gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Left hemispheric lateralization of brain activity during passive rhythm perception in musicians (2006)

The nature of hemispheric specialization of brain activity during rhythm processing remains poorly understood. The locus for rhythmic processing has been difficult to identify and there have been several contradictory findings. We therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study passive rhythm perception to investigate the hypotheses that rhythm processing results in left hemispheric lateralization of brain activity and is affected by musical training. Twelve musicians and 12 nonmusicians listened to regular and random rhythmic patterns. Conjunction analysis revealed a shared network of neural structures (bilateral superior temporal areas, left inferior parietal lobule, and right frontal operculum) responsible for rhythm perception independent of musical background. In contrast, random-effects analysis showed greater left lateralization of brain activity in musicians compared to nonmusicians during regular rhythm perception, particularly within the perisylvian cortices (left frontal operculum, superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule). These results suggest that musical training leads to the employment of left-sided perisylvian brain areas, typically active during language comprehension, during passive rhythm perception.
Turbulence Spectra and Length Scales Measured in Film Coolant Flows Emerging From Discrete Holes (1999)

To date, very little attention has been devoted to the scales and turbulence energy spectra of coolant exiting from film cooling holes. Length-scale documentation and spectral measurements have primarily been concerned with the free-stream flow with which the coolant interacts. Documentation of scales and energy decomposition of the coolant flow leads to more complete understanding of this important flow and the mechanisms by which it disperses and mixes with the free stream. CFD modeling of the emerging flow can use these data as verification that flow computations are accurate. To address this need, spectral measurements were taken with single-sensor, hot-wire anemometry at the exit plane of film cooling holes. Energy spectral distributions and length scales calculated from these distributions are presented for film cooling holes of different lengths and for coolant supply plenums of different geometries. Measurements are presented on the hole streamwise centerline at the center of the hole, one-half diameter upstream of center, and one-half diameter downstream of center. The data highlight some fundamental differences in energy content, dominant frequencies, and scales with changes in the hole and plenum geometries. Coolant flowing through long holes exhibits smoothly distributed spectra as might be anticipated in fully developed tube flows. Spectra from short-hole flows, however, show dominant frequencies.
Working theory and experiments on photomechanical disruption of melanosomes to explain the threshold for minimal visible retinal lesions for sub-ns laser pulses (1994)

The threshold radiant exposure [H<SUB>th</SUB> (J/cm<SUP>2</SUP>)] at the retina which produces a minimal visible lesion (MVL) has been investigated as a function of the laser pulse duration (t<SUB>p</SUB>). By considering the optical absorption coefficient of the melanosomal interior, (mu) <SUB>a.melanosome</SUB>, one can calculate the threshold deposited energy, Q<SUB>th</SUB> equals (mu) <SUB>a.melanosome</SUB>H<SUB>th</SUB> (J/cm<SUP>3</SUP>), for the MVL. The t<SUB>p</SUB>-dependence of Q<SUB>th</SUB> is adequately explained for t<SUB>p</SUB> &gt; 16 microsecond(s) by the thermal relaxation of heated melanosomes in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). However, at very short pulses (&lt; 100 ps), there is an apparent on the order of 10-fold drop in the Q<SUB>th</SUB> which is possibly due to the onset of a photomechanical mechanism of damage. Thermoelastic expansion of the laser-heated melanin granules (approximately 10 nm in size) within the 1.5-micrometers melanosome is induced by laser pulses less than 50 ps in duration. This expansion occurs faster than the induced pressure can dissipate from the granules at the speed of sound. The stress relaxation time of a 10-nm melanin granule is about 7 ps. As the accumulated pressure attempts to propagate out of the granule as a pressure wave, the pressure wave suffers reflectance at the granule surface boundary due to the difference in acoustic impedances of the granule and surrounding intramelanosomal matrix. About 12% of the acoustic energy is estimated to be reflected back into the granule as a negative (tensile) pressure wave. This negative stress is hypothesized to elicit cavitation within the melanin granule. This mechanism of intragranule cavitation is a working hypothesis for the mechanism of the MVL in the sub- 50-ps regime. An experimental test of feasibility was conducted using a Q-switched laser and a liver/saline interface. A negative reflectance of about -22% was demonstrated at the liver/saline interface, indicating the ease with which negative stress can be generated at interfaces with mismatched acoustic impedances.
Computational Methods for Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of Heart Valves in Patient-Specific Left Heart Anatomies (2022)

Given the complexity of human left heart anatomy and valvular structures, the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulation of native and prosthetic valves poses a significant challenge for numerical methods. In this review, recent numerical advancements for both fluid and structural solvers for heart valves in patient-specific left hearts are systematically considered, emphasizing the numerical treatments of blood flow and valve surfaces, which are the most critical aspects for accurate simulations. Numerical methods for hemodynamics are considered under both the continuum and discrete (particle) approaches. The numerical treatments for the structural dynamics of aortic/mitral valves and FSI coupling methods between the solid Ωs and fluid domain Ωf are also reviewed. Future work toward more advanced patient-specific simulations is also discussed, including the fusion of high-fidelity simulation within vivo measurements and physics-based digital twining based on data analytics and machine learning techniques.
Generation and characterization of a recombinant adenovirus expressing vascular endothelial growth factor for studies of neovascularization in the eye (1999)

There is accumulating evidence that an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor from retinal pigment epithelial cells may be important in choroidal neovascularization. In vivo studies have demonstrated that subretinal injection of recombinant adenovirus vectors produces long-term transgene expression specifically within retinal pigment epithelial cells. A recombinant adenovirus encoding of vascular endothelial growth factor (Ad.RSV.VEGF) was therefore produced and characterized in order to determine whether an upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression is sufficient to induce choroidal neovascularization. Ad.RSV.VEGF was produced by homologous recombination and its identity confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. Ad.RSV.VEGF was characterized in vitro by the transduction of cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. The in vitro characterization confirmed vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and protein expression from Ad.RSV.VEGF and demonstrated the biological activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor protein. A preliminary in vivo study suggested that the subretinal injection of Ad.RSV.VEGF induced vascular leakage.
Efficacy and Safety of NaoShuanTong Capsule in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis (2019)

<b>Background:</b> Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. The NaoShuanTong capsule (NSTC), a traditional Chinese patent medicine, has been extensively used in the treatment of stroke in China. However, the clinical efficacy and safety of this treatment has not been statistically and systematically verified by any comprehensive pooled analysis. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NSTC in the treatment of IS. <b>Methods:</b> Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of NSTC in the treatment of IS conducted before September 2018 were retrieved from five databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two investigators independently reviewed the included studies and extracted relevant data. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using criteria from the Cochrane Handbook, and analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 software. <b>Results:</b> Thirteen RCTs comprising a total of 1,360 participants were included in this study. NSTC was shown to significantly improve the overall response rate (<i>OR</i> = 3.04, 95% CI [1.76, 5.26], <i>P</i> < 0.00001), and neurological function (NSTC increased Modified Barthel Index (<i>MD</i> = 8.15, 95% CI [3.79, 12.52], <i>P</i> = 0.0005), Functional Independence Measure (<i>MD</i> = 29.61, 95% CI [10.11, 49.10], <i>P</i> = 0.003) and European Stroke Scale scores (<i>MD</i> = 8.51, 95% CI [7.00, 10.01], <i>P</i> = 0.03). In addition, NSTC significantly increased serum adiponectin level (<i>MD</i> = 0.66, 95% CI [0.23, 1.08], <i>P</i> = 0.002). Moreover, NSTC reduced atherosclerotic plaque area (<i>MD</i> = -2.24, 95% CI [-4.02, -0.46], <i>P</i> = 0.01) and intima-media thickness (<i>MD</i> = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.13, -0.05], <i>P</i> < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between NSTC treatment and conventional therapy with respect to Fugl-Meyer Assessment score (<i>MD</i> = 10.59, 95% CI [-1.78, 22.96], <i>P</i> = 0.09) or Crouse score (<i>MD</i> = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.79, -0.22], <i>P</i> = 0.13). <b>Conclusions:</b> The results of this meta-analysis showed that NSTC exhibits efficacy in the treatment of cerebral infarction. NSTC can improve the overall response rate and neurological function, increase blood adiponectin, reduce neurological deficits, and decrease atherosclerotic plaque area.
Fingerprint recording with bolometric detectors (2003)

Modified thermal sensors have been produced and characterized for fingerprint recording applications. The sensors are derived from the IR imaging technology developed at INO. The sensor array is made of 160x120 pixel VO<sub>x</sub> based micro thermistors that provide an image of a surface area of 8.3 x 6.2 mm<sup>2</sup> with a resolution of 488 dpi. The sensors were reinforced to withstand the mechanical pressure of the finger and the electrical discharges from the human skin. It is shown that despite their low thermal insulation, the sensors provide an image of the fingerprint pattern with relatively high contrast and resolution. With the acquisition electronics of an IR imager, the temprature of the sensor must be controlled. Measurements of the thermistor temperature were performed in order to access the intrinsic properties of the fingerprint sensors. The NETD is on the order of 2 10<sup>-3</sup>°C when the pass band of the filter is 330 kHz. The temporal behavior of the thermistor temperature shows that 10 ms after the finger has been brought into contact, with the sensor, the temperature difference between thermistors in ridge and valley areas of the fingerprint DT<sub>r,v</sub> may reach 80 10<sup>-3</sup>°C, for an initial temperature difference between the finger and the sensor of 1°C. Once the sensor reaches a steady thermal state after a long time, the same difference decreases to 1.9 10<sup>-3</sup>°C. The required temperature difference DT<sub>r,v</sub>, estimated to be 4.8 10<sup>-3</sup>°C to achieve an adequate signal to noise ratio, is relatively easy to reach at short and at long time periods. A modification to the method of acquisition is proposed to cancel the effect of the thermal drift of the sensor and to eliminate the need for the sensor temperature stabilization with a TEC. With this method, the recording of the fingerprint pattern may be achieved in 50 ms after the finger has been brought into contact. This leads to interesting gains in space, time and power consumption. Finally, for applications where the finger must remain in contact with the sensor, the same method may be efficient to reduce the need for thermal control.
Motional dynamics of residues in a β‐hairpin peptide measured by 13C‐NMR relaxation (1998)

Structurally characterizing partially folded peptides is problematic given the nature of their transient conformational states. 13C-NMR relaxation data can provide information on the geometry of bond rotations, motional restrictions, and correlated bond rotations of the backbone and side chains and, therefore, is one approach that is useful to assess the presence of folded structure within a conformational ensemble. A peptide 12mer, R1GITVNG7KTYGR12, has been shown to partially fold in a relatively stable beta-hairpin conformation centered at NG. Here, five residues, G2, V5, G7, Y10, G11, were selectively 13C-enriched, and 13C-NMR relaxation experiments were performed to obtain auto- and cross-correlation motional order parameters, correlation times, bond rotation angular variances, and bond rotational correlation coefficients. Our results indicate that, of the three glycines, G7 within the hairpin beta-turn displays the most correlated phi(t),psi(t) rotations with its axis of rotation bisecting the angle defined by the H-C-H bonds. These positively correlated bond rotations give rise to "twisting" type motions of the HCH group. V5 and Y10 phi,psi bond rotations are also positively correlated, with their CbetaCalphaH groups undergoing similar "twisting" type motions. Motions of near-terminal residues G2 and G11 are less restricted and less correlated and are best described as wobbling-in-a-cone. V5 and Y10 side-chain motions, aside from being highly restricted, were found to be correlated with phi,psi bond rotations. At 303 K, where the hairpin is considered "unfolded," the peptide exists in a transient, collapsed state because backbone and side-chain motions of V5, G7, and Y10 remain relatively restricted, unlike their counterparts in GXG-based tripeptides. These results provide unique information toward understanding conformational variability in the unfolded state of proteins, which is necessary to solve the protein folding problem.
Enhancement of Cytotoxicity by Combining Pyrenyl-Dendrimers and Arene Ruthenium Metallacages (2012)

Three generations of pyrenyl bis-MPA dendrimers with two different end-groups, acetonide (pyr(Gn)) or alcohol (pyr(Gn-OH)) (n = 1-3), were synthesized, and the pyrenyl group of the dendritic molecules was encapsulated in the arene ruthenium metallacages, [Ru(6)(p-cymene)(6)(OO∩OO)(3)(tpt)(2)](6+) (OO∩OO = 5,8-dioxydo-1,4-naphtaquinonato (donq) [1](6+) and 6,11-dioxydo-5,12-naphtacenedionato (dotq) [2](6+); tpt =2,4,6-tri(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine). The host-guest properties of [guest⊂1](6+) and [guest⊂2](6+) were studied in solution by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopic methods, thus allowing the determination of the affinity constants. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of these water-soluble host-guest systems and the pyrenyl-dendrimers was evaluated on human ovarian cancer cells.
Megastereo: Constructing High-Resolution Stereo Panoramas (2013)

We present a solution for generating high-quality stereo panoramas at mega pixel resolutions. While previous approaches introduced the basic principles, we show that those techniques do not generalise well to today's high image resolutions and lead to disturbing visual artefacts. As our first contribution, we describe the necessary correction steps and a compact representation for the input images in order to achieve a highly accurate approximation to the required ray space. Our second contribution is a flow-based up sampling of the available input rays which effectively resolves known aliasing issues like stitching artefacts. The required rays are generated on the fly to perfectly match the desired output resolution, even for small numbers of input images. In addition, the up sampling is real-time and enables direct interactive control over the desired stereoscopic depth effect. In combination, our contributions allow the generation of stereoscopic panoramas at high output resolutions that are virtually free of artefacts such as seams, stereo discontinuities, vertical parallax and other mono-/stereoscopic shape distortions. Our process is robust, and other types of multiperspective panoramas, such as linear panoramas, can also benefit from our contributions. We show various comparisons and high-resolution results.
Reduction of Stray Loss in Power Transformers Using Horizontal Magnetic Wall Shunts (2016)

The use of a horizontal arrangement of wall shunts is proposed in this paper as a cost-effective way to reduce the stray losses in power transformers. This paper compares the performance of horizontal wall shunts with the available alternative (vertical shunts). A 3-D finite-element analysis (FEA) is used for the calculation of stray losses in tank walls, and other structural parts. A novel hybrid numerical/analytical method is proposed for the calculation of stray losses inside the magnetic shunts. The proposed method is based on the double Fourier series expansions of the magnetic field distribution at the surface of the shunts, which is determined using 3-D FEA. A 200 MVA power transformer is investigated as a case study where the stray losses are calculated with and without the vertical and horizontal shunts. A parametric FEA is carried out to find the optimal placement of the horizontal shunts on the tank walls. Results show that the proposed horizontal magnetic shunts arrangement are as effective as the conventional vertical shunts in reducing the stray losses while reducing the weight of the shields, therefore providing a cost-effective method for magnetic shielding of the transformer tank walls.
Functional aspects of the selective depletion of lymphoid tissue by cyclophosphamide. (1972)

The increased intensity and prolongation of contact hypersensitivity reactions in animals treated 3 days prior to sensitization with 300 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) has been investigated. No evidence has been found of increased activity of lymphoid tissue or non-specific skin reactivity following CY treatment. However there was evidence of normal T-lymphocyte function associated with reduced B-lymphocyte function. Partial reconstitution could be obtained by transplanting spleen and the effect of CY treatment could be partially reproduced by splenectomy following sensitization. It is suggested that a B-lymphocyte response to soluble antigen modulates a normal cell-mediated immune response during the development of chemical contact sensitivity in the healthy animal and that this could be blocked completely by treatment with CY prior to sensitization or partially by splenectomy after sensitization.
Photoinitiated cationic polymerization by dialkylphenacylsulfonium salts (1979)

Abstract Dialkylphenacylsulfonium salts in which the anions are of the general type BF , AsF , PF , and SbF are a new class of useful photoinitiators for cationic polymerization. On irradiation these salts underwent reversible ylid formation with the simultaneous generation of strong Brϕnsted acids. The photoinitiated cationic polymerization of a number of monomers with dialkylphenacylsulfonium salts demonstrated the utility of these new photoinitiators.
A FRAMEWORK FOR REPAIR AND REHABILITATION TREATMENT SELECTION FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS (2001)

In order to ensure that pavement investment decisions are made in an optimum manner, the State highway agencies (SHAs) are continually examining their pavement maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction (MRR) strategies and their repair and rehabilitation (R&amp;R) techniques to maintain and preserve the nation’s highways. As the economy has grown in recent years, highways in the United States are being subjected to more and more vehicles with heavy loads. This effect along with the variety of climatic conditions has caused the vast network of the nation’s highways to deteriorate in a number of different ways. Consequently, current decisions associated with the repair of this deterioration have long reaching implications for many future generations. With respect to portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements, the state of practice of MRR is good, but it can be better. In the last 10 to 15 years, significant improvements have been made in our understanding of PCC pavement failure mechanisms, pavement condition evaluation techniques, repair materials, equipment, and techniques for MRR. The challenge is how to use this information to preserve the highway investment that has been made over the years while maintaining pavement structures in a serviceable condition. These and other factors have caused SHAs greater concern regarding the effectiveness of their maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction (MRR) strategies and their repair and rehabilitation (R&amp;R) treatments in maintaining and preserving the nation’s highways. Consequently, techniques are sought after in repair treatment selection that will enhance the effectiveness of strategies for maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction of concrete pavements and to develop better decision-making processes to select MRR strategies and R&amp;R treatments. These types of devices will help highway agencies and engineers select treatments that will ensure expected performance.
Efficient Xenoengraftment in Severe Immunodeficient NOD/Shi-scid IL2rγnull Mice Is Attributed to a Lack of CD11c+B220+CD122+ Cells (2012)

Xenograft animal models using immunodeficient mice have been widely applied in medical research on various human diseases. NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rγ(null) (NOG) mice are known to show an extremely high engraftment rate of xenotransplants compared with conventional immunodeficient mice. This high engraftment rate of xenotransplants in NOG mice was substantially suppressed by the transfer of spleen cells from NOD-scid mice that were devoid of NK cells. These results indicate that cell types other than splenic NK cells present in NOD-scid mice but not in NOG mice may be involved in this suppression. To identify the cell types responsible for this effect, we transferred subpopulations of spleen cells from NOD-scid mice into NOG mice and assessed the levels of human cell engraftment after human PBMC (hPBMC) transplantation. These experiments revealed that CD11c(+)B220(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) from NOD-scid mice markedly inhibited engraftment of human cells. The CD11c(+)B220(+)CD122(+) cells further fractionated from the pDCs based on the expression of CD122, which is an NK cell marker strongly inhibited during hPBMC engraftment in NOG mice. Moreover, the CD122(+) cells in the pDC fraction were morphologically distinguishable from conventional CD122(+) NK cells and showed a higher rejection efficiency. The current results suggest that CD11c(+)B220(+)CD122(+) cells play an important role in xenograft rejection, and their absence in NOG mice may be critical in supporting the successful engraftment of xenotransplants.