gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mouse Model of Oral Infection with Virulent Type A Francisella tularensis (2007)

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia. Little is known about the immunopathogenesis of oral infection with this pathogen. Here, for the first time, we examined the susceptibility of mice to intragastric inoculation with virulent type A F. tularensis and characterized the course of infection and the associated host responses. Both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice were relatively susceptible to intragastric inoculation of type A F. tularensis with a 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of 10(6) organisms, which was 100,000-fold higher than the LD(100) for intradermal or respiratory routes of infection. Mice deficient in gamma interferon or tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 were more susceptible than wild-type controls to oral infection with a high dose of the pathogen. After oral inoculation, F. tularensis appeared first in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and then rapidly spread to the livers and spleens, where the organism multiplied to high numbers and induced marked neutrophilic infiltration and severe tissue necrosis. Infected mice showed rapid increases in tissue cytokine mRNA expression, which peaked in the MLN at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and in the liver and spleen at 3 dpi. The levels of gamma interferon, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha, KC, interferon-inducible protein 10, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were elevated from day 2 postinoculation onward. Moreover, mice intradermally immunized with the live vaccine strain of F. tularensis showed little survival advantage over naive mice after oral challenge with type A F. tularensis. These results suggest that type A F. tularensis is an effective oral pathogen that can cause fatal systemic infection and could pose a public health concern, particularly to immunocompromised individuals, if ingested in contaminated water and food.
Hydrogen Sorption of Nanocrystalline Mg at Reduced Temperatures by Metal-Oxide Catalysts (2001)

No abstracts
Overexpression of the μ-Opioid Receptor in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Promotes Akt and mTOR Activation, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis (2012)

The overexpression data suggest a possible direct effect of MOR on Akt and mTOR activation and lung cancer progression. Such an effect provides a plausible explanation for the epidemiologic findings. The authors' observations further suggest that exploration of MOR in non-small cell lung carcinoma merits further study both as a diagnostic and therapeutic option.
<title>Adaptive fuzzy c-means algorithm for image segmentation in the presence of intensity inhomogeneities</title> (1998)

We present a novel algorithm for obtaining fuzzy segmentations of images that are subject to multiplicative intensity inhomogeneities, such as magnetic resonance images. The algorithm is formulated by modifying the objective function in the fuzzy c-means algorithm to include a multiplier field, which allows the centroids for each class to vary across the image. First and second order regularization terms ensure that the multiplier field is both slowly varying and smooth. An iterative algorithm that minimizes the objective function is described, and its efficacy is demonstrated on several test images.
Seryl-tRNA Synthetases: Enzymes with Multiple Personalities (2009)

Seryl-tRNA synthetases (SerRS) are essential enzymes responsible for aminoacylation of cognate transfer-RNAs (tRNAsSer) with serine, which is then incorporated into the proteins being synthesized on the ribosome. Although tRNA synthetases are usually a very conserved class of enzymes, phylogenic analyses revealed the existence of two distinct types of serine-charging enzymes; a standard or bacterial-type SerRS is found in the majority of organisms (prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archaea), while a highly diverged methanogenic-type SerRS is confined to the methanogenic archaea. We give a short overview on our recent biochemical and structural contributions to the understanding of different molecular mecha-nisms of tRNA serylation.
Organically Pillared Micro- and Mesoporous Materials (1998)

There is currently a great deal of research activity dealing with the synthesis and characterization of inorganic micro- and mesoporous materials. This activity not only stems from their possible use as sorbents, catalysts, molecular sieves, and related applications but also is due to fascination for their varied forms and novel structures. A somewhat promising but less thoroughly investigated topic is that of organically pillared layered compounds where the pillars are covalently bonded to the layers. These compounds are the cross-linked metal phosphonates of the type Mz+4/z(O3P−R−PO3), where R is an alkyl or aryl group. Because of the great variety of R groups containing different functional groups that can be used, these compounds have great potential utility. That this has not been realized is mainly due to the inability to control the pore sizes. The chemistry of this group of compounds will be reviewed and the prognosis for the future indicated.
A Space Vector Modulation Scheme to Reduce Common Mode Voltage for Cascaded Multilevel Inverters (2007)

Multilevel inverters can reduce the common mode voltage generated. Schemes have been reported for multilevel inverters that reduce the common mode voltage. However, most of the schemes result in reduced modulation depth, high switching losses, and high harmonic distortion. This paper proposes a space-vector modulation scheme to reduce common mode voltage for cascaded multilevel inverters. The proposed scheme can increase the voltage range of operation by about 17% and can produce lower total harmonic distortion than the previously proposed schemes. The scheme is explained for five-level inverter. The scheme can be easily extended to a n-level inverter. Both experimental and simulation results are provided.
Allison engine testing CMSX-4{reg_sign} single crystal turbine blades and vanes (1995)

A team approach utilizing simultaneous engineering has been used to develop CMSX-4 turbine airfoil components. CMSX-4 is a nickel-base single crystal superalloy containing 3% (wt) rhenium and a high 71% volume fraction of coherent {gamma}{prime} precipitate strengthening phase. The high level of balanced properties determined by extensive laboratory evaluation has been confirmed during engine testing the Allison AE 2100 and AE 301X engines, with the post-test condition of the components, including advanced Castcool{trademark} vane segments, being excellent. Also uncooled vane segments in CMSX-4 have exceeded engineering expectations.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism May Alleviate Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in a Facultative CAM Plant, the Common Ice PlantMesembryanthemum crystallinumL. (2010)

We examined the function of CAM in reactive oxygen species (ROS) alleviation using a newly isolated CAM-deficient mutant of a facultative halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Salt-stress (0.4 M NaCl) induced nocturnal malate synthesis in the leaves of the wild-type plant, but not in the mutant. The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased with elapse of time under salt-stress, but it dropped accompanied by the expression of CAM in the wild-type plants. The CAM-performing wild-type plant grown with 0.4 M NaCl for 12 d showed significantly larger diel fluctuation of malate and significantly lower levels of H2O2 than the mutant, particularly at the end of the light period. The transcript abundance of a gene encoding plastidic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), a marker of ROS production, was higher in the leaves of mutant plants than in those of wild-type plants. These results indicated that the performance of CAM was accompanied by lower levels of ROS and that CAM may help to alleviate oxidative stress under conditions of environmental stress.
Does elevated atmospheric CO 2 affect soil carbon burial and soil weathering in a forest ecosystem? (2018)

Most experimental studies measuring the effects of climate change on terrestrial C cycling have focused on processes that occur at relatively short time scales (up to a few years). However, climate-soil C interactions are influenced over much longer time scales by bioturbation and soil weathering affecting soil fertility, ecosystem productivity, and C storage. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub>can increase belowground C inputs and stimulate soil biota, potentially affecting bioturbation, and can decrease soil pH which could accelerate soil weathering rates. To determine whether we could resolve any changes in bioturbation or C storage, we investigated soil profiles collected from ambient and elevated-CO<sub>2</sub>plots at the Free-Air Carbon-Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) forest site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory after 11 years of <sup>13</sup>C-depleted CO<sub>2</sub> release. Profiles of organic carbon concentration, <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values, and activities of <sup>137</sup>Cs, <sup>210</sup>Pb, and <sup>226</sup>Ra were measured to ∼30 cm depth in replicated soil cores to evaluate the effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on these parameters. Bioturbation models based on fitting advection-diffusion equations to <sup>137</sup>Cs and <sup>210</sup>Pb profiles showed that ambient and elevated-CO<sub>2</sub> plots had indistinguishable ranges of apparent biodiffusion constants, advection rates, and soil mixing times, although apparent biodiffusion constants and advection rates were larger for <sup>137</sup>Cs than for <sup>210</sup>Pb as is generally observed in soils. Temporal changes in profiles of <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values of soil organic carbon (SOC) suggest that addition of new SOC at depth was occurring at a faster rate than that implied by the net advection term of the bioturbation model. Ratios of (<sup>210</sup>Pb/<sup>226</sup>Ra) may indicate apparent soil mixing cells that are consistent with biological mechanisms, possibly earthworms and root proliferation, driving C addition and the mixing of soil between ∼4 cm and ∼18 cm depth. Burial of SOC by soil mixing processes could substantially increase the net long-term storage of soil C and should be incorporated in soil-atmosphere interaction models.
Central American women's organizations: Two case studies of political participation (1988)

Guatemala's Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo (GAM) and the Asociacion de Mujeres Nicaraguenses Luisa Amanda Espinoza (AMNLAE) in Nicaragua exemplify the resurgence of social movements arising from the turmoil in Central America. They are female collective agents pursuing the self-defined interests of their membership. Via humanitarian activism, the GAM struggles to locate the desaparecidos, while AMNLAE exercises institutional activism as a means to incorporate women and promote gender-specific interests. Women in both groups became active to protect "practical gender interests" and, as a result, women's level of consciousness is growing but the acquisition of a gender awareness does not necessarily follow political conscientization. The growing level of political participation and consciousness provides the women with training to become active and efficacious participants in the dynamics of their country.
What are the effects of the fifth revision of the Declaration of Helsinki?Fair partnerships support ethical researchGains and losses for rights of consumer and research participantsResearch will be impededSome clauses will hinder development of new drugs and vaccines (2001)

# What are the effects of the fifth revision of the Declaration of Helsinki? {#article-title-2} The World Medical Association's fifth revision of the Declaration of Helsinki strives to strike a balance between ensuring high ethical standards and retaining sufficient sensitivity to local circumstances, especially in developing world research, to avoid thwarting research with bureaucracy. Has the balance been achieved? We asked researchers working in the developing world, the developed world, and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as a patient representative, to comment. # Fair partnerships support ethical research {#article-title-3} The World Medical Association describes the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles to guide physicians and other participants in medical research involving human subjects, including identifiable human tissue or data.1 When producing the fifth revision, representatives of the 71 affiliated medical associations were especially concerned that research in developing settings—and particularly clinical trials—meet the highest ethical standards of conduct. However, despite the increasingly inclusive aspirations of the revised declaration, some of the absolute and exclusionary language could unintentionally endanger research in developing countries. One of the fundamental changes to the declaration is clause 29. This states that new treatments should be tested against best current treatment rather than placebo (box). The clause was formulated in response to sustained criticism of field trials in developing countries that tested short course therapies aimed at preventing vertical transmission of HIV using placebo controls.2–4 It implies that local circumstances—sociopolitical, financial, infrastructural, cultural—can never justify failure to use the best known drugs or technologies in the control arm. Its intention is clear: #### Clause 29 of the Declaration of Helsinki The benefits, risks, burdens and effectiveness of a new method should be tested against those of the best current prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods. This does not exclude the use of placebo, or no treatment, in studies where no proven prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic method exists. Correspondence to: L J Hirsch
Experimental Validation of a State-Switched Absorber Used to Control Vibrating Continuous Systems (2005)

A state-switched absorber (SSA) is a device capable of instantaneously changing its stiffness, thus it can switch between resonance frequencies, increasing its effective bandwidth as compared to classical tuned vibration absorbers for vibration control. Previous numerical work has shown that an optimized SSA outperforms an optimized TVA at controlling vibrations of both a beam and a plate. This paper details the experimental validation of these simulation results. An SSA was realized by employing magneto-rheological elastomers to achieve a stiffness change. The stiffness of these elastomers is a function of the magnetic field put across them. Experiments were conducted on both a cantilever beam and a square plate clamped on all sides. Each system was excited by several two-frequency component excitations. For each forcing combination, several tuning configurations of the SSA were applied and the kinetic energy of the system was found. This observed performance was compared to the performance found through numerical simulations of a system with a similar tuning and excitation configuration. It was found that the observed performance follows closely with results found through numerical simulation.
Prophage Curing in Leuconostoc oenos by Mitomycin C Induction (1991)

Three strains of Leuconostoc oenos were treated with mitomycin C in order to study the lysogeny of this species. Bacteriophages and corresponding cured variants have been isolated from these wild strains. The cured strains infected by their corresponding induced phage produced clear, circular lysis plaques on double-layer agar plates. The highest lytic activity of phage was observed at a pH exceeding 3.6 and when the culture was infected in the late exponential stage of growth. One of the cured strains was attacked by phage liberated from a different strain. These results show that Leuconostoc oenos strains can be lysogenic and may constitute a bacteriophage contamination on an industrial scale.
Patient Noncompliance with Hormone Replacement Therapy (1998)

Noncompliance with HRT in the general population is higher than that reported in randomized clinical trials, suggesting that women are not benefiting optimally from therapy and that they are at risk for unnecessary morbidity and mortality from osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Increased efforts to improve long-term HRT compliance are urgently needed.
Computational complexities of honey-pot searching with local sensory information (2004)

We investigate the problem of searching for a hidden target in a bounded region of the plane, by an autonomous robot, which is only able to use limited local sensory information. We formalize a discrete version of the problem as a "reward-collecting" path problem and provide efficient approximation algorithms for various cases.
Irreversible phase transitions in doped metal oxides for use as temperature sensors in explosions (2012)

The temperature of post-detonation fireballs produced by advanced energetic formulations is commonly determined using optical methods such as pyrometry and spectral line fitting. These methods are noninvasive and provide an average temperature predominantly from the surface of the fireball. However, for many applications the ability to probe the internal temperature as well as temperature gradients within the fireball is highly desirable. One such method that has shown promise in providing this information is seeding micron to nano-sized temperature sensors into the fireball which can be collected post-detonation and analyzed to determine a temperature profile. In this work, disordered rare-earth-doped metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and subjected to various types of heat treatment, including furnace heating, T-Jump (fast pyroprobe), and explosive heating. The heat treatment leads to irreversible phase transitions which are monitored by optically active rare-earth dopants. Eu3+ in particularly is a well-known probe ion. Optical signatures are evaluated to monitor phase transitions (disorder-order) in the nanoparticles. For Y2O3:Eu, the peak position and peak width of the excitation spectra appear to be the most promising indicators for the temperature.
Analysis, simulation, and experimental studies of YAG and CO 2 laser-produced plasma for EUV lithography sources (2010)

Efficient laser systems are essential for the realization of high volume manufacturing in extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). Solid-state Nd:YAG lasers usually have lower efficiency and source suppliers are alternatively investigating the use of high power CO<sub>2</sub> laser systems. However, CO<sub>2</sub> laser-produced plasmas (LPP) have specific characteristics and features that should be taken into account when considering them as the light source for EUVL. The analysis of recent experimental and theoretical work showed significant differences in the properties of plasma plumes produced by CO<sub>2</sub> and the Nd:YAG lasers including EUV radiation emission, source formation, debris generation, and conversion efficiency. The much higher reflectivity of CO<sub>2</sub> laser from liquid, vapor, and plasma of a tin target results in the production of optically thinner plumes with higher velocity and in a better formation of plasma properties (temperature and density values) towards more efficient EUV source. However, the spikes in the temporal profiles of current CO<sub>2</sub> laser will additionally affect the properties of the produced plasma. We have developed unique combination of state-of-the-art experimental facilities (CMUXE Laboratory) and advanced computer simulation (HEIGHTS) package for studying and optimizing various lasers, discharge produced plasmas (DPP), and target parameters as well as the optical collection system regarding EUV lithography. In this work, detailed characteristics of plasmas produced by CO<sub>2</sub> and Nd:YAG lasers were analyzed and compared both experimentally and theoretically for optimizing EUV from LPP sources. The details of lower overheating of plasma produced by CO<sub>2</sub> laser are given with time and explain how to utilize the high reflectivity of such lasers in plasmas produced in different target geometries to significantly enhance the conversion efficiency of EUV radiation.
Ultrafine-Grain Structures Produced by Severe Deformation Processing (2004)

Severe deformation processing is an emerging technique, for the production of submicron grain structures in metallic alloys, that involves plastic deformation to ultra-high strains (typically ???vm &gt; 7). Severe deformation processing has several advantages over other techniques for producing materials with ultra-fine grain structures, in that it is relatively inexpensive, can be used to process conventional alloys, and can potentially be scaled up to produce large quantities of material. In this paper, the mechanisms by which grain refinement takes place during severe deformation and the effect of the material and process variables on the microstructural evolution in Al-alloys are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Methodology for the Preparation of 2‐Cyanopyrroles (III) and Synthesis of Porphobilinogen (VII). (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Pluronic F127 Micelles Improve The Stability and Enhance The Anticancer Stem Cell Efficacy of Citral in Breast Cancer (2021)

<b>Aim:</b> Improving the stability and anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) activity of citral, a natural ALDH1A inhibitor. <b>Materials & methods:</b> Citral-loaded micelles (CLM) were obtained using Pluronic<sup>®</sup> F127 and its efficacy tested on the growth of four breast cancer cell lines. The impact of the CLM on the growth and functional hallmarks of breast CSCs were also evaluated using mammosphere and CSC reporter cell lines. <b>Results:</b> CLM improved the stability and growth inhibitory effects of citral. Importantly, CLM fully blocking the stemness features of CSCs (self-renewal, differentiation and migration) and in combination with paclitaxel CLM sensitized breast cancer cells to the chemotherapy. <b>Conclusion:</b> Targeting CSCs with CLM could improve the treatment of advanced breast cancer in combination with the standard chemotherapy.
Review of pipeline integrity---stress state measurement techniques (1989)

The objectives of this project were to: Critically review the state-of-the-art techniques for determining the longitudinal stress state in existing buried pipelines. Identify the most promising techniques for surveying and measuring the stress state in buried pipelines. Make recommendations to the Pipeline Research Committee (PRC) of the American Gas Association (AGA) for the subsequent development and testing of the identified techniques and associated instrumentation. The documents collected from the literature search were reviewed, and a total of 42 techniques were identified. Based on the generic type of measurement approach used, these were grouped into four major categories: radiation; electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and strain, position, or curvature measurement. A list of the identified techniques grouped according to the above four categories is given. (Semi-destructive techniques such as hole drilling or indentation were excluded from consideration in this project.) The radiation techniques included the use of x-ray, neutron beam, or gamma ray to probe the material. The electromagnetic techniques used electromagnetic circuits and sense magnetic properties of the material for stress determination. The ultrasonic techniques used various ultrasonic waves to interrogate the material; and the fourth category, strain, position, or curvature measurement techniques, is self-explanatory by its title. This report describes the measuringmore » methods. 4 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.« less