gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient approximation of neural filters for removing quantum noise from images (2002)

In this paper, efficient filters are presented that approximate neural filters (NFs) that are trained to remove quantum noise from images. A novel analysis method is proposed for making clear the characteristics of the trained NF. In the proposed analysis method, an unknown nonlinear deterministic system with plural inputs such as the trained NF can be analyzed by using its outputs when the specific input signals are input to it. The experiments on the NFs trained to remove quantum noise from medical and natural images were performed. The results have demonstrated that the approximate filters, which are realized by using the results of the analysis, are sufficient for approximation of the trained NFs and efficient at computational cost.
Collaborative annotation for context-aware retrieval (2009)

We discuss how collaborative annotations can be exploited to simplify and improve the management of context and resources in the context-aware retrieval field. We apply this approach to our Context Aware Browser, a general purpose solution to Web content perusal by means of mobile devices, based on the user's context. Instead of relying on a pool of experts and on a rigid categorization, as it is usually done in the context-aware field, our solution allows the crowd of users to model, control and manage the contextual knowledge through collaboration and participation. We propose two models and we outline an example of application.
Haematopoietic Growth Factors (2015)

Abstract Haematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) regulate the production of all the cellular elements of blood by stimulating the proliferation, survival and differentiation of haematopoietic cells in various stages of maturation and also enhancing mature cell functions. Certain factors are critical for haematopoiesis in normal health (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐7 and stem cell factor) while other growth factors (interleukin‐3, interleukin‐5, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐11 and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor) exert their effects principally in inflammatory states as a response to infection or trauma. Similar to immune cytokines, many HGFs exhibit overlapping roles (redundancy) and dramatic synergy when acting in combination. HGFs transduce their potent biological effects through growth factor receptors which bind HGFs with high affinity and signal through JAK family tyrosine kinases. Recombinant HGFs are used in a wide variety of clinical settings including the treatment for anaemia in kidney disease (erythropoietin), chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia (granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor) and immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (thrombopoietin) and to aid in the collection of bone marrow stem cells (G‐CSF). Key Concepts Haematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) are small, secreted extracellular glycoproteins that bind to receptors on the surface of haematopoietic cells Growth factors that are critical for maintenance of blood cell production in normal health are erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐7 and stem cell factor Interleukin‐3, interleukin‐5, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐11 and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor exert their effects principally in inflammatory states as a response to infection or trauma HGFs are heavily glycosylated proteins that adopt an antiparallel 4‐α helical bundle structure Clinical uses of HGFs continue to increase and include anaemia of renal disease, chemotherapy‐ and drug‐induced neutropenia‐, immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia and anti‐tumour vaccination therapies HGFs exert their effects through specific binding to unique or shared receptor subunits In the case of heterodimeric receptors, the initial sequence of events involves the binding of cytokine to the major binding subunit of the receptor, the alpha subunit, followed by recruitment of the signalling subunit which then undergoes further oligomerisation to bring together two JAK‐2 molecules
Anomalous conductivity behavior of microcrystalline silicon (2010)

In academic and industrial laboratories worldwide, large area microcrystalline silicon is under development for utilization in high efficiency thin film silicon tandem modules. Microcrystalline silicon (nowadays also named nanocrystalline silicon) is a complicated material: it has a multi-phase structure consisting of small nanocrystallites embedded in a matrix of a-Si:H. At fixed growth conditions the structure grows inhomogeneously in the growth direction and the evolution of the nanocrystalline fraction (X <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ) is dependent on the nature of the substrate. Formation of mid gap states, in the form of silicon dangling bonds, is hard to control during growth and at increasingly high X <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> , the probability of incorporating oxygen and other contaminants increases. If extended voids are present, also after deposition the material can easily become contaminated with moisture or oxygen. Due to the complex growth mechanism and unstable nature of the material in air the characterization and modeling of materials with high X <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> with respect to conductivity is ambiguous. Often an electrical conductivity activation energy (E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> ) measurement is used to determine the electronic quality, which should show “intrinsic” behavior. However, with increasing crystallinity, E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> drops to values far below that of intrinsic c-Si. This anomalous behavior is explained in this paper with an effective medium approximation for the electron density of states of μc-Si:H. Our model offers an alternative explanation (in contrast with models assuming a change in conduction path, percolation transport, or a highly conductive amorphous network) for the behavior of E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> with increasing crystalline fraction. The model leads to a straightforward distinction into three classes of microcrystalline materials.
A design of self-tuning PID controllers using a genetic algorithm (1999)

A self-tuning PID controller design scheme is proposed, which is able to deal with systems with unknown or time-varying parameters. The proposed scheme is derived based on the relationship between PID control and generalized minimum variance control (GMVC) laws. Furthermore, a suitable set of some user-specified parameters included in the GMVC criterion is sought by using a genetic algorithm recursively. A numerical simulation example shows the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF L,4‐DIARYLBUTENYNES (1976)

Abstract Entsprechende i Aldehyde (III), die zumeist durch Acetalisierung von Acetylenen (I) und nachfolgende Hydrolyse der Acetale (II) gewonnen werden, werden durch Wittig‐Reaktion mit entsprechenden Arylphosphoniumsalzen (VI) zu den Titelverbindungen (VII) (zumeist trennbare cis/trans‐Gemische) umgesetzt.
Hall Orofacial Syndrome (2011)

Abstract This chapter provides pictures and clinical details of HALL OROFACIAL SYNDROME
Analysis of Brazilian blackout on November 10~(th),2009 and revelations to security for China's power grid (2010)

The process of Brazilian blackout on November 10th,2009 was discribed.The main reasons causing this blackout were multiple accidents brought by extreme-weather,defects of protective relayings and incorrect order of security and stability control system.It was pointed out that lessons learned from the blackout by China's power grid operators are optimizing network structure,fining operation arrangement,completing relay protection,improving out-of-step separation and reinforcing black start.
Three-Dimensional Analysis in Facial Asymmetry: Comparison With Model Analysis and Conventional Two-Dimensional Analysis (2009)

The purpose of this study was to compare a computed tomographic (CT) three-dimensional analysis with a model analysis to use it as diagnostic aid for the evaluation of occlusal plane tilting in facial asymmetry. Ten patients with facial asymmetry underwent CT three-dimensional examination, plaster cast analysis, and two-dimensional cephalometric analysis. The distance between a reference plane to the upper first molar and upper canine was measured on three-dimensional CT, on models, and on cephalograms to assess occlusal plane tilting. Measurements taken on three-dimensional CT were compared with those taken on articulator and cephalograms, and the level of discordance between the different analyses was evaluated. Quantitative data on the occlusal tilting are similar, but three-dimensional CT gives a better representation of anatomy, thus reducing interpretative problems about altered individual anatomy. Three-dimensional CT seems to be so helpful in detecting individual anatomical variations that it can be adopted in the diagnosis for severe craniofacial asymmetry.
Guided Microwave Detection of Corrosion Product in Insulated Pipelines (2016)

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a common cause of pipeline failure in the oil and gas industry. Its detection with conventional inspection techniques is challenging due to the presence of the insulation layer and a protective metallic cladding that prevent direct access to the pipe surface. Guided microwave testing has been proposed as a cost-effective approach to screen an extended length of a pipeline for the presence of water, which is a necessary precursor for CUI. The pipe and metallic cladding naturally form a large coaxial transmission line in which the insulation acts as a dielectric and supports the propagation of microwave signals. The inspection is performed by launching the signal from an array of antennas permanently installed at one location along the pipeline. Wet insulation is then detected according to the radar principle since water results in the partial reflection of the incident microwave owing to the permittivity contrast between dry and wet insulation. This paper reviews the underpinning principles of longrange guided microwave testing and presents a new study aimed at enhancing the selectivity of the technique by detecting corrosion product inside the insulation which is more reliable indicator of CUI progression.
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Fuel Consumption Modeling Based on Road Load and Power Train Parameters (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The EPA is developing a new generation emissions inventory model, MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator). The first version of the model outputs fuel consumption based on available modal data. However, due to the limited heavy-duty vehicle data, MOVES pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission rates will need to be supplemented with rates determined with the Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE). PERE combines vehicle tractive power together with vehicle powertrain parameters specific to the class of vehicle; the vehicle weight, shape, engine type, and transmission. Analysis of in-use data for heavy-duty diesel tractor-trailer vehicles, city transit diesel buses, and dynamometer non-road diesel engines has enabled a determination of diesel engine friction and indicated efficiency and transmission shift schedules for these engines and vehicles. These model parameters and a comparison of the model results to measured fuel consumption and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions are presented.&lt;/div&gt;
Fine pitch 3D-TSV based high frequency components for RF MEMS applications (2015)

The development of interconnections suitable for radio-frequency (RF) and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications is of foremost importance for the feasibility of high-quality substrate-integrated devices. For this purpose, we introduce and validate the technology to implement fine-pitch high-aspect ratio tungsten-filled through-silicon vias (W-TSVs) adapted for high-frequency applications. The presented technology is optimized for integration with RF MEMS, for which we propose a compatible fabrication process flow. We designed and characterized RF test structures to assess the quality of the W-TSVs and their suitability for radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFIC) applications, showing low insertion loss for TSV in coplanar waveguides (CPW) and high-performance wideband mm-wave antennas.
Reliability assessment of null allele detection: inconsistencies between and within different methods (2013)

Microsatellite loci are widely used in population genetic studies, but the presence of null alleles may lead to biased results. Here, we assessed five methods that indirectly detect null alleles and found large inconsistencies among them. Our analysis was based on 20 microsatellite loci genotyped in a natural population of Microtus oeconomus sampled during 8 years, together with 1200 simulated populations without null alleles, but experiencing bottlenecks of varying duration and intensity, and 120 simulated populations with known null alleles. In the natural population, 29% of positive results were consistent between the methods in pairwise comparisons, and in the simulated data set, this proportion was 14%. The positive results were also inconsistent between different years in the natural population. In the null-allele-free simulated data set, the number of false positives increased with increased bottleneck intensity and duration. We also found a low concordance in null allele detection between the original simulated populations and their 20% random subsets. In the populations simulated to include null alleles, between 22% and 42% of true null alleles remained undetected, which highlighted that detection errors are not restricted to false positives. None of the evaluated methods clearly outperformed the others when both false-positive and false-negative rates were considered. Accepting only the positive results consistent between at least two methods should considerably reduce the false-positive rate, but this approach may increase the false-negative rate. Our study demonstrates the need for novel null allele detection methods that could be reliably applied to natural populations.
Safety assessment of the process BPCL, based on Starlinger deCON technology, used to recycle post‐consumer PET into food contact materials (2021)

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of the recycling process BPCL (EU register number RECYC220), which uses the Starlinger deCON technology. The input material is hot washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes originating from collected post-consumer PET containers, e.g. bottles, including no more than 5% PET from non-food consumer applications. The flakes are preheated before being submitted to solid-state polycondensation (SSP) in a continuous reactor at high temperature under vacuum and ■■■■■. Having examined the challenge test provided, the Panel concluded that the preheating (step 2) and the decontamination in the ■■■■■ SSP reactor (step 3) are critical in determining the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the performance of these critical steps are temperature, pressure, residence time and ■■■■■. It was demonstrated that this recycling process is able to ensure a level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food below the conservatively modelled migration of 0.1 μg/kg food. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process is not considered to be of safety concern, when used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long-term storage at room temperature, with or without hotfill. The final articles made of this recycled PET are not intended to be used in microwave or conventional ovens and such uses are not covered by this evaluation.
WR1065 mitigates AZT‐ddI‐induced mutagenesis and inhibits viral replication (2009)

The success of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in treating HIV-1 infection and reducing mother-to-child transmission of the virus during pregnancy is accompanied by evidence that NRTIs cause long-term health risks for cancer and mitochondrial disease. Thus, agents that mitigate toxicities of the current combination drug therapies are needed. Previous work had shown that the NRTI-drug pair zidovudine (AZT)-didanosine (ddI) was highly cytotoxic and mutagenic; thus, we conducted preliminary studies to investigate the ability of the active moiety of amifostine, WR1065, to protect against the deleterious effects of this NRTI-drug pair. In TK6 cells exposed to 100 muM AZT-ddI (equimolar) for 3 days with or without 150 muM WR1065, WR1065 enhanced long-term cell survival and significantly reduced AZT-ddI-induced mutations. Follow-up studies were conducted to determine if coexposure to AZT and WR1065 abrogated the antiretroviral efficacy of AZT. In human T-cell blasts infected with HIV-1 in culture, inhibition of p24 protein production was observed in cells treated with 10 muM AZT in the absence or presence of 5-1,000 muM WR1065. Surprisingly, WR1065 alone exhibited dose-related inhibition of HIV-1 p24 protein production. WR1065 also had antiviral efficacy against three species of adenovirus and influenza A and B. Intracellular levels of unbound WR1065 were measured following in vitro/in vivo drug exposure. These pilot study results indicate that WR1065, at low intracellular levels, has cytoprotective and antimutagenic activities against the most mutagenic pair of NRTIs and has broad spectrum antiviral effects. These findings suggest that the activities have a possible common mode of action that merits further investigation.
Dear search engine: what's your opinion about...? (2010)

Search Engines have become the main entry point to Web content, and a large part of the "visible" Web consists in what is presented by them as top retrieved results. Therefore, it would be desirable if the first few results were a representative sample of the entire result set. This paper provides a preliminary study about opinions contained in search engine results for controversial queries such as "cloning" or "immigration". To this end, we extract sentiment metadata from web pages, and compare search engine results for several queries. Furthermore, we compare opinions expressed in the top results to those in other retrieved results to examine whether the top-ranked pages are a good sample of all results from an opinion perspective. In a preliminary empirical analysis, we compare up to 50 results from 3 commercial search engines on 14 controversial queries to study the relation between sentiments, topics, and rankings.
Temporal Dynamics for Spectral Sub-Band Centroid Audio Fingerprints (2007)

Motivated by the effectual use of temporal information in speech recognition, we investigate the effectiveness of the temporal dynamics of the spectral sub-band centroid (SSC) fingerprints for audio fingerprinting. The SSC, which is known to be a robust audio fingerprint against various distortions, does not involve any temporal dynamics. Here, the temporal dynamics are defined as the difference between two neighboring SSCs. The robustness of the temporal dynamics against various distortions were compared to that of SSCs. The system using temporal dynamics showed similar performance to that using SSCs in various distortions except for time-scale modification and linear-speed change. This is to be expected since these distortions change the time correlation of an audio. In our experiment, the concatenation of SSCs and the temporal dynamics outperformed each of the individual fingerprints. This suggests that the SSCs and the temporal dynamics provide information which is mutually supplementary.
Hierarchical Microtextures Embossed on PET from Laser-Patterned Stamps (2021)

Nowadays, the demand for surface functionalized plastics is constantly rising. To address this demand with an industry compatible solution, here a strategy is developed for producing hierarchical microstructures on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by hot embossing using a stainless steel stamp. The master was structured using three laser-based processing steps. First, a nanosecond-Direct Laser Writing (DLW) system was used to pattern dimples with a depth of up to 8 µm. Next, the surface was smoothed by a remelting process with a high-speed laser scanning at low laser fluence. In the third step, Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) was utilized using four interfering sub-beams to texture a hole-like substructure with a spatial period of 3.1 µm and a depth up to 2 µm. The produced stamp was used to imprint PET foils under controlled temperature and pressure. Optical confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that the hierarchical textures could be accurately transferred to the polymer. Finally, the wettability of the single- and multi-scaled textured PET surfaces was characterized with a drop shape analyzer, revealing that the highest water contact angles were reached for the hierarchical patterns. Particularly, this angle was increased from 77° on the untreated PET up to 105° for a hierarchical structure processed with a DLW spot distance of 60 µm and with 10 pulses for the DLIP treatment.
Non-enzymatic glycosylation of apolipoprotein A-I and its functional consequences. (1995)

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are believed to protect against atherosclerosis by promoting the process of reverse cholesterol transport. This process involves different steps including efflux of cellular cholesterol, cholesterol esterification and lipid transport and exchange. Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, the major HDL apolipoprotein, and the HDL-associated enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which uses apo A-I as a cofactor, play a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport. HDL may be classified into species according to their apolipoprotein content. Recent data concerning HDL particles indicate that lipoproteins containing apo A-I but not apo A-II (LpA-I) are more effective carriers of free cholesterol and are associated with a protective effect against coronary heart disease. In vitro studies have shown that glycosylated HDL are functionally abnormal and may be considered atherogenic. Our study considers the different impacts of non-enzymatic glycosylation of apo A-I or protein-HDL on the reverse cholesterol transport process.
Band offset between cubic GaN and AlN from intra- and interband spectroscopy of superlattices (2010)

By the analysis of intra‐ and intersubband transitions in GaN/AlN superlattices the band offset is determined experimentally. Superlattice structures with different period lengths were fabricated by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy 3C‐SiC substrates. The structural properties were studied by high resolution X‐ray diffraction, revealing a high structural perfection of the superlattice region with several peaks in the X‐ray spectra. Infrared absorbance spectroscopy revealed clear intrasubband transitions in the spectral region of 1.55 μm measured at room temperature. Clear intersubband transitions were observed by photoluminescence at room temperature. These transition energies were compared to calculated energies using a 1D Poisson Schrödinger solver. For the calculations standard parameters for cubic GaN and AlN were used, while the band offset between GaN and AlN was varied. Optimal agreement between experimental and theoretical data was obtained for a band offset ΔEC:Δ EV of 55:45.