gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glucose-mediated de novo lipogenesis in photoreceptors drives early diabetic retinopathy (2021)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an increasingly frequent cause of blindness across populations; however, the events that initiate pathophysiology of DR remain elusive. Strong preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that abnormalities in retinal lipid metabolism caused by diabetes may account for the origin of this disease. A major arm of lipid metabolism, de novo biosynthesis, is driven by elevation in available glucose, a common thread binding all forms of vision loss in diabetes. Therefore, we hypothesized that aberrant retinal lipid biogenesis is an important promoter of early DR. In murine models, we observed elevations of diabetes-associated retinal de novo lipogenesis ∼70% over control levels. This shift was primarily because of activation of fatty acid synthase (FAS), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biogenic pathway. Activation of FAS was driven by canonical glucose-mediated disinhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a major upstream regulatory enzyme. Mutant mice expressing gain-of-function FAS demonstrated increased vulnerability to DR, whereas those with FAS deletion in rod photoreceptors maintained preserved visual responses upon induction of diabetes. Excess retinal de novo lipogenesis-either because of diabetes or because of FAS gain of function-was associated with modestly increased levels of palmitate-containing phosphatidylcholine species in synaptic membranes, a finding with as yet uncertain significance. These findings implicate glucose-dependent increases in photoreceptor de novo lipogenesis in the early pathogenesis of DR, although the mechanism of deleterious action of this pathway remains unclear.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling: A Historical Contextual Perspective to the 2010 Nobel Prize (2012)

In 2010, Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki joined the prestigious circle of Nobel Laureate chemists for their roles in discovering and developing highly practical methodologies for C-C bond construction. From their original contributions in the early 1970s the landscape of the strategies and methods of organic synthesis irreversibly changed for the modern chemist, both in academia and in industry. In this Review, we attempt to trace the historical origin of these powerful reactions, and outline the developments from the seminal discoveries leading to their eminent position as appreciated and applied today.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds from Abundant Natural Product. Part 13. The Synthesis and Analgesic Properties of New Spiroisochromanyl Acid Derivatives Synthesized from Natural Safrole. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sugar modified pyrimido[4,5-b]indole nucleosides: synthesis and antiviral activity (2017)

Three types of sugar modified pyrimido[4,5-<i>b</i>]indole nucleosides (2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibo-, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino- and arabinonucleosides) were synthesized by glycosylation of 4,6-dichloropyrimido[4,5-<i>b</i>]indole followed by modification of sugar moiety and introduction of substituents into position 4 by cross-coupling reactions or nucleophilic substitutions. Some 2'-fluororibo- and 2'-fluoroarabinonucleosides displayed interesting anti-HCV activities (IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.6-20 μM) and the latter compounds also some anti-dengue activities (IC<sub>50</sub> = 10.8-40 μM).
In situ preparation of CdS nanoparticles imbedded in a polyelectrolyte multilayer for photocurrent generation (2008)

CdS nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and imbedded in polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) in situ and applied to the photocurrent generation. The PEM films of the poly(propylviologen)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) were prepared using layer-by-layer deposition. The Br− ions of the viologen groups were exchanged with S2− ion by dipping the PEMs films in a Na2S solution. Then, the films were dipped in a solution containing Cd2+ to give CdS NPs of less than 10nm in size. The CdS NP-PEM films form an efficient acceptor-sensitizer dyad system, which showed a good photocurrent of 70nA∕cm2 at 380nm for a 3.5 bilayer sample.
Biologically Resistant Contaminants, Primary Treatment with Ozone (1994)

Organic effluent oxidation tests were conducted in petrochemical companies, in the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex, to reduce treatment costs and improve the primary treatment efficiency in each industrial process. Ozone achieved 99.96 percent benzene reduction and 100 percent ethyl benzene and toluene reduction. Process efficiency is strongly dependent on the wastewater chemical composition and concentration. For this reason it is necessary to run pilot plant trials for each specific case. Ozone was obtained feeding commercial oxygen through a corona discharge generator and dissolved in the effluent with a bubble column. Commercial oxygen was used instead of air to increase 250 percent the ozone production, with the same ozone generator.
A Comparative Study of Teaching Lean Manufacturing via Hands-On and Computer-Aided Simulation (2016)

Lean manufacturing concepts have become more and more prevalent and important to understand and to be utilized by engineers in manufacturing and service industries. Many industrial organizations are mostly focused on increasing their process responsiveness and thereby creating a need for the emerging workforce to understand and apply the principles of Lean engineering. Several academic courses are currently in place to increase the exposure on the application and practice of Lean engineering principles. Though focused on teaching the same concepts, teaching methodologies being adopted span across several horizons. One of the most common hands-on simulation techniques for teaching Lean principles is observed to be the "Airplane assembly line" simulation. Towards the effort of identifying an effective teaching methodology for imparting Lean Engineering principles, this study intends to explore on if there is a significant difference observed on teaching Lean principles using hands-on simulation technique versus a computer aided simulation. The only difference among the methodologies explored here is based on the fact that, one is based on a handson simulated assembly line, and the other is a computer-aided simulation using Arena software.
Comparative study of STR loci for typing old skeletal remains with modified protocols of AmpFlSTR Identifiler and AmpFlSTR MiniFiler STR Kits (2015)

This study highlights a comparative study of short tandem repeat (STR) loci with modified protocols of AmpFlSTR Identifiler and AmpFlSTR MiniFiler STR Kits for typing 27 old skeletal remains collected from 100–1000-year-old mass graves in Pakistan. DNA profiles were obtained from minute quantities of DNA (even from ≤ 10 pg/μL) with modified protocols of these kits, which is a significant achievement in this study. Consensus profiles were produced for each bone sample. A comparison was carried out between Identifiler and Minifiler successfully genotyped STR loci. Full concordance was perceived in 97.33% (146/150) of the compared STR loci, while discordant STR loci were 2.67% (4/150) of the total successfully genotyped STR loci due to either or both allele drop-out or drop-in. Finally, it was observed that the AmpFlSTR MiniFiler kit promoted the recovery of locus/alleles that failed to type with the AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit and more informative DNA profiles were obtained from old skeletal remains with the A...
Charakterisierung und rationale Immobilisierung von Lipasen in biphasischen Reaktionssystemen (2006)

Despite the broad use of lipases in ester synthesis procedures, crucial aspects on optimal pH and enzyme behaviour in biphasic reaction media are still not well-known. Such information is highly desired for the rational process design. Therefore, the influence of the pH in lipase-based esterifications in biphasic media was studied. For Candida rugosa and Thermomyces lanuginosa lipases the pH-optima of lipase-catalysed esterifications were pH 3.5 and 4.25, respectively, what significantly differ from the optima of the hydrolysis reaction. Enzyme activity increased with increasing concentrations of protonated acid, allegeable by the reaction mechanism: Different from the protonated, the deprotonated acid cannot react with the nucleophilic serin residue due to its delocalized negative charge. Hence the protonated acid is the substrate for esterification. Conclusively, high synthetic activity is only accessible at lower pH. The importance and generality of this conclusion was verified by testing of other lipases under the same reaction conditions. The pH drop in biphasic systems – caused by enrichment of the acid in the aqueous phase – is not a severe problem as assumed by many researchers and efforts for pH-control are dispensable. Moreover, a strong linear correlation between the enzyme activity and the specific interface was shown for esterifications. An indepth analysis of the experiments in consideration of the thermodynamic facts resulted in the development of a detailed hypothesis about the nature of lipase-catalysed esterification in biphasic systems. The ester synthesis predominantly takes places at the interface, thus in interest of high productivity the specific interface needs to be maximized. Based on this hypothesis, the application of lipase containing hydrogels is useless and an alternative concept for the immobilisation of lipases in biphasic systems was developed. The innovative concept – the static emulsion – consists in the emulsification of an aqueous lipase solution within a hydrophobic silicone elastomer. Spherical immobilisates were obtained with a gum-like consistency. The catalytic and mechanic properties of the static emulsion were closely characterised. According to their mechanical properties, the static emulsion is superior to hydrogels and sol-gels. For all investigated lipases it was shown that the immobilisation comes along with a strong enhancement of the catalytic activity, which was so far only accessible in a similar extent by immobilization in alkylsubstituted sol-gels. The practical suitability was demonstrated by the solvent-free synthesis of fatty acid ethyl hexyl ester, propyllaurate and the kinetic resolution of racemic benzoine in tetrahydrofuran and makes clear that the static emulsion is a method with high future potential, since it enables an improved performance of immobilised lipases.
Mechanical Design Optimization of a 6DOF Serial Manipulator Using Genetic Algorithm (2018)

Robots are becoming increasingly more common in the industry. In order to expand the use of robotic manipulators to complex tasks, a higher degree of tailoring of robots may be required. Tailoring of the mechanical design of a robot manipulator can be formulated as an optimization problem and we propose to use Genetic Algorithms (GA) to optimize link lengths, link diameters, and link thickness in order to determine the robot design for a given fitness function. As a case, the optimization of a robot manipulator for automated cleaning of fish processing plants is presented. For this application, the kinematic layout and joint configuration are decided beforehand. The dynamics of the robotic manipulator are presented along with the optimization algorithm and implemented in Java. Results show that the GA is well suited for the optimization of the design.
Routine mapping of Fusarium wilt resistance in BC1 populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (2013)

Natural quantitative resistance to F. oxysporum is largely specific to the infecting forma specialis because different RFO loci were responsible for resistance to FOM and FOC1. The mapping of quantitative disease resistance traits in BC(1) populations, generated from crosses between sequenced Arabidopsis accessions, can be a routine procedure when genome-wide genotyping is efficient, economical and accessible.
The impact of dietary magnesium restriction on magnesiotropic and calciotropic genes (2013)

Our data indicate an essential adaptive role for DCT during hypomagnesaemia since TRPM6, HNF1B, PV and NCC expression levels were adjusted. Moreover, hypomagnesaemia resulted in severe changes in Ca(2+) and Pi reabsorption and expression levels of calciotropic proteins.
Separate sensible and latent cooling in a residential application: theoretical modeling and full-scale testing during the 2011 Solar Decathlon. (2012)

The benefits of separate sensible and latent cooling (SSLC) have been demonstrated as a viable methodology for substantial reductions in energy consumption required by cooling, while actively controlling the relative humidity of a space. The use of SSLC technologies can result in improvements to indoor air quality, through removal of excess humidity, caused by either outdoor conditions or building envelope composition. The negative effects of high relative humidity indoors can be mitigated, and improved building energy performance can result. This study examines the effectiveness of implementing SSLC technology in residential applications, specifically in high-performance homes, with commercially available equipment. A system, comprised of a central, conventional air handler to remove sensible loading, combined with a high-efficiency, direct expansion dehumidifier for removal of the latent load, was investigated. The modeling of system components was completed by means of a transient model. Validation was completed through the construction, implementation, and testing of a full-scale, high-efficiency home, as a part of the Department of Energy 2011 Solar Decathlon.
IMCE: integrated media creation environment (2005)

We discuss the design and implementation of an integrated media creation environment, and demonstrate its efficacy in the generation of two simple home movies. The significance for the average user seeking to create home movies lies in the flexible and automatic application of film principles to the task, removal of tedious low-level editing by means of well-formed media transformations in terms of high-level film constructs (e.g. tempo), and content repurposing powered by those same transformations added to the rich semantic information maintained at each phase of the process.
Modification of the x-ray diffraction efficiency of lithium fluoride crystals by surface treatment (1976)

Convex-curved crystals of lithium fluoride demonstrate good dispersion and efficiency when used in reflection for x-ray spectral analysis. The crystals are stable and reasonably unaffected by harsh environments. In addition, they are mechanically strong, easily cleavable or machinable, and plastically deformable with heat. In the present study, flat crystal wafers were left either clear as cleaved or were subjected to surface treatment by sandblasting or lapping. Some wafers were then bent in a press mold to obtain convex-curved crystals of differing radii. The diffraction efficiency data presented show how surface treatment affects the efficiency of these various crystals when used as x-ray diffracting agents.
Multilevel error diffusion for wireless optical MIMO channels (2008)

In this paper, two techniques to improve channel capacity for wireless optical MIMO channels are presented. The first technique uses multilevel halftoning to reduce quantization noise power. For quantization noise-limited systems, increasing the number of quantizer levels provides gains in capacity. For example, at a rate of 200 fps, a four-level quantizer gives approximately a two-fold increase in capacity over a binary-level quantizer for all frame sizes considered. The second technique uses higher order noise shaping to shape the quantization noise to the out-of-band spatial frequency spectrum, and hence improves capacity. This technique is shown to be useful when the number of levels is small, i.e., near 2.
Determination of three-dimensional displacement using two-dimensional digital image correlation (2008)

A novel method that uses a two-dimensional (2D) digital image correlation (DIC) based on a single CCD camera to measure three-dimensional (3D) displacement and deformation is proposed. Rigid-body displacement in 3D space consists of both in-plane and out-of-plane components. The presence of an in-plane displacement component results in a shift of the center of the image displacement vector, while the slope of the image displacement vector is related to the out-of-plane displacement component. Global DIC is employed to determine the displaced position of each point on an object based on a linear distribution characteristic of the displacement vector. Speckle images with deformation introduced by 3D displacement are generated to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. In the 3D rigid-body displacement, both in-plane and out-of-plane displacement components are separated by determining the intercept and slope of the image displacement vector. In the 3D deformation, a zero order displacement (pure rigid-body displacement) mode is assumed in a small subset of pixels. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements can be accurately retrieved using the proposed method.
Reviews (1956)

“22 STAYED,” by Virginia Pasley. London, W. H. Allen, 1955. Pp. 224. 15/‐. “MONOPOLY AND COMPETITION AND THEIR REGULATION, (ed.) E. H. Chamberlin. International Economic Association. Macmillan, London, 1954. Pp. xvi + 549. 36/‐ sterling. “THE MAKING OF POST‐WAR EUROPE,” by Dt. E. Bramsted.
Particulate Metmyoglobin Reducing Activity and Its Relationship with Meat Color (2003)

There is controversy about the effect of storage time on metmyoglobin (MetMb) reducing activity in the sarcoplasmic fraction of meat and the role of this reducing activity in maintaining the color of red meat. The presence of metmyoglobin reducing activity in the myofibrillar fraction of muscle extracts was investigated as a possible reason for this controversy. NADH-dependent MetMb reducing activity was found in the particulate fraction of meat following sedimentation of a meat homogenate at 35 000g. There was 5.8 times more MetMb reducing activity in the particulate fraction compared with that of the sarcoplasmic (supernatant) fraction. The presence of metmyoglobin reducing activity in the myofibrils (MMRA), defined as the activity in the sediment after centrifugation of a meat homogenate at 2 000g, was confirmed. The myofibrillar fraction contained 63% of the total MetMb reducing activity available in the meat. The relationship between muscle MetMb reducing activities and meat color parameters was investigated in a beef patties system. The particulate MetMb reducing activity (PMRA) in beef patties was found to be a good indicator of the total metmyoglobin reducing activity in meat and was positively correlated with the color parameters of the patties, suggesting that PMRA may be associated with red meat color of meat patties.
PoliS: a programming model for multiple tuple spaces (1991)

The class of parallel models and languages based on a shared associative data structure has recently aroused large interest. Among these languages, Linda is certainly well known. In this paper we define PoliS, a model of coordination based on the concept of Multiple Tuple Spaces, a generalization of the Linda approach to parallel programming. The model introduces a programming method in which both space and time of computations can be specified and programmed, aiming at controlling coordination of distributed entities. We discuss a parallel programming language based on this model and, as a meaningful application, the design of a programming environment based on PoliS.
Incommunicado (2002)

Executing computations in a single instance of safe language virtual machine can improve performance and overall platform scalability. It also poses various challenges. One of them is providing a fast inter-application communication mechanism. In addition to being efficient, such a mechanism should not violate any functional and non-functional properties of its environment, and should also support enforcement of application-specific security policies. This paper explores the design and implementation of a communication substrate for applications executing within a single Java virtual machine modified to enable safe and interference-free execution of isolated computations. Designing an efficient extension that does not break isolation properties and at the same time pragmatically offers an intuitive API has proven non-trivial. This paper demonstrates a set of techniques that lead to at least an eight-fold performance improvement over the in-process inter-application communication using standard mechanisms offered by the Java platform.
Integrated 100-Gb/s PDM-QPSK modulator using a hybrid assembly technique with silica-based PLCs and LiNbO3 phase modulators (2008)

We demonstrate a PDM-QPSK modulator operating at 100-Gb/s. Two QPSK modulators and a polarization beam combiner are integrated using a hybrid assembly technique with silica PLCs and LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> phase modulators.
Characterization of a hydroxyurea-resistant human KB cell line with supersensitivity to 6-thioguanine. (1994)

Hydroxyurea (HU) is currently used in the clinic for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, head and neck carcinoma, and sarcoma. One of its drawbacks, however, is the development of HU resistance. To study this problem, we developed a HU-resistant human KB cell line which exhibits a 15-fold resistance to HU. The characterization of this HU-resistant phenotype revealed a gene amplification of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), increased levels of M2 mRNA and protein, and a 3-fold increase of RR activity. This HU-resistant cell line also expressed a "collateral sensitivity" to 6-thioguanine (6-TG), with a 10-fold decrease in the dose inhibiting cell growth by 50% as compared to the KB parental line. The mechanism responsible for this supersensitivity to 6-TG is believed to be related to an increasingly efficient conversion of 6-TG to its triphosphate form, which is subsequently incorporated into DNA. After passage of the resistant cells in the absence of HU, the cell line reverts. The revertant cells lose their resistance to HU and concomitantly their sensitivity to 6-TG. This phenomenon is due to the return of RR to levels comparable to that of the KB parental cell line. These observations and their relevance to cancer chemotherapy will be discussed in this paper. Our results suggest that a clinical protocol could be designed which would allow for a lower dose of 6-TG to be used by taking advantage of the increased RR activity in HU-refractory cancer patients. Two drugs which display collateral sensitivity are known as a "Ying-Yang" pair. Alternate treatment with two different Ying-Yang pairs is the rationale for the "Ying-Yang Ping-Pong" theory in cancer treatment. This rationale allows for effective cancer chemotherapy with reduced toxicity.