gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive deconvolutional networks for mid and high level feature learning (2011)

We present a hierarchical model that learns image decompositions via alternating layers of convolutional sparse coding and max pooling. When trained on natural images, the layers of our model capture image information in a variety of forms: low-level edges, mid-level edge junctions, high-level object parts and complete objects. To build our model we rely on a novel inference scheme that ensures each layer reconstructs the input, rather than just the output of the layer directly beneath, as is common with existing hierarchical approaches. This makes it possible to learn multiple layers of representation and we show models with 4 layers, trained on images from the Caltech-101 and 256 datasets. When combined with a standard classifier, features extracted from these models outperform SIFT, as well as representations from other feature learning methods.
Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (2017)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a major cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. It is associated with visceral adiposity and the metabolic syndrome and is nearly as common as type 2 diabetes. Metabolic stress, inflammation, and fibrosis are the primary pathogenic mechanisms.
Decade of Research Reveals Profile of UM Students (1990)

In coming weeks, thousands of first-year students will enter institutions of higher learning across the country and face new challenges. But more and more colleges and universities like the University of Maine are determined to minimize a traditional trauma some on-campus students encounter - roommate incompatibility.
At last, a truly selective EP2 receptor antagonist (2011)

Ever since the discovery of prostaglandin E(2)(PGE(2)), this lipid mediator has been the focus of intense research. The diverse biological effects of PGE(2) are due, at least in part, to the existence of four distinct receptors (EP(1-4)). This can complicate the analysis of the biological effects produced by PGE2. While there are currently selective pharmacological tools to explore the roles of the EP(1,3,4) receptors in cellular and tissue responses, analysis of EP(2) receptor-induced responses has been hampered by the lack of a selective EP(2) receptor antagonist. The recent publication in this journal by af Forselles et al. suggests that such a tool compound is now available. In their manuscript, the authors describe a series of experiments that show PF-04418948 to be a potent and selective EP(2) receptor antagonist. The discovery of this tool compound will interest many scientists and through collaborations with Pfizer they may have access to PF-04418948 to facilitate further investigation of the biology of this fascinating lipid mediator.
Self‐Assembled TiO2 Nanocrystal Clusters for Selective Enrichment of Intact Phosphorylated Proteins (2010)

Mesoporous traps: The title clusters were fabricated through self-assembly of nanocrystals in emulsion droplets and subsequent protective calcination. The specific affinity offered by the metal oxide and the size-exclusion mechanism enabled by the mesoporous structure enable the use of these clusters for efficient enrichment of intact phosphorylated proteins from complex biological samples (see picture). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Immobilized xanthine oxidase: Kinetics, (in)stability, and stabilization by coimmobilization with superoxide dismutase and catalase (1978)

Abstract Milk xanthine oxidase was immobilized by covalent attachment to CNBr‐activated Sepharose 4B and by adsorption to n ‐octylamine‐substituted Sepharose 4B. The amounts of activity immobilized for the two preparations were 30 and 90%, respectively. The pH optima for free and adsorbed xanthine oxidase were at 8.6 and 8.2, respectively. Both free and immobilized xanthine oxidase show substrate inhibition. The apparent inhibition constant ( K i ′) found for adsorbed xanthine oxidase with xanthine as substrate was higher than the K i for the free enzyme, which was shown to be due to substrate diffusion limitation in the pores of the carrier beads (internal diffusion limitation). Higher substrate concentrations, as desirable for practical application in organic synthesis, can therefore be used with the immobilized enzyme without decreasing the rate. As a result of the internal diffusion limitation the apparent Michaelis constant ( K m ′) for adsorbed xanthine oxidase was also higher than the K m for the free enzyme. Immobilized xanthine oxidase was more stable than the free enzyme during storage at 4 and 30°C. Both forms rapidly lost activity during catalysis. The loss was proportional to the amount of substrate converted. Coimmobilization of xanthine oxidase with superoxide dismutase and catalase improved the operational stability, suggesting that O 2 − and H 2 O 2 side‐products of the enzymatic reaction were involved in the inactivation. Coimmobilization with albumin also had some stabilizing effect. Complete surrounding of xanthine oxidase by protein, however, by means of etrapment in a glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked gelatin matrix, considerably enhanced the operational half‐life. This system was less efficient than the Sepharose preparations either because much activity was lost during the immobilization procedure and/or because it had poor flow properties. Xanthine (15 mg)was converted by an adsorbed xanthine oxidase preparation and product (uric acid) was isolated in high yield (84%).
Determining an Optimal Mix of Hybrid Cloud Computing for Enterprises (2017)

The cloud computing market is currently crowded with public cloud service providers and private cloud manufacturers. While the current growth of cloud computing is driven by the surge of big data, data analytics, and social media applications, an investment in cloud computing has been challenging for corporate managers due to a lack of a proper decision model. This paper attempts to identify critical variables of cloud capacity decisions from corporate clients' perspectives and develops a mathematical model to aid in a hybrid cloud investment decision under probabilistic computing demands.
Asymmetric quantum well electron barrier diode (1985)

A new rectifying diode is proposed whose asymmetric current versus voltage characteristic originates from the ground state energies in an asymmetric sequence of quantum wells. Data are presented on devices fabricated from samples of this proposed structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These diodes exhibit current versus voltage temperature dependence and reverse bias capacitance which are different from other types of electron barrier devices.
Optimization of Distributed Trigeneration Systems Integrated with Heating and Cooling Micro-grids (2011)

ABSTRACT The article deals with the influence of the amortization period in the optimization of a distributed urban district heating and cooling trigeneration system. The model, presented in detail in [1], is based on a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) and includes a set of micro-cogeneration gas turbines for producing electricity and thermal energy and a set of absorption chillers, driven by cogenerated heat, for producing cooling energy. Micro-gas turbines and absorption chillers can be used instead of purchasing electricity from the grid, producing thermal energy by boilers and cooling energy by compression chillers. Moreover, various building can be connected each other through a district heating and cooling network (DHC network). The optimization specifies the kind, the number and the location of cogeneration equipment and absorption machines, the size and the position of district heating and cooling pipelines as well as the optimal operation of each component. The objective function takes into account investment cost of micro-gas turbine, absorption chillers and DHC network, maintenance costs, operation costs and any income from the sale of electricity. The aim of the article is to obtain the optimal solution varying the amortization period of machines and networks, for understanding the influence of capital costs on the annual total cost, the optimal system configuration and operation.
Approximating the solution of the chemical master equation by combining finite state projection and stochastic simulation (2013)

The advancement of single-cell technologies has shown that stochasticity plays an important role in many biochemical reaction networks. However, our ability to investigate this stochasticity using mathematical models remains rather limited. The reason for this is that computing the time evolution of the probability distribution of such systems requires one to solve the chemical master equation (CME), which is generally impossible. Therefore, many approximate methods for solving the CME have been proposed. Among these one of the most prominent is the finite state projection algorithm (FSP) where a solvable system of equations is obtained by truncating the state space. The main limitation of FSP is that the size of the truncation which is required to obtain accurate approximations is often prohibitively large. Here, we propose a method for approximating the solution of the CME which is based on a combination of FSP and Gillespie's stochastic simulation algorithm. The important advantage of our approach is that the additional stochastic simulations allow us to choose state truncations of arbitrary size without sacrificing accuracy, alleviating some of the limitations of FSP.
Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging for the Noninvasive Evaluation of Engineered Tissues (2008)

Optical spectroscopy and imaging approaches offer the potential to noninvasively assess different aspects of the cellular, extracellular matrix, and scaffold components of engineered tissues. In addition, the combination of multiple imaging modalities within a single instrument is highly feasible, allowing acquisition of complementary information related to the structure, organization, biochemistry, and physiology of the sample. The ability to characterize and monitor the dynamic interactions that take place as engineered tissues develop promises to enhance our understanding of the interdependence of processes that ultimately leads to functional tissue outcomes. It is expected that this information will impact significantly upon our abilities to optimize the design of biomaterial scaffolds, bioreactors, and cell systems. Here, we review the principles and performance characteristics of the main methodologies that have been exploited thus far, and we present examples of corresponding tissue engineering studies.
Meteorological conditions determine the thermal-temporal position of the annual Botrytis bunch rot epidemic on <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. cv. Riesling grapes (2016)

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Tabelle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Under Central European climatic conditions, bunch rot caused by &lt;em&gt;Botrytis cinerea&lt;/em&gt; occurs virtually every season on &lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; L. cv. Riesling grapes. Statistical investigations based on at least three annual disease severity assessments in 7 seasons (2007-2013) aimed at (i) simulating the disease progress and (ii) identifying meteorological conditions with predictive value for epidemics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Tabelle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and results&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Tabelle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sigmoidal regression models were used to describe the disease progress as function of thermal time. Coefficients of determination were &amp;gt; 0.97. The thermal time adjusted pace of the epidemic was almost constant in all seasons while the point of time when 5% disease severity was reached varied among years. Window pane analyses showed that relatively low temperatures and wet conditions during bloom as well as relatively high temperatures and low precipitation sums around/after veraison were associated with thermal-temporally late epidemics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Tabelle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Tabelle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Environmental conditions determine the timing of annual bunch rot epidemics. Analyses indicate a strong link between meteorological conditions around grape bloom (probably affecting fruit set and cluster structure) and the predisposition of the grape clusters to bunch rot.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Tabelle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significance and impact of the study&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Tabelle" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The enhanced understanding of the effect of environmental conditions on the bunch rot epidemics supports growers to optimize control measures and is supposed to result in a Botrytis bunch rot model.&lt;/p&gt;
Comparison of Effects of Several Inhalation Anaesthetics on Caffeine Induced Contractures of Normal and Malignant Hyperthermic Skeletal Muscle (1980)

Departments of Anaesthesia, Pharmacology, and Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
The performance of a new local false discovery rate method on tests of association between coronary artery disease (CAD) and genome-wide genetic variants (2017)

The maximum entropy (ME) method is a recently-developed approach for estimating local false discovery rates (LFDR) that incorporates external information allowing assignment of a subset of tests to a category with a different prior probability of following the null hypothesis. Using this ME method, we have reanalyzed the findings from a recent large genome-wide association study of coronary artery disease (CAD), incorporating biologic annotations. Our revised LFDR estimates show many large reductions in LFDR, particularly among the genetic variants belonging to annotation categories that were known to be of particular interest for CAD. However, among SNPs with rare minor allele frequencies, the reductions in LFDR were modest in size.
365 nm Ultraviolet Laser Diodes Composed of Quaternary AlInGaN Alloy (2003)

Ultraviolet (UV) laser diodes (LDs), whose active layer were quaternary AlxInyGa1-x-yN single-quantum well structure, were grown on epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN substrates by a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method. We investigated the lasing wavelength dependence of UV LDs on the threshold current density. As a result, we succeeded in fabricating 365 nm UV LDs which are useful for various industrial uses because their wavelength is similar to that of the i-line of high-pressure mercury vapor lamps. The threshold current and voltage of the 365 nm UV LD under continuous wave (cw) operation at 25°C were 50 mA and 4.8 V, respectively. The estimated lifetime of the 365 nm UV LDs was approximately 2000 h at an output power of 3 mW under cw operation at 30°C. The shortest lasing wavelength was achieved at 354.7 nm under pulse current injection at 25°C.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D31α-hydroxylase expression in breast cancer and use of non-1α-hydroxylated vitamin D analogue (2005)

These results demonstrate nearly normal expression levels of 1alpha-hydroxylase, 24-hydroxylase and VDR in the majority of investigated breast cancer specimens. A non-1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D analogue displayed activity in breast cancer cells. Such analogues may present future therapeutic options for proliferative disorders where 1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed.
Effects of Increased Bone Formation on Fracture Healing in Mice (2010)

These results indicate that bone formation is of major importance in all stages of fracture healing. A twofold increase in bone formation is able to significantly accelerate the fracture healing process of long bones at least in mice. Therefore, an increase in bone formation would be a possible pharmaceutical target to enhance fracture healing.
Lesbians' sexual history with men: implications for taking a sexual history. (2000)

These findings reinforce the need for providers to know their patients' sexual history regardless of their reported sexual orientation, especially with regard to recommendations for Papanicolaou smears and screening for sexually transmitted diseases.
283 * PRACTICE CHANGES IN BLOOD GLUCOSE MANAGEMENT FOLLOWING OPEN HEART SURGERY: FROM A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED STUDY TO EVERYDAY PRACTICE (2013)

Objectives: Targeted blood glucose (BG) levels following cardiac surgery continues to be debated. According to STS guidelines BG should be <180 mg/dl following surgery while the Surgical Care Improvement Project recommends <200 mg/dl. However, based on published data, our practice and others shifted to stricter BG control (90-110 mg/dl). Recently, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) published by our group suggested no added value to stricter control over liberal control and we therefore shifted our management accordingly. The purpose of this study was to compare patient outcomes before and after the change to liberal BG management (BGM). Methods: BGM was changed in June 2011 from strict (90-110) to liberal (120-180). Insulin drips managed through a computerized algorithm controlled BG for the first 72 hours post-surgery. Consecutive cardiac surgery patients operated throughout the one year prior to BGM change (n = 934) were propensity score matched to patients operated on throughout one year after the change (n = 927). Results: After matching there were 846 patient pairs. There was no difference between cohorts for length of stay and perioperative complications and both cohorts achieved acceptable outcomes. The incidence of perioperative renal failure (P = 0.02) and renal failure requiring dialysis (P = 0.004) was better for the cohort with liberal BGM. One-year cumulative survival did not differ between cohorts (log-rank = 0.03, P = 0.87). Conclusions: Implementation of liberal BGM into clinical practice did not increase morbidity. The present results confirm our prior findings that a liberal strategy to maintain BG is equal to the stricter target range. These findings are significant for patient care and demonstrate the safety and efficacy of practice change for all patients following a successful RCT.
High performance polymers, their origin and development : proceedings of the Symposium on the History of High Performance Polymers at the American Chemical Society Meeting held in New York, April 15-18, 1986 (1986)

High Performance Polymers - Natural and Synthetic.- Engineering Plastics: The Concept that Launched an Industry.- Engineering Thermoplastics.- Polyamides.- The History and Development of Nylon-66.- History and Development of Nylon 6.- The History of Development of Nylons 11 and 12.- Polyesters.- History - Aromatic Polycarbonates.- The History of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Molding Resins.- Injection Moldable PET.- History of Polyarylates.- Acetals.- The History of Acetal Homopolymer.- Acetal Copolymer, A Historical Perspective.- Styrenics.- A Path to ABS Thermoplastics.- Styrene-Maleic Anhydride-Vinyl Monomer Terpolymers and Blends.- Sulfur-Containing Polymers.- History of Polyphenylene Sulfide.- The Development of Polysulfone and Other Polyarylethers.- Polysulfone - Early Market Development Activities.- Discovery and Development of the Victrex Polyarylethersulphones.- Polyaryletherketone.- Discovery and Development of the Victrex Polyaryletherketone PEEK.- Polyetherimides.- Discovery and Development of Polyetherimides.- Blends and Alloys.- Discovery and Commercialization of Noryl(R) Resins.- Xenoy(R) and Noryl(R) GTX Engineering Thermoplastic Blends.- History and Development of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks.- Liquid Crystalline Polymers.- Industrial Development of Thermotropic Polyesters.- Early Work on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers Having a Rigid-Flexible Regularly Alternating Structure in the Main Chain.- Fluoroplastics.- The History of Polytetrafluoroethylene: Discovery and Development.- Polytetrafluoroethylene: History of its Development and Some Recent Advances.- Development of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers.- Development of Kynar Polyvinylidene Fluoride.- Thermosets.- History and Development of Epoxy Resins.- Cyanate Esters - High Performance Resins.- Polyimides.- UV/EB Curing Technology: A Short History.- Fibers.- Carbon Fibers, from Light Bulbs to Outer Space.- History and Development of Polybenzimidazoles.- High Performance Elastomers.- High Performance Elastomers.- History of Silicone Elastomers.- Advances in Fluoroelastomers.- PEBAX(R) Polyether Block Amide - A New Family of Engineering Thermoplastic Elastomers.- Engineering Polyester Elastomers and the Future for TPE's.- High Barrier Packaging Materials.- PET - A Global Perspective.- Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers.- Indices.- Author Index.- Company Index.
Transition mechanisms induced by travelling crossflow vortices in a three-dimensional boundary layer (2003)

The laminar breakdown induced by purely travelling crossflow vortices in a three-dimensional flat-plate boundary-layer flow is investigated in detail by means of spatial direct numerical simulations. The base flow considered is generic for an infinite swept wing, with decreasing favourable chordwise pressure gradient and a sweep angle of $45^\circ$ . First, the primary downstream growth and nonlinear saturation state of a single crossflow wave are simulated. Secondly, background disturbance pulses are added, and the subsequent mechanisms triggering transition to turbulence in this scenario are identified and analysed in detail. The saturated travelling crossflow vortex is found to give rise to a co-travelling secondary instability not unlike the instability in the much investigated steady crossflow-vortex case, but with characteristic differences. An analysis method with a spanwise Galilean transformation to travel with the primary wave and a consequently adapted timewise/spanwise Fourier decomposition of the disturbance flow enables unambiguous isolation of the various secondary disturbance modes. The resulting flow structures and their dynamics in physical space are visualized.
Chemical Properties of a Polysaccharide Purified From Solid‐State Fermentation of Auricularia Auricular and its Biological Activity as a Hypolipidemic Agent (2013)

A water-soluble crude polysaccharide was extracted by hot water from Auricularia auricular mycelium grown under solid-state fermentation (SSF). The crude polysaccharide was purified by DEAE Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance ((1) H NMR) spectroscopy were used to investigate the structure of the purified A. auricular polysaccharide (AAP-I) and revealed that it is α-glycosidically linked. After 14 and 28 days of AAP-I orally administered, the AAP-I significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice in which hyperlipidemia had been induced by a high fat diet (P < 0.05). The results revealed that AAP-I from SSF of A. auricular mycelium possesses potent hypolipidemic properties. The polysaccharide may be useful as a functional food additive and a hypolipidemic agent.
All-Polarization Maintaining, Bi-Directional, Er-Doped, Dual-Comb Fiber Laser with Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (2019)

All polarization maintaining, bi-directional, Er-doped, dual-comb fiber laser using carbon nanotube polyimide film was demonstrated. Optical spectra of output pulses were almost the same, and stable soliton mode-locking operation was achieved for long term.