gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Graphene-MoS2 Hybrid Technology for Large-Scale Two-Dimensional Electronics (2014)

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have generated great interest in the last few years as a new toolbox for electronics. This family of materials includes, among others, metallic graphene, semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (such as MoS2) and insulating Boron Nitride. These materials and their heterostructures offer excellent mechanical flexibility, optical transparency and favorable transport properties for realizing electronic, sensing and optical systems on arbitrary surfaces. In this work, we develop several etch stop layer technologies that allow the fabrication of complex 2D devices and present for the first time the large scale integration of graphene with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) , both grown using the fully scalable CVD technique. Transistor devices and logic circuits with MoS2 channel and graphene as contacts and interconnects are constructed and show high performances. In addition, the graphene/MoS2 heterojunction contact has been systematically compared with MoS2-metal junctions experimentally and studied using density functional theory. The tunability of the graphene work function significantly improves the ohmic contact to MoS2. These high-performance large-scale devices and circuits based on 2D heterostructure pave the way for practical flexible transparent electronics in the future. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Program, the ONR GATE MURI program, and the Army Research Laboratory. This research has made use of the MI.
Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Step Vacuum Preloading Method: A Case Study on High Clay Content Dredger Fill in Tianjin, China (2020)

As a solution to avoid the blockage of the drainage pipe by traditional vacuum preloading, step vacuum preloading (SVP) has been progressively studied. However, the effectiveness of this technique has yet to be systematically analyzed. In this study, an indoor model test was conducted in which vacuum pressure was applied in five stages (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kPa) to dredger soil with high clay content at a reclamation site in Binhai New Area, Tianjin, China. The extent of the consolidation effect of the soil was determined, and the effectiveness of the step vacuum preloading method to address drainage pipe blockage was evaluated. The results indicate that soil settlement increases at each stage of vacuum pressure treatment and the degree of vertical consolidation at each stage exceeds 90%. At the end of the treatment stage with vacuum pressure of 80 kPa, the weakly bound water was discharged. Dissipation of pore water pressure occurred in all stages. On the basis of these results, it is shown that SVP can efficiently reinforce dredger fill. Moreover, after SVP, the grain size of the soil and void ratio are still uniformly distributed. Regardless of their location from the drainage pipe, soil exhibits permeability coefficients within the same order of magnitude. The consolidation effect of soil in each stage and the increased drainage rate in the initial stage of vacuum preloading with 80 kPa indicate that the test in the current study can decrease the horizontal displacement of fine particles and can avoid drainage pipe blockage.
Cubic lipid phase and bicelle crystallization of membrane proteins (2010)

The cubic lipid phase (CLP) & bicelle methods for membrane protein crystallization have been refined to allow large-scale screening of various membrane proteins.
Experimental and Numerical Study of an Air Assisted Fuel Injector for a D.I.S.I. Engine (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The transient behaviour of the fuel spray from an air assisted fuel injector has been investigated both numerically and experimentally in a Constant Volume Chamber (CVC) and an optical engine. This two phase injector is difficult to analyse numerically and experimentally because of the strong coupling between the gas and liquid phases. The gas driven atomization of liquid fuel involves liquid film formation, separation and break up and also liquid droplet coalescence, break up, splashing, bouncing, evaporation and collision. Furthermore, the liquid phase is the dominant phase in many regions within the injector.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Experimental results are obtained by using Mie scattering, Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Laser Sheet Drop sizing (LSD) techniques. Computational results are obtained by using a mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian approach in a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) code. Injector rig results show a good atomization of the spray with low spray width and penetration and Sauter Mean Diameters (SMD) of droplets of order 10 µm. Engine results show a spray with a relatively low penetration producing liquid fuel and vapour fuel concentrations close to the central location of the injector and spark plug for stratified, lean mode of operation. Imaging of this injector operating inside an engine confirms the overall design approach for stratified operation.&lt;/div&gt;
Ultraviolet B-induced loss of HLA class II antigen expression on lymphocytes is dose, time, and locus dependent. (1990)

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation interferes with the afferent and efferent loops of the immune response. One mechanism that has been suggested is the decline of class II histocompatibility antigen expression on the cell surface. However, data in the literature are controversial. In the present study, we examined the effect of UVB light (peak emission at 302 nm), at doses of 0.05-300 mJ/cm2, on class II antigen expression on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes enriched for non-T cells. Monoclonal antibodies directed at nonpolymorphic determinants on HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP were used to label cells before and at time intervals up to 72 h after irradiation. Immediately following UVB exposure, fluorescence intensity for all three antigens was equal to or slightly increased above control values. Subsequently, there was a decline in antigen expression that was UVB dose dependent and varied for HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ. Although there was only a very moderate loss of surface labeling for HLA-DR up to 72 h, there was a steep decline for HLA-DQ and -DP. There was no significant decline in class II antigen expression on cells exposed to 2000 or 4000 cGy of gamma irradiation. Also, there was no effect of either gamma or UVB irradiation on class I antigen expression. These data explain some of the discrepancies in previous reports on the effects of UVB on class II antigens; they show not only a dose effect but also an effect of time after exposure and, most importantly, the class II antigen under study.
Charge Generation in Non-Fullerene Donor–Acceptor Blends for Organic Solar Cells (2017)

The power conversion efficiencies of solar cells incorporating non-fullerene donor–acceptor blends now approach those of fullerene-based devices in the best performing examples. However, the lack of clear structure–property relationships means that the poor device performance of many novel non-fullerene systems cannot be readily explained. We report a series of non-fullerene acceptors, comprising essentially the same chromophore, that differ in terms of their shape and number of chromophores. To understand the impact of these structural differences on charge generation, we have employed transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the photophysical properties of the acceptors in blends with the conjugated polymer PTB7. To minimize the impact of morphology, we employed a broad range of acceptor concentrations and compared the results with those of blends containing the fullerene derivative PC70BM. In terms of singlet exciton harvesting, the non-fullerene acceptors exhibited similar performance to PC70BM in blends with PTB7. The rate of singlet exciton quenching as a function of acceptor concentration was consistent with exciton diffusion mediated quenching with a diffusion length of 4–5 nm for the PTB7 singlet exciton. The polaron generation efficiency of the non-fullerene acceptors was comparable to that of PC70BM although the fraction of polarons that subsequently underwent geminate recombination was much greater in the non-fullerene blends. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of the non-fullerene acceptors were not influenced by the shape of the acceptor, the chromophore number, or the donor–acceptor ratio, which indicates that the higher geminate recombination is related to the structure of the acceptor chromophore and the interface formed with the donor. The implication of these results is that despite appropriate energetics and optical absorption, the performance of some non-fullerene donor–acceptor blends will be intrinsically limited by the choice of acceptor chromophore and the nature of the interface it forms with the donor material.
Chemical Control of Charge Trapping and Charge Transfer Processes at the Organic-Inorganic Interface within Quantum Dot-Organic Complexes (2015)

Within the research program funded through the Early Career Research Award we designed complexes of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and organic molecules in which the interfacial chemistry controls the electronic structure and dynamics of the excitonic state of the QD. The program included two main projects; (1) investigation of the mechanisms by which organic surfactants control the quantum confinement of excitonic charge carriers; and (2) development of models for electron transfer between QDs and adsorbed molecules as a function of interfacial chemistry. This project was extremely successful in that our achievements in those two areas addressed the great majority of questions we outlined in the original proposal and answered questions I did not think to ask in that original proposal. Our work led to the discovery of “exciton delocalizing ligands”, which change the electronic structure of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals by altering, with small synthetic modifications to their surfaces, their most defining characteristic – the quantum confinement of their excited states. It also led to detailed, quantitative descriptions of how the surface chemistry of a QD dictates, thermodynamically and kinetically, the probability of exchange of electrons between the QD and a small molecule. We used two of the three major techniques in the proposal (transient photoluminescence and transient absorption). Electrogenerated chemiluminescence was also proposed, but was too technically difficult with these systems to be useful. Instead, NMR spectroscopy emerged as a major analytical tool in our studies. With the fundamental advancements we made with this project, we believe that we can design QDs to be the next great class of visible-light photocatalysts.
Supplementary Figure 5 from The CD4<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Response of Melanoma Patients to a MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Involves Potential Regulatory T Cells (2023)

Supplementary Figure 5 from The CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T-Cell Response of Melanoma Patients to a MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Involves Potential Regulatory T Cells
Pharmacological management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (2020)

There has been substantial progress in our knowledge of ARDS over the past two decades and many drugs have been used in its treatment. Nevertheless, effective targeted pharmacological treatments for ARDS are still lacking. The likely reason why a pharmacological approach is beneficial for some patients, but harmful for others is that ARDS is an extremely heterogeneous syndrome. To overcome this issue, a precision approach for ARDS, whereby therapies are specifically targeted to patients most likely to benefit, has been proposed. At present, however, the application of this approach seems to be a difficult task.
Relative Contributions of Polarizability and Free Volume in Reduction of Refractive Index and Dielectric Constant with Fluorine Substitution in Polyimides by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (2013)

Fluorine atom incorporation into polymers typically yields a low refractive index and dielectric constant. Two effects contribute to this: the decreased electronic polarizability of the C–F bond relative to C–H, and the introduction of additional fractional free volume due to less dense polymer chain packing. Here, it is reported that the change in fractional free volume contributes an average of 49% of the observed decrease in refractive index and 64% of the 1 kHz dielectric constant for symmetric structures. This surprisingly large magnitude is found comparing exact fluorine/hydrogen analogous pairs of polyimides using positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy and the application of a Lorenz–Lorentz normalization. image
ACCURACY STUDY ON THE REGISTRATION OF THE TIBIA BY MEANS OF AN INTRAMEDULLARY ROD IN ROBOT- ASSISTED TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY (2000)

Group α (°) s(°) α (°) s(°) α (°) s(°) 3D 1.36 0.94 2.16 1.35 2.85 1.19 F 0.51 0.99 0.51 0.99 -0.10 1.24 1 S -0.14 1.30 1.67 1.66 -1.60 2.51 3D 1.69 0.97 2.60 1.27 1.88 0.78 F 0.21 1.12 0.21 1.12 -0.87 0.69 2
Adding Learning to the Cellular Development of Neural Networks: Evolution and the Baldwin Effect (1993)

A grammar tree is used to encode a cellular developmental process that can generate whole families of Boolean neural networks for computing parity and symmetry. The development process resembles biological cell division. A genetic algorithm is used to find a grammar tree that yields both architecture and weights specifying a particular neural network for solving specific Boolean functions. The current study particularly focuses on the addition of learning to the development process and the evolution of grammar trees. Three ways of adding learning to the development process are explored. Two of these exploit the Baldwin effect by changing the fitness landscape without using Lamarckian evolution. The third strategy is Lamarckian in nature. Results for these three modes of combining learning with genetic search are compared against genetic search without learning. Our results suggest that merely using learning to change the fitness landscape can be as effective as Lamarckian strategies at improving search.
Stochastic epidemic outbreaks: why epidemics are like lasers (2004)

Many diseases, such as childhood diseases, dengue fever, and West Nile virus, appear to oscillate randomly as a function of seasonal environmental or social changes. Such oscillations appear to have a chaotic bursting character, although it is still uncertain how much is due to random fluctuations. Such bursting in the presence of noise is also observed in driven lasers. In this talk, I will show how noise can excite random outbreaks in simple models of seasonally driven outbreaks, as well as lasers. The models for both population dynamics will be shown to share the same class of underlying topology, which plays a major role in the cause of observed stochastic bursting.
Nonarthroplasty Treatment of Glenohumeral Cartilage Lesions (2005)

Treatment of young, active persons with symptomatic cartilage lesions of the glenohumeral joint represents a significant challenge. Diagnosis of glenohumeral chondral defects is not always straightforward and effective treatment requires familiarity with a number of techniques. Low-demand individuals may accept palliative therapy in the form of arthroscopic debridement as a temporizing solution. However, younger, high-demand individuals require a careful, stepwise approach that includes reparative, restorative, and reconstructive strategies. Reparative strategies use marrow-stimulation techniques to induce formation of fibrocartilage. Restorative tactics attempt to replace damaged cartilage with hyaline or hyaline-like tissue using osteochondral or chondrocyte transplantation. Large lesions that are not candidates for reparative or restorative procedures can be approached using reconstruction methods such as biologic resurfacing. This review examines causes of chondral injury in the glenohumeral joint, discusses diagnostic strategies, and presents a practical framework including palliative, reparative, restorative, and reconstructive options with which one can formulate a treatment plan for these patients.
Propagation of chirality from gemini surfactants to porphyrin/surfactant heteroaggregates: transcription of the stereochemical information into an organizational feature (2010)

The interaction of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin with the chiral gemini surfactants (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)butane bromide gives, below the critical micellar concentration, porphyrin/surfactant heteroaggregates of defined stoichiometry, where the dye molecules have a column-packed, H-type arrangement. The results of a CD investigation suggest that the gemini structure controls both the chirality of the porphyrin-surfactant unit and the chiral morphology of H-type aggregates.
Linear model application for the design of transparent conductive In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ electrodes (2002)

Transparent conductive coatings with high electrical conductivity and maximum optical transparency attracts much attention in recent years. Most of the works published till present in this field were concentrated in the physical analysis and design of thin film coatings. In this paper we present a different approach to the fabrication design of transparent conductive thin films. Instead of analyzing complex physical models of the final product, a mathematical linear model to control the processing stages of these films production is presented. This linear model is based on a mathematical approach which optimize the processing procedure parameters to yield the best coating performance. The main idea in this linear model optimization procedure lies in finding functions extremums using their derivatives and gradients. The Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) Indium Oxide thin films (In/sub 2/O/sub 3/) were obtained by DC magnetron sputtering from pure Indium Oxide target in an argon atmosphere. The obtained transparent conducting thin films had the following parameters: -Transparency in 550 nm wavelength-90.7% (including the glass substrate with an absolute transparency of 91.08%); -resistivity of 0.043 /spl Omega//spl middot/cm for a 2525 /spl Aring/ film. As a result of this work the linear model was found to be a useful instrument for the general fabrication design of thin film systems.
Generalized Talbot Self-Healing of Periodic Images (2022)

Spatially periodic images are useful in a broad range of scientific fields, but are often corrupted by spatial jitter, noise, or missing repetitions. We review recent work on the use of diffraction-induced Talbot self-imaging to recover corrupted periodic images through a passive amplification process.
Chiroptical properties and synthesis of enantiopure cis and trans Pterocarpan Skeleton (2003)

The first enantioselective synthesis of trans-(6aS,11aR)-pterocarpan [(+)-2] and its conversion to cis-(6aS,11aS)-pterocarpan [(+)-1] was achieved starting from racemic 2'-benzyloxyflavanone (rac-3). Their stereochemistry was deduced by X-ray analysis of the ketal intermediate (-)-5a. The CD study of (+)-1 and (+)-2 allows the configurational assignment of similar pterocarpan derivatives by CD spectroscopy.
Estimating process capability indexCpk: classical approach versus Bayesian approach (2014)

Process capability index Cpk has been the most popular one used in the manufacturing industry dealing with problems of measuring reproduction capability of processes to enhance product development with very low fraction of defectives. In the manufacturing industry, lower confidence bound (LCB) estimates the minimum process capability providing pivotal information for quality engineers to monitoring the process and assessing process performance for quality assurance. The main objective of this paper is to compare and contrast the LCBs on Cpk using two approaches, Classical method and Bayesian method.
Partial Dehydration of Levothyroxine Sodium Pentahydrate in a Drug Product Environment: Structural Insights into Stability (2020)

Levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate (LSP; C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>10</sub>I<sub>4</sub>NNaO<sub>4</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O) gradually loses one molecule of water of crystallization as the water vapor pressure is decreased from 90% to 15% RH (40 °C), a behavior characteristic of nonstoichiometric hydrates. LSP loses four molecules of water of crystallization to form levothyroxine sodium monohydrate (LSM; C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>10</sub>I<sub>4</sub>NNaO<sub>4</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O) under realistic storage conditions (40 °C/0% RH for 3 h). The crystal structure of LSP was determined following which the specimen was partially dehydrated <i>in situ</i> to form LSM. The crystal structure of LSM provided insight into its potential for high reactivity. Thus, its presence in a drug product is undesirable. In LSP-oxalic acid mixtures stored in a hermetic container at 40 °C, there was moisture transfer from drug to excipient. Synchrotron X-ray diffractometry revealed dehydration of LSP resulting in LSM, while anhydrous oxalic acid transformed to its dihydrate. In formulations of LSP, chemical degradation of levothyroxine sodium may be preceded by its partial dehydration.
Hemacytometer Cell Count Distributions: Implications of Non‐Poisson Behavior (1991)

Abstract The variance of observed cell counts using a hemacytometer was analyzed. The variance was found to be greater than expected under the normally assumed Poisson distribution because of variations in the volume of the counting area. Furthermore, counts from the two sides of the hemacytometer were found to be correlated. Total cell count on a hemacytometer was better described using a normal distribution with quadratic variance, N (λ,λ + σλ 2 ), with σ=0.012. Because hemacytometer cell counts are not Poisson distributed, modified counting protocols are recommended.
Mobilization of CD34 + Progenitor Cells in Association with Decreased Proliferation in the Bone Marrow of Macaques after Administration of the Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand (2010)

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3-L) is critical for the differentiation and self-renewal of CD34+ progenitor cells in primates and has been used therapeutically to mobilize progenitor and dendritic cells in vivo. However, little is known regarding the expansion of progenitor cells outside of peripheral blood, particularly in bone marrow (BM), where progenitor cells primarily reside. Evaluation of FLT3-L-mediated cell mobilization during lentivirus infections, where the numbers of CD34+ progenitor cells are reduced, is limited. We enumerated frequencies and absolute numbers of CD34+ progenitor cells in blood and BM of naive and SIV- or SHIV-infected macaques during and after the administration of FLT3-L. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that, while CD34+ cells increased in the circulation, no expansion was observed in BM. Furthermore, in the BM intracellular Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, was downregulated in CD34+ progenitor cells but was upregulated significantly in the bulk cell population. Although the exact mechanism(s) remains unclear, these data suggest that CD34+ cell mobilization in blood was the result of cellular emigration from BM and not the proliferation of CD34+ cells already in the periphery. It is possible that the decreased progenitor cell proliferation observed in BM is evidence of a negative regulatory mechanism preventing hyperproliferation and development of neoplastic cells.
Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children (2011)

Antimuscarinic topical medication is effective in slowing myopia progression in children. Multifocal lenses, either spectacles or contact lenses, may also confer a small benefit. Orthokeratology contact lenses, although not intended to modify refractive error, were more effective than SVLs in slowing axial elongation. We found only low or very low-certainty evidence to support RGPCLs and sperical aberration SCLs.