gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An integrated ceramic, micro-fluidic device for the LC/MS/MS analysis of pharmaceuticals in plasma (2015)

An integrated capillary scale (300 μm id) ceramic microfluidic LC system combined with MS/MS has been successfully employed for the quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in human plasma. The capillary ceramic microfluidic LC/MS/MS system showed an approximate 20-fold (range 11-38-fold) increase in sensitivity compared with a standard 2.1 mm scale UPLC/MS/MS system for a broad range of analytes. The loading capacity of the devices capillary separations channel allowed injection of 2 μL of an aqueous solution, and up to 1.2 μL of a typical protein-precipitated plasma sample, onto the reversed-phase chromatography system. The system also showed excellent chromatographic performance and robustness, with no deleterious effects on the chromatography observed over the course of 1000 injections of protein-precipitated plasma. The ability of the ceramic microfluidic LC/MS/MS system to deliver this level of sensitivity and performance enables the routine quantification of pharmaceutical compounds from small format samples, such as those obtained by dried blood spot or other blood microsampling approaches, to be performed.
Blind separation of disjoint orthogonal signals: demixing N sources from 2 mixtures (2002)

We present a novel method for blind separation of any number of sources using only two mixtures. The method applies when sources are (W-)disjoint orthogonal, that is, when the supports of the (windowed) Fourier transform of any two signals in the mixture are disjoint sets. We show that, for anechoic mixtures of attenuated and delayed sources, the method allows one to estimate the mixing parameters by clustering ratios of the time-frequency representations of the mixtures. The estimates of the mixing parameters are then used to partition the time-frequency representation of one mixture to recover the original sources. The technique is valid even in the case when the number of sources is larger than the number of mixtures. The general results are verified on both speech and wireless signals.
Comparison of direct-conversion a-Se and CsI scintillator-based CMOS FFDM/DBT flat-panel detectors using an anthropomorphic breast phantom with embedded microcalcification signals (2018)

Digital flat-panel detectors (FPD) used in x-ray breast imaging [full field digital mammography (FFDM) or digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT)] utilize semiconductor-based sensors, which directly convert incident x-ray photons into charge pulses, or scintillator-based sensors which, first, absorb x-rays and then re-radiate the energy in a form of optical light, which is subsequently collected by photodiodes. Direct conversion detectors lack the optical light stage and, hence, potentially allow for better spatial resolution, which can be beneficial for imaging of small signals, like microcalcifications. Some of the recent scintillator detectors use columnar CsI to contain optical photon dispersion, by using total internal reflection inside the columns. In this study we test two detectors, an amorphous Selenium (a-Se) direct-conversion FPD with a pixel size of 85 &mu;m, integrated in a number of FFDM and DBT systems, and a new CsI columnar scintillator detector with a 49.5 &mu;m pixel and CMOS active pixel readout technology. Detectors were evaluated, using 1) linear assessment methods, i.e. modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE); 2) a human observer reader study in which microcalcification signals were detected in FFDM images of an anthropomorphic breast phantom.
Systems chemistry: using thermodynamically controlled networks to assess molecular similarity (2013)

Abstract Background The assessment of molecular similarity is a key step in the drug discovery process that has thus far relied almost exclusively on computational approaches. We now report an experimental method for similarity assessment based on dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Results In order to assess molecular similarity directly in solution, a dynamic molecular network was used in a two-step process. First, a clustering analysis was employed to determine the network’s innate discriminatory ability. A classification algorithm was then trained to enable the classification of unknowns. The dynamic molecular network used in this work was able to identify thin amines and ammonium ions in a set of 25 different, closely related molecules. After training, it was also able to classify unknown molecules based on the presence or absence of an ethylamine group. Conclusions This is the first step in the development of molecular networks capable of predicting bioactivity based on an assessment of molecular similarity.
Visualization of paper structure by optical coherence tomography: Monte Carlo simulations and experimental study (2007)

This paper analyzes the capability of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) setup to visualize paper structure by comparing experimental and Monte Carlo (MC) simulated OCT images. In the experiments, we used an OCT setup at 910 nm with the coherence length of an SLD source of 7.5 µ m. Several different refractive index matching agents were applied to paper samples to enhance the visualization of their inner structure. The obtained OCT images show improved contrast in inner structure and enhanced visualization depth. A set of corresponding simulations were then performed using a previously developed MC code. A multilayer paper sheet model with non-planar fiber-air interfaces was developed to characterize the paper samples. MC simulations were carried out to study the effect of the setup parameters on the obtained OCT images. A comparison with the experimental data shows that the developed model provides a satisfactory correspondence between simulated and experimental images.
Centrifuge Modeling of Laterally Loaded Pile Groups in Sands (1994)

Abstract Presented is a novel apparatus to drive and laterally load groups of six to nine piles in flight. The main component of the device is a flat plate with multiple apertures which are opened or closed through pneumatic solenoids while being raised or lowered with stepping motors via a PC. Presently, both lateral load versus deformation and load distribution within the rows can be measured. Testing on both loose and medium dense sands at three and five-pile-diameter spacings have been completed for free-headed groups of nine piles. It was found that as the soil's density increased, so did the group's lateral resistance as well as the variation from row to row. The five-pile-diameter groups carried larger lateral loads and resulted in a more even load distribution from row to row than its three-diameter counterpart. Work is underway to test larger groups as well as inclined piles.
An in vitro system for infection with hepatitis B virus that uses primary human fetal hepatocytes. (1989)

An in vitro culture of human fetal hepatocytes has been employed for infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) virions that are produced by an established human hepatoma cell line, HB 611. HBV surface antigen and e antigen were released into the medium 3-4 days after infection, and production continued thereafter. RNA synthesis with similar kinetics was observed. Viral DNA replication started 2 days after infection, and replicative HBV DNA that included relaxed circles, single-stranded minus strands, and closed circles accumulated during 16 days of incubation. Immunofluorescent study using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit antisera directed against HBV core antigen revealed that this antigen is present in the nuclei in 12% of the infected cells. Particles containing HBV DNA were detected in the culture medium and were infectious. Thus, this in vitro infection system closely mimics infection in vivo and it allows detailed studies on early events associated with human HBV entry into cells and subsequent replication and integration.
Pathogenicity of Variant Marek's Disease Virus Isolants in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Chickens (1980)

R. L. Witter, J. M. Sharma, A. M. Fadly, Pathogenicity of Variant Marek's Disease Virus Isolants in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Chickens, Avian Diseases, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1980), pp. 210-232
Impact of substitution on reactions and stability of one-electron oxidised phenyl sulfonates in aqueous solution (2021)

Highly reactive aromatic cation radicals have been invoked lately in synthetic routes and in the degradation pathways of hydrocarbon-based polymers. Changes in the electron density of aromatic compounds are expected to alter the reaction pathway following one electron oxidation through altering the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> of the formed intermediate cation radical. Electron-donating groups increase its stability, however, little experimental data are known. While, in theory, the cation radical can be repaired by simple electron transfer, electron transfer to or from its deprotonated form, the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical, will cause permanent modification or degradation. Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy indicates a p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> ≈ 2-3 for the 4-(<i>tert</i>-butyl)-2-methoxyphenylsulfonate (BMPS) radical cation, while its parent compound 4-(<i>tert</i>-butyl) phenylsulfonate (BPS) is much more acidic. The stability of both compounds towards oxidation by HO˙ was evaluated under air at pH 5 and pH 0. At pH 5, both BMPS and BPS are unstable, and superstoichiometric degradation was observed. Degradation was slightly reduced for BPS at pH 0. In contrast, the more electron rich BMPS showed 80% lower degradation. We unambigously showed that in the presence of Ce(III) and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at pH 0 both BMPS and BPS could be catalytically repaired <i>via</i> one electron reduction, resulting in further damage moderation.
Modelling digital straight lines (1996)

We present a realistic mathematical model of a digitized edge which handles both blurring and arbitrary thresholding. We show that a thresholded digital image of a blurred half-plane obtained for some unknown threshold value is equal to the image of a perfectly focused half-plane with the same slope obtained by object boundary quantisation. This result implies that recovering the slope of a blurred half-plane, given its image obtained for some unknown threshold value, reduces to recovering the slope of a perfectly focused half-plane under object boundary quantization. Therefore, the previous results and algorithms for the recovery of straight lines, which mainly assumed object boundary quantization, are also valid if we assume this more realistic digitization model.
The Role of Incentives and Information Technologies for Knowledge Transfer in Firms (2004)

Knowledge sharing is crucial to the success of knowledge management systems. Information technologies and incentives are important to effectively manage knowledge assets in organizations. In this paper, we study the joint role of incentives and information technologies in enabling knowledge sharing and learning. We investigate two organizational knowledge-transfer policies: mandatory learning and voluntary learning. We demonstrate the role of linear incentive structures from three aspects: truthful report of knowledge levels, knowledge sharing/learning alignment, and full-knowledge transfer. We establish the necessary IT level to facilitate complete-knowledge enablement and provide guidance for a firm to choose an appropriate knowledge-transfer policy with respect to its IT level.
Exfoliablity, magnetism, energy storage and stability of metal thiophosphate nanosheets made in liquid medium (2023)

Abstract The family of antiferromagnetic layered metal hexathiohypo diphosphates, M 2 P 2 S 6 represents a versatile class of materials, particularly interesting for fundamental studies on magnetic properties in low dimensional structures, and yet exhibiting great potential for a broad variety of applications including catalysis, energy storage and conversion, and spintronics. In this work, three representatives of this family of 2D materials (M = Fe, Ni, and Mn) are exfoliated in the liquid phase under inert conditions and the nanosheet’s properties are studied in detail for different sizes of all three compounds. Centrifugation-based size selection is performed for this purpose. The exfoliability and structural integrity of the nanosheets is studied by statistical atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements. Further, we report size and thickness dependent optical properties and spectroscopic metrics for the average material dimensions in dispersion, as well as the nanomaterials’ magnetic response using a combination of cryo-Raman and superconducting quantum interference device measurements. Finally, the material stability is studied semi-quantitatively, using time and temperature dependent extinction and absorbance spectroscopy, enabling the determination of the materials’ half-life, portion of reacted substance and the macroscopic activation energy for the degradation.
Hyperspectral Imaging Systems (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Physics of Scene Spectral Radiance Sensor Technology Sensor Performance Metrics Example Systems Modeling Hyperspectral Imaging Systems Summary References
Mefloquine Effect on Disposition of Halofantrine in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver (1996)

Halofantrine and mefloquine are antimalarial drugs used in the treatment of malaria, including that caused by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Reports of drug-associated adverse reactions, including sudden death in one patient, have prompted concerns over the safety of halofantrine and the potential for drug-drug interactions. We used the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model to investigate a possible hepatic metabolic or pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between halofantrine and mefloquine. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for halofantrine in the IPRL reflected the pattern seen in in-vivo studies with doses comparable with clinical doses. Halofantrine parameter estimates (mean +/- s.d.) were: volume of distribution (Vd), 7.53 +/- 1.45 mL (g liver)-1; clearance (CL), 0.11 +/- 0.07 mL min-1 (g liver)-1; initial distribution half-life (initial t1/2), 14.62 +/- 2.38 min; terminal half-life (terminal t1/2), 138.7 +/- 178.8 min; AUC 606 +/- 194 mg mL-1 min-1 (g liver)-1; elimination rate constant (Ke), 0.0135 +/- 0.012 min-1. Prior dosing with mefloquine did not affect halofantrine perfusate pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of Vd, Ke, initial and terminal t1/2 (P > 0.05). A single dose, short term (4-6 h) interaction showed significant changes in the perfusate clearance of halofantrine in mefloquine-pretreated livers using higher doses of halofantrine. Substantial changes were seen in bile production (P < 0.05) and biliary clearance (P < 0.05) of halofantrine in mefloquine-pretreated livers. These findings may have clinical implications in models utilizing multiple drug dosages or in patients with severe malaria who have disease-related cholestasis.
Block copolymer synthesis and chain extension from TEMPO-terminated chains formed by ultrasonic chain scission (2000)

Long poly(ethyl methacrylate) (Mn = 2,300,000) and polystyrene (Mn = 1,200,000) chains were subjected to ultrasonic scission in the presence of a radical scavenger, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO). This procedure yielded polymers with lower molecular weights and TEMPO terminal units. Application of these polymers in stable radical mediated polymerization of styrene resulted in chain extension and block copolymers, depending on the precursor polymer. Block copolymer formation was evidenced by NMR measurement, and chain extension was shown by GPC analysis. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1950–1953, 2000
A 65 nm 1.0 V 1.84 ns Silicon-on-Thin-Box (SOTB) embedded SRAM with 13.72 nW/Mbit standby power for smart IoT (2017)

A 65-nm Silicon-on-Thin-Box (SOTB) embedded SRAM is demonstrated. By using back-bias (BB) control in the sleep mode, 13.72 nW/Mbit ultra-low standby power is observed, which is reduced to 1/1000 compared to the normal standby mode. The measured read access time with forward BB is 1.84 ns at 1.0 V overdrive and 25°C, which is improved by 60% and thus we achieved over 380 MHz operation. Up to 20% active read power reduction is also achieved by using proposed localized adoptive wordline width control.
Drugs plus ligation to prevent rebleeding in cirrhosis: an updated systematic review (2013)

The addition of drug therapy to EVL improves the efficacy of EVL alone. However, the addition of EVL to β-blockers and ISMN achieves a non-significant decrease of rebleeding with no effect on mortality. Although combination therapy with EVL plus β-blockers ± ISMN is adequate to prevent rebleeding, β-blockers + ISMN alone may be a valid alternative.
Optimal Estimation of the Roughness Coefficient and Friction Factor of a Pipeline (2021)

Abstract This work addresses the estimation of two interrelated parameters of the fluid flow in pipes. First, a numerical and experimental evaluation of some proposed methods to compute the friction factor in turbulent regime is presented. Special attention is given to an explicit solution obtained through the Lambert W-function. Subsequently, a method to estimate the roughness coefficient using nonlinear optimization techniques is proposed, which then allows determining the friction factor from it. Numerical tests were performed for a wide range of operating points of a pipeline. In order to validate the proposed approach, experimental analysis was carried out on a pipeline pilot-plant. The results show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Use of Interactive Graphic Organisers for Developing Cognitive Skills in Higher Education (2010)

This article presents research findings from a curricular integration experience of a software application denominated Interactive Graphic Organiser. Such integration was implemented through a series of learning activities in the Information Systems Design course that belongs to the seventh semester in the Industrial Civil Engineering degree at the University of Santiago of Chile. A set of eight different types of graphic organisers were used to foster the development of a series of cognitive skills and appropriation of specific disciplinary content. Research was conducted through a cuasiexperimental design where students from the experimental group (the course) were invited to use the selected set of graphic organisers in their learning and assessment activities. A working hypothesis was tested for the curriculum integration, confirming that the use of graphic organisers significantly improved the involved cognitive skills and the assessed disciplinary content.
RUNX inhibitor suppresses graft‐versus‐host disease through targeting RUNX‐NFATC2 axis (2021)

Patients with refractory graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have a dismal prognosis. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets are still needed to be identified. Runt-related transcriptional factor (RUNX) family transcription factors are essential transcription factors that mediate the essential roles in effector T cells. However, whether RUNX targeting can suppress, and GVHD is yet unknown. Here, we showed that RUNX family members have a redundant role in directly transactivating <i>NFATC2</i> expression in T cells. We also found that our novel RUNX inhibitor, Chb-M', which is the inhibitor that switches off the entire RUNX family by alkylating agent-conjugated pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamides, inhibited T-cell receptor mediated T cell proliferation and allogenic T cell response. These were designed to specifically bind to consensus RUNX-binding sequences (TGTGGT). Chb-M' also suppressed the expression of <i>NFATC2</i> and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in vitro. Using xenogeneic GVHD model, mice injected by Chb-M' showed almost no sign of GVHD. Especially, the CD4 T cell was decreased and GVHD-associated cytokines including tissue necrosis factor-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were reduced in the peripheral blood of Chb-M' injected mice. Taken together, our data demonstrates that RUNX family transcriptionally upregulates <i>NFATC2</i> in T cells, and <i>RUNX-NFATC2</i> axis can be a novel therapeutic target against GVHD.
Essential oils in vapor phase as alternative antimicrobials: A review (2019)

The antimicrobial effectiveness of essential oils (EOs) against many foodborne microorganisms when applied by direct contact has been extensively demonstrated. However, the vapor phase and volatile components present in EOs have not been thoroughly investigated; there are a small number of published reports on the antimicrobial activity of some EOs and a few of their components against selected microorganisms. It is well known that the antimicrobial activity of EOs depends mainly on their chemical composition. It is also important; however, to understand the volatility of these compounds as well as the methodologies used to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of their vapor phase. This review focuses on recent research regarding the chemical composition of EOs, their biological activity and mechanisms of action, the antimicrobial activity of EOs in the vapor phase, the different techniques that have been proposed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of EOs in the vapor phase, and actual and potential applications of EOs in the vapor phase. Although there is still no standard methodology for determining the activity of EOs in the vapor phase, results reported thus far are encouraging and suggest possible applications in food preservation.
A novel structured polysilicon thin-film transistor that increases the on/off current ratio (2003)

We propose a novel polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistor (TFT) structure to reduce leakage current effectively by employing the offset region near the drain and extended gate electrodes. In the proposed devices, we have employed a novel gate insulator structure, which forms the offset region and the extended gate electrodes. According to the experimental results, the leakage current of the proposed TFT is reduced by more than two orders of magnitude, compared with that of conventional TFTs, while the ON current is reduced very little. This is verified by using a device simulator whereby the electron concentration in the offset region increases under the ON state and decreases under the OFF state, due to the extended gate electrodes and offset region.
Study of the Silicon/?-APS/Pyralin Assembly Interfaces by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (1996)

Polyimides have been extensively studied in view of their wide industrial applications. Adhesion to a substrate is essential for normal operation of devices. This problem is often solved by the use of an adhesion promoter on the surface of interest. A surface-sensitive technique such as XPS has proved to be a powerful analytical tool for the analysis of the polymer/substrate interface. In the present paper, the interfaces of the SiO2/γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS)/Pyralin system have been investigated at a precured stage. A detailed analysis of the molecular structures formed at the interface is carried out using XPS spectroscopy. An attribution of the various peak components is made with the help of accurate calculations of presumed core-electron binding energies using a recent procedure based on the Density Functional Theory. Two acid–base mechanisms are described. The first one occurs between the ammonium end of the γ-APS molecule and the silicon surface hydroxyl (NH3U+SiO-), whereas the second one is formed between the ammonium end of the γ-APS and the polymer carboxylic function (NH3U+COO-). The results at the first interface are in contradiction with the expected stable oxygen-bridged bond (siloxane), thus the rearrangement of the γ-APS molecule upon heating, as suggested by Linde in a dynamic ‘Flip model,’ has been studied.