gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculation of a capacitively-coupled floating gate array toward quantum annealing machine (2018)

Quantum annealing machines based on superconducting qubits, which have the potential to solve optimization problems faster than digital computers, are of great interest not only to researchers but also to the general public. In this paper, we propose a quantum annealing machine based on a semiconductor floating gate (FG) array. The purpose of using the architecture of nand flash memories is to reuse a mature technology to create large arrays of silicon qubits. Current high-density nand flash memories use sufficiently small FG cells to make the number of electrons stored in each cell small and countable. The high packing density of these cells creates mutual capacitive couplings that can be used to generate cell-to-cell interactions. We explore these characteristics to derive an Ising Hamiltonian for the FG system in the single-electron regime. Considering the size of a cell (10 nm), the ideal operation temperature of a quantum annealer based on FG cells is estimated to be approximately that of liquid nitrogen. Assuming the parameters of a commercial 64 Gbit nand, we estimate that it is possible to create 2-megabyte (MB) qubit systems solely using conventional fabrication processes. Our proposal demonstrates that a large qubit system can be obtained as a natural extension of the miniaturization of commercial-grade electronics, although more effort will likely be required to achieve high-quality qubits.
The Gut Hormones in Appetite Regulation (2011)

Obesity has received much attention worldwide in association with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. At present, bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for obesity in which long-term weight loss is achieved in patients. By contrast, pharmacological interventions for obesity are usually followed by weight regain. Although the exact mechanisms of long-term weight loss following bariatric surgery are yet to be fully elucidated, several gut hormones have been implicated. Gut hormones play a critical role in relaying signals of nutritional and energy status from the gut to the central nervous system, in order to regulate food intake. Cholecystokinin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and oxyntomodulin act through distinct yet synergistic mechanisms to suppress appetite, whereas ghrelin stimulates food intake. Here, we discuss the role of gut hormones in the regulation of food intake and body weight.
Carborane acids. New “strong yet gentle” acids for organic and inorganic chemistry (2005)

Icosahedral carborane anions such as CHB11Cl11- are amongst the least coordinating, most chemically inert anions known. They are also amongst the least basic, so their conjugate acids, H(carborane), are superacids (i.e. stronger than 100% H2SO4). Acidity scale measurements indicate that H(CHB11Cl11) is the strongest pure Brønsted acid presently known, surpassing triflic and fluorosulfuric acid. Nevertheless, it is also an extremely gentle acid--because its conjugate base engages in so little chemistry. Carborane acids separate protic acidity from anion nucleophilicity and destructive oxidative capacity in the conjugate base, to a degree not previously achieved. As a result, many long-sought, highly acidic, reactive cations such as protonated benzene (C6H7+), protonated C60(HC60+), tertiary carbocations (R3C+), vinyl cations (R2C=C(+)-R), silylium ions (R3Si+) and discrete hydronium ions (H3O+, H5O2+ etc.) can be readily isolated as carborane salts and characterized at room temperature by X-ray crystallography.
The diurnal variation of hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine radicals: Implications for the heterogeneous production of HNO2 (1994)

In situ measurements of hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine radicals obtained through sunrise and sunset in the lower stratosphere during SPADE are compared to results from a photochemical model constrained by observed concentrations of radical precursors and environmental conditions. Models allowing for heterogeneous hydrolysis of N 2 O 5 on sulfate aerosols agree with measured concentrations of NO, NO 2 , and ClO throughout the day, but fail to account for high concentrations of OH and HO 2 observed near sunrise and sunset. The morning burst of [OH] and [HO 2 ] coincides with the rise of [NO] from photolysis of NO 2 , suggesting a new source of HO x that photolyzes in the near UV (350 to 400 nm) spectral region. A model that allows for the heterogeneous production of HNO 2 results in an excellent simulation of the diurnal variations of [OH] and [HO 2 ].
Nitric Oxide Detoxification Systems Enhance Survival of Neisseria meningitidis in Human Macrophages and in Nasopharyngeal Mucosa (2005)

Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to mammalian host defense by direct microbicidal activity and as a signaling molecule of innate immune responses. Macrophages produce NO via the inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The genome of Neisseria meningitidis includes two genes, norB (encoding nitric oxide reductase) and cycP (encoding cytochrome c'), both of which detoxify NO in pure cultures of N. meningitidis. We show here that norB, and to a lesser extent cycP, enhance survival of N. meningitidis within primary human macrophages. Furthermore, accumulation of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) is modified in phagosomes containing an isogenic norB mutant of N. meningitidis compared to the wild type. The survival enhancement conferred by norB and cycP is ablated by pretreatment of macrophages with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). Despite this evidence that NO detoxification confers advantage, we find, using a highly sensitive chemiluminescence technique, that human macrophage-associated [NO] is low even after activation by lipopolysaccharide and interferon alpha. Furthermore, wild-type N. meningitidis further depletes cell-associated NO during phagocytosis by an active mechanism and survives relatively poorly in the presence of L-NMMA, suggesting that the wild-type organism may utilize NO for optimal survival during intracellular life. The natural habitat of N. meningitidis is the human nasopharynx. Using a nasopharyngeal mucosa organ culture system, we show that mutants lacking norB and cycP also survive poorly in nasopharyngeal tissue compared to wild-type N. meningitidis. These findings indicate that the meningococcus requires active NO detoxification systems for optimal survival during experimental nasopharyngeal colonization and processing by human phagocytic cells.
A Study on Electrical Characteristic Improvement & Design Parameters of Power MOSFET with Single Floating Island Structure (2015)

Power MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) operate as energy control semiconductor switches. In order to reduce energy loss of the device, it is essential to increase its conductance. However, a trade-off relationship between the breakdown voltage and conductance of the device have been the critical difficulty to improve. In this paper, theoretical analysis of electrical benefits on single floating island power MOSFET is proposed. By the method, the optimization point has set defining the doping limit under single floating island structure. The numerical multiple 2.22 was obtained which indicates the doping limit of the original device, improving its ON state voltage drop by 45%.
Testosterone and 5α-Reduced Androgen Secretion by Rabbit Testes-Epididymides Perfused In Vitro1 (1975)

Mass spectrometric determinations confirmed that testosterone, 5alpha-androstan-17betaol-3-one, 5alpha-androstan-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol were present in venous effluent of in vitro perfused rabbit testes-epididymides. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha-androstanediol and 3beta-androstanediol were secreted at 3.1 plus or minus 0.9, 0.7 plus or minus 0.2, 0.4 plus or minus 0.1 and 0.6 plus or minus 0.1 mug/h when testes-epididymides were perfused with an artificial medium containing 2.5 ng/ml NIH-LH-S17, ovine. Surprisingly, testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens secreted. These results probably reflect in vivo androgen secretion since hourly collections of spermatic vein blood from anesthetized rabbits contained 2.7 plus or minus 0.9, 0.8 plus or minus 0.3, 0.15 plus or minus .04 and 0.5 plus or minus 0.2 mug of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha-androstanediol and 3beta-androstanediol, respectively. Once again testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens.
Perturb and simplify: multilevel Boolean network optimizer (1996)

In this paper, we present logic optimization techniques for multilevel combinational networks. Our techniques apply a sequence of perturbations which result in simplification of the circuit. The perturbation and simplification is achieved through wires/gates addition and removal which are guided by the Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) based reasoning. The main operations of our approaches are incremental transformations of the circuit (such as adding wires/gates and changing gate's functionality) to remove some particular wire, At each iteration, a summary information of such wires/gates addition and removal is precomputed first. Then, a transformation is chosen to remove several wires at once. We have performed experiments on MCNC benchmarks and compared the results to those of misII and RAMBO. Experimental results are very encouraging.
Molecular apocrine tumours in EORTC 10994/BIG 1-00 phase III study: pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and clinical outcomes (2019)

Irrespective of their HER2 status, the prognosis for MA tumours remains poor and adjuvant trials evaluating anti-androgens should be considered.
Twelfth symposium on biotechnology for fuels and chemicals (1991)

At this time, commercial attention is largely focused on the application of biotechnology to the production of health care and other high value products. Bioprocessing also shows promise to produce low cost fuels that can address mounting concerns about energy security, international trade, urban air pollution, and global climate change. Chemicals and materials can also be made by biologically-catalyzed reactions from renewable feedstocks that are available domestically. This Twelfth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals continues to provide an annual forum for researchers from industry, universities, and government laboratories to exchange information on recent developments in emerging bioprocessing technologies. The meeting began with a session on Thermal, Chemical, and Biological Processing, followed by two sessions on Applied Biological Research. Next, topics in Bioengineering Research were presented, and a special session on Biotechnology, Bioengineering, and the Solution of Environmental Problems concluded the Twelfth Symposium. Selected papers have been indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.
Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin implants on serum concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor-I and blood urea nitrogen in steers. (1994)

Four cross-bred beef steers averaging 346 kg were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of prolonged-release recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbGH) implants on serum concentrations of somatotropin (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Recombinant bGH implants of 0, 40, 80 or 160 mg were administered subcutaneously in the tailhead during the 4 trial periods. Each steer received each treatment starting at 06:00 on day 0 with 21 days between treatments. Jugular vein blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2 and 3 (4 day time course for GH, IGF-I and BUN) and every 15 min (GH profile) for 6 h on day 3. Serum baseline GH values were higher (P < 0.10) for the 80 and 160 mg treatments than for the control, and peak amplitude was decreased (P < 0.05) by the 40 and 160 mg treatments. There was a trend (P < 0.11) for fewer GH peaks during the 160 mg treatment. Somatotropin concentrations decreased from day 1 to day 3 (P < 0.05) in a linear manner. Serum IGF-I concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in a linear dose-dependent manner from the 0 mg to the 160 mg treatment. BUN concentrations were not significantly altered by rbGH treatment. Results from this experiment indicate that rbGH implants significantly increase serum IGF-I and GH baseline concentrations while suppressing GH peak amplitude in finishing steers.
Self-Supervised Generative Adversarial Network for Depth Estimation in Laparoscopic Images (2021)

Dense depth estimation and 3D reconstruction of a surgical scene are crucial steps in computer assisted surgery. Recent work has shown that depth estimation from a stereo images pair could be solved with convolutional neural networks. However, most recent depth estimation models were trained on datasets with per-pixel ground truth. Such data is especially rare for laparoscopic imaging, making it hard to apply supervised depth estimation to real surgical applications. To overcome this limitation, we propose SADepth, a new self-supervised depth estimation method based on Generative Adversarial Networks. It consists of an encoder-decoder generator and a discriminator to incorporate geometry constraints during training. Multi-scale outputs from the generator help to solve the local minima caused by the photometric reprojection loss, while the adversarial learning improves the framework generation quality. Extensive experiments on two public datasets show that SADepth outperforms recent state-of-the-art unsupervised methods by a large margin, and reduces the gap between supervised and unsupervised depth estimation in laparoscopic images.
Identification of α2 Macroglobulin as a Major Serum Ghrelin Esterase (2011)

Wie angelt man ein Protein? Ein Analogon des appetitstimulierenden Hormons Ghrelin mit Phosphonofluoridat-Rest und endständigem Alkin wird als Sonde zum Abfangen des Proteins α2-Makroglobulin (rot, siehe Bild; DYE steht für einen Fluorophor) verwendet. Die Extraktion des Proteins ist sehr selektiv, darüber hinaus wurde die bisher nicht dokumentierte katalytische Aktivität von α2-Makroglobulin als Hydrolase für Ghrelin identifiziert.
The S -transform with windows of arbitrary and varying shape (2003)

Abstract The S-transform is an invertible time-frequency spectral localization technique which combines elements of wavelet transforms and short-time Fourier transforms. In previous usage, the frequency dependence of the analyzing window of the S-transform has been through horizontal and vertical dilations of a basic functional form, usually a Gaussian. In this paper, we present a generalized S-transform in which two prescribed functions of frequency control the scale and the shape of the analyzing window, and apply it to determining P-wave arrival time in a noisy seismogram. The S-transform is also used as a time-frequency filter; this helps in determining the sign of the P arrival.
Optimal estimation of the surface fluxes of methyl chloride using a 3-D global chemical transport model (2009)

Abstract. Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is a chlorine-containing trace gas in the atmosphere contributing significantly to stratospheric ozone depletion. Large uncertainties in estimates of its source and sink magnitudes and temporal and spatial variations currently exist. GEIA inventories and other bottom-up emission estimates are used to construct a priori maps of the surface fluxes of CH3Cl. The Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH), driven by NCEP interannually varying meteorological data, is then used to simulate CH3Cl mole fractions and quantify the time series of sensitivities of the mole fractions at each measurement site to the surface fluxes of various regional and global sources and sinks. We then implement the Kalman filter (with the unit pulse response method) to estimate the surface fluxes on regional/global scales with monthly resolution from January 2000 to December 2004. High frequency observations from the AGAGE, SOGE, NIES, and NOAA/ESRL HATS in situ networks and low frequency observations from the NOAA/ESRL HATS flask network are used to constrain the source and sink magnitudes. The inversion results indicate global total emissions around 4100±470 Gg yr−1 with very large emissions of 2200±390 Gg yr−1 from tropical plants, which turn out to be the largest single source in the CH3Cl budget. Relative to their a priori annual estimates, the inversion increases global annual fungal and tropical emissions, and reduces the global oceanic source. The inversion implies greater seasonal and interannual oscillations of the natural sources and sink of CH3Cl compared to the a priori. The inversion also reflects the strong effects of the 2002/2003 globally widespread heat waves and droughts on global emissions from tropical plants, biomass burning and salt marshes, and on the soil sink.
The response of anguilliform fish to underwater sound under an experimental setting (2020)

Abstract Traditional physical screens designed to prevent fish entering dangerous areas (e.g., turbine intakes) can have negative impacts due to impingement or mechanical abrasion at high velocities. Behavioural deterrents may provide an alternative approach to screening. This study investigated the potential for a continuous broadband sound to modify the behaviour of two endangered species of anguilliform fish: European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) and river lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis ). Experiments were conducted in an experimental channel. Eel and lamprey were, respectively, released upstream and downstream of an “acoustic maze”. A single individual released per trial encountered two successive chambers that offered a choice of passage through either an ensonified or a control (ambient noise only) corridor with a speaker turned off. Two possible configurations were tested to control for any lateral bias with positions of the activated speakers reversed. The influence of treatment, chamber, and configuration on route selection, rejection, and time to pass were tested. No influence of any of the three factors on route selection was observed for eel. River lamprey tended to pass through the ensonified corridor more often under Configuration 2 but only in the first chamber. Both species were more likely to reject the ensonified corridors than the controls, and the time taken to pass these routes was greater for those that did so. For eel, the variation in time to pass was greater for the non‐migratory (yellow phase) life stage. Although the acoustic signal used in this study influenced fish behaviour, the response observed would likely be insufficient to induce a strong deterrent effect in the field if used in isolation.
Application of a Multiplex Herpesvirus Immunoassay in Alzheimer’s Disease (2015)

Herpesviruses have co-speciated with several vertebrate and invertebrate animals throughout the history of evolution. In the immunocompetent human host, primary infection is usually benign, whereafter the virus is brought into life-long latency. Viral reactivation can however cause severe disease in immunocompromised, and rarely also in immunocompetent, patients. The overall aim of this thesis was to study the immunologic effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infection in neurocognitive disorders.CMV is known to promote T-cell differentiation towards a more effector-oriented phenotype, similar to what is seen in the elderly. We have addressed the frequency of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we have investigated whether AD patients present with a different CMV-specific immune profile, overall CD8 phenotype or inflammatory cytokine response to anti-CD3/CD28 beads, CMV pp65 and amyloid beta. Subjects with AD presented with a lower proportion of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells compared to non-demented (ND) controls, but no differences in overall CD8 differentiation were seen. Overall, AD subjects presented with a more pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype. When PBMCs were challenged with CD3/CD28-stimulation, CMV seropositive AD subjects presented with more IFN-γ release than both CMV seronegative AD subjects and CMV seropositive ND controls.For effective screening of humoral herpesvirus immunity, both in research and in clinical practice, efficient immunoassays are needed. We have addressed the methodology of multiplex herpesvirus immunoassays and related bioinformatics and investigated antibody levels in AD patients and ND controls. Subjects with AD presented with lower levels of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) IgG. However, there was no difference in HHV-6 DNA levels in PBMCs between the groups.Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a devastating disease, where antiviral treatment has greatly decreased mortality but not eliminated the associated long-term neurocognitive morbidity. We have investigated the correlation between N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) autoimmunity and recovery of neurocognitive functions after HSE. Approximately one quarter of all HSE cases developed NMDAR autoantibodies within 3 months after onset of disease. Antibody development was associated with an impaired neurocognitive recovery during the two year follow-up and could become an important therapy guiding factor in the future.
<title>Use of optical characterization for optimization of epitaxial growth</title> (1994)

Optical spectroscopies of semiconductor crystals can be very useful for the optimization of epitaxial growth. This paper discusses two of the most useful optical measurements, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy, and their applications to III-IV epitaxial structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy and organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy.
A distributed user-interface for use in cooperative management of subscriber access networks (2002)

With the thousands and even millions of end-user devices in subscriber access network systems, and with the huge volume of end-user requests to process, it can soon become quite impossible for a single operator to manage an entire system alone, making distributed management a necessity. With this in mind, we have developed a distributed user-interface called 'Distributed DUALQUEST.' With Distributed DUALQUEST, management work can be divided among operators, both by geographic area of responsibility and by task type (i.e. network operation management, end-user support, etc.). Close coordination among operators is required since work performed by any operator will likely be strongly interrelated with that performed by others (e.g. an end-user support operator might process a new subscription application, while a network operation management operator might arrange for the installation of equipment for that new subscriber). For this reason, Distributed DUALQUEST provides a data-flow control function for circulating data among operators. Distributed DUALQUEST also provides a function by which operators are able to share a common window. This can be especially important when they must cope with network failures that extend across individual area lines. Additionally, Distributed DUALQUEST also provides a function for supervising the work of operators. Supervisors can monitor work being performed; when necessary, they can adjust the balance of work loads by changing the lines of division, and they can help out individual operators by working together with them on a shared window. Finally, it is often important for operators to have a clear picture of the geographical location of an individual subscriber, and Distributed DUALQUEST satisfies this requirement by providing bifocal windows, in which individual sections of the network can be magnified while others are compressed. Magnified sections can display individual-house level geographical information.