gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the synthesis and metabolism of striatal dopamine after disruption of nerve conduction in the medial forebrain bundle (1990)

1. After physical (knife-cut) or chemically-mediated (tetrodotoxin 300 nM, 1.5 microliters; 1.0 microliters min-1) interruption of nerve conduction in the nigrostriatal tract, there was a marked increase in the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine in the isolated dopaminergic nerve terminals of the striatum. The effect peaked at 4 h post-transection, at which time 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were increased by 300% and 700% respectively (DOPAC: 27 +/- 13 vs 80 +/- 17 nmol g-1; HVA: 6.66 +/- 3.57 vs 54 +/- 18 nmol g-1). The increases in dopamine content and metabolism are secondary to an increase in the rate of synthesis on the lesioned side, versus the intact, control side. 2. In both experimental situations, haloperidol (1.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) retained its known ability to induce a significant increase in DOPAC and HVA in the striatum, despite the interruption of nerve conduction in the nigrostriatal tract. 3. Six days after cutting the left nigrostriatal tract, dopamine in the left striatum was reduced to less than 5% of the control value, and DOPAC and HVA were not detectable. In the denervated, left striatum, the synthesis of dopamine (from injected L-DOPA), and its metabolism to DOPAC and HVA, occurred to the same degree as in the intact right side. In these DOPA-treated rats, haloperidol (1.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) caused a further increase in DOPAC and HVA in the intact striatum, but not in the denervated striatum. 4. Under non-stressful conditions, using a combination of anaesthetic treatments, electrical stimulation (400 muA, 0.4 ins, 15 Hz, 15 min) of the nigrostriatal tract did not increase DOPAC or HVA in the striatum on the stimulated side. 5. It is concluded (a) that there is a significant presynaptic, and/or local circuit mechanism capable of activating the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine in the isolated, striatal, dopaminergic nerve terminals. Furthermore, haloperidol can act directly on the striatal, dopaminergic nerve terminal, to cause an increase in the synthesis and metabolism of striatal dopamine. (b) After degeneration of the striatal dopaminergic nerves, the denervated striatum retains the ability to synthesize (from L-DOPA) and metabolize dopamine, to the same degree as the intact, innervated, contralateral striatum. (c) When stress is minimized, and release of dopamine is induced by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, the catabolism of dopamine (to DOPAC and HVA) during the release-uptake cycle may not be a significant factor under physiological conditions. (d) When dopamine synthesis is increased in the striatum, the normal blood concentration of tyrosine is adequate to sustain the increased synthesis, and precursor availability is not a limiting factor. (e) These results suggest that some of the basic concepts about the neurochemical/neurophysiological regulation of monoaminergic neurones may require further reevaluation.
Diagnostische Wertigkeit einer internistischen Referenzsonographie (DEGUM-Stufe 3) (2006)

The reference ultrasound examination done by an examiner with DEGUM grade 3 significantly increases the diagnostic accuracy compared to the ultrasonic measurement done by DEGUM grade 1, 2 investigators.
Geometric programming dual of channel capacity (2003)

We show that the Lagrange dual of the problem of channel capacity with input cost for discrete memoryless channel is a simple and well- structured geometric program. The geometric pro- gram dual gives a new class of upper bounds of chan- nel capacity that can be made arbitrarily tight and includes some known bounds as special cases, and a free energy interpretation to channel capacity. Geometric programming (21 is a type of nonlinear optimiza- tion useful for various engineering problems such as network resource allocation and analog circuit design. We first define a monomial as a function f : RT -+ R:
Abnormal V<inf>TH</inf>/V<inf>FB</inf> shift caused by as-grown mobile charges in Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and its impacts on Flash memory cell operations (2011)

High-k stacks will be used in Flash memory cells for technology beyond sub-30 nm generations. Abnormal window shift during memory operations has been observed and was attributed to trapping/detrapping of electrons or dielectric relaxation in the high-k layer. In this work, the cause of abnormal V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> /V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FB</sub> shift at low operating electric fields is investigated. For the first time, extensive experimental evidences show that this shift is caused by as-grown mobile charges in Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layers. Its impacts on program/erase windows and read/pass disturbance in Flash memory cells are evaluated.
Characterization of CVD-TiN Films Prepared with Metalorganic Source (1990)

This paper investigates the structural and electrical properties of TiN films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using a mixture of tetradimethylamino-titanium (Ti(N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 4 ) and NH 3 gases. The deposited films changed from a metallic gray to a gold color at a substrate temperature of 300∼580°C. The film resistivity decreases with increasing substrate temperature to 8.4×10 2 µΩ·cm at 580°C. The preferred orientation was (111) at temperatures over 400°C.
Using artifical neutral networks and the genetic algorithm to optimize well-field design: Phase I (1998)

Reservoir simulation is a well-established component of reservoir management throughout much of the petroleum industry. Black oil simulators and more complex compositional, thermal, and chemical models are used as forecasting tools in both the day-to-day operational management of production facilities and longer-term field development planning. As yet, however, little use has been made of reservoir simulation coupled with systematic optimization techniques. The main advantage of applying these mathematical tools to decision- making problems is that they are less restricted by human imagination than conventional case-by- case comparisons. As the number of competing engineering, economic, and environmental planning objectives and constraints increases, it becomes difficult for human planners to track complex interactions and select a manageable set of promising scenarios for examination. Using optimization techniques, the search can range over all possible combinations of variables, locating strategies whose effectiveness is not always obvious to planners. Optimization also generates large sets of promising scenarios from which planners can choose:
Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 Is a Novel Regulator of TGF-β Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer (2016)

TGF-β has a dual role in tumorigenesis, acting as a tumor suppressor in normal cells and in the early stages of tumor development while promoting carcinogenesis and metastasis in advanced tumor stages. The final outcome of the TGF-β response is determined by cell-autonomous mechanisms and genetic alterations such as genomic instability and somatic mutations, but also by a plethora of external signals derived from the tumor microenvironment, such as cell-to-cell interactions, growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins and proteolytic enzymes. Serine proteinases mediate their cellular effects via activation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a subclass of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. We have recently identified PAR2 as a factor required for TGF-β1-dependent cell motility in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. In this article, we review what is known on the TGF-β-PAR2 signaling crosstalk and its relevance for tumor growth and metastasis. Since PAR2 is activated through various serine proteinases, it may couple TGF-β signaling to a diverse range of other physiological processes, such as local inflammation, systemic coagulation or pathogen infection. Moreover, since PAR2 controls expression of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5, PAR2 may also impact signaling by other TGF-β superfamily members that signal through ALK5, such as myostatin and GDF15/MIC-1. If so, PAR2 could represent a molecular linker between PDAC development and cancer-related cachexia.
The action of a cosmetic hair treatment on follicle function (2018)

Abstract OBJECTIVE Human hair changes with age: fibre diameter and density decrease, hair growth slows and shedding increases. This series of controlled studies examined the effect on hair growth parameters of a new leave-on hair treatment (LOT) formulated with Dynagen TM (containing hydrolysed yeast protein) and zinc salts. METHODS Hair growth data were collected from healthy women aged 18–65 years. The LOT’s effect on hair growth was measured in a randomized double-blind study and in hair samples; its effect on follicle-cell proliferation was assessed by quantifying Ki67 expression in scalp biopsies. The LOT’s effect on plucking force was determined in an ex vivo model. Dynagen’s effect on the expression of the tight-junction marker claudin-1 was analysed in cultured follicles. The effect on protease activity of zinc salts used in the LOT was examined in vitro . RESULTS Hair growth rate decreased with increasing subject age. The LOT significantly increased hair growth rate, fibre diameter, bundle cross-sectional area, Ki67 expression and the plucking force required to remove hair. Dynagen significantly increased claudin-1 expression in cultured follicles. Protease activity was reduced by zinc salts. CONCLUSION The Dynagen-based LOT increases hair-fibre diameter, strengthens the follicular root structure and increases hair growth rate.
Insertion loss of a multi-plane light conversion device with few mode fiber outputs under atmospheric conditions (2022)

A key challenge of photon counting optical communication is delivering light with atmospherically distorted wavefronts from the telescope to detectors efficiently. When using fiber coupled single photon detectors, the efficiency of the transmittance is constrained by the modes supported by the fiber. The number of modes supported by a fiber depends on the size of the core. The larger the core, the more modes supported. However, commercial off the shelf superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) are currently limited in area, which limits the core size of the fibers that can efficiently couple to the detectors. To increase the amount of light that can be delivered to the detectors, NASA Glenn Research Center is considering many different fiber/detector architectures. This paper compares insertion loss of the fiber device for two different architectures: • a multi-plane light conversion device to split the light from a 30 µm core diameter fiber into 7 separate, 15 &mu;m core diameter few-mode fibers butt-coupled to 7 single-element SNSPDs, and • a 30 &mu;m core diameter multimode fiber butt-coupled to a 16 multi-element, SNSPD array. The measured insertion loss for each fiber device under emulated atmospheric conditions with D/r0 between 2 and 30 is presented. The multi-plane light conversion device shows a consistent ~1 dB loss more than the multimode fiber. Also presented is the measured uneven power splitting of the multiplane light conversion device, especially at lower D/r<sub>0</sub>. How this uneven power splitting contributes to system loss called blocking loss is discussed.
Variable single-trial evoked potential estimation via principal component identification (2002)

Current single-trial Evoked Potential (EP) estimators assume deterministic signal waveforms embedded in the background electroencephalographic brain activity. Identification of morphological changes of the evoked responses has been suggested, requiring however a skilled operator to predetermine the location of the variable components. In this paper the authors propose an alternative approach for the identification of variable single-trial EPs, based on reconstruction of the EPs from the Principal Components of the data correlation matrix and thus eliminating the requirement of a-priori knowledge of the variable component locations. The reconstruction performance is demonstrated via simulations and application to experimental EP data.
Platelet Aggregation During Fibrin Polymerization (1966)

(1966). Platelet Aggregation During Fibrin Polymerization. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 577-587.
EEG Theta/Beta Ratio Calculations Differ Between Various EEG Neurofeedback and Assessment Software Packages: Clinical Interpretation (2019)

The quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) theta/beta power ratio (TBR) has been shown to have an association with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with a previous tacit assumption of equivalence across hardware and software systems. Therefore, the International Collaborative ADHD Neurofeedback (ICAN) randomized clinical trial used a fixed TBR ≥ 4.5 cutoff as measured by the Thought Technology Monastra-Lubar Assessment Suite as an inclusion criterion, 1.5 SD above norms collected with that system. However, a difference was noted between the TBR calculated by that assessment suite and the TBR computed by EEGer, the neurofeedback software used for treatment, leading us to investigate the discrepancy. The difference may arise from different calculation methods. This article explains and compares various computational methods used to calculate and display EEG values, including TBR, elucidating why the values are not equivalent across equipment and software programs. Two major sources of variance are (1) how "spectral leakage" at the ends of bands is handled and (2) whether voltages of bins within a band are first averaged and then squared to get bandwidth power or are first squared to get power (turning negative voltages into positive power) and then averaged to get the bandwidth power; the latter method results in higher band power. This article compares methods of computing the TBR. Biofeedback practitioners and investigators should be aware of the algorithms their systems use when interpreting TBRs and require normative comparison data collected with the same system.
Equivalent-circuit formulas for metal grid reflectors at a dielectric boundary (1985)

This paper points out a number of errors that have appeared in the literature concerning transmission-line models for metal grid reflectors (strip gratings and meshes) especially in regard to the design of laser mirrors and filter elements for use at submillimeter wavelengths. General formulas are given for the transmittance of lossy grids and for the equivalent circuit impedances to be used in these formulas for strip gratings and meshes at a plane boundary between two lossless dielectrics. The results apply for normal incidence and for wavelengths in both dielectrics greater than the grid period. Limitations of the transmission-line models for meshes at dielectric boundaries are discussed.
Automatic classification of MR scans in Alzheimer's disease (2008)

To be diagnostically useful, structural MRI must reliably distinguish Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal aging in individual scans. Recent advances in statistical learning theory have led to the application of support vector machines to MRI for detection of a variety of disease states. The aims of this study were to assess how successfully support vector machines assigned individual diagnoses and to determine whether data-sets combined from multiple scanners and different centres could be used to obtain effective classification of scans. We used linear support vector machines to classify the grey matter segment of T1-weighted MR scans from pathologically proven AD patients and cognitively normal elderly individuals obtained from two centres with different scanning equipment. Because the clinical diagnosis of mild AD is difficult we also tested the ability of support vector machines to differentiate control scans from patients without post-mortem confirmation. Finally we sought to use these methods to differentiate scans between patients suffering from AD from those with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Up to 96% of pathologically verified AD patients were correctly classified using whole brain images. Data from different centres were successfully combined achieving comparable results from the separate analyses. Importantly, data from one centre could be used to train a support vector machine to accurately differentiate AD and normal ageing scans obtained from another centre with different subjects and different scanner equipment. Patients with mild, clinically probable AD and age/sex matched controls were correctly separated in 89% of cases which is compatible with published diagnosis rates in the best clinical centres. This method correctly assigned 89% of patients with post-mortem confirmed diagnosis of either AD or frontotemporal lobar degeneration to their respective group. Our study leads to three conclusions: Firstly, support vector machines successfully separate patients with AD from healthy aging subjects. Secondly, they perform well in the differential diagnosis of two different forms of dementia. Thirdly, the method is robust and can be generalized across different centres. This suggests an important role for computer based diagnostic image analysis for clinical practice.
Development of Hierarchical Production Planning and Control System for Mixed-Model Assembly Manufacture-an Application in Refrigerator Factory (2006)

This paper presents a scheme for a hierarchical production scheduling and control system for a refrigerator factory with mixed model assembly lines. The setting of the factory is as follows. There are three mixed-model assembly lines called main line A, B and C and two batch lines that supply parts to the main lines. For each of the main lines, three work-centers are dedicated to them. The sub-lines and work-centers produce parts in batch type. An incoming production order from the master planner is characterized by its product type, amount, and due date. Under this situation, the proposed scheme has several features to schedule and control the above mentioned factory; 1) select the starting time and the place (assembly line) for an order processing, 2) devise a way to control orders to be processed as scheduled, and 3) reschedule orders when something unexpected happen. Finally, this paper provides a case study where the proposed scheme is applied to.Keywords: mixed-model assembly lines, hierarchical production planning and control
Spectroelectrochemical determination of the redox potential of pheophytina, the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II (2009)

Thin-layer cell spectroelectrochemistry, featuring rigorous potential control and rapid redox equilibration within the cell, was used to measure the redox potential E(m)(Phe a/Phe a(-)) of pheophytin (Phe) a, the primary electron acceptor in an oxygen-evolving photosystem (PS) II core complex from a thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. Interferences from dissolved O(2) and water reductions were minimized by airtight sealing of the sample cell added with dithionite and mercury plating on the gold minigrid working electrode surface, respectively. The result obtained at a physiological pH of 6.5 was E(m)(Phe a/Phe a(-)) = -505 + or - 6 mV vs. SHE, which is by approximately 100 mV more positive than the values measured approximately 30 years ago at nonphysiological pH and widely accepted thereafter in the field of photosynthesis research. Using the P680* - Phe a free energy difference, as estimated from kinetic analyses by previous authors, the present result would locate the E(m)(P680/P680(+)) value, which is one of the key parameters but still resists direct measurements, at approximately +1,210 mV. In view of these pieces of information, a renewed diagram is proposed for the energetics in PS II.
Spatial–temporal modeling of root zone soil moisture dynamics in a vineyard using machine learning and remote sensing (2022)

Abstract High-resolution spatial–temporal root zone soil moisture (RZSM) information collected at different scales is useful for a variety of agricultural, hydrologic, and climate applications. RZSM can be estimated using remote sensing, empirical equations, or process-based simulation models. Machine learning (ML) approaches for evaluating RZSM across numerous spatial–temporal scales are less generalizable than process-based models. However, data-driven ML approaches offer a unique opportunity to develop complex models of soil moisture without making assumptions about the processes governing soil water dynamics in a given study region. In this study, comparisons were made between two models, pySEBAL and EFSOIL, which were based on evaporation fraction (EF) and soil properties, and a data-driven model based on the Random Forest (RF) ensemble algorithm. These approaches were evaluated to demonstrate their capabilities for RZSM estimation. The EF obtained from Landsat images was used after validation with eddy covariance measurements as the major input to all three models, along with other meteorological and soil physical properties. The RF model was trained using in situ soil moisture data from Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) sensors installed in a vineyard from 2018 to 2020. The predictor variables comprised of meteorological, soil properties, EF, and a vegetation index. The results reveal that there was a strong correlation between the in situ measured soil moisture and the RF predicted soil moisture at all sensor locations. Due to the complexity of the physical processes involved in soil water flow, the empirical models pySEBAL and EFSOIL were unable to reliably predict RZSM values at all monitored locations. The high RZSM predicted by pySEBAL demonstrated the presence of possible bias in the model’s algorithm used to estimate soil moisture. We also demonstrated that ML based on the RF algorithm may be used to predict spatially distributed RZSM when a few soil moisture ground measurements are combined with remote sensing to produce soil moisture maps.
Turning silicon on its edge (2004)

Double-gate devices will enable the continuation of CMOS scaling after conventional scaling has stalled. DGCMOS/FinFET technology offers a tactical solution to the gate dielectric barrier and a strategic path for silicon scaling to the point where only atomic fluctuations halt further progress. The conventional nature of the processes required to fabricate these structures has enabled rapid experimental progress in just a few years. Fully integrated CMOS circuits have been demonstrated in a 180 nm foundry-compatible process, and methods for mapping conventional, planar CMOS product designs to FinFET have been developed. For both low-power and high-performance applications, DGCMOS-FinFET offers a most promising direction for continued progress in VLSI.
EUV Lithography optics contamination and lifetime studies (2010)

In this paper we discuss surface phenomena leading to contamination of multilayer optics designed for Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Experimental data supported by calculations indicate dramatic influence of resonance structure of EUV mirror on the secondary electron yield. These low energy electrons play an important role in radiation chemistry at the mirror surface. We also discuss the dependence on the partial pressure of admitted gas of equilibrium surface coverage and contamination rate under EUV irradiation.
Metal–organic-frameworks-derived NaTi2(PO4)3/carbon composites for efficient hybrid capacitive deionization (2019)

Metal–organic-framework-derived NaTi<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/carbon composites with unique porous structure and improved electrical conductivity exhibit high desalination performance for hybrid capacitive deionization.