gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of backscatter coefficient estimation using highly focused transducers (2012)

Backscatter coefficients (BSCs) have been proposed for decades for tissue characterization. The availability of formulations based on weakly focusing conditions has resulted in a widespread use of large focal number (f/#) transducers for BSC estimation. The use of highly focused transducers (HFTs) offers the possibility of improving the spatial resolution of BSC based imaging. The model by Chen et al. [1] was developed for estimating BSCs using transducers of arbitrary f/#. However, to this date only preliminary experimental validation of this method has been performed. The goal of the present study is to analyze for the first time the accuracy of Chen's method when estimating BSC vs. frequency curves with HFTs through both simulations and experiments. In simulations, BSC estimates were obtained using synthetic data produced with FIELD II, thereby including frequencydependent diffraction effects, from a simulated phantom containing 41 μm diameter solid spheres. The bandwidths of the simulated transducers ranged from 6-21 MHz with f/#s between 1.5 and 3. In physical experiments, radio frequency (rf) data were obtained with 15 MHz, f/1.5 and 10 MHz, f/2 transducers from a physical phantom containing glass beads of 41+/-5 μm diameter. BSC estimates were produced using two methods: Chen's model (CM) and Chen's approximate model for weakly focusing conditions (CAM). Accuracy was quantified using the mean fractional error (MFE) between the estimated and theoretical BSC curves. BSCs were estimated using gate lengths (Δz) between 15λ and 30λ. In simulations, the MFE using the CAM ranged from 30.6%56.7%, 11.8%-32.3%, and 4.8%-9.3% for an f/1.5, f/2, and f/3 transducers, respectively. The MFEs were reduced to 8.5%9.3%, 7%-7.4%, and 3.9%-4.1%, respectively when using the CM. In experiments, the MFE using the CAM ranged from 22.6%-43.3% and 6%-20.7% with the f/1.5 and f/2 transducers, respectively. The MFEs were reduced to 13.2%-26.7% and 5.9%7.8% respectively when using the CM. These results suggest that significant improvements in the accuracy of BSC estimation with highly focused transducers can be achieved by using Chen's general model instead of weakly focused transducer formulations.
Electrical and mechanical responses of guinea‐pig bladder muscle to nerve stimulation (1989)

1 The electrical and mechanical responses to transmural stimulation of intrinsic nerves have been recorded from smooth muscle strips dissected from the dome of the guinea-pig bladder, by use of intracellular microelectrodes, and conventional tension recording techniques. 2 Stimulation of intrinsic nerves evoked action potentials in all cells studied. Hyperpolarization of the cells by extracellular current injection revealed subthreshold excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) in about a quarter of the cells studied. 3 Action potentials could still be evoked in the presence of atropine and neostigmine, but were abolished after desensitization of the cells to alpha, beta-methylene ATP, a stable analogue of ATP. 4 In the presence of neostigmine, the evoked action potential was followed by a slow depolarization of the membrane. The mechanical response increased in amplitude and duration. 5 The contractile response to transmural nerve stimulation was reduced but not abolished in the presence of either atropine or desensitizing doses of alpha, beta-methylene ATP. Atropine was more effective at high frequencies of stimulation (greater than or equal to 30 Hz), and alpha, beta-methylene ATP at low frequencies (less than or equal to 15 Hz). In combination the drugs abolished the response. 6 The results suggest that the mechanical response to excitatory nerve stimulation is biphasic. The early transient response is elicited by e.j.ps and evoked spikes, is resistant to atropine, but sensitive to desensitization of purinoceptors. The late response is mediated through muscarinic receptors, involves little membrane depolarization, and is unaffected by desensitization of purinoceptors. These responses are analogous to the responses seen in rabbit bladder, and in the sympathetically innervated rat tail artery and guinea-pig vas deferens.
Biophysical characterization of skin damage and recovery after exposure to different surfactants (1999)

The majority of adverse skin reactions to personal-care products are presumed to be caused by irritant substances, like surfactants. In this study, different aspects of the irritant reaction after a single exposure to 8 surfactants were characterized during 2 weeks. Solutions of 2% sodium lauryl sulfate, 5% sodium C12-15 pareth sulfate, 5% sodium cocoyl isethionate, 10% disodium laureth sulfosuccinate, 10% sodium cocoamphoacetate, 10% cocamide DEA, 10% cocamidopropyl betaine and 10% lauryl glucoside, respectively, were applied to the forearm of 12 volunteers. Clinical assessment, an evaporimeter, a laser Doppler flowmeter and a corneometer were used for evaluation. The surfactants induced different degrees of irritation. Erythema, transepidermal water loss and skin blood flow exhibited a similar time course, which seemed to be inversely related to the delayed scaling and reduced skin capacitance. The mechanism of the damaging effect of the surfactants seems to be similar, although some minor differences were noted.
Influence of nonlinear HPA on trellis-Coded OFDM for terrestrial broadcasting of digital HDTV (2002)

The paper investigates a system proposal for transmitting digital high-definition television (HDTV) signals over terrestrial UHF channels. The authors compare uncoded 16-QAM and trellis-coded 32-CROSS modulation in conjunction with an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) procedure. The simulations show the influence of the nonlinear distortions introduced by the high-power amplifier (HPA) of the transmitter. As HPA the authors consider a travelling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) and a solid state power amplifier (SSPA). The characteristics of the channel for HDTV in a single frequency network (SFN) is simulated using a time-invariant multipath model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Abnormal Phases in High W Content Nickel Base Superalloys and Phase Control (2004)

In this paper, the forming conditions and harmful effects of the abnormal phases such as M 6 C carbides, (W, Mo) and in a series of high W content K9, K20 and 601 alloys, which are suitable for forging die, have been studied. The abnormal phases precipitated from liquid belong to primary phases. The large blocky M 6 C formed in as-cast alloys, as the total amount of (W+Mo) and carbon content exceeded 18 wt% and 0.15 wt% respectively, while the carbon content less than 0.06 wt% promoted the formation of primary and phases. The addition of elements such as Co or Ru and the rapid solidification exhibited a decreased tendency to precipitate M 6 C carbides. The primary M 6 C carbide is the most stable phase among the three abnormal phases and is not removed until the full melting of alloy. Contrarily, the and are unstable phases and can transform to M 6 C carbides. The primary M 6 C carbides severely deteriorate the mechanical properties of the alloys, and the stress rupture life of the alloys at 1100 /118MPa decreased over 50%, as the volume fraction of primary M 6 C in alloys was higher than 1.5%. It was very difficult to avoid the formation of primary M 6 C for a heavy section forging die cast by this series alloys, therefore the compositional modification for these alloys was performed.
Relapsing Polychondritis: Systemic and Ocular Manifestations, Differential Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis (2011)

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease characterized by episodic inflammation of cartilaginous tissues throughout the body. It is distinguished by recurrent bouts of inflammation, which lead to the permanent destruction of the involved structures. It can be a life-threatening, debilitating, and frightening disease and is often difficult to diagnose in its early stages. Ocular manifestations have been reported to occur in up to 65% of cases and include proptosis, eyelid edema, extraocular muscles palsy, episcleritis, scleritis, conjunctivitis, corneal infiltrate, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, corneal thinning or perforation, iridocyclitis, cataract, retinopathy, exudative retinal detachment, and optic neuritis. Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment for RP; however, other treatment modalities include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, dapsone, and immunomodulatory drugs. This article reviews the literature and summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of the systemic and ocular manifestations of RP.
First steps towards tailoring fine and ultrafine iron particles using microemulsions (1993)

Iron particles with diameters of less than 100 nm are prepared using microemulsions, and their sizes are related to the size of the microdroplets in the microemulsions. A certain control over the magnetic behavior of the resulting materials is achieved through a process of fine tuning of the size of the particles. This control allows the modification of this behavior from superparamagnetism to ferromagnetism at a given temperature by acting on simple and easily modifiable parameters of the fabrication procedure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Factors affecting the dyeability of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acid (1996)

Improved dyeing properties of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids are produced by addition of reactive nitrogenous additives, such as alkanolamines and hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salts, to the treatment formulation. Both N ‐methylolamides and polycarboxylic acids are effective for crosslinking cotton and bonding reactive nitrogenous additives to the cellulosic substrate, but dyeing characteristics of the finished fabrics are very different. In this study, the influence of the reactive additives and dyebath pH on the colour yields of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids and then dyed with anionic dyes were determined. Emphasis is on the dyeing properties of cotton finished with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid or citric acid non‐formaldehyde crosslinking agents, and alkanolamine hydrochloride or hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salt additives.
DISTRIBUTED EXPERIMENTS IN DESIGN SCIENCES, A NEXT STEP IN DESIGN OBSERVATION STUDIES? (2015)

This paper describes and proposes a new method for conducting globally distributed design research. Instead of using e.g. a software we tried out a completely analogue approach: Five carefully prepared packages, containing all the necessary materials and instructions for a design challenge, were sent out to supervisors in Norway, Finland, Italy, and Australia. These local supervisors then conducted the egg-drop exercise with students that are part of an international course held at CERN. As the task is conducted according to a previously tested protocol, the results gathered with this new method can then be benchmarked with this available data. This new approach to globally conducted engineering design activities avoids local bias and enables for gathering large amounts of diverse data points. One can also think of a research community where every member can send out one experiment per year and, in return, receives data points from across the world.&#13;\nBased on the feedback from the supervisors we can say that from an organisational standpoint of view, this method works well. The comparison to the existing data has yet to be done.
Research on a Continuous Deep Belief Network for Feature Learning of Time Series Prediction (2019)

A continuous Deep Belief Network (cDBN) with two hidden layers is proposed in this paper, focusing on the problem of weak feature learning ability when dealing with continuous data. In cDBN, the input data is trained in an unsupervised way by using continuous version of transfer functions, the contrastive divergence is designed in hidden layer training process to raise convergence speed, an improved dropout strategy is then implemented in unsupervised training to realize features learning by de-cooperating between the units, and then the network is fine-tuned using back propagation algorithm. Finally, the experiments on CATS benchmark and waste water parameters forecasting show that cDBN has the advantage of higher accuracy, simpler structure and faster convergence speed than other methods.
Diffractive-refractive achromatic optical processor for white-light spatial filtering (1996)

White-light Fourier processing techniques allow to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, to use non-laser sources, and, of course, to deal with color input signals. Nevertheless, conventional optical processing operations performed with broadband illumination are severally limited due to the wavelength dependence of the diffraction phenomenon. In this way, the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the input transparency is chromatic dispersed, both axial and laterally and, furthermore, the insertion of spatial filters at the frequency plane produces additional chromatic effects at the output plane.
628. Studies on trifluoroacetic acid. Part I. Trifluoroacetic anhydride as a promoter of ester formation between hydroxy-compounds and carboxylic acids (1949)

E. J. Bourne, M. Stacey, J. C. Tatlow and J. M. Tedder, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 2976 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490002976
Chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA methylation—how does it all fit together? (2002)

DNA methylation is important in the control of gene transcription and chromatin structure. The complexities of this process are just beginning to be elucidated in relationship to other epigenetic mechanisms. Exciting new research in the areas of histone methylation and chromatin remodeling make it clear just how important the connections between these various mechanisms and DNA methylation are for the control of chromosome structure and gene expression. Emerging evidence suggests that chromatin remodeling enzymes and histone methylation are essential for proper DNA methylation patterns. Other histone modifications, such as acetylation and phosphorylation, in turn, affect histone methylation and histone methylation also appears to be highly reliant on chromatin remodeling enzymes. This review will summarize what is likely only the beginning of a flood of new information that will ultimately link all epigenetic modifications of the mammalian genome. A model will also be put forth to account for how chromatin modifications lead to genomic DNA methylation patterns.
ChemInform Abstract: Naturally Occurring 4‐Methylthiazolines. A Total Synthesis of (‐)‐(4R, 4S′)‐Didehydromirabazole A. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Utility of the Homo Diels—Alder Reaction in the Synthesis of Natural Product Skeletons: A Cycloaddition—Fragmentation—Cyclization Sequence to Diquinanes and Triquinanes. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Real-time breath ammonia measurement using a novel cuprous bromide sensor device in patients with chronic liver disease: a feasibility and pilot study (2020)

We developed a small portable sensor device using a p-type semiconductor cuprous bromide (CuBr) thin film to measure breath ammonia in real time with highsensitivity and selectivity. Breath ammonia is reportedly associated with chronic liver disease (CLD). We aimed to assess the practical utility of the novel CuBr sensor device for exhaled breath ammonia and the correlation between breath and blood ammonia in CLD patients. This was a feasibility and pilot clinical study of 21 CLD patients and 18 healthy volunteers. Breath ammonia was directly and quickly measured using the novel CuBr sensor device and compared with blood ammonia measured at the same time. CLD patients had significantly higher breath ammonia levels than healthy subjects (p = 1.51 × 10<sup>-3</sup>), with the level of significance being similar to that for blood ammonia levels (p= 0.024). Significant differences were found in breath and blood ammonia between the healthy and cirrhosis groups (p = 2.97 × 10<sup>-3</sup> and 3.76 × 10<sup>-3</sup>, respectively). Significant, positive correlations between breath and blood ammonia were noted in the CLD group (R = 0.747, p = 1.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup>), healthy/CLD group (R = 0.741, p = 6.75 × 10<sup>-8</sup>), and cirrhosis group (R = 0.744, p = 9.52 × 10<sup>-4</sup>). In conclusion, the newly developed, easy-to-use, and small portable CuBr sensor device was able to non-invasively measure breath ammonia in real time. Breath ammonia measured using the device was correlated with blood ammonia and the presence of liver cirrhosis, and might be an alternative surrogate biomarker to blood ammonia.
Catalytic conversion of canola oil to fuels and chemical feedstocks: Part II Effect of co‐feeding steam on the performance of HZSM‐5 catalyst (1986)

Abstract Ca lola oil and steam were co‐fed continuously to a 15.5 mm i.d. fixed‐bed reactor loaded with HZSM‐5 catalyst at varying process conditions. The liquid hydrocarbon product contained 60–70 wt% aromatics. The gas product was highly olefinic, while for canola oil alone it was mostly paraffinic. The C 2 ‐C 5 olefin selectivity increased with an increase in the steam/canola oil ratio in the feed. In addition, co‐feeding with steam resulted in a two‐fold increase in the catalyst life. Though the exact role of steam in altering the chemistry of the reaction is not known, it is probable that the rates of olefin formation and aromatization reactions are affected by the presence of steam. The product pattern suggests the possibility of propene being the initial olefin in the reaction scheme.
Insulin resistance aggravates atherosclerosis by reducing vascular smooth muscle cell survival and increasing CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis (2014)

IR increases plaque vulnerability by augmenting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis, which is mechanistically linked to reduced VSMC survival. Thus, modulation of IRS2-dependent signalling emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy to promote VSMC survival and atheroma plaque stability and to reduce inflammatory mediators in IR-MetS.
Control and protection scheme of HVDC system with self-commutated converter in system fault conditions (2000)

For extending self-commutated converter application to future trunk power systems, it is important to develop a stable operation scheme as well as to realize substantial cost reduction through coordinated system and control design. Suppression controls of converter overcurrent and dc overvoltage in various system fault conditions are essential in order to ensure stable operation and cost reduction of HVDC systems with voltage source type self-commutated converters. Converter control and protection schemes which include such suppression controls have been developed, employing CRIEPI's ac/dc Power System Simulator test and EMTP analysis. This paper first discusses the cause of converter overcurrent at ac system faults, considering the effect of PWM pulse number and converter control speed. Continued operation has been achieved by adding a new overcurrent suppression scheme to the converter control. In the case of a dc line grounding fault, the selection of the grounding circuit constant and the adoption of a high-speed converter control practically ensure the reduction of dc overvoltage while suppressing converter overcurrent. The converter block and restart sequence after a dc fault, which is coordinated with dc circuit breaker operation, enables stable recovery of HVDC transmission as fast as the usual line-commutated HVDC system. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(2): 6–18, 2000
Application of novel solid phase extraction-NMR protocols for metabolic profiling of human urine (2019)

Metabolite identification and annotation procedures are necessary for the discovery of biomarkers indicative of phenotypes or disease states, but these processes can be bottlenecked by the sheer complexity of biofluids containing thousands of different compounds. Here we describe low-cost novel SPE-NMR protocols utilising different cartridges and conditions, on both natural and artificial urine mixtures, which produce unique retention profiles useful for metabolic profiling. We find that different SPE methods applied to biofluids such as urine can be used to selectively retain metabolites based on compound taxonomy or other key functional groups, reducing peak overlap through concentration and fractionation of unknowns and hence promising greater control over the metabolite annotation/identification process.
A new approach to the design of reinforcement schemes for learning automata (1985)

A new class of reinforcement schemes for learning automata that makes use of estimates of the random characteristics of the environment is introduced. Both a single automaton and a hierarchy of learning automata are considered. It is shown that under small values for the parameters, these algorithms converge in probability to the optimal choice of actions. By simulation it is observed that, for both cases, these algorithms converge quite rapidly. Finally, the generality of this method of designing learning schemes is pointed out, and it is shown that a very minor modification will enable the algorithm to learn in a multiteacher environment as well.
Supplementary Table S1, S2, Supplementary Figure S1 from FDA Approval Summary: Tisagenlecleucel for Treatment of Patients with Relapsed or Refractory B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S1, S2, Supplementary Figure S1&lt;/p&gt;
A Highly Lewis Acidic Strontium ansa‐Arene Complex for Lewis Acid Catalysis and Isobutylene Polymerization (2020)

The potential of a dicationic strontium ansa-arene complex for Lewis acid catalysis has been explored. The key to its synthesis was a simple salt metathesis from SrI<sub>2</sub> and 2 Ag[Al(OR<sup>F</sup> )<sub>4</sub> ], giving the base-free strontium-perfluoroalkoxyaluminate Sr[Al(OR<sup>F</sup> )<sub>4</sub> ]<sub>2</sub> (OR<sup>F</sup> =OC(CF<sub>3</sub> )<sub>3</sub> ). Addition of an ansa-arene yielded the highly Lewis acidic, dicationic strontium ansa-arene complex. In preliminary experiments, the complex was successfully applied as a catalyst in CO<sub>2</sub> -reduction to CH<sub>4</sub> and a surprisingly controlled isobutylene polymerization reaction.