gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unfallanalyse von Rettungshubschraubern in Deutschland zwischen 1999 und 2004 (2006)

Jährlich werden in Deutschland etwa 80 000 Hubschraubereinsätze zur Rettung von schwer kranken oder schwer verletzten Patienten durchgeführt. Im Vergleich zur gewerbsmäßigen Beförderung von Passagieren im Routineflugbetrieb ist dabei das Risiko für Flugunfälle jedoch deutlich erhöht. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die deskriptive Analyse von registrierten Unfällen mit Rettungshubschraubern in Deutschland innerhalb eines 6-Jahres-Zeitraums (1999 - 2004). Die Flugunfälle wurden in den jährlich publizierten Flugunfallberichten der Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (BFU) identifiziert. Rahmendaten der Unfälle und aller beteiligten Träger (ADAC, Team DRF, Bundeswehr, Bundesministerium des Innern und private Träger) wurden zusätzlich im Internet (Unfallberichte, Zeitungsartikel u. a.) recherchiert. Zur statistischen Analyse dichotomer Merkmale wurde der Fishers' exact Test genutzt, p < 0,05 galt als statistisch signifikant. In den analysierten sechs Jahren wurden insgesamt n = 24 Rettungshubschrauberunfälle identifiziert (n = 22 tagsüber, n = 2 nachts). 54 % (n = 13) der Unfälle traten bei der Landung auf und 17 % (n = 4) beim Stand auf dem Boden. 29 % (n = 7) verteilten sich auf die restlichen Flugabschnitte (Start, Abflug, Reiseflug). Bei fünf Flugunfällen wurden insgesamt sieben Besatzungsmitglieder getötet, drei schwer und zwei leicht verletzt. Weiterhin wurden eine Person außerhalb des Luftfahrzeugs schwer verletzt und zwei weitere leicht verletzt. Patienten wurden im Untersuchungszeitraum nicht verletzt. Die Unfallrate pro 10 000 Einsätze sank signifikant (p < 0,05), pro 100 000 Flugstunden konnte im Vergleich mit Vordaten keine Reduktion nachgewiesen werden (n. s.). Die Mehrzahl der Unfälle ereignet sich tagsüber bei der Landung. Im Vergleich mit älteren Daten wurde eine signifikant geringere Unfallrate pro 10 000 Einsätze gefunden. Bei der Analyse der Daten pro 100 000 Flugstunden konnte diese Tendenz nicht statistisch belegt werden.
Sensorless Phase-Tracking Control System for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors (2009)

Permanentmagnet (PM) motors have become increasingly popular owing to their use in many applications. PM motor drives require rotorposition sensors. Many techniques that do not involve the use of sensors have been developed for estimation the rotor position from voltage and current measurements.We proposed a novel sensorless control system for PM motor drives that did not require position estimation(3). The system can be easily constructed without using any motor parameters. The system works well over a wide speed-control range; from low to high speeds.In this paper, we describe in detail the principle underlying the proposed sensorless control system for PM motor drives and demonstrate the implementation of the system. Further we present experimental results that confirm the feasibility of the proposed control system.
Group-index-matched frequency conversion in lithium niobate on insulator waveguides (2022)

Sources of spectrally engineered photonic states are a key resource in several quantum technologies. Of particular importance are the so-called factorizable biphoton states, which possess no spectral entanglement and hence, are ideal for heralded generation of high-purity single photons. An essential prerequisite for generating these states through nonlinear frequency conversion is the control over the group indices of the photonic modes of the source. Here, we show that thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) is an excellent platform for this purpose. We design and fabricate periodically poled ridge waveguides in LNOI to demonstrate group index engineering of its guided photonic modes and harness this control to experimentally realize on-chip group index matched type-II sum-frequency generation (SFG). Also, we numerically study the role of the top cladding layer in tuning the dispersion properties of the ridge waveguide structures and reveal a distinctive difference between the air and silica-clad designs which are currently among the two most common device cladding configurations in LNOI. We expect that these results will be relevant for various classical and quantum applications where dispersion control is crucial in tailoring the nonlinear response of the LNOI-based devices.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Leukemia and Cardiovascular Events (2019)

Targeted oncology therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment over the last decade and have resulted in improved prognosis for many patients. This advance has emanated from elucidation of pathways responsible for tumorigenesis followed by targeting of these pathways by specific molecules. Cardiovascular care has become an increasingly critical aspect of patient care in part because patients live longer, but also due to potential associated toxicities from these therapies. Because of the targeted nature of cancer therapies, cardiac and vascular side effects may additionally provide insights into the basic biology of vascular disease. We herein provide the example of tyrosine kinase inhibitors utilized in chronic myelogenous leukemia to illustrate this medical transformation. We describe the vascular considerations for the clinical care of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients as well as the emerging literature on mechanisms of toxicities of the individual tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We additionally postulate that basic insights into toxicities of novel cancer therapies may serve as a new platform for investigation in vascular biology and a new translational research opportunity in vascular medicine.
Prevention of Second Primary Tumors by an Acyclic Retinoid in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (1999)

To the Editor: Chemoprevention can prevent second primary cancers in patients with cancer,1 but the effect of secondary cancer prevention on absolute survival has not been established. In 1996 we r...
Comparative analysis of replication characteristics of BoHV-1 subtypes in bovine respiratory and genital mucosa explants: a phylogenetic enlightenment (2011)

In general, members of the Alphaherpesvirinae use the epithelium of the upper respiratory and/or genital tract as a preferential site for primary replication. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) may replicate at both sites and cause two major clinical entities designated as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis/balanoposthitis (IPV/IPB) in cattle. It has been hypothesized that subtype 1.1 invades preferentially the upper respiratory mucosa whereas subtype 1.2 favors replication at the peripheral genital tract. However, some studies are in contrast with this hypothesis. A thorough study of primary replication at both mucosae could elucidate whether or not different BoHV-1 subtypes show differences in mucosa tropism. We established bovine respiratory and genital organ cultures with emphasis on maintenance of tissue morphology and viability during in vitro culture. In a next step, bovine respiratory and genital mucosa explants of the same animals were inoculated with several BoHV-1 subtypes. A quantitative analysis of viral invasion in the mucosa was performed at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post inoculation (pi) by measuring plaque latitude and penetration depth underneath the basement membrane. All BoHV-1 subtypes exhibited a more profound invasion capacity in respiratory tissue compared to that in genital tissue at 24 h pi. However, at 24 h pi plaque latitude was found to be larger in genital tissue compared to respiratory tissue and this for all subtypes. These similar findings among the different subtypes take the edge off the belief of the existence of specific mucosa tropisms of different BoHV-1 subtypes.
Merging Magnetic and Electric Resonances for All-Dielectric Nanoantenna Arrays (2013)

We spectrally overlap the magnetic and electric resonances in all-dielectric silicon nanodisk arrays by tuning the disk aspect ratio. This offers new opportunities for functional metasurfaces and conceptually new all-dielectric unidirectional nanoantennas.
RECOMBINANT OXALATE DECARBOXYLASE YVRK DEGRADES OXALATE IN A DOSE- AND TIME-DEPENDENT MANNER (2009)

A genome-wide scan was performed in participants from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study (1557 members of 330 mostly Caucasian pedigrees), with 401 microsatellite markers spaced on average at 10 cM. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the femoral neck, trochanter, Ward’s area, and lumbar spine with DXA. Our recent study (J Bone Mines Res 17 (2002), 1718) reported a number of regions with suggestive linkage to possible quantitative trait loci (QTL). The current study estimates the heterogeneity of linkage in these regions in subsamples of our pedigrees, stratified on the known biological contributors to bone mass of sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). The pedigree sample was stratified into three sets of subgroups by sex [males (age range 35– 96 years), females (29–91 years)], by age [60 or younger (29–60 years) and older than 60 (61–96 years)], and by BMI [stratified into low or high BMI, by median cut-off 27.7 in males (BMI range 17–53) and 25.8 in females (14–54)]. Heritability estimates of BMD (adjusted for age, anthropometry, nutrition, physical activity, and, in females, estrogen use) in subsamples ranged from 0.47 to 0.69. Two-point and multipoint variance component linkage analyses of BMD (using SOLAR) in subsamples supported findings of previously reported suggestive linkage results in the total sample on 8q24.13 and 14q31 (LODs > 2.0). However, heterogeneity of linkage was observed on 6p21.2 and 21qter, where findings in the total sample were not supported by subsamples. On the other hand, subsample-specific maxima were found, on 4q34.1 (males), 9q22-9q31 (younger), 16p13.2 (high BMI), and 17p13.3 (older), which were not reflected by the total sample results. In conclusion, heterogeneity of QTL effects was revealed in pedigree members stratified by sex, age, and BMI; in some instances new loci were identified in subgroups. These findings may suggest that effects of genes on the determination of BMD differ between men and women, younger and older, and lean and obese adults. Evaluation of family members stratified in homogeneous groups may be warranted in genetic studies of bone mass.
Progressive leukoencephalopathy caused by primary CNS lymphoma (2010)

Prominent leukoaraiosis is common in the clinical routine setting. In addition to microatheroma and hypertensive small vessel disease (lipohyalinosis), a large number of rare but clinically relevant differential diagnoses have to be considered. A man in his 60s presented with left pontine infarction and subsequent rapidly deteriorating leukoaraiosis associated with dementia. Standard non-invasive examination did not enable the correct diagnosis to be obtained. A brain biopsy sample revealed a combination of diffuse infiltrating and intravascular large B cell central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which has not previously been described in literature. Despite immediate treatment with state of the art chemotherapy, the patient died 3 months after the onset of symptoms. Diffuse infiltrating and intravascular primary CNS lymphoma is a rare cause of rapidly progressive leukoencephalopathy and stroke mediated by neoplastic microvessel occlusion and inflammatory tissue damage. This report intends to increase awareness among neurologists and other stroke physicians about this disease in order to accelerate diagnosis and initiation of treatment.
Mechanism and characterization of alkylene‐ and p‐ethylenebenzylene‐spaced polycarbosilanes ceramic precursor synthesized by electropolymerization (2008)

Abstract An electropolymerization of haloalkylhalosilanes (ClRSiCH 3 Cl 2 ) that possess two types of electroactive sites, that is, the CCl and SiCl bond is described. The one‐pot synthesis method is shown to yield branched polycarbosilanes having a regular carbon block‐spaced silicon backbone structure. A series of branched polycarbosilanes, [RSiCH 3 ] n with R being CH 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 6 , and CH 2 C 6 H 4 C 2 H 4 , have been successfully electropolymerized with M n up to 42,600 Dalton. Experimental and simulation cyclic voltammetry of these monomers and the computational examination of their LUMOs are applied to study the electropolymerization mechanism. The results suggest that polymerization proceeds by iterating steps involving (1) electroreduction of a CCl bond to a carbanion, which is catalyzed by silylanion radical [Cl SiCl(CH 3 )RCl] and/or Ni(0)/TDA‐1; and (2) nucleophilic attack of carbanions to SiCl bonds of a second monomer or oligomer to extend the polymer chain. The investigation reveals that the R spacer has a considerable impact on the polymerizability of the corresponding monomer. Such interfacial polymerization resembles a template polymerization, leading to unique microstructures that were preserved even after converted to silicon carbide ceramics at high temperatures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7677–7689, 2008
On the Performance of Two Constant Modulus Algorithms in Equalization with non-CM Signals (2007)

A global assessment of the performance of gradient descent algorithms based on the constant modulus criteria CM(2,2) and CM(1,2), and denoted CMA2-2 and CMA1-2 respectively, is provided. To begin with, it is shown that no theoretical excess error with respect to the MMSE solution is introduced by the CM(2,2) criterion if the source signal satisfies the usual conditions and its kurtosis is 4/3, and the excess error introduced by the criterion CM(1,2) is negligible. Then, existing gradient excess mean-squared error estimations are confirmed through a different approach and they are completed by time constant estimations. Finally, for the same minimum mean-squared error, CMA2-2 is shown to be twice as fast as CMA1-2, which confirms the superiority of the CM(2,2) criterion in equalization with non-CM signals.
How Haptic Size Sensations Improve Distance Perception (2011)

Determining distances to objects is one of the most ubiquitous perceptual tasks in everyday life. Nevertheless, it is challenging because the information from a single image confounds object size and distance. Though our brains frequently judge distances accurately, the underlying computations employed by the brain are not well understood. Our work illuminates these computions by formulating a family of probabilistic models that encompass a variety of distinct hypotheses about distance and size perception. We compare these models ’ predictions to a set of human distance judgments in an interception experiment and use Bayesian analysis tools to quantitatively select the best hypothesis on the basis of its explanatory power and robustness over experimental data. The central question is: whether, and how, human distance perception incorporates size cues to improve accuracy. Our conclusions are: 1) humans incorporate haptic object size sensations for distance perception, 2) the incorporation of haptic sensations is suboptimal given their reliability, 3) humans use environmentally accurate size and distance priors, 4) distance judgments are produced by perceptual ‘‘posterior sampling’’. In addition, we compared our model’s estimated sensory and motor noise parameters with previously reported measurements in the perceptual literature and found good correspondence between them. Taken together, these results represent a major step forward in establishing the computational underpinnings of human distance perception and the role of size information.
Integrated microfluidic array plate (iMAP) for cellular and molecular analysis (2011)

Just as the Petri dish has been invaluable to the evolution of biomedical science in the last 100 years, microfluidic cell assay platforms have the potential to change significantly the way modern biology and clinical science are performed. However, an evolutionary process of creating an efficient microfluidic array for many different bioassays is necessary. Specifically for a complete view of a cell response it is essential to incorporate cytotoxic, protein and gene analysis on a single system. Here we present a novel cellular and molecular analysis platform, which allows access to gene expression, protein immunoassay, and cytotoxicity information in parallel. It is realized by an integrated microfluidic array plate (iMAP). The iMAP enables sample processing of cells, perfusion based cell culture, effective perturbation of biologic molecules or drugs, and simultaneous, real-time optical analysis for different bioassays. The key features of the iMAP design are the interface of on-board gravity driven flow, the open access input fluid exchange and the highly efficient sedimentation based cell capture mechanism (∼100% capture rates). The operation of the device is straightforward (tube and pump free) and capable of handling dilute samples (5-cells per experiment), low reagent volumes (50 nL per reaction), and performing single cell protein and gene expression measurements. We believe that the unique low cell number and triple analysis capabilities of the iMAP platform can enable novel dynamic studies of scarce cells.
Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions (1992)

The current storage temperature recommendation for avocado fruit Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass of 5 to 7C in California gives a maximum storage time of two to four weeks due to internal browning, caused by chilling injury (Cl), and softening. The postharvest response of mature avocado fruit to various storage conditions was studied to determine the' potential for extending their postharvest life. Fruit stored in air at 5C softened and developed severe Cl after nine weeks. Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage delayed softening and Cl, and retained good quality after nine weeks. Continuous ethylene exposure (1 or 10 ppm) in CA greatly increased softening and Cl. Carbon dioxide shock treatments (ranging from 10-30% for 3 days) were not effective in maintaining fruit quality. Avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) can be held successfully after harvest in cold storage for approximately 2 to 4 weeks. Optimum storage temperatures for avocado vary from 4.4C to 12.8C (Lutz and Hardenburg, 1968), depending on the cultivar. Storage time is limited by chilling injury and flesh softening. Chilling injury (Cl) of avocado occurs at temperatures required to arrest ripening. Ripening occurs rapidly at non-CI temperatures and results in soft fruit that are difficult to commercially handle (Eaks, 1976; and Arpaia et al., 1987). Experiments evaluating modified atmospheres for avocado were undertaken in the 1920's (Overholser, 1928, 1929). The effect of modification of the environment on avocado fruit respiration has been shown (Biale, 1946; and Young et al., 1962). Decreased oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide decreased the respiration rate and extended the time to reach the climacteric. Several investigators have shown that reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide prolonged storage but increased susceptibility to decay (Eksteen and Truter, 1985). The individual effects of low oxygen and high carbon dioxide on avocado fruit indicate a greater than additive effect of combined low oxygen and high carbon dioxide (Spalding and Reeder, 1975). High levels of ethylene in controlled atmospheres (CA) have been shown to have a negative impact on fruit quality (Hatton and Reeder, 1972). Beneficial effects of short term exposure to high carbon dioxide shock treatment followed by storage in air have been reported (Colin, 1984; Marcellin and Chaves, 1983; Truter and Eksteen, 1987). This
Impact of Chromatin Structures on DNA Processing for Genomic Analyses (2009)

Chromatin has an impact on recombination, repair, replication, and evolution of DNA. Here we report that chromatin structure also affects laboratory DNA manipulation in ways that distort the results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments. We initially discovered this effect at the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HMR locus, where we found that silenced chromatin was refractory to shearing, relative to euchromatin. Using input samples from ChIP-Seq studies, we detected a similar bias throughout the heterochromatic portions of the yeast genome. We also observed significant chromatin-related effects at telomeres, protein binding sites, and genes, reflected in the variation of input-Seq coverage. Experimental tests of candidate regions showed that chromatin influenced shearing at some loci, and that chromatin could also lead to enriched or depleted DNA levels in prepared samples, independently of shearing effects. Our results suggested that assays relying on immunoprecipitation of chromatin will be biased by intrinsic differences between regions packaged into different chromatin structures - biases which have been largely ignored to date. These results established the pervasiveness of this bias genome-wide, and suggested that this bias can be used to detect differences in chromatin structures across the genome.
Sprinklers, Crop Water Use, and Irrigation Time: Morgan County (2001)

Sprinkler irrigation has been an important part of Utahs agricultural production since the early 1950s. About 40 % of Utahs 1.3 million irrigated acres are watered with sprinklers, including hand move, wheel move, center pivot and other types. Sprinklers can be a good investment when properly designed, installed, maintained and managed. For every acre-foot of water supplied to an efficient sprinkler system a farmer can expect to harvest about 1 3/4 tons of alfalfa and 46 bushels of wheat. In contrast, the expected harvest with a typical surface irrigation system (flood or furrow) is less than 1 1/4 tons of alfalfa or about 30 bushels of wheat for each acre-foot of water applied. Sprinklers apply water more efficiently and uniformly than typical surface irrigation systems, thus they produce more yield for each acre-foot of water. Not all water applied by an irrigation system is used by the crop. Some water is lost to deep percolation, evaporation, or runoff. Application efficiency (Ea) is a term that tells how much of the water applied by the system is actually stored in the root zone for crop use. In Utah a typical sprinkler system has an Ea of 70 % which means that 70 % of the water applied by the sprinkler heads is actually stored in the soil for crop use. The actual Ea depends upon how evenly the sprinklers distribute water as well as other factors such as operating pressure, nozzle size and
Fast soft shadow visualization for deformable moving light sources using adaptively sampled light field shadow maps (2003)

This is a two-stage soft shadow visualization technique for deformable moving area light sources using adaptively sampled light field shadow maps. In the pre-processing stage, we create a slab of shadow maps for the sample points in a light template. To reduce storage costs, our adaptive sampling method stores each map in a quadtree and only stores fine details from those areas that need them. In the dynamic visualization stage, we make use of the shadow maps to efficiently construct/update the shadowed image. Once the scene is processed for the initial lighting setup, a new lighting setup can be computed even more rapidly if most of the light points do not change.