gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of cycle run time of backwash and relaxation on membrane fouling removal in submerged membrane bioreactor treating sewage at higher flux (2017)

Intermittent backwashing and relaxation are mandatory in the membrane bioreactor (MBR) for its effective operation. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of run-relaxation and run-backwash cycle time on fouling rates. Furthermore, comparison of the effects of backwashing and relaxation on the fouling behavior of membrane in high rate submerged MBR. The study was carried out on a laboratory scale MBR at high flux (30 L/m<sup>2</sup>·h), treating sewage. The MBR was operated at three relaxation operational scenarios by keeping the run time to relaxation time ratio constant. Similarly, the MBR was operated at three backwashing operational scenarios by keeping the run time to backwashing time ratio constant. The results revealed that the provision of relaxation or backwashing at small intervals prolonged the MBR operation by reducing fouling rates. The cake and pores fouling rates in backwashing scenarios were far less as compared to the relaxation scenarios, which proved backwashing a better option as compared to relaxation. The operation time of backwashing scenario (lowest cycle time) was 64.6% and 21.1% more as compared to continuous scenario and relaxation scenario (lowest cycle time), respectively. Increase in cycle time increased removal efficiencies insignificantly, in both scenarios of relaxation and backwashing.
WLC27-2: Subcarrier Allocation for OFDMA Wireless Channels Using Lagrangian Relaxation Methods (2006)

In this paper, we propose a practically efficient Subcarrier Allocation scheme based on Lagrangian relaxation to solve the problem of subcarrier allocation in OFDMA wireless channels. The problem of subcarrier allocation is formulated into an Integer Programming (IP) problem, which is relaxed by replacing complicating constraints with Lagrange multipliers using Lagrangian Relaxation. A subgradient method is used to optimize the Lagrangian dual function and a heuristic is designed to obtain the feasible solution. Lagrangian Relaxation Subcarrier Allocation (LRSA) is proven to be of polynomial complexity and it provides bounds on the value of channel efficiency. Numerical results show that compared with other algorithms proposed in the literature, LRSA can result in a significant improvement in channel efficiency, while at the same time guaranteeing minimum data rates of users.
Structural Features of Salivary Function (1993)

Saliva plays an important role in the maintenance of oral health by exhibiting multiple host defense functions. These include homeostatic processes, lubrication, antimicrobial activity, and the control of demineralization/remineralization of teeth. Biochemical studies of saliva and salivary secretions established that specific salivary proteins are responsible for these defense functions. Because some of these salivary proteins have been characterized extensively, including their primary structures, it has become feasible to explore their structure/function relationships. Acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs), for example, exhibit high affinity to hydroxyapatite, inhibit crystal growth of calcium phosphate salts from solutions supersaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, bind calcium ions, and interact with several oral bacteria on adsorption to hydroxyapatite. Statherins, histatins, and cystatins also exhibit affinities to mineral surfaces, inhibit calcium phosphate precipitation, and play a role in maintaining the integrity of teeth. Furthermore, histatins exhibit both antibacterial and antifungal activities. Approaches to identifying the functional domains of these salivary proteins include functional assays of enzymatically digested proteins and peptides, synthetic peptides and peptide analogues, and chemically modified proteins as well as biophysical studies of native proteins or peptides. Such studies have demonstrated that the fungicidal activities of histatins reside in the middle portion of the polypeptide chain, whereas the hydroxyapatite binding domains of PRPs and statherin reside in the phosphorylated amino-terminal regions. Identification of functional domains is vital in understanding the mechanisms of action and this information can be exploited in the development of therapeutic agents.
Cholesterol Synthesis and Nerve Regeneration (2016)

Abstract: In this report, we examine the requirement of cholesterol biosynthesis and its axonal transport for gold-fish optic nerve regeneration. Cholesterol, labeled by in-traocular injection of [3H]mevalonolactone. exhibited a delayed appearance in the optic tectum. Squalene and other minor components were labeled but not trans-ported. Following optic nerve crush, the amount of la-beled cholesterol transport was elevated, while retinal la-beling was not altered relative to control fish. A require-ment for cholesterol biosynthesis is inferred from the inhibition of neurite outgrowth in retinal explants caused by the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, 20,25-diazacholes-terol. The inhibition of growth could be overcome by ad-dition of mevalonolactone, but not cholesterol, to the me-dium. Intraperitoneal administration of 200 nmol of dia-
Uptake Kinetics Of Liposomal Formulations of Differing Charge Influences Development of in Vivo Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy (2022)

Dendritic cells (DCs) control adaptive immunity and are therefore attractive for in vivo targeting to either induce immune activation or tolerance, depending on disease. Liposomes, nanoparticles comprised of a lipid bi-layer, provide a nanoplatform for loading disease-relevant antigen, adjuvant and DC-targeting molecules simultaneously. However, it is yet not fully understood how liposomal formulations affect uptake by DCs and DC function. Here, we examined monocyte-derived DC (moDC) and skin DC uptake of six different liposomal formulations, together with their DC-modulating effect. Contrary to literature, we show using imaging flow cytometry that anionic or neutral liposomes are taken up more efficiently than cationic liposomes by moDCs, or by skin DCs after intradermal injection. None of the formulations yielded significant modulation of DC function as determined by the upregulation of maturation markers and cytokine production. These results suggest that anionic liposomes would be more suitable as vaccine carriers for a dermal application.
Development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin in porcine feces and the neonatal piglet intestine (2012)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection and quantitation of beta2-toxin in neonatal piglet intestinal contents. Polystyrene plates were coated with polyclonal capture antibodies prepared against consensus recombinant beta2-toxin. The ELISA was developed using consensus recombinant beta2-toxin, atypical recombinant beta2-toxin, purified consensus native beta2-toxin, and field samples of neonatal porcine intestinal contents. Captured antigen was detected using a horseradish peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody against consensus recombinant beta2-toxin. The limit of detection of the ELISA for consensus beta2-toxin was between 2.0 and 3.5 ng/ml. The ELISA detected atypical recombinant beta2-toxin only weakly. Optical density was protein concentration dependent. The test confirmed differences between consensus and atypical recombinant beta2-toxin, but similar results obtained when testing pure consensus recombinant beta2-toxin and native beta2-toxin. Results obtained from intestinal content samples, particularly from the small intestine, were highly inconsistent and suggested variable protease activity. Addition of protease inhibitors partially prevented degradation of the toxin; however, sample processing at low temperature, at a lower pH (citrate buffer with 5% of bovine serum albumin, pH 6.1), and "cold incubation" of applied antigens abolished protease activity. The recombinant toxin was preserved in spiked intestinal samples by freezing at -70°C, suggesting that necropsy samples can be stored frozen for periodic testing. With appropriate sample preparation, antigen-capture ELISA can detect beta2-toxin in the intestinal content and feces of neonatal piglets.
Rotational-Level Dependence of OH A2Σ+ Quenching at 242 and 196 K (2002)

The rotational-level dependence of quenching of A2Σ+ OH has been studied below room temperature for the colliders O2, N2, H2, Kr, and Xe. State-specific quenching cross sections are reported at 242 and 196 K. OH is formed over a large range of rotational levels by the photolysis of HNO3, and the time dependence of laser-induced fluorescence decays measures the quenching. Levels as high as N‘ = 13 were studied. The quenching cross sections always decrease with increases in both N‘ and temperature. However, the results are ambiguous regarding a question posed earlier: Does temperature play a role in defining the rotational state dependence of OH A2Σ+ quenching?
Automatic vessel segmentation using active contours in cine phase contrast flow measurements (1999)

The segmentation of images obtained by cine magnetic resonance (MR) phase contrast velocity mapping using manual or semi-automated methods is a time consuming and observer-dependent process that still hampers the use of flow quantification in a clinical setting. A fully automatic segmentation method based on active contour model algorithms for defining vessel boundaries has been developed. For segmentation, the phase image, in addition to the magnitude image, is used to address image distortions frequently seen in the magnitude image of disturbed flow fields. A modified definition for the active contour model is introduced to reduce the influence of missing or spurious edge information of the vessel wall. The method was evaluated on flow phantom data and on in vivo images acquired in the ascending aorta of humans. Phantom experiments resulted in an error of 0.8% in assessing the luminal area of a flow phantom equipped with an artificial heart valve. Blinded evaluation of the volume flow rates from automatic vs. manual segmentation of gradient echo (FFE) phase contrast images obtained in vivo resulted in a mean difference of -0.9 +/- 3%. The mean difference from automatic vs. manual segmentation of images acquired with a hybrid phase contrast sequence (TFEPI) within a single breath-hold was -0.9 +/- 6%.
Thermal properties of ruthenium alkylidene-polymerized dicyclopentadiene (2015)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of ring opening methatesis polymerization (ROMP) derived polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) revealed an unexpected thermal behavior. A recurring exothermic signal can be observed in the DSC analysis after an elapsed time period. This exothermic signal was found to be proportional to the resting period and was accompanied by a constant increase in the glass-transition temperature. We hypothesize that a relaxation mechanism within the cross-linked scaffold, together with a long-lived stable ruthenium alkylidene species are responsible for the observed phenomenon.
Antigen-independent recruitment of CTL to pancreatic islets expressing an NKG2D ligand (44.38) (2011)

Abstract The mechanisms by which CTLs enter and are retained in non-lymphoid tissue are not well-characterized. Using a novel transgenic mouse expressing the NKG2D ligand RAE1ϵ in β-islet cells of the pancreas, we found RAE1 expression was sufficient to induce the recruitment of adoptively transferred CTLs to islets. This was dependent on NKG2D expression by the CTLs and independent of antigen recognition. While transgenic mice did not develop diabetes, RAE1 expression was sufficient to induce insulitis in older, unmanipulated transgenic mice that was enhanced by viral infection and pancreatic inflammation. Surprisingly, the recruitment of CTLs resulted in the subsequent recruitment of a large number of endogenous lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that the expression of NKG2D ligands in islets is sufficient to recruit CTLs and induce a significant insulitis.
Mechanical Safety of Embedded Electronics for In-body Wearables: A Smart Mouthguard Study (2019)

The growing popularity of contact sports drives the requirement for better design of protective equipment, such as mouthguards. Smart mouthguards with embedded electronics provide a multitude of new ways to provide increased safety and protection to users. Characterisation of how electronic components embedded in typical mouthguard material, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), behave under typical sports impacts is crucial for future designs. A novel pendulum impact rig using a hockey ball disc impactor was developed to investigate impact forces and component failure. Two sets of dental models (aluminium and plastic padding chemical metal) were used to manufacture post-thermoformed mouthguards. Seven embedding conditions with varying thickness of EVA (1.5 and 3 mm) and locations of electrical components were tested. Component failures were observed in four out of seven test conditions, and the experimental failure forces at which the electrical component had a 50% chance of failure were reported for those cases. The experimental results showed that an EVA thickness of 3 mm surrounding the electrical component gives the most comprehensive protection even under extreme surface conformity. Computational models on surface conformity of EVA showed that a block of EVA with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm was better at reducing stress concentration than a shell with an overall thickness of 1.5 mm. This study demonstrated that the thickness of a mouthguard is important when protecting electrical components from extreme dental surface conformity, furthermore the surface geometry should not be overlooked when considering electrical component safety for in-body wearables that are impact prone.
The Price of Updating the Control Plane in Information-Centric Networks (2014)

We are studying some fundamental properties of the interface between control and data planes in Information-Centric Networks. We try to evaluate the traffic between these two planes based on allowing a minimum level of acceptable distortion in the network state representation in the control plane. We apply our framework to content distribution, and see how we can compute the overhead of maintaining the location of content in the control plane. This is of importance to evaluate content-oriented network architectures: we identify scenarios where the cost of updating the control plane for content routing overwhelms the benefit of fetching a nearby copy. We also show how to minimize the cost of this overhead when associating costs to peering traffic and to internal traffic for operator-driven CDNs.
Effects of insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia on energy intake and food choice at a subsequent test meal (2004)

Transient insulin-induced hypoglycaemia increases energy intake. Participants consumed more fat after insulin compared to that after saline. High-fat foods can lead to passive overconsumption and have a low glycaemic index, which may prolong hypoglycaemia. Both factors could ultimately promote weight gain in individuals with recurrent hypoglycaemia.
Prospects of Nanostructure‐Based Solar Cells for Manufacturing Future Generations of Photovoltaic Modules (2009)

We present a comprehensive review on prospects for one‐, two‐, or three‐dimensional nanostructure‐based solar cells for manufacturing the future generation of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Reducing heat dissipation and utilizing the unabsorbed part of the solar spectrum are the key driving forces for the development of nanostructure‐based solar cells. Unrealistic assumptions involved in theoretical work and the tendency of stretching observed experimental results are the primary reasons why quantum phenomena‐based nanostructures solar cells are unlikely to play a significant role in the manufacturing of future generations of PV modules. Similar to the invention of phase shift masks (to beat the conventional diffraction limit of optical lithography) clever design concepts need to be invented to take advantage of quantum‐based nanostructures. Silicon‐based PV manufacturing will continue to provide sustained growth of the PV industry.
Probing terahertz frequency selective surfaces with subwavelength optical fibers (2013)

Frequency selective surface is interrogated using a subwavelength fiber. Band diagram and S-parameter techniques are used to analyze the transmission spectrum, that shows a large number of Fano resonances at frequencies of Van Hove singularities.
Fascin-1 is released from proximal tubular cells in response to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and correlates with isometric vacuolization in kidney transplanted patients. (2017)

Immunosuppression based on calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) has greatly improved organ transplantation, although subsequent nephrotoxicity significantly hinders treatment success. There are no currently available specific soluble biomarkers for CNI-induced nephrotoxicity and diagnosis relies on renal biopsy, which is costly, invasive and may cause complications. Accordingly, identification of non-invasive biomarkers distinguishing CNI-induced kidney tubular damage from that of other etiologies would greatly improve diagnosis and enable more precise dosage adjustment. For this purpose, HK-2 cells, widely used to model human proximal tubule, were treated with CNIs cyclosporine-A and FK506, or staurosporine as a calcineurin-independent toxic compound, and secretomes of each treatment were analyzed by proteomic means. Among the differentially secreted proteins identified, only fascin-1 was specifically released by both CNIs but not by staurosporine. To validate fascin-1 as a biomarker of CNI-induced tubular toxicity, fascin-1 levels were analyzed in serum and urine from kidney-transplanted patients under CNIs treatment presenting or not isometric vacuolization (IV), which nowadays represents the main histological hallmark of CNI-induced tubular damage. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and healthy volunteers were used as controls. Our results show that urinary fascin-1 was only significantly elevated in the subset of CNI-treated patients presenting IV. Moreover, fascin-1 anticipated the rise of sCr levels in serially collected urine samples from CNI-treated pulmonary-transplanted patients, where a decline in kidney function and serum creatinine (sCr) elevation was mainly attributed to CNIs treatment. In conclusion, our results point towards fascin-1 as a putative soluble biomarker of CNI-induced damage in the kidney tubular compartment.
Insights into the Sulfur Mineralogy of Martian Soil at Rocknest, Gale Crater, Enabled by Evolved Gas Analyses (2013)

The first solid samples analysed by the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument and Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) consisted of < 150 m fines sieved from aeolian bedform material at a site named Rocknest. All four samples of this material analyzed by SAM s evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) released H2O, CO2, O2, and SO2 (Fig. 1), as well as H2S and possibly NO. This is the first time evolved SO2 (and evolved H2S) has been detected from thermal analysis of martian materials. The identity of these evolved gases and temperature (T) of evolution can support mineral detection by CheMin and place constraints on trace volatile-bearing phases present below the CheMin detection limit or difficult to characterize with XRD (e.g., X-ray amorphous phases). Constraints on phases responsible for evolved CO2 and O2 are detailed elsewhere [1,2,3]. Here, we focus on potential constraints on phases that evolved SO2, H2S, and H2O during thermal analysis.
Analysis and stability of the candidate sulfur mustard decontaminant S‐330 (1999)

The chloroamide compound 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-7,8-diphenyl-2, 5-diiminoglycoluril (S-330) was found to be a strong reactant in dermal formulations for the decontamination of sulfur mustard (HD). In this report, we present analytical methodologies applicable to the characterization, purity determination and quantitation of S-330 in bulk material or formulations. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface or ultraviolet detector and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) were used to identify and characterize S-330 and impurities in the synthetic lots or degradation products in formulations. Bulk synthesis using a chlorination process has yielded a product of 90% purity. The major impurity has been separated and identified structurally as the trichloro analog of S-330. Higher purity S-330 can be made using column chromatography, but this does not appear to be economical for large-scale production. Factors affecting the stability of S-330 in topical formulations include water content, pH, alcohols and UV light. Chloroamide S-330 decomposes at 50-60 degrees C and is not amenable for GC analysis. The HPLC technique is superior to NMR or active chlorine assay in the purity determination for S-330 in bulk material or formulations. In topical formulations containing S-330, 5-10% of water can be tolerated, but alcohols and acidic and basic conditions should be avoided.
Figure legends for supplemental Figures 1-3 from Adaptive NK Cells with Low TIGIT Expression Are Inherently Resistant to Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure legends corresponding the the above description.&lt;/p&gt;
Human Herpesvirus 7 Open Reading Frames U12 and U51 Encode Functional β-Chemokine Receptors (2005)

Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), which belongs to the betaherpesvirus subfamily and infects mainly CD4+ T cells in vitro, infects children during infancy. HHV-7 contains two genes, U12 and U51, that encode putative homologs of cellular G-protein-coupled receptors. To analyze the biological function of the U12 and U51 genes, we cloned these genes and expressed the proteins in cells. U12 and U51 encoded functional calcium-mobilizing receptors for beta-chemokines, which include thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), EBI1-ligand chemokine (ELC), and secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC), but not for other chemokines, suggesting that the chemokine selectivities of the U12 and U51 products were distinct from those of the known mammalian chemokine receptors. ELC and SLC induced migration in Jurkat cells stably expressing U12, but TARC and MDC did not. In contrast, none of these chemokines induced migration in Jurkat cells stably expressing U51. Together, these data indicate that the products of U12 and U51 may play important and different roles in the pathogenesis of HHV-7 through transmembrane signaling.
Corrosion resistance of a new high strength interstitial free steel (2010)

Potentiostatic polarisation studies have been carried out on a new high strength copper containing interstitial free steel for automotive applications under various industrially important processing conditions in 0·1M H2SO4 solution at room temperature. It is revealed that corrosion rate in the new steel is lower than that in the conventional mild and high strength interstitial free steels.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOME N‐ALKYL‐SUBSTITUTED 9α‐ETHYL‐2′‐HYDROXY‐5‐METHYL‐6,7‐BENZOMORPHANS (1978)

Abstract 4‐Methyl‐3‐ethyl‐pyridin (I) liefert über das Salz (II) ein Tetrahydropyridin (III), das zu (V) quaterniert und zu (VIIb) umgelagert wird.