gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee by Scanning Electron Microscope. (1992)

Development of somatic embryos from coffee leaf explants has been studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Friable embryogenic callus is formed by single spherical cell aggregates of about 20μm diameter. They are the putative initial cells of somatic embryos or embryo mother cells. The fine structure of somatic embryos was clearly identified during the following sequential developmental stages : single spherical cell, early globular shape with conspicuous suspensor, typical globular shape, elongated shape, early heart shape, typical heart shape, torpedo shape, and finally cotyledonary stage embryo with well-developed suspensor. The high frequency of somatic embryos was found in callus tissues derived from mature leaves under a two-step culture method. Low frequency somatic embryogenesis was found on the leaf edges associated with very small callus formation. Low frequency somatic embryos were observed only in young leaves under the one-step culture method. In this SEM investigation, it is demonstrated that the sequential events leading to coffee somatic embryogenesis arise through one unicellular pathway derived from coffee somatic embryo mother cells. A schematic representation of the sequential stages of coffee somatic embryo development is provided.
Supplementary Data Figure 2 from Preexisting Commensal Dysbiosis Is a Host-Intrinsic Regulator of Tissue Inflammation and Tumor Cell Dissemination in Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Commensal dysbiosis does not induce histopathology (A, B - image examples) or mammary gland metabolism (D) as compared to fecal metabolism as a positive control (C)&lt;/p&gt;
Solid-Supported Nitrile Oxides as Stable and Valuable Reactive Intermediates (2002)

1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions of Wang resin supported nitrile oxides have been performed with several dipolarophiles to afford 5-membered heterocycles in fair yields. The nitrile oxides displayed increased stability on the solid phase, allowing clean transformations into nitrosocarbonyl intermediates, which could be trapped with suitable dienes to afford hetero Diels−Alder cycloadducts in moderate yields. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Plant Cell Wall Breakdown by Anaerobic Microorganisms from the Mammalian Digestive Tract (2008)

Degradation of lignocellulosic plant material in the mammalian digestive tract is accomplished by communities of anaerobic microorganisms that exist in symbiotic association with the host. Catalytic domains and substrate-binding modules concerned with plant polysaccharide degradation are found in a variety of anaerobic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa from the mammalian gut. The organization of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, however, varies widely. The cellulolytic gram-positive bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens produces an elaborate cellulosomal enzyme complex that is anchored to the bacterial cell wall; assembly of the complex involves at least five different dockerin:cohesin specificities, and the R. flavefaciens genome encodes at least 180 dockerin-containing proteins that encompass a wide array of catalytic and binding activities. On the other hand, in the cellulolytic protozoan, Polyplastron multivesiculatum, individual plant cell wall-degrading enzymes appear to be secreted into food vacuoles, while the gram-negative bacterium Prevotella bryantii appears to possess a sequestration-type system for the utilization of soluble xylans. The system that is employed for polysaccharide utilization must play a major role in defining the ecological niche that each organism occupies within a complex gut community. 16S rRNA analyses are also revealing uncultured bacterial species closely adherent to fibrous substrates in the rumen and in the large intestine of animals and humans. The true complexity, both at a single organism and community level, of the microbial enzyme systems that allow animals to digest plant material is beginning to become apparent.
Solid‐state NMR studies of collagen‐based parchments and gelatin (2005)

Historical collagen-based parchments have been studied by solid-state NMR. In addition, new parchment (produced according to traditional methods) and gelatin from bovine skin were also studied. Wideline 1H and MAS 13C measurements were carried out directly on intact parchments. A simple approach is proposed for evaluation of the extent of parchment degradation based on the linewidth changes in the 13C CPMAS spectra relative to new parchment and gelatin. Structural (bound) water content was estimated from wideline 1H NMR lineshape and relaxation time measurements. It was found that the relative water content in parchments correlates linearly with 13C MAS linewidths. Its decrease on parchment degradation indicates that structural water molecules are of primary importance in stabilizing higher order collagen structures. Backbone and side chain dynamics of collagen in parchments were compared to those of gelatin based on the 13C dipolar-dephased experiments. Carbonyl 13C chemical shift anisotropies were measured to deduce the geometry of the collagen backbone motion. Unlike previous studies, we found that the collagen backbone motion is similar to that found in other proteins and occurs primarily via small-angle librations about internal bond directions.
Cascade multilevel inverters for utility applications (2002)

Cascade multilevel inverters have been developed by the authors for utility applications. A cascade M-level inverter consists of (M-1)/2 H-bridges in which each bridge has its own separate DC source. The new inverter: (1) can generate almost sinusoidal waveform voltage while only switching one time per fundamental cycle, (2) can eliminate transformers of multipulse inverters used in conventional utility interfaces and static VAr compensators, and (3) makes possible direct parallel or series connection to medium- and high-voltage power systems without any transformers. In other words, the cascade inverter is much more efficient and suitable for utility applications than traditional multipulse and pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. The authors have experimentally demonstrated the superiority of the new inverter for reactive power (VAr) and harmonic compensation. This paper summarizes features, feasibility, and control schemes of the cascade inverter for utility applications including utility interface of renewable energy, voltage regulation, VAr compensation, and harmonic filtering in power systems. Analytical, simulated, and experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the new inverters.
Contributed Session III: InFoRM: Rivalry generates reliable estimates of perceptual dynamics (2022)

Binocular rivalry has been traditionally investigated using subjective reports among 2-4 pre-defined states(OS,OD,piecemeal, & superimposition). We used the 4-phase InFoRM method (Skerswetat & Bex, 2021,VSS) during which 28 observers moved a joystick to 1st: Indicate and 2nd: Follow physically changing stimuli, 3rd: measure binocular rivalry, & 4th: Replay those rivalry changes via physical stimulus changes. Stimuli (±45°, 2c/°, 2°sine-wave-apertures, 3 contrast conditions) were either physically blended to simulate continuous rivalry-states or presented dichoptically to generate perceptual rivalry while leaving participants condition-blinded. Clustering and dynamics of joystick reports (3600 data/trial) were analyzed to classify perceptual experiences continuously. We compared joystick reports from ‘Rivalry’ and ‘Replay’ to validate individual rivalry dynamics using pairwise data comparison. We applied a Hamming distance algorithm and fit individual’s results with an exponential function to estimate agreement and perceptual delays. There was agreement (77% ±3 (standard deviation) across trials/observers/conditions) between Rivalry and Replay responses and median response delays (161ms ± 8ms) were not significantly different across contrast conditions. InFoRM: Rivalry provides a tool to quantify perceptual dynamics for both basic and clinical research of neuro-typical and atypical populations.
CSF Multianalyte Profile Distinguishes Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases (2008)

The therapeutic imperative for Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) calls for discovery and validation of biomarkers. Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau and decreased amyloid (A) beta42 have been validated as biomarkers of AD. In contrast, there is no validated CSF biomarker for PD. We validated our proteomics-discovered multianalyte profile (MAP) in CSF from 95 control subjects, 48 patients with probable AD, and 40 patients with probable PD. An optimal 8-member MAP agreed with expert diagnosis for 90 control subjects (95%), 36 patients with probable AD (75%), and 38 patients with probable PD (95%). This MAP consisted of the following (in decreasing order of contribution): tau, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 8, Abeta42, beta2-microglobulin, vitamin D binding protein, apolipoprotein (apo) AII, and apoE. This first large-scale validation of a proteomic-discovered MAP suggests a panel of 8 CSF proteins that are highly effective at identifying PD and moderately effective at identifying AD.
Monolithic 40-GHz Mode-Locked MQW DBR Lasers for High-Speed Optical Communication Systems (2007)

The state-of-the-art of the development and fabrication of advanced 1.55-mum/40-GHz pulse laser modules with a monolithic InP-based mode-locked distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) MQW laser chip inside is reported, with respect to the future applications in high-speed optical communications. We emphasize the latest improvements for hybrid mode-locked devices, which integrate a saturable absorber or an electroabsorption modulator. We further illustrate different technical approaches that enable meeting predetermined frequencies and wavelengths, and which are at the same time promising with respect to high fabrication yields
A stabilized and persistent tetraketene: 1,4-bis(1′,4′-dioxo-3′-trimethylsilyl-2′-buta-1′,3′-dienyl)benzene (1995)

Reaction of 1,4-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)benzene with CCl 3 COCl and Zn gave 1,4-bis(4′,4′-dichloro-2′-trimethylsilyl-3′-oxo-1′-cyclobutenyl)benzene (7), which reacted with concentrated H 2 SO 4 at 87 °C to give 1,4-bis(2′-trimethylsilyl-3′,4′-dioxo-1′-cyclobutenyl)benzene (8). Photolysis of 8 in CDCl 3 with 350 nm light gave the bisketene 9, which on further photolysis formed the title tetraketene 10, as identified by its spectral properties. Upon heating of 10 the successive closure of the two bisketene moieties, first to give the mono(cyclobutenedione) 9 and then to reform 8 in a slower step, was observed by NMR and UV spectroscopy. Reaction of 10 with MeOH gave the tetraester 11, which was assigned the erythro configuration at each of the succinate moieties. Keywords: ketenes, photolysis, cyclobutenediones, esterification, silicon.
Mitigation strategies for mode instabilities in high-power fiber-laser systems (2013)

Fiber-based laser systems and amplifiers have shown a rapid evolution of average output-power scaling reaching the kilowatt level both for cw- and pulsed-operation [1]. However, this fast development has led to the observation of a new, detrimental effect: mode instabilities (MI) [2]. Hereby after reaching a certain threshold power level a former Gaussian-like beam profile becomes suddenly unstable and, simultaneously, its beam quality is degraded. This phenomenon is currently the most limiting effect when it comes to further scaling the average power of fiber laser systems. Thus it is of great importance to learn how to overcome this limitation. The most recent investigations of MI (experimental and theoretical) have shown that MI are related to a thermally induced long period grating that mimics the intensity interference pattern of the guided fiber modes [3,4,5]. Consequently, controlling, weakening or ultimately washing out this grating seems a promising approach to suppress or even avoid MI.
Evaluation of OCT for quantitative in-vivo measurements of changes in neural tissue scattering in longitudinal studies of retinal degeneration in mice (2014)

Optical coherence tomography is an imaging modality that is broadly used in ophthalmic diagnostics. The current generation of OCT systems enables reliable acquisition of volumetric scans containing information about the thicknesses of the various retinal layers. Thus, monitoring layer thickness changes is the main quantitative analysis performed by commercial instruments. In principle, measurements of the OCT signal intensity could also provide information on the health status of the retinal tissue. Unfortunately quantitative measurements and interpretation of scattering changes in retinal OCT is very limited due to variation in overall brightness of the OCT B-scans between imaging sessions. These changes might be caused by variation in alignment or focusing, as well as variation in the quality of the eye’s optics (changes in the tear film, dilation of pupil etc.). Therefore, quantitative analysis of layer intensity requires careful normalization to minimize the effects of such variables. In this manuscript we demonstrate that changes in OCT signal intensity occur in a mouse model of light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Normalization and quantification of light scattering changes in human patients could likewise lead to improved understanding of clinical OCT data.
Optical Finite Element Processor (1986)

A new high-accuracy optical linear algebra processor (OLAP) with many advantageous features is described. It achieves floating point accuracy, handles bipolar data by sign-magnitude representation, performs LU decomposition using only one channel, easily partitions and considers data flow. A new application (finite element (FE) structural analysis) for OLAPs is introduced and the results of a case study presented. Error sources in encoded OLAPs are addressed for the first time. Their modeling and simulation are discussed and quantitative data are presented. Dominant error sources and the effects of composite error sources are analyzed.
Diastereoselective C–H carbonylative annulation of aliphatic amines: a rapid route to functionalized γ-lactams (2018)

A palladium(ii)-catalysed C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H carbonylation of free(NH) secondary aliphatic amines to 2-pyrrolidinones is described. A correlation between the nature of the carboxylate ligand and the diastereoselectivity and yield of the process was observed. As such, under these optimal conditions a range of aliphatic amines were converted to the corresponding trans-4,5-disubstituted 2-pyrrolidines with good d.r. and yield.
The type VI secretion system: a tubular story (2009)

The molecular mechanism by which proteins are secreted in gram-negative bacteria is supported by nanomachines called type I to type VI secretion systems (T1SS to T6SS). Previous data suggested that the ClpV ATPase energizes the transport of Hcp and VgrG proteins through the T6SS secretion channel. The identification of a yet unknown tubular structure, which interacts with ClpV, adds another level of complexity and challenges our vision of the T6SS working model.
Second Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation in Acute Leukemia: Results of a Survey by the European Cooperative Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (2001)

Second HSCT represents an effective therapeutic option for AL patients relapsed after allogeneic HSCT, with a 3-year LFS rate of 52% for the subset of patients who experienced relapse more than 292 days after receiving the first HSCT and who were in remission before receiving the second HSCT.
Structure, Mechanics and Synthesis of Nanoscale Carbon and Boron Nitride (2013)

This thesis is divided into two parts. In Part I, we examine the properties of thin sheets of carbon and boron nitride. We begin with an introduction to the theory of elastic sheets, where the stretching and bending modes are considered in detail. The coupling betweenstretching and bending modes is thought to play a crucial role in the thermodynamic stability of atomically-thin 2D sheets such as graphene.In Chapter 2, we begin by looking at the fabrication of suspended, atomically thin sheets of graphene. We then study their mechanical resonances which are read via an optical transduction technique. The frequency of the resonators was found to depend on their temperature, as was their quality factor. We conclude by offering some interpretations of the data in terms of the stretching and bending modes of graphene.In Chapter 3, we look briefly at the fabrication of thin sheets of carbon and boron nitride nanotubes. We examine the structure of the sheets using transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM, respectively). We then show a technique by which one can make sheets suspended over a trench with adjustable supports. Finally, DC measurements of the resistivity of the sheets in the temperature range 600 - 1400 C are presented.In Chapter 4, we study the folding of few-layer graphene oxide, graphene and boron nitride into 3D aerogel monoliths. The properties of graphene oxide are first considered, after which the structure of graphene and boron nitride aerogels is examined using TEM and SEM. Some models for their structure are proposed. In Part II, we look at synthesis techniques for boron nitride (BN). In Chapter 5, we study the conversion of carbon structures of boron nitride via the application of carbothermal reduction of boron oxide followed by nitridation. We apply the conversion to a wide variety of morphologies, including aerogels, carbon fibers and nanotubes, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.In the latter chapters, we look at the formation of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). In Chapter 6, we look at various methods of producing BNNTs from boron droplets, and introduce a new method involving injection of boron powder into an induction furnace. InChapter 7 we consider another useful process, where ammonia is reacted with boron vapor generated in situ, either through the reaction of boron with metal oxides or through thedecomposition of metal borides.
Cover feature - Protecting cryptographic keys: the trace-and- revoke approach (2003)

The authors describe two methods for protecting content by creating a legitimate distribution channel. One method broadcasts encrypted data to a selected set of users, and a tracing algorithm uncovers a compromised key's owner. The other method updates user keys to resecure a compromised network.
Al-2.134 Topcoat (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Robust Deep Support Vector Data Description for Unreliable Data (2022)

Robustness against unpredictable events or samples is an unquestionable aspect of the reliability and safety of many future machine learning applications, such as self-driving cars or autonomous robots. Anomaly detection (AD) is the task of discerning anomalous samples in a collection of data, which plays a critical role in achieving the necessary robustness. Despite recent interest in developing deep methods for AD, a conclusive understanding of the problem is badly lacking. For example, in machine vision applications, a stable AD method against unreliable training data has not been well studied. In this paper, we introduce weighted-DSVDD, a new method inspired by Deep Support Vector Data Description (DSVDD) [1]. Instead of treating every training sample equally, weighted-DSVDD gives each sample a confidence score, which indicates the contribution of a training point to the objective function. Our experiments show the effectiveness and stability of the proposed method against a variety of datasets, including those with corrupted-label samples.
pH-Programmable DNA Logic Arrays Powered by Modular DNAzyme Libraries (2012)

Nature performs complex information processing circuits, such the programmed transformations of versatile stem cells into targeted functional cells. Man-made molecular circuits are, however, unable to mimic such sophisticated biomachineries. To reach these goals, it is essential to construct programmable modular components that can be triggered by environmental stimuli to perform different logic circuits. We report on the unprecedented design of artificial pH-programmable DNA logic arrays, constructed by modular libraries of Mg(2+)- and UO(2)(2+)-dependent DNAzyme subunits and their substrates. By the appropriate modular design of the DNA computation units, pH-programmable logic arrays of various complexities are realized, and the arrays can be erased, reused, and/or reprogrammed. Such systems may be implemented in the near future for nanomedical applications by pH-controlled regulation of cellular functions or may be used to control biotransformations stimulated by bacteria.
Design, fabrication and evaluation of a low-cost homogeneous portable permanent magnet for NMR and MRI (2010)

We propose a magnet featuring a standard 52 mm bore that creates a longitudinal magnetic field. The magnet is made out of commercial magnetized NdFeB cubes, costing less than 100 €. This device is a low-cost solution to build a portable magnet generating a field of 100 mT with an intrinsic homogeneity as good as 40 ppm over a 5 mm 3 volume. Furthermore, the bore can accomodate a standard narrow bore shim stack and NMR probe in order to shim the field and conduct low-field NMR experiments. We established an assembly process including characterization of the magnetic cubes, cube sorting and optimization of the assembly according to the needs of the application. Aspects of the assembly method are discussed, including characterizing the magnet cubes, sorting them and arranging them in an optimal fashion.
WebRTC: APIs and RTCWEB Protocols of the HTML5 Real-Time Web (2012)

WebRTC, Web Real-Time Communications, is revolutionizing the way web users communicate, both in the consumer and enterprise worlds. WebRTC adds standard APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) and built-in real-time audio and video capabilities and codecs to browsers without a plug-in. With just a few lines of JavaScript, web developers can add high quality peer-to-peer voice, video, and data channel communications to their collaboration, conferencing, telephony, or even gaming site or application. Written by experts involved in the standardization effort, this book introduces and explains the W3C APIs and the IETF protocols of WebRTC. Packed with figures, example code, and summary tables, this book makes complicated concepts and technologies such as peer-to-peer media and NAT and firewall traversal easy to understand.