gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased oxidative stress in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the effect of edaravone administration (2015)

Among 26 ALS patients, 17 received edaravone (30 mg/day, one to four times a week) for at least 3 months, and 13 continued for 6 months. Changes in revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) were significantly smaller in these patients than in edaravone-untreated ALS patients (n = 19). Edaravone administration significantly reduced excursions of more than one standard deviation from the mean for plasma FFA levels and the contents of palmitoleic and oleic acids, plasma markers of tissue oxidative damage, in the satisfactory progress group (ΔALSFRS-R ≥ 0) as compared to the ingravescent group (ΔALSFRS-R < -5). Edaravone treatment increased plasma uric acid, suggesting that it is an effective scavenger of peroxynitrite. However, edaravone administration did not decrease %CoQ10. Therefore, combined treatment with agents such as coenzyme Q10 may further reduce oxidative stress in ALS patients.
Use of telekinesthetic feedback in walking assisted by functional electrical stimulation (2000)

A telekinesthetic feedback implemented into functional electrical stimulation (FES) orthosis is described. Single channel FES is used to provoke ankle dorsiflexion during walking. FES is controlled manually by a special lever, built into the handle of the crutch. The angular position of the lever defines the intensity of stimulation and thus the magnitude of the ankle dorsiflexion. The measured joint angle provides the feedback information about the ankle joint position, which is presented to the user as a force feedback applied to the control lever. As the first step in the development of a complex micromechatronic device, a simulated testing environment was prepared. A computer model, comprising dynamic foot characteristics, as well as agonistic and antagonistic muscle groups, substitutes the ankle joint. The model also includes fatiguing of the electrically stimulated muscles. For experimental purposes an actuated control lever was built. The efficacy of the telekinesthetic feedback was evaluated in a group of six healthy persons.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction from Single Image Base on Combination of CNN and Multi-Spectral Photometric Stereo (2018)

Multi-spectral photometric stereo can recover pixel-wise surface normal from a single RGB image. The difficulty lies in that the intensity in each channel is the tangle of illumination, albedo and camera response; thus, an initial estimate of the normal is required in optimization-based solutions. In this paper, we propose to make a rough depth estimation using the deep convolutional neural network (CNN) instead of using depth sensors or binocular stereo devices. Since high-resolution ground-truth data is expensive to obtain, we designed a network and trained it with rendered images of synthetic 3D objects. We use the model to predict initial normal of real-world objects and iteratively optimize the fine-scale geometry in the multi-spectral photometric stereo framework. The experimental results illustrate the improvement of the proposed method compared with existing methods.
Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular HMGB1 Identifies Binding Partners and Exposes Its Potential Role in Airway Epithelial Cell Homeostasis (2017)

The release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by airway epithelial cells is believed to play a crucial role in the initiation and development of chronic airway conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Intriguingly, the classic DAMP high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is detected in the culture supernatant of airway epithelial cells under basal conditions, indicating a role for HMGB1 in the regulation of epithelial cellular and immune homeostasis. To gain contextual insight into the potential role of HMGB1 in airway epithelial cell homeostasis, we used the orthogonal and complementary methods of high-resolution clear native electrophoresis, immunoprecipitation, and pull-downs coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to profile HMGB1 and its binding partners in the culture supernatant of unstimulated airway epithelial cells. We found that HMGB1 presents exclusively as a protein complex under basal conditions. Moreover, protein network analysis performed on 185 binding proteins revealed 14 that directly associate with HMGB1: amyloid precursor protein, F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 (CAPZA1), glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ubiquitin, several members of the heat shock protein family (HSPA8, HSP90B1, HSP90AA1), XRCC5 and XRCC6, high mobility group A1 (HMGA1), histone 3 (H3F3B), the FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex constituents SUPT1H and SSRP1, and heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK). These studies provide a new understanding of the extracellular functions of HMGB1 in cellular and immune homeostasis at the airway mucosal surface and could have implications for therapeutic targeting.
Effect of Acrylonitrile Composition in NBR on Enhanced Anion Doping‐Undoping Process of NBR‐Guided‐Grown‐Polypyrrole Film Electrode (1989)

The anion doping‐undoping process of NBR (nitrile butadiene rubber)‐guided‐grown‐polypyrrole (PPy/NBR) film electrode was investigated by varying the precoated NBR film thickness and the acrylonitrile content in the NBR host polymer. The electrode kinetics and the morphology orientation of the PPy/NBR film were found to depend greatly on the nature of the precoated NBR film. Compared to a normally polymerized PPy film, a PPy/NBR film formed particularly with anion showed an enhanced switching reversibility and an acceleration of the dopant movement within the polymer layer. Impedance analysis revealed that the PPy/NBR films show a clear change in their overall electrode process, from a charge transfer limiting process to a diffusion limiting process according to an increase in the precoated NBR thickness and also to a decrease in the acrylonitrile content of the NBR film. The perpendicularly formed morphology is easily formed when using NBR with less acrylonitrile. The rechargeable lithium battery with a PPy/NBR cathode shows a better charging‐discharging performance than a PPy/NBR cathode formed with a lower AN content NBR.
Neocarzinostatin-induced hydrogen atom abstraction from C-4' and C-5' of the T residue at a d(GT) step in oligonucleotides: shuttling between deoxyribose attack sites based on isotope selection effects (1991)

The thiol-activated neocarzinostatin chromophore cleaves duplex oligonucleotides containing the sequence-TGTTTGA-, producing 3'-phosphoglycolate and 3'-phosphate fragments at T, indicating the involvement of 4'- as well as 5'-chemistry at this residue. Substitution of deuterium for hydrogen at the C-4' position of the affected T leads to a kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) of 4.0 on the formation of the glycolate-ended product, whereas deuterium at C-5' of the same T reveals kH/kD of 1.6 in the formation of the phosphate-ended product. The proportion of the products representing 4'- and 5'-chemistry can be shifted on the basis of isotope selection effects. A second product resulting from 4'-chemistry, the abasic site associated with 4'-hydroxylation, has been identified as an alkali-labile site, and as a pyridazine derivative formed after cleavage by hydrazine. A comparable isotope effect on its production (kH/kD = 3.7) relative to that of 3'-phosphoglycolate production is consistent with a common intermediate, a putative 4'-peroxy radical, in their formation. The formation of both products of 4'-chemistry is oxygen-dependent, and the internal partitioning between them (3'-phosphate or 3'-phosphoglycolate) is influenced by thiols. Moreover, the nitroaromatic radiation sensitizer misonidazole can substitute for dioxygen, yielding 3'-phosphoglycolate and alkali-labile 3'-phosphate ends, indicative of 4'-chemistry. In addition to the internal partitioning of 4'-chemistry, thiols also affect the overall extent of cleavage (4' plus 5') and the relative partitioning between both sites of attack (4' or 5').
Taste interaction of ethyl alcohol with sweet, salty, sour and bitter compounds (1970)

Abstract The influence of ethyl alcohol in concentrations ranging from 4 to 24%, on the perceived taste intensities of sucrose, citric acid, quinine, and sodium chloride was determined by 24 subjects. A paired comparison method was used in which subjects selected the sample with the greater taste intensity (sweetness, sourness, bitterness or saltiness) as well as rating the intensity on a 13‐point scale. The alcohol generally enhanced the sweetness of sucrose, with results varying slightly according to the subjects' task. The sourness of citric acid, and the saltiness of sodium chloride at all but the lowest concentration, were depressed by increasing additions of alcohol. Alcohol significantly enhanced the bitterness of quinine at all four concentrations. Although these results disagree with previously reported electrophysiological measurements on alcohol‐quinine mixtures, they were internally consistent, and meaningful in terms of alcoholic beverage consumption behaviour.
Lipid biomarkers and trophic linkages between phytoplankton, zooplankton and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) larvae in the NW Mediterranean (2006)

Identification and quantification of the main fatty acids in phytoplankton, zooplankton and Engraulis encrasicolus larvae were used to study the relationship among the different trophic levels. Three northwestern Mediterranean sea areas were studied as representative of potentially heterogeneous environments. HPLC pigment analysis was performed to assess the contribution of different phytoplankton groups to total chlorophyll biomass. In spite of the physical variability, a homogeneous pattern in phytoplankton composition among areas was found, with the Prymnesiophyceae representing more than half of the phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass. This homogeneous spatial pattern was also reflected in the phytoplankton fatty acid proportions. Thus, significant amount of 14:0, 18:1(n-9) and 18:4(n-3) could be related to the dominance of the prymnesiophytes; the low proportion of fatty acid markers of diatoms and dinoflagellates agreed with the low abundances of those phytoplankton groups. Zooplankton fatty acids also showed homogeneous proportions in the studied areas, with a preferential accumulation of 16:1(n-7) and 20:5(n-3), and 22:6(n-3). This observation may indicate a preferential grazing on diatoms and dinoflagellates. Anchovy larvae displayed differing fatty acids contributions related to size. Large larvae contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Small larvae showed a high percentage of 18:1(n-9) and 18:4(n-3) fatty acids, considered Prymnesiophyceae biomarkers. These results suggest an additional food resource for the anchovy that is complementary to a zooplankton diet, but probably of protozoan origin (i.e. microzooplankton). Significant logarithmic relationships were found between dry mass and 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) fatty acid proportions in E. encrasicolus larvae. These PUFA are considered essential for the fish-larvae development.
Color-Based Skin Detection and its Application in Video Annotation (2009)

Skin detection in visual data cannot be solved by analyzing the low level image features only: In an extensive online experiment we are able to show that even humans are not able to detect skin color reliably without knowing the context of their perception. To compensate for this ma- jor drawback of many approaches, we combine a state of the art recognition algorithm with color model based skin detection. Detected faces in videos are the basis for adap- tive skin color models, which are propagated throughout the video, providing a more precise and accurate model in its recognition performance than pure color based approaches. The approach is able to run in real-time and does not need prior data-specific training. We received challenging online videos from an online service provider and use additional videos from public web platforms covering a grand variety of different skin colors, illumination circumstances, image quality and difficulty levels. In an extensive evaluation we estimated the best performing parameters and decided on the best model propagation techniques. We show that adap- tive model propagation outperforms static low level detec- tion.
Mechanisms underlying skin disorders induced by EGFR inhibitors (2015)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is frequently mutated or overexpressed in a large number of tumors such as carcinomas or glioblastoma. Inhibitors of EGFR activation have been successfully established for the therapy of some cancers and are more and more frequently being used as first or later line therapies. Although the side effects induced by inhibitors of EGFR are less severe than those observed with classic cytotoxic chemotherapy and can usually be handled by out-patient care, they may still be a cause for dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment that can reduce the effectiveness of antitumor therapy. The mechanisms underlying these cutaneous side effects are only partly understood. Important questions, such as the reasons for the correlation between the intensity of the side effects and the efficiency of treatment with EGFR inhibitors, remain to be answered. Optimized adjuvant strategies to accompany anti-EGFR therapy need to be found for optimal therapeutic application and improved quality of life of patients. Here, we summarize current literature on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the cutaneous side effects induced by EGFR inhibitors and provide evidence that keratinocytes are probably the optimal targets for adjuvant therapy aimed at alleviating skin toxicities.
Cocaine-Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Influences Energy Metabolism, Anxiety and Gastric Emptying in Mice (2001)

This study was designed to investigate the effects of cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), a recently discovered hypothalamic neuropeptide, on food intake, anxiety, oxygen consumption and gastric emptying in mice. Intracerebroventricular (i. c. v.) injection of CART (1 - 100 pmol) markedly reduced food intake in a dose-related manner. A significant decrease was observed 20 min after i. c. v. injection of CART and continued for four hours. In the elevated plus maze test, i. c. v. CART injection significantly raised the normal preference for the closed arms. Furthermore, the i. c. v. injection of CART significantly reduced oxygen consumption and gastric emptying rate. These results suggest that CART modulates feeding, emotion, and autonomic functions in mice.
Dynamic Clustering of Streaming Short Documents (2016)

Clustering technology has found numerous applications in mining textual data. It was shown to enhance the performance of retrieval systems in various different ways, such as identifying different query aspects in search result diversification, improving smoothing in the context of language modeling, matching queries with documents in a latent topic space in ad-hoc retrieval, summarizing documents etc. The vast majority of clustering methods have been developed under the assumption of a static corpus of long (and hence textually rich) documents. Little attention has been given to streaming corpora of short text, which is the predominant type of data in Web 2.0 applications, such as social media, forums, and blogs. In this paper, we consider the problem of dynamically clustering a streaming corpus of short documents. The short length of documents makes the inference of the latent topic distribution challenging, while the temporal dynamics of streams allow topic distributions to change over time. To tackle these two challenges we propose a new dynamic clustering topic model - DCT - that enables tracking the time-varying distributions of topics over documents and words over topics. DCT models temporal dynamics by a short-term or long-term dependency model over sequential data, and overcomes the difficulty of handling short text by assigning a single topic to each short document and using the distributions inferred at a certain point in time as priors for the next inference, allowing the aggregation of information. At the same time, taking a Bayesian approach allows evidence obtained from new streaming documents to change the topic distribution. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed clustering algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art dynamic and non-dynamic clustering topic models in terms of perplexity and when integrated in a cluster-based query likelihood model it also outperforms state-of-the-art models in terms of retrieval quality.
2019 sir Ronald Wilson Lecture: Climate change - political and legal accountability (2019)

On 7 August, the Law Society was delighted to present the 2019 Sir Ronald Wilson Lecture - Panel Discussion: 'Climate Change - Political and Legal Accountability' at Brookfield Place, Perth. Attendees enjoyed the lively and thought-provoking discussion. Thank you to our panel including Bronwyn Bell, Manager Policy - Natural Resources, The Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia; and Tim Macknay, Principal Solicitor, Environmental Defender's Office of Western Australia. Brief is pleased to publish the following article, which provides an overview of the key issues discussed.
Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Sea‐ and Freshwater by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with a Vibrating Bismuth Electrode (2010)

Abstract A solid, bismuth (Bi), disk, electrode is used to determine lead (Pb) in natural waters including seawater. The diffusion layer thickness was lowered from 93 to 29 µm by stirring, and to 18 µm by using the vibrated version of the Bi electrode. The Bi electrode does not require removal of dissolved oxygen, which facilitates in situ detection. The electrode was tested for the determination of Pb in coastal seawater samples. The detection limit for Pb was 0.15 nM in acetate buffer and 0.5 nM in seawater using a 2 min deposition time. Cadmium can be determined together with Pb but the sensitivity is about 10×lower. The Bi electrode compares unfavourably to a mercury electrode in terms of sensitivity.
Influence of the Adjacency Effect on Ground Reflectance Measurements (2006)

It is well known that the adjacency effect has to be taken into account during the retrieval of surface reflectance from high spatial resolution satellite imagery. The effect results from atmospheric scattering, depends on the reflectance contrast between a target pixel and its large-scale neighborhood, and decreases with wavelength. Recently, ground reflectance field measurements were published, claiming a substantial influence of the adjacency effect at short distance measurements (< 2 m), and an increase of the effect with wavelength. The authors repeated similar field measurements and found that the adjacency effect usually has a negligible influence at short distances, decreasing with wavelength in agreement with theory, but can have a small influence in high-reflectance contrast environments. Radiative transfer calculations were performed to quantify the influence at short and long distances for cases of practical interest (vegetation and soil in a low-reflectance background). For situations with large reflectance contrasts, the atmospheric backscatter component of the adjacency effect can influence ground measurements over small-area targets, and should therefore be taken into account. However, it is not possible to draw a general conclusion, since some of the considered surfaces are known for exhibiting strong directional effects
The humanized mouse: Emerging translational potential (2020)

The humanized mouse (HM) has emerged as a valuable animal model in cancer research. Engrafted with components of a human immune system and subsequently implanted with tumor tissue from cell lines or in the form of patient-derived xenografts, the HM provides a unique platform in which the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be evaluated in vivo. This model may also be beneficial in the assessment of potential cancer treatments including immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, to maximize its utility, researchers need to understand the critical factors necessary to ensure that the tumor immune interactions in the HM are representative of those within cancer patients. In most current HM models, the human T cells residing in the HM are educated in a murine thymus, allogeneic to implanted tumor tissue, and/or alloreactive to mouse tissues, making their interaction and reactivity with tumor cells suspect. There are several strategies underway to harmonize the immune-tumor environment in the HM. Once the essential components of the HM-tumor TME interface have been identified and understood, the HM model will permit not only the discovery of effective immunotherapy treatments, but it can be used to predict patient responses to great clinical benefit.
Phase I Trial of CD8-Depleted Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Mismatched Unrelated Donor Lymphocyte Infusion (DLI) to Achieve Remissions in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia (sAML) (2023)

The pathologic process in traumatic brain injury marked by delayed axonal loss, known as diffuse axonal injury (DAI), leads to partial deafferentation of neurons downstream of injured axons. This process is linked to persistent visual dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), however, examination of deafferentation in humans is impossible with current technology. To investigate potential reorganization in the visual system following mTBI, we utilized the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) mouse model of mTBI. We report that in the optic nerve of adult male C57BL/6J mice, axonal projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to their downstream thalamic target, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), undergo DAI followed by scattered, widespread axon terminals loss within the dLGN at 4 days post-injury. However, at 10 days post-injury, significant reorganization of RGC axon terminals was found, suggestive of an adaptive neuroplastic response. While these changes persisted at 20 days post-injury, the RGC axon terminal distribution did not recovery fully to sham-injury levels. Our studies also revealed that following DAI, the segregation of axon terminals from ipsilateral and contralateral eye projections remained consistent with normal adult mouse distribution. Lastly, our examination of the shell and core of dLGN suggested that different RGC subpopulations may vary in their susceptibility to injury or in their contribution to reorganization following injury. Collectively, these findings support the premise that subcortical axon terminal reorganization may contribute to recovery following mTBI, and that different neural phenotypes may vary in their contribution to this reorganization despite exposure to the same injury.