gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of High Energy Ball Milling on Phase Stability of Li7La3Zr2O12 (2016)

Solid state batteries offer many potential advantages over their liquid electrolyte counterparts including improved safety, wider electrochemical voltage ranges, better chemical compatibility, and the possibility for structural batteries. Among the solid Li-ion electrolyte materials, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO), a garnet structured compound with a relatively high room temperature ionic conductivity (~ 2 x 10 -4 S cm -1 ), has attracted much research interest. The solid state method is the most common route to synthesize LLZO. Long duration sintering at temperatures of 1200 °C or greater are used to obtain dense bodies of the highly conductive cubic phase of LLZO rather than the lower conductivity tetragonal structure. The long time and high temperature sintering can also lead to Li loss requiring the LLZO part be covered in sacrificial mother powder. Stabilization of the cubic phase can be achieved through the addition of one or more dopants including Al, Ta and Nb. LLZO electrolytes are thus energy intensive and materially inefficient to manufacture. Production scalability of LLZO batteries depends on developing methods to reduce sintering temperatures while maintaining desirable properties. High energy ball milling (HEBM) offers a relatively simple means to reduce particle size, improve microstructural homogeneity, and reduce sintering temperatures. Here we report the effect of HEBM on phase stability in undoped LLZO. It is observed that HEBM is capable of causing undoped LLZO to transform from the tetragonal phase to the cubic phase at low temperatures ( &lt;40 o C). It is seen that the HEBM cubic undoped LLZO transforms back into tetragonal LLZO with heating. This transformation is not observed in HEBM (Al,Nb or Ta)-doped LLZO. HEBM of (Al,Nb or Ta)-doped LLZO with Li 3 BO 3 is also reported. Li 3 BO 3 is added to promote low temperature sintering (&lt; 900C) which greatly reduces Li losses. Li 3 BO 3 is found to be compatible with LLZO. We observe that dopants may also be incorporated into LLZO through Li 3 BO 3 sintering. This is demonstrated by heat treatment of HEBM undoped LLZO with Li 3 BO 3 and Al 2 O 3 additives. LLZO treated this way retains the cubic structure, rather than reverting to the tetragonal phase, indicating that Al has been incorporated into the lattice.
Interdiffusion in the Al&ndash;Cu System (1971)

Interdiffusion in the aluminum-copper system was investigated in the temperature range of 400° to 535°C with diffusion couples of pure aluminum and copper metals.In the aluminum-copper equilibrium phase diagram there are five intermediate phases in this temperature range, namely γ2, δ, ζ2, η2 and θ. Electron probe micro line analysis of specimens studied indicated that all of these phases were located in the diffusion layer.It appears that the layer growth of each phase is controlled by the process of volume diffusion since the rate of layer growth obeys the parabolic law. From the temperature dependency of the rate constants of layer growth, the activation energies of the individual phases were obtained.The interdiffusion coefficient for each intermediate phase was calculated by the method introduced by Heumann, and the values obtained were consistent with those derived from Kidson’s equation for the δ, ζ2 and η2 phases.Aluminum oxide powder was used for the measurement of the Kirkendall effect. It is clear from this measurement that diffusion in the multilayer system is controlled by the vacancy mechanism and that aluminum diffuses more rapidly than copper.
Mass spectral behavior of the hydrolysis products of sesqui- and oxy-mustard type chemical warfare agents in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (2007)

Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)alkanes and bis(2-hydroxyethylthioalkyl)ethers are important biological and environmental degradation products of sulfur mustard analogs known as sesqui- and oxy-mustards. We used atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI MS) to acquire characteristic spectra of these compounds in positive and negative ionization modes. Positive APCI mass spectra exhibited [M + H](+); negative APCI MS generated [M + O(2)](-), [M - H](-), and [M - 3H](-); and both positive and negative APCI mass spectra contained fragment ions due to in-source collision-induced dissociation. Product ion scans confirmed the origin of fragment ions observed in single-stage MS. Although the spectra of these compounds were very similar, positive and negative APCI mass spectra of the oxy-mustard hydrolysis product, bis(2-hydroxyethylthiomethyl)ether, differed from the spectra of the other compounds in a manner that suggested a rearrangement to the sesqui-mustard hydrolysis product, bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)methane. We evaluated the [M + O(2)](-) adduct ion for quantification via liquid chromatography-MS/MS in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by constructing calibration curves from three precursor/product ion transitions for all the analytes. Analytical figures of merit generated from the calibration curves indicated the stability and suitability of these transitions for quantification at concentrations in the low ng/mL range. Thus, we are the first to propose a quantitative method predicated on the measurement of product ions generated from the superoxide adduct anion of the sesqui-and oxy-mustard hydrolysis products.
Cross-bridged macrocyclic chelators for stable complexation of copper radionuclides for PET imaging. (2008)

Copper-64 (t(1/2)=12.7 h; beta+: 17.4%; E(beta+max)=656 keV; beta-: 39%; E(beta-max)=573 keV) has emerged as an important non-standard positron-emitting radionuclide for positron emission tomography imaging of diseased tissues. A significant challenge of working with copper radionuclides is that they must be delivered to the living system as a stable complex that is attached to a biological targeting molecule for effective imaging and therapy. Significant research has been devoted to the development of ligands that can stably chelate (64)Cu, in particular, the cross-bridged (CB) macrocyclic chelators. This review describes the coordination chemistry and biological behavior of (64)Cu-labeled CB complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Optical Coupling of Surface Chemistry. Photoluminescent Properties of a Derivatized Gallium Arsenide Surface Undergoing Redox Chemistry. (1986)

Abstract Chemistry occumng Nwithin a few monolayers can modulate the electric field thickness of an underlying semiconductor by several hundred angstroms, producing corresponding Variation; in photoluminescence intensity.
Scalable Production of Ambient Stable Hybrid Bismuth‐Based Materials: AACVD of Phenethylammonium Bismuth Iodide Films** (2021)

Large homogeneous and adherent coatings of phenethylammonium bismuth iodide were produced using the cost-effective and scalable aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) methodology. The film morphology was found to depend on the deposition conditions and substrates, resulting in different optical properties to those reported from their spin-coated counterparts. Optoelectronic characterization revealed band bending effects occurring between the hybrid material and semiconducting substrates (TiO<sub>2</sub> and FTO) due to heterojunction formation, and the optical bandgap of the hybrid material was calculated from UV-visible and PL spectrometry to be 2.05 eV. Maximum values for hydrophobicity and crystallographic preferential orientation were observed for films deposited on FTO/glass substrates, closely followed by values from films deposited on TiO<sub>2</sub> /glass substrates.
Investigating large software system evolution: the Linux kernel (2003)

Large multi-platform, multi-million lines of codes software systems evolve to cope with new platform or to meet user ever changing needs. While there has been several studies focused on the similarity of code fragments or modules, few studies addressed the need to monitor the overall system evolution. Meanwhile, the decision to evolve or to re-factor a large software system needs to be supported by high level information, representing the system overall picture, abstracting from unnecessary details. This paper proposes to extend the concept of similarity of code fragments to quantify similarities at the release/system level. Similarities are captured by four software metrics representative of the commonalities and differences within and among software artifacts. To show the feasibility of characterizing large software system with the new metrics, 365 releases of the Linux kernel were analyzed. The metrics, the experimental results as well as the lessons learned are presented in the paper.
Use of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction for Determining Copy Numbers of Transgenes in <i>Lesquerella fendleri</i> (2010)

Problem statement: In transgenic plants, the number of transgene copies could greatly influence the level of expression and genetic stability of the target gene, thus it is important to develop an efficient method for accurate estimation of transgene copies. The quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) technique is becoming more efficient nowadays to determine copy numbers of transgenes in transgenic plants, being used here, for the first time in quantifying copy numbers of transgenes in Lesquerella fendleri. Approach: The system utilized a known one copy gene, LfKCS4/5, from L. fendleri as an endogenous calibrator and the threshold Crossing point (Ct) measured by Applied Biosystem 7500 system to calculate the copy numbers of transgenes in primary transgenic lines (T0 generation). Results: The qPCR condition was optimized and each primer set had a PCR efficiency of 0.99 or 1.01. Our data demonstrated unambiguous 2-fold discrimination of the copy number of -glucuronidase gene (gusA) and hygromycine phosphotransferase II (hptII) genes in 12 T0 lines. Most of the lines contained one or two copies of each gene. Eight out of 12 samples (66.7%) showed more copies of gusA gene than that of hptII gene, suggesting rearrangements of the Transferred (T)-DNA. Possible modifications of the T-DNA cassette in L. fendleri are discussed based on main models of T-DNA integration in the plant genome. Conclusion: The qPCR described in this study is an efficient method and it is particularly useful in identification and selection of transgenic plants with desirable copy numbers at early stage.
Failure of Quantitative Phenotypic Characteristics to Distinguish Black Crappie, White Crappie, and Their First-Generation Hybrid (1995)

Commonly used quantitative phenotypic characteristics, including dorsal hard spine count and a nape measure (the ratio of the dorsal fin base length to the distance of the fin origin to the eye) failed to consistently distinguish between black crappie Ponioxis nigromaculatus and white crappie P. annularis in Alabama reservoirs. A high percentage (67%) of first-generation (F1) hybrid crappies were correctly identified with an alternate combination of these two characteristics, but this combination could not discriminate F1 hybrids from parentals. Correct identification of crappie parentals and their F1 hybrids was verified by examination of allozymes. In Lake Weiss, 43% of the crappies were misidentified when both characteristics were used. In Jones Bluff and Gainesville lakes, 13 and 11%, respectively, were misidentified by dorsal spine counts. Our results suggested that spine counts and nape measures are not entirely reliable for distinguishing crappie species or their hybrids in Alabama reservoirs where the two crappie species coexist.
ADDENDUM TO “THE IDENTIFICATION OF AROMATIC SULFONIC ACIDS CONTAINING AN AMINO GROUP” (1) (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTADDENDUM TO "THE IDENTIFICATION OF AROMATIC SULFONIC ACIDS CONTAINING AN AMINO GROUP" (1)C. F. H. ALLEN and J. VAN ALLANCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1945, 10, 1, 1Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01177a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01177a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Steroid Resistance of Crohn's Disease (1999)

The observed increase in albumin binding might limit the bioactivity of cortisol in patients with Crohn's disease and contribute to the decreased effectiveness and weaker side effects of glucocorticoid therapy in these patients. The increased number of cortisol binding sites on albumin from patients with CD might be correlated with the significant decrease in serum NEFA, which may compete with steroids for the same sites.
Saliva for monitoring of patients with primary affective disorders. (1984)

The salivary composition and flow rate of 78 patients with primary affective disorders and of 49 healthy volunteers were examined. The former were divided into two groups: Group 1--57 patients receiving lithium carbonate and psychoactive drugs, and Group 2--21 patients receiving psychoactive drugs only. A significant correlation between salivary and serum lithium was found in patients on chronic lithium therapy. Significantly reduced salivary flow rates and elevated potassium, calcium, magnesium and IgA concentrations were found in all the patients as compared with those of the healthy volunteers. Salivary sodium concentrations were significantly elevated in patients on lithium carbonate as compared with the levels in patients on psychoactive drugs only. These results indicate that changes in salivary gland function may occur in patients with primary affective disorders and in those receiving drug treatment. The use of saliva analysis for monitoring lithium dosage is recommended.
High Resolution Screening of Genomic Aberrations in Follicular Lymphoma Using Microarray Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (MATRIX-CGH). (2004)

Abstract Follicular Lymphoma (FL), one of the most frequent lymphoma entities in the western world, is characterized by a highly variable clinical course reaching from rapid progression with fatal outcome to cases with long term survival. In a recent study applying chromosomal comparative hybridization (CGH) to FL, in 70% of the cases genomic aberrations were detectable and a loss of genomic material on chromosomal bands 6q25-q27 was the strongest predictor for short overall survival. However, limitations of CGH as a screening method are a restricted genomic resolution to 3–10 Mbp and demanding non-automated evaluation procedures. Thus, high throughput analysis of genomic alterations for risk adapted patient stratification and monitoring within treatment trials should rely on efficient and automated diagnostic techniques. In this study, we used array CGH to a novel generation of DNA Chips containing 2800 genomic DNA probes. Target clones comprised i) contigs mapping to genomic regions of possible pathogenetic relevance in lymphoma (n=610 target clones mapping to e.g. 1p, 2p, 3q, 7q, 9p, 11q, 12q, 13q, 17p, 18q, X); ii) selected oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (n=686) potentially relevant in hematologic neoplasms; and iii) a large genome-wide cluster of 1502 target DNA clones covering the genome at a distance of app. 2 Mbp (part of the golden path clone set). This chip represents a median genomic resolution of app. 1.5 Mbp. In total, DNAs from 70 FL samples were analyzed and results were compared to data from chromosomal CGH experiments and clinical data sets. The sensitivity of array CGH was considerably higher compared to chromosomal CGH (aberrations in 95% of cases vs 70% of cases). Most frequent aberrations were gain mapping to chromosome arms 2p (21%), 7p (24%), 7q (30%), 12p (17%), 12q (21%), 18p (21%) and 18q (34%) as well as losses mapping to chromosome arms 1p (19%), 6q (23%), 7p (20%), 11q (26%) and 17p (20%). In addition, several genomic aberrations were identified which have not been described before in FL. Currently, these aberrations are characterized in more detail and results will be correlated with the clinical data set. Moreover, three recurrent sites of genomic polymorphisms in human beings affecting chromosomes 5q, 14q and 15q were identified. In conclusion, these data underline the potential of array CGH for the sensitive detection of genomic imbalances in FL.
The central arterial burden of the metabolic syndrome is similar in men and women: the SardiNIA Study (2009)

MetS accelerates age-associated arterial changes, even in older persons. However, not all the clusters of MetS components render the same burden on arterial structure and function.
Erratum to “Development of Brainstem-Evoked Responses in Congenital Auditory Deprivation” (2012)

The caption of Figure 1 in the paper at doi:10.1155/2012/182767 has to be corrected as shown here. Also, should be corrected as follows: J. Tillein, S. Heid, E. Lang, R. Hartmann, and A. kral, “Development of brainstem-evoked responses in congenital auditory deprivation,” Neural Plasticity, vol. 2012, Article ID 182767, 11 Pages, 2012. s.a. urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-267673
High-resolution three-dimensional images from confocal scanning laser microscopy. Quantitative study and mathematical correction of the effects from bleaching and fluorescence attenuation in depth. (1991)

Three-dimensional images can be assembled by piling up consecutive confocal fluorescent images obtained by confocal scanning laser microscopy. The present work was based on three-dimensional (50-microns-deep) images at high (x, y) resolution obtained with an MRC-500 after en bloc staining of thick slices of rat liver by chromomycin A3 for nuclear DNA. The results of studies on bleaching, fluorescence excitation and emission intensities at various depths of histologic preparations are described. These effects could be evaluated separately by acquiring piled-up ("brick-stepping") and non-piled-up ("side-stepping") (x, y) images at consecutive depths and also (x, z) images. Empirical equations allowed the fitting of experimental plots of bleaching versus time, at different laser intensities and at different depths, and of fluorescence emission intensity versus depth. The main conclusions were that under our experimental conditions: (1) there was no attenuation by depth of the fluorochrome penetration, (2) there was no attenuation of the exciting beam intensity up to at least 50 microns deep, (3) there was an attenuation of the fluorescence emission intensity by depth, (4) bleaching happened equally on all planes above and below any confocal plane being studied, and (5) the fluorescence bleaching half-life was independent of depth. A mathematical correction scheme designed to compensate for bleaching and for attenuation of fluorescence emission in depth is presented. This correction is required for obtaining three-dimensional images of better quality, for optimal three-dimensional image segmentation and for any quantitative analysis based upon voxel-discretized emission intensities (gray levels)--e.g., estimating, by confocal image cytometry, textural chromatin parameters and nuclear DNA amounts.
Abstract 10643: Important Role of Adventitial Vasa Vasorum in the Pathogensis of Coronary Hyperconstricting Responses After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in Pigs in Vivo (2013)

Background: We tested our hypothesis that the adventitial vasa vasorum (VV) is substantially involved in coronary vasomotor dysfunction induced by drug-eluting stents (DES) in pigs in vivo. Methods...
Epithelial cell kinetics in the remaining colorectal mucosa after surgery for cancer of the large bowel. (1990)

We used microautoradiography in order to evaluate cell replication of the remaining colorectal mucosa in 20 patients previously operated on for cancer of the large bowel. The results were compared to those of 24 controls without neoplasms or other relevant colorectal disease. Samples of colorectal mucosa were taken during endoscopy. At histological examination each labeled intestinal hemicrypt was divided into 5 longitudinal compartments, from the base to the surface, and S-phase cells in each compartment were counted. Total labeling index (LI, ratio of labeled to total cells x 100) and labeling index per crypt compartment were similar in surgical patients and in controls. In contrast, both total LI and labeling index in the upper portions of the crypt (compartments 3, 4, and 5) were significantly higher in the 9 patients who showed recurrence of polyps than in those (n = 11) without recurrence. The LI in compartments 4 and 5 (the "high crypt region") was 4.37 +/- 0.95 (SEM) in patients with recurrence versus 0.88 +/- 0.21 (P less than 0.001) in patients with negative endoscopy finding and 1.47 +/- 0.22 in controls. Moreover, the fifth compartment was labeled in 8 of 9 individuals in whom polyps recurred but in only 2 of 11 patients without recurrence and 3 of 24 controls. In conclusion, after resection for large bowel cancer colonic epithelial cell proliferation tends to become more quiescent and similar to that of controls. However, in the subgroup of patients in whom polyps reappear, the colorectal mucosa maintains a hyperproliferative state with an expansion of the replicative zone to the most superficial portions of the crypt. These findings support the sequence adenoma-carcinoma and suggest that the evaluation of cell proliferation might be useful in the identification of subjects at increased risk for multiple tumors of the large bowel.
Statistical Tests and Association Measures for Business Processes (2022)

Through the application of process mining, organisations can improve their business processes by leveraging data recorded as a result of the performance of these processes. Over the past two decades, the field of process mining evolved considerably, offering a rich collection of analysis techniques with different objectives and characteristics. Despite the advances in this field, a solid statistical foundation is still lacking. Such a foundation would allow analysis outcomes to be found or judged using the notion of statistical significance, thus providing a more objective way to assess these outcomes. This paper contributes several statistical tests and association measures that treat process behaviour as a variable. The sensitivity of these tests to their parameters is evaluated and their applicability is illustrated through the use of real-life event logs. The presented tests and measures constitute a key contribution to a statistical foundation for process mining.
Supplementary Data from Bcl-2 Modulation to Activate Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Data from Bcl-2 Modulation to Activate Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer