gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen sulfide removal from retort off-gases using oil shale (1977)

Occidental Petroleum Corp. has developed a modified in situ retorting process for producing synthetic petroleum from oil shale. Large volumes of hydrocarbon containing gas are byproducts of the oil production. Hydrogen sulfide, a pollutant, is contained in the gas, and its presence is a characteristic common to both in situ, and aboveground retorting methods. A new H/sub 2/S removal technique which is particularly applicable to in situ methods has been developed. H/sub 2/S is reacted with oxygen in the presence of the burned out oil shale produced by retorting. The shale is an oxidation catalyst and is selective to H/sub 2/S in the presence of fuel gases at temperatures below about 300/sup 0/C. Oxidation products are sulfur and sulfur dioxide, in proportions which depend on temperature and O/sub 2/ concentrations. Catalyst activity is partially reduced by water, oxygen in excess of reaction requirements, and other retort offgas components. The environmental impact of the sulfur and SO/sub 2/ produced by the envisioned process using the technique is much less than that of the original H/sub 2/S, because these products are trapped underground through condensation or reaction and are not emitted in the offgas.
Extending the Nested Parallel Model to the Nested Dataflow Model with Provably Efficient Schedulers (2016)

The nested parallel (a.k.a. fork-join) model is widely used for writing parallel programs. However, the two composition constructs, i.e. "||" (parallel) and ";" (serial), that comprise the nested-parallel model are insufficient in expressing "partial dependencies" in a program. We propose a new dataflow composition construct "↝" to express partial dependencies in algorithms in a processor- and cache-oblivious way, thus extending the Nested Parallel (NP) model to the Nested Dataflow (ND) model. We redesign several divide-and-conquer algorithms ranging from dense linear algebra to dynamic-programming in the ND model and prove that they all have optimal span while retaining optimal cache complexity. We propose the design of runtime schedulers that map ND programs to multicore processors with multiple levels of possibly shared caches (i.e, Parallel Memory Hierarchies) and prove guarantees on their ability to balance nodes across processors and preserve locality. For this, we adapt space-bounded (SB) schedulers for the ND model. We show that our algorithms have increased "parallelizability" in the ND model, and that SB schedulers can use the extra parallelizability to achieve asymptotically optimal bounds on cache misses and running time on a greater number of processors than in the NP model. The running time for the algorithms in this paper is O((∑i=0h-1 Q*(t;σ⋅ Mi)⋅ Ci)/p) on a p-processor machine, where Q* is the parallel cache complexity of task t, Ci is the cost of cache miss at level-i cache which is of size Mi, and σ∈(0,1) is a constant.
Time‐optimal multidimensional gradient waveform design for rapid imaging (2003)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is limited in many cases by long scan times and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in gradient systems hardware allow very rapid imaging sequences, such as steady-state free precession (SSFP), which has repetition times (TRs) of 2-5 ms. The design of these rapid sequences demands time-optimal preparatory gradient waveforms to provide maximum readout duty-cycle, and preserve spatial resolution and SNR while keeping TRs low. Time-optimal gradient waveforms can be synthesized analytically for certain simple cases. However, certain problems, such as time-optimal 2D and 3D gradient design with moment constraints, either may not have a solution or must be solved numerically. We show that time-optimal gradient design is a convex-optimization problem, for which very efficient solution methods exist. These methods can be applied to solve gradient design problems for oblique gradient design, spiral imaging, and flow-encoding using either a constant slew rate or the more exact voltage-limited gradient models. Ultimately, these methods provide a time-optimal solution to many 2D and 3D gradient design problems in a sufficiently short time for interactive imaging.
Automation of residential load in power distribution systems with focus on demand response (2013)

This paper examines the automation of residential loads for participation in demand response (DR) within electric power distribution networks. The authors present a simple yet effective automation solution. It is custom hardware designed to observe the environment of as well as power utilisation within a residence, analyse the optimality of its load configuration, and physically activate or deactivate devices to achieve user‐defined objectives. Their prototype is constructed with commercially available technologies such as the digital microconrtoller, radio frequency wireless transceiver and solid‐state relay. It provides the utility customer an opportunity to reap the financial benefits associated with DR by allowing an independent system operator, or similar body, to exercise limited control over home appliances, heating and cooling units, as well as personal electronics. In this work, the authors emphasise the importance of solution effectiveness, as well as simplicity. The study focuses on research related to load automation and DR, not development of a commercial product.
Changes in Distribution of Isoflavones and β‐Glucosidase Activity During Soy Bread Proofing and Baking (2004)

ABSTRACT Bread made partially with soy may represent a viable alternative for increasing soy consumption in populations consuming Western diets. The potential health‐promoting activity of soy isoflavones may depend on their abundance and chemical form. The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in isoflavone distribution and β‐glucosidase activity during the soy breadmaking process. Soy bread ingredients were combined and mixed to form a dough that was subsequently proofed at 48°C for 1–4 hr and baked at 165°C for 50 min to produce breads. The isoflavone composition and β‐glucosidase activity in bread ingredients, doughs, and breads were monitored. Soy ingredients and wheat flour (not bread yeast) were the major contributors of the β‐glucosidase activity in bread. No degradation of isoflavones was observed during breadmaking but the isoflavone distribution was largely altered. Proofing and baking have important but different roles in changing the isoflavone distribution. Proofing converted isoflavone β‐glucosides to aglycones by highly specific β‐glucosidase activity. Thermal treatment during baking significantly decreased the isoflavone malonylglucosides and increased isoflavone β‐glucosides. Enzyme activity during proofing and the balance between formation and deconjugation of isoflavones during baking determine the isoflavone content and composition in the final product.
A Study on the Zener-Holloman Parameter and Fracture Toughness of an Nb-Particles-Toughened TiAl-Nb Alloy (2018)

Hot compressive deformation behaviors of a powder metallurgy Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.4W/2Nb (at. %) were investigated at strain rates from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1 and temperatures from 1050 °C to 1200 °C. The Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter can affect the hot deformation mechanism significantly. At a high Z condition, Nb particles played an important role in coordinating the deformation. At a low Z condition, deformation of Nb particles accompanied by dynamic recrystallization (DRX) can act as a dominant softening mechanism. The as-forged pancake exhibits a short rod-like particle-toughened equiaxed matrix. For notched three-point bending (3PB) tests, the fracture toughness of an Nb-particles-toughened high-Nb-containing duplex phase γ-TiAl alloy was hardly affected by the loading rate, presenting a peak fracture toughness of about 12.9 MPa·m1/2. The toughness of the present alloy can be improved by ductile Nb particles. A model based on the Griffith-Orowan-Irwin relation was constructed, which is quite accurate to predict the facture toughness of the present specimen using tensile properties.
Next generation of low global warming potential refrigerants: Thermodynamic properties molecular modeling (2017)

The recent global agreement signed in Kigali to limit the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as refrigerants, starting by 2019, has promoted an active area of research toward the development of low global warming potential (GWP) new refrigerants. Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) have been proposed as a low GWP alternative to third generation HFC refrigerants, but further work on fully characterizing them and their blends with other compounds is still required to fully assess their performance to replace the ones in current use. In this work, the polar and perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory coupled with the density gradient theory is used to predict the vapor–liquid equilibrium, isobaric heat capacity, speed of sound, and surface tension of selected HFC and HFO‐based commercial azeotropic blends as fourth generation low GWP refrigerants, seeking for a predictive tool for these properties. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 63: 250–262, 2018
Evaluation of Chlorine in Waste Plastic Behavior in CaCO3 Calcination Process (2014)

石灰石焼成炉用燃料として塩素含有粒状廃プラスチックを用いた場合の炉内での塩素挙動について，熱力学的検討，電気炉による試験および実機への吹き込み試験を行った。粒状廃プラスチック中の塩素は，熱力学的には製品である生石灰には含有されず，HClとして排ガスに排出される。電気炉によるCaO の塩素化- 脱塩素試験においては，900℃に比較して，600℃の方が塩素化，脱塩素反応が速い。これは，表面に生成したCaCl2 が900℃条件では溶融し，塩素化/ 脱塩素化反応を阻害したためと推定される。実機石灰石焼成炉での塩素含有粒状プラスチック吹込み試験において，粒状プラスチックの吹込み速度が速いほど，すなわち，炉内奥で粒状プラスチックを燃焼・塩化水素生成させることで，製品CaO への塩素転換率を低減できることを明らかとした。投入塩素は塩化水素として排出されず，微粒カルシウムに付着したダストとして系外に排出されるものと考えられる。
Essential oils against bacterial isolates from cystic fibrosis patients by means of antimicrobial and unsupervised machine learning approaches (2020)

Recurrent and chronic respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients result in progressive lung damage and represent the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the earliest bacteria in CF infants and children. Starting from early adolescence, patients become chronically infected with Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is the most relevant and recurring. Intensive use of antimicrobial drugs to fight lung infections inevitably leads to the onset of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. New antimicrobial compounds should be identified to overcome antibiotic resistance in these patients. Recently interesting data were reported in literature on the use of natural derived compounds that inhibited in vitro S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacterial growth. Essential oils, among these, seemed to be the most promising. In this work is reported an extensive study on 61 essential oils (EOs) against a panel of 40 clinical strains isolated from CF patients. To reduce the in vitro procedure and render the investigation as convergent as possible, machine learning clusterization algorithms were firstly applied to pick-up a fewer number of representative strains among the panel of 40. This approach allowed us to easily identify three EOs able to strongly inhibit bacterial growth of all bacterial strains. Interestingly, the EOs antibacterial activity is completely unrelated to the antibiotic resistance profile of each strain. Taking into account the results obtained, a clinical use of EOs could be suggested.
A role for Notch signaling in corneal wound healing (2010)

To identify the role of the Notch signaling pathway in corneal wound healing, rat corneas receiving either epithelial or stromal wounds were placed in organ culture for up to 3 and 14 days, respectively. Localization of Notch receptors--Notch1, Notch2, and their ligands--Delta1, Jagged1 was determined by immunofluorescence. Wounds were treated with a γ-secretase inhibitor to suppress Notch signaling or recombinant Jagged1 to enhance Notch signaling and morphological changes in the epithelium and stroma were recorded. The expressions of markers of cell proliferation (Ki67) and epithelial differentiation (cytokeratin 3) were assessed by immunohistology. Notch1 and Notch2 were localized to suprabasal epithelial cells in normal corneas. During corneal wound healing, both Notch receptors were detected in suprabasal and superficial epithelial layers. Delta1 and Jagged1 were observed throughout all corneal epithelial cell layers and occasional keratocytes of the stroma in normal and wounded corneas. γ-secretase inhibition of Notch resulted in increased epithelial cell layers, with recombinant Jagged1 activation of Notch leading to a reduction in epithelial cell layers during corneal wound healing. Correspondingly, the activation of Notch resulted in a decreased cytokeratin 3 expression in the corneal epithelium, with no effect on cellular expression of Ki67. Notch signaling pathway suppressed corneal epithelial differentiation during corneal wound healing, but had no effect on epithelial cell proliferation.
The Measurement of Crude Oil/Natural Gas/Water Flow Rates by Using Microwave Technique (1990)

ABSTRACT The individual flowrates of crude oil, natural gas and water three-phase mixture are measured separately by using a single phase flowmeter. The microwave technique is used to measure the water to oil and gas ratio. It can measure 0-100% water concentration in water/oil two-phase and oil/gas/water three-phase mixtures. This instrument is not temperature or salinity sensitive - a shortcoming of the capacitance and conductivity probes. The capacitance cross-correlation method is used to measure the overall flowrate of a three-phase fluid. A new cross-correlator is developed, cheaper than others. Its calculating time is much shorter than before. A bypass is used to separate the liquid from the three-phase mixture, and to measure the oil fraction in the remaining oil/water mixture. The natural gas fraction in three-phase fluid is measured from the main flow. The experiments have been done in the laboratory and field. The flowrate range measured is more extended than that of single phase flowmeters, such as a turbo-meter or orifice plate. The flowrate measuring error is less than 5%. This kind of three-phase flowmeter is suitableto many kinds of oil wells to measure the flowrates of crude oil, natural gas and water, including flows with high water to oil ratios or high gas and oil ratios. The flowmeter is compact and non-invasive. It keeps high accuracy during measuring, despite the presence of paraffins, tar and sand. Its low cost makes it possible to install a flowmeter in each oil-well .
Sensitivity to Reward Frequency in Boys With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (1999)

Compared the sensitivity of boys with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to differences in reward frequency. Fifteen boys with ADHD as diagnosed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) and a matched control group completed a signal-detection task in which correct identification of 1 stimulus was rewarded 3 times as often as correct identification of the other. Boys in the ADHD group completed the task twice, on and off medication. Group differences emerged in response bias toward the more frequently rewarded alternative. Boys in the control group showed a stable pattern of response bias, irrespective of which alternative they were last rewarded on. Boys in the ADHD group showed different patterns of response bias following rewards on the 2 alternatives. These results suggest children with ADHD were more sensitive to individual instances of reward compared with controls, whose response bias is governed more by their reinforcement history. Methylphenidate improved discriminability and reduced sensitivity to individual instances of reward in the boys with ADHD.
ChemInform Abstract: METHYLTHIOTRIMETHYLSILANE, A VERSATILE REAGENT FOR THIOKETALIZATION UNDER NEUTRAL CONDITIONS (1975)

Abstract Das Silan (Ia) reagiert z.B. mit den Carbonylverbindungen (II) spontan zu den Thioketalen (III).
A tyrosine kinase profile of prostate carcinoma. (1996)

Tyrosine kinases play central roles in the growth and differentiation of normal and tumor cells. In this study, we have analyzed the general tyrosine kinase expression profile of a prostate carcinoma (PCA) xenograft, CWR22. We describe here an improved reverse transcriptase-PCR approach that permits identification of nearly 40 different kinases in a single screening; several of these kinases are newly cloned kinases and some are novel. According to this, there are 11 receptor kinases, 9 nonreceptor kinases, and at least 7 dual kinases expressed in the xenograft tissue. The receptor kinases include erbB2, erbB3, Ret, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, sky, nyk, eph, htk, sek (eph), ddr, and tkt. The nonreceptor kinases are lck, yes, abl, arg, JakI, tyk2, and etk/bmx. Most of the dual kinases are in the mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinase-kinase (MKK) family, which includes MKK3, MKK4, MEK5, and a novel one. As a complementary approach, we also analyzed by specific reverse transcriptase-PCR primers the expression profile of erbB/epidermal growth factor receptor family receptors in a variety of PCA specimens, cell lines, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We found that erbB1, -2, and -3 are often coexpressed in prostate tissues, but not in erbB4. The information established here should provide a base line to study the possible growth and oncogenic signals of PCA.
A phylogenetically-restricted essential cell cycle progression factor in the human pathogen Candida albicans (2021)

Abstract Chromosomal instability in fungal pathogens caused by cell division errors is associated with antifungal drug resistance. To identify mechanisms underlying such instability and to uncover new potential antifungal targets, we conducted an overexpression screen monitoring chromosomal stability in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans . Analysis of ~1000 genes uncovered six chromosomal stability ( CSA ) genes, five of which are related to cell division genes in other organisms. The sixth gene, CSA6 , is selectively present in the CUG-Ser clade species that includes C. albicans and other human fungal pathogens. The protein encoded by CSA6 localizes to the spindle pole bodies, is required for exit from mitosis, and induces a checkpoint-dependent metaphase arrest upon overexpression. Together, Csa6 defines an essential CUG-Ser fungal clade-specific cell cycle progression factor, highlighting the existence of phylogenetically-restricted cell division genes which may serve as potential unique therapeutic targets.
Acid-Labile Polyvinylamine Micro- and Nanogel Capsules (2007)

Hollow nanoparticles represent an emerging area of development for the encapsulation of active ingredients. Expanding the capabilities of these nanomaterials will require continued efforts to infill properties such as size control, biodegradability, and environmental responsiveness. Acid-labile poly(N-vinylformamide) (PNVF) nanocapsules were synthesized by free radical polymerization of N-vinylformamide on the surface of silica nanoparticles. Polymerization in the presence of a novel crosslinker that contains an acid-labile ketal facilitated stable etching of silica nanoparticle templates using sodium hydroxide and recovery of degradable PNVF nanocapsules. The formamido side group of PNVF was then hydrolyzed by extended exposure to sodium hydroxide to produce polyvinylamine (PVAm) micro- and nanocapsules. Both capsule types demonstrated an increasing dissolution rate as pH decreased. In addition, PVAm nanocapsules exhibited swelling in proportion to the relative charge density of the PVAm network (a function of the degree of formamide hydrolysis and pH), presumably due to the repulsion of positively charged amino groups within the elastic shell network. The synthetic approaches reported provide methods to endow nanocapsules with key attributes such as size control, pH sensitive degradation, swelling in response to pH, and amine functionality.
Increased expression of sialyl Lewisx antigen correlates with poor survival in patients with colorectal carcinoma: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. (1993)

We have previously shown that sialyl Lewisx antigen (sLex) (NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAC-R) has an important functional role in defining the invasion and metastasis of human colorectal carcinoma. The results were derived from the clinical specimens obtained at surgery or experimental metastasis of human colon carcinoma variant expressing different levels of sLex in nude mice. In the present study, we immunohistochemically examined 132 human colorectal carcinomas for the expression of sLex to investigate whether this antigen expression could serve as a prognostic parameter. The tumors were divided into two groups: sLex positive and sLex negative. The incidence of sLex positive was correlated with the depth of tumor invasion, the presence of the lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, and the disease stage. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0026; P = 0.0002; P = 0.003; P = 0.0013; respectively). Based on the data on 114 patients who underwent curative resections, incidence of the disease recurrence was assessed. The sLex-positive patients had higher incidence of recurrence in distant organs, especially in the liver, than that of the sLex-negative patients. The 5-year disease free survival rates of sLex-positive and -negative patients were 57.7 and 89.1%, respectively (P = 0.0002). The difference of 5-year overall survival rates between the two were also significant (sLex positive, 58.3%; sLex negative, 93.0%: P < 0.0001). By Cox multivariate analysis, sLex expression levels remained the best discriminant of disease-free survival (P = 0.035) and overall survival (P = 0.0081). These results suggest that increased expression of sLex is correlated with the extent of malignancy and high incidence of recurrence and consequently with survival of colorectal carcinoma patients. Thus sLex may prove to be a potent marker of recurrence in colorectal carcinoma patients.
Reliability characterization of 32nm high-k metal gate SOI technology with embedded DRAM (2012)

The reliability characterization of a high performance 32nm SOI CMOS technology featuring gate first High-K Metal Gate and embedded High-K Metal Fill DRAM is presented. This technology features high performance 0.9V thin dielectric devices and 1.5V thick dielectric I/O devices. Included are results of Hot Carrier, Bias Temperature, Planar and Trench Node TDDB, Gate to Contact, silicon eFUSE, SER, SRAM and Logic circuit reliability evaluations.
MenuOptimizer (2013)

Menu systems are challenging to design because design spaces are immense, and several human factors affect user behavior. This paper contributes to the design of menus with the goal of interactively assisting designers with an optimizer in the loop. To reach this goal, 1) we extend a predictive model of user performance to account for expectations as to item groupings; 2) we adapt an ant colony optimizer that has been proven efficient for this class of problems; and 3) we present MenuOptimizer, a set of inter-actions integrated into a real interface design tool (QtDesigner). MenuOptimizer supports designers' abilities to cope with uncertainty and recognize good solutions. It allows designers to delegate combinatorial problems to the optimizer, which should solve them quickly enough without disrupting the design process. We show evidence that satisfactory menu designs can be produced for complex problems in minutes.