gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Classroom Demonstration of Water-Induced Phase Separation of Alcohol–Gasoline Biofuel Blends (2009)

A significant issue associated with ethanol–gasoline blends is the phase separation that occurs with the addition of small volumes of water, producing an ethanol-deficient gasoline layer and an ethanol-rich aqueous layer. The gasoline layer may have a lower-than-desired octane rating due to the decrease in ethanol content, resulting in engine knock, while the ethanol-rich aqueous layer may not support combustion. Ethanol and ethanol–gasoline blends are not distributed via gasoline pipelines (in which water may be present), but are often proportionally blended just prior to delivery to retail outlets. We report a simple demonstration that effectively illustrates this issue by inducing a phase separation upon addition of a small volume of water to various alcohol–gasoline blends.
Metabolic Stress (2019)

Mitochondria regulate major aspects of cell function by producing ATP, contributing to Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling, influencing redox potential, and controlling levels of reactive oxygen species. In this review, we will discuss recent findings that illustrate how mitochondrial respiration, Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling, and production of reactive oxygen species affect vascular smooth muscle cell function during neointima formation. We will review mitochondrial fission/fusion as fundamental mechanisms for smooth muscle proliferation, migration, and metabolism and examine the role of mitochondrial mobility in cell migration. In addition, we will summarize novel aspects by which mitochondria regulate apoptosis.
The effect of smoothing filter slope and spectral frequency on temporal speech information (2007)

It is known that information contained within the filter skirts can provide cues important to speech intelligibility. However, the role of filter slope during temporal smoothing has received little attention. In experiment 1, smoothing filter slope angle was found to have a large effect on the intelligibility of sentences represented by three amplitude-modulated sinusoids. In experiment 2, the use of temporal cues above 16 Hz was examined across various regions of the spectrum. When increases in rate were presented to individual spectral bands, intelligibility only increased when presented in the higher spectral region. This result suggests a greater reliance on higher-rate cues in this region. However, intelligibility was greatest when these cues were distributed across the spectrum, indicating that their effective use is not restricted solely to this region.
A dynamic programming approach to sequencing problems (1961)

This paper explores a dynamic programming approach to the solution of three sequencing problems: a scheduling problem involving arbitrary cost functions, the traveling-salesman problem, and an assembly line balancing problem. Each of the problems is shown to admit of numerical solution through the use of a simple recursion scheme; these recursion schemes also exhibit similarities and contrasts in the structures of the three problems. For large problems, direct solution by means of dynamic programming is not practical, but procedures are given for obtaining good approximate results by solving sequences of smaller derived problems. Experience with a computer program for the solution of traveling-salesman problems is presented.
Aprepitant, a Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonist, for Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis in High Risk Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial (2011)

Purpose: Post-ERCP pancreatitis can occur in up to 40% of high risk patients. Animal studies have demonstrated a role for substance P binding to neurokinin-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Our aim was to determine the efficacy of a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (aprepitant) to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in high risk patients. Methods: High risk adult patients (suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, prior post-ERCP pancreatitis, expected sphincterotomy, and age<60 years) were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either 125 mg oral aprepitant or placebo 4 hours prior to ERCP, 80 mg 24 hours after the first dose, and then 80 mg 24 hours after the second dose. Patients were contacted at 48 hours and 7 days post-procedure. Imaging and laboratory studies were collected for all patients who sought medical attention. Chi-square test was used to compare incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis between the two groups, defined as new onset or increased abdominal pain requiring admission that was associated with amylase or lipase >3 times upper limit of normal. Results: 34 patients were randomized to receive aprepitant and 39 patients received placebo. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups (Table 1). Incidence of acute pancreatitis was 7 in the aprepitant group and 7 in the placebo group (p = 0.77). 5 and 9 patients required hospitalization for abdominal pain that did not meet criteria for acute pancreatitis within 7 days post-procedure in the aprepitant and placebo groups respectively (p = 0.54). Mean age was 37 years among all patients who developed pancreatitis and 50 years among all patients who did not develop pancreatitis (p = 0.0027). Insertion of a pancreatic stent was not associated with a lower incidence of acute pancreatitis (p = 0.91).Table 1: Baseline characteristics of patients who received Aprepitant vs. placeboConclusion: Aprepitant did not lower incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis in this study, but findings are limited by small sample size. Larger studies potentially using the recently available intravenous formulation are necessary to determine efficacy of aprepitant in this setting (we estimate a sample size of about 250 is necessary to detect difference in primary outcome with α = 0.05 and β = 0.2). This research was supported by an industry grant from Merck.
W-element RLGC matrices calculation for power distribution planes modeling using MCTL matrix method (2016)

The ever-increasing demands of advanced computing and communication have been driving the semiconductor technology to change with each passing day following Moore’s law. As a consequence, advanced electronic packages have been developed and predictive modeling of Power Distribution Network (PDN) becomes more and more important. In this paper, we present an efficient methodology for predictive modeling of multilayered PDNs. This methodology is based on Multi-Conductor Transmission Line (MCTL) which will be modeled by W-Elements. Equations of RLGC Matrices will be given and effective self and mutual inductance will be proposed to efficiently describe the inductive interactions among coupled signal lines. Test structures were designed and simulated up to 50 GHz. A good correlation was obtained between model and full-wave solver based on the method of Moments. The proposed model substantially reduces the CPU run time and memory resources that requires only few seconds and small memory for which the EM solver would have taken several minutes, or even hours, and much more memory.
Analysis of facial sebum distribution using a digital fluorescent imaging system (2007)

Current methods for analysis of sebum excretion have limitations, such as irreproducible results in repeatable measurements due to the point measurement method, user-dependent artifacts due to contact measurement or qualitative evaluation of the image, and long measurement time. A UV-induced fluorescent digital imaging system is developed to acquire facial images so that the distribution of sebum excretion on the face could be analyzed. The imaging system consists of a constant UV-A light source, digital color camera, and head-positioning device. The system for acquisition of a fluorescent facial image and the image analysis method is described. The imaging modality provides uniform light distribution and presents a discernible color fluorescent image. Valuable parameters of sebum excretion are obtained after image analysis. The imaging system, which provides a noncontact method, is proved to be a useful tool to evaluate the amount and pattern of sebum excretion. When compared to conventional "Wood's lamp" and "Sebutape" methods that provide similar parameters for sebum excretion, the described method is simpler and more reliable to evaluate the dynamics of sebum excretion in nearly real-time.
Profile of neratinib and its potential in the treatment of breast cancer (2015)

The HER (ErbB) receptor tyrosine kinase receptors are implicated in many cancers and several anti-HER treatments are now approved. In recent years, a new group of compounds that bind irreversibly to the adenosine triphosphate binding pocket of HER receptors have been developed. One of these compounds, neratinib, has passed preclinical phases and is currently undergoing various clinical trials. This manuscript reviews the preclinical as well as clinical data on neratinib. As a pan-HER inhibitor, this irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor binds and inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptors, EGFR (or HER1), HER2 and HER4, which leads to reduced phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Neratinib has been shown to be effective against HER2-overexpressing or mutant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Neratinib is currently being investigated in various clinical trials in breast cancers and other solid tumors, including those with HER2 mutation. Earlier studies have already shown promising clinical activity for neratinib. However, more translational research is required to investigate biomarkers that could help to predict response and resistance for selection of appropriate patients for treatment with neratinib, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drug(s).
Risks to the Superior Gluteal Neurovascular Bundle During Iliosacral and Transsacral Screw Fixation: A Computed Tomogram Arteriography Study (2017)

Inserting S1 IS and S2 TS screws put the SG NV anatomy at significantly less risk than S1 TS screws. This information may aid in choosing the "best" fixation option for patients with pelvic ring trauma requiring surgery.
New quaternary sequences with optimal autocorrelation (2009)

We propose a new construction of quaternary sequences using the reverse Gray mapping of a pair of binary Sidel'nikov sequences. The proposed construction provides sequences of even period N with the maximum nontrivial auto-correlation magnitude, R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</inf> = 2. For N ≡ 0 mod 4, the new quaternary sequences have the optimal R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</inf> = 2 and are almost-balanced in contrast to the only earlier optimal construction S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</inf> [1].
Postsynthetic Modification of Bacterial Peptidoglycan Using Bioorthogonal N-Acetylcysteamine Analogs and Peptidoglycan O-Acetyltransferase B (2017)

Bacteria have the natural ability to install protective postsynthetic modifications onto its bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), the coat woven into bacterial cell wall. Peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase B (PatB) catalyzes the O-acetylation of PG in Gram (-) bacteria, which aids in bacterial survival, as it prevents autolysins such as lysozyme from cleaving the PG. We explored the mechanistic details of PatB's acetylation function and determined that PatB has substrate specificity for bioorthgonal short N-acetyl cysteamine (SNAc) donors. A variety of functionality including azides and alkynes were installed on tri-N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)<sub>3</sub>, a PG mimic, as well as PG isolated from various Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial species. The bioorthogonal modifications protect the isolated PG against lysozyme degradation in vitro. We further demonstrate that this postsynthetic modification of PG can be extended to use click chemistry to fluorescently label the mature PG in whole bacterial cells of Bacillus subtilis. Modifying PG postsynthetically can aid in the development of antibiotics and immune modulators by expanding the understanding of how PG is processed by lytic enzymes.
The Quest to Replace Passwords: A Framework for Comparative Evaluation of Web Authentication Schemes (2012)

We evaluate two decades of proposals to replace text passwords for general-purpose user authentication on the web using a broad set of twenty-five usability, deployability and security benefits that an ideal scheme might provide. The scope of proposals we survey is also extensive, including password management software, federated login protocols, graphical password schemes, cognitive authentication schemes, one-time passwords, hardware tokens, phone-aided schemes and biometrics. Our comprehensive approach leads to key insights about the difficulty of replacing passwords. Not only does no known scheme come close to providing all desired benefits: none even retains the full set of benefits that legacy passwords already provide. In particular, there is a wide range from schemes offering minor security benefits beyond legacy passwords, to those offering significant security benefits in return for being more costly to deploy or more difficult to use. We conclude that many academic proposals have failed to gain traction because researchers rarely consider a sufficiently wide range of real-world constraints. Beyond our analysis of current schemes, our framework provides an evaluation methodology and benchmark for future web authentication proposals.
In-Service NDE of Aerospace Structures--Emerging Technologies and Challenges at the End of the 2nd Millennium (1999)

NDE is now a relatively mature field and, even though accurate characterization of hidden flaws may still pose a challenge, the last century has been marked with the most incredible progress.
The crystal structure of 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazinium hexafluoroarsenate (1983)

Article The crystal structure of 1,2-dibenzylidenehydrazinium hexafluoroarsenate was published on November 1, 1983 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (volume 163, issue 1-4).
Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: Recent progress and perspectives (2023)

The global energy sector accounts for ∼75% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Low-carbon energy carriers, such as hydrogen, are seen as necessary to enable an energy transition away from the current fossil-derived energy paradigm. Thus, the hydrogen economy concept is a key part of decarbonizing the global energy system. Hydrogen storage and transport are two of key elements of hydrogen economy. Hydrogen can be stored in various forms, including its gaseous, liquid, and solid states, as well as derived chemical molecules. Among these, liquid hydrogen, due to its high energy density, ambient storage pressure, high hydrogen purity (no contamination risks), and mature technology (stationary liquid hydrogen storage), is suitable for the transport of large-volumes of hydrogen over long distances and has gained increased attention in recent years. However, there are critical obstacles to the development of liquid hydrogen systems, namely an energy intensive liquefaction process (∼13.8 kWh/kgLH2) and high hydrogen boil-off losses (liquid hydrogen evaporation during storage, 1–5% per day). This review focuses on the current state of technology development related to the liquid hydrogen supply chain. Hydrogen liquefaction, cryogenic storage technologies, liquid hydrogen transmission methods and liquid hydrogen regasification processes are discussed in terms of current industrial applications and underlying technologies to understand the drivers and barriers for liquid hydrogen to become a commercially viable part of the emerging global hydrogen economy. A key finding of this technical review is that liquid hydrogen can play an important role in the hydrogen economy - as long as necessary technological transport and storage innovations are achieved in parallel to technology demonstrations and market development efforts by countries committed liquid hydrogen as part of their hydrogen strategies.
Organic memory device based on 3,3′-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- methoxyphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene with high endurance and robustness to ambient air operation (2006)

A conductance-switching memory cell based on 3,3′-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene, showing long time retention, very high endurance to electrical stress, and operation in ambient air condition, is presented and the switching mechanism is investigated by comparing cells with aluminum and mercury top metal contacts. Write and erase cycles in excess of 200 and long term information retention of both states without refresh in excess of 48h are demonstrated. The memory cell is also operating in air with only a small increase in threshold voltage values.
Bilateral Candida parapsilosis interface keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis (2003)

We report a case of Candida infection after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and review the literature for reports of post-LASIK fungal infections. Risk factors may include postoperative surgical intervention and extended use of topical steroids.
Magnetic-field effects on second-mode instability of a weakly ionized Mach 4.5 boundary layer (2003)

This paper investigates, by numerical simulation, the effects of an imposed magnetic field on a weakly ionized Mach 4.5 boundary layer. The main emphasis of the study is on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects on the second mode instability in supersonic boundary layer. The imposed magnetic fields are generated by placing two-dimensional magnetic dipoles below the flat plate surface. The gas is assumed to have a constant electrical conductivity of 100 mho/m. The magnetic Reynolds number of the flow is small so that the induced magnetic field in the flow is neglected. The governing equations of the MHD flow, which are the Navier–Stokes equations with the applied magnetic force terms, are computed by a fifth-order shock-fitting numerical scheme. A series of cases with different imposed magnetic fields have been investigated on the influences of imposed magnetic field on both the mean flow and on the second mode stability. It is found that the imposed magnetic fields significantly retard the streamwise velocity and reduce the local skin friction in the mean flow. For the case of a strong imposed magnetic field, a local separation region is generated in the mean flow with a strong adverse pressure gradient. Meanwhile, the second mode wave disturbances are found to be stabilized by the imposed magnetic fields, even for the case with strong adverse pressure gradient and a local separated flow region. This strong overall stabilization of the second mode wave is believed to be caused by the alteration of the steady base flow by the magnetic field. The results presented in this paper are the first concrete results on the interaction of second instability mode with magnetic field in a supersonic boundary layer.
Semi-Automated Library Preparation for High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Platforms (2010)

Next-generation sequencing platforms are powerful technologies, providing gigabases of genetic information in a single run. An important prerequisite for high-throughput DNA sequencing is the development of robust and cost-effective preprocessing protocols for DNA sample library construction. Here we report the development of a semi-automated sample preparation protocol to produce adaptor-ligated fragment libraries. Using a liquid-handling robot in conjunction with Carboxy Terminated Magnetic Beads, we labeled each library sample using a unique 6 bp DNA barcode, which allowed multiplex sample processing and sequencing of 32 libraries in a single run using Applied Biosystems' SOLiD sequencer. We applied our semi-automated pipeline to targeted medical resequencing of nuclear candidate genes in individuals affected by mitochondrial disorders. This novel method is capable of preparing as much as 32 DNA libraries in 2.01 days (8-hour workday) for emulsion PCR/high throughput DNA sequencing, increasing sample preparation production by 8-fold.
Time-Range-Extended Spatiotemporal Measurement Technique for Multi-Mode Fiber Pulses (2017)

A multi-delay spatiotemporal measurement technique is introduced to characterize multi-mode fiber long pulses without additional pulse pre-compression. Two-mode fibers and four-mode fibers were tested with extended temporal measurement range, indicating different modes experiencing different dispersion.
Ultra-Low Power NIR Laser-Triggered Phototherapy and μCT Imaging of Breast Cancer In Vivo (2018)

In this study, we utilize bimetal sulfide, copper bismuth sulfide nanocrystals (CBS NCs) as multifunctional theranostic module for noninvasive X-ray contrast imaging and photodynamic therapy. Recently, copper based NCs have garnered immense attention due to their intriguing optical properties, which show great promise in the biomedical arena. Firstly, CBS NCs present a solid absorption in the NIR region. Secondly, polymer hybrid conjugated CBS NCs can themselves serve as therapeutic agents due to the photo/light triggered hyperthermia and/or ROS generation ability. We show that upon NIR irradiation of intravenously CBS administered tumors, photodynamic therapy was instigated at irradiated site, selectively ablating the tumors by absorbing externally applied ultra-low power (10 mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) NIR light. With their X-ray contrast imaging potential and photodynamic therapeutic effects, we are confident that these CBS NCs will be helpful to image/monitor and simultaneously treat various ailments including from cancer.
Cursive handwriting recognition using the Hough transform and a neural network (2002)

In this paper, we present a system for the recognition of cursive handwriting that utilizes the Hough transform and a neural network. The Hough transform is a line detection technique which has the ability of tolerating deformation, disconnections and noise. Instead of searching for linear strokes in the image, we compute global directional information at each pixel of the image. This information is stored into several feature maps. Thus we avoid assigning to each pixel a single orientation in order to preserve useful information. Each feature map is then processed by zones in order to estimate the local orientation of the strokes. Finally, we recognize the image by means of a neural network classifier. We have tested the system for the recognition of segmented cursive characters, cursive words and the first letter of cursive words. The results obtained are encouraging and compare well with respect to other results.
GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION IN POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON FILMS ON SiO2 (1982)

The enhanced grain boundary diffusion in cw laser processed LPCVD polycrystalline silicon films on insulating SiO2 has been investigated and the grain boundary diffusion coefficient D' for Phosphorus has been determined. Mesa diodes were fabricated in the large grain poly-Si films by standard photolithographic and etching methods and subsequent ion implantation. The electron beam induced current mode (EBIC) of the SEM allowed direct measurement of the dopant diffusion length along the grain boundaries intersecting the p-n junction. We have found a t¼ dependence of the penetration depth and Arrhenius behavior for the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient. The numerical evaluation of the experimental data is based on Whipple's exact solution of the grain boundary diffusion problem.