gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CMed: Crowd Analytics for Medical Imaging Data (2019)

We present a visual analytics framework, CMed, for exploring medical image data annotations acquired from crowdsourcing. CMed can be used to visualize, classify, and filter crowdsourced clinical data based on a number of different metrics such as detection rate, logged events, and clustering of the annotations. CMed provides several interactive linked visualization components to analyze the crowd annotation results for a particular video and the associated workers. Additionally, all results of an individual worker can be inspected using multiple linked views in our CMed framework. We allow a crowdsourcing application analyst to observe patterns and gather insights into the crowdsourced medical data, helping him/her design future crowdsourcing applications for optimal output from the workers. We demonstrate the efficacy of our framework with two medical crowdsourcing studies: polyp detection in virtual colonoscopy videos and lung nodule detection in CT thin-slab maximum intensity projection videos. We also provide experts' feedback to show the effectiveness of our framework. Lastly, we share the lessons we learned from our framework with suggestions for integrating our framework into a clinical workflow.
Solid State NMR (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Fundamentals Quadrupole Interaction Dipolar Interaction The Shielding Term (HS) or Chemical Shift Anisotropy (CSA) Line Narrowing in the Solid State Dipolar Decoupling CPMAS Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid State NMR Spectroscopy Polymorphism Resolution of Enantiomers by Solid State NMR Distances Determined by SSNMR Hydrogen Bond
Effect of level of dietary potassium on the absorption and excretion of calcium and magnesium by lactating cows (1994)

This study was undertaken with the objective of providing more basic information on the absorption and excretion of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) by lactating cows when high levels of potassium (K) are fed. Employing potassium carbonate as the source of supplemental K, total mixed rations were formulated to contain 1.6 (low), 3.1 (medium) and 4.6% (high) K. The three rations were fed to 15 Holstein cows in mid-lactation in a 3 × 3 Latin square experiment replicated five times. The experimental periods were 21 d in length. Blood, rumen and milk samples were obtained during the 2nd and 3rd wk of each experimental period and two cows from each treatment group were subjected to total collection procedures for feces and urine during the last 4 d of each experimental period. Dry matter intake was 23.0, 23.8 and 22.3 kg d −1 for the cows fed the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. Milk yield was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed the high compared to the low and medium K diets. Level of K in the diet did not influence the fat and protein content of the milk but Ca content was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. Plasma K levels were 15.0, 15.7 and 16.2 mg dL −1 while plasma Mg levels were 2.35a, 2.25ab and 2.17b mg dL −1 for cows on the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. The acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen fluid was wider (P &lt; 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. The apparent absorption of Mg but not Ca was reduced with increasing levels of K in the diet. Both water consumption and urine output were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diet compared with those fed the low K diet. The concentration of Ca and Mg in the urine dropped markedly and total excretion of Ca and Mg was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. It was concluded from the results of this study that high K levels in the diet interfere with absorption of Mg but not Ca. However, K did appear to interfere with the utilization of Ca as indicated by the lower amount of Ca in the milk and urine. Increasing K levels in the diet increased water consumption and urine output which has major implications for waste management. Key words: Lactating cows, excess potassium, calcium, magnesium
In Vivo Delivery of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides into Rat Kupffer Cells (1998)

Kupffer cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Liver injury is believed to result from an excessive release of cytokines and prostanoids from these cells. A targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides into Kupffer cells might reduce or prevent liver injury. In this report, we describe a method in which anionic liposome-encapsulated antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (S-Oligos) are delivered to Kupffer cells in vivo. Delivery was assessed using an antisense S-Oligo (TJU-2749) targeted against the 3’ untranslated region of rat tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA. At 90 min post-intravenous injection, 90% of the S-Oligo was absorbed from circulation. Of this, 40% was found in the liver and 10% in spleen. Other organs, including lungs, kidneys, muscle, stomach, brain, testes and small intestine, showed only minor incorporation (<5%). Greater than 65% of the liver-associated S-Oligo was found in Kupffer cells. Relative accumulation of S-Oligo in Kupffer cells was 200-fold that of the combined body tissues. For an average injected dose of 1.2 mg antisense/Kg body weight, the intracellular concentration of the S-Oligo attained in Kupffer cells was 65 μM. These studies suggest that liposome-encapsulated delivery provides an efficient means of targeting antisense molecules to Kupffer cells in vivo.
&#945;-Secretase in Alzheimers Disease and Beyond: Mechanistic, Regulation and Function in the Shedding of Membrane Proteins (2012)

Proteases regulate numerous physiological functions in all living organisms. Because of their contribution to βAPP processing, α-, β- and γ-secretases have focused particular attention of researchers in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) during the past 20 years. Whereas the β-secretase BACE1 and the heterotetrameric presenilin-dependent γ- secretase complex were identified between 1995 and 2002, α-secretase activity was attributed to previously described ADAM10 and ADAM17, two members of the type I integral membrane protein family called ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease). ADAM10 and/or ADAM17 target numerous substrates through various modes of action. This review focuses on the complex physiology of these α-secretases and will document their contribution to cancers, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and prion diseases besides their well characterized role in Alzheimer's disease.
THE INTERFERENCE OF FREE AND ESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL IN THE SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA 11-HYDROXYSTEROIDS (1970)

SUMMARY Cholesterol and cholesterol esters have been identified on the basis of thin-layer and gas—liquid chromatographic data and fluorimetric characteristics as major interfering fluorogens in a simple fluorimetric method for determining plasma corticosteroids. In a small series of normal subjects the average concentration of fluorogen, which was not 11-hydroxysteroid, was 3·4 μg. apparent cortisol/100 ml. plasma, equivalent to 22·4% of the total fluorogen present.
681: Botulinum-A Toxin as an Alternative Treatment to Bladder Augmentation in Children with Neurogenic Bladder due to Myelomeningocele (2004)

You have accessJournal of UrologyPodium, Sunday, May 9, 2004, 1:00 - 3:00 pm1 Apr 2004681: Botulinum-A Toxin as an Alternative Treatment to Bladder Augmentation in Children with Neurogenic Bladder due to Myelomeningocele Jacques Corcos, Waleed Al-Taweel, and Claude Robichaud Jacques CorcosJacques Corcos More articles by this author , Waleed Al-TaweelWaleed Al-Taweel More articles by this author , and Claude RobichaudClaude Robichaud More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)37943-6AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "681: Botulinum-A Toxin as an Alternative Treatment to Bladder Augmentation in Children with Neurogenic Bladder due to Myelomeningocele." The Journal of Urology, 171(4S), p. 181 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 171Issue 4SApril 2004Page: 181 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Jacques Corcos More articles by this author Waleed Al-Taweel More articles by this author Claude Robichaud More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Detection and Imaging of the Plant Pathogen Response by Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Polyphenol Sensors (2021)

Plants use secondary metabolites such as polyphenols for chemical defense against pathogens and herbivores. Despite their importance in plant pathogen interactions and tolerance to diseases, it remains challenging to detect polyphenols in complex plant tissues. Here, we create molecular sensors for plant polyphenol imaging that are based on near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We identified polyethylene glycol-phospholipids that render (6,5)-SWCNTs sensitive (K<sub>d</sub> =90 nM) to plant polyphenols (tannins, flavonoids, …), which red-shift (up to 20 nm) and quench their emission (ca. 1000 nm). These sensors report changes in total polyphenol level after herbivore or pathogen challenge in crop plant systems (Soybean Glycine max) and leaf tissue extracts (Tococa spp.). We furthermore demonstrate remote chemical imaging of pathogen-induced polyphenol release from roots of soybean seedlings over the time course of 24 h. This approach allows in situ visualization and understanding of the chemical plant defense in real time and paves the way for plant phenotyping for optimized polyphenol secretion.
Tomographic Phase Microscopy (2008)

In visualizing transparent biological cells and tissues, the phase contrast microscope and its related techniques have been a cornerstone of nearly every cell biology laboratory. However, phase contrast methods are inherently qualitative and lack in 3-D imaging capability. We introduce a novel tomographic microscopy for quantitative three-dimensional mapping of refractive index in live cells and tissues using a phase-shifting laser interferometric microscope with variable illumination angle.
Nitride etching with hydrofluorocarbons III: Comparison of C4H9F and CH3F for low-k′ nitride spacer etch processes (2018)

The performance of low-k nitride spacer etch processes for fin-field effect transistor device fabrication was investigated using C4H9F based and CH3F based plasma gas chemistries. C4H9F showed a larger process window of O2 gas flow rate to obtain infinite etch selectivities of blanket SiN/SiO and SiN/poly-Si than CH3F. The etch selectivity increased in both gases with the reduction of duty cycle in synchronously pulsed plasmas. Low-k spacer formation using a 60-nm gate pitch testsite was demonstrated resulting in the minimized fin recess of 4.7 nm using C4H9F-O2-He plasma at a duty cycle of 30%. This was 2.2 times smaller than that by the CH3F-He plasma. Fifty percent extended etch time resulted in a fin recess of 5.1 nm, suggesting self-limiting behavior using C4H9F-O2-He plasma chemistry. Gap structure analysis on the blanket films suggested that the selective deposition of fluorocarbon, which enhances the selectivity, is driven by plasma assisted deposition in case of the C4H9F-O2-He plasma. These unique characteristics of C4H9F can facilitate innovative plasma etch processes for nitride-based materials patterning in a wide range of applications.
THE METABOLISM OF C3 AND C4 IN PATIENTS WITH IMMUNE COMPLEXES AND NORMAL COMPLEMENT LEVELS (1989)

The metabolism of the complement proteins, C3 and C4 was examined in two groups of patients with a high incidence of detectable immune complexes but normal levels of complement components. The specific aim was to ascertain whether significant ongoing complement activation occurred in these patients. Eleven patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 11 with infection and 11 control subjects were studied. Each received approximately 10 microCi 125l.C4 and 2.5 microCi 131l.C3 by intravenous injection. Analysis of turnover data showed that there was significant hypercatabolism of both C3 and C4 in the two study groups compared to controls. Plasma production of C4 was normal for both groups (despite the presence of C4 null alleles in six out of 11 of the RA group), while C3 production was significantly elevated in both RA and infection (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001 respectively). Patients with infection showed a significant increase in extravascular/intravascular distribution of both proteins. The data show that immune complex formation is associated with accelerated turnover of complement proteins, irrespective of co-existing tissue damage or changes in the serum concentration of complement components. The findings suggest that both activation of complement and maintenance or enhancement of protein synthesis are important for the efficient processing of immune complexes in vivo.
Configuring the Differentiated Services Codepoint of Session Description Protocol Established Media Streams (2008)

The Session Description Protocol (SDP) offer/answer model currently
has no mechanism for dynamic configuration of the Differentiated
Services Codepoints (DSCP) for the media streams endpoints establish.
This document creates such a mechanism within SDP, as granular as at
the media stream level where more than one stream can be in an
offer/answer exchange, to set a particular DSCP for the desired Per
Hop Behavior (PHB) of a media stream. This same mechanism can change a
DSCP of an existing stream based on dynamic network conditions.
P565 Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with ustekinumab in moderate–severe ulcerative colitis patients with delayed response to ustekinumab induction: Results from UNIFI 2-year long-term extension (2020)

Abstract Background Ustekinumab (UST) has been shown to induce and maintain clinical response and remission in moderate–severe UC patients in the UNIFI study. In the UNIFI maintenance study, the primary randomised population consisted of patients who were in clinical response 8weeks after UST induction treatment. Patients who had a delayed response to induction were also eligible for the maintenance study but were not included in the randomised analysis set. Here, we present the efficacy and safety of UST maintenance among delayed responders who were treated in the UNIFI long-term extension(LTE). Methods UNIFI was a single protocol of induction and randomised withdrawal maintenance studies in patients with moderate–severe UC who failed conventional or biologic therapy(including TNF antagonists and/or vedolizumab). Delayed responders were patients who were not in clinical response to UST IV induction at Week8 but achieved response at Week16 following a single UST90mg SC dose at Week8. These patients entered the maintenance study and continued to receive UST90mg SC q8w. Patients who completed Week44 evaluations were eligible to enter LTE continuing to receive UST90mg SC q8w. Efficacy in delayed responders to UST(who were treated in LTE) was evaluated over time through Week92 and safety through Week96. Results 116 delayed responders to UST induction were treated in the LTE, including 58 who had previously failed biologic therapy and 58 who had not failed biologic therapy, 54 of whom were bio-naïve. Symptomatic remission(defined as stool frequency subscore of 0 or 1 and a rectal bleeding subscore of 0) rates in delayed responders to UST induction increased from maintenance baseline to Weeks 44 and 92 (Table 1). Similar trends were seen within the biologic failure subgroups; although, rates among patients who had not failed biologics (primarily bio-naïve) were greater than those of patients who had failed biologics. Among the 79.3% (n = 92/116) of delayed responders to UST in symptomatic remission at Week 92, 94.6% (n = 87/92) were corticosteroid free. Safety data for randomised and non-randomised patients treated in UNIFI LTE is in Table2. The safety profile for UST in delayed responders was generally similar to that observed among patients randomised to UST; no new safety signals were observed. Conclusion Delayed responders to UST treatment maintained symptomatic remission through Week 92 with UST90mg SC q8w and the majority did so in the absence of corticosteroids.
An experimental virtual museum based on augmented reality and navigation (2011)

Indoor environments offer many possibilities for the development of navigation-aided systems and location-based services. This paper introduces an experimental setup that combines navigation facilities with augmented reality, and which is applied to two museums in the city of Mexico. The approach is based on a semantic model of a museum environment that reflects its organization and spatial structure. The experimental setup combines augmented reality, digital compass devices with smartphones. While several constraints reduce interaction capabilities among exhibitions and visitors, augmented reality offers the possibility of relaxing these constraints by combining real sceneries with digital representations. This enhances interactions between users and objects of interest pointed by the users, where additional multimedia information on the collections presented is available on demand.
System-in-Package Technology: Opportunities and Challenges (2008)

In 2006, the leading wireless phone industry has introduced literally hundreds of new, different wireless phones, which have been manufactured in approximately 1 billion units, generating revenue of about $128B. The semiconductor revenue has been about $33B. The ASP is declining, both in the wireless phone and semiconductor industry. In order to fix that, Moore's Law is being inverted: instead of getting twice the transistors for the same cost, the wireless phones industry seeks to obtain the same number of transistors for half the cost. This is making system-on-chip (SoC) no longer a viable solution. System-in-package (SiP) looks much more promising. Lack of EDA solutions - especially the A of automation - has so far slowed down the ramp-up of SiP. In this paper we describe the landscape and present a SiP platform solution which addresses the challenges of simplification, cost reduction, quality and reliability improvement, yet allowing exploiting the most recent advances in IC packaging.
Specificity of the Substituted Benzimidazole B 823-08: A Prodrug for Gastric Proton Pump Inhibition (1987)

Substituted benzimidazoles are potent inhibitors of the parietal cell proton pump, the H+/K+-ATPase. One member of this group, the sulfide B 823-08 (2-[(4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)-thio]-5-trifluoromethyl-(1H)- benzimidazole) inhibits gastric acid secretion in various in vivo models, but fails to affect acid secretion in the isolated, lumen perfused mouse stomach. In contrast, the corresponding sulfoxide (B 823-10) is active under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Since the sulfide is metabolically transformed to sulfoxide in vivo, the sulfide behaves as a prodrug of the sulfoxide. No effects of biological significance are found on organ functions which critically depend on Na+/K+-ATPase activity. This is in line with observations that the sulfoxide needs activation in an acidic environment, which constitutes the basis of its specificity for inhibiting stimulated parietal cells.
Electric-quadrupole and magnetic-dipole contributions to the n2+n3 band of carbon dioxide near 3.3 micron (2020)

The recent detections of electric-quadrupole (E2) transitions in water vapor and magnetic-dipole (M1) transitions in carbon dioxide have opened a new field in molecular spectroscopy. While in their present status, the spectroscopic databases provide only electric-dipole (E1) transitions for polyatomic molecules (H2O, CO2, N2O, CH4, O3), the possible impact of weak E2 and M1 bands to the modeling of the Earth and planetary atmospheres has to be addressed. This is especially important in the case of carbon dioxide for which E2 and M1 bands may be located in spectral windows of weak E1 absorption. In the present work, a high sensitivity absorption spectrum of CO2 was recorded by optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption Spectroscopy (OFCEAS) in the 3.3 micron transparency window of carbon dioxide. The studied spectral interval corresponds to the region where M1 transitions of the n2+n3 band of carbon dioxide were recently identified in the spectrum of the Martian atmosphere. Here, both M1 and E2 transitions of the n2+n3 band were detected by OFCEAS. Using recent ab initio calculations of the E2 spectrum of 12C16O2, intensity measurements of five M1 lines and three E2 lines allow us to disentangle the M1 and E2 contributions. Indeed, E2 intensity values (on the order of a few 10-29 cm per molecule) are found in reasonable agreement with ab initio calculations while the intensity of the M1 lines (including an E2 contribution) agree very well with recent very long path measurements by Fourier Transform spectroscopy. We thus conclude that both E2 and M1 transitions should be systematically incorporated in the CO2 line list provided by spectroscopic databases.
Pyrochlores. VI. Preparative chemistry of sodium and silver antimonates and related compounds (1970)

A number of pyrochlore-structure antimonates MSb y O z (M = Na, Ag, K) have been prepared by dry-firing methods. Each M forms a series of compounds which adopt the pyrochlore structure up to a maximum ratio of M:Sb; the ratio depends on M. Antimony in these compounds is usually present simultaneously in trivalent and pentavalent states.The preparation of the above antimonates by wet methods was also examined. The products obtained were found to depend on the pH of the solution. In acid solution a polyantimonate ion exists which on addition of M salts leads to compounds of formula MSb 3 O z , while in alkaline solution the Sb(OH) 6 − ion exists and MSb(OH) 6 antimonates are obtained.A previous literature claim that NaSbO 3 occurs with the pyrochlore structure has been disproved. It has been shown that NaSb y O z pyrochlore phases exist only for Na:Sb less than 1:1.5.The preparation of antimonates in the presence of Cl − and from hydrated reactants was carried out. It was concluded that neither Cl − nor OH − or H 2 O play a significant part in causing an antimonate of Na, Ag, or K to adopt the pyrochlore structure.
Positional information and pattern formation (1981)

Spatial patterns of cellular differentiation may arise from cells first being assigned a position, as in a coordinate system, and then interpreting the positional value that they have acquired. This interpretation will depend on their genetic constitution and developmental history. Different patterns may thus arise from similar positional fields. The specification of positional value may involve a positional signal, such as the concentration of a diffusible morphogen, but can also depend on how long the cells remain in a particular region, such as a progress zone. Positional values may also be acquired by direct transfer from one cell layer to another, as in directed embryonic induction. Positional value, unlike a positional signal, involves long-term memory, and can be regarded as a type of cell determination. Cells of the same differentiation class may have different positional values and may thus be non-equivalent. Evidence is presented for a signal providing positional information along the antero-posterior axis during chick limb development. This signal has properties similar to those of a diffusible morphogen.