gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-scale analysis of a tight gas sandstone (2016)

Tight gas sandstones are low porosity media, with a very small permeability (i.e., below 1 mD). Their porosity is below 10%, and it is mainly composed of fine noncemented microcracks, which are present between neighboring quartz grains. While empirical models of permeability are available, their predictions, which do not compare well with macroscopic measurements, are not reliable to assess gas well productivity. The purpose of this work is to compare the permeability measured on centimetric plugs to predictions based on pore structure data. Two macroscopic measurements are performed, namely dry gas permeability and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), together with a series of local measurements including focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), x-ray computed microtomography (CMT), and standard two-dimensional (2D) SEM. Numerical modeling is performed by combining analyses on two scales, namely the microcrack network scale (given by 2D SEM) and the individual 3D microcrack scale (given by either FIB-SEM or CMT). The network permeability is calculated by means of techniques developed for fracture networks. This permeability is proportional to the microcrack transmissivity, which is determined by solving the Stokes equation in the microcracks measured by FIB-SEM or CMT. Good correlation with experimental permeability values is only found when using transmissivity from 3D CMT data.
Advanced crack propagation simulation for eSHM system design (2014)

In high tech production industry there is a trend towards combining sophisticated design simulation tools with advanced manufacturing processes to facilitate lightweight designs.\n\nMore complex shapes are constructed for maximal weight reduction. Correspondingly designing closer to the limit requires advanced structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. In addition to guaranteeing the structural integrity of the product, the SHM system allows for field validation of design assumptions by including the information from product performance within design validation. All products in the field become validation cases for the design assumptions made.\n\nThis paper proposes an innovative SHM technique by means of capillary channels embedded in the structure (eSHM) in order to detect cracks before they reach their critical length. In this approach it is aimed to place capillary channels inside the structure. The location of the capillary channels is such that they are in zones where cracks pass during propagation before they reach their critical length. The crack monitoring as such is achieved by measuring air pressure in the capillary channel. Cracks reaching the capillary will cause a decrease in air pressure and an alarm. The well functioning of the system is fully determined by the positioning of the capillary channels. Advanced simulation techniques are used to determine the location of the capillaries to ensure crack detection. Accuracy of these simulations significantly contributes to the success of the SHM system. \n\nThis paper shows the use of an advanced finite element (FE) based simulation approach to design the SHM system. It consists of two steps, first FE based critical stress zone determination calculations are used to calculate the critical hot spots for crack initiation. SHM capillaries are placed such to detect cracks initiated in these critical zones. Validation of the capillary locations is done by means of Nasgro based crack propagation simulations. Cracks will be initiated at different locations in the hot zones and propagation simulated. It is shown that each of the cracks propagates through the capillaries. A generic example is envisaged: a gearbox support connection between a gearbox and the system it is build into. However in order to make the study quantitative it is opted to design the eSHM for the torque arm of a wind turbine gearbox. \n\nThe publically available National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) gearbox will be used in combination with fatigue loading conditions determined in the framework of this GRC project. To facilitate capillaries of complex shape the section of the torque arm containing the capillaries will be produced by means of additive manufacturing techniques. These techniques are becoming increasingly available at a decreasing cost for plastics and metals and could in future be used for manufacturing parts of structural components of gearbox systems.
CREEP-RUPTURE OF NICKEL OF TWO PURITIES IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS (1962)

In a comparison of the creep characteristics of nickel in a nitrogen atmosphere with those in a vacuum at 900 to 1500 deg F, it was found that the nitrogen atmosphere promotes intergranular cracking, increases creep rate, and reduces time to rupture. The effects are much greater for an impure (99.8 percent) than for a pure (99.99 percent) grade of nickel. In a similar manner, both air and a heliumoxygen mixture can decrease strength, but they may also, under conditions of temperature and strain rate conducive to oxidation, improve rupture time. To explain the effects of nitrogen on nickel, it is proposed that the gas interacts with grain boundary impurities and lowers the energy necessary for crack propagation. (auth)
Inhibition of Diverse DsbA Enzymes in Multi-DsbA Encoding Pathogens (2017)

DsbA inhibitors from two chemical classes (phenylthiophene and phenoxyphenyl derivatives) inhibited the virulence of uropathogenic E. coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, encoding two and three diverse DsbA homologues, respectively. Inhibitors blocked the virulence of dsbA null mutants complemented with structurally diverse DsbL and SrgA, suggesting that they were not selective for prototypical DsbA. Structural characterization of DsbA-inhibitor complexes showed that compounds from each class bind in a similar region of the hydrophobic groove adjacent to the Cys30-Pro31-His32-Cys33 (CPHC) active site. Modeling of DsbL- and SrgA-inhibitor interactions showed that these accessory enzymes could accommodate the inhibitors in their different hydrophobic grooves, supporting our in vivo findings. Further, we identified highly conserved residues surrounding the active site for 20 diverse bacterial DsbA enzymes, which could be exploited in developing inhibitors with a broad spectrum of activity. Innovation and Conclusion: We have developed tools to analyze the specificity of DsbA inhibitors in bacterial pathogens encoding multiple DsbA enzymes. This work demonstrates that DsbA inhibitors can be developed to target diverse homologues found in bacteria. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 653-666.
Tem‐ and neutron reflection studies on surfaces and interfaces with block copolymers (1998)

Abstract The behavior of block copolymers at various interfaces is studied by transmission electron microscopy and neutron reflection. A thin film of a symmetric diblock copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate forms layer structures when in contact with air and a random copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile containing 35 wt% acrylonitrile. When the random copolymer has an acrylonitrile content of 25 wt%, a competition between layer formation and diffusion of disordered micelles takes place. Driving force for these processes are different interfacial tensions and a changing miscibility behavior as a function of acrylonitrile contents of the random copolymers. The ordering behavior of a symmetric diblock copolymer of deuterated styrene and isoprene in contact with poly(3,5‐dimethyl phenylene ether) is studied by neutron reflection. Polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethene‐co‐but‐1‐ene)‐block‐polystyrene with cylindrical PS microdomains shows an interfacial phase transition to lamellae near to the interface with different polymers. The morphological studies are in agreement with adhesion data obtained by peel tests on different bilayer specimens.
Astrocytes derived from glial-restricted precursors promote spinal cord repair (2006)

Pre-differentiation of glial precursors into GDAs before transplantation into spinal cord injuries leads to significantly improved outcomes over precursor cell transplantation, providing both a novel strategy and a highly effective new cell type for repairing CNS injuries.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Activation Augments the β-Cell Unfolded Protein Response and Rescues Early Glycemic Deterioration and β Cell Death in Non-obese Diabetic Mice (2016)

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by a failure of the unfolded protein response in islet β cells with subsequent endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular death. Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers that activate the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ and have been shown to partially ameliorate autoimmune type 1 diabetes in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We hypothesized that thiazolidinediones reduce β cell stress and death independently of insulin sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, female NOD mice were administered pioglitazone during the pre-diabetic phase and assessed for insulin sensitivity and β cell function relative to controls. Pioglitazone-treated mice showed identical weight gain, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity compared with controls. However, treated mice showed significantly improved glucose tolerance with enhanced serum insulin levels, reduced β cell death, and increased β cell mass. The effect of pioglitazone was independent of actions on T cells, as pancreatic lymph node T cell populations were unaltered and T cell proliferation was unaffected by pioglitazone. Isolated islets of treated mice showed a more robust unfolded protein response, with increases in Bip and ATF4 and reductions in spliced Xbp1 mRNA. The effect of pioglitazone appears to be a direct action on β cells, as islets from mice treated with pioglitazone showed reductions in PPAR-γ (Ser-273) phosphorylation. Our results demonstrate that PPAR-γ activation directly improves β cell function and survival in NOD mice by enhancing the unfolded protein response and suggest that blockade of PPAR-γ (Ser-273) phosphorylation may prevent type 1 diabetes.
Immunization against herpes zoster (2000)

Reactivation resulting in infectious VZV in ganglia may occur sporadically throughout life, but the clinical importance of this phenomenon may be limited by VZV-specific immune responses. This might be accomplished either by a direct mechanism to inhibit reactivation or by rapid local clearing of reactivated virus, such that no signs or symptoms occur (subclinical reactivation). Infectious VZV has not been recovered from ganglia at autopsy, except in the special circumstance where the deceased had HZ at the time of death. There are no data on reactivation frequency as a function of age, but the concept of subclinical reactivation is supported by fluctuations in VZV-specific antibody and asymptomatic viremia observed during longitudinal studies of certain populations (Gershon et al., 1982; Ljungman et al., 1986; Wilson et al., 1992), and by case reports of neuropathic syndromes without cutaneous manifestations (zoster sine herpete) (Barrett et al., 1993; Gilden et al., 1994). Subclinical reactivation might be an important factor in maintaining VZV-specific immunity long after primary infection with varicella.
Kinetics of antibody responses to PfRH5-complex antigens in Ghanaian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2018)

Plasmodium falciparum PfRH5 protein binds Ripr, CyRPA and Pf113 to form a complex that is essential for merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. The inter-genomic conservation of the PfRH5 complex proteins makes them attractive blood stage vaccine candidates. However, little is known about how antibodies to PfRH5, CyRPA and Pf113 are acquired and maintained in naturally exposed populations, and the role of PfRH5 complex proteins in naturally acquired immunity. To provide such data, we studied 206 Ghanaian children between the ages of 1-12 years, who were symptomatic, asymptomatic or aparasitemic and healthy. Plasma levels of antigen-specific IgG and IgG subclasses were measured by ELISA at several time points during acute disease and convalescence. On the day of admission with acute P. falciparum malaria, the prevalence of antibodies to PfRH5-complex proteins was low compared to other merozoite antigens (EBA175, GLURP-R0 and GLURP-R2). At convalescence, the levels of RH5-complex-specific IgG were reduced, with the decay of PfRH5-specific IgG being slower than the decay of IgG specific for CyRPA and Pf113. No correlation between IgG levels and protection against P. falciparum malaria was observed for any of the PfRH5 complex proteins. From this we conclude that specific IgG was induced against proteins from the PfRH5-complex during acute P. falciparum malaria, but the prevalence was low and the IgG levels decayed rapidly after treatment. These data indicate that the levels of IgG specific for PfRH5-complex proteins in natural infections in Ghanaian children were markers of recent exposure only.
Two New Clock Proteins, LWD1 and LWD2, Regulate Arabidopsis Photoperiodic Flowering (2008)

The "light" signal from the environment sets the circadian clock to regulate multiple physiological processes for optimal rhythmic growth and development. One such process is the control of flowering time by photoperiod perception in plants. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the flowering time is determined by the correct interconnection of light input and signal output by the circadian clock. The identification of additional clock proteins will help to better dissect the complex nature of the circadian clock in Arabidopsis. Here, we show LIGHT-REGULATED WD1 (LWD1)/LWD2 as new clock proteins involved in photoperiod control. The lwd1lwd2 double mutant has an early-flowering phenotype, contributed by the significant phase shift of CONSTANS (CO), and, therefore, an increased expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) before dusk. Under entrainment conditions, the expression phase of oscillator (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 [CCA1], LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL [LHY], TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 [TOC1], and EARLY FLOWERING4 [ELF4]) and output (GIGANTEA, FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1, CYCLING DOF FACTOR1, CO, and FT) genes in the photoperiod pathway shifts approximately 3 h forward in the lwd1lwd2 double mutant. Both the oscillator (CCA1, LHY, TOC1, and ELF4) and output (COLD, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND RNA BINDING2 and CHLOROPHYLL A/B-BINDING PROTEIN2) genes have a short period length in the lwd1lwd2 double mutant. Our data imply that LWD1/LWD2 proteins function in close proximity to or within the circadian clock for photoperiodic flowering control.
Axon Microservices and BASE Transactions (2019)

You saw Axon 2 in Chapter 12 , and you also saw working examples. As mentioned in that chapter, you will be using multiple versions of Axon in this book. In Chapter 12 , you used Axon 2.4.1. It required explicit wiring of components, either through annotations or using XML configurations. Using Axon 2 and demonstrating examples based on it in Chapter 12 was intentional, since I wanted to make the bean wirings explicit so that the concepts were be clear for you as a first time reader of the concepts of CQRS and as a first time user of the Axon framework. In this chapter we will use later versions of Axon.
Risk factors for delayed bleeding from endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms (2012)

Low Plt, low PT, large resected size, and positive/indeterminate lateral margin were significant risk factors for delayed bleeding from ESD. Patients with these risk factors must be carefully observed for signs of delayed bleeding.
Quantification of the Effects of Using Slats on the Inner Part of a 10MW Rotor (2012)

The present work attempts at quantifying the effects of using slats on the inner part of a modern multi-MW rotor as a post-fix to increase power production.In the process of doing this, the main behavior of the underlying physics is illuminated using a simplified BEM approach, and the effect of the lift and drag forces on local and integral power production and thrust is shown in a clear way.Two different methods (a BEM based and a free wake lifting line method) for determining angles of attack and lift coefficients corresponding to a specific loading on the inner part of the rotor are shown, and the results are compared.For the design of the slats, a 2D CFD based optimization approach is shown, and the final results from the algorithm for four specific inner airfoil sections on the multi-MW rotor is shown.Finally, the impact of the alteration of the airfoil section force characteristics are shown in the design point using both a BEM based and a free wake lifting line method, and BEM based results are used to asses the effects of the addition of the slats on the annual energy production.
Drug Development in Europe (2004)

Europe has played a key role in the development of new anticancer drugs for many years and continues to make important contributions today. The historical importance of European drug development is perhaps best illustrated by endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Beatson in Scotland and Schinzinger in Germany demonstrated the hormonal dependency of breast cancer in animal models more than 100 yr ago (1,2). This led to trials of synthetic estrogens, including diethylstilbestrol (3),with the Royal Society of Medicine in the U.K. coordinating a trial that demonstrated the activity of diethylstilbestrol in breast cancer. Ultimately, this led to the development of tamoxifen, arguably the most important single anticancer drug currently in use, by the U.K.-based pharmaceutical company I.C.I. (now AstraZeneca). More recently, European centers played a leading role in the development of a novel class of antiestrogens, the aromatase inhibitors, that initially became standard second-line endocrine therapy but now appear as effective as tamoxifen. Preliminary data from the recent ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination) trial,which was carried out in collaboration with Cancer Research UK, show that anastazole (Arimidex®) is more effective than tamoxifen in reducing disease rscurrence as adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women wiht early breast cancer.KeywordsPositron Emission TomograPharmacodynamic EndpointCancer Research CampaignAntibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug TherapyPreclinical ToxicologyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Paget’s disease of bone (2013)

Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.
Correlative STEM and SEM Imaging of PTB7:PC71BM-Based Photoactive Layers in a Scanning Electron Microscope (2019)

Lowering the electron energy from values 80 keV in standard STEM experiments to 30 keV in scanning electron microscopes equipped with a STEM detector leads to the suppression of knock-on damage and contrast enhancement due to the increased scattering probability. The latter is favorable to distinguish weakly scattering materials with similar densities and average atomic numbers. Another advantage of scanning electron microscopes is the inherent availability of surface topography imaging by secondary electron (SE) SEM imaging, which can be used in a correlative manner in combination with STEM, i.e., SEM and STEM images are acquired in parallel revealing bulk structure and surface topography from exactly the same specimen region [1]. This is important because STEM contrast can be influenced by topography effects and SE SEM images support the interpretation of STEM images.
Factors affecting hospital length of stay following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (2011)

The information presented in this study may be useful for patients, clinicians, and insurance companies, including precertification and case-management services. Our results can be instrumental in designing future prospective studies using more detailed analyses with more patients, more surgeons, and multiple institutions. [Table: see text].
High performance approach for inner structures visualisation in medical data (2005)

The capacity and fidelity of image-based diagnosis were extended due to the evolution of medical image acquisition techniques. Such data is usually visualised through volume rendering, which denotes a set of techniques used to present three-dimensional images with the main goal of showing the interior of a volume and enabling the identification of its inner regions and structures. Several tools described in the literature are dedicated to explore different ways of incorporating seeing-through capabilities into volume rendering techniques. However, these tools are based on visualisation algorithms and are usually computationally intensive, especially when working with large datasets. An alternative to optimise rendering time is to use high performance programming to implement such tools, thus providing a faster response to user interaction. This paper presents a new approach to visualise inner structures in medical volume data using a parallel ray casting algorithm to allow user interaction with the volume.
Study of the CO Response of SiC Based Field Effect Gas Sensors (2006)

The response characteristics of SiC based field effect gas sensors towards varying CO and O/sub 2/ concentrations over a wide temperature range and at atmospheric pressure has been studied in detail. Both thin, discontinuous as well as dense, homogeneous Pt films as the catalytic gate material in field effect transistor devices have been investigated and the results compared to CO oxidation characteristics over Pt/SiO/sub 2/ catalysts as reported in literature. Based on the results a hypothesis regarding the mechanism behind CO sensitivity of field effect devices is put forward, also emphasizing the importance of increased sensitivity to background hydrogen.
Interference Mitigation Using Widely Linear Arrays (2009)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Glasgow, Scotland, 2009
Intraperitoneal microdialysis detects intestinal leakage earlier than hemodynamic surveillance and systemic inflammation in a pig model (2020)

Intraperitoneal fecal contamination leads to a rapid and pronounced intraperitoneal increase in lactate, decrease in glucose while pyruvate and glycerol levels remain unchanged. This distinct metabolic pattern of peritoneal inflammation can be easily detected by microdialysis. Observation of this pattern may minimize time to safe diagnosis of intestinal perforations after intraperitoneal fecal contamination.