gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the Stability of Aptamers by Chemical Modification (2011)

Ever since the invention of SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), there has been rapid development for aptamers over the last two decades, making them a promising approach in therapeutic applications as either drug candidates or diagnostic tools. For therapeutic purposes, a durable performance of aptamers in biofluids is required, which is, however, hampered by the lack of stability of most aptamers. Not only are the nucleic acid aptamers susceptible to nucleases, the peptide aptamers are also subjective to degradation by proteases. With the advancement of chemical biology, numerous attempts have been made to overcome this obstacle, many resulting in significant improvements in stability. In this review, chemical modifications to increase the stability of three main types of aptamers, DNA, RNA and peptide are comprehensively summarized. For nucleic acid aptamers, development of modified SELEX coupled with mutated polymerase is discussed, which is adaptive to a number of modifications in aptamers and in a large extent facilitates the research of aptamer-modifications. For peptide aptamers, approaches in molecular biology with introduction of stabilizing protein as well as the switch of scaffold protein are included, which may represent a future direction of chemical conjugations to aptamers.
Threonine6‐bradykinin: Conformational study of a flexible peptide in dimethyl sulfoxide by NMR and ensemble calculations (1996)

The conformation of the natural peptide threonine6 (Thr6)-bradykinin, Arg1-Pro2-Pro3-Gly4-Phe5-Thr6-Pro7-Phe8-Arg9, was investigated in DMSO by nmr spectroscopy and computer simulations. The structural analysis of the Thr6-peptide is made particularly interesting by the fact that despite the high sequence homology with native bradykinin (only one conservative substitution: Ser6/Thr6) there is a marked and significant difference in the biological profiles of the two peptides. The nmr spectra indicate a relatively flexible structure with the presence of an N-terminal turn. Standard distance geometry calculations failed to produce structures in accord with the experimental observations; the resulting structures are indeed too rigid and conformationally restricted for the nmr data. The results of ensemble calculations reveal conformational changes occurring rapidly on the nmr time scale and allow for the establishment of a series of disordered conformations, prevalently extended with a partially populated turn in residues 2–5, which when considered together, as an average, fulfill the experimental restraints. The structural characterization of (Thr6)-bradykinin supports the hypothesis of the significant role of the residue at position 6 on both conformation as well as biological activities and suggests a N-terminal turn as a possible bioactive conformation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 40: 561–569, 1996
Retinoid related molecules: new promises against lung and breast cancer (1998)

Retinoids have long interested cancer researchers due to their well-documented antiproliferative and differentiation inducing activities. However, natural compounds such as all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid, as well as related synthetic derivatives, show only moderate anticancer activities, while at the same time inducing a broad range of undesirable activities. By taking advantage of the newly gained understanding in retinoid action and screening large numbers of novel molecules, new potent anticancer agents have been discovered that often lack typical retinoid side effects. Two of these novel types of molecules, referred to here as retinoid related molecules (RRMs), are described, one of which effectively kills non small cell lung cancer cells by apoptosis and is effective and well tolerated in vivo, while the other one belongs to a class of molecules selective for the nuclear receptor, RXR, which promises to be more effective and more tolerable than presently used compounds in anti-breast cancer adjuvant therapy. These novel molecules demonstrate the potential of novel RRMs that vastly outreaches classical retinoids.
Niche Radius Adaptation in Bat Algorithm for Locating Multiple Optima in Multimodal Functions (2019)

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are often used for multimodal optimization which is modeled as real-world problem. However, most EAs still not enough to find multiple local optima because of the concept of the solution movement between nearest neighbor solutions. This paper proposes the niche radius-based bat algorithm (NRBA), which is designed to find multiple local optima in multimodal optimization. We focus on bat algorithm (BA) which deals with the trade-off between exploration and exploitation in the evolutionary process and extend it with niche radius which can control and modify the search space of solutions to avoid overlapping the found optima. In detail, the proposed BA consists of three search phases: (i) the movement from neighbors for avoiding overlapping the same found optima; (ii) the exploitation for searching nearby the best solution of its domain with Niche Radius; (iii) the exploration for searching randomly in all domain of the radius. In order to evaluate the performance of NRBA, this paper employs some test-bed multimodal functions and compare NRBA with BA and NSBA. The experimental results suggest that NRBA is able to provide the better search performance than BA and NSBA to find multiple global optima in most of benchmark functions.
Comparison of 2D- and 3D-culture models as drug-testing platforms in breast cancer (2015)

It is becoming recognized that screening of oncology drugs on a platform using two-dimensionally (2D)-cultured cell lines is unable to precisely select clinically active drugs; therefore three-dimensional (3D)-culture systems are emerging and show potential for better simulating the in vivo tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this study was to reveal the differential effects of chemotherapeutic drugs between 2D- and 3D-cultures and to explore their underlying mechanisms. We evaluated differences between 2D- and 3D-cultured breast cancer cell lines by assessing drug sensitivity, oxygen status and expression of Ki-67 and caspases. Three cell lines (BT-549, BT-474 and T-47D) developed dense multicellular spheroids (MCSs) in 3D-culture, and showed greater resistance to paclitaxel and doxorubicin compared to the 2D-cultured cells. An additional three cell lines (MCF-7, HCC-1954, and MDA-MB‑231) developed only loose MCSs in 3D, and showed drug sensitivities similar to those found in the 2D-culture. Treatment with paclitaxel resulted in greater increases in cleaved-PARP expression in the 2D-culture compared with the 3D-culture, but only in cell lines forming dense 3D-MCSs, suggesting that MCS formation protected the cells from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Hypoxia was observed only in the dense 3D-MCSs. BT-549 had fewer cells positive for Ki-67 in 3D- than in 2D-culture, suggesting that the greater G0-dormant subpopulation was responsible for its drug resistance in the 3D-culture. BT-474 had a lower level of caspase-3 in the 3D- than in the 2D-culture, suggesting that the 3D-environment was anti-apoptotic. Finally, we compared staining for Ki-67 and caspases in the 2D- and 3D-primary‑cultured cells originating from a patient-derived xenograft (PDX), fresh PDX tumor, and the patient's original tumor; 2D-cultured cells showed greater proportions of Ki-67-positive and caspase-3-positive cells, in agreement with the view that 3D-primary culture better represents characteristics of tumors in vivo. In conclusion, 3D-cultured cells forming dense MCSs may be better than 2D-cultured cells in simulating important tumor characteristics in vivo, namely hypoxia, dormancy, anti-apoptotic features and their resulting drug resistance.
The interaction between TCP and traffic shapers - clever alternatives to the leaky bucket (2004)

The Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture has been defined for implementing scalable service differentiation in the Internet. DiffServ edge routers employ traffic conditioners that contain meter, marker and shaper functionalities. The way of traffic shaping in traffic conditioners is an open issue and we believe, using intelligent shaping algorithms instead of leaky bucket algorithms (LBA) could increase the network performance significantly. We present two new shaping algorithms for variable packet size networks that emit packet streams which behave in a certain sense better than Poisson streams and compare them to the leaky bucket algorithm (LBA). The introduced shaping algorithms are proven to perform better than LBA and furthermore provide a means to network providers to answer the questions of network dimensioning.
Rapid and specific detection ofPseudomonas syringaepv.phaseolicolaby immunological methods (1989)

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the specific detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the agent of haloblight disease of beans. Using as an immunogen a preparation of a surface polysaccharide known to be characteristic of the organism because of involvement in the mechanism of pathogenicity, antisera have been raised which show no cross‐reaction with other pathovers of P. syringae tested, and which recognized all strains of pv. phaseolicola tested. This degree of specificity has not previously been reported. The assay limit of detection is 2 × 10 4 cells ml −1. A positive result was obtained when artifically inoculated bean flour was analysed by ELISA. The antiserum was also used for detection of the organism by fluorescence microscopy. The method is considerably faster than alternative methodology.
On Defining Artificial Intelligence (2019)

Abstract This article systematically analyzes the problem of defining “artificial intelligence.” It starts by pointing out that a definition influences the path of the research, then establishes four criteria of a good working definition of a notion: being similar to its common usage, drawing a sharp boundary, leading to fruitful research, and as simple as possible. According to these criteria, the representative definitions in the field are analyzed. A new definition is proposed, according to it intelligence means “adaptation with insufficient knowledge and resources.” The implications of this definition are discussed, and it is compared with the other definitions. It is claimed that this definition sheds light on the solution of many existing problems and sets a sound foundation for the field.
A novel donor moiety 9,9,9′9′-tetramethyl-9,9′10,10′-tetrahydro-2,10′-biacridine via one-pot C–H arylation for TADF emitters and their application in highly efficient solution-processable OLEDs (2020)

A novel donor fragment of BDMAc is synthesized <italic>via</italic> C–H arylation by the one-pot method, and three BDMAc-based TADF molecules with high efficiency are obtained. Solution processable OLEDs based on these TADF molecules exhibit a high EQE of ∼23%.
Improving Dispersion and Barrier Properties of Polyketone/Graphene Nanoplatelet Composites via Noncovalent Functionalization Using Aminopyrene (2017)

A series of polyketone (PK) nanocomposite films with varying content of noncovalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelet with 1-aminopyrene (GNP/APy) is prepared by solution blending with a solvent of hexafluoro-2-propanol. GNP/APy, prepared by a facile method, can effectively induce specific interaction such as hydrogen bonding between the amine functional group of GNP/APy and the carbonyl functional group of the PK matrix. With comparison of GNP and GNP/Py as reference materials, intensive investigation on filler-matrix interaction is achieved. In addition, the dispersion state of the functionalized GNP (f-GNPs; GNP/Py and GNP/APy) in the PK matrix is analyzed by three-dimensional nondestructive X-ray microcomputed tomography, and the increased dispersion state of those fillers results in significant improvement in the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The enhancement in WVTR of the PK/GNP/APy nanocomposite film at 1 wt % loading of filler leads to a barrier performance approximately 2 times larger compared to that of PK/GNP nanocomposite film and an approximately 92% reduction in WVTR compared to the case of pristine PK film. We expect that this facile method of graphene functionalization to enhance graphene dispersibility as well as interfacial interaction with the polymer matrix will be widely utilized to expand the potential of graphene materials to barrier film applications.
Heterogeneously-Grown Tunable Tensile Strained Germanium on Silicon for Photonic Devices (2015)

The growth, structural and optical properties, and energy band alignments of tensile-strained germanium (ε-Ge) epilayers heterogeneously integrated on silicon (Si) were demonstrated for the first time. The tunable ε-Ge thin films were achieved using a composite linearly graded InxGa1-xAs/GaAs buffer architecture grown via solid source molecular beam epitaxy. High-resolution X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis confirmed a pseudomorphic ε-Ge epitaxy whereby the degree of strain varied as a function of the In(x)Ga(1-x)As buffer indium alloy composition. Sharp heterointerfaces between each ε-Ge epilayer and the respective In(x)Ga(1-x)As strain template were confirmed by detailed strain analysis using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Low-temperature microphotoluminescence measurements confirmed both direct and indirect bandgap radiative recombination between the Γ and L valleys of Ge to the light-hole valence band, with L-lh bandgaps of 0.68 and 0.65 eV demonstrated for the 0.82 ± 0.06% and 1.11 ± 0.03% strained Ge on Si, respectively. Type-I band alignments and valence band offsets of 0.27 and 0.29 eV for the ε-Ge/In(0.11)Ga(0.89)As (0.82%) and ε-Ge/In(0.17)Ga(0.83)As (1.11%) heterointerfaces, respectively, show promise for ε-Ge carrier confinement in future nanoscale optoelectronic devices. Therefore, the successful heterogeneous integration of tunable tensile-strained Ge on Si paves the way for the design and implementation of novel Ge-based photonic devices on the Si technology platform.
Experimental Determination of the Heat Transfer Coefficient in Piston Cooling Galleries (2018)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Piston cooling galleries are critical for the pistons’ capability to handle increasing power density while maintaining the same level of durability. However, piston cooling also accounts for a considerable amount of heat rejection and parasitic losses. Knowing the distribution of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) inside the cooling gallery could enable new designs which ensure effective cooling of areas decisive for durability while minimizing parasitic losses and overall heat rejection. In this study, an inverse heat transfer method is presented to determine the spatial HTC distribution inside the cooling gallery based on surface temperature measurements with an infrared (IR) camera. The method utilizes a piston specially machined so it only has a thin sheet of material of a known thickness left between the cooling gallery and the piston bowl. The piston - initially at room temperature - is heated up with warm oil injected into the cooling gallery. The transient of the piston’s outer surface temperature is captured with an IR camera from the top. Combining the temperature transient of each pixel, the HTC is later obtained through an inverse heat transfer solver based on one-dimensional heat conduction inside the piston material. To the authors’ knowledge, the current study presents the first application of an inverse heat transfer method for spatially resolved and experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients inside a piston cooling gallery. Preliminary measurements at standstill to demonstrate the method display an area of increased heat transfer where the entering oil jet impinges onto the wall of the cooling gallery.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Infrared spectroscopic studies on polyethylene, 2. The characterisation of specific types of alkyl branches in low‐branched ethylene polymers and copolymers (1976)

Abstract Bands characteristic for some specific branches have been found in two regions of the IR spectra of near linear polyethylenes made by the Phillips process. Polymers with methyl branches give a band at 935 cm −1 , probably the methyl rocking mode. The intensity of this band is proportional to the methyl branch content, thus providing a quantitative method for its estimation. No band specific for ethyl branches has been found, but propyl and longer branches show one at 890 cm −1 and this is also assigned to the rocking mode. This band is observed more readily if the polymers are brominated at ambient temperature, to remove interfering unsaturation bands. The results for methyl and ethyl branched near linear polymers differ significantly from those obtained with polypropylene, poly(1‐butene), and ethylene copolymers with high concentrations of methyl and ethyl branches. This is very probably the result of the presence of blocks of the repeating unit CH 2 CH(R) in the latter materials. Methyl branched polymers show a band at 1150 cm −1 , assigned to the methyl wagging mode of branches present in the crystalline phase. Its intensity is proportional to the methyl branch content and it may be used for quantitative purposes. Ethyl and longer branches do not give a methyl wagging band of detectable intensity.
Selective Ablation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells – analysis of different process regimes at sub-picosecond to nanosecond pulse duration. (2012)

Recent achievements in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film technology allow the industrial production ofhighly efficient solar modules. A large growth of the CIGS-based solar cell production volume can beexpected for the coming years thanks to some favorable properties inherent to this absorber type. A majordrawback of CIGS is the inefficient patterning process. Since CIGS is a particularly difficult material forlaser ablation there is still no industrial all-laser scribing solution available. Manufacturers fall back onmechanical needle scribing for the P2 and P3 scribing process and have to accept substantial broadeningof the electrical interconnects due to unpredictable chipping at the scribe borders. In the present study weexplored a large variety of possible processes for the P1-P3 scribing at different wavelengths and indifferent pulse duration regimes. Beside the direct ablation of CIGS with ultrashort pulses we alsoinvestigated more exotic processes like layer side lift-off variants. The resulting scribes were analyzedusing electron microscopy (EM), laser scanning microscopy (LSM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) and electrical conductivity measurements. The most promising processes were selected forproducing functional mini-modules. Multiple optimization cycles allowed us to select the processes withthe best performance in the mini-module.
Paper: Enabling VMware vShield Endpoint for Horizon View (2014)

VMware has published a paper titled:Enabling VMware vShield Endpoint for Horizon View. The paper which contains 14 pages addresses the problems of antivirus scanning in ...
Building Communicating Web Applications Leveraging Endpoints and Cloud Resource Service (2013)

We describe a resource-based architecture to quickly and easily build communicating web applications. Resources are structured and hierarchical data stored in the server but accessed by the endpoint via the application logic running in the browser. The architecture enables deployments that are fully cloud based, fully on-premise or hybrid of the two. Unlike a single web application controlling the user's social data, this model allows any application to access the authenticated user's resources for application mash-ups, e.g., user contacts created by one application are used by another on permission from the user instead of the first application. We present a Rtisy, a platform to further simplify web application development by using pre-built communication widgets for common use cases such as phone call, conferencing, call distribution and video publish or play. The architecture extends beyond web to native applications and reduces the barrier between web and non-web applications for communication. Our resource access protocol acts as a generic signaling mechanism for the emerging WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communications). We have implemented several applications completely in HTML5 running in the browser using this resource-based architecture.
P5A-5 Dependence of Both Slow and Fast Wave Mode Properties on Bone Volume Fraction and Structural Anisotropy in Human Trabecular Bone: A 3D Simulation Study (2007)

Quantitative ultrasonic techniques are clinically used to estimate bone mechanical properties. Two longitudinal wave modes may be observed in vitro in trabecular bone, but the observation of the two waves depends on bone volume fraction (BV/TV), structural anisotropy and on the direction of propagation relatively to the direction of main trabecular alignment (MTA). Both wave modes are predicted by the Biot's theory. In some circumstances, the overlapping of both waves in the time domain is such that only a single pulse seems to be transmitted. Analytical predictions have been unable so far to establish reliable relationships between structural anisotropy, BV/TV and the behavior of both wave modes. The aim of this work was to investigate the conditions on BV/TV and structural anisotropy under which the fast and slow waves may be observed. Our approach uses 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations coupled with 34 real human femoral trabecular microstructures measured using synchrotron radiation micro computed tomography. The structural anisotropy (MTA, degree of anisotropy (DA)) of each sample was determined using a 3D image processing method. Our hypothesis was that the time separability of both waves results from a combination of appropriate values of BV/TV and structural anisotropy for the 3 perpendicular directions of propagation. The influence of BV/TV on both waves was studied using an image processing algorithm modifying all initial 3D microstructures. A heuristic signal processing method was developed aiming at determining when both wave modes overlap in time and when they can be distinguished. Both wave modes generally overlap in time when the MTA is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. When MTA is parallel to the direction of propagation, both separated wave modes can be observed for samples with high values of DA and BV/TV. Our results show that simultaneous conditions on structural anisotropy and BV/TV have to be fulfilled to be able to separate both wave modes.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF ALKYNYLCYCLOPROPANES (1982)

Abstract Die Chlor‐trichlorvinylcyclopropane (I) reagieren mit 2 mol BuLi zu den Acetyliden (II), die mit Nlethanol oder H 2 O die Chlorcyclopropylacetylene (III) geben; (IIa) liefert mit den Elektrophilen R5X die Cyclopropylacetylen‐Derivate (iVl.
Fortiden, fremtiden og det etnografiske museum. Samtidsindsamling, videndeling og medkuratering (1970)

In recognition of altered global relations since colonial times, The Ethnographic Collections at the National Museum of Denmark has identified a need to redefine its role in society. The Ethnographic Collections explores new ways of activating old collections – ways which include contemporary collecting, co-curation and dialogue with the communities from where the collections derive. Through three recent projects, this paper revolves around questions such as: How can we make associations between the old collections and contemporary society? How do we prioritize when collecting the contemporary? And how do we ensure that community involvement not only challenges the authority of museums, but also informs museological practices in new and constructive ways?