gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IFN-beta 2, B cell differentiation factor 2, or hybridoma growth factor (IL-6) is expressed and released by human epidermal cells and epidermoid carcinoma cell lines. (1989)

IL-6, which is also known as IFN-beta 2, hybridoma growth factor, hepatocyte-stimulating factor, and B cell differentiation factor, mediates acute phase responses including fever, has lymphocyte-stimulating capacities, and antiviral activity. IL-6 is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, certain lymphocytes, and various tumor cells. The present study demonstrates that this multifunctional cytokine is released also by normal human epidermal cells (EC) and human epidermoid carcinoma cell lines (A431, KB). Accordingly, supernatants derived from freshly isolated EC, long term keratinocyte cultures, A431, or KB cells stimulated the proliferation of a hybridoma growth factor/IL-6-dependent plasmacytoma cell line (B9). IL-6 constitutively was produced in the presence of serum proteins. The addition of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, or the tumor promoter PMA significantly enhanced the synthesis and release of EC-derived IL-6 (EC-IL 6). Like monocyte or fibroblast-derived IL-6, EC-IL-6 exhibited Mr microheterogeneity within 21 and 28 kDa. Similarly in Western blotting experiments an antiserum directed against human rIFN-beta 2/IL-6 detected the different Mr forms of EC-IL-6. Moreover, this antiserum was able to block the B9 cell growth-promoting capacity of EC-IL-6 strongly suggesting that this EC-derived mediator is closely related, if not identical with IL-6. This was further confirmed by Northern blot analysis detecting IL-6 specific mRNA both in long term cultured keratinocytes and A431 cells by hybridization with a cDNA fragment encoding for B cell differentiating factor 2/IL-6. Therefore, in addition to the production of other cytokines as previously reported, EC and in particular keratinocytes also synthesize and release IL-6. This further supports the important regulatory role of the epidermis during the pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases.
Remote Sensing of Directional Gravity Wave Spectra and Surface Currents Using a Microwave Dual-Frequency RADAR (2005)

The modulation of small-scale water waves induced by larger-scale 2 to 25 meter gravity waves has been studied by using a coherent, dual-frequency RADAR technique. The gravity wave modulation manifests itself as a narrow, Doppler-shifted, resonance peak in the product power spectrum of the backscattered returns. The dispersion relation (for both deep and shallow water) of the modulation pattern matches that of gravity waves. Modulation amplitude spectra have been experimentally obtained which, after sufficient averaging, closely resemble directional gravity wave slope spectra and reveal the presence of water surface surface currents.
A Proposal for OPC UA Companion Specification for IEC 61499 Based Control Application (2023)

The introduction of emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Cloud computing have radically evolved the software architecture of the industrial automation domain. Future automation and control software systems require a flexible and open architecture. The IEC 61499 standard-based programming paradigm, due to its flexible and modular structure, is considered a potential tool for developing future automation systems. Therefore, integrating IEC 61499 standard with the Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) could be beneficial as it will increase the applicability of the standard. However, no formal mapping between the IEC 61499 models and the OPC UA information model is defined by the OPC Foundation for now. Therefore, in this paper, a conceptual mapping between the models of these two standards is provided. The goal of this work is to develop an OPC UA companion specification for the IEC 61499.
Efficacy of methotrexate treatment in patients with probable rheumatoid arthritis: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial (2007)

This study provides evidence for the efficacy of MTX treatment in postponing the diagnosis of RA, as defined by the ACR 1987 criteria, and retarding radiographic joint damage in UA patients.
Hydrolyzed fumonisins HFB1 and HFB2 are acylated in vitro and in vivo by ceramide synthase to form cytotoxic N‐acyl‐metabolites (2007)

Fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) are the most abundant members of the fumonisins--mycotoxins that are produced by Fusarium verticillioides and are natural inhibitors of ceramide synthase. Their hydrolyzed forms, HFB1 and HFB2 (also called AP1 and AP2) are found in some foods, and they are not only inhibitors of ceramide synthase but also undergo acylation by this enzyme. This study characterized the conversion of HFB1 and HFB2 by ceramide synthase to their respective N-acylated metabolites using rat liver microsomes and palmitoyl-CoA or nervonoyl-CoA as cosubstrates, and examined animals that had been dosed with hydrolyzed fumonisins to ascertain if acylation occurs in vivo. Using an HPLC-MS/MS method that allowed the sensitive and selective detection of the acylation products, both HFB1 and HFB2 were found to be metabolized in vitro to nervonoyl- or palmitoyl-HFB1 and -HFB2 (i.e. C24:1-HFB1/2 and C16-HFB1/2, respectively). The apparent vmax was considerably higher for formation of C24:1HFB1 (157 pmol/min/mg protein) than for formation of C16HFB1 (8.7 pmol/min/mg protein). The acylation products also inhibited ceramide synthase and significantly reduced the number of viable cells in an in vitro [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)] assay using a human colonic cell line (HT29). Furthermore, HPLC-MS/MS analysis of tissues from rats given intraperitoneal doses of HFB1 confirmed that formation of N-acyl-HFB1 occurs in vivo to produce metabolites with fatty acids of various chain lengths. The contribution of acylated HFB1 and HFB2 metabolites to fumonisin toxicity in vivo warrants further investigation.
Ineffectiveness of the Current Strategy to Prevent Hepatitis A in Travelers (2002)

Hepatitis A in travelers can be prevented effectively by attendance at a travel clinic. Unfortunately, most travelers do not visit such clinics prior to departure. Even if all high-risk travelers were to visit a travel clinic and receive vaccination, this would have negligible impact on the number of travel-related hepatitis A cases (approximately 7% reduction). The current strategy for the prevention of hepatitis A in travelers is ineffective and should be reexamined.
Geordnete mesoskopische Strukturen durch Selbstorganisation und Transformation von Hybrid‐Nanostrukturen (2003)

Abstract Die Organisation von Nanostrukturen über mehrere Längenskalen ist eine Schlüsselherausforderung im Design von integrierten Materialien mit verbesserten Funktionen. Derzeitige Ansätze greifen bevorzugt auf physikalische Methoden wie Musterbildung zurück, und nicht auf Methoden wie spontane chemische Selbstorganisation und Umwandlung von Baueinheiten über mehrere Längenskalen. Es sollte möglich sein, eine Chemie der organisierten Materie zu entwickeln, die auf Prozessen beruht, in denen die Zeit‐ und Längenskalenkopplung wechselwirkender Komponenten übergeordnete Architekturen mit eingebetteter Struktur hervorbringt. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir, wie das Wechselspiel von Aggregation und Kristallisation die Selbstorganisation auf der Mesoskala, kooperative Umwandlung und Reorganisation von organisch‐anorganischen Hybridbaueinheiten unter Bildung von Einkristallen mit Mosaikstruktur, Nanopartikelarrays und emergenten Nanostrukturen mit komplexer Form und Hierarchie auslösen kann. Wir schlagen vor, dass ähnliche Prozesse, die auf der Mesoskala wirksam sind, auch für Modelle der matrixvermittelten Keimbildung bei der Biomineralisation relevant sind.
Adaptronik für strukturdynamische und vibro‐akustische Aufgabenstellungen im Leichtbau (2000)

Abstract Adaptronik beschreibt den Technologiebereich zur Schaffung einer neuen Klasse von sogenannten Intelligenten Strukturen. Dieses Konzept geht von der Entwicklung adaptiver Systeme aus, die sich über autonome, d. h. selbstregelnde Mechanismen an unterschiedliche Betriebsbedingungen anpassen. Voraussetzung dafür ist die systemoptimale Verknüpfung von Sensoren und Aktuatoren auf der Basis von neuen Funktionswerkstoffen wie z. B. piezokeramischen Fasern und Folien mit adaptiven Reglern. So können diese neuartigen Struktursysteme auf äußere Veränderungen selbstoptimierend reagieren, bevor beispielsweise störende Verformungen auftreten. Dadurch wird es u. a. möglich, unmittelbar am Entstehungsort der Störung Schwingungen und damit verbundene Schallprobleme zu unterbinden. Herkömmliche Ansätze zur Verbesserung des akustischen Verhaltens von Leichtbaustrukturen basieren darauf, primäre Schallquellen durch destruktive Interferenz mittels elektronisch gesteuerter Sekundärquellen (Lautsprecher) abzuschwächen. Hier soll die vibrierende Leichtbaustruktur aktiv mittels angesteuerter piezokeramischer Aktuatoren beeinflußt werden, um das schallintensiv abstrahlende Strukturverhalten positiv zu verändern. Dazu kommt als experimentelles Verfahren die räumliche Schallfeldtransformation (Spatial Transformation of Sound Fields, STSF) zum Tragen.
A Robust Analog Two Phase On-Chip Clock Generator (1990)

In this paper the problem of generating on-chip two phase non-overlapping clocks for the Cathedral Silicon Compiler Environment is discussed. The problem is made harder by the introduction of robustness requirements, which means that the steady-state response of the generator has to be maintained regardless of power supply, temperature, process variations, noise and even harder, scaling and technology updates. It is worth stressing that we have developed a structure can be scaled (? scaling) and can be processed by different foundries without a significant change in the I/O steady-state response because of the adaptive feedback principles. We show that the problem has a solution capable of handling such adverse constraints. We use the concept of a flexible operating point as the driver of the design.
Integrated gene analyses of de novo mutations from 46,612 trios with autism and developmental disorders (2021)

ABSTRACT Most genetic studies consider autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental disorder (DD) separately despite overwhelming comorbidity and shared genetic etiology. Here we analyzed de novo mutations (DNMs) from 15,560 ASD (6,557 are new) and 31,052 DD trios independently and combined as broader neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) using three models. We identify 615 candidate genes (FDR 5%, 189 potentially novel) by one or more models, including 138 reaching exome-wide significance (p &lt; 3.64e-07) in all models. We find no evidence for ASD-specific genes in contrast to 18 genes significantly enriched for DD. There are 53 genes show particular mutational-bias including enrichments for missense (n=41) or truncating DNM (n=12). We find 22 genes with evidence of sex-bias including five X chromosome genes also with significant female burden ( DDX3X, MECP2, SMC1A, WDR45 , and HDAC8) . NDD risk genes group into five functional networks associating with different brain developmental lineages based on single-cell nuclei transcriptomic data, which provides important insights into disease subtypes and future functional studies.
Comment on “In Vivo [18F]GE-179 Brain Signal Does Not Show NMDA-Specific Modulation with Drug Challenges in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates” (2018)

Schoenberger and colleagues ( Schoenberger et al. ( 2018 ) ACS Chem. Neurosci. 9 , 298 - 305 ) recently reported attempts to demonstrate specific binding of the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, [<sup>18</sup>F]GE-179, to NMDA receptors in both rats and Rhesus macaques. GE-179 did not work as expected in animal models; however, we disagree with the authors' conclusion that "the [<sup>18</sup>F]GE-179 signal seems to be largely nonspecific". It is extremely challenging to demonstrate specific binding for the use-dependent NMDA receptor intrachannel ligands such as [<sup>18</sup>F]GE-179 in animals via traditional blocking, due to its low availability of target sites ( B<sub>max</sub><sup>'</sup>). Schoenberger and colleagues anesthetized rats and Rhesus monkeys using isoflurane, which has an inhibitory effect on NMDA receptor function and thus would be expected to further reduce the B<sub>max</sub><sup>'</sup>. The extent of glutamate release achieved in the provocation experiments is uncertain, as is whether a significant increase in NMDA receptor channel opening can be expected under anesthesia. Prior data suggest that the uptake of disubstituted arylguanidine-based ligands such as GE-179 can be reduced by phencyclidine binding site antagonists, if injection is performed in the absence of ketamine and isoflurane anesthesia, e.g., with GE-179's antecedent, CNS 5161 ( Biegon et al. ( 2007 ) Synapse 61 , 577 - 586 ), and with GMOM ( van der Doef et al. ( 2016 ) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 36 , 1111 - 1121 ). However, the extent of nonspecific uptake remains uncertain.
A SAW-Less 2.4-GHz Receiver Front-End With 2.4-mA Battery Current for SoC Coexistence (2017)

A 2.4-GHz receiver for short-range communications with +6 dBm out-of-band IIP3 and only 2.4-mA battery current is presented. The single-ended input is coupled through an integrated transformer to a push-pull differential low-noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA) followed by a current mode passive mixer that drives a single-opamp biquad trans-impedance amplifier. This approach ensures sufficient linearity to enable coexistence with large out-of-band interference arising from other on-chip/on-board transceivers. An efficient block stacking technique is proposed to minimize the current drawn from a standard 1.8-V supply. The first stages of the two opamps used in the I and Q baseband Rauch filters are placed above and below the LNTA core, thereby sharing its dc current. Two active inductors isolate the RF and baseband signal paths. Several techniques are used to limit the impact of the 1/f noise of the RF blocks on the receiver and to minimize nonlinearities due to interactions between blocks sharing the same current. The entire receive signal path draws 2.4 mA from a 1.8-V supply and has a noise figure of 7.8 dB at 2.4 GHz and an out-of-band 1-dB compression point of -5 dBm. The chip, implemented in 28-nm LP CMOS, occupies an active area of 0.4 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Oxidation of Aqueous Sulfur Dioxide Catalyzed by Poly-4-vinylpyridine-Cu(II) Complex. Part 1: Homogeneous Phase Oxidation (1996)

The oxidation of aqueous sulfur dioxide in the presence of polymer-supported copper(II) catalyst is also accompanied by homogeneous oxidation of aqueous sulfur dioxide catalyzed by leached copper(II) ions. Aqueous phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide of low concentrations by oxygen in the presence of dissolved copper(II) has therefore been studied. The solubility of SO2 in aqueous solutions is not affected by the concentration of copper(II) in the solution. In the oxidation reaction, only HSO is the reactive S(IV) species. Based on this observation a rate model which also incorporates the effect of sulfuric acid on the solubility of SO2 is developed. The rate model includes a power-law type term for the rate of homogeneous phase reaction obtained from a proposed free-radical chain mechanism for the oxidation. Experiments are conducted at various levels of concentrations of SO2 and O2 in the gas phase and Cu(II) in the liquid phase. The observed orders are one in each of O2, Cu(II) and HSO. This suggests a first-order termination of the free radicals of bisulfite ions.
Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.11, BA.2.12.1 and BA.2.13 from vaccine and BA.1 serum (2022)

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 in late December 2019 in Wuhan, a pandemic has raged across the world with a series of viral variants emerging in different regions. In November 2021, a variant designated Omicron (BA.1), with over 30 mutations in the Spike protein on the viral surface, was identified in South Africa and quickly became dominant worldwide, due to its increased transmissibility and capacity for immune escape 1 . Thereafter, several sublineages of Omicron have emerged, including BA.2 which has outcompeted BA.1, as well as BA.1.1, BA.3, and BA.4/5 2-4 . Recently, three new variants related to BA.2 have been detected in multiple countries, BA.2.11, BA.2.12.1, and BA.2.13 (named as BA.2 subvariants in the rest of text), which contain a single mutation of L452R, L452Q, or L452M compared to the BA.2 Spike receptorbinding domain (RBD) (https://www.who.int/activities/ tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants) respectively (Supplementary Fig. BA.2.12.1, first identified in New York, became dominant in the US, accounting for about 58% of SARS-CoV-2 isolates as of May 25, 2022 5 . While L452R is found in Delta and Kappa variants, and L452Q in Lambda,
Identification of d-arabinan-degrading enzymes in mycobacteria (2023)

Bacterial cell growth and division require the coordinated action of enzymes that synthesize and degrade cell wall polymers. Here, we identify enzymes that cleave the D-arabinan core of arabinogalactan, an unusual component of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. We screened 14 human gut-derived Bacteroidetes for arabinogalactan-degrading activities and identified four families of glycoside hydrolases with activity against the D-arabinan or D-galactan components of arabinogalactan. Using one of these isolates with exo-D-galactofuranosidase activity, we generated enriched D-arabinan and used it to identify a strain of Dysgonomonas gadei as a D-arabinan degrader. This enabled the discovery of endo- and exo-acting enzymes that cleave D-arabinan, including members of the DUF2961 family (GH172) and a family of glycoside hydrolases (DUF4185/GH183) that display endo-D-arabinofuranase activity and are conserved in mycobacteria and other microbes. Mycobacterial genomes encode two conserved endo-D-arabinanases with different preferences for the D-arabinan-containing cell wall components arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, suggesting they are important for cell wall modification and/or degradation. The discovery of these enzymes will support future studies into the structure and function of the mycobacterial cell wall.
Negative in vitro selection identifies the rRNA recognition motif for ErmE methyltransferase (1999)

Erm methyltransferases modify bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA at adenosine 2058 (A2058, Escherichia coli numbering) conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics. The motif that is recognized by Erm methyltransferases is contained within helix 73 of 23S rRNA and the adjacent single-stranded region around A2058. An RNA transcript of 72 nt that displays this motif functions as an efficient substrate for the ErmE methyltransferase. Pools of degenerate RNAs were formed by doping 34-nt positions that extend over and beyond the putative Erm recognition motif within the 72-mer RNA. The RNAs were passed through a series of rounds of methylation with ErmE. After each round, RNAs were selected that had partially or completely lost their ability to be methylated. After several rounds of methylation/selection, 187 subclones were analyzed. Forty-three of the subclones contained substitutions at single sites, and these are confined to 12 nucleotide positions. These nucleotides, corresponding to A2051-A2060, C2611, and A2614 in 23S rRNA, presumably comprise the RNA recognition motif for ErmE methyltransferase. The structure formed by these nucleotides is highly conserved throughout bacterial rRNAs, and is proposed to constitute the motif that is recognized by all the Erm methyltransferases.
Is herpes simplex virus associated with peptic ulcer disease? (1990)

To test the hypothesis that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may be associated with peptic ulcer disease, we examined ulcerative lesions of the distal stomach and proximal duodenum for the presence of nucleic acids and antibodies specific for HSV-1. Utilizing in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction with sequencing, gastric or duodenal tissues from 4 of 22 patients (18%) with documented peptic ulcer disease demonstrated the presence of both specific HSV-1 nucleic acid sequences and proteins. HSV-1 was found restricted in clusters of cells near the margin of the ulcer but was absent at sites distal to the lesion. Several of such HSV-1-infected cells also contained cholecystokinin. These cholecystokinin-containing cells are of neuroendocrine origin and receive contact from the vagal nerve. Campylobacter pylori bacteria were not found in three of the four peptic ulcer tissues that harbored HSV-1. Further, none of the stomach or duodenal tissue samples from 33 patients undergoing clinical evaluation, but having no evidence of peptic ulcer disease, had HSV-1 materials. Thus, our data suggest that a subset of peptic ulcer disease may be associated with HSV-1 and raise the possibility that some peptic ulcers may be caused by this virus.
Responses of InP/Ga0.47In0.53As/InP heterojunction bipolar transistors to 1530 and 620 nm ultrafast optical pulses (1991)

An npn InP/Ga0.47In0.53As/InP heterojunction bipolar transistor with a unity-gain frequency of 15 GHz was illuminated with ultrafast optical pulses at wavelengths of 620 and 1530 nm. The device responded to the pulses with an emitter current transient having a duration of 12 ps, corresponding to a bandwidth of ∼40 GHz. A slower photocurrent component, with a decay time of ∼100 ps, was a sensitive function of base bias and, because of the photocarrier dynamics and the grounded-collector circuit configuration, could be nulled out.
SOFC Module Material Development at Fuel Cell Energy (2011)

FuelCell Energy (FCE) is engaged in the development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) power plants under DOE's Solid State Conversion Alliance (SECA) Coal-Based Program. The ultimate goal of the project is to develop Multi-MW SOFC power plants suitable for integration with coal gasifiers and cable of capturing &gt;90% of carbon in coal syngas. FCE is currently utilizing the SOFC stacks developed by Versa Power Systems (VPS) as building blocks for development of the sub-MW and MW scale fuel cell modules. The design of an SOFC stack module is comprised of an assembly of stack blocks to provide targeted dc power. Advanced materials are being developed for gas seals between stacks, mechanical and electrical connections of stack blocks, and thermal as well as electrical insulation within modules. This paper is a review of the progress in development of conducting module gasket (CMG), non-conducting gasket (PH) and electrical contacting paste materials.
Hydrolysis and blistering of cyanate ester networks (1997)

The hydrolysis of a cyanate ester network made from the monomer 2,2′-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) isopropylidene (bisphenol A dicyanate homopolymer) was studied. Hydrolysis reactions were performed isothermally at temperatures from 150 to 180°C under conditions of excess water. The kinetics of the reaction were characterized by the decrease in Tg as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The rate of change of Tg was found to be adequately described as first order in Tg, which is an indirect measure of the concentration of crosslink junctions. The activation energy of the reaction was found to be 115 kJ/mol. In addition, moisture-conditioned, glass-reinforced laminate samples were heated and the time to delamination or blistering was recorded as a function of temperature. The blister time at solder temperatures (T = 220–260°C) was modeled using the above kinetic results. Heat transfer to the laminate was considered and the criteria used for blister time was the time at T = Tg of the sample. At lower temperatures (T < 220°C), loss of water from the laminate is sufficiently fast to prevent blistering. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 107–113, 1997