gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computations of the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer within a coolant passage of a radial turbine blade (1991)

A numerical code is developed for computing three-dimensional, turbulent, compressible flow within coolant passages of turbine blades. The code is based on a formulation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in a rotating frame of reference in which the velocity dependent variable is specified with respect to the rotating frame instead of the inertial frame. The algorithm employed to obtain solutions to the governing equation is a finite-volume LU algorithm that allows convection, source, as well as diffusion terms to be treated implicitly. In this study, all convection terms are upwind differenced by using flux-vector splitting, and all diffusion terms are centrally differenced. This paper describes the formulation and algorithm employed in the code. Some computed solutions for the flow within a coolant passage of a radial turbine are also presented.
Acetaldehyde-mediated cilia dysfunction in bovine bronchial epithelial cells (1992)

Pages L29–L36: Joseph H. Sisson, Dean J. Tuma, and Stephen I. Rennard. “Acetaldehyde-mediated cilia dysfunction in bovine bronchial epithelial cells”. In Figs. 1, 2, 4, and 5, the concentration of acetaldehyde in the figures and their legends should read mM (millimolar) instead of μM (micromolar). Page L34: right-hand column, the first sentence of the paragraph should read: The threshold concentrations of acetaldehyde-induced impairment in these studies was ap30 mM for ATPase inhibition and ciliostasis.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF THE SPECIES FORMED BY REDUCTION OF MANGANESE(II) CHELATES OF TETRASODIUM 3,10,17,24‐TETRASULFONATOPHTHALOCYANINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION (1977)

Abstract Bei Zugabe von Hydrazin zu einer wäßrigen Lösung des Komplexes (Ia) erhält man die low‐spin‐Verbindung (Ib), die sich auch bei Reaktion von (Ia) mit Nasulfid oder ‐dithionit in pyridinhaltiger wäßriger Lösung bildet.
Spatial Frequency Domain Analysis of Heat Transfer in Microelectronic Chips With Applications to Temperature Aware Computing (2007)

In this paper we present a novel analytical approach for obtaining the thermal transfer function of multi-layer chips in the spatial frequency domain. The behavior of the transfer function is used to address a number of key issues such as 1) the appropriate power granularity required for microarchitecture thermal-power analysis, and 2) the impact of packaging and cooling solutions on heat removal from chip hotspots. The merit of the presented method is in 1) simplicity, such that even for rather complicated multi-layer structures the analysis takes only a fraction of a second, and 2) accuracy, because the approach is based on the exact solution of three-dimensional heat diffusion equations.
Frequency modulation and spectral characteristics for a 1.5μm phase-tunable DFB laser (1987)

Frequency modulation (FM) and spectral characteristics for a 1.5μm phase-tunable DFB (PT DFB) laser have been studied experimentally. As tuning current was increased, light output, lasting wavelength, FM efficiency and spectral linewidth changed periodically. The continuous-wavelength tuning range was over l.2nm (150 GHz). A high FM efficiency, more than 16GHz/mA, and a flat FM response, up to 100MHz, were obtained.
New Standard for Standards (2018)

Abstract Digital well planning, construction and maintenance have a lot of potential for cost reduction and improved HSE. Developing a software model to replace many of the tasks performed by humans can reduce administrative tasks and enables more focus on the quality of plans and operations. One single model to overlook engineering and activity through the life cycle of wells from the planning phase, through construction, production, maintenance to the final plugging unlocks many potential improvements. One possible feature for a Life Cycle Well Integrity Model (LCWIM) is to embed industry standards to supply guidance and recommendations during the life cycle of a well. Changing the format of standards so both computers and humans understand their content can benefit the planning and operational phases of well construction, intervention, production and finally plugging. Typically, standards are used broadly in the planning phase. However, in the later phases of the life cycle of the well, it is often more difficult to accommodate both changes in operations and updates to industry standards. Embedding the industry "best practice" into software for planning well construction and maintenance, can prevent potential human errors and ensure an appropriate well construction. Having standards as "digital eye" on the engineering and well construction parameters can help to ensure safer operation and help to ensure that no regulations are overseen due to human error. Standards can be considered a collection of experiences gathered over decades in the industry, and they represent the common ground for description of methods and procedures for safe and sustainable operations. When digital well planning gradually replaces the traditional manual planning processes, the vast experience of standards can support engineers more actively and directly compared to text documents. This paper describes an approach to merge the digital version of a standard into the LCWIM so it actively provides relevant information to ongoing operations similar to a help function. The user would experience this as "relevant information" by just a mouse-click. The method of choice elaborated in this article shows a life cycle standard in the shape of an active support module to the LCWIM. The reasons behind the selected approach is twofold: (1) LCWIM is a life cycle tool, which incorporates life cycle standards to support all activities in all phases, (2) Standards support LCWIM by verifying that tests and procedures are in compliance. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate how a life cycle standard like the NORSOK D-10 Rev. 4, June 2013 can be completely digitalized to take an active part in planning and operations. The scope is limited to section 5.6 "Casing design" with elaboration of section 5.6.3 "Load cases" to stepwise show one way the standard can become interactive.
Short communication: Diet-induced variations in milk fatty acid composition have minor effects on the estimated melting point of milk fat in cows, goats, and ewes: Insights from a meta-analysis (2012)

In ruminants, the ability to maintain milk fat melting point within physiological values could play a role in the regulation of milk fat secretion when milk fatty acid (FA) composition varies, such as in response to feeding factors. However, the relationship between milk fat fluidity and changes in milk FA composition is difficult to study experimentally. A meta-analysis was therefore conducted to compare the magnitude of diet-induced variations in milk FA composition and the calculated melting point of milk FA (used as a proxy to estimate the variations in the melting point of milk fat) in 3 dairy ruminant species (cow, goat, and sheep). The coefficient of variation (CV), a scale-free measure of statistical dispersion, was used to compare the variability of criteria differing in their order of magnitude. The analysis of a database of milk FA profiles from cows, goats, and sheep fed different dietary treatments (unsupplemented diets and diets supplemented with lipids rich in oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, or C20-22 polyunsaturated FA) revealed that the variability of the calculated melting point of milk FA was narrow (CV of 5%) compared with the variability of milk FA percentages (CV of 18 to 72%). The regulation of the melting point of milk fat is thus probably involved in the control of diet-induced variations in milk fat secretion. The calculated melting point of ewe milk FA was approximately 3°C lower than that of goats or cows across all types of diets, which might be linked to differences in milk fat content (higher in sheep) or the structure of milk triacylglycerides among these species. Lipid supplementation increased the calculated melting point of C18 FA in milk, whereas that of total FA was significantly reduced by supplements rich in oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids but not C20-22 polyunsaturated FA. However, the slight effects of dietary treatments on the calculated melting point of milk FA did not differ between cows, goats, and ewes.
Building ontology repositories for e-commerce systems (2003)

This paper describes a new method to integrate and implement e-commerce systems in distributed computing environments, especially the Internet. In this paper, we propose a core part of ontology repositories for e-commerce systems, illustrate the organisational topology of the repositories, and demonstrate how to use XML standards to build the repositories. After all these repositories are distributed on the Internet, the ubiquitous integration platform can be formed so that all the e..commerce systems can interact each other seamlessly.
Cross-polarization dynamics and proton dipolar local field measurements in some organic compounds (1997)

Hartmann–Hahn inversion–recovery cross-polarization magic-angle spinning experiments were performed for all types of protonated carbons (CHn with n=1, 2 and 3). The resulting non-exponential decays were analyzed using both a simple memory function approach and density matrix calculations. Although the memory function approach provides a useful analytical description of the cross-polarization dynamics, the density matrix method is required to account better for the details of the spin dynamics. 13C-detected dipolar local fields of protons were measured using the wideline separation experiment. It was observed that the resulting local free induction decays may be quantitatively described by their local second moment. Moreover, the local spin diffusion process controlling the second stage of the cross-polarization dynamics is directly related to the strength of the local dipolar field of protons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Multi-System Learning Control Framework and its Application to Non-Synchronized Experiments (2022)

In this paper we present a framework for extending iterative learning control (ILC) to the case of multiple systems learning together. We build on an existing single-system ILC framework that uses a two step approach, wherein first a model is updated from observations, including a correction model explaining deviations compared to the expectations, which is afterwards used to update the control signals to apply. In this paper we will present methods that adapt the first step, so that for updating the models information from multiple systems will be used. This is done by composing the models as a part that is common over all systems, and another delta part that is different for each system and describes the deviation to the common model. The presented methods are positioned in a novel bigger framework, and an extension specifically oriented towards systems not operating at the same time or frequency is proposed. The proposed method has been experimentally validated on 3 similar but non-identical slider-crank setups, wherein the systems perform experiments one after the other in varied sequences. By sharing information, the time needed for each system to find good outcomes is reduced, and especially for systems rarely performing experiments the gain was significant. Over 11 randomly chosen sequences of experiments, we save 37% of iterations on average w.r.t. single-system ILC.
Evaluation of Itch by Using NC/NgaTnd Mice: A Model of Human Atopic Dermatitis (2010)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the extremely complicated syndrome that various abnormalities develop in a heap. There are various factors in patients for the onset and exacerbation of AD, including genetic cofactors of individuals, environmental factors, the failure of the skin barrier function, unfavorable regulation of the immune system, and the hypersensitivity of sensory nerves. In recent years, there have been many trials of the drug discovery that targets itch, because itch is one of the most serious clinical symptoms of AD. The selection of the suitable animal model that represents the condition of patients, as well as innovative analyzing protocols that can precisely evaluate itch, is indispensable for investigation of an effective drug for AD. In the paper, the unique spontaneous animal model for AD (NC/NgaTnd mice) and the novel quantification system of the laboratory animals that may bring a great progress in the future study of itch are outlined.
Development of Solid‐State Alkaline Electrolytes for Solid Alkaline Fuel Cells (2007)

Abstract Solid‐state alkaline electrolytes were prepared from chloromethylated polysuflone (CMPSf) and a number of mono‐ and diamine compounds for solid alkaline fuel cell (SAFC) applications. Chloromethyl‐groups as substituents for aromatic nuclei were introduced to an aromatic polymer in the presence of a Friedel‐Crafts catalyst and then the basic groups into polymer by amination using N ‐trimethylamine (TMA) and N , N , N ′, N ′‐tetraemethylhexanediamine (TMHDA). The properties of the solid‐state alkaline electrolytes were invetigated in terms of OH – conductivity, water content and thermal stability.
Arginase inhibition suppresses lung metastasis in the 4T1 breast cancer model independently of the immunomodulatory and anti-metastatic effects of VEGFR-2 blockade (2017)

Tumor angiogenesis promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Anti-angiogenic therapy in combination with chemotherapy is used for the treatment of metastatic cancers, including breast cancer but therapeutic benefits are limited. Mobilization and accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) during tumor progression and therapy have been implicated in metastasis formation and resistance to anti-angiogenic treatments. Here, we used the 4T1 orthotopic syngenic mouse model of mammary adenocarcinoma to investigate the effect of VEGF/VEGFR-2 axis inhibition on lung metastasis, MDSC and regulatory T cells (Tregs). We show that treatment with the anti-VEGFR-2 blocking antibody DC101 inhibits primary tumor growth, angiogenesis and lung metastasis. DC101 treatment had no effect on MDSC mobilization, but partially attenuated the inhibitory effect of mMDSC on T cell proliferation and decreased the frequency of Tregs in primary tumors and lung metastases. Strikingly, DC101 treatment induced the expression of the immune-suppressive molecule arginase I in mMDSC. Treatment with the arginase inhibitor N<sup>ω</sup>-hydroxy-nor-Arginine (Nor-NOHA) reduced the inhibitory effect of MDSC on T cell proliferation and inhibited number and size of lung metastasis but had little or no additional effects in combination with DC101. In conclusion, DC101 treatment suppresses 4T1 tumor growth and metastasis, partially reverses the inhibitory effect of mMDSC on T cell proliferation, decreases Tregs in tumors and increases arginase I expression in mMDSC. Arginase inhibition suppresses lung metastasis independently of DC101 effects. These observations contribute to the further characterization of the immunomodulatory effect of anti-VEGF/VEGFR2 therapy and provide a rationale to pursue arginase inhibition as potential anti-metastatic therapy.
A Network-Controlled Architecture for SCTP Hard Handover (2010)

SCTP faces three performance problems in hard handover scenarios: high network handover delay, high transport handover delay and throughput under-utilization. Existing solutions assume the mobile extension of SCTP (m-SCTP) as a unique way to handle handovers and rely on terminal mechanisms. Nevertheless, they are not efficient as they lack the necessary information to perform on-time and fine SCTP configuration tuning during handovers. We propose in this paper an overall mobility management architecture (UFA) replacing m-SCTP. UFA uses network-controlled mechanisms and SIP protocol to reduce the network handover delay and drive the optimal SCTP configuration on both SCTP endpoints. We simulate and compare UFA and m-SCTP. Results are promising and show better performances for UFA, even when compared with enhanced m-SCTP solutions.
Kinetics of the Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate (1974)

The hydration of tricalcium silicate was followed at a water/C 3 S ratio of 0.7 between 5° and 50°C by determining free lime and combined water. Free lime was estimated by the o ‐cresol method, whereas combined water was calculated from the amount of free water remaining in the paste as determined by extraction with methyl ethyl ketone. The ratio of free lime to combined water was constant throughout the hydration; this ratio indicated that CSH(II) may be represented as 1.68CaO · SiO 2 · 2.58H 2 O. When maximum supersaturation of the solution with Ca 2+] is attained, the induction period terminates and the reaction proceeds rapidly, probably as the result of propagative surface nucleation‐growth of CSH(II). Kinetic equations were derived for these reactions. When the surface of C 3 S is entirely covered by CSH(II), the reaction becomes slow and is controlled by diffusion of water. Constants involved in the kinetic equations are evaluated and discussed.
Kommunikation zwischen glatten Muskelzellen von normalem und überkativem Detrusor (2007)

Die exakte Pathophysiologie der überaktiven Blase ist unklar. Myogene, neurogene und idiopathische Ursachen werden diskutiert. Gap junctions könnten in der interzellulären Kommunikation eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Wir untersuchten deshalb das Auftreten von Gap junctions und deren Strukturprotein Connexin (Cx) 45 im normalen Detrusor und in Patienten mit überaktiven Harnblasen (ÜAB) ohne Harninkontinenz. Elektronenmikroskopisch und im Gefrierbruchverfahren konnten Gap junctions nachgewiesen werden. Die Cx45-Expression wurde durch RT-PCR, mittels In-situ-Hybridisation und immunhistochemisch dargestellt. Patienten mit ÜAB ohne Inkontinenz zeigten keine signifikante Differenz der Expression von Cx45. Wir können jedoch nicht ausschließen, daß die Gap-junction-Kommunikation in hyperaktiven Blasen mit Detrusorinstabilität trotzdem eine wichtige Rolle spielen könnten.
Simultaneous in situ measurements and diurnal variations of NO, NO2, O3, jNO2, CH4, H2O, and CO2 in the 40‐ to 26‐km region using an open path tunable diode laser spectrometer (1987)

Simultaneous in situ measurements of [NO], [NO 2 ], [O 3 ], j NO 2 , [CH 4 ], [H 2 O], [CO 2 ], pressure, and temperature in the 40 to 26‐km region of the stratosphere were made from Palestine, Texas (32°N), on October 16, 1986, using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Balloon‐borne Laser In Situ Sensor (BLISS) instrument, carrying a University of Denver j NO 2 instrument piggyback. Using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy over a long path length, measurements were made as follows during a 21‐hour flight: daytime [NO], [NO 2 ], [O 3 ], and NO 2 near 40 km; [NO], [NO 2 ], and NO 2 through the sunset transition near 40 km; postsunset measurements of the rate of decay of [NO 2 ] into the night over the 35 to 29‐km range; nighttime measurements of [NO 2 ], [O 3 ], [CH 4 ], [H 2 O], and [CO 2 ] at 27 km; and [NO] after sunrise. The NO, NO 2 , O 3 , CH 4 , H 2 O, and CO 2 concentration measurements generally show good agreement with previous observations, with a tendency for somewhat lower NO 2 amounts. Measured O 3 concentrations at 38 km agree well with comparable measurements from in situ UV photometers, but at 28 km they are lower by about 10% and agree more closely with solar backscattered ultraviolet data at this altitude. The observed change in [NO 2 ] during the night over a 5‐km altitude range implies either lower [NO 2 ] postsunset profiles, or significantly faster [NO 2 ] decay than current model predictions using N 2 O 5 chemistry. Measurements of [NO], [NO 2 ], [H 2 O], and [CO 2 ] from an October 1985 flight are included for comparison.
Regulatory interactions of calmodulin-binding proteins: phosphorylation of calcineurin by autophosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. (1988)

The Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is rapidly phosphorylated (0.8 mol of 32PO4 per mol of 60-kDa subunit of calcineurin) by brain Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II). This reaction requires the autophosphorylated, Ca2+-independent form of CaM-kinase II since Ca2+/CaM binding to calcineurin inhibits phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylation reaction does require Ca2+, presumably acting through the 19-kDa subunit of calcineurin. Calcineurin is a good substrate for CaM-kinase II, with a Km of 19 microM and Vmax of 2.4 mumol/min per mg. Phosphorylation of calcineurin changed its phosphatase activity with either a 2-fold increase in Km (32P-labeled myosin light chain as substrate) or a 50% decrease in Vmax (p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate). The phosphorylated calcineurin exhibited very slow autodephosphorylation (0.09 nmol/min per mg) but was effectively dephosphorylated by brain protein phosphatase IIA. Dephosphorylation, like phosphorylation, was blocked by high concentrations of Ca2+/CaM and stimulated by Ca2+ alone. Thus calcineurin has a regulatory phosphorylation site that is phosphorylated by the Ca2+-independent form of CaM-kinase II and blocked by high concentrations of Ca2+/CaM.
Leakage of Mildly Flammable Refrigerants into a Room (2014)

The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) has been widely restricted. They have been replaced with hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in order to protect the ozone layer. However, the leakage of refrigerant into air from active or end-of-life air conditioners has been a serious environmental issue owing to the high global warming potential (GWP). It has therefore been widely recognized that the replacement of HFCs with low-GWP refrigerants is a reasonable solution of the problem. In Japan, the low-GWP refrigerants such as R1234yf, R1234ze, and R32 are considered as candidate alternatives for conventional HFC refrigerants. However, these low-GWP refrigerants are often flammable. When refrigerants leak into a space, they tend to accumulate at the floor if they are heavier than air and ventilation is inadequate. If the refrigerant concentration is higher than the lower flammable limit (LFL), there is an ignition source, and the air velocity is lower than the burning velocity, the refrigerant may ignite. When leakage occurs from an air conditioner, there is always a region where the refrigerant concentration is higher than the LFL because the refrigerant concentration is about 100% near the outlet from the air conditioner. Thus, it is important to understand the diffusion phenomena of the low-GWP refrigerants when acquiring sufficient information for the safety standards to assess the risks in the usage of these refrigerants. Numerical analysis is an effective tool because it is very difficult to measure the diffusion of a refrigerant in a large space. In this study, diffusion phenomena were numerically analyzed when a refrigerant leaked from a room air conditioner (RAC), a package air conditioner (PAC) or a chiller into a large space where these were equipped. From the calculation results, the refrigerant concentration distributions, the volumes and positions of the flammable regions, and their changes in time were discussed.