gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Telomere Length, Telomerase and Reverse Transcriptase Activity in Human Dental Stem Cells (2011)

Stem cells from dental tissues have been isolated and established for tooth regenerative applications. However, basic characterization on their biological properties still needs to be investigated before employing them for effective clinical trials. In this study, we compared the telomere length, relative telomerase activity (RTA), and relative reverse transcriptase activity (RRA) as well as the surface antigen profile and mesenchymal differentiation ability in human dental papilla stem cells (DPaSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPuSCs), and dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow. Dental stem cells (DSCs) were strongly positive for cell surface markers, such as CD44 and CD90. However, slightly lower expression of CD105 was observed in DPaSCs and DPuSCs compared to DFSCs and MSCs. Following specific induction, DPaSCs, DFSCs, and MSCs were successfully differentiated into adipocytes and osteocytes. However, DPuSCS, in particular, were able to differentiate into adipocytes but failed to induce into osteogenic differentiation. Further, all DSCs, MSCs, and MRC-5 fibroblasts as control were investigated for telomere length by nonradioactive chemiluminescent assay, RTA by relative-quantitative telomerase repeat amplification protocol (RQ-TRAP), and RRA by PCR-based assay. Mean telomere lengths in DPaSCs, DPuSCs, DFSCs, and MSCs was ∼11 kb, and the values did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) among the cells analyzed. RTA levels in DPaSCs were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in MSCs, DPuSCs, DFSCs, and MRC-5 fibroblasts and among DSCs, DFSCs showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower RTA. Moreover, RRA levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in DPaSCs, DPuSCs, and MSCs than in DFSCs. Based on these observations, we conclude that among DSCs, DPaSCs possessed ideal characteristics on telomere length, telomerase activity and reverse transcriptase (RTase) activity, and may serve as suitable alternative candidates for regenerative medicine.
Key Performance Indicators in Multidimensional Constellations for Uplink SCMA Systems (2019)

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a promising non-orthogonal multiple access technique for future wireless systems. SCMA systems are sensitive to designing multidimensional constellations. It is crucial to employ a constellation that is suitable for a certain application. In this paper, we highlight the key performance indicators (KPIs) of multidimensional constellations that should be considered in their design process for various channel scenarios. We then evaluate the performance of some of the well-known SCMA constellations for uncoded, high-rate, and low-rate LTE turbo-coded SCMA systems. All turbo-coded comparisons are performed for bit-interleaved coded modulation, with a concatenated detection and decoding scheme. Simulation results confirm that multidimensional constellations that satisfy KPIs of a certain channel scenario outperform others.
Assessing V and V Processes for Automation with Respect to Vulnerabilities to Loss of Airplane State Awareness (2014)

Automation has contributed substantially to the sustained improvement of aviation safety by minimizing the physical workload of the pilot and increasing operational efficiency. Nevertheless, in complex and highly automated aircraft, automation also has unintended consequences. As systems become more complex and the authority and autonomy (A&A) of the automation increases, human operators become relegated to the role of a system supervisor or administrator, a passive role not conducive to maintaining engagement and airplane state awareness (ASA). The consequence is that flight crews can often come to over rely on the automation, become less engaged in the human-machine interaction, and lose awareness of the automation mode under which the aircraft is operating. Likewise, the complexity of the system and automation modes may lead to poor understanding of the interaction between a mode of automation and a particular system configuration or phase of flight. These and other examples of mode confusion often lead to mismanaging the aircraftâ€TMs energy state or the aircraft deviating from the intended flight path. This report examines methods for assessing whether, and how, operational constructs properly assign authority and autonomy in a safe and coordinated manner, with particular emphasis on assuring adequate airplane state awareness by the flight crew and air traffic controllers in off-nominal and/or complex situations.
Reactions of Ketenes (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Oxidation and Reduction of Ketenes Photochemical Reactions Thermolysis Reactions Cycloaddition Reactions of Ketenes Nucleophilic Addition to Ketenes Electrophilic Addition to Ketones Radical Reactions of Ketenes Polymerization of Ketenes Stereoselectivity in Ketene Reactions Other Additions to Ketenes Ketene Reactions Using Polymer Supports References
Integrated Approach to Personalized Procedural Map Generation Using Evolutionary Algorithms (2014)

In this paper, we propose the strategy of integrating multiple evolutionary processes for personalized procedural content generation (PCG). In this vein, we provide a concrete solution that personalizes game maps in a top-down action-shooter game to suit an individual player's preferences. The need for personalized PCG is steadily growing as the player market diversifies, making it more difficult to design a game that will accommodate a broad range of preferences and skills. In the solution presented here, the geometry of the map and the density of content within that geometry are represented and generated in distinct evolutionary processes, with the player's preferences being captured and utilized through a combination of interactive evolution and a player model formulated as a recommender system. All these components were implemented into a test bed game and experimented on through an unsupervised public experiment. The solution is examined against a plausible random baseline that is comparable to random map generators that have been implemented by independent game developers. Results indicate that the system as a whole is receiving better ratings, that the geometry and content evolutionary processes are exploring more of the solution space, and that the mean prediction accuracy of the player preference models is equivalent to that of existing recommender system literature. Furthermore, we discuss how each of the individual solutions can be used with other game genres and content types.
Learning Joint Embedding with Multimodal Cues for Cross-Modal Video-Text Retrieval (2018)

Constructing a joint representation invariant across different modalities (e.g., video, language) is of significant importance in many multimedia applications. While there are a number of recent successes in developing effective image-text retrieval methods by learning joint representations, the video-text retrieval task, however, has not been explored to its fullest extent. In this paper, we study how to effectively utilize available multimodal cues from videos for the cross-modal video-text retrieval task. Based on our analysis, we propose a novel framework that simultaneously utilizes multi-modal features (different visual characteristics, audio inputs, and text) by a fusion strategy for efficient retrieval. Furthermore, we explore several loss functions in training the embedding and propose a modified pairwise ranking loss for the task. Experiments on MSVD and MSR-VTT datasets demonstrate that our method achieves significant performance gain compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Sodium Retention in Black and White Female Adolescents in Response to Salt Intake (2004)

Increased sodium (Na(+)) retention in blacks could be related to the high prevalence of hypertension in adult blacks. Na(+) retention in response to controlled dietary Na(+) has not been rigorously compared in the different race groups. The present study assessed Na(+) retention in 22 black and 14 white girls, 11-15 yr old, during 3 wk on a low (1.3 g, 57 mmol)- and during 3 wk on a high (4 g, 172 mmol)-Na(+) diet in a randomized order, crossover design. Subjects were matched by postmenarcheal age and weight. After a 1-wk equilibration period, the mean daily Na(+) retention was 357 +/- 69 mg (15.5 +/- 3.0 mmol) in blacks and 239 +/- 37 mg (10.4 +/- 1.6 mmol) in whites on the low-Na(+) diet and 991 +/- 138 mg (43.1 +/- 6.0 mmol) in blacks vs. 334 +/- 90 mg (14.5 +/- 3.9 mmol) in whites (P < 0.001) on the high-Na(+) diet. The greater Na(+) retention in blacks was not accompanied by an increase in fecal or sweat Na(+) excretion. Blood pressure and weight did not increase despite the Na(+) retention, and thus, the retained Na(+) appeared to reside in a nonextracellular compartment that we speculate to be bone. In summary, black girls showed greater Na(+) retention compared with white girls. The difference in Na(+) handling may contribute to underlying racial differences in susceptibility to hypertension.
FPGA-based Accelerator for Independently Recurrent Neural Network (2018)

Recurrent neural network has been widely used in the field of machine learning, especially in addressing sequence learning problems. However, normal RNN and its variants LSTM and GRU, are fully connected networks which require a large number of parameters for calculation. For an FPGA accelerator, these neural networks usually consume a lot of energy for calculation and require a lot of memory access. Recent theory has shown that an independently recurrent neural network (IndRNN) can reduce memory access and calculation consumption with negligible accuracy loss, which make RNN easy to be deployed on an FPGA board. This paper implements this approach on a Xilinx Zynq zc706 FPGA and focuses on improving the efficiency of the network, including energy, resources and throughput. This accelerator uses massively parallel processing elements (PEs) for low latency and high throughput. The weights are stored in on-chip memory for low bandwidth requirement and less memory access. FPGA experimental results from a 2 layers IndRNN with 128 hidden units in each layer show that the accelerator uses less on-chip resources but can achieve better performance.
Testbed for IR-UWB based ranging and positioning: Experimental performance and comparison to CRLBs (2010)

In this paper we describe a testbed for impulse radio ultra wideband based ranging and positioning. We show the characteristics of the generated, transmitted and received pulses. We consider both the maximum likelihood estimator and a threshold-based estimator for the estimation of the time of arrival. We measure the variances for ranging and positioning and compare them to the Cramer-Rao lower bounds for range and position estimation. We discuss the impact of both false multipath component detection and false sidelobe detection on the estimation accuracy. The obtained variances are close to the Cramer-Rao lower bounds when the mainlobe of the first multi-path component is detected. In realistic multipath environments we can use a threshold-based time of arrival estimator in order to detect the first multipath component which may be missed by the maximum likelihood estimator. We show also that the errors on positioning due to false multipath component and sidelobe detection can be highly mitigated by increasing the number of receivers. For a radiated energy of 8.1 pJ and a distance of 5 meters between the transmit and receive antennas, the obtained accuracy is in the order of one centimeter.
Alkene-Pinacolborane Hydroborations Catalyzed by Lanthanum Tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] (2004)

Tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the hydroboration of representative alkenes and styrenes by pinacolborane.
"Water Buckyballs" Chemical, Catalytic, and Cosmic Implications (1998)

Possible chemical, catalytic, and cosmic roles of charged pentagonal dodecahedral water clusters having "buckyball-like" symmetry are discussed on the basis of electronic and vibronic theory and experiment. The electronic structure in conjunction with the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect is argued to make water buckyballs catalysts and oxygenates for fuel combustion and active agents in biological systems. The broad electronic and unique low-frequency vibronic spectra of water buckyballs may explain certain diffuse interstellar bands, far-infrared, ultraviolet, and x-ray cosmic background radiation, and some "missing cosmic baryonic matter". The relevance of water buckyballs to the properties of liquid and supercritical water concludes the paper.
Titania based nanocomposites as a photocatalyst: A review (2016)

Titanium dioxide or Titania is a semiconductor compound having remarkable dielectric, electronic and physico-chemical surface properties. It has excellent photocatalytic efficiency in presence of UV light. The curious grey matter of scientists has forced them to focus their attention to make Titania capable of utilizing the whole visible spectrum of light also. The hurdle that they faced was larger band gap of 3 eV and more, for this, efforts were directed towards adding other materials to Titania. The present article reviews the recent advances in the synthesis of different Titanium-based nanocomposite materials and their photocatalytic efficiency so as to apply them for several applications such as removal of dyes, other water pollutants, microbes and metals. A brief explanation of the photocatalytic process and the structural properties of TiO2 are also touched upon. Various past and recent approaches made in these directions of utilizing Titania based nanocomposites for photocatalytic activities are reviewed. It is suggested that there is a need to establish the kinetics of photo-corrosion and thermodynamic part of the photo-corrosion of various composites developed by different group across the globe, so that Titania based nanocomposites could be commercially utilized.
Nilotinib Is Safe and Effective in Accelerated Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML-AP) Patients with Imatinib Resistance or Intolerance. (2007)

Abstract Background: Nilotinib is a novel, orally bioavailable ATP-competitive inhibitor of BCR-ABL, which is significantly more potent (IC50 &gt;30 fold) than imatinib. Methods: This pivotal, open-label, phase II study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nilotinib in pts with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) CML with imatinib resistance or intolerance in AP. Imatinib resistance was defined as treatment with imatinib ≥600 mg/d with disease progression (≥50% increase in WBCs, blasts, basophils, or platelet counts) or no HR in bone marrow after 4 wks. Imatinib intolerance was defined as no major cytogenetic response (MCyR) and discontinuation of imatinib due to Grade 3/4 AEs or persistent (&gt;1 mo) or recurrent Grade 2 AE (recurred &gt;3 times) despite optimal supportive care. The primary and the key secondary endpoints were rate of confirmed hematologic response (HR) and best cytogenetic response (CyR) respectively, on the conventional ITT population. Nilotinib was started at 400 mg BID and escalated to 600 mg BID for inadequate responses in the absence of safety concerns. Results: 119 pts who received at least 6 mo of nilotinib were included in the analysis; 96 (80.7%) were resistant and 23 (19.3%) were intolerant to imatinib. Median age was 58 (22–79) y; median time since first CML diagnosis was 71.1 (2.2–298.2) mo; 55.5% were males. Confirmed HR occurred in 56 (47.1%) pts (31 [26.1%] complete HR; 11 [9.2%] marrow responses or no evidence of leukemia; 14 [11.8%] returned to chronic phase). MCyR occurred in 35 pts (29.4%) (19 complete CyR; 16 partial CyR), 16 (13.4%) minor CyR, and 28 (23.5%) minimal CyR. Time to first MCyR and complete CyR was 2 and 3.3 mo, respectively. Rate of MCyR for imatinib-resistant and -intolerant CML-AP pts was 27.1% and 39.1%, respectively. Median duration of nilotinib exposure was 202 (2–611) d and median average dose intensity for all pts was 790 mg/d (180.1–1149). Nilotinib dose was escalated to 600 mg BID in 29 (24.4%) pts. At data cutoff, treatment was ongoing for 48/119 (40.3%) pts, and 71 (59.7%) pts had discontinued. Discontinuations were due to disease progression for 35/119 (29.4%) pts and AEs for 15/119 (12.6%) pts. Most common Grade 3/4 hematologic lab abnormalities included thrombocytopenia (38.7%), neutropenia (39.1%), anemia (26.5%), elevated serum lipase (17.7%). Conclusion: Nilotinib resulted in significant response rates and was generally well tolerated in CML-AP pts with imatinib-resistance/intolerance. This study demonstrates nilotinib to be an effective therapeutic option in this advanced CML population, for whom treatment options are limited. With longer follow-up, cytogenetic responses continue to increase and no change in safety profile has been observed on nilotinib therapy.
Activation of PKC triggers rescue of NPC1 patient specific iPSC derived glial cells from gliosis (2017)

Our data demonstrate that glial cells derived from NPC1-patient specific iPSCs undergo gliosis. The application of U18666A induced comparable characteristics in un-affected control cells, suggesting that gliosis is triggered by hampered function of NPC1 protein. The activation of protein kinase C induced an amelioration of gliosis, as well as a reduction of cholesterol amount. These results provide further support for the line of evidence that gliosis might not be only a secondary reaction to the loss of neurons, but might be a direct consequence of a reduced PKC activity due to the phenotypical cholesterol accumulation observed in NPC1. In addition, our data support the involvement of PKCs in NPC1 disease pathogenesis and suggest that PKCs may be targeted in future efforts to develop therapeutics for NPC1 disease.
Chirped-Pulse Oscillators: Route to the Energy-Scalable Femtosecond Pulses (2012)

In the last decade, femtosecond pulse technology has evolved extremely rapidly and allowed achieving a few-optical-cycle pulse generation directly from a solid-state oscillator (Brabec & Krausz (2000); Steinmeyer et al. (1999)). Applications of such pulses range from medicine and micro-machining to fundamental physics of light-matter interaction at unprecedented intensity level and time scale (Agostini & DiMauro (2004); Gattass & Mazur (2008); Hannaford (2005); Krausz & Ivanov (2009); Martin & Hynes (2003); Mourou et al. (2006); Pfeifer et al. (2006)). In particular, high-energy solid-state oscillators nowadays allow high-intensity experiments such as direct gas ionization (Liu et al. (2008)), where the level of intensity must be of the order of 1014 W/cm2. Such an intensity level enables pump-probe diffraction experiments with electrons, direct high-harmonic generation in gases, production of nm-scale structures at a surface of transparent materials, etc. The required pulse energies have to exceed one and even tens of micro-joules at the fundamental MHz repetition rate of an oscillator (Sudmeyer et al. (2008)).
Minimum slice spacing required to reconstruct 3D shape for serial sections of breast tissue for comparison with medical imaging (2015)

There is currently an increasing interest in combining the information obtained from radiology and histology with the intent of gaining a better understanding of how different tumour morphologies can lead to distinctive radiological signs which might predict overall treatment outcome. Relating information at different resolution scales is challenging. Reconstructing 3D volumes from histology images could be the key to interpreting and relating the radiological image signal to tissue microstructure. The goal of this study is to determine the minimum sampling (maximum spacing between histological sections through a fixed surgical specimen) required to create a 3D reconstruction of the specimen to a specific tolerance. We present initial results for one lumpectomy specimen case where 33 consecutive histology slides were acquired.
Atmospheric impact of bioenergy based on perennial crop (reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinaceae, L.) cultivation on a drained boreal organic soil (2010)

Abstract Marginal organic soils, abundant in the boreal region, are being increasingly used for bioenergy crop cultivation. Using long‐term field experimental data on greenhouse gas (GHG) balance from a perennial bioenergy crop [reed canary grass (RCG), Phalaris arundinaceae L.] cultivated on a drained organic soil as an example, we show here for the first time that, with a proper cultivation and land‐use practice, environmentally sound bioenergy production is possible on these problematic soil types. We performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) for RCG on this organic soil. We found that, on an average, this system produces 40% less CO 2 ‐equivalents per MWh of energy in comparison with a conventional energy source such as coal. Climatic conditions regulating the RCG carbon exchange processes have a high impact on the benefits from this bioenergy production system. Under appropriate hydrological conditions, this system can even be carbon‐negative. An LCA sensitivity analysis revealed that net ecosystem CO 2 exchange and crop yield are the major LCA components, while non‐CO 2 GHG emissions and costs associated with crop production are the minor ones. Net bioenergy GHG emissions resulting from restricted net CO 2 uptake and low crop yields, due to climatic and moisture stress during dry years, were comparable with coal emissions. However, net bioenergy emissions during wet years with high net uptake and crop yield were only a third of the coal emissions. As long‐term experimental data on GHG balance of bioenergy production are scarce, scientific data stemming from field experiments are needed in shaping renewable energy source policies.
Functional consequences of glycine mutations in the predicted cytoplasmic loops of P-glycoprotein. (1994)

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate whether glycine residues in the predicted cytoplasmic loops play essential roles in the structure and function of human P-glycoprotein. Mutant cDNAs in which codons for each of the 20 glycine residues were changed to valine, were expressed in mouse NIH 3T3 cells and analyzed with respect to their ability to confer resistance to various drugs. Mutation of Gly-251, -268, -269, or -781 yielded mutant proteins which were unable to confer drug resistance in transfected cells. Each of these mutant P-glycoproteins had an apparent mass of 150 kDa, compared with 170 kDa for wild-type P-glycoprotein and the apparent mass was altered by endoglycosidase H digestion. These observations suggest that these mutant proteins were improperly processed so that they were located in the endoplasmic reticulum and were not targeted correctly to the plasma membrane. The in vivo processing of mutants Gly-269 to Val and Gly-781 to Val was temperature-sensitive. When cells expressing these mutants were grown at a lower temperature (26 degrees C), the mature 170-kDa form of P-glycoprotein was the major product. Substitution of glycine with alanine at positions 251, 268, 269, or 781 yielded mutants with structural and functional characteristics similar to wild-type enzyme. Mutation of Gly-141, 187, 288, 812, or 830 to Val, altered the drug resistance profile conferred by P-glycoproteins expressed in transfected cells. All five mutations increased relative resistance to colchicine or adriamycin, without altering relative resistance to vinblastine. These results demonstrate that glycines located in the cytoplasmic loops play important roles in structure and function of P-glycoprotein.