gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Size distributions of coastal ocean suspended particulate inorganic matter: Amorphous silica and clay minerals and their dynamics (2017)

Particulate inorganic matter (PIM) is a key component in estuarine and coastal systems and plays a critical role in trace metal cycling. Better understanding of coastal dynamics and biogeochemistry requires improved quantification of PIM in terms of its concentration, size distribution, and mineral species composition. The angular pattern of light scattering contains detailed information about the size and composition of particles. These volume scattering functions (VSFs) were measured in Mobile Bay, Alabama, USA, a dynamic, PIM dominated coastal environment. From measured VSFs, we determined through inversion the particle size distributions (PSDs) of major components of PIM, amorphous silica and clay minerals. An innovation here is the extension of our reported PSDs significantly into the submicron range. The PSDs of autochthonous amorphous silica exhibit two unique features: a peak centered at about 0.8 μm between 0.2 and 4 μm and a very broad shoulder essentially extending from 4 μm to >100 μm. With an active and steady particle source from blooming diatoms, the shapes of amorphous silica PSDs for sizes <10 μm varied little across the study area, but showed more particles of sizes >10 μm inside the bay, likely due to wind-induced resuspension of larger frustules that have settled. Compared to autochthonous amorphous silica, the allochthonous clay minerals are denser and exhibit relatively narrower PSDs with peaks located between 1 and 4 μm. Preferential settling of larger mineral particles as well as the smaller but denser illite component further narrowed the size distributions of clay minerals as they were being transported outside the bay. The derived PSDs also indicated a very dynamic situation in Mobile Bay when a cold weather front passed through during the experiment. With northerly winds of speeds up to 15 m s−1, both amorphous silica and clay minerals showed a dramatic increase in concentration and broadening in size distribution outside the exit of the barrier islands, indicative of wind-induced resuspension and subsequent advection of particles out of Mobile Bay. While collectively recognized as the PIM, amorphous silica and clay minerals, as shown in this study, possess very different size distributions. Considering how differences in PSDs and the associated particle areas will effect differences in sorption/desorption properties of these components, the results also demonstrate the potential of applying VSF-inversion in studying biogeochemistry in the estuarine-coastal ocean system.
Kinetics of formation of fibrin oligomers. II. Size distributions of ligated oligomers (1982)

Abstract Human fibrinogen was treated with thrombin in the presence of fibrinoligase (Factor XIIIa) and calcium ion at pH 8.5, ionic strength 0.45, and the ensuing polymerization was interrupted at various time intervals ( t ) both before and after the clotting time ( t c ) by solubilization with a solution of sodium dodecylsulfate and urea. Aliquots of the solubilized protein were subjected to gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels after disulfide reduction by dithiothreitol and on agarose gels without reduction. The degree of γ‐γ ligation was determined from the former and the size distribution of ligated oligomers, for degree of polymerization x from 1 to 10, from the latter. In some experiments, thrombin was inhibited, after partial polymerization, by p ‐nitrophenyl‐ p ′‐guanidinobenzoate. From these, it was concluded that for thrombin concentration ⩽0.013 units/mL and fibrinoligase ⩾30 mg/L, oligomer assembly is rapid compared with peptide A release and ligation is rapid compared with assembly. Under these conditions, the theory of the first paper of this series describes rather well the time dependences of the degree of γ‐γ ligation, the weight fractions of monomer and small oligomers, and the number‐ and weight‐average degrees of polymerization after solubilization of the staggered overlapped assemblies, each of which splits to give two strands of end‐to‐end ligated oligomers. The theory assumes that the second A peptide is released by thrombin more rapidly than the first by a factor q , which, from the experimental data, is determined to be 16. The subsequent assembly into staggered overlapped oligomers follows the statistics of linear polycondesation taking into account the presence of both difunctional and monofunctional combining units. For higher thrombin or lower fibrinoligase concentrations, ligation fails to keep pace with oligomer assembly, and the size distributions after solubilization show a higher proportion of very small and a lower proportion of larger ligated oligomers, owing to separation of the staggered overlapped assemblies into smaller fragments.
Mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at the single cell level. I. Estimation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequency and relative lytic efficiency. (1979)

A single cell method has been developed for directly measuring the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The method is based on the ability of CTL to bind corresponding target cells and to form CTL-target conjugates visible by microscopy. Conjugates are incubated at 37°C in agarose to prevent CTL recycling. Single target lysis is assessed by trypan blue uptake. Target cell lysis was evident as early as 15 min and reached a plateau at 2 hr with an average of 60 to 80% of the conjugated target cells lysed. In a population of nylonwool nonadherent BALB/c peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes sensitized to C57BL/6 alloantigens, the frequency of CTL was estimated to range from 12 to 24% of the total T lymphocytes. The frequency of CTL and the kinetics of lysis were a function of the state of immunity, the method of sensitization, and the target cell employed. The single cell method described here has several features, namely, its independence of CTL recycling, the elimination of the variability in 51 Cr release by target cells, and its prevision for a direct estimate of CTL frequency. Furthermore, the method is simple, reproducible, highly quantitative with very low numbers of CTL, and adaptable to non-T cell-mediated cytotoxic systems.
Using XML Technology for Marine Data Exchange A Position Paper of the MarineXML Initiative (2005)

1. Abstract The eXtensible Mark-Up Language (XML) developed by the World Wide Web Consortium can be used to develop a framework that improves the interoperability of data in support of marine observing systems. There have been several initiatives investigating how this can be achieved in practice, but to date there has been no strong direction that the marine community should take. This paper presents the findings of an international project tasked with providing such direction. In particular it provides 'pre-standardisation' advice and justification to the international marine community on the use of XML standards for data interoperability. Importantly this embraces the very broad extent of the marine community, covering the very many disciplines and domain areas that exist.
Efficient and Stable Inverted Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Enabled by Hybrid Evaporation‐Solution Method (2023)

Abstract Wide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG‐PSCs), when partnered with Si bottom cells in tandem configuration, can provide efficiencies up to 44%; yet, the development of stable, efficient, and scalable WBG‐PSCs is required. Here, the utility of the hybrid evaporation‐solution method (HESM) is investigated to meet these demanding requirements via its unique advantages including ease of control and reproducibility. A PbI 2 /CsBr layer is co‐evaporated followed by coating of organic‐halide solutions in a green solvent. Bandgaps between 1.55–1.67 eV are systematically screened by varying CsBr and MABr content. Champion efficiencies of 21.06% and 20.35% in cells and 19.83% and 18.73% in mini‐modules (16 cm 2 ) for perovskites with 1.64 and 1.67 eV bandgaps are achieved, respectively. Additionally, 18.51%‐efficient semi‐transparent WBG‐PSCs are implemented in 4T perovskite/bifacial silicon configuration, reaching a projected power output of 30.61 mW cm −2 based on PD IEC TS 60904‐1‐2 (BiFi200) protocol. Despite similar bandgaps achieved by incorporating Br via MABr solution and/or CsBr evaporation, PSCs having a perovskite layer without MABr addition show significantly higher thermal and moisture stability. This study proves scalable, high‐performance, and stable WBG‐PSCs are enabled by HESM, hence their use in tandems and in emerging applications such as indoor photovoltaics are now within reach.
Coronary artery disease in patients with cerebrovascular disease: A prospective study (1984)

Coronary artery disease is the cause of death in most patients who have transient ischemic attacks or stroke. Evaluation for this condition is not routinely performed in such patients, and no prospective studies have been reported. We prospectively examined 50 consecutive patients with transient ischemic attacks or mild stroke to determine the prevalence and importance of coronary artery disease. All patients were examined by a cardiologist and underwent both exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy and exercise radionuclide ventriculography. Sixteen patients were suspected to have coronary artery disease on the basis of clinical evaluation. In 15 of these the was confirmed by the nuclear scans. The remaining 34 patients had no clinical evidence of heart disease, yet 14 had abnormal cardiac scans. Twenty of 22 patients with abnormal scans who underwent cardiac catheterization had significant coronary artery disease or a cardiomyopathy. The discovery of heart disease altered clinical management in 13 patients. Overall, 29 of 50 patients had significant coronary artery disease, compared with a 7% prevalence of the condition in other patients of similar age at the same institution.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitride Materials Fabricated from SHS Powders (2001)

Two different silicon nitride powders, one produced by self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) and one commercial, have been equally processed to obtain dense materials. Y 2 O 3 powders as a sintering aid and hot‐pressing techniques were used to process the materials. The fracture toughness and strength of the materials prepared have been evaluated and the results comparatively discussed as a function of the microstructure, with special emphasis on the characteristics of the initial powders.
Evaluating IL-21 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Crohn’s Disease (2018)

Our study shows that patients with CD have significant expression of IL-21 and IL-21R in the gut. As well, we show that neutralization of IL-21 in experimental T cell-driven colitis is associated with a reduction in clinical and pathological findings. This amelioration seems to be associated with a reduction in colon-infiltrating neutrophils.
CDF modelling for the optimum tilt and azimuth angle for PV installations: case study based on 26 different locations in region of the Yorkshire UK (2018)

The optimum tilt and azimuth angle for PV installations in 26 different locations within the county of Yorkshire, UK have been evaluated. In order to examine the performance of the PV systems, a selection of criteria has been identified as follows: (i) the maximum difference in the age of the PV installations is no older than two years, (ii) PV modules technology is crystalline‐Silicon (c‐Si), (iii) maximum area of study in each location is 20 km 2 , and (iv) PV systems have either the same tilt or azimuth angle within ±2°. The Huddersfield area was used as the primary example to evaluate the proposed methodology. The optimum tilt and azimuth angle for PV installations in the area is 39° and −1° respectively. Moreover, based on 4 kWp PV installations observed in all studied locations, a geographical map representing the annual energy production in the 26 locations has been drawn. The maximum annual energy production is observed for the city of Hull, whereas the minimum observed for the town of Keighley. Finally, the evaluation of the overall annual energy production is discussed using the analysis of the direct normal irradiance (DNI), ambient temperature, air frost, and the cloudiness.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Step Nanoengineering of Silica Coated Maghemite Hollow Spheres with Tunable Magnetic Properties. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Hang on a sec! (2011)

Conversing on cell phones while driving is a risky, yet commonplace activity. State legislatures in the U.S. have enacted rules that limit hand-held phone conversations while driving but that allow for hands-free conversations. However, studies have demonstrated that the cognitive load of conversation is a significant source of distraction that increases the likelihood of accidents. We explore in a controlled study with a driving simulator the effectiveness of proactive alerting and mediation of communications during phone conversations while driving. We study the use of auditory messages indicating upcoming critical road conditions and placing calls on hold. We found that such actions reduce driving errors and that alerts sharing details about situations were more effective than general alerts. Drivers found such a system valuable in most situations for maintaining driving safety. These results provide evidence that context-sensitive mediation systems could play a valuable role in focusing drivers' attention on the road during phone conversations.
Prvotní výběr boxové řady dojnicemi holštýnského plemene po příchodu z dojírny (2015)

This thesis on the topic "Initial selection pit row Holstein cows after coming out of the milking parlor," deals with the observation of cows in free housing boxing. When observations were recorded, only cows inside cubicles and these were mainly observed standing and lying down. Observations took place in the agricultural cooperative Telc. Stable was divided into nine sections. Observations took place in one section with an average of 55 cows. Among the influences that influenced the availability of boxes, or could in any way affect the filling of individual boxes, were included the following factors: lactation, milk yield, stable temperature and order in the parlor. The obtained results we can conclude that there are significant differences in preference filling boxes when most visited boxes were 17, 34, 36, 52, 53, 56, 60 and 62, at least the vacant boxes then only 3, 7, 49, 50, 37 . Furthermore, we can say that was a significant effect of lactation on the proportion of cows lying. The highest proportion of cows lying stationary compared to the first resp. 2nd lactation (92.3% resp. 79.9%), the lowest in the 3rd lactation (69.7%). We can note a significant impact on the proportion of milk yield of cows lying. It was highest in the yield of 20 &lt;(80%), 15,1-20 kg of milk (78%), the lowest for the yield 10,1-15 kg of milk (72%). Was also found a significant effect on the proportion of stable temperature lying cows. This was the highest at a temperature of 10,1-15 ° C (80.2%), 5,1-10 ° C (78.3%), the lowest temperature to 5 ° C (72.2%). You can also say some influence in order to share parlor lying cow which was not as pronounced as in previous results. That was the highest for the second order in the parlor (77.4%) and third order (76.4%), the lowest for the first order in the parlor (74.4%).
mmSense (2019)

In recent years, millimeter-wave (mmWave) is becoming a significant component of the next-generation wireless communication due to its up to 7 Gbps transmission rate. In addition to the communication benefits, the unique sensing feature of mmWave attracts more attention. Nowadays, the services of human detection and identification are needed in numerous application scenarios, such as smart home and smart industry. The RF-based sensing techniques, especially WiFi-based, are widely utilized in human detection and identification. However, these work either require humans to carry devices or cannot detect and identify multiple people simultaneously. In this paper, we propose mmSense, a device-free multi-person detection and identification framework, which exploits the unique mmWave sensing features. First, we utilize the properties of directionality, impenetrability, and reflection of 60 GHz signal for objects to fingerprint the environments. Based on the generated environment fingerprints with and without human presence, mmSense can detect and localize the presence of multiple people simultaneously via the LSTM-based classification model. Moreover, we propose a novel approach to use humans' outline profile and vital signs to identify multiple people by using 60 GHz reflected signals of the human body. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the low-cost and effectiveness of our approach.
Chirality in the Absence of Rigid Stereogenic Elements: The Absolute Configuration of Residual Enantiomers of C3‐Symmetric Propellers (2008)

Two new tris(aryl)phosphane oxides existing as configurationally stable residual enantiomers have been synthesised and their racemates resolved by semipreparative HPLC on a chiral stationary phase (CSP HPLC). One of them, recognised as a conglomerate, could be resolved by fractional crystallisation at a preparative scale level. In this case, the absolute configuration of the propeller-shaped molecule was determined by anomalous X-ray scattering. The problem of the correlative assignment of the absolute configuration to all known C(3)-symmetric three-bladed propeller-shaped molecules existing as stable residual enantiomers is discussed. The configurational stability of the new chiral phosphane oxides and of the corresponding phosphanes was evaluated by CD signal decay kinetics and dynamic (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The racemisation barriers in phosphanes were found about 10 kcal mol(-1) lower than those found for the corresponding oxides, though geometry and inter-ring gearing would be very similar in the two series. Configurational stability of residual tris(aryl)phosphanes was found to be influenced by the electronic availability of the phosphorus centre, as evaluated by electrochemical CV experiments.
Calculations of the near-wall thermophoretic force in rarefied gas flow (2002)

The thermophoretic force on a near-wall, spherical particle in a rarefied, monatomic gas flow is calculated numerically. The rarefied gas flow is calculated with the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, which provides the molecular velocity distribution. The force is calculated from the molecular velocity distribution using a force Green’s function. Calculations are performed over a Knudsen-number range from 0.0475 to 4.75 using Maxwell and hard-sphere collision models. Results are presented for the thermophoresis parameter, ξ, a dimensionless quantity proportional to the thermophoretic force. The spatial profiles of ξ show a clear progression from free-molecular conditions (ξ is constant throughout the domain) to near-continuum conditions (ξ is constant in the interior but increases in the Knudsen layers). For near-continuum conditions, the DSMC calculations and Chapman–Enskog theory are in excellent agreement in the interior, suggesting that their velocity distributions are similar in this region. For all conditions examined, ξ lies between the continuum and free-molecular limits, which differ by only 10%. Moreover, the near-wall ξ values differ from the interior values by less than 5% for a fully diffuse wall, in sharp contrast with most previous studies. An approximate theory for the wall effect is presented that agrees reasonably well with the calculations.
Nanocrystal formation in gas-atomized amorphous Al85Ni10La5 alloy. (2004)

An Al{sub 85}Ni{sub 10}La{sub 5} amorphous alloy, produced via gas atomization, was selected to study the mechanisms of nanocrystallization induced by thermal exposure. High resolution transmission electron microscopy results indicated the presence of quenched-in Al nuclei in the amorphous matrix of the atomized powder. However, a eutectic-like reaction, which involved the formation of the Al, Al{sub 11}La{sub 3}, and Al{sub 3}Ni phases, was recorded in the first crystallization event (263 C) during differential scanning calorimetry continuous heating. Isothermal annealing experiments conducted below 263 C revealed that the formation of single fcc-Al phase occurred at 235 C. At higher temperatures, growth of the Al crystals occurred with formation of intermetallic phases, leading to a eutectic-like transformation behavior at 263 C. During the first crystallization stage, nanocrystals were developed in the size range of 5 - 30 nm. During the second crystallization event (283 C), a bimodal size distribution of nanocrystals was formed with the smaller size in the range of around 10 - 30 nm and the larger size around 100 nm. The influence of pre-existing quenched-in Al nuclei on the microstructural evolution in the amorphous Al{sub 85}Ni{sub 10}La{sub 5} alloy is discussed and the effect of the microstructural evolution onmore » the hardening behavior is described in detail.« less
The rate and route of fluid resorption from the subretinal space of the rabbit. (1982)

Small nonrhegmatogenous detachments were formed in living rabbit eyes by injecting a few microliters of fluid into the subretinal space. The change in volume of these detachments was followed by sequential photogrammetric measurements. Detachments of 1 to 3 mm diameter filled with a balanced salt and glucose solution (Ames' solution) resorbed at a constant rate over approximately 80 min of observation and appeared to be totally resorbed within 2 to 6 hr. The rate at which fluid resorbed per unit area of pigment epithelium was consistent with the rate of resorption in other transporting epithelia as well as with clinical observations in humans. Detachments filled with isotonic sucrose resorbed much more slowly than those filled with saline solutions, suggesting that fluid resorption requires the passage of ions through cell membranes. Hypoxia markedly and reversibly reduced the rate of resorption, suggesting that active transport is involved in the removal of the saline solutions from the subretinal space Anatomical and physiological evidence indicate that the site of active transport is the pigment epithelium. Active resorption of subretinal fluid is probably a factor in the maintenance of normal retinal adhesion.