gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction in resistivity of 50 nm wide Cu wire by high heating rate and short time annealing utilizing misorientation energy (2010)

The resistivities and microstructures for 50 nm Cu wires fabricated by high heating rate (3 K/s) and short time (1 min) annealing using infrared rapid thermal annealing equipment have been investigated as a function of annealing temperature and compared to those properties for wires fabricated by a slow heating rate (0.08 K/s), long time (30 min) conventional H2 annealing process. The resistivity of wires annealed by the new process decreased substantially with increasing annealing temperature from 573 to 773 K. The resistivity had its lowest value between 773 and 873 K, and it increased rapidly with annealing temperature above 923 K. The average ρ value was 2.98 μΩ cm for 773 K new process wires, whereas average ρ values were about 3.55 μΩ cm for 573 K and 3.42 μΩ cm for 673 K conventionally H2 annealed wires. This resistivity value for the new process wires was about 16% lower than the value for wires annealed at 573 K and 13% lower than the value for the wires annealed at 673 K by the conventional H2 annealing process. The substantial resistivity decrease in the new process Cu wires is mainly attributed to uniform grain size coarsening and high (111) orientation effects by the high temperature and high rate heating, while the resistivity increase at higher heating temperatures above 923 K for new process wires is mainly attributed to the reaction between Cu and Ta/TaN barriers; the greater the extent of the reaction, the higher the resistivity.
Efficient Algorithms for Computing the Capon and APES Filters (2007)

The computation of the Capon and the amplitude and phase estimation (APES) filters can be very time consuming. The burden lies not only in the inversion of the sample covariance matrix, but also in the matrix multiplications. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm for the computation of the above mentioned filters, using Cholesky factorization and fast Fourier transforms. Furthermore, we discuss and illustrate the benefits of using the proposed algorithms in the spectral analysis of data with missing samples.
Regulation of ATP hydrolysis in liver mitochondria from ground squirrel (1990)

The uncoupler-induced inactivation of H(+)-ATPase in liver mitochondria from ground squirrel has been studied. The dependence of this process on delta mu H+, pH and ATP indicates that it is caused by the protein inhibitor. This conclusion is also supported by the protective effect of Zn2+ and Cu2+. The inactivation can be induced by Ca2+ at low concentrations in the presence of phosphate. It is shown that the protein inhibitor inactivates ATPase almost completely under optimal conditions while its effect in mice or rat liver mitochondria does not exceed 30%. The potential efficiency of the inhibitor's action does not depend on either the season or the state of animals (hibernating or active). At the same time, the sensitivity of this system to Ca2+ is significantly lower in active (summer) animals.
Corrosion Resistant Single Crystal Superalloys for Industrial Gas Turbine Application (1997)

Two different, non-Re containing single crystal (SX) superalloys are defined primarily for industrial turbine application. The alloys, CMSX®-11B and CMSX-®-11C, contain respective chromium levels of about 12.5% and 14.5%. Both materials develop unique and extremely good blends of hot corrosion and oxidation resistance. They exhibit extremely good testability, employ relatively simple solution heat treatments and provide creep strength which is as good or better in comparison to other first generation SX materials such as CMSX-2/3, PWA 1480 and René N4. Moreover, at certain engine-pertinent temperature/stress conditions, and particularly in long-term tests (greater than 1,000 hours duration), the alloys appear to exhibit density corrected rupture strengths which are similar or better than CMSX-4® and other second generation SX casting superalloys.
Self-Supervised Image Captioning with CLIP (2023)

Image captioning, a fundamental task in vision-language understanding, seeks to generate accurate natural language descriptions for provided images. Current image captioning approaches heavily rely on high-quality image-caption pairs, which can be hard to obtain for many domains. To address this, we introduce a self-supervised image captioning method. After learning an initial signal from a small labeled dataset, our method transitions to self-supervised learning on unlabeled data, leveraging the auxiliary task of enhancing the CLIP relevance between images and generated captions. Remarkably, despite utilizing less than 2% of the labeled COCO dataset, our method delivers a performance comparable to state-of-the-art models trained on the complete dataset. Human evaluations further reveal that our method produces captions with greater distinctiveness and informativeness, two attributes inherently challenging to achieve through supervised learning.
Immunochemical characterization of the anti-RNA antibodies found in scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus. II. Reactivity with hsa-coupled, uridine-containing, monophosphoric ribodinucleotides. (1976)

Sera from patients with scleroderma have been found to have anti-RNA antibodies which react with human serum albumin (HSA)-coupled uridine and uridine monophosphate (UMP) and are inhibited by uracil, uridine and UMP. Scleroderma sera react uniformly with 5'-polyuridylic acid (poly(U)) and fail to react with polyadenylic, polyuridylic acid poly(A) - poly(U)) which is also indicative of their uracil specificity. Anti-RNA antibodies found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are immunochemically different from those found in scleroderma in that, instead of being uniformly specific to uracil, they are markedly heterogeneous and may react with uracil, uridine and/or UMP. SLE sera frequently react with poly(A) - poly(U), indicating also their ability to recognize the double helical structure of double-stranded RNA. Thirty-seven scleroderma and thirty-four SLE sera from as many patients with either of these conditions were tested against HSA-coupled, uridine-containing monophosphoric dinucleotides in an attempt to characterize further their anti-RNA antibodies. Scleroderma sera were found to react primarily with dinucleotides in which uridine was the base proximal to the carrier protein and, except for sera that also contained antibodies to adenosine which reacted with UpA, they failed to react with dinucleotides in which uridine was in a terminal position only. Reaction with dinucleotides in which uridine was proximal to the carrier protein could be inhibited by uracil but not by the corresponding terminal base. Some lupus sera were found to react with both dinucleotides that contain the same bases in opposite sequence, e.g. ApU and UpA, while others were found to react with only one of the sequences. They were also found to react more frequently with dinucleotides in which HSA was coupled to a base other than uridine, suggesting that the reaction is primarily due to anti-DNA antibodies. Because immunization with dinucleotides coupled to protein prepared by the same method we have used, yields higher specificity to the base attached to the carrier protein, our findings suggest that, in scleroderma, a single event, akin to that of immunization with a purified antigen, gives rise to the anti-RNA antibodies, whereas in systemic lupus erythematosus there is a considerably wider immunological aberration.
Changes in site specificity of single-strand-specific endonucleases on supercoiled PM2 DNA with temperature and ionic environment (1984)

Mung bean nuclease sites in supercoiled PM2 DNA at neutral pH were located by linearizing the singly-nicked circular DNA product with venom phosphodiesterase followed by restriction endonuclease mapping. The locations of the sites varied with small changes in temperature and in concentration of NaC1 or magnesium ion. Different environmental changes which affect duplex stability in the same direction showed similar effects on the number of sites and in some cases resulted in identical cleavage patterns. Venom phosphodiesterase and P1 nuclease showed cleavage patterns similar to mung bean nuclease under the same environmental conditions and showed similar variations in cleavage patterns when environmental conditions were changed. Relaxed, closed-circular DNA was slowly cleaved at numerous sites whose locations did not vary with environment. Changes in site specificity are likely the result of environmental effects on the conformation of supercoiled DNA as opposed to effects on the single-strand-specific endonucleases themselves.
Contrast enhancement of coronary arteries in cardiac surgery: a new multispectral stereoscopic camera technique. (2006)

The applied principle works, but needs further development.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. I. A laboratory apparatus for frying under simulated restaurant conditions (1965)

Abstract A laboratory apparatus has been designed which can be used to quantitatively collect the volatile decomposition products produced during deep fat frying under simulated restaurant conditions. In order to study the chemical reactions of frying fat without any inter‐reaction with the food fried, moist cotton balls were fried in corn oil. The oil used for frying was shown to differ considerably from oil which was continuously heated. The latter had a darker color and higher viscosity. It foamed significantly while the oil used for frying did not. Furthermore, the continuously heated oil had a much lower free fatty acid content than did the oil used for frying under simulated restaurant conditions. The volatile decomposition products collected during frying of cotton balls in corn oil were separated into acidic and nonacidic compounds. Each group exhibited a definite gas chromatographic pattern after only a short period of frying. Part of the degradation products, particularly those of higher boiling points, were found to remain in the frying oil.
A pragmatic perspective on AI transparency at workplace (2023)

Abstract Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) systems have been widely used in different contexts and professions. However, with these systems developing and becoming more complex, they have transformed into black boxes that are difficult to interpret and explain. Therefore, urged by the wide media coverage of negative incidents involving AI, many scholars and practitioners have called for AI systems to be transparent and explainable. In this study, we examine transparency in AI-augmented settings, such as in workplaces, and perform a novel analysis of the different jobs and tasks that can be augmented by AI. Using more than 1000 job descriptions and 20,000 tasks from the O*NET database, we analyze the level of transparency required to augment these tasks by AI. Our findings indicate that the transparency requirements differ depending on the augmentation score and perceived risk category of each task. Furthermore, they suggest that it is important to be pragmatic about transparency, and they support the growing viewpoint regarding the impracticality of the notion of full transparency.
Influence of weed size on herbicide interactions for Enlist™ and Roundup Ready® Xtend® technologies (2019)

Abstract Weed size can nfluence herbicide performance and herbicide interactions in mixtures. To control a broad range of species in soybean or cotton, POST herbicide mixtures will likely be commonplace in Roundup Ready® XtendFlex® and Enlist™ technologies. The impact of weed size on herbicide interactions that could occur in Roundup Ready XtendFlex or Enlist crops was assessed in two field experiments conducted in 2015 and 2016 at the Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Combinations of glufosinate, glyphosate, dicamba, and 2,4-D were applied to either 10-cm or 30-cm weeds and evaluated for percent weed control, height reduction, and density reduction, collected 5 wk after treatment. Colby’s method was used to analyze treatments for herbicide interactions for control of barnyardgrass, Palmer amaranth, and pitted morningglory. Antagonism was identified with at least one treatment on all species. Almost all treatments were antagonistic for percent weed control, height reduction, and density reduction on barnyardgrass. When glyphosate in mixture with 2,4-D or dicamba was applied to 30-cm barnyardgrass, control declined 9% for both mixtures relative to glyphosate alone. Glufosinate plus glyphosate was antagonistic when applied to both 30-cm pitted morningglory and barnyardgrass. Glufosinate plus dicamba provided less control and density reduction of Palmer amaranth than what was expected from Colby’s equation. Overall, antagonism was more likely to be identified when applications were made to 30-cm weeds compared with 10-cm weeds. The utility of a given herbicide mixture will depend on the species present in the field and the size of those species at the time of application.
Sunspot observations (1905)

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Emergence of diversity and stereochemical outcomes in the biosynthetic pathways of cyclobutane-centered marine alkaloid dimers (2016)

Covering: up to 2016Dictazoles and sceptrins are singular metabolites of marine origin. The present dichotomic case study provides a comprehensive perspective on these cyclobutane-centered alkaloids and their respective families. Indeed, their upstream and downstream chemistry are both treated herein. Relevant isolation reports and bio-inspired total syntheses are used to decipher the currently admitted biosynthetic hypotheses as well as the emergence of diversity in the two series. This review proposes a transversal vision of the topic, where most aspects of natural product chemistry have a critical importance.
Automated Detection of Cells with Static Interference for Nominal Power Parameter Recommendation (2022)

For coverage and capacity optimization, Uplink Power Control is one of the key steps, in addition to antenna tilting and Downlink Power Control. For self-organizing networks, automated algorithms for Uplink Power Control are a necessity. As Uplink Power Control affects the noise in the neighboring cells, we propose automated detection of static interference of cells based on a Random Forest model. On customer data obtained from LTE networks our model performs with 94% accuracy, on unseen cells. Subsequently, a teacher-student model proposed corrected Nominal Power Parameter based on the primary cell and its neighbors. Our recommendation beats the state-of-the-art baseline methods of recommending Nominal Power Parameter.
New Derivatives of Levoglucosan by Tandem Epoxide Allyl Alcohol Rearrangement‐Cuprate Cross‐Coupling (2005)

Abstract The alkylated allyl alcohols 6a , 7 , and 8 (R = Me, Et, n Bu) were formed in the reaction of the Černý epoxide 3 with the Cyano–Gilman cuprates. The one‐pot reaction was initiated by base‐catalyzed epoxide allyl alcohol rearrangement to compound 5 , followed by unprecedented vinyl tosylate cross‐coupling with the cuprates, to form the alkylation products 6a , 7 , and 8 . The allyl alcohol 6a was transformed into a number of new branched 1,6‐anhydro sugars in series of highly stereoselective reactions. The products are stereochemically complementary to most known Černý epoxide derivatives and may be useful as chiral building blocks for polypropionate‐derived natural products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
RFID tag readability for tracking fiber optic connections in Data Centers (2011)

Data Centers have a very large number of optical fiber cables and connections, and there is a need to track the connectivity of these to assure proper network interconnection among the servers, switches, routers, and storage equipment. RFID tags integrated into the optical fiber cable connectors and the adapters into which they fit can be used to accomplish this tracking automatically. For patch panel fields, the resulting density of RFID tags is very high, but by proper antenna design it is possible to read all 456 UHF RFID tags in a typical patch panel field with 6 dB power margin, even at densities as great as 4.2 tagged components per square inch of patch panel surface area.
1250 Effects of local wall thinning on low-cycle fatigue behavior of elbows (2008)

Low cycle fatigue tests were conducted using elbow specimens of STPT410 with local wall thinning. Local wall thinning was machined on the inside of elbow specimens in order to simulate erosion/corrosion metal loss. The local wall thinning areas were located at three different areas, called extrados, crown and intrados. The elbow specimens were subjected to cyclic in-plane bending under displacement control without internal pressure. The effects of eroded conditions, such as eroded ratio, eroded angle and position, on the low cycle fatigue behavior were discussed. Three-dimensional elasto-plastic analyses were also carried out using the finite element method, which could accurately predict the location of crack initiation and the crack growth direction.
The Ranks of Extremal Positive Semidefinite Matrices with Given Sparsity Pattern (1989)

Let P be a symmetric set of ordered pairs of integers from 1 to n, and define $M^ + (P)$ to be the closed cone of all positive semidefinite Hermitian matrices whose $(i,j)$ entry is zero whenever $i \ne j$ and $(i,j)$ is not in P. The extreme points of $M^ + (P)$ are considered. In some special cases, the maximum rank that such an extreme point can have is calculated.
Study of Coherent Structures in Axisymmetric Jets Using an Optical Technique (1980)

A NEW optical method using the deflection of laser beams XjLcaused by density gradients in the flow is used to study coherent structures in the first six diameters of five axisymmetric jets of different velocities and densities. Quantitative information about the development of coherent structures with axial distance has been deduced and presented in terms of the average interval between successive events and the convection velocity and chances of survival of individual events. The results are found to be consistent with previous published work in this field. The main advantage of this technique is that it can be used to study high-temperature and high-speed flows in which it is impossible to use conventional techniques like hot-wire anemometry.
Evaluating the Robustness of Collaborative Agents (2021)

In order for agents trained by deep reinforcement learning to work alongside humans in realistic settings, we will need to ensure that the agents are \emph{robust}. Since the real world is very diverse, and human behavior often changes in response to agent deployment, the agent will likely encounter novel situations that have never been seen during training. This results in an evaluation challenge: if we cannot rely on the average training or validation reward as a metric, then how can we effectively evaluate robustness? We take inspiration from the practice of \emph{unit testing} in software engineering. Specifically, we suggest that when designing AI agents that collaborate with humans, designers should search for potential edge cases in \emph{possible partner behavior} and \emph{possible states encountered}, and write tests which check that the behavior of the agent in these edge cases is reasonable. We apply this methodology to build a suite of unit tests for the Overcooked-AI environment, and use this test suite to evaluate three proposals for improving robustness. We find that the test suite provides significant insight into the effects of these proposals that were generally not revealed by looking solely at the average validation reward.
Cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of pneumonia. (1992)

The use of cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) in the treatment of pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms was investigated in a multi-center trial conducted in the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 266 patients were enrolled in this double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, parallel study; 132 patients were treated with cefaclor AF and 134 patients received the reference drug cefaclor. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia, with a positive sputum culture and an infiltrate on chest roentgenogram. Patients received either cefaclor AF (750 mg twice daily) or cefaclor (500 mg three times daily) for 10 to 14 days. Forty patients in the cefaclor AF group and 45 in the cefaclor group were evaluable for efficacy, with 37 (92.5%) and 43 (95.6%), respectively, showing a favorable posttherapy clinical response. Proven or presumed pathogen elimination was achieved in 87.5% and 86.7% of cases, respectively. Both study drugs demonstrated high levels of activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and Moraxella catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). There were no statistically significant differences between drugs in efficacy results. One or more side effects were reported by 42.4% of the patients treated with cefaclor AF and by 44.0% of those treated with cefaclor; diarrhea, nausea, headache, and respiratory disorders were the most common adverse events. No drug-related side effects were seen with a frequency or severity that would be unexpected with the use of oral cephalosporins. Cefaclor AF and cefaclor performed equally well with respect to clinical and bacteriologic response rates in the treatment of pneumonia.
Investigating the association between serum human papillomavirus type 16 E7 antibodies and risk of head and neck cancer (2021)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a major cause of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in Western countries. Less is known regarding its contribution to the OPC occurring in Asia. The current study aimed to investigate the association between antibody responses to HPV16 E7 and head and neck cancer (HNC) risk in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Taiwan with 693 HNC cases and 1,035 controls. A positive association was observed between seropositivity to HPV16 E7 and OPC risk, whereas no significant association was found in the non-OPC cases. The increased OPC risk associated with seropositivity to HPV16 E7 was more significant among nonbetel quid or noncigarette users. Seropositivity to HPV16 E7 showed moderate agreement with P16 expression in OPC. OPC patients that were seropositive to HPV16 E7 or p16 positive were more highly educated and less likely to use alcohol, betel quids, and cigarettes compared to HPV16 E7 seronegative or p16 negative OPC patients. Furthermore, patients with p16 positive OPC were more likely to be women compared to patients with p16 negative OPC, likely owing to the low prevalence of alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette users among women. Overall, this study suggested that similar to Western countries, HPV may also be an important risk factor of OPC in Taiwan. With the declining consumption of betel quids and cigarettes in Taiwan, a higher percentage of OPC cases in Taiwan will be attributed to HPV in the future. Public health measures, including HPV vaccination, need to be implemented to prevent the occurrence of HPV-positive OPC.