gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Freezing Point Depression of Electrolyte Solutions: Experimental Measurements and Modeling Using the Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State (2008)

New experimental freezing point depressions of six binary solutions (H2O−NaCl, H2O−CaCl2, H2O−MgCl2, H2O−KOH, H2O−ZnCl2, and H2O−ZnBr2) and four ternary solutions (H2O−NaC1−KCl, H2O−NaC1−CaCl2, H2O−KC1−CaCl2, and H2O−NaC1−MgCl2) have been measured by a reliable differential temperature technique. The available experimental literature data on the freezing point depression in addition to the vapor pressure data of aqueous electrolyte solutions for NaCl, KCl, KOH, CaCl2, MgCl2, CaBr2, ZnCl2, and ZnBr2 have been used to optimize binary interaction parameters between salts and water. The fugacity of water in salt-free aqueous phase has been modeled by the cubic-plus-association (CPA) equation of state. The Debye–Hückel electrostatic term has been used for taking into account the effect of salt on the fugacity of water when electrolytes are present. Model predictions are validated against independent experimental data generated in this work for both single and mixed electrolyte solutions and a good agreement between predictions and experimental data is observed, supporting the reliability of the developed model.
Emergence of Species-Specific Transporters During Evolution of the Hemiascomycete Phylum (2005)

We have traced the evolution patterns of 2480 transmembrane transporters from five complete genome sequences spanning the entire Hemiascomycete phylum: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyces lactis, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Yarrowia lipolytica. The use of nonambiguous functional and phylogenetic criteria derived from the TCDB classification system has allowed the identification within the Hemiascomycete phylum of 97 small phylogenetic transporter subfamilies comprising a total of 355 transporters submitted to four distinct evolution patterns named "ubiquitous," "species specific," "phylum gains and losses," or "homoplasic." This analysis identifies the transporters that contribute to the emergence of species during the evolution of the Hemiascomycete phylum and may aid in establishing novel phylogenetic criteria for species classification.
‘I am not ‘ginger’, I am Edward!’: labelling and chronic illness (2011)

Barrie Green shares his experiences of living with a long-term condition and being ‘labelled’
Self-healing materials: structure elucidation with SAXS (2018)

Healable materials could play an important role in reducing the environmental footprint of our modern technological society through extending the life cycles of consumer products and constructions. Future technologies require smart materials with advanced properties including responsiveness to external stimuli and particularly the ability to autonomously repair inflicted damage. The introduction of reversible connections in the polymer architecture, either in a non-covalent fashion, such as in supramolecular polymers, or by using dynamic covalent chemistry. One facile approach involves the implementation of reversible polymer networks as they offer high mechanical strength and thermal properties that are readily modified by the nature of the connecting dynamic bonds and the crosslinking density. In this context, small-angle scattering allows a detailed insight into the network structure of self-healing polymers either in bulk materials or in form of hydrogels. Here we report on how small-angle scattering can contribute to reveal the network structure. A first example is the conditional repair by locally switching the thermal healing capability of dynamic covalent polymers with light.
 Typical experimental SAXS curves of a photo- and thermal switchable polymer are shown. The scattering pattern show three characteristics. Region 1 is dominated by a forward scattering interpreted as resultant from large scale inhomogeneities of the bulk polymers (characterized by a first correlation length). The second scattering contribution can be interpreted as resultant from the network and is characterized by its entanglement distance. The mesh size of this network can be described by a second correlation length. Region 3 of the scattering pattern is dominated by a broad peak. Taking all effects into account, we approximate the total scattering as a sum of the three scattering contributions. In particular, the Debye-Buche function is used for I1 the Ornstein-Zernike function for the crosslinking contribution I2 and a Lorentzian peak function. We discussed this simple and more sophisticated approaches for revealing network structures. Examples of studies from hydrogel networks are provided as important materials with polymeric networks in life science applications. Finally, the determination of mesh size distributions as a function of temperature, time and healing efficiency is discussed in detail.
3D-printed synthetic tissues (2016)

‘Bottom-up’ approaches in synthetic biology have been used to construct synthetic cells from simple biological components. By contrast, relatively little work has been done on synthetic tissues in which collections of cells cooperate to achieve functionality that cannot be generated by individual compartments. We have developed a 3D printer, which can create structures containing hundreds or thousands of communicating aqueous droplets arranged in programmed patterns. These tissue-like materials can adopt properties such as the ability to fold or conduct electrical signals. Furthermore, the properties of the materials can be extended, so that they become true synthetic tissues through the performance of sophisticated functions such as protein synthesis. In addition, we have shown that 3D-printed synthetic tissues can be controlled and energized externally, for example by light. Printed synthetic tissues might find a variety of uses in medicine and could even be interfaced directly with living tissues. As they contain no genome and cannot replicate, synthetic tissues are comparatively safe for medical applications.
What You Need to Know About Software Contracts (1985)

Abstract Because the software industry is undergoing an accelerated rate of development, contract standardization is difficult, and contracts are frequently inconsistent. The MIS manager can contend with these discrepancies by understanding the fundamental software contract provisions and by protecting the rights of the organization while respecting the legitimate concerns of the software vendor.
Anion-Dependent Self-Assembly of Near-Infrared Luminescent 24- and 32-Metal Cd–Ln Complexes with Drum-like Architectures (2013)

Two series of 4d-4f clusters [Ln8Cd24L12(OAc)48] and [Ln6Cd18L9Cl8(10)(OAc)28(26)] (Ln = Nd, Gd, Er, and Yb) with novel drum-like structures were prepared using a flexible Schiff base ligand. Their NIR luminescence properties were determined.
Location Update Accuracy in Human Tracking system using Zigbee modules (2009)

A location and tracking system becomes very important to our future world of pervasive computing. An algorithm for accurate location information is being incorporated in the human walking model and in the blind human walking model. We want to implement an accurate location tracking mechanism using Zigbee along with GPS, we have incorporated Markov chain algorithm for establishing accuracy. Normal Human and blind human walking steps were actually taken in the known environment within our campus and the Markov chain algorithm was used for smoothening the stepwise variation in location updates. A comparison module is also implemented to show the difference between normal human and blind human walking step variations. This accuracy is used for designing a blind tracking device so that the device can be used by the blind for finding the path without obstacles. We present a system level approach to localizing and tracking Human and blind users on a basis of different sources of location information [GPS plus Zigbee]. The system can be applied outdoors especially for avoiding accidents, GPS as the source of location data. Performance evaluation shows that the system is accurate and it is a future path finding device with service for the blind.
History of UltraWideBand (UWB) Radar & Communications: Pioneers and Innovators (2000)

ed intelligence signals. 7.0 Russian Systems There has been extensive development of UWB systems and subsystems in the former Soviet Union and the present Russian Federation. The work arose out of programs to improve power systems in the 1950s. Even at this stage, the difference was noted between conventional continuous wave signal description methods and ultrashort pulse methods (e.g., Zernov, 1951). The simplicity of the methods of time domain analysis for short pulse UWB signals, as opposed to continuous, steady state signals, was described by Kharcevitch (1952). Initially, radio pulses of nanosecond duration were generated using traveling wave tube modulation (Astanin & Kardo-Sysoev, 2000). In 1957 Astanin at the A. Mozjaisky Military Air Force Academy developed an X-band 0.5 nanosecond duration transmitter for waveguide study. A receiver-correlator with a T-bridge waveguide and mechanically controlled delay was used (Astanin, 1964). At the same time, at the Radioelectronics Institute of the USSR Academy of Science, Kobzarev and collaborators conducted tests on indoor ranges of ultrashort pulse high resolution radars. These constituted the first stage of development of UWB systems in Russia (Astanin & KardoSysoev, 2000). The next stage of development utilized fast semiconductor switches, beginning with Shatz (1963), and continuing at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (see below). As in the United States, progress was facilitated by the availability of fast sampling
Generating Affective Natural Language for Parents of Neonatal Infants (2011)

The thesis presented here describes original research in the field of Natural Language Generation (NLG). NLG is the subfield of artificial intelligence that is concerned with the automatic production of documents from underlying data. This thesis in particular focuses on developing new and novel methods for generating text that takes into consideration the recipient’s level of stress as a factor to adapt the resultant textural output. This consideration of taking the recipient level of stress was particularly salient due to the domain that this research was conducted under; providing information for parents of pre-term infants during neonatal intensive care (NICU). A highly technical and stressful environment for parents where emotional sensitivity must be shown for the nature of information presented. We have investigated the emotional and informational needs of these parents through an extensive past literature review and two separate research studies with former and current NICU parents. The NLG system built for this research was called BabyTalk Family (BT-Family). A system that can produce a textual summary of medical events that has occurred for a baby in NICU in last twenty-four hours for parents. The novelty of this system is that is capable of estimating the level of stress of the recipient and by using several affective NLG strategies it is able to tailor it’s output for a stressed audience. Unlike traditional NLG systems where the output would remain unchanged regardless of emotional state of the recipient. The key innovation in this system was the integration of several affective strategies in the Document Planner for tailoring textual output for stress recipients. BT-Family’s output was evaluated with thirteen parents that previously had baby in neonatal care. We developed a methodology for an evaluation that involved a direct comparison between stressed and unstressed text for the same given medical scenario for variables such as preference, understandability, helpfulness, and emotional appropriateness. The results, obtained showed the parents overwhelming preferred the stressed text for all of the variables measured.
Peculiar pitch angle distribution of relativistic electrons in the inner radiation belt and slot region (2014)

The relativistic electrons in the inner radiation belt have received little attention in the past due to sparse measurements and unforgiving contamination from the inner belt protons. The high-quality measurements of the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer instrument onboard Van Allen Probes provide a great opportunity to investigate the dynamics of relativistic electrons in the low L region. In this letter, we report the newly unveiled pitch angle distribution (PAD) of the energetic electrons with minima at 90° near the magnetic equator in the inner belt and slot region. Such a PAD is persistently present throughout the inner belt and appears in the slot region during storms. One hypothesis for 90° minimum PADs is that off 90° electrons are preferentially heated by chorus waves just outside the plasmapause (which can be at very low L during storms) and/or fast magnetosonic waves which exist both inside and outside the plasmasphere.
Supplementary Table S3 from Emerging Developments in ETS-Positive Prostate Cancer Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S3&lt;/p&gt;
LABORATORY DEVELOPMENT OF THE UAP PROCESS (1950)

carboxylic-phenolic ion-exchange resin to sorb the remaining radionuclides. After passage of 1,500 to 2,000 resin-bed volumes, the resin was eluted with 10 volumes of 0.5 M HNO/sub 3/. Sodium carbonate can be added in the precipitation step to aid the quantitative precipitation of calcium for wastes that contain small amounts of phosphates, or alternatively, an extra ion-exchange column of carboxylic resin can be used to remove calcium and thus conserve the capacity of the phenolic resin for cesium and strontium. Three kinds of studies were made: batch laboratory-scale studies, continuous nonradioactive runs at 15 liters/hr, and runs with radioactive waste at 60 liters/ hr. These studies led to a pilot-plant demonstration of the process. The process is similar to that reported in ORNL-3036, which describes the use of a sulfonic-phenolic resin and a 5 M HCl regenerant. (auth)
Minimal effect of messaging on engagement in a digital anxiety intervention. (2023)

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different recruitment messages for encouraging enrollment in a digital mental health intervention (DMHI) for anxiety among 1,600 anxious patients in a large healthcare system. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a standard message, or one of five messages designed to encourage enrollment: Three messages offered varying financial incentives, one message offered coaching, and one message provided consumer testimonials. Patients could then click a link in the message to visit the DMHI website, enroll, and start the first session. We examined the effects of message features and message length (short vs. long) on rates of site clicks, enrollment, and starting the first session. We also tested whether demographic and clinical factors derived from patients' electronic health records were associated with rates of enrollment and starting the first session to understand the characteristics of patients most likely to use DMHIs in this setting. Across messages, 19.4% of patients clicked a link to visit the DMHI website, but none of the messages were significantly associated with rates of site clicks, enrollment, or starting the first session. Females (vs. males) had a greater probability of enrollment. No other demographic or clinical variables were significantly associated with enrollment or starting the first session. Findings provide guidance for resource allocation decisions in larger scale DMHI implementations in healthcare settings.
Influence of electron injection on performance of GaN photodetectors (2002)

It is demonstrated that short-time (up to 1200 s) electron injection into the p-region of GaN p–n junction, as a result of forward bias application, leads to a long-term multifold enhancement of the device peak responsivity as well as to a spectral broadening of the photoresponse. The effect is found to persist for several days and is related to an increased minority carrier diffusion length in the p region, due to an injected electron trapping on deep levels associated with Mg acceptors.
Heavy metal speciation in the composting process (2002)

Composting is one of the more efficient and environment friendly methods of solid waste disposal and has many advantages when compared with landfill disposal on which the UK and Ireland are currently heavily dependent. Composting is a very complicated process involving intensive microbial activity and the detailed mechanisms of the process have yet to be fully understood. Metal speciation information can provide an insight into the metal-microbial interaction and would help in the evaluation of the quality of compost. This would facilitate the exploitation of composts in remediation of heavy metal contaminated land. In this work a systematic approach to metal speciation in compost has been taken by applying the three-step method for operationally defined metal speciation of soils and sediments, developed by the European Commission's Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme to monitor the change in metal speciation with time (up to 106 days) for four different waste composting processes. The results have shown that in general metals become less available for the first extraction step as the composting process proceeds. This implies that composting tends to redistribute the metals from more labile forms to more fixed forms which may explain why the application of composts could be useful for with heavy metal contaminated land. There are exceptions to this trend and in some cases, certain metals appear to behave differently depending on the source of the compost.
IGF1 Receptor Expression Protects against Microenvironmental Stress Found in the Solid Tumor (2002)

The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a tyrosine kinase, transmembrane receptor expressed in most body tissues and required for normal growth of cells. In cell culture, overexpression of the receptor has been shown to promote transformation and enhance cell survival in response to selected cytotoxic agents. As tumors develop, abnormalities in vascularization lead to a heterogeneous environment that includes areas of hypoxia, low pH and low glucose. Here we report that the overexpression of the IGF1R promotes increased survival in cells exposed to hypoxia, low pH and low glucose. Furthermore, cells lacking the receptor due to targeted disruption of the IGF1R gene do not survive as well as normal cells in such conditions. In addition, we find that cells can activate the IGF1R gene promoter in response to these conditions, and immunoblot analyses show increased receptor protein levels in cell exposed to hypoxia. Our results suggest a pathway of cancer cell adaptation to the tumor microenvironment in which conditions of the environment may induce expression of IGF1R, and this subsequent overexpression of the receptor may increase cell survival in such conditions.
Strange and charm contributions to nucleon charges and moments (2022)

We present preliminary results for strange and charm contributions to nucleon charges and moments. The scalar, axial and tensor charges, and unpolarized first moments are calculated using clover-on-HISQ formulation and cover four lattice spacings, $a=\{0.06,0.09,0.12, 0.15\}$~fm, and three pion masses, $M_\pi=\{310,220,130\}$~MeV. The renormalization factors are calculated nonperturbatively using the RI-sMOM scheme. We carry out a chiral and continuum extrapolation to obtain physical results.
Anatomy aware-based 2.5D bronchoscope tracking for image-guided bronchoscopic navigation (2022)

Physicians use an endoscopic navigation system during bronchoscopy to decrease the risk of getting lost in complex tree-structure like bronchus. Most existing navigation systems based on the camera pose estimated from bronchoscope tracking and/or deep learning. However, bronchoscope tracking-based method exists tracking error, and the pre-training of the model needs massive data. This paper describes an improved bronchoscope tracking procedure by adopting image domain translation technique to improve tracking performance. Specifically, our scheme consists of three modules, an RGB-D image domain translation module, an anatomical structure classification module and a structure-aware bronchoscope tracking module. The RGB-D image domain translation module translates a real bronchoscope (RB) image to its corresponding virtual bronchoscope image and depth image. The anatomical dependency module classifies the current scene into two categories: structureless and rich structure. The bronchoscope tracking module uses a modified video-CT bronchoscope tracking approach to estimate camera pose. Experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved higher tracking accuracy than the current state-of-the-art bronchoscope tracking methods.
Compensation of asymmetrical latency for ethernet clock synchronization (2011)

Clock synchronization has become an indispensable service in most distributed systems as it allows to sort events on a common time scale and coordinate collaborative actions.With the demand for even higher synchronization accuracy, new challenges and barriers have to be tackled to fulfill these requirements. One of them, the inevitable signal propagation time between the devices, is compensated in many state-of-the-art synchronization protocols by round-trip measurements, neglecting any form of delay asymmetry of the communication link. In this paper, we analyze the impact of asymmetry in networks based on the physical layer of copper-based Ethernet and compare different approaches on how to mitigate the impact of asymmetry. We propose a non-invasive system performing asymmetry measurements on a link basis and show that such a system can integrate into existing synchronization solutions.
Tetromino tilings and the Tutte polynomial (2007)

8 pages, 6 figures
Surgical site infection and costs in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the economic burden (2020)

SSIs were revealed to have a significant cost burden in both LMICs and High Income Countries in Europe. The magnitude of the costs depends on the SSI definition used, severity of SSI, patient population, choice of comparator, hospital setting, and cost items included. Differences in study design affected the comparability across studies. There is need for multicentre studies with standardized data collection methods to capture relevant costs and consequences of the infection across income settings.
The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): technical overview (2018)

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) will expand the information space for study of cosmic sources, by adding polarization to the properties (time, energy, and position) observed in x-ray astronomy. Selected in 2017 January as a NASA Astrophysics Small Explorer (SMEX) mission, IXPE will be launched into an equatorial orbit in 2021. The IXPE observatory includes three identical x-ray telescopes, each comprising a 4-m-focal-length (grazing-incidence) mirror module assembly (MMA) and a polarization-sensitive (imaging) detector unit (DU). The optical bench separating the MMAs from the DUs is a deployable boom with a tip/tilt/rotation stage for DU-to-MMA (gang) alignment, similar to the configuration used for the NuSTAR observatory. The IXPE mission will provide scientifically meaningful measurements of the x-ray polarization of a few dozen sources in the 2-8 keV band, over the first two years of the mission. For several bright, extended x-ray sources (pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants, and an active-galaxy jet), IXPE observations will produce polarization maps indicating the magnetic structure of the synchrotron emitting regions. For many bright pulsating x-ray sources (isolated pulsars, accreting x-ray pulsars, and magnetars), IXPE observations will produce phase-resolved profiles of the polarization degree and position angle.