gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capacity Analysis of One-Bit Quantized MIMO Systems With Transmitter Channel State Information (2015)

With bandwidths on the order of a gigahertz in emerging wireless systems, high-resolution analog-to-digital convertors (ADCs) become a power consumption bottleneck. One solution is to employ low resolution one-bit ADCs. In this paper, we analyze the flat fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel with one-bit ADCs. Channel state information is assumed to be known at both the transmitter and receiver. For the multiple-input single-output channel, we derive the exact channel capacity. For the single-input multiple-output and MIMO channel, the capacity at infinite signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is found. We also derive upper bound at finite SNR, which is tight when the channel has full row rank. In addition, we propose an efficient method to design the input symbols to approach the capacity achieving solution. We incorporate millimeter wave channel characteristics and find the bounds on the infinite SNR capacity. The results show how the number of paths and number of receive antennas impact the capacity.
Stereospecific Formal Total Synthesis of Ecteinascidin 743 (2006)

Eine neue Strategie zum Aufbau des pentacyclischen Ringsystems von Ecteinascidin 743: Zentrale Merkmale sind der sehr effiziente Zugang zur enantiomerenreinen Untereinheit 1, eine neuartige vinyloge Pictet-Spengler-Cyclisierung zu 2 sowie eine stereospezifische Epoxidierung und regioselektive Reduktion des C3-C4-Enamids auf dem Weg zu 3. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z503983_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Dual-Site Alternating Cyclocopolymerization of 1,3-Butadiene with Ethylene (2003)

The copolymerization of ethylene with 1,3-butadiene was studied with the series of ansa-metallocenes Me2Si(Cp)(9-Flu)ZrCl2 (1), Me2Si(1-Ind)(9-Flu)ZrCl2 (2), and Me2Si(9-Flu)2ZrCl2 (3) with methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst. The catalyst 2/MAO yields a cyclocopolymer composed of two ethylene monomer units for every one butadiene in a novel periodic architecture of 1,2-enchained cyclopentane units separated by three methylenes. The high butadiene content in the copolymer and the high selectivity for alternating cyclocopolymerization to form methylene-1,2-cyclopentane units implicate a dual-site mechanism where butadiene and ethylene are enchained at different coordination sites.
Narcolepsy Variant Presented with Difficult Waking (2000)

목 적 : 십년 이상 각성장애를 보인 20세 남자환자를 분석하였다. 환자는 두통, 만성피로, 경한 주간졸리움증을 호소하였으나 조절할 수 없는 수면발작, 탈력발작, 입면시 환각이나 수면마비의 병력은 없었다. 방 법 : 야간 수면다원검사 (PSG), 반복적 수면잠복기 검사 (MSLT) 및 조직적합성 유전자검사 (HLA-typing)를 시행 하였다. 결 과 : PSG상 수면잠복기가 짧고 (4분), 렘수면잠복기도 감소하였고 (2.5분), 각성지표 (arousal index)가 시간당 15.7로 약간 증가되었으며, 수면 중 주기적 사지운동지표 (PLMS index)가 시간당 8.1로 관찰되었으나 운동과 연관된 각성지표 (movement arousal index)는 시간당 2.1로 높지 않았다. 잠효율은 (sleep efficiency)는 97.5%로 정상이었다. MSLT상 수면잠복기는 15분 21초로 정상이었으나 sleep-onset REM (SOREM)은 5회의 낮잠 시도 중 4회에서 관찰되었다. HLA-typing에서 DQ6-양성이었는데, 이는 기면증 환자에서 대개 관찰되는 유전자 위치인 DQB1*0602, DQA1*0102와는 다른 DQB1*0601 부위에 상응하였다. 결 론 : 일차성 각성장애의 원인이 되는 여러 질환 특히 일주기리듬장애나 기면증, 원발성 다면증과의 감별진단이 필요하며, 수면검사와 유전자검사 상 기면증의 새로운 변종일 가능성을 배제할 수 없다. 【Objectives Summary: A 20-year-old man was presented with a history of difficult waking for 10 years. He suffered from morning headache, chronic fatigue and mild daytime sleepiness but had no history of irresistible sleep attack, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucination or sleep paralysis. Methods: Night polysomnography (PSG), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and HLA-typing were carried out. Results: The PSG showed short sleep latency (4.0 min) and REM latency (2.5 min), increased arousal index (15.7/hour), periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS index=8.1/hr) with movement arousal index 2.1/hr and normal sleep efficiency (97.5%). The MSLT revealed normal sleep latency (15 min 21 sec) and 4 times sleep-onset REM (SOREM). HLA-typing showed DQ6- positive, that corresponded at the genomic level to the subregion DQB1*0601, which was different from the usual locus in narcolepsy patients (DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102). Conclusion: Differential diagnosis should be made with circadian rhythm disorder and other causes of primary waking disorder. The possibility of a variant type of narcolepsy could be suggested with an unusual clinical manifestation and a new genetic marker.】
Heptamethylindenyl (Ind*) enables diastereoselective benzamidation of cyclopropenes via Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation (2016)

The diastereoselective coupling of <i>O</i>-substituted arylhydroxamates and cyclopropenes mediated by Rh(iii) catalysis was successfully developed. Through ligand development, the diastereoselectivity of this reaction was improved using a heptamethylindenyl (Ind*) ligand, which has been rationalized using quantum chemical calculations. In addition, the nature of the <i>O</i>-substituted ester of benzhydroxamic acid proved important for high diastereoselectivity. This transformation tolerates a variety of benzamides and cyclopropenes that furnish cyclopropa[<i>c</i>]dihydroisoquinolones with high diastereocontrol, which could then be easily transformed into synthetically useful building blocks for pharmaceuticals and bio-active molecules.
Photodissociation of Kr2F(4 2Γ) in the ultraviolet and near-infrared: Wavelength dependence of KrF (B 2Σ) yield (1997)

The photoabsorption spectrum of the 4 2Γ excited state of Kr2F has been measured in the 280–850 nm region by fluorescence suppression spectroscopy. Both the 9 2Γ←4 2Γ and 6 2Γ←4 2Γ bands, peaking at 320 and ∼710 nm, respectively, have been observed—the latter for the first time. Although the position of the ultraviolet band is consistent with both theory and previous experiments, its spectral width is ∼40% of that measured by Greene and McCown [Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 1965 (1989)] in absorption experiments in a pulsed discharge. The relative yield of KrF(B) produced in the photodissociation of Kr2F(4 2Γ) was found to be independent of wavelength over the 280–360 nm and 590–840 nm spectral intervals and the mechanism responsible for photodissociation appears to be predissociation of the Kr2F 9 2Γ and 6 2Γ states by potentials correlated with the KrF(D)+Kr and KrF(C)+Kr limits, respectively.
DialogueRNN: An Attentive RNN for Emotion Detection in Conversations (2019)

Emotion detection in conversations is a necessary step for a number of applications, including opinion mining over chat history, social media threads, debates, argumentation mining, understanding consumer feedback in live conversations, and so on. Currently systems do not treat the parties in the conversation individually by adapting to the speaker of each utterance. In this paper, we describe a new method based on recurrent neural networks that keeps track of the individual party states throughout the conversation and uses this information for emotion classification. Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art by a significant margin on two different datasets.
Limit distribution theory for maximum likelihood estimation of a log-concave density (2009)

We find limiting distributions of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of a log-concave density, that is, a density of the form f0=exp ϕ0 where ϕ0 is a concave function on ℝ. The pointwise limiting distributions depend on the second and third derivatives at 0 of Hk, the “lower invelope” of an integrated Brownian motion process minus a drift term depending on the number of vanishing derivatives of ϕ0=log f0 at the point of interest. We also establish the limiting distribution of the resulting estimator of the mode M(f0) and establish a new local asymptotic minimax lower bound which shows the optimality of our mode estimator in terms of both rate of convergence and dependence of constants on population values.
'Evidence of an auxin signal pathway, microRNA167-ARF8-GH3, and its response to exogenous auxin in cultured rice cells' (2006)

MicroRNA167 (miR167) was shown to cleave auxin responsive factor 8 (ARF8) mRNA in cultured rice cells. MiR167 level was found to be controlled by the presence of auxin in the growth medium. When cells grew in auxin-free medium, miR167 level decreased, resulting in an increase in the level of ARF8 mRNA. Cells growing in the normal growth medium containing auxin showed a reversed trend. It was also shown that expression of OsGH3-2, an rice IAA-conjugating enzyme, was positively regulated by ARF8. Delivery of synthesized miR167 into cells led to decrease of both ARF8 mRNA and OsGH3-2 mRNA. This study provides an evidence in which the exogeneous auxin signal is transduced to OsGH3-2 through miR167 and ARF8 in sequence. This proposed auxin signal transduction pathway, auxin-miR167-ARF8-OsGH3-2, could be, in conjunction with the other microRNA-mediated auxin signals, an important one for responding to exogeneous auxin and for determining the cellular free auxin level which guides appropriate auxin responses.
SUPERQUADRICS AND MODAL DYNAMICS FOR DISCRETE ELEMENTS IN INTERACTIVE DESIGN (1992)

This paper discusses advances in interactive discrete element simulation for use in computer‐aided concurrent design. We highlight the computational problems of creating a ‘virtual world’ populated by objects which behave much as real world objects and propose a system based on a new class of volumetric models, called superquadrics. These functions have significant advantages for calculating multibody interactions, and by coupling volumetric representation to a modal decomposition method for the physical dynamics we have been able to gain up to two orders of magnitude in efficiency. The modal method allows us to trade off high order modes for improved stability, time step magnitude, temporal aliasing and speed of response, and so provide almost real time feedback to the designer. We believe that virtual manufacturing systems will be especially useful in conceptual design, in design for manufacture and in the new thrust in concurrent design.
Stable, Distributed-Dynode Electron Multiplier (1965)

The development of a high gain, stable electron multiplier is described. The configuration investigated consists of two rectangular, continuous dynodes forming a plane-parallel channel. Details of strip preparation, film deposition, and experimental performance values are discussed.
Correction: Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells Are Enriched in Xenogeneic Tumors Following Chemotherapy (2008)

Background: Patients generally die of cancer after the failure of current therapies to eliminate residual disease. A subpopulation of tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSC), appears uniquely able to fuel the growth of phenotypically and histologically diverse tumors. It has been proposed, therefore, that failure to effectively treat cancer may in part be due to preferential resistance of these CSC to chemotherapeutic agents. The subpopulation of human colorectal tumor cells with an ESA + CD44 + phenotype are uniquely responsible for tumorigenesis and have the capacity to generate heterogeneous tumors in a xenograft setting (i.e. CoCSC). We hypothesized that if non-tumorigenic cells are more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents, then residual tumors might be expected to contain a higher frequency of CoCSC.
Monitoring of Hydrogen Permeated through Steel of Actual Petrorefining Plant (1996)

An electrochemical method for monitoring hydrogen content permeated through steel pipe at elevated temperatures (-673 K) was, first time, applied to an actual hydrodesulfurizing plant for light oil. The monitoring equipments include a molten sodium hydroxide electrolyte, a stabilized zirconia reference electrode, Pt-wire counter electrode, a high-purity alumina cell, potentiostat and recorder. The monitoring of ionic current of permeated hydrogen was performed with high reliability during over one month. The measuring currents were fundamentally similar values as ones calculated from the assumption that the process flow was pure hydrogen gas. But, after several days, the permeation currents decreased to 1/2-1/5 of the calculated value. This decrease is closely related to the formation of FeS film at the inner surface of pipe.
Structural basis for the potent and selective binding of LDN-212854 to the BMP receptor kinase ALK2 (2017)

Individuals with the rare developmental disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) experience disabling heterotopic ossification caused by a gain of function mutation in the intracellular region of the BMP type I receptor kinase ALK2, encoded by the gene ACVR1. Small molecule BMP type I receptor inhibitors that block this ossification in FOP mouse models have been derived from the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold of dorsomorphin. While the first derivative LDN-193189 exhibited pan inhibition of BMP receptors, the more recent compound LDN-212854 has shown increased selectivity for ALK2. Here we solved the crystal structure of ALK2 in complex with LDN-212854 to define how its binding interactions compare to previously reported BMP and TGFβ receptor inhibitors. LDN-212854 bound to the kinase hinge region as a typical type I ATP-competitive inhibitor with a single hydrogen bond to ALK2 His286. Specificity arising from the 5-quinoline moiety was associated with a distinct pattern of water-mediated hydrogen bonds involving Lys235 and Glu248 in the inactive conformation favoured by ALK2. The structure of this complex provides a template for the design of future ALK2 inhibitors under development for the treatment of FOP and other related conditions of heterotopic ossification.
Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics (2004)

Prebiotics are non-digestible (by the host) food ingredients that have a beneficial effect through their selective metabolism in the intestinal tract. Key to this is the specificity of microbial changes. The present paper reviews the concept in terms of three criteria: (a) resistance to gastric acidity, hydrolysis by mammalian enzymes and gastrointestinal absorption; (b) fermentation by intestinal microflora; (c) selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of intestinal bacteria associated with health and wellbeing. The conclusion is that prebiotics that currently fulfil these three criteria are fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides and lactulose, although promise does exist with several other dietary carbohydrates. Given the range of food vehicles that may be fortified by prebiotics, their ability to confer positive microflora changes and the health aspects that may accrue, it is important that robust technologies to assay functionality are used. This would include a molecular-based approach to determine flora changes. The future use of prebiotics may allow species-level changes in the microbiota, an extrapolation into genera other than the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and allow preferential use in disease-prone areas of the body.
Consciousness from neurons and waves (2004)

This paper presents a theory of consciousness based on the following evidence: [1] Complex stimuli are decomposed by the exogenous system into attributes transmitted to synapses of pyramidal neurons in lower cortical layers, encoding fragments of sensations as nonrandom synchronization that increases local voltages; [2] Endogenous readouts from representational systems encoding memories in a mesolimbic system are transmitted to synapses of the pyramidal neurons in upper layers; [3] Excitability of pyramidal neurons receiving convergent exogenous and endogenous inputs is enhanced, converting fragments of sensations to fragments of perception and creating high voltage islands of non-random synchrony; [4] Local Field Potential (LFP) oscillations are homeostatically regulated, imposing dynamically maintained local voltage thresholds that define a “Ground State”; [5] Deviations from these most probable levels constitute local perturbations of entropy; [6] Modulation of cortex by LFPs, facilitating coherent cortico-thalamic (C-T) volleys of cells with suprathreshold excitability, binds dispersed fragments of local perturbations of entropy; [7] The thalamic cells from which convergence arose respond to these volleys by coherent T-C-T-C reverberations; [8] Sustained reverberation establishes a resonating electromagnetic field of information, the vehicle sustaining unified perception; [9] The resonating field of information constitutes Global Negative and generates the content of consciousness; [10] Invariant reversible LFP changes occur upon loss of consciousness and persistent shifts accompany many clinical disorders.
Influence of Growth Temperature on Microstructure and Superconducting Properties of ${\rm ErBa}_{2}{\rm Cu}_{3}{\rm O}_{7-\delta}$ Films With ${\rm Ba}({\rm Er}_{0.5}{\rm Nb}_{0.5}){\rm O}_{3}$ Nanorods (2009)

Influence of growth temperatures are discussed for microstructures and superconducting properties of ErBa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7-delta</sub> films with Ba(Er <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> )O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> nanorods grown by pulse laser deposition on SrTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> substrates. The nanorods were observed in transmission electron microscopy images of the films. Nanorods were thinner and denser at a lower growth temperature. The <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> performance in magnetic fields relates closely the morphology of introduced nanorods with growth temperature.
Angular distribution of light scattered by single biological cells and oriented particle agglomerates (2003)

We used a flow cytometer together with an intensified CCD camera to record spatially resolved light scattering from micrometer-sized single particles and single oriented particle agglomerates. Experimental differential cross sections of an oriented dumbbell made from two identical polystyrene spheres were compared with theoretical values calculated within the discrete dipole approximation, and good agreement was achieved. Furthermore, characteristic two-dimensional patterns of the scattered-light intensity were recorded for single blood cells, yielding information on the cells' shape and volume. Besides flow cytometry, we observed and analyzed differential light scatter of particle clusters of known size, shape, and orientation located within an optical trap.
Prestroke Glucose Control and Functional Outcome in Patients With Acute Large Vessel Occlusive Stroke and Diabetes After Thrombectomy (2021)

Prestroke glucose control with a target HbA<sub>1c</sub> of ≤7.0% may be beneficial for neurological recovery in patients with diabetes undergoing IAT for large vessel occlusive stroke, regardless of stroke subtype, bridging intravenous thrombolysis, occlusion site, degree of recanalization, and treatment period.
Microsystems: Technology Enabler (2012)

Microelectronics and microsystems have been part of the key technologies that enabled the incredible pace of development we have seen over the last five to six decades. This paper presents a basic view in terms of technology development supporting new approaches to generation and transfer of knowledge for critical activities, one of the key ones being the ability to capture, store and more efficiently use energy.
Down Syndrome, Other Full Aneuploidies, and Polyploidy (2011)

Abstract IN THIS CHAPTER we consider the case of parents, themselves karyotypically normal, who have had a child, or a pregnancy that aborted, with a full aneuploidy or a polyploidy. Thus, we include the major trisomies (13, 18, 21) and sex chromosome aneuploidies (XXX, XXY, XYY, and 45,X) as well as less commonly seen autosomal aneuploidies and sex chromosome polysomies. The category of polyploidy is substantially devoted to triploidy. In the great majority, these defects arise from an abnormal event during meiosis or (in some triploidy) at conception. In a few, there is postzygotic generation of aneuploidy. Only in the case of parental gonadal mosaicism, or in the hypothetical setting of an apparent predisposition to meiotic error, will there apply an increased risk of recurrence of aneuploidy, over and above that associated with any parental age effect. Triploidy needs separate consideration.
Heterogeneous organization and connectivity of the chicken auditory thalamus (Gallus gallus) (2017)

Abstract The auditory ascending system contains parallel pathways in vertebrate brains. In chickens ( Gallus gallus ), three pathways arise from nucleus laminaris (NL), nucleus angularis (NA), and regio intermedius (RI) in the brainstem, innervating three subdivisions of the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis (MLd) in the midbrain. The current study reveals the segregation of these pathways in their subsequent projections to the nucleus ovoidalis (Ov) in the thalamus. Based on cytoarchitecture and myelin distribution, we identified seven Ov subregions, including five neuronal clusters within the Ov proper, the nucleus semilunaris parovoidalis (SPO), and the circum‐ovoidalis (cOv). Immunocytochemistry further revealed that a ventromedial cluster of the Ov proper (Ovvm) contains unique cell types expressing α8 subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, while SPO and cOv are characterized with expression of calcitonin‐gene‐related peptide and cholecystokinin. Tract tracing studies demonstrated that Ovvm is a major target of the NL‐recipient zone of MLd, while the RI‐recipient zone of MLd predominantly projects to a ventrolateral cluster of the Ov proper. Afferent inputs to the remaining regions of the Ov proper mostly arise from the NA‐recipient zone of MLd. SPO and cOv receive a projection from the surrounding areas of MLd, named the nucleus intercollicularis. Importantly, the Ov proper, SPO and cOv all project to the Field L2 in the forebrain, the avian auditory cortex. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the avian auditory thalamus is a structurally and functionally heterogeneous structure, implicating an important role in generating novel representations for specific acoustic features.
Stripe/kink microstructures formed in mechanical peeling of highly orientated pyrolytic graphite (2010)

Mechanical exfoliation is nowadays the primary method to produce isolated graphenes. A stripe/kink microstructure is observed in our graphite flakes produced by mechanical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). It composes a series of parallel stripes with width of about 100 microns separated by kinking microstructures (∼2 microns) in the graphite flake plane. The formation of such structure is attributed to the sliding between adjacent layers of the HOPG under the mechanical peeling. A theoretical model is presented to understand the persistence of such kinking structures in terms of the interlayer shear force locking effect.