens effectively reduced astigmatism and provided good rotational stability.
Triclosan leads to dysregulation of the metabolic regulator FGF21 exacerbating high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2020)

Triclosan (TCS), employed as an antiseptic and disinfectant, comes into direct contact with humans through a plethora of consumer products and its rising environmental release. We have demonstrated that TCS promotes liver tumorigenesis in mice, yet the biological and molecular mechanisms by which TCS exerts its toxicity, especially in early stages of liver disease, are largely unexplored. When mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), we found that fatty liver and dyslipidemia are prominent early signs of liver abnormality induced by TCS. The presumably protective HFD-induced hepatic expression of the metabolic regulator fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was blunted by TCS. TCS-altered <i>Fgf21</i> expression aligned with aberrant expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes manifested as profound systemic metabolic changes that disturb homeostasis of amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose. Using a type 1 diabetic animal model, TCS potentiates and accelerates the development of steatohepatitis and fibrosis, accompanied by increased levels of hepatic lipid droplets and oxidative stress. Analysis of fecal samples revealed that HFD-fed mice exhibited a reduction in fecal species richness, and that TCS further diminished microbial diversity and shifted the bacterial community toward lower Bacteriodetes and higher Firmicutes, resembling changes in microbiota composition in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Using reverse-genetic approaches, we demonstrate that, along with HFD, TCS induces hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis jointly regulated by the transcription factor ATF4 and the nuclear receptor PPARα, which participate in the transcriptional regulation of the <i>Fgf21</i> gene. This study provides evidence linking nutritional imbalance and exposure to TCS with the progression of NASH.
Protection against lethal measles virus infection in mice by immune-stimulating complexes containing the hemagglutinin or fusion protein (1987)

The importance of each of the two surface glycoproteins of measles virus in active and passive immunization was examined in mice. Infected-cell lysates were depleted of either the hemagglutinin (H) or fusion (F) glycoprotein by using multiple cycles of immunoaffinity chromatography. The products were used to prepare immune-stimulating complexes (iscoms) containing either F or H glycoprotein. Such complexes are highly immunogenic, possibly as a result of effective presentation of viral proteins to the immune system [B. Morein, B. Sundquist, S. Höglund, K. Dalsgaard, and A. Osterhaus, Nature (London) 308:457-460, 1984]. Groups of 3-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with the iscom preparations. All animals developed hemolysis-inhibiting antibodies, whereas only sera of animals immunized with the iscoms containing the H glycoprotein had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Sera from animals immunized with the H or F preparation only precipitated the homologous glycoprotein in radioimmune precipitation assays. The immunized animals were challenged with a lethal dose of the hamster neurotropic variant of measles virus. Of the 7-week-old animals in the nonimmunized control group, 50% died within 10 days after challenge. No animals in the immunized groups showed symptoms of disease throughout the observation period of 3 months. Passive administration of anti-H monoclonal antibodies gave full protection against the 100% lethal acute infection with the hamster neurotropic variant of measles virus in newborn mice, whereas anti-F monoclonal antibodies failed to protect the animals. This study emphasizes that both H and F glycoproteins need to be considered in the development of measles virus subunit vaccines.
Novel Polyester Amide Membranes Containing Biquinoline Units and Complex with Cu(I): Synthesis, Characterization, and Approbation for n-Heptane Isolation from Organic Mixtures (2020)

The wide possibilities of designing a chemical structure and creating complexes with transition metals make polymers of heteroaromatic structure interesting objects, from both scientific and practical aspects. In this work, modern biquinoline-containing polymers, namely polyester amide (PEA) and its metal-polymer complex (PEA-Cu(I)), were synthesized and used to form dense flat membranes. A comparative study of their morphology, same physical properties (density, free volume, and contact angles), and thermomechanical characteristics was carried out. The transport properties of the modern membranes were studied during pervaporation, to solve a problem of <i>n</i>-heptane isolation from its binary mixtures with thiophene and methanol. It was shown that only the PEA membrane is selective for the separation of thiophene impurities from the mixture with <i>n</i>-heptane. In pervaporation of methanol/<i>n-</i>heptane mixture, the РЕА-Cu(I) membrane exhibits significantly higher pervaporation separation index, as compared with that of the РЕА membrane.
Human amniotic epithelial cell transplantation improves scar remodeling in a rabbit model of acute vocal fold injury: a pilot study (2022)

This pilot study suggests that injection of hAEC into an injured rabbit vocal fold favorably alters ECM composition creating a microenvironment that accelerates differentiation of regenerated epithelium and promotes stabilization of new blood vessels indicative of accelerated and improved repair.
Learning deployable navigation policies at kilometer scale from a single traversal (2018)

Model-free reinforcement learning has recently been shown to be effective at learning navigation policies from complex image input. However, these algorithms tend to require large amounts of interaction with the environment, which can be prohibitively costly to obtain on robots in the real world. We present an approach for efficiently learning goal-directed navigation policies on a mobile robot, from only a single coverage traversal of recorded data. The navigation agent learns an effective policy over a diverse action space in a large heterogeneous environment consisting of more than 2km of travel, through buildings and outdoor regions that collectively exhibit large variations in visual appearance, self-similarity, and connectivity. We compare pretrained visual encoders that enable precomputation of visual embeddings to achieve a throughput of tens of thousands of transitions per second at training time on a commodity desktop computer, allowing agents to learn from millions of trajectories of experience in a matter of hours. We propose multi- ple forms of computationally efficient stochastic augmentation to enable the learned policy to generalise beyond these precomputed embeddings, and demonstrate successful deployment of the learned policy on the real robot without fine tuning, despite environmental appearance differences at test time. The dataset and code required to reproduce these results and apply the technique to other datasets and robots is made publicly available at rl-navigation.github.io/deployable .
Abstract 12053: Outcomes in Statin Intolerant Patients: The Cleveland Clinic Experience (2011)

Background: Intermittent statin dosing may provide beneficial lipoprotein changes and improve statin tolerance. Objective: To determine the tolerance and efficacy of intermittent low dose statins in patients previously intolerant to statin therapy. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients referred to the Cleveland Clinic Preventive Cardiology clinic for statin intolerance between January 1995 and March 2010. 1605 patients with at least 6 months follow-up were identified. Changes in lipid profile were analyzed. The number of patients achieving specified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals, and tolerating different statin dosing regimens was assessed. Results: Seventy-three percent of patients with prior statin intolerance were able to tolerate a statin for the mean follow-up time of 49 months. Overall a median LDL-C reduction of 21% was achieved with 68% of patients reaching their ATP-III goals. Although patients on intermittent statin dosing (n=149) and those discontinued f...
A Reliable Network Identification Method Based on Transition Pattern of Payload Length (2008)

In recent years, information leakage through the Internet has become a new social problem. Many information leakage incidents are caused by illegal applications such as Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing software. To prevent information leakage, early detection and blocking of the traffic exchanged by illegal applications is strongly required. We have proposed a method for application identification based on the transition pattern of payload length of startup phase of the communication. The method can identify applications without using port numbers, which can be easily spoofed. However, the method can identify only applications which the method learned and cannot discriminate unlearned applications. In this paper, we propose a new application identification method by introducing "unknown" category to handle flows of unlearned applications.