gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proof of Activity: Extending Bitcoin's Proof of Work via Proof of Stake (2014)

We propose a new protocol for a cryptocurrency, that builds upon the Bitcoin protocol by combining its Proof of Work component with a Proof of Stake type of system. Our Proof of Activity (PoA) protocol offers good security against possibly practical future attacks on Bitcoin, and has a relatively low penalty in terms of network communication and storage space. We explore various attack scenarios and suggest remedies to potential vulnerabilities of the PoA protocol, as well as evaluate the performance of its core subroutine. 1
The Long History of Software Patenting in the United States (2021)

Abstract The patent protections available to computer programs are almost as old as modern electronic computing. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, when a computer’s programming was as tangible as the machine’s circuits, there was nothing unusual about the idea that a patent could protect a program. The main problem was not whether programs were patent-eligible but how to draft patent applications for them that could bypass well-established doctrinal obstacles. As programs increased in complexity and programming languages enabled their creation through texts, inventors and their lawyers relied on the means-plus claim structure—a claim that discloses a machine as the means to perform a given collection of functions—as a shorthand to disclose the kinds of physicality that their predecessors would have spelled out. Successful patent applications combined means-plus language with very specific descriptions of interconnected electronic components to secure patent protections for the computer programs at their core.
Transcription factor ELF4 promotes formation of CD62LLOW effector and memory CD8+ T cells in response to infection (P1422) (2013)

Abstract At the peak of response majority of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells are short-lived CD62Llow effectors which eventually die off, revealing CD62Lhigh central and CD62Llow effector memory populations. Intrinsic regulation of CD8+ T cell differentiation to effector and memory lineages still remains poorly understood. We have previously demonstrated that the transcription factor ELF4 regulates homeostatic and antigen-induced proliferation of CD8+ T cells. In this work, we show that ELF4 plays a critical and specific role in the generation of CD62Llow effector and memory CD8+ T cells following Listeria monocytogenes infection. Adoptively transferred Elf4—/— CD8+ T cells displayed impaired formation of CD62Llow effectors, lower magnitude of expansion and reduced numbers of effector memory without affecting development of central memory. Consistent with this finding, we observed decreased levels of Elf4—/— effector and memory CD8+ T cells in non-lymphoid tissues and blood but not in lymph nodes or bone marrow. Impaired expansion and formation of memory was due in part to enhanced cell death of Elf4—/— effector cells and suboptimal priming, evidenced by lower numbers of IL-2Rα positive cells and reduced proliferation 2.5 days after infection. Finally, loss of ELF4 compromised generation of secondary effector cells from central memory in a recall response. Thus, ELF4 emerges as a novel transcriptional regulator of CD8+ T cell differentiation in response to infection.
A novel potential neutralizing epitope of hepatitis E virus (2010)

Objective To search for the neutralizing epitopos on hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid besides the known neutralizing epitope (aa459-606). Methods By analysis of several strains of monoclonal antibodies against HEV capsid and their recognized epitopes, the neutralizing activity of epitope (aa394-458) at N-terminus was compared with that of an immunodominant neutralizing epitope (an459-606). Re-suits The research showed a novel potential neutralizing epitope in aa423-437 of HEV ORF2 though detec-ting and comparing the characteristics of several antibodies and corresponding determinations. The epitope is a linear non-immunodominant epitope which is different from the other neutralizing epitope in aa459-606.And the amino acids sequence of this novel epitope is conservative. Conclusion ORF2 aa423-437 is a no-vel potential neutralizing leaner epitope of HEV. It is believed that the present work adds fundamental knowl-edge to our understanding of HEV capsid domain and contributes to the prevention and control of this dis-ease.

Key words: 
Neutralizing epitope;  Non-immunodominant epitope;  Hepatitis E virus;  Capoid
Multifunctional Electrocatalysis on Single-Site Metal Catalysts: A Computational Perspective (2021)

Multifunctional electrocatalysts are vastly sought for their applications in water splitting electrolyzers, metal-air batteries, and regenerative fuel cells because of their ability to catalyze multiple reactions such as hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and oxygen reduction reactions. More specifically, the application of single-atom electrocatalyst in multifunctional catalysis is a promising approach to ensure good atomic efficiency, tunability and additionally benefits simple theoretical treatment. In this review, we provide insights into the variety of single-site metal catalysts and their identification. We also summarize the recent advancements in computational modeling of multifunctional electrocatalysis on single-site catalysts. Furthermore, we explain each modeling step with open-source-based working examples of a standard computational approach.
Signal Processing of the High Resolution PEA Charge Measurement System (1995)

The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is widely known to be an excellent method for the measurement of the space charge distribution which accumulates in thick dielectric materials (1-5mm). However, because of its lower resolution in the depth direction, conventional application of this method is less suitable for thin specimens than the laser-induced pressure wave method. The authors developed a new PEA measurement system which can be applied to thin dielectric materials (_??_ 100μm). The resolution in the depth direction is improved to less than several μm by detecting signals in a wide frequency range. In addition, the system employs a deconvolution technique with FFT in order to compensate for the frequency characteristics of the piezoelectric sensor. The new PEA measurement system is expected to be useful for quantitative and nondestructive measurement of the space charge distribution in dielectric films.
Force estimation in electro-mechanical systems: theory and experiments (2021)

In this paper, a purely data-driven approach for force estimation in electro-mechanical actuators is proposed. First, the contact with the surrounding environment is detected by means of an unsupervised learning procedure applied to the current measurements, then the clamping force is estimated in real-time by using a data-driven model of the interaction between the actuator and the system. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated on an experimental braking system setup, also showing to outperform the state of the art methodology.
Twitch response in a myopathy with impaired relaxation but no myotonia (1990)

A patient with slow muscle relaxation but without accompanying motor unit or myotonic electrical activity had a unique staircase twitch response to repeated nerve stimulation. During 1-Hz stimulation, twitches recorded by measurement of the ankle dorsiflexor group displayed progressively increasing relaxation times with successive stimuli (37% increase) unlike the progressively decreasing relaxation time of the normal response (12-37% decrease). The response may be diagnostic of this unusual myopathy; the test methods are noninvasive and easily tolerated.
Labeling of Antibodies with Cy3-, Cy3.5-, Cy5-, and Cy5.5-monofunctional Dyes at Defined Dye/Protein Ratios (2001)

In a recent study [Gruber et al. (2000) Bioconjugate Chem. 11, 696 – 704] the fluorescence signal per labeled antibody has been related to the number of bound Cy dye per protein molecule. Unexpectedly, a strong anomalous fluorescence enhancement was observed when Cy3 or Cy3.5 were covalently bound to protein, whereas fluorescence loss occurred when Cy5 or Cy5.5 were attached to protein. Moreover, up to eight Cy3 or Cy3.5 molecules could be bound per antibody molecule before the cumulative fluorescence output reached a maximum, while labeling of antibodies with more than three Cy5 molecules was counterproductive. These findings are of particular relevance to the use of Cy dye-labeled proteins in single molecule fluorescence microscopy. The manuscript for the already published article originally contained detailed information on how to adjust the average numbers of dyes per antibody. These protocols, however, became obsolete when the commercial supplier changed the quantity and quality (much higher succinimdyl ester content) of the Cy dye portions “to label 1 mg protein”. The present study describes the adjustment of the desired Cy dye/IgG ratios by variation of protein concentration, dye concentration, and pH in the labeling reaction, based upon the new, purer Cy dye reagents. In combination with the already published study, these data allow to aim at optimal fluorescence of labeled antibody by chosing proper labeling conditions. The complete poster can be viewed at: http://www.bphys.uni-linz.ac.at/bioph/download/label.pdf.
Ontogenetic changes of potato plants during acclimation to elevated carbon dioxide (2000)

Transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Desirée) with an antisense repression of the chloroplastic triosephosphate translocator were compared with wild-type plants. Plants were grown in chambers with either an atmosphere with ambient (400 mu bar) or elevated (1000 mu bar) CO2. After 7 weeks, the rate of CO2 assimilation between wild-type and transgenic plants in both CO2 concentrations was identical, but the tuber yield of both plant lines was increased by about 30%, when grown in elevated CO2. One explanation is that plants respond to the elevated CO2 only at a certain growth stage. Therefore, growth of wild-type plants was analysed between the second and the seventh week. Relative growth rate and CO2 assimilation were stimulated in elevated CO2 only in the second and the third weeks. During this period, the carbohydrate content of leaves grown with elevated CO2 was lower than that of leaves grown with ambient CO2. In plants grown in elevated CO2, the rate of CO2 assimilation started to decline after 5 weeks, and accumulation of carbohydrates began after 7 weeks. From this observation it was concluded that acclimation of potato plants to elevated CO2 is the result of accelerated development rather than of carbohydrate accumulation causing down-regulation of photosynthesis. For a detailed analysis for the cause of the stimulation of growth after 2 weeks, the contents of phosphorylated intermediates of wild-type plants and transgenics were measured. Stimulation of CO2 assimilation was accompanied by changes in the contents of phosphorylated intermediates, resulting in an increase in the amount of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, the metabolite which is exported from the chloroplast into the cytosol. An increase of dihydroxyacetone phosphate was found in wild-type plants in elevated CO2 when compared with ambient CO2 and in triosephosphate translocator antisense plants in ambient CO2, but not in the transgenic plants when grown in elevated CO2. These plants were not able to increase dihydroxyacetone phosphate further to cope with the increased CO2 supply. From these changes in phosphorylated intermediates in wild-type and transgenic plants it was concluded that starch and sucrose synthesis pathways can replace each other only at moderate carbon flux rates.
Freestanding Porous Silicon Films and Particles (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Freestanding Films of Porous Silicon-“Lift-offs” Micron-scale Particles of Porous Silicon by Ultrasonication of Lift-off Films Core–Shell (Si/SiO2) Nanoparticles of Luminescent Porous Silicon by Ultrasonication References
Forecasting of ionospheric vertical total electron content (TEC) using LSTM networks (2017)

Ionosphere is an important space environment near the earth. Its disturbance would result in severe propagation effects to radio information system, thus causing bad influences on communication, navigation, radar and so on. The total electron content (TEC) is an important parameter to present the disturbance of ionosphere, so TEC forecast is very meaningful in scientific research field. In this paper, we propose a long short-term memory (LSTM) based model to predict ionospheric vertical TEC of Beijing. The input of our model is a time sequence consisting of the vector of daily TECs and other closely related parameters. The output is TECs of future 24 hours. The result shows the root of mean square (RMS) error of test data can reach 3.50 and RMS error is less than this number during the period of low solar activity. Compared to multilayer perceptron network, LSTM is more promising and reliable to forecast ionospheric TEC.
Minimum noise design of charge amplifiers with CMOS processes in the 100 nm feature size range (2007)

Low noise design of charge sensitive amplifiers in deep submicron CMOS technologies is discussed based on the experimental characterization of transistors belonging to a 130 nm and a 90 nm minimum channel length processes. After briefly examining the main preamplifier noise sources, residing in the input element, achievable resolution limits in charge measuring systems employing such technologies are discussed under different detector capacitance, processing time and power dissipation constraints. The equivalent noise charge model adopted in this work takes into account the behavior of series 1/f noise as a function of the overdrive voltage in PMOS devices. Moreover, noise in the gate current, whose effects could be neglected in past CMOS technologies featuring larger gate oxide thickness, is shown to play a role in the optimization process, significantly affecting the preamplifier performance at long shaping times. The extent of this contribution, besides depending on the drain current in the input device, is also determined by its drain voltage, which therefore may become a critical parameter in the design of low noise analog blocks.
Fluorescence Properties of Alkaline Earth Oxyanions Activated by Divalent Ytterbium (1970)

The luminescence of Yb2+ in alkaline earth phosphates and vanadates is reported. Particular attention has been given to those compositions possessing apatite and spodiosite structures. Emissions from Yb2+ are broad and sensitive to host composition. Single and double emission bands are observed which exhibit a variety of temperature dependent relationships. The decay of the Yb2+ fluorescence, under cathode‐ray excitation, is short.
4-Thiazolidones. VI.1 The Preparation of Some 2-Substituted Derivatives (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT4-Thiazolidones. VI.1 The Preparation of Some 2-Substituted DerivativesAlexander R. Surrey and Royal A. CutlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 2, 578–580Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01631a074https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01631a074research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views182Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new second order method for blind signal separation from convolutive mixtures (2003)

\n\t\t\t\t\tThis paper presents a new approach to separate colored signals mixed by FIR (finite impulse response) and MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) channels. A cost function is proposed by employing linear constrainit to the de mixing vectors. The linear constraint is shown to be sufficient for avoiding trivial solution. The minimization of the cost function is performed using the Lagrangian method. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;\n\t\t\t\t
A Potential Role for Endothelin-1 in Peripheral Vascular Disease (2000)

The distribution of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its receptors (ET(A)/ET(B)) has been studied in segments of femoral artery obtained from patients undergoing operation for peripheral vascular disease (PVD) using a combination of immunohistochemistry and autoradiography. Both receptor subtypes were located on the tunica media of vessel segments, with ET(A)-receptors predominating. Densitometric analysis showed that there was no difference in receptor binding to proximal/distal arterial segments from PVD patients. High-resolution autoradiography identified ET(B) binding to vascular nerves and vasa vasorum, mainly in distal portions of femoral arteries. Immunoreactive ET-1 was also identified that was associated with the vasa vasorum.
Detection of subclinical mastitis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) using somatic cell count, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and lactate dehydrogenase activity (2021)

Clinical and subclinical mastitis (SCM), mostly related to intramammary infection (IMI), is prevalent in pastoralist camel herds. An IMI has implications for public and animal health as well as for household economy. As bacterial culturing is expensive, time consuming and impractical in a pastoralist setting, other early detection methods for SCM in camels need to be investigated. Somatic cell count (SCC) is the standard for detecting SCM in cattle. The udder health indicators of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity are useful as diagnostic markers in cow, sheep and goat milk; they could be of potential use in camel milk production. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of SCM in camels, and specifically to assess SCC, and NAGase- and LDH activity in camel milk. In addition, potential associations between SCM (defined by a California Mastitis Test (CMT) score ≥3 and no signs of clinical mastitis) and SCC, NAGase- and LDH activity were investigated. In total, 40 healthy camels without clinical mastitis were sampled in four herds in Kenya. Quarter milk samples were collected aseptically and screened using CMT. SCC was analysed using a direct cell counter (DCC, DeLaval), and NAGase and LDH activity was analysed using kinetic fluorometric measures. In total, 116 milk samples were tested with CMT and analysed for SCC. Of these, 88 were analysed further for NAGase and LDH. The median SCC was 151,000 cells/mL (IQR: 49,500–709,000 cells/mL), and median NAGase and LDH were 18.5 U/l (IQR:14.8–24.0 U/l) and 12.0 U/l (IQR: 8.5–16.2 U/l) respectively. All inflammatory markers (SCC, NAGase, LDH) were significantly associated with SCM (P < 0.001). In conclusion, SCC, NAGase and LDH are potential inflammatory indicators in camel milk that can be used for detection of udder quarters with SCM.
Oral Corticosteroids in Asthma: A Review of Benefits and Risks (2007)

Oral corticosteroids (OCS) play an integral role in the pharmacological management of asthma, as well as a number of other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. However, although their broad spectrum of effect is beneficial in controlling inflammation, it can also lead to undesirable effects on other cells, resulting in adverse effects. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the particular benefits of OCS and to outline the optimal role of these agents in the management of asthma, drawing on evidence‐based medicine and current clinical practice guidelines. The mandate for the present review also covers an analysis of the risk:benefit ratio as it pertains to OCS use in asthma. The more common adverse effects will be discussed and weighed against the possible benefits.
Optimally profiling and tracing programs (1994)

This paper describes algorithms for inserting monitoring code to profile and trace programs. These algorithms greatly reduce the cost of measuring programs with respect to the commonly used technique of placing code in each basic block. Program profiling counts the number of times each basic block in a program executes. Instruction tracing records the sequence of basic blocks traversed in a program execution. The algorithms optimize the placement of counting/tracing code with respect to the expected or measured frequency of each block or edge in a program's control-flow graph. We have implemented the algorithms in a profiling/tracing tool, and they substantially reduce the overhead of profiling and tracing. We also define and study the hierarchy of profiling problems. These problems have two dimensions: what is profiled (i.e., vertices (basic blocks) or edges in a control-flow graph) and where the instrumentation code is placed (in blocks or along edges). We compare the optimal solutions to the profiling problems and describe a new profiling problem: basic-block profiling with edge counters. This problem is important because an optimal solution to any other profiling problem (for a given control-flow graph) is never better than an optimal solution to this problem. Unfortunately, finding an optimal placement of edge counters for vertex profiling appears to be a hard problem in general. However, our work shows that edge profiling with edge counters works well in practice because it is simple and efficient and finds optimal counter placements in most cases. Furthermore, it yields more information than a vertex profile. Tracing also benefits from placing instrumentation code along edges rather than on vertices.
Techniques and tools for analyzing intrusion alerts (2004)

Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) focus on low-level attacks or anomalies, and raise alerts independently, though there may be logical connections between them. In situations where there are intensive attacks, not only will actual alerts be mixed with false alerts, but the amount of alerts will also become unmanageable. As a result, it is difficult for human users or intrusion response systems to understand the alerts and take appropriate actions. This paper presents a sequence of techniques to address this issue. The first technique constructs attack scenarios by correlating alerts on the basis of prerequisites and consequences of attacks. Intuitively, the prerequisite of an attack is the necessary condition for the attack to be successful, while the consequence of an attack is the possible outcome of the attack. Based on the prerequisites and consequences of different types of attacks, the proposed method correlates alerts by (partially) matching the consequences of some prior alerts with the prerequisites of some later ones. Moreover, to handle large collections of alerts, this paper presents a set of interactive analysis utilities aimed at facilitating the investigation of large sets of intrusion alerts. This paper also presents the development of a toolkit named TIAA, which provides system support for interactive intrusion analysis. This paper finally reports the experiments conducted to validate the proposed techniques with the 2000 DARPA intrusion detection scenario-specific datasets, and the data collected at the DEFCON 8 Capture the Flag event.