gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of gonadal function between fertile and infertile men with varicoceles (1987)

The high prevalence of men with varicoceles who by history are fertile has led some to question the suggested causal relationship between a varicocele and male infertility. However, testicular function in these fertile men has not previously been studied in detail. Fifty-five normal fertile men, 42 fertile men with varicoceles, and 24 infertile men with varicoceles and normal female partners were studied. Semen analyses were done, baseline serum testosterone and gonadotropin levels tested and the gonadotropin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) measured. The infertile men with varicoceles exhibited lower sperm counts, abnormal sperm morphologic features, increased baseline serum gonadotropins, and increased gonadotropin responses to LH-RH, compared with the normal fertile men. The fertile men with varicoceles showed similar abnormalities, although this was not statistically significant in all cases. That semen and hormone abnormalities were observed in both the fertile and infertile men with varicoceles suggests that the presence of a varicocele is associated with some degree of primary testicular dysfunction, regardless of present fertility status.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective and Facile Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of 2‐Fluoro‐4‐iodopyridine in the 4‐Position under Microwave Conditions. (2010)

Abstract The microwave protocol is superior to previous procedures due to drastically shorter reaction times and significantly decreased amounts of base.
Intelligent Systems for Finance and Business (1995)

From the Publisher:
A comprehensive survey regarding the application of intelligent techniques in finance and economics. Chapters are written by pioneers in the field from prestigious academic and financial institutions in the U.S., Europe and Asia. Each chapter introduces the background and fundamentals of a particular technology and features a case study based upon the contributor's own work. Covers such techniques as expert systems, rule induction and fuzzy logic; neural networks; genetic algorithms and programming. The final chapter reviews and evaluates the latest available toolkits and programming environments for implementing these intelligent techniques.
The structure and conformation of lignin as judged by X-ray crystallographic investigations of lignin model compounds: Arylglycerol beta-syringyl ethers (2009)

Structural elements of the arylglycerol b-syringyl ether type are very frequent in hardwood lignins. A variety of crystalline dimeric lignin models representing different diastereomeric forms of structural elements in lignin of this type have been studied using X-ray crystallography. Bond distances and bond angles in the model compounds are in all probability nearly identical with those of the corresponding structural elements in lignins. Special attention was paid to the geometry of the b-O-syringyl linkage, since the reactivity of this linkage is of particular interest in connection with pulping reactions. The crystal structures of the model compounds suggest that two types of conformations are predominating; in both of them the aromatic rings are separated by ca. 4.5 Å (maximal distance 4.9-5 Å). Based on X-ray crystallographic data from four compounds a sequence of units (5 aromatic rings, 8 chiral C-atoms) attached to each other by b-syringyl ether linkages was constructed. The appearance of the resulting oligomer illustrates that stereoisomerism can be expected to influence the shape of the lignin molecules to a great extent.
Oxygen Reduction on Supported Platinum/Polythiophene Electrocatalysts (2001)

This work reports the use of polythiophene films as supporting matrix for Pt particles. The polymer film hosts were prepared using a strong acid aqueous solution, impregnated with Pt particles, and then tested for electrocatalytic properties for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Cyclic voltammetry shows that the redox behavior of polythiophene in 12.5 M presents a general feature equivalent to that of several other conducting polymers, especially polypyrrole. Features of the UV-visible spectra obtained during the redox process are consistent with the polaron/bipolaron model. Scanning electron microscopy measurements show that a very homogeneous film layer is obtained with the Pt deposited as very fine particles. Polarization measurements have shown that the ORR occurs through a mechanism involving four electrons with Tafel slopes of ca. 0.12 V dec−1 for potentials below 0.85 V vs. RHE (reference hydrogen electrode), in agreement with previous results for other types of dispersed Pt electrocatalysts. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
La recherche face aux stratégies de gouvernance internationale (2011)

Un nouvel ordre scientifique mondial se met déjà en place, comme on l’a vu hier et aujourd’hui. Qu’il y ait un rôle désintéressé du chercheur dans cette promotion, j’en doute sincèrement ; je n’ai encore rencontré aucun chercheur désintéressé. Cela n’implique pas nécessairement d’être intéressé par son gain personnel car, si on est chercheur, c’est avant tout parce que l’on est intéressé, passionné par la matière. Des réseaux et des alliances stratégiques et institutionnels se mettent en pla...
Preparation and Characterisation of Phase Change Material-Loaded Polyurea Microcapsules Several Hundred Micrometres in Diameter (2009)

In the present study, we attempted to prepare phase-change material (PCM)-loaded polyurea microcapsules several hundred micrometres in diameter via oil-in-water emulsion polymerisation. An oil phase with two types of isocyanate monomers (2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and phenyl isocyanate (PI)) and tetradecane as PCM was dispersed in an aqueous phase with hexamethylene diamine (HMD). The polyurea shell of microcapsules was formed by reaction of the isocyanate monomers with the amine groups derived from HMD and hydrolysed isocyanate monomers. A suitably adjusted agitation rate made it possible to prepare the required microcapsules. An increased molar ratio of TDI to PI in oil phase resulted in improvement of microcapsule morphology. Increased weight ratio of tetradecane to the two isocyanate monomers (TDI and PI) led to an increase in the PCM content in the microcapsules, which is preferable for practical applications. An examination using differential scanning calorimetry analyser demonstrated that the polyurea shell of the microcapsules scarcely influenced the thermal properties of encapsulated tetradecane.
DNA Based Vaccines against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Recent Progress in Vaccine Development and Delivery System. (2020)

Tuberculosis (TB) is believed to be one of the leading causes of death in the world; nevertheless, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the solitary vaccine utilized to prevent TB. Despite the protective effect of this vaccine in children, its efficiency remains under question in adults. We conducted the present study to provide an overview of DNA based vaccines against TB and highlight the vaccine delivery advances and limitations. This study also aimed to bring a review of mycobacterial antigens, including heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65), antigen 85A (Ag85A), early secretory antigenic target 6 (EAST-6), antigen 85B (Ag85B), and heat shock protein X (HspX) as the most extensively considered antigens in the development of vaccines against M. tuberculosis.
On the Deterministic Multi-threaded Software Synthesis from Polychronous Specifications (2008)

In order to exploit the emerging multi-core processors, creating multi-threaded applications is going to be a necessity. However, resolving concurrency, synchronization, and coordination issues, and tackling the non-determinism germane in multi-threaded software is extremely difficult. Ensuring deterministic behavior and correctness with respect to the specification is necessary for safe execution of such code. It is desirable to synthesize multi-threaded code from formal specifications using a provably 'correct-by- construction' approach. In the past, reasonable success has been achieved in the 'correct-by-construction' sequential software synthesis for embedded reactive systems from synchronous programming models. Here we target deterministic multi-threaded software synthesis from deterministic specifications, such that the behavior of the code is semantically equivalent to that of the specification. We choose the polychronous model of computation for specification because (i) such specifications are multi-rate, reactive, concurrent and can be made deterministic through constraints on the environment, and (ii) formal verification methodologies and tools exist for such specifications. In this paper, we analyze under what condition a polychronous specification can be synthesized into multi-threaded C-code preserving its semantics. We also discuss how the synchronous data flow graph structure for a polychronous specification can be used to infer the threading structure of the resulting C-code.
Top 10 Medicinal Plants and their Groundbreaking Impact on Modern Medicine (2014)

This paper describes ten plants that having been groundbreaking drugs in the past century that were all derived from plants. I chose to do my project on this topic because of my family’s history with natural medicine. In 1999 my mother was diagnosed with Bile Duct cancer and the doctors gave her only a couple of weeks to live. The doctors recommended chemotherapy and radiation, but the results seemed negative for the situation. After some extensive research, my parents found St. Georges Medicinal Wellness Center located in the tiny village of Bad Aibling, Germany. This hospital along with offering traditional medicine techniques for cancer like chemotherapy and radiation, also offered medicinal wellness as an individualized health care. The hospital refers to the program as an integrative cancer therapy concept. From what I remember from the times that I was fortunate to travel to the clinic, she would get a round of chemotherapy followed by a natural medicine, homeopathic remedy, or massage therapy. Although ultimately my mother lost her battle with cancer, she surpassed the doctor’s expectations of several weeks to over seven years. I truly believe that the natural medicine treatments in combination with the western medicine that were used at this clinic added valuable years to her life. In my research I identified ten plants that I believed had the largest impact on modern medicine. The plants that I decided had the largest impact are as followed: Digitalis for atrial fibrillation, Yew for solid tumor cancer, Catharanthus for Leukemia, Camptotheca for soft tissue cancers, Poppy for pain management, Cinchona for Malaria, Podophyllum for Genital Warts, Saw Palmetto for prostate issues, Black Cohosh for menopause, and flaxseed for cholesterol. This project provided information to show that plants continue to play a significant role in holistic medicine . They also provide the chemical building blocks for new drugs. From my research I have concluded that plants will continue to play a role in drug design for years to come.
High thermal stability of the amorphous oxide in Ti44.5Cu44.5Zr7Be4 metallic glass (2015)

The oxidation behavior of Ti44.5Cu44.5Zr7Be4 metallic glass has been investigated. The oxide layer with a fully amorphous structure forms when heated up to the SCL temperature region, indicating that the presence of Be in the oxide layer improves the thermal stability of the amorphous oxide. The amorphous oxide is stable even when heated above the crystallization onset temperature. The thickness of the amorphous oxide layer reaches to ∼160 nm when heated up to 773 K. The oxide layer grows in both inward and outward directions, leaving Cu-enriched crystalline particles at the middle section of the oxide layer.
Long-acting bronchodilators in COPD: where are we now and where are we going? (2014)

Educational aims To discuss fundamental questions relating to the use of bronchodilators that can lead to an optimisation of their utilisation. To describe new bronchodilators that have recently been approved in some countries or are currently undergoing clinical development Summary Bronchodilators are central to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because they alleviate bronchial obstruction and airflow limitation, reduce hyperinflation, and improve emptying of the lung and exercise performance. For this reason, all guidelines highlight that inhaled bronchodilators are the mainstay of the current management of all stages of COPD. However, there are still fundamental questions regarding their use that require clarification to optimise utilisation of these drugs. It is crucial to address the following questions. Is it appropriate to treat all COPD patients with long-acting bronchodilators? Is it better to start treatment with a β 2 -agonist or with an anti-muscarinic agent in patients with stable mild/moderate COPD? Is it useful to use a bronchodilator with rapid onset of action? Is it preferable to administer a bronchodilator on a once- or twice-daily basis? Can a second bronchodilator can be introduced for patients with stable COPD (“dual” bronchodilator therapy), and if so when? Are inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) really useful in COPD patients without chronic bronchitis, since long-lasting bronchodilators may prevent exacerbations even in the absence of an ICS in frequent exacerbators? Finally, is combined therapy really useful in non-frequent exacerbators? Due to the the central role of bronchodilators in the treatment of COPD, there is still considerable interest in finding novel classes of bronchodilator drugs. However, new classes of bronchodilators have proved difficult to develop because either new emerging targets are not really important and/or it is difficult to find substances capable of interacting with them. As a consequence, many research groups have sought to improve the existing classes of bronchodilators.
MolliGen, une base de données dédiée à la génomique comparée des Mollicutes (2006)

National audience
Inhibitory effects of ursolic acid derivatives from Cynomorium songaricum, and related triterpenes on human immunodeficiency viral protease (1998)

From the stems of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (Cynomoriaceae), ursolic acid and its hydrogen malonate were isolated as inhibitory substances against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) protease. Their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 8 μM and 6 μM, respectively. Of various dicarboxylic acid hemiesters of related triterpenes synthesized, the inhibitory activities tended to increase in the order of oxalic, malonyl, succinyl and glutaryl hemiesters of triterpenes such as ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and betulinic acid. The most potent inhibition was observed for the glutaryl hemiesters with IC50 of 4 μM. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The carcinogenicity of compounds related to 2-acetylaminofluorene. II. Variations in the bridges and the 2-substituent. (1955)

Summary 1.The carcinogenic activities of fourteen compounds structurally related to 2-acetylaminofluorene and which differ principally in the nature of the bridges between the two aromatic rings have been determined in the rat. These compounds are the 2-acetylamino derivatives of 9-fluorenol, 9-fluorenone, phenanthrene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, carbazole, pyrene, and dibenzothiophene; the 3-acetylamino derivatives of phenanthrene, carbazole, dibenzothiophene sulfone, and diphenylmethane; the 4-acetylamino derivatives of diphenylsulfide and biphenyl; and 1-acetylaminopyrene. 2.2-Acetylaminofluorene induced high incidences of liver tumors in the males and of mammary gland tumors in the females and moderate incidences of tumors of the ear duct and small intestinal epithelium in both sexes. 3.A fluorene nucleus appears to be required for strong carcinogenic activity toward the liver. 2-Acetylamino-9-fluorenol and 2-acetylamino-9-fluorenone had weak activity; the other compounds were inactive. 4.A biphenyl nucleus is apparently necessary for carcinogenic activity toward the mammary gland. 4-Acetylaminobiphenyl was as active as 2-acetylaminofluorene, and a number of compounds with bridges in the 2, 2′-positions were also active. 5.The requirements for carcinogenicity toward the ear duct and intestinal epithelium were intermediate between those of the liver and mammary gland; in general, a tricyclic derivative was necessary. 6.2-Acetylaminophenanthrene, in addition to inducing tumors of the mammary gland, ear duct, and intestinal epithelium, also had a moderate leukemogenic activity. When fed at higher levels, it induced a paralysis of the hind limbs. 7.7-Fluoro-2-acetylaminofluorene was much more active toward the liver of both male and female rats than 2-acetylaminofluorene. The activity toward the other tissues was not enhanced by this fluoro-substitution. 8.In agreement with the work of others 2-nitro-, 2-amino-, and 2-dimethylaminofluorene were less active than 2-acetylaminofluorene at the usual sites. In addition, 2-nitrofluorene induced a high incidence of squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach. 9.On histological examination a high proportion of the tumors induced by each compound and at all sites were found to be malignant. 10.The syntheses of the following new compounds are described: 2-acetylaminocarbazole and 7-fluoro-2-acetylaminofluorene.
Developments in Ocular Genetics (2013)

The purpose of this study was to summarize major developments in ocular genetics over the past year.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Salinomycin Sodium in Feed Premix and Biomass Samples (1987)

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for determination of sodium salinomycin (SS) in feed premix and biomass samples. SS is extracted from samples with acetonitrile, and the extract is diluted to volume. An aliquot is then injected directly into the chromatographic column, and refractive index detection is used to determine the presence of SS. The LC method proved to be both fast and specific; SS was quickly separated from lasalocid, monensin, and narasin. To test the efficiency of this extraction method, premix and biomass samples were spiked with SS. The mean recovery of SS from the spiked premix samples was 101.6%, and from the spiked biomass samples, 99.4%. Six premix samples were then assayed for SS in triplicate on 5 successive days, and 10 biomass samples were assayed for SS in triplicate on 3 different days. The coefficients of variation for the premix assay values ranged from 2.50 to 7.87%. For the biomass assay, CVs ranged from 0.9 to 3.5%. Premix and biomass samples were assayed for SS by this LC method in 2 laboratories and by a turbidimetric method using Bacillus subtilis in a third laboratory. The assay values obtained for SS were equivalent.
Emerging Clinical Applications and Pharmacology of RNA (2012)

In all living cells, the RNA acts as an important intermediate of genetic information transfer between DNA and protein. RNA is generally single-stranded, and a flexible and versatile biopolymer that incorporates many pharmacologically desirable traits of DNA and protein without some of their disadvantages. It is water-soluble and nontoxic, can be produced by chemical synthesis as well as recombinant cloning, faithfully replicates the parental DNA sequence, can be converted to DNA or protein, possesses enzymatic self-cleaving activity, and makes specific RNA–RNA, RNA–DNA, and RNA–protein interactions. The biologically remarkable forms and functions of RNA, such as antisense RNA, ribozymes, RNA decoys, aptamers, small RNA, and their role in RNA interference and epigenetic chromosomal regulation, are all rooted in this fundamentally unique combination of biochemical and molecular traits. It is only recently that some of these properties of RNA have been exploited to interfere with or repair dysfunctional or harmful nucleic acids or proteins, and to induce therapeutic gene products in a variety of pathological syndromes or infectious diseases. First, second, and third generations of RNA drugs have produced promising results, raising new hopes in bringing RNA therapeutics from the bench to the bedside. In this chapter, the basic features and discoveries of RNA that are relevant to its clinical usage are described, and details provided of some emerging clinical applications of RNA.
A low-order adaptive engine model for SI–HCCI mode transition control applications with cam switching strategies (2015)

This article presents a low-order engine model to support model-based control development for mode transitions between spark ignition (SI) and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion modes in gasoline engines. The modeling methodology focuses on cam switching mode transition strategies wherein the mode is abruptly changed between SI and recompression HCCI via a switch of the cam lift and phasing. The model is parameterized to a wide range of steady-state data which are selected to include conditions pertinent to cam switching mode transitions. An additional HCCI combustion model parameter is augmented and tuned based on transient data from SI to HCCI mode transitions where the conditions can be significantly outside any contained in the baseline steady-state parameterization. An adaptation routine is given which allows transient data be assimilated in online operation to update the augmented parameter and improve SI–HCCI transition predictions. With the baseline steady-state parameterization and augmented mode transition parameter, the model is shown to reproduce both steady-state data and transient performance output time histories from SI–HCCI transitions with considerable accuracy.
Document skew detection based on local region complexity (2002)

A new method is proposed for detecting skew in document images which contain a mixture of text areas, photographs, figures, charts, and tables. Two basic ideas are introduced in the method. One idea is that a new parameter is used for skew detection to discern the orientation of text lines in document images. This parameter is based on the document image complexity and is obtained from the number of transitions from white to black pixels or vice versa. The other idea is that skew is detected in local regions in which only text lines are expected. Such local regions are extracted from a document image automatically and the obtained skew angle is defined as the overall document skew. Document skew has been measured in experiments with an error of 0.12 degrees on the average for all test documents.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>