gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment Options for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, 1993 (1995)

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the second most common form of vaginitis, particularly affects women of childbearing age. Since the 1970s, several new agents have become available for the treatment of VVC. This review focuses on options for the treatment of this condition, critically evaluating the relevant published studies. For the treatment of acute episodes of VVC in nonpregnant women, several topical and oral antifungal agents are clinically and mycologically effective. Topical agents should be considered the first line of therapy; however, oral agents are sometimes associated with better compliance among patients. For acute episodes in pregnant women, a topical agent is the treatment of choice. Until data become available on the treatment of VVC in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the same approach as that used for women without HIV infection should be considered as previously written. For recurrent VVC, the optimal maintenance therapy has not yet been established; however, administration of low-dose oral ketoconazole (100 mg/d) has proven effective. Well-designed studies of the best therapy for VVC in women with HIV infection and for recurrent VVC are urgently needed.
Breakdown behavior of insulation elements in superconducting magnet coils (2002)

Examines dielectric breakdown phenomena under some environments peculiar to superconducting coils, such as an internal high voltage and thermal bubbles in the coolant generated by the coil quench, as well as high magnetic field and low temperature. Breakdown mechanisms of vacuum, gaseous helium, and liquefied gas are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tantalum Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Mass Tag for Mass Cytometry (2020)

Mass cytometry (MC) is a bioanalytical technique that uses metal-tagged antibodies (Abs) for high-dimensional single-cell immunoassays. Currently, this technology can measure over 40 parameters simultaneously on individual cells using metal-chelating polymer (MCP) based reagents. However, MC can in principle detect up to 135 parameters with the development of new elemental mass tags. Here we report the development of a tantalum oxide nanoparticle (NP)-based mass tag for MC immunoassays. Uniform-sized amine-functionalized tantalum oxide NPs (<i>d</i> ∼ 5.7 nm) were synthesized via a one-pot two-step reverse microemulsion method. These amine-functionalized NPs were further modified with azide groups by reacting with azide-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub> succinimidyl carboxymethyl ester (NHS-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub>-N<sub>3</sub>) cross-linkers. The Ab-NP conjugates were prepared by reacting azide-functionalized NPs with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-functionalized primary or secondary Abs (DBCO-Ab) followed by fast protein size exclusion liquid chromatography (FPLC) purification. Three Ab-NP conjugates (TaO<sub>2</sub>-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub>-goat antimouse, TaO<sub>2</sub>-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub>-CD25, TaO<sub>2</sub>-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub>-CD196) were fabricated and tested in MC immunoassays. For the TaO<sub>2</sub>-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub>-goat antimouse conjugate, we showed that it can effectively detect abundant CD20 biomarkers on Ramos cells. For TaO<sub>2</sub>-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub>-CD25 and TaO<sub>2</sub>-PEG<sub>2<i>k</i></sub>-CD196 conjugates, we demonstrated that these Ab-NP conjugates could be integrated into the commercial Ab staining panels for high-dimensional single-cell immune profiling of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
DeLay: Robust Spatial Layout Estimation for Cluttered Indoor Scenes (2016)

We consider the problem of estimating the spatial layout of an indoor scene from a monocular RGB image, modeled as the projection of a 3D cuboid. Existing solutions to this problem often rely strongly on hand-engineered features and vanishing point detection, which are prone to failure in the presence of clutter. In this paper, we present a method that uses a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN) in conjunction with a novel optimization framework for generating layout estimates. We demonstrate that our method is robust in the presence of clutter and handles a wide range of highly challenging scenes. We evaluate our method on two standard benchmarks and show that it achieves state of the art results, outperforming previous methods by a wide margin.
Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis: Comparison of Results Obtained in a Multilaboratory Effort Using Identical Protocols and MRSA Strains (2000)

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has become the gold standard of molecular methods in epidemiological investigations. In spite of its high resolving power, use of the method has been hampered by inadequate laboratory-to-laboratory reproducibility. In the project described here we have addressed this problem by organizing a multilaboratory effort in which the same bacterial strains (subtype variants of the Iberian and Brazilian methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--MRSA--clones) were analyzed by twenty investigators in thirteen different laboratories according to an indentical protocol, which is reproduced here in detail. PFGE patterns obtained were analyzed at a central laboratory in order to identify specific technical problems that produced substandard macrorestriction patterns. The results including the specific technical problems and their most likely causes are described in this communication. Also listed are seven major epidemic clones of MRSA which have been characterized by molecular fingerprinting techniques and the prototypes of which have been deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, from where they will be available for interested investigators for the purpose of typing MRSA isolates. It is hoped that this communication will contribute to the improvement of the reproducibility and technical/aesthetic quality of PFGE analysis.
Hot-electron-induced photon and photocarrier generation in Silicon MOSFET's (1984)

The phenomenon of and the physical mechanisms for the generation of minority carriers in the substrate of NMOS and CMOS are studied. Secondary impact ionization is not responsible. The responsible mechanisms are hot-electron-induced photocarrier generation and, under extreme conditions, forward biasing of the source-substrate junction. The photon generation is believed to be due to the bremsstrahlung of the channel hot electrons. A theoretical model based on the lucky electron concept and the bremsstrahlung mechanism is proposed. The calculated characteristics of photon generation agree well with experimental results. About 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> photogenerated minority carriers are generated for every (primary) impact-ionization event in NMOSFET. Photocarrier-induced leakage current can be fitted with either an inverse square dependence on distance or an exponential dependence with an effective decay length of about 780 µm.
PCA2GO: a new multivariate statistics based method to identify highly expressed GO-Terms (2010)

We conclude that PCA2GO is an alternative efficient GO analysis tool with unique features for detection and visualization of multidimensional dependencies within the dataset under study. PCA2GO reveals strongly correlated GO terms within the experimental setting (in this case different fractions) by PCA group formation and improves detection of more specific GO terms within experiment dependent GO term groups than standard p value calculations.
A Technical Playbook for Chemicals and Additives Used in the Hydraulic Fracturing of Shales (2020)

Improving production of shale gas and tight oil from low-permeability formations has dominated the energy landscape over the past two decades. Successful applications of horizontal drilling combined with hydraulic fracturing (HF) techniques, first demonstrated in the Texas Barnett shales in the 1990s, are the impetus for the current shale boom in the Americas. Chemicals are at the heart of the fracturing (or “fracking”) process, which includes pumping a water-based fluid and proppant into a shale formation to create fissures that access the buried hydrocarbons. The fracturing fluid composition is critical to the completion design and should reduce wellbore friction while enabling proppant placement into the fractures. However, adding too many chemicals without properly evaluating the fracturing fluid formulation can lead to increased cost, poor fluid performance, or even damage to the reservoir. This review discusses the purpose of each chemical used in HF fluids, the techniques applied by the production chemist to assess fluid performance, and suggested best practices in optimizing formulations to reduce costs, enhance performance, and improve footprint.
413. Differences in Inflammatory Mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus auereus Infections in Cystic Fibrosis (2019)

Abstract Background Chronic bacterial lung infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). The most common CF pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), are common commensal or environmental organisms that adapt to the CF lung. We sought to investigate whether adaptation from early lung colonizer to chronic pathogen alters the bacterial effects on host inflammation. Methods P. aeruginosa (n = 25) and S. aureus (n = 25) isolates from CF patients with early and chronic infections were acquired from Seattle Children’s CF. Environmental (n = 8) and clinical, non-CF P. aeruginosa (n = 8) isolates were obtained from the University of Ottawa. P. aeruginosa reference strain PA14 and PA14 transposon mutants for T3SS and flagellin were used to observe the relationship between cell death and cytokine production. We infected THP-1-derived macrophages (PMA differentiated) in vitro for 3 hours with various MOIs. We subsequently measured cell death of THP-1-derived macrophages using neutral red assay and cytokine production using ELISAs. Results Infections with PA14 mutants and non-CF P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrated that rapid cell death of THP-1-derived macrophages caused a reduction in cytokine production relative to strains that did not cause as much cell death. At 10 MOI, early P. aeruginosa isolates from CF patients induced more THP-1-derived macrophage cell death compared with chronic isolates (P &lt; 0.0001). Chronic P. aeruginosa isolates induced greater production of TNF, IL-8, and IL-6 (P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.0001, and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively) compared with early strains. No difference in IL-1β production was observed. When controlling for cell death between the two groups by using heat-killed bacteria, the only difference maintained was in TNF production (P &lt; 0.01). Between early and chronic S. aureus isolates, the one difference observed was greater IL-8 production among early isolates (P &lt; 0.01). Conclusion Chronic P. aeruginosa isolates from CF patients induce less cell death but more TNF, IL-8, and IL-6 production compared with early isolates. This suggests that P. aeruginosa producing chronic infections induce inflammatory signals that may contribute to increased morbidity among CF patients. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
The Cohort Study on Prediction of Incidence of All-Cause Mortality by Metabolic Syndrome (2016)

In a large scale middle-aged Taiwan check-up population, MS may be associated with a much higher risk for all-cause mortality. These results may underline the fact that MS is a non-homogeneous syndrome and have a significant impact on detecting high-risk individuals suffering from metabolic disorders for preventing and controlling death.
Automation of the Thermal Spray Process (1982)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The thermal spray process is a cost effective, efficient means for building up coatings. However, as currently practiced, it is considered more art than science. The quality of coatings is primarily dependent on operator expertise. The process is highly technique sensitive. However, computerized automation effects a reversal resulting in highly reproducible, reliable coatings at reduced costs and incident of rework.&lt;/div&gt;
The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia (2012)

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%(1-3), the majority of cases being monocular(2). Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation. Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself(4,5) . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits(6,7) which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions(8). Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia(9,10) . Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device(11,12) . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control(13,14) and patient(6,9,11) populations. In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia(12,15,16) . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device(15).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Ethoxycarbonyloxy‐3‐ethynylindoles from Indol‐2(3H)‐ones. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Preliminary Pharmacological Evaluation of Some Chemical Delivery Systems of 2,6‐Diisopropylphenol (Propofol). (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evidence for superior current carrying capability of iron pnictide tapes under hydrostatic pressure (2017)

High critical current density $({J}_{c})$ values in superconducting wires/tapes are desirable for high magnetic field applications. Recently developed pnictide wires/tapes exhibit exceptional superconducting properties such as high critical temperature $({T}_{c})$, upper critical field $({H}_{c2})$, and almost field-independent ${J}_{c}$. Despite the great fabrication efforts, however, the newly discovered pnictide wires/tapes are still not able to replace low-temperature superconductors such as $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{b}}_{3}\mathrm{Sn}$, due to their inferior ${J}_{c}$ values. Ag-clad $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{2}$ tapes have demonstrated significant superconducting performance, although their low ${J}_{c}$ in comparison to $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{b}}_{3}\mathrm{Sn}$ is still a major challenge. By successfully employing hydrostatic pressure, a remarkably significant enhancement of ${J}_{c}$ by an order of magnitude can be achieved in $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{2}$ tapes in both low and high fields. This is a promising technological step forward towards high-field applications, as the record high ${J}_{c}$ values $(\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{5}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ at 4.2 K and 13 T, $P=1.1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa})$ obtained for $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{2}$ tape are superior to those of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{b}}_{3}\mathrm{Sn}$ and other pnictide wires/tapes. Here, we used magnetic ${J}_{c}$ data for comparison to the other reported transport ${J}_{c}$ data, due to the lack of transport measurement facility under hydrostatic pressure. Our systematic analysis shows that pressure-induced pinning centers are the main source of ${J}_{c}$ enhancement, along with a fractional contribution from geometric changes around the grain boundaries under pressure. We expect that utilization of an appropriate pressure approach will be a way to significantly enhance ${J}_{c}$ to beyond the cutoff (maximum) values in various superconductors produced using other existing methods for ${J}_{c}$ enhancement.
Primary hepatocytes of Tupaia belangeri as a potential model for hepatitis C virus infection (2002)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide, but the study of HCV infection has been hampered by the lack of an in vitro or in vivo small animal model. The tree shrew Tupaia belangeri is susceptible to infection with a variety of human viruses in vivo, including hepatitis viruses. We show that primary Tupaia hepatocytes can be infected with serum- or plasma-derived HCV from infected humans, as measured by de novo synthesis of HCV RNA, analysis of viral quasispecies evolution, and detection of viral proteins. Production of infectious virus could be demonstrated by passage to naive hepatocytes. To assess whether viral entry in Tupaia hepatocytes was dependent on the recently isolated HCV E2 binding protein CD81, we identified and characterized Tupaia CD81. Sequence analysis of cloned Tupaia cDNA revealed a high degree of homology between Tupaia and human CD81 large extracellular loops (LEL). Cellular binding of E2 and HCV infection could not be inhibited by anti-CD81 antibodies or soluble CD81-LEL, suggesting that viral entry can occur through receptors other than CD81. Thus, primary Tupaia hepatocytes provide a potential model for the study of HCV infection of hepatocytes.
Tunable diode laser IR spectrometer for in situ measurements of the gas phase composition and particle size distribution of Titan’s atmosphere (1990)

A new instrument, the Probe Infrared Laser Spectrometer (PIRLS), is described for in situ sensing of the gas composition and particle size distribution of Titan's atmosphere on the NASA/ESA Saturn Orbiter/Titan Probe Cassini Mission. For gas composition measurements, several narrow bandwidth (0.0001 cm(-l)) tunable lead-salt diode lasers operating near 80 K at selected, mid-IR wavelengths (3-16 microm) are directed over a pathlength defined by a small reflector extending over the edge of the probe spacecraft platform; volume mixing ratios of 10(-9) should be measurable for several species of interest. A cloud particle size spectrometer using a diode laser source at 0.78 microm shares the optical path and deployed reflector; a combination of imaging and light scattering techniques will be used to determine sizes of haze and cloud particles and their number density as a function of altitude.
Endoscopic Evidence of Calculus Attachment to Randall’s Plaque (2006)

The prevalence of attached stones in calcium oxalate stone formers (48%) is greater than that previously reported for the general population. Attachment appears to be on Randall's plaque. The high prevalence of attached stones and the appearance of the attachment site are consistent with a mechanism of calcium oxalate stone formation in which stones begin as plaque overgrowth.
VSR sort: A novel vectorised sorting algorithm &amp; architecture extensions for future microprocessors (2015)

Sorting is a widely studied problem in computer science and an elementary building block in many of its subfields. There are several known techniques to vectorise and accelerate a handful of sorting algorithms by using single instruction-multiple data (SIMD) instructions. It is expected that the widths and capabilities of SIMD support will improve dramatically in future microprocessor generations and it is not yet clear whether or not these sorting algorithms will be suitable or optimal when executed on them. This work extrapolates the level of SIMD support in future microprocessors and evaluates these algorithms using a simulation framework. The scalability, strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm are experimentally derived. We then propose VSR sort, our own novel vectorised non-comparative sorting algorithm based on radix sort. To facilitate the execution of this algorithm we define two new SIMD instructions and propose a complementary hardware structure for their execution. Our results show that VSR sort has maximum speedups between 14.9x and 20.6x over a scalar baseline and an average speedup of 3.4x over the next-best vectorised sorting algorithm.
Structure and catalytic mechanism of horseradish peroxidase. Regiospecific meso alkylation of the prosthetic heme group by alkylhydrazines. (1987)

Horseradish peroxidase is inactivated in a time-, H2O2-, and concentration-dependent manner by phenylethyl-, ethyl-, and methylhydrazine. The pseudo- first order kinetic constants for these inactivation reactions at pH 7 are: phenylethyl (KI = 115 microM, kinact = 1.5 min-1, partition ratio = 11), ethyl (KI = 145 microM, kinact = 0.08 min-1, partition ratio = 32), and methyl (KI = 3000 microM, kinact = 0.12 min-1, partition ratio = 80). At pH 5, the constants for the phenylethyl reaction change to KI = 1540 microM and kinact = 0.86 min-1. A transient absorbance at approximately 830 nm, suggestive of an isoporphyrin intermediate, is seen during these reactions. The prosthetic heme is converted by each of the three alkylhydrazines into the corresponding delta-meso-alkylated heme. Complete inactivation of the enzymes by methyl-, ethyl-, and phenylethylhydrazine is associated with alkylation of 60-70, 70, and 90%, respectively, of the prosthetic heme groups. The absence of N-alkylation and the high specificity for the delta-meso position, even with agents as small as methylhydrazine, strengthen the proposal that electron abstraction is mediated by the heme edge rather than the ferryl oxygen of horseradish peroxidase.
A matrix converter using reverse blocking NPT-IGBTs and optimized pulse patterns (2002)

The paper compares three-phase to three-phase IGBT matrix converters in which required four-quadrant switches are realized by conventional common collector configurations and a sophisticated semiconductor loss model is used to compute the converter losses for both switch configurations. New pulse patterns are derived to minimize the input current harmonics.