gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SAR Data Classification of Urban Areas by Means of Segmentation Techniques and Ancillary Optical Data (2012)

The classification of urban areas in terms of land-use/land-cover (LULC) maps is a challenging as well as essential task in order to monitor how the urban sprawl is changing the environment. This paper is devoted to the description of a novel procedure designed to exploit coarse-resolution SAR images and obtain both the built-up area extents and a LULC map of the individuated urban area. The approach starts from the previously developed BuiltArea algorithm to produce the built-up area extent map, exploiting the spatial correlation among neighboring pixels by means of local indicators of spatial association and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features. After discriminating between urban and nonurban areas, a novel approach is presented that exploits segmentation techniques, spatial feature selection, and a supervised classifier to generate urban LULC maps. A robust chain, considering SAR data and using ancillary optical data is proposed and validated using data sets available in two test cases, the megacities of Shanghai and Beijing.
A regioselective synthesis of 3-chloro-3-deoxy sugars by dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) (1983)

A regioselective synthesis of 3-chloro-3-deoxy sugars (6)–(10) has been achieved by trans-diaxial cleavage of the oxiran ring in 2,3-anhydro sugars (1)–(5) with dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium(II). The complex does not cause epoxide migration and may be employed in the presence of acid-sensitive functions.
Synthesis and biological activity of natural thiazoles: An important class of heterocyclic compounds (2005)

The class of heterocyclic compounds known as thiazole is found in many natural and synthetic products with a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, antiparkinsonian and anti-inflammatory activities that can be well illustrated by the large number of drugs in the market containing this function group. Due to its importance, the aim of this review is to highlight the synthesis and biological activity of the thiazole natural products reported between 2000 and 2004.
Zeeman-Doppler imaging of active young solar-type stars (2016)

Context. By studying young magnetically active late-type stars, i.e. analogues to the young Sun, we can draw conclusions on the evolution of the solar dynamo. Aims. We determine the topology of the surface magnetic field and study the relation between the magnetic field and cool photospheric spots in three young late-type stars. Methods. High-resolution spectropolarimetry of the targets was obtained with the HARPSpol instrument mounted at the ESO 3.6 m telescope. The signal-to-noise ratios of the Stokes IV measurements were boosted by combining the signal from a large number of spectroscopic absorption lines through the least squares deconvolution technique. Surface brightness and magnetic field maps were calculated using the Zeeman-Doppler imaging technique. Results. All three targets show clear signs of magnetic fields and cool spots. Only one of the targets, V1358 Ori, shows evidence of the dominance of non-axisymmetric modes. In two of the targets, the poloidal field is significantly stronger than the toroidal one, indicative of an α2-type dynamo, in which convective turbulence effects dominate over the weak differential rotation. In two of the cases there is a slight anti-correlation between the cool spots and the strength of the radial magnetic field. However, even in these cases the correlation is much weaker than in the case of sunspots. Conclusions. The weak correlation between the measured radial magnetic field and cool spots may indicate a more complex magnetic field structure in the spots or spot groups involving mixed magnetic polarities. Comparison with a previously published magnetic field map shows that on one of the stars, HD 29615, the underlying magnetic field changed its polarity between 2009 and 2013.
Capillary microreactors for lactic acid extraction: experimental and modelling study (2015)

Lactic acid is an important biobased chemical and, among others, is used for the production of poly-lactic acid. Down-stream processing using state of the art technology is energy intensive and leads to the formation of large amounts of salts. In this presentation, experimental and modeling studies on an alternative down stream processing methodology, involving reactive liquid-liquid extraction in a capillary micro reactor using tri-n-octylamine (TOA) in n-octanol as the extractant phase, is provided, The experimental results were successfully modeled using a mass transfer model involving an instantaneous reaction between lactic acid and TOA.
Significance of NOTCH1 Expression in the Progression of Human Lung and Colorectal Cancers (2022)

Lung and colorectal cancers are the most common types of cancer characterized by a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. Mutations in the genes encoding components of the main intra- and extracellular signaling pathways, in particular the NOTCH1 gene (Notch1, a member of the Notch family of receptors), play one of the key roles in progression of these malignancies. Notch signaling is involved in maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium and structural and functional lung elements. Therefore, it is not surprising that the constitutive activity and hyperactivity of Notch signaling due to somatic mutations in genes coding for the products directly involved into its activation, could lead to the progression of these cancer types. The aim of our study was to investigate how the NOTCH1 downregulation via RNA interference (RNAi) affects the phenotype, characteristics, and Notch-dependent signaling of human A549 lung and HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Several small harpin RNAs (shRNAs) were selected using the bioinformatic analysis and tested for their ability to suppress the NOTCH1 expression. The most efficient one was used to produce the A549 and HCT116 cells with NOTCH1 knockdown. The obtained cell lines demonstrated decreased proliferation rates, reduced colony-forming capacity under adhesive conditions, and decreased migration activity in a Boyden chamber. The NOTCH1 knockdown also significantly decreased expression of some Notch signaling target genes potentially involved in the acquisition and maintenance of more invasive and malignant cell phenotype. In vivo experiments in immunodeficient athymic female Balb/c nu/nu mice confirmed the results obtained in vitro: the NOTCH1 inhibition decreased the growth rates of the subcutaneous xenografts formed by A549 and HCT116 tumor cells. Therefore, downregulation of the gene encoding the Notch1 receptor potentially reduces malignant characteristics of human lung and colorectal carcinoma cells.
Examination of the Functional Relationship between PD-L1 DNA Methylation and mRNA Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

Immunotherapy targeting the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a treatment option for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The expression of PD-L1 by the NSCLC cells determines treatment effectiveness, but the relationship between <i>PD-L1</i> DNA methylation and expression has not been clearly described. We investigated <i>PD-L1</i> DNA methylation, mRNA expression, and protein expression in NSCLC cell lines and tumor biopsies. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) to modify <i>PD-L1</i> genetic contexts and endonuclease deficient Cas9 (dCas9) fusions with ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) to manipulate <i>PD-L1</i> DNA methylation. In NSCLC cell lines, we identified specific <i>PD-L1</i> CpG sites with methylation levels inversely correlated with <i>PD-L1</i> mRNA expression. However, inducing <i>PD-L1</i> mRNA expression with interferon-γ did not decrease the methylation level for these CpG sites, and using CRISPR-Cas9, we found that the CpG sites did not directly confer a negative regulation. dCas9-TET1 and dCas9-DNMT3A could induce <i>PD-L1</i> hypo- and hyper-methylation, respectively, with the latter conferring a decrease in expression showing the functional impact of methylation. In NSCLC biopsies, the inverse correlation between the methylation and expression of PD-L1 was weak. We conclude that there is a regulatory link between <i>PD-L1</i> DNA methylation and expression. However, since these measures are weakly associated, this study highlights the need for further research before <i>PD-L1</i> DNA methylation can be implemented as a biomarker and drug target for measures to improve the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in NSCLC.
The partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of insulating tapes immersed in liquid nitrogen (1978)

Electrical power apparatus operating at cryogenic temperatures offers advantages over conventional equipment and research is continuing to produce superconducting generators and cables in addition to cryoresistive cables. Although there have been a limited number of studies of the behaviour of electrical insulation for such equipment, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1,2</sup> the operating stresses have not been evaluated and little is known of the ageing mechanisms. This paper describes the initial results of a project to determine suitable operating stresses and to study the deterioration of polymeric tapes immersed in a cryogenic fluid while subjected to high electric stresses. Partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of fibrous insulating sheets with and without artificial cavities are reported.
Improved mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model quantification using GFP image analysis (2007)

LB-81 The mouse orthotopic model has been a valuable tool for the study of the mechanisms involved in superficial bladder cancer. Unfortunately, there have been shortcomings with the current models in regards to therapeutic studies, namely the inability to practically and accurately verify the presence of tumor before treatment and to accurately and objectively measure the resulting effects after treatment is complete. In addition, tumor samples are often used for histological analysis preventing further molecular analysis. We propose a new modification to the current model as well as an objective method to precisely measure tumors using image analysis. KU-7/GFP human bladder cancer cells were transurethally implanted into female nude mice and were assigned to a control group or Dox (Doxorubicin) treatment group seven days after cell inoculation. Prior to intravesiscal Dox treatment, the bladders were exposed and images of the bladder were captured for tumor verification and GFP analysis. Fourteen days after cell inoculatuion the bladders were exposed and images were captured for GFP analysis, animals were sacrificed and bladders were collected for histological confirmation. Bladder tumo measurements for GFP distribution and integrated density were determined by image analysis and tumor presence was confirmed by gross examination and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. There was a 2.9 fold increase in tumor size for the control group vs. a 3.4 fold decrease in tumor size for the Dox treatment group. Additionally there was a 3.2 fold increase in tumor integrated density for the control group compared to 3.4 fold decrease in the Dox treatment group. The product of area and integrated density at 7 days and 14 days are (8.69 and 69.04) and (61.67 and 7.44) for control and Dox treatment groups, respectively. These findings demonstrate that this modified model can effectively monitor the presence of tumors before any treatment is applied as well as follow up of tumor progression. This eliminates the need for histological analysis thus saving the tumor for other analysis and therefore providing a powerful research tool.
Stability criterion for intense electron bunches in an inductive turbulent regime (1996)

The ESRF storage ring lattice has demonstrated a high degree of flexibility1 allowing to vary the momentum compaction α1 in a large range from −5 10−4 to 3 10−3. This makes our storage ring an ideal bench to test the possible achievement of short and intense bunches. For time of flight experiments, we are obviously interested in the minimum bunch length as well as in the resulting energy spread which has to remain small enough to avoid spoiling the brilliance of the synchrotron radiation at the peak of an undulator harmonic. We are certainly lacking data concerning the details of this machine impedance in a large frequency range of concern for short bunches. In addition, for many years now, we have also been dramatically lacking in correct theoretical support to the so‐called microwave instability. We keep applying the approximate stability criterion of Boussard2 or the scaling law of Chao‐Gareyte3 without a solid definition of the key quantity (Z∥/p)eff to be used. In fact, in many respects, our understanding of bunched beams is significantly less developed than that of coasting beams. In the following we try to propose a few reflections on the subject when a purely inductive interaction is assumed.
In vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and compounds from Artemisia abrotanum L (1990)

Abstract Artemisia abrotanum L. (Compositae) is widely used in European herbal medicine for treatment of various ailments including fever. Crude extracts of this plant and some of their constituents were tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using the technique of [ 3 H]hypoxanthine incorporation. Two pure compounds, isofraxidin and a novel sesquiterpene, 1(S*)‐hydroxy‐α‐bisabololoxide A acetate were found to be active (IC 50 values of 7.95 and 5.09 m̈g/mL, respectively).
Semisynthetic Conversion of the Bovine Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz) into an Efficient Leukocyte-Elastase Inhibitor by Specific Valine for Lysine Substitution in the Reactive Site (1986)

Semisynthetic Conversion of the Bovine Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz) into an Efficient Leukocyte-Elastase Inhibitor by Specific Valine for Lysine Substitution in the Reactive Site was published in Vol. 3 Proceedings of the Fifth USSR-FRG Symposium on Chemistry of Peptides and Proteins, Odessa, USSR, May 16–20, 1985 on page 105.
Fluorescence Confocal Mosaicing Microscopy of Basal Cell Carcinomas to Potentially Guide Mohs Surgery (2008)

Fluorescence confocal mosaicing detects basal cell carcinomas in 10–20 mm-large Mohs surgical skin excisions within 5–9 minutes, compared to 20–45 minutes for frozen histology. Confocal mosaicing microscopy may enable rapid pathology-at-the-bedside to guide Mohs surgery.
TMIC-36. LOCAL TISSUE BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE TO THERAPY FOR GLIOBLASTOMA (2018)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common deadly malignant brain cancer of the central nervous system (CNS), with a median survival of 12–15 months. Scientific advancements are lacking in developing effective therapies for both primary GBM, as well as secondary GBMs, that typically originate as malignant transformation of lower-grade isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant tumors. The unique metabolomic profile of IDH-mutant tumors may present opportunities to develop biomarker signatures of therapeutic efficacy. Microdialysis is an extracellular fluid sampling collection technique utilizing a perfused semipermeable catheter to permit diffusion of molecules between brain interstitium and the perfusate. We hypothesized that microdialysis may identify a metabolomics-based biomarker response to therapy in IDH-mutant tumors. To test this hypothesis, orthotopic xenografts were generated from two patient-derived GBM lines harboring mutations in IDH1. Perfusates were collected from intra-cranial tumors in aythmic nude mice sampled at baseline, 24h and 72h time-points post treatment with temozolomide, an oral alkylating agent used to treat IDH-mutant gliomas, compared with vehicle treatment, and TMZ-treated non-tumor bearing animals. Perfusates were analyzed via unsupervised metabolomic profiling using both gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/LC-MS). Results of metabolic signatures will be presented. This study aims to demonstrate proof-of-principle and the feasibility of using microdialysis as an approach to identify local tissue biomarkers of tumor response to drug therapy. This work will be complemented by parallel analysis of non-IDH-mutant and TMZ-resistant xenografts, as well as signatures of response to other therapies to yield predictive in vivo tissue biomarkers of drug responsiveness translatable to clinical practice.
High Throughput Sequencing of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Small RNAs. (2010)

Abstract Abstract 3650 MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and play key roles in cancer by modulating oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways. We are investigating the clinical and prognostic roles of miRNA expression in pediatric leukemias using high-throughput sequencing as a profiling tool. To establish the methodology, we have utilized high-throughput sequencing to quantify small RNA expression from eight acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines and one MLL-rearranged infant ALL patient sample. We generated sequencing libraries from these cells, conducted high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform, and established a custom bioinformatics pipeline for data analysis. Over 50 million individual sequence reads were analyzed. These sequences were mapped against a database of human miRNAs, and the frequency of miRNA expression among samples was enumerated. Expression of hematopoietic-specific miR-142 and miR-181 cluster miRs was found in these leukemia samples, while the liver-specific miR-122 was not expressed. miR-196b, previously reported to be over-expressed in MLL-rearranged leukemias, was expressed in 3/3 MLL-rearranged leukemia cell lines and 1/5 non-MLL cell lines. Expression of individual miRNAs was validated by quantitative PCR. Additional analysis of MLL-associated miRNAs and novel small RNAs will be presented. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of high-throughput sequencing to profile the expression of small RNAs from leukemia cells, and we plan to apply these methods to additional primary patient samples to examine prognostic and clinical correlations with small RNA expression patterns. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Polymorph screening studies of oxcarbazepine : twisted habit in crystals of the elusive form III (2019)

Crystal structures exhibiting twisted morphology have been observed at the nanoscale, mesoscale, and macroscale and are challenging to characterise structurally because of their lack of long-range translational symmetry [1]. Crystal structure prediction (CSP) studies of an active pharmaceutical ingredient’s lattice energy landscape are often utilised for assisting experimentalists in identifying and characterising novel polymorphic forms that are thermodynamically feasible, including ones that crystallise with twisted morphologies [2-4]. Oxcarbazepine (OXCBZ) is a commercially available pharmaceutical used for the treatment of epilepsy and three polymorphic forms have been reported, two of which (form I and form II) are known to crystallise in the monoclinic space groups P21/c and P21 respectively [5]. Form III of OXCBZ was originally prepared by slow evaporation from methanol solutions that contained polymer additives but structure solution was not possible because of the small size and poor quality of the crystals. Herein, we present experimental protocols for the crystallization of OXCBZ III from both solution and the vapour phase. In our work, we combined CSP studies of OXCBZ with physical vapour deposition studies and solution-based polymorph screening experiments. Needle-like and fibre-like crystals of OXCBZ III exhibiting variable twisted habit emerged from vapour deposition of OXCBZ onto metallic substrates. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy studies have been carried out to obtain an insight into the mechanism of formation and growth of the twisted OXCBZ III crystals over the course of the deposition process.
LAPAROSCOPIC VENTRAL HERNIA REPAIR; (2018)

Introduction: The common practice in laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR)is to place a dual mesh to prevent visceral adhesions, as majority of the patients are not ableto afford the expense of these meshes. We use prolene mesh to repair hernia. Objectives: Theaim of this study was to determine the frequency of success of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair(LVHR) using omentum as a barrier in patients presenting with ventral hernia. Study Design:Descriptive case series. Setting: Surgical Unit 3, Services Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Period:6 months duration from 16th of July 2015 to 15st January 2016. Methods: 60 patients wereselected fulfilling the criteria from Department of General Surgery. 10mm telescope angled at 30degree was employed. Hernial contents were reduced but the peritoneal sac was left as such.The prolene mesh was inserted into the abdominal cavity through a port of 10mm diameterand fixed. Omentum was then sandwiched between abdominal wall and viscera. Patients werefollowed-up in OPD for 12 months. Results: Majority of the patients were females (56.7%) withthe mean age of 46.40 years and mean weight of 68 kg. The patients were averagely foundobese with a mean BMI of 25.40kg/m2. Majority of the patients (n=50, 83.3%) had success inhernia repair. Stratification of patients by age, gender and BMI showed (p-value was &gt;0.05 in all3 cases) statistically insignificant difference between various subgroups. Conclusion: LVHR is auseful technique and simple proline mesh with omental barrier is a safe and low-cost alternativeto dual mesh technique.
Inactivation, purification and stability of 146S antigens of foot and mouth disease virus for use as reagents in the complement fixation test (1984)

Summary : The quantity of 146S antigen remaining after inactivation by acetylethylen eimine (AEI) or by formaldehyde plus AEI varied con­ siderably between foot and mouth disease virus strains. Treatment with formaldehyde prior to AEI inactivation reduced the 146S recovery of several strains but improved I46S particle stabilisation during AEI inactivation of SAT 2 Kenya 183/74. Inactivated 146S antigens were found to be satisfactory for immunising guinea pigs and the minimum effective dose was around 0.64 µg. Concentrated 146S preparations were most stable when stored above liquid nitrogen.