gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Balancing Privacy, Autonomy, and Scientific Needs In Electronic Health Records Research. (2018)

The ongoing transition from paper medical files to electronic health records will provide unprecedented amounts of data for biomedical research, with the potential to catalyze significant advances in medical knowledge. But this potential can be fully realized only if the data available to researchers is representative of the patient population as a whole. Thus, allowing individual patients to exclude their health information, in keeping with traditional notions of informed consent, may compromise the research enterprise and the medical benefits it produces. This Article analyzes the tension between realizing societal benefits from medical research and granting individual preferences for privacy. It argues for a shift in the conceptual and regulatory frameworks that govern biomedical research. When studies involve electronic record review rather than human experimentation, the traditional, autonomy-dominated model should give way to one that emphasizes the common good. In record-based studies, the limited benefits of individual informed consent come at too high a cost-difficult administrative burdens, significant expenses, and a tendency to create selection biases that distort study outcomes. Other mechanisms can better protect data subjects' privacy and dignitary interests without compromising research opportunities. In this Article, we formulate a novel, multi-faceted approach to achieve these ends. This approach recognizes that technical means for achieving identity concealment and information security are necessary but not sufficient to protect patients' medical privacy and to foster public trust while facilitating research. Hence, we call for supplementing such means with (1) an oversight process that is tailored to record-based research and applies even to de-identified patient records, which are currently exempt from scrutiny, and (2) public notice and education about the nature and potential benefits of such research.
Automated Manufacturability Analysis for Injection-Molded and Die-Cast Parts (2003)

In this article, a mathematical framework to automatically evaluate the manufacturability of injection-molded and die-cast parts is presented. The framework includes both a logical algorithm for the general problem of feature recognition and an implemented mathematical and numerical algorithm to solve key outstanding challenges in feature recognition for manufacturability analysis. A novel feature recognition method is developed that is based on decomposing the part into elemental cubes and then, making use of their individual manufacturability, the manufacturability of the part as a whole is evaluated. This article discusses a procedure to obtain a 3D binary representation of the solid model in a simple fashion and further develops feature recognition techniques to extract critical manufacturability information from this 3D binary array. The outstanding challenges addressed by the method presented include the finding of parting surfaces, undercuts, holes, and bosses in the context of an injection-molded or diecast part. The algorithm is implemented using a combination of C++ code and Unigraphics solid modeling software. A short example is presented.
Antibodies to Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses in Domestic Livestock in Niger: Rift Valley Fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (1995)

A repository of domestic animal sera collected in Niger between 1984 and 1988 was assayed for antibody against two zoonotic hemorrhagic fever viruses known to be present in the West African Sahel. A total of 2,540 serum samples from 2,324 cattle, sheep, goats, and camels were tested by an IgG-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the 80% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT80) for Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus antibody. Of the 2,540 sera tested for RVF-specific IgG antibody, 1,676 sera from cattle, sheep, and goats were examined for RVF-specific IgM antibody by ELISA. A subset of 2,263 sera were examined for evidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus antibody by an IgG-specific ELISA. Antibody against CCHF virus was found to be most prevalent in adult cattle (422 of 732 or 57.7% positive) sampled at nine locations in the Niamey area. The highest prevalence for RVF neutralizing antibodies was found in camels from the Agadez Department with 67 (47.5%) of 141 positive. The results indicate that both CCHF and RVF viruses are circulating in Niger and are potential zoonotic health risks.
The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis test maintains its diagnostic and prognostic performance in alcohol-related liver disease: A cohort study. (2020)

Abstract Background Alcohol is the main cause of chronic liver disease. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test is a serological biomarker for fibrosis staging in chronic liver disease, however its utility in alcohol-related liver disease warrants further validation. We assessed the diagnostic and prognostic performance of ELF in alcohol-related liver disease. Methods Observational cohort study assessing paired ELF and histology from 786 tertiary care patients with alcohol-related liver disease due to alcohol (n = 81) and non-alcohol aetiologies (n = 705). Prognostic data were available for 64 alcohol patients for a median of 6.4 years. Multiple ELF cut-offs were assessed to determine diagnostic utility in moderate fibrosis and cirrhosis. Survival data were assessed to determine the ability of ELF to predict liver related events and all-cause mortality. Results ELF identified cirrhosis and moderate fibrosis in alcohol-related liver disease independently of aminotransferase levels with areas under receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.895 (95% CI:0.823–0.968) and 0.923 (95% CI:0.866–0.981) respectively, which were non-inferior to non-alcohol aetiologies. The overall performance of ELF was assessed using the Obuchowski method: in alcohol = 0.934 (95% CI:0.908–0.960); non-alcohol = 0.907 (95% CI:0.895–0.919). Using ELF &lt; 9.8 to exclude and ≧ 10.5 to diagnose cirrhosis, 87.7% of alcohol cases could have avoided biopsy, with sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 85%. A one-unit increase in ELF was associated with a 2.6 (95% CI:1.55–4.31, p &lt; 0.001) fold greater odds of cirrhosis at baseline and 2.0-fold greater risk of a liver related event within 6 years (95% CI:1.39–2.99, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions ELF accurately stages liver fibrosis independently of transaminase elevations as a marker of inflammation and has superior prognostic performance to biopsy in alcohol-related liver disease.
A 143<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex> </formula>81 Mutual-Capacitance Touch-Sensing Analog Front-End With Parallel Drive and Differential Sensing Architecture (2014)

This paper presents an analog front-end (AFE) IC for mutual capacitance touch sensing with 224 sensor channels in 0.18 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$~\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> CMOS with 3.3 V drive voltage. A 32-in touch sensing system and a 70-in one having 37 dB SNR for 1 mm diameter stylus at 240 Hz reporting rate are realized with the AFE. The AFE adopts a parallel drive method to achieve the large format and the high SNR simultaneously. With the parallel drive method, the measured SNRs of the AFE stay almost constant at a higher level regardless of the number of sensor channels, which was impossible by conventional sequential drive methods. A novel differential sensing scheme which enhances the immunity against the noise from a display device is also realized in the AFE. While the coupled LCD is on and off, the differences between the measured SNRs are less than 2 dB.
Adaptive control of energy storage systems for power smoothing applications (2017)

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are desired and widely applied for power smoothing especially in systems with renewable generation and pulsed loads. High-pass-filter (HPF) is commonly applied in those applications in which the HPF extracts the high frequency fluctuating power and uses that as the power reference for ESS. The cut-off frequency, as the critical parameter, actually decides the power/energy compensated by ESS. Practically the state-of-charge (SoC) of the ESS has to be limited for safety and life-cycle considerations. In this paper an adaptive cut-off frequency design is proposed for systems with multiple ESS units to realize several objectives simultaneously including SoC limiting, SoC balancing and power smoothing. Experiment is conducted considering a pulsed load profile. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposal concerning the mentioned control objectives.
Expression of HLA-G in human mononuclear phagocytes and selective induction by IFN-γ (1996)

In situ hybridization studies have shown that at early but not late stages of gestation, human placental stromal cells, many of which are macrophages (Hofbauer cells), contain HLA-G message. In this study, the HLA-G protein was identified in the macrophage-like stromal cells by immunohistochemistry using the anti-HLA-G mAb, 87G. Expression of the HLA-G gene was then analyzed in macrophage cell lines (U937, HL-60, THP-1) and blood monocytes. HLA-G mRNA identified by using reverse transcriptase PCR was consistent with production of a transcript containing intron 4, which codes for a soluble form of HLA-G. Low levels of HLA-G mRNA were identified in mononuclear phagocytes by Northern blot hybridization, and little if any HLA-G Ag was detectable. By contrast, essentially all of the cells displayed high levels of HLA-B/C H chains detected by the mAb, 4E, and B2m. Treatment of macrophage cell lines and monocytes with IFN-gamma increased steady-state levels of HLA-G mRNA, stimulated higher levels of cell surface and intracellular HLA-G Ag in a dose-dependent manner, and increased the proportions of HLA-G relative to HLA-B/C. INF-alpha and IFN-beta enhanced steady-state levels of HLA-G mRNA and in some lines modestly increased the numbers of weakly positive cells but were poor inducers of cell-surface and intracellular HLA-G and did not increase HLA-G relative to HLA-B/C. Thus, mononuclear phagocytes express low levels of HLA-G mRNA and protein, and IFN-gamma selectively enhances expression of this HLA class Ib gene relative to HLA class Ia, which could influence the repertoire of peptides presented during embryogenesis as well as during inflammatory situations in adults. Soluble HLA-G might influence both fetal and maternal immune responses.
AC Microgrid Protection System Design Challenges—A Practical Experience (2021)

Alternating current (AC) microgrids are the next step in the evolution of the electricity distribution systems. They can operate in a grid-tied or island mode. Depending on the services they are designed to offer, their grid-tied or island modes could have several sub-operational states and or topological configurations. Short-circuit current levels and protection requirements between different microgrid modes and configurations can vary significantly. Designing a microgrid’s protection system, therefore, requires a thorough understanding of all microgrid operational modes, configurations, transitional states, and how transitions between those modes are managed. As part of the microgrid protection design, speed and reliability of information flow between the microprocessor-based relays and the microgrid controller, including during microgrid failure modes, must be considered. Furthermore, utility protection practices and customer requirements are not always inclusive of the protection schemes that are unique to microgrids. These and other aspects contribute to the overall complexity and challenge of designing effective microgrid protection systems. Following a review of microgrid protection system design challenges, this paper discusses a few real-world experiences, based on the authors’ own engineering, design, and field experience, in using several approaches to address microgrid protection system design, engineering, and implementation challenges.
Detecting axial heterogeneity of birefringence in layered turbid media using polarized light imaging (2012)

The structural anisotropy of biological tissues can be quantified using polarized light imaging in terms of birefringence; however, birefringence varies axially in anisotropic layered tissues. This may present ambiguity in result interpretation for techniques whose birefringence results are averaged over the sampling volume. To explore this issue, we extended the polarization sensitive Monte Carlo code to model bi-layered turbid media with varying uniaxial birefringence in the two layers. Our findings demonstrate that the asymmetry degree (ASD) between the off-diagonal Mueller matrix elements of heterogeneously birefringent samples is higher than the homogenously birefringent (uniaxial) samples with the same effective retardance (magnitude and orientation). We experimentally verified the validity of ASD as a birefringence heterogeneity measure by performing polarized light measurements of bi-layered elastic and scattering polyacrylamide phantoms.
Innovative submicron thermal characterization method for AlGaN/GaN power HEMTs with hyperspectral thermoreflectance imaging (2017)

Significant advances in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure based technologies in the last decade, with AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) has led to high power performance at Gigahertz frequencies for communication, space, radar, and defense applications. The conjunction of the remarkable properties of the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction and the high thermal conductivity of the silicon carbide substrate enables GaN on SiC-based high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) to be very efficient for RF and microwave applications. However, this very high power density leads to self-heating under operating conditions and has important consequences for both performance and reliability. Since these devices, over time, are going to be increasingly smaller and more powerful a method for measuring the self-heating is of great interest for thermal management, temperature control, and optimizing simulation software. This paper presents early results of a new high spatial resolution thermal characterization technique using a thermoreflectance imaging system on a commercial sample. This technique, hyperspectral thermoreflectance imaging, enables us to obtain a clean thermal image in CW mode with 45 nm spatial resolution. We will show the thermal imaging results for a AlGaN/GaN HEMT on a SiC substrate. Although the zone of interest has narrow geometry and some grainy surfaces, the results show a very good linearity of reflection response with changing temperature with a significantly smaller error.
Optimal Carrier Phase-shift Angle on Dual Three-Phase Windings Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (2019)

In this paper, we investigate the optimal carrier phase-shift angle to reduce harmonic loss under various operating conditions, such as torque, speed, DC voltage, and carrier frequency, on a dual three-phase-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor. We calculate the carrier harmonic voltage by theoretical analysis and relate it to the modulation depth in the torque-speed property. The carrier harmonic impedance behaviors are revealed in terms of the linkage magnetic flux of the first and second windings with the carrier phase-shift angle. By using the calculated carrier harmonic voltage and impedance, we reveal and verify the optimal carrier phase-shift angle of a phase-shift pulse width modulation to reduce the harmonic loss on a dual three-phase motor by comparison with measured results under variable torque-speed properties.
Low radiation temperature thermal photovoltaic cells (2005)

In order to improve thermal photovoltaic (TPV) cell efficiency for low radiation temperature applications, the limit efficiency of TPV cells is calculated using the detailed balance approach for different TPV configurations, including TPV cells with a single band, one and multiple numbers of intermediate levels. Furthermore, the improvement of cell efficiency by using filtering emitters is discussed. The numerical results show that the limit efficiency at low radiation temperatures can be largely improved by introducing intermediate levels. The optimum material bandgap for achieving maximum limit efficiency for each configuration is obtained. The figure of merit is considered to give guidance for TPV material selection. In the end, quantum dot interband–intersubband and quantum cascade intersubband TPV cells are proposed as possible structures to improve TPV efficiency.
Supplementary Figure S2 from Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase is associated with metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S2. Volcano plots show differences in gene expression in parental and Cas9-p15 control or MELK knockout (KO) MDA-MB-231 cells.&lt;/p&gt;
3-D Process Simulation of CMOS Inverter Based on Selete 65nm Full Process (2006)

We have succeeded in 3-D process simulation of a CMOS inverter based on the Selete 65 nm full process. In particular, we have focused on the robustness and the availability of the process simulator HySyProS (Hyper Synthesized Process Simulator)
“The Dean of Mining in Colorado” (2021)

Russell, who would become legendary figures in Colorado mining, shortly after they found gold in Colorado.And while not as wellknown, many other Smith associates
Evidence for Interleaflet Slip During Spreading of Single Lipid Bilayers at Hydrophilic Solids (2009)

Membrane dynamics: Slip—the relative mobility of the two leaflets in lipid bilayers—represents a generic mechanical-dynamical process. To establish the presence of interleaflet slip in the surface-spreading lipid membranes, the advancing lipid bilayers are exposed to an intense laser spot, which rapidly bleaches the illuminated fluorophores in a radially symmetric shape (see figure). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Post modification of perovskite sensitized solar cells by aluminum oxide for enhanced performance (2013)

The method of post-modification by aluminum oxide was successfully introduced into perovskite sensitized solar cells with a liquid electrolyte. Post-modification by Al2O3 could both protect the perovskite sensitizer from corrosion by electrolyte and effectively suppressed electron recombination. The UV-vis spectra revealed an enhanced absorption especially in the long wavelength range after modification. The XRD results showed a disappeared peak of PbI2, demonstrating that the modification could effectively protect the perovskite from dissolution in the electrolyte. Stability test showed that the remaining JSC improved from 10% to 50% at a given period of time. The EIS results and dark current curves illustrated that this modification increased the interface resistance in dark, confirming that the electron recombination process was effectively restrained. Finally, the corresponding efficiency was largely increased from 3.56 to 6.00% by 68%. The strategy using aluminium oxide to post-modify a perovskite sensitized solar cell was therefore proved to be a useful tool for the optimization of perovskite sensitized solar cells.
Voluntary ambulation using voluntary upper limb muscle activity and Hybrid Assistive Limb® (HAL®) in a patient with complete paraplegia due to chronic spinal cord injury: A case report (2018)

<b>Context:</b> We sought to describe our experience with the Hybrid Assistive Limb® (HAL®) for active knee extension and voluntary ambulation with remaining muscle activity in a patient with complete paraplegia after spinal cord injury. <b>Findings:</b> A 30-year-old man with complete paraplegia used the HAL® for 1 month (10 sessions) using his remaining muscle activity, including hip flexor and upper limb activity. Electromyography was used to evaluate muscle activity of the gluteus maximus, tensor fascia lata, quadriceps femoris, and hamstring muscles in synchronization with the Vicon motion capture system. A HAL® session included a knee extension session with the hip flexor and voluntary gait with upper limb activity. After using the HAL® for one month, the patient's manual muscle hip flexor scores improved from 1/5 to 2/5 for the right and from 2/5 to 3/5 for the left knee, and from 0/5 to 1/5 for the extension of both knees. <b>Conclusion/clinical relevance:</b> Knee extension sessions with HAL®, and hip flexor and upper-limb-triggered HAL® ambulation seem a safe and feasible option in a patient with complete paraplegia due to spinal cord injury.
A Novel Reconfigurable Architecture for Temporal and Spatial Application Mapping (2007)

This paper introduces a novel FPGA-like architecture that can perform operations in space (for maximum performance) or in time (for minimum hardware area) at logic-cell level. Based on our previous work concerning DSP applications mapping onto ASTRA reconfigurable architecture, this paper describes the microarchitecture in more detail and introduces some significant improvements. The silicon area of the logic tile is reduced by 40%. The area figures of the benchmarks are only factor 10-25 worse than the ASIC implementation - a very competitive ratio for a reconfigurable architecture.
A solder self-assembled torsional micromirror array (2003)

Although numerous single micromirror designs have been demonstrated in the literature, some applications require a mirror array with the individual mirrors integrated into a single frame. This approach helps provide uniform device performance by keeping the mirror-electrode alignment and gap height constant across the array. It also provides a high optical fill-factor, which is necessary when a high power laser is distributed over an array to reduce the power incident on each mirror. Here, just such a novel, foundry fabricated, solder self-assembled micromirror array is presented.