gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surgical Research IV (2010)

Harvey W. Cushing (1869-1939) is the only surgeon represented in Surgical Research IV and one of the most accomplished American contributors to surgical research in general and to neurological and endocrine surgery research in particular. Other surgical research leaders of the 19th and 20th centuries who preceded Harvey Cushing have been introduced before. First, we highlighted the "importance of medical and surgical research" as the basic elements in the advancement of medicine and surgery could be considered as Surgical Research I. Second, in Surgical Research II, we presented William Beaumont, Samuel Gross, and William Halsted as the most important participants of the first wave of American surgical researchers. Next, in Surgical Research III, we considered surgeon researchers who moved ahead in the field of surgery with their research initiatives at the time, including John B. Murphy, the Mayo Brothers William J. and Charles H. Mayo, and George W. Crile. With Harvey Cushing, we enter an era of surgical research associated with neurosurgery and endocrine surgery as part of Surgical Research IV.
Low Level Security in Java (1995)

The Java(tm) language allows Java-compatible Web browsers to download code fragments dynamically and then execute those code fragments locally. However, users must be wary of executing any code that comes from untrusted sources or that passes through an insecure network. This paper presents the details of the lowest-levels of the Java security mechanism. Before any downloaded code is executed, it is scanned and verified to ensure that it conforms to the specifications of the virtual machine.
COMPLEX NOTATION IN FLUTTER ANALYSIS. TECHNICAL NOTE (1998)

Flutter analysis in aircraft or bridge engineering has to include motion-induced aerodynamic forces. These forces are mathematically described in two equivalent ways, namely, by real number or complex number expressions. Accordingly, flutter analysis can be performed using either real or complex arithmetic. At first glance, the use of either kind of notation seems to be more a question of personal preference, as both lead to the same numerical results. Nevertheless, this paper attempts to advocate the use of complex notation both in aircraft and bridge flutter analysis. Real-number and complex-number descriptions of the same mechanical phenomena are compared. It is shown that, apart from computational advantages, complex notation leads to mathematically more compact and more elegant expressions, which is of significance particularly from an educational standpoint.
Unipolar “V-shaped” switching in chiral smectic C (Sm–C*) liquid crystals bounded by an ion-store film (2002)

We present experimental evidence of polarity dependent thresholdless switching in ferroelectric chiral smectic C liquid crystals (Sm-C*) confined by an ion-store electrochromic film. The interaction between high polarization Sm-C* liquid crystals and a mixed conductor film of tungsten oxide is responsible for unipolar hysteretic electro-optic behavior. According to Clark’s model [N. A. Clark et al., Liq. Cryst. 27, 985 (2000)], in the limit of high spontaneous polarization, the electro-optics of Sm-C* liquid crystals are dominated by electrostatics. Here, we discuss the ion store film’s influence on analogue “V-shaped” switching due to different electrostatic contributions for each polarity of the applied field.
Discontinuous unilateral involvement of 12 part core biopsies by adenocarcinoma predicts bilateral involvement of subsequent radical prostatectomy (2016)

At our institution, percent tumor burden in prostate core biopsies is quantified using variations of one of two methods. Measurement by the Aggregate method reports only adenocarcinoma and omits intervening stroma and benign prostatic glands while the Discontinuous method includes the intervening stroma and benign glands between distinct foci of adenocarcinoma. In this study, we selected cases with 12-part core biopsies that were followed by a radical prostatectomy within two years. Interestingly, we found that when adenocarcinoma involved prostate 12-part core biopsies and subsequent resection unilaterally, there is no significant difference in absolute percentage of tumor using either measuring method (P = 0.4). In contrast, when adenocarcinoma involved the biopsies unilaterally and subsequent prostatectomy bilaterally, the two measurement methods had a statistically significant difference in percentage scores (P = 0.002). In the study cohort, other factors including Gleason score (P = 0.88) and total number of adenocarcinoma-involved cores (P = 0.27) did not introduce any significant correlation with bilateral involvement. In this study, we found that biopsies that discontinuously and unilaterally involve half of a prostate are much more likely to involve both lobes than those that are unilateral and present in nodular aggregates.
Isolation of a complementary DNA clone encoding an autoantigen recognized by an anti‐neuronal cell antibody from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (1990)

We isolated a complementary DNA clone encoding a 52-kd protein recognized by an anti-neuronal cell antibody in serum from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with uterine carcinoma. The recombinant protein expressed in prokaryotic cells was specifically recognized by the anti-neuronal cell antibody from the patient, and its molecular weight was identical to that of antigenic proteins in the cerebellum. The deduced protein consisted of 450 amino acids dominated by hydrophilic residues, the calculated relative molecular mass was 51,238, and the predicted value of the isoelectric point was 4.99. This complementary DNA sequence and the deduced protein sequence have not been reported previously, and the sequences showed no homologies with the complimentary DNA or the amino acid sequences in the GenBank, EMBL, or NBRF databases, including the complementary DNA for a 34-kd cerebellar protein (CDR34) that is recognized by an anti-Purkinje cell antibody. Unexpectedly, the transcript of this gene was detected not only in the cerebellum and the brain stem but also in an extraneural tissue, the intestine.
A small shift in VSH-gene frequency instead of rapid parallel evolution in bees. A comment on Oddie et al. 2018 (2019)

We refute a recent claim that parallel evolution in four European populations of honeybees has resulted in a not previously reported behavioural defence mechanism of the bees against the parasitic mite Varroa destructor , i.e. the ability of uncapping/recapping to reduce mite reproductive success. There are no data to support this claim, while there is a more plausible alternative interpretation of the reduced mite reproduction, i.e. reduction of mites through Varroa Sensitive Hygiene. We provide evidence why the former mechanism cannot explain resistance against Varroa in honeybees and the latter is instrumental in reducing Varroa populations.
Chromatographic isolation of the hemagglutinin polypeptides from influenza virus vaccine and determination of their amino-terminal sequences. (1976)

The influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptides, HA1 and HA2, have been purified by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate from a vaccine preparation of the recombinant strain Heq1N2. Use of this technique for purification of the hemagglutinin polypeptides eliminated the need for proteolytic agents for removal of the hemagglutinin from the virus particles and 100-300 mg of virus yielded 10-30 mg of viral protein per chromatographic cycle. Because proteolysis is not required to remove the spikes from the viral envelope, the envelope-embedded HA2 polypeptide was purified in its entirety for structural analysis. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the smaller polypeptide, HA2, revealed a cyclic repetition of glycyl residues through the first 24 residues at every third to fourth position. The sequence through the first 10 residues was identical to that presented by Skehel and Waterfield for other type A influenza viruses [(1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 93-97]. The HA1 (Heq/) polypeptide, on the other hand, had different amino acids at three or four out of the first 10 residues of the amino-terminal sequence when compared to HA1 from H0, H1, or H2 subtypes (Skehel and Waterfield). The present study has demonstrated the feasibility of the use of vaccine virus as a source of large quantities of viral protein for determination of primary structure.
Review: Regulation of liver regeneration by pro‐inflammatory cytokines (1996)

The liver has tremendous regenerative capacity. This distinguishes it from other vital organs (e.g. the brain, heart and lungs) that cannot replace functional tissue once it has been destroyed. Although hepatocytes rarely proliferate in the healthy adult liver, virtually all surviving hepatocytes replicate at least once after 70% partial hepatectomy. Therefore, partial liver resection has been used to characterize mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration. Residual hepatocytes up-regulate both proliferative and liver-specific gene expression in order to preserve tissue specific function. In addition, hepatocyte proliferation is tightly co-ordinated to complement regenerative responses in hepatic non-parenchymal cells (e.g. endothelia, biliary epithelia, stellate and Kupffer cells), so that the entire organ can be reconstituted within days. Studies with neutralizing antibodies to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) clearly demonstrate that, after partial hepatectomy, TNF promotes liver cell proliferation. The present review focuses on the regulation of the hepatocyte proliferative response by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
High Performance Metamorphic Tunnel Junctions for GaAsP/Si Tandem Solar Cells Grown via MOCVD (2018)

A high-performance metamorphic Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</sub> As <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.75</sub> P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.25</sub> /GaAs <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.75</sub> P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.25</sub> tunnel junction structure, grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, was designed for use within GaAs <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.75</sub> P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.25</sub> /Si tandem solar cells. Optimized growth conditions were determined for high C (p-type) and Te (n-type) doping, and a method to mitigate the well-known Te memory effect was develop. The optimized as-grown standalone test device yielded a peak tunneling current of 279.1 A·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> and zero-bias resistance-area product of 3.0X10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> Ω·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Upon exposure to various post-growth thermal treatments these values were found to degrade by up to an order of magnitude, but overall performance still far exceeded the demands for the tandem solar cell operating under AM1.5G, with further extension to operation under medium to high concentration possible.
Bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents for treponemes. (1971)

Bactericidal studies of antibiotics on treponemes have been limited to a small group of organisms and to a limited number of antimicrobial agents.
Mucosal protective effects of ecabet sodium: pepsin inhibition and interaction with mucus (2001)

Pepsin, acid and Helicobacter pylori are major factors in the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease and reflux oesophagitis. Ecabet sodium reduces the survival of H. pylori in the stomach and inhibits pepsin activity in the gastric juice of experimental animals. Here we have investigated the effects of ecabet sodium on some of the factors involved in the dynamics of the mucosal barrier, i.e. pepsins and mucins. This study used gastric juice obtained from 12 non-symptomatic volunteers and nine patients with reflux oesophagitis. Ecabet sodium significantly inhibited pepsin activity in human gastric juice, with a maximum inhibition of 78%. Pepsin 1, the ulcer-associated pepsin, was inhibited to the greatest extent. The ability of gastric juice to digest mucin was significantly inhibited by ecabet. As with gastric juice proteolytic activity, the inhibitory effect of ecabet on mucolysis was greater in gastric juice from patients with reflux oesophagitis than in that from controls. Ecabet sodium showed a positive interaction with gastric mucin, as assessed by an increase in viscosity. Thus ecabet sodium may reduce the aggressive potential of gastric juice towards the mucosa, which may be relevant in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis and peptic ulcer disease. In addition, it may strengthen the mucus barrier in peptic ulcer disease and gastritis.
Electrostatic microactuator and design considerations for HDD applications (1999)

A flexure-based rotary electrostatic microactuator is described. This microactuator is for application in a high track-density hard disk drive (HDD). It is fabricated using a high aspect-ratio stencil electroplating process. This paper emphasizes the practical system-level issues that affect the device design. The micro-actuator is demonstrated in a 3.5" form-factor HDD. With a servo bandwidth of 5 kHz, a one-track seek can be completed in under 0.2 ms. This batch-fabricated electro-static microactuator provides a low-cost, high-performance solution for achieving very high track-densities.
Free radical biology and medicine: it's a gas, man! (2006)

We review gases that can affect oxidative stress and that themselves may be radicals. We discuss O(2) toxicity, invoking superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical. We also discuss superoxide dismutase (SOD) and both ground-state, triplet oxygen ((3)O(2)), and the more energetic, reactive singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)). Nitric oxide ((*)NO) is a free radical with cell signaling functions. Besides its role as a vasorelaxant, (*)NO and related species have other functions. Other endogenously produced gases include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S). Like (*)NO, these species impact free radical biochemistry. The coordinated regulation of these species suggests that they all are used in cell signaling. Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and the carbonate radical (CO(3)(*-)) react selectively at moderate rates with nonradicals, but react fast with a second radical. These reactions establish "cross talk" between reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Some of these species can react to produce nitrated proteins and nitrolipids. It has been suggested that ozone is formed in vivo. However, the biomarkers that were used to probe for ozone reactions may be formed by non-ozone-dependent reactions. We discuss this fascinating problem in the section on ozone. Very low levels of ROS or RNS may be mitogenic, but very high levels cause an oxidative stress that can result in growth arrest (transient or permanent), apoptosis, or necrosis. Between these extremes, many of the gasses discussed in this review will induce transient adaptive responses in gene expression that enable cells and tissues to survive. Such adaptive mechanisms are thought to be of evolutionary importance.
Influence of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on the hydrolysis of a diphosphene (2019)

We report the influence of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on the hydrolysis of a diphosphene TerP[double bond, length as m-dash]PTer (1; Ter = 2,6-Mes<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>; Mes = 2,4,6-Me<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>), a phosphorus-analogue of an alkene. The diphosphene 1 itself is completely inert towards water. However, NHCs have been found to activate 1 towards ready hydrolysis. While sterically less-encumbered NHCs react with 1 affording NHC-adducts which are in equilibrium with 1 in solution, sterically encumbered NHCs do not bind to 1 at all. Interestingly, in both of these situations hydrolysis of the P[double bond, length as m-dash]P motif proceeds efficiently. At low temperatures, sterically less-encumbered NHCs are catalytic while the sterically encumbered NHCs play a catalytic role at room temperature. To gain insight on this striking influence of NHCs on the hydrolysis of diphosphene detailed low-temperature <sup>31</sup>P-NMR studies along with theoretical calculations have been carried out. In addition, systematic hydrolysis studies of all the NHCs used in this study have also been performed.
Array of C-shaped wire elements for the reduction of reflection from a conducting plane (2000)

A planar rectangular array of C-shaped wire elements is placed over a Dallenbach absorbing layer to further reduce the reflection from a metallic plane. An analytical formula for the reflection coefficient for such a structure is given, and numerical results are presented to illustrate the antireflection effect of the C-particle array. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 25: 302–307, 2000.
Utilizing Artificial Intelligence for Head and Neck Cancer Outcomes Prediction From Imaging (2020)

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based models have become a growing area of interest in predictive medicine and have the potential to aid physician decision-making to improve patient outcomes. Imaging and radiomics play an increasingly important role in these models. This review summarizes recent developments in the field of radiomics for AI in head and neck cancer. Prediction models for oncologic outcomes, treatment toxicity, and pathological findings have all been created. Exploratory studies are promising; however, validation studies that demonstrate consistency, reproducibility, and prognostic impact remain uncommon. Prospective clinical trials with standardized procedures are required for clinical translation.
Tractable Inference for Complex Stochastic Processes (2013)

The monitoring and control of any dynamic system depends crucially on the ability to reason about its current status and its future trajectory. In the case of a stochastic system, these tasks typically involve the use of a belief state- a probability distribution over the state of the process at a given point in time. Unfortunately, the state spaces of complex processes are very large, making an explicit representation of a belief state intractable. Even in dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs), where the process itself can be represented compactly, the representation of the belief state is intractable. We investigate the idea of maintaining a compact approximation to the true belief state, and analyze the conditions under which the errors due to the approximations taken over the lifetime of the process do not accumulate to make our answers completely irrelevant. We show that the error in a belief state contracts exponentially as the process evolves. Thus, even with multiple approximations, the error in our process remains bounded indefinitely. We show how the additional structure of a DBN can be used to design our approximation scheme, improving its performance significantly. We demonstrate the applicability of our ideas in the context of a monitoring task, showing that orders of magnitude faster inference can be achieved with only a small degradation in accuracy.
The Effect Of Machining Cooling Strategies On The Corrosion Fatigue Performances Of the AZ31 Magnesium Alloy (2022)

Magnesium alloys are very attractive biomaterials thanks to their biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. However, they have not been used extensively until nowadays because of their susceptibility to corrosion especially when in synergy to mechanical loads. In this framework, the present work deals with the analysis of the influence that different machining strategies may have on the corrosion fatigue performances of the AZ31 magnesium alloy. To this aim, cryogenic and dry machining operations were carried out, and the machined samples were then subjected to corrosion fatigue tests in a physiological environment at different imposed stresses, namely 100 MPa, 110 MPa and 120 MPa. The obtained results show that the samples processed with the liquid nitrogen adduction had a higher fatigue life than the corresponding dry samples, regardless of the imposed level of stress. After corrosion fatigue testing, both the types of samples showed similar failure characteristics. However, the microstructures of the cryogenic machined samples were characterized by a lower amount of deformation twins thanks to the grain refinement induced by cryogenic cooling close to the machined surface. Both the grain refinement and the reduced amount of deformation twins were used to explain the enhance corrosion fatigue characteristics of the cryogenic machined samples. These results indicate that cryogenic machining can represent a promising approach to enhance the poor corrosion fatigue behavior of the AZ31 magnesium alloy.
Botox Tested for Spastic Hemiparesis Treatment (2017)

This multicenter, double-blind, manufacturer-funded study examined whether a single abobotulinumtoxinA injection in the lower limb after stroke or
IL-36R ligands are potent regulators of dendritic and T cells (2011)

IL-36α (IL-1F6), IL-36β (IL-1F8), and IL-36γ (IL-1F9) are members of the IL-1 family of cytokines. These cytokines bind to IL-36R (IL-1Rrp2) and IL-1RAcP, activating similar intracellular signals as IL-1, whereas IL-36Ra (IL-1F5) acts as an IL-36R antagonist (IL-36Ra). In this study, we show that both murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes constitutively express IL-36R and respond to IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ. IL-36 induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-23 by BMDCs with a more potent stimulatory effect than that of other IL-1 cytokines. In addition, IL-36β enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II by BMDCs. IL-36 also induced the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by CD4(+) T cells and cultured splenocytes. These stimulatory effects were antagonized by IL-36Ra when used in 100- to 1000-fold molar excess. The immunization of mice with IL-36β significantly and specifically promoted Th1 responses. Our data thus indicate a critical role of IL-36R ligands in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to the stimulation of T helper responses.
Extensions of mixed- mu bounds to monotonic and odd monotonic nonlinearities using absolute stability theory. I (2005)

Explicit connections between classical absolute stability theory and modern mixed- mu analysis and synthesis are made. Specifically, using the parameter-dependent Lyapunov function of W. Haddad and D. Bernstein (1991) and the frequency-dependent off-axis circle interpretation of J.P. How and S.R. Hall (1993), the authors extend previous work on absolute stability theory for monotonic and odd monotonic nonlinearities to provide tight approximations for constant real parametric uncertainty. An immediate application of this framework is the generalization and reinterpretation of mixed- mu analysis and synthesis in terms of Lyapunov functions and Riccati equations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>