gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technology Development Toward Imaging and Spectroscopy of Exo-planets via Visible Nulling Coronagraphic Techniques (2009)

The field of Exoplanet research is poised to make major advances in the upcoming decade. One of the more promising approaches for exo-planet detection and spectroscopy over wide wavebands is nulling interferometry, which is capable of producing high contrast images equivalent to 2/D coronagraphs. When combined with a modest single aperture telescope or a coherent array using 4 telescopes, the nulling interferometer based visible nulling coronagraph produces a cost effect instrument for imaging and spectroscopy of over 100 nearby stars. A technology development program is needed to demonstrate the high contrast technique to the required levels of 10-10 contrast. We have already demonstrated nulling levels needed to detect Jovian planets but need further development to demonstrate those of exo-earths Such development is a continuation of current efforts and is envisioned to be accomplished within 4 year program of testbed demonstration and component development in segmented deformable mirrors and single mode optical fiber array assemblies. Astro2010 Technology White Paper Technology Development Toward Imaging and Spectroscopy of Exo-planets via Visible Nulling Coronagraphic Techniques Michael Shao, 818-354-7834 (mshao@jpl.nasa.gov) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Mark C. Clampin, 301-286-4532 (Mark.Clampin@nasa.gov) NASA/Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, MD Peter Lawson,B. Martin Levine, Jagmit Sandhu, Gautam Vasisht, Richard G. Lyon , Benjamin F. Lane, Rocco Samuele, Gopal Vasudevan, Robert A. Woodruff, Fabien Malbet 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 2 NASA/Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, MD 3 C.S. Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA 02139 4 Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 5 Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co., Advanced Tech. Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304 6 Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co., Louisville, CO 80027 7 University of Grenoble, France Technologies for Visible Nulling Coronagraphy page 2 Astro2010 Technology Development White Paper
Learning state representation for deep actor-critic control (2016)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) can be used as function approximators in Reinforcement Learning (RL). One advantage of DNNs is that they can cope with large input dimensions. Instead of relying on feature engineering to lower the input dimension, DNNs can extract the features from raw observations. The drawback of this end-to-end learning is that it usually requires a large amount of data, which for real-world control applications is not always available. In this paper, a new algorithm, Model Learning Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (ML-DDPG), is proposed that combines RL with state representation learning, i.e., learning a mapping from an input vector to a state before solving the RL task. The ML-DDPG algorithm uses a concept we call predictive priors to learn a model network which is subsequently used to pre-train the first layer of the actor and critic networks. Simulation results show that the ML-DDPG can learn reasonable continuous control policies from high-dimensional observations that contain also task-irrelevant information. Furthermore, in some cases, this approach significantly improves the final performance in comparison to end-to-end learning.
Special Issue on Structured Knowledge Transfer (2011)

This issue summarizes the state of the art in structured knowledge transfer, which is an emerging approach to the problem of knowledge acquisition and reuse. Its goal is to capture, in a general form, the internal structure of the objects, relations, strategies, and processes used to solve tasks drawn from a source domain, and exploit that knowledge to improve performance in a target domain.
Oligo(naphthylene–ethynylene) Molecular Rods (2013)

Abstract Molecular rods designed for surface chirality studies have been synthesized in high yields. The molecules are composed of oligo(naphthylene–ethynylene) skeletons and functionalized at their two termini with carboxylic acids and hydrophobic groups. The molecular skeletons were constructed by means of palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira reactions between naphthyl halides and acetylenes. The triazene functionality was used as a protected iodine precursor to allow linear extension of the molecular rods during the syntheses. The carboxylic acid groups in the target molecules were protected as esters during the synthesis to keep the large aromatic molecules soluble during their syntheses. These rigid oligomers were designed to form lamella‐like structures when adsorbed on a surface, through which multiple distinguishable surface conformations should be obtainable. Preliminary scanning tunneling microscopy imaging confirmed these properties.
A dual granularity and globally interconnected architecture for a programmable logic device (2002)

A novel architecture called FLEX (flexible logic element matrix) has been designed which supports high logic densities up to 24,000 gates, maximizing overall system performance in a user design. This has been accomplished through a dual granularity approach and a global interconnect strategy. The dual granularity and global interconnect approach has succeeded in supporting both short nets and long nets for maximum performance.
Emphasizing Foreign Language Use to International Marketing Students: A Situational Exercise That Mimics Real-World Challenges (2007)

An international marketing exercise consists of students orally providing an introduction in a chosen foreign language of what they, as potential salespeople, might say to a client in that country. Students speak (not read) their prepared statements to the class and are leniently, yet constructively, evaluated on language use and pronunciation and marketing credibility. The objective is to emulate a real business situation and to show students the challenges of working with different languages and cultures in international marketing and the imperfections of direct translation. Results of a student survey showed that a majority of students believed the exercise to be valuable.
ChemInform Abstract: 8‐HYDROXY‐2‐(ALKYLAMINO)TETRALINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS CENTRAL 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS (1984)

Abstract Alkylaminotetraline (II)‐(V) sowie (X) werden gemäß Formelschema dargestellt und die Methylether mit 48 %igem Bromwasserstoff zu den Phenolen gespalten.
Improved Shear Wave Group Velocity Estimation Method Based on Spatiotemporal Peak and Thresholding Motion Search (2017)

Quantitative ultrasound elastography is increasingly being used in the assessment of chronic liver disease. Many studies have reported ranges of liver shear wave velocity values for healthy individuals and patients with different stages of liver fibrosis. Nonetheless, ongoing efforts exist to stabilize quantitative ultrasound elastography measurements by assessing factors that influence tissue shear wave velocity values, such as food intake, body mass index, ultrasound scanners, scanning protocols, and ultrasound image quality. Time-to-peak (TTP) methods have been routinely used to measure the shear wave velocity. However, there is still a need for methods that can provide robust shear wave velocity estimation in the presence of noisy motion data. The conventional TTP algorithm is limited to searching for the maximum motion in time profiles at different spatial locations. In this paper, two modified shear wave speed estimation algorithms are proposed. The first method searches for the maximum motion in both space and time [spatiotemporal peak (STP)]; the second method applies an amplitude filter [spatiotemporal thresholding (STTH)] to select points with motion amplitude higher than a threshold for shear wave group velocity estimation. The two proposed methods (STP and STTH) showed higher precision in shear wave velocity estimates compared with TTP in phantom. Moreover, in a cohort of 14 healthy subjects, STP and STTH methods improved both the shear wave velocity measurement precision and the success rate of the measurement compared with conventional TTP.
On efficient max-min fair routing algorithms (2004)

In the paper, we consider the problem of routing and bandwidth allocation in networks that support elastic traffic. We assume that the bandwidth demand between each source-destination (S-D) pair is specified in terms of a minimum and maximum value, and a set of flows between each S-D pair is allowed to realize these demands. (We say that a set of flows realizes the demand associated with an S-D pair, if the sum of the bandwidths allocated to these flows is greater than the minimum value assumed for the demand of that S-D pair). In this setting, we show that routing and bandwidth allocation can be formulated as an optimization problem, where network utilization is to be maximized under capacity and the widely used max-min fairness constraints. We describe three different algorithms to solve variants of this problem. The most important one, an efficient, original algorithm assuming multipath routing is studied in detail and illustrated with a numerical example.
Phase I study of thiotepa in combination with the glutathione transferase inhibitor ethacrynic acid. (1991)

The glutathione transferases comprise a family of isoenzymes, one or more of which are involved in the conjugation of alkylating agents to glutathione (GSH). Increased GSH transferase activity has been shown to underlie acquired resistance to several alkylating agents. Ethacrynic acid inhibits the isoenzymes of GSH transferase with 50% inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.3 to 6.0 microM and has been shown to restore sensitivity to alkylating agents in drug-resistant animal tumor models. We entered 27 previously treated patients with advanced cancer on a study of ethacrynic acid (25 to 75 mg/m2 p.o. every 6 h for 3 doses) and thiotepa (30 to 55 mg/m2 i.v. 1 h after the second dose of ethacrynic acid). The major toxicity of ethacrynic acid was diuresis, which was observed at every dose level; in addition, severe metabolic abnormalities occurred at 75 mg/m2. At 50 mg/m2, the diuretic effects were manageable. Myelosuppression was the most important effect of the combination. Two of seven courses of ethacrynic acid, 50 mg/m2, and thiotepa, 55 mg/m2, were associated with grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia. Nausea/vomiting greater than or equal to grade 2 was observed in 16% of courses. GSH transferase activity was assayed spectrophotometrically in the peripheral mononuclear cells of all patients. At each dose level, activity decreased following ethacrynic acid administration, with recovery by 6 h. Administration of ethacrynic acid, 50 mg/m2, resulted in a mean nadir of transferase activity of 37% of control. The pharmacokinetics of thiotepa and its principal metabolite TEPA were studied in 23 patients. The plasma disappearance of thiotepa fit a two-compartment open model with a terminal half-life of approximately 2 h. Plasma TEPA levels peaked at a mean of 2.16 h following thiotepa administration. The harmonic mean terminal half-life of TEPA was 10.4 h, and the TEPA area under the curve (AUC) did not increase with increasing thiotepa dose. The AUC of thiotepa was approximately twice, and the clearance about one-half, of the values obtained in a previous study of single agent thiotepa. The AUC of TEPA was lower than that previously observed. The data suggest that ethacrynic acid inhibits enzymes involved in the metabolic disposition of thiotepa, including its oxidative desulfuration to TEPA. The severity of the platelet toxicity was correlated with the AUC of thiotepa, but not with that of TEPA. This combination of thiotepa and ethacrynic acid will be tested further in Phase II trials.
Terahertz-Bildgebung in industriellen Anwendungen (Terahertz Imaging in Industrial Applications) (2008)

Terahertz-Bildgebung hat sich als eine sehr nützliche Messtechnik für Anwendungen im Bereich der zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung und Qualitätskontrolle erwiesen. Unter Verwendung kohärenter Nachweismethoden werden sowohl Amplitude und Phase als auch Laufzeitinformationen detektiert. Je nach gewähltem Auswerteverfahren kann man aus den Messdaten auf verschiedene Objekteigenschaften wie z.B. Dicke, Form, Dichte oder Inhalt schließen. Typische Beispiele der Terahertz-Bildgebung an industriellen Prüfobjekten werden gezeigt und die Grenzen bezüglich räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung diskutiert.
Single-Cell Analysis of the Plasmablast Response to Vibrio cholerae Demonstrates Expansion of Cross-Reactive Memory B Cells (2016)

Cholera is a diarrheal disease that results in significant mortality. While oral cholera vaccines are beneficial, they do not achieve equivalent protection compared to infection with Vibrio cholerae Although antibodies likely mediate protection, the mechanisms of immunity following cholera are poorly understood, and a detailed understanding of antibody responses to cholera is of significance for human health. In this study, we characterized the human response to cholera at the single-plasmablast, monoclonal antibody level. Although this approach has not been widely applied to the study of human bacterial infection, we were able to uncover the basis of cross-reactivity between different V. cholerae serotypes and the likely impact of prior enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli exposure on the response to cholera, as well as identify novel antigenic targets. In addition to improving our understanding of the repertoire and function of the antibody response to cholera in humans, this study has implications for future cholera vaccination efforts.
In vitro engineering of cartilage. (2000)

Because adult human cartilage shows poor capacity for repair and regeneration, innovative solutions are required for congenital and acquired degenerative cartilage lesions. Acquired lesions occur in young and old alike, the former being more at risk for sports-related injuries and the latter for age-related degenerative changes. Because cartilage is a relatively simple tissue with respect to its cellular homogeneity and avascularity, it has been a model for research of in vitro engineered tissues. Progress has been slow and obstructed on several levels. The adult chondrocyte has limited capacity for proliferation and has both catabolic and anabolic functions. These metabolic features must be controlled in order for engineered tissue to endure. Use of three-dimensional scaffolds can be combined with regulatory factors (cytokine, extracellular matrix [ECM], and mechanical) to optimize conditions for in vitro engineered cartilage. Cross-disciplinary interactions are likely to accelerate progress and to mediate application of advances made in other fields for consistently successful in vitro engineering of cartilage for all clinical needs.
Entrepreneurs and Enterprises - Business Incorporations in the United States, 1800–1943. By George Heberton EvansJr, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1948. Pp. viii, 184. $6.00. (1949)

Entrepreneurs and Enterprises - Business Incorporations in the United States, 1800–1943. By George Heberton EvansJr, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1948. Pp. viii, 184. $6.00. - Volume 9 Issue 2
Characterization of thin hydroxyapatite layers formed on anodic titanium oxide films containing Ca and P by hydrothermal treatment (1995)

An anodic titanium oxide film containing Ca and P (AOFCP) was formed on commercially pure titanium which was anodized in an electrolytic solution of dissolved beta-glycerophosphate (beta-GP) and calcium acetate (CA). Hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals were precipitated by hydrothermally heating the AOFCP at 300 degrees C. After hydrothermal treatment, the film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), and tensile tests. The morphology, composition, and amount of HA crystals precipitated were significantly affected by the composition of the electrolytes. Near-stoichiometric HA crystals with high crystallinity were precipitated completely covering the AOFCP surface at specific electrolyte concentrations. The HA layers were thin at 1-2 microns in thickness. The adhesive strength of the film increased with decreasing electrolyte concentration and the maximum value was about 40 MPa. In vitro tests for 300 days suggested that the stability of the film was high. The high adhesive strength may result from the AOFCP existing as an intermediate layer between the HA layer and a titanium substrate. The intervention of the AOFCP may have prevented abrupt changes in Ca and P content at an HA coating-titanium interface as seen in a plasma-sprayed one. The porous TiO2 matrix of the AOFCP may be suitable for nucleation sites of HA crystals, as well as SiO2 matrix of silicate bioactive glasses or glass ceramics.
Geologic settings of Martian gullies: Implications for their origins (2003)

Martian gullies are found on steep slopes of all origins, on all sorts of terrains of all ages, scattered across nearly all of Mars. Gullies are observed on all manner of substrates (layered, massive, shattered, rubble), with or without nearby mantling deposits. Gullies are most common in the southern midlatitudes but also occur in the northern hemisphere, in near polar terrain, on equatorial volcanoes, and on northern plains. Most gullies in the southern hemisphere are on south‐facing slopes, but they occur on slopes of all orientations. Gullies are among the youngest features on Mars but locally are overlain by eolian deposits and cut by faults. Old or eroded gullies are rare, and those found have been partially stripped from slopes, leaving no rock debris behind. Most gully deposits contain no detectable rocks. These data are inconsistent with published hypotheses of gully formation, including seeps and breakouts of water or brine, hydrothermal activity, cryovolcanism, and breakouts from liquid carbon dioxide. The data are consistent with gullies being dry flows of eolian material (dust and silt), comparable to climax snow avalanches on Earth. Eolian sedimentation should be correlated little with underlying geology: cause of slope, age of terrain, type of terrain, or the nature of the rocks. Eolian sedimentation should be correlated with wind deceleration (which will cause suspended sediment to drop), and areas with common gullies are those with strong wind deceleration (predicted by global circulation model). In such areas, sediment will be deposited preferentially in the lee of obstacles; for the gully‐rich areas of the southern midlatitudes, winds blow from the NNW, so that sediment is deposited on SSE‐facing slopes (i.e., poleward). These predictions are in accord with observations.
Interferon-α augments the clinical efficacy of regulatory T cell depletion in ovarian cancer through direct and indirect T cell effects (VAC3P.941) (2014)

Abstract Tregs blunt anti-tumor immunity, and their depletion effectively treats tumor in mouse cancer models. However, Treg depletion in human trials is only partially effective. In our phase II ovarian cancer trial, denileukin diftitox (DT) effected significant Treg depletion in blood and the tumor microenvironment but did not produce significant clinical efficacy. Interferon-α is not an effective ovarian cancer treatment, but we show here that it significantly augments immune and clinical DT-mediated Treg depletion efficacy in human ovarian cancer. In a mouse ovarian cancer model, DT modestly improved anti-tumor immunity and survival. Interferon-α alone did not alter Treg numbers or function, but boosted CD8+ T cell anti-tumor immunity. Interferon-α plus DT significantly prolonged mouse survival over either individual agent. Using type I IFNR-/- mice that cannot mediate interferon-α signals, we showed that interferon-α directly boosted CD8+ T cell function independent of CD4+ T cell help, and in combination with DT reduced Treg function (without further numerical reduction) through indirect effects on tumor microenvironmental dendritic cells. When three ovarian cancer patients failed DT alone, two experienced immunologic and clinical benefit by adding pegylated interferon-α2a, with manageable toxicities. These studies demonstrate novel immune and clinical interferon-α anti-cancer benefits that augment Treg depletion using FDA-approved agents for rapid clinical translation.
Marine Dual Fuel Engine Control System Modelling and Safety Implications Analysis (2018)

The present study focuses on the modelling of a marine dual fuel engine and its control system with an aim to study the engine response at transient conditions and identify and discuss potential safety implications. This investigation is based on an integrated engine model developed in GT-ISE™ software, capable of predicting the steady state performance as well as the transient response of the engine. This model includes the appropriate modules for realising the functional modelling of the engine control system to implement the ordered engine load changes as well as switching the engine operating mode. The developed model is validated against available published data. Subsequently, two test cases with fuel changes, from gas to diesel and diesel to gas were simulated and the derived results were analysed for investigating the safety implications that may arise during operation. The results showed that the matching of the engine and the turbocharger as well as the exhaust gas waste gate control are critical factors for ensuring compressor surge free operation during fuel changes.
The rise of GNSS reflectometry for Earth remote sensing (2015)

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reflectometry, i.e. GNSS-R, is a novel remote-sensing technique first published in [1] that uses GNSS signals reflected from the Earth's surface to infer its surface properties such as sea surface height (SSH), ocean winds, sea-ice coverage, vegetation, wetlands and soil moisture, to name a few. This communication discusses the scientific value of GNSS-R to (a) furthering our understanding of ocean mesoscale circulation toward scales finer than those that existing nadir altimeters can resolve, and (b) mapping vegetated wetlands, an emerging application that might open up new avenues to map and monitor the planet's wetlands for methane emission assessments. Such applications are expected to be demonstrated by the availability of data from GEROS-ISS, an ESA experiment currently in phase A [2], and CyGNSS [3], a NASA mission currently in development. In particular, the paper details the expected error characteristics and the role of filtering played in the assimilation of these data to reduce the altimetric error (when averaging many measurements).
Thermal conductivity measurements for evaluation of crystal perfection at low temperatures (2001)

A thermal conductivity measurement system using a steady heat flow method has been used to study crystal perfection at low temperatures. The measurement range was from 1.5 to 300 K with a magnetic field of up to 8 T. The overall absolute measurement error was estimated to be within 4% without the magnetic field and 8% with a magnetic field of 5 T. Rectangular samples of minimum size 2×2×10 mm3 can be measured. The phonon scattering mechanism was analysed using the Callaway model for isotopically enriched β-rhombohedral single crystals of boron and transparent polycrystals of yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG). Experimental results for the boron samples showed that isotopic enrichment made the thermal conductivity higher and the theoretical curve fitting showed that there was less phonon scattering in the isotopically enriched sample. For the YAG samples, a transparent polycrystal had a higher thermal conductivity than did an opaque one. Analysis of the results indicates that the grain size of the transparent sample is about 10 times larger than that of the opaque one.