gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear-spin relaxation due to translational diffusion in a hexatic-Band crystalline-Bphase (1983)

The general theory of nuclear-spin relaxation induced by translational self-diffusion in liquid crystals, developed in previous papers, is applied to the crystalline-$B$ and hexatic-$B$ phases of smectics by taking into account their characteristic features concerning molecular positional ordering, the inter-and intralayer molecular jumps, and the correlation in the layer stacking. The evaluated anisotropy and dispersion of ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{1\ensuremath{\rho}}$ are presented graphically for a variety of parameters. It is shown that in most cases ${T}_{1\ensuremath{\rho}}$, due to translational diffusion, has a characteristic anisotropy and dispersion while ${T}_{1}$ is expected to be nearly isotropic and with ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$-type dispersion at usual NMR frequencies. The relaxation study cannot discriminate between various types of the interlayer and intralayer correlations occurring in the crystalline-$B$ and hexatic-$B$ phases of the smectics except in the case when relative layer motions are fast compared to the diffusion. The comparison of the theoretical relation and experimental data enables the determination of diffusion constant ${D}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ in the smectic-$B$ phases while the ratio $\frac{{D}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{{D}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ could be determined only via precise study of the ${T}_{1\ensuremath{\rho}}$ angular dependence. With the application of the theory to available ${T}_{1}$ data of the smectic-$B$ phase of N-[4-($n$-dodecanoyl) benzylidene]-4\ensuremath{'}-aminoazobenzene (${\mathrm{C}}_{12}$BAA) and of the smectic-${B}_{c}$ phase of terephthal-bis(4-$n$-butylaniline) (TBBA), the corresponding ${D}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ are estimated.
Synthetic biology and therapeutic strategies for the degenerating brain (2014)

Synthetic biology is an emerging engineering discipline that attempts to design and rewire biological components, so as to achieve new functions in a robust and predictable manner. The new tools and strategies provided by synthetic biology have the potential to improve therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, synthetic biology will help design small molecules, proteins, gene networks, and vectors to target disease-related genes. Ultimately, new intelligent delivery systems will provide targeted and sustained therapeutic benefits. New treatments will arise from combining 'protect and repair' strategies: the use of drug treatments, the promotion of neurotrophic factor synthesis, and gene targeting. Going beyond RNAi and artificial transcription factors, site-specific genome modification is likely to play an increasing role, especially with newly available gene editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Taken together, these advances will help develop safe and long-term therapies for many brain diseases in human patients.
Implications for Late Pleistocene Mastodon Diet from Opal Phytoliths in Tooth Calculus (2001)

Abstract Calculus removed from the molar teeth of four American mastodons ( Mammut americanum ) contained opal phytoliths which reflect major dietary components. Three samples contained abundant grass phytoliths (ca. 86% of total), with long cells and trapezoidal pooid short cells dominant (ca. 25 and 31%, respectively). Dicot phytoliths from hackberry ( Celtis sp.) seeds and indeterminate deciduous trees were rare (1–3%), though well preserved, whereas phytoliths from conifer trees were not recognizable in any of the samples. Comparative analysis of calculus from modern and fossil browsers and mixed feeders implies that dicots and conifers are nearly invisible in the phytolith record. This scarcity may result from poor preservation, low silica production in woody taxa, and/or animals' selection of young, silica-poor leaves and shoots. However, abundant grass phytoliths in the mixed feeders suggest that presence versus absence of grass phytoliths may distinguish mixed feeders and grazers from browsers. Mastodons are traditionally considered browsers, but grass phytolith assemblages in three individual mastodons contained similarly high concentrations of pooids, suggesting that these grasses were a significant part of the diet. Abundant pooid phytoliths, in addition to diatoms, indicate that these mastodons grazed in a cool, moist late Pleistocene environment, possibly near water.
Hybrid Substrates for Chiplet Design and Heterogeneous Integration Packaging (2022)

The fan-out panel-level chip-last method for chiplet design and heterogeneous integration packaging is presented. Emphasis is placed on the design, materials, process, and fabrication of: (a) heterogeneous integration of chips with $50\mu$m pitch (minimum); (b) fine metal linewidth (L), spacing (S) and thickness (H) redistribution-layer (RDL)-substrates, (c) hybrid substrates, and (d) chips to hybrid substrate bonding and underfilling. Reliability assessments by simulation and test are performed.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Electron‐Conformational Method of Pharmacophore Identification and Bioactivity Prediction. Application to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Enzymes and Proteins Containing Manganese: An Overview (2000)

HYDROLASES 236 4.1. Peptide Bonds 2364.1.1. Carboxypeptidases 236 4.1.2. Aminopeptidases 236 4.1.3. p21ras 2384.2. Phosphatases 238 4.2.1. Inositol Monophosphatase 239 4.2.2. Fructose-1,6 -bisphosphatase 2404.3. Esterases 240 4.3.1. Nucleases 240 4.3.2. Endonucleases 241 4.3.3. Exonucleases 2414.4. Integrases 241 4.5. Arginase and Related Enzymes 242LYASES 242 5.1. Carboxykinases and Dehydratases 2425.1.1. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase 242 5.1.2. Enolase 243 5.1.3. D-Glucarate Dehydratase 2445.2. Cyclases 244ISOMERASES 245 6 .1. Keto-aldo Isomerases 2456.1.1. L-Fucose Isomerase 245 6 .2 . Cycloisomerases 2466 .2 .1. Enolase Superfamily of Enzymes 246 6.2.2. Mandelate Racemase 2476.2.3. Muconate Lactonizing Enzyme 247 6.2.4. Chloromuconate-Lactonizing Enzyme 248 6.2.5. Comparison of MLE, MR, CMLE, D-GlucarateDehydratase, and Enolase 2497. LIGASES 249 7.1. Glutamine Synthetase 249 7.2. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase 251 7.3. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases 2528 . PROTEINS CONTAINING BOUND MANGANESE 253 8.1. Lectins 253 8 .2 . Integrins 253 8.3. Diphtheria Toxin Repressor 254 8.4. Fur Repressor Protein 255 8.5. PsaA 2559. CONCLUSIONS 255ACKNOWLEDGMENT 256ABBREVIATIONS 256REFERENCES 257This chapter provides an overview of manganese-containing and manganese-dependent proteins and enzymes with an emphasis on mol­ ecules in which the metal ion binding site is well characterized. If the protein or enzyme is considered in other chapters of this volume then only a brief mention will be made of the molecule in this chapter. Where possible, references are selected from the literature since 1990. Books and review articles which cover the earlier literature are available [110]. Because of space limitations we have cited only a limited number of references. We wish to acknowledge the important contributions of other investigators whose work we have not cited. References to their work can be found in the cited publications.
High-throughput, nondestructive assessment of defects in patterned epitaxial films on silicon by machine learning-enabled broadband plasma optical measurements (2019)

Historically, haze metrology on KLA-Tencor Surfscan <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> unpatterned wafer inspection systems is the preferred inline non-destructive method for ascertaining crystal quality of epitaxial deposited films. However, this metrology is limited to unpatterned blanket wafers. This paper describes a non- destructive inline optical methodology for measuring epitaxial quality of both blanket and patterned wafers using a novel fast turnaround machine learning method that can be applied to patterned and unpatterned substrates by utilizing the background noise obtained during broadband plasma optical defect inspection. This machine learning method is an innovative nuisance filtering algorithm used in inline defect inspection tools, named iDO™ 2.0 (inLine Defect Organizer™). The study showed a promising machine learning approach that repeatably measures low and high defect densities which are consistent with Secco etch data.
2β-acetoxyferruginol – a new antibacterial abietane diterpene from Prumnopitys andina (2007)

The leaves and bark of the conifer Prumnopitys andina were investigated for antibacterial activity, as part of an ongoing project to investigate rare conifer species for new antibacterials. Hexane, CHCl3, acetone and MeOH extracts were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes, which resulted in an active methanol extract from the bark. Prep-HPLC on a C18 column led to the isolation of a new abietane diterpene, 2β-acetoxyferruginol [1].
A method for biomarker measurements in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from anxious and depressed mice: β-arrestin 1 protein levels in depression and treatment (2013)

A limited number of biomarkers in the central and peripheral systems which are known may be useful for diagnosing major depressive disorders and predicting the effectiveness of antidepressant (AD) treatments. Since 60% of depressed patients do not respond adequately to medication or are resistant to ADs, it is imperative to delineate more accurate biomarkers. Recent clinical studies suggest that β-arrestin 1 levels in human mononuclear leukocytes may be an efficient biomarker. If potential biomarkers such as β-arrestin 1 could be assessed from a source such as peripheral blood cells, then they could be easily monitored and used to predict therapeutic responses. However, no previous studies have measured β-arrestin 1 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in anxious/depressive rodents. This study aimed to develop a method to detect β-arrestin protein levels through immunoblot analyses of mouse PBMCs isolated from whole blood. In order to validate the approach, β-arrestin levels were then compared in na\"{\i}ve, anxious/depressed mice, and anxious/depressed mice treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine, 18~mg/kg/day in the drinking water). The results demonstrated that mouse whole blood collected by submandibular bleeding permitted isolation of enough PBMCs to assess circulating proteins such as β-arrestin 1. β-Arrestin 1 levels were successfully measured in healthy human subject and na\"{\i}ve mouse PBMCs. Interestingly, PBMCs from anxious/depressed mice showed significantly reduced β-arrestin 1 levels. These decreased β-arrestin 1 expression levels were restored to normal levels with chronic fluoxetine treatment. The results suggest that isolation of PBMCs from mice by submandibular bleeding is a useful technique to screen putative biomarkers of the pathophysiology of mood disorders and the response to ADs. In addition, these results confirm that β-arrestin 1 is a potential biomarker for depression.
Magnetic resonance studies on CdCr/sub 2-x/In/sub x/Se/sub 4/ thin films (1992)

Electron spin resonance measurements on CdCr/sub 2-x/In/sub x/Se/sub 4/ thin films are reported. For x<0.01, data spanning wide ranges of frequency and temperature show that the material is a reentrant magnetic system. The x=0.4 compound is a spin glass, and its field induced magnetization at 77 K is affected markedly by exposure to a few milliwatts of 0.9- mu m radiation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Remote Maintenance Techniques Proposed for the 200-GeV Accelerator (1967)

Remote maintenance is one of the prime considerations in determining the size of the mainring enclosure for the 200-GeV accelerator. The maximum residual radiation level 7 h after beam turn-off is expected to be ~50 mR/h in the socalled "quiet" areas of the main ring and approximately 200 R/h at the most intense point in the enclosure. We have assumed a maximum permissible radiation dose per man of one-half the permissible dose allowed by AEC regulations. Therefore, an unshielded man can work for a few hours per week in the quiet areas, but only a, few seconds per week in the "red" radiation areas. He must work rather quickly. For these red radiation areas, we propose using a self-propelled, manned, shielded vehicle on which are mounted two master-slave manipulators to be used as a backup for extension tools pene-trating the vehicle walls.
Timber! Felling the loblolly pine genome (2014)

Conventional short read sequences derived from haploid DNA were extended into long super-reads enabling assembly of the massive 22 Gbp loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, genome.
Exploring Alternative Methods for Error Attribution in Learning Curves Analysis in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (2007)

It is becoming a standard technique to use learning curves as part of evaluation of intelligent tutoring systems [1,2,3], but such learning curves require a method for attributing errors. That is, the method must determine for each error a student makes what “knowledge component” in the student model is to blame. To this point, alternative methods for error attribution have not been systematically investigated. We implemented four alternative methods for error attribution --two temporal heuristics and two location-temporal heuristics. We employed two evaluation standards --a statistical standard for measuring model fit and parsimony and the Kappa technique for measuring inter-observer reliability. We looked to see which method better met the “learning-curve standard” that is, led to better prediction of students' changes in error rate over time. Second, we asked if the codes generated by the methods better met the “human-match standard”, that is, were they like error attributions made by human coders. Both evaluation standards led to better results for the location-temporal heuristic methods than the temporal heuristic methods. Interestingly, we found that two of the methods proposed were better at error attribution, according to the learning curve standard, than the original cognitive model of the intelligent tutoring system. Overall, these results suggest that the heuristics proposed and implemented in this paper can generally aid learning curve analysis and perhaps, more generally, the design of student models
Design of non-separable transforms for directional 2-D sources (2011)

Traditionally, a 2-D block-based transform is always implemented through two separate 1-D transforms along each block's vertical and horizontal dimensions. Such a framework is however not highly suitable for a directional 2-D source in which the dominant directional information is neither horizontal nor vertical. On the other hand, the R-D performance upper bound for all block-based transform coding schemes applied on such 2-D directional sources can be obtained by the non-separable Karhunen-Loève transform (KLT) — which is unfortunately very expensive computationally. In this paper, we present a new framework for designing some non-separable transforms that offer an R-D performance closer to that of the KLT, but can be implemented with nearly the same complexity as that of the discrete cosine transform (DCT).
Inferring Networks of Substitutable and Complementary Products (2015)

To design a useful recommender system, it is important to understand how products relate to each other. For example, while a user is browsing mobile phones, it might make sense to recommend other phones, but once they buy a phone, we might instead want to recommend batteries, cases, or chargers. In economics, these two types of recommendations are referred to as substitutes and complements: substitutes are products that can be purchased instead of each other, while complements are products that can be purchased in addition to each other. Such relationships are essential as they help us to identify items that are relevant to a user's search.
The Tape Spring Hinge Deployment System of the EU:CROPIS Solar Panels (2018)

Eu:CROPIS is a compact satellite featuring a biological. The cylindrical Satellite of 1m diameter has four deployable panels for power generation. Those panels are connected to the main structure by glassfiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tape spring hinges. The hinges, comparable to curved metallic measuring tapes, have elastic energy stored when flattened and folded and thus deploy the panels by simply unfolding. When unfolded the hinges snap into their original shape and support the panels with considerable stiffness. No friction or mechanical locking is involved in the deploying process, which increases the systems reliability. Despite all these advantages other design aspects need special consideration. The GFRP needs to be protected against environmental influences like atomic oxygen and heat. Depending on the folded state and the hinge configuration the length of the hinges cannot be chosen freely. The installation process requires consideration as well. While the hinges are very flexible in the folded state they have to be installed quite accurately to be able to snap into their deployed position and fully support the panel. The panels do not deploy around one single axis but also do lateral movements. Even though the hinges are able to support the panels in the deployed position, they provide very low support during deployment. Therefore, gravity compensation is required for testing which should have a very low influence on the deployment. The presented paper gives an insight into the tape spring hinge deployment system of Eu:CROPIS. Design iterations are explained with the background of the decision making process influenced by the overall satellite configuration, tests and testability, experiences gained during integration and PA considerations. Further details of the manufacturing and integration process are described. The verification concept is outlined and explained. Tests performed for verification or gaining experience are described including the setup and considerations for the tests to be representative.
Quantum Yield Measurements of Firefly Bioluminescence Reactions Using a Commercial Luminometer (2010)

Abstract Quantum yields of firefly bioluminescence reactions were determined using a commercially available luminometer whose absolute responsivity was calibrated with respect to the spatially and spectrally integrated photon flux emitted from the reaction solution.
Electron Capture by High-Energy Deuterons in Gases (1965)

Measurements of electron-capture cross sections of 12.9- and 21.0-MeV deuterons in He, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and Ar are reported and compared with published theoretical estimates and experimental results for protons with energies \ensuremath{\le} 1 MeV.
Subaru laser guide adaptive optics system: performance and science operation (2012)

The Subaru adaptive optics system (AO188) is a 188-element curvature sensor adaptive optics system that is operated in both natural and laser guide star modes. AO188 is installed at Nasmyth platform of the 8m Subaru telescope as a facility AO system. The laser guide star mode for AO188 has been commissioned and offered for use in science operation since 2011. The performance of AO188 in the laser guide star mode has been well verified from on-sky data obtained with the infrared camera and spectrograph (IRCS). In this paper, we describe the operation procedure and observing efficiency for the laser guide star mode. We also show the result of the on-sky performance evaluation of AO188 in the laser guide star mode and the characterization of the laser guide star, together with the obtained science results.
Monitoring of interaction of hemoglobin and glucose molecules by spectral method (2009)

This study is focused on the determination of the absorbance of oxyhemoglobin solutions at different concentrations of glucose (from 0 to 1000 mg/dl with a step 100 mg/dl) and hemoglobin (3.2g/l) incubation with glucose from 3 hours to a few weeks. The absorbance was determined within the wavelength range from 500 to 900 nm. Measurements of the absorbance spectra have been performed using a double-beam double-wavelength spectrophotometer.
Polyurethane-TiO2 nanocomposite coatings from sunflower- oil-based amide diol as soft segment (2018)

Vegetable oil based environmentally friendly polyurethane-TiO2 nanocomposite coatings have been synthesized by using sunflower oil derived diol, toluene diisocyanate and TiO2 nanoparticles. The chemical structure was confirmed by FTIR and NMR techniques while physico-chemical testing was carried out by standard laboratory methods. Physico-mechanical and anticorrosive tests of the coatings (in different corrosive media) have been investigated by standard methods. In addition to this the morphology and thermal stability behavior of the coatings have been carefully investigated by different techniques like XRD, TEM, TGA/DTG and DSC. The comparison of the performance of nanocomposites with the respective virgin polyurethane coatings reveals that the dispersion of nanoTiO2 enhanced the mechanical, corrosion and thermal stability behavior of the polymer. The synthesized nanocomposites can be used safely upto 250–275 °C. These sunflower oil derived polyurethane nanocomposites can be used in the world of protective coatings, as an alternative of petroleum derived corrosion protective coating materials.
Bragg Coherent Modulation Imaging: Strain- and Defect- Sensitive Single Views of Extended Samples (2018)

Nanoscale heterogeneity (including size, shape, strain, and defects) significantly impacts material properties and how they function. Bragg coherent x-ray imaging methods have emerged as a powerful tool to investigate, in three-dimensional detail, the local material response to external stimuli in reactive environments, thereby enabling explorations of the structure-defect-function relationship at the nanoscale. Although progress has been made in understanding this relationship, coherent imaging of extended samples is relatively slow (typically requiring many minutes) due to the experimental constraints required to solve the phase problem. Here, we develop Bragg coherent modulation imaging (BCMI), which uses a modulator to solve the phase problem thereby enabling fast, local imaging of an extended sample. Because a known modulator is essential to the technique, we first demonstrate experimentally that an unknown modulator structure can be recovered by using the exit wave diversity that exists in a standard Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) experiment. We then show with simulations that a known modulator constraint is sufficient to solve the phase problem and enable a single view of an extended sample that is sensitive to defects and dislocations. Our results pave the way for BCMI investigations of strain and defect dynamics in complex extended crystals with temporal resolution limited by the exposure time of a single diffraction pattern.