gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Types of Second-Order Edge Element by Reducing Edge Variables for Electromagnetic Field Analysis (2017)

Although high-order edge elements provide accurate solutions, they require considerable computational time. This paper presents new types of second-order edge element for electromagnetic field analysis. The element replaces two edge variables with one on the sides. The system matrix of the finite elements is still singular, because the technique is a kind of partial gauging. The use of the elements allows reduction of computational time compared with the use of conventional ones.
5α-Reductase Isoenzymes 1 and 2 in the Rat Testis During Postnatal Development1 (2003)

The pubertal initiation of spermatogenesis is reliant on androgens, and during this time, 5alpha-reduced androgens such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the predominant androgens in the testis. Two 5alpha-reductase (5alphaR) isoenzymes (5alphaR1 and 5alphaR2) have been identified, which catalyze the conversion of testosterone to the more potent androgen DHT. The present study aimed to investigate the developmental pattern of 5alphaR isoenzymes and their relationship to the production of 5alpha-reduced androgens in the postnatal rat testis. Both 5alphaR1 and 5alphaR2 isoenzyme mRNAs were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, isoenzyme activity levels by specific assays, and testicular androgens by radioimmunoassay after high-performance liquid chromatographic separation. Both 5alphaR1 and 5alphaR2 mRNAs and activity levels were low in the 10-day-old (prepubertal) testis, peaked between Days 20 and 40 during puberty, and then declined to low levels at 60-160 days of age. The developmental pattern of both 5alphaR isoenzyme activity levels was mirrored by the testicular production of 5alpha-reduced metabolites. Although 5alphaR1 was greater than 5alphaR2 at all ages, it is likely, given the substrate preferences of the two, that both isoenzymes contribute to the pubertal peak of 5alpha-reduced androgen biosynthesis. The peak in 5alphaR isoenzymes and 5alpha-reduced metabolite production coincided with the first wave of spermatogenesis in the rat, suggesting a role for 5alpha-reduced metabolites in the initiation of spermatogenesis. This was explored by acute administration of a 5alphaR inhibitor (L685,273) to immature rats. The L685,273 markedly suppressed testicular 5alphaR activity during puberty by 75%-86%. However, a marked increase was observed in testicular testosterone levels (in the absence of changes in LH), and no decrease was observed in the absolute levels of 5alpha-reduced metabolites. Therefore, whether the formation of DHT in the presence of low testosterone levels in the pubertal testis is required for the initiation of spermatogenesis cannot be tested using 5alphaR inhibitors. We conclude that both 5alphaR1 and 5alphaR2 isoenzymes are involved in the peak of 5alpha-reduced androgen biosynthesis in the testis during the pubertal initiation of spermatogenesis.
405 nm light exposure of osteoblasts and inactivation of bacterial isolates from arthroplasty patients: potential for new disinfection applications? (2013)

Infection rates after arthroplasty surgery are between 1-4 %, rising significantly after revision procedures. To reduce the associated costs of treating these infections, and the patients' post-operative discomfort and trauma, a new preventative method is required. High intensity narrow spectrum (HINS) 405 nm light has bactericidal effects on a wide range of medically important bacteria, and it reduced bacterial bioburden when used as an environmental disinfection method in a Medical Burns Unit. To prove its safety for use for environmental disinfection in orthopaedic theatres during surgery, cultured osteoblasts were exposed to HINS-light of intensities up to 15 mW/cm2 for 1 h (54 J/cm2). Intensities of up to 5 mW/cm2 for 1 h had no effect on cell morphology, activity of alkaline phosphatase, synthesis of collagen or osteocalcin expression, demonstrating that under these conditions this dose is the maximum safe exposure for osteoblasts; after exposure to 15 mW/cm2 all parameters of osteoblast function were significantly decreased. Viability (measured by protein content and Crystal Violet staining) of the osteoblasts was not influenced by exposure to 5 mW/cm2 for at least 2 h. At 5 mW/cm2 HINS-light is an effective bactericide. It killed 98.1 % of Staphylococcus aureus and 83.2 % Staphylococcus epidermis populations seeded on agar surfaces, and is active against both laboratory strains and clinical isolates from infected hip and knee arthroplasties. HINS-light could have potential for development as a method of disinfection to reduce transmission of bacteria during arthroplasty, with wider applications in diverse surgical procedures involving implantation of a medical device.
Four subclones with distinct immunoglobulin light chain phenotypes. (kappa+lambda+, kappa+, lambda+ and kappa-lambda-) from acute leukemia. (1996)

A human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line, BALM-9, was established from the peripheral blood specimen of a immunoglobin (lg) phenotype, the established BALM-9 cell line expressed both kappa and lambda light (L) chains simultaneously in a range of 30-80%. Two-color flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that there was a distinct population of kappa lambda double positive cells as well as kappa single, lambda single, and double negative populations. Therefore, subclones were obtained from each population by limiting dilution and were designated BALM-9KL (kappa+lambda+), BALM-9K (kappa+lambda-), BALM 9N (kappa-lambda-). Western blotting confirmed the results of the immunofluorescence test at the protein level. In BALM-9N, L chains were absent even in the cytoplasm as demonstrated by Western blotting. Evidence that the subclones have the same ancestry was provided both by cytogenetic analysis and by Southern blotting, which revealed the 14q32 chromosomal rearrangement as a common abnormality and the same IgH gene arrangement among the subclones. The existence of a kappa lambda positive B cell population suggests a transient stage of normal B cell maturation. These subclones might represent such a stage and thus provide a useful means of analyzing the mechanism of this double light chain expression.
Spatial frequency analysis of LER and LWR to tune SADP process (2022)

In the SADP process, the final spacer line roughness is the key challenge for good pattern transfer. To understand how each process step contributes, the role of roughness in different frequency ranges (Low, Middle, High) is extremely important and it was thoroughly analyzed using unbiased power spectral densities. In this way, it was possible to observe that the deposition step introduces Low to Middle frequency LWR. By tweaking the thin film stress levels during deposition, it is observed that LWR of the final CD of the spacer line can be improved further after the etch step. Applying proper etch step tuning, the etch power condition optimization can reduce line wiggling (responsible for Low frequency LER), while gas flow adjustment can minimize residue from re-deposition (and therefore improve Middle frequency LER). Using the insights in frequency range enabled rapid reduction of LER and LWR by focusing the development methods in both deposition and etch.
REBL: design progress toward 16 nm half-pitch maskless projection electron beam lithography (2012)

REBL (Reflective Electron Beam Lithography) is a novel concept for high speed maskless projection electron beam lithography. Originally targeting 45 nm HP (half pitch) under a DARPA funded contract, we are now working on optimizing the optics and architecture for the commercial silicon integrated circuit fabrication market at the equivalent of 16 nm HP. The shift to smaller features requires innovation in most major subsystems of the tool, including optics, stage, and metrology. We also require better simulation and understanding of the exposure process. In order to meet blur requirements for 16 nm lithography, we are both shrinking the pixel size and reducing the beam current. Throughput will be maintained by increasing the number of columns as well as other design optimizations. In consequence, the maximum stage speed required to meet wafer throughput targets at 16 nm will be much less than originally planned for at 45 nm. As a result, we are changing the stage architecture from a rotary design to a linear design that can still meet the throughput requirements but with more conventional technology that entails less technical risk. The linear concept also allows for simplifications in the datapath, primarily from being able to reuse pattern data across dies and columns. Finally, we are now able to demonstrate working dynamic pattern generator (DPG) chips, CMOS chips with microfabricated lenslets on top to prevent crosstalk between pixels.
Thieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophen and thieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophen. Part II. Substitution reactions (1971)

Thieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophen and thieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophen show similar monosubstitution reactions; each undergoes bromination, Vilsmeier–Haack formylation, Friedel–Crafts acetylation, nitration, and metalation very readily in the 2-position, and the results are in accord with calculated electron-density values. However, 2-bromothieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophen gives the 2,3-dibromo-compound on further bromination, whereas 2-bromothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophen is brominated further in the benzene ring, probably in the 6-position. The Schmidt reaction of 2-acetylthieno[2,3-b]- or [3,2-b]-[1]benzothiophen with hydrazoic acid gives N-methyl-thieno[2,3-b]- or [3,2-b]-[1]benzothiophen-2-carboxamide, and not the expected 2-acetamido-compound. Reduction (LiAlH4) of thieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophen-2-carbaldehyde gives bis-(2-thieno[2,3-b][1]benzothienyl)methane. The latter compound is also formed in attempted chloromethylation of thieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophen, or by treatment of 2-hydroxymethylthieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophen with a trace of acid.
Fabricating optical fibre-top cantilevers for temperature sensing (2014)

In this paper, we propose techniques to fabricate micro-cantilevers onto the end of standard single mode optical fibres using a combination of picosecond laser machining and focused ion beam milling techniques and demonstrate their use as temperature sensors. Using this approach the cantilever can be pre-aligned with the core of the fibre during fabrication, therefore offering a stable and straightforward means of optically addressing the cantilever. The cantilever is designed to measure deflection over a range of 10 µm using a simple readout technique. A phase recovery algorithm is employed to reduce the interrogation error to around 2–3 nm. Finally, a temperature cycling experiment demonstrates that the cantilever could be used as a temperature sensor from room temperature to 500 °C with an average rms temperature error from 20 °C to 500 °C of ∼±1.4 °C.
Nanomechanical Silicon Resonators with Intrinsic Tunable Gain and Sub-nW Power Consumption (2011)

Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) as integrated components for ultrasensitive sensing, time keeping, or radio frequency applications have driven the search for scalable nanomechanical transduction on-chip. Here, we present a hybrid silicon-on-insulator platform for building NEM oscillators in which fin field effect transistors (FinFETs) are integrated into nanomechanical silicon resonators. We demonstrate transistor amplification and signal mixing, coupled with mechanical motion at very high frequencies (25-80 MHz). By operating the transistor in the subthreshold region, the power consumption of resonators can be reduced to record-low nW levels, opening the way for the parallel operation of hundreds of thousands of NEM oscillators. The electromechanical charge modulation due to the field effect in a resonant transistor body constitutes a scalable nanomechanical motion detection all-on-chip and at room temperature. The new class of tunable NEMS represents a major step toward their integration in resonator arrays for applications in sensing and signal processing.
Salivary MUC5B-Mediated Adherence (Ex Vivo) of Helicobacter pylori During Acute Stress (2000)

Our study demonstrated a direct link between stress-mediated biochemical changes and altered host-microbe interactions in humans. Increased bacterial adherence may be a contributing factor in the observed relationship between stress and susceptibility to infectious disease.
Monitoring Cobalamin Inactivation During Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia by Determination of Homocysteine and Folate in Plasma and Urine (1992)

ERMENS, A. A. M.; REFSUM, H.; RUPREHT, J.; SPIJKERS, L. J. M.; GUTTORMSEN, A. B.; LINDEMANS, J.; UELAND, P. M.; ABELS, J. Author Information
Analysis of Asymptotically Optimal Sampling-based Motion Planning Algorithms for Lipschitz Continuous Dynamical Systems (2014)

Over the last 20 years significant effort has been dedicated to the development of sampling-based motion planning algorithms such as the Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRT) and its asymptotically optimal version (e.g. RRT*). However, asymptotic optimality for RRT* only holds for linear and fully actuated systems or for a small number of non-linear systems (e.g. Dubin's car) for which a steering function is available. The purpose of this paper is to show that asymptotically optimal motion planning for dynamical systems with differential constraints can be achieved without the use of a steering function. We develop a novel analysis on sampling-based planning algorithms that sample the control space. This analysis demonstrated that asymptotically optimal path planning for any Lipschitz continuous dynamical system can be achieved by sampling the control space directly. We also determine theoretical bounds on the convergence rates for this class of algorithms. As the number of iterations increases, the trajectory generated by these algorithms, approaches the optimal control trajectory, with probability one. Simulation results are promising.
Excited-State Properties of Semiconductor Electrodes and Their Application to Optical Energy Conversion (1985)

The luminescent properties of a variety of II-VI and III-V semiconductors have been investigated. The sensitivity of photoluminescence intensity can serve as the basis for optically-coupled chemical sensors for adsorbing molecules.
Simultaneous monitoring of spectral and temporal Xe - Cl excimer laser-induced fluorescence (1996)

We present a method that enables us to construct fluorescence fingerprints from samples, with respect both to wavelength- and to time-dependences. A Xe - Cl excimer laser is used for excitation of fluorescing compounds. For every fluorophore, the time course of the fluorescence is recorded over time, as a function of the emission wavelength, subsequent to photoexcitation. Time-resolved multispectral analysis is performed. We derive a linear spectro-temporal kernel: a weighting function, which describes the temporal behaviour of the fluorescence spectrum within the time-bandwidth imposed by our sampling interval (Nyquist frequency), independently of the pulse width of the excitation . The data analysis revealed both the static and the dynamic fluorescence properties of the fluorophores under study.
A hepatic amino acid/mTOR/S6K-dependent signalling pathway modulates systemic lipid metabolism via neuronal signals (2015)

Metabolism is coordinated among tissues and organs via neuronal signals. Levels of circulating amino acids (AAs), which are elevated in obesity, activate the intracellular target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1)/S6kinase (S6K) pathway in the liver. Here we demonstrate that hepatic AA/mTORC1/S6K signalling modulates systemic lipid metabolism via a mechanism involving neuronal inter-tissue communication. Hepatic expression of an AA transporter, SNAT2, activates the mTORC1/S6K pathway, and markedly elevates serum triglycerides (TGs), while downregulating adipose lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Hepatic Rheb or active-S6K expression have similar metabolic effects, whereas hepatic expression of dominant-negative-S6K inhibits TG elevation in SNAT2 mice. Denervation, pharmacological deafferentation and β-blocker administration suppress obesity-related hypertriglyceridemia with adipose LPL upregulation, suggesting that signals are transduced between liver and adipose tissue via a neuronal pathway consisting of afferent vagal and efferent sympathetic nerves. Thus, the neuronal mechanism uncovered here serves to coordinate amino acid and lipid levels and contributes to the development of obesity-related hypertriglyceridemia.
Selective dietary restriction of protein and calorie intakes prevents spontaneous proteinuria in male MWF rats. (1998)

These results indicate that restriction of both protein and calorie intakes prevents spontaneous proteinuria in male MWF rats by preventing deterioration of glomerular perm-selective functions.
Effects on Differentiation of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain Progenitors by Lmx1a, Msx1, Ngn2, and Pitx3 (2008)

Neurons derived from neural stem cells could potentially be used for cell therapy in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. To achieve controlled differentiation of neural stem cells, we expressed transcription factors involved in the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in rat and human neural progenitors. Using retroviral-mediated transgene delivery, we overexpressed Lmx1a (LIM homeobox transcription factor 1, alpha), Msx1 (msh homeobox homolog 1), Ngn2 (neurogenin 2), or Pitx3 (paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3) in neurospheres derived from embryonic day 14.5 rat ventral mesencephalic progenitors. We also expressed either Lmx1a or Msx1 in the human embryonic midbrain-derived progenitor cell line NGC-407. Rat cells transduced with Ngn2 exited the cell cycle and expressed the neuronal marker microtubule-associated protein 2 and catecholamine-neuron protein vesicular monoamine transporter 2. Interestingly, Pitx3 downregulated the expression of SOX2 (SRY-box containing gene 2) and Nestin, altered cell morphology, but never induced neuronal or glial differentiation. Ngn2 exhibited a strong neuron-inducing effect. In contrast, few Lmx1a-transduced cells matured into neurons, and Msx1 overexpression promoted oligodendrogenesis rather than neuronal differentiation. Importantly, none of these four genes, alone or in combination, enhanced differentiation of rat neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons. Notably, the overexpression of Lmx1a, but not Msx1, in human neural progenitors increased the yield of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells by threefold. Together, we demonstrate that induced overexpression of transcription factor genes has profound and specific effects on the differentiation of rat and human midbrain progenitors, although few dopamine neurons are generated.
A Theoretical Basis for Practitioners Heuristic 1/N and Long-Only Quintile Portfolio (2020)

The heuristic 1/N (equally weighted) portfolio and long-only quintile portfolio are both popular simple strategies in financial investment. In the 1/N portfolio, a fraction of 1/N of wealth is allocated to each of the N available assets. In the long-only quintile portfolio, first the assets are sorted according to some factors, e.g., expected returns, and then the strategy equally longs the top 20% (i.e., top quintile). Although they have been criticized for naiveness when proposed by practitioners, they have shown great advantage over some sophisticated portfolios. They are becoming more and more popular in practical investment due to their stable performance and easy deployment. In this paper, we formulate a mathematically meaningful robust maximum return portfolio design and show that it reduces to the two heuristic portfolios under different level of estimation error in the mean returns. A variance-adjusted uncertainty set is also proposed to derive an inverse-volatility portfolio, which shows consistent advantage over the heuristic portfolios in backtesting with real market data.
Generative Object Detection and Tracking in 3D Range Data (2012)

This paper presents a novel approach to tracking dynamic objects in 3D range data. Its key contribution lies in the generative object detection algorithm which allows the tracker to robustly extract objects of varying sizes and shapes from the observations. In contrast to tracking methods using discriminative detectors, we are thus able to generalize over a wide range of object classes matching our assumptions. Whilst the generative model underlying our framework inherently scales with the complexity and the noise characteristics of the environment, all parameters involved in the detection process obey a clean probabilistic interpretation. Nevertheless, our unsupervised object detection and tracking algorithm achieves real-time performance, even in highly dynamic scenarios covering a significant amount of moving objects. Through an application to populated urban settings, we are able to show that the tracking performance of the presented approach yields results which are comparable to state-of-the-art discriminative methods.
Clipping noise mitigation for OFDM by decision-aided reconstruction (1999)

Clipping is often used to reduce the large peak-to-mean envelope power ratio of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. However, it introduces additional noise that degrades the system performance. A technique called decision-aided reconstruction (DAR) is proposed for mitigating the clipping noise. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated for additive white Gaussian noise and static intersymbol interference channels. The effect of using a realistic channel estimate is also examined. Results show that the DAR technique can mitigate the clipping noise significantly for OFDM systems that have large block sizes.
Simplified depth-based block partitioning and prediction merging in 3D video coding (2014)

3D video is an emerging technology that bundles depth information with texture videos to allow for view synthesis applications at the receiver. Depth discontinuities define object boundaries in both, depth maps and the collocated texture video. Therefore, depth segmentation can be utilized for a fine-grained motion field partitioning of the corresponding texture component. In this paper, depth information is used to increase coding efficiency for texture videos by deriving an arbitrarily shaped partitioning. By applying motion compensation to each partition independently and eventually merging the two prediction signals, highly accurate prediction signals can be produced that reduce the remaining texture residual signal significantly. Simulation results show bitrate savings of up to 2.8% for the dependent texture views and up to about 1.0% with respect to the total bitrate.