gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laccase isoenzymes of Pleurotus eryngii: characterization, catalytic properties, and participation in activation of molecular oxygen and Mn2+ oxidation (1997)

Two laccase isoenzymes produced by Pleurotus eryngii were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity (42- and 43-fold) with an overall yield of 56.3%. Laccases I and II from this fungus are monomeric glycoproteins with 7 and 1% carbohydrate content, molecular masses (by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of 65 and 61 kDa, and pIs of 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. The highest rate of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) oxidation for laccase I was reached at 65 degrees C and pH 4, and that for laccase II was reached at 55 degrees C and pH 3.5. Both isoenzymes are stable at high pH, retaining 60 to 70% activity after 24 h from pH 8 to 12. Their amino acid compositions and N-terminal sequences were determined, the latter strongly differing from those of laccases of other basidiomycetes. Antibodies against laccase I reacted with laccase II, as well as with laccases from Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, and Pleurotus floridanus. Different hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted phenols and aromatic amines were oxidized by the two laccase isoenzymes from P. eryngii, and the influence of the nature, number, and disposition of aromatic-ring substituents on kinetic constants is discussed. Although both isoenzymes presented similar substrate affinities, the maximum rates of reactions catalyzed by laccase I were higher than those of laccase II. In reactions with hydroquinones, semiquinones produced by laccase isoenzymes were in part converted into quinones via autoxidation. The superoxide anion radical produced in the latter reaction dismutated, producing hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of manganous ion, the superoxide union was reduced to hydrogen peroxide with the concomitant production of manganic ion. These results confirmed that laccase in the presence of hydroquinones can participate in the production of both reduced oxygen species and manganic ions.
Relaxation processes in the excited state of C60–o-quinodimethane adducts (1996)

Intramolecular electron transfer and exciplex formation in a C60 adduct possessing an N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) moiety, C60–DMA, in cyclohexane and benzonitrile have been investigated in comparison with the intermolecular reactions between C60–o-quinodimethane (OQD) and DMA. The fluorescence of C60–DMA in cyclohexane was little quenched by the DMA moiety and was almost the same as that of C60–OQD, in contrast with the decrease and red shift in the fluorescence of C60–OQD in the presence of excess DMA in cyclohexane, mainly resulting from exciplex formation. The difficulties in the intramolecular exciplex formation of C60–DMA in cyclohexane are considered to result from its unfavourable molecular structure, which also affects charge-transfer complex formation. On the other hand, in benzonitrile the fluorescence of C60–DMA was significantly quenched and red shifted. The quenching is due to the intramolecular electron transfer from the DMA moiety to the S1 state of the C60 moiety, where the rate constant was estimated as 1.5 × 1010 s–1. The red shift is brought about by the charge-transfer character in the S1 state, resulting from the through-bond interaction between the two chromophores. The transient absorption spectra of C60–DMA in cyclohexane exhibited the Tnâ†� T1 bands, in good agreement with those of C60–OQD without a dimethylamino group. In benzonitrile, however, the Tnâ†� T1 bands were considerably weakened by the decrease in the triplet population, and the lifetime (7 µs) of T1 was reduced relative to that in cyclohexane (28 µs). The decrease in the lifetime in benzonitrile can be ascribed to the weak charge-transfer interaction between the T1 of the C60 moiety and the S0 of the DMA moiety.
Error correction in bimanual coordination benefits from bilateral muscle activity: evidence from kinesthetic tracking (2007)

Although previous studies indicated that the stability properties of interlimb coordination largely result from the integrated timing of efferent signals to both limbs, they also depend on afference-based interactions. In the present study, we examined contributions of afference-based error corrections to rhythmic bimanual coordination using a kinesthetic tracking task. Furthermore, since we found in previous research that subjects activated their muscles in the tracked (motor-driven) arm, we examined the functional significance of this activation to gain more insight into the processes underlying this phenomenon. To these aims, twelve subjects coordinated active movements of the right hand with motor-driven oscillatory movements of the left hand in two coordinative patterns: in-phase (relative phase 0 degrees) and antiphase (relative phase 180 degrees). They were either instructed to activate the muscles in the motor-driven arm as if moving along with the motor (active condition), or to keep these muscles as relaxed as possible (relaxed condition). We found that error corrections were more effective in in-phase than in antiphase coordination, resulting in more adequate adjustments of cycle durations to compensate for timing errors detected at the start of each cycle. In addition, error corrections were generally more pronounced in the active than in the relaxed condition. This activity-related difference was attributed to the associated bilateral neural control signals (as estimated using electromyography), which provided an additional reference (in terms of expected sensory consequences) for afference-based error corrections. An intimate relation was revealed between the (integrated) motor commands to both limbs and the processing of afferent feedback.
Dielectric Metamaterials with Toroidal Dipolar Response (2015)

Many biological structures, from macromolecules to proteins, as well as a number of solid-state systems including ferroelectric and ferro nano- and microstructures, possess static toroidal shapes. A theoretical study shows that the dynamic toroidal dipoles constructed from ionic crystals can be used to engineer metamaterials to control how electromagnetic radiation is scattered and transmitted.
Transcriptomic analysis links gene expression to unilateral pollen-pistil reproductive barriers (2017)

Gene expression analysis of reproductive tissues allowed us to better understand the molecular basis of interpopulation incompatibility at the level of pollen-pistil interactions. Our transcriptomic analysis highlighted specific genes, including those in ROS signaling pathways that warrant further study in investigations of UI. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify candidate genes involved in unilateral barriers between populations within a species.
Electronic applications of gold nanoclusters (2000)

The goal of this research is to fabricate high-density nanostructures for electronic and chemical sensing applications using metal nanoclusters. Chemical self-assembly is a technique for achieving ordered nano-/micro-scale structures at low cost and high throughput. We have developed a simplified Langmuir-Blodgett technique which enables the self-assembly of highly ordered, hexagonal close-packed monolayer arrays of dodecanethiol encapsulated gold clusters with 4–5 nm diameters, spanning over 1 cm in diameter on a water surface. Such a monolayer can be transferred onto a flat substrate by touching the film with the substrate. Multilayer films can be deposited by multiple transfers. We have employed a “solvent vapor annealing” technique to further improve the long-range ordering of the cluster array on a water surface. We have attempted to link monolayer cluster arrays with conjugated organic molecules. However, it has proven to be difficult to accomplish this for large-area arrays. Bilayer arrays may be easily linked, however, utilizing the z-direction mobility of clusters in the second layer. Electronic conduction through monolayer and bilayer cluster films deposited across interdigitated electrodes on SiO2 substrates has been measured. Unlinked monolayer films are highly resistive and unstable. Linked bilayer films exhibit substantially improved stability and conductivity (about two orders of magnitude increase in conductance). In an attempt to fabricate a nanoscale electronic device structure using nanoclusters and molecules, we have synthesized a hybrid structure consisting of a nanocluster layer, a molecular layer, and a semiconductor substrate. A anoscale ohmic contact to GaAs with performance comparable to that of conventional large-area ohmic contacts can be fabricated by depositing Au nanoclusters onto a Low-Temperature-Grown GaAs (LTG:GaAs) substrate, using a self-assembled monolayer of xylyl dithiol as a molecular tether for the clusters. For the purpose of fabricating complex electronic devices/circuits that require a selective deposition of ordered cluster arrays in a pre-defined pattern, we have developed a directed selfassembly technique utilizing “micro-contact printing” to impose the desired pattern of xylyl dithiol tether layer on a LTG:GaAs substrate. Micro-patterned monolayer cluster arrays can be deposited on the substrate and strong electronic coupling between the clusters and the semiconductor substrate has been achieved.
Consideration and control of writing conditions with a near-field APSIL probe (2003)

The Solid Immersion Lenses (SIL) and aperture probes are two near field optical techniques that are capable of generating smaller spot size than that of far-field optical systems. Neither technique can generate both ultra-small spot size and exhibit high optical efficiency. Small spot size produces higher contrast signals, which leads to an increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and an enlargement in the capacity of an optical disk. Higher optical efficiency gives higher throughput in the optical system, which accelerates data rate. The technique of near-field Aperture SIL (APSIL), which combines a dielectric aperture probe and a SIL, is a promising method to achieve both small spot size and high optical efficiency. The objective of this paper is to explore the writing conditions for implementing APSIL to reduce mark size to a fraction of that from the far-field data storage systems. In this paper, we investigate the effect of polarization of the light on the spot profile and the optimal axial focus position by experiments and simulations.
Strain energy of a disk-shaped GP zone (1974)

of GP zones in Al--Cu and Cu--Be age hardening alloys are calculated. The minimum strain energy orientations of GP zones in these alloys agree with experimentally observed orientations.
Combustion Features and Emissions of a DI-Diesel Engine with Air Path Optimization and Common Rail Fuel Injection (1998)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Emission and performance parameters of a medium size, and medium speed &lt;b&gt;D.I&lt;/b&gt;. diesel engine equipped with a Miller System, a new developed High Pressure Exhaust Gas Recirculation System (&lt;b&gt;HPEGR&lt;/b&gt;), a Common Rail (CR) system and a Turbocharger with Variable Turbine Geometry (&lt;b&gt;VTG&lt;/b&gt;) have been measured and compared to the standard engine. While power output, fuel consumption, soot and other emissions are kept constant, nitric oxide emissions could be reduced by 30 to 50% depending on load and for the optimal combination of methods.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Heat release rate analysis provides the reasons for the &lt;b&gt;optimised&lt;/b&gt; engine &lt;b&gt;behaviour&lt;/b&gt; in terms of soot &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;and&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt; emissions: The variable Nozzle Turbocharger helps deliver more oxygen to the combustion process (less soot) &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;and&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt; lower the peak gas temperature (less &lt;b&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;). The flexible common rail system delivers higher injection pressures and thus more intense fuel-air mixing (less soot), while allowing later combustion phasing for the same &lt;b&gt;bsfc&lt;/b&gt; and thus lower peak temperatures (less &lt;b&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Therefore the combination of flexible air and fuel paths yields a synergistic optimisation of engine operation in global terms.&lt;/div&gt;
The preclinical phase of the pathological process underlying sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (2015)

Abnormal tau lesions (non-argyrophilic pretangle material, argyrophilic neuropil threads, neurofibrillary tangles) in select types of neurons are crucial for the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Ongoing formation of these tau lesions persists into end-stage Alzheimer's disease and is not subject to remission. The early pretangle disease phase is a focus of increasing interest because only abnormal forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau are involved at that point and, in contrast to late-stage disease when amyloid-β deposition is present, this phase is temporally closer to the prevailing conditions that induce the pathological process underlying Alzheimer's disease. Extracellular and aggregated amyloid-β may only be produced under pathological conditions by nerve cells that contain abnormal tau. One potential trigger for tau protein hyperphosphorylation and conformational change in Alzheimer's disease may be the presence of a non-endogenous pathogen. Subsequently, a predictable regional distribution pattern of the tau lesions develops in phylogenetically late-appearing and ontogenetically late-maturing neurons that are connected via their axons. It is hoped that hypotheses drawn from these considerations, as well as from recent tau dissemination models, from studies of variant tau conformers, and from tau imaging will encourage the development of new preventative and disease-modifying strategies.
A NOVEL HIGH-DENSITY CAPACITOR DESIGN AND ITS FABRICATION TECHNIQUE BASED ON SELECTIVE ETCHING (2012)

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel high-density metal-insulator-metal (MIM) multilayer capacitor is reported. In order to interconnect the multiple electrode layers without using numerous photolithography steps, a unique process was developed based on depositing MIM layers onto a substrate with two pillars, fine polishing to expose the multilayer cross sections, and then selectively etching the metals on each pillar to form the capacitor electrodes. For demonstration purpose, only capacitors with two dielectric layers were fabricated, with measurement results verified by a theoretical model. With a dielectric thickness of 200nm, a capacitance density of 0.54fF/m 2 was achieved, which can be easily increased by decreasing dielectric thickness and increasing the number of MIM layers. The capacitor also exhibits low equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 300-700mohms, and can operate up to 63MHz. 1
3D melatonin nerve scaffold reduces oxidative stress and inflammation and increases autophagy in peripheral nerve regeneration (2018)

Peripheral nerve defect is a common and severe kind of injury in traumatic accidents. Melatonin can improve peripheral nerve recovery by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation after traumatic insults. In addition, it triggers autophagy pathways to increase regenerated nerve proliferation and to reduce apoptosis. In this study, we fabricated a melatonin-controlled-release scaffold to cure long-range nerve defects for the first time. 3D manufacture of melatonin/polycaprolactone nerve guide conduit increased Schwann cell proliferation and neural expression in vitro and promoted functional, electrophysiological and morphological nerve regeneration in vivo. Melatonin nerve guide conduit ameliorated immune milieu by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, it activated autophagy to restore ideal microenvironment, to provide energy for nerves and to reduce nerve cell apoptosis, thus facilitating nerve debris clearance and neural proliferation. This innovative scaffold will have huge significance in the nerve engineering.
Stochastic model of the evolution of viral hepatitis morbidity. (1981)

Starting from the elementary epidemiological processes, the authors develop an evolution equation of the function generating the probability distribution of the number of viral hepatitis (VH) patients and susceptible subjects. Evolution equations for moments of order 1 and 2 - resulting from the equation of the generating function-are also discussed on the ground of certain simplifying hypotheses. The formulae are applied to the analysis of VH morbidity evolution in several children communities. The data on the evolution of the different moments and of the probability distributions are used from the specification of epidemiological transmissibility and susceptibility parameters.
Effect of temporal averaging of meteorological data on predictions of groundwater recharge (2018)

Abstract Accurate estimates of infiltration and groundwater recharge are critical for many hydrologic, agricultural and environmental applications. Anticipated climate change in many regions of the world, especially in tropical areas, is expected to increase the frequency of high-intensity, short-duration precipitation events, which in turn will affect the groundwater recharge rate. Estimates of recharge are often obtained using monthly or even annually averaged meteorological time series data. In this study we employed the HYDRUS-1D software package to assess the sensitivity of groundwater recharge calculations to using meteorological time series of different temporal resolutions (i.e., hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly averaged precipitation and potential evaporation rates). Calculations were applied to three sites in Brazil having different climatological conditions: a tropical savanna (the Cerrado), a humid subtropical area (the temperate southern part of Brazil), and a very wet tropical area (Amazonia). To simplify our current analysis, we did not consider any land use effects by ignoring root water uptake. Temporal averaging of meteorological data was found to lead to significant bias in predictions of groundwater recharge, with much greater estimated recharge rates in case of very uneven temporal rainfall distributions during the year involving distinct wet and dry seasons. For example, at the Cerrado site, using daily averaged data produced recharge rates of up to 9 times greater than using yearly averaged data. In all cases, an increase in the time of averaging of meteorological data led to lower estimates of groundwater recharge, especially at sites having coarse-textured soils. Our results show that temporal averaging limits the ability of simulations to predict deep penetration of moisture in response to precipitation, so that water remains in the upper part of the vadose zone subject to upward flow and evaporation.
Dynamically diagnosing type errors in unsafe code (2016)

Existing approaches for detecting type errors in unsafe languages are limited. Static analysis methods are imprecise, and often require source-level changes, while most dynamic methods check only memory properties (bounds, liveness, etc.), owing to a lack of run-time type information. This paper describes libcrunch, a system for binary-compatible run-time type checking of unmodified unsafe code, currently focusing on C. Practical experience shows that our prototype implementation is easily applicable to many real codebases without source-level modification, correctly flags programmer errors with a very low rate of false positives, offers a very low run-time overhead, and covers classes of error caught by no previously existing tool.
Separation of Dansyl Amino Acids on .GAMMA.-Cyclodextrin-Bonded Monolithic Silica Columns Prepared via Urethanization in Capillary LC (2010)

γ-シクロデキストリン（γ-CD）をモノリスシリカキャピラリーにウレタン結合により導入したキラル固定相を調製し，ダンシルアミノ酸の分離挙動について調査した．あらかじめ，シリカゲル充填剤を用いてウレタン結合の反応条件を検討し，モノリスシリカキャピラリーカラムに適用した．γ-CD結合モノリスキャピラリーカラム（長さ450 mm×内径0.100 mm）について，50 mM酢酸アンモニウム/アセトニトリル（90 : 10）を移動相として用い，12対のダンシルアミノ酸対掌体の分離を試みたところ，8対の対掌体の分離が達成され，それぞれL体が先に溶出することが確認された．モノリスシリカキャピラリーカラムにより，粒子充填型カラムより高い分離度が達成された．
Selective up-regulation of endothelial cell class I MHC expression by cytokines from patients with lymphatic filariasis. (1989)

Local host immune responses to the lymphatic-dwelling filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti are important in the pathogenesis of the lymphangitis that leads to filarial elephantiasis. That the lymphatic endothelial cells may be important in this inflammatory process was shown by the ability of supernatants generated from filarial Ag-driven PBMC of individuals with filarial elephantiasis caused by W. bancrofti infection to up-regulate class I MHC expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells when compared to unstimulated control supernatants from the same individual (relative fluorescence intensity = 159% +/- 13.5; p less than 0.001). In contrast, individuals with the same filarial infection but manifesting no lymphatic disease were unable to generate, in response to filarial Ag the cytokines required for this activation (relative fluorescence intensity = 93% +/- 2.6). Supernatants induced by a non-filarial Ag (purified protein derivative) were able to effect class I MHC up-regulation in both patient groups. The same filarial Ag-driven supernatants did not cause detectable class II MHC staining on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results suggest a likely role for parasite Ag-driven, cytokine-mediated endothelial cell activation in the pathogenesis of lymphatic inflammatory/obstructive filarial disease.
Heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs on (100) Ge/Si using migration enhanced epitaxy (2008)

In this paper, heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs on nominal (100) Ge/Si substrate was investigated. The root-mean square surface roughness of the sample where the first few monolayers of the GaAs were nucleated by migration enhanced epitaxy (MEE) is four times smaller compared to the sample without such a process, indicating better surface planarity. From the (004) x-ray diffraction rocking curve measurement, the full width at half maximum of the GaAs layer nucleated by MEE is 40% lower compared to that of the GaAs layer without such a process, indicating better crystal quality. Furthermore, it was found that the sample where the GaAs layer was nucleated by MEE experienced early relaxation. As the MEE process promotes two-dimensional growth, the GaAs layer where nucleation was initiated by such a process has fewer islandlike formations. This leads to a pseudomorphically grown GaAs layer, which experiences higher strain compared to the GaAs layer with more islandlike formations, where most relaxation occurs on the free surface of the islands. Therefore, for the same layer thickness, the GaAs layer on (100) Ge/Si substrate where nucleation was initiated by MEE relaxed first.
A 1.0 V 256 Mb SDRAM with offset-compensated direct sensing and charge-recycled precharge schemes (2003)

A 1.0 V, 256 Mb SDRAM is designed in a 0.1 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. For low voltage applications, an offset compensated direct current sensing scheme improves refresh time as well as sensing performance. A charge-recycled precharge reuses the word-line discharge current to generate the boosted voltage required for equalization without charge pumping. At 1.0 V, the access time is 25 ns and the current is 15 mA.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Synthesis of Highly Hindered Biphenyl‐2‐carboxylates via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of tert‐Butyl 2‐Methoxybenzoates with Aryl Grignard Reagent. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.