gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards optimization and characterization of dye-embedded gold nanoparticle clusters for multiplexed optical imaging (2009)

Metallic nanoparticle clusters coupling strong surface plasmons with a Raman reporter molecule have been developed for application in multiplexed optical imaging. Of interest to our work is the ability of the agents to serve as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) probes. We present the seed-mediated synthesis and characterization of rhodamine B isothiocyante Au nanoparticle clusters (RhB-AuNPCs). RhB-AuNPCs are anisotropic structures which contain the Raman reporter, RhB, embedded between a gold aggregate core and gold surface layer. In contrast to typical SERS studies, the Raman signal originates from the probe (RhB-AuNPCs) and not from RhB incubated with a noble metal colloid. Characterization of the probes' optical properties is presented. The overall goal of our study is to prepare probes that may be used for the identification and spectroscopic labeling of multiple molecular biomarkers utilizing SERS imaging.
Rett Syndrome Studies of Natural History and Search for a Genetic Marker (1995)

The commonly held notion that Rett syndrome (RS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with normal early development was examined by an epidemiological survey and review of medical records and serial neurological and development evaluations. In some subjects, deviance from normal development was evident from the perinatal period, and gradually became more prominent with age. These findings are convincing when seen in conjunction with a reduction in velocity of brain growth, as early as 2-4 months of life, well before the recognition of gross neurological deficits. Neurodevelopmental evaluations provide no indication that there is progressive loss of adaptive behaviors, or communication skills to indicate a neurodegenerative process. Taken together with the known neuropathological and neurochemical changes in RS brain we hypothesize that RS is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which has a genetic basis, and affects subsets of neurons and their connections during a period of vigorous brain growth, when synapse formation and pruning are at a peak. Studies of mitochondrial (mt) DNA in brain to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying matrilineal inheritance in the few familial cases, and mt structural and enzyme deficiencies have been unrevealing to date.
Charge instabilities in the ionic model of metal oxides: Importance of polarization energy (2002)

An ionic representation for metal oxides is used to investigate charge instability. The justification for our simple approach is the good agreement with a large body of experimental data. We demonstrate that useful insights and predictions applicable to a wide range of simple and complex oxides can be obtained with well-defined input data using no adjustable parameters. We find the conditions for which they are unstable with respect to charge disproportionation, ${M}^{z+}{+M}^{z+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{M}^{(z\ensuremath{-}1)+}{+M}^{(z+1)+}.$ Stability or instability for the charge disproportionation reaction is parametrized by ${U}_{d},$ given by the difference between the stabilizing energy $\ensuremath{\Delta}{I}_{z}$ ${(I}_{z}$ is the ionization potential) and the destabilizing energy which is the sum of the polarizing energies $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{H}_{p}.$ We have calculated the disproportionation energy. We further discuss consequences of the disproportionation instability including nonexistence of the oxidation state, nonstoichiometry, vacancy formation, metal-insulator behavior, and pairing interactions in the charge reservoir layers of the high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate superconductors.
Epigenetic Characterization of the FMR1 Gene and Aberrant Neurodevelopment in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Fragile X Syndrome (2011)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability. In addition to cognitive deficits, FXS patients exhibit hyperactivity, attention deficits, social difficulties, anxiety, and other autistic-like behaviors. FXS is caused by an expanded CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the Fragile X Mental Retardation (FMR1) gene leading to epigenetic silencing and loss of expression of the Fragile X Mental Retardation protein (FMRP). Despite the known relationship between FMR1 CGG repeat expansion and FMR1 silencing, the epigenetic modifications observed at the FMR1 locus, and the consequences of the loss of FMRP on human neurodevelopment and neuronal function remain poorly understood. To address these limitations, we report on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from multiple patients with FXS and the characterization of their differentiation into post-mitotic neurons and glia. We show that clones from reprogrammed FXS patient fibroblast lines exhibit variation with respect to the predominant CGG-repeat length in the FMR1 gene. In two cases, iPSC clones contained predominant CGG-repeat lengths shorter than measured in corresponding input population of fibroblasts. In another instance, reprogramming a mosaic patient having both normal and pre-mutation length CGG repeats resulted in genetically matched iPSC clonal lines differing in FMR1 promoter CpG methylation and FMRP expression. Using this panel of patient-specific, FXS iPSC models, we demonstrate aberrant neuronal differentiation from FXS iPSCs that is directly correlated with epigenetic modification of the FMR1 gene and a loss of FMRP expression. Overall, these findings provide evidence for a key role for FMRP early in human neurodevelopment prior to synaptogenesis and have implications for modeling of FXS using iPSC technology. By revealing disease-associated cellular phenotypes in human neurons, these iPSC models will aid in the discovery of novel therapeutics for FXS and other autism-spectrum disorders sharing common pathophysiology.
Low Energy Reference Electrodes for Investigating Adsorption by Contact Potential Measurements (1961)

Stable reference electrodes of noble metals coated with a thin film of FEP Teflon resin have been developed for the measurement of contact potentials in gases and vapors. Such electrodes exhibit little time-dependent diffusion or surface adsorption by a large class of gaseous compounds because of the density and low critical surface tension of wetting of this coating. They have been used to study the effect of adsorption on surface potentials of bare platinum and other metals in wet and dry nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres and in CO2, H2, and He. Also, some of the physical properties of adsorbed polar monolayers of fatty acids, amines, and alcohols have been investigated by means of surface potential measurements using these reference electrodes.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Hydroxy and 2-Alkoxy Analogs of 1.alpha.,25-Dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 (1994)

1 alpha, 2 alpha,25-Trihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3, 1 alpha, 2 beta,25-trihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3, and their alkoxy analogs were efficiently prepared in a convergent synthesis, starting with (-)-quinic acid and a Windaus--Grundmann type ketone. Configurations of the A-ring fragment substituents were determined by 1H,1H COSY 2D spectra and 1H NOE difference spectroscopy. The new analogs exhibited selective activity in stimulating intestinal calcium transport while having little or no activity in mobilizing bone calcium. They also showed HL-60-differentiating activity equal to or 10 times lower than that of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Abstract CT016: Abexinostat (ABX) as a means to reverse pazopanib (PAZ) resistance: a phase I study in advanced solid tumor malignancies (2016)

Abstract Background: PAZ is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR, PDGFR, and c-KIT approved for use in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). ABX is a potent pan-HDAC inhibitor (HDACi). Pre-clinical models suggest that HDACi-mediated epigenetic modulation of VEGF expression prevents PAZ resistance and potentiates efficacy. We therefore designed a Phase I clinical trial combining ABX with PAZ in pts with advanced solid tumors with an expansion cohort in RCC. Methods: The primary endpoint was the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of PAZ plus ABX. Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy. PAZ was dosed days 1-28 and ABX days 1-5, 8-12, and 15-19 of 28-day cycle (schedule A) with at a starting dose of 400 mg/day and 45 mg/m2 orally twice daily respectively. An alternate ABX dosing schedule days 1-4, 8-11, and 15-18 was investigated (schedule B) due to toxicity of Schedule A. Results: 52 patients (pts) (RCC; N = 23) with advanced solid tumors were enrolled (N = 22 schedule A; N = 30 schedule B). There were six dose-limiting toxicities including fatigue (N = 2), thrombocytopenia (N = 2), and elevated AST/ALT (N = 2). The most common grade ? 3 related adverse events observed were fatigue (13%), thrombocytopenia (12%), and diarrhea (10%). The MTD was PAZ 800 mg/day + ABX 45 mg/m2 BID on schedule B. 8 evaluable pts (19%) (N = 6 RCC; 2 thyroid; median number of prior lines of therapy = 3) achieved partial tumor response (PR), with median duration of response of 9.2 months (1-33.2+). 7/9 (78%) of pts with prior disease progression on PAZ monotherapy had reduction in tumor burden on study. 15 out of 48 evaluable pts (31%) experienced stable disease or better for ? 6 months, and two previously PAZ-refractory pts with PRs remain on study for &amp;gt; 20 and 37 mos respectively. PK analyses did not reveal drug-drug interaction. Degree of histone acetylation and metabolomic profile are being evaluated. Conclusion: The combination of PAZ + ABX was well tolerated and durable tumor control (&amp;gt; 3 yrs) was observed in RCC and thyroid cancer. Tumor regressions observed in majority of PAZ-refractory tumors preliminarily support the potential of ABX to reverse therapeutic resistance. A randomized phase 2 study with cross-over design is planned to further evaluate the combination of PAZ + HDACi. Citation Format: Rahul Aggarwal, Scott Thomas, Jennifer Grabowsky, Armand Harb, Jim Leng, Anne Reinert, Ilaria Mastroserio, Thach-Giao Truong, Pamela N. Munster. Abexinostat (ABX) as a means to reverse pazopanib (PAZ) resistance: a phase I study in advanced solid tumor malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr CT016.
Purinergic control of inflammation and thrombosis: Role of P2X1 receptors (2014)

Inflammation shifts the hemostatic mechanisms in favor of thrombosis. Upon tissue damage or infection, a sudden increase of extracellular ATP occurs, that might contribute to the crosstalk between inflammation and thrombosis. On platelets, P2X1 receptors act to amplify platelet activation and aggregation induced by other platelet agonists. These receptors critically contribute to thrombus stability in small arteries. Besides platelets, studies by our group indicate that these receptors are expressed by neutrophils. They promote neutrophil chemotaxis, both in vitro and in vivo. In a laser-induced injury mouse model of thrombosis, it appears that neutrophils are required to initiate thrombus formation and coagulation activation on inflamed arteriolar endothelia. In this model, by using P2X1-/ - mice, we recently showed that P2X1 receptors, expressed on platelets and neutrophils, play a key role in thrombus growth and fibrin generation. Intriguingly, in a model of endotoxemia, P2X1-/ - mice exhibited aggravated oxidative tissue damage, along with exacerbated thrombocytopenia and increased activation of coagulation, which translated into higher susceptibility to septic shock. Thus, besides its ability to recruit neutrophils and platelets on inflamed endothelia, the P2X1 receptor also contributes to limit the activation of circulating neutrophils under systemic inflammatory conditions. Taken together, these data suggest that P2X1 receptors are involved in the interplay between platelets, neutrophils and thrombosis. We propose that activation of these receptors by ATP on neutrophils and platelets represents a new mechanism that regulates thrombo-inflammation.
AlGaN/GaN MOS transistors using crystalline ZrO 2 as gate dielectric (2007)

Epitaxial growth of ZrO<sub>2</sub> has been achieved on MOCVD-grown GaN(0001) templates by oxides molecular beam epitaxy using reactive H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for oxygen and organometallic source for Zr. Utilizing a low temperature buffer layer followed by high temperature <i>insitu </i>annealing and high-temperature growth, monoclinic (100)-oriented ZrO<sub>2</sub> thin films were obtained. The full width at half maximum of ZrO<sub>2</sub> (100) rocking curve was 0.4 arc degree for 30-nm-thick films and the rms roughness for a 5&mgr;m by 5 &mgr;m AFM scan was 4 &angst;. The employment of epitaxial ZrO<sub>2</sub> layer in the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect trasnsistor as a gate dielectric has resulted in the increase of the saturation-current density and pinch-off voltage as well as in near symmetrical gate-drain I-V behavior.
Evoked Brain Potential Correlates of Psychophysical Responses: Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry (1965)

The relation between the amplitude of evoked brain potentials in man and the relative luminance of two flicker components of different color was determined. The function, which is U-shaped, has a minimum which occurs near the point of equal luminance as judged by the psychophysical method of flicker photometry.
Fracturing Treatment Design Improved by Conductivity Measurements Under In-Situ Conditions (1987)

ABSTRACT Gelled fluids are often used in hydraulic fracturing treatments. During these treatments a filter cake of gel solids is usually deposited on the walls of the fracture as the result of fluid leak-off into the formation porosity. The presence of this filter cake may have an adverse effect on the conductivity of the proppant bed used to prop open the hydraulic fracture. Laboratory testing methods that simulate these in situ fracture conditions have been developed. Multiple proppant concentrations and fluid systems have been used in this testing. The resultant data are incorporated into the design of a fracturing treatment to minimize the effect of the gel filter cake. This allows more effective stimulation of oil and gas wells and more realistic predictions of post-frac production improvements. The data presented in this work emphasizes the importance of achieving high concentrations of proppant to minimize the effects of gel filter cakes.
Applications of Insect‐Derived Protein Ingredients in Food and Feed Industry (2018)

The need for novel and diverse sources of protein to feed the growing world population is urgent and stark. At the same time, peoples’ eating habits and values are also changing, with more consumers considering alternatives to traditional sources of protein. Novel protein sources not only need to provide essential amino acids and nutrition, but also cater to taste, convenience, cost economics, and personal needs. They also need to be ethically produced, with a smaller environmental footprint, and when feasible, closer to consumer. Insect protein has been researched intensively in recent years with promises to best fulfill these needs. As the insect protein field and industry are expanding and getting more mature at this stage, this review summarizes their properties and applications within the context of the food and feed industry. The important functional properties that make insect proteins useful are also discussed.
Large-Scale Shill Bidder Detection in E-commerce (2022)

User feedback is one of the most effective methods to build and maintain trust in electronic commerce platforms. Unfortunately, dishonest sellers often bend over backward to manipulate users' feedback or place phony bids in order to increase their own sales and harm competitors. The black market of user feedback, supported by a plethora of shill bidders, prospers on top of legitimate electronic commerce. In this paper, we investigate the ecosystem of shill bidders based on large-scale data by analyzing hundreds of millions of users who performed billions of transactions, and we propose a machine-learning-based method for identifying communities of users that methodically provide dishonest feedback. Our results show that (1) shill bidders can be identified with high precision based on their transaction and feedback statistics; and (2) in contrast to legitimate buyers and sellers, shill bidders form cliques to support each other.
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis. XXVIII. Synthesis and characterization of alternating block copolymers and polyformals of polyisobutylene and aromatic polyether sulfone (1988)

Abstract Alternating—i.e., ‐(A‐B) n ‐ type—block copolymers of polyisobutylene (PIB) and aromatic polyether sulfone (PSU) have been prepared by phase transfer catalyzed Williamson polyetherification of α,ω‐di(phenol)PIB with α,ω‐di(chloroallyl)‐ or ‐(bromobenzyl)PSU. Block copolymers of the two prepolymers were also synthesized by the phase transfer catalyzed polyetherification of methylene chloride with α,ω‐di(phenol)PIB and α,ω‐di(phenol)PSU (bisphenol‐A‐terminated PSU). This method leads to ‐[(A) x ‐(B) y ] n ‐ block copolymers with formal linkages between segments. At sufficiently high segment lengths, both types of block copolymers exhibit two distinct T g s, indicating phase separation into rubbery PIB and glassy PSU domains.
Simulation to design car interior trims based on NVH performance (2008)

The simulation method to design car interior trims based on NVH performance is introduced in this paper. An SEA (statistical energy analysis) model with all the parameters was built based on a domestic car. The inputs of interior noise were got by the combination method of roads testing and other simulations. The sound pressure levels in the engine bay and at driver¿s ear in some running conditions were measured. And the inputs to auto-body from engine mounts were also measured. The aerodynamic pressure and suspensions inputs to panels in high speed were simulated. The accuracy of this model was validated by the results of software. Then, the simulation expressed that the interior high noise of a car can be reduced by adding the sound insulation and absorption in interior trims design. The research of this paper covered all the effects of aerodynamics, engine inputs and the suspensions inputs together. The interior trims design is very significant to improve the NVH (noise vibration & harshness) performance using SEA simulation. And the research of this paper can be used to direct the application of trims materials in car interior trims design.
In vitro detection of cavitation induced by a diagnostic ultrasound system (1992)

Experiments were performed to determine whether a clinical diagnostic scanner, a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 77020A, could produce cavitation in water containing suspensions of either 0.245-mum polystyrene spheres or Albunex, 1-10 mum albumin-coated microbubbles. Two calibrated, phased-array HP imaging transducers with 2.5- and 5.0-MHz operating frequencies were driven in M-mode (single cycle) and Doppler mode 4 cycles by the HP imaging system. Cavitation was detected in the water with polystyrene spheres at 2.5 MHz in both M-mode and Doppler mode at a peak negative acoustic pressure of 1.1 MPa or greater. Insonification at 5.0 MHz in either mode did not produce a detectable amount of cavitation, even with peak negative pressures as high as 1.2 MPa. Cavitation was not detected in water with the Albunex spheres at either frequency.
Crystal Engineering of a Nanoscale Kagomé Lattice (2002)

Self-assembly of triangular nanoscale secondary building units affords a Kagomé lattice (see picture) that exhibits room-temperature magnetic hysteresis. This phenomenon is caused by spin frustration imparted by the triangular lattice topology, which is exemplified by direct comparison to a network having the same composition, but different topology.
Absence of Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in Russian Wheat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations Consistent with a Single Introduction into the United States (2007)

Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), was introduced into North America in Mexico during 1980 and by 1988 had spread north across the Western US into Southern Canada. South Africa has been suspected as the source of the introduction. Russian wheat aphid is the major insect pest of wheat and barley in the southern and central plains states. Resistant wheat with the Dn4 gene was the primary management tactic from 1996 to 2003. During 2003, a biotype able to injure Dn4 wheat (designated RWA2) appeared in Colorado. The source of the biotype is unclear, that is whether it represents a new introduction from another country or if it arose from the extant population in the US. We examined a 332 bp portion of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) in the mtDNA of Russian wheat aphid collected in the US from 1986 through 2006. Also included were specimens from Mexico and South Africa. Except for two nucleotides in two individual aphids, no COI sequence variation was found in US populations over a 20 yr period. US populations had COI sequences which were identical to those found in Mexico, Turkey, France, and one aphid from South Africa. A second aphid from South Africa differed by only two bp. The lack of COI nucleotide variation suggested that biotype RWA2 did not represent a second introduction of a genetically distinct population from another country. The data are consistent with a single introduction from South Africa and no other introductions of virulent biotypes into the US occurred since 1986.
An Improved Catalytic System for Solid-state Iridium(I)-catalyzed C–H Borylation Using Mechanochemistry (2023)

An improved catalytic system for solid-state iridium(I)-catalyzed C–H borylation under mechanochemical conditions using ball milling is described. The use of bipyridine bearing ester groups at the 4- and 4′-positions as the ligand was vital for achieving highly efficient solid-state C–H borylation of various heteroaromatic compounds that are barely reactive under previously developed mechanochemical conditions employing the conventional 4,4′-di-tert-butylbipyridine ligand. Notably, this unprecedented ligand-induced acceleration effect was not observed in solution but was only pronounced under solid-state mechanochemical conditions. An improved catalytic system for solid-state iridium(I)-catalyzed C–H borylation under mechanochemical conditions using ball milling is described. The use of bipyridine bearing ester groups at the 4- and 4’-positions as the ligand was vital for achieving highly efficient solid-state C–H borylation of various heteroaromatic compounds that are barely reactive under previously developed mechanochemical conditions employing the conventional 4,4’-di-tert-butylbipyridine ligand. Notably, this unprecedented ligand-induced acceleration effect was not observed in solution but was only pronounced under solid-state mechanochemical conditions.