gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning question paraphrases for QA from Encarta logs (2007)

Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, especially for question reformulation in question answering (QA). However, choosing an appropriate data source and developing effective methods are challenging tasks. In this paper, we propose a method that exploits Encarta logs to automatically identify question paraphrases and extract templates. Questions from Encarta logs are partitioned into small clusters, within which a perceptron classier is used for identifying question paraphrases. Experiments are conducted and the results have shown: (1) Encarta log data is an eligible data source for question paraphrasing and the user clicks in the data are indicative clues for recognizing paraphrases; (2)
NEIGHBOR EMBEDDING BASED SINGLE-IMAGE SUPER-RESOLUTION USING SEMI-NONNEGATIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION (2012)

This paper describes a novel method for single-image super-resolution (SR) based on a neighbor embedding technique which uses Semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (SNMF). Each low-resolution (LR) input patch is approximated by a linear combination of nearest neighbors taken from a dictio-nary. This dictionary stores low-resolution and corresponding high-resolution (HR) patches taken from natural images and is thus used to infer the HR details of the super-resolved im-age. The entire neighbor embedding procedure is carried out in a feature space. Features which are either the gradient val-ues of the pixels or the mean-subtracted luminance values are extracted from the LR input patches, and from the LR and HR patches stored in the dictionary. The algorithm thus searches for the K nearest neighbors of the feature vector of the LR input patch and then computes the weights for approximating the input feature vector. The use of SNMF for computing the weights of the linear approximation is shown to have a more stable behavior than the use of LLE and lead to significantly higher PSNR values for the super-resolved images. Index Terms — Super-resolution, neighbor embedding, Semi-nonnegative Matrix Factorization
Precise aggregation-induced emission enhancement via H+ sensing and its use in ratiometric detection of intracellular pH values (2014)

A pyridyl functionalised tetraphenylethylene (Py-TPE) for ratiometric fluorescent detection of intracellular pH values is reported; the Py-TPE fluorescent probe can be used for H<sup>+</sup> sensing in organic solvents (CHCl<sub>3</sub>, DMF and MeOH).
Adaptive lifting coding scheme for video scene changes (1999)

The lifting scheme is used as a motivational tool for designing a better temporal subband scheme in video coding. The new subband coding scheme replaces the typical Haar filterbank. A simple criterion is used for the detection of scene changes in video sequences, and a modification to the Haar lifting scheme is developed that allows for adjusting the filterbank near a scene change. The new edge adaptive lifting scheme is applied to a scene change in video data and achieves improved performance at scene change frames when compared with the lifting Haar filterbank.
Delayed Internet routing convergence (2000)

This paper examines the latency in Internet path failure, failover and repair due to the convergence properties of inter-domain routing. Unlike switches in the public telephony network which exhibit failover on the order of milliseconds, our experimental measurements show that inter-domain routers in the packet switched Internet may take tens of minutes to reach a consistent view of the network topology after a fault. These delays stem from temporary routing table oscillations formed during the operation of the BGP path selection process on Internet backbone routers. During these periods of delayed convergence , we show that end-to-end Internet paths will experience intermittent loss of connectivity, as well as increased packet loss and latency. We present a two-year study of Internet routing convergence through the experimental instrumentation of key portions of the Internet infrastructure, including both passive data collection and fault-injection machines at major Internet exchange points. Based on data from the injection and measurement of several hundred thousand inter-domain routing faults, we describe several unexpected properties of convergence and show that the measured upper bound on Internet inter-domain routing convergence delay is an order of magnitude slower than previously thought. Our analysis also shows that the upper theoretic computational bound on the number of router states and control messages exchanged during the process of BGP convergence is factorial with respect to the number of autonomous systems in the Internet. Finally, we demonstrate that much of the observed convergence delay stems from specific router vendor implementation decisions and ambiguity in the BGP specification.
ChemInform Abstract: ALLYLATION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER BY ALLYLIC BROMIDES, METALLIC TIN, AND ALUMINUM (1983)

Abstract Die Allylierung von Aldehyden bzw. Ketonen (I) zu den Homoallylalkoholen (III) kann erfolgreich mit Allylbromid (II) und metallischem Sn in Gegenwart von H 2 O durchgeführt werden.
The Influence of Water-Unextractable Arabinoxylan and Its Hydrolysates on the Aggregation and Structure of Gluten Proteins (2022)

This study aimed to investigate the influence of water-unextractable arabinoxylan (WUAX) and its hydrolysates on the aggregation and structure of gluten proteins and reveal the underlying mechanism. In this work, the WUAX was treated with enzymatic hydrolysis and the changes of their molecular weights and structures were analyzed. Meanwhile, the conformation and aggregation of gluten were determined by reversed-phase HPLC, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that the extra WUAX could impair the formation of high Mw glutenin subunits, and the enzymatic hydrolysis arabinoxylan (EAX) could induce the aggregation of gluten subunits. And, the gluten microstructure was destroyed by WUAX and improved by EAX. Besides, the interactions of WUAX and EAX with gluten molecules were different. In summary, these results indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis changed the physicochemical properties of arabinoxylan and affected the interaction between arabinoxylan and gluten proteins.
Au Nanoparticle Conjugation for Impedance and Capacitance Signal Amplification in Biosensors (2006)

Amplification of the electrochemical impedance and capacitance signals in a biosensor is demonstrated for the model fluorescein/anti-fluorescein system. Following immobilization of fluorescein onto Au through formation of a self-assembled monolayer, goat anti-fluorescein conjugated with 10-nm Au nanoparticles is introduced into the system. This results in an increase in the capacitance of approximately 400 nF/cm(2), whereas no change can be observed for goat anti-fluorescein without the Au nanoparticle conjugate. An even greater sensitivity is obtained by introduction of a redox probe, [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-, whereby the charge-transfer resistance (R(ct)) is reduced to approximately 25% of its original value. This allows construction of high-sensitivity electrochemical impedance biosensors at a single low frequency, where the signal is sensitive to the interfacial R(ct). This change in the electrochemical impedance signal upon binding to goat anti-fluorescein conjugated with Au nanoparticles can be attributed to the much higher electrochemical activity of Au surfaces relative to the underlying organic layer.
Demonstration of a day-night rhythm in human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (2016)

Our results suggest that the biological clock drives robust rhythms in human skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. It is tempting to speculate that disruption of these rhythms contribute to the deterioration of metabolic health associated with circadian misalignment.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Magnetic, and Transport Properties of RxBa1‐xTiO3‐δ Solid Solutions, Where R: La, Nd, Gd, Er, and Y: Rare‐Earth‐Dependent Metal‐to‐Semiconductor Transitions. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
New Strategy To Access Enantioenriched Cyclohexadienones: Kinetic Resolution of para-Quinols by Organocatalytic Thiol-Michael Addition Reactions (2018)

Existing stereoselective routes to 2,5-cyclohexadienones involve either desymmetrization of an achiral substrate or have attempted to perform an asymmetric dearomatization of a phenol. Herein, we report proof-of-principle experiments aimed at developing a kinetic resolution as an alternative method for accessing enantioenriched 2,5-cyclohexadienones. More specifically, chiral bifunctional thiourea catalysts were used to promote the addition of 2-thionapthalene into unsymmetric <i>para</i>-quinols. The selectivity of the kinetic resolution was found to be quite sensitive to substitution around the substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME NEW DERIVATIVES OF 4‐PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID. PART I. PRODUCTS OF REACTIONS WITH AROMATIC AMINES (1983)

Abstract Kondensation des Pyridincarbonsäureesters (I) mit den Aminen (II) in DMF im Molverhältnis I : 1 liefert die Amide (III).
La agresividad ambiental y la durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón (1987)

El deterioro de las estructuras de hormigón es el resultado de la interacción entre ellas y el medio ambiente. En el presente trabajo se comentan los factores ambientales más determinantes y sus interacciones, con especial referencia a la corrosión de las armaduras, así como diferentes propuestas de clasificación de la agresividad.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha modifies agonist-dependent responses in human neutrophils by inducing the synthesis and myristoylation of a specific protein kinase C substrate. (1990)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce the synthesis and cotranslational myristoylation of an 82-kDa specific protein kinase C substrate in human neutrophils. The myristic acid is covalently bound via a hydroxylamine-resistant amide linkage to the N-terminal glycine of the protein. The isoelectric point of the protein is at pH 4.6. The protein is rapidly phosphorylated when neutrophils are stimulated with chemotactic agonists or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C, and displays two characteristic phosphopeptides in one- and two-dimensional separation systems. Identical phosphopeptides were detected when the 82-kDa protein was phosphorylated in vitro with purified kinase C. The 82-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated by a polyclonal antiserum raised against the 87-kDa specific protein kinase C substrate from bovine brain. From these biochemical and immunological criteria it is concluded that the 82-kDa protein is the human neutrophil homolog of MARCKS, the myristoylated, alanine-rich C kinase substrate previously described in bovine and rat brain and in murine fibroblasts and macrophages. TNF-alpha and LPS prime human neutrophils for potentiated protein kinase C-dependent responses such as the respiratory burst and exocytosis. Consistent with this, these mediators do not induce the phosphorylation of MARCKS but prime the neutrophils for enhanced phosphorylation of this protein when the cells subsequently encounter activators of protein kinase C. This increase in MARCKS phosphorylation can be explained by the elevated levels of the protein observed in TNF-alpha- or LPS-treated neutrophils. Indeed, MARCKS constitutes 90% of all proteins synthesized in response to TNF-alpha or LPS. These data strongly suggest that MARCKS acts as a critical effector molecule in the transduction pathway of these important inflammatory mediators.
Exchange-Coupling-Induced Symmetry Breaking in Topological Insulators (2013)

An exchange gap in the Dirac surface states of a topological insulator (TI) is necessary for observing the predicted unique features such as the topological magnetoelectric effect as well as to confine Majorana fermions. We experimentally demonstrate proximity-induced ferromagnetism in a TI, combining a ferromagnetic insulator EuS layer with Bi(2)Se(3), without introducing defects. By magnetic and magnetotransport studies, including anomalous Hall effect and magnetoresistance measurements, we show the emergence of a ferromagnetic phase in TI, a step forward in unveiling their exotic properties.
British Thoracic Society guideline on pulmonary rehabilitation in adults: does objectivity have a sliding scale? (2014)

if that UPPP adversely influences the future use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
Magnetic Bearings for High-Temperature sCO2 Pumped Heat Energy Storage (2020)

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2)-based cycles have been investigated for pumped heat energy storage (PHES) with the potential for high round-trip efficiencies. For example, PHES-sCO2 cycles with hot-side temperatures of 550°C or higher could achieve round-trip efficiencies greater than 70%. The energy storage cycle and equipment also synergize well with other systems incorporating thermal storage and/or sCO2 power blocks, e.g., concentrating solar power. These sCO2 cycles are closed Brayton cycles whose efficiency and system cost and complexity are sensitive to leakage and makeup/recompression requirements for long-term application. Therefore, incorporating hermetically-sealed machinery is an attractive option for minimizing system leakage and improving system cost and performance. Bearings that enable hermetic machines include sCO2 process-lubricated bearings and magnetic bearings. Ongoing developments in sCO2-lubricated bearings are addressing the well-known limitations that have challenged their use in megawatt-scale machinery (load capacity, damping), yet magnetic bearings have decades of performance in commercial applications at that scale and are worthy of consideration. This paper discusses a proposed sCO2-based PHES system application, and a cycle model establishes nominal conditions that define CO2 environment pressures and temperatures that magnetic bearings would have to operate in. A sensitivity study of the cycle’s round-trip efficiency is presented to see the impact of improved compressor and turbine efficiencies, which would result from expected windage loss and seal leakage reduction from a hermetic machinery configuration compared to one using conventional oil-film bearings. The result is approximately two points of round-trip efficiency for each point of isentropic efficiency from all machines. In the nominal cycle, the highest process temperatures exist for the charge mode compressor and discharge mode turbine, which would require magnetic bearings capable of operating up to 410°C. This exceeds the capabilities of typical commercial magnetic bearings (200°C), though it is within temperature ranges demonstrated for high-temperature magnetic bearings operating in low-pressure air (550°C). However, high-pressure sCO2 presents unique challenges that require further development. The paper discusses how these technical issues can be addressed to advance magnetic bearings for sCO2 applications.
Essential-State Model for Polymethine Dyes: Symmetry Breaking and Optical Spectra (2010)

Optical spectra of two families of symmetrical polymethine dyes, bearing a positive and a negative charge, are analyzed based on an essential-state model recently developed for quadrupolar dyes. The model accounts for molecular vibrations and polar solvation and reproduces the anomalous evolution with solvent polarity of experimental absorption band shapes. Fluorescence and excited-state absorption spectra are well-described within the same model, which also quantitatively reproduces the recent observation of an intense two-photon absorption toward the (two-photon forbidden) lowest excited state. An extensive analysis of optical spectra demonstrates that the essential-state model developed for quadrupolar dyes also applies to polymethine dyes and that long polymethine dyes offer the first experimental example of class III quadrupolar chromophores.
Recent results in the development of an integrated EUVL laboratory tool (1995)

The demand for smaller critical dimensions in advanced computer chips has driven projection lithography to shorter wavelengths. Deep ultraviolet systems, operating at 248 nm, are commercially available and 193 nm lithography is under development. This paper describes a research and development program to extend this trend to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths, in the range of 11 nm to 14 nm. Research and development activities are concentrated in four major areas: (1) aspheric reflectors required in an advanced EUV camera, (2) surface- imaging resists having the required resolution and sensitivity, (3) defect-free reflecting substrates required for mask fabrication, and (4) a compact source of EUV radiation. Each of these issues is discussed and efforts to address them are described. An intermediate EUVL laboratory tool, currently under construction, will also be described. This system uses a 10x reduction Schwarzschild camera and a magnetically levitated wafer stage driven by a digital feedback controller. This system represents the first attempt at integrating all major subsystems into an EUVL laboratory tool, suitable for use in device fabrication experiments.
Study on Direct Liquefaction of Wood Biomass (2004)

The biomass is noticed as an alternative energy source to oil, because its energy volume of production is more than 10 times as much as of fossil resources consumption. However, the biomass is solid of irregular form and has high moisture content, so that it cannot be utilized effectively as an energy resource. Then the direct liquefaction of material wood for the architecture, on the assumption of architecture waste wood that is one of the promising biomass, was carried out. The following results were obtained;1) It does not need to segregate material wood for the architecture as a raw material for the liquefaction, because it shows similar grinding characteristics regardless of the wood species.2) First, the thermal decomposition reaction of material wood for the architecture occurs, and WIAI (water-insoluble and acetone-insoluble fraction) forms with the dehydration. Secondary, it thermally decomposes and forms WIAS (water-insoluble but acetone-soluble fraction, liquid oil), hydrolyzes and forms WS (water-soluble fraction, organic acids). The dehydration of WIAS and WS generates water.The decarboxylation of WIAS and WS generates carbon dioxide.3) The pulverizing of material wood for the architecture and the rising of the liquefaction temperature promote the thermal decomposition reaction, and the liquid oil yield can be improved.4) The material wood for the architecture shows similar liquefaction characteristics regardless of the wood species.
Abstract 95: Regional Very Low Cerebral Blood Volume with Subsequent Local Reperfusion Predicts Hemorrhagic Transformation in Acute Ischemic Stroke (2012)

Background and Purpose Regions of very low cerebral blood volume (VLCBV) on MR perfusion imaging have been shown to predict hemorrhagic transformation (HT) following stroke thrombolysis. We tested the hypothesis that local reperfusion in a region of VLCBV is a pre-requisite for hemorrhagic transformation using pooled imaging data from the EPITHET and DEFUSE studies. Methods Standard CBV maps were calculated and smoothed (Gaussian) to reduce noise. The volume of VLCBV was calculated within the acute Tmax&gt;4sec perfusion lesion using fully automated techniques and a range of VLCBV thresholds relative to CBV values in the non-stroke hemisphere. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the optimal definition and threshold of VLCBV to predict parenchymal hematoma (PH, ECASS definition). Regional reperfusion was assessed using co-registered subacute Tmax perfusion images (DEFUSE 3-6hrs post thrombolysis, EPITHET 3-5 days post thrombolysis/placebo). The risk of PH associated with VLCBV was assessed with and without exclusion of regions of VLCBV within persistently hypoperfused regions. Results Of 145 patients with baseline perfusion imaging, 22 (15.2%) had PH (13 PH1, 9 PH2). A VLCBV definition of either &lt;2.5 th percentile of the contralateral CBV distribution (VLCBV&lt;2.5pctile) or &lt;15% of the mean contralateral CBV (VLCBV&lt;15%) had similar performance in predicting PH (AUC 0.73 for both). To achieve sensitivity of 95% required a VLCBV&lt;2.5pctile threshold of &gt;2mL (specificity 47%) or a VLCBV&lt;15% threshold of &gt;0.5mL (specificity 41%). There were 130 patients with subacute perfusion imaging, at which time 15 (11.5%) had developed PH. A further 3 patients (without reperfusion at subacute MRI) later developed PH and were excluded as reperfusion status at the time of PH was unknown. In the remaining 127 patients, the AUC for PH increased from 0.77 to 0.92 (p&lt;0.001, VLCBV&lt;2.5pctile definition) when regions of VLCBV without reperfusion on subacute imaging were excluded. The specificity of the &gt;2mL threshold (VLCBV&lt;2.5pctile) increased from 46 to 75%, positive predictive value increased from 20 to 35%, likelihood ratio for PH increased from 1.9 to 4.0 (sensitivity and negative predictive value were both 100% in these 127 patients). No patient developed PH at the time of subacute imaging in the absence of local reperfusion, including one patient where reperfusion of basal ganglia infarction had occurred (with CBV normalisation) prior to thrombolysis. Conclusions Local reperfusion is a critical factor in determining the risk of HT associated with regional VLCBV. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the severe ischemia represented by VLCBV is associated with focal blood-brain-barrier disruption and potential HT should reperfusion subsequently occur. Assessment of VLCBV can be automated and may be useful in clinical risk-benefit decisions regarding thrombolysis.
Smart Technique in Water Shutoff Treatment for a Layered Reservoir through an Engineered Injection/Production Scheme (2015)

The challenge of excess water production from low permeability layer of a stratified gas reservoir is investigated in this study. Considering the fluid flow behavior in heterogeneous porous media, placing a blocking agent within the lower permeability layer and protecting the adjacent higher permeable layer from damage is practically impossible. To overcome such challenge, a novel cation sensitive smart biopolymer is utilized in a wise sequential polymer injection/gas production scenario that includes a protective gas flow. To evaluate the conceptual proposition, a series of flow tests have been conducted in a stratified micromodel. It is shown that the proposed treatment efficiently restrains saline water in the lower permeability layer and protects the higher permeable layer from undesired damage. The results indicate that being smart in water shutoff treatment is not only employing smart materials but engineering their application is the key for success.
Per Capita Income and the National Saving Rate: A Life-Cycle Perspective (1992)

One of the most important and counter-intuitive implications of the Life-Cycle Hypothesis of Saving is the proposition that the national rate of saving of a country at different points of time, or of different countries at the same point of time, should not be systematically related to the level of real per capita income. It goes against an ingrained notion that the rich will save more than the poor. This hypothesis has found support both in time series of individual countries and from some comparison between countries.