gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Major advances in exploration geochemistry, 1998–2007 (2010)

ABSTRACT Exploration geochemistry continues to be a major contributor to mineral exploration programs at all scales. The decade has spanned a complete economic cycle in the minerals industry, during which there has been a change in exploration emphasis from the dominance of Au and diamonds to the addition of a range of base metals and the recent revival of U exploration. Increasing metal prices and the development of new geochemical techniques have allowed exploration activity to expand in previously under-explored terrains, including those characterized by thick, transported regolith cover. There has been significant evolution and refinement of geochemical dispersion models for transported regolith, especially processes associated with oxidizing sulphide mineralization. These models have prompted further developments in sampling methods, analytical techniques and approaches to anomaly detection. The routine measurement of fundamental soil and groundwater properties, such as pH, has been demonstrated to assist in detecting geochemical and mineralogical effects of buried mineralization on regolith. New lithogeochemical techniques have been developed for terrane selection and early discrimination of potentially mineralized units. The production of regolith-landform maps, including 3-D models, and more detailed techniques for differentiating the origin and nature of regolith materials now underpins the design of exploration programs in a number of terrains. Various exploration techniques, such as biogeochemistry and soil gas, have been revitalized by the application of new technologies. Ongoing improvements to detection limits and the reliability of multi-element analytical methods have permitted development and routine application of a wide range of selective geochemical extraction methods aimed at detecting subtle geochemical haloes developed in transported regolith cover. The results from a plethora of selective extraction orientation studies have, however, indicated the reliability of such methods to be uncertain, especially in arid terrains. Low-density geochemical mapping of large regions has been undertaken by government agencies for a variety of resource, environmental and health purposes, including attracting mineral exploration. Such maps typically demonstrate the dominance of underlying geology on regional geochemical patterns in regolith, even in industrialized regions. Philosophical and numerical approaches to defining and detecting geochemical anomalies continue to be reviewed. There is a need to supplement classical parametric outlier-detection approaches, routinely applied to geochemical data, with statistical techniques that reflect a recognition that subtle, multivariate patterns related to the geochemical effects of mineralization may emanate from within the main data cloud and not outlying or distinct clusters.
Saline or Albumin for Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (2007)

In this post hoc study of critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury, fluid resuscitation with albumin was associated with higher mortality rates than was resuscitation with saline. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN76588266 [controlled-trials.com].).
Study of solvolysis mechanism of some ureas derived from 2-benzoxazolone (1979)

6-Nitro-, 6-chloro-, 6-bromo- and 6-amino-2-benzoxazolones I have been prepared and aminolyzed with piperidine and butylamine into the respective 2-hydroxy-4-nitro-, 4-chloro-, 4-bromo- and 4-aminophenylureas II, III . p K a values of hydroxyl group of these ureas have been determined. The aminolysis and hydroxylaminolysis mechanism of the mentioned 2-benzoxazolones is discussed on the basis of kinetic data. Reaction of the 6-substituted-2-benzoxazolones with methyl, phenyl and p -toluenesulphonyl isocyanates and N,N-dimethylchloroformamide has been used for preparation of the respective ureas V to VII of the type of 3-alkylcarbamoyl- or arylcarbamoyl-2-benzoxazolone. Hydrolysis mechanism of these ureas possessing a good leaving (3-benzoxazolone) group in alkaline medium and behaviour of anions of ureas VI in alkaline medium are discussed.
Frequency-Offset Information Aided Self Time Synchronization Scheme for High-Dynamic Multi-UAV Networks (2023)

Due to the unique merits of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems, they have already been harnessed for military, public, and civil applications. Time synchronization is a significant premise of formatting and applying UAV networks. However, the irregular high-speed mobile UAVs pose new challenges to time synchronization, especially when external time references are unavailable in some rigid scenarios. Therefore, in these harsh cases, self-time-synchronization (STS) without any external assistance should be concerned to overcome the relative velocity between UAVs caused by irregular high-speed motion. In this paper, a realistic timestamps model for the multi-UAV networks is established, and then a dynamic topology-based maximum likelihood estimator will be developed to carry out the STS. Furthermore, by introducing the information on frequency offset, a new estimator with the closed-form expression is proposed based on a two-way message exchange framework. After that, a tracking algorithm with the assistance of estimation results will be introduced to compensate for the time-varying change of the clock parameters for the dynamic topology UAV networks. To evaluate the performance of the estimator, both the estimation error and Cramér-Rao lower bound are analyzed. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits its superiority in STS performance and computational complexity compared to the existing two-way message exchange algorithm using timestamps only.
Platelet Aggregation and Adenosine Diphosphate/Adenosine Triphosphate Receptors: A Historical Perspective (2005)

The work of many investigators since adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was recognized as a platelet aggregating agent in 1961 has led to an appreciation of the important part that ADP plays in hemostasis and thrombosis. Recently, interest has focused on the platelet receptors for ADP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Platelets are unique because they have two P2Y receptors that must act in concert to achieve a normal aggregation response. The P2Y (1) receptor is responsible for mobilizing internal calcium, platelet shape change, and weak aggregation. The P2Y (12) receptor inhibits adenylyl cyclase, but the concentration of cyclic AMP is reduced only if it has been raised from its low basal levels by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by an aggregation inhibitor such as adenosine or prostaglandin I (2). The abnormal bleeding of the rare patients whose platelets lack P2Y (12) and the beneficial clinical effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel that block this receptor indicate that P2Y (12), in addition to inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, may have an as yet unidentified role that is needed for its cooperative aggregation effect with P2Y (1). ATP stimulates a rapid influx of calcium into platelets through the P2X (1) receptor, and it may synergize with ADP when these two nucleotides are released from platelets at a site of vessel injury.
Abstract 349: Regulation Of Key Metabolic Enzymes By Tristetraprolin (2013)

Introduction: Heart disease and stroke are the primary causes of death in adults with type-2 diabetes thus strict metabolic control is essential in these patients. Here, we show that tristetraprolin (TTP), a protein involved in regulation of inflammation and iron homeostasis via mRNA degradation, may alleviate diabetic phenotype through modulation of key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid (FA) metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues. Results: TTP protein content was significantly reduced in livers of diabetic mice fed high-fat diet compared to control, suggesting that mRNA targets of TTP may be stabilized in diabetes. We then assessed the effects of TTP knockdown using siRNA in HepG2 liver cells on the expression of enzymes in four major metabolic pathways: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, FA oxidation and synthesis. Consistent with reduced TTP, we found increased expression of a key gluconeogenic regulator - pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4). In silico analysis of the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of PDK4 revealed five putative TTP binding sites. Importantly, elevated PDK4 levels were previously reported in diabetic patients, and are thought to exacerbate the disease by increasing hepatic glucose output. Assessment of FA metabolism revealed increased levels of PPARα and two of its targets, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) and fatty acid translocase (FAT). Consistent with increased FA flux, triglyceride levels were elevated with TTP siRNA in hepatocytes. In silico analysis revealed multiple well-conserved putative TTP-binding sites in the 3’UTR of PPARα, consistent with regulation by TTP. We also observed significant upregulation of PPARα and its targets in HL-1 cardiac cell line, indicating an overlapping function for TTP in insulin-sensitive tissues. Notably, cardiac-specific overexpression of PPARα was previously shown to cause a phenotype resembling diabetic cardiomyopathy, further suggesting that reduction of TTP in diabetes may exacerbate this disease. Conclusions: Our studies show that TTP is downregulated in diabetic mouse livers, and knockdown of this protein in hepatic and cardiac cells increases the levels of key metabolic enzymes, PDK4 and PPARα, both of which are implicated in diabetes and heart disease.
Free Radical-Mediated Lipid Peroxidation in Cells: Oxidizability Is a Function of Cell Lipid bis-Allylic Hydrogen Content (1994)

Oxidizability of lipids in homogeneous solution varies linearly with the extent of their unsaturation. In vitro cellular, as well as in vivo, studies of oxidizability have generally relied upon chemical indicators of peroxidation such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. To examine the oxidizability of lipids in cells, we have measured oxygen uptake and, using electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping with alpha-(1-oxo-4-pyridyl)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN), the real time generation of lipid-derived free radicals. We have used our experimental in vitro cellular lipid modification model to examine the rate and extent of lipid peroxidation versus the degree of lipid unsaturation in L1210 murine leukemia cells. Lipid peroxidation was stimulated using the prooxidants iron, ascorbate, and the ether lipid compound 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine. We did a total cellular lipid analysis to determine the number of lipid carbon-carbon double bonds contained in L1210 cells enriched with eight fatty acids of different degrees of unsaturation. We found in cellular lipids that (i) lipid chain length had no apparent effect on the rate or extent of radical formation; (ii) the maximum amount of lipid radical generated increases with the total number of bis-allylic positions in the cellular lipids; and, most importantly, (iii) the rate of cellular lipid peroxidation increases exponentially with the number of bis-allylic positions. Our quantitative results clearly demonstrate, for the first time, that the number of bis-allylic positions contained in the cellular lipids of intact cells determines their susceptibility, i.e., oxidizability, to free radical-mediated peroxidative events.
Estimating inundation of small waterbodies with sub‐pixel analysis of Landsat imagery: long‐term trends in surface water area and evaluation of common drought indices (2020)

Abstract Small waterbodies are numerically dominant in many landscapes and provide several important ecosystem services, but automated measurement of waterbodies smaller than a standard Landsat pixel (0.09 ha) remains challenging. To further evaluate sub‐Landsat pixel techniques for estimating inundation extent of small waterbodies (basin area: 0.06–1.79 ha), we used a partial spectral unmixing method with matched filtering applied to September 1985–2018 Landsat 5 and eight imagery from southern Arizona, USA. We estimated trends in modeled surface water area each September and evaluated the ability of several common drought indices to explain variation in mean water area. Our methods accurately classified waterbodies as dry or inundated (Landsat 5: 91.3%; Landsat 8: 98.9%) and modeled and digitized surface water areas were strongly correlated ( R 2 = 0.70–0.92; bias = −0.024 to −0.015 ha). Estimated surface water area was best explained by the 3‐month seasonal standardized precipitation index (SPI03; July‒September). We found a wide range of estimated relationships between drought indices (e.g. SPI vs. Palmer Drought Severity Index) and estimated water area, even for different durations of the same drought index (e.g. SPI01 vs. SPI12). Mean waterbody surface area decreased by ~14% from September 1985 to September 2018, which matches declines in local annual precipitation and regional trends of reduced inundation extent of larger waterbodies. These results emphasize the importance of understanding local systems when relying on drought indices to infer variation in past or future surface water dynamics. Several challenges remain before widespread application of sub‐pixel methods is feasible, but our results provide further evidence that partial spectral unmixing with matched filtering provides reliable measures of inundation extent of small waterbodies.
Tandem Asymmetric Transformations:  An Asymmetric 1,2-Migration from a Higher Order Zincate Coupled with a Stereoselective Homoaldol Reaction (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTTandem Asymmetric Transformations: An Asymmetric 1,2-Migration from a Higher Order Zincate Coupled with a Stereoselective Homoaldol ReactionJ. Christopher McWilliams, Joseph D. Armstrong, Nan Zheng, M. Bhupathy, R. P. Volante, and Paul J. ReiderView Author Information Department of Process Research Merck Research Laboratories, Box 2000 Mail Drop R80Y-360, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 47, 11970–11971Publication Date (Web):November 27, 1996Publication History Received24 June 1996Published online27 November 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja962123ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja962123irapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views723Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Chemical reactions,Enolates,Lithium,Order Get e-Alerts
Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji associated with an indolent CD3(−), CD4(+), TCR(−) peripheral T-cell lymphoma (2013)

Sharon Kima, Richard Jahan-Tigha & Madeleine Duvic*aa Department of Dermatology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
ANALYSIS OF EXCITATION PULSED SIGNAL PROPAGATION FOR ATOM PROBE TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM (2014)

The purpose of this paper is on the behavioral modelling of surge voltage pulses used in Atom Probe Tomography. After brief description of the atom probe functioning principle, we examine the excitation electrical pulse signal integrity along the electric pulser (E-pulser) feeding line modelling with respect to the IEC1733/04 standard. This feeding electric line is ended by cylindrical via ground to control the ion emission. By using the transmission line (TL) ultra-broadband RLCG model, the propagating pulsed signals degradation is predicted. The signal propagation was analysed in both frequency and time domains by taking into account the substrate dispersion. The wideband frequency behaviours of the surge signal along the feeding line were examined from DC-to-2GHz. In addition, by considering pulse surge signals with pulse-width and rise-/fall-time parameters (T1 = 9ns, tr1 = tf1 = 1:6ns) and (T2 = 30ns, tr2 = 4ns/tf2 = 18ns), the transient responses from 5cm-to- 20cm length TL are characterized. It was shown that the excitation pulse was signiflcantly distorted. It was emphasized that the operated signal delay varies from 0.3ns-to-1.5ns in function of the via capacitor value. The time-dependent radiated E-fleld on the performance of the atom probe system which enables to characterize the nature of tested materials (ions or atoms) is discussed. The presented analysis approach is particularly useful for E-pulser integrated in measurement scientiflc instruments as Atom Probe Tomography time of ∞ight optimisation, a nano-analysing technique that uses ultra-sharp high vacuum pulse to induce controlled erosion of samples. In this application, the excitation voltage pulse integrity during the propagation is required in order to improve the measurement instrument performances.
Effects of small thundercloud electrostatic fields on the ionospheric density profile (2015)

Abstract Small electrostatic fields of values not strong enough to activate electron impact ionization, attachment, and detachment processes can be established in the upper atmosphere by underlying thunderstorms. This paper investigates their effects on the ionospheric densities by using a simplified ion chemistry model. The modeling results indicate that under the steady state condition, the nighttime electron density profile can be reduced by up to ∼40% or enhanced by a factor of up to ∼6 because of the variation of the three‐body electron attachment rate constant with the electric field.
Expression and regulation of CD30 ligand and CD30 in human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. (1994)

The CD30 antigen was originally described as a specific surface marker for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Recent work established CD30 as a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily whose ligand (CD30L) has also been cloned and expressed; CD30L is active as membrane-bound type II glycoprotein. Here, CD30L mRNA expression was studied in a panel of 102 continuous human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines and was found only in four Burkitt lymphoma, one Burkit-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia and one non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell line. The product of CD30L mRNA is expressed as a membrane protein on the surface of these malignant B-cell lines. Treatment of these cell lines with soluble CD27L, phorbol ester or staphylococcus aureus Cowan antigen resulted in the enhancement of cell surface CD30L protein expression. CD30L mRNA was not detected in normal unstimulated peripheral blood (PB) monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, or T-cells, but was detected in primary granulocytes; exposure to activating reagents induced and upregulated CD30L transcription in these different PB populations. While CD40 and CD30L surface protein expression on PB monocytes could be enhanced or induced by treatment with gamma-interferon, these cells remained negative for CD30, both at the mRNA and at the protein level. Similarly, PB monocyte-derived macrophages and granulocytes remained negative for CD30 mRNA and protein expression, regardless of stimulation. Only activated T-cells expressed CD30 mRNA and surface protein. CD30L-transfected cells and cells constitutively expressing CD30L delivered a similar stimulus for proliferation of the CD30+ Hodgkin's disease (HD)-derived cell line HDLM-2, but inhibited proliferation of the CD30+ large cell anaplastic lymphoma cell line KARPAS-299. These data provide strong evidence for the involvement in growth regulation of recombinant and natural CD30L through its interaction with the CD30 receptor. Collectively, these data suggest that the CD30L-CD30 interaction has potent biological activity and might play a critical role in the immune response and pathogenesis of HD and some NHL, in particular Burkitt lymphomas.
Fabrication of ZnO Nanorods p–n Homojunction Light-Emitting Diodes Using Ag Film as Self-Doping Source for p-Type ZnO Nanorods (2018)

In this study, homojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on n-type zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs)/silver (Ag)-doped p-type ZnO NRs were successfully fabricated by low-temperature solution process. Here, the Ag thin film used as a template and dopant source for the growth of p-type ZnO NRs as well as a bottom electrode. The Ag-doped p-type ZnO NRs were synthesized using an ammonium hydroxide solution, which possesses a high pH value of 11.6 to dissolve the Ag film and form Ag+ ions in the solution. Using these Ag-doped p-type ZnO NRs as a template, n-type ZnO NRs were epitaxially grown on top of them at 90 °C to form ZnO NRs p–n homojunction. These ZnO NRs p–n homojunction LEDs showed a typical rectifying behavior with a turn-on voltage of 3.5 V and a high rectifying ratio of 1.5 × 105 at 5 V. Furthermore, under a forward bias of 9 V, the LED exhibited a wide yellow electroluminescence emission centered at 645 nm, which was attributed to the various emission sites of ZnO deep-level defects. This study suggests a facile fabrication method for ZnO NRs p–n homojunction LEDs by using a simple p-type doping approach with Ag during the low-temperature solution process.
Movie Description (2016)

Audio Description (AD) provides linguistic descriptions of movies and allows visually impaired people to follow a movie along with their peers. Such descriptions are by design mainly visual and thus naturally form an interesting data source for computer vision and computational linguistics. In this work we propose a novel dataset which contains transcribed ADs, which are temporally aligned to full length movies. In addition we also collected and aligned movie scripts used in prior work and compare the two sources of descriptions. In total the Large Scale Movie Description Challenge (LSMDC) contains a parallel corpus of 118,114 sentences and video clips from 202 movies. First we characterize the dataset by benchmarking different approaches for generating video descriptions. Comparing ADs to scripts, we find that ADs are indeed more visual and describe precisely what is shown rather than what should happen according to the scripts created prior to movie production. Furthermore, we present and compare the results of several teams who participated in a challenge organized in the context of the workshop Describing and Understanding Video & The Large Scale Movie Description Challenge (LSMDC), at ICCV 2015.