gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Irreversible Thermodynamics (2016)

This chapter presents a view of the connection between transport phenomena and irreversibility, namely the method of irreversible thermodynamics. It considers the relation between the local entropy generation rate and the local gradients of the intensive properties. The conjugate fluxes are proportional to the time derivatives of the extensive properties that appear as arguments in the entropic fundamental relation. The chapter provides an equation for the concepts of local entropy generation rate, conjugate pairs of fluxes and driving forces, the flux postulate, and the linearized relations between fluxes and driving forces. The Peltier and Seebeck effects are at work simultaneously in energy conversion devices known as thermoelectric power generators and refrigerators. In irreversible thermodynamics, the analytical treatment of conduction in anisotropic media was used for 100 years before Onsager's formalism. A phenomenon that subscribes to the Onsager formalism is mass diffusion, the migration of one or more species through a multicomponent system.
Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Boundary Layer Flashback Limits for Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flames Confined in Ducts (2011)

The design of flashback-resistant premixed burners for hydrogen-rich fuels is strongly dependent on reliable turbulent boundary layer flashback limits, since this process can be the dominant failure type for mixtures with high burning velocities. So far, the flashback data published in literature is based on tube burner experiments with unconfined flames. However, this flame configuration may not be representative for the most critical design case, which is a flame being already present inside the duct geometry. In order to shed light on this potential misconception, boundary layer flashback limits have been measured for unconfined and confined flames in fully premixed hydrogen-air mixtures at atmospheric conditions. Two duct geometries were considered, a tube burner and a quasi-2D turbulent channel flow. Furthermore, two confined flame holding configurations were realized, a small backward-facing step inside the duct and a ceramic tile at high temperature, which was mounted flush with the duct wall. While the measured flashback limits for unconfined tube burner flames compare well with literature results, a confinement of the stable flame leads to a shift of the flashback limits towards higher critical velocity gradients, which are in good agreement between the tube burner and the quasi-2D channel setup. The underestimation of flashback propensity resulting from unconfined tube burner experiments emerges from the physical situation at the burner rim. Heat loss from the flame to the wall results in a quenching gap, which causes a radial leakage flow of fresh gases. This flow in turn tends to increase the quenching distance, since it constitutes an additional convective heat loss. On the one hand, the quenching gap reduces the local adverse pressure gradient on the boundary layer. On the other hand, the flame base is pushed outward, which deters the flame from entering the boundary layer region inside the duct. The flashback limits of confined flames stabilized at backward-facing steps followed this interpretation, and experiments with a flush ceramic flame holder constituted the upper limit of flashback propensity. It is concluded that the distribution of the flame backpressure and the flame position itself are key parameters for the determination of meaningful turbulent boundary layer flashback limits. For a conservative design path, the present results obtained from confined flames should be considered instead of unconfined tube burner values.
Young Blood (2014)

Aging, a process associated with progressive functional decline of organs and tissues, is inevitable. Increased physical dependence and progressive cognitive impairment are therefore observed in large proportions of many populations. At the clinical level, aging frequently translates into frailty — in other words, a poor ability to adapt to the environment, which increases disability, morbidity, and consequently welfare and health care costs. In progressively older societies, reversing or slowing the aging process is a key priority, but effective measures are still lacking. However, several recent studies showing the therapeutic effect of the infusion of blood obtained from young mice into . . .
Prostate adenocarcinoma in men younger than 50 years. A retrospective review of 151 patients (1994)

These data suggest that patients younger than 50 years with prostate cancer present with similar symptomatology, histologic grade, and disease stage as the older population. Patients with disease confined to the prostate have a relatively good disease-specific survival but remain at risk for death even 15 years after diagnosis. When carcinoma escapes the confines of the prostate, the prognosis is uniformly poor.
An experimental study of the basis for graph drawing algorithms (1997)

Designers of graph drawing algorithms and systems claim to illuminate application data by producing layouts that optimise measurable aesthetic qualities. Examples of these aesthetics include symmetry (where possible, a symmetrical view of the graph should be displayed), minimise arc crossing (the number of arc crossings in the display should be minimised), and minimise bends (the total number of bends in polyline arcs should be minimised). The aim of this paper is to describe our work to validate these claims by performing empirical studies of human understanding of graphs drawn using various layout aesthetics. This work is important since it helps indicate to algorithm and system designers what are the aesthetic qualities most important to aid understanding, and consequently to build more effective systems.
An Acetone-derived Chiral Stabilised Azomethine Ylid: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 5,5,-Dimethylproline Derivatives (2001)

The chiral stabilised azomethine ylid 3 generated in situ via Lewis acid catalysed condensation of (5S)-5-phenylmorpholin-2-one with 2,2-dimethoxypropane can be trapped diastereoselectively with singly and doubly activated dipolarophiles. The cycloadducts may be dismantled in one pot to furnish enantiomerically pure 5,5-dimethylproline derivatives.
An extensible and scalable Pilot-MapReduce framework for data intensive applications on distributed cyberinfrastructure (2012)

The volume and complexity of data that must be analyzed in scientific applications is increasing exponentially. Often, this data is distributed; thus, the ability to analyze data by localizing it will yield limited returns. Therefore, an efficient processing of large distributed datasets is required, whilst ideally not introducing fundamentally new programming models or methods. For example, extending MapReduce - a proven effective programming model for processing large datasets, to work more effectively on distributed data and on different infrastructure (such as non-Hadoop, general-purpose clusters) is desirable. We posit that this can be achieved with an effective and efficient runtime environment and without refactoring MapReduce itself. MapReduce on distributed data requires effective distributed coordination of computation (map and reduce) and data, as well as distributed data management (in particular the transfer of intermediate data units). To address these requirements, we design and implement Pilot-MapReduce (PMR) - a flexible, infrastructure-independent runtime environment for MapReduce. PMR is based on Pilot abstractions for both compute (Pilot- Jobs) and data (Pilot-Data): it utilizes Pilot-Jobs to couple the map phase computation to the nearby source data, and Pilot-Data to move intermediate data using parallel data transfers to the reduce computation phase. We analyze the effectiveness of PMR over applications with different characteristics (e. g. different volumes of intermediate and output data). Our experimental evaluations show that the Pilot abstraction for data movement across multiple clusters is promising, and can lower the execution time span of the entire MapReduce execution. We also investigate the performance of PMR with distributed data using a Word Count and a genome sequencing application over different MapReduce configurations. We find that PMR is a viable tool to support distributed NGS analytics by comparing and contrasting the PMR approach to similar capabilities of Seqal and Crossbow, two Next Generation Sequencing(NGS) Hadoop MapReduce based applications. Our experiments show that PMR provides the desired flexibility in the deployment and configuration of MapReduce runs to address specific application characteristics and achieve an optimal performance, both locally and over wide-area multiple clusters.
Human factors design guidelines for multifunction displays. (2001)

Abstract : References related to the design of multifunction displays are summarized into a series of human factors design guidelines. These are presented in a number of sections, which include: general guidelines, the design process, air traffic displays, weather displays, navigation displays, MFD menu organization, automation, individual displays, and general design principles for aircraft displays. Particularly relevant data graphs are included to illustrate some of the recommendations. These sections are followed by samples from the extant body of guidelines and standards.
Gesetzmäßigkeitsprinzip und Reformfrage im Straßenausbaubeitragsrecht (2010)

Die Praxis verschiedener, z.T. finanzstarker Gemeinden, weder Straßenausbaubeitragssatzungen zu erlassen noch Straßenausbaubeiträge zu erheben, obwohl dies im Kommunalabgabenrecht vorgesehen ist, wirft die Frage auf, welche rechtlichen Konsequenzen dies namentlich für die betroffenen Bürger hat. Können sich diese auf schutzwürdiges Vertrauen berufen oder sind die Gemeinden – ggf. aufgrund eines Einschreitens der Kommunalaufsichtsbehörden – verpflichtet, auch für weit zurückliegende Straßenausbaumaßnahmen Beiträge zu erheben? Neben dieser Frage befasst sich die Untersuchung von Michael Brenner aber auch mit den Zukunftsperspektiven des Straßenausbaubeitragsrechts. Dabei werden – auch den Aspekt der Kassenlage der Kommunen berücksichtigende – Optionen für den Gesetzgeber aufgezeigt, die den Gemeinden in Sachen Straßenausbaubeitragsrecht zukünftig ein größeres Gestaltungspotential einräumen könnten und diesen ermöglichen würden, bei Maßnahmen der Erweiterung und Verbesserung von Ortsstraßen gegenüber den Bürgern flexibler vorgehen zu können.
Coupling of atomic quadrupole transitions with resonant surface plasmons (2019)

We report on the coupling of an electric quadrupole transition in atomic vapor with plasmonic excitation in a nanostructured metallic metamaterial. The quadrupole transition at 685 nm in the gas of cesium atoms is optically pumped, while the induced ground-state population depletion is probed with light tuned on the strong electric dipole transition at 852 nm. We use selective reflection to resolve the Doppler-free hyperfine structure of cesium atoms. We observe a strong modification of the reflection spectra at the presence of metamaterial and discuss the role of the spatial variation of the surface plasmon polariton on the quadrupole coupling.
Minimal doses of hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease (1997)

The use of hydroxyurea (HU) can improve the clinical course of sickle cell disease. However, several features of HU treatment remain unclear, including the predictability of drug response and determination of adequate doses, considering positive responses and minimal side effects. In order to identify adequate doses of HU for treatment of sickle cell disease, 10 patients, 8 with sickle cell anemia and 2 with S beta thalassemia (8SS, 2S beta), were studied for a period of 6 to 19 months in an open label dose escalation trial (10 to 20 mg kg-1 day-1). Hemoglobin (Hb), fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values and reticulocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts were performed every two weeks during the increase of the HU dose and every 4 weeks when the maximum HU dose was established. Reduction in the number of vasoocclusive episodes was also considered in order to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment. The final Hb and Hb F concentrations, and MCV values were significantly higher than the initial values, while the final reticulocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly lower. There was an improvement in the concentration of Hb (range: 0.7-2.0 g/dl) at 15 mg HU kg-1 day-1, but this concentration did not increase significantly when the HU dose was raised to 20 mg kg-1 day-1. The concentration of Hb F increased significantly (range: 1.0-18.1%) when 15 mg HU was used, and continued to increase when the dose was raised to 20 mg kg-1 day-1. The final MCV values increased 11-28 fl (femtoliters). However, reticulocyte (range: 51-205 x 10(9)/l) and neutrophil counts (range: 9.5-1.3 x 10(9)/l) obtained at this dose were significantly lower than those obtained with 15 mg kg-1 day-1. All patients reported a decrease in frequency or severity of vasoocclusive episodes. These results suggest that a hydroxyurea dose of 15 mg kg-1 day-1 seems to be adequate for treatment of sickle cell disease in view of the minimal side effects observed and the improvement in laboratory and clinical parameters.
Distributed actions and dynamic associations in respiratory-related neuronal assemblies of the ventrolateral medulla and brain stem midline: evidence from spike train analysis (1994)

1. Considerable evidence indicates that neurons in the brain stem midline and ventrolateral medulla participate in the control of breathing. This work was undertaken to detect and evaluate evidence for functional links that coordinate the parallel operations of neurons distributed in these two domains. 2. Data were from 51 Dial-urethan-anesthetized, bilaterally vagotomized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Planar arrays of tungsten microelectrodes were used to monitor simultaneously spike trains in two or three of the following regions: n. raphe obscurus-n. raphe pallidus, n. raphe magnus, rostral ventrolateral medulla, and caudal ventrolateral medulla. Efferent phrenic nerve activity was recorded to indicate the phases of the respiratory cycle. Electrodes in the ventral spinal cord (C3) were used in antidromic stimulation tests for spinal projections of neurons. 3. Spike trains of 1,243 neurons were tested for respiratory modulated firing rates with cycle-triggered histograms and an analysis of variance with the use of a subjects-by-treatments experimental design. Functional associations were detected and evaluated with cross-correlograms, snowflakes, and the gravity method. 4. Each of 2,310 pairs of neurons studied included one neuron monitored within 0.6 nm of the brain stem midline and a second cell recorded in the ventrolateral medulla; 117 of these pairs (5%) included a neuron with a spinal projection, identified with antidromic stimulation methods, that extended to at least the third cervical segment. Short-time scale correlations were detected in 110 (4.7%) pairs of neurons. Primary cross-correlogram features included 40 central peaks, 47 offset peaks, 4 central troughs, and 19 offset troughs. 5. In 14 data sets, multiple short-time scale correlations were found among three or more simultaneously recorded neurons distributed between both midline and ventrolateral domains. The results suggested that elements of up to three layers of interneurons were monitored simultaneously. Evidence for concurrent serial and parallel regulation of impulse synchrony was detected. Gravitational representations demonstrated respiratory-phase dependent synchrony among neurons distributed in both brain stem regions. 6. The results support a model of the brain stem respiratory network composed of coordinated distributed subassemblies and provide evidence for several hypotheses. 1) Copies of respiratory drive information from rostral ventrolateral medullary (RVLM) respiratory neurons are transmitted to midline neurons. 2) Midline neurons act on respiratory-related neurons in the RVLM to modulate phase timing. 3) Impulse synchrony of midline neurons is influenced by concurrent divergent actions of both midline and ventrolateral neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Amino acid sequence and immunological characterization with monoclonal antibodies of two toxins from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann (1992)

Two toxins, which we propose to call toxins 2 and 3, were purified to homogeneity from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. The full primary structures of both peptides (66 amino acid residues each) was determined. Sequence comparison indicates that the two new toxins display 79% identity and present a high similarity to previously characterized Centruroides toxins, the most similar toxins being Centruroides suffusus toxin 2 and Centruroides limpidus tecomanus toxin 1. Six monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against purified fraction II-9.2 (which contains toxins 2 and 3) were isolated in order to carry out the immunochemical characterization of these toxins. mAb BCF2, BCF3, BCF7 and BCF9 reacted only with toxin 2, whereas BCF1 and BCF8 reacted with both toxins 2 and 3 with the same affinity. Simultaneous binding of mAb pairs to the toxin and cross-reactivity of the venoms of different scorpions with the mAb were examined. The results of these experiments showed that the mAb define four different epitopes (A-D). Epitope A (BCF8) is topographically unrelated to epitopes B (BCF2 and BCF7), C (BCF3) and D (BCF9) but the latter three appear to be more closely related or in close proximity to each other. Epitope A was found in all Centruroides venoms tested as well as on four different purified toxins of C. noxius, and thus seems to correspond to a highly conserved structure. Based on the cross-reactivity of their venoms with the mAb, Centruroides species could be classified in the following order: Centruroides elegans, Centruroides suffusus suffusus = Centruroides infamatus infamatus, Centruroides limpidus tecomanus, Centruroides limpidus limpidus, and Centruroides limpidus acatlanensis, according to increasing immunochemical relatedness of their toxins to those of Centruroides noxius. All six mAb inhibited the binding of toxin 2 to rat brain synaptosomal membranes, but only mAb BCF2, which belongs to the IgG2a subclass, displayed a clear neutralizing activity in vivo.
Effects of a low-fat diet on plasma lipoprotein levels (1986)

• Lowering the intake of fat to decrease serum cholesterol levels has unknown effects on the proportion of cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Twenty normolipidemic nonvegetarians were given dietary instruction and supervision in a low-fat, semivegetarian diet for three months. Mean consumption of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol decreased, whereas intake of carbohydrate increased significantly on a low-fat diet. Plasma LDL levels decreased by 18% and HDL levels by 7% from prestudy baseline levels. The LDL/HDL ratio declined by 11%. Plasma triglyercide levels and body weight were unchanged. In individual subjects, the decrements in consumption of saturated fat and the increments in ingestion of polyunsaturated fat were each significantly correlated with decreases in LDL. One year after the subjects had returned to a self-selected diet, levels of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol and the plasma LDL/HDL ratio remained significantly below prestudy levels. This study and others suggest that a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet favorably affects the plasma LDL/HDL proportion by decreasing LDL on a percentage basis 2½ to three times more than it decreases HDL. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1986;146:1573-1577)
Studies of Photochemical Effects on Biological Cells by Laser-Excited Organic Dyes (1982)

By means of laser-excited fluorescence microscopes, fluorescence intensity and its spatial distribution of hematoporphyrin dihydrochroride (Hp. 2HCl) uptaken in cultured cancer cells (TE-2) were measured quantitatively and qualitatively. It was shown that Hp. 2HCl is mostly uptaken in the individual cells for about an hour. We also found that a linear relation exists between the fluorescence intensity and the Hp. 2HCl concentration in MEM solution, and Hp. 2HCl is uptaken mainly in cytoplasma through quantitative measurements of spatial distribution of fluorescence intensity employing a SIT camera and a temporal analyzer. Moreover, observed relations of the site producing photochemical or photodynamical effects with the site of Hp.2HCl uptake in the cell are examined and discussed.
Dual Neural Networks Coupling Data Regression With Explicit Priors for Monocular 3D Face Reconstruction (2020)

We address the challenging issue of reconstructing a 3D face from one single image under various expressions and illuminations, which is widely applied in multimedia tasks. Methods built upon classical parametric morphable models (3DMMs) gain success on reconstructing the global geometry of a 3D face, but fail to precisely characterize local facial details. Recently, deep neural networks (DNN) have been applied to the reconstruction that directly predicts depth maps, showing compelling performance on detail recovery. Unfortunately, their reconstruction is prone to structural distortions owing to the lack of explicit prior constraints. In this paper, we propose dual neural networks that optimize one energy coupling data fitting with local explicit geometric prior. Specifically, we build one residual network upon traditional convolution layers in order to directly predict 3D structures by fitting an input image. Meanwhile, we devise a novel architecture stacking shallow networks to refine 3D clouds with geometric priors given by Markov random fields (MRFs). Quantitative evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of the dual networks over either end-to-end DNNs or parametric models. Comparisons with the state-of-the-art also show competitive reconstruction quality on various conditions.
[Hysterectomy in obstetrical practice (1979-1990)]. (1993)

Caesarean hysterectomy and hysterectomy after vaginal delivery from 1979 to 1990, the indications, the complications and the mother's outcome are retrospective investigated. By 41010 births the hysterectomy rate is 0.068%, caesarean hysterectomy-15 (0.056%), and hysterectomy after vaginal delivery-12 (0.030%). The common est caesarean hysterectomy indications are infected uterus, haemorrhage, myoma, carcinoma colli uteri (80%). Haemorrhage and rupture uteri (75%) are the general hysterectomy indications after vaginal birth. A low complication rate is found out, 3 women are deceased (11.11%) in the group of hysterectomy after vaginal delivery. The authors have underlined benefits of the preferred recently organ keeping approach.
Detecting Microcracks in Photovoltaics Silicon Wafers using Varitional Autoencoder (2020)

Microcracks in silicon wafers significantly reduce the wafer fracture strength, reducing yield, and increasing $/W cost. In this study, we demonstrate a high-throughput prototype that relies on an edge-on illumination source of a near-infrared laser, and a high-framerate linescan camera to detect submillimeter cracks near the wafer edges. To fully achieve the automatic micro-crack detection, we use a variational autoencoder using the principle of unsupervised anomaly detection. We evaluate the different error metrics for crack detection. At the optimal selection of the error metric and threshold, our preliminary results demonstrate the detection precision of 0.83 and the detection recall of 0.72.