gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Are Topical Antimicrobials Effective Against Bacteria That are Highly Resistant to Systemic Antibiotics? (2009)

An increasing number of bacteria are resistant to multiple systemic antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine if topical antimicrobials are still effective against multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs). MDROs, including Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus, were collected from four burn hospitals. The sensitivity of 47 MDROs to 11 commonly used topical agents (mafenide acetate, nystatin, mafenide + nystatin, silver nitrate, Dakin's, polymyxin B, neomycin, polymyxin + neomycin, silver sulfadiazine, bacitracin, silver sulfadiazine + bacitracin) was tested using the agar well diffusion assay and compared with the sensitivity of 27 non-MDROs of similar genera. Overall 88% of the tests of the non-MDROs showed susceptibility to the topicals compared with 80% for the MDROs (P < .05). Specific findings included: all of the gram-positive non-MDROs were sensitive to bacitracin compared with only 67% of the MDROs (P < .05); 74% of the non-MDROs were sensitive to neomycin vs 26% of the MDROs (P < .01). Even for the susceptible isolates, the zones of inhibition were smaller for the MDROs than for the non-MDROs (P < .002), indicating decreased susceptibility of the MDROs. Specifically, while the MDRO Acinetobacter were sensitive to most of the topicals, the zones of inhibition for silvadene, silvadene + bacitracin, neomycin, and neomycin + polymyxin were significantly smaller (P < .001) for the Acinetobacter MDROs than the non-MDROs. Although many topicals are still effective against some MDROs, MDROs are more resistant to topicals than are non-MDROs. Some treatment assumptions based historically on the efficacy of topical antimicrobial agents against non-MDROs need to be re-evaluated for MDROs.
A pattern reconfigurable printed patch antenna (2016)

The purpose of this paper is to present the design, operation and fabrication of a pattern reconfigurable patch antenna. Two rectangular patches which are placed perpendicularly to each other are fed with a common feed line. These patches are fed from the corners so that the exact impedance matching could be obtained for both elements. Switching between the patches is achieved using PIN diodes, connected between the feed line and the patches. The biasing of the PIN diode 1 excites Patch 1, resulting in a broadside radiation pattern at 30° to the right side of the yz-plane with a gain of 5.85 dBi. The pattern is reconfigured by switching to Patch 2 using PIN diode 2, which gives a broadside radiation pattern at −30° to the left side of the yz-plane with a gain of 5.9 dBi. A good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained at the 2.43 GHz resonating frequency. The antenna is printed on a low loss 1.524 thick Rogers TMM4 laminate (ε <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> = 4.5, tanδ = 0.002). The antenna has an overall size of (58 × 100 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ).
Nonelectrostatic Ionic Forces between Dissimilar Surfaces: A Mechanism for Colloid Separation (2012)

The interaction between two dissimilar surfaces across an electrolyte is re-examined. The focus is on effects of ion-specific dispersion forces missing from classical electrostatic double-layer theory. The pressure between two flat surfaces is derived by two alternate methods (midpoint and whole domain approaches). Significant differences emerge from expectations of classical theory. These are illustrated by model interactions across electrolytes of mica and oil-like surfaces. A novel consequence that emerges from inclusion of ionic dispersion forces is the possible separation of mixed colloidal suspensions at moderate (0.1 M) concentrations of divalent salt. Repulsion between the model oil and mica surfaces is found to be due to entropic repulsion driven by high adsorption of both counterions and co-ions at the mica surface. Co-ion adsorption is a consequence of electric field reversal (“charge reversal”), caused by attractive ionic dispersion interactions of the counterion to the mica surface. Charge reversal is also found with monovalent electrolyte but only at impracticably high concentrations.
Abscopal but desirable (2012)

Radiotherapy applies ionizing irradiation to selected areas of the body with the scope of destroying cancer cells, either as part of curative therapies to remove a primary malignant tumor and to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery, or as part of palliative measures to avoid local advancement of bone and brain metastases. Intriguingly, radiotherapy does not only have local effects but may lead to the delayed regression of distant non-irradiated lesions. Most likely, these "abscopal" effects are mediated by the immune system.
Curing Behavior of Wood Adhesives Under High Steam Pressure (1996)

Abstract Steam-injection pressing is a recent development for manufacturing wood products. The curing mechanism and behavior of wood adhesives during steam-injection heating and hot-platen heating may cause differences in both chemical and physical aspects. The curing of wood adhesives under high steam pressure using an especially designed reaction cell is discussed. The adhesives used in this study were phenol-formaldehyde (PF), urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), and isocyanate (IC) resins. At different curing times, the heating temperature (steam pressure) applied to cure the adhesives was 160°C (6 kgf/cm2). Results were examined by analytical methods using FR-IR, 13C-NMR, dynamic mechanical analysis and solvent extraction. (1) By steam-injection heating, PF resin immediately cured to some degree in a few minutes and maintained an equilibrium situation. In this case, the reaction was accompanied by the disappearance of the ether structure. (2) In UF resin, results from IR data clarified different reactions between hot-platen heating and steam-injection heating. During steam-injection heating, as heating time increased, UF resin returned to its liquid state under the influence of hydrolysis. (3) MF resin was almost cured under steam-injection in a short heating time compared with hot-platen heating. (4) IC resin foamed and cured in a short heating time under steam-injection. It was proved that steam-injection heating was more effective than by hot-platen heating for IC resin.
Introduction (2016)

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book tells the story of the Great Depression from the state prisons of Texas and California, where the misery of the crisis was indeed multiplied. Texas and California were states on the border of the nation, which saw dynamic population growth in short periods of time. They were also states where people who traveled diverse paths met, lived, loved, and fought. The argument in the subsequent chapters operates at two levels. The first level posits that criminal justice functioned to control large numbers of multiracial working classes in Texas and California, and predominantly working-class men, in a period of widespread economic crisis. The second level of analysis argues that state punishment sustained a racially divided, masculinist, working-class population, and that the social forces prisons generated undermined the promise of radical working-class movements.
◾ 3D Surface Representation Using Ricci Flow (2011)

Given a surface embedded in 3D Euclidean space, S → 3 , intrinsically, the surface has four layers of geometric information: topology, conformal structure, Riemannian metric, and embedding, corresponding to four geometries: topology, conformal geometry, Riemannian geometry, and dierential geometry for surfaces in 3 . In order to represent the topology, genus and the number of boundaries are required; for conformal geometry, 6g − 6 (or two) parameters are needed to describe the conformal structure of a genus g &gt; 1 surface (or a torus). All genus zero closed surfaces have the same conformal structure. Given the conformal structure of S, a canonical conformal domain of S can be uniquely determined, denoted as DS; for Riemannian geometry, a function dened on the conformal domain λS SD: → is needed to specify the Riemannian metric; and nally, by adding a mean curvature function H DS S: →, the embedding of S in 3 can be determined unique up to a rigid motion. erefore, in order to represent a 3D surface, one needs a nite number of parameters to determine a canonical domain DS, then two functions λ,H dened on the domain. We denote this representation as ( , , ),D HS S Sλ and call it conformal representation.
[Overview of MS: proposal of new MS definition/classification and review of the results of recent clinical trials]. (2008)

Recurrent Devic' s neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and Asian optic-spinal multiple sclerosis (MS) used to be defined as a syndrome with selective clinical optic-spinal presentation. Recent discoveries have prompted us to propose a new definition for MS as chronic autoimmune central nervous system myelin/glial disorder syndrome consisting of two subtypes: myelin/oligodendroglial disorder (classic demyelinating MS) and astroglial disorder (NMO). Subtype differentiation in clinical practice are not clear in many Japanese MS patients. Significant progress in the treatment of demyelinating type MS has been made recently and we are now going into the era of 2nd generation disease modifying therapies. Natalizumab, Fingolimod, Alemtuzumab, and Rituximab probably will change the MS disease course tremendously and make the patient' s quality of life much better than during the era of interferon treatment.
Multi‐Slice, Breathhold Imaging of the Lung with Submillisecond Echo Times (1995)

The signal from the lungs is heavily attenuated by T2 and T2 decay in standard MR images of the thorax. The authors utilized the capabilities of a prototype fast gradient system to develop a multi-slice gradient echo sequence that can obtain images with an echo time of 0.7 ms. Images acquired in a single breath-hold are free from respiratory motion artifacts and clearly display signal from lung parenchyma. The use of fast gradients makes short echo times possible without the use of nonstandard RF pulses and spatial encoding techniques and their associated limitations.
Do Customized Android Frameworks Keep Pace with Android? (2022)

The project is used to explore how customized Android Frameworks sync up with official Android Frameworks. 1. Clone corresponding customized Android Frameworks into directory platforms.<br> 2. Retrieve commit history of customized Android Frameworks and store into directory history.<br> 3. Run Python scripts to acquire merge and conflict information. Every Python script contains the specification of the intention at the beginning of the script.<br> However, the path specified in the script should be replaced with the local path as I am using the absolute path. Libs: contains the Java jar files used in the Python scripts.<br> Outs: contains some of the output of Python script.<br> Scripts: contains Python scripts used to do the experiments.<br> history: contains most of the experimental data in the research. Every directory named by the project name contains branch information. We detect different branches for every different Android customizations.<br> history/android\_base: contains different output of the detection.
Spores, Sporodochia and Fomites in Onychomycosis (2006)

Onychomycosis is a frequent infection. Contagion rarely depends on direct contamination, but rather on environmental propagule dispersion including the intervention of fomites. The potential release of fungal cells in the environment from the affected nails has not been thoroughly studied. Observations made by histomycology suggest that arthroconidia and chlamydoconidia issued from invading fungi can be involved. In addition, the sporodochium, which is an exophytic fungal ball, may be attached underneath the distal free edge of some onychomycoses. It might represent an important source of fungal propagules in patients with poor nail trimming.
Decentralized electrochemical monitoring of trace metals: from disposable strips to remote electrodes. Plenary lecture (1994)

This paper focuses on current developments and future prospects in developing electrochemical stripping methodologies for on-site monitoring of trace metals. Particular attention is given to the replacement of bulky electrodes and cumbersome cells with self-contained test strips. Coupled with a greatly simplified stripping operation and the introduction of high-quality, user-friendly, compact instruments, such innovative disposable metal sensors should accelerate the realization of decentralized clinical and environmental testing of toxic metals. Other stripping-based tools for in situ monitoring, including automated flow systems or remote indwelling electrodes, offer the option of continuous environmental surveillance. Recent examples, including in-office tests for blood lead levels and field screening of contaminated nuclear energy sites, will be discussed.
Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain (1983)

Exponentially growing cells of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were Gram stained with potassium trichloro(eta 2-ethylene)platinum(II) (TPt) in place of the usual KI-I2 mordant. This electron-dense probe allowed the staining mechanism to be followed and compared with cellular perturbations throughout the staining process. A crystal violet (CV)-TPt chemical complex was formed within the cell substance and at the cell surface of B. subtilis when the dye and Pt mordant were added. The ethanol decolorization step dissolved the precipitate from the cell surface, but the internal complex was retained by the cell wall and remained within the cell. This was not the case for E. coli; the ethanol decolorization step removed both surface-bound and cellular CV-TPt. During its removal, the outer membrane was sloughed off the cells until only the murein sacculus and plasma membrane remained. We suspect that the plasma membrane was also perturbed, but that it was retained within the cell by the murein sacculus. Occasionally, small holes within the murein and plasma membrane could be distinguished through which leaked CV-TPt and some cellular debris. Biochemical identification of distinct envelope markers confirmed the accuracy of these images.
The Aesthetic Characteristics of the Necktie in the Modern Fashion (2007)

The purpose of this study was to understanding the intrinsic meanings and aesthetic characteristics expressed by current fashion trends in neckties and to develop a new and unique fashion design for neckties. This study used precedent studies and related literatures to review the changes in neckties and the types of knots used over time. The findings were then verified by photographs from fashion magazines and collections from the 1990s. The results of this study are as follows. First, neckties, generally regarded as a symbol of masculinity, are often mixed with other men's or women's clothing items rather than being worn by themselves, and they provide an androgynous characteristic in women's fashion. This transcendence of femininity or masculinity reflects the human desire to be a more perfect being by sharing each others characteristics, and it can be seen in contemporary beauty trends. Second, neckties have been transformed into scarves, waist belts, front-fly omaments, and so forth. They are used to express a new and sensational sense, the sense of deconstructionism, by breaking away from stereotypes and changing the shape of neckties atypically.
Ontogeny of Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells: Molecular and Fate Potential Changes During Gestation (2013)

Human umbilical cord-derived perivascular cells (PVCs) are a recently characterized source of mesenchymal stromal cells that has gained much interest in the field of cellular therapeutics. However, very little is known about the changes in fate potential and restrictions that these cells undergo during gestational development. This study is the first to examine the phenotypic, molecular, and functional properties of first trimester (FTM)-derived PVCs, outlining properties that are unique to this population when compared to term (TERM) counterparts. FTM- and TERM-PVCs displayed analogous mesenchymal, perivascular, and immunological immunophenotypes. Both PVCs could be maintained in culture without alteration to these phenotypes or mesenchymal lineage differentiation potential. Some unique features of FTM-PVCs were uncovered in this study: (1) while the gene signatures of FTM- and TERM-PVCs were similar, key differences were observed, namely, that the Oct4A and Sox17 proteins were detected in FTM-PVCs, but not in TERM counterparts; (2) FTM-PVCs exhibited a greater proliferative potential; and (3) FTM-PVCs were more efficient in their in vitro differentiation toward selective mesenchymal cell types, including the chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages, as well as toward neuronal- and hepatocyte-like lineages, when compared to TERM-PVCs. Both PVCs were able to generate osteocytes and cardiomyocyte-like cells with similar efficiencies in vitro. Overall, FTM-PVCs show more plasticity than TERM-PVCs with regard to fate acquisition, suggesting that a restriction in multipotentiality is imposed on PVCs as gestation progresses. Taken together, our findings support the idea that PVCs from earlier in gestation may be better than later sources of multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) for some regenerative medicine applications.
Surface plasmon resonance-like integrated sensor at terahertz frequencies for gaseous analytes (2008)

Plasmon-like excitation at the interface between fully polymeric fiber sensor and gaseous analyte is demonstrated theoretically in terahertz regime. Such plasmonic excitation occurs on top of a approximately 30 microm ferroelectric PVDF layer wrapped around a subwavelength porous polymer fiber. In a view of designing a fiber-based sensor of analyte refractive index, phase matching of a plasmon-like mode with the fundamental core guided mode of a low loss porous fiber is then demonstrated for the challenging case of a gaseous analyte. We then demonstrate the possibility of designing high sensitivity sensors with amplitude resolution of 3.4 x 10(-4) RIU, and spectral resolution of 1.3 x 10(-4) RIU in THz regime. Finally, novel sensing methodology based on detection of changes in the core mode dispersion is proposed.
Synthetic aperture gradient light interference microscopy (SA-GLIM) for high throughput label-free imaging (2021)

We propose synthetic aperture gradient light interference microscopy (SA-GLIM) as a solution to avoid computational complexity in standard Fourier pytchographic microscopy. This new system combines direct phase measurements from GLIM with various illumination angles, and a synthetic aperture reconstruction method, to produce high resolution, large FOV quantitative phase maps. Using a 5× objective lens (NA = 0.15), SA-GLIM generates phase maps with a spatial resolution of 850 nm and FOV approximately 1.7×1.7 mm2. We tested the performance using a mixture of polystyrene beads (1 μm and 3 μm in diameter), and the smaller beads can be easily resolved in the final image. Compared with standard FPM, SA-GLIM records substantially fewer low-resolution images, which makes the data throughput highly efficient.
Dual Stimuli-Responsive Redox-Active Injectable Gel by Polyion Complex Based Flower Micelles for Biomedical Applications (2015)

We developed and evaluated a redox-active injectable gel (RIG) comprising poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl)aminomethylstyrene]-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl)aminomethylstyrene] (PMNT–PEG–PMNT) triblock copolymer and poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc). Cationic PMNT–PEG–PMNT and anionic PAAc formed polyion complexes (PIC) flower micelles without aggregation, which was confirmed by FRET analysis. We confirmed that the PIC flower micelles exhibited irreversible sol–gel phase transitions with increasing both temperatures and ionic strengths. The PIC flower micelles had a low viscosity at room temperature. The viscosity increased with increasing temperatures and ionic strengths, and the RIG was formed under physiological conditions. The RIG was able to provide sustained release of an anionic model drug for more than 4 weeks without an initial burst. These results indicated that the RIG has potential as an injectable system for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications such as a local delivery carrier for the controlled release of charged drugs such as proteins or siRNA.
Probiotic Agents and Infectious Diseases: A Modern Perspective on a Traditional Therapy (2001)

There is an increasing scientific and commercial interest in the use of beneficial microorganisms, or "probiotics," for the prevention and treatment of disease. The microorganisms most frequently used as probiotic agents are lactic-acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), which has been extensively studied in recent literature. Multiple mechanisms of action have been postulated, including lactose digestion, production of antimicrobial agents, competition for space or nutrients, and immunomodulation. We have reviewed recent studies of probiotics for the treatment and control of infectious diseases. Studies of pediatric diarrhea show substantial evidence of clinical benefits from probiotic therapy in patients with viral gastroenteritis, and data on LGG treatment for Clostridium difficile diarrhea appear promising. However, data to support use of probiotics for prevention of traveler's diarrhea are more limited. New research suggests potential applications in vaccine development and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Further studies are needed to take full advantage of this traditional medical approach and to apply it to the infectious diseases of the new millennium.
Extreme nonlinearities in InAs/InP nanowire gain media: the two-photon induced laser (2012)

We demonstrate a novel laser oscillation scheme in an InAs / InP wire-like quantum dash gain medium. A short optical pulse excites carriers by two photon absorption which relax to the energy levels providing gain thereby enabling laser oscillations. The nonlinear dynamic interaction is analyzed and quantified using multi-color pump-probe measurements and shows a highly efficient nonlinear two photon excitation process which is larger by more than an order of magnitude compared to common quantum well and bulk gain media. The dynamic response of the nonlinearly induced laser line is characterized by spectrally resolved temporal response measurements, while changes incurring upon propagation in the stimulating short pulse itself are characterized by frequency resolved optical gating (FROG).
MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN TAU (1988)

Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, U.S.A., Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Rd., Staten Island, NY, 10314