gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Molecular Site of Ivabradine Binding to HCN4 Channels (2013)

Ivabradine is a specific heart rate-reducing agent approved as a treatment of chronic stable angina. Its mode of action involves a selective and specific block of HCN channels, the molecular components of sinoatrial "funny" (f)-channels. Different studies suggest that the binding site of ivabradine is located in the inner vestibule of HCN channels, but the molecular details of ivabradine binding are unknown. We thus sought to investigate by mutagenesis and in silico analysis which residues of the HCN4 channel, the HCN isoform expressed in the sinoatrial node, are involved in the binding of ivabradine. Using homology modeling, we verified the presence of an inner cavity below the channel pore and identified residues lining the cavity; these residues were replaced with alanine (or valine) either alone or in combination, and WT and mutant channels were expressed in HEK293 cells. Comparison of the block efficiency of mutant vs WT channels, measured by patch-clamp, revealed that residues Y506, F509 and I510 are involved in ivabradine binding. For each mutant channel, docking simulations correctly explain the reduced block efficiency in terms of proportionally reduced affinity for ivabradine binding. In summary our study shows that ivabradine occupies a cavity below the channel pore, and identifies specific residues facing this cavity that interact and stabilize the ivabradine molecule. This study provides an interpretation of known properties of f/HCN4 channel block by ivabradine such as the "open channel block", the current-dependence of block and the property of "trapping" of drug molecules in the closed configuration.
Adaptive Order Tracking Technique Using Recursive Least-Square Algorithm (2002)

Order tracking technique is one of the important tools for diagnosis of rotating machinery. Conventional methods of order tracking are primarily based on Fourier analysis with reference to shaft speed. Resampling is generally required in the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based methods to compromise between time and frequency resolution for varying shaft speeds. Conventional methods suffer from a number of shortcomings. In particular, smearing problems arise when closely spaced orders or crossing orders are present. Conventional methods also are ineffective for the applications involving multiple independent shaft speeds. This paper presents an adaptive order tracking technique based on the Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) algorithm to overcome the problems encountered in conventional methods. In the proposed method, the problem is treated as the tracking of frequency-varying bandpass signals. Order amplitudes can be calculated with high resolution by using the proposed method in real-time fashion. The RLS order tracking technique is applicable whether it is a single-axle or multi-axle system.
Computer‐Based Retort Control Logic for On‐Line Correction of Process Deviations (1986)

ABSTRACT A control logic algorithm is described for use with computer‐based control systems on batch retort operations in the thermal processing of canned foods. The system is capable of automatically adjusting process time during the cook cycle to compensate precisely for any unexpected deviation in retort temperature. It takes into account the cooling lethality contributed with conduction‐heating foods, and does not rely on any test cans for monitoring product center temperature. Performance is demonstrated by computer‐generated plots showing actual retort temperature history along with calculated center temperature and accumulated process lethality; and results are compared with other methods.
ChemInform Abstract: SULFOLYSIS OF ALCOHOLS BY HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS. I. KINETIC STUDY OF THE SULFOLYSIS OF PROPANOL ON ALUMINA (1976)

Abstract Es werden Propen, n‐Propylmercaptan und Di‐npropyläther gebildet.
Microfracture Chondroplasty: (2003)

Techniques to treat full-thickness chondral defects include abrasion, drilling, autografts, allografts, and cell transplantation. The “microfracture” technique was developed to enhance chondral resurfacing by providing a suitable environment for new tissue formation and taking advantage of the body's own healing potential. Specially designed awls are used to make multiple perforations, or “microfractures,” into the subchondral bone plate. Perforations are made as close together as possible, but not so close that one breaks into another, approximately three to four millimeters apart. Integrity of the subchondral bone plate must be maintained. The released marrow elements (including mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, and other healing proteins) form a “super clot” which provides an enriched environment for new tissue formation. The rehabilitation program is crucial to optimize the results of the surgery. It promotes the ideal physical environment for the mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into articular cartilage-like cells, leading to development of a durable repair cartilage that fills the original defect.
From pixels to paragraphs: The use of contextual models in text recognition (2002)

Several hierarchical levels in modeling text are discussed. At each level, the model is typically based on elements at the next lower level, e.g., characters in terms of features, words in terms of characters, phrases/sentences in terms of words, and paragraphs in terms of sentences. Such models are referred to as analytic, since they are based on step-by-step analysis. Although such models are usually sufficient, in order to achieve system robustness it is necessary to use models that skip a level, e.g., words in terms of features/pixels and sentences in terms of characters. Such models are holistic in that decisions about entities are made in the context of decisions about other entities. Holistic methods are slower than analytic methods and do not necessarily perform better. However, when analytic and holistic methods are combined, overall system performance is higher than either alone. Recognition algorithms based on different models can be combined to achieve robustness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Advanced spatial and Temporal Direct Mode for B picture coding (2011)

The direct mode in H.264/AVC can efficiently improve the coding performance of B pictures, since it exploits the spatial or temporal correlation by deriving its motion vector from previously encoded information. Therefore, it does not require any additional motion information and could save many bits. Considering the spatial and temporal correlation has not been fully exploited in the current direct mode, in this paper, we propose an advanced Spatial and Temporal Direct Mode (STDM) for B picture coding. The motion vector is selected from a set of spatial-temporal neighboring motion vectors, and the selection criterion is to minimize a spatial-temporal cost function. The framework of Decoder-side Motion Vector Derivation (DMVD) is utilized, where encoder and decoder use the same derivation process to obtain motion vectors, thus no index for the chosen motion vectors need to be coded and transmitted. Simulation results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the current SDM and TDM in H.264/AVC.
When IT Risk Management Produces More Harm than Good: The Phenomenon of 'Mock Bureaucracy' (2013)

This paper investigates the complications of designing effective governance for IT risk management (IT-RM). Literature on formal governance suggests that either a coercive (i.e., to force employees' effort and compliance) or an enabling (i.e., to help employees better to master their tasks) design of procedures help to avoid what literature calls ?mock bureaucracy? (i.e., rules are promulgated for their symbolic value but ignored in practice). Our analysis of two organizations, however, implies that both coercive and enabling governance for IT-RM may lead to mock bureaucracy. We categorize antecedents of ?mock? IT-RM procedures and identify important design challenges for IT-RM research and practice. Our study contributes to the IT governance body of knowledge by linking types of bureaucracy to IT governance tasks and providing anti-patterns associated with IT-RM procedures.
Replicating MMS clients for fault tolerance (2002)

This paper addresses the problems concerning the fault-tolerant distributed replication of a controlling application in an automated system. The Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) is used as a communication protocol between the controlling application (MMS client) and the automated industrial equipment (MMS servers). A distributed systems toolkit (DST) is used to manage the replication of the controlling application. We identify potential obstacles in the MMS environment when passive client replication is used. We suggest methods that the recovering client can use to overcome these obstacles. The solutions and alternatives proposed are discussed with respect to their conformance to the MMS standard.
The Metabolites of Food Microorganisms (2012)

Both medicine and one’s daily diet are equally important for health. Ingesting healthy foods every day may reduce the risk of diseases. One of the most important diets in Japan are traditional fermented foods, which possess appetizing flavors, nutritional benefits, and desirable biological activities formed during the fermentation process. Epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of fermented products may be associated with a lower incidence of certain chronic disease, such as coronary heart diseases, atherosclerosis, and certain types of cancers. In recent years, macrobiotics (i.e. a macrobiotic diet) have been considered to be one of the most popular alternative or complementary comprehensive lifestyle approaches to chronic diseases. The longevity of Japanese people is derived from their diet, which is rich in fermented foods.
AIDS Enteropathy: Occult Enteric Infections and Duodenal Mucosal Alterations in Chronic Diarrhea (1991)

Further endoscopic biopsy evaluation of patients with AIDS who had unexplained chronic diarrhea showed an occult infectious cause in half of the cases. However, altered villus and crypt architecture in advanced HIV infection was independent of the presence of diarrhea or enteric infection and therefore did not correlate with AIDS enteropathy. Subnormal epithelial proliferation in response to injury could be a factor, but the underlying cause of the architectural changes remains obscure. We suggest that T-cell dysfunction may play a role.
Gene Expression Profiles Link Respiratory Viral Infection, Platelet Response to Aspirin, and Acute Myocardial Infarction (2015)

A viral GES of non-specific, respiratory viral infection was associated with acute MI; 18% of the top 49 genes in the viral GES are involved with hemostasis and/or platelet aggregation. Separately, H1N1 exposure, but not exposure to other respiratory viruses, increased a platelet GES previously shown to be associated with MI. Together, these results highlight specific genes and pathways that link viral infection, platelet activation, and MI especially in the case of H1N1 influenza infection.
Substrate temperature effect on giant magnetoresistance of sputtered Co/Cu multilayers (1993)

The relation between giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and the substrate temperature was investigated in sputtered Co/Cu multilayers. The magnetoresistance (MR) ratio is increased as the substrate temperature is decreased. The increase in the MR ratio is considered to be caused by the improvement in the sharpness of interfaces as concluded from the satellite peak intensity of the x-ray diffraction. The rough interfaces reduce the antiferromagnetic coupled areas and result in the MR ratio decrease. By lowering the substrate temperature to 20 °C, the MR ratio of 80% at room temperature was obtained.
Role of cerium dioxide in a tantalum diffusion barrier film for a Cu/Ta+CeO2/Si structure (1999)

The effects of CeO2 addition on the barrier properties of a Ta diffusion barrier were investigated by using four point probe, optical microscopy, Auger electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The amorphous microstructure of the Ta+CeO2 diffusion barrier was up to high temperatures and the thermal stability of the Ta+CeO2/Si interface was higher than that of Ta/Si interface. The Cu/Ta+CeO2/Si system retained its structure up to 800 °C without any increase in resistivity, whereas the Cu/Ta/Si structure degraded after annealing at 550 °C. The cerium dioxide (CeO2) in the Ta layer plays a role in amorphizing the microstructure of the Ta+CeO2 barrier film and strongly binds the Ta–Ce–O system during deposition of the Ta layer. It appeared that the thermal stability of Cu/Ta+CeO2 interface as well as that of the Ta+CeO2/Si interface was much higher than that of both the Cu/Ta and the Ta/Si interfaces. Therefore, the Ta film prepared with the addition of CeO2 effectively prevented the interdiffusion of Cu and Si through the diffusion barrier up to 800 °C.
Pilot experiments on the actions of drugs injected into the human corpus cavernosum penis (1986)

Seven drugs that are known to relax smooth muscle (phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, thymoxamine, imipramine, verapamil, papaverine, naftidrofuryl) caused erection when injected intracavernosally. Salbutamol, hydralazine, lignocaine and bupivacaine caused tumidity but not erection. Metaraminol and guanethidine caused shrinkage followed by tumidity. Neostigmine, atropine, propranolol and idazoxan had no effect in the doses tried. It is argued that the seven drugs that cause erection do so by relaxing vascular and trabecular smooth muscle within the cavernosal space, and that the two that cause shrinkage of the penis do so by constricting vascular and trabecular smooth muscle within the cavernosal space. It is argued that muscarinic and beta-adrenergic transmission play no important part in erectile mechanisms within the corpora cavernosa. Papaverine, phenoxybenzamine and metaraminol, given intracavernosally, are already used therapeutically. Uses are suggested for thymoxamine, phentolamine, verapamil and guanethidine.
Assaying and investigating Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres activity in human cells and cancers (2010)

Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) activity can be deduced from the presence of telomere length maintenance in the absence of telomerase activity. More convenient assays for ALT utilize phenotypic markers of ALT activity, but only a few of these assays are potentially definitive. Here we assess each of the current ALT assays and their implications for understanding the ALT mechanism. We also review the clinical situations where availability of an ALT activity assay would be advantageous. The prevalence of ALT ranges from 25% to 60% in sarcomas and 5% to 15% in carcinomas. Patients with many of these types of ALT[+] tumors have a poor prognosis.
Optical properties of deuterated zinc tris thiourea sulphate (1994)

We report measurements of the optical properties of deuterated zinc tris thiourea sulfate (d-ZTS). The material is being studied for its potential value in optical frequency conversion and electro-optic applications. The electro-optic and piezoelectric measurements along with those for the dielectric constant indicate that the figure of merit for electro-optic modulation is comparable to that of KDP. However, careful refractive index measurements along with an analysis of the nonlinear coefficient tensor show that d-ZTS will not noncritically phase match for second-harmonic generation despite the promise shown by its undeuterated analog. In addition, the acceptance angle even for critical phase matching is very small.
An adenosine A2A receptor agonist reduces interleukin‐8 expression and glycosaminoglycan loss following septic arthrosis (2005)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether an adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist (ATL146e) might augment the current treatment regimen of antibiotics plus irrigation and debridement to prevent the arthritic effects associated with joint sepsis. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were injected into knees of rabbits, which were divided into 4 treatment groups (12 rabbits per group): no treatment, ATL146e only, antibiotics only, or antibiotics plus ATL146e. Analysis at days 1, 3, and 7 consisted of gross joint appearance, synovial fluid, serum, histologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis. Synovial fluid cultures at day 7 were negative in all antibiotic and antibiotic plus ATL146e treated knees indicating clearance of bacteria. Average WBC counts from synovial fluid aspirates significantly decreased with treatment of antibiotics alone and antibiotics plus ATL146e. Treatment with antibiotics plus ATL146e significantly decreased the Interleukin-8 content when compared to other treatment groups (p<0.001) indicating inflammatory response suppression. Histologic grading resulted in notably improved scores in the antibiotics plus ATL146e group compared to other treatment groups (p < or =0.001). Glycosaminoglycan assay values were significantly greater in the ATL146e plus antibiotics group compared to the untreated control group (p<0.04) indicating chondroprotection. The results of this study indicate that administration of an adenosine A(2A) agonist in combination with antibiotic therapy diminishes joint WBC chemotaxis and reduces joint inflammation, while not compromising the clearance of intraarticular bacteria in a rabbit model. Early bacterial clearance with modulation of the inflammatory response appears to prevent the early degradative effects of joint sepsis.
Study Design and Outcomes of Korean Obstructive Lung Disease (KOLD) Cohort Study (2014)

The KOLD Cohort Study is one of the leading long-term prospective longitudinal studies investigating heterogeneity of the COPD and is expected to provide new insights for pathogenesis and the long-term progression of COPD.
Ultrathin nitrogen-profile engineered gate dielectric films (2002)

A simple and novel scheme is presented for the formation of /spl sim/4 nm gate dielectric films with nitrogen at the top (gate electrode/dielectric) interface. It consists of low-temperature, remote, high-density N/sub 2/-plasma nitridation of thermal SiO/sub 2/, followed by a post-nitridation anneal. The key results are: (a) high N concentrations (10-20 at.%) incorporated uniformly within /spl sim/0.7 nm of the oxide surface, (b) little V/sub fb/-shift and no significant variation in midgap-D/sub it/ from that of control oxide, (c) suppression of B-penetration for high B levels and for high thermal budgets including a hydrogen ambient, and (d) no evidence of damage to the oxide.
Hierarchical ZSM‐5 Zeolites in Shape‐Selective Xylene Isomerization: Role of Mesoporosity and Acid Site Speciation (2010)

The isomerization of o-xylene, a prototypical example of shape-selective catalysis by zeolites, was investigated on hierarchical porous ZSM-5. Extensive intracrystalline mesoporosity in ZSM-5 was introduced by controlled silicon leaching with NaOH. In addition to the development of secondary porosity, the treatment also induced substantial aluminum redistribution, increasing the density of Lewis acid sites located at the external surface of the crystals. However, the strength of the remaining Brønsted sites was not changed. The mesoporous zeolite displayed a higher o-xylene conversion than its parent, owing to the reduced diffusion limitations. However, the selectivity to p-xylene decreased, and fast deactivation due to coking occurred. This is mainly due to the deleterious effect of acidity at the substantially increased external surface and near the pore mouths. A consecutive mild HCl washing of the hierarchical zeolite proved effective to increase the p-xylene selectivity and reduce the deactivation rate. The HCl-washed hierarchical ZSM-5 displayed an approximately twofold increase in p-xylene yield compared to the purely microporous zeolite. The reaction was followed by operando infrared spectroscopy to simultaneously monitor the catalytic performance and the buildup of carbonaceous deposits on the surface. Our results show that the interplay between activity, selectivity, and stability in modified zeolites can be optimized by relatively simple post-synthesis treatments, such as base leaching (introduction of mesoporosity) and acid washing (surface acidity modification).
Recent Developments in Scintillation Detectors for X-Ray CT and Positron CT Applications (1982)

The scintillation detectors considered in present and future instrumentation for XCT and PCT diagnostic imaging are Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO), CdWO4, Low Afterglow CsI(Tl) and CsF. These crystals with the exception of BGO have been known to scintillate as far back as NaI(Tl); their importance emphasized by their current use in CT application is relatively new. Recent improvements in purification, growth and performance characteristics present new and valuable data to the instrument designer. An evaluation and comparison of their properties vis à vis suitability for CT applications with particular emphasis on detector efficiency, light conversion, afterglow, timing, emission spectra, and general handling properties are examined and discussed. Future trends and possible replacement by other scintillators are commented on.
Rigid Molecular Architectures That Comprise a 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Benzene Core and Three Oligoaryleneethynylene Arms:  Light-Emitting Characteristics and π Conjugation between the Arms (2006)

In view of increasing interest in light-emitting materials, we have investigated the light-emitting characteristics and occurrence of conjugation between arms of star-shaped rigid molecules that comprise a 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene core and methoxy group-substituted oligo(p-phenylethynylene) arms. Consequently, we achieved the ultimate goal (Phif approximately 1.0, log epsilon > 5) for organic molecules with respect to light-emitting ability by creating very intense violet-blue (8, Phif = 0.97, log epsilon = 5.11) and blue (9, Phif = 0.98, log epsilon = 5.29) bright light-emitters. Also, pi conjugation was found to occur between the arms of 9 despite the meta-substituted system. We found a linear relationship of kr (with positive slope) and kd (with negative slope) with the number of dimethoxyphenyleneethynylene units for MMPT (4, 6, 8) and DMPT (5, 7, 9) homologues and the contrasting solvent effect on lambdaem of 8 and 9. It is also interesting that lambdaabs, epsilon, lambdaem, and Phif of 9 are greater than those of the corresponding banana- and rod-shaped molecules.
Immobilization of palladium catalyst on magnetically separable polyurea nanosupport (2014)

Polyurea nanoparticles doped with magnetic nanoparticles were readily prepared <italic>via</italic> oil-in-oil nanoemulsification technique and utilized for supporting palladium catalyst.
Probabilistic inference schemes for sparsity structures of Fortran 90 array intrinsics (2001)

In this paper, we address the issues of partitioning sparse arrays whose non-zero elements are distributed non-uniformly. We consider inference schemes for Fortran 90 array intrinsics so that the non-zero structure of the output array can be deduced from the non-zero structures of the input arrays. Experiments are conducted to measure the effectiveness of our method with the Harwell-Boeing sparse matrix collection. We also demonstrate that, given the sparsity structures of the source arrays and with the help of our inference schemes, one can predict the performance differences among a collection of equivalent Fortran 90 code for sample on-line analytical processing (OLAP). The experiments are performed on an IBM SP2 cluster with the library support of our sparse array intrinsics.