gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Activation of NF-κB by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Gamma Interferon via Enhanced IκBα Degradation and De Novo IκBβ Degradation (1997)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) are required for an effective immune response to bacterial infection and these cytokines synergize in a variety of biological responses, including the induction of cytokine, cell adhesion, and inducible nitrous oxide synthase gene expression. Typically, the synergistic effect on gene expression is due to the independent activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) by TNF-alpha and of signal transducers and activators of transcription or IFN-regulatory factor 1 by IFNs, allowing these transcription factors to bind their unique promoter sites. However, since activation of NF-kappaB by TNF-alpha is often transient and would not activate long-term kappaB-dependent transcription effectively, we explored the effects of IFN-gamma on TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activity. IFN-gamma, which typically does not activate NF-kappaB, synergistically enhanced TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB nuclear translocation via a mechanism that involves the induced degradation of I kappaBbeta and that apparently requires tyrosine kinase activity in preneuronal cells but not in endothelial cells. Correspondingly, cotreatment of cells with TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma leads to persistent activation of NF-kappaB and to potent activation of kappaB-dependent gene expression, which may explain, at least in part, the synergy observed between these cytokines, as well as their involvement in the generation of an effective immune response.
Cytologic Evaluation of Cystic Neoplasms (2018)

Surgical management of patients with neoplastic cysts of the pancreas is indicated to relieve symptoms, to reduce the risk of malignancy, or to remove a malignancy. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy with direct smears and cellblocks of small tissue fragments from needle rinsings and/or microbiopsies is performed in an attempt to provide cellular documentation of cyst type and malignancy risk, a risk which is currently not accurately stratified by ancillary testing of the cyst fluid for CEA or molecular mutations. Cytology alone may be diagnostic, but the diagnosis of cystic neoplasms often requires a multidisciplinary and multimodal approach for accurate interpretation. Serous cystadenomas are lined by non-mucinous, glycogen rich, benign appearing cuboidal epithelial cells in contrast to mucinous cysts (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms), which are lined by heterogeneously atypical mucinous epithelial cells. Secondarily cystic solid neoplasms such as solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm and well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm are composed of cells that recapitulate their solid counterparts. The gastroenterologist and pathologist must understand the optimal methods of tissue handling and processing of cyst fluid and the pathologist must be familiar with pancreatic histopathology and the nomenclature of pancreatic cytology for accurate diagnosis and consistent, standardized reporting.
Long-Term Performance of Sulfer-Impregnated Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) for Mercury Removal from NWCF Off-Gas (2003)

Abstract Not Provided
A screening platform based on epitope editing for drug discovery (2019)

Abstract The interaction between an antibody and its epitope has been daily utilized in various biological studies; however it has been rarely explored whether small molecules can alter the interaction. We discovered that small molecules could alter/edit surface properties of amyloid beta (Aβ) epitopes, and consequently inhibit or enhance corresponding antibody recognition. Remarkably, this editing effect could generate functional changes including protein aggregation behaviors, cell cytokine secreting and in vivo microglia activation. According to this discovery, we proposed a s creen p latform based on e pitope e diting for d rug discovery (SPEED). With a small library of compounds, we validated that SPEED could be used to seek new leads for Aβ species. We also demonstrated that this platform could potentially be extended to other targets including tau protein and PD-L1 protein. The SPEED is a simple, fast and label-free screening method. We believe that the SPEED strategy could be universally applicable for seeking and validating drug candidates and imaging ligands.
Epitaxial InGaN on nitridated Si(111) for photovoltaic applications (2012)

There is great potential in using InGaN as an absorber material in photovoltaic cells, particularly when combined in a heterojunction with p-type Si. However, at typical growth temperatures, Ga and In easily form a eutectic with Si, which creates voids at the interface, resulting in a surface unsuitable for epitaxial growth. In this paper we demonstrate how a simple nitridation process of a Si(111) substrate at a temperature of 800 °C results in the formation of crystalline SiN. The surface of the SiN layer is seen to be reconstructed, indicating the SiN is crystalline and well ordered. The interface between InGaN and SiN is seen to be sharp with no evidence of eutectic formation. The SiN layer is estimated to be ~3 nm thick so is unlikely to significantly affect the electrical conductivity. The series resistance of a prototypical Si(111)/SiN/InGaN sample has been found to be 1.2Ω.
Author response: Physiological and stem cell compartmentalization within the Drosophila midgut (2013)

Many cells in the body accumulate wear and tear over time, and a fraction of them are always nearing the end of their lives. However, in some tissues there are stem cells that can divide into daughter cells which then differentiate and replace the damaged cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, these ‘adult tissue stem cells’ normally differentiate into only a few related cell types, but their ability to produce replacement cells keeps the tissue functioning normally. Here, Marianes and Spradling have investigated a type of adult stem cell, known as intestinal stem cells, that resides in the midgut of fruit flies. The midgut is the major site of digestion in fruit flies, and functions much like the small intestine in mammals. This tissue is a long tube that is lined with two types of cells: digestive cells and hormone-producing cells. These cell types are maintained by thousands of apparently similar intestinal stem cells, and it has long been thought that the stem cells give rise to cells throughout the midgut by responding to the same set of signals. However, certain digestive processes—such as the breakdown or uptake of particular nutrients—are known to occur only in a specific portion of the intestine. For example, in fruit flies, a region in the middle of the intestine is acidified, and may act like an extra stomach. And in both fruit flies and mammals, iron is taken up mostly in the area of the gut just after the stomach. These regional differences in function have led to uncertainty over how midgut cells both arise and are replaced. Marianes and Spradling now show, based on a detailed study of tissue cells and stem cells, that the midgut contains at least ten subregions that occur in a specific order. The cells in these subregions have distinct features, including shape, size and contents (e.g., stores of carbohydrates or nutrients). Each subregion appears to perform specific functions during digestion, and the cells in these subregions also transcribe genes that reflect their roles in breaking down or storing various nutrients. Interestingly, the stem cells in most subregions are distinct, and do not differentiate into the cells from adjacent subregions. The subregions also differ in their incidence of cancer: when a particular signal was inhibited in stem cells in all ten subregions, aggressive tumors formed in only three subregions and the tumor cells did not cross into neighboring subregions. These observations may inform future studies of the mammalian small intestine and improve our understanding of its susceptibility to cancer and other diseases.
Fabrication and electrical transport properties of nickel monosilicide nanowires (2005)

Nickel silicide nanowires (NSNWs) have been fabricated and characterized. We propose a fabrication process for one-dimensional silicon nanowires (SiNWs) using scanning probe lithography (SPL) technology and anisotropic wet etching with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution on a (100) Si layer of silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate. Subsequently, the thin nickel films (/spl sim/50 nm) evaporated on SiNWs and the nickel monosilicide was formed by solid-state reaction between nickel and silicon under a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in N/sub 2/ ambient for 1 min. Then, the electrical properties of the SiNWs and NSNWs have also been examined and compared.
Metabolic Regulation of Long‐Term Potentiation in the hippocampus: Therapeutic Implications. (2008)

Energy supply is critical for essential functions in all cells. There is increasing evidence that dietary carbohydrate and caloric restriction moderate cellular responses to damage, alter ageing processes, enhance longevity and may have therapeutic affects in neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington's Chorea. Dietary regimes termed ‘ketogenic diets’ which iso‐calorically replaces carbohydrates with fats and protein, can produce significant anticonvulsant effects in patients with epilepsy and have successfully been used therapeutically. The mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of ‘ketogenic diets’ are completely unknown. We show that signaling pathways heavily implicated in learning and memory, LTP and epileptogenesis are controlled by cellular metabolism via the actions of AMPK. We propose that these mechanisms may underlie some of the beneficial effects of ‘ketogenic diets’ in epilepsy.
Decreased receptor-binding sites for kainic acid in brains of patients with Huntington's disease. (1981)

The specific binding of (3H)kainic acid (KA) to high- and low-affinity receptor sites was assayed in postmortem samples from the brains of patients affected with Huntington's disease (HD) and age-matched controls. Treatment of rat brain with conditions that closely mimic the temperature gradient occurring in postmortem human brain only slightly but not significantly decreased receptor binding by 12 hr after death. In HD brains, total specific binding of (3H)KA was reduced in the caudate nucleus by 51%, putamen by 77%, and frontal cortex by 47%. Specific binding to the high-affinity site was virtually undetectable in the caudate nucleus and was reduced by 90% in the putamen from HD brains. No significant alterations in specific binding of (3H)KA were noted in the insular or temporal cortex, hippocampus, or cerebellum. Thus, losses of KA receptor binding were mainly localized to those regions of the HD brain that are most severely affected by neuronal degeneration, and the high-affinity receptor site appeared more affected.
Prostate Specific Antigen Testing in Men Older Than 75 Years in the United States (2006)

Up to a third of men older than 75 years undergo prostate specific antigen testing despite an average life expectancy of less than 10 years. Physician and practice characteristics are associated with prostate specific antigen PSA testing.
Central receiver photovoltaics – A source of firm solar power (2022)

The cost of variable renewable power in certain applications is now lower than ‘new build’ fossil power (1). However, the value of variable renewable power has plummeted even further when demand is low. While renewable energy generation (wind and PV) is only 9.5% of global power (2), this value reaches over 50% in certain locations at certain times, contributing to significant problems with grid stability and demand-supply mismatch. These factors can, at times, trigger curtailment of renewable generation capacity, making their variable power worthless. This is impeding the expansion of renewable energy generation, since asset utilization and the return on investment is decreasing. If we are to reach zero emissions by at least 2050, clean electricity must contribute over 60% to global electricity supply (3). To achieve this, the value of solar power must be restored such that profitable business can drive the necessary 5-fold expansion of PV alone in the next 10 years (3). This requires both flexible stabilizing storage and market recognition of the value that this brings. A key enabler to restore the value of variable renewable power will be low cost, long duration power storage which is flexible and clean. The authors have devised a method of exploiting the unique synergies between central receiver PV, heat engines and simple water storage to enable an integrated, dispatchable power storage system. This system permits solar power delivery ‘on demand’, and can also take excess, low-cost power from the grid to stabilize (and thereby maintain the value of) other renewable energy sources, such as wind or PV. This paper describes the high-level features of such a system which uses proven off the shelf equipment to provide GWh scale, long duration storage at a fraction of the cost of batteries. A 4MWe central receiver PV plant with integrated 17-hour storage of 3MWe-50MWhe is being constructed in Australia to demonstrate our concept for ‘dispatchable PV’ power.
A comparison of chlormethiazole and thioridazine in agitated confusional states of the elderly (1986)

Chlormethiazole and thioridazine were found to be equally effective in the management of the agitational component of agitated confusional states in the elderly. Confusion and nocturnal awakening were found to be controlled more effectively with chlormethiazole than with thioridazine. Chlormethiazole treatment also resulted in significant reductions in physical disability as assessed by the Clifton Behaviour Rating Scale. A greater incidence of adverse effects was associated with thioridazine treatment.
Comparison study of SPEA2+, SPEA2, and NSGA-II in diesel engine emissions and fuel economy problem (2005)

Recently, the technology that can control NOx and Soot values of diesel engines by changing the electronically controllable parameters has been developed. However, there is a trade-off relationship between fuel economy and NOx values. Therefore, the diesel engines that can change their characteristics with along to the driving environment should be emerged in the future. For designing these kinds of engines, the Pareto solutions that can express the trade-off between fuel economy and NOx values are needed. In that case, the derived non dominated solutions should have the diversity not only in the objective space but also in the design variable space. SPEA2+ is one of multi objective genetic algorithms and is developed based on SPEA2. The derived non dominated solutions by SPEA2+ have the diversity in both objective space and design variable space. In this study, the diesel engines that have high fuel economy and small amounts of NOx and Soot are designed by SEPA2+. The results are compared with those of SPEA2 and NSGA-II. From the discussions, it is found that the solutions of SPEA2+ have the diversity not only in the objective space but also in the design variable space. These characteristics are very suitable for designing diesel engines whose parameters are changing against the driving environment.
Isolation of genes negatively or positively co-expressed with human recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1) by differential display PCR (DD RT-PCR) (1998)

Differential display PCR (DD RT-PCR) has been extensively used for analysis of differential gene expression, but continues to be hampered by technical limitations that impair its effectiveness. In order to isolate novel genes co-expressing with human RAG1, we have developed an effective, multi-tiered screening/purification approach which effectively complements the standard DD RT-PCR methodology. In 'primary' screens, standard DD RT-PCR was used, detecting 22 reproducible differentially expressed amplicons between clonally related cell variants with differential constitutive expression of RAG mRNAs. 'Secondary' screens used differential display (DD) amplicons as probes in low and high stringency northern blotting. Eight of 22 independent DD amplicons detected nine independent differentially expressed transcripts. 'Tertiary' screens used reconfirmed amplicons as probes in northern analysis of multiple RAG-and RAG+sources. Reconfirmed DD amplicons detected six independent RAG co-expressing transcripts. All DD amplicons reconfirmed by northern blot were a heterogeneous mixture of cDNAs, necessitating further purification to isolate single cDNAs prior to subcloning and sequencing. To effectively select the appropriate cDNAs from DD amplicons, we excised and eluted the cDNA(s) directly from regions of prior northern blots in which differentially expressed transcripts were detected. Sequences of six purified cDNA clones specifically detecting RAG co-expressing transcripts included matches to portions of the human RAG2 and BSAP regions and to four novel partial cDNAs (three with homologies to human ESTs). Overall, our results also suggest that even when using clonally related variants from the same cell line in addition to all appropriate internal controls previously reported, further screening and purification steps are still required in order to efficiently and specifically isolate differentially expressed genes by DD RT-PCR.
Biosynthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF) via alternate pathways: subcellular distribution of products in HL-60 cells (1986)

Final steps in the biosynthesis of PAF can be catalyzed by two different routes: CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-Gro cholinephosphotransferase (dithiothrietol (DTT)-insensitive) or acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-GroPCho acetyltransferase. The authors have investigated the conversion of tritium-labeled 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-Gro and 1-alkyl-2-lyso-GroPCho (lyso-PAF) to PAF and other lipid products in HL-60 cells and in subcellular organelles isolated by centrifugation in a Percoll gradient. When cells are incubated with the labeled precursors (2 ..mu..M) the total amount of labeled PAF and 1-alkyl-2-acyl-GroPCho formed was similar from both precursors (60 pmol from 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-Gro and 50 pmol from lyso-PAF). However, PAF formed from 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-Gro represented 70% of the total products, whereas with lyso-PAF the major labeled product was 1-alkyl-2-acyl-GroPCho. Formation of PAF from 1-(/sup 3/H)alkyl-2-acetyl-Gro was linear to at least 30 min at 20/sup 0/C. After a 15-min incubation of this neutral lipid with HL-60 cells, the labeled PAF produced was located exclusively in the plasma membrane fraction as opposed to the label in the 1-alkyl-2-acyl-GroPCho, which was found only in the endoplasmic reticulum; none of the labeled PAF product was released to the media. The authors results suggest PAF might be synthesized by the DTT-insensitive cholinephosphotransferase at the site of the plasma membrane in HL-60 cells.
LXXXV. Stability of the atom (1924)

Summary LARMOR has shown that in a permanently stable system of “electrons” (e.g. a system of electrons and a nucleus forming an atom) the vector sum is constantly zero, the radiation of energy per unit time being , where is the acceleration of an electron and c the velocity of light. These expressions are shown to be also deducible by direct integration of the field equation of the electron theory and to be alone consistent with the electron theory of dispersion. The principle of [permanent] stability thus established is proved then (on certain assumptions) to be the necessary consequence of the quantum conditions postulated by Sommerfeld in the case of a [Bohr] atom of Hydrogen. It is thus shown that the non-emission of radiation by a Bohr atom of Hydrogen and the usual quantum conditions as well as the proper choice of coordinates are all consistent with the classical theory interpreted in terms of quantum ideas. A tentative attempt is then made to extend the theory to more complex atoms.
Specific cementum attachment protein enhances selectively the attachment and migration of periodontal cells to root surfaces (1995)

A specific cementum attachment protein (CAP) was identified in human cementum and found to bind with high affinity to non-demineralized root surfaces, hydroxyapatite and fibronectin. Attempting to elucidate the biological function of this protein and its possible role in cementogenesis the capacity of CAP to promote selective cell migration towards and attachment of various periodontal derived cell populations to root surfaces in vitro was assessed. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), periodontal ligament cells (HPC), and alveolar bone cells (HABC) were labeled with [3H]Thymidine during their exponential growth phase. Root slices, 300 microns thick, were incubated with increasing concentrations of CAP. Untreated and fibronectin (FN) treated root slices served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Migration was assessed by placing root slices on confluent layers of labeled cells maintained in serum free medium and determining the number of cells migrated onto the root surface 3 days thereafter. Attachment was assessed by incubating root slices with labeled cell suspensions for 2 h and determining the number of attached cells. CAP promoted both cell migration and attachment dose dependently. HABC responded better than HPC and HGF to CAP treated root slices, and HPC response was higher than that of HGF. Cell attachment was dose dependently inhibited by synthetic RGD peptides. FN did not affect the migration of HGF, barely enhanced that of HABC, and was less potent than CAP at enhancing the migration of HPC. FN was more effective than CAP in promoting the attachment of HGF to root slices, but it was as potent as CAP in supporting the attachment of HPC and HABC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
[Modulation by the central nervous system (CNS) of the activity of the endocrine pancreas]. (1981)

Electrical stimulation of Nucleus Ambiguus (NA) and of Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) produces a sympathetic response that partly inhibits insulin secretion in anesthetized rats in vivo. This inhibitory component is accompanied by a stimulatory one that can, in both cases, be revealed by the infusion of an alpha-blocker to the rats. The analogy between the stimulatory effect on insulin secretion due to NA or LH electrical stimulation is only partial. Indeed the NA-induced insulin secretion is abolished by vagotomy, while that induced by LH stimulation appears to be mediated by possible release of humoral factor(s). Acute bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in anesthetized rats produce, within minutes, an hyperinsulinemia that is abolished by superimposed vagotomy. Semi-chronic (7 d.) lesions of the VMH in rats result in changes in the activity of their subsequently isolated perfused pancreases. Indeed, and compared to controls, pancreases from VMH-lesioned rats oversecrete insulin and glucagon while undersecreting somatostatin. Such alterations due to lesions of the VMH appear to be the result of increased vagal activity and (possibly via a trophic effect of the nerve) of increased cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors. CNS organisation of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice is abnormal when compared to controls. Abnormalities are mainly a relative increase of the size of neurons of the LH and the dorsomotor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), compared to that of other CNS neurons. These abnormalities could conceivably play a role in the genesis of hyperinsulinemia of these animals.
Remote sensing atmospheric trace gases with infrared imaging spectroscopy (2012)

Atmospheric pollution affects human health, food production, and ecosystem sustainability, causing environmental and climate change. Species of concern include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and the greenhouse gases (GHG) methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Trace gas remote sensing can provide source detection, attribution, monitoring, hazard alerts, and air quality evaluation.