gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intra-Cell Channel Allocation Scheme in IEEE 802.22 Networks (2010)

Cognitive radio based IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area networks have been proposed to harness the highly underutilized sub 900 MHz TV bands. In such networks, both base stations and the consumer premise equipments (CPEs) continuously perform spectrum sensing and transmit only on those channels which are not being used by the primary incumbents. In this paper, we propose a heuristic for an efficient channel allocation by a base station to the CPEs in that cell. Due to the lack of dedicated control channels, the BS and CPEs within a cell go through a process of exchanging control messages on free channels. The benefit of such sharing of their mutual spectrum usage helps the base station make informed decisions on the allocation of uplink and downlink channels to CPEs. This, in turn, guarantees no interference to and from the primary licensed incumbents. For validation of the proposed allocation scheme, we conducted simulation experiments. The results show how the proposed scheme ensures allocation to almost all the CPEs in a cell and how the nature of allocation is dependent on the total number of channels scanned, probability of getting a free channel and number of CPEs in the cell.
All in the Family: The TNF-TNFR Superfamily in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and other Inflammatory Diseases (2005)

In the last ten years, blockade of the cytokine TNF-alpha has emerged as a powerful new treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis and related inflammatory disorders. However, differences in efficacy and side effect profiles amongst TNF antagonists have revealed important differences in their mechanisms of action. In addition, TNF is only one of more than nineteen related cytokines in the TNF superfamily, each of which plays a distinct role in immune system homeostasis and function. Blocking agents against other members of the TNF family are in development and hold promise in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. Recent progress in the understanding of the biology and effects of antagonizing therapeutically relevant TNF family members will be reviewed.
Modeling of Diesel Spray Impingement on a Flat Wall (1994)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper presents an analysis using a model of the dispersion process of a Diesel spray impinging on a flat wall. The objective is to simulate the spray / wall interaction process inside Diesel engines. This analysis has two parts: one for non - evaporative spray and the other for evaporative spray. For the non - evaporative spray analysis, a single spray of n - tridecane was injected at high - pressure from a single hole nozzle into a quiescent atmosphere at room - temperature. The spray impinged vertically on the wall at room temperature. Thus, the wall temperature &lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; was less than the saturation temperature &lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;sat&lt;/sub&gt; of the fuel, that is the boiling temperature. A new submodel including fuel film formation on the wall, its breakup process due to droplet impingement and the dispersion process of breakup - droplets was developed. Also, the droplet density distribution was measured experimentally by the laser light extinction method. For the evaporative spray analysis, the fuel spray was injected into a high - pressure and high - temperature atmosphere and impinged on a wall at a temperature of 550 K. Here, &lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; was above &lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;sat&lt;/sub&gt;. A submodel for the heat transfer from the wall to the droplet, the breakup behavior of impinging droplets owing to boiling at the liquid - solid interface and the dispersion process of breakup - droplets was considered. Further, the vapor and the liquid phases in the spray were separated experimentally by using exciplex fluorescence method. The new submodels for both temperature conditions were incorporated into the KIVA code and compared with the spray/wall impingement model of Naber &amp;amp; Reitz to calculate the dispersion process. It was found in 2 - dimensional calculations that the new submodels have better qualitative agreement with the experimental one, when compared with that of Naber &amp;amp; Reitz.&lt;/div&gt;
Stepped-waveguide material-characterization technique (2004)

Electromagnetic material characterization is the process of determining the complex permittivity and permeability of a material. Rectangular-waveguide measurements involving frequencies greater than several gigahertz require only a relatively small test sample. In an X-band (8-12 GHz) waveguide, for example, sample dimensions in the cross-sectional plane are only 0.9 in by 0.4 in. However, waveguide dimensions become progressively larger for lower-frequency applications. Consequently, the larger quantities of materials are required, leading to possible sample-fabrication difficulties. Under these circumstances, a waveguide sample holder having a reduced aperture may be utilized to reduce the time and cost spent producing large, precision samples. However, this type of holder will cause a disruption in the waveguide-wall surface currents, resulting in the excitation of higher-order modes. This paper will demonstrate how these higher-order modes can be accommodated using a modal-analysis technique. This results in the ability to measure smaller samples mounted in large waveguides and still determine the constitutive parameters of the materials at the desired frequencies.
Cover Picture: Next‐Generation Biofuels: Survey of Emerging Technologies and Sustainability Issues (ChemSusChem 10/2010) (2010)

The cover picture is from the Review by Stanislav Miertus et al., who describe on p. 1106 how next-generation biofuels, such as cellulosic bioethanol, biomethane from waste, synthetic biofuels obtained via gasification of biomass, biohydrogen, and others are currently in the centre of attention of technologists and policy makers in search of a more sustainable biofuel of tomorrow. In order to set realistic targets for the future biofuel options, it is important to assess their sustainability according to technical, economic, and environmental points of view. Opportunities and limits are discussed in terms of technical applicability of existing and emerging technology options to bio-waste feedstock, and further development forecasts are made based on the existing social-economic and market situation, feedstock potentials, and other global aspects.
An analysis of student behavior in two massive open online courses (2016)

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have high potential for improving education worldwide, but understanding of student behavior and situations is difficult to achieve in online settings. Network analytics and visualizations can assist instructors with supporting understanding of student behavior as courses unfold. In this work, we perform a visual comparative analysis of two different MOOC courses to analyze the impacts of course structure differences and demonstrate the benefits of visual network analysis in this context. We present several insights: (1) behavior features that are best for prediction of student attrition varied with course structure, (2) a large proportion (about 35%) of students never received a reply to their original post and this was correlated with an eventual dropout, and (3) students that received a reply to their original post were twice as likely to post again. We contribute several information visualizations of student network data and draw recommendations for MOOC instructors and designers of course systems.
Particle Based Modeling of Electrical Field Flow Fractionation Systems (2015)

Electrical Field Flow Fractionation (ElFFF) is a sub method in the field flow fractionation (FFF) family that relies on an applied voltage on the channel walls to effect a separation. ElFFF has fallen behind some of the other FFF methods because of the optimization complexity of its experimental parameters. To enable better optimization, a particle based model of the ElFFF systems has been developed and is presented in this work that allows the optimization of the main separation parameters, such as electric field magnitude, frequency, duty cycle, offset, flow rate and channel dimensions. The developed code allows visualization of individual particles inside the separation channel, generation of realistic fractograms, and observation of the effects of the various parameters on the behavior of the particle cloud. ElFFF fractograms have been generated via simulations and compared with experiments for both normal and cyclical ElFFF. The particle visualizations have been used to verify that high duty cycle voltages are essential to achieve long retention times and high resolution separations. Furthermore, by simulating the particle motions at the channel outlet, it has been demonstrated that the top channel wall should be selected as the accumulation wall for cyclical ElFFF to reduce band broadening and achieve high efficiency separations. While the generated particle based model is a powerful tool to estimate the outcomes of the ElFFF experiments and visualize particle motions, it can also be used to design systems with new geometries which may lead to the design of higher efficiency ElFFF systems. Furthermore, this model can be extended to other FFF techniques by replacing the electrical field component of the model with the fields used in the other FFF techniques.
Plazebowirkung: Glaube und mehr (2014)

Was genau macht bei einem Kopfschmerzmedikament den Plazeboeffekt aus? Und wie groß ist er? Wissenschaftler der Harvard Medical School haben sich dieser Frage jetzt systematisch in einer prospektiven Studie genähert. Ergebnis: Die Beschriftung einer Tablette erklärt einiges, aber nicht alles.
The bistability effect in a bipolar transistor with resonant-tunnelling collector structure (1992)

A bipolar transistor incorporating a resonant-tunnelling structure in its collector is investigated using both analytical and ensemble Monte Carlo particle models. A resonant-tunnelling transistor of this type has two current states for a certain range of collector-based voltage. The double-valued characteristics and bistability effect are connected with electron space charge in the collector region.
Additional file 8: Fig. S2. of Progression of pathology in PINK1-deficient mouse brain from splicing via ubiquitination, ER stress, and mitophagy changes to neuroinflammation (2017)

Transcript changes of Pink1-deficient mouse cerebellar tissue at the age of 18 months in qPCR analyses represented in bar graphs. (A) Significant downregulation of Srsf10 mRNA and upregulations of Creb3 and Nfkbia mRNAs confirm the alteration within spliceosomal, ER stress and neuroinflammation pathways. The significant dysregulation of a Ube3a splice isoform is particularly interesting as a potential target of the spliceosome alterations and in view of its role in the degradation of alpha-synuclein. The scheme of Ube3a exon intron structure with the location of different Taqman assays was adapted from the Thermo Fisher Scientific internet site. (B) Significant upregulations of Mapk8 mRNA at 3 different exon junctions, together with a scheme of the Mapk8 exon intron structure and the location of 3 different Taqman assays (modified from the Thermo Fisher Scientific internet site). Non-significant changes of the MAPK phosphorylation cascade components Mapk9 and Mapk14 mRNAs demonstrate the selectivity of transcriptional regulation. Significant upregulations in the downstream nuclear transcription regulators Creb3 and Nfkbia in the stress and inflammation response may reflect biological responses to the Mapk8 upregulation. The bar graphs show mean and standard error of the mean (10 Pink1 −/− versus 10 WT), illustrating the significance with asterisks (* p
DATA PROCESSING APPLIED TO SITE CHARACTERIZATION (1982)

Geophysical methods are commonly used for remotely inferring the character of a construction or excavation site. To acquire this inferential data, geophysical equipment has undergone extensive development. However, the data processing procedures by which this data is interpreted has undergone much less development. This report describes a number of procedures that have been developed to aid the interpretation process. Examples are given of how one can appropriately couple equipment-generated squiggly-line data with a mathematical description of the physical interaction. Under certain circumstances it is possible to generate an image (a picture) of the geophysical properties of the site. This picture can be more meaningful to non-geophysicists than a squiggly-line presentation. Such pictures have the potential promise of providing detailed data of the site character.
<title>Absolute extreme-ultraviolet metrology</title> (2001)

NIST has a long-standing program for the calibration of extreme ultraviolet optical components. Early activities, which began with the advent of the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF) almost 40 years ago, centered on the development and characterization of detectors for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. About a decade ago the program was expanded to include reflectometry of normal- incidence EUV multilayer optics. Both calibrated detectors and EUV optics are used by researchers in private industry, academia, and government, in such diverse fields as EUV lithography, astronomy, and plasma physics. Since the inception of SURF, nearly 800 transfer standard photodiodes have been issued to customers, and over 500 measurements of other EUV optical components have been made. NIST researchers, in collaboration with U.S. companies, have developed new, high-quality radiometric detectors for use throughout the EUV spectral range. We will discuss the history of NIST's involvement in EUV metrology and offer examples of our recent work.
Perinatal HIV Infection and Exposure and Their Association With Dental Caries in Nigerian Children (2017)

Caries was more prevalent in HI children. These findings support the need to target HI children for oral health prevention and treatment services particularly in Nigeria and other developing countries.
Induction of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-like Immunoreactivity in Hippocampal Neurons Following Ischemia: A Putative Regional Modulator of the CNS Injury/Immune Response (1998)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator and immune cell modulator. In two studies within the hippocampal formation (HF), CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) was increased in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus after adrenalectomy and in mossy cells after colchicine-induced destruction of granule neurons. Given the increase in CGRP-LI following damage to the granule cell region of the HF, we investigated another trauma model, ischemia, that targeted different areas of the HF, CA1 region, and subiculum to ascertain the regional expression of this peptide after insult. Following ischemia, light microscopic evaluation showed CGRP-LI in basket cell-like neuronal perikarya within the dorsal subiculum and CA1 region of the hippocampus and in varicose fibers within the CA2 region of the hippocampus. Control rats rarely expressed CGRP-LI within neurons in these regions. In ischemic brains, double-labeled immunocytochemistry with antibodies to various neural markers demonstrated co-localization of CGRP-LI primarily within surviving subicular and CA1 cells resembling interneurons containing parvalbumin-LI or calbindin-LI. Electron microscopic analysis of the CA1 region from ischemic brains showed that CGRP-LI was contained in terminals with numerous small synaptic vesicles that formed symmetric synapses with perikarya and large dendrites of pyramidal cells, some of which were degenerating. Collectively, the data from this study and our previous study indicate that damage induces CGRP-LI expression in interneurons and nonprincipal cells in the area of damage, and we hypothesize that CGRP expression in surviving neurons within damage-related regions of the hippocampus is likely to be an important, and possibly a protective, component of the response of the nervous system to injury.
PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR LINE DETECTION ON A PYRAMID ARCHITECTURE (1994)

This paper considers the problem of detecting lines in images using a pyramid architecture. The approach is based on the Hough Transform calculation. A pyramid architecture of size n is a fine-grain architecture with a mesh base of size [Formula: see text] processors each holding a single pixel of the image. The pyramid operates in an SIMD mode. Two algorithms for computing the Hough Transform are explained. The first algorithm initially uses different angles, θ j ’s, and its complexity is O(k+log n) with O(m) storage requirement. The second algorithm computes the Hough Transform in a pipeline fashion for each angle θ j at a time. This method produces results in O(k * log n) time with O(1) storage, where k is the number of θ j angles, m is the number of ρ i normal distances from the origin, and n is the number of pixels. A simulation program is also described.
Analysis of Alternative Splicing and Alternative Polyadenylation in Populus alba var. pyramidalis by Single-Molecular Long-Read Sequencing (2020)

Poplars are worldwidely cultivated with ecologically and economically important value. <i>Populus alba</i> var. <i>pyramidalis</i> (= <i>P</i>. <i>bolleana</i>) is a main tree of the farmland shelter-belt system in the arid region of Northwest China due to its rapid growth, erect stems, and high biomass production. However, the full-length messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences and complete structure of <i>P. alba</i> var. <i>pyramidalis</i> remain unclear. In this study, using single-molecular real-time (SMRT) and next-generation high-throughput sequencing (NGS) platform, we sequenced transcripts from leaf, root, xylem, and phloem of <i>P. alba</i> var. <i>pyramidalis</i>, to obtain the full-length mRNA transcripts and annotate the complete structure. In total, 86,327 mapped full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) reads were identified, with 705 previously unannotated loci and 3,410 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 174 fusion genes found. Alternative spicing (AS) events were detected in 7,536 genes, of which 4,652 genes had multiple AS events. A total of 10,213 alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites were identified, with two or more APA sites observed in 2,212 genes. Our transcriptome data provided the full-length sequences and gene isoforms of transcripts for <i>P. alba</i> var. <i>pyramidalis</i>, which will be helpful in improving our understanding for the genome annotation and gene structures of <i>P. alba</i> var. <i>pyramidalis</i>.
Design of discrete coefficient FIR and IIR digital filters with prefilter-equalizer structure using linear programming (2000)

Optimal methods for designing multiplierless finite-impulse response (FIR) and infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters with cascaded prefilter-equalizer structures are proposed. Assuming that an FIR filter consists of a cyclotomic polynomial (CP) prefilter and an interpolated second order polynomial (ISOP) equalizer, in the proposed method, the prefilter and equalizer are simultaneously designed using mixed integer linear programming (MILP). The resulting filter is a cascaded filter with minimal complexity. For IIR filters, all-pole IIR equalizers consisting of inverse of interpolated first order polynomials (IIFOP's) are introduced, and a CP-prefilter cascaded with this type of equalizer is designed. Design examples demonstrate that the proposed methods produce a more efficient cascaded prefilter-equalizer than existing methods.
Hierarchical RAID: Organization, Operation, Reliability and Performance (2011)

We consider two level Hierarchical RAID (HRAID) arrays with erasure coding at both levels. The main advantage of HRAID is tolerating disk array controller failures in addition to disk failures, so that it is suitable for storage clouds based on bricks. We consider an HRAID with N nodes consisting of independent RAID controllers and M disks per node. Each node tolerates the failure of l disks and the controllers use a software protocol to coordinate their activities to implement an inter-node RAID level tolerating k node failures. We postulate MDS coding which incurs the minimal level of redundancy at both levels. HRAIDk/l can fail with a minimum of (k+1)(l+1) disk failures, regardless of N and M , but the probability of this event is very small. The maximum number of disk failures with no controller failures is N × l + (M − l)k. We specify examples of HRAID organization, describe distributed transactions to ensure the integrity of updates, and assess the small write penalty in HRAID and compare it with single level RAID. We report Monte-Carlo simulation results to obtain the Mean Time to Data Loss (MTTDL) assuming repeated successful restripings via parity sparing until such space is exhausted. For fixed k × l, an approximate reliability analysis, which does not take into account controller failures, shows that k < l yields the higher reliability, but simulation results show that the opposite is true for less reliable controllers.
Serotype conversion in Vibrio cholerae O1. (1992)

Vibrio cholerae O1 exists as two major serotypes, Inaba and Ogawa, which are associated with the O antigen of the lipopolysaccharide and are capable of unequal reciprocal interconversion. The 20-kilobase rfb regions encoding O-antigen biosynthesis in strains 569B (Inaba) and O17 (Ogawa) have been cloned in Escherichia coli K-12 and the nucleotide sequences have been determined. Besides several base substitutions and a small deletion in the 569B sequence relative to O17, there is a single nucleotide change resulting in a TGA stop codon within the gene for the 32-kDa RfbT protein. We have demonstrated that rfbT is responsible for serotype conversion (Inaba to Ogawa). The construction of a specific rfbT mutation in the Ogawa strain O17, and the ability of the gene from O17 to complement Inaba strains to Ogawa, confirmed rfbT as the gene required for the Ogawa serotype. By Southern hybridization and sequencing of PCR products of a number of strains, we have shown that the changes observed in one Inaba strain (569B) are not conserved in other Inaba strains. This may explain why some Inaba strains are able to convert to Ogawa whereas others are not. The protein encoded by rfbT has been identified and expressed in E. coli K-12 using a phage T7 expression system. Amino-terminal analysis of partially purified protein has identified the translational start of the protein. Primer extension studies have enabled the 5' end of the mRNA to be defined. It exists as a separate transcript from the rest of the rfb region, and the distinctive G + C content of rfbT suggests that it has been acquired from a non-Vibrio source.
The Use of Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) in IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (2005)

This memo describes the use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
in Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) as an IPsec Encapsulating Security
Payload (ESP) mechanism to provide confidentiality and data origin
authentication. This method can be efficiently implemented in hardware
for speeds of 10 gigabits per second and above, and is also well-
suited to software implementations. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Design of a Cover Locking Mechanism with a Miniature Solenoid (2017)

In this investigation, a locking mechanism was proposed for electronic products that have battery covers. The exterior design of electronic products has been advanced with diversified materials including polymers and metals. Unlike polymers such as polycarbonate, metals are not easily deformed. Therefore, products with a metallic exterior have an added button to release the battery cover, which limits the quality of the exterior design. In this study, a new design without a release button that included a miniature solenoid inside the product was proposed. The Taguchi method was used to maximize the attraction force of the solenoid while, at the same time, minimizing its dimensions.