gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protected hinge in the immunoglobulin G2‐A2 disulfide isoform (2014)

Human IgG2 consists of disulfide-mediated structural isoforms, classified by the number of Fab arms disulfide-linked to the heavy chain hinge. In the IgG2-B isoform, both Fab arms are linked to the hinge region, and in IgG2-A, neither Fab arm are linked to the hinge. IgG2-A/B is a hybrid between these two forms, with only one Fab arm disulfide-linked to the hinge. Within each of these isoform types are subtypes, with subtle disulfide-linkage differences. Here we explored the structural basis for the A1 and A2 isoform subtypes. Whereas A1 isoform converts into the A/B and B isoforms under mild redox conditions, A2 does not. Characterization of the disulfide connectivities of A2 isoform revealed a similar structure to A1 isoform, with parallel inter heavy chain disulfide linkages in the hinge region. However, the hinge disulfides in A2 isoform were resistant to reduction under conditions where A1 isoform hinge disulfides became reduced and they required thermal treatment (>55 °C) to obtain thiol-dependent disulfide reduction. Structural analysis of the hinge region indicated that the protected disulfides were restricted to cysteines 219 and 220 of the upper hinge. Disruption of the upper hinge through insertion mutagenesis eliminated A2 isoform behavior. (1)H NMR studies showed that the A1 isoform Fc glycan was more dynamic than that on A2 isoform and showed some other conformational differences. Results point to an IgG2-A2 upper hinge region that is more akin to the interior of a globular protein than the flexible hinge region expected on an IgG.
An emotional interface for a music gathering application (2003)

Listening to music while travelling is a pleasant activity. The latest MP3 players demonstrate that storage and management of music will not be a problem in the near future. Besides listening to music the user might also want to gather new music from the Internet. We propose a music gathering application that helps the user to collect music and that is able to proactively search and download music based on the users music preferences. Furthermore, we developed an emotional interface character that provides instant and natural feedback on the status of the application
A 340nW/Channel Neural Recording Analog Front-End using Replica-Biasing LNAs to Tolerate 200mVpp Interfere from 350mV Power Supply (2019)

This paper presents an 8-channel power-efficient neural recording analog front-end (AFE) with high power-supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and wide dynamic range. The ultra-low power is achieved by using a low supply voltage current-reusing input stage in the low noise amplifier (LNA). In order to improve the PSRR in low supply voltage amplifiers, we propose a replica biasing circuit to generate the biasing current, which is insensitive to the supply noise. Furthermore, the dynamic range is enlarged by utilizing an averaged local field potential (A-LFP) feedback loop. The prototype is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS process. Each channel of the AFE occupies 0.04mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and only consumes 340nW from 0.35V/0.7V dual supply. The AFE provides a maximum gain of 54dB with 6.7μV input-referred noise integrating from 0.5Hz to 6.5 kHz. The proposed 0.35V input stage can tolerate a supply interferer up to 200mVpp, while maintaining a PSRR of 74dB.
Dynamical growth rate of hadron bubbles in a baryon-free quark-gluon plasma (1996)

We evaluate the factor $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ appearing in Langer's expression for the nucleation rate extended to the case of hadron bubbles forming in a zero-baryon-number-cooled quark-gluon plasma. We consider both the absence and presence of viscosity.
The Food Crises: A quantitative model of food prices including\n speculators and ethanol conversion (2011)

Recent increases in basic food prices are severely impacting vulnerable\npopulations worldwide. Proposed causes such as shortages of grain due to\nadverse weather, increasing meat consumption in China and India, conversion of\ncorn to ethanol in the US, and investor speculation on commodity markets lead\nto widely differing implications for policy. A lack of clarity about which\nfactors are responsible reinforces policy inaction. Here, for the first time,\nwe construct a dynamic model that quantitatively agrees with food prices. The\nresults show that the dominant causes of price increases are investor\nspeculation and ethanol conversion. Models that just treat supply and demand\nare not consistent with the actual price dynamics. The two sharp peaks in\n2007/2008 and 2010/2011 are specifically due to investor speculation, while an\nunderlying upward trend is due to increasing demand from ethanol conversion.\nThe model includes investor trend following as well as shifting between\ncommodities, equities and bonds to take advantage of increased expected\nreturns. Claims that speculators cannot influence grain prices are shown to be\ninvalid by direct analysis of price setting practices of granaries. Both causes\nof price increase, speculative investment and ethanol conversion, are promoted\nby recent regulatory changes---deregulation of the commodity markets, and\npolicies promoting the conversion of corn to ethanol. Rapid action is needed to\nreduce the impacts of the price increases on global hunger.\n
Biogenetic Studies on Oxazolomycin, a Metabolite of Streptomyces albus (Strain JA 3453) (1992)

Abstract Feeding experiments with sodium [ 13 C]‐labelled acetate, sodium [1‐ 13 C]propionate, L ‐[ methyl ‐ 13 C]methionine, L ‐[1‐ 13 C]‐alanine, and [1‐ 13 C]glycine on Streptomyces albus (strain JA 3453) produced oxazolomycin ( 1 ), whose NMR analysis provided information about the biogenetic construction of its carbon skeleton. Both the ( E , E )‐diene and the ( Z , Z , E )‐triene chains are built up from acetate via the polyketide pathway each starting with a glycine‐derived building block. The use of glycine predicts an uncommon biosynthetic pathway leading to oxazole rings in actinomycetes. The spiro‐ring system in 1 is formed from acetate, glycine, and a C 3 unit of unknown origin. The oxazolomycin producing organism combines carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen methylation activity via methionine (C 1 pool) for the biosynthesis of 1 .
A note on commutative bilinear optimal control (1978)

For optimal control problems with bilinear dynamics and quadratic cost, the assumption of commutativity is extremely strong and reduces the problem to the classical one of least action.
리온 포이히트방어의 ˂톨레도의 유대인 여성˃에 나타난 초월과 비전으로서의 유대교 (2015)

Das Anliegen der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Spuren judischer Tradition in Feuchtwangers Geschichts- und Zukunftsdenken am Beispiel seines Geschichtsromans Die Judin von Toledo offen zu legen. Es handelte sich bei ihm vorrangig um die Bewaltigung der judischen Problematik. Ihm lag daher daran, in der Vergangenheit Modelle menschlichen Zusammenlebens zu entdecken. Die Geschichte Spaniens bot ein aufschlussreiches Beispiel des Gegensatzes von Frieden und Zerstorung. Eine einmalige Symbiose der Kulturen wurde durch die Schuld der Christen und deren Glaubensfanatismus zerstort. Die Liebesbeziehung zwischen Raquel und Alfonso verweist allegorisch auf das Scheitern der kulturellen Verschmelzung von Juden und Christen. Feuchtwangers Grunduberzeugung blieb dennoch, dass die judische Problematik sich nur mit der Verwirklichung des Ziels des universalen Friedens losen lassen konnte. Es schien nicht mehr sein Anliegen zu sein, nur die Juden von den Fesseln der unterdruckenden Umwelt frei zu machen. Der Blick Feuchtwangers blieb ganz bewusst auf das Ganze der Geschichte gerichtet. Damit ruckte die Rolle der judischen Tradition in den Mittelpunkt. Seine uberzeugung von der Entwicklung der Geschichte beruhte nicht nur auf dem Glauben an der Vernunft, sondern auch auf dem Verantwortungsbewusstsein. Das anthropologische, kosmopolitische Moment wird bei dem judischen Denken als das Charakteristikum betrachtet. Jehuda verkorpert also Feuchtwangers Vorstellung von den Juden als Vermittlern zwischen den Volkern, und seine Sehnsucht nach dem universalen Frieden. Er konnte mit Hilfe der Tradition das Ziel der Zukunft gesichert wissen.
Gateway Controlled Content Caching and Retrieval for Cache-and-Forward Networks (2009)

The cache-and-forward (CNF) architecture has recently been proposed as a "clean-slate" solution for efficient content delivery in the future Internet. The CNF architecture is based on the concept of hop-by-hop transport and in-network storage of content. In this paper, we investigate a gateway centric method for efficient content caching and routing in the CNF network. In this method, a content copy can get cached within an autonomous system (AS) while it is routed towards the destination, and thus subsequent requests can be satisfied faster. The caching location within an AS is determined by the gateway node, through a hashing function. We discuss the two alternatives of this method: one with uniform caching level for every content, and the other with varying caching levels. Through simulation studies, we show that the gateway-controlled CNF caching method can greatly improve content retrieval latencies over traditional solutions, such as three levels of caches placed by Hierarchical Caching, and mirror servers deployed by Content Distribution Networks (CDNs). This gateway-controlled caching method also outperforms a baseline CNF caching method that was discussed in earlier papers. Additionally, we study and compare the detailed performances of the two alternatives of this method. Finally we develop a mathematical model which gives an optimal solution to how the gateway makes caching decisions within an AS.
Biomechanical evaluation of a new augmentation method for enhanced screw fixation in osteoporotic proximal femoral fractures (2006)

A biomechanical investigation on eight pairs of human cadaver proximal femurs was performed to evaluate the impact of a new augmentation method on the internal fixation of osteoporotic proximal femur fractures. The study focused on enhancing implant purchase to reduce the incidence of implant cut-out in osteoporotic bone. In a left-right comparison, a conventional hip screw fixation (control) was compared to the new cement augmentation method. After bone bed preparation through high pressure irrigation to remove fat, blood, and bone debris, the bones were augmented with low viscosity polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. Step-wise fatigue testing was performed by cyclically loading the femoral heads in a physiological manner, beginning at 1,500 N and increasing 500 N every 5,000 cycles to 4,000 N, and continuously monitoring head displacement. Failure was defined as >5.0 mm head displacement. The head displacement at 2,000 N was significantly smaller (p=0.018) for the augmented group as compared to the conventionally treated bones (0.09+/-0.01 mm vs. 0.90+/-0.32 mm; mean+/-SEM). The displacement rate at the second load step was significantly higher (p=0.018) for the conventionally treated bones as compared to the augmented ones. All of the nonaugmented specimens failed during testing, where 50% of the augmented specimens did not fail. The promising results of these experiments suggest that this new standardized irrigation/augmentation method enhances the implant anchorage and offers a potential solution to the problem of implant cut-out in osteoporotic metaphyseal bone.
Defektchemie: Zusammensetzung, Transport und Reaktionen im festen Zustand–Teil I: Thermodynamik (1993)

Abstract Immer noch fast unbemerkt von den klassischen chemischen Disziplinen hat sich–zurückgehend auf die Anfänge vor nun schon üer 60 Jahren–im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte eine Forschungsrichtung herausgebildet, die es ermöglicht, eine Chemie im Festkörper zu beschreiben, wie sie dem Chemiker in flüssigen Medien wohlvertraut ist. Sie gründet auf den thermodynamisch notwendigen Abweichungen von der Idealstruktur, den Punktfehlern, und wird Fehler oder Defektchemie genannt. Sie schließt die Beschreibung von ionischen und elektronischen Effekten ebenso ein, wie sie die Diffusion in die Reaktionskinetik einfügt. Vordergründig so verschiedene Phänomene wie Ionenleitung in Kristallen, Dotiereffekte und p‐n‐Übergänge in Halbleitern, Farbzentren in Alkalimetallhalogeniden, Bildentwicklung bei der Photographie, Passivierung und Korrosion von Metallen, Synthesekinetik und Sinterkinetik von Festkörpern, Probleme der Gesteinsbildung und Morphogenese, Wirkungsweise von Abgassensoren und von Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzellen, Funktion von Photoelektroden, Variation des Elektronenhaushaltes in Hochtemperatursupraleitern, heterogen‐katalytische Effekte, Nichtgleichgewichtsübergänge und Oszillationen in Halbleitern unter Einwirkung elektrischer Felder und viele mehr lassen sich phänomenologisch vereinheitlichend beschreiben. Die Gleichgewichtskonzentration an Fehlern spielt hierbei eine wichtige Doppelrolle: Sie bestimmt die Abweichung von der stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung im Gleichgewicht, aber auch näherungsweise zusammen mit der Beweglichkeit als kinetischer Größe die Geschwindigkeit physikochemischer Prozesse. In diesem ersten Teil des Beitrages soll deswegen die Gleichgewichtsthermodynamik der Punktdefekte im Vordergrund stehen, während sich der zweite Teil speziell mit den kinetischen Aspekten befaßt. In beiden Teilen soll besondere Betonung darauf liegen, daß die Fehlerchemie im Festkörper nicht nur das Pendant zur Chemie in Lösung ist, sondern auch darüber hinaus weitere Kriterien einer vereinheitlichender Konzeption erfüllt: Sie gestattet nämlich die analoge Behandlung elektronischer und ionischer Ladungsträger – in Volumen und Randschicht–und ermöglicht die natürliche Einbeziehung der Diffusion als chemischen Elementarprozeß in die Gesamtkinetik von Reaktionen.
A 6–20 GHz 400-MHz Modulation-Bandwidth CMOS Transmitter IC (2022)

This paper presents a transmitter IC with two identical signal paths, including base-band amplifier, up-converting mixer, and power amplifier (PA) stages. The design is focused on wide modulation bandwidth, and the use of a resonatorless small die-area class-D power amplifier at cm-wave frequencies. This work also incorporates a local oscillator (LO) signal distribution network with phase tuning elements. The circuit is implemented in a 22-nm CMOS process, and the active die area is 0.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Operation over the 6–20 GHz range of carrier frequencies through the transmission of both continuous wave (CW) and wideband quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulated signals were verified with measurements. Results with 20/40/100, and 400 MHz modulation bandwidths are presented, and for instance for a 20-MHz QPSK modulated input signal the measured adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the transmitter is 28 dBc and error vector magnitude (EVM) is 5%.
Electronic states and interactions in pure and rare-earth doped CsCdBr3 (2001)

Abstract CsCdBr3 adopts the pseudo-one-dimensional CsNiCl3 structure. It consists of chains of face-sharing [CdBr6]4- -octahedra separated by parallel chains of Cs+ ions. Numerical calculations show that it possesses a narrow isolated conduction band of Cd s-electrons. The well-known symmetry of this band allows the analysis of its optical transitions from and to the different branches of the valence band by symmetry selection rules. The symmetries of the branches can be determined by means of the corresponding LCAO molecular orbitals. The analysis of the optical and near UV spectra shows that the “optical” band gap exceeds significantly that of energy. Thus there is a number of optically inactive or “silent” electronic states within the optical band gap. These states are responsible for a number of surprising effects at dopant rare-earth ions as e.g. fast nonradiative transitions, fast quantum upconversion, and resonantly enhanced crystal-field splittings.
UnetStack: An agent-based software stack and simulator for underwater networks (2014)

To deploy successful underwater networks in the face of challenges such as low bandwidth, long propagation delay, half-duplex nature of links, high packet loss and time variability, we require highly optimized network protocols with low overhead and significant cross-layer information sharing. UnetStack is a network stack designed to provide a good balance between separation of concern, and information sharing. By replacing a traditional layered stack architecture by an agent-based architecture, we provide additional flexibility that allows novel protocols to be easily implemented, deployed and tested. In discrete-event simulation mode, UnetStack can be used on desktop/laptop computers or computing clusters to simulate underwater networks and test protocol performance. In real-time simulation mode, it can be used to interactively debug protocol implementations, and test deployment scenarios prior to an experiment. Once tested, the protocols can simply be copied to an underwater modem with UnetStack support, and deployed in the field. The stack implementation has been extensively tested, not only through carefully calibrated simulations, but also in several field experiments. We provide an overview of UnetStack and briefly discuss a few deployments to illustrate some of its key features.
Achieving Robust, Secure and Cognitive Transmissions Using Multiple Antennas (2010)

In this paper, we investigate the optimal transmitter design, under the restriction of Gaussian signalling without preprocessing of information, for a secure multiple-input single-output (MISO) cognitive radio network (CRN), which consists of four terminals: a pair of secondary user transmitter (SU-Tx) and receiver, an eavesdropper and a primary user (PU). It is assumed that all the channel state information is not perfectly known at the SU-Tx due to the channel estimation errors and the loose cooperation between the SU and the PU. The design involves a nonconvex semi-infinite optimization problem, which maximizes the rate of the secondary link while avoiding harmful interference to the PU and preventing the eavesdropper from decoding the messages sent regardless of the uncertainties in the CSI. For this challenging optimization problem, we relate it with a sequence of semi-infinite capacity-achieving transmitter design problems in an auxiliary CRN without any eavesdropper, which can then be solved through transformations and using convex semidefinite programs. Finally, numerical examples are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis in ischaemia/reperfusion injury are mediated by complement anaphylatoxins and Akt pathway (2014)

Our data demonstrate a critical role for complement in the acute induction of EndMT via the Akt pathway. Therapeutic inhibition of these systems may be essential to prevent vascular damage and tissue fibrosis in transplanted kidney.
A polynomial constitutive model of shape memory alloys based on kinematic hardening (2023)

Abstract This paper describes the derivation of a phenomenological model for shape memory alloys under the framework of classical plasticity theory. The proposed model combines the Souza constitutive approach with kinematic hardening; the model requires solving only one nonlinear equation rather than several nonlinear ones, therefore increasing the computational efficiency and convergence. Moreover, the original Souza model is improved by adding an odd polynomial function to describe the phase transformation of the shape memory alloys, making it possible to use a lower number of parameters for the inverse identification of the constitutive properties of SMAs from simple tensile tests. A tangent stiffness formulation is also derived to simulate the variation of the elastic modulus during the phase transformation. The tangent stiffness formulation proposed here extends the one used in classical plasticity and improves the convergence of the proposed model. The reliability and fidelity of the model described in this work are benchmarked against experimental data and other models. The numerical results show that the proposed phenomenological approach can describe well the pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect of shape memory alloys. The formulation described in this paper can be readily generalized to finite strains and other formulations based on existing formulations related to classical plasticity theory.
Scientific approaches to understanding medical law as a separate new field (2021)

The article analyzes the scientific views on the sectoral independence of medical law and concludes the author’s statements. We believe that legal relations, which are part of the subject of medical law, it is advisable to separate into two groups. The first group is represented by the relationships that arise in the implementation of medical activities in the process of
Human Hair in the Identification of Cocaine Abuse with Cantilever-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis (2013)

In this study, a novel approach combining different techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) with an interferometric cantilever microphone, and principal component analysis (PCA) along with a proper data preprocessing procedure, have been used in the investigation of hair samples for cocaine abuse. Hair fibers from cocaine-overdose patients have been measured using a simple procedure involving cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, a reference group of hair samples from subjects with no cocaine abuse has been measured. We present a first approach to discriminate the cocaine users from the reference group with the photoacoustic method and PCA. With proper data preprocessing methods, the two groups were successfully separated according to their spectra. The results were confirmed with two different classification methods independent of the principal component data analysis.