gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Die Lage der Pneumologie in Deutschland: Status quo und Blick in die Zukunft * The Position of Respiratory Medicine in Germany: Status Quo and Future Outlook (2010)

In diesem Jahr feiert die Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP) ihren 100. Geburtstag. Zeit also fur eine Zwischenbilanz und einen Ausblick auf die Herausforderungen der kommenden Jahre. Von Niels Bohr – Nobelpreistrager fur Physik im Jahre 1912 – stammt der viel zitierte Satz „Voraussagen sind schwierig, besonders wenn sie die Zukunft betreffen“. Die Autoren des nachfolgenden Beitrags sind sich dieser Problematik durchaus bewusst, wollen aber trotzdem vom Status quo ausgehend einen mutigen Blick in die Zukunft der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP) wagen.
Pyrene-Functionalized 2 ′-Amino-α-L-LNA as Potential Diagnostic Probes (2007)

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ONs) containing two incorporations of 2'-N-(pyren-1-yl)acetyl-2'-amino-alpha-L-LNA monomer Y are sensitive probes for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in DNA. In addition, the ability of ONs containing pyrene-functionalized 2'-amino-alpha-L-LNA monomers (W-Z) to stabilize duplexes with an abasic site is demonstrated.
Nondestructive Chemical Sensing within Bulk Soil Using 1000 Biosensors Per Gram of Matrix (2022)

Gene expression can be monitored in hard-to-image environmental materials using gas-reporting biosensors, but these outputs have only been applied in autoclaved matrices that are hydrated with rich medium. To better understand the compatibility of indicator gas reporting with environmental samples, we evaluated how matrix hydration affects the gas signal of an engineered microbe added to a sieved soil. A gas-reporting microbe presented a gas signal in a forest soil (Alfisol) when hydrated to an environmentally relevant osmotic pressure. When the gas signal was concentrated prior to analysis, a biosensor titer of 10<sup>3</sup> cells/gram of soil produced a significant signal when soil was supplemented with halides. A signal was also observed without halide amendment, but a higher cell titer (10<sup>6</sup> cells/gram of soil) was required. A sugar-regulated gas biosensor was able to report with a similar level of sensitivity when added to an unsterilized soil matrix, illustrating how gas concentration enables biosensing within a soil containing environmental microbes. These results establish conditions where engineered microbes can report on gene expression in living environmental matrices with decreased perturbation of the soil environment compared to previously reported approaches, using biosensor titers that are orders of magnitude lower than the number of cells typically observed in a gram of soil.
Human-Reliability Analysis of Cooperative Redundancy to Support Diagnosis (2004)

This paper presents a human reliability analysis method of cooperative redundancy in support of diagnosis. We use a particular redundancy on which a diagnosis function is realized jointly by interacting human and automated controllers. The proposed cooperative redundancy supports a retrospective and experiential failure location function. It integrates an automated controller, based on several points of view: on a list of possible system failures, on a model of coherence between points of view, and on different operations such as focusing on or excluding components or cancellation of a previous operation. A particular dialogue interface is specified for an industrial case to join the human and automated controllers' reasoning, in order to optimize their mutual understanding when making inferences on failures. Such a cooperative redundancy is analyzed with a discrete human reliability approach in order to evaluate its efficiency. This new approach is a conditional, multi-objective probabilistic method which takes into account two types of constraints: constraints based on human behavior, e.g., the time consuming human reasoning, and constraints regarding the system being diagnosed, e.g., the quality of the diagnosis. It is based on different modes of reasoning: the normal mode, the degraded mode, the failed mode, and the success mode. Both normal and degraded modes concern the human behavior dependent constraints. The outputs of both modes are either the success mode if system dependent constraints are satisfied, or the failed mode if not. The cooperative redundancy for diagnosis support is applied to the phone network troubleshooting, and experimental results are analyzed by using the defined analysis method. Conclusions have shown the feasibility of applying cooperative redundancy to diagnosis support. However, even if this cooperative redundancy improves the quality of the diagnosis, future researchers have to improve this redundancy in order to reduce the average delay to make a diagnosis.
Measurement of Inherent Deformations in Typical Weld Joints Using Inverse Analysis (Part2) Prediction of Welding Distortion of Large Structure (2005)

During welding, deformation is produced as an unavoidable consequence. The inherent deformation method, in which the inherent deformation is introduced into the elastic FEM as the initial strain is one of the effective methods to predict the welding distortion of large structures. However, the values of the inherent deformations for all weld joints included in the structure must be known before hand. Generally, the inherent deformations are influenced by various factors such as materials, welding method, welding condition, joint geometry, thickness of plate and weld length. Thus, It is meaningful to develop a simple method to obtain the inherent deformation. In this report, a simple and efficient method to estimate inherent deformation of typical weld joints is proposed. Further, using the estimated inherent deformation, the welding deformation of joint specimens and large plate structures are predicted.
CORR Insights® (2018)

A Publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons® | CORR® Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research is a leading peer-reviewed orthopaedic journal and a publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. Learn more!
Biodegradable nitric oxide precursor-loaded micro- and nanoparticles for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms (2017)

Bacteria in biofilms are more difficult to eradicate than planktonic bacteria and result in treatment challenges for many chronic infectious diseases. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous molecule that offers potential as an alternative to conventional antibiotics; however its sustained topical delivery to biofilms is not readily achieved. With this in mind, we report the development of biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based microparticles (MP) and nanoparticles (NP) for encapsulation of the NO precursor isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) and the controlled delivery to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms. Firstly, water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsification/solvent evaporation methods for PLGA NP and MP syntheses were experimentally optimised with respect to particle size and ISMN loading/encapsulation efficiency. The influence of various experiment parameters, such as the volume of inner aqueous phase, concentration of surfactants, mixing time on the particle size, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were investigated systematically. Both PLGA MP and NP formulations enabled sustained ISMN release in physiological media over 3 to 5 days. PLGA MP with diameters of ∼3 μm and ISMN loading of 2.2% (w/w) were identified as the optimum delivery system and demonstrated significant antibacterial activity in S. aureus biofilms. This behaviour is considered to be due to targeted biofilm delivery through a combination of effective penetration and sustained release of ISMN.
Measures of Visual Function and Their Association with Driving Modification in Older Adults (2006)

Older drivers with worse visual function were more likely to modify their driving by reducing mileage and avoiding high-risk driving situations. Furthermore, these modifications to driving differed depending on what type of visual function was affected.
Current and emerging treatment of multiple sclerosis. (2016)

The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) falls into 3 categories: treatment of exacerbations, slowing disease progression with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), and symptomatic therapies. The management of MS is becoming increasingly complex with the development of additional DMTs that, like the older DMTs, reduce the frequency and severity of relapses, and the accumulation of lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Initiating treatment to slow or reverse inflammatory lesion formation early in the course of the disease is advocated as a way to prevent accumulation of disability. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comparative efficacy data and few clinical guidelines to aid healthcare providers in the optimal selection of DMTs. Given that some of the newer agents are associated with potentially serious, but rare, adverse events, careful consideration of the risk-benefit profile is necessary to minimize the risk to patients. This article provides an overview of the existing treatments for MS with an emphasis on DMTs and emerging therapies.
Functional characterization of the first filamentous fungal tRNA‐isopentenyltransferase and its role in the virulence of Claviceps purpurea (2016)

In plants, cytokinins (CKs) are synthesized de novo or by the degradation of modified tRNAs. Recently, the first fungal de novo pathway was identified within the plant pathogen Claviceps purpurea. As the deletion of the de novo pathway did not lead to a complete loss of CKs, this work focuses on the tRNA-modifying protein tRNA-isopentenyltransferase (CptRNA-IPT). The contribution of this enzyme to the CK pool of Claviceps and the role of CKs in the host-pathogen interaction are emphasized. The effects of the deletion of cptRNA-ipt and the double deletion of cptRNA-ipt and the key gene of de novo biosynthesis cpipt-log on growth, CK biosynthesis and virulence were analyzed. In addition, the sites of action of CptRNA-IPT were visualized using reporter gene fusions. In addition to CK-independent functions, CptRNA-IPT was essential for the biosynthesis of cis-zeatin (cZ) and contributed to the formation of isopentenyladenine (iP) and trans-zeatin (tZ). Although ΔcptRNA-ipt was reduced in virulence, the 'CK-free' double deletion mutant was nearly apathogenic. The results prove a redundancy of the CK biosynthesis pathway in C. purpurea for iP and tZ formation. Moreover, we show, for the first time, that CKs are required for the successful establishment of a host-fungus interaction.
FGF Signaling Mediates Regeneration of the Differentiating Cerebellum through Repatterning of the Anterior Hindbrain and Reinitiation of Neuronal Migration (2006)

To address the regenerative capability of the differentiating hindbrain, we ablated the cerebellum in wild-type and transgenic zebrafish embryos. These larvae showed no obvious locomotive malfunction several days after the ablation. Expression analysis and in vivo time-lapse recording in GFP (green fluorescent protein)-transgenic embryos indicate that cerebellar neuronal cells can regenerate from the remaining anterior hindbrain. The onset of regeneration is accompanied by repatterning within the anterior hindbrain. Inhibition of FGF signaling immediately after cerebellar ablation results in the lack of regenerating cerebellar neuronal cells and the absence of cerebellar structures several days later. Moreover, impaired FGF signaling inhibits the repatterning of the anterior hindbrain and the reexpression of rhombic lip marker genes soon after cerebellar ablation. This demonstrates that the hindbrain is highly plastic in recapitulating early embryonic differentiation mechanisms during regeneration. Moreover, the regenerating system offers a means to uncouple cerebellar differentiation from complex morphogenetic tissue rearrangements.
Gamma Prime Morphology and Creep Properties of Nickel Base Superalloys with Platinum Group Metal Additions (2008)

The microstructure and creep properties of platinum group metal (PGM) modified nickel based superalloys have been investigated. Alloys containing Pt and/or Ir along with variations in Cr, Ta, Re, Ru, and W exhibited relatively high solidus and liquidus temperatures. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed a strong dependence of the solvus on the level of Ta. The morphology of the precipitates was influenced by the presence of Cr, Ta, Ru, and W and ranged from cuboidal to semi-spherical. Compression creep tests were conducted at 1000C at stresses ranging from 40-90 MPa. Alloys containing approximately 8 wt% Pt combined with Cr and Ta displayed the best resistance to creep deformation at stresses around 80 MPa. Post-creep analysis of the rafted structures indicated that all PGM modified alloys without Ru and W possessed positive misfit with magnitudes ranging from 0.3 to 1.5%. The partitioning of PGMs between the and phases and their resultant influence on creep performance is discussed.
Structure and Photoluminescence Properties of Ca9Al(PO4)7: Ce3+, Mn2+Phosphors (2012)

A series of single-phased color-tunable phosphors Ca9Al(PO4)(7): xCe(3+), yMn(2)+ (0 &lt;= x &lt;= 0.03, 0 &lt;= y &lt;= 0.07) (CAP: xCe3+, yMn2+) were synthesized by solid state reaction. The obtained phosphors exhibit a broad excitation band ranging from 250 to 350 nm and two emission bands centered at about 350 and 645 nm upon 315 nm excitation. Energy transfer mechanism from Ce3+ to Mn2+ in CAP was studied by luminescence spectra, energy-transfer efficiency and lifetimes. Through effective energy transfer, a color-tunable emission varied from purplish red through orange and finally to red can be realized by adjusting the ratio of Ce3+ to Mn2(+). Our results indicate the novel CAP: Ce3+, Mn2+ can serve as a good candidate for red emitting phosphor. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
The Frequency Offset Effects of NQR of Spin I = 1 for Remote Detection (2002)

The frequency offset effects of the signal interference during steady-state pulse sequences for remote nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) of 14 N nuclei were investigated for the purposes of optimization in remote NQR. The experimental investigations with the separation of interfering NQR signals in sequences for observing signals {α 0° |β 90° −τ−α 180° |β 90° −τ} and {α 0° |β 90° −τ−α 0° |β 270° −τ} were carried out. The applications of the spherical tensor method for pure NQR of spin I = 1 for the investigation of these sequences and one pulse sequence, two pulse sequences are presented, too.
EFFECT OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON SPORES OF GEOBACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS SUSPENDED IN SOYMILK (2007)

The inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores (ATCC 7953) inoculated in soymilk was investigated using high hydrostatic pressure (550, 585 and 620 MPa) in combination with temperature (70, 80 and 90C) for selected times (2 s to 15 min). Inactivation of spores occurred at all selected treatments. Less than 10 CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus were observed after 7 min of treatment at 620 MPa and 90C. An increase in the inactivation rate constant, at the highest pressure, was observed, resulting in a decrease in D values at all temperatures. D values were calculated as 10.6, 6.2 and 3.5 min for 70, 80 and 90C, respectively after pressurization at 620 MPa. zp values decreased as temperature increased with values ranging from 142 to 238 MPa. The activation energy required for inactivation of G. stearothermophilus spores in soymilk, at the selected treatments, was in the range of 37.9–57.4 kJ/mol.
Large‐Scale Purification and Characterization of Barley Limit Dextrinase, a Member of the α‐Amylase Structural Family (1998)

ABSTRACT Homogeneous barley limit dextrinase (LD) was isolated on a large scale in a yield of 9 mg/kg of 10‐day germinated green malt. This represents a 9,400‐fold purification and 29% recovery of the activity in a flour extract in 0.2 M NaOAc (pH 5.0) containing 5 m M ascorbic acid. The purification protocol consists of precipitation from the extract at 20–70% saturated ammonium sulfate (AMS), followed by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) 650S Fractogel anion‐exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography on β‐cyclodextrin‐Sepharose in the presence of 2 M AMS. LD was eluted by 7 m M β‐cyclodextrin and contains a single polypeptide chain of 105 kDa (SDS‐PAGE) and pI 4.3. Sequence analysis of tryptic fragments, prepared from 2‐vinylpyridinylated LD and purified by RP‐HPLC, identified short motifs recognized in β‐strand 2, 3, and 5 characteristic of a catalytic (β/α) 8 ‐barrel domain of the α‐amylase family of amylolytic enzymes. Barley LD has ≈50 and 85% sequence identity to bacterial pullulanases and rice starch debranching enzyme, respectively. By using 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy, LD hydrolyzes specifically α‐1,6‐glucosidic linkages in pullulan and a branched oligodextrin, 6 2 ‐ O ‐α‐maltotriosyl‐maltotriose, with retention of the α‐anomeric configuration. β‐Cyclodextrin competitively inhibits the LD activity with K i of 40 μ M , while K i is 1.9 m M and 2.4 m M for α‐cyclodextrin and γ‐cyclodextrin, respectively.
Parâmetros relacionados ao conforto de passageiros: uma pesquisa das práticas adotadas por fabricantes de poltronas (2012)

O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos é um processo interdisciplinar que engloba o estudo das pessoas, dos processos e do contexto. A inserção da ergonomia ao projeto de produtos tem ganhado importância nos últimos anos. No transporte de passageiros, esse assunto é importante e o conforto sentado possui relevância considerável na percepção dos usuários. Neste estudo, buscou-se levantar as práticas de inserção de ergonomia e conforto ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, adotadas por fabricantes de poltronas. O referencial teórico utilizado foi o modelo de desenvolvimento de produtos proposto por Pugh (1983), Pugh e Morley (1986) apud Pugh (1996). Partindo da literatura existente e de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em cinco fabricantes de poltronas, identificou-se que a ergonomia e o conforto têm sido considerados como parâmetros no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos destas empresas. No entanto, não se observou a consolidação da análise da atividade de usuários enquanto metodologia universalmente consolidada.
Wing-pitch modulation in maneuvering fruit flies is explained by an interplay between aerodynamics and a torsional spring (2015)

While the wing kinematics of many flapping insects have been well characterized, understanding the underlying sensory, neural, and physiological mechanisms that determine these kinematics is still a challenge. Two main difficulties in understanding the physiological mechanisms arise from the complexity of the interaction between a flapping wing and its own unsteady flow, as well as the intricate mechanics of the insect wing hinge, which is among the most complicated joints in the animal kingdom. These difficulties call for the application of reduced-order approaches. Here this strategy is used to model the torques exerted by the wing hinge along the wing-pitch axis of maneuvering fruit flies as a damped torsional spring with elastic and damping coefficients as well as a rest angle. Furthermore, we model the air flows using simplified quasistatic aerodynamics. Our findings suggest that flies take advantage of the passive coupling between aerodynamics and the damped torsional spring to indirectly control their wing-pitch kinematics by modulating the spring parameters. The damped torsional-spring model explains the changes measured in wing-pitch kinematics during roll correction maneuvers through modulation of the spring damping and elastic coefficients. These results, in conjunction with the previous literature, indicate that flies can accurately control their wing-pitch kinematics on a sub-wing-beat time scale by modulating all three effective spring parameters on longer time scales.
Classification of email using BeaKS: Behavior and keyword stemming (2011)

Spam mails are one of the greatest challenges faced by internet service providers, organizations and internet users in unison. Spam mails may be targeted, with a malicious intent or just as a commercial marketing activity - on the whole unwanted by everyone except the dispatcher. Spam filters continuously evolve as spammers go techno-savvy and creative. Machine learning algorithms have been popularly used for classifying and predicting mails as spam or ham (the good emails). This work presents a spam filter, BeaKS, with a focused preprocessing phase that weaves both the content of the email and two behavioral characteristics extracted from the email, to predict the category a mail belongs to: spam or ham. The accuracy of the proposed prediction model using Random Forests as the classifier is shown to be superior over other recent techniques. This approach is simple, easy to implement and reliable.
Perylene salts of unsymmetrical nickel and gold dithiolene complexes with 3 ? 2 stoichiometry: conformational polymorphism and strong antiferromagnetic interactions (2006)

The square-planar AuIII complex of the unsymmetrical tfadt dithiolate ligand (tfadt: 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylonitrile-1,2-dithiolate) is found to exhibit conformational polymorphism in its n-Bu4N+ salt, as both cis and trans isomers were found to crystallize separately in the same crystallization batch. Electrocrystallization of perylene in the presence of the diamagnetic [n-Bu4N][Au(tfadt)2] or the paramagnetic (S = 1/2) [n-Bu4N][Ni(tfadt)2] nickel analog affords isostructural salts with an unusual 3 ∶ 2 stoichiometry, that is [Per]3[M(tfadt)2]2 (M = Au, Ni), with an alternation of dicationic [Per]32+ perylene triads and dianionic [M(tfadt)2]22− dithiolene complex dyads within one-dimensional chains. These salts are characterized by strong antiferromagnetic interactions within perylene triads and [Ni(tfadt)2]22− dyads and an essentially diamagnetic behaviour.
Atomic layer deposition of zirconium oxide on copper patterned silicon substrate (2014)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was performed on copper patterned silicon substrates using zirconium precursor and ethanol as both an oxygen source and reducing agent. Ethanol targeted copper oxide formed on the copper surface, reverting it back to metallic copper. Selective ALD (SALD) of metal oxides on silicon surfaces over copper surfaces has been demonstrated up to 2-3 nm, though the process seems to lose its selectivity afterwards. We strive to maintain selectivity to thicker films by stepping away from conventional ALD processes utilizing oxidants. From previous studies with HfO2 and TiO2 SALD, we speculate that the oxidation of copper to copper oxide spoils selectivity. In this present study, we carried out oxidant-free ALD by using ethanol as a co-reactant solely on the silicon portion of these substrates. This process will occur in-situ every 20-30 ALD cycles for ALD of ZrO2. As expected, reduced ALD growth rate was observed with ethanol compared to that of water or ozone, with a growth rate of about 0.04 nm/cycle on the silicon portion of the substrate.