gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in Flt‐3 ligand‐treated mice is associated with enhanced numbers of natural killer and dendritic cells (2001)

We have investigated the effect of Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3L) on the resistance to herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection in BALB/c mice which are normally highly susceptible to challenge with this virus. We have confirmed data by others that in vivo treatment with Flt-3L causes an increase in dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer (NK) cells in lymphoid tissue. Increasing doses of Flt-3L caused a corresponding increase in liver and spleen CD11c+ DC which were increased up to 20-fold compared with control levels. A significant expansion of NK cells was seen in the spleen of Flt-3L-treated mice where the number of DX5+ cells was increased by up to fivefold. We subsequently tested the hypothesis that Flt-3L treatment, at the time of viral infection, might lead to enhanced immunity and protection against viral pathogenesis. Two murine models of HSV-1 (SC16) infection were used. In the first model, mice were injected with Flt-3L daily for 9 days. Control mice received mouse serum albumin (MSA). On day 7 of the Flt-3L treatment 106 plaque-forming units (PFU) of SC16 was inoculated into the ear pinna. Flt-3L treatment significantly reduced mortality following virus inoculation, with 80% survivors in this group compared with 20% survivors in the MSA-treated group. In the second model, Flt-3L-treated mice were scarified with 104 PFU of SC16. In this case there was 60% survival in the Flt-3L-treated group of mice compared with 10% survival in the MSA-treated group. Assessment by in situ hybridization for latency-associated transcripts showed that Flt-3L treatment reduced the amount of latent virus within infected neurons. These studies show that in vivo treatment with Flt-3L results in protection against challenge with live HSV-1, which may be a consequence of enhanced numbers of DC and/or NK.
Soluble CD40L in Plasma of Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (2005)

CD40 ligand (CD40L) is expressed by activated T cells and interacts with the CD40 molecule present on B cells and endothelial cells, promoting immunoglobulin switching in the former and cytokine upregulation in the latter. CD40L exists in both a soluble (sCD40L) and a membrane-bound form. Because primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by targeting of small intrahepatic bile ducts by autoreactive T cells, plasma concentrations of sCD40L were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure plasma concentrations of sCD40L in 12 patients with PBC and 12 healthy controls. No difference could be detected between plasma concentrations of sCD40L in patients versus controls (P = 0.977). No correlation between age and plasma levels of sCD40L could be identified (P = 0.24). We concluded that PBC patients do not exhibit higher plasma concentrations of sCD40L than age-matched controls, a finding common to several autoimmune diseases. Further investigation of the CD40-CD40L system is strongly encouraged.
The Potential of Cocoa Pods and Plantain Peels as Renewable Sources in Nigeria (2013)

The use of thermochemical processes to convert biomass into energy products has continued to allay apprehensions arising from increasing depletion of fossil fuels and growing energy demand. Pyrolysis products (bio-oils and bio-chars) from cocoa pods and plantain peels have been characterized. Products distribution for cocoa pod and plantain peel was 29.4% and 38.1% condensate; 46.5% and 38.5% bio-char; and 24.1% and 23.4% noncondensable gas respectively. Bio-oils from the wastes were found to possess low acidity and improved stability upon storage. Over 70% oleic acid was obtained in cocoa pod bio-oil, which could serve as a raw material for many chemical industries. Bio-chars from both residues have higher heating value (HHV) as ˜22 MJ/kg and pH as ˜10 and could serve as renewable fuels in the country. SEM-EDS morphology and elemental composition revealed that these bio-chars contain about five elements essential for plant growth.
Downregulation of human platelet reactivity by neutrophils. Participation of lipoxygenase derivatives and adhesive proteins. (1993)

Unstimulated neutrophils inhibited activation and recruitment of thrombin- or collagen-stimulated platelets in an agonist-specific manner. This occurred under conditions of close physical cell-cell contact, although biochemical adhesion between the cells as mediated by P-selectin was not required. Moreover, in the presence of monoclonal P-selectin antibodies that blocked biochemical platelet-neutrophil adhesion, thrombin-stimulated platelets were more efficiently downregulated by neutrophils. This suggested a prothrombotic role for P-selectin under these circumstances. The neutrophil downregulatory effect on thrombin-stimulated platelets was amplified by lipoxygenase inhibition with 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid. In contrast, the neutrophil inhibitory effect on platelets was markedly reduced by platelet-derived 12S-hydroxy-5,8-cis, 10-trans, 14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE), as well as by the platelet-neutrophil transcellular product, 12S,20-dihydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S,20-DiHETE), but not by another comparable metabolite, 5S,12S-dihydroxy-6-trans, 8-cis, 10-trans, 14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid (5S,12S-DiHETE), or the neutrophil-derived hydroxy acid leukotriene B4. The neutrophil downregulatory effect on thrombin-induced platelet reactivity was enhanced by aspirin treatment. This may represent a novel action of aspirin as an inhibitor of platelet function. These results provide in vitro biochemical and functional evidence for the thromboregulatory role of neutrophils and emphasize the multicellular aspect of hemostasis and thrombosis.
Floating-disk parylene micro check valve (2007)

A novel micro check valve which has nearly ideal fluidic shunting behaviors is presented. Featuring a parylene-based floating disk, this surface-micromachined check valve ultimately realizes both zero forward cracking pressure and zero reverse leakage in fluidic operations. Two different floating disk designs have been implemented to demonstrate functionality of the microvalve. Experimental data of underwater testing successfully show that in-channel floating-disk valves in both designs have great fluidic performance close to an ideal check valve, except the additional fluidic resistance in the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> N-s/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> based on dimensions of the fabricated devices. Their pressure loading limit have been confirmed to be higher than 300 kPa without water leakage. This type of micro check valve is believed to have great use of flow control in integrated microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip applications.
Multi-Channel Source Separation (2010)

Machine-based multi-channel source separation in real life situations is a challenging problem, and has a wide range of applications, from medical to military. With the increase in computational power available to everyday devices, source separation in real-time has become more feasible, contributing to the boost in the research in this field in the recent past. Algorithms for source separation are based on specific assumptions regarding the source and signal model – which depends upon the application. In this chapter, the specific application considered is that of a target speaker enhancement in the presence of competing speakers and background noise. It is the aim of this contribution to present not only an exhaustive overview of state-of-the-art separation algorithms and the specific models they are based upon, but also to highlight the relations between these algorithms, where possible. Given this wide scope of the chapter, we expect it will benefit both, the student beginning his studies in the field of machine audition, and those already working in a related field and wishing to obtain an overview or insights into the field of multi-channel source separation.
Parallel Coding Scheme With Turbo Product Code for Mobile Multimedia Transmission in MIMO-FBMC System (2020)

Mobile devices support more and more real-time multimedia contents such as live video, high-definition television, virtual reality and so on. Real-time multimedia services over mobile networks face several challenges, including the efficient management of radio resources, high data throughput and the latency induced by transmission delay. In order to address network errors on Long Time Evolution (LTE) multimedia broadcast services, forward error correction and unicast recovery techniques are proposed in standard at the application level. In this paper, a parallel coding scheme with Turbo Product Code (TPC) is proposed to fit the antenna array of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (MIMO-FBMC) system for transmission latency reduction. In this scheme, multimedia content information data are firstly reformed into two dimensional blocks with (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> × k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) bits in every block. And then each block is encoded into (n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> × n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) codeword block using TPC to be transmitted parallel through the massive antenna array of transmitter in MIMO-FBMC system. In the receiver, the multimedia content information is re-formed by concurrent soft decision iterative decoding algorithm of TPC. This parallel TPC coding scheme achieves high throughput, low transmission latency and high reliability, which is suitable for the multimedia communication. Simulation results confirmed the superiority of the proposed parallel TPC coding scheme.
Visible-light Sensitive Photocatalysts Triggered by Interfacial Charge Transfer, Grafting Metal Ions onto Titanium Dioxide (2008)

Abstract not Available.
Entrapment of proteins in phosphatidylcholine vesicles (1979)

The trapping efficiency of globular proteins in four different types of phosphatidylcholine vesicles was systematically studied. Vesicles were generated in a mixture of 125I-labeled proteins of various molecular weights. The trapped proteins were separated from untrapped proteins by gel filtration and ultrafiltration and subsequently analyzed by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Entrapment of proteins was demonstrated by their resistance to trypsin digestion. The relative amount of each entrapped protein species was then compared to that of the original protein solution. In multilamellar vesicles and large unilamellar vesicles, proteins of molecular weight up to 97 000 had the same trapping efficiency as sucrose. In small unilamellar vesicles generated by either sonication or ethanol injection, however, the relative trapping efficiency of protein decreased progressively as the molecular weight of the protein became greater. For example, the trapping efficiency of alpha-amylase (Mr 97 000) was only half of that for sucrose. The apparent decrease in trapping efficiency with the protein's molecular weight in small unilamellar vesicles canbe accounted for by the combination of the bound water layer at the vesicle's internal surface and the steric hindrance when protein is captured during vesicle formation.
Crowdsourcing Worker Development based on Probabilistic Task Network (2017)

Current crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk provide an attractive solution Crowdsourcing platforms provide an attractive solution for processing numerous tasks at a low cost. However, insufficient quality control remains a major concern. Therefore, we developed a private crowdsourcing system that allows us to devise quality control methods. In the present study, we propose a grade-based training method for workers in order to avoid simple exclusion of low-quality workers and shrinkage of the crowdsourcing market in the near future. Our training method utilizes probabilistic networks to estimate correlations between tasks based on workers’ records for 18.5 million tasks and then allocates pre-learning tasks to the workers to raise the accuracy of target tasks according to the task correlations. In an experiment, the method automatically allocated 31 pre-learning task categories for 9 target task categories, and after the training of the pre-learning tasks, we confirmed that the accuracy of the target tasks was raised by 7.8 points on average. This result was comparatively higher than those of pre-learning tasks allocated using other methods, such as decision trees. We thus confirmed that the task correlations can be estimated using a large amount of worker records, and that these are useful for the grade-based training of low-quality workers.
Rapid detection of metastatic lymph nodes of colorectal cancer with a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-activatable fluorescence probe (2018)

Rapid diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes (mLNs) of colorectal cancer (CRC) is desirable either intraoperatively or in resected fresh specimens. We have developed a series of activatable fluorescence probes for peptidase activities that are specifically upregulated in various tumors. We aimed to discover a target enzyme for detecting mLNs of CRC. Among our probes, we found that gGlu-HMRG, a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-activatable fluorescence probe, could detect mLNs. This was unexpected, because we have previously reported that gGlu-HMRG could not detect primary CRC. We confirmed that the GGT activity of mLNs was high, whereas that of non-metastatic lymph nodes and CRC cell lines was low. We investigated the reason why GGT activity was upregulated in mLNs, and found that GGT was induced under conditions of hypoxia or low nutritional status. We utilized this feature to achieve rapid detection of mLNs with gGlu-HMRG. GGT appears to be a promising candidate enzyme for fluorescence imaging of mLNs.
Shasta (2016)

We describe Shasta, a middleware system built at Google to support interactive reporting in complex user-facing applications related to Google's Internet advertising business. Shasta targets applications with challenging requirements: First, user query latencies must be low. Second, underlying transactional data stores have complex "read-unfriendly" schemas, placing significant transformation logic between stored data and the read-only views that Shasta exposes to its clients. This transformation logic must be expressed in a way that scales to large and agile engineering teams. Finally, Shasta targets applications with strong data freshness requirements, making it challenging to precompute query results using common techniques such as ETL pipelines or materialized views. Instead, online queries must go all the way from primary storage to user-facing views, resulting in complex queries joining 50 or more tables.
PP.07.16 (2015)

Objective: The blood pressure (BP)-lowering efficacy of olmesartan medoxomil (OM) has been assessed in direct comparisons with other agents. Further insights into its efficacy may be obtained by integrating data from individual studies using meta-analysis. Design and method: A meta-analysis was carried out by combining patient (pt)-level data from 26 studies (first pt in 1998; last pt out 2010) that had compared OM monotherapy against monotherapy with an appropriate active control (AC; ARB = 10 studies; ACE-I = 4; β-blocker = 3; CCB = 7; diuretic = 2). Endpoints included mean change from baseline (BL) in seated (Se) BP at various time points, including study endpoint (EP), and the proportion of pts achieving SeBP goal < 140/90 mmHg. Results: The outcomes of exploratory statistical analysis (2-way ANCOVA with study and treatment as factors and baseline SeSBP as covariate) on absolute changes on mean SeSBP from BL to EP (LOCF) are presented as a Forrest plot. The full analysis set (FAS) comprised 10,636 pts (OM = 5411; AC = 5225). At BL, the OM and AC groups contained, respectively, 53.6 and 56.4% of male pts and 77.1 and 73.7% of white pts; and the respective mean (±SD) values for age were 58.4 ± 12.3 and 57.2 ± 12.1 years; for body weight 81.0 ± 17.8 and 82.2 ± 18.0 kg; for BMI 28.6 ± 5.2 and 28.8 ± 5.2 kg/m2; and for SeSBP/DBP 160.3/99.7 and 159.8/100.4 mmHg. At EP, mean SeSBP/DBP for OM and AC treated pts was 142.2/87.5 and 144.2/89.6 mmHg, respectively. The mean change from BL was -18.1/-12.2 for OM and -15.6/-10.8 mmHg for AC, and the proportion of pts at SeBP goal (<140/90 mmHg) was 42.3 and 32.9%, respectively. ANCOVA analysis (Figure) of absolute changes in mean SeSBP from BL to EP (LOCF) showed an estimated overall treatment difference of -2.00 mmHg (95% CI: -2.64, -1.36) in favor of OM. Conclusions: Meta-analysis of 26 studies showed that compared with AC, treatment with OM was associated with larger SeBP reductions and enabled more pts to achieve BP control.
The Role of Contract in Sports Law (2010)

As the very name of this Journal reveals, it is common nowadays to talk of a body of law called 'Sports Law'. But, strictly, there is no unique body of law which can be so labelled. Rather, participation in sport is regulated by the same laws as all other human activities and endeavours. The law of contract, in particular, plays a central role in the regulation of sporting activity. This article examines when and how the law of contract applies in a sporting context and how that law may, from time to time, require adjustment or modification in respect of certain sporting contracts especially those incorporating international agreements such as the World Anti-Doping Code or involving many parties.
Deployment DS-lite in Point-to-Point Access Network (2010)

Gateway-Initiated Dual-Stack lite (GI-DS-lite) is a proposal to
logically extend existing access tunnels beyond the access gateway to
DS-Lite Address Family Transition Router element (AFTR) using
softwires with an embedded context identifier. This memo describes a
deployment model using GI-DS-lite in Point-to-Point access network.
Flow and Convective Dispersion in the Conductive Airways of the Human Lung (2007)

Dispersion of particles in the lung is relevant to three areas: design of therapeutic aerosols and their delivery systems, risk assessment of exposure to toxic particles, and clinical diagnosis of lung function via the inhaled bolus technique. Gas dispersion is critical to optimizing alternative modes of ventilation, such as high-frequency ventilation (HFV).
Extracting Baseline Electricity Usage Using Gradient Tree Boosting (2015)

To understand how specific interventions affect a process observed over time, we need to control for the other factors that influence outcomes. Such a model that captures all factors other than the one of interest is generally known as a baseline. In our study of how different pricing schemes affect residential electricity consumption, the baseline would need to capture the impact of outdoor temperature along with many other factors. In this work, we examine a number of different data mining techniques and demonstrate Gradient Tree Boosting (GTB) to be an effective method to build the baseline. We train GTB on data prior to the introduction of new pricing schemes, and apply the known temperature following the introduction of new pricing schemes to predict electricity usage with the expected temperature correction. Our experiments and analyses show that the baseline models generated by GTB capture the core characteristics over the two years with the new pricing schemes. In contrast to the majority of regression based techniques which fail to capture the lag between the peak of daily temperature and the peak of electricity usage, the GTB generated baselines are able to correctly capture the delay between the temperature peak and the electricity peak. Furthermore, subtracting this temperature-adjusted baseline from the observed electricity usage, we find that the resulting values are more amenable to interpretation, which demonstrates that the temperature-adjusted baseline is indeed effective.
SHP2 Mediates the Protective Effect of Interleukin-6 against Dexamethasone-induced Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells (2000)

Our previous studies have shown that activation of a related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) (also known as Pyk2) is required for dexamethasone (Dex)-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and that human interleukin-6 (IL-6), a known growth and survival factor for MM cells, blocks both RAFTK activation and apoptosis induced by Dex. However, the mechanism whereby IL-6 inhibits Dex-induced apoptosis is undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 mediates this protective effect. We show that IL-6 triggers selective activation of SHP2 and its association with RAFTK in Dex-treated MM cells. SHP2 interacts with RAFTK through a region other than its Src homology 2 domains. We demonstrate that RAFTK is a direct substrate of SHP2 both in vitro and in vivo, and that Tyr(906) in the C-terminal domain of RAFTK mediates its interaction with SHP2. Moreover, overexpression of dominant negative SHP2 blocked the protective effect of IL-6 against Dex-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that SHP2 mediates the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-6 and suggest SHP2 as a novel therapeutic target in MM.
HIV infection in developing countries (1989)

Shortly after the first reports on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States, it became clear that the disease was also particularly frequent in Haitians living in North America (Pitchenik et at. , 1983; Curran et al. , 1985) and in Africans seen in Europe for medical care (Katlama et al. , 1984; Clumeck et al. , 1984). Subsequently, surveys in Haiti and in Central Africa confirmed the occurrence of epidemic foci of AIDS in these areas (Pape et al. , 1983; Malebranche et al. , 1983; Piot et al. , 1984; Van de Perre et al. , 1984).
Pedestrian Protection Systems: Issues, Survey, and Challenges (2007)

This paper describes the recent research on the enhancement of pedestrian safety to help develop a better understanding of the nature, issues, approaches, and challenges surrounding the problem. It presents a comprehensive review of research efforts underway dealing with pedestrian safety and collision avoidance. The importance of pedestrian protection is emphasized in a global context, discussing the research programs and efforts in various countries. Pedestrian safety measures, including infrastructure enhancements and passive safety features in vehicles, are described, followed by a systematic description of active safety systems based on pedestrian detection using sensors in vehicle and infrastructure. The pedestrian detection approaches are classified according to various criteria such as the type and configuration of sensors, as well as the video cues and classifiers used in detection algorithms. It is noted that collision avoidance not only requires detection of pedestrians but also requires collision prediction using pedestrian dynamics and behavior analysis. Hence, this paper includes research dealing with probabilistic modeling of pedestrian behavior for predicting collisions between pedestrians and vehicles.