gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of Rubella Virus Capsid Regulates Its RNA Binding Activity and Virus Replication (2003)

Rubella virus is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE: Virions are composed of three structural proteins: a capsid and two membrane-spanning glycoproteins, E2 and E1. During virus assembly, the capsid interacts with genomic RNA to form nucleocapsids. In the present study, we have investigated the role of capsid phosphorylation in virus replication. We have identified a single serine residue within the RNA binding region that is required for normal phosphorylation of this protein. The importance of capsid phosphorylation in virus replication was demonstrated by the fact that recombinant viruses encoding hypophosphorylated capsids replicated at much lower titers and were less cytopathic than wild-type virus. Nonphosphorylated mutant capsid proteins exhibited higher affinities for viral RNA than wild-type phosphorylated capsids. Capsid protein isolated from wild-type strain virions bound viral RNA more efficiently than cell-associated capsid. However, the RNA-binding activity of cell-associated capsids increased dramatically after treatment with phosphatase, suggesting that the capsid is dephosphorylated during virus assembly. In vitro assays indicate that the capsid may be a substrate for protein phosphatase 1A. As capsid is heavily phosphorylated under conditions where virus assembly does not occur, we propose that phosphorylation serves to negatively regulate binding of viral genomic RNA. This may delay the initiation of nucleocapsid assembly until sufficient amounts of virus glycoproteins accumulate at the budding site and/or prevent nonspecific binding to cellular RNA when levels of genomic RNA are low. It follows that at a late stage in replication, the capsid may undergo dephosphorylation before nucleocapsid assembly occurs.
Behaviour of the adsorbed Cl? intermediate in anodic Cl2 evolution at thin-film RuO2 surfaces (1991)

Studies of the adsorption of the Cl˙ intermediate in anodic Cl2 evolution at a series of four thin-film RuO2 electrodes formed on a Ti substrate have been made by means of potential-relaxation measurements, following interruption of previous steady-state currents, coupled with determination of the current vs. overpotential kinetic relationships.Experiments at rotated RuO2 electrodes show only a small effect, indicating that neither diffusion-controlled supply of Cl– nor effects of Cl2 supersaturation in the boundary region at the electrode materially effect the kinetic behaviour. This behaviour is manifested as continuously curved Tafel relations, which approach limiting currents at overvoltages of 0.2–0.3 V. Therefore, on these thin-film RuO2 materials, kinetic control of Cl2 evolution seems to be by the Cl˙ recombination pathway; this is supported by linearity of Conway–Novak test plots for the recombination mechanism.Analysis of the potential-relaxation transients enables the pseudocapacitance, Cϕ, for adsorbed Cl˙ to be determined. Cϕ shows ascent to large values below 50–100 mV of overpotential, depending on temperature. Some problems arise, however, in reconciling this adsorption behaviour with expectations associated with recombination control.The near-surface composition profiles of the RuO2 films have been determined by means of Rutherford back-scattering and the average compositions, deeper into the films, by energy-dispersive X-ray emission analyses.
Nucleoside analogue activators of cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase A of Trypanosoma (2019)

Protein kinase A (PKA), the main effector of cAMP in eukaryotes, is a paradigm for the mechanisms of ligand-dependent and allosteric regulation in signalling. Here we report the orthologous but cAMP-independent PKA of the protozoan Trypanosoma and identify 7-deaza-nucleosides as potent activators (EC<sub>50</sub> ≥ 6.5 nM) and high affinity ligands (K<sub>D</sub> ≥ 8 nM). A co-crystal structure of trypanosome PKA with 7-cyano-7-deazainosine and molecular docking show how substitution of key amino acids in both CNB domains of the regulatory subunit and its unique C-terminal αD helix account for this ligand swap between trypanosome PKA and canonical cAMP-dependent PKAs. We propose nucleoside-related endogenous activators of Trypanosoma brucei PKA (TbPKA). The existence of eukaryotic CNB domains not associated with binding of cyclic nucleotides suggests that orphan CNB domains in other eukaryotes may bind undiscovered signalling molecules. Phosphoproteome analysis validates 7-cyano-7-deazainosine as powerful cell-permeable inducer to explore cAMP-independent PKA signalling in medically important neglected pathogens.
An improved image segmentation method for melasma severity assessment (2017)

Melasma is a widely spread skin pigmentation disease and accurate assessments of the disease severity is crucial during its treatment. Recently, several computerized methods have been developed to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional clinical assessment method. As a key step in algorithm, image segmentation has extensive impacts on the accuracy of the assessment. Currently, the optimal hybrid thresholding (oHybrid) segmentation method that adaptively combines both local and global thresholding methods has obtained reasonable results in solving the melasma assessment problem. Nevertheless, the distance measure adopted in the oHybrid method is empirically selected and its influence is not well discussed. In this paper, a generalized distance measure is introduced and applied to improve the hybrid thresholding image segmentation method. The proposed method is tested on a data set of melasma patients to determine the lesion severity and it shows the best overall performance among the methods compared.
The Drosophila Atypical Protein Kinase C-Ref(2)P Complex Constitutes a Conserved Module for Signaling in the Toll Pathway (2002)

Recent results showed the critical role of the mammalian p62-atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) complex in the activation of NF-kappaB in response to different stimuli. Here we demonstrate using the RNA interference technique on Schneider cells that the Drosophila aPKC (DaPKC) is required for the stimulation of the Toll-signaling pathway, which activates the NF-kappaB homologues Dif and Dorsal. However, DaPKC does not appear to be important for the other Drosophila NF-kappaB signaling cascade, which activates the NF-kappaB homologue Relish in response to lipopolysaccharides. Interestingly, DaPKC functions downstream of the nuclear translocation of Dorsal or Dif, controlling the transcriptional activity of the Drosomycin promoter. We also show that the Drosophila Ref(2)P protein is the homologue of mammalian p62 as it binds to DaPKC, its overexpression is sufficient to activate the Drosomycin but not the Attacin promoter, and its depletion severely impairs Toll signaling. Collectively, these results demonstrate the conservation of the p62-aPKC complex for the control of innate immunity signal transduction in Drosophila melanogaster.
Effect of Natural Aging on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of A201-T7 Aluminum Alloy (2020)

The effect of natural aging on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of A201-T7 alloy was investigated by the slow strain rate testing (SSRT), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), conductivity, and polarization testing. The results indicated that natural aging could significantly improve the resistance of the alloys to SCC. The ductility loss rate of the unaged alloy was 28%, while the rates for the 24 h and 96 h aged alloys were both 5%. The conductivity of the as-quenched alloy was 30.54 (%IACS), and the conductivity of the 24 h and 96 h aged alloys were decreased to 28.85 and 28.65. After T7 tempering, the conductivity of the unaged, 24 h, and 96 h aged alloys were increased to 32.54 (%IACS), 32.52 and 32.45. Besides, the enthalpy change of the 24 h and 96 h aged alloys increased by 36% and 37% compared to the unaged alloy. The clustering of the solute atoms would evidently be enhanced with the increasing time of natural aging. Natural aging after quenching is essential to improve the alloy's resistance to SCC. It might be due to the prevention of the formation of the precipitation free zone (PFZ) after T7 tempering.
Effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists on monocyte chemotaxis, p38 and cytoplasmic calcium (2006)

Montelukast and zafirlukast, two cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), have been shown to have a beneficial effect on the clinical symptoms of asthma. LTRAs can inhibit eosinophil recruitment; however, little is known about their role in monocyte migration. We investigated whether montelukast and zafirlukast could suppress chemokine-induced chemotaxis of monocytes and signaling. Chemotaxis of monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs), and THP-1 cells was evaluated using a 24-well transwell microchamber. [Ca2+]i was measured with the fluorescence calcium indicator fura-2/AM photometry system. p38 MAPK expression was measured by Western blotting. Results showed that montelukast (1-100 microm) and zafirlukast (100 microm) significantly down-regulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)-induced chemotaxis of THP-1 cells and human primary monocytes from PBMCs and CBMCs (p<0.05, each comparison). Montelukast also abolished MCP-1-induced [Ca2+]i and pp38 MAPK expression in THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that montelukast is effective in down-regulating human monocyte chemotaxis induced by MCP-1. This effect may involve the down-regulation of MCP-1-induced [Ca2+]i and p38 MAPK expression.
c-Met-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Demonstrate Anti-Tumor Effect in c-Met Positive Gastric Cancer (2021)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology has been highlighted in recent years as a new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. Although the impressive efficacy of CAR-based T cell adoptive immunotherapy has been observed in hematologic cancers, limited effect has been reported on solid tumors. Approximately 20% of gastric cancer (GC) patients exhibit a high expression of c-Met. We have generated an anti c-Met CAR construct that is composed of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of c-Met antibody and signaling domains consisting of CD28 and CD3ζ. To test the CAR construct, we used two cell lines: the Jurkat and KHYG-1 cell lines. These are convenient cell lines, compared to primary T cells, to culture and to test CAR constructs. We transduced CAR constructs into Jurkat cells by electroporation. c-Met CAR Jurkat cells secreted interleukin-2 (IL-2) only when incubated with c-Met positive GC cells. To confirm the lytic function of CAR, the CAR construct was transduced into KHYG-1, a NK/T cell line, using lentiviral particles. c-Met CAR KHYG-1 showed cytotoxic effect on c-Met positive GC cells, while c-Met negative GC cell lines were not eradicated by c-Met CAR KHYG-1. Based on these data, we created c-Met CAR T cells from primary T cells, which showed high IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion when incubated with the c-Met positive cancer cell line. In an in vivo xenograft assay with NSG bearing MKN-45, a c-Met positive GC cell line, c-Met CAR T cells effectively inhibited the tumor growth of MKN-45. Our results show that the c-Met CAR T cell therapy can be effective on GC.
6-Alkyl- and 5,6-Dialkyl-2-methoxy-4(3H)-pyrimidinones in the Transformations of Pyrimidines. Conversion into 2-Substituted Amino- and 4-Chloro-Pyrimidine-Derivatives (1985)

Abstract 6-Alkyl- and 5,6-dialkyl-2-methoxy-4(3H)-pyrimidinones are transformed into the 2-alkyl(and 2-aryl)amino-derivatives, in good yield, by reaction with the corresponding amines. Treatment with SOCl2 -DMF gives 6-alkyl- and 5,6-dialkyl-2-methoxy-4-chloro pyrimidines.
Dissociation of the Jak kinase pathway from G-CSF receptor signaling in neutrophils. (1997)

Activation of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple intracellular substrates in proliferating cells and nonproliferating, terminally differentiated neutrophils. The kinases that couple ligand binding to tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates by the G-CSFR with activation of specific functional programs are largely unknown. In this study, we examined early signaling events in proliferating and terminally differentiated cells following G-CSF stimulation to determine whether identical signaling cascades are activated. In murine Ba/F3 cells transfected with the human G-CSFR and NFS-60 cells constitutively expressing the murine G-CSFR, G-CSF induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Jak1, Jak2, and Tyk2. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 and, to a lesser extent, Stat1 was also detected following G-CSF stimulation. Using a mitogenically incompetent human G-CSFR mutant in which Pro639 and Pro641 were substituted by alanine, the box 1 PDP motif was found to be required for activation of Jak kinases, tyrosine phosphorylation of the G-CSFR, and recruitment of Stat proteins. Notably, no activation of Jak1, Jak2, Tyk2, Stat1, or Stat3 was observed in neutrophils following G-CSF stimulation. In addition, there was no detectable activation in neutrophils of the recently cloned Jak3 kinase, which has been reported to be expressed at high levels as myeloid cells undergo terminal neutrophilic maturation. These results indicate a lack of involvement of Jak kinases in signaling by the G-CSFR in neutrophils, and suggest utilization of alternative signal transduction pathways distinct from those in proliferating cells. Activation of the Jak-Stat pathway correlates with proliferative signaling by the G-CSFR and requires the membrane-proximal box 1 PXP motif, which is conserved in members of the cytokine receptor superfamily.
HostCast: a new overlay multicasting protocol (2004)

Though the merits of IP-based multicast are undeniable, the deployment of IP multicast has met many difficulties. In the past several years, lots of research works have been done on overlay multicast. In this paper, we propose a new overlay multicast protocol: HostCast. Besides constructing a data delivery tree, HostCast uses a simple and efficient approach to form an overlay mesh for control and maintenance. The mesh can effectively facilitate the overlay multicasting. HostCast improves the reliability of overlay multicast tree and decreases the convergence time as demonstrated by the results obtained via simulation.
Redox Dynamics of Rh Supported on ZrP2O7 and ZrO2 Analyzed by Time-Resolved In Situ Optical Spectroscopy (2017)

In situ time-resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was first applied to supported Rh catalysts (0.4 wt % Rh/ZrO2 and Rh/ZrP2O7) under dynamic three-way catalysis conditions fluctuating between fuel-lean and fuel-rich gas atmospheres. The optical absorption at 650 nm was found to decrease upon lean-to-rich switching of the gas feed, which led to the reduction of Rh oxide (Rh3+) to metallic Rh (Rh0), followed by a reversible increase upon back switching rich-to-lean. The kinetic analysis suggested that the reduction of Rh3+ to Rh0 was faster than the reoxidation over Rh/ZrP2O7, whereas the reduction was comparable with or slower than the reoxidation over Rh/ZrO2. The activation energy of Rh/ZrP2O7 for the reduction, 13.6 kJ mol–1, was smaller than that for the oxidation, 48.7 kJ mol–1, which contrasted with those of Rh/ZrO2 (21.4 and 34.1 kJ mol–1, respectively). These results were closely associated with the higher NO reduction activity of Rh/ZrP2O7 than Rh/ZrO2 under a lean-gas atmosphere because Rh was more active in the metallic state than in the oxide state. Applying fast lean–rich perturbation of the gas feed with 1 s intervals led to an immediate and significant drop of the optical absorption intensity, suggesting that the reduction of Rh substantially penetrated to deeper layers under the surface. This study provided the first in situ evidence for the formation of active metallic Rh species under high-frequency lean–rich oscillations.
Matriptase and Survivin Expression Associated with Tumor Progression and Malignant Potential in Breast Cancer of Chinese Women: Tissue Microarray Analysis of Immunostaining Scores with Clinicopathological Parameters (2008)

Higher expressions of matriptase and survivin correlate significantly with clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer and the malignant potential in premalignant lesions. In addition, higher survivin expression had poorer prognosis of breast IDC cases.
Mutations which Introduce Free Cysteine Residues in the Gla-Domain of Vitamin K Dependent Proteins Result in the Formation of Complexes with α1-Microglobulin (1996)

We have previously described a genetic factor IX variant (Cys18-->Arg) for which we demonstrated that it had formed a heterodimer with alpha 1-microglobulin through formation of a disulphide bond with the remaining free cysteine residue of the disrupted disulphide bond in the Gla-domain of factor IX. Recently, we observed a similar high molecular weight complex for a genetic protein C variant (Arg-1-->Cys). Both the factor IX and the protein C variants have a defect in the calcium induced conformation. In this study we show that the aminoterminus of this protein C variant is prolonged with one amino acid, cysteine. This protein C variant, as well as protein C variants with Arg9-->Cys and Ser12-->Cys mutations which also carry a free cysteine residue, are shown to be present in plasma as a complex with alpha 1-microglobulin. A prothrombin variant with a Tyr44-->Cys mutation, had not formed such a complex. Furthermore, complexes between normal vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and alpha 1-microglobulin were shown to be present in plasma at low concentrations. The data suggest that the presence of an unpaired cysteine residue in the propeptide or the N-terminal half of the Gla-domain has strongly promoted the formation of a complex with alpha 1-microglobulin in the variants.
Modified two-focal-length optical correlator (1990)

We present a modification to our previously reported 2f optical correlator. This modification removes a lens from the system and maintains a variable Fourier transform scale property while providing an equal correlation performance.
First evidence for a Europa plasma torus (1982)

This paper summarizes the evidence from the Pioneer 10 plasma analyzer that plasma derived from Europa was present in the Jovian magnetosphere in December 1973. Plasma detected between 1900 UT and 2100 UT on December 3, 1973, shows a number of significant phenomena near the expected position of Europa's L shell. Mass addition to the magnetospheric plasma is suggested by a local increase in density apparently superimposed on the density gradient of Iogenic plasma. This increase in plasma density is unlike any phenomenon observed when the spacecraft is not close to a lunar L shell. The density shows fluctuations which allow an estimate of the net outflow speed of magnetospheric ions per Jovian rotation. We estimate a radial flow speed in 1973 of 0.37 km/s from the Pioneer data and we estimate 1 km/s in 1979 from Voyager 2 data, thus indicating a significant change. The mass addition from Europa is consistent with the expected derivation of oxygen ions (or OH + or H 2 O + ) from the icy surface of Europa by sputtering or other processes or with the derivation of recycled sulphur ions from Europa. Evidence from other peaks in the plasma spectra also argues for the identification of the most prominent peak in these spectra as having M/Q in the range of 16–18. The estimate of the bulk plasma speed obtained by combining this identification with the absolute energies of the peaks and the spacecraft trajectory information indicates that at this time the corotation speed is substantially higher than the expected corotation speed for a large number of spectra. If the most prominent peak in the spectra were associated with M/Q values of 32, then the corotation speed would be consistent with rigid corotation. These results contrast with the Voyager 1979 observations and are more evidence for a large change in magnetospheric conditions between the 1973 and 1979 observations. We can account partially for the increased corotation speed of the plasma during the Pioneer 10 encounter by use of momentum conservation and compression of the magnetosphere by the solar wind.
Radiation-Induced Optic Neuropathy (1991)

Radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) is a disabling late complication of radiotherapy leading to irreversible severe visual impairment or even total visual loss which may affect one or both eyes.Although not fully understood yet, RION is proposed to be a consequence of endothelial and neural cell injury with resultant necrosis.Risk factors include the patient and disease related factors, radiotherapy technique, per fraction and total radiotherapy doses.Currently there is no wellestablished treatment modality for RION, and usually the various drug therapies fail to reverse the visual loss.Therefore, currently the simplest but most effective treatment of RION is prevention of its occurrence by utilizing more sophisticated radiotherapy techniques and strict adherence to the published dose constraints for optic apparatus.Present review mainly aims to provide an overview of the currently accessible evidence on pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatment of RION.
SkipNet: a scalable overlay network with practical locality properties (2003)

Abstract: Scalable overlay networks such as Chord, CAN, Pastry, and Tapestry have recently emerged as flexible infrastructure for building large peer-to-peer systems. In practice, such systems have two disadvantages: They provide no control over where data is stored and no guarantee that routing paths remain within an administrative domain whenever possible. SkipNet is a scalable overlay network that provides controlled data placement and guaranteed routing locality by organizing data primarily by string names. SkipNet allows for both fine-grained and coarse-grained control over data placement: Content can be placed either on a pre-determined node or distributed uniformly across the nodes of a hierarchical naming subtree. An additional useful consequence of SkipNet’s locality properties is that partition failures, in which an entire organization disconnects from the rest of the system, can result in two disjoint, but well-connected overlay networks. 1
Fatigue Failure in Nylon Reinforced Tires (1965)

Abstract The principal mechanism leading to fatigue failure of nylon cord tires is progressive loss of cord strength from filament ruptures that occur at an angle of approximately 25 degrees to the fiber axis. Flexing causes cords to become weaker until residual strength is less than tensile forces in the tire, at which time the remaining filaments break with a blunt-ended tensile rupture. Individual cords in tires have stress environments determined by such factors as cord spacing, uniformity, and stiffness of the immediate flexing region, which appear to influence significantly their fatiguing rate. It is probable that these factors also operate in laboratory in-rubber fatigue tests, so that a high degree of precision in sample preparation and loading conditions is essential for such tests to give reproducible data. Measurement of cord strength loss was found to be a valid and useful means for following the progress of fatigue when it was recognized that cords under opposite sidewalls of tires lost strength at markedly different rates, which were not linearly proportional to test mileage. The direction of tire rotation and the cord angle in a given ply determined which half of the ply lost strength fastest. Strength loss was higher for the half of the cord that led into the load bearing region of the tire as it rotated. This presumably happened because of unsymmetrical stress conditions, but no measurement of cord stress was made. Fatigue failures of tires generally occurred at localized points and resulted from failure of a few cords that lost strength faster than the surrounding cords. The failures occurred in the innermost ply at “hinge points” opposite the end of the flipper fabric in the ply splice.