gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SMArT: Training Shallow Memory-aware Transformers for Robotic Explainability (2020)

The ability to generate natural language explanations conditioned on the visual perception is a crucial step towards autonomous agents which can explain themselves and communicate with humans. While the research efforts in image and video captioning are giving promising results, this is often done at the expense of the computational requirements of the approaches, limiting their applicability to real contexts. In this paper, we propose a fully-attentive captioning algorithm which can provide state-of-the-art performances on language generation while restricting its computational demands. Our model is inspired by the Transformer model and employs only two Transformer layers in the encoding and decoding stages. Further, it incorporates a novel memory-aware encoding of image regions. Experiments demonstrate that our approach achieves competitive results in terms of caption quality while featuring reduced computational demands. Further, to evaluate its applicability on autonomous agents, we conduct experiments on simulated scenes taken from the perspective of domestic robots.
Assessing milk response to different combinations of branched-chain volatile fatty acids and valerate in Jersey cows (2023)

Some cellulolytic bacteria require 1 or more branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) for the synthesis of branched-chain AA and branched-chain long-chain fatty acids because they are not able to uptake branched-chain AA or lack 1 or more enzymes to synthesize branched-chain AA de novo. Supplemental BCVFA and valerate were included previously as a feed additive that was later removed from the market; these older studies and more current studies have noted improvements in neutral detergent fiber digestibility and milk efficiency. However, most studies provided a single BCVFA or else isobutyrate (IB), 2-methylbutyrate (MB), isovalerate, and valerate altogether without exploring optimal combinations. Our objective was to determine a combination of isoacids that is optimal for milk production. Sixty (28 primiparous and 32 multiparous) lactating Jersey cows (106 ± 54 days in milk) were blocked and assigned randomly to either a control (CON) treatment without any isoacids, MB [12.3 mmol/kg dry matter (DM)], MB + IB (7.7 and 12.6 mmol/kg DM of MB and IB, respectively), or all 4 isoacids (6.2, 7.3, 4.2, and 5.1 mmol/kg DM of MB, IB, isovalerate, and valerate, respectively). Cattle were fed the CON treatment for a 2-wk period, then were assigned randomly within a block to treatments for 8 wk (n = 15). There was a trend for an interaction of supplement and parity for milk components. There were no differences in components for primiparous cows, whereas MB + IB tended to increase protein concentration by 0.04 and 0.08 percentage units in multiparous cows compared with the CON and MB treatments, respectively. Feeding MB + IB increased fat concentration by 0.23 to 0.31 percentage units compared with all other treatments in multiparous cows. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) did not change with treatment. Treatment interacted with week for milk net energy for lactation/DMI; MB + IB tended to increase milk net energy of lactation/DMI by 0.10 Mcal/kg compared with MB and approached a trend for CON, mainly during the early weeks of the treatment period, whereas differences decreased during the last 2 wk of the treatment period. Cows fed MB had the highest 15:0 anteiso fatty acids in the total milk fatty acid profile, which was greater than that for CON or MB + IB cows, but not cows supplemented with isoacids. Cows fed MB alone had the numerically lowest milk net energy for lactation/DMI. The combination of MB + IB appeared optimal for increasing feed efficiency in our study and was not at the expense of average daily gain. Further research is needed for evaluating how potential changes in supplemental isoacid dosage should vary under differing dietary conditions.
Stark-Effect Spectroscopy of the Heme Charge-Transfer Bands of Deoxymyoglobin (1999)

We report the Stark spectra of the Soret, Q, and charge-transfer bands of deoxymyoglobin. The data show that band III has charge-transfer character but that the magnitude of the charge displacement is significantly smaller than expected or than what is observed for band I or even the Soret or Q bands. The data also show that symmetry breaking of iron−protoporphyrin IX in myoglobin produces a larger difference dipole moment in the Soret transition when compared to the dimethyl ester of protoporphyrin IX. The results lend further credence to the hypothesis that the electrostatic environment of the heme pocket in myoglobin is important in modifying the properties of the heme transitions, and they provide a basis for quantitative analysis of the static and time-dependent band shifts observed in response to environmental electrostatic perturbations and ligand binding dynamics.
Temporal and spatial atomic layer deposition of Al-doped zinc oxide as a passivating conductive contact for silicon solar cells (2022)

Recently, stacks consisting of an ultrathin SiO2 coated with atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) have been shown to yield state-of-the-art passivation of n-type crystalline silicon surfaces and provide low contact resistivities to n+-doped Si and poly-Si surfaces. Key for achieving good surface passivation are an intentionally-grown SiO2 interlayer, an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) capping layer and a post-deposition anneal, whereas n-type doping of the ZnO is required to achieve a low contact resistivity. In this work, we present the latest results and insights obtained for this contact stack. This includes a study of the minimum required thicknesses of both the ZnO and the Al2O3 capping layer to achieve a high passivation level after post-deposition anneal. Also, we provide details on how to remove the Al2O3 capping layer selectively from the ZnO:Al after the post-deposition anneal using a pH-controlled wet-etch, such that the ZnO:Al can be contacted by a metal. Whereas previous work was based on lab-scale temporal ALD, in this work we highlight the industrialization potential by demonstrating that these layers can be prepared by spatial ALD, yielding good passivation levels on both undiffused n-type and n+-diffused c-Si surfaces. Finally, we demonstrate the capability of ALD to deposit ZnO:Al layers selectively on oxidized regions of an otherwise HF-last treated c-Si surface. Such area-selective deposition opens up potential pathways for local, self-aligned contact formation. Altogether, this work provides valuable insights into the working mechanism and practical aspects of ZnO:Al-based passivating contacts.
Improved rapid identification of mycobacteria by combining solid-phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of BACTEC cultures (1996)

Identification of mycobacteria from BACTEC 12B cultures is achieved in 7 to 21 days by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a UV spectrophotometer to detect nonpolar p-bromophenylacyl mycolic acid derivatives. However, cultures grown in BACTEC and other liquid media seldom contain sufficient mycolic acids to permit reliable identification under usual HPLC assay conditions, so the sample size must be increased. Unfortunately, samples prepared from cultures in liquid media such as BACTEC cultures also contain large amounts of extraneous polar and strongly nonpolar contaminants that interfere with the analysis and hasten deterioration of the HPLC column. The contaminants were removed from 10 samples simultaneously by solid-phase extraction (SPE), i.e., by passing the crude suspension containing the mycolic acid derivatives into disposable 500-mg tC18 SPE columns in place of the usual final filtration step used to prepare specimens for HPLC. Fifteen milliliters of 20% (vol/vol) dichloromethane in methanol was passed through the columns (< 3 ml/min) to wash through the undesired contaminants and bind the mycolic acid derivatives. The mycolates were quantitatively eluted in 3 ml of dichloromethane for analysis by HPLC. Treating a panel of 31 strains of frequently isolated mycobacteria by SPE reduced the content of contaminants by 89.3 to 99.9% without altering the chromatographic patterns compared with the same strains grown on conventional solid media and processed without SPE. Peak heights of mycolates prepared from BACTEC cultures were increased from < or = 6 to > or = 25 absorbance milliunits with SPE, sufficient for reliable interpretation by visual inspection of chromatograms obtained with a UV detector. Also, removal of the contaminants improved column longevity.
Monocyte transcriptomes from patients with axial spondyloarthritis reveal dysregulated monocytopoiesis and a distinct inflammatory imprint (2021)

The neutrophil-like phenotype of axSpA monocytes points towards a biased monocytopoiesis from granulocyte-monocyte progenitors. This shift in monocytopoiesis and the LPS/cytokine imprint as well as the elevated LBP levels are indicators of systemic inflammation, which may result from bacterial translocation. The BM adaptation is most prominent in AS patients while disease activity appears to be linked to activation and trafficking of monocytes.
Analysis and optimization of a SAR ADC with attenuation capacitor (2014)

The conventional binary weighted array SAR ADC is the common topology adopted to achieve high efficiency conversion, i.e. with less than 10 fJ/conversion-step, even requiring extra effort to design and simulate full custom sub-fF capacitors. This paper presents the design and the optimization of an asynchronous SAR ADC with attenuation capacitor achieving an efficiency similar to conventional binary weighted array converters but adopting standard MiM capacitors. A monotonic switching algorithm further reduces the capacitive array consumption while an asynchronous and fully-differential dynamic logic minimizes the digital power consumption. A 10-bit prototype has been fabricated in a 0.13-μm CMOS technology. At 0.5-V supply and 200-kSps sampling frequency, the ADC achieves a SNDR of 52.6 dB, an ENOB of 8.45, and a power consumption of 420 nW, corresponding to a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 6 fJ/conversion-step. This efficiency is comparable to the best results published so far and it's the lowest among ADCs in 130-nm or less scaled technology. The ADC core occupies an area of only 0.045 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
History and present status of liquid surface acoustical holography (1975)

Use of the liquid surface as a detector of ultrasonic energy dates back to 1935. Its use as a detector in acoustical holography began early in 1964. The dynamic response of the liquid surface permits real-time viewing of the image at frame rates of more than 100 per second. Color translation has been demonstrated but is not currently being used in practical systems. Images of soft tissue structures in the hand, arm, and in excised organs show much interesting and useful detail including tendons, muscles, tendon attachments to the skeletal structure, veins, and arteries. Subject Classification: 10.60; 35.65.
Calibration of Electrochemical Oxygen Meters for Sodium in Static Tests and in the Sodium Loop (1981)

Electrochemical oxygen meters at Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Westinghouse Electric Company, and General Electric Company, with different reference systems (gold-air; platinum-air; and indium-In2O3) were tested and calibrated in static tests as well as in a sodium loop. The calibration in static tests was based on oxygen activities of the sodium-chromium-NaCrO2 system. In the loop the meters were calibrated on cold-trap temperatures and checked by chemical analyses of the residue of distilled sodium samples.Fair agreement has been found between the calibration in sodium, the oxygen activity of which was fixed by the chemical equilibrium of chromite formation, and the calibration based on the cold-trap temperature measured in the sodium loop. The meters with indium-In2O3 reference gave results in better agreement to theory at 550 and 500°C than the meters with air reference systems.The oxygen activity in sodium in equilibrium with NaCrO2 is very low; the calibration of oxygen meters based on this reaction gives a chance to apply the probes in the range of their highest sensitivity in highly purified sodium.
Generation of human iPSCs from urine derived cells of a patient with a novel homozygous PAI-1 mutation (2016)

We have generated a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line under feeder-free culture conditions using the urine derived cells (UCs) collected from subject with a novel homozygous Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 null) mutation. The Sendai virus (SeV) vector encoding pluripotent Yamanaka transcription factors was used at a low multiplicity of infection to reprogram the PAI-1 UCs.
The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Contributes to Acute Ethanol–Induced Apoptosis in Rat Hepatocytes (2001)

Acute ethanol intoxication induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in primary cultured hepatocytes. Oxidative stress can trigger mitochondrial cytochrome c release initiating the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Based on this information, we formulated the hypothesis that ethanol induced oxidative stress causes mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in apoptosis. In the present study, we found that the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT) is essential for induction of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase activation of ethanol. The short-term incubation with ethanol (50 mmol/L) induced the MPT, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis of cultured rat hepatocytes. Hepatocyte apoptosis was prevented by caspase inhibitors (i.e., Z-VAD-fmk, DEVD-cho, and DMQD-cho). An MPT inhibitor, cyclosporin A, also prevented ethanol-induced cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis, suggesting that acute ethanol-induced apoptosis is MPT dependent. Ethanol-induced MPT was also attenuated by N'N'-dimethylthiourea (DMTU, a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, 10 mmol/L) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant, 5 mmol/L). Preventing hepatocyte MPT by DMTU or NAC attenuated cytochrome c release as well as caspase activation, suggesting that ethanol-induced oxidative stress mediates the MPT. Thus, acute ethanol induces MPT via oxidative stress, and the MPT mediates mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in hepatocytes exposed to acute ethanol.
Open ocean surface wave measurement using Doppler sonar (1987)

In October–November 1983, Doppler sonars mounted on the research platform Flip were used to scatter 75‐kHz sound from the underside of the sea surface at low angle, as well as from the interior of the mixed layer. Surface gravity waves were seen in velocity estimates from the surface scattering sonar, even though the wave conditions were unusually calm. Valid measurements of sea surface motion were obtained over the range interval 600 to 1400 m from Flip . A second sonar which transmitted horizontally and scattered from the interior of the mixed layer also sensed surface waves, although with amplitude reduced in proportion to the decay of the motions with depth. Wave number‐frequency spectra of the observed motions are consistent with linear theory. The existence (emergence) of this technology enables the synthesis of kilometer‐long surface wave arrays in the open sea, without the cost and logistical support usually associated with large‐aperture arrays. In addition, the Doppler acoustic approach can provide information on lower‐frequency surface currents and on the spatial variations in these low‐frequency currents, such as Langmuir cells, which might affect wave propagation.
Model of a fluid at small and large length scales and the hydrophobic effect (2001)

We present a statistical field theory to describe large length scale effects induced by solutes in a cold and otherwise placid liquid. The theory divides space into a cubic grid of cells. The side length of each cell is of the order of the bulk correlation length of the bulk liquid. Large length scale states of the cells are specified with an Ising variable. Finer length scale effects are described with a Gaussian field, with mean and variance affected by both the large length scale field and by the constraints imposed by solutes. In the absence of solutes and corresponding constraints, integration over the Gaussian field yields an effective lattice-gas Hamiltonian for the large length scale field. In the presence of solutes, the integration adds additional terms to this Hamiltonian. We identify these terms analytically. They can provoke large length scale effects, such as the formation of interfaces and depletion layers. We apply our theory to compute the reversible work to form a bubble in liquid water, as a function of the bubble radius. Comparison with molecular simulation results for the same function indicates that the theory is reasonably accurate. Importantly, simulating the large length scale field involves binary arithmetic only. It thus provides a computationally convenient scheme to incorporate explicit solvent dynamics and structure in simulation studies of large molecular assemblies.
Enhancement of Platelet Deposition by Cross-Linked Hemoglobin in a Rat Carotid Endarterectomy Model (1996)

These data suggest that in a rat endarterectomy model, alpha alpha Hb increases platelet deposition at sites of subintimal injury by binding NO. Increased deposition induced by alpha alpha Hb can be prevented by administration of L-arginine but not by pretreatment with aspirin.
Power limits for non-destructive laser ablation of contaminants on micromachined structures (2016)

The minimum and maximum laser irradiances that are effective in cleaning etch-released membranes and microstructure was measured for carbon microparticles on LPCVD silicon nitride thin films and suspended platforms. A 1064nm Nd:Yag laser was scanned across the samples to ablate the contaminants. Microscope images of the membranes showed mass removal for an irradiance as low as 600W cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . More thorough cleaning was achieved by increasing the irradiance. For 2.5×2.5mm, 205nm thin silicon nitride membranes, 79% of the contaminated area was removed with an exposure of 3.7kW cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . Catastrophic damage was seen at a power level of 8.4kW cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . Ablation effects were also measured as a change in optical absorption using a photo thermal common-path interferometer. Peak absorption values were decreased from over 100,000ppm to less than 20,000ppm. Silicon nitride platforms were also tested. Despite significant substrate heating, the platforms survived intact up to power levels of 8.4kW cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> with near perfect cleaning of carbon particles from their surfaces.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Cervical Double-Door Laminoplasty Using Hydroxyapatite Spacer (2003)

Double-door laminoplasty with hydroxyapatite spacer appears to restore the motion of the decompressed segment back to its intact state in all loading modes. The use of HA spacers well contributes to maintaining the total stiffness of cervical spine. In contrast, laminectomy seems to have potential leading postoperative deformity or instability.
Direct Identification of Urinary Tract Pathogens From Urine Samples Using the Vitek MS System Based on Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (2015)

Vitek MS showed high rate of accuracy for the identification of GNB in urine specimens (≥10(5) CFU/mL). This could become a rapid and accurate diagnostic method for urinary tract infection caused by GNB. However, for the identification of GPC and yeasts, further studies on appropriate pre-treatment are warranted.
Towards a microchip‐based chromatographic platform. Part 2: Sol‐gel phases modified with polyelectrolyte multilayers for capillary electrochromatography (2003)

The potential for using polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) to provide chromatographic functionality on continuous silica networks created from sol-gel chemistry has been evaluated by capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Construction of the PEM was achieved by flushing the column with polyelectrolytes of alternative charge, with variation of the properties of the exposed polyelectrolyte providing a unique means to vary the chromatographic surface. Variation of the exposed polyelectrolyte from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC) to dextran sulfate (DS) allowed the direction of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) to be changed and also provided a means to vary the chromatographic capacity. Variation of negative polymer from DS to poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) significantly altered the EOF and the migration of peptides, with both the reversed-phase and ion-exchange capacities increasing. An alternative method for changing the column capacity was to change the thickness of the PEM, which was evaluated by anion-exchange CEC. A 70-80% increase in retention was observed for all anions without any increase in EOF suggesting significant penetration of the analytes through the PEM and interaction with buried charges within the PEM.
Metastable Ions and Isotope Effects in the Mass Spectra of Methane and the Deuteromethanes (1971)

A differentially pumped double-focusing mass spectrometer was suitably modified for the study of metastable ions and collision-induced metastables. At high resolution the same instrument easily resolved protonated and deuterated ions of the same nominal mass. Accordingly, metastable ions and isotope effects in the mass spectra of CH4, CH3D, CH2D2, and CD4 were reinvestigated with this instrument in order to resolve certain ambiguities in previous studies. All four protonated molecular ions exhibited hydrogen-loss metastables, while CD4+ exhibited a corresponding unimolecular elimination of a deuterium atom. In addition to these true metastables, essentially every conceivable collision-induced metastable decay process was also observed. The observed relative intensities and isotope effects in the normal spectra are rationalized with general statistical arguments and with more complete calculations using the quasiequilibrium theory of mass spectra. The behavior of the rates at threshold and their effect on methane metastable intensities are also discussed.
Re-emphasizing the concept of adequacy of intraoperative assessment of the axillary sentinel lymph nodes for identifying nodal positivity during breast cancer surgery (2007)

The accurate and optimal assessment of the axilla during breast cancer surgery requires persistence and diligence for attempting to identify all potential SLN candidates in order to avoid failing to recognize a positive SLN. The scenario in which only a single negative SLN candidate is intraoperatively identified is one that should raise some concern to the operating surgeon.
Three-orders-of-magnitude variation of carrier lifetimes with crystal phase of gold nanoclusters (2019)

We report a three-orders-of-magnitude variation of carrier lifetimes in exotic crystalline phases of gold nanoclusters (NCs) in addition to the well-known face-centered cubic structure, including hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Au<sub>30</sub> and body-centered cubic (bcc) Au<sub>38</sub> NCs protected by the same type of capping ligand. The bcc Au<sub>38</sub> NC had an exceptionally long carrier lifetime (4.7 microseconds) comparable to that of bulk silicon, whereas the hcp Au<sub>30</sub> NC had a very short lifetime (1 nanosecond). Although the presence of ligands may, in general, affect carrier lifetimes, experimental and theoretical results showed that the drastically different recombination lifetimes originate in the different overlaps of wave functions between the tetrahedral Au<sub>4</sub> building blocks in the hierarchical structures of these NCs.