gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo detection of cucurbit[6]uril, a hyperpolarized xenon contrast agent for a xenon magnetic resonance imaging biosensor (2017)

The Hyperpolarized gas Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (HyperCEST) Magnetic Resonance (MR) technique has the potential to increase the sensitivity of a hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI contrast agent. Signal enhancement is accomplished by selectively depolarizing the xenon within a cage molecule which, upon exchange, reduces the signal in the dissolved phase pool. Herein we demonstrate the in vivo detection of the cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) contrast agent within the vasculature of a living rat. Our work may be used as a stepping stone towards using the HyperCEST technique as a molecular imaging modality.
Features detection and navigation on neurovascular trees (2002)

The 3D reconstruction of the cerebral vascular anatomy can greatly improve the diagnosis of vascular pathologies, such as embolisms and haemorrhages. This paper presents a new method for the automatic extraction of the blood vessels surface and the labelling of its features, specifically branching, aneurysms and stenoses. The method works with segmented magnetic resonance angiography images. It extracts a discrete medial axis transform from the stacked images and vectorizes it. During the vectorization process, the features are detected and labelled automatically. The final output is a labelled continuous medial axis transform representation of the vascular tree suitable for interactive visualizations and navigations, along with 3D geometrical and topological queries.
Copper Hydride Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Reduction of Unsaturated Nitriles (2007)

α,β-Unsaturated nitriles were reduced with high levels of enantioselectivity via copper hydride catalysis. In this procedure, bench-top stable copper(II) acetate and Josiphos ligand are used as the chiral catalyst and an inexpensive hydrosilane, polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) is employed as the stoichiometric reducing agent. While the reactions are conducted at 0 °C in most cases, they also can be conducted at room temperature at enhanced rates with no significant drop in enantiomeric excess.
An Active 32-kDa Cathepsin L Is Secreted Directly from HT 1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells and Not via Lysosomal Exocytosis (2015)

Cathepsin L [EC 3.4.22.15] is secreted via lysosomal exocytosis by several types of cancer cells, including prostate and breast cancer cells. We previously reported that human cultured fibrosarcoma (HT 1080) cells secrete cathepsin L into the medium; this secreted cathepsin is 10-times more active than intracellular cathepsin. This increased activity was attributed to the presence of a 32-kDa cathepsin L in the medium. The aim of this study was to examine how this active 32-kDa cathepsin L is secreted into the medium. To this end, we compared the secreted active 32-kDa cathepsin L with lysosomal cathepsin L by using a novel gelatin zymography technique that employs leupeptin. We also examined the glycosylation and phosphorylation status of the proteins by using the enzymes endoglycosidase H [EC 3.2.1.96] and alkaline phosphatase [EC 3.1.3.1]. Strong active bands corresponding to the 32-kDa and 34-kDa cathepsin L forms were detected in the medium and lysosomes, respectively. The cell extract exhibited strong active bands for both forms. Moreover, both forms were adsorbed onto a concanavalin A-agarose column. The core protein domain of both forms had the same molecular mass of 30 kDa. The 32-kDa cathepsin L was phosphorylated, while the 34-kDa lysosomal form was dephosphorylated, perhaps because of the lysosomal marker enzyme, acid phosphatase. These results suggest that the active 32-kDa form does not enter the lysosomes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the active 32-kDa cathepsin L is secreted directly from the HT 1080 cells and not via lysosomal exocytosis.
Energy Reduction in SRAM using Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Management (2008)

This paper describes a dynamic voltage frequency control scheme for a 256 X 64 SRAM block for reducing the energy in active mode and stand-by mode. The DVFM control system monitors the external clock and changes the supply voltage and the body bias so as to achieve a significant reduction in energy. The behavioral model of the proposed DVFM control system algorithm is described and simulated in HDL using delay and energy parameters obtained through SPICE simulation. The frequency range dictated by an external controller is 100 MHz to I GHz. The supply voltage of the complete memory system is varied in steps of 50 mV over the range of 500 mV to IV. The threshold voltage range of operation is plusmn100 mV around the nominal value, achieving 83.4% energy reduction in the active mode and 86.7% in the stand-by mode. This paper also proposes a energy replica that is used in the energy monitor subsystem of the DVFM system.
Elektronisk publicering: vetenskapliga dokument med åtkomst via webben (2003)

The aim of this master thesis is to study electronic publishing, and our main purpose is to examine different strategies of publishing such as: markup languages and page description formats. We examine in what context these strategies are used for publishing, when it comes to scholarly documents produced by Swedish universities and university colleges during the spring of 2002. We apply a sociological perspective as the theoretical framework for to identify the main purposes for scientists to publish their work. We also discuss properties belonging to the different formats: XML, HTML, PDF and PostScript. By doing a content based survey of the websites at Borås University College and at Gothenburg University, we have found that the most common form of electronic publishing, regarding scholarly documents, are lists with bibliographical information on publications and presentations of current research. PDF is the most common format used for full text documents, while XML is regarded the format of the future. When it comes to presentations of current research, HTML is the most used format. By doing a study of a project at Uppsala University we could identify difficulties and problems that can occur when starting and maintaining an electronic publishing project. Examples from other projects confirm these aspects.
The Association of Mean Platelet Volume with Intra Ventricular Hemorrhage and Broncho Pulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants. (2015)

MPV value at first 48 hours of life can be noted as a simple biomarker for occurrence of BPD and specially IVH in preterm infants.
Micro-distribution of tetrodotoxin in the puffer tissue (2002)

A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for localization of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the skin of a brackishwater puffer Tetraodon steindachneri (“hachinojifugu”) was investigated. Deparaffinized skin sections were incubated with 25% goat serum for 30min to block non-specific binding sites. Blocked sections were incubated with monoclonal TTX antibody diluted 1: 100 in D-PBS for 1h, and incubated again with goat anti-masse lgG biotin conjugate diluted 1:200 goat serum for 30min. Specific binding sites ware detected by incubating the section in a mixture of 20mg DAB and 0.1ml of 5% H2O2 in 100ml of 0.05M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6) for 10-12 sec. TTX was recognized in the undifferentiated basal cells and succiform cells in the skin under light microscope. Malphigian cells of the skin did not exhibit any TTX antigen. Neither gland nor enclosed gland-like apparatus possessing TTX was observed in the skin. On the otherhand, anatomical distribution of TTX in T. steindachneri was also reported in this paper, showing the highest toxicity (90-220 MU/g) in the skin, followed by muscle (5.4-15 MU/g).
βig-h3 triggers signaling pathways mediating adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells through αvβ5 integrin (2006)

Adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These processes involve the interaction of VSMCs with extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we investigated integrin isoforms and signaling pathways mediating the adhesion and migration of VSMCs on betaig-h3, a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-inducible extracellular matrix protein that is elevated in atherosclerotic plaques. Adhesion assays showed that the alphavbeta5 integrin is a functional receptor for the adhesion of aortic VSMCs to betaig-h3. An YH18 motif containing amino acids between 563 and 580 of betaig-h3 was an essential motif for the adhesion and growth of VSMCs. Interaction between the YH18 motif and the alphavbeta5 integrin was responsible for the migration of VSMCs on betaig-h3. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Src kinase reduced the adhesion and migration of VSMCs on betaig-h3. betaig-h3 triggered phosphorylation and activation of AKT, ERK, focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin mediating the adhesion and migration of VSMCs. Taken together, these results suggest that betaig-h3 and alphavbeta5 integrin play a role in the adhesion and migration of VSMCs during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection (1998)

Since acceptance of the association between Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease, eradication of H. pylori has become the standard of care in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Unfortunately, eradication therapy is no easy task, especially when one is faced with a myriad of drug combinations with varying degrees of efficacy and tolerability. The following is a review of the literature regarding the drugs and drug combinations used to eradicate H. pylori and their effectiveness both as single agents and in combination.
Conus Peptides: Phylogenetic Range of Biological Activity (1992)

The major function of the venoms of the predatory marine snails belonging to the genus Conus is to paralyze prey. Thus, the venom of each Conus species acts on receptors and ion channels of the prey; previous studies suggested much less activity on homologous receptor targets in more distant taxa. In this article, we address the question of whether some peptide components of Conus venoms ("conopeptides") have "cross-phylum" biological activity. We examined the venom of Conus textile, a mollusk-hunting Conus, using a mammalian biological activity assay. We purified a 23 amino acid "convulsant peptide" with potent activity in the mammalian CNS, even though it comes from the venom of a snail-hunting Conus species. A survey of Conus textile venom fractions indicates that, in addition to the convulsant peptide, many other components of this venom will exhibit "cross-phylum" biological activity. Conopeptides with broad-range phylogenetic specificity should be useful tools for studying the evolution of receptors and ion channels, and of nervous systems.
Multi-channel electrical impedance tomography for regional tissue hydration monitoring (2014)

Poor assessment of hydration status during hemodialysis can lead to under- or over-hydration in patients with consequences of increased morbidity and mortality. In current practice, fluid management is largely based on clinical assessments to estimate dry weight (normal hydration body weight). However, hemodialysis patients usually have co-morbidities that can make the signs of fluid status ambiguous. Therefore, achieving normal hydration status remains a major challenge for hemodialysis therapy. Electrical impedance technology has emerged as a promising method for hydration monitoring due to its non-invasive nature, low cost and ease-of-use. Conventional electrical impedance-based hydration monitoring systems employ single-channel current excitation (either 2-electrode or 4-electrode methods) to perturb and extract averaged impedance from bulk tissue and use generalized models from large populations to derive hydration estimates. In the present study, a prototype, single-frequency electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system with simultaneous multi-channel current excitation was used to enable regional hydration change detection. We demonstrated the capability to detect a difference in daily impedance change between left leg and right leg in healthy human subjects, who wore a compression sock only on one leg to reduce daily gravitational fluid accumulation. The impedance difference corresponded well with the difference of lower leg volume change between left leg and right leg measured by volumetry, which on average is ~35 ml, accounting for 0.7% of the lower leg volume. We have demonstrated the feasibility of using multi-channel EIT to extract hydration information in different tissue layers with minimal skin interference. Our simultaneous, multi-channel current excitation approach provides an effective method to separate electrode contact impedance and skin condition artifacts from hydration signals. The prototype system has the potential to be used in clinical settings for helping optimize patient fluid management during hemodialysis as well as for home monitoring of patients with congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes and other diseases with peripheral edema symptoms.
Quantitative calibration of sound pressure in ultrasonic standing waves using the Schlieren method (2017)

We investigated the use of the Schlieren method to calibrate the sound pressure in an ultrasonic standing-wave field. Specifically, we derived an equation to calculate the light intensity of the diffraction fringe induced by the standing-wave field. The results indicated that the sound pressure in the standing-wave field relates to the light intensity of the diffraction fringe. Simulations and experiments were conducted to verify the theoretical calculation. We demonstrated that the ratio of the light intensity of different diffraction orders relates to the sound pressure amplitude, allowing the pressure amplitude to be calibrated with the Schlieren method. Therefore, this work presents a non-intrusive calibration method that is particularly suitable for calibrating high-frequency ultrasonic standing-wave fields.
Targeting Lactate Dehydrogenase B-dependent Mitochondrial Metabolism Affects Tumor Initiating Cells and Inhibits Tumorigenesis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Inducing MtDNA Damage (2022)

Abstract Once considered a waste product of anaerobic cellular metabolism, lactate has been identified as a critical regulator of tumorigenesis, maintenance, and progression. The putative primary function of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) is to catalyze the conversion of lactate to pyruvate; however, its role in regulating metabolism during tumorigenesis is largely unknown. To determine whether LDHB plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, we performed 2D and 3D in vitro experiments, utilized a conventional xenograft tumor model, and developed a novel genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in which we combined an LDHB deletion allele with an inducible model of lung adenocarcinoma driven by the concomitant loss of p53 (also known as Trp53) and expression of oncogenic KRAS (G12D) mutant (KP). Here, we show that epithelial-like, tumor-initiating NSCLC cells feature oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) phenotype that is regulated by LDHB-mediated lactate metabolism. We show that silencing of LDHB induces persistent mitochondrial DNA damage, decreases mitochondrial respiratory complex activity and OXPHOS, resulting in reduced levels of mitochondria-dependent metabolites, e.g., TCA intermediates, amino acids, and nucleotides. In addition, inhibition of LDHB dramatically reduced the survival of tumor-initiating cells and sphere formation in vitro , which can be partially restored by nucleotide supplementation. In addition, LDHB silencing reduced tumor initiation and growth of xenograft tumors. Furthermore, we report for the first time that homozygous deletion of LDHB significantly reduced lung tumorigenesis upon the concomitant loss of Tp53 and expression of oncogenic KRAS without considerably affecting the animal’s health status, thereby identifying LDHB as a potential target for NSCLC therapy. In conclusion, our study shows for the first time that LDHB is essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial metabolism, especially nucleotide metabolism, demonstrating that LDHB is crucial for the survival and proliferation of tumor-initiating cells and tumorigenesis.
Memorization Capacity of Neural Networks with Conditional Computation (2023)

Many empirical studies have demonstrated the performance benefits of conditional computation in neural networks, including reduced inference time and power consumption. We study the fundamental limits of neural conditional computation from the perspective of memorization capacity. For Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) networks without conditional computation, it is known that memorizing a collection of $n$ input-output relationships can be accomplished via a neural network with $O(\sqrt{n})$ neurons. Calculating the output of this neural network can be accomplished using $O(\sqrt{n})$ elementary arithmetic operations of additions, multiplications and comparisons for each input. Using a conditional ReLU network, we show that the same task can be accomplished using only $O(\log n)$ operations per input. This represents an almost exponential improvement as compared to networks without conditional computation. We also show that the $Θ(\log n)$ rate is the best possible. Our achievability result utilizes a general methodology to synthesize a conditional network out of an unconditional network in a computationally-efficient manner, bridging the gap between unconditional and conditional architectures.
Primary mechanisms of photoactivation of molecular oxygen. History of development and the modern status of research (2007)

This review starts from a brief historical account devoted to the principles of the Bach-Engler peroxidation theory and experiments and ideas which led A. N. Bach to its creation. Then, the discovery of photodynamic action is described, which was shown to result from pigment photosensitized activation of molecular oxygen. The dramatic history of mechanistic studies of oxygen photoactivation is reviewed starting from the Bach-Engler peroxidation theory to the hypothesis of moloxide, discovery of singlet oxygen and free radicals and, then, to modern views on the primary photoactivation processes. The origin of widely used division of photodynamic processes into type I and type II and the relation of these processes to the nature of the primary photochemical reactions of photosensitizers are discussed. New definitions of these reactions are proposed on the basis of the mechanisms of oxygen photoactivation. Photographs of the scientists who greatly contributed to the development of this field of research are presented.
Temperature dependence of the threshold current density in InP-Ga0.28In0.72As0.6P0.4 (λ=1.3 μm) double heterostructure lasers (1984)

The experimental threshold current density Jth(T) in InP-Ga0.28In0.72As0.6P0.4(λ=1.3 μm) double heterostructure lasers varies with temperature as exp(T/T0) with T0≂100 K for 100 K &amp;lt;T&amp;lt;250 K and with T≂65 K for 250 K&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;350 K. Numerous mechanisms have been suggested to explain this observed temperature dependence. The temperature dependence of gain gives T0≂100 K for T between 100 and 250 K, and T0≂200 K for T between 250 and 350 K. Inclusion of the temperature dependence of the Auger recombination and carrier concentration at threshold reduces T0 to ∼100 K in the 250 to 350 K temperature range. A leakage current of one-third of the total current at 300 K is required to reduce T0 to 65 K for 250 K&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;350 K. This leakage current is due to the hot carriers that result from Auger recombination and some of these carriers do not lose sufficient energy by interactions with the lattice to be confined by the heterojunction barriers. Previous experimental measurements found that the leakage current was 10–30% of the total current at room temperature. Another suggested cause of the small T0 is intervalence-band absorption. Extension of results for intervalence-band absorption in InP to Ga0.28In0.72As0.6P0.4 demonstrates that intervalence-band absorption is not significant.
Microstructure Control of Ni Base Alloys with High Volume Fraction of D0<sub>22</sub> Compound (2004)

Formation and morphology of A1/D0 22 two-phase microstructure have been investigated in Ni-V alloys in order to study the fundamentals for microstructure control of wrought alloys containing high volume fraction of tetragonal compound. In the hypo-stoichiometric composition of Ni 3 V, formation of "multivariant structure (MVS)" consisting of D0 22 single phase takes place below T 0 temperature. By aging in the A1/D0 22 two-phase region, A1 phase is introduced into MVS via two different modes: precipitation with incoherent interfaces and continuous phase separation with coherent interfaces. The latter case is attractive because the interface between the two phases remains coherency after long-term aging at elevated temperatures, even though coarsening of D0 22 phase occurs. In the binary alloy, the morphology of coherent two-phase microstructure becomes "maze", where the D0 22 phase has plate in shape with irrational habit planes close to {304) D022 . The habit plane is parallel to one of the a-axes of D0 22 and an invariant line between the two phases, since the misfit strains along a-and c-axes of D0 22 , a and c , respectively, have the relationship of a <0< c . The calculation based on the lattice invariant theory as well as experimental results clearly demonstrate that the misfit strain ratio c / a is a dominant factor to determine the habit plane and that the value of | a | is the key factor for the shape of D0 22 phase. The reduction in | a | can change the shape drastically from plate into prism elongated along an a-axis, leading to the formation of thermally stable "chessboard" microstructure in the two-phase alloys.
Precision measurement of crack closure state with vibrothermography (2016)

Crack closure state is a controlling parameter in Vibrothermographpy testing as well as other Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques. The closure phenomenon reduces probability of detection (POD) by reducing the effective crack size. For this reason, understanding and quantifying closure has implications in the field of NDE. Cracks grown under fatigue have unpredictable and diffcult to quantify closure states. We propose a simple model to quantify crack closure and measure residual stress. The analysis is limited to the case of 1D residual loading of a through crack. Extensions can be made to the more applicable semi-elliptical surface crack. This model is introduced to replace the model previously suggested by Renshaw [1]. The model is applied to thermal data taken on rectangular test specimens with fatigue cracks.
A Computer Vision Approach for Autonomous Wind Turbine Inspection using a Multicopter (2014)

This thesis studies the mission of autonomous inspection of a wind turbine using a multicopter. Emphasis was placed on recognition and tracking using image processing methods. The Hough line transform was used to extract features of the wind turbine. Hub position was estimated by an algorithm tailored to identify the three-point star resemblance and was tracked by utilizing the Kalman filter. Distance and yaw orientation of the wind turbine were estimated using the pinhole camera model and coordinate transformations. Restricting computational demand was a goal in the program design. Experiments showed accurate position tracking at long range, but with deteriorating performance as range was decreased. Lack of distinctive measurable lengths in the image caused inaccuracy in estimation of distance and yaw orientation. Execution frequency of below 7 Hz was achieved on a single-board computer which was found to be sufficient for reliable control in flight.