gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alcoholism and Alcohol Drinking Habits Predicted from Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes (2006)

Alcohol drinking habits and alcoholism are partly genetically determined. Alcohol is degraded primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) wherein genetic variation that affects the rate of alcohol degradation is found in ADH1B and ADH1C. It is biologically plausible that these variations may be associated with alcohol drinking habits and alcoholism. By genotyping 9080 white men and women from the general population, we found that men and women with ADH1B slow vs fast alcohol degradation drank more alcohol and had a higher risk of everyday drinking, heavy drinking, excessive drinking and of alcoholism. For example, the weekly alcohol intake was 9.8 drinks (95% confidence interval (CI): 9.1–11) among men with the ADH1B·1/1 genotype compared to 7.5 drinks (95% CI: 6.4–8.7) among men with the ADH1B·1/2 genotype, and the odds ratio (OR) for heavy drinking was 3.1 (95% CI: 1.7–5.7) among men with the ADH1B·1/1 genotype compared to men with the ADH1B·1/2 genotype. Furthermore, individuals with ADH1C slow vs fast alcohol degradation had a higher risk of heavy and excessive drinking. For example, the OR for heavy drinking was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1–1.8) among men with the ADH1C·1/2 genotype and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0–1.9) among men with the ADH1B·2/2 genotype, compared with men with the ADH1C·1/1 genotype. Results for ADH1B and ADH1C genotypes among men and women were similar. Finally, because slow ADH1B alcohol degradation is found in more than 90% of the white population compared to less than 10% of East Asians, the population attributable risk of heavy drinking and alcoholism by ADH1B·1/1 genotype was 67 and 62% among the white population compared with 9 and 24% among the East Asian population.
First manifestation of multiple sclerosis after immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (2021)

Background!#!The eponymous feature of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is oculomotor impairment which is one of the relevant domains in the Movement Disorder Society diagnostic criteria.!##!Objective!#!We aimed to investigate the value of specific video-oculographic parameters for the use as diagnostic markers in PSP.!##!Methods!#!An analysis of video-oculography recordings of 100 PSP patients and 49 age-matched healthy control subjects was performed. Gain of smooth pursuit eye movement and latency, gain, peak eye velocity, asymmetry of downward and upward velocities of saccades as well as rate of saccadic intrusions were analyzed.!##!Results!#!Vertical saccade velocity and saccadic intrusions allowed for the classification of about 70% and 56% of the patients, respectively. By combining both parameters, almost 80% of the PSP patients were covered, while vertical velocity asymmetry was observed in approximately 34%. All parameters had a specificity of above 95%. The sensitivities were lower with around 50-60% for the velocity and saccadic intrusions and only 27% for vertical asymmetry.!##!Conclusions!#!In accordance with oculomotor features in the current PSP diagnostic criteria, video-oculographic assessment of vertical saccade velocity and saccadic intrusions resulted in very high specificity. Asymmetry of vertical saccade velocities, in the opposite, did not prove to be useful for diagnostic purposes.
Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotypes in enterobacteria isolated from blood cultures of patients at admission to the University Hospital of Bamako (2017)

The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotypes among the enterobacteria present in blood cultures of patients at admission to two university hospitals of Bamako (Mali). During a period of three months, we isolated enterobacteria from blood cultures from patients upon admission to the Point G and Gabriel Toure University Hospitals. The ESBL-positive enterobacteria were initially identified by API 20E strips and VITEK<sup>®</sup>2 and then confirmed in France by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry at the Bichat Hospital bacteriology laboratory. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the diffusion method as recommended by EUCAST. The species isolated were K. pneumoniae (14/40, 35.0 %), E. coli (11/40, 27.5 %), and E. cloacae (9/40, 22.5 %); 21/34 (61.8 %) had an ESBL phenotype, including 10/14 (71.4 %) K. pneumoniae, 8/11 (72.7 %) E. coli, and 3/9 (33 3 %), E. cloacae. The ESBL strains of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and E. cloacae were associated, respectively, with resistance to the following antibiotics: gentamicin (10/10, 100 %; 6/8, 75%; 2/3, 67%), amikacin (2/10, 20 %; 0/8, 0%; 0/3, 0%), ofloxacin (8/10, 80. %; 7/8, 87%; 3/3, 100%), cotrimoxazole (10/10, 100 %; 6/8, 75%; 3/3, 100%). Almost two thirds (61.8%) of the enterobacteria isolated from blood cultures produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. They retained regular sensitivity only to carbapenems and amikacin.
Experimental demonstration of ions induced electric field in perovskite solar cells (2015)

The anomalous hysteresis is reported in photo current density-voltage (J-V) curves of perovskite solar cells. The origins responsible for hysteresis are primarily attributed to ferroelectricity, trapping/de-trapping, and ions migration. Meanwhile, a switchable photovoltaic effect is disclosed in lateral structure perovskite solar cells, where a p-i-n structure is formed after poling the device with a reverse bias. Considering the normal sandwiched structure of perovskite solar cells, i.e. the intrinsic perovskite layer is situated in an electric field built by p-type (Spiro-OMeTAD) and n-type (TiO2) layers, the poling process also works in such devices. The migration of ions will induce a new electric field with opposite direction as inherent built-in electric field. As a consequence, less collection of photogenerated carriers is predicted due to the built-in electric field is partially screened. Here, the ions induced electric field is experimentally demonstrated by exploring the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra under various forward voltage biases. The anomalous hysteresis observed on J-V curves is explained based on the insight of ions migrations under bias voltage. The external applied voltage presents significant influence on the stability of solar cells. Meanwhile, a novel phenomenon of negative capacitance is initially detected at low frequency, which is ascribed to the position reversal of negatively and positively charged ions under forward bias.
Grammatical design (1997)

Design can be regarded as the process of transforming an initial set of requirements (and possibly an initial design) into an explicit, complete specification of an object that satisfies those requirements. The designer's task involves repeated cycles of considering an existing partial design, comparing it with the design goal, deciding on a transformation to get closer to the goal, and then applying that transformation to the partial design. A transformation may take one of various forms, including adding detail to a design, modifying an existing structure, or adding new components. Grammatical design is a paradigm based directly on this view, concentrating on the representational structures and underlying transformation mechanisms. A grammar, or a formal generative system, has three parts: a vocabulary of elements; a set of transformation rules that transform structured arrangements of the elements into new structures; and an initial structure. The paper considers how a grammar, or a formal generative system, can provide design support.
A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of two different formulations of extended-release niacin (2008)

The pharmacokinetic profile of the original NER uncoated formulation dosed as 2 x 500 mg was similar to the new film-coated formulation, NER coated, dosed as 1 x 1000 mg.
Deconstruction and reconstitution of fouling layer in decolorization of cane juice by nanofiltration membrane (2021)

Ubiquitous membrane fouling is a knotty problem in membrane-based sugar-making process, which limits productivity and sugar quality. Especially during decolorization of sugarcane juice by nanofiltration (NF), fouling mechanism is still obscure and the fouling formation is difficult to control effectively. Herein, based on the analysis of the real fouling layer residue, seven components are served as model solutes and foulants to study their NF separation performance and fouling behavior. We found that the coexistence of polysaccharides and proteins had no synergistic enhancement on membrane fouling, yet attenuated fouling layer because the formation of large complex produced more shear-enhanced back diffusion. Chlorogenic acid (CA), as a phenolic pigment and main pore foulant, aggravates the polysaccharides or proteins fouling owing to its bridging effect between membrane and large foulants, especially polysaccharides with high hydrophilicity. Laccase can catalyze oxidation and self-polymerization of CA, not only reducing its accessibility to block the pores and the bridging effect, but also in-situ forming a hydrophilic coating layer on the membrane surface, which is regarded as an effective pretreatment strategy for fouling control. During the cross-flow filtration of real sugarcane juice, the average permeate flux increases by 67.1% and irreversible fouling decreases by 21.2%, showing great application potential due to its biocompatibility and considerable economic benefits. This work not only elaborately elucidates the fouling mechanism among components in cane juice decolorization by NF, but also proposes an innovative approach to reconstitute fouling layer for improving membrane antifouling performance in practical application.
Using data replication to reduce communication energy on chip multiprocessors (2005)

Chip multiprocessors are gaining popularity as they are very suitable for data-intensive embedded and high-end processing. In particular, array-intensive embedded image and video applications can benefit a lot from these architectures due to coarse-grain parallelization they offer. However, if not optimized, interprocessor communication can be a major energy consumer. Focusing on a distributed memory chip multiprocessor architecture and array-intensive embedded applications, this paper proposes a compiler-based communication minimization strategy based on data replication. The proposed scheme replicates shared data items across the memories of the processors in a controlled fashion (i.e., under a memory limit), with the goal of eliminating the otherwise necessary interprocessor communication.
Dendrimeric Bowties Featuring Hemispheric-Selective Decoration of Ligands for microRNA-Based Therapy (2012)

Dendrimers feature a defined number of terminal groups that may bind RNA or be functionalized with bioactive molecules. These competing uses of terminal groups may create an impasse if the requisite density of ligands depletes the number of terminal groups for binding sufficient RNA, or vice versa. A novel dendrimeric platform is needed that maintains high ligand density while retaining sufficient microRNA-binding terminal groups. Here we present a dendrimeric "bowtie" consisting of one-half devoted to microRNA binding and the other half to ligand presentation. We demonstrate its suitability as a transfection agent by delivering miR-126 to human vascular endothial cells (HUVECs) via polyarginine- and RGD-modified bowties and evaluating the downstream effects on proliferation and tube formation. Our findings indicate that the bowtie elicits desired responses and may possess superior delivery properties compared to nondecorated dendrimeric materials. The bowtie system thereby provides a new design model for developing dendrimeric delivery vehicles for RNAi therapeutics.
Laser beam shaping profiles and propagation (2006)

We consider four families of functions--the super-Gaussian, flattened Gaussian, Fermi-Dirac, and super-Lorentzian--that have been used to describe flattened irradiance profiles. We determine the shape and width parameters of the different distributions, when each flattened profile has the same radius and slope of the irradiance at its half-height point, and then we evaluate the implicit functional relationship between the shape and width parameters for matched profiles, which provides a quantitative way to compare profiles described by different families of functions. We conclude from an analysis of each profile with matched parameters using Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction theory and M2 analysis that the diffraction patterns as they propagate differ by small amounts, which may not be distinguished experimentally. Thus, beam shaping optics is designed to produce either of these four flattened output irradiance distributions with matched parameters will yield similar irradiance distributions as the beam propagates.
166 TLR-4-Regulated Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypersecretion in Post-Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus (2017)

Karimy, Jason K MS; Zhang, Jinwei; Kurland, David B BA; Theriault, Brianna Carusillo PhD; Duran, Daniel MD; Furey, Charuta Gavankar BA; Gerzanich, Volodymyr MD, PhD; Simard, J Marc MD; Kahle, Kristopher Thomas MD, PhD
Investigation of Smallest Volume Difference Measurable Using 3D Imaging (2020)

With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging technology, objective measurements of breast aesthetics, such as contour, surface area, shape, size, and volume are now possible, and studies have demonstrated its utility and efficacy in clinical medicine Moreover, several relatively low-cost portable hand-held 3D scanners are now commercially available, which has increased the likelihood of the technology finding widespread clinical adoption. An understanding of the capabilities and limitations of 3D imaging technology and corresponding measurements is essential for its successful application in pre-operative planning as well as post-operative assessments. Breast volume is a key outcome measure in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery; thus, it is critical to not only have validated algorithms for accurate measurements, but to also understand the ability of the technology to resolve and detect volume changes. Inconsistencies in volume measurement and lack of appropriate standardization protocols can influence applications that utilize quantitative measurements. For example, changes in breast volume need to be quantified to maintain breast symmetry and any inconsistencies may impact the surgeon's ability to formalize pre-operative plans. In this study, we assessed the resolution of 3D imaging in terms of assessing breast volume change and compared volume measurements made using a non-portable 3D imaging system (3dMDTorso TM ) and a hand-held 3D scanner (Go!SCAN 3D TM ). Using adjustable implants with varying volumes, with the non-portable system and customized volume computation software, we could reliably detect changes in volume as low as 5.5 2.6 cc. In addition, volume measurements made using the non-portable system and the hand-held scanner were highly correlated (R 2 =0.99), demonstrating feasibility of using the portable hand-held scanner for breast volume measurements.
Identification and Distribution of p-Tyramine in the Rat (1974)

A procedure for the quantitative evaluation of p-tyramine in mammalian tissues is described. It involves isolation of the amine by ion-exchange chromatography, followed by conversion to the dansyl derivative, chromatographic separation, and quantitation by the mass spectrometric integrated ion current technique using an isotopically labelled internal standard.The concentrations of p-tyramine in some tissues of male Wistar rats were (mean ± standard deviation (ng/g)): brain 2.0 ± 0.9, heart 3.4 ± 1.4, kidney 32.7 ± 13.1, liver 1.5 ± 0.5, lung 3.0 ± 1.2, and spleen 3.4 ± 1.2. In the brain, hypothalamus contained 11.3 ± 3.7, cerebellum 2.3 ± 1.7, stem 2.2 ± 1.0, caudate nucleus 19.2 ± 2.5, and the 'rest' 1.6 ± 0.4 ng/g, respectively.
Development and Validation of a 3D Clinostat for the Study of Cells during Microgravity Simulation (2005)

The clinostat was originally used to find out why plant roots appear to grow predominantly toward the center of the Earth. Over the last 2-3 decades, slow- and fast-rotating 2D and 3D clinostats have been used to assess cellular adaptation to this environment. A cell culture is placed in a spin module of the clinostat platform and its rotation is set empirically (2-3 rpm). The machine is then allowed to run for a specified period (hours to days) after which the cultures are removed and assayed for specific properties, such as cell growth, size and shape, distribution of receptors, integrity of the cytoskeleton or gene expression. A 3D clinostat was developed by the Microgravity Laboratory/IPCT-PUCRS group and validated by the Stem Cell Group of Kingston University London, which used 4 different types of human cancer cells and cord blood stem cells (CBSC). After rotation for 19h at 37degC, 5%CO2 humidified atmosphere, the 3D clinostat significantly improved proliferation potential of all tested cell populations when compared to static cultures. After only 5 days, high definition microscopic analysis revealed that all CBSC adhered and expanded onto the BDtrade 3D collagen composite scaffolds, and cross-developed into hepatocyte-like cells upon stimulation.
Modulus Mapping of Rubbers Using Micro- and Nano-Indentation Techniques (2001)

Abstract Modulus measurements are among the most useful properties available for monitoring the cure and aging of rubbers. Historically, such measurements were done on macroscopic samples, but over the past 15 years, several penetration techniques have been and are being developed that allow quantitative estimates of modulus to be made with lateral resolutions of 100 μm or better. This review summarizes these developments and the types of unique information that can be generated on rubbery materials. A large part of the review focuses on the types of results available from a modulus profiling apparatus that has been used to study rubbers for the past 15 years. This instrument allows estimates to be made of the inverse tensile compliance (closely related to Young's tensile modulus) with a lateral resolution of around 50 to 100 μm. Several recently developed alternative methods for achieving similar spatial resolution are also described. Finally, a brief review is given of the recent attempts to measure quantitative modulus values for rubbers with even better resolution using instruments historically focused on metals and other hard materials such as nano-indenters, the atomic force microscope and the interfacial force microscope.
Tip-to-Sample Distance Dependence of dC/dZ Imaging in Thin Dielectric Film Measurement (2008)

We have developed scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) with a self-sensing conductive probe that can be used to obtain static capacitance (dC/dZ) images by virtue of the vertical vibration of the probe tip. This technique for dC/dZ imaging can delineate features, such as thickness variations or fixed charge distributions, within a dielectric film and provide a lateral resolution comparable to that of simultaneously obtained topography images. In this work, we have experimentally revealed that the lateral resolution of a dC/dZ image is insensitive to the probe tip amplitude, and the sensitivity of dC/dZ images strongly depends on the distance of the gap between the probe tip and the sample surface. These results and the force–distance characteristics of the self-sensing conductive probe indicate that the dC/dZ signal is mostly determined by the probe tip–sample capacitance and also that the spatial resolution of dC/dZ imaging is not affected by the surface-adsorbed meniscus layer under a vacuum environment measurement. Finally, we have demonstrated sub-10-nm spatial resoluton in dC/dZ imaging for thin dielectric film measurement.
From conformons to human brains: an informal overview of nonlinear dynamics and its applications in biomedicine (2007)

Methods of contemporary physics are increasingly important for biomedical research but, for a multitude of diverse reasons, most practitioners of biomedicine lack access to a comprehensive knowledge of these modern methodologies. This paper is an attempt to describe nonlinear dynamics and its methods in a way that could be read and understood by biomedical professionals who usually are not trained in advanced mathematics. After an overview of basic concepts and vocabulary of nonlinear dynamics, deterministic chaos, and fractals, application of nonlinear methods of biosignal analysis is discussed. In particular, five case studies are presented: 1. Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia and of sedation; 2. Bright Light Therapy and Seasonal Affective Disorder; 3. Analysis of posturographic signals; 4. Evoked EEG and photo-stimulation; 5. Influence of electromagnetic fields generated by cellular phones.
Supplementary Table Legends 1-3, Methods, References from Therapeutic Antibody Targeting of CD47 Eliminates Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2023)

Supplementary Table Legends 1-3, Methods, References from Therapeutic Antibody Targeting of CD47 Eliminates Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Preclinical assessment of the ADME, efficacy and drug-drug interaction potential of a novel NAMPT inhibitor (2018)

GNE-617 (<i>N</i>-(4-((3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)imidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyridine-6-carboxamide) is a potent, selective nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor being explored as a potential treatment for human cancers. Plasma clearance was low in monkeys and dogs (9.14 mL min<sup>-1 </sup>kg<sup>-1</sup> and 4.62 mL min<sup>-1 </sup>kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively) and moderate in mice and rats (36.4 mL min<sup>-1 </sup>kg<sup>-1</sup> and 19.3 mL min<sup>-1 </sup>kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively). Oral bioavailability in mice, rats, monkeys and dogs was 29.7, 33.9, 29.4 and 65.2%, respectively. Allometric scaling predicted a low clearance of 3.3 mL min<sup>-1 </sup>kg<sup>-1</sup> and a volume of distribution of 1.3 L kg<sup>-1</sup> in human. Efficacy (57% tumor growth inhibition) in Colo-205 CRC tumor xenograft mice was observed at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg BID (AUC = 10.4 µM h). Plasma protein binding was moderately high. GNE-617 was stable to moderately stable <i>in vitro</i>. Main human metabolites identified in human hepatocytes were formed primarily by CYP3A4/5. Transporter studies suggested that GNE-617 is likely a substrate for MDR1 but not for BCRP. Simcyp<sup>®</sup> simulations suggested a low (CYP2C9 and CYP2C8) or moderate (CYP3A4/5) potential for drug-drug interactions. The potential for autoinhibition was low. Overall, GNE-617 exhibited acceptable preclinical properties and projected human PK and dose estimates.
Systematic comparison of the discrete dipole approximation and the finite difference time domain method for large dielectric scatterers (2007)

We compare the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method for simulating light scattering of spheres in a range of size parameters x up to 80 and refractive indices m up to 2. Using parallel implementations of both methods, we require them to reach a certain accuracy goal for scattering quantities and then compare their performance. We show that relative performance sharply depends on m. The DDA is faster for smaller m, while the FDTD for larger values of m. The break-even point lies at m = 1.4. We also compare the performance of both methods for a few particular biological cells, resulting in the same conclusions as for optically soft spheres.