gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Big Data Analytics (2019)

This chapter first defines briefly the meaning and key elements of Big Data, the sources of which currently includes data from electronic health records, claim data from health insurances, and data registry from healthcare providers and payers. This chapter then discusses the potential benefits of Big Data in medicine, including the use of Big Data in making healthcare delivery more effective and efficient, in making medical diagnoses and therapeutics more accurate, in facilitating new drug discovery, as well benefits for disease prevention and public health. This chapter also points out some of the challenges facing the implementation of Big Data and the hurdles on achieving the full benefit from Big Data in medicine. These challenges and hurdles include accuracy of data entry, data noise, inherent weakness of medical data, human judgement correctness, financial constraints, inequality in utilization, technical limitation, and administrative policies.
Afferent specificity, feature specific connectivity influence orientation selectivity: A computational study in mouse primary visual cortex (2013)

Primary visual cortex (V1) provides crucial insights into the selectivity and emergence of specific output features such as orientation tuning. Tuning and selectivity of cortical neurons in mouse visual cortex is not equivocally resolved so far. While many in-vivo experimental studies found inhibitory neurons of all subtypes to be broadly tuned for orientation other studies report inhibitory neurons that are as sharply tuned as excitatory neurons. These diverging findings about the selectivity of excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons prompted us to ask the following questions: (1) How different or similar is the cortical computation with that in previously described species that relies on map? (2) What is the network mechanism underlying the sharpening of orientation selectivity in the mouse primary visual cortex? Here, we investigate the above questions in a computational framework with a recurrent network composed of Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) point neurons. Our cortical network with random connectivity alone could not account for all the experimental observations, which led us to hypothesize, (a) Orientation dependent connectivity (b) Feedforward afferent specificity to understand orientation selectivity of V1 neurons in mouse. Using population (orientation selectivity index) OSI as a measure of neuronal selectivity to stimulus orientation we test each hypothesis separately and in combination against experimental data. Based on our analysis of orientation selectivity (OS) data we find a good fit of network parameters in a model based on afferent specificity and connectivity that scales with feature similarity. We conclude that this particular model class best supports data sets of orientation selectivity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex of mouse.
Ein vortreffliches Geschenk der Erde: Ursprünge und Auswirkungen der Avermectine (Nobel‐Aufsatz) (2016)

In japanischer Erde – buchstäblich und metaphorisch – liegt der Ursprung eines der wichtigsten Wirkstoffe der Welt: Ivermectin. Kein anderes Medikament hat eine solche Bedeutung für die Gesundung von Millionen Menschen, vor allem in den armen Regionen der Welt. Die Entdeckung der Stammverbindungen der Avermectine schildert S. Ōmura aus erster Hand.
Investigation of Knock Limited Compression Ratio of Ethanol Gasoline Blends (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Ethanol offers significant potential for increasing the compression ratio of SI engines resulting from its high octane number and high latent heat of vaporization. A study was conducted to determine the knock-limited compression ratio of ethanol-gasoline blends to identify the potential for improved operating efficiency. To operate an SI engine in a flex fuel vehicle requires operating strategies that allow operation on a broad range of fuels from gasoline to E85. Since gasoline or low ethanol blend operation is inherently limited by knock at high loads, strategies must be identified which allow operation on these fuels with minimal fuel economy or power density tradeoffs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A single-cylinder direct-injection spark-ignited engine with fully variable hydraulic valve actuation (HVA) is operated at WOT and other high-load conditions to determine the knock-limited compression ratio (CR) of ethanol fuel blends. The geometric CR is varied by changing pistons, producing CR from 9.2 to 12.87. The effective CR is varied using an electro-hydraulic valve train that changed the effective trapped displacement using both Early Intake Valve Closing (EIVC) and Late Intake Valve Closing (LIVC). The EIVC and LIVC strategies result in effective CR being reduced while maintaining the geometric expansion ratio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It was found that at substantially similar engine conditions, increasing the ethanol content of the fuel results in higher engine efficiency and higher engine power. These results can be partially attributed to a charge cooling effect and a higher heating value of a stoichiometric mixture for ethanol blends (per unit mass of air). Additional thermodynamic effects on the ratio of specific heats (\yy) and a mole multiplier are also explored.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It was also found that high CR can increase the efficiency of ethanol fuel blends, and as a result, the fuel economy penalty associated with the lower energy content of E85 can be reduced by about twenty percent. Such operation necessitates that the engine be operated in a de-rated manner for gasoline, which is knock-prone at these high CR, in order to maintain compatibility. By using early and late intake valve closing strategies, good efficiency is maintained with gasoline, but peak power is about 33% lower than with E85.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylsilyl Grignard Reagents as Aryne Traps. A New Route to (Arylalkenyl)silanes. (1988)

Abstract 1‐(Trimethylsilyl)vinylmagnesium bromide (II) reacts with 2‐bromoiodobenzene (I) to give the intermediate aryl Grignard compound (III) which is treated with the electrophiles (IV) to form the 1‐trimethylsilylstyrenes (V).
Interpolation of Missing Data Values for Audio Signal Restoration Using a Gabor Regression Model (2006)

We present a method to address the (inherently ill-posed) problem of missing data interpolation over repeated short gaps in audio signals. By formulating the problem in terms of a Gabor regression model, we show that it is possible to leverage information from the surrounding time-frequency plane in order to obtain an interpolation in keeping with the qualities of the signal under consideration. As an exploratory investigation of this technique's potential, we consider two example restoration scenarios in which over one third of the data values in total are missing.
<title>Low-loss optical packet synchronization architecture</title> (1998)

A novel synchronization architecture is presented for packet based optical networks, exhibiting low insertion loss and reduced crosstalk, taking advantage of the characteristics of AWG (arrayed waveguide grating) filters. Thus far, only logarithmic delay lines have been investigated rigorously, the generic structures either based on 2 X 2 switches or on a 1-to-m splitter combined with semiconductor optical amplifier gates. The first scheme introduces not only high loss but also crosstalk, producing a high amount of interferometric noise. The latter has a lot of splitting loss to accommodate but overall, fewer stages are necessary to achieve the same delay as more than two paths per stage can be set up. In this paper, AWGs in combination with wavelength converters replace the splitter/SOA-gate geometry minimizing the optical loss, ensuring that higher levels of optical power remain to traverse the adjacent switching matrix. This novel set-up ensures that only low levels of amplification are needed minimizing concomitant noise accumulation. An incoming cell or data stream will be converted to a distinct wavelength determined by an evaluation circuit in the electronic domain. The chosen wavelength maps the input to a length of fiber which in turn represents the necessary delay, effectively executing path length (and hence time alignment) equalization of different incoming packets. Once the wavelength conversion is executed the cell is fed into an AWG, governed by a `hardwired' translation-table (input/output), ensuring cells propagate to the correct output. Finer delays are realized by cascading the principle stage.
Influence of electrolyte flow on the electrodeposition of zinc-iron alloy. (1986)

An engineering interest to develop an electroplating cell which assures uniform alloy plated coastings at high current density has initiated this study. Due consideration should be given to a number of design factors, such as anode length, electrode separation gap, fluid injection and its control. Emphasis is focussed on the effect of oblique fluid impingement in terms of streamwise uniformity of alloy deposits along the cathodic strip.Zn-Fe alloy electroplating from sulphate bath was performed in a rectangular flow channel cell with interchangeable fluid injection angle under galvanostatic conditions. Streamwise variation of Fe content and crystal phase/structure of Zn-Fe alloy deposits revealed non-uniform distribution for wall jet flow system compared with that of parallel flow system, which would be an indication of difference in local mass-transfer rate along the cathode. In case of inclined fluid injection, Fe content in alloy film increased with increasing distance from the incident point, eventually coasting to a plateau corresponding to the value of parallel flow system, which may reflect the downstream transition of turbulent velocity profiles from wall jet flow to Poiseuille pipe flow.Codeposition of trace indicator ion during anomalous alloy deposition in a parallel plate rectangular cell was found to be a first-order rate process, which exceedingly showed promotion of mass transfer at the cathode presumably owing to simultaneous evolution of hydrogen gas. Such enhanced mass transfer implies a key role for the bubble stirring effect in the concentration boundary layer in the vicinity of cathode surface, which seems to give rise to dense and adhesive electrodeposits ensuring successful operation of alloy electrodeposition at high current densities.
Airspace partitioning using flight clustering and computational geometry (2008)

We propose and analyze the use of a clustering algorithm to group flight positions together as a component of algorithmic airspace partitioning. The clustering problem is formulated as a constrained clustering problem, and we present novel heuristics for this problem. A primary hypothesis of this work is that the clustering algorithm approach for airspace partitioning allows dynamic density (DD) metrics to be implicitly manipulated in the airspace partitioning process. The analysis results demonstrate the efficacy of the constrained clustering algorithm heuristics and the successful control of DD results in the generated airspace partition.
High-speed laser wavelength agility, stabilization, and locking for heterodyne detection differential scatter lidar (2009)

A high repetition rate, wavelength agile heterodyne detection lidar system is being developed at Coherent Applications, Inc. (CAI). The motivation behind this endeavor is the potential ultra-high sensitivity of heterodyne detection for measuring the low intensity signals of long-range measurements of aerosols. Since speckle noise limits the overall signal-to-noise for each pulse to a maximum of unity, important considerations in heterodyne detection system design are the tradeoffs using lower energy pulses at high pulse repetition frequency (prf) compared with high-energy pulses at low prf. Differential scattering/differential absorption lidar (DISC/DIAL) measurements require precise determination of ratios of the signal levels at two or more wavelengths, and measurements need to be completed within a brief period, so that conditions remain constant. The additional requirement to average a large number of pulses to overcome speckle noise dictates that a high pulse repetition rate is needed. Detection sensitivity is further increased by reducing the receiver bandwidth, and this requires that the optical frequencies of the transmitter and the local oscillator lasers must be maintained with a stable and fixed offset relative to each other at the heterodyne intermediate frequency. This paper provides a general description of the aerosol lidar system that integrates high-speed laser stabilization and intermediate frequency locking of two wavelength agile lasers for heterodyne detection lidar.
Elemental Surface Analysis at Ambient Pressure (2000)

The development of a portable surface elemental analysis tool based on the excitation of characteristics x-rays at ambient pressure with an electron beam is described.
Characterization of simple carbohydrate structure by glass capillary pyrolysis gas chromatography and cluster analysis (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of simple carbohydrate structure by glass capillary pyrolysis gas chromatography and cluster analysisStephen L. Morgan and Christopher A. JacquesCite this: Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 4, 741–747Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00241a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00241a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Long‐term follow‐up treatment with sabeluzole in elderly patients with pronounced memory problems of unknown origin (1991)

Abstract In an open follow‐up study, 31 elderly patients with real memory problems of unknown origin were treated for at least 10 months with sabeluzole 10 mg b.i.d. Not only were the same improvements seen as in the preceding double‐blind trial on the cued recall task (CRT) and the word fluency test (WF), but additionally, significantly better results were obtained for the selective reminding procedure after this long‐term treatment: all quantitative (total recall, long‐term storage [LTS], long‐term retrieval [LTR], consistent long‐term retrieval [cLTR]) and qualitative (LTR/total recall, cLTR/total recall) parameters improved in this task. The objective effects were again accompanied by a subjective improvement as reported by the patients and their physician.
Effective cutoff wavelength of the LP&lt;inf&gt;11&lt;/inf&gt;mode in single-mode fiber cables (1981)

The effective cutoff wavelength of the LP <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> mode is investigated for nylon-coated step-index type single-mode fibers stranded in a cable. It is found from the pulse propagation experiments that the single-mode operation is effectively attained in the two-mode region up to the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</tex> -value of 3.0. It is numerically estimated that splice loss, bending loss, and absorption loss due to the OH-ion in cladding are reduced by choosing the operating <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</tex> -value as large as 3.0.
Numerical simulation of current–voltage characteristics of silicon photoconductive circuit elements (1993)

Abstract Photoconductive circuit elements (PCEs) are suitable for switching applications: they can be turned on and off rapidly, they can conduct a large current in the ‘on’ state when applying a laser or other optical excitation containing high energy photons exceeding the silicon band gap energy, they have a large resistance in the ‘off’ state when the light is off, and they can be fabricated using a simple process. We report the steady‐ state characteristics of PCEs simulated from a two‐dimensional simulator called PISCES‐2B. The effects of the conducting channel length, the resistivity of the intrinsic silicon, and the type of contact region on the performance of the PCE will be investigated and discussed. Based on the simulation results, optimal PCE device make‐ups will also be suggested.
Soy Protein Alleviates Hypertension and Fish Oil Improves Diastolic Heart Function in the Han:SPRD‐Cy Rat Model of Cystic Kidney Disease (2015)

Abnormalities in cardiac structure and function are very common among people with chronic kidney disease, in whom cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death. Dietary soy protein and fish oil reduce kidney disease progression in the Han:SPRD-Cy model of cystic renal disease. However, the effects of these dietary interventions in preventing alterations in cardiac structure and function due to kidney disease (reno-cardiac syndrome) in a cystic kidney disease model are not known. Therefore, weanling Han:SPRD-Cy diseased (Cy/+) and normal (+/+) rats were given diets containing either casein or soy protein, and either soy or fish oil in a three-way design for 8 weeks. Diseased rats had larger hearts, augmented left ventricular mass, and higher systolic and mean arterial blood pressure compared to the normal rats. Assessment of cardiac function using two-dimensional guided M-mode and pulse-wave Doppler echocardiography revealed that isovolumic relaxation time was prolonged in the diseased compared to normal rats, reflecting a diastolic heart dysfunction, and fish oil prevented this elevation. Soy protein resulted in a small improvement in systolic and mean arterial pressure but did not improve diastolic heart function, while fish oil prevented diastolic heart dysfunction in this model of cystic kidney disease.
Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) Redirect Reference Resources (2006)

This specification defines an extension to Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) to allow clients to author HTTP redirect reference resources whose default response is an HTTP/1.1 3xx (Redirection) status code. A redirect reference makes it possible to access the target resourced indirectly through any URI mapped to the redirect reference resource. This specification does not address remapping of trees of resources or regular expression based redirections. There are no integrity guarantees associated with redirect reference resources. Other mechanisms can also be used to achieve the same functionality as this specification. This specification allows operators to experiment with this mechanism and develop experience on what is the best approach to the problem.
Simulation of pulse signal based on wavelet transform (2011)

Based on the principle that wavelet transform can calculate the correlation of wavelet function and the observed data, a Mexican Hat wavelet and the first derivative of Gaussian wavelet. And the simulation experiment presents the validity of the signal detector.
Practical observations on the performance of bare silica in hydrophilic interaction compared with C18 reversed-phase liquid chromatography (2014)

The kinetic performance of a bare silica and C18 phase prepared from the same sub-2μm and 3.5μm base materials were compared in the HILIC and RP mode using both charged and neutral solutes. The HILIC column was characterised using the neutral solute 5-hydroxymethyluridine, the weak base cytosine, and the strong base nortriptyline, the latter having sufficient retention also in the RP mode to allow comparison of performance. Naphthalene was also used as a simple neutral substance to evaluate the RP column alone. The retention factors of all substances were adjusted to give similar values (k'∼5.5) at their respective optimum linear velocities. Reduced van Deemter b-coefficients (determined by curve fitting and by the peak parking method, using a novel procedure involving switching to a dummy column) were significantly lower in HILIC for all substances compared with those found under RP conditions. Against expectation, c-coefficients were always lower in RP when compared with HILIC using sub-2μm particles. While measurement of these coefficients is complicated by retention shifts caused by the influence of high pressure and by frictional heating effects, broadly similar results were obtained on larger particle (3.5μm) phases. The mechanism of the separations was further investigated by examining the effect of buffer concentration on retention. It was concluded that HILIC can sometimes show somewhat inferior performance to RP for fast analysis at high mobile phase velocity, but clearly shows advantages when high column efficiencies, using longer columns at low flow velocity, are employed. The latter result is attributable to the lower viscosity of the mobile phase in HILIC and the reduced pressure requirement as well as the lower b-coefficients.
Visualization of three‐dimensional nephron structure with microcomputed tomography (2007)

The three-dimensional architecture of nephrons in situ and their interrelationship with other nephrons are difficult to visualize by microscopic methods. The present study uses microcomputed X-ray tomography (micro-CT) to visualize intact nephrons in situ. Rat kidneys were perfusion-fixed with buffered formalin and their vasculature was subsequently perfused with radiopaque silicone. Cortical tissue was stained en bloc with osmium tetroxide, embedded in plastic, scanned, and reconstructed at voxel resolutions of 6, 2, and 1 microm. At 6 microm resolution, large blood vessels and glomeruli could be visualized but nephrons and their lumens were small and difficult to visualize. Optimal images were obtained using a synchrotron radiation source at 2 microm resolution where nephron components could be identified, correlated with histological sections, and traced. Proximal tubules had large diameters and opaque walls, whereas distal tubules, connecting tubules, and collecting ducts had smaller diameters and less opaque walls. Blood vessels could be distinguished from nephrons by the luminal presence of radiopaque silicone. Proximal tubules were three times longer than distal tubules. Proximal and distal tubules were tightly coiled in the outer cortex but were loosely coiled in the middle and inner cortex. The connecting tubules had the narrowest diameters of the tubules and converged to form arcades that paralleled the radial vessels as they extended to the outer cortex. These results illustrate a potential use of micro-CT to obtain three-dimensional information about nephron architecture and nephron interrelationships, which could be useful in evaluating experimental tubular hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis.