gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Influences on Junior High School Students’ Mathematics Word Problem Solving (2019)

Mastery of language of instruction is important for the successful teaching and learning of Mathematics since mathematical concepts are communicated through the use of language. The study sought to find Ghanaian Junior High School (JHS) 2 students’ performance in Mathematics word problems. It also investigated the linguistic difficulties students face when solving Mathematics word problems and how their English language proficiency affect their problem-solving procedures. A sequential mixed methods design was employed in the study. The target population was made up of all JHS 2 public school students in the Cape Coast Metropolis in the Central Region of Ghana. One hundred and eighty-seven JHS 2 students were selected from six public schools in the Cape Coast Metropolis through stratified random sampling procedures. Achievement test and interview guide were developed and used for the study. The data collected through the test were analysed using descriptive statistics, while that of the interview were analysed using percentages and presented as narrative description with some illustrative examples from what students said in the process of explaining their procedures. The results from the study showed that students had very weak ability in Mathematics word problem solving. Their performance declined as the difficulty level of the questions increased from primary to JHS. The authors recommended amongst others, the need for Mathematics teachers to pay extra attention to the teaching of word problem solving in Mathematics and in- service and pre-service providers to pay attention to Mathematics word problem in professional development programmes.
Chemotaxonomic Studies of Nine Gentianaceae Species from Western China Based on Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (2016)

The combination of LC-MS/MS and FT-IR would provide some potential evidence on chemotaxonomic studies of Gentianaceae. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artifacts observed during Auger profiling of Ta, Ti, and W metals, nitrides and oxynitrides (1982)

Studies of CKVV Auger spectra indicate carbide formation in certain metals and compounds resulting from ion beam bombardment of contaminated (air exposed) surfaces. Carbide buildup on W, Ta, and Ti surfaces after ’’static’’ sputter cleaning in an AES system, occurred in the presence of small partial pressures of CH4 generated from the speciman chamber walls and ion pump well. This carbide buildup was greatly accelerated by electron beam irradiation.
Effective field size measurements and quality assurance for clinical applications of localised hyperthermia (1988)

The authors discuss their participation in a collaborative study to determine the effect of adding hyperthermia to radiotherapy in the treatment of superficial malignant tumours. Some aspects of quality assurance are illustrated by examining the characteristics of a 434 MHz device which is used either as a single applicator or as elements in an array in clinical treatments.
Possibilities of separating water thermolysis products in solar furnaces (1977)

A solar powered facility for continuous separation of water thermolysis products in solar furnaces is discussed. The facility is equipped with a reactor with a silicon-carbide solar collector and suitable plumbing. During normal operation of the solar-powered facility a steady hydrogen stream is obtained with a flow rate of 1 to 5 liters per hour.
Part II: A Practical Approach for Successive Omniscience (2019)

In Part I, we studied the communication for omniscience (CO) problem and proposed a parametric (PAR) algorithm to determine the minimum sum-rate at which a set of users indexed by a finite set $V$ attain omniscience. The omniscience in CO refers to the status that each user in $V$ recovers the observations of a multiple random source. It is called the global omniscience in this paper in contrast to the study of the successive omniscience (SO), where the local omniscience is attained subsequently in user subsets. By inputting a lower bound on the minimum sum-rate for CO, we apply the PAR algorithm to search a complimentary subset $X_* \subsetneq V$ such that if the local omniscience in $X_*$ is reached first, the global omniscience whereafter can still be attained with the minimum sum-rate. We further utilize the outputs of the PAR algorithm to outline a multi-stage SO approach that is characterized by $K \leq |V| - 1$ complimentary subsets $X_*^{(k)}, \forall k \in \{1,\dotsc,K\}$ forming a nesting sequence $X_*^{(1)} \subsetneq \dotsc \subsetneq X_*^{(K)} = V$. Starting from stage $k = 1$, the local omniscience in $X_*^{(k)}$ is attained at each stage $k$ until the final global omniscience in $X_*^{(K)} = V$. A $|X_*{(k)}|$-dimensional local omniscience achievable rate vector is also derived for each stage $k$ designating individual users transmitting rates. The sum-rate of this rate vector in the last stage $K$ coincides with the minimized sum-rate for the global omniscience.
Intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of Parkinson disease (2011)

This study provides Class I evidence that iTBS was not effective for gait, upper extremity bradykinesia, or other motor symptoms in PD.
Ab InitioMolecular Dynamics Simulations for Collision betweenC60−and Alkali-Metal Ions: A Possibility of Li@C60 (1996)

Collisions between ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$ and alkali-metal ion are investigated by an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation at 1000 K. When ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ with kinetic energy $\ensuremath{\sim}5\mathrm{eV}$ hits the center of a six-membered ring of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$, Li@${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is created. If either the kinetic energy is lower or the collision occurs off center, the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ion stays outside, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is deformed by the shock. In some cases, several bonds of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ break after the bombardment; this may make the insertion of alkali-metal ion easier.
The electrical field in a borehole with a casing (1990)

Abstract The electric field on the borehole axis in the presence of a casing can be divided into three zones: the near, intermediate, and far zones. Within the intermediate zone, determination of the second derivative of the potential allows me to define the formation resistivity. Outside the casing, the electric field, at large distances from the borehole, has a radial direction that provides a sufficient depth of investigation in this direction. The measurement requires knowledge of the casing conductance. Application of transmission line theory is based on the fact that the electric field in the formation is radial within the intermediate zone, resulting in the conclusion that the vertical resolution of such a measurement would depend only upon the spacing of the electrodes required to estimate the second derivative of the potential.
Atropine sulfate--a current review of a useful agent for controlling salivation during dental procedures. (1999)

After reading this article, the reader should be able to describe techniques for the control of saliva during dental procedures; discuss the problems associated with saliva contamination of an operative field; explain the clinical benefits, dosing guidelines, and contraindications for using atropine sulfate to temporarily reduce saliva flow during dental procedures.
Process to extinction and genetic structure of a threatened Japanese conifer species,Picea koyamae (2010)

Since the end of the glacial age, Picea koyamae has been sparsely distributed in Japan as a relict species and is presently threatened with extinction. We investigated the population structure and genetic structure of nine populations of P. koyamae. Population size was assessed at 9–135 individuals in habitats ranging from 0.5 to 11.5 ha, and seedlings and saplings were observed in all but one particular population, which had a Sasa-type (bamboo grass) forest floor. The effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) within peripheral populations in the Yatsugatake Mountains was 1.8–2.7, much lower than that of core populations in the Akaishi Mountains (2.8–4.3) using five nuclear simple sequence repeat loci. This finding suggests that genetic variation in these populations has been reduced by isolation from other populations. The standardized genetic differentiation among populations (G′ST) was 0.410 and higher than that found in other Japanese conifers, suggesting that isolation and inbreeding have progressed in this species. In two isolated populations at the Yatsugatake Mountains, the fixation index (FIS) was 0.315–0.354, much higher than the values determined for the other populations (−0.188 to 0.263). This suggests that these two populations have survived several generations while increasing the degree of inbreeding. However, the highest seedling density was in a population with low genetic variation and high FIS. The most serious problems at present appear to be the declining number of mature trees and the deterioration of suitable environments for seedling establishment.
Elements that affect web credibility (2000)

We conducted an online survey about Web credibility, which included over 1400 participants. People reported that Web site credibility increases when the site conveys a real-world presence, is easy to use, and is updated often. People reported that a Web site loses credibility when it has errors, technical problems, or distracting advertisements. Our study is an early effort to identify Web credibility elements and empirically investigate the effect of each.
Correction: A Generalized Allosteric Mechanism for cis-Regulated Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Domains (2009)

Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) regulate multiple intracellular processes and are thus of a great general interest for molecular and structural biologists. To study the allosteric mechanism of different cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domains, we compared cAMP-bound and cAMP-free structures (PKA, Epac, and two ionic channels) using a new bioinformatics method: local spatial pattern alignment. Our analysis highlights four major conserved structural motifs: 1) the phosphate binding cassette (PBC), which binds the cAMP ribose-phosphate, 2) the ''hinge,'' a flexible helix, which contacts the PBC, 3) the b 2,3 loop, which provides precise positioning of an invariant arginine from the PBC, and 4) a conserved structural element consisting of an Nterminal helix, an eight residue loop and the A-helix (N3A-motif). The PBC and the hinge were included in the previously reported allosteric model, whereas the definition of the b 2,3 loop and the N3A-motif as conserved elements is novel. The N3Amotif is found in all cis-regulated CNB domains, and we present a model for an allosteric mechanism in these domains. Catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) represents a trans-regulated CNB domain family: it does not contain the N3A-motif, and its long range allosteric interactions are substantially different from the cis-regulated CNB domains.
Dimer Cations of Cyanoacetylene:  Theoretical Isomers and Their Laboratory Production in the Absence and Presence of C602+. Implications for Interstellar/Circumstellar Chemistry (1999)

Cyanoacetylene dimer cations, (HC3N)2+, were produced in a selected-ion flow tube in helium buffer at 0.35 ± 0.1 Torr and 294 ± 3 K either directly by the association of HC3N+ with HC3N or indirectly in a sequence of reactions of C602+ with two molecules of HC3N. Two distinctly different isomers were identified by multiple collision-induced dissociation. The structures and energies of nine isomers of (HC3N)2+ were computed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) and B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,p) levels together with selected energies of dissociation. A comparison of the latter with observed dissociation pathways and onset energies indicates that the (HC3N)2+ formed directly is a solvated ion and that the (HC3N)2+ produced in the presence of C602+ is a cyclic dicyanocyclobutadiene cation. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the cyclic isomer that involves a 2 + 2 cycloaddition of HC3N to the charged terminus of a cyanoacetylene molecule anchored to C60 through a C−N bond. The results point toward a general gas-phase reaction route for the cyclization of cyanoacetylenes in the presence of doubly charged substrates and have implications for the dimerization of HC3N and higher members of the homologous series of cyanopolyacetylenes in interstellar/circumstellar environments.
Neutron diffraction studies of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3ceramics (2001)

Abstract The crystal structure of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 powders, 0.20≤x≤0.54, was determined using neutron diffraction measurements. At room temperature the structure was tetragonal (P4mm) for x≤0.50 and monoclinic (Cm) for 0.52≤x≤0.54. The sample having x=0.50 transformed from tetragonal symmetry to monoclinic at low temperature.
Maximizing Computing Accuracy on Resource-Constrained Architectures (2023)

With the growing complexity of applications, design-ers need to fit more and more computing kernels into a limited energy or area budget. Therefore, improving the quality of results of applications in electronic devices with a constraint on its cost is becoming a critical problem. Word Length Optimization (WLO) is the process of determining bit-width for variables or operations represented using fixed-point arithmetic to trade-off between quality and cost. State-of-the-art approaches mainly solve WLO given a quality (accuracy) constraint. In this paper, we first show that existing WLO procedures are not adapted to solve the problem of optimizing accuracy given a cost constraint. It is then interesting and challenging to propose new methods to solve this problem. Then, we propose a Bayesian optimization based algorithm to maximize the quality of computations under a cost constraint (i.e., energy in this paper). Experimental results indicate that our approach outperforms conventional WLO approaches by improving the quality of the solutions by more than 170%.
SpinLight (2015)

This paper presents SpinLight, an indoor positioning system that uses infrared LED lamps as signal transmitters, and light sensors as receivers. The main idea is to divide the space into spatial beams originating from the light source, and identify each beam with a unique timed sequence of light signals. This sequence is created by a coded shade that covers and rotates around the LED, blocking the light or allowing it to pass through according to pre-defined patterns. The receiver, equipped with a light sensor, is able to determine its spatial beam by detecting the light signals, followed by optimization schemes to refine its location within that beam. We present both 2D and 3D localization designs, demonstrated by a prototype implementation. Experiments show that SpinLight produces a median location error of 3.8 cm, with a 95th percentile of 6.8 cm. The receiver design is very low power and thus can operate for months to years from a button coin battery.
Explicit constructions of finite-length WOM codes (2017)

Write-once memory (WOM) is a storage device consisting of binary cells which can only increase their levels. A t-write WOM code is a coding scheme which allows to write t times to the WOM without decreasing the levels of the cells. The sum-rate of a WOM code is the ratio between the total number of bits written to the memory and the number of cells. It is known that the maximum sum-rate of a t-write WOM code is log(t + 1). This is also an achievable upper bound both by information theory arguments and explicit WOM code constructions. While existing constructions of WOM codes were targeted to increase the sum-rate, we consider here two more figures of merit in evaluating the constructions. The first one is the complexity of the encoding and decoding maps of the code. The second one is called the convergence rate, and is defined to be the minimum code length n(ε) in order to reach e close to a point in the capacity region. One of our main results in the paper is a specific capacity achieving construction for two-write WOM codes which has polynomial complexity and relatively short block length to be ε close to the capacity. Using these two-write WOM codes, we obtain three-write WOM codes that approach sum-rate 1.809 with relatively short block lengths. Finally, we provide another construction of three-write WOM that achieves sum-rate 1.71 by using only 100 cells.
Collective Phase Transition Dynamics in Microarray Composite LixFePO4 Electrodes Tracked by in Situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Admittance (2013)

A novel approach to tracking intercalation-induced phase transitions in Li-ion battery materials demonstrated herein consists of simultaneous analysis of intercalation charge and the accompanying mechanical (geometric) changes in a microarray electrode composed of LixFePO4 intercalation particles probed by the electrochemical quartz-crystal admittance (EQCA) method. A recently elaborated approach to population dynamics of active (phase-transforming) nanoparticles1 has been used here for modeling current transients applying small potential steps to LixFePO4 electrodes. The number fraction of (phase) transformed particles thus calculated was directly compared with the changes in the effective thickness and permeability length of the electrode coating derived by EQCA. Geometric changes of thin active mass originating from different molar volumes of the parent and transformed phase result in nonuniform deformations of intercalation particles. This study confirms the collective behavior of LixFePO4 intercalation particles during electrochemically induced phase transition. The use of EQCA as a highly precise and sensitive probe of mass and geometric changes in the electrode layer of intercalation particles paves the way for dynamic in situ studies of nonuniform intercalation particles deformations which can hardly be assessed by other available techniques.
Drug-related morbidity and mortality. A cost-of-illness model. (1995)

The cost of drug-related morbidity and mortality in the ambulatory setting in the United States is considerable and should be considered in health policy decisions with regard to pharmaceutical benefits. Policies and services should be developed to reduce and prevent drug-related morbidity and mortality.
Data from Molecular Engineering of Ultrasmall Silica Nanoparticle–Drug Conjugates as Lung Cancer Therapeutics (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;Small-molecule inhibitors have had a major impact on cancer care. While treatments have demonstrated clinically promising results, they suffer from dose-limiting toxicities and the emergence of refractory disease. Considerable efforts made to address these issues have more recently focused on strategies implementing particle-based probes that improve drug delivery and accumulation at target sites, while reducing off-target effects.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;Ultrasmall (&lt;8 nm) core-shell silica nanoparticles, C′ dots, were molecularly engineered to function as multivalent drug delivery vehicles for significantly improving key &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; biological and therapeutic properties of a prototype epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib. Novel surface chemical components were used to conjugate gefitinib–dipeptide drug-linkers and deferoxamine (DFO) chelators for therapeutic delivery and PET imaging labels, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;Gefitinib-bound C′ dots (DFO-Gef-C′ dots), synthesized using the gefitinib analogue, APdMG, at a range of drug-to-particle ratios (DPR; DPR = 11–56), demonstrated high stability for DPR values≤ 40, bulk renal clearance, and enhanced &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; cytotoxicity relative to gefitinib (LD&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = 6.21 nmol/L vs. 3 μmol/L, respectively). In human non–small cell lung cancer mice, efficacious Gef-C′ dot doses were at least 200-fold lower than that needed for gefitinib (360 nmoles vs. 78 μmoles, respectively), noting fairly equivalent tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival. Gef-C′ dot–treated tumors also exhibited low phosphorylated EFGR levels, with no appreciable wild-type EGFR target inhibition, unlike free drug.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;Results underscore the clinical potential of DFO-Gef-C′ dots to effectively manage disease and minimize off-target effects at a fraction of the native drug dose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Notomastus lobatus Chloroperoxidase and Amphitrite ornata Dehaloperoxidase Both Contain Histidine as Their Proximal Heme Iron Ligand (1997)

Two novel heme-containing peroxidases, one able to incorporate halogens into aromatic substrates and the other able to remove them, have recently been isolated from marine sources and initially characterized by Chen et al. [(1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23909-23915; (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4609-4612]. The haloperoxidase Notomastus lobatus chloroperoxidase (NCPO) is unusual in requiring a flavoprotein component for peroxidase activity. The dehaloperoxidase (DHP), isolated from Amphitrite ornata, is the only heme-containing peroxide-dependent dehalogenase known to be capable of removing halogens including fluorine. Both enzymes are also quite atypical in that the molecular weights of their heme-containing subunits are less than 16,000, approximately one-half to one-fifth the size of typical heme-containing peroxidases. Interestingly, we have also found that both enzymes are isolated in their oxyferrous states even though all protein purification was done in the absence of any reductant. In the present study, we have examined these two enzymes with magnetic circular dichroism and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy in order to determine the identity of their proximal heme iron ligand. Four derivatives of each enzyme, cyanoferric, deoxyferrous, oxyferrous, and (carbonmonoxy)ferrous, have been examined and spectroscopically compared to parallel derivatives of myoglobin, a well-studied histidine-ligated heme protein. The spectra observed for each derivative of the two new enzymes are very similar to each other and, in turn, to the spectra of the same derivatives of myoglobin. We conclude that both new heme enzymes contain histidine as their proximal heme iron ligand. This makes NCPO the first histidine-ligated heme-containing peroxidase capable of chlorinating halogen acceptor substrates using chloride as the halogen donor. Further, the novel reactivity of DHP is not the result of an unusual proximal ligand. The present results with NCPO and DHP challenge the current dogma of how heme-containing peroxidases function: one chlorinates substrates without having a thiolate proximal ligand, and the other both oxygenates and dehalogenates haloaromatics and yet has a histidine proximal ligand like numerous other peroxidases that are not capable of such a combined reactivity.