gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[O1–14–02]: A NOVEL DISCOIDIN DOMAIN RECEPTOR INHIBITOR REDUCES NEUROPATHOLOGY AND ATTENUATES INFLAMMATION IN ALZHEIMER AND PARKINSON MODELS (2017)

The role of cell surface tyrosine kinase collagen-activated receptors known as discoidin domain receptors (DDR1/2) is unknown in neurodegenerative diseases. We detect up-regulation in the expression level of DDRs in post-mortem Alzheimer and Parkinson brains. It is currently unknown whether regulation of DDRs that modulate many cellular functions is beneficial or detrimental in neurodegeneration. We used lentiviral gene transfer to knockdown DDR1/2 in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and determined the effects of DDR receptor level on accumulation of α-synuclein, tau and β-amyloid. We found that DDR knockdown or a novel pharmacological inhibitor reduce the levels of these proteins and prevent cell loss. DDR knockdown or pharmacological inhibition via a novel inhibitor increase autophagic clearance of neurotoxic proteins and reduce brain inflammation. Pharmacological inhihbition via a specific DDR inhibitor called LCB-03–0110 is safe and effective in reducing amyloidogenic proteins in AD and PD models. These studies report a novel small-molecule DDR inhibitor and identifies DDR as a drug target to clear neurotoxic proteins and reduce inflammation in neurodegeneration.
Intermediate filaments control collective migration by restricting traction forces and sustaining cell–cell contacts (2018)

Mesenchymal cell migration relies on the coordinated regulation of the actin and microtubule networks that participate in polarized cell protrusion, adhesion, and contraction. During collective migration, most of the traction forces are generated by the acto-myosin network linked to focal adhesions at the front of leader cells, which transmit these pulling forces to the followers. Here, using an in vitro wound healing assay to induce polarization and collective directed migration of primary astrocytes, we show that the intermediate filament (IF) network composed of vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nestin contributes to directed collective movement by controlling the distribution of forces in the migrating cell monolayer. Together with the cytoskeletal linker plectin, these IFs control the organization and dynamics of the acto-myosin network, promoting the actin-driven treadmilling of adherens junctions, thereby facilitating the polarization of leader cells. Independently of their effect on adherens junctions, IFs influence the dynamics and localization of focal adhesions and limit their mechanical coupling to the acto-myosin network. We thus conclude that IFs promote collective directed migration in astrocytes by restricting the generation of traction forces to the front of leader cells, preventing aberrant tractions in the followers, and by contributing to the maintenance of lateral cell-cell interactions.
Nondestructive optical technique for electrically testing insulated-gate integrated circuits (1971)

A simple nondestructive optical technique for electrically testing insulated-gate integrated circuits and for testing dielectric layers for pinholes and breakdown strength is described using a nematic liquid crystal in the dynamic scattering mode. Good correlation has been obtained between this technique and conventional electrical-probe test results. The technique has also proved particularly useful for fault locating and diagnosis.
Exploration in synthesis and fungicidal activities of some novel O-ethyl O-heteroaryl 2-chloroethyl phosphonates. (2010)

Novel O-ethyl O-heteroaryl 2-chloroethyl phosphonates have been prepared by condensing 2chloroethyl phosphonyl dichloride by the sequential addition of ethanol and –OH and –SH carrying heteroaryls. Attempts of the above reaction with –NH carrying heteroaryl (benzimidazole) furnished a different product than the expected one by different reaction path.
Optimization of the Synthesis of Biodiesel via Ultrasound-Enhanced Base-Catalyzed Transesterification of Soybean Oil Using a Multifrequency Ultrasonic Reactor (2009)

Biodiesel has become one of the premier forms of alternative energy sources. However, its growth is hindered by the cost of production, which makes it uncompetitive compared to petrodiesel. Hence, research efforts are ongoing to reduce the cost of production of biodiesel using various emerging approaches. Ultrasound has been reported to aid biodiesel formation at relatively lower energy costs. However, not many reports are available that give in-depth analysis of the effects of ultrasound on biodiesel formation. This paper reports the result of a study to evaluate the effect of high-frequency ultrasound on the synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil using methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalysts. The effects of various parameters, such as ultrasonic power, ultrasonic frequency, oil/methanol molar ratio, catalyst loading, and temperature, on biodiesel formation were studied to optimize the process. It is shown that high-frequency ultrasound can achieve >90% conversions within 30 min with relatively low-energy inputs. A specially designed multifrequency ultrasonic reactor, which has the potential to reduce the energy losses because of scattering, reflection, and absorption, was used for this study.
trans-Dichloridobis[diphenyl(thiophen-2-yl)phosphane-κP]palladium(II) (2012)

The title compound, trans-[PdCl(2)(C(16)H(13)PS)(2)], forms a monomeric complex with a trans-square-planar geometry. The Pd-P bond lengths are 2.3387 (11) Å, as the Pd atom lies on an inversion point, while the Pd-Cl bond lengths are 2.2950 (12) Å.
Biological Control of Fusarium Crown and Root Rot of Wheat by Streptomyces Isolates – It’s Complicated (2019)

The predominant causal agents of Fusarium crown and root rot (FCR) of wheat, along with Fusarium pseudograminearum, are F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Members of the Gram-positive bacterial genus Streptomyces have been shown to inhibit isolates of the genus Fusarium, and Fusarium spp. isolates are also able to inhibit Streptomyces isolates in vitro. However, little is known about these complex antagonistic interactions and the potential for inhibitory Streptomyces to reduce FCR of wheat. The aim of this study was to analyze whether inhibitory Streptomyces isolates affect FCR of wheat and reduce root and stem base colonization by Fusarium culmorum. We enriched sterilized potting soil with spore suspensions of two Streptomyces isolates, inoculated the soil with F. culmorum-colonized wheat straw, and planted pre-germinated wheat seedlings. At 4 weeks, F. culmorum-inoculated plants had significant FCR symptoms on roots and showed reduced fresh weight of roots and above-ground plant biomass compared with the non-inoculated controls. Enrichment of soil with an inhibitory Streptomyces isolate reduced F. culmorum DNA in roots and stem bases by 75% compared with inoculation with F. culmorum alone. Interestingly, co-inoculation of F. culmorum with a non-inhibitory Streptomyces isolate led to the highest levels F. culmorum DNA in stem base tissue and greatest Streptomyces densities (CFU per g of soil) in the rhizosphere. In vitro assays revealed that F. culmorum showed a strong inhibitory activity against the pathogen-inhibitory Streptomyces isolate but not against the non-inhibitory isolate. In vitro tests with a larger set of 17 Streptomyces and five Fusarium spp. isolates revealed that there was little variation among Fusarium spp. isolates in capacities to inhibit the collection of Streptomyces isolates. In contrast, the sensitivity to inhibition by pathogenic Fusarium spp. isolates varied widely among Streptomyces isolates. The results of this study suggest the potential of Streptomyces isolates for biocontrol of FCR of wheat, while highlighting the specificity of Streptomyces−Fusarium interactions. Broader understanding of the variation in susceptibility within Fusarium spp. populations to Streptomyces inhibition and vice versa are needed to advance the potential for successful biological control.
Near-Ambient Nanocomposite Thermochromic Fenestration Elements from Post-Encapsulation-Annealed Tungsten-Alloyed Vanadium(IV) Oxide Nanocrystals (2022)

Heating, cooling, and lighting buildings consume an inordinate amount of energy, contributing greatly to the operating costs and carbon footprint of the built environment. The development of a thermochromic material capable of passively modulating the near-infrared (NIR) transmittance of fenestration elements, and thus the overall solar heat gain, has garnered intense interest owing to its potential to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. VO2 is a promising thermochromic material as a result of its characteristic metal–insulator transition (MIT), which engenders a discontinuous modulation of infrared transparency. Given its high thermodynamic transition, 67 °C, much effort has focused on decreasing the MIT of VO2 to near-ambient temperatures. However, dopant incorporation typically degrades crystallinity, which is reflected in a substantial decrease of NIR modulation. In this work, we demonstrate that the postsynthetic annealing of ultrasmall WxV1–xO2 nanocrystals encapsulated within SiO2 shells enables substantial improvements in crystallinity without sintering of the nanocrystals. The dispersion of SiO2-encapsulated W-alloyed nanocrystals within a methacrylic acid/ethyl acrylate copolymer yields a smooth gradation of refractive indices. The nanocomposite films comprising VO2 nanocrystals alloyed with 2.3 at.% tungsten are cast onto glass and demonstrate a ΔTNIR of 12.8% and a ΔTSol of 10.6%, while maintaining a high degree of visible-light transmission (ca. 77% at 555 nm) and minimal modulation in the visible region (ΔTLum) at an operational temperature of 35 °C. The processing workflow from alloying of VO2 nanocrystals to their encapsulation within a SiO2 matrix for protected annealing and dispersion within a polymer further represents an entirely aqueous manufacturing route to thermochromic fenestration elements. More broadly, our results demonstrate the ability to access solid solutions of WxV1–xO2 with ultrasmall nanocrystalline dimensions while selectively tailoring the properties of the material for specific climates to achieve the desired combination of high visible-light transparency and NIR modulation.
Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of Herpes Simplex Virus Ribonucleotide Reductase with Improved in Vivo Antiviral Activity (1996)

We have been investigating the potential of a new class of antiviral compounds. These peptidomimetic derivatives prevent association of the two subunits of herpes simplex virus (HSV) ribonucleotide reductase (RR), an enzyme necessary for efficient replication of viral DNA. The compounds disclosed in this paper build on our previously published work. Structure-activity studies reveal beneficial modifications that result in improved antiviral potency in cell culture in a murine ocular model of HSV-induced keratitis. These modifications include a stereochemically defined (2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl)amino N-terminus, two ketomethylene amide bond isosteres, and a (1-ethylneopentyl)amino C-terminus. These three modifications led to the preparation of BILD 1351, our most potent antiherpetic agent containing a ureido N-terminus. Incorporation of the C-terminal modification into our inhibitor series based on a (phenylpropionyl)valine N-terminus provided BILD 1357, a significantly more potent antiviral compound than our previously published best compound, BILD 1263.
Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (2003)

Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RBILD) can be viewed as an exaggerated respiratory bronchiolitic response to cigarette smoke. The histologic, high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) features of RBILD overlap substantially with those of respiratory bronchiolitis, with the diagnosis of RBILD being based upon the severity of disease, as judged by symptoms, clinical signs, the severity of lung function impairment, and the extent of abnormalities on HRCT. Typical histologic appearances consist of an accumulation of pigmented macrophages within respiratory bronchioles, associated with peribronchial chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and, variably, peribronchial fibrotic alveolar septal thickening. Characteristic HRCT findings include poorly defined centrilobular micronodules, patchy limited ground-glass attenuation, bronchial wall thickening, and areas of regional hypoattenuation. The ventilatory defect is often mixed but is usually predominantly restrictive. The diagnosis of RBILD is often made on clinical and HRCT criteria, with BAL findings providing useful diagnostic support, but a thoracoscopic biopsy continues to be required when other features are atypical. RBILD may regress with discontinuation of smoking but often persists with no functional improvement despite smoking cessation and treatment. Nonetheless, the course tends to be benign, without inexorable deterioration. This article outlines the rationale for viewing RBILD and desquamative interstitial pneumonia as separate entities, rather than two ends of the same disease spectrum (based upon overlapping histologic and HRCT features).
Glucose Toxicity in β-Cells: Type 2 Diabetes, Good Radicals Gone Bad, and the Glutathione Connection (2003)

Chronic exposure to hyperglycemia can lead to cellular dysfunction that may become irreversible over time, a process that is termed glucose toxicity. Our perspective about glucose toxicity as it pertains to the pancreatic beta-cell is that the characteristic decreases in insulin synthesis and secretion are caused by decreased insulin gene expression. The responsible metabolic lesion appears to involve a posttranscriptional defect in pancreas duodenum homeobox-1 (PDX-1) mRNA maturation. PDX-1 is a critically important transcription factor for the insulin promoter, is absent in glucotoxic islets, and, when transfected into glucotoxic beta-cells, improves insulin promoter activity. Because reactive oxygen species are produced via oxidative phosphorylation during anaerobic glycolysis, via the Schiff reaction during glycation, via glucose autoxidation, and via hexosamine metabolism under supraphysiological glucose concentrations, we hypothesize that chronic oxidative stress is an important mechanism for glucose toxicity. Support for this hypothesis is found in the observations that high glucose concentrations increase intraislet peroxide levels, that islets contain very low levels of antioxidant enzyme activities, and that adenoviral overexpression of antioxidant enzymes in vitro in islets, as well as exogenous treatment with antioxidants in vivo in animals, protect the islet from the toxic effects of excessive glucose levels. Clinically, consideration of antioxidants as adjunct therapy in type 2 diabetes is warranted because of the many reports of elevated markers of oxidative stress in patients with this disease, which is characterized by imperfect management of glycemia, consequent chronic hyperglycemia, and relentless deterioration of beta-cell function.
Closing the Sim-to-Real Loop: Adapting Simulation Randomization with Real World Experience (2019)

We consider the problem of transferring policies to the real world by training on a distribution of simulated scenarios. Rather than manually tuning the randomization of simulations, we adapt the simulation parameter distribution using a few real world roll-outs interleaved with policy training. In doing so, we are able to change the distribution of simulations to improve the policy transfer by matching the policy behavior in simulation and the real world. We show that policies trained with our method are able to reliably transfer to different robots in two real world tasks: swing-peg-in-hole and opening a cabinet drawer. The video of our experiments can be found at https://sites.google.com/view/simopt.
On subjective measures of interestingness in knowledge discovery (1995)

One of the central problems in the field of knowledge discovery is the development of good measures of in-terestingness of discovered patterns. Such measures of interestingness are divided into objective measures- those that depend only on the structure of a pat-tern and the underlying data used in the discovery process, and the subjective measures- those that also depend on the class of users who examine the pattern. The purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for a comprehensive study of subjective measures of interestingness. In the paper, we clas-sify these measures into actionable and unexpected, and examine the relationship between them. The unexpected measure of interestingness is defined in terms of the belief system that the user has. Inter-estingness of a pattern is expressed in terms of how it affects the belief system. 1
Mirrors on a chip (1993)

The design, development, and performance of the digital micromirror device (DMD), a spatial light modulator for projection displays, are examined. The DMD covers each memory cell of a CMOS static RAM with a movable micromirror. Electrostatic forces contingent on the data in the cell tilt the mirror either on or off, modulating the light incident on its surface. Light reflected from any on-mirrors passes through a projection lens and creates images on a large screen. Light from the remaining off-mirrors is reflected away from the projection lens and trapped. The standard-resolution version of the DMD corresponds to the National Television System Committee (NTSC) or Phase Alternation Line (PAL) standard. It is a chip about 2.3 cm/sup 2/ covered by 442368 movable mirrors, each 16 mu m on a side.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Polymorphism in Benzamide (2005)

Längst überfällig: Die Kristallstruktur der metastabilen Form von Benzamid (siehe Bild), deren Existenz seit über 170 Jahren bekannt war, ist endlich aufgeklärt worden – durch eine Kombination von In-situ-Kristallisation, Hochgeschwindigkeits-Synchrotronröntgenpulverbeugung und globalen Optimierungsmethoden zur Strukturbestimmung.
Diagnosis of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections by Using Immunohistochemical and Molecular Assays (2006)

Invasive group A streptococcus (GAS) infections cause 1,100 to 1,300 deaths annually in the United States. Diagnosis is made when Streptococcus pyogenes is isolated from pus or body fluids; however, cultures are not always obtained, and antibiotic treatment can preclude bacterial growth. An immunohistochemical assay for GAS was applied to formalin-fixed tissue samples from 122 patients with suspect GAS infection. Immunohistochemical staining of well-defined cocci and small, granular antigen fragments was observed in 27 cases. S pyogenes was isolated in 18 cases, whereas in 8 cases, immunohistochemical staining was confirmed by amplification of the sepB gene of S pyogenes from paraffin-embedded samples in a heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. A primary focus of infection (respiratory, mucocutaneous, or gynecologic) was present in 22 patients, whereas 5 had no identifiable primary focus of infection. Eighteen patients had systemic infection. Immunohistochemical analysis and PCR can be used for diagnosis of GAS infections in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples.
Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics of Passenger Cars in a Controlled High Turbulence Flow: Some New Results (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The new Turbulence Generation System (TGS), presented in the SAE papers &lt;a href="http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2003-01-0430" target="_blank"&gt;2003-01-0430&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2004-01-0807" target="_blank"&gt;2004-01-0807&lt;/a&gt;, is now systematically used to get a deeper insight in the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic behavior of passenger cars in a controlled high turbulence flow. The TGS itself is used to generate a flow with characteristics more similar to those encountered by a car when traveling on the road, either for the presence of natural wind or for the presence of upstream vehicles.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A comparison is presented between tests performed in the low turbulence flow, i.e. base wind tunnel, and in the high turbulence flow, i.e. wind tunnel with TGS.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In particular, results regarding the following aspects are presented:&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; &lt;ul class="list disc"&gt; &lt;li class="list-item"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Car Lift in the presence of various TGS setups;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="list-item"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Brake Disk Cooling;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="list-item"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Interior Noise.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For each one of these aspects, some time-averaged and some time-dependent values are presented.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The results of these investigations show that the traditional tests in a low-turbulence flow are not sufficient to thoroughly understand the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic behavior of road vehicles and that the results obtained in the controlled high turbulence regime are indeed necessary for the exhaustive car development.&lt;/div&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphorylated Cavitands: Encapsulation of Hard Cationic Guests (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mutational Studies on Triterpene Synthases:  Engineering Lupeol Synthase into β-Amyrin Synthase (2000)

Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out on two triterpene synthases, β-amyrin (PNY) and lupeol (OEW) synthases, to identify the amino acid residues responsible for their product specificity. In addition to sequence comparison among known oxidosqualene cyclases, our previous chimeric studies suggested that 258MWCYCR263 sequence of β-amyrin synthase PNY (255MLCYCR260 sequence of lupeol synthase OEW) would participate in product differentiation. To test this hypothesis, Trp259 (MWCYCR of PNY) was mutated to Leu (PNY W259L mutant). Functional expression in yeast and product analysis revealed that this mutant produced lupeol as a major product together with β-amyrin in 2:1 ratio. Some other minor products including butyrospermol were also produced. On the other hand, Leu256 (MLCYCR of OEW) was mutated to Trp (OEW L256W mutant). This mutant produced exclusively β-amyrin with only minor amount of lupeol, demonstrating that a single mutation had engineered lupeol synthase into β-amyrin synthase. Therefore, Trp259 of β-amyrin synthase was identified to be the residue controlling β-amyrin formation presumably through stabilization of oleanyl cation, while lack of this effect by Leu residue may terminate the reaction at lupenyl cation stage. In further mutation studies, Tyr residue (MWCYCR in PNY and MLCYCR in OEW) conserved in all of the OSCs producing pentacyclic triterpenes was mutated into His which is found in all of those producing tetracyclic carbon skeletons to investigate the role of this Tyr261 of PNY. PNY Y261H mutant produced dammara-18,21-dien-3β-ol (as a 3:5 mixture of E/Z isomer at Δ18) together with a minor amount of dammara-18(28),21-dien-3β-ol, demonstrating that Tyr261 of β-amyrin synthase plays an important role in producing pentacyclic triterpenes presumably by stabilizing one of the cation intermediates generated after dammarenyl cation.
1.3µm Low Threshold Distributed Feedback Lasers For High Bit-Rate Applications (1986)

A low threshold current (&asymp;30 mA) 1.3µm (InGaAsP) second order DFB laser with a ridge structure made by liquid phase epitaxy is reported. The low threshold results from : optimized heterostructure and grating profile, good tuning of the DFB wavelength with the peak gain wavelength, and the proper LPE regrowth conditions on the grating.