gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hashing, searching, sketching (2006)

The Information Age has enabled the search for information in ways never imagined before. The simplest search function may be an exact search where the input query is expected to exactly match the search object. But some search criteria are fuzzy---for instance image search, news search, and similar document search---making the search problem much harder. One common approach is to convert such a search object into a mathematical representation such as a point (vector) in a high dimensional space. The search for a similar object then becomes a nearest neighbor search in a high dimensional space. 
Hashing is a simple and effective method for exact search that uses a random hash function to map items into buckets, often viewed as throwing balls into bins. A variant of hashing called locality-sensitive hashing that tends to map similar objects to the same hash bucket, can be used to perform nearest neighbor search. A related notion is sketching that is used to transform a large complex object into a small sketch---often a tiny bitmap---so that similarity between the sketches can be used to estimate the similarity between the original objects. 
In this thesis we study algorithms for different kinds of search using hashing and sketching, and some fundamental limits of what can be realized using some of these approaches. For exact search, we will see how variants of balls-and-bins processes can be used to derive space efficient methods for maintaining hash tables. For similarity search, we will see a variant of locality-sensitive hashing that uses linear space and how the underlying ideas can be used in the kd-tree data structure for improved performance. We will also probe the fundamental limits of some of these approaches by showing lower bounds on their performance.
Analysis on the issues of medical postgraduate education and countermeasures from the employment point of view (2012)

The phenomenon of job-hunting difficulties among medical graduates caused widespread concern in society.Furthermore,the post-graduate student groups also face more severe employment situation recently.In this paper,the author analyzes the possible reasons behind the phenomenon including the irrational structure of medical education,obsolete educational philosophy,the research only training mode and so on.The author also raises the corresponding countermeasures in the end,such as enrich the training program,simplify the educational levels,and reinforce the quality education.

Key words: 
Medical students; Employment; Graduate education; Problems; Countermeasures
HISOLD 4P Q&#x00026;R, COST project for solder material innovations and solder joint properties assessment (2009)

The solder joints properties are in connection with their microstructure, which is the result of the soldering process temperature gradient action over the trinomial solder alloy/paste, electronic components terminals/pin and PCBs pads characteristics (4P soldering model). The temperature gradient was determinated by the specific thermal profile of the soldering process. As part of COST Action MP0602, Working Group 2 (The properties of solder joints), the HISOLD 4P-Q&R group project investigated, into integrated approach, the properties of solder joints realized by different paste-pad-pin-process reflow soldering formulas, with focus on innovative lead-free solder alloys, including composite type with nanoparticles content. The 4P soldering model concept and the project proposed investigations are based on numerous experiments and macro/microstructural analyzes including optical and X-ray inspections, surface acoustic microscopy (SAM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nanoindentation and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), before and after electrical, mechanical and climatic tests. Proposals for solder joints functionality standard test methods, test vehicles and data bases was elaborated as result of environmental stress studies, thermodynamical, rheological and macro/microstructural solder joints analyses, based on IPC references. A standard SAC solder alloy and the reflow soldering process was used as reference. As a consequence, the DFM concept can be improved with practical manufacturing requirements.
Reduktion kondensierter Arene mit BH‐Boranen, I Reaktionen von Naphthalin, Anthracen und Phenanthren mit Tetraalkyldiboranen (6) (1989)

Abstract Kondensierte Arene wie Naphthalin (N3), Acenaphthen, Anthracen (A3), Naphthacen, Benz[ a ]anthracen und 3,4‐Benzphenanthren reagieren mit Organodiboranen(6) [Tetraethyldiboran(6) (TEDB), Tetrapropyldiboran(6) (TPDB)] bei T ≥ 130°C ohne Gasabspaltung irreversibel zu borylierten Hydroarenen und deren funktionellen Derivaten. Die ‐Boran‐Reaktion der Arene mit TPDB wird analytisch verfolgt. Aus N3 erhält man mit TPDB oder TEDB ein Gemisch borylierter C 10 ‐Verbindungen, aus dem sich nach Oxidation/ O ‐Acetylierung 1‐ und 2‐Acetoxytetralin (N4, N5) sowie wenig Tetralin (N1) isolieren lassen. A3 reagiert zu Tetrahydroanthracen (A1), 1‐ und 2‐Acetoxytetrahydroanthracen (A4, A6) sowie zu den stereoeinheitlichen, charakterisierten 1,4‐ und 1,3‐Diacetoxytetrahydroanthracenen (A10, A13). Nach 64 h werden aus A3 mit TPDB bei T ≥ 140°C ein regioeinheitliches Acetoxyhexahydroanthracen (A5) sowie 6 isomere Diacetoxyoctahydroanthracene (A7–A9, A11, A14) erhalten. N4, N5 sowie A4, A6–A9, A11, A12 und A14 bilden sich (Deuterierungsexperimente) durch Hydroborierung der Arene und nachfolgende Hydrodeborierung. Nebenprodukte sind Organo‐polyborane und/oder ‐carborane unbekannter Struktur. Das bei 130°C gegenüber ‐Boranen reduktionsstabil erscheinende Phenanthren (PH) wird von [D 2 ]TEDB bei 150°C unter Deuterioborierung/Dehydroborierung langsam in die deuterierten Verbindungen [9‐D 1 ]PH und [9,10‐D 2 ]PH umgewandelt.
Kinematic analysis of a Stewart platform manipulator (1993)

The Stewart platform manipulator is a fully parallel kinematic linkage system that has major mechanical differences from typical serial link robots. Its closed kinematic chain and parallel linkage structure give it greatly rigidity and a high force-to-weight ratio. However, due to the lack of efficient algorithms for solving the kinematic equations, its potential application as a robotic manipulator is difficult to realize. A simplified algorithm for solving the forward kinematics of a six-link, six-degrees-of-freedom Stewart platform is proposed. The algorithm involves solving only three nonlinear simultaneous equations. Explicit expressions for some special configurations that can directly give the geometric limitations to motion (such as the highest position, lowest position, most titled position, most twisted position, etc.) in terms of the geometric dimensions of the platforms and the legs are derived. This information is being used to direct the design of an actual Stewart platform.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Biomechanical Analysis of Multilevel Fixation Methods in the Lumbar Spine (1997)

Our data demonstrate the effectiveness of threaded interbody fusion device and the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital-B screw in immobilizing the L3-L4 and L4-L5 disc spaces. Rigidity of fixation in the lumbar spine may aid in the maintenance of lordosis.
The resistively-loaded v-antenna. current distribution, impedance, and terminal-zone correction radiation field scientific report no. 3 (1964)

The apparatus used to measure the distribution of current along a V-antenna that is resistively loaded about a quarter wavelength from the end is described.the arms of the V a r e shown graphically for antennas with arm lengths h = and h = 2X.In each case a resonant upper section about h/4 in length is connected to the main antenna by means of a resistor R. R near 120 (In 2h/a -1) ohms the current on the main section is essentially a traveling wave with nearly constant amplitude and uniformly increasing phase.This distribution is affected only slightly by changes in the angle between the arms of the V.It is changed if R is varied significantly from the above mentioned value.The measured distributions of current for several angles Q between It is shown that with
Kinetics of inactivation of the F1F0 ATPase of Propionigenium modestum by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in relationship to hydrogen ion and sodium concentration: Probing the binding site for the coupling ions (1993)

Purified F1Fo ATPase of Propionigenium modestum was rapidly inactivated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) with k2 = 1.2 x 10(5) M-1 min-1 at pH 5.6 and 0 degree C. Na+ ions provided specific protection from the modification by DCCD while protons stimulated the reaction. Plots of pseudo-first-order rate constants of inactivation (kobs) against pH yielded titration curves with pK(H+) = 7.0 in the absence of Na+ and pK(H+) = 6.2 in the presence of 0.5 mM Na+. From the dependencies of kobs on Na+, pK(Na+) of about 2.5 and 3.3 were obtained at pH 6.5 and 8.0, respectively. These results indicate that DCCD reacts with a protonated group of the enzyme that dissociates with pK(H+) = 7.0 in the absence of Na+, and that Na+ ions promote the dissociation of this group. Additionally, higher Na+ concentrations were required at more acidic pH values to yield half-maximal protection from inactivation. These effects fit a competitive binding model for Na+ or H+ at the DCCD-reactive conserved acidic amino acid of subunit c (Glu-65). The active-site carboxylate could either be protonated and modified by DCCD or bind Na+ which then provides protection. Complementary results were obtained from the effects of Na+ and H+ on ATPase activity. The pH-rate profile of numax (with saturating Na+) indicated an increase of activity with apparent pK = 6.8, an optimum around pH 7.5, and decreasing activity with apparent pK = 8.7.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Supplementary Methods, Table 1, Figures 1-8 from Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1–Triggered Activation of Tumor Progression Locus-2 Promotes Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization and Cell Migration (2023)

Supplementary Methods, Table 1, Figures 1-8 from Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1–Triggered Activation of Tumor Progression Locus-2 Promotes Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization and Cell Migration
THE PERITONEUM AS A NOVEL OXYGENATION ORGAN (2008)

Supplemental oxygenation is important in reversible pulmonary failure. To determine whether the peritoneal cavity can be used as a source of "extrapulmonary respiration," we perfused the peritoneal cavity with oxygenated red blood cells (RBCs) and saline, and measured the amount of oxygenation delivered through the peritoneum of dogs under controlled ventilation. Inflow and outflow catheters were placed in the peritoneal cavity and connected to a perfusion circuit. We investigated the safety of this procedure by examining the relationship between intraperitoneal infusion volume and hemodynamic changes in dogs that underwent peritoneal perfusion with oxygenated RBC (n = 6) and with oxygenated saline (n = 6). The controls comprised dogs that underwent a sham operation (n = 6). We found that an intraperitoneal infusion of less than 1,250 mL was hemodynamically safe. Oxygenation levels (PaO2) increased most obviously with an intraperitoneal infusion of oxygenated RBC. The peritoneum can potentially serve as an "artificial lung" in critically ill patients.
Sybil-Resistant Mixing for Bitcoin (2014)

A fundamental limitation of Bitcoin and its variants is that the movement of coin between addresses can be observed by examining the public block chain. This record enables adversaries to link addresses to individuals, and to identify multiple addresses as belonging to a single participant. Users can try to hide this information by mixing, where a participant exchanges the funds in an address coin-for-coin with another participant and address. In this paper, we describe the weaknesses of extant mixing protocols, and analyze their vulnerability to Sybil-based denial-of-service and inference attacks. As a solution, we propose Xim, a two-party mixing protocol that is compatible with Bitcoin and related virtual currencies. It is the first decentralized protocol to simultaneously address Sybil attackers, denial-of-service attacks, and timing-based inference attacks. Xim is a multi-round protocol with tunably high success rates. It includes a decentralized system for anonymously finding mix partners based on ads placed in the block chain. No outside party can confirm or find evidence of participants that pair up. We show that Xim's design increases attacker costs linearly with the total number of participants, and that its probabilistic approach to mixing mitigates Sybil-based denial-of-service attack effects. We evaluate protocol delays based on our measurements of the Bitcoin network.
Compatible class encoding in hyper-function decomposition for FPGA synthesis (1998)

Recently, functional decomposition has been adopted for LUT based FPGA technology mapping with good results. In this paper, we propose a novel method for functional multiple-output decomposition. We first address a compatible class encoding method to minimize the compatible classes in the image function. After the encoding algorithm is applied, the decomposability will be improved in the subsequent decomposition of the image function. The above encoding algorithm is then extended to encode multiple-output functions through the construction of a hyper-function. Common sub-expressions among these multiple-output functions can be extracted during the decomposition of the hyper-function. Therefore, we can handle the multiple-output decomposition in the same manner as the single-output decomposition. Experimental results show that our algorithms are very promising.
Asymmetric synthesis via acetal templates. 3. On the stereochemistry observed in the cyclization of chiral acetals of polyolefinic aldehydes; formation of optically active homoallylic alcohols (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric synthesis via acetal templates. 3. On the stereochemistry observed in the cyclization of chiral acetals of polyolefinic aldehydes; formation of optically active homoallylic alcoholsPaul A. Bartlett, William S. Johnson, and John D. ElliottCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 7, 2088–2089Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00345a082https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00345a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views713Altmetric-Citations161LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
CVD Polymer Surfaces for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (2015)

Recent developments in biotechnology and biomedicine have been boosted by the rational design of devices with biomimetic functions, specific cellular responses, or tissue-mediated biomolecular recognition. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymers, in particular, are also easily patterned and shaped, so they can be readily integrated on different types of substrates and spatially resolved biodevices, at room temperature, without altering the mechanical properties of the bulk materials. The translation of the capabilities of CVD polymers finds direct application in device fabrication (e.g., biosensors, drug delivery system, biological microelectrochemical systems (BioMEMS)), tissue engineering, and biopassivating and antimicrobial coating deposition on clinically used biomaterials. CVD surface modification techniques currently applied in biomedicine and biotechnology include plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), vapor-phase polymerization (VPP), initiated CVD (iCVD), oxidative CVD (oCVD), and parylene. The diversity of applications for CVD polymers is anticipated to expand for the new generation of functional surfaces and devices.
Comprehensive Sensomics Analysis of Hop-Derived Bitter Compounds during Storage of Beer (2011)

For the first time, quantitative LC-MS/MS profiling of 56 hop-derived sensometabolites contributing to the bitter taste of beer revealed a comprehensive insight into the transformation of individual bitter compounds during storage of beer. The proton-catalyzed cyclization of trans-iso-α-acids was identified to be the quantitatively predominant reaction leading to lingering, harsh bitter tasting tri- and tetracyclic compounds such as, e.g. the cocongeners tricyclocohumol, tricyclocohumene, isotricyclocohumene, tetracyclocohumol, and epitetracyclocohumol, accumulating in beer during storage with increasing time and temperature. The key role of these transformation products in storage-induced trans-iso-α-acid degradation was verified for the first time by multivariate statistics and hierarchical cluster analysis of the sensomics data obtained for a series of commercial beer samples stored under controlled conditions. The present study offers the scientific basis for a knowledge-based extension of the shelf life of the desirable beer's bitter taste and the delay of the onset of the less preferred harsh bitter aftertaste by controlling the initial pH value of the beer and by keeping the temperature as low as possible during storage of the final beverage.
Thigh Abscess Due to Haemophilus influenzae Type f in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Child (2011)

The widespread use of the Haemophilus influenzae serotype b conjugate vaccine in developed countries has led to a dramatic reduction in invasive disease because of that serotype. The H. influenzae serotype b vaccine provides no significant protection against nontypeable or non-b encapsulated strains. Invasive disease due to H. influenzae serotype f (Hif) remains uncommon in children, although a higher incidence is reported in those with chronic disease and/or immunodeficiency. We report the case of a 5-year-old female patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection who developed a large thigh abscess and cellulitis because of Hif. The case illustrates an unusual presentation of invasive Hif infection and reiterates the need to consider uncommon pathogens as etiological agents in disease presenting in immunocompromised hosts.
The long‐term course of autistic disorders: update on follow‐up studies (1998)

The majority of children with autism show deviance and socially or psychiatrically handicapping conditions throughout life. Only a small proportion of those with classical childhood autism lead independent adult lives. Others, particularly those with 'high-functioning' autism and so-called Asperger syndrome will improve enough to live an independent adult life. The level of mental retardation and other comorbid conditions (such as medical syndromes and other neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy) is important in predicting outcome. An IQ below 50 around school age predicts severe restriction of social and adaptive functioning in adult life. The absence of communicative speech at 5-6 years of age is indicative of a poorer long-term overall outcome. There is a clear co-variation between IQ and level of communication, but probably there is some prognostic factor in language development apart from this. Measures of flexibility and cognitive shifting abilities tend to be good predictors of social outcome in a few studies. There is a continued need for prospective, longitudinal studies of children with autism spectrum disorders, particularly in Asperger syndrome. The role of interventions of various kinds needs to be addressed in such studies.
Requirements for a Distributed Authoring and Versioning Protocol for the World Wide Web (1998)

Current World Wide Web (WWW or Web) standards provide simple support for applications which allow remote editing of typed data. In practice, the existing capabilities of the WWW have proven inadequate to support efficient, scalable remote editing free of overwriting conflicts. This document presents a list of features in the form of requirements for a Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning protocol which, if implemented, would improve the efficiency of common remote editing operations, provide a locking mechanism to prevent overwrite conflicts, improve link management support between non-HTML data types, provide a simple attribute-value metadata facility, provide for the creation and reading of container data types, and integrate versioning into the WWW.
Diagnostic prénatal non invasif sur sang maternel & Propriété Intellectuelle: entre éthique de la santé et efficience du marché (2014)

International audience
AMPLIFICATION ET CONTROLE TOUT-OPTIQUE DE LA POLARISATION D'UN SIGNAL TELECOM CADENCE A 10 GB/S AU SEIN D'UNE FIBRE OPTIQUE (2012)

National audience
Micromachining and Image Recording on Thin Films by Laser Beams (1971)

A theoretical and experimental description of laser machining of thin metallic films is given. Calculations are carried out for the temperature rise of a thin film in response to a pulse of incident light energy and for the dependence of the temperature rise on the different thermal constants of the substrate and film and on the illumination conditions. Experiments have been conducted on the pulsed machining of thin bismuth films with glass and mylar as substrates using a lowest-order transverse mode argon laser with an average power output capability of 20 milliwatts. A fast intracavity acoustooptical modulation system produced optical pulses with durations controllable from 25 ns to several ms. The pulse repetition rate could be varied from a single pulse up to several MHz. The peak power depended on the duty cycle but was limited to 2 watts for low duty cycles. Experiments were done with both front and back illumination. (In back illumination the laser beam is incident on the film through the substrate.) For optimal machining conditions in which the optical beam diameter is adjusted to produce the maximum diameter of transparent area for a given pulse energy, less than 50 percent of the removed material left the surface of the substrate. The remainder was displaced so as to leave some areas free of bismuth while the thickness of bismuth in other areas was increased. With a pulse duration of 25 ns and a 600-Å-thick bismuth film on mylar, the peak power required to machine a 6-µm-diameter spot was about 0.7 watt. Variable amplitude light pulses produced by the intracavity modulation system with a 1-MHz repetition rate and duration of 25 ns were used to write images on a 600-Å-thick bismuth film, deposited on a mylar substrate, by deflecting the laser beam in raster fashion over the surface of the bismuth film. The average laser power output was 20 mW. The film area was 8 × 10 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Both positive and negative continuous-tone images were recorded. The images consisted of an array of 1200 by 2000 completely independent spots of varying diameter and a spot density of 4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Images of documents which were originally of size 8½ × 11 inches showed a limiting resolution of over 175 lines per inch when magnified to the original size.