gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal chemistry of GdScO3, DyScO3, SmScO3 and NdScO3 (2007)

The crystal chemistry of GdScO 3 and, for the first time, of DyScO 3 , SmScO 3 and NdScO 3 has been investigated using single crystals. The structure of the Czochralski grown crystals was refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data, their chemical compositions were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Orthorhombic distorted perovskite structure types with the space group Pnma could be confirmed in all cases. The B-site of the lanthanoid scandates shows with 2.090 to 2.116 Å typical bond lengths for octahedrally coordinated scandium. The distortion of the B-site is rather small. The A-site is occupied by the lanthanoid (Ln) and the Ln—O bond distances vary from 2.233 to 3.722 Å. This indicates its high distortion and makes an assignment of the coordination number difficult. However, an 8-fold coordination for the A-site has to be assumed. The Ln-scandates show a continuous structural evolution with the size of the lanthanoid. A discontinuity within the intermediate members of the Ln-scandates — which had previously been described — was not observed. The ICP OES investigation of these samples results in non-stoichiometric chemical compositions: the chemical analyses show always a depletion in the lanthanoid. Site occupancy refinements based on single crystal diffraction data support the idea of the Ln-depletion on the A-site (inducing O-defects on the O2-position). Several substitution mechanisms are discussed, but the authors favour that vacancies on the A-site coupled with oxygen vacancies cause the Ln-deficiencies. The crystallochemical formula of the investigated Ln-scandates may be written as: (∀ 0.056 Dy 0.944 )ScO 2.916 ,(∀ 0.048 Gd 0.952 )ScO 2.928 , (∀ 0.045 Sm 0.955 )ScO 2.933 and (∀ 0.033 Nd 0.967 )ScO 2.951 .
Effect of Inhibitor on Secondary Recrystallization of Grain-oriented Electrical Steel Produced by Single-stage Cold Rolling Process (1991)

A study has been made on the effect of inhibitors on the secondary recrystallization of the grain-oriented electrical steel produced by the single-stage cold rolling process.(1)The specimen with MnS doesn't secondary-recrystallize at all. One with AlN partially does. Another with MnS and AlN completely does.(2) For secondary recrystallization of Goss texture, the specimen with MnS and AlN has such following advantageous features as (a), (b) and (c) as compared with the specimen with MnS, and as (b) and (c) as compared with the specimen with AlN.(a) Strong effect of inhibition on the boundary migration of primary grains during the heating period of final annealing.(b) Small average size of primary grains.(c) Strong densities of {110} and {111} poles in primary texture. That is, probably, abundant Goss nuclei and the texture easy to be consumed by Goss oriented grains.
Performance Characterization of Decimal Arithmetic in Commercial Java Workloads (2007)

Binary floating-point numbers with finite precision cannot represent all decimal numbers with complete accuracy. This can often lead to errors while performing calculations involving floating point numbers. For this reason many commercial applications use special decimal representations for performing these calculations, but their use carries performance costs such as bi-directional conversion. The purpose of this study was to understand the total application performance impact of using these decimal representations in commercial workloads, and provide a foundation of data to justify pursuing optimized hardware support for decimal math. In Java, a popular development environment for commercial applications, the BigDecimal class is used for performing accurate decimal computations. BigDecimal provides operations for arithmetic, scale manipulation, rounding, comparison, hashing, and format conversion. We studied the impact of BigDecimal usage on the performance of server-side Java applications by analyzing its usage on two standard enterprise benchmarks, SPECjbb2005 and SPECjAppServer2004 as well as a real-life mission-critical financial workload, Morgan Stanley's Trade Completion. In this paper, we present detailed performance characteristics and we conclude that, relative to total application performance, the overhead of using software decimal implementations is low, and at least from the point of view of these workloads, there is insufficient performance justification to pursue hardware solutions
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Amination/Cyclocarbonylation of Allene Carbamates: A Versatile Platform for the Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Lactams. (2011)

Abstract The ratio of CH‐amidation to aziridination in a series of allene carbamates is investigated with respect to conditions and substrate structure.
Hepatic neoplasms: effects of transcatheter arterial embolization on coagulation and fibrinolysis. (1990)

Forty-eight patients with hepatic malignancy (47 with hepatocellular carcinoma, one with metastatic colon carcinoma), who underwent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for treatment of hepatic neoplasms, were investigated to determine the effects of TAE on coagulation and fibrinolysis. TAE was followed by a significant decrease in the platelet count (P less than .001); a prolongation of prothrombin time (P less than .001); an early increase in levels of fibrinopeptide A (P less than .01), fibrinopeptide B beta-15-42 (P less than .001), and fibrin(ogen) degradation products (P less than .001); and a delayed increase in the fibrinogen level (P less than .001), without a significant prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. In the three patients who developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) after TAE, a reduction of both the platelet count and fibrinogen level occurred significantly earlier and in a more severe form than in the other patients without DIC; this reduction preceded the onset of the characteristic symptoms of DIC. Data suggested that close monitoring of platelet count and fibrinogen level is important for early detection of DIC following TAE.
A Series Type BTB Converter for Controlling Voltage Profile in Loop Distribution System with Distributed Generations (2008)

Connecting Distributed Generations (DGs) into distribution system has presented challenge of controlling voltage profile in distribution system. The presence of DGs makes voltage profile non-uniform and may result in large voltage fluctuation and over-voltage at loads. Therefore, there is need for strict limitation on power injected by DGs. This paper proposes an effective method to overcome the problem of increase/decrease of voltage in distribution system due to the presence of DGs, and it also realizes higher permissible power injected by DGs. In the proposed method, the configuration of distribution system is changed, firstly, from radial to loop type by tying the receiving ends of feeders. Secondly, a series type Back-To-Back (BTB) converter is installed near substation to improve voltage profile by controlling the voltages of the two nodes in the looped feeders. The effectiveness of the proposed method for improvement of the voltage profile and reduction of the converter capacity is presented.
Lateral Stiffness, Cornering Stiffness and Relaxation Length of the Pneumatic Tire (1990)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes an experimental program of tire research used to quantify the concept of the “relaxation length” of the fully rolling, steered tire. Two methods of developing lateral force are compared for the general car with the result that a first-order differential equation is obtained from which the change is lateral force with time, or distance, as the steer angle variation is computed.&lt;/div&gt;
Flow Regime Identification in a Bubble Column Based on Both Statistical and Chaotic Parameters Applied to Computed Tomography Data (2006)

Abstract The Kolmogorov entropy (KE) algorithm was applied successfully to single source γ ‐ray Computed Tomography (CT) data measured in a 0.162 m ID bubble column equipped with a perforated plate distributor (163 holes · ∅︁ 1.32 mm). Dried air was used as the gas phase and Therminol LT (ρ L = 886 kg m –3 , μ L = 0.88 · 10 –3 Pa s, σ = 17 · 10 –3 N m –1 ) was used as a liquid phase. Three different pressures, P , of 0.1, 0.4, and 1.0 MPa were examined. At each pressure the superficial gas velocity, u G , was increased stepwise by steps of 0.01 m s –1 up to 0.2 m s –1 . The average absolute deviation (AAD) was also used as a robust statistical criterion for regime transition. At all three pressures, based on the sudden changes in both the AAD and KE values, the boundaries of the following five regimes were identified: dispersed bubble regime, first and second transition regimes, coalesced bubble regime consisting of four regions (called 4‐region flow), and coalesced bubble regime consisting of three regions (called 3‐region flow). The existence of these regimes has already been documented. As the pressure increases, the transition velocity between the dispersed bubble and first transition regimes and the transition velocity between coalesced bubble (4‐region flow) and coalesced bubble (3‐region flow) regimes shift to higher u G values. On the other hand, at P = 0.4 MPa the second transition regime starts earlier. In addition, at P = 1 MPa the transition to coalesced bubble (4‐region flow) is delayed.
Universal relationship between crystallinity and irreversibility field of MgB2 (2005)

The relationship between irreversibility field, Hirr, and crystallinity of MgB2 bulks including carbon substituted samples was studied. The Hirr was found to increase with an increase of full width at half maximum (FWHM) of MgB2 (110) peak, which corresponds to distortion of honeycomb boron sheet, and their universal correlation was discovered even including carbon substituted samples. Excellent Jc characteristics under high magnetic fields were observed in samples with large FWHM of (110) due to the enhanced intraband scattering and strengthened grain boundary flux pinning. The relationship between crystallinity and Hirr can explain the large variation of Hirr for MgB2 bulks, tapes, single crystals, and thin films.
An Intelligent Dual Simplex Method to Solve Triangular Neutrosophic Linear Fractional Programming Problem (2020)

This paper develops a general form of neutrosophic linear fractional programming (NLFP)<br> problem and proposed a novel model to solve it. In this method the NLFP problem is decomposed<br> into two neutrosophic linear programming (NLP) problem. Furthermore, the problem has been<br> solved by combination of dual simplex method and a special ranking function. In addition, the<br> model is compared with an existing method. An illustrative example is shown for better<br> understanding of the proposed method. The results show that the method is computationally very<br> simple and comprehensible.<br>
Deriving polarization properties of desert-reflected solar spectra with PARASOL data (2015)

Abstract. Highlights: 1. Spectral polarization state of reflected solar radiation is needed in correcting satellite data. 2. An algorithm for deriving spectral polarization state of solar light from desert is reported. 3. PARASOL data at 3 polarized channels are used in deriving polarization of whole spectra. 4. Desert-reflected solar ligh's polarization state at any wavelength can be obtained. One of the major objectives of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) is to conduct highly accurate spectral observations to provide an on-orbit inter-calibration standard for relevant Earth observing sensors with various channels. To calibrate an Earth observing sensor's measurements with the highly accurate data from the CLARREO, errors in the measurements caused by the sensor's sensitivity to the polarization state of light must be corrected. For correction of the measurement errors due to the light's polarization, both the instrument's dependence to incidence's polarization status and the on-orbit knowledge of polarization state of light as function of observed scene type, viewing geometry, and solar wavelength, are required. In this study, an algorithm for deriving spectral polarization state of solar light from desert is reported. The desert/bare land surface is assumed to be composed of two types of areas: fine sand grains with diffuse reflection (Lambertian non-polarizer) and quartz-rich sand particles with facets of various orientations (specular-reflection polarizer). The adding-doubling radiative transfer model (ADRTM) is applied to integrate the atmospheric absorption and scattering in the system. Empirical models are adopted in obtaining the diffuse spectral reflectance of sands and the optical depth of the dust aerosols over the desert. The ratio of non-polarizer area to polarizer area and the angular distribution of the facet orientations are determined by fitting the modeled polarization states of light to the measurements at 3 polarized channels (490, 670, and 865 nm) by the Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science instrument coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL). Based on this physical model of surface, desert-reflected solar light's polarization state at any wavelength in the whole solar spectra can be calculated with the ADRTM.
The mechanism of ArF laser-induced fluorescence of dense plume matter (2016)

In pulsed laser ablative sampling, photoexcitation of the nascent plume can be nonselective because the energy structure is band-like. As the plume disperses, the bands taper to discrete levels and analyte emission lines become narrow. Multi-analyte fluorescence at a single excitation wavelength is therefore possible.
Stability of Melatonin and Temperature as Circadian Phase Markers and Their Relation to Sleep Times in Humans (2005)

Circadian rhythms of core body temperature and melatonin are commonly used as phase markers of the circadian clock. Melatonin is a more stable marker of circadian phase when measured under constant routine conditions. However, little is known about the variability of these phase markers under less controlled conditions. Moreover, there is little consensus about the preferred method of analysis. The objective of this study was to assess various methods of calculating melatonin and temperature phase in subjects with regular sleep schedules living in their natural environment. Baseline data were analyzed from 42 healthy young subjects who were studied on at least two occasions. Each hospital admission was separated by at least 3 weeks. Subjects were instructed to maintain a regular sleep schedule, which was monitored for 1 week before admission by sleep logs and actigraphy. Subjects spent one habituation night under controlled conditions prior to collecting baseline temperature and melatonin measurements. The phase of the melatonin rhythm was assessed by 9 different methods. The temperature nadir (Tmin) was estimated using both Cleveland and Cosine curve fitting procedures, with and without demasking. Variability between admissions was assessed by correlation analysis and by the mean absolute difference in timing of the phase estimates. The relationship to sleep times was assessed by correlation of sleep onset or sleep offset with the various phase markers. Melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than estimates of Tmin. Of the methods for estimating Tmin, simple cosine analysis was the least variable. In addition, sleep offset was more strongly correlated with the various phase markers than sleep onset. The relative measures of melatonin offset had the highest correlation coefficients, the lowest study-to-study variability, and were more strongly associated with sleep timing than melatonin onsets. Concordance of the methods of analysis suggests a tendency for the declining phase of the melatonin profile to be more stable and reliable than either markers of melatonin onset or measures of the termination of melatonin synthesis.
Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Fecal Samples of Gnotobiotic Mice Infected with H. pylori by an Immunomagnetic-Bead Separation Technique (1998)

By an immunomagnetic-bead (IMB) separation technique, isolation of Helicobacter pylori from gastrointestinal and fecal samples of gnotobiotic mice infected with the microorganism was tried. The isolation rate of H. pylori from stomach samples after IMB separation was not higher than that of direct culture of the samples. After IMB separation of feces, H. pylori was detectable by PCR, although H. pylori was not culturable.
Aprender Historia con rutinas de pensamiento (2017)

espanolEl proposito del presente articulo es plantear que son las rutinas de pensamiento del Project Zero de la Universidad de Harvard y como estas ayudan a facilitar un modo de aprendizaje basado en el pensamiento. Desde esa presentacion se ofrece a los profesores de Ciencias Sociales, Geografia e Historia una serie de herramientas que ayudan a desarrollar un proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje que pone el acento en la mejora de la comprension por parte de los alumnos de las tres variables de las Ciencias Sociales: espacio, tiempo y causalidad. EnglishThe aim of this paper is to present some thinking routines developed by Harvard University Project Zero and explain how they provide a thinking based learning. This paper will give tools to History and Geography teachers in order to develop a teaching-learning process focussed in comprehension, mainly on the key concepts of Social Studies: space, time and causality.
OPIUM: Optimal Package Install/Uninstall Manager (2007)

Linux distributions often include package management tools such as apt-get in Debian or yum in RedHat. Using information about package dependencies and conflicts, such tools can determine how to install a new package (and its dependencies) on a system of already installed packages. Using off-the-shelf SAT solvers, pseudo-boolean solvers, and Integer Linear Programming solvers, we have developed a new package-management tool, called Opium, that improves on current tools in two ways: (1) Opium is complete, in that if there is a solution, Opium is guaranteed to find it, and (2) Opium can optimize a user-provided objective function, which could for example state that smaller packages should be preferred over larger ones. We performed a comparative study of our tool against Debian's apt-get on 600 traces of real-world package installations. We show that Opium runs fast enough to be usable, and that its completeness and optimality guarantees provide concrete benefits to end users.
Liver amino acids in sepsis. (1985)

The metabolic derangement of sepsis leads to changes of the plasma and muscle amino acid (AA) pattern. In this study the influence of a septic process on liver AA pattern was investigated. In seven patients with abdominal sepsis, liver AA concentrations were determined during surgery and compared with those of four patients who had undergone cholecystectomy. In sepsis lowered AA levels were found for most of the AAs. Outstanding decreases exhibited the levels of the gluconeogenetic AAs (especially threonine and alanine), the branched chain AAs, lysine, and taurine. In the patients who did not survive the septic process, the depletion of these AAs was even amplified. Slightly increased AA levels were analyzed for P-ethanolamine, cystathionine, citrulline, beta-alanine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. The results indicate a disturbed free AA pattern of the septic liver. Despite the increased flux of gluconeogenetic AA from muscle to liver in sepsis, as reported by several authors, no accumulation of these AAs occurs in the liver.
IFN-alpha 2B enhances Th1 cytokine responses in bladder cancer patients receiving Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy. (1999)

Combination therapy with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) plus IFN-alpha for superficial bladder cancer has been demonstrated to be more effective than either single agent alone in animal studies and of suggested greater efficacy in clinical studies. However, the mechanism by which IFN-alpha enhances BCG-mediated antitumor activity is poorly understood. Using PBMCs from bladder cancer patients, IFN-alpha was found to substantially enhance the efficacy of BCG to induce IFN-gamma production. Among 34 patients tested, 80% showed >4-fold increase. This effect of IFN-alpha was observed in both initial and memory responses to BCG. In addition, IFN-alpha up-regulated BCG-induced IL-12 and TNF-alpha and down-regulated BCG-induced IL-10. Neutralizing endogenous IL-10 or adding exogenous IL-12 provided further synergy for IFN-gamma production. In clinical practice, intravesical IFN-alpha 2B (50 million units (MU)/dose) was observed to accelerate urinary IFN-gamma production to low-dose BCG (one-tenth or one-third of a full dose) in patients treated with combination therapy compared with BCG alone. These results suggest that IFN-alpha is a potent BCG enhancer that polarizes the BCG-induced immune response toward the cellular immune pathway by promoting Th1 cytokine expression and reducing Th2 cytokine expression. This study provides an immunological basis for future rational use of IFN-alpha in conjunction with intravesical BCG for bladder cancer immunotherapy.
Properties of small-aperture selectively oxidized VCSELs (2002)

Summary form only given. In summary, we have developed an accurate first-principles analysis to probe the threshold properties of selectively oxidized 850 nm AlGaAs QW VCSELs. The analysis of our present VCSELs indicates that in order to achieve ultralow threshold, oxide aperture scattering loss and leakage currents must be addressed. The agreement between our calculations and experiment solidify our understanding and enable the identification of fundamental limitations of low threshold VCSEL operation. The performance and analysis of modified VCSEL designs will be reported.
Development of Novel Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Tuning the Product Selectivity (2010)

Abstract Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a heterogeneous catalytic process for the production of clean hydrocarbon fuels or chemicals from synthesis gas (CO+H 2 ), which can be derived from non‐petroleum feedstocks such as natural gas, coal, or biomass. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis has received renewed interests in recent years because of the global demand for a decreased dependence on petroleum for production of fuels and chemicals. The product distributions with conventional Fischer–Tropsch catalysts usually follow the Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution and are typically unselective with regards to the formation of hydrocarbons from methane to waxes. Selectivity control is one of the key challenges of research into Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. This Review article summarizes the effects of key factors on catalytic properties, particularly the product selectivity, and highlights recent developments of novel Fischer–Tropsch catalysts and new strategies with an aim at controlling the product selectivity.