gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating the spatial distribution of available biomass in grazing forests with a satellite image: A preliminary study (2005)

Abstract We tested whether available biomass in grazing forests could be estimated by analyzing a satellite image with field data. Our study site was situated in north‐eastern Japan and was composed of coniferous forest differing in afforested years, multilayered coniferous forest and deciduous broadleaf forest. The data of available biomass collected in previous studies was used to analyze a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image acquired in summer and we tried to depict a map of the spatial distribution of available biomass in the forest. It was suggested that an analysis should be conducted separately in each of the multilayered coniferous, the other coniferous and broadleaf forests. As a result of regression analysis on the relationship between available biomass and each of several parameters, the first principal component computed with reflectance of the six bands of the Landsat TM was the most appropriate parameter to estimate available biomass. The answer to the question ‘Can the spatial distribution of available biomass in a forest be estimated with a satellite image?’ is ‘Yes, in coniferous forests’. We propose a procedure for depicting a precise map of the distribution of available biomass in a forest with analysis of a satellite image.
Laguerre and generalized hermite polynomials: the point of view of the operational method (2004)

We use computational methods based on an operational point of view to prove the existence of a link between Laguerre and generalized Hermite polynomials with many variables and many indices. Within this framework new versions of the Wicksell–Campbell–Meixner and Buchholz formulae are proposed and it is also shown that the operational method can be exploited to gain a deeper insight into the nature of the Bateman polynomials.
Liposomes and ISCOMs (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Liposomes and Related Structures Composition, Characteristics, and Preparation Methods of Liposomes Mechanisms of Action of Liposomes Liposome Performance and Products ISCOMs Composition, Characteristics, and Preparation Methods of ISCOMs Immunology and Mode of Action of ISCOM Vaccines Performance and Products Perspectives
Background level and counter efficiencies required for a loophole-free Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment (1993)

An analysis is made of the background level and counter efficiencies actually necessary to perform a loophole-free Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment. Both requirements are correlated. Photon counters do not absolutely have to have more than 82.8% efficiency if the signal-over-noise ratio is very high.
An ELISA for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: production of antigen of high quality. (1996)

A reliable method was developed to produce a viral antigen preparation from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infected MARC-145 cells by solubilizing the virus with Triton X-100. This method eliminated problems previously encountered with high background reactions associated with PRRSV antigen or cell control antigen. With this new antigen, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adapted to detect swine serum anti-body against PRRSV. In the ELISA, non-specific reactions associated with test serum samples have been eliminated by utilizing an effective blocking serum diluent. The ELISA is more sensitive than an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA), particularly with late-infection sera, while maintaining a high diagnostic specificity. In a comparison of IFA and ELISA using sera collected from 250 pigs of various ages from 5 herds that had PRRS histories, IFA revealed 178 positive samples and 72 negative samples. All of the IFA-positive sera were proven to be ELISA reactors. However, nearly one-half (34/72) of the IFA-negative samples were also ELISA reactors. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 100% and 96.6% with 257 serum samples collected from known healthy PRRS-negative swine herds and 57 sera collected from infected swine at 6 to 56 days after infection, respectively. The ELISA is technically superior to IFA, time-efficient and cost-effective, and suitable for testing of a large number of samples over a short period of time.
What Is the Relevance of Obtaining Multiple Blood Samples for Culture? A Comprehensive Model to Optimize the Strategy for Diagnosing Bacteremia (2002)

Through a heuristic and probabilistic approach, we evaluated blood culture operating characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values) as a function of several pretest parameters, together with their variability. On the basis of a meta-analysis of quantitative data from the literature, a model was developed and an estimation of the operating characteristics through numerical simulations (Monte Carlo method) was performed. The model evaluates the influence of ordering and drawing parameters on the ability of blood culture to distinguish bacteremic from nonbacteremic patients, regardless of the causative species. By considering the total blood volume to be cultured (six 5–10-mL bottles), results were found to confirm the current guidelines. On the basis of this hypothesis, the results, together with an analysis of the literature, failed to show any benefit of a strategy that involves obtaining multiple samples. The best strategy when performing blood culture is to obtain blood for 6 bottles (for a total volume of 35–42 mL), preferably at the same time.
A GaAs 16 × 16b parallel multiplier using self alignment technology (1983)

THIS report will cover a gAaS 16 X 16 bit parallel multiplier using direct coupled FET logic (DCFL) circuit with tungsten-silicide gate self alignment technology. The chip contains 3168 gates with 2μ gate length enhancement/depletion FETs. Multiplication was performed in 10.5ns, with a power dissipation of 952mW at a supply voltage of 1.6V.
Correction: Atmospheric chemistry of (Z)- and (E)-1,2-dichloroethene: kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions with Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3 (2023)

Correction for 'Atmospheric chemistry of (<i>Z</i>)- and (<i>E</i>)-1,2-dichloroethene: kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions with Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O<sub>3</sub>' by Mads P. Sulbaek Andersen <i>et al.</i>, <i>Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.</i>, 2022, <b>24</b>, 7356-7373, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP04877E.
Abolishing cAMP sensitivity in HCN2 pacemaker channels induces generalized seizures (2019)

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are dually gated channels that are operated by voltage and by neurotransmitters via the cAMP system. cAMP-dependent HCN regulation has been proposed to play a key role in regulating circuit behavior in the thalamus. By analyzing a knockin mouse model (HCN2EA), in which binding of cAMP to HCN2 was abolished by 2 amino acid exchanges (R591E, T592A), we found that cAMP gating of HCN2 is essential for regulating the transition between the burst and tonic modes of firing in thalamic dorsal-lateral geniculate (dLGN) and ventrobasal (VB) nuclei. HCN2EA mice display impaired visual learning, generalized seizures of thalamic origin, and altered NREM sleep properties. VB-specific deletion of HCN2, but not of HCN4, also induced these generalized seizures of the absence type, corroborating a key role of HCN2 in this particular nucleus for controlling consciousness. Together, our data define distinct pathological phenotypes resulting from the loss of cAMP-mediated gating of a neuronal HCN channel.
Direct Phase Estimation from Phase Differences Using Fast Elliptic PDE Solvers (1989)

Obtaining robust phase estimates from phase differences is a problem common to severed areas of importance to the optics and signal processing community. Specific areas of application include speckle imaging and interferometry, adaptive optics, compensated imaging, and coherent imaging such as synthetic-aperture radar. The purpose of this paper is to relate the equations describing the phase estimation problem to the general form of elliptic partial differential equations, and illustrate results of reconstructions on large M by N grids using existing, published, and readily available Fortran subroutines.
Inferring the population properties of binary black holes from unresolved gravitational waves (2020)

ABSTRACT The vast majority of compact binary mergers in the Universe produce gravitational waves that are too weak to yield unambiguous detections; they are unresolved. We present a method to infer the population properties of compact binaries – such as their merger rates, mass spectrum, and spin distribution – using both resolved and unresolved gravitational waves. By eliminating entirely the distinction between resolved and unresolved signals, we eliminate bias from selection effects. To demonstrate this method, we carry out a Monte Carlo study using an astrophysically motivated population of binary black holes. We show that some population properties of compact binaries are well constrained by unresolved signals after about one week of observation with Advanced LIGO at design sensitivity.
Endoscopic Femoral-Popliteal/Distal Bypass Grafting: A Preliminary Report (1998)

Total endoscopic saphenous vein dissection for either translocated or in situ leg bypass patients can be performed atraumatically for both the patient and the venous conduit. Wound/incisional complications are decreased, and length of stay appears to be reduced. Minimally invasive, endoscopic saphenous vein harvest may be beneficial for both leg bypass patients and coronary artery bypass patients.
Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids (1985)

It is commonly accepted that a gaseous phase is involved during the prebreakdown phase of dielectric liquid breakdown. This is indicated by the generation of gas bubbles following streamer propagation, whatever the polarity. It has been known for a long time that increasing the pressure vastly improves the breakdown voltage whether DC or AC. KAO and McMATH [1] have shown that in. a quasi-uniform field, the effects of the pressure on the breakdown voltage became negligible for sufficiently short rise times of the voltage ramp. In point-plane geometry, it has been reported that an increase in pressure reduced the prebreakdown light emission [2]. The rise time and the peak value of prebreakdown current in a parallel plate arrangement with a small protrusion on one electrode decreased with increase in pressure [3]. Time lags to prebreakdown disturbances increased with hydrostatic pressure, the pressure dependence decreasing at very high voltages [4]. The purpose of this paper is to study in the point-plane geometry with rectangular voltage pulses, the influence of the pressure both on the initiation and the propagation phases, by recording the streamer velocity, the transient currents and light emission.
Comparison of two leukocyte extraction methods for cytomegalovirus antigenemia assay (1996)

We carried out a prospective, parallel, and blind study on 113 blood samples from immunocompromised patients in order to compare two leukocyte extraction methods (6% dextran sedimentation and Polymorphprep separation) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia assay. CMV was detected in 38 samples by antigenemia assay (34 by dextran sedimentation and 35 by Polymorphprep separation). No differences either in the number of positive specimens (P = 1) or in the mean CMV-positive cell counts (P = 0.41) were observed between the two leukocyte extraction methods. In conclusion, the two methods performed equally well for this assay.
Autolysis of the Proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (1999)

The gene encoding the proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens was cloned and sequenced in an effort to identify the cleavage sites involved in its autolysis at 50 degrees C. A single open reading frame consisting of 1449 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 482 amino acids, was found. Analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified proteinase indicated the presence of a prosequence consisting of 13 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of the mature protein was calculated as 48,900 based on the deduced amino acid sequence, which was consistent with that of the purified proteinase as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-PAGE. Greater than 90% loss of proteolytic activity was observed upon heating at 50 degrees C for 2 min compared with the unheated enzyme. Incubation of the proteinase at 50 degrees C led to disappearance of the intact enzyme, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, whereas it was stable in the presence of the protease inhibitor o-phenanthroline. Autolytic fragments were fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC and subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis in an effort to determine the cleavage sites. The cleavage profile was not definitive; however, amino acid residues with small side chain groups, such as glycine or alanine, were frequently found adjacent to the cleavage sites.
The benefits of long-term meditation (2007)

Conversations on the leadingedge of knowledge and discovery -- Support, Meditation practices can lead to permanent changes in awareness of the self and the transcendence of the ego. Shinzen Young is an ordained Buddhist Monk and scholar of Buddhism. After about a year of meditative practice, he says, one establishes open access to a realm of altered states of awareness. When practicing in a disciplined fashion, one goes on to explore the various stages leading toward enlightenment. -- Site web.
Die Konkurrenz um die Nutzungen zwischen Sicherungseigentümer und Inhaber eines Vermieterpfandrechts. Entscheidungsbesprechung von BGH, Urteil vom 26.09.2006, XI ZR 156/05 (2008)

Author: Weber, Johannes Christian et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Issued: 2008; Title: Die Konkurrenz um die Nutzungen zwischen Sicherungseigentümer und Inhaber eines Vermieterpfandrechts. Entscheidungsbesprechung von BGH, Urteil vom 26.09.2006, XI ZR 156/05
Studies on the in vitro transfer of DNA binding benzo[a]pyrene metabolites from rat hepatocytes to human fibroblasts (1981)

The release and reabsorption of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) metabolites were studied in isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with BP. There was a rapid uptake of BP by the hepatocytes which was followed by an excretion of organic as well as water-soluble metabolites. Upon further incubation the BP-dihydrodiols and BP-phenols were reabsorbed by the cells and finally excreted as water-soluble conjugates. The metabolism of BP by the hepatocytes also resulted in the formation and release of reactive intermediates to the incubation medium. The DNA-binding intermediates released from the cells were consistent with trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-9,10-oxide(s) and 9-hydroxybenzo[1]pyrene-4,5-oxide(s). The BP-metabolites were found to bind to hepatocyte and fibroblast DNA. The degree of DNA binding was estimated as the formation of DNA strand breaks. BP metabolites formed within the hepatocytes and transferred to the fibroblasts were found to induce DNA strand breaks in the latter cells. Addition of DNA to the medium markedly decreased the fraction of single stranded DNA in these cells. Under conditions where the excretion from hepatocytes of BP-phenols and BP-dihydrodiols were increased, the amount of DNA strand breaks in the fibroblasts increased.
P1–328: Association analysis of 22 positional/functional candidate genes on chromosome 10 with late onset Alzheimer's disease (2006)

The brain in Alzheimer's disease is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and the extracellular deposition of Aβ in senile plaques. Aβ has been shown to mediate neurodegenerative and inflammatory changes associated with amyloid plaques, although the pathological mechanism of Aβ remains largely unknown. Recent evidence suggests that the FISH adapter protein binds to, and potentially regulates, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 to mediate the neurotoxic effect of Aβ. The ADAM12 gene lies on chromosome 10q26.3, and the gene encoding FISH, SH3MD1, lies within a region of linkage to late–onset Alzheimer's disease on 10q25.1. This study investigates whether there is a relationship between variation in ADAM12 and SH3MD1 and susceptibility to LOAD. We used a powerful sample of 1051 well characterized AD cases (probable AD:NINCDS–ADCDA criteria) and 1269 matched controls from the UK population. We identified significant interactions between variants in the two genes that may influence susceptibility to late–onset Alzheimer's disease. The most significant statistical interaction is between rs3740473, a synonymous SNP in SH3MD1 and rs11244787, an intronic SNP in ADAM12 (effect size=2.1 for interaction term, p=0.006). A combination of variants in two functionally interactive genes show evidence of conferring susceptibility to develop AD.
The Gonococcal Transcriptome during Infection of the Lower Genital Tract in Women (2015)

Gonorrhea is a highly prevalent disease resulting in significant morbidity worldwide, with an estimated 106 cases reported annually. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of gonorrhea, colonizes and infects the human genital tract and often evades host immune mechanisms until successful antibiotic treatment is used. The alarming increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae, the often asymptomatic nature of this disease in women and the lack of a vaccine directed at crucial virulence determinants have prompted us to perform transcriptome analysis to understand gonococcal gene expression patterns during natural infection. We sequenced RNA extracted from cervico-vaginal lavage samples collected from women recently exposed to infected male partners and determined the complete N. gonorrhoeae transcriptome during infection of the lower genital tract in women. On average, 3.19% of total RNA isolated from female samples aligned to the N. gonorrhoeae NCCP11945 genome and 1750 gonococcal ORFs (65% of all protein-coding genes) were transcribed. High expression in vivo was observed in genes encoding antimicrobial efflux pumps, iron response, phage production, pilin structure, outer membrane structures and hypothetical proteins. A parallel analysis was performed using the same strains grown in vitro in a chemically defined media (CDM). A total of 140 genes were increased in expression during natural infection compared to growth in CDM, and 165 genes were decreased in expression. Large differences were found in gene expression profiles under each condition, particularly with genes involved in DNA and RNA processing, iron, transposase, pilin and lipoproteins. We specifically interrogated genes encoding DNA binding regulators and iron-scavenging proteins, and identified increased expression of several iron-regulated genes, including tbpAB and fbpAB, during infection in women as compared to growth in vitro, suggesting that during infection of the genital tract in women, the gonococcus is exposed to an iron deplete environment. Collectively, we demonstrate that a large portion of the gonococcal genome is expressed and regulated during mucosal infection including genes involved in regulatory functions and iron scavenging.
The Reaction of 5-Cyano- and 5-Methoxycarbonyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enes with Chlorotrimethylsilane/Sodium Iodide Reagent (1985)

Abstract Reactions of 5-cyano- and 5-methoxycarbonyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enes with a chlorotrimethylsilane/sodium iodide reagent in acetonitrile gave 2-furanpropanenitrile and 5-methoxycarbonyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene in good yields, respectively.
Abstract 286: Coordinated activation of TLR8 and NLRP3 by VTX-2337 (motolimod) ignites tumoricidal NK cell activity (2015)

Abstract VTX-2337 (motolimod) is a selective toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist in clinical development as an immunotherapy for multiple oncology indications, including squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). Activation of TLR8 has been found to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activation, increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and induce Th1 polarizing cytokines. Further characterization of VTX-2337 reveals the release of mature IL-1β and IL-18 from monocyte cell populations through coordinated actions on both TLR8 and NLRP3. In vitro, VTX-2337 primes monocytes to produce pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18 and caspase 1, while activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the release of mature IL-1 family cytokines. Inflammasome activation by VTX-2337 is blocked by inhibiting caspase 1, with little impact on the production of other TLR8 induced mediators such as TNFα. The release of IL-18 stimulates NK cells, and augments other activation pathways including: FcγRIII and NKG2D receptors, resulting in IFNγ production and induction of CD107α. NLRP3 activation in vivo was confirmed by a dose-related increase in plasma levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in cynomolgus monkeys administered VTX-2337. This pathway for NK activation was subsequently assessed in SCCHN patients treated with VTX-2337 in combination with cetuximab, a clinically approved epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). Cetuximab can activate NK cells through an interaction with FcγRIII, and facilitate ADCC of tumor cells. Preliminary data from a Phase I clinical trial found that prior to treatment, patient NK cells did not effectively activate in response to ex vivo stimulation by NKG2D or FcγRIII. However, following VTX-2337 treatment, patient NK cells become more responsive to these activating signals. These results show that TLR8 stimulation and inflammasome activation by VTX-2337, can complement FcγRIII engagement, and may augment clinical responses in SCCHN patients treated with cetuximab. Citation Format: Greg Dietsch, Haling Lu, Yi Yang, Chihiro Morishima, Laura Q. Chow, Mary L. Disis, Robert Hershberg. Coordinated activation of TLR8 and NLRP3 by VTX-2337 (motolimod) ignites tumoricidal NK cell activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 286. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-286
Where Tape and Hard-Disk Technology Meet: The HDD Head–Tape Interface (2015)

In this paper, we study the mechanical interface between a hard-disk drive (HDD) head and magnetic recording tape to enable the use of HDD heads to investigate future tape operating points. Tape surface height measurements were obtained using an interferometer microscope for varying wrap angle configurations, tape velocities, and tape tensions. Simultaneously, the readback signal from the read element of the HDD head was captured to study the quality of the contact between the tape and the head. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit-error rate (BER) performance of pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) data readback experiments are presented. An analytical model is described for estimating the magnetic spacing from the PRBS readback spectrum. In contrast to current commercial tape heads, the HDD head surface has a pronounced topography containing cavities. When tape passes in close proximity, subambient pressures are formed inside these cavities and the resulting pressure differences force the tape toward the head and deform the tape into remarkable shapes. For the topography of the HDD head used, the shape of tape is predominantly determined by the leading and trailing wrap angles. Readback was obtained only in the backward direction (i.e., opposite to the direction of operation in an HDD), with positive leading but negative trailing wrap angles. Better readback is obtained for shallow wrap angles, lower tape velocity, and higher tape tension. Good readback is obtained for leading and trailing wrap angles ~0.3° and -0.2°, respectively. Fits of the analytical model to the spectrum of the readback signal of PRBS data lead to a magnetic spacing estimate of ~30 nm. At 600 kb/in linear density, we measured 11 dB SNR and 7 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> BER for PRBS data on perpendicularly oriented particulate barium-ferrite tape.