gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ligand Effects on the Diastereoselectivities of Samarium Diiodide Promoted Pinacol Coupling (1999)

The samarium diiodide pinacol coupling of benzaldehyde and cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde in the presence of a variety of polyethylene glycols, including derivatives containing carbohydrates has been studied. Whereas such complexing agents allow for the formation of 1,2-diols, in the case of benzaldehyde the erythro-isomer predominates with diastereoselectivities of up to 7:1, while with cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde a stereoselectivity of up to 10:1 was observed but in favor of the threo-isomer. This divergence in the stereoselectivity of these two aldehydes suggests the presence of two different mechanisms occurring in these pinacol coupling reactions.
Electrochemical Investigation of Spherical Hard Carbon Negative Electrodes for Sodium Secondary Batteries (2022)

Hard carbon (HC) is receiving widespread attention as a negative electrode material for sodium secondary batteries. In this study, spherical HC with three different diameters (1 µm, 1.5 µm, and 5 µm) are investigated using ionic liquid (IL) and organic electrolytes. The HC with a diameter of 5 µm demonstrated the best performance with IL at 90 °C (capacities of 327 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 and 77 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1 and initial Coulombic efficiency of 78.9 %). The HCs showed stable cycling in ILs as compared to the organic electrolytes in the first few cycles.
Layer-by-layer deposition of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals for integration of infrared photon-detectors on 3D topography (2011)

This paper presents photosensitive colloidal nanocrystal films for the integration of photon-detectors on 3D topography surfaces. Silicon wafers with anisotropically etched cavities are used as substrates, and gold electrodes are patterned across the 3D surface. A layer-by-layer dip-coating method is used to deposit semi-conductive PbSe colloidal nanocrystals from solution, in order to form infrared photon-detectors on the tapered surfaces. An integrated device capable of detecting the angle of the incoming infrared illumination is implemented to demonstrate the potential of this technology.
Fulminant Clostridium difficile Colitis (2009)

Despite awareness and treatment, fulminant C difficile colitis remains a highly lethal disease. Reliable predictors of mortality exist and should be used to prompt aggressive surgical intervention. Survival rates are higher in patients who were cared for by surgical vs nonsurgical departments, possibly because of more frequent and earlier operations.
Effect of Elevated Piston Temperature on Combustion Chamber Deposit Growth (1994)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of elevated piston temperature on deposit growth patterns in a spark-ignition (SI) engine. A series of thermocouple-instrumented, insulated piston designs was developed for controlling and in-situ monitoring of deposit growth on the piston surface. Upon stabilization of deposit growth, a physical and chemical analysis of deposits from different locations was conducted. It was shown that localized deposit growth correlated strongly with rates of change of temperature at the same locations. At the end of an accelerated 18-hour test schedule using a premium unleaded fuel without reformer bottoms, a 4 μm reduction in average deposit thickness was achieved by elevating the piston surface temperature from 215 °C to 264 °C. No measurable deposit growth was obtained when operating with a critical wall surface temperature of 320 °C and the base unleaded fuel. However, addition of reformer bottoms to the base unleaded fuel altered deposit properties and growth patterns. Elevating wall temperature was also shown to increase the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio in the composition of deposits.&lt;/div&gt;
InP and GaAs components for 40 Gbps applications (2002)

We have developed a number of products for 40 Gbps applications, including GaAs and InP HEMT modulator drivers, InP-based monolithically integrated PIN-TIA circuits, InP double heterojunction HBT TIAs, and high responsivity dual-absorption PIN diodes. A number of other products are currently in development, including a number of InP DHBT digital circuits.
A Survey of Mobile Agent Systems (2000)

As the Internet constantly expands, the amount of available on-line information expands as well [3]. The issue of how to efficiently find, gather, and retrieve this information has led to the research and development of systems and tools that attempt to provide a solution to this problem. These systems and tools are based on the use of mobile agents. Mobile agents are processes (i.e., executing programs) that can migrate from one machine of a system to another
Detection of Capacitor Degradation in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$LC$</tex-math></inline-formula> Filters for AC Drives (2015)

Adjustable-speed drives with regenerative pulsewidth modulation rectifiers-both voltage source rectifiers and current source rectifiers-have LC filters on their input to attenuate the high-frequency components of current and achieve reduced levels of total harmonic distortion. The capacitors used in these filters are predominantly of the metalized film construction and are prone to catastrophic failure. In this paper, a method is proposed for the detection of capacitor degradation and location of the faulted phase. The method uses measurements of voltages and currents-which may already be available for control purposes, for line synchronization and active damping-to detect impedance asymmetry and is impervious to input voltage unbalance.
Tailoring T fh Profiles Enhances Antibody Persistence to a Clade C HIV-1 Vaccine in Rhesus Macaques (2023)

CD4 T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are essential for establishing serological memory and have distinct helper attributes that impact both the quantity and quality of the antibody response. Insights into Tfh subsets that promote antibody persistence and functional capacity can critically inform vaccine design. Based on the Tfh profiles evoked by the live attenuated measles virus vaccine, renowned for its ability to establish durable humoral immunity, we investigated the potential of a Tfh1/17 recall response during the boost phase to enhance persistence of HIV-1 Envelope (Env) antibodies in rhesus macaques. Using a DNA-prime encoding gp160 antigen and Tfh polarizing cytokines (interferon protein-10 (IP-10) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)), followed by a gp140 protein boost formulated in a cationic liposome-based adjuvant (CAF01), we successfully generated germinal center (GC) Tfh1/17 cells. In contrast, a similar DNA-prime (including IP-10) followed by gp140 formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA)+QS-21 adjuvant predominantly induced GC Tfh1 cells. While the generation of GC Tfh1/17 cells with CAF01 and GC Tfh1 cells with MPLA+QS-21 induced comparable peak Env antibodies, the latter group demonstrated significantly greater antibody concentrations at week 8 after final immunization which persisted up to 30 weeks (gp140 IgG ng/ml- MPLA; 5500; CAF01, 2155; p <0.05). Notably, interferon γ+ Env-specific Tfh responses were consistently higher with gp140 in MPLA+QS-21 and positively correlated with Env antibody persistence. These findings suggest that vaccine platforms maximizing GC Tfh1 induction promote persistent Env antibodies, important for protective immunity against HIV.
Communication delays in connections of input/output discrete event processes (2005)

An input/output interpretation of supervision of discrete event systems is proposed. New concepts must be introduced in order to describe the behavior of the closed-loop system of a plant and supervisor subject to communication delays. The class of supervisors allowed under delays for the general case and for additional assumptions on the plant language are characterized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active Carotenoids: A Review (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Improving gate-level simulation accuracy when unknowns exist (2012)

Unknown values (Xs) may exist in a design due to uninitialized registers or blocks that are powered down. Due to X-pessimism in gate-level logic simulation, such Xs cannot be handled correctly, producing false Xs that result in inaccurate simulation values. To improve gate-level simulation accuracy when Xs exist, we first trace the fan-in cone of Xs to check whether they are real. For the Xs that are not real, we extract small sub-circuits responsible for creating the false Xs. We then generate auxiliary code to repair gate-level simulation by replacing the Xs with the correct values. Our experimental results on commercial designs show that the proposed methods are both effective and efficient.
Future large-aperture UVOIR space observatory: reference designs (2016)

Our joint NASA GSFC/JPL/MSFC and STScI study team has used community-developed science goals to derive mission needs, design parameters, notional instruments, and candidate mission architectures for a future large-aperture, noncryogenic UVOIR space observatory. We describe the feasibility assessment of system dynamic stability that supports coronagraphy. The observatory is in a Sun–Earth L2 orbit, which provides a stable thermal environment and excellent field of regard. Reference designs include a 36-segment 9.2-m aperture telescope that stows within a 5-m diameter launch vehicle fairing. This paper presents results from the latest cycle of integrated modeling through January 2016. The latest findings support the feasibility of secondary mirror support struts with a thickness on the order of an inch. Thin struts were found not to have a significant negative effect on wavefront error stability. Struts with a width as small as 1 in. may benefit some coronagraph designs by allowing more optical throughput.
Epoxide-Mediated CifR Repression of cif Gene Expression Utilizes Two Binding Sites in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2012)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes an epoxide hydrolase virulence factor that reduces the apical membrane expression of ABC transporters such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This virulence factor, named CFTR inhibitory factor (Cif), is regulated by a TetR-family, epoxide-responsive repressor known as CifR via direct binding and repression. We identified two sites of CifR binding in the intergenic space between cifR and morB, the first gene in the operon containing the cif gene. We have mapped these binding sites and found they are 27 bp in length, and they overlap the -10 and +1 sites of both the cifR and morB regulatory region and the start of transcription, respectively. In addition, we found that CifR binds to each repression site with differing affinity. Mutagenesis of these binding sites resulted in a loss of DNA binding in vitro, and mutation of one of these sites in vivo resulted in an increase in transcription of both the cif and cifR genes. We characterized cif and cifR gene expression in sputum and found that, whereas cif gene expression varied relative to an in vitro coculture control, cifR gene expression was consistently higher. Analysis of a longitudinal sample of CF isolates from nine patients revealed that Cif protein was expressed over time, although variably, and these changes could not be linked to mutations in the cifR gene or the promoters of these genes. Finally, we tested CifR responsiveness to other epoxides and showed that CifR can respond to multiple epoxides to various degrees.
Nonlinear Control System of PID Neural Network Based on Artificia Fish Swarm Algorithm (2012)

The control problem of the air-cushioned headbox in papermaking process was studied.The system of air-cushioned headbox is an usual nonlinear system in industrial processes,which is of the the nonlinearity and serious coupling.The air-cushioned headbox demands good dynamic quality and high control precision.In this paper,the PID neural network controler based on the artificia fish swarm algorithm(AFSA) was used in the control system.The AFSA can overcome the shortcomings of the PID neural network training with BP algorithm,such as,the initial weight value is hard to be decided and the training is easily fall in the local minimum.The simulation of the nonlinear control system was presented with MATLAB,and the result shows that the PID neural network based on AFSA is better than the BP algorithm in rapidity,stability and accuracy.It makes the air-cushioned headbox better in control performances and effect.
Implicit Complexity over an Arbitrary Structure: Sequential and Parallel (2005)

We provide several machine-independent characterizations of deterministic complexity classes in the model of computation proposed by L. Blum, M. Shub and S. Smale. We provide a characterization of partial recursive functions over any arbitrary structure. We show that polynomial time over an arbitrary structure can be characterized in terms of safe recursion. We show that polynomial parallel time over an arbitrary structure can be characterized in terms of safe recursion with substitutions.
Consistency in penalties for failure to notify : competition law (2008)

Recently, the Competition Tribunal refused to confirm a settlement agreement entered into between the Competition Commission, Netcare and Community Hospital Group (CHG) for, inter alia, the failure by Netcare and CHG to obtain the approval of the competition authorities prior to implementation of a merger between them. This has given rise to some debate as to whether or not the approach adopted by the competition authorities in relation to pre-implementation of mergers has been consistent.
Binding of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins to a mitochondrial ribosomal precursor RNA containing a 2.3-kilobase intron. (1979)

In Neurospora, the gene encoding the mitochondrial large subunit (25 S) rRNA contains an intervening sequence of approximately 2.3 kilobases. We have recently identified two temperature-sensitive, nuclear mutants (289-67 and 299-9) which are defective in splicing of the 25 S RNA. When grown at the nonpermissive temperature (37 degrees C), the mutants show decreased ratios of 25 S/19 S RNA and accumulate a novel 35 S RNA which appears to be a continuous transcript of the 25 S RNA gene, including the intervening sequence. In the present work, mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein particles present in the 50 S subunit peak from wild type and mutant 299-9 were analyzed by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl gradients containing 25 mM MgCl2. The results show that 35 S RNA can be isolated as part of a ribonucleoprotein particle associated with nearly all of the large subunit ribosomal proteins. However, the particles appear to be less stable in CsCl gradients and more sensitive to nucleolytic degradation than particles derived from mature large subunits. Our results indicate that binding of ribosomal proteins to 35 S RNA could precede removal of the intron, but that removal of the intron may be required to achieve stable protein binding.
Task-dependence of articulator synergies (2019)

In speech production, the motor system organizes articulators such as the jaw, tongue, and lips into synergies whose function is to produce speech sounds by forming constrictions at the phonetic places of articulation. The present study tests whether synergies for different constriction tasks differ in terms of inter-articulator coordination. The test is conducted on utterances [ɑpɑ], [ɑtɑ], [ɑiɑ], and [ɑkɑ] with a real-time magnetic resonance imaging biomarker that is computed using a statistical model of the forward kinematics of the vocal tract. The present study is the first to estimate the forward kinematics of the vocal tract from speech production data. Using the imaging biomarker, the study finds that the jaw contributes least to the velar stop for [k], more to pharyngeal approximation for [ɑ], still more to palatal approximation for [i], and most to the coronal stop for [t]. Additionally, the jaw contributes more to the coronal stop for [t] than to the bilabial stop for [p]. Finally, the study investigates how this pattern of results varies by participant. The study identifies differences in inter-articulator coordination by constriction task, which support the claim that inter-articulator coordination differs depending on the active articulator synergy.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition model: review of physical concepts (1996)

Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used in clinical research as a means of quantifying body composition, there remains at present little published information that reviews the method's underlying physical basis. Because a clear understanding of DXA physical concepts is integral to appropriate use and interpretation, we present here a three-section review that includes both relevant in vitro and in vivo experimental demonstrations. In the first section we describe the main physical principles on which DXA is based. The section that follows presents a step-by-step analysis of the DXA two-component soft tissue model. In the final section we demonstrate how knowledge of physical concepts can lead to resolution of important methodological concerns, such as the influence of hydration changes on DXA fat estimates. A thorough understanding of DXA physical concepts provides a basis for appropriate interpretation of measurement results and stimulates many new and important research questions.
Analysis of insecticide “Toxaphene”; in fish products (1989)

Abstract The gaschromatographic determination of Toxaphene in the presence of other chlorinated hydrocarbons with similar retention times is often difficult. The practibility of a new method, based on photodehalogenation of the interfering substances, is shown during the analytical determination of Toxaphene residues in selected environmental samples, especially in fish and fish products. Irradiation of the extracts after clean‐up procedures with wavelengths at 254 nm lead directly to photodechlorination products of interfering substances with shorter retention times and makes it possible to determine the Toxaphene components quantitatively, which are mostly stable under the same experimental conditions. Notes Off reprints to G. Lach and H. Parlar.
Hypoglycaemia factitia durch Sulfonylhamstoff-Einnahme (2008)

Three cases of factitious (self-induced) hypoglycaemia, brought about by regular intake of sulphonylurea preparations, seen in the span of three years are reported. The clinical picture was similar to that caused by an insulinoma. One patient was a 31-year-old male nurse, another a 17-year-old girl whose mother was a diabetic, the third a 60-year-old female diabetic. The correct diagnosis of factitious hypoglycemia was made only after demonstrating glibenclamide in serum and urine. Factitious hypoglycemia can be differentiated from fasting hypoglycemia caused by hyperinsulinaemia by a lowered C-peptide level after injection of insulin. When sulphonylurea preparations are taken, the only way of distinguishing factitious hypoglycemia from insulinoma is by determining the drug in serum and urine. The cases reported in the literature are almost all in medical personnel, diabetics or members of their family.
Progress in ion source injector development at the ion beam therapy center (Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center) (2010)

Radiotherapy with heavy ions is an upcoming cancer treatment method with to date unachieved precision. It associates higher control rates particularly for radio-resistant tumor species with reduced adverse effects compared to conventional photon therapy. At Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center two 14.5 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion sources are routinely used to produce a variety of ion beams from protons up to oxygen. The operating time is 330 days per year; our experience after 3 yr of continuous operation will be presented, with special emphasis on stability and breakdowns of components. In addition, the latest enhancement and the results for the operation will be shown.
Improved approximations of independent sets in bounded-degree graphs via subgraph removal (1994)

Finding maximum independent sets in graphs with bounded maximum degree Δ is a well-studied NP-complete problem. We introduce an algorithm schema for improving the approximation of algorithms for this problem, which is based on preprocessing the input by removing cliques.We give an implementation of a theorem on the independence number of clique-free graphs, and use it to obtain an O(Δ/log log Δ) performance ratio with our schema. This is the first o(Δ) ratio for the independent set problem. We also obtain an efficient method with a Δ/6(1 + o(1)) performance ratio, improving on the best performance ratio known for intermediate values of Δ.
Electronic Cigarette Exposure Enhances Lung Inflammatory and Fibrotic Responses in COPD Mice (2021)

Although a few studies show that the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may ameliorate objective and subjective outcomes in COPD smokers who switched to electronic cigarettes, it is unclear whether e-cigarette exposure alters lung pathological features and inflammatory response in COPD. Here, we employed βENaC-overexpressing mice bearing COPD-like pulmonary abnormality, and exposed them to ENDS. We found that ENDS exposure aggravated airspace enlargement and mucus production in βENaC-overexpressing mice, which was associated with increased MMP12 and Muc5ac, respectively. ENDS exposure to mice significantly increased the numbers of macrophages, particularly in M2 macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, despite ENDS did not induce M2 macrophage polarization in a cultured murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7). There were no changes in neutrophils in BAL fluid by ENDS exposure. Multiple cytokine productions were increased including M-CSF, IL-1r <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:math> , IL-10, and TGF-β1, in BAL fluid from mice when exposed to ENDS. The Sirius Red staining and hydroxyproline assay showed ENDS-exposed mice displayed enhanced fibrotic phenotypes compared to control mice. In conclusion, ENDS exposure enhances airspace enlargement, mucus secretion, and fibrogenesis in COPD mice. This is associated with increased MMP12, inflammatory responses, and M2 macrophage phenotype. This study provides pre-clinical data implicating that electronic cigarette exposure is not safe in COPD patients who want to replace traditional cigarettes with ENDS.