gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparison of three in vitro screening tests with an in vivo clinical test to evaluate the irritation potential of antibacterial liquid soaps (1995)

A series of in vitro screening studies has been performed to determine the irritation potential of antibacterial liquid soaps. The results from these in vitro studies were compared to the results from an in vivo clinical study in an effort to determine their utility. Three in vitro techniques were employed to evaluate antibacterial liquid soaps : the collagen swelling test, the pH rise test, and the zein test. In order to compare the data from these three tests, a solution of 1% SLS was included as a positive control. This enabled the data for the antibacterial liquid soaps to be expressed as a percentage of the SLS score. The in vivo clinical test was the modified soap chamber test. The skin was evaluated for irritation using clinical parameters (such as erythema) and biophysical techniques (evaporimetry and chromametry), and the data from the test products were normalized to the data of a mild control product. The overall ranking of the antibacterial liquid soaps from the soap chamber test had a good correlation with the ranking from the collagen swelling test (r = 0.71) and the pH rise test (r = 0.81). The correlation with the zein test was not as good (r = - 0.26). However, if the data from the three tests were averaged, the best correlation was achieved with the in vivo results (r = 0.94). In conclusion, each of these tests was used to predict product-induced irritation to the skin. These tests were used individually and collectively. The best correlation occurred when the antibacterial liquid soaps were ranked according to their total in vitro score and compared with the in vivo ranking
A task- and data-parallel programming language based on shared objects (1998)

Many programming languages support either task parallelism, but few languages provide a uniform framework for writing applications that need both types of parallelism or data parallelism. We present a programming language and system that integrates task and data parallelism using shared objects. Shared objects may be stored on one processor or may be replicated. Objects may also be partitioned and distributed on several processors.Task parallelism is achieved by forking processes remotely and have them communicate and synchronize through objects. Data parallelism is achieved by executing operations on partitioned objects in parallel. Writing task-and data-parallel applications with shared objects has several advantages. Programmers use the objects as if they were stored in a memory common to all processors. On distributed-memory machines, if objects are remote, replicated, or partitioned, the system takes care of many low-level details such as data transfers and consistency semantics. In this article, we show how to write task-and data-parallel programs with our shared object model. We also desribe a portable implementation of the model. To assess the performance of the system, we wrote several applications that use task and data parallelism and excuted them on a collection of Pentium Pros connected by Myrinet. The performance of these applications is also discussed in this article.
Proposed Consistent Exception Handling for the BLAS and LAPACK (2022)

Numerical exceptions, which may be caused by overflow, operations like division by 0 or sqrt(-1), or convergence failures, are unavoidable in many cases, in particular when software is used on unforeseen and difficult inputs. As more aspects of society become automated, e.g., self-driving cars, health monitors, and cyber-physical systems more generally, it is becoming increasingly important to design software that is resilient to exceptions, and that responds to them in a consistent way. Consistency is needed to allow users to build higher-level software that is also resilient and consistent (and so on recursively). In this paper we explore the design space of consistent exception handling for the widely used BLAS and LAPACK linear algebra libraries, pointing out a variety of instances of inconsistent exception handling in the current versions, and propose a new design that balances consistency, complexity, ease of use, and performance. Some compromises are needed, because there are preexisting inconsistencies that are outside our control, including in or between existing vendor BLAS implementations, different programming languages, and even compilers for the same programming language. And user requests from our surveys are quite diverse. We also propose our design as a possible model for other numerical software, and welcome comments on our design choices.
Alternate Routes of Opioid Administration in Palliative Care: Pharmacologic and Clinical Concerns (1998)

Pain relief at the end of life is a major factor in allowing patients to attend to personal matters and alleviating suffering. The majority of pain management modalities are pharmacological. Among these, opioids are key to pain relief in the preponderance of patients. Yet, most studies show that health professionals lack the attitudes, skills, and knowledge to employ opioids well. This review addresses the problems that clinicians encounter when faced with the need to use opioids for pain relief in ways not commonly addressed in their training due to complications of the underlying disease. The use of sustained release oral preparations to relieve the need to ingest medication every four hours, novel oral preparations of opioids, and the less commonly used routes of administration are discussed. How clinicians can correlate these issues with the altered pharmacokinetics that can be anticipated are explored.
Summaries of Three Critical Infrastructure Applications (1997)

Modern society has grown to depend heavily upon a set of infrastructure services for day-to-day operations to proceed normally and efficiently. Examples of these infrastructure services include power distribution, telecommunications, transportation, and financial systems. In the event of widespread failure in any of these systems, normal activities would be severely disrupted; therefore, these systems are referred to as critical infrastructure applications. This report presents the results of a study of three particular critical infrastructure applications: the banking and finance domain, the rail transport industry, and the air traffic control system. An overview of each application area is provided, including major processes and information concerning system architecture and implementation. In addition, a detailed bibliography is provided for each application domain.&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; Updated version available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~jck/publications/domainAnalysis.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~jck/publications/domainAnalysis.pdf&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
The mTORC1/4E-BP pathway coordinates hemoglobin production with L -leucine availability (2015)

In multicellular organisms, the mechanisms by which diverse cell types acquire distinct amino acids and how cellular function adapts to their availability are fundamental questions in biology. We found that increased neutral essential amino acid (NEAA) uptake was a critical component of erythropoiesis. As red blood cells matured, expression of the amino acid transporter gene Lat3 increased, which increased NEAA import. Inadequate NEAA uptake by pharmacologic inhibition or RNAi-mediated knockdown of LAT3 triggered a specific reduction in hemoglobin production in zebrafish embryos and murine erythroid cells through the mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1)/4E-BP (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein) pathway. CRISPR-mediated deletion of members of the 4E-BP family in murine erythroid cells rendered them resistant to mTORC1 and LAT3 inhibition and restored hemoglobin production. These results identify a developmental role for LAT3 in red blood cells and demonstrate that mTORC1 serves as a homeostatic sensor that couples hemoglobin production at the translational level to sufficient uptake of NEAAs, particularly L-leucine.
Web embedded field devices (2003)

By the end of 2002, it is estimated that there will be more than 42 million devices connected to the Internet. Better and simpler software development tools along with cheaper electronics make it possible to embed web interfaces into small and inexpensive microprocessor based field devices. Embedding a web server in a field instrument or sensor, allows users to access these devices from anywhere in the world utilizing a standard Internet Browser. This eliminates the need for proprietary or dedicated control software. In addition, such interfaces allow manufacturers access to their products after they are shipped; simplifying maintenance, diagnostics, and in-place firmware upgrades. This paper describes some of the issues related to web embedded field devices and the development of such devices.
Experimental Evaluation of OFDM-Based Underwater Visible Light Communication System (2018)

High-speed, reliable, flexible, and cost-effective underwater wireless communication systems have a wide variety of use in scientific, civilian, and commercial domains. Visible light communication (VLC) seems to be a promising candidate in satisfying majority of the requirements listed above. From this perspective, VLC could easily be deployed in heterogeneous wireless networking scenarios with high quality of service. Therefore, in this paper, an adapted LTE frame structure is implemented for underwater VLC (UVLC) system. The performance of UVLC system employing asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation technique is practically tested by taking channel estimation and synchronization into account. Also, the effects of varying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing parameters on the system's signal-to-noise ratio and the bit-error-rate (BER) performances are studied. The implementation is tested for quadrature phase shift keying and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation techniques supporting both 128- and 1024-points fast Fourier transform configurations, which correspond to data rates of 1.92 and 15.36 Mbps, respectively. Experimental results show that BER could be reduced down to a level on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> .
Automatic mashup generation from multiple-camera concert recordings (2010)

A large number of videos are captured and shared by the audience from musical concerts. However, such recordings are typically perceived as boring mainly because of their limited view, poor visual quality and incomplete coverage. It is our objective to enrich the viewing experience of these recordings by exploiting the abundance of content from multiple sources. In this paper, we propose a novel \Virtual Director system that automatically combines the most desirable segments from different recordings resulting in a single video stream, called mashup. We start by eliciting requirements from focus groups, interviewing professional video editors and consulting film grammar literature. We design a formal model for automatic mashup generation based on maximizing the degree of fulfillment of the requirements. Various audio-visual content analysis techniques are used to determine how well the requirements are satisfied by a recording. To validate the system, we compare our mashups with two other mashups: manually created by a professional video editor and machine generated by random segment selection. The mashups are evaluated in terms of visual quality, content diversity and pleasantness by 40 subjects. The results show that our mashups and the manual mashups are perceived as comparable, while both of them are significantly higher than the random mashups in all three terms.
Hydrogen Permeable Nb-Based Amorphous Alloys with High Thermal Stability (2013)

In this work, the Nb-based Nb42Ni40Co18−xZrx (x = 0, 4, 12) and Nb42Ni32Co6Zr12M8 (M = Ta, Ti, Zr) amorphous alloy ribbons were successfully prepared by single roller melt-spinning technique. These amorphous alloys exhibit high thermal stability with the crystallization temperature (Tx) exceeding 850 K. It has been found that Tx of the Nb42Ni40Co18 alloy decreased with Zr addition, while hydrogen permeability increased linearly with Zr content. The hydrogen permeability of the Nb42Ni40Co18, Nb42Ni40Co14Zr4, Nb42Ni40Co6Zr12 and Nb42Ni32Co6Zr20 amorphous alloys at 673 K are 0.03 × 10−8, 0.23 × 10−8, 0.69 × 10−8 and 1.40 × 10−8 mol·m−1·s−1·Pa−1/2, respectively. It is noticed that hydrogen permeability of the Nb42Ni32Co6Zr20 alloy is comparable with that of Pd–23%Ag alloy (1.14 × 10−8). Meanwhile, permeability of the above mentioned alloy decreased to 60% of the initial value while it still maintains amorphous structure after 24 h long term durability test. Both thermal stability and hydrogen permeability are enhanced by substituting 8 at% Ni with Ta or Ti in the Nb42Ni40Co6Zr12 alloy. The present result indicates that the Nb-based amorphous alloys possess the potential of applying as a kind of hydrogen permeable membrane at high temperature.
The 1-Laplacian Cheeger Cut: Theory and Algorithms (2015)

This paper presents a detailed review of both theory and algorithms for the Cheeger cut based on the graph 1-Laplacian. In virtue of the cell structure of the feasible set, we propose a cell descend (CD) framework for achieving the Cheeger cut. While plugging the relaxation to guarantee the decrease of the objective value in the feasible set, from which both the inverse power (IP) method and the steepest descent (SD) method can also be recovered, we are able to get two specified CD methods. Comparisons of all these methods are conducted on several typical graphs.
Potential of Burkholderia seminalis TC3.4.2R3 as Biocontrol Agent Against Fusarium oxysporum Evaluated by Mass Spectrometry Imaging (2017)

Species of genus Burkholderia display different interaction profiles in the environment, causing either several diseases in plants and animals or being beneficial to some plants, promoting their growth, and suppressing phytopathogens. Burkholderia spp. also produce many types of biomolecules with antimicrobial activity, which may be commercially used to protect crops of economic interest, mainly against fungal diseases. Herein we have applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to investigate secondary metabolites produced by B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3 in monoculture and coculture with plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. The siderophore pyochelin and the rhamnolipid Rha-Rha-C15-C14 were detected in wild-type B. seminalis strain, and their productions were found to vary in mutant strains carrying disruptions in gene clusters associated with antimicrobial compounds. Two mycotoxins were detected in F. oxysporum. During coculture with B. seminalis, metabolites probably related to defense mechanisms of these microorganisms were observed in the interspecies interaction zone. Our findings demonstrate the effective application of MALDI-MSI in the detection of bioactive molecules involved in the defense mechanism of B. seminalis, and these findings suggest the potential use of this bacterium in the biocontrol of plant diseases caused by F. oxysporum. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Acculturation (1971)

The concept of acculturation is at the centre of the social changes which are taking place, not without some disorganization, in the developing countries. The increasing interest which they continue to arouse therefore necessitates, among other things, the utilization of exact and operational concepts in the study of a social reality undergoing profound changes and suddenly confronted with civilizations totally different from their own.
Hydrolyzates of Silkworm Pupae (Bombyx Mori) Protein is a New Source of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides(ACEIP) (2008)

Silkworm pupae protein is a good source of high quality protein. The hydrolyzates of silkworm pupae protein catalyzed by neutrase, pepsin, acidic protease (Asperqiius usamii NO. 537), flavourzyme, alcalase, and trypsin with inhibitory activity on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) were identified by HPLC. The hydrolyzates catalyzed by acidic protease exerted the highest inhibitory activity on ACE. The hydrolyzing conditions were optimized by one-factor, factional factorial (FFD), and center composite (CCD) design methods, and response surface methodology (RSM). Statistical analyses showed that regression of the second-order model equation is suitable to describe ACE inhibitory bioactivity. The predicted inhibitory activity of hydrolyzates on ACE was 73.5 % at a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml. Optimized RSM technique decreased IC(50) of hydrolyzates inhibiting ACE to 1.4 mg/mL from 2.5 mg/ml. The molecular weight of the components of the hydrolyzates with inhibitory activity on ACE varied from less than 500 to about 1000 Da by ultra-filter analysis. These studies suggest that hydrolyzates of silkworm protein contain ACE inhibitory activity that could form a potential source of ACE inhibitor drugs.
A Tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) Complex as a UV Photoinitiator for Free-Radical Polymerization and in Situ Silver Nanoparticle Formation in Cationic Films (2013)

The characterization and the photochemical investigation of a RuII complex (Ru(PPh3)3Cl2) having phosphine ligands are reported. DFT calculations and ESR spin trapping experiments revealed for the first time that the photodecomposition of the complex is governed by a homolytic cleavage of the P–(C6H5) bond generating phenyl radicals Ph• which are able to initiate the free radical polymerization of acrylate monomers. The addition of a H-donor HD plays a key role in the cationic photopolymerization of epoxides: (i) the reaction efficiency is enhanced using [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2]/HD and (ii) the in situ formation of Ag nanoparticles is observed in the presence of Ru(PPh3)3Cl2/HD/AgSbF6 according to the following reactions: Ph•/DH hydrogen abstraction yielding a D• radical and oxidation of D• by the silver salt.
The Open University Linked Data – data.open.ac.uk (2016)

The article reports on the evolution of data.open.ac.uk, the Linked Open Data platform of the Open University, from a research experiment to a data hub for the open content of the University. Entirely based on Semantic Web technologies (RDF and the Linked Data principles), data.open.ac.uk is used t o curate, publish and access data about academic degree qualifications, courses, scholarly publications and open educational resources of the University. It exposes a SPARQL endpoint and several other services to support developers, including queries stored server-side and entity lookup using known identifiers such as course codes and YouTube video IDs. The platform is now a key information service at the Open University, with several core systems and websites exploiting linked data through data.open.ac.uk. Through these applications, data.open.ac.uk is now fulfilling a key role in the overall data infrastructure of the university, and in establishing connections with other educational institutions and information providers.
Controlled Electropolymerization of Ruthenium(II) Vinylbipyridyl Complexes in Mesoporous Nanoparticle Films of TiO2 (2014)

Surface-initiated, oligomeric assemblies of ruthenium(II) vinylpolypyridyl complexes have been grown within the cavities of mesoporous nanoparticle films of TiO2 by electrochemically controlled radical polymerization. Surface growth was monitored by cyclic voltammetry as well as UV/Vis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Polymerization occurs by a radical chain mechanism following cyclic voltammetry scans to negative potentials where reduction occurs at the π* levels of the polypyridyl ligands. Oligomeric growth within the cavities of the TiO2 films occurs until an average of six repeat units are added to the surface-bound initiator site, which is in agreement with estimates of the internal volumes of the pores in the nanoparticle films.
The potential of chitosan in ocular drug delivery (2003)

This paper presents an overview of the potential of chitosan-based systems for improving the retention and biodistribution of drugs applied topically onto the eye. Besides its low toxicity and good ocular tolerance, chitosan exhibits favourable biological behaviour, such as bioadhesion- and permeability-enhancing properties, and also interesting physico-chemical characteristics, which make it a unique material for the design of ocular drug delivery vehicles. The review summarizes the techniques for the production of chitosan gels, chitosan-coated colloidal systems and chitosan nanoparticles, and describes their mechanism of action upon contact with the ocular mucosa. The results reported until now have provided evidence of the potential of chitosan gels for enhancing and prolonging the retention of drugs on the eye surface. On the other hand, chitosan-based colloidal systems were found to work as transmucosal drug carriers, either facilitating the transport of drugs to the inner eye (chitosan-coated colloidal systems containing indometacin) or their accumulation into the corneal/conjunctival epithelia (chitosan nanoparticles containing ciclosporin). Finally, the tolerance, toxicity and biodegradation of the carriers under evaluation were reviewed.
Adeno-associated Virus Serotype 8 (AAV8) Delivery of Recombinant A20 to Skeletal Muscle Reduces Pathological Activation of Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB in Muscle of mdx Mice (2012)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic muscle disease caused by the absence of a functional dystrophin protein. Lack of dystrophin protein disrupts the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex causing muscle membrane instability and degeneration. One of the secondary manifestations resulting from lack of functional dystrophin in muscle tissue is an increased level of cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells, leading to chronic upregulation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Negative regulators of the classical NF-κB pathway improve muscle health in the mdx mouse model for DMD. We have previously shown in vitro that a negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway, A20, plays a role in muscle regeneration. Here, we show that overexpression of A20 by using a muscle-specific promoter delivered with an adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) vector to the mdx mouse decreases activation of the NF-κB pathway in skeletal muscle. Recombinant A20 expression resulted in a reduction in number of fibers with centrally placed nuclei and a reduction in the number of T cells infiltrating muscle transduced with the AAV8-A20 vector. Taken together, we conclude that overexpression of A20 in mdx skeletal muscle provides improved muscle health by reduction of chronic inflammation and muscle degeneration. These results suggest A20 is a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate symptoms of DMD.
Variable Line Space Slitless Spectrometers at Grazing Incidence (1984)

A piano grating consisting of variably-spaced grooves concentric about a common point (fig. 1) provides λ/Δλ ~ 3000 over a simultaneous factor two in soft x-ray wavelength (λ = 10-100 Å). The complete instrument contains a 1 arc sec 1-meter diameter collecting mirror whose 10 meter focal length includes a 1.5 meter spectrometer with an imaging detector having 15 μm pixels. The end-to-end efficiency is approximately 4%, and the grating has a factor 4 variation in line spacing across a 50 cm ruled width.
Resonant-Wavelength Control in Visible-Light Range of Organic Photonic Crystal Nanocavities (2006)

Organic-based photonic crystal (PC) nanocavities emitting in the visible-light range have been demonstrated. Three types of organic layer were used as emitting layers for PCs with emission spectra in the blue, green and red light wavelength ranges. Emission peaks caused by the resonant modes of the PC nanocavities were observed. The wavelength of the peak was controlled by changing the lattice constant of the PC. The emission peaks were observed in the wavelength range of 435 to 747 nm.