gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-Ensembling Vision Transformer (SEViT) for Robust Medical Image Classification (2022)

Vision Transformers (ViT) are competing to replace Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for various computer vision tasks in medical imaging such as classification and segmentation. While the vulnerability of CNNs to adversarial attacks is a well-known problem, recent works have shown that ViTs are also susceptible to such attacks and suffer significant performance degradation under attack. The vulnerability of ViTs to carefully engineered adversarial samples raises serious concerns about their safety in clinical settings. In this paper, we propose a novel self-ensembling method to enhance the robustness of ViT in the presence of adversarial attacks. The proposed Self-Ensembling Vision Transformer (SEViT) leverages the fact that feature representations learned by initial blocks of a ViT are relatively unaffected by adversarial perturbations. Learning multiple classifiers based on these intermediate feature representations and combining these predictions with that of the final ViT classifier can provide robustness against adversarial attacks. Measuring the consistency between the various predictions can also help detect adversarial samples. Experiments on two modalities (chest X-ray and fundoscopy) demonstrate the efficacy of SEViT architecture to defend against various adversarial attacks in the gray-box (attacker has full knowledge of the target model, but not the defense mechanism) setting. Code: https://github.com/faresmalik/SEViT
A System Architecture for Evolving Protocol Stacks (Invited Paper) (2008)

A majority of network architectures aim at solving specific shortcomings of the original Internet architecture. While providing solutions for the particular problems, they often lack in flexibility and do not provide general concepts for future networking requirements. In contrast, we introduce a network architecture that aims to be versatile enough to serve as a foundation for the future Internet. The main pillars of our architecture are communication pivots called information dispatch points (IDPs) which embed the concept of modularity at all levels of the architecture. IDPs completely decouple functional entities by means of indirection thus enabling evolving protocol stacks. Our architecture also provides a consistent application programming interface (API) to access node-local or network-wide functionality. In addition to the description of this architecture, we report about a working prototype of the architecture and we give examples of its application.
Mechanism of Polycomb Group Gene Silencing (2004)

The Drosophila trithorax-group (trxG) and Polycombgroup (PcG) proteins function in an antagonistic mannerto maintain the transcriptionally active and silence statesof target genes, respectively. Although they regulate numerous genes, mutant alleles of most trxG and PcG geneswere first identified on the basis of homeotic phenotypesresulting from misexpression of Hox genes of the Antennapedia and bithorax gene complexes. Drosophila Hoxgenes, which encode transcription factors that regulatenumerous downstream genes, must be continuously expressed in appropriate patterns throughout embryonic andlarval development in order to assign segmental identitiesto cells along the anterior–posterior body axis. The expression patterns of the Hox genes are initially established in early embryos by activators and repressors encoded by gap and pair rule genes, but soon after Hox geneexpression is initiated, these activators and repressors decay. It is during this window of time that trxG and PcGproteins somehow recognize the transcriptionally activeor repressed states of Hox genes and become responsiblefor maintaining their expression states in cell lineagesthroughout embryonic and larval development. Thus,trxG and PcG proteins serve as molecular memory systems central to the process of cellular determination(Francis and Kingston 2001; Simon and Tamkun 2002)...
Electric Potential of Ions in Electrode Micropores Deduced from Calorimetry (2022)

The internal energy of capacitive porous carbon electrodes was determined experimentally as a function of applied potential in aqueous salt solutions. Both the electrical work and produced heat were measured. The potential dependence of the internal energy is explained in terms of two contributions, namely the field energy of a dielectric layer of water molecules at the surface and the potential energy of ions in the pores. The average electric potential of the ions is deduced, and its dependence on the type of salt suggests that the hydration strength limits how closely ions can approach the surface.
Effects of Bacterial Metabolites on the Immune System: Enemies andFriends (2021)

Metabolites produced by bacteria can influence the immune system. These metabolites are produced by pathogenic bacteria as well as the friendly microbiota. This review sheds light on the major bacterial metabolites and their structures. It also describes the capacity of these molecules to stimulate and inhibit the immune responses in a way that affects their capacity to control different diseases.
Assessing task compliance following mobile phone-based video reminders (2011)

In the development of technology for people with mild dementia it is essential to achieve a combination of the features which provide both support and monitoring along with the ability to offer a level of personalization. Reminding support by means of personalized video reminders portraying a relative or friend combined with sensors to assess whether the requested task was performed lends itself as an ideal combination to achieve this aim. This study assesses the potential of using low cost, off the shelf sensors combined with a mobile phone-based video reminding system to assess compliance with task completion. A validation study has been conducted in a lab-based environment with 10 healthy young participants. The work presented discusses the implementation of the approach adopted, data analysis of the results attained along with outlining future developments of this approach.
Automated security testing of web widget interactions (2009)

We present a technique for automatically detecting security vulnerabilities in client-side self-contained components, called web widgets, that can co-exist independently on a single web page. In this paper we focus on two security scenarios, namely the case in which (1) a malicious widget changes the content (DOM) of another widget, and (2) a widget steals data from another widget and sends it to the server via an HTTP request. We propose a dynamic analysis approach for automatically executing the web application and analyzing the runtime changes in the user interface, as well as the outgoing HTTP calls, to detect inter-widget interaction violations.
The Public Library Metadata Landscape, the Case of Norway 2017–2018 (2020)

The aim of this paper is to gauge the cataloging practices within the public library sector seen from the catalog with Norway as a case, based on a sample of records from public libraries and cataloging agencies. Findings suggest that libraries make few changes to records they import from central agencies, and that larger libraries make more changes than smaller libraries. Findings also suggest that libraries catalog and modify records with their patrons in mind, and though the extent is not large, cataloging proficiency is still required in the public library domain, at least in larger libraries, in order to ensure correct and consistent metadata.
Advanced computer graphic techniques for laser range finder (LRF) simulation (2008)

This paper show an advanced computer graphic techniques for laser range finder (LRF) simulation. The LRF is the common sensor for unmanned ground vehicle, autonomous mobile robot and security applications. The cost of the measurement system is extremely high, therefore the simulation tool is designed. The simulation gives an opportunity to execute algorithm such as the obstacle avoidance[1], slam for robot localization[2], detection of vegetation and water obstacles in surroundings of the robot chassis[3], LRF measurement in crowd of people[1]. The Axis Aligned Bounding Box (AABB) and alternative technique based on CUDA (NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture) is presented.
DAB2IP coordinates both PI3K-Akt and ASK1 pathways for cell survival and apoptosis (2009)

In metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) cells, imbalance between cell survival and death signals such as constitutive activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and inactivation of apoptosis-stimulated kinase (ASK1)-JNK pathways is often detected. Here, we show that DAB2IP protein, often down-regulated in PCa, is a potent growth inhibitor by inducing G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest and is proapoptotic in response to stress. Gain of function study showed that DAB2IP can suppress the PI3K-Akt pathway and enhance ASK1 activation leading to cell apoptosis, whereas loss of DAB2IP expression resulted in PI3K-Akt activation and ASK1-JNK inactivation leading to accelerated PCa growth in vivo. Moreover, glandular epithelia from DAB2IP(-/-) animal exhibited hyperplasia and apoptotic defect. Structural functional analyses of DAB2IP protein indicate that both proline-rich (PR) and PERIOD-like (PER) domains, in addition to the critical role of C2 domain in ASK1 activity, are important for modulating PI3K-Akt activity. Thus, DAB2IP is a scaffold protein capable of bridging both survival and death signal molecules, which implies its role in maintaining cell homeostasis.
Viewpoint: Paradoxical excess mortality in the PLATO trial should be independently verified (2011)

The PLATO trial revealed excess all-cause (4.5%) and vascular (4.0%) mortality after experimental pyrimidine, ticagrelor, and even higher death rates (5.9% and 5.1%, respectively) after clopidogrel, which have never been seen in any previous acute coronary syndrome (ACS) trial. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted, and recently released the ticagrelor review outlining some paradoxical mortality patterns in PLATO, including the existence of alive patient, who initially was reported dead. The drug was recently approved in Europe, but repeatedly delayed in the USA. The objective of this viewpoint article was to evaluate extremely high death rates in PLATO by scrutinising FDA-released evidence, and comparing mortality patterns in recent ACS trials. These data were first presented as the analytical report submitted to the FDA on October 26, 2010. The available evidence suggest that mortality rates in PLATO, so as death benefit of ticagrelor over clopidogrel are extreme, despite incomplete follow-up, short duration of the trial, frequent preloading with clopidogrel, and gross mismatch between conventional average myocardial infarction rates but disproportionally frequent vascular fatalities, and heavily imbalanced sepsis-related deaths. In contrast to the overall PLATO results, the deaths rates in the USA were much lower (3.2% vs. 3.8%) not only favouring clopidogrel, but more importanly matching very well with identical rates in TRITON (3.2%), and one-year ACUITY (3.6%-3.9%) fatalities. Since the «play of chance» cannot explain these discrepancies due to excess death rates in both PLATO arms, and considering that study sponsor self-monitored sites in most countries, but not in the USA, the mortality data are questionable, and should be independently virified. It was concluded that excess mortality rates and delayed timing of the benefit onset in PLATO do not match with any recent ACS trial, and do not look natural. Reevaluation of the survival, especially driven from the several high-volume sponsor monitored sites in Eastern Europe may reveal discrepancies between those reported in PLATO and actual vital records. Future practice of self monitoring in pivotal indication-seeking clinical trials should be completely banned.
Serine protease inhibitors and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (2010)

Serine proteases control a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes in multi-cellular organisms, including blood clotting, cancer, cell death, osmoregulation, tissue remodeling, and immunity to infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are required for adaptive cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens by killing infected cells and through the development of memory T cells. Serine proteases not only allow a CTL to kill but also impose homeostatic control on CTL number. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are the physiological regulators of serine proteases' activity. In this review, I discuss the role of serpins in controlling the recognition of antigen, effector function, and homeostatic control of CTLs through the inhibition of physiological serine protease targets. An emerging view of serpins is that they are important promoters of cellular viability through their inhibition of executioner proteases. This view is discussed in the context of the T-lymphocyte survival during effector responses and the development and persistence of long-lived memory T cells. Given the important role serpins play in CTL immunity, I discuss the potential for developing new immunotherapeutic approaches based directly on serpins or knowledge gained from identifying their physiologically relevant protease targets.
Thermal Conductivity of FeS and Its Implications for Mercury's Long‐Sustaining Magnetic Field (2019)

Abstract The MESSENGER mission revealed that Mercury's magnetic field might have operated since 3.7–3.9 Ga. While the intrinsic magnetism suggests an active dynamo within Mercury's core, the mechanism that is responsible for sustaining the dynamo for prolonged period of time remains unknown. Here we investigated the electrical conductivity of Fe‐S alloys at pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures up to 1,700 K. We show that the electrical conductivity of Fe‐S alloys at 1,500 K is about 10 3 S/m, 2 orders of magnitude lower than the previously assumed value for dynamo calculations. The thermal conductivity was estimated using the Wiedemann‐Franz law. The total thermal conductivity of FeS is estimated to be ~4 Wm/K at the Mercurian core‐mantle boundary conditions. The low thermal conductivity suggests that a thermally driven dynamo operating on Mercury is more likely than expected. If coupled with chemical buoyancy sources, it is possible to sustain an intrinsic dynamo during time scales compatible with the MESSENGER observations.
A low-cost content-adaptive and rate-controllable near-lossless image codec in DPCM domain (2000)

It remains an important issue for any image codec to optimize the balance between the reconstructed image quality and the rate-controllable compression ratio. A content adaptive information loss distribution scheme is proposed to design a low-cost and rate-controllable image codec. This design exploits the principle that any extra information loss required by the rate-control should be introduced only to those areas where the local texture analysis reveals that human visual perception is less sensitive to the incurred distortion. Therefore, while rate-distortion theory may enable us to optimize PSNR measurement of quality in rate control design, the proposed technique is able to optimize the perceptual quality of the reconstructed images. Experimental results are reported to support this statement for the performance of the proposed algorithm, benchmarked by the nonrate-controlled JPEG-LS.
Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Amoxicillin plus Clavulanic Acid after Oral Administration in Man (1990)

Augmentin (875 amoxicillin and 125 mg potassium clavulanate) was administered orally to patients with chronic bronchitis. Concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were measured in serum, sputum and urine. Peak serum levels for amoxicillin of 11.23 +/- 2.61 micrograms/ml were observed at 2 hours and for clavulanic acid of 2.55 +/- 0.54 micrograms/ml at 1 hour. After 9 hours, 50% of the amoxicillin and 39% of the clavulanic acid had been renally excreted. The peak sputum concentration of amoxicillin was 1.31 +/- 0.42 micrograms/ml at 4 hours and of clavulanate was 0.79 +/- 0.23 micrograms/ml at 2 hours. Patients awaiting surgery received an oral dose of augmentin as above. Samples of lung, tonsil, middle ear mucosa and prostate were obtained and tissue concentrations of both compounds measured. Peak levels of amoxicillin ranged from 0.87 micrograms/g (tonsil) to 2.56 micrograms/g (lung) and of clavulanic acid from 0.20 micrograms/g (prostate) to 0.56 micrograms/g (lung) between 3 and 4 hours after dosing.
An Increased Photothermal Deflection Design and Its Application to an External-cavity Tunable Laser Diode. (1999)

The photothermal deflection of a microcantilever is much increased with a bimorph and an antireflection structure. The deflection is more than half wavelength by the temperature rise of 100°C which is expected by an optical absorption of over 98% for the antireflection coating of Au/Si3N4/Au fabricated on the bimorph structure. The designed cantilever monolithically integrated on gallium arsenide (GaAs, λ=0.83 μm) or indium phosphide (InP, λ=1.3μm) will be used for the external-cavity length change of a tunable laser diode.
GAIT AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT SHARE COMMON MECHANISMS. BRAIN FUNCTIONAL (FNIRS) STUDIES (2017)

Functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neuroimaging technique that can be applied in situations that involve movement (i.e., walking/exercise) to examine brain activity in the pre-frontal cortex during walking. Investigations using fNIRS to study the role of the pre-frontal cortex during gait in healthy young, healthy older adults, and patients with neurodegenerative disease will be presented. The results demonstrate that different patterns of frontal activation are observed during walking in aging and disease. In addition, the recruitment and activation of this “cognitive” brain region appears to be related to the complexity of the walking task, at least in healthy adults. These findings support the role of the pre-frontal cortex in the regulation of even normal walking in aging and neurodegeneration and its increasing importance during challenging gait conditions.
Introduction (2023)

This chapter points to the significance of siblings in people’s lives and explains why siblings matter sociologically. The chapter explores the public fascination with the mysteries of siblingship, which are seen as imbued with emotion and as holding some of the mysteries of ‘nature’ versus ‘nurture’ and of what it means to be human. The chapter considers what it means to be a sibling and to do siblingship, and outlines the theoretical framework for the book, which is grounded in ideas about relationality, embeddedness and connection. The datasets that the book draws upon are outlined and the methods discussed and the idea that sociologists can think both about and with siblings is introduced along with the substantive themes of self, relationality, imagination and time.
Dynamics of Spindle-Bearing Systems at High Speeds Including Cutting Load Effects (1998)

Increased use of high speed machining creates the need to predict spindle-bearing performance at high speeds. Previous spindle-bearing models simplify either spindle or bearing dynamics to the extent of prohibiting a detailed analysis of a spindle with high speed motion. At high speeds, centrifugal loading in the bearing causes stiffness softening, creating a change in natural frequency. Therefore, spindle modeling requires a comprehensive representation of the dynamics of shafts with complex geometry rotating at high speeds and supported by non-linear bearings. This paper presents a coupled system of spindle and bearing dynamic models with numerical solution. Spindle dynamics are modeled using the influence coefficient method of discrete lumped masses, based on Timoshenko beam theory. Both linear and rotational bearing stiffness are included in the spindle model through solution of the angular-contact bearing model. The parameters of cutting loads, tool mass, and rotational speed are analyzed, and all are shown to affect the natural frequency. The computer model is both rapid and robust, and shows excellent agreement with experimental analysis.
Ocular Microtremor in Brain Stem Death (1999)

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to establish whether measurement of ocular microtremor (OMT) activity could be used as a method to establish brain stem death. Presently, the diagnosis of brain stem death can be made using clinical criteria alone. OMT is a high-frequency, low-amplitude physiological tremor of the eye caused by impulses emanating from the brain stem. There have been a number of reports indicating that the recording of OMT may be useful in the assessment of comatose states and in establishing brain stem viability or death. METHODS: We obtained the OMT recordings of 32 patients suspected of having brain stem death using the piezoelectric strain gauge technique. This method involves mounting the piezoelectric probe in a headset and lowering the rubber-tipped end piece onto the anesthetized scleral surface of the subject. The signal produced is recorded on audiomagnetic tape and later played back and analyzed on an electrocardiographic tape analyzer. RESULTS: In 28 patients, initial clinical assessment confirmed the diagnosis of brain stem death and no OMT activity was recorded from these subjects. In three patients in whom initial clinical assessment demonstrated brain stem function, OMT activity was present; when brain stem death was subsequently diagnosed in these three patients, no OMT activity could be demonstrated. In the remaining patient, two of three OMT recordings demonstrated activity in spite of the absence of clinical evidence of brain stem function. A post mortem revealed bacterial cerebritis in this subject. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that OMT is a sensitive method of detecting brain stem life and that it could play an important role in the assessment of brain stem death.
Confocal Microscopy Reveals Thimet Oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15) and Neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16) in the Classical Secretory Pathway (1999)

Thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15; EP24.15) and neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16; EP24.16) are closely related enzymes involved in the metabolic inactivation of bioactive peptides. Both of these enzymes were previously shown to be secreted from a variety of cell types, although their primary sequence lacks a signal peptide. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for this secretion, we examined by confocal microscopy the subcellular localization of these two enzymes in the neuroendocrine cell line AtT20. Both EP24.15 and EP24.16 were found by immunohistochemistry to be abundantly expressed in AtT20 cells. Western blotting experiments confirmed that the immunoreactivity detected in the soma of these cells corresponded to previously cloned isoforms of the enzymes. At the subcellular level, both enzymes colocalized extensively with the integral trans-Golgi network protein, syntaxin-6, in the juxtanuclear region. In addition, both EP24.15 and EP24.16 were found within small vesicular organelles distributed throughout the cell body. Some, but not all, of these organelles also stained positively for ACTH. These results demonstrate that both EP24.15 and EP24.16 are present within the classical secretory pathway. Their colocalization with ACTH further suggests that they may be targeted to the regulated secretory pathway, even in the absence of a signal peptide.
Indications for corticosteroids prior to epididymal sperm retrieval. (1998)

Preoperative evaluation of antisperm antibody status and treatment of antibody-positive men prior to epididymal sperm retrieval may play a role in improvement of the fertilization and pregnancy results achieved by centers that provide MESA with assisted reproduction. These results are most important when MESA is performed without the assistance of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Empiric treatment with prednisone may be detrimental to the fertility of men who have no antisperm antibodies.