gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Intraperitoneal Cavity in Canines (2020)

As part of a preclinical trial for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) with photodynamic therapy (PDT), we have assessed changes in optical properties, tissue oxygenation and drug concentration as a result of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD)-mediated PDT using diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements. PDT can effectively treat superficial disease spread, but treatment efficacy is influenced by physical properties of the treated tissue which can change over the treatment time. In this study, healthy canines were given BPD and irradiated with 690 nm light during a partial bowel resection, and spectroscopic and fluorescence measurements were made using an in-house built spectroscopic probe. Hemoglobin concentration, oxygenation and optical properties were determined to be highly heterogeneous between canines and at different anatomical locations within the same subject, so further development of PDT dosimetry systems will need to address this patient and location-specific dose optimization. Compared to other photosensitizers, we found no apparent BPD photobleaching after PDT.
A small wall-walking robot with compliant, adhesive feet (2005)

The ability to walk on surfaces regardless of the presence or direction of gravity can significantly increase the mobility of a robot for both terrestrial and space applications. Insects and geckos can provide inspiration for both novel adhesive technology and for the locomotory mechanisms employed during climbing. For this work, Mini-Whegs/spl trade/, a small quadruped robot that uses wheel-legs for locomotion, was altered to explore the feasibility of scaling vertical surfaces using compliant, adhesive feet. Modifications were made to reduce its weight, and its legs were redesigned to enable its feet to better attach and detach from the substrate, mimicking homologous actions observed in animals. The resulting vehicle is self-contained, power-autonomous, and weighs only 87 grams. Using pressure-sensitive tape, it is capable of walking up a vertical surface, walking upside-down along an inverted surface, and transitioning between orthogonal surfaces.
Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Identification of Distinctive Structures Providing Humic Character to Organic Materials (2010)

Flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS) was used to study the structural transformations of humic fractions formed as a result of composting processes of diverse organic materials (solid wastes of wineries, solid olive-mill wastes, domestic wastes, ovine manures plus straw, and mixtures of animal manures). Sodium hydroxide-extracted total humic-like extracts (THE; humic plus fulvic acids) from the composted and the initial noncomposted wastes and several reference humic and fulvic acids from soils were analyzed. These results were compared with results from previous studies using 13C-cross polarization magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-visible, and fluorescence emission spectroscopies. Alkylbenzenes and alkylphenols predominate in the pyrograms of the soil humic acids, whereas the fulvic acids showed higher contents of phenolic and polysaccharide-derived compounds. The pyrolysates of THE from the composted samples showed an increase in aromatic and nitrogenated structures and a decrease in polysaccharide-derived compounds. The aromatic contents as determined by Py-GC/MS and 13C-NMR were well correlated in the reference humic substances and THE from composted materials (r = 0.99 and 0.94, respectively; P < 0.01) but not in the case of THE from noncomposted materials, probably due to an aliphatic enhancement in the pyrolysates of these samples and other secondary reactions. The content in alkylbenzenes was consistent with the variations found previously for several UV-visible and fluorescence indexes as a function of the degree of humification, suggesting their involvement in structures that are a characteristic feature of the formation and evolution of humic substances.
Inhibition of Calcium-Induced Terminal Differentiation of Epidermal Cells by Ouabain and A23187 (2015)

Mouse epidermal basal cells can be selectively grown in a medium containing 0.02-0.1 mM Ca++. Terminal differentiation with squame formation and cell death is induced by elevating extracellular Ca++ to greater than 0.1mM. A variety of agents were studied as modifiers of this calcium-induced terminal differentiation. Other than Ca++, no inorganic cation tested was active in inducing or preventing differentiation. Organic cations, local anesthetics, quercetin, and the ionophore X 537A were also without effect. Limited non-toxic exposures to macromolecular synthesis inhibitors or microtubule and microfilament disruptors, and prolonged exposure to indomethacin or protease inhibitors did not alter differentiation. The skin tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate markedly accelerated calcium-induced epidermal differentiation while the ionophore A23187 and the Na+-K+ATPase inhibitor ouabain (at non-toxic concentrations) clearly inhibited the induction by calcium. These results suggest that epidermal differentiation is specifically triggered by elevation of extracellular calcium but may be mediated by the flux or intracellular levels of other ions, particularly Na+ or K+.
A Practical Orbital Angular Momentum Spectrometer using Time Mapping (2012)

We demonstrate a compact and practical orbital angular momentum spectrometer for arbitrary input states, based on an optical delay loop. Extinction ratios of 44-8.7 were measured, mainly limited by the available input states.
Experimental evaluation of cold spray FeCrAl alloys coated zirconium-alloy for potential accident tolerant fuel cladding (2019)

Two FeCrAl alloy coatings with different Cr and Al contents were deposited on Zr-alloy substrates via the cold spray deposition method to study the efficacy of these coatings to improve the accident tolerance of Zr-alloy fuel cladding in light water reactors (LWRs). First, the coatings were tested in a 400 °C steam autoclave for 72 h as an accelerated method to simulate the normal LWR operating conditions. In these tests, both coatings resulted in notable improvements in oxidation resistance compared to the Zr-alloy, with the higher Cr containing coating exhibiting a thinner oxide layer. Both coatings provided good oxidation resistance when tested in 1200 °C ambient air environment; however, the formation of a low melting point eutectic (~928 °C) between Fe and Zr resulted in significant melting associated with inter-diffusion between Fe in the coating and the Zr in the substrate. Therefore, to take advantage of the superior oxidation resistance that FeCrAl coatings can provide, a Mo interlayer was deposited, also by the cold spray process, in-between the protective FeCrAl coating and the Zr-alloy substrate, thus creating a dual cold spray layer accident tolerant coated cladding concept. The wear resistance of the FeCrAl coating was superior to the Zr-alloy substrate based on pin-on-disk wear tests, providing an indication of the benefits of such coatings to reduce grit-to-rod fretting (GTRF) damage. The feedstock powders, microstructure, phases, hardness of coatings, as well as oxide and inter-diffusion layers of oxidized coatings were examined using SEM, XRD, and XPS characterization techniques.
Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Trennung von Korn/Stroh- und Korn/Spreu-Gemischen im Mähdrescher (1995)

Fur die Simulation der Trennprozesse im Mahdrescher wird ein Entmischungsmodell der Korn-Stroh- bzw. Korn-Spreu-Trennung vorgestellt. Dieses wird um ein Sieb-Abscheidemodell erganzt. Das Entmischungsmodell benutzt zur Beschreibung der Kornbewegung die physikalischen Vorgange Konvektion und Dispersion, welche auf eine partielle Differentialgleichung fur die Verteilung der Kornmasse in der Gutschicht fuhren. Fur diese wird ein numerisches Losungsverfahren nach der Linienmethode angegeben. Das kombinierte Entmischungs- und Abscheidemodell wird zur Bestimmung der mittleren Sinkgeschwindigkeit von Korn und der Dispersionskonstanten der Kornausbreitung in der Gutschicht angewendet. Auserdem wird der Schichtungseinfluss von Korn und Kurzstroh bzw. Spreu auf die Arbeit der Reinigungsanlage gezeigt.
An efficient laboratory‐scale preparative method for [1‐13C]glycocholic acid (2013)

A breath test using [1-(13)C]glycocholic acid as a substrate is a potential diagnostic method for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome. [1-(13)C]Glycocholic acid has been thus synthesized in an excellent yield from ethyl [1-(13)C]glycinate hydrochloride in a one-pot reaction. This method is suitable for the preparation of the labeled compound on a laboratory scale, which helps to perform extensive clinical studies of the breath test.
Plasma Kallikrein Promotes Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation and Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle through Direct Activation of Protease-activated Receptors (2010)

The kallikrein-kinin system, along with the interlocking renin-angiotensin system, is a key regulator of vascular contractility and injury response. The principal effectors of the kallikrein-kinin system are plasma and tissue kallikreins, proteases that cleave high molecular weight kininogen to produce bradykinin. Most of the cellular actions of kallikrein (KK) are thought to be mediated by bradykinin, which acts via G protein-coupled B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors on VSMCs and endothelial cells. Here, we find that primary aortic vascular smooth muscle but not endothelial cells possess the ability to activate plasma prekallikrein. Surprisingly, exposing VSMCs to prekallikrein leads to activation of the ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via a mechanism that requires kallikrein activity but does not involve bradykinin receptors. In transfected HEK293 cells, we find that plasma kallikrein directly activates G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 2, which possess consensus kallikrein cleavage sites, but not PAR4. In vascular smooth muscles, KK stimulates ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) 17 activity via a PAR1/2 receptor-dependent mechanism, leading sequentially to release of the endogenous ADAM17 substrates, amphiregulin and tumor necrosis factor-α, metalloprotease-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors, and metalloprotease and epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent ERK1/2 activation. These results suggest a novel mechanism of bradykinin-independent kallikrein action that may contribute to the regulation of vascular responses in pathophysiologic states, such as diabetes mellitus.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha response elements in the HLA-DRA promoter: identification of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced DNA-protein complex in astrocytes. (2020)

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) alone does not induce class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression in most primary cells but can regulate ongoing class II expression in either a positive or negative fashion. The mechanism(s) by which TNF-alpha enhances interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced class II expression was examined in a primary cell type, the astrocyte, by transient transfection of the HLA-DRA promoter linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene (DRA-CAT). We show that TNF-alpha, while having no effect on its own, can synergize with IFN-gamma to increase the level of promoter activity of a DRA-CAT construct. Three known sequences--W, X, and Y--are required for TNF-alpha enhancement of IFN-gamma-induced promoter activity. The corollary effect of TNF-alpha on DNA-binding proteins specific for these elements was examined. A previous report described a DNA-binding protein, IFN-gamma-enhanced factor X (IFNEX), which is upregulated by IFN-gamma in astrocytes and is specific for the X box of the DRA promoter. In this study, we found that TNF-alpha alone did not induce any nuclear proteins; however, combined treatment of astrocytes with both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced a DNA-protein complex of slower electrophoretic mobility than IFNEX. The TNF-alpha-induced complex (TIC-X) has specificity for the X element of the DRA promoter. These results suggest a mechanism by which TNF-alpha enhances IFN-gamma-induced class II MHC expression via the formation of TIC-X.
Reduced-dimension power allocation over clustered channels in cognitive radios system under co-channel interference (2014)

The objective of this paper is to propose a reduceddimension resource allocation scheme in the context of cognitive radio system in presence of co-channel interference between users. We assume a multicarrier transmission for both the primary and secondary systems. Instead of optimizing the powers over all sub-carriers, the sub-carriers are grouped into clusters of sub-carriers, where the power of each sub-carrier is directly related to the power of the correspondent cluster. The power optimization is done only over the set of clusters instead of all sub-carriers which can significantly reduce the complexity of the resource allocation problem. The performance loss of the reduced dimension solution with respect to the optimal solution, where the optimization is carried over all active sub-carriers, allows trading-off complexity versus performance. Numerical evaluation indeed revealed that a limited performance loss occurs by optimizing over a reduced set of clusters instead of the full optimization in the context of cognitive radio systems.
Temporal Coordination of Physiologic Function (1960)

The organism, as well as its parts, usually does not function at a constant rate along a 24-hour scale; many of its diverse, discrete changes do not recur at purely chance intervals. More often than might be expected from classical physiologic knowledge, we encounter circadian (circa, dies; [1–3]) repetitive sequences of events; this organization in time has apparently evolved through genetic adaptation of body metabolism to a terrestrial environment (for references see [1]).
Feasibility and potential benefits of second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. (2012)

338 Background: Chemotherapy is effective in metastatic or unresectable biliary tract cancer (BTC). The benefits of second-line chemotherapy (CT2) are unclear. Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients (pts) receiving at least one cycle of chemotherapy for advanced BTC at our institution between 1991 and 2011. We analyzed pt and chemotherapy characteristics (type of regimen; tumor response; time to progression (TTP); and overall survival (OS)). The objectives were: 1) to characterize pts eligible for CT2; 2) to evaluate the efficacy of CT2. Results: 367, 89 (24%), and 24 (6%) pts received CT1, CT2, and CT3, respectively. Primary tumor location was the gallbladder (30%), intraphepatic (16%), perihilar (20%), distal common bile duct (20%), and ampulla of Vater (14%). 88% had a baseline performance status of 0-1 prior to CT1. The regimen and efficacy data of CT1 and CT2 are presented in the Table . On univariate analysis females (p=0.002) and pts with TTP &gt;6 months on CT1 (p=0.016) were the only variables associated with receiving CT2. The only factor associated with disease control (objective response+ stable disease) on CT2 was the regimen type (75% with a doublet versus 46% with monotherapy, p=0.03). Conclusions: Among patients with advanced BTC treated with chemotherapy, less than 25% received CT2; but responses were seen and were surprisingly high even in this selected population. Pts with a longer TTP on CT1 were more likely to be offered CT2. Better disease control with CT2 occurs with a doublet than single agent, however clearly more effective therapies must be found. Updated data will be presented. [Table: see text]
GIANTS OF DRYING (1985)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKeywords: Beds of sandcapillary porous bodiesdiffusiondimensionless numbersgravitational forceshistoryslabsspray drying
Protein Resistance of PEG-Functionalized Dendronized Surfaces: Effect of PEG Molecular Weight and Dendron Generation (2008)

Dendronized surfaces were prepared by chemisorption of poly(ethylene glycol) monothiol (HS-PEG650-OH) onto gold-coated silicon wafers followed by functionalization of the PEG terminal OH group with aliphatic polyester dendrons, generation 1−4, using divergent dendron growth. PEG monomethyl ether (PEG-OMe) chains of various molecular weight (MW) were covalently attached to the peripheral hydroxyl groups of the dendronized surfaces via EDC coupling and investigated for protein adsorption. Protein adsorption studies were carried out using fibrinogen (Fg) and lysozyme (Lys) as model proteins from phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Fg, Lys) and plasma (Fg). In the first part of this study, the effect of functionalization of the peripheral hydroxyl groups with PEG-OMe oligomers (Mn = 350 Da) on protein adsorption was investigated. Results showed that adsorption of both Fg and Lys was reduced when dendronized surfaces were grafted with PEG-OMe oligomers. To investigate the effect of molecular weight on protein adsorption, PEG-OMe chains of greater length (750, 2000, and 5000 Da) were coupled to first generation dendronized surfaces (Au-G1(OH)). Results showed that protein adsorption decreased with increasing PEG-OMe MW up to 2000 Da. To further investigate the effect of dendron generation on protein resistance, dendronized surfaces of generation 1−4 were coupled with PEG2000-acid. Subsequent protein studies showed a decrease in Fg and Lys adsorption with increasing dendron generation.
Oncostatin M is a potent inducer of hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone (2010)

Erythropoietic activity is known to affect iron homeostasis through regulation of the liver iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. To identify new factors secreted by the erythroblasts that could influence hepcidin synthesis, we set up a coculture model. HuH7 hepatoma cells cocultured with primary human erythroblasts or erythroleukemic UT7 cells presented a 20- to 35-fold increase of hepcidin gene expression. This induction was fully blunted in the presence of a neutralizing oncostatin M antibody, demonstrating that this cytokine, belonging to the IL-6 family of cytokines, was responsible for increased levels of hepcidin expression. We further demonstrated that recombinant oncostatin M induced a dramatic transcriptional increase of hepcidin in HuH7 cells through specific activation of the STAT pathway. Hepcidin induction by oncostatin M was also observed in hepatocytes in primary culture and is believed to be cell specific since no induction was found in isolated bone marrow cells, macrophagic, stromal, and lymphoma-derived cell lines, nor in erythroblasts. Finally, we show that oncostatin M administration in vivo increases hepcidin expression and leads to significantly decreased serum iron levels. This work identifies a new potent inducer of hepcidin expression in the liver and supports a role for modulators of oncostatin M signaling pathway in treating iron disorders.
Flow Condensation in Smooth and Micro-fin Tubes with HCFC-22, HFC-134a and HFC-410 Refrigerants. Part II: Design Equations (2000)

An empirical study of single-phase convection and flow condensation heat transfer in horizontal tubes was conducted. Three refrigerants (HCFC-22, HFC-134a and HFC-410A), a smooth tube, and three micro-fin tubes (axial, helical and Crosshatch enhancement) were examined. Commonly cited correlations were evaluated, utilizing the experimental data obtained in Part I of this study. Although these correlations had fairly good agreement with HCFC-22 and HFC-134 results, all of them failed to predict HFC-410A performance. A modified Shah equation was developed for smooth tube annular flow condensation, which overcomes the shortcomings of the existing correlations. Furthermore, design equations were developed for single-phase heat transfer and two-phase condensation with all three micro-fin tubes investigated, and covering all three refrigerants tested.
Thermal conductivity and energetic recoils in UO2using a many-body potential model (2014)

Classical molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on uranium dioxide (UO2) employing a recently developed many-body potential model. Thermal conductivities are computed for a defect free UO2 lattice and a radiation-damaged, defect containing lattice at 300 K, 1000 K and 1500 K. Defects significantly degrade the thermal conductivity of UO2 as does the presence of amorphous UO2, which has a largely temperature independent thermal conductivity of ∼1.4 Wm(-1) K(-1). The model yields a pre-melting superionic transition temperature at 2600 K, very close to the experimental value and the mechanical melting temperature of 3600 K, slightly lower than those generated with other empirical potentials. The average threshold displacement energy was calculated to be 37 eV. Although the spatial extent of a 1 keV U cascade is very similar to those generated with other empirical potentials and the number of Frenkel pairs generated is close to that from the Basak potential, the vacancy and interstitial cluster distribution is different.
Three-dimensional chiral photonic superlattices (2010)

We investigate three-dimensional photonic superlattices composed of polymeric helices in various spatial checkerboard-like arrangements. Depending on the relative phase shift and handedness of the chiral building blocks, different circular-dichroism resonances appear or are suppressed. Samples corresponding to four different configurations are fabricated by direct laser writing. The measured optical transmittance spectra are in good agreement with numerical calculations.
Successful extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion for 72 hr1 (2002)

It is possible to maintain a liver in a viable condition for a minimum of 72 hr of extracorporeal perfusion. This technique has been developed primarily as a preclinical model of extracorporeal liver support with the intention of proceeding to a clinical trial in patients with fulminant liver failure. However, it also has potential applications in organ preservation or resuscitation before transplantation and in the experimental study of isolated liver physiology.
System identification by genetic algorithm (2003)

This paper presents a method for identifying systems through their input-output behavior and the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The advantages of this technique are, first, it is not dependent on the deterministic or stochastic nature of the systems and, second, the globally optimized models for the original systems can be identified without the need of a differentiable measure function or linearly separable parameters. The results are compared to similar results from Least Squares (LS) identification methods.