gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl l-Ascorbic Acid, a Stable Form of Vitamin C, Is Widespread in Crop Plants (2021)

2-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl l-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG) is a stable, bioavailable vitamin C (AA) derivative. We report the distribution and seasonal variation of AA-2βG in apples and its occurrence in other domesticated crops and in wild harvested Ma̅ori foods. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed high AA-2βG concentrations in crab apples (<i>Malus sylvestris</i>) but low concentrations in domesticated apples. Leaves of crab and domesticated apple cultivars contained similar intermediate AA-2βG concentrations. Fruits and leaves of other crops were analyzed: mainly Rosaceae but also Actinidiaceae and Ericaceae. AA-2βG was detected in all leaves (0.5-6.1 mg/100 g fr. wt.) but was at lower concentrations in most fruits (0.0-0.5 mg/100 g fr. wt.) except for crab apples (79.4 mg/100 g fr. wt.). Ma̅ori foods from Solanaceae, Piperaceae, Asteraceae, and a fern of Aspleniaceae also contained AA-2βG. This extensive occurrence suggests a general role in AA metabolism for AA-2βG.
Feedback Based Continuous Flow Titrations with Electrogenerated Titrants (2002)

We describe the use of electrogenerated titrants in continuous feedback-based flow titrations. In previous studies from this laboratory (Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4713; Anal. Chim. Acta. 2001, 435, 289) the flow rate of a titrant was varied linearly in response to a controller output voltage (Vc). In the present article, the status of the controller output (positive or negative ramping) is governed in a binary fashion by a sensor output and the controller output voltage linearly controls the electrical current applied to an electrochemical titrant generator. The volumetric flow rate of the generated titrant remains constant, but its concentration varies linearly with Vc. The ultimate titration accuracy and precision in previous studies where flow was varied depended on flow accuracy and reproducibility, here they depend on more easily controlled/accurately known parameters, electrical current and coulometric reagent generation efficiency at a constant flow rate. The system has been tested by applying it to titrations of As(III), thiosulfate, sulfite, metabibisulfite and sulfide using electrogenerated iodine. The titration mixture is monitored optically (as well as potentiometrically, for sulfide). This principle permitted continuous true titrations with good precision and speed (typ. <1.5% relative standard deviation (RSD) with less than 30 s/titration with photometric detection, typ. 1.25% RSD with under 60 s/titration with potentiometric detection for sulfide).
CRISPR-Cas, Argonaute proteins and the emerging landscape of amplification-free diagnostics (2022)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the reigning gold standard for molecular diagnostics. However, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic reveals an urgent need for new diagnostics that provide users with immediate results without complex procedures or sophisticated equipment. These new demands have stimulated a tsunami of innovations that improve turnaround times without compromising the specificity and sensitivity that has established PCR as the paragon of diagnostics. Here we briefly introduce the origins of PCR and isothermal amplification, before turning to the emergence of CRISPR-Cas and Argonaute proteins, which are being coupled to fluorimeters, spectrometers, microfluidic devices, field-effect transistors, and amperometric biosensors, for a new generation of nucleic acid-based diagnostics.
The design and comparison of elliptic filters with an OTA-C structure (2002)

A CMOS operational transconductance amplifier and capacitor (OTA=C) integrator which is used for high-frequency operation has been designed and simulated by the SPICE 2G program. The authors have realized the continuous-time OTA=C elliptic low-pass filters by a cascade method and a signal flow graph (SFG) method using only capacitors and OTAs. The frequency characteristics of the OTA=C filters are compared.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Wrinkling of Stimuloresponsive Surfaces: Mechanical Instability Coupled to Diffusion (2008)

In this Letter, we propose a new mechanism to generate wrinkled patterns, based on the coupling between molecular diffusion and the buckling instability of rigid membranes "glued" on a polymer layer. The geometry of the diffusion front and the minimization of wrinkling energy conspire to generate various patterns of folds (e.g., parallel or radial folds, herringbone) and various dynamics (continuous or discrete). The diffusion process gives us the opportunity to study the stability of the various wrinkled patterns and to follow the creation or annihilation of topological defects.
Comparison of spine motion in elite golfers with and without low back pain (2002)

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting golfers, yet little is known of the specific mechanisms responsible for this injury. The aim of this study was to compare golf swing spinal motion in three movement planes between six male professional golfers with low back pain (age 29.2+/-6.4 years; height 1.79+/-0.04 m; body mass 78.2+/-12.2 kg; mean +/- s) and six without low back pain (age 32.7+/-4.8 years; height 1.75+/-0.03 m; body mass 85.8+/-10.9 kg) using a lightweight triaxial electrogoniometer. We found that golfers with low back pain tended to flex their spines more when addressing the ball and used significantly greater left side bending on the backswing. Golfers with low back pain also had less trunk rotation(obtained from a neutral posture), which resulted in a relative 'supramaximal' rotation of their spines when swinging. Pain-free golfers demonstrated over twice as much trunk flexion velocity on the downswing, which could relate to increased abdominal muscle activity in this group. This study is the first to show distinct differences in the swing mechanics between golfers with and without low back pain and provides valuable guidance for clinicians and teachers to improve technique to facilitate recovery from golf-related low back pain.
A Novel Method of Brachytherapy Using Local Delivery of 99mTc-HMPAO for Coronary Stent Restenosis (2004)

Local delivery of 99mTc-HMPAO, a novel radiotherapy, can be used safely and effectively for coronary stent restenosis.
Transient exposure to androgens induces a remarkable self-sustained quiescent state in dispersed prostate cancer cells (2017)

Cellular quiescence is a reversible cell growth arrest that is often assumed to require a persistence of non-permissive external growth conditions for its maintenance. In this work, we showed that androgen could induce a quiescent state that is self-sustained in a cell-autonomous manner through a "hit and run" mechanism in androgen receptor-expressing prostate cancer cells. This phenomenon required the set-up of a sustained redox imbalance and TGFβ/BMP signaling that were dependent on culturing cells at low density. At medium cell density, androgens failed to induce such a self-sustained quiescent state, which correlated with a lesser induction of cell redox imbalance and oxidative stress markers like CDKN1A. These effects of androgens could be mimicked by transient overexpression of CDKN1A that triggered its own expression and a sustained SMAD phosphorylation in cells cultured at low cell density. Overall, our data suggest that self-sustained but fully reversible quiescent states might constitute a general response of dispersed cancer cells to stress conditions.
Improved Additive Operator Splitting Algorithms for Basket Option Pricing Model (2013)

In order to solve Black-Scholes equation of basket option pricing model by numerical method. This paper used Additive Operator Splitting (AOS) algorithm to split the multi-dimensional Black-Scholes equation into equivalent one-dimensional equation set, and constructed 'Explicit-Implicit' and 'Implicit-Explicit' schemes to solve it. Then compatibility, stability and convergence of those schemes were analyzed. Finally, this paper compared computation time and precision of the schemes through numerical experiments. 'Explicit-Implicit' and 'Implicit-Explicit' schemes of AOS algorithms have both higher accuracy and faster computing speed and them have practical significance in solving basket option pricing model.
How to Use Video in Training (1988)

The basic information required by trainers who wish to use video to achieve training outcomes is presented for those who are not experts at video production, do not have the time or the interest to become expert, do not have, and do not wish to develop, expertise in electronics and do not have access to sufficient organisational resources to hire an expert. The essential information needed to make experiences with video as productive, creative and problem‐free as possible is included.
The Modified Polonovski Reaction of Catharanthine Lactone N-Oxide for Coupling with Vindoline (1977)

For synthesis of bisindole alkaloids of vinblastine type, catharanthine lactone N-oxide(Z) was submitted to the modified Polonovski reaction for coupling with vindoline according to Potier's method.The products were proved to be 2 as a main product, 5 and the other one of an uncertain structure as by-products.(5) was observed only by field desorption technique done by T. A o y m , -JMlL Ccmpany, and the other spctra were carefully taken on electron W c t through kind offices of Professor
Novofumigatonin biosynthesis involves a non-heme iron-dependent endoperoxide isomerase for orthoester formation (2018)

Novofumigatonin (1), isolated from the fungus Aspergillus novofumigatus, is a heavily oxygenated meroterpenoid containing a unique orthoester moiety. Despite the wide distribution of orthoesters in nature and their biological importance, little is known about the biogenesis of orthoesters. Here we show the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of 1 and the identification of key enzymes for the orthoester formation by a series of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-deletion experiments and in vivo and in vitro reconstitutions of the biosynthesis. The novofumigatonin pathway involves endoperoxy compounds as key precursors for the orthoester synthesis, in which the Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme NvfI performs the endoperoxidation. NvfE, the enzyme catalyzing the orthoester synthesis, is an Fe(II)-dependent, but cosubstrate-free, endoperoxide isomerase, despite the fact that NvfE shares sequence homology with the known Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. NvfE thus belongs to a class of enzymes that gained an isomerase activity by losing the α-ketoglutarate-binding ability.
Exploring Continual Learning for Code Generation Models (2023)

Large-scale code generation models such as Codex and CodeT5 have achieved impressive performance. However, libraries are upgraded or deprecated very frequently and re-training large-scale language models is computationally expensive. Therefore, Continual Learning (CL) is an important aspect that remains underexplored in the code domain. In this paper, we introduce a benchmark called CodeTask-CL that covers a wide range of tasks, including code generation, translation, summarization, and refinement, with different input and output programming languages. Next, on our CodeTask-CL benchmark, we compare popular CL techniques from NLP and Vision domains. We find that effective methods like Prompt Pooling (PP) suffer from catastrophic forgetting due to the unstable training of the prompt selection mechanism caused by stark distribution shifts in coding tasks. We address this issue with our proposed method, Prompt Pooling with Teacher Forcing (PP-TF), that stabilizes training by enforcing constraints on the prompt selection mechanism and leads to a 21.54% improvement over Prompt Pooling. Along with the benchmark, we establish a training pipeline that can be used for CL on code models, which we believe can motivate further development of CL methods for code models. Our code is available at https://github.com/amazon-science/codetaskcl-pptf
Anomalous decrease in structural disorder due to charge redistribution in Cr-doped Li4Ti5O12 negative-electrode materials for high-rate Li-ion batteries (2012)

Since one of the main drawbacks of Li4Ti5O12 as a negative-electrode material is its low electronic conductivity, several researchers have attempted to improve the conductivity by narrowing the band gap through transition-metal doping. Herein, we report another, more significant effect of doping in addition to the band gap narrowing, namely, an anomalous decrease in the structural disorder in Li4Ti5O12 upon Cr3+-ion doping. Although it is generally recognized that doping with heterogeneous elements increases the structural disorder, the Cr3+-ion doping in Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated an unexpected structural phenomenon. From the results of various structural analyses using a synchrotron beam, such anomalous structural changes were revealed to originate from charge redistribution at nearby Ti4+ ions. Finally, the capacity was markedly enhanced, especially at high C-rates (125 mA h g−1 for 10C charge/10C discharge, 145 mA h g−1 for 1C charge/50C discharge) because of both the band gap narrowing and the increased ionic diffusivity due to the decreased structural disorder, but was decreased instead for too-high doping levels.
Promoting Proteomics Knowledge in Europe (2007)

The early transition of knowledge from highly specialised and sophisticated proteomics research to a diverse community in need of know-how is a challenge that requires backing from advanced research centres and groups, and a coordinating body for the dissemination of this knowledge. The European Proteomics Association (EuPA) Education Committee signified this as a priority area when the EuPA was formed, and began its program to coordinate proteomics training and knowledge dissemination in 2006. This report serves as an update of our past activities and an announcement of upcoming events. Over the last year the EuPA Education Committee has coordinated or supported different educational activities including basic and advanced courses, a summer school, workshops and tutorials. A new programme of basic courses dubbed "Teaching the Teachers" has been initiated. These courses reach a larger, Europe wide, audience in a short timeframe, thus improving the opportunities for trainees of elementary proteomics techniques. Another important event has been the merger of the EuPA and HUPO (Human Proteome Organisation) Education Committees into a single one in order to combine ideas and ef for ts that will favour global education in proteomics.
The use of passive radar for mapping lightning channels in a thunderstorm (2004)

The state of Georgia has experienced a number of tornadoes that occur without warning and in several cases have caused fatalities. Researchers at the Severe Storms Research Center (SSRC) of the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), Georgia Institute of Technology are attempting to detect tornado formation within severe thunderstorms occurring in the vicinity of Atlanta, Georgia using non-radar sensors that may provide early tornado warning and provide cueing to existing national weather service (NWS) radars. The goal of these studies is to increase the warning time of tornado formation within the parent thunderstorm. GTRI researchers use real time S-band Doppler weather radar data from three national weather service (NWS) WSR-88D NEXRAD radars to complement the development of the non-radar tornado sensors. Three NWS Doppler radars provide severe weather surveillance coverage of the north Georgia area to determine if a thunderstorm contains the Doppler signature that indicates tornado formation. The radar data, displayed on a work station developed and optimized for tornado detection by the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), serves as ground truth data for the non-radar sensor development. GTRI can display cloud to ground (CG) lightning strikes, a capability provided by overlaying data from a national monitoring network onto the radar reflectivity map. GTRI also uses a local lightning direction finder (DF) system that supplies azimuth and range to the lightning strike. This paper discusses the early lightning channel research and the passive parasitic radar system being operated by the SSRC.
The Relationship Between the Hypokalaemic Response to Adrenaline, β-Adrenoceptors, and Na+-K+ Pumps in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Membranes in the Rabbit (1990)

The hypokalaemic response to adrenaline and the involvement of beta-adrenoceptors and Na(+)-K+ pumps were investigated in control rabbits and animals chronically pretreated with adrenaline. The hypokalaemic response to acute intravenous infusion of adrenaline was significantly reduced when rabbits were chronically pretreated with adrenaline for 10 days. Chronic pretreatment of rabbits with adrenaline significantly reduced the densities for [125I]cyanopindolol and [3H]ouabain binding sites in skeletal muscle and heart. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001) between the Bmax for ICYP and [3H]ouabain, in the rabbit heart. Ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake and the activity of 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate phosphatase were used to assess the function of the Na(+)-K+ pump in skeletal and cardiac muscle. There was no significant difference in these functional indices of the Na(+)-K+ pump between the control and adrenaline-pretreated animals, in skeletal or cardiac muscle. Thus, downregulation of the [3H]ouabain binding sites did not appear to be accompanied by reduced function of the Na(+)-K+ pump. Additional investigations are required to confirm further the dissociation between the function of the pump and the ouabain binding sites.
Coverage Analysis of WCDMA-based Femto Cells for Data Offloading (2013)

고성능 스마트폰이 본격 보급되면서 폭발적으로 증가하고 있는 데이터 트래픽을 효과적으로 수용하기 위한 해법들에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이동통신용으로 활용할 수 있는 주파수에 제한이 있기 때문에, 최근에는 동일주파수를 사용하면서 추가적으로 용량을 확보할 수 있는 펨토셀에 대한 연구 및 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존 매크로 신호가 존재하는 환경에서 데이터 오프로딩을 위하여 펨토셀을 구축할 경우를 가정하여, 펨토셀의 커버리지를 수학적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 펨토셀의 출력이 증가할수록 그리고 파일럿 채널에 할당하는 전력의 비율이 높아질수록 펨토셀의 커버리지가 증가하지만, 매크로 기지국 신호가 강한 트래픽 밀집 지역에서는 펨토셀의 커버리지가 매우 제한적임을 알 수 있었다. Recently, solutions to accommodate explosively growing mobile data traffic have attracted intensive attentions since the emergence of high-performance smartphones. Spectrum which can be exploited for mobile communications is very limited. Thus, femto cell is considered as an alternative because it can efficiently offload mobile data traffic from macro cells without using additional spectrum. In this paper, we mathematically analyzed the coverage of femto cell when it is deployed in an area where there exists signals from existing macro base stations. Our numerical results indicate that the coverage of femto cell increases as the total power of femto cell increases or the ratio of power allocated to pilot channel increases. However, it is also shown that the coverage of femto cell is very limited despite its high power when interference signals from macro base stations are strong.
Resist evaluation for EUV application at ASET (2007)

Although EUV lithography has been prepared for next generation litho-technique for several years, there are still lots of obstacles on its way. Especially, phase defect from the mask, and immaturity in the resist should be solved as soon as possible because they are directly related to realizing patterns on the wafer. ASET has been focusing on these two problems, that is, the mask-related defect control and the resist screening for EUV application. In this study, we concentrate on the resist evaluation for the EUV lithography application, mainly commercial CAR (Chemically- Amplified Resist) type resist, for example, ArF resist based on polymethacrylate and KrF resist based on poly(4- hydroxystyrene) (PHS). We screened tens of resists in viewpoint of resolution, photo-speed, and LWR (Line Width Roughness). We used two METs (Micro-Exposure Tools). The one is HiNA in ASET and the other is MET in Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL) to evaluate resist. And we used EUV masks fabricated by DNP and ASET. Some resist showed modulation on the wafer for 28nm-hp line and space pattern and some resist showed very high photo-speed about 5mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>. Photo-speed could be improved about 25% by controlling the amount of additives, PAG and quencher. However, improvement in photo-speed caused degradation in resolution. This means there are trade-off relation between resolution and photo-speed. And we also evaluated polymer-bound PAG resist, which showed new possibility for EUV resist. And we encountered unexpected problem, pattern lifting, which was solved by using bufferlayer to increase attachment force between resist and wafer surface. We conclude that polymer bound PAG resist is a good approach to lower LWR of resist for EUVL application and bufferlayer tuning and matching with resist is also needed for low LWR. The EUVL masks were fabricated by Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. The HiNA set-3 projection optics were developed and provided by Nikon Corporation. This work was supported by NEDO.
Noise Sensing Using a Variation of the nLMS Adaptive Filter with Auto Calibration (2000)

This White Paper discusses a system that will compensate for the noise level in a room by measuring the program and noise level sensed through an ambient microphone. The system then changes the program level in proportion to the noise level that was sensed through the microphone. The technique that is presented here uses a combination of analog to digital conversion (ADC), adaptive digital ltering running on a digital signal processor (DSP), and digital to analog conversion (DAC). The adaptive lter employed is a variation on the Normalized Least Mean Squares (nLMS) method. This approach effectively “nulls out” any music that was sensed at the ambient microphone after which the only thing that remains is the noise. A Root Mean Square (RMS) measure of this noise level provides the ability to adjust the program level accordingly.
Embedded Real-Time Systems (1993)

Partial table of contents: METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW. Systems Characteristics. Methodology Basis. An Illustrative Example. MODELS AND METHODOLOGIES. Models Survey. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION. System Specifications. The Specification Process. FUNCTIONAL DESIGN. Design Principles. Template Models for Design. IMPLEMENTATION SPECIFICATION. The Integration Model. IMPLEMENTATION. The Implementation Process. Software Implementation Techniques. PROJECT MANAGEMENT. Project Planning and Cost. Maintenance. Quality Management. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES. Requirements for a Computer-Aided System Engineering Tool. References. Index.