gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Qualification of a Combined Ultrasonic Inspection Tool for Detection and Sizing of Circumferential Weld Cracks in Offshore Pipelines (2014)

The target of inline crack inspection is normally related to the detection of axial cracks (weld cracks, SCC etc.) as axial cracks are usually expected under typical loading conditions in pressurized pipe. Ultrasonic crack inspection tools for this type of cracks have been available for over 20 years and have become a standard application in the ILI business. However, under certain conditions circumferential cracking may occur and the inspection technique needs to be modified accordingly. Especially under offshore conditions with limited pipeline accessibility not only the early detection of crack-like defects is required but also a precise depth sizing is important in order to minimize the risk of crack-related pipeline failure. In order to ensure a high probability of detection together with state-of-the-art depth sizing, a 10″ inline inspection tool was developed for the detection of circumferentially orientated weld cracks. The tool combines the advantages of the pulse-echo technique on the detection side with the excellent capabilities of the TOFD (time-of-flight-diffraction) technique for accurate sizing. Both techniques are implemented into a tethered tool where the pulse-echo unit serves for fast screening while the relatively slow TOFD-unit is used for sizing of any detected crack-like features. In order to qualify the new tool for a special offshore application (inspection of circumferential cracking at welded anode pads) extensive testing was performed using a 10″ test pipeline prepared by Statoil. The test line contained 64 artificial weld defects for reference purposes as well as an unknown number of fatigue cracks in the weld area which were generated by fatigue testing of the corresponding pipes. The tests were full blind tests with no advance knowledge on locations and sizes of the cracks. The sizes of the fatigue cracks (length, depth) were determined by destructive examinations carried out after inline testing. The subsequent comparison of the destructive results with the non-destructive results showed that the specification of the tool with regard to detection and sizing was fully met. In the paper, the inspection concept and the setup of the new tool are described, and the results of the qualification tests are presented.
Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-based poly(ionic liquids) as membranes for CO2 capture from flue gas (2017)

Poly(ionic liquid)-based thin film composite membranes capture carbon dioxide from mixed gas streams imitating flue gas separations under various process conditions.
Synthesis of solid and hollow ATO spheres by carbothermal reduction of ATO nanoparticles (2007)

Solid and hollow ATO spheres were fabricated by heating ATO nanoparticles and graphite mixture in a tube furnace. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by EDS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and HRTEM. The size of the solid spheres could be controlled by adjusting the rate of Ar flow and deposition positions. The hollow spheres were synthesized in an alumina tube system under conditions of a relatively high oxygen concentration. The growth mechanism of solid and hollow spheres was analysed.
Monoclonal Antibodies, Human, Engineered (2009)

Abstract Antibodies are unique proteins of the immune system that exhibit high affinity and specificity, which have emerged as powerful molecular tools with a broad range of applications in research, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Since the 1970s, the hybridoma technology allowed the large‐scale generation of rodent monoclonal antibodies with selectivity for a single antigen. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these antibodies was disappointing due to inefficient activation of the human effector functions, short half‐life, and elevated immunogenicity that in some cases resulted in severe allergic reactions. The recombinant DNA technology allowed the engineering of a new generation of therapeutic antibodies by replacement of the murine components of antibodies with their human counterparts. This process started with the generation of mouse/human chimeric antibodies, followed by humanized antibodies, and finally fully human antibodies, each step significantly diminishing the immunogenicity of the antibodies. Importantly, the presence of the human fragment crystallizable (Fc) region in these antibodies makes them more effective in patients. These improvements resulted in a class of drugs that exhibit high specificity and functionality with less, if any, immunogenicity and toxicity, emerging as the fastest growing class of biological therapeutics. A rapidly growing number of human‐engineered antibodies are being used as therapeutic agents alone or in combination with other therapeutic interventions for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases that include cancer, transplant rejection, allergy, and autoimmune disorders. Further, modifications in the structure of antibodies that modulate or add new biological properties are broadening the range of their clinical applications.
Volume rendering of abdominal aortic aneurysms (2002)

One well known application area of volume rendering is the reconstruction and visualization of output from medical scanners like computed tomography (CT). 2D greyscale slices produced by these scanners can be reconstructed and displayed onscreen as a 3D model. Volume visualization of medical images must address two important issues. First, it is difficult to segment medical scans into individual materials based only on intensity values. Second, although greyscale images are the normal method for displaying medical volumes, these types of images are not necessarily appropriate for highlighting regions of interest within the volume. Studies of the human visual system have shown that individual intensity values are difficult to detect in a greyscale image. In these situations colour is a more effective visual feature. We addressed both problems during the visualization of CT scans of abdominal aortic aneurysms. We have developed a classification method that empirically segments regions of interest in each of the 2D slices. We use a perceptual colour selection technique to identify each region of interest in both the 2D slices and the 3D reconstructed volumes. The result is a colourized volume that the radiologists are using to rapidly and accurately identify the locations and spatial interactions of different materials from their scans. Our technique is being used in an experimental post operative environment to help to evaluate the results of surgery designed to prevent the rupture of the aneurysm. In the future, we hope to use the technique during the planning of placement of support grafts prior to the actual operation.
Digitization And Indexing Of Arabic Historical Manuscripts In Qatar (2014)

Background Hundreds of thousands of rare Arabic manuscripts are available in Qatar. A rich archival heritage of Islamic world and Qatar are preserved in the Qatar National Library (QNL). A number of international projects have been carried out in different parts of the world to digitize Arabic manuscripts, for example by the World Digital Library in cooperation with several international bodies, such as UNESCO, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, and King-Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Still, the above engines do not have the ability or interface to find words inside the image of a manuscript. Our indexing system was implemented on different Arabic manuscripts datasets including samples from the QNL. Objectives The goal of this research project is to be able to query for words in images of any manuscripts database, and point out the word location in the images and the equivalent text. It shows the results of the query to the user who can then view the text in our interactive website. As demonstrated in Figure 1, the website interface is aiding the users to find their query easily. Methods Through our project, we designed and implemented a novel indexing system. In that work, we present an algorithm for automatic segmentation of manuscripts. The segmented page is then manually annotated to correct mistakes in segmentation. During the correction phase information about the image is extracted and stored in a database. This extracted information is then indexed and the users can use our search interface to easily find words in any ancient manuscripts that have been added to the system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first word search system for manuscripts that use text queries to highlight the search terms in the manuscript image. Results The focal challenge in this project is the segmentation of handwritten Arabic manuscripts to index the word by word. Therefore, manually correction of the automatic segmentation of the manuscript was added to get 100% segmentation rate. This paper discuss a robotic method indexing Arabic manuscripts that has not been developed previously for handwritten manuscripts: providing an interactive website for the word search engine, to index, store, and provide users with searching and highlighting capability in the document image. Conclusions We considered the need for converting the words available in handwritten documents into electronic data with the goal of enabling it to become searchable online. A system prototype applying the proposed and described approach is being developed and experimentally tested, to fully demonstrate the capabilities of the website on Arabic manuscripts. An overview of the initial experimental studies is presented. We expect the proposed word retrieval system to take the search in manuscripts to a new level.
Risk management decision support for Traffic Flow Management (2004)

1. INTRODUCTION not the only factor, and there can be congestion problems without weather due to excess flight demand alone. Weather is important, but weather in an area of low traffic density may not be a TFM problem. Also, areas outside the weather can become important
Biodistribution study and identification of inflammatory sites using nanocapsules labeled with 99mTc–HMPAO (2009)

The average diameter calculated by photon correlation spectroscopy varied from 216 to 323 nm. The biodistribution studies showed a greater uptake of the PEG surface-modified Tc-HMPAO-NC by the inflamed paws when compared with the respective controls. There was no significant difference in the uptake of conventional Tc-HMPAO-NC and of free Tc-HMPAO by inflamed and control paws. These results indicate that the PLA-PEG Tc-NC showed a higher uptake in inflammation compared with free complex and may be useful as a radiotracer to identify these foci.
Super-Resolving Commercial Satellite Imagery Using Realistic Training Data (2020)

In machine learning based single image super-resolution, the degradation model is embedded in training data generation. However, most existing satellite image super-resolution methods use a simple down-sampling model with a fixed kernel to create training images. These methods work fine on synthetic data, but do not perform well on real satellite images. We propose a realistic training data generation model for commercial satellite imagery products, which includes not only the imaging process on satellites but also the post-process on the ground. We also propose a convolutional neural network optimized for satellite images. Experiments show that the proposed training data generation model is able to improve super-resolution performance on real satellite images.
Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff: state of the art in diagnosis and treatment (2015)

Calcific tendinitis is a painful shoulder disorder characterised by either single or multiple deposits in the rotator cuff tendon. Although the disease subsides spontaneously in most cases, a subpopulation of patients continue to complain of pain and shoulder dysfunction and the deposits do not show any signs of resolution. Although several treatment options have been proposed, clinical results are controversial and often the indication for a given therapy remains a matter of clinician choice. Herein, we report on the current state of the art in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff.
The role of fludarabine-induced apoptosis and cell cycle synchronization in enhanced murine tumor radiation response in vivo. (1994)

We have previously reported that fludarabine, an adenine nucleoside analogue, significantly enhances radiation-induced tumor regrowth delay and local cure in several mouse tumors. Although fludarabine potentiated tumor regrowth delay at various times from -36 h to +6 h in a SA-NH mouse sarcoma model, the greatest enhancement was observed when fludarabine was administered 24 h before irradiation. The purpose of this study was to understand the basis for in vivo enhancement of radiation efficacy by fludarabine. To examine the effect of fludarabine on DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression, tumor-bearing mice were given fludarabine by an i.p. route and then bromodeoxyuridine at various times up to 36 h, followed 0.5 h later by tumor harvest. Two-parameter flow cytometry analysis of the tumor cells using an anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody demonstrated that an 800-mg/kg fludarabine dose stops DNA synthesis within 3 h with recovery starting at 12 h. By 24 h after fludarabine treatment, a synchronized wave of cycling tumor cells appeared in G2-M phase. The degree of DNA synthesis shutdown and the timing of the reinitiation of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression were all fludarabine dose dependent. Interestingly, DNA synthesis reinitiated only at the G1-S boundary; cells in the S phase at the time of fludarabine administration appeared to disappear from the tumor population. To confirm these observations more directly, we pretreated tumor-bearing mice i.p. with chlorodeoxyuridine to mark the cells in the S phase, gave them fludarabine 0.5 h later, and then gave them iododeoxyuridine 0.5 h before tumor harvest. Flow cytometry analysis using antibodies specific for chlorodeoxyuridine- and iododeoxyuridined-labeled cells confirmed that cells in the S phase at the time of fludarabine administration never reinitiated DNA synthesis and disappeared from the tumor population. Immunohistological analysis of tumor sections obtained after fludarabine administration demonstrated that prelabeled S-phase cells took on an apoptotic appearance and gradually disappeared from the tumors. An in situ DNA end labeling assay demonstrated DNA fragmentation in these morphologically apoptotic cells. These results suggest that the mechanism of fludarabine enhancement of radiation response involves induced S-phase cell loss through an apoptotic pathway and subsequent synchronization of the remaining cells to a more radiosensitive cell cycle phase at the time of irradiation.
The M184V mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase reduces the restoration of wild-type replication by attenuated viruses (2002)

These findings provide further biological and biochemical evidence that M184V-containing viruses are impaired in replication fitness. Viruses that had the A-rich-loop deleted were able to reestablish replication ability quickly in the wild-type RT, which provides further evidence for the plasticity of the HIV genome.
Task 5.9 - use of coal ash in recycled plastics and composite materials (1995)

The goal of this research project by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) was to determine the potential for coal ash to serve as a {open_quote}functional filler{close_quotes} in plastics and other composite materials, with special emphasis on recycled plastics. The term functional filler is intended to indicate that the material added to the plastic does more than take up space and extend the use of the polymer. Determining the functional filler potential of ash was not the only intent of this project, since another prime objective was to find a use for materials currently considered waste. The term functional filler also opened a door to the use of cenospheres, which are currently marketed and for which there is sufficient market demand that they do not fit the category of a waste even though they are a product of coal combustion. Cenospheres, hollow spherical ash particles, were selected because of their unique properties. Although they currently have commercial applications, the unique nature of these materials make them an excellent candidate for use as a functional filler in composites. The ability to produce a commercially viable product from waste streams and a recycled material is a positive step toward reducing solid waste. The first task, since there are numerous types of coal ash, was to select suitable ash types for use in this project. Three basic types of material were selected: fly ash, a bottom ash, and a unique form of coal ash known as cenospheres.
Sister Rod Destructive Examinations (FY2020) Appendix I: SNF Aerosols Released During Rod Fracture (2022)

As a part of the DOE NE High Burnup Spent Fuel Data Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is performing destructive examinations (DEs) of high burnup (HBU) (>45 GWd/MTU) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) rods from the North Anna Nuclear Power Station operated by Dominion Energy. The SNF rods, called sister rods or sibling rods, are all HBU and include four different kinds of fuel rod cladding: standard Zircaloy-4 (Zirc-4), low-tin Zirc-4, ZIRLO, and M5. This report documents the status of the ORNL Phase 1 DE activities related to the collection of SNF aerosol particles released during fuel rod fracture in four-point bending in Phase 1 of the sister rod test program.
Quantifying EMI: A Methodology for Determining and Quantifying Radiation for Practical Design Guidelines (2017)

Radiation is a vital mechanism affecting electromagnetic interference (EMI), noise control, and performance optimization in today's electronic designs. Due to tight electromagnetic compatibility standards, it becomes increasingly important to diagnosis the radiation hot spot in the radiation process before the mitigation is applied. In this paper, the characteristic mode analysis has been implemented together with the integral equation based numerical methods to identify the hot spots for EMI radiation. During this process, the current is split into radiating and nonradiating ones. The radiated power from each part of the structure can be quantified using the radiating current. Therefore, the radiation hot spot can be identified. Several numerical examples are applied to benchmark the proposed approach. This paper provides a guideline in discovering radiation related geometrical features, and designing methodologies for real geometries.
Distribution of the Emetic Toxin Cereulide in Cow Milk (2021)

<i>Bacillus cereus</i> is frequently associated with food-borne intoxications, and its emetic toxin cereulide causes emesis and nausea after consumption of contaminated foods. The major source for contamination is found within contaminated raw materials containing the highly chemically resistant cereulide, independent of vegetative bacteria cells. Up to date, non-existing removal strategies for cereulide evoke the question of how the toxin is distributed within a food sample, especially cow milk. Milk samples with different milk fat contents were incubated with purified cereulide, separated by centrifugation into a lipid and an aqueous phase, and cereulide was quantified in both fractions by SIDA-LC-MS/MS. By artificially increasing the milk fat content from 0.5% to 50%, the amount of cereulide recovered in the lipid phase and could be augmented from 13.3 to 78.6%. Further, the ratio of cereulide increased in the lipid phase of milk with additional plant-based lipid (sunflower oil) to 47.8%. This demonstrated a clear affinity of cereulide towards the hydrophobic, lipid phase, aligning with cereulide's naturally strong hydrophobic properties. Therefore, an intensified cereulide analysis of lipid enriched dairy products to prevent severe cereulide intoxications or cross-contamination in processed foods is suggested.
Neural Network Training for the Detection and Classification of Oceanic Mesoscale Eddies (2020)

Recent advances in deep learning have made it possible to use neural networks for the detection and classification of oceanic mesoscale eddies from satellite altimetry data. Various neural network models have been proposed in recent years to address this challenge, but they have been trained using different types of input data and evaluated using different performance metrics, making a comparison between them impossible. In this article, we examine the most common dataset and metric choices, by analyzing the reasons for the divergences between them and pointing out the most appropriate choice to obtain a fair evaluation in this scenario. Based on this comparative study, we have developed several neural network models to detect and classify oceanic eddies from satellite images, showing that our most advanced models perform better than the models previously proposed in the literature.
Human Placental Leucine Aminopeptidase/Oxytocinase (1996)

The serum level of placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP) increases during pregnancy. P-LAP degrades several peptide hormones such as oxytocin and vasopresin, suggesting a role in maintaining homeostasis during pregnancy. In the study reported here, we have isolated a cDNA clone with 4084 base pairs encoding P-LAP from a human placental cDNA library. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA contained all of the sequences of the peptide fragments obtained by digestion of the purified protein with trypsin. The predicted P-LAP contains the HEXXH consensus sequence of zinc metallopeptidases, indicating that the enzyme belongs to this family, which includes aminopeptidase N and aminopeptidase A. The deduced sequence also contains a hydrophobic region near the N terminus, suggesting that the enzyme is a type II integral membrane protein. Northern blot analysis revealed that P-LAP was expressed in several tissues, some of which expressed two forms of mRNAs. These results suggest that the enzyme is synthesized as an integral membrane protein and is released into blood under some physiological conditions.
Osseointegration aspects of placed implant in bone reconstruction with newly developed block-type interconnected porous calcium hydroxyapatite (2016)

Our preliminary results suggest that IP-CHA may be a suitable bone graft material for reconstructing bones that require implant placement.
Replacement of the Aortic Root with a Pulmonary Autograft in Children and Young Adults with Aortic-Valve Disease (1994)

Although the pulmonary-autograft procedure is more complex than simple aortic-valve replacement, it has been safely applied in selected patients, including young adults. Intermediate follow-up indicates satisfactory function of the autografts, with no dilatation or progressive valvular regurgitation. Pulmonary-root autografts may thus be the best available substitute for diseased aortic valves in children and young adults.