gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D MEMS high vacuum wafer level packaging (2012)

The main objective of this work has been to demonstrate the feasibility of combining hermetic high vacuum level MEMS packaging (vacuum target is below 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> mbar) with 3D feed trough interconnections on 200 mm wafers. A vacuum Wafer Level Packaging (WLP) solution for MEMS will be presented. This solution is assessed on a test vehicle based on a MEMS resonator processed in a silicon wafer hermetically sealed to a glass wafer by an anodic bonding process. The resonator is used to characterize the vacuum inside the packaging by measuring the Quality factor of the resonator (Q factor). At first, a Through Glass Via (TGV) technology has been used. Thanks to this technology the MEMS can be electrically connected to the ASIC by wire bonding through the front side of the assembly. Then, a Through Silicon Via (TSV) solution has been developed through the backside of the assembly that makes possible to directly connect the MEMS to the PCB by flipchip bonding. Both technologies will be described in this paper. A specific measurement method of the Q factor through the glass has been developed using classical optical microscopy. This allows following the Q factor evolution during TSV process. The Q factor is also determined by electrical tests measurement at wafer level and chip level at the end of the process flow.
Protein-aggregating ability of different protoporphyrin-IX nanostructures is dependent on their oxidation and protein-binding capacity (2021)

Porphyrias are rare blood disorders caused by genetic defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway and are associated with the accumulation of high levels of porphyrins that become cytotoxic. Porphyrins, due to their amphipathic nature, spontaneously associate into different nanostructures, but very little is known about the cytotoxic effects of these porphyrin nanostructures. Previously, we demonstrated the unique ability of fluorescent biological porphyrins, including protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX), to cause organelle-selective protein aggregation, which we posited to be a major mechanism by which fluorescent porphyrins exerts their cytotoxic effect. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that PP-IX-mediated protein aggregation is modulated by different PP-IX nanostructures via a mechanism that depends on their oxidizing potential and protein-binding ability. UV-visible spectrophotometry showed pH-mediated reversible transformations of PP-IX nanostructures. Biochemical analysis showed that PP-IX nanostructure size modulated PP-IX-induced protein oxidation and protein aggregation. Furthermore, albumin, the most abundant serum protein, preferentially binds PP-IX dimers and enhances their oxidizing ability. PP-IX binding quenched albumin intrinsic fluorescence and oxidized His-91 residue to Asn/Asp, likely via a previously described photo-oxidation mechanism for other proteins. Extracellular albumin protected from intracellular porphyrinogenic stress and protein aggregation by acting as a PP-IX sponge. This work highlights the importance of PP-IX nanostructures in the context of porphyrias and offers insights into potential novel therapeutic approaches.
Development of Oxide Superconductor Current Leads for SMES Large-current YBCO Current Leads using Parallel Connection (2004)

This paper introduces the development progress regarding the current lead for SMES. Large-current carrier capacity has been attained by connecting two or more 1kA-class YBCO superconductivity current lead elements in parallel. Miniaturization of the SMES current lead for bridging instantaneous voltage dips has been achieved by cooling the YBCO bulk elements with a small direct cryocooler, and a 10kA-class current lead has been produced by connecting 1kA-class current leads in parallel. This current lead, which supplies electric power to the SMES model coil for load fluctuation compensation and frequency control, was further developed as a national project of the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy.
Establishment and characterization of six human melanoma xenograft lines (1990)

Six new human melanoma xenograft lines differing considerably in biological properties were established in athymic nude mice and characterized with respect to growth in vivo . Mean volume‐doubling time ranged from 1.8 to 17.7 days, mean necrotic fraction from 7 to 39%, and mean fraction of cells in S from 11 to 31% at a tumor volume of 500 mm 3 . DNA‐index and median chromosome number were in the ranges 1.15–1.76 and 46–80, respectively. The lines were all highly malignant by histopathological criteria, but showed significant differences with respect to cell type, cellular pleomorphism, nuclear atypia, nucleolar prominence, and mitotic activity. Several biological characteristics of the donor patients' melanomas were retained in the xenograft lines. All lines showed a human karyotype and the histological appearance was very similar to that of the source tumor material. The distribution of cells in the cell cycle was comparable to that reported for melanomas in man. The six melanoma xenograft lines constitute a tumor panel that shows great promise for future studies of the biology and treatment sensitivity of malignant melanoma.
Electrochemical Properties of Iron Surface Layers Implanted with High Carbon Dose. (1991)

Effects of high dose carbon implantation on the anodic dissolution behaviour of iron surface layers have been studied by multi-sweep cyclic voltammetry (CVM) in an acetate buffer solution of pH 5.0. Implantation of 12C+ was performed with doses of 2×1017-1×1018 ions/cm2 at an energy of 100keV, and at a nearly room temperature. XPS, XRD and laser Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the composition and structure, before and after CVM measurements. High dose carbon implantation was extremely effective in suppression of the anodic dissolution of iron. The carbon depth profile showed a gaussian-like shape even at the highest dose, as predicted by the LSS theory, in which the carbon was combined with not only iron but also carbon itself. After CVM measurements, a glassy carbon film, including the graphite and disordered-graphite structures, was found on the surface. From the results, it is concluded that iron carbides and the carbon film formed by high dose carbon implantation and electrochemical treatment are effective in corrosion protection of iron surface layers.
Commentary: Considerations in the Measurement of Glass Transition Temperatures of Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solids (2019)

An increased interest in using amorphous solid forms in pharmaceutical applications to increase solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability has generated a need for better characterization of key properties, such as the glass transition (T<sub>g</sub>) temperature. Although many laboratories measure and report this value, the details around these measurements are often vague or misunderstood. In this article, we attempt to highlight and compare various aspects of the two most common methods used to measure pharmaceutical T<sub>g</sub> values, conventional and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Issues that directly impact the T<sub>g</sub>, such as instrumental parameters, sample preparation methods, data analysis, and "wet" vs. "dry" measurements, are discussed.
Energy Band Structure of SiO<sub>2</sub>/4H-SiC Interfaces and its Modulation Induced by Intrinsic and Extrinsic Interface Charge Transfer (2011)

The energy band structure of SiO2/4H-SiC fabricated on (0001) Si- and (000-1) C-face substrates was investigated by means of synchrotron radiation x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-XPS). The band structure was found to be dependent on substrate orientation and oxide thickness due to both intrinsic and extrinsic effects that cause charge transfer at the SiO2/SiC interface. Our SR-XPS analysis revealed that the intrinsic conduction band offset of the SiO2/SiC for the C-face substrate is smaller than that for the Si-face. This means that, whereas C-face substrates exhibit high carrier mobility, a problem that is crucial to gate oxide reliability remains for SiC-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices owing to increased leakage current.
Brain Injury and Neuroendocrine Function (2001)

Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Subscribe to eTOC Secondary Logo Journal Logo All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search Toggle navigation Subscribe Register Login HomeCurrent IssuePrevious Issues Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and ObesityThe Endocrinologist (1991 - 2010) Published Ahead-of-PrintFor Authors Information for AuthorsLanguage Editing Services Journal Info About the JournalEditorial BoardAdvertisingOpen AccessSubscription ServicesReprintsRights and PermissionsMobileNew Features All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search
Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber/Poly(butylene succinate) Biocomposite via Superheated Steam-Alkali Treatment of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber (2014)

Natural fiber is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer due to its hydrophilic nature. Therefore, surface modification of fiber is needed to impart compatibility. In this work,superheated steam (SHS)-alkali was introduced as novel surface treatment method to modify oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) for fabrication of biocomposites. The OPMF was first pre-treated with SHS and subsequently treated with varying NaOH concentration (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) and soaking time (1, 2, 3 and 4h) at room temperature. The biocomposites were then fabricated by melt blending of 70 wt% SHS-alkali treated-OPMFs and 30 wt% poly(butylene succinate) in a Brabender internal mixer followed by hot-pressed moulding. The combination treatment resulted in fiber with rough surface as well as led to the exposure ofmicrofibers. The tensile test result showed that fiber treated at 2% NaOH solution and 3h soaking time produced biocomposite with highest improvement in tensile strength (69%) and elongation at break (36%) in comparison to that of untreated OPMF. The scanning electron micrographs of tensile fracture surfaces of biocomposite provide evident for improved adhesion between fiber and polymer after thetreatments.This work demonstrated that combination treatments of SHS and NaOH could be a promising way to modify OPMF for fabrication of biocomposite.
Confining Water in Ionic and Organic Solvents to Tune Its Adsorption and Reactivity at Electrified Interfaces (2021)

ConspectusThe recent discovery of "water-in-salt" electrolytes has spurred a rebirth of research on aqueous batteries. Most of the attention has been focused on the formulation of salts enabling the electrochemical window to be expanded as much as possible, well beyond the 1.23 V allowed by thermodynamics in water. This approach has led to critical successes, with devices operating at voltages of up to 4 V. These efforts were accompanied by fundamental studies aiming at understanding water speciation and its link with the bulk and interfacial properties of water-in-salt electrolytes. This speciation was found to differ markedly from that in conventional aqueous solutions since most water molecules are involved in the solvation of the cationic species (in general Li<sup>+</sup>) and thus cannot form their usual hydrogen-bonding network. Instead, it is the anions that tend to self-aggregate in nanodomains and dictate the interfacial and transport properties of the electrolyte. This particular speciation drastically alters the presence and reactivity of the water molecules at electrified interfaces, which enlarges the electrochemical windows of these aqueous electrolytes.Thanks to this fundamental understanding, a second very active lead was recently followed, which consists of using a scarce amount of water in nonaqueous electrolytes in order to control the interfacial properties. Following this path, it was proposed to use an organic solvent such as acetonitrile as a confinement matrix for water. Tuning the salt/water ratio in such systems leads to a whole family of systems that can be used to determine the reactivity of water and control the potential at which the hydrogen evolution reaction occurs. Put together, all of these efforts allow a shift of our view of the water molecule from a passive solvent to a reactant involved in many distinct fields ranging from electrochemical energy storage to (electro)catalysis.Combining spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques with molecular dynamics simulations, we have observed very interesting chemical phenomena such as immiscibility between two aqueous phases, specific adsorption properties of water molecules that strongly affect their reactivity, and complex diffusive mechanisms due to the formation of anionic and aqueous nanodomains.
Metformin and pioglitazone: effectively treating insulin resistance (2006)

The distinct, but complementary, mechanisms of action of the thiazolidinediones and metformin provide the opportunity for effective combination therapy with two insulin-sensitizing agents. Such an approach has consequences, not only for improved glucose control, but also for reducing metabolic risk and potentially improving major cardiovascular disease outcomes.
Nonstoichiometry in A 2 B 2 O 7 Pyrochlores (2002)

Energies associated with deviations from stoichiometry for an extensive series of A 2 B 2 O 7 pyrochlores have been predicted. A 3+ cations range in size from Lu to La and B 4+ cations from Ti to Pb. Results are presented in the form of contour maps as a means of conveying large quantities of data as well as predicting characteristics for pyrochlore compounds not explicitly modeled. These contour maps indicate that the BO 2 excess nonstoichiometry in the pyrochlore structure is distinct from solid‐solution fluorite. Within the limitations of this methodology, the contour maps provide a means to understand and predict distinct compositional variations. Defect cluster formation is discussed.
Characterization of High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatography Columns using Chromatographic Methods (2006)

Abstract A great variety of columns for liquid chromatography (LC) are available in dimensions ranging from industrial scale to micro‐bore, nano‐bore, and capillary size, and on‐chip columns. The columns may be used in various liquid chromatography modes or in capillary electrochromatography, depending on the support materials and stationary phase chemistry. Every year many new column types are introduced on the market, with improved selectivity and efficiency, long lifetime, and mobile phase compatibility, intended for general use, for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) applications, proteomic research, or for the analysis of other specific sample types. Considerable improvement in pH, high‐temperature, and high‐pressure stability of new column types, together with advances in the instrumentation, enabled introduction of capillary, high‐temperature, and ultra‐high‐pressure HPLC into routine practice. Even though reversed‐phase mode is still by the most widely used in contemporary LC, applications of other separation modes (such as ion, normal‐phase, or high‐interaction liquid chromatography (HILC)) have become more frequent recently, because of unique separation selectivity for certain sample types. Characterization of column quality is not a simple task, because a number of factors should be taken into account, that affect the selectivity, efficiency and resolution of sample separation and the reproducibility of chromatographic data. These include the type of the support, the arrangement and density of the stationary phase on the adsorbent surface, the homogeneity of the chromatographic bed, etc. Various physicochemical techniques are used for characterization of the properties of column packings however, most of them are suitable for bulk materials only and cannot be directly applied for commercial columns without damaging them. Not to destroy the columns, often precious and expensive, practicing chromatographers can apply chromatographic methods to characterize columns and evaluate their analytical suitability under real‐life conditions, where the intermolecular interactions between the analytes, the stationary phase, and the mobile phases affect the retention. The present review reports various chromatographic tests and strategies available for column evaluation. Keywords: Liquid chromatography columnsstationary phasesselectivityquality tests Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Ministry of Education of Czech Republic, project MSM 0021627502, and by the Grant Agency of Czech Republic, project No. 203/05/2106.
Mineral Ion Contents and Cell Transmembrane Electropotentials of Pea and Oat Seedling Tissue (1967)

The relationships of concentration gradients to electropotential gradients resulting from passive diffusion processes, after equilibration, are described by the Nernst equation. The primary criterion for the hypothesis that any given ion is actively transported is to establish that it is not diffusing passively. A test was made of how closely the Nernst equation describes the electrochemical equilibrium in seedling tissues. Segments of roots and epicotyl internodes of pea (Pisum sativum var. Alaska) and of roots and coleoptiles of oat (Avena sativa var. Victory) seedlings were immersed and shaken in defined nutrient solutions containing eight major nutrients (K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cl(-), NO(3) (-), H(2)PO(4) (-) and SO(4) (2-)) at 1-fold and 10-fold concentrations. The tissue content of each ion was assayed at 0, 8, 24, and 48 hours. A near-equilibrium condition was approached by roots for most ions; however, the segments of shoot tissue generally continued to show a net accumulation of some ions, mainly K(+) and NO(3) (-). Only K(+) approached a reasonable fit to the Nernst equation and this was true for the 1-fold concentration but not the 10-fold. The data suggest that for Na(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) the electrochemical gradient is from the external solution to the cell interior; thus passive diffusion should be in an inward direction. Consequently, some mechanism must exist in plant tissue either to exclude these cations or to extrude them (e.g., by an active efflux pump). For each of the anions the electrochemical gradient is from the tissue to the solution; thus an active influx pump for anions seems required. Root segments approach ionic equilibrium with the solution concentration in which the seedlings were grown. Segments of shoot tissue, however, are far removed from such equilibration. Thus in the intact seedling the extracellular (wall space) fluid must be very different from that of the nutrient solution bathing the segments; it would appear that the root is the site of regulation of ion uptake in the intact plant although other correlative mechanisms may be involved.
Structural study of chemical vapor deposition of Si on GaN (2005)

We have grown high quality Si epilayers on wurtzite gallium nitride substrate by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectra and Auger electron spectra were employed to analyze the components and chemical structures of Si/GaN. The results indicated that there was nitrogen diffusion from the GaN layer to the Si layer and substitutional N accumulation near the interface, which agreed with carrier concentration obtained from electrical conductivity measurements.
Optimal Design of Power Transformer Using Genetic Algorithm (2012)

The paper presents power transformer design, using genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) by minimizing total active cost, keeping in view the constraints imposed by international standards and power transformer specifications. The design results using conventional method (CM) have been compared with those obtained by applying GA and SA techniques and it is quite evident that the dimensions as well as active cost have been reduced in comparison to CM using same set of constraints. The results of GA and SA have been obtained using optimization tool box MATLAB Release 9.1 which have not been applied for power transformer design so far. Present paper firstly provides efficient and reliable solution for the design optimization problem with several variables and secondly, it guarantee that the obtained solution is a global optimum. Hence, this paper demonstrates a better and efficient solution for power transformer design using the said optimization techniques.
A case of metachronous superficial oro-pharyngeal cancer treated by endoscopic resection (2014)

With an increase in the incidence of superficial oro/hypo-pharyngeal cancer, it has become clear that metachronous cancer may also develop often in these cases, as in the case of superficial esophageal cancer. Patients with risk factors such as ALDH2 deficiency or a heavy drinking and/or smoking history require long-term follow-up for the detection of metachronous cancer. If the metachronous cancer is also of the superficial type, endoscopic treatment may be indicated. It is estimated that cases requiring multiple treatments will increase in the future. However, the oro/hypo-pharyngeal lumen is narrow and uneven. Endoscopic resection may become difficult due to scar formation from the previous treatment. In this situation, a safe and reliable resection method is required. We were able to safely perform complete en-bloc resection of the superficial cancer that developed in the scar from the previous operation, by endoscopic laryngo-pharyngeal surgery (ELPS) . ELPS is a safe and secure procedure for patients with postoperative scars.
[Examination of very long chain fatty acids in diagnosis of x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy]. (1996)

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) (McKusick 300100) is a relatively common disorder due to activity deficiency of a peroxisomal transporter of very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase it causes accumulation of endogenous and exogenous saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in plasma and in all tissues. X-ALD is characterised by phenotypic variability, about 80% of patients present more or less progressive demyelinization and adrenal insufficiency. The remaining patients have isolated adrenocortical insufficiency or are asymptomatic or presymptomatic. The measurement of VLCFA accumulation in plasma using the GC-MS method is the basis of diagnosis of X-ALD. Among 162 plasma samples from patients suspected of X-ALD, only 2 were from patients suspected of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). In the analysed material we identified 13 X-ALD hemizygotes and 7 X-ALD heterozygotes. Twelve patients presented the childhood cerebral form of X-ALD. VLCFA profiles in plasma were analysed in 6 patients who were on a diet and Lorenzo oil.