gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear structured illumination microscopy by surface plasmon enhanced stimulated emission depletion (2011)

Nonlinear structured illumination microscopy (SIM) in theory has unlimited resolution over a full field of view. However under a realistic signal-to-noise ratio and a limited photon budget, the performance of nonlinear SIM strongly depends on the behavior of the nonlinear effect. Saturated SIM (SSIM) is not ideal in biological applications due to its strong photobleaching. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) SIM will have high sensitivity, higher resolution and less photo toxicity than SSIM. However, the laser power necessary to support a strong full-field STED effect is not attainable with current laser technology. We experimentally proved that surface plasmon resonance enhances (SPR) near surface STED effect by a factor of 8, and therefore STED-SIM is feasible in the total internal reflection microscopy mode with SPR enhancement. Simulation analysis predicts that SPR enhanced 2D STED is strong enough for nonlinear SIM to achieve high-speed imaging at 30-nm resolution and single molecule sensitivity. The STED-SIM superresolution microscopy method would provide a solution for observing single molecule processes in vitro or on the basal membrane of live cells.
Reaction barrier formation of W/poly-Si gate by NH/sub 3/ rapid thermal annealing applicable to 0.15 μm CMOS devices (2002)

We found that an NH/sub 3/ rapid thermal annealing of Wi/poly-Si gate above 750/spl deg/C resulted in the formation of a highly reliable in-situ barrier layer and low resistivity W, simultaneously. This barrier layer kept the Wi/poly-Si gate stable up to the elevated temperature of 1000/spl deg/C. Ammonia treated W/poly-Si gate showed a narrow distribution of sheet resistance at a line width of 0.15 /spl mu/m after the post annealing at 900/spl deg/C for 30 min. This W/poly-Si gate was acceptable to apply to 0.15 /spl mu/m CMOS devices without deposition of a barrier layer.
339. The oxidation of the 9 : 10-dihydroxystearic acids with periodic acid. η-Aldehydo-octoic acid (1938)

G. King, J. Chem. Soc., 1938, 1826 DOI: 10.1039/JR9380001826
Grain‐Boundary Sliding in a Superplastic Three‐Phase Alumina–Zirconia–Mullite Ceramic Composite (2011)

Relative grain‐boundary sliding at the surface of a three‐phase superplastic ceramic after compressive deformation was measured using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the x, y , and z strain contributions at different types of grain boundaries. This alumina (40 vol%), zirconia (30 vol%), and mullite (30 vol%) composite had an average grain size of 260 nm. The composite was deformed in compression under constant stress conditions in sequential increments of 5%–10% true strain at 1350°C. Six different types of grain boundaries (alumina/alumina, zirconia/zirconia, mullite/mullite, alumina/zirconia, alumina/mullite, and zirconia/mullite) were characterized, for over 800 boundaries in all. It was found that all types of boundaries contributed significantly to the overall deformation with no differentiation between grain boundaries of the same phase and grain boundaries of dissimilar phases, with the exception of mullite/mullite boundaries that had a more complex surface topology due to the in situ formation of mullite during sintering.
Figure S3 from Systemic LRG1 expression in melanoma is associated with disease progression and recurrence (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S3 shows that SAA1, CRP and LDHB are associated with melanoma disease progression.&lt;/p&gt;
Performance characteristics of pixelated CZT crystals used on the GammaTracker project (2011)

GammaTracker is a handheld radioisotope identification device in development at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory that uses eighteen pixelated Cadmium-Zinc Telluride (CZT) crystals to provide energy resolution approaching that of high-purity germanium without the need for cryogenic cooling. Additionally, these crystals can be used to provide directional and imaging capabilities that cannot be found in other handheld detectors. A significant number of CZT crystals have been procured during the development of the GammaTracker system; the majority of these were procured with the same set of specifications. Each of these detectors has been characterized in terms of key parameters, including current-voltage response and pixel-by-pixel energy resolution. The results of this testing indicate that the overall quality of CZT crystals is improving over time.
Probing the oxygen environment in UO22+ by solid-state O17 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and relativistic density functional calculations (2010)

A combined theoretical and solid-state (17)O nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of the electronic structure of the uranyl ion UO(2)(2+) in (NH(4))(4)UO(2)(CO(3))(3) and rutherfordine (UO(2)CO(3)) is presented, the former representing a system with a hydrogen-bonding environment around the uranyl oxygens and the latter exemplifying a uranyl environment without hydrogens. Relativistic density functional calculations reveal unique features of the U-O covalent bond, including the finding of (17)O chemical shift anisotropies that are among the largest for oxygen ever reported (>1200 ppm). Computational results for the oxygen electric field gradient tensor are found to be consistently larger in magnitude than experimental solid-state (17)O NMR measurements in a 7.05 T magnetic field indicate. A modified version of the Solomon theory of the two-spin echo amplitude for a spin-5/2 nucleus is developed and applied to the analysis of the (17)O echo signal of U (17)O(2)(2+).
Dual Transgene Expression in Murine Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons by Viral Transduction In Vivo (2014)

Viral-vector mediated gene transfer to cerebellar Purkinje neurons in vivo is a promising avenue for gene therapy of cerebellar ataxias and for genetic manipulation in functional studies of animal models of cerebellar disease. Here, we report the results of experiments designed to identify efficient methods for viral transduction of adult murine Purkinje neurons in vivo. For these analyses, several lentiviral and an adeno-associated virus (AAV), serotype 1, vector with various promoter combinations were generated and compared for in situ transduction efficiency, assayed by fluorescent reporter protein expression in Purkinje neurons. Additional experiments were also conducted to identify the optimal experimental strategy for co-expression of two proteins in individual Purkinje neurons. Of the viruses tested, AAV1 with a CAG promoter exhibited the highest specificity for Purkinje neurons. To deliver two proteins to the same Purkinje neuron, several methods were tested, including: an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), a 2A sequence, a dual promoter vector, and co-injection of two viruses. Efficient expression of both proteins in the same Purkinje neuron was only achieved by co-injecting two AAV1-CAG viruses. We found that use of an AAV1-CAG virus outperformed similar lentivirus vectors and that co-injection of two AAV1-CAG viruses could be used to efficiently deliver two proteins to the same Purkinje neuron in adult mice. AAV1 with a CAG promoter is highly efficient and selective at transducing adult cerebellar Purkinje neurons and two AAV-CAG viruses can be used to efficiently express two proteins in the same neuron in vivo.
Thermally induced optical property changes in myocardium at 1.06 μm (1990)

Light in the visible and near-infrared region is diffusely scattered in tissues by macromolecules. It was therefore hypothesized that tissue coagulation caused by high-power continuous wave laser irradiation might significantly alter tissue optical properties, resulting in a redistribution of laser energy during the laser ablation process. Infrared transmittance studies confirmed the hypothesis by demonstrating an irreversible decrease in light transmittance (45%) during heating of a 0.75 mm thick slice of tissue. Absorption and scattering coefficients were then determined from transmittance and reflectance measurements on thin slices of raw and coagulated myocardium irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser (1.06 microns). The scattering coefficient was found to increase fourfold (0.427 mm-1----1.74 mm-1) during tissue coagulation, while the absorption coefficient remained relatively unchanged (0.044 mm-1----0.051 mm-1). Calculations indicate that the coagulation-induced changes in tissue optical properties substantially increase surface back-scattering and reduce tissue penetration.
Development of pneumatically driven forceps manipulator with tip rotation mechanism (2017)

In this paper, a pneumatically driven robotic forceps with tip rotation mechanism is proposed. The forceps have 2 degree of freedoms (DOFs) for bending joint, tip rotation and a gripper. The outer diameter of the forceps is 5mm. The bending joints and gripper is driven by pneumatic cylinders and rotation is driven by a pneumatic vane motor. The gripping and the rotation can be drive at the same time by drilling a hole at the shaft of the vane motor to pass the driving wire of the gripper. The forceps is suitable for suturing tasks, since only the gripper portion of the forceps rotates in this tip rotation mechanism, fine rotation operation is possible. The control performance of the prototyped forceps is evaluated experimentally.
Dielectric measurements of radiation induced effects in polyethersulphone (2002)

Polyethersulphone contains aromatic functional groups and is expected to be chemically and mechanically stable as well as resistant to the effects of ionising radiation. However previous work has shown that PES is susceptible to radiation damage at high doses. Here we investigate in more detail the effects of dose on the dielectric properties of PES by measuring changes in both the low frequency dielectric spectrum and the thermally stimulated discharge current (TSDC) spectrum.
High-performance continuous-wave room temperature 4.0-μm quantum cascade lasers with single-facet optical emission exceeding 2 W (2010)

A strain-balanced, AlInAs/InGaAs/InP quantum cascade laser structure, designed for light emission at 4.0 μm using nonresonant extraction design approach, was grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Laser devices were processed in buried heterostructure geometry. An air-cooled laser system incorporating a 10-mm × 11.5-μm laser with antireflection-coated front facet and high-reflection-coated back facet delivered over 2 W of single-ended optical power in a collimated beam. Maximum continuous-wave room temperature wall plug efficiency of 5.0% was demonstrated for a high-reflection-coated 3.65-mm × 8.7-μm laser mounted on an aluminum nitride submount.
On-Chip ECC for Multi-Level Random Access Memories (2005)

In this talk we investigate a number of on-chip coding techniques for the protection of Random Access Memories which use multi-level as opposed to binary storage cells.The motivation for such RAM cells is of course the storage of several bits per cell as opposed to one bit per cell [l].Since the typical number of levels which a multi-level RAM can handle is 16 (the cell being based on a standard DRAM cell which has varying amounts of voltage stored on it) there are four bits recorded into each cell [2].The disadvantage of multi-level RAMs is that they are much more prone to errors, and so onchip ECC is essential for reliable operation.There are essentially three reasons for error control coding in multi-level RAMs: To correct soft errors, to correct hard errors, and to correct read errors.The source of these errors is, respectively, alpha particle radiation, hardware faults, and data level ambiguities.Onchip error correction can be used to increase the mean life before failure for all three types of errors.Coding schemes can be both bitwise and cellwise.Bitwise schemes include simple parity checks and SEC-DED codes, either by themselves or a s product codes [3].Data organization should allow for burst error correction.since alpha particles can wipe out all four bits in a single cell, and for dense memory chips, data in surrounding cells as well.This latter effect becomes more serious as feature sizes are scaled, and a single alpha particle hit affects many adjacent cells.Burst codes such as those in [4] can be used to correct for these errors.Bitwise coding schemes are more efficient
jsGraph and jsNMR—Advanced Scientific Charting (2014)

The jsGraph library is a versatile javascript library that allows advanced charting to be rendered interactively in web browsers without relying on server-side image processing. jsGraph is released under the MIT license and is free of charge. While being highly customizable through an intuitive javascript API, jsGraph is optimized to render a large quantity of data in a short amount of time. jsGraphs can display line, scatter, contour or zone series. Examples can be consulted on the project home page [1]. Customization of the chart, its axis and its series is achieved through simple but comprehensive JSON configurations.
[Biportal neuroendoscopy of the prepontine cisterns]. (2003)

The biportal endomicrosurgical strategy offered effective and safe dissections within the prepontine subarachnoid space.
Measurement of mammalian erythrocyte indices from light scattering with scaning flow cytometer (2003)

The technique of scanning flow cytometery (SFC) was adopted for measurement of erythrocyte indices: volume, hemoglobin concentration and surface area. The method has been verified on two types of mammalian red cells: human and murine. In order to access distribution of values, precision and stability of inverse algorithm of reconstitution of size and refractive index of microsphere from light scattering angular dependency (indicatrix) have been increased performing analysis of Fourier spectrum of indicatrix. Volume - hemoglobin concentration (V-HbC) map was obtained following well-known procedure of isovolumetric sphering, presented by Technicon Instruments. Additionally new method for measurement of paired distribution of erythrocyte surface area (S) and hemoglobin content (Hb) was implemented via registration of spherical stage in the course of colloid-osmotic hemolysis. Approach to characterization with SFC of native red cells in nonspherical stage is demonstrated.
Spectroscopic detection of ammonia using diode-pumped difference-frequency generation (2001)

Use of photons for in-situ measurements of various objects provides a number of benefits, such as precise real-time measurement with no effect on the measured objects. Our research aims to develop an in-situ measurement technology that uses the benefits of photons and is ideal for applications in production lines. We succeeded in developing a tunable laser beam source to obtain the spectral line width of 5 MHz and a continuous wavelength sweep bandwidth of 200 nm, thus achieving our initial target. We believe that these characteristics are sufficient for use in absorption spectroscopy measurement of gases. For a 2.5 - 2.7 micrometer- band quantum infrared photo detector, we achieved the initial target of D* equals 1 to 3 X 10<SUP>11</SUP> cmHz<SUP>1/2</SUP>/W (at room temperature). For a 3 - 10 micrometer-band quantum infrared photo detector, we performed a study on designing an InAsP/InP multi-quantum well light-absorbing layer.
Analytical and Experimental Investigations of Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer Using a Cubic Transmitter (2017)

In recent years, wireless power technology has been promoted for recharging systems for portable devices that are used in everyday life. The conventional technology used for this purpose, which is based on magnetically coupled resonators, has provided promising results but is limited in range and direction at the receiving terminal. In this paper, we propose an omnidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) system with a novel cubic transmitter to achieve relatively high efficiency. Specifically, a single power source is utilized to drive the current of the transmitter without phase and current control methodology. Energy delivery is transmitted to the receiver through magnetic resonant coupling in the medium-range WPT mode. In addition, an equivalent circuit model of a coupling two-coil system is derived and mathematically analyzed. The efficiency of the proposed omnidirectional WPT system depending on the various distances between the transmitter and the receiver, as well as the transmitter structure, is evaluated via analysis and implementation. Finally, practical experimental results from the resonant coupling system confirm the theoretical analysis of the cubic transmitter and the omnidirectional power transfer capability, which demonstrate approximately 60% power transfer efficiency.
A 3D isodose manipulation tool for interactive dose shaping (2014)

The interactive dose shaping (IDS) planning paradigm aims to perform interactive local dose adaptations of an IMRT plan without compromising already established valuable dose features in real-time. In this work we introduce an interactive 3D isodose manipulation tool which enables local modifications of a dose distribution intuitively by direct manipulation of an isodose surface. We developed an in-house IMRT TPS framework employing an IDS engine as well as a 3D GUI for dose manipulation and visualization. In our software an initial dose distribution can be interactively modified through an isodose surface manipulation tool by intuitively clicking on an isodose surface. To guide the user interaction, the position of the modification is indicated by a sphere while the mouse cursor hovers the isodose surface. The sphere's radius controls the locality of the modification. The tool induces a dose modification as a direct change of dose in one or more voxels, which is incrementally obtained by fluence adjustments. A subsequent recovery step identifies voxels with violated dose features and aims to recover their original dose. We showed a proof of concept study for the proposed tool by adapting the dose distribution of a prostate case (9 beams, coplanar). Single dose modifications take less than 2 seconds on an actual desktop PC.
The costs of bipolar disorder in the United Kingdom (2021)

BD is a disease of substantial costs in the United Kingdom with the majority of the economic burden falling outside the health care system in the form of productivity losses and informal care. These costs highly correlate with patient outcomes highlighting further needs for improved treatment efforts into functionality.
Word sense disambiguation methods (2010)

Word sense disambiguation is one of the key tasks of text processing. It consists in the determination of senses of words or compound terms in accordance with the context where they were used. The word sense disambiguation problem originated in the 1950s as a subtask of machine translation. Since then, the great number of methods of its solution has been developed; however, none of them may be viewed as a perfect one. The paper is a survey of most well-known studies in this field.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON POLYMETHOXYPHENOLEN DURCH BAEYER‐VILLIGER‐REAKTION (1971)

Abstract Durch Oxidation der Ketone bzw. Aldehyde (I) nach Baeyer‐Villiger mit Peressigsäure in wasserfreiem Medium werden die Ester (II) (55‐96% Ausbeute) erhalten, die durch Hydrolyse mit K‐äthylat in die Phenole (III) (69‐95%) übergeführt werden.
Titelbild: The Catalytic Mechanism of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Haemagglutinin‐Neuraminidase Revealed (Angew. Chem. 10/2015) (2015)

Der humane Parainfluenzavirus vom Typ 3 …︁ …︁ (hPIV-3) ist einer der wichtigsten Auslöser von Bronchitis und Lungenentzündung bei Kindern. In der Zuschrift auf S. 2979 ff. untersuchen M. von Itzstein, I. M. El-Deeb, P. Guillon, L. M. G. Chavas et al. den Katalysemechanismus der hPIV-3-Hämagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) und identifizieren diese als Glycohydrolase. Die hPIV-3-HN nutzt einen hochkonservierten Tyrosinrest, um das anomere Kohlenstoffatom ihres Substrats vorübergehend kovalent zu binden. Ein neuartiges Sialinsäurederivat erwies sich in Virusblockade-Assays als wirksam. Der humane Parainfluenzavirus vom Typ 3 …︁ …︁ (hPIV-3) ist einer der wichtigsten Auslöser von Bronchitis und Lungenentzündung bei Kindern. In der Zuschrift auf S. 2979 ff. untersuchen M. von Itzstein, I. M. El-Deeb, P. Guillon, L. M. G. Chavas et al. den Katalysemechanismus der hPIV-3-Hämagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) und identifizieren diese als Glycohydrolase. Die hPIV-3-HN nutzt einen hochkonservierten Tyrosinrest, um das anomere Kohlenstoffatom ihres Substrats vorübergehend kovalent zu binden. Ein neuartiges Sialinsäurederivat erwies sich in Virusblockade-Assays als wirksam. Nanopartikel K. M. Fromm, B. Giese et al. beschreiben in der Zuschrift auf S. 2954 ff., wie Abschirmungseffekte die Bildung von Ag-Nanopartikeln aus Ag+-Peptiden verhindern. Für Abhilfe sorgen Chloridionen, die zunächst AgCl-Mikrokristalle bilden.1 Mikrowellenspektroskopie In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 3034 ff. zeigen J. L. Alonso et al., dass intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken unter Beteiligung von Uracil und Ribose eine wichtige Rolle für die Stabilisierung des Nukleosids Uridin spielen.1 Blut-Hirn-Schranke In der Zuschrift auf S. 3066 ff. identifizieren W. Lu, C. Zhan et al. einen D-Peptidliganden des Nicotinacetylcholin-Rezeptors, der resistent gegen Proteolyse ist und bessere Eigenschaften für den Wirkstofftransport durch die Blut-Hirn-Schranke aufweist als der L-Peptidligand.1
The effects of donor-acceptor substitution symmetry on the nonlinear absorption of two-dimensionally-conjugated isomeric chromophores (2005)

Differential optical Kerr effect (DOKE) detection is a powerful tool for studying the ultrafast time-resolved dynamics of 3<sup>rd</sup>-order nonlinear processes. In this study, DOKE was used to measure the nonlinear absorption properties of tetraethynylphenylene (TEP) solutions in THF using 800 nm, 80 fs laser pulses. These two-dimensional, highly-conjugated chromophores (also known as TPEBs) show high instantaneous two-photon absorption (TPA) for relatively small chromophores. The TPA cross section is strongly dependent on the donor-acceptor geometry in these materials: a quadrupolar, all-donor TEP shows the smallest TPA, with a cross-section of &#963;<sup>(2)</sup>= 90 ± 15 GM. <i>ortho</i>-TEP, for which the donors (and acceptors) are conjugated via the <i>ortho</i> position across the central phenyl ring, is dipolar and displays the largest cross-section, of &#963;<sup>(2)</sup>= 260 ± 30 GM. <i>para</i>-TEP, which is quadrupolar, and <i>meta</i>-TEP, which is dipolar, display similar cross-sections of &#963;<sup>(2)</sup>= 160 ± 10 GM and &#963;<sup>(2)</sup>= 150 ± 10 GM, respectively. In addition to an instantaneous TPA response, these isomers show unique two-photon assisted excited-state absorption (ESA), with the <i>ortho</i>- and <i>meta</i>-TEP displaying a clear 3-10 ps rise to an ESA peak, and subsequent decay. The differences in the nonlinear absorption behaviour of these materials may be partially explained by selection rules and UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, the polar geometries, coupled to the various in-plane conjugation paths, may further influence their optical nonlinearities. Understanding these trends impacts both the design of materials with desirable nonlinear absorption properties and our understanding of the electronic landscape in functionalized organic materials.