gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Connexin43 modulates post-natal cortical bone modeling and mechano-responsiveness (2013)

Recent advances have established connexin43 (Cx43) as a key regulator of osteoblast function and of bone response to mechanical stimuli. Work by independent laboratories has consistently demonstrated postnatal development of larger than normal cross-section of long bones after conditional ablation of the Cx43 gene, Gja1, selectively in osteoblasts and/or osteocytes. This phenotype is caused by excessive endocortical bone resorption associated with periosteal expansion and cortical thinning. Review of published data suggests that the earlier in the osteogenic lineage is Gja1 deleted, the more severe is the cortical phenotype, implying functional roles of Cx43 at different stages of the osteoblast differentiation program. Such cortical modeling abnormalities resemble the changes occurring in the cortex upon disuse or aging. Indeed, Cx43 deficiency desensitizes endocortical osteoclasts from activation induced by removal of mechanical load, thus preventing medullary area expansion. The action of Cx43 on cancellous bone is controversial. Furthermore, the absence of Cx43 in osteoblasts and osteocytes results in activation of periosteal bone formation at lower strains than in wild-type bones, suggesting that Cx43 deficiency increased cortical sensitivity to mechanical load. Thus, Cx43 modulates cortical bone modeling in homeostatic conditions and in response to mechanical load by restraining both endocortical bone resorption and periosteal bone formation. Cx43 may represent a novel pharmacologic target for improving cortical bone strength through modulation of mechano-responsiveness.
Mini DST to Characterise Formation Deliverability in Unconventional Reservoirs (2013)

Abstract Characterization of reservoir deliverability is fundamental for the economic development of any field. In the Bakken, a need exists for reliable pressure transient tests to provide effective formation permeability of the combined fracture-matrix porous formation. This effective permeability can then be compared to laboratory measured core permeability of the matrix rock samples. This comparison is the basis for planning early production options and subsequent decisions for EOR alternatives. In the Bakken this understanding is particularly important because of the influence of massive hydraulic fracture stimulation on reservoir performance. Determining well deliverability potential by conventional drill stem tests (DST) or traditional wireline formation tests (WFT) in the past has resulted in mixed success in the Bakken. On the other hand, the mini-DST has definitely increased reliability and the success rate of pressure transient tests. The operation of mini-DST tool requires much less time than the classic DST, and multiple zone tests can be conducted to assess individual zone deliverability. The Mini-DST tool uses the conventional Wireline Formation Tester (WFT) configured with a dual-packer module and downhole pump. Tests are conducted by inflating the dual-packer module to isolate a 3-foot interval of the wellbore. Then, formation fluid is pumped out from the packer-isolated wellbore interval followed by a pressure buildup in the interval. Some simple overlay comparisons, as well as conventional pressure transient analysis, are used to interpret the drawdown and buildup pressure responses. In this paper we present several field tests which were analyzed both by conventional pressure transient analysis and numerical simulation. The analyses have provided insight into a better understanding of the flow mechanism in the Bakken both during primary production and in forecasting various improved and enhanced oil recovery proposals. The experience can also serve as a basis for test design in similar low-permeability reservoirs.
234 V or Vd (Apparent Volume of Distribution) (2022)

This project originated more than 15 years ago with the intent to produce a glossary of drug metabolism terms having definitions especially applicable for use by practicing medicinal chemists. A first-draft version underwent extensive beta-testing that, fortuitously, engaged international audiences in a wide range of disciplines involved in drug discovery and development. It became clear that the inclusion of information to enhance discussions among this mix of participants would be even more valuable. The present version retains a chemical structure theme while expanding tutorial comments that aim to bridge the various perspectives that may arise during interdisciplinary communications about a given term. This glossary is intended to be educational for early stage researchers, as well as useful for investigators at various levels who participate on today’s highly multidisciplinary, collaborative small molecule drug discovery teams.
Optical knife-edge displacement sensor for high-speed atomic force microscopy (2014)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Christoph Braunsmann, Veronika Prucker, Tilman E. Schäffer; Optical knife-edge displacement sensor for high-speed atomic force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 10 March 2014; 104 (10): 103101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4868043 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioApplied Physics Letters Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Comparative protein structure modeling by combining multiple templates and optimizing sequence-to-structure alignments (2007)

A novel method, Multiple Mapping Method with Multiple Templates (M4T) is introduced that implements an algorithm to automatically select and combine Multiple Template structures (MT) and an alignment optimization protocol (Multiple Mapping Method, MMM). The MT module of M4T selects and combines multiple template structures through an iterative clustering approach that takes into account the 'unique' contribution of each template, their sequence similarity among themselves and to the target sequence, and their experimental resolution. MMM is a sequence-to-structure alignment method that optimally combines alternatively aligned regions according to their fit in the structural environment of the template structure. The resulting M4T alignment is used as input to a comparative modeling module. The performance of M4T has been benchmarked on CASP6 comparative modeling target sequences and on a larger independent test set, and showed favorable performance to current state of the art methods.
Analysis of low bit rate image transform coding (1998)

Calculations based on high-resolution quantizations prove that the distortion rate D(R) of an image transform coding is proportional to 2/sup -2R/ when R is large enough. In wavelet and block cosine bases, we show that if R<1 bit/pixel, then D(R) varies like R/sup 1-2/spl gamma//, where /spl gamma/ remains of the order of 1 for most natural images. The improved performance of embedded codings in wavelet bases is analyzed. At low bit rates, we show that the compression performance of an orthonormal basis depends mostly on its ability to approximate images with a few nonzero vectors.
Natural Downhole Separation and Its Impact on Production Performance (1999)

Summary This article deals with phenomena associated with gravity-induced separation along the completed interval of inclined wells. The model developed computes liquid accumulation and production performance. From the results it is shown that both the overall inflow performance and the gas-liquid ratio observed at the surface are affected by the downhole separation. It is shown that downhole separation may be constrained by either backseepage to the reservoir or countercurrent flooding along the wellbore. The liquid backflow rate limit due to flooding has been derived explicitly, providing a design parameter for downhole separation devices.
Human Metapneumovirus in Turkey Poults (2006)

This study was conducted to reexamine the hypothesis that human metapneumovirus (hMPV) will not infect turkeys. Six groups of 2-week-old turkeys (20 per group) were inoculated oculonasally with 1 of the following: noninfected cell suspension; hMPV genotype A1, A2, B1, or B2; or avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C. Poults inoculated with hMPV showed nasal discharge days 4-9 postexposure. Specific viral RNA and antigen were detected by reverse-transcription PCR and immunohistochemical evaluation, respectively, in nasal turbinates of birds exposed to hMPV. Nasal turbinates of hMPV-infected turkeys showed inflammatory changes and mucus accumulation. Each of the 4 hMPV genotypes caused a transient infection in turkeys as evidenced by clinical signs, detection of hMPV in turbinates, and histopathologic examination. Detailed investigation of cross-species pathogenicity of hMPV and aMPV and its importance for human and animal health is needed.
Symptoms (2004)

A 56 year-old woman with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus presented to the ED with chest pain. She also reported nausea, diaphoresis, and weakness. Initial examination revealed that she was diaphoretic with pale skin and in mild respiratory distress. Vital signs included blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg, pulse 60 bpm, and respiratory rate 32 breaths per minute. Cardiopulmonary examination was significant for rales in the lower lung fields. Cardiac monitor in lead II demonstrated sinus bradycardia with ST segment elevation. The patient then lost consciousness, and the cardiac monitor revealed ventricular fibrillation (Figure 1A). Immediate defibrillation at 200 joules restored a pulse with a rate of approximately 140 bpm. Blood pressure was measured at 170/90 mm Hg. The monitor showed a regular, wide complex tachycardia (Figure 1B). The patient immediately regained consciousness, noting no complaints other than nausea, weakness, and chest pain. What is the patient's diagnosis?Figure 1: A. Ventricular fibrillation which occurred soon after the patient's presentation at 0153 hours. B. Wide complex tachycardia with a rate of 140 bpm obtained immediately after defibrillation at 0154.
Mechanical Anisotropy in Steels for Pipelines (2013)

There has been a huge expansion in the laying of pipelines for the transmission of fossil fuels over large distances and in dire environments. Large diameter pipes can be manufactured by welding spirals of hot–rolled linepipe steels. This process has a cost advantage relative to one in which the steel is seam welded after bending into a tubular shape. However, one particular problem associated with the steels used to fabricate the pipes is that of the anisotropy of mechanical properties, especially the toughness. Even though properties such as the Charpy toughness and strength meet minimum specifications, the existence of orientation dependence can compromise, for example, the stability of the pipe to buckling. There is, therefore, a large international activity on understanding the anisotropy of pipeline steels. This review represents an attempt to critically assess the steels and the orientation dependence of their mechanical properties, with the aim of establishing a basis for further progress.
Photoelectron spectra of nitrosyl halides (1977)

Photoelectron spectra of nitrosyl fluoride, chloride and bromide have been recorded at high resolution, using He(I) 584 Å radiation. Plausible assignments are presented, based mainly on calculated orbital energies.
A CONTACT RATIO AND INTERFERENCE-PROOF CONDITIONS FOR A SKEW LINE GEAR MECHANISM (2015)

Line Gear (LG) is an innovative gear which is mainly applicable to micro mechanical systems proposed by Yangzhi Chen. A Skew Line Gear Mechanism (SLGM) is one pair of LGs transmitting force and motion between two skewed axes. In this study, a design formula of a contact ratio for a SLGM is deduced, and eight influencing parameters are found. The influences of six parameters on a contact ratio for a SLGM with non-vertical skewed axes are studied by using of two coordinate parameters given definitely. The principal influencing parameters on a contact ratio for a SLGM are obtained. Moreover, two types of interferences between the driving and the driven line teeth are discussed, then these geometric parameter formulas for the interference-proof conditions are deduced, and design formulas of a maximum line tooth number for the driving line gear are derived for different interference-proof conditions.
Optical Modulation of the Charge Injection in an Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Based on Photochromic Self‐Assembled‐Monolayer‐Functionalized Electrodes (2011)

Source and drain functionalization with a light-responsive azobenzene-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is used to modulate the charge injection at the Au electrode–semiconductor interface of an organic field-effect transistor (OFET). This photochromic bistable SAM mediates the injection through the variation of the tunneling barrier across the SAM. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Measurements of heats of combustion by flame calorimetry. Part 3.—Ethylene oxide, trimethylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropy (1965)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Renal function may not be restored when using decreasing differential function as the criterion for surgery in unilateral hydronephrosis (2003)

Few children undergo surgery for decreasing DF of the hydronephrotic kidney in this study. Failure to adhere to the follow-up schedule was common; this may jeopardize kidney function when using decreasing DF as a criterion for surgery. Therefore, not complying (by medical staff or the patient) with the follow-up should be considered when using expectant management for asymptomatic hydronephrosis. The serious consequences for renal function of not complying with follow-up can be avoided by surgery if the patient risks renal functional deterioration, by close cooperation with medical staff at referring hospitals, and by close follow-up at an early age with renography and ultrasonography.
Multiple mechanisms confer drug resistance to mitoxantrone in the human 8226 myeloma cell line. (1999)

Selection for in vitro drug resistance can result in a complex phenotype with more than one mechanism of resistance emerging concurrently or sequentially. We examined emerging mechanisms of drug resistance during selection with mitoxantrone in the human myeloma cell line 8226. A novel transport mechanism appeared early in the selection process that was associated with a 10-fold resistance to mitoxantrone in the 8226/MR4 cell line. The reduction in intracellular drug concentration was ATP-dependent and ouabain-insensitive. The 8226/MR4 cell line was 34-fold cross-resistant to the fluorescent aza-anthrapyrazole BBR 3390. The resistance to BBR 3390 coincided with a 50% reduction in intracellular drug concentration. Confocal microscopy using BBR 3390 revealed a 64% decrease in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio in the drug-resistant cell line. The reduction in intracellular drug concentration of both mitoxantrone and BBR 3390 was reversed by a novel chemosensitizing agent, fumitremorgin C. In contrast, fumitremorgin C had no effect on resistance to mitoxantrone or BBR 3390 in the P-glycoprotein-positive 8226/DOX6 cell line. Increasing the degree of resistance to mitoxantrone in the 8226 cell line from 10 to 37 times (8226/MR20) did not further reduce the intracellular drug concentration. However, the 8226/MR20 cell line exhibited 88 and 70% reductions in topoisomerase II beta and alpha expression, respectively, compared with the parental drug sensitive cell line. This decrease in topoisomerase expression and activity was not observed in the low-level drug-resistant, 8226/MR4 cell line. These data demonstrate that low-level mitoxantrone resistance is due to the presence of a novel, energy-dependent drug efflux pump similar to P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein. Reversal of resistance by blocking drug efflux with fumitremorgin C should allow for functional analysis of this novel transporter in cancer cell lines or clinical tumor samples. Increased resistance to mitoxantrone may result from reduced intracellular drug accumulation, altered nuclear/cytoplasmic drug distribution, and alterations in topoisomerase II activity.
Association between systemic oxidative stress and insulin resistance/sensitivity indices – the PREDIAS study (2015)

Systemic oxidative stress is associated with elevated insulin resistance index HOMA-IR, and decreased insulin sensitivity surrogates QUICKI and ISI.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis revisited. (1999)

Although total limb volume measurements are used to track the progress of lymphedema and its treatment, these measurements can be confounded by changes other than fluid excess namely muscle or fat gain. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a technique that specifically quantifies both total body fluid and extracellular fluid in extremities. Whereas BIA has potential as a quick, inexpensive, and quantitative technique to measure directly fluid gain or loss from lymphedema, it also has certain shortcomings that must be addressed before it can be validated. this paper examines the back-ground that explains why measuring total limb volume is insufficient to quantify the extent of peripheral lymphedema and explores the advantages and drawbacks of using BIA for this purpose.
Loss of CMAH during Human Evolution Primed the Monocyte–Macrophage Lineage toward a More Inflammatory and Phagocytic State (2017)

Humans and chimpanzees are more sensitive to endotoxin than are mice or monkeys, but any underlying differences in inflammatory physiology have not been fully described or understood. We studied innate immune responses in <i>Cmah</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice, emulating human loss of the gene encoding production of Neu5Gc, a major cell surface sialic acid. CMP-<i>N</i>-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (<i>CMAH</i>) loss occurred ∼2-3 million years ago, after the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, perhaps contributing to speciation of the genus <i>Homo</i><i>Cmah</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice manifested a decreased survival in endotoxemia following bacterial LPS injection. Macrophages from <i>Cmah</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice secreted more inflammatory cytokines with LPS stimulation and showed more phagocytic activity. Macrophages and whole blood from <i>Cmah<sup>-/-</sup></i> mice also killed bacteria more effectively. Metabolic reintroduction of Neu5Gc into <i>Cmah</i><sup>-/-</sup> macrophages suppressed these differences. <i>Cmah</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice also showed enhanced bacterial clearance during sublethal lung infection. Although monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages from humans and chimpanzees exhibited marginal differences in LPS responses, human monocyte-derived macrophages killed <i>Escherichia coli</i> and ingested <i>E. coli</i> BioParticles better. Metabolic reintroduction of Neu5Gc into human macrophages suppressed these differences. Although multiple mechanisms are likely involved, one cause is altered expression of C/EBPβ, a transcription factor affecting macrophage function. Loss of Neu5Gc in <i>Homo</i> likely had complex effects on immunity, providing greater capabilities to clear sublethal bacterial challenges, possibly at the cost of endotoxic shock risk. This trade-off may have provided a selective advantage when <i>Homo</i> transitioned to butchery using stone tools. The findings may also explain why the <i>Cmah</i><sup>-/-</sup> state alters severity in mouse models of human disease.
Evanescent field optical readout of graphene mechanical motion at room\n temperature (2014)

Graphene mechanical resonators have recently attracted considerable attention\nfor use in precision force and mass sensing applications. To date, readout of\ntheir oscillatory motion has typically required cryogenic conditions to achieve\nhigh sensitivity, restricting their range of applications. Here we report the\nfirst demonstration of evanescent optical readout of graphene motion, using a\nscheme which does not require cryogenic conditions and exhibits enhanced\nsensitivity and bandwidth at room temperature. We utilise a high $Q$\nmicrosphere to enable evanescent readout of a 70 $\\mu$m diameter graphene drum\nresonator with a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 25 dB, corresponding to\na transduction sensitivity of $S_{N}^{1/2} = $ 2.6 $\\times 10^{-13}$ m\n$\\mathrm{Hz}^{-1/2}$. The sensitivity of force measurements using this\nresonator is limited by the thermal noise driving the resonator, corresponding\nto a force sensitivity of $F_{min} = 1.5 \\times 10^{-16}$ N\n${\\mathrm{Hz}}^{-1/2}$ with a bandwidth of 35 kHz at room temperature (T = 300\nK). Measurements on a 30 $\\mu$m graphene drum had sufficient sensitivity to\nresolve the lowest three thermally driven mechanical resonances.\n
Accommodation to depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents in cutaneous afferents of the human median and sural nerves (2000)

To determine whether accommodation to depolarizing and hyperpolarizing stimuli differs for cutaneous afferents in the median and sural nerves, studies were performed in normal human subjects using threshold electrotonus. The changes in threshold for compound sensory action potentials of 50 % of maximum were recorded when the nerves were subjected to long-lasting depolarizing and hyperpolarizing DC. The premise was that the threshold changes largely mirror the underlying electrotonic changes in membrane potential. The maximal threshold changes produced by depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents were greater for median afferents, suggesting that the DC produced greater changes in membrane potential in these afferents. Median afferents underwent greater accommodation to depolarizing currents than sural afferents and a greater threshold undershoot at the end of the currents, suggesting greater activity of a slow K+ conductance. Median afferents also underwent greater accommodation to hyperpolarizing currents, suggesting greater inward rectification. These conductances are voltage dependent, and the differences in accommodation could be due to greater changes in membrane potential for the median nerve. The changes in threshold produced by long-lasting depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents of graded intensity were therefore measured. When the threshold changes were matched for the two nerves, median afferents underwent 22.4 % more accommodation to depolarizing currents and 28.7 % more accommodation to hyperpolarizing currents. We conclude that there is greater expression of two internodally located conductances responsible for accommodation on median afferents. The biophysical differences identified in this study might contribute to the finding that sural afferents have a greater tendency to dysfunction than median afferents.