gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Railway disruption management challenges and possible solution directions (2017)

This paper investigates the challenges of railway traffic controllers in dealing with big disruptions and the kind of support tools that could help to improve their task in terms of performance, lead time and workload. The disruption handling process can be partitioned into three phases resembling a bathtub. For each phase the essential decision making process has been identified. Currently, the support to rail traffic controllers in case of severe disruptions is limited to predefined contingency plans that are not always feasible or applicable. In the literature, models and algorithms have been identified that could be used in the different parts of the three phases of the disruption handling process. This paper investigates the processes of disruption management in practice and the challenges that traffic controllers are facing during a disruption. The literature of models applicable to disruption management is reviewed and classified based on the three phases of the traffic state during disruptions. Finally, a rescheduling optimization model is applied to a case of complete blockage on a corridor of the Dutch railway network. The case study shows how a microscopic model could support the traffic controllers by providing real-time solutions for different phases of a disruption.
Structure and Crystallization of Alkaline-Earth Aluminosilicate Glasses: Prevention of the Alumina-Avoidance Principle (2018)

Aluminosilicate glasses are considered to follow the Al-avoidance principle, which states that Al-O-Al linkages are energetically less favorable, such that, if there is a possibility for Si-O-Al linkages to occur in a glass composition, Al-O-Al linkages are not formed. The current paper shows that breaching of the Al-avoidance principle is essential for understanding the distribution of network-forming AlO<sub>4</sub> and SiO<sub>4</sub> structural units in alkaline-earth aluminosilicate glasses. The present study proposes a new modified random network (NMRN) model, which accepts Al-O-Al linkages for aluminosilicate glasses. The NMRN model consists of two regions, a network structure region (NS-Region) composed of well-separated homonuclear and heteronuclear framework species and a channel region (C-Region) of nonbridging oxygens (NBOs) and nonframework cations. The NMRN model accounts for the structural changes and devitrification behavior of aluminosilicate glasses. A parent Ca- and Al-rich melilite-based CaO-MgO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub> (CMAS) glass composition was modified by substituting MgO for CaO and SiO<sub>2</sub> for Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to understand variations in the distribution of network-forming structural units in the NS-region and devitrification behavior upon heat treating. The structural features of the glass and glass-ceramics (GCs) were meticulously assessed by advanced characterization techniques including neutron diffraction (ND), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), <sup>29</sup>Si and <sup>27</sup>Al magic angle spinning (MAS)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and in situ Raman spectroscopy. ND revealed the formation of SiO<sub>4</sub> and AlO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedral units in all the glass compositions. Simulations of chemical glass compositions based on deconvolution of <sup>29</sup>Si MAS NMR spectral analysis indicate the preferred formation of Si-O-Al over Si-O-Si and Al-O-Al linkages and the presence of a high concentration of nonbridging oxygens leading to the formation of a separate NS-region containing both SiO<sub>4</sub> and AlO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedra (Si/Al) (heteronuclear) in addition to the presence of Al<sub>[4]</sub>-O-Al<sub>[4]</sub> bonds; this region coexists with a predominantly SiO<sub>4</sub>-containing (homonuclear) NS-region. In GCs, obtained after heat treatment at 850 °C for 250 h, the formation of crystalline phases, as revealed from Rietveld refinement of XRD data, may be understood on the basis of the distribution of SiO<sub>4</sub> and AlO<sub>4</sub> structural units in the NS-region. The in situ Raman spectra of the GCs confirmed the formation of a Si/Al structural region, as well as indicating interaction between the Al/Si region and SiO<sub>4</sub>-rich region at higher temperatures, leading to the formation of additional crystalline phases.
Anomalous branching of intrahepatic portal vein associated with anomalous position of round ligament: Report of a case. (1989)

肝円索位置異常を伴う肝内門脈分岐異常に,胆嚢位置異常,肝床位置異常および副肝を合併した1例を報告する.症例は66歳の女性で,急性胆嚢炎を疑い,手術を行なった.胆嚢は通常の位置に存在したが,肝床は胆嚢の左側にあるのみで,しかも,肝円索の両側に肝床を形成する肝床位置異常であった.術中超音波および門脈造影にて,肝円索位置異常を伴う肝内門脈分岐異常と判明し,左側胆嚢類似のいわゆる(見かけ上の)胆嚢位置異常であった.また,胆嚢体底部の肝側漿膜下に1.7×0.9cm大の副肝を認めた.本例における門脈分岐様式から,肝円索位置異常を伴う肝内門脈分岐異常は,右膀静脈の遺残と,卵黄静脈から門脈の形成される過程での発生異常が重なり生ずるものと考えられた.また,いわゆる左側胆嚢および類似の胆嚢位置異常は,肝円索位置異常と肝床位置異常の概念に基づく検討が必要と思われた.
572. Electron spin resonance studies of oxidation. Part I. Alcohols (1963)

W. T. Dixon and R. O. C. Norman, J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 3119 DOI: 10.1039/JR9630003119
The Design Platform for Domestic 90nm SOI Technology (2018)

В статье описывается конструкторско-технологическая платформа проектирования для технологии КНИ  нм, ее состав, включая комплект библиотек цифровых элементов и библиотеки интерфейсных элементов ввода-вывода; описан тестовый кристалл (ТК), изготовленный в рамках исследовательской работы; проанализированы результаты испытаний ТК и элементной базы
Fibroblasts in urothelial bladder cancer define stroma phenotypes that are associated with clinical outcome (2020)

Little attention was given to the interaction between tumor and stromal cells in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC). While recent studies point towards the existence of different fibroblast subsets, no comprehensive analyses linking different fibroblast markers to UBC patient survival have been performed so far. Through immunohistochemical analysis of five selected fibroblast markers, namely alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA), CD90/Thy-1, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha and -beta (PDGFRa,-b), this study investigates their association with survival and histopathological characteristics in a cohort of 344 UBC patients, involving both, muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive cases. The data indicates that combinations of stromal markers are more suited to identify prognostic patient subgroups than single marker analysis. Refined stroma-marker-based patient stratification was achieved through cluster analysis and identified a FAP-dominant patient cluster as independent marker for shorter 5-year-survival (HR(95% CI)2.25(1.08-4.67), p = 0.030). Analyses of interactions between fibroblast and CD8a-status identified a potential minority of cases with CD90-defined stroma and high CD8a infiltration showing a good prognosis of more than 80% 5-year-survival. Presented analyses point towards the existence of different stroma-cell subgroups with distinct tumor-modulatory properties and motivate further studies aiming to better understand the molecular tumor-stroma crosstalk in UBC.
10.6 Micron Parametric Frequency Converter (1975)

Abstract : This program addresses an approach which should lead to a new class of electro-optical devices such as single sideband modulators, tunable local oscillators, and frequency shifters, using the resonant interaction of optical and microwave fields in a gas whose energy level structure is controlled by an applied electric field (Stark effect). The molecule NH2D has an infrared absorption line which may be tuned into resonance with the P(20) 10.6 micrometer CO2 laser transition by application of an electric field. The authors exploited this interaction to frequency stabilize a gigahertz tunable waveguide CO2 laser, demonstrating precise control of the waveguide laser frequency over a bandwidth greater than 1 GHz, and solving one of the major problems in CO2 laser frequency control. The experience with these interactions in Stark tunable molecules has stimulated the concepts and ideas which are being implemented in this program.
An exceptionally simple and unexpected ‘one-pot’ synthesis of new 4,6-diazasemibullvalenes (1990)

An exceptionally simple and unexpected ‘one-pot’ synthesis of the hitherto unknown 4,6-diazasemibullvalene derivatives (5) is achieved by reaction of the chloro-2-aza-1,3-dienes (2) with tetracyanoethylene; the structure of one of the products (5) has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Observation of Highly Flexible Residues in Amyloid Fibrils of the HET-s Prion (2006)

We report the observation of undetected (until now) residues of the prion protein fragment HET-s(218-289) which give rise to well-resolved (13)C, (15)N, and (1)H NMR resonances under high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) conditions. The observed signals belong to large polymeric units as shown by measuring the lateral diffusion constants. The amino acids identified in the spectra are compatible with their localization in the segments of the protein which could not be detected in earlier solid-state NMR experiments. The observed chemical shifts indicate that these residues are in a random-coil conformation. Complementary experiments which detect only dynamic or static residues, respectively, strongly suggest that they belong to different parts of the same molecule.
A Provider Architecture for Differentiated Services and Traffic Engineering (PASTE) (1998)

This document describes the Provider Architecture for Differentiated Services and Traffic Engineering (PASTE) for Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Providing differentiated services in ISPs is a challenge because the scaling problems presented by the sheer number of flows present in large ISPs makes the cost of maintaining per-flow state unacceptable. Coupled with this, large ISPs need the ability to perform traffic engineering by directing aggregated flows of traffic along specific paths. PASTE addresses these issues by using Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) [1] and the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) This document assumes that the reader has at least some familiarity with both of these technologies.
Comparison of RANS, DES and DDES Results for ONERA M-6 Wing at Transonic Flow Speed Using an In-House Parallel Code (2011)

The very first thought that comes to the mind with the application area of the DES and DDES schemes is a massively separated flow with highly unsteady flowfield.However, for various complex three dimensional cases, there is no prior knowledge of the flowfield in the domain and it may have mild separation or no separation at all with a steady domain.This study is carried out to see that what will be the behaviour of the DES and DDES schemes in comparison with the URANS scheme if they are applied to a steady state case.An in-house mpi code DG-DES is used for the present study.Three different flux computational schemes named Roe, AUSM and HLLC schemes within DES formulation are compared to check the response for the flows without massive separation and unsteadiness.The cases are run in both single and double precision mode for DES formulation using Roe flux computational scheme to appreciate the accuracy of the solver.A good comparison of pressure distribution with the experimental data is obtained for all URANS, DES and DDES simulations.The pressure distribution results for DES scheme using single and double precision agree well with the experimental data.The pressure distribution predicted by DES using Roe, AUSM and HLLC schemes agree well with the experimental data.The computed values of Cl and Cd are also in close approximity to the other studies.The drag predicted by all DES and DDES simulations is lower than the URANS scheme.It indicates that the DES and DDES schemes generate lower dissipation due to switching to the LES mode and hence result in lower drag prediction as compared with the URANS solution.There is no anomaly observed in the flow due to the use of DES or DDES for steady flow case.
Geostatistical Scaling Laws Applied to Core and Log Data (1999)

Abstract Reconciling data from different scales is a longstanding problem in reservoir characterization. Data from core plugs, well logs of different types, and seismic data must all be accounted for in the construction of a geostatistical reservoir model. These data are at vastly different scales and it is inappropriate to ignore the scale difference when constructing a geostatistical model. Geostatistical scaling laws were devised in the 1960s and 1970s primarily in the mining industry where the concern was mineral grades in selective mining unit (SMU) blocks of different sizes. These principles can be extended to address problems of core, log and seismic data. The adoption of these classic volume-variance or scaling relationships presents some challenges. Some specific concerns are (1) the ill-defined volume of measurement, (2) uncertainty in the small-scale variogram structure, and (3) non-linear averaging of many responses including acoustic properties and permeability. We demonstrate the application of volume-variance relations for upscaling and downscaling techniques to integrate data of different scales. Practical concerns are addressed with data from a chalk reservoir in the Danish North Sea. A direct sequential simulation algorithm accounting for data at all scales is documented.
Visuo-spatial construction in patients with frontal and parietal lobe lesions (2011)

Visuospatial construction, traditionally viewed as a putative parietal function, also requires sustained attention, planning, organization strategies and error correction, and hence frontal lobe mediation. The relative contributions of the frontal and parietal lobes are poorly understood. To examine the contributions of parietal, frontal lobes, as well as right and left cerebral hemispheres to visuospatial construction. The Stick Construction Test for two-dimensional construction and the Block Construction Test for three-dimensional construction were administered pre-surgically to patients with lesions in the parietal lobe (n = 9) and the frontal lobe (n = 11), along with normal control subjects (n = 20) matched to the patients on age (+⁄- 3 years), gender, education (+⁄- 3 years) and handedness. The patients were significantly slower than the controls on both two-dimensional and three-dimensional tests. Patients with parietal lesions were slower than those with frontal lesions on the test of three-dimensional construction. Within each lobe patients with right and left sided lesions did not differ significantly. It appears that tests of three-dimensional construction might be most sensitive to visuospatial construction deficits. Visuospatial construction involves the mediation of both frontal and parietal lobes. The function does not appear to be lateralized. The networks arising from the parieto-occipital areas and projecting to the frontal cortices (e.g., occipito-frontal fasciculus) may be the basis of the mediation of both lobes in visuospatial construction. The present findings need replication from studies with larger sample sizes.
Bicaudal D1 impairs autophagosome maturation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2019)

Bicaudal D1 (BICD1), an adaptor for the dynein-dynactin motor complex, has been identified as a susceptibility gene in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Autophagy, an essential cellular homeostasis process, is defective in COPD, in which oxidative stress-induced misfolded proteins accumulate into toxic aggregates dependent on the accumulation of the autophagic cargo receptor p62. Defective autophagy can be caused by mutations in the dynein and dynactin motor complex suggesting a possible link between BICD1 and defective autophagy in COPD. BICD1 levels were measured in peripheral lung tissue from COPD patients together with markers of autophagy and found to be increased in COPD together with autophagosomes, p62 and p62 oligomers. In vitro exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs) revealed that high concentrations of CSE induced defective autophagosome maturation with accumulation of BICD1, p62 and ubiquitin-associated p62 oligomers. This was confirmed in vivo using CS-exposed mice. Furthermore, we identified that formation of CS-induced p62 oligomers required an interaction with Keap1. Overexpression and ablation of BICD1 confirmed that increased BICD1 negatively regulates autophagosome maturation inducing accumulation of p62 and p62 oligomers and that it can be reversed by cardiac glycosides. We conclude that defective autophagosome maturation in COPD is caused by oxidative stress-mediated BICD1 accumulation.
Editorial: Exploring Immune Variability in Susceptibility to Tuberculosis Infection in Humans (2022)

Editorial on the Research Topic - Exploring Immune Variability in Susceptibility to Tuberculosis Infection in Humans. No abstract available.
Viburnum dentatum L. (2005)

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/11108/thumbnail.jpg
Extrinsic Pathway Inhibitor – The Key to Feedback Control of Blood Coagulation Initiated by Tissue Thromboplastin (1991)

Extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) is a Kunitz type serine protease inhibitor. EPI is a potent inhibitor of the factor VIIa/thromboplastin (TP) complex in the presence of factor Xa and is also a direct inhibitor of factor Xa. The inhibitory mechanism is complex and is currently thought to involve, in a first step, the formation of a EPI-factor Xa complex, and, in a second step, the formation a quaternary EPI-factor Xa-factor VIIa-TP complex. In the blood vessels, EPI is confined to three different pools. A major pool of EPI is bound to the endothelial surface, and this fraction may be released by heparin. Plasma contains a second, but smaller pool of EPI (approximately 10-50% of the endothelial surface pool) at a concentration of 50-100 ng/ml. This pool consists mostly of EPI-lipoprotein complexes and only less than 10% is carrier-free EPI. A third pool of EPI is confined to platelets (less than 10% of the plasma pool). The biological role of these pools has not yet been clarified, but some evidence suggest that the carrier-free EPI is biologically most active. In patients, disseminated intravascular coagulation may continue despite normal or even elevated EPI levels. However, evidence has now been provided to indicate that EPI can inhibit factor VIIa/TP complexes formed in vivo to prevent the effect of limited amounts of TP. Taken together, the present knowledge of EPI indicates that EPI functions as a key inhibitor to feedback control of blood coagulation initiated by TP.
Supporting Deaf Students in Undergraduate Research Experiences: Perspectives of American Sign Language Interpreters (2020)

Deaf undergraduates are eager to engage in research but often feel marginalized due to lack of appropriate accommodations to allow for effective communication within heterogeneous research teams consisting of hearing peers and/or mentors. In this case study, we interviewed four American Sign Language (ASL) interpreters who provided full-time accommodations to teams consisting of one deaf student and two hearing peers during a six-week internship. We queried the interpreters on their role and experiences in supporting the research teams. Our findings indicate that the interpreters can be a valuable asset to heterogeneous teams by supporting both deaf and hearing individuals and advocating for the deaf student. That said, interpreters also had to overcome challenges unique to interpreting in the research environment, such as deciding when and how to interpret. The insights provided by the interpreters interviewed here are valuable as undergraduate research programs evaluate how to provide appropriate accommodations to deaf students engaged in research. In addition, they also highlight the need for research experience coordinators and mentors to consider supporting diverse teams in developing effective communication strategies and applying universal design for learning to the research environment.
Effect of Segmental Artery Ligation on the Blood Supply of the Thoracic Spinal Cord During Anterior Spinal Surgery: A Quantitative Histomorphological Fresh Cadaver Study (2005)

This study suggests that the more levels the ligation encompasses, the higher the risk of spinal cord damage. Therefore, caution should be taken when several segmental arteries are to be ligated in the clinical setting. What is more, bilateral ligation, which is worse than unilateral ligation, can lead to a significant decrease in the number and density of blood vessels of the spinal.
Simplified Interior Ballistics Analysis of a Hybrid Projectile Prototype (2012)

Structural analysis is a critical aspect in the successful design of tube launched projectiles, such as mortar rounds. Ongoing research conducted at West Virginia University has focused on a Hybrid Projectile (HP), folding-wing UAV design inspired by mortars. This has driven the necessity of a structural analysis of the prototype design to provide vital feedback to designers to ensure that the HP is likely to survive the act of launching. Due to the extreme accelerations during the launching phase, a typical mortar round experiences dramatic impulse loads for an extremely brief duration of time. Such loads are the result of the propellant combustion process. Thermodynamic-based interior ballistic computations have been formulated and were used to solve the dynamic equations of motion that govern the system. Modern ballistic programs solve these equations by modeling the combustion of the propellant. However, mathematical procedures for such analyses require complex models to attain accurate results. Consequently, the objective of this research was to create a ballistic program that could evaluate interior ballistics by using archived pressure-time data without having to simulate the propellant combustion. A program routine created for this purpose reduces the complexity of calculations to be performed and minimizes computational effort, while maintaining a reasonable degree of accuracy for the motion dynamics results (temporal position, velocity, acceleration of the projectile). Additionally, the program routine was used to produce a mathematical model describing the pressure as a function of time, which could be used as loading conditions for more advanced explicit-dynamic finite element simulations to evaluate the transient response and stress wave propagation of the prototype and individual payload components. Such simulations remove uncertainties related to the transient loads needed to assess the structural integrity of the projectile and its components.
Mining Brand Perceptions from Twitter Social Networks (2016)

Consumer perceptions are important components of brand equity and therefore marketing strategy. Segmenting these perceptions into attributes such as eco-friendliness, nutrition, and luxury enable a fine-grained understanding of the brand’s strengths and weaknesses. Traditional approaches towards monitoring such perceptions (e.g., surveys) are costly and time consuming, and their results may quickly become outdated. Extant data mining methods are unsuitable for this goal, and generally require extensive hand-annotated data or context customization, which leads to many of the same limitations as direct elicitation. Here, we investigate a novel, general, and fully automated method for inferring attribute-specific brand perception ratings by mining the brand’s social connections on Twitter. Using a set of over 200 brands and three perceptual attributes, we compare the method’s automatic ratings estimates with directly-elicited survey data, finding a consistently strong correlation. The approach provides a reliable, flexible, and scalable method for monitoring brand perceptions, and offers a foundation for future advances in understanding brand-consumer social media relationships. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2015.0968 .