gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of CT Hounsfield Units for 3D acquisition trajectories on a dedicated breast CT system (2018)

Hounsfield Units (HU) are used clinically in differentiating tissue types in a reconstructed CT image, and therefore the HU accuracy of a system is important, especially when using multiple sources, novel detector and non-traditional trajectories. Dedicated clinical breast CT (BCT) systems therefore should be similarly evaluated. In this study, uniform cylindrical phantoms filled with various uniform density fluids were used to characterize differences in HU values between simple circular and complex 3D (saddle) orbits. Based on ACR recommendations, the HU accuracy, center-to-edge variability within a slice, and overall variability within the reconstructed volume were characterized for simple and complex acquisitions possible on a single versatile BCT system. Results illustrate the statistically significantly better performance of the saddle orbit, especially close to the chest and nipple regions of what would clinically be a pendant breast volume. The incomplete cone beam acquisition of a simple circular orbit causes shading artifacts near the nipple, due to insufficient sampling, rendering a major portion of the scanned phantom unusable, whereas the saddle orbit performs exceptionally well and provides a tighter distribution of HU values throughout the reconstructed volumes. This study further establishes the advantages of using 3D acquisition trajectories for breast CT as well as other applications by demonstrating the robustness of HU values throughout large reconstructed volumes.
AixOx, a multi-layered learners corpus: automatic annotation (2014)

International audience
Experimental Observations of Thermal Fluctuations of Metamaterial Optical Properties (2022)

We demonstrate that fluctuations in the optical properties of nanomechanical photonic metamaterials can reach 1% at room temperature. Such fluctuations arise from ‘Brownian’ motion and peak at the frequencies of the nanostructures’ natural mechanical modes.
Estimates of ambient groundwater velocity in the alluvium south of Yucca Mountain from single-well tracer tests. (2002)

The saturated alluvium located south of Yucca Mountain, Nevada is expected to serve as the final barrier to radionuclide transport from the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. The alluvium will act as a barrier if radionuclides breach the engineered barriers in the repository, move through the unsaturated zone beneath the repository to the water table, and then migrate through saturated volcanic tuffs to the alluvium. Three single-well injection-withdrawal tracer tests were conducted between December 2000 and April 2001 in the saturated alluviuni at NC-EWDP-19D1, a Nye County-Early Warning Drilling Program well located about 18 km south of Yucca Mountain. The tests had the objectives of (1) distinguishing between a single- and a dual-porosity conceptual radionuclide transport model for the alluvium, and (2) obtaining estimates of ambient groundwater velocity in the alluvium.
Exploring an anomaly: the synthesis of 7,7′-diazaindirubin through a 7-azaindoxyl intermediate (2020)

Two independent methods generating 7-azaindoxyl as an intermediate verify that 7,7'-diazaindirubin is formed exclusively over 7,7'-diazaindigo. This contrasts with long-standing knowledge related to the reactivity of indoxyl, which proceeds <i>via</i> a radical-initiated homodimerization process, leading to indigo. A series of experiments confirms 7-azaindoxyl as an intermediate with results suggesting a condensation pathway followed by oxidation.
Optimum Array Processing: Part IV of Detection, Estimationand Modulation Theory (2013)

Optimum array processing: part IV of detection, estimation and modulation theory , Optimum array processing: part IV of detection, estimation and modulation theory , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Efficient Synthetic Access to Cationic Dendrons and Their Application for ZnO Nanoparticles Surface Functionalization: New Building Blocks for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2010)

A new concept for the efficient synthesis of cationic dendrons, 4-tert-butyl-1-(3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)benzyl)pyridinium bromide (17), 1,1'-(5-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-1,3-phenylene)bis(methylene)bis(4-tert-butylpyridinium) bromide (18), N1,N7-bis(3-(4-tert-butyl-pyridium-methyl)phenyl)-4-(3-(3-(4-tert-butyl-pyridinium-methyl)phenyl-amino)-3-oxopropyl)-4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)heptanediamide tribromide (19), and N1,N7-bis(3,5-bis(4-tert-butyl-pyridium-methyl)phenyl)-4-(3-(3,5-bis(4-tert-butyl-pyridinium-methyl)phenylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)heptanediamide hexabromide (20), and their facile binding to zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures is introduced. Dendrons containing highly reactive benzylic bromides reacted readily with 4-tert-butyl-pyridine and resulted in cationic dendrons. Furthermore, these permanently positively charged dendrons were equipped with a catechol anchor group. This enabled ZnO surface functionalization by simple immersion. The adsorption of 17, 18, 19, and 20 on the colloidal nanoparticles was monitored by Langmuir isotherms. The highest obtained experimental loadings correspond to 99.5%, 98.6%, 99.1%, and 42.5% of the particle surface for 17, 18, 19, and 20, respectively. These results indicate insufficient adsorption of the largest molecule 20 leading to reduced colloidal stability of the nanoparticles, while an enhanced stability after grafting with 17, 18, and 19 was observed. Mesoporous films suitable for the use as electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared. Subsequently, the films were functionalized with 18, 19, or 20 and sensitized with zinc-5,15-bis-[2',6'-bis-{2'',2''-bis-(carboxy)-ethyl}-methyl-4'-tert-butyl-pheny]-10,20-bis-(4'-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin-octasodium-salt. UV-vis absorption spectra confirmed that 18, 19, and 20 are suitable for the stable electrostatic attachment of the dye. Current-voltage characteristics of complete cells demonstrated that increasing positive functionalization of the ZnO surface leads to decreased open circuit voltages (V(oc)). All V(oc) values were around 0.4 V with a maximum for the 18 functionalized ZnO film of 0.45 V. The maximum cell efficiency obtained (0.31%) is rather high, considering the narrow spectral absorption of the dye and the rather thin ZnO films used. Finally, incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) measurements confirmed photoinduced electron injection from the dye. These features are important assets for applications in particle technology and even facilitated advanced devices like a supramolecular DSSC complete with a subsequent layer of negatively charged porphyrins.
Evolving Classifier TEDAClass for Big Data (2015)

Abstract In the era of big data, huge amounts of data are generated and updated every day, and their processing and analysis is an important challenge today. In order to tackle this challenge, it is necessary to develop specific techniques which can process large volume of data within limited run times. TEDA is a new systematic framework for data analytics, which is based on the typicality and eccentricity of the data. This framework is spatially-aware, non-frequentist and non-parametric. TEDA can be used for development of alternative machine learning methods, in this work, we will use it for classification (TEDAClass). Specifically, we present a TEDAClass based approach which can process huge amounts of data items using a novel parallelization technique. Using this parallelization, we make possible the scalability of TEDAClass. In that way, the proposed approach is particularly useful for various applications, as it opens the doors for high-performance big data processing, which could be particularly useful for healthcare, banking, scientific and many other purposes.
Effect of one- and two-pin reference anchoring systems on marker stability during total knee arthroplasty computer navigation (2006)

Objective: This study investigated different infrared marker reference base attachments in cadaveric bone and their effects on alignment outcome when different loads were applied.Material and Methods: Five cadaveric specimens were used to test four reference base attachments: a locking one-pin (4.0 mm and 5.0 mm pins) and a two-pin clamp (Hoffman fixator, 3.0 mm and 5.0 mm pins, Stryker Inc., NJ). Each was tested with metaphyseal and diaphyseal attachments. A navigation system (Stryker Navigation, MI) was used for testing with applied incremental loads and torques (65 N and 1.0 Nm) to the different reference base configurations.Results: With 65 N the maximum change in distance to a verification point was 4.3 + 1.6 mm with the 4.0 mm locking pin in metaphyseal bone. No difference in verification point distances was found with any two-pin configuration. Alignment changes greater than 4° resulted with the 65 N loads and a 4.0 mm pin.Conclusion: The results may prove beneficial in comparing the resulting error of different manufacturers and allow surgeons to realize the variability that may occur through incidental contact in the operating room.
Capacitor Bank Planning for Possible System Contingencies (1985)

A new method for planning capacitor banks as sources of VARs for voltage maintenance during anticipated normal and contingency conditions is proposed in this work. The objective is to minimize the total investment cost in the new reactive sources. The scheduling technique is based on sequentialty selecting the most severe operating state which requires the maximum reactive power, determining the optimal bus for this state using a cost-based index, and suitably modifying, if necessary, the reactive power installed to satisfy less severe operating conditions. The solution procedure employs the Compensation method (Large- change Sensitivity Technique) for network solution to update bus voltages. The discrete nature of the capacitor bank, the installation, site, and switching facility cost are all conside ed in-the optimitation process. The algorithm also minimizes the number of switchable installations. The proposed VAR scheduling method is compared with the Inverse Jacobian method for accuracy, and with other scheduling ideas for investment costs, via the IEEE 30-bus system.
Influence of hot-water extraction on ultrastructure and distribution of glucomannans and xylans in poplar xylem as detected by gold immunolabeling (2015)

Abstract Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses from lignocellulosic feedstock has been a research focus during the last decade within the context of lignocellulosic biorefineries. In this study, the effect of hot-water extraction (HWE) on the topochemistry and ultrastructure of poplar wood ( Populus sp. ) was investigated based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) paired with immunogold labeling of the hemicelluloses. The cell walls of HWE wood (HWEW) differ significantly in their ultrastructure from neat wood, i.e., there are many distorted cells and agglomerations of lignin and extractives agglomerations in the cell lumina. Results of immunogold labeling indicate that different types of hemicelluloses are extracted at different stages and both their concentration and distribution within the wood cell wall layers are affected by the HWE. Hemicelluloses more closely associated with lignin appear to be more easily removed by HWE. Lignins are also extracted partially and altered. Results provide a holistic view of chemical and ultrastructural changes including the associated changes in hemicelluloses and lignin distribution in HWEW. The obtained data could be helpful to understand better the mechanical properties and adhesion related issues of HWEW for wood composite production.
Surgical Procedures Performed After Refractive Surgery (1992)

The combination of a secondary surgical or keratorefractive procedure can produce unpredictable refractive results. Judicious application of a refractive procedure and an appropriate time period before a second procedure is performed may reduce unexpected refractive complications.
[Revision rate of periprosthetic joint infection post total hip or knee arthroplasty of 34 hospitals in China between 2015 and 2017: a multi-center survey]. (2023)

<b>Objective:</b> To investigate the rate of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) revision surgeries and clinical information of hip-/knee- PJI cases nationwide from 2015 to 2017 in China. <b>Methods:</b> An epidemiological investigation. A self-designed questionnaire and convenience sampling were used to survey 41 regional joint replacement centers nationwide from November 2018 to December 2019 in China. The PJI was diagnosed according to the Musculoskeletal Infection Association criteria. Data of PJI patients were obtained by searching the inpatient database of each hospital. Questionnaire entries were extracted from the clinical records by specialist. Then the differences in rate of PJI revision surgery between hip- and knee- PJI revision cases were calculated and compared. <b>Results:</b> Total of 36 hospitals (87.8%) nationwide reported data on 99 791 hip and knee arthroplasties performed from 2015 to 2017, with 946 revisions due to PJI (0.96%). The overall hip-PJI revision rate was 0.99% (481/48 574), and it was 0.97% (135/13 963), 0.97% (153/15 730) and 1.07% (193/17 881) in of 2015, 2016, 2017, respectively. The overall knee-PJI revision rate was 0.91% (465/51 271), and it was 0.90% (131/14 650), 0.88% (155/17 693) and 0.94% (179/18 982) in 2015, 2016, 2017, respectively. Heilongjiang (2.2%, 40/1 805), Fujian (2.2%, 45/2 017), Jiangsu (2.1%, 85/3 899), Gansu (2.1%, 29/1 377), Chongqing (1.8%, 64/3 523) reported relatively high revision rates. <b>Conclusions:</b> The overall PJI revision rate in 34 hospitals nationwide from 2015 to 2017 is 0.96%. The hip-PJI revision rate is slightly higher than that in the knee-PJI. There are differences in revision rates among hospitals in different regions.
Impaired Diastolic Function After Exchange of Endogenous Troponin I With C-Terminal Truncated Troponin I in Human Cardiac Muscle (2006)

The specific and selective proteolysis of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) has been proposed to play a key role in human ischemic myocardial disease, including stunning and acute pressure overload. In this study, the functional implications of cTnI proteolysis were investigated in human cardiac tissue for the first time. The predominant human cTnI degradation product (cTnI(1-192)) and full-length cTnI were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, reconstituted with the other cardiac troponin subunits, troponin T and C, and subsequently exchanged into human cardiac myofibrils and permeabilized cardiomyocytes isolated from healthy donor hearts. Maximal isometric force and kinetic parameters were measured in myofibrils, using rapid solution switching, whereas force development was measured in single cardiomyocytes at various calcium concentrations, at sarcomere lengths of 1.9 and 2.2 mum, and after treatment with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) to mimic beta-adrenergic stimulation. One-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Western immunoblotting, and 3D imaging revealed that approximately 50% of endogenous cTnI had been homogeneously replaced by cTnI(1-192) in both myofibrils and cardiomyocytes. Maximal tension was not affected, whereas the rates of force activation and redevelopment as well as relaxation kinetics were slowed down. Ca(2+) sensitivity of the contractile apparatus was increased in preparations containing cTnI(1-192) (pCa(50): 5.73+/-0.03 versus 5.52+/-0.03 for cTnI(1-192) and full-length cTnI, respectively). The sarcomere length dependency of force development and the desensitizing effect of PKA were preserved in cTnI(1-192)-exchanged cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that degradation of cTnI in human myocardium may impair diastolic function, whereas systolic function is largely preserved.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted Synthesis and Pharmacological Screening of 3‐(Substituted Phenyl)‐5‐methylquinolino[3,2‐e]‐1,2,4‐triazines. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Resin transfer moulding of aerospace resins—a review (1988)

Abstract Considerable work has been carried out on the development of resin transfer moulding (RTM) as a viable processing alternative to conventional autoclave and compression techniques. RTM has the capability of producing high quality components of complex shape with tight tolerances. This paper reviews recent advances in materials suitable for the process of RTM and production of aerospace components. Three main areas are covered: a general description of the process of RTM, resin systems which have been used for RTM (epoxy, bismaleimides and polystyrylpyridines) of aerospace components, high temperature resin systems which have the main processing attributes for RTM but have yet to be used in this area.
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988. Its main objective was to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to the understanding of human induced climate change, potential impacts of climate change and options for mitigation and adaptation. The IPCC has completed three assessment reports, developed methodology guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, special reports and technical papers. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force: Working Group I (WG I): The science of climate change; Working Group II (WG II): Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability; Working Group III (WG III): Mitigation of climate change; Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI). The TFI was established by the IPCC, at its 14th session (October 1998), to oversee the IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (IPCC-NGGIP). This programme had been undertaken since 1991 by the IPCC WG I in close collaboration with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Energy Agency (IEA). In 1999, the Technical Support Unit (TSU) set up at the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) in Japan took over this programme in accordance with a decision taken by the IPCC at its 14th session. The objectives of the IPCC-NGGIP are: to develop and refine an internationally-agreed methodology and software for the calculation and reporting of national GHG emissions and removals; and to encourage the widespread use of this methodology by countries participating in the IPCC and by signatories of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The guidelines are presented in 4 volumes: Volume 1. General Guidance and Reporting; Volume 2. Energy; Volume 3. Industrial Processes and Product Use; Volume 4. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use; Volume 5. Waste.
Multicolor in vivo targeted imaging to guide real‐time surgery of HER2‐positive micrometastases in a two‐tumor coincident model of ovarian cancer (2009)

One of the primary goals of oncological molecular imaging is to accurately identify and characterize malignant tissues in vivo. Currently, molecular imaging relies on targeting a single molecule that while overexpressed in malignancy, is often also expressed at lower levels in normal tissue, resulting in reduced tumor to background ratios. One approach to increasing the specificity of molecular imaging in cancer is to use multiple probes each with distinct fluorescence to target several surface antigens simultaneously, in order to identify tissue expression profiles, rather than relying on the expression of a single target. This next step forward in molecular imaging will rely on characterization of tissue based on fluorescence and therefore will require the ability to simultaneously identify several optical probes each attached to different targeting ligands. We created a novel 'coincident' ovarian cancer mouse model by coinjecting each animal with two distinct cell lines, HER2+/red fluorescent protein (RFP)- SKOV3 and HER2-/RFP+ SHIN3-RFP, in order to establish a model of disease in which animals simultaneously bore tumors with two distinct phenotypes (HER2+/RFP-, HER2-/RFP+), which could be utilized for multicolor imaging. The HER2 receptor of the SKOV3 cell line was targeted with a trastuzumab-rhodamine green conjugate to create green tumor implants, whereas the RFP plasmid of the SHIN3 cells created red tumor implants. We demonstrate that real-time in vivo multicolor imaging is feasible and that fluorescence characteristics can then serve to guide the surgical removal of disease.
Causally motivated Shortcut Removal Using Auxiliary Labels (2021)

Shortcut learning, in which models make use of easy-to-represent but unstable associations, is a major failure mode for robust machine learning. We study a flexible, causally-motivated approach to training robust predictors by discouraging the use of specific shortcuts, focusing on a common setting where a robust predictor could achieve optimal \emph{iid} generalization in principle, but is overshadowed by a shortcut predictor in practice. Our approach uses auxiliary labels, typically available at training time, to enforce conditional independences implied by the causal graph. We show both theoretically and empirically that causally-motivated regularization schemes (a) lead to more robust estimators that generalize well under distribution shift, and (b) have better finite sample efficiency compared to usual regularization schemes, even when no shortcut is present. Our analysis highlights important theoretical properties of training techniques commonly used in the causal inference, fairness, and disentanglement literatures. Our code is available at https://github.com/mymakar/causally_motivated_shortcut_removal
Growth and Structure of the First Layers of Ice on Ru(0001) and Pt(111) (2016)

Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to probe the structure and growth of the first few layers of water on Ru(0001) and Pt(111) at the molecular level. The surface-bound first layer is composed of a mixture of water molecules forming hexagonal structures, both in registry and out-of-registry with the substrate atoms. The hexagons are connected by pentagonal and heptagonal units. At temperatures below 140 K, this layer structure gives rise to the growth of metastable amorphous structures in the second and higher layers. We found that in the transition from amorphous to crystalline ice the structure of the original bottom layer changes to one in perfect local registry with the hexagonal surfaces of Ru(0001) and Pt(111). We further discovered structural defects in the form of extended one-dimensional lines of five- and eight-membered rings that are domain boundaries and stacking faults in the growing ice layers, which lead to the formation of metastable cubic ice.
Potential use of homogenized whey protein dispersions and process modification for the manufacture of low fat and reduced fat cheddar type cheeses (2000)

Interest in cheese with lower fat than regular cheese has grown in recent years due to the changing eating habits of health conscious consumers, but production of such cheeses at low cost, without losing flavour and texture, is a challenge. In this study, modified processes were developed to manufacture low (˜20%) and reduced (˜15%) fat cheddar cheeses. Modifications of cooking time and temperature, along with changes in the amount of starter culture used and the addition of whey proteins, were studied. The results showed that low fat cheese could be manufactured with or without adding homogenized whey proteins, and reduced fat cheese could be manufactured with homogenized whey proteins. This finding reveals that it would be possible to manufacture these cheeses in an existing cheese plant, but that a homogenizer would be required if whey protein is to be added.