gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Discussion of Further Substitution in Disubstituted Naphthalenes. Part IV‐A Comparison of the Sulphonation and Nitration of Polynitronaphthalenes, Naphthalene Polysulphonic Acids and Naphthalene Nitrosulphonic Acids (1947)

It is found that at low temperatures the sulphonation and nitration of naphthalene, and the further sulphonation and nitration of its nitro, surphonic acid and nitrosulphonic acid derivatives, takes place in accordance with theories advanced in Parts I 1(a) II 1(b) and III 1(b) of this aeries. Only at high temperatures and with particular compositions of the reaction medium (e.g whether in sulphuric acid or oleum of various strengths) does sulphonation appear anomalous, although such anomalies have been resolved by, the explanations advanced in the previous parts. The introduction into general use of the rules of Veselý and Jake 2 , as modified by resonance theory, in place of those of Amstrong and Wynne 3 , therefore appears to be justified.
The Role of Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Mucosal Melanomas of the Head and Neck Region (2003)

The addition of radiotherapy tended to decrease the rate of local failure (P =.13), but did not significantly improve survival (P =.73), because of the high rate of distant metastatic disease.
Lessons learnt from the 2019 Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) data survey (2020)

Total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) is a new international statistical measure that provides a complete picture of all official resources and private finance mobilised by official interventions in support of sustainable development and the SDGs. It consists of two pillars: cross-border resources to developing countries (pillar I) and support to international public goods and global challenges (pillar II). To test the TOSSD concept and operationalise the reporting, a data survey was carried out in 2019 on 2017 resources. This paper analyses the main lessons learnt from the survey with the objective to help further refine the TOSSD Reporting Instructions and data collection process, and provide evidence to the international community about the usefulness, relevance and feasibility of TOSSD as a measurement framework for the SDG era. TOSSD can respond to developing countries’ needs for information on external financing for sustainable development (pillar I), with estimates showing that between 18% and 26% of the volume of resources captured in the survey relate to additional data captured in TOSSD. TOSSD can fill a key information gap on financing for international public goods (IPGs) that support the achievement SDGs (pillar II). The TOSSD framework is appropriate for various providers of financing for sustainable development, including traditional providers, South-South Co-operation providers and multilateral institutions. To enhance the usefulness and relevance of TOSSD, efforts will need to continue to fill the remaining data gaps and enhance data quality.
Manipulation quantique de la lumière par un amplificateur non linéaire (2002)

Nous proposons un dispositif original, appele Amplificateur Non Lineaire (ANL), permettant la generation et la manipulation d'etats quantiques de la lumiere. Ce dispositif permet une compression du bruit quantique de la lumiere en dessous de la limite quantique standard plus efficace que celle obtenue par interactions non lineaires du second ordre ou du troisieme ordre. Il permet egalement d'inverser les fluctuations quantiques en intensite de la lumiere, et de produire des photons jumeaux ayant des correlations quantiques plus elevees et plus robustes que ceux produits par un amplificateur parametrique seul.
TEMPO-methyl-polystyrene resin (2005)

(C18H27NO)12n · (C10H10)n · (C8H8)87n) (Polymer-supported initiator of living free radical polymerization; core support for the preparation of Rasta resins.1-4) Alternate Name: TEMPO-methyl resin. Solubility: Insoluble in all solvents. Swells in aprotic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and N,N-dimethylformamide. Form Supplied in: Sand-colored, spherical polymer beads (75–192 μM, 1.0–1.86 mmol g−1). Analysis of Reagent Purity: Elemental analysis. Preparative Methods: Prepared by reaction of Merrifield's resin with the sodium salt of 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine in N,N-dimethylformamide (∼6 equiv) at room temperature.1 Purification: Wash repeatedly with a variety of solvents including water, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, and hexanes; then dry at reduced pressure.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Store at 0–20 °C. TEMPO-methyl-polystyrene resin does not require any special handling precautions other than avoiding conditions that crush the polymer beads.
SubEdit (2009)

In this paper we present SubEdit, a representation for editing the BSSRDF of heterogeneous subsurface scattering acquired from real-world samples. Directly editing measured raw data is difficult due to the non-local impact of heterogeneous subsurface scattering on the appearance. Our SubEdit representation decouples these non-local effects into the product of two local scattering profiles defined at respectively the incident and outgoing surface locations. This allows users to directly manipulate the appearance of single surface locations and to robustly make selections. To further facilitate editing, we reparameterize the scattering profiles into the local appearance concepts of albedo, scattering range, and profile shape. Our method preserves the visual quality of the measured material after editing by maintaining the consistency of subsurface transport for all edits. SubEdit fits measured data well while remaining efficient enough to support interactive rendering and manipulation. We illustrate the suitability of SubEdit as a representation for editing by applying various complex modifications on a wide variety of measured heterogeneous subsurface scattering materials.
Comparison of the substrate selectivity and biochemical properties of human and bacterial γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (2014)

2-Oxoglutarate and iron dependent oxygenases have potential for the stereoselective hydroxylation of amino acids and related compounds. The biochemical and kinetic properties of recombinant γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from human and Pseudomonas sp. AK1 were compared. The results reveal differences between the two BBOXs, including in their stimulation by ascorbate. Despite their closely related sequences, the two enzymes also display different substrate selectivities, including for the production of (di)hydroxylated betaines, implying use of engineered BBOXs for biocatalytic purposes may be productive.
SCAP is required for timely and proper myelin membrane synthesis (2009)

Myelination requires a massive increase in glial cell membrane synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that the acute phase of myelin lipid synthesis is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage activation protein (SCAP), an activator of SREBPs. Deletion of SCAP in Schwann cells led to a loss of SREBP-mediated gene expression involving cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. Schwann cell SCAP mutant mice show congenital hypomyelination and abnormal gait. Interestingly, aging SCAP mutant mice showed partial regain of function; they exhibited improved gait and produced small amounts of myelin indicating a slow SCAP-independent uptake of external lipids. Accordingly, extracellular lipoproteins partially rescued myelination by SCAP mutant Schwann cells. However, SCAP mutant myelin never reached normal thickness and had biophysical abnormalities concordant with abnormal lipid composition. These data demonstrate that SCAP-mediated regulation of glial lipogenesis is key to the proper synthesis of myelin membrane, and provide insight into abnormal Schwann cell function under conditions affecting lipid metabolism.
Toll-like receptor 4 facilitates binding of Shiga toxin to colon carcinoma and primary umbilical vein endothelial cells (2010)

Infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing, gram-negative bacteria can induce serious conditions such as dysentery and hemolytic uremic syndrome. In target cells, Stx is internalized by endocytosis, and travels through the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum to reach the cytosol, where it inhibits protein synthesis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates the recognition of gram-negative bacteria. Here, we have investigated whether the cellular uptake and transport of Stx could involve TLR4. We found that upon small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated TLR4 depletion in epithelial colon carcinoma cells, Stx transport to the Golgi was strongly reduced, and this was primarily caused by diminished Stx cellular binding rather than by reduction in toxin uptake or endosome-to-Golgi transport. The reduced cellular binding of Stx upon siRNA-transfection was solely due to TLR4 depletion, because reconstitution of TLR4 expression by the introduction of an siRNA-resistant TLR4 gene completely abolished the TLR4-targeting siRNA-mediated effect. Importantly, the effect of TLR4 depletion was not restricted to cancer cells or epithelial cells, because primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells also displayed reduced Stx binding upon TLR4 depletion. These results indicate that although TLR4 is imperative in innate immunity against gram-negative bacteria, it may be exploited by bacterial toxins, for example Stx, to gain access and entry into cells.
Regulation of Hmg-Coa Reductase Degradation Requires the P-Type Atpase Cod1p/Spf1p (2000)

The integral ER membrane protein HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway from which sterols and other essential molecules are produced. HMGR degradation occurs in the ER and is regulated by mevalonate-derived signals. Little is known about the mechanisms responsible for regulating HMGR degradation. The yeast Hmg2p isozyme of HMGR undergoes regulated degradation in a manner very similar to mammalian HMGR, allowing us to isolate mutants deficient in regulating Hmg2p stability. We call these mutants cod mutants for the control of HMG-CoA reductase degradation. With this screen, we have identified the first gene of this class, COD1, which encodes a P-type ATPase and is identical to SPF1. Our data suggested that Cod1p is a calcium transporter required for regulating Hmg2p degradation. This role for Cod1p is distinctly different from that of the well-characterized Ca(2+) P-type ATPase Pmr1p which is neither required for Hmg2p degradation nor its control. The identification of Cod1p is especially intriguing in light of the role Ca(2+) plays in the regulated degradation of mammalian HMGR.
Highly fluorescent columnar liquid crystals with elliptical molecular shape: oblique molecular stacking and excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer fluorescence (2007)

We have synthesized a novel class of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer-active molecule (DOXG) forming columnar liquid crystals with enhanced fluorescence emission. The intramolecularly H-bonded core of DOXG produced columnar hexagonal and rectangular phases during cooling as a result of strong core-to-core interactions. In its mesophase, DOXG produced tilted stacking (J-type) in the inner column due to the elliptical molecular shape, bringing about a strong (quantum yield of 34%) and large Stokes' shifted (∼173 nm) fluorescence emission.
Physicochemical Approaches to the Mode of Action of General Anesthetics (1972)

The anesthetic potencies (ED50) of seven gaseous anesthetics have been determined in mice, using as a criterion abolition of the righting reflexes by the rolling response, with the following results: C2F4 17.7 ATA; SF4 5.4 ATA; Ar 15.2 ATA; Kr 4.5 ATA; Xe 0.95 ATA; N2O 1.50 ATA. These results are co
Demonstration of sub-1 Hz structural symmetry in micro-glassblown wineglass resonators with integrated electrodes (2013)

We demonstrate, for the first time, sub-1 Hz frequency symmetry in micro-glassblown wineglass resonators with integrated electrode structures. A new fabrication process based on deep glass dry etching was developed to fabricate micro-wineglasses with self-aligned stem structures and integrated electrodes. The wineglass modes were identified by electrostatic excitation and mapping the velocity of motion along the perimeter using laser Doppler vibrometry. A frequency split (Δf) of 0.15 Hz and 0.2 Hz was observed for n = 2 and n=3 wineglass modes respectively. Frequency split stayed below 1 Hz for DC bias volta ges up to 100 V, confirming that the low frequency split is attributed to high structural symmetry and not to capacitive tuning. High structural symmetry (<;1 Hz) and atomically smooth surfaces (0.23 nm Sa) of the resonators may enable new classes of high performance 3-D MEMS devices, such as rateintegrating MEMS gyroscopes.
Symposium: Dynamics of G-Protein Coupled Receptors (2012)

originate in part from the population of alternative protein complex struc-tures, e.g. one bound state that is in equilibrium with one or several alterna-tive conﬁgurations. Here we present two protein complexes that exhibitﬂuctuations in solution: the plexin RBD:Rac1 and the EphA2:SHIP2 SAM:SAM complexes. A number of techniques are used to shift the equilibriumand/or to demonstrate the population of alternate complex conﬁgurations, in-cluding ion-pair swap mutagenesis, disulphide cross-linking and Paramag-netic Relaxation Enhancement (PRE) NMR. An ensemble approach isrequired to calculate the structures even when a wide collection of NMR re-straints (chemical shifts, PREs, NOEs and RDCs) are available. The originof the alternate structures is revealed by the different patterns of sidechaincontacts that are possible in the complexes. These interactions and the dy-namics of the complexes are further analyzed by microsecond unrestrainedmolecular dynamics simulations carried out on the MD optimized supercom-puter Anton. The functional signiﬁcance of protein complex dynamics isdiscussed.
The XML Stream Query Processor SPEX (2005)

Data streams are an emerging technology for data dissemination in cases where the data throughput or size makes it unfeasible to rely on the conventional approach based on storing the data before processing it. SPEX evaluates XPath queries against XML data streams. SPEX is built upon formal frameworks for (1) rewriting XPath queries into equivalent XPath queries without reverse axes and (2) correct query evaluation with polynomial combined complexity using networks of pushdown transducers. Such transducers are simple, independent, and can be connected in a flexible manner, thus allowing not only easy extensions but also extensive query optimization. Querying XML streams with SPEX consists in four steps: first, the input XPath query is rewritten into an XPath query without reverse axes. Second, the forward XPath query is compiled into a logical query plan abstracting out details of the concrete XPath syntax. Then, a physical query plan is generated by extending the logical query plan with operators for determination and collection of answers. In the last step, the XML stream is processed continuously with the physical query plan, and the output stream conveying the answers to the original query is generated progressively.
A Prototype Active End-of-Service-Life Indicator for Respirator Cartridges (1991)

Abstract Respirator cartridges are used to allow workers to remain in an environment that contains gases which would be harmful to breathe. One of the problems users face is determining when the cartridge service life has ended. Air-purifying respirators for use with vapors are certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). When the cartridge is no longer reducing the toxic gas concentration below the minimum permissible level, a ‘warning’ may take the form of an odor; an irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat; or perhaps dizziness. From the viewpoint of a user, the most desirable cartridge should have an indicator that actively and unambiguously notifies the operator when the cartridge's useful service life is almost ended. In 1984, NIOSH published standards for certification of Active-End-of-Service-Life-Indicators (AESLI) to encourage the development of AESLI systems. AESLI should provide advance warning to the user that the cartridge is 90 percent expended. To this date, development efforts have not been extensive, and no AESLI has been certified in an air-purifying respirator. This article presents a prototype AESLI designed to be used with organic vapors. The prototype device consists of a sensor that is to be located within the bed of the cartridge and is electrically connected to a signal-processing module located on the face mask. The small, low-power module causes a LED alarm to flash when the gas concentration reaches a preset threshold value. The LED is mounted on the mask, directly in front of the user, and is clearly visible when flashing; however, it does not obstruct vision. Locating the sensor within the filter protects the sensor from species in the ambient air that do not pass directly through the cartridge bed during use, thus reducing the demand for sensor selectivity and protecting the sensor from exposure to the breath of the user. The active element is a chemiresistor, a device whose resistance changes with the concentration of the toxic species. Important features of the sensor are 1) a generic response to many of the contaminants that the cartridge is designed to remove and 2) room-temperature operation which results in very low power consumption and safe operation even in a flammable or explosive atmosphere. The sensors were tested for response to cyclohexane in air mixtures (100–4000 ppm). Further, initial tests of the sensors in a compensating bridge circuit suggest that the effects of changing relative humidity and temperature may be minimized.
New compact OMT based on a septum solution (2011)

This paper presents a new compact orthomode transducer (OMT) able to extract or combine two orthogonal linear polarizations in a very compact manner with simple manufacturing process. The component looks similar to the well-known septum polarizer but contrary to this one, the new component is able to handle dual linear polarization.
The Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Cell-Based Gene Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis. (2019)

A promising new gene technology has been developed for the treatment of osteoarthritis, utilizing transduced human cells expressing transforming growth factor-β1. The safety and efficacy of this treatment modality has been demonstrated in laboratory studies, as well as Phase I, II, and current Phase III human clinical trials. Due to a misidentification error, there have been concerns that this cell-based gene therapy is based on a different cell than the one that was initially approved. However, its safety profile has been demonstrated by over 10 years of data revealing no evidence of tumorigenicity or other long-term safety concerns. In all studies to date, there have been no treatment-related serious adverse events. Although the nomenclature of one component of the drug product has changed, the product itself has not. In this review, we will present the technology, history of use (animal and clinical studies), development, efficacy, and, despite the recent misidentification error, the overall safety of this treatment modality.
Mechanistic Aspects of a Surface Organovanadium(III) Catalyst for Hydrocarbon Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation (2019)

Understanding the mechanisms of action for base metal catalysis of transformations typically associated with precious metals is essential for the design of new technologies for a sustainable energy economy. Isolated transition metal and post-transition metal catalysts on oxides such as silica are generally proposed to effect hydrogenation and dehydrogenation by a mechanism featuring either σ-bond metathesis or heterolytic bond cleavage as the key bond activation step. In this work an organovanadium(III) complex on silica, which is a precatalyst for both olefin hydrogenation and alkane dehydrogenation, is interrogated by a series of reaction kinetics and isotopic labeling studies in order to shed light on the operant mechanism for hydrogenation. The kinetic dependencies of the reaction components are potentially consistent with both the σ-bond metathesis and the heterolytic bond activation mechanisms, however, a key deuterium incorporation experiment definitively excludes the simple σ-bond metathesis mechanism. Alternatively a two electron redox cycle, rarely invoked for homologous catalyst systems, is also consistent with experimental observations. Evidence supporting the formation of a persistent vanadium(III) hydride upon hydrogen treatment of the as prepared material is also presented.
CD4 T Cells with Effector Memory Phenotype and Function Develop in the Sterile Environment of the Fetus (2014)

The T cell compartment is considered to be naïve and dedicated to the development of tolerance during fetal development. We have identified and characterized a population of fetally developed CD4 T cells with an effector memory phenotype (TEM), which are present in cord blood. This population is polyclonal and has phenotypic features similar to those of conventional adult memory T cells, such as CD45RO expression. These cells express low levels of CD25 but are distinct from regulatory T cells because they lack Foxp3 expression. After T cell receptor activation, neonatal TEM cells readily produced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We also detected interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T helper 1 (TH1) cells and interleukin-4 (IL-4)/IL-13-producing TH2-like cells, but not IL-17-producing cells. We used chemokine receptor expression patterns to divide this TEM population into different subsets and identified distinct transcriptional programs using whole-genome microarray analysis. IFN-γ was found in CXCR3(+) TEM cells, whereas IL-4 was found in both CXCR3(+) TEM cells and CCR4(+) TEM cells. CCR6(+) TEM cells displayed a genetic signature that corresponded to TH17 cells but failed to produce IL-17A. However, the TH17 function of TEM cells was observed in the presence of IL-1β and IL-23. In summary, in the absence of reported pathology or any major infectious history, T cells with a memory-like phenotype develop in an environment thought to be sterile during fetal development and display a large variety of inflammatory effector functions associated with CD4 TH cells at birth.
Entrapment of bioactive compounds within native albumin beads: II. Effects of rate and extent of crosslinking on microbead properties. (1987)

The rate of crosslinking of serum albumin is affected by several parameters such as pH, buffer concentration, and the ratio of serum albumin to glutaraldehyde concentration. Selection of experimentally controllable variables makes it possible to control crosslinking rate at room temperature to form a serum albumin microbead with an appropriate extent of crosslinking that provides both structural integrity and biodegradability. It was confirmed that serum albumin concentrations of 200 mg/ml of sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.5, 10 mM) and 1% glutaraldehyde is a very favorable combination using a mixing time of around 20 sec before adding to oil phase to form an emulsion. A curing time of around 30 min is then used. Drug loading efficiency is crosslink rate-controlled. Mixing time also affects drug loading efficiency since it fixes the time for potential partitioning of drug out of the aqueous phase. The biodegradable character of the microbeads has been shown and it appears to be a function of the amount of serum albumin and glutaraldehyde used.