gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel chip stacking process for 3D integration (2011)

A chip stacking process for three dimensional integration is reported. This process consists of solderless thermo-compression bonding and chemical plating to connect non-contacted Cu interconnection. The Cu bumps and micro stud structures are fabricated at top and bottom chips, respectively. The optimization of themo-compression bonding, followed by chemical plating is investigated. The optimized parameters obtained for thermo-compression bonding are bonding force, temperature, and time of 15kg, 350°C, and 60sec, respectively. It is found that Ni electroless plating can compensate the high variation produced by the combination of Cu bump and micro stud structure formation, which is confirmed by daisy chain electrical resistance measurement. Furthermore, Ni electroless plating can reduce the bump electrical resistance up to 15%.
Position-independent and high-level expression of human α-lactalbumin in the milk of transgenic rats carrying a 210-kb YAC DNA (1997)

The level of expression of transgenes in transgenic animals varies among lines, and is often much lower than that of endogenous genes (position effects). In order to surmount position effects and establish a more efficient production system of transgenic animals producing pharmaceutical proteins in their milk, transgenic rats carrying 210-kb YAC DNA containing the human alpha-lactalbumin gene were produced. Three transgenic lines transmitted the transgene to the next generation. They had one copy of the alpha-lactalbumin gene and secreted human alpha-lactalbumin in their milk at concentrations of 2.0-4.3 mg/ml. No position effect was seen. The transgene was expressed specifically in the mammary gland of the transgenic rats. The 210-kb region is thought to contain all the DNA elements required for proper expression of the human alpha-lactalbumin gene. The YAC carrying the human alpha-lactalbumin gene is a potential vector for the expression of foreign genes in the mammary gland.
A low-field portable magnetic resonance imaging system for head imaging (2017)

In this paper, we present the progress of the development and design of a portable low-field (<; 0.1 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner for head imaging. It includes the design, optimization, and implementation of Halbach-array-based permanent magnet array that provides B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> field with the merits of light weight and helium free, the work done on transmit and receive RF coils, the progress on the nonlinear imaging reconstruction algorithm based on a inhomogeneous B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> field provided by the magnet array, and the testing on a Magritek NMR spectrometer console.
Zinc Oxide Nanostructures (2014)

Zinc oxide (ZnO) in its nanostructured form is emerging as a promising material with great potential for the development of many smart electronic devices. This book presents up-to-date information about various synthesis methods to obtain device-quality ZnO nanostructures. It describes both high-temperature (over 100 C) and low-temperature (under
A pulse position modulation transmission system for remote control of a TV set (1976)

A transmitter-receiver combination for remote control of a color TV set is described. The transmitter is a 1.6/spl times/1.9 mm/SUP 2/ chip in linear bipolar technology. It generates a 5-bit PPM code for transmission of 32 commands, requires only 5 external components and an 8/spl times/4 single-pole single-throw keyboard. Standby power is zero. The receiver is a 3.1/spl times/3.5 mm/SUP 2/ p-MOS chip and allows for a 20-channel selection. It has 3 D/A converters on chip to generate the analog control signals. It also controls the TV receivers AFC and on-screen display.
A Reference Price Model of Brand Choice for Frequently Purchased Products (1986)

Abstract A brand choice model that incorporates both reference and observed prices is proposed for frequently purchased products. The model is composed of a probability-of-purchase component and a reference-price-formation component. Empirical testing of the model using coffee UPC scanner panel data demonstrates that for two of the three brands, the model predicts probability of purchase better than do standard demand models that utilize only current observed brand prices.
Defective opsonization. A common immunity deficiency. (1976)

Serum opsonization of yeasts for phagocytosis by normal polymorphonuclear leucocytes was defective in 11 of 43 children with unexplained frequent infections. The children had a range of infections, largely bacterial, and only 3 had diarrhoea and rash in infancy. A similar defect in at least 6 of the 9 mothers of these children (of either sex), with normal function in the fathers, suggests that the defect was primary and was transmitted by an unusual form of dominant inheritance. Four of 72 healthy adults and 1 of 11 children with unrelated disease showed similar defective function, but the incidence of the defect in the patients with frequent infection was significantly greater than this. The defective function can be corrected, in vitro and in vivo, by normal plasma at concentrations too low to be effective alone. This suggests that there is a defective factor rather than an inhibitor, and that different factors are limiting in normal and in defective plasma. Sera from affected members of the same family do not correct each other, but defective sera from different families usually do.
Self-heating allows athermal laser diode wavelength control using a thermally insulating sub-mount over a 70 °C range (2023)

The wavelength of a single frequency quantum dot distributed feedback (DFB) laser operating in the O-band is athermalised over a 74 °C ambient temperature range. Two techniques are presented, one utilising the laser self-heating for tuning control, the other using a resistive heater. Both techniques show greatly improved power efficiency over conventional wavelength control schemes, and both demonstrate wavelength stability of better than 0.1 nm (17.5 GHz) without mode hops over the entire temperature range. The use of a high operating temperature quantum dot laser together with an innovative submount design to increase the thermal impedance of the device enables the improved use of the laser self-heating for wavelength tuning. The submount design entails the laser being suspended over an air gap with the use of glass supports, preventing heat from escaping from the diode.
Chikungunya, Influenza, Nipah, and Semliki Forest Chimeric Viruses with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Actions in the Brain (2017)

Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based chimeric viruses that include genes from other viruses show promise as vaccines and oncolytic viruses. However, the critical safety concern is the neurotropic nature conveyed by the VSV glycoprotein. VSVs that include the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene, even in most recombinant attenuated strains, can still show substantial adverse or lethal actions in the brain. Here, we test 4 chimeric viruses in the brain, including those in which glycoprotein genes from Nipah, chikungunya (CHIKV), and influenza H5N1 viruses were substituted for the VSV glycoprotein gene. We also test a virus-like vesicle (VLV) in which the VSV glycoprotein gene is expressed from a replicon encoding the nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus. VSVΔG-CHIKV, VSVΔG-H5N1, and VLV were all safe in the adult mouse brain, as were VSVΔG viruses expressing either the Nipah F or G glycoprotein. In contrast, a complementing pair of VSVΔG viruses expressing Nipah G and F glycoproteins were lethal within the brain within a surprisingly short time frame of 2 days. Intranasal inoculation in postnatal day 14 mice with VSVΔG-CHIKV or VLV evoked no adverse response, whereas VSVΔG-H5N1 by this route was lethal in most mice. A key immune mechanism underlying the safety of VSVΔG-CHIKV, VSVΔG-H5N1, and VLV in the adult brain was the type I interferon response; all three viruses were lethal in the brains of adult mice lacking the interferon receptor, suggesting that the viruses can infect and replicate and spread in brain cells if not blocked by interferon-stimulated genes within the brain.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) shows considerable promise both as a vaccine vector and as an oncolytic virus. The greatest limitation of VSV is that it is highly neurotropic and can be lethal within the brain. The neurotropism can be mostly attributed to the VSV G glycoprotein. Here, we test 4 chimeric viruses of VSV with glycoprotein genes from Nipah, chikungunya, and influenza viruses and nonstructural genes from Semliki Forest virus. Two of the four, VSVΔG-CHIKV and VLV, show substantially attenuated neurotropism and were safe in the healthy adult mouse brain. VSVΔG-H5N1 was safe in the adult brain but lethal in the younger brain. VSVΔG Nipah F+G was even more neurotropic than wild-type VSV, evoking a rapid lethal response in the adult brain. These results suggest that while chimeric VSVs show promise, each must be tested with both intranasal and intracranial administration to ensure the absence of lethal neurotropism.
Rubber toughening of glass-fiber -reinforced nylon 66 (2002)

Glass fibers are commonly added to thermoplastics by the process of extrusion compounding for a variety of reasons, mainly to enhance their strength and make them dimensionally stable. Since the extruder has to be flushed out each time product composition is changed, a large amount of incompatible polymeric waste is generated. This waste material is usually landfilled even though the polymers contained in it are valuable and worth being recycled. It is the drastic reduction in mechanical properties resulting from polymer incompatibility which restricts their recycling. A good strategy of recycling thermoplastics calls for separating materials from each other before utilizing them. This research deals with characterizing and rubber toughening of a post industrial glass-fiber-reinforced nylon 66 which was separated from other polymers. A virgin glass-fiber-reinforced nylon 66 was also used in order to compare its properties with those of the recycled ones.;Rubbers used in this study were Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene and Ethylene-Propylene grafted with maleic anhydride; SEBS-g-MA and EP-g-MA. Composites of glass-fiber-reinforced nylon 66 with various rubber contents were prepared by extrusion. The pelletized extrudates were injection molded to different standard specimens for mechanical testing such as impact, tensile, and flexural. Flow properties of the composites were examined by the melt flow index and rotational viscometry. Morphology of the fractured surface of the composites was examined by scanning electron microscopy.;Elongation and impact strength of the composites were found to increase with increasing rubber content while tensile and flexural strength decrease with increasing rubber content. Elongation of the recycled material was slightly less than that of the virgin material. This is probably due to the presence of contaminants within the recycled material. The variation of rubber content with both tensile and flexural strengths was found to obey the rule of mixtures. The morphology of the fractured surfaces showed significant signs of plastic deformation such as shear bands and cavitations as rubber content increased, and this correlates well with mechanical properties which resulted in an increase in toughness of the composites when rubber content was increased. The results of this investigation clearly show the possibility of balancing strength and toughness of the material when adding rubber to a glass-fiber-reinforced nylon 66.
Ultra-high-quality Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonators for Single Nanoparticle Detection and Measurement (2011)

We discuss a self-referencing sensing technique using high-quality Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) resonators for detection and measurement of single nanoparticles. We also demonstrate self-heterodyne detection of nanoparticles with radius of 10 nm using WGM microlasers.
Diastereoselective synthesis of non‐proteinogenic α‐amino acids (2000)

The synthesis of enantiomerically pure azatyrosine, tribromophenylalanine and trichlorophenylalanine is described, using two methods, diastereoselective alkylation and (or) diastereoselective protonation of chiral enolates.
Autonomous use of electrical energy by an artificial molecular machine (2021)

The ability to exploit energy autonomously is one of the hallmarks of Life. Mastering such processes in artificial nanosystems can open unforeseen technological opportunities. In the last decades, light- and chemically-driven autonomous systems have been developed in relation to conformational motion and self-assembly. On the contrary, the autonomous exploitation of electrical energy remains essentially unexplored, despite being an attractive energy source. Herein we demonstrate the autonomous operation of an electrochemically-powered self-assembling nanomachine. Threading and dethreading motions of a pseudorotaxane take place autonomously in solution, between the electrodes of a scanning electrochemical microscope. This innovative actuation mode allows operating a molecular machine with an energy efficiency of 9%, unprecedented in autonomous systems. The strategy is general and can be applied to any redox-driven system, including molecular pumps that perform work repetitively. Ultimately, our study brings molecular nanoscience one step closer to everyday technology.
Experience With an Adjustable Pulmonary Artery Banding Device in Two Cases: Initial Success - Midterm Failure (1999)

Retraining of the left ventricle in congenitally corrected TGA or after Senning or Mustard operation is necessary when right-ventricular failure is developing and an arterial switch operation is indicated. As these hearts have little tolerance of marginal overbanding, a long-term adjustable pulmonary artery banding device would lower stress and risk of training. Although the inserted device (Osypka) allowed convenient intraoperative pressure ratio adjustment, mid-term adjustment failed due to dysfunction of the system.
Prediction and Measurement of the Size-Dependent Stability of Fluorescence in Diamond over the Entire Nanoscale (2009)

Fluorescent defects in noncytotoxic diamond nanoparticles are candidates for qubits in quantum computing, optical labels in biomedical imaging, and sensors in magnetometry. For each application these defects need to be optically and thermodynamically stable and included in individual particles at suitable concentrations (singly or in large numbers). In this Letter, we combine simulations, theory, and experiment to provide the first comprehensive and generic prediction of the size, temperature, and nitrogen-concentration-dependent stability of optically active N−V defects in nanodiamonds.
Protic Ionic Liquids as p-Dopant for Organic Hole Transporting Materials and Their Application in High Efficiency Hybrid Solar Cells (2013)

Chemical doping is a powerful method to improve the charge transport and to control the conductivity in organic semiconductors (OSs) for a wide range of electronic devices. We demonstrate protic ionic liquids (PILs) as effective p-dopant in both polymeric and small molecule OSs. In particular, we show that PILs promote single electron oxidation, which increases the hole concentration in the semiconducting film. The illustrated PIL-doping mechanism is compatible with materials processed by solution and is stable in air. We report the use of PIL-doping in hybrid solar cells based on triarylamine hole transporting materials, such as 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). We show improved power conversion efficiency by replacing lithium salts, typical p-dopants for spiro-OMeTAD, with PILs. We use photovoltage-photocurrent decay and photoinduced absorption spectroscopy to establish that significantly improved device performance is mainly due to reduced charge transport resistance in the hole-transporting layer, as potentiated by PIL-doping.
tRNA‐based prognostic score in predicting survival outcomes of lung adenocarcinomas (2019)

As the most abundant noncoding RNA in cells, tRNA plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development. The report of tRNA on the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma is rare. It is of great clinical significance to explore the relationship between tRNA expression and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. The expression level of tRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and paracarcinoma tissues was detected using a tRNA RT-qPCR array. A total of 104 lung adenocarcinomas were included in the analysis of the correlation between candidate tRNAs expression and prognosis. A tRNA-based prognostic model was constructed and validated using Cox proportional hazards regression. A nomogram was built to help clinicians develop treatment strategies. We screened a series of differentially expressed tRNAs between lung adenocarcinoma tissues and paracarcinoma tissues. Among these tRNAs, tRNA<sup>Asn</sup><sub>ATT</sub> , tRNA<sup>Ile</sup><sub>AAT</sub> , tRNA<sup>Leu</sup><sub>TAA</sub> , mt-tRNA<sup>Trp</sup><sub>TCA</sub> , mt-tRNA<sup>Leu</sup><sub>TAA</sub> , tRNA<sup>Pro</sup><sub>AGG</sub> , tRNA<sup>Lys</sup><sub>CTT</sub><sup>-1</sup> and tRNA<sup>Leu</sup><sub>AAG</sub> were associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma. tRNA<sup>Lys</sup><sub>CTT</sub><sup>-1</sup> , mt-tRNA<sup>Ser</sup><sub>GCT</sub> and tRNA<sup>Tyr</sup><sub>ATA</sub> were associated with cancer-specific survival. We constructed a prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma using specific tRNA expression levels as reference factors. Multivariate analyses showed that tRNA-based prognostic score was a significant and important prognostic factor. The prognostic model based on the tRNAs expression signatures can help predict the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
Introduction (1995)

Abstract In the thirty-three years since the publication of Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, 1962) the discipline that gave us "paradigm shifts" has continued to occupy a place in the van of historical scholarship. Conceptual change has encompassed the continued sophistication of "externalist" accounts and, most recently, the application of the insights of deconstruction and literary criticism to interpreting the phenomenon of "science."
MORPHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL PROLIFERATION AND NEOVASCULARIZATION IN THE RABBIT (1989)

Neovascularization and proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was induced in the rabbit by subretinal injection of vitreous without rupture of Bruch's membrane. New vessels developed between the layer of RPE and photoreceptor outer segments, but were enveloped in proliferating RPE. For this reason they were occult; no fluorescein leakage was visible by angiography. The vessels were identified only by histologic examinations. Endothelial cell budding was the initial stage of vessel development, first seen two weeks after injection. The new vessels grew from the choriocapillaris, penetrated Bruch's membrane, and spread into the subretinal space, despite the absence of subretinal fluid. Fenestrations with diaphragms were found in the endothelial walls during the earliest stages of vessel formation, and were also present in the fully matured vessels. Intermediate junctional complexes were frequently observed among the endothelial cells. During maturation of these plexi, junctions changed from open to putative tight junctions. The mature vessels were ultimately completely enveloped by collagen and RPE cells. Our results show that all new vessels in this animal model have the morphologic characteristics of choriocapillaris. We assume that they leak fluorescein, as does the choriocapillaris, but that the dye has no opportunity to pool in the subretinal space and thus cannot be seen during angiography.
Durable Disease Control with MEK Inhibition in a Patient with NRAS-mutated Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (2015)

Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) and chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) are rare hematologic neoplasms characterized by leukocytosis and a hypercellular bone marrow. Although recurrent mutations in the colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) are frequently observed in patients with (CNL), the mutational landscape in (aCML) is less well-defined. In this report, we describe an 81-year-old male who was diagnosed with aCML. He presented with leukocytosis and anemia but no significant clinical symptoms. Standard laboratory studies revealed the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome. Massively parallel sequencing demonstrated no mutations in CSF3R, but the presence of a heterozygous NRAS-G12D variant (47% allele frequency). The patient was started on treatment with trametinib, an MEK1/2 inhibitor with Food and Drug Administration approval for malignant melanoma. Therapy with trametinib resulted in exceptional improvements in his blood counts and continued disease control with 14 months of follow-up. This case highlights the need for clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of MEK1/2 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with NRAS-mutated aCML/CNL.
A 10 b 100 MSample/s CMOS pipelined ADC with 1.8 V power supply (2002)

A 100 MHz ADC for low-power applications uses a 0.18 μm digital CMOS process. The design achieves 9.4 ENOB for a 50 MHz input at full sampling rate, and consumes a total of 180 mW with 2.5 mm/sup 2/ core in a single 1.8 V power supply.
Modified Isoindolediones as Bright Fluorescent Probes for Cell and Tissue Imaging (2019)

New L-shaped fluorophores possessing five conjugated rings have been synthesized through a four-step procedure involving diketopyrrolopyrrole synthesis and its double N-alkylation, followed by trimethylsilyl bromide-mediated rearrangement to thieno[2,3-f]isoindole-5,8-dione and an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction. In comparison with the parent isoindolediones and π-expanded diketopyrrolopyrroles, these new dyes show red-shifted absorption and emission (up to ≈630 nm). Their structural rigidity is responsible for both the observed small Stokes shifts and large fluorescence quantum yields. Tissue imaging studies revealed that these new dyes show advantageous features including minimal autofluorescence interference and pronounced solvent-sensitive emission. Interestingly, there is a fundamental difference between a dye possessing an amino group and its analog bearing an N-alkyl substituent. The former dye under two-photon excitation at 900 nm gives bright images whereas its N-alkylated counterpart does not. A new type of membrane localization has been discovered by an N-alkylated isoindoledione possessing a benzofuryl substituent. In spite of the fact that the fluorescence quantum yield of this dye in a range of solvents is rather low, it does stain cell membranes exclusively. This new mode of cellular staining opens the door towards further development of membrane staining dyes.