gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fine-Grain Redundant Logic Using Defect-Prediction Flip-Flops (2007)

Chip production yield of 70% can be increased to 91 % by using fine-grain redundant logic in which only the defective portion of the main circuit is switched to a redundant subcircuit block. In addition, defect-prediction flip-flops prevent over 80% of in-field failures caused by latent defects, while maintaining correct operation. All flip-flops are connected via a scan chain, which can be employed to reproduce states used in avoiding defects, and to trace defect points.
High-numerical aperture extreme ultraviolet scanner for 8-nm lithography and beyond (2017)

Current extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography systems exploit a projection lens with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.33. It is expected that these will be used in mass production in the 2018/2019 timeframe. By then, the most difficult layers at the 7-nm logic and the mid-10-nm DRAM nodes will be exposed. These systems are a more economical alternative to multiple-exposure by 193 argon fluoride immersion scanners. To enable cost-effective shrink by EUV lithography down to 8-nm half pitch, a considerably larger NA is needed. As a result of the increased NA, the incidence angles of the light rays at the mask increase significantly. Consequently, the shadowing and the variation of the multilayer reflectivity deteriorate the aerial image contrast to unacceptably low values at the current 4× magnification. The only solution to reduce the angular range at the mask is to increase the magnification. Simulations show that the magnification has to be doubled to 8× to overcome the shadowing effects. Assuming that the mask infrastructure will not change the mask form factor, this would inevitably lead to a field size that is a quarter of the field size of the current 0.33-NA step and scan systems and reduce the throughput (TPT) of the high-NA scanner to a value below 100 wafers per hour unless additional measures are taken. This paper presents an anamorphic step and scan system capable of printing fields that are half the field size of the current full field. The anamorphic system has the potential to achieve a TPT in excess of 150 wafers per hour by increasing the transmission of the optics, as well as increasing the acceleration of the wafer stage and mask stage. This makes it an economically viable lithography solution.
Deoxidation of Molten Metals by Short Circuiting Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte Cell (1994)

A one‐end‐closed yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) tube, which is an oxygen ion conductor, was used to remove oxygen from molten copper. A thin layer of porous cermet electrode was deposited on the inner wall of the YSZ tube. The outer surface of the tube was in contact with the melt and the inner surface with a flowing reducing gas. Without applying external EMF, the melt was deoxidized by short‐circuiting the melt with the cermet electrode. The deoxidation process was analyzed and the rate controlling steps were identified. Digital simulation of the process was also conducted to give a detailed insight into the deoxidation process.
Chain-Straightening Polymerization of Olefins to Form Polar Functionalized Semicrystalline Polyethylene (2022)

We report the design and synthesis of an α-diimine PdII catalyst that copolymerizes functionalized and long chain α-olefins to produce semicrystalline polyethylene materials. Through a chain-straightening polymerization mechanism, the catalyst afforded high-melting point polymers with Tm values of up to 120 °C. The chain-straightening polymerization operates with high [ω,1]-insertion selectivity at high alkene concentrations and with varying α-olefin chain lengths, including propylene. The Pd catalyst can copolymerize 1-decene and methyl decenoate into semicrystalline ester-functionalized polymers with incorporation percentages proportional to the comonomer ratio (up to 13 mol %). 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and isotope labeling studies revealed that the improved selectivity relative to those of other systems arises from a high selectivity for [2,1]-insertion (96%) coupled with rapid chain-walking for a total of 90 mol % of 1-decene undergoing net [10,1]-insertion.
Electronic and Ionic Conduction in (AgxCu1-x)2Se (1973)

The phase diagram is studied by X-ray and thermal analyses. The high temperature phase (α) is the solid solution of b.c.c. or f.c.c. in which Ag + , Cu + and electron are mobile. The galvanic cell Ag|AgI|specimen|Pt is available to controle the excess or deficit Ag density and to detect the electrochemical potential of Ag + , since the interdiffusion of Cu + into AgI is nearly forbidden except near Cu 2 Se. With the help of the cell and utilizing the weight-difference between Ag and Cu, the polarization and the interdiffusion are measured and interpreted with the diffusion theory. The electronic and ionic conductivities are measured with varying temperature and x . Further the various properties of α(Ag, Cu) 2 Se such as the conductivity, Hall coefficient, thermoelectric power, thermal conductivity etc. are measured and compared with the theory, indicating that the energy gap decreases with increasing x .
B-scan-sectioned dynamic micro-optical coherence tomography for bulk-motion suppression (2021)

In this Letter, we present B-scan-sectioned dynamic micro-optical coherence tomography (BD-MOCT) for high-quality subcellular dynamic contrast imaging. Dynamic micro-optical coherence tomography (D-MOCT) is a functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique performed on high-resolution (micron level) OCT systems; hundreds of consecutive B-scans need to be acquired for dynamic signal extraction, which requires relatively long data acquisition time. Bulk motions occurring during data acquisition (even at the micron level) may degrade the quality of the obtained dynamic contrast images. In BD-MOCT, each full B-scan is divided into several sub-B-scans, and each sub-B-scan repeats multiple times before the sample beam moves to the next sub-B-scan. After all of the sub-B-scans for a full B-scan are completely acquired, we stitch all of the sub-B-scans into the same number of full B-scans. In this way, the time interval between two consecutive stitched B-scans could be reduced multiple times for bulk-motion suppression. The performed scanning protocol modulates the scanning sequences of fast scanning and repeat scanning for improving the dynamic contrast image quality, while the total data acquisition time remains almost the same.
Performance Model for Advanced Neighbor Discovery Process in Bluetooth Low Energy 5.0-Enabled Internet of Things Networks (2020)

The neighbor discovery process (NDP) plays a key role in Bluetooth low energy (BLE)-enabled applications. However, when a massive number of BLE devices are involved in the NDP, signal collisions become severer, which degrade the NDP performance seriously. To solve the problem, BLE 5.0 specifies some extended features such as advanced NDP (A-NDP). The previous works on the performance models for the NDP have focused on the basic NDP (B-NDP). Though some works considered the performance evaluations on A-NDP, they have done on simulations or testbed-based experiments. Likewise, so far, the performance analysis for A-NDP has been insufficient. In this article, we propose an analytical model to evaluate A-NDP performances, such as the signal collision probability, the discovery delay, the energy consumption, and so on. With the proposed analysis model, the performances of A-NDP are analyzed from the viewpoint of various operational environments for BLE-enabled Internet-of-Things services, and compared to those of B-NDP with extended features of Bluetooth 5.0. Besides, it showed that A-NDP is not always better than B-NDP, and we discuss the operational conditions where A-NDP or B-NDP operate effectively, respectively.
Probing the Conformational Dynamics of Affinity-Enhanced T Cell Receptor Variants upon Binding the Peptide-Bound Major Histocompatibility Complex by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (2021)

Binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to its cognate, peptide antigen-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is a key interaction for triggering T cell activation and ultimately elimination of the target cell. Despite the importance of this interaction for cellular immunity, a comprehensive molecular understanding of TCR specificity and affinity is lacking. We conducted hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analyses of individual affinity-enhanced TCR variants and clinically relevant pMHC class I molecules (HLA-A*0201/NY-ESO-1<sub>157-165</sub>) to investigate the causality between increased binding affinity and conformational dynamics in TCR-pMHC complexes. Differential HDX-MS analyses of TCR variants revealed that mutations for affinity enhancement in TCR CDRs altered the conformational response of TCR to pMHC ligation. Improved pMHC binding affinity was in general observed to correlate with greater differences in HDX upon pMHC binding in modified TCR CDR loops, thereby providing new insights into the TCR-pMHC interaction. Furthermore, a specific point mutation in the β-CDR3 loop of the NY-ESO-1 TCR associated with a substantial increase in binding affinity resulted in a substantial change in pMHC binding kinetics (i.e., very slow <i>k</i><sub>on</sub>, revealed by the detection of EX1 HDX kinetics), thus providing experimental evidence for a slow induced-fit binding mode. We also examined the conformational impact of pMHC binding on an unrelated TRAV12-2 gene-encoded TCR directed against the immunodominant MART-1<sub>26-35</sub> cancer antigen restricted by HLA-A*0201. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the observed TRAV12-2 gene bias in natural CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-based immune responses against the MART-1 antigen, with potential implications for general ligand discrimination and TCR cross-reactivity processes.
Functional diversity of the TP53 mutome revealed by saturating CRISPR mutagenesis (2023)

Abstract The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in various cancers. Unlike other tumor suppressors, TP53 is mostly hit by missense mutations, of which more than 2,000 have been described in cancer patients. To take advantage of TP53 mutation status for personalized therapy, a deeper knowledge of the functional ramifications of specific mutations is required as evidence of the functional heterogeneity of mutant p53 proteins mounts. Here, we report on a CRISPR-based saturation mutagenesis screen of 9,225 variants expressed from the endogenous TP53 gene locus of a cancer cell. By tracking changes in the abundance of individual variants in response to specific p53-pathway stimulation, we were able to construct high-resolution functional activity maps of the TP53 mutome, covering ∼94.5% of all cancer-associated missense mutations. The results demonstrate the impact of individual mutations on tumor cell fitness with unprecedented precision and coverage, even revealing underlying mechanisms such as apoptosis. The high discriminatory power also resolves subtle loss-of-function phenotypes and highlights a subset of mutants as particularly promising targets for pharmacological reactivation. Moreover, the data offer intriguing insight into the role of aberrant splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in clearing truncated proteins due to not only nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site mutations but also missense and synonymous mutations. Surprisingly, no missense mutation provided an immediate proliferative advantage over a null mutation. Nonetheless, cells with a missense, but not null mutations, acquired pro-metastatic properties after prolonged growth in mice, emphasizing the significance of mutant p53-directed clonal evolution in the progression of tumors towards metastasis.
Regulation of T-Cell Immune Responses by Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators (2021)

Both the initiation and the resolution of inflammatory responses are governed by the sequential activation, migration, and control/suppression of immune cells at the site of injury. Bioactive lipids play a major role in the fine-tuning of this dynamic process in a timely manner. During inflammation and its resolution, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and macrophages switch from producing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes to specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), namely, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, which are operative at the local level to limit further inflammation and tissue injury and restore homeostasis. Accumulating evidences expand now the role and actions of these lipid mediators from innate to adaptive immunity. In particular, SPMs have been shown to contribute to the control of chronic inflammation, and alterations in their production and/or function have been associated with the persistence of several pathological conditions, including autoimmunity, in human and experimental models. In this review, we focus on the impact of pro-resolving lipids on T cells through their ability to modulate T-cell responses. In particular, the effects of the different families of SPMs to restrain effector T-cell functions while promoting regulatory T cells will be reviewed, along with the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the emerging concept of SPMs as new biological markers for disease diagnostic and progression and as putative therapeutic tools to regulate the development and magnitude of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is discussed.
Feasibility of real time dual-energy imaging based on a flat panel detector for coronary artery calcium quantification (2006)

The feasibility of a real-time dual-energy imaging technique with dynamic filtration using a flat panel detector for quantifying coronary arterial calcium was evaluated. In this technique, the x-ray beam was switched at 15 Hz between 60 kVp and 120 kVp with the 120 kVp beam having an additional 0.8 mm silver filter. The performance of the dynamic filtration technique was compared with a static filtration technique (4 mm Al+0.2 mm Cu for both beams). The ability to quantify calcium mass was evaluated using calcified arterial vessel phantoms with 20-230 mg of hydroxylapatite. The vessel phantoms were imaged over a Lucite phantom and then an anthropomorphic chest phantom. The total thickness of Lucite phantom ranges from 13.5-26.5 cm to simulate patient thickness of 16-32 cm. The calcium mass was measured using a densitometric technique. The effective dose to patient was estimated from the measured entrance exposure. The effects of patient thickness on contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), effective dose, and the precision of calcium mass quantification (i.e., the frame to frame variability) were studied. The effects of misregistration artifacts were also measured by shifting the vessel phantoms manually between low- and high-energy images. The results show that, with the same detector signal level, the dynamic filtration technique produced 70% higher calcium contrast-to-noise ratio with only 4% increase in patient dose as compared to the static filtration technique. At the same time, x-ray tube loading increased by 30% with dynamic filtration. The minimum detectability of calcium with anatomical background was measured to be 34 mg of hydroxyapatite. The precision in calcium mass measurement, determined from 16 repeated dual-energy images, ranges from 13 mg to 41 mg when the patient thickness increased from 16 to 32 cm. The CNR was found to decrease with the patient thickness linearly at a rate of (-7%/cm). The anatomic background produced measurement root-mean-square (RMS) errors of 13 mg and 18 mg when the vessel phantoms were imaged over a uniform (over the rib) and nonuniform (across the edge of rib) bone background, respectively. Misregistration artifacts due to motions of up to 1.0 mm between the low- and high-energy images introduce RMS error of less than 4.3 mg, which is much smaller than the frame to frame variability and the measurement error due to anatomic background. The effective dose ranged from 1.1 to 6.6 microSv for each dual-energy image, depending on patient thickness. The study shows that real-time dual-energy imaging can potentially be used as a low dose technique for quantifying coronary arterial calcium.
Amine-reactive Neutron-encoded Labels for Highly Plexed Proteomic Quantitation (2013)

We describe a novel amine-reactive chemical label that exploits differential neutron-binding energy between (13)C and (15)N isotopes. These neutron-encoded (NeuCode) chemical labels enable up to 12-plex MS1-based protein quantification. Each structurally identical, but isotopically unique, tag is encoded with a 12.6-mDa mass difference-relative to its nearest neighbor-so that peptides bearing these NeuCode signatures do not increase spectral complexity and are detected only upon analysis with very high mass-resolving powers. We demonstrate that the method provides quantitative performance that is comparable to both metabolic labeling and isobaric tagging while combining the benefits of both strategies. Finally, we employ the tags to characterize the proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the diauxic shift, a metabolic transition from fermentation to aerobic respiration.
Signal detection and threshold measures to loud tones and radiant heat in chronic low back pain patients and cohort controls (1983)

Eleven chronic low back pain (CLBP) and 11 age- and sex-matched control subjects were tested during two separate sessions for the perception of radiant heat and uncomfortably loud tones. Following the determination of a subject's pain threshold (PT) for radiant heat, a standard signal detection methodology was used to present 26 trials each of 4 stimulus levels. The stimuli were rated on a 9-point scale ranging from 'nothing' to 'very strong pain.' A similar procedure was used for the tone stimuli with the 9-point scale ranging from 'nothing' to 'very strongly uncomfortable.' It was found that the CLBP group had both higher heat pain and tone discomfort thresholds than the control group. For radiant heat only, the CLBP group had poorer discrimination as determined by P(I). The results are discussed within the framework of the hypervigilance and adaptation theories of pain perception.
Aloe Exudate:  Characterization by Reversed Phase HPLC and Headspace GC-MS (2001)

From the leaves of aloe, a succulent plant, a dried exudate commonly called aloe can be obtained, which is used as a natural drug for its cathartic effect and is widely employed as a bittering agent in alcoholic beverages. This investigation provides a tentative characterization of several commercial aloe exudates carried out both by reversed phase HPLC and by headspace GC-MS analysis. By means of HPLC the derivatives were evaluated, and by GC-MS the volatile fraction was investigated. Qualitative and quantitative differences among the constituents in various samples of different origins were found. In particular, these were evident in the HPLC profile of Kenya aloe and an Aloe barbadensis sample, which exuded a high content of isoaloeresin D and aloins, whereas GC-MS analysis showed the presence of anisole exclusively in Kenya aloe samples. Moreover, the results obtained by means of the latter technique suggested a reason for the prevailing use of Mosselbay and Port Elizabeth aloes in bitter spirits formulation.
New One-Trip Multi-Zone Frac Pack System with Positive Positioning (2002)

Abstract Effective fracture stimulation of multiple pay zones usually requires multiple fracture treatments with multiple trips in and out of the wellbore for perforating and placing frac pack equipment. An additional concern is positive positioning of downhole equipment, particularly when performing high-pressure treatments in deviated wellbores or from a floating platform or drilling rig. A system is presented that allows stimulation of multiple pay intervals using several independent fracture treatments to be accomplished with a single trip into the wellbore to place packers, screens and gravel pack tools. The system also keeps the equipment in proper positioning for each treatment, thereby minimizing the risks associated with treating multiple zones. Treatment parameters are discussed to assist in designing the independent stimulations. We will also discuss several equipment issues important to eliminating risk associated with pumping these treatments. An example is presented to illustrate how this system can be used to treat a long production interval with high laminated sands.
Coronary risk factors update (2012)

This issue of Medical Clinics of North America provides the latest essential updates on coronary risk factors. The following key questions are answered. Are new biomarkers informative? LDL: the lower the better? How important is HDL? How much credit does triglyceride deserve? How important is family history of coronary disease? How important is age in determining coronary risk factors? Endothelial progenitor cells, menopause, and coronary risk factors? What is the role of imaging in prevention of coronary artery disease? Is genomics ready for primetime? Pediatric statinization? Individualized statinization? And, polypill for some, polypill for all?
Effects of SIS Sponge and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells on the Osteogenic Differentiation for Tissue Engineered Bone (2005)

Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) had been widely used as a biomaterial without immune rejection responses. SIS sponges prepared by crosslinking with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). SIS powders dissolved in acetic acid aqueous solution for 48hrs and freeze-dried. EDC solution ( : ethanol = 5 : 95) as a crosslink agent was used in concentration of 100mM. In vitro, rat-BMSCs seeded in SIS sponges and induced the osteogenesis for 28 days. We have characterized the osteogenic potential of rat-BMSCs in SIS sponges by alkaline phosphatase activity(ALP), n assay, SEM and RT-PCR for osteogenic phenotype. In SEM, all morphology of SIS sponges was regular and showed interconnected pore structure. By RT-PCR analysis, we observed type I collagen expression. These results demonstrate osteogenic differentiation of rat-BMSCs. In conclusion, we confirmed that the morphology of surface, cross-section, and side of SIS sponges were highly porous with good interconnections between each pores, which can support the surface of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. This result indicates that SIS sponge is useful for osteogenesis of BMSCs.
Direct fluorescence visualization of clinically occult high‐risk oral premalignant disease using a simple hand‐held device (2006)

This is the first report of the diagnosis of occult oral disease using a simple noninvasive device. These early examples indicate the potential value of this technology to guide the management of patients with oral lesions, facilitating the detection of high-risk changes not apparent with white-light visualization.
Recovery From Monocular Deprivation Using Binocular Deprivation (2008)

Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a robust paradigm for examining the functional consequences of synaptic plasticity. Previous experimental and theoretical results have shown that OD plasticity can be accounted for by known synaptic plasticity mechanisms, using the assumption that deprivation by lid suture eliminates spatial structure in the deprived channel. Here we show that in the mouse, recovery from monocular lid suture can be obtained by subsequent binocular lid suture but not by dark rearing. This poses a significant challenge to previous theoretical results. We therefore performed simulations with a natural input environment appropriate for mouse visual cortex. In contrast to previous work, we assume that lid suture causes degradation but not elimination of spatial structure, whereas dark rearing produces elimination of spatial structure. We present experimental evidence that supports this assumption, measuring responses through sutured lids in the mouse. The change in assumptions about the input environment is sufficient to account for new experimental observations, while still accounting for previous experimental results.