gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Charge Transport in 2D Perovskites via Fluorination of Organic Cation (2020)

Organic-inorganic halide perovskites incorporating two-dimensional (2D) structures have shown promise for enhancing the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the bulky spacer cations often limit charge transport. Here, we report on a simple approach based on molecular design of the organic spacer to improve the transport properties of 2D perovskites, and we use phenethylammonium (PEA) as an example. We demonstrate that by fluorine substitution on the para position in PEA to form 4-fluorophenethylammonium (F-PEA), the average phenyl ring centroid-centroid distances in the organic layer become shorter with better aligned stacking of perovskite sheets. The impact is enhanced orbital interactions and charge transport across adjacent inorganic layers as well as increased carrier lifetime and reduced trap density. Using a simple perovskite deposition at room temperature without using any additives, we obtained a power conversion efficiency of &gt;13% for (F-PEA)2MA4Pb5I16-based PSCs. In addition, the thermal stability of 2D PSCs based on F-PEA is significantly enhanced compared to those based on PEA.
Multidetector intensity interferometers (1983)

The intensity fluctuations of incoherent radiation are used to determine the position of sources with respect to a detector system. For electromagnetic radiation the system uses square-law detectors and for acoustic waves the detector output is squared before being processed. The theory is developed for n detectors and the results are applied to two-, three-, and four-detector arrangements. The two-detector intensity inteferometer measures the square of the first-order correlation function and can determine the angular size of a source. The three-detector intensity interferometer yields two coordinates of the location of a source, and a modified version involving only one detector functions as a Fourier transform spectrometer. It measures the first-order correlation function and thus can be used to obtain the spectrum of the source. The four-detector intensity interferometer can simultaneously determine the three-dimensional coordinates of several sources. The operation of several acoustic multidetector intensity interferometers are described and a number of applications are discussed.
Nisin as a model food preservative (1994)

Nisin is a ribosomally synthesized peptide that has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against many bacteria that are food-spoilage pathogens. Nisin is produced as a fermentation product of a food-grade bacterium, and the safety and efficacy of nisin as a food preservative have resulted in its widespread use throughout the world, including the U.S. Nisin is a member of the class of antimicrobial substances known as lantibiotics, so called because they contain the unusual amino acid lanthionine. Lantibiotics, in general, have considerable promise as food preservatives, although only nisin has been sufficiently well characterized to be used for this purpose. As the number of known natural lantibiotics has increased and their useful characteristics have been explored, it has become desirable to synthesize structural analogs of nisin and other lantibiotics that do not occur naturally. The fact that lantibiotics are gene-encoded peptides synthesized by transcription and translation allows structural variants to be generated by mutagenesis. This review focuses on the progress that has been made in the construction and biological expression of genetically engineered nisin structural analogs. For example, a host-vector pair has been engineered that permits the construction of mutants of the structural gene for subtilin, which is a naturally occurring structural analog of nisin. The vector is designed in such a way that the mutant gene can be substituted for the natural subtilin gene in the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis, which in turn directs the transcription, translation, posttranslational modifications, and secretion of the mature form of the structural analog. Several structural analogs have been constructed, and their properties have provided insight into some of the structure-function relationships in lantibiotics, as well as their mechanism of antimicrobial action. These advances are assessed together with potential problems in the future development of nisin analogs as valuable new food preservatives.
An adaptive undersampling scheme of wavelet-encoded parallel MR imaging for more efficient MR data acquisition (2016)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers noninvasive high resolution, high contrast cross-sectional anatomic images through the body. The data of the conventional MRI is collected in spatial frequency (Fourier) domain, also known as <i>k</i>space. Because there is still a great need to improve temporal resolution of MRI, Compressed Sensing (CS) in MR imaging is proposed to exploit the sparsity of MR images showing great potential to reduce the scan time significantly, however, it poses its own unique problems. This paper revisits wavelet-encoded MR imaging which replaces phase encoding in conventional MRI data acquisition with wavelet encoding by applying wavelet-shaped spatially selective radiofrequency (RF) excitation, and keeps the readout direction as frequency encoding. The practicality of wavelet encoded MRI by itself is limited due to the SNR penalties and poor time resolution compared to conventional Fourier-based MRI. To compensate for those disadvantages, this paper first introduces an undersampling scheme named significance map for sparse wavelet-encoded <i>k</i>-space to speed up data acquisition as well as allowing for various adaptive imaging strategies. The proposed adaptive wavelet-encoded undersampling scheme does not require prior knowledge of the subject to be scanned. Multiband (MB) parallel imaging is also incorporated with wavelet-encoded MRI by exciting multiple regions simultaneously for further reduction in scan time desirable for medical applications. The simulation and experimental results are presented showing the feasibility of the proposed approach in further reduction of the redundancy of the wavelet <i>k</i>-space data while maintaining relatively high quality.
Design of peptide mimetics of HIV‐1 gp120 for prevention and therapy of HIV disease (2003)

It has been reported that the C-terminus of the second conserved region (C2) of the envelope glycoprotein gp120, encompassing peptide RSANFTDNAKTIIVQLNESVEIN (NTM), is important for infectivity and neutralization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). It was also demonstrated that human natural anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antibodies reactive with this gp120 region play an important role in control of HIV disease progression. The bioinformatic analysis based on the time-frequency signal processing revealed non-obvious similarities between NTM and VIP. When tested against a battery of sera from 46 AIDS patients, these peptides, in spite of a significant difference in their primary structures, showed a similar reactivity profiles (r = 0.83). Presented results point out that similarity in the periodical pattern of some physicochemical properties in primary structures of peptides plays a significant role in determination of their immunological crossreactivity. Based on these findings, we propose this bioinformatic criterion be used for design of VIP/NTM peptide mimetics for prevention and treatment of HIV disease.
Evaluation of Early and Late Effects into the Acute Spinal Cord Injury of an Injectable Functionalized Self-Assembling Scaffold (2011)

The complex physiopathological events occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI) make this devastating trauma still incurable. Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are nanomaterials displaying some appealing properties for application in regenerative medicine because they mimic the structure of the extra-cellular matrix (ECM), are reabsorbable, allow biofunctionalizations and can be injected directly into the lesion. In this study we evaluated the putative neurorigenerative properties of RADA16-4G-BMHP1 SAP, proved to enhance in vitro neural stem cells survival and differentiation. This SAP (RADA16-I) has been functionalized with a bone marrow homing motif (BMHP1) and optimized via the insertion of a 4-glycine-spacer that ameliorates scaffold stability and exposure of the biomotifs. We injected the scaffold immediately after contusion in the rat spinal cord, then we evaluated the early effects by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and the late effects by histological analysis. Locomotor recovery over 8 weeks was assessed using Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) test. Gene expression analysis showed that at 7 days after lesion the functionalized SAP induced a general upregulation of GAP-43, trophic factors and ECM remodelling proteins, whereas 3 days after SCI no remarkable changes were observed. Hystological analysis revealed that 8 weeks after SCI our scaffold increased cellular infiltration, basement membrane deposition and axon regeneration/sprouting within the cyst. Moreover the functionalized SAP showed to be compatible with the surrounding nervous tissue and to at least partially fill the cavities. Finally SAP injection resulted in a statistically significant improvement of both hindlimbs' motor performance and forelimbs-hindlimbs coordination. Altogether, these results indicate that RADA16-4G-BMHP1 induced favourable reparative processes, such as matrix remodelling, and provided a physical and trophic support to nervous tissue ingrowth. Thus this biomaterial, eventually combined with cells and growth factors, may constitute a promising biomimetic scaffold for regenerative applications in the injured central nervous system.
Statistical analyses of Endogenous Uveitis Patients (2007–2009) in central Tokyo area and Comparison with Previous Studies (1963–2006) (2014)

Top three uveitis during 2007-2009 were sarcoidosis, VKH disease, herpetic iritis. Reduced frequency of Behçet's disease was one of the most prominent characteristics.
Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using disaggregated consumption data (2020)

Abstract Municipal drinking water supplies are under great stress globally, and one way to mitigate the problems is the reutilization of wastewater in various settings. In this paper, a greywater reuse scheme and the impact of system design and configuration on water and energy savings are investigated. The objective of the paper was to investigate the impact of hydraulic design and performance of a greywater treatment and reuse system on water and energy savings. A simulation model was created based on real, disaggregated water consumption data that predicts the reuse potential. Three scenarios were investigated; (1) greywater collection from the bathroom and reuse for toilet flushing, (2) greywater collection from bathroom sinks and showers, and reuse as hot water for sinks and showers, and (3) a combination of (1) and (2) where greywater collection from bathroom sinks and showers is used for toilet flushing, sinks and shower. The results indicate hot water reductions between 55.6 and 58.2%, while cold water reductions ranged from 5.8 to 30.6%. Reductions in energy for producing hot water between 43.5 and 46.8% were observed. Recommendations per connected user for hydraulic design ranged from 0.033 to 0.1 dm 3 min −1 , 3 dm 3 , and 0.7–10 dm 3 for treatment capacity, collection and holding tank volume.
Pore size and surface charge control in mesoporous TiO2 using post-grafted SAMs (2010)

Two types of TiO(2) are used as mesoporous scaffolds, one (i) randomly sintered yielding an average pore size of 15-20 nm including bottlenecks of 1-3 nm (s-TiO(2)), the other (ii) prepared by evaporation-induced self-assembly with a pore size of 7-9 nm (t-TiO(2)). The pore walls of these materials were post-grafted with phosphonic acids bearing one or two pyridinium or sulfonate head groups via 6, 10 or 14 methylene groups, in order to tune the free pore diameter and the surface charge over a broad range. The modification was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. Charge transport through the modified pores was investigated by cyclic voltammetry using [Fe(CN)(6)](4-/3-), [IrCl(6)](2-/3-) [Ru(NH(3))(6)](3+/2+), and (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium as electroactive tracer ions and La(3+) or naphthalene trisulfonate as non-electroactive species. The Faradaic current through the pores is controlled by the combination of surface charge, tracer ion charge, charge of the non-electroactive ions present, as well as the pore diameter. High currents due to strong preconcentration are observed, e.g. a partitioning coefficient value of 7 x 10(3) for [Fe(CN)(6)](4-/3-) on a modified electrode making it a candidate for ion-exchange voltammetry. Other phenomena presented are: (i) electrostatic closure of the porous system due to overlapping Debye layers, (ii) charge inversion of the pore walls, and (iii) the mode of charge propagation along the pore walls. Interestingly s-TiO(2) is more effective at building up an electrostatic barrier compared to t-TiO(2), probably because of narrow bottlenecks which interconnect the pores in s-TiO(2) only.
V/f Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor Drive Fed from Cascaded H Bridge Multilevel Inverter (2019)

A multilevel inverter has its own advantages over normal inverters for high voltage applications such as reduced harmonics, and better AC output. Multi-levels are realized by different techniques e.g. Flying capacitors, Neutral point clamp capacitor, Cascaded H-bridge, and Packed U-cell. In this paper, five-level voltage is modulated for five-phase induction motor drive. Multilevel inverters for multiphase drives has coalesced benefits of multilevel and multiphase, which makes the system an excellent solution for higher voltage applications. In this paper cascaded H-bridge inverter topology has been used for generating the five-level voltage output which is then fed to the five-phase drive and a volt/hertz control is applied for proper operation of the system. The machine is made to run at different load conditions and a satisfactory result is observed through simulation which ultimately verifies the suitability of the control and modulation.
Overhead-Throughput Tradeoff in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks (2009)

In a cognitive radio (CR) network, cooperative spectrum sensing plays an important role in ensuring the quality of service (QoS) of primary users (PUs) and improving spectral utilization efficiency. Intuitively, the more secondary users (SUs) are involved in sensing, the more sensing accuracy the CR can achieve, whereas the more sensing overhead the SUs consume, the less throughput the CR network can achieve. In this paper, we investigate overhead-throughput tradeoff over fading channels in a cooperative CR network that consists of a number of the SUs employing energy detectors and a single decision fusion center. We propose a design strategy to maximize the throughput of the SU network by choosing appropriate sensing length and the number of the SUs reporting to a decision fusion center. Moreover, we extend our analysis to a two-stage cooperative sensing mechanism where the second-stage fine sensing is triggered whenever any SU reports the presence of a PU after the first-stage detection. Our numerical results show that compared with the single stage sensing, the two-stage sensing scheme achieves higher throughput via the reduction of the probability of false alarm.
Dynamics of tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity during midbrain dopaminergic neuron development (2002)

Abstract Dopamine (DA)‐producing neurons in the ventral midbrain are generated from a specified neuronal lineage and form selective axonal pathways that mediate multiple CNS functions. Expression of the gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is a key enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis, is regulated during the development of midbrain DA neurons. In the present study, we report the developmental regulation and cell type specificity of TH gene promoter in the ventral midbrain by using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter system. Transgenic mice were generated that express GFP in the majority of midbrain DA neurons under the control of the 9‐kb upstream region of the rat TH gene. At an early embryonic stage, GFP expression was induced in the developing DA neurons, and the expression was then markedly down‐regulated at later embryonic stages. However, the expression was reactivated and approached the adult levels during early post‐natal development. These developmental changes in GFP expression patterns suggest the presence of multistep regulatory mechanisms for TH gene expression during DA neuron development. The TH promoter appears to possess transcriptional elements at least necessary for the induction of TH expression at the early embryonic stage and its reactivation during the post‐natal development.
The effect of molecular air oxygen on the enzymatic activity of NADH-dependent dehydrogenases (1991)

Установлен неизвестный ранее эффект – зависимость скорости ферментативной реакции превращения пировиноградной кислоты в молочную, катализируемой лактатдегидрогеназой (JIДГ ) в присутствии никотинамидадениндинуклеотида восстановленного (NADH) от концентрации растворенного в реакционной среде кислорода воздуха (O₂). Показано, что этот эффект обусловлен образованием комплекса динуклеотида с молекулами O₂. Установлено, что удаление молекулярного кислорода из раствора кофермента приводит к изменению пространственной структуры молекул NADH. Изменения, индуцируемые молекулярным кислородом, носят обратимый характер. Для реакции превращения лактата в пиру ват, катализируемой ЛДГ в присутствии NAD окисленного (NAD⁺), зависимости скорости ферментативной реакции от концентрации растворенного кислорода не наблюдается. Не происходит и комплексообразования окисленной формы кофермента с молекулами O₂.
Structure and Properties of Cs7(H4PO4)(H2PO4)8: A New Superprotonic Solid Acid Featuring the Unusual Polycation (H4PO4)+ (2020)

We report the discovery of a new superprotonic compound, Cs<sub>7</sub>(H<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>8</sub>, or CPP, which forms at elevated temperatures from the reaction of CsH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and CsH<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. The structure, solved using high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and confirmed by high-temperature <sup>31</sup>P NMR spectroscopy, crystallizes in space group <i>Pm</i>3̅<i>n</i> and has a lattice constant of 20.1994(9) Å at 130 °C. The unit cell resembles a 4 × 4 × 4 superstructure of superprotonic CsH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, but features an extraordinary chemical moiety, rotationally disordered H<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> cations, which periodically occupy one of every eight cation sites. The influence of this remarkable cation on the structure, thermodynamics, and proton transport properties of the CPP phase is discussed. Notably, CPP forms at a temperature of 90 °C, much lower than the superprotonic transition temperature of 228 °C of CsH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, and the compound does not appear to have an ordered, low-temperature form. Under nominally dry conditions, the material is stable against dehydration to ∼151 °C, and this results in a particularly wide region of stability of a superprotonic material in the absence of active humidification. The conductivity of Cs<sub>7</sub>(H<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>8</sub> is moderate, 5.8 × 10<sup>-4</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup> at 140 °C, but appears nevertheless facilitated by polyanion (H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>) group reorientation.
Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy in Singapore: Not So Rare (2018)

2] Amongst East Asians, OPMD is thought to be rare. The risk of misdiagnosis remains high, particularly when family history is not available, or symptoms are mild or isolated. Typically, diagnosis may be delayed for 3 to 20 years, with most patients undergoing extensive investigations and treatment for other suspected neurological conditions. here have been a few reports from China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan, with a small number of genetically confirmed OPMD cases from Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia). 8-14 A previous case report from Singapore (1993) described a single patient, in whom OPMD was diagnosed clinically, with no genetic confirmation. Underrecognition of OPMD may be one of the causes of the assumed rarity of OPMD in East Asia. Here, we describe 4 unrelated patients from Singapore diagnosed with OPMD over the past 4 years.
Coronary Angioplasty Induces Rise in Chlamydia pneumoniae -Specific Antibodies (1999)

Chlamydia pneumoniae is frequently found in atherosclerotic lesions, and high titers of specific antibodies are associated with increased risk for acute myocardial infarction. However, a causative relation has not been established yet. We performed a prospective study of 93 patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to investigate whether angioplasty influences Chlamydia-specific antibody titers and whether there is an association with restenosis. Blood samples were obtained before and 1 and 6 months after angioplasty. Antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide and against purified C. pneumoniae elementary bodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After angioplasty, the prevalence of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide rose from 20 to 26% for immunoglobulin A (IgA), from 53 to 64% for IgG, and from 2 to 7% for IgM (P = 0.021, 0.004, and 0.046, respectively). There was a rapid increase of mean antibody titers of all antibody classes within 1 month of PTCA. During the following 5 months, antibody titers decreased slightly but were still higher than baseline values. Results of the C. pneumoniae-specific ELISA were essentially the same. The rise of anti-Chlamydia antibodies was not caused by unspecific reactivation of the immune system, as levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus did not change. Neither seropositivity nor antibody titers were related to restenosis. However, increases in mean IgA and IgM titers were restricted to patients who had suffered from myocardial infarction earlier in their lives. In conclusion, we show that PTCA induces a stimulation of the humoral immune response against C. pneumoniae. These data support the idea that plaque disruption during angioplasty might make hidden chlamydial antigens accessible to the immune system.