gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the cognitive effects of learning computer programming (1984)

Abstract—This paper critically examines current thinking about whether learning computer programming promotes the development of general higher mental functions. We show how the available evidence, and the underlying assumptions about the process of learning to program fail to address this issue adequately. Our analysis is based on a developmental cognitive science perspective on learning to program incorporating developmental and cognitive science considerations of the mental activities involved in programming. It highlights the importance for future research of investigating students ’ interactions with instructional and programming contexts, developmental transformation of their programming skills, and their background knowledge and reasoning abilities. There are revolutionary changes afoot in education, in its contents as well as its methods. Widespread computer access by schools is at the heart of these changes. Throughout the world, but particularly in the U.S.A., educators are using computers for learning activities across the curriculum, even designing their own software. But virtually all educators are as anxious and uncertain about these changes and the directions to take as they are optimistic
Spanish author-inventors (2013)

Novel database of Spanish author-inventors: Broad coverage (all fields and public research institutions), complex matching and disambiguation methodology based on
Logic device characterization using computer-aided test and analysis (1984)

Device characterization is performed using computer-aided test and analysis systems. DC data for a 32-bit EDAC has been analyzed using a multivariable analysis svstem for exploratory data analysis. Pin-to-pin variations in the DC parameters are detectable. Multivariate plots establish predictable behavior over temperature ranges. Lot-to-lot variations in test parameters are also detected. This analysis provides new insight into device design. performance, and process.
Gradient Capacitance for Solid Particle Position Detection in Electrolyte (2016)

The conductivity of an electrolyte is a property that depends on the mobility of charged species inside a solution. Electrolyte conductivity measurements is a technique used for the study of the electrical properties of solutions and solids inside the electrolyte. Impedance measurements enable the possibility of measuring the electrical properties of the system, however, the result is solid position dependent due to fringing effects of the electric field lines. In this study, we demonstrate the principle of a new method able to determine the position of the solid in electrolyte between two parallel electrodes. The technique consists of a gradient in the double layer capacitance of the electrode along one coordinate to relate the different corner frequency in the Bode plot obtained with the solid position.
A high-frequency, 2-D array element using thermoelastic expansion in PDMS (2003)

Optical generation of ultrasound is a promising alternative to piezoelectricity for high-frequency arrays. An array element is defined by the size and location of a laser beam focused on a suitable surface. Optical generation using the thermoelastic effect has traditionally suffered from low conversion efficiency. We previously demonstrated an increase in conversion efficiency of nearly 20 dB with an optical absorbing layer consisting of a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and carbon black spin coated onto a glass microscope slide. Radiation pattern measurements with an 85 MHz spherically focused transducer indicated an array element size of 20 microm. These measurements lacked the spatial resolution required to reveal fine details in the radiated acoustic field. Here we report radiation pattern measurements with a 5-microm spatial sampling, showing that the radiated acoustic field is degraded by leaky Rayleigh waves launched from the PDMS/glass interface. We demonstrate that replacing the glass with a clear PDMS substrate eliminates the leaky Rayleigh waves, producing a broad and smooth radiation pattern suitable for a two-dimensional (2-D) phased array operating at frequencies greater than 50 MHz.
Advanced single poly BiCMOS technology for high performance programmable TTL/ECL applications (2002)

An optimized process has been developed by integration of several high-performance device modules such as PtSi Schottky barrier diodes, lateral p-n-p transistors, and electrically programmable fuse elements into the 0.6- mu m L/sub eff/ high-performance advanced BiCMOS (ABiC IV) process. Due to unique device/process requirements for each module, a process flow has been designed to completely decouple the individual modules from each other to prevent process marginalities and tradeoffs. This technology is especially attractive for high-performance and high-density BiCMOS TTL/ECL (transistor transistor logic/emitter coupled logic) applications requiring electrically programmable fuse elements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Abstract 18605: Alterations in Cardiac Transcriptome Induced Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Noncompaction in Mlp-K69R Knock-In Mice (2017)

Introduction: The Cysteine and Glycine-Rich Protein 3 (CSRP3) gene encoding muscle LIM protein (MLP) is a master regulator of cardiac muscle myogenesis and mechanosensing. We previously reported th...
The throughput, reliability, availability, maintainability (TRAM) methodology for predicting chemical plant production (2012)

Fault tree analysis is a method for evaluating reliability and availability in terms of equipment system “states”, but this method does not lend itself easily to the evaluation of equipment interactions through time. This makes fault trees difficult to use for the analysis of systems whose reliability and availability depend on complex interactions between its subsystems. This difficulty is overcome by combining fault trees with discrete event simulation methods. The new TRAM methodology combines models and techniques for the analysis of throughput, availability, reliability, and maintainability into a single approach. This paper describes the TRAM methodology and illustrates it with an application to a chemical processing plant. TRAM combines fault tree analysis at a low level of the system description and discrete event simulation at a higher level to create a new method for analyzing the availability and throughput capacity of material processing plants. Failure and repair data is modeled stochastically by a very flexible type of finite mixture distribution that allows the analyst to separate the effects of different repair strategies, such as the reliance on procurement of off-site (vs. on-site) spare parts. An important application of the TRAM method is to facilitate the design of a plant that tolerates outages of its subsystems in the most efficient way possible. Mitigation strategies including in-process storage, alternate work-flows, availability of spare parts, and design for over-production: all of these can be assessed using the TRAM approach, and it thereby facilitates the design of more robust manufacturing systems. The TRAM methodology enables sophisticated “what-if” analyses of alternative designs, e.g. equipment sets, capacities (tanks sizes), shift schedules, spare parts, etc. to optimize plant design and operation. It is a stochastic, time dependent process that provides probabilities of success (or failure) and confidence bounds on availability and throughput. Finally, the TRAM methodology can help plant managers and owners to focus on the plant production metrics by which they are compensated, and not solely on abstract metrics such as availability. Accordingly, TRAM is potentially a more influential tool in the industry than conventional RAM methods. The TRAM method is based on the discrete event formalism developed by Zeigler et al. [1], and explained further in [2]. In TRAM the plant model is completely separated from the simulation engine and can be specified by input data contained in an XML file. Alternatively, the user can construct connections between subsystem components using a graphical user interface. The GUI is very useful in supporting the verification of the correct mass balance in the model.
Diet, microbiota and autoimmune diseases (2014)

There is growing evidence that the commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (the gut microbiota) influence the development of autoimmunity in rodent models. Since humans have co-evolved with commensals for millennia, it is likely that people, who are genetically predisposed to autoimmunity, harbor gut microbial communities that similarly influence the onset and/or severity of disease. Beyond the current efforts to identify such disease-promoting or -preventing commensals ("pathobionts" or "symbionts"), it will be important to determine what factors modulate them. Dietary changes are known to affect both the composition and function of the gut microbial communities, which in turn can alter the innate and adaptive immune system. In this review, we focus on the relationships between diet, microbiota, and autoimmune diseases. We hypothesize that the beneficial and life-prolonging effects of caloric restriction on a variety of autoimmune models including lupus might partly be mediated by its effects on the gut microbiome and associated virome, the collection of all viruses in the gut. We give recent examples of the immunomodulatory potential of select gut commensals and their products or diet-derived metabolites in murine models of arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Lastly, we summarize the published phenotypes of germ-free mouse models of lupus and speculate on any role of the diet-sensitive microbiome and virome in systemic lupus and the related antiphospholipid syndrome.
Regional stability analysis of transitional fluid flows (2022)

A method to bound the maximum energy perturbation for which regional stability of transitional fluid flow models can be guaranteed is introduced. The proposed method exploits the fact that the fluid model’s nonlinearities are both lossless and locally bounded and uses the axes lengths of the ellipsoids for the trajectory set containment as variables in the stability conditions. Compared to existing approaches based on quadratic constraints, the proposed method leads to an average increase in the maximum allowable energy perturbation of ≈ 29% for the 4-state Waleffe-Kim-Hamilton (WKH) shear flow model and of ≈ 38% for the 9-state reduced model of Couette flow.\n
Model Aluminum−Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Interfaces Studied by Surface Raman Spectroscopy (2002)

Polymeric organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as inexpensive and versatile alternatives to traditional inorganic-based display technologies. Further advances in this field depend on extending device lifetimes and improving electroluminescence efficiencies, both of which are strongly coupled to the integrity of the electrode/organic contacts. Therefore, the deposition of low-work function metals on organic materials has been extensively studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) to ascertain information about the chemical and electronic states within the interfacial region. However, to date, the only molecular structural information about metal-organic species formed in these regions has come from fits of theoretical models to existing XPS and UPS data. Very little direct structural information exists about the potential multitude of metal-organic species formed during cathode deposition. We report the use of surface Raman spectroscopy to study the interactions between aluminum and trans-stilbene, a model for poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV). The Raman spectral data suggest preferential formation of covalent Al-C bonds at the vinylene carbons as opposed to the phenyl carbons of PPV.
Use of a tunable GaAs injection laser in optoacoustic detection of absorption by hydrogen fluoride molecules (1975)

A tunable pulse GaAs injection laser was used in measurements of weak molecular absorption. The frequency was tuned by varying the applied hydrostatic pressure and current. The absorption sensitivity of an optoacoustic detector used in the study was 2.5×10–12 J cm−1 so that, when the energy of a laser pulse was 10−8–10−6 J, it was possible to record the absorption in gases at the 10−3–10−5 cm−1 level. An experimental study was made of the second absorption harmonic of the HF molecules.
Architecture- and Composition-Controlled Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers and Binary Mixtures With Crosslinkable Components: Chain Exchange Between Block Copolymer Nanoparticles (2022)

Chain exchange behaviors in self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature are investigated through observations of structural differences between parent and binary systems of BCP NPs with and without crosslinked domains. Pairs of linear diblock or triblock, and branched star-like polystyrene-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-PVP) copolymers that self-assemble in a PVP-selective mixed solvent into BCP NPs with definite differences in size and self-assembled morphology are combined by diverse mixing protocols and at different crosslinking densities to reveal the impact of chain exchange between BCP NPs. Clear structural evolution is observed by dynamic light scattering and AFM and TEM imaging, especially in a blend of triblock + star copolymer BCP NPs. The changes are ascribed to the chain motion inherent in the dynamic equilibrium, which drives the system to a new structure, even at room temperature. Chemical crosslinking of PVP corona blocks suppresses chain exchange between the BCP NPs and freezes the nanostructures at a copolymer crosslinking density (CLD) of ∼9%. This investigation of chain exchange behaviors in BCP NPs having architectural and compositional complexity and the ability to moderate chain motion through tailoring the CLD is expected to be valuable for understanding the dynamic nature of BCP self-assemblies and diversifying the self-assembled structures adopted by these systems. These efforts may guide the rational construction of novel polymer NPs for potential use, for example, as drug delivery platforms and nanoreactors.
Th1-Polarizing Capacity of Clinical-Grade Dendritic Cells Is Triggered by Ribomunyl but Is Compromised by PGE2 (2005)

The maturation state of (monocyte-derived) dendritic cells (DCs) determines the type of T-cell response. Currently, several maturation cocktails are used in clinical trials, most commonly a cocktail of TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6. The authors studied DC phenotype and functional ability to stimulate TH1 responses after maturation with different cocktails employing clinically approved agents. DCs were stimulated with the microbial agent Ribomunyl combined with IFN-γ and various inflammatory cytokine cocktails: TNF-α/IL-1β/IFN-γ and TNF-α/PGE2 combined with monocyte-conditioned medium (MCM) or IL-1β/IL-6. Regardless of the maturation cocktail used, all DCs possessed the characteristic phenotype of mature, migratory DCs (high expression of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CCR7, MHC class I and MHC class II). Ribomunyl/IFN-γ matured DCs produced high IL-12p70 levels, whereas other maturation stimuli did not. Even more striking, restimulation of Ribomunyl IFN-γ mDCs with CD40-activating antibody reactivated IL-12p70 production. No IL-12p70 could be detected when DCs were stimulated with TNF-α/PGE2 combined with MCM or IL-1β/IL-6, presumably by suppression by PGE2. Restimulation of these DCs with CD40-activating antibody failed to activate IL-12p70 production. Moreover, low levels of IL-10 were observed, possibly indicating inhibition of TH1-cell responses. Indeed, T cells stimulated with these DCs produced high levels of type 2 cytokine IL-5 and outgrowth of CD4+CD25+ T cells. This study shows that DC maturation with cytokine cocktails different from those most commonly used could be beneficial for immunotherapy trials in cancer patients.
Relative Neutralization of the Biological Actions of Sulfaminoheparosans (K5 Derivatives) and Heparins by Protamine Sulfate (2007)

Biosynthetic, semisynthetic, and synthetic analogues of heparins are currently developed as substitute antithrombotic agents for heparin. Sulfaminoheparosan (SAH) represents a bacterial polysaccharide (K5)-derived antithrombotic polymer from which pharmacologically active products with varying molecular weights (5-25 kDa) can be derived. These agents have been shown to exhibit pharmacologic effects comparable to heparins. The objective of this investigation is to determine the relative neutralization profile of various SAH derivatives, also called as bioheparins, by protamine sulfate. Four SAH fractions with varying molecular weights (20, 9, 7, and 6 kDa), a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), tinzaparin, and unfractionated heparin (UFH) were supplemented to normal human pool plasma over a concentration range of 6.2 to 100 microg/mL. A fixed amount of protamine sulfate at 25 microg/mL (final concentration) was supplemented to determine the neutralization profile by performing tests such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), Heptest, prothrombin-induced clotting time (PiCT), and amidolytic anti-Xa and anti-IIa assays. Protamine sulfate produced varying degrees of neutralization of all bioheparin fractions in the clotting assays. In the amidolytic anti-IIa assay relatively stronger inhibition was noted for all agents than inhibition of FXa. On a cumulative basis the neutralization profile of SAHs was comparable with heparins. These results suggest that the anticoagulant activities of SAH derivatives can be antagonized by protamine sulfate. These studies warrant further in vivo investigation to validate the relative neutralization profile of sulfaminoheparosans.
Genetic Encoding of a Photocaged Histidine for Light‐Control of Protein Activity (2023)

The use of light to control protein function is a critical tool in chemical biology. Here we describe the addition of a photocaged histidine to the genetic code. This unnatural amino acid becomes histidine upon exposure to light and allows for the optical control of enzymes that utilize active-site histidine residues. We demonstrate light-induced activation of a blue fluorescent protein and a chloramphenicol transferase. Further, we genetically encoded photocaged histidine in mammalian cells. We then used this approach in live cells for optical control of firefly luciferase and, Renilla luciferase. This tool should have utility in manipulating and controlling a wide range of biological processes.
A role for TGF-β in osteoarthritis-related pain? (2015)

Item does not contain fulltext
Vertical-Transport Nanosheet Technology for CMOS Scaling beyond Lateral-Transport Devices (2021)

We demonstrate, for the first time, Vertical-Transport Nanosheet (VTFET) CMOS logic transistors at sub-45nm gate pitch on bulk silicon wafers. We show that VTFETs present an opportunity to break the Contacted Gate Pitch (CGP) barrier faced by Lateral-Transport FETs. VTFETs offer scaling relief for electrostatics and parasitics by decoupling key device features from CGP-scaling roadblocks. First, nMOS/pMOS VTFET electrostatics are reported at sub-45nm gate pitch with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{SS} = 69/68\ \text{mV}/\text{dec}$</tex> and sub-30mV DIBL. Well-behaved short channel characteristics with Si/SiGe source and drain are demonstrated in hardware. Symmetric device characteristics for SS and DIBL are achieved (with process optimization). Vertical nanosheets are utilized rather than vertical nanowires [1], [2] for improved performance and area scaling. Functional ring oscillators demonstrate the excellent effective capacitance (Ceff) scaling advantages of VTFET nanosheets. Logic area scaling is furthered by use of Zero Diffusion Break (ZDB) isolation to eliminate dummy gates. Innovative I/O FET device design and hardware characteristics are shared.
Packaging of high resolution Si based spatial light modulators for display applications (2003)

Si based spatial light modulators (SLM) are a new breed of devices used to form an image on a screen by projecting a reflected image from a Si surface. The device is typically a Si substrate with pixelated mirrors on the surface with a thin film transistor under each pixel. This active matrix array is covered with a thin layer of an electro-optic material and a blanket counter electrode, typically ITO. The image is formed by applying a voltage between the counter electrode and the required pixels. These light modulators can be used as front or rear projectors. Packaging of these SLMs are different from standard packaging of Si chips or standard flat panel display packaging for a variety of reasons that include limited thermal stability of the liquid crystal in the cell, fragility of the Si substrate and high thermal conductivity of Si relative to glass. This work describes aspects of packaging that are unique to Si based light modulators.
Intestinal Expression of Mouse Abcg2/Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) Gene Is under Control of Circadian Clock-activating Transcription Factor-4 Pathway (2012)

ABCG2, encoding breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family and is often associated with cancer chemotherapeutic resistance. BCRP is also expressed in a variety of normal cells and acts as a xenobiotic efflux transporter. Because intestinal BCRP limits systemic exposure to xenobiotics, alterations in the function and expression of this transporter could account for part of the variation in oral drug absorption. In this study, we show that ATF4, a molecular component of the circadian clock, induces circadian expression of the Abcg2 gene in mouse small intestine. Three types of leader exons (termed exons 1A, 1B, and 1C) are identified in the 5'-untranslated region of mouse Abcg2 transcripts. The exon 1B-containing Abcg2 transcript was the only isoform detected in mouse small intestine, and its mRNA levels oscillated in a circadian time-dependent manner. ATF4 bound time-dependently to the cAMP response element within the exon 1B promoter region of the Abcg2 gene, thereby causing the oscillation of BCRP protein abundance and its efflux pump function. The circadian clock-ATF4 pathway appears to enhance the function of BCRP during a specific time window and to modulate intestinal drug absorption. Our findings suggest a mechanism underlying circadian change in xenobiotic detoxification.
Verification of “lateral secondary ion mass spectrometry” as a method for measuring lateral dopant dose distributions in microelectronics test structures (1998)

“Lateral secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)” has been demonstrated to be capable, within certain limits, of measuring the lateral straggle and diffusion of dopants under mask edges. In the present work measurements of lateral dose distributions of arsenic and boron in silicon are presented and discussed, and information on the error margins of the method derived. It is shown that the lateral dose distribution of arsenic and boron can be measured down to dose levels of 5×1012 cm−2 and 2.6×1013 cm−2, respectively. In repeated measurements, the profile shapes have been reproduced to within a few nanometers, and the profile position relative to the mask edge determined with about ±10 nm error. It is this rather high degree of accuracy that allows Lateral SIMS data to be of value in the calibration and validation of two-dimensional process simulators. An example is given showing the correlation between IMSIL (Technical University Vienna) simulation and experimental data for an as-implanted sample. By comparing experimental data from samples after dopant diffusion and at several topography variants with TMA SUPREM4 simulation, it is shown that an accurate determination of the topography of the implant window in the vicinity of the mask edge is an essential prerequisite of any simulator calibration.