gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neurosurgical Virtual Reality Simulation for Brain Tumor Using High-definition Computer Graphics: A Review of the Literature (2017)

Simulation and planning of surgery using a virtual reality model is becoming common with advances in computer technology. In this study, we conducted a literature search to find trends in virtual simulation of surgery for brain tumors. A MEDLINE search for "neurosurgery AND (simulation OR virtual reality)" retrieved a total of 1,298 articles published in the past 10 years. After eliminating studies designed solely for education and training purposes, 28 articles about the clinical application remained. The finding that the vast majority of the articles were about education and training rather than clinical applications suggests that several issues need be addressed for clinical application of surgical simulation. In addition, 10 of the 28 articles were from Japanese groups. In general, the 28 articles demonstrated clinical benefits of virtual surgical simulation. Simulation was particularly useful in better understanding complicated spatial relations of anatomical landmarks and in examining surgical approaches. In some studies, Virtual reality models were used on either surgical navigation system or augmented reality technology, which projects virtual reality images onto the operating field. Reported problems were difficulties in standardized, objective evaluation of surgical simulation systems; inability to respond to tissue deformation caused by surgical maneuvers; absence of the system functionality to reflect features of tissue (e.g., hardness and adhesion); and many problems with image processing. The amount of description about image processing tended to be insufficient, indicating that the level of evidence, risk of bias, precision, and reproducibility need to be addressed for further advances and ultimately for full clinical application.
Is forceps more useful than visualization for measurement of colon polyp size? (2016)

Application of the open biopsy forceps method when measuring colon polyp size could help reduce inter-observer differences and error rates.
Intensive educational course in allergy and immunology (2012)

A one-day intensive educational course on allergy and immunology theory and diagnostic procedure significantly increased the competency of allergy and immunology fellows-in-training.
Binding of inositol hexaphosphate to human methemoglobin. (1976)

The observed static difference spectrum produced by inositol hexaphosphate binding to methemoglobin is the sum of a very fast and a slow spectral transition. The more rapid absorbance change is too fast to be measured by stopped flow techniques, whereas the slow change exhibits a half-time in the range 1 to 6 s. From the pH dependence of the rapidly formed difference spectrum and from a series of heme ligand binding studies, the rapid phase is interpreted to reflect a localized tertiary conformational change which immediately accompanies inositol hexaphosphate binding and results in a selective increase in spin and reactivity of the beta chain heme groups. In contrast, the slow phase appears to reflect a first order isomerization process which involves only a small portion (less than 10%) of the hemoglobin molecules and results primarily in a marked alteration of the spectral properties of the alpha chains with little change in spin. While the rapid spectral transition cannot be directly related to the overall quaternary transition which occurs during oxygen binding to ferrous deoxyhemoglobin, the slow spectral transition may represent the abortive formation of a deoxyhemoglobin A-like conformation which is inhibited in both rate and extent by the presence of water molecules bound to the heme iron atoms.
Secondary Radiation-Induced Bone Tumours Demonstrate a High Degree of Genomic Instability Predictive of a Poor Prognosis (2012)

Secondary bone tumours arising in the field of a preceding radiotherapy are a serious late effect, in particular considering the increasing survival times in patients treated for paediatric malignancies. In general, therapy associated tumours are known to show a more aggressive behaviour and a limited response to chemotherapy compared with their primary counterparts. It is not clear however whether this less favourable outcome is caused by inherent genetic factors of the tumour cells or by a general systemic condition of the patient. To elucidate this we analysed a series of bone sarcomas with a history of prior irradiation for the presence of genomic alterations and compared them with the alterations identified earlier in primary osteosarcomas. We analysed seven radiation induced bone sarcomas for genome-wide losses of heterozygosity (LOH) using Affymetrix 10K2 high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Additionally, copy number changes were analysed at two distinct loci on 10q that were recently found to be of major prognostic significance in primary osteosarcomas. All the investigated tumours showed a LOH at 10q21.1 with 86% of cases (6/7) revealing a total genome-wide LOH score above 2400 and more than 24% of the genome being affected. Our results indicate similar genetic alterations in radiation induced sarcomas of bone and primary osteosarcomas with a poor prognosis. We speculate that the high degree of genomic instability found in these tumours causes the poor prognosis irrespective of the initiating event.
Publisher’s Note: “Multi-energy x-ray detector calibration for Te and impurity density (nZ) measurements of MCF plasmas” [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 11E320 (2016)] (2016)

Correction Original Article: ISSN: 0034-6748, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, (2016) This article was originally published online on 12 August 2016 with the fourth author’s name listed as “L. Delgado”. It should have been “L. Delgado-Aparicio”. The author’s name appears correctly above. All online versions of the article were corrected on 7 September 2016; the article is correct as it appears in the printed version of the journal.
The effect of medial meniscectomy on anterior-posterior motion of the knee. (1982)

We used an in vitro knee-testing apparatus to measure anterior-posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur and the accompanying tibial rotation in response to an applied anterior-posterior force. Testing was performed on nine intact knees, on five knees after medial meniscectomy, on three knees after isolated section of the anterior cruciate ligament, and on eight knees after both excision of the medial meniscus and section of the anterior cruciate ligament. The induced anterior-posterior displacement and the coupled rotation were unaffected by meniscectomy. Isolated section of the anterior cruciate ligament allowed a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in anterior displacement but had no effect on posterior displacement. The coupled internal rotation associated with anterior displacement was lost after section of the anterior cruciate ligament. Excision of the medial meniscus and section of the anterior cruciate ligament allowed significantly (p less than 0.05) greater increases in anterior displacement than those already increased by isolated section of the anterior cruciate ligament.
COREFERENT PAIRS DETECTION IN UKRAINIAN TEXTS USING A CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK (2019)

The detection of coreferent pairs within a text is one of the basic tasks in the area of natural language processing (NLP). The state‑ of‑ the‑ art methods of coreference resolution are based on machine learning algorithms. The key idea of the methods is to detect certain regularities between the semantic or grammatical features of text entities. In the paper, the comparative analysis of current methods of coreference resolution in English and Ukrainian texts has been performed. The key disadvantage of many methods consists in the interpretation of coreference resolution as a classification problem. The result of coreferent pairs detection is the set of groups in which elements refer to a common entity. Therefore it is advisable to consider the coreference resolution as a clusterization task. The method of coreference resolution using the set of filtering sieves and a convolutional neural network has been suggested. The set of filtering sieves to find candidates for coreferent pairs formation has been implemented. The training process of a multichannel convolutional neural network on a marked Ukrainian corpus has been performed. The usage of a multichannel structure allows analyzing of the different components of text units: semantic, lexical, and grammatical features of words and sentences. Furthermore, it is possible to process input data with unfixed size (words or sentences of a text) using a convolutional layer. The output result of the method is the set of clusters. In order to form clusters, it is necessary to take into account the previous steps of the model’s workflow. Nevertheless, such an approach contradicts the traditional methodology of machine learning. Thus, the training process of the network has been performed using the SEARN algorithm that allows the solving of tasks with unfixed output structures using a classifier model. An experimental examination of the method on the corpus of Ukrainian news has been performed. In order to estimate the accuracy of the method the corresponding common metrics for clusterization tasks have been calculated. The results obtained can indicate that the suggested method can be used to find coreferent pairs within Ukrainian texts. The method can be also easily adapted and applied to other natural languages.
Photoresponsive poly(methyl methacrylate)2–(polystyrene)2 miktoarm star copolymer containing an azobenzene moiety at the core (2006)

Abstract We prepared a novel miktoarm star copolymer with an azobenzene unit at the core via combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and nitroxide‐mediated free radical polymerization (NMP) routes. For this purpose, first, mikto‐functional initiator, 3 , with tertiary bromide (for ATRP) and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yloxy (TEMPO) (for NMP) functionalities and an azobenzene moiety at the core was synthesized. The initiator 3 thus obtained was used in the subsequent living radical polymerization routes such as ATRP of MMA and NMP of St, respectively, to give A 2 B 2 type miktoarm star copolymer, (PMMA) 2 ‐(PSt) 2 with an azobenzene unit at the core with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity ( M w / M n &lt; 1.15). The photoresponsive properties of 3 and (PMMA) 2 ‐(PSt) 2 miktoarm star copolymer were investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1396–1403, 2006
Macromolecular Engineering through Click Chemistry and Other Efficient Transformations (2009)

Precision synthesis of advanced polymeric materials requires efficient, robust, and facile chemical reactions. Paradoxically, the synthesis of increasingly intricate macromolecular structures generally benefits from exploitation of the simplest reactions available. This idea, combined with requirements of high efficiency, orthogonality, and simplified purification procedures, has led to the rapid adoption of “click chemistry” strategies in the field of macromolecular engineering. This Perspective provides context as to why these newly developed or recently reinvigorated reactions have been so readily embraced for the preparation of polymers with advanced macromolecular topologies, increased functionality, and unique properties. By highlighting important examples that rely on click chemistry techniques, including copper(I)-catalyzed and strain-promoted azide−alkyne cycloadditions, Diels−Alder cycloadditions, and thiol−ene reactions, among others, we hope to provide a succinct overview of the current state of the art and future impact these strategies will have on polymer chemistry and macromolecular engineering.
Attenuating long-period multiples in short-offset 2D streamer data: Gulf of California (2013)

Marine Seismic Data is typically imprinted with multiples energy, which is undesirable in imaging of primaries. Due to the coherent nature of multiples, even if the data are long-offset, they are difficult to remove. Here, we present a comparison of three methods for attenuating long-period multiples energy in short-offset 2D streamer data from Gulf of California. Multiple attenuation methods include deconvolution, Linear Radon (Tau-P), Parabolic Radon Transform, and 2D Surface Related Multiple Elimination (SRME). Multiple attenuation entailed selection of most apt method or combination of methods for optimum results, without compromising quality of the primaries in the data. Results suggest that any kind of deconvolution based approach is the least effective. The Linear Radon filtering is effective in selective parts of the model. Both Parabolic Radon transform and SRME appear to be the most effective methods, but not free of inherent pitfalls. The sub-seafloor velocity model appears to be playing a key role in the Parabolic Radon Filtering. We conclude that while there is no rule of thumb in multiple attenuation, tailoring methods based on acquisition and subsurface geology often produces the most acceptable result.
High Figure of Merit Magneto‐Optical Ce‐ and Bi‐Substituted Terbium Iron Garnet Films Integrated on Si (2021)

Abstract Films of polycrystalline terbium iron garnet (TbIG), cerium‐substituted TbIG (CeTbIG), and bismuth‐substituted TbIG (BiTbIG) are grown on Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The films grow under tensile strain due to thermal mismatch with the Si substrate, resulting in a dominant magnetoelastic anisotropy which, combined with shape anisotropy, leads to in‐plane magnetization. TbIG has a compensation temperature of 253 K which is reduced by substitution of Ce and Bi. The Faraday rotation at 1550 nm of the TbIG, Ce 0.36 TbIG, and Bi 0.03 TbIG films is 5400 ± 600° cm −1 , 4500 ± 100° cm –1 , and 6200 ± 300° cm −1 , respectively, while Ce 0.36 TbIG and Bi 0.03 TbIG exhibit lower optical absorption than TbIG, attributed to a reduction in Fe 2+ and Tb 4+ absorption pathways. The high Faraday rotation of the films, and in particular the high magneto‐optical figure of merit of the Bi 0.03 TbIG of 720° dB −1 at 1550 nm, make these polycrystalline films valuable for applications in integrated photonics.
The Effect of Seasonal Variation on the Community Structure and Food-Web Attributes of Two Streams: Implications for Food-Web Science (1999)

Ross M. Thompson, Colin R. Townsend, The Effect of Seasonal Variation on the Community Structure and Food-Web Attributes of Two Streams: Implications for Food-Web Science, Oikos, Vol. 87, No. 1 (Oct., 1999), pp. 75-88
Addressing the Security of a Future Sustainable Power System: The Danish SOSPO Project (2012)

Current power systems have been undergoing in depth changes by the increasing use of renewable generations. At one hand, the grid is progressively more interconnected in order to collect the renewable generation from geographically dispersed places meanwhile reduce the risks of intermittency; on the other, the power is increasingly generated at relative low voltage networks which in turn gives rise to new challenges in the conventional system design. The high governmental objective of greenhouse gas reduction provokes accelerating adoptation of the renewables. The effect of this has to be carefully evaluated to secure the operation from both transmission and distribution levels. The Danish SOSPO project is launched from 2012 targeting at the system security assessment in the control room for the future scenarios. Methods will be developed in this project to counteract with the future challenges, and a testing platform will be developed in the laboratory for algorithm testing and demonstration.
Specific Control of Peptide Assembly with Combined Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interfaces (2002)

Designed coiled-coil heterotrimers are described whose assembly is governed by both hydrophobic and hydrophilic forces. Sterically matched hydrophobic core side-chain packing of alanine and cyclohexylalanine has been shown to promote formation of a 1:1:1 heterotrimer. Manipulation of hydrophilic glutamic acid (Glu)/lysine (Lys) pairs at each of three helical contact interfaces provides a secondary recognition mechanism. Peptides with matched cores and hydrophilic contacts form stable heterotrimers (DeltaG(unf) at 25 degrees C = 17.93 kcal/mol; MW(app) = 11362 vs 11563 calcd for trimer), as do those with a single Lys/Lys (but not Glu/Glu) interface. The additional specificity engendered by simultaneous operation of two interfaces was used to design a system in which six different peptides are mixed to form three specific and independent heterotrimers in the same solution.
An overview of the human genome database platform-Sybase (1992)

The Human Genome Project is a joint effort between the DOE and the NIH. The initial DOE effort at LLNL focused on forming a large-scale map of chromosome 19 by finding a set of some 2,500 cosmid clones that overlap and span all {approximately}60 million nucleotides of the chromosome. Unfortunately, the process of making cosmid clones loses all information about their ordering. To regain this ordering information we fingerprinting each cosmid clone in a laser gel electrophoresis system and compare the fingerprints against all others looking for overlap. LLNL has chosen chromosome 19 because it is one of the smaller chromosomes and because it contains genes of interest that LLNL researchers have studied in great detail during recent years. Approximately one year ago the DOE labs working on the Human Genome Project selected Sybase as their relational database management system. Since that time we have installed the Sybase Server on one SUN-4 and the Sybase front-end tools on several of our other SUN computers. Additionally, nearly all existing data that was stored in ASCII files has been transferred into Sybase. This project which has been a collaborative effort between Biomed and ADD has resulted in a database that ensures themore » genome data is accurately stored, effectively managed, and conveniently accessible to the biologists in the project. In order to service the varying and rapidly changing needs of genome project we have brought up several different databases providing capabilities for storing the genome experiment and lab notebook data, testing subsets of our data to develop new features, and a working place for biologists to examine their data and implement their own data tables. Sybase triggers and rules were extensively used to maintain the refential integrity of the data by checking the consistency of logically related data in different tables.« less
Phosphorylation of Human CDC25B Phosphatase by CDK1-Cyclin A Triggers Its Proteasome-dependent Degradation (1997)

In eukaryotes the activity of CDK1 (CDC2), a cyclin-dependent kinase that initiates the structural changes that culminate in the segregation of chromosomes at mitosis, is regulated by the synergistic and opposing activities of a cascade of kinases and phosphatases. Dephosphorylation of threonine 14 and tyrosine 15 of CDK1 by the CDC25 phosphatases is a key step in the activation of the CDK1-cyclin B protein kinase. Little is currently known about the role and the regulation of CDC25B. Here we report in vitro and in vivo data that indicate that CDC25B is degraded by the proteasome. This degradation is dependent upon phosphorylation by the CDK1-cyclin A complex but not by CDK1-cyclin B. These results indicate that CDK1-cyclin A phosphorylation targets CDC25B for degradation and that this might be an important component of cell cycle regulation at the G2/M transition.
Coherence and NMR (1988)

Two-level systems in quantum mechanics spin angular momentum modes of coherence propagators dynamics and spectroscopy of spin-1/2 nuclei afterword. Appendices: complex algebra matrices vectors and tensors linear independence and orthonormality fourier analysis commutators in quantum mechanics
Low-temperature resistivity and magnetoresistance of the quasicrystalline icosahedralAl80Mn20and decagonalAl78Mn22alloys (1988)

Resistivity and magnetoresistance measurements are reported for the icosahedral I-${\mathrm{Al}}_{80}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{20}$ and the decagonal T-${\mathrm{Al}}_{78}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{22}$ quasicrystalline alloys. The zero-field resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}(T,H=0), was measured in the range 0.4--50 K. Both samples exhibited a -${\mathrm{log}}_{10}$T dependence for \ensuremath{\rho}(T,H=0) over a broad range of temperatures, followed by an approach to a constant value at the lowest temperature. The longitudinal magnetoresistance, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{L}$(T,H), which was measured for magnetic fields H up to 75 kOe and for T=1.5 and 4.2 K, is positive for the I-phase sample and negative for the T-phase one. The transverse magnetoresistance, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{T}$(T,H), is negative for both samples. The values measured for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{L}$(T,H) and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{T}$(T,H) are comparable to the ones measured in conventional metallic spin glasses.
Manipulation of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Variables has no Effect on Two Models of Experimental Pain in Humans (1996)

Two separate studies investigated the hypoalgesic effect of manipulation of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) parameters on two models of experimental pain: the Submaximal Effort Tourniquet Technique and cold-pressor pain. For the first study, 32 healthy subjects (16 male and 16 female) attended once for the purpose of cold-pressor pain induction that involved immersion of the nondominant hand in a water bath at 0°C. Subjects were allocated to Control, Placebo, or 1 of 2 treatment groups (110 or 4-Hz TENS). Pain threshold measurements (time to withdrawal of hand in seconds) were obtained over six standardised cold pain cycles (i.e., two before stimulation onset, three during stimulation, and one cycle after stimulation). In the second study, 48 healthy volunteers (24 male and 24 female) attended on two occasions, 48 h apart, for the purposes of ischaemic pain induction. On the first attendance, baseline data were obtained and on the second, subjects were randomly allocated to Control, Placebo, or one of four treatment groups with different combinations of stimulation frequencies and pulse durations (4 or 110 Hz and 50 or 200 μs). Measurements of “current pain intensity” and “worst pain experienced” were obtained via the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), respectively. Analysis of variance performed on both sets of collected data revealed no significant differences between any of the groups, thus indicating no apparent relevance of manipulation of TENS parameters using these models of pain. Several hypotheses are suggested to explain these findings.
<title>Novel scheme for minimizing the error of delay time in a distance sensor</title> (1994)

This paper presents a novel scheme for the purpose of minimizing delay time errors of a receiver of a time-of-flight distance sensor based on the principle of correlation. The nonrandom delay time error is reduced by means of an improved reference technique using alternatively activated target and reference photo diodes within the same receiver. Thus the accuracy of the sensor is considerably increased.