gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes (2012)

Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been a subject of intensive study for nearly four decades. This article will present the history of these studies, beginning with observations of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) association in the 1970s, through the advent of DNA-based genotyping methodologies, through recent large, international collaborations and genome-wide association studies. More than 40 genetic loci have been associated with T1D in multiple studies; however, the HLA region, with its multiple genes and extreme polymorphism at those loci, remains by far the greatest contributor to the genetic susceptibility to T1D. Even after decades of study, the complete story has yet to unfold, and exact mechanisms by which HLA and other associated loci confer T1D susceptibility remain elusive.
Ascorbic acid interferences in hydrogen peroxide detecting biosensors based on electrochemically immobilized enzymes (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAscorbic acid interferences in hydrogen peroxide detecting biosensors based on electrochemically immobilized enzymesFrancesco. Palmisano and Pier G. ZamboninCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 19, 2690–2692Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00067a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00067a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views433Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The role of pore structure on char reactivity. Quarterly progress report, April 1995--June 1995 (1995)

In order to examine the role of pore structure, studies will be conducted on coal chars in the electrodynamic balance. Larger particles will also be examined using a fluidized bed to examine diffusion control reactions, and soots will also be investigated to examine the role of meso-and micro-pores without macro-pore interference. These studies will allow a full range of particles sizes and temperatures to be investigated and eventually modelled.
Mechanical Entrainment in W/O/W Emulsion Liquid Membrane (2009)

Abstract An experimental study of mechanical entrainment in W/O/W emulsions is conducted. W/O/W emulsions are stirred for various stirring times under the conditions that mechanical entrainment solely occurs, and changes in volume of the W/O emulsions and size distribution of the internal water droplets are measured. The rate of change in number of the water droplets entrained is found to be proportional to the volume fraction of W/O emulsions. Based on this result, a new model for mechanical entrainment is developed. The calculated change in W/O emulsion volume with time agrees with the observed ones except in the region near phase inversion. Then, phase inversion is discussed.
Tie-2 Activation Is Required for Regeneration of Marrow Vasculature, Supporting Hematopoietic Reconstitution. (2004)

Abstract Accumulating evidence from our lab (Nature Med.2004; 10(1): 64–71) and others have shown that myelosuppression not only results in apoptosis of the hematopoietic cells but also in regression of bone marrow (BM) sinusoidal vessels. Remarkably, we have shown that restoration of hematopoiesis is dependent on the regeneration of BM sinusoidal neo-vessels. However, the mechanism whereby vascular reconstitution is regulated is unknown. Because Tie2/Angiopoietins are critical in the remodeling of neo-vessels, we hypothesized that activation of Tie2 plays a role in regeneration of sinusoidal neo-vessels and restoration of hematopoiesis. To this end, we took advantage of transgenic mice where the Tie2 promoter drives the expression of beta-galactosidase (LacZ) in order to follow the expression of Tie2 in hematopoietic progenitor cells after myelosuppression. Under steady-state conditions, only few LacZ/Tie-2+ cells were localized in the endosteal/osteoblastic region, without any expression within the BM sinusoidal neo-vessels. However, after a myelosuppressive dose of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) there was a robust expression of Tie2 expression in the regenerating BM sinusoidal neo-vessels. The expression of Tie2 on the regenerating neo-vasculature reached a maximum at day 10 and reverted back to steady-state by day 20 post 5-FU, the time in which the majority of the neo-vessels were functionally assembled. Blocking angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling with the soluble decoy-receptor, Tie2Fc, after 5-FU inhibited platelet recovery as well as vascular reconstitution. There was a paradoxical accumulation of megakaryocytes in the bone-marrow during the prolonged thrombocytopenic phase, which we have previously shown to be due to vascular niche disruption and inability of megakaryocytes to release platelets. To examine the possibility that Tie2+ progenitors can reconstitute BM sinusoids in the recipient mice, lethally irradiated wildtype mice were transplanted with the BM of Tie2-lacZ knock-in mice. After full recovery, the chimeric mice were challenged with a myelosuppressive dose of 5-FU and Tie2+ neo-vessels were detected histologically on day 5, 10, and 14 by LacZ staining. Remarkably, the reconstituted bone marrow showed the presence of Tie2+ vessels, which unambiguously demonstrates the contribution of donor-derived endothelial progenitors to the reconstitution of the regressed vasculature. Together, our data support the hypothesis that Tie2/angiopoietin signaling is essential for functional regeneration of BM sinusoidal neo-vessels and contributes to the reconstitution of hematopoiesis, specifically to thrombopoiesis. In addition, the use of Tie2-LacZ mice provides an invaluable model to quantify the number of regenerating BM neo-vessels. Angiopoietins may be used in clinical setting in conjunction with other lineage specific cytokines to enhance hematopoiesis after myelosuppression.
A characteristic pattern of leukemic cell differentiation without cytoreduction during remission induction in acute promyelocytic leukemia. (1985)

While differentiation of leukemic cells in vitro is well established, the role of differentiation in vivo is not defined and is generally attributed to differentiation inducers. In five patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) an unusual pattern of a slow and progressive decrease of immature blasts with a concomitant increase in mature cellular elements was observed following intensive combination chemotherapy. All patients eventually achieved complete remission, four of them without an intermediate phase of marrow hypoplasia. This morphologic pattern of response suggests that leukemic cellular differentiation rather than cytotoxicity was one mechanism involved in remission induction. Cytogenetic studies of remission revealed disappearance of the cytogenetic marker, the balanced translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 15 and 17. This remission induction process appears to be due to the cellular biologic characteristic rather than the therapy used as it occurs in a substantial proportion of patients with APL. It should be considered for optimal diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Nanokatalyse: alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen oder etwas wirklich Neues? (2004)

Abstract Das Nanofieber hat die Forschung über heterogene Katalysatoren erreicht. Begreift man Nanokatalyse als einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Katalysatorherstellung hin zur Synthese von Katalysatoren mit auf mehreren Größenskalen kontrollierten Eigenschaften, so ergibt sich folgender Ansatz: Die Struktur lässt sich durch einen Aufbau des Katalysators als anorganisches Polymer kontrollieren. Primäre, sekundäre und tertiäre Struktur des Polymers entsprechen molekularen Baueinheiten und deren Verknüpfungen, der Defektstruktur des Festkörpers bzw. der Teilchenmorphologie. Hochdurchsatzexperimente zur Optimierung der Syntheseparameter, die von in situ erhaltenen analytischen Daten der Herstellprozesse geführt werden, sind ein Weg zu Katalysatoren, welche die hohen Erwartungen, die sich mit dem Prädikat “nano” verbinden, erfüllen können.
Quantum interference effects in semiconductors: a bibliography (1991)

The bibliography has been compiled as an introduction and study guide to this field. The papers listed describe the extensive theoretical and experimental results that have been obtained on quantum interference effects and discuss possible application areas. Works of a fundamental nature concerning phenomena that are basic to all semiconductor behavior have not been included. Articles on the properties and band structure of semiconductors, which are essential to a complete understanding of quantum interference effects, have not been included. Conference papers, though frequently very important, have not been included to conserve space. The papers are listed alphabetically according to the first author's surname. As in the compilation of any bibliography, numerous valuable and pertinent articles have probably been inadvertently omitted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Erasure generation and interleaving for meteor-burst communications with fixed-rate and variable-rate coding (2002)

Two erasure generation techniques are investigated in conjunction with symbol interleaving as methods to improve the performance of a meteor-burst communication system that employs Reed-Solomon coding and noncoherent demodulation. The first erasure technique is based on Bayesian decision theory, and the second technique is an application of Viterbi's (1982) ratio-threshold test. The performance of each test is determined and compared with the performance of errors-only decoding. Fixed-rate and variable-rate coding systems are investigated and compared. The effects of symbol interleaving on errors-and-erasures and errors-only decoding systems are analyzed and discussed. It is found that the Bayesian technique outperforms the ratio-threshold test, and both erasure schemes outperform receivers that employ errors-only decoding. It is also found that interleaving significantly improves the performance of fixed-rate systems. A system using variable-rate coding and errors-and-erasures decoding is found to have the best performance.
Eotaxin‐1‐regulated eosinophils have a critical role in innate immunity against experimental Brugia malayi infection (2004)

Using two models of filarial infection in which Brugia malayi microfilariae (Mf) are contained in distinct anatomical compartments, in blood or tissue sites, we have demonstrated a critical role for eotaxin-1 in parasite clearance. In the first model, implantation of adult B. malayi into the peritoneal cavity of eotaxin-1(-/-) mice resulted in increased Mf survival associated with a dramatic reduction in peritoneal cavity eosinophilic infiltration. In the second model Mf were injected intravenously into eotaxin-1(-/-) mice; Mf clearance from the blood was more rapid than in wild-type mice and was associated with a pronounced blood eosinophilia, resulting from the inability of eosinophils to migrate to tissue sites in the absence of eotaxin-1. (Eotaxin-1 + IL-5)(-/-) mice had extended Mf survival in the blood and significantly reduced blood eosinophil levels. Interestingly, rapid clearance of a secondary Mf infection following immunization was unaltered in either eotaxin-1(-/-) mice or (eotaxin-1 + IL-5)(-/-) mice. Eosinophil peroxidase levels were high during primary, but not secondary infection, suggesting that eosinophil degranulation is important during primary Mf clearance. Thus, our data show that the presence of eosinophils is critical for innate clearance of B. malayi Mf infection, whereas rapid clearance of secondary infections is independent of both eotaxin-1 and IL-5.
The Effect of Behavioral Probability Weighting in a Sequential Defender-Attacker Game (2020)

We consider a setting consisting of two sites, and a sequential game between a defender and an attacker who are responsible for securing and attacking the sites, respectively. Each site has a value to the defender, and an associated probability of successful attack, which can be reduced via security investments in that site by the defender. The attacker targets the site that maximizes the expected loss for the defender (after the investments). While prior work has studied the security investments in such scenarios, in this work we consider what happens when the defender exhibits characteristics of bounded-rationality that have been identified by behavioral economics. In particular, humans have been shown to perceive probabilities in a nonlinear manner, typically overweighting low probabilities and underweighting high probabilities. We characterize how such nonlinear probability weighting affects the security investments made by the defender, and bound the inefficiency of the equilibrium investments under behavioral decision-making, compared to a non-behavioral optimal solution.
Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structural Characterization of Layered Vanadium Oxides Incorporating Organic Cations:  α-, β-(H3N(CH2)2NH3)[V4O10] and α-, β-(H2N(C2H4)2NH2)[V4O10] (1996)

Four new layered mixed-valence vanadium oxides, which contain interlamellar organic cations, alpha-(H(3)N(CH(2))(2)NH(3))[V(4)O(10)] (1a), beta-(H(3)N(CH(2))(2)NH(3))[V(4)O(10)] (1b), alpha-(H(2)N(C(2)H(4))(2)NH(2))[V(4)O(10)] (2a), and beta-(H(2)N(C(2)H(4))(2)NH(2))[V(4)O(10)] (2b), have been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and their single-crystal structures determined: 1a, triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, a = 6.602(2) Å, b = 7.638(2) Å, c = 5.984(2) Å, alpha = 109.55(3) degrees, beta = 104.749(2) degrees, gamma = 82.31(3) degrees, Z = 1; 1b, triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 6.387(1) Å, b = 7.456(2) Å, c = 6.244(2) Å, alpha = 99.89(2) degrees, beta = 102.91(2) degrees, gamma = 78.74(2) degrees, Z = 1; 2a, triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 6.3958(5) Å, b = 8.182(1) Å, c = 6.3715(7) Å, alpha = 105.913(9) degrees, beta = 104.030(8) degrees, gamma = 94.495(8) degrees, Z = 1; 2b, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, a = 9.360(2) Å, b = 6.425(3) Å, c = 10.391(2) Å, beta = 105.83(1) degrees, Z = 2. All four of the compounds contain mixed-valence V(5+)/V(4+) vanadium oxide layers constructed from V(5+)O(4) tetrahedra and pairs of edge-sharing V(4+)O(5) square pyramids with protonated organic amines occupying the interlayer space.
Millimeter-wave non-invasive monitoring of glucose in anesthetized rats (2014)

The realization of a non-invasive monitor for determining blood glucose concentrations in human subjects is a prescient driver for many new techniques spanning optical, chemical, electronic and radio sensors. Microwaves offer the possibility of simple, compact, non-invasive, and continuous measurement of glucose level in superficial tissue layers without significant heating, enzymatic reactions, or any short or long term deleterious effects on the tissue. This paper demonstrates the first real-time direct correlative measurements of the blood glucose concentration (using commercial blood test strips) and millimeter-wave (MMW) absorption during intraperitoneal injections of glucose, insulin, and saline in a live anesthetized animal. MMW transmission and reflection in the Ka band (27-40 GHz) was measured with a commercial vector network analyzer and non-invasive waveguides positioned on the ear. The data shows strong correlation between the blood glucose levels and MMW absorption during the experimentally induced hyper- and hypoglycemia.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF ACID‐CATALYZED HYDRATION OF 1,3‐BUTADIENES AND VINYL HALIDES. CORRELATION OF THE REACTIVITY OF VINYL ALKENES AND ARYL ALKENES (1977)

Abstract Die Geschwindigkeiten der Hydratisierung der Butadiene (I) folgt log k, = ‐12,3Eof; ‐ 10,1 mit 20l′; = Summe der 01′;‐Substituentenkonstanten der Vinylgmppe und des 2‐Substituenten.
Multimodal interaction in ambient intelligence environments using speech, localization and robotics (2013)

An Ambient Intelligence Environment is meant to sense and respond to the presence of people, using its embedded technology. In order to effectively sense the activities and intentions of its inhabitants, such an environment needs to utilize information captured from multiple sensors and modalities. By doing so, the interaction becomes more natural as well as accurate and robust. We have focused on 3 aspects of such an environment, using speech, localization and robotics. Speech is one of the most natural forms of communication for humans. Therefore, it can be used as one of the main information sources for deriving the intentions and needs of a person. In our work, we have extended the traditional speech recognition paradigm by introducing 3 dimensional visual articulation information for recognizing spoken words. The development of our system included the capture of a novel dataset, implementation and extended testing under a variety of audio-visual noise types, demonstrating the usefulness of 3D visual information for this task. Additionally, person localization and identification is of paramount importance in a smart environment, since by knowing each person's location, her/is actions can be derived and abnormal patterns can be recognized. Our implementation conducts person identification by means of RFID. Furthermore, three types of input are combined for multi-person localization, namely, skeletal tracking, audio localization and RFID signal strength. The system was deployed and tested in our simulated assistive apartment exhibiting high accuracy. Finally, every domestic environment changes dynamically over time, creating the need for altering the position, orientation and type of sensors used within it. In our approach, we developed a framework of sensor bearing robots with the ability to relocate automatically to compensate for such a dynamic environment. Their positioning is done in such a way so as to maximize coverage. Navigation is carried out using visual information and autonomous placement uses a decentralized algorithm.
Calcium salts are highly digestible (2005)

showed a positive correlation between divalent cationic minerals in the diet and digestibility of fat-supplemented diets. Calcium salt formation was hypothesized as the reason for the improvement in digestibility. The birth year of calcium salts as a feed supplement for dairy rations can be regarded as 1980. At that time, research conducted at The Ohio State University under the direction of Dr.
A compliant small-diameter vascular prosthesis lined with functional venous endothelial cells. (1989)

The long-term patency of small-diameter vascular grafts is still unsatisfactory. In contrast to native arteries, they are inelastic and lack active antithrombogenicity. To improve long-term patency, a new 4 mm internal diameter prosthesis was developed which is compliant and lined with functional endothelial cells (ENC). The wall of this prosthesis consists of a microporous polyurethane-siloxane copolymer reinforced with a polyester network. It displays compliance (13.2 x 10(-4) mmHg-1) comparable to native arteries, is nonkinkable (minimum radius of curvature = 5 mm), burst resistant, and easily suturable. Using a lining procedure, coverage of prostheses by ENC was in excess of 95%. The ENC populations were found to be highly pure (by factor VIII-related antigen, DilAcLDL uptake) and to produce about 0.3 ng prostacyclin per cm2. In vitro tests of shear stress resistance demonstrated that ENC monolayers on the new elastic prosthesis remain intact for 3 hr in physiologically pulsating culture medium (Vmax = 50 cm/sec). Lined prostheses implanted for 24 hours in mongrel dogs as an arteriovenous shunt demonstrated the antithrombogenicity of the cultured ENC. The results suggest that small-diameter vascular prostheses which are compliant, porous, and actively antithrombogenic are feasible.
Thread Cluster Memory Scheduling: Exploiting Differences in Memory Access Behavior (2010)

In a modern chip-multiprocessor system, memory is a shared resource among multiple concurrently executing threads. The memory scheduling algorithm should resolve memory contention by arbitrating memory access in such a way that competing threads progress at a relatively fast and even pace, resulting in high system throughput and fairness. Previously proposed memory scheduling algorithms are predominantly optimized for only one of these objectives: no scheduling algorithm provides the best system throughput and best fairness at the same time. This paper presents a new memory scheduling algorithm that addresses system throughput and fairness separately with the goal of achieving the best of both. The main idea is to divide threads into two separate clusters and employ different memory request scheduling policies in each cluster. Our proposal, Thread Cluster Memory scheduling (TCM), dynamically groups threads with similar memory access behavior into either the latency-sensitive (memory-non-intensive) or the bandwidth-sensitive (memory-intensive) cluster. TCM introduces three major ideas for prioritization: 1) we prioritize the latency-sensitive cluster over the bandwidth-sensitive cluster to improve system throughput, 2) we introduce a ``niceness'' metric that captures a thread's propensity to interfere with other threads, 3) we use niceness to periodically shuffle the priority order of the threads in the bandwidth-sensitive cluster to provide fair access to each thread in a way that reduces inter-thread interference. On the one hand, prioritizing memory-non-intensive threads significantly improves system throughput without degrading fairness, because such ``light'' threads only use a small fraction of the total available memory bandwidth. On the other hand, shuffling the priority order of memory-intensive threads improves fairness because it ensures no thread is disproportionately slowed down or starved. We evaluate TCM on a wide variety of multiprogrammed workloads and compare its performance to four previously proposed scheduling algorithms, finding that TCM achieves both the best system throughput and fairness. Averaged over 96 workloads on a 24-core system with 4 memory channels, TCM improves system throughput and reduces maximum slowdown by 4.6%/38.6% compared to ATLAS (previous work providing the best system throughput) and 7.6%/4.6% compared to PAR-BS (previous work providing the best fairness).