gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GDNF and AADC Gene Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease (2016)

The use of viral vectors to express therapeutics genes in Parkinson’s disease (PD) trials has been hindered by a lack of understanding of the principles that guide effective distribution of vectors within the basal ganglia, even when we have a strong expectation of efficacy based on experimentation in animal models. The major problems we have faced include (1) scale-up from small rodent and nonhuman primates (NHP) brains to humans, (2) understanding how viral vectors distribute within the brain parenchyma, (3) prediction of how viral particles are disseminated by neuronal projections after direct delivery to the putamen and substantia nigra, (4) the mechanism of action of the therapeutic gene on dopaminergic system, and (5) the relevance of animal models to idiopathic PD. In this chapter, we will address these important issues and will try to put them into the context of data that has been obtained from current and recent clinical trials. In particular, we will address therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring dopaminergic function by either expressing genes that encode enzymes responsible for synthesis of dopamine (DA) or expressing growth factors capable of upregulating DA function in the degenerated neurons. We will not address inhibition of outflow innervation from the striatum in PD patients by expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) as this strategy is described in the dedicated chapter in this book.
Statins induce cell death in ovarian cancer cells through activation of the intrinsic pathway (2008)

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA

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Ovarian cancer constitutes one of the main causes of death from gynecological cancers worldwide. In spite of an excellent initial response with the use of aggressive cytoreductive surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy the overall survival is poor. Thus, finding of new modalities of treatments remains a major challenge when dealing with advanced stages of this disease. During last years evidence has been published supporting pleitropic effects of statins beyond their better known effect, this is, the cardioprotective effect due to beneficial changes in lipid metabolism and in the inflammatory response involved in atheroma plaque formation. Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, would induce cell death in some epithelial cancers (i.e. breast cancer) but the explanatory mechanisms are not well characterized. Objectives: We investigated if statins induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines and what are the mechanisms explaining this effect. Methods: Dose (0-10 uM) and time (0-72h) response curves were built for two statins (lovastatin and simvastatin) in two cancer cell lines (A2780 and UCI101) and in primary cultured ovarian cancer cells (established from advanced epithelial ovarian cancers). Cell viability was studied by MTS assays. Apoptosis was confirmed through DNA laddering and W-B of different proteins involved in the apoptotic cascade. Results: Both lovastatin and simvastatin induce cell death in all the ovarian cancer cells tested in a dose and time dependent manner. Statins did not affect primary cultured normal ovarian epithelial cells. W-B analysis demonstrated that statins induce caspase-mediated apoptosis through activation of the intrinsic pathway (decrease in BAD, cytochrome C release, and caspase-9 activation). The use of non-selective (ZVAD-fmk) and selective (caspase-9) caspase inhibitors almost completely reverted this effect. PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways were also involved. Active forms of both kinases (i.e. phospho-Akt) are decreased upon statin incubation. This effect was confirmed in EGFR overexpressing ovarian cancer cells in which statin preincubation (about 1h) resulted in significant decreased of Akt phosphorylation induced by EGF exposure (15 min). Conclusions: Both lovastatin and simvastatin induce cell death in ovarian cancer cells through activation of the intrinsic pathway. Further studies are prompted to discover potential uses of statins in ovarian cancer treatment. (supported by Fondecyt 1050744 and 1060495)
Prognostic factors in prostate cancer. (1997)

The clinical course of prostate cancer (PCa), the most common cancer in Swedish men, is highly variable and difficult to predict. Consequently, there is an urgent need to distinguish tumours with a high risk of progression from those with a low risk. To investigate the prognostic implications of proliferation and apoptosis, two important processes in tumor biology, immunoreactivity for biomarkers associated with these processes was assessed, quantified in indexes, and related to cause-specific survival (CSS). A consecutive series of 186 men presenting with voiding symptoms and PCa were treated with transurethral resection and deferred endocrine therapy. After 13-21 years follow-up, 43% of these men had died of prostate cancer. In a subgroup of men with localised disease at the time of diagnosis, 27% succumbed to the disease. Immunoreactivity for p53 protein, indicative of a defective p53 function, predicted shorter CSS in univariate (52 vs 123 months, p < 0.0001), but not in multivariate analysis. Mean index for the apoptosis blocking bcl-2 protein was higher in foci of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, a putative precursor to PCa, than in manifest cancer areas (79 vs 12, p < 0.0001). This indicates that bcl-2 may be involved in early tumourigenesis. No prognostic value was found for the bcl-2 index. A high index for the proliferation marker Ki-67 predicted shorter CSS in univariate (53 vs 132 months p < 0.0001) and in multivariate analysis. To test if p53 is predictive for clinical radioresistance, as suggested by experimental models, p53 immunoreactivity was investigated in biopsies obtained before radical radiotherapy in an unrelated series of 60 PCa patients. Patients with p53 reactive tumours had longer CSS, indicating that p53 is not treatment-predictive for radiotherapy in Pca. Core biopsies were obtained before and a week after castration therapy in patients with advanced PCa. According to the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level 3 months after therapy, 15 responding tumours and 13 non-responding tumours were selected. Regressive morphology was seen in 14/15 responders after castration therapy, compared with 4/13 non-responders. Median apoptotic index increased significantly after castration therapy for responders (from 2.6 to 3.5, p < 0.05) whereas it was 2.8 before and after therapy in non-responders. This indicates that subsequent clinical response can be predicted by the induction of regressive morphology and an increase in apoptotic index. In conclusion, immunoreactivity for Ki-67 appeared to be a putative prognostic factor in PCa, whereas the prognostic value of p53 and bcl-2 was dubious. p53 immunoreactivity did not appear to be predictive of radioresistance in PCa. Cellular response in biopsies shortly after castration therapy might be treatment-predictive.
How Fake News Differs From Personal Lies (2020)

Personal lies (girl on date lying to dad) and fake news ( Obama Bans Pledge of Allegiance) both deceive but in different ways, so they require different detection methods. People in long-term relationships try to tell undetectable lies to encourage, often, audience inaction. In contrast, unattached fake news welcome attention and try to ignite audience action. Thus, they differ in six ways: (a) speaker–audience relationship, (b) goal, (c) emotion, (d) information, (e) number of participants, and (f) citation of sources. To detect personal lies, a person can use their intimate relationship to heighten emotions, raise the stakes, and ask for more information, participants, or sources. In contrast, a person evaluates the legitimacy of potential fake news by examining the websites of its author, the people in the news article, and/or reputable media sources. Large social media companies have suitable expertise, data, and resources to reduce fake news. Search tools, rival news media links to one another’s articles, encrypted signature links, and improved school curricula might also help users detect fake news.
Breaking the computation and communication abstraction barrier in distributed machine learning workloads (2022)

Recent trends towards large machine learning models require both training and inference tasks to be distributed. Considering the huge cost of training these models, it is imperative to unlock optimizations in computation and communication to obtain best performance. However, the current logical separation between computation and communication kernels in machine learning frameworks misses optimization opportunities across this barrier. Breaking this abstraction can provide many optimizations to improve the performance of distributed workloads. However, manually applying these optimizations requires modifying the underlying computation and communication libraries for each scenario, which is both time consuming and error-prone.
EFFECT OF INHOMOGENEOUS MINORITY CARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS IN ELECTRON-BEAM-PUMPED LASERS (1968)

Power output versus beam current characteristics of electron-beam-pumped semiconductor lasers do not exhibit a linear dependence pattern. We demonstrate that this behavior reflects the nonuniform nature of the steady-state distribution of bombardment-induced minority carriers. The treatment suggests a novel method of assessing the diffusion length in semiconductors; for laser-grade n-type GaAs we find L ≲ 1 μ.
Contribution of Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger to pinacidil‐induced relaxation in the rat mesenteric artery (2003)

1 Pinacidil relaxes blood vessels through opening the K(ATP) channels with a resultant membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of Ca(2+) influx. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms thereby pinacidil induces K(+) channel-independent relaxation in isolated endothelium-denuded rat mesenteric artery. 2 Pinacidil-induced relaxation was inhibited by glibenclamide (1-10 micro M) in phenylephrine-preconstricted rings, but was unaffected by glibenclamide after inhibition of K(+) channels and VGCCs. Pinacidil-induced K(+) channel-independent relaxation remained unchanged after treatment with cyclopiazonic acid (10 micro M), thapsigargin (1 micro M), ouabain (100 micro M), propranolol (10 micro M), Rp-cAMPS triethylamine (30 micro M), L-NNA (100 micro M), or ODQ (10 micro M). 3 Pinacidil induced more relaxant effect in the presence of nifedipine than in the presence of 60 mM K(+) plus nifedipine. Pretreatment with Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitors, nickel (30-300 micro M) or benzamil (20 micro M) attenuated pinacidil-induced relaxation in normal or in nifedipine-containing solution. Pinacidil (1 micro M) produced less relaxant effect with decreasing extracellular Na(+) concentration. Na(+)-free condition abolished the inhibitory effect of benzamil. Both nickel and benzamil inhibited pinacidil-induced relaxation in the presence of glibenclamide (10 micro M). Nickel (300 micro M) did not affect the relaxant response to sodium nitroprusside. 4 Pinacidil relaxed the rings preconstricted by active phorbol and U46619 with similar potency. 5 The present results indicate that stimulation of the forward mode Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange pathway is in part responsible for pinacidil-induced K(+) channel-independent vasorelaxation. Pinacidil also induces K(+) channel-dependent but VGCCs-independent relaxation. The PKC-mediated cellular pathway may be a target site for pinacidil only in higher concentrations.
The Role of Cannabinoid System on Immune Modulation: Therapeutic Implications on CNS Inflammation (2005)

There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that cannabinoids may be neuroprotective in CNS inflammatory conditions. Advances in the understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of the cannabinoid system have increased the interest of cannabinoids as potential therapeutic targets. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, have been detected in cells of the immune system, as well as in brain glial cells. In the present review it is summarized the effects of cannabinoids on immune reactivity and on the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes associated with brain disorders with special attention to chronic inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Combining dynamical-decoupling pulses with optimal control theory for improved quantum gates (2011)

Department of Photonic Microsystem Technologies (01725),Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185(Dated: May 13, 2011)Constructing high- delity control pulses that are robust to control and sys-tem/environment uctuations is a crucial objective for quantum information process-ing. Using the two-state Landau-Zener model for simulations of a double quantumdot qubit, we generate optimal controls for ˇ- and ˇ=2-pulses, and investigate theirinherent robustness. We nd enhanced robustness through a novel combination ofrecent results from dynamical-decoupling and optimal control of unitary operations.Previous work has shown that general errors up to (but not including) third ordercan be removed from ˇ- and ˇ=2-pulses without concatenation. By systematicallyintegrating methods from dynamical-decoupling and optimal control, and incorpo-rating system parameter estimates, we demonstrate, via a numerical example, thatgate delity may further be improved.
Demonstration of InAs nanowire vertical transistors (2019)

This paper reports on selective-area growth of vertical InAs/InAsP core-shell (CS) NWs on Si, and demonstration of vertical surrounding-gate transistors (SGTs) and InAs/InP CS NW-Si heterojunction TFET. NWs were grown by selective-area metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (SA-MOVPE). The growth temperature was 550°C and III/V ratio was 256. Zn-pulsed doping layer was grown for 5 min, followed by Si-doped InAs growth for 3 min and growth of Sn-pulsed-doped layer for 5 min. Finally, InP shell was grown for 7 sec. As for InAsP layer, the P content in vapor phase was 40%. The SGT exhibits minimum subthreshold slope (SS) of 88 mV/decade at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> = 0.50 V and low leakage current (~ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> A/μm). ON-state current for the CS NW-channel was 2 times higher than bare InAs NW SGTs. This was assumed that the elastic strain due to lattice mismatch in CS layer was supperss electron scattering process. The TFET showed SS of 46 mV/decade which was below physical limitation of FET (60 mV/decade). The on/off ratio of 2 decade at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> = 0.50 V due to low source doping level. Further design of source region and shell structure will be discussed to enhance ON-state current.
Analysis of processes in latex systems by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (1994)

Abstract Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy near‐infrared (NIR) laser excitation was used to follow an emulsion polymerization reaction involving methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate and allyl methacrylate monomers in a water continuous phase. The effect of NIR absorption is discussed in relation to the monomers and water. For the system studied, only parts of the spectrum are shown to suffer from significant self‐absorption due to the water. Fortunately, for monitoring the polymerization reaction through the loss in the band due to the symmetric CC stretch, self‐absorption is shown not to play a significant role.
Design and Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanomaterials Based on Gold Nanorod Supercrystals* (2020)

This chapter describes an approach toward the rational development of functional nanomaterials (or nanodevices). It focuses on a “study case” that represents a good example. The example comprises methodologies and experimental pros and cons that can be applied to other projects. Generally speaking, people can identify four distinct stages involved in the development of a nanodevice, but they are all strongly interconnected: the output of one stage is used as input for the next one. They are formulation/refining of a starting idea or hypothesis, which requires devising a specific system, fabrication of the different components and their assembly into the desired structure, systematic and detailed characterization of the produced materials, and interpretation of the experimental data on the basis of existing or new theory. These four stages can be organized in a cycle, where each “round” represents a step forward toward the design of a new functional material.
Optical fiber with sharp optical absorptions by vibrational-rotational absorption of C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ molecules (1990)

An optical fiber with sharp optical absorption peaks in the wavelength region from 1.515 to 1.535 mu m is discussed. These absorption peaks are provided by the vibrational-rotational absorption of C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ molecules (VRAM) placed inside the small vacant hole of the core center. Each peak has a FWHM bandwidth of 9.8 GHz and an absorption of between 1 and 5 dB for the 300-m-long fiber.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Biocompatibility of the titanium-based implant surfaces: Effect of the calcium dihydrogen phosphate on osteoblast cells (2016)

The influence of the presence of calcium dihydrogen phosphate in acid media on titanium-based implant surfaces, Ticer, employed in clinics, and its white form (Ticer white), on osteoblast cells was investigated. Novel surfaces M1 and M2 were obtained by immersing Ticer and Ticer white surfaces in calcium dihydrogen phosphate solution at pH 3.5. The surfaces were characterized by SEM, EDS and X-ray diffraction. The results related to interaction of investigated surfaces and human osteoblast cells from indirect biocompatibility (MTT and SRB assays), proliferation (DAPI assay) and mode of cell death (acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) double staining) were found to be in good agreement, as well as findings from osteocalcin (OC) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression. Surfaces were obtained by employing anodic plasma-electrochemical oxidation with spark discharges without subsequent surface modifications were found to be more compatible. Soaking of Ticer and Ticer white in phosphate solution gave toxic materials (M1 and M2) which induced apoptosis and secondary necrosis in osteoblast cells.
Allogene Transplantation und HIV-Infektion: Untersuchungen an HIV-infiziertem Gewebe (1995)

The findings indicate the importance of the mandatory serological screening and selection in donor patients.
THE EFFECTS OF METALLIC INTERLAYER FORMATION ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF PACVD-TIN FILMS ON TOOL STEEL (1991)

The adhesion of PACVD - TiN films on tool steel (AISI M2) has been investigated as a function of interfacial chemistry and the metallic interlayer formation between TiN films and substrate steel. Prior to TiN deposition, thin metallic interlayers such as Ti, Cr, Cu films were deposited on a steel substrate with thickness range of 200 - 2000 A by Magnetron sputtering. TiN films were deposited by RF Glow Discharge PACVD technique using the gaseous mixture of TiCl4, N2, H2 and Ar at 520 °C. The adhesion strength of TiN films was investigated by Scratch Adhesion Tester (REVETEST model) with a diamond stylus. The critical load in adhesion test was about 35 N in the case of no metallic interlayer and it was increased up to 60 N in the presence of 200 Å thick Ti interlayer. The interfacial composition profile was investigated by Auger depth profile. The experimental results indicated that a thin Ti intermediate layer ([MATH] 600 Å) could increase the adhesion and the critical normal force in the scratch adhesion test was up to 60 N. In the case of Ti interlayer formation, the oxygen in the interfacial region plays an important role on the adhesion of TiN coating by the formation of a Ti(ON) type phase.
Evaluation of authentication signaling loads in 3GPP LTE/SAE networks (2009)

The integrated core network architecture and various mobile subscriber behaviors can result in a significant increase of signaling loads inside the evolved packet core network proposed by 3GPP in Release 8. Consequently, an authentication signaling analysis can provide insights into reducing the authentication signaling loads and latency, satisfying the quality-of-experience. In this paper, we evaluate the signaling loads in the EPS architecture via analytical modeling based on the renewal process theory. The renewal process theory works well, irrespective of a specific random process (i.e. Poisson). This paper considers various subscribers patterns in terms of call arrival rate, mobility, subscribers' preference and operational policy. Numerical results are illustrated to show the interactions between the parameters and the performance metrics. The sensitivity of vertical handover performance and the effects of heavy-tail process are also discussed.
Near-infrared-triggered photon upconversion tuning in all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots (2018)

All-inorganic CsPbX<sub>3</sub> (X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) have shown great promise in optoelectronics and photovoltaics owing to their outstanding linear optical properties; however, nonlinear upconversion is limited by the small cross-section of multiphoton absorption, necessitating high power density excitation. Herein, we report a convenient and versatile strategy to fine tuning the upconversion luminescence in CsPbX<sub>3</sub> PeQDs through sensitization by lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Full-color emission with wavelengths beyond the availability of lanthanides is achieved through tailoring of the PeQDs bandgap, in parallel with the inherent high conversion efficiency of energy transfer upconversion under low power density excitation. Importantly, the luminescent lifetimes of the excitons can be enormously lengthened from the intrinsic nanosecond scale to milliseconds depending on the lifetimes of lanthanide ions. These findings provide a general approach to stimulate photon upconversion in PeQDs, thereby opening up a new avenue for exploring novel and versatile applications of PeQDs.
Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Tin Oxide Films by Electrochemical Deposition (2002)

In this study, a novel process for depositing tin oxide thin films by electrodeposition has been developed. Amorphous phase of the as-deposited film was obtained at the temperature of 85°C. Nanocrystalline having tetragonal structure with a grain size in the range of 4 to 7 nm was obtained by heat-treatment at 400°C in a vacuum for 4 h. Porous, dense, and uniform morphologies for the deposits can be obtained by controlling current density during deposition. Results of infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses were described and correlated with the process of deposition and characteristics of the resulting films. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
High throughput analysis methods for short-rotation crops (2008)

While biomass yield is a convenient measure of the potential of short-rotation crops as feedstock for bioenergy and biofuels, other characteristics may ultimately determine overall quality for a particular conversion platform. Chemical composition, especially total sugars, will impact ethanol yield from biochemical processes. Inorganic compounds present in the biomass will infl uence the amount and type of residue from thermochemical conversion methods like pyrolysis and gasifi cation. Information on these fundamental measures of biomass quality is limited, largely because of the time and expense associated with the laboratory techniques required to determine the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic material. Recently, several spectroscopy techniques have been developed as high-throughput analytical tools that make it possible to quickly determine fundamental characteristics of biomass, including chemical composition.