gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Analysis of gas-phase reactions during pulsed laser ablation using laser-induced fluorescence, absorption, and emission spectroscopy</title> (2002)

The role of gas-phase reactions during pulsed-laser ablation in low-pressure atmospheres has been investigated by time- and space- resolved spectroscopic measurements. Thus, excited species have been detected by optical emission spectroscopy. The population densities were determined in an absolute scale after calibration of the spectroscopic apparatus. Complementary information was obtained by detecting ground-state species using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. Therefore, a beam expander was used to transform the dye laser probe beam in a thin plane section of 0.2 x 40 mm<SUP>2</SUP> dimension. Using a fast intensified charged coupled device for photon detection, three-dimensional number density mapping of ground-state species was possible. The LIF measurements have been calibrated by additional absorption measurements. As a result, a detailed picture of the time- and space evolution of the plasma plume from the target towards the substrate was acquired making in evidence the formation of diatomic reaction products as result of interaction between the ablated material and the ambient gas. In order to outline the different reactivity of nitridation and oxidation processes, measurements have been performed during ablation of aluminum, graphite and titanium targets in either nitrogen or oxygen low-pressure atmospheres. The measured densities of atomic and molecular species were compared to those computed for local thermal equilibrium.
Comparison Between Augmentation Techniques for Tunnel-in-the-Sky Displays (2004)

The tunnel-in-the-sky has the objective to reduce the pilot mental workload, by integrating guidance and state information in a three-dimensional display. In order to improve the pilot manual path-following performance it is possible to add symbology to the display such as the igh t-path predictor, which can be classied as a display augmentation. A dieren t approach is changing the control characteristics of the aircraft, which can be classied as control augmentation. A promising type of control augmentation for combination with tunnel-in-the sky displays is the igh t-path vector oriented control. This paper describes an analytical as well as experimental comparison between various display and control augmentation concepts. The experiment was conducted in the SIMONA Research Simulator of Delft University of Technology, a 6 degrees of freedom moving-base igh t simulator. Results indicate that control augmentation outperforms the display augmentation concepts. Workload and control activity are reduced and path-following performance is improved.
Considerations on the measurement of active differential devices using baluns (2009)

The characterization of active differential devices requires a four-port vector network analyzer. Thus, it is a common practice to attach balanced-unbalanced (balun) circuits to convert between single-ended and differential signals and perform the measurement using a lower cost two-port vector network analyzer (VNA) or a spectrum analyzer. However, removing the impact of baluns is a challenge. This paper presents an analytical analysis of the back-to-back interconnection of the baluns and considers the common de-embedding technique insertion loss. This technique is commonly applied for two-port measurements of differential devices to remove the impact of the baluns. The applicability and accuracy of this approach is discussed. The analytical results have been verified on a differential low-noise-amplifier (LNA) at 24 GHz realized in Infineon's B7HF200 SiGe:C technology. It is measured directly using a four-port network analyzer and the results are compared with a measurement using baluns and a two-port network analyzer.
Tailoring high-temperature radiation and the resurrection of the incandescent source (2016)

In solar cells, the mismatch between the Sun's emission spectrum and the cells’ absorption profile limits the efficiency of such devices, while in incandescent light bulbs, most of the energy is lost as heat. One way to avoid the waste of a large fraction of the radiation emitted from hot objects is to tailor the thermal emission spectrum according to the desired application. This strategy has been successfully applied to photonic-crystal emitters at moderate temperatures but is exceedingly difficult for hot emitters (>1,000 K). Here, we show that a plain incandescent tungsten filament (3,000 K) surrounded by a cold-side nanophotonic interference system optimized to reflect infrared light and transmit visible light for a wide range of angles could become a light source that reaches luminous efficiencies (∼40%) surpassing existing lighting technologies, and nearing a limit for lighting applications. We experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-principle incandescent emitter with efficiency approaching that of commercial fluorescent or light-emitting diode bulbs, but with exceptional reproduction of colours and scalable power. The ability to tailor the emission spectrum of high-temperature sources may find applications in thermophotovoltaic energy conversion and lighting.
Analysis of Winter Operating Condition of Ground Source Heat Pump System in a Residential District of Qingdao (2009)

Aiming at the problem of increasing energy consumption of winter heating in northern china, a new heating system- ground source pump system has been put forward for heating. Take a residential district of Qingdao for example, analyzing and comparing dynamic characteristic of each parameter of winter start-up stage and quasi-steady-state stage of ground source heat pump, measures and ideas for reducing operating energy consumption were proposed, the results provide basic data for the operation and extension of the ground source heat pump air-conditioning of Qingdao area. Keywords- Large public buildings; Building energy saving; Separate measurement; Energy consumption monitoring; Energy saving diagnosis.
On the spirit of physics… (1951)

Within the past decade physics in the United States has moved from a position of relative obscurity to one of uneasy prominence. It is at the same time feared as a destroyer of civilization and regarded as its only hope.
Polyelectrolyte Multilayer-Calcium Phosphate Composite Coatings for Metal Implants (2014)

The preparation of organic-inorganic composite coatings with the purpose to increase the bioactivity of bioinert metal implants was investigated. As substrates, glass plates and rough titanium surfaces (Ti-SLA) were employed. The method comprises the deposition of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMLs) followed by immersion of the coated substrate into a calcifying solution of low supersaturation (MCS). Single or mixed PEMLs were constructed from poly-L-lysine (PLL) alternating with poly-L-glutamate, (PGA), poly-L-aspartate (PAA), and/or chondroitin sulfate (CS). ATR-FTIR spectra reveal that (PLL/PGA)10 multilayers and mixed multilayers with a (PLL/PGA)5 base contain intermolecular β-sheet structures, which are absent in pure (PLL/PAA)10 and (PLL/CS)10 assemblies. All PEML coatings had a grainy topography with aggregate sizes and size distributions increasing in the order: (PLL/PGA)n < (PLL/PAA)n < (PLL/CS)n. In mixed multilayers with a (PLL/PGA)n base and a (PLL/PAA)n or (PLL/CS)n top, the aggregate sizes were greatly reduced. The PEMLs promoted calcium phosphate nucleation and early crystal growth, the intensity of the effect depending on the composition of the terminal layer(s) of the polymer. In contrast, crystal morphology and structure depended on the supersaturation, pH, and ionic strength of the MCS, rather than on the composition of the organic matrix. Crystals grown on both uncoated and coated substrates were mostly platelets of calcium deficient carbonate apatite, with the Ca/P ratio depending on the precipitation conditions.
Influences of the Degree of Cross-Linking on Electrochemical and Thermal Properties in Polyether-Based Electrolytes Doped with LiN(SO[sub 2]CF[sub 3])[sub 2] (2004)

Solid polymer electrolytes of partially cross-linked poly(ethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide) random copolymers [poly(EO-PO)] synthesized from the precursor macromonomers terminated by different ratios of methyl/acryloyl functional groups were studied by doping with two salt concentrations. The glass transition temperature, ionic conductivity, direct current characteristics and lithium transference number were measured together with the ion self-diffusion coefficients at the long time intervals by the and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method. The ionic conductivity increased linearly with the decrease of the degree of cross-linking. The relative limiting current density, evaluated by linear current sweep amperometry, was enhanced, especially in the salt concentrated electrolytes. The lithium transference numbers of 0.05-0.13 for the polymer electrolytes studied in the present work suggest that the ion conduction is carried out mainly by anion transfer. The was insensitive to the cross-linking degree but sensitive to the salt concentration, and closely related to the rates of the local segmental motion of the polymer chains obtained from NMR. In the framework of the reduced temperature, the ionic conductivity and the anion diffusion are shown to correlate well, and the mechanisms of the ionic conduction are discussed. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Association of long-term exposure to traffic-related PM10 with heart rate variability and heart rate dynamics in healthy subjects (2019)

This study suggests that long-term exposure to TPM<sub>10</sub> triggers adverse changes in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. These adverse effects were more visible in the subjects without cardiovascular disease, in whom the overall relationship between TPM<sub>10</sub> and HRV/HRD could not be masked by underlying morbidities and the potential counteracting effects of related drug treatments.
Synthesis and properties of lithum-ion battery cathode material LiW_xV_3O_8 (2010)

A novel rheological phase method was used to synthesize layered LiWxV3O8(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05) compounds,In this route,LiOH·H2O,V2O5,WO3 and citric acid were selected as starting materals to prepare targeted samples.The microstructure characteristics of the materials were intensively characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results indicated that the LiWxV3O8(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05) compounds took on monoclinic crystal structure.Compared with LiV3O8 compound,the LiWxV3O8(x=0.01,0.03,0.05) showed expanded crystal lattices,and the expansion was more significant along the a-axis and c-axis,which was available for lithium transferring and intercalating/de-intercalating.The electrochemical tests showed that the doped samples exhibited the stable cycling properties,furthermore LiW0.01V3O8 showed the best characteristics among the as-prepared materials,which exhibited high initial discharge capacity of 238 mAh/g and remained 185 mAh/g at cycle 40.The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) showed that LiW0.01V3O8 performed the low charge-transfer impedance.The reasons for good electrochemical performance of LiW0.01V3O8 cathode material were also presented.
Pathogenesis and epidemiology of osteoarthritis. (2013)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of high prevalence that produces substantial morbidity and is a leading cause of physical and psychological disability and expense, including time lost from work, medical care, and disability support. Until recently, the focus of research into the pathophysiology of OA has been on articular cartilage and has not resulted in either biomarkers of OA activity or effective targets for disease-modifying therapy. The contemporary paradigm of OA considers involvement of all joint tissues. It has been shown that, in later-stage OA, bone blood flow and oxygen content are markedly reduced and have a deleterious effect on bone cells, inducing them to release proteins (cytokines) that contribute to the bone remodeling and cartilage breakdown seen in OA.
FPU Wireless Transmission System for IP Remote Production that Enables PTP Time Synchronization Between Equipment in Each Venue (2023)

近年，中継現場からIP（Internet Protocol）回線で映像等を放送局に伝送し，放送局の設備を使用して番組を制作するIPリモート制作が行われている．IPリモート制作では，中継現場と放送局の制作機器をPTP（Precision Time Protocol）を用いて同期させる必要があるため，地点間にPTP対応の専用線を用意するか，両地点にGNSS（Global Navigation Satellite System）に同期させたリーダークロックを用意しなければならない．前者は回線の費用や開通のリードタイムが，後者は装置の費用が課題となっている．これらの既存手法の課題に対して，筆者らは，IP回線を放送局現有のFPU（Field Pick-up Unit）によって無線化し，地点間でPTPパケットを伝送して制作機器の時刻同期を行うシステムを提案する．このシステムに，通常はPTP対応ネットワーク機器で行うTC（Transparent Clock）機能を適用することで，FPUでPTPパケットを伝送する際に問題となる，IP/TS（Transport Stream）変換の遅延とFPU内部処理で生じる遅延の変動を補正する．提案手法を試作機に実装し，開発目標とした1_s以内の高い時刻同期精度を実現できることを実証した．さらに，開発システムの番組制作での運用を通して，FPUでIP回線を構築する有用性を確認した．
Managing the Process of Engineering Change Orders: The Case of the Climate Control System in Automobile Development (1999)

Engineering change orders (ECOs) are part of almost every development process, consuming a significant part of engineering capacity and contributing heavily to development and tool costs. Many companies use a support process to administer ECOs, which fundamentally determines ECO costs. This administrative process encompasses the emergence of a change (e.g., a problem or a market‐driven feature change), the management approval of the change, up to the change's final implementation. Despite the tremendous time pressure in development projects in general and in the ECO process in particular, this process can consume several weeks, several months, and in extreme cases even over 1 year. Based on an in‐depth case study of the climate control system development in a vehicle, we identify five key contributors to long ECO lead times: a complex approval process, snowballing changes, scarce capacity and congestion, setups and batching, and organizational issues. Based on the case observations, we outline a number of improvement strategies an organization can follow to reduce its ECO lead times. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.
Spatio-temporal indexing in non-relational distributed databases (2013)

Big Data has driven the need for datastores that can scale horizontally leading to the development of many different NoSQL database implementations, each with different persistence and query philosophies. Spatio-temporal data such as location data is one of the largest types of data being collected today. We describe a novel spatio-temporal index structure that leverages the horizontal scalability of NoSQL databases to achieve performant query and transformation semantics. We present performance characteristics gathered from testing with Accumulo.
Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra l.) Rhizome on Isolated Duodenum Motility in Male Rats and its Interference with Cholinergic, Nitrergic, and Adrenergic Systems (2013)

Licorice rhizome is used as a native herbal medicine in Iran. Considering its anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects, the present study was performed to investigate some mechanisms of licorice rhizome extract on duodenal motility in vitro. Fourteen adult male rats weighing 200 to 250g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and their duodenums were isolated and divided into control and experimental groups. The mechanical activity of the duodenums was recorded in a tissue bath containing oxygenated Krebs solution using ADInstrument Power lab system. Mechanical activity in response to extract 43µg/ml (most effective concentration based on concentration/response experiments) in the presence of acetylcholine (10-5 M) as the muscarinic receptor agonist, atropine (10-4 M) as the muscarinic receptor antagonist, epinephrine (10-6 M) as the β-adrenoceptor agonist, propranolol as β receptor antagonist, or L-NAME (10-4 M) as the inhibitor of the NO synthase enzyme was measured. In the control group, the solvent of licorice rhizome extract was used along with one of the mentioned drugs. The results showed that contraction force exerted on the isolated duodenum pieces by acetylcholine in the presence of licorice rhizome extract remarkably reduced compared to that of the control group (p<0.05). However, this response in the presence of atropine, propranolol and N-w- nitro- L arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was not changed significantly. According to the results of the study, alcoholic extract of licorice rhizome decreases bowel motility. This inhibitory effect is independent of cholinergic, β- adrenergic and nitrergic pathways.
Microfluidic MEMS for semiconductor processing (2002)

The advent of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) will enable dramatic changes in MEMS-based devices offer opportunities to achieve higher with decreased size and increased reliability. In this work, we describe the achievement of several important devices for use in the semiconductor equipment industry. They include a low-flow mass flow controller, a high-precision pressure regulator, and an integrated gas panel. Compared to current technology, the devices are ultra-small in size, thus minimizing dead volumes and gas contact surface areas. With wettable surfaces comprised of ceramic and silicon (or, silicon coated with Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ or SiC), they are resistant to corrosion, and generate virtually no particles. The devices are created from modular components. The science and technology of these components will be detailed. The modules examined are: normally-open proportional valves; normally-closed, low leak-rate shut-off valves; critical orifices (to extract information of flow rate); flow models (to extract flow rate from pressure and temperature information); silicon-based pressure sensors; and, the precision ceramic-based packages which integrate these modules into useful devices for semiconductor processing. The work finishes with a detailed description of the low-flow mass flow controller.
Systematics of the equatorward diffuse auroral boundary (1983)

DMSP/F2 and DMSP/F4 precipitating electron data are used to determine statistically the systematic variations of the equatorward diffuse auroral boundary with Kp as a function of local time. This work extends a previous study of dawn and dusk boundaries to the noon and midnight regions. The boundaries are well‐ordered by Kp in the night sector but show increasingly greater scatter from dawn to postnoon. In the noon sector it is often the case that no diffuse aurora is discernible within detector sensitivity. The equatorward diffuse auroral boundary is well fit by a circle at each activity level. The center of the circle is offset from the geomagnetic pole, and the radius of the circle increases with increasing magnetic activity. The circular fits are projected to the ecliptic plane by using the Mead‐Fairfield magnetic field model where they are identified with the inner edge of the plasma sheet in order to make comparison with Volland‐Stern type convection electric field predictions. Previously found variations of the electric field with Kp are confirmed, including a rotation of the axis of symmetry, away from the dawn‐dusk meridian. All equatorward auroral boundaries from DMSP for 1978 were compiled. Using the equations for boundary variations with Kp , each evening sector boundary was projected to a midnight boundary. The projected midnight boundary serves as an index of auroral activity and an indicator of the strength of the large‐scale magnetospheric convection electric field. The auroral boundary index is given in monthly plots for 1978.
Classification and Localization of Multi-Type Abnormalities on Chest X-Rays Images (2023)

Chest X-ray images are among the most common diagnostic tools for detecting and managing bronchopneumonia and lung abnormalities, such as those caused by COVID-19. However, interpreting these images requires significant expertise, and misinterpretations can result in false negatives or positives. Deep learning techniques have recently been highly effective in analyzing medical images, including chest X-rays. In this study, we propose two deep learning approaches to classify and localize different abnormalities, including COVID-19, on chest X-rays, which include multi-classification and object detection models that can identify and localize the presence of disease as other common abnormalities. The proposed models are trained on a large dataset of chest X-ray images from sick people (including COVID-19 patients) and validated on an independent test set. Compared to single object models, this paper presents an ensemble of models by combining multiple object detection models to detect multiple abnormalities in the chest X-ray images. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method achieved promising results in both multi-classification and localization of abnormalities, including COVID-19, compared to the state-of-the-art methodologies. The proposed methods have the potential to assist radiologists in the diagnosis of the abnormalities on chest X-ray images and provide a more accurate and efficient interpretation, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden on healthcare systems.
Vaccines for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: current status. (2005)

Although new vaccines are being developed to improve immunogenicity over that of the heat-killed vaccine, the current strategy for antigen inclusion has been challenged and new, common antigens may have to be defined to achieve the goal of an effective vaccine against ETEC.
Fuzzy PID algorithm-based motion control for the spherical amphibious robot (2015)

Fuzzy control and PID control are often used in control area. However, a single Fuzzy control or PID control can not satisfy the need of the rising complexity and precision of control systems. Considering the disturbance in amphibious spherical robot, it is difficult to solve the control problem for a complex system of an amphibious spherical robot. This paper deeply analyzed the advantages and the disadvantages of Fuzzy control and PID control, and proposed a new Fuzzy PID control combined Fuzzy control and PID control. The simulation results show that the method of Fuzzy PID can effectively reduce the overshoot of the control system, accelerate the response speed, and shorten the adjustment time, In this way, The system can reduce the shock of amphibious spherical robot, and improve the stability, thus, the method can enhance the dynamic performance of the amphibious spherical robot.