gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metalation of Pyridines with nBuLi−Li−Aminoalkoxide Mixed Aggregates: The Origin of Chemoselectivity (2010)

The reactivity of alkyllithium-lithium-aminoalkoxide unimetallic superbases has been investigated. These systems are used for deprotonative lithiation of pyridine derivatives in apolar non-coordinating media with excellent regio- and chemoselectivity, in deep contrast with alkyllithium. With the aim of getting a better understanding of the chemistry behind these promising reagents, we have carried out a joint experimental and theoretical study of the metalation of 2-chloropyridine with combinations of nBuLi and (S)-(-)-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethoxide (LiPM). Nucleophilic addition or alpha-lithiation has been observed, depending on conditions (solvent, temperature, stoichiometry), while ortho-metalation was not detected. Theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d) method) have then been carried out in gas phase at 195 K to characterize the relevant chemical species (reactive aggregates, transition structures) and estimate free energies of activation and relative reaction rates. Solvent effects in hexane have been neglected according to previous calculations. The effect of coordinating solvents such as THF has been qualitatively discussed. A major achievement of the present work has been to demonstrate that chemoselectivity crucially depends on aggregate type: dimers systematically lead to nucleophilic addition, while tetramers lead to alpha-lithiation. Besides, the calculations predict dimers to be more reactive than tetramers, yet they are much less stable, so that the observed selectivity results from the combination of both properties. A simple procedure to evaluate the basicity of an organlithium compound has been proposed. It has allowed us to show that the nBuLi-LiPM tetramer has a significantly larger basicity than its corresponding dimer, which is not at all the case for nBuLi aggregates, thus explaining differences in selectivity. Solvent and temperature effects on nBuLi-LiPM reactivity have been analyzed. By increasing the temperature in hexane, or changing the solvent from hexane to THF, dimer concentration is expected to rise, and likewise the weight of nucleophilic addition rises, in agreement with the experimental findings.
Simple titration method using diphenyl ditelluride as a colored indicator for the determination of organolithium and organomagnesium reagents (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimple titration method using diphenyl ditelluride as a colored indicator for the determination of organolithium and organomagnesium reagentsYoshio Aso, Hironori Yamashita, Tetsuo Otsubo, and Fumio OguraCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 23, 5627–5629Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00284a045https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00284a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1624Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Studies on terpenes. Part I. Rearrangement of 7-oxatricyclo[4,3,0,0]nonanes into 8-substituted 1,3,3-trimethylnorbornane derivatives (1972)

9-Methyl-6-p-tolyl-(III; R = C6H4Me-p) and 6,9-dimethyl-7-oxatricyclo[4,3,0,0]nonane (III; R = Me) are readily rearranged into 8-substituted 1,3,3-trimethylnorbornan-2α-ols by treatment with boron trifluoride–ether. 9-Methyl-7-oxatricyclo[4,3,0,0]nonane (III; R = H) is rearranged (BF3–OEt2) to a mixture of endo-3α-acetoxymethyl-3-methylnorbornan-2α-yl acetate (VIII; R = Ac) and exo-7-acetoxymethyl-7-methylnorbornan-2β-yl acetate (IX; R = Ac).
CD33M inhibits microglial phagocytosis, migration and proliferation, but the Alzheimer’s disease‐protective variant CD33m stimulates phagocytosis and proliferation, and inhibits adhesion (2021)

CD33 is a Siglec (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin) receptor on microglia. Human CD33 can be alternatively spliced into two isoforms: the long isoform (CD33M) and a shorter isoform (CD33m) that lacks the sialic acid-binding site. CD33m appears to protect against Alzheimer's disease; however, it remains unclear how. To investigate potential mechanisms by which CD33m may confer protection, we expressed the CD33m and CD33M isoforms of human CD33 in mouse BV-2 and human CHME3 microglial cells and assessed microglia functions. In the BV-2 cells, CD33M inhibited microglial phagocytosis of beads, synapses, debris and dead cells, while CD33m increased phagocytosis of beads, debris and cells. RNAi knockdown of the endogenous mouse CD33 increased phagocytosis and prevented CD33m's (but not CD33M's) effect on phagocytosis. CD33M increased cell attachment but inhibited cell proliferation, while CD33m did the opposite. We also found that CD33M inhibited cell migration. In human CHME3 cells, CD33M increased cell attachment, but inhibited phagocytosis, proliferation and migration, whereas CD33m did the opposite. We conclude that CD33M inhibits microglial phagocytosis, inhibits migration and increases adhesion, while CD33m increases phagocytosis, proliferation and inhibits adhesion. Thus, CD33m might protect against Alzheimer's disease by increasing microglial proliferation, movement and phagocytosis of debris and dead cells.
Control of Free‐Radical Polymerization by Chain Transfer Methods (2002)

This chapter describes the various chain transfer methods currently used in free-radical polymerization for the control of molecular weight, structure, and functionality. The basic concepts on chain transfer are introduced and some of the traditional chain transfer methodologies that are still in use today are illustrated. The development of chain transfer techniques toward more efficient methods of molecular weight, polydispersity, and structural control in polymers are presented. The authors introduce the concept of chain transfer by addition-fragmentation and show how macromonomers can act as chain transfer agents for reducing molecular weight. The chapter concludes with comparisons with other reversible (degenerative) chain transfer methods employing alkyl iodides and diphenyl ditellurides.
Anionic Polymerization of Dienes Using Homogeneous Lithium Amide (N-Li) Initiators, and Determination of Polymer-Bound Amines (1998)

Polymerizations of dienes have been achieved using N-Li dialkylamide initiators under homogeneous conditions in hexanes. The copolymerization of butadiene and styrene with the reagent N-Li pyrrolidinide-2THF is an example: the products showed narrower polydispersities than those previously described, the polymerizations were reproducible and they proceeded with reasonable concentrations of live ends for further reaction. A number of the products also showed some potential for use in low hysteresis rubber compositions. The approach can be used to synthesize polymers with both head and tail functionality for enhanced hysteresis reduction. Using 13C NMR experiments with lower molecular weight polymers, it was determined that the amine is tethered to the chain through nitrogen. A UV-visible method was successfully used to estimate the concentration of amine ends in high molecular weight polymers. Evidence was found for base-catalyzed retroaddition of the amino group from the living polymer chain at elevated temperatures. The loss is stopped by neutralization, via quenching with ROH or end-linking with SnCl4.
Techniques for Interpretable Machine Learning (2018)

Interpretable machine learning tackles the important problem that humans cannot understand the behaviors of complex machine learning models and how these models arrive at a particular decision. Although many approaches have been proposed, a comprehensive understanding of the achievements and challenges is still lacking. We provide a survey covering existing techniques to increase the interpretability of machine learning models. We also discuss crucial issues that the community should consider in future work such as designing user-friendly explanations and developing comprehensive evaluation metrics to further push forward the area of interpretable machine learning.
InactivatedFrancisella tularensisLive Vaccine Strain Protects against Respiratory Tularemia by Intranasal Vaccination in an Immunoglobulin A-Dependent Fashion (2007)

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that is considered to be a potential category A biological weapon due to its extreme virulence. Although vaccination with the attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) of F. tularensis can protect against lethal challenge, use of inactivated or subunit forms as vaccine candidates for induction of protective antibody responses has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, we examined whether immune protection in the lung could be stimulated by intranasal administration of inactivated LVS together with interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an adjuvant. LVS was inactivated by heat, paraformaldehyde treatment, or exposure to UV, and inactivation of the preparations was confirmed by assessing bacterial growth and the survival of mice after direct inoculation. We found that mucosal vaccination with inactivated LVS provided 90 to 100% protection in mice after lethal intranasal challenge with 10(4) CFU of LVS, and this protection was dependent on inclusion of exogenous IL-12 during vaccine administration. Survival of vaccinated mice after live bacterial challenge was correlated with reduced bacterial burden, decreased pulmonary inflammation, increased serum antibody titers, and lower levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 in the lungs, livers, and spleens. Whereas NK cells were primarily responsible for the production of IFN-gamma in unvaccinated, challenged animals, vaccinated mice had increased levels of lung IFN-gamma+ CD4+ T cells after challenge. Significantly, mice genetically deficient in immunoglobulin A (IgA) expression were unable to survive lethal challenge after vaccination. These results are the first results to demonstrate that IgA-mediated protection against lethal respiratory tularemia occurs after mucosal vaccination with inactivated F. tularensis LVS.
Image Reconstruction for Hybrid True-Color Micro-CT (2012)

X-ray micro-CT is an important imaging tool for biomedical researchers. Our group has recently proposed a hybrid "true-color" micro-CT system to improve contrast resolution with lower system cost and radiation dose. The system incorporates an energy-resolved photon-counting true-color detector into a conventional micro-CT configuration, and can be used for material decomposition. In this paper, we demonstrate an interior color-CT image reconstruction algorithm developed for this hybrid true-color micro-CT system. A compressive sensing-based statistical interior tomography method is employed to reconstruct each channel in the local spectral imaging chain, where the reconstructed global gray-scale image from the conventional imaging chain served as the initial guess. Principal component analysis was used to map the spectral reconstructions into the color space. The proposed algorithm was evaluated by numerical simulations, physical phantom experiments, and animal studies. The results confirm the merits of the proposed algorithm, and demonstrate the feasibility of the hybrid true-color micro-CT system. Additionally, a "color diffusion" phenomenon was observed whereby high-quality true-color images are produced not only inside the region of interest, but also in neighboring regions. It appears harnessing that this phenomenon could potentially reduce the color detector size for a given ROI, further reducing system cost and radiation dose.
Growth and characterization of (1 −x)BiFeO3–x(Bi0.5,K0.5)TiO3thin films (2015)

Growth of 0.6BiFeO3–0.4(Bi0.5,K0.5)TiO3 thin films by rf-magnetron sputtering deposition was investigated. The (100)-oriented films with perovskite were grown on (100)-oriented LaNiO3 bottom electrodes at substrate temperatures of 475–575 °C. It was found that the lattice constant of the films decreases with increasing growth temperature. Moreover, the films deposited below 505 °C show a dielectric permittivity of ∼600 and a loss tangent of 0.02 at 1 kHz, whereas the films deposited above 540 °C show large frequency dispersion. It appears that these results are caused by A-site deficiency. Although ferroelectricity was observed at the growth temperatures of 475 and 505 °C, the piezoelectric response was obtained only at 505 °C.
Combining guilt-by-association and guilt-by-profiling to predict Saccharomyces cerevisiaegene function (2008)

Funckenstein outperforms a previous combined strategy using a common benchmark dataset. The combination of 'guilt-by-profiling' and 'guilt-by-association' gave significant improvement over the component classifiers, showing the greatest synergy for the most specific functions. Performance was evaluated by cross-validation and by literature examination of the top-scoring novel predictions. These quantitative predictions should help prioritize experimental study of yeast gene functions.
beta-Adrenoceptors potentiate alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated inotropic response in rat left atria. (2004)

Stimulation of beta1-AR and beta2-AR potentiates alpha1-AR-mediated positive inotropic response and InsP accumulation in isolated rat left atria.
Inflatable surface coil for MR imaging of the prostate. (1988)

An inflatable surface coil for transrectal magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate was designed. The coil was tested during imaging of an insulated saline phantom and of the prostates of four patients. Phantom images were comparable to those obtained with commercial coils of similar size. High spatial resolution and excellent contrast were noted in coronal images of the prostates. Use of this coil could substantially improve studies of the prostate and cervix.
Comprehensive Geophysical study at Wabar crater, Rub Al-Khali desert, Saudi Arabia (2020)

Earth and Space Science Open Archive This work has been accepted for publication in Earth and Space Science. Version of RecordESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be preliminary. Learn more about preprints. preprintOpen AccessYou are viewing the latest version by default [v1]Comprehensive Geophysical study at Wabar crater, Rub Al-Khali desert, Saudi ArabiaAuthorsSherifHanafyiDPantelisSoupiosAlexandrosStampolidisChristianBender KochiDKhalidAl RamadanAbdullatifAl-ShuhailiDTheisSollingIgnatiusArgadestyaiDSee all authors Sherif HanafyiDCorresponding Author• Submitting AuthorKFUPMiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-2941view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressPantelis SoupiosKFUPMview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAlexandros StampolidisAristotle Universityview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressChristian Bender KochiDUniversity of CopenhageniDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-297Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressKhalid Al RamadanKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Mineralsview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAbdullatif Al-ShuhailiDKing Fahd University of Peteroleum and MineralsiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-0154view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressTheis SollingKFUPMview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressIgnatius ArgadestyaiDKFUPMiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7540-3897view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email address
High-Q RF-MEMS tunable evanescent-mode cavity filter (2009)

This paper presents a high-Q tunable evanescent-mode cavity filter using capacitive RF MEMS cantilever switches with a frequency coverage of 5.5-4.3 GHz. The filter results in an insertion loss of 2.6-5.3 dB over the tuning range and a 3-dB bandwidth of 55-40 MHz (fractional bandwidth of %1). The measured Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</sub> of the filter is 511-273 over the frequency range, which is to our knowledge, the best report Q using RF-MEMS technology.
The Regulation of Skin Proliferation and Differentiation in the IR Null Mouse: Implications for Skin Complications of Diabetes* (2001)

Impaired wound healing of skin is one of the most serious complications of diabetes. However, the pathogenesis of this process is not known, and it is unclear whether impaired insulin signaling could directly affect skin physiology. To elucidate the role of insulin in skin, we studied skin insulin receptor (IR) null mice. The morphology of the skin of newborn IR null mice was normal; however, these mice exhibited decreased proliferation of skin keratinocytes and changes in expression of skin differentiation markers. Due to the short life span of the IR null mice, further characterization was performed in cultured skin keratinocytes that can be induced to differentiate in vitro, closely following the maturation pattern of epidermis in vivo. It was found that despite a compensatory increase in the insulin-like growth factor I receptor autophosphorylation, differentiation of cultured IR null keratinocytes was markedly impaired. In vitro proliferation was not affected as much. Furthermore, although the basal glucose transport system of the null mice was not defective, the insulin-induced increase in glucose transport was abrogated. These results suggest that insulin regulates, via the IR, the differentiation and glucose transport of skin keratinocytes, whereas proliferation is affected by the diabetes milieu of IR knockout mice.
Thermal Stability of N-Heterocycle-Stabilized Iodanes – A Systematic Investigation (2019)

The thermal stability of pseudocyclic and cyclic N-heterocycle-stabilized (hydroxy)aryl- and mesityl(aryl)-l3-iodanes (NHIs) through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is investigated. NHIs bearing N-heterocycles with a high N/C-ratio such as triazoles show among the lowest descomposition temperatures and the highest decomposition energies. A comparison of NHIs with known (pseudo)cyclic benziodoxolones is made and we further correlated their thermal stability with reactivity in a model oxygenation.
A Multivariate Approach for Denoising of T2 Relaxation Decay Curves in Myelin Water Fraction Imaging (2019)

Accurately measuring brain myelin content in vivo holds great promise for studying and understanding of number of brain diseases. A surrogate marker for myelin, myelin water fraction (MWF), can be measured with MR relaxation techniques that sample the T2 decay with multiple echoes. Low signalto-noise ratios in later echoes, sub-optimal flip angles, and the fact that robust decomposition into multiple exponential curves is notoriously difficult, all conspire to reduce the accuracy of MWF estimates. The resulting maps are typically spatially noisy - despite the fact that adjacent white matter voxels are usually assumed to have similar myelin measures in vivo.Here we propose a spatio-temporal filtering process prior to the standard fitting based on a combination of multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) and multiset canonical correlation analysis (MCCA) to decompose and find the most robust temporal decay pattern among voxels that have similar overall decay curves and across the white matter. Based on enhanced spatial smoothness measures, increased test-retest reliability within subjects, and decreased Coefficient of Variation of MWF scores, we suggest that the proposed approach provides enhanced accuracy of the ultimately-computed MWF maps.
A Systematic Review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (2022)

Review question / Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different ICIs in the treatment of NSCLC, and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical selection of different regimens. Condition being studied: Immunotherapy is a relatively new treatment method for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and clinical studies confirmed that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed prominent efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC patients. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different ICIs in the treatment of NSCLC, and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical selection of different regimens.
Cardiac Rehabilitation After Stroke—Need and Opportunity (2009)

Despite the common cardiovascular etiology of stroke and heart disease, individuals with stroke are not routinely included in CR in Ontario. However, individuals with stroke demonstrated similar training-related improvements in exercise capacity compared with nonstroke participants.
Determination of salivary cortisol by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2009)

Our method is rapid, sensitive and simple to perform with a routine LC-MS/MS spectrometer.
Cisplatin and Doxorubicin Combination Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Osteosarcoma: A Pilot Study (2000)

Sixteen dogs with histologically confirmed appendicular osteosarcoma were treated by amputation followed by cisplatin and doxorubicin chemotherapy. All dogs began chemotherapy within 24 hours of surgery. Cisplatin was administered at 50 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) concurrent with saline-induced diuresis. Doxorubicin was administered 24 hours later at 15 mg/m2 as a slow IV bolus. This protocol was given on a 21-day cycle for 4 cycles. No dose delays were required, but dose reduction of doxorubicin was required in 2 dogs because of neutropenia. Thoracic radiography was performed every 2 months after completion of therapy to monitor for metastatic disease. Two dogs were still alive and free from disease at the time of last contact (24 and 75 months, respectively). Postmortem examinations were performed on 13 of the 14 dogs that died. Eight of these dogs were euthanized because of metastatic osteosarcoma. Of the remaining 5 dogs, euthanasia was performed because of complications of idiopathic megaesophagus (n = 1), arthritis (n = 2), and hemangiosarcoma (n = 2). The median disease-free interval and survival times were 15.7 and 18 months, respectively. When compared to a historical group of 36 dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated with surgery and 4 doses of cisplatin. both disease-free interval and overall survival were significantly longer in the study population (P < .015 and P < .007, respectively).