gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chlorine isotope residual salt analysis: A new tool to investigate formation waters from core analyses (2005)

This article presents the first results of chlorine residual salt analysis (Cl-RSA), a new technique that allows investigation of the isotopic composition of chlorine in oil-field waters from core analysis. As water evaporates, the residual salts precipitate in the pores of a core. Unlike the routinely used strontium isotope residual salt analysis (Sr-RSA) technique, which determines the composition of a trace element (strontium), the Cl-RSA technique allows the determination of the isotopic composition and origin of one of the most abundant anions in natural waters. The results show that combining the 37Cl of two successive leachates of a core sample leads to an isotopic composition that is representative of pore water. The reproducibility of the method applied to sandstone samples is considered to be 0.05. The Cl-RSA technique was tested on two wells from the Elgin area (North Sea, United Kingdom). The 37Cl results in formation waters range from 1.03 to 0.57, with an overall increase with depth. These results have been compared to the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of pore waters determined in the same wells using the Sr-RSA technique. The similarity of form between the 37Cl and 87Sr/86Sr profiles with depth confirms that residual salts permit a reliable investigation of the chlorine isotopic composition from core analysis. As with the Sr-RSA technique, Cl-RSA could be used to test the isotopic homogeneity of a sample and to assess the compartmentalization of oil fields and reservoirs. This technique could provide key information regarding the origin of the salinity and its evolution during the reservoirs' filling, as well as help in the monitoring during field production.
Underground Storage of Natural Gas: Theory and Practice (2011)

This book contains the proceedings of NATO Study Institute, 'Underground Storage of Natural Gas - Theory and Practice', which was held at The Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey during 2-10 May 1988. Underground storage is the process which effectively balances a variable demand market with a desirably constant supply provided by pipelines. Storage reservoirs are the unique warehouses designed and developed to provide a ready supply of natural gas in response to high, peak demands during cold weather. The natural' gas is injected into the underground storage environment when the market demand falls below the supply available from the pipeline. It is withdrawn from the storage reservoir to supplement the steady supply provided by the pipelines whenever the demand exceeds the supply. The overall wellbeing of the entire western world in general and of the NATO member count ries in particular depend critically upon having sufficient energy resources. Of over 80 quad Btus of energy consumed each year in the western world, about 30 comes from natural gas, a figure only exceeded by oil. The technology related to supply and demand of natural gas has been in the focus of long range energy planning during the last decade in Western Europe. In view of recent developments related to natural gas in Europe and Turkey, an Advanced Study Institute programme in Turkey on underground storage of natural gas was deemed particularly relevant and timely.
Turbulent flow around a rotating stepped cylinder (2002)

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent flow around a rotating cylinder with two backward-facing steps axisymmetrically mounted in the circumferential direction was performed and compared with DNS of plane backward-facing step flow (PBSF) of Le et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 330, 349 (1997)]. The original motivation of this work stemmed from the efforts to design a simple device which can generate flows of high turbulence intensity at low cost for corrosion researchers. It turned out that the current flow shows flow structures quite similar to those of PBSF downstream of the step, even though configurations of the two flows are totally different from one another. The stepped cylinder appears to be a cost-effective tool in the generation of flow structures similar to those of PBSF.
Parkinsonian phenotype in Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3): a two-case report (2011)

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder of late onset, which is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of the ATXN3 gene. This disease presents clinical heterogeneity, which cannot be completely explained by the size of the repeat tract. MJD presents extrapyramidal motor signs, namely Parkinsonism, more frequently than the other subtypes of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Although Parkinsonism seems to segregate within MJD families, only a few MJD patients develop parkinsonian features and, therefore, the clinical and genetic aspects of these rare presentations remain poorly investigated. The main goal of this work was to describe two MJD patients displaying the parkinsonian triad (tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity), namely on what concerns genetic variation in Parkinson's disease (PD) associated loci (PARK2, LRRK2, PINK1, DJ-1, SNCA, MAPT, APOE, and mtDNA tRNA Gln T4336C). Patient 1 is a 40 year-old female (onset at 30 years of age), initially with a pure parkinsonian phenotype (similar to the phenotype previously reported for her mother). Patient 2 is a 38 year-old male (onset at 33 years of age), presenting an ataxic phenotype with parkinsonian features (not seen either in other affected siblings or in his father). Both patients presented an expanded ATXN3 allele with 72 CAG repeats. No PD mutations were found in the analyzed loci. However, allelic variants previously associated with PD were observed in DJ-1 and APOE genes, for both patients. The present report adds clinical and genetic information on this particular and rare MJD presentation, and raises the hypothesis that DJ-1 and APOE polymorphisms may confer susceptibility to the parkinsonian phenotype in MJD.
Preparation and Evaluation of Composite Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers Made of Fine Aluminum Particles Dispersed in Polystyrene Medium (2008)

We developed composite electromagnetic wave absorbers made of flne aluminum particles dispersed in a polystyrene medium and evaluated their properties in order to realize metal-backed single-layer electromagnetic wave absorbers with a good absorption property in the GHz region. Both the magnetization and the magnetic loss caused by the eddy current ∞owing on the surface of the aluminum particles increased proportionally to the volume mixture ratio of the aluminum particles for all samples. The magnetization was almost independent of frequency but the magnetic loss decreased with increasing frequency for all samples. These results were in agreement with qualitative theoretical predictions. mines the absorption of electromagnetic waves over a frequency range of several GHz, decreases with increasing frequency. Therefore, since the values of 0 smaller than 1 is required for ab- sorption, the conditions under which the magnetic moment appears is an important factor when electromagnetic-wave-absorbent materials are developed. When the proportion of aluminum parti- cles in the material increases, it is speculated that the magnetic moment increases and 0 becomes smaller than 1. However, if aluminum particles are in contact with each other, the total surface current of the particles decreases because the total surface area of the particles decreases. As a result, the loss 00 due to the eddy current will be small. Furthermore, because the conductivity of the electromagnetic-wave-absorbent materials increases upon the aluminum particles coming in contact and the re∞ection coe-cient of the electromagnetic wave increases, it is di-cult for the wave to pass through the materials inside. Eventually, the wave cannot be efiectively absorbed, because the Joule loss becomes small. Therefore, in this study, electromagnetic-wave-absorbent materials made of aluminum particles coated with polystyrene resin, which is an insulator and ensures that the aluminum particles do not come in contact with each other, were fabricated and their characteristics were evaluated.
The impact of NF-κB signaling on pathogenesis and current treatment strategies in multiple myeloma (2018)

Multiple myeloma, which ranks as the second most common hematological malignancy, is known for its great genetic heterogeneity. One pathway, however, stands out in this diverse group. NF-κB pathway is one of the most important pathways in multiple myeloma not only for its role in pathogenesis, but also for its importance in various treatment strategies. Mutations in several major components of the NF-κB pathway and its regulators are present in at least 17% of primary multiple myeloma tumors and 42% of multiple myeloma cell lines. The NF-κB pathway regulates numerous genes, which influence development and pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. This significance of NF-κB for myeloma cells, however, is used against them, as current treatment strategies often use NF-κB as their primary or secondary target.
Activated interiors of clay nanotubes for agglomeration-tolerant automotive exhaust remediation (2015)

Naturally occurring clay nanotubes, halloysite, act as a high-performance exhaust catalyst when copper–nickel alloy nanoparticles are dispersed onto the interior surface.
Injectable Silk Fibroin-Based Hydrogel for Sustained Insulin Delivery in Diabetic Rats (2020)

Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting over 400 million people worldwide. Inadequate production of insulin due to loss of beta cells or insulin resistance within the body imbalances the glucose homeostasis, resulting in an abrupt increase of blood glucose level. The conventional and last resort of treatment involves repeated subcutaneous insulin injections to maintain the physiological glucose homeostasis. However, continuous and multiple subcutaneous injections are associated with poor patient compliance and local amyloidosis of insulin, which can be overcome with controlled and sustained insulin delivery. In this context, we have designed and formulated an injectable silk fibroin hydrogel (iSFH) to realize sustained insulin delivery over a prolonged period under diabetic conditions. The specific composition of glycol additives (ethylene glycol and triethylene glycol) allowed the silk fibroin protein to form an injectable hydrogel within 50 min. The detailed characterization of iSFH by a field-emission scanning electron microscope displayed the desired mesoporous structures, which are appropriate for drug (insulin) encapsulation in its active form. Interestingly, the subcutaneous injection of iSFH-encapsulated insulin (insulin-iSFH) in diabetic T1DM Wistar rats showed controlled release of insulin and restored physiological glucose homeostasis up to 4 days. The biocompatible and biodegradable nature of iSFH makes it a potential drug delivery system for active storage, and controlled and sustained delivery of insulin in diabetic conditions to maintain the physiological glucose level.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in seizure-induced neuronal cell death. (2010)

Epilepsy is considered one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. The burst firing associated with prolonged epileptic discharges could lead to a large number of changes and cascades of events at the cellular level. From its role as the cellular powerhouse, the mitochondrion is emerging as a key participant in cell death because of its association with an ever-growing list of apoptosis-related proteins. Prolonged seizures may result in the mitochondrial dysfunction and increased production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) precede neuronal cell death and cause subsequent epileptogenesis. Emerging evidences also showed that intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway may contribute to the neuropathology of human epilepsy, particularly in the hippocampus. Subsequent laboratory studies in the animal model of status epilepticus provide credence to the notion that activation of nuclear factor-κB upregulates NO synthase (NOS) II gene expression with temporal correlation of NOS II derived NO-, superoxide anion- and peroxynitrite-dependent reduction in mitochondrial Complex I activity, leading to apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. These results will broaden our understanding on the intimate link between mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling triggered by epileptic seizures. It will open a new vista in the development of more effective neuroprotective strategies against seizure-induced brain damage by modification of bioenergetic failure in the mitochondria and in the design of novel treatment perspectives for therapy-resistant forms of epilepsy.
An empirical correlation for the calculated effective permeability for a nonlinear impulse problem with a simple exponential model for the relative differential permeability (2003)

A nonlinear impulse problem is considered in which a simple exponential representation for the relative differential magnetic permeability is used to model the effects of afield dependent permeability (including magnetic saturation) on the performance of an electromagnetic shield subjected to intense pulsed electromagnetic fields. Previously, an analytical procedure was developed that characterized the maximum value of the transient electric field induced at the inner surface of the shield in terms of a dimensionless effective permeability that depends on a fundamental dimensionless combination of problem parameters. A series of finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculations was used to characterize the dimensionless effective permeability numerically for selected values of the dimensionless applied pulse parameter. In this paper, a simple empirical relationship is presented that represents to very good accuracy the calculated effective permeability for the simple exponential permeability model. The relationship has only a single free parameter, yet it fits the numerical results to remarkable accuracy for values of the applied pulse parameter from zero to saturation. This relationship conveniently summarizes the nonlinearity of the problem for the maximum electric field.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Lepadiformine via Intramolecular N‐Acylnitroso Diels—Alder Reaction. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Lantibiotics from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (2012)

The lantibiotic nisin has been used as an effective food preservative to combat food-borne pathogens for over 40 y. Despite this successful use, nisin's stability at pH 7 is limited. Herein, we describe a nisin analog encoded on the genome of the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2. This analog termed geobacillin I was obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and subsequent purification. Extensive NMR characterization demonstrated that geobacillin I contains seven thioether cross-links, two more than the five cross-links found in nisin and the most cross-links found in any lantibiotic to date. The antimicrobial spectrum of geobacillin I was generally similar to that of nisin A, with increased activity against Streptococcus dysgalactiae, one of the causative agents of bovine mastitis. Geobacillin I demonstrated increased stability compared to nisin A. In addition to geobacillin I, the genome of G. thermodenitrificans NG80-2 also contains a class II lantibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster. The corresponding compound was produced in E. coli, and has a ring topology different than that of any known lantibiotic as determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Interestingly, geobacillin II only demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Bacillus strains. Seven Geobacillus strains were screened for production of the geobacillins using whole-cell MALDI-MS and five were shown to produce geobacillin I, but none produced geobacillin II.
A Novel 29-kDa Crystal Protein fromBacillus thuringiensisInduces Caspase Activation and Cell Death of Jurkat T Cells (2005)

Bacillus thuringiensis, the most successful and most widely used microbial insecticide, produces crystal proteins. The physiological significance of the crystal proteins is poorly understood except for the potent insecticidal activity. In this paper, we report a novel biological activity of the crystal protein. A 29-kDa crystal protein, p29, produced by B. thuringiensis subsp. coreanensis A1519, was toxic to Jurkat, a cell line from human leukemic T cells. Upon treatment of the Jurkat cells with p29 at a lower concentration, translocation of phosphatidylserine to the external cell surface, release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO from the mitochondria, and activation of caspase-9 were induced. These cellular events were followed by activation of caspase-3, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and chromatin condensation. Peak activation of caspase-9 was prominent and preceded that of caspase-8. Depletion of Bax from the cytosol was observed as the progress of p29-induced cell death. At a higher concentration of p29, the cells showed similar and accelerated morphological change, but neither externalized phosphatidylserine nor caspase-3 activation was observed. These results suggest that p29 at the lower concentration induced cell death of Jurkat accompanied by apotosis-like cellular events, and that mitochondria played a major role in p29-induced cell death.
Ambiguities in results obtained with 2D gel replicon mapping techniques (1990)

Recently, two 2-dimensional (2D) gel techniques, termed neutral/neutral and neutral/alkaline, have been developed and employed to map replication origins in eukaryotic plasmids and chromosomal DNA (1-11). The neutral/neutral technique, which requires less DNA for analysis, has been preferentially used in recent studies. We show here that the signal predicted for an origin is not detected using the neutral/neutral technique if the origin is located near the end of the analyzed restriction fragment. We also demonstrate that analysis of the same batch of DNA by the two different mapping techniques can generate apparently contradictory results: in some situations where neutral/alkaline 2D analysis indicates that a certain origin is always used, neutral/neutral 2D analysis suggests that the origin is not always used. Several possible explanations for this type of disagreement between the two techniques are discussed, and we conclude that it is important to use both techniques in combination in order to minimize possible misinterpretations.
Correlating Electronic Transport and 1/f Noise in MoSe2 Field-Effect Transistors (2018)

Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides are of great interest for nanoscale (opto)electronic device applications, but probing their electronic transport in a practical field-effect transistor (FET) is often limited by Schottky barriers and contact resistance. In addition, channel/gate-insulator interfacial states play a dominant role in electronic noise and transport properties. The authors present a systematic study of current-voltage and noise characteristics versus layer thickness in MoSe${}_{2}$ FETs. The results are important for understanding today's devices, as well as for achieving improved devices tomorrow.
Ontogeny of peroxidase activity in epithelium and eosinophils of the mouse uterus (1991)

Outbred CD-1 mice treated for 1 or 4 days with 1 mg/kg of diethylstilbestrol (DES) at various ages after birth were examined for histochemical localization of peroxidase in the uterine epithelium. Peroxidase activity in uterine extracts was also measured by a radiometric assay and the conversion of [3H]DES to [3H]Z,Z-diensestrol (Z,Z-DIES). While no peroxidase activity was detected by a histochemical method in uterine epithelium from untreated 5-day old mice, the enzyme was apparent in mice treated for 4 days with DES; uterine eosinophils were absent at this age. By day 9, DES-induced staining for peroxidase in uterine epithelial cells and the number of uterine eosinophils had increased significantly. In addition, at this age, the biochemical assays for uterine peroxidase were sensitive enough to show that DES is converted to Z,Z-DIES and that [3H]estradiol gives rise to 3H2O and water-soluble radioactive metabolites. The peroxidase response to DES, determined by both histochemical and biochemical methods, increased with the age of the immature mice. These data indicate that the neonatal uterus, although deficient in eosinophils, demonstrates a peroxidase response to estrogen and that this response is localized primarily in the luminal epithelium. The role of this DES-induced peroxidase activity in converting DES to activated metabolites that may cause cell damage is discussed.
Liquisolid tablets for dissolution enhancement of a hypolipidemic drug (2015)

This investigation was aimed to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug lovastatin, by formulating it as a liquisolid compact. Different liquisolid compacts were prepared using mathematical formulae to calculate the required quantities of powder and liquid ingredients to produce acceptably flowable and compressible admixture. Avicel PH 200, Cab-O-Sil, sodium starch glycolate and PEG 400 were employed as carrier, coating material, disintegrant and non-volatile liquid vehicle, respectively. The various drug to liquid and carrier to coating ratio were used to prepare liquisolid compacts. The formulated liquisolid tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, drug content, friability and disintegration time. The in vitro release characteristics of the drug from tablets formulated by direct compression and liquisolid technique were compared in two different dissolution media. The tableting properties of the liquisolid compacts were within the acceptable limits and drug release rates were distinctly higher as compared to directly compressed tablets. The FTIR spectra showed no interaction between drug-excipient and disappearance of the characteristic absorption band of lovastatin in liquisolid formulations could be attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonding between the drug and liquid vehicle, which resulted in dissolution enhancement. Thus, the liquisolid technique was found to be a promising approach for improving the dissolution of a poorly soluble drug like lovastatin.
Desymmetrization of Prochiral Diesters Via Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions (1997)

Abstract The development of asymmetric induction in palladium catalyzed allylic alkylation has led to the notion of creating a chiral pocket. Two platforms for ligand design that may generate such “chiral space” evolve from derivatizing chiral diols or diamines with 2‐diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid or chiral diacids with 2‐diphenylphosphinoaniline. Palladium complexes derived from such ligands effect excellent enantiodiscrimination in the desymmetrization of esters of meso ‐cycloalk‐2‐en‐1,4‐diols and gem dicarboxylates of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. These methods prove useful for asymmetric syntheses of carbanucleosides, nucleosides, and the antitumor alkaloid (+)‐pancratistatin.