gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) (2015)

Abstract. The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin during two years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this end, the pollution plume from the Manaus metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the Introduction to the GoAmazon2014/5 Special Issue, presents the context and motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free troposphere. During the two-year experiment, two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. The G1 aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs also correspond to the clean and biomass burning seasons, respectively. The Manaus plume is present year round, and it is transported by prevailing northeasterly and easterly winds in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This Introduction also organizes information relevant to many papers in the Special Issue. Information is provided on the vehicle fleet, power plants, and industrial activities of Manaus. The mesoscale and synoptic meteorologies relevant to the two IOPs are presented. Regional and long-range transport of emissions during the two IOPs is discussed based on satellite observations across South America and Africa. Fire locations throughout the airshed are detailed. In conjunction with the context and motivation of GoAmazon2014/5, as presented herein in this Introduction, research articles published in this Special Issue are anticipated in the near future to describe the detailed results and findings of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment.
Verbrennungswärmen und Resonanzenergien von mehrkernigen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (1951)

Article Verbrennungswärmen und Resonanzenergien von mehrkernigen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen was published on April 1, 1951 in the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (volume 197, issue 1).
Hybrids of the Benzofuran Core from Natural Products and the 2,4‐Dihydroxy‐5‐isopropylbenzene Fragment as Potent Hsp90 Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and Bioevaluation (2014)

Several chemical fragments have been confirmed as highly efficient cores for the design of Hsp90 inhibitors. Molecular hybridization of potent fragments has been widely used as a rational drug discovery strategy. In this study, a novel class of hybrids of benzofuran, a privileged core from natural products, and 2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl phenyl, an efficient fragment in Hsp90 inhibitors, were designed and synthesized. Subsequent evaluation confirmed they inhibited cell proliferation and regulated the level of client proteins through Hsp90 inhibition. Some of the hybrids can serve as leads to obtain novel chemotypes of Hsp90 inhibitors. The methods reported here may expand the range of known structural types accommodated by the ATP binding site of Hsp90.
Monitoring Antarctic toothfish in McMurdo Sound to evaluate the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area (2019)

Abstract We developed a random, stratified, vertical longline survey in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to compare the local age and size composition, diet and reproductive status of Antarctic toothfish ( Dissostichus mawsoni ) with those observed from a vessel-based survey of the southern Ross Sea shelf that includes a McMurdo Sound stratum. Results indicated that southern McMurdo Sound toothfish were larger and older than those a short distance away in northern McMurdo Sound. These data, in addition to recoveries of tagged fish, suggest that the large toothfish in McMurdo Sound may have limited mixing with the rest of the population. The potential effects of climate change and fishing in northern areas on toothfish abundance in McMurdo Sound will depend on the mechanism of toothfish recruitment to McMurdo Sound. Understanding the ecological relationships between McMurdo Sound toothfish and the larger population is required to predict these impacts. Furthermore, because toothfish predators (type C killer whales Orcinus orca , Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii ) are abundant in the south-west margins of the Ross Sea, it is important to monitor toothfish in McMurdo Sound as part of the monitoring programme for the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area.
Stereospecific Transformations of Chiral Compounds Using Anchimeric Assistance of Arylthio and Arylseleno Group (1997)

A new chiral pool method is developed starting from readily available chiral oxiranes, the key step being the substitution reaction through the anchimeric assistance of the arylthio and arylseleno group. The overall transformation is the introduction of nucleopiles into the chiral carbon of the oxiranes with retention of the configuration.
A Comparative Analysis of Methods for Evaluation of ECG Signal Quality after Compression (2018)

The assessment of ECG signal quality after compression is an essential part of the compression process. Compression facilitates the signal archiving, speeds up signal transmission, and reduces the energy consumption. Conversely, lossy compression distorts the signals. Therefore, it is necessary to express the compression performance through both compression efficiency and signal quality. This paper provides an overview of objective algorithms for the assessment of both ECG signal quality after compression and compression efficiency. In this area, there is a lack of standardization, and there is no extensive review as such. 40 methods were tested in terms of their suitability for quality assessment. For this purpose, the whole CSE database was used. The tested signals were compressed using an algorithm based on SPIHT with varying efficiency. As a reference, compressed signals were manually assessed by two experts and classified into three quality groups. Owing to the experts' classification, we determined corresponding ranges of selected quality evaluation methods' values. The suitability of the methods for quality assessment was evaluated based on five criteria. For the assessment of ECG signal quality after compression, we recommend using a combination of these methods: PSim SDNN, QS, SNR1, MSE, PRDN1, MAX, STDERR, and WEDD SWT.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in silver-doped silicon (1993)

In silver-doped silicon, several new electron paramagnetic resonance spectra were observed. Three of these, labeled Si-NL45, Si-NL46, and Si-NL47, were detected in n-type samples. The spectra have trigonal symmetry; the effective electron spin value S equals 1/2. The spectra Si-NL45 and Si-NL46, with the perpendicular g values close to 6 and 8, can alternatively be described by electron spins S=5/2 and S=7/2, respectively, and g values close to 2. The Si-NL47 center has both principal g values significantly deviating from 2. They can be accounted for by taking crystal-field splitting and spin-orbit coupling into consideration. On the basis of the correlation of the production of these centers with the Si-NL44 center and the analysis with high values of electron spin, all these centers are tentatively identified as silver-related complexes.
Tumour Hypoxia: The Picture Has Changed in the 1990s (1994)

Since the 1950s, the presence of hypoxic cells in human tumours has been widely regarded as a problem, and a variety of strategies have been developed and tested, both in experimental and clinical studies, to overcome this perceived problem. One of these strategies was the development of bioreductive cytotoxins--drugs which in themselves were relatively innocuous, but when metabolized under hypoxic conditions, became highly cytotoxic, thereby preferentially killing the hypoxic cells. Modelling studies and experimental data with newly developed hypoxic cytotoxins, such as SR 4233 (tirapazamine) and RSU 1069, have led to the realization not only that it is better to kill hypoxic cells in tumours than to radiosensitize or oxygenate them, but also that with these bioreductive cytotoxins hypoxic cells in tumours can be an advantage in cancer therapy. However, to realize the advantage of adding the drug with each radiation dose, the tumour must undergo a process analogous to reoxygenation, which we have termed 'rehypoxiation', by which hypoxic cells are regenerated after each dose of the hypoxic cytotoxin. In addition, we also discuss the fact that hypoxia is a cellular stress which activates many new genes. The activation of these genes will be a major focus for research in coming years and will undoubtedly lead to new approaches in cancer detection and treatment. In summary, the 1990s are bringing a fundamental change in our perception of tumour hypoxia, from a position of being a problem to that of being a solution in cancer treatment.
Results of the project "Silicon for Mass Unit and Standard" (SIMUS) (2003)

The structural and stoichiometric characterisations of silicon crystals are reported to find the origin of a molar volume discrepancy. The target of reproducing this anomaly was achieved and an hypothesis is proposed.
Geostatistics inspired fast layout optimization of nanoscale CMOS phase locked loop (2013)

In this paper, we present a geostatistical method for design and optimization of analog and mixed signal circuits design illustrated with the design of phase locked loop (PLL) systems used in Wide Area Network (WAN) and Private Mobile Radio (PMR) applications. The proposed method incorporates the use of a geostatistic based metamodeling technique (Kriging) and optimization algorithm (gravitational search algorithm) and is compared to similar approaches. The results show that the geostatistical methods provide more accurate metamodels and more efficient optimization design techniques. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first geostatistical method for metamodeling and optimization of PLL designs. The proposed optimization could achieve 79% reduction in PLL power with 4% reduction in locking time without any area penalty.
Cell type-specific intracellular protein delivery with inactivated botulinum toxin (2023)

Abstract The ability to deliver proteins and peptides across the plasma membrane into the cytosol of living mammalian cells would be highly impactful for both basic science and medicine. Natural cell-penetrating protein toxins have shown promise as protein delivery platforms but existing approaches are limited by immunogenicity, lack of cell type specificity, or their multicomponent nature. Here we explore inactivated botulinum toxin (BoNT) as a protein delivery platform. Using split luciferase reconstitution in the cytosol as a readout for endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery, we showed that BoNT chimeras with nanobodies replacing their natural receptor binding domain could be selectively targeted to cells expressing nanobody-matched surface markers. We used chimeric BoNTs to deliver a range of cargo from 1.3-55 kD, and demonstrated selective delivery of orthogonal cargoes to distinct cell populations within a heterogenous mixture. These explorations suggest that BoNT can be a versatile platform for targeted protein and peptide delivery into mammalian cells.
An operational, amplifier-controlled chemical coulometer for determining n-values (1970)

By placing a chemical coulometer in the feedback loop of an operational amplifier, instead of a capacitor as is commonly done, a novel approach is realized for the determination of analytical concentration.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Addition of Acetylenes to Ketimines: the First Base‐Catalyzed Ethynylation of the C=N Bond (2018)

A one‐pot transition metal‐free synthesis of propargylamines in good to excellent yield from ketone‐derived imines and aryl‐ and hetarylacetylenes in the presence of KOBu t /DMSO superbase system (40 °C, 10 min) has been developed. The reaction involves a nucleophilic addition of acetylenic carbanions to the C=N bond, thus for the first time featuring the aza‐Favorsky reaction.
THEORETICAL ASSESSMENT OF INERTIA TENSOR MEASUREMENT ACCURACY. PART 2: GENERAL CASE (2011)

The measurement of the full inertia tensor of a rigid body usually involves the measurement of different moments of inertia around different rotation axes. Then the reconstruction of the inertia tensor from these measurements can be performed. The analysis on how locating at best such rotation axes is presented in the companion paper of this one. In this paper the whole sources of uncertainty are considered. In particular, the effect of the location of the centre of gravity on the measurement accuracy of the inertia tensor has been studied. This effect can be neglected if the rotation axes pass through or near the estimated location of the centre of gravity. Otherwise, the measurement uncertainty grows almost linearly with this distance and can be quite large.
Editorial: Learning, Perception, and Collaboration for Robots in Industrial Environments (2022)

Automation and robotics in real operative conditions, like modern factories, are constantly evolving. Collaborative robots represent one of the major changes in industrial robotics and their market is undergoing strong growth. A collaborative robot is designed for direct interaction with a human to improve the work experience and to reduce the risk of injuries. Among the most important challenges in the development of collaborative robots are those related to performing tasks in unstructured environments, moving in a shared workspace, manipulating objects, and learning from expert operators In order to achieve such goals, collaborative robots can take advantage of recent innovations in machine learning, as well as of advances in algorithms for robot perception and new sensor technologies
Focusing of Tandem Bistatic-Configuration Data With Range Migration Algorithm (2010)

A bistatic range migration algorithm (RMA) based on an exact analytical bistatic point-target (PT) spectrum in the tandem configuration is proposed in this letter. For the conventional geometry-based bistatic formula method, the derived spectrum is only a quasi-analytical one because a variable called half-quasi-bistatic angle (HQBA) is not exactly analytically expressed. The key step of the proposed algorithm is to deduce an analytical HQBA in the tandem configuration, and thus, an exact analytical closed-form PT spectrum is acquired. Based on this analytical spectrum, a bistatic RMA is presented. It is demonstrated that this algorithm can handle the bistatic tandem configuration with extremely large baseline/range ratio and can also be applied to wide-swath imaging.
Cytocompatible Poly(ethylene glycol)‐co‐polycarbonate Hydrogels Cross‐Linked by Copper‐Free, Strain‐Promoted Click Chemistry (2011)

Strategies to encapsulate cells in cytocompatible three-dimensional hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties and degradability without harmful gelling conditions are highly desired for regenerative medicine applications. Here we reported a method for preparing poly(ethylene glycol)-co-polycarbonate hydrogels through copper-free, strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) click chemistry. Hydrogels with varying mechanical properties were formed by "clicking" azido-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-co-polycarbonate macromers with dibenzocyclooctyne-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) under physiological conditions within minutes. Bone marrow stromal cells encapsulated in these gels exhibited higher cellular viability than those encapsulated in photo-cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate. The precise control over the macromer compositions, cytocompatible SPAAC cross-linking, and the degradability of the polycarbonate segments make these hydrogels promising candidates for scaffold and stem cell assisted tissue repair and regeneration.
Upconversion nanoparticles as versatile light nanotransducers for photoactivation applications (2014)

Remote activation of photoactivable therapeutic compounds by light provides a high spatial and temporal control for activating the therapeutic agent. However, photoactivable compounds are mostly responsive towards ultraviolet (UV) or visible light radiation that has poor tissue penetration depth besides being unsafe to the body in the case of UV light. Nanoparticles with energy upconversion hold potential in overcoming this limit by using safe and deeply penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light. These upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) act as versatile nanotransducers as they convert NIR light to light of shorter wavelengths that can be tuned to the NIR, visible or UV colors to suit different activation wavelengths. Their highly unusual optical properties to fluoresce with near-zero photobleaching, photoblinking and background autofluorescence are unique and an added benefit when used simultaneously as optional imaging agents. This article reviews recent advancements in the use of UCNs for photoactivation of therapeutic agents. Specifically, we discuss the use of these UCNs for activation of light-sensitive/photocaged molecules or photosensitizers for photocontrolled-delivery and photodynamic therapy.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Azinylmethanes for Access to Trifluoromethylazinylols (2016)

Abstract A copper‐catalyzed oxygenation of methylazaarenes was found to occur in the absence of both ligand and additive, and has been successfully employed for the synthesis of trifluoromethylazinylketols. This synthetic strategy incorporates aerobic oxidation and a trifluoromethylation in one‐pot and provides a novel method for the trifluoromethylation of aliphatic CH bond.
Optimal design of passenger car suspension for ride and road holding (2008)

The primary function of a vehicle suspension system is to isolate the road excitations experienced by the tyres from being transmitted to the passengers. In this paper, a suitable optimizing technique is applied at design stage to obtain the suspension parameters of a passive suspension and active suspension for a passenger car which satisfies the performance as per ISO 2631 standards. A number of objectives such as maximum bouncing acceleration of seat and sprung mass, root mean square (RMS) weighted acceleration of seat and sprung mass as per ISO2631 standards, jerk, suspension travel, road holding and tyre deflection are minimized subjected to a number of constraints. The constraints arise from the practical kinetic and comfortability considerations, such as limits of the maximum vertical acceleration of the passenger seat, tyre displacement and the suspension working space. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve the problem and results were compared to those obtained by simulated annealing (SA) technique and found to yields similar performance measures. Both the passive and active suspension systems are compared in time domain analyses subjected to sinusoidal road input. Results show passenger bounce, passenger acceleration, and tyre displacement are reduced by 74.2%, 88.72% and 28.5% respectively, indicating active suspension system has better potential to improve both comfort and road holding.
A Stable and Reproducible Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model Derived from Hematopoietic Stem Cells (2014)

The human blood brain barrier (BBB) is a selective barrier formed by human brain endothelial cells (hBECs), which is important to ensure adequate neuronal function and protect the central nervous system (CNS) from disease. The development of human in vitro BBB models is thus of utmost importance for drug discovery programs related to CNS diseases. Here, we describe a method to generate a human BBB model using cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells. The cells were initially differentiated into ECs followed by the induction of BBB properties by co-culture with pericytes. The brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs) express tight junctions and transporters typically observed in brain endothelium and maintain expression of most in vivo BBB properties for at least 20 days. The model is very reproducible since it can be generated from stem cells isolated from different donors and in different laboratories, and could be used to predict CNS distribution of compounds in human. Finally, we provide evidence that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway mediates in part the BBB inductive properties of pericytes.
Capturing hotspots for constrained indoor movement (2013)

Finding the hotspots in large indoor spaces is very important for getting overloaded locations, security, crowd management, indoor navigation and guidance. The tracking data coming from indoor tracking are huge in volume and not readily available for finding hotspots. This paper presents a graph-based model for constrained indoor movement that can map the tracking records into mapping records which represent the entry and exit times of an object in a particular location. Then it discusses the hotspots extraction technique from the mapping records.
Cloning and expression of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid-mediated quaternary ammonium resistance in Escherichia coli (1985)

The Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pSK1 carries Tn4001, a 4.7-kilobase (kb) transposon which specifies resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, and kanamycin. In addition, pSK1 mediates resistance to trimethoprim and linked resistance to ethidium bromide (Ebr) and to quaternary ammonium compounds (Qar). Restriction endonuclease analysis of pSK1 and a deleted derivative of pSK1 revealed that the gene(s) responsible for Ebr Qar lies within a 5.2-kb HindIII fragment. This fragment has been cloned into the Escherichia coli plasmid vector pBR322, and transformants of an E. coli K-12 strain exhibited Ebr Qar. Subcloning of the 5.2-kb insert, combined with data from electron microscopic analysis of deleted derivatives of pSK1, located the Ebr Qar determinant(s) on a 2.3-kb segment of pSK1 DNA.
PIWIL4 regulates cervical cancer cell line growth and is involved in down‐regulating the expression of p14ARF and p53 (2012)

Recently, PIWIL4 has been identified as a functional protein involved in tumorigenesis. Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. The relationship between PIWIL4 and cervical cancer is still unknown. Here, we found that PIWIL4 is up-regulated in human cervical cancer tissues in comparison to adjacent normal tissues, and it promotes cell growth and proliferation by inhibiting apoptosis through the p14ARF/p53 pathway. PIWIL4 can also promote the invasion of cervical cancer cells. These results suggest that PIWIL4 might play an oncogenic role in cervical cancer and be useful as a new therapeutic target in the future.