gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitative Exercise Training Increases Skeletal Muscle Contractile and Metabolic Function in Severely Burned Children (2016)

Wasting and deconditioning of skeletal muscle contributes to the prolonged morbidity observed in burn victims. PURPOSE: To study the impact of rehabilitative exercise training (RET) on skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic function in children recovering from major burns. METHODS: Twenty-one children (7-18 years) with burns covering ≥30% of their total body surface area were studied at approximately three and six months post-injury. Body composition, muscle strength (peak torque) and endurance (total work), insulin sensitivity (euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp), and mitochondrial function (muscle biopsies) measurements were performed at each study. In the twelve intervening weeks, n=8 patients received standard rehabilitative care including occupational and physical therapy (standard of care, SoC), while n=13 patients performed a 12-week supervised outpatient RET program in addition to receiving standard care. RET consisted of progressive resistive and aerobic exercise performed at least 5-times weekly. RESULTS: Total and fat-free body mass significantly increased in the RET group only (P<0.05). Peak torque significantly increased with RET (+51%, P<0.001) but not in SoC (+35%, P=0.08). Total work significantly increased with RET (+66%, P<0.001) but not in SoC (+44%, P=0.23). Insulin stimulated glucose disposal tended to decrease in the SoC group (1.87±0.31 vs. 1.35±0.24 mg/min/kg; P=0.07) but significantly increased in the RET group (1.12±0.11 vs. 1.59±0.10 mg/min/kg; P=0.004). ADP-dependent mitochondrial respiration increased with RET (25.0±4.3 vs. 52.8±4.1 pmol/s/mg; P<0.001) but not SoC (37.6±4.7 vs. 41.7±6.4 pmol/s/mg). The mitochondrial respiratory control ratio for ADP increased with RET (1.54±0.12 vs. 2.27±0.12 pmol/s/mg; P=0.01) but not SoC (1.72±0.12 vs. 1.45±0.07). CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with previous studies, RET increases muscle strength and endurance in burn survivors. Here, we show that this is accompanied by increased peripheral insulin stimulated glucose disposal and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control. These data demonstrate that in addition to contractile function, RET improves skeletal muscle metabolic function in burn survivors.
Feature Articles on Earth Science. Phase Transformations and Constitution of the Earth's Mantle. (1994)

The author reviews the phase transformations in the earth's mantle, which have been determined by using latest multi-anvil technology. The composition and constitution of the mantle are discussed on the basis of these phase equilibrium data, together with other data sets from laboratory measurements and seismic observations. The phase transformations in a pyrolite composition satisfactorily explain the gross nature of the seismic velocity/density profiles throughout the mantle. Thus pyrolite is considered to be a representative mantle composition. Further detailed seismic velocity structures in the mantle are also discussed in terms of the phase transformations in other compositions comprising subducted slabs.
Single-particle effects in precompound reactions: Influence of thef7/2shell closure (1985)

We present angle integrated spectra for the (p,n) reaction with 25 MeV protons on targets of $_{{\mathrm{}}^{50}}$,52,${\mathrm{}}_{24}^{53}$Cr, and on $_{26}^{58}\mathrm{Fe}$, $_{27}^{59}\mathrm{Co}$, $_{28}^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $_{29}^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$. These spectra are compared with two-quasiparticle state densities for proton-particle--neutron-hole configurations, calculated using Nilsson-model single-particle energies. The influence of shell structure on the precompound spectra, previously shown for the ${g}_{9/2}$ neutron shell closure, is shown here for the ${f}_{7/2}$ neutron and proton shells. Semiquantitative agreement is shown between experimental results and calculated two-quasiparticle densities. The parameter space of pairing energy, deformation, and oscillator stiffness is explored. Precompound spectra near shell closures are in better agreement with partial state densities from Nilsson-model considerations than with results from more commonly used equidistant spacing models.
A simplified test methodology for crashworthiness evaluation of aircraft seat cushions (2006)

Abstract Abstract The main subsystems of an aircraft involved in crashworthiness are the seat cushion, which is part of the seat structure, as well as the restraints, fuselage, and landing gear. A crashworthy structure is designed so that in the event of a crash, it will absorb impact energy in a controlled manner. All energy absorption materials such as honeycombs, polyurethane foams, polymer foams, metallic foams, etc. are being used in aircraft structures, to ensure a safe and survivable trip for passengers, and even in packaging applications for sensitive instruments, equipment, and computers. Polyurethane foams are being used for acoustic purposes, as padding in the finished interior panels of the aircraft, and seat cushions, but they are primarily used in seating applications. The fact that a direct interaction exists between the occupant's body and the seat cushion means that the seat cushion must be ergonomically comfortable in addition to providing safety for passengers. All seat cushions must pass Federal Aviation Administration regulations prior to installation. These regulations require a dynamic sled test of the entire seat system in order to certify it. This traditional testing is also required for replacing old, deteriorated cushions with new buildup cushions, which is time-consuming and costly. Much effort has been taken to obtain reliable modeling in terms of substituting dynamic full-scale sled testing with a cheaper and simpler method of certification. The Advanced General Aviation Transportation Experiments (AGATE) group has proposed a methodology using quasi-static testing instead of fullscale sled testing. In this study, AGATE methodology was validated with experimental results from full-scale sled testing and quasi-static testing. Rate sensitivity of foams was investigated and a criterion using stress-relaxation testing techniques is proposed. This paper addresses full-scale sled testing and quasi-static testing of aircraft seat cushions. This investigation recommends that full-scale sled testing used for seat cushion certification be replaced with quasi-static testing. Keywords: Aircraft crashworthinessseat cushionpolyurethane foamsrate sensitivitysled testing
ENERGY SAVINGS ASSESSMENT FOR THE ROBERT E. JOHNSON STATE OFFICE BUILDING IN AUSTIN, TEXAS (2002)

U.S. businesses and institutions spend an\nestimated $175 billion per year for energy. Of that, the\nfraction under performance contracts and energy\nservice agreements is currently growing, aided by\ncheaper monitoring technology and integration with\nEMCS systems. Energy simulation programs are used\nboth for estimating potential savings as well as to help\nverify savings from retrofits actually installed. The\npotential accuracy afforded by today's energy\nsimulation programs is high. Yet the reliability of the\nresults is frequently compromised by a lack of\ncertainty that the simulations reflect actual conditions.\nAlthough there is little documentation on current\nmethods to verify energy savings in buildings, the\nInternational Performance Measurement and\nVerification Protocol (IPMVP), developed by the\nDepartment of Energy (DOE), provides best practice\ntechniques available for verifying results of energy\nefficiency, water efficiency, and renewable energy\nprojects. This paper presents a method for verifying\nthe energy savings of a newly constructed building\nusing a baseline simulation model calibrated to the\nmeasured whole-building energy consumption to\ndetermined the independent and combined effect of the\nstated efficient components installed in the building.\nIn this paper the results show that the energy savings\nresulting from the new design reduced the energy use\nby 46% when compared to similar state office\nbuildings.
Bis(cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) as a Convenient Carbon Monoxide Source in Palladium-catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Amines, Alcohols, and Thiols (2011)

Abstract Bis(cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) ([CpFe(CO)2]2) serves as a carbon monoxide source in carbonylative coupling reactions. Treatment of aryl iodides with primary amines in the presence of DBU and [CpFe(CO)2]2 under palladium catalysis provides the corresponding benzamides in good yields. Similar reactions with phenols and thiols provide the corresponding benzoate esters and thioesters, respectively. A catalytic amount of DMAP as an additive promoted the carbonylative coupling reactions with primary alcohol and secondary amine.
Yeast RHO3 and RHO4 ras superfamily genes are necessary for bud growth, and their defect is suppressed by a high dose of bud formation genes CDC42 and BEM1. (1992)

RHO3 and RHO4 are members of the ras superfamily genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are related functionally to each other. Experiments using a conditionally expressed allele of RHO4 revealed that depletion of both the RHO3 and RHO4 gene products resulted in lysis of cells with a small bud, which could be prevented by the presence of osmotic stabilizing agents in the medium. rho3 rho4 cells incubated in medium containing an osmotic stabilizing agent were rounded and enlarged and displayed delocalized deposition of chitin and delocalization of actin patches, indicating that these cells lost cell polarity. Nine genes whose overexpression could suppress the defect of the RHO3 function were isolated (SRO genes). Two of them were identical with CDC42 and BEM1, bud site assembly genes involved in the process of bud emergence. A high dose of CDC42 complemented the rho3 defect, whereas overexpression of RHO3 had an inhibitory effect on the growth of mutants defective in the CDC24-CDC42 pathway. These results, along with comparison of cell morphology between rho3 rho4 cells and cdc24 (or cdc42) mutant cells kept under the restrictive conditions, strongly suggest that the functions of RHO3 and RHO4 are required after initiation of bud formation to maintain cell polarity during maturation of daughter cells.
Mitochondria--the Death Signal Integrators (2000)

Many of the intricate pathways of apoptosis that instruct a cell to kill itself involve the convergence of key proteins on the membranes of mitochondria. Such proteins induce the permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes and the release of caspase enzymes and nuclease activators that set in motion the final stages of programmed cell death. Now, as Brenner and Kroemer discuss in their Perspective, a proapoptotic transcription factor called TR3 has been found to move from its normal location in the nucleus to the mitochondria and to promote release of cytochrome c, a key event in apoptosis (Li et al.)
A very unlevel playing field indeed (2009)

Abstract Indirect effects analysis applied selectively against biofuels is intellectually bankrupt. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd
Polyoxazolines for Nonfouling Surface Coatings — A Direct Comparison to the Gold Standard PEG (2012)

The prevention of surface fouling is becoming increasingly important for the development of anti-infective medical implants, biosensors with improved signal-to-noise ratios, and low-fouling membranes to name a few examples. We review a direct comparison of poly(ethylene glycol), the gold standard polymer to impart surfaces with nonfouling properties, to an alternative polymer, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOXA), and show that both polymers are equally excellent in rendering surfaces nonfouling while PMOXA coatings are more stable in oxidative environments. We discuss prerequisites for the fabrication of nonfouling surface coatings and implications for the polymer choice according to application requirements.
UMOYA: a prospective longitudinal cohort study to evaluate novel diagnostic tools and to assess long-term impact on lung health in South African children with presumptive pulmonary TB—a study protocol (2023)

The UMOYA study will provide a unique platform to evaluate new emerging diagnostic tools and biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment response and to investigate long-term outcomes of pulmonary TB and other respiratory events on lung health in children.
Rheology and Structures of Aqueous Gels of Triblock(oxyethylene/oxybutylene/oxyethylene) Copolymers with Lengthy Oxyethylene Blocks (2001)

Four EBE copolymers (E = oxyethylene repeat unit, B = oxybutylene repeat unit) based on a B20 central block and end blocks ranging from 58 to 260 E units were studied. Rheological measurements (oscillatory and steady shear) were used to confirm gel boundaries (previously explored by a tube inversion method) and to determine storage and loss moduli (G‘ and G‘ ‘) and yield stresses (σy) for aqueous gels formed at copolymer concentrations below 20 wt %. The phase diagrams contained a region of hard gel (G‘ > G‘ ‘, high G‘ and σy), an extensive region of soft gel ((G‘ > G‘ ‘, low G‘ and σy), denoted 1, and a second region of soft gel at low temperatures, denoted 2. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to probe the hard gel structure. Concentrated aqueous gels (20 wt %) had a body-centered cubic (bcc, Im3̄m) structure. The structure of dilute gels near to the hard gel boundary was not defined, although the Im3̄m and Pm3̄n cubic structures were eliminated. Depending on concentration, the soft gels were assigned either to percolation-induced fractal structures (soft gel 1) or to defective cubic structures (soft gels 1 and 2).
Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status influence the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States (2010)

Significant racial and ethnic disparities in the outcome of patients with HCC persist despite the receipt of comparable treatment. The authors concluded that further investigations are warranted to identify the reasons for the stark disparity in outcomes between black patients and Hispanic patients after liver transplantation for HCC.
Differences in productivity between short- and long-culm varieties and their relationships with cell wall and cellular components of culm in spring wheat. (1988)

外国および日本産品種(1985年12品種, 1986年23品種)を短稈, 長稈品種群に分け, その収量性, 収穫指数の差異を明らかにするとともに, 1986年では登熟期間中における稈の組織構成成分(細胞壁構成物質と細胞内容物質)の消長について比較, 検討した. 短稈品種群は長稈品種群に比べ全乾物重(成熟期)が小さく, 収穫指数が高い傾向を示したが, 両群の子実収量は年次により異なり, 乾燥気味に経過した1985年では全乾物重の大きい長稈品種群が, 播種期が遅く, 湿潤気味に経過した1986年では収穫指数の高い短稈品種群が多収を示した. 乳熟期における稈の乾物重, 細胞壁構成物質重およびその割合は長稈品種群が有意に大きく, いずれも全乾物重(成熟期)と正の相関を示した. 一方, 細胞内容物質重は短稈品種群に高い値を示すものが多く, 全乾物重との間には弱い負の相関が認められた. 細胞壁構成物質は開花直後に最大となり, その後ほとんど変化しなかったが, 細胞内容物質重は乳熟期に最大となり, 成熟期にかけて減少し, 稈に蓄積された貯蔵養分が子実へかなり転流していることが示唆された. 細胞内容物質の変化から, 貯蔵養分の子実生産に対する貢献度を推定したところ, 貯蔵養分の貢献度は全品種を平均すると30.8%であったが, 一般に短稈品種群で高い(33.9%)傾向が認められた.
An optical IM/FSK coding technique for the implementation of a label-controlled arrayed waveguide packet router (2003)

In this paper, we present a new concept of optical packet/burst switching suitable for generalized multiprotocol label switched (GMPLS)-based optical networks. In such networks, optical labeled switched paths are being established in a similar way as label-switched paths in MPLS. We use a wavelength label as well as an orthogonally modulated label, with respect to the payload modulation format, and which is encoded using either frequency-shift keying (FSK) or differential phase-shift keying (DPSK). Wavelength is used for switching in the node, whereas the orthogonal label defines the label-switched path. We present both simulation and experimental results to assess transmission performance of the proposed combined modulation scheme. In addition, we propose a suitable optical node architecture that can take advantage of this stacked label concept. Toward this, we use widely tunable wavelength converters to efficiently route IM/FSK (or IM/DPSK) optically labeled packets in an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG)-based node structure. We present performance simulation results in terms of packet loss ratio and internal block probability. Internal blocking is an inherent problem of AWG optical routers, and a specific wavelength assignment algorithm has been developed to minimize it. Finally, the feasibility of IM/FSK transmission is experimentally demonstrated over an 88-km single-mode fiber span, and novel aspects of FSK generation and detection techniques are presented.
Adding fuel to the fire: Immunogenic intensification (2014)

The durable long term clinical benefits seen for certain patients treated with immunotherapy agents has suggested there is significant therapeutic potential to be derived from these agents, as shown by the increasing prominence of this treatment strategy in upcoming clinical trials. There has been a renewed interest and focus on the drivers of tumoral antigen recognition, and the pathways by which various cells of the immune system can stimulate, propagate and execute an effective anti-tumor response. Various challenges lie ahead in the further development of these treatments, including induction of an endogenous anti-tumor response, tumor microenvironment modulation, and T-cell response amplification. Novel treatment combinations may prove of significant added benefit by immunogenic intensification.
Managing analog beams in mmWave networks (2017)

In this paper we consider multi-cell mmWave networks wherein each cell equipped with a large antenna array can employ an analog precoder (or a group of analog beams) to serve its associated users, while each such user can employ a single analog beam. A key problem over such a network is to determine the set of users that each cell should serve (a.k.a. user association), the group of beams it should employ, as well as their attributes such as how often and with how much power should each beam be used. This problem becomes harder since the choice of beam at any user is coupled to the cell it is assigned to and the latter's choice of beams. Moreover, practical considerations demand that each transmitting and receiving beam and their attributes be selected from finite codebooks. We develop novel solutions to this seemingly intractable problem. We adopt the generalized Quality-of-Service (QoS) Proportional Fairness (PF) network utility which can balance efficiency with fairness, and is particularly relevant for coverage constrained mmWave systems, since QoS constraints demand provisioning a minimum rate for each user. We prove that, remarkably, the user association problem under this QoS-PF utility can be formulated as a constrained submodular set function maximization problem. Consequently, it can be optimally solved (up to an additive constant) using distributed algorithms. We then propose a simple distributed algorithm to optimize the choice of beams and their attributes, and prove that it converges to a social equilibrium even in the presence a non-ideal communication channel between cells.
Memory T cells convert tissue resident myeloid cells into APCs during clearance of a persistent viral infection (166.28) (2012)

Abstract Persistent viral infections are often very difficult to treat in humans. Adoptive immunotherapy is an approach that involves administration of anti-viral T cells and has shown some promise in the clinic. Our laboratory models adoptive immunotherapy by transferring anti-viral memory T cells into mice persistently infected from birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Here, we demonstrate that memory T cells can completely purge the brain of persistently infected mice without causing immunopathology or blood brain barrier breakdown. Memory T cells accomplish this by inducing a tailored release of chemoattractants that recruit adaptive immune cells, but few pathogenic innate immune cells (e.g. neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes) into the nervous system. Memory T cells also enlist the support of nearly all brain resident myeloid cells (referred to as microglia) by converting them into CD11c-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Following conversion, CD11c+ microglia release CCL5 and promote interactions with therapeutic memory T cells in the brain parenchyma. Our two photon imaging studies revealed that anti-viral CD8 T cells are more likely than CD4 T cells to decelerate and form stable interactions with brain-resident APCs. We propose that non-cytopathic viral clearance from the brain by therapeutic memory T cells results from tailored chemoattractant production and conversion of resident myeloid cells into CD11c+ APCs.
Characterization of prostaglandin E2 receptors and their role in 24,25-(OH)2D3-mediated effects on resting zone chondrocytes (2000)

Resting zone chondrocyte differentiation is modulated by the vitamin D metabolite, 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3), via activation of protein kinase C (PKC). In previous studies, inhibition of prostaglandin production with indomethacin caused an increase in PKC activity, suggesting that changes in prostaglandin levels may mediate the 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3)-dependent response and act as autocrine or paracrine regulators of chondrocyte metabolism. Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that resting zone cells respond directly to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). The aim of the present study was to identify which PGE(2) receptor subtypes (EP) mediate the effects of PGE(2) on resting zone cells. Using primers specific for EP1-EP4, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplified EP1 and EP2 cDNA in a RT-dependent manner. A variant form of the EP1 cDNA, EPlv, was also amplified in an RT-dependent manner. In parallel experiments, we used EP subtype-specific agonists to examine the role of EP receptors in 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated cell proliferation and differentiation. 17-phenyl-trinor-PGE(2) (PTPGE(2)), an EP1 agonist, increased [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner and reversed the 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(2)-induced inhibition of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. SC-19220, an EP1 antagonist, caused a further dose-dependent decrease in 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-induced inhibition of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. PTPGE(2) also caused a biphasic increase in [(35)S]-sulfate incorporation and increased alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity at high concentrations (10(-8) M). 24, 25-(OH)(2)D(3)-induced alkaline phosphatase activity was synergistically stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by PTPGE(2). In contrast, 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-induced PKC activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by PTPGE(2) and SC-19220, the EP1 antagonist, elevated PKC activity at high concentrations (10(-8) M). The EP2 agonist, misoprostol, only affected [(35)S]-sulfate incorporation, but in a dose-dependent manner. The EP3 and EP4 agonists had no effect on cell response. These results suggest that the EP1 receptor subtype mediates some of the PGE(2)-induced cellular responses in resting zone cells that lead to both increased proliferation and differentiation. Because 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) inhibits PGE(2) synthesis in these cells, EP1-mediated induction of proliferation is blocked, encouraging cellular maturation and activation of PKC activity.
An efficient virtual machine implementation (1973)

Wayne State University has traditionally combined all computational facilities, for administrative as well as research and educational uses, in one central center. At times all services have been provided under a single hardware and software system. At other times administrative services have been provided on a hardware and software system distinct from that used for research and educational services.