gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Several compounds from Palyfhoa tuberculosa (Coelenterata) (1979)

The isolation and structural sturlies of palytoxin, C145H264N4o 78 , a potent coelenterate toxin, are reported. Although palytoxin has not been obtained up to now in crystalline form, the nature of the chromophoric portions giving rise to the Amax at 233 nm and 263 nm has been elucidated by spectral and chemical sturlies of the fragments resulting from Nai04 oxidation. The structure of the ninhydrin-positive moiety is also discussed. During the course of our sturlies on the texins of Palythoa tuberculosa we have isolated four compounds, characterized by their absorption maxima at 310, 320, 332 and 360 nm, respectively. The structures of these compounds, together with that of a 334 nm absorbing compound isolated from Porphyra species, have been fully elucidated.
Topological subsystem codes (2010)

We introduce a family of two-dimensional (2D) topological subsystem quantum error-correcting codes. The gauge group is generated by two-local Pauli operators, so that two-local measurements are enough to recover the error syndrome. We study the computational power of code deformation in these codes and show that boundaries cannot be introduced in the usual way. In addition, we give a general mapping connecting suitable classical statistical mechanical models to optimal error correction in subsystem stabilizer codes that suffer from depolarizing noise.
The Mind of the Scenario Thinker (2014)

In the face of increasing uncertainty and changes, corporations must dynamically examine their business environment and activate the knowledge creation process in a future-oriented manner without getting hung up on analyzing their past (much like driving a car using only the rear-view mirror). In the previous article, we discussed the basics of scenario planning. We should not use this tool as a mere technique. Our knowledge of the world and the environment around us is important because it underlies our scenarios. When we look toward the future in an uncertain environment, we necessarily create knowledge proactively. Scenario planning and knowledge creation are commonplace when working on knowledge of innovations that shape the future. In this article we focus on the importance of having "scenario mind," the philosophy underlying scenario planning. With any managerial tool, you cannot create real knowledge if you use only superficial know-how, like procedures described in manuals, to seek quick results. In the following sections, we discuss how scenario planning must be recognized as a "discipline of knowledge" to be embedded as a way of thinking and behavioral pattern of each individual or organization, not as a mere tool.
A fundamental accuracy limitation on measurements of brachytherapy sources (1979)

The dose rate gradients in the first few centimeters away from brachytherapy sources are extremely high. Attempts at direct measurements of the dose rates in the near vicinity of such sources are made with the smallest detectors available. Nevertheless, it is not obvious that the agreement between reported measurements and theoretical calculations can be justified when the dose rate gradients across the detector volumes employed are so great. A figure of merit is derived here which indicates how well the dose averaged over the volume of the detector corresponds to the dose at the center of the detector. This figure of merit provides a means to assess the maximum accuracy one can expect to achieve in a measurement made at a given distance from a linear source based on the dimensions of the source and the dimensions and shape of the detector.
Cuticular wax biosynthesis is positively regulated by WRINKLED4, an AP2/ERF‐type transcription factor, in Arabidopsis stems (2016)

The aerial surfaces of terrestrial plants are covered by a cuticular wax layer, which protects the plants from environmental stresses such as desiccation, high irradiance, and UV radiation. Cuticular wax deposition is regulated in an organ-specific manner; Arabidopsis stems have more than 10-fold higher wax loads than leaves. In this study, we found that WRINKLED4 (WRI4), encoding an AP2/ERF (ethylene-responsive factor) transcription factor (TF), is predominantly expressed in stem epidermis, is upregulated by salt stress, and is involved in activating cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis stems. WRI4 harbors a transcriptional activation domain at its N-terminus, and fluorescent signals from a WRI4:eYFP construct were localized to the nuclei of tobacco leaf protoplasts. Deposition of epicuticular wax crystals on stems was reduced in wri4-1 and wri4-3 knockout mutants. Total wax loads were reduced by ~28% in wri4 stems but were not altered in wri4 siliques or leaves compared to the wild type. The levels of 29-carbon long alkanes, ketones, and secondary alcohols, which are the most abundant components of stem waxes, were significantly reduced in wri4 stems relative to the wild type. A transactivation assay in tobacco protoplasts and a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that the expression of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase1 (LACS1), β-ketoacyl CoA reductase1 (KCR1), PASTICCINO2 (PAS2), trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR), and bifunctional wax synthase/acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD1) is positively regulated by direct binding of WRI4 to their promoters. Taken together, these results suggest that WRI4 is a transcriptional activator that specifically controls cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis stems.
Anthelmintic drugs (2007)

C. elegans is sensitive to the majority of anthelmintic drugs that are used against parasitic worm infections of humans and livestock. This has provided the opportunity to use molecular genetic techniques in the worm for mode of action studies. These approaches continue to be of considerable value to the field of parasitology. In addition, there are numerous examples of anthelmintic drugs providing exceptionally useful pharmacological tools to delineate fundamental aspects of cell signalling in C. elegans. This has primarily been achieved through the use of anthelmintics in forward genetic screens followed by the mapping and characterization of genes that confer altered susceptibility to the drug. Less fruitful so far, but nonetheless useful, has been the direct use of C. elegans for anthelmintic discovery programmes. In this brief review we provide an introduction to the use of C. elegans as a 'model parasite', outline the actions of the main classes of anthelmintics, and highlight approaches that have been of particular value.
Quantitative analysis of meiotic chromosome pairing in triploid blueberry: evidence for preferential pairing (1990)

Mathematical models have been developed to predict meiotic configuration frequency distributions for autoploid (random chromosome pairing) or preferential chromosome pairing behavior. Meiotic chromosome pairing was quantitatively analysed, relative to these models, in six highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) triploid (2n = 3x = 36) hybrids derived from three unrelated 4x × 2x crosses. Mean trivalent per cell frequencies ranged from 3.59 to 7.89. Excess univalents were observed in triploids of one cross and are probably a result of disturbance in chiasma formation or maintenance and (or) random pairing failure. Arm chiasmate association values (a and b) ranged from 0.72 to 1.00, with the greatest difference in arm values being 0.18. Trivalent to ring bivalent (r) ratios ranged from 0.59 to 2.02. The observed configuration frequency distributions of three triploids having r-values greater than 1 did not deviate significantly from the autoploid pairing (p = 0) model frequency distribution. Frequency distributions of three triploids having r-values less than 1 deviated significantly from the autoploid model. Ranges for pairing affinity relationships include the possibility of two genomes pairing preferentially at a frequency of 77.7% (0.444 points over the random frequency of 0.333), which suggests the presence of genome divergence in blueberry. However, violation of model assumptions could seriously bias preferential pairing estimates. Segregating genetic factors also appear to be of significance in chromosome pairing behavior.Key words: autotriploids, chromosome pairing, preferential pairing, genome divergence, meiotic configurations.
Genome-wide identification of small heat-shock protein (HSP20) gene family in grape and expression profile during berry development (2019)

Our results provide valuable information on the evolutionary relationship of genes in the VvHSP20 family, which is useful for future studies on the functional characteristics of VvHSP20 genes in grape.
Digital Radiographic Systems Quality Control Procedures (2012)

In the last decades, digital radiography (DR) is becoming more popular in relation to traditional film screen radiography. This derives mostly from the fact that digital image is prone to post- processing analysis and it can also be stored for future use. Various organizations, such as the King’s Centre for the Assessment of Radiological Equipment in the United Kingdom (KCARE), the America’s Association of physicists in medicine (AAPM) and the Australian College of Physical Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM), have published protocols in which guidelines concerning quality assurance and acceptance tests for digital systems are referred. These guidelines are presented here and other studies conducted from individual teams also referred, which either count on the mentioned protocols or have chosen to follow an alternative method. In addition, several patents relative to the description of the two different kind of DR, Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Direct Radiography (DDR) systems, the phantoms and the image quality are also appeared. Apart from the quality control (QC) aspects that are also met in conventional radiography (entrance surface dose-ESD, tube performance controls and image presentation on the display units), diverse methods for quality assurance of digital radiography are presented as well. These different methods concern the image quality, the automatic exposure control (AEC) system and the detector’s performance. Moreover, representative phantoms utilized in clinical practice for QC of digital systems are also displayed and conditions are tested with diverse techniques. Keywords: Direct digital radiography (DDR), computed radiography (CR), quality control, signal to noise ratio (SNR), contrast to noise ratio (CNR), image noise, ghosting erase, detective quantum efficiency (DQE) curve, automatic exposure control (AEC).
Functional Vanilloid Receptor VR1 Is Expressed on Megakaryocytes and Platelets, and Acts as a Sensor for Hypertheimia Generating Endocannabinoids. (2004)

Abstract Recent investigations have been revealing that platelet can sense shear stress and cold stimulation. These mechanical and physical stimuli alter the platelet functions, including induction of activation and irreversible dysfunction. These data may suggest that platelets, most small-sized cells, can efficiently circulate in the microcirculatory vasculature, and can sense the peripheral physical conditions including temperature. Here we show that human megakaryocytic cell line, MEG-01 and platelets express vanilloid receptor VR1, a receptor for capsaicin. It has been identified that VR1 is linked to thermal sensor, and this can sense hyperthermia around 43 °. Therefore we examined the physiological significance of VR1 expressed on MEG-01 and platelets. First we identified the expression of VR1 on human platelets and MEG-01 by immunoblotting, flowcytometer and RT-PCR, and identified the expression of VR1 on these cells. Hyperthermia stimulation of MEG-01 at 40–43 ° generated a endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonylglycerol(2-AG) and anandamide. Since this effect of hyperthermia stimulation was abolished by the incubation with capsazepine, an antagonistic analogue of capsaicin, it was suggested that the effect of hyperthermia might through VR1. It is well known that 2-AG and anandamide act on their specific receptors, CB1, CB2 and VR1 expressed on various cell-types, and act as an endocannabinoids, and accomplish diverse physiological functions, including vessel dilatation. Hyperthermia stimulation also affected the cell-cycle and induced G1-phase arrest in MEG-01 cells, partially through autocrine manner of generated endocannabinoids by acting of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Moreover prolonged hyperthermia stimulation up to 6 hours induced cellular apoptosis in MEG-01 by releasing cytocrome C and resulting caspase cascade activation. Based on these results, we hypothesize that VR1 on platelets may act as a hyperthermal sensor and generate endocannabinoid, and this may regulate the diverse systems including vessel functions.
The Measurement of the Composition of Surface Film on the Electrolytically Treated Steel Sheet in Chromic Acid Solution (1968)

In order to determine the elemental Cr in the hydrated Cr oxide and the metallic Cr separately on the surface film of the electrolytically treated steel sheet in the chromic acid solution containing some catalyzer, we inuestigated the conditions of alkaline dissolution of the Cr oxide film and the metallic Cr using a fluorescent X-ray method and a coulometric method.Furthermore, we calculated the thickness of the Cr oxide film by the measurements of the weight and the specific gravity of the Cr oxide film. The following results were obtained:(1) A little metallic Cr is dissolved by immersion in NaOH solution containing H2O2.(2) Metallic Cr is scarcely dissolved by immersion in 7.5 N NaOH solution at 90 to100°C for 5 min.(3) In a coulometric method current efficiency in anodic dissolution of the metallic Cr is not affected by the NaOH concentration, anodic current density, interelectrode distance and thepresence of the Cr oxide, and shows about 100%.(4) The weight of the Cr oxide corresponds to about 3 times of the weight of the elemental Cr in the Cr oxide and the specific gravity of the Cr oxide is 2.1-2.2.
Radiological and clinical predictors of scoliosis in patients with Chiari malformation type I and spinal cord syrinx from the Park-Reeves Syringomyelia Research Consortium (2019)

Syrinx characteristics, but not tonsil position, were related to the presence of scoliosis in patients with CM-I, and there was an independent association of syrinx length and holocord syrinx with scoliosis. Further study is needed to evaluate the nature of the relationship between syrinx and scoliosis in patients with CM-I.
A sub-millimeter accurate microwave multilevel gauging system for liquids in tanks (2001)

A microwave multilevel gauging system employing a frequency-stepped continuous-wave radar measurement technique is described in this paper. A conventional frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar technique is normally employed only to find the level of the liquid surface in storage tanks. The system described here also detects a second level, e.g., the tank floor or an impurity level. If this second reflection dominates, distance measurement with the inverse Fourier transform (IFT) results in poor resolution and shows a very high range error for small gaps between these two scatterers. For estimating the exact time delay and amplitude of the reflection from each scatterer, an optimal signal-processing algorithm is derived, based on a reference model. Performance of the multiple target-detection reference model is illustrated using measured data obtained with an HP-8510 network analyzer. It is demonstrated that the reference model offers a significant enhancement of resolution over the standard processing IFT algorithm and is insensitive to noise and clutter signals. The described system achieves a time-delay accuracy with a bandwidth of /spl Delta/f=1 GHz, which corresponds to a range error of /spl plusmn/0.2 mm.
Activities of Fluconazole and Voriconazole against 1,586 Recent Clinical Isolates of Candida Species Determined by Broth Microdilution, Disk Diffusion, and Etest Methods: Report from The ARTEMIS Global Antifungal Susceptibility Program, 2001 (2003)

The ARTEMIS Global Antifungal Susceptibility Program (ARTEMIS Program) was initiated in 2001 to provide focused surveillance of the activities of fluconazole and voriconazole against Candida spp. isolated from blood and other normally sterile sites. A total of 1,586 episodes of infection were detected at 61 international study sites. Overall, 57.7% of the infections were due to Candida albicans, followed by C. glabrata (14.8%), C. parapsilosis (12.5%), C. tropicalis (9.4%), C. krusei (2.7%), and C. lusitaniae (1.5%). Isolates of C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis were all highly susceptible to fluconazole (for 99% of the isolates the MICs were <or=8 microg/ml). Likewise, 99 to 100% of these species were inhibited by <or=1 microg of voriconazole per ml. Voriconazole was also active against C. glabrata (93% of the isolates were susceptible [MICs <or= 1 microg/ml]) and C. krusei (100% of the isolates were susceptible). The agar-based Etest and disk diffusion methods performed well for the testing of both fluconazole and voriconazole compared to the broth microdilution MIC reference method. These observations establish the continued importance of C. albicans as a pathogen and the sustained activity of fluconazole and the broad spectrum of activity of voriconazole and will serve as the first-year benchmark for the ARTEMIS Program. Continued surveillance and refinement of broth- and agar-based test methods will help to identify susceptibility trends and improve the laboratory capability for antifungal susceptibility testing.
A Convenient Synthesis of 3-Chloromethyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolones (1988)

3-Chloromethyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolones 4 were synthesized from 1,3, 5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazines 2 and chlorocarbonylsulfenyl chloride in a one-pot procedure. The chlorine atom in 4 was subtituted by three types of nucleophiles, namely, potassium acetate, p-toluenethiolate ion and sodium azide, in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Polysilahydrocarbon Synthetic Fluids. Part 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrasilahydrocarbons. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
3D Printed Brain-Controlled Robot-Arm Prosthetic via Embedded Deep Learning From sEMG Sensors (2020)

In this paper, we present our work on developing robot arm prosthetic via deep learning. Our work proposes to use transfer learning techniques applied to the Google Inception model to retrain the final layer for surface electromyography (sEMG) classification. Data have been collected using the Thalmic Labs Myo Armband and used to generate graph images comprised of 8 subplots per image containing sEMG data captured from 40 data points per sensor, corresponding to the array of 8 sEMG sensors in the armband. Data captured were then classified into four categories (Fist, Thumbs Up, Open Hand, Rest) via using a deep learning model, Inception-v3, with transfer learning to train the model for accurate prediction of each on real-time input of new data. This trained model was then downloaded to the ARM processor based embedding system to enable the brain-controlled robot-arm prosthetic manufactured from our 3D printer. Testing of the functionality of the method, a robotic arm was produced using a 3D printer and off-the-shelf hardware to control it. SSH communication protocols are employed to execute python files hosted on an embedded Raspberry Pi with ARM processors to trigger movement on the robot arm of the predicted gesture.
Effect of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade in adults with diabetes mellitus and advanced chronic kidney disease not on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017)

The presumed superiority of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-blocking agents over other antihypertensive agents in patients with diabetes to delay development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has recently been challenged. In addition, there is ongoing uncertainty whether RAAS-blocking agents reduce mortality and/or delay ESKD in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5. In this subgroup, there might be an expedited need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) when RAAS-blocking agents are used. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 6-months duration in adult patients with diabetes who also have non-dialysis CKD stages 3-5. RCTs comparing single RAAS-blocking agents to placebo or alternative antihypertensive agents were included. Outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, progression of renal function, ESKD and adverse events. A total of nine trials (n = 9797 participants with CKD stages 3-5) fit our inclusion criteria. There was no difference between the RAAS group and control group regarding all-cause mortality {relative risk [RR] = 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85-1.10]}, cardiovascular mortality [RR = 1.03 (95% CI 0.75-1.41)] and adverse events [RR = 1.05 (95% CI 0.89-1.25)]. There was a trend for a favourable effect for non-fatal cardiovascular events [RR = 0.90 (95% CI 0.81-1.00)] and a lower risk of the composite endpoint need for RRT/doubling of serum creatinine [RR = 0.81 (95% CI 0.70-0.92)] in the RAAS-blocking agents group versus the control group. We found evidence that in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD stages 3-5, treatment with RAAS-blocking agents did not result in a clear survival advantage. The effect on renal outcomes did depend on the selected outcome measure. However, we did not find evidence that the use of RAAS-blocking agents expedited the need for RRT in patients with CKD stages 3-5.
Nuclear dynamics investigation of the initial electron transfer in the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion repair process by photolyases (2016)

Photolyases are proteins capable of harvesting the sunlight to repair DNA damages caused by UV light. In this work we focus on the first step in the repair process of the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photoproduct (CPD) lesion, which is an electron transfer (ET) from a flavine cofactor to CPD, and study the role of various nuclear degrees of freedom (DOF) in this step. The ET step has been experimentally studied using transient spectroscopy and the corresponding data provide excellent basis for testing the quality of quantum dynamical models. Based on previous theoretical studies of electronic structure and conformations of the protein active site, we present a procedure to build a diabatic Hamiltonian for simulating the ET reaction in a molecular complex mimicking the enzyme's active site. We generate a reduced nuclear dimensional model that provides a first non-empirical quantum dynamical description of the structural features influencing the ET rate. By varying the nuclear DOF parametrization in the model to assess the role of different nuclear motions, we demonstrate that the low frequency flavin butterfly bending mode slows ET by reducing Franck-Condon overlaps between donor and acceptor states and also induces decoherence.