gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Comparison between the 'Prion' Hypothesis and the Autoimmune Theory (1998)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a neurological disorder which has affected cattle in the UK. It has been suggested that it is caused by prions and these may also be responsible for scrapie in sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The molecular mimicry theory is an alternative model which suggests that BSE could be an autoimmune disease caused by exposure of cattle to bacteria showing cross-reactivity with nervous tissue. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus , Ruminococcus albus , Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Escherichia coli have been shown to contain molecular sequences which resemble brain tissue. Neurological damage is caused either by prions or by autoimmune mechanisms and the contrasting features of these two theories are reviewed. Furthermore, the autoimmune theory implies that there is no need for a cull of cattle, and that humans will not develop CJD provided they are not exposed to these bacteria.
Subthreshold Analog/RF Performance Enhancement of Underlap DG FETs With High- $k$ Spacer for Low Power Applications (2012)

This paper presents a systematic study of the subthreshold analog/RF performance for underlap double gate (UDG) NMOSFETs using high dielectric constant ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> ) spacers. The conventional UDG-NMOSFETs offer reduced short-channel effects along with improved subthreshold analog/RF performance at a cost of higher distributed channel resistance and low on current. In this paper, we show that these drawbacks can be alleviated effectively by using high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> spacers without any severe degradation in the subthreshold analog/RF performance. In order to show the improvement in the device performance, we have studied the effect of high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> spacers on different subthreshold analog figures of merit such as the transconductance, transconductance generation factor, output resistance, and the intrinsic gain for different values of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> . Moreover, we have analyzed the RF performance as a function of intrinsic capacitance and resistance, transport delay, inductance, cutoff frequency, and the maximum oscillation frequency. In order to assess the gain bandwidth ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GBW</i> ) product, the circuit implementation of the UDG-NMOSFETs with different high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> spacers was performed on a common source amplifier. Our results show an improvement in the GBW of about 38% for the devices with high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> spacers compared to its low- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> counterpart.
Reduction of absorption losses in MOVPE-grown AlGaAs Bragg mirrors (2018)

Residual p-type doping from carbon has been identified as the root cause of excess absorption losses in (Al)GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg mirrors for high-finesse optical cavities when grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Through optimization of the growth parameters with the aim of realizing low carbon uptake, we have shown a path for decreasing the parasitic background absorption in these mirrors from 100 to the 10 ppm range near 1064 nm. This significant reduction is realized via compensation of the carbon acceptors by intentional doping with the donor silicon in the uppermost layer pairs of 40-period GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg mirrors. Thus, we find that such compensation enables MOVPE-derived multilayer mirrors with the potential for a high cavity finesse (>100,000 in the near infrared) approaching the performance levels found with Bragg mirrors grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
Synthese von 10b‐Hydroxymethyl‐1.2.3.10b‐tetrahydro‐fluoranthen und dessen Ringerweiterung zum 5.6‐Dihydro‐4H‐benz[de]anthracen (1970)

Abstract 1.2.3.10b‐Tetrahydro‐fluoranthen ( 1 ) reagiert mit Formaldehyd in Dimethylsulfoxid oder Pyridin dei Anwesenheit von Basen zum 10b‐Hydroxymethyl‐Derivat ( 2 ). Beim Erhitzen mit Phosphorsäure geht 2 unter Ringerweiterung fast quantitativ in 5.6‐Dihydro‐4 H ‐benz[ de ]‐anthracen ( 6 ) über.
Investigation of Resazurin as an Indicator of the Sanitary Condition of Milk (1935)

The use of chemical indicators for determining the sanitary condition of milk is finding considerable application. It is the purpose of this paper to describe our studies of the indicator resazurin. On the basis of the results of this investigation extending over two years, it is felt that more information as to the sanitary condition of milk can be obtained by the use of resazurin than from any other chemical indicator now in use.
Evolution of a Fourth Generation Catalyst for the Amination and Thioetherification of Aryl Halides (2008)

Many active pharmaceuticals, herbicides, conducting polymers, and components of organic light-emitting diodes contain arylamines. For many years, this class of compound was prepared via classical methods, such as nitration, reduction and reductive alkylation, copper-mediated chemistry at high temperatures, addition to benzyne intermediates, or direct nucleophilic substitution on particularly electron-poor aromatic or heteroaromatic halides. However, during the past decade, palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of amines with aryl halides have largely supplanted these earlier methods. Successive generations of catalysts have gradually improved the scope and efficiency of the palladium-catalyzed reaction. This Account describes the conceptual basis and utility of our latest, "fourth-generation" palladium catalyst for the coupling of amines and related reagents with aryl halides. In the past five years, we have developed these catalysts using the lessons learned from previous generations of catalysts developed in our group and in other laboratories. The ligands on the fourth-generation catalyst combine the chelating properties of the aromatic bisphosphines of the second-generation systems with the steric properties and strong electron donation of the hindered alkylphosphines of the third-generation systems. The currently most reactive catalyst in this class is generated from palladium and a sterically hindered version of the Josiphos family of ligands that possesses a ferrocenyl-1-ethyl backbone, a hindered di-tert-butylphosphino group, and a hindered dicyclohexylphosphino group. This system catalyzes the coupling of aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides with primary amines, N-H imines, and hydrazones in high yield. The reaction has broad scope, high functional group tolerance, and nearly perfect selectivity for monoarylation. It also requires the lowest levels of palladium that have been used for C-N coupling. In addition, this latest catalyst has dramatically improved the coupling of thiols with haloarenes to form C-S bonds. Using ligands that lacked one or more of the structural elements of the most active catalyst, we examined the effects of individual structural elements of the Josiphos ligand on catalyst activity. This set of studies showed that each one of these elements contributes to the high reactivity and selectivity of the catalyst containing the hindered, bidentate Josiphos ligand. Finally, we examined the effect of electronic properties on the rates of reductive elimination to distinguish between the effect of the properties of the M-N sigma-bond and the nitrogen electron pair. We have found that the effects of electronic properties on C-C and C-N bond-forming reductive elimination are similar. Because the amido ligands contain an electron pair, while the alkyl ligands do not, we have concluded that the major electronic effect is transmitted through the sigma-bond.
Electron energy spectra, fluxes, and day-night asymmetries of boron-8 solar neutrinos from the 391-day salt phase sno data set (2005)

Author(s): Aharmim, B.; Ahmed, S.N.; Anthony, A.E.; Beier, E.W.; Bellerive, A.; Bergevin, M.; Biller, S.D.; Boger, J.; Boulay, M.G.; Bowler, M.G.; Bullard, T.V.; Chan, Y.D.; Chen, M.; Chen, X.; Cleveland, B.T.; Cox, G.A.; Currat, C.A.; Dai, X.; Dalnoki-Veress, F.; Deng, H.; Doe, P.J.; Dosanjh, R.S.; Doucas, G.; Duba, C.A.; Duncan, F.A.; Dunford, M.; Dunmore, J.A.; Earle, E.D.; Elliott, S.R.; Evans, H.C.; Ewan, G.T.; Farine, J.; Fergani, H.; Fleurot, F.; Formaggio, J.A.; Frame, K.; Frati, W.; Fulsom, B.G.; Gagnon, N.; Graham, K.; Grant, D.R.; Hahn, R.L.; Hall, J.C.; Hallin, A.L.; Hallman, E.D.; Handler, W.B.; Hargrove, C.K.; Harvey, P.J.; Hazama, R.; Heeger, K.M.; Heelan, L.; Heintzelman, W.J.; Heise, J.; Helmer, R.L.; Hemingway, R.J.; Hime, A.; Howard, C.; Howe, M.A.; Huang, M.; Jagam, P.; Jelley, N.A.; Klein, J.R.; Kormos, L.L.; Kos, M.S.; Kruger, A.; Kraus, C.; Krauss, C.B.; Krumins, A.V.; Kutter, T.; Kyba, C.C.M.; Labranche, H.; Lange, R.; Law, J.; Lawson, I.T.; Lesko, K.T.; Leslie, J.R.; Levine, I.; Loach, J.C.; Luoma, S.; MacLellan, R.; Majerus, S.; Mak, H.B.; Maneira, J.; Marino, A.D.; McCauley, N. | Abstract: Results are reported from the complete salt phase of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment in which NaCl was dissolved in the D_2O target. The addition of salt enhanced the signal from neutron capture, as compared to the pure D_2O detector. By making a statistical separation of charged-current events from other types based on event-isotropy criteria, the effective electron recoil energy spectrum has been extracted. In units of 106 cm-2 s-1, the total flux of active-flavor neutrinos from 8B decay in the Sun is found to be 4.94+0.21_-0.21(stat)+0.38_-0.34(syst) and the integral flux of electron neutrinos for an undistorted 8B spectrum is 1.68+0.06_-0.06(stat)+0.08_-0.09(syst); the signal from (nu_x,e) elastic scattering is equivalent to an electron-neutrino flux of 2.35+0.22-0.22(stat)+0.15_-0.15(syst). These results are consistent with those expected for neutrino oscillations with the so-called Large Mixing Angle parameters, and also with an undistorted spectrum. A search for matter-enhancement effects in the Earth through a possible day-night asymmetry in the charged-current integral rate is consistent with no asymmetry. Including results from other experiments, the best-fit values for two-neutrino mixing parameters are Delta m2 = (8.0+0.6_-0.4) x 10-5 eV2 and theta = 33.9 +2.4_-2.2 degrees.
Indefinite Quadratic Forms and the Invariance of the Interval in Special Relativity (2010)

In this note, a simple theorem on proportionality of indefinite real quadratic forms is proved, and is used to clarify the proof of the invariance of the interval in special relativity from Einstein's postulate on the universality of the speed of light; students are often rightfully confused by the incomplete or incorrect proofs given in many texts. The result is illuminated and generalized using Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, allowing one form to be a homogeneous polynomial which is not necessarily quadratic. Also a condition for simultaneous diagonalizability of semi-definite real quadratic forms is given.
Reduction of NMDA receptors with dithiothreitol increases [3H]‐MK‐801 binding and NMDA‐induced Ca2+ fluxes (1990)

1. We have investigated the modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation by the sulphydryl redox reagents dithiothreitol (DTT) and 5,5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). 2. Increases in [3H]-MK-801 binding produced by glutamate, glycine and spermidine were enhanced by DTT (2mM) and diminished by DTNB (0.5 mM). 3. The inhibition of [3H]-MK-801 binding by CGS 19755 and 7-chlorokynurenate was not altered by 2 mM DTT. However, the potency of the competitive polyamine antagonist, arcaine, was decreased by DTT. 4. NMDA-induced Ca2+ fluxes into primary cultures of rat forebrain neurones were enhanced by DTT in a DTNB-reversible fashion. In addition to augmenting the magnitude of NMDA-induced increase in intracellular free Ca2+, 10 mM DTT also prolonged the duration of the Ca2+ signal. However, DTT had no effect on the increase in Ca2+ produced by depolarizing neurones with 50 mM KCl. 5. These studies show that the reduction of disulphide bonds on the NMDA receptor complex by DTT increases activation. The precise site of these groups remains unclear but they are unlikely to form an integral part of the glutamate, glycine or polyamine binding domains. The enhancement of the activation of the NMDA receptor by DTT is associated with increased Ca2+ fluxes. The possible pathophysiological consequences of receptor reduction are discussed.
Odor assessment of automobile cabin air by machine olfaction (2014)

Odor quality in the cabin air of automobiles can be a significant factor in the decision to purchase a vehicle and the overall customer satisfaction with the vehicle over time. Current standard practice uses a human panel to rate the vehicle cabin odors on intensity, irritation, and pleasantness. However, human panels are expensive, time-consuming and complicated to administer. To address this issue, we have developed a machine olfaction approach to assess odors inside automobiles for the purpose of enhancing or replacing the human panel by evaluating the correlation between the system performance and a trained human panel. Our approach employs an ion-mobility spectrometer and a photoionization detector for measuring volatile organic compounds inside automobiles. Our olfactory system achieves good correlations (range from 0.72 to 0.84) with a trained human panel using predictive models generated by linear regression and cross-validation. Our results support the feasibility of replacing human panel assessments by a machine olfaction system.
Optimization of Prussian Blue Analogues for Na-Ion Desalination Batteries (2021)

With a growing need for clean water worldwide, interest in capacitive deionization (CDI) is growing as a potentially low energy desalination methodology. Current commercial technologies are using activated charcoal at both electrodes, but these materials suffer from low capacity and poor durability. Inspired by the recent advances in sodium-ion batteries1,2, several studies have proposed to use intercalation materials to increase the desalination potential of electrodes3,4. Among the proposed materials for desalination batteries, hexacyanoferrate Prussian blue materials (PBs) are especially interesting because of their open framework structure5 that allow insertion of Na with high reversibility and fast kinetics.
Magnetic Domains in Thin Sputtered FeSi Films. I. Edge Effects and Influence of the Substrate Temperature and the Ar Pressure during Sputtering (1975)

Magnetic domains in thin polycrystalline FeSi films have been investigated by means of the longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect. The films have been r.f.-sputtered on glass, fused silica, and thermally oxidized Si substrates. The sputter gas (Ar) pressure and the temperature of the substrates during preparation have been varied. Magnetization behaviour, coercive force, and domain pattern are affected by the primary magnetic treatment and the properties of the edge zone. Depending upon the demagnetization process and the stress distribution in the films different types of domain structures could be observed. Films sputtered using a high Ar partial pressure (>2 × 10−2 Torr) reverse their magnetization mainly by rotation. Es werden magnetische Bereiche in dünnen polykristallinen FeSi-Schichten mit dem longitudinalen magneto-optischen Kerreffekt untersucht. Die Filme wurden auf Glas, Quarzglas und thermisch oxidierte Si-Scheiben HF-gesputtert. Der Sputtergasdruck (Ar) und die Temperatur des Substrates während der Präparation wurden variiert. Magnetisie-rungsverhalten, Koerzitivfeldstärke und Domänenmuster werden durch die magnetische Vorbehandlung und die Eigenschaften der Randzone beeinflußt. In Abhängigkeit vom Entmagnetisierungsprozeß und der Spannungsverteilung in den Schichten konnten verschiedene Domänenmuster beobachtet werden. Filme, die bei hohem Ar-Partialdruck (>2 × 10−2 Torr) gesputtert wurden, werden hauptsächlich durch Magnetisierungsdrehung ummagnetisiert.
Highly selective and ultra-low power consumption metal oxide based hydrogen gas sensor employing graphene oxide as molecular sieve (2020)

The excellent gas sensing performance of metal oxide based nano- and microstructures, including a fast response time and good sensitivity, is typically limited by their low selectivity. Therefore, novel approaches and strategies are required to gain a precise control of the selectivity. Here, we introduce a nanoporous few-layer graphene oxide (GO) membrane with permeability only to specific gas molecules to improve the selectivity of individual zinc oxide microwires (ZnO MWs) toward hydrogen (H2) gas. The fabricated GO-covered ZnO MWs showed ultra-low power consumption (60−200 nW) and an excellent room temperature H2 gas sensing properties with fast response (114 s) and recovery (30 s) times, and a low detection limit of ∼4 ppm, while no gas response was measured to all other tested gases. As proposed, the gas sensing mechanism is based on selective sieving of H2 gas molecules through the GO membrane and further diffusion to the Schottky contacts, resulting in a decreased barrier height. Being based on a bottom-up fabrication approach, the presented results could have great potential for further technological applications such as high-performance and highly selective ultra-low power metal oxide-based gas sensors, opening new opportunities for the design of nanosensors and their integration in wireless and portable devices.
IMMUNOMODULATORY FUNCTIONS OF HYALURONATE IN THE LEW-TO-F344 MODEL OF CHRONIC CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT REJECTION (1999)

This is the first report indicating that CD44-HA interactions play an important role in chronic allograft rejection.
An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Image-based Sequence Recognition and Its Application to Scene Text Recognition (2015)

Image-based sequence recognition has been a long-standing research topic in computer vision. In this paper, we investigate the problem of scene text recognition, which is among the most important and challenging tasks in image-based sequence recognition. A novel neural network architecture, which integrates feature extraction, sequence modeling and transcription into a unified framework, is proposed. Compared with previous systems for scene text recognition, the proposed architecture possesses four distinctive properties: (1) It is end-to-end trainable, in contrast to most of the existing algorithms whose components are separately trained and tuned. (2) It naturally handles sequences in arbitrary lengths, involving no character segmentation or horizontal scale normalization. (3) It is not confined to any predefined lexicon and achieves remarkable performances in both lexicon-free and lexicon-based scene text recognition tasks. (4) It generates an effective yet much smaller model, which is more practical for real-world application scenarios. The experiments on standard benchmarks, including the IIIT-5K, Street View Text and ICDAR datasets, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the prior arts. Moreover, the proposed algorithm performs well in the task of image-based music score recognition, which evidently verifies the generality of it.
Human papillomavirus type 6: classification of clinical isolates and functional analysis of E2 proteins (1999)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a variety of clinical manifestations, including the most prevalent viral sexually transmitted disease, genital warts. HPV-6 is found in a greater number of genital warts than any other HPV. To increase our understanding of the structural and functional relationships between HPV-6 isolates and to provide information for epidemiological studies, the sequences of the E2, E6 and E7 coding regions of HPV-6 genomes in clinical samples were determined. This sequence analysis was performed on isolates originally designated HPV-6a on the basis of analysis of patterns generated by restriction enzyme digestion. It was found that the designation of subtype on the basis of restriction enzyme digestion correlated poorly with the designation of subtype on the basis of sequence comparison; in fact, the clinical isolates were clearly categorized into HPV-6a and HPV-6b groups, with the previously described HPV-6vc being a member of the HPV-6a group. It was also found that the HPV-6a E2 protein is a much less potent activator of transcription than the HPV-16 E2 protein, generalizing our previous results with the HPV-6b E2 protein to this second HPV-6 E2 protein. These studies indicate that the amino acid differences observed between these natural variants of the HPV-6 E2 protein do not affect its function.
Mini-RPV Recovery System Conceptual Study (1977)

Abstract : This study investigates and evaluates Mini-RPV recovery concepts potentially suitable for the U.S. Army tactical environment. The air vehicle on which the recovery study is based is the U.S. Army/Lockheed Aquila, XMQM-105 Mini-RPV at a nominal gross weight of 120 pounds. A hypothetical RPV counterpart at 200 pounds gross weight is also used to bound the upper weight limit for Mini-RPVs.
Regulation of Hyaluronidase Activity by Alternative mRNA Splicing (2002)

Hyaluronidase is a hyaluronic acid-degrading endoglycosidase that is present in many toxins and the levels of which are elevated in cancer. Increased concentration of HYAL1-type hyaluronidase correlates with tumor progression and is a marker for grade (G) 2 or 3 bladder cancer. Using bladder tissues and cells, prostate cancer cells, and kidney tissues and performing reverse transcription-PCR, cDNA cloning, DNA sequencing, and in vitro translation, we identified splice variants of HYAL1 and HYAL3. HYAL1v1 variant lacks a 30-amino acid (aa) sequence (301-330) present in HYAL1 protein. HYAL1v1, HYAL1v2 (aa 183-435 present in HYAL1 wild type), HYAL1v3 (aa 1-207), HYAL1v4 (aa 260-435), and HYAL1v5 (aa 340-435) are enzymatically inactive and are expressed in normal tissues/cells and G1 bladder tumor tissues. However, HYAL1 wild type is expressed in G2/G3 tumors and in invasive tumor cells. Stable transfection and HYAL1v1-specific antibody confirmed that the HYAL1 sequence from aa 301 to 330 is critical for hyaluronidase activity. All tumor cells and tissues mainly express HYAL3 variants. HYAL3v1 lacks a 30-aa sequence (299-328) present in HYAL3 protein, that is homologous to the 30-aa HYAL1 sequence. HYAL3v1, HYAL3v2 (aa 251-417 present in HYAL3 wild type), and HYAL3v3 (aa 251-417, but lacking aa 299-328), are enzymatically inactive. Although splicing of a single independent exon generates HYAL1v1 and HYAL3v1, internal exon splicing generates the other HYAL1/HYAL3 variants. These results demonstrate that alternative mRNA splicing controls cellular expression of enzymatically active hyaluronidase and may explain the elevated hyaluronidase levels in bladder/prostate cancer.
The relationship of molecular genetic markers with clinical signs and risk factors of periodontitis (2016)

The study revealed positive correlation between bleeding on probing and teeth loss risk with periodontal hypercolonization by Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola. Pathological tooth mobility was associated with hypercolonization by P. intermedia and Tannerella forsythensis. Expression of IL8, TNF-α, MMP8 and MMP9 genes was also assessed in patient groups divided according to the depth of periodontal pockets and-the severity of chronic periodontitis revealing IL8 as positive diagnostic marker.