gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface activity of aqueous solutions of cellulose acetate with low degree of substitution (1992)

Abstract Surface activity of aqueous solutions of cellulose acetate (CA) with total degree of substitution (〈 F 〉) ranging from 0.58 to 0.80 was examined. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the aqueous CA solutions, determined from the polymer concentration dependence of surface tension (γ), is unequivocally determined by 〈 F 〉, and an increase in 〈 F 〉 of CA brings about a lowering of the CMC. From light scattering measurements on aqueous solutions of CA with 〈 F 〉 = 0.8 at 20°C, it was revealed that in the vicinity of the CMC the micelles in the solution consist of c . four CA molecules, which is very close to the value obtained by analysing the data obtained from the mass action model. The surface tension of aqueous solutions of CA (〈 F 〉 = 0.8) in the polymer concentration range above the CMC was c. 0.74 times that of pure water over the temperature range 0–80°C.
Are All Languages Equally Hard to Language-Model? (2018)

Ryan Cotterell, Sabrina J. Mielke, Jason Eisner, Brian Roark. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers). 2018.
Model-space MLLR for trajectory HMMs (2007)

This paper proposes model-space Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (mMLLR) based speaker adaptation technique for trajectory HMMs, which have been derived from HMMs by imposing explicit relationships between static and dynamic features. This model can alleviate two limitations of the HMM: constant statistics within a state and conditional independence assumption of state output probabilities without increasing the number of model parameters. Results in a continuous speech recognition experiments show that the proposed algorithm can adapt trajectory HMMs to a specific speaker and improve the performance of a trajectory HMM-based speech recognition system.
An umpolung approach toward N-aryl nitrone construction: a phosphine-mediated addition of 1,2-dicarbonyls to nitroso electrophiles (2014)

An umpolung approach toward nitrone construction utilizing a phosphine-mediated addition of 1,2-dicarbonyls to nitroso compounds is reported. The reaction exhibits a high degree of chemoselectivity and provides direct access to isoxazolidines, imines, and trisubstituted alkenes.
Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus fumigatus and related species (2005)

The variability within Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius and related species was examined using macro-, micro-morphology, growth temperature regimes and extrolite patterns. In addition, DNA analyses including partial beta-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences were used. Detailed examination of strains, considered as A. fumigatus earlier, showed that they could be divided into four groups including A. fumigatus sensu stricto, A. lentulus and two new species. The intraspecific genetic variability within A. fumigatus sensu stricto was low, the sequence differences among 23 strains of the species was at most two bases in each partial beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene. However, intraspecific morphological diversity within the species was high and delineation of the species was equivocal. Therefore, beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences could be critical determinants for the delineation of the A. fumigatus sensu stricto species. A. lentulus including isolates from clinical origin, Korean soil and from a dolphin clustered into an isolated group based on beta-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences, differing from A. fumigatus by morphological characters, growth temperature and extrolite profile. A. lentulus produces the extrolites auranthine, cyclopiazonic acid, a dimeric indole of unknown structure, neosartorin, some pyripyropens, terrein and some tryptoquivalins and tryptoquivalons. Two pair of isolates (CBS 117194, 117186 and 117520, 117519) clustered into separate groups from A. fumigatus and the other Aspergillus section Fumigati species, including the teleomorph Neosartorya, are proposed as two new species. A. fumigatiaffinis spec. nov. produces the extrolites auranthine, cycloechinulin, helvolic acid, neosartorin, palitantin, pyripyropens, tryptoquivalins and tryptoquivalons, and A. novofumigatus spec. nov. produces the extrolites cycloechinuline, helvolic acid, neosartorin, palitantin and terrein.
Data Flow Analysis: Theory and Practice (2009)

Data flow analysis is used to discover information for a wide variety of useful applications, ranging from compiler optimizations to software engineering and verification. Modern compilers apply it to produce performance-maximizing code, and software engineers use it to re-engineer or reverse engineer programs and verify the integrity of their programs. Supplementary Online Materials to Strengthen Understanding Unlike most comparable books, many of which are limited to bit vector frameworks and classical constant propagation, Data Flow Analysis: Theory and Practice offers comprehensive covera
Development of 100 kV Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (1974)

During the past ten years, the resolution of the CTEM has been improved to a theoretical value determined by spherical and diffraction aberrations. In the scanning electron microscope, however, the resolution is restricted by the signal-to-noise ratio. Crewe et al were the first to increase the resolution by applying a field emission source to a 35 kV scanning electron microscope, resulting in a 5 Å resolution. Owing to its prominent brightness, the feild emission electron gun promises to increase not only the resolution of STEM images, but also to realize an analytical electron microscope which identifies chemical elements, crystalline structures and chemical bonding in specimen microareas in the order of less than 100 Å.
Stationarity of Matrix Relevance Learning Vector Quantization (2009)

We investigate the convergence properties of heuristic matrix relevance updates in Learning Vector Quantization. Under mild assumptions on the training process, stationarity conditions can be worked out which characterize the outcome of training in terms of the relevance matrix. It is shown that the original training schemes single out one specific direction in feature space which depends on the statistical properties of the data relative to the approached prototype configuration. Appropriate regularization terms can be used to favor full rank relevance matrices and to prevent oversimplification effects. The structure of the stationary solution is derived, giving insight into the influence of the regularization parameter. Machine Learning Reports,Research group on Computational Intelligence, http://www.uni-leipzig.de/compint Stationarity of Matrix Relevance Learning Vector Quantization
Hybrid Fluorometric Flow Analyzer for Ammonia (2005)

We describe a robust, highly sensitive instrument for the determination of ambient ammonia. The instrument uses two syringe pumps to handle three liquids. The flow configuration is a hybrid between traditional flow injection (FI) and sequential injection (SI) schemes. This hybrid flow analyzer spends approximately 87% of its time in the continuous flow FI mode, providing the traditional FI advantages of high baseline stability and sensitivity. The SI fluid handling operation in the remaining time makes for flexibility and robustness. Atmospheric ammonia is collected in deionized water by a porous membrane diffusion scrubber at 0.2 L/min with quantitative collection efficiency, derivatized on-line to 1-sulfonatoisoindole, and measured by fluorometry. In the typical range for ambient ammonia (0-20 ppbv), response is linear (r2 = 0.9990) with a S/N = 3 limit of detection of 135 pptv (15 nM for 500 microL of injected NH4+(aq)) with an inexpensive light emitting diode photodiode-based detector. Automated operation in continuously repeated, 8-min cycles over 9 days shows excellent overall precision (n = 1544 p(NH)3 = 5 ppbv, RSD = 3%). Precision for liquid-phase injections is even better (n = 1520, [NH4+(aq)] = 2.5 microM, RSD = 2%). The response decreases by 3.6% from 20 to 80% relative humidity.
Deciphering the transcriptional regulation of microRNA genes in humans with ACTLocater (2012)

Understanding the transcriptional regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is extremely important for determining the specific roles they play in signaling cascades. However, precise identification of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) orchestrating the expressions of miRNAs remains a challenge. By combining accessible chromatin sequences of 12 cell types released by the ENCODE Project, we found that a significant fraction (~80%) of such integrated sequences, evolutionary conserved and in regions upstream of human miRNA genes that are independently transcribed, were preserved across cell types. Accordingly, we developed a computational method, Accessible and Conserved TFBSs Locater (ACTLocater), incorporating this chromatin feature and evolutionary conservation to identify the TFBSs associated with human miRNA genes. ACTLocater achieved high positive predictive values, as revealed by the experimental validation of FOXA1 predictions and by the comparison of its predictions of some other transcription factors (TFs) to empirical ChIP-seq data. Most notably, ACTLocater was widely applicable as indicated by the successful prediction of TF → miRNA interactions in cell types whose chromatin accessibility profiles were not incorporated. By applying ACTLocater to TFs with characterized binding specificities, we compiled a novel repository of putative TF → miRNA interactions and displayed it in ACTViewer, providing a promising foundation for future investigations to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA transcription in humans.
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depression (2020)

Electroconvulsive therapy had a considerable effect on health-related quality of life in patients with depression of both sexes and all age groups. The improvement was greatest in elderly patients, who more often had psychotic features. More studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of ECT and to further explain the varying treatment results between elderly and younger patients.
Variability in disease phenotypes within a single PRNP genotype suggests the existence of multiple natural sheep scrapie strains within Europe (2010)

Variability of pathological phenotypes within classical sheep scrapie cases has been reported for some time, but in many instances it has been attributed to differences in the PRNP genotype of the host. To address this issue we have examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB) for the disease-associated form of the prion protein (PrP(d)), the brains of 23 sheep from five European countries, all of which were of the same ARQ/ARQ genotype. As a result of IHC examinations, sheep were distributed into five groups with different phenotypes and the groups were the same regardless of the scoring method used, 'long' or 'short' PrP(d) profiling. The groups made did not respond to the geographical origin of the cases and did not correlate with the vacuolar lesion profiles, which showed a high individual variability. Discriminatory IHC and WB methods coincided to detect a 'CH1641-like' case but otherwise correlated poorly in the classification of disease phenotypes. No other polymorphisms of the PRNP gene were found that could account for the pathological differences, except perhaps for a sheep from Spain with a mutation at codon 103 and a unique pathological phenotype. Preliminary evidence indicates that those different IHC phenotypes correlate with distinct biological properties on bioassay, suggesting that they are indicative of strain diversity. We therefore conclude that natural scrapie strains exist and that they can be revealed by detailed pathological examinations, which can be harmonized between laboratories to produce comparable results.
Root Locus Algorithms for Programmable Pocket Calculators (1983)

Two algorithms are described which allow the plotting of individual points on a root locus diagram with or without time delay. The development was performed during the design of a continuous phase shifter used in the Baseband Antenna Combiner for the Deep Space Network (DSN). The algorithms, which are expected to be useful in similar DSN efforts, are simple enough to be implemented on a programmable pocket calculator. The coordinates of the open-loop zeros and poles, the gain constant K, and the time delay T are the data inputs.
Laser Velocimeter Measurements in the Stator of a Torque Converter (1990)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A torque converter constructed from Plexiglas was tested for two turbine/pump speed ratios and a one-directional burst type laser velocimeter was used to measure three components of velocity within the stator. Velocities in 5 meridional planes were found and 25 data stations were examined for each plane. The flow is moderately turbulent and 2000&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; individual data samples were used for each positional data point. Shaft encoders were used to record the instantaneous pump and turbine rotational positions for each sample.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Presented data include the effect of instantaneous turbine and pump blade positions on the average velocity field in the stator (i.e. “blade pass” variations), average velocity variations from pressure surface to suction surface, variations from core to shell, meridional variations, and flow and torque distributions. Results indicate minimal “blade pass” variations in the velocity components due to turbine and pump rotation. The flow rates and torque distributions were found to be strongly dependent on radial position. Other results presented herein can be used to improve stator design and to validate predictions from viscous flow computer programs.&lt;/div&gt;
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS IN INFANCY (1965)

ACUTE bronchiolitis (capillary bronchitis, obstructive emphysema) is one of the common afflictions of the lower respiratory passages of infants. Although infection has long been accepted as the primary inciting factor, investigators (with the exception of Sell who believes H. influenzae to be responsible) have not found bacterial pathogens in consistent association with the syndrome. By exclusion, it has been assumed that most cases are precipitated by a viral infection. During the past decade this view has been substantiated by the application of new techniques to the study of respiratory viruses. Surveys of winter and spring epidemics of bronchiolitis in several urban centers have demonstrated a very significant portion of the cases to be associated with respiratory virus infection, most commonly the respiratory syncytial virus (RS), but in a minor number of instances influenza B or the parainfluenza agents. To date, no rapid laboratory proof of viral etiology is available, nor have any of the antiviral substances been found to be effective in treatment. Consequently, the welfare of the individual infant depends upon his physician's acumen in arriving at a correct clinical diagnosis and in utilizing nonspecific measures to combat the disturbances of his respiratory physiology. DIAGNOSIS The first requisite of proper management is an accurate diagnosis. Table I lists other causes of infantile dyspnea which may cause confusion. Exclusion of these entities depends upon a careful history and physical examination, a chest roentgenogram, and a few well-chosen laboratory tests. The most frequent differential problem is the distinction among viral bronchiolitis, asthmatic bronchitis, and bacterial infection of the lower respiratory passages.
Magnetic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (MagSERS) biosensors for microbial food safety: Fundamentals and applications (2021)

Microbiological safety of food is closely related to the activities of foodborne microorganisms, which is among the critical issues in the food industry that require careful screening. A series of analytical techniques have been employed for microbiological food safety detection but renders either analytical defects or practical limitations. With the sensitive and fingerprint sensing ability of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique and the easy operations of magnetic entities (MEs), SERS-based magnetic platforms (MagSERS) emerge as a potent candidate for the analysis of microbiological foodborne hazards. The current review focuses on the fundamentals and recent applications of MagSERS in microbiological safety of food. In this review, the design and fabrication of MagSERS are introduced, which comprises the functionalized MEs plus noble-metal SERS substrates, magnetic nanocomposites plus noble-metal SERS substrates, and magnetic SERS substrates, and the detection principles of MagSERS are illustrated in detail, including the combination of magnetic capture, separation, and enrichment of targets (via recognition elements functionalized MEs) with SERS substrates, as well as the magnetism-mediated hotspot engineering of SERS substrates. In addition, the current advances in MagSERS methods for detecting foodborne bacteria, biological toxins, and viruses are summarized and future perspectives for the food industry are also given. Key findings and conclusions: As demonstrated by the publications in the field, MagSERS that merges magnetic properties and SERS spectra can facilitate the detection of foodborne biohazards for their excellent target separation and enrichment (sampling), simplified assay procedures (assaying), optimized SERS effect and signal or signalling. As such, MagSERS platforms show a promising prospect in the construction of more simple, rapid, and sensitive biosensors for food safety.
Clival chordomas: A pathological, surgical, and radiotherapeutic review (2013)

The preferred treatment for patients with clival chordoma is gross total resection (via endoscopic endonasal surgery when possible) followed by postoperative RT. Treatment at experienced multidisciplinary cranial base centers is key to minimize complications and to enhance the probability of total removal of the tumors.
Cannabinoid-mediated Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Production by Rat Microglial Cells: Evidence for CB1 Receptor Participation (2006)

Activated brain microglial cells release inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) that may play important roles in central nervous system antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor activities. However, excessive release of these factors has been postulated to elicit immune-mediated neurodegenerative inflammatory processes and to cause brain injury. Recent studies using the rat animal model indicate that select cannabinoids may modulate production of these inflammatory factors. Treatment of neonatal rat brain cortical microglial cells with the cannabinoid paired enantiomers CP55940 and CP56667 resulted in a stereoselective differential effect on inducible NO production. The analog CP55940 exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of interferon gamma (IFNy)/bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible NO production which was significantly greater than that exerted by CP56667. Pretreatment of microglial cells with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor-selective antagonist SR141716A reversed this CP55940-mediated inhibition. MRT-PCR demonstrated the presence of CB1 receptor mRNA within microglial cells consistent with the presence of CB1 receptors. Collectively, these results indicate that the cannabinoid analog CP55940 selectively inhibits inducible NO production by microglial cells and that this inhibition is effected, at least in part, through the CB1 receptor.
Application of longitudinal-wave time-of-flight sound speed measurement to Pinus radiata seedlings (2013)

The sound speed of wood is related to important wood quality properties such as the microfibril angle of the S 2 layer in the cell wall, stiffness, and shrinkage propensity. Measuring the sound speed of seedling stems has benefits to the forestry industry, potentially enabling early selection of trees that yield better quality wood. A nondamaging longitudinal-wave time-of-flight (LWToF) acoustic technique was used to determine the sound speed of 10 cm long sections of 2-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings. The measured sections were harvested and acoustic resonance used to determine the sound speed of the sections before and after the bark was removed and after the remaining xylem was dried. A linear relationship between the acoustic resonance sound speed of the dry xylem and the LWToF sound speed of the seedling stem was found (R 2 = 0.89). To demonstrate a potential application using the LWToF acoustic technique, it was used as a tool for investigating the effect of various applied stresses on wood properties of a clone of P. radiata. The LWToF sound speed measurements of phytohormone stressed stems were significantly lower than the control stems, indicating the negative impact on stiffness and shrinkage propensity imposed by this treatment.
Ultra-wideband communications: fundamentals and applications (2005)

The Easy-to-Understand, Up-to-the-Minute Guide to UWB Technologies, Applications, and MarketsUltra-wideband's exceptional capacity and power characteristics make it one of this generation's most exciting technologies. From wireless communications to entertainment, and from the automotive industry to homeland security, UWB is poised to revolutionize an extraordinary array of applications. Now, one of the field's leading experts presents the most accessible and up-to-date UWB guidebook ever written.Dr. Faranak Nekoogar explains UWB principles and technologies simply and clearly, addressing key issues such as pulse generation, modulation, multiple access techniques, and interference. In addition, she presents a complete market analysis--identifying the most promising applications, initial and future markets, and regulatory trends.Ultra-Wideband Communications: Fundamentals and Applications will be indispensable for everyone interested in UWB technology, regardless of their radio frequency experience: engineers, managers, marketers, analysts, purchasing agents, business strategists, journalists, and students alike.Inside you will find An introduction to UWB: history, background, advantages, and challenges How UWB compares to narrowband and spread-spectrum wideband systems Fundamentals of UWB short-pulse generation and propagation Competing single-band and multiband approaches UWB antenna concepts and their implications for systems and networks Popular modulation/demodulation schemes and multiple-access techniques Coexistence with today's WLAN, GPS, and cellular phone systems Current and evolving FCC and worldwide regulation of UWB technology In-depth coverage of UWB applications and markets, with adoption timelines and forecasts through 2010 A comprehensive, easy-to-understand glossary and extensive references for further reading
Square Root Iterated Kalman Filter for Bearing-Only SLAM (2018)

This paper presents an undelayed solution to the bearing-only simultaneous localization and mapping problem (SLAM). We employ a square-root iterated Kalman filter for nonlinear state estimation. The proposed technique incorporates a modified Kalman update that is equivalent to a variable-step iterative Gauss-Newton method, and is numerically stable because it maintains a square-root decomposition of the covariance matrix. Although many existing bearing only algorithms focus on proper initialization of landmark locations, our method allows for arbitrary initialization along the initial measurement ray without sacrificing map accuracy. This is desirable because we require only one filter and the state dimension of that filter need not include numerous temporary hypotheses. For this reason, the proposed algorithm is more computationally efficient than other methods. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in simulation and with experiments on mobile robots.