gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Smart Water as Wettability Modifier in Carbonate and Sandstone: A Discussion of Similarities/Differences in the Chemical Mechanisms (2009)

Waterflooding has for a long time been regarded as a secondary oil recovery method. In the recent years, extensive research on crude oil, brine, and rock systems has documented that the composition of the injected water can change wetting properties of the reservoir during a waterflood in a favorable way to improve oil recovery. Thus, injection of “smart water” with a correct composition and salinity can act as a tertiary recovery method. Economically, it is, however, important to perform a waterflood at an optimum condition in a secondary process. Examples of smart water injection in carbonates and sandstones are: (1) injection of seawater into high temperature chalk reservoirs and (2) low salinity floods in sandstone reservoirs. The chemical mechanism behind the wettability alteration promoted by the injected water has been a topic for discussion both in carbonates and especially in sandstones. In this paper, the suggested mechanisms for the wettability modification in the two types of reservoir rocks are shortly reviewed with a special focus on chemical similarities and differences. The different chemical bonding mechanisms of polar components from the crude oil onto the positively charged carbonate and the negatively charged quartz/clay indicates a different chemical mechanism for wettability modification by smart water in the two cases.
Photoelectric properties of MISM phthalocyanine structure (1992)

Abstract Langmuir-Blodgett films have been prepared from copper tetra-4-t-butylphthalocyanine. A voltage dependence of capacitance can be attributed to the presence of a Schottky depletion layer. The barrier potential was determined as l·4eV, and the carrier concentration about 1024m−3
Geodetic laser system (1976)

The purpose of this program was to construct, test, and install an optical receiver and a laser collimator on a tracking mount located at AFCRL, Hanscom AFB, and to perform operational tests. The work was started by another contractor, but was not completed. The major work accomplished on this program was the modification and completion of the design, the completion of the fabrication of the government supplied optical components, and the fabrication of essentially all the major mechanical components. Work was terminated prior to assembly and test.
On-demand software management in sensor networks using profiling techniques (2006)

The heterogeneity and dynamics in terms of hardware and software configurations is steadily increasing in sensor networks. Therefore, software management is becoming one of the most prominent challenges in this domain. We developed a profile-based software management scheme that consists of a dynamic profile-matching algorithm to identify current SW/HW configurations, an on-demand code generation module, and mechanisms for dynamic network-centric reprogramming of sensor nodes. In this demo, we will dynamic node reprogramming based on given objectives (global goals), available sensor nodes, and RPC-style profile matching algorithms. A mobile robot system is employed for decision processes and to store the source code repository. Additionally, techniques for dynamic addressing are included to prevent global pre-configuration of all network nodes.
Seed Genome Hypomethylated Regions Are Enriched In Transcription Factor Genes (2018)

Abstract The precise mechanisms that control gene activity during seed development remain largely unknown. Previously, we showed that several genes essential for seed development, including those encoding storage proteins, fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes, and transcriptional regulators, such as ABI3 and FUS3 , are located within hypomethylated regions of the soybean genome. These hypomethylated regions are similar to the DNA methylation valleys (DMVs), or canyons, found in mammalian cells. Here, we address the question of the extent to which DMVs are present within seed genomes, and what role they might play in seed development. We scanned soybean and Arabidopsis seed genomes from post-fertilization through dormancy and germination for regions that contain &lt; 5% or &lt; 0.4% bulk methylation in CG-, CHG-, and CHH-contexts over all developmental stages. We found that DMVs represent extensive portions of seed genomes, range in size from 5 to 76 kb, are scattered throughout all chromosomes, and are hypomethylated throughout the plant life cycle. Significantly, DMVs are enriched greatly in transcription factor genes, and other developmental genes, that play critical roles in seed formation. Many DMV genes are regulated with respect to seed stage, region, and tissue - and contain H3K4me3, H3K27me3, or bivalent marks that fluctuate during development. Our results indicate that DMVs are a unique regulatory feature of both plant and animal genomes, and that a large number of seed genes are regulated in the absence of methylation changes during development - probably by the action of specific transcription factors and epigenetic events at the chromatin level. Significance We scanned soybean and Arabidopsis seed genomes for hypomethylated regions, or DNA Methylation Valleys (DMVs), present in mammalian cells. A significant fraction of seed genomes contain DMV regions that have &lt; 5% bulk DNA methylation, or, in many cases, no detectable DNA methylation. Methylation levels of seed DMVs do not vary detectably during seed development with respect to time, region, and tissue, and are present prior to fertilization. Seed DMVs are enriched in transcription factor genes and other genes critical for seed development, and are also decorated with histone marks that fluctuate with developmental stage, resembling in significant ways their animal counterparts. We conclude that many genes playing important roles in seed formation are regulated in the absence of detectable DNA methylation events, and suggest that selective action of transcriptional activators and repressors, as well as chromatin epigenetic events play important roles in making a seed - particularly embryo formation.
Development and Initial Testing of the Stroke Rapid-Treatment Readiness Tool (2014)

No instruments are currently available to help health systems identify target areas for reducing door-to-needle times for the administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator to eligible patients with ischemic stroke. A 67-item Likert-scale survey was administered by telephone to stroke personnel at 252 U.S. hospitals participating in the “Get With The Guidelines-Stroke” quality improvement program. Factor analysis was used to refine the instrument to a four-factor 29-item instrument that can be used by hospitals to assess their readiness to administer intravenous tissue plasminogen activator within 60 minutes of patient hospital arrival.
Heat transfer from protein crystals: implications for flash-cooling and X-ray beam heating (2003)

Three problems involving heat transfer from a protein crystal to a cooling agent are analyzed: flash-cooling in a cold nitrogen- or helium-gas stream, plunge-cooling into liquid nitrogen, propane or ethane and crystal heating in a cold gas stream owing to X-ray absorption. Heat transfer occurs by conduction inside the crystal and by convection from the crystal's outer surface to the cooling fluid. For flash-cooling in cold gas streams, heat transfer is limited by the rate of external convection; internal temperature gradients and crystal strains during cooling are very small. Helium gas provides only a threefold improvement in cooling rates relative to nitrogen because its much larger thermal conductivity is offset by its larger kinematic viscosity. Characteristic cooling times vary with crystal size L as L(3/2) and theoretical estimates of these times are consistent with experiments. Plunge-cooling into liquid cryogens, which can give much smaller convective thermal resistances provided that surface boiling is eliminated, can increase cooling rates by more than an order of magnitude. However, the internal conduction resistance is no longer negligible, producing much larger internal temperature gradients and strains that may damage larger crystals. Based on this analysis, factors affecting the success of flash-cooling experiments can be ordered from most to least important as follows: (1) crystal solvent content and solvent composition, (2) crystal size and shape, (3) amount of residual liquid around the crystal, (4) cooling method (liquid plunge versus gas stream), (5) choice of gas/liquid and (6) relative speed between cooling fluid and crystal. Crystal heating by X-ray absorption on present high-flux beamlines should be small. For a fixed flux and illuminated area, heating can be reduced by using crystals with areas normal to the beam that are much larger than the beam area.
Tomato GDSL1 Is Required for Cutin Deposition in the Fruit Cuticle (2012)

The plant cuticle consists of cutin, a polyester of glycerol, hydroxyl, and epoxy fatty acids, covered and filled by waxes. While the biosynthesis of cutin building blocks is well documented, the mechanisms underlining their extracellular deposition remain unknown. Among the proteins extracted from dewaxed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) peels, we identified GDSL1, a member of the GDSL esterase/acylhydrolase family of plant proteins. GDSL1 is strongly expressed in the epidermis of growing fruit. In GDSL1-silenced tomato lines, we observed a significant reduction in fruit cuticle thickness and a decrease in cutin monomer content proportional to the level of GDSL1 silencing. A significant decrease of wax load was observed only for cuticles of the severely silenced transgenic line. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of isolated cutins revealed a reduction in cutin density in silenced lines. Indeed, FTIR-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging showed that drastic GDSL1 silencing leads to a reduction in ester bond cross-links and to the appearance of nanopores in tomato cutins. Furthermore, immunolabeling experiments attested that GDSL1 is essentially entrapped in the cuticle proper and cuticle layer. These results suggest that GDSL1 is specifically involved in the extracellular deposition of the cutin polyester in the tomato fruit cuticle.
Polymorphic Transition in Biogenic Calcium Carbonate: Nacre/Prismatic Interface in Abalone Shell (1997)

Abstract The research in biological hard tissues offers lessons for biomimetic (structure and processing) strategies, such as for the synthesis of hierarchical architectures tailored for specific engineering applications. These biocomposites, i.e., biogenic materials in which the major phase is an inorganic component associated with macromolecules (proteins and polysaccharides), include bones, dentin, sea-urchin skeletal units, bacterial and algal particles and molluscan shells. Here, a summary is given from a recent TEM study of the interfacial region of nacreous and prismatic sections of red abalone shell to understand the morphological and crystallographic correlations across this transition region. Many mollusk species have shells made of CaCO3 in various architectures that have evolved under different ecological conditions to produce structures that best protect the organism. The shells of many species contain both aragonite (orthorhombic, Pmnc) and calcite (Rhombohedral, R3m). In red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), the outer section, prismatic (P), is composed of columnar crystallites of calcite (1-5 μm base, 5-10 μm height), and the inner section, nacre (N), is composed of pseudo-hexagonal platelets of aragonite (side 2-5 μm), stacked as 0.25 μm layers, separated by a few nm-thick organic layer (Fig. 1).
Das Leitlinien-Clearingverfahren COPD. Empfehlungen für eine nationale Leitlinie (2004)

In order to promote the care of patients with COPD in Germany a national guideline clearing project was initiated jointly by autonomous corporate bodies of the German health care system. Following a systematic search of literature data bases between 1992 and 2002, 20 guidelines were identified that met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated with the German Checklist for Methodological Guideline Appraisal. Following this, a multidisciplinary expert group appointed by the German Guideline Clearinghouse (Leitlinien-Clearingstelle im Arztlichen Zentrum fur Qualitat in der Medizin, AZQ) reviewed the suitability of these guidelines for the use in the German health care system. Referring to methodological aspects, criteria were best met by the guideline of the Veteran's Health Administration/Department of Defense (US), followed by the one of the Deutsche Atemwegsliga and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Pneumologie. Aiming at the production respectivly a revision of a German national guideline for COPD the expert group agreed on recommendations organized in 19 chapters. Among others these strengthened the role of a precise definition of COPD based primarily on the pathogenesis, of a subtle description of all diagnostic and therapeutic tools and of a detailed description of quality assurance and quality management. The feasability of recommendations were demonstrated by examples chosen from the evaluated guidelines. Additionally the presented findings may be used as steering tools in the German Health care system.
Characterisation of Progressive Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis in the Mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study (2022)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare genetic disease leading to progressive muscle wasting, respiratory failure, and cardiomyopathy. Although muscle fibrosis represents a DMD hallmark, the organisation of the extracellular matrix and the molecular changes in its turnover are still not fully understood. To define the architectural changes over time in muscle fibrosis, we used an mdx mouse model of DMD and analysed collagen and glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans content in skeletal muscle sections at different time points during disease progression and in comparison with age-matched controls. Collagen significantly increased particularly in the diaphragm, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius in adult mdx, with fibrosis significantly correlating with muscle degeneration. We also analysed collagen turnover pathways underlying fibrosis development in cultured primary quadriceps-derived fibroblasts. Collagen secretion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) remained unaffected in both young and adult mdx compared to wt fibroblasts, whereas collagen cross-linking and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) expression significantly increased. We conclude that, in the DMD model we used, fibrosis mostly affects diaphragm and quadriceps with a higher collagen cross-linking and inhibition of MMPs that contribute differently to progressive collagen accumulation during fibrotic remodelling. This study offers a comprehensive histological and molecular characterisation of DMD-associated muscle fibrosis; it may thus provide new targets for tailored therapeutic interventions.
NaIO4‐Mediated Selective Oxidative Halogenation of Alkenes and Aromatics Using Alkali Metal Halides. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cross-Linking and Stereospecific Structure of Collagen in Mineralized and Nonmineralized Skeletal Tissues (1989)

Molecular distributions of the intermolecular cross-links in fetal bovine bone type I collagen fibrils were quantitatively determined and compared with those of periodontal ligament. Results indicated that Hyl and Lys residues in the COOH-terminal nonhelical peptide portions (residues 16C) of both alpha 1 chains were quantitatively converted to aldehydes. These in turn stoichiometrically formed cross-links with residues Hyl-87 on both alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of neighboring molecules. The ratio of cross-linked alpha 1 to alpha 2 chains was 3.5 to 1 indicating a stereospecific packing of collagen molecules in the fibrils similar manner to periodontal ligament collagen. It was found that there were few aldehyde derived cross-links in the NH2-terminal nonhelical portions of the bone type I collagen. The relative paucity of the cross-links in NH2-terminal region of bone collagens may favor mineralization.
Blue luminescent isolated Alq3 molecules in a solid-state matrix (2006)

Thin vacuum deposited films of aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinolinate) (Alq3) embedded in SiO2 matrix at concentrations corresponding to a single-molecule distribution are investigated. The spectral properties of the films are studied by luminescence spectroscopy. It is established that the dilution of Alq3 in the matrix leads to blueshift of the luminescence maximum up to 0.28eV compared to pure Alq3 layers. In contrast to the recently reported facial isomer of Alq3 in the crystalline δ phase, we conclude from our spectral data the observation of facial isomer molecules.
Decreased Insulin Secretion and Accumulation of Triglyceride in .BETA. Cells Overexpressing a Dominant-negative Form of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (2010)

Adenosine 5' -monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism, although its role in the pancreatic beta cells remains unclear. In the present, we have overexpressed a dominant negative form of AMPKalpha1 subunit (Asp57Ala) tagged with c-myc epitope (AMPKalpha1-DN) in INS-1D cells with an adenoviral vector. After 48 h of adenoviral infection, overexpression of AMPKalpha1-DN in INS-1D cells was confirmed by Western blot analysis with anti-c-myc antibody. Phosphorylation of the Thr172 in AMPKalpha1/alpha2 subunit was progressively decreased in parallel with increasing number of adenoviral titers. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in response to 30 mmol/L glucose was decreased in INS-1D cells overexpressing AMPKalpha1-DN as compared to control cells infected with adeno- LacZ vector. Neither cellular insulin content nor insulin mRNA level was changed between the two groups. Phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a down-stream substrate of AMPK, was decreased, indicating that ACC activity was increased, due to the decreased AMPK activity. In fact, intracellular triglyceride content was increased as compared to control cells. The beta-oxidation of palmitate was decreased at 30 mmol/L glucose. Insulin secretion in response to potassium chloride or glibenclamide was also decreased as compared to control cells. In conclusion, suppression of AMPK activity in beta-cells inhibited insulin secretion in response to glucose, potassium chloride or glibenclamide without altering insulin content. Accumulation of triglyceride subsequent to the activation of ACC by suppression of AMPK activity, was suggested to be, at least in part, responsible for the impaired insulin secretion through so-called lipotoxicity mechanism.
Mg2+ Binding to the Active Site of EcoRV Endonuclease: A Crystallographic Study of Complexes with Substrate and Product DNA at 2-.ANG. Resolution (1995)

The type II restriction endonuclease EcoRV was crystallized as a complex with the substrate DNA undecamer AAAGATATCTT (recognition sequence underlined). These crystals diffract to much better resolution (2 A) than was the case for the previously reported complex with the decamer GGGATATCCC [Winkler, F. K., Banner, D. W., Oefner, C., Tsernoglou, D., Brown, R. S., Heathman, S. P., Bryan, R. K., Martin, P. D., Petratos, K., & Wilson, K. S. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 1781-1795]. The crystal structure contains one dimer complex in the asymmetric unit and was solved by molecular replacement. The same kinked DNA conformation characteristic for enzyme-bound cognate DNA is observed. Crystals, soaked with Mg2+, show the essential cofactor bound at only one active site of the dimer, and the DNA is not cleaved. The Mg2+ has one oxygen from the scissile phosphodiester group and two carboxylate oxygens, one form Asp74 and one from Asp90, in its octahedral ligand sphere. The scissile phosphodiester group is pulled by 1 A toward the Mg2+. After substrate cleavage in solution, isomorphous crystals containing the enzyme--product--Mg2+ complex were obtained. In this structure, each of the 5'-phosphate groups is bound to two Mg2+. The kinked DNA conformation is essentially maintained, but the two central adenines, 3' to the cleavage sites, form an unusual cross-strand base stacking. The structures have been refined to R factors of 0.16 at 2.1-2.0 A resolution maintaining very good stereochemistry. On the basis of these structures and inspired by recent kinetic data [Vipond, I. B., & Halford, S. E. (1994) Biochemistry (second paper of three in this issue)], we have constructed a transition state model with two metals bound to the scissile phosphorane group.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIFLUOROPERACETIC ACID. OXIDATION OF AROMATIC RINGS (1980)

Abstract Trifluorperessigsäure, die in situ aus Trifluoressigsäure (II) mit Wasserstoffperoxid entsteht, liefert mit Toluol (I) Abbauprodukte wie Essigsäure (III) und Sorbinsäure (IV).
Geological Microseismic Fracture Mapping - Methodologies for Improved Interpretations Based on Seismology and Geologic Context (2009)

The results of microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracture treatments are significantly more valuable when a high-confidence interpretation of results can be done. The most common approach is to look for trends, or directions, along which microseismic events line up that would indicate the direction of induced fractures. This type of interpretation is more difficult when the signal is low or when the events appear to define multiple directions. Analysis of geologic structures in the area of the reservoir can provide useful information to support or eliminate interpretations of apparent trends as stimulated fractures, as well as provide an explanation for fracture trends that deviate from the expected orientation from the in-situ stress directions. In some cases, structural geology observed at the surface can be extrapolated to the subsurface to aid the interpretation. When seismic reflection scale horizon and fault interpretations are available, they can be used to infer that smaller scale faults and fractures of similar orientation may have been activated at the wellbore. Inversion of seismic source mechanisms for microseismic events provides the most well-constrained parameters to describe the failure mechanisms of the hydraulic fracture treatment, and by combining this information with the geologic context a better understanding of the reservoir rock behavior during the stimulation treatment can be developed. In this paper, examples will be presented that describe interpretations of microseismic monitoring results based on geologic context and confirmed by source mechanism inversions.
Modern spectral analysis techniques for blood flow velocity and spectral measurements with pulsed Doppler ultrasound (1991)

Four spectral analysis techniques were applied to pulsed Doppler ultrasonic quadrature signals to compare the relative merits of each technique for estimation of flow velocity and Doppler spectra. The four techniques were 1) the fast Fourier transform method, 2) the maximum likelihood method, 3) the Burg autoregressive algorithm, and 4) the modified covariance approach to autoregressive modeling. Both simulated signals and signals obtained from an in vitro flow system were studied. Optimal parameter values (e.g., model orders) were determined for each method, and the effects of signal-to-noise ratio and signal bandwidth were investigated. The modern spectral analysis techniques were shown to be superior to Fourier techniques in most circumstances, provided the model order was chosen appropriately. Robustness considerations tended to recommend the maximum likelihood method for both velocity and spectral estimation. Despite the restrictions of steady laminar flow, the results provide important basic information concerning the applicability of modern spectral analysis techniques to Doppler ultrasonic evaluation of arterial disease.