gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding Structure Changes during Cycling of MoS2-based Mg Batteries (2019)

Aberration-corrected (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) has been used as an important tool to characterize battery materials. However, the dis/charge processes often generate a large number of defects in the electrode materials strongly distorting their crystalline structure or even making them amorphous. At the same time, the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is formed and they are electrolyte coated after cycling. This intrinsically limits application of atomically resolved imaging techniques and even conventional diffraction. Furthermore, the signal of analytical methods such as EDX and EELS spectral imaging is obscured as the nanosized electrode particles are mostly surrounded by carbonaceous additives, which are used for enhancing electron conductivity of the battery electrode in the realistic electrochemical environment [1] . The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) obtained from diffraction [2] , measuring the interatomic distances and coordination, directly probes the atomic configuration, also for strongly distorted or disordered materials. In contrast to X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron diffraction in TEM provides highly flexible spatial resolution from micro-to tens of nanometer [3] . The recently developed 4D STEM-PDF [4] analysis offers PDF mapping with sub-nanometer spatial resolution and, at the same time, samples a statistically meaningful area representing the global sample properties. The power to answer structural questions of complex materials has been demonstrated, e.g. analyzing the structure evolution of phase transformation [3, 5] and the structure of metallic nanoglasses [6] . In this talk, we demonstrate that PDF analysis of electron diffraction in TEM associated with multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) can overcome the above mentioned issues and provide detailed structural and bonding analysis for long-time cycled real batteries. We explore our approach using MoS2-based Mg batteries, as the rechargeable Mg batteries are one of the most promising candidates for the next generation battery technologies. However, the crystalline structure of the host material is significantly destroyed during cycling because of the strong interaction between double charged Mg 2+ and the intercalation host, which leads to a transition from a short-and medium range order similar to 1H MoS2 to 2T MoS2 during cycling. As shown in figure This proves that the high charge density of Mg 2+ may be mitigated through dimethoxyethane solvation, which avoids the sluggish desolvation process at the cathode electrolyte interfaces and reduces the trapping force of the cathode lattice to the cations, facilitating Mg 2+ diffusion. In addition, the 4DSTEM-PDF line scan in the charged sample (figure It explains the ambiguous correlation between the X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS) result and the electrochemistry [8] .
Trapped‐particle evacuation: Source of magnetotail bursts and tailward flows? (1989)

Theoretical considerations and observational evidence suggest that the polar cap (which marks the boundary between closed and open field lines) can expand rapidly enough during the growth phase of a substorm to release geomagnetically trapped particles from previously closed drift shells and thus enable them to escape into the tail. This scenario requires induced electric fields sufficient to yield E · J &lt; 0 along the nightside x‐line, whereas standard reconnection theory would hold that E · J &gt; 0 there at all times. In support of our concept we cite observations which suggest that the moving separatrix can overtake convecting nightside plasma during intervals of polar‐cap expansion, and we illustrate the occurrence of this phenomenon with a simple model which suggests that closed nightside field lines containing trapped particles can become open and thus be evacuated of their particle populations. Such evacuation seems to account for the occurrence of energetic‐particle bursts in the tail (for which impulsive energization is therefore unnecessary) and for some of the plasma flows that occur in the region adjacent to the plasma‐sheet boundary layer. Expansion of the dayside portion of the polar cap should contribute to the transition of particles from closed to open field lines there and thus should increase the fluxes of magnetospheric ions in the magnetosheath.
Co-evolving cellular architectures by cellular programming (2002)

Recent studies have shown that non-uniform cellular automata (CA), where cellular rules need not necessarily be identical, can be co-evolved to perform computational tasks. This paper extends these studies by generalizing on a second aspect of CA, namely their standard, homogeneous connectivity. We study non-standard architectures, where each cell has a small, identical number of connections, yet not necessarily from its most immediate neighboring cells. We show that such architectures are computationally more efficient than standard architectures in solving global tasks, and also provide the reasoning for this. It is shown that one can successfully evolve non-standard architectures through a two-level evolutionary process, in which the cellular rules evolve concomitantly with the cellular connections. Specifically, studying the global density task, we identify the average cellular distance as a prime architectural parameter determining cellular automats performance. We carry out a quantitative analysis of this relationship, our main results being: (1) Performance is linearly dependent on the average cellular distance, with a high correlation coefficient. (2) High performance architectures can be co-evolved, concomitantly with the rules. The evolutionary algorithm presented may have important applications to designing economical connectivity architectures for distributed computing systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Activated Bis‐ and Tetrafluoroaromatic Compounds Containing Bis‐phenylquinoxaline Fragments. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Continuous Versus Intermittent Nebulized Terbutaline: Plasma Levels and Effects (1995)

The purpose of this investigation was to compare continuous versus intermittent nebulization of a beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, to determine whether differences exist in plasma concentrations or adverse cardiovascular effects of the drug with these two techniques for its administration. Sixteen children 6 to 16 yr of age, admitted for acute asthma, were enrolled in this randomized double-blind clinical trial. Nebulization of 16 mg of terbutaline over an 8-h period was performed either continuously or intermittently, with a dose of 4 mg given over 20 min every 2 h. The peak plasma terbutaline concentration for the intermittent nebulization treatment (INT) group (5.1 +/- 2.1 ng/ml) occurred 1 h after the fourth inhalation treatment and was similar to the peak concentration for the continuous nebulization treatment (CNT) group, which was reached at the end of the 8 h period (4.7 +/- 2.3 ng/ml). The maximum heart rate increase for the INT group (19.6 +/- 18.3 bpm) occurred 1 h after the fourth dose and was similar to the peak observed in the CNT group (19.6 +/- 19.2 bpm), which occurred after 3 h. Similar increases in systolic and decreases in diastolic pressures were observed for the INT and CNT groups. No evidence of serious adverse myocardial complications was seen in either group, as evidenced by measurements of the MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MB) and Holter-monitor recordings. Continuous nebulization of the terbutaline produces similar plasma concentrations and cardiovascular physiologic responses as intermittent nebulization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Treatment of Refractory Aplastic Anemia with Plasmapheresis: Report of a Case in Childhood with Review of the Literature (1990)

Treatment of aplastic anemia may raise considerable problems in some patients. This report concerns a boy whose illness started at 11 years of age. At first admission laboratory data were: hemoglobin 7.5 g/l, and counts of leucocytes, neutrophils and platelets were 2.3, 0.6, and 8 x 10(9)/l, respectively. His bone marrow was hypoplastic with sparse erythropoiesis. The patient did not respond to traditional medical treatment. Serum contained a high concentration of erythropoietin but no antibodies against erythropoietin. The patient's serum did neither alone, nor supported with recombinant erythropoietin, stimulate erythropoiesis in a bioassay, suggesting that some factor(s) inhibiting erythropoietic activity was present. Based on this hypothesis, plasma exchange was performed. After 26 weeks of plasmapheresis the hematological parameters were normalized. We conclude that plasmapheresis might be an alternative in treatment of resistant aplastic anemia. Further diagnostic tools to identify patients who might benefit from such a treatment are required.
Noise Reduction of Rectangular Enclosures with One Flexible Wall (1963)

The noise reduction produced by a small rigid enclosure with one flexible wall is computed. It is assumed that the critical frequency of the wall lies above the first acoustic resonance of the enclosure. The noise reduction is computed for very low frequencies where both wall and enclosed volume are stiffness-controlled, for frequencies where the wall is resonant and the volume is stiff, and for frequencies where both the wall and the acoustic space have resonant behavior. In the last case, a comparison made with the usual noise-reduction calculations based on forced wave-transmission loss. The noise reduction computed in this paper turns out to be less than the value computed by that more “classical” approach.
Analysis of zero crossing synchronization for OFDM-based AMR systems (2008)

With respect to the European Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, AMR is an intensively discussed subject. One major aspect concerning AMR via power line communications (PLC) is the synchronization of communication systems. Common synchronization techniques are limited due to omnipresent, intensive and permanent disturbance, frequency or timing restrictions. In this paper, we analyze a synchronization scheme for power line modems with emphasis on systems deployed in the CENELEC bands (Oksa et al., 2006). First, the basic parameters of a proposed communication system on the basis of OFDM are presented. Thereby, the application and the design of guard intervals for elimination of synchronization errors are in the focus of the examination. Common synchronization strategies are discussed and the application of synchronization using the zero crossings (ZC) of the mains voltage is investigated. Extensive measurement campaigns will be analyzed in order to determine the potential as well as the issues with zero crossing synchronization. Concerning the OFDM systems, the dimension of the assumed guard interval is compared and verified with the results of zero crossing jitter measurements.
A study of waveguide loaded with periodical dielectrics (2012)

The waveguides loaded with a periodic dielectric are considered. A theoretical method has been developed to investigate the wave dispersion characteristics and the beam-wave interaction. HFSS simulations have also been implemented on such structures. Excellent agreement has been obtained confirming that the performance of this structure has been accurately analyzed.
Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Predicting and Detecting Early Response to Chemoradiation Therapy of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck (2009)

These results suggest that ADC can be used as a marker for prediction and early detection of response to concurrent chemoradiation therapy in HNSCC.
Phonon‐Assisted Anti‐Stokes Lasing in ZnTe Nanoribbons (2015)

Phonon-assisted anti-Stokes emission and its stimulated emission in polar semiconductor ZnTe are demonstrated via the annihilation of phonons as a result of strong exciton-phonon coupling. The findings are not only important for developing high-power radiation-balanced lasers, but are also promising for manufacturing ultraefficient solid-state laser coolers.
Vitamin D 2 Potentiates Axon Regeneration (2008)

To date, the use of autograft tissue remains the "gold standard" technique for repairing transected peripheral nerves. However, the recovery is suboptimal, and neuroactive molecules are required. In the current study, we focused our attention on vitamin D, an FDA-approved molecule whose neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions are increasingly recognized. We assessed the therapeutic potential of ergocalciferol--the plant-derived form of vitamin D, named vitamin D2--in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury and repair. The left peroneal nerve was cut out on a length of 10 mm and immediately autografted in an inverted position. After surgery, animals were treated with ergocalciferol (100 IU/kg/day) and compared to untreated animals. Functional recovery of hindlimb was measured weekly, during 10 weeks post-surgery, using a walking track apparatus and a numerical camcorder. At the end of this period, motor and sensitive responses of the regenerated axons were calculated and histological analysis was performed. We observed that vitamin D2 significantly (i) increased axogenesis and axon diameter; (ii) improved the responses of sensory neurons to metabolites such as KCl and lactic acid; and (iii) induced a fast-to-slow fiber type transition of the Tibialis anterior muscle. In addition, functional recovery was not impaired by vitamin D supplementation. Altogether, these data indicate that vitamin D potentiates axon regeneration. Pharmacological studies with various concentrations of the two forms of vitamin D (ergocalciferol vs. cholecalciferol) are now required before recommending this molecule as a potential supplemental therapeutic approach following nerve injury.
Measurement of differential cross sections for Z bosons produced in association with charm jets in pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV (2021)

A bstract Measurements are presented of differential cross sections for the production of Z bosons in association with at least one jet initiated by a charm quark in pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 13 TeV. The data recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb − 1 . The final states contain a pair of electrons or muons that are the decay products of a Z boson, and a jet consistent with being initiated by a charm quark produced in the hard interaction. Differential cross sections as a function of the transverse momentum p T of the Z boson and p T of the charm jet are compared with predictions from Monte Carlo event generators. The inclusive production cross section 405 . 4 ± 5 . 6 (stat) ± 24 . 3 (exp) ± 3 . 7 (theo) pb, is measured in a fiducial region requiring both leptons to have pseudorapidity |η| &lt; 2 . 4 and p T &gt; 10 GeV, at least one lepton with p T &gt; 26 GeV, and a mass of the pair in the range 71–111 GeV, while the charm jet is required to have p T &gt; 30 GeV and |η| &lt; 2 . 4. These are the first measurements of these cross sections in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV.
Induced triploidy in the European clam, Ruditapes decussates (L.), and performance of triploid larvae (1994)

Abstract. For the first time, effective treatments using cytochalasin B were developed to induce triploidy in the European clam, Ruditapes decussatus (L.). The percentage of triploid embryos was assessed by karyological or image analysis. Two treatments (0·5 or 1 mg of cytochatasin B (CB) per ml of dimethyisulfoxide in 1 litre of sea water) were applied at different times after fertilization (10 to 25min), for two different periods (15 and 20min). Best results were obtained for a CB concentration of 1 mg/1. When treatment was applied 15min after fertilization for a 20min period, 94% and 95% of triploid embyros were obtained in two repeated experiments. At metamorphosis, the treated larvae appeared to be no smaller than the control larvae in all experiments. However, in general, significantly higher mortalities for CB-treated batches were found when compared with the untreated batch.
Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging (2015)

Unique determination of the atomic structure of technologically relevant surfaces is often limited by both a need for homogeneous crystals and ambiguity of registration between the surface and bulk. Atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging is extremely sensitive to this registration and is compatible with faceted nanomaterials, but has not been previously utilized for surface structure determination. Here we report a detailed experimental atomic-resolution secondary-electron microscopy analysis of the c(6 × 2) reconstruction on strontium titanate (001) coupled with careful simulation of secondary-electron images, density functional theory calculations and surface monolayer-sensitive aberration-corrected plan-view high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Our work reveals several unexpected findings, including an amended registry of the surface on the bulk and strontium atoms with unusual seven-fold coordination within a typically high surface coverage of square pyramidal TiO5 units. Dielectric screening is found to play a critical role in attenuating secondary-electron generation processes from valence orbitals.
Sparse User Check-in Venue Prediction By Exploring Latent Decision Contexts From Location-Based Social Networks (2019)

The proliferation of online Location-Based Social Networks (LBSN) has offered unprecedented opportunities for understanding fine-grained spatio-temporal behaviors of users and developing new location-aware applications. In this article, we focus on the problem of “Sparse User Check-in Venue Prediction,” where the goal is to predict the next venue LBSN users will visit by exploiting their sparse online check-in traces and the latent decision contexts. While efforts have been made to predict users’ check-in traces on a LBSN, several important challenges still exist. First, check-in traces contributed by LBSN users are often too sparse to provide sufficient evidence for a reliable prediction, especially when the prediction space is huge (e.g., hundreds of thousands of venues in large cities). Second, the user's decision context on which venue to visit next is often latent and has not been incorporated by current venue prediction models. Third, the dynamic and non-deterministic dependency between check-ins is either ignored or replaced by a simplified “consecutiveness” assumption in existing solutions, leading to sub-optimal prediction results. In this article, we develop a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Context-aware Sparse Check-in Venue Prediction (CSCVP)</i> scheme inspired by natural language processing techniques to address the above challenges. In particular, CSCVP predicts the venue category information and explores the similarity between users to address data sparsity challenge by significantly reducing the prediction space. It also leverages the Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) model to incorporate the user decision context into the prediction model. Finally, we develop a novel Temporal Adaptive Ngram (TA-Ngram) model in CSCVP to capture the dynamic and non-deterministic dependency between check-ins. We evaluate CSCVP using three real-world LBSN datasets. The results show that our scheme significantly improves accuracy (30.9 percent improvement) of the state-of-the-art user check-in venue prediction solutions.
Sustainable product and material end-of-life management: an approach for evaluating alternatives (2003)

Alternatives for management of products and materials at end-of-life include recovery of the product for re-use, recycling of the material content only, and responsible disposal. Choices are affected greatly by the mix of products, recovery technologies, and economics, and must be evaluated from the perspective of not only environmental impact but also sustainability. The Sustainability Target Method (STM) links the economic value of a product with its environmental impact to provide a practical business criterion for sustainability. Extension of the STM to the product end-of-life stage provides basic criteria for evaluating end-of-life options. The recovery effectiveness, /spl eta/ and improvement factor, F express the extent to which product recovery offsets total environmental impact and approaches sustainability. The method offers a solution to some practical LCA issues. Application is demonstrated for basic materials recovery.
Multimedia content screening using a dual watermarking and fingerprinting system (2002)

We present a new dual watermarking and fingerprinting system, where initially all copies of a protected object are identically watermarked using a secret key, but individual detection keys are distinct. By knowing a detection key, an adversary cannot recreate the original content from the watermarked content. However, knowledge of any one detection key is sufficient for modifying the object so that a detector using that key would fail to detect the marks. Detectors using other detection keys would not be fooled, and such a modified object necessarily contains enough information about the broken detector key - the fingerprint. Our dual system limits the scope of possible attacks, when compared to classic fingerprinting systems. Under optimal attacks, the size of the collusion necessary to remove the marks without leaving a detectable fingerprint is superlinear in object size, whereas classic fingerprinting has a lower bound on collusion resistance that is approximately fourth root in object size. By using our scheme one can achieve collusion resistance of up to 900,000 users for a two hour high-definition video.
SHIP Family Inositol Phosphatases Interact with and Negatively Regulate the Tec Tyrosine Kinase (2004)

The Tec family of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs), that includes Tec, Itk, Btk, Bmx, and Txk, plays an essential role in phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma) activation following antigen receptor stimulation. This function requires activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), which promotes Tec membrane localization through phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns 3,4,5-P(3)) generation. The mechanism of negative regulation of Tec family PTKs is poorly understood. In this study, we show that the inositol 5' phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 interact preferentially with Tec, compared with other Tec family members. Four lines of evidence suggest that SHIP phosphatases are negative regulators of Tec. First, SHIP1 and SHIP2 are potent inhibitors of Tec activity. Second, inactivation of the Tec SH3 domain, which is necessary and sufficient for SHIP binding, generates a hyperactive form of Tec. Third, SHIP1 inhibits Tec membrane localization. Finally, constitutively targeting Tec to the membrane relieves SHIP1-mediated inhibition. These data suggest that SHIP phosphatases can interact with and functionally inactivate Tec by de-phosphorylation of local PtdIns 3,4,5-P(3) and inhibition of Tec membrane localization.