gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zeta Potential Distribution on Calcium Oxalate Crystal and Tamm-Horsfall Protein Surface Analyzed with Doppler Electrophoretic Light Scattering (1994)

The zeta potential distribution (ZPD) and particle size of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) and of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were measured using a Doppler Electrophoretic Light Scattering Analysis Instrument. The studies showed differences in the ZPD pattern between THP derived from normal subjects (nTHP) and from stone patients (pTHP). Both nTHP and pTHP can shift the zeta potential of calcium oxalate crystals towards more negative values; nTHP is significantly more potent than pTHP. The zeta potential of both nTHP and pTHP becomes less negative with decreasing pH and with increasing calcium concentration or ionic strength. Tamm-Horsfall protein particle size measurements showed that nTHP particles are significantly smaller than pTHP particles. The size of both nTHP and pTHP increases with increasing calcium concentration or increasing ionic strength and with decreasing pH. The differences between nTHP and pTHP in surface charge and particle size may be based on differences in molecular structure and may cause functional differences in their ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystal aggregation.
Efficient Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfones by Manganese-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Cinnamic Acids with Aromatic Sulfinic Acid Sodium Salts (2016)

An efficient synthesis of vinyl sulfones is described. Reactions of cinnamic acids with aromatic sulfinic acid sodium salts in the presence of a catalytic amount of manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate (5 mol%) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) afforded the desired vinyl sulfones in good to excellent yields. Notably, the reaction does not need any base or iodide as additive. The use of DMSO as the solvent and running the reaction under air are critical in achieving good yields.
Mutagenesis of Two Conserved Tryptophan Residues of the E-Type ATPases:  Inactivation and Conversion of an Ecto-Apyrase to an Ecto-NTPase (1999)

A human brain E-type ATPase (HB6 ecto-apyrase) was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to assess the functional significance of two highly conserved tryptophan residues (Trp 187 and Trp 459), the only two tryptophans conserved in nearly all E-type ATPases. Mutation of tryptophan 187 to alanine yielded a poorly expressed ecto-apyrase completely devoid of nucleotidase activity. Immunolocalization of the W187A mutant in mammalian COS cells showed a cellular distribution clearly different from that of the wild-type enzyme, with the majority of the immunoreactivity concentrated in the interior of the cell. Unlike the wild-type enzyme, this mutant did not bind the nucleotide analogue Cibacron Blue and was sensitive to proteolytic digestion by chymotrypsin. These results suggest alteration of the tertiary structure, causing the enzyme to be improperly folded and retained within the cell. In contrast, mutation of tryptophan 459 to alanine resulted in an ecto-apyrase with enhanced NTPase activity, but diminished NDPase activity. Immunolocalization of this active mutant ecto-apyrase revealed a cellular pattern similar to that of the wild-type enzyme, distributed along the cell periphery and in cell processes. Coupling this active W459A mutation to a previously described mutation (D219E) resulted in an enzyme which preferentially hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates over diphosphates. The D219E/W459A double mutant had an ATPase:ADPase ratio of 11:1 and a UTPase:UDPase ratio of 148:1. In addition, the double mutant is substantially less sensitive to inhibition by azide, a more potent inhibitor of ecto-apyrases than ecto-ATPases. Thus, mutation of only two amino acids of an E-type ATPase essentially converts an ecto-apyrase to an ecto-NTPase.
Use of Site-Directed Mutagenesis To Identify Residues Specific for Each Reaction Catalyzed by Chorismate Mutase−Prephenate Dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli (1998)

Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on the bifunctional enzyme chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase in order to identify groups important for each of the two reactions. We selected two residues for mutagenesis, Lys37 and His131, identified previously by differential peptide mapping to be essential for activity [Christendat, D., and Turnbull, J. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 4468-4479]. Kinetic studies reveal that K37Q exhibits no mutase activity while retaining wild-type dehydrogenase activity, verifying that Lys37 plays a key role in the mutase. By contrast His131 is not critical for the dehydrogenase; H131A is a reasonably efficient catalyst exhibiting 10% dehydrogenase and 30% mutase activity compared to the wild-type enzyme. Chemical modification of H131A by diethyl pyrocarbonate further inactivated the dehydrogenase, suggesting that a different histidine is now accessible to modification. To identify this group, the protein's remaining eight histidines were changed to alanine or asparagine. A single substitution, H197N, decreased the dehydrogenase activity by 5 orders of magnitude while full mutase activity was retained. In H197N, the Michaelis constants for prephenate and NAD+ and the mutant's elution profile from Sepharose-AMP were similar to those of wild-type enzyme, indicating that catalysis rather than substrate binding is altered. Log V for the dehydrogenase reaction catalyzed by H197N is pH-independent and is in contrast to wild-type enzyme, which shows a decrease in activity at low pH and pK of about 6.5. We conclude that His197 is an essential catalytic residue in the dehydrogenase reaction.
Wrapped Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) for Traffic Visibility (2010)

This document describes the Wrapped Encapsulating Security Payload
(WESP) protocol, which builds on top of Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP) [RFC4303] and is designed to allow intermediate devices to
ascertain if ESP-NULL [RFC2410] is being employed and hence inspect
the IPsec packets for network monitoring and access control functions.
Currently in the IPsec standard, there is no way to differentiate
between ESP encryption and ESP NULL encryption by simply examining a
packet. This poses certain challenges to the intermediate devices that
need to deep inspect the packet before making a decision on what
should be done with that packet (Inspect and/or Allow/Drop). The
mechanism described in this document can be used to easily
disambiguate ESP-NULL from ESP encrypted packets, without compromising
on the security provided by ESP.
Communication—Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Fluoride for Lithium Metal Anodes (2020)

Rechargeable lithium metal anodes are contenders to supplant carbon anodes, but because of their thermodynamic instability the kinetic stability afforded by solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed in situ is crucial. Unlike graphite, a stable SEI that facilitates charge transfer is rarely formed on Li in any electrolyte, and requires an "engineered" interface. The interfacial stability of Li can be improved in both liquid and solid electrolytes by thin coatings of AlF3 using atomic layer deposition. Its method of deposition and its efficacy to protect Li in acetonitrile, and improve specific capacity and cycle life of lithium-sulfur cells are described.
Recent progress in wide-area surveillance: protecting our pipeline infrastructure (2015)

The pipeline industry has millions of miles of pipes buried along the length and breadth of the country. Since none of the areas through which pipelines run are to be used for other activities, it needs to be monitored so as to know whether the right-of- way (RoW) of the pipeline is encroached upon at any point in time. Rapid advances made in the area of sensor technology have enabled the use of high end video acquisition systems to monitor the RoW of pipelines. The images captured by aerial data acquisition systems are affected by a host of factors that include light sources, camera characteristics, geometric positions and environmental conditions. We present a multistage framework for the analysis of aerial imagery for automatic detection and identification of machinery threats along the pipeline RoW which would be capable of taking into account the constraints that come with aerial imagery such as low resolution, lower frame rate, large variations in illumination, motion blurs, etc. The proposed framework is described from three directions. In the first part of the framework, a method is developed to eliminate regions from imagery that are not considered to be a threat to the pipeline. This method makes use of monogenic phase features into a cascade of pre-trained classifiers to eliminate unwanted regions. The second part of the framework is a part-based object detection model for searching specific targets which are considered as threat objects. The third part of the framework is to assess the severity of the threats to pipelines in terms of computing the geolocation and the temperature information of the threat objects. The proposed scheme is tested on the real-world dataset that were captured along the pipeline RoW.
The Electro-Optic Effect in Uniaxial Crystals of the Dihydrogen Phosphate Type*,† III Measurement of Coefficients (1950)

The electro-optic coefficients of two crystals have been measured by both static and dynamic methods. For NH4H2PO4, r63=2.54, r41=6.25; for KH2PO4, r63=3.15, r41=2.58 (units 10−7 c.g.s., 20°C λ5560). The variation of the electro-optic response with the frequency of the applied field is given and related to the piezoelectric vibrations of the crystal. A theoretical relation for the difference in the electro-optic constants measured at constant stress and at constant strain is derived, which provides a check on the consistency of the presently available electro-optic, photo-elastic, piezoelectric, and elastic coefficients for these crystals. The use of a.c. methods to obtain high precision in polarization measurements is discussed.
Propulsive efficiency of alternative underwater flykick techniques for swimmers (2020)

Analysis of video and speed data is used to evaluate the efficiency of human underwater flykick. The authors show that by coupling Lighthill’s theory of fish locomotion with human musculoskeletal modelling, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the mechanical and hydrodynamic propulsive components of human underwater flykick. This allows the effect of subtle variances in technique to be assessed by measurement of athlete motion alone. This is demonstrated in an experimental case study of an elite athlete performing two different techniques; one more knee-based or thunniform, and the second more undulatory or carangiform/anguilliform. In finding the mean kinematics of each technique, it is first shown that maintaining stroke-by-stroke consistency of technique leads to an increase in propulsive efficiency. It is further demonstrated that in changing technique, an athlete may swim at the same kick rate but have different propulsive efficiency. This demonstrates the need to determine the energy cost in order to evaluate differing techniques. For the sprint athlete in this case study, it was shown to be more effective to swim with a thunniform technique when at higher velocities and a more anguilliform at lower velocities.
Relationship between C‐reactive protein and visceral adipose tissue in healthy Japanese subjects (2004)

CRP level is associated with visceral adipose tissue and is significantly associated with the components of insulin resistance syndrome in healthy Japanese subjects. These data support a possible role of visceral adipose tissue in inflammation component of atherosclerosis, and further studies are needed to study the mechanism of CRP elevation caused by visceral adipose tissue.
Macroscopic and Nanoscale Measurements of the Adhesion of Bacteria with Varying Outer Layer Surface Composition (2003)

The influence of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chain length on bacterial adhesion was investigated by measuring the collision efficiencies of three Escherichia coli K12 strains, each having a different length LPS, to silica glass beads in column tests (macroscale tests). Nanoscale interactions between the bacteria and a silicon nitride tip were probed utilizing atomic force microscopy (AFM). Adhesion results based on column tests indicated that collision efficiencies of the three bacteria were not consistently correlated to LPS length. Under conditions of low ionic strength (1 mM NaCl), collision efficiencies increased with LPS length for the three strains of E. coli. However, if cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde (2.5%), the strain with the shortest LPS chain had the greatest adhesion, while the bacterium with the mid-length LPS had the least adhesion to glass beads. Collision efficiencies increased when the solution ionic strength was increased from 1 to 100 mM as expected, and in most cases glutaraldehyde treatment also increased adhesion. AFM force curves failed to distinguish the adhesion characteristics of these bacteria measured in column tests, as all AFM force curves on the bacteria were identical. Changes in adhesion were also not predictable by more conventional measurements of bacterial properties based on ζ potential or contact angle. These results suggest that the LPS molecule length is not the sole determinant of adhesion of the three E. coli strains in porous media and that AFM force curve analysis, zeta potential, or contact angle data cannot yet be used to fully predict adhesion of these three strains to glass beads.
LibGuides: Supreme Court of the United States Research Guide: Justices (2013)

A guide to locating records and briefs, rules of practice, historical information, and secondary sources relating to the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS).
A novel encryption algorithm for high resolution video (2005)

The popularity of multimedia applications is rapidly growing nowadays. The confidentiality of video communication is of primary concern for their commercial use, e.g. in video on demand services or in multiparty video conferences. Specific video encryption algorithms are strongly required in real-time multimedia communication to fulfill the strict timing requi-rements. In this paper we present a novel video encryption algorithm, called Puzzle, to encrypt video data in software. It is fast enough to meet real-time demands and provides a sufficient security. The algorithm can readily be incorporated into existing multimedia systems.
Influence of interleukin 6 on the function of secondary cultures of human thyrocytes (1991)

Interleukin 6 has been suggested as second mediator of the effects of interleukin 1 in some cell systems. Interleukin 1 has previously been shown to inhibit the function of human thyrocytes in secondary cultures. We have therefore studied the influence of interleukin 6 (10(-1)-5.10(7) U/l) on the function of thyroid cells. Recombinant interleukin 6 slightly inhibited the production of cAMP, but failed to influence the production of thyroglobulin or the DNA content. Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella abortus equi or Yersinia enterocolitica) had only a slightly inhibitory effect on thyroid cell functions, and the effect of interleukin 6 could not by itself be explained by endotoxin contamination. The effect of interleukin 6 did not mimic effects on thyroid cells afforded by recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and 1 beta. Furthermore, antibodies to interleukin 6 were not able to inhibit the interleukin 1 beta-induced inhibition of thyroid cell functions. In conclusion, it is unlikely that interleukin 6 by itself mediates the biological effects of interleukin 1 on human thyroid cells.
Effects of Dose and Gender on the Growth and Growth Factor Response to GH in GH-Deficient Children: Implications for Efficacy and Safety (2002)

We evaluated the dose-response effects of GH on the growth and growth factor levels of GH-deficient patients. One hundred eleven short (-3.0 +/- 0.9 height SD score), prepubertal GH-deficient children were randomized to receive low- (L; 0.025 mg/kg per day), medium- (M; 0.05 mg/kg per day), or high- (H; 0.1 mg/kg per day) dose GH. One hundred four children completed the 2-yr study. At 2 yr, the three groups displayed increases in height SD scores of 1.4 +/- 0.1 for L, 2.2 +/- 0.1 for M, and 2.3 +/- 0.1 for H (P < 0.001 relative to L, P = NS relative to M). The serum levels of IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 during treatment also demonstrated dependency on the GH dose and were independently correlated with the increase in height SD scores attained. Bone age advancement, the occurrence of puberty, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin A1c did not change during therapy, but fasting insulin levels rose in a dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, the GH dose-response curve for both auxological and biochemical parameters differed between prepubertal females (n = 33) and males (n = 71). Males had a linear GH dose response, whereas females had an apparent plateau of both linear growth and IGF-I SD score responses at 0.05 mg/kg per day. In this large, randomized, 2-yr study, we observed a dose-response effect of GH on growth and serum growth factor levels and a prepubertal gender difference in GH sensitivity. These results suggest that the efficacy and theoretical safety of GH therapy can be optimized by modulating the GH dose in a gender-specific manner, based on the growth response and serum growth factor levels.
Dipole moments of poly(propylene sulfide) chains (1979)

Dielectric constant measurements in carbon tetrachloride and in benzene were used to obtain dipole moments of atactic poly(propylene sulfide) chains of sufficiently low molecular weight that excluded volume effects were absent. The results are in very good agreement with rotational isomeric state calculations. Comparisons with previously reported experimental results on the high molecular weight polymer confirm the existence of a significant specific solvent effect on the dipole moments.
Dynamics of soot formation by turbulent combustion and thermal decomposition of natural gas (2002)

This study investigates the formation process of soot particles in turbulent flows within fuel-rich natural gas flames. Research on carbon formation from relatively simple hydrocarbons under real process conditions and harsh environments allows new insights into the general understanding of soot formation. Experimental work was undertaken on a small-scale gas furnace based on the design of a modern oil-fired carbon black furnace. The combustion system investigated is fired by a nonpremixed, swirl stabilized, confined methane-air flame. The study comprises establishing conditions under which the production of soot particles takes place, progressing toward quantified analysis. A large number of process parameters have been investigated, and the relative role of incomplete combustion and thermal decomposition in the process of carbon particulate formation has been illustrated. Maximum solid carbon formation was realized at maximum air temperature and maximum furnace temperature. Experimental investigations, using carbon particle concentration measurements coupled with on-line gas analysis showed that slightly fuel rich conditions are governed by incomplete combustion only, whereas richer combustion systems are governed by thermal decomposition processes. Both processes are found to be strongly temperature dependent, whereby an increase in temperature reduces particle production in the former process, but enhances it in the latter. A 3-D simulation of the simultaneous processes of incomplete fuel combustion and fuel decomposition in turbulent combustion systems, using a novel integration of fluid mechanics, chemical kinetics, and a standard soot model, facilitates discrimination between the two main sources of carbonaceous particulate matter, and indicates reasonable agreement with experimental trends.
In vitro differentiation of single donor derived human dental mesenchymal stem cells into pancreatic β cell-like cells (2019)

The present study was carried out to investigate and compare the <i>in vitro</i> differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from human dental tissues (pulp, papilla, and follicle) of the same donor. MSCs were isolated from dental tissues (pulp, papilla, and follicle) following digestion method and were analyzed for the expression of pluripotent markers and cell surface markers. All three types of MSCs were evaluated for their potential to differentiate into mesenchymal lineages. Further, the MSCs were differentiated into pancreatic β cell-like cells using multistep protocol and characterized for the expression of pancreatic lineage specific markers. Functional properties of differentiated pancreatic β cell-like cells were assessed by dithizone staining and glucose challenge test. All three types of MSCs showed fibroblast-like morphology upon culture and expressed pluripotent, and mesenchymal cell surface markers. These MSCs were successfully differentiated into mesenchymal lineages and transdifferentiated into pancreatic β cell-like cells. Among them, dental follicle derived MSCs exhibits higher transdifferentiation potency toward pancreatic lineage as evaluated by the expression of pancreatic lineage specific markers both at mRNA and protein level, and secreted higher insulin upon glucose challenge. Additionally, follicle-derived MSCs showed higher dithizone staining upon differentiation. All three types of MSCs from a single donor possess similar cellular properties and can differentiate into pancreatic lineage. However, dental follicle derived MSCs showed higher potency toward pancreatic lineage than pulp and papilla derived MSCs, suggesting their potential application in future stem cell based therapy for the treatment of diabetes.
Hydrous species in feldspars: A reassessment based on FTIR and SIMS (2015)

Recent interest in hydrogen incorporation in feldspars has been driven by the potential of this common mineral species to record magmatic water contents. Accurate measurement of H concentrations in feldspars by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is hampered by the need to collect polarized spectra in three mutually perpendicular directions, which can be impractical for crystals characterized by small dimensions, polysynthetic twinning, and/or chemical zoning. SIMS is an attractive alternative to FTIR, offering high spatial resolution, high precision, and the feasibility of attaining low detection limits. In this study we compare FTIR and SIMS data for 19 feldspars, including plagioclase, anorthoclase, sanidine, microcline, and orthoclase. We present adjustments to previously published FTIR data on some of these samples. Our new SIMS and FTIR data are well correlated and we demonstrate the feasibility of quantitatively measuring H concentrations as low as 1–2 ppmw H_2O using SIMS. Combination of the new data together with re-evaluation of the NMR calibration of Johnson and Rossman (2003) indicates that the IR absorption coefficients for hydrous species in feldspar increase with decreasing frequency of their O-H absorptions, in accord with theory. We derive new molar integral IR absorption coefficients (I) for feldspars with the following hydrous species as defined by Johnson and Rossman (2003): &#13;\n \tType I and II H_2O (microcline and orthoclase): I = 120 470 ± 11 360 L·mol^(−1) H_2O cm^(−2)&#13;\n \tType IIb OH (sanidine): I = 150 000 ± 15 000 L·mol^(−1) H_2O cm^(−2)&#13;\n \tType IIa OH (plagioclase and anorthoclase): I = 202 600 ± 20 260 L·mol^(−1) H_2O cm^(−2)&#13;\nThese absorption coefficients depend on critical assumptions with regards to SIMS matrix effects. If accurate, one important implication is that the H concentrations of plagioclase crystals estimated in the literature are too high by up to a factor of two, requiring revision of previously estimated plagioclase-melt H partitioning coefficients.
An office-place stepping device to promote workplace physical activity (2007)

The office-place stepping device could be an approach for office workers to increase their energy expenditure. If the stepping device was used to replace sitting by 2 hours per day and if other components of energy balance were constant, weight loss of 20 kg/year could occur.