gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition and structure of tuber cell walls affect in vitro digestibility of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (2016)

The digestibility of starchy foods, such as potatoes, can be characterized by the proportion of starch that is rapidly digestible by in vitro hydrolysis (rapidly digestible starch, RDS). This study evaluated the RDS content in a potato germplasm collection consisting of 98 genotypes and identified three advanced lines, Crop39, Crop71 and Crop85, where cooked potato RDS content was significantly lower than that of their respective isolated starches (P < 0.05). In Crop39, Crop71 and Crop85, the properties of their isolated starch did not differ significantly from that of five control lines with higher RDS contents. Cell wall analyses revealed that, compared with other lines tested, Crop39, Crop71 and Crop85 had at least four times the amount of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) galactan side-chains that were very firmly attached to the wall and requiring 4 M KOH for extraction. Pectin solubilization during cooking was also remarkably low (2-4%) in these three lines compared with other lines tested (7-19%). The findings suggest that possession of higher amounts of RG-I galactan that interact strongly with cellulose may provide a sturdier wall that better resists solubilization during cooking, and effectively impedes access of digestive enzymes for starch hydrolysis in an in vitro model.
Time-based pricing and electricity demand response: Existing barriers and next steps (2016)

Interest in Demand Response (DR) is increasing due to its potential to improve reliability and save costs for electricity systems. DR can provide a sustainable and cost-effective option for supply balancing, especially in a scenario with more volatile inflows from renewable energy sources. End-users can be incentivized to provide DR through time-based pricing in general and dynamic pricing in particular. This paper provides a theoretic framework and practice-oriented review of the status of DR in Europe, outlining the major challenges currently hampering further DR development. Important challenges involve the split-incentive issue for investments in enabling technologies, traditional market rules for flexibility that favor large generation units and the need for electricity market and network operation coordination.
Hetero Bis-Addition of Spiro-Acetalized or Cyclohexanone Ring to 58π Fullerene Impacts Solubility and Mobility Balance in Polymer Solar Cells (2015)

Fullerene bis-adducts are increasingly being studied to gain a high open circuit voltage (Voc) in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics (OPVs). We designed and synthesized homo and hetero bis-adduct [60]fullerenes by combining fused cyclohexanone or a five-membered spiro-acetalized unit (SAF5) with 1,2-dihydromethano (CH2), indene, or [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). These new eight 56π fullerenes showed a rational rise of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). We perform a systematic study on the electrochemical property, solubility, morphology, and space-charge-limited current (SCLC) mobility. The best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.43% (average, 4.36%) with the Voc of 0.80 V was obtained for poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with SAF5/indene hetero bis-adduct, which is a marked advancement in PCE compared to the 0.9% of SAF5 monoadduct. More importantly, we elucidate an important role of mobility balance between hole and electron that correlates with the device PCEs. Besides, an empirical equation to extrapolate the solubilities of hetero bis-adducts is proposed on the basis of those of counter monoadducts. Our work offers a guide to mitigate barriers for exploring a large number of hetero bis-adduct fullerenes for efficient OPVs.
Inhibition of Prekallikrein for Hereditary Angioedema (2022)

Among patients with hereditary angioedema, donidalorsen treatment resulted in a significantly lower rate of angioedema attacks than placebo in this small, phase 2 trial. (Funded by Ionis Pharmaceuticals; ISIS 721744-CS2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04030598.).
Phase contrast MRI of myocardial 3D strain by encoding contiguous slices in a single shot (2002)

Quantitative measurements of inherently three-dimensional (3D) cardiac strain and strain rate require 3D data; MRI provides uniquely high sensitivity to material strain by combining phase contrast with single-shot acquisition methods, such as echo-planar imaging (EPI). Previous MRI methods applied to 3D strain used multiple two-dimensional (2D) acquisitions and suffered loss of sensitivity due to magnification within the strain calculation of physiologic noise related to cardiac beat-to-beat variability. In the present work, each single-shot acquisition generates 3D image data by acquiring two contiguous 2D Fourier transform (FT) images in a single echo train of an EPI readout. Although strain encoding divides across multiple EPI shots, each strain component is computed only within single-shot data, avoiding noise magnification. Strain tensor maps are displayed using iconic 3D graphics or a simple color code of tensor shape. In a deforming gel phantom, gradient-recalled echo (GRE) MRI movies of 3D strain rates match expected strain fields. In normal human subjects, 3D strain rate tensor movies of heart and brain comprising seven slices in each of seven cardiac phases were completed in 56 heartbeats. Stimulated echo (STE) MRI of net systolic 3D strain was also demonstrated. Two-slices-in-one-shot spatial encoding permits a complete quantitative survey of ventricular 3D strain in under a minute, with routine patient supervision and turnkey image processing.
On the maximisation of control power in low-speed flight (2019)

ABSTRACT The maximisation of control power is considered for an aircraft with multiple control surfaces, with the force and moment coefficients specified by polynomials of the control surface deflections of degree two. The optimal deflections, which maximise and minimise any force or moment coefficient, are determined subject to constraints on the range of deflection of each control surface. The results are applied to a flying wing configuration to determine: (i/ii) the pitch trim, at the lowest drag for the fastest climb, and at the highest drag for the steepest descent; (iii) the maximum and minimum pitching moment; (iv) the maximum and minimum yaw control power and the fraction needed to compensate an outboard engine failure for several propulsion configurations; (v) the maximum and minimum rolling moment. The optimal use of all control surfaces has significant advantages over using just one, e.g. the range of drag modulation with pitch trim is much wider and the maximum and minimum available control moments larger.
IRAG mediates NO/cGMP-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation (2006)

Defective regulation of platelet activation/aggregation is a predominant cause for arterial thrombosis, the major complication of atherosclerosis triggering myocardial infarction and stroke. A central regulatory pathway conveying inhibition of platelet activation/aggregation is nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling by cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI). However, the regulatory cascade downstream of cGKI mediating platelet inhibition is still unclear. Here, we show that the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-associated cGMP kinase substrate (IRAG) is abundantly expressed in platelets and assembled in a macrocomplex together with cGKIbeta and the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type I (InsP3RI). cGKI phosphorylates IRAG at Ser664 and Ser677 in intact platelets. Targeted deletion of the IRAG-InsP3RI interaction in IRAGDelta12/Delta12 mutant mice leads to a loss of NO/cGMP-dependent inhibition of fibrinogen-receptor activation and platelet aggregation. Intracellular calcium transients were not affected by DEA/NO or cGMP in mutant platelets. Furthermore, intravital microscopy shows that NO fails to prevent arterial thrombosis of the injured carotid artery in IRAGDelta12/Delta12 mutants. These findings reveal that interaction between IRAG and InsP3RI has a central role in NO/cGMP-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation and in vivo thrombosis.
Mechanical Alloying and Sintering of Ti-10Wt.% Mg Powders (2009)

A Ti-10wt.%Mg powder alloy has been produced by mechanical alloying. Elemental powders of Ti and Mg were ball milled in a Zoz-Simoloyer CM01 for 16 and 20 hours under argon. Mechanical alloying was followed by XRD, SEM and particle size analysis. Test specimens of the milled powders were produced by cold compaction and sintering (under argon). The milling resulted into a fcc TiMg solid solution for both milling durations. Sintering leads to a partial decomposition of the fcc TiMg to hcp TiMg and Ti.
Relaxation Processes of AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures Grown onto Single Crystal GaN(0001) Substrates (1999)

We study the growth and relaxation mechanisms of AlxGa1—xN/GaN heterostructures deposited by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) onto GaN single crystals. We use a combination of transmission electron microscopy and finite element calculations (3D FE) to analyze the structure, the defects and the strained state. We compare heterostructures with 10%, 20% and 30% of Al (xAl = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) corresponding to low misfits of 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%, respectively. This provides us with specimens that are dislocation free or dislocated above a certain critical thickness, to study the interplay between elastic (relaxation in laterally limited structures such as sinusoidal undulations and islands) and plastic strain relaxation. The heterostructures with Al contents xAl = 0.2 and 0.3 become unstable against undulation formation. The undulation amplitude A increases with increasing layer thickness by conserving the wavelength λ of roughly 200 nm. At an aspect ratio A/ λ ≈︂ 1/20 plastic relaxation by dislocation formation at the undulation valleys sets in. 3D FE calaculations yield a maximum elastic strain relaxation of ≈︂15%. The inhomogeneous strain distribution in the undulated AlGaN layer induces an inhomogeneous strain distribution in the thin GaN interlayer also. Detailed strain analysis yields a rather unusual result for the GaN interlayers: the valleys and the ridges exhibit almost zero strain whereas the slopes of the undulation are in compression. This result can possibly be utilized in novel quantum structures.
Recent Advances in First Principles Computational Research of Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2012)

To meet the increasing demands of energy storage, particularly for transportation applications such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, researchers will need to develop improved lithium-ion battery electrode materials that exhibit high energy density, high power, better safety, and longer cycle life. The acceleration of materials discovery, synthesis, and optimization will benefit from the combination of both experimental and computational methods. First principles (ab Initio) computational methods have been widely used in materials science and can play an important role in accelerating the development and optimization of new energy storage materials. These methods can prescreen previously unknown compounds and can explain complex phenomena observed with these compounds. Intercalation compounds, where Li(+) ions insert into the host structure without causing significant rearrangement of the original structure, have served as the workhorse for lithium ion rechargeable battery electrodes. Intercalation compounds will also facilitate the development of new battery chemistries such as sodium-ion batteries. During the electrochemical discharge reaction process, the intercalating species travel from the negative to the positive electrode, driving the transition metal ion in the positive electrode to a lower oxidation state, which delivers useful current. Many materials properties change as a function of the intercalating species concentrations (at different state of charge). Therefore, researchers will need to understand and control these dynamic changes to optimize the electrochemical performance of the cell. In this Account, we focus on first-principles computational investigations toward understanding, controlling, and improving the intrinsic properties of five well known high energy density Li intercalation electrode materials: layered oxides (LiMO2), spinel oxides (LiM2O4), olivine phosphates (LiMPO4), silicates-Li2MSiO4, and the tavorite-LiM(XO4)F (M = 3d transition metal elements). For these five classes of materials, we describe the crystal structures, the redox potentials, the ion mobilities, the possible phase transformation mechanisms, and structural stability changes, and the relevance of these properties to the development of high-energy, high-power, low-cost electrochemical systems. These results demonstrate the importance of computational tools in real-world materials development, to optimize or minimize experimental synthesis and testing, and to predict a material's performance under diverse conditions.
On the Design and Implementation of Efficient Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Knowledge (2009)

Abstract. Zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge (ZK-PoK) play an important role in many cryptographic applications. Direct anonymous attestation (DAA) and the identity mixer anonymous authentication system are first real world applications using ZK-PoK as building blocks. But although being used for many years now, design and implementation of sound ZK-PoK remains challenging. In fact, there are security flaws in various protocols found in literatur. Especially for non-experts in the field it is often hard to design ZK-PoK, since a unified and easy to use theoretical framework on ZK-PoK is missing. With this paper we overcome important challenges and facilitate the design and implementation of efficient and sound ZK-PoK in practice. First, Camenisch et al. have presented at EUROCRYPT 2009 a first unified and modular theoretical framework for ZK-PoK. This is compelling, but makes use of a rather inefficient 6-move protocol. We extend and improve their framework in terms of efficiency and show how to realize it using efficient 3-move Σ-protocols. Second, we perform an exact security and efficiency analysis for our new protocol and various protocols found in the literature. The analysis yields novel- and perhaps surprising- results and insights. It reveals for instance that using a 2048 bit RSA modulus, as specified in the DAA standard, only guarantees an upper bound on the success probability of a malicious prover between 1/2 4 and 1/2 24. Also, based on that analysis we show how to select the most efficient protocol to realize a given proof goal. Finally, we also provide low-level support to a designer by presenting a compiler realizing our framework and optimization techniques, allowing easy implementation of efficient and sound protocols.
Position estimation for a mobile robot using data fusion (2002)

This paper describes a position estimation technique based on the fusion of data obtained by two independent subsystems in a mobile robot navigation context. The first subsystem is a self-location one composed of an onboard camera, an onboard image processing unit and artificial landmarks; the second one is a dead-reckoning subsystem based on odometry. The robot navigation system integrates the position estimation obtained by the vision subsystem with the position estimated by odometry using a Kalman filter framework.
Soleus H-Reflex Modulation After Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: Effects of Body Position and Walking Speed (2010)

An improvement in position-dependent and walking speed-dependent reflex modulation after SCI may indicate functional recovery. Future studies will use H-reflex testing to track changes as a result of therapeutic interventions.
Flow Structure and Pressure Fluctuations of Turbulent Boundary Layers with Sparse Roughness (2009)

Measurements of the mean flow and turbulent statistics were made in a 2D flat plate turbulent boundary layer over a fetch of hemispherical roughness elements using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). These measurements, along with previous LDV measurements of flow over fetches of circular cylinders, were examined to study the effect of sparse roughness on the slope and intercept value of the semi logarithmic portion of the boundary layer. Various methods for estimating the friction velocity were explored. Rough wall surface pressure spectra were measured for the hemispherical roughness case. The dependency of measurement position on the pressure spectra was examined. A technique using two pressure transducers was used successfully to mitigate unwanted noise.
Correlations in the elemental and metabolic profiles of the lichenDirinaria pictaafter road traffic exposure (2017)

Lichens can be used as cost-effective biomonitors of elements from road traffic in the urban environment. However, the nature of comprehensive interactions between hazardous heavy metals from road traffic and lichen metabolites remains unclear. In this study, elemental and metabolic profiles of the lichen Dirinaria picta after exposure to road traffic for 3 months in 9 sites of Singapore city were investigated. Concentrations of 34 elements reveal strong correlations among each other and a general increase with traffic exposure level. A variety of metabolites, i.e. sugar alcohols, sugars, amino acids, low-molecular mass organic acids, secondary metabolites and nucleosides, are identified through a multi-platform approach combining liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS), gas chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-Q/MS) and <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR). The total amount of the heavy metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Co can be significantly correlated with 21 metabolites positively and 9 metabolites negatively. These correlations reveal a heavy metal detoxification mechanism through ROS scavenging, osmoregulation and chelation with N atoms and sulfhydryl groups, as well as depletion of arabitol and inhibited synthesis of certain secondary metabolites such as quinones and steroids due to heavy metal stress. This study provides new insights into the metabolic toxicity and detoxification mechanisms in lichens under heavy metal exposure.
Towards a universal cortical tau sampling mask (2020)

Abstract Background The introduction of the A/T/(N) framework raised several issues regarding the definition of T+. In which region should tau scans be sampled? Based on which tracer? In this work, we developed a “universal” cortical tau mask derived from three major tau ligands for the AD continuum, over which several different global/regional sampling VOI or composites can be applied. Method 221 healthy elderly controls (HC) and 67 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients underwent tau scans with either 18 F‐AV1451 (HC=54/AD=24), 18 F‐MK6240 (HC=157/AD=22) or 18 F‐PI2620 (HC=10/AD=21). All HC were Ab‐ (&lt;20CL) and all AD were Ab+(20CL). The tau scans were spatially normalized using CapAIBL and the cerebellum cortex was used as reference region. For each tracer, a difference image between the means of the Ab‐HC and Ab+AD patients was then generated. Difference images were subsequently thresholded at 1/3 of the difference between Ab‐HC and Ab+AD in the inferior temporal lobe.A MRI‐derived grey matter mask at PET resolution was applied to the composite mask to only sample cortical region. The mask was finally mirrored and fused to remove the hemispherical asymmetry due to the distribution of tau deposits in the assessed participants. Agreement between masks was assessed by dice‐scores. Result Visually, the three tracer‐specific masks appeared very similar (Fig 1, rows 1‐3). None of the known off‐target binding regions was discernible in the resulting masks. There was good agreement between all masks, with dice‐scores of 0.60 and 0.66 for cortical regions. Conclusion We constructed an “universal” tau mask for the AD continuum based on three commonly used tau tracers aiming at standardizing tau sampling (and quantification) across tracers and across centres. The “universal” tau mask can also be sub‐segmented into smaller regions to focus on specific areas or to construct a subset of composite masks that might better capture early tau deposition and spreading. Further refinement of the tau mask will require the addition of more tau tracers. (RO948, GTP1, PBB3, etc.).
Nuclear Import of Creb and AP-1 Transcription Factors Requires Importin-β1 and Ran but Is Independent of Importin-α (2001)

Although the specific role of transcription factors (TFs) is nuclear, surprisingly little is known in quantitative terms regarding the pathways by which TFs localize in the nucleus. In this study, we use direct binding assays, native gel electrophoresis, and fluorescence polarization measurements to show for the first time that the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and related AP-1 and jun and fos constituents are recognized by importin beta1 (Impbeta) with nanomolar affinity. We reconstitute the nuclear import of these TFs in vitro, demonstrating dependence on cytosolic factors, and show that this is due to the requirement for Impbeta, since antibodies to Impbeta, but not to importin alpha (Impalpha), inhibit nuclear accumulation significantly. We show that Impbeta is necessary and sufficient for docking of CREB at the nuclear envelope; that Ran is essential for CREB nuclear import is demonstrated by the reduction of nuclear accumulation effected by RanGTPgammaS but not RanGDP, and by dissociation of the Impbeta-CREB-GFP complex by RanGTPgammaS but not RanGDP as demonstrated using fluorescence polarization assays. The results support the existence of an Impbeta1- and Ran-mediated nuclear import pathway for CREB and related constitutively nuclear TFs, which is Impalpha-independent and thus distinct from import pathways utilized by inducible TFs.
Yersinia Outer Protein E, YopE (2006)

Many Gram-negative pathogens evade the host's immune response by utilizing a specialized protein secretion machinery, known as type III secretion system (TTSS). Virulence factors such as the Yersinia outer protein E (YopE) are delivered directly into the cytosol of target cells in a TTSS-dependent fashion. This unique translocation mechanism can be used by attenuated Salmonella carrier vaccines for the delivery of heterologous antigens fused to YopE into the MHC class I-restricted antigen processing pathway. In orally immunized mice, this novel vaccination strategy results in the induction of pronounced peptide-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses.
IR and UV laser‐assisted deposition from titanium tetrachloride: A comparative study (1995)

Abstract Laser‐induced TiCl 4 decomposition at vapour pressure was performed and comparative study of the composition and structure of thermally (at 10.6 μm) and photolytically (at 248 nm) deposited Ti‐based films is presented. Emphasis was given to the less explored titanium deposition process by CO 2 laser pyrolysis of TiCl 4 . The detailed structure of films deposited on quartz substrates was examined by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The influence of the incident laser energy on the chemical content of the films as well as on the film growth rate was demonstrated. The results indicate that in the thermal IR decomposition of TiCl 4 a multilayer structure is formed with unsaturated TiSi x at the interface and oxidized phases at the surface. The photolytic process leads to films with increased purity and a specific growth morphology.