gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Universal linguistic inductive biases via meta-learning (2020)

How do learners acquire languages from the limited data available to them? This process must involve some inductive biases - factors that affect how a learner generalizes - but it is unclear which inductive biases can explain observed patterns in language acquisition. To facilitate computational modeling aimed at addressing this question, we introduce a framework for giving particular linguistic inductive biases to a neural network model; such a model can then be used to empirically explore the effects of those inductive biases. This framework disentangles universal inductive biases, which are encoded in the initial values of a neural network's parameters, from non-universal factors, which the neural network must learn from data in a given language. The initial state that encodes the inductive biases is found with meta-learning, a technique through which a model discovers how to acquire new languages more easily via exposure to many possible languages. By controlling the properties of the languages that are used during meta-learning, we can control the inductive biases that meta-learning imparts. We demonstrate this framework with a case study based on syllable structure. First, we specify the inductive biases that we intend to give our model, and then we translate those inductive biases into a space of languages from which a model can meta-learn. Finally, using existing analysis techniques, we verify that our approach has imparted the linguistic inductive biases that it was intended to impart.
A Canadian wide-field optical spectrograph for a 30-m telescope (2004)

A wide-field low-resolution multi-object optical spectrograph suitable for a 30-m F/15 telescope is described. The effort to build a 30-m class telescope is gaining momentum. Many science cases for such a telescope make the need for a wide-field seeing-limited spectrograph a high priority. Our concept comprises four identical instruments placed symmetrically around the optical axis of the telescope, this allows smaller dimensions for the spectrographs and their components. Each instrument is placed in one quadrant of the telescope focal plane; a space at the center of the field is free for other instrumentation. Using a dichroic beam-splitter each instrument feeds a "red" and "blue" camera. The total field is 81 square arcmin, the wavelength range covers simultaneously 310 nm to 1000 nm and the spectral resolution (R) is 300 to 5000. The instruments are designed for vertical mounting at a Nasmyth focus to avoid gravity vector changes and reducing mechanical flexure problems during observation. The layout also allows access to internal components for maintenance. The design offers advantages for the location of a slit mask and filters. The instruments can also be used for imaging. Optical and opto-mechanical models and analyses are presented with specifications and expected performance.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Preparation of Enecarbamates. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Preparation and characterization of amorphous SiC:H thin films (1991)

Silicon carbide films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition utilizing monomethylsilane (CH3SiH3). Silicon (100) and polycrystalline gold were used as substrates. A mass spectrometric analysis of the monomethylsilane plasma showed that the majority of the Si–C bonds were preserved in the gas phase. The composition, the density and morphology of the amorphous SiC:H (a:SiC:H) films were studied as a function of substrate temperature, composition of the ion flux bombarding the surface and the kinetic energy of these ions. The surface science techniques utilized for these investigations include x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopies.
Survey of Patch Test Business Models in the United States by the American Contact Dermatitis Society (2018)

Compensation challenges to patch testing limit patient access to appropriate diagnosis and management of ACD. This can be addressed through a variety of innovative business models, including raising patch testing caps, negotiating relative value unit compensation, using a fixed salary model with directorship support from the hospital, and raising the percentages of collection reimbursement for physicians.
Dietary Exposure to Transgenic Rice Expressing the Spider Silk Protein Fibroin Reduces Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Mice: The Potential Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Phosphorylation in Adipocytes (2019)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). T2DM is correlated with obesity and most T2DM medications have been developed for enhancing insulin sensitivity. Silk protein fibroin (SPF) from spiders has been suggested as an attractive biomaterial for medical purposes. We generated transgenic rice (TR) expressing SPF and fed it to diabetic BKS.Cg-m+/+Lepr<sup>db</sup> mice to monitor the changes in blood glucose levels and adipose tissue proteins associated with energy metabolism and insulin signaling. In the present study, the adipocyte size in abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice was remarkably smaller than that of the control. Whereas the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activated protein kinase and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) protein levels were increased in abdominal adipose tissues after TR-SPF feeding, levels of six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) proteins decreased. Phosphorylation of AMPK at threonine 172 and IRS1 at serine 307 and tyrosine 632 were both increased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice. Increased expression and phosphorylation of IRS1 at both serine 307 and tyrosine 632 in adipose tissues indicated that adipocytes obtained from abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice were more susceptible to insulin signaling than that of the control. STAMP2 protein levels decreased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice, indicating that STAMP2 proteins were reducing adipocytes that were undergoing lipolysis. Taken together, this study showed that TR-SPF was effective in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and that concurrent lipolysis in abdominal adipocytes was associated with alterations of AMPK, IRS1, and STAMP2. Increased IRS1 expression and its phosphorylation by TR-SFP were considered to be particularly important in the induction of lipolysis in adipocytes, as well as in reducing blood glucose levels in this animal model.
Electro‐oxidative polymerization of 1,3‐Cyclohexadiene (1990)

Abstract 1,3‐Cyclohexadiene is electropolymerized at a lower applied potential, compared with the polymerization of other alkene compounds, to give insoluble polymer film on an electrode. The formed polymer contains a phenylene repeated unit, which is confirmed by IR, 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy. Poly(cyclohexene) produced by the electropolymerization is partially aromatized by the oxidation to form a phenylene unit which is accompanied by an elimination of a proton.
ChemInform Abstract: NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS WITH INSECT HORMONE ACTIVITY. XXXIII. SYNTHESIS OF SOME DIOXA ANALOGS OF ACYCLIC JUVENOIDS (1977)

Abstract Die Phosphonate (I) reagieren mit den Dioxaketonen (II) in Gegenwart von NaH zu den entsprechenden Estern (III) (ca.
Seed dispersal by the Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis, Pteropodidae, Megachiroptera) (1990)

<i>Cynopterus brachyotis</i> is a very common, medium-sized (37 gm) fruit bat in Singapore. Information on feeding habits was obtained by direct observation of wild bats, collection of seed and fruit remnants under feeding roosts, netting wild bats and collecting faeces samples, and observing caged bats. Seed fate is determined by fruit weight, seed dimensios and fruit texture. Fruits &lt; 20 gm are usually carried off to a feeding roost for processing. The smallest seeds (&lt; 2.3 mm length) are swallowed and subsequently defecated in flight or while roosting. Larger seeds are dropped undamaged under feeding roosts.
Jet Structure Analyses on High-Speed Submerged Water Jets through Cavitation Noises. (1996)

In order to establish a useful monitoring method for material erosion caused by high-speed submerged water jets, we clarify the main source of cavitation noises around free jets by using two hydrophones, and also analyze the AE characteristics of the impulsive pressures induced by cavitation on the specimen for the impinging jets. Clearly, the energies of high-frequency components in the jets change markedly with injection pressure and standoff distance.
Smart Sensors for Smart Grid Reliability (2020)

Sensors for monitoring electrical parameters over an entire electricity network infrastructure play a fundamental role in protecting smart grids and improving the network's energy efficiency. When a short circuit takes place in a smart grid it has to be sensed as soon as possible to reduce its fault duration along the network and to reduce damage to the electricity infrastructure as well as personal injuries. Existing protection devices, which are used to sense the fault, range from classic analog electro-mechanics relays to modern intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). However, both types of devices have fixed adjustment settings (offline stage) and do not provide any coordination among them under real-time operation. In this paper, a new smart sensor is developed that offers the capability to update its adjustment settings during real-time operation, in coordination with the rest of the smart sensors spread over the network. The proposed sensor and the coordinated protection scheme were tested in a standard smart grid (IEEE 34-bus test system) under different short circuit scenarios and renewable energy penetration. Results suggest that the short-circuit fault sensed by the smart sensor is improved up to 80% and up to 64% compared with analog electromechanics relays and IEDs, respectively.
The One‐Pot Synthesis and Diels—Alder Reactivity of 2,5‐Dihydrothiophene‐1,1‐dioxide‐3‐carboxylic Acid. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Phase I Trial of the Multi-kinase Inhibitor Cabozantinib, a CYP3A4 Substrate, plus CYP3A4-Interacting Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with HIV and Cancer (AMC-087) (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 1. Average and standard deviation concentration–time profile of cabozantinib at steady-state on a semi-log plot for stratum A (A), stratum B (B), and stratum C (C). Doses are noted in the figures.&lt;/p&gt;
A 2-layer model for the white-box testing of Web applications (2005)

White-box testing exercises a software system by ensuring that a model of the internal structure is covered by the test cases. Extending this approach to Web applications is far from obvious, because at least two abstraction levels can be considered to represent the internal structure of a Web application: the navigation model and the control flow model. To further complicate the matter, dynamic code generation must be taken into account in both models. In this paper, the two alternative models are presented and white-box testing criteria are defined on them. Their usage for the white-box testing of a real-world Web application is described, highlighting the associated costs and benefits.
A millimeter-wave micromachined slow-wave bandpass filter using compact microstrip stepped-impedance hairpin resonator (2005)

In this paper, a new microstrip stepped-impedance hairpin resonator with inter-digital capacitor (IDC) slow-wave band-pass filter (BPF) using dielectric supported air-gapped microstrip line (DAML) of surface micromachining on GaAs substrate is proposed. The slow-wave periodic structures utilize the parallel and series resonance characteristics of the resonators to construct a band-pass filter. Unlike conventional slow-wave filters, the proposed bandpass filters are designed to produce a narrow passband at the fundamental mode of the resonators. Using IDC, this filter provides small size and sharp shirt characteristic. The proposed slow-wave band-pass filter with IDC is designed to produce a passband of 7.7 % at the fundamental frequency of 56 GHz. It shows the insertion loss of 3.37 dB, the return loss of better than 15 dB, and the stopband characteristic of greater than 31 dB within 37.03 /spl sim/ 45.51 GHz.
Direct control of the electroosmosis in capillary zone electrophoresis by using an external electric field (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect control of the electroosmosis in capillary zone electrophoresis by using an external electric fieldCheng S. Lee, William C. Blanchard, and Chin Tiao. WuCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 14, 1550–1552Publication Date (Print):July 15, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 July 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00213a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00213a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views664Altmetric-Citations147LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Light-Scattering Analysis of Native Wood Holocelluloses Totally Dissolved in LiCl–DMI Solutions: High Probability of Branched Structures in Inherent Cellulose (2011)

Three holocelluloses (i.e., cellulose and hemicellulose fractions) are prepared from softwood and hardwood by the Wise method. These holocelluloses completely dissolve in 8% lithium chloride/1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (LiCl/DMI) after an ethylenediamine (EDA) pretreatment. After diluting the holocellulose solutions to 1% LiCl/DMI, they are subjected to size-exclusion chromatography/multiangle laser-light scattering/photodiode array (SEC-MALLS-PDA) analysis. All holocelluloses exhibit bimodal molecular weight distributions primarily due to high-molecular-weight (HMW) cellulose and low-molecular-weight hemicellulose fractions. Plots of molecular weight vs root-mean-square radius obtained by SEC-MALLS analysis revealed that all the wood celluloses comprise dense conformations in 1% LiCl/DMI. In contrast, bacterial cellulose, which was used as a pure cellulose model, has a random coil conformation as a linear polymer. These results show that both softwood and hardwood HMW celluloses contain branched structures, which are probably present on crystalline cellulose microfibril surfaces. These results are consistent with those obtained by permethylation analysis of wood celluloses.
Incremental clustering for dynamic information processing (1993)

Clustering of very large document databases is useful for both searching and browsing. The periodic updating of clusters is required due to the dynamic nature of databases. An algorithm for incremental clustering is introduced. The complexity and cost analysis of the algorithm together with an investigation of its expected behavior are presented. Through empirical testing it is shown that the algorithm achieves cost effectiveness and generates statistically valid clusters that are compatible with those of reclustering. The experimental evidence shows that the algorithm creates an effective and efficient retrieval environment.
Realistic application of acoustic blind source separation (2000)

Blind source separation in an acoustic environment is a challenging problem. The reverberation times in realistic rooms require long separation filters. They have to be estimated in very short times as the room responses change drastically with user location. In addition, convolutive blind separation has a number of indeterminations that make the identification of filter coefficients difficult. Decorrelation of changing cross-power spectra of nonstationary signal has been proposed as a separation criterion by various authors. We have presented in particular a frequency domain on-line algorithm that seeks to decorrelate cross-power spectra estimated over multiple times. We will report the performance of the algorithm in a realistic environment. The results will be compared to more conventional adaptive beamforming algorithms. Furthermore, speech recognition results for a command and control application with a distant talking user will be presented.
Capacitive actuation and switching of add–drop graphene-silicon micro-ring filters (2017)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate capacitive actuation of a graphene–silicon micro-ring add/drop&#13;\nfilter. The mechanism is based on a silicon–SiO2–graphene capacitor on top of the ring waveguide. We&#13;\nshow the capacitive actuation of the add/drop functionality by a voltage-driven change of the graphene optical&#13;\nabsorption. The proposed capacitive solution overcomes the need for continuous heating to keep tuned the&#13;\nfilter’s in/out resonance and therefore eliminates “in operation” energy consumption.
The LMA12-O Framework for Emotional Robot Eye Gestures (2022)

The eyes play a significant role in how robots are perceived socially by humans due to the eye’s centrality in human communication. To date there has been no consistent or reliable system for designing and transferring affective emotional eye gestures to anthropomorphized social robots. Combining research findings from Oculesics, Laban Movement Analysis and the Twelve Principles of Animation, this paper discusses the design and evaluation of the prototype LMA12-O framework for the purpose of maximising the emotive communication potential of eye gestures in anthropomorphized social robots. Results of initial user testings evidenced LMA12-O to be effective in designing affective emotional eye gestures in the test robot with important considerations for future iterations of this framework.
Involvement of Tachykinin NK3 Receptors in Citric Acid–induced Cough and Bronchial Responses in Guinea Pigs (1998)

Aerosolized citric acid induces several pulmonary effects including bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and cough. Evidence from the use of tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists, as well as chronic treatment with high doses of capsaicin, have suggested that these effects are mediated through the release of tachykinins from sensory nerve endings. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of a tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist, SR 142801 (osanetant), on cough, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness induced by aerosolized citric acid (0.4 M) in guinea pigs. SR 142801, at 0.3 and 1 mg . kg-1 by intraperitoneal route, significantly inhibited cough in conscious guinea pigs by 57 +/- 3 and 62 +/- 10% (n = 8), respectively. In anaesthetized guinea pigs, it failed to inhibit the bronchoconstriction induced by citric acid when given alone but abolished it when combined with the tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist, SR 48968 (saredutant). In guinea pigs pretreated with thiorphan (1 mg . kg-1), aerosolized citric acid (0.4 M, 1 h) induced airway hyperresponsiveness 24 h later, displayed by an exaggerated response to the bronchoconstrictor effect of acetylcholine. A microvascular leakage hypersensitivity also occurred and was demonstrated by a potentiation of the plasma protein extravasation from bronchial vessels induced by histamine. When given once intraperitoneally at 1 mg . kg-1 30 min before the citric acid exposure, SR 142801 inhibited both hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine and the potentiation of histamine-induced increase in microvascular permeability. The results suggest that tachykinin NK3 receptors are involved in citric acid-induced effects on airways.
IncFII plasmid incompatibility product and its target are both RNA transcripts (1984)

The region of DNA coding for incompatibility (inc) and copy number control (cop) of the IncFII plasmid NR1 is transcribed in both the rightward and leftward directions. The rightward transcripts serve as mRNA for the repA1 protein, which is required for replication. A small, 91-base leftward transcript is synthesized from the opposite DNA strand and is complementary to a portion of the rightward mRNA near its 5' end. A 262-base-pair Sau3A restriction fragment that encodes the small leftward transcript, but does not include the rightward transcription promoters, was cloned into the vector pBR322 or pUC8. The same fragment was cloned from an Inc- mutant of NR1 that does not make the small leftward transcript. Transcription through the cloned fragments in these derivatives was under control of the tetracycline resistance gene in pBR322 or the lac promoter-operator in pUC8. In one orientation of the inserted DNA, a hybrid transcript containing rightward NR1 RNA sequences was synthesized. In the other orientation, a hybrid transcript containing leftward NR1 RNA sequences was synthesized. These plasmids were used to vary the intracellular levels of the rightward or leftward NR1 RNA transcripts and to test their effects in trans on various coresident derivatives of NR1. An excess of rightward NR1 RNA in trans stimulated expression of the essential repA1 gene and caused an increase in the copy number of a coresident NR1 plasmid. An excess of leftward NR1 RNA in trans inhibited the expression of the repA1 gene and lowered the coresident NR1 copy number, thereby causing incompatibility. A pBR322 derivative with no transcription through the cloned NR1 DNA had no effect in trans. These results suggest that the small leftward transcript is the incompatibility inhibitor of NR1 and that its target is the complementary portion of the rightward mRNA.