gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A probability theoretic approach to drifting data in continuous time\n domains (2019)

The notion of drift refers to the phenomenon that the distribution, which is\nunderlying the observed data, changes over time. Albeit many attempts were made\nto deal with drift, formal notions of drift are application-dependent and\nformulated in various degrees of abstraction and mathematical coherence. In\nthis contribution, we provide a probability theoretical framework, that allows\na formalization of drift in continuous time, which subsumes popular notions of\ndrift. In particular, it sheds some light on common practice such as\nchange-point detection or machine learning methodologies in the presence of\ndrift. It gives rise to a new characterization of drift in terms of stochastic\ndependency between data and time. This particularly intuitive formalization\nenables us to design a new, efficient drift detection method. Further, it\ninduces a technology, to decompose observed data into a drifting and a\nnon-drifting part.\n
Influence of pH, competing ions and salinity on the sorption of strontium and cobalt onto biogenic hydroxyapatite (2016)

Anthropogenic radionuclides contaminate a range of environments as a result of nuclear activities, for example, leakage from waste storage tanks/ponds (e.g. Hanford, USA or Sellafield sites, UK) or as a result of large scale nuclear accidents (e.g. Chernobyl, Ukraine or Fukushima, Japan). One of the most widely applied remediation techniques for contaminated waters is the use of sorbent materials (e.g. zeolites and apatites). However, a key problem at nuclear contaminated sites is the remediation of radionuclides from complex chemical environments. In this study, biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHAP) produced by Serratia sp. bacteria was investigated for its potential to remediate surrogate radionuclides (Sr(2+) and Co(2+)) from environmentally relevant waters by varying pH, salinity and the type and concentration of cations present. The sorption capacity of the BHAP for both Sr(2+) and Co(2+) was higher than for a synthetically produced hydroxyapatite (HAP) in the solutions tested. BHAP also compared favorably against a natural zeolite (as used in industrial decontamination) for Sr(2+) and Co(2+) uptake from saline waters. Results confirm that hydroxyapatite minerals of high surface area and amorphous calcium phosphate content, typical for biogenic sources, are suitable restoration or reactive barrier materials for the remediation of complex contaminated environments or wastewaters.
Principle and characteristics of a fault current limiter with series compensation (1996)

A power system fault current limiter with series compensation, which is composed of a compensation capacitor and a limiting reactor in series, is proposed. A solid-state switch connected in parallel with the capacitor controls either the ordinal series compensation or fault current limitation. A feasibility study of the current limiter by simulation analysis is presented and the effectiveness of the current limiter is evaluated from the viewpoints of transient stability improvement and device capacity. The current limiter is a useful protection device for large, high power transmission systems.
2206 Fundamental study on construction of Rider robot for motorcycle (2014)

This paper deals with rider's behavior for longitudinal direction to adjusting target velocity. We assume that human ride controls longitudinal direction using deviation between target speed and vehicle speed. For such control, we construct a feedback rider model described by PID controller, and the feedback parameters are determined by the multiple regression analysis. Finally it is shown that the model to possible to control the vehicle as a real human rider.
Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application (2020)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a by-product of normal aerobic metabolism. Elevated ROS formation leads to potential damage of biological structures and is implicated in various diseases. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite responsible for the red-orange color of a number of marine animals and microorganisms. There is mounting evidence that astaxanthin has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Hence, its consumption can result in various health benefits, with potential for therapeutic application. Astaxanthin contains both a hydroxyl and a keto group, and this unique structure plays important roles in neutralizing ROS. The molecule quenches harmful singlet oxygen, scavenges peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and converts them into more stable compounds, prevents the formation of free radicals, and inhibits the autoxidation chain reaction. It also acts as a metal chelator and converts metal prooxidants into harmless molecules. However, like many other carotenoids, astaxanthin is affected by the environmental conditions, e.g., pH, heat, or exposure to light. It is hence susceptible to structural modification, i.e., via isomerization, aggregation, or esterification, which alters its physiochemical properties. Here, we provide a concise overview of the distribution of astaxanthin in tissues, and astaxanthin structures, and their role in tackling singlet oxygen and free radicals. We highlight the effect of structural modification of astaxanthin molecules on the bioavailability and biological activity. These studies suggested that astaxanthin would be a promising dietary supplement for health applications.
Measurement of the core diameter of multimode GRIN fibers: a comparison of transmitted near-field and index profiling techniques (1983)

The core diameters of six graded-index fibers from four different fiber manufacturers were compared using the transmitted near-field (TNF), the refracted near-field (RNF), and the transverse interferometric (TI) measurement methods. This study was part of a standardization effort to develop a recommended industry-wide definition of core diameter and to determine the precision of inter-laboratory core diameter measurements using different measurement techniques. The core diameter was defined from the refractive-index profile as that diameter passing through the core center and intersecting the index profile at the points n3.
The proximal promoter of the IL-4 gene is composed of multiple essential regulatory sites that bind at least two distinct factors. (1995)

Immune responses to pathogens often lead to the generation of polarized T helper subsets designated Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells, characterized by the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, stimulate cellular immune responses important for protection against intracellular pathogens. In contrast, Th2 cells, which produce IL-4, are potent stimulators of B cells and stimulate protection against extracellular pathogens. IL-4 has also emerged as a key cytokine in T cell differentiation since it has been shown to direct the development of naive T cells toward a Th2 phenotype. Recent studies have provided insights into the transcriptional regulation of IL-4, including the identification of multiple binding sites for a subunit of the IL-2 transcription factor NF-AT. In this study we describe the characterization of an essential region of the IL-4 promoter located immediately upstream of the TATA element. High-resolution mutagenesis of this 33-bp region revealed multiple sites indispensable for inducible IL-4 transcription. Included in this region are overlapping binding sites for the cyclosporin A-sensitive factor NF-ATp and a novel constitutively expressed factor designated PCC. An additional sequence adjacent to the TATA element is also shown to be critical for IL-4 transcription in Th2 cells.
Positive independence densities of finite rank countable hypergraphs are\n achieved by finite hypergraphs (2015)

The independence density of a finite hypergraph is the probability that a\nsubset of vertices, chosen uniformly at random contains no hyperedges.\nIndependence densities can be generalized to countable hypergraphs using\nlimits. We show that, in fact, every positive independence density of a\ncountably infinite hypergraph with hyperedges of bounded size is equal to the\nindependence density of some finite hypergraph whose hyperedges are no larger\nthan those in the infinite hypergraph. This answers a question of Bonato,\nBrown, Kemkes, and Pra{\\l}at about independence densities of graphs.\nFurthermore, we show that for any $k$, the set of independence densities of\nhypergraphs with hyperedges of size at most $k$ is closed and contains no\ninfinite increasing sequences.\n
Warmth Favored Dust Activities on the Northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (2023)

Abstract The limited availability of long‐term historical dust records has impeded comprehension of the mid‐latitude atmospheric circulation and underlying mechanisms of dust activities in arid Central Asia. We present a well‐dated 2,800‐year peat record from the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and identified the aeolian origin of archived particles by comparing grain‐size distribution and strontium isotope with those of modern dusts. We show that the reconstructed dust input was enhanced during warming periods, which also coincides with the variation of Westerlies, total solar irradiance, and North Atlantic Oscillation. We propose that warming climate may have contributed to a significant impact on the moisture balance and wind strength, and predict that this region may experience more frequent dust activity in the future. These findings contrast with meteorological observations of decreasing dust activities during the last 40 years despite a warming trend, suggesting different effects of natural processes versus anthropogenic impact on global warming.
Note: A laser-flash photolysis and laser-induced fluorescence detection technique for measuring total HO2 reactivity in ambient air (2013)

A novel instrument for measuring total HO2 reactivity in the troposphere was successfully developed using a laser-flash photolysis and laser-induced fluorescence detection technique. Validation and testing were conducted through kinetic measurements of the reaction of HO2 radicals with NO2, and the results were found to be in good agreement with recent recommended values. The limit of detection (LOD) for HO2 loss rate measurement is achieved to be 0.024 s(-1) (3σ) with 60 times decay integrations. An observation of ambient air was carried out in a suburb of Tokyo to test the practical use of the developed instrument and un-expected rapid HO2 loss rate has been observed.
The use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with acute myocardial infarction in community hospitals (2000)

This study underscores the need for improvement in the utilization of ACEI in eligible patients with AMI. It also identifies opportunities for improvement in prescription rates, especially in women.
A Simple Alkaline Method for Decellularizing Human Amniotic Membrane for Cell Culture (2013)

Human amniotic membrane is a standard substratum used to culture limbal epithelial stem cells for transplantation to patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. Various methods were developed to decellularize amniotic membrane, because denuded membrane is poorly immunogenic and better supports repopulation by dissociated limbal epithelial cells. Amniotic membrane denuding usually involves treatment with EDTA and/or proteolytic enzymes; in many cases additional mechanical scraping is required. Although ensuring limbal cell proliferation, these methods are not standardized, require relatively long treatment times and can result in membrane damage. We propose to use 0.5 M NaOH to reliably remove amniotic cells from the membrane. This method was used before to lyse cells for DNA isolation and radioactivity counting. Gently rubbing a cotton swab soaked in NaOH over the epithelial side of amniotic membrane leads to nearly complete and easy removal of adherent cells in less than a minute. The denuded membrane is subsequently washed in a neutral buffer. Cell removal was more thorough and uniform than with EDTA, or EDTA plus mechanical scraping with an electric toothbrush, or n-heptanol plus EDTA treatment. NaOH-denuded amniotic membrane did not show any perforations compared with mechanical or thermolysin denuding, and showed excellent preservation of immunoreactivity for major basement membrane components including laminin α2, γ1-γ3 chains, α1/α2 and α6 type IV collagen chains, fibronectin, nidogen-2, and perlecan. Sodium hydroxide treatment was efficient with fresh or cryopreserved (10% dimethyl sulfoxide or 50% glycerol) amniotic membrane. The latter method is a common way of membrane storage for subsequent grafting in the European Union. NaOH-denuded amniotic membrane supported growth of human limbal epithelial cells, immortalized corneal epithelial cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. This simple, fast and reliable method can be used to standardize decellularized amniotic membrane preparations for expansion of limbal stem cells in vitro before transplantation to patients.
Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) Resistance of 13% Cr and Super 13% Cr Stainless Steels below pH 3.5 in Low H2S Environment (2009)

Abstract According to the NACE MR0175/ISO15156 Standard, the use of martensitic stainless steels is limited to H2S partial pressure of 0.1 bar (0.01 MPa) for pH values above 3.5. However, the steels were successfully used in Field A up to 0.0145 bar (0.00145 MPa) H2S partial pressure at pH below 3.5. It was decided to check the possibility to extend the domain of its use up to 0.035 bar (0.0035 MPa) H2S partial pressure at pH 3-3.2 (Field B conditions) and then up to 0.05 bar (0.005 MPa) H2S partial pressure at the same pH (Field C conditions). Sulphide stress cracking (SSC) resistance of martensitic stainless steel and super martensitic stainless steel were duplicated in two independent laboratories. In one of the laboratories, test samples were placed in both liquid phase and gas phase under condensing conditions. In parallel, H2S concentration variations along the top part of the tubing during shut-in conditions were measured in one well. The paper summarises SSC results on martensitic and super martensitic stainless steels under the conditions of Field B and Field C, in liquid and gas phases, and evaluate the SSC severity during shut-in conditions considering the H2S evolution in gas wells. The tests confirm the suitability of one grade of super martensitic stainless steel (super 13% Cr C95 grade) up to 0.05 bar (0.005 MPa) H2S partial pressure at pH 3-3.2 and martensitic stainless steel (13% Cr L80 grade) up to 0.035 bar (0.0035 MPa) H2S partial pressure at the same pH in case of no chloride. Possible reasons for the successful use of 13% Cr steel in the field A are summarised.
Voltage references for ultra-low supply voltages (2008)

The majority of integrated voltage references have, so far, been limited to a minimum supply voltage above 0.7-V often due to the voltage headroom required for the forward-biased operation of a PN-junction. This paper reviews design techniques for low voltage reference design and explores the feasibility of designing a voltage reference with a supply voltage below 0.7-V in a standard CMOS process. Two ultra-low-voltage solutions are explored in detail, a reference circuit based on CMOS compatible Schottky diodes and a MOS-only reference circuit.
Assessment of stress-strain data suitable for finite-element elastic--plastic analysis of shipping containers (1978)

Stress-strain data which describes the influence of strain rate and temperature on the mechanical response of materials presently being used for light water reactor fuel shipping containers have been assembled. Selection of data has been limited to that which is suitable for use in finite-element elastic--plastic analysis of shipping containers (e.g., they must include complete material history profiles). Based on this information, recommendations have been made for further work which is required to complete the necessary data base.
Assessment of the effectiveness of Butler-Volmer equation to predict corrosion rate in cathodically protected structures (2019)

Various reinforced concrete structure around the world, such as bridges are exposed to aggressive chloride environment, hence, start to corrode after short service period. The main reason for the deterioration of these structures is corrosion of steel reinforcement due to chlorides. Poor quality concrete and low cover are contributory factors. The cost of repairing or replacing the deteriorated structure has become the major concern for the asset owners. One of the most successful and substantiated techniques of protecting structure from corrosion is cathodic protection (CP). The BS EN ISO 12696 performance criteria followed for monitoring CP efficiency is evolved from the experimental analysis and may not be always correct. This paper suggests an improved method for monitoring corrosion rate through Butler Volmer equation using the polarization data. This method has been applied to one year CP monitoring data from a viaduct site. It was observed that corrosion rate was reducing with time, showing the effectiveness of CP to protect the steel in structure. Prediction of corrosion rate of the steel from potential shift forms the basis for the improved CP performance criterion for reinforced concrete structures. Information about the actual corrosion rate would be beneficial to predict the true state of steel reinforcement and accordingly apply a suitable repair technique to extend the service life of RC structures.
The effects of heat transfer on performance and exergy destruction for a turbocharged, spark-ignition engine (2010)

The use of the second law of thermodynamics is a powerful means for assessing the performance of engines, and is the only way to determine the destruction of exergy. This work has examined a turbocharged, spark-ignition engine in some detail, and in particular, has quantified the effects of varying the engine cylinder heat transfer. A thermodynamic simulation was developed to investigate these effects from both the first law and second law perspectives. The engine used for this study was a 3.8l, V-6, turbocharged engine with an intercooler. The engine was examined for various levels of heat transfer. The exergy values associated with the components of the turbocharger along with the engine components were quantified as a percentage of fuel exergy. For the base case operating conditions (full load, 2000r/min) about 20.5 per cent of the exergy was destroyed during the combustion process, and the turbocharger components were responsible for less than 1 per cent of the exergy destruction. As the heat transfer level decreased, work increased only slightly while the exhaust energy and exergy increased much more significantly. Although engine performance was altered as the heat transfer level was changed, the destruction of exergy remained nearly constant.
Asymmetric thiazolium salt catalysis of the benzoin condensation (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric thiazolium salt catalysis of the benzoin condensationJohn C. Sheehan and Takeshi HaraCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 9, 1196–1199Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00923a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00923a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2132Altmetric-Citations131LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Illumination decomposition for material recoloring with consistent interreflections (2011)

Changing the color of an object is a basic image editing operation, but a high quality result must also preserve natural shading. A common approach is to first compute reflectance and illumination intrinsic images. Reflectances can then be edited independently, and recomposed with the illumination. However, manipulating only the reflectance color does not account for diffuse interreflections, and can result in inconsistent shading in the edited image. We propose an approach for further decomposing illumination into direct lighting, and indirect diffuse illumination from each material. This decomposition allows us to change indirect illumination from an individual material independently, so it matches the modified reflectance color. To address the underconstrained problem of decomposing illumination into multiple components, we take advantage of its smooth nature, as well as user-provided constraints. We demonstrate our approach on a number of examples, where we consistently edit material colors and the associated interreflections.
Molecular basis of cooperativity in protein folding. V. Thermodynamic and structural conditions for the stabilization of compact denatured states (1994)

The heat-denatured state of proteins has been usually assumed to be a fully hydrated random coil. It is now evident that under certain solvent conditions or after chemical or genetic modifications, the protein molecule may exhibit a hydrophobic core and residual secondary structure after thermal denaturation. This state of the protein has been called the "compact denatured" or "molten globule" state. Recently is has been shown that alpha-lactalbumin at pH < 5 denatures into a molten globule state upon increasing the temperature (Griko, Y., Freire, E., Privalov, P.L. Biochemistry 33:1889-1899, 1994). This state has a lower heat capacity and a higher enthalpy at low temperatures the stabilization of the molten globule state is of an entropic origin since the enthalpy contributes unfavorably to the Gibbs free energy. Since the molten globule is more structured than the unfolded state and, therefore, is expected to have a lower configurational entropy, the net entropic gain must originate primarily from solvent related entropy arising from the hydrophobic effect, and to a lesser extent from protonation or electrostatic effects. In this work, we have examined a large ensemble of partly folded states derived from the native structure of alpha-lactalbumin in order to identify those states that satisfy the energetic criteria of the molten globule. It was found that only few states satisfied the experimental constraints and that, furthermore, those states were part of the same structural family. In particular, the regions corresponding to the A, B, and C helices were found to be folded, while the beta sheet and the D helix were found to be unfolded. At temperatures below 45 degrees C the states exhibiting those structural characteristics are enthalpically higher than the unfolded state in agreement with the experimental data. Interestingly, those states have a heat capacity close to that observed for the acid pH compact denatured state of alpha-lactalbumin [980 cal (mol.K)-1]. In addition, the folded regions of these states include those residues found to be highly protected by NMR hydrogen exchange experiments. This work represents an initial attempt to model the structural origin of the thermodynamic properties of partly folded states. The results suggest a number of structural features that are consistent with experimental data.