gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Personalized Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease Based on sMRI and ¹¹C PiB-PET Analysis (2020)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that affects the central nervous system and represents 60% to 70% of all dementia cases. Due to an increased aging population, the number of patients diagnosed with AD is expected to exceed 131 million worldwide by 2050. The disease is characterized by various clinical symptoms and pathological features that define three main sequential decline stages, namely, early/mild, intermediate/moderate and late/severe stages. Although it is considered irreversible, early diagnosis of AD is highly desirable to help preserve cognitive function. However, early diagnosis is difficult due to different factors, including the patient-specific development of AD. The main contribution of the proposed work is to present a personalized (i.e., local/brain regional) computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for early diagnosis of AD from two perspectives, functional and structural to assist diagnosis. In other words, the proposed system uniquely yields local/regional diagnosis by combining <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C PiB positron emission tomography ( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C PiB PET), which provides functional diagnosis, with structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), which provides structural diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to combine sMRI and the <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C PiB PET for local/regional early diagnosis of AD. The system processes the two modalities through a number of steps: pre-processing, brain labeling (parcellation), feature extraction, and diagnosis. A local/regional diagnosis is presented for each modality separately, followed by the final global diagnosis obtained by integrating the results from the two modalities. Evaluation of the proposed system shows average results of 97.5%, 100%, and 96.77% for accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity, respectively. With further development, it is envisioned that this system could contribute to the early diagnosis of AD in the clinical setting.
Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria: opportunistic pathogens with important natural biology (2008)

Interaction with plants around their roots and foliage forms the natural habitat for a wide range of gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia, Pseudomonas and Ralstonia. During these interactions many of these bacteria facilitate highly beneficial processes such as the breakdown of pollutants or enhancement of crop growth. All these bacterial species are also capable of causing opportunistic infections in vulnerable individuals, especially people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Here we will review the current understanding of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) as a group of model opportunistic pathogens, contrasting their clinical epidemiology with their ecological importance. Currently, the B. cepacia complex is composed of nine formally named species groups which are all difficult to identify using phenotypic methods. Genetic methods such as 16S rRNA and recA gene sequence analysis have proven useful for Bcc species identification. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is also emerging as a very useful tool for both Bcc strain and species identification. Historically, Burkholderia cenocepacia was the most dominant Bcc pathogen in CF, however, probably as a result of strict infection control practices introduced to control the spread of this species, its prevalence has been reduced. Burkholderia multivorans is the now the most dominant Bcc infection encountered in the UK CF population, a changing epidemiology that also appears to be occurring in the US CF population. The distribution of Bcc species residing in the natural environment may vary considerably with the type of environment examined. Clonally identical Bcc strains have been found to occur in the natural environment and cause infection. The contamination of medical devices, disinfectants and pharmaceutical formulations has also been directly linked to several outbreaks of infection. In the last 10 years considerable progress has been made in understanding the natural biology and clinical infections caused by this fascinating group of bacteria.
Novel Channel-Stress Enhancement Technology with eSiGe S/D and Recessed Channel on Damascene Gate Process (2007)

Novel channel-stress enhancement technology on damascene gate process with eSiGe S/D for pFET is demonstrated. It is found for the first time that the damascene gate process featured by the dummy gate removal is more effective in increasing channel strain than the gate-1st process as an embedded SiGe stressor technique is used. Furthermore, an additional channel recess related to the damascene process is shown to enhance channel strain, resulting in a 14% Ion improvement at Ioff = 100 nA/um. We propose combining these strain techniques with high-k/metal gate stacks for low-power and high-performance pFETs.
A Novel Micro Shell Resonator Gyroscope with Sixteen T-Shape Masses (2019)

A novel micro shell resonator gyroscope (MSRG) with sixteen T-shape masses is proposed in this paper. Micro blow torching with whirling platform has been presented to fabricate the fused silica shell structure with high structure symmetry. The sixteen T-shape masses are released with femtosecond laser ablation for high processing efficiency and quality. The performances of MSRG are evaluated by using out-of-plane capacitive transduction. The MSRG is operated in force-rebalance mode, which demonstrates a scale factor (SF) of 0.112V/(deg/s), an angle random walk (ARW) of 0.035deg/√h and a bias stability of 0.877deg/h, showing great potential for high-performance gyroscope.
Estimating register cost using spots (2003)

A modified register allocation algorithm whose register cost uses distinct spots is introduced. With this method, the five range of a variable can be viewed as a collection of spots, which are coordinate distances. Together with the usage counts of a variable and the increased weight on variables in loop structures, the cost of each variable already in a register is estimated. In the case where a spill is unavoidable, a variable in a register with minimum cost is chosen. Primary results show that this method increases speed about 21% in terms of the number of load/store instructions when compared with Chow's graph-coloring method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Selective oxygenation of α-olefins by means of metalloporphyrin catalysts mimicking cytochrome P-450 (2011)

A significant problem associated with synthetic metalloporphyrin catalysts used to mimic oxygenation function of cytochrome P-450 is their deactivation due to the formation of inactive μ-oxo dimer. We prepared a series of porphyrin-based catalysts mimicking cytochrome P-450 potentially resistant to deactivation by varying the central metal ion, porphyrin ring substitution, and catalyst support. The influence of the nature of a solid support, the type of central cation and the chemical modification of the porphyrin ring on the catalytic efficiency was studied. The oxygenation ability of the synthesized catalysts was tested using 1-hexene as a substrate and tert -butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant under various reaction conditions. Identification of the oxygenation products was performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantification of the products formed was based on GC with flame ionization detection (FID). It was found that the application of low GC injection temperature (150 °C) was necessary to detect primary products of the oxygenation, peroxo alkenes, from which secondary oxygenation products, mainly epoxides, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, were formed slowly. The efficiency of the individual catalysts depended on their structure and varied significantly. The most active catalysts were Fe(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) immobilized on aminopolystyrene (aminoPS) and Mn(II)-TPP immobilized on aminoPS.
Impella: A Miniaturized Cardiac Support System in an Era of Minimal Invasive Cardiac Surgery (2002)

In modern coronary bypass surgery, new objectives have been set based upon a minimal invasive approach: beating heart surgery is the new trend to follow, although this might not be feasible in more complex cases. In these cases, the beating heart could be supported by a mechanical device, preferably a device with minimal invasive features to fit in this new approach. For this purpose, two intravascular blood pumps were developed: the Intracardiac Pump LV for left ventricular support and the Intracardiac pump RV for right ventricular support. (Impella Cardiotechnik, Aachen, Germany) The Impella pumps are rotary blood pumps of the axial flow type and produce 4.2 L/min at physiological pressure differences and a rotational speed of 32,500 rotations/min. These micropumps can widen the indications of beating heart surgery by sustaining hemodynamic stability and protecting the heart from warm ischemia. The current concept is aimed at bridging a procedure. Therefore, the proof of safe duration of usage has not been extended beyond 6 hours. As the pump-flow is based on standard pressure-flow curves for each so-called "performance level" (resulting from in-vitro experiments), an investigation was conducted to compare this relationship in the in-vitro trials with the findings in pump-supported patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. It could be concluded that the intracardiac pump is efficacious in assisting coronary bypass surgery.
Comparing a novel solubilized benzoyl peroxide gel with benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin: final data from a multicenter, investigator-blind, randomized study. (2009)

Compared with BPO/clindamycin, the solubilized BPO gel offers significantly greater reductions in non-inflammatory lesion count and comparable reductions in inflammatory lesion count in the absence of an antibiotic.
Clinically relevant and explainable feature extraction from remote monitoring data for the prediction of urinary tract infections (2023)

Abstract Background A frequent cause for hospitalisation in people living with dementia (PLWD) is urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Dufour et al., 2015). Early detection aids in avoiding unplanned hospitalisations and machine learning and connected sensors enable development of risk analysis models based on in‐home monitoring data. This work makes use of data from the ongoing Minder study at the UK Dementia Research Institute, including in‐door movement, appliance use, physiology, sleep, and environmental information. Previous work (Li et al., 2020) shows complex models can achieve high accuracy when detecting UTIs, but interpretability and generalisability remain an open issue. This work evaluates how clinically interpretable features and simple models perform. Method The engineered features reflect visible symptoms of UTIs in older adults and are daily aggregated and pre‐processed information from PLWD’s homes containing passive sensors. 14 activity, sleep and physiological features were engineered relating to bathroom visits, entropy rate, physiological readings, and sleep behaviour. Raw data consisted of frequencies of the activity sensor firings. Their use in predicting cases of UTIs was compared by evaluating multilayer perceptron models on labelled data (643 negatives and 311 positives, from 39 PLWD), using 5‐fold cross‐validation (80%/20% train/test split), with 5 repeats. Prior to training and testing, the data was z‐normalised using unlabelled data. When evaluating, recall is most essential because reducing false positive rates is crucial in our setting. Result The highest performing model achieved the best accuracy, recall, precision and F1 score (85.6%, 69.9%, 81.5%, 74.8%) on combinations of engineered and raw features; though not significantly higher than with raw features alone (83.2%, 63.5%, 80.5%, 70.8%). Full results can be seen in the attached figure. Conclusion Our engineered features do not significantly improve results but add interpretability and generalisability to predictions. The models' hidden layers have a high capacity for learning patterns in the raw data, however, may not be clinically interpretable and we hypothesise that engineered features improve generalisation. Engineered features are homogeneous across the cohort and new data, and so create a way of representing the data which is not single device dependent. To verify this, we will continue our data collection and will conduct further experiments.
Wall stresses in the carotid bifurcation: Effects of wall non-homogeneity and correlation with intimal thickness (1998)

A finite element model of the human carotid bifurcation was developed to investigate the possibility that pressure-induced arterial wall stresses lead to the formation of atherosclerosis. The effect of material non-homogeneity was investigated by measuring the distribution of collagen and elastin in cadaver specimens and applying different material constants where appropriate. Both the homogeneous and non-homogeneous models included the residual stresses. The histology results revealed that the outer wall of the apex contained proportionally more collagen. Elsewhere, relative distributions of collagen and elastin were uniform through the thickness. The finite element model results demonstrated that the area of highest stress concentration was the lateral wall of the carotid sinus. The outer wall stress at the apex was higher for the non-homogeneous model owing to the higher collagen content there, but the stresses elsewhere in the model were relatively unaffected. A statistical comparison of the stress distribution to previously published data on intimal thickness showed that areas with a high ratio of inner to outer wall stress coincided with greatest intimal thickening (r = 0.800, P &lt; 0.00005). The inclusion of material non-homogeneity had little effect on this correlation.
Recurrent post-surgical hyperparathyroidism: think of CYP 24A1 mutations! (2014)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
Thermodynamics and long-range order of nitrogen in {gamma}{prime}-Fe{sub 4}N{sub 1{minus}x} (1996)

Models are given for the description of the chemical potential of nitrogen in {gamma}{prime}-Fe{sub 4}N{sub 1{minus}x}. In previous work, {gamma}{prime}-Fe{sub 4}N{sub 1{minus}x} was treated as a (sub)regular solution, thereby assuming that the N atoms are distributed randomly on the sites of their own sublattice. However, in {gamma}{prime}-Fe{sub 4}N{sub 1{minus}x}, long-range ordering occurs of the N atoms over the sites of their own sublattice. Then, the expression for the configurational entropy should account for the occurrence of ordering. In the present article, the descriptions adopted and tested for {gamma}{prime}-Fe{sub 4}N{sub 1{minus}x} are based on a Langmuir-type approach, the Wagner-Schottky (WS) approach, and the Gorsky-Bragg-Williams (GBW) approach. Application of the various models to data of nitrogen-absorption isotherms for the {gamma}{prime} iron-nitride phase shows that the subregular solution concept fails to describe the experimental data satisfactorily, whereas a very good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for the WS and GBW approaches. It is shown that, in particular, accounting for the occupation of disorder (octahedral) sites by N atoms is necessary to obtain an accurate description of the chemical potential of nitrogen in {gamma}{prime}-Fe{sub 4}N{sub 1{minus}x}.
Evaluation of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of 3 Dose Regimens of Topical Sodium Nitrite With Citric Acid in Patients With Anogenital Warts (2015)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02015260.
Microthermogravimetry using a microcantilever hot plate with integrated temperature-compensated piezoresistive strain sensors (2008)

This paper reports thermogravimetric analysis of nanogram samples of paraffin using a microcantilever hot plate. The microcantilever hot plate has an integrated temperature-controlled heater and integrated temperature-compensated strain-sensing piezoresistors. The microcantilever vibration amplitude was measured using either a laser and a position sensitive photodiode, or using the piezoresistors. The cantilever resonance was measured as the cantilever was heated, such that the analyte mass could be measured as a function of temperature. Both optical and piezoresistive methods were employed to generate thermogravimetric curves for analytes in the range of 1-3 ng, and the results of the two methods compared well.
High Contrast Ratio and Fast-Switching Dual Polymer Electrochromic Devices (1998)

A series of dual polymer electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on 12 complementary pairs of conducting polymer films have been constructed using 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-containing conducting polymers. Poly[3,6-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene))-N-methylcarbazole] (PBEDOT-NCH3Cz), poly[3,6-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene))-N-eicosylcarbazole] (PBEDOT-NC20H41Cz), and poly[4,4‘-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene))biphenyl] (PBEDOT-BP) were utilized as anodically coloring polymers that electrochemically switch between an oxidized deep blue absorptive state and a transmissive (orange or yellow) reduced state. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its alkyl derivatives (PEDOT-C14H29 and PEDOT-C16H33) have been used as high-contrast cathodically coloring polymers that switch between a deep blue absorptive state in the reduced form and a sky blue, highly transmissive state in the oxidized form. The dual polymer ECDs were constructed by separating complementary pairs of EC polymer films, deposited on ITO glass, with a gel electrolyte composed of a lithium salt and plasticized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Device contrast ratios, measured as Δ%T, ranged from 27% to 63%, and subsecond switching times for full color change were achieved. These devices were found to exhibit extremely high coloration efficiencies of up to 1400 cm2/C over narrow (ca. 100 nm) wavelength ranges and to retain up to 60% of their optical response after 10 000 deep, double potential steps, rendering them useful for EC applications.
Neurological rehabilitation: a science struggling to come of age (2002)

Over the last few decades, there have been considerable improvements in the outcome of stroke patients both as regards mortality and disability. At least some of these improvements can be attributed to better organization of services and improved rehabilitation. Many patients, however, remain severely disabled and we will need to develop new strategies in which the focus will be on reversing impairments rather than simply helping patients to adapt to unaltered impairments. For this to happen, neurological rehabilitation research will have to develop therapies that have a clearly defined rationale and are rooted in neurosciences, are clinically described, are addressed to a well-characterized target population and are evaluated using appropriate outcome measures. Few studies at present meet all these criteria. The recent revolution in our understanding of the nervous system as being soft-wired, of the potential for recovery through reorganization and of the central role of afferent information associated with normal activity is ground for optimism and indicates the direction in which future therapies should be sought. The paper considers some approaches to providing appropriate afferent information, including inputs such as that from electrotherapy, novel approaches to assisted activity and constraint-induced therapy. We are on the verge of a revolution in neurological rehabilitation. If we exploit the new understanding of the nervous system arising from basic neurosciences in developing and evaluating therapies we should be able to build on the achievements of the last few decades so that fewer of our patients have to carry the burden of severe disability.
Characterizing a century of genetic diversity and contemporary antigenic diversity of N1 neuraminidase in IAV from North American swine (2022)

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAV) of the H1N1 classical swine lineage became endemic in North American swine following the 1918 pandemic. Additional human-to-swine transmission events after 1918, and a spillover of H1 viruses from wild birds in Europe, potentiated a rapid increase in genomic diversity via reassortment between introductions and the endemic classical swine lineage. To determine mechanisms affecting reassortment and evolution, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of N1 and paired HA swine IAV genes in North America between 1930 and 2020. We described fourteen N1 clades within the N1 Eurasian avian lineage (including the N1 pandemic clade) and the N1 classical swine lineage. Seven N1 genetic clades had evidence for contemporary circulation. To assess antigenic drift associated with N1 genetic diversity, we generated a panel of representative swine N1 antisera and quantified the antigenic distance between wild-type viruses using enzyme-linked lectin assays and antigenic cartography. Within the N1 lineage, antigenic similarity was variable and reflected shared evolutionary history. Sustained circulation and evolution of N1 genes in swine had resulted in significant antigenic distance between the N1 pandemic clade and classical swine lineage. We also observed a significant increase in the rate of evolution in the N1 pandemic clade relative to the classical lineage. Between 2010 and 2020, N1 clades and N1-HA pairings fluctuated in detection frequency across North America, with hotspots of diversity generally appearing and disappearing within two years. We also identified frequent N1-HA reassortment events (n = 36), which were rarely sustained (n = 6) and sometimes also concomitant with the emergence of new N1 genetic clades (n = 3). These data form a baseline from which we can identify N1 clades that expand in range or genetic diversity that may impact viral phenotypes or vaccine immunity and subsequently the health of North American swine.