gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microcystis changes its buoyancy in response to the average irradiance in the surface mixed layer (1991)

A population of buoyant colonies of Microcystis sp. dominated the phytoplankton of the small Vinkeveen Lake, in the Netherlands. The Microcystis colonies were circulated within the surface mixed layer whose depth (usually 2 to 4 m) usually exceeded the euphotic depth (usually less than 1.5 m) in this wind-exposed lake. Colonies held in bottles at the lake surface responded to the high irradiance by losing their buoyancy, while those kept at greater depths remained buoyant. For colonies circulating within the surface layer the degree of buoyancy loss that occurred during the day depended on the mean irradiance to which they were exposed, which could be determined from the average surface irradiance, the mixed depth and the vertical extinction coefficient. Buoyancy loss was also correlated, but less strongly, with the proportion of the daytime spent by colonies within the euphotic zone. Surface scums were usually prevented from forming by wind mixing.
Endothelial Denudation Combined With Embolization in the Prevention of Endoleaks After Endovascular Aneurysm Repair:An Animal Study (2011)

This study demonstrates the role of recanalization in endoleak recurrence and indicates that combining embolization and endothelial denudation could be a promising strategy to prevent endoleak persistence or recurrence after EVAR. However, the sclerosing gel tested in this study is not appropriate since it is prone to migration with resultant stent-graft thrombosis.
H2@Airports (Workshop Summary Report) (2021)

This report serves as the proceedings of the H2@Airports Workshop held virtually by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and Department of Defense (DOD), November 4-6, 2020. Presentations from the workshop can be found at H2@Airports Workshop: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/h2airports-workshop. The workshop was held to assess the state of the art for electric aircraft and airport applications specifically using hydrogen fuel cells, to discuss operational requirements and lessons learned on early fuel cell aviation and airport projects, to understand current technology gaps, to identify collaborative research and development (R&D) opportunities, to highlight codes, standards, safety, and regulatory challenges, and to identify potential actions that address them. Experts and stakeholders from industry, government, and academia met to discuss the current state of the art of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and the requirements for using these technologies in aviation applications and land-based applications at airports. This report summarizes the discussions and diverse opinions expressed at the workshop.
Remote sensing of the turbulence characteristics of a planetary atmosphere by radio occultation of a space probe (1973)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of small‐scale turbulence on radio waves propagating through a planetary atmosphere. The analysis provides a technique for inferring the turbulence characteristics of a planetary atmosphere from the radio signals received from a spacecraft as it is occulted by the planet. The planetary turbulence is assumed to be localized and smoothly varying with the structure constant varying exponentially with altitude. Rytov's method is used to derive the variance of log‐amplitude and phase fluctuations of a wave propagating through the atmosphere. When the distance between the spacecraft and the planetary atmosphere exceeds L 0 2 /λ, where L 0 is the outer scale of turbulence, the effects of inhomogeneity and finite size of the turbulent medium become important. A recent study by Gurvich [1969] pointed out that the structure constant for the Venusian atmosphere inferred from the Mariner‐5 occultation data was significantly lower than that inferred from the Venera‐4 data. By applying the analysis developed in this paper it is shown that the effects of inhomogeneity and finite size of the turbulence, which were excluded in Gurvich's analysis, account for this difference. More important, however, is the fact that the new techniques are available for use in future radio‐occultation missions.
A Multiple Representation Entity-Based Approach to Hybrid Traffic Simulation Model (2008)

Traffic simulation is a widely used tool to analyze dynamic traffic system. In traffic simulation field, Microscopic simulation offers detailed representation of traffic system, but it is difficult to model large traffic network; Macroscopic and mesoscopic simulations can capture the dynamics of large network, but only on a low level of details. These limitations of mono-resolution traffic simulation emerge more clearly, as the development of its application. Multi-resolution traffic simulation, which uses hybrid traffic simulation model, can overcome those limitations by integrating traffic simulation models on different levels into a hybrid model, which combines advantages of all composing models. In this paper, we introduced UNIFY framework into traffic simulation and developed UNITRANS, a Multiple Representation Entity-based (MRE-based) framework, to integrate traffic simulation models on different resolution levels and maintain the consistency among their jointly-executing. A hybrid model was built using UNITRANS and a three-legged intersection was modeled with it. The results showed that UNITRANS was feasible and effective.
Detoxification Metabolism ofo-Dinitrobenzene by the YeastIssatchenkia orientalis (1991)

Culture medium containing 200 μm O-dinitrobenzene suppressed cell growth of Issatchenkia orientalis for about 24 hr and after a lag phase, the cells began to increase with concomitant metabolism of O-dinitrobenzene by glutathione conjugation. The resulting glutathione conjugate, S-(2-nitrophenyl)glutathione, was further enzymatically metabolized and released into the growth medium. The final metabolite was identified as S-(2-nitrophenyl)cysteine by comparison with the authentic compound on HPLC. In the presence of O-dinitrobenzene, intracellular glutathione was not detected in the early log phase, but it began to accumulate after O-dinitrobenzene was metabolized. S-(2-nitrophenyl)glutathione and S-(2-nitrophenyl)cysteine, both chemically synthesized, did not suppress cell growth. These results suggest that there is a glutathione-related detoxification system in the yeast I. orientalis.
Modulation of the Passive Permeability of Semipeptidic Macrocycles: N- and C-Methylations Fine-Tune Conformation and Properties (2021)

Incorporating small modifications to peptidic macrocycles can have a major influence on their properties. For instance, N-methylation has been shown to impact permeability. A better understanding of the relationship between permeability and structure is of key importance as peptidic drugs are often associated with unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Starting from a semipeptidic macrocycle backbone composed of a tripeptide tethered head-to-tail with an alkyl linker, we investigated two small changes: peptide-to-peptoid substitution and various methyl placements on the nonpeptidic linker. Implementing these changes in parallel, we created a collection of 36 compounds. Their permeability was then assessed in parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and Caco-2 assays. Our results show a systematic improvement in permeability associated with one peptoid position in the cycle, while the influence of methyl substitution varies on a case-by-case basis. Using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and NMR measurements, we offer hypotheses to explain such behavior.
Quantum key distribution over 300km (2014)

We discuss the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302 km by Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors (SSPDs). Because of the excellent characteristics and the possibility to be effectively coupled to single-mode optical fiber many applications of the SSPD have already been reported. The most impressive one is the quantum key distribution (QKD) over 250 km distance. This demonstration shows further possibilities for the improvement of the characteristics of quantum-cryptographic systems such as increasing the bit rate and the quantum channel length, and decreasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). This improvement is possible because SSPDs have the best characteristics in comparison with other single-photon detectors. We have demonstrated the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302.5 km with superconducting single-photon detectors. The advantage of an autocompensating optical scheme, also known as plug&play for quantum key distribution, is high stability in the presence of distortions along the line. To increase the distance of quantum key distribution with this optical scheme we implement the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD). At the 5 MHz pulse repetition frequency and the average photon number equal to 0.4 we measured a 33 bit/s quantum key generation for a 101.7 km single mode ber quantum channel. The extremely low SSPD dark count rate allowed us to keep QBER at 1.6% level. .H\ZRUGV Quantum key distribution, quantum communication , quantum cryptography, superconducting single-photon detectors.
GNSS Attitude Determination Using a Constrained Wrapped Least Squares Approach (2020)

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) based attitude determination has become an essential alternative to conventional techniques. carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution is the primary challenge for high-precision GNSS attitude determination. In this contribution, we develop a constrained wrapped least squares (C-WLS) method to estimate a vehicle's attitude innovatively. The proposed method avoids the complicated process of resolving integer ambiguities by directly employing ambiguous carrier-phase observations to determine a vehicle's attitude through a search procedure in the solution space. The proposed method also takes advantage of a novel optimization model, which leverages prior information such as antenna configuration, the integer property of the carrier-phase ambiguity, and the noise distribution of carrier-phase observations. The performance of the proposed method is verified using both simulation and experimental data. The results show that the proposed C-WLS method outperforms the renowned constrained LAMBDA method in various performance areas.
Simulation Study of W ide band I nte r fe r e nc e Re j e c tion us ing Adaptive Ar r ay Ante nna (2005)

o Ar r a y a nt e nna 12 s y s t e ms a r e o f t e n us e d t o e nha nc e t he r e c e i v e d s i gna l t o i nt e r f e r e nc e a nd no i s e r a t i o whe n t he s i gna l o pe r a t e s i n he a v i l y j a mme d e nv i r o nme nt . Pr o pe r mo de l i ng o f t he r e c e i v e d da t a a t di f f e r e nt a nt e nna e l e me nt s i s i mpo r t a nt whe n e v a l ua t i ng t he pe r f o r ma nc e o f t hi s s y s t e m, e s pe c i a l l y whe n b o t h t he s i gna l a nd i nt e r f e r e nc e ha v e wi de f r e que nc y b a nds . The r e c e i v e d da t a ha s t wo di me ns i o ns : s pa c e , b e c a us e di f f e r e nt a nt e nna e l e me nt s a r e s e pa r a t e d o n t he a nt e nna f a c e a nd t i me , b e c a us e s a mpl e d da t a f r o m e a c h e l e me nt i s c o l l e c t e d o v e r t i me . The r e f o r e r e c e i v e d da t a pr o c e s s i ng c a n b e r e ga r de d a s s pa c e - t i me pr o c e s s i ng. The t i me s e que nc e da t a i s r e f e r r e d t o a s t he r e c e i v e d wa v e f o r m o f a gi v e n a nt e nna e l e me nt . The a nt e nna o ut put i s t he l i ne a r c o mb i na t i o n o f da t a f r o m a l l t he a nt e nna e l e me nt s . I n c o nv e nt i o na l na r r o wb a nd b e a mf o r mi ng, t i me s e que nc e s a t di f f e r e nt a nt e nna e l e me nt s a r e r e l a t e d b y s o me f i xe d pha s e s hi f t . The pha s e s hi f t i s de t e r mi ne d b y t he wa v e f o r mi s di r e c t i o n o f a r r i v a l ( DOA) . Fo r a wi de b a nd wa v e f o r m, t i me s e que nc e s a t di f f e r e nt a nt e nna e l e me nt s a r e de l a y e d i n t i me a nd no t s i mpl y r e l a t e d b y a pha s e s hi f t . I f a wi de b a nd wa v e f o r m a r r i v e s a t a n o f f b o r e s i ght a ngl e , t he t i me de l a y s ma y no t b e i nt e ge r mul t i pl e s o f t he s a mpl i ng t i me ( f r a c t i o na l de l a y ) . Thus , t o pr o pe r l y pr o c e s s t he r e c e i v e d da t a a t e a c h a nt e nna e l e me nt , i nt e r po l a t i o n i s ne c e s s a r y t o de r i v e t he c o r r e c t t i me s a mpl e s .
AlN/ITO hybrid electrodes with conducting filament for 365 nm ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (2016)

Hybrid transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) consisting of AlN rods with conducting filaments (CFs) and ITO films was proposed to improve the current injection, spreading effect, and optical transmittance for 365 nm p-AlGaN based LEDs, and we demonstrated their electrical and optical properties. When comparing the performance of the LEDs with proposed hybrid TCE with reference LEDs having conventional ITO-TCEs, we observed the increased light-output powers of 6% and the reduced forward voltages of 8%, which may result from the improvement of ohmic contact behavior on the p-AlGaN layers by employing filament-embedded TCE, i.e., AlN/ITO hybrid electrodes.
GRAM-CNN: a deep learning approach with local context for named entity recognition in biomedical text (2017)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quality assurance of registration of CT and MRI data sets for treatment planning of radiotherapy for head and neck cancers (2004)

We are implementing the use of magnetic resonance (MR) images for head and neck radiotherapy planning, which involves their registration with computed tomography (CT). The quality assurance (QA) of the registration process was an initial step of this program. A phantom was built, and appropriate materials were identified to produce clinically relevant MR T1 and T2 contrast for its constituent "anatomy". We performed a characterization of the distortion detectable within our phantom. Finally, we assessed the accuracy of image registration by contouring structures in the registered/fused data sets using the treatment planning system. Each structure was contoured using each modality, in turn, blind of the other. The position, area, and perimeter of each structure were assessed as a measure of accuracy of the entire image registration process. Distortion effects in the MR image were shown to be minimized by choosing a suitable (3 +/- 30 kHz) receiver bandwidth. Remaining distortion was deemed clinically acceptable within +/-15 cm of the magnetic field isocenter. A coefficient of agreement (A) analysis gave values to be within 9% of unity, where A = square root(RaRp) and Ra/p is the ratio of the area/perimeter of a particular structure on CT to that on MR. The center of each structure of interest agreed to within 1.8 mm. A QA process has been developed to assess the accuracy of using multimodality image registration in the planning of radiotherapy for the head and neck; we believe its introduction is feasible and safe.
Design of Integrated Ship Equipment Monitoring and Controlling System Based on Ethernet (2015)

The integrated ship equipment measuring and controlling network is composed of PLC, PC Station and Web Server etc., which is based on Industrial Ethernet technology and can be accessed via the Internet. We developed PLC Intelligent Control Units to implement local control of ship equipments, mean while, we mapped the PLC and gateway parameter data to the OPC Server by utilized their characteristics of Ethernet Communication Protocols supported. We also combined with the ASP. Net Framework and Flash Technology, and integrated OPC Clients into the Web Server to accomplish monitoring and controlling ship equipment measurement.
Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understanding (2023)

Concealed scene understanding (CSU) is a hot computer vision topic aiming to perceive objects exhibiting camouflage. The current boom in terms of techniques and applications warrants an up-to-date survey. This can help researchers to better understand the global CSU field, including both current achievements and remaining challenges. This paper makes four contributions: (1) For the first time, we present a comprehensive survey of deep learning techniques aimed at CSU, including a taxonomy, task-specific challenges, and ongoing developments. (2) To allow for an authoritative quantification of the state-of-the-art, we offer the largest and latest benchmark for concealed object segmentation (COS). (3) To evaluate the generalizability of deep CSU in practical scenarios, we collect the largest concealed defect segmentation dataset termed CDS2K with the hard cases from diversified industrial scenarios, on which we construct a comprehensive benchmark. (4) We discuss open problems and potential research directions for CSU. Our code and datasets are available at https://github.com/DengPingFan/CSU, which will be updated continuously to watch and summarize the advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
Linking the Thermal and Electronic Properties of Functional Dicationic Salts with Their Molecular Structures (2021)

The two major properties that underpin ionic liquids are tunability and the potential to create task-specific media. Together, these properties allow ionic liquids to surpass the roles long held by traditional molecular solvents. However, at elevated temperatures or under prolonged heating, the structural components that impart such properties decompose or degrade. Dicationic pyridine salts present new opportunities to extend functionality and tunability to high temperatures because they are coordinating and thermally robust. In this work, we present three structurally related series of dicationic pyridine salts, which have been characterized by a wide array of techniques to link thermal and electronic properties to structural variation. The phase transitions and thermal stabilities of the salts were significantly influenced by small structural changes, and several new candidates for high-temperature-based applications were identified. The electron density, and therefore the electron donating ability, of the pyridine functional group could also be controlled by structural variation of cations and anions. Therefore, dicationic pyridine salts are highly tunable choices for task-specific solvents at elevated temperatures. Importantly, thermally robust solvents not only extend operational ranges but also reduce the need to replace or replenish solvents that degrade over time at temperatures commonly employed in industrial settings (i.e., 150–200 °C); solvent lifetimes are extended, and production is reduced. This is a critical requirement for complex media such as ionic liquids, which have high economic and environmental production costs.
Distribution of label free cationic polymer-coated gold nanorods in live macrophage cells reveals formation of groups of intracellular SERS signals of probe nanoparticles (2013)

Gold nanorods coated with poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC-GNRs) were used to observe the distribution of surface-enhanced Raman signals in live cells and generate distinct groups of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra in different regions of the cells. Spectra with unique features were clustered into sets of molecules in live murine macrophage cells (Raw 264.7). The distribution of biological substances detected by SERS signals of PDAC-GNRs is also discussed.
Acoustic and flexural wave interaction at the junction of two fluid-loaded plates (1994)

A general solution is developed for the acoustic and structural scattered response from the junction of two flat plates under unilateral fluid loading. The plates are modeled by the classical theory of flexure, and the solution is found using the Wiener–Hopf technique for the dual integral equations for the unknown pressure on the plates. Explicit formulas are obtained for the pressure transform when the plates are in welded or clamped contact, and corresponding explicit and relatively simple expressions are given for the various diffraction coefficients associated with the fluid/structure interaction. Numerical results for the redistribution of energy from flexural to flexural plus acoustic at a thickness discontinuity will be discussed in detail. [Work supported by ONR.]
A Multi-Rate Co-Simulation of Combined Phasor-Domain and Time-Domain Models for Large-Scale Wind Farms (2019)

In the year 2015-2018, there are many suband super-synchronous interaction (S2SI) events, happened in China. However, traditional transient stability models, electro-magnetic transient (EMT) models and hybrid TS and EMT simulation methods fail to capture the desired wide frequency band interactions between large-scale AC grids and wind farms. To accurately and efficiently capture wide frequency band interactions between AC grids and wind farms, a simulation method which can extend the time-step to 500 μs and further adopt the multi-rate structure is highly required. For this objective, we propose a multi-rate co-simulation method, in which the target system is partitioned into electro-magnetic transient (EMT) and shifted frequency phasor (SFP) subsystems, represented by our proposed transformation based SFP models and the traditional EMT models, respectively. The simulation efficiency of simulating large-scale AC grids is significantly improved by adopting a much larger time-step. Further, the multi-rate multi-domain transmission-line model (MD-TLM) and the multi-rate frequency dependent MD-TLM are respectively proposed to reflect wide-band interactions between AC grids and wind farms. Eventually, the multi-rate co-simulation is implemented based on the efficient SFP models, network partitioning, and so-called the multi-rate (FD)-MD-TLM. The performance (efficiency and accuracy) of the proposed method has been fully validated on a practical system integrating large AC grids and wind farms.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 1,2,3‐INDANETRIONE* (1991)

Abstract The photochemistry of 1,2,3‐indanetrione (1) has been examined in solution at room temperature by steady state and laser flash photolysis. The triplet state of 1 (T = 6.5 μs, δ mux , = 360 and 570 nm, in dry acetonitrile) reacts preferentially via an a‐cleavage process followed by a considerably slower loss of carbon monoxide. Triplet 1 shows a remarkably fast hydrogen abstraction rate constant when in the presence of 1,4‐cyclohexadiene ( k r = 1.4 times 10 6 M −1 s −1 ) in spite of its low excitation energy ( E T = 42 kcal/mol). This behavior can be explained by assuming that the vicinal carbonyls coplanar to the ketyl radical play an important role in its stabilization.