gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inkjet-Printed ON/OFF Force Sensor on Flexible Substrate for Ultra-Low Power Applications (2017)

An ON/OFF force sensor is fabricated by inkjet-printing process on flexible substrates. The goal is to obtain two distinct impedance states respectively to the applied force in order to be easily identifiable by a conditioning electronics for ultra-low power applications, and to avoid the use of an analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) in particular. The sensor is composed of two electrodes separated by a spacer. The elastomer layer constituting the spacer is in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). An opening is created in this spacer between the two electrodes in order to define an active area. The force is applied perpendicularly to the surface of the sensor. When no force is applied, the sensor's electrodes are not in contact, and the resistance ROFF tends toward infinity. When a force is applied, the sensor's electrodes are in contact, and the resistance RON tends toward 0. The minimal actuation force is as low as 0.01N.
A summary of ventilation rate measuring techniques through ventilated buildings (2010)

The measurement of the total air flux through naturally ventilated openings is not straightforward. Direct and indirect measuring techniques are available for determination of ventilation rates in naturally ventilated buildings. Direct measuring methods include measuring fan, propeller gauge, hot wire anemometer, particle image velocimetry, laser Doppler anemometer, and transit time sonic anemometer. Basic disadvantage of direct measuring techniques is that they are generally used for point or local measurements of air velocity. In order to have the total ventilation rate through the whole building, a “system” is required to measure simultaneously the airflow both in magnitude and direction at a number of locations. Indirect measuring techniques include heat balance, CO2 balance, pressure difference, CFD analysis, tracer gas measurements, multizone modelling, and zonal models. These methods consider the whole system, and therefore, provide a possible tool for determining air flux through the building envelopes. Methods based on computer simulations (CFD, multizone models, etc.) should be validated against experimental data. However, in most cases, those validations are lacking, or do not indicate the accuracy of the method. Tracer gas measurements are mostly used as a reference method in validations. However, accuracy of this technique should also be studied. Most indirect measuring techniques suffer from the problem of imperfect mixing of air within the ventilated structure. Therefore, the accuracy of tracer gas measurements should be improved by using information of imperfect mixing within the building. The main objective of this study is to review available techniques while putting emphasise on their accuracies. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of each method will be discussed.
The Major Peanut Allergen Ara h 1 and Its Cleaved-off N-Terminal Peptide; Possible Implications for Peanut Allergen Detection (2004)

Ara h 1 was purified from raw peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors. N-Terminal amino acid sequences were determined after western blotting. Both purification procedures proved to be very consistent and resulted in identical chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior of Ara h 1 and in the isolation of identical proteins of approximately 64 kDa with RS/H_PPGERTRG as the N-terminal amino acid sequence. Consequently, purified Ara h 1 appears to be truncated at the N-terminal side. The observations strongly suggest that Ara h 1 occurs physiologically as a protein of which the first 84 and 78 amino acids, respectively, are cleaved off in planta upon maturation of the protein. On the basis of epitope mapping, the cleaved-off N-terminal peptide contains three allergenic epitopes, of which two are major. These truncated epitopes will go undetected in assays when purified Ara h 1 from peanuts is used as reference material. Patients' sera, however, contain IgE-type antibodies against the epitopes that are contained in the cleaved-off peptide, implying that the peptide, or part of it, is still present in peanuts that are consumed. Possible consequences of this exposure to these three epitopes are discussed. On the basis of literature data the cleaved-off peptide is hypothesized to have antifungal activity.
248 nm excimer-laser-induced native oxide film formation on GaN surface (2004)

This paper describes an investigation into using an excimer laser to induce the formation of native oxide film on GaN surfaces. It was revealed that laser-induced oxidation reaction of GaN occurred at 250 mJ/cm2 which was much lower than the threshold fluence for decomposition or damage (above 600 mJ/cm2) of GaN. The laser induced oxidation rate could reach 750 nm/h which was much higher than that with conventional thermal oxidation method (about 20 nm/h). It was postulated that laser photon excitation of electron-hole pairs was the main mechanism responsible for enhancing the oxidation reaction of GaN. Using glancing-angle Xray diffraction, the induced oxide was determined to be monoclinic β-Ga2O3. The morphology of the laserinduced oxide surface was smooth and uniform. The process has potential applications in the fabrication of GaN-based electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Decision letter: Claudin5 protects the peripheral endothelial barrier in an organ and vessel-type-specific manner (2022)

Organ and vessel-type-specific differences in endothelial cell barrier composition and properties uncover the distinct importance of the major tight junction protein Claudin5 in restricting agonist-induced leakage.
Ontogeny of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNAs in fetal and neonatal rat brain (2001)

Studies have demonstrated a specific function of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT(1)) in regulation of adult central cardiovascular, fluid, and pituitary hormone release and a predominant role of the renin-angiotensin system in fetal and neonatal cardiovascular homeostasis. The pattern of brain AT(1) mRNA expression during fetal and neonatal development is currently unknown. We used radiolabeled cRNA probes for in situ hybridization histochemistry to determine the ontogenic development of the two AT(1) subtypes (AT(1a) and AT(1b)) mRNA in rat brain, from 11 days of gestation (E11) to 28 days after birth (P28). No AT(1b) mRNA was detected in the developing brain, whereas AT(1a) mRNA was first detected at E19. The age at which AT(1a) mRNA is first detected varied among different brain areas and expression predominates in areas involved in fluid homeostasis, pituitary hormone release, and cardiovascular regulation, where it persists until P28. AT(1a) mRNA expression is present from E19 onward in the median preoptic nucleus, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the paraventricular nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus raphe pallidus, the motor facial nucleus, and very weakly in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the ambiguous nucleus, and at E21 in the subfornical organ, the anterior olfactory nucleus and the piriform cortex. AT(1a) mRNA expression is present after birth in many regions, including the preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas, the area postrema and medullary reticular nuclei. In conclusion, during brain development, expression of AT(1a) mRNA, appears in late gestation at E19, predominantly in forebrain areas involved in fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation. In contrast, AT(1a) mRNA expression is absent or present only in very small amounts until after birth in many medullary nuclei, known to play an important role in cardiovascular modulation. Our results suggest that, in perinatal life, AT(1a) is involved in fluid and perhaps cardiovascular homeostasis and that the role of Ang II in modulating medullary cardiovascular centers matures later in postnatal life.
Compact Neutron Generator with Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion for Neutron Radiography (2021)

A compact inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion neutron source was developed. Imaging tests using the novel IEC neutron source were conducted with the indirect method using dysprosium foil and an imaging plate.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoroxenonium Derivatives (II) as Reagents for the Conversion of Olefins (I), (V) into β‐Fluoroalkyl Triflates (IIIa), (IVa), (VI), β‐Fluoroalkyl Fluorosulfates (IIIb), (IVb), and β‐ Fluoroalkyl Nitrates (IIIc), (IVc). (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Resistance of Some Rice Varieties to Sheath Blight (ShB) (1990)

This article 'Resistance of Some Rice Varieties to Sheath Blight (ShB)' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.
Studies of deoxyribonucleic acids in spermatocytes of Cancer productus Randall (2011)

Spermatogenesis in Cancer productus Randall was studied to determine the availability of cells and chromosomes suitable for the localization of crab dAT. It was found that throughout most of the year the reproductive tract contained resting spermatogdnial cells and a few residual spermatophores. Between April and July there was a burst of meiotic activity observed both cytologically and by the incorporation of a radioactive DNA precursor, tritiated-thymidine. The mean haploid chromosome number for C. productus was found to be 47.0 ± 4.1, lower than the previously reported number of 58.
Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Neoplasia (2006)

Helicobacter pylori is present in the stomach of more than half of the world population. Based on compelling epidemiological evidences, it was classified by the World Health Organization as a type I gastric carcinogen. It is generally believed that gastric cancer development is a multi-step progression from chronic gastritis to atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer. Individuals infected with H. pylori have at least a 2-fold increase in risk of gastric cancer development though only a small proportion of infected individuals will ultimately develop this malignancy. The exact mechanisms underlying how H. pylori triggers or causes gastric cancer remain elusive. Certain H. pylori genotypes like cagA, vacA s1 or babA1 are considered to be of higher virulent potential. Apart from the bacterial factors, the host response to chronic H. pylori infection may also attribute to the cancer risk. It was found that individuals who carry pro-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphism have a substantial increase in risk of cancer development. The combination of bacterial and host genotypes may have a synergistic effect on cancer development. Despite the strong causal link between chronic H. pylori infection and gastric cancer, the role of H. pylori eradication in preventing gastric cancer remains controversial. More long-term data may be necessary to clarify this controversy.
Gadolinium-enhanced Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Administered Dose in Relationship to United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidelines (2012)

Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement was originally validated using higher than label-recommended doses of gadolinium chelate. The objective of this study was to evaluate available evidence for various gadolinium dosing regimens used for CMR. The relationship of gadolinium dose warnings (due to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis) announced in 2008 to gadolinium dosing regimens was also examined. We conducted a meta-analysis of peer reviewed publications from January, 2004 to December, 2010. Major subject search headings (MeSh) terms from the National Library of Medicine's PubMed were: contrast media, gadolinium, heart, magnetic resonance imaging; searches were limited to human studies with abstracts published in English. Case reports, review articles, editorials, MRA related papers and all reports that did not indicate gadolinium type or weight-based dose were excluded. For all included references, full text was available to determine the total administered gadolinium dose on a per kg basis. Average and median dose values were weighted by the number of subjects in each study. 399 publications were identified in PubMed; 233 studies matched the inclusion criteria, encompassing 19,934 patients with mean age 54.2 ± 11.4 (range 9.3 to 76 years). 34 trials were related to perfusion testing and 199 to myocardial late gadolinium enhancement. In 2004, the weighted-median and weighted-mean contrast dose were 0.15 and 0.16 ± 0.06 mmol/kg, respectively. Median contrast doses for 2005-2010 were: 0.2 mmol/kg for all years, respectively. Mean contrast doses for the years 2005-2010 were: 0.19 ± 0.03, 0.18 ± 0.04, 0.18 ± 0.10, 0.18 ± 0.03, 0.18 ± 0.04 and 0.18 ± 0.04 mmol/kg, respectively (p for trend, NS). Gadopentetate dimeglumine was the most frequent gadolinium type [114 (48.9%) studies]. No change in mean gadolinium dose was present before, versus after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black box warning (p > 0.05). Three multi-center dose ranging trials have been published for cardiac MRI applications. CMR studies in the peer-reviewed published literature routinely use higher gadolinium doses than regulatory agencies indicated in the package leaflet. Clinical trials should be supported to determine the appropriate doses of gadolinium for CMR studies.
Bioaccessibility of Arsenic(V) Bound to Ferrihydrite Using a Simulated Gastrointestinal System (2006)

The risk posed from incidental ingestion to humans of arsenic-contaminated soil may depend on sorption of arsenate (As(V)) to oxide surfaces in soil. Arsenate sorbed to ferrihydrite, a model soil mineral, was used to simulate possible effects on ingestion of soil contaminated with As-(V) sorbed to Fe oxide surfaces. Arsenate sorbed to ferrihydrite was placed in a simulated gastrointestinal tract (in vitro) to ascertain the bioaccessibility of As(V) and changes in As(V) surface speciation caused by the gastrointestinal system. The speciation of As was determined using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). The As(V) adsorption maximum was found to be 93 mmol kg(-1). The bioaccessible As(V) ranged from 0 to 5%, and surface speciation was determined to be binuclear bidentate with no changes in speciation observed post in vitro. Arsenate concentration in the intestine was not constant and varied from 0.001 to 0.53 mM for the 177 mmol kg(-1) As(V) treated sample. These results suggest that the bioaccessibility of As(V) is related to the As(V) concentration, the As(V) adsorption maximum, and that multiple measurements of dissolved As(V) in the intestinal phase may be needed to calculate the bioaccessibility of As(V) adsorbed to ferrihydrite.
Goodpasture Antigen-binding Protein, the Kinase That Phosphorylates the Goodpasture Antigen, Is an Alternatively Spliced Variant Implicated in Autoimmune Pathogenesis (2000)

The non-collagenous C-terminal domain of the alpha(3) chain of collagen IV is the autoantigen in Goodpasture disease, an autoimmune disorder described only in humans. Specific N-terminal phosphorylation is a biological feature unique to the human domain when compared with other homologous domains lacking immunopathogenic potential. We have recently cloned from a HeLa-derived cDNA library a novel serine/threonine kinase (Goodpasture antigen-binding protein (GPBP)) that phosphorylates the N-terminal region of the human domain (Raya, A. Revert, F, Navarro, S. and Saus J. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 12642-12649). We show here that the pre-mRNA of GPBP is alternatively spliced in human tissues and that the most common transcript found encodes GPBPDelta26, a molecular isoform devoid of a 26-residue serine-rich motif. Recombinantly expressed GPBPDelta26 exhibits lower activity than GPBP, due at least in part to a reduced ability of GPBPDelta26 to interact and to form very active high molecular weight aggregates. In human tissues, GPBP shows a more limited expression than GPBPDelta26 but displays a remarkable preference for the small vessels and for histological structures targeted by natural autoimmune responses including alveolar and glomerular basement membranes, the two main targets in Goodpasture disease. GPBP expression is, in turn, up-regulated in the striated muscle of a Goodpasture patient and in other autoimmune conditions including cutaneous lupus erythematosus, pemphigoid, and lichen planus.
Crown of Microfilaments in the Extending Cytoplasmic Processes of Medulloblastoma Glial Progenitors (1992)

Microfilaments and microtubules play a part in the extension of neuronal processes but their roles in the formation of glial processes have not yet been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine the organization of microfilaments in differentiating glial progenitors (RB2 cells) and to study the effects of microfilament or microtubule disruption on process extension. Intense F-actin staining (crown of microfilaments) was observed at the leading edge of a small extending conical tip in differentiating RB2 cells, but was absent in process-bearing TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. No significant difference was noted in the mean number of TE671 cells with processes treated with a microfilament disrupter from that of similarly treated controls. In contrast, a significant difference was noted in the mean number of RB2 cells with processes after microfilament disruption treatment from that of similarly treated controls. Microtubule disruption arrested extension and caused process retraction in both cell types. The results of this study demonstrate that microtubules play an equally important part in the extension and stabilization of the RB2 and TE671 processes. Moreover, the crown of microfilaments concentrated in the glial RB2 process (and not in the TE671 process) may be critical to its extension during differentiation.
EphrinB2 drives perivascular invasion and proliferation of glioblastoma stem-like cells (2016)

Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive and therapy-resistant brain tumours, which contain a subpopulation of tumour-propagating glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) thought to drive progression and recurrence. Diffuse invasion of the brain parenchyma, including along preexisting blood vessels, is a leading cause of therapeutic resistance, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that ephrin-B2 mediates GSC perivascular invasion. Intravital imaging, coupled with mechanistic studies in murine GBM models and patient-derived GSC, revealed that endothelial ephrin-B2 compartmentalises non-tumourigenic cells. In contrast, upregulation of the same ephrin-B2 ligand in GSC enabled perivascular migration through homotypic forward signalling. Surprisingly, ephrin-B2 reverse signalling also promoted tumourigenesis cell-autonomously, by mediating anchorage-independent cytokinesis via RhoA. In human GSC-derived orthotopic xenografts, EFNB2 knock-down blocked tumour initiation and treatment of established tumours with ephrin-B2-blocking antibodies suppressed progression. Thus, our results indicate that targeting ephrin-B2 may be an effective strategy for the simultaneous inhibition of invasion and proliferation in GBM.
Synthesis of Biorenewable Starch–Farnesene Amphiphilic Conjugates via Transesterification of Terpene-Derived Diels–Alder Adducts (2018)

Herein we describe a new class of terpene-starch esters synthesized from biorenewable building blocks. Although our work is specific to starch, we believe the synthetic methodology can be extended to a wide range of polysaccharide substrates. In our approach, an ester functionality is first introduced to the farnesene backbone via high yielding, solvent-free Diels–Alder chemistry. The farnesene esters are subsequently transesterified with starch to produce a range of starch–farnesene amphiphilic biopolymers. The key transesterification reaction between farnesene and starch employs 1,5,6-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as a guanidine base organocatalyst and is capable of producing materials with a high degree of substitution (DS). The DS can be modulated by altering the starch/farnesene feed ratio. Low DS starch–farnesene esters show surfactant-like properties while the higher DS materials were successfully solvent-cast into standalone films. Thermal and mechanical tests reveal starch–farnesene esters to be robust under both solution and thermal processing conditions. Given the versatility of the synthetic method, the biorenewability of the components, and the biodegradability of the ester linkage joining the subunits, the newly produced polymer amphiphiles appear to be a promising class of new green materials.
Ease on Down the Code: Complex Collaborative Qualitative Coding Simplified with 'Code Wizard' (2018)

This paper describes the design and development of a preliminary qualitative coding tool as well as a method to improve the process of achieving inter-coder reliability (ICR) in small teams. Software applications that support qualitative coding do not sufficiently assist collaboration among coders and overlook some fundamental issues related to ICR. We propose a new dimension of collaborative coding called "coders' certainty" and demonstrate its ability to illustrate valuable code disagreements that are missing from existing approaches. Through a case study, we describe the utility of our tool, Code Wizard, and how it helped a group of researchers effectively collaborate to code naturalistic observation data. We report the valuable lessons we learned from the development of our tool and method: (1) identifying coders' certainty constitutes an important part of determining the quality of data analysis and facilitates identifying overlapping and ambiguous codes, (2) making the details of coding process visible helps streamline the coding process and leads to a sense of ownership of the research results, and (3) there is valuable information hidden in coding disagreements that can be leveraged for improving the process of data analysis.
History of Vinyl Chloride Polymers (1981)

Abstract In 1926 Semon tried to dehydrohalogenate high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in a high boiling solvent to get an unsaturated polymer which might bond rubber to metal. Unexpectedly, he obtained plasticized PVC, a flexible product inert both electrically and chemically. This discovery opened the door to the commercialization of PVC, a plastic with an annual United States production now exceeding 6 billion pounds. Special PVC's and PVC products have been developed taking advantage of the many favorable properties. Rigid structural products from house siding to pipes are becoming of increasing importance. Two main types of polymers have been utilized: 1) one prepared by suspension polymerization, and 2) a special variety prepared by colloidal polymerization and spray drying. This latter material has been especially useful for making plastisols. Plasticizers and stabilizers were developed to maximize useful and nontoxic properties. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production and co-polymerization evolved as lower cost processes, higher quality products, and greater manufacturing safety were introduced. Recent challenges for the industry have included pollution and carcinogenic hazards which have been overcome by imaginative new technologies. The rate of growth of the industry is shown graphically.