gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Operating Conditions in the Early Direct Injection Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Regime (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Early Direct Injection Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (EDI PCCI) is a widely researched combustion concept, which promises soot and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission levels of a spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine, respectively. Application of this concept to a conventional CI engine using a conventional CI fuel faces a number of challenges. First, EDI has the intrinsic risk of wall-wetting, i.e. collision of fuel against the combustion chamber periphery. Second, engine operation in the EDI regime is difficult to control as auto-ignition timing is largely decoupled from fuel injection timing.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In dual-mode PCCI engines (i.e. conventional Dl at high loads) wall-wetting should be prevented by selecting appropriate (most favorable) operating conditions (EGR level, intake temperature, injection timing-strategy etc.) rather than by redesign of the engine (combustion chamber shape, injector replacement etc.). This paper presents the effects of EGR concentration, intake temperature, intake pressure, injection timing, injection pressure and fuel temperature on engine performance and emission behavior in EDI PCCI mode. In addition, several minor adjustments to the conventional injector nozzle are investigated. Wall-wetting and engine performance are characterized by the measured emissions (smoke and unburned hydrocarbons) and in-cylinder pressure (CA50 and IMEP). The main contribution of this paper is to investigate the cumulative effects on engine performance and emissions, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) in particular, of various known measures designed to address wall-wetting.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;All experiments have been performed at low load (~ 3–4 bar IMEP) and at an engine speed of 1200 RPM, using a modified 6-cylinder 12.6 liter heavy-duty Dl DAF XE 355 C engine. Experiments are conducted in one dedicated cylinder, which is equipped with a stand-alone fuel injection system, EGR circuit and air compressor, fuelled with commercial diesel fuel (EN590).&lt;/div&gt;
Persons with certain functional impairments apply for parenting support: a study of personal assistance assessments in Sweden (2020)

In Sweden, personal assistance is one form of support for persons with certain functional impairment. The aim of personal assistance is to give compensatory support to individuals so that they can enjoy the right to live a life like anyone else. This article explores what kind of support parents who have functional impairments and apply for personal assistance may need when they have underage children. The article is focused on the following: What support needs in parenting are expressed in personal assistance applications and by whom? How are the expressed needs in parenting met by the intervention personal assistance, i.e. how do the decisions correspond with the expressed needs? The article is based on qualitative and quantitative document-analyses of 100 randomly selected applications for the right to personal assistance submitted to the Swedish Social Insurance Agency by applicants who were parents with children 0–17 years of age, during the years 2014–2017. The central concepts resulting from the analyses of the empirical material were support and care. The results show that in many cases the children were invisible in the material studied. In several investigations, there was no information at all about the applicant’s children. Many applications for assistance were refused. Few parents received assistance in their parenting role. In the documents, we found the following themes in statements about needs for support related to the role as a parent: practical support, care and supervision, support with communication, emotional support and safety, and support to be involved in the children’s lives.
Localization and Characterization of α-Glucosidase Activity in Lactobacillus brevis (1994)

Lactobacillus brevis is found together with the yeast Brettanomyces lambicus during the overattenuation process in spontaneously fermented lambic beer. An isolated L. brevis strain has been shown to produce an alpha-glucosidase with many similarities to the glucosidase earlier found in B. lambicus. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel (Sephadex G-150 and Ultrogel AcA-44) filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex A-50). The molecular weights of the enzyme, as determined by gel chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were about 50,000 and 60,000, respectively. Optimum catalytic activity was obtained at 40 degrees C and pH 6.0. The enzyme showed a decrease of hydrolysis with an increase in the degree of polymerization of the substrate. The K(m) values for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside, maltose, and maltotriose were 0.51, 3.0, and 5.2 mM, respectively. There was lack of inhibition by 0.15 mM acarbose and 0.5 M turanose, but the enzyme was inhibited by Tris (K(i) value of 25 mM). The alpha-glucosidase of L. brevis together with the enzyme of B. lambicus seems to be a key factor in the overattenuation of lambic beer, although the involvement of other lactic acid bacteria (pediococci) cannot be excluded.
The paradox of enrichment in phytoplankton by induced competitive interactions (2013)

The biodiversity loss of phytoplankton with eutrophication has been reported in many aquatic ecosystems, e.g., water pollution and red tides. This phenomenon seems similar, but different from the paradox of enrichment via trophic interactions, e.g., predator-prey systems. We here propose the paradox of enrichment by induced competitive interactions using multiple contact process (a lattice Lotka-Volterra competition model). Simulation results demonstrate how eutrophication invokes more competitions in a competitive ecosystem resulting in the loss of phytoplankton diversity in ecological time. The paradox is enhanced under local interactions, indicating that the limited dispersal of phytoplankton reduces interspecific competition greatly. Thus, the paradox of enrichment appears when eutrophication destroys an ecosystem either by elevated interspecific competition within a trophic level and/or destabilization by trophic interactions. Unless eutrophication due to human activities is ceased, the world's aquatic ecosystems will be at risk.
Crowdsourced Fact-Checking at Twitter (2022)

Fact-checking is one of the effective solutions in fighting online misinformation. However, traditional fact-checking is a process requiring scarce expert human resources, and thus does not scale well on social media because of the continuous flow of new content to be checked. Methods based on crowdsourcing have been proposed to tackle this challenge, as they can scale with a smaller cost, but, while they have shown to be feasible, have always been studied in controlled environments. In this work, we study the first large-scale effort of crowdsourced fact-checking deployed in practice, started by Twitter with the Birdwatch program. Our analysis shows that crowdsourcing may be an effective fact-checking strategy in some settings, even comparable to results obtained by human experts, but does not lead to consistent, actionable results in others. We processed 11.9k tweets verified by the Birdwatch program and report empirical evidence of i) differences in how the crowd and experts select content to be fact-checked, ii) how the crowd and the experts retrieve different resources to fact-check, and iii) the edge the crowd shows in fact-checking scalability and efficiency as compared to expert checkers.
Hydrogen retention studies in TPE and modeling of precipitate growth. (2011)

Abstract not provided.
Iron deficiency and heart failure: diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic perspectives (2012)

Iron is a micronutrient essential for cellular energy and metabolism, necessary for maintaining body homoeostasis. Iron deficiency is an important co-morbidity in patients with heart failure (HF). A major factor in the pathogenesis of anaemia, it is also a separate condition with serious clinical consequences (e.g. impaired exercise capacity) and poor prognosis in HF patients. Experimental evidence suggests that iron therapy in iron-deficient animals may activate molecular pathways that can be cardio-protective. Clinical studies have demonstrated favourable effects of i.v. iron on the functional status, quality of life, and exercise capacity in HF patients. It is hypothesized that i.v. iron supplementation may become a novel therapy in HF patients with iron deficiency.
Infected Rathke Cleft Cysts (2010)

Suspected RCC infection, regardless of culture results, is a strong predictor of recurrence and may warrant antibiotic treatment. With antibiotic treatment, the recurrence rate of infected RCC approaches that of noninfected cysts. The higher recurrence rates reported in other series may reflect underrecognition of occult infection.
Chemokine Receptor Expression in Peripheral Blood Monocytes from Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2012)

CCR1 and CCR2 are coupregulated on the CD14+CD16+ monocyte population in NV-AMD patients. These data implicate CD14+CD16+ monocytes and chemokine signaling in AMD. Additional investigation is needed to elucidate the role of these monocytes and their potential as a biomarker or therapeutic target for AMD.
The Western Australian HIV cohort study (1998)

The efficacy of primary prophylactic treatment for opportunistic infections can be estimated in an observational cohort study by adjusting for clinical and laboratory markers of the immunodeficiency (e.g., oral candidiasis, CD4%, lymphocyte cell counts) as time-dependent co-variates (providing that the treatment does not directly alter the markers). However, the CD4 cell count provides an incomplete measure of the protective immune response, and the efficacy of treatment may be underestimated if there is inadequate adjustment for the severity of immunodeficiency. Unlike prophylactic therapies, the efficacy of which remains relatively constant over time, antiretroviral therapy may produce only transient or time-limited benefits. This problem can be minimized by allowing the effect of antiretroviral therapy to vary over time in Cox proportional hazards models (i.e., to allow the antiretroviral therapy coefficient to change over time). Another difficulty is that CD4 cell counts may underestimate the degree of immunodeficiency after prolonged zidovudine (AZT) monotherapy. If post-antiretroviral therapy CD4 cell counts are used to adjust for the stage of immunodeficiency, it may therefore be helpful to adjust for the duration of antiretroviral therapy with the CD4 cell count at the time of starting antiretroviral therapy. It is interesting to consider statistical models of progressive HIV-induced immunodeficiency in the context of the evolution of host immunity. HIV infection results in the loss of the relatively recently evolved adaptive CD4 T cell-mediated immunity to intracellular parasites. The infected host may compensate for this by making greater use of phylogenetically ancient, more innate protective responses. Because these compensatory responses are polymorphic, this results in the appearance of differences between individuals in the immune response to HIV as the disease progresses. Data from the Western Australia HIV Cohort Study support a two-stage model of immunopathology. The first stage of this model involves a loss of mucosal immunity and occurs at a variable CD4 cell count (of between 400 cells/mm3 and zero), and is marked by a loss of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and oral candidiasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The second stage of the model involves a loss of systemic immunity and requires profound CD4 T-cell lymphopenia (CD4 cell count &lt;50 cells/mm3), and is marked by infections such as cytomegalovirus and disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection. The influence of HLA type on the risk for such opportunistic infections becomes apparent during this late phase.
Outreach Activities for Middle School Students: Project for Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Students (2020)

of Michigan with a Ph.D. in thermal science area
Frequency response and bandwidth enhancement in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes with over 840GHz gain-bandwidth-product (2009)

In this work we report a separate-absorption-charge-multiplication Ge/Si avalanche photodiode with an enhanced gain-bandwidth-product of 845 GHz at a wavelength of 1310 nm. The corresponding gain value is 65 and the electrical bandwidth is 13 GHz at an optical input power of -30 dBm. The unconventional high gain-bandwidth-product is investigated using device physical simulation and optical pulse response measurement. The analysis of the electric field distribution, electron and hole concentration and drift velocities in the device shows that the enhanced gain-bandwidth-product at high bias voltages is due to a decrease of the transit time and avalanche build-up time limitation at high fields.
Longitudinal beam dynamics of a 5-MeV DTL (drift-tube linac): A comparison of theory and experiment (1988)

A detailed comparison of theory and experiment concerning the longitudinal beam dynamics of a 2- to 5-MeV drift-tube linac (DTL) was carried out. Beam output energy and phase were measured as a function of DTL rf field amplitude and phase. Comparison between experimental data and theory was found to be in good agreement. 1 refs., 9 figs.
Biomimetic iron(III) trishydroxamate complexes and triple stranded diferric helices (1996)

Abstract
The Description of Breaking Waves and the Underlying Water Particle Kinematics (2007)

This paper concerns the numerical description of breaking waves and the resulting water particle kinematics. A fully non-linear multiple flux Boundary Element Method (BEM), developed by Hague &amp; Swan [1], is applied to simulate the extreme nature of overturning waves. This BEM differs from traditional boundary integral approaches in that smoothing is not required and that neither re-gridding nor the redistribution of nodes is performed at any stage during the simulation. Plunging breakers resulting from two types of waves are examined. The first kind is produced by solitary waves propagating up an impermeable plane slope. The second concentrates on a realistic (JONSWAP) sea state spectrum to produce an overturning unidirectional irregular wave group in deep water. The water surface profiles and the resulting water particle kinematics produced by the two types of waves are analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Furthermore, the numerical description of the solitary wave is compared to new laboratory observations of the water surface elevation and the validity of existing breaking criteria examined. The practical implications of the findings on extreme wave loading are then addressed.
Voltage Contrast Defect Inspection of Contacts and Vias for Deep Quarter Micron Devices (1999)

Electron beam induced voltage contrast of vias and contacts was investigated for voltage contrast defect inspection. The investigation was carried out on the basis of signal intensity analysis of the voltage contrast image in relation to wafer bias and charge density of the incident electron beam. It was determined that voltage contrast is dependent on the balance between the surface potential of the oxide surface due to charge-up and the surface potential of vias and contacts. By adjusting the parameters of the charge density and the wafer bias, the optimum conditions can be obtained. Using this technique, the inspection of a 0.25 µm logic and 0.18 µm dynamic random access memory (DRAM) production wafer was carried out. The potential for inspecting electric anomalous failures of a 0.18-µm-design-rule device, which are difficult to detect by conventional optical inspection tools, was confirmed.
Electronic Detection of Serac Avalanches and Glacier Noise at Vaughan Lewis Icefall, Alaska (1972)

Abstract Design details of a portable, light-weight, seismic recording system are presented together with data concerning sensitivity and frequency response. Field procedures and methods are described with emphasis on coupling the hydrophone detector to waves propagating in the glacier ice. Two of the field-recorded signals are reproduced here: the first resulted from a small serac avalanche in the ice fall and the second was produced by an unusual, local source of glacier noise.
Nano-pyramid arrays for nano-particle trapping (2016)

In this paper we present the drastic miniaturization of nano-wire pyramids fabricated by corner lithography. A particle trapping device was fabricated in a well-defined and symmetrical array. The entrance and exit hole-size can be tuned by adjusting fabrication parameters. We describe here in detail the effect of the corner lithography over-etch factor on side-aperture size and shape. To show the trapping functionality, 150 nm gold nano-particles trapping was demonstrated and the device with trapped particles was imaged by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Porous-structured Cu2O/TiO2 nanojunction material toward efficient CO2 photoreduction (2014)

Porous-structured Cu2O/TiO2 nanojunction material is successfully fabricated by a facile method via loading Cu2O nanoparticles on the network of a porous TiO2 substrate. The developed Cu2O/TiO2 nanojunction material has a size of several nanometers, in which the p-type Cu2O and n-type TiO2 nanoparticles are closely contacted with each other. The well designed nanojunction structure is beneficial for the charge separation in the photocatalytic reaction. Meanwhile, the porous structure of the Cu2O/TiO2 nanojunction can facilitate the CO2 adsorption and offer more reaction active sites. Most importantly, the gas-phase CO2 photoreduction tests reveal that our developed porous-structured Cu2O/TiO2 nanojunction material exhibits marked photocatalytic activity in the CH4 evolution, about 12, 9, and 7.5 times higher than the pure TiO2, Pt-TiO2, and commercial Degussa P25 TiO2 powders, respectively. The greatly enhanced activity can be attributed to the well designed nanojunction structure combined with the porous structure, which can simultaneously enhance the charge separation efficiency and facilitate the CO2 adsorption.
Targeted Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer with a Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonist Is Effective as Monotherapy and in Combination with Rapamycin (2013)

Radiotherapy using a (177)Lu-labeled GRPr antagonist alone or in combination with rapamycin was efficacious in inhibiting in vivo tumor growth and may be a promising strategy for treatment of prostate cancer.
An Architecture for Robust Sensor Network Communications (2005)

Node clustering in sensor networks increases scalability, robustness, and energy-efficiency. In hostile environments, unexpected failures or attacks on cluster heads (through which communication takes place) may partition the network or degrade application performance. We propose REED (Robust Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering), for clustering sensors deployed in hostile environments in an interleaved manner with low complexity. Our primary objective is to construct a k-fault-tolerant (i.e., k-connected) clustered network, where k is a constant determined by the application. Fault tolerance is achieved by selecting k independent sets of cluster heads (i.e., cluster head overlays) on top of the physical network, so that each node can quickly switch to other cluster heads in case of failures. The independent cluster head overlays also give multiple vertex-disjoint routing paths for load balancing and security. Network lifetime is prolonged by selecting cluster heads with high residual energy and low communication cost, and periodically re-clustering the network. We prove that REED asymptotically achieves k-connectivity if certain conditions on node density are met. We also discuss inter-cluster routing and MAC layer considerations, and investigate REED clustering properties via extensive simulations.
Cinnamamides from Piper capense with affinity to the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor (2008)

Epilepsy is among the most prevalent of the serious neurological disorders, affecting from 0.5–1.0% of the world's population and the prevalence of epilepsy in developing countries is generally higher than in developed countries [1]. Recently, plants used in South African traditional medicine for treatment of epilepsy and convulsion were examined for their pharmacological properties in the search for new and better anti-epileptic drugs [2, 3, 4].
Enhanced Radar Control for High Performance Bottom Paving (2017)

This chapter discusses how radar detection has been developed for soil investigation with for instance archeological, geophysical or civil engineering purposes. Electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 10MHz to 2 GHz are emitted by the device as pulsed waves. Translating the device upon the area enables a comprehensive inspection. A refractory block is definitely a very thin soil with higher attenuation properties in respect with an earth soil. The typical size of defaults that are contemplated is about 5cm or less. Especially for furnaces operating in harsh condition, namely high temperature, highly convective batch, frequently changing conditions of operation, it will be important to secure a reliable bottom assembly lasting life. The so-called radargrams that are derived from the inspection have to be processed. Assessing the good filling of the bulk fused cast AZS material is necessary. But this is only part of the overall paving performance in preventing from all type of potential damages that can affect a furnace's bottom. Based on digital controls made on randomly chosen samples, the chapter demonstrates the actual relevance of TJ specifications. Precisely machined FC tiles, insuring tight assembly, combined with the double layer of fused cast AZS grains based refractory mortar offers maximum reliability to bottom solutions.
Methyl Jasmonate Induces ATP Biosynthesis Deficiency and Accumulation of Proteins Related to Secondary Metabolism in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Hairy Roots (2011)

Jasmonates are specific signal molecules in plants that are involved in a diverse set of physiological and developmental processes. However, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been shown to have a negative effect on root growth and, so far, the biochemical mechanism for this is unknown. Using Catharanthus roseus hairy roots, we were able to observe the effect of MeJA on growth inhibition, cell disorganization and cell death of the root cap. Hairy roots treated with MeJA induced the perturbation of mitochondrial membrane integrity and a diminution in ATP biosynthesis. Furthermore, several proteins were identified that were involved in energy and secondary metabolism; the changes in accumulation of these proteins were observed with 100 μM MeJA. In conclusion, our results suggest that a switch of the metabolic fate of hairy roots in response to MeJA could cause an increase in the accumulation of secondary metabolites. This is likely to have important consequences in the production of specific alkaloids important for the pharmaceutical industry.
A cellulose nanocomposite biopolymer foam competing with expanded polystyrene (EPS) : hierarchical structure effects on energy absorption (2008)

Starch is an interesting biofoam candidate as replacement of expanded polystyrene (EPS) in packaging materials. The main technical problems with starch foam include its hygroscopic nature, sensitiv ...