gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The outlook for fuels for internal combustion engines (2014)

The demand for transport energy is increasing, but this increase is heavily skewed toward heavier fuels such as diesel and jet fuel while the demand for gasoline might decrease. As spark-ignition engines develop to become more efficient, abnormal combustion such as knock and preignition will become more likely. High antiknock quality fuels, those with high research octane number and preferably low motor octane number, will enable future spark-ignition engines to reach their full potential. Higher fuel antiknock quality is also likely to mitigate “superknock” resulting from preignition—an abnormal combustion problem in turbocharged spark-ignition engines. In many parts of the world, fuel antiknock specifications are set on the assumption that higher motor octane number contributes to increased knock resistance. Specifications for fuel antiknock quality have a great impact on fuels manufacture and will need to be revised as this mismatch between existing specifications and engine requirements widens. The primary challenge for diesel engines is to reduce emissions of soot and NO x while maintaining high efficiency, and this becomes much easier if such engines are run on fuels of extremely low cetane. Significant development is needed before such engines can be seen on practical vehicles. In the long term, compression ignition engines are likely to use fuels with research octane number in the range of 70–85 (cetane number&lt;∼30) but with no strict requirements on volatility. Such fuels would require less processing in the refinery than today’s fuels. Such an engine/fuels system will be at least as efficient as today’s diesel engine but could be significantly cheaper and also open a path to mitigate the imbalance in demand growth between heavy and light fuels that is expected to arise otherwise. The review concludes with a possible long-term fuel scenario.
Relation of coal characteristics to liquefaction behavior. Quarterly technical progress reports, January-June 1978 (1979)

Determination in duplicate of conversion in coal/tetralin interactions for 104 coals was completed. Cluster analysis had to be performed to partition the sample set into 3 more homogeneous populations. The groups thus separated showed markedly different ranges of conversion, particularly when some of the same coals were run in the Gulf continuous flow reactor. Multiple regression analyses for the three groups lead to effective predictive equations, each of which called out a different selection of coal properties. It appears that a new classification of coals, more closely related to conversion behavior, is emerging. The experimental and analytical procedures used in the Gulf experiments are described in detail. Runs were at 1000 g slurry per hour at 440 and 455/sup 0/C, using 3000 psi of hydrogen and a partly hydrogenated anthracene oil as donor solvent. Conversion data for 47 runs on 27 coals are presented. A new theoretical analysis of the kinetics of liquefaction has been performed, starting from the recognition that the process almost certainly involves parallel reactions of a number of differing starting materials. The analysis shows that a change in apparent activation energy with the level of conversion is to be expected, a prediction that is confirmed by experimental data for two of the three coals studied experimentally. The extent and rates of penetration of 10 coals by a number of hydrocarbon vapors, including benzene and tetralin, have been measured at 30, 50, and 70/sup 0/C; both cause swelling of coals of HVB, HVC, and subbituminous rank classes. The sorption of vapors by coals takes place by several processes, all of them requiring activation.
Kinetic model of olefin hydroalumination by HAlBui2 and AlBui3 in the presence of Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst (2007)

Abstract The mechanism of α‐olefin hydroalumination by HAlBu i 2 , ClAlBu i 2 , and AlBu i 3 in the presence of Cp 2 ZrCl 2 catalyst has been studied. It was established that the key intermediate of the reaction is a bimetallic complex [Cp 2 ZrH 2 · ClAlBu i 2 ] 2 , which reacts with olefins and yields higher diisobutylalkylalanes. In parallel with this stage, the key complex can readily react with XAlBu i 2 (X = H, Cl, Bu i ) and form a stable trihydride complex Cp 2 ZrH 2 · ClAlBu i 2 · HAlBu i 2 , which does not exhibit reactivity in olefin hydroalumination. A kinetic model of α‐olefin hydroalumination with HAlBu i 2 and AlBu i 3 has been developed. The model explains the causes of the low stability of the key intermediate [Cp 2 ZrH 2 · ClAlBu i 2 ] 2 and of the different activities of organoaluminum compounds (OACs) in the olefin hydroalumination reaction. Moreover, the model gives information about the limit stages of the reaction and explains the influence of the length of the initial olefins on the rate of the whole catalytic process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 333–339, 2007
Osteogenic Dkk1 Mediates Glucocorticoid-Induced but Not Arthritis-Induced Bone Loss (2019)

Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a negative regulator of bone formation and bone mass and is deregulated in bone loss induced by arthritis and glucocorticoid (GC) exposure. However, the role of Dkk1 in these pathological processes is still unknown. Here, we used conditional Dkk1 knock-out mice to determine the role of Dkk1 produced by osteolineage cells in the development of arthritis and GC-induced bone loss. Osteoprogenitor (Osx-Cre)- and osteocyte (Dmp1-Cre)-specific knock-out mice and their Cre-negative controls were subjected to two arthritis models, K/BxN and antigen-induced arthritis. Disease induction and progression were assessed. GC-induced bone loss was induced in 25-week-old female mice by implanting prednisolone (7.5 mg) slow-release pellets for 4 weeks. Dkk1<sup>fl/fl</sup> ;Osx-Cre mice subjected to K/BxN arthritis showed mildly reduced disease severity with reduced infiltration of neutrophils and T cells into affected joints and reduced bone erosions compared with Cre-negative controls. Osteocyte-specific Dkk1 deletion did not affect disease severity or local bone erosions. However, systemic bone loss at the spine was less severe in both mouse lines. In contrast to arthritis, both lines were protected from GC-induced bone loss. Although the Cre-negative controls lost about 26% and 31% bone volume potentially caused by decreased bone formation, Cre-positive mice did not exhibit such alterations. Dkk-1 deficiency in osteolineage cells protects against GC-induced bone loss, whereas it had only minor effects in arthritis. Therefore, Dkk1 may be a promising therapeutic target especially for bone diseases in which inhibition of bone formation represents the predominant mechanism. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Hydrothermal stability enhancement by sequential ion-exchange of rare earth metals on Fe/BEA zeolites used as NO reduction catalysts (2011)

An addition of rare earth metals with trivalent cation radii of 1.05-1.15 Å to Fe/BEA zeolites improves hydrothermal stability for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH(3).
The immunobiology of myiasis infections – whatever happened to vaccination? (2014)

The current state of myiasis vaccine technologies are reviewed mainly in the primary research genera of Lucilia and Hypoderma. The importance of myiasis flies as primary causes of morbidity and mortality in agricultural species and man has not diminished despite the existence of good control strategies. However, the development of vaccines against myiasis infections has been relatively quiescent for more than 10 years despite the rapid development of genomic and proteomic analysis and of skills in data interpretation. The value of vaccine research in an era of chemical primacy is analysed. In fact, recent findings of drug resistance and the impact of animal welfare concerns should mean a renewed interest in alternative controls. The reasons that this has not been true to date are explored and new possibilities discussed.
An algorithm for wide aperture 3D SAR imaging with measured data (2011)

We utilize eight circular passes of measured airborne X-Band radar data to form a novel reflectivity surface estimate. Our previous work demonstrated reflectivity surface estimation from narrow aperture multi-pass data and this work extends those results to wide apertures. Narrow aperture surface estimates are co-registered in the three spatial dimensions and combined non-coherently to form a wide-aperture data product. For the purpose of visually conveying the scene reflectivity content a surface is formed from the wide angle data product. The subject of this work is not on the optimality of the methods nor the global convexity of the cost functions. Instead, these results give us one of the first glimpses at measured wide angle three dimensional SAR image products and provide a qualitative benchmark against which to measure future wide angle three dimensional synthetic aperture radar autofocus and imaging algorithms.
Asymmetric and partial injection locking of a three-terminal spin-torque oscillator (2018)

We measure the injection locking of a three-terminal spin-torque oscillator (STO) excited by spin-orbit torque. The device consists of a magnetic tunnel junction on top of a Pt wire. A DC and an AC current are applied through the Pt wire to induce the oscillations and injection lock the STO, respectively. The injection locking is studied at fMW ≈ f0 or at fMW ≈ 2f0, where fMW is the microwave frequency and f0 is the free running frequency of the STO. The frequency response is qualitatively different from the injection locking in STOs generally reported experimentally and theoretically. Whereas typical phase-locking behavior is observed at fMW ≈ 2f0, the injection locking at fMW ≈ f0 is only partial and exhibits a strongly asymmetric frequency response. Defining the frequency deviation range as the frequency range where the STO differs from its free running frequency, we show that the asymmetric interaction is characterized by a pulling effect present on only one side of the frequency deviation range, the presence of a sideband inside the frequency deviation range, and an interaction of the STO with the microwave current that is wider than the frequency deviation range.
Framework for context-aware computation offloading in mobile cloud computing (2017)

Computation offloading is a promising way to improve the performance as well as reducing the battery power consumption of a mobile application by executing some parts of the application on a remote server. Recent researches on mobile cloud computing mainly focus on the code partitioning and offloading techniques, assuming that mobile codes are offloaded to a prepared server. However, the context of a mobile device, such as locations, network conditions and available cloud resources, changes continuously as it moves throughout the day. And applications are also different in computation complexity and coupling degree. So it needs to dynamically select the appropriate cloud resources and offload mobile codes to them on demand, in order to offload in a more effective way. Supporting such capability is not easy for application developers due to (1) adaptability: mobile applications often face changes of runtime environments so that the adaptation on offloading is needed. (2) effectiveness: when the context of the mobile device changes, it needs to decide which cloud resource is used for offloading, and the reduced execution time must be greater than the network delay caused by offloading. This paper proposes a framework, which supports mobile applications with the context-aware computation offloading capability. First, a design pattern is proposed to enable an application to be computation offloaded on-demand. Second, an estimation model is presented to automatically select the cloud resource for offloading. Third, a framework at both client and server sides is implemented to support the design pattern and the estimation model. A thorough evaluation on two real-world applications is proposed, and the results show that our approach can help reduce execution time by 6–96% and power consumption by 60–96% for computation-intensive applications.
The genome of the heartwater agent Ehrlichia ruminantium contains multiple tandem repeats of actively variable copy number (2005)

Heartwater, a tick-borne disease of domestic and wild ruminants, is caused by the intracellular rickettsia Ehrlichia ruminantium (previously known as Cowdria ruminantium). It is a major constraint to livestock production throughout subSaharan Africa, and it threatens to invade the Americas, yet there is no immediate prospect of an effective vaccine. A shotgun genome sequencing project was undertaken in the expectation that access to the complete protein coding repertoire of the organism will facilitate the search for vaccine candidate genes. We report here the complete 1,516,355-bp sequence of the type strain, the stock derived from the South African Welgevonden isolate. Only 62% of the genome is predicted to be coding sequence, encoding 888 proteins and 41 stable RNA species. The most striking feature is the large number of tandemly repeated and duplicated sequences, some of continuously variable copy number, which contributes to the low proportion of coding sequence. These repeats have mediated numerous translocation and inversion events that have resulted in the duplication and truncation of some genes and have also given rise to new genes. There are 32 predicted pseudogenes, most of which are truncated fragments of genes associated with repeats. Rather then being the result of the reductive evolution seen in other intracellular bacteria, these pseudogenes appear to be the product of ongoing sequence duplication events.
Micromachined silicon nitride deformable mirrors for focus control (2001)

We have built a 1000mum-diameter silicon nitride deformable mirror for focus-control applications, using micro-optoelectromechanical systems technology. We achieved variable focal lengths from 36 to 360 mm while maintaining zero primary spherical aberration, using a maximum control voltage of 100 V. Active control of spherical aberration of approximately two waves at 660 nm was demonstrated.
Probing the subsurface ocean processes using ocean LIDARS (2012)

Subsurface profiling LIDAR systems extend our understanding of ocean processes "below" the ocean surface of SST and ocean color. Time-gated LIDAR backscattering intensity has been shown to define the bio-optical ocean layers and characterize subsurface processes. The interaction between the mixed layer depth (MLD) using vertical temperature structures and LIDAR optical layers provides a critical link between physical and bio-optical processes. We evaluated the capability of LIDAR penetration to reach the MLD on a global basis. Penetration depths of LIDAR were estimated using attenuation depths derived from global monthly ocean color averages which were assumed vertically homogenous. Climatology of LIDAR penetration depth was combined with the monthly mixed layer depth determined from the Global NCOM ocean circulation model. Global NCOM output was used to construct monthly averaged MLD climatologies from 2002 to 2010. Results show how monthly changes in MLD and LIDAR penetration depths are coupled for different regions of the global ocean. For example, the time-lag in LIDAR penetration depths is linked to shallowing of the MLD in the North Atlantic Bloom. We estimate the percentage of global ocean waters where different LIDAR system configurations can reach below the MLD. Results illustrate the potential performance of LIDAR systems to "probe" the subsurface for global waters which help in LIDAR design. Subsurface processes such as mixing and biological growth and decay have significant impact on what we observe at the ocean surface. LIDAR profiling should provide the new dimension for monitoring global ocean processes.
A theoretical quantitative model for evolution of cancer chemotherapy resistance (2010)

This article was reviewed by Dr Marek Kimmel and Dr Mark Little.
Elevated plasma levels of the long pentraxin, pentraxin 3, in severe dengue virus infections (2005)

C-reactive protein is one of the most widely used indicators of the response of acute-phase proteins. The measurement of C-reactive protein in dengue, however, is clinically not useful, because of marginally elevated levels and absent association with disease severity. The prototypic long pentraxin, pentraxin 3, is an acute phase protein that is structurally related but distinct from C-reactive protein which has proven to correlate with the severity of bacterial infection in critically ill patients. The potential involvement of pentraxin 3 in dengue and its aptitude to predict more severe disease or poor clinical outcome has not been studied previously. We therefore measured pentraxin 3 plasma levels in 44 dengue virus infected patients. Pentraxin 3 levels were strikingly higher when compared to C-reactive protein levels, with highest pentraxin 3 values observed in the first 7 days after the onset of symptoms. Median pentraxin 3 levels at admission and peak levels during follow up were higher in patients suffering from dengue shock syndrome (at admission: 119.3 ng/ml [interquartile range 61.8--188.7], peak values during follow up: 147.9 ng/ml [interquartile range 85.7--204.3]) compared to levels found in patients with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (at admission: 59.0 ng/ml [interquartile range 28.6--100.3], P=0.040; peak values during follow up: 80.8 ng/ml [interquartile range 36.1--168.1], P=0.020). Our results indicate that pentraxin 3 seems to be a marker of infection better than C-reactive protein in dengue. The role of pentraxin 3 in the pathogenesis of dengue and its potential as an early prognostic indicator of disease severity needs further assessment.
Special Issue – Signalling. Introduction: Frontiers in cell signalling (2013)

This series of articles in the FEBS Journal Special Issue on Signalling is based on the 6th Garvan Signalling Symposium, 2012. Articles focused on understanding the spatial and temporal contexts for signalling, the complexities of signalling networks in biology, and the translational opportunities afforded by delineating the role of signalling in human disease are featured. An accompanying series is based on an international symposium 'Ca(2+) Signalling and Transport in Health and Disease', Aarhus, 2012.
Are elevated homocysteine plasma levels related to peripheral arterial disease? Results from a cross‐sectional study of 6880 primary care patients (2003)

Elevated HC is only slightly more related to PAD than to CAD and CVD. After adjustment for known risk factors, the effect size is small, and an association can no longer be observed between homocysteine and CAD and CVD.
GEA (2002)

Currently gene expression data are being produced at a phenomenal rate. The general objective is to try to gain a better understanding of the functions of cellular tissues. In particular, one specific goal is to relate gene expression to cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. However, a key obstacle is that the availability of analysis tools or lack thereof, impedes the use of the data, making it difficult for cancer researchers to perform analysis efficiently and effectively.
In Situ Electrochemical Oxygen Generation with an Immunoisolation Device (1999)

The viability and function of transplanted tissue encapsulated in immunobarrier devices is subject to oxygen transport limitation. In this study, we have designed and used an in situ electrochemical oxygen generator which decomposes water electrolyticaly to provide oxygen to the adjacent planer immunobarrier diffusion chamber. The rate of oxygen generation, which increases linearly with electrical current, was accurately controlled. A theoretical model of oxygen diffusion was also developed and was used to calculate the oxygen profiles in some of the experimental systems. In vitro culture experiments were carried out with beta TC3 cells encapsulated in titanium ring devices. The growth and viability of cells with or without in situ oxygen generation was studied. We found that under otherwise similar culturing conditions, the thickness of the cell layer and the viability of cells was the highest in devices cultured in stirred media with oxygen generation, even though the thickness had not reached the theoretically predicted value, and lowest in those unstirred and without oxygen generation.
Alterations in Mucin-Associated Gene Expression on the Ocular Surface in Active and Stable Stages of Atopic and Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (2021)

Ocular surface mucin in patients with AKC/VKC is altered in accordance with the clinical severity of the disease.
Boron nitride-reinforced porous aramid composites with enhanced mechanical performance and thermal conductivity (2023)

Aramids are materials with high-performance properties and used in advanced applications, including bulletproof vests and aerospace industry components. Consequently, research is focused on improving their properties and reducing their density to achieve fuel reduction and enhanced comfort. Herein we describe the preparation of dense, micro, and nanoporous aramid films containing hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with two objectives: improving mechanical performance and increasing thermal conductivity (TC) in porous films for specific applications. The preparation procedure is simple and scalable, involving the addition of hBN and a porosity promoter to control the porous structure in the film's casting solution. Tensile tests revealed that the inclusion of 10% of hBN in microporous aramids led to a 130% increase in Young's modulus and 63% reduction in material's density compared to the dense commercial aramid. The orientation of the hBN in the films was also evaluated by considering the XRD and the thermal properties of the films. The films containing hBN exhibited enhanced TC and thermal diffusivity (TD) together with a very low density and improved mechanical performance, which can benefit applications in the aerospace industry, protective equipment, and battery separators.
New Frontiers in Scientific Drilling of the Indian Ocean (2012)

No abstract available. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; doi:&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.14.09.2012" target="_blank"&gt;10.2204/iodp.sd.14.09.2012&lt;/a&gt;
FlexNIC: rethinking network DMA (2015)

We propose FlexNIC, a flexible network DMA interface that can be used by operating systems and applications alike to reduce packet processing overheads. The re-cent surge of network I/O performance has put enormous pressure on memory and software I/O processing sub-systems. Yet even at high speeds, flexibility in packet handling is still important for security, performance iso-lation, and virtualization. Thus, our proposal moves some of the packet process-ing traditionally done in software to the NIC DMA con-troller, where it can be done flexibly and at high speed. We show how FlexNIC can benefit widely used data cen-ter server applications, such as key-value stores. 1
Does Metronidazole Cause Cancer in Humans (1998)

Metronidazole is mutagenic in some in vitro assays, and limited studies find that prolonged exposure to high doses increases cancer risk in some