gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Building Extraction from Remotely Sensed Images by Integrating Saliency Cue (2016)

In this paper, we propose a novel two-step building extraction method from remote sensing images by integrating saliency cue. We first utilize classical features such as shadow, color, and shape to find out initial building candidates. A fully connected conditional random field model is introduced in this step to ensure that most of the buildings are incorporated. While it is hard to further remove the mislabled rooftops from the building candidates by only using classical features, we adopt saliency cue as a new feature to determine whether there is a rooftop in each segmentation patch obtained from previous step. The basic idea behind the use of saliency information is that rooftops are more likely to attract visual attention than surrounding objects. Based on a specifically designed saliency estimation algorithm for building object, we extract saliency cue in the local region of each building candidate, which is integrated into a probabilistic model to get the final building extraction result. We show that the saliency cue can provide an efficient probabilistic indication of the presence of rooftops, which helps to reduce false positives while without increasing false negatives at the same time. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets highlight the advantages of the integration of saliency cue and demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Estimating soil fungal abundance and diversity at a macroecological scale with deep learning spectrotransfer functions (2021)

Abstract. Soil fungi play important roles in the functioning of ecosystems, but they are challenging to measure. Using a continental scale dataset, we developed and evaluated a new method to estimate the relative abundance of the dominant phyla and diversity of fungi in Australian soil. The method relies on the development of spectro-transfer functions with state-of-the-art machine learning and using publicly available data on soil and environmental proxies for edaphic, climatic, biotic and topographic factors, and visible--near infrared (vis–NIR) wavelengths, to estimate the relative abundances of the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota and community diversity measured with the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) index. The machine learning algorithms tested were partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), Cubist, support vector machines (SVM), Gaussian process regression (GPR), XG-boost (XGB) and one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). The spectro-transfer functions were validated with a 10-fold cross-validation (n = 577). The 1D-CNNs outperformed the other algorithms and could explain between 45 and 73 % of fungal relative abundance and diversity. The models were interpretable, and showed that soil nutrients, pH, bulk density, an ecosystem water balance (a proxy for aridity) and net primary productivity were important predictors, as were specific vis–NIR wavelengths that correspond to organic functional groups, iron oxide and clay minerals. Estimates of the relative abundance for Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota produced R2 ≥ 0.60, while estimates of the abundance of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota produced R2 values of 0.5 and 0.58, respectively. The spectro-transfer functions for the Glomeromycota and diversity were the poorest with R2 values of 0.48 and 0.45, respectively. There is no doubt that the method provides estimates that are less accurate than more direct measurements with conventional molecular approaches. However, once the spectro-transfer functions are developed, they can be used with very little cost, and could serve to supplement the more expensive and laborious molecular approaches for a better understanding of soil fungal abundance and diversity under different agronomic and ecological settings.
Engineering “Hot” Nanoparticles for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering by Embedding Reporter Molecules in Metal Layers (2011)

Ag is deposited on the surface of Au nanoparticles functionalized with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA). Exceptionally strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals are observed from the resulting colloid. Using SERS as a tool, evidence is obtained for the embedding of MBA inside the nanoscale metal layer.
SemEval 2023 Task 9: Multilingual Tweet Intimacy Analysis (2022)

We propose MINT, a new Multilingual INTimacy analysis dataset covering 13,372 tweets in 10 languages including English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Korean, Dutch, Chinese, Hindi, and Arabic. We benchmarked a list of popular multilingual pre-trained language models. The dataset is released along with the SemEval 2023 Task 9: Multilingual Tweet Intimacy Analysis (https://sites.google.com/umich.edu/semeval-2023-tweet-intimacy).
Neurosurgical Management of Self-Inflicted Cranial Crossbow Injury (2018)

Background Although gun-related penetrating traumatic brain injuries make up the majority of cranial missile injuries, low-velocity penetrating injuries present significant clinical difficulties that cannot necessarily be identically managed. Bow hunting is an increasingly popular pastime, and a crossbow allows a unique mechanism to cause a self-inflicted cranial injury with a large, low-velocity projectile. Historically, arrow removal is described in an operating room setting, which provides limited knowledge of the location of vascular injury in the setting of postremoval hemorrhage, and may represent an inefficient use of operating room availability. Case Description Two patients presented after self-inflicted cranial crossbow injuries. Both were neurologically salvageable. Initial assessment with computed tomography angiography allowed triage into likely or unlikely vascular injury. Arrow removal was performed in a radiology setting rather than in the operating room to allow immediate postremoval imaging to localize hemorrhage. While an operating room was on standby, neither patient required neurosurgical operative intervention. Both patients made a good recovery with no further injury caused by arrow removal. Conclusions We describe a novel approach to retained cranial arrow removal in a radiologic, rather than operative, setting and describe its relative benefits over traditional removal in the operating room.
Organocatalytic asymmetric α-functionalizations of β-ketoesters with hypervalent iodine-based reagents and catalysts (2021)

The introduction of hypervalent iodine-based electrophilic functional group transfer reagents and the development of catalysis concepts making use of in situ generated hypervalent iodine species has significantly contributed to the advancement of organic synthesis. Especially asymmetric -functionalizations of prochiral pronucleophiles have been very successfully introduced by utilizing hypervalent iodine chemistry recently. Among the different classes of commonly used pronucleophiles, prochiral -ketoesters emerged as compounds of particular interest. Inspired by impressive recent reports, this short review therefore discusses different concepts using hypervalent iodine chemistry in asymmetric organocatalytic -functionalization reactions of prochiral -ketoesters.
Association between clinical competencies and mental health symptoms among frontline medical staff during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study (2020)

Abstract Background: In China, mental health of frontline medical staff might be influenced by clinicians’ ability to handle the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Few studies to-date have addressed the association between clinicians’ competencies and mental health in this context. This cross-sectional study has examined the prevalence of mental health symptoms among frontline medical staff handling the COVID-19 outbreak, and explored the associations between their competencies, and separate and concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms. Methods: A total of 623 frontline medical staff were included in this study, which took place from January 20, 2020 to February 20, 2020. Competencies, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the short form of the Chinese clinical physicians’ competency model, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire, respectively. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between one standard deviation increase in competency scores and the prevalence of mental health problems. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Among 623 staff members, the prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms was 40.93%, 31.78%, and 26.00%, respectively. Among the medical staff with higher total competency scores, the prevalence of depressive (OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.55-0.81), anxiety (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.56-0.83), and comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms (OR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.55-0.83) was lower than among their lower-scoring counterparts. Subgroup analyses stratified by core competency scores revealed similar associations as the main analyses. Conclusions: The present findings highlight the association between high core competency scores and lower prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms. Improving medical staff’s core competencies might help prevent mental health problems among frontline medical staff responding to COVID-19.
Optical metrology of thin films using high-accuracy spectrophotometric measurements with oblique angles of incidence (2003)

Oblique-incidence spectrophotometric measurements are considered for reliable determination of the refractive index and thickness of thin-film coatings. By using a model of the spectral transmittance of thin film samples, the effect of systematic factors on the determined thin-film parameters is analyzed. The optical parameters of a silicon-dioxide sample determined from the experimental results obtained with the HUT spectrophotometer are consistent for the incidence angles between 0 and 56.4 degrees, demonstrating high accuracy of film-parameter determination.
Mating Type Specific Inhibition of Gametic Differentiation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Tunicamycin (1981)

The effect of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation of proteins, on the gametic differentiation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was studied. When mt+ cells were treated with tunicamycin during gametogenesis, the acquisition of agglutinability on their flagella was completely inhibited. However, no significant inhibition was observed when mt− cells were treated with tunicamycin during gametic induction. The agglutinability of the fully competent gametes of mt+ cells decreased sharply after about 4 hr of incubation with tunicamycin and was lost completely after 8 hr. These results indicate that the gametic flagellar membrane of the mt+ cell may acquire glycoproteins with tunicamycin sensitive sugar chains, the halflife of which is about 6 hr.
Fractionation, Stability, and Isolate-Specificity of QTL for Resistance toPhytophthora infestansin Cultivated Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (2012)

Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is susceptible to late blight, a major disease caused by Phytophthora infestans, but quantitative resistance exists in the wild tomato species S. habrochaites. Previously, we mapped several quantitative trait loci (QTL) from S. habrochaites and then introgressed each individually into S. lycopersicum. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) were developed, each containing a single introgressed QTL on chromosome 5 or 11. NILs were used to create two recombinant sub-NIL populations, one for each target chromosome region, for higher-resolution mapping. The sub-NIL populations were evaluated for foliar and stem resistance to P. infestans in replicated field experiments over two years, and in replicated growth chamber experiments for resistance to three California isolates. Each of the original single QTL on chromosomes 5 and 11 fractionated into between two and six QTL for both foliar and stem resistance, indicating a complex genetic architecture. The majority of QTL from the field experiments were detected in multiple locations or years, and two of the seven QTL detected in growth chambers were co-located with QTL detected in field experiments, indicating stability of some QTL across environments. QTL that confer foliar and stem resistance frequently co-localized, suggesting that pleiotropy and/or tightly linked genes control the trait phenotypes. Other QTL exhibited isolate-specificity and QTL × environment interactions. Map-based comparisons between QTL mapped in this study and Solanaceae resistance genes/QTL detected in other published studies revealed multiple cases of co-location, suggesting conservation of gene function.
New species of Hohenbuehelia, with comments on the Hohenbuehelia atrocoerulea – Nematoctonus robustus species complex (2018)

Four new species of <i>Hohenbuehelia</i> (Fungi: <i>Pleurotaceae</i>) are described in the group of <i>Hohenbuehelia atrocoerulea</i> and <i>Hohenbuehelia grisea</i>. <i>Hohenbuehelia algonquinensis</i>, found on <i>Pinus</i> in Ontario, Canada, may be distinguished macroscopically from bluish collections of <i>H. atrocoerulea</i> and watery grey-brown collections of <i>H. grisea</i> by its coal-black pileus. <i>Hohenbuehelia canadensis</i>, on or associated with <i>Pinus</i> in both Ontario and Alberta, Canada, and <i>Hohenbuehelia nimueae</i>, on <i>Salix</i> in Ontario and <i>Abies</i> in Wyoming, USA, have similarly dark fruiting bodies and were previously misidentified as <i>H. approximans</i> (which we treat as a synonym of <i>H. grisea</i>), <i>H. atrocoerulea, H. mustialensis</i> or <i>H. nigra</i>. The latter species is shown to be a member of <i>Resupinatus</i>, despite the presence of prominent metuloid cystidia in its hymenium. <i>Hohenbuehelia carlothornii</i> has been found in Costa Rica; collections of the sexual fruiting bodies were previously identified as <i>H. grisea</i> and isolates from soil nematodes were identified by the anamorph name <i>Nematoctonus robustus.</i> That name has been treated as a synonym of <i>H. atrocoerulea</i> but, given the genetic and geographic variation within this complex, we transfer it to <i>Hohenbuehelia</i> as a distinct species. Sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the D1/D2 variable region of the large subunit gene, and a portion of the translation elongation factor (TEF1) gene provide good separation and support for these new species. A key to the dimidiate species of <i>Hohenbuehelia</i> of North America and Europe is provided.
3D‐multi‐spectral T2 mapping near metal implants (2019)

The proposed 3D-MSI <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> mapping sequence was successfully demonstrated in assessing tissue <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> variations near metal implants.
Eine serodiagnostische Reaktion bei Syphilis (1906)

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study
Rapid acquisition of the 3D MRI gradient impulse response function using a simple phantom measurement (2019)

The presented method seems well-suited for rapid measurement of the GMTF of a clinical system, as it delivers high-quality results in a short scan time.
P91 Dual mechanism of NK cell inhibition by the HCV core 35–44 peptide (2011)

Introduction Disease association studies have shown that the inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin receptor KIR2DL3 and its HLA-C1 allotype ligands are protective against chronic HCV infection. A number of studies have shown increased expression of another inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptor, CD94:NKG2A, in chronic HCV infection. The ligand for this receptor, HLA-E, usually binds to leader peptides derived from other HLA class I molecules. Up-regulation of HLA-E with concomitant inhibition of NK cells has been thought to be induced by peptides derived from several viruses including one derived from HCV (HCV core 35–44 ) which thus represents a mechanism of immune escape. Method To determine the effects of viral peptides on NK cell inhibition, we pulsed the TAP-deficient 721.174 cell line with host and virus derived peptides and used these as target cells in flow cytometry assays of NK cell degranulation (measured by CD107a expression). Results In functional experiments HCV core 35–44 inhibited degranulation of the total NK cell population. Unexpectedly, this was due to inhibition of KIR2DL2/3-positive NK cells (one way ANOVA p&lt;0.0001), but not NKG2A-positive NK cells (p=0.94). However, HCV core 35–44 peptide increased cell surface expression of both HLA-C and HLA-E. To rationalise this with the previous findings we performed peptide mix experiments using the natural peptide ligands for HLA-E. Such peptides, derived from the leader sequence of host HLA class I molecules, efficiently inhibited NKG2A-positive NK cells. In the presence of a low concentration of a host HLA class I leader sequence peptide, HCV core 35–44 had a synergistic effect in suppressing NK cell activity (p&lt;0.0001). A synergistic effect at CD94:NKG2A was also demonstrable for peptides derived from EBV and HIV viruses, which in isolation did not inhibit NK cells, implying that this is a general mechanism for NK cell inhibition. Conclusion HCV core 35–44 inhibits NK cell activity via two distinct mechanisms, directly via KIR2DL2/3, and synergistically via the CD94:NKG2A receptor. This synergistic interaction at CD94:NKG2A represents a novel mechanism for inhibiting NK cells. It demonstrates the sensitivity of NK cells to small changes in the peptide content of HLA class I, and is thus potentially a sensitive mechanism for viral escape from the host innate immune response. Abstract P91 Figure 1 HCVcore 35–44 induced inhibition of KIR2DL2/3 (CD158b) + NK cells. Abstract P91 Figure 2 HCV core 35–44 alone does not inhibit via CD94:NKG2A. Abstract P91 Figure 3 However, in the presence of a host HLA (HLA-A2) derived leader peptide, HCV 35–44 induces synergistic inhibition at CD94:NKG2A.
Modelling charge transfer inefficiency in Gaia CCDs with in-flight and on-ground data (2022)

The European Space Agency’s Gaia spacecraft was launched in 2013 with the aim of making the largest and most precise map of the Milky Way by taking measurements of almost one billion astronomical objects. It has a focal plane that consists of 106 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs), custom designed by Teledyne e2v to help fulfil its objectives. These detectors make measurements of positions, velocities, parallaxes, and other physical properties of any objects, with a sufficiently bright enough magnitude, that pass through their field of view. Operating in space means that the Gaia CCDs have been subjected to radiation damage, both ionizing and non-ionizing in nature, in orbit from predominantly solar radiation. This radiation-induced damage leads to the formation of trap defects in the CCD silicon lattice which can trap electrons during readout leading to the increase of charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) and a reduction in the quality of the returned science data. From previous analysis of in-flight data, the degradation of the CCDs, measured from an increase in CTI, has been calculated to be less that that predicted from pre-flight models and on-ground tests. In this study, in-flight and on-ground data is modelled so that the trap landscapes can be further investigated. This was achieved using a charge transfer model, the Charge Distortion Model (CDM), integrated in the Pyxel detector simulation toolkit. Other simulations, namely C3TM, are used in conjunction with the results from Pyxel to obtain a more thorough understanding of the trap landscape causing the observed CTI effects.
Design of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane and polybenzoxazine hybrids for interlayer low k dielectrics (2015)

Graphical representation of layer-by-layer arrangement of polydimethylsiloxane based polybenzoxazine hybrids.
[Production and characterization of antisera against O,O-diethyl-O-(p-nitrophenyl)-phosphate (paraoxon)]. (1982)

Methods for the production of antibodies against Paraoxon in rabbits are described. The highest-titre antisera were produced with conjugates containing a succinyl spacer group with a degree of derivatisation between 8 and 12 haptens per albumin molecule. The antibody response was tested by immunoprecipitation in agar gel with a hapten-rabbit-albumin-complex and by a radioimmunoassay. The synthesis of 125I labelled tracers is reported. The most potent antisera bound 50% of the radioactive tracer after 1:10(5) dilution and showed apparent affinity constants of 10(6) to 10(7) M-1 for Paraoxon. Compared to Paraoxon these antisera possessed cross reactivities with Parathion of 8.8 to 13.8%, with Methylparathion of 0.35 to 0.82%, and with Dimethoat of 0.0006 to 0.0012%.
Combinatorial Optimisation of Worm Propagation on an Unknown Network (2007)

Abstract — Worm propagation profiles have significantly changed since 2003-2004: sudden world outbreaks like Blaster or Slammer have progressively disappeared and slower but stealthier worms appeared since, most of them for botnets dissemination. Decreased worm virulence results in more difficult detection. In this paper, we describe a stealth worm propagation model which has been extensively simulated and analysed on a huge virtual network. The main features of this model is its ability to infect any Internet-like network in a few seconds, whatever may be its size while greatly limiting the reinfection attempt overhead of already infected hosts. The main simulation results shows that the combinatorial topology of routing may have a huge impact on the worm propagation and thus some servers play a more essential and significant role than others. The real-time capability to identify them may be essential to greatly hinder worm propagation.
Paths in Graphs (2011)

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Improvements in Speech Perception With Use of the AVR TranSonic Frequency-Transposing Hearing Aid (1999)

Five adults with sensorineural hearing impairment participated in a trial comparing the performance of the AVR TranSonic frequency-transposing hearing aid with that of their own conventional aids. They used the TranSonic for approximately 12 weeks, during which time systematic changes were made to the transposition parameters. Speech perception was assessed with each setting of those parameters and with the participants' own hearing aids. Four participants obtained significantly higher scores with the TranSonic than with their own aids on at least one of the tests. However, analysis of the consonant confusions suggested that the improvement resulted mostly from the TranSonic's low-frequency electro-acoustic characteristics. There was only limited evidence for 2 of the participants that the frequency-lowering function was effective at improving speech perception.
People Stink!: Towards Identification of People from Breath Samples (2022)

The paper addresses the potential to use breath samples for identifying people. Participants were asked to exhale ten times for a length of five seconds to a tube attached to a commercial ion-mobility spectrometry device on three separate sessions. The data of each participant was divided into training (50% of the samples) and test data sets (50% of the samples) in random order. Classification decision tree (CDT), K nearest neighbor (KNN), naïve Bayes (NB), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) were used to analyze if the data could be classified correctly. Within a session, KNN (75.2%), NB (78.3%), and LDA (85.8%) were able to identify participants. Between sessions, the performance decreased.