gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vehicle power supply cable with optical jacket monitoring and arcing interference detection (2014)

In vehicles with electrical drive, vehicle power supplies are used with high voltage level, as well as with several voltage levels. Nordhausen University presents a patented, optical-electrical combination conductor - the main constituent of an innovative vehicle power supply cable with optical jacket monitoring and arcing interference detection. The task exists to permanently as well as completely monitor the lines carrying an increased voltage level over their length and their circumference, in order to identify insulation damage causing electric arcs and thus damage prophylaxis, as well as to detect electric arcs. The optical-electrical combination conductor uses light for line monitoring and for the identification of an arcing fault. It consists of an electrical conductor with a jacket of optically-transparent polymer. The light pulse of an electric arc is coupled into the jacket and reaches an optical receiver. The optical receiver consists of a ring with photodiodes and is attached on the front side of the combination conductor. The permanent monitoring of the conductor for mechanically or thermally-caused jacketing damage leads to an arcing interference prophylaxis. For this purpose, the optical-electrical combination conductor is provided with a transmitter and receiver, where the transmitter is formed through laser diodes for optical test pulses on the conductor jacket.
The WebSocket protocol (2010)

This protocol enables two-way communication between a user agent
running untrusted code running in a controlled environment to a remote
host that understands the protocol. It is intended to fail to
communicate with servers of pre-existing protocols like SMTP or HTTP,
while allowing HTTP servers to opt-in to supporting this protocol if
desired. It is designed to be easy to implement on the server side.
Author Correction: Loss of MTX2 causes mandibuloacral dysplasia and links mitochondrial dysfunction to altered nuclear morphology (2020)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
CIMDS: Adapting Postprocessing Techniques of Associative Classification for Malware Detection (2010)

Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent (e.g., viruses, backdoors, spyware, trojans, and worms). Nowadays, numerous attacks made by the malware pose a major security threat to computer users. Unfortunately, along with the development of the malware writing techniques, the number of file samples that need to be analyzed, named "gray list," on a daily basis is constantly increasing. In order to help our virus analysts, quickly and efficiently pick out the malicious executables from the "gray list," an automatic and robust tool to analyze and classify the file samples is needed. In our previous work, we have developed an intelligent malware detection system (IMDS) by adopting associative classification method based on the analysis of application programming interface (API) execution calls. Despite its good performance in malware detection, IMDS still faces the following two challenges: (1) handling the large set of the generated rules to build the classifier; and (2) finding effective rules for classifying new file samples. In this paper, we first systematically evaluate the effects of the postprocessing techniques (e.g., rule pruning, rule ranking, and rule selection) of associative classification in malware detection, and then, propose an effective way, i.e., CIDCPF, to detect the malware from the "gray list." To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort on using postprocessing techniques of associative classification in malware detection. CIDCPF adapts the postprocessing techniques as follows: first applying Chi-square testing and Insignificant rule pruning followed by using Database coverage based on the Chi-square measure rule ranking mechanism and Pessimistic error estimation, and finally performing prediction by selecting the best First rule. We have incorporated the CIDCPF method into our existing IMDS system, and we call the new system as CIMDS system. Case studies are performed on the large collection of file samples obtained from the Antivirus Laboratory at Kingsoft Corporation and promising experimental results demonstrate that the efficiency and ability of detecting malware from the "gray list" of our CIMDS system outperform popular antivirus software tools, such as McAfee VirusScan and Norton Antivirus, as well as previous data-mining-based detection systems, which employed Naive Bayes, support vector machine, and decision tree techniques. In particular, our CIMDS system can greatly reduce the number of generated rules, which makes it easy for our virus analysts to identify the useful ones.
Etanercept biosimilar SB 4 in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: data from the Psobiosimilars registry (2018)

Etenarcept biosimilar has proved to be a great therapeutical option in patients affected by moderate-severe psoriasis. Both efficacy and safety profile -in our real life study- showed the same profile of the originator.
Machine translation using isomorphic UCGs (1988)

This paper discusses the application of Unification Categorial Grammar (UCG) to the framework of Isomorphic Grammars for Machine Translation pioneered by Landsbergen. The Isomorphic Grammars approach to MT involves developing the grammars of the Source and Target languages in parallel, in order to ensure that SL and TL expressions which stand in the translation relation have isomorphic derivations. The principle advantage of this approach is that knowledge concerning translation equivalence of expressions may be directly exploited, obviating the need for answers to semantic questions that we do not yet have. Semantic and other information may still be incorporated, but as constraints on the translation relation, not as levels of textual representation.After introducing this approach to MT system design, and the basics of monolingual UCG, we will show how the two can be integrated, and present an example from an implemented bi-directional English-Spanish fragment. Finally we will present some outstanding problems with the approach.
Effects of masking noise on vowel and sibilant contrasts in normal-hearing speakers and postlingually deafened cochlear implant users (2007)

The role of auditory feedback in speech production was investigated by examining speakers' phonemic contrasts produced under increases in the noise to signal ratio (N/S). Seven cochlear implant users and seven normal-hearing controls pronounced utterances containing the vowels /i/, /u/, /e/ and /ae/ and the sibilants /s/ and /I/ while hearing their speech mixed with noise at seven equally spaced levels between their thresholds of detection and discomfort. Speakers' average vowel duration and SPL generally rose with increasing N/S. Average vowel contrast was initially flat or rising; at higher N/S levels, it fell. A contrast increase is interpreted as reflecting speakers' attempts to maintain clarity under degraded acoustic transmission conditions. As N/S increased, speakers could detect the extent of their phonemic contrasts less effectively, and the competing influence of economy of effort led to contrast decrements. The sibilant contrast was more vulnerable to noise; it decreased over the entire range of increasing N/S for controls and was variable for implant users. The results are interpreted as reflecting the combined influences of a clarity constraint, economy of effort and the effect of masking on achieving auditory phonemic goals-with implant users less able to increase contrasts in noise than controls.
Ability of quantitative PCR to discriminate Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia from colonization (2020)

<b>Introduction.</b> <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia (PCP) is a severe disease affecting immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis is difficult due to the low sensitivity of direct examination and inability to grow the pathogen in culture. Quantitative PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) has high sensitivity, but limited specificity for distinguishing PCP from colonization.<b>Aim.</b> To assess the performance of an in-house quantitative PCR to discriminate between PCP and colonization.<b>Methodology.</b> This was a single-centre retrospective study including all patients with a positive PCR result for <i>P. jirovecii</i> in BAL between 2009 and 2017. Irrespective of PCR results, PCP was defined as the presence of host factors and clinical/radiological criteria consistent with PCP and (i) the presence of asci at direct examination of respiratory sample or (ii) anti-PCP treatment initiated with clinical response and absence of alternative diagnosis. Colonization was considered for cases who did not receive anti-PCP therapy with a favourable outcome or an alternative diagnosis. Cases who did not meet the above mentioned criteria were classified as 'undetermined'.<b>Results.</b> Seventy-one patients with positive <i>P. jirovecii</i> PCR were included (90 % non-HIV patients). Cases were classified as follows: 37 PCP, 22 colonization and 12 undetermined. Quantitative PCR values in BAL were significantly higher in patients with PCP versus colonization or undetermined (<i>P</i><0.0001). The cut-off of 5×10<sup>3</sup> copies/ml was able to discriminate PCP cases from colonization with 97 % sensitivity, 82 % specificity, 90 % positive predictive value and 95 % negative predictive value.<b>Conclusions.</b> Our quantitative PCR for <i>P. jirovecii</i> in BAL was reliable to distinguish PCP cases from colonization in this predominantly non-HIV population.
Associative Mechanosensory Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Reflex in Honeybees (2004)

The present work introduces a form of associative mechanosensory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) in honeybees. In our paradigm, harnessed honeybees learn the elemental association between mechanosensory, antennal stimulation and a reward of sucrose solution delivered to the proboscis. Thereafter, bees extend their proboscis to the antennal mechanosensory stimulation alone. We show that bees can learn such an association in a side-specific manner, that is, they learn the association on the antennal side that was rewarded and not on the side that was not rewarded. Responding produced by the paired training does likely contain a substantial Pavlovian component. Responding is only elicited by mechanosensory stimulation and not by spurious cues such as olfactory, visual, and contextual ones. The interstimulus interval (ISI) affects one-trial mechanosensory learning: a bell-shaped curve with a maximum of responding approximately 4 sec ISI was obtained. Mechanosensory memory is still operative 24 h after conditioning. Apart from absolute conditioning in which mechanosensory stimulation of one antenna is paired with sucrose, differential, side-specific, mechanosensory conditioning using two mechanosensory stimulations, one rewarded and the other not, is also possible. This paradigm constitutes, therefore, a new standard procedure for further learning studies in honeybees.
Oxidation of Virus Proteins during UV254 and Singlet Oxygen Mediated Inactivation (2010)

Despite the widespread use of UV(254) irradiation and solar disinfection for water treatment, little is known about the photochemical pathways that lead to virus inactivation by these treatments. The goal of this study was to identify reactions that occur in virus capsid proteins upon treatment by UV(254) irradiation and (1)O(2), an important oxidant involved in sunlight-mediated disinfection. Bacteriophage MS2 was inactivated via UV(254) irradiation and exposure to (1)O(2) in buffered water, and their capsid proteins were then analyzed with MALDI-TOF-TOF and ESI-TOF before and after digestion with protease enzymes. The results demonstrate that chemical modifications occur in the MS2 major capsid protein with both treatments. One oxidation event was detected following (1)O(2) treatment in an amino acid residue located on the capsid outer surface. UV(254) treatment caused three chemical reactions in the capsid proteins, two of which were oxidation reactions with residues on the capsid outer surface. A site-specific cleavage also occurred with UV(254) irradiation at a protein chain location on the inside face of the capsid shell. We attribute this UV(254) induced protein scission, which is nearly unprecedented in the literature, to a close association between the affected residues and viral RNA, an efficient UV(254) absorber. These results suggest that viral protein oxidation by UV(254) and (1)O(2) may play a role in virus inactivation and that viral inactivation may be tracked with mass spectrometric measurements.
Particle velocity profiles and solid flow patterns in spouted beds (1994)

Abstract A fibre optic probe system was used to measure the profiles of vertical particle velocities in the spout and the fountain of a half‐column and a full‐column spouted bed. In addition, a fibre optic image probe was employed to measure vertical particle velocity profiles in the annulus of the full‐column. In the spout, radial profiles of vertical particle velocities were of near Gaussian distribution. Particle velocities along the spout axis in the half‐column were 30% lower than in the full‐column under identical operating conditions. In the half column, particle velocities adjacent to the front plate were approximately 24% lower than a few millimeters away. The fountain core expanded suddenly near the bed surface and then gradually contracted with height. The model of Grace and Mathur (1978) gave good predictions of fountain heights for the full‐column. In the annulus region, there was a 28% difference between particle velocities adjacent to the column wall and those only 2 mm away. The integrated upward solids mass flow in the spout and the downward solids flow in the annulus matched well at different bed levels.
A Novel (6S)-4,6-Dimethyldodeca-2E,4E-dienoyl Ester of Phomalactone and Related .ALPHA.-Pyrone Esters from a Phomopsis sp. with Cytokine Production Inhibitory Activity. (1999)

A series of novel 6-substituted 5,6-dihydro-5-hydroxy-alpha-pyrone esters, 1 approximately 3, isolated from fermentations of a Phomopsis sp. (Xenova culture collection no. X22502) have been identified as inhibitors of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production. These include the (6S)-4,6-dimethyldodecadien-2E,4E-dienoyl ester of phomalactone, 1, and two analogues bearing a prop-2E-enoic acid moiety at the 6-position of the alpha-pyrone ring. (6S)-4,6-Dimethyl-2E,4E-dienoic acid, 4, and a hydroxylated analogue, 5, were also isolated and characterised. The most potent cytokine production inhibitor was 1, which inhibited LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) production by U937 cells and LPS-induced interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with IC50 values of 80 nM and 190 nM respectively. The effect of 1 in PBMC was selective for IL-1beta relative to TNFalpha. The inhibition of IL-1beta production by 1 involved a post-translational mechanism of action at the level of IL-1beta secretion as demonstrated by the lack of an effect on cell-associated IL-1beta production. 1 showed no effect on the activity of caspase 1 in cytosolic extracts from the THP1 monocytic cell line.
Effect of Herbicides Applied in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Stubble on Weed Management in Corn (Zea mays)1 (2000)

Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to evaluate weed control by 15 herbicide treatments in wheat stubble and in the succeeding corn crop. Atrazine at 2.24 kg ai/ha plus several herbicide treatments were applied about 13, 21, and 33 d following winter wheat harvest on separate plots in 1992 and 1993 in a soybean–winter wheat–corn rotation. Atrazine with and without 2,4-D isooctyl ester at 1.46 kg ae/ha or dicamba at 0.36 kg ae/ha did not control barnyardgrass, green foxtail, horseweed, kochia, stinkgrass, tumble thistle, or witchgrass in the wheat stubble 30 d after treatment. Atrazine mixtures containing glyphosate or paraquat with or without 2,4-D or dicamba controlled most summer annual weed species. Atrazine plus paraquat at 0.43 kg ai/ha was more effective on redroot pigweed and tumble thistle than atrazine plus glyphosate at 0.43 kg ae/ha plus 2,4-D at 0.95 kg ae/ha. Atrazine plus glyphosate mixtures were more effective on barnyardgrass for the first and second application date than atrazine plus paraquat. Increasing the glyphosate rate from 0.43 to 0.67 kg/ha was necessary to control barnyardgrass 95% at the first date. With the first date of application, kochia control was greater when 2,4-D or dicamba was added to the atrazine plus paraquat (0.43 kg/ha) mixture. Although annual grass control was generally greater when weeds approached maturity, early applications are a more sound weed control strategy because of soil water conservation and prevention of weed seed production. However, corn yields in 1993 were greater on plots treated at the third application in 1992 because weed biomass in corn was less. In 1994, corn yields were highest for the first application in 1993, probably because of better weed control in the corn. Above average rainfall in 1993 and 1994 aided corn yields.Nomenclature: 2,4-D; atrazine; dicamba; glyphosate; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. #3 ECHCG; green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. # SETVI; horseweed, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. # ERICA; kochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. # KCHSC; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. # AMARE; stinkgrass, Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher # ERACN; tumble thistle, Salsola collina Pall.; witchgrass, Panicum capillare L. # PANCA; corn, Zea mays L. # ZEAMX ‘Wilson 1640’; soybean, Glycine max L. Merr. GLYMA; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. # TRAES ‘Arapahoe’.Additional index words: Conservation tillage, ecofallow, no-tillage, triazine-resistant kochia.Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; NIS, nonionic surfactant; TR, triazine-resistant.
Canadian pulp fibre morphology: Superiority and considerations for end use potential (2009)

Four physical attributes of fibres confer the end use potential of a pulp, namely fibre length, fibre coarseness, fibre strength and uniformity. Long, slender, fine fibred pulps, which are low in thick-walled summerwood content, provide superior reinforcement strength. The natural species endowment that Canada enjoys can, when accompanied by superior operational performance and technical vision, result in significant advantages for strategically focused companies and their customers. Factor and multivariate analysis of more than 60 industrial pulp samples confirm that on the basis of fundamental morphological differences, Canadian pulps exhibit clear superiority. Canadian northern bleached softwood kraft pulp is the undoubted industry leader, yet unrealized potential still exists, and additional research effort is required, to maintain this market position. Key words: kraft pulp, softwood, fibre morphology, intrinsic properties, length, coarseness, fibre strength, tensile strength, biogeoclimatic zone, factor analysis, reinforcement, premium reinforcement pulp, PRP, refining
Focused Electron Beam Deposition of Nanowires from Cobalt Tricarbonyl Nitrosyl (Co(CO)3NO) Precursor (2011)

Nanowires deposited by focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) of cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl (Co(CO)3NO) precursor have been thoroughly characterized from an electrical, magnetic, and structural point of view. Deposit composition and deposition yield have been studied as a function of beam energy and current. Atomic concentrations are weakly dependent on beam parameters and have average values of 49 at % for Co, 27 at % for O, 14 at % for N, and 10 at % for C. Deposition yield decreases as the beam energy increases, and strong enhancement (67×) is observed for deposition at 130 °C substrate temperature. FEBID nanowires are highly resistive (ρ = 6.3 mΩ cm at RT), and resistivity increases as T decreases with a power-law behavior typical of metal–insulator (M–I) nanogranular systems. Nonmagnetic behavior is revealed by magnetoresistance (MR) measurements. After 400 °C vacuum annealing, conductivity of the nanowire is greatly improved (ρ = 62 μΩ cm at RT), and a metallic-like resistivity is fully recovered. MR angular plots display a (cos θ)2 dependence typical of anisotropic MR (AMR) in ferromagnets, with AMR values of 0.85%. Co concentration in the deposit is not significantly increased though. TEM structural analysis reveals that before annealing the deposit has a CoO fcc structural phase with nanograins size around 1 nm. After annealing, a new Co hcp phase shows up beside CoO fcc, and coarsening (10 – 15 nm) and interconnection of the Co nanograins are observed, providing the conditions for ferromagnetism and metallic electrical transport.
Testing Equality of Spectral Density Operators for Functional Processes (2020)

The problem of comparing the entire second order structure of two functional processes is considered and a $L^2$-type statistic for testing equality of the corresponding spectral density operators is investigated. The test statistic evaluates, over all frequencies, the Hilbert-Schmidt distance between the two estimated spectral density operators. Under certain assumptions, the limiting distribution under the null hypothesis is derived. A novel frequency domain bootstrap method is introduced, which leads to a more accurate approximation of the distribution of the test statistic under the null than the large sample Gaussian approximation derived. Under quite general conditions, asymptotic validity of the bootstrap procedure is established for estimating the distribution of the test statistic under the null. Furthermore, consistency of the bootstrap-based test under the alternative is proved. Numerical simulations show that, even for small samples, the bootstrap-based test has a very good size and power behavior. An application to a bivariate real-life functional time series illustrates the methodology proposed.
Progressive steps in the development of electron backscatter diffraction and orientation imaging microscopy (2004)

Ten years ago electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) became available to a wider group active in materials research. This paper highlights some of the more significant developments in camera technology and software developments that have arisen since then. The use of slow-scan charge couple device cameras for phase identification and rapid determination of orientation image micrographs is reviewed. The current limiting spatial resolution of the technique is shown to be less than 10 nm. A procedure for improving lattice spacing measurement by utilizing the full resolution of the camera is described with experimental measurements on silicon and nickel showing relative errors of plus/minus 3%. An investigation of partially recrystallized aluminium shows how the recrystallized fraction can be extracted with confidence but that the mapping of substructure in the highly deformed regions is questionable. Phase identification is described for complex cases in which the phase data tabulated in standard databases do not correspond to what is observed in the EBSD patterns. Phase mapping in a complex mineral in which chemical data and EBSD data are collected simultaneously is shown to be improved by recording both the chemical and the EBSD data into computer memory and proceeding with the phase discrimination and orientation measurement in off-line analysis.