gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Echocardiography in the Intensive Care Unit: Overview of the Most Common Clinical Scenarios (2018)

The intensive care unit (ICU) is among the more important settings in which echocardiography plays a pivotal role. The ease of use, speed of execution, and completeness of information on heart anatomy and function that echocardiography is able to provide makes this tool the perfect diagnostic technique in patients for whom exhaustive information must be quickly obtained by physicians who sometimes lack specific skills in cardiovascular imaging. However, the clinical entities encountered by ICU clinicians are often difficult to distinguish and patient symptoms may not be obvious. This brief review describes three common clinical scenarios that benefit from echocardiography in the ICU, based on symptoms frequently claimed by patients admitted to the ICU. For each symptom we describe the most likely clinical possibilities, underlining the fundamental role that echocardiography plays in the differential diagnosis, and the echocardiographic elements most relevant to obtain the correct diagnosis and to guide treatment.
A modular microfluidic system based on a multilayered configuration to generate large-scale perfusable microvascular networks (2021)

The vascular network of the circulatory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. In this paper, a novel modular microfluidic system with a vertical two-layered configuration is developed to generate large-scale perfused microvascular networks in vitro. The two-layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) configuration allows the tissue chambers and medium channels not only to be designed and fabricated independently but also to be aligned and bonded accordingly. This method can produce a modular microfluidic system that has high flexibility and scalability to design an integrated platform with multiple perfused vascularized tissues with high densities. The medium channel was designed with a rhombic shape and fabricated to be semiclosed to form a capillary burst valve in the vertical direction, serving as the interface between the medium channels and tissue chambers. Angiogenesis and anastomosis at the vertical interface were successfully achieved by using different combinations of tissue chambers and medium channels. Various large-scale microvascular networks were generated and quantified in terms of vessel length and density. Minimal leakage of the perfused 70-kDa FITC-dextran confirmed the lumenization of the microvascular networks and the formation of tight vertical interconnections between the microvascular networks and medium channels in different structural layers. This platform enables the culturing of interconnected, large-scale perfused vascularized tissue networks with high density and scalability for a wide range of multiorgan-on-a-chip applications, including basic biological studies and drug screening.
Seismic design and evaluation of steel moment‐resisting frames with compressed elastomer dampers (2011)

SUMMARY This paper evaluates the hysteretic behavior of an innovative compressed elastomer structural damper and its applicability to seismic‐resistant design of steel moment‐resisting frames (MRFs). The damper is constructed by precompressing a high‐damping elastomeric material into steel tubes. This innovative construction results in viscous‐like damping under small strains and friction‐like damping under large strains. A rate‐dependent hysteretic model for the compressed elastomer damper, formed from a parallel combination of a modified Bouc–Wen model and a non‐linear dashpot is presented. The model is calibrated using test data obtained under sinusoidal loading at different amplitudes and frequencies. This model is incorporated in the OpenSees [17] computer program for use in seismic response analyses of steel MRF buildings with compressed elastomer dampers. A simplified design procedure was used to design seven different systems of steel MRFs combined with compressed elastomer dampers in which the properties of the MRFs and dampers were varied. The combined systems are designed to achieve performance, which is similar to or better than the performance of conventional steel MRFs designed according to current seismic codes. Based on the results of nonlinear seismic response analyses, under both the design basis earthquake and the maximum considered earthquake, target properties for a new generation of compressed elastomer dampers are defined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Association of Markers in the 3′ Region of the GluR5 Kainate Receptor Subunit Gene to Alcohol Dependence (2009)

These findings provide support for the hypothesis that variation in the 3' portion of the gene encoding the GluR5 kainate receptor subunit contributes to the risk for AD. Further research is needed to ascertain whether this SNP is itself functional or whether the association reflects linkage disequilibrium with functional variation elsewhere in the gene and whether this SNP moderates topiramate's effects in the treatment of AD.
In-situ Stress Orientation and the Effects of Local Structure – Scott Field, North Sea (1994)

Abstract In-situ stress orientation was measured in 17 wells throughout the Scott field in order to predict the orientation of waterflood induced fractures. The Scott field is heavily faulted and significant variations in in-situ stress orientation were found between different fault blocks. The in-situ stress orientations appear to be strongly controlled by the orientation of the local faults and tectonics. The direction of maximum horizontal stress appears rotated 30° to 50° on either side of the NNW-SSE regional compression trend generally found in the North Sea. In most cases, the maximum horizontal stress is parallel to the orientation of nearby normal and wrench faults, as would be predicted by a tectonic model of such faulting. However, the tectonics of the region suggest that the rotation of the regional stress field from fault block to fault block is due to the presence of the faults rather than active faulting. The orientation of the in-situ stress was determined from shear acoustic anisotropy measurements on cores from 5 wells and from wellbore elongation measurements in 13 wells. The two methods show very similar orientations within the same fault block. No statistical variability in stress orientation was noted between different formations or with depth. Shear acoustic anisotropy utilizes the polarization of shear acoustic waves propagating through oriented core samples and has proven to be very reliable in determining stress orientation. The observed wellbore elongations in the field do not appear due to breakouts. The character, magnitude, placement, and orientation of the wellbore elongations strongly support the premise that the measured elongations were due to drilling or coring induced wellbore fractures. Previous experience by the authors and other recently published observations support this conclusion and the reliability of these elongations for the determination of stress orientation.
Antileishmanial Activities of Medicinal Herbs and Phytochemicals In Vitro and In Vivo: An Update for the Years 2015 to 2021 (2022)

Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases that present areal public health problems worldwide. Chemotherapy has several limitations such as toxic side effects, high costs, frequent relapses, the development of resistance, and the requirement for long-term treatment. Effective vaccines or drugs to prevent or cure the disease are not available yet. Therefore, it is important to dissect antileishmanial molecules that present selective efficacy and tolerable safety. Several studies revealed the antileishmanial activity of medicinal plants. Several organic extracts/essential oils and isolated natural compounds have been tested for their antileishmanial activities. Therefore, the aim of this review is to update and summarize the investigations that have been undertaken on the antileishmanial activity of medicinal plants and natural compounds derived, rom plants from January 2015 to December 2021. In this review, 94 plant species distributed in 39 families have been identified with antileishmanial activities. The leaves were the most commonly used plant part (49.5%) followed by stem bark, root, and whole plant (21.9%, 6.6%, and 5.4%, respectively). Other plant parts contributed less (<5%). The activity was reported against amastigotes and/or promastigotes of different species (L. infantum, L. tropica, L. major, L. amazonensis, L. aethiopica, L. donovani, L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L. guyanensis, and L. mexicana). Most studies (84.2%) were carried out in vitro, and the others (15.8%) were performed in vivo. The IC50 values of 103 plant extracts determined in vitro were in a range of 0.88 µg/mL (polar fraction of dichloromethane extract of Boswellia serrata) to 98 µg/mL (petroleum ether extract of Murraya koenigii). Among the 15 plant extracts studied in vivo, the hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Solanum havanense reduced parasites by 93.6% in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Voacamine extracted from Tabernaemontana divaricata reduced hepatic parasitism by ≈30 times and splenic parasitism by ≈15 times in visceral leishmaniasis. Regarding cytotoxicity, 32.4% of the tested plant extracts against various Leishmania species have a selectivity index higher than 10. For isolated compounds, 49 natural compounds have been reported with anti-Leishmania activities against amastigotes and/or promastigotes of different species (L. infantum, L. major, L. amazonensis, L. donovani and L. braziliensis). The IC50 values were in a range of 0.2 µg/mL (colchicoside against promastigotes of L. major) to 42.4 µg/mL (dehydrodieuginol against promastigotes of L. amazonensis). In conclusion, there are numerous medicinal plants and natural compounds with strong effects (IC50 < 100 µg/mL) against different Leishmania species under in vitro and in vivo conditions with good selectivity indices (SI > 10). These plants and compounds may be promising sources for the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis and should be investigated in randomized clinical trials.
The authors reply (2017)

Moldawer, Lyle L. PhD; Efron, Philip A. MD; Brakenridge, Scott MD; Moore, Frederick A. MD Author Information
Determination of atmospheric column condensate using active and passive remote sensing technology (2022)

Abstract. To further exploit atmospheric cloud water resources (CWRs), it is necessary to correctly evaluate the number of CWRs in an area. The CWRs are hydrometeors that have not participated in precipitation formation at the surface and are suspended in the atmosphere to be exploited and maximise possible precipitation in the atmosphere (Zhou et al., 2020). Three items are included in CWRs: the existing hydrometeors at a certain time, the influx of atmospheric hydrometeors along the boundaries of the study area, and the mass of hydrometeors converted from water vapour through condensation or desublimation, defined as condensate. Condensate constitutes the most important part of CWRs. At present, there is a lack of effective observation methods for atmospheric column condensate evaluation, and direct observation data of CWRs are thus insufficient. A detection method for atmospheric column condensate is proposed and presented. The formation of condensate is closely related to atmospheric meteorological parameters (e.g. temperature and vertical airflow velocity). The amount of atmospheric column condensate can be calculated by the saturated water vapour density and the ascending velocity at the cloud base and top. Active and passive remote sensing technologies are applied to detect the mass of atmospheric column condensate. Combining millimetre cloud radar, lidar and microwave radiometers can suitably observe the vertical velocity and temperature at the cloud boundary. The saturated vapour density can be derived from the temperature, and then, water vapour flux and the maximum possible condensate can be deduced. A detailed detection scheme and data calculation method are presented, and the presented method can realise the determination of atmospheric column condensate. A case of cloud layer change before precipitation is considered, and atmospheric column condensate is deduced and obtained. This is the first application, to our knowledge, of observations for atmospheric column condensate evaluation, which is significant for research on the hydrologic cycle and the assessment of CWRs.
Enhanced Cyclic Oxidation Resistance of a Single Crystal Superalloy with an Electrodeposited Reactive Element Oxide Coating (2011)

Cathodic electrodeposition was used to generate a rare earth (RE)-containing deposit on a single crystal Ni-based superalloy. The deposition parameters were optimised in order to get a RE oxy-hydroxide coating with a “well-fitted” dry-mud like morphology, i.e. presenting a multi-cracks network. A further thermal treatment was applied to dehydrate the deposit to obtain a well crystallised oxide coating (RE x O y ). The uncoated and RE x O y -coated substrates were then submitted to cyclic oxidation tests at 1100°C in laboratory air. They demonstrated the efficiency of the coating as uncoated samples severely spalled after a few cycles whereas the coated ones did not lose their protective oxide layer even after 2000 cycles. This result was attributed to the formation of a duplex oxide scale very similar to that obtained on g/g’ coatings, to the presence of nanograins at the RE x O y /scale interface and to the Hf-rich oxide pegs at the scale/substrate interface.
Efficient Sampling in Fragment-Based Protein Structure Prediction Using an Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (2013)

Fragment assembly is a powerful method of protein structure prediction that builds protein models from a pool of candidate fragments taken from known structures. Stochastic sampling is subsequently used to refine the models. The structures are first represented as coarse-grained models and then as all-atom models for computational efficiency. Many models have to be generated independently due to the stochastic nature of the sampling methods used to search for the global minimum in a complex energy landscape. In this paper we present EdaFold(AA), a fragment-based approach which shares information between the generated models and steers the search towards native-like regions. A distribution over fragments is estimated from a pool of low energy all-atom models. This iteratively-refined distribution is used to guide the selection of fragments during the building of models for subsequent rounds of structure prediction. The use of an estimation of distribution algorithm enabled EdaFold(AA) to reach lower energy levels and to generate a higher percentage of near-native models. [Formula: see text] uses an all-atom energy function and produces models with atomic resolution. We observed an improvement in energy-driven blind selection of models on a benchmark of EdaFold(AA) in comparison with the [Formula: see text] AbInitioRelax protocol.
Mining opinions in Arabic text using an improved “Semantic Orientation using Pointwise Mutual Information” Algorithm (2012)

This paper presents an optimized approach for mining opinions in Arabic Religious Decrees using an improved “Semantic Orientation using Pointwise Mutual Information” Algorithm. The original approach executed a number of steps to classify a religious decree into either Halal (Allowed) or Haraam (Prohibited). Those steps included Data Collection, Simple Text Preprocessing, Manual Data labeling, Advanced Text Preprocessing, Weight Calculation and experimentation using Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Algorithms. Weight Calculation process utilized SO-PMI Algorithm proposed by Wang and Araki in 2008. Results obtained by original approach gave an accuracy rate of 73.08%. The new approach utilizes an improved SO-PMI Algorithm that executes a series of advanced steps to improve the calculation of the weights. The improved algorithm increased the accuracy rate of the Unsupervised Learning Algorithm up to 20% but produced poor results for the Supervised Learning Algorithm.
Pressure sores and underlying bone infection (1987)

• Pressure sores are a serious complication of hospitalized and chronically ill patients. Evaluation for underlying bone infection can be made difficult by radiographic, nuclear imaging, and soft-tissue culture studies that are abnormal and suggest the presence of bone infection, when no infection is present. Evaluation by bone biopsy with histologic and microbiological studies can accurately and promptly diagnose whether bone infection is present. This allows appropriate treatment when infection is present, and prevents unneeded and potentially toxic antibiotic therapy when preliminary studies incorrectly suggest that infection is present. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1987;147:553-555)
Reversible Selbstorganisation semisynthetischer Zinkchlorine zu definierten Stabantennen (2005)

Biomimetische Lichtsammelantennen mit ausgezeichneter Löslichkeit und Langzeitstabilität sind durch nichtkovalente Polymerisation semisynthetischer Zinkchlorine zugänglich. Die reversible Bildung der Zinkchlorin-Aggregate wurde spektroskopisch untersucht (siehe Bild), ihre stabförmige Struktur wurde experimentell durch Rasterkraftmikroskopie nachgewiesen.
Synthesis of Bulky Phosphines by Rhodium-Catalyzed Formal [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Tethered Diynes with 1-Alkynylphosphine Sulfides (2007)

The reaction of tethered diynes with 1-alkynylphosphine sulfides under rhodium catalysis provides the corresponding phosphine sulfides having a bulky aryl group. The following desulfidation yields bulky phosphines that will potentially serve as ligands in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions.
DNA structures under molecular crowding conditions with a phosphorylcholine derivative (MPC) (2015)

The molecular environment of a living cell is totally different from that of a typical test tube solution; about 30% of the volume of the cell interior is occupied by large biomolecules, small metabolites, and osmolytes, leading to molecular crowding conditions. In particular, there are large amounts of zwitterionic molecules that act as osmolytes, and amino acids. Here, we studied the thermodynamics of the canonical DNA duplex and non-canonical DNA G-quadruplex structures under molecular crowding conditions using a phosphorylcholine derivative, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), as a model compound of a naturally occurring zwitterionic molecule. It was found that MPC stabilized the DNA G-quadruplex structure, whereas it destabilized the DNA duplex.
Actinium Hydrides AcH10, AcH12, and AcH16 as High-Temperature Conventional Superconductors (2018)

The stability of numerous unexpected actinium hydrides was predicted via the evolutionary algorithm USPEX. The electron-phonon interaction was investigated for the hydrogen-richest and most symmetric phases: R3̅ m-AcH<sub>10</sub>, I4/ mmm-AcH<sub>12</sub>, and P6̅ m2-AcH<sub>16</sub>. Predicted structures of actinium hydrides are consistent with all previously studied Ac-H phases and demonstrate phonon-mediated high-temperature superconductivity with T<sub>C</sub> in the range of 204-251 K for R3̅ m-AcH<sub>10</sub> at 200 GPa and 199-241 K for P6̅ m2-AcH<sub>16</sub> at 150 GPa, which was estimated by directly solving the Eliashberg equation. Actinium belongs to the series of d<sup>1</sup> elements (Sc-Y-La-Ac) that form high- T<sub>C</sub> superconducting (HTSC) hydrides. Combining this observation with previous predictions of p<sup>0</sup>-HTSC hydrides (MgH<sub>6</sub> and CaH<sub>6</sub>), we propose that p<sup>0</sup> and d<sup>1</sup> metals with low-lying empty orbitals tend to form phonon-mediated HTSC metal polyhydrides.
Tuning of heavy metal removal efficiency from water via micro algae/hydrogel composites (2013)

Abstract A series of micro algea-based hydrogel composites were prepared from polyacrylamide and Spirulina (PAAm-sp). Free radical polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) in the presence of N,N-methylene bis-acrylamide (BAAm), as a crosslinker, and Spirulina microalgae in different loadings was conducted. Chromium metal adsorption capacity was determined with UV-VIS spectroscopy whereas mechanical performance of the resultant hydrogel composites was followed with uniaxial compression experiments. It has been found that efficiency can be tuned by Spiriluna composition in hydrogel. PAAm hydrogel composite having 0.5 % Spirulina had the maximum compression strength, good swelling in water as well as improved thermal stability due to the special and beneficial ‘fishnet morphology” observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed high performance of this composition is proved to be due to this morphology where all potential binding sites are under receptive position for metal adsorption. Spirulina by itself in water can remove only about 2 % of its weight of Cr +3 ion, however in the hydrogel structure this removal increases up to 200 % which makes this biotechnological approach superior in the metal removal from the water.
Parametric filtering surpasses resonator noise in ALN contour-mode oscillators (2014)

In this work we present a new method to lower the phase noise in acoustic resonator based oscillators. This method uses the nonlinear dynamics of a parametric divider made to work close to the bifurcation region. We call this technique "parametric filtering". This approach was applied to an oscillator based on an aluminum nitride contour-mode resonator vibrating around 227 MHz. This class of resonators exhibits frequency flicker noise that limits the oscillator phase noise close to the carrier. By means of parametric filtering we obtained an improvement in the phase noise of more than 14 and 19 dB, respectively at 1 and 10 kHz offsets. This technique can be applied to any MEMS oscillator and represents the first demonstration of open loop phase noise filtering.
Real-time tracking of deformable target in 3D ultrasound images (2015)

In this paper, we present a novel approach for tracking a deformable anatomical target within 3D ultrasound volumes. Our method is able to estimate deformations caused by the physiological motions of the patient. The displacements of moving structures are estimated from an intensity-based approach combined with a physically-based model and has therefore the advantage to be less sensitive to the image noise. Furthermore, our method does not use any fiducial marker and has real-time capabilities. The accuracy of our method is evaluated on real data acquired from an organic phantom. The validation is performed on different types of motions comprising rigid and non-rigid motions. Thus, our approach opens novel possibilities for computer-assisted interventions where deformable organs are involved.
Membrane changes during urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. (1976)

Normal mammalian urothelium has a complex pattern of morphogenesis and cell differentiation. The luminal face of the polyploid, superficial cells is limited by a morphologically unique plasma membrane with a highly ordered substructure. This membrane is a convenient marker for normal differentiation in the urothelium. In reversible, benign hyperplasia, following cytotoxic damage, the luminal face of the most superficial layer of cells is limited by an undifferentiated membrane which is comparable to the plasma membrane of normal basal cells. When the hyperplasia regresses, normal differentiation of the urothelium is reestablished, and the normal, specialized surface membrane is again produced. In both preneoplastic hyperplasia and early neoplasia induced by various carcinogenic regimens, a novel form of differentiation affecting the surface membrane is seen in some superficial cells. Microvilli form on their free luminal face and are limited by a membrane with an unusual, structured glycocalyx, which is not found in normal urothelium or benign hyperplasia. This glycocalyx also develops on some cells in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in man. This novel glycocalyx may be a morphological marker for neoplastic transformation in the urothelium.