gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid transport and metabolism in HepG2 cells (2005)

The mechanism(s) of fatty acid uptake by liver cells is not fully understood. We applied new approaches to address long-standing controversies of fatty acid uptake and to distinguish diffusion and protein-based mechanisms. Using HepG2 cells containing an entrapped pH-sensing fluorescence dye, we showed that the addition of oleate (unbound or bound to cyclodextrin) to the external buffer caused a rapid (seconds) and dose-dependent decrease in intracellular pH (pH(in)), indicating diffusion of fatty acids across the plasma membrane. pH(in) returned to its initial value with a time course (in min) that paralleled the metabolism of radiolabeled oleate. Preincubation of cells with the inhibitors phloretin or triacsin C had no effect on the rapid pH(in) drop after the addition of oleate but greatly suppressed pH(in) recovery. Using radiolabeled oleate, we showed that its esterification was almost completely inhibited by phloretin or triacsin C, supporting the correlation between pH(in) recovery and metabolism. We then used a dual-fluorescence assay to study the interaction between HepG2 cells and cis-parinaric acid (PA), a naturally fluorescent but slowly metabolized fatty acid. The fluorescence of PA increased rapidly upon its addition to cells, indicating rapid binding to the plasma membrane; pH(in) decreased rapidly and simultaneously but did not recover within 5 min. Phloretin had no effect on the PA-mediated pH(in) drop or its slow recovery but decreased the absolute fluorescence of membrane-bound PA. Our results show that natural fatty acids rapidly bind to, and diffuse through, the plasma membrane without hindrance by metabolic inhibitors or by an inhibitor of putative membrane-bound fatty acid transporters.
Recognition of three epitopic regions on invasion plasmid antigen C by immune sera of rhesus monkeys infected with Shigella flexneri 2a (1995)

The invasive ability of Shigella spp. is correlated with the expression of several plasmid-encoded proteins, including invasion plasmid antigen C (IpaC). By characterizing the antigenic structure of IpaC with monoclonal antibodies and convalescent-phase sera, it may be possible to determine the physical location of specific epitopes as well as the involvement of epitopes in a protective immune response or the host's susceptibility to disease. By using overlapping octameric synthetic peptides, which together represent the entire IpaC protein, the precise linear sequence of four surface-exposed epitopes was defined for four IpaC monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, 17 unique peptide epitopes of IpaC were mapped by using 9-day-postinfection serum samples from 13 rhesus monkeys challenged with Shigella flexneri 2a. Each individual recognized a somewhat different array of IpaC peptide epitopes after infection with shigellae. However, the epitopes were clustered within three regions of the protein: region I (between amino acid residues 1 and 61), region II (between amino acid residues 177 and 258), and region III (between amino acid residues 298 and 307). Region II was recognized by 92% of S. flexneri-infected individuals and was considered to be a highly immunogenic region. Animals asymptomatic for shigellosis after challenge with S. flexneri recognized peptide epitopes within all three epitopic regions of IpaC, whereas symptomatic animals recognized peptides in only one or two of the epitopic regions. Antibody from monkeys challenged with S. sonnei recognized IpaC peptide epitopes which fell within and outside the three S. flexneri epitopic regions. While numerous potential epitopes exist on the IpaC protein, the identification of three regions in which epitopes are clustered suggests that these regions are significant with respect to the immune response and to subsequent pathogenesis postinfection.
Design of Steel Frames Using Ant Colony Optimization (2005)

A design procedure utilizing an ant colony optimization (ACO) technique is developed for discrete optimization of steel frames. The objective function considered is the total weight (or cost) of the structure subjected to serviceability and strength requirements as specified by the American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC) Load and Resistance Factor Design, 2001. The design of steel frames is mapped into a modified traveling salesman problem (TSP) where the configuration of the TSP network reflects the structural topology, and the resulting length of the TSP tour corresponds to the weight of the frame. The number of potential paths between nodes in the TSP network represents all (or a portion) of the available W-shapes in the AISC database. The resulting frame, mapped into a TSP, is minimized using an ACO algorithm with a penalty function to enforce strength and serviceability constraints. A comparison is presented between the ACO frame designs and designs developed using a genetic algorithm and classical continuous optimization methods.
The Early Development of the Arteriovenous Fistula Needle Technique for Hemodialysis (1994)

From Calvary Hospital, Bronx, New York. Reprint requests: James E. Cimino, Calvary Hospital, 1740 Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10461.
Highly Accurate Vegetation Loss Model with Seasonal Characteristics for High-Altitude Platform Station (2022)

High-Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) provides communication services from an altitude of 20km via a stratospheric platform such as a balloon, solar-powered airship, or other aircraft, and is attracting much attention as a new mobile communication platform for ultra-wide coverage areas and disaster-resilient networks. HAPS can provide mobile communication services directly to the existing smartphones commonly used in terrestrial mobile communication networks such as Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution (4G LTE), and in the near future, Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR). In order to design efficient HAPS-based cell configurations, we need a radio wave propagation model that takes into consideration factors such as terrain, vegetation, urban areas, suburban areas, and building entry loss. In this paper, we propose a new vegetation loss model for Recommendation ITU-R P.833-9 that can take transmission frequency and seasonal characteristics into consideration. It is based on measurements and analyses of the vegetation loss of deciduous trees in different seasons in Japan. Also, we carried out actual stratospheric measurements in the 700MHz band in Kenya to extend the lower frequency limit. Because the measured results show good agreement with the results predicted by the new vegetation loss model, the model is sufficiently valid in various areas including actual HAPS usage.
Complex temporal and spatial patterns in nonequilibrium processes. Progress report, December 1, 1987--November 30, 1992 (1992)

We have used dynamical systems methods to study and characterize bifurcations and pattern formation in a variety of nonequilibrium systems. In this paper we describe our work on dynamical systems, chemical oscillations and chaos, chemical spatial patterns, instabilities in fluid dynamics, electrodeposition clusters, the ballast resistor, and crack propagation.
Crystal Structure of Prephenate Dehydrogenase from Aquifex aeolicus (2006)

The enzyme prephenate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of prephenate to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate for the biosynthesis of tyrosine. Prephenate dehydrogenases exist as either monofunctional or bifunctional enzymes. The bifunctional enzymes are diverse, since the prephenate dehydrogenase domain is associated with other enzymes, such as chorismate mutase and 3-phosphoskimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase. We report the first crystal structure of a monofunctional prephenate dehydrogenase enzyme from the hyper-thermophile Aquifex aeolicus in complex with NAD+. This protein consists of two structural domains, a modified nucleotide-binding domain and a novel helical prephenate binding domain. The active site of prephenate dehydrogenase is formed at the domain interface and is shared between the subunits of the dimer. We infer from the structure that access to the active site is regulated via a gated mechanism, which is modulated by an ionic network involving a conserved arginine, Arg250. In addition, the crystal structure reveals for the first time the positions of a number of key catalytic residues and the identity of other active site residues that may participate in the reaction mechanism; these residues include Ser126 and Lys246 and the catalytic histidine, His147. Analysis of the structure further reveals that two secondary structure elements, beta3 and beta7, are missing in the prephenate dehydrogenase domain of the bifunctional chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase enzymes. This observation suggests that the two functional domains of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase are interdependent and explains why these domains cannot be separated.
Influencing the Hydrogen Porosity in Aluminum Casting by (Re)active Filter Materials (2021)

Nonmetallic inclusions and pores are the most common sources of aluminum casting defects. For this reason, great importance is attached to cleaning the aluminum melts, especially in secondary metallurgy. Herein, the results of several experiments in which innovative filter materials are tested with regard to their influence on hydrogen porosity in castings made of an AlCu4Ti alloy are presented. Reactive filter materials based on spodumene (LiAl(Si 2 O 6 )) are applied and compared with conventional ceramic foam filters made of alumina and new active carbon‐bonded alumina filters. It is found that spodumene has two different functions. On the one hand, the use of a spodumene‐containing filter material promotes the formation of gaseous hydrogen and, on the other hand, it can be assumed that some of the hydrogen is bound within the filter. Above phenomena are dependent on the reactivity of the filter coating. Therefore, spodumene in appropriate amounts can contribute to a reduction of porosity in the casting.
Behavior and Damage Characterization of Impulsively Loaded Cross-Laminated Timber Panels (2022)

This research bridges the gap between the quasi-static and high-strain-rate loading regimes in cross-laminated timber (CLT) by investigating two areas that have remained unstudied or elusive, i.e., rolling shear failure of CLT under impulsive, blast-like loading and intermediate strain rates in CLT. To study the conditions that would promote shear modes of failure, a novel, highly adaptable center-point testing system and methodology were developed that permitted the application of impulsive loading to undamaged CLT panels in a highly controlled and repeatable manner. The loading condition and low span-to-depth ratio (6.40 ≤ L:h ≤ 6.55) CLT were selected to encourage the development of shear modes of failure. Changes to the rotational rigidity at the boundary conditions allowed for the empirical simulation of realistic boundary conditions. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and load cell data were used to identify failure modes following loss in resistance in the specimens. Overall, the experiment was successful in consistently eliciting shear modes of failure and providing damage characterization in impulsively loaded CLT. Shear modes of failure resulted in the dramatic loss of resistance in all specimens tested. Strain-rate enhancement in the dynamic apparent flexural stiffness of CLT of 1.3 to 7.2 times was observed. Lower levels of damage were observed in specimens with higher levels of boundary-condition rotational rigidity.
Semiconductor hot-electron alternating current cold cathode (1991)

A ZnS semiconductor thin film grown on a dielectric layer is demonstrated as a cold cathode. Hot electrons are generated in ZnS and are emitted through a thin gold layer. Electron current density is controlled by means of alternating current (ac) coupling between the rear electrode and the ZnS layer. This yields a pulsating sheet source of electrons with controlled and spatially uniform current density. A current density of ∼1 μA/cm2 with efficiency of ∼10−3 is obtained. The ability to modulate and address this device makes it attractive for flat panel displays and other applications.
<title>Robust labeling methods for copy protection of images</title> (1997)

In the European project SMASH a mass multimedia storage device for home usage is being developed. The success of such a storage system depends not only on technical advances, but also on the existence of an adequate copy protection method. Copy protection for visual data requires fast and robust labeling techniques. In this paper, two new labeling techniques are proposed. The first method extends an existing spatial labeling technique. This technique divides the image into blocks and searches an optimal label- embedding level for each block instead of using a fixed embedding-level for the complete image. The embedding-level for each block is dependent on a lower quality JPEG compressed version of the labeled block. The second method removes high frequency DCT-coefficients in some areas to embed a label. A JPEG quality factor and the local image structure determine how many coefficients are discarded during the labeling process. Using both methods a perceptually invisible label of a few hundred bits was embedded in a set of true color images. The label added by the spatial method is very robust against JPEG compression. However, this method is not suitable for real-time applications. Although the second DCT-based method is slightly less resistant to JPEG compression, it is more resistant to line-shifting and cropping than the first one and is suitable for real-time labeling.
Absorption, disposition and preliminary metabolic pathway of 14C-rifabutin in animals and man (1990)

14C-Rifabutin was given orally to rats, rabbits and monkeys at a dose of 25 mg/kg and to healthy volunteers at a dose of 270 mg. Radioactivity was eliminated by both the renal and faecal routes in all species, with a predominance of the renal route in man and monkeys (50.19% and 46.73% of the dose, respectively, in urine at 96 h), whereas in rats and rabbits a slight predominance of faecal excretion was observed (48.09% and 45.01% of the dose, respectively, at 96 h in faeces; 42.22% and 36.37% in urine). Radioactivity as expired 14CO2 was detected in the rat and accounted for less than 0.5% of the dose within 96 h. The drug was rapidly absorbed and peak plasma radioactivity levels were reached from 1 to 4 h after dosing. Rifabutin was the predominant compound circulating in plasma at the first sampling times, but significant levels of 31-OH rifabutin were detected up to 8-24 h in all species studied. 25-O-deacetyl rifabutin was detected only in rat and man. Polar metabolites were also present, particularly at the later sampling times. The urinary metabolism was studied by radio-HPLC. Rifabutin accounted for 8.5% and 4.6% of the dose in 0-24 h urine of rats and man respectively, whereas in rabbit and monkey urine only traces of this compound were detected. The main known metabolite in all animal species was 31-OH rifabutin; 25-O-deacetyl rifabutin was detected only in rat and man. The remaining urinary radioactivity was mainly due to polar compounds.
Granzymes as Potential Targets for Rational Drug Design (1996)

Abstract: A family of serine proteases, the granzymes, found in the dense cytoplasmic granules of lymphocytes/granulocytes have become targets of interest for rational drug design because of their role in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Granzymes represent potential late-stage, specific targets for immunomodulation with the promise of fewer side-effects than agents acting at earlier stages of the immune response, such as cyclosporine A (Neoral®, Sandimmune®) and tacrolimus/FK-506 (Prograf®). Recent reports suggesting other possible biological roles for granzymes, including antigen processing and lymphocyte recruitment, and the increasing evidence for the involvement of aspartic acid-specific proteases, such as granzyme B and the interleukin converting enzyme (ICE), in apoptosis or programmed cell death pathways have increased the interest in this growing family of enzymes. This review summarizes current progress in granzyme research and outlines some of the prospects for future work in this area.
Identification of a new haemophilia BM case produced by a mutation located at the carboxy terminal cleavage site of activation peptide (1991)

We describe a novel point mutation due to C----G transversion at nucleotide 20518 in the exon VI of factor IX gene, resulting in the substitution of glycine (GGG) for arginine (CGG) at position 180 in the polypeptide. This point mutation was found in a patient with a haemophilia BM variant. We designated the altered factor IX produced by this new mutation as factor IXMadrid. This mutation blocks the cleavage site involved in the release of the activation peptide at Arg180-Val181. It also abolishes the Aval site (CTCGGG) in exon VI, which can be directly detected with the enzymatic DNA amplification technique (PCR) and offers the possibility of direct analysis in carrier and prenatal diagnosis in kindreds with this mutation.
Chemical desulfurization of coal: Partitioning sulfur to gas as H{sub 2}S (1994)

The yields and characteristics of products from mild temperature gasification or pyrolysis of coal have been evaluated extensively in fundamental and process development efforts. At 500{degrees}C, the following has been presented as representing the sulfur product distribution from US bituminous coals: (1) Total sulfur in gas = 0 31 x S{sub coal}. Total sulfur in tar = 0:06 x S{sub coal}. Total sulfur in solid = 0.61 x S{sub coal}. This type of distribution is affected by factors such as coal type, sulfur content and form, particle size, heating rates, temperature of pyrolysis, reactor and process design, and the type of reactants to which the coal is subjected. For example, increasing the pyrolysis residence time usually decreases the sulfur content in the char and increases the tar and gas yields and their sulfur content. As indicated above, and in other mild temperature gasification studies of low-to-high sulfur coals at temperatures between 400-825{degrees}C, the coal sulfur was distributed nonselectively to all products. As a consequence, the upgrading required to meet environmental regulations has to be applied to more diverse products than the coal from which the products were derived. The severity of such upgrading, and the severity to which coal hasmore » to be treated to release all of its sulfur, depends on the chemical form of the sulfur. Recent analytical efforts have begun to define these sulfur forms in coal, the most refractory organic species of which are thiophenic in nature. In the current study, the mild temperature pyrolysis of Illinois basin coals mixed with phosphoric acid under continuous-feed, bench-scale fluidized bed conditions at 500{degrees}C is reported. The extent of sulfur removal and its partitioning to gas as H{sub 2}S are discussed in relation to its chemical form in the coal. Swilling characteristics of coal/acid mixtures are also discussed relative to operation of the fluidized bed reactor.« less
TARGET ALIGNED HELIOSTAT FIELD LAYOUT FOR NON-FLAT TERRAIN (2012)

The layout for a solar tower test facility for CSIR, Pretoria, is described. The solar tower system is designed for 400kWth receiver outlet power. The heliostat field layout takes into account both the real (non-flat) topography of the terrain as well as the typical weather conditions at the site, with usually better solar conditions in morning times. As first step, an initial field layout was done assuming standard heliostats. Then, the performance improvement due to the use of target-aligned heliostats was evaluated, showing nearly 12% gain in annual energy when optimized canting angles are applied to each heliostat.&#13;\nIn a second step the positions of the heliostats were adjusted to further improve the annual energy yield. This was done by slightly shifting the position of a heliostat and evaluating the impact on annual energy yield. No restrictions were made on the heliostat positions, except for a minimum distance between neighbouring heliostats. The heliostats were repositioned one after the other for the whole field. This procedure was repeated many times. At the end of this optimization, the annual intercepted energy was about 5.1% higher than the initial configuration with target-aligned heliostats.
Influence of Anisotes trisulcus and Crepis rueppellii extracts on sites of bile formation in the rat. (1986)

Anisotes trisulcus and Crepis rueppellii, two medicinal plants from Yemen, have been investigated for their hepatobiliary properties. A study of their choleretic effect and of sites of bile formation was carried out in the rat, by evaluation of bile flow, bile acids output and 14C-erythritol clearance. The data suggest that both extracts of these plants induce hypercholeresis, but Anisotes would stimulate the bile acid-dependent fraction and Crepis the bile acid-independent fraction.
REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL ISSUES FOR THE LIGHT-WATER REACTOR SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAM (2010)

The Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program Plan is a collaborative program between the U.S. Department of Energy and the private sector directed at extending the life of the present generation of nuclear power plants to enable operation to at least 80 years. The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is one of the primary components requiring significant research to enable such long-term operation. There are significant issues that need to be addressed to reduce the uncertainties in regulatory application, such as, 1) high neutron fluence/long irradiation times, and flux effects, 2) material variability, 3) high-nickel materials, 4)specimen size effects and the fracture toughness master curve, etc. The first issue is the highest priority to obtain the data and mechanistic understanding to enable accurate, reliable embrittlement predictions at high fluences. This paper discusses the major issues associated with long-time operation of existing RPVs and the LWRSP plans to address those issues.
Baseline retrobulbar blood flow is associated with both functional and structural glaucomatous progression after 4 years (2016)

In this study population, lower baseline ophthalmic artery blood flow velocities were associated with simultaneous structural and functional glaucoma progression after 4 years.
Experimental models of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN guidelines (2009)

Objectives of the International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism Commission were to identify well-characterized animal models of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and to highlight areas of animal modelling of the disorder that are in need of development. Features essential to HE modelling were identified. The best-characterized animal models of HE in acute liver failure, the so-called Type A HE, were found to be the hepatic devascularized rat and the rat with thioacetamide-induced toxic liver injury. In case of chronic liver failure, surgical models in the rat involving end-to-side portacaval anastomosis or bile duct ligation were considered to best model minimal/mild (Type B) HE. Unfortunately, at this time, there are no satisfactory animal models of Type C HE resulting from end-stage alcoholic liver disease or viral hepatitis, the most common aetiologies encountered in patients. The commission highlighted the urgent need for such models and of improved models of HE in chronic liver failure in general as well as a need for models of post-transplant neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies of HE pathophysiology at the cellular and molecular level continue to benefit from in vitro and or ex vivo models involving brain slices or exposure of cultured cells (principally cultured astrocytes) to toxins such as ammonia, manganese and pro-inflammatory cytokines. More attention could be paid in the future to in vitro models involving the neurovascular unit, microglia and neuronal co-cultures in relation to HE pathogenesis.