gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of internal hydrocarbon reforming during coupled operation of a biomass gasifier with hot gas cleaning and SOFC stacks (2019)

Abstract In the context of energy transition and climate change, a combination of highly efficient modern solid oxide fuel cells ( SOFC ) and thermo‐chemical conversion of biogenic residues could complement other intermittent renewable sources such as wind and solar. In order to reduce required gas cleaning efforts and to increase the process efficiency, the influence of hydrocarbons on SOFC performance is experimentally investigated in this study. For the first time, the operation of Ni/ YSZ anode‐supported cells in Jülich F10 stacks is performed with pre‐reformed and with bio‐syngas containing full hydrocarbon content at realistic current densities. Sulfur and other impurities were removed in both cases. No degradation could be observed within normal operation on clean gas. With the tar reformer bypassed, the pressure drop over the stack increased due to severe carbon deposition on the anode substrate and the nickel current collector mesh inside the SOFC stack, so that operation had to be terminated after five hours. This behavior is different from single‐cell tests, where electrochemical degradation is the limiting factor. The results show that improvements are not only necessary for cell materials and that future research must also consider other stack components.
Red-green-blue emission of parahexaphenyl devices with color-converting media (1997)

The realization of efficient red, green, blue (RGB) light emission can be achieved by covering a blue light emitter with color-converting dye/matrix layers. We present theoretical calculations and experimental data of an electroluminescence device based on parahexaphenyl, an organic semiconducting material, which emits bright blue light when used as an active layer in a thin film device. The waveguiding effects in the various layers making up the RGB device are investigated in order to maximize the brightness, and optimize the angular light intensity distribution of the external emitted light. Quantum efficiencies (QE) for green color conversion of 48%, and red conversion of 13% from blue emission were determined by calculating over all emission angles and confirmed by experimental QE measurements. The efficiency can be drastically improved when the device layers are directly coupled to each other by refractive index matching, where color-conversion efficiencies of 90% for blue to green and 80% for blue to red can be achieved.
Homeostasis and Catabolism of Choline and Glycine Betaine: Lessons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2013)

Most sequenced bacteria possess mechanisms to import choline and glycine betaine (GB) into the cytoplasm. The primary role of choline in bacteria appears to be as the precursor to GB, and GB is thought to primarily act as a potent osmoprotectant. Choline and GB may play accessory roles in shaping microbial communities, based on their limited availability and ability to enhance survival under stress conditions. Choline and GB enrichment near eukaryotes suggests a role in the chemical relationships between these two kingdoms, and some of these interactions have been experimentally demonstrated. While many bacteria can convert choline to GB for osmoprotection, a variety of soil- and water-dwelling bacteria have catabolic pathways for the multistep conversion of choline, via GB, to glycine and can thereby use choline and GB as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. In these choline catabolizers, the GB intermediate represents a metabolic decision point to determine whether GB is catabolized or stored as an osmo- and stress protectant. This minireview focuses on this decision point in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which aerobically catabolizes choline and can use GB as an osmoprotectant and a nutrient source. P. aeruginosa is an experimentally tractable and ecologically relevant model to study the regulatory pathways controlling choline and GB homeostasis in choline-catabolizing bacteria. The study of P. aeruginosa associations with eukaryotes and other bacteria also makes this a powerful model to study the impact of choline and GB, and their associated regulatory and catabolic pathways, on host-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships.
Distribution of polyglutamylated tubulin in the flagellar apparatus of green flagellates (2000)

Polyglutamylation is a widely distributed posttranslational modification of tubulin that can be demonstrated either by biochemical analysis or by the use of specific antibodies like GT335. Western blotting using GT335 demonstrated that polyglutamylated tubulin is enriched in isolated basal apparatus of Spermatozopsis similis. Single- and double-labeling experiments, using indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy of isolated cytoskeletons of S. similis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, revealed that polyglutamylated tubulin was predominately present in the basal bodies and the proximal part of the axonemes. Using immunogold labeling of whole mounts of Spermatozopsis cytoskeletons, we obtained evidence for a predominant occurrence of polyglutamylated tubulin in the B-tubule of the axonemal doublets. Polyglutamylation occurs early during premitotic basal body assembly in S. similis, whereas the probasal bodies of Chlamydomonas, which are present through interphase, showed a reduced staining with GT335 indicating that polyglutamylation is involved in basal body maturation. During flagella regeneration of C. reinhardtii, polyglutamylation preceded detyrosination and became visible shortly after the onset of flagellar regeneration. In C. reinhardtii and S. similis polyglutamylated tubulin was absent or highly reduced in the flagellar transition region, a specialized part of the flagellum linking the basal body to the axoneme. Furthermore, the transition region and the neighboring part of the axoneme showed reduced staining with L3, an antibody directed against detyrosinated tubulin. The results indicate that differences in the modification pattern can occur in a confined area of individual microtubules. The deficiency of polyglutamylated and detyrosinated tubulin in the transition region could have functional implications for flagellar turnover or excision.
An optical model of the wide-field imaging interferometry testbed (2007)

This paper describes computational results obtained with a high-fidelity optical model of the Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT). The WIIT model includes imperfections inherent in the hardware testbed, such as deviations of the mirrors from their ideal shapes. Model interferograms (brightness in a detector pixel as a function of optical delay) are presented here for several representative test scenes "observed" with multiple interferometric baselines. The results match theoretical expectations and can be compared with real WIIT measurements to identify and characterize instrumental and environmental artifacts in our laboratory data, and to aid in the interpretation of those data.
Finite element analysis applied to cornea reshaping (2005)

A 2-D finite element model of the cornea is developed to simulate corneal reshaping and the resulting deformation induced by refractive surgery. In the numerical simulations, linear and nonlinear elastic models are applied when stiffness inhomogeneities varying with depth are considered. Multiple simulations are created that employ different geometric configurations for the removal of the corneal tissue. Side-by-side comparisons of the different constitutive laws are also performed. To facilitate the comparison, the material property constants are identified from the same experimental data, which are obtained from mechanical tests on corneal strips and membrane inflation experiments. We then validate the resulting models by comparing computed refractive power changes with clinical results. Tissue deformations created by simulated corneal tissue removal using finite elements are consistent with clinically observed postsurgical results. The model developed provides a much more predictable refractive outcome when the stiffness inhomogeneities of the cornea and nonlinearities of the deformations are included in the simulations. Finite element analysis is a useful tool for modeling surgical effects on the cornea and developing a better understanding of the biomechanics of the cornea. The creation of patient-specific simulations would allow surgical outcomes to be predicted based on individualized finite element models.
Efficacy and safety of dupilumab for moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis: A systematic review for the EAACI biologicals guidelines (2020)

This systematic review evaluates the efficacy, safety and economic impact of dupilumab compared to standard of care for uncontrolled moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched for RCTs and health economic evaluations. Critical and important AD-related outcomes were considered. The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using GRADE. Seven RCTs including 1845 subjects >12 years treated with dupilumab 16 to 52 weeks were evaluated. For adults, there is high certainty that dupilumab decreases SCORAD (MD -30,72; 95% CI -34,65% to -26,79%) and EASI-75 (RR 3.09; 95% CI 2.45 to 3.89), pruritus (RR 2.96; 95% CI 2.37 to 3.70), rescue medication (RR 3.46; 95% CI 2.79 to 4.30), sleep disturbance (MD -7.29; 95% CI -8.23 to -6.35) and anxiety/depression (MD -3.08; 95% CI -4.41 to -1.75) and improves quality of life (MD -4.80; 95% CI -5.55 to -4.06). The efficacy for adolescents is similar. Dupilumab-related adverse events (AEs) slightly increase (low certainty). The evidence for dupilumab-related serious AE is uncertain. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranged from 28 500 £ (low certainty) to 124 541 US$ (moderate certainty). More data on long-term safety are needed both for children and for adults, together with more efficacy data in the paediatric population. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020153645).
Critical Load Restoration Method for Unbalanced Distribution Systems Based on Linear Approximation (2018)

After a major outage caused by extreme events, critical loads can be restored by distributed generators (DGs) in the distribution system. The critical load restoration problem can be formulated as a mixed-integer semidefinite program (MISDP) to model the multi-phase unbalance of the distribution system, but MISDP cannot be solved efficiently. This paper proposes a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) for critical load restoration problem based on linear approximation of power flow, which is a good estimate of nonlinear unbalanced power flow and can be solved efficiently using off-the-shelf optimization tools. In addition, to consider the operation of the post-restoration system during the outage, we extend the proposed MILP to a multi-time restoration model by adding additional time-related constraints. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed one-snapshot restoration model are validated by numerical simulations on IEEE 13, 34, 37 and 123- node test feeders, and the effectiveness of the multi-time restoration model is demonstrated on IEEE 37-node test feeder.
On randomization in sequential and distributed algorithms (1994)

Probabilistic, or randomized, algorithms are fast becoming as commonplace as conventional deterministic algorithms. This survey presents five techniques that have been widely used in the design of randomized algorithms. These techniques are illustrated using 12 randomized algorithms—both sequential and distributed— that span a wide range of applications, including: primality testing (a classical problem in number theory), interactive probabilistic proof systems (a new method of program testing), dining philosophers (a classical problem in distributed computing), and Byzantine agreement (reaching agreement in the presence of malicious processors). Included with each algorithm is a discussion of its correctness and its computational complexity. Several related topics of interest are also addressed, including the theory of probabilistic automata, probabilistic analysis of conventional algorithms, deterministic amplification, and derandomization of randomized algorithms. Finally, a comprehensive annotated bibliography is given.
Introduction to Data Communications and Networking (1996)

Basic concepts the OSI model signals encoding transmission of digital data - interfaces and modems transmission media multiplexing error detection and correction data link control data link protocols local area networks metropolitan area networks switching a network layer Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) X.25 Frame Relay ATM SONET/SDH networking and Internetworking devices transport layer upper OSI layers TCP/IP ASCII and EBCDIC codes numbering systems and transformation representation of binary numbers one's complete arithmetic for checksum calculations Fourier analysis hardware equipment for error detection Huffman coding IP version 6.
Tuning Interparticle Contacts and Transport Properties of Maghemite–Thermoset Nanocomposites by Applying Oscillating Magnetic Fields (2022)

Conductive nanofillers, if integrated in an organized manner, can improve the transport properties of polymer matrices without compromising on their light weight. However, the relationship between the particle assemblies and transport properties of such nanocomposites, especially the competing effects of connected nanofiller pathways compared to resistances at interparticle contacts, has not been quantitatively studied. In this work, with the model nanocomposite of maghemite nanoparticles in epoxy, a novel fabrication method has been demonstrated to align nanofillers and control the interparticle contact amount within such a nanofiller assembly, using nanoparticle surface functionalization and oscillating magnetic field application. The nanofiller assembly cross-sectional areas were measured by processing micro-CT images and compared with the measured electrical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites. In terms of thermal transport, when the nanofiller assembly cross-sectional area was small, the dominance of conductivity pathways was observed up to ∼4.7 vol %, while interfacial thermal resistance began to dominate when the nanofiller assembly cross-sectional area became larger than 2700 μm<sup>2</sup>.
PAN/PS elctrospun fibers for oil spill cleanup (2014)

A high-capacity oil sorbent was fabricated by electrospinning using PS/PAN blend. Morphology, contact angle and oil adsorption of PAN/PS fiber and PP nonwoven fabric were studied. It was found that the PAN/PS fiber had a smaller diameter than PP, and the maximum sorption capacities of the PAN/PS sorbent for pump oil, peanut oil, diesel, and gasoline were 194.85, 131.7, 66.75, and 43.38 g/g, which were far higher than those of PP. The sorbent PS/PAN fiber showed a contact angle of water144.32° and diesel oil 0°. The sorption kinetics of PAN/PS and PP sorbent were also investigated. Compared with the commercial PP fabric, the PAN/PS fiber seems to have the ability to be used in oil-spill cleanup application.
Effect of Oil Viscosity on Heavy-Oil/Water Relative Permeability Curves (2006)

Abstract For heavy oil reservoirs, the oil viscosity usually varies dramatically during production processes, such as thermal process or solvent injection. This paper presents an investigation of the effect of oil viscosity on relative permeability curves for heavy oil-water systems. Unsteady-state displacement tests were conducted in sandpacks under a typical injection flow rate in a heavy oil recovery process. A series of crude oils with a wide range of viscosities were used in the measurements. Large pore volumes of water were injected to minimize the errors caused by the extrapolation of the recovery data. History matching was used to obtain the relative permeability curves, in which capillary pressure was included. It was found that, for the same injection flow rate, heavy oil-water relative permeability curves systematically shifted with oil viscosity. With increasing oil viscosity, the residual oil saturation increased and the oil and water relative permeabilities decreased at the higher water saturation range. Irreducible water saturation tended to decrease with increasing oil viscosity. Micromodel experiments were conducted to visually investigate the difference in the flow behaviour between heavy oil-water and light oil-water systems. Interacting capillary bundle models were used to analyze the impact of oil viscosity on the residual oil saturation. This work aids in the laboratory measurement and determination of the representative relative permeability curves for heavy oil-water systems, as well as in the proper use of relative permeability curves in reservoir simulation for heavy oil development.
Synthetic Calibration and Quantitative Analysis of Gas-Phase FT-IR Spectra (1996)

A method for the quantitative analysis of gas-phase infrared spectra is described in which calibration spectra are calculated from a database of absorption line parameters rather than measured in a real spectrometer. The synthetic calibration spectra are computed with the use of the program MALT (Multiple Atmospheric Layer Transmission), including environmental (pressure, temperature, pathlength, etc.) and instrumental (resolution, line shape, wavenumber shift) effects in the calculation, so that the calculated spectra closely approximate real measured spectra. The synthetic calibration spectra are then used in quantitative analysis as if they were real spectra. In conventional laboratory studies, the method circumvents the need for time-consuming collection of large sets of laboratory calibration spectra often required when many absorbing gases must be analyzed. It is particularly useful in long open-path and solar FT-IR spectroscopy when no sample cell is available for recording calibration spectra. Examples are presented from conventional laboratory spectra in a closed-cell, open-path FT-IR spectra used to determine trace gas fluxes in an open field, and solar absorption spectroscopy using ground-based FT-IR spectrometers.
Synthetic Levers Enabling Independent Control of Phase, Size, and Morphology in Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticles (2011)

Simultaneous control of phase, size, and morphology in nanoscale nickel phosphides is reported. Phase-pure samples of discrete nanoparticles of Ni12P5 and Ni2P in hollow and solid morphologies can be prepared in a range of sizes (10-32 nm) by tuning key interdependent synthetic levers (P:Ni precursor ratio, temperature, time, oleylamine quantity). Size and morphology are controlled by the P:Ni ratio in the synthesis of the precursor particles, with large, hollow particles formed at low P:Ni and small, solid particles formed at high P:Ni. The P:Ni ratio also impacts the phase at the crystallization temperature (300-350 °C), with metal-rich Ni12P5 generated at low P:Ni and Ni2P at high P:Ni. Moreover, the product phase formed can be decoupled from the initial precursor ratio by the addition of more "P" at the crystallization temperature. This enables formation of hollow particles (favored by low P:Ni) of Ni2P (favored by high P:Ni). Increasing temperature and time also favor formation of Ni2P, by generating more reactive P and providing sufficient time for conversion to the thermodynamic product. Finally, increasing oleylamine concentration allows Ni12P5 to be obtained under high P:Ni precursor ratios that favor solid particle formation. Oleylamine concentration also acts to "tune" the size of the voids in particles formed at low P:Ni ratios, enabling access to Ni12P5 particles with different void sizes. This approach enables an unprecedented level of control over phase and morphology of nickel phosphide nanoparticles, paving the way for systematic investigation of the impact of these parameters on hydrodesulfurization activities of nickel phosphides.
Ultrastructure of the Encapsulation of Plasmodium cynomolgi (B Strain) on the Midgut of a Refractory Strain of Anopheles gambiae (1988)

Susan M. Paskewitz, Mark R. Brown, Arden O. Lea, Frank H. Collins, Ultrastructure of the Encapsulation of Plasmodium cynomolgi (B Strain) on the Midgut of a Refractory Strain of Anopheles gambiae, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Jun., 1988), pp. 432-439
Characterization of inter-speaker articulatory variability: A two-level multi-speaker modelling approach based on MRI data (2019)

Speech communication relies on articulatory and acoustic codes shared between speakers and listeners despite inter-individual differences in morphology and idiosyncratic articulatory strategies. This study addresses the long-standing problem of characterizing and modelling speaker-independent articulatory strategies and inter-speaker articulatory variability. It explores a multi-speaker modelling approach based on two levels: statistically-based linear articulatory models, which capture the speaker-specific articulatory variability on the one hand, are in turn controlled by a speaker model, which captures the inter-speaker variability on the other hand. A low dimensionality speaker model is obtained by taking advantage of the inter-speaker correlations between morphology and strategy. To validate this approach, contours of the vocal tract articulators were manually segmented on midsagittal MRI data recorded from 11 French speakers uttering 62 vowels and consonants. Using these contours, multi-speaker models with 14 articulatory components and two morphology and strategy components led to overall variance explanations of 66%-69% and root-mean-square errors of 0.36-0.38 cm obtained in leave-one-out procedure over the speakers. Results suggest that inter-speaker variability is more related to the morphology than to the idiosyncratic strategies and illustrate the adaptation of the articulatory components to the morphology.
Visible-light-responsive copper(ii) borate photocatalysts with intrinsic midgap states for water splitting (2012)

Two copper borates, CuB2O4 and Cu3B2O6, produce either H2 or O2 under visible light in the presence of sacrificial agents. Both copper borates exhibit intrinsic midgap states between the valence bands and conduction bands. However, structural differences in the two compounds lead to midgap states with remarkably different photocatalytic behaviors. In CuB2O4, the midgap states facilitate visible light absorption and enhance photocatalytic activity, while in Cu3B2O6 they act as trap states that reduce photocatalytic activity.
Fast 2D NMR and Hyperpolarization (2023)

This chapter presents an overview of both the methodology and applications of fast two-dimensional (2D) NMR using nuclear spin hyperpolarization. Fast 2D NMR methods extend the information available from NMR experiments through spin correlations while allowing the utilization of large signals from hyperpolarized spins for the study of fast processes. Hyperpolarization methods typically provide orders of magnitude in NMR signal enhancement. In many cases, however, the mechanism of generating hyperpolarization imposes a technical limit on the number of repetitions of an experiment. Conventional multi-dimensional NMR methods, which rely on re-polarization of spins between each scan, are therefore not directly applicable. Two-dimensional or pseudo 2D NMR experiments can nevertheless be implemented using specific techniques such as ultrafast pulsed-field gradient encoding, sequential scanning with scan-to-scan preservation of spin polarization, or off-resonance decoupling. Intermolecular or intramolecular spin polarization transfer and the observation of correlations between reactants and products can be integrated into these experiments. These and other techniques can be used for the determination of mechanisms in fast chemical reactions or the elucidation of molecular interactions. Applications targeting small molecules, as well as biological macromolecules, protein structure, and protein folding, have been demonstrated.