gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Background and context (2008)

Before embarking on the exploration of techniques to assist operators in the management and design of IP networks, this chapter lays the foundation of the terms and concepts that will be used in the rest of the book. We describe the Internet architecture and the elements and protocols guiding its behavior. We then outline issues associated with the design, management, optimization and security of such a complex infrastructure, topics that will be the focal points in the following chapters.
Disordered Exciton Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Absorption Spectra of Antenna Bacteriochlorophyll Aggregates:  LH2−Only Mutant Chromatophores of Rhodobacter sphaeroides at 8 K under Spectrally Selective Excitation (1999)

The objective of this work is two-fold. First, the effects of static diagonal disorder on the linear and nonlinear absorption spectra of excitons in circular molecular aggregates are studied by computer modeling. Second, it is demonstrated that this simplified model successfully reproduces the main features of both the ground-state absorption and initial pump−probe absorption difference spectra of LH2 antenna proteins from photosynthetic bacteria measured upon spectrally selective population of excitons at low temperature. Of the usual first-order approximations in the Frenkel exciton theory, our model exploits only two: the two-state and the zero electron−vibrational coupling approximations. In our model, the molecules of the aggregate are allowed to have different site energies. The coupling between all aggregate molecules is taken into account. An important difference between our study and previous work is that the exciton state selective spectra are calculated corresponding to the recently performed spectrally selective ultrashort pulse excitation experiment. We investigate the behavior of excitons as a function of disorder separately in the B850 and B800 ring aggregates of LH2. Usually, excitations in the B800 ring have been considered completely localized. The present study reinforces the importance of static diagonal disorder in describing the spectral properties of excitons in the LH2 antenna complex at low temperatures. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that two types of spectral disorder govern the inhomogeneously broadened exciton spectra of antenna complexes embedded into the photosynthetic membrane rather than a single source of disorder. From the comparison of simulated and experimental linear absorption spectra, we suggest that the peculiar asymmetry of the B800 band as well as some of the high-energy sideband structures are due to weak coupling of excitons in the B850 and B800 ring aggregates with intramolecular vibrations of bacteriochlorophyll a molecules.
Elicitation of Protective Antibodies against a Broad Panel of H1N1 Viruses in Ferrets Preimmune to Historical H1N1 Influenza Viruses (2017)

Most preclinical animal studies test influenza vaccines in immunologically naive animal models, even though the results of vaccination may not accurately reflect the effectiveness of vaccine candidates in humans that have preexisting immunity to influenza. In this study, novel, broadly reactive influenza vaccine candidates were assessed in preimmune ferrets. These animals were infected with different H1N1 isolates before being vaccinated or infected with another influenza virus. Previously, our group has described the design and characterization of computationally optimized broadly reactive hemagglutinin (HA) antigens (COBRA) for H1N1 isolates. Vaccinating ferrets with virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines expressing COBRA HA proteins elicited antibodies with hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) activity against more H1N1 viruses in the panel than VLP vaccines expressing wild-type HA proteins. Specifically, ferrets infected with the 1986 virus and vaccinated with a single dose of the COBRA HA VLP vaccines elicited antibodies with HAI activity against 11 to 14 of the 15 H1N1 viruses isolated between 1934 and 2013. A subset of ferrets was infected with influenza viruses expressing the COBRA HA antigens. These COBRA preimmune ferrets had superior breadth of HAI activity after vaccination with COBRA HA VLP vaccines than COBRA preimmune ferrets vaccinated with VLP vaccines expressing wild-type HA proteins. Overall, priming naive ferrets with COBRA HA based viruses or using COBRA HA based vaccines to boost preexisting antibodies induced by wild-type H1N1 viruses, COBRA HA antigens elicited sera with the broadest HAI reactivity against multiple antigenic H1N1 viral variants. This is the first report demonstrating the effectiveness of a broadly reactive or universal influenza vaccine in a preimmune ferret model.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Currently, many groups are testing influenza vaccine candidates to meet the challenge of developing a vaccine that elicits broadly reactive and long-lasting protective immune responses. The goal of these vaccines is to stimulate immune responses that react against most, if not all, circulating influenza strains, over a long period of time in all populations of people. Commonly, these experimental vaccines are tested in naive animal models that do not have anti-influenza immune responses; however, humans have preexisting immunity to influenza viral antigens, particularly antibodies to the HA and NA glycoproteins. Therefore, this study investigated how preexisting antibodies to historical influenza viruses influenced HAI-specific antibodies and protective efficacy using a broadly protective vaccine candidate.
Effect of Maleic Anhydride Polypropylene Copolymer Addition on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate–Bonded Oriented Strand Board Panels (2009)

The effect of varying proportions of maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) on the physical and mechanical properties of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI)–bonded oriented strand board panels was investigated. Additionally, two forms of MAPP (powder and emulsion) were used to determine the effect of MAPP type on panel properties. Panels were produced by combining southern yellow pine ( Pinus spp.) flakes with 4 percent pMDI binder and 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, or 6 percent powdered or emulsified MAPP. Addition of emulsified MAPP decreased panel mechanical properties regardless of addition level. Powdered MAPP had a negligible effect on panel modulus of elasticity and only produced significant decreases in panel modulus of rupture and internal bond strength at the highest addition level (6%). Emulsified MAPP effected greater reductions in panel mechanical properties relative to powdered MAPP. Increasing levels of emulsified MAPP caused undesirable increases in both 24-hour water absorption and thickness swelling. Powdered MAPP did not provide a significant improvement over control panels in water absorption and thickness swell tests. Addition of either powdered or emulsified MAPP appeared to have a negligible effect on panel permeance.
Supplementary Figure S1 from Impact of BMI on Prevalence of Dense Breasts by Race and Ethnicity (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S1. Distribution of breast density within BMI categories by race and ethnicity&lt;/p&gt;
RS04 CONSTRAINTS OF MULTIPLE TRAUMA MANAGEMENT IN DISTRICT HOSPITALS (2007)

Purpose • To enumerate difficulties and shortages in small hospital in the management of Multiple Trauma. • To find the correctable errors in our management plan on 37 cases encountered in a space of 24 months. • To discuss two cases of multiple injury needing plastic surgery. Methodology Surgical Team has the leader role in trauma management in this hospital. Over last two years 37 cases of trauma we treated some needing transfer to tertiary centres. Case 1 54 yr Caucasian man, driver of a 4 WD had head on crash at 110 K; he had severe facial, mouth and Cervical Spine injuries (C 1–C 2 rotatory subluxation, confirmed by CT) with profuse bleeding in mouth. BIBA in ED after 2 hrs with hypovolumic shock. Rapid sequence intubation done by anaesthetist and repair of severe tongue laceration done. Case 2 16 year old Cyclist youth crashed on the back of a parked truck at approximately 70 K. Sustained severe laceration lower lip and tongue, fracture mandible with superior displacement of mandibular condyle in to brain. Fibre-optic intubation was done by the anaesthetist. Needed a 3 hours repair of face and tongue. Results Most of cases confirmed that in the areas of Airways, Resuscitation and Spine care, Haemostasis, Suture and Wound Care, Rapid interventions and Transfer, we perform not too low comparing the general Australian standard of a big centre. But the outcome is very subjective to the training & skill of the team working. Conclusions Primary care of multitrauma patients in small hospital is very much subjective to the skill of the on duty team. Training for rural surgeons should have a multidisciplinary curriculum.
Investigation on the antiferromagnetic component in the intrinsic exchange bias in structurally single phase Cr2Te3 thin film (2012)

We report the intrinsic exchange bias in structurally single phase Cr2Te3 thin film grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. The hysteresis loop shift is confirmed due to the ferromagnet/antiferromagnet coupling rather than surface spin disorder effect or minor loop effect. The AFM component attributing to the exchange bias stems from the vacancy Cr layer in Cr2Te3 and is of two dimensions. The magnetic properties of the AFM component are investigated by studying the temperature dependence and the measure field dependence of coercivity and hysteresis loop shift. The blocking temperature is determined to be about 110 K. It is found that the two dimensional AFM component would lose its irreversibility for larger applied measure field.
Carbon fiber‐reinforced bone cement in orthopedic surgery (1976)

A tougher, more fatigue-resistant bone cement consisting of short, highmodulus carbon fibers dispersed randomly in normal ply(methyl methacrylate) bone cement has been developed. Fatigue and impact tests are reported that demonstrate the superior fracture resistance and prolonged load-carrying ability of this system. The use of this carbon fiber-reinforced bone cement in the treatment of a pathological fracture of the femur associated with neoplastic disease of the bone is reported. The tougher cement has provided long-term stability of the fracture.
The Investigation of Discharge-laser-driven Plasmas as Sources for Soft X-ray Projection Lithography* (1993)

Following two years of work to understand the conversion of excimer laser light into soft x-rays, we have moved onto implementing code predictions to improve conversion, and to studying the optical characteristics of these sources.
An Overview of the Potential Therapeutic Applications of CO-Releasing Molecules (2018)

Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been known as the "silent killer" owing to its ability to form carboxyhemoglobin-the main cause of CO poisoning in humans. Its role as an endogenous neurotransmitter, however, was suggested in the early 1990s. Since then, the biological activity of CO has been widely examined via both the direct administration of CO and in the form of so-called "carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs)." This overview will explore the general physiological effects and potential therapeutic applications of CO when delivered in the form of CORMs.
The SPPL3-defined glycosphingolipid repertoire regulates immune responses by improving HLA class I access (2020)

Summary HLA class I (HLA-I) drives immune responses by presenting antigen-derived peptides to cognate CD8 + T cells. This process is often hijacked by tumors and pathogens for immune evasion. Since therapeutic options for restoring HLA-I antigen presentation are limited, we aimed to identify new HLA-I pathway targets. By iterative genome-wide screens we uncovered that the cell surface glycosphingolipid (GSL) repertoire determines effective HLA-I antigen presentation. We show that absence of the protease SPPL3 augments B3GNT5 enzyme activity, resulting in upregulated levels of surface (neo)lacto-series GSLs. These GSLs sterically impede molecular interactions with HLA-I and diminish CD8 + T cell activation. In accordance, a disturbed SPPL3-B3GNT5 pathway in glioma associates with decreased patient survival. Importantly, we show that this immunomodulatory effect can be reversed through GSL synthesis inhibition using clinically approved drugs. Overall, our study identifies a GSL signature that functionally inhibits antigen presentation and represents a potential therapeutic target in cancer, infection and autoimmunity.
Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is a Marker for the Metabolic Syndrome (2006)

Low IGFBP-2 is associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors similarly to IGFBP-1. Such associations were not apparent for IGFBP-3. Lack of marked prandial regulation of IGFBP-2, in contradistinction to IGFBP-1, may make IGFBP-2 a more robust biomarker for identification of insulin-resistant individuals at high cardiovascular risk in epidemiological studies.
Assessing Technology’s Impact on General Chemistry Student Engagement During COVID-19 (2022)

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in implementation of a wide variety of technological tools to facilitate classroom instruction. However, the accelerated implementation timeline provided limited opportunities for evaluating the effectiveness of the various approaches. Here, we report on our use of three tools designed to enhance student participation in a hybrid teaching environment in order to identify tools suitable for adoption in “back to normal” classroom settings. Prerecorded lectures were presented in a flipped-classroom format using VoiceThread, a platform that allows for asynchronous content delivery and feedback. In-classroom instruction included a second instructor moderating a live stream learning management system (LMS) chat accessible to students who were not physically present in the classroom. Lastly, group texting via GroupMe was used to provide rapid feedback outside of the classroom. Student engagement was evaluated via application usage analytics, and students provided input on technology use in an end-of-semester survey. Students had a generally favorable view of the technology implementation in the course, especially those who identified as being comfortable with technology. In general, student engagement with course content decreased throughout the semester. A noticeable shift in the nature of communication from course logistics to course material was observed as the semester progressed. Our analysis suggests that incorporating technological approaches to facilitate increased student–teacher interactions can be beneficial and should be considered in “back to normal” instruction. Technology use may be improved with better on-boarding for students who are less comfortable with technology and instituting approaches that encourage a more sustained engagement throughout the duration of the course.
Molecular Characterization of a Chromosomal Rearrangement Involved in the Adaptive Evolution of Yeast Strains (2002)

Wine yeast strains show a high level of chromosome length polymorphism. This polymorphism is mainly generated by illegitimate recombination mediated by Ty transposons or subtelomeric repeated sequences. We have found, however, that the SSU1-R allele, which confers sulfite resistance to yeast cells, is the product of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes VIII and XVI due to unequal crossing-over mediated by microhomology between very short sequences on the 5' upstream regions of the SSU1 and ECM34 genes. We also show that this translocation is only present in wine yeast strains, suggesting that the use for millennia of sulfite as a preservative in wine production could have favored its selection. This is the first time that a gross chromosomal rearrangement is shown to be involved in the adaptive evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Parenteral glutamine supplementation in critical illness: a systematic review (2014)

Parenteral GLN supplementation given in conjunction with nutrition support continues to be associated with a significant reduction in hospital mortality and hospital LOS. Parenteral GLN supplementation as a component of nutrition support should continue to be considered to improve outcomes in critically ill patients.
A comparative infrared spectroscopic study of human breast tumors and breast tumor cell xenografts (1995)

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been applied to the study of human breast tumors, human breast tumor cell lines and xenografted human tumor cells. The results presented indicate that substantial differences exist on a macroscopic level between human tumors, xenografted tumors and human tumor cell lines, which are related to the presence of a significant connective tissue matrix in the tumors. On a macroscopic level tumor cell xenografts appear, in spectroscopic terms, to be relatively homogeneous with a relatively weak signature characteristic of connective tissue. Differences on a microscopic level between adjacent small (30 μm 2 ) areas of the same xenografted tumor could be detected, which were due to local variations in collagen content. In addition to variations in collagen content, variation in the deposition of microscopic fat droplets throughout both human and xenografted tumors could be detected. These results indicate the care with which infrared spectroscopic studies of tissues must be carried out to avoid incorrect interpretation of results due to an incomplete understanding of tissue pathology. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Output Power Enhancement of a Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser by Predissociated Iodine Injection (2000)

Output power enhancement of a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) by an injection of predissociated iodine was studied. Iodine molecules were dissociated into atoms by the microwave discharge prior to injection. It was determined that predissociation caused a negative effect on the output power enhancement when this technique was applied to a conventional supersonic COIL. Model calculations revealed that the existence of atomic iodine at the plenum caused the dissipation of stored energy. It was demonstrated that decreasing the mixing point pressure was crucial to obtain output power enhancement by the predissociation technique. For this purpose, a low-pressure transonic mixing scheme with a grid nozzle array was developed. A 9% enhancement of output power was demonstrated.
Circulating exosomes as new biomarkers for brain disease and injury (2013)

Brain diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, or trauma are frequently diagnosed with imaging modalities and sometimes with intracranial biopsies. Treatment response is similarly monitored, along with clinical indications. While these technologies provide important windows into the disease state, they fail to provide us a detailed molecular portrait of the disease and of the changes taking place during therapy. Exosomes are virus-sized nanovesicles derived from the endosomal system and are released extracellularly from essentially all cell types. Exosomes contain intracellular entities (proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites), membrane proteins and lipids, and even extracellular proteins bound to them. Exosomes may be considered as mini-surrogates of their cells of origin, with some content common to all cells/exosomes, but some of the content would be cell-specific. These vesicles are found in all biofluids in humans, and are thus accessible to “liquid biopsy” with harvest of vesicles from such fluids. Current challenges are to identify disease-related markers or panels of markers to distinguish the disease state. Here we will show examples of brain tumor markers found in/on exosomes from cell culture and patient sera, and we will suggest that aspects of the biology of disease may have a relevant place in the search for biomarkers.
FAST Injection System: PIAGGIO Solution for ULEV 2T SI Engines (1997)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Hi-Tech Two-Stroke SI engine is finding good appreciation in various fields of vehicle application and the final solution appears to include air assisted direct fuel injection and several solutions are now evaluated by the major world engine manufacturers.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Those solutions anyway are poorly tailored to be fitted on very small engines such as for moped or light scooter applications both for the complications they require, consequentely the costs, and the difficult tuning of low load and idle caused by the very low quantity of fuel per cycle required.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The proposed completely mechanical solution instead does consent with small modifications to the engine, only a new cylinder head is in fact required, to manage very well the engine all over its utilization range.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;After general considerations of the philosophy of the system and on the main parameters evaluation, a practical application on a 50cc scooter engine is described. The experimental results show a dramatic improvement on the engine emissions and fuel consumption still maintaining good output performances and low costs.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Finally some considerations about the possible extension of this technology to more sophisticated applications like a multicylinder automotive engine, still offering sound advantages on cost/benefit trade off, are presented.&lt;/div&gt;
Preliminary Neutronics Investigation of the Delayed Neutron Nondestructive Assay of an Integral Fast Reactor Waste Canister (1994)

An innovative liquid-metal reactor, the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. One characteristic of the IFR is the fuel cycle closure. Fissile material bred and fissionable material produced in the reactor are recycled back into the reactor. Waste generated during fuel reprocessing will be packaged into special waste canisters and will be shipped to a repository for final disposal. Prior to its removal from the facility, a measurement of the fissile content will be necessary as a part of an overall fissile material inventory accountability system. A particular form of nondestructive assay called delayed neutron nondestructive assay (DNNDA) is being developed to assist in the establishment of an accountability system. A preliminary neutronics investigation for the current DNNDA has been made to assist and verify the characteristics of the design from a neutronic aspect. A 1011 n/s, 14-MeV neutron source would provide adequate counting statistics for fissile material at the milligram to gram level.
National Cholesterol Education Program Versus World Health Organization Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study (2004)

In summary, although both definitions were predictive in the general population, the simpler NCEP definition tended to be more predictive in lower-risk subjects.