gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wikipedia-based Semantic Interpretation for Natural Language Processing (2009)

Adequate representation of natural language semantics requires access to vast amounts of common sense and domain-specific world knowledge. Prior work in the field was based on purely statistical techniques that did not make use of background knowledge, on limited lexicographic knowledge bases such as WordNet, or on huge manual efforts such as the CYC project. Here we propose a novel method, called Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA), for fine-grained semantic interpretation of unrestricted natural language texts. Our method represents meaning in a high-dimensional space of concepts derived from Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia in existence. We explicitly represent the meaning of any text in terms of Wikipedia-based concepts. We evaluate the effectiveness of our method on text categorization and on computing the degree of semantic relatedness between fragments of natural language text. Using ESA results in significant improvements over the previous state of the art in both tasks. Importantly, due to the use of natural concepts, the ESA model is easy to explain to human users.
CACTUS—clustering categorical data using summaries (1999)

Clustering is an important data mining problem. Most of the earlier work on clustering focussed on numeric attributes which have a natural ordering on their attribute values. Recently, clustering data with categorical attributes, whose attribute values do not have a natural ordering, has received some attention. However, previous algorithms do not give a formal description of the clusters they discover and some of them assume that the user post-processes the output of the algorithm to identify the final clusters. In this paper, we introduce a novel formalization of a cluster for categorical attributes by generalizing a definition of a cluster for numerical attributes. We then describe a very fast summarizationbased algorithm called CACTUS that discovers exactly such clusters in the data. CACTUS has two important characteristics. First, the algorithm requires only two scans of the dataset, and hence is very fast and scalable. Our experiments on a variety of datasets show that CACTUS outperforms previous work by a factor of 3 to 10. Second, CACTUS can find clusters in subsets of all attributes and can thus perform a subspace clustering of the data. This feature is important if clusters do not span all attributes, a likely scenario if the number of attributes is very large. In a thorough experimental evaluation, we study the performance of CACTUS on real and synthetic datasets.
PEGylated reduced-graphene oxide hybridized with Fe3O4nanoparticles for cancer photothermal-immunotherapy (2019)

Photoimmunotherapy has attracted much attention recently for the treatment of metastatic tumors. The development of smart nanocomposites for imaging-guided therapies is needed to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. Herein, a PEGylated nanocomposite was developed for photothermal-immunotherapy. In particular, this nanocomposite was formulated by hybridizing Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (FNPs) with reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) through electrostatic interaction, modified by PEG-NH<sub>2</sub> on the surface of FNPs/rGO. The FNPs/rGO-PEG nanocomposites are excellent agents for photothermal therapy (PTT) under irradiation by an 805 nm laser. This nanocomposite could promote the activity of the host antitumor immune response efficiently because of the reduction of tumor-associated macrophages by the incorporation of FNPs. In our experiments, we observed FNPs/rGO-PEG based PTT induced immunogenic cell death accompanied by the release of danger-associated molecular patterns. We also found that FNPs/rGO-PEG + laser irradiation of animal tumors could activate dendritic cells (DCs) in tumor draining lymph nodes. In vivo antitumor studies revealed that FNPs/rGO-PEG nanocomposites, when combined with laser irradiation, could result in desirable photothermal effects and destroy primary tumors. Moreover, intratumoral injection of FNPs/rGO-PEG nanocomposites into 4T1 orthotopic mouse breast tumors, in combination with near-infrared laser irradiation, significantly increased the median survival time of tumor-bearing animals. FNPs/rGO-PEG nanocomposites could also be used for magnetic resonance imaging, which may lead to a MRI-guided photothermal-immunotherapy for metastatic cancers. This study could lead to a cancer treatment strategy that combines PTT with immunotherapies using FNPs/rGO-PEG nanocomposites.
Towards a rational choice of pre-treatment agents for the cleansing of oiled wildlife (2012)

Traditional techniques for the cleansing of oiled wildlife are based on the use of dilute surfactant (detergent) solutions (2 5% v/v). Over time, such techniques have been highly refined with many successful outcomes at rehabilitation facilities worldwide. In this regard, a number of studies have been reported that systematically optimize related materials and protocols. For example, methods have been developed to subjectively evaluate surfactant efficacy for the removal of petrochemicals from contaminated feathers [1-4]. In some circumstances, the contaminant is resistant to removal by detergent alone and an additional step of applying a suitable “pretreatment” agent is required [5]. The choice of a pre-treatment agent (PTA) for a given contaminant and feather type, as well as the method of application, are important considerations since an additional contaminant is being added to the oiled feathers that also needs to be removed. Indeed, there is anecdotal evidence to suggest that, under some circumstances, the inappropriate use of a PTA can actually exacerbate the problem. A wide range of potential pre-treatment candidates are possible and include substances such as olive oil, vegetable oil, methyl oleate and methyl soyate. To our knowledge, there has only been one investigation that evaluates a range of pretreatment candidates for their ability to facilitate the detergent removal of contaminants from feathers [5]. As is acknowledged by these workers, such experiments are, by their very nature, difficult to carry out and rely on subjective or semi-quantitative evaluations.
ChemInform Abstract: A RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF LN2‐XLN*XTIYO2Y+3 SOLID SOLUTIONS (1985)

Abstract Es wird die Existenz der Ln2O3‐yTiO2‐Verbindungen im Bereich 3.0 y ä 4.5 durch Raman‐Spektroskopie bestimmt.
Effect of Gap Distortion on the Field Splitting of Collective Modes in SuperfluidHe3-B (1983)

The field splitting of the real squashing, $J=2$, mode in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$B$ is shown to become highly nonlinear at large fields as a result of the ellipsoidal deformation of the energy gap. This leads to crossings of the ${J}_{z}=+1$ and ${J}_{z}=0$ levels with the ${J}_{z}=+2$ level. The crossing points depend sensitively on the couplings between the $J=2, 1, \mathrm{and} 0$ modes. The theory is in good agreement with the observed field evolution and level crossing as measured recently by Shivaram et al.
Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Methane Gas Hydrates (2009)

Abstract A brief review of the Raman spectroscopic studies of methane gas hydrates is given, supported by some new measurements done in our laboratory. Keywords: Raman spectroscopygas hydratesmethanehigh-pressure ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work was supported financially by the IVC-SEP, the Danish Technical Research Council, the Danish Research Agency, DONG (the National Oil and Gas Company of Denmark), P.A. Fiskers's Foundation, and Direktor Ib Henriksen's Foundation. The authors acknowledge Poul V. Andersen and H. Koldbech, from the Department of Chemical Engineering, and Susanne Helmark, from the Department of Chemistry, DTU, for various technical support.
Development of a microwave dilatometer for generating master sintering curves (2011)

Master sintering curves were developed to provide a viable database for industries for predicting the sintering behavior of ceramics. A dilatometer is required to construct these curves. Due to the non-availability of dilatometers that use microwave energy as the heating source, a push-rod microwave dilatometer was developed. A TE103 single-mode microwave cavity was altered to incorporate heating elements and a dial gauge. The heating elements were used to determine the sensitivity of the experimental setup. The validity of the measurement and the calibration procedure was verified by measuring the expansion of the following materials: sapphire, alumina, copper and fused quartz. The experimental setup was able to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion to an accuracy of ±3%. Microwave heating was then used to construct a master sintering curve for sintering cubic-zirconia.
Learning hierarchical poselets for human parsing (2011)

We consider the problem of human parsing with part-based models. Most previous work in part-based models only considers rigid parts (e.g. torso, head, half limbs) guided by human anatomy. We argue that this representation of parts is not necessarily appropriate for human parsing. In this paper, we introduce hierarchical poselets-a new representation for human parsing. Hierarchical poselets can be rigid parts, but they can also be parts that cover large portions of human bodies (e.g. torso + left arm). In the extreme case, they can be the whole bodies. We develop a structured model to organize poselets in a hierarchical way and learn the model parameters in a max-margin framework. We demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed approach on two datasets with aggressive pose variations.
Three-dimensional surface reconstruction for industrial computed tomography (1985)

Modern high resolution medical computed tomography (CT) scanners can produce geometrically accurate sectional images of many types of industrial objects. Computer software has been developed to convert serial CT scans into a 3-D surface form, suitable for display on the scanner itself. This software, originally developed for imaging the skull, has been adapted for application to industrial CT scanning, where serial CT scans through an object of interest may be reconstructed to demonstrate spatial relationships in three dimensions that cannot be easily understood using the original slices. The methods of 3-D reconstruction and solid modeling are reviewed, and reconstruction in three dimensions from CT scans through familiar objects is demonstrated.
AC105 Increases Extracellular Magnesium Delivery and Reduces Excitotoxic Glutamate Exposure within Injured Spinal Cords in Rats (2016)

Magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>) homeostasis is impaired following spinal cord injury (SCI) and the loss of extracellular Mg<sup>2+</sup> contributes to secondary injury by various mechanisms, including glutamate neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of high dose Mg<sup>2+</sup> supplementation have been reported in many animal models. Recent studies found that lower Mg<sup>2+</sup> doses also improved neurologic outcomes when Mg<sup>2+</sup> was formulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), suggesting that a PEG/ Mg<sup>2+</sup> formulation might increase Mg<sup>2+</sup> delivery to the injured spinal cord, compared with that of MgSO<sub>4</sub> alone. Here, we assessed spinal extracellular Mg<sup>2+</sup> and glutamate levels following SCI in rats using microdialysis. Basal levels of extracellular Mg<sup>2+</sup> (∼0.5 mM) were significantly reduced to 0.15 mM in the core and 0.12 mM in the rostral peri-lesion area after SCI. A single intravenous infusion of saline or of MgSO<sub>4</sub> at 192 μmoL/kg did not significantly change extracellular Mg<sup>2+</sup> concentrations. However, a single infusion of AC105 (a MgCl<sub>2</sub> in PEG) at an equimolar Mg<sup>2+</sup> dose significantly increased the Mg<sup>2+</sup> concentration to 0.3 mM (core area) and 0.25 mM (rostral peri-lesion area). Moreover, multiple AC105 treatments completely restored the depleted extracellular Mg<sup>2+</sup> concentrations after SCI to levels in the uninjured spinal cord. Repeated MgSO<sub>4</sub> infusions slightly increased the Mg<sup>2+</sup> concentrations while saline infusion had no effect. In addition, AC105 treatment significantly reduced extracellular glutamate levels in the lesion center after SCI. These results indicate that intravenous infusion of PEG-formulated Mg<sup>2+</sup> normalized the Mg<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis following SCI and reduced potentially neurotoxic glutamate levels, consistent with a neuroprotective mechanism of blocking excitotoxicity.
Supplementary Table 1 from Ability to Acquire Drug Resistance Arises Early during the Tumorigenesis Process (2023)

Supplementary Table 1 from Ability to Acquire Drug Resistance Arises Early during the Tumorigenesis Process
Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Neuronal Glucose Oxidation are Coupled during Intense Neuronal Activation (2004)

13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments have previously shown that glutamatergic neurotransmitter flux (Vcycle(Glu/Gln)) changes proportionately with neuronal glucose oxidation (CMRglc(ox)N) in the nonactivated cortex of anesthetized rats. Positron Emission Tomography measurements of glucose and oxygen uptake during sensory stimulation had shown that the incremental glucose utilization is greater than oxygen leading to the suggestion that the energy required for stimulated neuronal activity arises from nonoxidative glucose metabolism. In this study, the authors used spatially localized 1H-observed, 13C-edited NMR spectroscopy during an infusion of [1,6-13C2]glucose to assess the relationship between changes in Vcycle(Glu/Gln) and glucose utilization (CMRglc(ox)N and CMRglc(nonox)) during the intense cortical activity associated with bicuculline-induced seizures. Metabolic fluxes were determined by model-based analysis of the 13C-enrichment time courses of glutamate-C4 and glutamine-C4 (CMRglc(ox)N, Vcycle(Glu/Gln)) and lactate-C3 (CMRglc(nonox)). The exchange rate between alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate was found to be significantly faster than TCA cycle flux both for control (41 micromol.g(-1).min(-1); 95% CI, 5 to 109 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)) and during seizures (21 micromol.g(-1).min(-1); 95% CI, 4.4 to 51.8 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)). During seizures, total glucose utilization (CMRglc(ox+nonox)) increased substantially (466% between 0 and 6 minutes; 277% between 6 and 55 minutes). Glucose oxidation (CMRglc(ox)N) also increased (214%; from 0.26 +/- 0.02 to 0.57 +/- 0.07 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)) but to a lesser degree, resulting in a large increase in cortical lactate concentration. Vcycle(Glu/Gln) increased 233% (from 0.22 +/- 0.04 to 0.52 +/- 0.07 micromol.g(-1).min(-1)), which was similar to the increase in glucose oxidation. The value of Vcycle(Glu/Gln) and CMRglc(ox)N obtained here lie on the line predicted in a previous study. These results indicate that neuronal glucose oxidation and not total glucose utilization is coupled to the glutamate/glutamine cycle during intense cortical activation.
Structural analysis of organometallic compounds with soft ionization mass spectrometry (2010)

The analysis of organometallic compounds with mass spectrometry has some special features in comparison with organic and bioorganic compounds. The first step is the choice of a suitable ionization technique, where the electrospray ionization is certainly the best possibility for most classes of organometallic compounds and metal complexes. Some ionization mechanisms of organometallic compounds are comparable to organic molecules, such as protonation/deprotonation, and adduct formation with sodium or potassium ions; however, in many cases, different mechanisms and their combinations complicate the spectra interpretation. Organometallics frequently undergo various types of adduct and polymerization reactions that result in significantly higher masses observed in the spectra in comparison to molecular weights of studied compounds. Metal elements typically have more natural isotopes than common organic elements, which cause characteristic wide distributions of isotopic peaks; for example, tin has ten natural isotopes. The isotopic pattern can be used for the identification of the type and number of metal elements in particular ions. The ionization and fragmentation behavior also depend on the type of metal atom; therefore, our discussion of mass spectra interpretation is divided according to the different type of organometallic compounds. Among various types of mass spectrometers available on the market, trap-based analyzers (linear or spherical ion-traps, Orbitrap) are suitable to study complex fragmentation pathways of organometallic ions and their adducts, whereas high-resolution and high-mass accuracy analyzers (time-of-flight-based analyzers, or Fourier transform-based analyzers-Orbitrap or ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers) provide accurate masses applicable for the determination of the elemental composition of individual ions.
Experimental setup for the characterization of the percolation behavior of wet conductive coatings by high frequency Eddy Current spectroscopy (2013)

Electrical conductive coatings are used for lightning protection of technical structures like aircraft parts. The aim of this work is to develop a method of well-defined high electric conductive wet coating deposition that provides the opportunity of parameter variations during the coating process. These coatings are used as reference to characterize the percolation behavior of wet conductive coatings by high frequency Eddy Current spectroscopy in future work. Therefore an experimental setup was performed, which considers the production of graphite- and silver-based conductive coatings, the investigation of their conductivity and thickness homogeneity after coating process. Obtained results confirm the high conductivity and good homogeneity of the produced wet coatings, which are dried under room temperature.
Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx in clinical settings: searching for the sheddases (2015)

The endothelial glycocalyx has a profound influence at the vascular wall on the transmission of shear stress, on the maintenance of a selective permeability barrier and a low hydraulic conductivity, and on attenuating firm adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major constituents of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulphates and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface under various acute and chronic clinical conditions, the best characterized being ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis and inflammation, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease and haemorrhagic viral infections. Damage has also been detected by in vivo microscopic techniques. Matrix metalloproteases may shed syndecans and heparanase, released from activated mast cells, cleaves heparan sulphates from core proteins. According to new data, not only hyaluronidase but also the serine proteases thrombin, elastase, proteinase 3 and plasminogen, as well as cathepsin B lead to loss of hyaluronan from the endothelial surface layer, suggesting a wide array of potentially destructive conditions. Appropriately, pharmacological agents such as inhibitors of inflammation, antithrombin and inhibitors of metalloproteases display potential to attenuate shedding of the glycocalyx in various experimental models. Also, plasma components, especially albumin, stabilize the glycocalyx and contribute to the endothelial surface layer. Though symptoms of the above listed diseases and conditions correlate with sequelae expected from disturbance of the endothelial glycocalyx (oedema, inflammation, leukocyte and platelet adhesion, low reflow), therapeutic studies to prove a causal connection have yet to be designed. With respect to studies on humans, some clinical evidence exists for benefits from application of sulodexide, a preparation delivering precursors of the glycocalyx constituent heparan sulphate. At present, the simplest option for protecting the glycocalyx seems to be to ensure an adequate level of albumin. However, also in this case, definite proof of causality needs to be delivered.
Role of the Counteranion in the Stereospecific Living Cationic Polymerization of N-Vinylcarbazole and Vinyl Ethers: Mechanistic Investigation and Synthesis of Stereo-Designed Polymers (2022)

The effects of counteranions in the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) and vinyl ethers were investigated to develop guidelines for stereospecific living cationic polymerization. The counteranion structure, such as the charge number, metal center, and ligand, was systematically examined using the CF3SO3H/onium halide/metal halide initiating system. As a result, the electronic properties rather than the steric bulkiness of the counteranion were demonstrated to be key to stereoregulation during the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole. Fine-tuning the stereoregularity of the resultant polymers was achieved (mm = 45–95%) while maintaining the living nature of polymerization. Computational analysis indicated that the stereoregulation was attributed to electrostatic interactions between the counteranion and pendant aromatic rings. These findings also allowed stereospecific polymerization of vinyl ethers containing an aromatic ring in the pendant. Moreover, the successful synthesis of “stereo-designed” polymers, such as stereoblock and stereocontrolled block copolymers, was achieved by appropriately designing counteranions for living cationic polymerization.
Inversion-Based Hysteresis Compensation Using Adaptive Conditional Servocompensator for Nanopositioning Systems (2021)

Abstract Nanopositioning stages are widely used in high-precision positioning applications. However, they suffer from an intrinsic hysteretic behavior, which deteriorates their tracking performance. This study proposes an adaptive conditional servocompensator (ACS) to compensate the effect of the hysteresis when tracking periodic references. The nanopositioning system is modeled as a linear system cascaded with hysteresis at the input side. The hysteresis is modeled with a modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii (MPI) operator. With an approximate inverse MPI operator placed before the system hysteresis operator, the resulting system takes a semi-affine form. The design of the ACS consists of two stages: first, we design a continuously implemented sliding mode control (SMC) law. The hysteresis inversion error is treated as a matched disturbance, and an analytical bound on the inversion error is used to minimize the conservativeness of the SMC design. The second part of the controller is the ACS. Under mild assumptions, we establish the well-posedness and periodic stability of the closed-loop system. In particular, the solution of the closed-loop error system will converge exponentially to a unique periodic solution in the neighborhood of zero. The efficacy of the proposed controller is verified experimentally on a commercial nanopositioning device under different types of periodic reference inputs, via comparison with multiple inversion-based and inversion-free approaches.