gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Particle Collection Efficiency for Nylon Mesh Screens (2011)

Mesh screens composed of nylon fibers leave minimal residual ash and produce no significant spectral interference when ashed for spectrometric examination. These characteristics make nylon mesh screens attractive as a collection substrate for nanoparticles. A theoretical single-fiber efficiency expression developed for wire-mesh screens was evaluated for estimating the collection efficiency of submicrometer particles for nylon mesh screens. Pressure drop across the screens, the effect of particle morphology (spherical and highly fractal) on collection efficiency and single-fiber efficiency were evaluated experimentally for three pore sizes (60, 100 and 180 μm) at three flow rates (2.5, 4 and 6 Lpm). The pressure drop across the screens was found to increase linearly with superficial velocity. The collection efficiency of the screens was found to vary by less than 4% regardless of particle morphology. Single-fiber efficiency calculated from experimental data was in good agreement with that estimated from theory for particles between 40 and 150 nm but deviated from theory for particles outside this size range. New coefficients for the single-fiber efficiency model were identified that minimized the sum of square error (SSE) between the values estimated with the model and those determined experimentally. Compared to the original theory, the SSE calculated using the modified theory was at least one order of magnitude lower for all screens and flow rates with the exception of the 60-μm pore screens at 2.5 Lpm, where the decrease was threefold.
Intravital Immunofluorescence for Visualizing the Microcirculatory and Immune Microenvironments in the Mouse Ear Dermis (2013)

Visualizing the dynamic behaviors of immune cells in living tissue has dramatically increased our understanding of how cells interact with their surroundings, contributing important insights into mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking, tumor cell invasion, and T cell education by dendritic cells, among others. Despite substantial advances with various intravital imaging techniques including two-photon microscopy and the generation of multitudes of reporter mice, there is a growing need to assess cell interactions in the context of specific extracellular matrix composition and microvascular functions, and as well, simpler and more widely accessible methods are needed to image cell behaviors in the context of living tissue physiology. Here we present an antibody-based method for intravital imaging of cell interactions with the blood, lymphatic, and the extracellular matrix compartments of the living dermis while simultaneously assessing capillary permeability and lymphatic drainage function. Using the exposed dorsal ear of the anesthetized mouse and a fluorescence stereomicroscope, such events can be imaged in the context of specific extracellular matrix proteins, or matrix-bound chemokine stores. We developed and optimized the method to minimize tissue damage to the ear, rapidly immunostain for multiple extracellular or cell surface receptors of interest, minimize immunotoxicity with pre-blocking Fcγ receptors and phototoxicity with extracellular antioxidants, and highlight the major dermal tissue structures with basement membrane markers. We demonstrate differential migration behaviors of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, blood-circulating leukocytes, and dermal dendritic cells, with the latter entering sparse CCL21-positive areas of pre-collecting lymphatic vessels. This new method allows simultaneous imaging of cells and tissue structures, microvascular function, and extracellular microenvironment in multiple skin locations for 12 hours or more, with the flexibility of immunolabeling in addition to genetic-based fluorescent reporters.
KSHV infection of endothelial precursor cells with lymphatic characteristics as a novel model for translational Kaposi’s sarcoma studies (2022)

Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a hyperplasia consisting of enlarged malformed vasculature and spindle-shaped cells, the main proliferative component of KS. While spindle cells express markers of lymphatic and blood endothelium, the origin of spindle cells is unknown. Endothelial precursor cells have been proposed as the source of spindle cells. We previously identified two types of circulating endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), ones that expressed markers of blood endothelium and ones that expressed markers of lymphatic endothelium. Here we examined both blood and lymphatic ECFCs infected with KSHV. Lymphatic ECFCs are significantly more susceptible to KSHV infection than the blood ECFCs and maintain the viral episomes during passage in culture while the blood ECFCs lose the viral episome. Only the KSHV-infected lymphatic ECFCs grew to small multicellular colonies in soft agar whereas the infected blood ECFCs and all uninfected ECFCs failed to proliferate. The lymphatic ECFCs express high levels of SOX18, which supported the maintenance of high copy number of KSHV genomes. When implanted subcutaneously into NSG mice, the KSHV-infected lymphatic ECFCs persisted in vivo and recapitulated the phenotype of KS tumor cells with high number of viral genome copies and spindling morphology. These spindle cell hallmarks were significantly reduced when mice were treated with SOX18 inhibitor, SM4. These data suggest that KSHV-infected lymphatic ECFCs can be utilized as a KSHV infection model for in vivo translational studies to test novel inhibitors representing potential treatment modalities for KS. Author summary Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). The main proliferative component of KS, spindle cells, express markers of lymphatic and blood endothelium. Endothelial precursor cells, which are circulating endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), have been proposed as the source of spindle cells. Here we examined both blood and lymphatic ECFCs infected with KSHV. Lymphatic ECFCs are readily infected by KSHV, maintain the viral episomes and show minimal transformation of the cells, which the infected blood ECFCs and all uninfected ECFCs failed to show. The lymphatic ECFCs express SOX18, which supported the maintenance of high copy numbers of KSHV genomes. The KSHV-infected lymphatic ECFCs persisted in vivo and recapitulated the phenotype of KS tumor cells such as high number of viral genome copies and spindling morphology. These KS tumor cell hallmarks were significantly reduced by SOX18 chemical inhibition using a small molecule SM4 treatment. These data suggest that KSHV-infected lymphatic ECFCs could be the progenitors of KS spindle cells and are a promising model for the translational studies to develop new therapies for KS.
Hall effect in charged conducting ferroelectric domain walls (2016)

Enhanced conductivity at specific domain walls in ferroelectrics is now an established phenomenon. Surprisingly, however, little is known about the most fundamental aspects of conduction. Carrier types, densities and mobilities have not been determined and transport mechanisms are still a matter of guesswork. Here we demonstrate that intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) can detect the Hall effect in conducting domain walls. Studying YbMnO<sub>3</sub> single crystals, we have confirmed that p-type conduction occurs in tail-to-tail charged domain walls. By calibration of the AFM signal, an upper estimate of ∼1 × 10<sup>16</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> is calculated for the mobile carrier density in the wall, around four orders of magnitude below that required for complete screening of the polar discontinuity. A carrier mobility of∼50 cm<sup>2</sup>V<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> is calculated, about an order of magnitude below equivalent carrier mobilities in p-type silicon, but sufficiently high to preclude carrier-lattice coupling associated with small polarons.
Ultra narrowband infrared absorbers for omni-directional and polarization insensitive multi-spectral sensing microsystems (2017)

This paper reports on the experimental demonstration of wide-angle and polarization insensitive ultranarrow band mid-infrared (MIR) plasmonic absorbers for multispectral sensing and imaging applications. By optimizing geometry and fabrication process of an ultrathin (400 nm) metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metamaterial structure, we have been able to experimentally demonstrate high absorptivity (η>91%) mid-IR absorbers with the narrowest absorption bandwidth reported to date (full width at half maximum, FWHM~225 nm, 4.29% at λ=5.23μm), while maintaining angle (θ=0~60°) and polarization insensitivity. The unprecedented performance of such batch-microfabricated and lithographically defined ultra-thin absorbers paves the way to the development of new classes of plasmonically-enhanced multi-spectral sensing and imaging microsystems for noninvasive chemical sensing and IR spectral signature detection.
Randomized Controlled Comparison of Ofloxacin, Azithromycin, and an Ofloxacin-Azithromycin Combination for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant and Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Typhoid Fever (2006)

Isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi that are multidrug resistant (MDR, resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and have reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid resistant, Na(r)) are common in Asia. The optimum treatment for infections caused by such isolates is not established. This study compared different antimicrobial regimens for the treatment of MDR/Na(r) typhoid fever. Vietnamese children and adults with uncomplicated typhoid fever were entered into an open randomized controlled trial. Ofloxacin (20 mg/kg of body weight/day for 7 days), azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day for 7 days), and ofloxacin (15 mg/kg/day for 7 days) combined with azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day for the first 3 days) were compared. Of the 241 enrolled patients, 187 were eligible for analysis (186 S. enterica serovar Typhi, 1 Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A). Eighty-seven percent (163/187) of the patients were children; of the S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates, 88% (165/187) were MDR and 93% (173/187) were Na(r). The clinical cure rate was 64% (40/63) with ofloxacin, 76% (47/62) with ofloxacin-azithromycin, and 82% (51/62) with azithromycin (P = 0.053). The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) fever clearance time for patients treated with azithromycin (5.8 days [5.1 to 6.5 days]) was shorter than that for patients treated with ofloxacin-azithromycin (7.1 days [6.2 to 8.1 days]) and ofloxacin (8.2 days [7.2 to 9.2 days]) (P < 0.001). Positive fecal carriage immediately posttreatment was detected in 19.4% (12/62) of patients treated with ofloxacin, 6.5% (4/62) of those treated with the combination, and 1.6% (1/62) of those treated with azithromycin (P = 0.006). Both antibiotics were well tolerated. Uncomplicated typhoid fever due to isolates of MDR S. enterica serovar Typhi with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (Na(r)) can be successfully treated with a 7-day course of azithromycin.
Tau Pathology in a Family with Dementia and a P301L Mutation in Tau (1999)

Familial forms of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) have recently been associated with coding region and intronic mutations in the tau gene. Here we report our findings on 2 affected siblings from a family with early-onset dementia, characterized by extensive tau pathology and a Pro to Leu mutation at codon 301 of tau. The proband, a 55-year-old woman, and her 63-year-old brother died after a progressive dementing illness clinically diagnosed as Alzheimer disease. Their mother, 2 sisters, maternal aunt and uncle, and several cousins were also affected. Autopsy in both cases revealed frontotemporal atrophy and degeneration of basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Sequencing of exon 10 of the tau gene revealed a C to T transition at codon 301, resulting in a Pro to Leu substitution. Widespread neuronal and glial inclusions, neuropil threads, and astrocytic plaques similar to those seen in corticobasal degeneration were labeled with a battery of antibodies to phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent epitopes spanning the entire tau sequence. Isolated tau filaments had the morphology of narrow twisted ribbons. Sarkosyl-insoluble tau exhibited 2 major bands of 64 and 68 kDa and a minor 72 kDa band, similar to the pattern seen in a familial tauopathy associated with an intronic tau mutation. These pathological tau bands predominantly contained the subset of tau isoforms with 4 microtubule-binding repeats selectively affected by the P301L missense mutation. Our findings emphasize the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of tauopathies and highlight intriguing links between FTDP-17 and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Breeding of the Cottontail Rabbit in Southern Michigan (1938)

recorded information on the breeding of cottontails is more limited than might be expected from the wide distribution and abundance of this subspecies (Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii) and its allies. Audubon and Bachman (1849) wrote that in the northern states they have about three litters per season with from five to seven young per litter. Kennicott (1857) concluded, from studies in Illinois, that young are produced three or four times a year and that there are usually from four to six at a birth. Evermann and Clark (1911) stated that in northern Indiana the rabbit breeds at least twice in a season, producing one litter in early spring and another in July or even as late as September. Seton (1929) said that there are three or even four mating times a year. The young are in number 4 to 6 or 7, very rarely as many as 8, or as few as 3. Trippensee (1936) believes that in Michigan there are at least two broods per season and possibly four. average number of young in 27 litters was 5.04. maximum was eight.
Variable-frequency trains offset low-frequency fatigue in human skeletal muscle (1999)

Variable-frequency trains that exploit the catchlike property of skeletal muscle can augment force production in fatigued skeletal muscle. The present study is the first to examine the effect of such trains during recovery. The quadriceps femoris muscles of 12 healthy individuals were fatigued using six-pulse, 14.3-Hz trains delivered at a rate of 1/s for 3 min. The force-generating ability of the muscle was tested with several constant-frequency trains (8.3-100 Hz) and a variable-frequency train before and after fatigue and at 2, approximately 13, and approximately 38 min of recovery. The variable-frequency train produced significant augmentation of force versus the best constant-frequency train (12.5 Hz) in acute fatigue and during recovery. The fatiguing protocol also induced low-frequency fatigue (LFF); the time courses of the degree of LFF and the amount of variable-frequency train force augmentation were inversely related (r = 0.629; F = 38.024; P </= 0.001), suggesting a common mechanism between the two phenomena. These results suggest that clinical use of variable-frequency trains (e.g., functional electrical stimulation) will enable the muscle to generate more force during acute fatigue and offset, at least partially, the long-term effects of LFF.
ISSR Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Plum Varieties Cultivated in Southern China (2018)

Plums (<i>Prunus</i> spp.) are important deciduous fruit crops in the world. China is a major producer of <i>P. salicina</i> Lindl., but the genetic relationship of Chinese plums in key production regions remain unclear. In this study, 14 University of British Columbia (UBC) inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers were used to analyze 33 plum varieties cultivated in Fujian Province to determine their genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 146 bands were generated, of which 130 were polymorphic. Mean percentage of polymorphic bands was 89.04%, Shannon's information index value was 0.38, and the Nei's genetic index value was 0.24. Using unrooted trees (Neighbor-Joining method), 33 varieties were classified into four groups. Split graph separated them into two major groups, each with two subgroups. The two phylogenetic trees indicate that environmental or natural selection pressure is an important factor influencing their genetic relationship. Analysis of population structure revealed that they have frequent genetic exchanges among closed subpopulations; thus, genetic variation mainly occurs within the population. Additionally, based on the phylogenetic analysis and unique morphological characteristics of fruits, we propose that the Chinese landrace Nai could contribute significantly to development of the famous variety Wickson.
Stiffness control of a robotic arm using robust fixed point transformations (2016)

Nowadays, energy consumption of electronic systems is a very important question. Much money and time can be saved with a well-designed system, where the depletion is minimal. In this paper, the power usage of the arm of a NAO Next Gen robot is optimized by controlling dynamically the stiffness of its motor. The control strategy is based on Robust Fixed Point Transformations (RFPT). The results show that the proposed control method can reduce the power usage significantly, and as a surprise, it can reduce the inaccuracy of the tracking caused by the unpunctual sensors of the robot.
Differential expression of adenosine A2A and A2B receptor subtypes on myeloid U937 and THP-1 cells: Adenosine A2B receptor activation selectively stimulates cAMP formation and inhibition of TNF? release in THP-1 cells (1998)

The ability of adenosine to function as an inhibitory modulator of inflammatory processes has been well documented. While the activation of adenosine A2 receptors has been implicated in the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine, the specific mechanisms by which adenosine modulates the function of pro-inflammatory cells is less well understood. The present studies were undertaken to further investigate the specific roles of adenosine A2 receptor subtypes (A2A and A2B) in monocyte function using two human myeloid cell lines of different developmental lineage, U937 cells (promonocytes) and THP-1 cells (monocytes). Adenosine receptor agonists stimulated the production of cAMP in both cell lines; with an apparent A2A receptor-mediated agonist profile (CGS 21680 = NECA ≫ CPA) for U937 cells and an apparent A2B receptor-mediated agonist profile (NECA ≫ CPA > CGS 21680) for THP-1 cells. NECA-stimulated cAMP production in both cell lines could be inhibited with the adenosine receptor antagonists CGS 15943 and DPCPX in a concentration-dependent fashion. Using RNase protection analysis, it was demonstrated that the mRNA for the adenosine A2A receptor was expressed in U937 cells, but not in THP- 1 cells, while the adenosine A2B receptor mRNA was detected in THP-1 cells, but not in U937 cells. Since THP-1 cells are widely used as a model of monocyte function, additional experiments were conducted to characterize the expression of adenosine receptor subtypes on these cells. Radioligand binding studies demonstrated the apparent lack of high affinity binding to A1, A2A, or A3 receptors on THP-1 cell membranes. Further, the rank order potency of adenosine receptor agonists to inhibit the LPS-stimulated release of TNFα from THP-1 cells was consistent with the activation of adenosine A2B receptors. These results suggest the possibility that the effects of adenosine on myeloid cell function can be mediated by a differential expression of A2 adenosine receptor subtypes during developmental maturation. Further, activation of adenosine A2B receptors may represent a significant mechanism by which adenosine inhibits TNFα release from inflammatory cells. Drug Dev. Res. 44:41–47, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrically Driven Optical Antennas Based on Template Dielectrophoretic Trapping (2019)

An electrically driven optical antenna (EDOA) provides a nanoscale light-emitting scheme that is appealing for biosensors, plasmonic displays, and on-chip optoelectronic circuits. The EDOA (consisting of metal nanoparticles (NPs)) excited by inelastic tunneling electrons has attracted broad interest due to its terahertz modulation bandwidth and microelectronics-compatible dimensions. Currently, the efficient fabrication of EDOA is hampered by the ultrasmall size of NPs and the requirement of controllable preparation. Here, we overcome this limitation by accurately positioning thiol-covered gold NPs onto predesigned electrodes using dielectrophoresis trapping. The combination of a high-quality molecule tunnel barrier and the template trapping ensures that the EDOA can operate stably in ambient conditions. More importantly, the template trapping allows fabrication of EDOA with different numbers and arrangements of NPs by controlling the size and orientation of the template. This technology provides a way to fabricate controllable optoelectronic devices based on NPs and is promising for compact and smart photonic devices.
Tangled up in two: a burst of genome duplications at the end of the Cretaceous and the consequences for plant evolution (2014)

Genome sequencing has demonstrated that besides frequent small-scale duplications, large-scale duplication events such as whole genome duplications (WGDs) are found on many branches of the evolutionary tree of life. Especially in the plant lineage, there is evidence for recurrent WGDs, and the ancestor of all angiosperms was in fact most likely a polyploid species. The number of WGDs found in sequenced plant genomes allows us to investigate questions about the roles of WGDs that were hitherto impossible to address. An intriguing observation is that many plant WGDs seem associated with periods of increased environmental stress and/or fluctuations, a trend that is evident for both present-day polyploids and palaeopolyploids formed around the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) extinction at 66 Ma. Here, we revisit the WGDs in plants that mark the K-Pg boundary, and discuss some specific examples of biological innovations and/or diversifications that may be linked to these WGDs. We review evidence for the processes that could have contributed to increased polyploid establishment at the K-Pg boundary, and discuss the implications on subsequent plant evolution in the Cenozoic.
Radiation by an Electron Beam Interacting with a Diffraction Grating. Two-Dimensional Theory (1966)

Expressions are obtained for the power radiated by a modulated electron beam passing near the surface of a (perfectly conducting) diffraction grating. The electromagnetic fields are calculated in terms of the two-dimensional scalar Green's function for the grating surface. The grating profile may be chosen as any function that can be represented by a Fourier series, and the Green's function is developed as a power series in the grating groove depth. By superposition, the radiation by a moving line charge is also considered. The results are compared with those of previous treatments.