gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acceleration of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover and Sugar Cane Bagasse Celluloses by Low Intensity Uniform Ultrasound (2009)

SouthernRegionalResearchCenter,1100RobertE.LeeBlvd,NewOrleans,LA70124,USThe cost-competitive production of bio-ethanol and other biofuels is currently impeded, mostly bythe high cost and the low efﬁciency of enzymatic hydrolysis of feedstock biomass and especiallyplant celluloses. Despite substantial reduction in the cost of production of cellulolytic enzymes inrecent times, the conversion of plant cellulose into sugars still remains an expensive and slow step.Our research has found that the introduction of a low energy, uniform ultrasound ﬁeld into enzymeprocessing solutions greatly improved their effectiveness by signiﬁcantly increasing their reactionrate. It has been established that the following speciﬁc features of combined enzyme/ultrasoundbio-processing are critically important: (a) cavitation effects caused by introduction of ultrasoundﬁeld into the enzyme processing solution greatly enhance the transport of enzyme macromoleculestoward the substrate’s surface, (b) mechanical impacts, produced by the collapse of cavitation bub-bles, provide an important beneﬁt of “opening up” the surface of solid substrates to the action ofenzymes, (c) the effect of cavitation is several hundred times greater in heterogeneous systems(solid substrate–liquid) than in homogeneous, and (d) in water, the maximum effects of cavitationoccur at ∼50 C, which is the optimum temperature for many enzymes. On a laboratory scale, intro-duction of low level, uniform ultrasonic energy in the reaction chamber during enzymatic hydrolysisof corn stover and sugar cane bagasse cellulose samples resulted in a signiﬁcant improvement inenzyme efﬁciency. The combined enzyme/sonication hydrolysis of corn stover, bagasse and similarplant celluloses could signiﬁcantly accelerate this critical step in the overall conversion of agriculturalwaste biomass into biofuels.
Phosphorus Fertilizer Carriers and Their Placement for Minimum Till Corn Under Sprinkler Irrigation (1987)

Abstract Several methods of placement and sources of P were evaluated for sprinkler irrigated corn ( Zea mays L.) grown under minimum tillage on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (Typic Argiudoll) and a Coly silt loam (Typic Ustorthent). Nitrogen and P, dual placed in a localized band (anhydrous ammonia applied with liquid P sources), accomplished greater P uptake and higher corn grain yields on a P deficient calcareous soil than P banded to the side of the seed or banded below the seed, although both methods increased early plant growth compared to either broadcast or P dual placed with NH 3 . Broadcast preplant applications of P were equally as effective as dual placed P in this study. Explanation of yield and P uptake enhancement by dual placement may lie in the synergistic effect of ammoniacal N and P placed together. The superior performance of the broadcast method of P application was apparently due to root activity near the surface of the soil or in the soil residue interface. In contrast, starter band applications gave higher yields than broadcast or dual placed methods of P application on a slightly acid medium P soil. While it is not known why differences were obtained between the performance of methods of P application on these two soils, low subsoil P levels in the calcareous soil compared to the acid soil was believed to be a contributive factor. Enhanced early P uptake with such row applications may increase yields where high subsurface P levels exist. Urea phosphate (UP) provided greater yields, grain P uptake, and total P uptake than ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) at the calcareous site—especially when band (side), broadcast, and dual placement methods of P application were used. Total P concentration from plant tissue taken at the eight‐leaf stage was greater for UP than APP and DAP on the slightly acid soil, but no yield differences could be attributed to sources at this site.
High-speed oxide confined 850-nm VCSELs operating error-free at 47 Gbit/s at room temperature and 40 Gbit/s at 85&#x00B0;C (2013)

Summary form only given. Optical links based on multimode fiber and 850 nm VCSELs are critical elements in high performance computing systems, datacenters, and other short reach datacom networks. These applications are driving the demand for high bandwidth and it is anticipated that serial bit-rates up to 40 Gbit/s will be required for the next generation standards. For minimized power consumption, footprint, and cost, these high-speed links must function without active temperature control or cooling, and are consequently required to operate error-free (defined as a BER<;10<;sup>-12<;/sup>) not only at room temperature (RT), but also under high temperature conditions. Here, we present results from our latest generation of high-speed VCSELs. The epitaxial material was grown by MOCVD at IQE Europe and is a further development of the VCSEL structure with a number of design improvements. The DBR grading and doping schemes have been optimized for low resistance and low free carrier absorption. These improvements are of benefit for both static and dynamic characteristics as they allow for reaching a higher photon density before thermal rollover sets in, thereby enabling a higher output power and modulation bandwidth. A 0.5-λ cavity is used for improved carrier transport and longitudinal optical confinement (the previous design utilized a 1.5-λ cavity), properties that both are critical for high-speed characteristics. We recently presented results using this VCSEL design where we were able to demonstrate a record high modulation bandwidth of 28 GHz for a 4 μm aperture VCSEL, and error-free data transmission at up to 44 Gbit/s using a 7 μm aperture device. Here, we take advantage of an improved photoreceiver to extend the results to higher bit-rates and temperatures (85°C).
Carbonate14C Background: Does It Have Multiple Personalities? (2001)

Measurements of the radiocarbon concentration of several carbonate background materials, either mineral (IAEA C1 Carrara marble and Icelandic double spar) or biogenic (foraminifera and molluscs), show that the apparent ages of diverse materials can be quite different. Using 0.07 pMC obtained from mineral samples as a processing blank, the results from foraminifera and mollusc background samples, varying from 0.12 to 0.58 pMC (54.0-41.4 ka), show a species-specific contamination that reproduces over several individual shells and foraminifera from several sediment cores. Different cleaning attempts have proven ineffective, and even stronger measures such as progressive hydrolization or leaching of the samples prior to routine preparation, did not give any indication of the source of the contamination. In light of these results, the use of mineral background material in the evaluation of the age of older unknown samples of biogenic carbonate (&gt;30 ka) proves inadequate. The use of background samples of the same species and provenance as the unknown samples is essential, and if such material is unavailable, generic biogenic samples such as mixed foraminifera samples should be used. The description of our new modular carbonate sample preparation system is also introduced.
Do we need muscular blockers in ambulatory anaesthesia? (2000)

Since the introduction of the laryngeal mask airway, the majority of day case patients can safely be anaesthetized without the administration of muscle relaxants. If muscle relaxation is required, the modern non-depolarizing agents, vecuronium, rocuronium, atracurium, cisatracurium and mivacurium, provide an excellent choice. Succinylcholine should be regarded mainly as an option in the event of an emergency intubation, especially in paediatric patients.
Mean glandular dose coefficients (DgN) for x-ray spectra used in contemporary breast imaging systems (2015)

To develop tables of normalized glandular dose coefficients D(g)N for a range of anode-filter combinations and tube voltages used in contemporary breast imaging systems. Previously published mono-energetic D(g)N values were used with various spectra to mathematically compute D(g)N coefficients. The tungsten anode spectra from TASMICS were used; molybdenum and rhodium anode-spectra were generated using MCNPX Monte Carlo code. The spectra were filtered with various thicknesses of Al, Rh, Mo or Cu. An initial half value layer (HVL) calculation was made using the anode and filter material. A range of the HVL values was produced with the addition of small thicknesses of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a surrogate for the breast compression paddle, to produce a range of HVL values at each tube voltage. Using a spectral weighting method, D(g)N coefficients for the generated spectra were calculated for breast glandular densities of 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50% and 100% for a range of compressed breast thicknesses from 3 to 8 cm. Eleven tables of normalized glandular dose (D(g)N) coefficients were produced for the following anode/filter combinations: W + 50 μm Ag, W + 500 μm Al, W + 700 μm Al, W + 200 μm Cu, W + 300 μm Cu, W + 50 μm Rh, Mo + 400 μm Cu, Mo + 30 μm Mo, Mo + 25 μm Rh, Rh + 400 μm Cu and Rh + 25 μm Rh. Where possible, these results were compared to previously published D(g)N values and were found to be on average less than 2% different than previously reported values.Over 200 pages of D(g)N coefficients were computed for modeled x-ray system spectra that are used in a number of new breast imaging applications. The reported values were found to be in excellent agreement when compared to published values.
An experimental model to demonstrate the carcinogenic action of oral chronic traumatic ulcer (2004)

The results show that CTU acts as a tumor promoter in this model. This finding is clinically relevant in that CTU may increase the risk of malignant transformation in patients with subclinical tumor initiation.
Effect of anticoagulant and platelet inhibition on the risk of bacteremia among patients with acute pyelonephritis: a retrospective cohort study (2022)

We found no association between antithrombotic treatment and an increased risk of bacteremia during acute pyelonephritis. Conversely, patients with prophylactic doses of LMWH had a slightly reduced risk of bacteremia. LMWH at prophylactic doses was also associated with a lower risk of acute kidney injury. Our results suggest that it is safe to continue antithrombotic treatment during acute pyelonephritis, in regards to bacteremia and acute kidney injury risk.
Crosstalk between fatty acids and inflammation in macrophages and their influence on metabolic homeostasis (2017)

マクロファージは炎症応答を司り代謝性疾患の発症に寄与するだけでなく，全身のエネルギー代謝のバランス維持にも関与する．近年，健常時における脂肪組織内に存在するマクロファージのサブタイプに関する研究報告が相次ぎ，糖尿病やメタボリックシンドロームなどの代謝性疾患とマクロファージとの関連性に注目が集まる．今回，代謝性疾患における炎症性因子と抗炎症性因子について概説し，新しい視座を紹介する．一つ目の視座として，マクロファージのサブタイプにより炎症応答への作用が異なり，炎症応答を亢進するM1マクロファージと，逆に炎症応答を抑制するM2マクロファージとに分けられる．次の視座として，脂肪酸および関連因子が炎症応答に関与することが示され，飽和脂肪酸，n-9単価不飽和脂肪酸およびn-6多価不飽和脂肪酸は炎症応答を惹起するのに対して，エイコサペンタエン酸ならびにドコサヘキサエン酸などのn-3多価不飽和脂肪酸は炎症応答を抑制する機能を有する．したがって，マクロファージサブタイプ間と炎症や抗炎症作用を示す脂肪酸とのクロストークの研究を通じて，代謝性疾患の発症機序の理解が進み，将来の新規薬理作用点の発見に繋がることを期待したい．
QUANTUM DOTS MEET BIOMOLECULES (1998)

By attaching biomolecules to nanometer-sized bits of semiconductors, researchers have come up with a sensitive and potentially widely applicable method for detecting biomolecules and for scmtinizing biomolecular processes. The novel procedure, developed independently by groups at Indiana University, Bloomington, and the University of California, Berkeley, takes advantage of fluorescence properties of the semiconductor dots. Both groups use nanocrystals—quantum dots—with cadmium selenide cores. The Indiana team wraps their particles in zinc sulfide shells and the California searchers use zinc sulfide or cadmium sulfide shells. Each team has demonstrated that quantumdot- labeled molecules remain active for biochemical reactions and that the tagged species produce brightly colored products [Science, 281, 2013 and 2016 (1998)]. chemical and biological stains, comments Iowa State University chemistry professor Edward S. Yeung. If we consider the importance of the many labeling techniques developed for cell i...
Evolution and Synthetic Applications of the Heck–Matsuda Reaction: The Return of Arenediazonium Salts to Prominence (2011)

Abstract This review highlights the potential and the versatility of arenediazonium salts as viable alternatives to conventional aryl halides and oxygen‐based electrophiles for Pd‐catalyzed Heck reactions. It also presents an overview of the field over the last decade, including some historical perspective of the Heck–Matsuda (HM) reaction with general considerations regarding reaction conditions, type of catalysts used, and the application of arenediazonium salts as reagents for the HM arylation of several types of alkenes. Throughout this review, the principal aspects related to reactivity and selectivity are discussed, and when applicable a comparison is made between the HM and the conventional Heck reactions. One‐pot procedures that involve generation of the arenediazonium salt in situ from the corresponding aniline have been presented as well as some useful heterogeneous catalytic protocols. Allylic alcohols, conjugated alkenes, unsaturated heterocycles, and unactivated alkenes are capable of being arylated with arenediazonium salts by using simple catalysts such as Pd(OAc) 2 or Pd 2 (dba) 3 at room temperature in air and in benign and conventional solvents. In addition to the intramolecular variant of the HM reaction, intermolecular tandem coupling–cyclization processes have also been developed for the construction of a range of oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles. Finally, several applications towards the total synthesis of biologically active natural and nonnatural compounds are highlighted as well as the use of the HM reaction in the synthesis of new chiral, nonracemic ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Diels‐Alder Reactions of N‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐3‐p‐ tolylsulfinyl‐1‐benzoquinone‐4‐imine. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Predicting perturbation effects from resting activity using functional causal flow (2020)

A crucial challenge in targeted manipulation of neural activity is to identify perturbation sites whose stimulation exerts significant effects downstream (high efficacy), a procedure currently achieved by labor-intensive trial-and-error. Targeted perturbations will be greatly facilitated by understanding causal interactions within neural ensembles and predicting the efficacy of perturbation sites before intervention. Here, we address this issue by developing a computational framework to predict how single-site micorstimulation alters the ensemble spiking activity in an alert monkey’s prefrontal cortex. Our framework uses delay embedding techniques to infer the ensemble’s functional causal flow (FCF) based on the functional interactions inferred at rest. We validate FCF using ground truth data from models of cortical circuits, showing that FCF is robust to noise and can be inferred from brief recordings of even a small fraction of neurons in the circuit. A detailed comparison of FCF with several alternative methods, including Granger causality and transfer entropy, highlighted the advantages of FCF in predicting perturbation effects on empirical data. Our results provide the foundation for using targeted circuit manipulations to develop targeted interventions suitable for brain-machine interfaces and ameliorating cognitive dysfunctions in the human brain.
KAJIANFAKTOR EKSPLOITASI BERDASARKAN JENIS POHON : STUDI KASUS DI SATU PERUSAHAAN HPH DI KALIMANTAN BARAT (A study on Exploitation Factor in Forest Harvesting Based on Trees Species : A case study in one forest concession holder in West Kalimantan) (2017)

Natural production forests in Indonesia have been harvested since 1970. In carrying out the harvesting of the forests, the goverment used a parameter so called Exploitation Factor (FE) as a basic calculation of annual allowable production. Currently the value of FE is 0. 7 regardless the species. The value means that only about 70% of log volume can be extracted from the forest in the cutting operation. In this study an analysis of FE was carried out to see whether it is necessary to differentiate the value based on tree species. Data were collected from real logging activity in the forest. An analysis using Honest by Significant Difference test showed that in reality there is no signifi­ cant difference among the means of FE. This result justifies the use of single value of FE for all species. Keywords: Forest, harvesting, logs, conversion factor.
Behaviors of Unstable Low Frequency Waves by Pump hf Waves in an Inhomogeneous Plasma in the Presence of Beam lon (2002)

In an ion beam-inhomogeneous plasma system, multiple ion cyclotron harmonic (ICH) waves up to no&amp;quot;i, (t4i is the ion cyclotron frequency, n is the integer) have been unstable [1], where n is determined by the inhomogeneity of the plasma. Further, it is observed that low frequency waves with frequencies in the neighborhood of the lower hybrid frequency are unstable B1&amp;apos;the external application of high frequency (i/) field, the suppressions of unstable waves are observed. The suppression is due to the ponderomotive force of the pump hffield and fields of both sideband waves. This suppression occurs, as the frequency of pump hf field is only lower than the frequency of the Trivelpiece-Gould (T-G) mode. These behaviors and results agree qualitatively with numerical analyses by the theory. Keywords: ion cyclotron harmonic modes, lower hybrid waves, inhomogeneity, high frequency modes, ponderomotive force 1.
Isotopic Investigation of Hydrogen Transfer Related to Cobalt-Catalyzed Free-Radical Chain Transfer (1996)

The process of cobalt porphyrin catalyzed chain transfer in methacrylate free radical polymerizations shows a deuterium kinetic isotope effect greater than 3, indicating that hydrogen atom transfer occurs in the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle. This step involves formation of a transient hydridocobalt(III) complex by a reversible hydrogen atom abstraction from an incoming radical; the other product is an olefin. In some cases, the resulting radical can be trapped as the alkylcobalt(III) product. The use of labeled cyclic olefins indicates that the formation of the alkylcobalt(III) species can be at least partially stereoselective in some cases, and when it is, the addition is cis. Deuterated vinylidene olefins such as methyl methacrylate-d8 were found to exchange the hydrogen of a cobalt porphyrin hydride to deuteride under free radical conditions. This exchange reaction can be used for deuterium labeling experimentsthe transient cobalt deuterides are similarly trapped by addition of protioolefins. Thermal isomerization of the labeled product with time results in gradual loss of stereoselectivity, but observation of the initial stereoselectivity of this reaction indicates an underlying limit to the reaction selectivity. The ready availability of radical homolysis products will always limit the selectivity of the products. Similar experiments with acetylenes usually result in trans-vinyl products except when steric effects dominate. This shift from cis products with olefins to trans products for acetylenes is unexplained but may be attributed to radical intermediates or may indicate a role for a second cobalt complex in the transition state.
Delphian Lymph Node in Laryngeal Carcinoma: A Whole Organ Study (1997)

The incidence of Delphian or cricothyroid lymph node involvement in laryngeal carcinoma was studied in whole organ sections of 92 laryngectomy specimens. Histologic examination revealed that of the 92 whole organ sections, 8 were noted to have cricothyroid node involvement (8.7%). All 8 patients had submucosal involvement of the conus elasticus, 7 had involvement of the subglottic mucosa, and 6 had invasion of the cricoid cartilage. Four of the 8 patients with cricothyroid node involvement died of the disease, 3 of whom had stomal recurrence. None of the patients who died of disease had surgical management of the paratracheal lymph nodes or postoperative radiation therapy. The benefit of surgical margins of the paratracheal lymph node bed as well as the role of radiation therapy are discussed.
From Dutch Mercantilism To Liberaism (2006)

Papa i meinbahas sejarah ekonomi Indonesia yang dpi dthagi menjadi beherapa periode yaini pre-kalonialisasi, intrusi Erapa, pendudukan Jepang elan masa kernerdekaan. Negara fropa yang paling movarnai selarah Indonesia adalah Belanda. Paper rnr menganalisis evolusi pendekaran ekonoini dan politi3 yang dilakukan Belanda pada masa knIonialisasi di Indonesia kailannya dengun sejarah pemiAiran ekonorni\nBelanda. Paper rni\tbeberapa kesimpulon. Pertaona. luibungon inzernasional\nIndonesia Mak dliakukan club sebehan Erapa yang dilandai dengan perdagangan internacional. Kerajaan-kerajaan Hindu, Budha don Isiom memainkan peranan penting dawn perdagongan inieo-nasional pada masa sebefum rrarrusi Fropa. Kedria, era intrusi Erapa khuzza.va Belanda dun masa kernerddaan mc-warnai sejarah perekonomian Indonesia. Perspeklif sejarah menunjukkan fakia bahwa terdapat hublengan heat award polrtrk dan kinerja pereiconomian Indonesia Hal iersebill dilunfzikkan oleh perwribuhan GDP, volume perdagangan, harga ekspor elan pengeluaran pemeriniah pada masa sisiem l'anam Paksa, Liberal Pollak Eris. a-de Lama don Orde Barn. Keziga.. terdapar hubungan erat anrara pericvnbangan sejarah pemikiran ekonomi di Belanda dan kebYakan-kehijakan masa kolcwialisasi. DC1161172 kasus indone.sia, hal lersebtel direfleksikan dengan pembenrukan Dutch Eas1 India Company- Vereenigde Oost-Indische Companfe, VOC- ofeh Belanda (Indices Company oleh British Mercantilism), Sister Tanam Paksa,\nEris dan Liberal. Keempal dari perpekrif sefarah ekonomi, Indonesia beberapa kali kehilangan kesempatan (missed opportunity) unruk menaliki kinerja ekonomi yang balk dikarenaAon kondisi it stilusr Jan politik
Picture Processing by Computer (1969)

Abstract : The field of picture processing by computer is reviewed from a technique-oriented standpoint. Only the processing of given pictures (as opposed to computer-synthesized pictures) is considered. Specific areas covered include: (a) Pictures as information sources and their efficient encoding; (b) Approximation of pictures - sampling and quantization techniques; (c) Position-invariant operations on pictures and their implementation (digital, electro-optical, optical); applications to matched filtering (template matching), spatial frequency filtering and image restoration, measurement of image quality, and image enhancement ('smoothing' and 'sharpening'); (d) Picture properties (linear; local and 'textural'; random) useful for pictorial pattern recognition; (e) 'Figure extraction' from pictures; figure properties (topology, size, shape); (f) Picture description and 'picture languages.' (Author)
Formation of nanomagnetic thin films by dispersed fullerenes (2000)

A method of forming magnetic materials using dispersed fullerenes in ferromagnetic materials has been studied. Fullerenes (C60) have been integrated into the matrix of Co, Fe, CoFe thin films by thermal vapor codeposition. The size effects and interaction of the C60 molecules to the metallic atoms promote a self-assembly grain growth mode to produce thin films with unique evoluted microstructures characterized by nanosize columnar grains with uniformly dispersed C60 on the grain boundaries. These nanocrystalline films have displayed a series of promising magnetic properties, such as high out of plane remanence, high coercivity, fast magnetic switching, and unusual hysteresis behavior.