gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biologics versus small molecules in treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases (2018)

Glucocorticoid therapy had been widely used for treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and vasculitis. Glucocorticoids certainly improved survival of the patients, but also increased risk of complications related to their hormonal effects, such as infection, impaired glucose tolerance, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and tissue fragility. In addition, several conditions refractory to glucocorticoids have become clear, and include joint destruction in patients with RA and fibrotic conditions in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). To overcome these limitations, cytotoxic immunosuppressants were used in combination with glucocorticoids, resulting in improved outcomes and reduction of glucocorticoid-related side effects due to sparing glucocorticoid dosage. However, long-term safety profiles of cytotoxic immunosuppressants, especially cyclophosphamide, were unfavorable because of increased risk of malignancies. Since a number of ex vivo and in vivo basic researches have identified potential therapeutic targets, development of molecular targeted therapies has attracted much attention in the field of systemic autoimmune diseases. There are two main technology platforms for drug development: small molecules and biologics. Small, chemically manufactured molecules are the classic active substances, while biologics are therapeutic proteins made using genetic engineering technology. Small molecules are usually selected from screening of a library based on a specific inhibitory or activating effect on certain pathways, but some off-target effects are unavoidable. By contrast, biologics (monoclonal antibodies or soluble receptors) are highly specific and exert only on-target effects, although biologics require intravenous or subcutaneous administration, and has ability to generate a significant immune response (immunogenicity). Current molecular targets of biologics include cytokines, including TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-12/23, and cell surface molecules, whereas small molecules mainly target intracellular signaling pathways, such as JAK. These molecular targeted drugs are truly effective for many intractable conditions, and contribute to minimizing use of glucocorticoids and cytotoxic immunosuppressants significantly. However, a &ldquo;knockout&rdquo; or &ldquo;transgenic&rdquo; condition induced by molecular targeted drugs sometimes results in emergence of novel pathologic conditions. In clinical practice, proper use of biologics and small molecules based on understanding of their advantages and disadvantages is critical for treating systemic autoimmune diseases.
In Vitro Anti‐Tumour Activities of Quinolizidine Alkaloids Derived from Sophora Flavescens Ait (2010)

The dry root of Sophora flavescens Ait. (SF) has long been used in a variety of Chinese herbal formulations to treat patients with cancer. Alkaloids are commonly known to present in SF as main active constituents. Here, we report that among the six characterized SF-derived quinolizidine alkaloids including sophoridine, aloperine, sophocarpine, matrine, oxymatrine and cytisine, aloperine exerted the most potent in vitro cytotoxic activity against the human cancer cell lines and oxymatrine exhibited selective anti-cancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Analysis of DNA fragmentation and PARP cleavage revealed that aloperine treatment for 48 hr induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. In addition, autophagic formation of acidic vacuole was also observed in HL-60 cells exposed to aloperine. These results suggest that aloperine may be a novel contributor to the anti-cancer properties of SF.
Molecular Evidence of Injury and Inflammation in Normal and Fibrotic Renal Allografts One Year Posttransplant (2007)

Transcriptional profiles of histologically normal living donor renal allografts indicate that there is ongoing injury response and inflammation at 1 year compared to the immediate posttransplant period. Subclinical development of interstitial fibrosis during the first posttransplant year is associated with additional up-regulation of inflammation-related genes.
Residual α–Si 3 N 4 in O′ Crystals in CeO 2 ‐Doped O′+β′ SiAlON Ceramics (1994)

The microstructure of a pressureless sintered (1605°C, 90 min) O′+β′ SiAlON ceramic with CeO 2 doping has been investigated. It is duplex in nature, consisting of very large, slablike elongated O′ grains (20–30 μm long), and a continuous matrix of small rodlike β′ grains (&lt; 1.0 μm in length). Many α‐Si 3 N 4 inclusions (0.1–0.5 μm in size) were found in the large O′ grains. CeO 2 ‐doping and its high doping level as well as the high Al 2 O 3 concentration were thought to be the main reasons for accelerating the reaction between the α‐Si 3 N 4 and the Si‐Al‐O‐N liquid to precipitate O′–SiAlON. This caused the supergrowth of O′ grains. The rapid growth of O′ crystals isolated the remnant α–Si 3 N 4 from the reacting liquid, resulting in a delay in the α→β‐Si 3 N 4 transformation. The large O′ grains and the α‐Si 3 N 4 inclusions have a pronounced effect on the strength degradation of O′+β′ ceramics.
Control of respiration in fish, amphibians and reptiles (2010)

Fish and amphibians utilise a suction/force pump to ventilate gills or lungs, with the respiratory muscles innervated by cranial nerves, while reptiles have a thoracic, aspiratory pump innervated by spinal nerves. However, fish can recruit a hypobranchial pump for active jaw occlusion during hypoxia, using feeding muscles innervated by anterior spinal nerves. This same pump is used to ventilate the air-breathing organ in air-breathing fishes. Some reptiles retain a buccal force pump for use during hypoxia or exercise. All vertebrates have respiratory rhythm generators (RRG) located in the brainstem. In cyclostomes and possibly jawed fishes, this may comprise elements of the trigeminal nucleus, though in the latter group RRG neurons have been located in the reticular formation. In air-breathing fishes and amphibians, there may be separate RRG for gill and lung ventilation. There is some evidence for multiple RRG in reptiles. Both amphibians and reptiles show episodic breathing patterns that may be centrally generated, though they do respond to changes in oxygen supply. Fish and larval amphibians have chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen partial pressure located on the gills. Hypoxia induces increased ventilation and a reflex bradycardia and may trigger aquatic surface respiration or air-breathing, though these latter activities also respond to behavioural cues. Adult amphibians and reptiles have peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid arteries and central chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide levels. Lung perfusion may be regulated by cardiac shunting and lung ventilation stimulates lung stretch receptors.
Meeting Critical Security Objectives with Security-Enhanced Linux (2001)

Security-enhanced Linux incorporates a strong, flexible mandatory access control architecture into Linux. It provides a mechanism to enforce the separation of information based on confidentiality and integrity requirements. This allows threats of tampering and bypassing of application security mechanisms to be addressed and enables the confinement of damage that can be caused by malicious or flawed applications. Using the system’s type enforcement and role-based access control abstractions, it is possible to configure the system to meet a wide range of security needs. This paper describes how Security-enhanced Linux was used to meet a number of general-purpose system security objectives.
A new potential anti‐cancer beta‐carboline derivative decreases the expression levels of key proteins involved in glioma aggressiveness: A proteomic investigation (2019)

Gliomas remain highly fatal due to their high resistance to current therapies. Deregulation of protein synthesis contributes to cancer onset and progression and is a source of rising interest for new drugs. CM16, a harmine derivative with predicted high blood-brain barrier penetration, exerts antiproliferative effects partly through translation inhibition. We evaluated herein how CM16 alters the proteome of glioma cells. The analysis of the gel-free LC/MS and auto-MS/MS data showed that CM16 induces time- and concentration-dependent significant changes in the total ion current chromatograms. In addition, we observed spontaneous clustering of the samples according to their treatment condition and their proper classification by unsupervised and supervised analyses, respectively. A two-dimensional gel-based approach analysis allowed us to identify that treatment with CM16 may downregulate four key proteins involved in glioma aggressiveness and associated with poor patient survival (HspB1, BTF3, PGAM1, and cofilin), while it may upregulate galectin-1 and Ebp1. Consistently with the protein synthesis inhibition properties of CM16, HspB1, Ebp1, and BTF3 exert known roles in protein synthesis. In conclusion, the downregulation of HspB1, BTF3, PGAM1 and cofilin bring new insights in CM16 antiproliferative effects, further supporting CM16 as an interesting protein synthesis inhibitor to combat glioma.
Biomass burning fuel consumption dynamics in the (sub)tropics assessed from satellite (2016)

Abstract. Landscape fires occur on a large scale in (sub)tropical savannas and grasslands, affecting ecosystem dynamics, regional air quality and concentrations of atmospheric trace gasses. Fuel consumption per unit of area burned is an important but poorly constrained parameter in fire emission modelling. We combined satellite-derived burned area with fire radiative power (FRP) data to derive fuel consumption estimates for land cover types with low tree cover in South America, SubSaharan Africa, and Australia. We developed a new approach to estimate fuel consumption, based on FRP data from the polar orbiting MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the geostationary Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) in combination with MODIS burned area estimates. The fuel consumption estimates based on the geostationary and polar orbiting instruments showed good agreement in terms of spatial patterns, but absolute fuel consumption estimates remained more uncertain. Fuel consumption varies considerably in space and time, complicating the comparison of various approaches and using field measurements to constrain our results. Spatial patterns in fuel consumption could be partly explained by vegetation productivity and fire return periods. In South America, most fires occurred in savannas with relatively long fire return periods, resulting in comparatively high fuel consumption as opposed to the more frequently burning savannas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Strikingly, we found the infrequently burning interior of Australia having higher fuel consumption than the more productive but frequently burning savannas in northern Australia. Vegetation type also played an important role in explaining the distribution of fuel consumption, both by affecting fuel build up rates and fire return periods. Hummock grasslands, which were responsible for a large share of Australian biomass burning, showed larger fuel build up rates than equally productive grasslands in Africa, although this effect might have been partially driven by the presence of grazers in Africa. Finally, land management in the form of deforestation and agriculture also considerably affected fuel consumption regionally. We conclude that combining FRP and burned area estimates, calibrated against field measurements, is a promising approach in deriving quantitative estimates of fuel consumption. Satellite derived fuel consumption estimates may both challenge our current understanding of spatiotemporal fuel consumption dynamics and serve as reference datasets to improve biogeochemical modelling approaches. Future field studies especially designed to validate satellite-based products, or airborne remote sensing, may further improve confidence in the absolute fuel consumption estimates which are quickly becoming the weakest link in fire emissions estimates.
Five-volt vertically-stacked, single-cell GaAs photonic power converter (2015)

The high-efficiency conversion of photonic power into electrical power is of broad-range applicability to many industries due to its electrical isolation from the surrounding environment and immunity to electromagnetic interference which affects the performance and reliability of sensitive electronics. A photonic power converter, or phototransducer, can absorb several watts of infrared laser power transmitted through a multimode fiber and convert this to electrical power for remote use. To convert this power into a useful voltage, we have designed, simulated, and fabricated a photovoltaic phototransducer that generates &gt;5 V using a monolithic, lattice-matched, vertically-stacked, single-cell device that eliminates complex fabrication and assembly steps. Experimental measurements have demonstrated a conversion efficiency of up to 60.1% under illumination of ~11 W/cm<sup>2</sup> at a wavelength of 835 nm, while simulations indicate that efficiencies reaching 70% should be realistically achievable using this novel design.
Modelling of pore growth in char particles by an octree-based 3D PLIC method (2015)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation K. Wittig, P.A. Nikrityuk, A. Richter, B. Meyer; Modelling of pore growth in char particles by an octree-based 3D PLIC method. AIP Conf. Proc. 10 March 2015; 1648 (1): 030036. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4912353 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Insoluble coatings for Stirling engine heat pipe condenser surfaces (1993)

The work done by Thermacore, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania, for the Phase 1, 1992 SBIR National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract, 'Insoluble Coatings for Stirling Engine Heat Pipe Condenser Surfaces' is described. The work was performed between January 1992 and July 1992. Stirling heat engines are being developed for electrical power generation use on manned and unmanned earth orbital and planetary missions. Dish Stirling solar systems and nuclear reactor Stirling systems are two of the most promising applications of the Stirling engine electrical power generation technology. The sources of thermal energy used to drive the Stirling engine typically are non-uniform in temperature and heat flux. Liquid metal heat pipe receivers are used as thermal transformers and isothermalizers to deliver the thermal energy at a uniform high temperature to the heat input section of the Stirling engine. The use of a heat pipe receiver greatly enhances system efficiency and potential life span. One issue that is raised during the design phase of heat pipe receivers is the potential solubility corrosion of the Stirling engine heat input section by the liquid metal working fluid. This Phase 1 effort initiated a program to evaluate and demonstrate coatings, applied to nickel based Stirling engine heater head materials, that are practically 'insoluble' in sodium, potassium, and NaK. This program initiated a study of nickel aluminide as a coating and developed and demonstrated a heat pipe test vehicle that can be used to test candidate materials and coatings. Nickel 200 and nickel aluminide coated Nickel 200 were tested for 1000 hours at 800 C at a condensation heat flux of 25 W/sq cm. Subsequent analyses of the samples showed no visible sign of solubility corrosion of either coated or uncoated samples. The analysis technique, photomicrographs at 200X, has a resolution of better than 2.5 microns (.0001 in). The results indicate that the heat pipe environment is not directly comparable to liquid metal pumped loop data, that nickel aluminide is still a leading candidate for solubility corrosion protection, and that longer duration tests are required to reach a definitive conclusion whether coatings are required at all. Should further testing be required, the test vehicle and analytical tools were developed.
Fabrication of Paraelectric Nanocolloidal Liquid Crystals (2009)

Ferroelectric nanoparticle suspensions can enhance the properties of liquid crystals; increasing key parameters such as clearing point, birefringence and dielectric anisotropy. However, these suspensions are difficult to reliably prepare. The interaction between surfactant and ferroelectric particles plays a crucial role in determining the performance and stability of these suspensions. Here we focus on producing ferroelectric nanoparticles using a ball milling process. Using convenient Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) we demonstrate an effective means to monitor the surfactant distribution during the milling process. We also found that the Curie transition from the ferroelectric to paraelectic state of the particles is dependent on both the milling time and surfactant concentrations.
Interaction between Medicago truncatula and Pseudomonas fluorescens: Evaluation of Costs and Benefits across an Elevated Atmospheric CO2 (2012)

Soil microorganisms play a key role in both plants nutrition and health. Their relation with plant varies from mutualism to parasitism, according to the balance of costs and benefits for the two partners of the interaction. These interactions involved the liberation of plant organic compounds via rhizodeposition. Modification of atmospheric CO(2) concentration may affect rhizodeposition and as a consequence trophic interactions that bind plants and microorganisms. Positive effect of elevated CO(2) on plants are rather well known but consequences for micoorganisms and their interactions with plants are still poorly understood. A gnotobiotic system has been developed to study the interaction between Medicago truncatula Jemalong J5 and the mutualistic bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens strain C7R12 under two atmospheric CO(2) concentrations: ambient (365 ppm) versus enriched (750 ppm). Costs and benefits for each partner have been determined over time by measuring plant development and growth, the C and N contents of the various plant parts and the density of the bacteria in rhizosphere compartments. Following the increase in CO(2), there was a beneficial effect of P. fluorescens C7R12 on development, vegetative growth, and C/N content of M. truncatula. Concerning plant reproduction, an early seed production was noticed in presence of the bacterial strain combined with increased atmospheric CO(2) conditions. Paradoxically, this transient increase in seed production was correlated with a decrease in bacterial density in the rhizosphere soil, revealing a cost of increased CO(2) for the bacterial strain. This shift of costs-benefits ratio disappeared later during the plant growth. In conclusion, the increase in CO(2) concentration modifies transiently the cost-benefit balance in favor of the plant. These results may be explained either by a competition between the two partners or a change in bacterial physiology. The ecosystem functioning depends on the stability of many plant-microbe associations that abiotic factors can disrupt.
Standards, Richtlinien und Empfehlungen für die Antibiotikatherapie (2007)

„The aim of clinical guideline is to improve patient care by providing recommendation about appropriate health care in specific clinical circumstances.” (Field MJ et al. 1990)
Quantum Rounding (2021)

We introduce new rounding methods to improve the accuracy of finite precision
quantum arithmetic. These quantum rounding methods are applicable when multiple
samples are being taken from a quantum program. We show how to use multiple
samples to stochastically suppress arithmetic error from rounding. We benchmark
these methods on the multiplication of fixed-point numbers stored in quantum
registers. We show that the gate counts and depths for multiplying to a target
accuracy can be reduced by approximately 2-3X over state of the art methods
while using roughly the same number of qubits.
MOESM5 of Aligning coding sequences with frameshift extension penalties (2017)

Additional file 5: Pairwise alignments for the 21-CDS dataset. Zip file containing the sequence file and the pairwise alignment files at the fasta format for the 21-CDS benchmarkconsidered in the “Results” section, for each of the five methods and each parameter configuration.
A Spin-Polarized Scanning Electron Microscope with 5-nm Resolution (2001)

For studying sub-10-nm-scale magnetic structures, a high-resolution spin-polarized scanning electron microscope (spin SEM) was developed. It has a specially designed, compact secondary-electron collector that produces a finer probe beam than that of a conventional spin SEM. By observing a narrow magnetic domain wall of SmCo 5 , the developed spin SEM was shown to have a high resolution of 5 nm.
Ribonucleic acid splicing in Neurospora mitochondria: secondary structure of the 35S ribosomal precursor ribonucleic acid investigated by digestion with ribonuclease III and by electron microscopy (1981)

In Neurospora, the gene encoding the mitochondrial large (25S) ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) contains an intervening sequence of approximately 2.3 kilobases (kb). We have identified two temperature-sensitive mutants (289-67 and 299-9) which are defective in a factor encoded by a nuclear gene but required for the splicing of 25S RNA. When grown at the nonpermissive temperature (37 degrees C), the mutants accumulate a novel 35S RNA (5.2-5.6 kb) which is related to the natural precursor of 25S RNA and which has been shown to be a collinear transcript of the 25S RNA gene including the intervening sequence. In the present work, the secondary structure of 35S RNA was investigated by digestion with ribonuclease III and by electron microscopy of the RNA spread under partially denaturing conditions. Ribonuclease III cleaves 35S RNA predominantly at a central site or sites near the 5'-intron-exon boundary and produces fragments which correspond roughly to half-molecules (2.5-3 kb). Electron microscopy of 35S RNA shows a relatively large, central hairpin (180 +/- 45 nucleotides), which presumably corresponds to the central ribonuclease III site, and few other secondary structure features. Both experimental approaches indicate that the large hairpin is not present in 35S RNA. From this finding and from the location of the hairpin near the 5'-intron-exon boundary in 35S RNA, we infer that its formation requires intron sequences. 35S RNA from the mutants can be isolated as a ribonucleoprotein particle associated with almost the full complement of large subunit ribosomal proteins. The 35S RNA in such particles can be cleaved by ribonuclease III at the central site(s), consistent with the idea that the central hairpin is accessible to RNA-processing enzymes in vivo.
Searching for an optimal path through Pasadena (2003)

A functioning software package for a planning system that uses multiresolutional heuristic search techniques to find the optimal path over terrain with varied traversability is described. Unlike previous systems, the one considered uses the same algorithm of decision-making through all levels of planning/control operation top-down. It employs solutions previously developed for the autonomous robot Drexel-buggy and explores a number of tools which reduce the number of computations, help to overcome the trap of multiple solutions, determine streets, etc. It is demonstrated that time-efficient planning is possible based upon sophisticated input information incorporating expert knowledge. The example map discussed is of Pasadena, California.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>