gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing the stereochemistry ofD(−)-ribose andD(−)-arabinose isomers by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (1989)

Collision-induced dissociations and ion-molecule reactions in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer are used to distinguish qualitatively between permethylated D(−)-ribose and D(−)-arabinose isomers. Differences are observed in the [MH]+ daughter ion spectra of each isomer at relatively low ion kinetic energies from 0 eV to 7 eV (laboratory frame of reference) for collisions with inert nitrogen gas. Loss of neutral methanol is favored for the D(−)-ribose isomer. With permethylated D(−)-arabinose, methanol elimination is less likely to occur and the rearrangement ion [H3COCH2CHOCH3]+ exists in significantly greater abundance. At low precursor ion kinetic energies, the D(−)-arabinofuranoside participates in a selective exothermic proton transfer reaction with methyl-amine to yield the [CH3NH3]+ ion. In contrast, the proton transfer reaction with permethylated D(−)-ribose is an endothermic process with a definite translational energy onset. From this measured threshold ion kinetic energy, the proton affinity of methyl-2,3,5-tri-o-methyl-D(−)-ribofuranoside was estimated to be 940 ± 8 kJ mol−1. In additional experiments where both saccharide isomers function as collision gases, a reactive trimethylsilyl ion is used to distinguish successfully between methyl-2,3,5-tri-o-methyl-D(−)-ribofuranoside and methyl-2,3,5-tri-o-methyl-D(−)-arabinofuranoside isomers.
Preoperative Predictors of Neoplasia in Patients Undergoing Small Bowel Resection for Complicated Crohn’s Disease: A Multicentre Case-Control Study (2023)

Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with an increased risk of small bowel neoplasia (SBN). We aimed to assess preoperative predictors of SBN in CD patients. We conducted a retrospective case-control study including CD patients who underwent surgery: cases were diagnosed with SBN on histopathological analysis and controls had no neoplasia. Preoperative cross-sectional imaging was reviewed by a panel of blinded expert radiologists. Fifty cases were matched to one hundred and fifty consecutive controls. In multivariable analysis, predictors of SBN were age ≥ 50 years (OR = 28, 95% CI = 5.05-206), median CD duration ≥ 17.5 years (OR = 4.25, 95% CI = 1.33-14.3), and surgery for stricture (OR = 5.84, 95% CI = 1.27-35.4). The predictors of small bowel adenocarcinoma were age ≥ 50 years (OR = 5.14, 95% CI = 2.12-12.7), CD duration ≥ 15 years (OR = 5.65, 95% CI = 2.33-14.3), and digestive wall thickening > 8 mm (OR = 3.79, 95% CI = 1.45-11.3). A predictive score based on the aforementioned factors was constructed. Almost 73.7% of patients with a high score had SBA. Old age, long small bowel CD duration, and stricture predicted the presence of SBN, particularly adenocarcinoma when patients have digestive wall thickening > 8 mm on preoperative imaging.
Tributylphosphine (2016)

[998-40-3] C12H27P (MW 202.36) InChI = 1S/C12H27P/c1-4-7-10-13(11-8-5-2)12-9-6-3/h4-12H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,4-addition catalyst; used with disulfides for the thioetherification of alcohols; acylation catalyst; used to prepare active esters) Physical Data: bp 240 °C; bp 130 °C/20 mmHg; d 0.812 g cm−3. Solubility: sol most organic solvents; slightly sol MeCN, H2O. Form Supplied in: widely available, neat; usually requires distillation. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 31P NMR.1 Purification: distillation at reduced pressure. Improperly stored bottles of Bu3P are invariably contaminated with tributylphosphine oxide and butyl dibutylphosphinate. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be stored at room temperature indefinitely under an inert atmosphere. Oxygen should be rigorously excluded to avoid free radical chain oxidation. Tributylphosphine is pyrophoric and has an unpleasant odor. Toxicity: LD50 (rat) 750 mg kg−1.2
Catalytic Nano-structured Materials for Next Generation Diesel Particulate Filters (2008)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The increasing need for controlled diesel engine emissions and the strict regulations in the abatement of diesel exhaust products lead to an ever increasing use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) in OEM applications. The periodic regeneration of DPFs (oxidation of soot particles) demands temperatures that rarely appear during engine operation. It is therefore necessary to employ direct or indirect catalytic measures. In the present work, the development and synthesis via aerosol-based routes, of nanostructured base metal oxides for direct soot oxidation, along with their characterization and their evaluation in engine exhaust is described. The synthesized powders were characterized with respect to their phase composition and morphology. XRD, SEM and TEM analysis have shown the nanostructured character of the powders, while Raman spectroscopy was employed for the preliminary characterization of the materials surface chemistry. The catalytic activity of the materials on soot oxidation was evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that they have increased soot oxidation activity at lower temperatures than materials synthesized through a liquid phase route (Liquid Phase Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis, LPSHS). Powders with best catalytic activities were deposited on porous filter structures and were subsequently tested on an engine bench for the evaluation of their catalytic activity under realistic conditions.&lt;/div&gt;
Nanoparticle free polymer blends for light scattering films in liquid crystal displays (2012)

This paper reports an approach using nanoparticle free polymer blends for light scattering films in liquid crystal displays. The ability to create the regularly structured circle of approximately 200 nm diameter in the light scattering film by blending two specified polymers with carboxylic acid groups and epoxy groups was demonstrated. The developed light scattering film based on thermosetting system indicated regularly structured nanomorphology, high light scattering rates of more than 3.9% at 300–600 nm of wavelength, and fast thermal cross-linking reaction at 150 °C and 60 s in thermosetting conditions for high productivity.
Supplementary Figure 3 from A CRISPR/Cas9-Engineered <i>ARID1A</i>-Deficient Human Gastric Cancer Organoid Model Reveals Essential and Nonessential Modes of Oncogenic Transformation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 3&lt;/p&gt;
Achievable Rate Region for Wireless Systems with Time Varying Channels (2007)

We consider a wireless system comprising of multiple users that communicate with a base station. When there are a large number of users with time varying channels, it has been shown that multiuser diversity can be exploited to achieve high throughput in these systems. In a system employing multiuser diversity, the base station estimates the channel quality for each user during each time slot, and schedules the user with the best channel condition for that time slot. There has been a considerable amount of work towards developing scheduling mechanisms to provide quality of service guarantees to the individual users in addition to maximizing total throughput. In this paper, we consider the achievable rate region of a multiuser TDM system when the average transmit power is bounded. Our objective is to develop efficient algorithms to determine if a given rate vector is achievable within the average power bound. We characterize the achievable rate region when the channel behavior can be approximated by the on-off Gilbert-Elliot channel model. We first show that the problem of determining if a rate vector is achievable can be formulated as a convex optimization problem over a suitably denned polymatroid. We derive optimal waterfilling algorithms for solving the achievable rate region problem.
The cross-plane thermoelectric properties of p-Ge/Si0.5Ge0.5 superlattices (2013)

The electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficients, and thermal conductivities of a range of p-type Ge/Si0.5Ge0.5 superlattices designed for thermoelectric generation and grown by low energy plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition have been measured using a range of microfabricated test structures. For samples with barriers around 0.5 nm in thickness, the measured Seebeck coefficients were comparable to bulk p-SiGe at similar doping levels suggesting the holes see the material as a random bulk alloy rather than a superlattice. The Seebeck coefficients for Ge quantum wells of 2.85 ± 0.85 nm increased up to 533 ± 25 μV/K as the doping was reduced. The thermal conductivities are between 4.5 to 6.0 Wm−1K−1 which are lower than comparably doped bulk Si0.3Ge0.7 but higher than undoped Si/Ge superlattices. The highest measured figure of merit ZT was 0.080 ± 0.011 obtained for the widest quantum well studied. Analysis suggests that interface roughness is presently limiting the performance and a reduction in the strain between the quantum wells and barriers has the potential to improve the thermoelectric performance.
Electromagnetic characterization of biological cells (2009)

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Abstract — This paper presents the most commonly used method to characterize individual biological cells on a dielectric point of view. It is a force based technique which lays on dielectrophoresis and/or electrorotation. First the principle of these phenomena are described and analyzed with an extension to magnetic forces at the micrometric scale level. Secondly we present an experimental setup which permits to acquire the dielectrophoretic spectrum which is a dielectric signature of a cell. The main dielectric parameters can be deduced by fitting the theoretical response of the cell issued from a dielectric model and the experimental data. At the end we present an improved fitting method which takes advantage of a sensitivity analysis based on a probabilistic approach. I.
Phase I study of ixabepilone given every other week in combination with irinotecan in patients with advanced malignancies (2004)

2051 Background: Ixabepilone, a semisynthetic novel derivative of Epothilone B, is active against paclitaxel resistant and sensitive tumors. In phase I monotherapy studies, myelosuppression and neuropathy were dose limiting. This combination phase I study aims to establish the Maximal Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Ixabepilone with Irinotecan, characterize dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) and the safety profile of the combination as well as describe antitumor activity. Methods: Ixabepilone and Irinotecan were given intravenously, on days 1 and 14 of a 28-day cycle, to patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors previously treated with up to 3 prior chemotherapy regimens. Plasma levels of both drugs were measured on the first course. Results: Thirty pts have received 5 dose levels. Data are available for 26 pts (15 males/ 11 females). Median age was 52 yrs [25–71]. A total of 116 ixabepilone/irinotecan courses have been administered. Tumor types consisted of lung cancer (8 pts), gynecological cancer (4 pts), GI cancer (6 pts), breast cancer (2 pts), others (6 pts). So far MTD has not been reached. Summary of dose escalation and DLTs at cycle 1 is provided in the following table: The combination has antitumour activity with 4 partial responses in pts with non-small cell lung cancer (2), small-cell lung cancer (1), and carcinoma of unknown primary (1). Conclusion: Full doses of irinotecan (180 mg/m2) can be combined every 2 weeks with up to 25 mg/m2 of ixabepilone (30 mg/m2 is ongoing) with evidence of antitumor activity. Final assessment of the recommended dose as well as pharmacokinetic data will be presented at the meeting. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Bristol-Myers Squibb
Reactivity of zeolite hydroxy groups toward σ-donor bases. H–D exchange with 3-methylpentane (1994)

The H–D exchange of deuteriated Y zeolites, silica–alumina and γ-alumina with 3-methylpentane has been studied by IR spectroscopy. At 373 K exchange ocurred only in the zeolites. Silica–alumina required higher temperatures (523–623 K) and exchange did not occur in γ-alumina in the range of temperature studied. Ultrastable Y zeolite with non-framework alumina (NFA), showed a higher reactivity for H–D exchange and hexane cracking than Y zeolite dealuminated by (NH4)2SiF6. These findings were explained by the difference in acid strength between the zeolites, probably due to the presence of NFA as proposed in the literature, and stress the dependence of H–D exchange on acid strength. The IR study of H–D exchange between 3-methylpentane and Y zeolites having pyridine pre-adsorbed, neutralizing some of the hydroxy groups, showed that the high-frequency (hf) hydroxy group is responsible for the exchange. The low-frequency (If) and NFA hydroxy groups appear to exchange via hydrogen bridges with the hf hydroxy group, rather than by direct interaction with the hydrocarbon. The H–D exchange between solid acids and alkanes could be a qualitative test for acid strength, since only very strong acids would attack σ bonds.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Dimers of Vinylphenols by Tandem Action of Laccases and Lipases (2011)

Abstract The tandem use of laccases and lipases has been exploited for the simple preparative synthesis of enantiomerically enriched dimeric phenols. Laccase‐catalyzed oxidation of isoeugenol ( 1 ) and vinylguaiacol ( 7 ) in biphasic systems gave as main products the racemic compounds 6 and 8 , possessing structures similar to the β‐5 dimers found in lignin. The synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 6 and 8 could be achieved by alcoholysis reactions catalyzed by commercial preparations of lipases in organic solvents. Although the E values were quite low (due to the “remote” stereocenters to be discriminated), the enantio‐complementary behavior of the tested lipases allowed the simple isolation of the target compounds with ee up to 90%. It is noteworthy that these results have been achieved in vitro exploiting commercially available enzymes, without using the so‐called “dirigent” proteins evolved by nature to direct the enantioselective coupling of phenols in vivo .
Comparison between calcium carbonate and β‐tricalcium phosphate as additives of 3D printed scaffolds with polylactic acid matrix (2019)

In this study, polylactic acid (PLA)-based composite scaffolds with calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub> ) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were obtained by 3D printing. These structures were evaluated as potential 3D structures for bone tissue regeneration. Morphological, mechanical, and biological tests were carried out in order to compare the effect of each additive (added in a concentration of 5% w/w) and the combination of both (2.5% w/w of each one), on the PLA matrix. The scaffolds manufactured had a mean pore size between 400-425 μm and a porosity value in the range of 50-60%. According to the results, both additives promoted an increase of the porosity, hydrophilicity, and surface roughness of the scaffolds, leading to a significant improvement of the metabolic activity of human osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells. The best results in terms of cell attachment after 7 days were obtained for the samples containing CaCO<sub>3</sub> and β-TCP particles due to the synergistic effect of both additives, which results in an increase in osteoconductivity and in a microporosity that favours cell adhesion. These scaffolds (PLA:CaCO<sub>3</sub> :β-TCP 95:2.5:2.5) have suitable properties to be further evaluated for bone tissue engineering applications.
GRAPHICAL SIMULATION FOR LEARNERS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION OF JAMAICA’S PARAMOUNT TREASURE: “THE DEVON HOUSE” (2018)

Abstract GRAPHICAL SIMULATION FOR LEARNERS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION OF JAMAICA’S PARAMOUNT TREASURE: “THE DEVON HOUSE” Construction of structures such as Devon House, using modern methods and standards would be a relatively quick process. However, construction methods or practices in the late 1800’s were a complex and timely process; one that required great planning and foresight. Most sources documenting historic construction methods have been conducted utilizing a historical or archaeological perspective. Rarely, have they been documented with consideration for the construction process or for the applicability and use within their existing contexts. In fact, the only remaining documentation of the structures are the buildings themselves. Any original plans, designs, survivors or paperwork have been lost to time. Emphasis will be placed upon the construction process through the use of digital reconstruction that will be graphically represented through Autodesk Revit architecture. The core principles to be addressed are analysis of planning and mobilization, assessment of the substructure, superstructure and roof. The planning and mobilization, details what preparations were made for the selection of the site and drafting of plans resources, materials and their sources, methods of transportation; equipment types and the location of said equipment. Substructure, will take into account the soil profile and its requisite analysis. Selection of an appropriate foundation type, resources and the step-by-step construction process. The superstructure which comprises the majority of the structure. It is inclusive of: the floor structure, columns louver system wall system and windows. The authors reviewed the methods of construction to determine how they were retrofitted to take advantage of the local climate. When the step-by-step construction method have been determined, the authors simulated the most plausible, given the construction practices of Jamaicans in the late 1800’s. The second section of the paper emphasizes the graphical simulation of The Devon House. This was divided into two sections which included software applications 3Ds Max, AutoCAD 2014 and Revit 2015, and the utilization of exploded views to explore and review components such as plans, sections, elevations and axonometric views. Exploded views of the internal elements include beams, girders, walls and columns. Together, these will provide clear picture of Devon Houses longevity due to some of these historic construction processes, in language that can be understood by a multitude of audiences. The final section addresses the utilization of the 3D model, either through digital representation or reproduction as a physical 3D printed model to provide instruction about the construction process of The Devon House. In addition, the use of a survey will provide feedback to determine perceptions of clarity, impact, originality and relevance of information retained by students. Keywords: The Devon House, historic building, Jamaica, graphical simulation
Soft Ticks as Pathogen Vectors: Distribution, Surveillance and Control (2012)

Ticks are highly specialized obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of mammals, birds and reptiles. Ticks are distributed worldwide and are of enormous medical and veterinary relevance owing to the direct damage they cause to their hosts and, especially, because they are vectors of a large variety of human and animal pathogens. In fact, ticks are second to mosquitoes as vectors of human pathogens and the most important vectors of pathogens affecting cattle worldwide (Peter et al., 2005). In humans, tick infestations typically involve few specimens and the greatest risk for people bitten by a tick lies in infection due to a tickborne pathogen (Parola & Raoul, 2001). Such pathogens are diverse and include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (Jongejan & Uilenberg, 2004; de la Fuente et al., 2008a). In animals, tick infestations are much more severe than in humans. Animals can be parasitized by hundreds or even thousands of ticks, which obviously multiplies the effect on the host, either by direct injuries or disease transmission. Direct injuries to animals can be very serious, especially in tropical climates, and are mainly observed in infestations with ixodid ticks but also in infestations with some argasid ticks as Ornithodoros lahorensis and O. savignyi (Hoogstraal, 1985). The most frequent of these direct forms of damage include: (i) tissue destruction caused by the tick mouth parts and by the local inflammatory reaction of host to tick saliva; (ii) loss of blood, which in massive infestations can cause acute anaemia; (iii) paralyses caused by salivary toxins, such as the holocyclotoxin from the Australian tick Ixodes holocyclus, a tick species that can paralyze and kill a young animal with only one female bite; (iv) toxicoses, such as the Sweating sickness caused by the African Hyalomma truncatum; in ruminants this disease elicits eczematous skin lesions, hyperexcretion of exudates and more than 75% mortality in young animals, and (v) immunosuppression, which renders animals more susceptible to pathogen transmission (Mans et al., 2008a). All these direct forms of damage together with tick-transmitted diseases (including Babesiosis, Theileriosis, Anaplasmosis and Cowdriosis) cause important economic losses to the livestock industry, mainly affecting tropical and subtropical countries, where ticks constitute one of the main difficulties for the development of the livestock breeding industry (Jongejan and Uilenberg, 2004; Rajput et al., 2006).
Best Synthetic Methods: Functional Group Protection (2011)

Benzyl esters are easily deprotected by hydrogenolysis. It is often observed, however, as exempliﬁed by the conversion of 1 to 2 reported (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 406) by Hironao Sajiki of Gifu Pharmacutical University, that alkene hydrogenation can be carried out selectively. Fernando Albericio of the University of Barcelona has developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 3304) a family of thiophene-based esters 3 that can be removed with acid in the presence of t-butyl esters, and that are stable to the removal of FMOC groups. Vassiliki Theodorou of the University of Ioannina has found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 8230) that esters were rapidly saponiﬁed by methanolic NaOH in solvent CH2Cl2. Specific oligosaccharide synthesis depends heavily on the use of orthogonal methods for alcohol protection and deprotection. This is illustrated by the work (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 1008) of Carolyn R. Bertozzi of the University of California, Berkeley, who deployed p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMB), p-chlorobenzyl (PCB) and p-iodobenzyl (PIB) ethers to enable construction of a disaccharide, by way of 9. Piers R. J. Gaffney of Imperial College London has reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 1836) a practical preparation of the ether 11, that should make this symmetrical protecting group more readily available. George W. J. Fleet of the University of Oxford and Sigthur Petursson of the University of Akureyri have found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2196) that diphenyl diazomethane 14, easily prepared from benzophenone, reacted under neutral conditions with primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols to form the benzyhydryl ethers. Harsh conditions have often been employed to remove aryl methyl ethers such as 16. Wei Wang of the University of New Mexico and Wenhu Duan of the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica have developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 4054) a simple protocol to effect this transformation, by heating the ether to reflux in DMF in the presence of iodocyclohexane 17. Dithianes such as 19 have often been deprotected with stoichiometric heavy metals. Andreas Kirschning of Leibniz Universität Hannover has devised (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2018) a set of three anionic resins, charged, respectively, with I(O2CCF3 )2 - , HCO3 -, and S2O3 - . Exposure of 19 to the three resins in sequence delivered the very sensitive ketone 20.