gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Social Integrating Robots Suggest Mitigation Strategies for Ecosystem Decay (2021)

We develop here a novel hypothesis that may generate a general research framework of how autonomous robots may act as a future contingency to counteract the ongoing ecological mass extinction process. We showcase several research projects that have undertaken first steps to generate the required prerequisites for such a technology-based conservation biology approach. Our main idea is to stabilise and support broken ecosystems by introducing artificial members, robots, that are able to blend into the ecosystem's regulatory feedback loops and can modulate natural organisms' local densities through participation in those feedback loops. These robots are able to inject information that can be gathered using technology and to help the system in processing available information with technology. In order to understand the key principles of how these robots are capable of modulating the behaviour of large populations of living organisms based on interacting with just a few individuals, we develop novel mathematical models that focus on important behavioural feedback loops. These loops produce relevant group-level effects, allowing for robotic modulation of collective decision making in social organisms. A general understanding of such systems through mathematical models is necessary for designing future organism-interacting robots in an informed and structured way, which maximises the desired output from a minimum of intervention. Such models also help to unveil the commonalities and specificities of the individual implementations and allow predicting the outcomes of microscopic behavioural mechanisms on the ultimate macroscopic-level effects. We found that very similar models of interaction can be successfully used in multiple very different organism groups and behaviour types (honeybee aggregation, fish shoaling, and plant growth). Here we also report experimental data from biohybrid systems of robots and living organisms. Our mathematical models serve as building blocks for a deep understanding of these biohybrid systems. Only if the effects of autonomous robots onto the environment can be sufficiently well predicted can such robotic systems leave the safe space of the lab and can be applied in the wild to be able to unfold their ecosystem-stabilising potential.
Taking a direct route to the brain (2017)

Health and Medicine
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) rapidly generated myeloid and microglial cells in diseased mice when injected directly into the brain. To circumvent the blood-brain barrier, Capotondo et al. injected human HSPCs into cerebral lateral ventricles in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease. The approach resulted in the rapid and robust production of HSPC-derived myeloid and microglia cells at the site where they are needed most.

Sci. Adv. 10.1126/sciadv.1701211 (2017).
WHOLE-BAND ANALYSIS AND INSTRUMENTAL EFFECTS IN FTIR SPECTRA (1981)

Vanasse and $Sakai^{1}$ and others have described instrumental effects which affect the appearance of spectra obtained by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. In particular, an error in locating the Zero path Difference (ZPD) in an interferogram, or an asymmetry of the interferogram, may cause phase errors and apparent line shape distortions; and the finite solid angle of the beam traversing the interferometer causes a loss of resolution in addition to that caused by the finite maximum path difference. We have found it necessary to model these effects in our analysis of high resolution spectra of $CO_{2}$ and $N_{2}O$ by spectral curve fitting. By including these effects the mean residual difference between the observed and calculated spectra have been reduced to approximately 1.5 times the estimated noise level for some spectra. The phase errors retrieved in these analyses would correspond, if due solely to an error in determining ZPD, to a ZPD error of about one-twentieth of a wavelength of the Helium-Neon laser used to measure path difference. The retrieved resolution degradation due to aperture size is in agreement with that calculated from the actual aperture size of the instrument. The ability of the whole-band spectral curve fitting technique to account for these and similar effects is particularly useful in analyzing field $measurements^{2}$, but our results indicate that it is also important in determining band parameters from laboratory data.
Protection strategy for multi-terminal DC networks with fault current blocking capability of converters (2017)

High voltage dc networks are a promising technology to flexibly transmit power over long distances. However, dc grid protection is still a major challenge. DC fault clearance can be mainly achieved with three devices. These are ac circuit breakers (ACCBs), dc circuit breakers (DCCBs) and converters with fault current blocking (FB) capability. In spite of their great operational advantages, FB converters have attracted less attention than ACCBs or DCCBs in dc protection research. To bridge this gap, this paper investigates a protection strategy for a multi-terminal dc (MTDC) network equipped with FB converters and fast dc disconnectors. A novel minimum opening protection approach fully based on local data is proposed. Digital simulations are carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results show that only the two fast dc disconnectors placed in a faulty link operate following a dc fault. These results have verified proposed ideas for the protection of MTDC networks.
Time-dependent analysis of predisposing factors for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (2009)

Predisposing factors for the recurrence of HCC after treatment are different from those before treatments and special cautions are required when AFP, DCP or ALT is high during follow-up.
Ultrasmall-V high-Q photonic crystal nanobeam microcavities based on slot and hollow-core waveguides (2011)

Photonic crystal nanobeam microcavities based on slot and hollow-core waveguides were proposed and analyzed. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations show that both an ultrasmall modal volume (V) and a high quality (Q) factor can be obtained simultaneously in hollow-core-nanobeam mirocavities (HCNMs) due to the strong confinement of fields in the two lateral directions. For a 6.5-μm-long HCNM, the Q factor and V are on the order of 105 and 10−2(λ/2n)3, respectively. With compactness, lower fabrication requirements as well as ultrahigh Q/V, the proposed microcavities would be very promising in a variety of applications.
Pel-Recursive Motion Estimation Using the Expectation-Maximization Technique and Spatial Adaptation (2004)

Pel-recursive motion estimation is a well-established approach. However, in the presence of noise, it becomes an ill-posed problem that requires regularization. In this paper, motion vectors are estimated in an iterative fashion by means of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm and a Gaussian data model. Our proposed algorithm also utilizes the local image properties of the scene to improve the motion vector estimates following a spatially adaptive approach. Numerical experiments are presented that demonstrate the merits of our methods.
Stereochemistry of methanolysis of menthyl S-methyl phenylphosphonothioate (1972)

W. B. Farnham, K. Mislow, N. Mandel and J. Donohue, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1972, 120 DOI: 10.1039/C39720000120
Short range radio locator system (2023)

A radio location system comprises a wireless transmitter that outputs two megahertz period bursts of two gigahertz radar carrier signals. A receiver system determines the position of the transmitter by the relative arrival of the radar bursts at several component receivers set up to have a favorable geometry and each one having a known location. One receiver provides a synchronizing gating pulse to itself and all the other receivers to sample the ether for the radar pulse. The rate of the synchronizing gating pulse is slightly offset from the rate of the radar bursts themselves, so that each sample collects one finely-detailed piece of information about the time-of-flight of the radar pulse to each receiver each pulse period. Thousands of sequential pulse periods provide corresponding thousand of pieces of information about the time-of-flight of the radar pulse to each receiver, in expanded, not real time. Therefore the signal processing can be done with relatively low-frequency, inexpensive components. A conventional microcomputer is then used to find the position of the transmitter by geometric triangulation based on the relative time-of-flight information.
Polypyrrole, Formation and Use (2005)

Radar absorbing materials require resistive or magnetic materials that will convert the electromagnetic energy into heat. The electrical properties of polypyrrole make it a suitable candidate for a radar absorbing material. There are several simple ways to make the polymer with controlled conductivity, and many strategies to process it into a robust material. Interesting materials include polypyrrole-paint, polypyrrole-polyvinylchloride injection moulded composites and polypyrrole coated fabrics and fibres. The highest imaginary component of the permittivity for a polypyrrole composite occurs at the percolation threshold. This is also the region where the permittivity changes rapidly with the amount polypyrrole in the composite and so a high degree of control is required for reproducible making the same formulation. At the conductivities required for microwave absorption, the dc conductivity dominates and the ac component is negligible. Polypyrrole stability is an issue for fabricating a radar absorber, and stability can be improved through a barrier protecting the polypyrrole from oxygen. In this paper many aspects of the formulation and characterisation of polypyrrole materials are considered with an emphasis on its suitability as a microwave absorber.
Evaluation of a sanitizing system using isopropyl alcohol quaternary ammonium formula and carbon dioxide for dry-processing environments (2012)

Dry-processing environments are particularly challenging to clean and sanitize because water introduced into systems not designed for wet cleaning can favor growth and establishment of pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella.The objective was to determine the efficacy of isopropyl alcohol quaternary ammonium (IPAQuat) formula and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sanitizer system for eliminating Enterococcus faecium and Salmonella on food contact surfaces.Coupons of stainless steel and conveyor belting material used in dry-processing environments were spot-inoculated in the center of 5 5 cm coupons with approximately 7.0 log CFU/ml of E. faecium and up to 10 log CFU/ml of a six-serotype composite of Salmonella and subjected to IPAQuat-CO 2 sanitation treatments using exposure times of 30 s, 1 or 5 min.After sanitation treatments, wet coupons were swabbed for post-treatment survivors.Preliminary experiments included coupons which were soiled with a flour and water solution prior to inoculation and subsequent sanitation treatments.For the main study, inoculated surfaces were soiled with a breadcrumb flour blend and allowed to sit on the lab bench for a minimum of 16 h before sanitation.Preliminary results showed that IPAQuat-CO 2 sanitizing system was effective in reducing approximately 3.0 logs of E. faecium and Salmonella from clean and soiled surfaces after 1 min exposure but higher initial inoculum levels were needed to demonstrate >5 log reductions.For the main study, pre-treatment Salmonella populations were approximately 7.0 log CFU/25 cm 2 and post-treatment survivors were 1.3, < 0.7 (detection limit), and < 0.7 log CFU/25 cm 2 after 30 s, 1 or 5 min sanitizer exposures, respectively, for both clean and soiled surfaces.Treatment with IPAQuat-CO 2 sanitation system using 30 s sanitizer exposures resulted in 5.7 log CFU/25 cm 2 reductions whereas, greater than 6.0 log CFU/25 cm 2 reductions were observed for sanitizer exposures of 1 and 5 min.The IPAQuat-CO 2 sanitation system reduced 6 logs CFU/25 cm 2 of Salmonella with sanitizer exposure times of at least 1 min.The IPAQuat-CO 2 system would, therefore, be an effective sanitation system to eliminate potential contamination from Salmonella on food contact surfaces and have application in facilities that process dry ingredients or low-moisture products.iii
Chemoprevention of MNU-induced mammary tumors in the mature rat by 4-HPR and tamoxifen. (1992)

The chemopreventive efficacies of the retinoid all-trans-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide (4-HPR) and the anti-estrogen tamoxifen citrate were evaluated against N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary cancer in 120-day old female Sprague-Dawley rats. The agents were tested alone and in combination. They were administered in a modified AIN-76A diet, beginning 60 days prior to a single i.v. dose of 50 mg MNU/kg-bw and continuing until the end of the study, 180 days post-carcinogen treatment. At 782 mg/kg diet, 4-HPR alone significantly inhibited the induction of mammary adenocarcinomas compared with carcinogen controls. At 0.250 mg/kg diet, tamoxifen alone reduced tumor incidence compared with carcinogen controls. At 0.125 mg/kg diet, tamoxifen was ineffective. Combinations of 782 mg 4-HPR/kg diet with either 0.250 or 0.125 mg tamoxifen/kg diet were effective in inhibiting MNU-induced adenocarcinomas. The reductions in tumor incidence were greater for these combinations than for either agent alone. 4-HPR and 0.250 mg tamoxifen/kg diet decreased tumor incidence 81% (p less than 0.005), whereas 4-HPR and 0.125 mg tamoxifen/kg diet decreased tumor incidence 72% (p less than 0.005) compared with carcinogen controls. The combination of 391 mg 4-HPR/kg diet and 0.500 mg tamoxifen/kg diet was also tested and was effective in reducing tumor incidence.
Differential Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone on Leydig Cell Function and Restoration of Spermatogenesis in Hypophysectomized and Photoinhibited Djungarian Hamsters (Phodopus Sungorus) (1989)

Effects of pure human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) and ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) on testicular function were investigated in long-term hypophysectomized or photoinhibited Djungarian hamsters. hFSH (5 IU) or oLH (5 micrograms) or a combination of FSH and LH (5 IU and 5 micrograms, respectively) were injected s.c. twice daily for 7 days to hypophysectomized and photoinhibited hamsters. Other photoinhibited hamsters were treated for 14 and 21 days with FSH and LH (3 IU and 3 micrograms, respectively) in a similar way. LH alone had little, if any, effect on testicular weights; FSH, when injected alone or in combination with LH (FSH/LH), caused a significant increase in testes weights at each time point. On the other hand, LH or FSH/LH, but not FSH alone, caused a significant increase in the accessory organ weights. FSH had no effect on intratesticular testosterone (T) or on 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) activity but enhanced the in vitro response of interstitial cells to hCG. LH and FSH/LH had pronounced effects on intratesticular T, 3 beta-HSD activity, and in vitro response of interstitial cells to human chorionic gonadotropin. Treatment with FSH or FSH/LH caused regrowth of the testis and restoration of tubular lumen and tubular diameter and restored complete spermatogenesis. However, LH had little effect on spermatogenesis in spite of increased intratesticular and peripheral T levels. These results indicate that although LH can cause a full redifferentiation of Leydig cells in photoinhibited hamsters, it has only minor effects on tubular function. On the other hand, FSH alone induces full restoration of tubular function in these animals and has no direct effect on Leydig cell steroidogenesis, but may enhance the Leydig cell responsiveness to LH.
Miscibility, phase separation, and volumetric properties in solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in supercritical carbon dioxide (2000)

Miscibility conditions and volumetric properties of solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in supercritical carbon dioxide have been determined as a function of polymer molecular weight, polymer concentration, temperature, and pressure. Measurements have been conducted in a variable volume view cell equipped with an LVDT sensor to identify the position of a movable piston and thus the internal volume of the cell and consequently the density of the solution at a given pressure and temperature. The demixing data (in the form of P-T curves for a given concentration, or as P-x diagrams at a given T) and the density isotherms are presented for solutions of two polymer samples with different molecular weights (Mw = 38,600; Mw/Mn = 2.84 and Mw = 94,300; Mw/Mn = 3.01) at several concentrations in the range from 0.05 to 10 mass % over a temperature range from 302–425 K. Solution densities corresponding to the demixing points also have been identified. Representation of the demixing densities on the density isotherms, i.e., pressure-density plots is a new methodology that gives a direct assessment of the volumetric expansion the solution must undergo before phase separation. The temperature–composition diagrams generated at selected pressures show that the poly(dimethylsiloxane) + CO2 solutions display both lower critical solution and upper critical solution type behavior. The lower critical solution temperature moves to lower temperatures and the upper critical solution temperature moves to higher temperatures with decreasing pressure and they eventually merge together at lower pressures forming an hourglass-shaped region of immiscibility. This behavior is linked to the solvent quality of supercritical carbon dioxide that changes with pressure. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1397–1403, 2000
Chemotherapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (2004)

Drug treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a rapidly changing field. Practice changes as new drugs become available, results of studies are published, and clinical experience is accumulated. Accordingly, any review is likely to be outdated from the moment it is submitted, even before publication. In addition, the limitations inherent to a single review article of this length preclude in depth treatment of many important topics, including antiviral resistance testing and therapeutic drug monitoring. Other areas are not even addressed, such as treatment of special populations (including infants, children and pregnant women), “alternative therapy”, and use of HIV chemotherapeutics for perinatal, parenteral, or sexual postexposure prophylaxis. Nonetheless, every effort has been made to provide both a historical perspective and the most up-to-date information available on currently approved antiretroviral drugs, promising drug candidates in development, the status of laboratory monitoring pertinent to treatment and current treatment strategies for the HIV-infected adult patient. This review should serve as a useful summary for those now entering the field or seeking an overview of the current status of the chemotherapy of HIV infection.
Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Vesicles Mediated by Supramolecular Interactions (2013)

Vesicles are dynamic supramolecular structures with a bilayer membrane consisting of lipids or synthetic amphiphiles enclosing an aqueous compartment. Lipid vesicles have often been considered as mimics for biological cells. In this paper, we present a novel strategy for the preparation of three-dimensional multilayered structures in which vesicles containing amphiphilic β-cyclodextrin are interconnected by proteins using cyclodextrin guests as bifunctional linker molecules. We compared two pairs of adhesion molecules for the immobilization of vesicles: mannose-concanavalin A and biotin-streptavidin. Microcontact printing and thiol-ene click chemistry were used to prepare suitable substrates for the vesicles. Successful immobilization of intact vesicles through the mannose-concanavalin A and biotin-streptavidin motifs was verified by fluorescence microscopy imaging and dynamic light scattering, while the vesicle adlayer was characterized by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. In the case of the biotin-streptavidin motif, up to six layers of intact vesicles could be immobilized in a layer-by-layer fashion using supramolecular interactions. The construction of vesicle multilayers guided by noncovalent vesicle-vesicle junctions can be taken as a minimal model for artificial biological tissue.
Myocardial fibrosis and the concepts of cardioprotection and cardioreparation (1992)

Purpose: To examine the inter-relationship between effector hormones of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and fibrosis, a determinant of abnormal myocardial stiffness, and to determine whether pharmacological interference with these hormones can prevent or regress this pathological structural remodeling. Effects of angiotensin II and aidosterone: Two morphological expressions of myocardial fibrosis are evident, a perivascular and interstitial fibrosis, not related to cardiac myocyte necrosis, and microscopic scarring that replaces lost myocytes. The former, a reactive fibrosis, is related to elevations in circulating mineralocorticoids (aidosterone or deoxycorticosterone) with increased dietary sodium, and not to arterial hypertension or ventricular loading. Scarring follows the cytotoxicity associated with elevated plasma angiotensin II levels and the increased K+ excretion that accompanies chronic mineralocorticoid excess. Effects of pharmacological interference: Given the association of these hormones with fibrosis, the concept of cardioprotection was evaluated in various prevention trials. Reactive fibrosis was prevented in unilateral renal ischaemia by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with captopril and in either primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism by antagonism of the aidosterone receptor with spironolactone. Scarring (and cell loss) was prevented in renal ischemia by captopril and by K + -sparing diuretics (spironolactone, amiloride) in primary hyperaldosteronism. In treatment trials, where reactive fibrosis was established, lisinopril promoted regression of the fibrosis and therefore was cardioprotective. Conclusions: Myocardial fibrosis is related to chronic mineralocorticoid excess (with increased dietary sodium), angiotensin II and increased K+ excretion. Cardioprotective and cardioreparative strategies that respectively prevent or regress the development of fibrous tissue have been demonstrated in experimental models and now merit clinical evaluation.
An Experimental Study on the Bond Strengths for Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns using a Push-Out Test (2002)

Currently, the load transfer's mechanism from a beam to a column has yet to ve clarified in a concrete filled steel tubular (CFT) structure with a connection type of an exterior diaphragm. The loads for each floor are transferred to the concrete core from a steel beam through ha contacted face between an in-filled concrete and the interior surface of a steel tube. Thus, a Push-Out test was performed to investigate the load transfer mechanism. A total of 30 samples were tested to confirm the bond stress and/or axial load distribution between a steel tube and in-filled concrete for CFT column. The main parameters considered for this study included concrete type, steel tube-shape/length, and the effect of a weld joint wit ha backing strip for a column splice. Test results were summarized to confirm load transfer behavior between a concrete and steel tube for each experimental parameter, using the analytical approach to verify experimental results.