gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Server-supported signatures* (1997)

Non-repudiation is one of the most important security services. In this paper we present a novel non-repudiation technique, called server-supported signatures, S3. It is based on one-way hash functions and traditional digital signatures. One of its highlights is that for ordinary users the use of a symmetric cryptography is limited to signature verification. S3 is efficient in terms of computational, communication and storage costs. It also offers a degree of security comparable to that of existing techniques based on asymmetric cryptography.
Acetogenesis from H2plus CO2and nitrogen fixation by an endosymbiotic spirochete of a termite-gut cellulolytic protist (2015)

Symbiotic associations of cellulolytic eukaryotic protists and diverse bacteria are common in the gut microbial communities of termites. Besides cellulose degradation by the gut protists, reductive acetogenesis from H2 plus CO2 and nitrogen fixation by gut bacteria play crucial roles in the host termites' nutrition by contributing to the energy demand of termites and supplying nitrogen poor in their diet, respectively. Fractionation of these activities and the identification of key genes from the gut community of the wood-feeding termite Hodotermopsis sjoestedti revealed that substantial activities in the gut--nearly 60% of reductive acetogenesis and almost exclusively for nitrogen fixation--were uniquely attributed to the endosymbiotic bacteria of the cellulolytic protist in the genus Eucomonympha. The rod-shaped endosymbionts were surprisingly identified as a spirochete species in the genus Treponema, which usually exhibits a characteristic spiral morphology. The endosymbionts likely use H2 produced by the protist for these dual functions. Although H2 is known to inhibit nitrogen fixation in some bacteria, it seemed to rather stimulate this important mutualistic process. In addition, the single-cell genome analyses revealed the endosymbiont's potentials of the utilization of sugars for its energy requirement, and of the biosynthesis of valuable nutrients such as amino acids from the fixed nitrogen. These metabolic interactions are suitable for the dual functions of the endosymbiont and reconcile its substantial contributions in the gut.
The Impact of Inconsistent Human Annotations on AI driven Clinical Decision Making (2022)

Abstract In supervised learning model development, domain experts are often used to provide the class labels (annotations). Annotation inconsistencies commonly occur when even highly experienced clinical experts annotate the same phenomenon (e.g., medical image, diagnostics, or prognostic status), due to inherent expert bias, judgements, and slips, among other factors. While their existence is relatively well-known, the implications of such inconsistencies are largely understudied in real-world settings, should supervised learning on such ‘noisy’ labelled data be used in AI-driven clinical decision-making systems. To shed light on these issues, we conducted extensive experiments and analyses on three real-world Intensive Care Unit (ICU) datasets. Specifically, individual models were built from a common dataset, annotated independently by 11 Glasgow Queen Elizabeth University Hospital ICU consultants, and model performance estimates were compared through internal validation (fair agreement: Fleiss’ κ = 0.383). Further, broad external validation (on both static and time series datasets) of these 11 classifiers was carried out on a HiRID external dataset, where the models’ classifications were found to have low pairwise agreements (average Cohen’s κ = 0.255). Moreover, they tend to disagree more on making discharge decisions (Fleiss’ κ = 0.174) than predicting mortality (Fleiss’ κ = 0.267). Given these inconsistencies, further analyses were conducted to evaluate the current best practices in obtaining gold-standard models and determining consensus. The results suggest that: (a) there may not always be a “super expert” in acute clinical settings; and (b) standard consensus seeking (such as majority vote) consistently leads to suboptimal models. Further analysis, however, suggests that assessing annotation learnability and using only ‘learnable’ annotated datasets for determining consensus achieves optimal models in most cases.
Synchronization of periodic clocks (2005)

We propose a programming model dedicated to real-time video-streaming applications for embedded media devices, including high-definition TVs. This model is built on the synchronous programming model extended with domain-specific knowledge --- periodic evolution of streams --- to allow correct-by-construction properties of the application to be proven by the compiler. These properties include buffer requirements and delays between input and output streams.Such properties are tedious to analyze by hand, due to the combinatorics of video filters, multiple data rates and formats. We show how to extend a core synchronous data-flow language with a notion of periodic clocks, and to design a relaxed clock calculus (a type system for clocks) to allow non strictly synchronous processes to be composed. This relaxation is associated with a subtyping rule in the clock calculus. Delay, buffer insertion and control code for these buffers are automatically inferred from the clock types through a systematic program transformation.
Magnetic resonance imaging (1993)

Since its first proposal by Lauterbur in 1973 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the most advantageous diagnostic tools in medicine. It has led to the first industrial routine application of superconductive magnets. The authors outline the principles of magnetic resonance and how the spatial distribution of the nuclear magnetization in an object can be obtained by the application of magnetic field gradients. The state of the art of technology and parameters that influence contrast, resolution and noise in the image are described. The authors give examples of applications of MRI in soft tissue characterization, obtaining imaging times of less than a second, 3D imaging and the investigation of blood flow by magnetic resonance angiography. Spectroscopy can identify metabolites in vivo, but its clinical usefulness is still unclear because the low amounts of metabolites limit spatial resolution. Very recently functional imaging of brain activation has become possible, i.e. the measurement of local blood perfusion changes in the brain caused by sensory stimulation.
Electrochemical behavior of tin(IV) oxide electrodes in lithium-ion batteries at high potentials (2015)

In commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIB) graphite is used as the anode material. However, graphite has a rather limited volumetric and gravimetric capacity which is a drawback when higher energy d ...
Career-self management and entrepreneurship: an experience with PhD students (2018)

Introduction. This study presents an experience developed with PhD students aimed to analyze the extent to which career self-management should be approached along with entrepreneurship issues to promote students’ career development.Method. An intervention group who attended a Career Self-Management Seminar (EG1), a comparison group who attended the CSMS followed by a Seminar on Entrepreneurship (EG2), and a control group (CG) were compared, in three different moments (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up).Results. Results at an intra and inter-group level indicate that the EG1 and the EG2 significantly increased the extent of self-exploration, the intended-systematic exploration, and the amount of acquired information over time, and also their concerns related to holding and up-dating their careers. According to the longitudinal research plan, the EG1 participants benefited most of this career intervention.Discussion and Conclusion. The results suggest the effectiveness of the career seminar in most of the career development measures, particularly in comparison with the non-intervention. Implications are drawn to the development of career services and interventions that promote a reflection about entrepreneurship as a career path
Severe Carotid Arterial Disease: A Diagnostic Enigma (2000)

The development of the duplex scanner has made the diagnosis of carotid arterial disease easy to those trained in its interpretation. The difficulty lies in the ability to define the patient population most likely to benefit from early diagnosis and treatment. All patients referred to the vascular laboratories at two major hospitals for evaluation of neurologic symptoms were entered into the study. The indications for the study, comorbid conditions, and medications were tabulated and compared with the results of the carotid duplex scan. The purpose was to see whether there was a relationship between the severity of carotid arterial disease and symptoms. A total of 5,807 carotid duplex scans were performed on 5,001 patients. There were 525 patients (11%) with an internal carotid artery stenosis of >70 per cent and 252 patients (5%) with an occlusion of the internal carotid artery. In addition, there were a group of 139 patients with severe bilateral carotid disease. Bruit and a history of known carotid disease were the only indications that were statistically related to severe carotid arterial disease. Smoking, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, cardiac conditions, and hyperlipidemia were also statistically related to patients with significant carotid disease. This study indicates that the classic indications for carotid duplex scans such as transient ischemic attack, amaurosis fugax, and dizziness have no correlation with the severity of the disease.
Appraising the Nutritional Status of Mothers and Infants (1948)

Appraising the Nutritional Status of Mothers and Infants Affiliation Clement A. Smith, and Harold C. Stuart CopyRight*Presented before the Food and Nutrition Section of the American Public Health Association at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting in Atlantic City, N. J., October 9, 1947. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.38.3.369 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Monolayer and Spheroid Culture of Human Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line Cells Demonstrate Distinct Global Gene Expression Patterns and Functional Phenotypes (2008)

Understanding cell biology of three-dimensional (3D) biological structures is important for more complete appreciation of in vivo tissue function and advancing ex vivo organ engineering efforts. To elucidate how 3D structure may affect hepatocyte cellular responses, we compared global gene expression of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells cultured as monolayers on tissue culture dishes (TCDs) or as spheroids within rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors. HepG2 cells grown in RWVs form spheroids up to 100 mum in diameter within 72 h and up to 1 mm with long-term culture. The actin cytoskeleton in monolayer cells show stress fiber formation while spheroids have cortical actin organization. Global gene expression analysis demonstrates upregulation of structural genes such as extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, and adhesion molecules in monolayers, whereas RWV spheroids show upregulation of metabolic and synthetic genes, suggesting functional differences. Indeed, liver-specific functions of cytochrome P450 activity and albumin production are higher in the spheroids. Enhanced liver functions require maintenance of 3D structure and environment, because transfer of spheroids to a TCD results in spheroid disintegration and subsequent loss of function. These findings illustrate the importance of physical environment on cellular organization and its effects on hepatocyte processes.
Alterated talar and navicular bone morphology is associated with pes planus deformity: A CT‐scan study (2012)

We compared bone and articular morphology of the talus and navicular in clinically diagnosed flatfeet and evaluated their potential contribution to talo-navicular joint instability. We used CT images to develop 3D models of talus and navicular bones of 10 clinically diagnosed flatfeet and 15 non-flatfeet. We quantified their global bone dimensions, inclination and dimensions of the articular surfaces and their curvatures. Additionally, ratios of six talar and navicular dimensions were calculated. The values for these parameters were then compared between both groups. In flatfeet, the talar head faced more proximal and its width was larger compared to non-flatfeet. Also the navicular cup faced more proximal and its depth was significantly increased. Furthermore, we observed a more protruding talar head compared to the navicular cup in the control group with the articular surface depth being relatively larger for the navicular cups when compared to the talus in flatfeet. The ratio of the talar and navicular articular surface height was decreased in flatfeet, suggesting increased height of navicular cups relative to the articulating talar heads. Our results show that flatfoot deformity is associated with morphological changes of talar and navicular articular surfaces that can favor medial arch collapse and forefoot abduction.
Sonification of a 3-D Spider Web and Reconstitution for Musical Composition Using Granular Synthesis (2020)

Abstract Three-dimensional spider webs feature highly intricate fiber architectures, which can be represented via 3-D scanning and modeling. To allow novel interpretations of the key features of a 3-D Cyrtophora citricola spider web, we translate complex 3-D data from the original web model into music, using data sonification. We map the spider web data to audio parameters such as pitch, amplitude, and envelope. Paired with a visual representation, the resulting audio allows a unique and holistic immersion into the web that can describe features of the 3-D architecture (fiber distance, lengths, connectivity, and overall porosity of the structure) as a function of spatial location in the web. Using granular synthesis, we further develop a method to extract musical building blocks from the sonified web, transforming the original representation of the web data into new musical compositions. We build a new virtual, interactive musical instrument in which the physical 3-D web data are used to generate new variations in sound through exploration of different spatial locations and grain-processing parameters. The transformation of sound from grains to musical arrangements (variations of melody, rhythm, harmony, chords, etc.) is analogous to the natural bottom–up processing of proteins, resembling the design of sequence and higher-level hierarchical protein material organization from elementary chemical building blocks. The tools documented here open possibilities for creating virtual instruments based on spider webs for live performances and art installations, suggesting new possibilities for immersion into spider web data, and for exploring similarities between protein folding, on the one hand, and assembly and musical expression, on the other.
Single integrated device for optical CDMA code processing in dual-code environment (2007)

We report on the design, fabrication and performance of a matching integrated optical CDMA encoder-decoder pair based on holographic Bragg reflector technology. Simultaneous encoding/decoding operation of two multiple wavelength-hopping time-spreading codes was successfully demonstrated and shown to support two error-free OCDMA links at OC-24. A double-pass scheme was employed in the devices to enable the use of longer code length.
Microgravity Experiments to Evaluate Electrostatic Forces in Controlling Cohesion and Adhesion of Granular Materials (1999)

The bulk behavior of dispersed, fluidized, or undispersed stationary granular systems cannot be fully understood in terms of adhesive/cohesive properties without understanding the role of electrostatic forces acting at the level of the grains themselves. When grains adhere to a surface, or come in contact with one another in a stationary bulk mass, it is difficult to measure the forces acting on the grains, and the forces themselves that induced the cohesion and adhesion are changed. Even if a single gain were to be scrutinized in the laboratory, it might be difficult, perhaps impossible, to define the distribution and character of surface charging and the three- dimensional relationship that charges (electrons, holes) have to one another. The hypothesis that we propose to test in microgravity (for dielectric materials) is that adhesion and cohesion of granular matter are mediated primarily by dipole forces that do not require the presence of a net charge; in fact, nominally electrically neutral materials should express adhesive and cohesive behavior when the neutrality results from a balance of positive and negative charge carriers. Moreover, the use of net charge alone as a measure of the electrical nature of grain-to-grain relationships within a granular mass may be misleading. We believe that the dipole forces arise from the presence of randomly-distributed positive and negative fixed charge carriers on grains that give rise to a resultant dipole moment. These dipole forces have long-range attraction. Random charges are created whenever there is triboelectrical activity of a granular mass, that is, whenever the grains experience contact/separation sequences or friction. Electrostatic forces are generally under-estimated for their role in causing agglomeration of dispersed grains in particulate clouds, or their role in affecting the internal frictional relationships in packed granular masses. We believe that electrostatic, in particular dipole-mediated processes, are pervasive and probably affect, at some level, everything from astrophysical-scale granular systems such as interstellar nebulae, protoplanetary dust and debris disks, planetary-scale systems such as debris palls from meteorite impact, volcanic eruptions, and aeolian dust storms, all the way to industrial-scale systems in mining, powder and grain processing, pharmaceuticals, and smoke-stack technologies. NASA must concern itself with the electrostatic behavior of dust and sand on Mars because of its potentially critical importance to human exploration. The motion and adhesion of martian surface materials will affect the design and performance of spacesuits, habitats, processing plants, solar panels, and any externally exposed equipment such as surface rovers or communication and weather stations. Additionally, the adhesion of dust and sand could greatly enhance contact with the potentially toxic components of the martian soil.
1A2-D17 Enhancement of Surface Undulation Perception Based on stochastic Resonance (2010)

The sheet metal inspectors in automobile industries know that the knitted work gloves help the perception of surface undulation. During scanning the sheet metal with gloves, the noise by the vibration is generated. As the result, the stochastic resonance enhances the surface undulation perception. In this paper, this touch enhancing mechanism is investigated through psychophysical experiments and important factors for the surface undulation perception are presented.
Enhancing the Lithium Ion Conductivity of an All Solid-State Electrolyte via Dry and Solvent-Free Scalable Series Production Processes (2020)

This work is about the possibility to enhance the lithium ion conductivity of a polymeric solid-state electrolyte via scalable production processes which can directly be utilized for series production. The solid electrolyte consists of PEO, LiTFSI and SiO 2 and achieved a maximum ionic conductivity of σ Ion = 2.4 ·10 −3 S cm −1 at 90 °C and σ Ion = 1.26 ·10 −3 S cm −1 at 80 °C. For that, we present a scalable completely dry process chain consisting of granulation, plastification and calendering without the need of any solvents. Within these production processes the influence of process parameters like specific energy input, production temperature and filling degree to the properties of the polymeric solid electrolyte components (among others lithium ion conductivity, chain length, density) are investigated. One key finding is that a suitable process window in terms of specific energy input during plastification is very small and can be quantified for the given process geometry. Under- or overshooting these barriers can directly lead to a degradation of the whole system and as a result directly decreased lithium ion conductivities. Besides process parameters, we also investigate material and formulation parameters, like salt concentration, annealing time and measurement temperatures. Finally, a model is presented to describe the maximum achievable lithium ion conductivity as a function of the specific energy input during production.
Partial Involvement of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Neurotoxicity of 3-N-Oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic Acid (L-.BETA.-ODAP) (2004)

Neurolathyrism is a human motoneuron disease caused by the overconsumption of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) that contains a toxic non-protein amino acid, 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (L-beta-ODAP). The preventive activities of various glutamatergic agents from acute neuronal death caused by L-beta-ODAP were studied using rat primary cortical neuron/glia culture. Nearly 80% of the rat primary cortical neurons were killed by 300 microM L-beta-ODAP within 24 h. Though antagonists acting on the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor prevented most of the toxicity, antagonists acting on group I metabotropic glutamatergic receptors (mGluRs), including (RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA), (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG), and 2-methyl-6-(2-phenylethenyl)pyridine (SIB1893) partially and significantly prevented neuronal death due to L-beta-ODAP. These antagonists, within limited concentrations, did not have any inhibitory effects on the currents through AMPA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. L-beta-ODAP itself did not induce the currents through group I mGluRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes. These results suggest that the neurotoxicity induced by L-beta-ODAP is partially mediated by the activation of group I mGluRs by an indirect mechanisms.
Evolution of structure and dynamics of thermo-reversible nanoparticle gels—A combined XPCS and rheology study (2019)

A combined X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and rheology study is carried out to capture the evolution of structure, fast particle-scale dynamics, and moduli (elastic and loss) at early times of gel formation near the fluid-gel boundary of a suspension of nanoparticles. The system is comprised of moderately concentrated suspensions of octadecyl silica in decalin (ϕ = 0.2) undergoing thermoreversible gelation. Near the gel boundary, the rate of gel formation is very sensitive to changes in attraction strength. However, we find that at different attraction strengths, the system goes through identical intermediate states of microscopic and macroscopic behavior, even though the absolute time needed to form a gel varies by orders of magnitude. We identify a single dimensionless time parameter, t<sub>w</sub>/t<sub>g</sub>, where t<sub>w</sub> is the wait time following the quench and t<sub>g</sub> is the rheologically determined gel time, that captures the similarity in gel formation at a range of attraction strengths. Following a temperature quench below the gel boundary, the system is initially fluidlike and forms diffusive clusters (∼8.5 times the particle diameter). After a lag-time, t<sub>L</sub>, clusters aggregate to form a network like structure which is characterized by the onset of mechanical rigidity and a rapid growth in microscopic relaxation times. At t<sub>g</sub>, the Baxter parameter obtained from adhesive hard sphere fits of the structure factor attains a constant value corresponding to the theoretical percolation boundary, thus demonstrating that gelation is percolation driven.