gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Machine Learning Models and Their Diagnostic Value (2023)

Abstract This chapter describes model validation, a crucial part of machine learning whether it is to select the best model or to assess performance of a given model. We start by detailing the main performance metrics for different tasks (classification, regression), and how they may be interpreted, including in the face of class imbalance, varying prevalence, or asymmetric cost–benefit trade-offs. We then explain how to estimate these metrics in an unbiased manner using training, validation, and test sets. We describe cross-validation procedures—to use a larger part of the data for both training and testing—and the dangers of data leakage—optimism bias due to training data contaminating the test set. Finally, we discuss how to obtain confidence intervals of performance metrics, distinguishing two situations: internal validation or evaluation of learning algorithms and external validation or evaluation of resulting prediction models.
Comprehensive economic benefit evaluation method of transformer update based on risk assessment theory (2010)

The economic benefit evaluation of transformer update is the key issues to promote the energy-saving reconstruction of distribution systems in China. In this paper risk assessment theory is applied to evaluate the benefit of distribution transformer update. Transformer failure modes are analyzed in view of the different failure mechanisms in various operating phases and characteristics of all kinds of failure modes are introduced. Unavailability of repairable and non-repairable forced failures is separately derived based on the probability theory. Quantified unavailability is integrated with the corresponding power outage loss caused by transformer failures to calculate transformer operational risks. And the risk difference also known as risk return between old transformer and updated transformer is calculated by discrete numerical analysis. Based on payback period method, the comprehensive economic benefit model of distribution transformer update is presented by integrating the risk return,old transformer residual value,decreasing reactive power compensation cost, decreasing transmission and generating capacity investment and annual power loss saving of networks. Simulation shows that as risk return and decreasing transmission and generating capacity investment are taken into account, the payback period of transformer update project becomes greatly shorter, furthermore SH15-type transformer's energy-saving effect is superior to S13-type transformer. The proposed model is more integrated and rational than traditional evaluation methods in accord with Entire Life-Cycle Management Viewpoint and offers a new idea for economic benefit evaluation of transformer update project.
[An overview of snow-boarding injuries]. (1995)

Snowboarding is increasing dramatically in popularity in Switzerland as well as other countries. Work aimed at improving the design of the boards and of the boots and bindings has also increased rapidly during recent years. Most injured snowboarders are fit young men and boys who describe themselves as beginners and have had a minimal amount of instruction at an officially approved training centre. Appropriate snowboard training has mostly been quite inadequate, and protective devices (e.g. waterproofed support gloves). The anatomical distribution and the types of injuries sustained in snowboarding differ from those in alpine skiing. The wrist (and forearm) and the ankle are the most frequent locations of injuries (23%) as against the knee and thumb in alpine skiing. Sprains and strains were the most frequent types of injuries (46%), followed by fractures (28%) and contusions (13.5%). The snowboard injury rate was higher than in alpine skiing (1.7-8/1000 snowboard days versus 2-4/1000 ski days). Falling forward on the slope was the major mechanism of injury (80%), and torsion the next most frequent (20%). Snowboarding injuries were sustained most often on ice and hardpacked snow, compared with soft powder snow for alpine skiing injuries. Appropriate preseason conditioning, snowboarding lessons from a certified instructor, appropriate selection of rigorously tested equipment and use of protective devices are the main steps that must be taken to prevent injuries.
Combined Stimulation with the Tumor Necrosis Factorαand the Epidermal Growth Factor Promotes the Proliferation of Hepatocytes in Rat Liver Cultured Slices (2012)

The culture liver slices are mainly used to investigate drug metabolism and xenobiotic-mediated liver injuries while apoptosis and proliferation remain unexplored in this culture model. Here, we show a transient increase in LDH release and caspase activities indicating an ischemic injury during the slicing procedure. Then, caspase activities decrease and remain low in cultured slices demonstrating a low level of apoptosis. The slicing procedure is also associated with the G0/G1 transition of hepatocytes demonstrated by the activation of stress and proliferation signalling pathways including the ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 MAPKinases and the transient upregulation of c-fos. The cells further progress up to mid-G1 phase as indicated by the sequential induction of c-myc and p53 mRNA levels after the slicing procedure and at 24 h of culture, respectively. The stimulation by epidermal growth factor induces the ERK1/2 phosphorylation but fails to activate expression of late G1 and S phase markers such as cyclin D1 and Cdk1 indicating that hepatocytes are arrested in mid-G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, we found that combined stimulation by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and the epidermal growth factor promotes the commitment to DNA replication as observed in vivo during the liver regeneration.
High resolution DNA fingerprinting of Acinetobacter outbreak strains (1996)

AFLP™ is a novel high resolution fingerprinting method that can be used to delineate intraspecific relationships among a large variety of organisms, including bacteria. In the present study, this method was tested for its usefulness in the epidemiological typing of Acinetobacter strains. A total of 25 Acinetobacter strains originating from five hospital outbreaks in three countries were used. Isolates from the same outbreak displayed identical banding patterns and each set of outbreak strains could be found in one particular AFLP cluster. These data are in good agreement with the results obtained by other typing methods previously used on the same set of strains, indicating that AFLP analysis may be a valuable alternative in epidemiological typing.
149th Audio Engineering Society Convention (2020)

All of the papers presented at conventions and conferences — a selection of which are subsequently published in the AES Journal -- are available for free to AES Members and E-Library Subscribers. Papers from the year 1953 onwards are available.
Super-high strength shape memory thin films (2003)

Using a sputter-deposition technique, super-high strength shape memory films have been developed with Ti-Ni-Cu alloys having the composition range of Ti: 51-55, Ni: 40-46, Cu: 4-6 (at. %). The maximum stress applicable without any permanent strain is about 1.5 GPa, being accompanied with a perfectly recoverable strain of about 5% on heating above A t . The maximum shape recovery stress measured by thermal cycling test under various constant stresses is 900 MPa with a shape recovery strain of 4.6%. A superelasticity with 850 MPa shape recovery stress and small hysteresis is attained for 53.5Ti-37.0Ni-9.5Cu thin films. These excellent properties are due to two factors; one is the existence of very thin plate bct precipitates with large coherency strains in the B2 parent phase, which are produced by heating the as-sputtered amorphous films with Ti-rich contents (more than 50%), and the other is ternary alloying.
Leaf Counting: Fusing Network Components for Improved Accuracy (2021)

Leaf counting in potted plants is an important building block for estimating their health status and growth rate and has obtained increasing attention from the visual phenotyping community in recent years. Two novel deep learning approaches for visual leaf counting tasks are proposed, evaluated, and compared in this study. The first method performs counting <i>via</i> direct regression but using multiple image representation resolutions to attend leaves of multiple scales. The leaf count from multiple resolutions is fused using a novel technique to get the final count. The second method is detection with a regression model that counts the leaves after locating leaf center points and aggregating them. The algorithms are evaluated on the Leaf Counting Challenge (LCC) dataset of the Computer Vision Problems in Plant Phenotyping (CVPPP) conference 2017, and a new larger dataset of banana leaves. Experimental results show that both methods outperform previous CVPPP LCC challenge winners, based on the challenge evaluation metrics, and place this study as the state of the art in leaf counting. The detection with regression method is found to be preferable for larger datasets when the center-dot annotation is available, and it also enables leaf center localization with a 0.94 average precision. When such annotations are not available, the multiple scale regression model is a good option.
Modulation of in vivo generation of prostanoids by drugs affecting membrane ion transport. (1988)

An in vivo animal model was developed in the rabbit for the study of the mechanisms involved in the generation and release of prostanoids. Following heparinization and, if required, further sensitization of the animals by intravenous administration of haemolysed blood, injection of doses of arachidonic acid not exceeding 180 micrograms/kg induced a marked fall in arterial blood pressure on condition that the plasma anti-inflammatory protein levels were within the normal range. Cicletanine, certain diuretics (furosemide and bumetanide), as well as calcium-entry blockers such as verapamil and the association of insulin and potassium ions, all markedly decreased the AA50 value and were accompanied by a significant increase in the plasma levels of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, enhancing as such the ratio of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha versus TXB2 in plasma. The infusion of insulin in association with potassium ions induced a similar but less sustained effect. Drugs which affect membrane ion transport were investigated in relation to an enhancing effect on the generation and release of prostanoids following the administration of arachidonic acid.
Improved Electrochemical Performance of NaVOPO4Positive Electrodes at Elevated Temperature in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte (2015)

Sodium secondary batteries operating in a wide temperature range are attractive as large-scale energy storage devices, and ionic liquid electrolytes are suitable for this purpose. In this study, NaVOPO4 has been investigated as positive electrode material for Na secondary batteries, and its electrochemical performance has been examined in the Na[FSA]–[C3C1pyrr][FSA] ionic liquid (C3C1pyrr = N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium and FSA = bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide) at 298 and 363 K. The NaVOPO4 electrode exhibits a reversible capacity of 60 and 101 mAh g−1 at 298 and 363 K, respectively. Acceptably good rate capability is achieved at 363 K, as 76% of the maximum capacity is maintained at 5 C rate. Cyclability tests prove good reversibility of the material, in which 74% of the initial specific capacity maintains over 300 cycles at 363 K. XRD measurements reveal that the charge–discharge process of NaVOPO4 involves a single-phase reaction. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis highlights a 3–5-fold increase of the apparent Na chemical diffusion coefficient in NaVOPO4 upon increasing the temperature from 298 to 363 K, which is reflected in the superior electrochemical performance at 363 K than at 298 K.
REVIEWS Literature and Sincerity. By PEYREHENRI. (Yale Romanic Studies, Second Series 9). New Haven and London: Yale University Press; Paris: Presses Universitaires. 1963. xii + 362 pp. $6.75; 50 s .Le Domaine héroīque des Lettres françaises, X–XIX siècles. By SIMONPIERRE-HENRI. Paris: Armand Colin. 1963. 423 pp. (1964)

REVIEWS Get access Literature and Sincerity. By HENRI PEYRE. (Yale Romanic Studies, Second Series 9). New Haven and London: Yale University Press; Paris: Presses Universitaires. 1963. xii + 362 pp. $6.75; 50s. Le Domaine héroīque des Lettres françaises, X–XIX siècles. By PIERRE-HENRI SIMON. Paris: Armand Colin. 1963. 423 pp. P. MANSELL JONES P. MANSELL JONES CARMARTHEN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XVIII, Issue 4, October 1964, Pages 409–411, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XVIII.4.409 Published: 01 October 1964
Rate boundaries and performance comparison of pure-full-duplex and half-duplex systems (2013)

Reliable co-channel bidirectional transmission in wireless networks is moving towards reality by employing the emerging full-duplex (FD) technology. Enhanced by FD-capable nodes, a future wireless network can be made up merely with pairs of bidirectional communicating nodes where each pair occupies a block of orthogonal resource to avoid interference, referred to as pure-FD system. In this paper, we derive close-form expressions for the pure-FD system models with or without Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) noise. Adopting the weighted sum-rate maximization algorithm and using simulations with MATLAB, we give simulation results of pure-FD's rate boundaries with joint optimization of power and bandwidth, and get the “FD workable area” where FD outperforms HD. Conventional frequency-division half-duplex(HD) system is present for comparison. Simulation results show that the rate boundary for FD system strongly depends on the self-interference attenuation capability of node, and there is a critical level where pure-FD performs the same with HD which is shown in our simulation. Besides, the simulation results with EVM show that the attenuation capability before baseband severely affects the rate boundary.
Linear Propagation in Efficient Guess-and-Determine Attacks (2013)

The most successful attacks on cryptographic hash functions are based on differential cryptanalysis, where the main problem is to find a differential characteristic. Finding a differential characteristic is equivalent to solving a system of nonlinear equations. Solving these equations is usually done by a guess-anddetermine approach. Recently, automated tools performing a guess-and-determine approach based on the concept of generalized conditions have been used to attack many hash functions. The core part of such tools is the propagation of information. In this paper, we propose a new approach to propagate information for affine functions and compare it to the approach used in recent hash function attacks. We apply our method to the linear functions σi and Σi used in SHA-2 and to the linear layer of SHA-3. We show that our approach performs much better than the previously used methods.
Synthesis of Urushiol Components and Analysis of Urushi Sap from Rhus vernicifera. (2001)

An efficient method for synthesizing unsaturated urushiol components in urushi sap, was established, Wittig reaction of ylides derived from alkyl-and alkenyltriphenylphosphonium iodides, as side chain parts of urushiol, with 3-(8-oxo-1-octyl) catechol diacetate or 3-(10-oxo-1-decyl) catechol diacetate, as aromatic part of urushiol. Quantitative analysis of urushiol components in the urushi sap was done using GC for comparison with synthesized urushiol components as reference. In this manner, we proved the structures of most urushiol components and established percentage compositions of urushiols in the sap of Rhus vernicifera of Japan, Korea and China. (approximately 95%), by quantitative analysis of urushiol derived from Rhus vernicifera, the most abundant constituent was triene urushiol (approximately 71%) and the next abundant were mono (14-16%) and diene (5-8%) urushiol. Content was found to depend on growth conditions of the Rhus vernicifera tree and on the particular season for obtaining sap.
Corrections to the Stokes drag near thermodynamic critical points (1975)

Low Reynolds number flow is considered in a pure fluid near the thermodynamic critical point and in a binary mixture near the critical mixing ’’point.’’ It is shown that, due to the breakdown of the assumption of imcompressibility, a sphere rotating with steady angular velocity Ω in a stream U experiences an extra force proportional to Ω×U, but no extra torque.
A Dexterous Tip-extending Robot with Variable-length Shape-locking (2020)

Soft, tip-extending "vine" robots offer a unique mode of inspection and manipulation in highly constrained environments. For practicality, it is desirable that the distal end of the robot can be manipulated freely, while the body remains stationary. However, in previous vine robots, either the shape of the body was fixed after growth with no ability to manipulate the distal end, or the whole body moved together with the tip. Here, we present a concept for shape-locking that enables a vine robot to move only its distal tip, while the body is locked in place. This is achieved using two inextensible, pressurized, tip-extending, chambers that "grow" along the sides of the robot body, preserving curvature in the section where they have been deployed. The length of the locked and free sections can be varied by controlling the extension and retraction of these chambers. We present models describing this shape-locking mechanism and workspace of the robot in both free and constrained environments. We experimentally validate these models, showing an increased dexterous workspace compared to previous vine robots. Our shape-locking concept allows improved performance for vine robots, advancing the field of soft robotics for inspection and manipulation in highly constrained environments.
Mesoscale cortical dynamics reflect the interaction of sensory evidence and temporal expectation during perceptual decision-making (2019)

SUMMARY How sensory evidence is transformed across multiple brain regions to influence behavior remains poorly understood. We trained mice in a visual change detection task designed to separate the covert antecedents of choices from activity associated with their execution. Widefield calcium imaging across dorsal cortex revealed fundamentally different dynamics of activity underlying these processes. While signals related to execution of choice were widespread, fluctuations in sensory evidence in the absence of overt motor responses triggered a confined activity cascade, beginning with transient modulation of visual cortex, followed by sustained recruitment of secondary and primary motor cortex. The activation of motor cortex by sensory evidence was selectively gated by animals’ expectation of when the stimulus was likely to change. These results identify distinct activation profiles of specific cortical areas during decision-making, and show that the recruitment of motor cortex depends on the interaction of sensory evidence and expectation.
IL-4 dependent alternatively-activated macrophages have a distinctive in vivo gene expression phenotype (2002)

Our data demonstrate that alternatively activated macrophages generated in vivo have a gene expression profile distinct from any macrophage population described to date. Several of the genes we identified, including those most abundantly expressed, have not previously been associated with macrophages and thus this study provides unique new information regarding the phenotype of macrophages found in Th2-mediated, chronic inflammatory settings. Our data also provide additional in vivo evidence for parallels between the inflammatory processes involved in nematode infection and allergy.
Surface Bending Strain: Nanoscale Analysis of Surface Bending Strain in Film Substrates for Preventing Fracture in Flexible Electronic Devices (Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5/2021) (2021)

How are strains in bending polymer films measured? In article number 2001662 by Norihisa Akamatsu, Jun Takeya, Atsushi Shishido, and co-workers, the surface-labeled grating method is proposed for quantitatively measuring the surface bending strain in flexible polymer films. Using this method, the specialty substrate that exhibits small bending strains is designed, enabling the development of mechanically durable flexible electronic devices.
Improvement of Basic Synthetic-Antenna Pattern Characteristics by Comparison Method (2005)

The new method of compression in azimuth applied at signals processing from the digital synthetic-antenna radars is considered. The method is based on the nonlinear logical procedure of comparison of two synthetic-antenna patterns calculated from one and the same trajectory signal data array by weighing with the help of appropriate antenna windows. Depending upon the result of comparison the comparison antenna pattern is formed. It is demonstrated that application of comparison antenna pattern is increasing the azimuth resolution, reducing side lobes level and broadening the dynamic bandwidth of target detection in comparison with the regular signal processing using antenna windows, which are optimal in compliance with the Dolf-Chebyshev criterion.
Free-Insulin Profiles After Intraperitoneal, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous Insulin Administration (1986)

The aim of our study was to compare the time course of plasma free-insulin appearance after injection of equal amounts of insulin into the peritoneal cavity above and below the transverse mesocolon, intramuscularly, and subcutaneously. Seven nondiabetic subjects undergoing cholecystectomy received in random sequence 0.2 IU/kg of insulin into the peritoneal cavity above or below the transverse mesocolon. Concentrations of plasma free insulin were compared with those obtained from seven other nondiabetic subjects after repeated injections of equal amounts of insulin intramuscularly and subcutaneously. Intraperitoneal insulin above the transverse mesocolon yielded a faster rise of free insulin, peaking at 15 min, whereas intraperitoneal insulin below the transverse mesocolon produced a somewhat slower rise, peaking at 30 min. The area under the curves between 0 and 15 min was greater after the injection above than below the transverse mesocolon (P less than .05). Intramuscular and subcutaneous insulin injections resulted in a slower rise of plasma free insulin, peaking at 60 and 90 min, respectively. We conclude that the pattern of insulin appearance in the plasma resembles more closely physiologic events after intraperitoneal than after subcutaneous or intramuscular insulin administration.