gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Needle Size and Injection Rate Impact Microbubble Contrast Agent Population (2020)

The most common type of ultrasound contrast agents are encapsulated microbubbles, typically 1–5 microns in diameter. These microbubbles are injected into the bloodstream to provide image enhancement during an ultrasound exam. Due to their compressibility, these microbubbles are inherently sensitive to changes in pressure. For imaging, this is beneficial in that these microbubbles oscillate in an acoustic field and allow imaging systems to detect their response uniquely from tissue. However, this sensitivity also means that microbubbles can be readily destroyed by significant hydrostatic pressure. Injection of these microbubbles through a small-gauge catheter, such as sometimes performed in small animal imaging studies, can result in microbubble destruction. In this manuscript, the effects of microbubble injection through catheters of varying diameter are examined. Our results indicate that the concentration and size distribution of microbubbles can be substantially altered in cases of rapid injection through small needles.
Green synthesis approach: extraction of chitosan from fungus mycelia (2012)

Chitosan, copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine is mainly derived from chitin, which is present in cell walls of crustaceans and some other microorganisms, such as fungi. Chitosan is emerging as an important biopolymer having a broad range of applications in different fields. On a commercial scale, chitosan is mainly obtained from crustacean shells rather than from the fungal sources. The methods used for extraction of chitosan are laden with many disadvantages. Alternative options of producing chitosan from fungal biomass exist, in fact with superior physico-chemical properties. Researchers around the globe are attempting to commercialize chitosan production and extraction from fungal sources. Chitosan extracted from fungal sources has the potential to completely replace crustacean-derived chitosan. In this context, the present review discusses the potential of fungal biomass resulting from various biotechnological industries or grown on negative/low cost agricultural and industrial wastes and their by-products as an inexpensive source of chitosan. Biologically derived fungal chitosan offers promising advantages over the chitosan obtained from crustacean shells with respect to different physico-chemical attributes. The different aspects of fungal chitosan extraction methods and various parameters having an effect on the yield of chitosan are discussed in detail. This review also deals with essential attributes of chitosan for high value-added applications in different fields.
<sc>L</sc>-Galactono-γ-Lactone Dehydrogenase: Partial Characterization, Induction of Activity and Role in the Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Wounded White Potato Tuber Tissue (1994)

The total initial vitamin C content (23 mg%) of sliced white potato tuber tissue incubated at 20°C decreased slightly during the first 12 h and increased thereafter by 80% during a 48-h incubation. The ascorbic acid (AsA) content (21 mg%) decreased slightly during the first 12 h and then increased by 40% within 36 h and slowly decreased thereafter. The level of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) was low initially, being only 2 mg% at 36 h it started to increase and reached 10 mg% at 48 h. The activty of L-galactono-γ-lactone dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.2.3, GLDHase) in a 500 × g supernatant from the white potato tuber increased 2.3-fold from 0 to 12 h and remained at the elevated level for the 48-h observation period. Similar results were obtained with two different assays of GLDHase activity. Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel of the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone of the reaction product showed that AsA-hydrazone could be detected only after the reaction had been allowed to proceed for 10 min and not at 0 min. GLDHase was localized in the mitochondria by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and could be partly solubilized by sonication. Maximum activity was observed at pH 7.9. Two apparent Km values for L-galactono-γ-lactone were obtained for GLDHase, 0.08 and 0.23 mM. Substrate inhibition was observed at concentrations greater than 8.4 mM. The most effective substrate for the GLDHase was L-galactono-γ-lactone.
Mission Assurance Analysis Protocol (MAAP): Assessing Risk in Complex Environments (2005)

The global business environment continues to grow in complexity. The typical business process is no longer under a single point of management control. Instead, it has become common for management of a work process to be shared among multiple groups. The permanent enterprise, defined by an organizational chart, has been replaced by the virtual enterprise, defined by the mission being pursued. Activities today are rarely supported by dedicated, stand-alone technologies. Rather, interoperable, networked technologies form the backbone of our information infrastructures. Today, managers must deal with interrelationships and dependencies among technologies, data, tasks, activities, processes, and people that were unimaginable just a few short years ago. Unfortunately, conventional risk analysis techniques have proven inadequate for characterizing risk in today's complex operational environments, so it was necessary to develop new and innovative approaches. The Mission Assurance Analysis Protocol (MAAP) defines an advanced, systematic approach for analyzing operational risk and gauging mission assurance in complex work processes. This report presents the concepts and underlying theories behind the MAAP, highlights results from early piloting of the technique, and outlines future research directions.
CRISPR/dCas9 as a Therapeutic Approach for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Innovations and Limitations Compared to Traditional Strategies (2021)

Brain development is a complex process that requires a series of precise and coordinated events to take place. When alterations in some of those events occur, neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) may appear, with their characteristic symptoms, including cognitive, social motor deficits, and epilepsy. While pharmacologic treatments have been the only therapeutic options for many years, more recently the research is turning to the direct removal of the underlying genetic cause of each specific NDD. This is possible thanks to the increased knowledge of genetic basis of those diseases and the enormous advances in genome-editing tools. Together with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-based strategies, there is a great development also of nuclease defective Cas9 (dCas9) tools that, with an extreme flexibility, allow the recruitment of specific protein functions to the desired genomic sites. In this work, we review dCas9-based tools and discuss all the published applications in the setting of therapeutic approaches for NDDs at the preclinical level. In particular, dCas9-based therapeutic strategies for Dravet syndrome, transcallosal dysconnectivity caused by mutations in C11orf46 gene, and Fragile X syndrome are presented and discussed. A direct comparison with other possible therapeutic strategies, such as classic gene replacement or CRISPR/Cas9-based strategies, is provided. We also highlight not only those aspects that constitute a clear advantage compared to previous strategies but also the main technical hurdles related to their applications that need to be overcome.
Self‐Assembly of Polyoxo Clusters and Extended Frameworks by Controlled Hydrolysis of Low‐Valent Uranium (2007)

Cores for celebration! Hydrolysis of trivalent uranium compounds with a stoichiometric amount of water leads to mixed-valence (UIV/UV) discrete clusters with the U6O8 core and with the unprecedented U12O20 core (see picture, right; U green, O red), and to the assembly of U6O8 clusters into extended 3D networks of zeolite-like topology with nanosized cavities (left; U pink, K violet, O red, F green).
Perspectives in chemistry : from supramolecular chemistry to constitutional dynamic chemistry toward adaptive chemistry (2008)

International audience
Use of implantable telemetry systems for study of cardiovascular phenomena. (1972)

Preliminary observations of cardiovascular function have been made in four chimpanzees using multichannel implantable units. Measurements of right- and left-sided pressures were periodically made in these animals over a four-month period, including continuous observations for selected 24-hour periods. Pressures recorded with animals in an awake, unanesthetized, unrestrained state were much lower than pressures reported for restrained animals in similar situations. Diurnal variations of pressure tended to occur, but were not as clear-cut as those reported to occur for humans. The ability to implant a transmitter chronically and receive useful multichannel information in the chimpanzee encourages the future use of such implant devices as part of the control system for an artificial heart or directly for use in man.
The small lentiginous nevus (1985)

Eighteen small lentiginous nevi, each 1-3 mm in diameter, showed aggregates (nests) of melanocytes in the lower portion of the epidermis. In six of the 18 nevi, nests of melanocytes were evident only after examination of numerous serial sections (approximately 100-125). These six lesions would have been diagnosed as simple "lentigines" if the serial sections had not been examined. Lesions referred to as simple "lentigines" may actually be lentiginous nevi.
Faser/Matrix-Haftung von CFK unter dynamischer Belastung (2006)

Kurzfassung In hochentwickelten Leichtbauteilen aus kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) bestimmen die Eigenschaften der Faser/Matrix-Grenzschicht wesentlich die makroskopischen Eigenschaften des Verbundes. Zur quantitativen Bewertung der Grenzschicht wird die Faser/Matrix-Enthaftung industriell beschlichteter und unbehandelter Kohlenstofffasern vor und nach Belastung mittels Rüntgen-Refraktion verglichen. Dazu werden die für Anwendungen in Transportsystemen relevante zyklisch-dynamische Belastung und der Schlagschaden (Impact) eingesetzt und die mechanischen Schädigungsparameter mit der Faserenthaftung verglichen.
Leptomeningeal Dissemination of a Low-Grade Brainstem Glioma without Local Recurrence (2012)

It is rare for low-grade gliomas to disseminate to the leptomeninges. However, low-grade gliomas with dissemination to the leptomeninges have been occasionally reported in children, and have generally been associated with local recurrence. A 16-year-old boy sought evaluation for diplopia and gait disturbance. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed pontine mass, which was proved to be fibrillary astrocytoma on biopsy, later. Radiation therapy (5400 cGy) was given and the patient's symptoms were improved. He was followed-up radiologically for brain lesion. Seven months after diagnosis he complained of back pain and gait disturbance. A brain MRI showed a newly-developed lesion at the left cerebellopontine angle without an interval change in the primary lesion. A spinal MRI demonstrated leptomeningeal dissemination of the entire spine. Radiation therapy (3750 cGy) to the spine, and adjuvant chemotherapy with a carboplatin plus vincristine regimen were administered. However, he had a progressive course with tumoral hemorrhage and expired 13 months after diagnosis. We report an unusual case of a low-grade brainstem glioma with spinal dissemination, but without local recurrence, and a progressive course associated with hemorrhage.
Neurofibromatosis type 1: A model condition for the study of the molecular basis of variable expressivity in human disorders (1999)

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a pleiotropic autosomal dominant disorder with marked variability of clinical expression. As in other heritable disorders, the mapping and cloning of the gene responsible for NF1 have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. In particular, the phenotypic variability and variable expressivity can be studied using molecular techniques. In this article we summarize the current knowledge of genotype/phenotype correlation in NF1 and examine the potential molecular basis for variable expressivity. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Semin. Med. Genet.) 89:7-13, 1999.
DESIGN OF A NEW EMG SENSOR FOR UPPER LIMB PROSTHETIC CONTROL AND REAL TIME FREQUENCY ANALYSIS (2008)

Myoelectric prosthesis are aids that try to give back to patients a bit of autonomy and\nindipendence in their life. Several control techniques were explored in the past, but still the\nelectromyographic (EMG) control remains the most widely used method. Most of the\ncommercial EMG electrodes for prosthetic control available on the market modify the\nacquired signal acting a heavy frequency filtering, making the signal more clear and better\nsuitable for prosthetic control even if the information related to its frequency behaviour are\nlost. This information instead would be precious for a frequency analysis, to face and solve\nthe problem of musclular fatigue, an effect that arises in case both of repetitive movements\nand sustained isometric contraction, as literature reports, causing an amplitude increasing and\na spectrum shift toward lower frequencies of the EMG signal. This, in turn, can cause\nproblems in the control of myoelectric prostheses [1]. The aim of this work is hence to\nillustrate the design of a new EMG electrode suitable both for prosthetic control and\nfrequency analisys, taking into account the problem of muscular fatigue.
Past, present and future of fuzzy control: a case for application of fuzzy logic in hierarchical control (2003)

Fuzzy logic control emerged in the mid 1970s as a paradigm for rule based control of dynamic systems, primarily in process type control situations. In the past two decades, and specially in the mid 80s to mid 90s, fuzzy logic control, has been successfully deployed in a broad spectrum of application areas ranging from automatic train operation to flight systems. None the less there remains a great deal of scepticism within the control community as to what the real merits of this paradigm are. We focus on the positive aspect of fuzzy logic control, as well as some significant controversial issues that surround this paradigm. In particular, we contend that while the semantic transparency offered by fuzzy logic enables control engineers to efficiently develop control strategies in application areas marked by low order dynamics with weak nonlinearities, the broader impact of fuzzy logic should be in hierarchically structured systems, perhaps in combination with conventional control techniques. We offer examples of application of fuzzy logic in hierarchical setting and discuss a number of theoretical issues that arise in these settings.
A Novel Linear Actuator and Its Controlling System (2007)

The magnetically controlled Shape Memory alloy (MSMA) is a new type of functional materials, which has large strain and high efficiency of electromechanical energy conversion. In this paper the shape variation mechanism and magnetically controlled characteristic of MSMA material, the operation principle of inchworm type MSMA linear actuator as well as the design and control method of the actuator are introduced. The experimental results of an inchworm MSMA prototype linear actuator are also presented.
In vivo dopamine agonist and antagonist activities of a series of substituted dihydrophenalenes (1990)

Abstract A series of structurally rigid compounds (2‐amino‐2, 3‐dihydro‐3H‐phenalenes) has been synthesized for dopamine (DA) agonist activities. One member (U‐66444B) in the series has been reported as a potent and selective agonist for presynaptic DA receptors. Among close analogues of U‐66444B, we have identified two compounds with DA antagonist activities by behavioral and biochemical endpoints. The distinguishing chemical features of these two antagonists are methyl substitutions on the amino nitrogen and a phenolic hydroxy group having a most proximal position to the amino group. The structure‐activity relationship in this series of compounds may contribute to future design of DA agonists and antagonists.
Status Report on CERN SC (1979)

The reconstructed CERN 600 MeV Synchro-Cyclotron has been in operation since 1975. Down time in 1977 has been below 5%; over two hundred experimental physicists use the machine (about half working with the Isotope On Line Separator, Isolde). The beam is normally shared between an internal and an external target. Good macro duty cycle with virtually no RF structure is obtained using a programmed dipole. Since the spring '78 shutdown, an extracted 3He2+ beam (910 MeV) is available and is being used both by Isolde and for counter experiments. Project studies have shown the feasibility of accelerating 12C4+ to 86 MeV/nucleon (and other ions having Q/A = 1/3); authorization was received in June and the beam is planned for autumn 1979.
Poly(imino ketone)s as New High-Performance Polymers (2004)

A series of novel poly(imino ketone)s (PIK) have been synthesized via palladium-catalyzed polycondensation (Hartwig−Buchwald reaction) of aromatic dichloro or dibromo ketones with various aromatic diamines. The influence of the halogen-containing monomers, concentration, temperature, and catalyst ligands on the polycondensation reaction and on the polymer polydispersity was investigated. These polymers showed good thermal stability with high decomposition temperatures. FT-IR spectra of the PIKs revealed that in the solid state intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding (N−H···OC) are present. A model compound was synthesized and characterized by standard spectroscopic methods in order to assist in the structure proof of the polymer. The mechanical behavior of the PIK polymers suggests that they can be considered as a new class of high-performance polymers.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) Membranes for Biogas Upgrading (2020)

Asymmetric polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) membranes were fabricated by a non-solvent induced phase inversion method. Glycerin and silica nanoparticles were added into the polymer solution to investigate their effects on the material properties and gas separation performance of prepared membranes. The morphology and structure of PPSU membranes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface roughness of the selective layer was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the surface free energy was calculated based on the contact angle measurements by using various solvents. The gas separation performance of PPSU membranes was estimated by measuring the permeability of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>. The addition of glycerin as a nonsolvent into the polymer solution changed the cross-section structure from finger-like structure into sponge-like structure due to the delayed liquid-liquid demixing process, which was confirmed by SEM analysis. The incorporation of silica nanoparticles into PPSU membranes slightly increased the hydrophilicity, which was confirmed by water contact angle results. PPSU membrane fabricated from the polymer solution containing 10 wt.% glycerin showed the best CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> selectivity of 3.86 and the CO<sub>2</sub> permeability of 1044.01 Barrer. Mixed matrix PPSU membrane containing 0.1 wt.% silica nanoparticles showed the CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> selectivity of 3.16 and the CO<sub>2</sub> permeability of 1202.77 Barrer.
Fibre type‐specific increase in passive muscle tension in spinal cord‐injured subjects with spasticity (2006)

Patients with spasticity typically present with an increased muscle tone that is at least partly caused by an exaggerated stretch reflex. However, intrinsic changes in the skeletal muscles, such as altered mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix or the cytoskeleton, have been reported in response to spasticity and could contribute to hypertonia, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we examined the vastus lateralis muscles from spinal cord-injured patients with spasticity (n = 7) for their passive mechanical properties at three different levels of structural organization, in comparison to healthy controls (n = 7). We also assessed spasticity-related alterations in muscle protein expression and muscle ultrastructure. At the whole-muscle level in vivo, we observed increased passive tension (PT) in some spasticity patients particularly at long muscle lengths, unrelated to stretch reflex activation. At the single-fibre level, elevated PT was found in cells expressing fast myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms, especially MyHC-IIx, but not in those expressing slow MyHC. Type IIx fibres were present in higher than normal proportions in spastic muscles, whereas type I fibres were proportionately reduced. At the level of the isolated myofibril, however, there were no differences in PT between patients and controls. The molecular size of the giant protein titin, a main contributor to PT, was unchanged in spasticity, as was the titin : MyHC ratio and the relative desmin content. Electron microscopy revealed extensive ultrastructural changes in spastic muscles, especially expanded connective tissue, but also decreased mitochondrial volume fraction and appearance of intracellular amorphous material. Results strongly suggest that the global passive muscle stiffening in spasticity patients is caused to some degree by elevated PT of the skeletal muscles themselves. We conclude that this increased PT component arises not only from extracellular matrix remodelling, but also from structural and functional adaptations inside the muscle cells, which alter their passive mechanical properties in response to spasticity in a fibre type-dependent manner.
Automatic Translation for Multiple NLP tasks: a Multi-task Approach to Machine-oriented NMT Adaptation (2020)

Although machine translation (MT) traditionally pursues “human-oriented” objectives, humans are not the only possible consumers of MT output. For instance, when automatic translations are used to feed downstream Natural Language Processing (NLP) components in cross-lingual settings, they should ideally pursue “machine-oriented” objectives that maximize the performance of these components. Tebbifakhr et al. (2019) recently proposed a reinforcement learning approach to adapt a generic neural MT(NMT) system by exploiting the reward from a downstream sentiment classifier. But what if the downstream NLP tasks to serve are more than one? How to avoid the costs of adapting and maintaining one dedicated NMT system for each task? We address this problem by proposing a multi-task approach to machine-oriented NMT adaptation, which is capable to serve multiple downstream tasks with a single system. Through experiments with Spanish and Italian data covering three different tasks, we show that our approach can outperform a generic NMT system, and compete with single-task models in most of the settings.
Ultrafast laser control of ionic-bond formation: ClF in argon solids (2001)

The formation of the two ionic products of Cl+F− versus Arn+F− is controlled by variation of the time delay between two ultrafast UV pulses. The Arn+F− exciplex is characterized by a fluorescence band at 355 nm and the Cl+F− product by the D′ emission at 420 nm. In this Tannor–Kosloff–Rice control scheme, the pump pulse dissociates ClF in a solid argon matrix. During the early dynamics in the matrix cage the F fragments have sufficient kinetic energy to closely approach the Ar atoms. Here a control pulse, which is delayed by typically 3 ps, induces the ionic bond Arn+F−. Energy loss by collisions with the cage leads to recombination and vibrational relaxation in the B state of ClF. A control pulse delayed by 30–100 ps leads to exclusive formation of the ionic bond Cl+F−. A switching contrast better than 1 to 10 can be achieved in both directions. The control scheme makes use of the time scale of vibrational relaxation. By femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy we show the wave packet oscillations from the recombination dynamics in the cage lasting for 2 ps and determine the subsequent decay of vibrational energy.