gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
62×42.7 Gbit/s (2.5 Tbit/s) WDM signal transmission over 2200 km with broadband distributed Raman amplification (2002)

Transmission of 62 electrically time-division multiplexed 42.7 Gbit/s channels over 2200 km using in-line distributed Raman amplification is described. It is verified that bidirectional-pumped distributed Raman amplification, which is suitable for broadband amplification, enables 40 Gbit/s wavelength-division multiplexed signals to be transmitted within the C- and L-bands.
An approach for the yield enhancement of programmable gate arrays (2003)

Programmable gate arrays (PGAs) offer a convenient means of prototyping complex logic. An approach is presented for enhancing the yield of PGAs through defect tolerance. This serves two purposes: to make the product economical, as well as to help reduce the turnaround time. The approach is based on using programmable interconnect to test the logic in the PGA and to use adaptive customization to avoid the defective portions. The ideas are illustrated through the use of a novel PGA architecture. Heuristics for adaptive customization of the PGAs are given and their effectiveness is studied through yield analysis. The results of the study for a sample circuit are included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Insight and Self-awareness in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (2014)

Objectives: Self awareness is progressively vanishing in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, while insight of amnesia seemingly stays longer than self awareness. It is clinically informative to prove that the residual learning ability of the patients exists, though defective, to help construct a better individualized rehabilitative strategy. Methods: Eighty-one patients (M:F=28:53), aged 59~102, with AD dementia were divided into four groups by mini-mental status examination (MMSE) scores (early: ＞/=21, n=16; mild: 16-20, n= 19; moderate: 11-15, n=30; severe: ＜/=10, n=16). Each group was tested for 1) self awareness by asking each individual name, age, birthday and children number, 2) visual confrontation naming of 3 presented objects, namely pencil, comb, and key, and 3) insight of amnesia by asking whether or not they have memory problems. Only completing right answers to all items in each test was counted as correct response (CR). Numbers of CR in each test were collected for analysis. Results: A concordant trend was noted between the severity of AD and test results. In mild and moderate AD patients whose self awareness were vanishing (CR=42%→0%), the insight of amnesia remained to a significant degree (CR=84%→60%). In early AD, four patients denied memory problems. The test result of confrontation naming was closer to that of insight of amnesia in mild and moderate AD patients, as compared to that of self awareness. Conclusions: While self awareness is vanishing in mild and moderate AD patients, their insight of amnesia remained to a significant degree, suggesting a learning effect. The learned insight of amnesia, through daily interaction, stays longer and stronger than self awareness in mild to severe AD patients. The four patients in their early AD denying memory problems did not learn from environmental feedbacks. The closer test results of insight of amnesia with confrontation naming in mild and moderate AD patients suggest a cortical language learning process. The potential of learning in AD patients sheds guiding light on rehabilitative strategy in mild and moderate AD.
Development of the Ice Slush Refrigerator for Cardiovascular Surgery (1994)

The preparation of sterile surgical ice slush from Ringer's solution just in time for cardiovascular procedures has recently become an important topic for discussion. Circulation nurses frequently have to spend time making ice slush by shattering frozen Ringer's solution with a hammer and then shaving the pieces with an ice cutter in the operating room. This method has proved to be both labor and time consuming for circulation nurses. To better utilize nursing time, we felt that there was a need for a new product which incorporates an automated sterile ice slush maker composed of a refrigerating unit and a shaker. During development of the machine we tried to determine the optimum chilling temperatures, time and shaking frequency required to produce the soft ice slush with this particular device. The results of our examinations are as follows : 1. The optimum temperature for making ice slush is -8℃ or less. The time required is approximately 3 or 4 hours. 2. In order to keep the soft ice slush from freezing, continuous shaking at the rate of 75 times per minute is required. 3. A temperature of -2℃ is required for the long term preservation of ice slush.As a result of our research, the sterile ice slush refrigerator was developed in 1993 to reduce the amount of work required for making ice slush. This device has been well received by all of the circulation nurses at our operation center, and is seeing good results. We have experienced very few problems with the device and it has been very easy to train our staffs in its use.
Alteration of Gene Expression in Normal-Appearing Colon Mucosa of APC min Mice and Human Cancer Patients (2004)

The expression of many genes is altered in colon cancer, but the roles of these genes in carcinogenesis are unclear. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that several genes previously implicated in human colon cancer undergo altered expression in the APC(min) mouse adenomatous polyp, a precursor of cancer, as well as in normal-appearing surrounding mucosa. The five genes that were most highly up-regulated in mouse polyp were also significantly up-regulated in polyp-free colon mucosa. Similar changes occurred in morphologically normal mucosa of surgical sections taken from human cancer patients, frequently extending to the margins. Thus, morphologically normal colon mucosa in APC(min) mice and in human cancer patients is not metabolically normal. Altered gene expression in this tissue does not appear to result from a field effect because there was no correlation between extent of altered regulation and distance from polyp or tumor. Our data suggest that alterations of expression levels of these genes may be an early event in carcinogenesis and a marker of risk for the development of colon cancer.
P3‐239: PLASMA LEPTIN, ADIPONECTIN AND THE LEPTIN:ADIPONECTIN RATIO IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL SUBJECTS WITH PRECLINICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (2018)

Accumulating evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that body weight and systemic metabolic deficits can occur before the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Ishii, M. and Iadecola C., Cell Metabolism 22:761,2015). Our studies using mouse models found that amyloid-beta pathology can cause hypothalamic dysfunction that was associated with low body adiposity and low plasma leptin levels prior to significant cognitive decline or plaque formation (Ishii, M. et al., J Neuroscience 34:9096,2014). However, it has not been established if adipocyte hormones are similarly altered in humans with preclinical AD. In this cross-sectional study, community dwelling cognitively normal male subjects from the Healthy Aging & Senile Dementia and Adult Children Study (Missouri, USA) with body mass index <30 were classified as preclinical AD (n=20) or biomarker negative controls (n=45) using previously established CSF criteria (Vos, S. et al., Lancet Neurology 12:957,2013). Plasma levels of leptin, total adiponectin, and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Since decreasing adiposity correlates with decreasing plasma leptin levels and increasing plasma adiponectin levels (Ishii, M. and Iadecola C., Biochmica et Biophysica Acta Molecular Basis of Disease 1862:966,2016), the leptin:adiponectin ratio was used as an index of adiposity. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine correlations between plasma adipocyte hormones (levels and ratios) and preclinical AD status, adjusting for age. Mean plasma leptin levels were significantly lower in preclinical AD subjects compared to controls and were significantly associated with preclinical AD status (p=0.005). Conversely, compared to control subjects, mean plasma levels of total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin were both significantly higher in preclinical AD subjects, but neither total nor HMW adiponectin levels were associated with preclinical AD status (p>0.05). Finally, the mean leptin:adiponectin ratio was significantly lower in preclinical AD subjects compared to controls and was significantly associated with preclinical AD status (p=0.033). Although these findings need verification in additional cohorts, our studies suggest that early AD pathology can cause alterations in adipocyte hormones related to body weight and metabolism. Future longitudinal studies will help determine the diagnostic and prognostic utility of these measures. Funding: BrightFocus Foundation (MI), AG051179 (MI), NS37853 (CI).
Range-image-based calculation of three-dimensional convex object moments (1993)

In the paper, a novel method is proposed to calculate three-dimensional (3-D) moments. First, a discrete Gaussian theorem is proposed to convert the summation in a 3-D volume domain to that on a 2-D plane region, which decreases computational complexity from O(N/sup 3/) to O(N/sup 2/). Second, a Pascal triangle transform, a Pascal triangle matrix, and a systolic structure are proposed to calculate the monomials on a 3-D object boundary surface, which simplifies the monomial calculation. Third, a range-image measurement system is used to implement the new method. Finally, a comparison of the authors' method with the known ones is provided, showing that the authors' method is much simpler.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Differentially pre-compensated GHz-range low-voltage track-and-hold (2003)

A novel architecture for differential pre-compensated open-loop switched source follower track-and-hold (T/H) has been developed for high-speed and low-voltage wireless applications. The performance is verified by Spectre-Cadence-4.4.6 simulations on advanced 0.13 µm CMOS process of Texas Instruments. The circuit needs only 1.2 mW from 1.5 V power supply for sampling with 2.2 GS/s an RF-signal of 400 MHz.
Low-stress soldering technique used to assemble an optical system for aerospace missions (2017)

A high-precision opto-mechanical breadboard for a lens mount has been assembled by means of a laserbased soldering process called Solderjet Bumping; which thanks to its localized and minimized input of thermal energy, is well suited for the joining of optical components made of fragile and brittle materials such as glasses. An optical element made of a silica lens and a titanium barrel has been studied to replicate the lens mounts of the afocal beam expander used in the LIDAR instrument (ATLID) of the ESA EarthCare Mission, whose aim is to monitor molecular and particle-based back-scattering in order to analyze atmosphere composition. Finally, a beam expander optical element breadboard with a silica lens and a titanium barrel was assembled using the Solderjet Bumping technology with Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5 SAC305 alloy resulting in a low residual stress (&lt;1 MPa) on the joining areas, a low light-depolarization (&lt;0.2 %) and low distortion (wave-front error measurement &lt; 5 nm rms) on the assemblies. The devices also successfully passed humidity, thermal-vacuum, vibration, and shock tests with conditions similar to the ones expected for the ESA EarthCare mission and without altering their optical performances.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF WATER QUANTITY MODEL IN NAN WATERSHED THAILAND (2004)

Nedbor-Afstromnings- model (NAM) is a conceptual, lumped, and deterministic rainfall-runoff model. This model was developed to assess the variation of surface and sub-surface water resource in Nan watershed, Thailand. Various meteorological data (precipitation, soil type, watershed characteristics, vegetation type etc.) were collected during the period of 1987 to 1992. The model was calibrated with three years (1987-1990) of daily precipitation and validated with two years data sets. The coefficient of determination (R2) obtained from calibration was 0.70 and the corresponding R2 value obtained from validation was 0.63. High R2 value implied that the model has potential to accurately simulate the variation of surface and sub-surface water resource in medium scale rural basins.
Copper Damascene Interconnection with Tungsten Silicon Nitride Diffusion Barrier Formed by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Nitridation (1999)

This paper describes the application of tungsten silicon nitride (WSiN) formed by electron cyclotron nitridation (ECR) plasma nitridation as a diffusion barrier for copper (Cu) damascene interconnection. WSiN(6 nm)/WSi x (14 nm) multi-layer prevents Cu diffusion well when WSiN is formed with RF bias application to the substrate. The RF power increases the nitrogen concentration of the WSiN and enhances its amorphousness, which lead to the improved barrier capability. WSiN can be formed inside the trench, and the WSiN on the trench side walls prevents Cu diffusion. The use of this extremely thin barrier metal suppresses the increase of interconnection resistivity.
A reduced-turbulence regime in the Large Helical Device upon injection of low-Z materials powders (2023)

Abstract Recently an improved confinement regime, characterized by reduced turbulent fluctuations has been observed in the Large Helical Device upon the injection of boron powder into the plasma (Nespoli et al 2022 Nat. Phys. 18 350–56). In this article, we report in more detail the experimental observations of increased plasma temperature and the decrease of turbulent fluctuations across the plasma cross section, on an extended database. In particular, we compare powders of different materials (B, C, BN), finding similar temperature improvement and turbulence response for the three cases. Modeling of the powder penetration into the plasma and of neoclassical electric field and fluxes support the interpretation of the experimental results. Additionally, we report evidence of the temperature improvement increasing with powder injection rates and decreasing for both increasing density and heating power. Though, plasma turbulence response varies depending on the initial conditions of the plasma, making it difficult to draw an inclusive description of the phenomenon.
A Sensitivity Model for Multi-Pinhole SPECT (2006)

Multi-pinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has seen increasing use in small animal imaging, often with overlapping projections in order to improve the count sensitivity. Accurate image reconstruction requires knowledge of the pinhole sensitivity, which depends on source-to-pinhole distance, effective aperture diameter, keel length, and angle of incidence relative to the pinhole normal direction. A model is presented that accounts for these factors as a function of a set of pinhole-specific parameters (effective aperture diameter, normal direction vector, etc.). The model parameters are estimated by least squares analysis of point source data from a single tomographic acquisition. This method was applied to data acquired with a fourteen-pinhole small animal SPECT scanner with overlapping projections. The parameter estimation algorithm converged to a stable solution, and the count values predicted by the pinhole sensitivity model were generally within 10% of the measured count values. The estimated pinhole-specific parameters were of sufficient precision to detect subtle and otherwise unknown manufacturing differences between two batches of pinhole apertures. In reconstructed images, use of the measured parameters led to a noticeable reduction of artifacts and improvement of image quality. Overall, this method of characterizing pinhole sensitivity is robust and practical for multi-pinhole SPECT scanners.
Sizing an Electrical Submersible Pump in a Solution-Gas-Drive Horizontal Well (1992)

ABSTRACT A model has been developed to optimize sizing the staging and brake horsepower requirements for an electrical sub-mersible pump (ESP) in a solution-gas-drive horizontal well. Three components are examined by the model, reservoir in-flow performance, casing and tubing outflow performance, and pump performance. Since severe gas slugging has been a characteristic of many horizontal wells, the gas slugging potential is monitored during the pressure traverse from where the fluid flows into the wellbore to the pump set depth. Flexibility for handling the gas at the pump intake has been included. The model can take into account the gas removed by a gas separator and the gas produced up the annulus. Actual data provided from norizontal wells producing with electrical submersible pumps has been used to verify the model's relative accuracy in sizing.
Managing risk in multi-node automation of endpoint management (2014)

Endpoint management, including patching, health checking, configuration etc., is a key function for data center and cloud management. Managing multiple nodes through automation tools or scripts significantly increases efficiency. However, the risks of adverse impact due to excessive privilege or human error may propagate to a large pool of endpoints and lead to massive service disruptions and SLA (Service Level Agreement) violations. In this paper, we present a system that proactively and systematically manages the risk throughout the lifecycle phases of automation. We present a prototype implementation consisting of an authorization mechanism that guarantees the right level of eligibility and privilege of accessing the automation content (during the deployment stage), and an execution validator that controls the risk of human error which may cause massive damage to the infrastructure (during execution of the automation content). Our current implementation has been deployed to more than a dozen customer environments and achieved an efficiency gain of 58% with high execution accuracy.
Metanicotine: A nicotinic agonist with central nervous system selectivity?in vitro and in vivo characterization (1996)

A growing body of evidence suggests that disruption of nicotinic cholinergic systems may be an important factor in the etiology of a number of different diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, to ulcerative colitis. The mechanistic basis for such diverse nicotinic effects is likely to lie in the ever growing number of potential receptor subtypes. Therefore, the development of receptor subtype-selective probes is essential to understand the emerging complexity of nicotinic cholinergic systems and the mechanisms underlying diseases that may involve these systems. Toward this end, we have evaluated the nicotinic agonist metanicotine, (E)-N-methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine, using the following in vitro and in vivo methods: 1) receptor binding and up-regulation, 2) neurotransmitter release and ion flux in synaptosomes/cells, 3) in vivo microdialysis in rats, 4) reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia in a step-through passive-avoidance paradigm, 5) water maze performance in mice, 6) radial-arm maze performance in brain-lesioned rats, 7) changes in heart rate and blood pressure, and 8) physiological depression of body temperature, locomotor activity, acoustic startle, and respiration rate. Our in vitro results indicate that metanicotine binds with high affinity to the major receptor subtype in brain (α4β2), evokes dopamine release from striatal synaptosomes and Rb+ efflux from thalamic synaptosomes, but does not activate ganglionic, muscle, or other peripheral type nicotinic receptors. These results suggest that metanicotine is selective for α4-containing central nervous system (CNS) nicotinic receptors and has reduced selectivity for peripheral nervous system (PNS) receptor subtypes. These conclusions are further supported by in vivo studies with metanicotine showing enhanced cognitive effects and significantly lower peripheral effects. Our in vivo results indicate that metanicotine increases the release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in cortex and is equal to or better than nicotine on measures of cognitive enhancement. By comparison, metanicotine is significantly less potent than nicotine in increasing heart rate and blood pressure and in causing physiological depression. These results are consistent with in vitro data indicating metanicotine's CNS receptor selectivity, and they suggest that this ligand may be a suitable tool for probing the relationships that underlie the complex central and peripheral pharmacology of nicotinic cholinergic systems. Furthermore, metanicotine may be a good lead candidate for developing nicotinic agonists as CNS therapeutics with reduced peripheral side effects. Drug Dev. Res. 38:169–176 © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Harmonic Synthesizer for Demonstrating and Studying Complex Wave Forms (1944)

A harmonic synthesizer is described which will combine any seven sinoidal electric oscillations in the frequency range 50-20,000 cyc./sec. and allow separate control of the amplitude and phase of each component. It is designed for the purpose of demonstration, but is readily adaptable to quantitative measurement. It may be used to study many types of combined oscillations and is specially suitable for demonstrating the combination of a fundamental and a number of harmonics to form a non-sinoidal oscillation, and showing the dependence of the resulting wave-form on the relative amplitudes and phases of the components. The synthesizer may also be used for harmonic analysis of a given oscillation. A method for detecting small amounts of distortion (of the order of 1 per cent) is discussed.
Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanocrystal Ink and Its Use for Solar Cells (2009)

Cu(2)ZnSnS(4) (CZTS) and Cu(2)ZnSnSe(4) (CZTSe) based solar cells are promising candidates for low cost solar cells due to the natural abundance and low toxicity of the constituent elements. Here, we present the first reported synthesis of colloidal CZTS nanocrystals using a simple solution-phase method. Solar cells fabricated using selenized CZTS nanocrystal inks had a power conversion efficiency of 0.74% under AM1.5G illumination.
An oxidative rearrangement of t-butyl (3RS,5SR)-2-ethoxycarbonylcarbapen-1-em-3-carboxylate to t-butyl (1RS,5SR,7RS,8SR)-8-ethoxycarbonyl-8-hydroxy-3-oxo-2-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-7-carboxylate (1989)

The title reaction [(1a)→(10a)] is induced by the action of osmium(VIII) oxide. Presumably, the diol (12), formed by the addition of the elements of hydrogen peroxide to the endo-face of the 1,2-double bond of the precursor (1a), is an intermediate in the reorganisation. The rearrangement product is shown to possess structure (10a)[rather than (11a) as proposed in the preliminary communication of this work] by X-ray crystallography. Compound (10a) undergoes dehydrogenation in the presence of lead(IV) acetate or chromium(VI) oxide to give t-butyl (1RS,5SR,8SR)-8-ethoxycarbonyl-8-hydroxy-3-oxo-2-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxylate (13a). Unusual results are encountered when compound (10a) is subjected to methylsulphonylation conditions. Thus, with methanesulphonyl chloride and triethylamine in dichloromethane, it reacts to give the O-methanesulphonate (10d) as the major product and (depending upon the experimental conditions) either the N-methylsulphonylmethylsulphonyl-O-methylsulphonyl derivative (10f) or the N-methylsulphonylmethylsulphonyl derivative (10h). The last-cited compound is the major product when the oxazabicyclo-octane (10a) is added to an ‘aged’ mixture of methanesulphonyl chloride and triethylamine in acetonitrile. In the presence of methanesulphonyl chloride in pyridine, compound (10a) is transformed into the N-methylsulphonyl derivative (10c). A study of the 300 MHz 1H n.m.r. spectra of oxazabicyclo-octanes of type (10) and oxazabicyclo-octenes of type (13) reveals some unexpected downfield shifts of the 1-hydrogen atoms as a consequence of O-substitution.