gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Space–charge electret properties of polypropylene films with transcrystalline or spherulitic structures—A comparison of functionalities at interfaces (2021)

Spherulite-related space–charge electret properties of polypropylene (PP) have been widely discussed in the past decades. In the present paper, a less-common crystalline structure in PP—transcrystalline PP—is studied regarding its electret behavior in comparison with the typical spherulitic morphology. Polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to characterize the crystallite types and crystallinities of transcrystalline and spherulitic PP. Their electret functionality is investigated by means of thermally stimulated discharge experiments, where the cross-over phenomenon is observed on transcrystalline PP films, whereas surface-potential saturation and undercharging on the surface occur on the spherulitic samples. Besides, an asymmetrical behavior of positive and negative surface-charge stabilities is found on PP with spherulites, the negatively charged spherulitic surfaces show a better charge stability. It is shown that PP electrets are very sensitive to changes in the microscopic crystalline structures and their interfaces as well as in the molecular conformations controlled through adjustments of the respective processing steps. In addition, surface and bulk nanocomposites of PP or low-density polyethylene with inorganic particles are included in the comparison. In view of recent developments in the areas of PP-based electret-fiber filters and cellular-foam ferroelectrets, the observed changes in the charge-storage properties may have particular relevance, as the required film, fiber, or foam processing might significantly modify crystalline morphologies and nano-scale interfaces in PP electrets. Limitations in the charge-storage capabilities of interface structures may also be of interest in the context of high-voltage electrical-insulation materials where reduced space–charge accumulation and slightly increased charge transport can be advantageous.
Molecular and Morphological Signatures of Chordate Development: Two Distinct Pathways, One Tunicate (2019)

Summary All chordates, including urochordates such as tunicates, develop through embryogenesis. The chordate larvae of colonial tunicates metamorphose to lose all chordate structures such as notochord, neural tube, segmented musculature, and then develop by asexual reproduction [blastogenesis], whereby stem cells form tissues and organs. These two developmental pathways establish the same body axis, morphogenetic patterning and organ formation. It is unknown if this convergent morphology implies convergent cellular and molecular mechanisms, and whether the stem cells that mediate these processes differ. Using the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri , we combined transcriptome sequencing and multiple microscopy techniques to study the molecular and morphological signatures of cells at each developmental stage of embryogenesis and blastogenesis. This revealed that the molecular programs are distinct, but the blastogenic tissue-specific stem cells and embryonic precursor populations share similar molecular profiles. By comparing embryogenesis in other chordates we found shared developmental principles, highlighting transcription factors as key evolutionary conserved elements. This study establishes a platform for advancing the science of stem cell biology and regulation of development and regeneration.
Physical meaning of elastic constants in Cosserat, void, and microstretch elasticity (2016)

The physical meaning of Cosserat, void, and microstretch elastic constants is analyzed and interpreted.Various torsion experiment designs provide a clear path to extract Cosserat elastic constants independently of any dilatation gradient sensitivity the material may have.For void elasticity (with sensitivity to dilatation gradients) there is no known quasistatic modality to demonstrate phenomena or extract elastic constants independently of any sensitivity to rotation gradients.Wave methods may be appropriate if there is minimal viscoelastic dispersion.Microstretch elasticity, which includes sensitivity to gradients of rotation and of dilatation could account for bending effects larger than those of Cosserat elasticity.
Application of field emitter arrays to microwave power amplifiers (2002)

Field emitter arrays have potential for use as an electron source in a wide variety of applications including microwave power amplifiers, flat panel displays, electron microscopy, electron beam lithography, and space propulsion systems. Use of an FEA as a cold cathode source for a microwave power amplifier such as the traveling wave tube (TWT), presents significant technical challenges when one considers the high current and high current density requirements coupled with the necessity for excellent beam control. With the recent advances in FEA technology, FEA current densities as well as total array currents have reached values meeting or exceeding many moderate power TWT beam requirements and thus have become an attractive alternative to the thermionic emitters currently used almost exclusively in such devices. One of the most attractive characteristics of FEA emitters is that, by the nature of their emission process, modulation of the electron beam at rf frequencies becomes possible. Interesting and previously unattainable performance appears within reach with the advent of emission gating. Not only does modulated operation offer exciting performance enhancements, many advantages exist for unmodulated operation as well, an aspect of FEA cathodes sometimes overlooked. This work describes the operation of a field emitter array as the electron source of a traveling wave tube amplifier. Issues of beam control and focus at high current density and low magnetic field are addressed as well as issues relating to the inherent high emittance of the FEA beam and cathode protection from ion bombardment.
Voltage-dependent Gating of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Cl− Channel (2003)

When excised inside-out membrane patches are bathed in symmetrical Cl--rich solutions, the current-voltage (I-V) relationship of macroscopic cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- currents inwardly rectifies at large positive voltages. To investigate the mechanism of inward rectification, we studied CFTR Cl- channels in excised inside-out membrane patches from cells expressing wild-type human and murine CFTR using voltage-ramp and -step protocols. Using a voltage-ramp protocol, the magnitude of human CFTR Cl- current at +100 mV was 74 +/- 2% (n = 10) of that at -100 mV. This rectification of macroscopic CFTR Cl- current was reproduced in full by ensemble currents generated by averaging single-channel currents elicited by an identical voltage-ramp protocol. However, using a voltage-step protocol the single-channel current amplitude (i) of human CFTR at +100 mV was 88 +/- 2% (n = 10) of that at -100 mV. Based on these data, we hypothesized that voltage might alter the gating behavior of human CFTR. Using linear three-state kinetic schemes, we demonstrated that voltage has marked effects on channel gating. Membrane depolarization decreased both the duration of bursts and the interburst interval, but increased the duration of gaps within bursts. However, because the voltage dependencies of the different rate constants were in opposite directions, voltage was without large effect on the open probability (Po) of human CFTR. In contrast, the Po of murine CFTR was decreased markedly at positive voltages, suggesting that the rectification of murine CFTR is stronger than that of human CFTR. We conclude that inward rectification of CFTR is caused by a reduction in i and changes in gating kinetics. We suggest that inward rectification is an intrinsic property of the CFTR Cl- channel and not the result of pore block.
Persistence leads to success (2009)

Education funding may be out there waiting to be used. Celia Manson explains how to go about finding it
Pineal opioid receptors and analgesic action of melatonin (1998)

Physicians have noted since antiquity that their patients complained of less pain and required fewer analgesics at night times. In most species, including the humans, the circulating levels of melatonin, a substance with analgesic and hypnotic properties, exhibit a pronounced circadian rhythm with serum levels being high at night and very low during day times. Moreover, melatonin exhibits maximal analgesic effects at night, pinealectomy abolishes the analgesic effects of melatonin, and mu opioid receptor antagonists disrupt the day-night rhythm of nociception. It is believed that melatonin, with its sedative and analgesic effects, is capable of providing a pain free sleep so that the body may recuperate and restore itself to function again at its peak capacity. Moreover, in conditions when pain is associated with extensive tissue injury, melatonin's ability to scavenge free radicals and abort oxidative stress is yet another beneficial effect to be realized. Since melatonin may behave as a mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonist, it is doubtful that a physician simply could potentiate the analgesic efficacy of narcotics such as morphine by coadministering melatonin. Therefore, future research may synthesize highly efficacious melatonin analogues capable of providing maximum analgesia and hopefully being devoid of addiction liability now associated with currently available narcotics.
Cardiovascular disease and bridging the diagnostic gap. (2013)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now the leading cause of death worldwide. It continues to be on the rise and has become a true pandemic that has no respect to borders.' Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of CVD. It continues to be the leading cause of mortality both in men and women in the U.S.' Approximately every 25 seconds, an American will suffer an acute coronary syndrome, and approximately every minute someone will die of one. Risk stratification and early disease detection continue to be the bedrock of most preventative strategies. Risk assessment tools like Framingham Heart Score (FHS used in the U.S.), prospective cardiovascular monster (PROCAM used in Germany), or systemic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE used in Europe) are among the common and widely available estimators of a multi-factorial absolute risk of developing CVD.6 Recently, coronary artery calcium (CAC) has emerged as a non-invasive modality that might improve prediction of future cardiovascular events. We have conducted a comprehensive review of CVD risk factors, risk assessment and screening tools being applied to aid in early detection of CVD. As we work on bridging the diagnostic gap of the leading cause of mortality across the globe, utility of accurate and sensitive risk assessment and screening tools for early CVD detection is vital. This will aid in our goal of early detection, modifying risk factors and prevention of CVD incidence.
Iterative image reconstruction for CBCT using edge‐preserving prior (2008)

On-board cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a new imaging technique for radiation therapy guidance, which provides volumetric information of a patient at treatment position. CBCT improves the setup accuracy and may be used for dose reconstruction. However, there is great concern that the repeated use of CBCT during a treatment course delivers too much of an extra dose to the patient. To reduce the CBCT dose, one needs to lower the total mAs of the x-ray tube current, which usually leads to reduced image quality. Our goal of this work is to develop an effective method that enables one to achieve a clinically acceptable CBCT image with as low as possible mAs without compromising quality. An iterative image reconstruction algorithm based on a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) principle was developed for this purpose. To preserve edges in the reconstructed images, we designed an anisotropic penalty term of a quadratic form. The algorithm was evaluated with a CT quality assurance phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom. Compared with conventional isotropic penalty, the PWLS image reconstruction algorithm with anisotropic penalty shows better resolution preservation.
PLASMA ACTIVATION DURING SPLANCHNIC ARTERIAL OCCLUSION SHOCK (2000)

During circulatory shock, activating factors for cells in the microcirculation can be detected in plasma. But the source of such activators has remained uncertain. We have demonstrated recently that homogenates derived from the pancreas but not other peritoneal organs activate naive leukocytes. Production of such activating factors can be blocked by a serine protease inhibitor. Thus, factors generated by pancreatic proteases may possibly produce cellular activation in vivo. Rats were subjected to 90 min of superior mesenteric and celiac artery occlusion followed by reperfusion (SAO shock). In addition, rats were subjected to SAO shock for 120 min, after a 60-min pretreatment prior to occlusion with either saline or the serine protease inhibitor Futhan (nafamostat mesilate, 3.3 mg/kg b.w.). A sham SAO protocol was carried out as a control. Cellular activation was tested by neutrophil pseudopod formation and NBT reduction. Plasma from SAO-shocked animals but not sham shock rats exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the activation of naive leukocytes. Futhan-treated animals subjected to SAO shock exhibited a significantly higher post-reperfusion blood pressure than non-treated animals (P < 0.005 for all time points greater than 120 minutes), as well as significantly greater survival (P < 0.001). Neutrophil pseudopod formation and plasma peroxide production, an additional index of cellular activation, were significantly lower in Futhan-treated SAO shock plasma (P < 0.05) than levels in non-treated SAO shock animals. These results demonstrate that activating factors for leukocyte are released in SAO shock and can be mitigated by pretreatment with the serine protease inhibitor Futhan. Proteolytically derived plasma factors released during SAO shock may contribute to leukocyte activation and ensuing organ dysfunction.
Binding Affinity Prediction by Pairwise Function Based on Neural Network (2020)

We present a new approach to estimate the binding affinity from given three-dimensional poses of protein-ligand complexes. In this scheme, every protein-ligand atom pair makes an additive free-energy contribution. The sum of these pairwise contributions then gives the total binding free energy or the logarithm of the dissociation constant. The pairwise contribution is calculated by a function implemented via a neural network that takes the properties of the two atoms and their distance as input. The pairwise function is trained using a portion of the PDBbind 2018 data set. The model achieves good accuracy for affinity predictions when evaluated with PDBbind 2018 and with the CASF-2016 benchmark, comparing favorably to many scoring functions such as that of AutoDock Vina. The framework here may be extended to incorporate other factors to further improve its accuracy and power.
Combined breast ductal lavage and ductal endoscopy for the evaluation of the high-risk breast: A feasibility study (2006)

Breast ductal endoscopy combined with ductal lavage represents a feasible approach for characterizing the ducts and ductal epithelium of the high-risk breast, especially in a research setting.
A Low Complexity MMSE Detector for Multiuser Layered Space-Time Coded MIMO Systems (2007)

Merging layered space-time (LST) coding, which provides high data rate transmission, with space-time block coding (STBC) provides a tradeoff between transmit diversity and bandwidth efficiency in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. This architecture is known as multilayered space time coding (MLSTC). In this paper, we propose a reduced complexity MMSE detector based on the Sorted QR decomposition, intended for MLSTC systems. The proposed decoder has reduced computational complexity in comparison to the group interference cancellation scheme. Our proposed decoder allows for the number of receive antennas to be less than the number of transmit antennas. Since we are dealing with a multiuser system, we wish all users to benefit from the same performance. We therefore use power allocation techniques to amplify users to the highest level of performance available and thus improving the performance.
Fundamentals of Lubrication (2017)

Abstract This article provides a brief introduction to lubrication as a method to reduce friction between two surfaces. It discusses the surface characteristics of parts and explores how lubrication helps separate two contacting surfaces and thereby decreases the coefficient of friction. The article details the classifications of lubrication regimes, namely, boundary, mixed, hydrodynamic, and elastohydrodynamic lubrications. It discusses the various types of lubricant materials and additives, including liquid lubricants, solid lubricants, gaseous lubricants, greases, green lubricants, and nanomaterials. The article also reviews the properties of lubricants. It describes the tribological evaluation of lubricants, including stribeck test, four-ball test, block-on-ring test, pin-in-vee test, and reciprocating motion test.
Experiences with FCCU flue gas power recovery systems. [Expansion turbine] (1986)

Probability density functions of the enstrophy flux in two dimensional grid turbulence are found to be strongly non-Gaussian and can be mimicked by stretched exponential functions. Evidence of this behavior is found in experiments using turbulent soap films and numerical simulations. The enstrophy flux itself is found to be constant for a range of scales corresponding to the enstrophy cascade.
Imaging strategies in the management of gastric cancer: current role and future potential of MRI (2019)

Accurate preoperative staging of gastric cancer and the assessment of tumor response to neoadjuvant treatment is of importance for treatment and prognosis. Current imaging techniques, mainly endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), computed tomography (CT) and <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET), have their limitations. Historically, the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in gastric cancer has been limited, but with the continuous technical improvements, MRI has become a more potent imaging technique for gastrointestinal malignancies. The accuracy of MRI for T- and N-staging of gastric cancer is similar to EUS and CT, making MRI a suitable alternative to other imaging strategies. There is limited evidence on the performance of MRI for M-staging of gastric cancer specifically, but MRI is widely used for diagnosing liver metastases and shows potential for diagnosing peritoneal seeding. Recent pilot studies showed that treatment response assessment as well as detection of lymph node metastases and systemic disease might benefit from functional MRI (<i>e.g.</i> diffusion weighted imaging and dynamic contrast enhancement). Regarding treatment guidance, additional value of MRI might be expected from its role in better defining clinical target volumes and setup verification with MR-guided radiation treatment.
A Low Cost Local Area Network for Connecting Accelerator Equipment (1985)

For connecting accelerator equipment to an overall control system a field bus, the PDV-BUS (a German national standard, DIN 19241) is under evaluation. This standard was specified for industrial control systems and is now supported by a VLSI protocol chip. Our development is concentrated on a low cost station interface for connecting control equipment (pumps, magnets, etc.) and a driver board with a high level user software interface.
2-Methoxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde and Related Compounds (1983)

Preparation de (methoxy-2 methyl-5)-benzaldehyde, -acide benzoique et -alcool benzylique et -acetophenone
Effect of selective LRRK2 kinase inhibition on nonhuman primate lung (2015)

Inhibition of the kinase activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is under investigation as a possible treatment for Parkinson's disease. However, there is no clinical validation as yet, and the safety implications of targeting LRRK2 kinase activity are not well understood. We evaluated the potential safety risks by comparing human and mouse LRRK2 mRNA tissue expression, by analyzing a Lrrk2 knockout mouse model, and by testing selective brain-penetrating LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in multiple species. LRRK2 mRNA tissue expression was comparable between species. Phenotypic analysis of Lrrk2 knockout mice revealed morphologic changes in lungs and kidneys, similar to those reported previously. However, in preclinical toxicity assessments in rodents, no pulmonary or renal changes were induced by two distinct LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. Both of these kinase inhibitors induced abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation of secretory lysosome-related organelles known as lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes of the lung in nonhuman primates, but no lysosomal abnormality was observed in the kidney. The pulmonary change resembled the phenotype of Lrrk2 knockout mice, suggesting that this was LRRK2-mediated rather than a nonspecific or off-target effect. A biomarker of lysosomal dysregulation, di-docosahexaenoyl (22:6) bis(monoacylglycerol) phosphate (di-22:6-BMP), was also decreased in the urine of Lrrk2 knockout mice and nonhuman primates treated with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. Our results suggest a role for LRRK2 in regulating lysosome-related lamellar bodies and that pulmonary toxicity may be a critical safety liability for LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in patients.
A Molecular Epidemiology Survey of Respiratory Adenoviruses Circulating in Children Residing in Southern Palestine (2012)

A molecular epidemiology survey was performed in order to establish and document the respiratory adenovirus pathogen profiles among children in Southern Palestine. Three hundred and thirty-eight hospitalized pediatric cases with adenovirus-associated respiratory tract infections were analyzed. Forty four cases out of the 338 were evaluated in more detail for the adenoviruses types present. All of the children resided in Southern Palestine, that is, in city, village and refugee camp environments within the districts of Hebron and Bethlehem. Human adenoviruses circulated throughout 2005-2010, with major outbreaks occurring in the spring months. A larger percent of the children diagnosed with adenoviral infections were male infants. DNA sequence analysis of the hexon genes from 44 samples revealed that several distinct adenovirus types circulated in the region; these were HAdV-C1, HAdV-C2, HAdV-B3 and HAdV-C5. However, not all of these types were detected within each year. This is the first study ever conducted in Palestine of the genetic epidemiology of respiratory adenovirus infections.
INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF AUTOLOGOUS BONE MARROW–DERIVED MONONUCLEAR CELLS FOR HEREDITARY RETINAL DYSTROPHY (2011)

Intravitreal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in eyes with advanced retinitis pigmentosa or cone-rod dystrophy was associated with no detectable structural or functional toxicity over a period of 10 months. Further studies are required to investigate the role, if any, of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell therapy in the management of retinal dystrophies.
APPENDIX (2014)

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Effect of Raman-induced refractive index change on multi-pump raman-assisted four-wave mixing (2007)

We investigated the contribution of Raman-induced refractive index change on the conversion efficiency bandwidth in Raman-assisted four-wave mixing. The contribution of the Raman-induced refractive index change can be significant when multi-Raman pumps are used.
Marine Bacteria. Part 13. Phytotoxic Arylethylamides from Limnic Bacteria Using a Screening with Microalgae. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.