gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of critical submergence to avoid free-surface vortices at vertical intakes (1983)

Free surface vortices at intakes can cause excessive vibration, efficiency loss, structural damage, and flow reduction in hydroturbines, pumps, culverts, etc. They can also be a safety hazard and a potential loss of&#13;\nlife. One of the major problems encountered during intake design is the specification of submergence and other design parameters in order to avoid strong free surf ace vortex formation. A properly conceived model study&#13;\nwill determine whether free surface vortices are likely to occur. Before that point, however, the engineer needs to develop a preliminary design and then decide if a model study is needed.&#13;\nIn order to assist in preliminary intake design, a plot of dimensionless submergence versus intake Froude number is presented for a number of vertical and horizontal intakes from both field and laboratory observations.&#13;\nThe pilot is divided into two regions: 1) a region where intake vortices are unlikely and a model study is not required except with extremely poor approach conditions, and 2) a region with a good possibility&#13;\nof intake vortices, and a model study is recommended. &#13;\nRegion 2, where intake vortices are a good possibility, is very large; encompassing many intake facilities. This is because minimum intake submergence to avoid vortex formation is highly dependent upon approach conditions, which are site specific. In order to add some clarity to this limited design criteria, an experimental study was undertaken which focused upon typical intake approach conditions. Most hydropower intakes have a forebay to avoid high circulation near the intake, so the experimental study simulated approach conditions with a fore bay or approach channel of varying length and width.&#13;\nThe experiments were limited to vertical be11mouth intakes. The tendency for vortex formation is enhanced by separation around the leading edge of the approach channel walls. A long, narrow forebay will reduce the tendency for vortex formation.
Microspheres: Medical and Biological Applications (1988) (2017)

For diagnostic purpose, particles can be labeled with radionuclides or contain magnetizable materials making them suitable for external measurements of their biokinetics in vivo. In therapy, particles can be used as targetable drug-delivery systems or, if containing radioactivity, for internal radiation therapy. Loaded with, e.g., stable iodine, particles may also be used for photon activation therapy.
Developing mist-annular flow of R134a/PAG46 oil in inclined tube at compressor discharge. (2012)

This work reports on the droplet flow rate and film thickness of a mist-annular flow inside inclined tubes in a mobile air conditioning compressor discharge. A preliminary model of single droplet trajectories was used to evaluate the potential for droplet deposition enhancement and it was found that it would be able to collect droplets with diameters of 25 �m or higher at the inclined tube wall. A test section with a 1m long, 6.35mm i.d., transparent PFA tube was placed immediately after the compressor discharge in a full system facility. Tests were performed varying mass flux, oil circulation ratio (OCR), and inclination angles. For several positions in the tube downstream of the compressor, high speed video analysis was used to determine droplet sizes and velocities, and film wavelength in addition to an indirect indication of film thickness. The experimental trends obtained for droplet flow and film thickness for high mass fluxes, were the opposite of what was expected. There was an indication that the transition from horizontal to inclined orientation introduced disturbances in the film at the wall which caused the film to shed bigger droplets that were entrained back into the flow, increasing the drop flow rate in the inclined section. A small inclination angle (approximately 5°) neither enhances nor diminishes droplet deposition. Higher inclination angles, 11° and above, have a negative effect on the droplet deposition in the inclined section. At low OCR (0.43%), the presence of an inclined section did not affect the droplet deposition rate. At higher OCR (2.5%), a negative effect was observed in drop deposition.
Hybrid Biosensor For Simultaneous Electrochemical and Thermometric Detection (1997)

Abstract Simultaneous detection of multiple signals for common biochemical/electrochemical reactions is a challenging area of research for comparative studies. Based on our previous work with electrochemcially assisted thermal biosensors, a hybrid biosensor has been developed for the simultaneous monitoring of the electrochemically generated current and the thermal signal produced in association with enzymatic catalysis. The sensor combined the two measurement principles of electrochemical regeneration of substrate and flow injection biocalorimetry. The enzyme column was constructed of a platinum foil in electrical contact with a poly (pyrrole)-coated reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) matrix onto which tyrosinase was immobilized. The column functioned as enzyme reactor, working electrode and thermally sensitive element together with the thermistors. Catechol was oxidized by tyrosinase to form 1,2-benzoquinone which was subsequently regenerated electrochemically on the electrode surface. The primary heat production developed by the enzyme reaction could be measured calorimetrically. At the same time, the electrochemical reduction of 1,2-benzoquinone generated a current that was detected by the working electrode (enzyme column). Preliminary results showed good correlation of the two signals at both high and low oxygen concentrations in the buffer. A linear range between 12.5 and 250 μM catechol was obtained for the enzyme reaction. The sensitivity of the thermal measurement system was significantly enhanced by the recycling of catechol. The hybrid sensor provides a useful tool for comparative studies.
A laboratory inter-comparison of the importance of serum serotonin levels in the measurement of a range of radiation-induced bystander effects: Overview of study and results presentation (2012)

The data suggest that there may be multiple bystander effects and that the underlying mechanisms may be modulated by both the culture conditions and the intrinsic properties of the cells used in the assay.
Untreated Glioblastoma Multiforme: IncreasedMyo-inositol and Glutamine Levels in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere at Proton MR Spectroscopy (2009)

Increased concentrations of myo-inositol and glutamine in the contralateral normal-appearing white matter of GBM patients are consistent with mild astrocytosis and suggest the detectability of early neoplastic infiltration by using proton MR spectroscopy in vivo.
Clinical applications of three-dimensional rendering of medical data sets (1998)

High-resolution imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT), combined with advances in computer technology, have prompted a renewed interest and have led to significant progress in the volumetric reconstruction of medical images. Assessment of such techniques for various clinical applications and medical educational interpretations are currently under investigation by many medical and scientific groups. The purpose of the paper is to highlight various clinical applications that show potential for the utilization of volumetric rendering of medical images. Such applications include (1) diagnostics, (2) preoperative planning, (3) intraoperative navigation, (4) surgical robotics, (5) postoperative validation, (6) training, and (7) telesurgery. First, however, the authors try to identify the sources of the patients' imaging data, outlining several popular segmentation and volumetric rendering techniques. At the conclusion, they discuss the necessary requirements to deploy a practical three-dimensional (3D) software for clinicians. The paper is intended for those who would like to obtain and general understanding of the clinical 3-D rendering process and its applications. No effort is made at detailing the various volumetric rendering, segmentation, or user interface design techniques, nor is any effort made to review the commercially available software. Although some sample publications are listed to illustrate the various mythologies, no attempt is made at providing a complete coverage of the literature.
A Self-Reconfigurable Camera Array (2004)

This paper presents a self-reconfigurable camera array system that captures video sequences from an array of mobile cameras, renders novel views on the fly and reconfigures the camera positions to achieve better rendering quality. The system is composed of 48 cameras mounted on mobile platforms. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we propose an efficient algorithm that is capable of rendering high-quality novel views from the captured images. The algorithm reconstructs a view-dependent multi-resolution 2D mesh model of the scene geometry on the fly and uses it for rendering. The algorithm combines region of interest (ROI) identification, JPEG image decompression, lens distortion correction, scene geometry reconstruction and novel view synthesis seamlessly on a single Intel Xeon 2.4 GHz processor, which is capable of generating novel views at 4-10 frames per second (fps). Second, we present a view-dependent adaptive capturing scheme that moves the cameras in order to show even better rendering results. Such camera reconfiguration naturally leads to a nonuniform arrangement of the cameras on the camera plane, which is both view-dependent and scene-dependent.
What is the impact of surface modifications and particle size on commercial titanium dioxide particle samples? – A review of in vivo pulmonary and oral toxicity studies – Revised 11-6-2018 (2018)

There is an ongoing discussion on the influence of surface-modifications on the toxicity of commercial particulate materials and how alterations in physical-chemical properties of surfaces impact toxicity. Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is a poorly soluble particulate material of significant socioeconomic importance that largely exists as surface-modified particle-types in commerce. The observed toxicological effects of TiO<sub>2</sub> are primarily due to particle effects rather than substance chemistry, as such TiO<sub>2</sub> is commonly considered to be a poorly soluble low toxicity (PSLT) particle. This review provides an overview of the effect of surface modifications on the pulmonary and oral toxicity of commercial TiO<sub>2</sub> particles with emphasis on in vivo studies with appropriate controls, and where both surface modified and untreated materials are present in the same study. Published literature findings involving pulmonary and oral exposures to surface modified TiO<sub>2</sub> particles were reviewed and evaluated for quality and commercial relevance. Suitable publications involving animal studies were identified and summarized. Several studies were identified that have evaluated commercially-relevant surface-modified forms of titanium dioxide with appropriate data quality and with direct comparison to untreated counterparts. Hydrophilic inorganic surface modifications including silica, alumina/alumina hydroxide depositions have been tested along with common hydrophilic and hydrophobic-organic surface treatments. The results for both pigmentary and nanoscale materials demonstrate similar behaviour and indicate limited impact of particle size, surface chemistry, surface charge and surface wettability on observed pulmonary or oral toxicity effects. The low intrinsic toxicity of the TiO<sub>2</sub> base particle and evaluated surface modifications may account for the observed outcomes. A few published studies have drawn different conclusions; however, these were either not conducted using commercial TiO<sub>2</sub> samples (with surface coatings), had several confounding variables to investigate, or were carried out using mouse strains. The differences in experimental designs are described. The identified pulmonary and oral toxicity studies largely indicate that surface modifications and particle size alone have little or no impact on the lung toxicity of TiO<sub>2</sub> particles, following pulmonary exposures when all constituent materials are comprised of chemicals of low specific toxicity particles. In addition, based upon the results of 2 oral toxicity studies, one with surface treated TiO<sub>2</sub> particles (OECD 408) and one without surface treated (OECD 407) TiO<sub>2</sub> particles, there appears to have been no adverse impact on toxicity with the surface-coated material, as both studies produced no adverse effects at the very high doses tested.
Design and modeling of rapid thermal processing systems (1998)

The concept of rapid thermal processing (RTP) has many potential applications in microelectronics manufacturing, but the details of chamber design, temperature dynamics, process control, and temperature measurement remain active areas of research. This paper discusses the design rules used in an RTP test bed installed at SEMATECH with respect to the placement of lamps and the geometry and reflectivity of the enclosure. The distribution of light across the wafer was modeled, and a theory fur the wafer's dynamic temperature response was derived analytically with a few simplifying assumptions, parameters for this model were estimated from experimental data to yield a set of linear ordinary differential equations with temperature dependent coefficients. This particular model form is convenient for control system design and analysis.
Mutation extraction tools can be combined for robust recognition of genetic variants in the literature (2014)

As the cost of genomic sequencing continues to fall, the amount of data being collected and studied for the purpose of understanding the genetic basis of disease is increasing dramatically. Much of the source information relevant to such efforts is available only from unstructured sources such as the scientific literature, and significant resources are expended in manually curating and structuring the information in the literature. As such, there have been a number of systems developed to target automatic extraction of mutations and other genetic variation from the literature using text mining tools. We have performed a broad survey of the existing publicly available tools for extraction of genetic variants from the scientific literature. We consider not just one tool but a number of different tools, individually and in combination, and apply the tools in two scenarios. First, they are compared in an intrinsic evaluation context, where the tools are tested for their ability to identify specific mentions of genetic variants in a corpus of manually annotated papers, the Variome corpus. Second, they are compared in an extrinsic evaluation context based on our previous study of text mining support for curation of the COSMIC and InSiGHT databases. Our results demonstrate that no single tool covers the full range of genetic variants mentioned in the literature. Rather, several tools have complementary coverage and can be used together effectively. In the intrinsic evaluation on the Variome corpus, the combined performance is above 0.95 in F-measure, while in the extrinsic evaluation the combined recall performance is above 0.71 for COSMIC and above 0.62 for InSiGHT, a substantial improvement over the performance of any individual tool. Based on the analysis of these results, we suggest several directions for the improvement of text mining tools for genetic variant extraction from the literature.
Mechanism of Destruction of Chrome-Magnesite Bricks During Service in a High Temperature Tunnel-Kiln (1975)

Chrome-magnesite bricks used in the burning zone of an oil fired kiln were examined during a shutdown period to study the mechanism of wear where slagging action is ruled out. The hot end of the bricks were decomposed resulting in formation of a powdery zone in kiln. Detailed study indicated vaporization of magnesio-chromite from the hot face of the brick and deposition of the same in comparatively cooler portions of the kiln. The left over bricks did not undergo any appreciable chemical alteration.
Comparing Filtering Techniques in Restaurant Recommendation System (2018)

This paper studies the key analytics of the restaurant recommendation system, namely predicting restaurant satisfaction rating based on customer and restaurant characteristics. As food industry grows and offers more variety of restaurants, customers generally have difficulty discovering a restaurant that suits or satisfies them. This paper aims to predict restaurant satisfaction rating based on three methodologies: content-based filtering, collaborative filtering, and hybrid filtering. For content-based filtering, this paper proposes using regression to create a prediction model from customer and restaurant characteristics. For collaborative filtering, our proposed model employs a combination of cluster analysis, similarity test, and weighted sum in order to analyze factors that influence the satisfaction rating. Cluster analysis helps to reduce the impact of sparsity in collaborative filtering. Subsequently, hybrid filtering is proposed to combine the results from the two techniques above to generate the final rating. Our results have shown that hybrid filtering outperforms content-based filtering using regression model and collaborative filtering using cluster-based technique.
Redefining the Initiation and Maintenance of Zebrafish Interrenal Steroidogenesis by Characterizing the Key Enzyme Cyp11a2 (2013)

Zebrafish are emerging as a model to study steroid hormone action and associated disease. However, steroidogenesis in zebrafish is not well characterized. Mammalian P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) catalyzes the first step of steroidogenesis, the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. Previous studies describe an essential role for zebrafish Cyp11a1 during early development. Cyp11a1 has been suggested to be the functional equivalent of mammalian CYP11A1 in the zebrafish interrenal gland (equivalent to the mammalian adrenal), gonad, and brain. However, reported cyp11a1 expression is inconsistent in zebrafish larvae, after active cortisol synthesis commences. Recently a duplicated cyp11a gene, cyp11a2, has been described, which shares an 85% identity with cyp11a1. We aimed to elucidate the specific role of the two cyp11a paralogs. cyp11a1 was expressed from 0 to 48 hours post-fertilization (hpf), whereas cyp11a2 expression started after the development of the interrenal primordium (32 hpf) and was the only paralog in larvae. cyp11a2 is expressed in adult steroidogenic tissues, such as the interrenal, gonads, and brain. In contrast, cyp11a1 was mainly restricted to the gonads. Antisense morpholino knockdown studies confirmed abnormal gastrulation in cyp11a1 morphants. cyp11a2 morphants showed impaired steroidogenesis and a phenotype indicative of metabolic abnormalities. The phenotype was rescued by pregnenolone replacement in cyp11a2 morphants. Thus, we conclude that cyp11a1 is required for early development, whereas cyp11a2 is essential for the initiation and maintenance of zebrafish interrenal steroidogenesis. Importantly, this study highlights the need for a comprehensive characterization of steroidogenesis in zebrafish prior to its implementation as a model organism in translational research of adrenal disease.
Effect of anisotropy on dislocations at YBa2Cu3O7-x-PrBa2Cu3O7-xepitaxial interfaces (1994)

The defect structure in the multilayer YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) with other materials is crucial to the performance of devices involving YBCO. Since the growth surface morphology during the deposition process of these films translates into the interface structure of the device, an understanding of the early stage of growth is necessary. Anisotropic elasticity is used here to map the stress fields in the YBCO system when it acts as an underlayer for various surface tractions that arise due to the interfacial mismatches introduced by the deposition of a PrBa2Cu3O7-x (PBCO) film on this underlayer. The implications of the stress distribution for the dislocation glide in the YBCO layer are discussed.
Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation of Coronary Resistance Vessels Is Associated With Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischemia (1995)

Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the coronary microcirculation is associated with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients without hemodynamically significant epicardial artery lesions. Endothelial vasodilator dysfunction extending into the coronary microcirculation may thus contribute to the ischemic manifestations of coronary artery disease during times of increased myocardial demand.
Interplay of Monocytes and T Lymphocytes in COVID-19 Severity (2020)

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic represents an ongoing global crisis that has already impacted over 13 million people. The responses of specific immune cell populations to the disease remain poorly defined, which hinders improvements in treatment and care management. Here, we utilized mass cytometry (CyTOF) to thoroughly phenotype peripheral myeloid cells and T lymphocytes from 30 convalescent patients with mild, moderate, and severe cases of COVID-19. We identified 10 clusters of monocytes and dendritic cells and 17 clusters of T cells. Examination of these clusters revealed that both CD14 + CD16 + intermediate and CD14 dim CD16 + nonclassical monocytes, as well as CD4 + stem cell memory T (T SCM ) cells, correlated with COVID-19 severity, coagulation factor levels, and/or inflammatory indicators. We also identified two nonclassical monocyte subsets distinguished by expression of the sugar residue 6-Sulfo LacNac (Slan). One of these subsets (Slan lo , nMo1) was depleted in moderately and severely ill patients, while the other (Slan hi , nMo2) increased with disease severity and was linked to CD4 + T effector memory (T EM ) cell frequencies, coagulation factors, and inflammatory indicators. Intermediate monocytes tightly correlated with loss of naive T cells as well as an increased abundance of effector memory T cells expressing the exhaustion marker PD-1. Our data suggest that both intermediate and non-classical monocyte subsets shape the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. In summary, our study provides both broad and in-depth characterization of immune cell phenotypes in response to COVID-19 and suggests functional interactions between distinct cell types during the disease. One Sentence Summary Use of mass cytometry on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from convalescent COVID-19 patients allows correlation of distinct monocyte and T lymphocyte subsets with clinical factors.
Thinking Tools: ‘Well I'm not Going to Answer a Hypothetical Question…’ (2004)

Thinking Tools is a regular feature that introduces pointers on thinking clearly and rigorously. Here we look at a particularly underhand way of avoiding answering a question. It is popular with politicians around the world.
Thermally Caused Location Errors of Rotary Axes of 5-Axis Machine Tools (2014)

This paper presents the results of detailed thermal analysis of a 5-axis machine tool with focus on the rotary axes. The rotary axes are characterized regarding their position and orientation errors as a function of the underlying thermal load, contributing significantly to the overall accuracy. A physical model is presented, which allows the simulation of the thermal behavior of the rotary axes based on the power input to the drives of the rotary axes and the heat conduction in a swiveling rotary table unit and convection into environment. This enables an external online-compensation of thermal errors. The compensation model is verified and validated.