gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strains in Aluminum-Adhesive-Ceramic Trilayers (1990)

In many of today’s high speed, high density circuits, there is a need to remove large amounts of heat. To facilitate this removal of heat, it is common to adhere a sheet of a high thermal conductivity material (such as aluminum or copper) to the substrate (which may be alumina ceramic). This can result in large expansion mismatches which cause stresses and bowing, with the possibility of delamination, cracking, stressing solder joints, loss of hermeticity, or shorting of a metal lid to wire bonds inside a cavity. One approach to this problem is to use a compliant adhesive to decouple the materials. The present paper is an experimental and theoretical study of the strains as a function of temperature from −40° C to 140° C in a trilayer structure of 0.030 in. or 0.76 mm thick aluminum, 0.006 in. or 0.15 mm thick adhesive, and 0.021 in. or 0.5 mm thick low-temperature cofired (glassy) ceramic. The strains are analyzed using E. Suhir’s theory, and they are measured using strain gages for three adhesives: an epoxy, a fabric-reinforced epoxy, and a silcone elastopolymer. If the adhesive has an elastic modulus below 10 psi or 70 kPa, theory predicts almost complete de-coupling. Between 100 and 105 psi or 700 kPa and 700 MPa, there is partial decoupling, depending on the in-plane dimensions. Above 10,000 psi or 700 MPa, the decoupling is negligible, and the same bowing results for any elastic modulus between 10,000 and 1,000,000 psi or 70 MPa and 7 GPa. For temperatures below 80° C, only the elastomer has enough compliance to provide any de-coupling. Above 80° C, the elastomer de-couples the most, and the unreinforced epoxy the least. Almost all of the observed effects are understandable in terms of the Suhir theory, along with the fact that the elastic modulus of the epoxy materials decreases with increasing temperature. In particular, when there is some decoupling of the materials, the amount of decoupling depends on the in-plane dimensions of the sample.
Structural, sorption and thermal analyses of porous isostructural MIL-47-X (X = -F, -Cl, -Br, -CH3, -OH) metal-organic frameworks (2012)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a great deal of interest due to their applications in gas storage/separation and catalysis.[1] The functionalization of such solids achieved either by employing pre-functionalized linkers or by postsynthetic modification, affects their sorption, selectivity or breathing property as well as thermal and chemical stability.[2] Herein, we report on the structural, sorption and thermal analyses of functionalized MIL-47-X (X = -F, -Cl, -Br, -CH 3 , -OH) solids, prepared by using modified terephthalate linkers.The compounds were synthesized in a rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal route (170 C, 30 min, 100 W).Thermogravimetric analyses show high thermal stability (330-385 C).The cell parameter determination from X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data (Fig. 1a) confirms their structural similarity with parent MIL-47.The thermally activated solids exhibit significant microporosity (Fig. 1b, S BET = 305-872 m 2 g -1 ).
ChemInform Abstract: Acid Durability of Sodium and Potassium Galliosilicate Glasses (1987)

Abstract has been investigated in nitric acid solutions as a function of the composition of the (Na,K)2O‐Ga2O3‐SiO2 glasses.
Determining transcript number using the polymerase chain reaction:Pgk-2,mP2, andPGK-2transgene mRNA levels during spermatogenesis (1991)

We describe a technique that uses reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to rapidly quantitate numbers of specific mRNA transcripts from nanogram quantities of total cellular RNA. Linearity of input molecules to output signal was maintained by limiting the cycle number and the amount of input RNA and by minimizing the number of manipulations. Absolute levels of specific transcripts were determined by the inclusion of a separate standard curve composed of serially diluted in vitro transcribed RNA run alongside the experimental samples. This allowed rapid quantitation of many samples simultaneously. We applied this technique to measuring the expression of phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (Pgk-2) transgenes in the mouse testis during development. A human PGK-2 transgene, a PGK-2/CAT transgene, and the endogenous mPgk-2 gene all displayed similar patterns and levels of expression, consistent with the conclusion that peak RNA accumulation occurs in pachytene spermatocytes. Mouse protamine 2 (mP2) is expressed at a level approximately tenfold higher than Pgk-2 and displays a different pattern of expression consistent with initiation of transcription occurring in haploid round spermatids.
Comparison of electrical explosions of spherical wire arrays in water and glycerol on different timescales (2018)

Results of underwater electrical explosions of spherical wire arrays in water and glycerol on the sub-microsecond timescale are presented and compared to those obtained on the microsecond timescale [Rososhek et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 122705 (2017)]. The time-of-flight of the converging shockwave was found to be approximately the same, despite almost three times faster energy density deposition into the exploding wires for sub-microsecond timescale explosions. This phenomenon was reproduced by numerical modeling, which showed that the exploding wires' expansion on both timescales results in almost identical radii when the convergence of the shockwave becomes self-similar. Thus, to increase the shockwave convergence velocity and consequently, the parameters of the compressed water near the shockwave implosion origin, instead of increasing the energy deposition rate, one must increase the initially stored energy.
Resolving the X-ray Background (2005)

We have stacked the X‐ray emission from X‐ray‐detected sources in ∼ 3.8 Ms of Chandra Deep Field and XMM‐Newton Lockman Hole observations. The fraction of the X‐ray background which can be resolved into point sources is ∼ 70–90% up to 4 keV. In the 6–8 keV band this fraction decreases to ∼ 50–70% and XMM‐Newton indicates only ∼ 40–60% in the 8–12 keV range. The unresolved fraction is consistent with an undiscovered population of highly obscured AGN. To attempt to uncover this population we proceeded to stack the X‐ray emission from the X‐ray‐undetected optical sources in the Chandra Deep Fields, using Hubble source positions from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. In the 0.5–6 keV range the stacked‐source emission corresponds to the remaining 10–20% of the X‐ray background. In the 6–8 keV band we find upper limits to the stacked X‐ray flux consistent with the remaining ∼ 40% of the background, but the errors are too large to claim a detection of the obscured AGN population.
Wavy-Channel for Microscale Heat Transfer in Macro Geometries (2017)

Microscale heat and fluid flow in macro geometries have been made practical in terms of cost and fabrication, by superimposing two macro geometries which are fabricated using readily-available CNC machining methods. Wavy-profile has been proposed to enhance heat transfer performance in the microchannel owing to the simplicity of geometry and feasibility to be fabricated using simple turning process. Experimental studies were conducted on single-phase, forced convective heat transfer using water as the working fluid for the Reynolds number range of 1300 to 4600, for a constant heat flux of 53.0 W/cm2. Three sinusoidal waves with different wavelength and same amplitude are studied to examine the effect of the total number of waves on the heat transfer and hydrodynamic performance within constant microchannel length. The maximum performance index, which evaluates heat transfer performance per unit pumping power, is 1.39, achieved by wavy profile with the shortest wavelength at Reynolds number of 2800. The performance index for all the enhanced microchannels peaks at the Reynolds number range of 2500 to 2800. Beyond that, the performance index is not a strong function of the wavelength. At lower Reynolds numbers, profile with the shortest wavelength achieves substantially higher performance indices, as the increment in pressure drop is accompanied by a comparable increment in heat transfer. Future work includes the introduction of correlations for the implementation of such geometries in industrial heat exchangers.
Effective one-pot synthesis of 2,3-dialkyl-1,4-dicyclopropyl-butane-1,4-diones catalyzed by Cp2TiCl2 (2016)

2,3-Dialkyl-l,4-dicyclopropylbutane-1,4-diones were prepared in one pot from symmetrical acetylenes, ethylaluminum dichloride and methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate in the presence of magnesium metal and Cp2TiCl2 (10 mol%) as a catalyst in 62–66% yield. Comparison of 1,4-dicyclopropylbutane-1,4-diones with other analogues to form furans in the course of the Paal–Knorr reaction was made by quantum chemical DFT calculations.
Soft switched high frequency ac-link converter (2009)

Variable frequency drives typically have employed dc voltage or current links\nfor power distribution between the input and output converters and as a means to\ntemporarily store energy. The dc link based power conversion systems have several\ninherent limitations. One of the important limitations is the high switching loss\nand high device stress which occur during switching intervals. This severely reduces\nthe practical switching frequencies. Additionally, while the cost, size, and weight of\nthe basic voltage sourced PWM drive is attractive, difficulties with input harmonics,\noutput dV/dt and over-voltage, EMI/RFI, tripping with voltage sags, and other\nproblems significantly diminish the economic competiveness of these drives. Add-ons\nare available to mitigate these problems, but may result in doubling or tripling the\ntotal costs and losses, with accompanying large increases in volume and weight.\nThis research investigates the design, control, operation and efficiency calculation\nof a new power converter topology for medium and high power ac-ac, ac-dc and\ndc-ac applications. An ac-link formed by an inductor-capacitor pair replaces the\nconventional dc-link. Each leg of the converter is formed by two bidirectional switches.\nPower transfer from input to output is accomplished via a link inductor which is first\ncharged from the input phases, then discharged to the output phases with a precisely\ncontrollable current PWM technique. Capacitance in parallel with the link inductor\nproduces low turn-off losses. Turn-on is always at zero voltage as each switch swings\nfrom reverse to forward bias. Reverse recovery is with low dI/dt and also is buffered\ndue to the link capacitance.
Pyrolyse du silane en régime anisotherme (1978)

La pyrolyse du silane a été étudiée en régime anisotherme en vue de préciser ses constantes cinétiques. Une méthode d'exploitation des résultats expérimentaux a été développée, tenant compte des effets dus à des profils même fortement anisothermes de la température dans le réacteur. Elle peut s’appliquer à des systèmes où les réactifs sont concentrés et la décomposition avancée.
Application of WWTP Biosolids and Resulting Perfluorinated Compound Contamination of Surface and Well Water in Decatur, Alabama, USA (2011)

Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been produced and used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products for many decades. Their resistance to degradation has led to their widespread distribution in the environment, but little is known about how humans become exposed. Recent studies have demonstrated that the application of PFC contaminated biosolids can have important effects on local environments, ultimately leading to demonstrable human exposures. This manuscript describes a situation in Decatur, Alabama where PFC contaminated biosolids from a local municipal wastewater treatment facility that had received waste from local fluorochemical facilities were used as a soil amendment in local agricultural fields for as many as twelve years. Ten target PFCs were measured in surface and groundwater samples. Results show that surface and well water in the vicinity of these fields had elevated PFC concentrations, with 22% of the samples exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Provisional Health Advisory level for PFOA in drinking water of 400 ng/L. Water/soil concentration ratios as high as 0.34 for perfluorohexanoic acid, 0.17 for perfluoroheptanoic acid, and 0.04 for PFOA verify decreasing mobility from soils with increasing chain length while indicating that relatively high transport from soils to surface and well water is possible.
Spatio-temporal representations and analysis of brain function from fmri (2011)

Understanding the highly complex, spatially distributed and temporally organized phenomena entailed by mental processes using functional MRI is an important research problem in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Classically, the analysis of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has focused either on the creation of static maps localizing the metabolic fingerprints of neural processes or on studying their temporal evolution in a few pre-selected regions in the human brain. However, it is widely acknowledged that cognition recruits the entire brain and that the underlying mental processes are fundamentally spatio-temporal in nature. By neglecting either the temporal dimension or the spatial entirety of brain function, such methods must necessarily compromise on extracting and representing all the information contained in the data. 
In this thesis, I present new paradigms and an accompanying suite of tools to facilitate a time–resolved exploration of mental processes as captured by fMRI. The first part of the thesis describes a method for visualizing the metabolic activity recorded in the data and a method for studying the timing differences in the recruitment of the different functional modules during a task. In the next part a state-space formalism is used to model the brain transitioning through a sequence of mental states as it solves a task, enabling study of the spatial distribution of activity along with its temporal structure. Efficient algorithms for estimating the parameters, state-sequence and the hemodynamic behavior of the brain have been developed. In addition to revealing the mental patterns of an individual subject, such a generative model enables comparing mental processes between subjects in their entirety, not just as spatial activation maps.
The methods developed here were applied to fMRI studies for developmental disorders such as dyslexia and dyscalculia (i.e. math learning disability) and for visuo-spatial working memory. I show the types of inferences possible with these methods in analyzing and differentiating mental capabilities and the neuro-scientific conclusions that they provide.
Intestinal assimilation of a proline-containing tetrapeptide. Role of a brush border membrane postproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV. (1983)

The mechanism of hydrolysis and absorption of a proline-containing tetrapeptide, Leu-Pro-Gly-Gly (10 mM) by rat intestine was examined in vivo by using jejunal perfusion methods. The peptide substrate and hydrolysis products were analyzed by use of an automated amino acid analyzer. Leucine, proline, and glycine were absorbed by the intestine at a significantly higher rate from the tetrapeptide than from an equivalent amino acid mixture. The analysis of the hydrolytic products in the lumen during in vivo perfusion of the tetrapeptide showed that two dipeptides, Leu-Pro and Gly-Gly, were the major products. These two dipeptides were also the major hydrolytic products when a purified rat intestinal brush border membrane preparation was incubated with Leu-Pro-Gly-Gly. The rate of hydrolysis of the tetrapeptide was much higher than that for several other proline-containing peptides (Leu-Pro, Pro-Leu, and Pro-Gly-Gly) that were tested. Studies using Gly-Pro-beta-naphthylamide, a specific substrate for postproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV, showed that this enzyme is mainly localized to the brush border membrane and is responsible for the hydrolysis of the tetrapeptide into the two dipeptides Leu-Pro and Gly-Gly. Thus, brush border membrane dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV very likely plays an important role at the intestinal mucosal cell surface in the final stages of digestion of proline-containing peptides.
PS-RCNN: Detecting Secondary Human Instances in a Crowd via Primary Object Suppression (2020)

Detecting human bodies in highly crowded scenes is a challenging problem. Two main reasons result in such a problem: 1). weak visual cues of heavily occluded instances can hardly provide sufficient information for accurate detection; 2). heavily occluded instances are easier to be suppressed by Non-Maximum-Suppression (NMS). To address these two issues, we introduce a variant of two-stage detectors called PS-RCNN. PS-RCNN first detects slightly/none occluded objects by an R-CNN module (referred as P-RCNN), and then suppress the detected instances by human-shaped masks so that the features of heavily occluded instances can stand out. After that, PS-RCNN utilizes another R-CNN module specialized in heavily occluded human detection (referred as S-RCNN) to detect the rest missed objects by P-RCNN. Final results are the ensemble of the outputs from these two R-CNNs. Moreover, we introduce a High Resolution RoI Align (HRRA) module to retain as much of fine-grained features of visible parts of the heavily occluded humans as possible. Our PS-RCNN significantly improves recall and AP by 4.49% and 2.92% respectively on CrowdHuman, compared to the baseline. Similar improvements on Widerperson are also achieved by the PS-RCNN.
A hybrid genetic algorithm and artificial immune system for informative gene selection (2010)

Summary In this paper, we present a general approach for gene selection of high dimensional DNA Microarray data. The proposed approach represents a powerful new tool in the analysis and exploration of complex data. Very few genes are assumed to anticipate the pathological behavior of cancers. To this end, we proposed a hybrid between genetic algorithms and artificial immune system method; it takes into account the main immune aspects: selection and cloning of the most stimulated cells, death of non-stimulated cells, affinity maturation and reselection of the clones with higher affinity, generation and maintenance of diversity, hypermutation proportional to the cell affinity. The proposed approach is experimentally evaluated on the widely studied Colon, Leukemia and Lymphoma data sets. The results show that our approach is able to obtain very high classification accuracy which emphasizes the effectiveness of the selected genes and its ability of filtering the data from irrelevant genes. Also the criterion of the number of genes was integrated into the fitness function. Obtaining multimodal solutions is a major strength point of our method, only biologists and medical scientists can say which one of these solutions (gene subsets) is more biologically relevant to cancer diagnosis.
Distinct residues of human p53 implicated in binding to DNA, simian virus 40 large T antigen, 53BP1, and 53BP2. (1994)

We identified a minimal domain of human p53 required for the transactivation of a p53 response element in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This domain contains the central region of p53 sufficient for specific DNA binding, which colocalizes with the region responsible for binding simian virus 40 large T antigen, 53BP1, and 53BP2. Thirty amino acid positions, including natural mutational hot spots (R175, R213, R248, R249, and R273), in the minimal DNA-binding domain were mutated by alanine substitution. Alanine substitutions at positions R213, R248, R249, D281, R282, R283, E286, and N288 affected transactivation but allowed binding to at least one of the three interacting proteins; these amino acids may be involved in amino acid-base pair contacts. Surprisingly, alanine substitution at the mutational hot spot R175 did not affect DNA binding, transactivation, or T-antigen binding, although it nearly eliminated binding to 53BP1 and 53BP2. Mutation of H168 significantly affected only T-antigen binding, and mutation of E285 affected only 53BP1 binding. Thus, we implicate specific residues of p53 in different DNA and protein interactions.
Thermo‐Responsive Structure and Surface Activity of Kinetically Stabilized Micelle Composed of Fluorinated Alternating Peptides in Organic Solvent (2018)

Abstract Three‐component polycondensation with an aldehyde, perfluoroalkylammonium triflate, and potassium isocyanoacetate produced amphiphilic fluorinated alternating peptides. The polymers work as a surfactant, which form associates in organic solvent. The thermo‐dependent structures and surface activity of the associates in organic solvents were evaluated by the results of UV‐vis and diffusion‐ordered NMR spectral measurements at various concentrations and temperatures. It also turned out that the regularly aligned bulky substituents in the main chain stabilize the micelles kinetically formed in organic solvent.
Ein neues Verfahren zur Herstellung von 6-Methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-on-2,2-dioxid Kaliumsalz (Acesulfam-K) (1990)

A New Method for the Preparation of 6-Methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-Dioxide, Potassium Salt (Acesulfame K) A simple two-step synthesis of the title compound, an artificial sweetener, starting from amidosulfonic acid and diketene is described.
Laser Annealing on the Surface Treatment of Thin Super Elastic NiTi Wire (2018)

Here the aim of this research is annealing the surface of NiTi wire for shape memory alloy, super-elastic wire by solid state laser beam. The laser surface treatment was carried out on the NiTi wire locally with fast, selective, surface heat treatment that enables precisely tune the localized material properties without any precipitation. Both as drawn (hard) and straight annealing NiTi wire were considered for laser annealing with input power 3 W, with precisely focusing the laser beam height 14.3 % of the Z-axis with a spot size of 1 mm. However, straight annealing wire is more interest due to its low temperature shape setting behavior and used by companies for stent materials. The variable parameter such as speed of the laser scanning and tensile stress on the NiTi wire were optimized to observe the effect of laser response on the sample. Superelastic, straight annealed NiTi wires (d: 0.10 mm) were held prestrained at the end of the superelastic plateau (epsilon: 5 similar to 6.5 %) above the superelastic region by a tensile machine (Mitter: miniature testing rig) at room temperature (RT). Simultaneously, the hardness of the wires along the cross-section was performed by nano-indentation (NI) method. The hardness of the NiTi wire corresponds to phase changes were correlated with NI test. The laser induced NiTi wire shows better fatigue performance with improved 6500 cycles.