gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endosomal Vaccine Delivery Through the Nastic Model (2009)

Vaccine enters white blood cells through the process of endocytosis. In this process the cell extends and engulfs the surroundings, including a vaccine when present, for intake; the vaccine is then enclosed in an inclusion known as an endosome. With the foreign species (vaccine) encased, this endosome is then transported to the interior of the cell. While the endosome provides a convenient mode of transport for uptake, it also acts to destroy and break down its contents via a pH driven process before releasing it into the cell. It has been postulated that inducing endosome burst may be an effective way to affect the release of vaccine prior to the onset of degradation. The process of burst will be explored through adaptation of an existing active material (nastic) modeling methodology. The computational methodology employs coupling of transport kinetics to membrane elastic response. The study yields insight into the multi-mechanisms of burst, involved both in the specific case of vaccine delivery and applicable to the more general case of bio inspired materials development.
Interaction of solitons with a strong inhomogeneity in a nonlinear optical fiber (1995)

We consider the interaction of fundamental and higher-order solitons with a strong localized inhomogeneity of the dispersion or nonlinear coefficient in a nonlinear optical fiber. The inhomogeneities are modeled by \ensuremath{\delta} functions in the corresponding nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations, but they are not treated as small perturbations. Actually, they could also represent long pieces of, respectively (i) linear, or (ii) zero-dispersion fiber inserted into the bulk fiber, which is of wider interest for applications than the inhomogeneities proper. We obtain analytically a pulse transformed by the inhomogeneity and then calculate its soliton content by means of numerical solution of the corresponding Zakharov-Shabat equations. It is found that an inhomogeneity in the nonlinearity can split the incoming fundamental soliton (1-soliton) into a symmetric pair of separating small-amplitude solitons, although the larger part of the initial energy will be lost in this case in the generation of dispersive waves (continuous radiation). In contrast to this, an inhomogeneity in the dispersion only attenuates the output soliton but never splits it. We obtain a more interesting result upon considering the interaction of 2-solitons with the nonlinearity inhomogeneity: a moderately strong inhomogeneity can split the 2-soliton into a symmetric pair of separating fundamental solitons, generating only a fairly small amount of dispersive waves. (Here, an n soliton is a solitary pulse with an amplitude n times that of a soliton but with the same width.) This result may be important for applications, as it is well known that the soliton lasers generate pulses in the form of 2-solitons. We thus predict that an inserted piece of the zero-dispersion fiber can effectively transform 2-solitons into equal and separating fundamental solitons of good quality. For comparison, we also consider the same problem for the 1.5- and 2.5-solitons; in the latter case, a third soliton may be generated. The results obtained can be applied as well to nonlinear waveguides of other physical origin, e.g., guides for internal waves in the ocean.
ß-Adrenergic Stimulation Increases RyR2 Activity via Intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ Regulation (2013)

Here we investigate how ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart alters regulation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) by intracellular Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) and the role of these changes in SR Ca(2+) release. RyRs were isolated from rat hearts, perfused in a Langendorff apparatus for 5 min and subject to 1 min perfusion with 1 µM isoproterenol or without (control) and snap frozen in liquid N2 to capture their phosphorylation state. Western Blots show that RyR2 phosphorylation was increased by isoproterenol, confirming that RyR2 were subject to normal ß-adrenergic signaling. Under basal conditions, S2808 and S2814 had phosphorylation levels of 69% and 15%, respectively. These levels were increased to 83% and 60%, respectively, after 60 s of ß-adrenergic stimulation consistent with other reports that ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart can phosphorylate RyRs at specific residues including S2808 and S2814 causing an increase in RyR activity. At cytoplasmic [Ca(2+)] <1 µM, ß-adrenergic stimulation increased luminal Ca(2+) activation of single RyR channels, decreased luminal Mg(2+) inhibition and decreased inhibition of RyRs by mM cytoplasmic Mg(2+). At cytoplasmic [Ca(2+)] >1 µM, ß-adrenergic stimulation only decreased cytoplasmic Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) inhibition of RyRs. The Ka and maximum levels of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) activation site were not affected by ß-adrenergic stimulation. Our RyR2 gating model was fitted to the single channel data. It predicted that in diastole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated by 1) increasing the activating potency of Ca(2+) binding to the luminal Ca(2+) site and decreasing its affinity for luminal Mg(2+) and 2) decreasing affinity of the low-affinity Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) cytoplasmic inhibition site. However in systole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated mainly by the latter.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Optical Activity of Difluoro(organylsulfinyl)acetic Acids and Their Esters. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Hyperthermia by low-frequency synthesized ultrasound (1988)

In ultrasonic hyperthermia, hot spots are usually generated by focusing the ultrasonic beams. However, it is difficult to heat regions other than gas and bones owing to the attenuation and scattering of the ultrasonic beams. The authors propose an ultrasonic heating method in which low-frequency ultrasound is used to heat the depths of the body, and heat generation is localized by synthesizing an acoustic field from several incident waves. The heat generation and temperature distribution are analyzed using models with properties similar to tissue.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Induction of the C-Terminal Proteolytic Cleavage of AβPP by Statins (2011)

Statins are drugs commonly used to inhibit cholesterol synthesis, with the goal of reducing vascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Statins have also been suggested as a therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease (AD), although their benefit in AD remains controversial. We have previously shown that the intracellular C-terminal cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) is a major contributor to the neuronal toxicity seen in AD, and that this cleavage can be induced by amyloid-β. We now report that certain brain permeable statins are also able to induce the C-terminal cleavage of AβPP and associated cell death, whereas other statins do not. This statin effect on AβPP exceeded the effects of all other FDA-approved drugs in a library composed of these compounds, suggesting that this effect on AβPP cleavage is unique to a subset of the statins. Furthermore, the greatest effect occurred with cerivastatin, which has previously been shown to be the statin associated with the greatest risk of rhabdomyolysis. These results may have implications for the choice of which statins to evaluate in AD therapeutic trials; furthermore, the results may inform statin choice in individuals who are at high risk for the development of AD, such as those with an apolipoprotein E ε4 allele.
Optimum size of a calibration phantom for x-ray CT to convert the Hounsfield units to stopping power ratios in charged particle therapy treatment planning (2017)

In charged-particle therapy treatment planning, the volumetric distribution of stopping power ratios (SPRs) of body tissues relative to water is used for patient dose calculation. The distribution is conventionally obtained from computed tomography (CT) images of a patient using predetermined conversion functions from the CT numbers to the SPRs. One of the biggest uncertainty sources of patient SPR estimation is insufficient correction of beam hardening arising from the mismatch between the size of the patient cross section and the calibration phantom for producing the conversion functions. The uncertainty would be minimized by selecting a suitable size for the cylindrical water calibration phantom, referred to as an 'effective size' of the patient cross section, Leffective. We investigated the Leffective for pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and head and neck regions by simulating an ideal CT system using volumetric models of the reference male and female phantoms. The Leffective values were 23.3, 20.3, 22.7 and 18.8 cm for the pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and head and neck regions, respectively, and the Leffective for whole body was 21.0 cm. Using the conversion function for a 21.0-cm-diameter cylindrical water phantom, we could reduce the root mean square deviation of the SPRs and their mean deviation to ≤0.011 and ≤0.001, respectively, in the whole body. Accordingly, for simplicity, the effective size of 21.0 cm can be used for the whole body, irrespective of body-part regions for treatment planning in clinical practice.
Deposition and characterization of pyrocarbon coatings produced by use of CO/sub 2/ dilution (1981)

A Biso-coated fuel particle for the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) consists of a 500 ..mu..m ThO/sub 2/ kernel, an 85-..mu..m layer of low-density carbon, and a 75-..mu..m layer of high-density pyrocarbon. Coatings produced from mixtures of 50% propylene, 25% CO/sub 2/, and 25% Ar were found to be more gastight than were coatings produced from mixtures of propylene and argon, helium, or H/sub 2/. Higher concentrations of CO/sub 2/ in the gas mixture caused severe oxidation of graphite components within the coating furnace. The permeability of coatings deposited by use of CO/sub 2/ dilution was found to depend on the deposition temperature. Low deposition temperatures produced more gastight coatings. It was determined that CO/sub 2/ had little or no effect on coating anisotropy. 6 figures.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of (2-Pyridyl)allyldimethylsilanes with Aryl Iodides (2006)

[reaction: see text] (2-Pyridyl)allyldimethylsilanes were found to be novel pyridyl transfer reagents in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of various aryl iodides in the presence of silver(I) oxide as an activator.
Current status of halide vapor phase epitaxy of Ga2O3 and related sesquioxides (Conference Presentation) (2020)

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is positively researched as one of the ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductor materials which are expected to realize cost-effective power devices. To demonstrate device performances, many efforts have been paid on the investigation of crystal growth methods to prepare high-quality drift layers. Among them, halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) has advanced as a capable growth method for n-type conductivity-controlled β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial layers with a wide range by Si doping. Recently, the fabrication of SBDs and FETs using the β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial wafers have been reported by many research groups.
In our group, the HVPE growth of Ga2O3 and In2O3 was investigated in an atmospheric pressure system based on thermodynamic analyses, using group-III monochlorides (GaCl and InCl) and oxygen (O2) as precursors and nitrogen (N2) carrier gas. It was found that high-purity single-crystal layers can be grown at around 1000°C. The growth rate was found to be controlled by the input partial pressure of group-III monochloride and reach above 10 μm/h.
In the homoepitaxy on β-Ga2O3(001) substrates, the n-type carrier density in the range 1E15 - 1E18 cm-3 was achieved. For the layer with the carrier density of 3E15 cm-3, the highest room-temperature mobility of 149 cm2/Vs was confirmed. In the heteroepitaxy of c-In2O3(111) on sapphire (0001) substrates, the lowest n-type carrier density of 2.2E16 cm-3 with relatively high mobility of 235 cm2/Vs was achieved. These results indicate that HVPE-grown single-crystal sesquioxides can be applicable to the fabrication of power devices.
Decomposition of p-Iodoaniline (1935)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDecomposition of p-IodoanilineF. B. Dains, R. Q. Brewster, and John A. DavisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 11, 2326–2327Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1935Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1935https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01314a501https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01314a501research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views78Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Current Status of Terahertz Frequency Metrology and Standard at NICT (2018)

Toward the establishment of a new frequency standard in terahertz (THz) region, we have developed key technologies regarding THz frequency measurement and dissemination. Their uncertainty and instability were reached to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-17</sup> level. Contrary to the remarkable progress of these THz frequency metrology, many researches required for the THz standards are remained to be challenged.
Pattern of glucose hypometabolism in frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease (2005)

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) often coexists with motor neuron disease (MND). To characterize glucose hypometabolism in patients with FTD with MND (FTD/MND), the authors compared the glucose metabolism of 8 patients with FTD/MND with that of 29 patients with FTD. All of the patients with FTD/MND showed glucose hypometabolism only in the frontal area, whereas most patients with FTD had hypometabolism in the frontal and temporal areas. FTD/MND also showed a more symmetric pattern of glucose hypometabolism than FTD.
Peptide inhibitors MAP the way towards fighting anthrax pathogenesis (2006)

The pathogenesis of anthrax is such that unless antibiotic treatment is initiated at an early stage in the disease, it is ineffective against the bacteria-induced toxaemia that subverts the immune response, inflicts massive tissue damage and is ultimately the major factor contributing to death during anthrax infection. As current events have demonstrated the feasibility of the use of anthrax as a bioterrorism agent, and exemplified the difficulty of treating the ensuing infection, inhibition of anthrax toxin has become a major focus of research for the design of antitoxin therapeutics. In this issue of Biochemical Journal, Bracci and co-workers describe the discovery by competitive screening of a phage-display library of a peptide inhibitor of anthrax toxin assembly that shows great promise towards the treatment of anthrax.
Characterization of the functional properties and nuclear binding proteins of the rat luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor promoter in Leydig cells (1994)

The experiments presented herein were designed to study the molecular basis of the restricted cellular localization and transcriptional regulation of the LH/CG receptor in Leydig cells. Using luciferase fusion constructs transfected into Leydig and Sertoli cell lines, we show that the proximal 186 basepairs (relative to the translation start site) of the 5'-flanking region of the rat LH/CG receptor represent a basal promoter that accounts for the Leydig cell-specific expression of this receptor. A region that confers negative transcriptional regulation by cAMP maps to nucleotides -40 to -70 of this basal promoter. Using mobility shift and deoxyribonuclease footprinting assays, we also report the detection of Leydig cell-specific protein(s) that bind to the basal LH/CG receptor promoter. The binding of this protein(s) to the promoter involves an AP-2 consensus sequence beginning at nucleotide -59 as well as additional sequences that remain to be identified. In spite of the fact that the AP-2 site is involved, the protein-DNA complexes detected in Leydig cells are not recognized by an antibody to AP-2.
Is Xenotransplantation of Embryonic Stem Cells a Realistic Option? (2007)

To test the purported immune privilege of embryonic stem cells (ESC) in the challenging setting of xenotransplantation, 14 immunocompetent baboons were subjected to a coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion sequence and, two weeks later, randomized to receive in-scar injections of culture medium or cardiac-committed mouse ESC engineered to express fluorescent reporter genes driven by cardiac-specific promoters. Two months after transplantation, left ventricular function, as assessed by echocardiography, deteriorated to a similar extent in control and treated baboons. This correlated with failure to identify the grafted cells by X-gal histology and immunofluorescence. Rejection did not seem to be mediated by xenoantibodies, but rather by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells as suggested by positive immunostaining for CD3 and CD56 early after transplantation. There was no increase in circulating levels of regulatory T cells. These data raise a cautionary note about the immune privilege of ESC and suggest that from a mere immunologic standpoint, ESC xenotransplantation is likely to be an unrealistic challenge.
OKT3 monoclonal antibody given for ten versus fourteen days as immunosuppressive prophylaxis in heart transplantation. (1989)

We have previously reported that murine antihuman monoclonal antibody OKT3 (Orthoclone OKT3) given for 14 days after heart transplantation is effective as immunosuppressive prophylaxis. The optimal protocol for OKT3 prophylaxis in heart transplantation is unknown, particularly the duration of OKT3 therapy. We conducted a consecutively allocated overlapping 6-month study with 68 heart transplant patients, comparing 14-day OKT3 (n = 34) to 10-day OKT3 treatment (n = 34). Both protocols included OKT3 given beginning 24 to 48 hours after operation, cyclosporine beginning on postoperative day 3, low-dosage steroids and azathioprine to prevent antibody production to OKT3, and a steroid pulse plus randomization to plus or minus vincristine after stopping OKT3. Pretransplant characteristics including age, sex, cause of congestive heart failure, and absence of positive pretransplant crossmatch were similar between the two groups. Although the infection rate was not significantly different between the two groups and mortality (one patient in each group) did not differ, 14-day prophylaxis decreased the number of treated rejection episodes per patient for the 6-month study (1.59 +/- 0.18 versus 2.24 +/- 0.19, p = 0.016). A 14-day course of OKT3 also decreased the risk of rejection during the 6-month follow-up period (p less than 0.05). In addition to having a decreased number of rejection episodes, patients in the 14-day protocol were also more likely to be withdrawn from maintenance steroids (79% versus 53%, p = 0.02). In conclusion, a measurable dose response efficacy can be demonstrated for 14-day versus 10-day OKT3 prophylaxis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bump steer effects in a 10 ton truck with a leaf-spring suspension (2007)

A 10 t truck with a leaf-spring suspension and beam axles was known to have suffered an incident during normal road operation that was believed to have been related to the phenomenon of bump steer. Experimental investigations using a four-post rig established that the vehicle was particularly excited while traversing, at approximately 25 m/s, a sinusoidal undulating road profile that had a wavelength of approximately 12 m. Bump steer was evident under these conditions, and the excited frequency of approximately 2.4 Hz raised the possibility that driver reaction times (a lag of approximately 0.2 s) could have compounded the problem when trying to counter the effect of the bump steer. A handling model of the vehicle has been used to investigate the bump steer effects. A three-degree-of-freedom handling model of the vehicle was created that included a non-linear tyre model, which was able to simulate the differing cornering stiffness effects created by varying tyre loads, friction limits, and slip angles. A driver model was created that made use of lateral displacement and intended vehicle-path return rate feedback loops (effectively proportional and differential feedback) but incorporated a neuromuscular lag element and steer rate and steer angle limiting functions. Simulations of violent high-speed double-lane-change manoeuvres enabled the driver's return rate and lateral displacement feedback gains to be benchmarked for these conditions. Further simulations using these feedback gains showed that, when coupled with the bump steer of the vehicle at an excitation frequency of 2.4 Hz, a typical neuromuscular lag of 0.2 s created an approximately 150° out-of-phase response from the driver that resulted in an unstable oscillatory handling system. If the neuromuscular lag was reduced to near-zero, the system remained stable in spite of the high feedback gains. Alternatively, reducing the driver's feedback gains by 50 per cent also resulted in a stable system, in spite of the neuromuscular lag, thereby demonstrating that the correct response to the bump steer effects was not to respond to them. Actual vehicle trials conducted under controlled conditions at various road locations (including the incident location) and other test centres demonstrated that this was indeed the correct response should bump steer be encountered.
Suspended membrane inductors and capacitors for application in silicon MMIC's (2002)

This paper considers the fabrication and modelling of suspended membrane inductors and capacitors on ordinary silicon substrates. A single post-processing etching step was added to an otherwise standard process. For both components, parasitic capacitances to ground are drastically reduced, enabling high frequency operation. Furthermore, the measured quality factor Q is demonstrably improved with respect to normally fabricated thin film components.
SOME STILL‐CURRENT DIMENSIONS OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (1987)

Twenty years ago, an anthropological note described the current dimensions of applied behavior analysis as it was prescribed and practiced in 1968: It was, or ought to become, applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptual, effective, and capable of appropriately generalized outcomes. A similar anthropological note today finds the same dimensions still prescriptive, and to an increasing extent, descriptive. Several new tactics have become evident, however, some in the realm of conceptual analysis, some in the sociological status of the discipline, and some in its understanding of the necessary systemic nature of any applied discipline that is to operate in the domain of important human behaviors.