gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AT-GAN: An Adversarial Generative Model for Non-constrained Adversarial Examples (2021)

With the rapid development of adversarial machine learning, numerous adversarial attack methods have been proposed. Typical attacks are based on a search in the neighborhood of input image to generate a perturbed adversarial example. Since 2017, generative models are adopted for adversarial attacks, and most of them focus on generating adversarial perturbations from input noise or input image. Thus the output is restricted by input for these works. A recent work targets unrestricted adversarial example using generative model but their method is based on a search in the neighborhood of input noise, so actually their output is still constrained by input. In this work, we propose AT-GAN (Adversarial Transfer on Generative Adversarial Net) to train an adversarial generative model that can directly produce adversarial examples. Different from previous works, we aim to learn the distribution of adversarial examples so as to generate semantically meaningful adversaries. AT-GAN achieves this goal by first learning a generative model for real data, followed by transfer learning to obtain the desired generative model. Once trained and transferred, AT-GAN could generate adversarial examples directly and quickly for any input noise, denoted as non-constrained adversarial examples. Extensive experiments and visualizations show that AT-GAN can efficiently generate diverse adversarial examples that are realistic to human perception, and yields higher attack success rates against adversarially trained models.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cyclizations: Applications to the Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclopentene‐Fused Chromanones and Dihydroquinolinones. (2011)

Abstract Two synthetic approaches to the title compounds are demonstrated based on (S,S)‐FerroPHANE‐promoted cyclization.
Determination of the principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy from P-wave seismic data (1996)

In an azimuthally anisotropic medium, the principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy are the directions along which the quasi P and the quasi S waves propagate as pure P and S modes. When the azimuthal anisotropy is induced by oriented vertical fractures, two of these principal directions correspond to the directions parallel to and perpendicular to the fractures. S-waves propagating through an azimuthally anisotropic medium are extremely sensitive to the direction of their propagation with respect to the principal directions. As a result, primary or mode converted S-wave data can be used to obtain the principal directions from seismic data. Apart from the high acquisition cost, processing and interpretation of S-wave data require a special processing technology. Moreover S-wave data quality is poor in many regions. Thus, an alternative involving only P-wave data is attractive but is limited to a few qualitative studies of the amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) for different azimuthal directions (Mallick and Frazer, 1991; Chang and Gardner, 1993; Allen and Peddy, 1993 ; Lefeuvre, 1994 ; Lynn et.al, 1995, Rüeger and Tsvankin, 1995), and to velocity studies of selected horizons on data for different common mid point (CMP) locations (Neidell and Cook, 1986).
Retenção de água em solos arenosos de diferentes materiais de origem (2017)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a retencao de agua em solos de diferentes materias de origem, bem como os fatores relacionados a essa retencao de agua como possivel alternativa de diferenciacao destes solos e melhora na sua retencao de agua.
Coagulation bath composition and desiccation environment as tuning parameters to prepare skinless membranes via diffusion induced phase separation (2015)

ABSTRACT Diffusion Induced Phase Separation (DIPS) is a currently used technique to produce porous membranes for a large variety of applications. A strong limitation is represented by the occurrence of a dense skin, which is formed during the process, highly reducing the membrane permeability. To overcome this issue, two modifications of the standard DIPS protocol were investigated: the use of coagulation baths composed by a solvent/nonsolvent mixture and the desiccation in a controlled environment, by modulating the partial pressure of nonsolvent vapor. An appropriate choice of coagulation bath composition, together with an appropriate desiccation protocol (i.e., the use of a nonsolvent vapor), will produce a skinless membrane, and offers the chance to control the morphology of both membrane surfaces. These results underline the importance of post‐treatment stage in membrane preparation via phase separation, thus suggesting that membrane washing/drying stage will affect the final morphology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 42151.
Weak Spin Fluctuation with Finite Wave Vector and Superconducting Gap Symmetry in KxFe2-ySe2:77Se Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2012)

We report $^{77}$Se-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results down to sufficiently low temperatures under magnetic fields parallel to both the $ab$-plane and the c-axis in a paramagnetic/superconducting (PM/SC) phase of K$_x$Fe$_{2-y}$Se$_2$. The observation of anisotropy in the orbital part of the Knight shift results in the anisotropy of its spin part increasing on approaching the transition temperature. The anisotropy of the Korringa relation suggests the presence of the weak spin fluctuations with a finite wave vector $\bm{q}$, which induce the magnetic fluctuations along the ab-plane at the Se site. Such fluctuations do not correspond to the stripe $(\pi,0)$ correlation of the Fe moment observed in many Fe-based superconductors, and are not contradictory to weak $(\pi,\pi)$ correlations. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate $1/T_1$ shows a field-independent $T_1T \sim const.$ behavior at low temperatures for $H \parallel ab$, which is attributed to the nonzero density of states at the Fermi level and can be explained by the sign-changing order parameter even for nodeless gaps. The temperature dependence of $1/T_1$ is reproduced well by nodeless models with two isotropic gaps or a single anisotropic gap. The obtained gap magnitude in the isotropic two-gap model is comparable to those obtained in the angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkylative Cyclization of 1,6‐ and 1,7‐Enynes. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Dichotomy Slot Allocation: A QoS Guaranteed Scheduling Algorithm for Input-Queued Switches (2010)

With the rapid increase of real-time applications, jitter, delay, and throughput have become the three important QoS criteria in the scheduling of input-queued (IQ) switches with virtual output queues (VOQ). In this paper, we propose a novel frame-based scheduling algorithm, referred to as dichotomy slot allocation (DSA), to achieve high throughput, bounded delay, and bounded jitter. DSA possesses three major characteristics. First, DSA schedules the switch on a per-VOQ basis, and strives to provision QoS guarantees for each traffic stream corresponding to each VOQ. Second, DSA allocates the exact amount of slots to schedule the actual traffic of each VOQ, and decides the time slot for each packet. Third, DSA equally allocates the slots in a frame to each port pair, and then adjusts the scheduling to meet the actual traffic demand. The adjustment process employs a specially designed order named Dichotomy Order to guarantee QoS. Both analysis and simulation results demonstrate that DSA achieves good performance in jitter and throughput.
Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Ventricle Tissue Blood Flow Using Positron Emission Tomography (2001)

In this pilot study, we assessed the feasibility of using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for in vivo measurement of skeletal muscle ventricle (SMV) tissue blood flow. In 4 dogs, with SMVs prepared from their latissimus dorsi muscle, we quantified SMV tissue blood flow by PET and related it to the tissue flow measured by radiolabeled microspheres under similar physiologic conditions. The tissue blood flow was estimated in SMVs wrapped around a mandrel (not in circulation) at rest and during SMV stimulation (30 and 90 contraction-cycles/min). SMV tissue perfusion was heterogeneous, especially during SMV contraction. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between SMV tissue flows estimated by PET and those measured by microspheres. We conclude that in vivo imaging of SMV is feasible by PET. Quantification of SMV tissue blood flow by PET has promise as a means of assessing changes in blood flow, but further technical progress needs to be made before absolute flows can be reliably measured.
Action of 25-HydroxydihydrotachysteroL on Calcium Metabolism in Normal and Thyroparathyroidectomized Rats1 (1974)

Intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization activity of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol; i has been examined in normal and thyroparathyroidectomized rats. The mobilization of calcium from bone in response to 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterola requires the presence of parathyroid tissue, while the intestinal calcium transport response does not. The intestine responds to as little as 0.5 μg of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 per 100 g of body wt and shows saturation behavior. The bone calcium mobilization response, however, appears to be nearly linear with dose ranging from 0.25 μg to 1.00 μg per 100 g of body wt. It is suggested that 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 functions to increase serum calcium in the hypoparathyroid animals by substituting for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in stimulating intestinal calcium transport. However, because the bone calcium mobilization system requires the parathyroid hormone, this system does not respond to 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 in the hypoparathyroid rat. The results also support the idea that the hypoparathyroid animal cannot synthesize appreciable quantities of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.(Endocrinology94: 1009, 1974)
Cauliflower mosaic virus P6 inclusion body formation: A dynamic and intricate process (2020)

During an infection, Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) forms inclusion bodies (IBs) mainly composed of viral protein P6, where viral activities occur. Because viral processes occur in IBs, understanding the mechanisms by which they are formed is crucial. FL-P6 expressed in N. benthamiana leaves formed IBs of a variety of shapes and sizes. Small IBs were dynamic, undergoing fusion/dissociation events. Co-expression of actin-binding polypeptides with FL-P6 altered IB size distribution and inhibited movement. This suggests that IB movement is required for fusion and growth. A P6 deletion mutant was discovered that formed a single large IB per cell, which suggests it exhibited altered fusion/dissociation dynamics. Myosin-inhibiting drugs did not affect small IB movement, while those inhibiting actin polymerization did. Large IBs colocalized with components of the aggresome pathway, while small ones generally did not. This suggests a possible involvement of the aggresome pathway in large IB formation.
Impact of a large wildfire on water-soluble organic aerosol in a major urban area: the 2009 Station Fire in Los Angeles County (2011)

Abstract. This study examines the nature of water-soluble organic aerosol measured in Pasadena, CA, under typical conditions and under the influence of a large wildfire (the 2009 Station Fire). During non-fire periods, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) variability was driven by photochemical production processes and sea breeze transport, resulting in an average diurnal cycle with a maximum at 15:00 local time (up to 4.9 μg C m−3). During the Station Fire, primary production was a key formation mechanism for WSOC. High concentrations of WSOC (up to 41 μg C m−3) in smoke plumes advected to the site in the morning hours were tightly correlated with nitrate and chloride, numerous aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) organic mass spectral markers, and total non-refractory organic mass. Processed residual smoke was transported to the measurement site by the sea breeze later in the day, leading to higher afternoon WSOC levels than on non-fire days. Parameters representing higher degrees of oxidation of organics, including the ratios of the organic metrics m/z 44:m/z 57 and m/z 44:m/z 43, were elevated in those air masses. Intercomparisons of relative amounts of WSOC, organics, m/z 44, and m/z 43 show that the fraction of WSOC comprising acid-oxygenates increased as a function of photochemical aging owing to the conversion of aliphatic and non-acid oxygenated organics to more acid-like organics. The contribution of water-soluble organic species to the organic mass budget (10th–90th percentile values) ranged between 27 %–72 % and 27 %–68 % during fire and non-fire periods, respectively. The seasonal incidence of wildfires in the Los Angeles Basin greatly enhances the importance of water-soluble organics, which has implications for the radiative and hygroscopic properties of the regional aerosol.
Enhancement of the Solar Water Splitting Efficiency Mediated by Surface Segregation in Ti-doped Hematite Nanorods (2023)

Band engineering is employed thoroughly and targets technologically scalable photoanodes for solar water splitting applications. Complex and costly recipes are necessary, often for average performances. Here we report simple photoanode growth and thermal annealing, with effective band engineering results. By comparing Ti-doped hematite photoanodes annealed under Nitrogen to photoanodes annealed in air, we found strongly enhanced photocurrent, of more than 200 % in the first case. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and synchrotron X-rays spectromicroscopies we demonstrate that oxidized surface states and increased density of charge carriers are responsible for the enhanced photoelectrochemical activity. Surface states are found to be related to the formation of pseudo-brookite clusters by surface Ti segregation. Spectro-ptychography is used for the first time at Ti L3 absorption edge to isolate Ti chemical coordination arising from pseudo-brookite clusters contribution. Correlated with electron microscopy investigation and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the synchrotron spectromicroscopy data prove unambiguously the origin of the better photoelectrochemical activity of N2- annealed Ti-doped hematite nanorods. Finally, we present here a handy and cheap surface engineering method, beyond the known oxygen vacancy doping, allowing a net gain in the photoelectrochemical activity for the hematite-based photoanodes.
Cost‐Based Discovery for Engineering Solutions (2015)

This chapter sets forth a methodology of cost-based discovery through the example of grid-level storage. In the form of a case study, the chapter sets forth a method to address the challenge of grid-scale storage and integration of intermittent renewables by the discovery of next-generation liquid metal battery (LMB) chemistries with the view to advance the system's ability to deliver energy at low levelized costs for extended lifetimes. LMBs, due to their simple construction, are both of low cost and predictably scalable at the sizes required to solve storage needs on the grid. Temperature has been identified as a variable that can be adjusted to provide “cascading” reductions on final assembly cost and to bring the device below the threshold for ubiquitous deployment. By adopting a cost-based discovery model, it is believed that successful completion of the work would make a difference in the marketplace.
High Security FeRAM-Based EPC C1G2 UHF (860 MHz-960 MHz) Passive RFID Tag Chip (2008)

The metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) capacitor in the ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) embedded RFID chip is used in both the memory cell region and the peripheral analog and digital circuit area for capacitance parameter control. The capacitance value of the MFM capacitor is about 30 times larger than that of conventional capacitors, such as the poly-insulator-poly (PIP) capacitor and the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor. An MFM capacitor directly stacked over the analog and memory circuit region can share the layout area with the circuit region; thus, the chip size can be reduced by about 60%. The energy transformation efficiency using the MFM scheme is higher than that of the PIP scheme in RFID chips. The radio frequency operational signal properties using circuits with MFM capacitors are almost the same as or better than with PIP, MIM, and MOS capacitors. For the default value specification requirement, the default set cell is designed with an additional dummy cell.
Reply: Cognition and olfaction in Parkinson’s disease (2010)

Sir, We thank Drs Postuma and Gagnon for their interest in our study and for providing additional information regarding the association between cognition and performance on an odour identification task in Parkinson’s disease. We are pleased to see our findings of an association between memory and olfactory performance replicated. The findings of Postuma and Gagnon agree also with our results that scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test correlate best with measures of verbal learning but not significantly with …
25. Experiments on the preparation of indolocarbazoles. Part II. Some observations on the Graebe–Ullmann carbazole synthesis (1951)

G. G. Coker, S. G. P. Plant and P. B. Turner, J. Chem. Soc., 1951, 110 DOI: 10.1039/JR9510000110
Application of Silicon on Nothing Structure for Developing a Novel Capacitive Absolute Pressure Sensor (2014)

In the field of silicon on nothing (SON) structure , micrometer-thick monocrystalline layers suspended over their parent wafer were produced by high-temperature annealing of specific arrays of trenches. Those trenches reorganize into one single void and leave a thin overlayer on top. Since this method may be an easy way of synchronous fabricating high-quality silicon films and vacuum void, this paper investigates its potential applications for a pressure sensor. A capacitive absolute pressure sensor whose pressure sensitive membrane is formed by the SON structure was fabricated and evaluated. The radius and thickness of the sensitive membrane are 100 and 1.7-μm, respectively. The average sensitivity of the sensor array with 15 diaphragms is 2.88 fF/kPa. This novel fabrication process enables to easily form a high vacuum cavity without hermetical sealing process such as anodic bonding technology, to achieve an excellent long-term stability and reliability, in particular, and to easily integrate detection circuits with the sensor.
Modeling and simulation of micro electromechanical (MEM) beam resonator-based oscillators (2008)

A micro electromechanical beam resonator model that accounts for electrostatic and mechanical non-linearities is proposed. Simulation results are shown to be well matched to fabricated device measurements, capturing non-linear effects such as resonant frequency shifting and the Duffing behavior. Simulations of a MEM resonator-based electronic oscillator using the proposed model show phase noise characteristics which are not predicted by linear models. This offers valuable insights in the trade-offs involved in the design optimization of these oscillators, especially when combined with automatic gain control mechanisms.
Rapid design of gravity assist trajectories (1991)

Several International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) missions require the design of complex gravity assisted trajectories in order to investigate the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field. These trajectories present a formidable trajectory design and optimization problem. The philosophy and methodology that enable an analyst to design and analyse such trajectories are discussed. The so called 'floating end point' targeting, which allows the inherently nonlinear multiple body problem to be solved with simple linear techniques, is described. The combination of floating end point targeting with analytic approximations with a Newton method targeter to achieve trajectory design goals quickly, even for the very sensitive double lunar swingby trajectories used by the ISTP missions, is demonstrated. A multiconic orbit integration scheme allows fast and accurate orbit propagation. A prototype software tool, Swingby, built for trajectory design and launch window analysis, is described.
Linear turbo equalization with precoding for underwater acoustic communications (2010)

Long range underwater acoustic communications are challenging since this channel is severely band limited, time varying, and has a long delay spread. A linear turbo equalizer is a good candidate for communicating over this channel, because it achieves a high level of spectral efficiency with a realizable complexity. As the channel is FIR, the convergence of the turbo equalizer is improved by recursive precoding of the signal before transmission. In this paper, we present a scheme for receiving a precoded transmission using a linear equalizer. Also, experimental results demonstrating high data rates achieved via precoding for long range underwater acoustic communications are presented.
Open-heart surgery in the first year of life. (1973)

Open-heart surgery may be required very early in life in two main groups of patients. In the first, operation is performed as a life-saving, often emergency, procedure for severe hypoxaemia, intractable heart failure or for a combination of both. Typical of this emergency group are infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) for whom the mortality rate without treatment is 85% during the first years of life. In the second group, operation is performed early in life because the prognosis without treatment, or even after palliative treatment, is unfavourable. The best example of the second group are infants with transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Balloon septostomy or surgical septectomy improved an otherwise unfavourable prognosis but thromboembolic episodes and the early development of pulmonary vascular disease present life-threatening complications.
Probabilistic illumination-aware filtering for Monte Carlo rendering (2013)

Abstract Noise removal for Monte Carlo global illumination rendering is a well known problem, and has seen significant attention from image-based filtering methods. However, many state of the art methods breakdown in the presence of high frequency features, complex lighting and materials. In this work we present a probabilistic image based noise removal and irradiance filtering framework that preserves this high frequency detail such as hard shadows and glossy reflections, and imposes no restrictions on the characteristics of the light transport or materials. We maintain per-pixel clusters of the path traced samples and, using statistics from these clusters, derive an illumination aware filtering scheme based on the discrete Poisson probability distribution. Furthermore, we filter the incident radiance of the samples, allowing us to preserve and filter across high frequency and complex textures without limiting the effectiveness of the filter.