gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
＜Editors' Choice＞ Meddling with meddlers: curbing regulatory T cells and augmenting antitumor immunity. (2019)

CD4<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) play an important role in self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Tregs have evolved to protect the host from aberrant immune responses against self-components and collateral damages occurring in the process of defense against invading pathogens by softening immune responses. However, they turned to be a scourge in malignant tumors by not only allowing and promoting tumor growth but also suppressing effective antitumor actions, both inherent (host's immune surveillance) and extrinsic (anticancer therapy). An increase in the number of Tregs infiltrating into tumor sites and a concomitant decrease in the number of CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T lymphocytes are associated with a poor prognosis for various types of cancers, marking Tregs as notorious meddlers with an effective antitumor response. Various cancer immunotherapy approaches are often dampened by meddling Tregs, making them one of the major targets in the treatment of cancer. The recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target immune checkpoint molecules expressed by Tregs or effector T cells implies, that "meddling with meddlers" represents an effective strategy in cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical responses to ICIs are effective and durable only in some patients with cancer, whereas more than half of them do not show significant clinical improvement. This implies that a therapeutic approach based on the use of a single ICI, or targeting Tregs alone, is insufficient, highlighting the need for combinatorial approaches. With regard to antitumor immune stimulation, several approaches, such as vaccination with peptides (or the corresponding DNA) to stimulate antigen-presenting CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells with tumor-specific neoantigens, cancer/testis antigens, or cancer stem cell antigens, that eventually boost effective cytotoxic antitumor responses are being tested. This review describes the immunosuppressive physiology of Tregs and their meddling with the host's antitumor immunity; current and prospective approaches to curb Tregs; and approaches to augment antitumor immunity.
Strong bulk spin–orbit torques quantified in the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 (2022)

The recent emergence of magnetic van der Waals materials allows for the investigation of current-induced magnetisation manipulation in two-dimensional materials. Uniquely, Fe3GeTe2 has a crystalline structure that allows for the presence of bulk spin–orbit torques (SOTs) that we quantify in a Fe3GeTe2 flake. From the symmetry of the measured torques, we identify current induced effective fields using harmonic analysis and find dominant bulk SOTs arising from the symmetry in the crystal structure. Our results show that Fe3GeTe2 can exhibit bulk SOTs in addition to the conventional interfacial SOTs enabling magnetisation manipulation even in thick flakes without the need for complex multilayer engineering.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN EHRLICH ASCITES CELLS (1970)

ABSTRACT Rapidly dividing Ehrlich ascites cells have a higher rate of protein synthesis than slowly‐growing cells. This is true whether protein synthesis is measured in vivo or in a cell‐free amino acid incorporating system. A lack of endogenous messenger RNA or a ribosomal defect in stationary cells is suggested as a likely cause of the decreased rate of protein synthesis. The soluble proteins synthesized by rapidly‐dividing cells are qualitatively different from those synthesized by slowly‐growing cells. The latter also have a larger intracellular pool of several amino acids and a slower protein turnover than rapidly‐dividing cells.
Structural Design and Simulation Analysis of Silicon Micro Triaxial Wheel-ring Gyroscope (2020)

Micromechanical gyroscope is one of the important applications of attitude control platform and inertial navigation system. However, domestic gyroscope research and development is not highly integrated at present, and the main research focuses on the design of micro-gyroscope with a single detection axis (especially z-axis detection). In order to realize the monolithic triaxial gyro which can be used in the field of intelligent ammunition, a wheel ring gyro structure is designed. The gyro structure was modeled on the SolidWorks software, and then modal analysis, transient impact response analysis and harmonic response analysis were carried out in the finite element analysis software ANSYS respectively. According to the natural frequency of each mode, the structure size of the gyroscope is optimized. Through the simulation results, it is observed that the frequency split between the working modes is relatively small, and the structure has high mechanical sensitivity. The transient impact simulation of the gyro structure shows that the maximum stress of the sensitive structure under the impact of 10000g@5ms is 394.34Mpa, which proves that the structure has good impact resistance.
Radioimmunotherapy of interleukin-2R alpha-expressing adult T-cell leukemia with Yttrium-90-labeled anti-Tac [see comments] (1995)

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignancy of mature lymphocytes caused by the retrovirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I. It is an aggressive leukemia with a median survival time of 9 months; no chemotherapy regimen appears successful in inducing long-term disease-free survival. The scientific basis of the present study is that ATL cells express high-affinity interleukin-2 receptors identified by the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody, whereas normal resting cells do not. To exploit this difference, we administered anti-Tac armed with Yttrium-90 (90Y) to 18 patients with ATL initially (first 9 patients) in a phase I dose-escalation trial and subsequently (second group of 9 patients) in a phase II trial involving a uniform 10-mCi dose of 90Y-labeled anti-Tac. Patients undergoing a remission were permitted to receive up to eight additional doses. At the 5- to 15-mCi doses used, 9 of 16 evaluable patients responded to 90Y anti-Tac with a partial (7 patients) or complete (2 patients) remission. The responses observed represent improved efficacy in terms of length of remission when compared with previous results with unmodified anti-Tac. Clinically meaningful (> or = grade 3) toxicity was largely limited to the hematopoietic system. In conclusion, radioimmunotherapy with 90Y anti-Tac directed toward the IL-2R expressed on ATL cells may provide a useful approach for treatment of this aggressive malignancy.
3D visual presentation of shoulder joint motion. (1998)

The 3D visual presentation of biodynamic events of human joints is a challenging task. Although the 3D reconstruction of high contrast structures from CT data has been widely explored, then there is much less experience in reconstructing the small low contrast soft tissue structures from inhomogeneous and sometimes noisy MR data. Further, there are no algorithms for tracking the motion of moving anatomic structures through MR data. We represent a comprehensive approach to 3D musculoskeletal imagery that addresses these challenges. Specific imaging protocols, segmentation algorithms and rendering techniques are developed and applied to render complex 3D musculoskeletal systems for their 4D visual presentation. Applications of our approach include analysis of rotational motion of the shoulder, the knee flexion, and other complex musculoskeletal motions, and the development of interactive virtual human joints.
Developing a tool for measuring the decision-making competence of older adults. (2010)

The authors evaluated the reliability and validity of a tool for measuring older adults' decision-making competence (DMC). A sample of 205 younger adults (25-45 years), 208 young-older adults (65-74 years), and 198 old-older adults (75-97 years) made judgments and decisions related to health, finance, and nutrition. Reliable indices of comprehension, dimension weighting, and cognitive reflection were developed. Comparison of the performance of old-older and young-older adults was possible in this study, unlike previous research. As hypothesized, old-older adults performed more poorly than young-older adults; both groups of older adults performed more poorly than younger adults. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that a large amount of variance in decision performance across age groups (including mean trends) could be accounted for by social variables, health measures, basic cognitive skills, attitudinal measures, and numeracy. Structural equation modeling revealed significant pathways from 3 exogenous latent factors (crystallized intelligence, other cognitive abilities, and age) to the endogenous DMC latent factor. Further research is needed to validate the meaning of performance on these tasks for real-life decision making.
Quantitative assessment of ratiometric bimolecular beacons as a tool for imaging single engineered RNA transcripts and measuring gene expression in living cells (2013)

Recently, we developed an oligonucleotide-based probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), which generates a detectable fluorescent signal in living cells that express the target RNA. Here, we show that RBMBs can also be used to image single RNA transcripts in living cells, when the target RNA is engineered to contain as few as four hybridization sites. Moreover, comparison with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that RBMBs could be used to accurately quantify the number of RNA transcripts within individual cells. Measurements of gene expression could be acquired within 30 min and using a wide range of RBMB concentrations. The ability to acquire accurate measurements of RNA copy number in both HT-1080 cells and CHO cells also suggests that RBMBs can be used to image and quantify single RNA transcripts in a wide range of cell lines. Overall, these findings highlight the robustness and versatility of RBMBs as a tool for imaging RNA in live cells. We envision that the unique capabilities of RBMBs will open up new avenues for RNA research.
Polymerization of Unprotected Synthetic Peptides:  A View toward Synthetic Peptide Vaccines (1997)

A generic method is reported for the assembly of multi-peptide polymers in which peptides are synthesized in the solid phase, the N-terminal residue acryloylated, and the derivitized peptides cleaved, purified and finally polymerized by free radical induced polymerization. The high molecular weight polymers generated in this way have individual peptides pendant from a backbone support. Incorporation of 6-aminohexanoyl or other residue(s) at the N-terminus of the peptide prior to acryloylation allows the peptide to be distanced from the polymer backbone and incorporation of acryloylated reagents into the polymerization mixture also permits distancing of pendant peptides along the length of the backbone support. The polymerization process results in highly antigenic artificial proteins as measured by ELISA. Because this approach allows the incorporation of the same or combinations of different purified peptides into polymers, it lends itself to the assembly of potential vaccine candidates containing epitopes from single or multiple pathogens into a single covalent structure.
Studies of Silicon Dust Corrosion on Microchip Al Bondpads and Elimination of Silicon Dust During Wafer Sawing Process (2006)

Abstract After wafer-die sawing process, sometimes silicon (Si) dust on microchip Al bondpads is difficult to be cleaned away by DI water, especially at pinhole/corrosive areas caused by galvanic corrosion, thus resulting in non-stick on pads (NSOP) problem in assembly process. To eliminate NSOP problem due to Si dust contamination, in this paper, we will study the mechanism of Si dust contamination and propose a concept of Si dust corrosion. A theoretical model will be introduced so as to explain Si dust contamination and corrosion problem during wafer die sawing process. Based on the mechanism proposed, Si dust contamination and corrosion is related to galvanic corrosion as OH- ions generated from galvanic corrosion will not only react with Al to cause Al corrosion, but also react with Si dust to cause Si dust corrosion. During Si dust corrosion, poly-H2SiO3 and Si-Al-O complex compounds will be formed on Al bondpads, especially at the pinholes/corrosive areas. Poly-H2SiO3 and Si-Al-O complex compounds are “gel-like” material and stick onto the surface of bondpads. It is insoluble in water and difficult to be cleaned away by DI water during or after wafer die sawing process and will cause bondpad discoloration or/and NSOP problem. Some eliminating methods of Si dust contamination and corrosion on Al bondpads during wafer die sawing process are also discussed.
Increased prevalence of human papillomaviruses in the lower genital tract of pregnant women (1987)

In order to evaluate the influence of pregnancy on the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the lower female genital tract, cervical smears of 92 pregnant and 96 non-pregnant women, matched by age, were examined for the presence of HPV-DNA by means of Southern blot hybridization. All patients had negative PAP smears. Twenty-six (28%) of the pregnant women and 12 (12.5%) of the non-pregnant women were positive for HPV. HPV 16 accounted for 42% of all positive pregnant cases and only 25% of the positive non-pregnant cases. Smears of pregnant patients contained more than 10 pg viral DNA in 45% of the cases against 20% in the non-pregnant group. HPV 16 showed the most active replication in both groups. This study demonstrates an increased prevalence of HPV (preferentially of HPV 16) and a higher replication rate of viral DNA during pregnancy.
The Relation Between Body Size Perception and Change in Body Mass Index Over 13 Years: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (2009)

The authors assessed associations of body size perception and weight change over 13 years in black men and women and white men and women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (1992-2005). The perceptions of self and ideal body size were measured by using the Stunkard 9-figure scale at the year 7 examination (1992-1993). Figures were classified into underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. Self-ideal discrepancy yielded 4 body size satisfaction categories. Body mass index (BMI) (measured at years 7, 10, 15, and 20) was the dependent variable in gender-specific adjusted multiple regression models stratified by year 7 BMI. Obese women who perceived themselves as obese lost 0.09 BMI units annually, while those who perceived themselves as normal weight gained 0.31 units annually (P = 0.0005); obese women who considered their body size much too large had less annual weight gain than did those who considered their body size a bit too large (0.21 vs. 0.38 BMI units; P = 0.009). Obese women with overweight ideal body size gained less weight annually than did those with normal weight ideal body size (0.12 vs. 0.27 BMI units; P = 0.04). Results for men showed fewer and weaker associations. When obese women perceive themselves as obese and feel that their body size is too large, they gain less weight over time.
Drug Discovery and Target Validation (2001)

Recent drug discovery has been driven largely by a genomics-based approach. This revolution in pharmaceutics is based on localized expression of either a novel gene or homologue of a known gene found in cDNA libraries made from normal versus diseased tissue. The choice and quality of cDNA library is critical for the success of this approach. Expression is normally verified at the cellular level by either immunocytochemistry or in situ hybridization. Activity of the recombinant protein in secondary cell-based assays allows highthroughput screens to be formulated to identify small-molecule effectors of this protein. More recently, a proteomics approach has also been incorporated into this process. This technology directly measures proteins whose expression is localized in disease tissue as the basis for cell-based screens to look for either activators or inhibitors, of this activity. The majority of screens are designed to look for inhibitors. Activity of small-molecules found by screening gives rise to pharmacokinetic studies and verification of activity in animal models of the disease. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) optimization of these small-molecules allows for suitable oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, resulting in compounds progressing from discovery to development. Based on these strategies, we have developed inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and are currently screening for bone anabolic agents. In addition, we have also developed small-molecule caspase inhibitors which prevent chondrocyte apoptosis and retain cell function in an attempt to find therapeutic agents to either prevent or treat osteoarthritis. These agents may well have utility in the treatment of temporomandibular joint diseases.
INVESTIGATION OF PARALLAX ISSUES FOR MULTI-LENS MULTISPECTRAL CAMERA BAND CO-REGISTRATION (2017)

Abstract. The multi-lens multispectral cameras (MSCs), such as Micasense Rededge and Parrot Sequoia, can record multispectral information by each separated lenses. With their lightweight and small size, which making they are more suitable for mounting on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) to collect high spatial images for vegetation investigation. However, due to the multi-sensor geometry of multi-lens structure induces significant band misregistration effects in original image, performing band co-registration is necessary in order to obtain accurate spectral information. A robust and adaptive band-to-band image transform (RABBIT) is proposed to perform band co-registration of multi-lens MSCs. First is to obtain the camera rig information from camera system calibration, and utilizes the calibrated results for performing image transformation and lens distortion correction. Since the calibration uncertainty leads to different amount of systematic errors, the last step is to optimize the results in order to acquire a better co-registration accuracy. Due to the potential issues of parallax that will cause significant band misregistration effects when images are closer to the targets, four datasets thus acquired from Rededge and Sequoia were applied to evaluate the performance of RABBIT, including aerial and close-range imagery. From the results of aerial images, it shows that RABBIT can achieve sub-pixel accuracy level that is suitable for the band co-registration purpose of any multi-lens MSC. In addition, the results of close-range images also has same performance, if we focus on the band co-registration on specific target for 3D modelling, or when the target has equal distance to the camera.
Multipath Issues in Unicast and Multicast Next-Hop Selection (2000)

Various routing protocols, including Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (ISIS), explicitly allow "Equal-Cost Multipath" (ECMP) routing.Some router implementations also allow equal-cost multipath usage with RIP and other routing protocols.The effect of multipath routing on a forwarder is that the forwarder potentially has several next-hops for any given destination and must use some method to choose which nexthop should be used for a given data packet.
Microscale Diffusiophoresis of Proteins (2022)

Living systems are characterized by their spatially highly inhomogeneous nature which is susceptible to modify fundamentally the behavior of biomolecular species, including the proteins that underpin biological functionality in cells. Spatial gradients in chemical potential are known to lead to strong transport effects for colloidal particles, but their effect on molecular scale species such as proteins has remained largely unexplored. Here, we improve on existing diffusiophoresis microfluidic technique to measure protein diffusiophoresis in real space. The measurement of proteins is made possible by two ameliorations. First, a label-free microscope is used to suppress label interference. Second, improvements in numerical methods are developed to meet the particular challenges posed by small molecules. We demonstrate that individual proteins can undergo strong diffusiophoretic motion in salt gradients in a manner which is sufficient to overcome diffusion and which leads to dramatic changes in their spatial organization on the scale of a cell. Moreover, we demonstrate that this phenomenon can be used to control the motion of proteins in microfluidic devices. These results open up a path towards a physical understanding of the role of gradients in living systems in the spatial organization of macromolecules and highlight novel routes towards protein sorting applications on device.
Design and Development of High Resolution Digitized Stereo Video Slit Lamp (2001)

Abstract : In order to provide a quality remote examination in ophthalmology, a video stereo slit lamp must be developed. This slit lamp must beof sufficient quality to allow differentiation between a red blood cell and a white blood cell floating in the anterior chamber of the human eye. Using present technology with modification, we propose developing such an instrument as a first step in evolving a complete set of equipment to allow a remote technician-guided ophthalmology examination. The equipment was developed and we created appropriate protocols for equipment utilization. We were able to verify that there was a very strong correlation for corneal and intraocular diagnoses between the remote viewing examination and the direct examination. The areas that correlated weakly were related to inexact descriptions of minor lid and conjunctival abnormalities. No one who looked at the patient and at the incredibly high quality photographs felt that they were limited diagnostically by the visual images presented.
Subband video coding with smooth motion compensation (2002)

A new motion compensation scheme for subband video coding is introduced, where both motion estimation and compensation are performed directly on the subband signals. During motion estimation, a full resolution search for the best candidate displacement vector is performed on all subband signals simultaneously, with down-sampling of each block before evaluating the error criterion. Furthermore, the proposed scheme allows for the use of a motion estimation error criterion which takes the subsequent dynamic bit allocation applied in the spatial quantization into account. In particular, it is shown that using the geometric mean of the subband signal variances instead of the arithmetic mean, results in increased performance. The proposed coder results in coding gains as high as 3.7 dB and 2.9 dB over traditional DCT and SBC schemes, respectively, for the video material tested.