gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New low-contrast vision charts: reliability and test characteristics in patients with multiple sclerosis (2000)

The quantitative assessment of visual function in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials has been limited to Snellen visual acuity. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater reliability and test characteristics of a new visual outcome measure, the Low-Contrast Sloan Letter Charts, in patients with MS and visually-asymptomatic volunteers. Contrast letter acuity scores (letter scores) were measured at each of four contrast levels (100, 5, 1.25 and 0.6%) by two independent raters. Inter-rater agreement was described with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and comparison of mean scores. Excellent inter-rater agreement (ICC=0.86 - 0.95) was demonstrated at each contrast level among MS patients (n=100) and visually-asymptomatic volunteers (n=33). Average letter scores at the lowest contrast level (0.6%) were highly variable in the MS group, even among patients with visual acuities of 20/20 or better, and among those who required no assistance for ambulation. Low-Contrast Sloan Letter Chart testing is a highly reliable method of visual assessment, and provides information on an aspect of neurologic impairment in MS which is not captured by Snellen visual acuity or ambulation status. This new method demonstrates excellent potential as a visual function outcome measure for future MS clinical trials.
Imatinib induces hypothyroidism in patients receiving levothyroxine (2005)

Interactions of imatinib with other drugs have been scarcely reported. We report a previously unknown effect of imatinib on levothyroxine therapy. Eleven patients (1 with gastrointestinal stromal tumor and 10 with medullary thyroid carcinoma) received imatinib. Eight had undergone thyroidectomy and used levothyroxine, and 3 had the thyroid in situ. Thyroid function was measured before, during, and within 2 weeks after any change in either imatinib or levothyroxine dosage. We observed symptoms of hypothyroidism in all patients who had undergone thyroidectomy, whereas patients with the thyroid in situ remained clinically and biochemically euthyroid. On average, thyrotropin (INN, thyrotrophin) levels increased to 384% +/- 228% of the upper limit in patients after thyroidectomy, whereas free thyroxine (fT4) and free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) values remained within the reference range (59% +/- 17% of the upper limit for fT4 and 63% +/- 4% of the upper limit for fT3). Clinicians should be aware that hypothyroid subjects receiving imatinib have a high likelihood for increased levothyroxine replacement and should be closely monitored for elevations in thyrotropin indicating worsening hypothyroidism.
Evaluation of Hypercholesterolemia in Childhood (1996)

For many adults, the risk of atherosclerosis can be reduced by intervention and treatment of known risk factors. Direct proof that similar intervention will be effective in children is not available. However, evidence suggests that prevention beginning in childhood will lead to a decrease in incidence of heart disease later in life. The majority of families are eager to take steps to prevent heart disease in their children, especially if there is a family history of early heart disease. It is the role of the pediatrician to identify those children at risk for early heart disease and to initiate advice on reducing risk factors.
Ein neuer radikalischer Wirt für Anionen: [(Cu-dppe)3{hat-(CN)6}]2 + (1999)

Die Anionen PF6− und CF3SO3− werden von der neuen radikalischen Wirtverbindung [(Cu-dppe)3{hat-(CN)6}]2 +, die in einer Eintopfreaktion aus einer Kupfer(I)-Verbindung, hat-(CN)6 und dppe in Aceton synthetisiert wurde, komplexiert. Die Wirt/Gast-Komplexe wurden sowohl in Lösung als auch im festen Zustand charakterisiert (siehe Bild; A−: PF6−, CF3SO3−). hat-(CN)6 = Hexaazatriphenylen-hexacarbonitril; dppe = 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethan.
Solvent-Dependent Two-Photon Photoluminescence and Excitation Dynamics of Gold Nanorods (2013)

PEG-SH-capped gold nanorods (Au NRs) well dispersed in various organic solvents have been prepared to study the solvent effects on the two-photon photoluminescence (TPPL) properties and ultrafast excitation dynamics of Au NRs. The TPPL intensities of Au NRs in different organic solvents including DMF, DEG, CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3CN, DMSO, and THF were found to be significantly quenched compared to that of Au NRs in H2O. Ultrafast time-resolved transient absorption and pump-probe measurements have been performed on Au NRs in H2O, DMF, and DEG to understand the corresponding quenching mechanisms. Different from the excitation decay behaviors of Au NRs in H2O, an additional transient species was observed in Au NRs in DMF or DEG upon photoexcitation. This intermediate state is ascribed to the charge-separated species, which serves as direct evidence to support that the observed TPPL quenching in various organic solvents is due to electron transfer from electron-donating solvents to the excited Au NRs. The charge-transfer mechanism was further supported by the observation that the TPPL intensity of Au NRs in H2O was found to be quenched by nearly 5.0-fold in the presence of S(2-). These studies provide useful information on fundamental understanding of the TPPL properties as well as development of various potential biological applications of gold nanoparticles.
Unilateral peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation and optic disc rotation (2014)

Abstract Purpose To examine the morphology of the optic nerve head in patients with unilateral peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitations (PICCs). Methods The hospital‐based observational study included patients with unilateral PICCs. Tomographic images of the parapapillary fundus were taken by enhanced depth imaging mode of optical coherent tomography. The ocular biometric parameters were compared between the affected eyes and the contralateral unaffected eyes. Results The study population consisted of 30 patients with a mean age of 42.7±13.8 years (range:22‐72 years), mean axial length of 26.7±2.4 mm (range: 22.00‐32.30 mm) and mean refractive error of ‐8.71±5.21 diopters (range: ‐20.50 diopters to +0.50 diopters). In the eyes affected by PICC as compared with the contralateral eyes, the vertical optic disc diameter (P=0.001) and the minimal disc diameter (P=0.03) were significantly shorter, the ratio of minimal to maximal disc diameter was significantly lower (P=0.02), and the angle of disc rotation was significantly higher (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion In patients with unilateral PICCS, the eyes with PICCs as compared with the contralateral eyes have optic discs which are more spindle‐like configured due to a disc rotation around the vertical axis and around the sagittal axis. In association with the myopic axial elongation in PICC eyes, the findings may suggest that PICCs are associated with an external traction of the optic nerve at its adhesion at the optic nerve head, leading to a rotation of the optic disc into the temporal inferior direction and simultaneously leading to an increased distance between the parapapillary sclera and parapapillary Bruch´s membrane.
Closed bipolar electrochemistry in a four-electrode configuration (2019)

Closed bipolar electrochemistry in a 4-electrode configuration is a highly versatile, but under-utilized, technique with major potential to emerge as a powerful methodology impacting areas as diverse as spectro-electroanalysis, energy storage, electrocatalysis and electrodeposition. In this perspective, we provide the thermodynamic framework for understanding all such future applications of closed bipolar electrochemistry in a 4-electrode configuration. We distinguish the differences between open and closed bipolar electrochemical cells. In particular, the use of the 4-electrode configuration in both open and closed bipolar electrochemical cells with immiscible aqueous-organic solutions is outlined. A comprehensive overview of the influence of external bias on the thermodynamics underpinning electron transfer from an organic redox couple to an aqueous redox couple, or vice versa, by electrons flowing along a conducting bipolar electrode serving as an electronic bridge is provided. Fermi level equilibration between redox species at opposite poles of a bipolar electrode under external bias is discussed. The concept of the Line of Zero Overpotential (LZO) on the bipolar electrode at steady-state conditions under an external bias is introduced. The influence of a series of experimental variables (redox potential of each redox couple, rate constant of electron transfer at each pole, an excess bulk concentration of one redox couple over the other, and areas of the poles of the bipolar electrode in contact with each electrolyte solution) on the final position of the LZO on the bipolar electrode is highlighted. A cyclic voltammogram obtained using a closed bipolar electrochemical cell in a 4-electrode configuration with immiscible aqueous-organic electrolyte solutions is explained using the thermodynamic theory detailed throughout the perspective. The theory presented herein is equally applicable to a closed bipolar electrochemical cell in a 4-electrode configuration with aqueous electrolyte solutions, each containing redox active species, in both compartments connected by a bipolar electrode.
Atom interferometry using Bose-Einstein condensates on Earth and in space (2015)

The Cold Atom Laboratory is a multipurpose ultracold gas experiment currently being developed for operation on the international space station. It will have the ability to demonstrate proof-of-principle atom interferometry experiments in space. By using microgravity, atom interferometry has the potential to achieve extremely good performance in sensing and navigation applications. Terrestrial experiments can be used to explore potential challenges and prior to launch. One issue of concern is the release of cold atoms from a magnetic trap into free space. Although the atoms will not fall, they can acquire relatively large velocities due to technical limitations such as stray magnetic fields. This can limit the time available for measurements and thus the atom interferometer performance.
The teenagers’ idea about the prevention of crack (2014)

Objectives: To describe and understand ideas of adolescents on the crack use prevention. Methods: A qualitative study with the action research method was conducted, located at the Family Health Strategy, a community located in the state of Maranhao. The subjects were eleven adolescents. The data were collected by means of seminars and analyzed using content analysis. Results: It was observed that adolescents have the conception that the use of crack can be triggered by a lack of information. They feel the need to be more prepared in order to better understand the possible ways of prevention, complications and risks resulting from crack abuse. Conclusion: It is concluded that the professionals of the Family Health Strategy need to be more prepared when it comes to adolescents, so they can actually recognize the real needs of these individuals.
Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography-Assisted 27-Gauge Vitrectomy in Eyes with Vitreoretinal Diseases (2015)

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; To report intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT)-assisted 27-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) in eyes with vitreoretinal disease. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; A retrospective, interventional case series performed at a single center, including 6 eyes with retinal disease that underwent iOCT-assisted 27-gauge MIVS. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The advantages of iOCT were most notable when it was used to evaluate, in real time, different macular areas: the pre-macula, in vitreomacular traction or epiretinal membrane; the intra-macula, in macular edema or macular hole; and the sub-macula, in macular detachment. Real-time imaging and the minimization of shadows cast on the underlying tissues by the 27-gauge instrumentation made it possible to quickly select the best procedure at each critical juncture of the surgery. No patients experienced any complications. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Real-time iOCT imaging during 27-gauge MIVS provided excellent intraoperative visualization of retinal tissues without causing significant obstructions to the surgeon. The positive feedback from the system allowed the surgeon to better judge the necessity of additional surgical procedures.
Preparation and Application ofTrichoderma reeseiMutants with Enhancedβ-Glucosidase (1986)

Mutants with enhanced β-glucosidase production were isolated by the plate method with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glucoside as a substrate of β-glucosidase in Trichoderma reesei. Among them, the mutant strain CDU-11 had the highest production of β-glucosidase. In 5-liter jar fermentor culture of CDU-11 with 6% Avicel as a carbon source, β-glucosidase production was significantly increased by keeping the pH at 4.0 during the first 3 days, then keeping the pH at 5.5 for 4 days. CMCase reached 320U/ml, Avicelase 29 U/ml, and β-glucosidase 21 U/ml. The ratio of β-glucosidase to CMCase in the CDU-11 culture was about three times that in KY 746, the parent strain. The saccharification of Avicel and alkali-treated bagasse by the cellulolytic system of CDU-11 became much more effective than with other strains.
Resistance to Antibiotics in Strains of Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli Isolated from Rectal Swabs of Pigs (2008)

The study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected bacterial species ( Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli ) isolated from rectal swabs of pigs to antimicrobial agents. The tested strains were isolated from piglets aged 7 to 30 days. Bacterial species were identified by standard microbiological techniques and susceptibility to antibiotics was determined quantitatively by the standard microdilution method. Resistance of the Staphylococcus aureus strain to oxacillin was confirmed by detection of the mecA gene and PBP2a. A total of 115 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were collected. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus , the methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA) was identified. Moreover, higher frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci with minimum inhibitory concentration of oxacillin ≥ 0.5 mg/l was noticed. Inducible resistance to clindamycin in the Staphylococcus hominis strain was also detected. The strains of Enterococcus spp. (61 isolates) exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (98.5%), erythromycin (86.8%) and chloramphenicol (54.4%). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci were not isolated. In the case of Escherichia coli strains (111 isolates), higher frequency of resistant strains to tetracycline (81.1%) and ampicillin (62.2%) was documented. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and production of broad-spectrum β-lactamases was not noticed. The presented study may be considered as a pilot project assessing the prevalence of resistant bacteria in piglets kept on a single farm. It demonstrated the presence of resistant strains of Staphylococcus spp., including one MRSA strain, Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli . These strains may be present as a result of postnatal colonization with both bacterial microflora of dams and environmental microflora.
RELATIONSHIP OF ACOUSTIC BASEMENT RELIEF TO SEAFLOOR SPREADING IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC BASIN AND EAST PACIFIC RISE (1986)

Variations in the topographic roughness of volcanic basement in the western North Atlantic basin and in the vicinity of the East Pacific Rise have been measured and related to the seafloor spreading rates and histories of these two regions. A feature known as the rough-smooth basement boundary has been mapped in both the western and eastern central North Atlantic basins of Mesozoic age. This boundary is here attributed to a primary seafloor spreading origin, involving changes in seafloor spreading rate and direction to account for its diachronous nature. The history of seafloor spreading recorded by the Keathley sequence magnetic anomaly pattern between 25(DEGREES)N and 40(DEGREES)N has been modeled using a new computer graphic technique and magnetic block modeling of selected profiles. The modeling shows changes in spreading rate are consistent in timing but not in magnitude among 8 profiles collected between and parallel to fracture zones, and several ridge jumping events not previously mapped. Interesting trends oblique to the spreading direction evident in aeromagnetic anomaly data are attributed to along ridge axis migration of the centers of oceanic crust accretion, and evidently are not predicted from absolute motion of the spreading center over the hotspot frame of reference. A triple ridge jump event near 36(DEGREES)N, 65(DEGREES)W is attributed to the passage of the Verde hotspot nearby the Mesozoic Mid Atlantic Ridge crest at 137 mybp. Avoiding fracture zone topography, ridge crest topography near ridge jumps, seamounts, and other non-steady state seafloor spreading rate areas of the ocean floor, several basement topographic profiles have been analyzed quantitatively to assess the relationship of their roughness to spreading rate. A spectral model of topographic roughness shows a significant threshold change at a spreading half rate of 12 km/m.y. This change is attributed to the presence of a steady state axial magma chamber at ridges spreading faster than this rate, and the absence of a long-lived magma chamber at more slowly spreading ridges.
Field Trials to Test the Efficacy of Polyvalent Marek's Disease Vaccines in Broilers (1984)

The efficacies of trivalent (Md11/75C + SB-1 + HVT), bivalent (SB-1 + HVT), and turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccines against Marek's disease (MD) were compared in commercial broiler flocks in four trials involving 11 farm locations and 486,300 chickens. In all four trials, chickens receiving polyvalent vaccines had lower leukosis (MD) condemnation rates than chickens vaccinated with HVT alone; when data were summarized for each vaccine type in each trial, condemnation rates for the bivalent- or trivalent-vaccinated groups were 56-96% (mean 78%) lower than those for HVT-vaccinated chickens. Polyvalent vaccination was clearly mor efficacious than HVT in 8 of 11 individual farms, although it did not always reduce leukosis condemnations to acceptable levels. Body weights of chickens vaccinated with polyvalent vaccines did not differ consistently from those vaccinated with HVT. Chickens inoculated with the trivalent vaccine had slightly lower overall leukosis condemnation rates (0.24%) than those inoculated with the bivalent vaccine (0.45%) in trials 1-3, where direct comparisons were made. Bivalent vaccines containing either 1,500 or 200 plaque-forming units of SB-1 virus were equally effective; thus, HVT may need to be supplemented with only small amounts of SB-1 to obtain the benefits of protective synergism. SB-1 virus did not appear to carry over from polyvalent-vaccinated flocks to subsequent HVT-vaccinated flocks in the same houses, even when old litter was used.
Stiffness and damping of elastomeric O-rings (1979)

Report presents perameterpreturbation test program (using nineteen combinations of Test perameters) for elastomeric O-rings conducting for range of materials, temperatures, amplitudes, squeeze valves, stretch valves, cross-sectional diameters, and groove widths. Tests data were plotted and Power law lines fitted to sets of data.
Open reduction and internal fixation compared to closed reduction and external fixation in distal radial fractures (2009)

Internal fixation gave better grip strength and a better range of motion at 1 year, and tended to have less malunions than external fixation. No difference could be found regarding subjective outcome.
자선 단체에 대한 기부 행동 촉진을 위한 온라인 캠체인 효과에 관한 연구 : e-카드 사용자를 중심으로 (2004)

이 연구는 온라인상에서 전개된 기부 캠페인 자료를 바탕으로 인터넷 사용자의 자선 단체에 대한 금전적 기부 행위와 관련되어 있으리라 예상되는 인구 통계학적, 심리적, 사회적 전자 카드(e-카드) 이용 특성이 기부 행동 과 어떻게 관련되어 있는가를 실증적으로 분석해 봄으로써, 온라인 기부 촉진 캠페인의 전략적 차원에서 기부 잠재력이 큰 개인 기부자들을 발견하고 기부 시장을 세분화하고 이들과 적극적으로 의사 소통할 수 있는 기회 를 모색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 e-카드 사이트의 사용자를 중심으로 실제 온라인 기부 캠 페인을 전개하여, 이들의 기부 여부와 기부 참여자의 기부 액수를 조사하였다. 또한 사이트 사용자의 데이터 베이스 분석을 통해 기부 캠페인에 참여한 사용자들의 인구 통계학적 특성 및 e-카드 사용 행태를 조사하였고 , 캠페인 직후 온라인 설문을 통해 그들의 심리적 사회적 특성을 조사하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 인구 통계학적 변인 중에서는 연령과 소득, 교육 수준이 기부 행동과 관련된 것으로 검증 되었다. 기부자의 평균 연령은 비기부자에 비해 통계적으로 유의미하게 높은 것으로 드러났다. 또한 연령의 증가에 따라 기부액도 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 또한 소득이 많을수록 기부 액수도 더 증가하는 양상을 보였 다. 교육 수준과 기부 여부와의 관계에 있어서는 고학력자가 저학력자보다 더 높은 기부 액수를 보였다. 심리적 사회적 특성과 관련해서는 공감 정도나 이타적 도움 행동 성향, 자선 단체에 대한 태도에 따른 기부 여 부와 기부 액수에 있어서 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 마지막으로 e-카드를 많이 사용하는 사람은 적게 사용하는 사람에 비해 공감 정도가 높고, 기부하는 비율이 높으며, 기부 액수도 더 많을 것이라는 가설에 대해서는, 두 집단 모두 공감이 높은 편으로 나타났고 기부 여 부에 있어서는 차이가 없었으며 기부 액수에 있어서도 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 인터넷이 새로운 기부 및 모금 채널로서의 잠재력을 가진 것으로 점차 인식됨에 따라 많은 비영리 기관 및 자 선 단체에서는 인터넷을 실질적인 기부 캠페인의 도구로 활용되고 있음에도 불구하고, 네티즌의 온라인 기부 행동의 양상 및 온라인 기부 과정의 기제에 대한 체계적인 이해나 설명은 아직 부족한 현실에서, 이 연구는 온 라인 기부 행동에 대한 기초적 정보를 제공하리라 여겨진다.
Selectively buried growth of heavily B doped diamond layers with step-free surfaces in N doped diamond (1 1 1) by homoepitaxial lateral growth (2022)

In this work, we proposed a novel method to form a buried heavily boron (B) doped p+-structure with a step-free diamond surface in nitrogen doped diamond (1 1 1) based on homoepitaxial lateral growth technique. The buried structure with a size of 10 µm × 10 µm × 0.085 µm was fabricated by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching of the mesa structure and subsequent heavy B-doping, with a boron to carbon (B/C) ratio of 15,000 ppm in the microwave-plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). The surface morphology of the buried area and its surrounding were observed by laser microscopy (LM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which showed atomically flat surfaces before and even after B doping. Surface potential difference measurements on both areas were applied using Kelvin-probe force microscopy (KFM). The intensity imaging of B concentration in and around the buried areas were measured by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), which confirmed the heavy B doping of the buried structure and the depth profile shows that B doping is uniform, with a concentration of 2 × 1020 atoms/cm3.
Immunotherapy in Melanoma (2018)

Immunotherapy has dramatically improved the prognosis for patients with melanoma and has become the cornerstone of treatment for those with advanced disease. The role of immunotherapy continues to expand with multiple new agents approved in the adjuvant as well as metastatic setting, as first-line therapy and beyond. We review the currently approved drugs for the treatment of melanoma, along with clinical trial data, adverse side effects, response assessment and future directions.
The Secure Remote Password Protocol. (1998)

This paper presents a new password authentication and key-exchange protocol suitable for authenticating users and exchanging keys over an untrusted network. The new protocol resists dictionary attacks mounted by either passive or active network intruders, allowing, in principle, even weak passphrases to be used safely. It also offers perfect forward secrecy, which protects past sessions and passwords against future compromises. Finally, user passwords are stored in a form that is not plaintext-equivalent to the password itself, so an attacker who captures the password database cannot use it directly to compromise security and gain immediate access to the host. This new protocol combines techniques of zero-knowledge proofs with asymmetric key exchange protocols and offers significantly improved performance over comparably strong extended methods that resist stolen-verifier attacks such as Augmented EKE or B-SPEKE. 1 Introduction Password authentication protocols come in many flavors, b...