gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the performance of dynamically-linked programs (1995)

Dynamically-linked programs in general do not perform as well as statically-linked programs. This paper identifies three main areas that account for the performance loss. First, symbols are referenced indirectly and thus extra instructions are required. Second, the overhead in run-time symbol resolution is significant. Third, poor locality of functions in shared libraries and data structures maintained by the run-time linker may result in poor memory utilization. This paper presents new optimization techniques we developed that address these three areas and significantly improve the performance of dynamically-linked programs. Also, we provide measurements of the performance improvement achieved. Most importantly, we show that all desirable features of shared libraries can be achieved without sacrificing performance.
Nature and Environment (2008)

Abstract This chapter outlines some of the ways in which the concept of Functional Beauty can be applied to natural things. It begins with a somewhat neglected topic in nature aesthetics: the aesthetics of living organisms, especially animals. The first section surveys some common approaches to the appreciation of living organisms. It then describes a difficulty facing these approaches, which seems to explain the lack of attention given to the topic by aestheticians, and argues that a form of appreciation employing Functional Beauty can avoid this difficulty. The second half of the chapter turns to the aesthetics of natural things other than living organisms, including individual natural objects such as stones and rivers as well as larger natural entities, such as ecosystems and environments. It argues that Functional Beauty not only has a role to play in this area, but also that deploying the concept here sheds light on a central but controversial thesis in recent discussions of the aesthetics of nature: positive aesthetics. In doing so, Functional Beauty provides the basis for a richer conception of nature as an aesthetic object.
ELECTROCHEMICAL CARBON METER FOR USE IN SODIUM. (1970)

The feasibility of an electrochemical carbon meter which measures the chemical activity of carbon in sodium at temperatures from 600 to 700C has been demonstrated.The meter is based on the cell ..IIron INa 2 C0 3 jReference 1 ''Barrier'Li 2 CO 3 'Electrode and has been shown to respond to the addition of various carbonaceous reagents which were added to the sodium, especially carburized iron.Some tests of a cell with a CaC_-LiCl electrolyte are also reported.The chemical activity of carbon in equilibrium with a 347 SS-sodium system has been measured.The use of the meter to indicate when carburizing or decarburizing conditions exist in the sodium is discussed.Some data on the solubility of carbon in sodium determined with the carbon meter are reported.The meter can be used to measure the concentration of carbon in sodium by making use of solubility data.
Image content is more important than Bouma’s Law for scene metamers (2018)

Abstract We subjectively perceive our visual field with high fidelity, yet large peripheral distortions can go unnoticed and peripheral objects can be difficult to identify (crowding). A recent paper proposed a model of the mid-level ventral visual stream in which neural responses were averaged over an area of space that increased as a function of eccentricity (scaling). Human participants could not discriminate synthesised model images from each other (they were metamers) when scaling was about half the retinal eccentricity. This result implicated ventral visual area V2 and approximated “Bouma’s Law” of crowding. It has subsequently been interpreted as a link between crowding zones, receptive field scaling, and our rich perceptual experience. However, participants in this experiment never saw the original images. We find that participants can easily discriminate real and model-generated images at V2 scaling. Lower scale factors than even V1 receptive fields may be required to generate metamers. Efficiently explaining why scenes look as they do may require incorporating segmentation processes and global organisational constraints in addition to local pooling.
Antihomotypic affinity maturation improves human B cell responses against a repetitive epitope (2018)

Affinity maturation selects B cells expressing somatically mutated antibody variants with improved antigen-binding properties to protect from invading pathogens. We determined the molecular mechanism underlying the clonal selection and affinity maturation of human B cells expressing protective antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein of the malaria parasite <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (PfCSP). We show in molecular detail that the repetitive nature of PfCSP facilitates direct homotypic interactions between two PfCSP repeat-bound monoclonal antibodies, thereby improving antigen affinity and B cell activation. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the strong selection of somatic mutations that mediate homotypic antibody interactions after repeated parasite exposure in humans. Our findings demonstrate a different mode of antigen-mediated affinity maturation to improve antibody responses to PfCSP and presumably other repetitive antigens.
Advanced glycation end products increase retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression. (1998)

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are linked with the development of diabetic retinopathy; however, the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly defined. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are increased in ischemic and nonischemic diabetic retina, and VEGF is required for the development of retinal and iris neovascularization. Moreover, VEGF alone can induce much of the concomitant pathology of diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we found that AGEs increased VEGF mRNA levels in the ganglion, inner nuclear, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layers of the rat retina. In vitro, AGEs increased VEGF mRNA and secreted protein in human RPE and bovine vascular smooth muscle cells. The AGE-induced increases in VEGF expression were dose- and time-dependent, inhibited by antioxidants, and additive with hypoxia. Use of an anti-VEGF antibody blocked the capillary endothelial cell proliferation induced by the conditioned media of AGE-treated cells. AGEs may participate in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy through their ability to increase retinal VEGF gene expression.
Microstructure and mechanical properties in Co-Ni ultrahigh strength steel (2003)

The effect of tempering on microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrahigh strength AerMetlOO steel were examined. The impact toughness and fracture toughness of tempering at 430℃ was lowest because of the cementite at platelets and twin boundaries. The maximum ultimate tensile strength was reached after tempering at 455t due to the precipitation of fine carbides along the coherent zones. The peak in toughness was attributed to both the absence of cementite and the formation of reverted, stable austenite. Tempering at higher temperatures resulted in loss of strength was suggested to be the result of precipitate coarsening and loss of the coherent with the matrix. The index of AerMetlOO large diameter bar was satisfied with specifications: ultimate tensile strength was 2000MPa and fracture toughness was llOMPa 1/2(m).
Hydrogenase and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase activities of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17706 associated with an indigenous plasmid (1983)

Mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17706 defective in hydrogen uptake (hydrogen oxidation) were isolated following treatment with the plasmid-curing agents Mitomycin C and Acridine orange. These mutants were devoid of hydrogenase and D-ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase activities, but were able to utilize formate. A single-plasmid species was identified in ATCC 17706, which was absent in all Hup − mutants, and was shown to confer hydrogen-uptake proficiency in A. eutrophus. This plasmid, pRMB1, was not self-transmissible, but was conjugative in a strain carrying a self-transmissible plasmid, RK2.
Inactivation of local root canal medicaments by dentine: an in vitro study (2000)

The dentine powder model appears to be an efficient tool for the study of interactions between local endodontic medicaments, dentine, and microbes.
A New Opportunity Using Elemental Microbiological Multi-Variate Analysis for the In Situ Identification of Astrobiological Materials (2010)

It is known that LIBS is a sensitive spectrochemical technique that can rapidly determine a target’s elemental composition with excellent spatial resolution and minimal sample preparation. It has only recently begun to be used for characterizing biological samples such as microorganisms (i.e. bacteria) and tissues. On the basis of a bacterium’s unique elemental (mostly inorganic) composition, LIBS can be utilized to provide a potentially faster, more portable, and more robust technology than many other methods to perform rapid measurements which are useful for the detection and identification of harmful pathogens in real-time at the point-of-care. We have already demonstrated that bacteria do possess unique atomic signatures that are robust through time and environment that can be measured via LIBS and that these signatures can be used to rapidly identify an unknown bacterial specimen – Elemental Multi-variate Microbiological Analysis. Extensive studies are now underway to determine the biological variability of these signatures, the effects of sample contamination and mixing, the limits of detection, the ultimate specificity, and to answer numerous other important questions to transition from a laboratory technique to a fieldable, clinical technology.
Third-Generation Electrokinetically Pumped Sheath-Flow Nanospray Interface with Improved Stability and Sensitivity for Automated Capillary Zone Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Complex Proteome Digests (2015)

We have reported a set of electrokinetically pumped sheath flow nanoelectrospray interfaces to couple capillary zone electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. A separation capillary is threaded through a cross into a glass emitter. A side arm provides fluidic contact with a sheath buffer reservoir that is connected to a power supply. The potential applied to the sheath buffer drives electro-osmosis in the emitter to pump the sheath fluid at nanoliter per minute rates. Our first-generation interface placed a flat-tipped capillary in the emitter. Sensitivity was inversely related to orifice size and to the distance from the capillary tip to the emitter orifice. A second-generation interface used a capillary with an etched tip that allowed the capillary exit to approach within a few hundred micrometers of the emitter orifice, resulting in a significant increase in sensitivity. In both the first- and second-generation interfaces, the emitter diameter was typically 8 μm; these narrow orifices were susceptible to plugging and tended to have limited lifetime. We now report a third-generation interface that employs a larger diameter emitter orifice with very short distance between the capillary tip and the emitter orifice. This modified interface is much more robust and produces much longer lifetime than our previous designs with no loss in sensitivity. We evaluated the third-generation interface for a 5000 min (127 runs, 3.5 days) repetitive analysis of bovine serum albumin digest using an uncoated capillary. We observed a 10% relative standard deviation in peak area, an average of 160,000 theoretical plates, and very low carry-over (much less than 1%). We employed a linear-polyacrylamide (LPA)-coated capillary for single-shot, bottom-up proteomic analysis of 300 ng of Xenopus laevis fertilized egg proteome digest and identified 1249 protein groups and 4038 peptides in a 110 min separation using an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer; peak capacity was ∼330. The proteome data set using this third-generation interface-based CZE-MS/MS is similar in size to that generated using a commercial ultraperformance liquid chromatographic analysis of the same sample with the same mass spectrometer and similar analysis time.
Diode-pumped Nd:YAG loop resonator with phase conjugation in the gain medium (2003)

Summary form only given. We present an approach to obtain self-starting loop resonators with phase conjugation by four-wave mixing (FWM) in the gain medium. This phase-conjugate process presents attractive features such as self-matching nonlinearity with the laser wavelength and high efficiency because of the laser amplification of all the interacting beams. We will present a fully detailed analysis of the specific properties of such resonators and compare their performances with that of laser architectures that use the other types of solid-state phase-conjugate techniques mentioned above. It will be shown that resonators with phase conjugation in the gain medium demonstrate reasonable extraction efficiency together with dynamic compensation of intracavity phase aberrations, and that they offer a number of desirable properties such as self-Q-switching ability, single-longitudinal-mode operation, and compensation of polarization distortions via vector phase conjugation.
Lack of sugar discrimination by human Pol requires a single glycine residue (2003)

DNA polymerase mu (Pol mu) is a novel family X DNA polymerase that has been suggested to play a role in micro-homology mediated joining and repair of double strand breaks. We show here that human Pol mu is not able to discriminate against the 2'-OH group of the sugar moiety. It inserts rNTPs with an efficiency that is <10-fold lower than that of dNTPs, in sharp contrast with the >1000-fold discrimination characteristic of most DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. The lack of sugar discrimination by Pol mu is demonstrated by its ability to add rNTPs to both DNA and RNA primer strands, and to insert both deoxy- and ribonucleotides on growing nucleic acid chains. 3D-modelling of human Pol mu based on the available Pol beta and TdT structural information allowed us to predict candidate residues involved in sugar discrimination. Thus, a single amino acid substitution in which Gly433 residue of Pol mu was mutated to the consensus tyrosine present in Pol beta, produced a strong increase in the discrimination against ribonucleotides. The unusual capacity to insert both rNTPs and dNTPs will be discussed in the context of the predicted roles of Pol mu in DNA repair.
Abstract 536: Mesenchymal stromal cells promote tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo (2010)

Abstract [Background] Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also referred as mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent progenitor cells that differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes, osteoblasts and other types of cell. Although MSCs are resident mainly in bone marrow, MSCs are found in adipose tissue, lung, and many other organs where MSCs maintain and regenerate the connective tissues of organs. Recent report proposed that MSCs also migrate and function as stromal cells in the tumor tissues. Effects of MSCs on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo are still unclear. In this study, we verified tumor promotion by MSCs and analyzed mechanisms. [Method] B16-LacZ, a melanoma cell line expressing β-galactosidase protein, was tested for their growth rate by X-gal colorizing assay in the presence or absence of mouse bone marrow MSCs in vitro. Growth of B16-LacZ was also examined in the detached condition using cell disk or conditioned medium from MSCs. Next, B16-LacZ and Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells were mixed with MSCs at 1/1 and 1/5 ratios and subcutaneously inoculated into mice. Tumor sizes were measured and immunostaining of CD31 was performed to evaluate angiogenesis. We also determine the secretion of soluble factors associated with angiogenesis in cultured medium from B16-LacZ alone, MSCs alone, or B16-LacZ and MSCs ELISA. [Result] Proliferation of B16-LacZ co-cultured with MSCs exhibited 5.8 times greater than that of B16-LacZ alone in vitro (P&amp;lt;0.01). In detached condition, using cell disk or conditioned medium from MSCs, the growth rate was only 1.6 times (P&amp;lt;0.01) in cell disk, and 1.4 times (P&amp;lt;0.05) in conditioned medium at 60-hour incubation. Mixed group of B16-LacZ and MSCs at 1/1 and 1/5 ratios developed 2.3 times (P&amp;lt;0.05) and 4.3 times (P&amp;lt;0.01) grater tumor compared to B16-LacZ alone in vivo. MSCs alone did not develop a tumor. Results of LLC experiments were similar to B16-LacZ experiments. Tumor vessel area of mixture of B16-LacZ and MSCs was 2.4 times (P&amp;lt;0.05) at 1/1 and 4.2 times (P&amp;lt;0.01) at 1/5 ratio lager than B16-LacZ alone. The amount of the secretion of LIF, M-CSF, MIP-2 and VEGF factors from MSCs were significantly larger compared with B16-LacZ. The amount of the secretion from co-culture of B16-LacZ and MSCs was almost the same as the MSCs alone group. [Conclusion] MSCs promoted tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, and promotion of tumor growth by MSCs can be at least in part attributed to the tumor angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 536.
Effects of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs on Overall Glycemic Control in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2003)

The altered pharmacokinetics of new rapid-acting insulin analogs make them very effective in controlling blood glucose peaks after meals. However, simple replacement of regular human insulin by rapid-acting analogs may not be sufficiently effective for overall daily glycemic control. Both basal and bolus insulins need to be addressed with overall changes in insulin regimens for long-term reductions of glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels. Clinical studies in patients with type 1 diabetes have shown that better control of postprandial peaks together with optimal use of basal insulin, in multiple injection regimens or with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, resulted in improved HbA(1c) levels of 0.3-0.4% in comparison with regular human insulin. In patients with type 2 diabetes the combination therapy of insulin lispro with an oral agent improved metabolic control in the range of 1.5-2.5%. Such decreases in HbA(1c) should lead to a reduction in risk of complications with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The better overall metabolic control with rapid-acting insulin analogs was not accompanied by any increased risk for hypoglycemia.
Closed form expression for the 5-point Veneziano amplitude in terms of\n 4-point amplitudes (2021)

We propose a number system covariance principle between $p$-adic and\nArchimedean frameworks. We use it to derive several closed-form expressions for\nthe five-point open string tachyon scattering amplitude.\n
Design and Deployment Experiment Research on Support Mechanism for Hexagonal Prism Modular Deployable Antenna (2021)

In order to meet the requirements of the development trend of large aperture space deployable antenna, based on the characteristics of cellular structure, a configuration scheme of support mechanism for hexagonal prism modular deployable antenna is proposed. The topological law of the module is studied, and the configuration design is carried out. Then the multi module kinematic model is established, and the numerical simulation analysis is carried out. The experiment results show that the deployable antenna support mechanism can be successfully deployed in many deployment tests, and there is no jamming fault, which indicates that the mechanism configuration principle and design structure scheme are feasible. The research results provide a reference for other types of deployable antenna mechanism.
Putting Image Manipulations in Context: Robustness Testing for Safe Perception (2018)

We introduce a method to evaluate the robustness of perception systems to the wide variety of conditions that a deployed system will encounter. Using person detection as a sample safety-critical application, we evaluate the robustness of several state-of-the-art perception systems to a variety of common image perturbations and degradations. We introduce two novel image perturbations that use “contextual information” (in the form of stereo image data) to perform more physically-realistic simulation of haze and defocus effects. For both standard and contextual mutations, we show cases where performance drops catastrophically in response to barely-perceptible changes. We also show how robustness to contextual mutators can be predicted without the associated contextual information in some cases.
The DASH Project: Issues in the Design of Very Large Distributed (1987)

A very large distributed system (VLDS) is one based on a fast wide-area network connecting numerous organizations and individuals. The design of a VLDS involves problems and issues not present for smaller systems. These issues are centered in t he areas of naming, communication paradigms and architectures, security, and kernel architecture. DASH is a research project aimed at investigating VLDS design issues. The goals of the DASH project are to predict the advances in computer and network hardware and application software that apply to VLDS; 2: to propose a set of design principles for VLDS . and 3) to experimentally validate these principles by building and setting a prototype VLDS kernel. This report is a high-level view of the DASH project as of December 1986. After summarizing our ideas about the potential uses of VLDS''s and our assumptions about the environment in which they will exist, we examine several design areas. In each area, we offer some possibly controversial assertions, attempt to justify these assertions, and describe how the assertions have guided the design of DASH.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereomerically Pure 3‐Alkoxy‐ and 3‐Acyloxyoxetanes from 3‐ Silyloxyoxetanes. A Case Study. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Collagen II Containing a Cys Substitution for Arg-α1-519 (1997)

A recombinant system was used to prepare human type II procollagen containing the substitution of Cys for Arg at alpha1-519 found in three unrelated families with early onset generalized osteoarthritis together with features of a mild chondrodysplasia probably best classified as spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. In contrast to mutated procollagens containing Cys substitutions for obligatory Gly residues, the Cys substitution at alpha1-519 did not generate any intramolecular disulfide bonds. The results were consistent with computer modeling experiments that demonstrated that the alpha carbon distances were shorter with Cys substitutions for obligatory Gly residues than with Cys substitutions in the Y position residues in repeating -Gly-X-Y- sequences of the collagen triple helix. The mutated collagen did not assemble into fibrils under conditions in which the normal monomers polymerized. However, the presence of the mutated monomer in mixtures with normal collagen II increased the lag time for fibril assembly and altered the morphology of the fibrils formed.