gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Highs — An Experimental TV Bandwidth Reduction System (1959)

A complete system is described which codes a standard video signal to match a narrower band channel and subsequently decodes the received signal for display on a standard TV monitor. The system transmits the low-frequency, or macro-contrast signal, in analog form. The location and amplitude of the edges are transmitted by a digital code. At the receiver the edge information is used to synthesize the highs content of the video, which is then added to the lows to reconstruct the original video signal. Bandwidth reduction is achieved by exploiting both statistical correlations and psychophysical phenomena. — Apparatus for the separation of low frequencies, detection of edges, quantization and binary digital coding of edge amplitude and synthetic reconstruction of highs is described. The digital coder for edge locations has been described elsewhere. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> Picture-tube photographs of the resulting pictures are shown. Factors affecting the degree of bandwidth reduction and the effect of variation of system parameters such as separation frequency and quantization levels are discussed.
A tachykinin antagonist inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in the rat (1986)

The effect of a substance P antagonist, [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-substance P (SPA), on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in the rat was studied in order to elucidate a possible physiological role of endogenous substance P and other tachykinins in gastrointestinal motility. SPA was given by intraperitoneal injection concurrently with the intragastric administration of a test meal containing charcoal and 51Cr. Examination 15 min after the test meal showed that SPA (0.13-1.3 mumol kg-1) inhibited gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of SPA on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit remained unchanged after pretreatment of rats with mepyramine (8.7 mumol kg-1) plus cimetidine (19.8 mumol kg-1) or with guanethidine (67 mumol kg-1). Since a full examination of SPA as a specific tachykinin antagonist was not possible in vivo, SPA was also tested on circular muscle strips from the rat gastric corpus in vitro. Submaximal contractions in response to bombesin or bethanechol were not reduced by SPA (50 microM), whereas those in response to substance P were inhibited. The results suggest that SPA inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit by interfering with the action of tachykinins released from enteric nerves and that endogenous tachykinins are involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility.
Oncolytic Adenoviruses in Gastrointestinal Cancers (2018)

Gastrointestinal malignancies are challenging cancers with considerable economic and societal impacts on health care systems worldwide. While advances in surgical approaches have provided benefits to a proportion of patients, only modest improvements have been attained in the treatment of patients with advanced disease, resulting in limited improvement in survival rates in these patients. Oncolytic adenoviruses are being developed to address gastrointestinal malignancies. Each platform has evolved to maximize tumor-cell killing potency while minimizing toxicities. Tumor-specific bioengineered adenoviruses using chimeric promoters, prodrug convertase enzymes, lethal genes, tumor suppressor genes, and pseudo-typed capsids can provide the innovations for eventual success of oncolytic virotherapy. This article will review the developments in adenoviral platforms in the context of specific gastrointestinal cancers. From the bench to the implementation of clinical trials, this review aims to highlight advances in the field from its early days to the current state of affairs as it pertains to the application of adenoviral oncolytic therapy to gastrointestinal cancers.
Synthesis of solid superacid catalyst with acid strength of H0⩽–16.04 (1980)

A solid superacid catalyst with an acid strength of H0⩽–16·04, which was active for reactions of propane and butane, was obtained by exposing Zr(OH)4, prepared by the hydrolyses of ZrOCl2 and ZrO(NO3)2, to 1 N H2SO4 and then calcining in air at 575–650 °C.
Electrical thermo-optic tuning of ultrahigh-Q microtoroid resonators (2004)

The ability to tune resonant frequency in optical microcavities is an essential feature for many applications. Integration of electrical-based tuning as part of the fabrication process has been a key advantage of planar microresonant devices. Until recently, the combination of these features has not been available in devices that operate in the ultrahigh-Q regime where device quality factors (Q) can exceed 100 million. In this letter, we demonstrate an electrically tunable resonator on a chip with ultrahigh-quality factors. Futhermore, the devices have demonstrated tuning rates in excess of 85GHz∕V2 and are capable of tuning more than 300GHz.
Epidemiology of Falls in Older Age (2011)

Worldwide, falls among older people are a public health concern because of their frequency and adverse consequences in terms of morbidity, mortality, and quality of life, as well as their impact on health system services and costs. This epidemiological review outlines the public health burden of falls and fall-related injuries and the impact of population aging. The magnitude of the problem is described in terms of the classification of falls and measurement of outcomes, including fall incidence rates across settings, sociodemographic determinants, international trends, and costs of falls and fall-related injuries. Finally, public health approaches to minimize falls risk and consequent demand on health care resources are suggested.
Jurimetrics Analysis on the Winning Determinants of the Lawsuit Cases on the Urban Regeneration Project : Based on Artificial Neural Networks and Decision Tree Analysis* (2019)

This study analyzes the winning determinants for lawsuit cases in urban and housing redevelopment projects based on jurimetrics utilizing data mining methodologies of decision tree analysis and artificial neural networks. According to the decision tree analysis, for the prerequisite defensive process, it is noteworthy that ‘legal relation in the past’, ‘no cooperative membership or ownership’, and ‘no inherent authorization defect’ are significant in CHAID analysis, and ‘legal relation in the past’ and ‘no cooperative membership or ownership’ are significant in CRT analysis. The CRT analysis for the actual action shows that ‘defect in relation with articles of association’ and ‘no cooperative membership or ownership’ are substantial. The artificial neural network analysis shows that the variables of which importance of normalization is more than 50% are ‘legal relation in the past’, and ‘no cooperative membership status or ownership’ in the prerequisite defensive process. This study intends to help the urban and housing redevelopment projects participants predict the litigation results which can prevent unproductive legal disputes.
An airborne pod-mounted dual beam interferometer (2005)

Dual beam interferometer (DBI) has been developed by the University of Massachusetts (UMass) to study ocean surface waves and currents in coastal regions. This airborne radar operates at C-band (5.3 GHz) with a bandwidth of 25 MHz and VV polarization. DBI consists of two pairs of microstrip patch array antennas, one squinted 20deg forward of broadside and the other 20deg aft. Each pair of antennas is separated in the along-track direction a distance of 1.23 meters forming an interferometer. Over several years, DBI was flown on a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's WP-3D research aircraft in a number of successful missions collecting the data both over land and ocean. These deployments and subsequent data analysis were carried out in collaboration with Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). This paper describes the hardware integration and use of the system to generate surface current vector maps
Realization of vertical resistive memory (VRRAM) using cost effective 3D process (2011)

Vertical ReRAM (VRRAM) has been realized with modification of Vertical NAND (VNAND) process and architecture as a cost-effective and extensible technology for future mass data storage. Dedicated ALD/CVD deposition and wet etching processes were developed to reproduce planar ReRAM properties in VRRAM structure. Multi-stack of VRRAM cell layers were fabricated at the same time using ALD TaOx/barrier layer/CVD TiN cell stacks. Oxidation control without intermixing has been found very critical in the vertical ReRAM cell process.
Inadequacy of Traditional ELISA for Screening Hybridoma Supernatants for Murine Monoclonal Antibodies (1985)

Hybridomas producing anti-creatine kinase (CK) and anti-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) antibodies were screened by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) with antigen coated onto plastic wells. Out of seven antibodies positive for each isoenzyme of CK, four antibodies failed to bind to the radiolabeled antigen in solution phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) or native antigen in competitive ELISA. Moreover, out of nine antibodies shown reactive with LDH-1 and seven antibodies binding to LDH-5 by ELISA, not a single antibody bound to either radiolabeled or native antigen in solution. Our results along with other recent studies strongly suggest that antigen conformation on solid phase may frequently be different from in solution and that screening by ELISA in which antigen is attached to solid phase is often inappropriate for determining the presence of useful monoclonal antibodies.
Environmental and economic trade-offs in consumer electronic products recycling: a case study of cell phones and computers (2004)

The fate of retired cell phones differs from that of retired PCs: approximately 70% of retired collected cell phones are refurbished and resold (the remaining units are recycled or discarded) whereas only a small percentage of PCs are ever used again. Considerable attention has been focused to develop policies that minimize the environmental impacts of electronic waste in general, but there is little consistency between the strategies because trade-offs between economic costs and environmental benefits are not well understood. This paper presents results of a survey conducted to better understand the economics of cell phone recycling. We find that the net cost to recyclers of collecting each cell phone ($6) far exceeds the estimated cost to transport, sort, dismantle, refine, and dispose of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes ($0.74) associated with discarded phones. These results were compared with the collection and processing cost of PCs for which recycling is typically not profitable. Our findings are informative for formulating better policies to manage the end-of-life of consumer electronic products.
Leptomeningeal and orbital benign lymphophagocytic histiocytosis (1988)

An extremely rare case of isolated histioproliferative lesions arising from the subarachnoid space of the left occipital convexity and the orbit is presented. The presence of histiocytes showing lymphophagocytosis and positivity for S-100 protein staining confirmed that the lesions represented extranodal forms of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.
Simultaneous versus two‐stage implant placement and guided bone regeneration in the canine: histomorphometry at 8 and 16 months (2010)

The simultaneous and delayed techniques both showed a similar osseointegration level over time. However, the staged approach showed enhanced newly formed bone, higher osteoconduction around the grafted mineral, less CBR, and smaller vertical bone defect over time compared with the combined approach.
Interactions between Tryptophan Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System as Potential Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Metabolic Diseases (2022)

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing and therefore is its burden of disease as NALFD is a risk factor for cirrhosis and is associated with other metabolic conditions such as type II diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Linking these cardiometabolic diseases is a state of low-grade inflammation, with higher cytokines and c-reactive protein levels found in individuals with NAFLD, obesity and type II diabetes. A possible therapeutic target to decrease this state of low-grade inflammation is the metabolism of the essential amino-acid tryptophan. Its three main metabolic pathways (kynurenine pathway, indole pathway and serotonin/melatonin pathway) result in metabolites such as kynurenic acid, xanturenic acid, indole-3-propionic acid and serotonin/melatonin. The kynurenine pathway is regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that is upregulated by pro-inflammatory molecules such as INF, IL-6 and LPS. Higher activity of IDO is associated with increased inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD, as well with increased glucose levels, obesity and atherosclerosis. On the other hand, increased concentrations of the indole pathway metabolites, regulated by the gut microbiome, seem to result in more favorable outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the interactions between tryptophan metabolism, the gut microbiome and the immune system as potential drivers of cardiometabolic diseases in NAFLD.
Multi‐faceted Set‐up of a Diverse Ketoreductase Library Enables the Synthesis of Pharmaceutically‐relevant Secondary Alcohols (2020)

Abstract Enzymes are valuable tools to introduce chirality into small molecules. Especially, ketoreductase (KRED)‐catalyzed transformations of ketones to yield chiral secondary alcohols have become an established biocatalytic process step in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry. Development time, however, remains a critical factor in chemical process development and thus, the competitiveness of a biocatalytic reaction step is often governed by the availability of off‐the‐shelf enzyme libraries. To expand the biocatalytic toolbox with additional ketoreductases, we established a multi‐faceted screening procedure to capture KRED diversity from different sources, such as literature, available genome data, and uncharacterized microbial strains. Overall, we built a library consisting of 51 KRED enzymes, 29 of which have never been described in literature before. Notably, 18 of the newly described enzymes exhibited anti‐Prelog preference complementing the majority of ketoreductases which generally follow Prelog's rule. Analysis of the library's catalytic activity toward a chemically diverse ketone substrate set of pharmaceutical interest further highlighted the broad substrate scope and the complementing enantio‐preference of the individual KREDs. Using the generated sequence‐function data of the included short chain dehydrogenases in a bioinformatic analysis led to the identification of possible sequence determinants of the stereospecificity exhibited by these enzymes.
A Difficult Channel Routing Generator (1995)

For channel routing problems, Deutsch's examples were used extensively as benchmarks for testing new algorithms. However, it is also extremely important to test the performance of channel routing algorithms on a wider variety of difficult examples. In this paper, we present a random channel routing generator which can generate difficult channel routing instances of arbitrary size.
Direct evidence of phase separation in as-deposited Fe(Co)-Ag films with giant magnetoresistance (1994)

High-resolution analytical electron microscopy (EM) on as-deposited dilute Fe(Co)-Ag films showed Fe(Co) clusters embedded in a Ag matrix suggesting that these materials are not uniform substitutional alloys as it was previously believed. The cluster sizes observed from the EM images are slightly larger than those calculated from magnetization curves, and this has been attributed to the interface roughness existing between the magnetic clusters and the nonmagnetic matrix. The magnetic properties and magnetoresistance values in these films are also discussed relative to the high-resolution electron-microscopy results.
Digital Applications in Precision Pathology (2023)

Precision or personalized cancer medicine is founded on the principle of providing treatment decisions based on the diagnosed cancer type or subtype of the individual patient, a principle that should apply also to all other disease entities. The role of pathologists in digital medicine is to take responsibility through developing digital capabilities and user experience to implement and run any type of test robustly and sustainably in routine diagnostic practice. The field of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms offers a wide array of diagnostic and therapeutic decision support. The primary objective of image analysis in the context of profiling tissue specimens is the ability to accurately quantify and calculate relevant spatial relationships of all immune cells and other immune-related biomarkers. The implementation, execution, and monetization of digital medicine in the 21st century, will inevitably “call for pathologists as their leaders embracing digital and computational pathology”.
Removal of Partial Occlusion from Single Images (2010)

This paper examines large partial occlusions in an image which occur near depth discontinuities when the foreground object is severely out of focus. We model these partial occlusions using matting, with the alpha value determined by the convolution of the blur kernel with a pinhole projection of the occluder. The main contribution is a method for removing the image contribution of the foreground occluder in regions of partial occlusion, which improves the visibility of the background scene. The method consists of three steps. First, the region of complete occlusion is estimated using a curve evolution method. Second, the alpha value at each pixel in the partly occluded region is estimated. Third, the intensity contribution of the foreground occluder is removed in regions of partial occlusion. Experiments demonstrate the method's ability to remove the effects of partial occlusion in single images with minimal user input.
More than "just shopping:" personalization, privacy and the (ab)use of data (2006)

Working draft of the Personalization/Customization Group
Crystallographic Structure of a Phosphonate Derivative of the Enterobacter cloacae P99 Cephalosporinase: Mechanistic Interpretation of a .beta.-Lactamase Transition-State Analog (1994)

The crystal structure of a complex formed on reaction of the Enterobacter cloacae P99 cephalosporinase (beta-lactamase) with a phosphonate monoester inhibitor, m-carboxyphenyl [[N-[(p-iodophenyl)acetyl]amino]methyl]phosphonate, has been obtained at 2.3-A resolution. The structure shows that the inhibitor has phosphonylated the active site serine (Ser64) with loss of the m-carboxyphenol leaving group. The inhibitor is positioned in the active site in a way that can be interpreted in terms of a transition-state analog. The arylacetamido side chain is placed as anticipated from analogous beta-lactamoyl complexes of penicillin-recognizing enzymes, with the amino group hydrogen-bonded to the backbone carbonyl of Ser318 (of the B3 beta-strand) and to the amides of Gln120 and Asn152. There is support in the asymmetry of the hydrogen bonding of this side chain to the protein and in the 2-fold disorder of the benzyl group for the considerable breadth in substrate specificity exhibited by class C beta-lactamases. One phosphonyl oxygen atom is in the oxyanion hole, hydrogen-bonded to main-chain NH groups of Ser318 and Ser64, while the other oxygen is solvated, not within hydrogen-bonding distance of any amino acid side chain. The closest active site functional group to the solvated oxygen atom is the Tyr150 hydroxyl group (3.4A); Lys67 and Lys315 are quite distant (4.3 and 5.7 A, respectively). Rather, Tyr150 and Lys67 are more closely associated with Ser64O gamma (2.9 and 3.3 A). This arrangement is interpreted in terms of the transition state for breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate in the deacylation step of catalysis, where the Tyr150 phenol seems the most likely general acid. Thus, Tyr150, as the phenoxide anion, would be the general base catalyst in acylation, as proposed by Oefner et al. [Nature (1990) 343, 284-288]. The structure is compared with that of a similar phosphonate derivative of a class A beta-lactamase [Chen et al. (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 234, 165-178], and mechanistic comparisons are made. The sensitivity of serine beta-lactamases, as opposed to serine proteinases, toward inhibition by phosphonate monoanions is supported by electrostatic calculations showing a net positive potential only in the catalytic sites of the beta-lactamases.
The relationship between frequency discrimination skills and language development in 5-7 year olds (2008)

Research with infants has shown their auditory processing abilities predict subsequent language development. However, there are few studies that have investigated auditory processing skills of primary school-age children. This paper reports on a study that focused on a child-friendly method for testing auditory processing skills of children aged from 5-7 years. 36 children (M = 71.9 months) were tested on their discrimination of tone pairs that varied in frequency. Two pairs of tones were presented; one pair contained two ‘same’ tones (400 Hz) and the other pair contained two ‘different’ tones, one tone at 400 Hz and the other with a different frequency, ranging from 448 to 402 Hz. The tones were attributed to two animated frogs that appeared on a touch screen. The child was asked to identify which frog made the ‘different’ sound. Forward and backward masking conditions were included. The results showed variation in auditory processing skills, but differences between forward and backward masking were not significant. Significant correlations were found between auditory processing thresholds and expressive and receptive language. The findings suggest that children with poor frequency discrimination skills in the 5-7 year age range may be at risk for poor language outcomes.
121 Development of CCD Micro Camera for In-Pipe Inspection Robot (2001)

Under the micromachine project of ISTF (Industrial Science and Technology Frontier ) program of MITI (present METI : Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry ), a CCD micro camera of φ9.2x23mm was developed for visual inspection inside φ10mm pipe, which was carried on the top of a locomotive robot capable of transmitting the visual data wirelessly on microwave, receiving the energies in forms of microwave and laser beam. The CCD micro camera consists of such newly developed devices as a three dimensionally packaged LSI module for controlling CCD, electrostatic actuators of wobble and linear motion, a catadioptric lens, and visual data reconstruction circuits with wider dynamic range. These technologies and techniques have been being developed totally for 10 years, and on-the-way system had been presented in Exhibition Micromachine in each year. On this paper the final system is to be described introducing its specifications.
Structures in Mixtures of p‐tert‐Octylphenol Polyoxyethylene and Water. 1. Triton X‐114 (1987)

Abstract On the basis of the phase diagram of water and the nonionic detergent Triton X‐114 R (p‐tert‐octylphenol polyoxyethylene with 7 to 8 moles oxyethylene units), results of polarization microscopy and rheological studies are compared with results obtained by freeze‐fracture electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the mesomorphic phase, the optically isotropic solution, and the phases separated in the miscibility gap are shown in detail.