gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a Cholinergic Component in the Neuroendocrine Control of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Secretion (1975)

The possible participation of cholinergic mechanisms in the control of LH and LH-RH secretion has been studied using an in vitro procedure. Halved anterior pituitaries (AP) of normal adult male rats were incubated for 6 h either alone or in the presence of hypothalamic fragments (HF). At the end of the incubation period, LH was evaluated in the media using a biological assay. AP halves, when incubated alone, released small amounts of LH. The addition of HF to the media containing AP tissue did not change LH release. Acetylcholine (Ach) added to the incubation flasks containing only AP tissue did not increase LH output over the output of AP incubated without Ach. On the contrary, Ach significantly enhanced LH release when added to the incubation media of flasks simultaneously containing AP tissue and HF. Atropine had no effect on the release of LH from AP incubated alone. However the addition of atropine to the incubation media containing the halved AP, HF and Ach totally prevented the effects of Ach on LH release. Prostigmine enhanced the release of LH in the media containing AP plus HF. The LH-releasing effect of Ach in the AP plus HF coincubates was not influenced by the α-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. These data indicate: (1) that from HFs incubated in vitro, Ach is able to release a factor (most probably LH-RH) which increases the secretion of LH from AP tissue; (2) that this effect of Ach follows the general rules of cholinergic systems (blockade by atropine, potentiation by prostigmine, etc.); and (3) that the LH-RH releasing activity of Ach is not linked to the liberation of catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, etc.). These results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms play a role in the control of LH-RH release.
25 nm immersion lithography at 193 nm wavelength (2005)

The physical limitations of lithographic imaging are ultimately imposed by the refractive indices of the materials involved. At oblique collection angles, the numerical aperture of an optical system is determined by <i>nsin(&theta;)</i> , where n is the lowest material refractive index (in the absence of any refractive power through curvature). For 193nm water immersion lithography, the fluid is the limiting material, with a refractive index of near 1.44, followed by the lens material (if planar) with a refractive index near 1.56, and the photoresist, with a refractive index near 1.75. A critical goal for immersion imaging improvement is to first increase the refractive indices of the weakest link, namely the fluid or the lens material. This paper will present an approach to immersion lithography that will allow for the exploration into the extreme limits of immersion lithography by eliminating the fluid altogether. By using a solid immersion lithography (SIL) approach, we have developed a method to contact the last element of an imaging system directly to the photoresist. Furthermore, by fabricating this last element as an aluminum oxide (sapphire) prism, we can increase its refractive index to a value near 1.92. The photoresist becomes the material with the lowest refractive index and imaging becomes possible down to 28nm for a resist index of 1.75 (and 25nm for a photoresist with a refractive index of 1.93). Imaging is based on two-beam Talbot interference of a phase grating mask, illuminated with highly polarized 193nm ArF radiation. Additionally, a roadmap is presented to show the possible extension of 193nm lithography to the year 2020.
Paralysis Agitans Mortality in England and Wales, 1855-1962 (1966)

The causes of death in England and Wales have been published in tabular form in the annual reports of the Registrar General since 1837 when Dr William Farr first applied statistical methods to the analysis of the English death roll. The classification of causes of death which Farr developed for this purpose (General Register Office, 1845) included the "shaking palsy", and deaths ascribed to this entity tabulated according to age and sex may be found in the annual reports for the years 1855 to 1880 inclu- sive. Farr's successor, William Ogle, introduced in 1881 an improved classification based on the new nomenclature of disease of the Royal College of Physicians of London (Idem, 1881). In the new nosology specific medical terms largely replaced the common or popular names previously employed; "6paralysis agitans" thus superseded the "shaking palsy". The Registrar General continued to publish the number of deaths assigned each year to this cause up to the year 1900. One notes with interest that Charcot (1880) and Sanders (1879) made reference to these reports in their clinical writings.
EndoBot: a robotic assistant in minimally invasive surgeries (2002)

This paper presents a new surgical robotic system called EndoBot for assisting surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The EndoBot is designed for collaborative operation between the surgeon and the robot. The demand on the surgeon is higher during suturing task which is the primary tissue approximation method and has been known as one of the most difficult tasks in MIS. Our work is the first effort in autonomous robotic suturing for MIS. In this paper, we show the motion controller design for autonomous and shared control mode and discuss autonomous robotic-suturing algorithms.
Diametric Property of Spiral Wave Frequency Effect in Atrial Fibrillation (2020)

Introduction: Moving sources emitting spiral waves (SSp) such as cardiac rotors, do not exhibit frequency changes typical of classic Doppler effect (CDE) physics. Rotors exhibited fastest and slowest frequencies at either side when migrating passed electrodes, not directly in front and behind as in CDE. A new spiral wave frequency effect (SFE) equation required derivation to accurately describe and predict WF frequency changes observed near a moving SSp. Methods and Results: Rotational and spiral math were developed to derive new rotational wave frequency effect (RFE) and SFE equations in two dimensions. Wave front (WF) strikes from SR occur when clock angle equaled the line of sight (LOS) angle. WF strikes from spiral sources occurred when spiral summation angle equaled LOS angle. SFE is analyzed by varying spiral size and distance from SSp. New RFE and SFE equations predict diametric changes in frequency that occur simultaneously on either side of a passing rotor. Conclusions: WF frequency changes near a moving SSp exhibit 3 main differences compared to CDE: side-dependent frequency changes, a strong-side unpaired WF strike, and a reversal of sequence of activation. These differences, predicted by new RFE and SFE equations, constitute the unique diametric property of the rotating waves. Moving bodies that spin, or moving sources of WFs that rotate, result in perceived frequency differences that are relative to side of observation. Additionally, increasing and decreasing frequencies observed, no longer always represent an approaching and receding SR and SSp (respectively), especially when observed near the source.
Development and Evaluation of CheapBFT: An Efficient Byzantine Fault Tolerant Protocol (2011)

With the growth of computer services in Internet, the availability and integrity of these services, and the consequence which their failures might bear, becomes more evident. Inconsistent responses of services as a result of arbitrary behaviour of replicas, called Byzantine failures, will be handled by more additional replicas compared to usual crash stop failures. In this thesis, CheapBFT a new Byzantine Fault Tolerant state machine replication(BFT) is described. It is tuned to a minimal resource usage compared with other BFT protocols. Most BFT protocols tolerate f Byzantine failures with replication of services on 3f + 1 replicas whereas CheapBFT requires only f + 1 replicas at the agreement as well as the execution stage during normal operation. In case of suspected or detected faults, we rapidly activate up to f additional nodes to participate in consensus and execution. Besides the clear benefits in cost, maintenance, management, and complexity of having less replicas to tolerate a certain number of faults, our protocol is simpler than previous ones. The performance evaluation shows that it has better throughput than previous algorithms and better response time with the increasing number of requests.
Estudio metabólico de los nódulos pulmonares solitarios mediante PET (Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones) con 18F-FDG (2016)

RESUMEN Los nodulos pulmonares solitarios (NPS) son un hallazgo radiologico comun, frecuentemente detectado de forma casual. Es fundamental establecer un diagnostico lo mas precoz posible de los mismos, ya que, aunque la mayoria son de origen benigno pueden representar el estadio inicial de un cancer de pulmon. La Tomografia por Emision de Positrones (PET) con 18F-FDG es una tecnica de diagnostico que ayuda en la diferenciacion de los nodulos pulmonares benignos con respecto a los malignos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar nuestra experiencia en la caracterizacion de los NPS de origen indeterminado mediante el estudio FDG-PET, evaluar el comportamiento metabolico de estas lesiones a traves del valor SUVmax estudiando una posible correlacion con otros parametros clinico-radiologicos, asi como determinar la utilidad diagnostica de esta tecnica en nuestro medio definiendo, ademas, las posibles causas de falsos positivos y negativos de la prueba.
Dissolution of CO2 and CH4 Bubbles and Drops Rising from the Deep Ocean (2014)

The rise and dissolutions of CO2 or CH4 particles (bubbles or drops) from deep ocean is important for understanding the fate of the release of these components from marine sediments. In this paper is presented a complete fluid-dynamic and dissolution model that accounts also the effect of the presence of gas hydrates at the interface of the particles. The rise velocity is a result of the effect of the particle deformation on the drag coefficient. The proposed model for evaluating the particle rise velocity has not be developed specifically for the case of CO2 and CH4 release here analyzed, but it is general for liquid–liquid or gas–liquid systems. The comparison of the model with experimental data reported in the literature shows a good agreement.
Supplementary material from "A bioinspired strategy for designing well-ordered nanotubular structures by templateless electropolymerization of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-based monomers" (2019)

Here, a bioinspired strategy is used to prepare well-ordered nanotubular structures, as observed in animals and plants, such as gecko toe pads or corals. The nanotubes are obtained by templateless electropolymerization of thieno[3,4-<i>b</i>]thiophene-based monomers with various aromatic groups in an organic solvent (dichloromethane). The most interesting and robust structures were obtained with carbazole and pyrene substituents to the base monomer structure, since these groups participate significantly in the polymerization and also have strong <i>π</i>-stacking interactions. The addition of water to electropolymerization solvent significantly impacted the formation of nanotubes, as it caused the release of a significant amount of H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> bubbles, depending on the electropolymerization method. Identifying templateless approaches to vary nanotubular structures is very interesting, as these materials are sought-after for applications in water harvesting systems.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired Materials and Surfaces for Green Science and Technology (part 3)’
Design and Operation of a Fast High-Voltage Vacuum Switch (1971)

The design and operational characteristics of a vacuum spark gap switch and its mechanical attachment to two kinds of industrial capacitors, used singly or in multicapacitor modules, are described. The main features of the vacuum switch are its wide range of voltage operation (0.1–50 kV) with relatively easy triggering, high current capability (∼400 kA), low inductance (∼5 nH), and long lifetime. High fidelity with minimum time jitter of a few nanoseconds has been achieved with a central coaxial spark plug.
An experimental system for verifying topology changes in mobile communication networks (2017)

Automatic Configuration Management (CM) parameter change assessment, the so-called Self-Organizing Network (SON) verification, is an important enabler for stable and high-quality modern mobile communication networks. However, it also presents a new set of challenges. While improving network stability and resolving unexpected conflicts caused by parallel configuration changes, SON verification can have trouble coping with very dynamic networks that exhibit frequent topology changes. Such changes can be, for example, due to energy saving features which try to maximize the energy efficiency of a mobile network by adapting the topology to the network traffic. The experimental system presented in this paper demonstrates a new paradigm for handling such changes. It extends the currently available SON verification principles by providing a solution for the assessment of the impact of topology changes and for correcting them, in case the changes lead to degraded performance. The system includes a wide variety of visualization capabilities, including the various network states, user behavior, and performance statistics.
Galen’s Theory of Black Bile (2018)

In Galen's Theory of Black Bile: Hippocratic Tradition, Manipulation, Innovation Keith Stewart investigates Galen's writing on black bile to explain health and disease and shows that Galen sometimes presented this humour as three substances with different properties that can either be harmful or beneficial to the body. Keith Stewart analyses the most important treatises for Galen's physical description and characteristion of black bile and challenges certain views on the development of this humour, such as the importance of the content of the Hippocratic On the Nature of Man. This analysis allows us to understand how and why Galen defines and uses black bile in different ways for his arguments that cannot always be reconciled with the content of his sources.
Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty: A Series of 140 Consecutive Hips with A Minimum Five Year Follow-Up. A Clinical, Radiological and Histological Analysis (2011)

We reviewed the clinical and radiological outcome at a minimum of five years of 140 consecutive metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (HR) arthroplasties in 132 patients. The mean follow-up was 73 months (62 to 105). Revision of either component was defined as failure. The average Harris hip score (HHS) was 58.6 (25 to 88) preoperatively and 94.4 (60 to 100) at the latest follow-up (p<0.0005). Average University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score was 3.1 (1 to 9) pre-operatively and 6.7 (2 to 10) post-operatively (p<0.0005). The survival after 6 years was 97.8% overall and 98.5% (excluding a post traumatic femoral neck fracture). These good medium-term results suggest that HR is an effective procedure in young and active patients.
Plasmonic solar cells (2008)

The scattering from metal nanoparticles near their localized plasmon resonance is a promising way of increasing the light absorption in thin-film solar cells. Enhancements in photocurrent have been observed for a wide range of semiconductors and solar cell configurations. We review experimental and theoretical progress that has been made in recent years, describe the basic mechanisms at work, and provide an outlook on future prospects in this area.
Design of a digital self-alignment controller for a ship's inertial navigation system at sea (1975)

Mathematical models are developed for the misalignment equations of a ship&apos;s inertial navigation system (s.i.n.s.) following restart after a complete shutdown at sea. The ships manoeuvres are modelled as stochastic processes and the misalignment is presented as a linearised stochastic process, which can be controlled by the gyro torqueing currents. The misalignment is observed by accelerometers, assuming base motion isolation, augmented by the ‘ships log’ (a measure of velocity). The alignment is treatedas a discrete stochastic linear regulator problem, using a Kalman-Bucy filter. Simulation results show that good alignment can be achieved in about an hour, but a time-varying estimator must be incorporated.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiro(fluoreneisothiazolidin)one Dioxides: New Aldose Reductase and L‐ Hexonate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Semiconductor ultraviolet detectors (1996)

In this review article a comprehensive analysis of the developments in ultraviolet (UV) detector technology is described. At the beginning, the classification of UV detectors and general requirements imposed on these detectors are presented. Further considerations are restricted to modern semiconductor UV detectors, so the basic theory of photoconductive and photovoltaic detectors is presented in a uniform way convenient for various detector materials. Next, the current state of the art of different types of semiconductor UV detectors is presented. Hitherto, the semiconductor UV detectors have been mainly fabricated using Si. Industries such as the aerospace, automotive, petroleum, and others have continuously provided the impetus pushing the development of fringe technologies which are tolerant of increasingly high temperatures and hostile environments. As a result, the main efforts are currently directed to a new generation of UV detectors fabricated from wide band-gap semiconductors the most promising of which are diamond and AlGaN. The latest progress in development of AlGaN UV detectors is finally described in detail.
Sit, Stay, Drive: The Future of Autonomous Car Liability (2013)

Driverless cars have made the jump from fantasy to the physical realm.Technology has evolved to the point where autonomous cars will be a common sight in the very near future.The benefits of autonomous cars are plentiful: increased safety for car passengers, who no longer have to fear drunk, reckless, or distracted drivers, increased productivity for passengers who can use the travel time to accomplish tasks, decreased reliance on fuel as the cars often incorporate solar panels and automatically adjust speed to maximize fuel efficiency, and decreased traffic congestion as the cars can identify upcoming trouble spots and take alternate routes to avoid delay.However, this innovative technology brings with it an unaddressed legal issue: how will legal liability be assessed when these cars collide with other cars, pedestrians, or property?Current law surrounding liability for automobile accidents largely bases liability on the actions of the driver.Similarly, looking to the liability law governing computers does not address the issue either, as the laws base liability on the actions of the operator of the computer system, and the scant laws related to autonomous computer systems apply only to commercial transactions.This article proposes that the solution to this legal issue lies in treating autonomous cars like man's best friend, the dog.Dogs and computers are both treated as chattel under tort law, and are similar in that they can act independently, yet are considered property of another.The laws governing canine ownership show that applying strict liability to autonomous car owners accomplishes the dual purpose of fairly assessing liability without hampering the widespread adoption of this marvelous technology.
Structure-function relationships of shared-stem and conventional molecular beacons (2002)

Molecular beacons are oligonucleotide probes capable of forming a stem-loop hairpin structure with a reporter dye at one end and a quencher at the other end. Conventional molecular beacons are designed with a target-binding domain flanked by two complementary short arm sequences that are independent of the target sequence. Here we report the design of shared-stem molecular beacons with one arm participating in both stem formation when the beacon is closed and target hybridization when it is open. We performed a systematic study to compare the behavior of conventional and shared-stem molecular beacons by conducting thermodynamic and kinetic analyses. Shared-stem molecular beacons form more stable duplexes with target molecules than conventional molecular beacons; however, conventional molecular beacons may discriminate between targets with a higher specificity. For both conventional and shared-stem molecular beacons, increasing stem length enhanced the ability to differentiate between wild-type and mutant targets over a wider range of temperatures. Interestingly, probe-target hybridization kinetics were similar for both classes of molecular beacons and were influenced primarily by the length and sequence of the stem. These findings should enable better design of molecular beacons for various applications.
Microneedle Sensors for Multiplex Applications: Toward Advanced Biomedical and Environmental Analysis (2022)

Abstract Microneedles (MNs) are versatile tiny devices that have attracted interest in various fields including medicine, environment, food and agriculture due to their unique properties, such as low‐cost, simplicity, pain‐free application and minimally invasive penetration, therapeutic efficacy, biosensing ability, and biocompatibility. These properties along with the MNs distinctive geometry including dimension control, material type and fabrication techniques have enabled the optimization of MNs based on each desired application. This review summarizes the latest advances in MN‐based sensors in a variety of fields and provides a bird's eye view over the wide range of applications, starting from material and fabrication techniques to advanced sensor types in the biomedical and environmental fields for both sensing and treatment, and showing the profound advantages of this emerging tool in clinical and sustainable fields.
EHR: The Past is History, the Future Lies Ahead (2014)

Physicians' reactions to EHR are the same as they were 20 years ago and yet, there may be no going back. But here are some steps to help.