gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Added Cultural Distance and Cultural Diversity on International Expansion Patterns: A Penrosean Perspective (2010)

abstract International strategy research has identified a variety of multinational enterprise (MNE) expansion patterns. Some MNEs appear to expand internationally at a stable rate, whereas others expand rapidly in one period and then tend to experience slower growth. The latter pattern suggests the occurrence of the Penrose effect. We identified two determinants of these diverging patterns. First, we propose that high levels of added cultural distance (reflecting expansion into new local contexts) during one period, may negatively affect further international expansion because of dynamic adjustment costs. Second, we suggest that managing a network of subsidiaries operating in a set of local contexts with high cultural diversity, increases environmental and internal governance complexity. Extant cultural diversity of the local contexts where the MNE is active in a first period may therefore discourage adding further cultural distance. We test the hypothesized relationships using a panel of 91 German companies.
Beyond top down: designing with cubelets (2013)

Cubelets is a modular robotic building set that embodies a parallel distributed computing model. Unlike central-brain, top down command-and-control models that conventional robotics construction kits employ, a parallel distributed computing model accounts for emergent phenomena in the world. We compare the top down and parallel distributed models in the familiar task of constructing a maze-following robot. As we consider how these different robotics models contribute to maze following we also examine what role the parallel distributed model has in influencing students’ success, both at introductory robotics and at developing critical thinking skills.
3–3.6-GHz Wideband GaN Doherty Power Amplifier Exploiting Output Compensation Stages (2012)

We discuss the design, realization and experimental characterization of a GaN-based hybrid Doherty power amplifier for wideband operation in the 3-3.6-GHz frequency range. The design adopts a novel, simple approach based on wideband compensator networks. Second-harmonic tuning is exploited for the main amplifier at the upper limit of the frequency band, thus improving gain equalization over the amplifier bandwidth. The realized amplifier is based on a packaged GaN HEMT and shows, at 6 dB of output power back-off, a drain efficiency higher than 38% in the 3-3.6-GHz band, gain around 10 dB, and maximum power between 43 and 44 dBm, with saturated efficiency between 55% and 66%. With respect to the state of the art, we obtain, at a higher frequency, a wideband amplifier with similar performances in terms of bandwidth, output power, and efficiency, through a simpler approach. Moreover, the measured constant maximum output power of 20 W suggests that the power utilization factor of the 10-W (Class A) GaN HEMT is excellent over the amplifier band.
Challenges for acoustic calculation models in "Silent Timber Build", Part 1- FEM (2014)

The project Silent Timber Build will develop new prediction tools for timber structures. There are several challenges that have to be overcome to provide a full prediction tool. The differences in weight, stiffness and density for wooden structures compared to traditional, heavy and more homogeneous structural material have repercussions on how the sound propagates throughout the structures, affecting the sound and vibration insulation performance and also theories to be used in prediction models. Finite element simulations have proved to be useful in the design phase in a certain low and very low frequency range. By further developing reliable finite element tools for low frequencies, the performance of future wooden constructions can be predicted in a full frequency range, saving both time and money as all calculations, and modifications can be done during the design phase. However the upper limit for using FEM has to be further investigated and then be merged with statistical methods. This article, following another article Part 2, will focus on medium and high frequency range calculations. For full-scale building, Virtual SEA method, as analytic and SEA approaches will be used in frequencies low enough in order to optimize the overlap to FEM.
ChemInform Abstract: ONE STEP SYNTHESIS OF ALPHA‐AMIDO‐BETA‐LACTAMS (1973)

Abstract Die Säurederivate (I) reagieren mit den Schiffschen Basen (II) zu den Addukten (III).
Optimization algorithm for designing colored glass filters to simulate CIE illuminant D65 (1991)

Abstract An optimization algorithm is described and was used to design colored glass filters arranged either side‐by‐side, or side‐by‐side in series for simulating CIE illuminant D65. Many optimal results were obtained in acceptable CPU time; the category of the D65 daylight simulators that were constructed was BE (CIELUV). These D65 daylight simulators have the advantages of metamerism index B in the visible range, a high color‐rendering index, and high light efficiency. Additionally, they use tungsten‐halogen lamps of low correlated color temperature.
Phenylephrine in treating maternal hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: effects on neonatal catecholamine concentrations, acid base status and Apgar scores (1995)

Maternal and neonatal catecholamine concentrations, following the use of either phenylephrine or ephedrine to treat a drop in maternal blood pressure after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery, were compared. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 patients (n = 20) were treated with ephedrine given as 5 mg intravenous bolus injections; Group 2 patients (n = 20) were treated with phenylephrine given as 40 micrograms intravenous bolus injections, for decreases in maternal systolic blood pressure to maintain maternal systolic blood pressure above 100 mmHg. Maternal vein (MV), umbilical vein (UV), and umbilical artery (UA) blood samples were taken at the time of delivery. Samples were analyzed for catecholamine concentrations and blood gas values. Noradrenaline concentrations in UA, UV and MV (at delivery) samples were significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2; they were 6858 +/- 3689 vs 1674 +/- 944 pg.ml-1 (P < 0.0001), 1265 +/- 758 vs 395 +/- 470 pg.ml-1 (P < 0.001) and 239 +/- 165 vs 103 +/- 93 pg.ml-1 (P < 0.01), respectively. Comparing blood gas values between groups 1 and 2, statistically significant differences were observed in UA pH (7.28 +/- 0.01 and 7.32 +/- 0.01 pH units, P = 0.01), UA pCO2 (7.32 +/- 0.24 and 6.68 +/- 0.21 kPa, P = 0.03), UA base excess (2.2 +/- 0.4 and 0.9 +/- 0.4 mmol.1-1, P = 0.04) and UV base excess (2.0 +/- 0.3 and 0.7 +/- 0.3 mmol.1-1, P = 0.004). No significant differences in maternal characteristics, acid base values, incidence of nausea and vomiting, and Apgar scores were observed between groups. Phenylephrine appears to be as safe and effective as ephedrine in treatment of drop in blood pressure in healthy non-labouring parturients undergoing caesarean delivery. The use of phenylephrine was also associated with significantly lower noradrenaline concentrations in both mother and neonate.
Paroxysmal Ataxic Dysarthria (1976)

This report reviews 13 cases in which a dysarthria appeared, remitted, and reappeared within seconds. The speech pattern of each case was characteristic of ataxic dysarthria. A cinefluorographic film for one of the subjects provided a rare opportunity to study the articulatory dynamics of this disorder. Multiple sclerosis either was given as a diagnosis or was strongly suspected in each case, and carbamazepine has been an effective treatment. Speculations concerning the origin of the paroxysmal and ataxic character of the dysarthria are presented along with a preliminary checklist for identifying the disorder.
Ceramide kinase regulates growth and survival of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells (2007)

Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) is emerging as a new addition to the family of bioactive sphingolipid metabolites. At low concentrations, C1P enhanced survival of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and A549 lung cancer cells, while at high concentrations, it reduced survival and induced apoptosis. Apoptosis correlated with degradation of C1P to pro-apoptotic ceramide. To examine the role of endogenous C1P, expression of ceramide kinase, the enzyme that produces C1P, was downregulated, which reduced cellular proliferation, progression into S phase and enhanced apoptosis induced by serum starvation. Our results suggest that ceramide kinase determines the balance between pro-apoptotic ceramide and anti-apoptotic C1P to regulate cell fate, reminiscent of its function in plants.
REVIEWS (1993)

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access A MODERN TREATISE ON THE LAW OF CRIMINAL COMPLICITY. By K. J. M. SMITH. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. 277 pp. £35.00.) Ian Dennis Ian Dennis Faculty of Laws, University CollegeLondon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Spring 1993, Pages 307–308, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048322 Published: 01 March 1993
4‐(Acetylthio)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxobutyl and 4‐(tert‐Butyldisulfanyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxobutyl as Protecting Groups for Nucleoside 5′‐Phosphoramidates Derived from L‐Alanine Methyl Ester (2015)

Abstract Phosphoramidates 1 and 2 were synthesized by H ‐phosphonate methodology and subsequent oxidative amination with L ‐alanine methyl ester. The removal of the protecting groups at pH = 7.5 and 37 °C in the absence and presence of porcine liver esterase (PLE) or glutathione (GSH) was monitored by HPLC. The stability of phosphoramidate 1 was additionally studied at pH = 9 and 10. The reduction of the disulfide bond with glutathione from 2 triggers the removal of the protecting group by cyclization releasing quantitatively nucleoside 5′‐{ N ‐[(1 S )‐2‐oxo‐2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl]phosphoramidate} ( 7 ) as the desired product. With 1 , enzymatic deacetylation or acetyl migration from the sulfur atom to the adjacent hydrated oxo group followed by chemical cyclization produces 7 . The S–S‐bond‐mediated dimerization ( 8 ) competes as a side reaction. Prolonged treatment, however, resulted in the conversion of the S–S dimer 8 into 7 that undergoes slow alanine methyl ester hydrolysis to form 10 .
Towards a multi-level modeling approach for reconstruction. Application to medical data (2005)

This paper introduces a new modeling approach we call multi-level, which is well adapted to smooth objects coming from medical data. We believe in the importance of taking into account the global and the local characterization of an object, within a single model. Our model takes advantage of implicit surfaces with skeletons to represent the shape globally. Successive implicit layers then refine the model, in order to describe each level of detail in a coherent way, until the finest level, which corresponds to small local variations of the shape. We also present an original reconstruction method based on this model. Finally an application to the vertebra is presented.
Development of computer-based measurements and their application to PD pattern analysis (1995)

After referring briefly to the earlier developments of computer-based PD measurements in the 1970s, the paper outlines how the introduction of new technology has resulted in the design and production of a number of digital systems for use in test laboratories and on site. In order to avoid overgeneralization, the basis of the hardware required for detection and recording of the PD pulses is described by reference to a particular system, it being understood that many detailed variations are possible depending on the application. The paper describes a number of parameters that can be calculated by software and used to characterize the PD behavior. These include the IEC-270 integrated quantities, statistical moments and other fingerprints for recognizing the PD patterns within the power frequency cycle. Examples are given of the patterns obtained on equipment and samples. These are necessarily selective and are intended to indicate how the techniques may be applied. It is concluded that these new methods will become valuable in procedures for assessing the condition of electrical insulation, in particular faults or defects, but must be used in conjunction with existing techniques until improved confidence is achieved in interpreting results, especially in respect of the various phase-resolved distributions and calibration procedures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
TRAINING NEURAL NETWORK USING GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MACHINES (1997)

Direct torque control (DTC) is the simplest torque control of induction machines for industrial application.The key components of DTC is the state selector.In this paper,we will discuss to train the neural network using a genetic algorithm.The neural network is used to simulate the state selector of the conventional DTC.The simulations that have been performed were obtained using the trained state selector neural network instead of the conventional DTC for the same machine.The simulation results are satisfying.In addition,we have been tried simply the effect of change in crossover rate and mutation rate.
An Introduction to Military Satellite Communications. (1987)

Abstract : THis memorandum outlines the principles of military satellite communications. It examines the philosophy of system design, and the state of the art in both space and ground segments. Some current UK equipments, including SKYNET 4, are described by way of illustration. THe report is aimed as a broad tutorial introduction to the field, emphasising in particular those areas where Milsatcom differs from its civilian counterparts.
Bond Energies of Copper Ion−Ligand L Complexes CuL2+ Determined in the Gas Phase by Ion−Ligand Exchange Equilibria Measurements (1998)

The free energy changes, ΔG2, for the reaction CuL2+ = Cu+ + 2L were obtained in the gas phase for some 23 different ligands L. These results were based on the determination of ligand exchange equilibria of the type CuA2+ 2B = CuB2+ 2A. The equilibria were observed in a gas-phase ion−molecule reaction chamber sampled with a mass spectrometer. The entropy changes were determined by evaluation of the entropies S°, of the reactants from vibrational frequencies and moments of inertia obtained with HF/3-21G* basis sets. Combining and one obtained also the values. The range of values extended from 72 kcal/mol for the most weakly bonded ligand ethyl chloride to 135 kcal/mol for the most strongly bonding one, 1-methylimidazole. The results provide a partial confirmation of the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) principle. Comparison with available data for M+ = Li+ and Ag+ show that soft bases such as Me2S bond relatively more strongly to soft acids such as Cu+ and Ag+. However the actual bond energies are affected also by other interactions such as electrostatic contributions due to ion−ligand dipole attractive forces. Several of the ligands used correspond quite closely to the functional groups present on peptide residues. Therefore, a partial scale of peptide residue bonding to Cu+ can be established. Histidine is found to be the most strongly bonding residue.
NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN LYCOSIDÆ (1910)

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Trace Mineral Nutrition in Poultry and Swine (2010)

Trace minerals such as zinc, copper, and manganese are essential cofactors for hundreds of cellular enzymes and transcription factors in all animal species, and thus participate in a wide variety of biochemical processes. Immune development and response, tissue and bone development and integrity, protection against oxidative stress, and cellular growth and division are just a few examples. Deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to deficits in any of these processes, as well as reductions in growth performance. As such, most animal diets are supplemented with inorganic and/or organic forms of trace minerals. Inorganic trace minerals (ITM) such as sulfates and oxides form the bulk of trace mineral supplementation, but these forms of minerals are well known to be prone to dietary antagonisms. Feeding high-quality chelated trace minerals or other classes of organic trace minerals (OTM) can provide the animal with more bioavailable forms of the minerals. Interestingly, many, if not most, published experiments show little or no difference in the bioavailability of OTMs versus ITMs. In some cases, it appears that there truly is no difference. However, real differences in bioavailability can be masked if source comparisons are not made on the linear portion of the dose-response curve. When highly bioavailable chelated minerals are fed, they will better supply the biochemical systems of the cells of the animal, leading to a wide variety of benefits in both poultry and swine. Indeed, the use of certain chelated trace minerals has been shown to enhance mineral uptake, and improve the immune response, oxidative stress management, and tissue and bone development and strength. Furthermore, the higher bioavailability of these trace minerals allows the producer to achieve similar or improved performance, at reduced levels of trace mineral inclusion.
Preoperative Binocular Vision Characteristics in the Age-related Cataract Population (2021)

Abstract Background: This study is the first part of the “Binocular Vision Anomalies after Cataract Surgery” study that aimed to investigate the impact of cataract surgery on binocular vision status in adults with age-related cataract. This study aimed to investigate the preoperative binocular vision status of participants with age-related cataract. Methods: Patients who elected to undergo bilateral cataract surgery (≥50 years of age) were recruited. Clinical measures of binocular vision including stereopsis, ocular alignment, fusional vergence, vergence facility, convergence amplitude and a symptom survey related to binocular vision anomalies were administered. A detailed classification protocol was established to identify the presence of binocular vision anomalies. The frequency of specific binocular vision anomalies and normative data of binocular vision measures were reported. Results: A total of 73 subjects were evaluated. No strabismus was detected in the cohort. Non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies were detected in 24 subjects (32.9%), of whom 18 (24.7%) had convergence insufficiency, 3 (4.1%) had basic exophoria, 2 (2.7%) had convergence excess, and 1 (1.4%) had fusional vergence dysfunction. Decreased vergence facility and convergence amplitude were more common compared to the pre-presbyopes ( p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: Binocular vision problems, especially convergence insufficiency, are common in the adults with age-related cataract. The study results demonstrate that the lack of normative binocular vision data for the presbyopic population is a significant gap in the literature and suggest the need for a study of normative data for this population. Trial Registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03592615, USA).
MIS on the fly (2011)

Humans are very good at optimizing solutions for specific problems. Biological processes, on the other hand, have evolved to handle multiple constrained distributed environments and so they are robust and adaptable. Inspired by observations made in a biological system we have recently presented a simple new randomized distributed MIS algorithm \cite{ZScience}. Here we extend these results by removing a number of strong assumptions that we made, making the algorithms more practical. Specifically we present an $O(\log^2 n)$ rounds synchronous randomized MIS algorithm which uses only 1 bit unary messages (a beeping signal with collision detection), allows for asynchronous wake up, does not assume any knowledge of the network topology, and assumes only a loose bound on the network size. We also present an extension with no collision detection in which the round complexity increases to $(\log^3 n)$. Finally, we show that our algorithm is optimal under some restriction, by presenting a tight lower bound of $\Omega(\log^2 n)$ on the number of rounds required to construct a MIS for a restricted model.
A Collaborative Wireless Sensor Network Routing Scheme for Reducing Energy Wastage (2010)

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network of battery-powered nodes in which data is routed from sources to sinks. Each node consumes energy in order to transmit or receive on its radio. Consequently, an intermediate node that is used by multiple sources will quickly expire. If some sources are unable to route without the presence of that node, any remaining energy they have is wasted. We present a new routing scheme known as node reliance, which rates the degree to which nodes are relied upon in routing. The use of node reliance reduces the contention for intermediate nodes, permitting sources to route to sinks for longer and thus maximising the useful lifetime of the network.
The Collapse of the Keyhole in the Laser Welding of Materials (1994)

The collapse time of a keyhole following the extinction of a continuous CO2 laser beam during the process of laser welding is calculated for a variety of processing conditions. It is assumed that in a period of time much shorter than the collapse time of the keyhole the pressure in the keyhole drops to the ambient atmospheric pressure outside. The initial keyhole geometry is calculated using the integrated model of Ducharme et al (1992). It is argued that the keyhole collapses as a result of the considerable surface tension forces operating in the keyhole wall. The boundary condition for the pressure on the keyhole wall at the mouth of the keyhole is the ambient atmospheric pressure and an additional tangential contribution arises from the surface tension forces operating on the keyhole wall. The radial velocity of the keyhole wall is calculated as a function of time and the collapse time of the keyhole is then deduced knowing the initial keyhole radius from the model of Ducharme et al. (1993). In calculating the collapse time of the keyhole a full numerical solution for the three-dimensional time-dependent velocity field in the weld pool is obtained using the finite difference method. This work represents an extension of previous work in this area carried out by Kroos, Gratzke, Vicanek and Simon (1993). The results of the calculation are discussed in relation to the analysis of infrared and ultraviolet sensor data from the keyhole and the weld pool given by Kapadia et al. (1992). The understanding so gained will be of value in clarifying the radiative spectrum produced by the keyhole and will be of additional practical help in the use of radiative sensors to monitor laser welding. It will, furthermore, also provide insight into the behaviour of the keyhole when pulsed lasers are used to carry out laser welding.
Endocannabinoid–Dopamine Interactions in Striatal Synaptic Plasticity (2012)

The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is implicated in action control and learning. A large body of work has focused on the contribution of this system to modulation of the corticostriatal synapse, the predominant synapse type in the striatum. Signaling through the D2 dopamine receptor is necessary for endocannabinoid-mediated depression of corticostriatal glutamate release. Here we review the known details of this mechanism and discuss newly discovered signaling pathways interacting with this system that ultimately exert dynamic control of cortical input to the striatum and striatal output. This topic is timely with respect to Parkinson's disease given recent data indicating changes in the striatal endocannabinoid system in patients with this disorder.