gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Impairment in Late-Life Depression: A Comparative Study of Healthy Older People, Late-Life Depression, and Mild Alzheimer's Disease Using Multivariate Base Rates of Low Scores (2021)

Late-Life Depression (LLD) is often associated with cognitive impairment. However, distinction between cognitive impairment due to LLD and those due to normal aging or mild Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remain difficult. The aim of this study was to present and compare the multivariate base rates of low scores in LLD, mild AD, and healthy control groups on a battery of neuropsychological tests. Participants (ages 60-89) were 352 older healthy adults, 390 patients with LLD, and 234 patients with mild AD (i.e., MMSE ≥ 20). Multivariate base rates of low scores (i.e., ≤ 5th percentile) were calculated for each participant group within different cognitive domains (verbal episodic memory, executive skills, mental processing speed, constructional praxis, and language/semantic memory). Obtaining at least one low score was relatively common in healthy older people controls (from 9.4 to 17.6%), and may thus result in a large number of false positives. By contrast, having at least two low scores was unusual (from 0.3 to 4.6%) and seems to be a more reliable criterion for identifying cognitive impairment in LLD. Having at least three low memory scores was poorly associated with LLD (5.9%) compared to mild AD (76.1%) and may provide a useful way to differentiate between these two conditions [ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>χ</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> = 329.8, <i>p</i> < 0.001; Odds Ratio = 50.7, 95% CI = 38.2-77.5]. The multivariate base rate information about low scores in healthy older people and mild AD may help clinicians to identify cognitive impairments in LLD patients, improve the clinical decision-making, and target those who require regular cognitive and clinical follow-up.
Dysregulated Expression of Soluble Immune Mediator Receptors in a Subset of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: (1995)

Individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have significantly increased proportions of activated CD8+T cells, decreased natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic and lymphoproliferative activities, elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and detectable TNF-β, interleukin (IL)-lβ, and IL-6 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We report here that CFS patients as a group also have significantly higher levels, as compared to controls, of soluble TNF receptor type I (sTNF-RI or sCDl20a), sIL-6R (sCD126) and β2-microglobulin (β2-m), but not of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Correlative and population distribution studies that included lymphoid phenotypic distributions and function as well as soluble immune mediator expression levels revealed the existence of at least two mainly nonoverlapping immunological categories among CFS patients with either: (1) dysregulaled TNF-α/β expression in association with changes in the serum levels of IL-lα, IL-4, sIL-2R and IL-lRa, PBMC-associated expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-β mRNA, and T cell activation; or, (2) interrelated and dysregulated expression of sTNF-RI, sIL-6R, and β2-m and significantly decreased lymphoproliferative and NK cell cytotoxic activities. This preliminary systematization is of usefulness in the diagnosis, follow-up, and characterization of possible etiological agents for CFS.
Glu-537, not Glu-461, is the nucleophile in the active site of (lac Z) beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. (1992)

The covalent intermediate formed during catalysis by the lac Z beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli can be trapped by reaction of the enzyme with 2',4'-dinitrophenyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-galactopyranoside, thereby inactivating the enzyme. Kinetic parameters for this inactivation process with the holo- and apo-enzymes have been determined. The intermediate so formed turns over only very slowly (t1/2 = 11.5 h) resulting in reactivation of the enzyme. The nucleophilic amino acid involved has been identified as Glu-537 by using a tritium-labeled inactivator to label the enzyme, then cleaving the labeled protein into peptides and purifying and sequencing the labeled peptide. This residue is conserved in five homologous beta-galactosidases and is different from that (Glu-461) proposed to be the nucleophile (Herrchen, M., and Legler, G. (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 138, 527-531) on the basis of affinity labeling studies with conduritol C cis-epoxide. A role for glutamic acid residue 461 as the acid/base catalyst is proposed and justified.
PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF A HEATEXCHANGER BASED ON LOCAL FUZZY MODELS AND NEURAL NETWORKS (2012)

This paper deals with identification and control of a highly nonlinear real world application. The performance and applicability of the proposed methods are demonstrated for an industrial heat exchanger. The main difficulties for identification and control of this plant arise from the strongly nonlinear center. First, a neural network based predictive controller using Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) is designed to govern the dynamics of a heat exchanger pilot plant. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with that of Local Linear Model Tree (LOLIMOT) through simulation studies.
Fragmented Spatial Maps from Surprisal: State Abstraction and Efficient Planning (2021)

When animals explore spatial environments, their representations often fragment into multiple maps. What determines these map fragmentations, and can we predict where they will occur with simple principles? We pose the problem of fragmentation of an environment as one of (online) spatial clustering. Taking inspiration from the notion of a contiguous region in robotics, we develop a theory in which fragmentation decisions are driven by surprisal. When this criterion is implemented with boundary, grid, and place cells in various environments, it produces map fragmentations from the first exploration of each space. Augmented with a long-term spatial memory and a rule similar to the distance-dependent Chinese Restaurant Process for selecting among relevant memories, the theory predicts the reuse of map fragments in environments with repeating substructures. Our model provides a simple rule for generating spatial state abstractions and predicts map fragmentations observed in electrophysiological recordings. It further predicts that there should be “fragmentation decision” or “fracture” cells, which in multicompartment environments could be called “doorway” cells. Finally, we show that the resulting abstractions can lead to large (orders of magnitude) improvements in the ability to plan and navigate through complex environments.
Aminoglycosides: From Antibiotics to Building Blocks for the Synthesis and Development of Gene Delivery Vehicles (2020)

Aminoglycosides are a class of naturally occurring and semi synthetic antibiotics that have been used for a long time in fighting bacterial infections. Due to acquired antibiotic resistance and inherent toxicity, aminoglycosides have experienced a decrease in interest over time. However, in the last decade, we are seeing a renaissance of aminoglycosides thanks to a better understanding of their chemistry and mode of action, which had led to new trends of application. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to highlight one of these new fields of application: the use of aminoglycosides as building blocks for the development of liposomal and polymeric vectors for gene delivery. The design, synthetic strategies, ability to condensate the genetic material, the efficiency in transfection, and cytotoxicity as well as when available, the antibacterial activity of aminoglycoside-based cationic lipids and polymers are covered and critically analyzed.
Particle Number Emissions from a Range of European Vehicles (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In light of forthcoming particle number legislation for light-duty passenger vehicles, time-resolved Particle Mass (PM) and Particle Number (PN) emissions over the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) are reported for four current vehicle technologies; modern diesel, with and without a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) gasoline and multi-point Port Fuel Injection (PFI) gasoline. The PN and PM emissions were ordered (highest to lowest) according to: Non-DPF diesel ≻ DISI ≻ PFI ~ DPF diesel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Both the non-DPF diesel and DISI vehicles emitted PN and PM continuously over the NEDC. This is in contrast with both the DPF diesel and PFI vehicles which emitted nearly all their PN and PM during the first 200 seconds. The PFI result is thought to be a consequence of cold-start mixture preparation whilst several possible explanations are offered for the DPF diesel trend.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The DPF diesel vehicle emitted less nucleation mode particulate matter than the other three vehicles and over 4 orders of magnitude less than the non-DPF diesel vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Pressure Measurement in the Cervical Spinal Facet Joint (2011)

This approach to measure pressure was selected to provide a minimally-invasive method to quantify facet joint pressures during clinically relevant applications. Both the position and orientation of the probe are critical factors in monitoring local pressure profiles in this mobile synovial joint.
Transient N-acetylglucosamine in the biosynthesis of phytohemagglutinin: attachment in the Golgi apparatus and removal in protein bodies. (1984)

Cotyledons of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) synthesize large amounts of the lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) during seed development. The polypeptides of PHA are synthesized by endoplasmic reticulum-bound polysomes and co-translationally glycosylated, pass through the Golgi complex, and accumulate in protein bodies, which constitute the lysosomal compartment in these cells. Some of the high-mannose sidechains of PHA are modified in the Golgi complex, and in mature PHA they contain N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, fucose, and xylose in the molar ratios 2, 3.8, 0.6, and 0.5. The results reported here show that the Golgi complex is also the site of additional N-acetylglucosamine incorporation into the modified sidechains. When developing cotyledons are labeled with [3H]glucosamine and glycopeptides of PHA present in the Golgi complex isolated, the radioactivity can be released as [3H]N-acetylglucosamine by digestion of the glycopeptides with beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, indicating that the residues are in a terminal position. Arrival of PHA in the protein bodies is followed by the slow removal of these terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues, resulting in a decrease in the Mr of the modified sidechains. The biosynthetic intermediates of the glycoproteins destined for the lysosomal compartments of animal cells contain high-mannose sidechains modified by phosphate groups covered by N-acetylglucosamine that is labile to mild acid treatment. When cotyledons are labeled with [32P]orthophosphate, there is no radioactivity in PHA obtained from any of the subcellular fractions. There is also no release of radioactivity when [3H]glucosamine-labeled glycopeptides obtained from PHA in the Golgi complex are subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. These results indicate that the sorting-signals and posttranslational processing steps for proteins that are transported to the lysosomal compartment are different in plant cells and animal cells.
Data for: Synthesis of benzocycloheptenes via sequential anion relay cyclopropanation - aromatic Cope rearrangement (2019)

NMR spectra for all new compounds.
Minimally Invasive Saphenous Vein Harvest (1999)

The enthusiasm for minimally invasive procedures has extended to include the development of new techniques and instrumentation for saphenous vein harvest. The methods for subcutaneous endoscopic surgery have been widely applied in plastic surgery and the feasibility of performing such procedures through small incisions in remote subcutaneous planes has been clearly demonstrated (1). The concept of smaller, more cosmetic incisions, less subcutaneous dissection, and reduced postoperative pain has broad appeal among both patients and health care providers. Although experience with minimally invasive saphenous vein harvest is still limited and short-term reports are just beginning to appear in the literature, many centers are now utilizing these methods. The techniques and instruments share a set of basic concepts for atraumatic vein harvest and are based either on video endoscopy or direct visualization through multiple small incisions. In this chapter, we present a synopsis of the techniques and principles of minimally invasive saphenous vein harvest.
Selective doping of 4H–SiC by codiffusion of aluminum and boron (2001)

A graphite mask was used to realize selective doping of aluminum/boron in 4H–SiC by thermal diffusion at a temperature range of 1800–2100 °C. The doping profiles investigated by secondary ion mass spectrometry show that a high aluminum concentration of 5×1019 cm−3 near the surface and linearly graded boron profile up to several micrometers in depth can be obtained. Hall effect measurement was also employed to obtain the electrical characteristics of the diffused region, from which the carrier concentration (1×1019 cm−3) and hole mobility (7 cm2/V s) at room temperature were extracted. Room temperature photoluminescence indicates that the dominant luminescence is attributed to the donor acceptor pair recombination, in which boron D complex is the prevailing center rather than Al and boron shallow acceptors. Cathodoluminescence micrographs clearly illustrate a pattern with the locally diffused regions. To confirm the viability of the diffusion process, planar p-n diodes with a fairly low forward voltage drop (3.3 V at 100 A/cm2) and high reverse blocking capability (more than 1100 V) were fabricated. Built-in voltage of 2.9 V, which is typical for 4H–SiC p-n diodes, was obtained by capacitance–voltage measurement.
Controlled & automatic processing: behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms (2003)

Abstract This paper provides an overview of developments in a dual processing theory of automatic and controlled processing that began with the empirical and theoretical work described by Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) over a quarter century ago. A review of relevant empirical findings suggests that there is a set of core behavioral phenomena reflecting differences between controlled and automatic processing that must be addressed by a successful theory. These phenomena relate to: consistency in training, serial versus parallel processing, level of effort, robustness to stressors, degree of control, effects on long‐term memory, and priority encoding. We detail a computational model of controlled processing, CAP2, that accounts for these phenomena as emergent properties of an underlying hybrid computational architecture. The model employs a large network of distributed data modules that can categorize, buffer, associate, and prioritize information. Each module is a connectionist network with input and output layers, and each module communicates with a central Control System by outputting priority and activity report signals, and by receiving control signals. The Control System is composed of five processors including a Goal Processor, an Attention Controller, an Activity Monitor, an Episodic Store, and a Gating &amp; Report Relay. The transition from controlled to automatic processing occurs in this model as the data modules become capable of transmitting their output without mediation by the Control System. We describe recent progress in mapping the components of this model onto specific neuroanatomical substrates, briefly discuss the potential for applying functional neuroimaging techniques to test the model's predictions, and its relation to other models.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIPROTOZOAL THIAZOLES. 2. 2‐(5‐NITRO‐2‐FURYL‐, THIAZOLYL‐, AND 1‐METHYLIMIDAZOLYL‐)THIAZOLES (1977)

Abstract Zur Untersuchung auf Wirkung gegen Protozoen werden zahlreiche Bi‐thiazole sowie ihre 0‐ und N‐Analoga untersucht, u.a. im Vergleich zu (V).
Challenges in Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (2008)

To meet the ever-growing demand for digital storage, the recording industry has been maintaining a phenomenal growth in the data storage density. This growth has been maintained by increasing the anisotropy of each of the grains each time their volume was decreased. Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording will allow this scaling to continue by removing the write-ability barrier; Heating the medium during the write process lowers the anisotropy, such that even with a modest magnetic field a bit can be switched, yet remain thermally stable at ambient temperature. In this paper we will address three major challenges that were overcome to successfully put together a Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording system.
A Mechanistic Study of the Reaction of HO2 Radical with Ozone (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Mechanistic Study of the Reaction of HO2 Radical with OzoneDavid D. Nelson Jr. and Mark S. ZahniserCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 8, 2101–2104Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100059a020https://doi.org/10.1021/j100059a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon from Disilane under Reduced Pressure in a Circular Impinging Jet Reactor: Simulation and Experiments (1994)

The chemical vapor deposition of silicon from disilane under reduced pressure in an impinging jet reactor has been studied experimentally and simulated numerically by a 2D model. The measured deposition rate and profile have been compared to the results of the calculations performed with various hypotheses concerning both gas‐phase and surface reactions. The influence of the number of species considered, of the kinetic rate constants, and of the models used for the reactive sticking coefficient of silane and disilane were investigated. Among the 17 species that may be present in the gas phase, a mechanism including 8 silicon‐carrier species has been determined to represent satisfactorily the deposition rate and profile experimentally observed.
Biochemical Properties and Crystal Structure of a β-Phenylalanine Aminotransferase from Variovorax paradoxus (2012)

ABSTRACT By selective enrichment, we isolated a bacterium that can use β-phenylalanine as a sole nitrogen source. It was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as a strain of Variovorax paradoxus . Enzyme assays revealed an aminotransferase activity. Partial genome sequencing and screening of a cosmid DNA library resulted in the identification of a 1,302-bp aminotransferase gene, which encodes a 46,416-Da protein. The gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli . The recombinant enzyme was purified and showed a specific activity of 17.5 U mg −1 for ( S )-β-phenylalanine at 30°C and 33 U mg −1 at the optimum temperature of 55°C. The β-specific aminotransferase exhibits a broad substrate range, accepting ortho -, meta -, and para -substituted β-phenylalanine derivatives as amino donors and 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate as amino acceptors. The enzyme is highly enantioselective toward ( S )-β-phenylalanine (enantioselectivity [E], &gt;100) and derivatives thereof with different substituents on the phenyl ring, allowing the kinetic resolution of various racemic β-amino acids to yield ( R )-β-amino acids with &gt;95% enantiomeric excess ( ee ). The crystal structures of the holoenzyme and of the enzyme in complex with the inhibitor 2-aminooxyacetate revealed structural similarity to the β-phenylalanine aminotransferase from Mesorhizobium sp. strain LUK. The crystal structure was used to rationalize the stereo- and regioselectivity of V. paradoxus aminotransferase and to define a sequence motif with which new aromatic β-amino acid-converting aminotransferases may be identified.
Negative differential resistance in GaN tunneling hot electron transistors (2014)

Room temperature negative differential resistance is demonstrated in a unipolar GaN-based tunneling hot electron transistor. Such a device employs tunnel-injected electrons to vary the electron energy and change the fraction of reflected electrons, and shows repeatable negative differential resistance with a peak to valley current ratio of 7.2. The device was stable when biased in the negative resistance regime and tunable by changing collector bias. Good repeatability and double-sweep characteristics at room temperature show the potential of such device for high frequency oscillators based on quasi-ballistic transport.
Photoreactions of γ,δ-Unsaturated Chromium Carbene Complexes (1996)

A number of functionalized γ,δ-unsaturated chromium carbene complexes were synthesized, and their photochemistry was studied. Photolysis of carbene complexes 5 and 17 induced intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition to afford cyclobutanones 6 and 18, respectively. If the photoreactions were not run in thoroughly degassed solvents, small amounts of lactones 7 and 19 were obtained as well. Cyclobutanones 6 and 18 were stable once isolated, but underwent an acid-catalyzed Pinacol rearrangement/hydrolysis transformation in acidic solution to afford novel α-hydroxy-substituted bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanone compounds 20 and 21. Photolysis of cyclopropyl carbene complex 28 induced a vinylcyclopropyl rearrangement involving the photogenerated ketene moiety to provide α-alkoxy cyclopentenone 29.
Raman scattering studies in dilute magnetic semiconductorZn1−xCoxO (2006)

Raman spectra of ZnO and Co substituted ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$ (ZCO) were carried out using the Raman microprobe system with an ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ ion laser source of $514.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wavelength. The shift towards the lower frequency side of the nonpolar ${E}_{2}^{\text{low}}$ mode and the broadening due to Co substitution in ZnO were analyzed using the phonon confinement model. The magnetic measurements showed ferromagnetic behavior with the maximum saturation magnetization $(1.2{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}∕\mathrm{Co})$ for 10% Co substitution, which decreased with at further increase in Co concentrations. The intensities of ${E}_{1}(\mathrm{LO})$ at $584\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and multiphonon modes at $540\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ were increased with an increase in Co substitution. The additional Raman modes in ceramic targets of ZCO spectra for higher concentration of Co substitution $(x=15%--20%)$ were identified to be due to the spinel $\mathrm{Zn}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ secondary phase.