gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brain Ventricular Volume and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease (2010)

The frequent co-occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus suggests a possible link between ventricular dilation and AD. If enlarging ventricles serve as a marker of faulty cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance mechanisms, then a relationship may be demonstrable between increasing ventricular volume and decreasing levels of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) in CSF in preclinical and early AD. CSF biomarker data (Abeta, tau, and phosphorylated tau) as well as direct measurements of whole brain and ventricular volumes were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. The ratio of ventricular volume to whole brain volume was derived as a secondary independent measure. Baseline data were used for the group analyses of 288 subjects classified as being either normal (n=87), having the syndrome of mild cognitive impairment (n=136), or mild AD (n=65). Linear regression models were derived for each biomarker as the dependent variable, using the MRI volume measures and age as independent variables. For controls, ventricular volume was negatively associated with CSF Abeta in APOE epsilon4 positive subjects. A different pattern was seen in AD subjects, in whom ventricular volume was negatively associated with tau, but not Abeta in epsilon4 positive subjects. Increased ventricular volume may be associated with decreased levels of CSF Abeta in preclinical AD. The basis for the apparent effect of APOE epsilon4 genotype on the relationship of ventricular volume to Abeta and tau levels is unknown, but could involve altered CSF-blood-brain barrier function during the course of disease.
A review of geostatistical simulation models applied to satellite remote sensing: Methods and applications (2021)

Despite an ever-increasing number of spaceborne, airborne, and ground-based data acquisition platforms, remote sensing data are still often spatially incomplete or temporally irregular. While deterministic interpolation techniques are often used, they tend to create unrealistic spatial patterns and generally do not provide uncertainty quantification. Geostatistical simulation models are effective in generating an ensemble of realistic and equally probable realizations of an unmeasured phenomenon, allowing data uncertainty to be propagated. These models are commonly used in several fields of earth science, and in recent years, they have been applied widely to remotely sensed data. This study provides the first review of the applications of geostatistical simulation to remote sensing data. We review recent geostatistical simulation models relevant to satellite remote sensing data and discuss the characteristics and advantages of each approach. Finally, the applications of each geostatistical simulation model are categorized in different domains of natural sciences, including soil, vegetation, topography, and atmospheric science.
Mixed Alkali Regional Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymer (2017)

This chapter examines the synthesis of geopolymer using metakaolin produced from kaolinite extracted from Amazonian soil, and microscopically compared to a commercial, highly reactive, metakaolin-based geopolymer. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the microstructure and the Si/Al ratio. In addition, XRD was used to confirm the formation of geopolymer. Biocomposites have low density, low cost and low energy consumption. Amazonian tropical bamboo species Guadua angustifolia was selected based on abundance, accessibility, mechanical properties, durability and commercial size criteria. Four-year old Guadua culms were collected from a research plantation area14,15 at the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) in Manaus, Brazil, and immersed in water for three days for better machine workability. Tests were carried out on an Instron-4483 testing machine, with 100-kN load cell, at the Mechanical Testing Instructional Laboratory (MTIL) on the Talbot Laboratory of UIUC. The test crosshead speed was 0.010 mm/s. Strain was calculated from crosshead displacement. Fractography of post tested composite samples were performed by SEM to understand the toughening mechanisms that improves the flexure strength of the composite when compared to pure K-geopolymer.
The past, present, and future of Wikipedia (2011)

An open question is how big Wiki pedia should become. How many ideas are worthy of an article? Per haps all of the notable subjects have already been covered, and the number of new contributors should be kept small. Wales has argued in recent years that the challenge to Wikipedia going forward is to shift the focus from volume to quality of content. Here we examine the size of Wiki pedia and how it has evolved over the years. A future column will explore the issue of quality.
Structure-based Design of Mimetics for Granulocyte-macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) (2002)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) activity has been linked to pro-inflammatory effects in autoimmune syndromes, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Thus GM-CSF mimetics with antagonist activity might play a therapeutic role in these diseases. The human GM-CSF core structure consists of a four alpha-helix bundle, and GM-CSF activity is controlled by its binding to a two-subunit receptor. A number of residues located on the B and C helices of GM-CSF are postulated to interact with the alpha chain of the GM-CSF receptor (GM-CSFR). Several approaches have been successfully utilized to develop peptide mimetics of this site, including peptides from the native sequence, a peptide derived from a recombinant antibody (rAb) light chain which mimicked GM-CSF receptor binding activity, and structurally guided de novo design. Analysis of the rAb light chain had suggested mimicry of GM-CSF with residues mostly contributed by the CDR I region. Key residues involved in CDR I peptide/GM-CSFR binding were identified by truncation and alteration of individual residues, while the structural elements required to antagonize the biological action of GM-CSF were separately tested in binding and inhibitory activity assays of multiple cyclic analogues. A peptide designed to retain the loop conformation of the CDR I region of the rAb light chain competed with GM-CSF for both antibody and receptor binding, but the role of specific residues in antibody versus receptor binding differed markedly. These studies suggest that structural analysis of peptide mimetics can reveal differences in receptor and antibody binding, perhaps including key interactions that impact binding kinetics. Peptide mimetics of other four-helix bundle cytokines are reviewed, including helical and reverse turn mimetics of helical structures. Use of peptide mimetics coupled with structural and kinetic analysis provides a powerful approach to identifying important receptor-ligand interactions, which implications for rational design of novel therapeutics.
Decolorization of Sapindus Pericarp Extract by Hydrogen Peroxide and a Comparison of Basic Characteristics Before and After Decolorization (2014)

Abstract The saponins from the pericarps of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) are attracting more and more attention because of their antimicrobial activity and their ability to act as a natural surfactant. However, the color of Sapindus pericarp extract is dark brown, which limits its application in some products. The present study aims to improve the color by adding hydrogen peroxide. An orthogonal L 9 (3) 4 test design was applied to optimize the decolorization parameters, including the amount of added hydrogen peroxide, time, temperature and pH. The extent of decolorization was up to 89.5 % below 80 °C within 80 min, using 2.5 % hydrogen peroxide at pH 6. The characteristics of Sapindus pericarp extract before and after bleaching were compared, including the antimicrobial and foaming performance, surface activities and detergency properties. There was no significant difference in either the diameters of the inhibition zone or the minimum inhibitory concentration against Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P &lt; 0.05), while these parameters for C. albicans, T. rubrum and P. aeruginosa for the sample after decolorization were 22.33, 25.00, 15.33 mm and 0.91, 0.91, 13.03 mg/mL, respectively. The foamability of the Sapindus pericarp extract after decolorization was somewhat enhanced and the foam stability reduced ( P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in values of the critical micelle concentration of the pericarp extract before and after decolorization. The detergency also remained at the same level. Our results show that the properties of the decolorized Sapindus pericarp extract were largely unchanged. This suggests that further development is worthwhile.
Anthocyanidin synthase in non‐anthocyanin‐producing Caryophyllales species (2005)

Red colors in flowers are mainly produced by two types of pigments: anthocyanins and betacyanins. Although anthocyanins are widely distributed in higher plants, betacyanins have replaced anthocyanins in the Caryophyllales. There has been no report so far to find anthocyanins and betacyanins existing together within the same plant. This curious phenomenon has been examined from genetic and evolutionary perspectives, however nothing is known at the molecular level about the mutual exclusion of anthocyanins and betacyanins in higher plants. Here, we show that spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), which are both members of the Caryophyllales, have functional anthocyanidin synthases (ANSs). The ability of ANSs of the Caryophyllales to oxidize trans-leucocyanidin to cyanidin is comparable to that of ANSs in anthocyanin-producing plants. Expression profiles reveal that, in spinach, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and ANS are not expressed in most tissues and organs, except seeds, in which ANS may contribute to proanthocyanidin synthesis. One possible explanation for the lack of anthocyanins in the Caryophyllales is the suppression or limited expression of the DFR and ANS.
Benchmarking the Prediction of Dynamic Derivatives: Wind Tunnel Tests, Validation, Acceleration Methods (2010)

The dynamic derivatives are widely used in linear aerodynamic models which are considered to determine the flying qualities of an aircraft: the ability to predict them reliably, quickly and sufficiently early in the design process is more and more important, in order to avoid late and costly component redesigns. This paper describes some experimental and computational activities dealing with the determination of dynamic derivatives. The work has been carried out within the FP6 European project SimSAC. Numerical and experimental results are compared for two aircraft configurations: the generic civil transport aircraft, wing-fuselage-tail configuration DLR-F12 and a generic Transonic CRuiser (TCR), which is a canard configuration. Static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out for both configurations and are briefly described. The data base generated for the DLR-F12 configuration includes force and pressure coefficients obtained during small amplitude pitch, roll and yaw oscillations while the data base for the TCR configuration includes force coefficients for small amplitude oscillations, dedicated to the determination of dynamic derivatives, and large amplitude oscillations, in order to investigate the dynamic effects on nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics. The influence of the canard has been investigated too. Dynamic derivatives have been determined on both configurations with a large panel of tools, from linear aerodynamic (Vortex Lattice Methods) to CFD (unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solvers). The study confirms that an increase in fidelity level enables dynamic derivatives to be better calculated. Linear aerodynamics (VLM) tools can give satisfactory results but are very sensitive to the geometry/mesh input data. Although all the quasi-steady CFD approaches give very comparable results (robustness) on steady dynamic derivatives, they do not allow the prediction of unsteady components of the dynamic derivatives (angular derivatives w.r.t. time): this can be done with either a fully unsteady approach (with a time-marching scheme) or with Frequency Domain solvers, both of them giving very comparable results for the DLR-F12 test case. As far as the canard configuration is concerned; strong limitations of linear aerodynamic tools are observed. A specific attention is paid to acceleration techniques in CFD methods, which allow the computational time to be dramatically reduced while keeping a satisfactory accuracy.
Giant Cell Tumor of Soft Parts: A Report of an Equine and a Feline Case (1975)

Masses removed from the superficial fascia of the jugular groove of a 12-year-old Arabian mare and from the femoral canal of a 7 1/2-year-old female cat appeared to be counterparts of the human malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts, even recapitulating the clinical behavior of the respective subgroups. Histologically, both neoplasms contained the characteristic features of the malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts: large multinucleate giant cells, pleomorphic mononuclear giant cells, histiocytes, fibroblasts and fibrocytes that were sometimes sarcomatous, and foci of hemorrhage and necrosis. Ultrastructural characteristics of the giant cells suggest mesenchymal origin with osteoblastic or chondroblastic differentiation.
Polyamines and wounded storage tissues – Inhibition of RNase activity and solute leakage (1982)

The “protective” effect of polyamines and related metabolites on wounded storage tissues was investigated in two experimental systems: RNase activity of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber discs, and betacyanin leakage from beet root ( Beta vulgaris L.) discs. Potato tuber discs evince a dramatic rise in RNase activity 24 h after excision, and this rise is completely blocked by the polyamines, spermidine and spermine. The effect is concentration‐dependent, and several precursors of polyamines are also effective to various degrees in inhibiting the rise in RNase activity. Polyamines inhibit both the wound‐induced RNase and the rise in RNase activity which may result from other senescence‐linked events. Betacyanin leakage from beet root discs is enhanced upon aging of discs and in response to various treatments which may cause membrane damage. Spermidine and spermine effectively inhibit betacyanin leakage which results from aging at 25°C, from incubation at higher temperatures (35–40°C), from freezing of discs, or from treatment of discs with RNase or protease. It is suggested that polyamines decrease RNase activity and solute leakage in sliced storage tissues by affecting primary wound‐induced destabilization of cell membranes.
Chemical Biology of Cell Division (2006)

The stable propagation of our genomes requires accurate cell division, a very dynamic cellular process. We combine the use of cell‐permeable small molecules, which inhibit their target proteins on fast time‐scales, and high‐resolution multi‐mode live cell microscopy to examine the regulation and force‐generating mechanisms required for error‐free partitioning of DNA into two daughter cells. The cell division functions of Aurora and Polo‐like kinases, microtubule‐based motor proteins and tubulin polymerization dynamics are analyzed using approaches at the interface of chemistry and biology.
Loss of the Metalloprotease ADAM9 Leads to Cone-Rod Dystrophy in Humans and Retinal Degeneration in Mice (2009)

Cone-rod dystrophy (CRD) is an inherited progressive retinal dystrophy affecting the function of cone and rod photoreceptors. By autozygosity mapping, we identified null mutations in the ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9 (ADAM9) gene in four consanguineous families with recessively inherited early-onset CRD. We also found reduced photoreceptor responses in Adam9 knockout mice, previously reported to be asymptomatic. In 12-month-old knockout mice, photoreceptors appear normal, but the apical processes of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are disorganized and contact between photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) and the RPE apical surface is compromised. In 20-month-old mice, there is clear evidence of progressive retinal degeneration with disorganized POS and thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in addition to the anomaly at the POS-RPE junction. RPE basal deposits and macrophages were also apparent in older mice. These findings therefore not only identify ADAM9 as a CRD gene but also identify a form of pathology wherein retinal disease first manifests at the POS-RPE junction.
A Comparison of CFAST Predictions to USCG Real-Scale Fire Tests (2001)

The zone model CFAST was used to make predictions of single room preflashover fire tests conducted in a steel enclosure. These results were then compared with previously published measurements obtained in fire tests. Tests included diesel pool fires, polyurethane slab fires, and wood crib fires. Half of these tests used natural ventilation (window, 1/4 door, and full door) while the remaining tests used forced ventilation (0.25 m3/s, 0.38 m3/s, and 0.61 m3/s). With the exception of heat release rates, all CFAST inputs were selected without knowledge of the experimental results. Key variables compared include the upper layer temperature, the hot layer interface location, and ceiling temperatures. Overall, predictions made by CFAST were in good agreement with the data. There was a general tendency to over predict both the hot gas layer temperature and the boundary surface temperature which may be due to under prediction of boundary heat losses. Experimental results showed that heat release rates varied with ventilation configurations by as much as a factor of 3. This observation indicates that thewide practice of using free burn heat release rate data in compartment fire predictions can result in over prediction of compartment fire conditions.
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-Decahydro-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,8-dioxo-10-vinylacridin-9-ylmethyl Acetate (1998)

In the title compound, C23H31NO4, the central piperidine ring adopts a sofa conformation, while that of the outer rings is half-chair. The molecule is folded about the line passing through the central C and N atoms. The puckering amplitude of the piperidine ring is small, due to π conjugation. The methyl acetate substituent occupies an axial position. The packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
The cysteine-rich core domain of REIC/Dkk-3 is critical for its effect on monocyte differentiation and tumor regression (2015)

Reduced expression in immortalized cells (REIC)/Dickkopf (Dkk)-3 is a tumor-suppressor gene and has been studied as a promising therapeutic gene for cancer gene therapy. Intratumoral injection of an adenovirus vector carrying the human REIC/Dkk-3 gene (Ad-REIC) elicits cancer cell-specific apoptosis and anticancer immune responses. The cytokine-like effect of secretory REIC/Dkk-3 on the induction of dendritic cell (DC)-like cell differentiation from monocytes plays a role in systemic anticancer immunity. In the present study, we generated recombinant full-length and N-terminally truncated REIC/Dkk-3 to characterize the biological activity of the protein. During the purification procedure, we identified a 17 kDa cysteine-rich stable product (C17-REIC) showing limited degradation. Further analysis showed that the C17-REIC domain was sufficient for the induction of DC-like cell differentiation from monocytes. Concomitant with the differentiation of DCs, the REIC/Dkk-3 protein induced the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) at a level comparable to that of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In a mouse model of subcutaneous renal adenocarcinoma, intraperitoneal injection of full-length and C17-REIC proteins exerted anticancer effects in parallel with the activation of immunocompetent cells such as DCs and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Taken together, our results indicate that the stable cysteine-rich core region of REIC/Dkk-3 is responsible for the induction of anticancer immune responses. Because REIC/Dkk-3 is a naturally circulating serum protein, the upregulation REIC/Dkk-3 protein expression could be a promising option for cancer therapy.
Road Intersection Detection Based on Direction Ratio Statistics Analysis (2019)

Large collections of GPS trajectory data provide us unprecedented opportunity to detect the road intersection automatically. However, in the real-world scenarios, the precision of existing detection methods cannot be guaranteed due to severe challenges including (i) low-quality raw GPS trajectory data and (ii) the difficulty of differentiating intersections from nonintersections. To tackle above issues, we propose a novel twophase road intersection detection framework, called as RIDF, which is comprised of trajectory quality improving and intersection extracting. More importantly, through extracting candidate cells based on direction statistic analysis and refining the locations of intersections using hybrid clustering strategy, our approach can effectively detect road intersections of different size. An experimental evaluation on two real data sets extensively assesses the quality of RIDF method by comparing it with state-of-theart methods. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposal can overcome the limitations of existing methods and thus have better accuracy than the existing work.
Is Now A Good Time? (2019)

Advances in automotive sensing systems and speech interfaces provide new opportunities for smarter driving assistants or infotainment systems. For both safety and consumer satisfaction reasons, any new system which interacts with drivers must do so at appropriate times. We asked 63 drivers, ''Is now a good time?'' to receive non-driving information during a 50-minute drive. We analyzed 2,734 responses and synchronized automotive and video data, and show that while the chances of choosing a good time can be determined with better success using easily accessible automotive data, certain nuances in the problem require a richer understanding of the driver and environment states in order to achieve higher performance. We illustrate several of these nuances with quantitative and qualitative analyses to contribute to the understanding of how to design a system that might simultaneously minimize the risk of interacting at a bad time while maximizing the window of allowable interruption.
Removable Water-Soluble Olefin Metathesis Catalyst via Host–Guest Interaction (2018)

A highly removable N-heterocyclic carbene ligand for a transition-metal catalyst in aqueous media via host-guest interactions has been developed. Water-soluble adamantyl tethered ethylene glycol in the ligand leads a hydrophobic inclusion into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. Ruthenium (Ru) olefin metathesis catalyst with this ligand demonstrated excellent performance in various metathesis reactions in water as well as in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, and removal of residual Ru was performed via filtration utilizing a host-guest interaction and extraction.