gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding subtype-selective allosteric modulation of GABAAreceptors (2012)

Background The g-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors of the central nervous system. Benzodiazepine (Bz)-site ligands bind at the a/g interface and can enhance GABA-induced Cl currents. The efficacy of certain benzodiazepines strongly depends on the type of a(1,2,3,5) subunits in the receptors. Functionally selective compounds for a2/3 can be anxiolytic without having the side effect of sedation. The molecular basis for functional selectivity is investigated in this work.
Pregnancy influences the plasma cytokine response to intraperitoneal administration of bacterial endotoxin in rats (2004)

Rats have an attenuated febrile response to intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of exogenous pyrogen (e.g. bacterial endotoxin) near the term of pregnancy. To investigate possible mechanisms of this unique thermoregulatory response, the present experiments were carried out on 18 non-pregnant and 16 near-term pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to test the hypothesis that pregnancy alters the balance of pyrogenic cytokines and antipyretic and/or cryogenic (antipyretic/cryogenic) cytokines in response to exogenous pyrogen. To test our hypothesis, we measured plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and tumour necrosis factor alpha(TNFalpha) at 2 and 4 h following i.p. administration of 160 microg kg(-1) E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (i.e. EC100 dose, or the smallest dose that elicits a maximal febrile response in non-pregnant rats) in non-pregnant as well as pregnant rats at day 20 of gestation (term approximately 21 days). In non-pregnant rats, E. coli LPS elicited statistically significant increases in plasma concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-1ra and TNFalpha as compared to that observed following administration of vehicle. However in pregnant rats, E. coli LPS elicited statistically significant increases in antipyretic/cryogenic cytokines (IL-1ra and TNFalpha) but not in pyrogenic cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-6). Thus, a differential pyrogenic and antipyretic/cryogenic plasma cytokine response may mediate in part the attenuated febrile response to exogenous pyrogen observed in rats near the term of pregnancy.
Model and simulations of hysteresis in magnetic cores (1989)

The authors present simulations of the hysteresis experienced by a ferromagnetic core as it dissipates energy in an RLC circuit. The calculations utilize the Hodgdon theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis, along with a model of the core geometry. The theory allows for both rate-independent and rate-dependent effects, with the latter often having a marked influence on the hysteresis. The hysteresis theory involves a number of parameters, some of which are obtained from major loop data and the rest of which are deduced from circuit data. Results obtained for three materials-CN20, C2025, and Vitrovac-show that the predicted voltage waveform can be brought into agreement with experiment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Polymerization of propylene by mixed Ziegler-Natta and metallocene catalysts (1998)

The polymerization of propylene using a mixture of racemic metallocenes and Ziegler–Natta catalysts was investigated. The polypropylene was obtained as a mixture of a fine powder and beads, with the powder being absorbed partially on the beads. The relative amount of the powder can be controlled by the concentration of the metallocene. The compatibility between the components of the mixed catalytic systems and the effect of the components on the rate of polymerization and on the properties of the new polymers were studied. The metallocene system dramatically affects the melt viscosity, isotacticity and molecular weight of the polymers. The two catalytic systems are able to act jointly, producing different polymers, for which separate melting and crystallization temperatures are obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Liquid Hydrogen Based Superconducting Test Rig to Measure AC Losses (2018)

This paper presents the design, development, operation, and test capabilities of a proposed superconducting coil testbed to measure AC losses at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Superconducting AC losses are important in the design of electric stators and rotors, power transmission lines, transformers, fault current limiters, magnets, and superconducting energy storage (not batteries). The new liquid hydrogen based rig will allow superconducting coil testing across a wide range of test parameters, including injected current (0−3400 A), frequency (0–400 Hz), magnetic field up to 0.6 T, phase angle between induced voltage and injected current (−180–180°), coil coolant temperature (18–28K), and AC power loss (5–30W). While the target application of interest is 20K superconducting MgB2 (the only superconductor that can presently be made with low AC losses) stator coils for future electric machines, the rig can accommodate test articles with straight wire, tape, cables, coils of any shape, any allowable combination of superconducting wire and fluid (e.g. YBCO coils and liquid nitrogen), and AC or DC testing. The new spin rig builds upon an existing Air Force spin rig through a more flexible mode of fluid control, a wider gap space for test articles (up to 10.2 cm) for test articles, and can accommodate test articles over a wider range of operating temperatures (18–95K) using liquid hydrogen, gaseous helium, or liquid nitrogen as the working fluid, thus supporting direct-cooled machines below 77K.
The Applications of Formulated Systems for the Aqueous Film Coating of Pharmaceutical Oral Solid Dosage Forms (2008)

Aqueous coating technology remains the main option for film coating of oral solid dosage forms. This is irrespective of the purpose of the film-coating applications, i.e. for conventional and modified-release film coatings. The main reasons for its continued popularity are the environmental limitations of organic solvents used, recent advances in the formulation of aqueous film-coating materials, as well as major improvements made in the coating machines and their ancillaries.
Aluminium/CNTs Composites by PAFES (2011)

Among carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based composites, aluminium/CNTs ones are really promising for weight sensitive applications, such as in aerospace field, thanks to the combination of their unique properties. In this work, a self-assembled apparatus, named Pressure Assisted Fast Electric Sintering (PAFES), has been employed for the sintering of commercial micrometre and nanometre size aluminium powders with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). To do this effectively, much effort was devoted to the fundamental step of the CNTs dispersion and mixing in the Al powders by high energy milling.
Telomerase does not counteract telomere shortening but protects mitochondrial function under oxidative stress (2008)

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that counteracts telomere shortening and can immortalise human cells. There is also evidence for a telomere-independent survival function of telomerase. However, its mechanism is not understood. We show here that TERT, the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, protects human fibroblasts against oxidative stress. While TERT maintains telomere length under standard conditions, telomeres under increased stress shorten as fast as in cells without active telomerase. This is because TERT is reversibly excluded from the nucleus under stress in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Extranuclear telomerase colocalises with mitochondria. In TERT-overexpressing cells, mtDNA is protected, mitochondrial membrane potential is increased and mitochondrial superoxide production and cell peroxide levels are decreased, all indicating improved mitochondrial function and diminished retrograde response. We propose protection of mitochondria under mild stress as a novel function of TERT.
Glutamine, gene expression, and cell function (2006)

Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and is known to play a regulatory role at the gene and protein level in several cell specific processes including metabolism (e.g. oxidative fuel, gluconeogenic precursor and lipogenic precursor), cell integrity (survival, cell proliferation), protein synthesis and degradation, redox potential, respiratory burst, insulin resistance, insulin secretion and extracellular matrix synthesis. Glutamine has been shown to regulate the expression of many genes related to metabolism, signal transduction, cell defense and repair and to activate intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, the function of glutamine goes beyond that of a simple metabolic fuel or protein precursor as previously assumed. In this review, we have attempted to identify some of the common mechanisms underlying glutamine dependent changes in gene and protein expression and cellular function.
GaN surface ablation by femtosecond pulses: atomic force microscopy studies and accumulation effects (2000)

Laser-induced ablation and surface processing are investigated in GaN epitaxial layers irradiated by 130 - 150 fs pulses at wavelength of 398 and 795 nm. These layers are important materials in optoelectronics and microelectronics. GaN is an inert and hard substance with very limited possibility of wet etching. Laser processing seems to be suitable for different steps of fabrication of nitride-based devices (mesa shaping, grooving, scribing, mirror and surface grating preparation, etc.). Atomic force microscopy is used for a high-resolution investigation of initial and irradiated GaN surface. Imperfections of the mirror-like as-grown (0001) surface are identified (monolayer steps, open-core dislocations). The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) is determined at 398 and 795 nm. The dependence of LIDT(N) on the number of shots, N, is tested in accordance with the phenomenological relation LIDT(N) equals LIDT(1)N<SUP>((gamma</SUP> -1)) in order to reveal the defects accumulation in an ablation process of GaN surface ((gamma) equals 1 corresponds to an accumulation-free ablation). The damage of GaN is found to be free of accumulation effect at low pulse energy below 0.6 X LIDT(1) at 795 nm and some effect is found at higher energy with (gamma) equals 0.86 at multi-shot irradiation conditions. A successful surface processing of GaN epitaxial layer (grown by MOCVD technique) is demonstrated for a single-pulse laser ablation of a typical energy 4 - 6 times higher than LIDT(1). The ablation depth up to 500 nm is achievable. The edge is almost vertical and the rim of a laser-ablated channel is free of debris and peel-off. There is an experimental evidence of a successful laser processing by two-photon absorption of femtosecond pulses at GaN surface with photon energy in a transmission region of the material. Photoluminescence (PL) of the defect-related Y-band at 550 - 600 nm was not enhanced at the rim of ablated region when energy of ablated pulses was 3 X LIDT(1). The PL of GaN was excited by two-photon absorption of 110 +/- 10 fs illumination at 726 nm.
Helicobacter pylori: criminal or innocent bystander? (2000)

Most patients with peptic ulcer disease are infected with Helicobacter pylori. However, the infection may not be always causative for the disease. The prevalence of H. pylori infection is about 50% in general. Therefore, half of the patients with peptic ulcer could be infected with this microorganism just by chance. In such cases, H. pylori may do nothing for the ulcer, although it causes chronic active gastritis. This could be the reason for the existence of both H. pylori-positive nonrecurring ulcers and ulcers that recur even after cure of H. pylori infection. H. pylori-positive non-recurring ulcers should be included in non-H. pylori ulcer disease in addition to H. pylori-negative ulcers. NSAIDs are the major cause of H. pylori-negative ulcers, especially H. pylori-negative gastric ulcers. However, more than 10% of ulcers recurred even after cure of H. pylori infection in nonusers of NSAIDs in a 7-year follow-up study. In the same study, 46% of ulcers did not recur in patients in whom eradication of H. pylori failed. There are few (<5%) H. pylori-negative ulcers; about 10% of ulcers recur after cure of H. pylori infection, and about 40% of H. pylori-positive ulcers do not recur. These are all non-H. pylori ulcers, and they represent 30% of all ulcers, which is the general prevalence rate for nonulcer subjects. Therefore, H. pylori may be an innocent bystander in approximately one third of all ulcer patients.
Bioaccumulation of Radio-Labeled Carbon Nanotubes byEisenia foetida (2008)

Carbon nanotubes comprise a class of nanomaterials having demonstrated promise for broad ranges of potential applications. Because of difficulties associated with quantifying these materials in environmental media, however, their behaviors therein and associated potential risks are yet largely unknown. To address this problem, a modified chemical vapor deposition process employing carbon-14 labeled methane was used to synthesize single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The labeled nanotubes and a representative polynuclear hydrocarbon, pyrene, were then individually spiked to identical soil samples. The uptake and depuration behaviors of the spiked materials by the earthworm Eisenia foetida, a potential entry point to terrestrial food chains, were then assessed. Bioaccumulation factors determined for the nanotubes were almost 2 orders of magnitude smaller than those measured for pyrene, indicating that purified carbon nanotubes, unlike pyrene, are neither readily absorbed into organism tissues nor manifest equilibrium partitioning thereto.
Micro flow sensor using polycrystalline silicon carbide (2009)

A thermal flow sensor has been fabricated and characterized, consisting of a center resistive heater surrounded by two upstream and one downstream temperature sensing resistors. The heater and temperature sensing resistors are fabricated from nitrogen-doped(n-type) polycrystalline silicon carbide(poly-SiC) deposited by LPCVD(low pressure chemical vapor deposition) on LPCVD silicon nitride films on a Si substrate. Cavities were etched into the Si substrate from the front side to create suspended silicon nitride membranes carrying the poly-SiC elements. One upstream sensor is located <TEX>$50{\mu}m$</TEX> from the heater and has a sensitivity of <TEX>$0.73{\Omega}$</TEX>/sccm with <TEX>${\sim}15\;ms$</TEX> rise time in a dynamic range of 1000 sccm. N-type poly-SiC has a linear negative temperature coefficient and a TCR(temperature coefficient of resistance) of <TEX>$-1.24{\times}10^{-3}/^{\circ}C$</TEX> from room temperature to <TEX>$100^{\circ}C$</TEX>.
Conversion of Amino Acid Residues in Proteins and Amino Acid Homopolymers to Carbonyl Derivatives by Metal-catalyzed Oxidation Reactions (1989)

A number of metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) systems mediate the oxidative inactivation of enzymes. This oxidation is accompanied by conversion of the side chains of some amino acid residues to carbonyl derivatives (for review, see Stadtman, E. R. (1986) Trends Biochem. Sci. 11, 11-12). To identify the amino acid residues which are sensitive to MCO oxidation, several enzymes/proteins and amino acid homopolymers were exposed to various MCO systems. The carbonyl groups which were formed were converted to their corresponding 3H-labeled hydroxy derivatives. After acid hydrolysis, the labeled free amino acids were separated by ion exchange chromatography. Each protein or polymer gave rise to several different labeled amino acids. The elution profiles of the labeled amino acids obtained from preparations of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase which had been oxidized by MCO systems comprised of either Fe(II)/O2 or ascorbate/Fe(II)/O2 both in the presence and absence of EDTA were qualitatively the same. From a comparison of the elution profiles of labeled amino acids from various proteins with those obtained from homopolymers, it is evident that the side chains of histidine, arginine, lysine, and proline are particularly sensitive to oxidation by the MCO systems. This conclusion is supported also by direct amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates which shows that the oxidation of glutamine synthetase, enolase, and phosphoglycerate kinase is associated with the loss of at least 1 histidine residue per subunit. From the results of studies with homopolymers, it is apparent that glutamic semialdehyde is a major product of both proline and arginine residues. In addition, hydroxyproline and unlabeled glutamic acid were identified among the hydrolysis products of oxidized poly-L-proline, and unlabeled aspartic acid was identified as a product of poly-L-histidine oxidation.
A study of radiation resistance of silica optical fibers under conditions of reactor irradiation (2006)

A measuring system has been developed to investigate the characteristics of radiation-induced optical absorption and radioluminescence in the spectral range of 400–1000 nm for a set of optical fibers being irradiated by fast neutrons and γ rays. This system has been used on the IR-8 research nuclear reactor to perform comparative tests of eight types of silica optical fibers from Heraeus (Germany), Fujikura (Japan), Mitsubishi (Japan), and the Fiber Optics Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Prokhorov General Physics Institute. The measured dependences of the induced absorption and radioluminescence intensity versus the nuclear radiation wavelength, flux, and fluence, as well as the temperature, are analyzed. The microscopic mechanisms of induced absorption and radioluminescence are discussed. The values of induced optical absorption and radioluminescence in glass fibers containing H2 gas and having a hermetic coating (the technology for producing such fibers has been developed by the Fiber Optics Research Center) is found to be many times smaller than in other fibers.
Structural Aspects of the Antiparallel and Parallel Duplexes Formed by DNA, 2’-O-Methyl RNA and RNA Oligonucleotides (2015)

This study investigated the influence of the nature of oligonucleotides on the abilities to form antiparallel and parallel duplexes. Base pairing of homopurine DNA, 2'-O-MeRNA and RNA oligonucleotides with respective homopyrimidine DNA, 2'-O-MeRNA and RNA as well as chimeric oligonucleotides containing LNA resulted in the formation of 18 various duplexes. UV melting, circular dichroism and fluorescence studies revealed the influence of nucleotide composition on duplex structure and thermal stability depending on the buffer pH value. Most duplexes simultaneously adopted both orientations. However, at pH 5.0, parallel duplexes were more favorable. Moreover, the presence of LNA nucleotides within a homopyrimidine strand favored the formation of parallel duplexes.
Anthropometrics of Polish children with osteogenesis imperfecta: a single-centre retrospective cohort study (2022)

Considering prevalence of the disease, it is not only low stature but also abnormal BMI, and especially excessive body weight, that play an important role in the somatic development disorder.
Optimal Loading for the Development of Peak Power Output in Professional Rugby Players (2010)

The ability to develop high levels of muscular power is considered an essential component of success in many sporting activities; however, the optimal load for the development of peak power during training remains controversial. Our aim in the present study was to determine the optimal load required to observe peak power output during the ballistic bench throw (BBT) and squat jump (SJ) in professional rugby players. Forty-seven, professional, male, rugby players of (mean +/- SD) mass 101.3 +/- 12.8 kg and height 1.82 +/- 0.08 m volunteered and gave informed consent for this study, which was approved by a university ethics committee. Players performed BBT at loads of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% of their predetermined 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and SJ at loads of 0, (body mass only), 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% of their predetermined 1RM in a randomized and balanced order. Power output (PO) was determined by measurement of barbell displacement with subsequent calculation of velocity, force, and power. Relative load had a significant effect on PO for both the BBT (effect size eta(2): 0.297, p < 0.001) and SJ (Effect Size eta(2): 0.709, p < 0.001). Peak power output was produced when the athletes worked against an external load equal to 30% 1RM for the upper body and 0% 1RM for the lower body.
Effect of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus infection on susceptibility of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, to selected insecticides (2010)

Susceptibility of ACP to selected insecticides from five major chemistries was greater in Las-infected than in uninfected ACP. The lower total protein content and reduced general esterase activity in Las-infected than in uninfected ACP may partly explain the observed higher insecticide susceptibility of Las-infected ACP.
Insights into Folate/FAD-dependent tRNA Methyltransferase Mechanism (2011)

The flavoprotein TrmFO methylates specifically the C5 carbon of the highly conserved uridine 54 in tRNAs. Contrary to most methyltransferases, the 1-carbon unit transferred by TrmFO derives from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and not from S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The enzyme also employs the FAD hydroquinone as a reducing agent of the C5 methylene U54-tRNA intermediate in vitro. By analogy with the catalytic mechanism of thymidylate synthase ThyA, a conserved cysteine located near the FAD isoalloxazine ring was proposed to act as a nucleophile during catalysis. Here, we mutated this residue (Cys-53 in Bacillus subtilis TrmFO) to alanine and investigated its functional role. Biophysical characterization of this variant demonstrated the major structural role of Cys-53 in maintaining both the integrity and plasticity of the flavin binding site. Unexpectedly, gel mobility shift assays showed that, like the wild-type enzyme, the inactive C53A variant was capable of forming a covalent complex with a 5-fluorouridine-containing mini-RNA. This result confirms the existence of a covalent intermediate during catalysis but rules out a nucleophilic role for Cys-53. To identify the actual nucleophile, two other strictly conserved cysteines (Cys-192 and Cys-226) that are relatively far from the active site were replaced with alanine, and a double mutant C53A/C226A was generated. Interestingly, only mutations that target Cys-226 impeded TrmFO from forming a covalent complex and methylating tRNA. Altogether, we propose a revised mechanism for the m(5)U54 modification catalyzed by TrmFO, where Cys-226 attacks the C6 atom of the uridine, and Cys-53 plays the role of the general base abstracting the C5 proton.
Effects of Dairy Lambs’ Rearing System and Slaughter Age on Consumer Liking of Lamb Meat and Its Association with Lipid Content and Composition (2022)

The effects of the rearing system (artificially vs. naturally milk-fed) and the slaughter age (3-weeks milk-fed vs. 3-months pasture-fed) on consumer liking of East-Friesian-cross dairy lamb Longissimus lumborum muscle and its association with lipid content and composition were evaluated. The artificially reared lambs were removed from their dams at 2−3 days of age and reared with cow milk. Intramuscular fat content (2.8%) was similar between treatments. Only 3 of the 25 fatty acids evaluated were influenced by the rearing system and 15 by the slaughter age. The rearing system had a minor impact (p < 0.10), but the slaughter age had a major (p < 0.01) impact on consumer liking. All consumers preferred on average meat from 3-weeks-old lambs. However, based on overall liking scores, Cluster-1 (60% of consumers) preferred meat from 3-weeks-old lambs driven by all sensory attributes but mostly tenderness, whereas Cluster-2 preferred meat from 3-months-old lambs driven by flavor only, indicating a preference for stronger flavor from older lambs finished on pasture. Meat fatty acid profile and consumer liking were not influenced by the rearing system but by lamb slaughter age, showing a niche product opportunity for the 3-weeks milk-fed lambs.