gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Gasoline Injection (1997)

Gasoline Direct Injection technology is actually in the focus of intensive development activities, primarily due to the outstanding potential for fuel economy improvement. Direct injection enables a variety of fuel economy-oriented as well as emission-oriented Gasoline engine concepts based on various possible operation modes as homogeneous stoichiometric, homogeneous lean, lean and stratified near stoichiometric operation. Especially the mode of stratified stoichiometric or near stoichiometric operation represents a new approach for ultra low emission concepts. 
Current development activities primarily are focused on extremely lean stratified operation. This target can be approached with a variety of combustion systems which can be tailored, at least to a certain extend, towards various base engine configurations. A key component for these combustion systems however, is the injection system with its spray characteristics. 
Due to the variety of possible operation modes of a GDI engine, the engine management system and its control algorithms as well as an efficient and durable exhaust gas aftertreatment are playing a major role in meeting future emission legislation and driveability requirements.
Directional Transneuronal Spread of α-Herpesvirus Infection (2009)

Most α-herpesviruses are pantropic, neuroinvasive pathogens that establish a reactivateable, latent infection in the PNS of their natural hosts. Various manifestations of herpes disease rely on extent and direction of the spread of infection between the surface epithelia and the nervous system components that innervate that surface. One aspect of such controlled spread of infection is the capacity for synaptically defined, transneuronal spread, a property that makes α-herpesviruses useful tools for determining the connectivity of neural circuits. The current understanding of intra-axonal transport and transneuronal spread of α-herpesviruses is reviewed, focusing on work with herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus, the available in vitro technology used to study viral transport and spread is evaluated and how certain viral mutants can be used to examine neural circuit architecture is described in this article.
Towards building mobile device that behaves according to contexts (2005)

Misbehaviors (e.g. ringing loudly in the middle of a lecture) of mobile phone systems have been increasingly become a disturbing and almost hazard social phenomena. This is simply because existing mobile phone systems including those so called smart-phones do not have a proper computational mechanism which enables them to dynamically adjust their behaviors according to specific contexts (the user of) the mobile phone may be in (such as in a meeting or in a lecture). In this paper, we discuss a context-based approach to automatic regulation of mobile phone behaviors and its initial experimenting implementation on a major mobile phone platform. In this method, various kinds of phone behaviors are articulated and represented in an ontological model. A mobile-phone specific contextual model is also developed to specify taxonomy of the situations the cell phone may reside in. The two models are integrated in the form of semantic network in which they are connected by two kinds of inferential relationships: enable and disable. The preliminary experiments have demonstrated the promising potential of the approach. (4 pages)
Differential Effects of Gefitinib and Cetuximab on Non–small-cell Lung Cancers Bearing Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations (2005)

EGFR mutations in NSCLC cells are associated with sensitivity to gefitinib but not to cetuximab.
Isolation and characterization of high and low differentiation-inducible Friend leukemia lines. (1976)

Induction of erythrodifferentiation was carried out by addition of dimenthyl sulfoxide or butyric acid to the culture medium among 80 subclones of T-3-Cl-2 Friend mouse leukemia line. Hemoglobin-positive cells were counted on day 5 of the inducer treatment on the hemocytometer after benzidine staining. Some cell lines were indicible by both of the inducers, but others were insensitive to dimethyl sulfoxide, but sensitive to butyric acid. Eight characteristic T-3-Cl-2 subclones have been selected; 2 highly inducible, 2 moderately inducible, and 4 minimally inducible. The data of differentiation inducibility together with the history of the T-3-Cl-2 line may facilitate extensive application of the T-3-Cl-2 system.
The effects of vascular access types on the survival and quality of life and depression in the incident hemodialysis patients (2019)

Background Although arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis (HD), the association between vascular access types and quality of life is not well-known. We investigated the relationships between HD vascular access types and all-cause mortality, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the degree of depression in a large prospective cohort. Methods A total of 1461 patients who newly initiated HD were included. The initial vascular access types were classified into AVF, arteriovenous graft (AVG), and central venous catheter (CVC). The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and HRQOL and depression. The secondary outcome was all-cause hospitalization. Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form 36 (KDQOL-36) and Beck's depression inventory (BDI) scores were measured to assess HRQOL and depression. Results Among 1461 patients, we identified 314 patients who started HD via AVF, 76 via AVG, and 1071 via CVC. In the survival analysis, patients with AVF showed significantly better survival compared with patients with other accesses (p &lt; .001). The AVF and AVG group had higher KDQOL-36 score and lower BDI score than CVC group at 3 months and 12 months after the initiation of HD. The frequency of hospitalization was higher in patients with AVG compared to those with AVF (AVF 0.7 vs. AVG 1.1 times per year) (p = .024). Conclusions The patients with AVF had better survival rate and low hospitalization rate, and the patients with AVF or AVG showed both higher HRQOL and lower depression scores than those with CVC.
A High-Efficiency Soft-Switched AC/DC Converter With Current-Doubler Synchronous Rectification (2005)

An improved ac/dc converter based on asymmetrical half-bridge topology is proposed in this paper. To substantially enhance the efficiency for low-voltage/high-current output applications, a current-doubler synchronous rectifier is combined with a modified asymmetrical half-bridge converter that retains the inherent zero-voltage-switching property. The power losses in the secondary rectification stage and the primary switches can be significantly reduced. The proposed architecture exhibits extreme simplicity and lower cost while providing unity power factor, well-regulated output, and high power density. The detailed operating principles and design procedures for the proposed converter are described in this paper. Simulation and experimental results for a laboratory prototype are discussed to verify the feasibility.
Crystal Engineering of Three Net‐to‐Net Intersecting Metal–Organic Frameworks from Two Comparable Organic Linking Squares (2010)

Abstract The syntheses and structures of three mixed‐ligand metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), {[M 2 (btec)(bpym)(H 2 O) 4 ] · 4H 2 O} n [M = Cu ( 1 ), Ni ( 2 )] and [Zn 4 (btec) 2 (bpym)(H 2 O) 6 ] n ( 3 ) (btec = benzene‐1,2,4,5‐tetracarboxylate, bpym = 5,5′‐bipyrimidine) are described. MOFs 1 and 2 feature 3D grid‐type frameworks with a cds ‐type topology, which are comprised of two mutually intersecting M(btec)‐based and M(bpym)‐based 4 4 ‐ sql layers. MOF 3 consists of an anionic 3D (4,4)‐connected pts network that is intersected by cationic hydrogen‐bonded 4 4 ‐ sql layers, [(H 2 O) 3 Zn(μ‐ anti ‐η 2 ‐bpym)Zn(H 2 O) 3 ] 4+ , thereby giving rise to a 3D network. The structural diversities between the two types of MOF architectures can be attributed to the coordination geometry preference of the metal ions (square planar for Cu II and Ni II and tetrahedral for Zn II ). In addition, temperature‐controlled X‐ray powder diffraction studies reveal that MOF 1 possesses reversible desorption/sorption properties upon the removal/uptake of water molecules. The magnetic behavior of 1 was investigated in the 2–300 K range. The data indicate the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the two Cu II metal centers that are bridged by a pyrimidine ring.
Experimental investigation of cross talk in two-channel fiber waveguides (1986)

An experimental investigation was made of the dependences of the cross-talk level on the parameters of a two-channel multimode fiber waveguide. The existence of a steady-state cross-talk level was established. The dependence of this level on the normalized distance between the channels was readily approximated by an exponential law. The possibility of selection of parameters of a two-channel waveguide to achieve a given cross-talk level was established.
Interleukin-21 Drives Proliferation and Differentiation of Porcine Memory B Cells into Antibody Secreting Cells (2017)

Immunological prevention of infectious disease, especially viral, is based on antigen-specific long-lived memory B cells. To test for cellular proliferation and differentiation factors in swine, an outbred model for humans, CD21+ B cells were activated in vitro with CD40L and stimulated with purported stimulatory cytokines to characterize functional responses. IL-21 induced a 3-fold expansion in total cell numbers with roughly 15% of all B cells differentiating to IgM or IgG antibody secreting cells (ASCs.) However, even with robust proliferation, cellular viability rapidly deteriorated. Therefore, a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) and B cell activating factor (BAFF) were evaluated as survival and maintenance factors. BAFF was effective at enhancing the viability of mature B cells as well as ASCs, while APRIL was only effective for ASCs. Both cytokines increased approximately two-fold the amount of IgM and IgG which was secreted by IL-21 differentiated ASCs. Mature B cells from porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) immune and naïve age-matched pigs were activated and treated with IL-21 and then tested for memory cell differentiation using a PRRSV non-structural protein 7 ELISPOT and ELISA. PRRSV immune pigs were positive on both ELISPOT and ELISA while naïve animals were negative on both assays. These results highlight the IL-21-driven expansion and differentiation of memory B cells in vitro without stimulation of the surface immunoglobulin receptor complex, as well as the establishment of a defined memory B cell culture system for characterization of vaccine responses in outbred animals.
Precipitation and Crystallization Kinetics in Silica Gardens (2016)

Silica gardens are extraordinary plant-like structures resulting from the complex interplay of relatively simple inorganic components. Recent work has highlighted that macroscopic self-assembly is accompanied by the spontaneous formation of considerable chemical gradients, which induce a cascade of coupled dissolution, diffusion, and precipitation processes occurring over timescales as long as several days. In the present study, this dynamic behavior was investigated for silica gardens based on iron and cobalt chloride by means of two synchrotron-based techniques, which allow the determination of concentration profiles and time-resolved monitoring of diffraction patterns, thus giving direct insight into the progress of dissolution and crystallization phenomena in the system. On the basis of the collected data, a kinetic model is proposed to describe the relevant reactions on a fundamental physicochemical level. The results show that the choice of the metal cations (as well as their counterions) is crucial for the development of silica gardens in both the short and long term (i.e. during tube formation and upon subsequent slow equilibration), and provide important clues for understanding the properties of related structures in geochemical and industrial environments.
COVID‐19 pandemic impact on cytopathology practice in the post‐lockdown period: An international, multicenter study (2022)

The data showed a persistent reduction in the cytological specimen volume during the post-lockdown period (2020). However, the relative increase in the cytological workload in the late part of the post-lockdown is a promising finding of a slow return to normality.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient, Mild and Selective Ullmann‐Type N‐Arylation of Indoles Catalyzed by Copper(I) Complex. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Heterodimer Formation by Retinoid X Receptor:  Regulation by Ligands and by the Receptor's Self-Association Properties (1998)

The retinoid X receptor (RXR), a nuclear receptor that is activated by 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), can regulate transcription as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with numerous other receptors. It was previously shown that, in the absence of ligand, RXR self-associates into homotetramers which are transcriptionally silent, and that ligand-binding induces dissociation of RXR tetramers into active species, dimers and monomers. Here, the implications of tetramer formation by RXR for the ability of the receptor to heterodimerize with the retinoic acid and the vitamin D receptors (RAR and VDR) were studied. In addition, the effects of cognate ligands for RXR and for RAR and VDR on formation of the respective heterodimers were examined. The data indicate that RXR subunits that are sequestered in tetramers were not available for interactions with RAR or VDR and, consequently, that in the absence of a RXR ligand, only a small fraction of this receptor became involved in heterodimers. RXR-selective ligands led to tetramer dissociation, but also inhibited the formation of heterodimers, directing a significant fraction of RXR into homodimers. Ligand binding by either heterodimerization partner significantly stabilized the respective heterodimer. Thus, maximal heterodimerization was observed in the presence of both 9cRA, acting to release active RXR species from tetramers, and the partner's cognate ligand, acting to overcome the inhibitory effect of 9cRA on heterodimer formation. These observations suggest that, by modulating protein-protein interactions within homo- and hetero-oligomers of RXR, cognate ligands control the relative distribution of potential RXR-containing complexes, thereby determining the transcriptional pathways that may be invoked under particular conditions in vivo.
Impregnation of a pH-sensitive dye into sol–gels for fibre optic chemical sensors (1995)

The sol–gel method was used to investigate the preparation of gels which were subsequently impregnated with a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The work enabled the examination of several aspects of the system, including the leaching of the dye from the gel, a problem which has more severe consequences for fluorescence-based than absorption-based systems, where the use of a silylating agent was found to improve the immobilization of the dye to the substrate. The effect of the loss of dye was investigated in terms of the fluorescent response of the prepared gels, and this was cross-compared with that of the dye in solution, as a function of pH. This showed good agreement. The response time of the gel to pH changes was also observed. Further, aspects of the drying of the gels were investigated in terms of their physical appearance and the characteristics of the substrates thus produced for chemical sensing purposes. Various observations of failure characteristics of these gels under re-immersion in water were considered in light of their potential use, in chemical sensor probes, of sol–gel based systems.
Dual-Energy CT: Radiation Dose Aspects (2012)

The rediscovery of DECT and the increasing availability of this technique on clinical CT systems have opened new dimensions for CT. The advanced spectral differentiation of materials within the human body as well as the selective visualization or subtraction of iodinated contrast material or xenon provides both advanced visualization of disease-specific molecular substrates as well as additional functional information within a single scan.
Usefully functionalized products from conjugate addition of sulfur-stabilized anions to .alpha.-enones (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUsefully functionalized products from conjugate addition of sulfur-stabilized anions to .alpha.-enonesMichael R. Myers and Theodore CohenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 6, 1290–1295Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00267a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00267a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views281Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Progress in Solar Thermal Systems and Their Role in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (2022)

The use of solar thermal systems (STSs) has recently reached a significant edge. The increasing research on developing an alternative power supply for limiting fossil fuel usage and climate change are the driving forces of STSs. The current work explores the recent progress in STSs’ applications, including PV/T or “photovoltaic/thermal” systems, zero-energy buildings, greenhouse solar thermal applications, solar thermal for pumping water, solar thermal refrigerators, solar chimneys, water desalination, and solar collectors, along with the benefits and challenges of these applications. Then, the potential contribution of STSs in achieving the various SDGs or “Sustainable development goals”, including barriers and research gaps, are elaborated. In brief, STSs significantly contribute to the seventeen SDGs’ achievement directly and indirectly. Recent developments in the engineering applications of STSs are strongly based on the materials of construction, as well as their design, process optimisation, and integration with multidisciplinary sciences and technologies such as modelling, nanoscience/nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies of 3,4-Diarylpyrazoline Series of Compounds as Potent, Nonbrain Penetrant Antagonists of Cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) Receptor with Reduced Lipophilicity (2022)

In the present report, we describe the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel "four-arm" dihydropyrazoline compounds designed as peripherally restricted antagonists of cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB<sub>1</sub>R). A series of racemic 3,4-diarylpyrazolines were synthesized and evaluated initially in CB<sub>1</sub> receptor binding assays. The novel compounds, designed to limit brain penetrance and decreased lipophilicity, showed high affinity for CB<sub>1</sub>R and potent <i>in vitro</i> CB<sub>1</sub>R antagonist activities. Promising compounds with potent CB<sub>1</sub>R activity were evaluated in tissue distribution studies. Compounds <b>6a</b>, <b>6f</b>, and <b>7c</b> showed limited brain penetrance attesting to its peripheral restriction. The 4<i>S</i>-enantiomer of these compounds further showed a stereoselective affinity for the CB<sub>1</sub> receptor and behaved as inverse agonists. <i>In vivo</i> studies on food intake and body weight reduction in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice showed that these compounds could serve as potential leads for the development of selective CB<sub>1</sub>R antagonists with improved potency and peripheral restriction.
Air robot path planning based on Intelligent Water Drops optimization (2008)

Path planning of air robot is a complicated global optimum problem. Intelligent water drops (IWD) algorithm is newly presented under the inspiration of the dynamic of river systems and the actions that water drops do in the rivers, and it is easy to combine with other methods in optimization. In this paper, we propose an improved IWD optimization algorithm for solving the air robot path planning problems in various environments. The water drops can act as an agent in searching the optimal path. The detailed realization procedure for this novel approach is also presented. Series experimental comparison results show the proposed IWD optimization algorithm is more effective and feasible in the air robot path planning than the basic IWD model.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Cross-Flow Welded Plate Heat Exchanger for Ammonia Synthesis Column (2016)

Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE) is one of the modern types of compact heat transfer equipment, which can significantly enhance the heat recuperation and improve efficiency of energy usage in many industrial applications. The construction of welded PHE (WPHE) can significantly widen the range of its application on temperature and pressure. The results of experimental study of heat transfer and pressure drop in a model of WPHE specially designed for work in ammonia synthesis columns are presented. The model consists of the round plates with special form of corrugations. The plates are welded together forming a pack with channels for two heat exchanging streams. The streams are in a cross flow that correspond to one pass of the multipass WPHE with overall counter-current flow. It is shown that for calculation of heat transfer effectiveness can be used the cross flow model where fluid in one channel is mixed, but in another unmixed. The Equations for calculation of film heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop are presented, which can be used in earlier developed method of WPHE design. The validity of the Equations and developed method of WPHE design is confirmed by the data of tests with WPHE installed in ammonia synthesis column at temperature up to 520 °C and pressure 32 MPa.