gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Sclerosis (2002)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Diagnosis rests upon identifying typical clinical symptoms and interpreting supportive laboratory and radiological investigations. The etiology is unknown; however, strong evidence suggests that MS is an autoimmune disease directed against CNS myelin or oligodendrocytes. Genetic factors are important in the development of MS. Contributing environmental determinants (possibly including infectious agents) appear important but remain unidentified. Both cell-mediated and humorally mediated immune mechanisms contribute to pathological injury. Axonal damage occurs in addition to demyelination and may be the cause of later permanent disability. Distinct pathological subtypes may differentiate among patients with MS. Treatment is directed at acute attacks (with corticosteroids) and reduction of attack frequency (primarily with type-1 beta interferons and glatiramer acetate). Research into the causes and treatments of MS has expanded our knowledge of this disease and promises improved care for MS patients in the future.
Natural language processing analysis method of neural network model (2021)

With the continuous development of information technology, neural network algorithms have also been applied. Aiming at the problems of neural networks, this research has improved the BP algorithm, that is, using the GA proposed in this paper to optimize the BP neural network to ensure that the neural network training reaches the global best At the same time, it also helps to overcome the tendency of BP algorithm to fall into local and small points, and BP neural network has the right to learn. The main problem of value selection. This paper also selects a natural language data set for experimental verification. It can be seen from the experimental results that this method has achieved good results in natural language processing.
Distal Baseline Impedance (DBI): A Specific Predictor of Major Motility Abnormality (2013)

Purpose: The purpose was to test the hypothesis that patients with major motility abnormalities exhibit significantly lower DBI values on esophageal impedance manometry when compared to other patients with dysphagia and to establish a DBI value that yields the highest sensitivity/specificity for a diagnosis to ultimately direct clinical management. Methods: Using retrospective analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted comparing DBI values among 300 consecutive patients with a range of esophageal diagnoses, but all complaining of dysphagia. DBI is measured in ohms as an average of values from 5 and 10 cm above LES. The primary comparison was between all patients diagnosed with a major motility abnormality (MMA) on esophageal manometry (achalasia, scleroderma esophagus, severe ineffective esophageal motility) and all other patients with a chief complaint of dysphagia. The ROC curves were then used to define DBI cut-off values to yield a diagnostic specificity of ≥95%. Other comparisons included MMA versus normal manometry and MMA versus all other diagnoses including moderate IEM, mild IEM, nutcracker esophagus and diffuse esophageal spasm.FigureResults: Among 300 consecutive patients undergoing esophageal manometry for dysphagia, the following diagnoses were made: 96 normal manometry, seven scleroderma esophagus, 46 achalasia, 37 severe IEM, seven moderate IEM, five mild IEM, 13 nutcracker esophagus, eight diffuse esophageal spasm, and 81 with mixed features of two or more MMAs. An ROC curve comparing MMA patients with all other diagnoses showed that at a DBI value of ≤634Ω there was a sensitivity of 45.56% and a specificity of 95.24% for the diagnosis of MMA. Conclusion: The results of this study further reinforced the current belief that distal baseline impedance is often significantly lower in patients with major esophageal motility abnormalities. Moreover, we found that a DBI value of ≤634Ω yielded 95.24% specificity for the diagnosis of MMA. Therefore, DBI appears to be a valuable diagnostic aid in the diagnosis of a major motility abnormality when esophageal manometry findings are indeterminate.
Reaction of phthaloylasparic anhydride with o‐phenylenediamine in solution and spectral analysis of the reaction products (1982)

Abstract The ring‐opening addition reaction of phthaloylasparic anhydride (I) with o ‐phenylenediamine (II) in a solution is affected by the polarity of the solvent used. At the molar ratio of 1:1, I and II undergo a β‐oriented ring‐opening reaction in polar solvents, such as DMF, DMAC, and DMSO; while in weaker polar solvents, such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, α‐orientation predominates. By heating in a solvent mixture of DMF and xylene, the ring‐opening products undergo condensation, and are converted into two isomers. One is methanol soluble 3‐phthalimido‐3‐(2)benzimidazolylpropanoic acid (V) resulting from the α‐oriented ring‐opening reaction, the other is the sparingly soluble (in DMF) 2‐phthalimido‐3‐(2)benzimidazolylpropanoic acid (VI) resulting from the β‐oriented ring‐opening reaction. The soluble V can be precipitated as cotton‐like crystals from methanol and chloroform. When treated with acetic anhydride, V and VI are converted to other isomers, namely 3‐phthalimidobenzimidazopyrrolone (VII) and 2‐phthalimidobenzimidazopyrrolone (VIII). The isomers were identified by spectral analysis.
SIMILITUDE OF PLANING HULL SPRAY (1993)

The spray formed by a model planing hull appears to be different from the full-scale trial spray. In model tests the water surface tension forms a spray blister. The spray is sensitive to the test velocity and model trim. A similitude parameter STR is introduced based on the spray height, test speed, water density, and surface tension. This parameter allows aggregation of spray height data from a prismatic model into a single curve. For STR below a critical value, the spray blister breaks down into droplets and the full- scale spray forms. The similitude relationship is used to analyze the spray height measured in different size model tests at the same Froude number. The ration of spray height to hull depth is shown to be constant.
Relative location estimation in wireless sensor networks (2003)

Self-configuration in wireless sensor networks is a general class of estimation problems that we study via the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). Specifically, we consider sensor location estimation when sensors measure received signal strength (RSS) or time-of-arrival (TOA) between themselves and neighboring sensors. A small fraction of sensors in the network have a known location, whereas the remaining locations must be estimated. We derive CRBs and maximum-likelihood estimators (MLEs) under Gaussian and log-normal models for the TOA and RSS measurements, respectively. An extensive TOA and RSS measurement campaign in an indoor office area illustrates MLE performance. Finally, relative location estimation algorithms are implemented in a wireless sensor network testbed and deployed in indoor and outdoor environments. The measurements and testbed experiments demonstrate 1-m RMS location errors using TOA, and 1- to 2-m RMS location errors using RSS.
Retroviral Gene Transfer into Primary Human Natural Killer Cells (2009)

Modulation of intracellular signaling pathways or receptor expression in natural killer (NK) cells by genetic manipulation is an attractive possibility in studies of NK cell specificity and function. Moreover, feasible applications of these genetic manipulations in the context of gene and NK cell therapy regimens may be considered. However, efficient gene modification of primary NK cells has been largely hampered by the absence of an efficient gene-transfer protocol.A retrovirus-based easy-to-use transduction protocol that can insert the gene of interest permanently into primary NK cells would be an important tool to advance our studies in NK cell biology and NK cell-mediated therapies. We have recently described a protocol for efficient expansion of NK cells under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions from the healthy donors and from patients with hematological malignancies. As the active division of cells is a prerequisite for efficient retroviral insertion, the high rate of expansion in this protocol provides more efficient transduction by retroviral vectors. We hereby present this simple and efficient retroviral vector-based gene-transfer protocol for such ex vivo cultured primary human NK cells.
Hybrid x-ray optical system for space astrophysics (2013)

In this work, we investigate a novel design of optical system for astrophysics. In addition, a new testing method in the X-ray laboratory was verified. The proposed optical system is composed of modules with Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration allowing usage of multi-foil mirrors arranged to parabolic profile. This system effectively uses a circular aperture, which is divided into petals. Individual petals consist of diagonally oriented KB cells with common focus. The hybrid optical system includes a set of rotationally symmetrical parabolic mirrors to achieve higher reflection efficiency of harder X-rays. New results are presented.
Production of Glucose by Starch and Cellulose Acid Hydrolysis and its Use as a Fuel in Low-Temperature Direct-Mode Fuel Cells (2010)

The use of glucose, which is produced from the acid hydrolysis of starch and cellulose, is studied as a fuel in a low-temperature direct-mode fuel cell (LTDMFC) with an alkaline electrolyte. Glucose is regarded as being as good a fuel as bioethanol, because both the fuels give 2 electrons per molecule in the fuel cell without carbonisation problems. However, glucose can be produced with fewer processing stages from starch and cellulose than can bioethanol. In the LTDMFC the fuel and the electrolyte are mixed with each other and the fuel cell is equipped only with metal catalysts. Cellulose as a fuel is of great importance because the fuel for the energy production is not taken from food production. A description of an acid hydrolysis method for starch and cellulose is presented. Values for glucose concentrations in each hydrolysate are analysed by means of a chromatographic method. Each glucose hydrolysate was made alkaline by adding of potassium hydroxide before feed in the fuel cell. Polarisation curves were measured, and they were found to produce lower current density values when compared to earlier tests with pure glucose. The Coulombic efficiency of pure glucose electrochemical oxidation in LTDMFC, which was calculated from a ratio of detected current capacity (As) to the maximum current capacity with the release of two electrons per molecule, was also found to be very low. Concerning the hydrolysates, the glucose concentrations were found to have values that were too low when compared to the earlier tests with pure glucose in a concentration of 1 M. The further development demands for the system under consideration are indicated. The concentration of glucose in the hydrolysate is essential to achieve high enough current density values in the LTDMFC.
Molecular Layer Doping: Non-destructive doping of silicon and germanium (2014)

This work describes a non-destructive method to introduce impurity atoms into silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) using Molecular Layer Doping (MLD). Molecules containing dopant atoms (arsenic) were designed, synthesized and chemically bound in self-limiting monolayers to the semiconductor surface. Subsequent annealing enabled diffusion of the dopant atom into the substrate. Material characterization included assessment of surface analysis (AFM) and impurity and carrier concentrations (ECV). Record carrier concentration levels of arsenic (As) in Si (∼5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sup> atoms/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) by diffusion doping have been achieved, and to the best of our knowledge this work is the first demonstration of doping Ge by MLD. Furthermore due to the ever increasing surface to bulk ratio of future devices (FinFets, MugFETs, nanowire-FETS) surface packing spacing requirements of MLD dopant molecules is becoming more relaxed. It is estimated that a molecular spacing of 2 nm and 3 nm is required to achieve doping concentration of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sup> atoms/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> in a 5 nm wide fin and 5 nm diameter nanowire respectively. From a molecular perspective this is readily achievable.
Tailored Height Gradients in Vertical Nanowire Arrays via Mechanical and Electronic Modulation of Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching (2015)

In current top-down nanofabrication methodologies the design freedom is generally constrained to the two lateral dimensions, and is only limited by the resolution of the employed nanolithographic technique. However, nanostructure height, which relies on certain mask-dependent material deposition or etching techniques, is usually uniform, and on-chip variation of this parameter is difficult and generally limited to very simple patterns. Herein, a novel nanofabrication methodology is presented, which enables the generation of high aspect-ratio nanostructure arrays with height gradients in arbitrary directions by a single and fast etching process. Based on metal-assisted chemical etching using a catalytic gold layer perforated with nanoholes, it is demonstrated how nanostructure arrays with directional height gradients can be accurately tailored by: (i) the control of the mass transport through the nanohole array, (ii) the mechanical properties of the perforated metal layer, and (iii) the conductive coupling to the surrounding gold film to accelerate the local electrochemical etching process. The proposed technique, enabling 20-fold on-chip variation of nanostructure height in a spatial range of a few micrometers, offers a new tool for the creation of novel types of nano-assemblies and metamaterials with interesting technological applications in fields such as nanophotonics, nanophononics, microfluidics or biomechanics.
OUTCOME ANALYSIS OF CONDYLAR PROSTHESIS IN LARGE HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASM RECONSTRUCTION (2015)

Reconstruction of the condyle after an ablative procedure for mouth neoplasms remains a surgical challenge because these patients with advanced cancer involving the condyle are subjected to massive ablative surgery, and subsequent major reconstruction with free flap and/or reconstruction prosthesis, the prognosis being poor. Therefore, reports of condylar prosthesis in head and neck cancer reconstruction are rare and with mixed results. This report is for the review of the literature and case series study of the condylar prosthesis. As with virtual technique improvement nowadays, an innovation CAD CAM technique is applied for the treatment plan for these patients. We analyze a serial case of advanced oral neoplasms who receives tumor ablation, i.e., mandibulectomy and disarticular resection, and gains symmetrical mandibular architecture after reconstruction with plate and condylar prosthesis. There is still high complication rate (41.7%) noted, namely condylar prosthesis displacement (two cases), impinge on external ear canal (two cases), and erosion of cranial base (one case). The reasons are attributed to massive flap burden, scar contraction, poor dental articulation, and possible technique error during the operation. According to the outcome analysis, virtual technique including with reconstruction plate and condylar prosthesis in conjunction with flap reconstruction are feasible treatment modality for this serial case of advanced oral neoplasms.
THE SU(1,1) ADDITION THEOREMS AND THEIR USE IN DIAGONALIZING INTEGRAL EQUATIONS (1978)

The technique of diagonalizing integral equations having SU(I,I)-SO(2,1) symmetry is reviewed and recodified in terms of a set of simple addition theorems satisfied by the generalized Legendre functions pj (z) and Qj (z).The relevant group theory is discussed and explicit ]J\I ' ]J\I examples are given of diagonalizations used in high energy scattering theory involving both the discrete and continuous SU(I,I) bases.
Characterisation of the sound field emitted by an electric spark source in air (2011)

International audience
Sizing router buffers (2004)

All Internet routers contain buffers to hold packets during times of congestion. Today, the size of the buffers is determined by the dynamics of TCP's congestion control algorithm. In particular, the goal is to make sure that when a link is congested, it is busy 100% of the time; which is equivalent to making sure its buffer never goes empty. A widely used rule-of-thumb states that each link needs a buffer of size B = overlineRTT x C, where overlineRTT is the average round-trip time of a flow passing across the link, and C is the data rate of the link. For example, a 10Gb/s router linecard needs approximately 250ms x 10Gb/s = 2.5Gbits of buffers; and the amount of buffering grows linearly with the line-rate. Such large buffers are challenging for router manufacturers, who must use large, slow, off-chip DRAMs. And queueing delays can be long, have high variance, and may destabilize the congestion control algorithms. In this paper we argue that the rule-of-thumb (B = (overlineRTT x C) is now outdated and incorrect for backbone routers. This is because of the large number of flows (TCP connections) multiplexed together on a single backbone link. Using theory, simulation and experiments on a network of real routers, we show that a link with n flows requires no more than B = (overlineRTT x C) √n, for long-lived or short-lived TCP flows. The consequences on router design are enormous: A 2.5Gb/s link carrying 10,000 flows could reduce its buffers by 99% with negligible difference in throughput; and a 10Gb/s link carrying 50,000 flows requires only 10Mbits of buffering, which can easily be implemented using fast, on-chip SRAM.
China's corn and biofuel policies and agricultural trade: Projections from an international agricultural commodity market model (2022)

Abstract We calibrate the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development International Agricultural Commodity Market model using 2019/20 marketing year crop data and 2020 calendar year livestock and biofuel data to project China's agricultural imports under six plausible policy scenarios focusing on ethanol, corn, and pork from 2021 to 2030. Our baseline projection reflects China's current policy of relaxing the tariff rate quota (TRQ) for corn and imposing ethanol tariff without any ethanol/gasoline blend mandate. Baseline projections show China's ethanol imports grow from 100 million liters in 2020 to 1.21 billion liters in 2030; however, they also show that China's corn and pork imports remain at high levels and peak in the 2022/23 marketing year. Compared with the baseline, adopting the ethanol mandate increases China's corn and pork imports, and resuming the corn TRQ increases China's ethanol and pork imports. Both the ethanol mandate and corn import restrictions shift US and global exports from corn to ethanol and pork products. These projections can serve as benchmark estimates of China's imports of major agricultural commodities in the next decade. [EconLit citations: Q17, Q18, Q11].
IL-13 Is Necessary, Not Simply Sufficient, for Epicutaneously Induced Th2 Responses to Soluble Protein Antigen (2003)

Th2 responses are clearly involved in the pathogenesis of atopic disease. Thus, understanding the factors responsible for Th2 sensitization at sites of allergen exposure, such as airway and skin, is crucial for directing therapeutic or preventive strategies. Contrary to other models of Th2 sensitization to proteins, we have reported that Th2 responses induced by epicutaneous exposure to OVA are IL-4 independent. Combined deficiency of both IL-4 and IL-13 signaling did prevent Th2 generation, suggesting that IL-13 was mediating these IL-4-independent responses. It was not clear, however, whether IL-13 was simply replacing the need for IL-4 in genetically deficient mice or if IL-13 played a unique role. In the present study, we show that Th2 responses induced by epicutaneous OVA exposure (including lung inflammatory responses after inhaled Ag challenge, OVA-specific IgG1, and draining lymph node IL-5 production) are impaired in IL-13-deficient (IL-13(-/-)) mice compared with wild type. In contrast, i.p. sensitization of IL-13(-/-) mice resulted in responses equivalent to wild type. Generation of contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene, which involves Th1 and CD8(+) effector cells, was also intact in IL-13(-/-) mice. Taken together, the data indicate that IL-13 is the major inducer of Th2 generation in the cutaneous microenvironment, being required independently of IL-4. This fact, in combination with the known abundance of IL-13 in atopic dermatitis skin lesions, emphasizes the potentially important role of the skin as a site for Th2 sensitization to environmental allergens, particularly in atopic individuals.
Cell selectivity to laser‐induced photoacoustic injury of skin (1990)

Cell selectivity to photoacoustic injury induced by argon-fluoride excimer laser (193 nm) was studied. Rats were irradiated through air or water and a 2.5 mm aperture. The laser was adjusted to deliver 150 mJ/cm2 at the skin surface with 12 and 24 pulses. Immediate damage was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell selectivity was observed in dermis and epidermis. Fibroblasts showed alteration of nuclear chromatin and cytoplasmic organelles, while some of the migratory cells adjacent to fibroblasts did not. Similar difference of damage was observed between keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in epidermis. Considering the relationship between cells and their microenvironment in tissue, this selectivity may be due to the difference of acoustical coupling of propagation of acoustic waves rather than to differential sensitivity of the cells to damage.
Emerging fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliisolates and their serotypes in Thai children from 1991 to 2000 (2007)

This study investigated fluoroquinolone, macrolide resistances and serotype distributions among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from children in Bangkok and rural settings during 1991-2000. Phenotypic identification, serotyping, and susceptibility testing were performed by standard microbiological procedures. The predominant serotypes of C. jejuni were Lior 36, 2 and 4 and of C. coli were Lior 8, 29 and 55. Resistance to nalidixic acid increased significantly during 1991-2000 and the frequency of isolates resistant to both nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin in Bangkok was significantly greater than in rural settings. In 1996-2000, a significant trend was observed in C. jejuni isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin from Bangkok but not for macrolide resistance from both settings. In summary, fluoroquinolone resistance among C. jejuni and C. coli isolates became widespread in both Bangkok and rural settings in Thailand in the 1990s while widespread resistance to macrolides was undetected.
창사 30주년 특집 : 동아시아 지역협력 및 공동체 논의와 최근의 정세 변화 (2012)

본 논문은 동아시아의 지역주의와 지역공동체 구축에 관한 여러 담론 중 ``동아시아공동체`` 담론의 주된 논의를 동아시아 공동체의 경계와 구성, 동아시아 지역주의의 목표와 원칙, 동아시아 지역주의의 방법론 등 세 가지 측면에서 살펴보았다. 그리고 최근 국제정세상의 세 가지 주요 변화, 즉 중국의 정치경제적 부상, 미국의 동아시아에 대한 재개입, 유럽의 위기가 동아시아의 지역주의에 미치는 영향과 동아시아공동체 담론에 던지는 함의 및 교훈을 살펴보았다. 최근 국제정세의 변화는 우리로 하여금 동아시아 지역주의에 임함에 있어서 중국 주도의 패권적 지역질서가 출현할 가능성과 이에 대해 어떻게 대응할 것인가, 그리고 유럽의 통합이 가지는 문제점과 한계를 여하히 우회하여 동아시아에서 지역협력과 지역공동체 창출을 도모할 것인가 등 많은 질문과 과제를 던져주고 있다.