gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and experimentation of FRP helical spring (2016)

In present scenario, the automobile industry sector is showing increased interest in reducing the unsprung weight of the automobile & hence increasing the fuel Efficiency. One of the feasible sub systems of a vehicle where weight reduction may be attempted is vehicle- suspension system. Usage of composite material is a proven way to lower the component weight without any compromise in strength. The composite materials are having high specific strength, more elastic strain energy storage capacity in comparison with those of steel. Therefore, helical coil spring made of steel is replaceable by composite cylindrical helical coil spring. This research aims at preparing a re-usable mandrel (mould) of Mild steel, developing a setup for fabrication, fabrication of FRP helical spring using continuous glass fibers and Epoxy Resin (Polymer). Experimentation has been conducted on fabricated FRP helical spring to determine its strength parameters & for failure analysis. It is found that spring stiffness (K) of Glass/Epoxy helical-spring is greater than steel-coil spring with reduced weight.
Enhanced power generation in concentrated photovoltaics using broadband antireflective coverglasses with moth eye structures (2012)

We present the effect of broadband antireflective coverglasses (BARCs) with moth eye structures on the power generation capability of a sub-receiver module for concentrated photovoltaics. The period and height of the moth eye structures were designed by a rigorous coupled-wave analysis method in order to cover the full solar spectral ranges without transmission band shrinkage. The BARCs with moth eye structures were prepared by the dry etching of silver (Ag) nanomasks, and the fabricated moth eye structures on coverglass showed strongly enhanced transmittance compared to the bare glass with a flat surface, at wavelengths of 300 - 1800 nm. The BARCs were mounted on InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells and the power conversion efficiency of this sub-receiver module reached 42.16% for 196 suns, which is a 7.41% boosted value compared to that of a module with bare coverglass, without any detrimental changes of the open circuit voltages (V(oc)) and fill factor (FF).
Optimal Threshold Strength of Laminar Ceramics (1999)

Laminar ceramics in which alternating layers of material are bonded together exhibit a threshold strength if one set of layers has a compressive residual stress. The threshold strength is substantial if the mechanical properties of the component ceramics are chosen wisely. Optimization of the threshold strength for a system with homogeneous elastic properties in terms of the layer thicknesses, fracture toughness and residual stress is presented. The best result is shown to be associated with the toughest material and the highest residual stress, but the choice of a laminar system exhibiting such features is limited to available ceramics. For each material system, the threshold strength is further optimized by making the layers as thin as possible. The thinness achievable will be limited by the technological processes used to make the laminar ceramic and by material stability. Given a laminar ceramic system with a specific compressive layer thickness, the threshold strength is optimized by selecting a ratio of tensile to compressive layer thickness. If the system mechanical properties are favorable, the optimized threshold strength can be comparable in Magnitude or much larger than the compressive residual stress.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Mild PTSA‐Catalyzed Method for Sulfate Ester Hydrolysis and Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of 12‐Acetyl‐dien‐11‐ol Tetracyclic Triterpenoids Involving an Angular Methyl Migration. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cellulosic Fibers from Lignocellulosic Biomass for Papermaking Applications (2019)

This chapter gives a brief overview of the cellulose extraction from Opuntia (Cactaceae) fibers. The suitability of this food waste for pulp and paper production was investigated by the determination of the chemical composition and testing two procedures of delignification: chemical and semichemical pulping processes. Chemical pulping procedure was carried out by using soda-anthraquinone (soda-AQ) mixture, and semichemical pulping process was performed by softening the raw material using soda-hydrogen peroxide (soda-HP) mixture; this operation was followed by mechanical grinding. The obtained fibrous suspensions were characterized by measuring their dimension parameters (fiber length, fiber width, and fine elements), polymerization degree, and their retention water capacity. The effect of pulping process on yield and fiber characteristics in each pulp was studied. The surface morphologies of the produced papers were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and results show the good distribution and individuality of fibers. The structural and mechanical properties of the prepared paper were presented and discussed. Mechanical strength results show the good tenacity of papers made from soda-HP pulping process.
Targeting Rule Implementation Decreases Concussions in High School Football: A National Concussion Surveillance Study (2021)

We identified a decreased trend in overall and helmet-to-helmet high school football concussions diagnosed in the ED after implementation of the targeting rule. This study adds to the growing literature regarding the importance and efficacy of rule implementation in reducing sports-related concussions.
Human Intestinal Enteroids Model MHC-II in the Gut Epithelium (2019)

The role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in mucosal tolerance and immunity remains poorly understood. We present a method for inducing MHC class II (MHC-II) in human enteroids, "mini-guts" derived from small intestinal crypt stem cells, and show that the intracellular MHC-II peptide-pathway is intact and functional in IECs. Our approach enables human enteroids to be used for novel <i>in vitro</i> studies into IEC MHC-II regulation and function during health and disease.
Staurosporine induces a complete program of terminal differentiation in neoplastic mouse keratinocytes via activation of protein kinase C (1996)

Staurosporine (stsp) is a kinase inhibitor which induces cornified envelope assembly and terminal differentiation in normal and neoplastic mouse keratinocytes. In the tumorigenic cell lines 308 and SP-1 experiments were performed to determine if this effect was due only to activation of transglutaminases (TGases) already residing within the cell, or whether stsp was capable of inducing a full program of differentiation. Assessment of keratinocyte differentiation-specific protein expression in neoplastic cells revealed that expression of the suprabasal marker SPR-1 and the granular markers loricrin and filaggrin were induced by stsp. Protein expression was controlled by changes in mRNA expression, determined by Northern blotting. Transcripts for the TGase isoforms TGK and TGE were also induced by stsp in SP-1 cells, whereas only TGK expression was increased in 308 cells, which appear not to express TGE. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is required for differentiation in normal mouse keratinocytes. To determine if stsp induces differentiation in neoplastic cells by regulation of this signaling pathway cells were treated with the specific PKC inhibitor GF 109203X or with different concentrations of bryostatin 1 to down-regulate specific isoforms of PKC prior to and during treatment with stsp. Stsp-induced protein cross-linking and marker expression were inhibited by GF 109203X, suggesting paradoxical activation of PKC by stsp. PKC alpha, epsilon and delta, but not PKC eta and zeta, were down-regulated by treating both cell types with bryostatin; pre-treatment of cells with bryostatin inhibited stsp-induced protein cross-linking and marker expression, suggesting a necessity for the alpha, delta and/or epsilon isoforms in stsp-induced differentiation.
Organic field-effect transistor sensors: a tutorial review (2013)

The functioning principles of electronic sensors based on organic semiconductor field-effect transistors (OFETs) are presented. The focus is on biological sensors but also chemical ones are reviewed to address general features. The field-induced electronic transport and the chemical and biological interactions for the sensing, each occurring at the relevant functional interface, are separately introduced. Once these key learning points have been acquired, the combined picture for the FET electronic sensing is proposed. The perspective use of such devices in point-of-care is introduced, after some basics on analytical biosensing systems are provided as well. This tutorial review includes also a necessary overview of the OFET sensing structures, but the focus will be on electronic rather than electrochemical detection. The differences among the structures are highlighted along with the implications on the performance level in terms of key analytical figures of merit such as: repeatability, sensitivity and selectivity.
Transient changes in erythrocyte membrane permeability are induced by sublytic amounts of the complement membrane attack complex (C5b-9) (1993)

We have previously shown that sublytic heterologous complement induces large but transient increases in erythrocyte membrane permeability. We now report that when erythrocytes are bystanders in zymosan-activated autologous serum, they increase their Na+ permeability 10-fold, indicating that autologous complement can also induce transient membrane lesions. When we isolated the effect of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement by using human C5b-9 assembled from purified components, we found there was minimal lysis but efficient Na+ uptake. Suspension of the sublytically damaged erythrocytes in K+ medium caused the cells to lyse, which is consistent with the cells recruiting a compensatory K+ efflux similar to that observed when human erythrocytes were exposed to heterologous complement. Sublytic C5b-9 exposure also became lytic when extracellular Ca2+ was limited and when the cells were exposed to charybdotoxin, an inhibitor of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel. This indicates that Ca2+ is required for the functional termination of the C5b-9 lesion. We also show that the membrane hyperpolarization resulting from activation of the Ca(2+)-dependent K+ efflux does not influence the termination of the C5b-9 lesion. Thus, the influx of Ca2+ through the complement lesion initiates at least two apparently independent adaptive responses: (1) a process that terminates the leak; and (2) a K+ efflux that has a volume regulatory function. Our data support the potential of the sublytic C5b-9 lesion to act as a physiologic mediator for autologous erythrocytes.
Improved InGaN Epitaxy Yield by Precise Temperature Measurement-Final NETL Report. (2020)

Abstract not provided.
Deformation mechanisms in Cr20Ni80 alloy at elevated temperatures (2009)

The mechanisms of plastic deformation of Cr20Ni80 nichrome with an initial grain size of 80 μm were studied in the temperature range 600–950°C and the strain-rate range 1.5 × 10−6−5 × 10−2s−1. Nichrome is shown to exhibit anomalously high values of stress exponent n and a high deformation activation energy Q. These unusual properties were found to be caused by “threshold” stresses below which deformation does not occur. An analysis of the deformation behavior with allowance for threshold stresses reveals the regions of hot, warm, and cold deformation in nichrome. At normalized strain rates $$ \dot \varepsilon $$ kT/D 1 Gb < 10−8, the true values of n and Q are ∼4 and 285 ± 30 kJ/mol, respectively. In the normalized-strain range 10−8−10−4 n ∼ 6 and the deformation activation energy decreases to 175 ± 30 kJ/mol. This change in the deformation-behavior characteristics is explained by the transition from high-temperature dislocation climb, which is controlled by lattice self-diffusion, to low-temperature dislocation climb, which is controlled by pipe diffusion, as the temperature decreases. At $$ \dot \varepsilon $$ kT/D 1 Gb = 10−4, a power law break-down takes place and an exponential law (which describes the deformation behavior in the range of cold deformation) becomes operative.
Aeration, Biotechnology (2003)

Abstract The supply of oxygen to a growing biological species, aeration, in aerobic bioreactors is one of the most critical requirements in biotechnology. Aeration is usually accomplished by transferring oxygen from the air into the fluid surrounding the biological species, from where it is in turn transferred to the biological species itself. During the course of a batch bioreaction, oxygen demand often passes through a marked maximum when the species is most biologically active. The main reason for the importance of aeration lies in the limited solubility of oxygen in water. The basic principles that underlie oxygenation (aeration) are exactly the same as those that determine the rate of transfer of any sparingly soluble gas (oxygen) from the gas stream (air) to the unsaturated liquid (broth). The rate at which this transfer takes place is dependent on the area of contact between the gas and the liquid, the driving force available (ie, the difference in concentration of oxygen in the two phases), the two‐phase fluid dynamics, and the chemical composition of the liquid. A huge variety of bioreactors have been developed; a useful subdivision has been made into three generic types. These are bioreactors driven by rotating agitators (stirred tanks) that are by far the most common, bioreactors driven by gas compression (bubble columns/loop fermenters), and bioreactors driven by circulating liquid (jet loop reactors). Aeration is used in bacterial, aerobic yeast, polysaccharide and mycelial fermentations, mammalian and plant cell culture, single‐cell protein production, and biological aerobic wastewater treatment.
Influence of Lubricant Formulations on Engine Oil Consumption using Radionuclide Technique (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;High lubricant consumption has a negative impact on the environment and on drain intervals. It also reduces the life-time of after-treatment systems by clogging particle filters or poisoning catalysts. Oil consumption rates of modern engines have been significantly reduced during the last decade, but they will still have to be reduced to meet the future Euro 5 European standard (COM(2007)19 final - SEC(2007) 60 and 61 - European Commission proposal for Euro V for passenger cars).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In order to study the impact of lubricants formulation on oil consumption, a new method based on lubricant labeling using new radiotracer compounds, was used on running engines. The radiotracers (derivative organic compounds of germanium-69) used for online oil consumption measurements were adapted in order to simulate the distillation interval of each lubricant. An in-house engine test was performed on a diesel 2.2 L direct injection Common Rail engine. A particle filter is installed in the exhaust line in order to trap residues coming from oil combustion and, in particular, radiotracer residues. A test procedure was specially developed in order to compare the selected lubricants. The very high sensitivity of the radiotracer method allowed shortening significantly engine test durations down to less than two hours, with an excellent repeatability on oil consumption.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The impact of lubricants formulation (base oil, viscosity grades, volatility and additives) on oil consumption has been studied in a very pertinent way. This has allowed a comparison of a wide range of SAE 5W-30 and 5W-40 lubricants on a unique engine, under very similar operating conditions.&lt;/div&gt;
Procoagulant Properties of Bare and Highly PEGylated Vinyl-Modified Silica Nanoparticles (2010)

Stealth, highly PEGylated ORMOSIL-NPs with a poor procoagulant activity can be used as starting blocks to design hemocompatible nanomedical-devices.
Dual Autoencoder Network for Retinex-Based Low-Light Image Enhancement (2018)

This paper presents a dual autoencoder network model based on the retinex theory to perform the low-light enhancement and noise reduction by combining the stacked and convolutional autoencoders. The proposed method first estimates the spatially smooth illumination component which is brighter than an input low-light image using a stacked autoencoder with a small number of hidden units. Next, we use a convolutional autoencoder which deals with 2-D image information to reduce the amplified noise in the brightness enhancement process. We analyzed and compared roles of the stacked and convolutional autoencoders with the constraint terms of the variational retinex model. In the experiments, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm by comparing with the state-of-the-art existing low-light and contrast enhancement methods.
Detection of neural activity using phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry (2004)

We demonstrate non-contact sub-nanometer optical measurement of neural surface displacement associated with action potential propagation. Experimental results are recorded from nerve bundles dissected from crayfish walking leg using a phase-sensitive optical low coherence reflectometer. No exogenous chemicals or reflection coatings are applied. Transient neural surface displacement is less than 1 nm in amplitude, 1 ms in duration and is coincident with action potential arrival to the optical measurement site. Because the technique uses back-reflected light, noninvasive detection of various neuropathies may be possible.
Internal Reforming of Methane at Ni/YSZ and Ni/CGO SOFC Cermet Anodes (2006)

Abstract The internal reforming of methane on Ni/CGO and Ni/YSZ anodes was investigated with single cells operated at steam to carbon ratios from 0 to 3 and at temperatures of 800 °C and 950 °C. The incorporation of gas extraction ports allowed the measurement of the local gas composition in the anode gas compartment by gas chromatography. The methane conversion is presented as a function of feed gas composition, temperature, gas flow velocity, and electrical load. The impact of the anode material on the reforming reaction and on cell performance is shown. Methane conversion along the Ni/CGO anode was calculated with a one‐dimensional model; the required kinetic parameters were obtained by data fitting.
Coupling Exascale Multiphysics Applications: Methods and Lessons Learned (2018)

With the growing computational complexity of science and the complexity of new and emerging hardware, it is time to re-evaluate the traditional monolithic design of computational codes. One new paradigm is constructing larger scientific computational experiments from the coupling of multiple individual scientific applications, each targeting their own physics, characteristic lengths, and/or scales. We present a framework constructed by leveraging capabilities such as in-memory communications, workflow scheduling on HPC resources, and continuous performance monitoring. This code coupling capability is demonstrated by a fusion science scenario, where differences between the plasma at the edges and at the core of a device have different physical descriptions. This infrastructure not only enables the coupling of the physics components, but it also connects in situ or online analysis, compression, and visualization that accelerate the time between a run and the analysis of the science content. Results from runs on Titan and Cori are presented as a demonstration.
Group-Velocity Matched Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Fibers (2006)

A quadratic nonlinear index-guiding silica PCF is optimized for efficient second-harmonic generation through dispersion calculations. Zero group-velocity mismatch is possible for any pump wavelength above 780 nm. Very high conversion efficiencies and bandwidths are found.
Effect of drying and grinding characteristics of colored potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) on tribology of mashed colored potato paste (2017)

The mouthfeel of mashed potato prepared with steamed purple flesh potato (SPFP) was investigated by measuring tribological and rheological characteristics. Mathematical models describing pre-processes such as drying and grinding associated with physical properties of mashed potato were also explored. The effect of drying temperature (60, 70, 80, and 90°C) on quality changes (moisture and anthocyanin content) of SPFP was successfully described (R2 &gt; 0.9583). The sigmoid model was suitably applied to estimate particle sizes of dried SPFP during grinding (R2 &gt; 0.9864). As the particle size of mashed SPFP increased, friction coefficient increased, and storage and loss modulus decreased. Taste, smoothness, and after-feel sensation were increased as particle sizes decreased, while appearance and odor showed no significant differences. To predict the sensory property using tribology and rheology, the specific conditions were successfully determined (R2 &gt; 0.9926).
Factors Influencing the Decline in Stroke Mortality (2013)

The decline in stroke mortality is real and represents a major public health and clinical medicine success story. The repositioning of stroke from third to fourth leading cause of death is the result of true mortality decline and not an increase in mortality from chronic lung disease, which is now the third leading cause of death in the United States. There is strong evidence that the decline can be attributed to a combination of interventions and programs based on scientific findings and implemented with the purpose of reducing stroke risks, the most likely being improved control of hypertension. Thus, research studies and the application of their findings in developing intervention programs have improved the health of the population. The continued application of aggressive evidence-based public health programs and clinical interventions is expected to result in further declines in stroke mortality.
Regional brain activation by bicuculline visualized by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Time-resolved assessment of bicuculline-induced changes in local cerebral blood volume using an intravascular contrast agent (2000)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been applied to study rat focal brain activation induced by intravenous administration of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline. Using magnetite nanoparticles as a blood pool contrast agent, local changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) were assessed with high temporal (10 s) and spatial (0.35 x 0.6 mm(2)) resolutions. Upon infusion of the bicuculline region-specific increases in CBV have been observed, suggesting CBV to reflect brain activity. During the first 2 min, the signal increases were predominant in the cortex, followed by increases in other brain areas, such as the caudate putamen, thalamus and cerebellum. Ten minutes after the start of infusion, a dominant response was observed in the thalamus, while in the caudate putamen a biphasic response pattern was seen. The magnitude of the signal responses in all brain regions was dependent on the dose of bicuculline and, in general, matched the known distribution of GABA(A) binding sites. This study suggests that pharmacological fMRI, displaying brain function at the highly specific level of drug-receptor interaction, should foster our understanding of normal and pathological brain function.