gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Straightforward Route to Homoallyl‐Homocrotylamines Promoted by a Titanium Complex (2012)

Abstract π‐Allyltitanium complexes, generated in situ from 1,3‐dienes and [Cp 2 TiH], react with benzotriazole derivatives to give homoallylic amines in good yields. Under similar conditions, triple cascade reactions (allyltitanation followed by cationic 2‐aza‐Cope rearrangement followed by a second allyltitanation) occur from bis(benzotriazolyl) compounds affording a straightforward route to homoallyl‐( E )‐homocrotylamines. A theoretical study provides further insight into the factors that govern the selectivity of this sequence of reactions.
Organic halides (1995)

P. L. Spargo, Contemp. Org. Synth., 1995, 2, 85 DOI: 10.1039/CO9950200085
Threats and protection for electronically-steered array radars (2008)

Front-end power overload protection is a vital issue in any electro-magnetic sensor. The issues around active electronically-steered arrays are more recent and pose new threats. Different categories of threats can damage the sensitive electronics in the phased-array radar, like hostile high power electro-magnetic (HPEM) pulses or the radar’s own transmitted signal. Protection measures can be integrated in different parts of the radar system. To obtain an effective EM protection mechanism it is crucial to distribute protection measures over all relevant system parts. Experimental research and development is carried out on front-end protection mechanisms in the radome with frequency selective surfaces (FSS), the antenna face and in front-end electronics by solid-stateabsorptive limiters and the design of key components, like low noise amplifiers and switches in robust gallium nitride technology.
Fatigue of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics. I: Unipolar and DC Loading (2007)

In actuator applications, a degradation of the ferroelectric material occurs both under unipolar cycling as well as DC loads. The developing material state is characterized by measurements of large and small signal unipolar as well as bipolar hysteresis loops. While the unipolar loops indicate a small decrease in strain and polarization amplitudes, the bipolar loops unveil the development of an offset field, an offset polarization, and an asymmetry in the hysteresis of strain and dielectric constant. A mechanism for unipolar fatigue is suggested to explain the observed changes in material properties with cyclic loading.
Formation of negative clusters by electron attachment in the thermal energy range (1993)

Different experimental approaches for the production of negatively charged van der Waals clusters are reviewed, with emphasis on crossing beam techniques. Laser excited Rydberg atoms constitute a source of electrons with tunable well-defined energy in the thermal range (5-300 meV). Different mechanisms occuring in the cluster anions are considered: creation, dissociation, electron autodetachment, evaporation, internal energy exchanges and solvation effects in homogenous and inhomogenous molecular clusters.
Optical rectification in a traveling-wave geometry (1999)

We study the generation of microwave pulses due to optical rectification in a traveling-wave geometry. A system of evolution equations is derived which describes the mutual propagation of both optical and microwave fields. Overlap integrals and optimization criteria are given, and analytical expressions to determine the generated microwave pulse are derived. It is observed that in non-velocity-matched geometries two microwave pulses are generated initially. Both are the exact image of the optical signal. One pulse stays attached to the optical wave, while the other propagates at the microwave group velocity and is subject to absorption and dispersive broadening. In contrast, in velocity-matched configurations a single signal is generated which is proportional to the first derivative of the optical pulse. It is found that for increased conversion efficiencies the action of the generated voltage on the optical wave via the electro-optic effect can no longer be neglected, and results in an effective cubic nonlinearity acting on the optical wave.
Decentralized asset management for collaborative sensing (2017)

There has been increased impetus to leverage Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) for collaborative sensing applications in which many platforms work together to provide critical situation awareness in dynamic environments. Such applications require critical sensor observations to be made at the right place and time to facilitate the detection, tracking, and classification of ground-based objects. This further requires rapid response to real-world events and the balancing of multiple, competing mission objectives. In this context, human operators become overwhelmed with management of many platforms. Further, current automated planning paradigms tend to be centralized and don’t scale up well to many collaborating platforms. We introduce a decentralized approach based upon information-theory and distributed fusion which enable us to scale up to large numbers of collaborating Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) platforms. This is exercised against a military application involving the autonomous detection, tracking, and classification of critical mobile targets. We further show that, based upon monte-carlo simulation results, our decentralized approach out-performs more static management strategies employed by human operators and achieves similar results to a centralized approach while being scalable and robust to degradation of communication. Finally, we describe the limitations of our approach and future directions for our research.
Interferon regulatory factor 7 regulates glioma stem cells via interleukin-6 and Notch signalling (2012)

Inflammatory microenvironment signalling plays a crucial role in tumour progression (i.e. cancer cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and metastasis) in many types of human malignancies. However, the role of inflammation in brain tumour pathology remains poorly understood. Here, we report that interferon regulatory factor 7 is a crucial regulator of brain tumour progression and heterogeneity. Ectopic expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 in glioma cells promotes tumorigenicity, angiogenesis, microglia recruitment and cancer stemness in vivo and in vitro through induction of interleukin 6, C-X-C motif chemokine 1 and C-C motif chemokine 2. In particular, interferon regulatory factor 7-driven interleukin 6 plays a pivotal role in maintaining glioma stem cell properties via Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-mediated activation of Jagged-Notch signalling in glioma cells and glioma stem cells derived from glioma patients. Accordingly, the short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of interferon regulatory factor 7 in glioma stem cells markedly suppressed interleukin 6-Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-mediated Jagged-Notch-signalling pathway, leading to decreases in glioma stem cell marker expression, tumoursphere-forming ability, and tumorigenicity. Furthermore, in a mouse model of wound healing, depletion of interferon regulatory factor 7 suppressed tumour progression and decreased cellular heterogeneity. Finally, interferon regulatory factor 7 was overexpressed in patients with high-grade gliomas, suggesting its potential as an independent prognostic marker for glioma progression. Taken together, our findings indicate that interferon regulatory factor 7-mediated inflammatory signalling acts as a major driver of brain tumour progression and cellular heterogeneity via induction of glioma stem cell genesis and angiogenesis.
GraphZ: Improving the Performance of Large-Scale Graph Analytics on Small-Scale Machines (2018)

Recent programming frameworks enable small computing systems to achieve high performance on large-scale graph analytics by supporting out-of-core graph analytics (i.e., processing graphs that exceed main memory capacity). These frameworks make out-of-core programming easy by automating the tedious process of scheduling data transfer between memory and disk. This paper presents two innovations that improve the performance of software frameworks for out-of-core graph analytics. The first is degree-ordered storage, a new storage format that dramatically lowers book-keeping overhead when graphs are larger than memory. The second innovation replaces existing static messages with novel ordered dynamic messages which update their destination immediately, reducing both the memory required for intermediate storage and IO pressure. We implement these innovations in a framework called GraphZ-which we release as open source-and we compare its performance to two state-of-the-art out-of-core graph frameworks. For graphs that exceed memory size, GraphZ's harmonic mean performance improvements are 1.8-8.3× over existing solutions.
Elderly perception of speech from a computer (2002)

An aging population still needs to access information, such as bus schedules. It is evident that they will be doing so using computers and especially interfaces using speech input and output. This is a preliminary study to the use of synthetic speech for the elderly. In it twenty persons between the ages of 60 and 80 were asked to listen to speech emitted by a robot (CMU’s VIKIA) and to write down what they heard. All of the speech was natural prerecorded speech (not synthetic) read by one female speaker. There were four listening conditions: (a) only speech emitted, (b) robot moves before emitting speech, (c) face has lip movement during speech, (d) both (b) and (c). There were very few errors for conditions (b), (c), and (d), but errors existed for condition (a). The presentation will discuss experimental conditions, show actual figures and try to draw conclusions for speech communication between computers and the elderly.
Model-assisted double dipole decomposition (2002)

Double dipole processes in general have been considered for full Manhattan design styles. However, with the assistance of current model-based OPC tools and high-resolution optical systems, it is possible to analyze the requirements for all angle designs. When angled features present in the design layout are located in regions where only connectivity and not CD control is critical, the method generates an acceptable solution for a given set of optical conditions. The present methodology investigates the use of selective edge biases for clear-field double dipole decomposition. Such an approach is based on the double exposure nature of the method. In full Manhattan designs, two different contrast values are associated to every edge, and in general one is higher than the other. On the contrary, angled edges may have the same contrast depending on the shape of the pupil and local proximity environment. This method maximizes the overall contrast of the layout by creating selective feature biases. These biases are placed in the non-optimal optical direction and protect the regions that have a higher contrast in the complementary dipole direction. The initial decomposition generates two masks in which a maximum global contrast function is maximized. This initial decomposition is later fed to a two-layer model based correction. The final result is analyzed in terms of contrast, pattern fidelity and focus dependence in order to determine the feasibility of printing Manhattan and angled features using a double dipole approach for sub 100 nm processes.
Clinical Mutations in the L1 Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Affect Cell-Surface Expression (2000)

Mutations in the L1 neural cell adhesion molecule, a transmembrane glycoprotein, cause a spectrum of congenital neurological syndromes, ranging from hydrocephalus to mental retardation. Many of these mutations are single amino acid changes that are distributed throughout the various domains of the protein. Defective herpes simplex virus vectors were used to express L1 protein with the clinical missense mutations R184Q and D598N in the Ig2 and Ig6 extracellular domains, respectively, and S1194L in the cytoplasmic domain. All three mutant proteins were expressed at similar levels in infected cells. Neurite outgrowth of cerebellar granule cells was stimulated on astrocytes expressing wild-type or S1194L L1, whereas those expressing R184Q and D598N L1 failed to increase neurite length. Live cell immunofluorescent staining of L1 demonstrated that most defective vector-infected cells did not express R184Q or D598N L1 on their cell surface. This greatly diminished cell-surface expression occurred in astrocytes, neurons, and non-neural cells. In contrast to wild-type or S1194L L1, the R184Q and D598N L1 proteins had altered apparent molecular weights and remained completely endoglycosidase H (endoH)-sensitive, suggesting incomplete post-translational processing. We propose that some missense mutations in human L1 impede correct protein trafficking, with functional consequences independent of protein activity. This provides a rationale for how expressed, full-length proteins with single amino acid changes could cause clinical phenotypes similar in severity to knock-out mutants.
Change in Temperature Coefficient of Resistance of Heavily Doped Polysilicon Resistors Caused by Electrical Trimming (1996)

The change in the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of heavily doped polysilicon resistors caused by electrical trimming has been analyzed based on the melting-segregation model. The model reveals that the TCR of the boundary layers in a polysilicon resistor changes with trimming while that of grains remains the same. The theoretical expression for the change in the TCR of polysilicon resistors agrees well with the wide range of experimental data. The structures of the boundary layers and grains are discussed from the viewpoint of the TCR.
Functional comparison of single-chain and two-chain anti-CD3-based bispecific antibodies in gene immunotherapy applications (2014)

Gene therapy to achieve in vivo secretion of recombinant anti-CD3 x anti-tumor bispecific antibodies in cancer patients is being explored as a strategy to counterbalance rapid renal elimination, thereby sustaining levels of bispecific antibodies in the therapeutic range. Here, we performed a comparative analysis between single- and two-chain configurations for anti-CD3 x anti-CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) bispecific antibodies secreted by genetically-modified human cells. We demonstrate that tandem single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies and two-chain diabodies are expressed as soluble secreted proteins with similar yields. However, we found significant differences in their biological functionality (i.e., antigen binding) and in their ability to induce non-specific T cell activation. Whereas single-chain tandem scFvs induced human T cell activation and proliferation in an antigen-independent manner, secreted two-chain diabodies exerted almost no proliferative stimulus when human T cells were cultured alone or in co-cultures with CEA negative cells. Thus, our data suggest that two-chain diabodies are preferable to single-chain tandem scFvs for immunotherapeutic strategies comprising in vivo secretion of bispecific antibodies aiming to recruit and activate anticancer specific lymphocytic effector T cells.
Multi-order, automatic dispersion compensation for 1.28 Terabaud signals (2012)

Transmitting ultra-high symbol rate optical signals remains a challenge due to their high sensitivity to fluctuations of GVD and higher orders of dispersion in the transmission link. Being able to cancel the impairments due to those fluctuations is a key requirement to make transmission of ultrashort optical pulses practical. We demonstrate an automatic compensation scheme able to keep an Optical Time Division Multiplexed (OTDM) signal stable at a bandwidth of up to 1.28 Tbaud in spite of external perturbations. Our approach is based on monitoring the signal with a photonic-chip-based all-optical RF-spectrum analyzer. The measurement of a single parameter extracted from the RF-spectrum is used to drive a multidimensional optimization algorithm. We apply the method to the real time simultaneous compensation for 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> order dispersion using an LCOS spectral pulse shaper (SPS) as a tunable dispersion compensator.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW PROCEDURE FOR THE CYCLIZATION OF 2‐INDOLE‐ AND 3‐INDOLECARBOHYDRAZONES TO 5H‐PYRIDAZINO(4,5‐B)INDOLE DERIVATIVES (1980)

Abstract Beim Behandeln mit Säurechloriden (II) entstehen aus den Indolyl‐carbohydrazonen (I) bzw. (IV) die Cyclisierungsprodukte (III) bzw. (V); letztere werden z.B. zu (VI) sauer verseift.
AIDS-associated Reiter's syndrome. (1994)

Classically, Reiter's syndrome was defined as a triad of arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. In 1981, the American Rheumatism Association revised its defining criteria for Reiter's syndrome as an episode of peripheral arthritis of more than 1 month's duration occurring in association with urethritis and/or cervicitis. Reiter's syndrome is also associated with mucocutaneous lesions. Reiter's syndrome was first described in association with the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) in 1987. The course of Reiter's syndrome in HIV is more severe, progressive, and refractory to treatment than in non-HIV-positive patients. The immunopathogenesis of Reiter's syndrome is linked to HLA-B27, which has been described as the disease susceptibility factor. The association of Reiter's syndrome and HLA-B27 positivity is 80%. Infectious agents may play a critical role in the initiation or perpetuation of Reiter's syndrome. It has been suggested that an amino acid sequence within the HLA-B27 molecule allows microbial peptides to bind and be presented to T cytotoxic cells (CD8), which results in a primary T cytotoxic cell response against various tissues. The role of the HIV in the pathogenesis of Reiter's syndrome is still being investigated. Human immunodeficiency virus may directly cause arthritis; it may increase the host's susceptibility to infection with arthritogenic organisms. Additionally, HIV infection increases the relative number of CD8 cells, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Reiter's syndrome. In this article, we present a case of Reiter's syndrome in an HLA-B27 and HIV-positive patient, and a review of the literature on the infectious, immunologic, and dermatologic aspects of Reiter's syndrome in HIV disease.
Why Some Targets Benefit from beyond Rule of Five Drugs (2019)

Beyond rule-of-five (bRo5) compounds are increasingly used in drug discovery. Here we analyze 37 target proteins that have bRo5 drugs or clinical candidates. Targets can benefit from bRo5 drugs if they have "complex" hot spot structure with four or more hots spots, including some strong ones. Complex I targets show positive correlation between binding affinity and molecular weight. These targets are conventionally druggable, but reaching additional hot spots enables improved pharmaceutical properties. Complex II targets, mostly protein kinases, also have strong hot spots but show no correlation between affinity and ligand molecular weight, and the primary motivation for creating larger drugs is to increase selectivity. Each target considered as complex III has some specific reason for requiring bRo5 drugs. Finally, targets with "simple" hot spot structure, i.e., three or fewer weak hot spots, must use larger compounds that interact with surfaces beyond the hot spot region to achieve acceptable affinity.
Mitogen‐activated‐protein‐kinase‐catalyzed phosphorylation of microtubule‐associated proteins, microtubule‐associated protein 2 and microtubule‐associated protein 4, induces an alteration in their function (1992)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which is generally activated by stimulation with various growth factors and phorbol esters, utilizes microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2 as a good substrate in vitro. We have found that MAPK-catalyzed phosphorylation of MAP2 resulted in a significant loss in its ability to induce tubulin polymerization. The chymotryptic fragments, containing a microtubule-binding domain of MAP2, were phosphorylated by MAPK and the ability of the fragments to induce tubulin polymerization was also greatly decreased by the phosphorylation, suggesting that phosphorylation of the microtubule-binding domain is important for functional alteration of MAP2. In addition to MAP2, a 190-kDa heat-stable MAP (MAP4) found in various tissues and cells, was a good substrate for MAPK in vitro. Phosphorylation of MAP4 inactivated tubulin polymerization. We examined the effect of phosphorylation of MAP2 and MAP4 on the dynamics of microtubules nucleated by purified centrosomes in vitro. The data showed that MAPK-catalyzed phosphorylation of MAP2 and MAP4 reduced their ability to increase the apparent elongation rate and the number of microtubules nucleated by the centrosome. Thus, MAPK is capable of phosphorylating MAPs and negatively regulating their microtubule-stabilizing function.
[Dysfunction of serotonergic systems in thiamine-deficient diet fed mice: effects of SSRI on abnormality induced by thiamine deficiency]. (2004)

Mice fed a thiamine deficient (TD) diet, showed some abnormal behaviors such as amnesia and mood abnormality. It is known that several neurons, especially marked in serotonergic neuron, are damaged in humans and rodents in the earlier phase of TD. The symptoms derived from dysfunction of serotonergic neurons are observed in Wernicke-Korsakoff patients (WKS)-derived TD, and it is known that fluvoxamine is effective for WKS. However, the mechanism of this dysfunction is still unclear. For that reason, we studied the relative mechanism between abnormal behaviors and selective dysfunction of serotonergic neurons in TD animals. As a result, this dysfunction by TD is much affected by the brainstem region. But the effect of fluvoxamine on depressive symptoms in WKS patients is not reported; therefore we also studied the effects of fluvoxamine on the depressive behaviors in TD mice as a model of WKS. The increase of immobility time in a forced swimming test as depressive behavior in TD mice was significantly inhibited by fluvoxamine, suggesting an improvable effect on depressive symptoms. With those results of ours, the possible mechanisms between the abnormal behaviors derived from the dysfunction of serotonergic neurons and the role of serotonin in TD and WKS are reviewed here.
The use of queuing networks in the evaluation of egress from buildings (1981)

Egress problems within buildings are evaluated with the theory and computational methods of analytical queuing network models. Floor layouts of buildings are modeled as hierarchical queuing networks. Overall exit times are estimated together with variation in occupant exit times during the evacuation. Additionally, the effects of blocking and congestion in the exits and corridors are examined.