gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inability of Physicians to Use Metered-Dose Inhalers (1997)

The effectiveness of antiasthmatic therapy with metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) is usually limited by defective inhalational technique. This study surveyed the MDI inhalation performance and knowledge of 100 physicians whose performance (demarcated into six stages) and knowledge scores correlated (r = 0.33, p < 0.001). Inhalation performance scores for shaking the canister, full expiration prior to using the MDI, breath holding thereafter, and positioning of the mouth-piece correlated with their corresponding knowledge scores (p < or = 0.02). Training of physicians entailing actual instruction and supervision of inhalational maneuvers may enhance the ability of doctors to use MDIs and facilitate better patient supervision.
Plakophilin-2 Haploinsufficiency Causes Calcium Handling Deficits and Modulates the Cardiac Response Towards Stress (2019)

Human variants in plakophilin-2 (PKP2) associate with most cases of familial arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Recent studies show that PKP2 not only maintains intercellular coupling, but also regulates transcription of genes involved in Ca<sup>2+</sup> cycling and cardiac rhythm. ACM penetrance is low and it remains uncertain, which genetic and environmental modifiers are crucial for developing the cardiomyopathy. In this study, heterozygous PKP2 knock-out mice (PKP2-Hz) were used to investigate the influence of exercise, pressure overload, and inflammation on a PKP2-related disease progression. In PKP2-Hz mice, protein levels of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-handling proteins were reduced compared to wildtype (WT). PKP2-Hz hearts exposed to voluntary exercise training showed right ventricular lateral connexin43 expression, right ventricular conduction slowing, and a higher susceptibility towards arrhythmias. Pressure overload increased levels of fibrosis in PKP2-Hz hearts, without affecting the susceptibility towards arrhythmias. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis caused more severe subepicardial fibrosis, cell death, and inflammatory infiltrates in PKP2-Hz hearts than in WT. To conclude, PKP2 haploinsufficiency in the murine heart modulates the cardiac response to environmental modifiers via different mechanisms. Exercise upon PKP2 deficiency induces a pro-arrhythmic cardiac remodeling, likely based on impaired Ca<sup>2+</sup> cycling and electrical conduction, versus structural remodeling. Pathophysiological stimuli mainly exaggerate the fibrotic and inflammatory response.
A Rule-Based System for Well Log Correlation (1987)

Summary Computer-assisted approaches to well log correlation are of interest to engineers and geologists for two reasons. In large field studies, a computer can be used simply to reduce the time required to correlate zones of interest. It is also possible that computer-assisted correlations may suggest zonal matches of interest and originality that might not have been considered. This paper presents a new approach to the computer-assisted log correlation. Geologic horizons are correlated between wells by use of an artificial intelligence rule-based technique. Using the symbol-manipulation capabilities of a computer language called List Processing (LISP), we developed a prototype rule-based system that (1) has symbolic representation of log data, (2) recognizes log shapes from traces, (3) identifies geologic zones from a sequence of shapes in a log, (4) characterizes the zones, (5) correlates zones from well to well with a set of "if/then" type of rules, and (6) uses a forward-chaining inference scheme to execute the rule base. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of the LISP language and the methodology involved in the development of this system.
Development of a luciferase reporter gene, luxCt, for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast (2004)

Luciferase reporter genes have been successfully used in a variety of organisms to examine gene expression in living cells, but are yet to be successfully developed for use in chloroplast. Green fluorescent protein (gfp) has been used as a reporter of chloroplast gene expression, but because of high auto-fluorescence, very high levels of GFP accumulation are required for visualization in vivo. We have developed a luciferase reporter for chloroplast by synthesizing the two-subunit bacterial luciferase (lux)AB, as a single fusion protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast codon bias. We expressed a chloroplast luciferase gene, luxCt, in C. reinhardtii chloroplasts under the control of the ATPase alpha subunit (atpA) or psbA promoter and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) and the rubisco large subunit (rbcL) 3' UTR. We show that luxCt is a sensitive reporter of chloroplast gene expression, and that luciferase activity can be measured in vivo using a charge coupled device (CCD) camera or in vitro using a luminometer. We further demonstrate that luxCt protein accumulation, as measured by Western blot analysis, is proportional to luminescence, as determined both in vivo and in vitro, and that luxCt is capable of reporting changes in chloroplast gene expression during a dark to light shift. These data demonstrate the utility of the luxCt gene as a versatile and sensitive reporter of chloroplast gene expression in living cells.
Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Water-Blown Molded Flexible Polyurethane Foam Materials (2000)

Polyurethane flexible foam materials have a wide range of industrial applications. These applications include flexible foams for packaging, polyurethane-based foam materials for seat cushions in buses, railways, the airline industry, prisons, and domestic bedding. There is a substantial need for the development of flexible molded foam materials with low heat release rates and smoke release rates. In this study, an extensive series of flexible, molded polyurethane seat cushion materials based on polymeric MDI and polyether polyols were prepared and further modified with commercially available flame retardant additives. The flame retardant behavior of these foam materials was evaluated using Cone Calorimeter (ASTM-E 1354), vertical Bunsen burner test for cabin and cargo component materials [FAR 25.853 (a), Appendix F, Part I, (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii)], and oil burner test for seat cushions [FAR 25.853 (c), Appendix F, Part II]. Several formulations that passed the 12-second vertical Bunsen burner test were identified. These include the formulations modified with Firemaster ® HP-36, Decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony oxide/Firemaster ® HP-36, Fyrol ® FR-2, and Fyrol ® FR-2/graphite powder. A formulation modified with Antiblaze ® -230 and a cross-linking agent passed both 12-second and 60-second vertical Bunsen burner tests. But, all of these materials did not pass the oil burner tests for seat cushions. Using the cone calorimeter, materials with a reduction in peak heat release rate of up to 57% were prepared and with up to a fourfold increase in char residue in the cone. However, most FR formulations showed an increase in carbon monoxide and smoke generation. Lowest peak HRR data were obtained with Firemaster ® HP-36/Sb 2 O 3 and Dow Silicones ® 1-9641 at 25kW/m 2 and with Fyrol ® FR2/cross-linker at 35 kW/m 2 exposure. It appears that there is no correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical Bunsen burner test results.
Compas: A computerized patient advice system to direct ventilatory care (1988)

We have undertaken a randomized, controlled clinical trial to test a new form of respiratory support which includes Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal (ECCO2R), against traditional continuous positive pressure ventilation for patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Since the experimental procedures were complex, detailed treatment protocols were developed by the clinical and research staff to describe monitored variables, frequency of data acquisition, decision logic (treatment protocols), and appropriate respiratory care for all modes of respiratory support in the clinical trial.
The treatment protocols had the potential to make the clinical approach to patients more uniform by equalizing the frequency of monitoring and the intensity of care for clinical trial patients. The treatment protocols were converted into computer logic and implemented as a data driven COMputerized Patient Advice System (COMPAS) using a blackboard control architecture within the HELP clinical information system. COMPAS automatically prompted the clinical staff with ventilator or extracorporeal adjustment advice when new observational or laboratory data were entered into the computer system by respiratory therapists, nurses, or members of the radiology, pharmacy, or the blood gas laboratories.
Following the availability of new data, COMPAS's therapy suggestions were available at the patient's bedside computer terminal in 2.2 minutes (avg) (n = 3988) (82.3% available in under 2 minutes). After 624 hours of patient care on the first 5 patients in the controlled clinical trial, the clinical staff carried out 84.4% of the computer generated therapy suggestions (320 of 379). In situations which clearly suggested a therapy reduction, (FiO2 $\geq$ 0.6 with PaO2 $\geq$ 90 mmHg) patients treated with COMPAS therapy suggestions had their FiO2 reduced more promptly (46.7 $\pm$ 51 minutes (mean $\pm$ SD) n = 20 for COMPAS patients vs 102.6 $\pm$ 91 minutes n = 2433 for patients treated in the traditional manner, p $<$ 0.05).
The high compliance with COMPAS ventilatory therapy suggestions (84.4%) showed that the respiratory management of complex ARDS patients can be accomplished using COMPAS's computerized medical logic. Both the frequency of monitoring and the intensity of patient care within the clinical trial were more uniform after COMPAS was implemented, thus enhancing the standardization of respiratory care crucial to the interpretation of the results of our clinical trial.
Allocation of copies of a file in an information network (1971)

We consider a mathematical model of an information network of n nodes, some of which contain copies of a given data file. Within this network, every node is able to communicate with every other node over communication links (a process which may entail routing through intermediate nodes). In particular, we are concerned with transactions with the multiply-located file. Such transactions fall into one of two classes: (1) query traffic between a node and the file, and (2) update traffic. An update message is assumed to be transmitted to every copy of the file, whereas a query is communicated only to a single copy.
Mild, nonacidic, method for converting secondary nitro compounds into ketones (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMild, nonacidic, method for converting secondary nitro compounds into ketonesNathan Kornblum and Peter A. WadeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 7, 1418–1420Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00947a040https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00947a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views698Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxidation Studies on Ni and on a 0.37 w/o Cr-Ni Alloy in CO[sub 2] and in CO[sub 2]-CO Mixtures (1965)

The linear oxidation of pure Ni and a 0.37 w/o (weight per cent) Cr‐Ni alloy in reduced pressures of was studied between 900° to 1300°C. It was found that the linear rate constants are proportional to the pressure of and that the constants of the 0.37 w/o Cr alloy are several times larger than those of pure Ni. The linear oxidation in mixtures was found not to obey the rate equation, . Disagreement of the observed results with the above rate equation is interpreted to be due to a nucleation and growth phenomenon whereby the oxide grains are discontinuous over the surface.
Conformation of a cyclic tetrapeptide related to an analog of enkephalin (1984)

Abstract A systematic survey has been made, using molecular mechanics, of the conformation of cyclo (‐ N γ ‐Mabu‐Gly‐Ala‐Ala‐), where Mabu is (R)‐α‐methyl‐γ‐aminobutyric acid. This molecule corresponds to the 14‐membered ring of the conformationally restricted, biologically active, Leu‐enkephalin analog, Tyr‐ cyclo ( N γ ‐ D ‐A 2 bu‐Gly‐Phe‐Leu‐), reported by DiMaio and Schiller [(1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 , 7162–7166]. There is one extensive low‐energy conformational region, in which the two lowest energy minima are separated by a low barrier; other low‐energy conformations exist but are closely restricted. Assuming that enkephalin in its active form shares conformation features with the cyclic molecule, it is deduced that enkephalin contains a Gly 3 ‐Phe 4 type II′ bend and that it could be similar to the model proposed by Clarke et al. [(1978) J. Med. Chem. 21 , 600–606].
Abstract 5670: KLF5 Controls Macrophage Polarity in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases via S100 Proteins (2009)

Chronic kidney disease is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Chronic inflammation has been shown to be involved in both diseases. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying them are likely to be closely linked with each other. We have previously demonstrated that the transcription factor KLF5 is involved in cardiovascular remodeling. In the present study we addressed if KLF5 also plays a role in chronic kidney disease. KLF5 expression levels were increased in various kidney disease models including unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and KLF5 +/− mice ameliorated renal pathology induced by UUO. Genome-wide analyses of potential KLF5 target genes using ChIP-seq and microarrays identified S100A8 and S100A9. S100A8 and A9 are secretory proteins and form a heterodimer. S100A8/A9 induced macrophage accumulation in Matrigel plugs and direct injection of S100A8/A9 into kidneys resulted in infiltration of M1 classically activated macrophages. In KLF5 +/− mice S100A8/A9 expression was reduced and M1 macrophage infiltration was markedly suppressed in UUO. Interestingly, UUO induced infiltration of M2 alternatively activated macrophages during later stages of disease development. In KLF5 +/− mice macrophage activation was shifted to the M2 polarity. M2 macrophages produced anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines, including IL-10 and TGFb1. This shift in macrophage polarity is likely to be primarily accountable for the UUO phenotype of KLF5 +/− , in which tissue inflammation, apoptosis and destruction were ameliorated during early stages, while fibrosis was increased in later time points. Taken together, KLF5 appears to regulate tissue remodeling by controlling the macrophage polarity via inflammatory mediators including S100A8/A9. Because KLF5 is also essential for cardiovascular remodeling, the KLF5-S100 axis may play an important role in chronic inflammation in various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases.
Block copolymer mediated synthesis of amphiphilic gold nanoparticles in water and an aqueous tetrahydrofuran medium: An approach for the preparation of polymer–gold nanocomposites (2006)

Abstract The synthesis of polymer‐matrix‐compatible amphiphilic gold (Au) nanoparticles with well‐defined triblock polymer poly[2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐ b ‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐ b ‐poly[2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] and diblock polymers poly(methyl methacrylate)‐ b ‐poly[2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate], polystyrene‐ b ‐poly[2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate], and poly( t ‐butyl methacrylate)‐ b ‐poly[2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] in water and in aqueous tetrahydrofuran (tetrahydrofuran/H 2 O = 20:1 v/v) at room temperature is reported. All these amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized with atom transfer radical polymerization. The variations of the position of the plasmon resonance band and the core diameter of such block copolymer functionalized Au particles with the variation of the surface functionality, solvent, and molecular weight of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the block copolymers were systematically studied. Different types of polymer–Au nanocomposite films [poly(methyl methacrylate)–Au, poly( t ‐butyl methacrylate)–Au, polystyrene–Au, poly(vinyl alcohol)–Au, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)–Au] were prepared through the blending of appropriate functionalized Au nanoparticles with the respective polymer matrices {e.g., blending poly[2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐ b ‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐ b ‐poly[2‐( N,N ‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐stabilized Au with the poly(methyl methacrylate)matrix only}. The compatibility of specific block copolymer modified Au nanoparticles with a specific homopolymer matrix was determined by a combination of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. The facile formation of polymer–Au nanocomposites with a specific block copolymer stabilized Au particle was attributed to the good compatibility of block copolymer coated Au particles with a specific polymer matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1841–1854, 2006
Deep Saliency with Encoded Low Level Distance Map and High Level Features (2016)

Recent advances in saliency detection have utilized deep learning to obtain high level features to detect salient regions in a scene. These advances have demonstrated superior results over previous works that utilize hand-crafted low level features for saliency detection. In this paper, we demonstrate that hand-crafted features can provide complementary information to enhance performance of saliency detection that utilizes only high level features. Our method utilizes both high level and low level features for saliency detection under a unified deep learning framework. The high level features are extracted using the VGG-net, and the low level features are compared with other parts of an image to form a low level distance map. The low level distance map is then encoded using a convolutional neural network(CNN) with multiple 1 1 convolutional and ReLU layers. We concatenate the encoded low level distance map and the high level features, and connect them to a fully connected neural network classifier to evaluate the saliency of a query region. Our experiments show that our method can further improve the performance of state-of-the-art deep learning-based saliency detection methods.
Peptide Inhibitors of the Escherichia coli DsbA Oxidative Machinery Essential for Bacterial Virulence (2014)

One approach to address antibiotic resistance is to develop drugs that interfere with bacterial virulence. A master regulator of virulence in Gram-negative bacteria is the oxidative folding machinery comprising DsbA and DsbB. A crystal structure at 2.5 Å resolution is reported here for Escherichia coli DsbA complexed with PFATCDS, a heptapeptide derived from the partner protein Escherichia coli DsbB. Details of the peptide binding mode and binding site provide valuable clues for inhibitor design. Structure-activity relationships for 30 analogues were used to produce short peptides with a cysteine that bind tightly to EcDsbA (Kd = 2.0 ± 0.3 μM) and inhibit its activity (IC50 = 5.1 ± 1.1 μM). The most potent inhibitor does not bind to or inhibit human thioredoxin that shares a similar active site. This finding suggests that small molecule inhibitors can be designed to exploit a key interaction of EcDsbA, as the basis for antivirulence agents with a novel mechanism of action.
Esophagogastric neoplasms: palliation with a modified gianturco stent. (1991)

Self-expanding metallic stents of a modified Gianturco design were used for palliative treatment of malignant esophagogastric strictures. Over a 10-month period, 10 stents were placed in nine patients. All patients with severe dysphagia due to malignant strictures in whom all other treatment options had failed were candidates for these stents. Neither extensive length of esophageal involvement nor complete esophageal obstruction was a contraindication. All stents were placed with fluoroscopic guidance without any technical failures or procedural morbidity or mortality. Mild reflux occurred in three patients in whom the stent tubes straddled the distal esophageal sphincter. Five patients were still alive after 1-8 months. The remaining four patients died 6-28 weeks after stent placement; all stents were patent at the time of death. These stents are easy to insert, safe, and reasonably effective for short-term palliative treatment of esophagogastric neoplasms.
Environmental Impact of ZnO Nanoparticles Evaluated by in Vitro Simulated Digestion (2019)

ZnO nanoparticles are found in different food and consumer products, and their toxicological effects are still under investigation. It is therefore important to understand their behavior in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we used an in vitro model to assess the physicochemical fate of ZnO nanoparticles during the digestive process in artificial saliva, stomach juice, and intestinal juice. Atomic absorption spectrometry and small-angle X-ray scattering were employed to investigate two ZnO nanomaterials, one intensively characterized reference material and soluble ZnCl2 in a broad range of concentrations between 25 and 1000 μg/mL in the intestinal fluid. Because food components may influence the behavior of nanomaterials in the gastrointestinal tract, starch, milk powder, and olive oil were used to mimic carbohydrates, protein, and fat, respectively. Additionally, ion release of all Zn species was assessed in cell culture media and compared to artificial intestinal juice to investigate relevance of typical cell culture conditions in ZnO nanotoxicology. ZnCl2 as well as the ZnO species were present as particles in artificial saliva but were solubilized completely in the acidic stomach juice. Interestingly, in the intestinal fluid a concentration-independent de novo formation of particles in the nanoscale range was shown. This was the case for all particles as well as for ZnCl2, regardless of the concentration used. Neither of the food components affected the behavior of any Zn species. On the contrary, all Zn species showed a Zn-concentration-dependent ion release in common cell culture medium. This questions the suitability of cell culture studies to investigate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on intestinal cells. Our results show that Zn-containing nanoparticles reach the intestine. This underlines the importance of determining the influence of the test environment on nanoparticle fate.