gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computational Modeling to Limit the Impact Displays and Indicator Lights Have on Habitable Volume Operational Lighting Constraints (2016)

Even with no ambient lighting system on, the International Space Station glows at night. The glow is caused by indicator lamps and displays that are not included with the specification of the ambient lighting system. How does this impact efforts to improve the astronaut's lighting environment to promote more effective sleep patterns? Do the extra indicators and displays add enough light to change the spectrum of light the crew sees during the day as well? If spacecraft environments are specifically engineered to have an ambient lighting system that emits a spectrum promoting a healthy circadian response, is there a way control the impact? The goal of this project is to investigate how additional light sources, such as displays and indicators change the effective light spectrum of the architectural lighting system and how impacts can be mitigated.
The multiscale classifier (1996)

Proposes a rule-based inductive learning algorithm called multiscale classification (MSC). It can be applied to any N-dimensional real or binary classification problem to classify the training data by successively splitting the feature space in half. The algorithm has several significant differences from existing rule-based approaches: learning is incremental, the tree is non-binary, and backtracking of decisions is possible to some extent. The paper first provides background on current machine learning techniques and outlines some of their strengths and weaknesses. It then describes the MSC algorithm and compares it to other inductive learning algorithms with particular reference to ID3, C4.5, and back-propagation neural networks. Its performance on a number of standard benchmark problems is then discussed and related to standard learning issues such as generalization, representational power, and over-specialization.
The Transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm Toolkit: Survey and Content Validation in the United States, Mexico, and Taiwan (2014)

tDNA-PATh appears to be an effective culturally sensitive tool to foster MNT in clinical practice. By providing simple culturally specific instructions, tDNA-PATh may help to overcome current impediments to implementing recommended lifestyle modifications. Specific guidance provided by tDNA-PATh, together with included patient education materials, may increase healthcare provider efficiency.
Development of an amplitude-modulated Nd:YAG pulsed laser with modulation frequency tunability up to 60 GHz by dual seed injection (2004)

A pulsed, modulation frequency tunable, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser has been devised for use in target detection through turbid media. A modulated pulse laser radar system offers many advantages in target detection, such as significant signal contrast enhancement, compared with conventional remote-sensing systems. By implementation of the dual-longitudinal-mode seed injection technique, the modulation frequency of the designed Q-switched laser can be tuned from 250 MHz up to 60 GHz in steps of 250 MHz while maintaining a modulation depth of at least 75%. This provides the ability to explore propagation and scattering properties further at previously unattainable high RF modulation frequencies.
Material Synthesis and Device Aspects of Monolayer Tungsten Diselenide (2018)

In this paper, we investigate the synthesis of WSe<sub>2</sub> by chemical vapor deposition and study the current transport and device scaling of monolayer WSe<sub>2</sub>. We found that the device characteristics of the back-gated WSe<sub>2</sub> transistors with thick oxides are very sensitive to the applied drain bias, especially for transistors in the sub-micrometer regime. The threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, and extracted field-effect mobility vary with the applied drain bias. The output characteristics in the long-channel transistors show ohmic-like behavior, while that in the short-channel transistors show Schottky-like behavior. Our investigation reveals that these phenomena are caused by the drain-induced barrier lowering (short-channel effect). For back-gated WSe<sub>2</sub> transistors with 280 nm oxide, the short-channel effect appears when the channel length is shorter than 0.4 µm. This extremely long electrostatic scaling length is due to the thick back-gate oxides. In addition, we also found that the hydrogen flow rate and the amount of WO<sub>3</sub> precursor play an important role in the morphology of the WSe<sub>2</sub>. The hole mobility of the monolayer WSe<sub>2</sub> is limited by Columbic scattering below 250 K, while it is limited by phonon scattering above 250 K. These findings are very important for the synthesis of WSe<sub>2</sub> and accurate characterization of the electronic devices based on 2D materials.
Herpesvirus Encephalitis in a Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor) (2020)

An 11-day-old little blue penguin (<i>Eudyptula minor</i>) died unexpectedly. Prior to hatching, the egg experienced trauma and resultant defects were repaired. The chick hatched without complication and was clinically normal prior to death. Necropsy revealed congested lungs. Histologic examination showed moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis with focally extensive neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in neurons within necrotic foci. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in brain tissue with a generic herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing demonstrated 100% and 98% sequence homology to sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 and penguin herpesvirus 2, respectively. In situ hybridization demonstrated large amounts of herpesvirus nucleic acid in intranuclear inclusions and neuronal nuclei. Combined histology, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization results were most consistent with herpesviral encephalitis, most likely caused by sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus infection causing encephalitis in a penguin and the first report of herpesvirus in this species.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells during COVID-19: Ally or adversary? (2022)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized cells of the immune system that are thought to be the main cellular source of type I interferon alpha (IFNα) in response to viral infections. IFNs are powerful antivirals, whereas defects in their function or induction lead to impaired resistance to virus infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. IFN production needs to be controlled, because sustained IFN production can also have detrimental effects on disease outcome. As such, pDCs are likely important for acute antiviral protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection but could potentially also contribute to chronic IFN levels. Here, we provide a historical overview of pDC biology and summarize existing literature addressing their involvement and importance during viral infections of the airways. Furthermore, we outline recent reports focused on the potential role of pDCs during SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the potential for this cellular subset to impact COVID-19 disease outcome.
Penetration enhancement of two topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid formulations for photodynamic therapy by erbium:YAG laser ablation of the stratum corneum: continuous versus fractional ablation (2010)

5-Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Response rates of PDT vary widely, which may be because of the limited uptake of topically applied photosensitisers. We investigated skin penetration and fluorescence induction of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) after applying either 20% ALA cream or 20% aminolaevulinic acid solution on laser-stripped stratum corneum (SC) in an ex vivo full-thickness porcine skin model. Both formulations are used in clinical practice. To enhance the skin penetration of ALA, we used two different 2940-nm erbium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er:YAG) laser systems to partially ablate the SC: continuous and fractional ablation. Different fluences were applied ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 J/cm(2) (continuous ablation) and from 4 to 24 J/cm(2) (fractional ablation). Fluorescence microscopy was used for detecting PpIX-induced fluorescence. Compared to skin without laser pretreatment, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of PpIX was enhanced 13.8-fold after continuous ablation with 1.0 J/cm(2) and 7.3-fold after fractional ablation with 4 J/cm(2); each laser procedure was followed by 4-h incubation with lipophilic ALA cream. Optimal parameters for continuous ablation without damage to the epidermis were 1 J/cm(2) for both formulations, fractional ablation was best with 4 J/cm(2). Histological evaluations of laser-treated skin showed necrosis and apoptosis, depending on light dose. In laser-stripped skin, PpIX fluorescence was detected earlier and reached deeper epidermal layers than in untreated skin. Continuous laser ablation induced higher PpIX fluorescence levels than fractional ablation. This method offers a promising new tool for enhancing ALA penetration in PDT without damaging the underlying tissue.
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for the Characterization of Thin Films (1990)

In the visible range from 250 to 900 nm, a variety of spectroscopic ellipsometers are presently available from different manufacturers. Some of these instruments can be used off‐line for thin film characterization, but other instruments are fully compatible with vacuum systems and the in situ study of phenomena such as growth kinetics, thin film deposition processes, and surface adsorption effects. A review of the existing spectroscopic ellipsometers is given as well as an up‐to‐date ellipsometric configuration still under development, which involves three polarizers. The relative accuracy of this latter instrument is discussed. A review of the applications of this technique in the case of bulk or layered materials and of the problems encountered in the microelectronics industry is given. Spectroscopic ellipsometry can also be performed in the infrared range. Some first results, measured with a prototype of this instrument, are shown in order to demonstrate the degree of sensitivity of this technique.
Concurrent Engineering in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Project Design Center (1998)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In June of 1994, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) opened the Project Design Center (PDC) to develop and implement new tools and processes for engineering of space systems. This paper reports the status of two concurrent engineering teams resident in the PDC (team-X for space mission design and team-I for space instrument design). It discusses the nature of the process changes needed to implement real time concurrent engineering of systems and the resulting improvements in cost, schedule and quality. The PDC has demonstrated that &lt;i&gt;real time&lt;/i&gt; concurrent design, enabled by new information technology, promotes very efficient production and exchange of information within design teams.&lt;/div&gt;
CLASSIFICATION AND CATALOGUES (2010)

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Real-time soil nutrients monitoring (2022)

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The availability of nutrients is one of the main factors in soils that affect plant growth. This is something that has always been worrying humans; initially using natural fertilizers such as animal and human waste to enhance crop productivity. However, the industrial revolution brought the Haber-Bosch process (artificial nitrogen fixation), which posed a milestone on artificial fertilizers. The production of fertilizers increased exponentially during the twentieth century and is still increasing although at a slower pace. It has had not only positive results, e.g. food production, but is also causing major environmental, health and economic problems.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Because of these problems, it is critical to improve soil management strategies at the precise spatial scales in order to protect human health and the environment, while food production is also guaranteed. To do so, what is needed is a low-cost way to measure nutrients in the soil, in real-time, at different spatial scales.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;During recent years, researchers have been working on the adaptation and modification of Ion Selective Electrodes for the analysis of nutrients directly in the soil. However, low precision and accuracy, intense instrument handling (pre and post-calibration), and complex data processing is preventing its general use.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We will present here two modifications of our first prototype of a low-cost ISE-based sensor probe. The probe allows measurements &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;in situ&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and/or continuous monitoring of up to 16 chemical species. We will here showcase preliminary data obtained by measuring four replicates of four analytes. We also apply the Bayesian calibration methodology previously developed by us in order to improve the precision and accuracy of measurements.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
Abstract PR-01: Vitamin D receptor expression is inversely associated with prostate cancer progression (2010)

Abstract Background: Vitamin D is inversely associated with risk of several malignancies. Circulating vitamin D interacts with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) at the cellular level to inhibit proliferation, increase apoptosis and decrease angiogenesis. Thus, although vitamin D levels appear to be unrelated to total prostate cancer incidence, VDR levels in tumor tissue may influence prostate cancer prognosis. Methods: We examined the immunohistochemical expression of VDR on archival tumor tissue from 841 prostate cancer cases diagnosed between 1982 and 2004 within two ongoing, prospective cohorts: the Physicians' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. VDR expression was measured quantitatively using the CRi Vectra™ system. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of VDR expression with lethal prostate cancer (N=73) through 2008. On a subset of cases, we also examined correlation of tumor VDR expression with circulating 25(OH)D3 and 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 measured at baseline (N=84) in 1982 and two SNPs in VDR: Fok1 and bsm1 (N=140). Results: Men with high tumor VDR expression had significantly lower Gleason score, lower prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels at diagnosis, and were less likely to have advanced tumor stage (p=0.008, p=0.012, p=0.001, respectively). Compared to the lowest quartile, men in the highest quartile of VDR expression were at significantly lower risk of developing lethal prostate cancer (age-adjusted HRs across quartiles Q2=0.95, 95% CI: 0.51–1.79; Q3=0.93, 95% CI: 0.49–1.76; Q4 = 0.23, 95% CI:0.09–0.55). This association was attenuated (HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.16–1.09) after further adjustment for pathological tumor stage, Gleason grade, and PSA level at diagnosis. Tumors expressing high levels of VDR had modest downregulation of cell proliferation as measured by Ki67 (r=-0.11). Moreover, expression of estrogen receptor alpha (r=0.40, p&amp;lt;0.001) and androgen receptor (r=0.41, p&amp;lt;0.001) were positively correlated with VDR expression. Neither prediagnostic plasma vitamin D levels nor gene variants in VDR were associated with VDR protein expression in tumors. Conclusion: In this large prospective study, men with tumors that demonstrated upregulation of VDR had significantly improved clinical features and reduced risk of lethal prostate cancer. In line with experimental studies, the positive correlation between VDR expression, and androgen receptor and estrogen receptor provides evidence that that VDR acts in an androgen- and/or estrogen-dependent manner. These data highlight the potential role of the vitamin D system in preventing prostate cancer progression. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):PR-01.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of β-Keto Sulfones (2006)

A novel method for the preparation of β-keto-sulfones through the use of organoselenium reagents in the solid phase by polystyrene-supported benzeneselenosulfonate or tolueneseleno­sulfonate with acetylenes has been developed.
Wavelet-based depth map estimation for light field cameras (2016)

Conventional depth estimation methods for light field cameras often fail to estimate sharp object boundaries. We propose a depth estimation method using a wavelet-based matching cost calculation and an estimation optimization, which can estimate sharp object boundaries. Our method first calculates matching costs on four subband images derived with a wavelet transform, and then combines the costs based on matching confidence. After an initial depth estimation by using the matching cost, we improve estimation by an optimization process. Experimental results demonstrated that our proposed method provides more plausible estimation with sharper object boundaries.
Shiga Toxin-Mediated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Time to Change the Diagnostic Paradigm? (2007)

At the time of microbiological analysis, approximately 5% of HUS patients shed no longer the causative EHEC, but do excrete stx-negative derivatives of EHEC that lost stx during infection. In such patients, the EHEC etiology of HUS is missed using current methods detecting solely stx or Shiga toxin; this can hamper epidemiological investigations and lead to inappropriate clinical management. While maintaining the paradigm that HUS is triggered by Shiga toxin, our data demonstrate the necessity of considering genetic changes of the pathogen during infection to adapt appropriately diagnostic strategies.
Inhibition of proteoglycan and type II collagen synthesis of disc nucleus cells by nicotine (2003)

The results of this study raise the possibility that nicotine may contribute to the process of disc degeneration by a direct effect on the nucleus pulposus cells, possibly by antagonizing the effect of BMP-2.
Graphene-Coated Hollow Fiber Membrane as the Cathode in Anaerobic Electrochemical Membrane Bioreactors – Effect of Configuration and Applied Voltage on Performance and Membrane Fouling (2015)

Electrically conductive, graphene-coated, hollow-fiber porous membranes were used as cathodes in anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreactors (AnEMBRs) operated at different applied voltages (0.7 and 0.9 V) using a new rectangular reactor configuration compared to a previous tubular design (0.7 V). The onset of biofouling was delayed and minimized in rectangular reactors operated at 0.9 V compared to those at 0.7 V due to higher rates of hydrogen production. Maximum transmembrane pressures for the rectangular reactor were only 0.10 bar (0.7 V) or 0.05 bar (0.9 V) after 56 days of operation compared to 0.46 bar (0.7 V) for the tubular reactor after 52 days. The thickness of the membrane biofouling layer was approximately 0.4 μm for rectangular reactors and 4 μm for the tubular reactor. Higher permeate quality (TSS = 0.05 mg/L) was achieved in the rectangular AnEMBR than that in the tubular AnEMBR (TSS = 17 mg/L), likely due to higher current densities that minimized the accumulation of cells in suspension. These results show that the new rectangular reactor design, which had increased rates of hydrogen production, successfully delayed the onset of cathode biofouling and improved reactor performance.
Traumatic Aneurysms of the Face and Temple (1998)

The branches of the external carotid artery are protected from injury in most locations by an adequate buffer of soft tissue. On occasion, the vessels approach the surface to cross bone structures, and in these key areas they become vulnerable to blunt trauma. The facial, superficial temporal, and terminal branches of the internal maxillary arteries are the branches most often affected via this mechanism of injury. In addition, damage to deeper branches of the internal maxillary artery and to the subparotid portion of the superficial temporal artery has been reported secondary to maxillary fractures and craniofacial surgery. A brief patient report illustrates the highlights of clinical examination, diagnostic study, and surgical management of an aneurysm of the facial artery. A review of the world literature since 1644 has revealed 386 patients with traumatic aneurysms of the face and temple.
Understanding Liquid-Water Management in PEFCs Using X-Ray Computed Tomography and Modeling (2015)

Optimal liquid-water management is essential for commercializing polymer-electrolyte fuel cells, especially those with next-generation material sets. At low operating temperatures there is a need to remove liquid water from the cathode electrode where it can impede reactant transport. Optimization of water transport and removal requires a careful design consideration for the porous carbon components, specifically the gas-diffusion layers (GDLs). Two-phase transport inside the GDLs, especially during operation, is complex and requires detailed knowledge of a given GDLs’ morphology and transport properties. In this paper, the GDL’s morphological properties are elucidated using synchrotron-based X-ray micro computed tomography (XCT) and in-situ water-distributions for two sets of GDLs. The XCT studies are complemented with two-dimensional modeling studies to gain an understanding of liquid-water transport under in-operando conditions.
Fabrication of a Ti-supported NiCo2O4nanosheet array and its superior catalytic performance in the hydrolysis of ammonia borane for hydrogen generation (2015)

A Ti-supported NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>nanosheet array exhibited high catalytic performance in the hydrolysis of ammonia borane for hydrogen generation.
RGB-D object recognition and pose estimation based on pre-trained convolutional neural network features (2015)

Object recognition and pose estimation from RGB-D images are important tasks for manipulation robots which can be learned from examples. Creating and annotating datasets for learning is expensive, however. We address this problem with transfer learning from deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) that are pre-trained for image categorization and provide a rich, semantically meaningful feature set. We incorporate depth information, which the CNN was not trained with, by rendering objects from a canonical perspective and colorizing the depth channel according to distance from the object center. We evaluate our approach on the Washington RGB-D Objects dataset, where we find that the generated feature set naturally separates classes and instances well and retains pose manifolds. We outperform state-of-the-art on a number of subtasks and show that our approach can yield superior results when only little training data is available.
Diagnostic criteria of perfluorobutane-enhanced ultrasonography for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk individuals: how is late washout determined? (2021)

Determining washout within 6 minutes after contrast injection with a 60-second cutoff for late washout showed the highest sensitivity without losing specificity for diagnosing HCC using PFB-US in individuals at high risk.