gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization method for laser host materials: laser tomography (1986)

Since optical perfection of laser crystal is very important to take a high-quality laser beam, a lot of characterization methods are usually used to observe defects in crystals. In these methods, x-ray topography, the optical microscope, and Twyman-Green interferometry are conventionally used to characterize the crystal defects and optical inhomogeneity in crystals. However, these methods each has its own weakness; that is, the topographic contrast of x ray depends on the thickness of crystalline specimens, and the specimen must also be sliced to get a good contrast, because x-ray beams cannot transmit through a thick specimen.
Coordination bonding based pH-responsive albumin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery (2012)

Zn-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (Zn-BSA nanoparticles) were prepared and used as carriers for pH-responsive anticancer drug delivery. Zinc was introduced into this system to increase the stability of the BSA nanoparticles and to load the anticancer drug based on the coordination bonding formation of Zn-BSA and Zn-drug molecules, respectively. The cleavage of either the "Zn-BSA" or the "Zn-drug" coordination bonding, in response to pH, would result in the release of the drug under designated pH conditions. The nanoparticles were spherical with diameters of 50-60 nm and narrow size distribution. Mitoxantrone (MX) was chosen as the model drug to study the release behavior and the inhibitory efficacy against tumor cells. In vitro release behavior of MX loaded Zn-BSA nanoparticles (MX-Zn-BSA nanoparticles) showed a fine pH-responsiveness. The release amount at pH 5.0 was close to 80%, while the cumulative release amount at pH 7.4 was less than 6% within 24 h. The blank Zn-BSA nanoparticles were of low cytotoxicity, while a high cytotoxic activity of MX-Zn-BSA nanoparticles against MCF-7 cells was demonstrated by in vitro cell assays.
Late-life migraine accompaniments: A narrative review (2014)

Late-life onset of migraine with aura is not rare in clinical practice and can occur without headache, especially in elderly individuals. Visual symptoms are the most common presentation, followed respectively by sensory, aphasic, and motor symptoms. Gradual evolution, the march of transient neurological deficits over several minutes and serial progression from one symptom to another in succession are typical clinical features for late-life migraine accompaniments. Transient neurological disturbances in migraine aura can mimic other serious conditions and can be easily misdiagnosed. Careful clinical correlation and appropriate investigations are essential to exclude secondary causes. Treatments are limited and still inconsistent.
Direct Torque Control for Dual Three-Phase PMSM Based on Three-Phase Decomposition SVPWM (2010)

A direct torque control strategy for dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors is presented in this paper. The motor has two sets of three-phase stator windings spatially phase shifted by 30 electrical degrees. In order to reduce the harmonic current in stator windings which has no contribution to torque production, torque and flux are controlled based on regulators and three-phase decomposition SVPWM technique. The proposed strategy has the advantages of constant switching frequency, low torque ripple and low distortion of stator current. The validity of the strategy is confirmed by simulation results.
Receptor-Mediated Activation of a MAP Kinase in Pathogen Defense of Plants (1997)

Parsley cells recognize the fungal plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae through a plasma membrane receptor. A pathogen-derived oligopeptide elicitor binds to this receptor and thereby stimulates a multicomponent defense response through sequential activation of ion channels and an oxidative burst. An elicitor-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was identified that acts downstream of the ion channels but independently or upstream of the oxidative burst. Upon receptor-mediated activation, the MAP kinase is translocated to the nucleus where it might interact with transcription factors that induce expression of defense genes.
Opportunities for Catalysis in The 21st Century. A report from the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (2002)

Chemical catalysis affects our lives in myriad ways. Catalysis provides a means of changing the rates at which chemical bonds are formed and broken and of controlling the yields of chemical reactions to increase the amounts of desirable products from these reactions and reduce the amounts of undesirable ones. Thus, it lies at the heart of our quality of life: The reduced emissions of modern cars, the abundance of fresh food at our stores, and the new pharmaceuticals that improve our health are made possible by chemical reactions controlled by catalysts. Catalysis is also essential to a healthy economy: The petroleum, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries, contributors of $500 billion to the gross national product of the United States, rely on catalysts to produce everything from fuels to ''wonder drugs'' to paints to cosmetics. Today, our Nation faces a variety of challenges in creating alternative fuels, reducing harmful by-products in manufacturing, cleaning up the environment and preventing future pollution, dealing with the causes of global warming, protecting citizens from the release of toxic substances and infectious agents, and creating safe pharmaceuticals. Catalysts are needed to meet these challenges, but their complexity and diversity demand a revolution in the way catalysts are designed and used. This revolution can become reality through the application of new methods for synthesizing and characterizing molecular and material systems. Opportunities to understand and predict how catalysts work at the atomic scale and the nanoscale are now appearing, made possible by breakthroughs in the last decade in computation, measurement techniques, and imaging and by new developments in catalyst design, synthesis, and evaluation.
Poster abstract (2003)

Wireless ad-hoc sensor networks have caught the fancy of many researchers through the world in a very small span of time. Although notable progress has been made in several key areas, several researchers falter in the way they look at sensor networks i.e. just another kind of wireless ad hoc networks, albeit one composed of energy constrained nodes. A key aspect that makes sensor networks different from traditional networks is their strong link to the physical world. We develop this perspective by studying an interesting class of sensor network applications called aggregation applications.We argue that when a user queries for aggregates like maximum, average etc., he is interested in knowing the statistics of the underlying physical process. In general, this is not equivalent to the statistics gathered from a bunch of nodes. We introduce a distinction between aggregates calculated over a region and aggregates calculated over a discrete set of nodes. We classify them as spatial and nodal aggregates respectively. Till now, researchers have followed the approach of doing nodal aggregation in response to every user query in sensor networks. For a continuous physical process and a random deployment of sensor nodes, which are a norm for sensor networks, the conventional approach of doing nodal aggregation produces inaccurate results.We verify our claim by studying a specific aggregation function namely the average over a region (spatial average) in detail. We use a voronoi-based approach to propose an algorithm for calculating spatial average in sensor networks. The algorithm can work in two modes -- centralized and distributed. The energy and accuracy tradeoff associated with each of the two modes is analyzed in detail. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is tested over a wide variety of physical processes including real precipitation data of South America acquired over a span of past 50 years. We will show that our algorithm gives a 2-8 times performance gain as compared to the conventional approach of doing nodal aggregation. We further explore the robustness of our algorithm to link failures and channel impairments.Although not 100% accurate, our approach is a simple, efficient and a practical solution for calculating the spatial average. We have implemented our algorithm on Berkeley motes. Our first prototype implementation occupies less than 12K flash ROM and consumes less than 1.6K run-time memory. Our algorithm can be easily integrated with available frameworks for doing aggregation in sensor networks. For a minimal cost, our algorithm can be used to provide a spatial aggregation service on a network of motes.
Modelling and experimental studies of alternative heat treatments in Steel 92 to optimise long term stress rupture properties (2008)

The desire for power plant to give increased generating efficiency and decreased CO2 emission has led to considerable effort over the last 10–15 years, to develop ferritic–martensitic steels which can be used for steam temperatures up to about 650°C. Examples are the addition of boron and increasing chromium content to 10–12 wt-%. However, high chromium levels have led to problems with long term precipitate stability. One approach which has not been widely explored, is the use of novel heat treatments to optimise the preservice microstructure to give the best long term creep rupture strength. Increased austenitising temperatures and lower tempering temperatures have been examined in Steel 92 (9Cr–0·5Mo–2W) and have produced significant improvements in creep rupture strength at temperatures up to 650°C compared with material given a conventional heat treatment. This has been achieved without any loss in ductility compared with conventional heat treatments. Test data for durations in excess of 40 000 h are presented. Modelling of microstructure evolution based on Monte Carlo simulations has shown important differences especially in the stability of grain boundary M23C6 and intragranular MX particles, between material with conventional and modified heat treatments. The model predictions are in good agreement with metallographic observations made on material before and after stress rupture testing. Continuum creep damage mechanics modelling based on the microstructural evolution has also been applied to predict creep life of Steel 92 and satisfactory agreement with creep rupture tests has been obtained.
A Call for the Inclusion of Mixed Methods Research in the Undergraduate Psychology Curriculum (2019)

The teaching of qualitative research methods in undergraduate psychology in other countries has not been documented in the academic literature. We acknowledge that there are likely to be large variations in the amount of qualitative research methods taught across countires, and this will impact on the feasibility of introducing mixed methods research.
Non-Viral Delivery of RNA Gene Therapy to the Central Nervous System (2022)

Appropriate gene delivery systems are essential for successful gene therapy in clinical medicine. Lipid-mediated nucleic acid delivery is an alternative to viral vector-mediated gene delivery and has the following advantages. Lipid-mediated delivery of DNA or mRNA is usually more rapid than viral-mediated delivery, offers a larger payload, and has a nearly zero risk of incorporation. Lipid-mediated delivery of DNA or RNA is therefore preferable to viral DNA delivery in those clinical applications that do not require long-term expression for chronic conditions. Delivery of RNA may be preferable to non-viral DNA delivery in some clinical applications, since transit across the nuclear membrane is not necessary, and onset of expression with RNA is therefore even faster than with DNA, although both are faster than most viral vectors. Delivery of RNA to target organ(s) has previously been challenging due to RNA's rapid degradation in biological systems, but cationic lipids complexed with RNA, as well as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), have allowed for delivery and expression of the complexed RNA both in vitro and in vivo. This review will focus on the non-viral lipid-mediated delivery of RNAs, including mRNA, siRNA, shRNA, and microRNA, to the central nervous system (CNS), an organ with at least two unique challenges. The CNS contains a large number of slowly dividing or non-dividing cell types and is protected by the blood brain barrier (BBB). In non-dividing cells, RNA-lipid complexes demonstrated increased transfection efficiency relative to DNA transfection. The efficiency, timing of the onset, and duration of expression after transfection may determine which nucleic acid is best for which proposed therapy. Expression can be seen as soon as 1 h after RNA delivery, but duration of expression has been limited to 5-7 h. In contrast, transfection with a DNA lipoplex demonstrates protein expression within 5 h and lasts as long as several weeks after transfection.
Kinetic theory of dusty plasmas. V. The hydrodynamic equations (2004)

The collisional hydrodynamic equations for electrons, ions, and dust particles in dusty plasmas are derived from the kinetic equations [V. N. Tsytovich and U. de Angelis, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1093 (1999)] which consistently take into account the elastic and inelastic (charging) collisions of plasma particles with dust and the effects of dust charge fluctuations. These equations are valid in the parameter regime where the collisions of plasma particles with dust dominate with respect to the binary plasma collisions. New expressions for the fluid collision frequencies, transport coefficients, viscosity, and ion drag are found and compared with previous results.
A framework for multi-mode authentication : (2003)

The use of mobile handheld devices within the workplace is expanding rapidly. These devices are no longer viewed as coveted gadgets for early technology adopters, but have instead become indispensable tools that offer competitive business advantages for the mobile workforce. While these devices provide productivity benefits, they also pose new risks to an organization's security. Enabling adequate user authentication is the first line of defense against unauthorized use of a lost or stolen handheld device. Multiple modes of authentication increase the work factor needed to attack a device, however, few devices support more than one mode, usually password-based authentication.
Different repartition of the cryptic species of black aspergilli according to the anatomical sites in human infections, in a French University hospital (2021)

We analyzed 198 black aspergilli isolates collected from different samples type to determine their species identification. We observe a different distribution of species between ear canal and respiratory samples (P < 0.001), suggesting a better fitness of A. welwitschiae to infect the ear canal.
Migration in the Middle East: old economics or new politics? (1988)

This article discusses the increasing mobility and internationalization of labor in the Middle East. Using examples from a number of countries, the author pays particular attention to the resultant political and economic complexities of governing such a fluid population. Consideration is given to remittances from employment abroad and how these funds support a significant transnational economy as well as promote inflation in the labor-exporting countries. The article also considers the impact of non-Arab labor migration, particularly the influx of Asian workers.
Gear tooth diagnosis using wavelet multi-resolution analysis enhanced by Kaiser’s windowing (2010)

Wavelet multi-resolution analysis shows promising results for gear tooth damage diagnostics. However, selecting an accurate mother wavelet, defining dynamic threshold value and identifying the resolution levels to be considered in gear fault detection and diagnosis are still challenging tasks. This paper proposes an enhanced wavelet-based technique for detecting, locating and estimating the severity of defects in gear tooth fracture. The proposed technique improves the wavelet multi-resolution analysis by decomposing the noisy data into different resolution levels with data sliding through Kaiser’s window. Only the maximum expansion coefficients at each resolution level are used in de-noising, detecting and measuring the severity of the defects. A small set of coefficients is used in the monitoring process without assigning threshold values or performing signal reconstruction. The proposed technique shows accurate results in detecting and localizing gear tooth fracture.
A model of symbol size discrimination in scatterplots (2010)

Symbols are used in scatterplots to encode data in a way that is appropriate for perception through human visual channels. Symbol size is believed to be the second dominant channel after color. We study symbol size perception in scatterplots in the context of analytic tasks requiring size discrimination. More specifically, we performed an experiment to measure human performance in three visual analytic tasks. Circles are used as the representative symbol, with eight, linearly varying radii; 24 persons, divided across three groups, participated; and both objective and subjective measures were obtained. We propose a model to describe the results. The perception of size is assumed to be an early step in the complex cognitive process to mediate discrimination, and psychophysical laws are used to describe this perceptual mapping. Different mapping schemes are compared by regression on the experimental data. The results show that approximate homogeneity of size perception exists in our complex tasks and can be closely described by a power law transformation with an exponent of 0.4. This yields an optimal scale for symbol size discrimination.
Rapidly convergent effective range formula (1984)

A new effective range formula is developed using conformal mapping techniques. In contrast to earlier attempts in this direction, our formula is valid for arbitrary high energies and for all processes. As an illustration we study the $s$ wave in np scattering.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS Scattering theory, effective range expansion, np scattering, $E=1\ensuremath{-}80$ MeV.
Low threshold, room temperature laser diode pumped Sb-based V

E

CSEL emitting around 2.1 µm (2003)

The operation of a diode-pumped AlGaAsSb/GaInAsSb type-I quantum-well vertical cavity surface emitting laser emitting near 2.1µm is reported. The epitaxial structure, grown on GaSb by molecular beam epitaxy consists of a GaSb/AlAsSb Bragg reflector and a GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb active region. A TEM00 low-divergence laser operation is demonstrated in quasi-CW (10 µs pulses, 10% duty cycle) from 250 up to 350K. A threshold as low as 390W/cm2 at 250K combined with a T0 around 33K has been measured.
Medication and breastfeeding. (2013)

It is well accepted that the best feeding method for infants is breastfeeding, due to its numerous biological and clinical effects on child and maternal health. The use of medication by the nursing mother and the physician's advice to stop nursing are the most common reasons for the cessation of breastfeeding. The physician plays an extremely delicate role and should be able to assess risks and benefits for both mother and child. The main factors that must be taken into account include pharmacokinetics, the duration of maternal therapy, the age of the infant and the general health of the infant. All physicians should have access to reliable and updated information on medication safety during breastfeeding (reference books, online medical literature). Few drugs have been demonstrated to be absolutely contraindicated during breastfeeding. Nevertheless clear, safe and reliable information is still lacking for most drugs and it would be desirable to improve the knowledge about mechanisms and consequences of infant exposure to drug present in milk.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL PSEUDOHALIDES. PART XXXI. DIAMINE COMPLEXES OF NICKEL(II), COBALT(II), AND COPPER(II) DICYANAMIDE AND NITROSODICYANMETHANIDE (1980)

Abstract Die Tris‐[diamin]‐Komplexe (I) werden mit 85‐100% Ausb. aus wäßrigen Lösungen der Metallnitrate und K‐dicyanamid bzw. ‐nitrosodicyanmethanid und den Diaminen dargestellt und nach Vakuumtrocknung über P 4 O 10 wasserfrei isoliert.
Post-exertional Symptomology In Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) (2007)

Symptom exacerbation following physical stress has been documented in illnesses such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Similar phenomenology has been reported in CFS but is not well understood. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore symptom exacerbation following an exercise challenge in CFS patients relative to a sedentary control population. METHODS: Forty female subjects (n=40), 20 CFS and 20 matched sedentary controls served as subjects. All participants underwent a graded maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX). Two questionnaires, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and a series of open-ended questions, were completed 7 days after the exercise challenge to assess post-exertional differences between groups. The open-ended questions pertained to symptoms experienced following the test and time taken to recover from any testing effects. SF-36 data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis. Written questionnaire responses were evaluated by determining recovery time in days as well as number and type of symptoms experienced. RESULTS: SF-36 analysis found statistical significance across all 8 health domains measured between groups (p <.01), but no effects were found for the exercise test. Analysis of the open-ended questionnaires revealed that within 24 hours of the exercise challenge, 85% of controls indicated full recovery in contrast to 0% of CFS patients. The remaining 15% of controls recovered within 48 hours of the test as opposed to only one CFS patient. Clear differences in number and type of reported symptoms were also found between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that CFS patients suffer symptom exacerbation following physical stress. As with MS, lupus and RA, post-exertional symptom exacerbation appears to be both a real and incapacitating feature of the syndrome. The delayed recovery response evoked by a single bout of exercise stress is distinctly different from that of sedentary controls. The debilitating effects experienced by these patients help to explain activity avoidance, which should be considered when prescribing exercise and activity management programs for CFS patients.
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Potential Complication of Treatment With Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition (2020)

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are the most recently approved antihyperglycemic medications. We sought to describe their association with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) in hopes that it will enhance recognition of this potentially life-threatening complication.