gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Use of Graphene as a Target Material for Laser Plasma Ion Acceleration (2017)

The interaction of a solid target with an ultra-high intensity laser pulse can result in the laser plasma acceleration of ions. The recent proposal of a new laser plasma ion acceleration scheme, named chirped standing wave acceleration, has created interest in a new class of ultra-thin solid target materials, either freestanding or as a part of novel compound targets. In this thesis, it is assessed, if it is feasible to use targets made of freestanding graphene, a carbon allotrope consisting of only one or a few atomic layers. For this purpose, a target system was developed to mount freestanding graphene in the ion acceleration experiment at the Lund Laser Centre, and commercially available graphene targets were put to a number of tests. Using the Lund Terawatt Laser, the threshold for laser induced damage of the targets was determined. Further, freestanding graphene targets were exposed to ultra-high intensity laser pulses, in order to evaluate the effect on these ultra-thin samples and the supporting structure. The conditions were similar to those in conventional laser plasma acceleration experiments. For analysis and alignment purposes, the targets were imaged using an existing on-line microscope system, and the steps required to extend the imaging system with a Raman spectroscopy setup were explored. The specially designed and constructed target mounting system was found to work reliably, and the graphene targets used in this project were found to be robust enough to be handled in the experimental environment. While the Raman spectroscopy was not fully implemented, the microscope system was extensively used and found capable to reveal occasional imperfections of the freestanding graphene samples. The damage threshold fluence was found to be approximately 0.1 J/cm^2 for the graphene targets. In the ultra-high intensity shots, small damage was inflicted to the frame supporting the graphene, and particle acceleration was observed. Accelerated ions were recorded with nuclear track detectors. They show traces of protons with energies above 1 MeV, and some signals also of heavier ions. The acceleration is attributed to a target normal sheath acceleration-like process, possibly involving the graphene-supporting copper grid, but the limited data does not allow a definite interpretation. The results of this thesis show that freestanding graphene is robust enough to be used in future studies of laser plasma interaction. Adjustments need to be made to the existing target geometry to prevent an ionisation of the graphene-supporting structure. Based on the measured damage threshold, it is concluded, that, for future studies, the temporal laser pulse contrast needs to be improved, by reducing the amplified spontaneous emission of the laser.
Some Observations on the Surfaces of Titanium and Practical Titanium Alloys by ESCA (1980)

Various kinds of treatment such as ion-etching, filling with diamond, dipping into mixed acid (HF:HNO3=1:3), anodic oxidation and dry-oxidation in air were used for the surface preparation of pure titanium, Ti-0.16%Pd, Ti-5%Ta, Ti-15%Mo-0.2%Pd and Ti-8%Mn alloys, and characterization of their surfaces was investigated by ESCA. The results obtained were as follows:(1) The ESCA spectrum of Ti2p3⁄2 obtained from pure titanium which was filed with diamond consisted of four components TiO2, Ti2O3, TiO and metallic Ti, and the higher oxidation states predominated on the outer surface of the oxide film. ESCA data also showed that the alloying elements were present in different valent states such as oxide, suboxide and metal, of which fractions depended on the way of surface treatment.(2) In titanium and titanium alloys filed with diamond, titanium nitride was formed on the surfaces, whereas no nitride was formed when abrased with emery paper in running water.(3) In titanium ion-etched with Ar ions, titanium carbide was formed on the surface due to the reaction with contaminated hydrocarbon and no clean titanium surface, therefore, was obtained by ion-etching.(4) In Ti-0.16%Pd and Ti-15%Mo-0.2%Pd alloys dipped into mixed acid, the surface enrichment of the alloying elements was observed; in the former palladium was enriched in the metallic state, whereas in the latter molybdenum was enriched in the oxidation state, but no Pd3d peak was observed.(5) In Ti-0.16%Pd, Ti-5%Ta and Ti-15%Mo-0.2%Pd alloys oxidized in air at 673 K for 600 s, the titanium oxide TiO2 was present on outermost surfaces of the specimens, whereas in the Ti-8%Mn alloy the enrichment of manganese in the oxidation state was observed on the outer surface.
Mask side wall clamping (2013)

Current state-of-the-art optical lithography scanners using 193nm wavelength lasers and numerical apertures of 1.35 have reached fundamental printing limits. Yet, consumer demands and device trends continue to drive smaller feature sizes, and most IC manufacturers have already navigated beyond the lithographic printing limits by turning to double patterning techniques.<sup>1</sup> Requiring an extra lithography step for these techniques, it is essential to keep costs down by e.g. increasing wafer throughput. Currently, leading edge immersion scanners consistently produce over 190 wafers per hour (wph). However, to keep decreasing the cost per transistor, higher throughputs of 250 wph are key targets for the year 2013<sup>2</sup>. Amongst others, higher throughput can be acquired by increasing acceleration of the positioning stages. One of the constraining technologies is the current mask or reticle clamping concept due to its friction based acceleration. While current reticle accelerations amount to 150 m/s<sup>2</sup>, some research<sup>3</sup> has already been performed to reticle stage accelerations of 400 m/s<sup>2</sup>. In this paper, a novel reticle clamping concept is presented. The concept is shown to be suitable for accelerations larger than 400 m/s<sup>2</sup> entirely eliminating reticle slip, whilst meeting specifications for clamping induced error with a pattern deformation of &lt; 0.12 nm on wafer stage level (WS) and comprising high clamp stiffness.
Transdermal Administration of Bromocriptine. (2003)

Bromocriptine (BRC) has been mainly used for the inhibition of lactation, treatment of menstrual disorders, Parkinson disease, breast tumours, infertility and brain tumours as a dopamine agonist in clinics. But current BRC formulations have some side effects and bioavailability problems because of hepatic first pass effect. Transdermal application could be an alternative route to overcome all these problem and penetration properties of BRC has not been studied yet. Therefore, it was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of transdermal formulation of BRC which is applicable to the skin. For this purpose, a number of BRC gel formulations (Carbopol-934 (C-934), chitosan (CH) and Gantrez-SP215 (G-SP215) were developed and the effectiveness and bioavailability of the formulations were compared in rabbits. Commercial BRC tablets (Parlodel) were also given to rabbits orally and plasma levels were compared. The effects of two different penetration enhancers, sodium taurocholate (ST) and ethoxydiglycol-Transcutol) (TR) on the BRC penetration were also investigated. The skin samples from the dorsal part of the rabbit were removed after CH gel application and investigated under electron microscope to understand the effects of the gel on the penetration and the possible penetration mechanisms through skin were also discussed. In conclusion, CH gel formulation was found to be the best formulation and comparable blood BRC concentrations were obtained when applied to the rabbit skin. Higher blood levels were obtained with the use of CH. The main penetration process was found to be through transcellular route but some other mechanisms were also found to be incorporated, after microscopic investigation. CH gel was found to be a useful carrier for BRC administration through dermal route and the penetration enhancing effect and the mechanism of CH gel were first established in this study. It was concluded that transdermal delivery of BRC may be a very promising alternative route to the oral route for the treatment.
Altered Pain and Temperature Perception Following Cingulotomy and Capsulotomy in a Patient with Schizoaffective Disorder (1995)

Davis, Karen D.*; Hutchison, William D.; Lozano, Andres M.; Dostrovsky, Jonathan O. Author Information
Teleconsultant (2017)

Telehealth is a healthcare service that relies on exchanging information from one place to another to improve a patient's health status. In this demonstration, we aim to provide similar benefits to instantly bringing a doctor in the field to provide the right treatment at the right time for time-sensitive injuries. We present a telehealth system called Teleconsultant that enables near real-time communication between paramedics and doctors via videos captured from wearable cameras, this is crucial in the acute situations when the paramedic needs immediate assistance from the remote doctor that could help saving patients' lives. Teleconsultant includes capturing the video through body cameras worn by the paramedics, we refer to this video as wearable video. The video is transmitted over a heterogeneous wireless network to the remote doctor. Along the network path, video is analyzed in real-time to: (1) enhance video quality (e.g., video stabilization), and (2) detect time-sensitive injuries (e.g., stroke) so that remote doctors can be alerted and prepared when patient arrives via ambulance to the hospital. We demonstrate an end-to-end system to enable streaming of wearable video from the incident site to the hospital using body cameras worn by paramedics. Additionally, we demonstrate a framework for in-stream processing of the wearable video and we show two real-time video processing functions: stroke detection, and video stabilization.
Protein Structure in Vacuo:  Gas-Phase Conformations of BPTI and Cytochrome c (1997)

Ion mobility measurements have been used to examine the geometries of naked BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) and cytochrome c ions in the gas phase, as a function of charge. For BPTI, the measured cross sections are close to those estimated for the native solution-phase conformation. Furthermore, gas-phase BPTI retains its compact structure when collisionally heated. These results are consistent with the known stability of BPTI, where the three-dimensional structure is partly locked into place by three covalent disulfide bridges. For cytochrome c, geometries with cross sections close to those estimated for the native solution phase structure were observed for the low charge states. For intermediate charge states, the compact geometries are metastable, and when collisionally heated they gradually unfold, through a series of well-defined intermediates. Only extended conformations are observed for the higher charge states, and they become more extended as the charge increases. The gas-phase conformation of a protein ion results from a balance between attractive intramolecular interactions, intramolecular charge “solvation”, and Coulomb repulsion. For the low charge states, compact folded conformations have the lowest energy because they maximize intramolecular interactions. For intermediate charge states, elongated conformations, which minimize Coulomb repulsion while maximizing intramolecular interactions and intramolecular charge “solvation”, become favored. For the high charge states, the elongated conformations unravel to an extended string as Coulomb repulsion dominates.
G0610305 Effects of PMMA Pyrolysis Gas Concentration on Minimum Ignition Energy of Laser-induced Breakdown Sparks (2014)

Ignition properties of laser-induced breakdown sparks and electrical spark ignition were examined experimentally to choose an ignition method to investigate ignition limit of volatile components from heated materials in a microgravity experiment. Firstly, the characteristics of each ignition method were investigated for methane/air mixtures. In the case of electrical spark ignition, the minimum ignition energy depended on the electrode gap. On the other hand, in the case of laser-induced breakdown sparks, the minimum ignition energy did not depend on the focal length. Effects of gravity were clearly observed for lean mixtures in schlieren images of flame kernel development. Components of PMMA pyrolysis gas were examined using a gas chromatograph. Ignition behaviors of MMA/air mixtures, which are supposed to be produced from PMMA, were investigated. The minimum ignition energy for mixtures with various equivalence ratios was measured to identify the ignition limits of the gas. A change in ignition energy with an increase in the equivalence ratio was observed. Fundamental data for ignition tests in microgravity were obtained.
Validation of Genetic Case-Control Studies in AIDS and Application to the CX3CR1 Polymorphism (2001)

New polymorphisms have been recently identified in CX3CR1, a coreceptor for some HIV-1 strains, one of which was associated with a strong acceleration of HIV disease progression. This effect was observed both by a case-control study involving 63 nonprogressors (NP) from the asymptomatic long-term (ALT) cohort and Kaplan-Meier analysis of 426 French seroconverters (SEROCO cohort). These results prompted us to analyze these polymorphisms in 244 nonprogressors (NPs) and 80 rapid progressors (RPs) from the largest case-control cohort known to date, the GRIV cohort. Surprisingly, the genetic frequencies found were identical for both groups under all genetic models (p >.8). The discrepancy with the previous work stemmed only from the difference between GRIV NPs versus ALT NPs. We hypothesized this might be due to the limited number of NPs in ALT (n = 63) and in this line we reanalyzed the data previously collected on GRIV for over 100 different genetic polymorphisms: we effectively observed that the genetic frequencies of some polymorphisms could vary by as much as 10% (absolute percentage) when computing them on the first 50 NP subjects enrolled, on the first 100, or on all the NPs tested (240 study subjects). This observation emphasizes the need for caution in case-control studies involving small numbers of subjects: p values should be low or other control groups should be used.However, the association of the CX3CR1 polymorphism with progression seems quite significant in the Kaplan-Meier analysis of the SEROCO cohort (426 individuals), and the difference observed with GRIV might be explained by a delayed effect of the polymorphism on disease. Further studies on other seroconverter cohorts are needed to confirm the reported association with disease progression.
Intravesical BCG Induces CD4+ T-Cell Expansion in an Immune Competent Model of Bladder Cancer (2017)

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is the standard of care in treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, yet its mechanism of action remains elusive. Both innate and adaptive immune responses have been implicated in BCG activity. Although prior research has indirectly demonstrated the importance of T cells and shown a rise in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in bladder tissue after BCG, T-cell subpopulations have not been fully characterized. We investigated the relationship between effector and regulatory T cells in an immune competent, clinically relevant rodent model of bladder cancer. Our data demonstrate that cancer progression in the <i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>-nitrosourea (MNU) rat model of bladder cancer was characterized by a decline in the CD8/FoxP3 ratio, consistent with decreased adaptive immunity. In contrast, treatment with intravesical BCG led to a large, transient rise in the CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell population in the urothelium and was both more effective and immunogenic compared with intravesical chemotherapy. Whole-transcriptome expression profiling of posttreatment intravesical CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells revealed minimal differences in gene expression after BCG treatment. Together, our results suggest that although BCG induces T-cell recruitment to the bladder, the T-cell phenotype does not markedly change, implying that combining T-cell-activating agents with BCG might improve clinical activity. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 5(7); 594-603. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Adrenal Disease Update 2011 (2011)

This article is based on an invited lecture entitled "Year-in-the-Adrenal: A Clinical Perspective," presented at the 92nd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society in Boston, Massachusetts, on June 7, 2011. The objective was to provide clinicians with a summary of key, clinically important advances in the field of adrenal disorders over the past 18 months. Paper selection was based on a comprehensive survey of all adrenal articles published in major endocrinology and high-impact general medical journals between December 2009 and May 2011. Participants in the selection process included 15 endocrinologists with expertise in adrenal disorders. The articles highlighted were those that: 1) constitute novel discoveries that may improve the understanding of pathophysiology; 2) address important clinical questions; and 3) most influence the way we diagnose and treat patients with adrenal disorders. An effort was made to include both adrenal cortical and medullary disorders.
The role of the unblinded sponsor statistician (2004)

In clinical trials sponsored by Merck the unblinded statistician is typically an employee of the company. From a pharmaceutical industry perspective, advantages of this approach include ensuring that the unblinded statistician is knowledgeable regarding the experimental treatments, therapeutic area and study objectives; that the quality of the analysis conforms to rigorous standards; and that the allocation schedule, database and interim results are kept confidential. These advantages are felt to outweigh any potential disadvantages.
Study on the Structure and Formation Mechanism of Molybdenum Carbides (2002)

The synthesis of high-surface-area molybdenum carbides has been studied by the temperature-programmed carburization of molybdenum trioxide MoO3. The feedstocks used were mixtures of methane and ethane with hydrogen. The solid reaction products were characterized at selected intervals using thermogravimetric analysis differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), surface area measurement (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The gaseous products of the carburization process were monitored using a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The structural properties of the product carbides are shown to depend on the conditions of synthesis. The C2H6/H2 feedstock gave the highest-surface-area material. The presence of H2 in the feed mixture reduced the amount of amorphous carbon deposited an the molybdenum carbide material. The surface area was found to increase most rapidly during the initial H2-reduction stage. Initially, the MoO3 is reduced to form MoO3-x. This material has structural defects, which can account for a decrease in the average particle size and an increased porosity, resulting in an increased surface area. During the carburization process, three phase transitions are observed. At higher temperatures, the rate of deposition of graphitic and amorphous carbons derived from CH4 or CO is much greater than the rate of hydrogenation of the deposited carbon, resulting in the formation of surface graphitic carbon.
Particulate Matter (PM) Research Centers (1999–2005) and the Role of Interdisciplinary Center-Based Research (2008)

The PM Centers program has effectively applied interdisciplinary research approaches to advance PM science.
Efficacy of second-line chemotherapy after treatment with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel or FOLFIRINOX in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: results from the NAPOLEON study (2023)

Abstract First-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) includes gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (GnP) and FOLFIRINOX (FFX). However, the efficacy of second-line chemotherapy and the role of combination chemotherapy in clinical practice is still unknown. Data was gathered from 14 hospitals in the Kyushu area of Japan from December 2013 to March 2017. The median overall survival (mOS) from second-line treatment was contrasted between patients who received second-line chemotherapy (CT group) and those who received the best supportive care (BSC group). Furthermore, the mOS of combination chemotherapy was compared to mono chemotherapy in the CT group. To control possible bias in the selection of treatment, we performed a propensity score-adjusted analysis. A total of 255 patients received GnP or FFX as first-line chemotherapy. There were 156 in the CT group and 77 in the BSC group of these. The CT group had a significantly longer mOS than the BSC group (5.2 vs. 2.6 months; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.38; 95% CI: 0.27–0.54). In the CT group, 89 patients received combination chemotherapy while 67 received mono chemotherapy. The mOS did not differ significantly between the combination and mono chemotherapy groups (5.5 vs. 4.8 months; adjusted HR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.58–1.33). Among patients with MPC receiving second-line treatment, the CT group had a significantly longer mOS than the BSC group, but combination chemotherapy conferred no improvement in survival compared to mono chemotherapy.
Understanding the Effects of Processing Parameters on Electrospun Fibers and Applications in Tissue Engineering (2006)

The effects of molecular weight and atmospheric conditions on the electrospinning process have been investigated. Electrospun polymer microfibers with a nanoporous surface texture have been produced in the presence of humidity. The density of pores, their depth, and their shape have been shown to vary with relative humidity, molecular weight of the polymer, and solvent volatility. Although polystyrene (PS) was investigated in detail, other commodity polymers were also shown to exhibit the nanoporous surface structure under a judicious choice of spinning conditions. The effect of molecular weight on electrospun fiber formation was also studied. It was determined that sufficient chain entanglements are necessary for fiber formation. Molecular weight was also found to affect fiber diameters. Understanding the effects of molecular weight and humidity on electrsospun fibers allows for a greater understanding of how to control the electrospinning process to meet specific applications needs. Utilizing this knowledge, we have investigated the use of electrospun collagen and gelatin fibers as tissue engineering scaffolds. This study shows that cells readily attach to this unique fiber morphology.