gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Evaluation Validity in Music Autotagging (2014)

Music autotagging, an established problem in Music Information Retrieval, aims to alleviate the human cost required to manually annotate collections of recorded music with textual labels by automating the process. Many autotagging systems have been proposed and evaluated by procedures and datasets that are now standard (used in MIREX, for instance). Very little work, however, has been dedicated to determine what these evaluations really mean about an autotagging system, or the comparison of two systems, for the problem of annotating music in the real world. In this article, we are concerned with explaining the figure of merit of an autotagging system evaluated with a standard approach. Specifically, does the figure of merit, or a comparison of figures of merit, warrant a conclusion about how well autotagging systems have learned to describe music with a specific vocabulary? The main contributions of this paper are a formalization of the notion of validity in autotagging evaluation, and a method to test it in general. We demonstrate the practical use of our method in experiments with three specific state-of-the-art autotagging systems --all of which are reproducible using the linked code and data. Our experiments show for these specific systems in a simple and objective two-class task that the standard evaluation approach does not provide valid indicators of their performance.
A New Pulsed Neutron Sonde for Derivation of Formation Lithology and Mineralogy (2006)

Abstract A new openhole logging service, RockViewSM, has been developed which provides lithological and quantitative mineralogical information for accurate formation evaluation. The assessment begins with elemental formation weights and follows with an interpretation of lithology and mineralogy. Lithologies are divided into general categories including sand, shale, coal, carbonates, and evaporites. Potentially identifiable minerals are quartz, potassium-feldspar, albite, calcite, dolomite, siderite, anhydrite, illite/smectite, kaolinite, glauconite, chlorite, pyrite, and others. The logging system utilizes an electronic pulsed source to send high energy neutrons into the surrounding formation1-8. These neutrons quickly lose energy as a result of scattering, after which they are absorbed by the various atoms within the ambient environment. The scattered as well as the absorbed neutrons cause the atoms of the various elements to emit gamma rays with characteristic energies. These are measured with a scintillation detector, resulting in both inelastic and capture gamma ray energy spectra. A matrix inversion spectral fit algorithm is used to analyze these spectra in order to separate the total response into its individual elemental components. The prominent measured elements associated with subsurface rock formations include calcium, silicon, magnesium, carbon, sulfur, aluminum, and iron. Potassium, thorium, and uranium are measured separately with a natural gamma ray spectroscopy instrument9-11. The tool response is characterized for each individual element by placing it into formations of known chemical composition. Interpretation of the data begins with an assessment of the elemental formation weights, which then leads to a determination of lithology and mineralogy. Each step in the process is guided by the examination of ternary plots containing selected elements. Magnesium is an extremely important part of the interpretation process since it distinguishes dolomite from calcite and helps to identify various types of clay. Data from field examples is presented in order to illustrate the effectiveness of this technology.
Genome-wide association study of phenotypes measuring progression from first cocaine or opioid use to dependence reveals novel risk genes (2021)

Aim: Substance use disorders (SUD) result in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Opioids, and to a lesser extent cocaine, contribute to a large percentage of this health burden. Despite their high heritability, few genetic risk loci have been identified for either opioid or cocaine dependence (OD or CD, respectively). A genome-wide association study of OD and CD related phenotypes reflecting the time between first self-reported use of these substances and a first DSM-IV dependence diagnosis was conducted. Methods: Cox proportional hazards regression in a discovery sample of 6,188 African-Americans (AAs) and 6,835 European-Americans (EAs) participants in a genetic study of multiple substance dependence phenotypes were used to test for association between genetic variants and these outcomes. The top findings were tested for replication in two independent cohorts. Results: In the discovery sample, three independent regions containing variants associated with time to dependence at P &lt; 5 x 10-8 were identified, one (rs61835088 = 1.03 x 10-8) for cocaine in the combined EA-AA meta-analysis in the gene FAM78B on chromosome 1, and two for opioids in the AA portion of the sample in intergenic regions of chromosomes 4 (rs4860439, P = 1.37 x 10-8) and 9 (rs7032521, P = 3.30 x 10-8). After meta-analysis with data from the replication cohorts, the signal at rs61835088 improved (HR = 0.87, P = 3.71 x 10-9 and an intergenic SNP on chromosome 21 (rs2825295, HR = 1.14, P = 2.57 x 10-8) that missed the significance threshold in the AA discovery sample became genome-wide significant (GWS) for CD. Conclusions: Although the two GWS variants are not in genes with obvious links to SUD biology and have modest effect sizes, they are statistically robust and show evidence for association in independent samples. These results may point to novel pathways contributing to disease progression and highlight the utility of related phenotypes to better understand the genetics of SUDs.
Molecular origins of DNA flexibility: Sequence effects on conformational and mechanical properties (2010)

A central question in biophysics is whether DNA sequence affects its mechanical properties, which are thought to influence nucleosome positioning and gene expression. Previous attempts to answer this question have been hindered by an inability to resolve DNA structure and dynamics at the base-pair level. Here we use a model to measure the effects of sequence on the stability of DNA under bending. Sequence is shown to influence DNA's flexibility and its ability to form kinks, which arise when certain motifs slide past others to form non-native contacts. A mechanism for nucleosome positioning is proposed in which sequence influences DNA-histone binding by altering the local base-pair-level structure when subject to the curvature necessary for binding.
Structure of flame quenched by cold surfaces (1967)

Abstract The region of interaction of a cooled metallic heat sink with a premixed lean flat ethylene/air flame is investigated. The detailed distribution of burning velocity is measured, by means of a refinement of the particle track method. Two dimensional distributions of temperature and composition in this region are obtained from thermocouples and microprobe sampling, followed by gas-chromatographic analysis. The burning velocity-heat loss relation is found to depend on the orientation of the flame front to the heat sink. Heat release rates deduced by substituting temperature and flow data into conservation equations reveal some unexpec­ted features close to the heat sink; in particular the zone of heat release becomes narrower and the maximum rate of heat release does not decrease appreciably towards the heat sink, in spite of a considerable reduction in temperature. These features are interpreted in terms of the composition pattern, which suggests that the narrowing is due to quenching of the second stage of reaction, while the reaction rate effect is caused by diffusion of hydrogen atoms to the surface, which acts as a sink for them. It is shown that a reaction such as H + O2 →Surface HO2 would account for all the features observed; conclusions are drawn regarding the status of quenching theory and the role of flame-surface interactions in flame structure studies.
Targeting of the renin-angiotensin system by antisense gene therapy (2000)

Traditional pharmacological agents have been successfully used for the treatment of hypertension for a number of decades. However, this therapeutic regimen has reached a conceptual plateau and a cure for the disease is far from appearing on the horizon. With this in mind, and recent advances in state of the art gene delivery system coupled with the anticipated completion of the human genome project, it is timely to think about the possibility of treating and/or curing hypertension using genetic means. In this review, we discuss the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in hypertension; the current gene delivery/gene transfer systems and the RAS as a target for gene therapy to treat hypertension; the successful use of retroviral vectors to deliver antisense to the AT1 receptor (AT1-AS) to prevent the development of hypertension and cardiovascular pathophysiology; the potential use of the viral vectors for the reversal of hypertension; and the future of antisense gene therapy and potential advantages and limitations of this regimen in the treatment and/or control of hypertension.
Drift‐scan imaging of traveling ionospheric disturbances with the Very Large Array (2014)

Abstract This paper describes a method to use high‐precision specification of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) from a relatively compact array of sensors to yield high‐resolution images of TID substructure. In this case, the array is the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope in New Mexico. The technique begins with a combined temporal and spatial spectral analysis that boils the TID down to its basic components, namely, the amplitude and horizontal wavelength and velocity vector. The last of these is used with the known apparent motion of the observed cosmic source to recompute the horizontal positions of the ionospheric pierce points in the frame of the TID. The data are then binned within this TID reference plane and averaged to make an image. The method is applied to three distinct TIDs detected and characterized to high precision (≲10 −3 total electron content unit (1 TECU = 10 16 el m −2 )) using VLA observations of cosmic sources below 1 GHz.
Inheritance of Gynoecism in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) (2006)

The inheritance of sex expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and other cucurbits is well documented; however, the genetics of female sex (gynoecism) expression in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) has not been described. Inheritance of gynoecism in bitter gourd was studied in a 100% gynoecious line (Gy263B). The F(2) and testcross segregation data revealed that gynoecism in Gy263B is under the control of a single, recessive gene. Following the gene nomenclature of cucurbits, it is proposed that the gene symbol, gy-1, be assigned for the expression of gynoecism in bitter gourd.
Exchange-Traded Funds: Proxies for Futures? (2001)

A burgeoning of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) over the past year has given institutional investors a much deeper roster of index exposures from which to draw upon when engaging in portfolio management, enhancement, and hedging strategies. Portfolio managers and plan sponsors, long used to the employment of index futures or program trades, have been compelled to look anew at the relative costs of their strategies in comparison to these new market entrants. Recent research, in fact, indicates that ETFs can be more cost-effective than futures, especially if long-term index exposure is sought. Many studies produced by sellside firms point to the advantages of ETFs over futures. While these reports chalk up several “pluses” on the ETF side of the ledger, there are enough “minuses” extant to warrant careful examination before choosing the most appropriate vehicle for executing index-related portfolio strategies.
Self-Assembled GaN Nano-Column Grown on Si(111) Substrate Using Au+Ga Alloy Seeding Method by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (2007)

Single-crystal GaN nano-column arrays were grown on Au-coated silicon (111) substrate by Au-Ga alloy seeding method using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The nano-column arrays were studied as a function of growth parameters and Au thin film thickness. The diameter and length of the as-grown nano-column vary from 100 to 500 nm and 4 to 6 µm, respectively. The surface morphology and optical properties of the nano-columns were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), cathodoluminescence (CL) and photoluminescence (PL). The Au+Ga alloy droplets were found to be uniformly distributed on silicon surface. Further, SEM image reveals a vertical growth and cylindrical in shape GaN nano-column. The chemical composition of the nano-column, which composed of gallium and nitrogen ions, was estimated by EDX. CL reveals a strong band edge emission from the GaN nano-column. PL spectra show a peak at 365.7 nm with a full-width half maximum (FWHM) of 65 meV which indicates good optical quality GaN nano-column with low dislocation density. Our results suggest that single crystal GaN nano-column can be grown on Au+Ga alloy on silicon substrate with a low dislocation density for better device performances.
Development of a new flip-chip bonding process using multi-stacked μ-Au bumps (2002)

A novel flip-chip bonding (FCB) process was developed for improving the packaging of high frequency ICs operating at more than 10 GHz. This process, which uses multi-stacked /spl mu/-Au bumps, a lower apparatus cost than that of the FCB process using PbSn bumps. Tests have confirmed that the new FCB process is sufficiently reliable and that ICs made with this process has satisfactory high-frequency characteristics in IC operation of up to 15 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Isolation and Characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Resistant to Photobleaching Herbicides (1993)

A group of highly active N -phenylimide photobleaching herbicides have been synthesized. These N -phenylimide herbicides as well as diphenyl ether herbicides induce protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity at extremely low concentrations in higher plants. The binding of a 14 C -labeled N -phenylimide herbicide S-23121 [N-[4-chloro- 2-fluoro-5-[(1-m ethyl-2-propynyl)oxy]phenyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide] to the solubilized plastid fractions of greening corn seedlings is competed by the diphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen-ethyl, but not by diuron, an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport. These results indicate a similar mode of action for both N -phenylimide and diphenyl ether herbicides. In order to investigate the mechanism of photobleaching herbicides at the molecular level, a strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii RS-3 resistant to N -phenylimide S-23142 [N -(4-chloro- 2-fluoro-5-propargyloxyphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide] was isolated by mutagenesis with N -m ethyl-N′-nitro-N -nitrosoguanidine. The 90% inhibition concentration of N -phenylimide S-23142 for growth of RS-3 was 100 times higher than that for wild type. Maximum accumulation of protoporphyrin IX was reached at 0.03 μᴍ of S-23142 for the wild type and 3 μᴍ for RS-3. RS-3 was resistant to oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and acifluorfen-ethyl which had been shown to have the same mechanism of action as N -phenylimide herbicides, but not to paraquat, diuron or fluridone. Genetic analysis of RS-3 strain showed that the resistance results from a dominant mutation ( rs-3) in the nuclear genome. The magnesium protoporphyrin IX synthesizing activity from 5-am inolevulinic acid in chloroplast fragments isolated from RS-3 was less sensitive to S-23142 than that from wild type (CC-407). Protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity in Percoll™ -purified chloroplasts from RS-3 was also less sensitive to S-23142 than that from wild type. These results indicate that the resistance of RS-3 is specific for photobleaching herbicides, and that the mutation is related to protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the primary site of the photobleaching herbicide action.
Light intensity distribution in a photocatalytic reactor using finite volume (2004)

Abstract A conservative variant of discrete ordinate model was used to solve the radiation transport equation. The model prediction was used to assess the effect of wall reflectivity, catalyst loading, and phase function parameter on the light intensity distribution in an annular heterogeneous photocatalytic reactor. For relatively low catalyst loadings, the wall reflectivity strongly influenced the light intensity distribution. However, for an optically thick medium, the wall reflectivity had very little or no effect. The volume‐average light intensity distribution decreased rather sharply with the catalyst loading and an opposite trend was obtained for the local volumetric rate of energy absorption (LVREA). However, after the initial sharp increase, the LVREA appeared independent of catalyst loading. For nonreflecting reactor walls, phase function parameter did not show much influence. However, for the specularly reflecting reactor walls and optically thin mediums, a moderate dependency on the phase function parameter was observed. 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:1273–1288, 2004
A Multidisciplinary Three-Phase Approach to Improve the Clinical Utility of Patient Safety Indicators (2015)

A multidisciplinary, phased approach leveraging existing billing infrastructure for robust metric coding, ongoing clinical review, and frontline provider outreach is a novel and effective way to reduce the reporting of false-positive outcomes and improve the clinical utility of PSIs.
Local inhibition of Drosophila homeobox‐containing neural dorsoventral patterning genes by Dpp (2002)

An important step in Drosophila neurogenesis is to establish the neural dorsoventral (DV) patterning. Here we describe how dpp loss-of- and gain-of-function mutation affects the homeobox-containing neural DV patterning genes expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm. Ventral nervous system defective (vnd), intermediate neuroblast defective (ind), muscle-specific homeobox (msh), and orthodenticle (otd) genes participate in development of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and encode homeodomain proteins. otd and msh genes were ectopically expressed in dpp loss-of-function mutation, but vnd and ind were not affected. However, when dpp was ectopically expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm by rho-GAL4/UAS-dpp system, it caused the repression of vnd, and msh expressions in ventral and dorsal columns of the neuroectoderm, respectively, but not that of ind. The later expression pattern of otd was also restricted by Dpp. The expression pattern of msh, vnd and otd in dpp loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutation indicates that Dpp activity does not reach to the ventral midline and it works locally to establish the dorsal boundary of the ventral neuroectoderm.
Measurement of visual sensitivity in migraine: Validation of two scales and correlation with visual cortex activation (2014)

Increased interictal visual sensitivity is present both in MWA and MwoA. However, the correlation with ictal visual sensitivity and with cortical hyper-responsivity varies between MWA and MwoA, suggesting underlying differences between groups.
Next Generation Smart Power Technologies - Challenges and Innovations Enabling Complex SoC Integration (2008)

This paper highlights the key figure-of-merits of SPTs and ongoing technology innovations, such as vertical DMOS switches, Deep Trench Isolation, Power Metal, and SOA-simulation. Examples are given of automotive and telecom applications that benefit from these advanced SPTs. As such these developments will enable truly Smart Power SoC applications.
Pathological Predictors for Defining a Therapeutic Strategy for Early Colon Cancer after Endoscopic Resection: Multicenter Retrospective Analysis from Surgically Resected Specimens. (2014)

Significant risk factors for predicting LNM in patients with SICC were tumor sprouting, SM depth > 2000 μm, and lymphatic invasion.
Limitations of infrared ear temperature measurement in clinical practice (2010)

Cerumen has a statistically significant, albeit not clinically meaningful, influence on IETM. Thus routine ear inspection prior to the use of IETM is not warranted. IETM provides highly reproducible assessments of IET irrespective of penetration depth, side of measurement and acclimatisation.
Knockout of the PKN Family of Rho Effector Kinases Reveals a Non-redundant Role for PKN2 in Developmental Mesoderm Expansion (2016)

In animals, the protein kinase C (PKC) family has expanded into diversely regulated subgroups, including the Rho family-responsive PKN kinases. Here, we describe knockouts of all three mouse PKN isoforms and reveal that PKN2 loss results in lethality at embryonic day 10 (E10), with associated cardiovascular and morphogenetic defects. The cardiovascular phenotype was not recapitulated by conditional deletion of PKN2 in endothelial cells or the developing heart. In contrast, inducible systemic deletion of PKN2 after E7 provoked collapse of the embryonic mesoderm. Furthermore, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which arise from the embryonic mesoderm, depend on PKN2 for proliferation and motility. These cellular defects are reflected in vivo as dependence on PKN2 for mesoderm proliferation and neural crest migration. We conclude that failure of the mesoderm to expand in the absence of PKN2 compromises cardiovascular integrity and development, resulting in lethality.
Individualized arrhythmia detection with ECG signals from wearable devices (2014)

Low cost pervasive electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors is changing how sinus arrhythmia are diagnosed among patients with mild symptoms. With the large amount of data generated from long-term monitoring, come new data science and analytical challenges. Although traditional rule-based detection algorithms still work on relatively short clinical quality ECG, they are not optimal for pervasive signals collected from wearable devices—they don't adapt to individual difference and assume accurate identification of ECG fiducial points. To overcome these short-comings of the rule-based methods, this paper introduces an arrhythmia detection approach for low quality pervasive ECG signals. To achieve the robustness needed, two techniques were applied. First, a set of ECG features with minimal reliance on fiducial point identification were selected. Next, the features were normalized using robust statistics to factors out baseline individual differences and clinically irrelevant temporal drift that is common in pervasive ECG. The proposed method was evaluated using pervasive ECG signals we collected, in combination with clinician validated ECG signals from Physiobank. Empirical evaluation confirms accuracy improvements of the proposed approach over the traditional clinical rules.
Influence of Covalent Bonding on the Photoelectrochemical Properties of Some Perovskite-Type Related Compounds (1983)

Photoelectrochemical properties of polycristalline Nd1/3NbO3, Nd2/3TiO3, and Na1/3Nd1/3Nb1/3·Ti2/3O3 are investigated. From the experimental data it is possible to explain the evolution of transition metal–oxygen bond with composition. Die photoelektrochemischen Eigenschaften von polykristallinem Nd1/3NbO3, Nd2/3TiO3 und Na2/3Nd1/3Nb1/3Ti2/3O3 werden untersucht. Mit den experimentellen Daten ist es möglich, die Entwicklung der Übergangsmetall-Sauerstoff-Bindung mit der Zusammensetzung zu erklären.
A Single-Fiber Optical Unidirectional Path-Switched-Ring Network Using Double-Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation Technique (2006)

A transmitter-efficient single-fiber optical unidirectional-path-switched ring based on subcarrier multiplexed double-sideband modulation with suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Both east- and west-bound wavelengths were generated via a single DSB-SC transmitter