gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Snubber for Voltage-Balancing and Self-Powering of Series-Connected Devices (2019)

With SiC devices enabling much higher voltage converters with lower complexity, a modular switching position that eliminates some of the issues with medium-voltage converters (e.g., high isolation voltages and dv/dt's) would be valuable. Full modularity requires the ability to stack any arbitrary number of units in series. A requirement for this functionality is voltage balancing between all series switches. This paper introduces a hybrid snubber that attempts to solve these dynamic and static voltage balancing issues as well as providing power for each switch from the bus to which it is connected. A method for determining the required component values is developed and simulations are used to test the viability of the circuit. Then, a 600 V prototype is constructed using two MOSFETs in series to confirm the functionality of the snubber.
Targeted Profiling:  Quantitative Analysis of 1H NMR Metabolomics Data (2006)

Extracting meaningful information from complex spectroscopic data of metabolite mixtures is an area of active research in the emerging field of "metabolomics", which combines metabolism, spectroscopy, and multivariate statistical analysis (pattern recognition) methods. Chemometric analysis and comparison of 1H NMR1 spectra is commonly hampered by intersample peak position and line width variation due to matrix effects (pH, ionic strength, etc.). Here a novel method for mixture analysis is presented, defined as "targeted profiling". Individual NMR resonances of interest are mathematically modeled from pure compound spectra. This database is then interrogated to identify and quantify metabolites in complex spectra of mixtures, such as biofluids. The technique is validated against a traditional "spectral binning" analysis on the basis of sensitivity to water suppression (presaturation, NOESY-presaturation, WET, and CPMG), relaxation effects, and NMR spectral acquisition times (3, 4, 5, and 6 s/scan) using PCA pattern recognition analysis. In addition, a quantitative validation is performed against various metabolites at physiological concentrations (9 microM-8 mM). "Targeted profiling" is highly stable in PCA-based pattern recognition, insensitive to water suppression, relaxation times (within the ranges examined), and scaling factors; hence, direct comparison of data acquired under varying conditions is made possible. In particular, analysis of metabolites at low concentration and overlapping regions are well suited to this analysis. We discuss how targeted profiling can be applied for mixture analysis and examine the effect of various acquisition parameters on the accuracy of quantification.
Leukocyte subsets and neutrophil function after short-term spaceflight (1999)

Changes in leukocyte subpopulations and function after spaceflight have been observed but the mechanisms underlying these changes are not well defined. This study investigated the effects of short-term spaceflight (8-15 days) on circulating leukocyte subsets, stress hormones, immunoglobulin levels, and neutrophil function. At landing, a 1.5-fold increase in neutrophils was observed compared with preflight values; lymphocytes were slightly decreased, whereas the results were variable for monocytes. No significant changes were observed in plasma levels of immunoglobulins, cortisol, or adrenocorticotropic hormone. In contrast, urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were significantly elevated at landing. Band neutrophils were observed in 9 of 16 astronauts. Neutrophil chemotactic assays showed a 10-fold decrease in the optimal dose response after landing. Neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells was increased both before and after spaceflight. At landing, the expression of MAC-1 was significantly decreased while L-selectin was significantly increased. These functional alterations may be of clinical significance on long-duration space missions.
Einleitung (1989)

“Ein beherrschendes Thema der aktuellen pädagogischen und bildungspolitischen Diskussion ist die angemessene Reaktion unseres Bildungswesens auf die Veränderungen unserer Welt, die durch die rasche Verbreitung von Computern und anderen ‘neuen Medien’ der Informationstechnik in vielen Arbeits-und Lebensbereichen hervorgerufen werden.” (BRENNER/GUNZENHÄUSER 1987, S. 9)
Visual Prostheses: Technological and Socioeconomic Challenges (2015)

Visual prostheses are now entering the clinical marketplace. Such prostheses were originally targeted for patients suffering from blindness through retinitis pigmentosa (RP). However, in late July of this year, for the first time a patient was given a retinal implant in order to treat dry age-related macular degeneration. Retinal implants are suitable solutions for diseases that attack photoreceptors but spare most of the remaining retinal neurons. For eye diseases that result in loss of retinal output, implants that interface with more central structures in the visual system are needed. The standard site for central visual prostheses under development is the visual cortex. This perspective discusses the technical and socioeconomic challenges faced by visual prostheses.
The Effectiveness of Purgation and Electroacupuncture in Extrahepatic Bile Duct Stone Complicated With Acute Biliary Pancreatitis (2011)

Wan, Mei-Hua MS1; Yao, Jin MD2; Li, Juan MBBS1; Xia, Qing MD1; Zhu, Lin MS1; Tang, Wen-fu MD1 Author Information
Nearly Shot-Noise-Limited Performance of Dual-Channel Linear Optical Sampling for Ultrafast DPSK Signals (2009)

This paper describes a newly developed dual-channel linear optical sampling technique for observing ultrafast optical differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals. As the proposed measurement scheme offsets two parallel interferometers by a relative delay corresponding to 1-symbol length of the DPSK signal, the measured phase distribution reflects the signal quality which is determined by the phase difference between adjacent symbols. This technique, based on interferometric optical gating by local short-pulses, also offers ultrafast measurement at symbol rates of greater than 100 Gsymbol/s. Moreover, its detection sensitivity can reach the shot noise limit. The waveform degradation caused by the coherence of the light source and the pattern effect of the phase modulator is successfully observed in continuous waves and 10-Gsymbol/s nonreturn-to-zero DPSK signals, and the constellation measurement is demonstrated for a 160-Gsymbol/s return-to-zero DPSK signal. Measurement system noise is also discussed for characterizing the detection sensitivity, and the nearly shot-noise-limited performance is experimentally verified.
Opposing effects on the cell cycle of T lymphocytes by Fbxo7 via Cdk6 and p27 (2016)

G<sub>1</sub> phase cell cycle proteins, such as cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6) and its activating partners, the D-type cyclins, are important regulators of T-cell development and function. An F-box protein, called F-box only protein 7 (Fbxo7), acts as a cell cycle regulator by enhancing cyclin D-Cdk6 complex formation and stabilising levels of p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. We generated a murine model of reduced Fbxo7 expression to test its physiological role in multiple tissues and found that these mice displayed a pronounced thymic hypoplasia. Further analysis revealed that Fbxo7 differentially affected proliferation and apoptosis of thymocytes at various stages of differentiation in the thymus and also mature T-cell function and proliferation in the periphery. Paradoxically, Fbxo7-deficient immature thymocytes failed to undergo expansion in the thymus due to a lack of Cdk6 activity, while mature T cells showed enhanced proliferative capacity upon T-cell receptor engagement due to reduced p27 levels. Our studies reveal differential cell cycle regulation by Fbxo7 at different stages in T-cell development.
ChemInform Abstract: DIRECTION OF THE NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION OF ARYLTHIOLS TO ACETYLENIC ALCOHOLS (1982)

Abstract Bei der basenkatalysierten Addition der Thiophenole (II) an Propargylalkohol (I) werden nach der Regel von Markovnikov die 2‐Arylthioderivate (III) und gegen diese Regel als Hauptprodukte die 3‐Arylthioderivate (IV) erhalten, die als E/Z‐Gemische anfallen.
Environmental Contaminants in the Botanical Dietary Supplement Ginseng and Potential Human Risk (2000)

Botanical dietary supplements have a long history of use in Europe and Asia, but the use of these products is becoming increasing popular in the United States. Because these products are classified as dietary supplements, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not routinely monitor them for environmental contaminants. Ginseng served as a model botanical dietary supplement and was purchased from suppliers in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Samples were analyzed for metals (e.g., cadmium, nickel) and chlorinated pesticides (e.g., PCNB, DDT, and metabolites). Flame and furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry were utilized for analysis of metals, while gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrophotometry were utilized for analysis of chlorinated pesticides. Because no formalized guidelines exist to determine risk of botanical dietary supplements, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for protection of human health were used. Metals and chlorinated organics were found in Ginseng samples, but the concentrations posed no noncarcinogenic hazard; however, a 1000 mg/d dose for 350 d/yr resulted in 1 × 10−6 carcinogenic risk in 19% of the Ginseng samples analyzed. At a lower usage rate (42 d/yr), no samples exceeded 1 × 10−6 risk. Chlorinated organics, such as aldrin and heptachlor epoxide, accounted for the carcinogenic risk (1 X 10-6) in the Ginseng samples.
Genome editing for blood disorders: state of the art and recent advances (2019)

In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in the use of gene editing to precisely engineer the genome. This technology relies on the activity of a wide range of nuclease platforms - such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and the CRISPR-Cas system - that can cleave and repair specific DNA regions, providing a unique and flexible tool to study gene function and correct disease-causing mutations. Preclinical studies using gene editing to tackle genetic and infectious diseases have highlighted the therapeutic potential of this technology. This review summarizes the progresses made towards the development of gene editing tools for the treatment of haematological disorders and the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve clinical success.
Alterations in Notch signalling in skeletal muscles from mdx and dko dystrophic mice and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2014)

New Findings What is the central question of this study? The Notch signalling pathway plays an important role in muscle regeneration, and activation of the pathway has been shown to enhance muscle regeneration in aged mice. It is unknown whether Notch activation will have a similarly beneficial effect on muscle regeneration in the context of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). What is the main finding and its importance? Although expression of Notch signalling components is altered in both mouse models of DMD and in human DMD patients, activation of the Notch signalling pathway does not confer any functional benefit on muscles from dystrophic mice, suggesting that other signalling pathways may be more fruitful targets for manipulation in treating DMD. Abstract In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), muscle damage and impaired regeneration lead to progressive muscle wasting, weakness and premature death. The Notch signalling pathway represents a central regulator of gene expression and is critical for cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic signalling during all stages of embryonic muscle development. Notch activation improves muscle regeneration in aged mice, but its potential to restore regeneration and function in muscular dystrophy is unknown. We performed a comprehensive examination of several genes involved in Notch signalling in muscles from dystrophin-deficient mdx and dko (utrophin- and dystrophin-null) mice and DMD patients. A reduction of Notch1 and Hes1 mRNA in tibialis anterior muscles of dko mice and quadriceps muscles of DMD patients and a reduction of Hes1 mRNA in the diaphragm of the mdx mice were observed, with other targets being inconsistent across species. Activation and inhibition of Notch signalling, followed by measures of muscle regeneration and function, were performed in the mouse models of DMD. Notch activation had no effect on functional regeneration in C57BL/10, mdx or dko mice. Notch inhibition significantly depressed the frequency-force relationship in regenerating muscles of C57BL/10 and mdx mice after injury, indicating reduced force at each stimulation frequency, but enhanced the frequency-force relationship in muscles from dko mice. We conclude that while Notch inhibition produces slight functional defects in dystrophic muscle, Notch activation does not significantly improve muscle regeneration in murine models of muscular dystrophy. Furthermore, the inconsistent expression of Notch targets between murine models and DMD patients suggests caution when making interspecies comparisons.
Geometric neural computing (2001)

This paper shows the analysis and design of feedforward neural networks using the coordinate-free system of Clifford or geometric algebra. It is shown that real-, complex-, and quaternion-valued neural networks are simply particular cases of the geometric algebra multidimensional neural networks and that some of them can also be generated using support multivector machines (SMVMs). Particularly, the generation of radial basis function for neurocomputing in geometric algebra is easier using the SMVM, which allows one to find automatically the optimal parameters. The use of support vector machines in the geometric algebra framework expands its sphere of applicability for multidimensional learning. Interesting examples of nonlinear problems show the effect of the use of an adequate Clifford geometric algebra which alleviate the training of neural networks and that of SMVMs.
Fenofibrate rapidly decreases hepatic lipid and glycogen storage in neonatal mice with glycogen storage disease type Ia (2019)

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) is caused by autosomal mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase α catalytic subunit (G6PC) and can present with severe hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis and hypertriglyceridemia. In both children and adults with GSD Ia, there is over-accumulation of hepatic glycogen and triglycerides that can lead to steatohepatitis and a risk for hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma. Here, we examined the effects of the commonly used peroxisomal proliferated activated receptor α agonist, fenofibrate, on liver and kidney autophagy and lipid metabolism in 5-day-old G6pc -/- mice serving as a model of neonatal GSD Ia. Five-day administration of fenofibrate decreased the elevated hepatic and renal triglyceride and hepatic glycogen levels found in control G6pc -/- mice. Fenofibrate also induced autophagy and promoted β-oxidation of fatty acids and stimulated gene expression of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in the liver. These findings show that fenofibrate can rapidly decrease hepatic glycogen and triglyceride levels and renal triglyceride levels in neonatal G6pc -/- mice. Moreover, since fenofibrate is an FDA-approved drug that has an excellent safety profile, our findings suggest that fenofibrate could be a potential pharmacological therapy for GSD Ia in neonatal and pediatric patients as well as for adults. These findings may also apply to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which shares similar pathological and metabolic changes with GSD Ia.
Skin concentrations of thromboxane synthetase inhibitor after topical application with bioelastic membrane (2004)

Elevated thromboxane levels are associated with a number of disease states, including dermal pressure ulcers. When dazmegrel was orally administered to greyhound dogs wearing leg casts, it resulted in a sparring effect on the skin areas of potential pressure ulcer development. The objective of this research was to determine if bioelastic matrices could provide controlled release of thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor (dazmegrel) at tissue concentrations sufficient for inhibition of thromboxane synthesis. The animal used for these studies was the greyhound, which has thin skin, angular conformation, limited body fat and is predisposed to pressure ulcers similar to those occurring in humans. In vivo skin penetration studies showed that epidermal exposure to bioelastic thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (TSI) matrix resulted in local tissue concentrations of TSI sufficient for thromboxane synthetase inhibition. There were no significant differences between dazmegrel in the skin layers (epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers) on 1, 7 and 14-day exposures.
Three-color femtosecond source for simultaneous excitation of three fluorescent proteins in two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2012)

We demonstrate a fiber-based, three-color femtosecond source for simultaneous imaging of three fluorescent proteins (FPs) using two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PM). The three excitation wavelengths at 775 nm, 864 nm and 950 nm, are obtained through second harmonic generation (SHG) of the 1550-nm pump laser and the 1728-nm and 1900-nm solitons generated through soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) in a large-mode-area (LMA) fiber. These energetic pulses are well matched to the two-photon excitation peaks of red, cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins (TagRFPs, TagCFPs, and TagYFPs) for efficient excitation. We demonstrate simultaneous 2PM of human melanoma cells expressing a "rainbow" combination of these three fluorescent proteins.
Homotopy Continuation for Spatial Interference Alignment in Arbitrary MIMO X Networks (2016)

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to design interference alignment (IA) precoding and decoding matrices for arbitrary MIMO X networks. The proposed algorithm is rooted in the homotopy continuation techniques commonly used to solve systems of nonlinear equations. Homotopy methods find the solution of a target system by smoothly deforming the solution of a start system which can be trivially solved. Unlike previously proposed IA algorithms, the homotopy continuation technique allows us to solve the IA problem for both unstructured (i.e., generic) and structured channels such as those that arise when time or frequency symbol extensions are jointly employed with the spatial dimension. To this end, we consider an extended system of bilinear equations that include the standard alignment equations to cancel the interference, and a new set of bilinear equations that preserve the desired dimensionality of the signal spaces at the intended receivers. We propose a simple method to obtain the start system by randomly choosing a set of precoders and decoders, and then finding a set of channels satisfying the system equations, which is a linear problem. Once the start system is available, standard prediction and correction techniques are applied to track the solution all the way to the target system. We analyze the convergence of the proposed algorithm and prove that, for many feasible systems and a sufficiently small continuation parameter, the algorithm converges with probability one to a perfect IA solution. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is able to consistently find solutions achieving the maximum number of degrees of freedom in a variety of MIMO X networks with or without symbol extensions. Further, the algorithm provides insights into the feasibility of IA in MIMO X networks for which theoretical results are scarce.
DRL-FAS: A Novel Framework Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing (2020)

Inspired by the philosophy employed by human beings to determine whether a presented face example is genuine or not, i.e., to glance at the example globally first and then carefully observe the local regions to gain more discriminative information, for the face anti-spoofing problem, we propose a novel framework based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). In particular, we model the behavior of exploring face-spoofing-related information from image sub-patches by leveraging deep reinforcement learning. We further introduce a recurrent mechanism to learn representations of local information sequentially from the explored sub-patches with an RNN. Finally, for the classification purpose, we fuse the local information with the global one, which can be learned from the original input image through a CNN. Moreover, we conduct extensive experiments, including ablation study and visualization analysis, to evaluate our proposed framework on various public databases. The experiment results show that our method can generally achieve state-of-the-art performance among all scenarios, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Effects of Short-Term Consumption of Bread Obtained by an Old Italian Grain Variety on Lipid, Inflammatory, and Hemorheological Variables: An Intervention Study (2010)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of short-term dietary intake of bread obtained by a selected variety of old grain grown in Tuscany, Italy on some parameters related to the atherosclerotic process. Twenty healthy subjects (median age, 39.5 years) followed for 10 weeks a diet containing bread (150 g/day) made from the test grain (test period) and for the same period a diet containing commercially available bread of the same quantity (control period). Lipid, inflammatory, and hemorheological profiles before and after dietary intervention were evaluated. The test period showed a significant (P < .05) improvement of total cholesterol (pre-intervention, 211.2 +/- 10.8 mg/dL; post-intervention, 196.5 +/- 9.8 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (pre-intervention, 137.5 +/- 8.1 mg/dL; post-intervention, 119.5 +/- 7.5 mg/dL), whereas no significant changes during the control period were observed. With regard to inflammatory and hemorheological parameters, the test period showed a significant decrease in some of the parameters investigated (interleukin-8 [pre-intervention vs. post-intervention, 67.4 +/- 10.7 vs. 43.9 +/- 4.1 pg/mL], whole blood viscosity at high [4.36 +/- 0.03 vs. 4.32 +/- 0.03 mPa x s, respectively] and low [26.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 24.8 +/- 0.5 mPa x s, respectively] shear rates, and erythrocyte filtration [8.4 +/- 0.7% vs. 9.1 +/- 0.6%, respectively]) relative to the control period, which showed no significant changes. Short-term dietary intake of whole grain bread obtained from an old grain variety seems to impose a favorable status with regard to lower circulating levels of markers of atherosclerosis.