gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
21st century gigascale integration (GSI) (1995)

Summary form only given. Throughout the past 35 years integrated electronics has advanced at a pace unmatched in technological history. Minimum feature sizes have declined by about a factor of 1/50, switching energy of a binary transition has decreased by approximately 1/105 times, the number of transistors per chip has multiplied by around 50/spl times/106, the price range of a chip has remained virtually unchanged and its reliability has increased manifold. As a consequence of these unprecedented advances, integrated electronics has been the principal driver of the modern information revolution. The ubiquitous microchip has had a profound and pervasive impact on our Lives. Consequently, future prospects for continuing the technological advance of integrated electronics are of paramount importance to society as a whole. The central thesis of this discussion is that future opportunities for multi-billion transistor chips-described as gigascale integration (GSI)-in the 21st century will be governed by a hierarchy of physical limits. The levels of this hierarchy can be codified as (1) fundamental, (2) material, (3) device, (4) circuit and (5) system.
Including frequency-dependent attenuation for the deconvolution of ultrasonic signals (2013)

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) is a standard process for detecting flaws or discontinuities in industrial parts. A pulse is emitted by an ultrasonic transducer through a material, and a reflected wave is produced at each impedance change. In many cases, echoes can overlap in the received signal and deconvolution can be applied to perform echo separation and to enhance the resolution. Common deconvolution techniques assume that the shape of the echoes is invariant to the propagation distance. This can cause poor performances with materials such as plastics or composites, in particular because acoustic propagation suffers from frequency-dependent attenuation. In geophysics, biomedical imaging or NDT, various frequency-dependent attenuation models have been proposed under different formulations. This communication compares the related possible constructions in order to account for attenuation in deconvolution methods. Especially, we introduce a discrete model for the data, that includes an attenuation matrix in the standard convolution model. Experimental data acquired from Plexiglas plates show that, for this material, attenuation varies roughly linearly with frequency, leading to a unique parameter identification. Finally, we show that such an advanced model manages a better fitting of the data, and promises improvement for the deconvolution of complex ultrasonic data.
Ultrasonic scatterer detection in a pipe under operating conditions using singular value decomposition (2013)

Pipes carrying fluids under pressure are critical components in infrastructure and industry. Changes in ultrasonic signals detected by piezoelectric transducers can indicate scattering from flaws, but signals also change dramatically from environmental and operational variations. Extensive pitch-catch tests are performed on pressurized pipe segments in a working hot-water supply system that experiences ongoing variations in pressure, temperature, and flow rate. Singular value decomposition is applied to differentiate the change caused by scatterer from the changes produced by benign variations. We build a singular value decomposition (SVD) based change detector that is sensitive to the mass scatterer but insensitive to the changes produced by operational and environmental variations, and we show examples of its successful performance on field experiments data.
Optical Linewidth Measurement On Patterned Metal Layers (1984)

In a previous paper, 1 a waveguide model was developed for the imaging of micrometer-sized lines patterneu in thick layers of dielectric materials (silicon dioxide) with application to linewidth measurement on integrated-circuit wafers. This paper describes the extension of this work to metals characterized by their complex index of refraction, n + iK, as well as the inclusion of a sublayer such as a silicon dioxide insulating layer. This extension allows the modeling of optical imaging and linewidth measurement on metal-on-silicon (MOS) structures. It is shown that the image structure for metals at and near focus is different from that for dielectrics. Thick and thin layer (less than 200 nm) imaging is compared. Experimental image profiles of metal lines at and near focus are also shown. The experimental data were obtained from a bright-field microscope using a laser source (530 nm) and controlled spatial coherence.
Host-guest complexation. 62. Solvophobic and entropic driving forces for forming velcraplexes, which are 4-fold, lock-key dimers in organic media (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHost-guest complexation. 62. Solvophobic and entropic driving forces for forming velcraplexes, which are 4-fold, lock-key dimers in organic mediaDonald J. Cram, Heung Jin Choi, Judi A. Bryant, and Carolyn B. KnoblerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 20, 7748–7765Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00046a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1806Altmetric-Citations185LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Feasibility of fabricating metamaterials with negative refractive index in the visible spectrum (2003)

Summary from only given. We analyze the possibility of constructing metamaterials with negative /spl epsi/ and /spl mu/ (and, consequently, negative refractive index n) in the visible region. Since the location of the spectral window where the negative index is negative is determined by the resonant frequencies of the split ring resonators (SRRs), we focus in this report on the dependence of this resonant frequencies on the size of the SRRs. The geometrical features of a metallic SRR are shown.
The impact of limb loading and the measurement modality (2D versus 3D) on the measurement of the limb loading dependent lower extremity parameters (2020)

Limb loading results in significant differences for both HKA and JLCA measurements. Furthermore, 2D projections were found to be insufficient to represent 3D joint anatomy in complex cases. With an increasing number of surgical approaches based on NWB CT-reconstructed models, research should focus on the development of 3D planning methods that consider the effects of WB on leg alignment.
Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (SAG1) secreted from Pichia pastoris : evidence of hyper O‐glycosylation (2001)

A truncated form of surface antigen 1 (SAG1t), the immunodominant surface antigen of Toxoplasma gondii, was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. The truncated protein lacked the C-terminal residues which, in native SAG1, encompass a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchorage site. The single potential N-glycosylation site was mutated and a sequence encoding a hexahistidine tag was introduced at the C-terminal of the construction to aid purification by immobilized metal-chelate chromatography. Recombinant SAG1t was efficiently secreted into the culture medium as three protein species having molecular masses of 29, 38/45 and 50/60 kDa. This heterogeneity was dependent upon the composition of the medium used to grow the yeast transformants. Mass spectrometric analyses, chemical deglycosylation, lectin recognition and sensitivity to mannosidase treatments showed that SAG1t heterogeneity was related to the presence of O-linked oligosaccharides containing alpha1-2-, alpha1-3- or alpha1-6-linked mannoses. The glycosylated and deglycosylated recombinant SAG1t were recognized by monoclonal and human-serum-derived antibodies, specific for the native SAG1, which suggested that the O-glycosylations had no major effect on the protein conformation. However, ELISA and Western-blot analysis with human sera showed that the O-carbohydrates added by P. pastoris could be recognized as antigenic structures. As a consequence, purification of the unglycosylated 29 kDa recombinant SAG1t species or deglycosylation is required in order to use recombinant SAG1t as a diagnostic reagent. Moreover, the presence of carbohydrates, not found on the native protein, suggests that addition of unnatural glycan structures by P. pastoris is a potential drawback that should be considered when using this expression system.
Cotargeting Stress-Activated Hsp27 and Autophagy as a Combinatorial Strategy to Amplify Endoplasmic Reticular Stress in Prostate Cancer (2012)

Hsp27 is a stress-activated multifunctional chaperone that inhibits treatment-induced apoptosis and causes treatment resistance in prostate and other cancers. We previously showed that targeted suppression of Hsp27 sensitizes cancer cells to hormone and chemotherapy. However, mechanisms by which Hsp27 confers cell treatment resistance are incompletely defined. Here, we report that Hsp27 protects human prostate cancer cells against proteotoxic stress induced by proteasome inhibition, and that Hsp27 silencing using siRNA or antisense (OGX-427) induced both apoptosis and autophagy through mechanisms involving reduced proteasome activity and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We found that autophagy activation protected against ER stress-induced cell death, whereas inhibition of autophagy activation following Hsp27 silencing using either pharmacologic inhibitors or atg3 silencing enhanced cell death. Importantly, cotargeting Hsp27 and autophagy by combining OGX-427 with the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, significantly delayed PC-3 prostate tumor growth in vivo. These findings identify autophagy as a cytoprotective, stress-induced adaptive pathway, activated following disruption of protein homeostasis and ER stress induced by Hsp27 silencing. Combinatorial cotargeting cytoprotective Hsp27 and autophagy illustrates potential benefits of blocking activation of adaptive pathways to improve treatment outcomes in cancer.
Formation of 1,2,4‐benzenetriol by hydrothermal treatment of carbohydrates (1991)

Abstract Conversion of dilute aqueous solutions of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde and D‐fructose under near‐critical conditions led to the formation of 1,2,4‐benzenetriol in relatively high yields.
The preparation of hexasilsesquioxane (T6) cages by “non aqueous” hydrolysis of trichlorosilanes (2003)

Hexasilsesquioxane cages (T6) have been prepared from a range of alkyl and aryl trichlorosilanes using a "non aqueous" hydrolysis with dimethyl sulfoxide.
Metabolic capacity of Bacillus cereus strains ATCC 14579 and ATCC 10987 interlinked with comparative genomics (2007)

Bacillus cereus is an important food-borne pathogen and spoilage organism. In this study, numerous phenotypes and the genomes of B. cereus strains ATCC 14579 and ATCC 10987 were analysed to compare their metabolic capacity and stress resistance potential. The growth performance of the two strains was assessed for nearly 2000 phenotypes, including use of nutrient sources, performance in acid and basic environments, osmo-tolerance and antibiotic resistance. Several food-relevant phenotypic differences were found between ATCC 14579 and ATCC 10987, such as differences in utilization of carbohydrates, peptides, amino acids and ammonia. Subsequently, the genomes of both strains were analysed with INPARANOID to search for strain-specific open reading frames (ORFs). B. cereus ATCC 14579 and ATCC 10987 were found to harbour 983 and 1360 strain-specific ORFs respectively. The strain-specific phenotypic features were interlinked with corresponding genetic features and for several phenotypic differences a related strain-specific genetic feature could be identified. In conclusion, the combination of phenotypic data with strain-specific genomic differences has led to detailed insight into the performance of the two B. cereus strains, and may supply indicators for the performance of these bacteria in different environments and ecological niches.
Human non-functioning pituitary tumors invasiveness: inhibitory effects of dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) agonist and cofilin involvement (2016)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
The Histone Chaperone Asf1 Increases the Rate of Histone Eviction at the Yeast PHO5 and PHO8 Promoters (2006)

Eukaryotic gene expression starts off from a largely obstructive chromatin substrate that has to be rendered accessible by regulated mechanisms of chromatin remodeling. The yeast PHO5 promoter is a well known example for the contribution of positioned nucleosomes to gene repression and for extensive chromatin remodeling in the course of gene induction. Recently, the mechanism of this remodeling process was shown to lead to the disassembly of promoter nucleosomes and the eviction of the constituent histones in trans. This finding called for a histone acceptor in trans and thus made histone chaperones likely to be involved in this process. In this study we have shown that the histone chaperone Asf1 increases the rate of histone eviction at the PHO5 promoter. In the absence of Asf1 histone eviction is delayed, but the final outcome of the chromatin transition is not affected. The same is true for the coregulated PHO8 promoter where induction also leads to histone eviction and where the rate of histone loss is reduced in asf1 strains as well, although less severely. Importantly, the final extent of chromatin remodeling is not affected. We have also presented evidence that Asf1 and the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex work in distinct parallel but functionally overlapping pathways, i.e. they both contribute toward the same outcome without being mutually strictly dependent.
Improving Software Quality with Agile Testing (2010)

Software engineering can be complex and hence has the risk of project delays, defective product due to time constraints that lead to the risk of loosing projects from the customer. To succeed it demands the use of IT methodologies. But off the shelf methodologies are not flexible. QA is an important part of software and ensures the quality of deliverable. Agile development completely redefines quality assurance work—from formal roles to day-to-day activities—making some traditional QA responsibilities and outputs irrelevant. In this paper, we describe application of Agile testing to software quality management that will ease development and testing. Also we will explain ho it helps in better planning and time management and how it enables clients to achieve improved coordination of their test resources with the agile development team by allowing automated tests to be developed in tandem with code development on the same set of requirements. We’ll summarize with existing agile testing applications, most notably by describing how to effectively use professional testers and how to thoroughly acceptance-test a system that’s too large and complex for a single customer to specify and the future of agile testing. The full text of the article is not available in the cache. Kindly refer the IJCA digital library at www.ijcaonline.org for the complete article. In case, you face problems while downloading the full-text, please send a mail to editor at editor@ijcaonline.org
Sound Transmission in an Isospeed Ocean Channel with Depth-Dependent Current (1972)

A constant sound-speed (isospeed) channel with horizontal boundaries and a current of constant direction and linear depth-dependent magnitude is considered. Ray paths are shown to be closely approximated by connected circular helical arcs. Expressions for the travel time and spreading loss of individual arrivals are found when necessary and sufficient conditions for the ray paths to be plane curves are satisfied. For a bottom-mounted source and receiver, it is shown that a current gradient can significantly affect the ray geometry, travel time, and spreading loss of each arrival. The total field for a 33-km × 40-m channel is calculated. It is found that small changes in the current gradient can produce large variations in the amplitude and phase of the field including the amplitude fade-phase offset phenomenon.
Programmable diffraction gratings and their uses in displays, spectroscopy, and communications (2005)

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and optics are a natural match. There are several reasons: MEMS devices have dimensions and achievable actuation distances comparable to the wavelength of light; smooth-surfaced dielectrics, semiconductors, and metals can be used in various combinations; and, since redirection of photons does not require large forces, the relatively feeble MEMS actuators can easily manipulate them. Micro-optical-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) are those where optics merge with MEMS. Many MOEMS devices are based on mirror arrays that can be tilted using electrostatic actuation. This work, however, focuses on programmable diffraction gratings and their uses for projection displays, spectroscopy, and wavelength management in modern optical telecommunication systems.
Power Reduction in Incremental ΔΣ ADCs Using a Capacitor Scaling Technique (2018)

Incremental analog to digital converters (IADCs) are aimed at converting low frequency signals with high accuracy. The operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) used to implement the integrators are the dominant source of power consumption, since they must settle to a desired accuracy within a given clock period, by driving a capacitive load. Reducing the capacitor size correspondingly increases the thermal noise power which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ADC. In this paper, we introduce a capacitor scaling technique which exploits the uneven weightage of the IADC decimation filter on the output bit-stream of the IADC. The power consumption can be scaled down correspondingly but the noise power does not increase by the same extent, leading to greater energy efficiency. A second order feedforward IADC is simulated to demonstrate the idea, which achieves up to a 25% improvement in energy efficiency using the proposed scheme.
Web services management: a survey (2005)

Solutions based on service-oriented architectures are promising in that they leverage common services and enable collaborative business processes that cross organizational boundaries. However, because Web services applications can span multiple hosts, operating systems, languages, and enterprises, it's problematic to measure, control, and manage application availability and performance. In addition to discussing the relationship of Web services management to traditional distributed systems management, this survey explores various Web services management approaches and their underlying architectural concepts.
Construction of finite element vertebral models from X-rays (2002)

Finite element modeling has proven to be an effective but expensive method to monitor vertebral body strength. This study proposes a method for updating existing finite element models (FEMs) using periodic sets of X-rays for longitudinal monitoring in osteoporotic patients. The present study uses a CT scan of a single human lumbar vertebra, numerically generated 2-D X-rays, with an introduced density error in the original dataset. Reconstruction was done using an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) applied to the projections. The ART and the subsequent FEM were able to predict vertebral body stiffness to within 4%, providing the error introduced does not exceed 30%. Annual bone loss in osteoporotic patients averages approximately 2-3%, well within the range of effectiveness for the ART used.
Monte carlo-based adaptive controller for building energy efficiency (2017)

This article proposed a controller base on On- Policy Monte Carlo Control method. It is aimed at operating indoor systems, such as air conditioner system, lightning system and air flow system. A state-of-the-art policy was found, dealing well with the trade off between power consumption and indoor satisfaction. Compared with fuzzy control, this policy works better than fuzzy control. Its convergence accuracy speed and convergence accuracy are greater than the fuzzy control.
Intraspinal narcotics for treatment of cancer pain (1990)

Inadequate pain relief remains a problem for many patients with cancer. Narcotic administration by the epidural or subarachnoid route is a relatively recent innovation and is indicated when pain is poorly controlled with high doses of systemic narcotics, or when patients experience limiting narcotic side effects. When given by the epidural or intrathecal route, narcotics have a longer duration of action and a lower dose is effective. These techniques involve personnel trained in catheter insertion and maintenance. Epidural and intrathecal administration of narcotics is an alternative when oral narcotics are ineffective. In this report the term "intraspinal" refers to epidural and/or subarachnoid placement of catheters and drugs.
Conductance and kinetics of single cGMP‐activated channels in salamander rod outer segments. (1995)

1. The conductance and kinetics of single 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-activated channels of retinal rod outer segments were studied in inside-out membrane patches. The size of the single channel currents was increased by using low concentrations of divalent cations. 2. At saturating cGMP concentration, the current flickered at high frequency. Occasionally, the current was interrupted by closures lasting tens or hundreds of milliseconds. At +50 mV the maximum current during an opening was slightly more than 1 pA, but the open channel level was poorly resolved due to the speed of the gating transitions. 3. Amplitude histograms confirmed the presence of a sublevel of current, roughly a quarter the size of the peak current, at low cGMP concentrations. The fraction of time in the sublevel decreased with increasing cGMP concentration, suggesting that the sublevel may be due to opening by the partially liganded channel. 4. Consistent with previous macroscopic current recordings, single channel activation by cGMP had an apparent dissociation constant of 8.6 microM, and a Hill coefficient of 2.8. 5. At saturating cGMP concentrations, the channel was modelled as a two-state system with the following parameters. The open channel conductance was 25 pS. The opening rate constant, beta, was 1.5 x 10(4) s-1 at 0 mV, and had a voltage sensitivity equivalent to the movement of 0.23 electronic charges outward through the membrane electric field. The closing rate constant, alpha, was 2.1 x 10(4) s-1 and was voltage insensitive. Assuming that the open-state chord conductance was voltage independent, the inferred voltage dependence of beta largely accounted for the outward rectification in the steady-state macroscopic current-voltage relation of multichannel patches, at saturating cGMP concentration.