gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virus removal in a membrane separation process (1998)

Recently, membrane technology has been considered an alternative to conventional water purification. To study the fate of viruses in membrane processes, indigenous coliphages in pilot scale membrane processes located in the eastern part of Tokyo Metropolitan area have been surveyed for 6 months. This plant used river water as its resource and had two microfiltration membrane processes which had different pore sizes (0.2 μm and 0.1 μm) and one ultrafiltration process which had 13,000 nominal molecular weight cut off. To detect indigenous coliphages, E. coli K12 F+(A/λ) and E. coli C were used as host bacteria. E. coli K12 F+(A/λ) can detect both DNA and RNA phages and E. coli C can only DNA phage. The resource water contained E. coli K12 phages at 200∼1500 PFU/100 mL and the removal ratio of these DNA and RNA phages was lower than that of DNA phage by E. coli C in both MF membrane processes through 6 months. It is thought to be caused by difference of phage size, because DNA phage is bigger than RNA phage in general. The removal ratio of E. coli K12 and E. coli C phages reached 100% in the UF membrane process. According to the comparison of the concentration of phages in solution and eluted from suspended solid in resource and drain, it is thought that most phages concentrated in the drain were absorbed in suspended solids. To make certain of the removal ratio in UF and NF (nanofiltration) processes, high concentrations of coliphage Qβ and poliomyelitis virus vaccine were fed into these processes. The removal ratio of coliphage Qβ in UF and NF processes are 10−8.3 and 10−6.3 respectively, and the ratio of poliomyelitis virus vaccine in UF and NF are &amp;lt;10−6.7 and &amp;lt;10−7.3 respectively.
Photo Replication of Birefringent Phase Structures (2004)

Dual layer blu-ray disc (BD) and dual layer small form factor optical drive (SFFO) as well as BD / digital versatile disc (DVD) / compact disc (CD) compatible systems, require phase structures to cope with the different amount of spherical aberration for the various different operating modes. Birefringent phase structures open up to the possibility to cope with these different amounts of aberration in the various readout modes, but so far no manufacturing methods are known which lead to low cost and stable structures. A novel replication method, based on the photo-polymerization of a liquid crystalline monomer is presented to make birefringent phase structures. Apart from enabling mass production, the process allows a phase structure to be directly produced on top of an ordinary objective lens, allowing weight and size reduction of the compatible optical pick up.
Identifying Action related Dialogue Acts in Meetings : Research into identifying Action Items, Decisions, and Ideas from multi-party meeting transcripts (2019)

This thesis aims to determine the dialogue acts such as action items, decisions and ideas put forth in multi-party meetings or dialogues. Conversational meetings can generally contain several such dialogue acts and pinpointing them might not be a straight-forward operation. At times, it may be as simple as "The business team will come up with a plan" or as ambiguous as "Let us go with his design". Due to such regularly occurring instances where the context of the sentence plays a crucial factor and due to the small quantity of available data, it is challenging to apply traditional neural models on them. Natural language processing, of late, has evidenced many innovations and advances, one of them being the pre-trained language models. These off-the-shelf available language models are trained on huge amounts of data and can be applied to an array of natural language processing tasks, with almost none to little training (fine-tuning). This thesis investigates the viability of one such language model called "Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)" in the task of identifying dialogue acts. Lately, BERT based models have proved their worth by excelling in several natural language processing tasks and scoring state-of-the-art performances. Although, they have not yet been applied to the area of meetings and dialogue acts. Results show that BERT based models have outperformed the current state-of-the-art models yet again and by a definitive margin. This exhibits the versatility of BERT and corroborates its recent success in the field. It also opens new doors, which were earlier not possible, in the area of multi-party meetings and more generally, other fields of natural language processing. Another intriguing aspect of language models like BERT is the absence of dependency between the pre-trained data and the fine-tuned data. This thesis creates a steppingstone for further research on conversational meetings and dialogues employing pre-trained language models.
Confocal ratiometric voltage imaging of cultured human keratinocytes reveals layer-specific responses to ATP (2003)

Recent evidence suggests that changes in membrane potential influence the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. To further elucidate the role of changes in membrane potential for their biological fate, the electrical behavior of keratinocytes needs to be studied under complex conditions such as multilayered cultures. However, electrophysiological recordings from cells in the various layers of a complex culture would be extremely difficult. Given the high spatial resolution of confocal imaging and the availability of novel voltage-sensitive dyes, we combined these methods in an attempt to develop a viable alternative for recording membrane potentials in more complex tissue systems. As a first step, we used confocal ratiometric imaging of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based voltage-sensitive dyes. We then validated this approach by comparing the optically recorded voltage signals in HaCaT keratinocytes with the electrophysiological signals obtained by whole cell recordings of the same preparation. We demonstrate 1) that optical recordings allow precise multisite measurements of voltage changes evoked by the extracellular signaling molecules ATP and bradykinin and 2) that responsiveness to ATP differs in various layers of cultured keratinocytes.
Erythrocytes-Mediated Delivery of Dexamethasone in Steroid-Dependent IBD Patients-A Pilot Uncontrolled Study (2005)

Loading of Dex 21-P in autologous erythrocytes is feasible and safe. The very low dose of Dex released in blood stream was able to maintain patients in clinical remission and allowed steroids withdrawal.
Inter-strain differences in preferential predation of EcO157 by protozoa from dairy wastewater. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Survival of EcO157 populations measured as D-values (bar graph) and resultant increases in log numbers (line graph) of &lt;i&gt;V. microstoma&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;C. aspera&lt;/i&gt; are shown.&lt;/p&gt;
Femtosecond pulses from the ultraviolet to the infrared: Optical parametric processes in a new light (1993)

Although the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is more than 25 years old, it has not seen widespread use unlike other tunable sources such as the dye laser. Part of the reason for this is the low-gain – high-threshold associated with the weak conversion mechanism in the nonlinear optical crystals. Pump lasers with high peak intensities are usually required, which, unfortunately, run the risk of damaging the crystals, especially if their pulse duration is nanoseconds or picoseconds. Recently, however, the emergence of new, more efficient, nonlinear crystals and the development of continuously mode-locked, solid-state lasers, such as the Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, has led to a renaissance for OPOs. For example, the Ti:sapphire laser with an average power of over 1 W, with pulses [Formula: see text] long at a 100 MHz repetition rate, has allowed us to construct a stable, low-noise, synchronously pumped OPO. The output pulses are as short as 60 fs and can be produced in the wavelength range from 1 to 4 μm with average power as high as 200 mW. Harmonic generation of the OPO or the Ti:sapphire laser beams provides wavelength coverage from 200 nm to 4 μm. Through difference-frequency-mixing of the two output beams of the OPO in chalcopyrite or proustite crystals we anticipate being able to generate femtosecond pulses at wavelengths from 200 nm to beyond 20 μm. This broad-band, stable light source will open up new areas of investigation in physics, chemistry, and engineering.
The Relationship of Age-Related Hearing Loss with Cognitive Decline and Dementia in a Sinitic Language-Speaking Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022)

Most of the studies included in this systematic review observed a significant association between hearing loss and cognitive impairment and dementia. There was no significant difference to the findings in non-tonal language populations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Selenides (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Origin of the Catalytic Power of Acetylcholinesterase:  Computer Simulation Studies (1998)

The energetics of the acylation step of AChE (acetylcholinesterase) is explored by using molecular simulation approaches. These include the evaluation of activation free energies by using the empirical valence bond (EVB) potential surface and an all-atom free energy perturbation (FEP) approach, as well as estimates of the catalytic effect of the enzyme by using the semimicroscopic version of the Protein Dipoles Langevin Dipoles (PDLD/S) method. The determination of the effect of the enzyme is based on the use of reliable experimental information in evaluating the energetics of the reference reaction in water and then on using robust simulations for the evaluation of the effect of moving the reacting system from a solvent cage to the protein active site. This procedure reduces the error range of the overall analysis since the energetics in water is not evaluated by a first principle approach. The use of two simulation methods and different initial conditions provide a way for assessing the error range of the calculations and the validity of the corresponding conclusions. Both the EVB and PDLD/S approaches show that the enzyme reduces the activation barrier of the acylation step by 10−15 kcal/mol relative to the corresponding reference reaction in water. This corresponds to a (107−1011)-fold rate acceleration, which is in good agreement with the corresponding experimental estimate. The origin of the catalytic power of the enzyme appears to be associated with electrostatic stabilization of the transition state. This electrostatic effect can be classified as a combination of reduction of the energy of the charged intermediate and reduction in the reorganization energy. The contributions of different protein residues to the stabilization of the transition state are estimated. It is demonstrated that, in contrast to some proposals, AChE and other enzymes do not work by providing a hydrophobic environment but rather a polar environment. This work concludes that the most important catalytic effects are associated with nearby residues rather than distant ionized residues. It is also concluded that the enzyme has evolved first to optimize the speed of the actual bond breaking/bond making chemical processes and only then to fine-tune the rate by optimizing the barrier for the diffusion step. Since the optimization of the chemical step involves more than 10 kcal/mol and the optimization of the diffusion step involves at most 1 or 2 kcal/mol, it appears that the possible acceleration of the diffusion step is a second-order effect. These conclusions are consistent with the available experimental studies.
Three dimensional subband video analysis and synthesis with adaptive clustering in high frequency subbands (2002)

This paper presents a hybrid analysis and synthesis scheme for video coding aimed at developing a video communication system that can consistently transmit high quality video signals with high compression ratios. The scheme is based on a 3D subband decomposition of video signal. To best take advantage of the characteristics of high frequency subbands, an adaptive clustering algorithm with Gibbs random field model is applied to the high frequency subbands to achieve an adaptive quantization with spatial constraints. The adaptive quantization reduces significantly the activity of high frequency bands and makes the entire scheme amenable to efficient video coding. The resultant reconstruction noise can be suppressed using again a Gibbs random field based algorithm. Preliminary results have shown the potential of this methods over existing methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Design of dual-band frequency selective surfaces to block Wi-Fi using printable electronics technology (2016)

Design, fabrication and measurement of a special class of engineered surfaces known as frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) is presented in this paper. These FSSs are designed to block the transmission of Wi-Fi signals (2.4 GHz and 5.3 GHz bands) while allowing other portions of the RF spectrum to pass unaffected. Inkjet printing is used to fabricate the FSSs, the details of which will be presented at the conference..
Motion discrimination byBombus impatiens(Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2015)

Abstract Mobility of flowers in the wind has been proposed to affect the performances of pollinators in landing on flowers, nectar extraction, and pollen dispersal. Our study examined the preferences of worker Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for landing on and feeding from immobile or mobile artificial flower. Mobile flowers moved at varied frequencies (0.1–3.0 Hz) and in different directions, horizontal H (left to right wave) and vertical V (from en-face presentation at the lowest point to horizontal presentation at the zenith). We found that the bees showed no preference for mobile or immobile flowers. In general, we found that landing ability (time spent from the bees entering the testing arena to landing and starting to feed on the artificial flower) decreased as frequency (Hz) or speed of motion (cm/second) increased. Directionality of waving affected performance with the bees being able to forage from horizontally moving flowers better than from vertically moving flowers. Experience played a major role in improving individual performances. We also found that the bees could differentiate between horizontally and vertically waving flowers as well as between frequencies or speeds of motion.
SU-FF-I-05: Evolution of Adrenal Gland Perfusion with Anti-Angiogenic Therapy: A CT-Based Study (2007)

Purpose: In radiological diagnoses, it is important to understand and interpret anatomical changes, specifically those observed in CT scans, which correlate with treatment plans. There are currently many anticancer agents, which affect tumor vasculature growth as well as normal organ vessel growth. Monitoring these effects with imaging may be useful to guide selection and dosing of different treatments. By observing perfusion of certain organs, it is possible to monitor vessel competency. In cases where perfusion is constant over time, it can be assumed that there is no significant change in vasculature, and thus no damage as an effect of chemotherapeutic agents. In contrast, significant changes in perfusion over time, may suggest decease in normal vessel growth as a result of therapy. Methods & Materials: Patients receiving the VEGF inhibitor sorafenib, underwent CT imaging every six weeks, beginning with a baseline study prior to treatment. A “jog scan” was used to track perfusion through the adrenal glands (chosen due to their significant fenestration). Sixteen pairs of adrenal images were obtained per jog scan, and manually contoured using a contouring program. Each of the sixteen scans represents different perfusion time intervals from 0–150 seconds. The mean pixel values of each gland were obtained, and these values were compared over time for any significant changes in pixel value, and thus change in vasculature perfusion over time. Results: The average change in maximum pixel values from baseline to six weeks after treatment initiation shows a change of 4.58% increase in peak pixel value for both adrenal glands. Conclusion: The manual contouring of adrenal glands in conjunction with calculated maximum pixels values shows changes in adrenal perfusion between baseline and beginning therapy. The continued monitoring of perfusion could prove beneficial to the radiologic diagnosis of significant anatomical changes as a result of continuous chemotherapy.
Nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in the peripheral and central auditory system of the rat (1999)

The neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) were localized in the cochlea, the cochlear nucleus (CN), and the superior olivary complex (SOC) of Fisher 344 rats. In the cochlea, nNOS was identified in spiral ganglion cells by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry and in situ hybridization. NADPH-diaphorase staining also was detected in blood vessels of the modiolus. By using immunohistochemistry against cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cochlear sGC activity was localized to pericytes in the spiral ligament as well as nerve fibers innervating outer hair cells. In the lower auditory brainstem, nNOS was localized to principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and in situ hybridization. NADPH-diaphorase activity also was observed in the lateral and medial superior olive (LSO and MSO, respectively), the superior periolivary nucleus (SPN), the ventral and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body (VNTB and LNTB, respectively), and the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). Transcripts of the β-subunit of sGC were localized in rat brainstem by using in situ hybridization. mRNA for sGC was expressed in neurons within the SPN, LSO, MSO, LNTB, MNTB, VNTB, and VCN. Highest levels of sGC expression were seen in the SPN. These results suggest that the NO/cGMP pathway is involved in both the ascending and descending pathways of the auditory brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 404:52–63, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of a triclosan/copolymer pre-brush mouthrinse on established plaque formation and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study in Thailand. (1995)

A six-month, double-blind parallel clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy on existing plaque and gingivitis of a pre-brush mouthrinse (Colgate Plax, Thailand) containing 0.03% triclosan and 0.13% of a polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer in the absence of fluoride, as compared to a matching placebo rinse. A total of 121 subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores and Loë-Silness Gingivitis Index scores. Each group was randomly assigned to the use of either the triclosan/copolymer pre-brush rinse or the placebo pre-brush rinse. No subjects received an oral prophylaxis. They were instructed to rinse twice daily for 60 seconds using the provided fluoride dentifrice and soft-bristled toothbrush. After six months' use of their assigned mouthrinse, 118 subjects who completed the study were evaluated for plaque index score and gingivitis index score using the same scoring procedure. After six months, the triclosan/copolymer mouthrinse group provided a 35.48% reduction of plaque (p<0.001) and an 18.82% reduction of gingivitis (p<0.001), as compared to the placebo mouthrinse group. The reduction of the triclosan/copolymer group was most pronounced in the severity manifestation of plaque and gingivitis (p<0.001). The results indicate that twice daily use of a pre-brush mouthrinse containing triclosan/copolymer in the absence of fluoride significantly reduces pre-existing plaque and gingivitis as compared to the placebo rinse.
Enhancement of diffraction efficiency via higher-order operation of a multilayer blazed grating (2014)

Imperfections in the multilayer stack deposited on a saw-tooth substrate are the main factor limiting the diffraction efficiency of extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray multilayer-coated blazed gratings (MBGs). Since the multilayer perturbations occur in the vicinity of antiblazed facets of the substrates, reduction of the groove density of MBGs is expected to enlarge the area of unperturbed multilayer and result in higher diffraction efficiency. At the same time the grating should be optimized for higher-order operation in order to keep high dispersion and spectral resolution. In this work we show the validity of this approach and demonstrate significant enhancement of diffraction efficiency of MBGs using higher-order diffraction. A new record for diffraction efficiency of 52% in the second diffraction order was achieved for an optimized MBG with groove density of 2525 lines/mm at the wavelength of 13.4 nm.
The Dynamics of Thrombin Formation (2003)

The central event of the hemostatic process is the generation of thrombin through the tissue factor pathway. This is a highly regulated, dynamic process in which thrombin itself plays many roles, positively and negatively its production and destruction. The hemostatic process is essential to normal physiology and is also the Achilles heel of our aging population. The inappropriate generation of thrombin may lead to vascular occlusion with the consequence of myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, or venous thrombosis. In this review, we summarize our present views regarding the tissue factor pathway by which thrombin is generated and the roles played by extrinsic and intrinsic factor Xa generating complexes in hemostasis and the roles of the stoichiometric and dynamic inhibitors that regulate thrombin generation.
A review of HCV protease inhibitors. (2009)

HCV NS3 serine protease mediates the cleavage of the HCV polyprotein to release the functional proteins that are essential for viral propagation. The inhibition of NS3 protease activity is expected to block HCV replication in infected host cells, and therefore protease inhibitors are a potential new treatment strategy for HCV. Several novel HCV protease inhibitors have been discovered, of which some have been clinically proven to be effective in achieving sustained virological response in patients with HCV genotype 1 at rates higher than those observed with the standard of care. This review focuses on the recent advances in the development of HCV protease inhibitors.