gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (2011)

Abstract The concept that the pathological hallmark of type 1 diabetes—namely, irreparable damage to β cells—is the result of an autoimmune process has gained sustained credence since it was first intimated in the 1970s. Forty years on, a robust set of criteria can be applied to settle this important question. As a result of numerous, reproducible research findings (Table 13.2.3.1), there is now an overwhelming case to support the assertion that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Perhaps the most persuasive evidence is provided by the case reports of diabetes arising in recipients of bone marrow from patients with type 1 diabetes (1, 2). In these cases, the recipients underwent bone marrow ablation as part of the treatment for their underlying condition (e.g. relapsed haematological cancers) that effectively removed all autologous innate and adaptive immune cells. To reconstitute their immune system, they then received bone marrow from a sibling with type 1 diabetes. They developed the disease themselves some years later. It is hard to argue against the proposal that immune cells transferred in the bone marrow inoculum were responsible for β cell destruction. Indeed, current practice in these circumstances is to ensure immune depletion of any mature T lymphocytes that may be present in the transplanted bone marrow using specific monoclonal antibodies. This successfully circumvents the problem—and also provides clear evidence for the pivotal role for T lymphocytes in causing β cell damage. It should be noted that the overwhelming majority of patients with type 1 diabetes—especially those inhabiting the Western, developed world—have evidence of the underlying autoimmune processes, as discussed in this chapter. However, there is a recognition that type 1 diabetes may be heterogeneous, as, in some patients, evidence of autoimmunity is lacking (WHO diabetes classification type 1B). In Japan, a fulminant form of diabetes has been described as representing 15–20% of type 1 disease (15). Presentation is characterized by a high prevalence of preceding common cold-like and gastrointestinal symptoms, a near-normal level of HbA1c (despite very high plasma glucose levels and ketoacidosis), raised serum pancreatic enzyme levels, and absent C-peptide—but only rarely any evidence of autoantibodies against islet cell autoantigens (16). Some cases of type 1 diabetes arising in sub-Saharan Africa have also been described as lacking evidence of autoimmunity against islet cells (see Chapter 13.4.3.4); however, these data require clarification, since it is known that the autoantibodies decline and may disappear from the circulation soon after diagnosis, making retrospective classification of cohorts with established disease highly problematic (17). Future studies in these locations will need to establish evidence of autoimmunity at diagnosis in currently equivocal situations, using the most comprehensive, up-to-date range of serological markers (see Table 13.2.3.2, below), as well as to establish the clinical and immunogenetic features of the disease.
Artificial Organs 2011: A Year in Review (2012)

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2011 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ replacement, recovery, and regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers, the quality expected from such a journal would not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely well-received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ replacement, recovery, and regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.
Gene Therapy to Enhance Allograft Incorporation After Host Tissue Irradiation (2008)

Structural bone allografts are used to reconstruct large skeletal defects after tumor surgery. Although allograft-related complications are declining, the use of perioperative radiation therapy is associated with a poorer outcome. Recently, BMP-2 levels in the host bed were reportedly diminished after exposure to radiation doses consistent with those used perioperatively to treat musculoskeletal sarcoma. Reintroduction of this osteogenic protein may circumvent the deleterious effects of preoperative radiation on allograft incorporation. We introduced a novel polymeric BMP-2 gene delivery system into the host-allograft junctions at the time of transplantation in an ovine tibial defect model with or without preoperative exposure to 50 Gy radiation. After 4 months, we noted no radiographic or histologic improvements in allograft incorporation after preoperative radiation and BMP-2 reintroduction; however, 50 Gy radiation was associated with increased porosity in the interface regions and poorer radiographic healing. We identified no BMP2-expressing cells or protein in the interface at the study end point, suggesting the polymeric gene delivery system was unable to promote extended expression of the protein or induce a healing response. Although gene therapy may hold promise as a novel technique to improve allograft incorporation, our data do not support that contention with the current approach.
Mortality Among Rocketdyne Workers Who Tested Rocket Engines, 1948???1999 (2006)

Work at the SSFL rocket engine test facility or as a test stand mechanic was not associated with a significant increase in cancer mortality overall or for any specific cancer.
Two-phase asynchronous wave-pipelines and their application to a 2D-DCT (2003)

The two-phase asynchronous wave-pipeline design style presented in this paper is targeted at VLSI systems operating at Giga rates where it is rather difficult and costly to maintain the synchronous paradigm. Its distinguishing properties are the use of a request signal only, simple latches and the inelastic wave-pipelined operation. The asynchronous wave-pipeline is found to have less overhead and to be more robust than the synchronous one. The same basic structure is suitable for both data and control. Buildings blocks of a distributed arithmetic-based 2D-DCT are shown. Simulations of circuits to be fabricated on a 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS process show throughput rates as high as 800 MHz for the 2D-DCT.
Analysis of High-Te Plasmas Heated by HHFW in NSTX (2009)

The implementation in TRANSP of a recent version of TORIC capable of calculating power deposition for HHFW conditions is used to analyze NSTX plasma under different operating conditions. The power deposition profile into the electrons is obtained for high-Te conditions - Te ≤ 5keV - obtained in He and D plasmas with ITB. HHFW heating of NBI-induced H-mode plasmas is discussed. At the RF onset the RF power is divided evenly between the electrons and the fast particles, but as the latter thermalize and the electron density increases, the HHFW power repartition shifts progressively toward the electrons. Power deposition profiles for the electrons and for the fast particles are shown.
（位置誤差を拡大するリンク配置におけるパラメータ推定） (2016)

This study deals with a kinematic calibration method for a six-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator, based on parameter identification employing the inverse kinematics. Generally speaking, it is very difficult to precisely identify kinematic parameters of the parallel manipulators because some of those parameter errors generate less motion errors of the end effector. In addition, smaller working space of the end effector increases the difficulty. This report investigates the effects of expanded working space and larger motion errors generated by extended end effector on the parameter identification accuracy. Numerical simulations for parameter identification based on the inverse kinematics showed that working space expanded by extending the end effector improved estimated parameter accuracy and motion accuracy of the initial end effector.
Transducerless position and velocity estimation in induction and salient AC machines (1995)

This paper presents a viable transducerless rotor position and velocity estimation scheme for PWM inverter driven induction, synchronous, and reluctance machines with the capability of providing robust and accurate dynamic estimation independent of operating point, including zero and very high speeds, light and heavy loading. The injection of a balanced three-phase high frequency signal (500 to 2 kHz) generated by the inverter, followed by appropriate signal demodulation and processing combined with a closed-loop observer, enable the tracking of rotor magnetic saliencies from the machine terminals. Although rotor magnetic saliency is inherent within reluctance machines, and most synchronous machines, saliency in the induction machine is introduced via a modulation of the rotor slot leakage with minimal detrimental effects on the machine performance. Experimental verification for the induction machine is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Elevation of heat shock gene expression from static magnetic field exposure in vitro (2014)

Previously, we found that extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields were able to elicit an approximate 3.5-fold increase in heat shock gene expression, a response which may have applicability to cancer therapy. Based on recent studies demonstrating the ability of magnetic fields to influence gene expression, we hypothesized that low level static magnetic fields may be able to affect heat shock gene expression while avoiding some of the clinical difficulties that arise with electric fields. Transfected rat primary cells in monolayer were exposed to magnetic fields of 1 to 440 mT for 16, 24, or 48 h starting at 24 and 48 h post transfection. Heat shock protein (HSP70) expression, as indicated by a promoter linked luciferase reporter, was followed for up to 96 h and showed a dependence on flux density, exposure duration, and start time post transfection. A nonlinear response was observed for increasing flux density with a maximum of a 3.5-fold increase in expression for 48 h of exposure starting 48 h after transfection. These results demonstrate an enhancement of gene expression similar in magnitude to that observed with external electric field exposure, while eliminating many of the clinical complications.
Reduction of contact resistance between Ni–InGaAs and n-InGaAs by Ge2Sb2Te5 interlayer (2017)

A method using a Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) interlayer is proposed for reducing the specific contact resistivity (ρc) between a self-aligned Ni–InGaAs alloy and the n-In0.53Ga0.47As substrate. Compared with a control sample, a substantially lower ρc was obtained by applying the GST interlayer, followed by the in situ deposition of a Ni/TiN layer. ρc was reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude, from 3.1 × 10−5 to 1.01 × 10−7 Ωcm2, with the GST interlayer. The reduction in the contact resistance was due to the suppression of oxidation in the Ni–InGaAs alloy and at the interface between the Ni–InGaAs and n-InGaAs.
P‐Glycoprotein Effects of Cyclic Urea HIV Protease Inhibitor DMP 323 in Competitional Absorption Studies (2006)

Cyclic ureas form a perspective class of non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors with major bioavailability problems. Low absorption rates of DMP 323 as one of the first representatives led to investigations whether transport efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) within the intestine may be partly responsible for the low absorption rates. DMP 323 proved to be a P-gp substrate in competition studies with P-gp inhibitor ritonavir and H17 as a representative of another class of non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Intestinal DMP 323 absorption was mainly increased under co-application of both ritonavir and H17. DMP 323 used as a membrane efflux pump inhibitor itself showed little affinities to P-gp compared to H17 as strong P-gp inhibitor. So P-gp proved to play a decisive role in the low intestinal absorption of the cyclic urea representative DMP 323.
A Design Methodology for Control-type Self-maintenance Machines. (1994)

This paper proposes a design methodology for self-maintenance machines that can maintain their functions for a while, even though faults happen. In order to achieve the capabilities for diagnosing and repair planning, a model based approach that employs qualitative physics is proposed. Regarding the repair executing capability, two types of repair strategies are proposed; viz., control type and functional redundancy type which is a strategy to add redundancy to a machine from a viewpoint of function. This paper also reports the development of a control-type self-maintenance machine that can maintain its functions as far as its structure does not change.
mzDB: A File Format Using Multiple Indexing Strategies for the Efficient Analysis of Large LC-MS/MS and SWATH-MS Data Sets * (2014)

The analysis and management of MS data, especially those generated by data independent MS acquisition, exemplified by SWATH-MS, pose significant challenges for proteomics bioinformatics. The large size and vast amount of information inherent to these data sets need to be properly structured to enable an efficient and straightforward extraction of the signals used to identify specific target peptides. Standard XML based formats are not well suited to large MS data files, for example, those generated by SWATH-MS, and compromise high-throughput data processing and storing. We developed mzDB, an efficient file format for large MS data sets. It relies on the SQLite software library and consists of a standardized and portable server-less single-file database. An optimized 3D indexing approach is adopted, where the LC-MS coordinates (retention time and m/z), along with the precursor m/z for SWATH-MS data, are used to query the database for data extraction. In comparison with XML formats, mzDB saves ∼25% of storage space and improves access times by a factor of twofold up to even 2000-fold, depending on the particular data access. Similarly, mzDB shows also slightly to significantly lower access times in comparison with other formats like mz5. Both C++ and Java implementations, converting raw or XML formats to mzDB and providing access methods, will be released under permissive license. mzDB can be easily accessed by the SQLite C library and its drivers for all major languages, and browsed with existing dedicated GUIs. The mzDB described here can boost existing mass spectrometry data analysis pipelines, offering unprecedented performance in terms of efficiency, portability, compactness, and flexibility.
Adaptive Arrays and Diversity Antenna Configurations for Handheld Wireless Communication Terminals (2000)

This dissertation reports results of an investigation into the performance of adaptive beamforming and diversity combining using antenna arrays that can be mounted on handheld radios. Handheld arrays show great promise for improving the coverage, capacity, and power efficiency of wireless communication systems. Diversity experiments using a handheld antenna array testbed (HAAT) are reported here. These experiments indicate that signals received by the antennas in two-element handheld antenna arrays with spacing of 0.15 wavelength or greater can be combined to provide 7-9 dB diversity gain against fading at the 99% reliability level in non line-of-sight multipath channels. Thus, peer-to-peer systems of handheld transceivers that use antenna arrays can achieve reliability comparable to systems of single-antenna handheld units, with only one-fifth the transmitter power, resulting in lower overall power consumption and increased battery life. Similar gains were observed for spatial, polarization, and pattern diversity. Adaptive beamforming with single- and multi-polarized four-element arrays of closely spaced elements was investigated by experiment using the HAAT, and by computer simulation using a polarization-sensitive vector multipath propagation simulator developed for this purpose. Small and handheld adaptive arrays were shown to provide 25 to 40 dB or more of interference rejection in the presence of a single interferer in rural, suburban, and urban channels including line-of-sight and non line-of-sight cases. In multipath channels, these performance levels were achieved even when there was no separation between the transmitters in azimuth angle as seen from the receiver, and no difference in the orientations of the two transmitting antennas. This interference rejection capability potentially allows two separate spatial channels to coexist in the same time/frequency channel, doubling system capacity.
The New Potential for Understanding Groundwater Contaminant Transport (2013)

The groundwater remediation field has been changing constantly since it first emerged in the 1970s. The remediation field has evolved from a dissolved-phase centric conceptual model to a DNAPL-dominated one, which is now being questioned due to a renewed appreciation of matrix diffusion effects on remediation. Detailed observations about contaminant transport have emerged from the remediation field, and challenge the validity of one of the mainstays of the groundwater solute transport modeling world: the concept of mechanical dispersion (Payne et al. 2008). We review and discuss how a new conceptual model of contaminant transport based on diffusion (the usurper) may topple the well-established position of mechanical dispersion (the status quo) that is commonly used in almost every groundwater contaminant transport model, and evaluate the status of existing models and modeling studies that were conducted using advection-dispersion models.
A Review of Recent Evidence from Meal-Based Diet Interventions and Clinical Biomarkers for Improvement of Glucose Regulation (2020)

In recent decades, the prevalence of diabetes has rapidly increased worldwide. Medical nutrition therapy has been identified as a major therapeutic support for diabetic patients, while preventive strategies in prediabetic or high-risk individuals have mainly focused on supplementation with bioactive compounds. Recently, meal-based interventions have been investigated as novel and safe long-term strategies for improving glucose regulation. However, evaluation of meal-based interventions is difficult since it requires analysis of sensitive markers. Biomarkers can also be used to identify individuals at risk for diabetes, which is important for disease prevention. In this review, we summarize current evidence from meal-based intervention studies conducted with the aim of improving glucose homeostasis in individuals at risk of diabetes using clinical biomarkers currently used to assess diabetic risk. Very low-calorie diets have significantly improved glucose regulation in obese adults and in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In particular, changing the ratios of macronutrients through calorie restriction reduces fasting glucose level and hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, this effect is limited in both obese and healthy adults. To date, multiple glucose-related markers have been identified as clinical biomarkers of diabetes. Additional clinical biomarkers include cholesterol levels, hematological markers, and inflammatory markers. Taken together, the evidence presented in this review may help for selection of clinical biomarkers for meal-based preventive approaches for non- or pre-diabetic individuals to prevent onset of diabetes.
Green aqueous modification of fluoropolymers for energy storage applications (2012)

Fluoropolymers are of prime interest as solution processable materials for electronic applications such as embedded capacitors, multilayer capacitors, and high-energy-density capacitors. Herein, for the first time, we investigated an environmentally friendly green aqueous modification of fluoropolymers, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) for energy storage applications. The PVDF polymer was modified in aqueous medium by using bioinspired protein dopamine without any harmful toxic chemicals. Dopamine functionalization onto pre-irradiated PVDF polymer powder was carried out using a simple reflux method to strongly bind dopamine onto the PVDF surface. The resulting dopamine modified PVDF films exhibited excellent dielectric properties, when compared with the pristine PVDF polymer. The dielectric constant can be enhanced up to 32 with fairly low dielectric loss as compared to pristine PVDF. Furthermore, the modified films were found to have good flexibility; they could be curled as easily as pristine PVDF films. Since this method avoids the use of toxic chemicals, it may allow the application of modified PVDF not only for energy storage applications but also for other applications such as in biocompatible materials.
The Product Ecology: Understanding Social Product Use and Supporting Design Culture (2018)

The field of interaction design has broadened its focus from issues surrounding one person interacting with one system to how systems are socially and culturally situated among groups of people. To understand the situations surrounding product use interaction design researchers have turned to qualitative, ethnographic research methods. However, stripped from underlying theory, these methods can be prescriptive at best. This paper introduces Product Ecology as a theoretical design framework to describe how products evoke social behavior, to provide a roadmap for choosing appropriate qualitative research methods and to extend design culture within HCI by allowing for flexible, design-centered research planning and opportunity-seeking. This product-centered framework is illustrated as a method for selecting a set of design research methods and for working with other research approaches that study people in naturalistic settings.
Histopathology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2007)

Age-related macular degeneration is a diffuse condition involving the retinal pigment epithelium, the photoreceptor cell layer, and perhaps the choriocapillaris. The early morphologic change is the development of basal deposits of two distinct types. This phase is not ophthalmoscopically detectable but psychophysical testing may demonstrate reduced function. The process becomes detectable with the occurrence of secondary changes in the pigment epithelium, soft drusen formation, and choroidal neovascularization. A reparative response results in disciform scars. The various morphologic forms of age-related macular degeneration are interrelated.