gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods for Enhancing Far-Field Complexity in Fracturing Operations (2011)

Summary For decades, the oil industry has struggled to overcome nearwellbore-fracture complexity during fracturing treatments, particularly in low-permeability, naturally fractured hard-rock reservoirs. A number of techniques have been created to diagnose and remediate these conditions to enable the extension of created fractures and successful placement of proppant deep in the reservoir. Microseismic-fracture-mapping (MSFM) technology has revealed the creation of far-field complex fracture networks in hard-rock reservoirs during fracture extension. This revelation offers the opportunity to hydraulically connect to a much larger volume of rock, provided that appropriate treatment techniques are applied to ensure the fracture network is adequately connected to the main fracture. Additionally, techniques have been developed and can be applied during the fracture treatments to facilitate and enhance the fracture-network creation. Net fracture-extension pressure analysis combined with real-time MSFM allows for identification of the degree of fracturing-network creation and provides a decisionmaking tool for engineers to modify treatment schedules or apply complexity-enhancing methods on the fly on the basis of desired treatment objectives and rock responses to the fracture treatment. This new approach to fracture stimulation requires a new focus on rock mechanics that includes defining the brittleness of the rock matrix, determining the existence and magnitude of the principal-stress anisotropy, designing the optimum spacing between fractures, and defining the optimum fracture-treatment parameters. Once the completion design is implemented, the designed treatment parameters can be adjusted in real time to meet the objectives of the completion on the basis of actual rock responses to the treatment. These rock responses are measured in real time using net fracture-extension pressure and MSFM diagnostics. Adjustments made to the fracture treatment are varied and include treatment-rate adjustments, proppant concentration, proppant-slug placement, diversion techniques to ensure opening of natural fractures, viscous-fluid spacers, acid spacers, and incremental stop/start pumping schedules. The proppant-concentration adjustments are enabled for immediate downhole changes through a unique coiled-tubing (CT) fracturing process that incorporates liquid/sand concentrate slurries. Examples of actual completion designs of these applications are discussed.
Iridium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Amidation of sp3 C–H Bonds: Late-Stage Functionalization of an Unactivated Methyl Group (2014)

Reported herein is the iridium-catalyzed direct amidation of unactivated sp(3) C-H bonds. With sulfonyl and acyl azides as the amino source, the amidation occurs efficiently under mild conditions over a wide range of unactivated methyl groups with high functional group tolerance. This procedure can be successfully applied for the direct introduction of an amino group into complex compounds and thus can serve as a powerful synthetic tool for late-stage C-H functionalization.
<title>Direct Microscopic And Microholographic Observations Of The Solidification Of Particles From Rapidly Stirred Melts</title> (1983)

A microscopic set-up to observe fast moving solidifying particles during stir casting is described. The set-up consists of a Ruby laser and a frequency doubled Nd3+:YAG laser, a model device of an actual stir casting apparatus filled with a transparent organic alloy, melting at a low temperature and three different recording systems. Using a neopentyl alcohol alloy as a model substance for metal alloys, the crystallization process is studied by direct observation. Pulses from both lasers are used to provide a sufficiently short exposure time to take (simultaneously) holograms, microphotographs and videorecordings of the fast moving (flow rates up to 10 ms-1) small particles with sizes in the order of 10-103 &mu;m. Primarily solidified particles appear to have equiaxed dendritic shapes. The longest diameter of these particles attain a maximum for low stirring rates and high cooling rates. After a period of stirring, some of the dendrite tips grow and transform the particle shapes into more spherical ones. At this stage the morphology of the solidified particles shows a good similarity with stir casted metal alloys.
Current concepts in the pathogenesis of psoriasis (2009)

Psoriasis is a multi-factorial skin disease with a complex pathogenesis. Various factors which have been suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis are T cells, antigen presenting cells (APC's), keratinocytes, Langerhans' cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, an array of Th1 type cytokines, certain growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), and others. It has been hypothesized that the disease starts with the activation of T cell by an unknown antigen, which leads to secretion of an array of cytokines by activated T cells, inflammatory cells, and keratinocytes. The characteristic lesion of psoriasis is due to the hyper-proliferation of the keratinocyte. Activated Langerhans' cells migrate from skin to lymph nodes presenting the antigen to nodal naïve T cells (cells that have not been activated by antigen previously). The T cells activated by non-antigen-dependent mechanism may, however, become antigen-specific memory cells that react with a cross-reactive auto-antigen such as keratin (molecular mimicry). The genetic background of the disease may be suggested from the fact that concordance rate is 63-73% in monozygotic twins, as compared to 17-20% in dizygotic twins. Several disease susceptibility loci have been suggested as predisposing factors, PSORS1-PSORS9.
Mission performance trade-offs of battery-powered sUAS (2017)

A sensitivity analysis is presented on the influence of the weight, altitude and speed of battery-powered sUAS on the resulting stall speed, endurance and range. To aid in the determination of the aircraft performance prior to flight, a method is being brought forth that quantifies the impact of these mission parameters. As a case study the P31015 sUAS is used. The P31015 is a concept model of a battery-powered sUAS with a total battery capacity of 977Wh. Since the aerodynamic model of the aircraft was determined through simulations, and the specific propulsion set-up is yet to be determined, the case study remains to be a theoretical approach. The proposed methods and limitations of this study are applicable to other electric sUAS in similar set-up.
Development of an Enthalpy and Carbon Dioxide Based Demand Control Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality and Energy Saving with Neural Network Control (2004)

An enthalpy and carbon dioxide level based demand control ventilation (EDCV) algorithm has been developed. This takes into account both the indoor occupancy level and the energy content of the fresh air and return air while controlling the fresh air supply. It has been applied under various operating conditions to ensure that the most effective control strategy was used. A back propagation (BP) neural network was used to tune the proportional, integral and differential (PID) parameters in order to obtain a good control performance. Experiments were conducted in a mediumsized lecture theatre to verify the performance of the developed EDCV algorithm in a real application. The results showed that acceptable indoor air quality could be obtained with less energy consumption. Under the optimum experimental conditions, about 15.4% of the total cooling energy was saved. The control performance was found to be good with the PID parameters tuned via the neural network
Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment ? a multidisciplinary systematic review (2007)

There have been few recent studies demonstrating a definitive association between the transmission of airborne infections and the ventilation of buildings. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and current concerns about the risk of an avian influenza (H5N1) pandemic, have made a review of this area timely. We searched the major literature databases between 1960 and 2005, and then screened titles and abstracts, and finally selected 40 original studies based on a set of criteria. We established a review panel comprising medical and engineering experts in the fields of microbiology, medicine, epidemiology, indoor air quality, building ventilation, etc. Most panel members had experience with research into the 2003 SARS epidemic. The panel systematically assessed 40 original studies through both individual assessment and a 2-day face-to-face consensus meeting. Ten of 40 studies reviewed were considered to be conclusive with regard to the association between building ventilation and the transmission of airborne infection. There is strong and sufficient evidence to demonstrate the association between ventilation, air movements in buildings and the transmission/spread of infectious diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, chickenpox, influenza, smallpox and SARS. There is insufficient data to specify and quantify the minimum ventilation requirements in hospitals, schools, offices, homes and isolation rooms in relation to spread of infectious diseases via the airborne route. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: The strong and sufficient evidence of the association between ventilation, the control of airflow direction in buildings, and the transmission and spread of infectious diseases supports the use of negatively pressurized isolation rooms for patients with these diseases in hospitals, in addition to the use of other engineering control methods. However, the lack of sufficient data on the specification and quantification of the minimum ventilation requirements in hospitals, schools and offices in relation to the spread of airborne infectious diseases, suggest the existence of a knowledge gap. Our study reveals a strong need for a multidisciplinary study in investigating disease outbreaks, and the impact of indoor air environments on the spread of airborne infectious diseases.
Modification of natural petroleum adsorbent Sphagnum Dill (2017)

XVIII -
Asymmetric synthesis of β-pyridyl-β-amino acid derivatives (2002)

The conjugate additions of homochiral lithium (R)-N-benzyl-N-α-methyl-4-methoxybenzylamide to tert-butyl 3-(3-pyridyl)- and tert-butyl 3-(4-pyridyl)-prop-2-enoates proceed in 84% de, and after subsequent recrystallisation and oxidative N-deprotection furnish the (S)-3-(3-pyridyl)- and (S)-3-(4-pyridyl)-β-amino acid derivatives in 97% ee and 98% ee respectively. Conjugate additions of lithium N-benzyl-N-α-methyl-4-methoxybenzylamide to tert-butyl 3-(2-pyridyl)prop-2-enoates proceed with low levels of diastereoselectivity unless the 3-(2-pyridyl) ring is substituted. Application of this methodology allows the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-tert-butyl 3-(2-chloro-3-methoxymethoxy-6-pyridyl)-3-aminopropanoate, the protected β-amino ester component of kedarcidin, in 97% ee.
[IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in oviductal epithelial cells culture after escherichia coli LPS stimulation]. (2001)

The TNF-alpha and IL-6 cytokines dose-dependent production is caused by the fallopian tubes LPS stimulation.
COSBO: The MAMBO 1.2 Millimeter Imaging Survey of the COSMOS Field (2007)

The inner 20 × 20 arcmin^2 of the COSMOS field was imaged at 250 GHz (1.2 mm) to an rms noise level of ~1 mJy per 11" beam using the Max-Planck Millimeter Bolometer Array (MAMBO-2) at the IRAM 30 m telescope. We detect 15 sources at significance between 4 and 7 σ, 11 of which are also detected at 1.4 GHz with the VLA with a flux density &gt;24 μJy (3 σ). We identify 12 more lower significance mm sources based on their association with faint radio sources. We present the multifrequency identifications of the MAMBO sources, including VLA radio flux densities, optical and near-infrared identifications, as well as the XMM-Newton X-ray detection for two of the mm sources. We compare radio and optical photometric redshifts and briefly describe the host galaxy morphologies. The colors of the identified optical counterparts suggest most of them to be high-redshift (z ~ 2-3) star-forming galaxies. At least three sources appear lensed by a foreground galaxy. We highlight some MAMBO sources that do not show obvious radio counterparts. These sources could be dusty starburst galaxies at redshifts &gt;3.5. The 250 GHz source areal density in the COSMOS field is comparable to that seen in other deep mm fields.
Changes in the lipid composition of Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities during a spring bloom: an indication of community physiological status (1989)

The lipid composition of natural populations of diatoms in the sea ice at McMurdo Sound was determined during the austral spring bloom of 1985, using and Iatroscan TLC–FID system. The major lipid classes in all samples were polar lipids (including phospholipid, glycolipid and chlorophyll) and triacylglycerol, with lesser proportions of free fatty acids. Total lipid increased through November and early December, reaching a maximum (3300 mg m −2 at Cape Armitage and 1800 mg m −2 at Erebus Ice Tongue) c . one week after the chlorophyll a maxima. This increase was largely attributable to a corresponding increase in triacylglycerol. At the lipid maxima, triacylglycerol/polar lipid ratios in the range 1.0 to 2.5 were observed. The dynamic variations in lipid class abundances indicate that profound changes in the physiology of sea-ice diatoms are occurring throughout the spring bloom. A range of sterols (C 26 –C 30 ) were detected; 24-methylenecholesterol, brassicasterol and 24-ethylcholesterol were the major sterols at the Cape Armitage and Erebus sites. The similarity of the sterol profiles to those of Antarctic freshwater algal communities strongly indicates diatoms as a more probable source of C 29 sterols in the freshwater lakes than cyanobacteria or other algal groups. The hydrocarbons isolated from sea-ice diatoms at all sites were dominated by two unsaturated components, n−C 21:6 and a diunsaturated isoprenoid C 25 alkene. Until this study, no biological source had been validated for the isoprenoid C 25:2 diene, even though it has been detected in many estuarine and coastal sediments.
Preoperative and Postoperative Nasal Septal Surgery Assessment with Acoustic Rhinometry (1997)

Acoustic rhinometry is valuable in objectively confirming nasal patency after nasal septal and turbinate surgery.
Feature-Budgeted Random Forest (2015)

We seek decision rules for prediction-time cost reduction, where complete data is available for training, but during prediction-time, each feature can only be acquired for an additional cost. We propose a novel random forest algorithm to minimize prediction error for a user-specified {\it average} feature acquisition budget. While random forests yield strong generalization performance, they do not explicitly account for feature costs and furthermore require low correlation among trees, which amplifies costs. Our random forest grows trees with low acquisition cost and high strength based on greedy minimax cost-weighted-impurity splits. Theoretically, we establish near-optimal acquisition cost guarantees for our algorithm. Empirically, on a number of benchmark datasets we demonstrate superior accuracy-cost curves against state-of-the-art prediction-time algorithms.
Synthesis and diels–alder polymerization of furfurylidene and furfuryl‐substituted maleamic acids (1992)

Abstract The reactions of monomaleamic acid derived from an aromatic diamine with furfural afforded a novel class of furfurylidene‐substituted maleamic acids 2a–2d . The latter were cyclodehydrated to yield maleimides 3a–3d which are AB‐monomers for a Diels–Alder polymerization. In addition, N ‐furfurylmaleamic acid ( 4 ) was synthesized by reacting furfurylamine with maleic anhydride at ambient temperature. Cyclodehydration of 4 afforded N ‐furfurylmaleimide ( 5 ). The polymer precursors were characterized by IR and 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy. Their curing behavior was investigated by DTA and correlated with chemical structures. Diels–Alder polymerization of monomers occurred at the temperature range of 113–210°C. Thermal stability of monomers was evaluated by TGA and isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA). It was shown that thermal stability of the polymer derived from maleamic acid 4 was dramatically improved upon curing at high temperatures due to the formation by dehydration of a stable aromatic structure.
Characterization of a nitrogen gliding arc plasmatron using optical emission spectroscopy and high-speed camera (2018)

Abstract A gliding arc plasmatron (GAP), which is very promising for purification and gas conversion, is characterized in nitrogen using optical emission spectroscopy and high-speed photography, because the cross sections of electron impact excitation of N 2 are well known. The gas temperature (of about 5500 K), the electron density (up to 1.5 × 10 15 cm −3 ) and the reduced electric field (of about 37 Td) are determined using an absolutely calibrated intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera, equipped with an in-house made optical arrangement for simultaneous two-wavelength diagnostics, adapted to the transient behavior of a GA channel in turbulent gas flow. The intensities of nitrogen molecular emission bands, N 2 (C–B,0–0) as well as (B–X,0–0), are measured simultaneously. The electron density and the reduced electric field are determined at a spatial resolution of 30 µ m, using numerical simulation and measured emission intensities, applying the Abel inversion of the ICCD images. The temporal behavior of the GA plasma channel and the formation of plasma plumes are studied using a high-speed camera. Based on the determined plasma parameters, we suggest that the plasma plume formation is due to the magnetization of electrons in the plasma channel of the GAP by an axial magnetic field in the plasma vortex.
CCL27: Novel Cytokine with Potential Role in Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (2015)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. Leukocyte infiltration of brain tissue and the subsequent inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, and formation of sclerotic plaques is a hallmark of MS. Upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines has been suggested to play an essential role in regulating lymphocyte migration in MS. Here we present data on serum cytokine expression in MS cases. Increased serum levels of IL-17 and IL-23 were observed, suggesting activation of the Th17 population of immune effector cells. Additionally, increased levels of IL-22 were observed in the serum of those with acute phase MS. Unexpectedly, we observed an upregulation of the serum chemokine CCL27 in newly diagnosed and acute MS cases. CCL27 is an inflammatory chemokine associated with homing of memory T cells to sites of inflammation. Therefore, its upregulation in association with MS suggests a potential role in disease pathogenesis. Our data supports previous reports showing IL-17 and -23 upregulation in association with MS and potentially identify a previously unknown involvement for CCL27.
Undervisning i det virtuelle rum verden rundt (2007)

Udgivelsesdato: Februar 2008
Coming challenges in microarchitecture and architecture (2001)

In the past several decades, the world of computers and especially that of microprocessors has witnessed phenomenal advances. Computers have exhibited ever-increasing performance and decreasing costs, making them more affordable and in turn, accelerating additional software and hardware development that fueled this process even more. The technology that enabled this exponential growth is a combination of advancements in process technology, microarchitecture, architecture, and design and development tools. While the pace of this progress has been quite impressive over the last two decades, it has become harder and harder to keep up this pace. New process technology requires more expensive megafabs and new performance levels require larger die, higher power consumption, and enormous design and validation effort. Furthermore, as CMOS technology continues to advance, microprocessor design is exposed to a new set of challenges. In the near future, microarchitecture has to consider and explicitly manage the limits of semiconductor technology, such as wire delays, power dissipation, and soft errors. In this paper we describe the role of microarchitecture in the computer world present the challenges ahead of us, and highlight areas where microarchitecture can help address these challenges.
Numerical Coupling Strategy for Resolving In-Duct Elastic Panel Aeroacoustic/Structural Interaction (2018)

International audience
Enhanced generation of single optically active spins in diamond by ion implantation (2010)

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are amongst the most promising candidates for quantum information applications. Up to now the creation of such defects was highly probabilistic, requiring many copies of the nanodevice. Here we show that by employing a two step implantation process which includes low dose N2+ molecular ion implantations followed by high dose C implantation can increase the generation efficiency of NV centers by over 50%. Moreover, we detected intrinsic N14 concentration as low as 0.07 ppb by converting the nitrogen impurities into NV and then counting the single centers by using a confocal microscope.
Effects of magnetizing current of the transformer on dynamic characteristics in the push-pull dc-to-dc converter (1984)

Dynamic characteristics of the push-pull -dc-to-dc converter are analyzed both theoretically and experimentally for the modes of operation which are caused by the interaction between magnetizing current of the transformer and that of the reactor, Among all six modes of operation, four modes are of the first order system. In two modes out of the four modes, the instantaneous reactor current does not fall to zero at any point in the switching cycle.
Lines in the spectrum of /sup 7/LiH (5177 to 8643 A) (1979)

The emission spectra of the A /sup 1/..sigma../sup +/ - X /sup 1/..sigma../sup +/ bands of /sup 7/LiH were photographed in the 5177 A to 8643 A region in the fourth, fifth, and sixth order of a 3.4 meter Ebert Spectrograph with reciprocal dispersions of 2.2, 1.7, and 1.4 A/mm. The measured lines in the spectra of /sup 7/LiH in the region 5177 to 8643 A are given. Similar spectra for the region 4728 to 5298 A are given in the companion report (COO-2326-19). In the small region of overlap (5177 to 5298 A), the line positions are in good agreement, but these are felt to be the more accurate.
Plasma Prolactin and Central D2 Receptor Occupancy in Antipsychotic Drug-Treated Patients (1998)

Previous studies of the relationship between plasma prolactin and clinical effects in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs have yielded inconsistent results. A possible explanation may be that most studies have not included subtherapeutic or low doses of antipsychotics. In this exploratory, double-blind study, the relationship between plasma prolactin concentration and central D2 receptor occupancy was examined in 13 schizophrenic patients treated with the experimental antipsychotic drug raclopride (2, 6, or 12 mg daily). D2 receptor occupancy was determined by positron emission tomography and was related to antipsychotic effect as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Plasma prolactin concentration was increased in eight of nine patients with a D2 receptor occupancy greater than 50%, whereas it was normal among patients with a D2 receptor occupancy less than 50% (p < 0.01). Plasma prolactin concentration measured 4 hours after the morning dose of raclopride correlated significantly with plasma raclopride concentration (r = 0.92, p < 0.01), the degree of D2 receptor occupancy (r = 0.81,p < 0.01), and the antipsychotic effect (r = 0.79, p < 0.01). Further controlled studies that include low doses of antipsychotic drugs may warrant a reconciliation of plasma prolactin as a useful tool in clinical monitoring of antipsychotic drug treatment.