gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A hitchhiker’s guide to microscopy and microanalysis using telecommunications, e-mail, and the Internet (1994)

The Information SuperHighway, Email, The Internet, FTP, BBS, Modems, : all buzz words which are becoming more and more routine in our daily life. Confusing terminology? Hopefully it won't be in a few minutes, all you need is to have a handle on a few basic concepts and terms and you will be on-line with the rest of the "telecommunication experts". These terms all refer to some type or aspect of tools associated with a range of computer-based communication software and hardware. They are in fact far less complex than the instruments we use on a day to day basis as microscopist's and microanalyst's. The key is for each of us to know what each is and how to make use of the wealth of information which they can make available to us for the asking. Basically all of these items relate to mechanisms and protocols by which we as scientists can easily exchange information rapidly and efficiently to colleagues in the office down the hall, or half-way around the world using computers and various communications media. The purpose of this tutorial/paper is to outline and demonstrate the basic ideas of some of the major information systems available to all of us today. For the sake of simplicity we will break this presentation down into two distinct (but as we shall see later connected) areas: telecommunications over conventional phone lines, and telecommunications by computer networks. Live tutorial/demonstrations of both procedures will be presented in the Computer Workshop/Software Exchange during the course of the meeting.
OCTOPLUS: A New Generation of FPSO for Deepwater (2006)

Today, FPSOs are usually converted tankers (VLCCs) or box-shaped new-built vessels. In either case, the hull provides oil storage capacity whereas process equipment, utilities and accommodation are spread over the deck area. The hull is built or converted following conventional shipyard practices before the topside are installed as small pre-assembled units built to offshore oil and gas standards. The OCTOPLUS is a new concept Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel designed for deep and ultra-deep waters. This new generation FPSO vessel allows the hull and the topsides to be built and transported independently, and then mated at the field location. To provide confidence in the concept to potential end users, the integrity of the OCTOPLUS design has been evaluated over a three year EC development study, which included model testing. The cost, schedule, execution plan and operation of a development based on the OCTOPLUS were also established and compared to a standard FPSO. This paper presents the results and conclusions of this three year study and the current development status of the OCTOPLUS concept.
The emerging role of FTY720 (Fingolimod) in cancer treatment (2016)

FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a clinically approved immunomodulating therapy for multiple sclerosis that sequesters T-cells to lymph nodes through functional antagonism of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor. FTY720 also demonstrates a proven efficacy in multiple in vitro and in vivo cancer models, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in cancer patients. A potential anticancer mechanism of FTY720 is through the inhibition of sphingosine kinase 1, a proto-oncogene with in vitro and clinical cancer association. In addition, FTY720's anticancer properties may be attributable to actions on several other molecular targets. This study focuses on reviewing the emerging evidence regarding the anticancer properties and molecular targets of FTY720. While the clinical transition of FTY720 is currently limited by its immune suppression effects, studies aiming at FTY720 delivery and release together with identifying its key synergetic combinations and relevant patient subsets may lead to its rapid introduction into the clinic.
Comparison of the sequences at specific sites on DNA cleaved by the antitumor antibiotics talisomycin and bleomycin. (1982)

We have investigated the site-specific cleavage of DNA by the antitumor antibiotics talisomycin and bleomycin by using 5'- or 3'-terminal 32P-labeled restriction fragments of pBR 322 DNA. Both drugs cleaved DNA preferentially at G-C and G-T sequences. However, the relative amounts of cleavage at particular cleavage sites differed between talisomycin and bleomycin at concentrations of the drugs which produced similar extents of total cleavage. In addition, talisomycin produced specific cleavages at G-A sequences which were relatively resistant to cleavage by bleomycin. Within a preferred sequence group (i.e., G-C sequences), some sites were cleaved to a greater extent relative to others by both talisomycin and bleomycin, suggesting that a greater degree of specificity than that provided by only two nucleotides is involved in the site-specific recognition and cleavage of DNA by these drugs.
Synthesis of Pregn-17/20/-en-21-oic Acid Derivatives. The Wittig-Horner Reaction on Steroidal 17-Ketones (1977)

Abstract In connection with the synthesis directed toward 25-hydroxycholesterol,1/ and other cholestane derivatives hydroxylated in the side chain, the research was undertaken in order to find the most effective method for the preparation of pregn-17/20/-en-21-oic acid derivatives.2/ In the present communication we would like to report the observation that contrary to the literature data, such pregnenoic acid derivatives can be conveniently obtained in very good yields by the Wittig-Horner reaction of 17-ketoandrostane derivatives and estrone with trialkyl phosphonoacetates when alcohols or DME are used as the reaction medium. In the previous reports the following statements have been made: 1/ the Wittig-Horner reaction of steroidal 17-ketones with trialkyl phosphonoacetates is compleetely inhibited as a result of the steric shielding of the carbonyl group3a, 2/ this reaction gives very low yields3b/, 3/ in the case of 17-ketoanderostane derivatives this reaction requires drastic conditions and is completely inhibited in the case of estrone/irrespective of conditions/3c/.
Imidazolium modified carbon nanohorns: switchable solubility and stabilization of metal nanoparticles (2010)

Imidazolium-modified carbon nanohorn-based hybrid materials have been prepared and characterized by complementary spectroscopic, thermal and microscopy techniques, while the counter-anion of the positively charged imidazolium fragment has been identified by electron dispersive X-ray analysis. In particular, oxidized carbon nanohorns, activated upon reaction with oxalyl chloride, have been initially covalently coupled with (3-aminopropyl)imidazole, while further reaction with n-butyl bromide resulted to the formation of the N-n-butylimidazolium-modified carbon nanohorns as a stable dispersion in aqueous media. Moreover, the bromide anion of the imidazolium-based hybrid material, can be exchanged by [PF6−], [ClO4−] and [BF4−] anions upon treatment with the corresponding salts, resulting on switching of the solubility of the hybrid material from aqueous to organic solvents. On the other hand, when the [PF6−] N-n-butylimidazolium-modified carbon nanohorn hybrid material was treated with Na2SO4, NaNO3 or NaCl, the solubility of the as prepared hybrid materials was switched to aqueous media again. Thus, the nature of the counter-anion on the imidazolium-modified carbon nanohorns modulates the wettability of the material (i.e. switchable hydrophilic vs. lipophilic counter-anion and vice versa). In addition, the newly prepared hybrid materials have been employed as effective stabilizers to grow platinum and palladium nanoparticles, while their presence has been proved both by HR-TEM and EDX analysis.
Numerical Prediction of Springback Shape of Severely Bent Sheet Metal (2007)

In the sheet metal forming simulation, the shell element widely used is assumed as a plane stress state based on the Mindlin‐Reissner theory. Numerical prediction with the conventional shell element is not accurate when the bending radius is small compared to the sheet thickness. The main reason is because the strain and stress formulation of the conventional shell element does not fit the actual phenomenon. In order to predict precisely the springback of a bent sheet with a severe bend, a measurement method for through‐thickness strain has been proposed. The strain was formulated based on measurement results and calculation results from solid element. Through‐thickness stress distribution was formulated based on the equilibrium. The proposed shell element based on the formulations was newly introduced into the FEM code. The accuracy of this method’s prediction of the springback shape of two bent processes has been confirmed. As a result, it was found that the springback shape even in severe bending can be predicted with high accuracy. Moreover, the calculation time in the proposed shell element is about twice that in the conventional shell element, and has been shortened to about 1/20 compared to a solid element.
Volume Overview: Introduction (2012)

The origins and history of the study of teratology and developmental toxicology span centuries of human experience. Anatomical malformations observed at birth have been described across many generations but the root causes of these events have been enigmatic and difficult to understand. Many factors may contribute to the lack of mechanistic understanding, but the miniscule size, inaccessibility, and the consequences of ethical concerns contribute heavily to the unique restrictions on developmental toxicology research. Classic teratogens, such as vitamin A, Rubella virus, thalidomide, and methyl mercury, have provided many insights into understanding the modes of chemical action that are responsible for causing defects but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Developmental toxicology research has benefitted greatly in the past decades from discoveries made in related fields of study, including those from cancer research, stem cell biology, and developmental biology. New methods created and adapted for studies in developmental toxicology have taken on greater importance as gestational lesions can now be shown to have developmental and health consequences across the entire lifespan.
IL‐25 exhibits disparate roles during Th2‐cell differentiation versus effector function (2014)

A keenly sought therapeutic approach for the treatment of allergic disease is the identification and neutralization of the cytokine that regulates the differentiation of T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Th2 cells are exciting targets for asthma therapies. Recently, the cytokine IL-25 has been shown to enhance Th2-type immune activity and play important roles in mediating allergic inflammatory responses. To investigate this further, we crossed IL-25(-/-) C57BL/6 mice with G4 IL-4 C57BL/6 reporter mice and developed an assay for in vitro and in vivo IL-4-independent Th2-cell differentiation. These assays were used to determine whether IL-25 was critical for the formation of Th2 cells. We found there was no physiological role for IL-25 in either the differentiation of Th2 cells or their development to effector or memory Th2-cell subsets. Importantly, this data challenges the newly found and growing status of the cytokine IL-25 and its proposed role in promoting Th2-cell responses.
Efficacy and tolerability of the amlodipine+enalapril fixed combination therapy in the treatment of broad population of stage I and II essential hypertension (2003)

In hypertensive patients an intense blood pressure reduction has been shown to be associated with greater cardiovascular protection, but to get goal BP is necessary the use for the majority of patients an association of drugs. To establish the efficacy, tolerability, effects upon glucose and lipid metabolism and echocardiographic parameters of a fixed combination of Amlodipine + Enalapril (A+E) in a broad population of essential hypertensives (EHT). In a multicenter study, after 3 weeks of wash-out, 217 EHTs, 29 of them older than 65 years and 16 with type 2 diabetes were treated for 16 weeks with a fixed combination therapy of A + E at initial dose of 2.5mg+10 mg once/daily, tritiated if necessary in a stepwise to 5mg+10mg and 5mg+20 mg once daily. Blood pressure, heart rate and adverse events (AE) were recorded every 4 weeks . In subgroups, ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), home BP monitoring (HBPM), glucose and lipid metabolism parameters and echocardiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and after 16 weeks of follow-up. Efficacy was evaluated considering 2 cut-off points for normal BP: ≤90 mmHg and ≤ 85 mmHg. ABPM e HBPM showed maintenace of BP control during the 24 hours. In general the combination therapy with A + E was well tolerated and AE profile revelead an incidence of 2% of palpitation, 3.3% of dizzziness, 13.5 % of headche, 13.5% of cough and only 11.4% of leg edema. Majority of AEs were mild and only 3 patients were discontinued prematurely from study due to drug related AEs. The metabolic profile of this fixed combination was neutral and promoted reductions in left ventricle septal and posterior wall thickness. A + E fixed combination therapy for a broad population of stage I and II EHT was very efficacious and similar for all patients subgroups with a very favorable AE profile and beneficial effects upon target organ damage and therefore is an excelent option for the treatment of EHT. (See Table) Antihipertensive Efficacy P < 0.05 vs baseline. Antihipertensive Efficacy P < 0.05 vs baseline.
The thymine-thymine pyrimidine-pyrimidone(6-4) ultraviolet light photoproduct is highly mutagenic and specifically induces 3' thymine-to-cytosine transitions in Escherichia coli. (1991)

We have constructed single-stranded, M13-based vectors that contain a specifically located thymine-thymine pyrimidine-pyrimidone(6-4) UV photoproduct and have used these to estimate the frequency and accuracy of DNA replication past this adduct in uvrA6 cells of Escherichia coli. Both the normal and the Dewar valence photoisomer of the (6-4) adduct were studied. In the absence of SOS induction, vectors carrying the photoproducts were rarely replicated; relative to the lesion-free control, 1.9% of vectors carrying the normal (6-4) isomer produced plaques, and with the Dewar valence isomer the proportion was 0.4%. In SOS-induced cells, these frequencies rose to 22.1% and 12.3%, respectively. The error frequency of replication past the normal isomer in SOS-induced cells was high; in a random sample of 185 progeny phage analyzed, 169 (91%) contained mutations, all of which were targeted. Equally striking, a high proportion of the mutations (158/169; 93%) were of only one type, namely 3' T----C transitions. Both the error frequency and the specificity were much reduced with the Dewar valence isomer; overall, 74/140 (53%) of the phage analyzed were mutant, and of these only 34 (46%) entailed the 3' T----C transition. We speculate that the high error frequency and specificity arise from the formation of a stable T-G base pair, involving hydrogen bonds at O-2 and N-3 in the pyrimidone ring. Potential hydrogen bonds at these sites are coplanar in the normal but not in the Dewar isomer, perhaps explaining the reduced specificity of mutagenesis with the latter adduct.
Crystal structure of LptH, the periplasmic component of the lipopolysaccharide transport machinery from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2015)

Coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession number PDB 4uu4.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Cooperativity of E-cadherin and Smad4 Loss to Promote Diffuse-Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Metastasis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF - 100K, Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry for the confirmation of loss of Smad4 and p53.&lt;/p&gt;
SRF cavity testing status and operating experience (2012)

The cryogenic system at the Meson Detector Building (MDB) has now supported over four years of testing of fully assembled SRF cavities. The Horizontal Test Stand (HTS) has tested single, fully dressed 1.3 GHz and 3.9 GHz cavities at 2 K as final qualification prior to their installation into accelerator-ready cryomodules. The MDB cryogenic system has been expanded to support an additional cavity test area, the Spoke Resonator Test (SRT) area, for 325 MHz single-spoke resonators. The SRT area currently supports 4.5 K operations for research and development of the spoke cavities with tuner and coupler. The test area addition required the design and installation of a new cryogenic transfer line extension to reach this second test area and to allow for independent operations of either cavity test system. The cryogenic performance and operational experiences of both cavity test areas, operating individually or simultaneously, will be discussed. The general reliability of operating the closed, subatmospheric helium system free of contaminants will be discussed. Future plans for the MDB test area include lowering the SRT temperature to 2 K and adding an additional Horizontal Test Stand (HTS-2).
Visualizing graph dynamics and similarity for enterprise network security and management (2010)

Managing complex enterprise networks requires an understanding at a finer granularity than traditional network monitoring. The ability to correlate and visualize the dynamics and inter-relationships among various network components such as hosts, users, and applications is non-trivial. In this paper, we propose a visualization approach based on the hierarchical structure of similarity/difference visualization in the context of heterogeneous graphs. The concept of hierarchical visualization starts with the evolution of inter-graph states, adapts to the visualization of intra-graph clustering, and concludes with the visualization of similarity between individual nodes. Our visualization tool, ENAVis (Enterprise Network Activities Visualization), quantifies and presents these important changes and dynamics essential to network operators through a visually appealing and highly interactive manner. Through novel graph construction and transformation, such as network connectivity graphs, MDS graphs, bipartite graphs, and similarity graphs, we demonstrate how similarity/dynamics can be effectively visualized to provide insight with regards to network understanding.
Multiple electron & phonon scattering effect achieves highly efficient thermoelectricity due to nanostructuring (2023)

To enhance the thermoelectric efficiency of a material, the decoupling of transport parameters in the dimensionless figure of merit, zT is important. The SnTe with MnTe magnetic nanoprecipitates was synthesized resulting in a high figure of merit. The gigantic localized spin moment of MnTe nanoprecipitates effectively scatters the conduction electron in SnTe, decoupling Seebeck coefficient, S, and electrical conductivity, σ. As a result, the powerfactor, S2σ was enhanced dramatically over the entire temperature range. The localized spin moment of MnTe nanoprecipitates was significantly larger than that of conventional magnetic atomic substitution in the alloy. Therefore, the spin moment fluctuation of superparamagnetic nanoprecipitates could effectively scatter electrons even at a high temperature. The first quantitative theoretical analysis for electron scattering was conducted in this work, to verify the spin dependent scattering. The weak localization measurement also supported the enhanced electron scattering by localized spin moment. The coherent MnTe nanoprecipitates in the SnTe matrix also reduced lattice thermal conductivity significantly. The slight difference in the lattice parameter between matrix SnTe and precipitates MnTe induced lattice strain and enhanced phonon scattering. The thermoelectric figure of merit zT was recorded 1.8 at 923 K in the eco-friendly material.
Models for intra-hospital patient routing (2011)

The aim of this work is to introduce a new model for intra-hospital routing of patients, considering both client- and management related issues. Patients in a hospital have a fixed appointment, such as x-rays or ultrasonic and due to medical reasons they cannot go on their own, so they will be escorted by porters. In our model logistical costs for the usage of porters and patient inconvenience will be minimized. We show that the different developed model variants are tractable for realistic problem instances of medium-sized hospitals.
Optical pump-terahertz probe analysis of long-lived d-electrons and relaxation to self-trapped exciton states in MnO (2016)

The dynamics of photoexcited electrons in various excited d-states was investigated in a transition metal oxide MnO by tunable optical pump-terahertz probe measurements. Photoexcited electrons in the lowest excited d-state showed the longest relaxation time among the three excited d-states that are accessible in MnO at room temperature. The relaxation rate in the lowest excited d-state showed a drastic increase below the Neel temperature TN = 120 K in MnO. We conclude that this increase is caused by the appearance of a decay channel related to magnetic-excitation-assisted photoluminescence from self-trapped exciton (STE) states. The opening of relaxation channels to the STE states in an antiferromagnetic phase suggests that it may be possible to control photocarrier lifetime by magnetic order in transition metal oxides.
On the Exploitation of Temporal Redundancy to Improve Polyp Detection in Colonoscopy (2020)

Colonoscopy is currently the most effective screening method to find precancerous colon polyps and plan their removal. Computer-aided polyp detection can reduce polyp miss detection rates and help doctors find the most critical regions to pay attention to. The challenge in detecting polyps is due to the polyp's morphology and size, and these fall into false-negative. Indeed, polyps may exhibit high variability in shapes (e.g., depressed, flat, pedunculated, etc ...). Moreover, the water injected from the endoscope results in artifacts which impede the detection, and the lubricating mucus causes light artifacts due its glossiness. To address this problem, we propose a mask-based attention mechanism to ensure that the employed detector focuses on particular regions of the image in order to reduce misdetection rate. Our contribution takes advantage of information on polyp's position over time within a video sequence. We provide such information through a binary mask which points out the last-known polyp's position. The proposed approach is validated on a dataset that has been labeled by colonoscopy experts. It contains about 200 videos and more than 500 different polyps with high variability in size and textures. Experimental results show that the proposed attention mechanism recover a smaller number of false negatives and achieves an Fl-score of 80.21%.
Thin Film Magnesium Boride Superconductor with Very High Critical Current Density and Enhanced Irreversibility Field (2001)

The discovery of superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride offers the possibility of a new class of low-cost, high-performance superconducting materials for magnets and electronic applications. With twice the critical temperature of Nb_3Sn and four times that of Nb-Ti alloy, MgB_2 has the potential to reach much higher fields and current densities than either of these technological superconductors. A vital prerequisite, strongly linked current flow, has already been demonstrated even at this early stage. One possible drawback is the observation that the field at which superconductivity is destroyed is modest. Further, the field which limits the range of practical applications, the irreversibility field H*(T), is ~7 T at liquid helium temperature (4.2 K), significantly lower than ~10 T for Nb-Ti and ~20 T for Nb_3Sn. Here we show that MgB_2 thin films can exhibit a much steeper temperature dependence of H*(T) than is observed in bulk materials, yielding H*(4.2 K) above 14 T. In addition, very high critical current densities at 4.2 K, 1 MA/cm_2 at 1 T and 10_5 A/cm_2 at 10 T, are possible. These data demonstrate that MgB_2 has credible potential for high-field superconducting applications.