gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Colour rendering tolerances in the CIE system (1971)

To investigate the tolerances in the CIE System of assessing colour rendering differences, seventy-two observers have compared two sets of the eight Munsell samples recommended in the System. Each set was illuminated by one of a pair of fluorescent lamps of different colour rendering properties selected from six of similar correlated colour temperature (4000 K). It is shown that the CIE method is not applicable to the comparison of lamps unless one lamp is the reference standard. The observations were recorded on a 4-category scale and were transformed by means of a theoretical model to a subjective ratio scale which is linearly related to the measured colour difference corrected for adaptation of the eye. Furthermore, the just noticeable colour differences were approximately five-and-a-half times the 'minimum perceptible colour differences' of MacAdam's observer. A 'just noticeable' special colour rendering index could thereby be derived for individual samples.
Bioelectrochemical conversion of CO2 to value added product formate using engineered Methylobacterium extorquens (2018)

The conversion of carbon dioxide to formate is a fundamental step for building C1 chemical platforms. Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 was reported to show remarkable activity converting carbon dioxide into formate. Formate dehydrogenase 1 from M. extorquens AM1 (MeFDH1) was verified as the key responsible enzyme for the conversion of carbon dioxide to formate in this study. Using a 2% methanol concentration for induction, microbial harboring the recombinant MeFDH1 expressing plasmid produced the highest concentration of formate (26.6 mM within 21 hours) in electrochemical reactor. 60 μM of sodium tungstate in the culture medium was optimal for the expression of recombinant MeFDH1 and production of formate (25.7 mM within 21 hours). The recombinant MeFDH1 expressing cells showed maximum formate productivity of 2.53 mM/g-wet cell/hr, which was 2.5 times greater than that of wild type. Thus, M. extorquens AM1 was successfully engineered by expressing MeFDH1 as recombinant enzyme to elevate the production of formate from CO<sub>2</sub> after elucidating key responsible enzyme for the conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to formate.
Inhibition of the T790M Gatekeeper Mutant of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by EXEL-7647 (2007)

These studies provide a preclinical basis for clinical trials of XL647 in solid tumors and in patients bearing tumors that are resistant to existing EGFR-targeted therapies.
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: The Messerklinger Technique (1991)

The technique of using fiber-optic instrumentation for sinus surgery is becoming more popular. By going through the nose, there are far fewer complications than when traditional open surgical techniques were used. The authors are respected in the field of otolaryngology and this reference manual should be useful to both trainees and practitioners.
Multiport scattering analysis of general multilayered printed antennas fed by multiple feed ports. II. Applications (1992)

For Part I, see ibid., vol.40, no.5, p.469-481 (1992). The general analysis of part I is applied to several practical geometries of multilayer/multifeed printed antennas. These examples include a dual-feed circularly polarized geometry; a stacked patch geometry; a stripline-aperture coupled geometry with a radome; an open-end proximity-coupled patch; and dipole and slot geometries inclined or perpendicularly coupled to different feedlines. Features of the selected geometries cover many practical aspects of multilayer integrated phased arrays. Experimental results for several geometries are compared with the analytical results to demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of the analysis used. Various design considerations for the use of these multilayered printed antenna geometries in integrated phase array applications are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Abstraction and specialization of information granules (2001)

In his paper, we introduce a model of generalization and specialization of information granules. The information granules themselves are modeled as fuzzy sets or fuzzy relations. The generalization is realized by or-ing fuzzy sets while the specialization is completed through logic and operation. These two logic operators are realized using triangular norms (that is t- and a-norms). We elaborate on two (top-down and bottom-up) strategies of constructing information granules that arise as results of generalization and specialization. Various triangular norms are experimented with and some conclusions based on numeric studies are derived.
Tunable diode laser sensor for multiple species monitoring in harsh atmospheres (2004)

Energy intensive industries such as steel, aluminum, and glass require combustion processes that are characteristically at high temperature with high levels of particulate matter. Monitoring and control of these processes for improved efficiency, pollutant reduction, and product quality requires a sensor adaptable for such harsh environments. Traditional industrial monitoring relies on extractive sampling that requires frequent maintenance due to probe plugging or corrosion and routine calibration. In addition, capturing the temporal behavior of the process can be problematic with extractive sampling systems because of the slow response time associated with the sampling line lengths and slow response analyzers. To meet the demands of these harsh combustion processes the ideal sensor would perform in-situ process monitoring, require little or no maintenance and provide real-time process information The use of tunable diode lasers based on absorption monitoring overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional extractive sampling. However, the majority of industrial combustion processes will undergo temperature variations along with changes in the atmosphere oxidation or reducing state during normal operation. Therefore, temperature monitoring along with key combustion species monitoring that describes the atmosphere e.g., O<sub>2</sub> and CO, is often necessary for optimal process control. The temperature is not only a useful parameter describing the state of the process, but is needed to accurately determine the species concentration since the absorption measured is dependent on temperature. To monitor both reducing and oxidizing combustion atmospheres in addition to gas temperature requires a diode laser system capable of multiple species monitoring. Here we describe an industrial prototype system operating in the near-infrared for simultaneous monitoring of O<sub>2</sub> (.76 &mu;m), CO (1.5 &mu;m), H<sub>2</sub>O (1.5 &mu;m) and gas temperature. The prototype system addresses the issues of added complexity with multiple species monitoring by using only two diode lasers and a beam launch and receiver optical design to discriminate the vastly different laser wavelengths while suppressing background radiation noise and beam steering from thermal gradients. Measurement results using the system for industrial process monitoring on a 100-ton/hr steel reheat furnace are presented. The measurements in this test were conducted at different zones in the furnace and at different heights relative to the processed material. The results show dynamic variations in concentration and temperature that could aid in improved atmosphere control.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography (2019)

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. This chapter addresses the challenges facing coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) by examining the recent technical advances, resultant clinical implementation, and future developments. CMRA is a promising method for noninvasive imaging of the coronary arteries. The integration of CMRA with other established cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that measure ventricular function, flow, perfusion, and myocardial viability, makes MRI an extremely powerful and comprehensive modality for cardiac imaging. CMRA requires accurate detection and compensation for cardiac and respiratory motion. Cardiac gating, as well as patient monitoring, requires precise electrogram triggering, which can be challenging in the MRI environment. Volume-targeted CMRA approaches utilize thin, obliquely oriented slabs to image each branch of the coronary tree in a single breath-hold. MRI is the procedure of choice in the diagnosis of inflammatory lesions of the aorta.
A practical CRCs-ADSCL decoding scheme for systematic polar codes (2016)

The systematic polar codes under successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding suffers from very high time and space complexity when list size becomes larger. Aimed at getting the tradeoff between error performance and algorithm complexity, a practical CRCs-ADSCL(Adaptive SCL) decoding scheme is proposed for systematic polar codes, in which CRC values will be held by the bit-pair arrays in the decoding stage. This algorithm reduces the decoding latency and algorithmic complexity with little degradation in error performance. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm occupies only 24.4% as the original algorithm with no performance loss for (2048,1024) systematic polar codes. More memory reduction contributes to little degradation in error performance.
Using Root Functions for Eigenvalue Problems of Ordinary Differential Operators (2009)

We study eigenvalue problems for an ordinary differential operator L acting on L 2(ℝ)-spaces (Problem 1) and on L 2(J)-spaces (Problem 2). Here J is a bounded but large interval. Assuming that in Problem 1 the spectral parameter s lies in the set of normal points of L, we show that the structure of eigenspaces for both problems is similar to the structure of finite complex-valued matrices. In the case of a finite matrix, the geometry of eigenspaces is described by the Jordan form. In the case of ordinary differential operators, the corresponding geometry is described by a sequence of root functions. Therefore, the main tool of our studies is root functions for complex-valued analytical matrix functions.
Fetal loss following ultrasound diagnosis of a live fetus at 6–10 weeks of gestation (2003)

In pregnancies with a live fetus at 6-10 weeks' gestation the rate of subsequent fetal loss is related to maternal age, gestation, cigarette smoking, history of vaginal bleeding and the ultrasound findings of small gestation sac diameter and fetal bradycardia, relative to crown-rump length.
Revisit Fuzzy Neural Network: Demystifying Batch Normalization and ReLU with Generalized Hamming Network (2017)

We revisit fuzzy neural network with a cornerstone notion of generalized hamming distance, which provides a novel and theoretically justified framework to re-interpret many useful neural network techniques in terms of fuzzy logic. In particular, we conjecture and empirically illustrate that, the celebrated batch normalization (BN) technique actually adapts the normalized bias such that it approximates the rightful bias induced by the generalized hamming distance. Once the due bias is enforced analytically, neither the optimization of bias terms nor the sophisticated batch normalization is needed. Also in the light of generalized hamming distance, the popular rectified linear units (ReLU) can be treated as setting a minimal hamming distance threshold between network inputs and weights. This thresholding scheme, on the one hand, can be improved by introducing double thresholding on both extremes of neuron outputs. On the other hand, ReLUs turn out to be non-essential and can be removed from networks trained for simple tasks like MNIST classification. The proposed generalized hamming network (GHN) as such not only lends itself to rigorous analysis and interpretation within the fuzzy logic theory but also demonstrates fast learning speed, well-controlled behaviour and state-of-the-art performances on a variety of learning tasks.
AIRCRAFT CONTROL LAW RECONFIGURATION (2015)

The synthesis of MIMO fault-tolerant control systems under control failures is considered. The solution is written in an analytical form, which makes it possible to synthesize simplified circuit implementations and adjust coefficients of the fault-tolerant control system in the case of a non-stationary object. А nonlinear medium-range aircraft model was used to verify the results.
HCV Regulation of Host Defense (2006)

Automated iodine quantification maps reconstructed from clinical PCCT have a high diagnostic ability to differentiate RCs and neoplasms. The data from this pilot study can be used to help establish quantitative values for clinical differentiation of renal lesions.
Angiotensin-(1–7) reduces cardiac effects of thyroid hormone by GSK3Β/NFATc3 signaling pathway (2018)

Patients with hyperthyroidism exhibit increased risk of development and progression of cardiac diseases. The activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been indirectly implicated in these cardiac effects observed in hyperthyroidism. Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) has previously been shown to counterbalance pathological effects of angiotensin II (Ang II). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of elevated circulating Ang-(1-7) levels on cardiac effects promoted by hyperthyroidism in a transgenic rat (TG) model that constitutively overexpresses an Ang-(1-7)-producing fusion protein [TGR(A1-7)3292]. TG and wild-type (WT) rats received daily injections (i.p.) of triiodothyronine (T3; 7 µg/100 g of body weight (BW)) or vehicle for 14 days. In contrast with WT rats, the TG rats did not develop cardiac hypertrophy after T3 treatment. Indeed, TG rats displayed reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) and cardiac hyperdynamic condition induced by hyperthyroidism. Moreover, increased plasma levels of Ang II observed in hyperthyroid WT rats were prevented in TG rats. TG rats were protected from glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inactivation and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) nuclear accumulation induced by T3. <i>In vitro</i> studies evidenced that Ang-(1-7) prevented cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and GSK3β inactivation induced by T3. Taken together, these data reveal an important cardioprotective action of Ang-(1-7) in experimental model of hyperthyroidism.
Automatic Coronary Artery Segmentation in X-ray Angiograms by Multiple Convolutional Neural Networks (2018)

Accurate coronary artery segmentation in X-ray angiographic images is a challenging task due to the low image quality and presence of artifacts. This paper proposes an automatic vessel segmentation method in the X-ray angiographic images using correspondence matching and convolutional neural networks (CNN). First, a dense correspondence between the live image and the mask image is generated. Second, patches from live images as well as patches from mask images are put into a two-channel network to achieve a coarse segmentation for the region of interest. Third, a one-channel CNN is used to generate the fine segmentation result. Experiments demonstrate that our method is very effective and robust for coronary artery segmentation, which is better than the other three state-of-the-art methods.
Electrical response of ferroelectric/superconducting/dielectric BaxSr1-xTiO3/YBa2Cu3O7- delta/LaAlO3thin-film multilayer structures (1995)

Multilayered structures of ferroelectric and superconducting films deposited on dielectric substrates are being developed for use in low-loss tunable microwave components for satellite and ground-based communications. In this paper, we report on the electrical characterization of BaxSr1-xTiO3 (x=0, 0.08 and 0.10)/YBa2Cu3O7- delta /LaAlO3 thin-film multilayer structures. These structures were formed in situ using a pulsed laser deposition method by the sequential deposition of the YBa2Cu3O7- delta (YBCO) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) and the SiTiO3 (STO) or Ba0.10Sr0.90TiO3 (BST) films on 20 mil (0.5 mm) thick (100) LaAlO3 single-crystal substrates and by using a metal organic deposition method to deposit the Ba0.08Sr0.92TiO3 films. These processes produced YBCO films with thicknesses of 300 nm and ferroelectric films with thicknesses of 250 and 500 nm. The YBCO films showed a transition temperature (Tc) above 89 K after deposition and processing of the ferroelectric layers. Electrical characterization of these structures was performed by measuring the capacitance (C), relative dielectric constant ( epsilon r), and loss tangent (tan delta ) of the ferroelectric film in the temperature range from 300 to 40 K and at electric fields (E) from zero to 2.0*105 V cm-1 For 500 nm and 250 nm thick BST films having the same stoichiometry, epsilon r values of 191 and 126, respectively, were obtained at 300 K, 1.0 MHz, and zero E. Corresponding tan delta values of 0.096 and 0.021 were measured for the 500 nm and 250 nm thick samples, respectively, at the aforementioned temperature, frequency and E. It was observed that the amount of variation of epsilon r as a function of E was closely related to the microstructure of the films. Evidence of conductive pathways in the ferroelectric film as well as of ferroelectric domain 'lock-in' under a d.c. bias is presented.
Radiotherapy or Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Primary CNS Lymphoma in Patients 60 Years of Age and Younger: Results of the Intergroup ANOCEF-GOELAMS Randomized Phase II PRECIS Study (2019)

WBRT and ASCT are effective consolidation treatments for patients with PCNSL who are 60 years of age and younger. The efficacy end points tended to favor the ASCT arm. The specific risk of each procedure should be considered.
Manganese Additive Effects on Emissions From a Model Gas Turbine Combustor (1972)

Abstract The effect of 0.06% by volume of the additive, 2-Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (Ethyl Corporation Combustion Improver No. 2), on particulate and gaseous emissions from a model gas turbine combustor was measured. The additive increased the total mass of particulate emissions in these combustor experiments, probably by adding manganese oxides to the exhaust. Without the additive, the smallest of the carbonaceous exhaust particles were typically 0 (0.1 μ) in diameter. These particles agglomerate into “popcornlike” structures of 0 (1μ) and thus are efficient scatterers of visible radiation. With the additive, exhaust particles, composed of manganese oxides and carbon, are 0 (0.05 μ) with significant reduction in agglomeration. No effect on gaseous NO emissions and a negligible decrease in gaseous CO emissions was noted.
Dynamic Volume Holography and Optical Information Processing by Raman Scattering (2002)

A method of producing holograms of three-dimensional optical pulses is proposed. It is shown that both the amplitude and the phase profile of three-dimensional optical pulse can be stored in dynamic perturbations of a Raman medium, such as plasma. By employing Raman scattering in a nonlinear medium, information carried by a laser pulse can be captured in the form of a slowly propagating low-frequency wave that persists for a time large compared with the pulse duration. If such a hologram is then probed with a short laser pulse, the information stored in the medium can be retrieved in a second scattered electromagnetic wave. The recording and retrieving processes can conserve robustly the pulse shape, thus enabling the recording and retrieving with fidelity of information stored in optical signals. While storing or reading the pulse structure, the optical information can be processed as an analogue or digital signal, which allows simultaneous transformation of three-dimensional continuous images or computing discrete arrays of binary data. By adjusting the phase fronts of the reference pulses, one can also perform focusing, redirecting, and other types of transformation of the output pulses.
CoveringLSH: Locality-sensitive Hashing without False Negatives (2015)

We consider a new construction of locality-sensitive hash functions for Hamming space that is \emph{covering} in the sense that is it guaranteed to produce a collision for every pair of vectors within a given radius $r$. The construction is \emph{efficient} in the sense that the expected number of hash collisions between vectors at distance~$cr$, for a given $c&gt;1$, comes close to that of the best possible data independent LSH without the covering guarantee, namely, the seminal LSH construction of Indyk and Motwani (STOC '98). The efficiency of the new construction essentially \emph{matches} their bound when the search radius is not too large --- e.g., when $cr = o(\log(n)/\log\log n)$, where $n$ is the number of points in the data set, and when $cr = \log(n)/k$ where $k$ is an integer constant. In general, it differs by at most a factor $\ln(4)$ in the exponent of the time bounds. As a consequence, LSH-based similarity search in Hamming space can avoid the problem of false negatives at little or no cost in efficiency.
Effect of stretch on passive transport in toad urinary bladder (1976)

In order to gain further information about the effect of stretch on the urinary bladder of the toad, transepithelial movement of radioactive sucrose, chloride, and urea was measured across bladder sacs during acute changes in the internal volume. Short-circuit current (SCC) and total tissue conductance (Kt) were also measured in each experiment. It was found that sudden large increases or smaller graded increases in volume resulted in a consistent fall in the tracer permeability (P*) of all three isotopes. However, this fall was due entirely to the larger area term in the calculation of P* rather than any real change in isotope movement. When total diffusion (TD) of each isotope was calculated by a method that eliminated the changes in surface area, it was apparent that stretch produced no significant effects on the transepithelial movement of any of these three molecules. Large stretch also resulted in parallel increases in SCC and Kt in most bladders. We conclude from these observations that the intercellular pathway for sucrose and chloride and the transcellular pathway for urea are unaltered by degrees of stretch that enhance SCC and sodium transport. By inference, the observed increases in Kt appear to represent changes in specific active pathway conductance (Ka), and may relate importantly to the changes in sodium transport.
Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Singapore: a further six cases. (2006)

CA-MRSA, though uncommon, is being isolated with increasing frequency in Singapore. A predominant clone (ST30- MRSA-IV) seems to be emerging locally.