gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photon-counting Detector CT with Deep Learning Noise Reduction to Detect Multiple Myeloma (2022)

Background Photon-counting detector (PCD) CT and deep learning noise reduction may improve spatial resolution at lower radiation doses compared with energy-integrating detector (EID) CT. Purpose To demonstrate the diagnostic impact of improved spatial resolution in whole-body low-dose CT scans for viewing multiple myeloma by using PCD CT with deep learning denoising compared with conventional EID CT. Materials and Methods Between April and July 2021, adult participants who underwent a whole-body EID CT scan were prospectively enrolled and scanned with a PCD CT system in ultra-high-resolution mode at matched radiation dose (8 mSv for an average adult) at an academic medical center. EID CT and PCD CT images were reconstructed with Br44 and Br64 kernels at 2-mm section thickness. PCD CT images were also reconstructed with Br44 and Br76 kernels at 0.6-mm section thickness. The thinner PCD CT images were denoised by using a convolutional neural network. Image quality was objectively quantified in two phantoms and a randomly selected subset of participants (10 participants; median age, 63.5 years; five men). Two radiologists scored PCD CT images relative to EID CT by using a five-point Likert scale to detect findings reflecting multiple myeloma. The scoring for the matched reconstruction series was blinded to scanner type. Reader-averaged scores were tested with the null hypothesis of equivalent visualization between EID and PCD. Results Twenty-seven participants (median age, 68 years; IQR, 61-72 years; 16 men) were included. The blinded assessment of 2-mm images demonstrated improvement in viewing lytic lesions, intramedullary lesions, fatty metamorphosis, and pathologic fractures for PCD CT versus EID CT (<i>P</i> < .05 for all comparisons). The 0.6-mm PCD CT images with convolutional neural network denoising also demonstrated improvement in viewing all four pathologic abnormalities and detected one or more lytic lesions in 21 of 27 participants compared with the 2-mm EID CT images (<i>P</i> < .001). Conclusion Ultra-high-resolution photon-counting detector CT improved the visibility of multiple myeloma lesions relative to energy-integrating detector CT. © RSNA, 2022 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i>
The Aurora Kinase Inhibitor MLN8237 Has Potent Anticancer Activity in CML and Ph+ ALL Models and Significantly Increases the Efficacy of Nilotinib (2008)

Abstract The serine/threonine kinase Aurora A is a key regulator of mitosis. Its expression and activation are necessary for mitotic entry, centrosome maturation, and mitotic spindle assembly and function. Aurora A gene amplification and/or overexpression of its encoded protein has been observed in many types of human tumors and is hypothesized to promote genetic instability, a hallmark feature of malignant cells that contributes to disease progression and drug resistance. The central and obligatory role of Aurora A in mitosis and its dysregulation in cancer makes it an attractive target for therapeutic inhibition. MLN8237 is a novel orally available Aurora A inhibitor developed for cancer therapy by Millennium Pharmaceuticals that has entered Phase I trials in humans. We investigated the preclinical efficacy and mechanism of action of MLN8237 in models of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Sub-micromolar concentrations of MLN8237 potently inhibited the in vitro growth and survival of human CML and Ph+ ALL cell lines and primary cells derived from CML and Ph+ ALL patients. In vitro kinase assays demonstrated that MLN8237 effectively inhibits the activity of wildtype and drug-resistant mutant forms of BCR-ABL. Notably, MLN8237 possessed equipotent anticancer activity against Ba/F3 cells expressing wildtype (p210) BCR-ABL and the imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, and bosutinib-resistant mutant T315I form of BCR-ABL. Loss of function of the p53 tumor suppressor contributes to resistance to imatinib and many other anticancer agents. We assessed the potential impact of loss of p53 function on cellular sensitivity to MLN8237 by achieving stable shRNA-mediated p53 knockdown in Ba/F3 cells expressing p210 BCR-ABL. Impairment of p53 function did not significantly affect the anticancer activity of MLN8237, indicating that it may be an effective agents for patients with p53 defects. Daily oral administration of MLN8237 (20 mg/kg BID) to immunodeficient mice bearing xenografts of the K562 human CML blast crisis cell line was very well tolerated and significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, co-administration of MLN8237 and nilotinib resulted in significantly greater tumor growth inhibition than what was achieved by either single agent alone. These data suggest that MLN8237 is a promising new agent for the treatment of CML and Ph+ ALL patients that fail to respond to conventional therapy.
The University of Central Florida STEAM program: Where engineering education and Art Meet (2016)

ICubed is a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded project housed at the University of Central Florida aimed at increasing participation in STEM fields through coordination and institutional integration. The University of Central Florida Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (UCF STEAM) is a component of ICubed. As a part of this program, UCF STEM faculty and undergraduate researchers work collaboratively with faculty and students in the College of Arts and Humanities to create science-inspired art based on the STEM researcher's explanations of scientific concepts and possibilities. Since the program's inception in 2010, over 700 University of Central Florida faculty and students have participated in the STEAM program with a large majority coming from engineering fields. An evaluation of the program over the last six years demonstrates that by encouraging strong post-secondary cross-disciplinary collaborations, the UCF STEAM program has enlightened UCF's undergraduate engineering students in a manner that not only leads to greater recognition of the interdependencies of right- and left-brain directed skills but also has helped to improve learning and communication skills. This paper highlights UCF engineering STEAM activities and lends a discussion to the educational impact of such a program.
Improving visual impact analysis (2002)

Visual impact analysis is a software visualisation technique that lets software maintainers judge the impact of proposed changes and plan maintenance accordingly. An existing CASE tool uses a directed acyclic graph display derived from decomposition slicing of a program for visual impact analysis. In this paper, we analyse the graph display and show that it is semantically ambiguous and fails to show important information. We propose requirements for an improved display based on a definition of "interference" between variables in a maintenance context. The design for a new display is presented with a series of examples to illustrate its effectiveness. The display is focused on providing a straightforward method to analyse the impact of changes.
Effect of Yttrium and Titanium on Inclusions and the Mechanical Properties of 9Cr RAFM Steel Fabricated by Vacuum Melting (2017)

Process of adding yttrium into the melt is not a common method for ODS steel production. In this paper, 9Cr–ODS alloy is prepared by adding Y or Y and Ti into 9Cr steel through vacuum induction melting. Optical microscopy is employed to determine the size and number of particles, scanning electron microscopy is used to examine particle type, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to determine the compositions of smaller particles. Micron‐size inclusions are observed in the ingots of the #2 and #3 steels; over 30% of the inclusions are 0.5–1 µm in size, and more than 85% are 0.5–3 µm. A large number of Y–Ti–O particles smaller than 0.5 µm are found in the #3 steel, and the density of inclusions reaches 2.69 × 10 19 m −3 . After heat treatment, the particles size decreases, and Ti effectively promotes carbide precipitation. Some nano‐sized Y–Ti–O is detected by TEM. The tensile strength of Y (Y–Ti) alloyed steel reaches 640 (700) MPa at 298 K, and fracturing mainly occurrs via micro‐hole aggregation. At 923 K, the tensile strength of the Y (Y–Ti) alloyed steel reaches 254 (270) MPa. These properties are superior to those of 9Cr steel prepared using the same process.
El Kurdistán iraquí (2017)

espanolDesde 2011, la region de Oriente Proximo se ha visto sacudida primero por las Primaveras Arabes y luego por las conquistas del Daesh y la creacion del califato. Tanto en Irak como en Siria, los kurdos son los que mejor han sabido defender su propio territorio, lo que ha hecho que no pocos paises, entre ellos EE.UU. les hayan aportado armas y asesoramiento. Este tratamiento de cuasi Estado le ha hecho Pensar a las autoridades del Gobierno de la Region Autonoma del Kurdistan iraqui que estaban ante un momento ideal para plantear un proceso de independencia sin base legal al que se opone toda la comunidad internacional y plantea la amenaza de una intervencion por parte de Turquia e Irak, sin descartar la de Iran. EnglishSince 2011, the Middle East region has been shaken first by the Arab Spring and then by the conquests of the DAESH and the creation of the caliphate. In both Iraq and Syria, the Kurds are the ones who have best defended their own territory, which has meant that not a few countries, including the United States, have provided them with weapons and advice. This quasi-state treatment has led him to think that the authorities of the Government of the Iraqi Kurdistan Autonomous Region are facing an ideal time to pursue a process of independence without a legal basis to which the entire international community is opposed and poses the threat of a intervention by Turkey and Iraq, without ruling out that of Iran.
Planning Secondary Road Network for Low-Speed Vehicles in Small or Medium-Sized City with Google Earth (2012)

The use of low-speed vehicles (LSVs) on public roadways has gradually increased in recent years as a short-range alternative to fossil-fueled vehicles. Primarily designed for protected environments and gated communities, LSVs have a maximum speed limit of 25 mph and are not held to the same Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards required for passenger cars. This paper presents a comprehensive planning methodology for developing a secondary low-speed roadway network primarily for use by LSVs in small or medium-sized cities with closely located activity spaces. Because small or medium-sized cities typically have limited planning or construction resources, the objective was to base the low-speed network on the existing city road system, with minimal infrastructure modifications. The city of Corvallis, Oregon, was selected for the study area because of its size and need for a road network to accommodate safe movement of LSVs. Corvallis had a number of LSVs, other electric vehicles, and nonmotorized vehicles using the public roadways and is a city with no urban sprawl. A survey of the city's residents provided valuable insight on users’ route choice behavior. A roadway inventory that used the Corvallis transportation plan along with the program Google Earth helped evaluate the city's actual transportation infrastructure and analyze the factors that influence LSV users’ route-preference behavior. The developed low-speed roadway network is expected to provide LSVs safe and efficient connectivity from neighborhood areas to major Corvallis activity centers while minimally affecting the safe operation of regular vehicles.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Diterpenoid from the Stem Bark of Populus davidiana (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Middleboxes in the Internet: A HTTP perspective (2017)

Middleboxes are widely used in today's Internet, especially for security and performance. Middleboxes classify, filter and shape traffic, therefore interfering with application performance and performing new network functions for end hosts. Recent studies have uncovered and studied middleboxes in different types of networks. In this paper, we exploit a large-scale proxy infrastructure, provided by Laminati, to detect HTTP-interacting middleboxes across the Internet. Our methodology relies on a client and server side, to be able to observe both directions of the middlebox interaction. Our results provide evidence for middleboxes deployed across more than 1000 ASes. We observe various middlebox interference in both directions of traffic flows, and across a wide range networks, including mobile operators and data center networks.
Prediction of Efficient Virological Response to Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Combination Therapy by NS5A Sequences of Hepatitis C Virus and Anti‐NS5A Antibodies in Pre‐Treatment Sera (2007)

A considerable number of patients infected with Hepatitis C virus subtype 1b (HCV-1b) do not respond to pegylated interferon/ribavirin combination therapy. In this study we explored a useful factor(s) to predict treatment outcome. A total of 47 HCV-1b-infected patients were treated with pegylated interferon/ ribavirin for 48 weeks. Sera of the patients were examined for the entire NS5A sequence of the HCV genome, HCV RNA titers and anti-NS5A antibodies. According to their responses, the patients were divided into two groups, early viral responders who cleared the virus by week 16 (EVR[16w]) and those who did not (Non-EVR[16w]). The mean number of mutations in the V3 region (aa 2356 to 2379) or that in the V3 region plus its N-terminally flanking region, which we refer to as interferon/ribavirin resistancedetermining region (IRRDR; aa 2334 to 2379), of NS5A obtained from the pretreatment sera was signifi-cantly larger for EVR(16w) compared with Non-EVR(16w). Moreover, HCV-1b isolates with > or =5 mutations in V3 or those with > or =6 mutations in IRRDR were almost exclusively found in EVR(16w). Also, the presence of detectable levels of anti-NS5A antibodies in the pretreatment sera was closely associated with EVR(16w). In conclusion, a high degree of sequence variation in V3 (> or =5) or IRRDR (> or =6) and the presence of detectable levels of anti-NS5A antibodies in the pretreatment sera would be useful factors to predict EVR(16w). On the other hand, a less diverse sequence in V3 (< or =4) or IRRDR (< or =5) together with the absence of detectable anti-NS5A antibodies could be a predictive factor for Non-EVR(16w).
MTCMOS hierarchical sizing based on mutual exclusive discharge patterns (1998)

Multi-threshold CMOS is a popular circuit style that will provide high performance and low power operation. Optimally sizing the gating sleep transistor to provide adequate performance is difficult because the overall delay characteristics are strongly dependent on the discharge patterns of internal gates. This paper proposes a methodology for sizing the sleep transistor for a large module based on mutual exclusive discharge patterns of internal blocks. This algorithm can be applied at all levels of a circuit hierarchy, where the internal blocks can represent transistors, cells within an array, or entire modules. This methodology will give an upper bound for the sleep transistor size required to meet any performance constraint.
Toward Flexible and Wearable Human‐Interactive Health‐Monitoring Devices (2014)

This Progress Report introduces flexible wearable health-monitoring devices that interact with a person by detecting from and stimulating the body. Interactive health-monitoring devices should be highly flexible and attach to the body without awareness like a bandage. This type of wearable health-monitoring device will realize a new class of electronics, which will be applicable not only to health monitoring, but also to other electrical devices. However, to realize wearable health-monitoring devices, many obstacles must be overcome to economically form the active electrical components on a flexible substrate using macroscale fabrication processes. In particular, health-monitoring sensors and curing functions need to be integrated. Here recent developments and advancements toward flexible health-monitoring devices are presented, including conceptual designs of human-interactive devices.
Solving Inverse Problems in Medical Imaging with Score-Based Generative Models (2021)

Reconstructing medical images from partial measurements is an important inverse problem in Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Existing solutions based on machine learning typically train a model to directly map measurements to medical images, leveraging a training dataset of paired images and measurements. These measurements are typically synthesized from images using a fixed physical model of the measurement process, which hinders the generalization capability of models to unknown measurement processes. To address this issue, we propose a fully unsupervised technique for inverse problem solving, leveraging the recently introduced score-based generative models. Specifically, we first train a score-based generative model on medical images to capture their prior distribution. Given measurements and a physical model of the measurement process at test time, we introduce a sampling method to reconstruct an image consistent with both the prior and the observed measurements. Our method does not assume a fixed measurement process during training, and can thus be flexibly adapted to different measurement processes at test time. Empirically, we observe comparable or better performance to supervised learning techniques in several medical imaging tasks in CT and MRI, while demonstrating significantly better generalization to unknown measurement processes.
Noncontact measurement of thermal conductivity of epoxy bonds by pulsed photothermal radiometry (1987)

Pulsed photothermal radiometry relies on the flash heating of a surface and the detection of the time dependence of the surface cooling by infrared radiometry. We show that this is useful as a nondestructive and noncontact technique to quantify the thermal conductivity of a subsurface epoxy bond underneath an opaque surface. The degree of curing of the epoxy can also be monitored.
4-Deoxy-l-erythro-5-hexoseulose Uronate (DEH) and DEH Reductase: Key Molecule and Enzyme for the Metabolism and Utilization of Alginate (2022)

4-Deoxy-l-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronate (DEH), DEH reductase, and alginate lyase have key roles in the metabolism of alginate, a promising carbon source in brown macroalgae for biorefinery. In contrast to the widely reviewed alginate lyase, DEH and DEH reductase have not been previously reviewed. Here, we summarize the current understanding of DEH and DEH reductase, with emphasis on (i) the non-enzymatic and enzymatic formation and structure of DEH and its reactivity to specific amino groups, (ii) the molecular identification, classification, function, and structure, as well as the structural determinants for coenzyme specificity of DEH reductase, and (iii) the significance of DEH for biorefinery. Improved understanding of this and related fields should lead to the practical utilization of alginate for biorefinery.
Evolutionary Computation Applied to System Architecture Development (2008)

Evolutionary algorithms and computational intelligence are developing sciences that have a strong potential to assist in the generation and evaluation of system and system-of-systems architectures. General techniques used by system engineers are integrated with computational intelligence methods to expand the ability of systems engineers and architects to effectively manage large, imprecise, and complex system-architecture development activities. This paper explores a basic set of conceptual, semantic and computation techniques based on computational intelligence that supports system architecture evaluation and development.
X-ray-diffraction characterization and sound-velocity measurements of W/Ni multilayers (1993)

We present detailed structural characterization and shear elastic constant measurements of sputtered W/Ni multilayers. Structural refinement of the reflection x-ray-diffraction spectra was used to determine the out-of-phase lattice spacings of the constituent layers. The Ni(111) lattice spacing expands \ensuremath{\approxeq}3% and the W(110) lattice spacing is constant with decreasing modulation wavelength \ensuremath{\Lambda} down to \ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\approxeq}30 \AA{}. Transmission x-ray diffraction was used to determine the in-plane structure. The W layers undergo an anisotropic contraction in plane with the [002] directions contracting \ensuremath{\approxeq}2% and the [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] remaining constant with decreasing \ensuremath{\Lambda}. The Ni [22\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] expands \ensuremath{\approxeq}1.5% with decreasing \ensuremath{\Lambda}. The Ni layer expands both in plane and out of plane, contradicting Poisson ratio arguments relating in-plane and out-of-plane strains. Below \ensuremath{\Lambda}=35 \AA{} the multilayers undergo a structural transition in which both layers transform into a random close-packed structure. The shear velocity decreases \ensuremath{\approxeq}22% with decreasing \ensuremath{\Lambda} down to the disorder transition and then is \ensuremath{\Lambda} independent. The results imply that there is a correlation between the origin of the elastic anomalies and amorphization.
Space-time analyses for forecasting future incident occurrence: a case study from Yosemite National Park using the presence and background learning algorithm (2014)

To address a spatiotemporal challenge such as incident prevention, we need information about the time and place where incidents have occurred in the past. Using geographic coordinates of previous incidents in coincidence with spatial layers corresponding to environmental variables, we can produce probability maps in geographic and temporal space. Here, we evaluate spatial statistic and machine learning approaches to answer an important space-time question: where and when are wildland search and rescue (WiSAR) incidents most likely to occur within Yosemite National Park (YNP)? We produced a monthly probability map for the year 2011 based on the presence and background learning (PBL) algorithm that successfully forecasts the most likely areas of WiSAR incident occurrence based on environmental variables (distance to anthropogenic and natural features, vegetation, elevation, and slope) and the overlap with historic incidents from 2001 to 2010. This will allow decision-makers to spatially allocate resources where and when incidents are most likely to occur. In the process, we not only answered questions related to a real-world problem but also used novel space-time analyses that give us insight into machine learning principles. The GIScience findings from this applied research have major implications for best practices in future space-time research in the fields of epidemiology and ecological niche modeling.