gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrically driven optical proximity correction based on linear programming (2008)

Conventional optical proximity correction (OPC) tools aim to minimize edge placement errors (EPE) due to the optical and resist process by moving mask edges. However, in low-k1 lithography, especially at 45 nm and beyond, printing perfect polygons is practically impossible to achieve. In addition, prohibitively high mask complexity is incurred, leading to high mask cost. Given the impossibility of perfect printing, we argue that aiming to reduce the error of electrical discrepancy between the ideal and the printed contours is a more reasonable strategy. In fact, we show that contours with non-minimal EPE may result in closer match to the desired electrical performance. Towards achieving this objective, we developed a new electrically driven OPC (ED-OPC) algorithm. The tool combines lithography simulation with accurate electrical modeling of resist contours to predict the on/off current through a transistor gate. The computation of mask edge movements is cast as a linear program based on optical and electrical sensitivities. The objective is to minimize the error in saturation current between printed and target shapes. This optimization is then solved with fast runtime. The results on industrial 45 nm SOI layouts using high-NA immersion lithography models show up to a 5% improvement in accuracy of timing over conventional OPC. This is achieved at less than 26% runtime overheads, while also lowering mask complexity by up to 43%. The results confirm that better timing accuracy can be achieved despite larger edge placement error.
Time Reversal: A Different Perspective (2017)

This chapter presents the theoretical back-ground of the time reversal in electromagnetism. It discusses the notion of time in physics. The basic equations of electricity and magnetism, as well as equations in quantum mechanics appear to be time-reversal invariant in the soft sense. The fact that changes are required in the equations means that Maxwell's equations are time-reversal invariant in the soft sense. The chapter describes time-reversal invariance of physics laws and the concept of time-reversal cavity and the use of time reversal as a means of refocusing electromagnetic waves. The concept of a time-reversal cavity was proposed by Cassereau and Fink for acoustic waves and later extended to electromagnetic waves, using the Lorentz reciprocity principle. A time-reversal cavity extends the concept of a time-reversal mirror (TRM), a technique used to refocus an emitted wave back to its source.
Compact ultra low power class AB buffer amplifier (2017)

Targeting the energy harvesting applications that require multiple channels of matched buffer amplifiers on a chip, a small rail-to-rail input-output, ultra low current, and low supply voltage (VDD) buffer amplifier is presented. The contributions of this work are as follows: First, an output buffer driver utilizes a loser-take-all circuit (LTA) and a current mirror amplifier (CMA) circuit to regulate the current in either of the inactive sink or source output driver transistors (FET). In conjunction with the LTA and CMA, a complementary noninverting current mirror (CNICM), monitors and rectifies the sink-source output signals before they are fed to the LTA circuit. Hence, the amplifier's current consumption, attributed to monitoring external loads, is substantially curbed. More importantly, because all the elements of the buffer driver (LTA, CMA, and CNICM) operate mainly in current mode, the output buffer driver is structurally fast and can operate with low V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> of about V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GS</inf> +2V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</inf> . Second, a floating current source (FCS) function is emulated that can also operate with low VDD and is fast in lieu of utilizing auxiliary common gate amplifiers (CGA). The FCS contains two complementary cascoded FET current sources where the middle cascoded FET's VGSs are held constant and their drain currents are criss-crossed and fed to each other's source terminals, while CGAs regulate the V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GS</inf> s of the lower FETs, whose currents are substantially equalized and mirrored into the Amplifier's bias network. Montecarlo (MC) and worst case (WC) simulations indicate the following specifications are achievable: V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> minimum ∼ 0.8v; I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> ∼ 200nA; input voltage range rail to rail; output voltage range ∼ 10mV from the rails; open loop gain (A <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</inf> ) ∼ 115dB with unity gain bandwidth (f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">U</inf> ) ∼ 600KHz and phase margin (PM) ∼ 30 degrees; power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) ∼ − 88dB; common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) ∼ − 120dB; slew rate (SR) ∼ 2V/ 5uS; settling time (t <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</inf> ) ∼ 10uS; output resistor (R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</inf> ) capability ∼10K Ohms; and die size rough estimate is 100 um per side.
Label-free ex-vivo animal tissue metabolism investigation using dynamic optical coherence tomography (2023)

Tissue metabolism is an inter-and intra-cellular process, which is essential to maintain the living state of tissue. Functional abnormality of such cellular processes initiates several metabolic diseases including non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis, cancer, chronic kidney disease, and so on. To understand the metabolic processes and how tissue metabolism changes from healthy to diseased conditions, it is required to investigate tissue metabolic activity in animal models in a label-free manner. Since the metabolic structures in animal organs extend into the deep region, deep tissue metabolism imaging is necessary. In this paper, we demonstrate the investigation of ex vivo animal organ models’ metabolism including mouse liver and kidney tissues using OCT-based dynamics imaging method. The dynamics imaging method is based on logarithmic intensity variance (LIV) analysis that enables volumetric metabolic imaging with a 50-kHz swept-source OCT system. NAFLD model mouse livers and obstructed mouse kidney model were investigated ex vivo. In the normal liver, highly dynamic vessel-like structures were observed and they might correspond to high metabolic activity in the periportal/perivenous zones. In the 1-week NAFLD model, a macroscopic, ring-shaped dynamic structure was observed which may indicate highly-motile lipid droplets. In the 2-week NAFLD model, highly-dynamic fragmented vessel-like structures were observed, which are believed to correspond to inflammatory cells around large vessels. In the normal mouse kidney, superficial pipe-like metabolic structures were observed that may correspond to the kidney renal tubules. The pipe-like structures did not appear in the obstructed kidney model.
Assessing the interaction between different auditory profiles and benefit from six hearing aid processing strategies: Insights from the BEAR project (2019)

The current study forms part of the Better hEAring Rehabilitation (BEAR) project, which aims to develop and evaluate new clinical tools for individual hearing loss characterization and hearing aid (HA) benefit assessment. The purpose of the current study was to assess the interaction between four different auditory profiles and two measures of hearing aid outcome obtained for six selected hearing aid processing strategies. Sixty older habitual hearing-aid users, who had previously been classified in four auditory profiles by a data-driven approach, participated in the study. All stimuli were generated with the help of a hearing aid simulator and presented via headphones. Speech recognition in noise was assessed at fixed signal-to-noise ratios based on individual 50%-correct speech reception thresholds measured in a realistic noise environment. Subjective ratings of overall quality and noise annoyance were measured using a multiple stimulus comparison paradigm. The four auditory profiles differed significantly in terms of the aided speech reception threshold (SRT) and interacted significantly with the HA processing strategies for speech recognition when target speech was presented at 90-degrees. Moreover, the correlations between the sentence recognition scores and subjective ratings differed among the auditory profiles.
Studies on the Glutamic Acid Metabolism of Bacteria (1957)

It is well known that glutamic acid, as well as aspartic acid, plays an important role in the metabolism of microorganisms.The author performed many experiments in order to study the physiological aspects of E. coli communis from the stand point of glutamic acid metabolism, and to apply it to the analysis of glutamic acid. The results were as follows:1) E. coli can grow at any pH within the range from 5.4 to 8.0, but the growth is the best at pH 6.8 to 7.0.2) The more remote from the optimum the cultural pH is, the nearer it comes to the optimum after the growth. This phenomenon is particularly remarkable on the acid side.3) Using glutamic acid as substrate, the decarboxylation is chiefly carried out on the acid side, the deamination on the neutral or slightly alkaline side, and these two reactions are carried out simultaneously at pH 5.5 to 6.5. As for the optimum pH, pH 5.0 for decarboxylation and 7.0 for deamination.4) The lower the cultural pH is, the higher the glutamic decarboxylase activity of the cultured organism becomes. The optimum reaction pH is, however, never shifted.5) The E. coli, which was cultured in the pyridoxin-containing semi-synthetic medium, shows a very high activity to glutamic acid, but not to α-ketoglutaric acid, aspartic acid, alanine and pyruvic acid.6) The aceton powder of the E. coli, which was cultured in the pyridoxin-containing semi-synthetic medium, still has the high glutamic decaboxylase activity. The optimum pH is from 4.4 to 5.1, where carbon dioxide is evolved quantitatively.
Age and sex influence on pulmonary hypertension of chronic hypoxia and on recovery (1981)

To study the influence of age and sex on the hemodynamic and structural response of the pulmonary vascular bed to chronic hypobaric hypoxia, "infant" Sprague-Dawley rats from 8 days old and "adult" rats from 9 wk old, each group including both sexes, were exposed to half atmospheric pressure for 1 mo and then allowed to recover in room air for up to 3 mo. During hypoxic exposure, pulmonary artery hypertension (Ppa) developed in all groups. The level of Ppa was similar in both male and female infant and in male adult rats but was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the female adult rats. After recovery in room air, only partial regression of Ppa had occurred in all groups (P < 0.001). In male and female adult rats, recovery values were similar but infant rats had more residual Ppa than adults (P < 0.001). The structural changes that developed during hypoxia, especially the abnormal presence of muscle in small and peripheral intra-acinar arteries, were more severe in male adult rats compared with female adults (P < 0.01) and in infants of both sexes compared with male adults (P < 0.01). After recovery, residual structural changes were present in all rat groups but were most severe in the infants (P < 0.01).
Fast Method for Calculation of the Characteristic Parameters of Ionospheric Radio Circuit (1992)

International audience
Design, Preparation, and Physicochemical Characterisation of Alginate-Based Honey-Loaded Topical Formulations (2023)

Honey has widespread use as a nutritional supplement and flavouring agent. Its diverse bioactivities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, have also made it an aspirant natural product for therapeutic applications. Honey is highly viscous and very sticky, and its acceptance as a medicinal product will require formulation into products that are not only effective but also convenient for consumers to use. This study presents the design, preparation, and physicochemical characterisation of three types of alginate-based topical formulations incorporating a honey. The honeys applied were from Western Australia, comprising a Jarrah honey, two types of Manuka honeys, and a Coastal Peppermint honey. A New Zealand Manuka honey served as comparator honey. The three formulations were a pre-gel solution consisting of 2-3% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) sodium alginate solution with 70% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) honey, as well as a wet sheet and a dry sheet. The latter two formulations were obtained by further processing the respective pre-gel solutions. Physical properties of the different honey-loaded pre-gel solutions (i.e., pH, colour profile, moisture content, spreadability, and viscosity), wet sheets (i.e., dimension, morphology, and tensile strength) and dry sheets (i.e., dimension, morphology, tensile strength, and swelling index) were determined. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography was applied to analyse selected non-sugar honey constituents to assess the impacts of formulation on the honey chemical composition. This study demonstrates that, irrespective of the honey type utilised, the developed manufacturing techniques yielded topical formulations with high honey content while preserving the integrity of the honey constituents. A storage stability study was conducted on formulations containing the WA Jarrah or Manuka 2 honey. The samples, appropriately packaged and stored over 6 months at 5, 30, and 40 °C, were shown to retain all physical characteristics with no loss of integrity of the monitored honey constituents.
COM2 SiGe modular BiCMOS technology for digital, mixed-signal, and RF applications (2002)

The COM2 SiGe modular BiCMOS technology has been developed to allow efficient design and manufacturing of digital, mixed-signal, and RF integrated circuits, as well as enabling system-on-chip (SOC) integration. The technology is based on the 0.16 /spl mu/m COM2 digital CMOS process which features 1.5 V NMOS and PMOS transistors with 2.4 nm gate oxide, 0.135 /spl mu/m gate length, and up to 7 metal levels. Technology enhancement modules including dense SRAM, SiGe NPN bipolar transistor, and a variety of passive components have been developed to allow the COM2 technology to be cost-effectively optimized for a wide range of applications.
Achieving fairness by sequential equilibrium in rational two‐party computation under incomplete information (2015)

Abstract Fairness in secure two‐party computation ensures that either both of the communicating parties learn the output of some pre‐defined function or none of them does. Rational two‐party computation is an extension of two‐party computation that incorporates game theory into conventional two‐party (cryptographic) computation protocols for achieving fairness. From the standpoint of game theory, the strategies are designed for achieving equilibrium resulting in attaining fairness in rational two‐party computation protocols. Groce and Katz (Eurocrypt 2012) achieved fairness by computational Nash equilibrium under complete information. In this paper, protocols are considered in more practical scenarios of incomplete information, where fairness is achieved by sequential equilibrium. Our protocol has constant number of rounds as Groce and Katz do while achieving a stronger sequential equilibrium which also implies the computational Nash equilibrium. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory Effects of Volatile Fatty Acids and Low pH on the Multiplication of Enteric PathogensIn Vitroin Caecal Contents of Mice (1989)

The inhibitory effect of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and low pH on the multiplication of Shigella sonnei 3SR and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 2SR (ETEC 2SR) in caecal contents of mice was determined. Multiplication rates and population sizes of both pathogens were greater in contents obtained from streptomycin treated mice at pH 6.94 containing 78.32 μeq total VFA per gram than in contents from untreated conventional mice at pH 6.66 containing 109.11 μeq total VFA per gram. When contents from streptomycin treated mice were adjusted to pH 6.66 and to contain 109.11 μeq total VFA per gram, values observed in contents from untreated mice, the multiplication rates and population sizes of both pathogens were lower in the adjusted contents than in unadjusted contents. Lowering the pH alone without VFA addition did not influence the multiplication of ETEC 2SR but caused a moderate decrease in the multiplication rate and population sizes of S.sonnei 3SR. These effects, however, were not as pronounced as when VFA were also added. Conversely, neutralisation of VFA present in caecal contents from untreated mice by increasing the pH from 6.66 to 7.50 reversed inhibition. Growth curves of both S.sonnei 3SR and ETEC 2SR in contents at high pH were almost identical to curves obtained when the organisms were multiplying in contents from streptomycin treated mice. The results provide strong evidence that the combined effects of high concentrations of VFA and low pH in caecal contents of conventional mice are important determinants of colonisation resistance against enteric pathogens in mice.
Phthalylsulfacetimide (Thalamyd) in Cholera (1949)

Since cholera is characterized by acute salt and water depletion, and severe general toxemia, the therapeutic problems are to restore fluid and salt, and to eradicate the infecting organism. In addition, special measures are being employed to protect body systems against the toxemia, such as the use of testosterone for its effect on the kidney (8).In 1947 cholera appeared in Egypt for the first time since 1902, reaching epidemic proportions during September and forming a total of 21,661 cases by the end of December (14). The mortality was 10,696 or 49.4 per cent. During this epidemic, we were able to treat more than one hundred patients with phthalylsulfacetimide, but, owing to well known difficulties prevailing in any cholera epidemic, we have complete records for only forty. In this series of forty cases, there was one death, or 2.5 per cent. For reasons which will be made plain, we do not stress comparative mortality figures, nor insist upon the validity of statistics purporting to evalute a drug during a raging epidemic.
CDC Reaction and Subsequent Cyclization for the Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones and Pyranonaphthoquinones (2016)

The metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction and subsequent cyclization of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone) and 1,3-diarylpropene promoted by DDQ has been developed. 2-Hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones and pyranonaphthoquinones with potential pharmaceutical applications are obtained in moderate to good yields. The reaction is also compatible for 4-hydroxycoumarins.
Customer Behavior Recognition in Retail Store from Surveillance Camera (2015)

The analysis of customer behavior from surveillance camera is one of the most important open topics for marketing. We develop a system to recognize different customer behaviors on the front of shelf: no interest, viewing, turning to shelf, touching, picking and returning to shelf and picking and putting into basket, which show customer's increasing interest to products. In the proposed system, head orientation, body orientation, and arm action, the multiple cues are integrated for the customer behavior recognition. The proposed system discretizes the head and body orientation of customer into 8 directions to estimate whether the customer is looking or turning to the merchandise shelf. Semi-Supervised Learning method is applied to optimize the training dataset and to generate an accurate classifier. As for the arm action recognition, a novel combined hand feature (CHF), which includes hand trajectory, tracking status and the relative position between hand and shopping basket, is proposed to describe different arm actions. The CHF is classified by Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) into different arm actions. A series of experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and the performance to the developed system.
Molecular characterization of TRPA1 channel activation by cysteine-reactive inflammatory mediators (2008)

TRPA1 is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel family, and is predominantly expressed in nociceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia. Activation of TRPA1 by environmental irritants such as mustard oil, allicin and acrolein causes acute pain. However, the endogenous ligands that directly activate TRPA1 remain elusive in inflammation. Here, we show that a variety of inflammatory mediators (15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and proton (H(+))) activate human TRPA1 heterologously expressed in HEK cells. These inflammatory mediators induced robust Ca(2+) influx in a subset of mouse DRG neurons. The TRP channel blocker ruthenium red almost completely inhibited neuronal responses by 15d-PGJ(2) and NO, but partially suppressed responses to H(2)O(2) and H(+). Functional characterization of site-directed cysteine mutants of TRPA1 in combination with labeling experiments using biotinylated 15d-PGJ(2) demonstrated that modifications of cytoplasmic N-terminal cysteines (Cys421 and Cys621) were responsible for the activation of TRPA1 by 15d-PGJ(2). In TRPA1 responses to other cysteine-reactive inflammatory mediators, such as NO and H(2)O(2), the extent of impairment by respective cysteine mutations differed from those in TRPA1 responses to 15d-PGJ(2). Interestingly, the Cys421 mutation critically impaired the TRPA1 response to H(+) as well. Our findings suggest that TRPA1 channels are targeted by an array of inflammatory mediators to elicit inflammatory pain in the nervous system.
Isolation of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids from natural sources as their methyl esters by adsorption and distillation techniques (1951)

Summary and Conclusions Methyl eicosapentaenoate and docosapentaenoate were isolated by adsorption and distillation techniques from the highly unsaturated esters of beef adrenal lipids. Specific extinction coefficients were determined under two different conditions of alkali isomerization.