gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidation and diffusion in the formation of sequential-diffusion brass coatings on steel (1990)

Sequential-diffusion brass alloy coating of steel has been investigated by using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In this process the coating is formed by plating pure copper and zinc films on the substrate followed by thermal diffusion of these deposits into a homogeneous alloy. AES with depth profiling has been used to investigate oxidation of the coating between 475 and 625 °C, and migration at the copper–zinc interface. Oxidation below 570 °C appeared to be controlled by bulk diffusion in zinc oxide; above this temperature a reduced activation energy was attributed to the formation of a mixed copper–zinc oxide and a coating phase transformation. Interdiffusion at the copper–zinc interface immediately after plating has been observed and attributed to electromigration during the zinc deposition. Diffusion was found to proceed via the coalescence of crystalline phases of the alloy.
Eine kritische Weihnachtsgeschichte (2020)

Somewhere in the USA, shortly before Christmas, tipsy Charlie Cratchit intends to cross a street but is hit by an oncoming city bus und suffers severe trauma: serial rib fracture, femoral fracture, fibula fracture, splenic, pancreatic and bowel ruptures. He is operated on in a maximum care hospital and then transferred to the critical care unit. From then on, an anonymous, very experienced physician continuously takes care of him. Four nights before Christmas, the ghost of the famous British physiologist Ernest Henry Starling appears at the patient's bed. The ghost involves the anonymous physician in a dialogue and is very interested in the inserted Swan-Ganz catheter, then he disappears. He repeats his visits the next 3 nights. On the first occasion he is displeased with Cratchit's low haematocrit, the second time he dislikes the mechanical ventilator settings, and on his final visit he is concerned with Cratchit's clinical nutrition. At first, the anonymous physician is indignant with the ghost's criticism and indoctrinations, but then recognizes that ultimately they are the key to Cratchit's convalescence and acts accordingly. Successfully! Following the ghost's proposals, he changes the ventilator settings, transfuses 3 units of packed red blood cells, and starts clinical nutrition. Shortly thereafter, Cratchit's trachea is extubated, and on New Year's Day he is ready to be discharged from the critical care unit. In this essay, Robert Bartlett transposed Charles Dickens' "Christmas Carol" into the world of critical care. Its intention is to encourage the intensivist to scrutinize common therapeutic measures, such as mechanical ventilation, haemodynamic interventions and transfusion of blood products. Background information and comments on the addressed problems of modern intensive care are provided subsequent to the essay.
Impact of Wet-Dry Cycling on the Phase Behavior and Compartmentalization Properties of Complex Coacervates (2020)

Wet-dry cycling on the early Earth is thought to have facilitated production of molecular building blocks of life, but thus far its impact on self-assembly and compartmentalization of resulting (macro)molecules has been limited. We investigated dehydration/rehydration of complex coacervates, which are membraneless compartments formed by phase separation of polyelectrolyte solutions, and suggested as protocell models. Depending on initial composition of a poly(diallyldimethylammonium)/poly(acrylic acid) system, drying enabled formation or disassembly of coacervate droplets. In compartments surviving tenfold dehydration, partitioning of a fluorescent RNA oligonucleotide decreased, while its local concentration inside the coacervates remained nearly constant, despite increasing tenfold globally. RNA mobility was also enhanced as the system dehydrated. These changes can be understood as resulting from drying induced compositional movements on the phase diagram, with increased ionic strength being particularly important in determining coacervate properties. These results showed that wet-dry cycling can alter the phase behavior and protocell-relevant functions of complex coacervates.
Sub-pixel edge localization based on laser waveform analysis (2005)

S.109-114
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Di-μ-Phenoxo-Bridged Dinuclear Iron(III) Complexes with Ferromagnetic or Weak Antiferromagnetic Coupling (2001)

Abstract Dinuclear phenoxo-bridged iron(III) complexes with N-salicylidene-2-hydroxy-5-bromobenzylamine (H2La), N-salicylidene-2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzylamine (H2Lb), and N-salicylidene-2-hydroxybenzylamine (H2Lc): [Fe2(La)2(CH3CO2)2] (1), [Fe2(La)2(C6H5CO2)2] (2), [Fe2(La){(CH3)3CCO2}2] (3), [Fe2(La)2{(C6H5O)2PO2}2] (4), [Fe2(La)2(CH3COCHCOCH3)2] (5), [Fe2(Lb)2(CH3CO2)2] (6), and [Fe2(Lc)2(CH3CO2)2] (7), have been synthesized and characterized by measurements of the infrared and electronic spectra as well as the magnetic susceptibilities. Single-crystal X-ray analysis has revealed that all of the complexes are dinuclear iron(III) complexes having a dinuclear iron(III) core bridged by two phenoxo-oxygen atoms of the Schiff-base ligands. The magnetic-susceptibility data show that a ferromagnetic interaction is operative within a dinuclear core in 1–4, 6, and 7 with J values ranging from 0.17(5) to 1.56(15) cm−1, whereas an antiferromagnetic coupling is operative in 5 with a J value of −9.24(6) cm−1. The magnetic properties are discussed in relation to the crystal structures.
Sample preparation method for 3D size measurements of polystyrene nanoparticles with nominal 30, 50, 70 and 100 nm diameters by electron tomography (2017)

We developed a sample preparation method for 3D electron tomography using a focus-ion-beam-fabricated carbon square-shaped rod to observe the deformation of polystyrene nanoparticles on carbon. The method enables the observation of the interface between the particles and carbon substrate. Polystyrene nanoparticles are increasingly more deformed as their nominal diameter decreases. Our results indicate that electron tomography is a useful approach to correct results from conventional TEM measurements for soft particles.
Multispectral Bilateral Video Fusion (2007)

We present a technique for enhancing underexposed visible-spectrum video by fusing it with simultaneously captured video from sensors in nonvisible spectra, such as Short Wave IR or Near IR. Although IR sensors can accurately capture video in low-light and night-vision applications, they lack the color and relative luminances of visible-spectrum sensors. RGB sensors do capture color and correct relative luminances, but are underexposed, noisy, and lack fine features due to short video exposure times. Our enhanced fusion output is a reconstruction of the RGB input assisted by the IR data, not an incorporation of elements imaged only in IR. With a temporal noise reduction, we first remove shot noise and increase the color accuracy of the RGB footage. The IR video is then normalized to ensure cross-spectral compatibility with the visible-spectrum video using ratio images. To aid fusion, we decompose the video sources with edge-preserving filters. We introduce a multispectral version of the bilateral filter called the "dual bilateral" that robustly decomposes the RGB video. It utilizes the less-noisy IR for edge detection but also preserves strong visible-spectrum edges not in the IR. We fuse the RGB low frequencies, the IR texture details, and the dual bilateral edges into a noise-reduced video with sharp details, correct chrominances, and natural relative luminances.
Maternal Rights v. Fetal Rights: Court-Ordered Caesareans (1991)

Ordered Caesareans In re A.C.'According to a recent national survey, from 1981 to 1986 there were fifteen instances where court orders were sought to authorize caesarean section interventions against a mother's wishes. 2 In thirteen of those instances the orders were granted In re A.C. is the first published decision in which an appellate court refused to affirm a trial court's order authorizing a caesarean section. 4 After examining this decision, this Note analyzes the three main arguments used by courts and commentators who favor the granting of orders for non-consensual caesareans: abortion law, child neglect law and the state's interest in third parties.The analysis then turns to the responses made by the In re A.C. court, and those responses available to the court, but not utilized in its opinion.Finally, the Note will focus on how Missouri courts might address the various issues if faced with a caesarean intervention case. I. FACTS.Angela C. was first diagnosed with.cancer when she was thirteen years old.'She married at the age of twenty-seven and soon thereafter became pregnant. 6 At that time her cancer had been in remission for three years 7 and 1. 573
Structure Determination and Electrochemistry of Products from the Radical Reaction of C60 with Azo(bisisobutyronitrile) (1999)

Thermal decomposition of azo(bisisobutyronitrile) in a 1,2-dichlorobenzene solution of C60 gave three regioisomeric 1,x-di(2-cyano-2-propyl)-1,x-dihydro[60]fullerenes in 12, 2, and 4% yields, assigned as the 1,4-, 1,2-, and a third isomer of still uncertain structure. The 1,4- and unidentified isomers underwent three reversible reduction steps by cyclic voltammetry, and UV−vis−NIR spectra of the mono- and dianions generated electrochemically were recorded. The first two redox potentials of the 1,4-isomer were the same as those of C60, but those of the third isomer were positively shifted by 0.23 and 0.21 V from those of C60, showing that it is an electron-deficient derivative of C60.
Influence of Rheology on Deposition Behavior of Ceramic Pastes in Direct Fabrication Systems (1998)

Rheology and deposition behavior offour commercially available thick-film inks and an aqueous alumina slurry were investigated using two different slurry-based deposition systems. The first ofthese deposition systems, a Micropen, is a commercially available system designed for the deposition of electronic thick film circuits. The second system, referred to as a Robocaster, is a developmental system designed to build thick or structural parts. Slurry rheology was seen to have a minor effect on deposition behavior and the bead shape when deposited using the Micropen. The deposition behavior was instead dominated by drying rate; too rapid of a drying rate led to excessive clogging of the tip. Slurry rheology had a greater impact on the shape of beads deposited using the Robocaster. Highly viscous slurries yielded initially well-defined beads, whereas beads deposited using fluid slurries spread quickly. In both cases, significant spreading occurred with time. These observations only held for slurries with slow drying rates. It was observed that very fluid slurries produced well-defined beads when the drying rate was suitably high.
Optical emission from atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma (2002)

Stable atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas (APNEPs) can be sustained in a variety of gas environments at atmospheric pressure. APNEP may be used for the surface modification of materials either in-situ or downstream from the plasma. However, the precise nature of the active species in the plasma and the downstream afterglow are still not fully understood. Standard photographic images of nitrogen, air, helium, and argon APNEPs are presented here. In the case of nitrogen, complementary optical emission spectra to aid the identification of excited species are also reported.
Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: structures of the human liver enzymes, functional properties and evolutionary aspects. (1987)

All three types of subunit of class I human alcohol dehydrogenase have been analyzed both at the protein and cDNA levels, and the structures of alpha, beta 1, beta 2, gamma 1, and gamma 2 subunits are known. The same applies to class II pi subunits. Extensive protein data are also available for class III chi subunits. In the class I human isozymes, amino acid exchanges occur at 35 positions in total, with 21-28 replacements between any pair of the alpha/beta/gamma chains. These values, compared with those from species differences between the corresponding human and horse enzymes, suggest that isozyme developments in the class I enzyme resulted from separate gene duplications after the divergence of the human and equine evolutionary lines. All subunits exhibit some unique properties, with slightly closer similarity between the human gamma and horse enzyme subunits and somewhat greater deviations towards the human alpha subunit. Differences are large also in segments close to the active site zinc ligands and other functionally important positions. Species differences are distributed roughly equally between the two types of domain in the subunit, whereas isozyme differences are considerably more common in the catalytic than in the coenzyme-binding domain. These facts illustrate a functional divergence among the isozymes but otherwise similar changes during evolution. Polymorphic forms of beta and gamma subunits are characterized by single replacements at one and two positions, respectively, explaining known deviating properties. Class II and class III subunits are considerably more divergent. Their homology with class I isozymes exhibits only 60-65% positional identity. Hence, they reflect further steps towards the development of new enzymes, with variations well above the horse/human species levels, in contrast to the class I forms. Again, functionally important residues are affected, and patterns resembling those previously established for the divergently related polyol dehydrogenases are encountered. The two isozymes of human aldehyde dehydrogenase also exhibit considerable differences, with only 68% structural identity. The results show an early divergence into isozymes before the man/horse species radiation. Cys-302 is a functionally important residue and is located in one of the regions with conserved hydrophobic properties. Other regions with large differences in hydropathic properties may explain the absence of cross-hybridizing isozyme forms of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase.
腎摂取率法を用いたGFR,ERPF,FF,算出による分腎機能評価 (1986)

In this cohort of well-functioning young-old seniors, physical capacity is only modestly related to BMD at the hip. The association was strongest in black women, who as a group exhibited the poorest functional capacity in the cohort. Our data show that, although both poorer physical performance and low BMD are risk factors for fracture, they remain largely independent in the well-functioning young-old, except in black women. This independence suggests that interventions to reduce fracture incidence should be targeted at improving both physical performance and bone density.
LA MUJER GRECOLATINA Y LA DESIGUALDAD SOCIAL (2002)

DURANTE MESA REDONDA LA MUJER EN ANTIGEDAD GRECOLATINA, SILVIA AQUINO LOPEZ, DEL INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES FILOLOGICAS, AFIRMO QUE EN EPOCA HELENISTICA LAS MUJERES PODEROSAS, COMO LO FUERON LAS PRINCESAS MACEDONIAS, EGIPCIAS O GRIEGAS, TUVIERON GRAN INFLUENCIA POLITICA AL LADO DE SUS ESPOSOS. ELLAS, DIJO, TENIAN CAPACIDAD DE MOVERSE LIBREMENTE EN LOS NEGOCIOS, DE OBTENER CONCESIONES PARA ELLAS, PARA SUS HIJOS Y PARA SUS MARIDOS, ASI COMO CONSTRUIR TEMPLOS, FUNDAR CIUDADES, CONTRATAR MERCENARIOS O DIRIGIR EJERCITOS. EN EL AULA DE USOS MULTIPLES DE FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA Y LETRAS, AQUINO LOPEZ DESTACO QUE ESTAS MUJERES TENIAN UNA EDUCACION SUPERIOR A DE LAS FEMINAS DE EPOCA CL SICA. DE ELLAS, ABUNDO, DESTACA SU INDIVIDUALISMO, ES DECIR, CADA UNA DEBIA CUIDAR SU PROPIA EXISTENCIA, YA QUE NO CONTABAN CON PROTECCION CIVICA. SIN EMBARGO, REFIRIO, ESTE INDIVIDUALISMO FUE POSITIVO PORQUE HUBO TAMBIEN ALGUNAS A QUIENES LOS FILOSOFOS LLAMARON DEGENERADAS, ES DECIR, SIN SEXO, QUIENES TRASTOCARON EL PATRON FEMENINO TRADICIONAL Y NO SE CONFORMARON CON MANTENERSE DENTRO DEL DELIMITADO ESPACIO DOMESTICO. ACADEMICA SOSTUVO QUE YA NO PUEDE HABLARSE DE MUJERES SIN TOMAR EN CUENTA AL OTRO. AHORA, DEBE ENTENDERSE QUE DIFERENCIA SEXUAL ENTRE HOMBRE Y MUJER TIENE UNA DIMENSION FUNDAMENTAL EN HISTORIA HUMANA: EXISTENCIA DE DESIGUALDAD POLITICO-CULTURAL ENTRE LOS SEXOS. MARIA TERESA GALAZ, DE FILOLOGICAS, AFIRMO QUE HABLAR DE MUJER DE GRECIA ANTIGUA ES HACERLO DE UNA DIVERSIDAD: REFERIRSE A ESCLAVA O NOBLE, A PROSTITUTA O A AQUELLA DE TENDENCIAS LESBICAS, TODO DEPENDE DEL PERIODO AL CUAL SE HAGA REFERENCIA. DESTACO QUE PUEDE ANALIZARSE A MUJER A PARTIR DEL TRABAJO. EN ESE CASO, INDICO, LINEA DIVISORIA PARA ESTAS MUJERES ESTABA MAS BIEN EN EL NIVEL SOCIAL EN QUE CUMPLIAN TAREAS DOMESTICAS; ES DECIR, MIENTRAS UNAS TRABAJABAN SOLO PARA PASAR EL TIEMPO, OTRAS SE VEIAN OBLIGADAS POR LAS CIRCUNSTANCIAS A COCINAR Y COSER.
Comparison of Different Blood Collection, Sample Matrix, and Immunoassay Methods in a Prenatal Screening Setting (2014)

We compared how measurements of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG) in maternal blood are influenced by different methods for blood collection, sample matrix, and immunoassay platform. Serum and dried blood spots (DBS) were obtained by venipuncture and by finger prick of 19 pregnant women. PAPP-A and fβ-hCG from serum and from DBS were measured by conventional indirect immunoassay on an AutoDELFIA platform and by antibody microarray. We compared methods based on the recoveries for both markers as well as marker levels correlations across samples. All method comparisons showed high correlations for both marker concentrations. Recovery levels of PAPP-A from DBS were 30% lower, while those of fβ-hCG from DBS were 50% higher compared to conventional venipuncture serum. The recoveries were not affected by blood collection or immunoassay method. The high correlation coefficients for both markers indicate that DBS from finger prick can be used reliably in a prenatal screening setting, as a less costly and minimally invasive alternative for venipuncture serum, with great logistical advantages. Additionally, the use of antibody arrays will allow for extending the number of first trimester screening markers on maternal and fetal health.
Adaptive Spatial filter and Adaptive Inverse Modeling for Electromagnetic Source Imaging (2007)

This paper provides a comprehensive review on the adaptive spatial filter technique used for electromagnetic source imaging. The paper first describes basic principles and underlying assumptions for formulating the adaptive spatial filters, and then evaluate their performances in comparison with the conventional non-adaptive techniques including the minimum-norm-based methods. An extension based on the empirical Bayesian approach is also described.
Non-Profiled Side-Channel Assisted Fault Attack: A Case Study on DOMREP (2023)

Recent work has shown that Side-Channel Attacks (SCA) and Fault Attacks (FA) can be combined, forming an extremely powerful adversarial model, which can bypass even some strongest protections against both FA and SCA. However, such strongest form of combined attack comes with some practical challenges - 1) a profiled setting with multiple fault locations is needed; 2) fault models are restricted to single-bit set-reset/flips; 3) the input needs to be repeated several times. In this paper, we propose a new combined attack strategy called SCA-NFA that works in a non-profiled setting. Assuming knowledge of plaintexts/ciphertexts and exploiting bitsliced implementations of modern ciphers, we further relax the assumptions on the fault model, and the number of fault locations - random multi-bit fault at a single fault location is sufficient for recovering several secret bits. Furthermore, the inputs are allowed to be varied, which is required in several practical use cases. The attack is validated on a recently proposed countermeasure called DOMREP, which individually provides SCA and FA protection of arbitrary order. Practical validation for an open-source masked implementation of GIMLI with DOMREP extension on STM32F407G, using electromagnetic fault and electromagnetic SCA, shows that SCA- NFA succeeds in around 10000 measurements.
Spatial variation of seabed acoustic bulk properties (2014)

The seabed is modeled as a poro-elastic medium with a rough interface. The spatial variation of bulk properties, along with the interface roughness, are important contributors to the acoustic scattering strength of the seabed. Their effects are often indistinguishable. While roughness may be measured directly, the variability in the bulk properties is more difficult to obtain. In a recent experiment over a sandy seabed off Panama City, FL, known as the target and reverberation experiment of 2013 (TREX13), the seabed roughness and the normal acoustic reflection loss were simultaneously measured using a laser profiler and a short range acoustic sounder deployed aboard a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Using the measured roughness statistics, the fluctuations in acoustic reflection loss due to roughness were estimated. Subtracting the roughness contribution from the total measured reflection fluctuations, the component due to bulk property changes was estimated, from which the fluctuation in the bulk properties may be inverted. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research, Ocean Acoustics Program.]
Autophagy requires poly(adp-ribosyl)ation-dependent AMPK nuclear export (2016)

AMPK is a central energy sensor linking extracellular milieu fluctuations with the autophagic machinery. In the current study we uncover that Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), a post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins, accounts for the spatial and temporal regulation of autophagy by modulating AMPK subcellular localisation and activation. More particularly, we show that the minority AMPK pool needs to be exported to the cytosol in a PARylation-dependent manner for optimal induction of autophagy, including ULK1 phosphorylation and mTORC1 inactivation. PARP-1 forms a molecular complex with AMPK in the nucleus in non-starved cells. In response to nutrient deprivation, PARP-1 catalysed PARylation, induced the dissociation of the PARP-1/AMPK complex and the export of free PARylated nuclear AMPK to the cytoplasm to activate autophagy. PARP inhibition, its silencing or the expression of PARylation-deficient AMPK mutants prevented not only the AMPK nuclear-cytosolic export but also affected the activation of the cytosolic AMPK pool and autophagosome formation. These results demonstrate that PARylation of AMPK is a key early signal to efficiently convey extracellular nutrient perturbations with downstream events needed for the cell to optimize autophagic commitment before autophagosome formation.