gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipolytic surface remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are cytotoxic to macrophages but not in the presence of high density lipoprotein. A possible mechanism of atherogenesis? (1989)

Hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) serum, lipolyzed in vitro by purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase, was found to be cytotoxic to cultured macrophages. Surviving macrophages contained numerous lipid inclusions similar to those found in foam cells. Individual lipoprotein fractions isolated from the lipolyzed HTG serum, including HDL, were also cytotoxic. Lipolysis of isolated lipoprotein fractions (either HTG or normal) allowed localization of cytotoxicity to postlipolysis remnant VLDL and chylomicron particles. The presence of a critical concentration of HDL in either the lipolysis mixture or the culture dishes inhibited the cytotoxicity. Below this critical concentration HDL itself became cytotoxic, producing lipid inclusions in surviving macrophages. The lipid fraction of the cytotoxic remnants contained the cytotoxic factor(s); neither FFA nor lysolecithin alone could account for this cytotoxicity. Postprandial lipemic sera from subjects with a brisk chylomicron response, when lipolyzed in vitro, were cytotoxic to cultured macrophages; neither fasted sera from these subjects, nor postprandial sera from normolipidemic subjects with a normal chylomicron response, were cytotoxic. Postheparin (in vivo lipolyzed) serum and its isolated lipoprotein fractions obtained 30 min after heparin injection in subjects with HTG were shown to be cytotoxic to macrophages; by 60 min most of the cytotoxicity had disappeared. The postprandial and postheparin observations support an in vivo significance for remnant-associated cytotoxicity. We hypothesize that cytotoxic remnants of lipolyzed VLDL and chylomicrons may be one of the major atherogenic lipoproteins. Further, we suggest that inhibition of the cytotoxicity of these remnants may be one important way that HDL prevents atherosclerosis.
Hyperspectral soil texture classification (2004)

A soil texture classification system is developed and exploited in the hyperspectral domain. The hyperspectral signatures of three different pure soil textures, i.e., sand, silt and clay, combined with a linear mixture model, are used to generate signals representing different types of soil textures. Feature extraction via the discrete wavelet transform and linear discriminant analysis for feature vector reduction and optimization are used. Different types of classifiers, which include the nearest mean and maximum likelihood, are incorporated to test the system's applicability. Classification accuracy is evaluated using a leave-one-out method. Experimental results are presented and possible future works are discussed.
Catastrophic Forgetting and the Pseudorehearsal Solution in Hopfield-type Networks (1998)

Pseudorehearsal is a mechanism proposed by Robins which alleviates catastrophic forgetting in multi-layer perceptron networks.In this paper, we extend the exploration of pseudorehearsal to a Hop eld-type net.The same general principles apply: old information can be rehearsed if it is available, and if it is not available, then generating and rehearsing approxim ations of old information that `map' the behaviour of the network can also be eOE ective at preser ving the actual old infor mation itself.The details of the pseudorehearsal mechanism, however, bene t from being adapted to the dynamics of Hop eld nets so as to exploit the extra attractors created in state space during lear ning.These attractors are usually described as `spurious' or `cross-talk' , and regarded as undesirable, interfering with the retention of the trained population items.Our simulations have show n that, in another sense, such attractors can in fact be useful in preser ving the lear ned population.In general terms, a solution to the catastrophic forgetting problem enables the on-going or sequential lear ning of information in arti cial neural networks, and consequently also provides a framework for the modelling of lifelong lear ning /developmental eOE ects in cognition.
Optimal Transmission Strategies for Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks (2009)

Cognitive radio offers a promising technology to mitigate spectrum shortage in wireless communications. It enables secondary users (SUs) to opportunistically access low-occupancy primary spectral bands as long as their negative effect on the primary user (PU) access is constrained. This PU protection requirement is particularly challenging for multiple SUs over a wide geographical area. In this paper, we study the fundamental performance limit on the throughput of cognitive radio networks under the PU packet collision constraint. With perfect sensing, we develop an optimum spectrum access strategy under generic PU traffic patterns. Without perfect sensing, we quantify the impact of missed detection and false alarm, and propose a modified threshold-based spectrum access strategy that achieves close-to-optimal performance. Moreover, we develop and evaluate a distributed access scheme that enables multiple SUs to collectively protect the PU while adapting to behavioral changes in PU usage patterns. Our results provide useful insight on the trade-off between the protection of the primary user and the throughput performance of cognitive radios.
The Churchmanship of St. Cyprian. By G. S. M. Walker. (Ecumenical Studies in History, 9). Pp. 106. Richmond, Va.: John Knox Press, 1969. $1.95. (1969)

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Colostral milk fat percentage and pig performance are enhanced by feeding the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate to sows (1994)

Three trials were conducted to test whether feeding the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate (HMB) would increase fat content of sows' milk and pig weight gain. All sows received a basal diet and were assigned at random to receive either 2 g of CaCO3/d (control) or 2 g of Ca(HMB)2/d (HMB), which was top-dressed to the basal diet. Treatment began 3 to 4 d before farrowing. In Trials 1, 2, and 3 there were 4, 19, and 11 pairs of sows, respectively. In a combined analysis that included all three trials, milk fat at d 1 was increased by 41% (P = .01) and pig weight at d 21 was increased by 7% (P = .01) for sows fed diets containing HMB compared with sows fed control diets. Sows fed HMB lost more backfat (P = .03); however, sows receiving HMB had more (P < .05) backfat depth at farrowing than control sows. At weaning there was no difference in backfat depth between the treatment groups. Sows fed HMB tended to consume less feed (P = .07) than control sows. In Trials 2 and 3, data were collected on the subsequent reproductive cycles of the sows. A combined analysis of the data revealed no differences in sow performance when sows previously fed the diet containing HMB were compared with sows previously fed the control diet. In conclusion, beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate, when fed to sows at 2 g/d, resulted in an increase in fat percentage of sow's milk and pig performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Measurement of Charged-Particle Stopping in Warm Dense Plasma (2015)

We measured the stopping of energetic protons in an isochorically heated solid-density Be plasma with an electron temperature of ∼32 eV, corresponding to moderately coupled [(e^{2}/a)/(k_{B}T_{e}+E_{F})∼0.3] and moderately degenerate [k_{B}T_{e}/E_{F}∼2] "warm-dense matter" (WDM) conditions. We present the first high-accuracy measurements of charged-particle energy loss through dense plasma, which shows an increased loss relative to cold matter, consistent with a reduced mean ionization potential. The data agree with stopping models based on an ad hoc treatment of free and bound electrons, as well as the average-atom local-density approximation; this work is the first test of these theories in WDM plasma.
Direct Inhibition of Elastase Activity by Indole-3-Carbinol Triggers a CD40-TRAF Regulatory Cascade That Disrupts NF-κB Transcriptional Activity in Human Breast Cancer Cells (2010)

Treatment of highly tumorigenic MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells with indole-3-carbinol (I3C) directly inhibited the extracellular elastase-dependent cleavage of membrane-associated CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. CD40 signaling has been implicated in regulating cell survival, apoptosis, and proliferation, as well as in sensitizing breast cancer cells to chemotherapy, and is therefore an important potential target of novel breast cancer treatments. The I3C-dependent accumulation of full-length unprocessed CD40 protein caused a shift in CD40 signaling through TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAF), including the TRAF1/TRAF2 positive regulators and TRAF3 negative regulator of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity. Because TRAF1 is a transcriptional target gene of NF-kappaB, I3C disrupted a positive feedback loop involving these critical cell survival components. siRNA ablation of elastase expression mimicked the I3C inhibition of CD40 protein processing and G(1) cell cycle arrest, whereas siRNA knockdown of TRAF3 and the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaB prevented the I3C-induced cell cycle arrest. In contrast, siRNA knockdown of PTEN had no effect on the I3C control of NF-kappaB activity, showing the importance of CD40 signaling in regulating this transcription factor. Our study provides the first direct in vitro evidence that I3C directly inhibits the elastase-mediated proteolytic processing of CD40, which alters downstream signaling to disrupt NF-kappaB-induced cell survival and proliferative responses. Furthermore, we have established a new I3C-mediated antiproliferative cascade that has significant therapeutic potential for treatment of human cancers associated with high levels of elastase and its CD40 membrane substrate.
Assessment of the biodegradation potential of psychrotrophic microorganisms (1996)

Bioremediation of polluted temperate and cold temperature environments may require the activity of psychrotrophic bacteria, because their low temperature growth range parallels the ambient temperatures encountered in these environments. In the present study, 135 psychrotrophic microorganisms isolated from a variety of ecosystems in Canada were examined for their ability to mineralize 14C-labelled toluene, naphthalene, dodecane, hexadecane, 2-chlorobiphenyl, and pentachlorophenol. A number of the psychrotrophic strains mineralized toluene, naphthalene, dodecane, and hexadecane. None of the psychrotrophs were capable of mineralizing 2-chlorobiphenyl or pentachlorophenol. Those strains demonstrating mineralization activity were subsequently screened by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization of PCR products for the presence of catabolic genes (alkB, ndoB, todCl, and xylE) involved in known bacterial biodegradative pathways for these compounds. Some of the psychrotrophs able to mineralize toluene and naphthalene possessed catabolic genes that hybridized to xylE or todCl, and ndoB, respectively. The alkB PCR fragments obtained from the strains that mineralized dodecane and hexadecane did not hybridize to an alkB gene probe derived from Pseudomonas oleovorans. Psychrotrophic strain Q15, identified as a Rhodococcus sp., also mineralized the C28 n-paraffin octacosane. A gene probe constructed from the "alkB" PCR fragment from strain Q15 did hybridize with the alkB PCR fragments from most of the psychrotrophic alkane biodegraders, indicating that the alkB primers may be amplifying another gene(s), perhaps with low homology to P. oleovorans alkB, which may be involved in the biodegradation of both short chain (dodecane) and longer chain alkanes (hexadecane, octacosane). All of the psychrotrophic biodegradative isolates examined were capable of mineralization activity at both 23 and 5 degrees C, indicating their potential for low temperature bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites.
Effect of K-N-Humates on Dry Matter Production and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Maize in Sarawak, Malaysia (2010)

Agricultural waste, such as sago waste (SW), is one of the sources of pollution to streams and rivers in Sarawak, particularly those situated near sago processing plants. In addition, unbalanced and excessive use of chemical fertilizers can cause soil and water pollution. Humic substances can be used as organic fertilizers, which reduce pollution. The objectives of this study were to produce K- and ammonium-based organic fertilizer from composted SW and to determine the efficiency of the organic-based fertilizer produced. Humic substances were isolated using standard procedures. Liquid fertilizers were formulated except for T2 (NPK fertilizer), which was in solid form. There were six treatments with three replications. Organic fertilizers were applied to soil in pots on the 10th day after sowing (DAS), but on the 28th DAS, only plants of T2 were fertilized. The plant samples were harvested on the 57th DAS during the tassel stage. The dry matter of plant parts (leaves, stems, and roots) were determined and analyzed for N, P, and K using standard procedures. Soil of every treatment was also analyzed for exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and Na, organic matter, organic carbon, available P, pH, total N, P, nitrate and ammonium contents using standard procedures. Treatments with humin (T5 and T6) showed remarkable results on dry matter production; N, P, and K contents; their uptake; as well as their use efficiency by maize. The inclusion of humin might have loosened the soil and increased the soil porosity, hence the better growth of the plants. Humin plus inorganic fertilizer provided additional nutrients for the plants. The addition of inorganic fertilizer into compost is a combination of quick and slow release sources, which supplies N throughout the crop growth period. Common fertilization by surface application of T2 without any additives (acidic and high CEC materials) causes N and K to be easily lost. High Ca in the soil may have reacted with phosphate from fertilizer to form Ca phosphate, an insoluble compound of phosphate that is generally not available to plants, especially roots. Mixing soil with humin produced from composted SW before application of fertilizers (T5 and T6) significantly increased maize dry matter production and nutrient use efficiency. Additionally, this practice does not only improve N, P, and K use efficiency, but it also helps to reduce the use of N-, P-, and K-based fertilizers by 50%.
Ultrasound triggered release of Trastuzumab-conjugated immunoliposomes targeting breast cancer (2018)

A Master of Science thesis in Chemical Engineering by Amal Elsadig Elamir Ahmed entitled, “Ultrasound triggered release of Trastuzumab-conjugated immunoliposomes targeting breast cancer”, submitted in December 2018. Thesis advisor is Dr. Ghaleb Husseini and thesis co-advisor is Dr. Rana Sabouni. Soft and hard copy available.
Prevention of Mast Cell Activation Disorder-Associated Clinical Sequelae of Excessive Prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> Production (2008)

These results suggest that mast cell activation may be manifested by a selective excessive release of PGD(2). These patients respond to administration of aspirin but not to antihistamines.
Enhanced enterovirus 71 virus‐like particle yield from a new baculovirus design (2015)

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in the Asia-Pacific region. To produce the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, we previously constructed recombinant baculoviruses to co-express EV71 P1 polypeptide and 3CD protease using the Bac-to-Bac(®) vector system. The recombinant baculoviruses resulted in P1 cleavage by 3CD and subsequent VLP assembly in infected insect cells, but caused either low VLP yield or excessive VLP degradation. To tackle the problems, here we explored various expression cassette designs and flashBAC GOLD™ vector system which was deficient in v-cath and chiA genes. We found that the recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLD™ system was insufficient to improve the EV71 VLP yield. Nonetheless, BacF-P1-C3CD, a recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLD(TM) system to express P1 under the polh promoter and 3CD under the CMV promoter, dramatically improved the VLP yield while alleviating the VLP degradation. Infection of High Five(TM) cells with BacF-P1-C3CD enhanced the total and extracellular VLP yield to ≈268 and ≈171 mg/L, respectively, which enabled the release of abundant VLP into the supernatant and simplified the downstream purification. Intramuscular immunization of mice with 5 μg purified VLP induced cross-protective humoral responses and conferred protection against lethal virus challenge. Given the significantly improved extracellular VLP yield (≈171 mg/L) and the potent immunogenicity conferred by 5 μg VLP, one liter High Five(TM) culture produced ≈12,000 doses of purified vaccine, thus rendering the EV71 VLP vaccine economically viable and able to compete with inactivated virus vaccines.
Electron band alignment at the interface of (100)InSb with atomic-layer deposited Al2O3 (2012)

From experiments on internal photoemission of electrons at the (100)InSb/Al2O3 interface, the top of the InSb valence band is found to be 3.05 +/- 0.10 eV below the oxide conduction band and corresponds to a conduction band offset of 2.9 +/- 0.1 eV. These results indicate that the top of valence band in InSb lies energetically at the same level as in GaSb and above the valence bands in InxGa1-xAs (0
[Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in water metabolism disorders]. (1999)

Water metabolism plays an essential role in the homeostasis of body fluids in animals and humans. It is regulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP), renal function and water drinking. Disorders of water metabolism result in an increase or decrease in a body water or fluid, which manifest as hyponatremia, hypernatremia, polyuria, dehydration or edema. In the pathogenesis of such pathological conditions AVP is either directly or indirectly involved. Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) is an AVP-dependent water channel in renal collecting duct cells. Approximately 3% of AQP-2 is excreted into the urine, which is measurable by RIA or Western blot using a specific antibody against AQP-2. There was positive relationship between urinary excretion of AQP-2 (UAQP-2) and plasma AVP levels in normal subjects. UAQP-2 varied in a wide range under ad libitum water drinking. The level of UAQP-2 was one eighth less in patients with central diabetes insipidus than in normal subjects, and it was 2.8-fold greater in patients with water retention. A hypertonic saline infusion test manifested the difference in the UAQP-2 response to an increase in plasma osmolality between the patients with central diabetes insipidus and the normal subjects. Acute oral water load clarified the impaired water excretion and the persistent elevation of UAQP-2 in patients with water retention. Such increased UAQP-2 was linked to nonsuppressible levels of plasma AVP despite hypoosmolality. These results indicate that UAQP-2 is a useful marker to diagnose disorders of water metabolism.
Low-loss dispersion-flattened hybrid transmissionlines consisting of low-nonlinearity pure silica core fibres and dispersioncompensating fibres (2000)

Newly developed design-optimised hybrid transmission lines are presented which consist of pure silica core fibre and dispersion compensating fibre, and exhibit a span loss of 0.205 dB/km, a span dispersion slope of 0.020 ps/nm2/km and low nonlinearity with an equivalent effective area of 60 µm2.
Transglutaminase 2: Friend or foe? The discordant role in neurons and astrocytes (2018)

Members of the transglutaminase family catalyze the formation of isopeptide bonds between a polypeptide-bound glutamine and a low molecular weight amine (e.g., spermidine) or the ɛ-amino group of a polypeptide-bound lysine. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a prominent member of this family, is unique because in addition to being a transamidating enzyme, it exhibits numerous other activities. As a result, TG2 plays a role in many physiological processes, and its function is highly cell type specific and relies upon a number of factors, including conformation, cellular compartment location, and local concentrations of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and guanine nucleotides. TG2 is the most abundant transglutaminase in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a pivotal role in the CNS injury response. How TG2 affects the cell in response to an insult is strikingly different in astrocytes and neurons. In neurons, TG2 supports survival. Overexpression of TG2 in primary neurons protects against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death and in vivo results in a reduction in infarct volume subsequent to a stroke. Knockdown of TG2 in primary neurons results in a loss of viability. In contrast, deletion of TG2 from astrocytes results in increased survival following OGD and improved ability to protect neurons from injury. Here, a brief overview of TG2 is provided, followed by a discussion of the role of TG2 in transcriptional regulation, cellular dynamics, and cell death. The differing roles TG2 plays in neurons and astrocytes are highlighted and compared to how TG2 functions in other cell types.
The Evolution of the Global Spine Journal (2015)

I am so excited about the new year and the combination of the Global Spine Journal (GSJ) and Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal (EBSJ) into a single, international journal formally called the Global Spine Journal (GSJ). This combination allows for the maturation of the official journals of AOSpine International into a single, high-quality scientific academic publication. This will consist of the Global Spine Journal with original research articles, case reports, and review articles. The high-quality outstanding evidence-based reviews, that are typically associated with EBSJ, will be published as special issues of GSJ twice each year. This combined with the new open-access format of the journal, will allow for the appropriate dissemination of the international research and educational missions of AOSpine International.

In 2015 we will be improving options for readers to access and download papers via their tablets/phones with a downloadable browser app. We will also be awarding our very first best paper prize to an author who published in 2014.

In addition, our ongoing podcast series will continue to highlight key papers published in the journal. You can subscribe to these episodes via iTunes or download direct from the journals homepage.

AOSpine continues to represent a truly global membership and academic spine society, with its mission dedicated to education, research, and community-development on a world-wide basis. This journal format will continue to allow the global research in the spine arena to be developed and presented to the world, along with challenging cases and superb review articles that will keep each spine practitioner up to date on the latest developments and ultimately allow for better patient care. 

I want to thank my two other Chief Editors of this publication, Jens Chapman, MD, and Karsten Wiechert, MD, for all of their efforts in launching this important endeavor. With their guidance, I am confident that this publication will be a leading academic forum for the presentation of spinal research and knowledge, and continue to fulfill the mission of the AOSpine professional medical association. I wish all of our readers and members a Happy New Year and I sincerely look forward to the years to come.
High-Q optical microresonators functionalized with two-dimensional material (2017)

We report the functionalization of high-Q silica microdisks with WSe2 and their optical characterization. Background-free cavity enhanced photoluminescence and photoluminescence saturation are observed at room temperature. We show precise measurements of the quantum yield of WSe2.