gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TranslatAR: A mobile augmented reality translator (2011)

We present a mobile augmented reality (AR) translation system, using a smartphone's camera and touchscreen, that requires the user to simply tap on the word of interest once in order to produce a translation, presented as an AR overlay. The translation seamlessly replaces the original text in the live camera stream, matching background and foreground colors estimated from the source images. For this purpose, we developed an efficient algorithm for accurately detecting the location and orientation of the text in a live camera stream that is robust to perspective distortion, and we combine it with OCR and a text-to-text translation engine. Our experimental results, using the ICDAR 2003 dataset and our own set of video sequences, quantify the accuracy of our detection and analyze the sources of failure among the system's components. With the OCR and translation running in a background thread, the system runs at 26 fps on a current generation smartphone (Nokia N900) and offers a particularly easy-to-use and simple method for translation, especially in situations in which typing or correct pronunciation (for systems with speech input) is cumbersome or impossible.
Attention Gated Networks: Learning to Leverage Salient Regions in Medical Images (2018)

We propose a novel attention gate (AG) model for medical image analysis that automatically learns to focus on target structures of varying shapes and sizes. Models trained with AGs implicitly learn to suppress irrelevant regions in an input image while highlighting salient features useful for a specific task. This enables us to eliminate the necessity of using explicit external tissue/organ localisation modules when using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). AGs can be easily integrated into standard CNN models such as VGG or U-Net architectures with minimal computational overhead while increasing the model sensitivity and prediction accuracy. The proposed AG models are evaluated on a variety of tasks, including medical image classification and segmentation. For classification, we demonstrate the use case of AGs in scan plane detection for fetal ultrasound screening. We show that the proposed attention mechanism can provide efficient object localisation while improving the overall prediction performance by reducing false positives. For segmentation, the proposed architecture is evaluated on two large 3D CT abdominal datasets with manual annotations for multiple organs. Experimental results show that AG models consistently improve the prediction performance of the base architectures across different datasets and training sizes while preserving computational efficiency. Moreover, AGs guide the model activations to be focused around salient regions, which provides better insights into how model predictions are made. The source code for the proposed AG models is publicly available.
Differential measurement of transmission losses of integrated optical components using waveguide ring resonators (2012)

Development of large-scale photonic integrated circuits requires an accurate, simple, and space-efficient method for characterizing the optical losses of integrated optical components. Here we present a ring-resonator-based technique for transmission-loss measurement of integrated optical components. Y-branch splitters are used to demonstrate the concept. This measurement techique is based on characterizing the spectral response of a waveguide ring resonator with a number of Y-branches inserted inside the cavity. The measurement accuracy is intrinsically limited by the optical loss of the ring waveguide and is independent of fiber-to-waveguide coupling losses. The devices were fabricated using a CMOS-compatible silicon-on-insulator technology. Our results show that the proposed technique is promising for high-accuracy, high-efficiency characterization of optical losses. Limitations of and potential improvements to the technique are also discussed.
Differences in chemical doping matter - Superconductivity in Ti1-xTaxSe2 but not in Ti1-xNbxSe2 (2016)

We report that 1T-TiSe2, an archetypical layered transition metal dichalcogenide, becomes superconducting when Ta is substituted for Ti but not when Nb is substituted for Ti. This is unexpected because Nb and Ta should be chemically equivalent electron donors. Superconductivity emerges near x = 0.02 for Ti1-xTaxSe2, while for Ti1-xNbxSe2, no superconducting transitions are observed above 0.4 K. The equivalent chemical nature of the dopants is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. ARPES and Raman scattering studies show similarities and differences between the two systems, but the fundamental reasons why the Nb and Ta dopants yield such different behavior are unknown. We present a comparison of the electronic phase diagrams of many electron-doped 1T-TiSe2 systems, showing that they behave quite differently, which may have broad implications in the search for new superconductors. We propose that superconducting Ti0.8Ta0.2Se2 will be suitable for devices and other studies based on exfoliated crystal flakes.
An Improved Respiration Magnetometer for Laboratory and Diving Studies (1970)

Abstract : A model of a respiration magnetometer, similar to one described by Mead, was constructed at the Submarine Medical Research Laboratory in Groton, Connecticut, and has been modified recently for greater reliability and ease of operation. Good correlation between output signal and lung volume was found with supine subjects giving the most consistent results. The advantage of operation without mouthpiece, mask, or neck seal, and the instrument's insensitivity to environmental changes, make it particularly promising for prolonged studies of gas exchange and for hyperbaric research. A system for streamlined calibration and data reduction is proposed.
The Energy Budget of a Lizard on a Tree Trunk (1967)

Lizard and environmental properties which determine the exchange of energy between a lizard and its environment are described and related analytically in the equilibrium state to the lizard temperature. Absorptivities, surface areas, body temperatures, and convection coefficients were determined; metabolic and evaporative energy exchanges estimated for a representative Sceloporus occidentialis. The environmental properties of a particular tree trunk habitat are estimated for a June 21 day and the behavior of S. occidentialis predicted in terms of the positions lizards could assume and maintain their body temperatures within the range characteristic of the population in that habitat. The predictions are compared with field observations.
Modeling pulp fiber suspension rheology (2007)

Rheological properties of pulp suspensions play a very important role in the industry, mainly due to the consumption of energy for transporting pulp among the different parts of the paper mill. In this work, we determined the rheology of long- and short-fiber bleached kraft pulp suspensions by using a new rotational viscometer especially designed for their analysis. The experimental rheograms were adjusted to the Herschel-Bulkley model. We established the dependence of the rheological parameters on temperature, fiber length, and pulp consistency, to evaluate the relative influence of these factors and the corresponding interactions in the rheological parameters. In addition, we defined a mathematical model that enables the estimation of rheological parameters as a function of the different input factors. We validated this model with some preliminary experimental data.
Ischemic Neuronal Injury is Ameliorated by Astrocyte Activation (1998)

The results suggest that activated astrocytes are protective to neurons subjected to an ischemic insult. This may result from their ability to elaborate neurotrophic factors, buffer potassium and metabolize a variety of neurotransmitters.
Siegesbeckia glabrescens induces apoptosis with different pathways in human MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells (2006)

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies diagnosed in women and it is increasing in incidence. Siegesbeckia glabrescens (SG) has been used in traditional oriental medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina pectoris. This study examined whether or not SG could induce apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cells. The treatment of estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive (MCF-7) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) cells with a variety of SG concentrations (0-1.0 mg/ml) resulted in a dose-dependent sequence of events that were marked by apoptosis. Furthermore, this apoptosis was accompanied by the cleavage of procaspase-9 and -3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the MCF-7 cells, and procaspase-8 and -3 and PARP in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Although, the SG-induced apoptosis was associated with a decrease in the level of Bcl-2 mRNA expression and an increase in the level of Bax mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells, there was no detectable change in the MDA-MB-231 cells. This suggests that SG might exert anti-proliferative action in human breast carcinoma cells via two different apoptotic pathways, namely an intrinsic signal in MCF-7 cells and an extrinsic signal in MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, regardless of the ER status, SG might be a promising pro-apoptotic agent for treating breast cancer.
Opioid Receptor Oligomerization: Detection and Functional Characterization of Interacting Receptors (2003)

Opioid receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family characterized by the presence of seven transmembrane domains. These receptors are classified as mu (μ), delta (δ), and kappa (κ). Activation of these receptors leads to uncoupling of the inhibitory G-proteins (Gi) followed by the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways including the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, modulation of inwardly rectifying K+ channels or voltage-dependent calcium channels and regulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity (, , , ).
Functional Role of Amino‐Terminal Serine16 and Serine27 of Gαz in Receptor and Effector Coupling (1997)

The alpha subunit of Gz (alpha(z)) harbors two N-terminal serine residues (at positions 16 and 27) that serve as protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation sites. The cognate residues in the alpha subunit of Gt1 provide binding surfaces for the beta1 subunit. We used three serine-to-alanine mutants of alpha(z) to investigate the functional importance of the two N-terminal serine residues. Wild-type or mutant alpha(z) was transiently coexpressed with different receptors and adenylyl cyclase isozymes in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and agonist-dependent regulation of cyclic AMP accumulation was examined in a setting where all endogenous alpha subunits of G1 were inactivated by pertussis toxin. Replacement of one or both serine residues by alanine did not alter the ability of alpha(z) to interact with delta-opioid, dopamine D2, or adenosine A1 receptors. Its capacity to inhibit endogenous and type VI adenylyl cyclases was also unaffected. Functional release of betagamma subunits from the mutant alpha(z) subunits was not impaired because they transduced betagamma-mediated stimulation of type II adenylyl cyclase. Constitutively active mutants of all four alpha(z) subunits were constructed by the introduction of a Q205L mutation. The activated mutants showed differential abilities to inhibit human choriogonadotropin-mediated cyclic AMP accumulation in luteinizing hormone receptor-transfected cells. Loss of both serine residues, but not either one alone, impaired the receptor-independent inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by the GTPase-deficient mutant. Thus, replacement of the amino-terminal serine residues of alpha(z) has no apparent effect on receptor-mediated responses, but these serine residues may be essential for ensuring transition of alpha(z) into the active conformation.
Intrinsic doped fluorescence decay-time based measurements—strain and temperature characteristics for sensor purposes (1998)

With current research in “smart” structures driving interest in the development of intrinsic (in-fiber) sensors for simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring, a new sensor approach is presented. In this, the fluorescence decay-time technique, which is familiar as a method of temperature monitoring with a range of materials is extended to investigate the strain sensitivity of an important temperature probe using Nd-doped fiber, in both single and multimode form. For these fibers, strain and temperature sensitivities are presented, “stress annealing” effects are investigated and the potential for compact, multiparameter intrinsic sensors using Nd-doped fiber is discussed.
SAT-282 Outcomes in Children Treated with Growth Hormone for Prader-Willi Syndrome: Data from the Answer® Program and Nordinet® International Outcome Study (IOS) (2019)

Background: The American Norditropin® Studies: Web-Enabled Research (ANSWER) Program and the NordiNet® International Outcome Study (NordiNet® IOS) are complementary, large-scale, non-interventional studies designed to gather long-term data on the effectiveness and safety of Norditropin® (somatropin) treatment in the usual clinical setting. Data were collected in the United States (US) and Europe from 2006 to 2016 in both children and adults. Objective: To assess the clinical outcomes of growth hormone (GH)-treated pediatric patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) enrolled in the ANSWER® Program or NordiNet® IOS. Methods: Patient information was entered by participating physicians using a web-based data entry tool. Change from baseline in height standard deviation scores (HSDS) and body mass index standard deviation scores (BMI SDS) were analyzed based on availability of follow-up data. The explanatory variables in the repeated measures model analysis included baseline HSDS/BMI SDS, gender, age, target height, region (US/Europe), and GH dose. Results: From a total of 129 PWS GH-naïve patients, available data for HSDS and BMI SDS analysis included 129 and 98 patients respectively on a GH dose of 0.03 (±0.01) mg/kg/d. In the HSDS analysis with equal number of males and females, the mean age at the start of treatment was 4.42 (±4.51) years, and mean treatment period was 2.48 (±1.31) years. Further analysis determined that baseline age and years on treatment had a significant impact on the change in HSDS (P=0.014 and P<0.0001, respectively. In the BMI SDS analysis, 51% were males. At the start of treatment, the mean age was 5.56 (±4.79) years, with a mean duration of GH treatment of 2.45 (±1.32) years. The mean BMI was 18.04 (±4.9) for NordiNet® patients and 24.68 (±7.75) for ANSWER® patients. The baseline BMI SDS of NordiNet® patients (0.4±1.54) was lower compared with that of ANSWER® patients (1.80±1.68). Longer GH treatment time lead to a greater change in BMI SDS from baseline (P<0.0001). In addition, those patients with a higher BMI at the start of treatment had a greater decrease in BMI over time [t(624)=-8.01, P<0.0001]. Conclusions: GH is effective in the management of children with PWS. Earlier treatment resulted in a greater gain in height, and longer treatment period resulted in better outcomes for both height and BMI.
Chemical Synthesis of Binary Solid Solution Bismuth–Antimony Nanoparticles with Control of Composition and Morphology (2014)

Abstract Three chemical synthesis approaches were developed to obtain binary solid solution Bi–Sb nanoparticles (NP) with controllable compositions and sizes. In each synthesis approach, an array of Bi100−xSbx NPs with x ranging from 25 to 90 was synthesized via careful control of feeding ratios and synthetic conditions. The NP sizes can be varied from 30 to 60 nm for single-crystal NPs, and from 350 to 500 nm for polycrystal NPs. The synthesized Bi100−xSbx NPs can be used as thermoelectric materials or as seeds for growth of ternary solid solution Bi–Sb–Te NPs with different compositions.
Stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis (2020)

Psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and aeruginascin are tryptamines structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Psilocybin and its pharmacologically active metabolite psilocin in particular are known for their psychoactive effects. These substances typically occur in most species of the genus Psilocybe (Fungi, Strophariaceae). Even the sclerotia of some of these fungi known as "magic truffles" are of growing interest in microdosing due to them improving cognitive function studies. In addition to microdosing studies, psilocybin has also been applied in clinical studies, but only its pure form has been administrated so far. Moreover, the determination of tryptamine alkaloids is used in forensic analysis. In this study, freshly cultivated fruit bodies of Psilocybe cubensis were used for monitoring stability (including storage and processing conditions of fruiting bodies). Furthermore, mycelium and the individual parts of the fruiting bodies (caps, stipes, and basidiospores) were also examined. The concentration of tryptamines in final extracts was analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No tryptamines were detected in the basidiospores, and only psilocin was present at 0.47 wt.% in the mycelium. The stipes contained approximately half the amount of tryptamine alkaloids (0.52 wt.%) than the caps (1.03 wt.%); however, these results were not statistically significant, as the concentration of tryptamines in individual fruiting bodies is highly variable. The storage conditions showed that the highest degradation of tryptamines was seen in fresh mushrooms stored at -80°C, and the lowest decay was seen in dried biomass stored in the dark at room temperature.
On the concept of a service host for personal communications services (2003)

Personal communications services will be provided by new network capabilities. In addition to the substantial signaling network and related systems to provide personal communications services, there will be a need for services based on provision of a voice or data connection to a service-providing element, or service host. The author describes some possible functions of a service host and gives a description of one of several possible advanced intelligent network configurations to meet this need.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Evaluation of the Performance of the Aqua Lung Self Contained Swimming Outfit as Furnished and Also When It Is Modified by the Substitution of the Mouthpiece for a Face Mask, (1950)

Abstract : The object of this experiment is to evaluate the performance of the Aqualung self contained swimming outfit as furnished and also when it is modified by the substitution of the mouthpiece for a face mask. (Author)
The rare allele of DGKZ SNP rs10838599 is associated with variability in HDL-cholesterol levels among severely obese patients (2016)

Introduction: Diacylglycerol kinase-zeta, one of the ten isoforms of DGKs expressed in mammals is an important enzyme of lipid metabolism. It catalyzes the interconversion of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, two major second messengers. Its gene DGKZ has been previously identified as being overexpressed and undermethylated in visceral adipose tissue of patients with (MetS+) versus without (MetS-) the metabolic syndrome (MetS).\n\nObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between DGKZ gene polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes related to MetS (BMI, waist girth, CRP, fasting glucose, lipid profile (triglycerides, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)), resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures).\n\nMethods: The study sample included 1752 severely obese participants who underwent bariatric surgery. Associations between the five selected tSNPs of DGKZ and features of the MetS were tested. The effects of these SNPs on DGKZ methylation and expression levels were tested in subgroups of 32 and 14 obese subjects, respectively. Correlations between methylation and expression levels were also computed.\n\nResults: Homozygotes for the rare allele of rs10838599 displayed higher plasma HDL-C concentrations compared to the other genotype groups (p=0.03). For gene methylation, only a trend with the cg05412031 CpG site (p=0.09) was found for the single significantly phenotype-associated SNP. There was no significant correlation between DGKZ methylation at cg05412031 and expression levels. \n\nConclusion: These results suggest that DGKZ SNP rs10838599 modulates plasma HDL-C levels thereby its gene contributes to the inter-individual variability observed in the cardiometabolic risk profile of patients with severe obesity.
16 fs, 350 nJ pulses at 5 MHz repetition rate delivered by chirped pulse compression in fibers (2011)

We demonstrate a simple approach for broadening and compression of intense pulses at megahertz repetition rates by self-phase modulation in nonlinear photonic crystal fibers. In order to avoid damage by self-focusing, we positively chirp the input pulses, which allows coupling of significantly more energy into the fiber, while maintaining the same spectral bandwidth and compression as compared to the Fourier-limited case at lower energy. Using a commercial long-cavity Ti:sapphire oscillator with 55 fs, 400 nJ pulses at 5 MHz, we generate 16 fs, 350 nJ pulses, which is a factor of 4 more energy than possible with unchirped input pulses. Self-phase-modulated spectra supporting 11 fs duration are also shown with 350 nJ pulse energy. Excellent stability is recorded over at least 1 h.
Are You Talking to Me? Reasoned Visual Dialog Generation through Adversarial Learning (2017)

The Visual Dialogue task requires an agent to engage in a conversation about an image with a human. It represents an extension of the Visual Question Answering task in that the agent needs to answer a question about an image, but it needs to do so in light of the previous dialogue that has taken place. The key challenge in Visual Dialogue is thus maintaining a consistent, and natural dialogue while continuing to answer questions correctly. We present a novel approach that combines Reinforcement Learning and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to generate more human-like responses to questions. The GAN helps overcome the relative paucity of training data, and the tendency of the typical MLE-based approach to generate overly terse answers. Critically, the GAN is tightly integrated into the attention mechanism that generates human-interpretable reasons for each answer. This means that the discriminative model of the GAN has the task of assessing whether a candidate answer is generated by a human or not, given the provided reason. This is significant because it drives the generative model to produce high quality answers that are well supported by the associated reasoning. The method also generates the state-of-the-art results on the primary benchmark.