gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uncontrolled Lexical Exposure Leads to Overestimation of Compositional Generalization in Pretrained Models (2022)

Human linguistic capacity is often characterized by compositionality and the generalization it enables -- human learners can produce and comprehend novel complex expressions by composing known parts. Several benchmarks exploit distributional control across training and test to gauge compositional generalization, where certain lexical items only occur in limited contexts during training. While recent work using these benchmarks suggests that pretrained models achieve impressive generalization performance, we argue that exposure to pretraining data may break the aforementioned distributional control. Using the COGS benchmark of Kim and Linzen (2020), we test two modified evaluation setups that control for this issue: (1) substituting context-controlled lexical items with novel character sequences, and (2) substituting them with special tokens represented by novel embeddings. We find that both of these setups lead to lower generalization performance in T5 (Raffel et al., 2020), suggesting that previously reported results have been overestimated due to uncontrolled lexical exposure during pretraining. The performance degradation is more extreme with novel embeddings, and the degradation increases with the amount of pretraining data, highlighting an interesting case of inverse scaling.
Modelling of Quality of Experience for Web Traffic (2010)

Surfing the Web is a practical task that is being used in activities that range from bank transactions to entertainment. Web technology is advancing in order to provide its users with better quality and advanced features. Based on networking parameters, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) want to ensure better Quality of Service for their customers. However, a question arises concerning the assessment of this Quality of Service, since, typically it depends on an ISP's perspective, as to whether this is sufficient to infer a fair assessment of a user's experience of the service when they are the direct users of the service. Therefore it may be meaningless if an ISP guarantees that the service is good but their users are not satisfied with it. Moreover, a user's opinion, which is a subjective assessment, may not be a totally correct assessment either. In this paper we propose a new approach to measurement and analysis of Quality of Experience (QoE) where we objectively observe users' behaviour as they interact with the Web and infer their QoE. Thus our new model enables people to feedback their opinions by revealing the way in which they are interacting with the system rather than obtain an opinion via a subjective approach. This leads to the building of a measurement model that can be shown to represent a good correlation between objectively observed parameters and subjectively based parameters.
Light stimulates the rapid formation of inositol trisphosphate in squid retinas (1986)

To test the hypothesis that inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) mediates adaptation and excitation in invertebrate photoreceptors, we measured its formation on a rapid time scale in squid retinas. For squid, excitation and adaption occurs within 0.1 and 1-2 s respectively. We could detect an elevation in InsP3 within 200 ms of a bright flash. This increase is about 240% over dark basal levels and is maintained for at least 2 min after a flash. The increase probably occurs in the photoreceptors, which are the only neurons in squid retinas. Analysis by h.p.l.c. indicates that the light-regulated isomer is Ins(1,4,5)P3, which is formed by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PtdInsP2).
Alkali Metal solutions Effect of Two Cyclic Polyethers on solubility and Spectra (1971)

Abstract Alkali metals can be made to dissolve in solvents in which they are normally insoluble or only slightly soluble, by using cyclic polyethers to complex the cations. Although the use of the cyclic polyether, dicyclohexyl‐18‐crown‐6 results mainly in the formation of M − as the reducing species, the bicyclic polyether, “cryptate” yields in addition, substantial concentrations of solvated electrons. It also increases the solubility compared with the “crown” compound.
Survivinand Granzyme B–induced apoptosis, a novel anticancer therapy (2006)

Survivin is an antiapoptotic protein highly expressed in malignant cells that confers resistance to cytotoxic therapy. Granzyme B is a potent cytotoxic protein that is released from mammalian natural killer cells and CTLs following noxious stimuli, including foreign invaders. Here, we took advantage of the properties of these two functionally divergent molecules to create a molecular agent that specifically activates Granzyme B within tumor cells. We designed Survivin and Granzyme B-induced apoptosis (SAGA), which consists of a fusion of the Survivin gene promoter to the coding sequence of active Granzyme B. In cultured human tumor cells transfected with SAGA DNA, Granzyme B is rapidly expressed and results in significant tumor cell death. In vivo, mice harboring human ovarian tumors had statistically significant clinical responses to SAGA treatment that were magnified following combination therapy with SAGA and paclitaxel. At the completion of a 3-week therapeutic trial, 3 of 15 animals were free of disease in the SAGA-treated group, and an additional eight animals had tumors that were nonpalpable and only detected on surgical resection. In contrast, 15 of 15 animals in the control and paclitaxel-only-treated groups had tumors at end of therapy. Treatment with SAGA with or without paclitaxel also prevented disease dissemination in 19 of 20 animals. These results strongly suggest that SAGA has the potential to be a potent agent for the treatment of primary and recurrent human ovarian carcinoma. Moreover, we predict that SAGA will be useful therapeutically in any human cancer that expresses Survivin.
Tracking and Characterizing Botnets Using Automatically Generated Domains (2013)

Modern botnets rely on domain-generation algorithms (DGAs) to build resilient command-and-control infrastructures. Recent works focus on recognizing automatically generated domains (AGDs) from DNS traffic, which potentially allows to identify previously unknown AGDs to hinder or disrupt botnets' communication capabilities. The state-of-the-art approaches require to deploy low-level DNS sensors to access data whose collection poses practical and privacy issues, making their adoption problematic. We propose a mechanism that overcomes the above limitations by analyzing DNS traffic data through a combination of linguistic and IP-based features of suspicious domains. In this way, we are able to identify AGD names, characterize their DGAs and isolate logical groups of domains that represent the respective botnets. Moreover, our system enriches these groups with new, previously unknown AGD names, and produce novel knowledge about the evolving behavior of each tracked botnet. We used our system in real-world settings, to help researchers that requested intelligence on suspicious domains and were able to label them as belonging to the correct botnet automatically. Additionally, we ran an evaluation on 1,153,516 domains, including AGDs from both modern (e.g., Bamital) and traditional (e.g., Conficker, Torpig) botnets. Our approach correctly isolated families of AGDs that belonged to distinct DGAs, and set automatically generated from non-automatically generated domains apart in 94.8 percent of the cases.
Characteristics of Demand Oxygen Delivery Systems: Maximum Output and Setting Recommendations (2004)

DODS settings were not equivalent to continuous-flow oxygen in a bench model assessment; with equivalent settings the DODS tended to deliver greater F(I)O(2) than did continuous-flow oxygen. The maximum output capacity differed markedly among the DODS, and the user should know the device's capacity. A volume-referenced setting system for DODS should be adopted that would allow more predictable oxygen prescription and delivery via DODS.
Sample‐wise spectral multivariate calibration desensitized to new artifacts relative to the calibration data using a residual penalty (2017)

Calibration maintenance is an important aspect of multivariate calibration. With spectral measurements, the goal of calibration maintenance involves sustaining the predictability of a primary calibration model in new secondary conditions. Among the many methodologies, penalty‐based Tikhonov regularization variants have been successful by sample augmenting primary calibration data with a matrix of just a few secondary samples as well as operating with an additional sparse penalty to include wavelength selection. Studied in this paper is a new sample‐wise (local) Tikhonov regularization–based penalty calibration approach. Penalized is a diagonal matrix with the residual vector (relative to the primary calibration space) of the new secondary sample. Thus, the same full calibration set is used for each new sample. Changing for each secondary sample is the corresponding sample‐wise residual vector on the penalized diagonal matrix. The intent of the presented approach is to form sample‐wise regression vectors desensitized to characteristics of the new sample not present in the primary calibration set. The more distinct the secondary conditions are relative to the primary conditions, the more unsuccessful this local model updating becomes. Proposed is a sample‐wise outlier mechanism to discern when the residual penalty can or cannot be used to form a useful updated model. The residual penalty modeling and outlier detection processes require tuning parameter optimizations. A fusion approach is used to automatically select tuning parameter values. Simulated and near‐infrared data are evaluated, demonstrating the applicability of the method.
Comment on "Relaxation at the Angle of Repose" (1989)

Received 12 September 1988DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.110©1989 American Physical Society
Two-wave sum-frequency light generation in optical fibers (1982)

The generation of phase-matched two-wave sum-frequency light has been observed in optical fibers. A Nd:YAG laser by simultaneous mode-locking and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> -switching or only <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> -switching operation is used as a pump laser. The input power dependence and fiber length dependence of the sum-frequency light are investigated in the two pumping methods. The observed coherence length for the sum-frequency light generation is about 200 m.
HGG-01. 3D GENOME STRUCTURE IMPACTS GENE EXPRESSION IN PEDIATRIC HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA (2021)

Abstract Introduction Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), are highly morbid brain tumors. Up to 80% of DIPGs harbor a somatic missense mutation in genes encoding Histone H3. To investigate whether the H3K27M mutant protein is associated with distinct chromatin structure affecting transcription regulation, we generated the first high-resolution Hi-C and ATAC-Seq maps of pHGG cell lines, and integrated these with tissue and cell genomic data. Methods We generated sequencing data from patient-derived cell lines (DIPG n=6, GBM n=3, normal n=2) and frozen tissue specimens (DIPG n=1, normal brainstem n=1). Analyses included cell line RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq (H3K27ac, H3K27me3, H3K27M) and genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C), as well as tissue ATAC-Seq. Publicly available pediatric glioma tissue ChIP-Seq data was integrated with cell data. Results We identified tumor-specific enhancers and regulatory networks for known oncogenes in DIPG and GBM. In DIPG, FOX, SOX, STAT and SMAD families were among top H3K27Ac enriched motifs. Significant differences in Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) and DNA looping were observed at OLIG2 and MYCN in H3K27M mutant DIPG, relative to wild-type GBM and normal cells. Pharmacologic treatment targeting H3K27Ac (BET and Bromodomain inhibition) altered these 3D structures. Functional analysis of differentially enriched enhancers in DIPG implicated SOX2, SUZ12, and TRIM24 as top activated upstream regulators. Distinct genomic structural variations leading to enhancer hijacking and gene co-amplification were identified at A2M, JAG2, and FLRT1. Conclusion We show genome structural variations enhancer-promoter interactions that impact gene expression in pHGG in the presence and absence of the H3K27M mutation. Our results imply that tridimensional genome alterations may play a critical role in the pHGG epigenetic landscape and thereby contribute to pediatric gliomagenesis. Further studies examining the impact of the alterations, including CRISPR knock-down of target enhancer regions, is therefore underway.
Web-Based Collection of Expert Opinion on Routine Scalp EEG: Software Development and Interrater Reliability (2011)

Computerized detection of epileptiform transients (ETs), characterized by interictal spikes and sharp waves in the EEG, has been a research goal for the last 40 years. A reliable method for detecting ETs would assist physicians in interpretation and improve efficiency in reviewing long-term EEG recordings. Computer algorithms developed thus far for detecting ETs are not as reliable as human experts, primarily due to the large number of false-positive detections. Comparing the performance of different algorithms is difficult because each study uses individual EEG test datasets. In this article, we present EEGnet, a distributed web-based platform for the acquisition and analysis of large-scale training datasets for comparison of different EEG ET detection algorithms. This software allows EEG scorers to log in through the web, mark EEG segments of interest, and categorize segments of interest using a conventional clinical EEG user interface. This software platform was used by seven board-certified academic epileptologists to score 40 short 30-second EEG segments from 40 patients, half containing ETs and half containing artifacts and normal variants. The software performance was adequate. Interrater reliability for marking the location of paroxysmal activity was low. Interrater reliability of marking artifacts and ETs was high and moderate, respectively.
The Effect and Selection of Solution Sequence in Co-Simulation (2021)

In non-iterative serial co-simulation, the solution sequence of the systems is ordered either ad-hoc or based on the solution priorities. The selection of the priorities determines which systems approximate the upcoming inputs from connected systems. This input estimation causes an error on the time integration of the states. This article discusses indicators to estimate the extent of input estimation contribution on the overall state calculation error and addresses to the question if the solution sequence has an influence on the state evolution. Moreover, a temporal analysis of this effect is studied to predict when to flip the sequence at an interface between two systems on a linear numerical example. In conclusion, an adaptive algorithm which switches the co-simulation sequence run-time based on the input estimation accuracy is proposed and validated with a parameter study.
A direct ultratrace determination of platinum in environmental, food and biological samples by ICP-SFMS using a desolvation system (2005)

The purpose of this study was to develop a robust, reliable and accurate method that allows measurements of platinum in the sub-ppt range in environmental, food and biological samples. The quantification of platinum was performed with digested samples, exploiting the high sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) in low resolution mode. The hafnium oxide interference affecting the determination of platinum was investigated. A desolvation device in combination with a membrane unit was used as the sample introduction system, in order to minimize the oxide formation. A HfO+/Hf+ ratio of 0.01% was obtained (50 times lower than with a standard inlet system), thus interferences were strongly reduced and no mathematical corrections were necessary in most samples. The platinum value found in the reference material road dust BCR 723 agreed with the certified value (within the 95% confidence limit). Additionally, recovery tests in spiked peat and hay samples confirmed the accuracy of this technique at an acceptable precision from 3.5% to 15.5% (RSD). The method was applied to the measurement of environmental and food samples from two locations, one near a well-frequented motorway, one from an alpine site. The higher platinum concentrations measured at the first site confirmed the polluting effect of the traffic. Swiss diet samples, urine samples and corresponding reference materials, SRM 1548 and SRM 2670 for total diet and urine, respectively, were measured as well. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace and ultratrace levels of platinum in the samples, with very low limits of detection of 4.5 ng kg−1 in dry environmental and food samples, corresponding to 0.2–1.8 ng kg−1 in fresh weight samples and of 0.5 ng L−1 in urine samples.
DA Uptake Sites, D1, and D2 Receptors, D2 and Preproenkephalin mRNAs and Fos Immunoreactivity in Rat Striatal Subregions after Partial Dopaminergic Degeneration (1996)

Stereotaxic injection of a limited amount of 6-hydroxydopamine in the lateral part of the rat substantia nigra induces a partial degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. This animal model in which the destruction of the dopaminergic nigral cell population reaches approximately 50% could be considered as a preclinical Parkinson's model. Autoradiography of dopaminergic uptake sites performed with a specific marker ([3H]GBR 12935) allowed the precise determination of dopaminergic denervated and non-denervated areas in the striatum 1 month after partial lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta. In both striatal areas, dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptor densities and dopaminergic D2 and preproenkephalin mRNAs levels were measured by autoradiography and in situ hybridization coupled to an image analysis system. Our results show that in the denervated striatal subregion, none of the dopaminergic targets were modified, contrary to the observations made after complete lesion of the nigrostriatal DA system at the same post-lesion delay. However, striatal Fos activation induced by amphetamine (5 mg/kg i.p., 2 h before killing) revealed that the number of Fos-positive cells detected in the denervated striatal subregion was lower than that observed in the non-denervated one. These data argue in favour of the existence of compensatory mechanisms different from the up-regulation of DA receptor densities, thereby allowing the maintenance of striatal dopaminergic transmission. Such mechanisms could contribute to the delay of the appearance of neurological symptoms (which are reported to be clinically apparent only when depletion of striatal dopamine levels reaches near 80%) in Parkinsonian patients.
Predicting and Mitigating Wind-Induced Truck Crashes on I-70 in Kansas (2009)

Dangerous weather conditions are a common contributing factor in truck crashes and one such condition is high wind. It is believed that frequent high-wind episodes cause several truck crashes every year in Kansas. This paper presents a literature review and an analysis of wind-related crashes. The data compiled include truck crashes on I-70 throughout Kansas over a three year period from 2005 to 2007 along with independent weather data. The crash data were obtained for all heavy-vehicle crashes on I-70 that involved strong winds. The data were analyzed to determine the correlations between the vehicle characteristics, crash occurrences, and weather conditions. The goal was to construct a model that can predict the likelihood of such wind induced truck crashes, thus providing a tool for increasing safety to both truck drivers and the traveling public.
Primary structure of human intrinsic factor: progress report on cyanogen bromide fragmentation (1978)

Human intrinsic factor purified by labile ligand affinity chromatography was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and fractionated by gel filtration. Four of the fragments were purified and sequenced to a total of eighty-four amino acid residues. Including the N-terminal amino acids this amounts to one third of the total amino acid sequence of human intrinsic factor. One of the fragments contained a tyrosine labelled only on iodination of intrinsic factor devoid of cobalamin.
Global-to-local, shape-based, real and virtual landmarks for shape modeling by recursive boundary subdivision (2011)

Landmark based statistical object modeling techniques, such as Active Shape Model (ASM), have proven useful in medical image analysis. Identification of the same homologous set of points in a training set of object shapes is the most crucial step in ASM, which has encountered challenges such as (C1) defining and characterizing landmarks; (C2) ensuring homology; (C3) generalizing to <i>n</i> &gt; 2 dimensions; (C4) achieving practical computations. In this paper, we propose a novel global-to-local strategy that attempts to address C3 and C4 directly and works in <i>R</i><sup>n</sup>. The 2D version starts from two initial corresponding points determined in all training shapes via a method &alpha;, and subsequently by subdividing the shapes into connected boundary segments by a line determined by these points. A shape analysis method &beta; is applied on each segment to determine a landmark on the segment. This point introduces more pairs of points, the lines defined by which are used to further subdivide the boundary segments. This recursive boundary subdivision (RBS) process continues simultaneously on all training shapes, maintaining synchrony of the level of recursion, and thereby keeping correspondence among generated points automatically by the correspondence of the homologous shape segments in all training shapes. The process terminates when no subdividing lines are left to be considered that indicate (as per method &beta;) that a point can be selected on the associated segment. Examples of &alpha; and &beta; are presented based on (a) distance; (b) Principal Component Analysis (PCA); and (c) the novel concept of virtual landmarks.
(Table T3) Effective stress and porosity measurements of ODP Sample 174A-1073A-8H-1,17-22 (1997)

Sediment depth is given in mbsf. Diameter was originally given as radius and was converted by multiplying by 2.
Electromagnetic Modeling of Human skin as a Receiving and Transmitting Antenna Array in sub-THz (2019)

The helical sweat ducts (HSD) in human skin were anchored as the dominant structure of skin governing its electromagnetic (EM) behavior in the sub-terahertz band (sub-THz). We present an improved EM human skin model in the Y-band, which is rather complicated as it takes the fine structure of the upper skin layer into account, together with its dielectric properties. We present for the first time, the transmitting mode of human sweat ducts, as well as its receiving mode. In addition, by considering the eccrine sweat ducts as interactive elements with non-random distribution, we demonstrate for the first time an antenna-array-like behavior of human sweat ducts.