gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HHV-6, Not JC Virus, Causes Demyelination in PML Connections Between HHV-6, HIV-1 and JC Virus in Multiple Sclerosis, Neuro-AIDS and PML A Commentary and Review Offering Guidelines for Treatment (2016)

In recent years, two outstandingly effective drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) have appeared on the market: Tysabri (Biogen Idec/Elan, 2008) and Gilenya (Novartis, 2010). Tysabri (Natalizumab) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the cellular adhesion molecule alpha-4 integrin, which is used by lymphocytes to cross vascular walls and penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Tysabri thus reduces the flux of infected or autoimmune lymphocytes into the CNS. Gilenya (Fingolimod) is an immunomodulatory drug that acts on the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor to sequester lymphocytes in peripheral lymph nodes, thus also indirectly reducing the flux of infected or autoimmune lymphocytes into the CNS. Both drugs have great clinical promise for treating MS, but both have revealed a critical shortcoming: their use increases the risk of Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease worse than MS and quickly fatal if not controlled. PML arises in individuals whose immune function is compromised, such as patients undergoing chemotherapy for various kinds of cancer. During the early years of the AIDS epidemic (approximately from 1986-1999), the incidence of PML rose in parallel with increasing numbers of immunocompromised AIDS patients, then fell after effective combined aggressive retrovirus treatment (cART) for HIV-1/AIDS became widely available (after 2000-2001). Unfortunately, the incidence of PML is now rising again in conjunction with the increased use of Tysabri and Gilenya in treating MS. It is therefore important to identify effective treatment modalities for PML.
Stereochemical studies. 81. Saturated heterocycles. 69. Preparation of methylene‐bridged 3,1‐benzoxazines, 3,1‐benzoxazin‐2‐ones and 3,1‐benzoxazine‐2‐thiones (1984)

Abstract 3‐ exo ‐Aminobicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2‐ exo ‐carboxylic acid and ethyl 3‐ endo ‐aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐2‐ endo ‐carboxylate ( 6 ) were reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to the corresponding bicyclic aminoalcohols 3 and 4 . These and the saturated endo‐endo and exo‐exo N ‐methylaminoalcohols 16 and 22 , respectively, were converted to methylene‐bridged tetrahydro‐ ( 11 ) and hexahydro‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐2‐ones 12, 17, 23 and 3,1‐benzoxazin‐2‐thiones 13, 14, 18, 24 . The exo‐exo 3 and endo‐endo 4 aminoalcohols were cyclized by means of ethyl arylimidates to tricyclic dihydro‐1,3‐oxazines 7a‐d, 8a‐d . The structures were confirmed by ir, 1 H and 13 C nmr spectroscopy.
Mycobacterium abscessus and M. avium Trigger Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Distinct Cytokine Response in Human Cells (2008)

Mycobacterium avium (MAV) and M. abscessus (MAB) are ubiquitous environmental organisms increasingly recognized to cause chronic lung disease in patients with apparently normal immune function. Little is yet known about their human pathophysiology. Our objective was to examine cytokine and chemokine responses (protein and gene expression) and signaling pathways triggered by reference and clinical isolates of MAB and MAV in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes, and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. MAB-induced TNF-alpha production was higher than that induced by MAV. IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, and the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted were equally up-regulated. Differences between MAB and MAV do not require replication and are heat stable. We found no differential effect due to rough or smooth colonies within the same species. Similar to MAV, MAB triggered mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB translocation. Induction of TNF-alpha was dependent on MAPK pathways, since pre-incubation of cells with signaling inhibitors led to more than 85% reduction in cytokine secretion. MAB also triggered a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated response that led to TNF-alpha production by human monocytes. Accordingly, stimulation of murine TLR2- or myeloid differentiation factor 88-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages did not elicit TNF-alpha, reinforcing a critical role for TLR2 in MAB-induced cell activation. We concluded that MAB signals human cells through MAPK and TLR2 pathways and triggers more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines than MAV.
Does Corporate Culture Matter? An Empirical Study on Japanese Firms (2007)

Corporate culture does matter. Using Japanese firms' data from 1987-2000, we have shown that the strength of corporate culture significantly affects corporate policies such as employment policy, management structure, and financial structure. We have also confirmed that the culture and its embedding contribute to better corporate performance. These culture effects are found to be considerable in magnitude and at least as large as those of other factors. We suggest that it is important to recognize the existence of the culture for understanding corporate policies and performance.
Glycocalyx degradation and the endotheliopathy of viral infection (2022)

The endothelial glycocalyx (EGX) contributes to the permeability barrier of vessels and regulates the coagulation cascade. EGX damage, which occurs in numerous disease states, including sepsis and trauma, results in endotheliopathy. While influenza and other viral infections are known to cause endothelial dysfunction, their effect on the EGX has not been described. We hypothesized that the H1N1 influenza virus would cause EGX degradation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to varying multiplicities of infection (MOI) of the H1N1 strain of influenza virus for 24 hours. A dose-dependent effect was examined by using an MOI of 5 (n = 541), 15 (n = 714), 30 (n = 596), and 60 (n = 653) and compared to a control (n = 607). Cells were fixed and stained with FITC-labelled wheat germ agglutinin to quantify EGX. There was no difference in EGX intensity after exposure to H1N1 at an MOI of 5 compared to control (6.20 vs. 6.56 Arbitrary Units (AU), p = 0.50). EGX intensity was decreased at an MOI of 15 compared to control (5.36 vs. 6.56 AU, p<0.001). The degree of EGX degradation was worse at higher doses of the H1N1 virus; however, the decrease in EGX intensity was maximized at an MOI of 30. Injury at MOI of 60 was not worse than MOI of 30. (4.17 vs. 4.47 AU, p = 0.13). The H1N1 virus induces endothelial dysfunction by causing EGX degradation in a dose-dependent fashion. Further studies are needed to characterize the role of this EGX damage in causing clinically significant lung injury during acute viral infection.
Adenylate deaminase from rat muscle. Regulation by purine nucleotides and orthophosphate in the presence of 150 mM KCl. (1979)

Adenylate deaminase from rat skeletal muscle has been studied with the objective of understanding how the activity of the enzyme is regulated in vivo. ATP and GTP inhibit the enzyme at low concentrations in the presence of 150 mM KCl. The ATP inhibition is reversed as the ATP concentration is raised to physiological levels. The GTP inhibition is reversed as the GTP concentration is raised to unphysiologically high levels. In the presence of physiological concentrations of ATP, the GTP inhibition is also greatly diminished, but inhibition by orthophosphate remains strong. The apparent affinities of the enzyme for GTP, ATP, and orthophosphate are reduced as the pH is decreased from 7.0 to 6.2. ADP also reduces the apparent affinities of the enzyme for the inhibitors. The regulatory effects of GTP, ATP, and ADP are produced primarily by their unchelated forms. Comparison of the kinetic behavior of the enzyme in vitro with metabolite concentrations in vivo indicates that the major variables that regulate the activity of adenylate deaminase of muscle in vivo are the concentrations of AMP, ADP, orthophosphate, and H+.
Some Investigations on the Surface Properties of Human Exposed Cementum. (Part 3). (1991)

露出根面にスケーリング (S群) およびルートプレーニング (R群) をほどこしたものと両処置につづいてさらにクエン酸処理を加えたもの (S+C群とR+C群) の4群を設定し, 多角的に観察した結果, つぎのような結論を得た。すなわち, X線分析計によるCa, PおよびCa/P比は, 各数値ともに, S群が最大値, R+C群が最低値を示していた。また, 走査型電顕の, S群では顕著に認められたキュレットタイプスケーラーによる条痕がR群, さらにはR+C群になるにしたがって, その条痕が不明瞭になってきていた。さらに, X線光電子分光分析法による観察におけるCa, P, 0, F, およびNの相対濃度は, S+C群およびR+C群をS群およびR群とそれぞれ比較すると, CaおよびP濃度の減少が認められたが, Ca/P比に差がな く, 0/P比に大きな変化が認められた。また, セメント質最表層のCa, PおよびFの結合エネルギーは, 各実験群間でほとんど差が認められなかった。接触角の観察結果では, S群およびR群はintactcementumとほぼ同様の値を示していたが, クエン酸処理群では, 極度の親水性を示し, その詳細な測定は不可能であった。
High precision, localized proton gradients and fluxes generated by a microelectrode device induce differential growth behaviors of pollen tubes (2017)

Correction for 'High precision, localized proton gradients and fluxes generated by a microelectrode device induce differential growth behaviors of pollen tubes' by Chengzhi Hu et al., Lab Chip, 2017, 17, 671-680.
Adoptive Transfer of Induced-Treg Cells Effectively Attenuates Murine Airway Allergic Inflammation (2012)

Both nature and induced regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes are potent regulators of autoimmune and allergic disorders. Defects in endogenous Treg cells have been reported in patients with allergic asthma, suggesting that disrupted Treg cell-mediated immunological regulation may play an important role in airway allergic inflammation. In order to determine whether adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells generated in vitro can be used as an effective therapeutic approach to suppress airway allergic inflammation, exogenously induced Treg cells were infused into ovalbumin-sensitized mice prior to or during intranasal ovalbumin challenge. The results showed that adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells prior to allergen challenge markedly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment, mucus hyper-production, airway remodeling, and IgE levels. This effect was associated with increase of Treg cells (CD4(+)FoxP3(+)) and decrease of dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes, and with reduction of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell response as compared to the controls. Moreover, adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells during allergen challenge also effectively attenuate airway inflammation and improve airway function, which are comparable to those by natural Treg cell infusion. Therefore, adoptive transfer of in vitro induced Treg cells may be a promising therapeutic approach to prevent and treat severe asthma.
The F f -Family of Protocols for RFID-Privacy and Authentication. (2008)

Abstract. Ff is a family of lightweight and privacy-preserving authentication protocols for RFID-systems. Contrary to related work, Ff offers user-adjustable authentication and privacy without requiring a complex cryptographic hash function or non-volatile state on the tag. At the core of Ff is a lightweight keyed hash function that allows the reader to identify and authenticate a tag by iterative elimination of the entries in its database through a few rounds of verifications. The security of Ff is analyzed against algebraic and statistical attacks, attacks based on the LPN technique, and also with respect to recently highlighted SATsolving approaches. The feasibility of the scheme is discussed through an estimation of the hardware cost and of the protocol performance based on a specific instance of the Ff family. 1
The Opening-up of China’s Capital Account and Its Adjustment ofInternational Payment Balance ——A Theory and Positive Analysis of Dynamic Linkage betweenInterest Rate and Exchange Rate (2007)

China's asymmetric capital control during the process of opening its capital account,as well as insufficient liberalization of its economy,is reflected in the Mundel-Flemming model with the slope of BP line in M-F model bigger than LM line.Therefore,effects of monetary policy,fiscal policy and exchange rate policy will be weakened under a fixed exchange rate regime in terms of their adjustment to balance of payment.An adoption of a flexible exchange rate regime,however,will greatly enhance those effects.As a result,China is advised to proceed with opening its capital account and speed up liberalization of the interest rate and exchange rate system so as to heighten effectiveness of adjusting to its balance of payment.
Overexpression of low‐density lipoprotein receptor and lipid accumulation in intestinal polyps in Min mice (2009)

Apc-deficient Min mice feature low expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), high concentration of serum triglyceride (TG), fatty change of the liver and large numbers of intestinal polyps. We have reported that induction of LPL expression reduces serum lipid, especially TG, improves fatty change of the liver and inhibits intestinal polyp formation in the mice. In this study, fatty change/lipid accumulation in intestinal mucosa and polyps in Min mice were analyzed by Oil-red O staining and electron microscopy. A number of large lipid droplets were found in the epithelia of the upper part of polyps. On the other hand, small lipid droplets were only slightly observed at the tip of the villi in non-tumoros parts of the small intestine of Min mice and in the villi of wild-type mice. Moreover, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was overexpressed in the area where lipid droplets were observed. The expression levels of LDLR mRNA in the intestinal polyps of Min mice were approximately 3 times higher compared to those in the non-tumoros parts. Remarkable expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was mainly distributed in stromal cells and some in epithelial cells. It is speculated that lipid accumulation in the intestinal polyps may play an important role in intestinal polyp formation in Apc-deficient mice.
Разработка модифицированного щелочного катализатора окисления 2,6-ди-трет-бутилфенола (2012)

A method for producing an alkaline heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of sterically hindered phenols. Surface composition and stability of the proposed heterogeneous alkaline catalyst. The principle of alkaline catalyst surface space hydrophobization.
A simple procedure for high efficiency counting of labeled protein bands in polyacrylamide slab gels (1981)

Abstract A simple procedure is described for counting labeled protein bands after polyacrylamide slab gel electsrophoresis. Proteins labeled with radioisotopes are separated on conventional polyacrylamide slab gels. After fiction and staining, the slab gels are dried onto filter papers under vacuum. The labeled protein patterns are recorded by autoradiography or fluorography. The sample tracks are separated from each other by cutting the dried slab gel lengthwise. Each sample track is cut into predetermined sections by making parallel cuts with a film cutter. The sections are deposited into scintillation vials and digested with 50% hydrogen peroxide. The digested samples are counted in an aqueous scintillator. This procedure provides a direct quantitation of 3h and 14C‐labeled protein bands by reproducibility counting. The results also show that both high resolution and excellent reproducibility are obtainable by this relatively fast and inexpensive method.
Resilient P2P multimedia exchange in a VANET (2009)

Multimedia exchange within a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) may be facilitated by exploiting the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm. Urban VANETs are characterized by restricted vehicle mobility, driver actions, and bunching at obstacles, leading to wireless interference and broken links. Similarly P2P communication relies on distributed sources which are intermittently available. However, routing packets over multiple hops and multiple paths still results in packet losses, resulting in poor quality reconstructed video at a receiver. This paper proposes a slice compensation scheme employing spatial Multiple Description Coding to provide error resilience as a solution to these problems. Results show constant good quality video despite increasing packet loss ratios.
Optimal robot scheduling for Web search engines (1998)

A robot is deployed by a Web search engine in order to maintain the currency of its data base of Web pages. This paper studies robot scheduling policies that minimize the fractions ri of time pages spend out-of-date, assuming independent Poisson page-change processes, and a general distribution for the page access time X. We show that, if X is decreased in the increasing convex ordering sense, then ri is decreased for all i under any scheduling policy, and that, in order to minimize expected total obsolescence time of any page, the accesses to that page should be as evenly spaced in time as possible. We then investigate the problem of scheduling to minimize the cost function ∑ciri, where the ci are given weights proportional to the page-change rates μi. We give a tight bound on the performance of such a policy and prove that the optimal frequency at which the robot should access page i is proportional to ln(hi)−1, where hi:=Ee. Note that this reduces to being proportional to μi when X is a constant, but not, as one might expect, when X has a general distribution. Next, we evaluate randomized accessing policies whereby the choices of page access are determined by independent random samples from the distribution {fi}. We show that when the weights ci in the cost function are proportional to μi, the minimum cost is achieved when fi is proportional to (hi)−1−1. Finally, we present and analyze a heuristic policy that is especially suited to the asymptotic regime of large data bases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy and Safety of Biosimilar FYB201 Compared with Ranibizumab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2021)

FYB201 is biosimilar to reference ranibizumab in terms of clinical efficacy and ocular and systemic safety in the treatment of patients with nAMD.
Evaluation of Tile Drainage of Irrigated Land: Marginalia and Sustainability (1993)

Land Economics/Use
Clonal Behavior of a Rat Liver Cell Line and Its Modification by Repeated Treatments With a Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbon 2 (1977)

A rat liver cell line, Lew A1, was isolated from W/LEW rats. It had the normal female karyotype in the lower passage numbers, but in the higher passages it was aneuploid. This line was passaged 65 times, produced rat serum albumin, and consisted of an apparently homogeneous population of typical epithelial cells. The cells also had high levels of the inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme complex. A series of experiments described here defined the normal clonal behavior of this line and its modification by repeated treatments with a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The results were discussed with particular reference to metastasis, preneoplastic changes, and neoplastic progression.
Tracking the Emergence of a New Breed Using 49,034 SNP in Sheep (2012)

Domestic animals are unique in that they have been organised into managed populations called breeds. The strength of genetic divergence between breeds may vary dependent on the age of the breed, the scenario under which it emerged and the strength of reproductive isolation it has from other breeds. In this study, we investigated the Gulf Coast Native breed of sheep to determine if it contains lines of animals that are sufficiently divergent to be considered separate breeds. Allele sharing and principal component analysis (PCA) using nearly 50,000 SNP loci revealed a clear genetic division that corresponded with membership of either the Florida or Louisiana Native lines. Subsequent analysis aimed to determine if the strength of the divergence exceeded that found between recognised breed pairs. Genotypes from 14 breeds sampled from Europe and Asia were used to obtain estimates of pair-wise population divergence measured as F(ST). The divergence separating the Florida and Louisiana Native (F(ST) = 6.2%) was approximately 50% higher than the average divergence separating breeds developed within the same region of Europe (F(ST) = 4.2%). This strongly indicated that the two Gulf Coast Native lines are sufficiently different to be considered separate breeds. PCA using small SNP sets successfully distinguished between the Florida and Louisiana Native animals, suggesting that allele frequency differences have accumulated across the genome. This is consistent with a population history involving geographic separation and genetic drift. Suggestive evidence was detected for divergence at the poll locus on sheep chromosome 10; however drift at neutral markers has been the largest contributor to the genetic separation observed. These results document the emergence of populations that can be considered separate breeds, with practical consequences for bio-conservation priorities, animal registration and the establishment of separate breed societies.
Resistivities of conductive composites (1992)

A steady-state model for the resistivity of composites is presented, based on the idea that the resistance through a composite is the result of a series of a large number of resistors combined in series and parallel. There are three separate contributions to the resistance: constriction resistance at the contacts, tunneling resistance at the contacts, and the intrinsic filler resistance through each particle, with tunneling resistance generally dominating the magnitude of the overall resistance. The model predicts resistivity increases with increasing filler hardness and/or elastic modulus and insulating film thickness, while resistivity decreases with increasing particle size and intrinsic stress. The room-temperature dc resistivity behavior of conductor-filled silicone rubber composites was investigated to verify the model. Comparison of the model to this experimental data showed that good agreement could be obtained for filler materials in which the tarnish layer was a known quantity for a given powder; for other cases, the experimental values were higher than predicted.
Optical Lattice Clocks as Candidates for a Possible Redefinition of the SI Second (2013)

In this paper, we review several characteristics of optical lattice clocks as candidates for a future redefinition of the International System of Units (SI) second using an atomic transition in the optical domain, focusing on experiments performed at SYRTE using one mercury (Hg) and two strontium (Sr) optical lattice clocks. Beyond the technical aspects such as the stability and systematic frequency-shift assessments of the clocks, practical aspects have to be considered, such as the careful determination of the optical frequency with respect to the cesium primary standard and the worldwide reproducibility of the clock frequency by local and remote clock comparisons.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REPRODUCTIVE AND BONE BIOMARKERS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS IN ZOO ASIAN (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) AND AFRICAN (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) ELEPHANTS (2023)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is common in zoo Asian (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) and African (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>) elephants. This study investigated the relationship between confirmed or suspected OA with ovarian cyclicity, gonadotropins, progestagens, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and collagen type I (CTX-I) in zoo elephants. In Asian elephants, odds of having confirmed or suspected OA decreased with cycling (OR = 0.22, <i>P</i> = 0.016; OR = 0.29, <i>P</i> = 0.020, respectively), however, not when adjusted for age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31, <i>P</i> = 0.112; OR = 0.58, <i>P</i> = 0.369, respectively). In African elephants, none of the models between confirmed OA and cycling status were significant (<i>P</i> > 0.060), while the odds of having suspected OA decreased with cycling (OR = 0.12, <i>P</i> = 0.001), even after adjusting for age (OR = 0.15, <i>P</i> = 0.005). Progestagens (Asian elephants <i>P</i> > 0.096; African elephants <i>P</i> > 0.415), LH (Asian <i>P</i> > 0.129; African <i>P</i> > 0.359), and FSH (Asian <i>P</i> > 0.738; African <i>P</i> > 0.231) did not differ with confirmed or suspected OA status, unadjusted. CTX-I concentrations were not related to OA status (<i>P</i> > 0.655). This study concluded hormonal changes may not have a strong impact on OA, so additional investigation into other serologic biomarkers is warranted.