gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time-resolved nonlinear luminescence of excitonic transitions in GaN (2004)

Excitonic optical properties of GaN have been studied by means of time-resolved nonlinear luminescence spectroscopy, which was based on an excitation correlation technique under excitation at which a transition of the dominant radiative recombination process occurred from donor-bound excitons to biexcitons. Nonlinear luminescence observed at a donor-bound-exciton line resulted from the superposition of three components: a faster-decay component of a superlinear signal, a slower-decay component of a sublinear signal, and a positive base; that is, a much slower-decay component of a superlinear signal as compared with the time range employed in the present measurement (∼600 ps). The sublinear signal was attributed to the state-filling effect of donor-bound excitons, and the positive base was attributed to the saturation of nonradiative recombination centers. In addition, the superlinear signal was attributed to the stimulation of biexciton luminescence, which appeared close to the donor-bound-exciton luminescence. This type of time-resolved nonlinear spectroscopy enabled us to observe separately the contributions of bound excitons and biexcitons even at the same excitation level, through the difference in optical nonlinearity.
On the complexity of statistical reasoning (2002)

We show that basic problems in reasoning about statistics are NP-hard to even approximately solve. We consider the problem of detecting internal inconsistencies in a set of statistics. We say that a set of statistics is /spl epsiv/-inconsistent if one of the probabilities must be off by at least /spl epsiv/. For a positive constant /spl epsiv/, we show NP-hard to distinguish /spl epsiv/-inconsistent statistics from self-consistent statistics. This result holds when restricted to complete sets of pairwise statistics over Boolean domains. We next consider what may, be determined about distributions with a given (consistent) set of pairwise statistics over Boolean domains. We show it NP-hard to distinguish between the case that Pr(X/sub i//spl and/X/sub j/) is necessarily 0 and the case that Pr(X/sub i//spl and/X/sub j/) can have any value in [0, 1/2 ]. Similarly, we show it NP-hard to distinguish between the case that |Corr(X/sub i/, X/sub j/)|=-1 and the case that |Corr(X/sub i/, X/sub j/)| is unconstrained. Whereas the connection between PCP and hardness of approximations has been known since Feige et al. (1991), we introduce the application of "zero-knowledge" PCP's as a tool for proving NP-hardness results for approximation problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Clinical application of diadenosine tetraphosphate(Ap4A:F‐1500) for controlled hypotension (1999)

As it produces an excellent hypotensive effect together with a modulating action on blood pressure, Ap4A was assessed as useful in producing controlled hypotension.
공업계 고등학교 전기이론 교과의 교류의 기본성질 단원에 관한 CAI 교재 설계 및 구현 (2001)

공업계 고등학교 전기이론 교과 중에서 교류전기에 관한 단원은 수학과 물리에 대한 기본적인 이해를 바탕으로 하며 눈에 보이지 않는 다양한 현상들에 대한 개념적인 이해가 요구되는 부분이다. 반명 이를 학습하는 공업계 고등학교 학생들은 교류회로를 이해하는데 필요한 충분한 기초학력을 보유하고 있지 못할 뿐만 아니라 교재 또한 지나치게 이론중심으로 기술되어 있어 대부분의 학생들이 교류회로를 어렵게 느끼도록 하는 원인이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 교류회로를 이론보다는 원인-결과를 중심으로 설명하고 CAI 교재를 개발하여 교류신호의 기본 성질을 직접 보고 또 가상 실습을 통해 학생들이 보다 쉽게 개념을 파악할 수 있도록 하였다.
3D Model-Based Non-interference Assembly Sequence Generation for Products with a Large Number of Parts (2019)

Current approaches to generating product assembly sequences with given assembly constraints require manual input. To reduce human intervention in the process, in this paper, we propose an automated sequence planning method using only a STEP file, a kind of 3D CAD file. The automated process starts by investigating geometric information about the assembled product, disassembling it into individual parts, and examining interferences between the parts that occur in the assembly process. To find the assembly sequence of many parts with the least number of direction changes, we use a genetic algorithm and provide a method to select the initial gene based on the interferences rather than merely generating randomized initial genes. The proposed method can generate an assembly sequence even for an assembled product with 32 parts.
Terahertz beam steering using structured MEMS surfaces for networked wireless sensing (2012)

In order to fully explore the great potential of terahertz (THz) waves in networked wireless sensing both as sensing probes and carrier waves, beam steering techniques are required. However, conventional beam steering approaches with delay-line based phased arrays would face technical difficulties due to the too high frequency of THz waves. In this paper, we propose to electrically control the THz beam propagation based on surface-wave scattering from structured MEMS surfaces, which would lead to very compact and low-cost THz phased arrays.
Plasma microRNAs as novel biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer. (2011)

A diagnosis of lung cancer at its early stages is vital for improving the survival rate of patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a family of 19- to 25-nucleotide non-coding small RNAs, are frequently dysregulated in lung cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of circulating miRNAs for early detection of lung cancer. We searched the published literature for the miRNA microarray data of primary lung cancer and selected 15 miRNAs that were most frequently up-regulated in lung cancer tissues. Total plasma RNA including miRNAs was isolated, polyadenylated and reverse-transcribed into cDNAs. The levels of miRNAs were determined by real-time RT-PCR in 74 lung cancer patients and 68 age-matched cancer-free controls. We found that the levels of miR-155, miR-197, and miR-182 in the plasma of lung cancer including stage I patients were significantly elevated compared with controls (P<0.001). The combination of these 3 miRNAs yielded 81.33% sensitivity and 86.76% specificity in discriminating lung cancer patients from controls. The levels of miR-155 and miR-197 were higher in the plasma from lung cancer patients with metastasis than in those without metastasis (P<0.05) and were significantly decreased in responsive patients during chemotherapy (P<0.001). These results indicate that miR-155, miR-197, and miR-182 can be potential non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer.
Variability of a Double Ring Infiltration Test (1992)

Fifty-eight double-ring infiltrometer tests were conducted in a Yolo loam soil near the University of California, Davis campus to investigate the spatial variability of water infiltration data and to determine the minimum sample size necessary to determine infiltration parameters with a desired level of confidence. The cumulative infiltration was represented by: Q = A0(l e ct) + A1t in all cases tested, where Q is cumulative infiltration in mm; t is time in h; A0 (in mm), C (1/h), and A1(mm/h) are empirical coefficients. The parameters A0, C, and A1 were found to be normally distributed. Only the parameter A1 exhibited spatial variation. A sample size of 10 can be used to estimate the population mean of infiltration parameters A0, C, and A1 with 90% confidence and an accuracy of 9.7%, 15.5%, and 14%, respectively, provided the spatial variation in A1 is properly treated.
Statins as Bioactive Molecules to Support Bone Regeneration (2014)

Statins are currently used as an effective cholesterol-lowering medication through inhibition of the mevalonate pathway, but recent studies show their potential for bone repair. The bone anabolic effects of statins have been largely attributed to their ability to enhance BMP-2 expression in osteoblast cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that statins can increase the expression of osteogenic and angiogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and osteocalcin in cells. In vivo, statins have been shown to promote significant new bone growth when injected systemically or locally in combination with a scaffold. The potential anabolic effects of statins on bone make them attractive candidates to support bone regeneration. Since the molecular pathways by which statins induce osteoblast differentiation are still unclear, further investigations are required to elucidate the detailed cellular signaling mechanisms involved to determine the type of statin, optimal dose and mode of delivery to effectively utilize their anabolic effect. This also warrants the development of novel vehicles to locally deliver statins for the desired time periods to support optimal tissue regeneration in vivo.
Growth dynamics and kinetics of monolayer and multilayer graphene on a 6H-SiC(0001) substrate (2010)

Using Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM), the transformation from the commonly known carbon-rich (6√3×6√3)R30° reconstructed surface to graphene on the 6H-SiC(0001) substrate is systematically investigated with the aid of adsorbing cobalt (Co) which acts as a tracer to map the evolution of these surfaces. The formation of graphene is observed to begin from the step-edges as Si desorption occurs and the growth process continues akin to that of a step flow growth mode. Analysis of the surface step-height evolution at various stages of graphitization shows that as the initial (6√3×6√3)R30° surface converts to form graphene, three Si-C bilayers beneath collapse to regenerate a C-rich structure which also has a (6√3×6√3)R30° periodicity at the interface between graphene and the SiC bulk. Based on these observations, a structural mechanism for the growth of mono- and multilayer graphene is proposed. In addition, we also examine the rate at which the initial (6√3×6√3)R30° surface coverts to graphene as a function of time and temperature. Kinetic analysis of the growth process reveals that the transformation occurs with an activation energy of 3.0 ± 0.4 eV, a value close to the breaking of a Si-C bond.
Very high electrical conductivity in AsF5–graphite intercalation compounds (1977)

Arsenic pentafluoride–graphite intercalation compounds of uniform stages 1–3 have been prepared by direct synthesis; very high a-axis electrical conductivities, similar to that of copper, were determined by r.f. (100 kHz) and d.c. techniques.
LDRD final report on light-powered nanovehicles. (2003)

We have investigated the possibility of constructing nanoscale metallic vehicles powered by biological motors or flagella that are activated and powered by visible light. The vehicle's body is to be composed of the surfactant bilayer of a liposome coated with metallic nanoparticles or nanosheets grown together into a porous single crystal. The diameter of the rigid metal vesicles is from about 50 nm to microns. Illumination with visible light activates a photosynthetic system in the bilayer that can generate a pH gradient across the liposomal membrane. The proton gradient can fuel a molecular motor that is incorporated into the membrane. Some molecular motors require ATP to fuel active transport. The protein ATP synthase, when embedded in the membrane, will use the pH gradient across the membrane to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The nanoscale vehicle is thus composed of both natural biological components (ATPase, flagellum; actin-myosin, kinesin-microtubules) and biomimetic components (metal vehicle casing, photosynthetic membrane) as functional units. Only light and storable ADP, phosphate, water, and weak electron donor are required fuel components. These nano-vehicles are being constructed by self-assembly and photocatalytic and autocatalytic reactions. The nano-vehicles can potentially respond to chemical gradients and other factors such as light intensity and field gradients, in a manner similar to the way that magnetic bacteria navigate. The delivery package might include decision-making and guidance components, drugs or other biological and chemical agents, explosives, catalytic reactors, and structural materials. We expected in one year to be able only to assess the problems and major issues at each stage of construction of the vehicle and the likely success of fabricating viable nanovehicles with our biomimetic photocatalytic approach. Surprisingly, we have been able to demonstrate that metallized photosynthetic liposomes can indeed be made. We have completed the synthesis of metallized liposomes with photosynthetic function included and studied these structures by electron microscopy. Both platinum and palladium nanosheeting have been used to coat the micelles. The stability of the vehicles to mechanical stress and the solution environment is enhanced by the single-crystalline platinum or palladium coating on the vesicle. With analogous platinized micelles, it is possible to dry the vehicles and re-suspend them with full functionality. However, with the liposomes drying on a TEM grid may cause the platinized liposomes to collapse, although probably stay viable in solution. It remains to be shown whether a proton motive force across the metallized bilayer membrane can be generated and whether we will also be able to incorporate various functional capabilities including ATP synthesis and functional molecular motors. Future tasks to complete the nanovehicles would be the incorporation of ATP synthase into metallized liposomes and the incorporation of a molecular motor into metallized liposomes.
Warteschlangen-Netzwerkmodelle (1987)

In diesem Kapitel soll eine weitere Klasse von speziellen Markoffschen Modellen, die die Beschreibung relativ komplizierter Reparatur- und Betriebsorganisationen erlaubt, dargestellt werden. Es handelt sich um Modelle, die auf der Vorstellung eines Netzwerkes von Bedienungsstellen, zwischen denen gewisse Elemente zirkulieren, beruhen. In diesem einführenden Abschnitt soll zunächst das Modell allgemein formuliert und die mit ihm verbundenen Ergebnisse abgeleitet werden. Im nächsten Abschnitt werden sodann Anwendungsbeispiele dieses Modellkonzepts im Rahmen der Verfügbarkeitsanalyse von Systemen vorgestellt. Im dritten Abschnitt dieses Kapitels werden schließlich die Algorithmen, die der Berechnung der Modelle dienen, dargestellt.
Preface (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO BOOKPREVPrefaceNEXTPrefaceLYLE F. ALBRIGHTLYLE F. ALBRIGHTPurdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907More by LYLE F. ALBRIGHT, RICHARD V. C. CARRRICHARD V. C. CARRAir Products and Chemicals, Inc. Allentown, PA 18195-1501More by RICHARD V. C. CARR, and ROBERT J. SCHMITTROBERT J. SCHMITTSRI International Menlo Park, CA 94025More by ROBERT J. SCHMITTDOI: 10.1021/bk-1996-0623.pr001 This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MorePublication Date (Print):April 24, 1996Publication History Published online23 July 2009Published inprint 24 April 1996Request reuse permissions Copyright © 1996 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Nitrationp xiACS Symposium SeriesVol. 623ISBN13: 9780841233935eISBN: 9780841215689Chapter Views183Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSChapter Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (176 KB) Get e-Alerts
Bacillus thuringiensis as a specific, safe, and effective tool for insect pest control. (2007)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was first described by Berliner [10] when he isolated a Bacillus species from the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella, and named it after the province Thuringia in Germany where the infected moth was found. Although this was the first description under the name B. thuringiensis, it was not the first isolation. In 1901, a Japanese biologist, Ishiwata Shigetane, discovered a previously undescribed bacterium as the causative agent of a disease afflicting silkworms. Bt was originally considered a risk for silkworm rearing but it has become the heart of microbial insect control. The earliest commercial production began in France in, 1938, under the name Sporeine [72]. A resurgence of interest in Bt has been attributed to Edward Steinhaus [105], who obtained a culture in 1942 and attracted attention to the potential of Bt through his subsequent studies. In 1956, T. Angus [3] demonstrated that the crystalline protein inclusions formed in the course of sporulation were responsible for the insecticidal action of Bt. By the early 1980's, Gonzalez et al. [48] revealed that the genes coding for crystal proteins were localized on transmissible plasmids, using a plasmid curing technique, and Schnepf and Whiteley [103] first cloned and characterized the genes coding for crystal proteins that had toxicity to larvae of the tobacco hornworm, from plasmid DNA of Bt subsp. kurstaki HD-1. This first cloning was followed quickly by the cloning of many other cry genes and eventually led to the development of Bt transgenic plants. In the 1980s, several scientists successively demonstrated that plants can be genetically engineered, and finally, Bt cotton reached the market in 1996 [104].
Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Graft-Versus-Tumor Effects After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (2013)

Allogeneic HCT relying on GVT effects is feasible and results in cures of an appreciable number of malignancies. Improved results could come from methods that control progression of malignancy early after HCT and effectively prevent GVHD.
Photochemical and Mutational Analysis of the FMN-Binding Domains of the Plant Blue Light Receptor, Phototropin, (2000)

The plant photoreceptor phototropin is an autophosphorylating serine-threonine protein kinase activated by UV-A/blue light. Two domains, LOV1 and LOV2, members of the PAS domain superfamily, mediate light sensing by phototropin. Heterologous expression studies have shown that both domains function as FMN-binding sites. Although three plant blue light photoreceptors, cry1, cry2, and phototropin, have been identified to date, the photochemical reactions underlying photoactivation of these light sensors have not been described so far. Herein, we demonstrate that the LOV domains of Avena sativa phototropin undergo a self-contained photocycle characterized by a loss of blue light absorbance in response to light and a spontaneous recovery of the blue light-absorbing form in the dark. Rate constants and quantum efficiencies for the photoreactions indicate that LOV1 exhibits a lower photosensitivity than LOV2. The spectral properties of the photoproduct produced for both LOV domains are unrelated to those found for photoreduced flavins and flavoproteins, but are consistent with those of a flavin-cysteinyl adduct. Flavin-thiol adducts are generally short-lifetime reaction intermediates formed during the flavoprotein-catalyzed reduction of protein disulfides. By site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified several amino acid residues within the putative chromophore binding site of LOV1 and LOV2 that appear to be important for FMN binding and/or the photochemical reactivity. Among those is Cys39, which plays an important role in the photochemical reaction of the LOV domains. Replacement of Cys39 with Ala abolished the photochemical reactions of both LOV domains. We therefore propose that light sensing by the phototropin LOV domains occurs via the formation of a stable adduct between the FMN chromophore and Cys39.
Deep Learning Powered In-Session Contextual Ranking using Clickthrough Data (2014)

User interactions with search engines provide many cues that can be leveraged to improve the relevance of search results through personalization. The context information (history of queries, clicked documents, etc.) provides strong signals about users’ search intent, which can be used to personalize the search experience and improve a web search engine. We demonstrate how to generate the semantic features from in-session contextual information with deep learning models, and incorporate these semantic features into the current ranking model to re-rank the results. We evaluate our approach using a large, real-world search log data from a major commercial web search engine, and the experimental results show our approach can significantly improve the performance of the search engine. Furthermore, we also find that the domain-specific, click-based features can effectively decrease the unsatisfied clicks for the current ranking model to improve the search experience.
Induction by lipopolysaccharide of intracellular and extracellular interleukin 1 production: analysis with synthetic models. (1987)

An attempt was made to identify the molecular structures that are present in bacterial LPS and induce the production of intracellular and extracellular pools of IL 1 by peritoneal macrophages of the mouse and by human monocytes. Activities of glycolipids and carbohydrates prepared by synthesis, and structurally related to the hydrophobic (Lipid A) and to the polysaccharide (PS) regions of LPS were compared with those induced by Bordetella pertussis endotoxin and by fragments derived therefrom. Both isolated regions of this LPS (PS and Lipid A) were able to induce IL 1 synthesis by monocytes and macrophages. Among the synthetic glycolipids employed, propyl-2-deoxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxytetrade-canamido]-4-O-pho sph ono-6-O-tetradecanoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (glycolipid M9) induced IL 1 secretion more efficiently than Lipid A and LPS, whereas the amounts of intracellular IL 1 produced upon induction by these three substances were comparable. Macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice were unresponsive to Lipid A and to glycolipid M9, but produced IL 1 when incubated with PS or with a hydrophilic fragment isolated after methanolysis of the endotoxin. However, all synthetic derivatives of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) used in this study failed to induce IL 1 production by both mouse macrophages and human monocytes. The implications of these findings for a more precise comprehension of the molecular mechanism of LPS-induced activation of macrophages, and the relations between the molecular structures required for the induction of IL 1 production vs cytostatic activity in macrophages, are discussed.
Hydrolyzable p(DMAPEMA) Polymers for Gene Delivery (2006)

The efficiency of cationic polymers as transfectants is thought to be closely related to their DNA association/dissociation properties. An incomplete polymer-DNA dissociation could explain the relatively low gene expression obtained with p(DMAEMA) polymers. Our approach was to synthesize a p(DMAEMA) analogue, p(DMAPEMA), bearing an hydrolyzable cationic group incorporated into the pendant chain with a view to improving transfection. The complexation of DNA with both polymers was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis, size and zeta potential measurements, as well as the dissociation of the polyplexes, after treatment by an anionic polymer, sodium hydroxide or heat. The transfection efficiencies of the polyplexes were evaluated with 293T and BHK21 cells in comparison with Exgen 500. P(DMAPEMA) polymers were able to complex DNA and to release it in a free intact form after an alkaline treatment or storage at 37 degrees C. Poly(aspartic acid) was unable to dissociate p(DMAPEMA) based polyplexes, in contrast to p(DMAEMA) ones. No transfection was obtained with p(DMAPEMA) with both cell lines. A slow hydrolysis under physiological conditions resulting in the absence of DNA unpacking or endosomal entrapment could explain these results. Better transfection results were obtained with polyplexes which were able to be dissociated by electrostatic interactions rather than ones which required the hydrolysis mechanism to release free DNA into cells. Scheme of hydrolyzable p(DMAPEMA) polymer.