gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid reveals changes in the central nervous system metabolism in a rat model of multiple sclerosis (2011)

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used animal model for Multiple Sclerosis (MScl). CSF metabolomics in an acute EAE rat model was investigated using targetted LC-MS and GC-MS. Acute EAE in Lewis rats was induced by co-injection of Myelin Basic Protein with Complete Freund's Adjuvant. CSF samples were collected at two time points: 10 days after inoculation, which was during the onset of the disease, and 14 days after inoculation, which was during the peak of the disease. The obtained metabolite profiles from the two time points of EAE development show profound differences between onset and the peak of the disease, suggesting significant changes in CNS metabolism over the course of MBP-induced neuroinflammation. Around the onset of EAE the metabolome profile shows significant decreases in arginine, alanine and branched amino acid levels, relative to controls. At the peak of the disease, significant increases in concentrations of multiple metabolites are observed, including glutamine, O-phosphoethanolamine, branched-chain amino acids and putrescine. Observed changes in metabolite levels suggest profound changes in CNS metabolism over the course of EAE. Affected pathways include nitric oxide synthesis, altered energy metabolism, polyamine synthesis and levels of endogenous antioxidants. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-011-0306-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Titrations without the Additions: The Efficient Determination of pKa Values Using NMR Imaging Techniques (2018)

It can be very informative to acquire NMR spectra of a sample as a function of the solution pH. Examples can be found in the design of host-guest complexes or in the determination of the p K<sub>a</sub> values of organic molecules. In the conventional procedure, a series of spectra must be recorded and the pH of the sample adjusted manually between successive NMR measurements. As an alternative to this laborious procedure, we demonstrate how controlled pH gradients may be established in 5 mm NMR tubes and analyzed using standard NMR equipment in a "single shot" experiment. Using <sup>1</sup>H NMR imaging techniques and a set of NMR pH indicator compounds, we are able to measure the pH of a sample as a function of position along a pH gradient. We are thus able to obtain the necessary set of <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra as a function of pH from a single sample in a single NMR experiment. As proof of concept, we demonstrate how the technique may be employed for the determination of the p K<sub>a</sub> values of small organic molecules. We are able to measure p K<sub>a</sub> values from 1 to 11 to within 0.1 units of their literature values. The method is robust to variations in the setting of the pH gradients and can be readily implemented through an automated sample changer.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF HETERO‐HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES OF PHLOROGLUCIDE ANALOGS (1982)

Abstract Durch Synthesen nach konventionellen Verfahren werden die Derivate (II) bis (VIII) dargestellt.
Distinct Roles of Pattern Recognition Receptors CD14 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Acute Lung Injury (2005)

Acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major cause of mortality among humans. ALI is characterized by microvascular protein leakage, neutrophil influx, and expression of proinflammatory mediators, followed by severe lung damage. LPS binding to its receptors is the crucial step in the causation of these multistep events. LPS binding and signaling involves CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, the relative contributions of CD14 and TLR4 in the induction of ALI and their therapeutic potentials are not clear in vivo. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the roles of CD14 and TLR4 in LPS-induced ALI to determine which of these molecules is the more critical target for attenuating ALI in a mouse model. Our results show that CD14 and TLR4 are necessary for low-dose (300-microg/ml) LPS-induced microvascular leakage, NF-kappaB activation, neutrophil influx, cytokine and chemokine (KC, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6) expression, and subsequent lung damage. On the other hand, when a 10-fold-higher dose of LPS (3 mg/ml) was used, these responses were only partially dependent on CD14 and they were totally dependent on TLR4. The CD14-independent LPS response was dependent on CD11b. A TLR4 blocking antibody abolished microvascular leakage, neutrophil accumulation, cytokine responses, and lung pathology with a low dose of LPS but only attenuated the responses with a high dose of LPS. These data are the first to demonstrate that LPS-induced CD14-dependent and -independent (CD11b-dependent) signaling pathways in the lung are entirely dependent on TLR4 and that blocking TLR4 might be beneficial in lung diseases caused by LPS from gram-negative pathogens.
Characterization of additively manufactured cellular alumina dielectric structures (2018)

Additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing) can produce novel three-dimensional structures using low-loss dielectric materials. This enables the construction of dielectrics with complex shapes that enable innovative microwave applications such as resonators, filters, and metamaterial lenses. This paper addresses the production and characterization of cellular structures of various designed densities created with a low loss ceramic material, alumina (aluminum oxide), via vat photopolymerization. The permittivity of these printed structures is variable over roughly an octave, with a range of relative permittivites from 1.78 to 3.60, controlled via part geometry.
LiVP2O7/C: A New Insertion Anode Material for High-Rate Lithium-Ion Battery Applications (2016)

LiVP2O7/C, popularly known so far as an environmentally compatible and economically viable lithium battery cathode material, was exploited for the first time as an anode through the current study. LiVP2O7/C was synthesized by adopting oxalyl dihydrazide assisted solution combustion method and explored as an anode material in rechargeable lithium cell assembly. Notably, an initial capacity of 600 mAh g–1 was exhibited by LiVP2O7/C anode, at the rate of 0.5 C along with an excellent Coulombic efficiency of 99% up to 150 cycles. The title anode demonstrates its suitability for high capacity and high rate applications by way of exhibiting appreciable capacity values of 200, 150, 120, and 110 mAh g–1, under the influence of 2, 4, 6, and 8 C rates, respectively. Further, LiVP2O7/C anode, when subjected to a high current 10 C rate, exhibits an acceptable capacity of 107 mAh g–1 up to 500 cycles, which is closer to its theoretical capacity value of 117 mAh g–1. The study demonstrates the possibility of exploiting LiVP2O7/C as yet another potential anode and thereby opens a newer avenue to explore wide variety of LiMP2O7/C composites for their probable anode behavior in rechargeable lithium batteries.
Rapid Sampling of Severe Storms by the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased Array Radar (2008)

Abstract A key advantage of the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased Array Radar (PAR) is the capability to adaptively scan storms at higher temporal resolution than is possible with the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D): 1 min or less versus 4.1 min, respectively. High temporal resolution volumetric radar data are a necessity for rapid identification and confirmation of weather phenomena that can develop within minutes. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the PAR’s ability to collect rapid-scan volumetric data that provide more detailed depictions of quickly evolving storm structures than the WSR-88D. Scientific advantages of higher temporal resolution PAR data are examined for three convective storms that occurred during the spring and summer of 2006, including a reintensifying supercell, a microburst, and a hailstorm. The analysis of the reintensifying supercell (58-s updates) illustrates the capability to diagnose the detailed evolution of developing and/or intensifying areas of 1) low-altitude divergence and rotation and 2) rotation through the depth of the storm. The fuller sampling of the microburst’s storm life cycle (34-s updates) depicts precursors to the strong surface outflow that are essentially indiscernible in the WSR-88D data. Furthermore, the 34-s scans provide a more precise sampling of peak outflow. The more frequent sampling of the hailstorm (26-s updates) illustrates the opportunity to analyze storm structures indicative of rapid intensification, the development of hail aloft, and the onset of the downdraft near the surface.
Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity (2017)

Severe, repeated or chronic stress produces negative health outcomes including disruptions of the sleep/wake cycle and gut microbial dysbiosis. Diets rich in prebiotics and glycoproteins impact the gut microbiota and may increase gut microbial species that reduce the impact of stress. This experiment tested the hypothesis that consumption of dietary prebiotics, lactoferrin (Lf) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) will reduce the negative physiological impacts of stress. Male F344 rats, postnatal day (PND) 24, received a diet with prebiotics, Lf and MFGM (test) or a calorically matched control diet. Fecal samples were collected on PND 35/70/91 for 16S rRNA sequencing to examine microbial composition and, in a subset of rats; <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> was measured using selective culture. On PND 59, biotelemetry devices were implanted to record sleep/wake electroencephalographic (EEG). Rats were exposed to an acute stressor (100, 1.5 mA, tail shocks) on PND 87 and recordings continued until PND 94. Test diet, compared to control diet, increased fecal <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> colony forming units (CFU), facilitated non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep consolidation (PND 71/72) and enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep rebound after stressor exposure (PND 87). Rats fed control diet had stress-induced reductions in alpha diversity and diurnal amplitude of temperature, which were attenuated by the test diet (PND 91). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between early-life <i>Deferribacteres</i> (PND 35) and longer NREM sleep episodes (PND 71/72). A diet containing prebiotics, Lf and MFGM enhanced sleep quality, which was related to changes in gut bacteria and modulated the impact of stress on sleep, diurnal rhythms and the gut microbiota.
The structure and function of mouse thrombomodulin. Phorbol myristate acetate stimulates degradation and synthesis of thrombomodulin without affecting mRNA levels in hemangioma cells. (1988)

Thrombomodulin is an endothelial membrane anticoagulant protein that is a cofactor for protein C activation. We have evaluated the expression of thrombomodulin in cultured mouse hemangioma cells before and after treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an agent that stimulates protein kinase C. We also isolated a cDNA encoding 481 amino acids of mouse thrombomodulin and the entire 3'-untranslated portion of its mRNA. The deduced amino acid sequence of mouse thrombomodulin is similar to those determined for human and bovine thrombomodulin. An S1 nuclease protection assay was used to measure thrombomodulin mRNA in hemangioma cells. The half-life for thrombomodulin mRNA was 8.9 +/- 1.8 h (S.D.) in cells treated with actinomycin D. Treatment with PMA had no effect on thrombomodulin mRNA levels. Thrombomodulin turnover was evaluated by immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled thrombomodulin. The t1/2 was 19.8 +/- 3.9 h (S.D.); PMA treatment decreased the t1/2 to 10.9 +/- 1.1 h (S.D.) while increasing the rate of synthesis to a maximum of 190% of control. Protein C cofactor activity on hemangioma cells was reduced 35 +/- 4% by treatment with PMA within 30 min. This decrease was associated with a parallel decline in cell surface thrombomodulin antigen and with enhanced phosphorylation of thrombomodulin on serine residues. We conclude that thrombomodulin is phosphorylated in response to treatment of hemangioma cells with PMA which leads to decreased protein C cofactor activity and both increased degradation and synthesis of thrombomodulin.
Cool systems for hot cities (1998)

On a hot summer day, Los Angeles, CA, like Baltimore, MD, Phoenix, AZ, Washington, D.C., and Tokyo, Japan, is c. 6-8 degrees F hotter than its surrounding areas. Dark buildings and pavement have replaced urban vegetation in these cities, absorbing more solar heat. The urban heat islands that are created result in increased air-conditioning costs, energy use, and pollution. Scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have been studying the effects of roof system color and type on the energy used to cool a building. The results of this research indicate that roofing professionals should consider the reflectance (albedo) and emittance (release of absorbed heat) of the roof systems they install.
Refueling Liquid-Salt-Cooled Very High-Temperature Reactors (2006)

The liquid-salt-cooled very high-temperature reactor (LS-VHTR), also called the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR), is a new reactor concept that combines in a novel way four established technologies: (1) coated-particle graphite-matrix nuclear fuels, (2) Brayton power cycles, (3) passive safety systems and plant designs previously developed for liquid-metal-cooled fast reactors, and (4) low-pressure liquid-salt coolants. Depending upon goals, the peak coolant operating temperatures are between 700 and 1000°C, with reactor outputs between 2400 and 4000 MW(t). Several fluoride salt coolants that are being evaluated have melting points between 350 and 500°C, values that imply minimum refueling temperatures between 400 and 550°C. At operating conditions, the liquid salts are transparent and have physical properties similar to those of water. A series of refueling studies have been initiated to (1) confirm the viability of refueling, (2) define methods for safe rapid refueling, and (3) aid the selection of the preferred AHTR design. Three reactor cores with different fuel element designs (prismatic, pebble bed, and pin-type fuel assembly) are being evaluated. Each is a liquid-salt-cooled variant of a graphite-moderated high-temperature reactor. The refueling studies examined applicable refueling experience from high-temperature reactors (similar fuel element designs) and sodium-cooled fast reactors (similar plant design with liquid coolant, high temperatures, and low pressures). The findings indicate that refueling is viable, and several approaches have been identified. The study results are described in this paper.
Mass Spectrometry Imaging and GC-MS Profiling of the Mammalian Peripheral Sensory-Motor Circuit (2015)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has evolved to become an effective discovery tool in science and clinical diagnostics. Here, chemical imaging approaches are applied to well-defined regions of the mammalian peripheral sensory-motor system, including the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and adjacent nerves. By combining several MSI approaches, analyte coverage is increased and 195 distinct molecular features are observed. Principal component analysis suggests three chemically different regions within the sensory-motor system, with the DRG and adjacent nerve regions being the most distinct. Investigation of these regions using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry corroborate these findings and reveal important metabolic markers related to the observed differences. The heterogeneity of the structurally, physiologically, and functionally connected regions demonstrates the intricate chemical and spatial regulation of their chemical composition.
A Compact, Efficient Pyrolysis/Oxidation System for Solid Waste (2010)

This paper addresses the feasibility of integrating pyrolysis, tar cracking and oxidation steps into a compact, efficient system for processing of spacecraft solid wastes. This work demonstrated that it is feasible to pyrolyze a representative spacecraft solid waste sample and crack and/or oxidize the effluent gases using in a microwave assisted, close-coupled integrated reactor system. The net result is a significant reduction (estimated at 70% lower) in the total energy requirement (per gram of sample) when compared to conventional heating and a simpler, more compact apparatus. Although a formal ESM calculation was not done for the preliminary reactor system due to its small size, by analogy to literature studies comparing microwave heating to conventional heating, a significant reduction in ESM is also expected for a full scale prototype. The need for waste processing varies greatly depending on the mission scenario. Another goal of the project was to demonstrate that a Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) approach can meet the short term, intermediate term, and long term objectives of NASA for closed-loop life support. Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis can perform the near term objectives of volume reduction, stabilization, and water recovery, the intermediate term objective of recovering additional amounts of water and oxygen from waste materials, and the long term objective of a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU).
A Photo‐Dimerized Monolayer as a Non‐Rubbing Alignment Layer for Liquid Crystal Displays (1998)

Abstract A new non‐rubbing process suitable for active matrix LCDs has been developed. The process involves the formation of a silane‐based monolayer on the surface followed by UV irradiation. This leads to a photo‐dimerized alignment layer capable of giving a defect‐free alignment of nematic liquid crystals. The electro‐optic characteristics of LCDs fabricated using the photo‐dimerized layer are shown to be comparable to those with a rubbed polyimide alignment layer. In addition, the anchoring energies in the two cases are shown to be very similar making the new alignment layer technology attractive for applications.
Automated Grading for Handwritten Answer Sheets using Convolutional Neural Networks (2019)

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is an extensive research field in image processing and pattern recognition. Traditional character recognition methods cannot distinguish a character or a word from a scanned image. This paper proposes a system, which is to develop a method that uses a personal computer, a portable scanner and an application program that would automatically correct the handwritten answer sheets. For handwritten character recognition, the scanned images are fed through a machine learning classifier known as the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Two CNN models were proposed and trained on 250 images that were collected from students at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University. The proposed system will finally output the final score of the student by comparing each classified answer with the correct answer. The experimental results exhibited that the proposed system performed a high testing accuracy of 92.86%. The system can be used by the instructors in several educational institutions to automatically grade the handwritten answer sheets of students effectively.
Preliminary clinical outcomes of percutaneous kyphoplasty with Sky-bone expander (2007)

PKP with Sky-bone expander is an effective and relatively safe alternative to the PKP using balloon expander. It can relieve pain, improve physical function, and restore the height of the collapsed vertebrae, but the cement extravasation is unsolved.
Potential novel pharmacological therapies for myocardial remodelling (2008)

Left ventricular (LV) remodelling remains an important treatment target in patients after myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic heart failure (CHF). Accumulating evidence has supported the concept that beneficial effects of current pharmacological treatment strategies to improve the prognosis in these patients, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker therapy, and beta-blocker therapy, are related, at least in part, to their effects on LV remodelling and dysfunction. However, despite modern reperfusion therapy after MI and optimized treatment of patients with CHF, LV remodelling is observed in a substantial proportion of patients and is associated with an adverse clinical outcome. These observations call for novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or even reverse cardiac remodelling. Recent insights from experimental studies have provided new targets for interventions to prevent or reverse LV remodelling, i.e. reduced endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase-derived NO availability, activation of cardiac and leukocyte-dependent oxidant stress pathways, inflammatory pathway activation, matrix-metalloproteinase activation, or stem cell transfer and delivery of novel paracrine factors. An important challenge in translating these observations from preclinical studies into clinical treatment strategies relates to the fact that clinical studies are designed on top of established pharmacological therapy, whereas most experimental studies have tested novel interventions without concomitant drug regimens such as ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. Therefore, animal studies may overestimate the effect of potential novel treatment strategies on LV remodelling and dysfunction, since established pharmacological therapies may act, in part, via identical or similar signalling pathways. Nevertheless, preclinical studies provide essential information for identifying potential novel targets, and their potential drawbacks, and are required for developing novel clinical treatment strategies to prevent or reverse LV remodelling and dysfunction.
Tissue engineering matrixes by emulsion templating (2002)

Abstract Foams containing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been prepared from the corresponding macromonomers using high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as templates to create the porous structure. The resulting PolyHIPE foams have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the influence of diluent type, either reactive (styrene or methyl methacrylate (MMA)) or unreactive (toluene), on foam morphology has been determined. The morphology was found to depend on the type of diluent: styrene resulted in cellular materials at low PLA levels but tended to give structures characteristic of phase separation at higher PLA content; MMA yielded porous cellular materials at all levels of PLA; toluene tended to give soft materials that collapsed on drying. The swelling of the foam materials in toluene, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and water was also investigated. It was found that most of the foams swelled to a relatively low extent in all solvents, apart from that of low PLA content made with toluene. This was ascribed to a low crosslinking level and high porosity of this material. Cell and tissue growth studies on the resulting foams, as well as analogues prepared from poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) macromonomers, using whole chicken embryo explants, rat skin explants or individual human skin cells, indicated excellent biocompatibility of all foams over the length of each experiment (maximum length 6 days). Comparative studies indicated that cells adhered to PCL‐based materials more rapidly than their PLA‐containing counterparts. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry