gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error analysis of a practical energy density sensor (2000)

The investigation of an active control system based on acoustic energy density has led to the analysis and development of an inexpensive three-axes energy density sensor. The energy density sensor comprises six electret microphones mounted on the surface of a 0.025-m (1 in.) radius sphere. The bias errors for the potential, kinetic, and total energy density as well as the magnitude of intensity of a spherical sensor are compared to a sensor comprising six microphones suspended in space. Analytical, computer-modeled, and experimental data are presented for both sensor configurations in the case of traveling and standing wave fields, for an arbitrary incidence angle. It is shown that the energy density measurement is the most nearly accurate measurement of the four for the conditions presented. Experimentally, it is found that the spherical energy density sensor is within +/- 1.75 dB compared to reference measurements in the 110-400 Hz frequency range in a reverberant enclosure. The diffraction effects from the hard sphere enable the sensor to be made more compact by a factor of 3 compared to the sensor with suspended microphones.
Neutralization efficiency of plasma targets for high energy negative ions (1984)

Plasma targets generated by hollow cathode discharges are used to neutralize a variety of multi‐MeV negative ions as heavy as 28 a.m.u. Our plan is to determine the neutralization efficiency of hydrogen and argon plasma targets for D−, Li−, C−, O−, and Si− at beam energies of 2–8 MeV. The experiment is still in progress. Encouraging initial results are reported.
Local mechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaque tissue (2012)

The fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque may be prone to rupture if the occurring stresses exceed the strength of the cap. Rupture can cause acute thrombosis and subsequent ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. A reliable prediction of the rupture probability is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Biomechanical models, which compute stresses and strain, are promising to provide a more reliable rupture risk prediction. However, these models require knowledge of the local biomechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaque tissue. For this purpose, we examined human carotid plaques using indentation experiments. The test set-up was mounted on an inverted confocal microscope to visualise the collagen fibre structure during the tests. By using an inverse finite element (FE) approach, and assuming isotropic neo-Hookean behaviour, the corresponding Young’s moduli were found in the range from 6 to 891 kPa (median 30 kPa). The results correspond to the values obtained by other research groups who analysed the compressive Young’s modulus of atherosclerotic plaques. Collagen rich locations showed to be stiffer than collagen poor locations. No significant differences were found between the Young’s moduli of structured and unstructured collagen architectures as specified from confocal collagen data. Insignificant differences between the middle of the fibrous cap, the shoulder regions, and remaining plaque tissue locations indicate that axial, compressive mechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaques are independent of location within the plaque.
All-Optical Latch and Gate Pulse Generation in All Monolithically Integrated SOA-MZI-Type Set/Reset Flip-Flop using Ultrashort Optical Pulses for 40Gbps Operation (2012)

We achieved latch and gate pulse generation in a monolithically integrated semiconductor-optical-amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type set/reset flip-flop using ultrashort pulses. The operation of the device with 18-ps optical pulses for 40Gbps operation was verified under the condition of slow carrier recovery condition.
Clinical observation of S-1 in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer (2012)

Objective To observe the recent effect and adverse reactions of S-1 in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.Methods Sixteen patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with S1 80 mg/(m2,d),twice a day,d1-14,21 days for a cycle.Tumor markers and CT were detected to evaluate efficacy after two cycles.Results Clinical benefit rate was 68.8％,the median progression-free survival was 4.3 months.The major toxicities were bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal reactions.All toxicities were grade Ⅰ/Ⅱ,not grade Ⅲ.Conclusions S-1 in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer has high clinical benefit rate,less adverse reactions and can be well tolerated in patients.

Key words: 
Advanced gastric cancer; S-1; Clinical observation
Top Vulnerabilities in Cloud Computing (2022)

Cloud computing is rising quickly and without uncertainty it is the new generation of technology where people will utilize whenever and wherever. In this web-based world, cloud computing is rising higher by giving everything to the necessary assets, applications, programming, equipment, registering capacity to figuring foundations, business procedure to control joint effort. Today clouds with virtualization are changing IT. Separated by their prominences it has a few concerns which are turning out to be complications for its more extensive selection. Being a relatively newer technology, cloud computing comes with its own array of security vulnerabilities and new perspectives for attacks to happen. Major cloud providers already have infrastructure with tools and services in place designed to improve security in the cloud and the overall performance. There are a few vulnerabilities that have arisen in the previous decade that have managed to slip by unnoticed. These have caused a great deal of damage to cloud infrastructure and its overall reputation. This paper focuses on how these specific vulnerabilities affect different cloud computing environments and how to resolve them.
Development of a high-speed profilometer for manufacturing inspection (2010)

Optical digital-imaging techniques offer a fast, high-resolution, and wide-range metrology capability for measuring semi-transparent and transparent polymer-based devices during manufacture. This work presents novel instrumentation for in-process statistical control and metrology capable of measuring a complete macroscale part (~25 mm) down to its microscale features (~50 &mu;m). The high speed 2.5D profilometer has generated contour plots with 0.4 &mu;m lateral and 1 &mu;m vertical resolution. The instrument has an estimated data rate of 8 million 3D data points per second, approximately 270 times faster than conventional white light interferometry.
Improving the affinity of an antibody for its antigen via long-range electrostatic interactions (2013)

To address how long-range electrostatic force can affect antibody-antigen binding, we focused on the interactions between human cardiac troponin I and its specific single-chain antibodies (scFvs). We first isolated two scFvs against two linear epitopes with distinct isoelectric points. For the scFv against the acidic epitope (A1scFv), we mutated five residues of framework region 3 of the light chain to Lys or Arg, designated as the K- or R-mutant, respectively. For the scFv against the basic epitope (A2scFv), we mutated four or three residues in framework region 3 of the light or heavy chain to Asp, to generate the VL- and VH-mutant, respectively. Surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that the kon values of all of the mutants were greater than that of wild type, even though framework region 3 does not make direct contact with the epitope. The affinity of the K-mutant was pM range, and that of the R-mutant improved further by more than two orders of magnitude due to a decrease in the dissociation rate constant. For the A2scFv mutants, the affinity of the VL-mutant for its target improved through an increase in the kon value without a decrease in the koff value. The stability slightly decreased in all mutants. These results suggest that introducing electrostatic interaction can improve the affinity of an antibody for its target, even if the mutation reduces stability of the antibody.
Two problems of digital image formation (recovering the camera point spread function and boosting stochastic renderers by auto-similarity filtering) (2013)

Cette thèse s'attaque à deux problèmes fondamentaux dans la formation des images numériques : la modélisation et l'estimation du flou introduit par une caméra numérique optique, et la génération rapide des images de synthèse photoréalistes. L'évaluation précise du flou intrinsèque d'une caméra est un problème récurrent en traitement d'image. Des progrès technologiques récents ont eu un impact significatif sur la qualité de l'image. Donc, une amélioration de la précision des procédures de calibration est impérative pour pousser plus loin cette évolution. La première partie de cette thèse présente une théorie mathématique de l'acquisition physique de l image par un appareil photo numérique. Sur la base de cette mo\\-dé\\-li\\-sa\\-tion, deux algorithmes automatiques pour estimer le flou intrinsèque de la l appareil sont proposés. Pour le premier, l'estimation est effectuée à partir d'une photographie d'une mire d étallonnage spécialement conçue à cet effet. L'une des principales contributions de cette thèse est la preuve qu une mire portant l image d un bruit blanc est proche de l'optimum pour estimer le noyau de flou. Le deuxième algorithme évite l'utilisation d'une mire d étallonnage, procédure qui peut devenir un peu encombrante. En effet, nous montrons que deux photos d'une scène plane texturée, prises à deux distances différentes avec la même configuration de l appareil photo, suffisent pour produire une estimation précise. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous proposons un algorithme pour accélérer la synthèse d'images réalistes. Plusieurs heures, et même plusieurs jours peuvent être nécessaires pour produire des images de haute qualité. Dans un rendu typique, les pixels d'une image sont formés en établissant la moyenne de la contribution des rayons stochastiques lancés à partir d'une caméra virtuelle. Le principe d'accélération, simple mais puissant, consiste à détecter les pixels similaires en comparant leurs histogrammes de rayons et à leur faire partager leurs rayons. Les résultats montrent une accélération significative qui préserve la qualité de l image.
Subthreshold operation of SONOS analog memory to enable accurate low-power neural network inference (2022)

Hardware accelerators that exploit analog in-memory computing offer an energy-efficient edge deployment solution for machine learning algorithms. We give an overview of the device requirements and hardware-software co-design principles for these systems to achieve efficient and accurate deep neural network (DNN) inference. We designed and fabricated a 40nm test chip with a $1024 \times 1024$ SONOS (siliconoxide-nitride-oxide-silicon) charge trapping memory array for DNN inference. Operating the SONOS memory in the subthreshold regime suppresses the effects of device variability on algorithm accuracy. We experimentally demonstrate accurate DNN inference using the test chip on CIFAR-100 image classification and project a chip-level efficiency of >50 TOPS/W for the SONOS inference accelerator, a $10 \times$ advantage over state-of-the-art digital inference accelerators.
Ontology Construction from Semi-Structured Text (2008)

Ontology is effective in supporting text mining, information retrieval and knowledge engineering on semantic level. However, ontology construction is pretty time-consuming; hence, some automatic or semi-automatic methods are proposed to try to solve the problem. In this paper, a model is issued to construct a medical ontology from semi-structured text after three steps: PAT-Tree based phrase extraction, document structure analysis and ontology construction based on hierarchy structure of text. This model has found some applications in medical emergency aid system in China. Practical experiment results show that this model can create a practical medical ontology from syllabus of medical school efficiently and effectively.
Cosine Similarity Based Directional Comparison Scheme for Subcycle Transmission Line Protection (2019)

Subcycle protection is of importance in the context of system operation near stability margins. A cosine similarity based directional comparison scheme using time-domain sampled data is proposed in this work for subcycle overhead line protection. Sign of cosine similarity computed between instantaneous incremental current of a phase and pre-fault voltage across other two phases is utilized for determining fault direction. Inherent faulted phase selection with the proposed scheme can facilitate single-pole-tripping, if required for high voltage line protection. Proposed method is tested using PSCAD/EMTDC simulated data for various fault parameters like type, location, fault inception angle, and fault resistance. Results confirm the effectiveness of proposed scheme and its ability to protect the line within 6 ms after fault inception for 50 Hz system including communication latency for directional comparison.
Laminated Permanent Magnets Enable Compact Magnetic Components in Current-Source Converters (2022)

Magnetic components have become one of the primary barriers to high power density converters, especially to current-source converters (CSCs). In CSCs, the inductors/transformers have a predominantly dc flux to store energy, which can be offset by standard permanent magnets (PMs). However, eddy currents in standard PMs induce significant losses and thermal stress for medium-frequency applications. This article proposes using laminated PMs to offset the dc flux while reducing eddy currents, leading to significant reductions in the size, cost, and losses of inductors/transformers. Furthermore, the laminated PMs’ optimal location, orientation, and distribution are investigated to generalize this approach for maximum benefits. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis simulation and hardware experiments are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in a medium-frequency transformer (MFT) for CSCs. Compared with standard PMs, the proposed use of laminated PMs reduces aggregate core-plus-PM losses by 85% in experiments, and thus, relaxes the MFT thermal design. Finally, the proposed approach is experimentally validated in a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{40}\,\text{kVA}$</tex-math></inline-formula> flyback-type MFT for a soft-switching solid-state transformer. Compared to the traditional design without any PMs, the proposed design increases the saturation current by 46% while inducing only 5% more losses, leading to significant savings in magnetics cost and size.
Critical Comparison of Structured Contactors for Adsorption-Based Gas Separations (2018)

Recent advances in adsorptive gas separations have focused on the development of porous materials with high operating capacity and selectivity, useful parameters that provide early guidance during the development of new materials. Although this material-focused work is necessary to advance the state of the art in adsorption science and engineering, a substantial problem remains: how to integrate these materials into a fixed bed to efficiently utilize the separation. Structured sorbent contactors can help manage kinetic and engineering factors associated with the separation, including pressure drop, sorption enthalpy effects, and external heat integration (for temperature swing adsorption, or TSA). In this review, we discuss monoliths and fiber sorbents as the two main classes of structured sorbent contactors; recent developments in their manufacture; advantages and disadvantages of each structure relative to each other and to pellet packed beds; recent developments in system modeling; and finally, critical needs in this area of research.
Collision Probabilities for Continuous-Time Systems Without Sampling (2020)

Demand for high-performance, robust, and safe autonomous systems has grown substantially in recent years. These objectives motivate the desire for efficient risk estimation that can be embedded in core decision-making tasks such as motion planning. On one hand, Monte-Carlo (MC) and other samplingbased techniques provide accurate solutions for a wide variety of motion models but are cumbersome in the context of continuous optimization. On the other hand, "direct" approximations aim to compute (or upper-bound) the failure probability as a smooth function of the decision variables, and thus are convenient for optimization. However, existing direct approaches fundamentally assume discrete-time dynamics and can perform unpredictably when applied to continuous-time systems ubiquitous in the real world, often manifesting as severe conservatism. State-of-theart attempts to address this within a conventional discretetime framework require additional Gaussianity approximations that ultimately produce inconsistency of their own. In this paper we take a fundamentally different approach, deriving a risk approximation framework directly in continuous time and producing a lightweight estimate that actually converges as the underlying discretization is refined. Our approximation is shown to significantly outperform state-of-the-art techniques in replicating the MC estimate while maintaining the functional and computational benefits of a direct method. This enables robust, risk-aware, continuous motion-planning for a broad class of nonlinear, partially-observable systems.
Influence of post‐deposition annealing of PVP/pentacene films on characteristics of organic thin film transistors (2010)

Abstract We report the roles of post‐deposition annealing of PVP/pentacene double‐layered films on the electrical properties of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Data obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques demonstrate that both the grain size and the (001) peak intensity of pentacene films increase as the annealing temperature increases, resulting in clear dendrite structure after annealing at 100 °C in N 2 ambient. These physical properties were also confirmed by electrical conductivity (EC) of pentacene films. The electrical properties of OTFTs were improved with increasing the annealing temperature in general: Especially, mobility and on/off ratio of the OTFTs subjected to the 100 °C annealing process were 0.32 cm 2 /Vs and 10 6 , respectively, which were both improved at least one order of magnitude as compared to those measured from the samples without annealing.
Tumour regulation of fibroblast hyaluronan expression: a mechanism to facilitate tumour growth and invasion (2005)

Hyaluronan, a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan is associated with cellular proliferation and migration. In a number of different tumour types, there is a close correlation between tumour progression and hyaluronan production, either by the tumour cells or the surrounding stromal cells. We have examined the ability of an aggressive melanoma cell line (C8161) to stimulate the synthesis of fibroblast hyaluronan, and the association of cell-surface CD44 receptors and hyaluronan with invasion. Melanoma cell-conditioned medium (CM) prepared in low glucose medium (1 mg/ml) stimulated the synthesis of fibroblast glycosaminoglycan as measured by [3H] glucosamine incorporation, and the synthesis of hyaluronan as measured using a specific hyaluronan-binding plate assay, while tumour cell-CM prepared in high glucose medium (4.5 mg/ml) inhibited the synthesis of fibroblast glycosaminoglycan. High glucose tumour cell-CM contained large amounts of lactate that appeared to inhibit the tumour-derived factor stimulation of fibroblast glycosaminoglycan synthesis, as removal of the lactate restored the stimulating activity. Melanoma cells seeded on contracted collagen lattices and incubated at the air/liquid interface rapidly formed a multilayered cell mass on the surface, with significant invasion of the gel. Hyaluronan staining was apparent within the collagen gel, and strong staining was seen around the invading tumour cells, but not around those cell layers near the surface. CD44 expression on the tumour cells was confined to those invading cells and corresponded to cellular hyaluronan staining. Hyaluronan staining was also apparent around and between tumour cells invading fibroblast-free collagen lattices. Monolayer cultures of C8161 cells stained strongly for CD44, but few cells stained for hyaluronan, while no detectable hyaluronan was released into the medium. In summary, the C8161 melanoma cells stimulated the synthesis of fibroblast hyaluronan, and in collagen lattices, only the invasive tumour cells expressed CD44 and hyaluronan, either in the presence or absence of fibroblasts.
Pulmonary Lesion Assessment: Comparison of Whole-Body Hybrid MR/PET and PET/CT Imaging—Pilot Study (2012)

MR/PET imaging of the lung is feasible and provides diagnostic image quality in the assessment of pulmonary masses. Similar lesion characterization and tumor stage were found in comparing PET/CT and MR/PET images in most patients.
IMC-Denoise: a content aware denoising pipeline to enhance Imaging Mass Cytometry (2022)

ABSTRACT Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) is an emerging multiplexed imaging technology for analyzing complex microenvironments that has the ability to detect the spatial distribution of at least 40 cell markers. However, this new modality has unique image data processing requirements, particularly when applying this technology to patient tissue specimens. In these cases, signal-to-noise ratio for particular markers can be low despite optimization of staining conditions, and the presence of pixel intensity artifacts can deteriorate image quality and the subsequent performance of downstream analysis. Here we demonstrate an automated content-aware pipeline, IMC-Denoise, to restore IMC images. Specifically, we deploy a differential intensity map-based restoration (DIMR) algorithm for removing hot pixels and a self-supervised deep learning algorithm for filtering shot noise (DeepSNF). IMC-Denoise outperforms existing methods for adaptive hot pixel removal, and delivers significant image quality improvement and background noise removal to a diverse set of IMC channels and datasets. This includes a unique, technically challenging, human bone marrow IMC dataset; in which we achieve noise level reduction of 87% for a 5.6-fold higher contrast-to-noise ratio, and more accurate background noise removal with approximately two-fold improved F1 score. Our approach remarkably enhances both manual gating and automated phenotyping with cell-scale down-stream analysis on these complex data. We anticipate that IMC-Denoise will provide similar benefits in mass cytometry imaging domains to more deeply characterize the complex and diverse tissue microenvironment.