gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alterations of the Gut Microbiome in Patients With Pituitary Adenoma (2022)

Pituitary adenoma (PA) includes invasive pituitary adenoma (IPA) and noninvasive pituitary adenoma (NIPA), which are associated with the endocrine system. The gut microbiome plays an important role in human metabolism, but the association between the gut microbiome and pituitary adenoma remains unclear. A total of 44 subjects were enrolled in this study. Of these, 29 PA patients were further divided into IPA patients (<i>n</i> = 13) and NIPA patients (<i>n</i> = 16), while 15 healthy age-matched subjects were defined as control subjects. We collected faecal samples and characterized the gut microbial profiles by metagenomic sequencing using the Illumina X-ten platform. PLS-DA showed different microbial clusters among the three groups, and slightly different microbial ecological networks were observed. LEfSe analysis revealed significant alterations in the microbial community among PA patients. In particular, the enrichment of <i>Clostridium</i> innocuum, along with the reduced abundance of Oscillibacter sp. 57_20 and <i>Fusobacterium</i> mortiferum, were observed both in the IPA and NIPA groups compared to the control group. Moreover, PA patients could be effectively classified based on these bacteria using a support vector machine algorithm. In summary, this study demonstrated significant differences in the gut microbiome between PA patients and healthy controls. Future mechanistic experiments are needed to determine whether such alterations are a cause or consequence of pituitary adenoma.
Hardware and operating system support for conservative garbage collection (2002)

Conservative garbage collectors can automatically reclaim unreferenced storage, even if the client program is unaware of the existence of a collector. Nearly all garbage collectors can benefit from some form of hardware, and especially operating system support. Conservative collectors benefit particularly from two kinds of facilities. The first is trivial, but often over-looked; it should be possible to write a function that quickly identifies all data areas associated with a program. Secondly, there should be an efficient mechanism for identifying areas of memory that have been recently written. This requirement is shared with other kinds of collectors. But conservative collectors, since they do not rely on moving objects can benefit more than moving collectors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Automating the construction of efficient artificial intelligence algorithms (1992)

The scaling up of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems to large real-world applications requires the use of efficient underlying AI algorithms and methods. Such efficiency, however, comes at a price: the increased conceptual and implementational complexity of developing, maintaining, and refining these efficient algorithms. What is needed is a medium for rapid specification, and a mechanism for then automatically constructing efficient AI algorithms from such specifications.
Recursion is an elegant and intuitive medium for algorithm specification. Standard recursive evaluation, however, may be very inefficient. Call-Graph Caching (CGC) is the preservation of the control flow of a computational process into a graph; subsequent reuse of this graph can often result in highly efficient evaluation. Our thesis is that a large number of efficient AI algorithms can be decomposed into a conceptually transparent recursive specification, and an implementationally efficient CGC-based evaluation. This decomposition enables an AI algorithm to be rapidly specified, and then efficiently executed.
In this thesis, we introduce Call-Graph Caching. We show how to use CGC to automatically construct a variety of important efficient Al algorithms, including RETE matching, Earley and Tomita parsing, linear unification, arc consistency, classical planning, and learning algorithms. We describe MatchBox and Linear MatchBox, new algorithms for incremental conjunctive match. We present CACHE, a development environment for automatically constructing and visualizing CGC-based computation. CGC evaluation transforms search into knowledge, and represents an important first step toward a unified theory of AI computation.
Phosphate Isosteres in Medicinal Chemistry (2005)

The phosphate group is at the heart of an enormous number of biological processes. The simple phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of a protein can have a wide range of consequences, including effects on its biological activity, its interaction with other proteins, and on its subcellular location. Abnormal levels of protein phosphorylation have been linked to a wide range of diseases including cancer and diabetes. Consequently, proteins that recognise the phosphate moiety have become an attractive target for therapeutic development. The most prevalent medicinal chemistry research examines the interactions of phosphorylated tyrosine residues; however, the role of phosphate groups on serine or threonine residues, in nucleotides, DNA and RNA, on sugars, and lipid mediators such as lysophosphatidic acid should not be overlooked. Investigations have focused on the non-catalytic phosphotyrosine-recognising domains such as Src homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains, as well as catalytic proteins such as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). The utilisation of the phosphate moiety as part of an inhibitor is severely limited by the enzymatic lability and poor cellular bioavailability of this highly charged recognition element. The development of phosphate isosteres attempts to address these issues by introducing a non-scissile bond and utilizing groups with less charge that are still able to interact favourably with the target protein in much the same way as the phosphate group does. Many phosphate mimics retain the phosphorus atom such as in the highly successful fluoromethylenephosphonates, whereas others have lost the tetrahedral phosphate geometry and are based on the combination of one or more carboxylate groups that generally reduce the overall charge of the molecule. This review focuses on the recent developments and the use of phosphate isosteres in medicinal chemistry, covering roughly the past four years.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Either Enantiomer of the Antifungal Antibiotic Preussin (L-657,398) from (S)-Phenylalanine (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnantioselective Total Synthesis of Either Enantiomer of the Antifungal Antibiotic Preussin (L-657,398) from (S)-PhenylalanineWei Deng and Larry E. OvermanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 25, 11241–11250Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00104a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00104a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1154Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Cell senescence and fibrotic lung diseases (2020)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fatal lung disorder with an unknown etiology and very limited therapeutic options. The incidence and severity of IPF increase with advanced age, suggesting that aging is a major risk factor for IPF. The mechanism underlying the aging-related susceptibility to IPF, however, remains unclear. Cellular senescence, a permanent arrest of cell growth, has been increasingly recognized as an important contributor to aging and aging-related diseases, including IPF. Senescent cells have been identified in IPF lungs and in experimental lung fibrosis models. Removal of senescent cells pharmacologically or genetically improves lung function and reverses pulmonary fibrosis induced by different stimuli in experimental fibrosis models. Treatment with senolytic drugs also improves clinical symptoms in IPF patients. These intriguing findings suggest that cellular senescence contributes importantly to the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung diseases and targeting senescent cells may represent a novel approach for the treatment of fibrotic lung disorders. In this mini review, we summarize the recent advance in the field regarding the role of cellular senescence in fibrotic lung diseases, with a focus on IPF.
Vicinal 13CH coupling through olefinic double bonds (1977)

Abstract Values of long range 13 CH coupling through the double bond in a number of isopropenyl compounds are reported. There is evidence that substituent dependence of 3 J (CH) is not related linearly to that of HH couplings in vinyl compounds. The ratio of 3 J (CH) to 3 J (HH) in analogous pairs of compounds appears to increase with decreasing substituent polarity and increasing steric bulk.
Single ended resonant power supply for induction heating (1990)

Details are given of a zero current switched Class E prototype power supply suitable for small scale induction heating applications. The unit operates with a minimum frequency of 40 kHz providing a peak output power of 3kW using a single GTO device.
Abstract A08: Investigating tumor vasculature development and the effects of OXi4503 by non-invasive photoacoustic imaging (2015)

Abstract Vasculature-targeted cancer therapies, such as vascular disrupting or anti-angiogenic agents, interact directly with tumor blood vessels. Direct longitudinal assessment of vascular response, as opposed to indirect measures of tumor volume, would aid clinical translation for these targeted therapies, but novel treatment strategies require adequate biomarkers of response. OXi4503 (Combretastatin-A1 phosphate, CA1P) is a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) known to have significant antitumor effects against a wide range of pre-clinical human tumor model systems, and in the clinic. OXi4503 causes disruption of the central tumor vasculature within an hour of administration, followed by thrombosis and vessel occlusion, resulting in massive central tumor necrosis 24 hours after treatment but leaving a thin viable rim of tumor cells. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a novel non-ionising and non-invasive technique, that provides 3D images of the vascular microenvironment with high spatial resolution. Structural information of blood vessel location, and potentially functional data as well, can therefore be obtained in a longitudinal manner. It is thus ideally suited to assess preclinical models of subcutaneous tumors with regard to vascular targeted therapies. We have used PAI to investigate the development of tumor blood vessels, and the effects of OXi4503 (40mg/kg) on the vasculature of 2 human colorectal xenografts grown in nude mice. Results: The human colorectal tumor cell lines SW1222 and LS174T were established as subcutaneous models in nude mice, by the injection of 5X106 tumor cells. Using PAI we were able to: Determine the extent and pattern of tumor vascularization, non-invasively, over time Differentiate between the pathophysiologies of different tumor types Follow the response to vascular targeted therapy Determine the length of time to tumor regrowth following therapy Conclusion: The data suggest that PAI could prove invaluable in providing imaging biomarkers of response to treatment for vascular targeted therapies, with potential for clinical translation. Citation Format: Sean Peter Johnson, Ollie Ogunlade, Edward Zhang, Mark Lythgoe, Paul Beard, Rosamund Barbara Pedley. Investigating tumor vasculature development and the effects of OXi4503 by non-invasive photoacoustic imaging. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A08. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-A08
Investigation of charge interaction between fullerene derivatives and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (2019)

Abstract The charge interaction and corresponding doping effect between single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and various fullerene derivatives, namely, C 60 , phenyl‐C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM), methano‐indenefullerene (MIF), 1′,1″,4′,4″‐tetrahydrodi[1,4]methanonaphthaleno[5,6]fullerene (ICBA), 1,4‐bis(dimethylphenylsilylmethyl)[60]fullerene (SIMEF‐1), and dimethyl(orthoanisyl) silylmethyl(dimethylphenylsilylmethyl)[60]fullerene (SIMEF‐2), are investigated. A variety of analytical techniques, including field‐effect transistors (FETs) made of horizontally aligned arrays of SWNTs, is used as a means of investigation. Data from different measurements have to be used to obtain a concrete evaluation for the fullerene‐applied SWNTs. The data collectively points toward the conclusion that fullerenes with high molecular orbital energy levels, namely, MIF, SIMEF‐1, SIMEF‐2, and PC 61 BM, induce p ‐type doping, while fullerenes with low molecular orbital energy levels, namely, ICBA and C 60 , induce n ‐type doping on the carbon nanotubes. Nevertheless, the SWNTs retained p ‐type characteristics because n ‐doping induced by the fullerenes are weak compared to the p ‐doping of the water and oxygen on carbon nanotubes. This means that fullerene derivatives have the ability to fine‐tune the energy levels of carbon nanotubes, which can play a crucial role in carbon nanotube‐based electronics, such as solar cells, light‐emitting devices, and FETs.
Substrate-Controlled Direct α-Stereoselective Synthesis of Deoxyglycosides from Glycals Using B(C6F5)3 as Catalyst (2019)

B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> enables the metal-free unprecedented substrate-controlled direct α-stereoselective synthesis of deoxyglycosides from glycals. 2,3-Unsaturated α- O-glycoside products are obtained with deactivated glycals at 75 °C in the presence of the catalyst, while 2-deoxyglycosides are formed using activated glycals that bear no leaving group at C-3 at lower temperatures. The reaction proceeds in good to excellent yields via concomitant borane activation of glycal donor and nucleophile acceptor. The method is exemplified with the synthesis of a series of rare and biologically relevant glycoside analogues.
Automatic Fruit Sorting by Non-Destructive Determination of Quality Parameters Using Visible/Near Infrared to Improve Wine Quality: I. Red Wine Production (2013)

Current automatic evaluation of the harvested grapes provided by the existing systems involves a determination of foreign bodies (stem, leaves), affected or damaged berries and unripe berries. However, the remaining healthy berries differ greatly in quality or ripeness, leading to different final wine styles. This article outlines how to determine suitable parameters correlated with grape and wine composition to be implemented as quality criteria for improving sorting methods of the grapes.
Overlapping of MINK and CHRNE gene loci in the course of mammalian evolution (2002)

Overlapping of genes, especially in an anti-parallel fashion, is quite rare in eukaryotic genomes. We have found a rare instance of exon overlapping involving CHRNE and MINK gene loci on chromosome 17 in humans. CHRNE codes for the epsilon subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChRepsilon) whereas MINK encodes a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the GCK family. To elucidate the evolutionary trail of this gene overlapping event, we examined the genomes of a number of primates and found that mutations in the polyadenylation signal of the CHRNE gene in early hominoids led to the overlap. Upon extending this analysis to genomes of other orders of placental mammals, we observed that the overlapping occurred at least three times independently during the course of mammalian evolution. Because CHRNE and MINK are differentially expressed, the potentially hazardous mutations responsible for the exon overlap seem to have escaped evolutionary pressures by differential temporo-spatial expression of the two genes.
Influence of x-ray beam spatial coherence on the diffuse scattering from multilayer mirrors (2002)

The improved spatial coherence of a synchrotron radiation beam was shown experimentally to stimulate additional diffuse scattering of x rays diffracted from x-ray multilayer mirrors. Although the large-scale (tens of microns) roughness does not affect Bragg diffraction from multilayers, its presence causes phase shifts at the wave packet front. This leads to partial decay of the coherent wave packet and creates additional diffuse scattering. Additional scattering from this mechanism was observed at angles of incidence corresponding to the Bragg and Kiessig maximum angles. The properties of this scattering caused by large-scale roughness, observed due to improved x-ray beam spatial coherence, were shown experimentally to be different from those of diffuse scattering previously reported when the incoming or outgoing angle is equal to the Bragg angle. Typical breaks in the diffuse scattering intensity due to the standing-wave effect are absent, and there is obvious asymmetry of the diffuse scattering cross section around the incoming and outgoing angles. Due to the small angle of incidence, the coherently irradiated area has very different dimensions parallel and perpendicular to the beam, which leads to the observed scattering being concentrated in the specular diffraction plane defined by the incident and reflected wave vectors.
Near infrared photoluminescence modulation by defect site design using aryl isomers in locally functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (2017)

We newly introduce positional isomeric structures at the defect sites of locally-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (lf-SWNTs) showing unique near infrared photoluminescence (PL). The observed PL is significantly different from that of typical para-aryl modified lf-SWNTs; i.e., (i) an extraordinary PL wavelength shift of the meta-aryl modified lf-SWNTs, and (ii) remarkably red-shifted PL from the ortho-aryl modified lf-SWNTs are revealed.
Personalized collaborative plans for robot-assisted dressing via optimization and simulation (2019)

Robots could be a valuable tool for helping with dressing but determining how a robot and a person with disabilities can collaborate to complete the task is challenging. We present task optimization of robot-assisted dressing (TOORAD), a method for generating a plan that consists of actions for both the robot and the person. TOORAD uses a multilevel optimization framework with heterogeneous simulations. The simulations model the physical interactions between the garment and the person being dressed, as well as the geometry and kinematics of the robot, human, and environment. Notably, the models for the human are personalized for an individual’s geometry and physical capabilities. TOORAD searches over a constrained action space that interleaves the motions of the person and the robot with the person remaining still when the robot moves and vice versa. In order to adapt to real-world variation, TOORAD incorporates a measure of robot dexterity in its optimization, and the robot senses the person’s body with a capacitive sensor to adapt its planned end effector trajectories. To evaluate TOORAD and gain insight into robot-assisted dressing, we conducted a study with six participants with physical disabilities who have difficulty dressing themselves. In the first session, we created models of the participants and surveyed their needs, capabilities, and views on robot-assisted dressing. TOORAD then found personalized plans and generated instructional visualizations for four of the participants, who returned for a second session during which they successfully put on both sleeves of a hospital gown with assistance from the robot. Overall, our work demonstrates the feasibility of generating personalized plans for robot-assisted dressing via optimization and physics-based simulation.
A flexible electromagnetic interference shielding film coated with a hybrid solder-magnetic powder mixture on a PET substrate (2018)

A flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding film was innovatively fabricated using both low melting temperature solder arrays and amorphous soft magnet particulates consolidated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. First, the In–Sn–Bi solder arrays presented a low melting point of 99.4 °C, which enabled attachment to the heat-sensitive plastic substrate without any thermal damage, and a low electrical resistivity of 14.1 μΩ cm, making them very effective at interrupting EM waves. Second, the solder arrays with a high thermal conductivity of 61.2 W/(m·K) at 298.15 K were also useful as a thermal conductor for a heat sink. Thus, the solder arrays provide efficient electrical and thermal channels for electron transport induced by abruptly or consistently created EM waves due to suddenly turning on and the long term operation of electronics, respectively. Third, the Fe-based magnetic particulates were added and resulted in effective saturation magnetization of 161.1 emu/g, remanence of 2.9 emu/g, and coercivity of 12.5 G, thus were able to disturb the EM pathway because of their soft magnetic properties. Consequently, the hybrid EMI shielding film with exceptionally high electrical and thermal conductivity and superior soft magnetic properties provided remarkable shielding effectiveness of 102.5 dB at 10.2 GHz (X-band region). Keywords: Flexible, EMI shielding film, PET substrate, Solder arrays, Magnetic particulates
MOSFET-Based RF Switch With Active Biasing (2023)

A biasing method for a stacked field-effect transistor (FET)-based radio-frequency (RF) switch is proposed. The advantage of the method over conventional passive resistive biasing is the ability to sustain a desirable operating point under the peak RF excitation conditions achieved by compensating the excessive leakage current of FETs in the stack. Operating point stabilization results in improved RF voltage-handling capabilities of the OFF-state switch. A single-pole double-throw (SPDT) hardware demonstrator implemented in a dedicated 130-nm bulk-CMOS RF switch technology shows an increase in breakdown voltage by 10% for a 35-V voltage-handling class switch device. The improvement is achieved at the expense of increased peak current consumption and no penalty in the RF performance of the switch.
Advanced Automobile Engines for Fuel Economy, Low Emissions, and Multifuel Capability (1989)

Human interactions with wildlife are a defining experience of human existence. These interactions can be positive or negative. People compete with wildlife for food and resources, and have eradicated dangerous species; co-opted and domesticated valuable ...Read More