gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Degradable Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate-<i>co</i>-Lactic Acid) and its Blends (2008)

Because of their respective advantages, the combination of good material properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and degradability of polylactic acid (PLA) is researched as degradable copolymer for packaging and agricultural applications. Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-lactic acid) (PET-co-PLA) has been synthesized by employing polycondensation of mixtures of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), lactic acid (LA) and ethylene glycol (EG), using tin(II) octoate as a catalyst. A chain-extending reagent, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), was then used in the subsequent step to increase the chain length of the copolymer and improve its mechanical properties for suitable applications. The chemical structure and molecular weight of the copolymers were investigated by FTIR, NMR, and DSC. NMR results indicated the incorporation of lactic acid and PET units in the copolymer chain. Additionally, blends of the resulting copolymer with commercially-available PLA were studied. The blend miscibility was examined by DSC and FTIR spectroscopy.
Varifocal-Net: A Chromosome Classification Approach Using Deep Convolutional Networks (2019)

Chromosome classification is critical for karyotyping in abnormality diagnosis. To expedite the diagnosis, we present a novel method named Varifocal-Net for simultaneous classification of chromosome's type and polarity using deep convolutional networks. The approach consists of one global-scale network (G-Net) and one local-scale network (L-Net). It follows three stages. The first stage is to learn both global and local features. We extract global features and detect finer local regions via the G-Net. By proposing a varifocal mechanism, we zoom into local parts and extract local features via the L-Net. Residual learning and multi-task learning strategies are utilized to promote high-level feature extraction. The detection of discriminative local parts is fulfilled by a localization subnet of the G-Net, whose training process involves both supervised and weakly supervised learning. The second stage is to build two multi-layer perceptron classifiers that exploit features of both two scales to boost classification performance. The third stage is to introduce a dispatch strategy of assigning each chromosome to a type within each patient case, by utilizing the domain knowledge of karyotyping. The evaluation results from 1909 karyotyping cases showed that the proposed Varifocal-Net achieved the highest accuracy per patient case (%) of 99.2 for both type and polarity tasks. It outperformed state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of our varifocal mechanism, multi-scale feature ensemble, and dispatch strategy. The proposed method has been applied to assist practical karyotype diagnosis.
Susceptibility of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones to inhibition by anti-T3 and anti-T4 (but not anti-LFA-1) monoclonal antibodies varies with the "avidity" of CTL-target interaction. (1985)

To explore the role of the T3, T4, and LFA-1 molecules in high and low "avidity" interactions between SB2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones and their targets, monoclonal antibody-mediated inhibition of cytotoxicity has been studied in experiments that vary the "avidity" of interaction in three different ways. 1) Previous results have been extended with respect to different CTL clones assayed on the same SB2-positive target cells. Differences between clones in susceptibility to anti-T3 inhibition paralleled variations in anti-T4 inhibition, and both correlated inversely with the "avidity" of the effector-target interaction (inferred previously from studies of conjugate dissociation). 2) A high "avidity" clone, 8.4, was identified that lysed not only SB2-positive cells but also cross-reacted on a few SB2-negative cells. Cold target inhibition studies confirmed the cross-reaction, and together with conjugate dissociation studies, indicated that cross-reaction to be of lower "avidity" than the specific recognition of SB2. Cross-reactive lysis was much more susceptible to inhibition by anti-T3 and anti-T4 than was specific lysis. 3) Anti-T3 and anti-T4 blocking was analyzed in the presence of anti-Ia antibody to reduce the amount of Ia antigen available on the target. Anti-T3 and anti-T4 antibody blocking was more efficient after the addition of anti-Ia antibody concentrations that (by themselves) produced minimal inhibition of lysis. As a control, anti-LFA-1 antibody blocking was analyzed in each of these three experimental systems that compare interactions of different "avidity"; minimal variation was observed in the efficiency of inhibition by anti-LFA-1. Thus, anti-T3 and anti-T4 inhibition correlates inversely with the "avidity" of that CTL-target interaction, but anti-LFA-1 inhibition does not.
Diplomiert in die Zukunft? Einige empirische Argumente für die Beibehaltung eines reformierten erziehungswissenschaftlichen Diplomstudiengangs (2003)

Angesichts der Einführung von Bachelor- und Master-Studiengängen und dem damit einhergehenden allgemeinen Reformdruck auf das Hochschulsystem, der mehr und mehr auch den Fortbestand erziehungswissenschaftlicher Diplomstudiengänge in Frage stellt, kritisieren die beiden Autoren, dass diese Entwicklung keinerlei fachlichen oder empirisch begründeten Hintergrund hat. Bezug nehmend auf die 2001 durchgeführte Befragung von Diplompädagogen, bei dem rund 3200 Absolventen erziehungswissenschaftlicher Diplomstudiengänge der Jahrgänge 1996 bis 1998 an 42 Diplomstandorten zu ihrer Berufseinmündung, Beschäftigungssituation und zu ihrem beruflichen Selbstverständnis befragt wurden, argumentieren sie vielmehr, dass man erziehungswissenschaftliche Diplomstudiengänge aufgrund ihrer positiven Bilanz – wenn auch etwas reformiert – beibehalten sollte. (DIPF/ ssch)
Game-Theoretic Cold-Start Transient Optimization in DC Microgrids (2014)

An interconnected electrical network that has electrical sources and loads makes a small-scale power system (SSPS). These systems have low inertia, which makes the modeling and controlling of them dissimilar to that of traditional large-scale power systems. A differential game-theoretic framework allows for the design of the distributed control structures for SSPS with player dynamics under simultaneous player movement. Under this approach, both loads and sources are defined as players in the system to form a game of energy between them. Game-theory-based modeling is necessary in this case since it optimizes the multiobjective optimization problem based on local control without the need for a communication channel. In this paper, a differential game-theoretic approach is used for path optimization of load players during a cold start that minimizes losses and achieves a desired steady-state operating point. Example simulation cases are obtained for a dc power system that has nine buses and dynamic load players. This power system is used to show the applicability, effectiveness, and performances of the proposed concepts. However, this method can be easily applied to other types of larger dc or ac networks. Finally, experimental results are yielded to validate the theoretical results and show that the proposed controller has higher performance compared with the traditional proportional-integral controller during transients.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of cephalosporin C acylase fromPseudomonassp. strain N176 (2000)

Cephalosporin C acylase from Pseudomonas sp. strain N176, a heterodimer of 25 and 58 kDa, has been crystallized using polyethylene glycol 6000 as precipitant. The crystals are orthorhombic and have unit-cell parameters a = 141.41, b = 192.10, c = 80.75 A. They belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and diffract to at least 2.7 A resolution. Calculations indicate that there are two heterodimers in the asymmetric unit. The structure is being solved by molecular replacement using penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli as a search model and by multiple isomorphous replacement.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of Psu, an inhibitor of the bacterial transcription terminator Rho (2010)

Psu, a coat protein from bacteriophage P4, inhibits Rho-dependent transcription termination both in vivo and in vitro. The Psu protein is alpha-helical in nature and appeared to be a dimer in solution. It interacts with Rho and affects the ATP binding and RNA-dependent ATPase activity of Rho, which in turn reduces the rate of RNA release from the elongation complex. Crystals of Psu were grown in space group I422 in the presence of PEG, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 148.76, c = 63.38 A and a calculated Matthews coefficient of 2.1 A(3) Da(-1) (41.5% solvent content), assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit. A native data set was collected to 2.3 A resolution.
Complications of tube thoracostomy in trauma (2000)

This study reveals no persuasive evidence to support a selective reduction in the indications for tube thoracostomy in trauma. A larger study to confirm or refute these findings must be performed before any change in established safe practice.
F46 Relationship between distinct motor symptoms and apathy in huntington’s disease: clues to mechanism (2018)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Disrupted gating of motor control through striatal pathways is thought to drive the development of motor symptoms in Huntington’s disease (HD). The range of motor symptoms, from chorea to bradykinesia, is thought to be driven by disruption in different striatal pathways. Aside from motor control, striatal pathways are also thought to play a key role in the expression of motivated behaviour. On this basis we asked whether the association between apathy and specific motor symptoms is in keeping with the hypothesis that apathy in HD is another manifestation of dysfunctional striatal gating. <h3>Methods</h3> Clinical data on 2608 patients with manifest HD disease was retrieved from the ENROLL-HD database. A linear mixed model was built to assess the relationship between motor symptoms and apathy (measured using the PBA and square root transformed) controlling for cognitive impairment, depression, medication use, disease duration, CAG repeat size and age. In a separate analysis the bradykinesia item was replaced by voluntary finger tapping performance. <h3>Results</h3> Although both bradykinesia and chorea were significantly associated with apathy, their effects were in opposite directions. Bradykinesia was associated with greater apathy (β=0.14, p&lt;0.001) whereas chorea was associated with lower apathy (β=−0.12, p&lt;0.001). By comparison rigidity had no significant effect in this large cohort (β=−0.04, p=0.08). In a similar model, slower finger tapping performance was also associated with greater apathy (β=0.07, p=0.001). Depression, medication use and cognitive slowing were also associated with apathy. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This analysis suggests that the processes driving distinct motor symptoms in HD may also underlie hard-to-treat psychiatric symptoms such as apathy. A common substrate and likely target for this shared mechanism is the disruption of specific striatal pathways that gate actions, decisions and motivated behaviour.
Resting Energy Expenditure and Oxygen Consumption in Critically Ill Patients With vs Without Sepsis (2019)

In clinical practice, patients with sepsis do not seem to require an increased energy supply. Additional studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.
Transitioning to a Javascript Voting Client for Remote Online Voting (2016)

Voters in remote electronic voting systems typically cast their votes from their own devices, such as PCs

and smartphones. The software executed at their devices in charge of performing the ballot presentation,

navigation and most of the cryptographic operations required to protect the integrity and privacy of the ballot,

is referred to as the voting client. The first voting clients were developed as Java Applets. However, the use of

this technology has become relegated in front of web technologies such as Javascript, which provide a better

multi-platform user experience. This is the reason why in 2013 Scytl decided it was imperative to develop

a voting client purely based on Javascript. This industrial paper shows the implementation experiences and

lessons learned during the development and deployment of Javascript voting clients for our remote electronic

voting systems. The paper is complemented with a performance study of 1) the main cryptographic primitives

used in voting clients and 2) the voting casting process of one of the voting clients used in a real election.
Infrared Spectroscopy in Clinical and Diagnostic Analysis (2000)

Abstract The infrared spectrum of a mixture serves as the basis to quantitate its constituents, and a number of common clinical chemistry tests have proven to be feasible using this approach. This article reviews the infrared spectroscopy‐based analytical methods that have been developed for consideration as clinical assays, including serum analysis, urine analysis, amniotic fluid assays for the estimation of fetal lung maturity, and others. Because of the widespread interest in the potential for in vivo measurement of blood glucose using near‐infrared spectroscopy, a separate section is devoted to the analysis of glucose in whole blood. A related technique uses the infrared spectrum of biomedical specimens directly as a diagnostic tool. For example, the spectra of serum and of synovial fluid have proven to be useful in the diagnosis of metabolic disorders and arthritis, respectively, without explicitly recovering their chemical composition from the spectra. Rather, characteristic spectral features and patterns have been identified as the basis to distinguish spectra corresponding to healthy patients from those corresponding to diseased patients. These applications are reviewed here. Issues such as ease of use, speed, reliability, sample size, and calibration stability all play important roles in governing the practical acceptability of infrared spectroscopy‐based analytical methods. To provide a framework to illustrate these issues, descriptions are included for the various procedures that have been explored to wed successfully infrared spectroscopy to clinical chemistry.
Convergent Total Synthesis of Yaku'amide A (2020)

Abstract Total synthesis of the anticancer peptide natural product yaku'amide A is reported. Its β‐ tert ‐hydroxy amino acids were prepared by regioselective aminohydroxylation involving a chiral mesyloxycarbamate reagent. Stereospecific construction of the E ‐ and Z ‐ΔIle residues was accomplished through a one‐pot reaction featuring anti dehydration, azide reduction, and O→N acyl transfer. Alkene isomerization was negligible during this process. These methods enabled a highly convergent and efficient synthetic route to the natural product.
Variable Importance in Matched Case–Control Studies in Settings of High Dimensional Data (2014)

Summary We propose a method for assessing variable importance in matched case–control investigations and other highly stratified studies characterized by high dimensional data (p&amp;gt;&amp;gt;n). In simulated and real data sets, we show that the algorithm proposed performs better than a conventional univariate method (conditional logistic regression) and a popular multivariable algorithm (random forests) that does not take the matching into account. The methods are applicable to wide ranging, high impact clinical studies including metabolomic, proteomic studies and neuroimaging analyses, such as those assessing stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The methods proposed have been implemented in a freely available R library (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RPCLR/index.html).
Beneficial effects of enriched environment on adolescent rats from stressed pregnancies (2004)

Abstract The capacity of an early environmental intervention to normalize the behavioural and immunological dysfunctions produced by a stressed pregnancy was investigated. Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent three 45‐min sessions per day of prenatal restraint stress (PS) on gestation days 11–21, and their offspring were assigned to either an enriched‐environment or standard living cages throughout adolescence [postnatal days (pnd) 22–43]. Juvenile rats from stressed pregnancies had a prominent depression of affiliative/playful behaviour and of basal circulating CD4 T lymphocytes, CD8 T lymphocytes and T4/T8 ratio. They also showed increased emotionality and spleen and brain frontal cortex levels of pro‐inflammatory interleoukin‐1β (IL‐1β) cytokine. A more marked response to cyclophosphamide (CPA: two 2 mg/kg IP injections) induced immunosuppression was also found in prenatal stressed rats. Enriched housing increased the amount of time adolescent PS rats spent in positive species‐typical behaviours (i.e. play behaviour), reduced emotionality and reverted most of immunological alterations. In addition to its effects in PS rats, enriched housing increased anti‐inflammatory IL‐2 and reduced pro‐inflammatory IL‐1β production by activated splenocytes, also producing a marked alleviation of CPA‐induced immune depression. In the brain, enriched housing increased IL‐1β values in hypothalamus, while slightly normalizing these values in the frontal cortex from PS rats. This is a first indication that an environmental intervention, such as enriched housing, during adolescence can beneficially affect basal immune parameters and rats response to both early stress and drug‐induced immunosuppression.
Relaxin Increases Cardiac Output and Reduces Systemic Arterial Load in Hypertensive Rats (2005)

Chronic administration of recombinant human relaxin (rhRLX) to conscious, normotensive rats (male and female) increases cardiac output (CO) and global arterial compliance (ACg) and reduces systemic vascular resistance (SVR) with no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Effects (magnitude and temporal pattern) of relaxin on systemic hemodynamics and arterial properties in hypertensive animal models are not known. Accordingly, the major goal of the present study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of rhRLX in hypertensive rats using 2 models: Long-Evans rats chronically administered angiotensin II (AII) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). CO and systemic arterial load, as quantified by SVR and ACg, were obtained using methods reported previously by us. In rats with AII-induced hypertension, acute rhRLX administration (up to 6 hours) significantly increased CO and ACg (24.9+/-3.9 and 34.3+/-12.6% above baseline, respectively) and significantly decreased SVR (17.2+/-3.5%) without changing MAP. In contrast, acute rhRLX administration to SHR and normotensive rats for up to 6 hours failed to produce any significant changes in CO, ACg, SVR, or MAP. However, chronic rhRLX administration (1 to 7 days) to SHR yielded significant changes (24.0+/-8.1 and 22.3+/-6.6% increases in CO and ACg, respectively, and a 13.3+/-5.3% decrease in SVR, with no change in MAP). In conclusion, rhRLX increases CO and reduces arterial load in hypertensive rats without reducing MAP. However, the time course of response to rhRLX treatment is dependent on the model of hypertension such that rats characterized by AII-mediated hypertension responded more rapidly to rhRLX administration than SHR.
Simplicity is Bliss (2013)

User-initiated security breaches are common and can be very costly to organizations. Information security training can be used as an effective tool to improve users’ secure behavior and thus alleviate security breaches. Via the lens of learning, working memory, and cognitive load theories, this research examines how to improve the effectiveness of security training through decreasing extraneous stimuli in the presentation of online security training. The authors conducted a realistic laboratory experiment to examine the influence of training with different levels of extraneous stimuli on secure behavior. They found that training presented with low levels of extraneous stimuli improved secure behavior more than training presented with high levels. The results question the effectiveness of elaborate training programs, and rather suggest that simple, direct training modules are most effective.
The effects of pyrantel tartrate on Sarcocystis neurona merozoite viability. (2001)

Sarcocystis neurona is the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, a neurologic disease of horses. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that pyrantel tartrate can kill S. neurona merozoites growing in equine dermal cell culture. Sarcocystis neurona merozoites were exposed to a range of concentrations of pyrantel tartrate or sodium tartrate ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 M. Merozoites were then placed onto equine dermal cell cultures and incubated for 2 weeks to check for viability. At 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation, plaque counts were compared between treatments and, between treatments and controls. Merozoites exposed to concentrations of pyrantel tartrate higher than 0.0025 M (8.91 x 10(-4) g/ml) did not produce plaques in equine dermal cells, whereas those exposed to similar concentrations of the tartrate salt or medium alone produced significant numbers of plaques. These results demonstrate that pyrantel tartrate has activity against S. neurona merozoites in vitro and suggest that it may have activity against the sporozoite stage of the parasite found in the equine gut.
A Nucleophilic Activation of Carboxylic Acids by Proline: Oxa-Michael Addition to Methyl Vinyl Ketone under Solvent-Free Conditions (2017)

A serendipitous nucleophilic activation of carboxylic acids by proline helped to achieve a direct hydrocarboxylation of methyl vinyl ketone at 60 °C under solvent-free conditions. A variety of carboxylic acids were used successfully in this oxa-Michael addition, affording useful 4-acyloxy-2-butanones in moderate yields. The reactions are carried out under solvent-free conditions, and the products are isolated in high purity by a simple work-up procedure without any need for column chromatographic purification, imparting a green quotient to the protocol. A heterodimeric non-covalent interaction between the amino acid and the carboxylic acid appears to be the most plausible mechanistic interpretation for the nucleophilic activation; additionally, the possible activation of the Michael acceptor by iminium ion formation presents an interesting case of proline acting as a bifunctional catalyst.