gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Interaction Between Faraday Rotation and System Effects in Synthetic Aperture Radar Measurements of Backscatter and Biomass (2015)

For long-wavelength space-based radars, such as the P-band radar on the recently selected European Space Agency BIOMASS mission, system distortions (crosstalk and channel imbalance), Faraday rotation, and system noise all combine to degrade the measurements. A first-order analysis of these effects on the measurements of the polarimetric scattering matrix is used to derive differentiable expressions for the errors in the polarimetric backscattering coefficients in the presence of Faraday rotation. Both the amplitudes and phases of the distortion terms are shown to be important in determining the errors and their maximum values. Exact simulations confirm the accuracy and predictions of the first-order analysis. Under an assumed power-law relation between σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">hv</sub> and the biomass, the system distortions and noise are converted into biomass estimation errors, and it is shown that the magnitude of the deviation of the channel imbalance from unity must be 4-5 dB less than the crosstalk, or it will dominate the error in the biomass. For uncalibrated data and midrange values of biomass, the crosstalk must be less than -24 dB if the maximum possible error in the biomass is to be within 20% of its true value. A less stringent condition applies if the amplitudes and phases of the distortion terms are considered random since errors near the maximum possible are very unlikely. For lower values of the biomass, the noise becomes increasingly important because the σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">hv</sub> signal-to-noise ratio is smaller.
Identification of Mitogen-Responsive Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase pp90rsk, a Homolog of Xenopus S6 Kinase II, in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts (1990)

Antiserum raised against recombinant Xenopus ribosomal protein S6 kinase (rsk) was used to identify a 90,000-Mr ribosomal S6 kinase, pp90rsk, in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Adding serum to cells stimulated the phosphorylation of pp90rsk on serine and threonine residues and increased the activity of S6 kinase measured in immune complex assays. Xenopus S6 kinase II and chicken embryo fibroblast pp90rsk had nearly identical phosphopeptide maps.
Esophageal Surgery, 2nd Edition (2002)

Esophageal Surgery, 2nd Edition Editors: F. Griffith Pearson, MD; Joel D. Cooper, MD; Jean Deslauriers, MD; Robert J. Ginsberg, MD; Clement A. Hiebert, MD; G. Alexander Patterson, MD Bibliographic Data: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, 2002. ISBN: 0-443-07605-7, Imprint: Churchill Livingstone Inc., 990 pp, hard cover, $225.00. Reviewer's Expert Opinion: Description: This book on esophageal surgery is part of a two-volume set on thoracic surgery. The authors are outstanding and the book is comprehensive. Purpose: The purpose is to update the existing knowledge on esophageal surgery. There are both updated chapters as well as new chapters. The book meets this purpose well. Audience: This book is designed for thoracic surgeons, general surgeons doing thoracic procedures, gastroenterologists and other physicians who interact with patients with esophageal disease. Features: The content is updated and the book has new chapters on videoscopic assisted thoracic surgery, PET scanning and other imaging techniques, multimodality therapy for cancer, lung volume reduction surgery, and new surgical techniques and approaches. Throughout the book, there are many images and illustrations that accompany the imaging studies such as x-rays and ultrasounds. The drawings that accompany the endoscopic ultrasound images, for example, are particularly good. Every chapter has an extensive exposition on the topic and at the end of each chapter are comments and a discussion about controversies in this area. A number of chapters are extremely well done and readable. For example, the chapters on redo Nissen fundoplication include approaches for both open and laparoscopic approach and are very real-world descriptions. I particularly liked Dr. Hiebert's discussion about the clinical features of patients with esophageal disease. It is written in common terms rather than esoteric terms and one gets a very good understanding about what this patient's problems were. It reminded me of speaking with an old experienced general practitioner who had seen a large number of these patients and had a very good understanding of the clinical disease. Assessment: This is a powerful book with excellent authors. The design is excellent for a comprehensive understanding of esophageal disease. It is well illustrated with both images and drawings. It provides the medical perspective in caring for these patients, not just the surgical perspective. It is written in plain language and is, overall, excellent. I would recommend it highly to anyone who deals with patients this set of diseases.
National Institutes of Health Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Staging in Severely Affected Patients: Organ and Global Scoring Correlate with Established Indicators of Disease Severity and Prognosis (2013)

Between 2004 and 2010, 189 adult patients were enrolled on the National Cancer Institute's cross-sectional chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) natural history study. Patients were evaluated by multiple disease scales and outcome measures, including the 2005 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Project cGVHD severity scores. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the NIH scoring variables as determinants of disease severity in severely affected patients in efforts to standardize clinician evaluation and staging of cGVHD. Out of 189 patients enrolled, 125 met the criteria for severe cGVHD on the NIH global score, 62 of whom had moderate disease, with a median of 4 (range, 1-8) involved organs. Clinician-assigned average NIH organ score and the corresponding organ scores assigned by subspecialists were highly correlated (r = 0.64). NIH global severity scores showed significant associations with nearly all functional and quality of life outcome measures, including the Lee Symptom Scale, Short Form-36 Physical Component Scale, 2-minute walk, grip strength, range of motion, and Human Activity Profile. Joint/fascia, skin, and lung involvement affected function and quality of life most significantly and showed the greatest correlation with outcome measures. The final Cox model with factors jointly predictive for survival included the time from cGVHD diagnosis (>49 versus ≤49 months, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.23; P = .0011), absolute eosinophil count at the time of NIH evaluation (0-0.5 versus >0.5 cells/μL, HR = 3.95; P = .0006), and NIH lung score (3 versus 0-2, HR = 11.02; P < .0001). These results demonstrate that NIH organs and global severity scores are reliable measures of cGVHD disease burden. The strong association with subspecialist evaluation suggests that NIH organ and global severity scores are appropriate for clinical and research assessments, and may serve as a surrogate for more complex subspecialist examinations. In this population of severely affected patients, NIH lung score is the strongest predictor of poor overall survival, both alone and after adjustment for other important factors.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Antigen Presented by Tumors <i>In vivo</i> Determines the Nature of CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Cytotoxicity (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Antigen Presented by Tumors &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; Determines the Nature of CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T-Cell Cytotoxicity
Influence of glyphosate on uptake and translocation of calcium ion in soybean seedlings (1983)

Summary Calcium ion in hydroponic solution with glyphosate [N‐phosphonomethyl (glycine)] did not significantly influence the efficacy of the herbicide in reducing growth of soybean ( Glycine max ) seedlings. Data from atomic absorption spectroscopy studies revealed that glyphosate reduced Ca 2+ uptake and translocation, whether supplied alone or with other metal ions. Results with radiolabelled 45 Ca 2+ indicated that glyphosate severely retards translocation of Ca 2+ from the roots to the leaves and cotyledons but the effect is not detectable until 24 h after exposure to glyphosate. Influence du glyphosate sur l'absorption el le mourement de I'ion calcium dans des plantules de soja. L'ion calcium présent dans une solution hydroponique contenant du glyphosate (N‐phosphono‐methyl (glycine) ne modifie pas dc facon significative I'efficacité de I'herbicide dans son action sur la réduction de croissance de plantules de soya. Des données fournies par la spectroscopie d'absorption atomique montrent que le glyphosate reduit l'absorption et le mouvement des ions Ca 2+ seuls ou en présence d'ionsd'autresmétaux. Les résultats obtenus avec des ions marqués 45 Ca 2+ révèlent que le glyphosate retarde notablement le mouvement des ions Ca 2+ entre les racines et les feuilles ou les cotylédons mais cet effct n'est pas détectable avant une péríode de 24h suivant l'exposition au glyphosate.
STEROIDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS: XIX. THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,9,12,20-TETRAOXYGENATED 9,12-seco STEROIDS. PART III. 11-AZA STEROIDS. PART I (1962)

The smooth conversion of 3β-acetoxy-5α-pregnane-12,20-dione (IV), readily available from hecogenin (I), to Δ 9(11) -3β,20β-diacetoxy-5α-pregnan-12-one (VIII) is reported. Ozonolysis of this product in ethyl acetate gave, in almost 90% yield, 3β-hydroxy-20β-acetoxy-9-oxo-9,12-seco-11-nor-5α-pregnan-12-oic acid (XI), further characterized by its ester derivatives XIa and XIb. The conversion of the seco acid XI to Δ 8(9) -3β-hydroxy-20β-acetoxy-9-amino-9,12-seco-11-nor-5α-pregnen-12-oic acid lactam (12 → 9) (XII) and thence to Δ 8(9) -N-acetyl-3β,20β-diacetoxy-11-aza-5α-pregnene (XIVa), the first 11-aza steroids to be known, is described. On the other hand, Δ 9(11) -3β,20β-diacetoxy-5α-pregnen-12-one (VIII) is readily transformed to the 9α,11α-glycol VII with osmium tetroxide and thence, with periodic acid, to 3β,9α-dihydroxy-20β-acetoxy-11-oxo-11,12-seco-5α-pregnan-12-oic acid (X), characterized as the methyl ester Xa and diacetoxy methyl ester Xb, and easily converted to the acetoxy hydroxy keto dicarboxylic seco acid XIII. In the course of this work it is shown that, whereas ketalization of the saturated 12,20-diketone IV with ethylene glycol and boron trifluoride etherate gives a good yield of the 12-monoketal (in accordance with the reports of the literature), treatment of the analogous 16-unsaturated 12,20-diketone with the same reagents under the same conditions leads not to ketal formation but to addition of ethylene glycol in position 16.
Estimating Arterial Wall Deformations from Automatic Key-Point Detection and Matching (2021)

Assessing arterial-wall motion and deformations may reveal pathologic alterations in biomechanical properties of the parietal tissues and, thus, contribute to the detection of vascular disease onset. Ultrasound image sequences allow the observation of this motion and many methods have been developed to estimate temporal changes in artery diameter and wall thickness and to track 2-D displacements of selected points. Some methods enable the assessment of shearing or stretching within the wall, but none of them can estimate all these deformations simultaneously. The method herein proposed was devised to simultaneously estimate translation, compression, stretching and shearing of the arterial wall in ultrasound B-mode image sequences representing the carotid artery longitudinal section. Salient blob-like patterns, called key points, are automatically detected in each frame and matched between successive frames. A robust estimator based on an affine transformation model is then used to assess frame-to-frame motion explaining at best the key-point matches and to reject outliers. Realistic simulated image sequences were used to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the method against ground truth. The method was also visually assessed on clinical image sequences, for which true deformations are unknown.
GrassPlot v. 2.00 – first update on the database of multi-scale plant diversity in Palaearctic grasslands (2019)

These days, when December is unusually mild outside, I do not exclude the possibility that for some of you the field season is still continuing, but for most it is already over. However, this is not a reason to sleep in a warm hole, as the cute animal depicted on the cover of this issue. This is the time for managing field data -samplings, collections, photographs. Moreover, this is a very good time to take stock of the outgoing year and make plans for next year.
Photoreactions of methyl iodide multilayers on the TiO2(110) surface (1996)

The reactions following 257 nm photolysis of CH3I multilayers on TiO2(110) at 90 K were investigated using quadrupole mass spectrometry. The observed photofragments that desorb from the surface are CH4, C2H6, I2, CH2I2, and C2H5I. The linear dependence of the methane and ethane on laser fluence and the absence of a kinetic isotope effect in the formation of methane are consistant with the reaction mechanism in which the hot methyl photofragments react with parent molecules. The relative ratios of photoproducts are different from those observed in the photolysis of gas, liquid, and solid phases and from those observed for CH3I multilayers on a metallic surface at lower fluence.
Gas separation with glass membranes (1992)

The Department of Energy (DOE) is seeking to develop high temperature, high pressure inorganic membrane technology to perform a variety of gas separation processes to improve the efficiency and economics of advanced power generation systems such as direct coal-fueled turbines (DCFT) and the integrated gasification combined cycle process (IGCC). The temperatures encountered in these power generation systems are far above the temperature range for organic membrane materials. Inorganic materials such as ceramics are therefore the most likely membrane materials for use at high temperatures. This project focussed on silica glass fiber membranes made by PPG Industries (Pittsburgh, PA). The goals were both experimental and theoretical. The first objective was to develop a rational theory for the performance of these membranes. With existing theories as a starting point, a new theory was devised to explain the unusual molecular sieving'' behavior exhibited by these glass membranes. An apparatus was then devised for making permeation performance measurements at conditions of interest to DOE (temperatures to 2000[degrees]F; pressures to 1000 psia). With this apparatus, gas mixtures could be made typical of coal combustion or coal gasification processes, these gases could be passed into a membrane test cell, and the separation performance determined. Data were obtained for H[sub 2]/CO,N[sub 2]/CO[sub 2], 0[sub 2]/N[sub 2], and NH[sub 3]/N[sub 2] mixtures and for a variety of pure component gases (He, H[sub 2], CO[sub 2], N[sub 2], CO, NH[sub 3]). The most challenging part of the project turned out to be the sealing of the membrane at high temperatures and pressures. The report concludes with an overview of the practical potential of these membranes and of inorganic membranes in general of DOE and other applications.
Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of ?-phenylethylamine in patients with Rett syndrome (2000)

To clarify the mechanism of brain impairment in Rett syndrome, we measured the cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) in 17 patients with Rett syndrome. Findings were compared with those obtained in age-matched controls and diseased controls. The cerebrospinal fluid level of PEA was significantly lower in patients with Rett syndrome than in the controls (31% of control values). The alteration in the cerebrospinal fluid level of PEA may reflect dopamine system impairment in Rett syndrome.
Inequivalence of the Two Tyrosine Ligands in the N-Lobe of Human Serum Transferrin (1997)

Human serum transferrin N-lobe (hTF/2N) has four iron-binding ligands, including one histidine, one aspartate, and two tyrosines. The present report elucidates the inequivalence of the two tyrosine ligands (Tyr 95 and Tyr 188) on the metal-binding properties of hTF/2N by means of site-directed mutagenesis, metal release kinetics, and absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. When the liganding tyrosines were mutated individually to phenylalanine, the resulting mutant Y95F showed a weak binding affinity for iron and no affinity for copper, whereas, mutant Y188F completely lost the ability to bind iron but formed a stable complex with copper. Since other studies have demonstrated that mutations of the other two ligands, histidine and aspartate, did not completely abolish iron binding, the present findings suggest that the tyrosine ligand at position 188 is essential for binding of iron to occur. Replacement of Tyr 188 with phenylalanine created a favorable chemical environment for copper coordination but a fatal situation for iron binding. The positions of the two liganding tyrosines in the metal-binding cleft suggest a reason for the inequivalence.
A Security Situation Prediction Algorithm Based on HMM in Mobile Network (2018)

The increasingly severe network security situation brings unanticipated challenges to mobile networking. Traditional HMM (Hidden Markov Model) based algorithms for predicting the network security are not accurate, and to address this issue, a weighted HMM based algorithm is proposed to predict the security situation of the mobile network. The multiscale entropy is used to address the low speed of data training in mobile network, whereas the parameters of HMM situation transition matrix are also optimized. Moreover, the autocorrelation coefficient can reasonably use the association between the characteristics of the historical data to predict future security situation. Experimental analysis on DARPA2000 shows that the proposed algorithm is highly competitive, with good performance in prediction speed and accuracy when compared to existing design.
Sliding, stretching, and tapering: recent structural results for carbon nanotubes (1999)

Typical multiwalled carbon tubes have interlayer incommensuration both azimuthally and axially. Finite size effects then imply that the maximal energetic barrier to interlayer sliding in nanoscale multiwalled carbon nanotubes is, surprisingly, independent of the size of the system. Turning attention from post-synthesis interwall interactions to interwall fluctuations during growth, we note that certain thermal fluctuations during multiwalled nanotube growth and tapering are locked into the final structure. The thermal dispersion in the diameters of tube endcaps reveals that multiwalled nanotubes grow at temperatures much lower than the maximum plasma temperatures for the arc discharge. Finally, considering only noncatastrophic structural distortions (i.e. plastic as opposed to brittle failure under tensile load), the onset of plastic deformation in carbon nanotubes depends very strongly on the wrapping index, as can be understood from a simple model of index-dependent defect-induced lengthing of the tube.
The perception of dyspnea during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children (2018)

<b>Introduction:</b> The aim of this study is to investigate the difference of the perception of dyspnea between severity of EIB in asthmatic children. <b>Methods:</b> 6 minutes exercise challenge test by ergometer were performed in 185 asthmatic children (median age, 11.3 years). Sixty-three patients were under treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). The FENO was examined by the recommended method before exercise. Children classified themselves according to the modified Borg scales for their perception of dyspnea and general fatigue during exercise challenge test. Lung function test and Borg scales evaluation were performed before exercise and 0,5,15 minutes after exercise. According to max %fall of FEV<sub>1</sub> after exercise, we divided into three groups. <b>Results:</b> In the severe EIB group (max %fall of FEV<sub>1</sub>≧20％, n=25), their perception of dyspnea were awared more strongly at 5(p&lt;0.001)and 15 minutes(p&lt;0.01) after exercise than those in the negative EIB group (max %fall of FEV<sub>1</sub>&lt;10％, n=124). In the severe EIB group, their general fatigue were realized stronger at 5minutes (p&lt;0.01) after exercise than those in the negative EIB group. There were no difference between mild EIB group(max %fall of FEV<sub>1</sub>≧10,&lt;20％, n=37) and negative EIB group in their perception of dyspnea and general fatigue after exercise. <b>Conclusion:</b> In asthmatic children, it is difficult to distinguish mild EIB from EIB negative with questionnaire asking their perception of dyspnea and general fatigue. On the other hand, asthmatic children with severe EIB aware stronger perception of dyspnea and general fatigue at more than 5minites after exercise, not just after it.
Ni(II) Tol‐BINAP‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Orthoester Alkylations of N‐Acylthiazolidinethiones. (2005)

The development of a Ni(II) (&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;)-Tol-BINAP-catalyzed enantioselective alkylation of &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-acylthiazolidinethiones with trimethyl orthoformate is described. The reaction is general with respect to the thiazolidinethione, providing the desired adducts in good to excellent yield and with high levels of enantioselectivity (11 examples, 51−92% yield, 90−99% ee). The products are readily converted into a variety of synthetically useful derivatives in a straightforward manner.
Role of spin-orbit coupling on the electronic structure and properties of SrPtAs (2012)

The effect of spin-orbit coupling on the electronic structure of the layered iron-free pnictide superconductor, SrPtAs, has been studied using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. The anisotropy in Fermi velocity, conductivity and plasma frequency stemming from the layered structure are found to be enhanced by spin-orbit coupling. The relationship between spin-orbit interaction and the lack of two-dimensional inversion in the PtAs layers is analyzed within a tight-binding Hamiltonian based on the first-principles calculations. Finally, the band structure suggests that electron doping could increase $T_c$.
Effects of surface treatment on the bonding quality of wafer-level Cu-to-Cu thermo-compression bonding for 3D integration (2013)

Effects of surface treatment on the bonding quality of wafer-level Cu