gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control Strategies for Irreversible Fuel Cell Heat Engine Systems (2016)

A novel thermodynamic and electrochemical framework for the analysis of irreversible fuel cell heat engine systems is introduced in this paper and used to begin to explore the possibility of operating these systems at constant voltage operation and at constant voltage operation with constant power operation through supplemental firing for the hydrogen oxidation working reaction. It is interesting that the heat engine combustor performance was able to be recast in electrochemical terms. While the perfect fuel cell would undergo no degradation, practical fuel cells with irreversibilities will degrade. For several reasons it is desirable to operate these degrading systems at constant voltage. The limits of the performance of the basic fuel cell heat engine system is discussed.
Intrahepatic hepatitis C virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and response to interferon alfa therapy in chronic hepatitis C (1998)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been shown to play a role in host defense and pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that intrahepatic HCV-specific CTL activity may impact subsequent response to interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) therapy. Of the 37 patients that we have prospectively evaluated for HCV-specific CTL activity in liver, 21 received IFN therapy, and 19 completed a 6-month course and attended 6 to 18 months of follow-up. Intrahepatic CD8+ cells were isolated from liver biopsy tissue and tested against target cells expressing HCV antigens to determine intrahepatic CTL activity. The relationship between treatment response and HCV-specific CTL activity and other factors known to associate with response (genotype, viremia, histology) was analyzed. HCV-specific CTL activity was detected in 9 of 21 patients (and 9 of 19 who completed therapy). After 6 months of IFN therapy, 8 of 19 (42%) patients had normal serum alanine transaminase (ALT) (complete responders). After 18 months of follow-up, only 3 patients (16%) had a sustained biochemical response. Of the 9 patients with detectable HCV-specific CTL activity in their liver before treatment, 7 (78%) developed a complete response. In contrast, only 1 of the 10 patients with no detectable HCV-specific CTL activity developed a complete response to IFN (P < .01). In 6 of 8 patients with a complete response, including the 3 sustained responders, the CTL response appeared to be directed predominately to the HCV core region. These data suggest that the host immune response, particularly that mediated by CD8+ CTL, may be important in determining the outcome of IFN therapy for chronic HCV infection. Further understanding of the mechanism of action of IFN should impact the design of better therapeutic strategies against chronic HCV infection.
<title>Near-infrared absorption imaging of dense scattering media by steady-state diffusion tomography</title> (1993)

Results of experimental studies are presented based on steady-state optical tomographic measurements performed at 720 nm on tissue-like media having cylindrical geometry and a thickness equivalent to an uncompressed female breast. Experimental data were evaluated using a linear perturbation equation, previously described, derived from the transport equation. Results obtained demonstrate that high-resolution (&lt; 1 mm edge detection) images are recoverable of small-diameter objects buried at depths not visible from the surface.
Combination Therapy with Vidaza and Entinostat Suppresses Tumor Growth and Reprograms the Epigenome in an Orthotopic Lung Cancer Model (2011)

Epigenetic therapy for solid tumors could benefit from an in vivo model that defines tumor characteristics of responsiveness and resistance to facilitate patient selection. Here we report that combining the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat with the demethylating agent vidaza profoundly affected growth of K-ras/p53 mutant lung adenocarcinomas engrafted orthotopically in immunocompromised nude rats by targeting and ablating pleomorphic cells that occupied up to 75% of the tumor masses. A similar reduction in tumor burden was seen with epigenetic therapy in K-ras or EGFR mutant tumors growing orthotopically. Increased expression of proapoptotic genes and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was seen. Hundreds of genes were demethylated highlighted by the reexpression of polycomb-regulated genes coding for transcription factor binding proteins and the p16 gene, a key regulator of the cell cycle. Highly significant gene expression changes were seen in key regulatory pathways involved in cell cycle, DNA damage, apoptosis, and tissue remodeling. These findings show the promise for epigenetic therapy in cancer management and provide an orthotopic lung cancer model that can assess therapeutic efficacy and reprogramming of the epigenome in tumors harboring different genetic and epigenetic profiles to guide use of these drugs.
Combination Opioid Analgesics (2008)

Although there is no "ideal analgesic," scientists and clinicians alike continue to search for compounds with qualities which may approach the "ideal analgesic." Characteristics of an "ideal" analgesic may include: the agent is a full agonist providing optimal/maximal analgesia for a wide range/variety of pain states (e.g., broad spectrum analgesic activity), it does not exhibit tolerance, it produces no unwanted effects and minimal adverse effects, it has no addictive potential, it does not facilitate pain/hyperalgesia, it has a long duration, it has high oral bioavailability, it is not vulnerable to important drug interactions, it is not significantly bound to plasma proteins, it has no active metabolites, it has linear kinetics, and it is eliminated partly by hydrolysis to an inactive metabolite (without involvement of oxidative and conjugative enzymes). Investigators have concentrated on ways to alter existing analgesics or to combine existing analgesic compounds with compounds which may improve efficacy over time or minimize adverse effects. The addition of an analgesic with a second agent (which may or may not also be an analgesic) to achieve a "combination analgesic" is a concept which has been exploited for many years. Although there may be many reasons to add 2 agents together in efforts to achieve analgesia, for purposes of this article - reasons for combining an opioid with a second agent to produce a combination opioid analgesic may be classified into 6 major categories: 1.) combinations to prolong analgesic duration; 2.) combinations to enhance or optimize analgesic efficacy (e.g., analgesic synergy); 3.) combinations to diminish or minimize adverse effects; 4.) combinations to diminish opioid effects which are not beneficial (or contrariwise to or enhance beneficial opioid effects); 5.) combinations to reduce opioid tolerance/opioid-induced hyperalgesia; and 6.) combinations to combat dependency issues/addiction potential/craving sensations. Combination opioid analgesics are one avenue which may give rise to "pain pills" with improved analgesic profiles over existing analgesic medications.
Dried Distillers Grains as a Grazed Forage Supplement (2004)

Thirty heifers grazing smooth bromegrass were individually supplemented with 0, 1.0, 2.1, 3.1, or 4.2 lb per head per day (DM) dried distillers grains (DDG) for 84 days to determine effects of DDG supplementation on ADG and forage intake and to determine the value of DDG in grazing enterprises. Forage intake was estimated using the 1996 NRC model. Supplementation of DDG resulted in a linear increase in ADG and decreased estimated forage intake. DDG may be an attractive forage supplement due to increased revenue from additional ADG and savings from decreased forage intake.
Plasmonic coupling-dependent SERS of gold nanoparticles anchored on methylated DNA and detection of global DNA methylation in SERS-based platforms (2015)

Global DNA methylation is in the spotlight as a treatment and diagnostic strategy for several severe diseases. However, conventional methods entail laborious work, high costs, and high concentrations at a nanomolar range. We developed a new method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect global DNA methylation. This was chosen due to the following two reasons: (i) genomic DNA has many neighbouring methylcytosine (mCpG) sites in CpG islands, and (ii) anti-mCpG immunogold colloids are coupled to amplify plasmon coupling and then enhance SERS intensity when they bind to the mCpG sites on the genome. We first used a DNA backbone with well-defined distances between different mCpG sites to study the link between plasmon coupling and a SERS signal as a basis for plasmonic coupling-dependent SERS. The plasmon shift and SERS enhancement were monitored by plasmon coupling with different mCpG spacing on a genomic DNA backbone. Global DNA methylation was then detected via SERS in a coupled gold nanoparticle–silver nanowire (AgNW) and a simple glass-based system on a multi-channel chamber. DNA samples were simply absorbed onto a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-positive-charge AgNW surface and a microscopic glass, and immunogold colloids were then used to detect the methylation status by recognizing mCpG sites. The detection limits for global methylated DNA on the platform of glass and the silver nanowire were 195 fg ml−1 and 18 fg ml−1, respectively. Moreover, the approach of aligning gold nanoparticles on methylated DNA could be applied for biomolecular templates that can assemble themselves, and a proportional correlation between the concentration and SERS intensity could allow for a quantitative assay of DNA methylation from various samples.
Relationship between the interleukin-28b gene polymorphism and the histological severity of hepatitis C virus-induced graft inflammation and the response to antiviral therapy after liver transplantation (2010)

Up to 30% of liver transplants will develop graft cirrhosis within 5 years after liver transplantation (LT) due to recurrent HCV-infection forwarding accelerated graft damage. Genetic variants of cytokines involved in the immune response may contribute to the degree of graft inflammation, fibrosis progression, and antiviral therapy outcome. The aim of our study was to analyze biochemical and histological inflammation extent based on protocol liver biopsies and to evaluate the role of genetic variants of IL-28b in HCV-related graft disease and antiviral treatment response. 183 patients, who underwent liver transplantation for HCV-induced liver disease, were genotyped for IL-28b (rs8099917, G ≥ T) by TaqMan Genotyping Assay. 56 of 159 patients have been successfully treated with interferon-based antiviral therapy. 605 protocol liver biopsies performed 0.5 to 10 and more than 10 years after transplantation were evaluated according to Desmet and Scheuer classification of inflammation and fibrosis. Prevalence of IL-28b-genotypes was correlated with histological severity of graft damage, levels of aminotransferases, occurrence of acute cellular rejection, pre-treatment viremia, and antiviral therapy outcome. Significant association of IL-28b-genotype distribution was observed to the median grade of inflammation (p < 0.001), mean levels of aminotransferases (ALT: p = 0.001, AST: p = 0.003), median pre-treatment viremia level within 1 year after LT (p = 0.046) and interferon-based antiviral therapy failure (p < 0.001). Among successfully treated patients, G-allele was significantly less frequent, and the genotype GG was not present at all. No differences were observed regarding acute cellular rejection (p = 0.798) and fibrosis stages (p = 0.586). IL-28b polymorphism seems to influence the degree of graft inflammation at biochemical and histological levels. G-allele might serve as a marker for graft inflammation and as a predictor for unfavorable antiviral therapy outcome in HCV-re-infected LT-population.
THE STRUCTURAL TRANSITION AND MAGNETISM OF THE AL65CU20FE15 QUASI-CRYSTAL (1993)

Al65Cu20Fe15 is a thermodynamically stable quasicrystal. There are two kinds of quasicrystal present in such a material: 3D quasicrystal-icosahedral (I phase) and 2D quasicrystal-decagonal (D phase). The i phase is dominant in rapidly quenched samples and exhibits Pauli paramagnetism. For annealed samples, however, the D phase becomes dominant and exhibits diamagnetism. Macrostructural transitions from the I phase to the D phase during annealing were observed by SEM. The results of ups experiments show a gradual increase in Fermi energy, implying that the unfilled energy level of Fe is being filled by conduction electrons during such a structural transition. This causes the magnetism to change from Pauli paramagnetism to diamagnetism.
Chemical speciation and toxicity of metals assessed by three bioluminescence‐based assays using marine organisms (2004)

Metal toxicity is a function of the biology of the target organism and the chemical speciation of the metal. The toxicity of 11 metals was assessed with three cell-based bioassays based on marine organisms: the bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum of the Microtox bioassay, an environmental strain of P. phosphoreum, and photocytes isolated from the brittlestar Ophiopsila californica. Metal speciation was calculated for three commonly used media: NaCl-based Microtox bioassay medium, artificial seawater glycerol, and artificial seawater. Decreased bioluminescence was considered a proxy for cell toxicity. In all three assays the elements Cd and Hg exhibited similar speciation as well as similar toxicity profiles. The element Cu was toxic in all three assays despite different metal speciation for the P. phosphoreum bioassay. The element Ag was toxic to both bacterial strains but not to photocytes despite a similar chemical speciation for all three assays. In general, the Microtox bioassay was sensitive to all metals (except Pb), whereas the photocytes were the least sensitive to the metals. The heightened response of the Microtox bioassay probably resulted from a combination of the limited complexing power of the medium and the greater sensitivity of the bacterial strain.
Diaquabis(L-serinato)copper(II) 0.1-hydrate at 120 K (2005)

The title compound, [Cu(C3H6NO3)2(H2O)2]·0.1H2O, is isostructural with the nickel analogue. The octa­hedral CuII ion lies on a twofold axis, with cis chelating O,N-serine groups and trans aqua ligands. Small amounts of a solvent water molecule form hydrogen bonds to link the mol­ecules along the [010] direction, while a number of strong hydrogen bonds combine to form sheets in the (110) plane.
Mesenchymal stromal cells mitigate liver damage after extended resection in the pig by modulating thrombospondin-1/TGF-β (2021)

Post-surgery liver failure is a serious complication for patients after extended partial hepatectomies (ePHx). Previously, we demonstrated in the pig model that transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) improved circulatory maintenance and supported multi-organ functions after 70% liver resection. Mechanisms behind the beneficial MSC effects remained unknown. Here we performed 70% liver resection in pigs with and without MSC treatment, and animals were monitored for 24 h post surgery. Gene expression profiles were determined in the lung and liver. Bioinformatics analysis predicted organ-independent MSC targets, importantly a role for thrombospondin-1 linked to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and downstream signaling towards providing epithelial plasticity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This prediction was supported histologically and mechanistically, the latter with primary hepatocyte cell cultures. MSC attenuated the surgery-induced increase of tissue damage, of thrombospondin-1 and TGF-β, as well as of epithelial plasticity in both the liver and lung. This suggests that MSC ameliorated surgery-induced hepatocellular stress and EMT, thus supporting epithelial integrity and facilitating regeneration. MSC-derived soluble factor(s) did not directly interfere with intracellular TGF-β signaling, but inhibited thrombospondin-1 secretion from thrombocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells, therewith obviously reducing the availability of active TGF-β.
Amotosalen/ultraviolet A pathogen inactivation technology reduces platelet activatability, induces apoptosis and accelerates clearance (2017)

Amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) photochemical-based pathogen reduction using the Intercept™ Blood System (IBS) is an effective and established technology for platelet and plasma components, which is adopted in more than 40 countries worldwide. Several reports point towards a reduced platelet function after Amotosalen/UVA exposure. The study herein was undertaken to identify the mechanisms responsible for the early impairment of platelet function by the IBS. Twenty-five platelet apheresis units were collected from healthy volunteers following standard procedures and split into 2 components, 1 untreated and the other treated with Amotosalen/UVA. Platelet impedance aggregation in response to collagen and thrombin was reduced by 80% and 60%, respectively, in IBS-treated units at day 1 of storage. Glycoprotein Ib (GpIb) levels were significantly lower in IBS samples and soluble glycocalicin correspondingly augmented; furthermore, GpIbα was significantly more desialylated as shown by <i>Erythrina Cristagalli Lectin</i> (ECL) binding. The pro-apoptotic Bak protein was significantly increased, as well as the MAPK p38 phosphorylation and caspase-3 cleavage. Stored IBS-treated platelets injected into immune-deficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice showed a faster clearance. We conclude that the IBS induces platelet p38 activation, GpIb shedding and platelet apoptosis through a caspase-dependent mechanism, thus reducing platelet function and survival. These mechanisms are of relevance in transfusion medicine, where the IBS increases patient safety at the expense of platelet function and survival.
para-Octaiodophenylsilsesquioxane, [p-IC6H4SiO1.5]8, a Nearly Perfect Nano-Building Block (2008)

The cubic symmetry of octafunctional octaphenylsilsesquioxanes [ROPS, (RC6H4SiO(1.5))8] coupled with a 1 nm diameter offers exceptional potential to assemble materials in three dimensions with perfect control of periodicity and the potential to tailor global properties at nanometer length scales. OPS itself is very inert and insoluble and can only be functionalized via electrophilic reactions with difficulty and with poor substitutional selectivity. However, functionalized OPS products are robust and highly soluble, offering easy purification and processing. In contrast to previous studies, we report here that OPS reacts with ICl at sub-ambient temperatures to provide (following recrystallization) [p-IC6H4SiO(1.5)]8, or I8OPS, in good yields and with excellent selectivity: >99% mono-iodo substitution with >93% para substitution as determined by H2O2/F- cleavage of the Si-C bonds to produce iodophenols. I8OPS in turn can be functionalized using conventional catalytic coupling reactions to provide sets of >93% para-substituted, functionalized compounds (alkynes, alkenes, aryl amines, phosphonates, aryl amines, polyaromatics, etc.), suggesting the potential to develop diverse nano-building blocks for the assembly of a wide variety of materials, some with novel photonic, electronic, and structural properties.
Implantable sensor for local Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging of tumor pO2 during radiotherapy (2020)

Our study demonstrates that implantable oxygen sensors in combination with CELI present a promising approach for quantifying oxygen changes during the course of radiation therapy and thus for evaluating the tumor response to radiation. By improving the design of the gel-probe composition in order to prevent leaching of the probe into the tissue, biosensors can be created that should allow longitudinal oxygen measurements in tumors by means of CELI while using FDA-compliant microdose levels of the probe and thus lowering toxicity concerns.
Potential antiatherosclerotic agents. 4. [(Functionalized-alkyl)amino]benzoic acid analogs of cetaben (1983)

The synthesis of a series of analogues in which the alkyl group of cetaben is substituted with various functional groups or replaced entirely by a functionalized alkanoyl moiety is described. Also reported are the syntheses of branched-chain (alkylamino)benzoic acids in which branching is specifically localized at the terminus of the alkyl chain. Structure-activity relationships of these compounds, both as hypolipidemic agents and as inhibitors of the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), are discussed. Certain compounds were specifically synthesized to test the hypothesis that groups located near the terminus of the alkyl chain of cetaben might retard metabolic degradation of the molecule and, thus, enhance biological activity. Some of these (48-50) were found to be the most active analogues synthesized.
13.4: Development of a Manufacturing Process for a Thin, Lightweight LCD Cell (2000)

Abstract Thin and lightweight liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are strongly required, especially for portable PC products. In order to achieve this, we developed a new manufacturing process that reduces the cell thickness to 1.0 mm for 13′ TFT LCD products. This paper describes the initial case study for process development and the new process, which realizes slim cells of 1.0 mm‐thickness by reducing the thickness of the glass substrates of the array and color filter to 0.5mm each in the cell process.
Spectroscopic investigation of coupling among asymmetric InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown on non-polar a-plane GaN substrates (2013)

Low defect density asymmetric multiple quantum wells (MQWs) of InGaN/GaN grown on non-polar a-plane GaN substrates were investigated using time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Comparison of these spectra with the predicted emission energies reveals that these QWs may be spectrally resolved at low temperatures. However, a combination of thermal activation and resonant tunneling of carriers increasingly coupled the QWs, favoring emission from the lowest energy QWs with increasing temperature in a manner analogous to MQWs composed of other non-polar semiconductor materials but unlike most InGaN MQWs grown on polar substrates and influenced by the strong polarization-dependent effects.