gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
External Tonehole Interactions in Woodwind Instruments (2013)

The classical Transfer-Matrix Method (TMM) is often used to calculate the\ninput impedance of woodwind instruments. However, the TMM ignores the possible\ninfluence of the radiated sound from toneholes on other open holes. In this\npaper a method is proposed to account for external tonehole interactions. We\ndescribe the Transfer-Matrix Method with external Interaction (TMMI) and then\ncompare results using this approach with the Finite Element Method (FEM) and\nTMM, as well as with experimental data. It is found that the external tonehole\ninteractions increase the amount of radiated energy, reduce slightly the lower\nresonance frequencies, and modify significantly the response near and above the\ntonehole lattice cutoff frequency. In an appendix, a simple perturbation of the\nTMM to account for external interactions is investigated, though it is found to\nbe inadequate at low frequencies and for holes spaced far apart.\n
Spinel-type oxide catalysts for low temperature CO oxidation generated by use of an ultrasonic aerosol pyrolysis process (2001)

The aim of this study was to generate spinel-type oxides by a continuous ultrasonic aerosol pyrolysis procedure and to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of the product powders. The ultrasonic aerosol pyrolysis process consists of three steps, which include “atomisation” of an aqeous metal nitrate solution, transport to the furnace system and controlled thermal decomposition of the precursor aerosol. The synthesis method allows the production of pure CuMn2O4, LiMn2O4 and CuCo2O4 spinels, whereas NiMn2 − xO4 contains small quanitities of α-Mn2O3. The powders are finely dispersed, mesoporous products exhibiting a uniform morphology. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the product is made up of hollow spheres. XRD, TA and XPS results reveal that CuMn2O4 exists in a metastable state. It segregates in air already at temperatures of 300 °C, whereas in an inert atmosphere the spinel is stable up to 600 °C. XPS measurements indicate the presence of a redox system in the form of , which is one of the main features for the high turnover rates of CO with O2 of this catalyst already at room temperature. XPS measurements, after treatment of CuMn2O4 with CO and O2, confirm the highly reactive surface. NiMn2O4 and CuCo2O4 also show high activities in the catalytic CO oxidation. LiMn2O4 is rather inactive. A comparison of CuMn2O4 with LiMn2O4 points to the crucial influence of the copper cations on the conversion rates of the CO oxidation. In the synthesis of CuMn2O4 the introduction of glucose into the starting metal nitrate solution revealed changed properties of the product powders: as a consequence, the distribution of the cations on the surface is changed and markedly smaller conversion rates for the catalytic CO oxidation are observed.
Weakly Polarization Dependent Electro-Optic Effect in Poled Silica (1999)

For homogeneously poled isotropic media a ratio of 3:1 between χ(2)33 and χ(2)31 of the second-order optical nonlinear (SON) susceptibility tensor, has been suggested to exist in two limiting cases: (1) when the poling field is low and 2) when the SON is solely caused by an internal space-charge field and no dipoles are aligned to the poling field [1].
Hole Transport: Pyrite‐Based Bi‐Functional Layer for Long‐Term Stability and High‐Performance of Organo‐Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells (Adv. Funct. Mater. 30/2016) (2016)

On page 5400, M. J. Ko and co-workers report that hydrophobic ligand capped pyrite nanoparticles can act as a bi-functional hole transporting layer (HTL) (charge transporting layer and moisture-proof layer) for perovskite solar cells. Perovskite solar cells employing this HTL exhibit very stable performance under moist condition for at least 1000 hours.
Trade-offs in analog circuit design : the designer's companion (2002)

As the frequency of communication systems increases and the dimensions of transistors are reduced, more and more stringent performance requirements are placed on analog circuits. This is a trend that is bound to continue for the foreseeable future and while it does, understanding performance trade-offs will constitute a vital part of the analog design process. It is the insight and intuition obtained from a fundamental understanding of performance conflicts and trade-offs, that ultimately provides the designer with the basic tools necessary for effective and creative analog design. Trade-offs in Analog Circuit Design, which is devoted to the understanding of trade-offs in analog design, is quite unique in that it draws together fundamental material from, and identifies interrelationships within, a number of key analog circuits. The book covers ten subject areas: Design methodology, Technology, General Performance, Filters, Switched Circuits, Oscillators, Data Converters, Transceivers, Neural Processing, and Analog CAD. Within these subject areas it deals with a wide diversity of trade-offs ranging from frequency-dynamic range and power, gain-bandwidth, speed-dynamic range and phase noise, to tradeoffs in design for manufacture and IC layout. The book has by far transcended its original scope and has become both a designer's companion as well as a graduate textbook. An important feature of this book is that it promotes an intuitive approach to understanding analog circuits by explaining fundamental relationships and, in many cases, providing practical illustrative examples to demonstrate the inherent basic interrelationships and trade-offs. Trade-offs in Analog Circuit Design draws together 34 contributions from some of the world's most eminent analog circuits-and-systems designers to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive text devoted to a very important and timely approach to analog circuit design
Quartz-based flat-crystal resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectrometer with sub-10 meV energy resolution (2017)

Continued improvement of the energy resolution of resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectrometers is crucial for fulfilling the potential of this technique in the study of electron dynamics in materials of fundamental and technological importance. In particular, RIXS is the only alternative tool to inelastic neutron scattering capable of providing fully momentum resolved information on dynamic spin structures of magnetic materials, but is limited to systems whose magnetic excitation energy scales are comparable to the energy resolution. The state-of-the-art spherical diced crystal analyzer optics provides energy resolution as good as 25 meV but has already reached its theoretical limit. Here, we demonstrate a novel sub-10meV RIXS spectrometer based on flat-crystal optics at the Ir-L$_3$ absorption edge (11.215$\sim$ keV) that achieves an analyzer energy resolution of 3.9$\sim$meV, very close to the theoretical value of 3.7$\sim$meV. In addition, the new spectrometer allows efficient polarization analysis without loss of energy resolution. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated using longitudinal acoustical and optical phonons in diamond, and magnon in Sr$_3$Ir$_2$O$_7$. The novel sub-10$\sim$meV RIXS spectrometer thus provides a window into magnetic materials with small energy scales.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Putative Phosphonate Producer Streptomyces sp. Strain I6, Isolated from Indonesian Mangrove Sediment (2019)

Streptomyces sp. strain I6 is a novel strain isolated from an Indonesian mangrove sediment sample. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. I6 revealed 23 biosynthetic gene clusters. One of them encodes the synthesis of a putative phosphonate secondary metabolite, a class of underexplored natural compounds with great pharmaceutical potential.
Local visualization of catalytic activity at gas evolving electrodes using frequency-dependent scanning electrochemical microscopy (2014)

A new concept for the localized characterization of gas evolving electrodes based on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is suggested. It offers information about the spatial distribution of the predominant locations, which represent the most active catalytic sites, and dynamic characteristics of gas-bubble departure. The knowledge about gas-bubble departure is critical for the assessment and development of new electrode materials for energy applications.
Cost Analysis of Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in the Japanese Health Insurance System (2009)

The cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting stents (DES) has been evaluated in the United States and Europe, however, there is little information from Japan. The present study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in Japan. In-hospital and follow-up costs of 25 consecutive patients undergoing SES implantation in a de novo lesion were evaluated. A control group for comparison was composed of 25 consecutive patients undergoing bare metal stent (BMS) implantation in a de novo lesion before the introduction of SES. There was no significant difference in resource use between the SES and BMS groups. Procedural cost (yen1,049,200 +/- 208,793 versus yen896,590 +/- 117,984, P = 0.01) was higher in the SES group than in the BMS group because of the higher reimbursement price of SES (yen378,000 versus yen258,000). In-hospital cost (yen1,202,891 +/- 208,793 versus yen1,050,280 +/- 177,984, P < 0.01) was higher in patients treated with SES. Less target lesion revascularization (4% versus 20%, P = 0.2) in patients with SES reduced the difference; aggregate 1-year cost was not significantly different (yen1,479,481 +/- 284,343 versus yen1,463,640 +/- 495,803, P = 0.9). It is concluded that SES may be cost-effective even in Japan.
Characterization of Chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases in Grapefruit Flavedo during Fruit Development (1995)

Chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) and β-1,3-endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) are enzymes that are believed to be components of a plant's natural defense against fungal pathogens. We are interested in the potential role of these enzymes in citrus decay resistance. In our preliminary work, we have determined the activities of chitinases and β-1,3-endoglucanases in the flavedo of grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi cv. Marsh) at 17 times during the course of fruit development. Chitinase activity is initially high in flavedo, but drops rapidly and is low, although fairly constant, throughout the remainder of fruit development. In contrast to chitinase, β-1,3-endoglucanase activity is lowest in young fruit and increases during development. Western blots of crude flavedo extracts following SDS-PAGE were probed with antibodies raised against purified citrus chitinase and glucanase, and results revealed that changes in the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-endoglucanase were reflected in the amount of chitinase and glucanase protein present in the extracts. Partial purification of flavedo chitinases and glucanases revealed that acidic and basic forms of both enzymes were present in the extracts, although the basic forms were predominant.
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as a therapeutic target in breast cancer (2008)

Background Previous epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between individual nutrients such as vitamin D and vitamin B 12 and mammographic density, a strong marker of breast cancer risk [1], with varied results. There has been limited research on overall dietary patterns and most studies have focused on adult dietary patterns [2]. We examine prospective data to determine whether dietary patterns from childhood to adult life affect mammographic density. Methods The Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development is a national representative sample of 2,815 men and 2,547 women followed since their birth in March 1946 [3]. A wealth of medical and social data has been collected in over 25 follow-ups by home visits, medical examinations and postal questionnaires. Dietary intakes at age 4 years were determined by 24-hour recalls and in adulthood (ages 36, 43 years) by 5-day food records. Copies of the mammograms (two views for each breast) taken when the women were closest to age 50 years were obtained from the relevant NHS centres. A total of 1,319 women were followed up since birth in 1946 for whom a mammogram at age 50 years was retrieved, and the percentage mammographic density was measured using the computer-assisted threshold method for all 1,161 women. Breast cancer incidence for the whole cohort is being ascertained through the National Health Service Central Register. Statistical analysis Reduced rank regression analysis, a relatively new approach to dietary pattern analysis, is being used to identify dietary patterns associated with mammographic density [4]. This approach identifies patterns in food intake that are predictive of an intermediate outcome of the disease process, such as mammographic density, and subsequently examines the relationship between the identified dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.
Direct observation and analysis of yolk-shell materials using low-voltage high-resolution scanning electron microscopy: Nanometal-particles encapsulated in metal-oxide, carbon, and polymer (2014)

Nanometal particles show characteristic features in chemical and physical properties depending on their sizes and shapes. For keeping and further enhancing their features, the particles should be protected from coalescence or degradation. One approach is to encapsulate the nanometal particles inside pores with chemically inert or functional materials, such as carbon, polymer, and metal oxides, which contain mesopores to allow permeation of only chemicals not the nanometal particles. Recently developed low-voltage high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was applied to the study of structural, chemical, and electron state of both nanometal particles and encapsulating materials in yolk-shell materials of Au@C, Ru/Pt@C, Au@TiO2, and Pt@Polymer. Progresses in the following categories were shown for the yolk-shell materials: (i) resolution of topographic image contrast by secondary electrons, of atomic-number contrast by back-scattered electrons, and of elemental mapping by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy; (ii) sample preparation for observing internal structures; and (iii) X-ray spectroscopy such as soft X-ray emission spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was also used for characterization of Au@C.
Dependent modal space control (2013)

This paper presents a new control technique for reducing vibration in flexible structures. It is&#13;\nbased on the modal approach and is called dependent modal space control (DMSC). The&#13;\nwell-known independent modal space control (IMSC) method, devised in the 1980s, allows&#13;\nthe frequency and damping of the controlled modes to be changed using diagonal control gain&#13;\nmatrices, leaving the mode shapes unaltered. DMSC, on the other hand, can impose not only&#13;\nfrequency and damping but also the controlled mode shapes by using full control gain&#13;\nmatrices. In many applications, owing to the limited number of sensors–actuators available for&#13;\ncontrol and the increasing spillover effects, generic assignment of eigenvectors is not possible.&#13;\nHowever, an optimal eigenstructure assignment can be computed to reduce structure&#13;\nvibration by minimizing an input–output performance index. To demonstrate the advantages&#13;\nof this new method, we compare IMSC and DMSC using numerical simulation on a finite&#13;\nelement method model of a cantilevered beam.
Characterization of Transposable Element-Associated Mutations that Alter Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase II Expression (1983)

Seven cis-dominant, constitutively expressed mutations of the normally glucose-repressible isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHII) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are caused by insertion of transposable elements from the Ty1 family in front of the ADHII structural gene (ADR2) (V. M. Williamson, E. T. Young, and M. Ciriacy, Cell 23:605-614, 1981). We cloned ADR2 with its associated Ty1 element from five S. cerevisiae strains carrying these mutations. Comparison of the Ty1 elements by heteroduplex studies and restriction enzyme analyses indicated that four were very similar; the fifth, although the same size as the others (about 5.6 kilobases), differed by the presence of two large substitutions of approximately 1 and 2 kilobases. The DNA sequences of the terminal direct repeats (deltas) were very homologous but not identical and were similar to previously reported Ty1 element direct repeats. We determined the 5'-flanking sequences of the ADR2 gene isolated from a wild-type strain and from five Ty1-associated mutations. The 5-base pair target sequence at the site of Ty1 insertion was present at both ends of each Ty1 element. The sites of insertion of the elements were all different and occurred from 125 to 210 base pairs in front of the coding region of ADR2. The 5' end of the major transcript as determined by S1 mapping was the same in wild-type cells and in Ty1-associated constitutive mutants and was approximately 54 base pairs upstream from the coding region. ADR2 transcripts were not detected when a solo delta sequence was present in the 5'-flanking region of this gene.
450. The soluble polyglucose of sweet corn (Zea mays) (1956)

S. Peat, W. J. Whelan and J. R. Turvey, J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 2317 DOI: 10.1039/JR9560002317
Gaussian Process Meta Few-shot Classifier Learning via Linear Discriminant Laplace Approximation (2021)

The meta learning few-shot classification is an emerging problem in machine learning that received enormous attention recently, where the goal is to learn a model that can quickly adapt to a new task with only a few labeled data. We consider the Bayesian Gaussian process (GP) approach, in which we meta-learn the GP prior, and the adaptation to a new task is carried out by the GP predictive model from the posterior inference. We adopt the Laplace posterior approximation, but to circumvent the iterative gradient steps for finding the MAP solution, we introduce a novel linear discriminant analysis (LDA) plugin as a surrogate for the MAP solution. In essence, the MAP solution is approximated by the LDA estimate, but to take the GP prior into account, we adopt the prior-norm adjustment to estimate LDA's shared variance parameters, which ensures that the adjusted estimate is consistent with the GP prior. This enables closed-form differentiable GP posteriors and predictive distributions, thus allowing fast meta training. We demonstrate considerable improvement over the previous approaches.
Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of injection molding filling of optical lens and multiscale geometry using finite element method (2006)

Abstract This article presents the development, verification, and validation of three‐dimensional (3‐D) numerical simulation for injection molding filling of 3‐D parts and parts with microsurface features. For purpose of verification and comparison, two numerical models, the mixed model and the equal‐order model, were used to solve the Stokes equations with three different tetrahedral elements (Taylor‐Hood, MINI, and equal‐order). The control volume scheme with tetrahedral finite element mesh was used for tracking advancing melt fronts and the operator splitting method was selected to solve the energy equation. A new, simple memory management procedure was introduced to deal with the large sparse matrix system without using a huge amount of storage space. The numerical simulation was validated for mold filling of a 3‐D optical lens. The numerical simulation agreed very well with the experimental results and was useful in suggesting a better processing condition. As a new application area, a two‐step macro–micro filling approach was adopted for the filling analysis of a part with a micro‐surface feature to handle both macro and micro dimensions while avoiding an excessive number of elements. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:1263–1274, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cholesterol and iron availability in yolk of laying hens feed with annatto (Bixa orellana) (2007)

Pigmented egg yolks are more attractive. Popular culture treats annatto as a powerful anticholesterolemic agent, besides being widely used in the form of industry pigment. This work evaluated the effects of the addition of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) in the feed of hens, verifying a possible alteration of cholesterol in the yolks, content of carotenes, and iron and available iron, over time. One hundred and twenty-five hens divided in control (0% - T1) and four annatto-added treatments (0.5% - T2; 1.0% - T3; 1.5% - T4, and 2.0% - T5) were used. Eggs were collected at 23, 25, 27, 29 and 30 weeks. The animals were randomly separated into five groups of five animals each. The cholesterol was measured by the colorimetric method, vitamin A (β and α carotene) by spectrophotometry, total iron by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and dialysable iron by dialysis. Tukey's test was used at the 5% level for comparison of the averages. Regarding cholesterol, treatments T2 and T3 did not differ significantly. However, other treatments differed ( P ≤ 0.05) from the control, decreasing the cholesterol level as the percentage of annatto in the feed increased. In time, there was a significant increase ( P ≤ 0.05). For β and α carotene, T5 presented statistically higher values than the others ( P ≤ 0.05). With regard to total iron, T5 had higher values than the others. Dialysable iron was also higher, probably due to the increase in carotenes. Thus, we can conclude that the use of annatto in the feed of layer hens is useful, as it provokes the reduction of cholesterol and promotes an increase in the content of iron and carotenes in eggs.
Hands, Tables and Groups Make Rehabilitation Awesome! (2010)

Technology has helped improve rehabilitation programs by providing patients with engaging alternatives to otherwise monotonous and repetitive exercises. In recent years, therapists have looked towards multi-touch technologies to further enhance patient rehabilitation programs. So far, the focus has mainly been on single-user interaction, largely ignoring many of the benefits patients receive from socially interacting with therapists, caregivers and their peers. To make use of these valuable interactions, we have developed a suite of multi-touch activities for motor and cognitive rehabilitation. These applications can easily be adjusted to meet the needs of individual patients and enable therapists to quantitatively measure patient behavior and performance. We also reflect on design-related discussions we had with practicing occupational therapists and provide a set of design considerations to guide future rehabilitation activities.
The Role of PIWIL4, an Argonaute Family Protein, in Breast Cancer (2016)

P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI) proteins bind to PIWI-interacting RNAs and play key roles in the biogenesis and functions of PIWI-interacting RNAs. It has been reported that PIWI proteins are essential for stem cell self-renewal and germline development in diverse organisms and that they are ectopically expressed in multiple forms of cancer. However, the role of PIWI in cancer remains elusive. Here we report that one of the four PIWI proteins in humans, PIWIL4, is highly expressed in both breast cancer tissues and the cytoplasm of MDA-MB-231 cells derived from breast cancer. Reducing PIWIL4 expression drastically impairs the migration ability of MDA-MB-231 cells, significantly increases their apoptosis, and mildly affects their proliferation. Our transcriptome and proteome analysis reveal that these functions are at least partially achieved via the PIWIL4 regulation of TGF-β and FGF signaling pathways and MHC class II proteins. These findings suggest that PIWIL4 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.