gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ammonia Volatilization from Pig Slurry Applied with Trail Hoses or Broadspread to Winter Wheat: Effects of Crop Developmental Stage, Microclimate, and Leaf Ammonia Absorption (1997)

Abstract A micrometeorological mass balance technique was used to determine ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization from pig ( Sus scrofa ) slurry applied to winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum Lam). The slurry was applied with trail hoses on the soil below the canopy or by a splash plate technique spreading the slurry on both plants and soil. The two application techniques were compared in parallel experiments of 7 d duration on each of nine occasions in the period from April 1993 to June 1995. The loss of NH 3 varied from 4 to 26% of the ammonium (NH + 4 ) in slurry applied with trail hoses and from 11 to 26% when applied with splash plates. Trail hose application reduced NH 3 volatilization by up to 80% compared with the losses from splash plate applied slurry. The greatest reduction was observed when slurry was applied to a tall and dense crop, while the trail hose technique did not reduce losses when slurry was applied to a 10 cm high crop with a leaf area index of 0.3. The decreasing NH 3 volatilization with increasing crop height was due to a reduced wind speed above the slurry surface, promoted slurry infiltration due to increased drying of the top soil and increasing leaf absorption of volatilized NH 3 . Wind speed and air temperature above the canopy and the chemical composition of the slurry had little influence on NH 3 volatilization from trail hose applied slurry. On the contrary, these factors increased NH 3 volatilization from splash plate applied slurry. The NH 3 volatilized from trail hose applied slurry was absorbed by the wheat plants in rates from 0 to 0.74 g NH 3 ‐N m −2 leaf surface during a period of 7 d after slurry application. Canopy NH 3 absorption was responsible for up to 25% of the reduction in NH 3 loss when using trail hose application. The wheat plants did not absorb NH 3 during stem elongation in the vegetative growth period.
Massively parallel disruption of enhancers active during human corticogenesis (2019)

Abstract Changes in gene regulation have been linked to the expansion of the human cerebral cortex and to neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the biological effects of genetic variation within developmental regulatory elements on human corticogenesis are not well understood. We used sgRNA-Cas9 genetic screens in human neural stem cells (hNSCs) to disrupt 10,674 expressed genes and 2,227 enhancers active in the developing human cortex and determine the resulting effects on cellular proliferation. Gene disruptions affecting proliferation were enriched for genes associated with risk for human neurodevelopmental phenotypes including primary microcephaly and autism spectrum disorder. Although disruptions in enhancers had overall weaker effects on proliferation than gene disruptions, we identified enhancer disruptions that severely perturbed hNSC self-renewal. Disruptions in Human Accelerated Regions and Human Gain Enhancers, regulatory elements implicated in the evolution of the human brain, also perturbed hNSC proliferation, establishing a role for these elements in human neurodevelopment. Integrating proliferation phenotypes with chromatin interaction maps revealed regulatory relationships between enhancers and target genes that contribute to neurogenesis and potentially to human cortical evolution.
Residual Organ Blood Volume of Cattle, Sheep and Swine. (1956)

The residual blood in organs and tissue, as a function of age and weight, for cattle, sheep and swine sacrificed by conventional methods was determined by the isotope dilution procedure using P32 labeled homologous erythrocytes. Organ weights and total blood volume compared favorably with literature reports. Neither age, weight nor species appeared to influence significantly the ml of tissue residual blood/100 g fresh weight, except that the spleen, liver, pancreas, and gastrocnemius muscle of cattle and sheep retained more blood than did those tissues of swine. There was a general tendency for higher residual blood concentrations in organs and tissue of younger animals, but these findings were not consistent. Adrenals, heart, pancreas, kidney, liver, pituitary and muscle tissue retained less than ten ml of blood/100 g fresh weight, while lungs and spleen retained more residual blood. It is suggested that these values may provide a basis for estimated corrections in quantitative investigations for distribution of blood-borne substances in farm animals.
Congenital heart disease risk loci identified by genome-wide association study in European patients (2020)

Genetic factors undoubtedly affect the development of congenital heart disease (CHD) but still remain ill defined. We sought to identify genetic risk factors associated with CHD and to accomplish a functional analysis of SNP-carrying genes. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 4034 White patients with CHD and 8486 healthy controls. One SNP on chromosome 5q22.2 reached genome-wide significance across all CHD phenotypes and was also indicative for septal defects. One region on chromosome 20p12.1 pointing to the MACROD2 locus identified 4 highly significant SNPs in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Three highly significant risk variants on chromosome 17q21.32 within the GOSR2 locus were detected in patients with anomalies of thoracic arteries and veins (ATAV). Genetic variants associated with ATAV are suggested to influence the expression of WNT3, and the variant rs870142 related to septal defects is proposed to influence the expression of MSX1. We analyzed the expression of all 4 genes during cardiac differentiation of human and murine induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro and by single-cell RNA-Seq analyses of developing murine and human hearts. Our data show that MACROD2, GOSR2, WNT3, and MSX1 play an essential functional role in heart development at the embryonic and newborn stages.
Pulsed annealing of semiconductors by microwave energy (1982)

A new method for annealing semiconductors using pulsed microwave power is presented. It has a very good energy efficiency (up to 30 %), it results in a very good spatial homogeneity of the annealed sample, and important surfaces can be treated at once. The experimental set-up is given. We show the possibility to anneal implanted silicon. For high resistivity samples a simultaneous illumination of the treated surface is needed.
Impedance-Based Small-Signal Modeling and Stability Analysis of Type-3 Wind Turbines in Weak Grid (2019)

The small-signal instability problem of type-3 wind turbine (WT) in weak grid has recently attracting more and more attention. However, the grid-side converter (GSC) system is usually neglected in the existing works. In this paper, the small-signal model of type-3 WT considering GSC system is established firstly. Based on it, the system small-signal stability is analyzed by using the well-known impedance analysis method. The analysis indicates that GSC system cannot be ignored, and otherwise, it may cause the stability misjudgment. Moreover, the effects of many factors (e.g., the grid strength, PI current controller, PLL bandwidth, and control delay.) on the system stability are revealed. Finally, the analysis is validated by the simulation.
Targeted therapies for pediatric psoriasis (2018)

Children who are recalcitrant to topical therapy for their moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and/or highly visible lesions may be candidates for systemic therapy. Methotrexate has been the most commonly used systemic agent in children. However, at least 25% of patients are now treated with biologics, especially tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, and their use is expanding as their availability, demonstrated safety and efficacy, and practitioner experience are increasing. In the United States, etanercept is Food and Drug Administration approved for ages 6 years and older and ustekinumab for 12 years of age and older. In Europe, adalimumab is also approved for pediatric psoriasis for 4 years of age and older. While biologics have the advantage of less frequent administration, greater and more rapid efficacy than methotrexate, fewer side effects, and a less rigorous need for monitoring, their cost is much higher than that of methotrexate and other systemic medications, concerns about the development of neutralizing antibodies necessitate continuous treatment, and their long-term safety profile remains to be determined.
SpreadComp platform: a new paradigm for distributed spreadsheet collaboration and composition (2012)

A huge amount of data is everyday produced, even in many critical business sectors, in a distributed, collaborative way with the support of spreadsheet applications. The manual fusion of such data often yields errors: copy-paste operations, loss of alignment and coherency due to multiple spreadsheet
New Approaches for Vascular Anastomoses. (2001)

Increasing interest in minimally invasive cardiac surgical procedures has generated a renewed interest in facilitated methods to create vascular anastomosis. These devices, in order to be viable, must perform equally or better than sutures. An extensive review of the literature was performed on the different ways to create a mechanical vascular anastomosis. The experience of the authors with the development of a family of connectors (The Symmetry Bypass System; St. Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN) is presented. The Aortic Connector System (St. Jude Medical) has undergone extensive animal testing with 30-, 90-, and 180-day follow-up. Over 250 human implants have been performed successfully. Preliminary animal studies with the stainless steel coronary connector are also presented. The creation of a facilitated mechanical vascular anastomosis should not compromise quality or patency rates, and produce at least the same results as those obtained with standard suturing techniques. These devices dramatically reduce the time to perform an anastomosis and eliminate the need for aortic clamping and cardiopulmonary bypass. These advantages should result in a significant reduction in surgical complications, and may facilitate a move to true endoscopic and/or percutaneous bypass.
Three Classes of Deep Learning Architectures and Their Applications: A Tutorial Survey (2012)

In this invited paper, my overview material on the same topic as presented in the plenary overview session of APSIPA-2011 and the tutorial material presented in the same conference (Deng, 2011) are expanded and updated to include more recent developments in deep learning. The previous and the updated materials cover both theory and applications, and analyze its future directions. The goal of this tutorial survey is to introduce the emerging area of deep learning or hierarchical learning to the APSIPA community. Deep learning refers to a class of machine learning techniques, developed largely since 2006, where many stages of nonlinear information processing in hierarchical architectures are exploited for pattern classification and for feature learning. In the more recent literature, it is also connected to representation learning, which involves a hierarchy of features or concepts where higher-level concepts are defined from lower-level ones and where the same lower-level concepts help to define higher-level ones. In this tutorial, a brief history of deep learning research is discussed first. Then, a classificatory scheme is developed to analyze and summarize major work reported in the deep learning literature. Using this scheme, I provide a taxonomy-oriented survey on the existing deep architectures and algorithms in the literature, and categorize them into three classes: generative, discriminative, and hybrid. Three representative deep architectures --deep auto-encoder, deep stacking network, and deep neural network (pre-trained with deep belief network) --one in each of the three classes, are presented in more detail. Next, selected applications of deep learning are reviewed in broad areas of signal and information processing including audio/speech, image/vision, multimodality, language modeling, natural language processing, and information retrieval. Finally, future directions of deep learning are discussed and analyzed.
Measurement challenges and other practical concerns when studying massively obese individuals (1998)

The above results suggest there are substantial challenges when trying to obtain meaningful measurements regarding obesity-related variables among massively obese individuals. Other logistic challenges also are discussed. It is hoped future research is directed at overcoming some of these challenges.
894-P: Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Risk of Dementia in People with Type 2 Diabetes—A Population-Based Cohort Study (2023)

Background: SGLT2 inhibitors show promising associations with decreased dementia risk. However, it is unclear which population subgroups would benefit the most. Methods: Using electronic health records data from the OneFlorida+ Clinical Research Network, we identified individuals with T2D (aged ≥ 50 years) who initiated SGLT2 inhibitors or sulfonylureas from Jan 1, 2016 - Jan 31, 2022. The study outcome was incident dementia. We applied a causal machine learning approach - doubly robust learning - to estimate the conditional average treatment effects (CATE) in the overall cohort and heterogeneous treatment effect subgroups using a summary decision tree model. Results: Among 36,756 individuals with T2D, 3.2% in the SGLT2 inhibitor group and 6.4% in the sulfonylureas group developed dementia over a 3.4-year follow-up. In the overall cohort, SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of dementia (Risk Difference [RD], -10.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -12.0% to -8.6%) compared to sulfonylureas. We identified four subgroups with varying risks for dementia, determined by traumatic brain injury, ever-smoking, and epilepsy (Figure). Conclusion: SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of dementia in people with T2D compared to sulfonylureas, with significant variability across subgroups. Disclosure H.Tang: None. C.Shaaban: None. Y.Wu: None. T.Magoc: None. W.T.Donahoo: None. S.T.Dekosky: Advisory Panel; Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Cognition Therapeutics, Other Relationship; Biogen, Prevail Pharmaceuticals, UpToDate, Up-To-Date. J.Bian: None. J.Guo: Consultant; Pfizer Inc., Research Support; PhRMA Foundation, NIH - National Institutes of Health. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK133465)
Development and Analysis of a High Thrust Force Direct-Drive Linear Actuator (2009)

This paper presents the design and analysis of a novel high thrust force linear actuator with high backdrivability. This motor consists of a mover and a stator with spiral (helical) structure. The mover moves spirally in the stator, and the linear motion is extracted to drive the load. This motor is a direct-drive system and highly backdrivable. In this paper, a basic model and thrust-force/torque equations are proposed, and finite-element method analysis and experimental results of a prototype are presented. From experiments, the designed spiral motor achieves 2000-N rated thrust force. The thrust-force capabilities of the spiral motor are compared with other linear motors. It is confirmed that the spiral motor is almost close to the latest state of the art in linear motor technology.
Volume‐imaging lidar observations of the convective structure surrounding the flight path of a flux‐measuring aircraft (1992)

The University of Wisconsin volume imaging lidar has been used to portray images of the three‐dimensional structure of clear air convective plumes in the atmosphere surrounding the flight path of the instrumented Twin Otter aircraft operated by the National Aeronautical Establishment (NAE) of Canada. Lidar images provide a context for interpretation of the aircraft measurements. The position of data points within a convective element can be determined and the temporal development of the plume can be observed to time the observation with respect to the life cycle of the plume. Plots of the vertical flux of water vapor, q ′ w ′, superimposed on lidar images clearly demonstrate the well‐known sampling difficulties encountered when attempting to measure fluxes near the top of the convective layer. When Loran was used to determine average aircraft velocity, flight‐leg‐averaged horizontal winds measured by the aircraft and area‐averaged winds measured by lidar agree to within 0.2 m s −1 in speed and 1° in direction.
Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of InGaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes Using 100-kHz Femtosecond-Laser-Scribing Technology (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A femtosecond laser was focused inside a thinned sapphire substrate to scribe the substrate and separate nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The LED scribed by using the femtosecond laser exhibits an 11% enhancement in the output power at 20 mA, compared to that scribed by using the nanosecond laser, which is attributed to the reduction in both debris and thermal damage of the sapphire substrate. Femtosecond-laser scribing also has an advantage of high-speed processing because the extremely short pulsewidth enables it to easily reach very high peak laser intensity. </para>
ONE-STEP INJECTION MOLDING OF OSTE+ MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES WITH SCREW THREADED PORTS (2014)

We present a simplified method for molding internally threaded fluidic ports in microfluidic devices using a deformable mold and dual-cure OSTE+ polymer. We demonstrate a lab-on-a-chip device where monolithically integrated chip-to-world threaded interfaces, vias and microchannels are reaction injection molded in one single step.
Investigation of Converted p+ poly-Si Gate Formed by B[sub 18]H[sub X]+] Cluster Ion Implantation (2006)

Conventional B+ or BF2+implantation has a limitation in terms of throughput and energy contamination. Boron cluster implantation is one alternative to solve this problem. We have investigated the characteristics of B18HX+ cluster ion implantation using p+ poly‐Si gated MOS capacitors. The B18HX+ cluster was implanted to n+ poly‐Si in order to convert to p+ poly‐Si with energy of 2.5keV and dose of 1.6E16 ∼ 2.0E16 ions/cm2 The improvement in the inversion capacitance (more then 3%) was observed in the case of cluster ion implantation. This result indicates less poly‐silicon depletion effect. It was verified by TDS and SIMS that the hydrogen level of the by p+ poly‐Si gate implanted by the cluster ions, and then annealed, was similar to that of a sample implanted by conventional B+ ions. Thus, boron cluster implantation was proven to be more beneficial than the conventional B+ implantation for the capacitor performance.
Action of ethyl and methyl methane sulfonates on DNA injection and genetic recombination in T7 bacteriophage (1976)

After treatment with methyl or ethyl methane sulfonate, T7 amber mutants display a reduced capacity for recombination. Moreover, alkylation reduces recombination frequency involving markers on the right-hand side of the genetic map more than it reduces recombination frequency involving markers on the left-hand side. We interpret this to mean that alkylation can stop DNA injection at any point along the DNA molecule, and that T7 phage injects its DNA in a unique fashion starting from the end carrying the genes for early proteins.
Towards Raga Identification of Hindustani Classical Music (2019)

Raga, one of the major pillars of Indian Classical music is arrangement of swaras in specific order and time. In western music a lot of research has been done on notes detection and scale identification. But being swar based, very less work is done in Indian classical music. We propose a raga identification system with different methods like Fourier transform, chromogram and spectrogram with database of few santoor samples and few songs in light music. Many variations in expressions and timings at the time of performance limit the accuracy of the system and we get reasonable accuracy for the raga identification.
Properties of wood chips for thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production as a function of spout angle (2011)

Abstract Spruce wood chips were produced under well-controlled conditions in a laboratory wood chipper at spout angles of 30°, 40°, and 50° at a cutting rate of 20 m s -1 and with a nominal chip length of 25 mm. The chips were then refined under thermomechanical pulp (TMP) conditions in a pilot refiner plant. The pulp properties such as freeness, average fiber length, and shives content were determined and evaluated as a function of specific energy consumption. For a first stage refining and for a freeness value of 350 ml, a decrease in specific electrical energy consumption could be achieved by performing the wood chipping at a spout angle of 50° as compared to 30° which is the spout angle commonly used. A patent application regarding this method has been filed and is pending. It is realized that a freeness value is not directly indicative of any quality measure, such as, for example tensile index and light scattering coefficient but the obtained results can be interpreted to be promising. Further studies are needed regarding the impact of the modified chipping process.
Multitasking Capacity: Hardness Results and Improved Constructions (2020)

We consider the problem of determining the maximal $\alpha \in (0,1]$ such that every matching $M$ of size $k$ (or at most $k$) in a bipartite graph $G$ contains an induced matching of size at least $\alpha |M|$. This measure was recently introduced in [N. Alon et al., Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 2017, pp. 2097--2106] and is motivated by computational models in cognitive neuroscience as well as by modeling interference in radio and communication networks. We prove various hardness results for computing $\alpha$ either exactly or approximately. En route to our results, we also consider the maximum connected matching problem: determining the largest matching $N$ in a graph $G$ such that every two edges in $N$ are connected by an edge. We prove a nearly optimal $n^{1-\epsilon}$ hardness of approximation result (under randomized reductions) for connected matching in bipartite graphs (with both sides of cardinality $n$). Toward this end we define bipartite half-covers: a new combinatorial object that may be of independent interest. To our knowledge, the best previous hardness result for the maximum connected matching problem was that it is hard to approximate within some constant $\beta>1$. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of bipartite graphs with $n$ vertices on each side of average degree $d$, achieving $\alpha=1/2-\epsilon$ for matchings of size sufficiently smaller than $n/d$. This nearly matches the trivial upper bound of $1/2$ on $\alpha$ which holds for any graph containing a path of length 3.