gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resilient Distributed Positioning Networks: A New Approach to Extreme Low-Latency, High-Precision Positioning and Timing (2021)

A new approach is presented for low-latency, bandwidth-efficient, and high-precision positioning and timing of systems operating at inherent low altitude, e.g., class-1 UAS’s and ground vehicles in outdoor environments, or Industrial Internet of Thing (IIoT) devices in indoor environments. The baseline approach uses navigation signals transmitted from networks of geographically distributed beacons, to enable positioning and timing/carrier synchronization at user systems. Unlike competing beacon-based approaches, however, the signals are designed with spectral redundancy allowing their geo-observables to be estimated with precision limited by the power of those signals above the receiver noise floor, rather other co-channel beacon signals, using mature linear-algebraic techniques. Consequently, it eliminates need for time slotting or hopping to avoid intranetwork interference, greatly reducing time-to-first-fix (TTFF) for the system, and providing exceptional precision if those signals are received at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), regardless of their received signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR). The approach also employs a flexible multitone air interface matched to expected ranges of time-of-arrival (TOA) and frequency of-arrival (FOA) for each class of users and applications, and to efficiently meet regulatory requirements for different deployment bands. Air interfaces are described and demonstrated in areal simulations for 100 class-1 sUAS’s distributed over a 1,240 square kilometer outdoor area, and for 100 IIoT devices distributed over a three-story (9 meter), 40,000 square meter indoor facility. In sUAS scenarios, the approach demonstrates ? 10 millisecond cold-start TTFF, with 4.3 millimeter 80th percentile horizontal (XY plane) positioning accuracy and 1.4 meter 80th percentile vertical (Z-axis) positioning accuracy (50% below the 3 meter E911 Z-axis requirement), respectively, and with 20 picosecond and 15 milliHertz (6.2 ppt — sub-Stratum 1) 80th percentile timing and carrier/rate estimation accuracy, respectively. In IIoT scenarios, the approach demonstrates ? 1 millisecond cold-start TTFF, with 6.6 millimeter and 3.2 centimeter 80th percentile horizontal and vertical positioning accuracy, respectively, and with 15 picosecond and 123 milliHerz (50 ppt — sub-Stratum 2) 80th percentile timing and carrier/rate estimation accuracy.
Highway vehicle accident reconstruction using Cooperative Collision Warning based Motor Vehicle Event Data Recorder (2009)

There is often uncertainty or negligence in measurements and calculations by collecting relevant evidence and site information at the scene for the conventional vehicle accident analysis and reconstruction. Cooperative collision warning (CCW) mechanism exchanging static and dynamic vehicle information with neighboring vehicles through inter-vehicle wireless communications provides an active safety mechanism for vehicles on highways. Received information is not only used for calculating the relative safety distance between neighboring vehicles, but also preserved in a motor vehicle event data recorder (MVEDR) for future accident reconstruction. A CCW-based MVEDR can easily rebuild the trajectory and interaction between the host and neighboring vehicles within communication range. This device is a supplementary tool for conventional accident reconstruction, and it saves time, labor and cost required for investigations, and eliminates uncertainty regarding accident analysis.
Inhibition of peptidyl-arginine deiminases reverses protein-hypercitrullination and disease in mouse models of multiple sclerosis (2012)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common CNS-demyelinating disease of humans, showing clinical and pathological heterogeneity and a general resistance to therapy. We first discovered that abnormal myelin hypercitrullination, even in normal-appearing white matter, by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) correlates strongly with disease severity and might have an important role in MS progression. Hypercitrullination is known to promote focal demyelination through reduced myelin compaction. Here we report that 2-chloroacetamidine (2CA), a small-molecule, PAD active-site inhibitor, dramatically attenuates disease at any stage in independent neurodegenerative as well as autoimmune MS mouse models. 2CA reduced PAD activity and protein citrullination to pre-disease status. In the autoimmune models, disease induction uniformly induced spontaneous hypercitrullination with citrulline+ epitopes targeted frequently. 2CA rapidly suppressed T cell autoreactivity, clearing brain and spinal cord infiltrates, through selective removal of newly activated T cells. 2CA essentially prevented disease when administered before disease onset or before autoimmune induction, making hypercitrullination, and specifically PAD enzymes, a therapeutic target in MS models and thus possibly in MS.
Hydrogen production from steam of alkaline solution by plasma electrolysis (2020)

One of the CO2-free hydrogen production methods is a system that produces hydrogen by the water electrolysis method using surplus electricity from renewable energy, but the hydrogen production efficiency itself is not high because the power consumption is very large. Therefore, the development of a device that can produce hydrogen from water with low power is desired. We have been developing a hydrogen production method that decomposes ammonia with atmospheric pressure plasma. We thought that atmospheric pressure plasma has a high electron temperature and can generate hydrogen by decomposing gaseous water (water vapor) with low power consumption. In this study, steam generated from distilled water and alkaline water (NH3) was decomposed by electric discharge in a cylindrical plasma reactor, and the hydrogen generation behavior at that time was investigated.
Oxygen saturation determined from deep muscle, not thenar tissue, is an early indicator of central hypovolemia in humans (2008)

Spectroscopic assessment of forearm muscle PO2 and SmO2 provides noninvasive and continuous measures that are early indicators of impending cardiovascular collapse resulting from progressive reductions in central blood volume.
Photonic Bound-States-in-the-Continuum Observed with an Electron Nanoprobe (2021)

Bound-states-in-the-continuum (BIC)is a wave-mechanical concept that generates resonances with vanishing spectral linewidths. It has many practical applications in Optics, such as narrow-band filters, mirror-less lasing, and nonlinear harmonic generation. As true BIC optical modes non-radiative and confined to the near field of nanostructures, they cannot be excited using propagating light. As a result, their direct experimental observation has been elusive. Rather than using light, we demonstrate probing BIC modes on arrays of silicon nanoantennas using a focused beam of electrons in a tranmission electron microscope. By combining cathodoluminescence (CL) and monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) with controlled nanofabrication, we provide direct experimental evidence of "true" BIC modes, and demonstrate a BIC mode in the visible spectrum at 720 nm. The ability to observe and quantify these guided resonances with a spatial precision more than two orders of magnitude higher than previous far-field measurements allows the probing of individual elements in the nano-antenna arrays. The high-resolution experimental results are supported by numerical simulations as well as multipolar decomposition analysis, allowing us to demonstrate that the coherent interaction length of the quasi-BIC resonance requires at least 6 neighboring antenna elements, achieving over 60 times higher emissivity than for unpatterned silicon.
Carbon resilience calibration as a carbon management technology (2023)

In the path to a net-zero carbon and energy transition from fossil fuel, the world is facing a dilemma of growing global energy demand and required actions on climate-related risks. While over 80% of the current global energy needs are supplied by fossil fuels, the number of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) projects is limited in this sector. There is a huge gap between the scale and distribution of ongoing CCUS projects and the carbon intensity (CI) of energy-intensive industries. Furthermore, the climate impact of growing reliance on unconventional resources (Tar sands and shales) as well as the depletion of conventional resources poses challenges to the oil and gas sector to meet energy demand, while limiting their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. On the other hand, the economic viability of CCUS projects is highly sensitive to carbon credits policies, which are not yet fully integrated in a way to fill the current gap in the number, scale and distribution of these projects. Moreover, there is limited consistency between the allocated decarbonization funds and the anticipated economic growth of fossil fuel economies to promote wide-scale global resilience to carbon exposure. Therefore, it is essential to take climate-related risks, including socioeconomic impacts, into consideration for the decision-making process of companies and governments to embrace low-carbon energy. The focus of this article is on carbon resilience calibration and emissions scenario analysis in investment decisions to realize decarbonization goals through balancing short-term actions with long-term energy transition plans. The challenges and prospects of the application of CCUS technologies as an industrial decarbonization approach are discussed. Carbon footprint (CFP) observing, factoring and reporting workflows for correlating carbon exposure and resilience as part of climate assessment are introduced. Moreover, the main elements of carbon resilience scenarios are analyzed to fill the gap between the current industrial activities and decarbonization plans and to avoid making decisions solely based on economic aspects. Finally, we propose a workflow for carbon resilience calibration and a cash flow model for a sample CCUS project in the upstream oil and gas industry.
Studies Point to Possible Contamination in XMRV Findings (2011)

Four papers have appeared in Retrovirology suggesting that previous reports linking the virus XMRV to chronic fatigue syndrome were based on false positives.
On Improvement of PIV Measurements in the High-Shear Layer of a Wall-Bounded Flow (2015)

The particles utilized in particle image velocimetry (PIV) form a biased dispersion near interfaces that, in turn, lead to biased velocity measurements. This lack of seeding in the high shear region of the flow always biases the velocity measurement high as the particles are, on average, towards the far end of an interrogation window (IW) — opposite of the wall. By observing the ensemble-averaged IW particle-dispersion centroid as the corrected measurement location against the industry standard of the geometric center of the IW, this paper puts forth a methodology to correct for the biased error in flow measurements very near the wall. A typical correction to the reported velocity measurement location within a wall layer flow was seen to be approximately 75% from the geometric center to the edge of an IW. This methodology can easily be implemented in any PIV code with the express purpose of removing a source of bias error that forms by reporting measurements at the geometric center of an IW.
Aspirin in Older Adults (2017)

In the treatment or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), there is general consensus that the absolute benefits of aspirin far outweigh the absolute risks. Despite evidence from randomized trials and their meta-analyses, older adults, defined as aged 65 years or older, are less likely to be prescribed aspirin than their middle-aged counterparts. In primary prevention, the optimal utilization of aspirin is widely debated. There is insufficient randomized evidence among apparently healthy participants at moderate to high risk of a first CVD event, so general guidelines seem premature. Among older adults, randomized data are even more sparse but trials are ongoing. Further, older adults commonly take multiple medications due to comorbidities, which may increase deleterious interactions and side effects. Older adults have higher risks of occlusive events as well as bleeding. All these considerations support the need for individual clinical judgments in prescribing aspirin in the context of therapeutic lifestyle changes and other adjunctive drug therapies. These include statins for lipids and usually multiple drugs to achieve control of high blood pressure. As regards aspirin, the clinician should weigh the absolute benefit on occlusion against the absolute risk of bleeding. These issues should be considered with each patient to facilitate an informed and person-centered individual clinical judgment. The use of aspirin in primary prevention is particularly attractive because the drug is generally over the counter and, for developing countries where CVD is becoming the leading cause of death, is extremely inexpensive. The more widespread use of aspirin in older adults with prior CVD will confer net benefits to risks and even larger net benefits to costs in the United States as well as other developed and developing countries. In primary prevention among older adults, individual clinical judgments should be made by the health-care professional and each of his or her patients.
Fibre Bragg Gratings (2017)

Fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) are characterized by a periodic refractive-index variation along the z-axis; that is, along the propagation axis in an optical fibre. FBGs have very interesting wavelength-dependent characteristics and thus they find important applications as sensors, dispersion compensators and in many other diverse areas. In this chapter, we will present a detailed analysis of the working of the FBG using what is usually referred to as coupled-mode theory. Thus, this chapter is tutorial in nature primarily because of the fact that the (simple) analysis would allow us to understand from first principles the basic characteristics of an FBG. Our analysis will assume a periodic refractive-index variation in a slab waveguide; however, the final results will also be applicable to fibres. In addition to FBGs, such periodic structures are of great importance and form the fundamental building block of many interesting photonic devices.
Preservation of red blood cells with purines and nucleosides. I. Changes of ATP, 2,3-P2G and further parameters of metabolism in red cells stored as whole blood and as resuspension at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. (1980)

CPD blood with addition of adenine in 0.25 mM final concentration alone or in combination with guanosine and inosine each in 0.5 mM concentration and also with a higher adenine concentration--0.75 mM--was stored 6 weeks at 4 degrees C. In a second experiment red cell concentrates were prepared from CPD blood and resuspended in the same volume of a glucose-sucrose-citrate solution with the addition of adenine or guanine and both in combination with inosine. The resuspended cells were stored 7 days at 25 degrees C. Adenine and guanosine added simultaneously were most effective on the maintenance of ATP and P2G content. When guanosine was replaced by the same amount of inosine, no effect on P2G content was found in comparison with the addition of only adenine, however, the ATP content decreased more rapidly. The reason for this difference can be due to a different affinity of the IMP/GMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase to their substrates as well as regulation principles in the P2G bypass. The guanosine effect on red cell preservation consists in improved viability of red cells in vivo, increased nucleotide synthesis, increased formation of 2.3-P2G, delayed disc-spher transformation of red cells and decreased hemolysis. The most effective solution for red cell preservation should contain adenine, a pentose moiety like guanosine, and inorganic phosphate in a final concentrations in blood of 0.25 : 0.5 : 2 mM. The preparation of red cell concentrates from CPD-AG or CPD-A blood requires an elevation of glucose concentration in blood above 30 mM for storage periods up to 5--6 weeks.
Multi-view Video Coding using View Interpolation (2007)

사용자에게 보다 실감나는 입체감을 제공하기 위해 개발되고 있는 다시점 비디오는 두 대 이상의 카메라를 이용하여 촬영한 영상들을 기하학적으로 교정하고 공간적으로 처리하여 여러 방향의 다양한 시점 영상을 사용자에게 제공하는 3차원 영상처리 기술의 새로운 분야이다. 다시점 비디오는 사용자에게 시청 시점을 자유롭게 선택할 수 있는 기회를 주고 넓은 화면을 통한 3차원 입체감을 느낄 수 있는 장점을 가진다. 그러나 다시점 비디오는 시점 수가 증가하는 만큼 데이터 양도 증가하므로 효율적인 데이터 처리 방법이 요구된다. 최근 인접한 시점의 영상을 이용하여 중간시점의 영상을 합성하고 이를 부호화에 적용하는 방법이 연구되고 있다. 다시점 비디오 부호화 효율을 높이기 위해 제안되었던 기존의 영상보간법은 최대변위 설정과 고정된 블록을 이용한 블록정합 방법을 이용한다. 이때, 변위 종류가 다양한 영상이거나 변위차가 큰 영역에 대해서 변위 오류가 많이 발생한다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 보완하고 개선된 화질의 중간시점의 영상을 얻기 위한 방법과 이 영상을 이용하여 부호화에 적용하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 영상보간법은 변위의 검색 범위를 초기에 설정하지 않고 블록 단위부터 화소 단위까지 변위를 측정하여 중간영상을 합성한다. 또한 이렇게 합성한 영상을 부호화 과정에서 참조 영상으로 추가하여 부호화한다. 이 논문에서 제안한 방법을 이용한 결과, 기존의 영상 보간법보다 약 <TEX>$1{\sim}4dB$</TEX> 정도 개선된 화질의 중간시점 영상을 얻었고, 이 영상들을 이용하여 제안한 부호화 방법으로 부호화한 결과 참조 모델에 비해 최대 0.5 dB의 부호화 효율이 개선됨을 확인했다. Since the multi-view video is a set of video sequences captured by multiple array cameras for the same three-dimensional scene, it can provide multiple viewpoint images using geometrical manipulation and intermediate view generation. Although multi-view video allows us to experience more realistic feeling with a wide range of images, the amount of data to be processed increases in proportion to the number of cameras. Therefore, we need to develop efficient coding methods. One of the possible approaches to multi-view video coding is to generate an intermediate image using view interpolation method and to use the interpolated image as an additional reference frame. The previous view interpolation method for multi-view video coding employs fixed size block matching over the pre-determined disparity search range. However, if the disparity search range is not proper, disparity error may occur. In this paper, we propose an efficient view interpolation method using initial disparity estimation, variable block-based estimation, and pixel-level estimation using adjusted search ranges. In addition, we propose a multi-view video coding method based on H.264/AVC to exploit the intermediate image. Intermediate images have been improved about <TEX>$1{\sim}4dB$</TEX> using the proposed method compared to the previous view interpolation method, and the coding efficiency have been improved about 0.5 dB compared to the reference model.
Corrosion of Metallic Biomaterials: A Review (2019)

Metallic biomaterials are used in medical devices in humans more than any other family of materials. The corrosion resistance of an implant material affects its functionality and durability and is a prime factor governing biocompatibility. The fundamental paradigm of metallic biomaterials, except biodegradable metals, has been "the more corrosion resistant, the more biocompatible." The body environment is harsh and raises several challenges with respect to corrosion control. In this invited review paper, the body environment is analysed in detail and the possible effects of the corrosion of different biomaterials on biocompatibility are discussed. Then, the kinetics of corrosion, passivity, its breakdown and regeneration in vivo are conferred. Next, the mostly used metallic biomaterials and their corrosion performance are reviewed. These biomaterials include stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium and its alloys, Nitinol shape memory alloy, dental amalgams, gold, metallic glasses and biodegradable metals. Then, the principles of implant failure, retrieval and failure analysis are highlighted, followed by description of the most common corrosion processes in vivo. Finally, approaches to control the corrosion of metallic biomaterials are highlighted.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Dienylmetal Compounds. Part 29. Protonation of C5H5FeC6H7 to Cyclohexadiene and Consequent Reactions. (1988)

Abstract The complex (I) is obtained quantitatively from the title compound and HBF 4 ·Et 2 O in CH 2 Cl 2 at ‐50 °C. It is persistent for several hours under these conditions.
Optical wavelet transform of fractal aggregates (1990)

Wavelet transformations (WT's) of two-dimensional fractal aggregates are carried out using coherent optical spatial frequency filtering. The ability of optical WT's to reveal the construction rules of fractals and to resolve local scaling properties through the determination of local pointwise dimensions is demonstrated. This fast method paves the way to time-resolved studies of dynamical phenomena.
Specific heat capacity of a single component adsorbent-adsorbate system (2007)

A thermodynamic framework for calculating the specific heat capacity (Cp) of a single component adsorbent+adsorbate system has been derived and developed using the classical thermodynamics, and these are essential for the design of adsorption processes. The derived formulation of the Cp is compared with the experimentally measured Cp of adsorbent+adsorbate systems. The purpose of this letter is to fill up the information gap with respect to the state of adsorbed phase to dispel the confusion as to what is the actual state of the adsorbed phase.
Detection of unseen words in conversational Mandarin (2012)

We present a Mandarin keyword search system that uses a large vocabulary recognizer to generate consensus networks at various resolutions: word, character, syllable and phone. In order to achieve fast and accurate search, we propose the use of an efficient approximate-match dynamic programming algorithm that finds the best alignment between the target query and the consensus network. Experiments with Mandarin conversational telephone speech show that the approximate-match search improves detection accuracy by more than 10% for rare words that are not present in the recognizer's dictionary (OOV terms). We also found OOV terms to benefit most from system combination, where we observe a roughly 10% improvement relative to the best single system.
Synthese von Vinyl‐verknüpften zweidimensionalen konjugierten Polymeren via Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons‐Reaktion (2020)

Abstract In dieser Arbeit berichten wir von der ersten Synthese von vinyl‐verknüpften 2D CPs, nämlich 2D‐Poly(phenylenchinoxalinvinyl)en 2D‐PPQV1 und 2D‐PPQV2 , mit der Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons‐ (HWE) Reaktion von C 2 ‐symmetrischem 1,4‐Bis(diethylphosphonomethyl)benzol oder 4,4′‐Bis(diethylphosphonomethyl)biphenyl mit C 3 ‐symmetrischem 2,3,8,9,14,15‐hexa(4‐formylphenyl)diquinoxalino[2,3‐ a : 2′,3′‐ c ]phenazin als Monomeren. Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT)‐basierende Simulationen klären die entscheidende Rolle der anfänglichen reversiblen C−C‐Einfachbindungsbildung für die Synthese kristalliner 2D CPs auf. Pulver‐Röntgenbeugungsstudien (PXRD) und Stickstoff‐Adsorptions‐Desorptionsmessungen beweisen die Bildung der vorhergesagten kristallinen, zweiporigen Strukturen mit einer Oberfläche von bis zu 440 m 2 g −1 . Interessanterweise zeigt der Vergleich der optoelektronischen Eigenschaften der synthetisierten 2D‐PPQV1 (E g =2.2 eV) und 2D‐PPQV2 (E g =2.2 eV) mit denen von Cyano‐Vinyl‐verknüpftem 2D‐CN‐PPQV1 (E g =2.4 eV), welches durch die Knoevenagel‐Reaktion synthetisiert wurde, und des Imin‐verknüpften 2D‐COF‐Analogs ( 2D‐C=N‐PPQV1 , E g =2.3 eV), die höhere Konjugation der vinyl‐verknüpften 2D CPs durch die HWE‐Reaktion.
[Prenatal genetic diagnosis for two Chinese families affected with oculocutaneous albinism type Ⅱ]. (2014)

OCA can be classified by genotyping, with which reliable prenatal diagnosis and feasible genetic counseling may be provided.