gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Study of Aerosol Sources and Processing at the GVAX Pantnagar Supersite (2014)

This project funded the participation of scientists from seven research groups, running more than thirty instruments, in the Winter Intensive Operating Period (January-February 2012) of the Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) campaign at a rural site in Detling, UK, 45 km southeast of central London. The primary science questions for the ClearfLo Winter IOP were, 1) what is the urban increment of particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants in the greater London area, and, 2) what is the contribution of solid fuel use for home heating to wintertime PM? An additional motivation for the Detling measurements was the question of whether coatings on black carbon particles enhance absorption. The following four key accomplishments have been identified so far: 1) Chemical, physical and optical characterization of PM from local and regional sources (Figures 2, 4, 5 and 6). 2) Measurement of urban increment in particulate matter and gases in London (Figure 3). 3) Measurement of optical properties and chemical composition of coatings on black carbon containing particles indicates absorption enhancement. 4) First deployment of chemical ionization instrument (MOVI-CI-TOFMS) to measure both particle-phase and gas-phase organic acids. (See final report from Joel Thornton, University of Washington, for details.) Analysis of the large dataset acquired in Detling is ongoing and will yield further key accomplishments. These measurements of urban and rural aerosol properties will contribute to improved modeling of regional aerosol emissions, and of atmospheric aging and removal. The measurement of absorption enhancement by coatings on black carbon will contribute to improved modeling of the direct radiative properties of PM.
P1‐286: STRATIFICATION OF DEMENTIA SUB‐TYPES USING ARTERIAL SPIN LABELED MRI (2014)

With the advent of disease-modifying therapies that target specific pathologies, accurate diagnosis of different dementias, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontal temporal lobar degeneration, is becoming increasingly important. Recent advances in brain imaging have greatly facilitated our ability to visualize and quantify pathological and neurodegenerative markers in vivo. Using different imaging techniques in a multi-modal fashion may provide new insights into the pathophysiological processes underlying different dementias. The aim of this study was to assess patterns of cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism and amyloid deposition in subjects with different dementia syndromes. The study included 19 subjects (see Table): 5 healthy controls, 5 with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA, visual variant of Alzheimer's disease), 5 with progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA, poor delivery of spoken language) and 4 with semantic dementia (SD, loss of knowledge of word meaning). ASL data were acquired at a label inversion time of 2s alongside a 3-point inversion recovery sequence used to estimate the initial magnetisation. In addition, a high resolution T1-weighted volume was acquired and used to generate a WM/GM tissue segmentation for partial volume correction and a label image. ASL data were converted to Cerebral Blood Flow images with partial volume correction. Subjects also had FDG and AV45-PET imaging to measure glucose metabolism and amyloid deposition, respectively. All data were normalised to average cerebellum values. PET data were registered to the MRI data. There was a good correspondence between patterns of cerebral blood flow (ASL) and glucose metabolism (FDG-PET, Figure). ASL and FDG-PET patterns also matched atrophy patterns typically associated with these clinical syndromes, with greater involvement of posterior regions in PCA, asymmetric left temporal regions in SD, and bilateral temporal regions in PNFA. In contrast, in patients with amyloid deposition, amyloid was distributed equally across different lobes, suggesting that factors other than amyloid may drive the region-specific patterns of neurodegeneration. Interestingly, 2 PNFA patients showed evidence of amyloid deposition on their AV45-PET scans, suggesting underlying AD pathology in these patients. Multi-modal image analyses can provide complementary information about the pathophysiological processes underlying different dementia syndromes which may aid accurate diagnosis and tracking of disease progression.
Kinetically inhibited order in a diamond-lattice antiferromagnet (2011)

Frustrated magnetic systems exhibit highly degenerate ground states and strong fluctuations, often leading to new physics. An intriguing example of current interest is the antiferromagnet on a diamond lattice, realized physically in A-site spinel materials. This is a prototypical system in three dimensions where frustration arises from competing interactions rather than purely geometric constraints, and theory suggests the possibility of unusual magnetic order at low temperature. Here, we present a comprehensive single-crystal neutron scattering study of CoAl(2)O(4), a highly frustrated A-site spinel. We observe strong diffuse scattering that peaks at wavevectors associated with Néel ordering. Below the temperature T(∗) = 6.5 K, there is a dramatic change in the elastic scattering lineshape accompanied by the emergence of well-defined spin-wave excitations. T(∗) had previously been associated with the onset of glassy behavior. Our new results suggest instead that T(∗) signifies a first-order phase transition, but with true long-range order inhibited by the kinetic freezing of domain walls. This scenario might be expected to occur widely in frustrated systems containing first-order phase transitions and is a natural explanation for existing reports of anomalous glassy behavior in other materials.
Simultaneous operation of multiple collocated radios and the scanning problem (2011)

Simultaneous operation of multiple collocated radios refers to the capability of a wireless device to operate at the same time into several modes, standards and frequencies. For instance, most of the mobile phones are able and try to operate in multiple modes. Each wireless communication unit is called a radio interface. The software defined radio technology facilitates the integration and simultaneous operation of several radio interfaces in the same hardware device. Simultaneous operation produces interference and hardware conflicts, which can be addressed using a turn-based model. Each radio interface operates periodically for an interval of time. In this paper, the focus is on one radio interface that operates periodically for a short interval of time. The radio interface scans channels to uncover beacons periodically sent by transmitters. The goal of the scanning activity is to uncover the beacons within the shortest possible time. We call this the scanning problem. We model and compare four strategies to solve the scanning problem: sequential scanning, sliding-window scanning, pseudo-concurrent scanning and truly-concurrent scanning.
Thermionic Emission from Nickel Oxide (1972)

We have determined the thermionic parameters---true work function, $A$ constant, and normal energy distribution---for near stoichiometric NiO. The distribution was found to be Maxwellian, with the electron temperature matching the lattice temperature closely. The results show that the Fermi level in NiO is rather insensitive to temperature from room to incandescent temperatures and that the emission probably originates from the itinerant $4s$ band.
A New Ericsson Cycle Comprising a Scroll Expander and a Scroll Compressor for Power and Refrigeration Applications (2004)

The Ericsson cycle is very much like the Stirling cycle, except that the processes of constant-volume regenerative heat transfer are replaced by constant-pressure regenerative processes . The efficiency of the Ericsson cycle is the same as that of the Carnot cycle but, as in the Stirling cycle, the net available work and the quantities of heat transferred are much greater, for given limits of pressure, volume, and temperature. In the Brayton cycle with turbomachinery, as the number of compression and expansion stages is increased, the Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration will approach the Ericsson cycle and the thermal efficiency will approach the theoretical limit (the Carnot efficiency). Although the Ericsson cycle is often considered, it is usually abandoned because the added complexity of the turbomachinery and the need for many additional components, discourage its use. But in the orbiting scroll machine as a positive displacement type of machinery, it is possible to reheat the working fluid in the process of expansion and intercooling in the process of compression effectively due to the extensive surface area of the scroll wrap contacting the fluid in the working spaces. In this paper, we propose the Ericsson cycle comprising a scroll expander with heating system and a scroll compressor with cooling system. And also, heating of scroll expander uniformly can reduce differential thermal expansion over the whole scroll wrap which is critical problem in the scroll expander for high-temperature and high-pressure gas.
ChemInform Abstract: PROTOTROPIC GENERATION OF DIPOLES. A NEW SYNTHESIS OF INDOLE‐3‐CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1984)

Abstract 2‐Nitrophenyl‐essigsäure (I) liefert in der angegebenen Weise die Imine (II), die zu den Indolen (III) cyclisieren.
Gait Analysis for Fall Prediction Using Hierarchical Textile-Based Capacitive Sensor Arrays (2015)

Falls are a major cause of injuries in adults above the age of sixty-five. The economic aftermath of falls and their consequent hospitalization can be huge, totaling more than 30 billion dollars in 2010 alone. A plausible way of mitigating this problem is accurate prediction of future falls and taking proactive remedial action. Spatio-temporal variation in gait is a reliable indicator of a future fall, however, existing systems focus on gait analysis in clinical settings and are not tuned towards continuous gait analysis. In this paper, we present the design of a novel textile capacitive sensor array-based system built into clothing that can reliably capture spatio-temporal gait attributes in a home setting. A key novel research contribution of our work is a context-aware hierarchical signal processing architecture that breaks down the signal processing algorithm into a hierarchy of processing elements. The lower power processing components perform generic feature extraction using observations derived from the capacitor plates, while the higher-level processors aggregate features to infer gait attributes such as stride speed and inter-leg spacing. The system activates the higher power processing elements only when it detects walking. We have prototyped our system using textile capacitive plates built into an ace-bandage and a custom FPGA-based system and show that our system can accurately detect gait attributes that have high correlation with falls, while consuming minimal energy as estimated for a multi-clock-domain 180-nm IC.
Chaos déterministe dans la dynamique de polarisation d'une diode laser (2014)

National audience
Glucocorticoid augments lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the I B -dependent genes encoding the anti-microbial glycoproteins lipocalin 2 and pentraxin 3 (2014)

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the most potent inducers of inflammation, activates the transcription factor NF-κB to induce expression of both proinflammatory mediators and anti-microbial glycoproteins such as lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in macrophages. Glucocorticoids are known to inhibit LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines via glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated transrepression of NF-κB, whereas their effect on induction of anti-microbial effectors has remained to be elucidated. Here we show that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) strongly enhances LPS-induced transcription of Lcn2 and Ptx3, although Dex by itself fails to trigger their transcription. In macrophages deficient in IκBζ (an inducible coactivator of NF-κB), Lcn2 and Ptx3 are not activated by LPS either alone or in combination with Dex. Association of GR as well as Brg1 (a subunit of the chromatin remodelling Swi/Snf complex) with a functional glucocorticoid response element in Lcn2 requires both the costimulation with LPS and the presence of IκBζ. Although Ptx3 does not contain the element, LPS induces recruitment of Dex-liganded GR to NF-κB-binding sites in regulatory regions of Ptx3, an event that does not occur in IκBζ-deficient macrophages. Thus glucocorticoids likely regulate infection-induced inflammation by increasing anti-microbial effectors in an IκBζ-dependent manner, while repressing proinflammatory genes.
Simple Esterification of [1-13C]-Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhances Membrane Permeability and Allows for Noninvasive Tracing of Glutamate and Glutamine Production (2021)

Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) is a key metabolite and signaling molecule in cancer cells, but the low permeability of α-KG limits the study of α-KG mediated effects in vivo. Recently, cell-permeable monoester and diester α-KG derivatives have been synthesized for use in vivo, but many of these derivatives are not compatible for use in hyperpolarized carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-<sup>13</sup>C-MRS). HP-<sup>13</sup>C-MRS is a powerful technique that has been used to noninvasively trace labeled metabolites in real time. Here, we show that using diethyl-[1-<sup>13</sup>C]-α-KG as a probe in HP-<sup>13</sup>C-MRS allows for noninvasive tracing of α-KG metabolism in vivo.
Evidence for an IgD homologue on chicken lymphocytes. (1982)

Chicken lymphocyte membrane immunoglobulins (Ig), were precipitated with mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for heavy and light chain isotypes and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Very little or no membrane-bound IgG and IgA was detected. After sequential precipitation and removal of IgM reactive with any of three monoclonal anti-mu antibodies, anti-light chain antibody precipitated residual Ig with a relative electrophoretic mobility similar to that of IgM. Under reducing conditions, these surface Ig molecules had a heavy chain that appeared slightly larger (approximately 81,000 daltons) than mu-chain (approximately 79,000 daltons), and light chains of approximately 25,000 daltons. Complete clearance of membrane-bound IgM reactive with an anti-mu allotype antiserum left similar molecules precipitate by monoclonal anti-light chain antibody. These non-IgM molecules could be detected on the surface of lymphocytes from blood, spleen, bursa and the B cell line RAV-1, but not from thymus or blood from an agammaglobulinemic chicken. After capping of B cell surface IgM with anti-mu, immunofluorescent staining with anti-light chain antibody revealed residual Ig molecules disturbed across the surface of more than 90% of the IgM-bearing cells. The data suggest the existence of an avian homologue of mammalian IgD. Affinity-purified goat anti-mu antibodies and a fourth monoclonal anti-mu antibody reacted with both IgM and the putative IgD molecules, which suggests that the IgD homologue shares at least one common determinant with chicken IgM.
Numerical and Experimental Assessment of a Modified Transverse Cut Tension (TCT) Specimen for In-Situ Loaded X-Ray Computed Tomography of Mode II Dominated Composite Damage Progression (2018)

The principal means by which delamination may progress in appropriately designed composite aerospace structures is via Mode II fracture. This can arise near bolted and bonded joints, following in-service damage such as impact or following the inclusion of integrated electronics into the composite structure and manufacture-induced defects. A new specimen type based on the Transverse Cut Tension (TCT) test is proposed to allow the use of in-situ X-ray micro-computed tomography for observation of mode II fracture processes. The tomography seeks to non-destructively observe the progression of three dimensional crack front features that cannot be seen in typical aerospace composite tests. The paper comprises an account of the design using analytic and finite element methods and preliminary experimental verification. The results showed that the measured toughness of the miniaturized specimen compared well with published results for this material in the literature. In addition, a small period of stable fracture growth was found that would permit in-situ X-ray micro-tomography of progressing Mode II cracks. The work provides the means to observe three-dimensional Mode II crack fronts, potentially in the presence of friction effects, which will contribute to establishing a firmer basis for improved physics-based simulation development.
Efficient Asymmetric Biomimetic Aldol Reaction of Glycinates and Trifluoromethyl Ketones by Carbonyl Catalysis (2021)

The direct asymmetric aldol reaction of glycinates represents an intriguing and straightforward strategy to make biologically significant chiral β-hydroxy-α-amino-acid derivatives. But it is not easy to realize the transformation due to the disruption of the reactive NH<sub>2</sub> group of glycinates. Inspired by the enzymatic aldol reaction of glycine, we successfully developed an asymmetric aldol reaction of glycinate 5 and trifluoromethyl ketones 4 with 0.1-0.0033 mol % of chiral N-methyl pyridoxal 7 a as the catalyst, producing chiral β-trifluoromethyl-β-hydroxy-α-amino-acid esters 6 in 55-82 % yields (for the syn-diastereomers) with up to >20:1 dr and 99 % ee under very mild conditions. The reaction proceeds via a catalytic cycle similar to the enzymatic aldol reaction of glycine. Pyridoxal catalyst 7 a activates both reactants at the same time and brings them together in a specific spatial orientation, accounting for the high efficiency as well as excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
Secure trade lane (2006)

Due to globalization and especially with China becoming the world's production center, global trade is strongly increasing. The vast majority of all goods are shipped in ocean-going containers. Secure Trade Lane (STL) is a solution for making container shipments more predictable and more secure. The solution comprises an embedded controller that is mounted on ocean-going containers, and a sophisticated backend communicating with the embedded controller and integrating all trading partners. Both components are tightly linked and couldn't exist in isolation. In this paper we outline the rationale of technologies being used in this Sensor Network solution, and describe end-to-end architecture and key components. We share the key lessons learned and take a look at the future evolution of asset tracking and monitoring, in particular in transportation industries.
Modelling the spatial spread of a homing endonuclease gene in a mosquito population (2013)

Homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) exist naturally in many single-celled organisms and can show extremely strong genetic drive allowing them to spread through populations into which they are introduced. They are being investigated as tools to manipulate the populations of important vectors of human disease, in particular the mosquitoes that transmit malaria. Before HEGs can be deployed, it is important to study their spatial spread in order to design efficient release strategies.A spatially explicit model is developed to study the spread of a HEG through a landscape whose structure is defined by the distribution of mosquito breeding and feeding sites. The model is motivated by the biology of the major vectors of malaria in Africa. The conditions for spread, fixation and loss of two major types of HEG are explored in different landscapes.In landscapes where mosquito resources are abundant, the conditions for spread are well approximated by a mean-field model. Where a HEG imposes a genetic load, it can cause population extinction, though spatial models more often predict population suppression.In certain types of landscapes where mosquito resources are rare, an introduced HEG may be prevented from moving between local mosquito populations and so a simple release strategy is unlikely to be effective, yet if the HEG succeeds in spreading population extinction is a feasible outcome. Increasing the number of release sites at the expense of releasing fewer mosquitoes per site reduces the probability that a HEG will fail.<i>Synthesis and applications</i>. The model presented asks for the first time how the spatial structure of mosquito populations will influence the effectiveness of a technology that is being rapidly developed for vector control. If homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) are to be used in this way, we have qualified the importance of accounting for landscape characteristics in both the execution and the expectation of their application. The next stage is to use the model to study the spread of HEGs through real landscapes where releases may take place, something that will be facilitated by the results of the present study.
Comparative Analysis of Alternative Fuels in Detonation Combustion (2016)

Detonation combustion prominently exhibits high thermodynamic efficiency which leads to better performance. As compared to the conventionally used isobaric heat addition in a Brayton cycle combustor, detonation uses a novel isochoric Humphrey cycle which utilises shocks and detonation waves to provide pressure-rise combustion. Such unsteady combustion has already been explored in wave rotor, pulse detonation engine and rotating detonation engine configurations as alternative technologies for the next generation of the aerospace propulsion systems. However, in addition to the better performance that the detonation mode of combustion offers, it is crucial to observe the environmental concerns as well. Therefore, this paper presents a one-dimensional numerical analysis for alternative fuels: Jet-A, Acetylene, Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, Algae Biofuel, and Microalgae Biofuel under detonation combustion conditions. For simplicity, the analysis is modelled using an open tube geometry. The analysis employs the Rankine-Hugoniot Equation, Rayleigh Line Equation, and Zel’dovich–von Neumann–Doering model and takes into account species mole, mass fraction, and enthalpies-of-formation of the reactants. Initially, minimum conditions for the detonation of each fuel are determined. Pressure, temperature, and density ratios at each stage of the combustion tube for different types of fuel are then explored systematically. Finally, the influence of different initial conditions is numerically examined to make a comparison for these fuels.
On the Accuracy of a Common Monte Carlo Surface Flux Grazing Approximation (2011)

Particle fluxes on surfaces are difficult to calculate with Monte Carlo codes because the score requires a division by the surface-crossing angle cosine, and grazing angles lead to inaccuracies. We revisit the standard practice of dividing by half of a cosine “cutoff” for particles whose surface-crossing cosines are below the cutoff. We concentrate on the flux crossing an external boundary, deriving the standard approach in a manner that explicitly points out three assumptions: (a) that the external boundary surface flux is isotropic or mostly isotropic, (b) that the cosine cutoff is small, and (c) that the minimum possible surface-crossing cosine is 0. We find that the requirement for accuracy of the standard surface flux estimate is more restrictive for external boundaries (a very isotropic surface flux) than for internal surfaces (an isotropic or linearly anisotropic surface flux). Numerical demonstrations involve analytic and semianalytic solutions for monoenergetic point sources irradiating surfaces with no scattering. We conclude with a discussion of potentially more robust approaches.