gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonspatial determinants of electrograms in guinea pig ventricle (1981)

Theory states that the extracellularly recorded potential (epsilon) is determined by spatial and nonspatial factors. Spatial factors include the boundary between areas with different transmembrane voltages (Vm) and the relationship of the boundary to the extracellular electrode. Nonspatial factors include the Vm across the boundary [transmembrane potential gradient (TPG)] and a conductivity term (C sigma). Few studies have investigated the nonspatial factors experimentally due to the difficulty in separating the nonspatial from the spatial determinants. Our model rendered the spatial factors constant, permitted the simultaneous recording of epsilon and Vm, and allowed the manipulation of Vm and C sigma across the boundary. Epsilon and the TPG were related predictably with changes in [K+]o, [Na+]o, temperature, conduction, stimulus rate or prematurity, and hypoxia. In the presence of a constant TPG, epsilon could be affected by a change in C sigma caused by hypoxia and a metabolic poison. The effects of the nonspatial determinants on epsilon could be modeled using electrical circuit analogues. Nonspatial determinants must be considered in studies using electrocardiographic measures as an index of ischemia.
Evaluation of Ultra-Low-Speed Jitter in Rolling Balls (1992)

The frictional resistance generated by a ball bearing, when starting from rest, increases to a free rolling value in a finite amount of time instead of experiencing an instantaneous step increase. This is due to the complex ball dynamics involved. A change in the direction of rotation results in a reversal of the bearings dynamic torque characteristics. When a traversing process is continuously repeated, the friction torque of the bearing traces out hysteresis loops. This phenomenon is often described as ball jitter. An apparatus was built to study the ultra-low-speed hysteresis behavior found in jittering ball bearings. This behavior was first modeled by P. R. Dahl (1968). He found torque hysteresis loops to be characterized by the steady rolling friction torque, Ts, and the reversal torque slope, σ. A theoretical expression for Ts has been verified in previous research by Lovell et al. (1991), but no expression for σ has currently been determined at low speeds. Therefore, the experimental testing apparatus was canonically designed to incorporate three balls, rather than a full bearing. This was done in order that the characteristics of σ could be more readily determined, as many additional friction elements which occur in full bearings were eliminated. The effects of normal load, rotational rate, and lubrication regime on σ were all investigated using the testing apparatus. The experimental values obtained for the rest slope were coupled with previously determined values of Ts, so that empirical Dahl hysteresis curves could be generated. Excellent correlation was found to exist between the experimental jitter torque data and Dahl predicted dynamic torque behavior.
Long-Range Electron Transfer through a Lipid Monolayer at the Liquid/Liquid Interface (1997)

The electron transfer (ET) rate at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions was probed as a function of the driving force and distance between redox centers by scanning electrochemical microscopy. The adsorption of phospholipids at the interface resulted in a decrease in the rate of interfacial ET between aqueous redox species and the oxidized form of zinc porphyrin in benzene. The fraction of the interfacial area covered with lipid (θ) was evaluated from the measured heterogeneous rate constants (kf). The dependence of θ vs lipid concentration in benzene fit a Langmuir isotherm. For complete monolayers of phospholipids, kf was a function of the number of methylene groups in a hydrocarbon chain. The driving force dependencies of interfacial ET rates (Tafel plots) were measured for several aqueous redox couples. They were linear, with a transfer coefficient of α ≅ 0.5 when the driving force for ET (ΔG°) was not too high, in agreement with Marcus theory, and leveled off to the diffusion-controlled rate at larger overpotentials. For even higher ΔG° and for the first time for heterogeneous ET at a polarizable interface, inverted region behavior was observed.
Handling Feature Interactions in the Language for End System Services. (2005)

Abstract. Since traditional telecommunication networks assume dumb terminals, there are rarely feature interactions involving end systems. However, in Internet telephony
Linear and loglinear structural mean models to evaluate the benefits of an on-demand dosing regimen (2009)

The structural mean model approach allows one to estimate treatment efficacy in the presence of variable drug exposure. Similar results were obtained using linear and loglinear structural mean model.
Domain boundary formation on Au(110) (2002)

We report observations with a variable-temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope of the spontaneous formation of domain boundaries in the missing-row reconstruction of Au(110). The domain boundaries nucleate at two different types of special sites on the surface, where steps either cross or terminate. The length distribution of the domain boundaries is described already rather well by a simple theory, which accounts not only for the formation energy of the domain boundary, but also for the change in free energy of the steps in the vicinity of the boundary. The best fit is obtained by including also elastic step-step interactions. The formation of domain boundaries on a perfect Au(110) surface forms the onset of the deconstruction transition, in which the missing-row reconstruction is destroyed.
Efeito do pH na adsorção-dessorção de chumbo em Latossolos brasileiros (2001)

Reações de adsorção-dessorção de chumbo em solos são influenciadas por atributos de superfície dos colóides dos solos e pela composição da solução do meio. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do pH sobre a adsorção-dessorção de chumbo em Latossolos brasileiros. Amostras do horizonte A de cada solo, suspensas em Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1, foram tituladas com HNO3 7 mmol L-1 ou solução saturada de Ca(OH)2, para que fosse atingido o valor de pH estipulado em cada experimento (4,5, 5,5 e 6,5). Atingido o pH de equilíbrio, as amostras foram equilibradas com Pb(NO3)2, com vistas em obter uma concentração final de 0,15 mmol L-1 (relação solo:solução 1:100; força iônica 15 mmol L-1), por um período de 72 h. A dessorção foi realizada em Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1, pH 5,5. O aumento do pH de 4,5 para 6,5 causou aumento da adsorção de até 16,7 vezes, um aumento médio de 2,9 vezes de pH 4,5 para 5,5; 1,4 vez de pH 5,5 para 6,5 e 4,2 vezes de pH 4,5 para 6,5. A relação Pb adsorvido/Pb adicionado foi, em média, de 0,33 para pH 4,5; 0,75 para pH 5,5 e 0,94 para pH 6,5. A fração média de Pb dessorvido (Pb dessorvido/Pb adsorvido) decresceu de 0,36 a pH 4,5, para &lt; 0,06 a pH 6,5. O efeito dos atributos do solo sobre a adsorção-dessorção de chumbo decresceu quando o pH aumentou, evidenciado por uma maior diferenciação na quantidade adsorvida pelos solos em valores mais baixos de pH. A adsorção de Pb foi positivamente correlacionada (e geralmente a fração dessorvida foi negativamente correlacionada) com área superficial específica, CTC a pH 7,0, teores de caulinita, hematita, Fe2O3 extraídos pelo ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato de sódio e oxalato ácido de amônio e SiO2 e Fe2O3 extraídos pelo ataque sulfúrico. O fato de considerável fração de chumbo permanecer adsorvida em pH 4,5 mostra a reduzida disponibilidade deste metal em Latossolos, mesmo em baixos valores de pH.
Scalable Generation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in 3D (2018)

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSC) are efficacious in treating a series of autoimmune, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases in animal models. However, all the EMSC derivation methods reported so far rely on two-dimensional (2D) culture systems, which are inefficient, costive and difficult for large-scale production. HESC, as an unlimited source, can be successively propagated in spheroids. Here, we demonstrate that hESC spheroids can directly differentiate into MSC spheroids (EMSC<sub>Sp</sub>) within 20 days in one vessel without passaging and the system is scalable to any desired size. EMSC<sub>Sp</sub> can further differentiate into osteocytes and chondrocytes in spheres or demineralized bone matrix. EMSC<sub>Sp</sub> also retains immune-modulatory effects <i>in vitro</i> and therapeutic effects on two mouse models of colitis after dissociation. Compared to EMSC differentiated in monolayer, EMSC<sub>Sp</sub>-derived cells have faster proliferation and higher yield and develop less apoptosis and slower senescence. Thus, the 3D differentiation system allows simple, cost-effective, and scalable production of high-quality EMSC and subsequently bone and cartilage tissues for therapeutic application.
Distributed acoustic modeling with back-off n-grams (2012)

The paper proposes an approach to acoustic modeling that borrows from n-gram language modeling in an attempt to scale up both the amount of training data and model size (as measured by the number of parameters in the model) to approximately 100 times larger than current sizes used in ASR. Dealing with unseen phonetic contexts is accomplished using the familiar back-off technique used in language modeling due to implementation simplicity. The new acoustic model is estimated and stored using the Map-Reduce distributed computing infrastructure. Speech recognition experiments are carried out in an N-best rescoring framework for Google Voice Search. 87,000 hours of training data is obtained in an unsupervised fashion by filtering utterances in Voice Search logs on ASR confidence. The resulting models are trained using maximum likelihood and contain 20-40 million Gaussians. They achieve relative reductions in WER of 11% and 6% over first-pass models trained using maximum likelihood, and boosted MMI, respectively.
Galactosyltransferase Defects in Reeler Mouse Brains (1982)

Galactosyltransferase activities were examined in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and brain stem of reeler and wild-type mice. Galactosyltransferase assays were optimal for all required substrates, linear with incubation time, and proportional to protein concentration. In brain areas affected by the reeler mutation (i.e., cerebral cortex and cerebellum), galactosylation of both endogenous and exogenous glycoprotein acceptors was greatly reduced in reeler relative to controls. On the other hand, glycosylation of endogenous glycolipids was low, and equal between reeler and wild-type. Galactosyltransferase activities were similar, though not identical, in reeler and wild-type brain stems, which are phenotypically normal in reeler mice. Glucosyltransferase, beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase specific activities were all unaffected in reeler cerebella, while galactosyltransferase activity was 52% of control. Inhibition of either UDPgalactose hydrolysis or beta-galactosidase had no effect on galactosyltransferase activity. The spectrum or galactosyltransferase deficiencies in reeler suggests that this enzyme is associated with the development of young granule cells.
Presentation and Verification of an Optimal Operating Scheme Aiming at Reducing the Ground Vibration Induced by High Dam Flood Discharge (2020)

Ground and environmental vibrations induced by high dam flood discharge from the Xiangjiaba hydropower station (XHS) has significant adverse effects on nearby building safety and the physical and mental health of surrounding residents. As an effective approach to simulate the flow-induced vibration of hydraulic structures, the hydro-elastic experiment approach has been extensively applied and researched by Chinese scholars, but the relevant systematic research is rarely reported in international journals. Firstly, the hydraulic and structural dynamic similarity conditions that should be satisfied by the hydro-elastic model are briefly reviewed and derived. A hydro-elastic model of the XHS was further constructed using self-developed high-density rubber, and the vibration isolation system (including open trenches and flexible connects) was applied to avoid the external disturbances of pump operation, vehicle vibration and other experiments in the laboratory. Based on the data of model and prototype dynamic tests, a back propagation (BP) neural network was established to map the acceleration of the physical model to the ground in the prototype. In order to reduce the ground vibration, experiments were carried out to meticulously evaluate the ground vibration intensity under more than 600 working conditions, and the optimal operation scheme under different discharge volumes is presented here in detail. According to the prototype test data in 2013, 2014, and 2015, ground vibrations were significantly reduced by applying the presented optimal operation principle which indicates that the presented hydro-elastic approach and the vibration attenuation operation scheme were effective and feasible.
A Mathematical Model to Predict the Resolution of Double Stars by Amateurs and Their Telescopes (2008)

This paper reports the development of a new statistical model for predicting whether a given double star will be resolved by a particular telescope. The model predicts the effect of the magnitudes of the pair, their separation, the telescope aperture and a quantitative estimate of seeing on the probability of resolving the pair. It is based on a database of observations made by members of the Astronomical Association of Queensland, Australia. The paper reviews the phenomenon of resolution, and summarises the literature on the development of criteria for predicting whether a given pair will be resolved, from the 19th century Dawes' criterion to modern attempts to include factors other than just telescope aperture. The development of the new model is then described, including the collection of the data, a statement of the model equations, an assessment of model quality, and demonstrations of its use to show the effects of magnitude difference and seeing on the resolution limit of a range of telescope apertures. Some future work is suggested. The model has been implemented in an Excel spreadsheet which is available from the author at tgn-m@bigpond.net.au.
Crosssong Puzzle: Generating And Unscrambling Music Mashups With Real-Time Interactivity (2015)

(Abstract to follow)
The detection of microbubble radius versus time and some comparisons with theoretical results (1990)

Based on the fact that the scattering strength of both a gas bubble and a void is proportional to the ka, where k is the acoustical wavenumber and a is the radius of the scatterer, a driving transducer with 755-kHz frequency was used to produce cavitation in water, and a transducer with a 30-MHz center frequency worked as an active detector (pulse-echo). The active detector sends a series of the tone bursts and receives the signal backscattrered by transient cavitation produced by the 755-kHz transducer. Bubble radius versus time from which the duration of the bubble's growing can be extracted can be estimated by demodulating the backscattered signal. Using the model of the gas-filled cavity, the collapse time τ for the model will be [E. A. Neppiras, Phys. Rep. 61(3), 159—251 (1980)] τ = 0.915Rmax (ρ/Pm) (1 + Q/Pm), where Pm and ρ are the pressure and density in the liquid and Q is the pressure in the bubble at the maximum bubble size. The maximum bubble radius Rmax was estimated using the measured value of τ and was compared with earlier numerical results [H. G. Flynn and C. C. Church, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 985–998 (1988)] for the same peak acoustic pressure as in the experiment. [Work supported by NIH through Grant No. 5-RO1-CA39374.]
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetic patients (2003)

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetic patients. Abnormal E/I ratios reflect efferent structural damage to parasympathetic nerves whereas abnormal AI reflects afferent autonomic dysfunction possibly due to impaired baroreceptor sensitivity secondary to carotid atherosclerosis.
Electronic, bonding, and optical properties of CeO2 and Ce2O3 from first principles - art. no. 115108 (2001)

First-principles electronic structure calculations of cerium oxide in two forms, CeO2 and Ce2O3, are Presented. The 4f state of Ce is treated as a part of the inner core in Ce2O3 and as a valence-band-like state in CeO2,. The calculated ground-state and m
High power, high performance parallel connected multiconverters: analysis and control (2002)

Recently, there has been an increasing demand for high power, high performance converters for power system applications, motor drives, etc. The low switching frequency of existing devices poses a severe limitation that can be overcome by the use of interconnected smaller power converters (multiconverter) with appropriate control. This paper concentrates on the transformerless parallel connection of three-phase power converters, that offers interesting features like simplicity, gracefully degrading operation, high reliability, easy expandability and easy maintenance. Based on its state space model, the decoupling and the behavior of the balanced and zero sequence currents are explained. The PWM is explained as a special sample and hold element. After showing the requirements for the current controller of a parallel connected multiconverter, and discussing individual and centralized control, the use of an individual deadbeat controller is discussed. Influence of the sampling times displacement is analyzed, and the harmonics minimization by optimum zero sequence is proposed. Both are confirmed by simulation results.
How to design baffle tray columns (1993)

As with packed columns, well-known heat transfer equations can be used to estimate mass transfer efficiencies fer baffle tray columns. Other variables that can be calculated using this method include: flooding capacity, pressure drops, number of transfer units (NTUs) and the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP)
Calibration of multiple fish‐eye cameras using a wand (2014)

Fish‐eye cameras are becoming increasingly popular in computer vision, but their use for three‐dimensional measurement is limited partly because of the lack of an accurate, efficient and user‐friendly calibration procedure. For such a purpose, the authors propose a method to calibrate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters (including radial distortion parameters) of two/multiple fish‐eye cameras simultaneously by using a wand under general motions. Thanks to the generic camera model used, the proposed calibration method is also suitable for two/multiple conventional cameras and mixed cameras (e.g. two conventional cameras and a fish‐eye camera). Simulation and real experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Moreover, the authors develop the camera calibration toolbox, which is available online.
Modulating β Arrestin-2 Recruitment at the δ- and μ-Opioid Receptors (2020)

Opioid receptors can trigger two distinct pathways (G protein coupling and arrestin recruitment) that differentially regulate a host of desired and undesired pharmacological effects. Increasingly, “biased” opioids that selectively activate one pathway over the other are being developed to treat disorders in which µ- and κ-opioids receptors are involved, though the development of biased δ-opioid receptor agonists has remained rather quiescent. Herein, we identify the C-terminus of Tyr-ψ[(&lt;i&gt;Z&lt;/i&gt;)CF=CH]-Gly-Leu-enkephalin as a key site to regulate bias of both δ- and µ-opioid receptor agonists. Using &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; assays, substitution of the Leu&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; carboxylate reduced β-arrestin recruitment through both the δ- and µ-opioid receptors in a predictable structure-dependent fashion, while retaining affinity and cAMP potency comparable to the C-terminal carboxylate. These substitutions should enable discovery of a range of tool compounds for exploring δ-opioid receptor pharmacology and toxicology, which will enable reevaluation of this target within the context of biased signaling.
Nickel‐Catalyzed EnantioselectiveNegishi Cross‐Couplings of Racemic Secondary α‐Bromo Amides with Alkylzinc Reagents: ( S )‐ N ‐Benzyl‐7‐Cyano‐2‐Ethyl‐ N ‐Phenylheptanamide (2010)

Abstract 6‐Bromohexanitrile Zinc N ‐Benzyl‐2‐bromo‐ N ‐phenylbutanamide Nickel(II) chloride, dimethoxyethane adduct R‐i‐ Pr‐Pybox (S )‐ N‐ Benzyl‐7‐cyano‐2‐ethyl‐ N‐ phenylheptanamide
Microbubble-enhanced US in Body Imaging: What Role? (2010)

Contrast agents for ultrasonography (US) comprise microscopic bubbles of gas in an encapsulating shell. They are unique in that they interact with the imaging process, oscillating in response to a low-intensity ultrasound field and disrupting in response to a high-intensity field. New contrast-specific imaging modes allow US to show exquisite vascularity and tissue perfusion in real time and with excellent spatial resolution. In Europe, Asia, and Canada, to name only the most obvious, characterization of focal liver masses is the first and best established use of contrast-enhanced (CE) US, allowing for the noninvasive diagnosis of commonly encountered liver masses with comparable accuracy to that of computed tomography and magnetic resonance studies. CE US is a preferred modality for the difficult task of diagnosis of liver nodules detected on surveillance scans in those at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Newer body applications include the guidance of ablative intervention, monitoring activity of bowel inflammation in Crohn disease, characterization of kidney masses, especially cystic renal cell carcinoma, diagnosis of prostate cancer, and monitoring the response of tumors to antivascular drug therapies. Microbubble contrast agents are easy to use and robust; their use poses no risk of nephrotoxicity and requires no ionizing radiation. CE US plays a vital and expanding role that improves management and patient care.
Workflow Management Based on Objects, Rules, and Roles. (1995)

Workflow management systems are becoming important not only as key technology in their own right but they are gaining leverage as key application of database management systems. One of the main issues of workflow management systems, and thus implicitly of database management systems, must be their support for flexibility to cope with frequently changing requirements in an organization. This has been the driving force behind the development of the workflow management system TriGS flow . It is based on an object-oriented database management system, enhanced with active concepts in terms of ECA rules and object evolution in terms of roles. In this way, flexible modeling and enactment of business processes is supported allowing changes even during workflow execution. The architecture of TriGS flow and its key concepts for workflow modeling are presented. 1 Introduction Workflow management systems (WFMS) have been introduced to support the design, execution and monitoring of business proce...