gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and structure-activity relationships of some 6.ALPHA.-substituted penicillins. (1985)

The influence on the antibacterial activity of introducing a 6 alpha-methoxy group into carbenicillin, and various 6 alpha-substituents into sulbenicillin and piperacillin was examined. Further variations of the side chain aryl group were examined in the 6 alpha-methoxy substituted series. This led to the identification of disodium 6 beta-(D,L-2-carboxy-2-thien-3-ylacetamido)-6 alpha-methoxypenicillanate (5b) as a beta-lactamase stable derivative with useful activity against Enterobacteriaceae, and disodium 6 beta-[D-2-(4-aminophenyl)-2-sulfoacetamido]-6 alpha-methoxypenicillanate (6e) with slightly lower activity against the Enterobacteriaceae but more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
How Many Millennials Visit YouTube? Estimating Unobserved Events From Incomplete Panel Data Conditioned on Demographic Covariates (2015)

Many socio-economic studies rely on panel data as they also provide detailed demographic information about consumers. For example, advertisers use TV and web metering panels to estimate ads effectiveness in selected target demographics. However, panels often record only a fraction of all events due to non-registered devices, technical problems, or work usage. Goerg et al. (4) present a beta-binomial negative-binomial hurdle (BBNBH) model to impute missing events in count data with excess zeros. In this work, we study empirical properties of the MLE for the BBNBH model, extend it to categorical covariates, introduce a penalized maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) to get accurate estimates by demographic group, and apply the methodology to a German media panel to learn about demographic patterns in the YouTube viewership.
Competitive AMPA receptor antagonists (2006)

Glutamic acid (Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) where it is involved in the physiological regulation of different processes. It has been well established that excessive endogenous Glu is associated with many acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as cerebral ischaemia, epilepsy, amiotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. These data have consequently added great impetus to the research in this field. In fact, many Glu receptor antagonists acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA), and/or kainic acid (KA) receptors have been developed as research tools and potential therapeutic agents. Ligands showing competitive antagonistic action at the AMPA type of Glu receptors were first reported in 1988, and the systemically active 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX) was first shown to have useful therapeutic effects in animal models of neurological disease in 1990. Since then, the quinoxaline template has represented the backbone of various competitive AMPA receptor antagonists belonging to different classes which had been developed in order to increase potency, selectivity and water solubility, but also to prolong the "in vivo" action. Compounds that present better pharmacokinetic properties and less serious adverse effects with respect to the others previously developed are undergoing clinical evaluation. In the near future, the most important clinical application for the AMPA receptor antagonists will probably be as neuroprotectant in neurodegenerative diseases, such as epilepsy, for the treatment of patients not responding to current therapies. The present review reports the history of competitive AMPA receptor antagonists from 1988 up to today, providing a systematic coverage of both the open and patent literature.
Effect of CD28 Signal Transduction on c-Rel in Human Peripheral Blood T Cells (1994)

Optimal T-cell activation requires both an antigen-specific signal delivered through the T-cell receptor and a costimulatory signal which can be delivered through the CD28 molecule. CD28 costimulation induces the expression of multiple lymphokines, including interleukin 2 (IL-2). Because the c-Rel transcription factor bound to and activated the CD28 response element within the IL-2 promoter, we focused our study on the mechanism of CD28-mediated regulation of c-Rel in human peripheral blood T cells. We showed that CD28 costimulation accelerated the kinetics of nuclear translocation of c-Rel (and its phosphorylated form), p50 (NFKB1), and p65 (RelA). The enhanced nuclear translocation of c-Rel correlated with the stimulation of Il-2 production and T-cell proliferation by several distinct anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies. This is explained at least in part by the long-term downregulation of I kappa B alpha following CD28 signalling as opposed to phorbol myristate acetate alone. Furthermore, we showed that the c-Rel-containing CD28-responsive complex is enhanced by, but not specific to, CD28 costimulation. Our results indicate that c-Rel is one of the transcription factors targeted by CD28 signalling.
Wash-in/wash-out phase xenon-enhanced area-detector CT (ADCT): utility for regional ventilation, pulmonary functional loss and clinical stage evaluations of smokers (2019)

Background Xenon (Xe)-enhanced area-detector computed tomography (ADCT) can visualize regional distribution of Xe within the lungs and demonstrate regional ventilation differences in smokers and patients with pulmonary diseases. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of wash-in and wash-out (WI/WO) phase Xe-enhanced ADCT for detecting regional ventilation differences based on underlying lung conditions, pulmonary functional loss evaluation, and clinical stage prediction for smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Material and Methods The pulmonary function test as well as inspiratory/expiratory unenhanced and WI/WO phase Xe-enhanced ADCT were prospectively administered to a group of 40 smokers consisting of 25 men (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] = 65.1 ± 9.5 years) and 15 women (65.2 ± 9.4 years), after which WI, WO, WI/WO ratio, and ventilation ratio as well as parametric response maps were generated. All Xe-enhanced ADCT indexes and pulmonary function test results were subjected to step-wise regression analyses. Finally, discrimination analysis was performed to determine the concordance capability for clinical stage classification of smokers. Results %VC was significantly affected by the WI index ( P &lt; 0.0001), while FEV1/FVC% and %FEV1 were significantly affected by the ventilation ratio ( P &lt; 0.0001). Accuracy of the WI index combined with the ventilation ratio was significantly higher than that of the WI index ( P = 0.008), WI/WO ratio ( P = 0.02), and WI index combined with the WI/WO ratio ( P = 0.02). Conclusion WI/WO phase Xe-enhanced ADCT is useful for assessing smoking-related regional ventilation change and pulmonary functional loss, as well as evaluating the severity of smokers’ diseases.
Electrical and Optical Properties of a Single (2009)

In this paper we present the methods to chemically synthesize the Sb 2 Se 3 nanorods and study the electrical and optical properties of a single Sb 2 Se 3 nanorod with an average size of 70 nm in diameter and a length of about 1 mm to 2 mm. The techniques we devised can immobilize and allocate a single nano-object on an electron beam (E-beam) patterned smart substrate. It can also overcome the limita- tion of the spatial resolution of conventional optical techniques (~ 1 mm) to obtain optical spectroscopy in an individual nano-object less than 100 nm in size. We also demonstrate the techniques in using E-beam defined metallic coordination markers as electrodes to measure the conductance of a single Sb 2 Se 3 nanorod.
Semantic Communication of Learnable Concepts (2023)

We consider the problem of communicating a sequence of concepts, i.e., unknown and potentially stochastic maps, which can be observed only through examples, i.e., the mapping rules are unknown. The transmitter applies a learning algorithm to the available examples, and extracts knowledge from the data by optimizing a probability distribution over a set of models, i.e., known functions, which can better describe the observed data, and so potentially the underlying concepts. The transmitter then needs to communicate the learned models to a remote receiver through a rate-limited channel, to allow the receiver to decode the models that can describe the underlying sampled concepts as accurately as possible in their semantic space. After motivating our analysis, we propose the formal problem of communicating concepts, and provide its rate-distortion characterization, pointing out its connection with the concepts of empirical and strong coordination in a network. We also provide a bound for the distortion-rate function.
Metals Recovery from Artificial Ore in Case of Printed Circuit Boards, Using Plasmatron Plasma Reactor (2016)

Abstract: This paper presents the investigation of metals production form artiﬁcial ore, whichconsists of printed circuit board (PCB) waste, processed in plasmatron plasma reactor. A testsetup was designed and built that enabled research of plasma processing of PCB waste of morethan 700 kg/day scale. The designed plasma process is presented and discussed. The process intests consumed 2 kWh/kg of processed waste. Investigation of the process products is presentedwith their elemental analyses of metals and slag. The average recovery of metals in presentedexperiments is 76%. Metals recovered include: Ag, Au, Pd, Cu, Sn, Pb, and others. The chosenprocess parameters are presented: energy consumption, throughput, process temperatures, and airconsumption. Presented technology allows processing of variable and hard-to-process printed circuitboard waste that can reach up to 100% of the input mass. Keywords: metals recovery; artiﬁcial ore; waste treatment; printed circuit boards; plasma technology;plasmatron; recycling
Engineering Dispersive Properties of Polymer-Based Photonic Crystals (2006)

We present practical lattice configurations and devices built from low-index polymers and detail our work in fabricating these devices. These techniques allow for the creation of a variety of novel PhCs for new applications areas.
OPC model calibration considerations for data variance (2008)

OPC models have been improving their accuracy over the years by modeling more error sources in the lithographic systems, but model calibration techniques are improving at a slower pace. One area of modeling calibration that has garnered little interest is the statistical variance of the calibration data set. OPC models are very susceptible to parameter divergence with statistical variance, but modest caution is given to the data variance once the calibration sequence has started. Not only should the calibration data be a good representation of the design intent, but measure redundancy is required to take into consideration the process and metrology variance. Considering it takes five to nine redundant measurements to generate a good statistical distribution for averaging and it takes tens of thousands of measurements to mimic the design intent, the data volume requirements become overwhelming. Typically, the data redundancy is reduced due to this data explosion, so some level of variance will creep into the model-tuning process. This is a feasibility study for treatment of data variance during model calibration. This approach was developed to improve the model fitness for primary out-of-specification features present in the calibration test pattern by performing small manipulations of the measured data combined with data weighting during the model calibration process. This data manipulation is executed in image-parameter groups (Imin, Imax, slope and curvature) to control model convergence. These critical-CD perturbations are typically fractions of nanometers, which is consistent with the residual variance of the statically valid data set. With this datamanipulation approach the critical features are pulled into specification without diverging other feature types. This paper will detail this model calibration technique and the use of imaging parameters and weights to converge the model for key feature types. It will also demonstrate its effectiveness on realistic applications.
Soft-lithography fabrication of microfluidic features using thiol-ene formulations (2011)

In this work, a novel thiol-ene based photopolymerizable resin formulation was shown to exhibit highly desirable characteristics, such as low cure time and the ability to overcome oxygen inhibition, for the photolithographic fabrication of microfluidic devices. The feature fidelity, as well as various aspects of the feature shape and quality, were assessed as functions of various resin attributes, particularly the exposure conditions, initiator concentration and inhibitor to initiator ratio. An optical technique was utilized to evaluate the feature fidelity as well as the feature shape and quality. These results were used to optimize the thiol-ene resin formulation to produce high fidelity, high aspect ratio features without significant reductions in feature quality. For structures with aspect ratios below 2, little difference (<3%) in feature quality was observed between thiol-ene and acrylate based formulations. However, at higher aspect ratios, the thiol-ene resin exhibited significantly improved feature quality. At an aspect ratio of 8, raised feature quality for the thiol-ene resin was dramatically better than that achieved by using the acrylate resin. The use of the thiol-ene based resin enabled fabrication of a pinched-flow microfluidic device that has complex channel geometry, small (50 μm) channel dimensions, and high aspect ratio (14) features.
CLAY MINERALOGY OF ALLUVIAL SOILS AND GREY DEGRADED SOILS DERIVED FROM THE SAME RIVER SEDIMENT IN THE RED RIVER DELTA, NORTHERN VIETNAM (2006)

Five samples of alluvial soils and 3 samples of grey degraded soils, both derived from the sediments of the Thaibinh River system in the Red River Delta, northern Vietnam, were subjected to clay mineralogical analysis in addition to measurement of pH, organic matter content and particle-size distribution. The pH was comparable between the two soil types. In contrast, the organic matter and clay contents were remarkably lower for grey degraded soils than for alluvial soils. Predominant clay minerals in both soil types were mica and kaolinite; the mica content was higher for alluvial soils while the kaolinite content was higher for grey degraded soils. Chlorite-vermiculite intergrade was detected only in grey degraded soils, whereas vermiculite was present in alluvial soils instead. Absence of goethite in grey degraded soils might be a cause of their grey color. A sign of degradation on the amount (clay content) and type (clay mineralogical composition) of clay minerals was indicated in grey degraded soils in the Red River Delta, leading to decrease in the organic matter content and then to decline in the soil fertility.
A time to think: Circadian rhythms in human cognition (2007)

Although peaks and troughs in cognitive performance characterize our daily functioning, time-of-day fluctuations remain marginally considered in the domain of cognitive psychology and neuropsychology. Here, we attempt to summarize studies looking at the effects of sleep pressure, circadian variations, and chronotype on cognitive functioning in healthy subjects. The picture that emerges from this assessment is that beyond physiological variables, time-of-day modulations affect performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks measuring attentional capacities, executive functioning, and memory. These performance fluctuations are also contingent upon the chronotype, which reflects interindividual differences in circadian preference, and particularly upon the synchronicity between the individuals' peak periods of circadian arousal and the time of the day at which testing occurs. In themselves, these conclusions should direct both the clinician's and the researcher's attention towards the utmost importance to account for time-of-day parameters when assessing cognitive performance in patients and healthy volunteers.
The Reaction between Triarylmethyl Halides and Phenylmagnesium Bromide. III. 9-Phenylxanthyl Chloride1 (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction between Triarylmethyl Halides and Phenylmagnesium Bromide. III. 9-Phenylxanthyl Chloride1C. S. Schoepfle and J. H. TruesdailCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1937, 59, 2, 372–377Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01281a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01281a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Function and distribution of circulating human PCSK9 expressed extrahepatically in transgenic mice (2008)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is predominantly expressed in liver and regulates cholesterol metabolism by down regulating liver LDL receptor (LDLR) proteins. Here we report transgenic overexpression of human PCSK9 in kidney increased plasma levels of PCSK9 and subsequently led to a dramatic reduction in liver LDLR proteins. The regulation of LDLR by PCSK9 displayed tissue specificity, with liver being the most responsive tissue. Even though the PCSK9 transgene was highly expressed in kidney, LDLR proteins were suppressed to a lower extent in this tissue than in liver. Adrenal LDLR proteins were not regulated by elevated plasma PCSK9. hPCSK9 transgene expression and subsequent reduction of liver LDLR led to increases in plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and ApoB, which were further increased by a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. We also observed that the size distribution of hPCSK9 in transgenic mouse plasma was heterogeneous. In chow-fed mice, the majority of PCSK9 proteins were in free forms; however, feeding a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet resulted in a shift of hPCSK9 distribution toward larger complexes. PCSK9 distribution in human plasma also exhibited heterogeneity and individual variability in the percentage of PCSK9 in free form and in large complexes. We provide strong evidence to support that human PCSK9 proteins secreted from extrahepatic tissue are able to promote LDLR degradation in liver and increase plasma LDL. Our data also suggest that LDLR protein regulation by PCSK9 has tissue specificity, with liver being the most responsive tissue.
Critical Care Nutrition: Where's the Evidence? (2017)

The surgical critically ill patient is subject to a variable and complex metabolic response, which has detrimental effects on immunity, wound healing, and preservation of lean body muscle. The concept of nutrition support has evolved into nutrition therapy, whereby the primary objectives are to prevent oxidative cell injury, modulate the immune response, and attenuate the metabolic response. This review outlines the metabolic response to critical illness, describes nutritional risk; reviews the evidence for the role, dose, and timing of enteral and parenteral nutrition, and reviews the evidence for immunonutrition in the surgical intensive care unit.
Mécanismes d’action des thiazolidinediones (2001)

Ces medicaments sont des ligands agonistes du facteur de transcription PPARgamma abondant dans le tissu adipeux et present en tres petites quantites au niveau du foie et du muscle. \rLes souris A-ZIP/F-1 ont un diabete lipoatrophique : absence de tissu adipeux, insulinoresistance majeure, hyperglycemie, hyperlipidemie et steatose hepatique. Ni rosiglitazone, ni troglitazone ne sont capables de reduire la glycemie. Il y a quand meme diminution des triglycerides circulantes et augmentation de l'oxydation des acides gras. La rosiglitazone augmente le contenu hepatique en triglycerides des souris A-ZIP/F-1 et des souris ob/ob. En revanche, si les souris A-ZIP/F-1 recoivent une transplantation de tissu adipeux, la rosiglitazone ne change plus le contenu hepatique en triglycerides.Ainsi les effets anti-diabetiques des glitazones necessitent la presence du tissu adipeux.Ces donnees experimentales doivent etre gardees en memoire lorsqu'on utilisera plus largement les glitazones dans le traitement du diabete chez l'homme.Chao L. et al. 2000. Adipose tissue is required for the antidiabetic, but not for the hypolipidemic, effect of thiazolidinediones. J Clin Invest 106 : 1221-1228.
Quantum Density Matrix Theory for a Laser Without Adiabatic Elimination of the Population Inversion: Transition to Lasing in the Class‐B Limit (2022)

Abstract Despite the enormous technological interest in micro and nanolasers, surprisingly, no class‐B quantum density‐matrix model is available to date, capable of accurately describing coherence and photon correlations within a unified theory. In class‐B lasers—applicable for most solid‐state lasers at room temperature—, the macroscopic polarization decay rate is larger than the cavity damping rate which, in turn, exceeds the upper level population decay rate. Here, a density‐matrix theoretical approach for generic class‐B lasers is carried out, and closed equations are provided for the photonic and atomic reduced density matrix in the Fock basis of photons. Such a relatively simple model can be numerically integrated in a straightforward way, and exhibits all the expected phenomena, from one‐atom photon antibunching, to the well‐known S‐shaped input–output laser emission and super‐Poissonian autocorrelation for many atoms (), and from few photons (large spontaneous emission factors, ) to the thermodynamic limit ( and ). Based on the analysis of , it is concluded that super‐Poissonian fluctuations are clearly related to relaxation oscillations in the photon number. A strong damping of relaxation oscillations with an atom number as small as is predicted. This model enables the study of few‐photon bifurcations and nonclassical photon correlations in class‐B laser devices, also leveraging quantum descriptions of coherently coupled nanolaser arrays.
Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition for Superior Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Strategies, Performance, and Mechanisms (2018)

Abstract The front cover artwork is provided by Meng's Nano &amp; Energy Group at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. The image shows that atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) are two new research techniques enabling to address existing issues in Li‐S batteries for high‐energy storage used for future transportation and smart grids. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/batt.201800024 .