gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutralizer hollow cathode simulations and comparisons with ground test data (2009)

The fidelity of electric propulsion physics-based models depends largely on the validity of their predictions over a range of operating conditions and geometries. In general, increased complexity of the physics requires more extensive comparisons with laboratory data to identify the region(s) that lie outside the validity of the model assumptions and to quantify the uncertainties within its range of application. This paper presents numerical simulations of neutralizer hollow cathodes at various operating conditions and orifice sizes. The simulations were performed using a two-dimensional axisymmetric model that solves numerically a relatively extensive system of conservation laws for the partially ionized gas in these devices. A summary of the comparisons between simulation results and Langmuir probe measurements is provided. The model has also been employed to provide insight into recent ground test observations of the neutralizer cathode in NEXT. It is found that a likely cause of the observed keeper voltage drop is cathode orifice erosion. However, due to the small magnitude of this change, is approx. 0.5 V (less than 5% of the beginning-of-life value) over 10 khrs, and in light of the large uncertainties of the cathode material sputtering yield at low ion energies, other causes cannot be excluded. Preliminary simulations to understand transition to plume mode suggest that in the range of 3-5 sccm the existing 2-D model reproduces fairly well the rise of the keeper voltage in the NEXT neutralizer as observed in the laboratory. At lower flow rates the simulation produces oscillations in the keeper current and voltage that require prohibitively small time-steps to resolve with the existing algorithms.
Superradiance Of Quantum Dots (2007)

In 1954, Dicke pointed out that the description of a spontaneously radiating gas has to include the fact that all atoms or molecules interact with a common radiation field1. Consequently, the individual particles may not be considered as independent sources of radiation. In this regard, the question arises of whether quantum dot (QD) systems may also exhibit signatures of cooperative radiation and hence have to be considered as coupled quantum systems. Here, we present experimental evidence for a long-range electromagnetic interaction between laterally arranged QDs. The experimental results suggest that the QDs do not behave like independent objects as long as they form an ensemble of QDs. By removing QDs from the sample, we found that the coupling was reduced. The range of interaction is shown to be at least 150 nm. This may therefore provide a mechanism to couple discrete quantum objects on a large scale.
Reconfigurable transmissive/reflective metamaterial slab in the near IR (2008)

A near-IR reconfigurable transmissive/reflective metamaterial film has been presented. It consists of a doubly-periodic array of sub-wavelength resonators composed of a layer of an anisotropic LC sandwiched between two silver nanoplates. Full-wave analysis of the GA-optimized design predicted a transmittance difference of 98.6 % by tuning the LC response at a wavelength of 1.1 μm.
The impact of surface chemistry in SnO2 on charge transport of lead halide perovskite solar cells (2021)

Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have high power conversion efficiency and intriguing physical-chemical aspects that attract attention of the photovoltaic community. Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) is an archetypal material for lead halide perovskites and mixed electronic and ionic conductor. In order to investigate the key features of its performance, we have to consider the electronic transport as well as ionic transport properties. In previous study about perovskite interface, ions are responsible for the equilibrium space charge potential due to ion adsorption at the contact area between MAPI and oxide layers. The surface chemistry of oxide (TiO<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and its interaction with perovskite plays an important role in charge transport in perovskite solar cells. From the perovskite solar cell structure, TiO<sub>2</sub> electron transport layer is being replaced by SnO<sub>2</sub> because of its excellent electrical and optical properties and low-temperature process. Nevertheless, the interfacial effect on charge transport between SnO<sub>2</sub> and MAPI is not well identified. In this study, we investigate the surface chemistry of oxides (SnO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>) and interface effects between MAPI and oxide layers. We also observed the interaction between SnO<sub>2</sub> and MAPI by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, ICP, XPS and compared it with TiO<sub>2</sub>. Additionally, we measured the conductivity to understand the charge transport properties by controlling the contact area of MAPI and SnO<sub>2</sub> interface. To optimize the charge transfer in SnO<sub>2</sub> based solar cell, a comparison between compact SnO<sub>2</sub> layer (prepared by ALD) and composite layer (prepared by spin coating) by using various measurements including external quantum efficiency (EQE) and photoluminescence (PL) was also provided. These physical and optical properties were extended to perovskite solar cells which give us evidence on charge extraction and recombination. Our work will provide a better physical understanding of the perovskite solar cell system.
Identification of Factors Most Important for Ammonia Emission from Fertilized Soils for Potato Production Using Principal Component Analysis (2017)

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from fertilized soils are a costly problem that is undermining agricultural and ecological sustainability worldwide. Ammonia emissions from crop production have been reliably documented in recent years. However, insufficient efforts have been made to determine the factors most influential in facilitating NH3 emissions. The goal of this study was to identify the principal factors facilitating NH3 emissions from fertilized soils for potato production by means of principal component analysis (PCA). A dataset consisting of 14 different variables and 600 determinations of NH3 emission rates was geometrically classified into 5 zones, and then analyzed with the PCA technique. The data used in this analysis originated from an incubation experiment involving four major potato production soils (two from Washington State and two from Florida, USA), five N sources, two soil water regimes, three incubation temperatures and five measurement dates of NH3 emission rates during 28 days of incubation: Day 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Ammonia emission rates was classified into five distinct zones. In the five zones the total variance in NH3 emission was accounted for as follows: soil particle size distribution, electrical conductivity (EC), field capacity, and bulk density, 47%; fertilizer sources, 15%; soil pH, 12%; and soil temperature and the soil water regime 9%. The effects of the principal components on NH3 emission in descending order were as follows:soil type &gt; fertilizer source &gt; soil pH &gt; soil temperature and water regime. Therefore, NH3 emissions could be reduced potentially with amendment of coarse textured agricultural soils to reduce their bulk density, selection of fertilizers to lessen those with the ammonium compounds, use of amendments to lower soil pH, and optimal water management.
Generation and consistency checking of design and program structures (1986)

The author describes a mini methodology for generation and representation of design and program structures and for structural consistency checking between two successive designs or between a design and a program. This methodology comprises a tool (Program Design Language), a representation, and consistency criteria. The Program Design Language (PDL) extracts structure information, in a controlled way, from the top level program design, through layers of detailed designs, down to the source code itself. It generates an actual, complete, concise, and easily comparable structure representation. Structural consistency between levels can be checked, both at the development phase and at the operation and maintenance phase, ensuring continued structural consistency between the design(s) and the program.
Classification Via Simplicial Learning (2020)

Dictionary learning for sparse representations is generative in nature, hence discriminative modifications are commonly observed for classification problems. Classical dictionary learning bears a fundamental problem of not being capable of distinguishing two different classes lying on the same subspace, that cannot be resolved by any discriminative modification. This paper proposes an evolutionary simplicial learning method as a generative and compact sparse framework that solves the aforementioned problem for classification. Simplicial learning is an adaptation of conventional dictionary learning, in which subspaces designated by dictionary elements take the form of simplices through additional constraints on sparse codes. On top, an evolutionary approach is developed to determine the dimensionality and the number of simplices composing the simplicial. The proposed evolutionary learning is considered within multi-class classification tasks through synthetic and handwritten digit datasets and the superiority of it even as a generative-only approach is demonstrated. Simplicial learning loses its superiority over discriminative methods in high-dimensional real-world cases but can further be modified with discriminative elements to achieve state-of-the-art for classification.
Silicene and transition metal based materials: prediction of a two-dimensional piezomagnet (2010)

We use first-principles density functional theory based calculations to determine the stability and properties of silicene, a graphene-like structure made from silicon, and explore the possibilities of modifying its structure and properties through incorporation of transition metal ions (M: Ti, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo and W) in its lattice, forming MSi(2). While pure silicene is stable in a distorted honeycomb lattice structure obtained by opposite out-of-plane displacements of the two Si sub-lattices, its electronic structure still exhibits linear dispersion with the Dirac conical feature similar to graphene. We show that incorporation of transition metal ions in its lattice results in a rich set of properties with a clear dependence on the structural changes, and that CrSi(2) forms a two-dimensional magnet exhibiting a strong piezomagnetic coupling.
Saphenous Vein or PTFE for Femoropopliteal Bypass (1985)

To evaluate the patency of PTFE (Gore-tex) as a femoropopliteal bypass, a prospective randomized trial was performed between PTFE and saphenous vein. Forty-nine consecutive patients with intermittent claudication, rest pain, or tissue loss due to an occlusion of the superficial femoral artery entered the study. Randomization between PTFE and saphenous vein was performed at the time of operation after assessment of the quality of the latter. The two groups did not differ significantly regarding stage of peripheral ischemia, outflow tract, or localization of the distal anastomosis. The patency rate 6 weeks after operation was 92% for each group. After a mean follow-up of 54 months, the patency rate for the PTFE group was 37% and 70% for the saphenous vein group (p less than 0.001). In the PTFE group, there were eight major amputations. No amputations were performed in the saphenous vein group. It is concluded from this study that the saphenous vein is by far superior to PTFE as a femoropopliteal bypass.
Structure of human lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 1 and its interaction with Eps8 and glutathione (2009)

Eukaryotic lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 1 (LanCL1) is homologous to prokaryotic lanthionine cyclases, yet its biochemical functions remain elusive. We report the crystal structures of human LanCL1, both free of and complexed with glutathione, revealing glutathione binding to a zinc ion at the putative active site formed by conserved GxxG motifs. We also demonstrate by in vitro affinity analysis that LanCL1 binds specifically to the SH3 domain of a signaling protein, Eps8. Importantly, expression of LanCL1 mutants defective in Eps8 interaction inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth, providing evidence for the biological significance of this novel interaction in cellular signaling and differentiation.
Quantitative Driver Acceptance Modeling for Merging Car at Highway Junction and Its Application to the Design of Merging Behavior Control (2019)

This study models the decision-making characteristics of a driver regarding whether he accepts a merging car at a highway junction. Then, the application of the modeling to the design of merging behavior control is proposed. First, the driving behavior on the main lane at a highway junction is observed using a driving simulator, particularly focusing on the driver's state of decision (SOD), which represents the acceptance for merging a car coming from the merging lane. Second, the driver's SOD is modeled using a logistic regression model and the prediction performance of the identified model is verified. Finally, the speed controller of the merging car is designed to maximize the acceptance from the cars on the main lane. The key idea here is to minimize the entropy of the SOD of the driver on the main lane by optimizing the speed of a merging vehicle. This problem is quantitatively formulated using an identified decision-making model and addressed by applying a randomized approach to the optimization. This enables the automated vehicle to realize a considerate merging behavior at a highway junction. Numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed design scheme.
Enhanced resist and etch CD control by design perturbation (2005)

Etch dummy features are used in the mask data preparation flow to reduce critical dimension (CD) skew between resist and etch processes and improve the printability of layouts. However, etch dummy rules conflict with SRAF (Sub-Resolution Assist Feature) insertion because each of the two techniques requires specific spacings of poly-to-assist, assist-to-assist, active-to-etch dummy and dummy-to-dummy. In this work, we first present a novel SRAF-aware etch dummy insertion method (<i>SAEDM</i>) which optimizes etch dummy insertion to make the layout more conducive to assist-feature insertion after etch dummy features have been inserted. However, placed standard-cell layouts may not have the ideal whitespace distribution to allow for optimal etch dummy and assist-feature insertions. Since placement of cells can create forbidden pitch violations, the placer must generate assist-correct and etch dummy-correct placements. This can be achieved by intelligent whitespace management in the placer. We describe a novel dynamic programming-based technique for etch-dummy correctness (<i>EtchCorr</i>) which can be combine with the SAEDM in detailed placement of standard-cell designs. Our algorithm is validated on industrial testcases with respect to wafer printability, database complexity and device performance.
Nonlinear Dimension Reduction via Outer Bi-Lipschitz Extensions (2018)

We introduce and study the notion of an outer bi-Lipschitz extension of a map between Euclidean spaces. The notion is a natural analogue of the notion of a Lipschitz extension of a Lipschitz map. We show that for every map $f$ there exists an outer bi-Lipschitz extension $f'$ whose distortion is greater than that of $f$ by at most a constant factor. This result can be seen as a counterpart of the classic Kirszbraun theorem for outer bi-Lipschitz extensions. We also study outer bi-Lipschitz extensions of near-isometric maps and show upper and lower bounds for them. Then, we present applications of our results to prioritized and terminal dimension reduction problems. * We prove a prioritized variant of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma: given a set of points $X\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ of size $N$ and a permutation ("priority ranking") of $X$, there exists an embedding $f$ of $X$ into $\mathbb{R}^{O(\log N)}$ with distortion $O(\log \log N)$ such that the point of rank $j$ has only $O(\log^{3 + \varepsilon} j)$ non-zero coordinates - more specifically, all but the first $O(\log^{3+\varepsilon} j)$ coordinates are equal to $0$; the distortion of $f$ restricted to the first $j$ points (according to the ranking) is at most $O(\log\log j)$. The result makes a progress towards answering an open question by Elkin, Filtser, and Neiman about prioritized dimension reductions. * We prove that given a set $X$ of $N$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$, there exists a terminal dimension reduction embedding of $\mathbb{R}^d$ into $\mathbb{R}^{d'}$, where $d' = O\left(\frac{\log N}{\varepsilon^4}\right)$, which preserves distances $\|x-y\|$ between points $x\in X$ and $y \in \mathbb{R}^{d}$, up to a multiplicative factor of $1 \pm \varepsilon$. This improves a recent result by Elkin, Filtser, and Neiman. The dimension reductions that we obtain are nonlinear, and this nonlinearity is necessary.
Biologically active steroid from the green algaUlva lactuca (2000)

The marine green alga, Ulva lactuca, was shown to contain 3-O-beta-D glucopyranosyl-stigmasta-5,25-dien. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of its spectroscopic data and it was extracted for the first time from this alga. The topical antiinflammatory activity of this compound was examined using the mouse ear oedema assay as an experimental model of topical inflammation. Also, the antimicrobial activity of the isolated compound was tested against 10 various microorganisms (G+, G-, fungi and yeast strains).
Efficient Hardware Architectures for Eigenvector and Signal Subspace Estimation (2004)

We consider hardware solutions to the adaptive-signal subspace-estimation problem. In deriving a hardware-realizable subspace tracking algorithm, we have applied delayed updating to the PASTd algorithm to achieve high speed. Pipelined and systolic architectures and the estimation of the dominant eigenvector or the signal subspace are also studied. Methods for approximating a reciprocal computation are employed and simulation results are presented to validate our algorithm and hardware architectures.
Water‐Soluble pH‐Responsive Dendritic Core‐Shell Nanocarriers for Polar Dyes Based on Poly(ethylene imine) (2007)

A simple general synthetic concept to build dendritic core-shell architectures with pH-labile linkers based on hyperbranched PEI cores and biocompatible PEG shells is presented. Using these dendritic core-shell architectures as nanocarriers, the encapsulation and transport of polar dyes of different sizes is studied. The results show that the acid-labile nanocarriers exhibit much higher transport capacities for dyes than unfunctionalized hyperbranched PEI. The cleavage of imine bonds and controlled release of the polar dyes revealed that weak acidic condition (pH approximately 5.0) could cleave the imine bonds linker and release the dyes up to five times faster than neutral conditions (pH = 7.4).
Adenosine and Its Derivatives Control Human Monocyte Differentiation Into Highly Accessory Cells Versus Macrophages (1990)

Human peripheral blood monocytes have been found to undergo a transitory state of high accessory activity before they fully become macrophages. Time kinetics were done to follow this accessory potential. Studying the regulation of accessory activity, we have found that monocyte-derived accessory cells (m-AC) pass through two phases of development, which both are adversely controlled by cyclic nucleotides. Phase I is positively correlated by intracellular cAMP increase and can be arrested by adenosine 3';5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and synergystic agents. In addition to cAMP, non-cyclic adenine nucleotides and adenosine also mimic all cAMP effects. This behavior is explained by the known presence of surface 5' nucleotidase and adenosine receptor, which in turn leads to activation of adenylate cyclase. At phase II serum is required to convert m-AC into macrophages. In the absence of serum, cells were arrested in the m-AC state. Adenine nucleotides effectively counteract the serum induction leading to the development of m-AC even in the presence of serum. Monocyte/macrophage markers such as Fc receptors and non-specific esterase strictly correlate negatively with the expression of accessory activity. Morphologically, the appearance of veils positively correlates with all experimental situations of high accessory activity. Therefore, it is evident that serum contains regulatory factors that strongly modify the accessory potency of the m-AC via the cyclic nucleotide system, thus presenting a potent immunoregulatory principle at the beginning of the immune cascade.
Role of Spectral Doppler Sonography in the Evaluation of Partial Testicular Torsion (2008)

Variability of the Doppler waveform when compared with the contralateral testicle and reversal of diastolic blood flow are indirect clues that aid in the diagnosis of partial testicular torsion.
High-Rate Deposition of Ferrite Films in Aqueous Solution by Light-Enhanced Ferrite Plating (1990)

By irradiating the substrate surface with a Xe-lamp at 450 W/cm 2 , the deposition rate of Fe 3 O 4 film in ferrite plating was increased by a factor of 10 (from ∼30 nm/min to ∼320 nm/min). The high deposition rate in light-enhanced ferrite plating cannot be simply ascribed to the increase of thermal energy.
Design, implementation and evaluation of adaptive recompilation with on-stack replacement (2003)

Modern virtual machines often maintain multiple compiled versions of a method. An on-stack replacement (OSR) mechanism enables a virtual machine to transfer execution between compiled versions, even while a method runs. Relying on this mechanism, the system can exploit powerful techniques to reduce compile time and code space, dynamically de-optimize code, and invalidate speculative optimizations. The paper presents a new, simple, mostly compiler-independent mechanism to transfer execution into compiled code. Additionally, we present enhancements to an analytic model for recompilation to exploit OSR for more aggressive optimization. We have implemented these techniques in Jikes RVM and present a comprehensive evaluation, including a study of fully automatic, online, profile-driven deferred compilation.
S121 Neutron Diffraction Studies on Strain Evaluation of Rebar in Reinforced Concrete (2008)

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Simultaneous observations of rainwater and aerosol chemistry at a remote mid-latitude site (1986)

The chemistry of precipitation in remote areas is important for determining man-caused departures from the natural condition. The remote, mid-latitude North American case has not been extensively studied despite its relevance to the 'acid rain' problem in the United States. Meteorology, chemical processes in the atmosphere, anthropogenic and natural sources, and experimental procedures all contribute to the observed variability of rainwater composition in time and space. Preexisting sub-micron aerosol is a likely precursor of most of the non-seasalt SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ (SO/sub 4/=xs) in background rainwater (1,2) and of the pH depression below the 5.65 reference value. In this study, simultaneous sampling of sub-micron aerosol and rainwater was performed under an experimental protocol developed to investigate their relationship and to minimize meteorological variability.
Compressive Imaging: Hybrid Projection Design (2010)

Compressive imaging/sensing employing a random measurement basis does not incorporate the specific object prior information available for natural images. An alternate hybrid measurement basis is proposed that yields improved reconstruction performance for natural images.