gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of saxitoxin-sensitive and insensitive sodium channels in cultured neonatal rat astrocytes (1989)

Voltage-sensitive Na channels were studied in cultures of neonatal rat cortical astrocytes. These channels were present at all times in culture as determined by tracer 22Na+ influx in the presence of batrachotoxin (BTX) and sea anemone polypeptide toxin (AxTx). The affinity of saxitoxin (STX) binding and sensitivity to STX inhibition of sodium influx were utilized to characterize these channels. Up to 7 d in culture, high-affinity 3H-STX binding (Kd of 0.2 nM at 4 degrees C) was very low, and 22Na+ influx was inhibited only by high concentrations (Ki = 170 nM) of STX. From 7 to 14 d, total specific binding of STX increased to a maximum of over 2 pmol/mg protein and remained constant for 28 d. By 14 d, inhibition of 22Na+ influx by STX was clearly biphasic, indicating the presence of 2 populations of channels with Ki's of 0.2 nM and 150 nM. At 14 d in culture, binding of 3H-STX to astrocyte membranes revealed the presence of 2 specific sites. During this second week, increasing numbers of high-affinity STX binding sites and increasing sensitivity to the inhibition of BTX + AxTx-stimulated 22Na+ influx by STX coincided with the change in morphology of primitive flat polygonal cells to highly branched stellate forms characteristic of mature astrocytes in vivo. Changes in culture conditions modified the time course of the onset of high STX affinity binding. Twenty-four hours after changing to serum-free G5 medium, there was both an 8-fold increase in STX binding sites and a change to a stellate shape in all cells. The results suggest that although low-affinity STX Na channels are always present in astrocytes, after 7 d in culture a different population of channels appears with the high affinity for STX characteristic of adult neuronal sodium channels. This spontaneous process is greatly accelerated by changing to a chemically defined medium.
Efficacy of waterborne polyurethane to prevent the enzymatic attack on paper‐based materials (2009)

Abstract The chemical and biological deterioration of paper‐based materials is mainly due to the degradation of its main component, the cellulose. However, paper also contains small amounts of organic and inorganic additives which might influence its biodegradability. To protect the paper‐based materials against various degradative agents, coating treatments with polymeric materials might be developed. In this study, the protective effect of commercial waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) against an enzymatic attack was investigated. Uncoated and coated samples with WPU of newsprint were subjected to degradation by enzymatic complexes (cellulosomes) produced by Clostridium cellulolyticum for different incubation times and then characterized using several analytical techniques (energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman and infrared spectroscopy) with the aim to assess if waterborne polyurethanes can be used in paper conservation, looking at their efficacy against the biodegradation induced by enzymes. The selected waterborne polyurethanes showed a high effectiveness in the protection of paper‐based materials when they were submitted to the enzymatic attack. Indeed, their presence delayed the destruction of the cellulose matrix and the release of both soluble sugars and paper additives. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Pediatric elbow trauma (1997)

Acute pediatric elbow trauma is commonly seen in the emergency department (ED). Reports confirm that, compared to other fractures, children's elbow fractures are commonly misdiagnosed in the ED. In addition, missed orthopedic injuries are one of the leading causes of malpractice claims in emergency medicine. Radiologic diagnosis of these injuries is challenging, as a large portion of the pediatric elbow is composed of radiolucent cartilage. Knowledge of the normal anatomy and ossification centers around the elbow is essential for correct diagnosis. Acute neurovascular injury is frequently associated with these injuries, but is often difficult to assess in an apprehensive child. Immediate orthopedic consultation is indicated for any child with an elbow injury in whom neurologic or vascular compromise is suspected. Consultation should be strongly considered for children with displaced supracondylar fractures and/or significant echymosis and swelling about the cubital fossa.
Frequencies of hprt- mutations and bcl-2 translocations in circulating human lymphocytes are correlated with United Kingdom sunlight records (1999)

Between 1983 and 1995 we have monitored human populations for evidence of exposure to environmental mutagens, taking blood samples to measure hprt(-) mutant frequency in T cells and more recently bcl-2 t(14:18) translocation frequency in B cells. We have now analysed data from 785 assays on 448 blood samples from 308 normal subjects and find that there is a highly significant statistical correlation between hprt(-) mutant frequency and the sunlight record for the 3 weeks prior to taking the blood sample. We discuss the weaknesses in retrospective studies of this nature and the possibility of spurious epidemiological correlations that may result. More controlled experiments can be envisaged that would give a firmer basis to the statistical associations observed. hprt(-) mutations in T cells show little evidence of a UV fingerprint, so that the correlation may be due to immunomodulation rather than mutation. We also find a correlation between the sunlight record and bcl-2 translocation. This translocation is found at a low frequency in the B cells of many normal subjects and is the commonest translocation observed in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Our results strengthen the case for a link between sunlight and this increasingly common cancer.
Comprehensive evaluation of the K-factor values in the lightning impulse voltage test techniques for UHV-class electric power equipment (2012)

In the 2010 revision of IEC-60060-1 "High-voltage test techniques", the conversion of waveforms using the test voltage function (K-factor) was introduced as one of the major revisions. At present, in IEC TC42 "High-voltage and high-current test techniques," a study is conducted on the standards for the lightning impulse voltage test at WG 19 "Adaptation of TC 42 standards to UHV test requirements." The present paper comprehensively evaluates the experimental results of the K-factor values using the largest possible model assuming UHV-class electric power equipment, as well as the past experimental results of the K-factor values. Initially, these experimental results were evaluated from a view point of insulation properties to clarify the characteristics of the Kfactor values. The adaptation itself of the K-factor evaluation method to also cover UHVclass equipment is considered significant. However, for high-voltage class equipment, since the formative time lag of breakdown is longer due to the long insulation length, resulting in a longer breakdown time, the K-factor values are considered lower than the existing K-factor function. Subsequently, the experimental results of the K-factor values were comprehensively evaluated and compared with the existing K-factor function. The K-factor function may possibly have to be reviewed for UHV-class electric power equipment to take lower values than the existing K-factor function.
Plasmonic support-mediated activation of 1 nm platinum clusters for catalysis (2017)

Nanometer-sized metal clusters are prime candidates for photoactivated catalysis, based on their unique tunable optical and electronic properties, combined with a large surface-to-volume ratio. Due to the very small optical cross sections of such nanoclusters, support-mediated plasmonic activation could potentially make activation more efficient. Our support is a semi-transparent gold film, optimized to work in a back-illumination geometry. It has a surface plasmon resonance excitable in the 510-540 nm wavelength range. Pt<sub>n</sub> clusters (size distribution peaked at n = 46 atoms) have been deposited onto this support and investigated for photoactivated catalytic performance in the oxidative decomposition of methylene blue. The Pt cluster catalytic activity under illumination exceeds that of the gold support by more than an order of magnitude per active surface area. To further investigate the underlying mechanism of plasmon-induced catalysis, the clusters have been imaged with optically-assisted scanning tunneling microscopy under illumination. The photoactivation of the Pt clusters via plasmonic excitation of the support and subsequential electronic excitation of the clusters can be imaged with nanometer resolution. The light-induced tunneling current on the clusters is enhanced relative to the gold film support.
Replication of viral RNA, XVI. Enzymatic synthesis of infectious virual RNA with noninfectious Q-beta minus strands as template. (1968)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Oil and Development - A Formula for Sustained Economic Growth? (2015)

The purpose of our study is to determine the importance of oil exports in relation to GDP in countries located in Sub-Saharan Africa when it comes to promoting economic growth. Due to the fact that oil accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world’s total energy production, and is predicted to do so for at least 45 more years to come, we found this a highly relevant topic to look into. At the moment, Sub-Saharan Africa is in the middle of an oil-boom. Eastern and Western Africa have become promising exploration areas and thus attracted a lot of interest all around the globe. Therefore, we chose to include 14 Sub-Saharan African countries in our econometric study. We look at how the value of oil exports as a ratio of GDP affects economic growth in these countries during a time period of 27 years, stretching from 1983- 2010. Our hypothesis deals with the presence of a “Resource Curse”, stipulating that an economy which is overly dependent on oil tends to lead to none, or negative, economic growth. With this report, we conclude that an increase in the ratio of oil exports to GDP will generate higher economic growth in our chosen Sub-Saharan African countries. However, we find evidence against a “Resource Curse” taking place in the region. On the other hand, as it is a relatively under-developed region there is still a possibility that the oil sector has yet to gain enough influence in many economies to actually suffer the consequences of the phenomena. Perhaps this could be something for these countries to take into account as they become more reliant on oil as a means of production.
Automated Vehicle Technology: Ten Research Areas to Follow (2014)

In July 2013, the Transportation Research Board and Stanford University cosponsored a workshop on the challenges and opportunities related to the increasing automation of motor vehicles and the environments in which they operate. In this article, the authors trace ten major topics with related research questions culled from the workshop’s breakout sessions. The topics are as follows: human factors and human-machine interaction; infrastructure and operations; testing, certification, and licensing; energy and environment; V2X communications and architecture; automated commercial vehicle operations; shared mobility and transit; liability, risk and insurance; cybersecurity and resiliency; and data ownership, access, protection, and discovery.
Occupational Therapy for Elderly Patients: A New Experience at ‘Policlinico Gemelli, Rome (1996)

This article considers the importance of rehabilitation in the medical care of elderly patients. It discusses a pilot project being carried out at ‘Policlinico Gemelll’ hospital of Rome, which enables patients to achieve the maximum level of independence and a satisfactory quality of life. The article is published as part of the College of Occupational Therapists' current focus on ‘Equalising Opportunities’.
Finite-State Morphology: Inflections and Derivations in a Single Framework Using Dictionaries and Rules (1997)

The finite-state paradigm of computer sciences has provided a basis for natural-language applications that are efficient, elegant and robust. This volume is a practical guide to finite-state theory and the affiliated programming languages lexc and xfst. Readers will learn how to write tokenizers, spelling checkers, and especially morphological analyzer/generators for words in English, French, Finnish, Hungarian and other languages. Included are graded introductions, examples, and exercises suitable for individual study as well as formal courses. These take advantage of widely tested lexc and xfst applications that are just becoming available for noncommercial use via the Internet.
Formation of Condensation Products on Treatment of Non-Phenolic Lignin Units of the β-Aryl Ether Type with Alkali. Model Studies on a Novel Mode of Alkaline Lignin Condensation (1987)

Article Formation of Condensation Products on Treatment of Non-Phenolic Lignin Units of the β-Aryl Ether Type with Alkali. Model Studies on a Novel Mode of Alkaline Lignin Condensation was published on January 1, 1987 in the journal Holzforschung (volume 41, issue 2).
Tutorial notes on partial evaluation (1993)

The last years have witnessed a flurry of new results in the area of partial evaluation. These tutorial notes survey the field and present a critical assessment of the state of the art.
Confocal Raman Microscopy for pH-Gradient Preconcentration and Quantitative Analyte Detection in Optically Trapped Phospholipid Vesicles (2015)

The ability of a vesicle membrane to preserve a pH gradient, while allowing for diffusion of neutral molecules across the phospholipid bilayer, can provide the isolation and preconcentration of ionizable compounds within the vesicle interior. In this work, confocal Raman microscopy is used to observe (in situ) the pH-gradient preconcentration of compounds into individual optically trapped vesicles that provide sub-femtoliter collectors for small-volume samples. The concentration of analyte accumulated in the vesicle interior is determined relative to a perchlorate-ion internal standard, preloaded into the vesicle along with a high-concentration buffer. As a guide to the experiments, a model for the transfer of analyte into the vesicle based on acid-base equilibria is developed to predict the concentration enrichment as a function of source-phase pH and analyte concentration. To test the concept, the accumulation of benzyldimethylamine (BDMA) was measured within individual 1 μm phospholipid vesicles having a stable initial pH that is 7 units lower than the source phase. For low analyte concentrations in the source phase (100 nM), a concentration enrichment into the vesicle interior of (5.2 ± 0.4) × 10(5) was observed, in agreement with the model predictions. Detection of BDMA from a 25 nM source-phase sample was demonstrated, a noteworthy result for an unenhanced Raman scattering measurement. The developed model accurately predicts the falloff of enrichment (and measurement sensitivity) at higher analyte concentrations, where the transfer of greater amounts of BDMA into the vesicle titrates the internal buffer and decreases the pH gradient. The predictable calibration response over 4 orders of magnitude in source-phase concentration makes it suitable for quantitative analysis of ionizable compounds from small-volume samples. The kinetics of analyte accumulation are relatively fast (∼15 min) and are consistent with the rate of transfer of a polar aromatic molecule across a gel-phase phospholipid membrane.
Computation of electromagnetic wave scattering from an arbitrary three-dimensional inhomogeneous dielectric object (1989)

A scattering matrix formulation for scattering of electromagnetic fields by an arbitrary three-dimensional dielectric objects is presented. It is based on an extended moment method that digitizes the scattering equation by dividing the scatterer as well as the measurement region into small cells. The Green's function within each cell is derived analytically by integrating over the cell. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by computing vector scattering fields from a uniform dielectric sphere and comparing the results with those calculated using the Mie scattering formula. The formulation also provides an inverse solution, namely, determination of the dielectric profile of the scatterer from the scattering field measured in a finite region outside the scatterer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ultrafast Growth of Highly Ordered Anodic TiO2 Nanotubes in Lactic Acid Electrolytes (2012)

In the present work, we show that fully functional self-organized TiO(2) nanotube layers can be electrochemically grown with an unprecedented growth rate if lactic acid (LA) is used as an additive during anodization. The main effect of LA addition is that it allows performing nanotube growth at significantly higher anodization voltage than in the LA free case, and this without dielectric oxide breakdown ("burning"). As a result, for example, 15 μm tube thick nanotube layers, suitable for a use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) can be grown in 45 s and 7 μm tubes suitable for water splitting can be grown in 25 s.
Gate-Tunable Large Negative Tunnel Magnetoresistance in Ni–C60–Ni Single Molecule Transistors (2013)

We have fabricated single C(60) molecule transistors with ferromagnetic Ni leads (FM-SMTs) by using an electrical break junction method and investigated their magnetotransport. The FM-SMTs exhibited clear gate-dependent hysteretic tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) and the TMR values reached as high as -80%. The polarity of the TMR was found to be always negative over the entire bias range studied here. Density functional theory calculations show that hybridization between the Ni substrate states and the C(60) molecular orbitals generates an antiferromagnetic configuration in the local density of states near the Fermi level, which gives a reasonable explanation for the observed negative TMR.
LOP22: IMPROVED REGENERATION OF AN ISCHEMIC RAT FLAP MODEL AFTER LOCAL PRECONDITIONING WITH IMPLANTATION OF NON-VIRAL TRANSFECTED FIBROBLASTS (2011)

Hartog, C.; Slobodianski, A.; Kathöfer, A.; Frenz, J.; Machens, H.G.; Mailänder, P. Author Information
Use of Milrinone in Critically Ill Children (2010)

A retrospective evaluation of milrinone use in critically ill children revealed variable utilization and frequent occurrence of both low cardiac output syndrome and adverse events. Further prospective research is needed to understand the impact of individual pharmacokinetic differences on pharmacodynamic responses, to guide optimal dose adjustment, improve outcomes, and minimize toxic effects.
Imidazopyridine- and Purine-Thioacetamide Derivatives: Potent Inhibitors of Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) (2014)

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) belongs to the family of ecto-nucleotidases, which control extracellular nucleotide, nucleoside, and (di)phosphate levels. To study the (patho)physiological roles of NPP1 potent and selective inhibitors with drug-like properties are required. Therefore, a compound library was screened for NPP1 inhibitors using a colorimetric assay with p-nitrophenyl 5'-thymidine monophosphate (p-Nph-5'-TMP) as an artificial substrate. This led to the discovery of 2-(3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylthio)-N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide (5a) as a hit compound with a Ki value of 217 nM. Subsequent structure-activity relationship studies led to the development of purine and imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine analogues with high inhibitory potency (Ki values of 5.00 nM and 29.6 nM, respectively) when assayed with p-Nph-5'-TMP as a substrate. Surprisingly, the compounds were significantly less potent when tested versus ATP as a substrate, with Ki values in the low micromolar range. A prototypic inhibitor was investigated for its mechanism of inhibition and found to be competitive versus both substrates.
Choriogonadotropin-like antigen in an anaerobic bacterium, Eubacterium lentum, isolated from a rectal tumor (1979)

Using the indirect fluorescein-labeled and indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase-labeled immunohistochemical techniques, and utilizing both antiserum specific for the beta-subunit of choriogonadotropin and antiserum for the total hormone, we have demonstrated the presence of a choriogonadotropin-like immunoreactive material in a strain of Eubacterium lenthum that was originally isolated from a rectal tumor. In contrast, both immunohistochemical reactions were negative when applied to a strain of Corynebacterium parvum and to pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Our results demonstrate for the first time the expression of the choriogonadotropin-like antigen in an obligate anaerobe and support our previous findings that the choriogonadotropin like material appears to be expressed only in "cancer-associated bacteria" but that not all bacteria associated with the malignant neoplasms have the capacity to express the antigen, at least in amounts detectable by immunohistochemistry.
Increased performance and flexibility of process monitoring for deep penetration laser welding (2002)

Today, laser seam welding and laser/gas metal arc (GMA) hybrid welding are widely used in industrial joining applications. The high degree of automation requires appropriate process monitoring systems to evaluate the achieved quality. A common approach is based on measuring the optical radiation emitted from the welding process. Irregularities in the seam can be detected by comparing the signal to a previously computed reference signal. This method is appropriate for mass production, and has been implemented in many automotive welding applications. Although these systems show high reliability for mass production, they are not flexible enough for smaller lot size production. The creation of the reference signal is time-consuming, and becomes invalid once parameters like overall seam length is changed. In order to overcome these shortcomings, a new process monitoring system was developed. Sophisticated signal evaluation algorithms and statistical methods replace the disadvantageous reference signal approach, and achieve a higher accuracy of the evaluation result. In addition to the optical plasma sensor, the modular structure allows the integration of multiple sensors and signals. For example, voltage and current signals from an arc welding source can be used in the case of laser/GMA hybrid welding. In this paper, the principles of these new process monitoring methods are introduced, and their efficiency for laser/GMA hybrid welding of ship body parts is presented.
Tools for composite web services (2005)

Web services technologies enable flexible and dynamic interoperation of autonomous software and information systems. A central challenge is the development of modeling techniques and tools for eanbling the (semi-)automatic composition and analysis of these services, taking into account their semantic and behavioral properties. This paper presents an overview of the fundamental assumptions and concepts underlying current work on service composition, and provides a sampling of key results in the area. It also provides a brief tour of several composition models including semantic web services, the "Roman" model, and the Mealy / conversation model.