gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Next Steps for Access to Safe, Secure DNA Synthesis (2019)

The DNA synthesis industry has, since the invention of gene-length synthesis, worked proactively to ensure synthesis is carried out securely and safely. Informed by guidance from the U.S. government, several of these companies have collaborated over the last decade to produce a set of best practices for customer and sequence screening prior to manufacture. Taken together, these practices ensure that synthetic DNA is used to advance research that is designed and intended for public benefit. With increasing scale in the industry and expanding capability in the synthetic biology toolset, it is worth revisiting current practices to evaluate additional measures to ensure the continued safety and wide availability of DNA synthesis. Here we encourage specific steps, in part derived from successes in the cybersecurity community, that can ensure synthesis screening systems stay well ahead of emerging challenges, to continue to enable responsible research advances. Gene synthesis companies, science and technology funders, policymakers, and the scientific community as a whole have a shared duty to continue to minimize risk and maximize the safety and security of DNA synthesis to further power world-changing developments in advanced biological manufacturing, agriculture, drug development, healthcare, and energy.
[PP.07.06] EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE ON THE ALDOSTERONE/RENIN RATIO CALCULATED BY BOTH PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY AND DIRECT RENIN CONCENTRATION IN HEALTHY MALE VOLUNTEERS (2017)

Objective: The most popular screening test for primary aldosteronism (PA) is the plasma aldosterone/ renin ratio (ARR). Medications, dietary sodium, posture and time of day all affect renin and aldosterone levels, and can result in false negative or positive ARRs if not controlled. Most antihypertensive medications affect the ARR and can interfere with interpretation of results. To our knowledge, no study has been undertaken to evaluate the effects of moxonidine on the ARR. Design and method: Normotensive, non-medicated male volunteers (n = 20) underwent measurement (seated, midmorning) of plasma aldosterone (by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry), direct renin concentration (DRC), renin activity (PRA), cortisol, electrolytes and creatinine and urinary aldosterone, cortisol, electrolytes and creatinine at baseline, and after one week of moxonidine at 0.2 mg/d and a further five weeks at 0.4 mg/d. Results: Compared with baseline, despite the expected significant falls in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, levels of plasma aldosterone [median 134 (range 90–535) pmol/L], DRC [20 (10–37) mU/L], PRA [2.2 (1.0–3.8) ng/mL/h] and ARR using either DRC [8.0 (4.4–14.4)] or PRA [73 (36–218)] were not significantly changed after either one [135 (98–550) pmol/L, 20 (11–35) mU/L, 2.0 (1.2–4.1) ng/mL/h, 8.8 (4.2–15.9) and 73 (32–194) respectively] or six weeks 130 (90–500) pmol/L, 22 (8–40) mU/L, 2.1 (1.0–3.2) ng/mL/h, 7.7 (4.3–22.4) and 84 (32–192)] of moxonidine. There were no changes in any urinary measurements. Conclusions: Moxonidine was associated with no significant change in the ARR and may therefore be a good option for maintaining control of hypertension when screening for PA.
A Study of Notch Toughness and Weld Softening in Submerged-Arc Weld Heat-Affected Zone for Q & T High Tensile Steel (Report 4) (1971)

Linear regression analyses were made to show the effect of alloying elements and welding conditions on mechanical properties of submerged-arc weld heat-affected zone quantitatively.Alloying elements which decrease weld softening and are highly significant are carbon, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Cooling rate of weld bond is also highly significant and the increase of cooling rate decreases weld softening.Factors which improve notch toughness of weld bond and are highly significant are increase of weld bond cooling rate and addition of vanadium.Silicon, nickel and molybdenum are effective in improving notch toughness of weld bond, they are little significant.Alloying elements which deteriorate notch toughness of weld bond are carbon, manganese, chromium, aluminium and boron, and carbon and manganese are highly significant, but addition of manganese and chromium seems to be necessary to have bainitic structures in weld bond.And carbon equivalents for notch toughness of weld heat-affected zone and softened zone strength are presented fcr quenched and tempered high tensile steel.The effect of alloying elements on notch toughness of middle heat-affected zone and quenched and tempered plate is not always consistent with that of weld bond.
Beyond Stabilizer Codes (2000)

Knill introduced a generalization of stabilizer codes, in this note called Clifford codes. It remained unclear whether or not Clifford codes can be superior to stabilizer codes. We show that Clifford codes are stabilizer codes provided that the abstract error group is given by an extraspecial p-group. Suppose that the abstract error group has an abelian index group, then we show that a Clifford code can be derived from an abelian normal subgroup.
Polyallylamine-Functionalized Platinum Tripods: Enhancement of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Proton Carriers (2016)

Tailoring the size, controlling the morphology, and designing the metal–organic interface are three promising strategies to improve the catalytic performance of monometallic noble-metal nanocrystals. In the “hydrogen economy” society, water electrolysis is viewed as one of the most promising technologies for hydrogen production. The design and synthesis of highly active and durable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is vitally important for the development of the hydrogen economy. In this work, we successfully synthesized polyallylamine (PAA)-functionalized Pt tripods (Pttripods@PAA) with ultrathin and ultralong branches through a facile chemical reduction method in an aqueous solution of PAA. The morphology, structure, and composition of Pttripods@PAA were fully investigated by various physical techniques. The characterization results reveal that ultrathin and ultralong branches of Pttripods@PAA have a concave structure with high-index facets and that PAA strongly binds on the Pt surface as a proton carrier. Impressively, Pttripods@PAA display unexpected activity for the HER in acidic solution with an onset reduction potential of +19.6 mV vs RHE, which significantly outperforms currently reported monometallic Pt electrocatalysts. This activity is due to the increase in the local proton concentration on the Pt surface.
Performance of polar coding for the power line communications in the presence of impulsive noise (2015)

In this study, the authors propose a polar coding (PC) scheme for the power line communication (PLC) system to cope with the impulsive noise and thereby promote the transmission performance. This new error‐correcting coding scheme is essentially inspired on a novel conception of channel polarisation. To be specific, via recursively channel combing and splitting, a group of channels with ideal transmission conditions, that is having a capacity of 1, will be constructed to carry the useful information, while the other band sub‐channels bear useless information. The decoding performance of PC under realistic impulsive noises is investigated under the condition that the impulsive noise is modelled by a well‐known Middleton Class‐A model. To mitigate the error propagation caused by sudden strong impulsive noises and further enhance the decoding performance, a matrix interleave operator is integrated. Simulations validate the suggested PC scheme in PLC systems. Compared with another commonly used low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) coding scheme, the suggested PC scheme, which has the low complexity, can significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of PLC transmissions with impulsive interference. The PC scheme, as demonstrated by simulation results, can be of great importance to practical PLC systems.
Trypanosomes and Microfilariae in Feral Owl and Squirrel Monkeys Maintained in Research Colonies (1993)

A group of 358 owl and squirrel monkeys imported from Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia for the U.S. Agency for International Development Malaria Vaccine Development Program was examined for trypanosomes and microfilariae. Trypanosoma rangeli, isolated by hemoculture from Aotus nancymai, Saimiri b. boliviensis, and S. b. peruviensis, accounted for 76.6% of all trypanosome infections. Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from 25 of 194 S. b. boliviensis, including two mixed infections with T. rangeli. Identifications of trypanosomes were confirmed by blinded tests with a panel of five rRNA probes on a subsample of cultures identified morphologically. Although no trypanosomes were isolated from Aotus vociferans or A. lemurinus griseimembra, positive serologic responses to T. cruzi were observed by indirect immunofluorescence assay in all species of monkeys examined and ranged from 42.1% among S. b. peruviensis to 92.3% among A. vociferans. Among T. rangeli-infected monkeys, 43.7% were seronegative for T. cruzi. No microfilariae were found in S. b. boliviensis or A. l. griseimembra. Mansonella barbascalensis and Dipetalonema caudispina were observed in A. vociferans, M. panamensis in A. nancymai, and M. saimiri and D. caudispina in S. b. peruviensis. Such naturally occurring infections in imported animal models are potential sources of accidental transmission to animal handlers and uninfected laboratory animals and can introduce confounding variables into otherwise well-planned and well-executed studies.
Impact on Reduction of Pollutant Emissions from Passenger Cars when Replacing Euro 4 with Euro 6d Diesel Engines Considering the Altitude Influence (2019)

The impact of Euro 4 compression ignition engines over the air quality in Europe has been analyzed in this work by comparing them with Euro 6d emissions regulation. The Euro 6d diesel engine has been chosen as the preferred replacement according to its advantages in global warming potential (GWP) emissions, like methane hydrocarbons (MHC) and CO2, with respect to Euro 6d petrol-based powertrains. The motivation for this study is that the effects of the emissions reduction policies, as the implementation of the regulation Euro 6d, are necessarily limited due to the great number of passenger cars still in circulation that were homologated under Euro 4 or older standards. To address the impact of the old vehicle pool, a Worldwide harmonized Light-vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) has been used to analyze the performance and pollutant emissions of a Euro 4 diesel engine in altitude conditions. This driving cycle and engine are considered as a baseline for the subsequent discussion, where the altitude plays a key role because of the European geography. It forces passenger cars to drive over sea level during a significant number of trips. Thus, an analysis of how significant would be the impact of energy policies promoting the substitution of the pre-Euro 5 diesel fleet (&gt;10 years old) by modern Euro 6d engines in the short term on the pollutants and GWP emissions reduction is presented.
Emerging and re-emerging viruses in the era of globalisation. (2009)

During their evolution, human beings, as every other animal and vegetable species, have had to face innumerable challenges from the world of micro-organisms. Indeed, the history of mankind is littered with ‘scourges’, that is, epidemics and pandemics characterised by high rates of morbidity and mortality. There have been numerous examples of major epidemics in the past centuries.

In the Middle Ages Yersinia pestis was the cause of the Black Death, a plague that devastated the countries of the Mediterranean basin reaching as far as China1,2. in the 1500s after the colonisation of the New World by Europeans, epidemics of smallpox and measles contributed to the decline of the Aztecs1,3. In exchange for having spread such epidemics, the European population was exposed to syphilis2. At the end of the 1800s there was a spread of tuberculosis or ‘industrial disease’, this name so-called because its emergence coincided with the beginning of industrialisation in the Western world. Finally, there was what has been defined as the mother of all pandemics, the Spanish ‘flu of 1918–19, which infected a third of the world’s population and was responsible for the death of about 40–50 million people4.

Half way through the 20th century, after the end of the Second World War, the perception that infectious diseases were under control began to spread. This was due to a series of improvements in social factors and health care, to the cleansing of the environment and water and to the availability of ever more effective vaccines and antibiotics3,5. Indeed at the time it was said that “it is time to close the book on infectious diseases”, claiming that the battle against infectious diseases could finally be considered to have been won5,6. Unfortunately, this optimistic view was to be proven unfounded in the following years owing to the emergence of new infectious diseases and the re-emergence of old ones in the last decades of the century and the beginning of the new one3.

According to the WHO (World Health Organization) , infectious diseases are still the second cause of death in the world (and the first in developing countries), being responsible for about 15 million deaths each year7. High mortality rates are found above all in countries with limited economic resources, countries in which AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, acute respiratory infections and infantile diarrhoeal diseases represent the five so-called ‘big killers’6,7. In the latter 25–30 years various new pathogens causing newly emerging infections have been identified, while several diseases supposedly under control in many areas of the world, are reappearing (re-emerging/resurging diseases) and causing multiple epidemic outbreaks2. Furthermore, thanks to the selection of drug-resistant strains, diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis, have conspicuously reappeared among some populations3,5. Finally, this picture is completed by the so-called ‘deliberately emergent’ pathogens (for example, anthrax and smallpox), whose spread could be intentionally planned by humans through bioterrorism3.
Tunneling Magnetoresistive Heads for Magnetic Data Storage (2007)

Spintronics is emerging to be a new form of nanotechnologies, which utilizes not only the charge but also spin degree of freedom of electrons. Spin-dependent tunneling transport is one of the many kinds of physical phenomena involving spintronics, which has already found industrial applications. In this paper, we first provide a brief review on the basic physics and materials for magnetic tunnel junctions, followed more importantly by a detailed coverage on the application of magnetic tunneling devices in magnetic data storage. The use of tunneling magnetoresistive reading heads has helped to maintain a fast growth of areal density, which is one of the key advantages of hard disk drives as compared to solid-state memories. This review is focused on the first commercial tunneling magnetoresistive heads in the industry at an areal density of 80 approximately 100 Gbit/in2 for both laptop and desktop Seagate hard disk drive products using longitudinal media. The first generation tunneling magnetoresistive products utilized a bottom stack of tunnel junctions and an abutted hard bias design. The output signal amplitude of these heads was 3 times larger than that of comparable giant magnetoresistive devices, resulting in a 0.6 decade bit error rate gain over the latter. This has enabled high component and drive yields. Due to the improved thermal dissipation of vertical geometry, the tunneling magnetoresistive head runs cooler with a better lifetime performance, and has demonstrated similar electrical-static-discharge robustness as the giant magnetoresistive devices. It has also demonstrated equivalent or better process and wafer yields compared to the latter. The tunneling magnetoresistive heads are proven to be a mature and capable reader technology. Using the same head design in conjunction with perpendicular recording media, an areal density of 274 Gbit/in2 has been demonstrated, and advanced tunneling magnetoresistive heads can reach 311 Gbit/in2. Today, the tunneling magnetoresistive heads have become a mainstream technology for the hard disk industry and will still be a technology of choice for future hard disk products.
Induction of macrophage secretion of tumor necrosis factor α through Fcγ receptor IIa engagement by rheumatoid arthritis–specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins complexed with fibrinogen (2008)

Our model demonstrates the inflammatory potential of ACPA-containing ICs via engagement of FcgammaRIIa at the surface of macrophages, strongly supporting their pathophysiologic involvement. Continuing dissection of these molecular pathways could open the way to new therapeutic approaches in patients with RA.
High-Electron-Mobility $\hbox{Ge/GeO}_{2}$ n-MOSFETs With Two-Step Oxidation (2011)

We propose a two-step oxidation with high-pressure oxidation and low-temperature oxygen annealing to form ideal Ge/GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> stacks based on thermodynamic and kinetic control. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of Ge/GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MISCAPs with two-step oxidation revealed significant improvements of electrical properties, and the interface states density (Dit) estimated with a low-temperature conductance method that was below 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> eV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> near the midgap. On the basis of our understanding of Ge oxidation, we demonstrated very high electron mobility in Ge n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) that exceeded the universal mobility in Si-MOSFETs. The peak electron mobility in Ge n-MOSFETs with the two-step oxidation was 1100 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V · s in the Al/GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Ge stack. This was achieved by taking care of the Ge/GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> channel interface. Since we clarified that mobility was still limited by the remaining extrinsic scattering sources, the present results promise much higher performance Ge complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor.
Isomerization of Alkyl Chlorides and Bromides by Radiation1 (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsomerization of Alkyl Chlorides and Bromides by Radiation1Masaaki Takehisa, Gerrit Levey, and John E. WillardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 24, 5694–5700Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00976a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00976a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views41Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Rank Order and Image Difference Metrics (2008)

There are a number of ways to reproduce an image, for an example gamut mapping, halftoning and compression. To find the best reproduction among a number of variants of the same reproduction algorithm, a psychophysical experiment can be carried out. Image difference metrics have been introduced to eliminate these experiments. To do this the metrics must reflect the perceived image difference. One way to evaluate the overall performance of image differnece metrics is to compute the correlation coefficient between perceived and predicted image difference. This does not always reflect the true performance of the metric, therefore we propose to use the ranking based on the predicted image difference for each scene as a data set for the rank order method. This results in a z-score similar to the overall perceived image difference, the correlation coefficient between metric z-score and perceived z-score reflects the overall performance of the image difference metrics.
MRI-Determined Psoas Muscle Fat Infiltration Correlates with Severity of Weight Loss during Cancer Cachexia (2021)

In erector spinae muscles, a regional variation of fat distribution at baseline and relative maximum change of muscle parameters was observed. Our results indicate that psoas muscle PDFF and fat volume could serve as MRI-determined biomarkers for early risk stratification and disease monitoring regarding progression and severity of weight loss in cancer cachexia.
Mechanical Behavior of Notched SiC/SiC Composites (2001)

Gas turbine components such as combustor liners or turbine vanes are subject to regions of high stress-concentration, e.g. attachment to the frame or at cooling holes. Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are potential materials for high temperature applications in gas turbines. They offer some capability to relieve stress at regions of high stress-concentration via matrix damage accumulation. In this study notch sensitivity was examined for woven SiC fiber reinforced, melt-infiltrated SiC matrix composites with a BN interphase, utilizing either Hi-Nicalon™ fibers or the stiffer Sylramic® fibers. The double-edge notched tensile test approach was used for a wide range of notch sizes and specimen widths. Both composite systems exhibited mild notch sensitivity similar to other CMC systems. Acoustic emission, detected during the tensile tests, indicated that matrix cracking occurred around notches at net-section stresses below the stress where matrix cracking first occurs in unnotched specimens. However, thermoelastic stress analysis did not show any measurable stress relief around notches after the specimens were preloaded.