gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A temperature‐jump device for time‐resolved cryo‐transmission electron microscopy (1992)

We describe a temperature-jump device that permits time-resolved studies of thin cryo-transmission electron microscopy specimens. The specimen is rapidly heated to induce a change in microstructure just prior to cryo-fixation. The apparatus consists of a xenon arc lamp equipped with a shutter controlled by timing circuitry, used in conjunction with an environmental specimen preparation chamber. The specimen is heated by exposure to focused light from the lamp, and then plunged into cryogen. Using a thermocouple constructed from an electron microscope grid, we show that temperature jumps of 30-60 K are achieved with exposure times of 150-450 milliseconds. Micrographs of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles and n-docosane films, subjected to these exposures, show that the specimens are still at least 20-30 K above their initial temperature when they contact the cryogen. This method could be applied to a variety of biological and chemical systems which undergo structural changes activated by a rise in temperature.
Inside Cover: Semiconductor Anisotropic Nanocomposites Obtained by Directly Coupling Conjugated Polymers with Quantum Rods (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 17/2011) (2011)

Semiconductor anisotropic nanocomposites are promising materials for the use in organic–inorganic nanohybrid solar cells. In their Communication on page 3958 ff. Z. Lin and co-workers report such nanocomposites synthesized by a catalyst-free click reaction. In these architectures, CdSe nanorods and poly(3-hexylthiophene) are in intimate contact.
A novel pixel’s fractional mean-based image enhancement algorithm for better image splicing detection (2022)

Image manipulation has become widely accessible to the masses over the past years due to the sophisticated image editing tools which are readily-available and easy to use. As a result, image forgery has increased such that it has become infeasible to discriminate authentic from tampered images with the naked eye. Image forgery plays a prominent role in the spread of misinformation, which might be criminalized under certain jurisdictions. Image splicing is a common type of image manipulation and constitutes one of the most widespread image tampering methods on the internet. Efforts have been made to tackle the implications of image forgery by developing computer algorithms that can discriminate tampered images, however, more research is needed to keep up with the advancements of image editing tools. Previously, we have explored fractional calculus in other image processing applications. In this study, we propose a novel pixel’s fractional mean (PFM) algorithm to enhance images prior to classification for better detection of image splicing forgery based on texture features. The proposed PFM enhances each pixel separately depending on the occurrence number of the pixel’s intensity. Two sets of texture algorithms are used to extract essential features from suspected spliced images. These features are then used with the “support vector machine” (SVM) classifier to classify authentic and spliced images. The proposed model demonstrated an accuracy rate of 97% when evaluated with the publicly-available image splicing dataset “CASIA v2.0”. With a relatively low dimension feature vector, the proposed model demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency, which corroborate the benefit of using fractional calculus in image processing algorithms.
Probabilistic Voronoi Diagrams for Probabilistic Moving Nearest Neighbor\n Queries (2011)

A large spectrum of applications such as location based services and\nenvironmental monitoring demand efficient query processing on uncertain\ndatabases. In this paper, we propose the probabilistic Voronoi diagram (PVD)\nfor processing moving nearest neighbor queries on uncertain data, namely the\nprobabilistic moving nearest neighbor (PMNN) queries. A PMNN query finds the\nmost probable nearest neighbor of a moving query point continuously. To process\nPMNN queries efficiently, we provide two techniques: a pre-computation approach\nand an incremental approach. In the pre-computation approach, we develop an\nalgorithm to efficiently evaluate PMNN queries based on the pre-computed PVD\nfor the entire data set. In the incremental approach, we propose an incremental\nprobabilistic safe region based technique that does not require to pre-compute\nthe whole PVD to answer the PMNN query. In this incremental approach, we\nexploit the knowledge for a known region to compute the lower bound of the\nprobability of an object being the nearest neighbor. Experimental results show\nthat our approaches significantly outperform a sampling based approach by\norders of magnitude in terms of I/O, query processing time, and communication\noverheads.\n
A Plethora of Applications (2009)

Artificial neural networks have been used in a staggering number of applications. Not all of them can be listed here, but the authors will highlight areas where neural networks have found success. As has been pointed out, neural networks are very good at mapping inputs to outputs. This ability to map inputs to outputs is very useful in function approximation, pattern recognition, and database mining. The authors present examples showing how neural networks can be applied in these areas without becoming overly detailed. Several come from the authors' work experience, while others come from publicly available data sources.
Linear absorption measurements of pressure broadening in neon (1991)

Self-broadening of the neon lines lambda 585.2 nm and lambda 667.8 nm at 77 K and 300 K has been studied by the linear absorption technique using a tunable laser. The natural mixture of neon isotopes was excited in a weak DC discharge. The broadening is expected to be due mainly to the resonance interaction since the lower level of both lines is the strong resonance level 1s2. The radiation width of this level was derived from the Lorentzian widths of the lines extrapolated to zero density, leading to a resonance oscillator strength of 0.158(10). The measured broadening constants of lambda 585.2 nm and lambda 667.8 nm respectively were, in units of 1023 MHz m3 atom-1, 77 K: 205(5), 204(9) and 300 K: 186(11), 191(6), where the quoted errors represent only statistical uncertainty. Pure resonance broadening would give the value 188(7). A slight curvature was detected in the broadening of both lines at the lower temperature.
Search for Bacillus anthracis Potential Vaccine Candidates by a Functional Genomic-Serologic Screen (2006)

Bacillus anthracis proteins that possess antigenic properties and are able to evoke an immune response were identified by a reductive genomic-serologic screen of a set of in silico-preselected open reading frames (ORFs). The screen included in vitro expression of the selected ORFs by coupled transcription and translation of linear PCR-generated DNA fragments, followed by immunoprecipitation with antisera from B. anthracis-infected animals. Of the 197 selected ORFs, 161 were chromosomal and 36 were on plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, and 138 of the 197 ORFs had putative functional annotations (known ORFs) and 59 had no assigned functions (unknown ORFs). A total of 129 of the known ORFs (93%) could be expressed, whereas only 38 (64%) of the unknown ORFs were successfully expressed. All 167 expressed polypeptides were subjected to immunoprecipitation with the anti-B. anthracis antisera, which revealed 52 seroreactive immunogens, only 1 of which was encoded by an unknown ORF. The high percentage of seroreactive ORFs among the functionally annotated ORFs (37%; 51/129) attests to the predictive value of the bioinformatic strategy used for vaccine candidate selection. Furthermore, the experimental findings suggest that surface-anchored proteins and adhesins or transporters, such as cell wall hydrolases, proteins involved in iron acquisition, and amino acid and oligopeptide transporters, have great potential to be immunogenic. Most of the seroreactive ORFs that were tested as DNA vaccines indeed appeared to induce a humoral response in mice. We list more than 30 novel B. anthracis immunoreactive virulence-related proteins which could be useful in diagnosis, pathogenesis studies, and future anthrax vaccine development.
MO‐F‐144‐03: Real‐Time Guidance and Planning in Breast High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Using 3D Ultrasound (2013)

Purpose: In breast interstitial high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy, the number and positions of the catheters are usually chosen manually using a preimplant CT scan. In this work, we present an innovative approach for real‐time 3D ultrasound (3DUS) planning in breast HDR brachytherapy. Methods: The end‐to‐end procedure was realized with a computer controlled robotic 3DUS system for breast brachytherapy so that both planning and guidance are possible. The scanner is mounted on the Kuske template (Nucletron, Veneendal, The Netherlands) so that the scan direction is longitudinal to the catheter axis. Software modules were developed for the acquisition and reconstruction of ultrasound images. A semi‐automatic segmentation algorithm and a needle reconstruction algorithm were integrated into the software to segment the planning target volume and reconstruct the catheter. A Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations (CVT) algorithm, in conjunction with IPSA, was used for catheter number and position optimization. The procedure was tested with 9 catheters in an agarose‐based phantom with a hypo‐echoic mass. Results: The 3DUS acquisition time is less than 7s and the catheter optimization algorithm can obtain 10 complete treatments plans, with the corresponding dosimetric indices, in 90s. The catheter optimization algorithm was shown to reduce the number of catheters to 12 without reducing the quality of the treatment. Breast PTV V100 and dose homogeneity index (DHI) calculated after the procedure were compared to the value obtained from the optimal plan calculated with the CVT algorithm. Both dosimetric indexes were still within RTOG guidelines after the procedure. However, the PTV V100 is smaller after the procedure due to the template‐based implantation. Isodoses are comparable. Conclusion: We have devised a simple, fast and efficient method for real‐time 3DUS guidance of breast HDR brachytherapy. This approach could be coupled with personalized 3D‐printed or robotic template to further optimize this brachytherapy procedure. Funding support: CIHR and NSERC
Temporospatial expression of HSP72 and c‐JUN, and DNA fragmentation in goat hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia (2001)

The role of gene induction (expression of HSP72 and c-JUN proteins) and delayed ischemic cell death (in situ labeling of DNA fragmentation) have been investigated in the goat hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia. The animals were subjected to 20-min ischemia (bilateral occlusion of the external carotid arteries plus bilateral jugular vein compression) and allowed to reperfuse for 2 h, and then 1, 3, and 7 days. Histological signs of cell loss were not found in the hippocampus at 2 h, 1 day, or 3 days of reperfusion. However, such an ischemic insult produced extensive, selective, and delayed degeneration in the hippocampus, as 68% of the neurons in CA1 had died at 7 days, but cell loss was not detected in CA3 and dentate gyrus fields. Concomitantly, a high percentage of TUNEL-positive CA1 neurons (60+/-9%, mean +/- SEM) was seen at 7 days, but not at the earlier time points. Mild induction of HSP72 was detected in the goat hippocampus after ischemia. The maximum percentage of HSP72-positive neurons (10-15%) was shown at 3 days of reperfusion and was concentrated mainly in the CA3 field, subiculum, and hilus, rather than in the CA1 field, whereas HSP72 expression was hardly detected at 7 days. At this later time point, scattered induction of nuclear c-JUN was found in a few neurons. The results show that: 1) postischemic delayed neuronal death selectively affects the CA1 field in the goat hippocampus, a phenomenon which seems to take longer to develop than in previously reported rodent models; and 2) postischemic expression of c-JUN does not appear to be related to cell death or survival, while the inability of most CA1 neurons to express HSP72 could contribute to neuronal death.
ChemInform Abstract: Hexafluoro‐2‐propanol‐Promoted Intermolecular Friedel—Crafts Acylation Reaction. (2016)

Abstract Friedel—Crafts acylation of arenes by aroyl chlorides in hexafluoroisopropanol without any additives yields aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones at room temperature.
Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Elderly (2005)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is primarily a disease of the elderly. Although NSCLC is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and the overall prognosis of this disease is poor, treatment improves survival compared with best supportive care, independent of the stage of disease. Elderly patients have a particularly poor prognosis with NSCLC compared with younger patients, likely due to age-related biases in referral and treatment patterns. There is an emerging literature regarding the tolerability of NSCLC treatments in elderly patients. In advanced disease, subgroup analyses of the elderly population participating in randomized clinical trials as well as elder-specific prospective randomized trials have demonstrated that elderly NSCLC patients derive equivalent survival benefit from the treatment of NSCLC as younger patients. This treatment is tolerable for "fit" elderly patients, and modified regimens are available for the more frail elderly patients. Evaluating the relative fitness of an elderly patient may be achieved through an assessment of functional ability. As the U.S. population ages and the incidence of NSCLC rises, an understanding of treatment options for elderly patients with NSCLC is vital for all clinicians involved in their clinical care.
Acetylcholine receptor-aggregating proteins are associated with the extracellular matrix of many tissues in Torpedo. (1988)

The synaptic basal lamina, a component of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction, directs the formation of new postsynaptic specializations, including the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), during muscle regeneration in adult animals. Although the molecular basis of this phenomenon is unknown, it is mimicked by AChR-aggregating proteins in ECM-enriched fractions from muscle and the synapse-rich electric organ of the ray Torpedo californica. Molecules immunologically similar to these proteins are concentrated in the synaptic basal lamina at neuromuscular junctions of the ray and frog. Here we demonstrate that immunologically, chemically, and functionally similar AChR-aggregating proteins are also associated with the ECM of several other tissues in Torpedo. Monoclonal antibodies against the AChR-aggregating proteins from electric organ intensely stained neuromuscular junctions and the ventral surfaces of electrocytes, structures with a high density of AChRs. However, they also labeled many other structures which have basal laminae, including the extrajunctional perimeters of skeletal muscle fibers, smooth and cardiac muscle cells, Schwann cell sheaths in peripheral nerves, walls of some blood vessels, and epithelial basement membranes in the gut, skin, and heart. Some structures with basal laminae did not stain with the antibodies; e.g., the dorsal surfaces of electrocytes. Bands of similar molecular weight were detected by the antibodies on Western blots of extracts of ECM-enriched fractions from electric organ and several other tissues. Proteins from all tissues examined, enriched from these extracts by affinity chromatography with the monoclonal antibodies, aggregated AChRs on cultured myotubes. Thus, similar AChR-aggregating proteins are associated with the extracellular matrix of many Torpedo tissues. The broad distribution of these proteins suggests they have functions in addition to AChR aggregation.
Avoiding on‐screen metamerism in N‐primary displays (2005)

Abstract— The present paper describes a method for using more than three primaries in an additive‐primary display. The method ensures that each tristimulus specification can be produced in no more than one way, even if a non‐singular filter ( i.e. , one that does not reduce the dimensionality of color‐matching space) is interposed between the screen and the viewer. Starting with N primaries, the method uses only three at a time, but these may be composites — fixed linear combinations of the original N . As further insurance against on‐screen metamerism, a criterion on the primary spectra, based on the Binet‐Cauchy theorem, ensures that a triad of primaries keeps its right/left‐handed chromaticity ordering when a filter is interposed.
Improving NORMALS Using Modified Baudot-Murray Code (2016)

NORMALS or Normal Linguistic Methodology Steganography is a steganography method based on noiseless steganography paradigm or Nostega. In this method, a message is embedded into cover text by modifying the external input of a Natural Language Generation (NLG) system that produces text. The main problem of NORMALS method is small embedding capacity. To solve this problem, this research proposed some method to improve NORMALS method. A better embedding capacity can be achieved by modifying the character encoding used in this research. In addition to modifying the character encoding to make it more efficient, this research also ensures that all the code are evenly distributed, so that in writing the secret message all the code in modified character encoding has almost the same probability to be used. This can reduce suspicion because there is no code that excessively used. The results of the experiments showed that the proposed method has better efficiency in writing the secret message compared to NORMALS, especially for secret messages in the same language with a corpus that is used to modify the character encoding.
In vivo imaging of extracellular pH using1H MRSI (1999)

Tumor pH is physiologically important since it influences a number of processes relevant to tumorigenesis and therapy. Hence, knowledge of localized pH within tumors would contribute to understanding these processes. The destructiveness, poor spatial resolution, and poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of current technologies (e.g., microelectrodes, 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy) have limited such studies. An extrinsic chemical extracellular pH (pHe) probe is described that is used in combination with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to yield pHe maps with a spatial resolution of 1 x 1 x 4 mm3. The principle of the technique is demonstrated on a phantom. Further data are shown to demonstrate its application in vivo, and results agree with previously reported pH values. The accuracy of the reported pH measurements is <0.1 pH units, as derived from a detailed analysis of the errors associated with the technique, the description of which is included.
Tin (IV) Oxide (SnO2) Modifed LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries (2015)

Synthesis of positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIB) plays a major role in battery performance. In this study, we first investigated the effect of chelating agents and calcination temperature on the production of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 cathode material. Then, by using mechanical mixing and sol-gel methods, tin oxide was introduced in the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 powder to enhance the electrochemical performance. The effects of chelating agents (citric acid, oxalic acid, adipic acid), calcination temperature (600-800 °C, @10 hours) and the tin oxide presence on the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer, Emmmett and Teller (BET) analyses. Galvonastatic tests were performed in between 3-4.2 V at various C rates (0.2, 0.5, 1C).The powders produced by using adipic acid as chelating agent at 700 °C showed higher capacity and better electrochemical properties than those of powders synthesized by oxalic and citric acid. And sol-gel modified powders had higher initial capacity and better capacity retention than the mechanically modified and the bare powders. Sol-gel modified powders had more stable cycle characteristic and they had not shown immediate capacity fall even at higher C rates where they kept their capacity above 140 mAh/g even after 50 cycles.
Increased risk for COVID‐19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated patients with substance use disorders in the United States between December 2020 and August 2021 (2021)

Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) are at increased risk for COVID-19 infection and for adverse outcomes of the infection. Though vaccines are highly effective against COVID-19, their effectiveness in individuals with SUDs might be curtailed by compromised immune status and a greater likelihood of exposures, added to the waning vaccine immunity and the new SARS-CoV-2 variants. In a population-based cohort study, we assessed the risk, time trends, outcomes and disparities of COVID-19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated SUD patients starting 14 days after completion of vaccination. The study included 579,372 individuals (30,183 with a diagnosis of SUD and 549,189 without such a diagnosis) who were fully vaccinated between December 2020 and August 2021, and had not contracted COVID-19 infection prior to vaccination. We used the TriNetX Analytics network platform to access de-identified electronic health records from 63 health care organizations in the US. Among SUD patients, the risk for breakthrough infection ranged from 6.8% for tobacco use disorder to 7.8% for cannabis use disorder, all significantly higher than the 3.6% in non-SUD population (p<0.001). Breakthrough infection risk remained significantly higher after controlling for demographics (age, gender, ethnicity) and vaccine types for all SUD subtypes, except for tobacco use disorder, and was highest for cocaine and cannabis use disorders (hazard ratio, HR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.30-3.25 for cocaine; HR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.39-2.66 for cannabis). When we matched SUD and non-SUD individuals for lifetime comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic determinants of health, the risk for breakthrough infection no longer differed between these populations, except for patients with cannabis use disorder, who remained at increased risk (HR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.22-1.99). The risk for breakthrough infection was higher in SUD patients who received the Pfizer than the Moderna vaccine (HR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.31-1.69). In the vaccinated SUD population, the risk for hospitalization was 22.5% for the breakthrough cohort and 1.6% for the non-breakthrough cohort (risk ratio, RR=14.4, 95% CI: 10.19-20.42), while the risk for death was 1.7% and 0.5% respectively (RR=3.5, 95% CI: 1.74-7.05). No significant age, gender and ethnic disparities for breakthrough infection were observed in vaccinated SUD patients. These data suggest that fully vaccinated SUD individuals are at higher risk for breakthrough COVID-19 infection, and this is largely due to their higher prevalence of comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic determinants of health compared with non-SUD individuals. The high frequency of comorbidities in SUD patients is also likely to contribute to their high rates of hospitalization and death following breakthrough infection.