gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Obtaining amplitude-modulated bursting by multiple-frequency slow parametric modulation (2018)

Amplitude-modulated bursting (AMB), characterized by oscillations appearing in the envelope of the active phase of bursting, is a novel class of bursting rhythms reported recently. The present paper aims to report a simple and effective method, i.e., the multiple-frequency slow parametric modulation (MFSPM) method, for obtaining such a bursting pattern. We show that the MFSPM can be well controlled so that it may exhibit multiple continuous ups and downs in the active area. Then, the amplitude of the traced active state alternates between increases and decreases accordingly, which leads to oscillations in the envelope of the active phase, and AMB is thus created. Based on this, the route to AMB by the MFSPM is presented. The validity of the approach is demonstrated by several examples. The proposed approach does not depend on specific systems or bifurcations and thus is a general method.
Polymer-Enhanced Subsurface Delivery and Distribution of Permanganate (2013)

Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) ESTCP-funded the demonstration and validation of polymeramended in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) (PA-ISCO). PA-ISCO is the use of water-soluble polymers to enhance ISCO using permanganate. The demonstration was conducted at the Marine Corps Installations East Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune s (MCIEAST-MCB CAMLEJ) Site 88, at which chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene [TCE] and tetrachloroethylene [PCE]) are found in the subsurface. The two main goals of the project were: (1) to reduce the effects of site heterogeneities on oxidant delivery; and (2) manage the deposition of manganese dioxide (MnO2) (permanganate oxidation byproduct) to improve the delivery of oxidant. With respect to these objectives, experiments were carried out using two polymers. Xanthan gum was used to improve sweep efficiency of the oxidant through lower permeability areas. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was used to reduce the instance of MnO2 precipitation and buildup. Through previous laboratory development funded by the DoD s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), the effectiveness of both polymers was tested. Both were deemed viable candidates for field study. The test site consisted of two injection wells. One injection well received only permanganate (control plot); the other injection well received a mixture of oxidant and polymers (test plot). Multilevel wells were used to monitor groundwater prior to treatment, during treatment, and post-treatment. Real-time groundwater quality measurements included specific conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), permanganate, and viscosity. Groundwater samples were collected from the multilevel monitoring wells for laboratory measurements of pH, ORP, solids concentration, cations, anions, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and anion exchange capacity toward understanding how polymer addition affects groundwater quality.
Intake of Radionuclides in the Trees of Fukushima Forests 1. Field Study (2019)

The earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011 led to a meltdown followed by a hydrogen explosion at the Fukushima–Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, causing the dispersal of abundant radionuclides into the atmosphere and ocean. The radionuclides were deposited onto trees and local residences in aerosol or gaseous forms that were partly absorbed by rain or melting snow. Here, we show that the radionuclides attached to the surfaces of trees, in which some radiocesium was incorporated into the xylem through ray cells and through symplastic pathways. The level of incorporated radiocesium varied based on tree species and age because of the ability of radiocesium to attach to the surface of the outer bark. After four years, the radiocesium level in the forest has been decreasing as it is washed out with rainwater into the sea and as it decays over time due to its half-life, but it can also be continuously recycled through leaf tissue, litter, mulch, and soil. As a result, the level of radiocesium was relatively increased in the heartwood and roots of trees at four years after the event. In private forest fields, most trees were left as afforested trees without being used for timber, although some trees were cut down. We discuss an interdisciplinary field study on the immediate effects of high radiation levels upon afforested trees in private forest fields.
Analysis of optical characteristics of modulation devices with square and circle pixels for 3D holographic display (2015)

With the development of the micro/nanolithography, the optic-optic or optic-electronic modulation devices with different pixel shapes and sizes can be used for three-dimensional (3D) dynamical holographic display. The influence of different parameters of the modulation devices on the image quality of the 3D reconstructed object is analyzed for two cases: the phase-only computer-generated holography (CGH) and the complex amplitude CGH. The results quantitatively show that the pixel shape of the modulation devices will affect the quality of the holographic image.
Specific adoptive therapy of established leukemia with syngeneic lymphocytes sequentially immunized in vivo and in vitro and nonspecifically expanded by culture with Interleukin 2. (1981)

Abstract The aim of the current study was to determine whether lymphocytes from mice immunized in vivo to antigenic syngeneic tumors could be rendered more effective in adoptive therapy of advanced disseminated leukemia by specific activation in vitro followed by proliferation induced by a nonspecific stimulus. Spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized in vivo with either of 2 noncross-reactive syngeneic tumors, a Friend virus-induced leukemia, FBL-3, and a chemically induced virus-negative leukemia, EL-4(G−), were specifically activated by culture for 7 days with the immunizing tumor. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes was documented by a 4-hr chromium release assay (CRA). After in vitro activation, lymphocytes were induced to proliferate in vitro tor 12 days by repeated addition of supernatants from Con A-stimulated lymphocytes containing Interleukin 2 (T cell growth factor). After 7 days in culture, only 17% of cells remained viable. However, Interleukin 2-induced proliferation from day 7 to day 19 resulted in a greater than 7-fold expansion in cell number. When tested in vitro in the CRA, such expanded cells maintained their specific cytolytic reactivity. When tested in vivo in tumor therapy as an adjunct to chemotherapy (adoptive chemoimmunotherapy), they were effective specifically against the immunizing tumor. On a cell-per-cell basis, cells sequentially immunized in vivo and in vitro and numerically expanded by culture with Interleukin 2 were significantly more effective in prolonging the median survival time of tumor-bearing mice than were cells immunized in vivo and tested without culture. However, cultured ceils were no more effective in curing mice.
From linkage to complex associations: the role of GABRA2 as a risk factor for alcohol use (2015)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is partially under genetic control due to common variants in several genes, each of small effect. Most relevant to AUD, in addition to genetic risk, environmental exposures play important roles in the development of AUD. It is increasingly recognized that genetic and environmental factors depend on each other, suggesting that the expression of genetic liability depends on environmental factors. Furthermore, risk factors known as intermediate phenotypes are under the same gene–environment influence and may provide important clues to further understand this heterogeneous disorder. With this in mind, we review more than a decade of interdisciplinary research on the role of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-Aα2 (GABRA2) gene on the risk of developing AUD. The initial evidence came from wide genome studies in alcoholic families, followed by electrophysiological measures and replication studies in case-control designs. Going further, the study of GABRA2 extended to risk factors (i.e., impulse control) imaging and environment during development. This plethora of evidence and interdisciplinary research emphasizes the importance of converging different lines of investigation to understand the interplay between genetic risk (or resilience) and environmental factors in the development of AUD.
Oil Distribution in iPP/EPDM Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (2007)

Abstract Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) was used to determine the volume fraction of oil-swollen particulate rubber and oil-swollen plastic in thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) produced from iPP and EPDM rubber. Sample preparation and SPM imaging conditions allowed the ratio of the rubber and plastic area imaged for a TPV sample to be equated to the phase volume ratio. The hydrosilylation cured TPVs contained no filler or inorganic components (other than about 1 ppm of platinum catalyst, based on dry rubber) that would decrease the accuracy of the SPM analysis. The accuracy of the SPM method used for TPV phase volume determination was established by analysis of an oil-free TPV of known composition. The densities of the individual TPV components (rubber, oil, crystalline and amorphous plastic phase), which were assumed to be additive in the composite, were used to calculate the oil distribution between the TPV rubber and plastic phase, since the volumes of the individual components (the extent of plastic crystallinity was measured by differential scanning calorimetry) were known. Thus, the amount of oil in the oil-swollen TPV rubber and plastic phase could be quantified. This information, coupled with the Tg of the oil-swollen amorphous plastic phase, indicated that a substantial amount of oil was present as a separate oil phase that is surrounded by the oil-swollen amorphous plastic phase. To date, it has been assumed that the oil in a TPV partitions between the rubber and amorphous plastic phase, with the plastic crystallites being oil free. This work is the first demonstration of the presence of a separate oil phase in TPVs, and the first accurate determination of the oil content in the oil-swollen rubber, miscible oil in the oil-swollen amorphous plastic, and the free oil in TPVs.
Correction of the overexposed region in digital color image (2014)

The overexposed region (OR) usually appears in the image due to the limited dynamic range of digital camera and low dynamic range display. In this paper, we present a novel overexposure correction method composed of the lightness correction and the chrominance restoration. In proposed method, the corrected lightness of the OR is obtained by minimizing a proposed energy functional with two terms; one for retaining the lightness modeled by a twodimensional Gaussian function and the other for preserving the gradients of the original lightness. In chrominance restoration, color stretching is first performed to compensate a faded color around the OR. Then, the color of the OR is recovered by propagating the stretched color of the neighboring non-overexposed region (non-OR). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method more effectively improves the visual quality of the overexposed image compared with the state-of-the-art methods.
Medical Journals-The interface between discovery and practice (2009)

Medical journals exist at the interface between discovery of new knowledge and the clinical practice of medicine. The purpose of journals is to keep physicians and physician-scientists abreast of advances in their field. How to make medical papers published and achieve the level of the highest academic standards is a very complicated process. This article reviews New England Journal on the type of paper, review process, received process,the evaluation process and so on. A better understanding of these process, might lead to better arrangement and publication of your medical paper.

Key words: 
Medical Papers; New England Journal; Assessment
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROSTANNYLIERUNG DER AZIDE AROMATISCHER SULFONSAEUREN (1972)

Abstract Die Arensulfonylazide (I) setzen sich in benzolischer Lösung bei 25 ‐ 27°C mit Tri‐n‐butylzinnhydrid (II) zu den N‐Tri‐n‐butylzinnarylsulfonylamiden (III) um.
EFFICACY OF LOW-DOSE METHOTREXATE TREATMENT IN BIRDSHOT CHORIORETINOPATHY (2011)

In this series, treatment comprising MTX showed better visual outcomes than the untreated patients and corticosteroid-based treatment regimens.
Epidermal Biofuel Cells: Energy Harvesting from Human Perspiration (2013)

No sweat, no gain: Flexible biofuel cells functionalized with lactate oxidase (LOx) and platinum as anode and cathode materials harvested biochemical energy from human perspiration (see picture). Substantial power was generated from human sweat in real-life scenarios. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Differential Selectivity for Spatial Frequencies in Anterior and Posterior PPA (2014)

The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) has been reported to consist of functionally distinct subregions: The anterior region is more related to high-level representations of scene content, whereas the posterior region is driven more by low-level stimulus properties (Baldassano et. al., 2013). How do these distinct regions differ in their sensitivity to spatial frequencies? On the one hand, PPA is sensitive to global image properties such as openness and naturalness (Park et al. 2011) or physical size and clutter (Park et al. in press), which are mainly determined by low spatial frequencies. On the other hand, PPA has been reported to respond more strongly to high than low spatial frequencies (Rajimehr et. al., 2011). In studies like these, spatial frequency content of stimuli is typically confounded with semantic information. Here we test spatial frequency sensitivity of PPA in an fMRI experiment with stimuli designed to be devoid of any coherent structure. We presented subjects with a series of visual patterns with narrowly defined spatial frequency bands centered around 0.2 to 18.1 cycles per degree and random phase. We found that anterior PPA was not significantly activated by these unstructured, semantically meaningless stimuli. Posterior PPA, however, was significantly activated. Moreover, the BOLD signal in posterior PPA was modulated by spatial frequencies. In contrast to the findings by Rajimehr et. al. we found that low spatial frequencies activated posterior PPA more strongly than high spatial frequencies in 13 out of 14 subjects. In order to explore the effect of semantic information on spatial frequency selectivity we are performing a follow-up study using frequency-filtered images of natural scenes. We will present results from a univariate analysis as well as decoding of scene categories from activity patterns in anterior and posterior PPA, separately for high-pass and low-pass filtered images. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2014
Chemically Isolated Graphene Nanoribbons Reversibly Formed in Fluorographene Using Polymer Nanowire Masks (2011)

We demonstrated the fabrication of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) as narrow as 35 nm created using scanning probe lithography to deposit a polymer mask(1-3) and then fluorinating the sample to isolate the masked graphene from the surrounding wide band gap fluorographene. The polymer protected the GNR from atmospheric adsorbates while the adjacent fluorographene stably p-doped the GNRs which had electron mobilities of ∼2700 cm2/(V·s). Chemical isolation of the GNR enabled resetting the device to nearly pristine graphene.
Diagnostic accuracy of a novel SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test from standardized self-collected anterior nasal swabs (2021)

Abstract Background Antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 offer new opportunities for the quick and laboratory-independent identification of infected individuals for control of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Despite the potential benefits, nasopharyngeal sample collection is frequently perceived as uncomfortable by patients and requires trained healthcare personnel with protective equipment. Therefore, anterior nasal self-sampling is increasingly recognized as a valuable alternative. Methods We performed a prospective, single-center, point of care validation of an Ag-RDT using a polypropylene absorbent collector for standardized self-collected anterior nasal swabs. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) from combined oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs served as a comparator. Primary endpoint was sensitivity of the standardized Ag-RDT in symptomatic patients with medium or high viral concentration (≥ 1 million RNA copies on RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2). Results Between February 12 and March 22, 2021, 388 participants were enrolled. After exclusion of 9 patients for which no PCR result could be obtained, the novel Ag-RDT was evaluated based on 379 participants, of which 273 were symptomatic and 106 asymptomatic. In 61 samples from symptomatic patients with medium or high viral load (≥ 1 million RNA copies), the sensitivity of the standardized Ag-RDT was 96.7% (59/61; 95%CI: 88.7-99.6%) for the primary endpoint. In total, 62 positive Ag-RDT results were detected out of 70 RT-PCR positive individuals, yielding an overall sensitivity of 88.6% (95%CI: 78.7-94.9%). Specificity was 99.7% (95%CI: 98.2-100%) in 309 RT-PCR negative individuals. Conclusion Here, we present a validation of a novel Ag-RDT with a standardized sampling process for anterior nasal self-collection, which meets WHO criteria of ≥80% sensitivity and ≥97% specificity. Although less sensitive than RT-PCR, this assay could be beneficial due to its rapid results, ease of use, and suitability for standardized self-testing. (Funded by Drägerwerk AG &amp; Co. KGaA, Lübeck, Germany; ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT04698993 )
Synthesis of Bismuth Silicate Powders by Molten Salt Method (2013)

The bismuth silicate powders were prepared by reaction of Bi2O3 and SiO2 as raw materials in KCl-K2CO3, NaCl-Na2CO3, K2CO3-Na2CO3, KCl-NaCl, NaCl-Na2SO4, and KCl-K2SO4 molten salts. Pure Bi12SiO20 powders were synthesized in KCl-K2CO3 flux at 635°C for 1 h, which was lower than that of conventional solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction reveals that the phases of the samples are different in various molten salts. Only Bi12SiO20 phase can be observed in the molten salts with ions. However, a mixture of Bi12SiO20, Bi2SiO5, and Bi4Si3O12 phase are observed in the molten salts without ions. Therefore, the carbonates are not only used as the flux and reaction medium, but also inhibit the formation of other bismuth silicates in the synthesis of Bi12SiO20 powders by molten salt synthesis. The scanning electronic microscopy image indicates that the mechanism of molten salt synthesis in the case of KCl-K2CO3 and NaCl-Na2CO3 are “dissolution-precipitation mechanism.” UV-Vis spectra reveals the absorption edge for the sample is shifted to longer wavelengths compared with Bi12SiO20 single crystal, and the band gap energy (Eg) is 2.82 eV.
On the Mechanism of Polypropene Growth over MgCl2/TiCl4 Catalyst Systems (2001)

A morphological investigation was carried out on spherical catalysts based on MgCl2-supported TiCl4 and related nascent polymer particles, including both homopolypropene and polypropene-based multiphase copolymers. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy show that both catalyst and polymer grains display a dual morphological texture consisting, respectively, of microparticles and subparticles (catalyst) and microglobules and subglobules (polymer). The morphology of sequential, multiphase copolymers indicates that the second monomer, either ethylene or 1-butene, or monomer mixture, ethylene/propene, polymerizes around the pre-formed subglobules of the homopolypropene matrix. Based on the experimental results, a model/mechanism of polypropene growth has been proposed that entails the features of both a dual grain and a polymeric flow system: the monomer polymerizes at the surface of catalyst microparticles forming a polymer shell (microglobule) around each of them; polymer microglobules form larger agglomerates (subglobules) which, as polymerization goes on, tend to behave as individual polymeric flow units: catalyst microparticles undergo further fragmentation and tend to be convected from the bulk to the surface of polymer subglobules, where they sustain the reaction.
[Vertebral involvement and fetal alcohol syndrome]. (1991)

Vertebral abnormalities observed in 8 children with fetal alcohol syndrome are described and discussed. They include scoliosis (4 cases), neural tube defects (4 cases) and complex malformations of the cervical spine (2 cases). The latter probably constitute a different entity from that of the Klippel-Feil syndrome. It is probable that alcohol plays a direct role in the genesis of these abnormalities.
성재(性齋) 허전(許傳)의 강우지역(江右地域) 문인(門人) 고찰(考察) (2011)

性齋 許傳은 星湖 李瀷-順菴 安鼎福- 下盧 黃德吉로 이어지는 近畿 南人系의 학맥을 이은 인물로 김해도호부사로 재임한 1864년 3월부터 1867년 7월까지 3년여 동안 지역 인재를 양성하여 강우지역의 학풍을 크게 진작시켰다. 性齋는 김해도호부사 부임 이후 回論文을 지어 백성들을 잘 보살피며, 관리들을 결속시키며 법에 따라 엄격하게 개혁할 것을 천명했다. 이어 新山書院 薇陽書院 龜川書院 松潭書院 禮巖書院 勿峯書院 등 강우지역의 주요 서원을 찾아 배알하고, 유생들을 데리고 향교에 나아가 鄕飮酒禮를 행하였다. 또 仁祖反正 이후 잊혀졌던 南冥學派 인물들의 墓道 관련 글, 行狀 文集 實紀의 序 跋 文, 齋舍와 亭子 등의 관련 글을 지어 그들의 學行을 적극적으로 顯揚하였다. 1865년에는 公餘堂을 열어 강학하였는데 와서 배우기를 청하는 사람이 백여명에 달했다. 이러한 性齋의 강우학풍 진작 노력으로 말미암아 19세기 강우지역에 性齋學脈이 寒洲 李震相 學脈, 蘆沙 奇正鎭 學脈으로 더불어 대표적인 학맥으로 형성되었다. 朴致馥 金麟燮 金鎭祜 趙昺奎 趙性濂 盧相益 盧相稷 姜柄周 安孝濟 등은 性齋의 학문을 계승해 각 지역의 학풍을 진작시키기도 했다. 강우지역 性齋 門人들은 진주 산청을 중심으로 하는 현재의 서부경남 지역과 김해 밀양 함안을 중심으로 하는 중부 경남지역에 밀집되어 있는데, 주지하다시피 모두 南冥學風이 강하게 형성되었던 지역이다. 性齋가 한강 미수의 연원이라는 점이 南冥學風이 면면히 이어져온 이 지역에 많은 문인 집단들이 형성되었던 큰 요인이 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 性齋 門人들의 종합적인 고찰이 되기 위해서는 性齋門人錄에 수록된 문인 개개인의 학문성향을 파악해 이를 분석해야 하는데, 이 글은 이에 미치지 못하는 한계를 가지고 있다. 아울러 강우지역 뿐만 아니라 性齋門人錄에 등재되지 않은 문인들도 발굴해 이를 바탕으로 性齋學派의 범위도 넓혀갈 필요성도 있다고 여겨진다.
Kidney Allograft Function Is a Confounder of Urine Metabolite Profiles in Kidney Allograft Recipients (2021)

Noninvasive biomarkers of kidney allograft status can help minimize the need for standard of care kidney allograft biopsies. Metabolites that are measured in the urine may inform about kidney function and health status, and potentially identify rejection events. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a metabolomics study of biopsy-matched urine cell-free supernatants from kidney allograft recipients who were diagnosed with two major types of acute rejections and no-rejection controls. Non-targeted metabolomics data for 674 metabolites and 577 unidentified molecules, for 192 biopsy-matched urine samples, were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified metabolite signatures for kidney allograft rejection. The replicability of a previously developed urine metabolite signature was examined. Our study showed that metabolite profiles can serve as biomarkers for discriminating rejection biopsies from biopsies without rejection features, but also revealed a role of estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) as a major confounder of the metabolite signal.