gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of monoamines in the changes in body temperature induced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and its derivatives (2010)

Hyperthermia is probably the most widely known acute adverse event that can follow ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) by recreational users. The effect of MDMA on body temperature is complex because the drug has actions on all three major monoamine neurotransmitters [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and noradrenaline], both by amine release and by direct receptor activation. Hyperthermia and hypothermia can be induced in laboratory animals by MDMA, depending on the ambient temperature, and involve both central thermoregulation and peripheral changes in blood flow and thermogenesis. Acute 5-HT release is not directly responsible for hyperthermia, but 5-HT receptors are involved in modulating the hyperthermic response. Impairing 5-HT function with a neurotoxic dose of MDMA or p-chlorophenylalanine alters the subsequent MDMA-induced hyperthermic response. MDMA also releases dopamine, and evidence suggests that this transmitter is involved in both the hyperthermic and hypothermic effects of MDMA in rats. The noradrenergic system is also involved in the hyperthermic response to MDMA. MDMA activates central alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors and peripheral alpha(1)-adrenoceptors to produce cutaneous vasoconstriction to restrict heat loss, and beta(3)-adrenoceptors in brown adipose tissue to increase heat generation. The hyperthermia occurring in recreational users of MDMA can be fatal, but data reviewed here indicate that it is unlikely that any single pharmaceutical agent will be effective in reversing the hyperthermia, so careful body cooling remains the principal clinical approach. Crucially, educating recreational users about the potential dangers of hyperthermia and the control of ambient temperature should remain key approaches to prevent this potentially fatal problem.
Hydrogen Storage in a Prototypical Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (2007)

Using the difference Fourier analysis of neutron powder diffraction data along with first-principles calculations, we reveal detailed structural information such as methyl group orientation, hydrogen adsorption sites, and binding energies within the nanopore structure of ZIF8 (Zn(MeIM)2). Surprisingly, the two strongest adsorption sites that we identified are both directly associated with the organic linkers, instead of the ZnN4 clusters, in strong contrast to classical MOFs, where the metal-oxide clusters are the primary adsorption sites. These observations are important and hold the key to optimizing this new class of ZIF materials for practical hydrogen storage applications. Finally, at high concentration H2-loadings, ZIF8 structure is capable of holding up to 28 H2 molecules (i.e., 4.2 wt %) in the form of highly symmetric novel three-dimensional interlinked H2-nanoclusters with relatively short H2−H2 distances compared to solid H2. Hence, ZIF compounds with robust chemical stability can be also an ideal template host-material to generate molecular nanostructures with novel properties.
Summary Statement: The Role and Timing of Decompression in Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Evidence-based Guidelines (2001)

The timing of surgical decompression after an acute spinal cord injury is one of the most controversial topics pertaining to spinal surgery. Based on a meta-analysis of the literature, Fehlings et al. have shown that numerous, reproducible animal studies have significantly demonstrated the benefit of early decompression after objective compression to the spinal cord. Unfortunately, these data have not been reproduced in human trials. Currently, there has been an enormous amount of research and interest in secondary injury cascade pathways after an acute spinal cord injury. This and the fact that some nonoperative surveillance studies have shown neurologic improvement without decompression/reduction has led some to believe that delayed or no surgery in combination with various pharmacologic interventions may be the direction to follow in the setting of spinal cord injury. What is needed to definitely answer the question regarding the timing of surgery following spinal cord injury is a well-designed, prospective, randomized controlled, multicenter trial producing Class I data. The major dilemma with this proposal is that some physicians may have an ethical problem with not decompressing/reducing obviously compressed neural elements (i.e., dislocated facet joints), especially in the patient with an incomplete spinal cord injury. It has been shown that in experienced hands, early decompression and fusion procedures have produced successful results supported by Class II and III data. Nonetheless, well-designed Class I studies designed with adequate sample sizes will undoubtedly shed light on whether early decompression/reduction and stabilization is beneficial or detrimental in modifying the secondary injury cascade. The final answer may be some combination of early surgery and a pharmacologic cocktail of neuromodulating substances in the setting of optimum cardiopulmonary support.
Spherical silica micro/nanomaterials with hierarchical structures: Synthesis and applications (2011)

This paper reviews the progress made recently in synthesis and applications of spherical silica micro/nanomaterials with multilevel (hierarchical) structures. The spherical silica micro/nanomaterials with hierarchical structures are classified into four main structural categories that include (1) hollow mesoporous spheres, (2) core-in-(hollow porous shell) spheres, (3) hollow spheres with multiple porous shells and (4) hierarchically porous spheres. Due to the complex structures and being focused on spherical silica micro/nanomaterials, some novel methods based on the combination of two routine methods or two surfactants, and some special synthetic strategies are proposed to produce the spherical silica micro/nanomaterials with hierarchical structures. Compared with the same-sized solid, porous or hollow silica spheres, these fantastic spherical silica micro/nanomaterials with hierarchical structures exhibit enhanced properties which may enable them to be used in broad and promising applications as ideal scaffolds (carriers) for biological, medical, and catalytic applications.
Biomechanical Assessment Of Orthotics Prescribed For Excessive Pronation (2005)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This paper examines biomechanical measures which differentiate excessively pronated r unners f rom normal runners. These biomechanical measures can be classified into three groups: kinematics, ground reaction forces and muscle activities. By quantifying these biomechanical measures the eflicacy of orthotics can be assessed.
Speech-like Emotional Sound Generator by WaveNet (2019)

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to generate Speech-like Emotional Sound (SES).Emotional information plays an important role in human communication, and speech is one of the most useful media to express emotions.Although, in general, speech conveys emotional information as well as linguistic information, we have undertaken the challenge to generate sounds that convey emotional information without linguistic information, which results in making conversations in human-machine interactions more natural in some situations by providing non-verbal emotional vocalizations.We call the generated sounds "speech-like", because the sounds do not contain any linguistic information.For the purpose, we propose to employ WaveNet as a sound generator conditioned by only emotional IDs.The idea is quite different from WaveNet Vocoder that synthesizes speech using spectrum information as auxiliary features.The biggest advantage of the idea is to reduce the amount of emotional speech data for the training.The proposed algorithm consists of two steps.In the first step, WaveNet is trained to obtain phonetic features using a large speech database, and in the second step, WaveNet is re-trained using a small amount of emotional speech.Subjective listening evaluations showed that the SES could convey emotional information and was judged to sound like a human voice.
Amperometric Ion Detector for Ion Chromatography (1998)

A new type of amperometric detector for nonredox ions based on ion-transfer reactions at the water|2-nitrophenyl octyl ether−poly(vinyl chloride) gel microinterface has been developed. The polarized interface between water and a polymer composite membrane that can incorporate ionophores such as dibenzo-18-crown-6 and valinomycin provides a selective transducer for an amperometric detection of nonredox ions under flow conditions. Such a sensor is employed as a detector for cation-exchange ion chromatography and shows detectability similar to that obtained with a conductivity detection. The main advantage of this approach is that selectivity can be tailored by the choice of the ionophore and by the polarization potential. As an example, we show how to detect ammonium in the presence of an excess of sodium.
Palladium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Aroylation of 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles and 2‐Arylbenzoxazoles with Aldehydes (2013)

Abstract An efficient protocol for the ortho ‐aroylation of 2‐arylbenzothiazoles and 2‐arylbenzoxazoles has been developed using aldehydes as the aroyl source. This Pd‐catalyzed substrate‐directed sp 2 ‐hybridized C–H bond functionalization occurs in the presence of the oxidant tert ‐butyl hydroperoxide. A variety of functional groups on the 2‐arylbenzothiazoles, 2‐arylbenzoxazoles, and aldehydes are tolerated under the reaction conditions. Regioselective aroylation at the less hindered ortho position was observed for meta ‐substituted 2‐arylbenzothiazoles.
A possible role of hypervariable region 1 quasispecies in escape of hepatitis C virus particles from neutralization (2001)

We examined serial changes in the hypervariable region 1(HVR1) quasispecies both in immune and nonimmune complexed hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles from 12 patients with chronic hepatitis C to elucidate the mechanism by which genetic diversification of HCV during the course of infection allows escape of virus from the humoural immune response. Immune and nonimmune complexes were separated by differential flotation centrifugation and immunoprecipitation, and their HVR1 quasispecies were determined by subcloning and sequencing. The presence of a specific antibody against a specific viral clone in serum was examined in two patients by Western blotting of the corresponding recombinant HVR1 protein. The distribution of HVR1 quasispecies in both immune and nonimmune complexes conspicuously changed over time in most of the patients studied. In seven patients, various HCV clones serially shifted from nonimmune complexes to immune complexes. In four of them, a group of clones with similar HVR1 sequences to each other remained predominant in nonimmune complexes, whereas minor clones with sequences considerably divergent from the predominant clones shifted from nonimmune complexes to immune complexes. These results suggest a mechanism for persistent infection of HCV, in which major HCV clones escape from neutralization by anti-HVR1 antibodies by generating considerably divergent minor 'decoy' clones which may be preferentially neutralized.
Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behaviour of Ultra-Fine Grained Nickel (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Regeneration of replicated objects: a technique and its Eden implementation (1988)

A replicated directory system based on a method called regeneration is designed and implemented. The directory system allows selection of arbitrary object to be replicated, choice of the number of replicas for each object, and placement of the copies on machines with independent failure modes. Copies can become inaccessible due to node crashes, but as long as a single copy survives, the replication level is restored by automatically replacing lost copies on other active machines. The focus is on a regeneration algorithm for replica replacement and its application to a replicated directory structure in the Eden local area network. A simple probabilistic approach is used to compare the availability provided by the algorithm to three other replication techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Successful Treatment of Cutaneous Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with a Topical Toll Receptor 7/8 Antagonist (Imiquimod). (2004)

Abstract Background: B cells express toll-like-receptor-7 (TLR7), a powerful modulator of inate immunity. We hypothesized that the immunogenicity of indolent B cell lymphomas and leukemias could be increased through activation of the TLR7 pathway. This might lead to increased immune clearance of malignant cells. Imiquimod 5% (an imidazoquinolone) has recently been identified as a TLR 7/8 agonist. It is available as a topical formulation and has demonstrated activity against condylomata as well as skin carcinomas. A small number of case reports also suggest activity against cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Case: A 71 year old Caucasian man presented with Rai Stage 0 CLL. For approximately 8 years prior to presentation, he suffered recurrent, erythematous, nodular lesions on his hands, arms and torso. The lesions were removed with liquid nitrogen but recurred. At the time of diagnosis with CLL, several lesions were present. Biopsy demonstrated a diffuse infiltrate of small round lymphocytes without epidermotropism. CD20 staining was positive. Molecular analysis confirmed a monoclonal B cell population consistent with B cell lymphoma. The patient was otherwise asymptomatic and did not warrant conventional therapy for CLL. Based on the safety and efficacy of imidazoquinoline in other skin cancers, he was offered and consented to a trial of this therapy. The drug was applied to the affected area 3x per week as recommended for treatment of genital warts. After 8 weeks, an area of hypopigmentation had formed, however the size of the lesion had not decreased. The frequency of application was increased to 1x per day. Over a 6 week period the lesion gradually disappeared. Six months after stopping the drug, the lesion has not recurred. No side effects were noted. Untreated lymphomatous lesions and peripheral blood lymphocyte counts did not change over the course of treatment. In vitro Data: We hypothesized that Imiquimod might increase the immunogenicity of CLL cells by increasing their surface expression of costimulatory molecules. To investigate this hypothesis, the above patient’s CLL cells were isolated (with his consent) directly through negative selection and then incubated for 48h with an active soluble imidazoquinalone or with a control. Expression of co-stimulatory molecules was determined by flow cytometry pre and post-incubation. CD80, 83, 86 and 54 surface expression were found to be increased significantly by TLR-7 agonists in vitro. Conclusion: We report the first case of Imiquimod activity against a cutaneous B cell lymphoma. We propose that the drug increases co-stimulatory molecule expression by malignant B cells, thereby facilitating cytotoxic T cell activation and killing of CLL cells. We believe that further study of TLR7 agonists is warranted in B cell malignancies.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, and Crystal Structure of a Pyrrolinone‐Based Peptidomimetic Possessing the Conformation of a β‐Strand: Potential Application to the Design of Novel Inhibitors of Proteolytic Enzymes (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NIS‐Catalyzed Reactions: Amidation of Acetophenones and Oxidative Amination of Propiophenones. (2013)

Abstract The presented new method works with N‐iodosuccinimide as catalyst and tert‐butylhydroperoxide as an oxidant.
Studies on the Interaction of Roxindole with Brain Monoamine Oxidases and Dopaminergic Neuronesin Vitroandin Vivo (1994)

Roxindole, a structurally novel psychotropic indolylbutyl-4-phenyltetrahydropyridine, was studied with respect to the formation of potentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolites in comparison to MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). In contrast to MPTP, roxindole failed to serve as a substrate for monoamine oxidases (MAO) from mouse, monkey and human brain in vitro. Accordingly, neither the putative MAO-oxidation product of roxindole (ROX+) nor MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion) was detected in mouse striatum after high subcutaneous doses of roxindole in spite of the presence of approximately 6 micrograms of roxindole per g of striatum in these animals. After multiple subcutaneous treatments with 95.2 mg/kg roxindole, no long-term striatal dopamine depletions were observed in contrast to MPTP. Furthermore, unlike MPP+, ROX+ did not induce release of previously accumulated 3H-dopamine in mouse striatal slices indicating that ROX+ cannot utilize the dopamine uptake carrier to enter neurones. ROX+ at doses up to 100 mg/kg subcutaneously failed to alter striatal biogenic amine levels and gross behaviour of mice. Thus, no MPTP-like neurotoxic metabolites are formed from roxindole in vivo and neurotoxic effects of ROX+, even if formed in minute amounts by some MAO-independent pathway, are highly unlikely.
Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms of Acetic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation over Pt and Pt–Mo Catalysts (2022)

Kinetic measurements for silica-supported Pt and Pt–Mo catalysts were collected in vapor-phase acetic acid hydrodeoxygenation by varying the hydrogen partial pressure between 18 and 72 kPa and the acetic acid partial pressure between 7 and 18 kPa at 423–473 K. Under all testing conditions, the Pt–Mo catalyst was more active and selective. In addition, the apparent activation energy for Pt–Mo of 76 ± 3 kJ/mol was lower than that of 84 ± 4 kJ/mol for Pt. The apparent reaction orders were also different. The order in hydrogen of 0.8 ± 0.1 for Pt–Mo changed to zero at higher hydrogen partial pressures while that for Pt remained constant at 0.6 ± 0.1. A near-zero order in acetic acid for Pt–Mo changed to −2.1 at higher acetic acid pressures while that for Pt remained constant at −2.9 ± 0.3. These differences in reaction kinetics as well as in selectivity trends with changes in temperature and feed composition indicated a change in the reaction mechanism for Pt–Mo. The catalysts were characterized with hydrogen temperature programmed desorption, oxygen temperature programmed oxidation and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy elemental mapping. Mo was present in the form of subnanometer-size clusters on the surface of Pt nanoparticles. Both Pt and Pt–Mo catalysts were stable under the reaction conditions for 10 h, and the size and structure of Pt and Pt–Mo particles remained mostly unchanged, without coke accumulation. Density functional theory calculations show that neighboring Pt–Mo surface atoms act as a single active site where Mo serves as a preferential binding anchor for O atoms. The presence of Mo changes the structure and reactivity of hydrocarbon surface species, leading to a change in the reaction mechanism. In contrast with Pt, C–O bond breaking reactions become more favorable on Pt–Mo and, conversely, C–C bond breaking reactions become less favorable on Pt–Mo, explaining the experimentally observed higher activities and selectivities of Pt–Mo.
Should neurointerventional fellowship training be suspended indefinitely? (2012)

> To bring about destruction by overcrowding, mass starvation, anarchy, the destruction of our most cherished values—there is no need to do anything. We need only do nothing except what comes naturally—and breed. And how easy it is to do nothing. Isaac Asimov

The purpose of any training program is to provide a supply of skilled workers to address an unmet demand for their services. With respect to medical training, new physicians are required either to take the place of retiring physicians or to address an unmet demand for patient care. Evolving data strongly suggest that the supply of neurointerventional (NI) physicians is not only sufficient, but has exceeded the present need for services. Despite this, we continue to train new neurointerventionists (NIs) in unprecedented and increasing numbers every year. These new NI physicians are finding it progressively more difficult to secure employment and, once hired, face considerable challenges in building a practice and developing/maintaining their skills. Fellowship training is ingrained into the fabric of our academic practices and currently seems to be perpetuated more by inertia than a dynamic evaluation of the present workforce needs. It is the position of the authors that, if we do not re-evaluate this process, we are potentially doing a tremendous disservice to the people we are training, to patients in need of treatment (and maybe more importantly to those patients with lesions who are not in need of treatment), and finally to ourselves.

One of the more difficult aspects of evaluating the NI workforce is obtaining accurate data to characterize the status of current supply and demand—such as the number of practicing NI physicians, the number and growth rate of neuroendovascular cases and the number of new graduates entering the market each year. These statistics must be triangulated using several available sources, the most …
Emergent Wave Conversion as a Precursor to Shear Crack Initiation (2018)

Abstract Geophysical assessments of subsurface instability rely on a link between physical failure mechanisms and a geophysical measurement. Here a laboratory study demonstrates the emergence of a converted phase at the damage onset in limestone prior to failure from shear crack formation. Shear ( S ) to compressional ( P ) wave conversions arise from the presence of an array of disconnected microcracks and occur prior to the crack initiation detection from surface displacement measurements. The converted waves increase in amplitude with shear crack propagation until crack coalescence. The inception of the S to P wave converted phase supports the use of elastic wave conversions as an active diagnostic tool to detect the initiation and propagation of shear cracks.
Portada, Páginas Legales, Contenido y Contraportada (2012)

Portada, Páginas Legales, Contenido y Contraportada&nbsp;de la Revista Gestión y Región No.10
Nanotesla magnetoresistance in π-conjugated polymer devices (2017)

Organic light-emitting diodes convert electricity to light through the recombination of positive and negative charges. This process is fundamentally dependent on the spin of the carriers, and can therefore be influenced by a magnetic field. We show that magnetic-field-induced changes to the conductivity of a diode structure made of a conducting polymer can be resolved down to the scale of some 20 parts per billion. This extreme sensitivity to magnetic fields allows us to resolve field changes of less than 100 nanotesla, which is almost two orders of magnitude less than Earth's magnetic field.