gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ObliviStore: High Performance Oblivious Cloud Storage (2013)

We design and build ObliviStore, a high performance, distributed ORAM-based cloud data store secure in the malicious model. To the best of our knowledge, ObliviStore is the fastest ORAM implementation known to date, and is faster by 10X or more in comparison with the best known ORAM implementation. ObliviStore achieves high throughput by making I/O operations asynchronous. Asynchrony introduces security challenges, i.e., we must prevent information leakage not only through access patterns, but also through timing of I/O events. We propose various practical optimizations which are key to achieving high performance, as well as techniques for a data center to dynamically scale up a distributed ORAM. We show that with 11 trusted machines (each with a modern CPU), and 20 Solid State Drives, ObliviStore achieves a throughput of 31.5MB/s with a block size of 4KB.
Supplementary Figure Legends from CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell Immunity in the Peripheral Blood Correlates with Response to Anti-PD-1 Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure Legends&lt;/p&gt;
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of pentafluorosulfur and tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)sulfur halides (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophilic substitution reactions of pentafluorosulfur and tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)sulfur halidesTomoya Kitazume and Jean'ne M. ShreeveCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 11, 3690–3695Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00453a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00453a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views282Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On a New Kind of Rays (1896)

1. A discharge from a large induction coil is passed through a Hittor's vacuum tube, or through a well-exhausted Crookes' or Lenard's tube. The tube is surrounded by a fairly close-fitting shield of black paper; it is then possible to see, in a completely darkened room, that paper covered on one side with barium platinocyanide lights up with brilliant fluorescence when brought into the neighborhood of the tube, whether the painted side or the other be turned towards the tube. The fluorescence is still visible at two metres distance. It is easy to show that the origin of the fluorescence lies within the vacuum tube. 2. It is seen, therefore, that some agent is capable of penetrating black cardboard which is quite opaque to ultra-violet light, sunlight or arc-light. It is therefore of interest to investigate how far other bodies can be penetrated by the same agent. It is readily shown that all bodies possess this same transparency, but in very varying degrees. For example, paper is very transparent; the flu...
Performance Evaluation of 5G in VHF Band for Super-large Coverage Communication Systems (2022)

In the 6th-generation mobile communication (6G) system, massive simultaneous connections are required, including all “things” such as sensors, meters, and monitors, in addition to ordinary users. To realize this large number of simultaneous connections, it is necessary to provide stable communication over a wide area. In this study, we propose the utilization of the VHF band (200 MHz) for 5G new radio (NR), which is even lower than the frequency of 450-6000 MHz, defined as the frequency range 1 (FR1) in 3GPP. Since the VHF band has a longer wavelength than the microwave band in which the 5G-NR currently operates, the transmission distance of the signal from the base station increases. However, delay waves of over 20 μs were received in rural areas. These waves cause an inter-symbol interference and deteriorate the transmission performance. Therefore, the parameters of the 5G-NR may be adapted to the radio wave propagation environment in the VHF band. Since 5G-NR uses a strong error-correcting code such as low-density parity-check (LDPC) code and the frame structure can correspond to various radio wave propagation path characteristics, we may not need to change any parameters. Herein, the transmission performance of 5G-NR in the VHF band is evaluated via computer simulations, and it is shown that the required block error rate (BLER) can be achieved even when QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM are utilized without changing the parameters of 5G-NR and that the transmission range can be achieved to 20 km.
A non-fullerene electron acceptor based on fluorene and diketopyrrolopyrrole building blocks for solution-processable organic solar cells with an impressive open-circuit voltage (2014)

A novel solution-processable non-fullerene electron acceptor 6,6'-(5,5'-(9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)bis(thiophene-5,2-diyl))bis(2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione) (DPP1) based on fluorene and diketopyrrolopyrrole conjugated moieties was designed, synthesized and fully characterized. DPP1 exhibited excellent solubility and high thermal stability which are essential for easy processing. Upon using DPP1 as an acceptor with the classical electron donor poly(3-hexylthiophene), solution processable bulk-heterojunction solar cells afforded a power conversion efficiency of 1.2% with a high open-circuit voltage (1.1 V). As per our knowledge, this value of open circuit voltage is one of the highest values reported so far for a bulk-heterojunction device using DPP1 as a non-fullerene acceptor.
Real‐time geometric distortion correction for interventional imaging with echo‐planar imaging (EPI) (2009)

Many MR-guided interventional procedures rely on fast imaging sequences for providing images in real-time with a precise relation between the target position in the image and its true position. Echo-planar imaging (EPI) methods are very fast but prone to geometric distortions. Here, we propose a correction method designed for real-time conditions, adapting existing approaches based on dual EPI acquisition with varying echo times. The method is demonstrated with MR-thermometry for guiding thermal therapies. The proposed approach imposes a small penalty in acquisition speed but adds negligible latency to data processing, an important element for interventions of mobile organs.
Small moduli replications in the MRRNS (2002)

The authors describe mapping, scaling, and conversion processes using a new mapping strategy for the modulus replication residue number system (MRRNS). The strategy allows direct mapping of bits of either a purely real or multiplexed bit coded complex number to a set of independent rings, defined by moduli 3, 5, and 7. The MRRNS technique is superior to a large QRNS system operating with a computational dynamic range of over 27 b. A classical radix-4 implementation of a 1024 FFT is used for the comparison. The scaling and conversion procedure is shown to be a set of finite ring calculations followed by an array of ordinary binary adders. The VLSI implementation of the most complex finite ring circuit required (a Mod 7 multiplier) is shown to be easily implemented using the switching tree approach, and mask extracted simulations at 50 MHz demonstrate the embedding of the switching trees in a dynamic pipeline/evaluate circuit with restoring latch.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Reduced PDK4 Expression Associates with Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Postobese Patients (2003)

Our results support the concept that a reduced tissue availability of fatty acids consequent to a massive lipid malabsorption influences glucose metabolism acting through the regulation of PDH complex. In fact, as shown in animals, a higher level of FFA availability is likely to induce overexpression of PDK4 also in humans.
An AlN/Al0.85Ga0.15N High Electron Mobility Transistor with A Regrown Ohmic Contact. (2017)

Abstract not provided.
Brownian Motion (1989)

Optical microscopic observations of small particles dispersed in water reveal a constant state of random motion. The discovery of this phenomenon is now attributed to Robert Brown, a botanist, although other publications predate his descriptions of 1828 and 1829. While Brown correctly attributed the motion to the molecular nature of matter, controversy persisted until the experiments of Gouy in 1888 ruled out extraneous causes such as mechanical vibrations, convection currents, and illumination and focused attention on molecular agitation. As Perrin (1910) concluded, the particles seem to move independently with no effect of density or composition, although the amplitude of the motion is greater for smaller particles, with less viscous fluids, and at higher temperatures. The displacements are significant; for example, 0.2-μm spheres in water wander 10 μm from their starting point in a bit over 30 seconds. Gouy and Perrin both attributed the motion of the particle to incessant impacts of fluid molecules which impart kinetic energy equal to 3/2 kT, partitioned equally among the three translational degrees of freedom. The irregularity of the translational motion and the rapid damping of the random fluctuations by the viscous fluid, however, confounded early attempts to measure this kinetic energy by calculating the instantaneous velocity from the observed trajectory. This failure to verify directly the origin of Brownian motion led to theoretical treatments appropriate for the longer diffusion time scale.
Plasmon switching: Observation of dynamic surface plasmon steering by selective mode excitation in a sub-wavelength slit (2012)

We report a plasmon steering method that enables us to dynamically control the direction of surface plasmons generated by a two-mode slit in a thin metal film. By varying the phase between different coherent beams that are incident on the slit, individual waveguide modes are excited. Different linear combinations of the two modes lead to different diffracted fields at the exit of the slit. As a result, the direction in which surface plasmons are launched can be controlled. Experiments confirm that it is possible to distribute an approximately constant surface plasmon intensity in any desired proportion over the two launching directions. We also find that the anti-symmetric mode generates surface plasmons more efficiently than the fundamental symmetric mode.
Transcriptional profiling identifies extensive downregulation of extracellular matrix gene expression in sarcopenic rat soleus muscle (2003)

The direction of change in skeletal muscle mass differs between young and old individuals, growing in young animals and atrophying in old animals. The purpose of the experiment was to develop a statistically conservative list of genes whose expression differed significantly between young growing and old atrophying (sarcopenic) skeletal muscles, which may be contributing to physical frailty. Gene expression levels of >24,000 transcripts were determined in soleus muscle samples from young (3-4 mo) and old (30-31 mo) rats. Age-related differences were determined using a Student's t-test (alpha of 0.05) with a Bonferroni adjustment, which yielded 682 probe sets that differed significantly between young (n = 25) and old (n = 20) animals. Of 347 total decreases in aged/sarcopenic muscle relative to young muscles, 199 were functionally identified; the major theme being that 24% had a biological role in the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. Three themes were observed from 213 of the 335 total increases in sarcopenic muscles whose functions were documented in databases: 1) 14% are involved in immune response; 2) 9% play a role in proteolysis, ubiquitin-dependent degradation, and proteasome components; and 3) 7% act in stress/antioxidant responses. A total of 270 differentially expressed genes and ESTs had unknown/unclear functions. By decreasing the sample sizes of young and old animals from 25 x 20 to 15 x 15, 10 x 10, and 5 x 5 observations, we observed 682, 331, 73, and 3 statistically different mRNAs, respectively. Use of large sample size and a Bonferroni multiple testing adjustment in combination yielded increased statistical power, while protecting against false positives. Finally, multiple mRNAs that differ between young growing and old, sarcopenic muscles were identified and may highlight new candidate mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle mass during sarcopenia.
A Trust-Based Hierarchical Consensus Mechanism for Consortium Blockchain in Smart Grid (2022)

As the smart grid develops rapidly, abundant connected devices offer various trading data. This raises higher requirements for secure and effective data storage. Traditional centralized data management does not meet the above requirements. Currently, smart grid with conventional consortium blockchain can solve the above issues. However, in the face of a large number of nodes, existing consensus algorithms often perform poorly in terms of efficiency and throughput. In this paper, we propose a trust-based hierarchical consensus mechanism (THCM) to solve this problem. Firstly, we design a hierarchical mechanism to improve the efficiency and throughput. Then, intra-layer nodes use an improved Raft consensus algorithm and inter-layer nodes use the Byzantine Fault Tolerance algorithm. Thirdly, we propose a trust evaluation method to improve the election process of Raft. Finally, we implement a prototype system to evaluate the performance of THCM. The results demonstrate that the consensus efficiency is improved by 19.8%, the throughput is improved by 12.34%, and the storage is reduced by 37.9%.
CAPRRESI: Chimera Assembly by Plasmid Recovery and Restriction Enzyme Site Insertion (2017)

Here, we present chimera assembly by plasmid recovery and restriction enzyme site insertion (CAPRRESI). CAPRRESI benefits from many strengths of the original plasmid recovery method and introduces restriction enzyme digestion to ease DNA ligation reactions (required for chimera assembly). For this protocol, users clone wildtype genes into the same plasmid (pUC18 or pUC19). After the in silico selection of amino acid sequence regions where chimeras should be assembled, users obtain all the synonym DNA sequences that encode them. Ad hoc Perl scripts enable users to determine all synonym DNA sequences. After this step, another Perl script searches for restriction enzyme sites on all synonym DNA sequences. This in silico analysis is also performed using the ampicillin resistance gene (ampR) found on pUC18/19 plasmids. Users design oligonucleotides inside synonym regions to disrupt wildtype and ampR genes by PCR. After obtaining and purifying complementary DNA fragments, restriction enzyme digestion is accomplished. Chimera assembly is achieved by ligating appropriate complementary DNA fragments. pUC18/19 vectors are selected for CAPRRESI because they offer technical advantages, such as small size (2,686 base pairs), high copy number, advantageous sequencing reaction features, and commercial availability. The usage of restriction enzymes for chimera assembly eliminates the need for DNA polymerases yielding blunt-ended products. CAPRRESI is a fast and low-cost method for fusing protein-coding genes.
Abnormal mitochondrial function impairs calcium influx in diabetic mouse pancreatic beta cells. (2012)

Defective mitochondrial function in diabetic mice pancreatic beta cells is a key cause of abnormal insulin secretion by altering Ca(2+) influx, but not via Ca(2+) channel activity.
A study on speculative task scheduling for apache spark in fog computing realms (2019)

Speculative task scheduling is a technique used by most of today's distributed data processing systems to cope with slow running tasks that delay subsequent computations and hamper the overall performance of analytics jobs. Fog computing is now becoming a prominent service paradigm to foster applications with low-latency analytics requirements by moving the analysis closer to the data sources. However, task scheduling in fog realms is not without challenges, as resource heterogeneity and highly volatile network connections have the potential to delay instead of improving the completion time of analytics jobs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study showcasing the various obstacles that are presented in speculative task scheduling for analytics jobs deployed in fog realms and derive critical insights that must be taken into account when introducing new task scheduling algorithms.
Corticobasal ganglia projecting neurons are required for juvenile vocal learning but not for adult vocal plasticity in songbirds (2019)

Birdsong, like human speech, consists of a sequence of temporally precise movements acquired through vocal learning. The learning of such sequential vocalizations depends on the neural function of the motor cortex and basal ganglia. However, it is unknown how the connections between cortical and basal ganglia components contribute to vocal motor skill learning, as mammalian motor cortices serve multiple types of motor action and most experimentally tractable animals do not exhibit vocal learning. Here, we leveraged the zebra finch, a songbird, as an animal model to explore the function of the connectivity between cortex-like (HVC) and basal ganglia (area X), connected by HVC<sub>(X)</sub> projection neurons with temporally precise firing during singing. By specifically ablating HVC<sub>(X)</sub> neurons, juvenile zebra finches failed to copy tutored syllable acoustics and developed temporally unstable songs with less sequence consistency. In contrast, HVC<sub>(X)</sub>-ablated adults did not alter their learned song structure, but generated acoustic fluctuations and responded to auditory feedback disruption by the introduction of song deterioration, as did normal adults. These results indicate that the corticobasal ganglia input is important for learning the acoustic and temporal aspects of song structure, but not for generating vocal fluctuations that contribute to the maintenance of an already learned vocal pattern.
Low-stress and high-reflectance Mo/Si multilayers for EUVL by magnetron sputtering deposition with bias assistance (2018)

To explore the potential of achieving low-stress and high-reflectance Mo/Si multilayers deposited by conventional magnetron sputtering with bias assistance, we investigated the effects of varying Ar gas pressure, substrate bias voltage and bias-assisted Si ratio on the stress and EUV reflectance of Mo/Si multilayers. To reduce the damage of ion bombardments on Si-on-Mo interface, only final part of Si layer was deposited with bias assistance. Bias voltage has strong influence on the stress. The compressive stress of Mo/Si multilayers can be reduced remarkably by increasing bias voltage due to the increase of Mo-on-Si interdiffusion and postponement of Mo crystallization transition. Properly choosing gas pressure and bias-assisted Si ratio is critical to obtain high EUV reflectance. Appropriately decreasing gas pressure can reduce the interface roughness without increasing interdiffusion. Too much bias assistance can seriously reduce the optical contrast between Mo and Si layers and lead to a remarkable decrease of EUV reflectance. Thus, by appropriately choosing gas pressure, bias voltage and bias-assisted Si ratio, the stress values of Mo/Si multilayers can be reduced to the order of -100 MPa with an EUV reflectance loss of about 1%.
Defocus Blur-Invariant Scale-Space Feature Extractions (2016)

We propose modifications to scale-space feature extraction techniques scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and speeded up robust features (SURFs) that make the feature detection and description invariant to defocus blur. Specifically, the scale-space blob detection relies on the second derivative responses of images. Our analysis of circular defocus blur (which sufficiently approximates a real camera blur kernel) and its effect on scale-space blob detection suggests that fourth derivative-and not the usual second derivative-is optimal for detecting the blurred blobs, while multi-scale descriptors of blurred blobs are effective at establishing correspondences between the blurred images. The proposed defocus blur-invariant (DBI) scale-space feature extraction techniques-which we refer to as DBI-SIFT and DBI-SURF-do not require image deblurring nor blur kernel estimation, meaning that their accuracy does not depend on the quality of image deblurring. We offer empirical evidence of blur invariance by establishing interest point correspondences between sharp or blurred reference images and blurred target images.
Correcting for Heat Capacity and 5′-TA Type Terminal Nearest Neighbors Improves Prediction of DNA Melting Temperatures Using Nearest-Neighbor Thermodynamic Models (2011)

Nearest-neighbor thermodynamic (NNT) models currently provide some of the most accurate predictions of melting thermodynamics, including melting temperature (T(m)) values, for short DNA duplexes. Inherent to all existing NNT models is the assumption that ΔH° and ΔS° for the helix-to-coil transition are temperature invariant. Here we investigate the impact that this zero-ΔC(p) assumption has on the accuracy of T(m) predictions for 128 DNA duplexes. Previous and new melting thermodynamic data are analyzed to establish an estimate of ΔC(p)(bp), the heat capacity change per base pair, of 42 ± 16 cal mol(-1) K(-1) bp(-1), as well as an optimal thermodynamic reference temperature (T(ref)) of 53 ± 5 °C. These results were used to modify the unified NNT model to properly account for the temperature dependence of ΔH° and ΔS° and thereby extend the range over which T(m) is accurately predicted. This new approach is shown to be especially useful for duplexes that melt at a T(m) greater than 70 °C. Thermodynamic data collected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for 16 duplexes designed to melt over a broad temperature range were used to verify the values of ΔC(p)(bp) and T(ref) and to show that ΔC(p)(bp) is essentially constant above 37 °C. Additional DSC analysis of 12 duplex sequences containing all 10 nearest neighbors allowed for errors associated with different terminal nearest neighbors to be examined and showed that duplexes containing one or more terminal 5'-TA groups are significantly more stable than predicted by the unified NNT model. A correction to improve prediction of the hybridization thermodynamics of duplexes with terminal 5'-TA groups is provided.