gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relative Abundance of Nitrotoga spp. in a Biofilter of a Cold-Freshwater Aquaculture Plant Appears To Be Stimulated by Slightly Acidic pH (2016)

The functioning of recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) is essential to maintain water quality for fish health, and one crucial process here is nitrification. The investigated RAS was connected to a rainbow trout production system and operated at an average temperature of 13°C and pH 6.8. Community analyses of the nitrifying biofilm revealed a coexistence of Nitrospira and Nitrotoga, and it is hypothesized that a slightly acidic pH in combination with lower temperatures favors the growth of the latter. Modification of the standard cultivation approach toward lower pH values of 5.7 to 6.0 resulted in the successful enrichment (99% purity) of Nitrotoga sp. strain HW29, which had a 16S rRNA sequence similarity of 99.0% to Nitrotoga arctica. Reference cultures of Nitrospira defluvii and the novel Nitrotoga sp. HW29 were used to confirm differentiation of these nitrite oxidizers in distinct ecological niches. Nitrotoga sp. HW29 revealed pH and temperature optima of 6.8 and 22°C, respectively, whereas Nitrospira defluvii displayed the highest nitrite oxidation rate at pH 7.3 and 32°C. We report here the occurrence of Nitrotoga as one of the main nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in freshwater aquaculture systems and indicate that a slightly acidic pH, in addition to temperatures below 20°C, can be applied as a selective isolation criterion for this microorganism.
Recent developments in the chemotherapy of osteoporosis (1995)

Osteoporosis has been defined [1] as a disease characterized by a low bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. This condition is also known as osteopenia. Bones which generally suffer fracture are of the vertebra, hip and forearm. Bone damage, particularly at an elderly age, could be fatal or render an individual invalid permanently or at least for a long duration, thus affecting his or her quality of life. Hence checking osteoporosis has become a research area of considerable importance.
Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten lasermodifizierter SiC-Keramiken (2000)

Neben der konventionellen Bearbeitung technischer Keramiken wie SiC mit Diamantwerkzeugen kann auch der Excimer-Laser zur Erzeugung definierter Topographien eingesetzt werden. Durch die Wahl der Prozessparameter bei der Lasermaterialbearbeitung lässt sich sowohl eine Glättung als auch eine Aufrauhung der Oberfläche erreichen. Dabei ergibt sich bei hohen Energiedichten und niedriger Pulsanzahl eine Glättung der ursprünglich geläppten Oberfläche. Geringe Energiedichten führen bei hoher Pulsanzahl hingegen zu Aufrauhungen in Form einer regelmäßigen Zapfenstruktur. Die laserstrukturierten Oberflächen werden bezüglich der tribologischen Eigenschaften charakterisiert. Der Einsatz eines Schwingverschleißtesters belegt die Abhängigkeit zwischen Rauheit der Oberfläche und resultierender Reibungskraft. Jedoch kommt es im Trockenlauf zu raschem Verschleiß der Oberflächenstruktur. Bei Verringerung der Prüfkräfte auf die in der Mikrosystemtechnik vorherrschenden Werte zeigt sich eine topographiebedingte sehr effektive Verringerung der Reibungskraft. Das Reibungsverhalten ist maßgeblich durch Kapillarkräfte des auf der Oberfläche anhaftenden Wassers bestimmt, wodurch bei zunehmender Oberflächenrauheit, und damit geringer werdender Kontaktfläche, die Reibungskräfte abnehmen. Die chemische Charakterisierung der ursprünglich geläppten sowie der lasermodifizierten Oberflächen erfolgte mittels Auger-Elektronen-Spektroskopie (AES). Dabei wird deutlich, daß die Oberfläche nach der Bearbeitung partiell oxidiert ist. Während der Ausbildung der SiO2-Verbindungen reagieren freie Sauerstoffradikale zudem mit der Luftfeuchtigkeit der Umgebung, was zur Ausbildung von OH-Gruppen und letztendlich einer hydrophilen Oberfläche führt.
Effects of specimen preparation method on the volume change of clay under cyclic thermal loads (2018)

Previous investigations of the volume change of soil with different fabric patterns have been mostly carried out at a constant temperature. To investigate the influence of the specimen preparation method on the volume change of saturated clay under cyclic thermal loads, reconstituted, intact and recompacted specimens were tested. Thermal axial strains of these specimens in a normally consolidated state were measured using a temperature-controlled invar oedometer apparatus. The soil fabric of each specimen was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP). All specimens showed continuous contraction as the number of thermal cycles increased, albeit at a decreasing rate. After five heating and cooling cycles with temperatures ranging from 15 to 70°C, the accumulated plastic axial strain of the reconstituted specimen was 38% and 68% larger than those of the intact and recompacted specimens, respectively. The SEM visualisations and MIP measurements demonstrate that these observed differences can likely be attributed to different distributions of clay particles in the soil specimens (with a 28% clay content). In the intact and recompacted specimens, most of the clay particles formed silt-size aggregates. In the reconstituted specimen, the clay particles filled the spaces between silt particles and the soil fabric was homogeneous overall.
A fingerprint verification system based on triangular matching and dynamic time warping (2000)

An effective fingerprint verification system is presented. It assumes that an existing reference fingerprint image must validate the identity of a person by means of a test fingerprint image acquired online and in real-time using minutiae matching. The matching system consists of two main blocks: The first allows for the extraction of essential information from the reference image off-line, the second performs the matching itself online. The information is obtained from the reference image by filtering and careful minutiae extraction procedures. The fingerprint identification is based on triangular matching to cope with the strong deformation of fingerprint images due to static friction or finger rolling. The matching is finally validated by dynamic time warping. Results reported on the NIST Special Database 4 reference set, featuring 85 percent correct verification (15 percent false negative) and 0.05 percent false positive, demonstrate the effectiveness of the verification technique.
2′-Fucosyllactose alters the composition and activity of gut microbiota from formula-fed infants receiving complementary feeding in a validated intestinal model (2019)

Human milk oligosaccharides are abundant in breast milk and are associated with various beneficial effects. In this study, a validated in vitro gut model was used to evaluate the prebiotic potential of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) on the activity and composition of microbiota from three 6-month-old formula-fed infants after weaning. 2′-FL was fermented along the entire length of the colon. In the distal colon, a specific decrease in lactate was observed accompanied with increased butyrate concentrations. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated shifts in the microbial composition at luminal and mucosal level, depending on donor and colon location. 2′-FL increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and of butyrate-producing bacteria, the latter only in the mucus. These data support the addition of 2′-FL to follow-on infant formulas and show that additional studies are needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action by which 2′-FL modulates the gut microbiota in older formula-fed infants.
Effect of the Modification of PCC with NCC on the Paper Properties (2015)

It is well known that the use of PCC as a filler for printing paper making brought about the serious deterioration of strength properties of paper, although PCC could be helpful to reduce the energy consumption. The use of modified PCC with NCC was tried to solve and/or reduce the strength deterioration problem. NCC was prepared from SwBKP by the acid hydrolysis. There was no significant changes in chemical properties and crystalline structure. However the cyrstallinity of NCC was higher than those of SwBKP. The different dosage of NCC was applied to modify the properties of PCC. 0.1% of NCC dosage was enough to improve ash retention and paper properties. The use of modified PCC with NCC as a filler improved ash retention, bulk, opacity and formation without the serious deterioration of strength properties. Thus the use of modified PCC with NCC might be helpful for not only reduction of energy consumption but also increase of filler dosage without the significant sacrifice of strength properties by the optimization of retention system.
Parametrically resonant surface plasmon polaritons (2021)

We present the theory of parametrically resonant surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). We show that a temporal modulation of the dielectric properties of the medium adjacent to a metallic surface can lead to efficient energy injection into the SPP modes supported at the interface. When the permittivity modulation is induced by a pump field exceeding a certain threshold intensity, such a field undergoes a reverse saturable absorption process. We introduce a time-domain formalism to account for pump saturation and depletion effects. Finally, we discuss the viability of these effects for optical limiting applications.
Comparing Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Efficiency in a Field-Scale Digester Using Microaeration and Iron Filters (2020)

Biological desulfurization of biogas from a field-scale anaerobic digester in Peru was tested using air injection (microaeration) in separate duplicate vessels and chemical desulfurization using duplicate iron filters to compare hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reduction, feasibility, and cost. Microaeration was tested after biogas retention times of 2 and 4 h after a single injection of ambient air at 2 L/min. The microaeration vessels contained digester sludge to seed sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and facilitate H2S removal. The average H2S removal efficiency using iron filters was 32.91%, with a maximum of 70.21%. The average H2S removal efficiency by iron filters was significantly lower than microaeration after 2 and 4 h retention times (91.5% and 99.8%, respectively). The longer retention time (4 h) resulted in a higher average removal efficiency (99.8%) compared to 2 h (91.5%). The sulfur concentration in the microaeration treatment vessel was 493% higher after 50 days of treatments, indicating that the bacterial community present in the liquid phase of the vessels effectively sequestered the sulfur compounds from the biogas. The H2S removal cost for microaeration (2 h: $29/m3 H2S removed; and 4 h: $27/m3 H2S removed) was an order of magnitude lower than for the iron filter ($382/m3 H2S removed). In the small-scale anaerobic digestion system in Peru, microaeration was more efficient and cost effective for desulfurizing the biogas than the use of iron filters.
Boundaries of negligible reflection coefficients achieved by single compliant layers. (1991)

The basic boundary is assumed to possess a (specular) reflection coefficient that is not negligible, i.e., [Zp(ω)/Zf(Θ)] does not approach unity. Here, Zp(ω) is the surface impedance of the basic boundary at the frequency ω and Zf(Θ) is the surface impedance of the fluid that occupies the semi-infinite space above the boundary. It is noted that Zf(Θ)=[ρc/cos(Θ)], where ρ and c are the density and speed of sound in the fluid, respectively, and Θ is the angle of incidence from the normal to the plane of the boundary. For a basic boundary that possesses a surface impedance Zp(ω) that is mass controlled, namely, Zp(ω)=iωMp, where Mp is the surface mass, a compliant layer of surface impedance Zc(ω)=(K/iω)(1+iηc), placed atop the basic boundary, will render the reflection coefficient negligible if: ηc=[ωMp/Zf(Θ)]; ω2=(K/Mp)(1+ηc2). In another example, the surface impedance ratio ‖Zc(ω)/Zp(ω)‖ at the frequency ω of concern is small compared with unity, then one may render the reflection coefficient of the boundary negligible by adding a panel of surface impedance Z1(ω) that is mass controlled atop the compliant layer: Z1(ω)=iωM1. In this case the reflection coefficient will be negligible if: ηc=[Zf(Θ)/ωM1]; ω2=(K/M1). In both examples the reflection coefficient is rendered negligible by providing the reflecting boundary with a resonant dynamic system that is adjusted so that the resonance frequency coincides with the frequency of concern. To achieve negligible reflection coefficient, the loss factor ηc of the compliant layer needs to be appropriately adjusted. The need for the later adjustment will be discussed.
Effect of Low-Shear Extrusion on Corn Fermentation and Oil Partition (2009)

To study oil distribution in fermentation liquid and solids for the purpose of recovering oil from corn stillage by centrifugation, a low-shear single-screw extruder was used to treat corn for dry-grind ethanol fermentation. Five different treatments for corn were used, and their effects on ethanol fermentation, oil distribution, and oil extractability were studied. Extruded corn with different particles sizes had similar ethanol yields (33% based on corn) because the starch was equally gelatinized by extrusion. Pretreatment with larger particle size before extrusion tended to have higher free oil than pretreatment with smaller particle sizes, but the effect was not dramatic, which indicates that manipulating particle size has limited effect on oil distribution in the liquid. Autoclaved flaked corn had lower ethanol yield because autoclaving at 28% moisture did not fully gelatinize the starch. Addition of protease and cellulase significantly increased the ethanol yield by at least 4%. A significant amount of bound oil became more extractable after enzyme treatment. Such oil can be effectively extracted into liquid phase by using a surfactant. In general, oil tended to be strongly associated with the solids in the thin stillage. By enzymatic treatment, 70% oil distribution was achieved in the thin stillage, compared to the conventional fermentation, where only 50% oil goes into the liquid. It was also demonstrated that mass loss after fermentation can be used to accurately quantify ethanol yield.
A prototype body-mounted MRI-compatible robot for needle guidance in shoulder arthrography (2014)

A novel compact and lightweight patient-mounted MRI-compatible robot has been designed for MRI image-guided interventions. This robot is intended to enable MRI-guided needle placement as done in shoulder arthrography. The robot could make needle placement more accurate and simplify the current workflow by converting the traditional two-stage arthrography procedure (fluoroscopy-guided needle insertion followed by a diagnostic MRI scan) to a one-stage procedure (streamlined workflow all in MRI suite). The robot has 4 degrees of freedom (DOF), two for orientation of the needle and two for needle positioning. The mechanical design was based on several criteria including rigidity, MRI compatibility, compact design, sterilizability, and adjustability. The proposed workflow is discussed and initial MRI compatibility experiments are presented. The results show that artifacts in the region of interest are minimal and that MRI images of the shoulder were not adversely affected by placing the robot on a human volunteer.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Oncogenic and Wild-type Ras Play Divergent Roles in the Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 254K, siRNA-mediated depletion of wild-type and oncogenic Ras in additional cell lines&lt;/p&gt;
ASSOCIATION OF FOUR DIFFERENT CALCIUM CRYSTALS IN THE ANTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND HYPODERMAL STOMIUM OF CAPSICUM ANNUUM (SOLANACEAE) DURING MICROSPOROGENESIS (1992)

The anther connective tissue and hypodermal stomium between adjacent locules in the anthers of Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) are the sites of formation of calcium salt crystals with four different habits. The spatial and temporal associations of these crystals and the idioblastic cells in which they form indicate that crystal sand occurs earliest in anther development near the single vascular strand, followed by spherulites and prismatic crystals farther out in the connective tissue, and finally druses occur in the hypodermal stomium. Both the druses and the crystal sand crystals are encased in crystal chambers and are associated with distinct membranes, whereas the spherulites and prismatic crystals are not bounded by any apparent membranes but they are surrounded by dense material that is rich in calcium and stains positively for polysaccharides and proteins. Quite often spherulites and prismatic crystals are observed within a single cell in contact with each other. X‐ray diffraction of crystal preparations containing all four crystal habits and X‐ray elemental analyses of single crystals, as well as visual observations and acid treatments, suggest that all four crystal habits consist of calcium oxalate. The hypodermal stomium and adjacent connective tissue degenerate at the pollen stage causing adjacent locules to fuse. Shortly afterward, each stomium epidermis splits open along the length of the anther releasing the pollen. It is suggested that the crystal idioblasts are involved in this process, possibly by a temporally orchestrated sequestration of calcium from both the cell cytoplasm and cell wall.
Silicon-based GeSn mid-infrared lasers (Conference Presentation) (2019)

Silicon-based optoelectronic devices have long been desired owing to the possibility of monolithic integration of photonics with high-speed Si electronics and the aspiration of broadening the reach of Si technology by expanding its functionalities well beyond electronics. To overcome the intrinsic problem of bandgap indirectness in the group-IV semiconductors such as Si and Ge, a new group-IV based material, GeSn alloy, has attracted increasing interests. The group-IV GeSn alloy has been demonstrated to become direct bandgap material with more than 8% Sn incorporation, which opens a new opportunity towards a Si-based light source with fully complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility. The GeSn laser contributes strongly to the progress of optoelectronic integration towards next-generation photonic integrated circuit on the Si platform, as it fills the deficiency of the efficient group-IV band-to-band lasers. Moreover, due to the tunable bandgap of GeSn, the lasing operation wavelength covers broad near- and mid-infrared range. Recently, the GeSn optically pumped lasers based on direct bandgap GeSn alloys have been demonstrated. In this work, the following aspects have been investigated: i) the novel growth strategy to obtain high Sn compositions based on spontaneous-relaxation-enhanced (SRE) Sn incorporation and the GeSn virtual substrate (VS) approaches. The maximum Sn composition of 22.3% was achieved; ii) the demonstration of GeSn optically pumped heterostructure lasers. The operation wavelength covers from 2 to 3 µm and the maximum lasing temperature is 265 K; iii) the demonstration of GeSn quantum well laser. The significantly reduced lasing threshold compared to heterostructure laser was achieved.
Gelatin scaffolds loaded with asiaticoside/2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin complex for use as wound dressings (2020)

Gelatin (Gel) is a protein polymer obtained from the hydrolysis of collagen. Gel was used to prepare a wound dressing material loaded with asiaticoside (AC), a trisaccharide triterpene from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban commonly used in wound healing and dermis reconstruction. To improve water solubility, AC was formed into an inclusion complexation with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in molar ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2. The AC/HPβCD complexes were then loaded into a standard Gel solution and glutaraldehyde was used as the crosslinking of the Gel matrix. Freeze‐drying was used to fabricate the mixed solutions into Gel scaffolds. Average pore sizes of the scaffolds ranged between 548 and 560 μm. The compressive modulus of the scaffolds increased with increasing HPβCD molar ratio. Swelling and weight loss of the scaffolds in water increased with longer submersion times. Highest cumulative released amount of AC was obtained from the scaffold incorporated with the AC/HPβCD complex at the molar ratio of 1:2. Indirect cytotoxicity assay with human dermal fibroblasts confirmed that AC/HPβCD complex‐loaded Gel scaffolds were non‐toxic to the cells. Results demonstrated the potential of AC/HPβCD complex‐loaded Gel scaffolds for use as wound dressing materials.
Post-irradiation analysis of high temperature, low burnup tungsten UO{sub 2} test plates (1970)

Problems in determining fuel burnup of high temperature fueled plates were resolved by using tungsten-184 as a thermal flux monitor. Methods for determining fission product releases from fueled test plates were evaluated. The use of fission product Cs-137 as a burnup monitor was also evaluated.
CHAP Enhances Versatility in Colloidal Probe Fabrication (2020)

A colloidal probe, comprising a colloidal particle attached to an atomic force microscope cantilever, is employed to measure directly interaction forces between the particle and a surface. It is possible to change or even destroy a particle while attaching it to a cantilever, thus limiting the types of systems to which the colloidal probe technique may be applied. Here we present the Controlled Heating and Alignment Platform (CHAP) for fabricating colloidal probes without altering the original characteristics of the attached particle. The CHAP applies heat directly to the atomic force microscope chip to rapidly and precisely control cantilever temperature. This minimizes particle heating and enables control over the viscosity of thermoplastic adhesive, to prevent it from contaminating the particle surface. 3D-printed components made the CHAP compatible with standard optical microscopes and streamlined the fabrication process while increasing the platform’s versatility. Using the CHAP with a thermoplastic wax adhesive, colloidal probes were fabricated using polystyrene and silica particles between 0.7 and 40 μm in diameter. We characterized the properties and interactions of the adhesive and particles, as well as the properties of the completed probes, to demonstrate the retention of particle features throughout fabrication. Pull-off tests with CHAP’s probes measured adhesive force values in the expected ranges and demonstrated that particles were firmly attached to the cantilevers.