gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of Epistemic Action Outweigh the Costs (2003)

Epistemic actions are physical actions people take to simplify internal problem solving rather than to move closer to an external goal.When playing the video game Tetris, for instance, experts routinely rotate falling shapes more than is strictly needed to place the shapes.Maglio and Kirsh (Kirsh & Maglio, 1994;Maglio, 1995) proposed that such actions might serve the purpose of priming memory by external means, reducing the need for internal computation (e.g., by way of mental rotation).This proposal requires that information provided by epistemic actions (e.g., additional views of the shape) serve the same function as memory primes, and that the bene t of such priming exceed the costs of performing the epistemic action.To calculate bene t, we used a novel statistical method for mapping reaction-time data onto an estimate of the increase in individual processing capacity a orded by seeing shapes in multiple orientations.To calculate cost, we used an empirical estimate of time needed to take action in a Tetris game.We found that the bene ts of extra previews far outweigh the costs of taking extra action.
Systematic Review of Surgical Treatment Outcomes of Prostate Metastases to the Spine (2015)

Introduction Treatment of symptomatic spinal metastases through surgical decompression and reconstruction is known to improve quality of life in patients with cancer. However, most studies have been performed on patients with mixed tumor histopathology. We systematically review the literature for prognostic factors specific to the surgical treatment of prostate metastases to the spine to determine the indications and outcomes of the surgical treatment. Material and Methods A systemic review of the literature was conducted to answer the following questions: Q1. Describe the survival and functional outcomes of surgery or vertebral augmentation for prostate metastases to the spine; Q2. Determine whether overall tumor burden, Gleason score, preoperative functional markers, and favorable hormonal naivety for operative intervention; Q3. Establish whether clinical outcomes vary with the evolution of operative techniques. Expert consensus was obtained using a modified Delphi process. Results A total of 16 studies met the preset inclusion criteria. These studies were all retrospective series with a level of evidence of IV. Included studies consistently showed a large effect of hormone naivety on overall survival. In addition, studies consistently demonstrated an improvement in motor function and the ability to maintain/regain ambulation following surgery resulting in moderate strength of recommendation. All other parameters were of insufficient or low strength. Conclusion There is scant literature on the surgical treatment of prostate metastases to the spine, which represents an opportunity for future research. On the basis of the existing evidence, it appears that the surgical treatment of prostate metastases to the spine has consistently favorable results. While no consistent preoperative indicators favor nonoperative treatment, hormone naivety and high Karnofsky Performance Scores have positive effects on survival and clinical outcomes.
Macrolide Antibiotics: Binding Site, Mechanism of Action, Resistance (2005)

Macrolides are among the most clinically important antibiotics. However, many aspects of macrolide action and resistance remain obscure. In this review we summarize the current knowledge, as well as unsolved questions, regarding the principles of macrolide binding to the large ribosomal subunit and the mechanism of drug action. Two mechanisms of macrolide resistance, inducible expression of Erm methyltransferase and peptide-mediated resistance, appear to depend on specific interactions between the ribosome-bound macrolide molecule and the nascent peptide. The similarity between these mechanisms and their relation to the general mode of macrolide action is discussed and the discrepancies between currently available data are highlighted.
Cyclodextrin-Based Nanocomplexes for Sustained Delivery of Human Growth Hormone (2013)

The use of human growth hormone (hGH) as a therapeutic protein has been limited by its instability in biological fluids and short biological half-life in vivo. In this study, glycol chitosan (GC) bearing beta-cyclodextrin (GC-betaCD) as the carrier of hGH was synthesized by the covalent attachment of a carboxymethyl derivative of betaCD to the GC backbone via amide bond formation. The GC-betaCD conjugate could form self-assembled nanoparticles (340 nm in mean diameter) in an aqueous solution, resulting from hydrogen bonding among betaCDs at the backbone of the conjugate. hGH was effectively encapsulated into the nanoparticles because of hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic cavity of betaCD and alkyl or aromatic groups of amino acids in hGH. From the in vitro release experiments, it was found that the nanoparticles released hGH in a sustained manner for 9 days. Overall, the GC-betaCD conjugate might be a promising carrier for sustained delivery of hGH.
The 3D Printing of Calcium Phosphate with K-Carrageenan under Conditions Permitting the Incorporation of Biological Components—A Method (2018)

Critical-size bone defects are a common clinical problem. The golden standard to treat these defects is autologous bone grafting. Besides the limitations of availability and co-morbidity, autografts have to be manually adapted to fit in the defect, which might result in a sub-optimal fit and impaired healing. Scaffolds with precise dimensions can be created using 3-dimensional (3D) printing, enabling the production of patient-specific, 'tailor-made' bone substitutes with an exact fit. Calcium phosphate (CaP) is a popular material for bone tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and biodegradable properties. To enhance bone formation, a bioactive 3D-printed CaP scaffold can be created by combining the printed CaP scaffold with biological components such as growth factors and cytokines, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, the 3D-printing of CaP with a biological component is challenging since production techniques often use high temperatures or aggressive chemicals, which hinders/inactivates the bioactivity of the incorporated biological components. Therefore, in our laboratory, we routinely perform extrusion-based 3D-printing with a biological binder at room temperature to create porous scaffolds for bone healing. In this method paper, we describe in detail a 3D-printing procedure for CaP paste with K-carrageenan as a biological binder.
Synchronization in the cell cycle by inhibitors of DNA replication induces histone H2AX phosphorylation: an indication of DNA damage (2006)

Several methods to synchronize cultured cells in the cell cycle are based on temporary inhibition of DNA replication. Previously it has been reported that cells synchronized this way exhibited significant growth imbalance and unscheduled expression of cyclins A and B1. We have now observed that HL-60 cells exposed to inhibitors of DNA replication (thymidine, aphidicolin and hydroxyurea), at concentrations commonly used to synchronize cell populations, had histone H2AX phosphorylated on Ser-139. This modification of H2AX, a marker of DNA damage (induction of DNA double-strand breaks; DSBs), was most pronounced in S-phase cells, and led to their apoptosis. Thus, to a large extent, synchronization was caused by selective kill of DNA replicating cells through induction of replication stress. In fact, similar synchronization has been achieved by exposure of cells to the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, a cytotoxic drug known to target S-phase cells. A large proportion of the surviving cells 'synchronized' by DNA replication inhibitors at the G1/S boundary had phosphorylated histone H2AX. Inhibitors of DNA replication, thus, not only selectively kill DNA replicating cells, induce growth imbalance and alter the machinery regulating progression through the cycle, but they also cause DNA damage involving formation of DSBs in the surviving ('synchronized') cells. The above effects should be taken into account when interpreting data obtained with the use of cells synchronized by inhibitors of DNA replication.
Performance Analysis of Power Saving Mechanism with Adjustable DRX Cycles in 3GPP LTE (2008)

Long-term evolution (LTE) of the UMTS terrestrial radio access and radio access network is considered to ensure the competitiveness of 3GPP radio-access technology in a longer time frame. To minimize/optimize the user equipment (UE) power consumption, and further to support various services and large amount of data transmissions, a discontinuous reception (DRX) mechanism with adjustable DRX cycles has been adopted in LTE RRC_CONNECTED mode. In this paper, we take an overview of the DRX cycle adjustable feature of the LTE power saving mechanism and further modeling the mechanism with bursty packet data traffic using a semi-Markov process. The analytical results, which are validated against simulation experiments, show that LTE DRX achieves power saving gains over UMTS DRX at the price of prolonging wake-up delay. Based on the analytical model, effects of the DRX parameters on the power saving and wake-up delay performance are also investigated, and the results verify a trade-off relationship between the power saving and wake-up delay performance.
Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma: an unusual entity (2003)

A74-year-old woman was noted to have a lesion in her right breast. It was painless and had been present for an unknown period. There were no other associated symptoms. A clinically large, firm, non-tender mass (3×4 cm) was felt in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. There was minimal adherence to overlying tissue. On further examination, no evidence of metastatic disease was found. There was no past history of breast disease. Mammography demonstrated a well-circumscribed soft tissue mass (40 mm) without associated microcalcification or conspicuous regions of fat density (Figure 1). Ultrasound demonstrated an ellipsoid, lobular, solid mass of variable parenchymal reflectivity (Figure 1). No cystic component was identified. The mass was predominantly hyperreflective compared with adjacent parenchyma, with a few regions casting acoustic shadowing. Colour Doppler energy imaging demonstrated prominent abnormal vessels within the mass. Based on the clinical findings a provisional diagnosis of a carcinoma was made. In view of the hyperreflectivity, vascularity, and relatively small amount of acoustic shadowing, a differential diagnosis of hamartoma, phylloides tumour or sarcoma was offered. Under ultrasound guidance, core biopsy was undertaken. A diagnosis of pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma (PASH) was made, although angiocarcinoma could not be excluded. The mass was then surgically excised. The tumour was of a rubbery texture and was shelled out from the surrounding stroma with ease. It had a capsule and was solid throughout (Figure 2). Further histology confirmed the core biopsy diagnosis of PASH (Figure 3). This was supported by immunohistochemistry. The patient recovered without incident.
Physical design level PPA evaluation of buried power rail at 2nm node (2023)

The backside of the silicon substrate is predicted to be heavily exploited by the next generation of integrated circuits to fulfill the increasingly challenging task of delivering current to billions of transistors. The buried power rail presented in this paper represents an enticing way to start transitioning from the frontside to the backside by moving the power rails in the silicon substrate. This is achieved by leveraging the large portions of Shallow Trench Isolation between fin-based devices. A metal layer is added to a conventional BEOL stack to enable this technology in commercial EDA tools for physical implementation and IR drop analysis. A comprehensive PPA evaluation of the buried power rail is performed at the block level, using a 64-bit CPU block and imec A14 nanosheet PDK. Typical physical design parameters are varied in the process to understand the impact of buried power rail in different conditions. The results show performance improvements both in iso-target (from 2% to 3.5%) and maximum frequency (from 9.5% to 12%). Both stem from a 7% shorter wirelength and 16% smaller area. From the IR drop perspective, better results are obtained with the buried rails showing a reduction up to 33% and enabling the use of sparser power delivery structures. This paper shows how moving the power rails to the substrate represents a powerful block-level knob for power delivery network optimization and as a performance booster.
Integrated Clustering and Feature Selection Scheme for Text Documents. (2010)

Problem statement: Text documents are the unstructured databases that contain raw data collection. The clustering techniques are used group up the text documents with reference to its similarity. Approach: The feature selection techniques were used to improve the efficiency and accuracy of clustering process. The feature selection was done by eliminate the redundant and irrelevant items from the text document contents. Statistical methods were used in the text clustering and feature selection algorithm. The cube size is very high and accuracy is low in the term based text clustering and feature selection method. The semantic clustering and feature selection method was proposed to improve the clustering and feature selection mechanism with semantic relations of the text documents. The proposed system was designed to identify the semantic relations using the ontology. The ontology was used to represent the term and concept relationship. Results: The synonym, meronym and hypernym relationships were represented in the ontology. The concept weights were estimated with reference to the ontology. The concept weight was used for the clustering process. The system was implemented in two methods. They were term clustering with feature selection and semantic clustering with feature selection. Conclusion: The performance analysis was carried out with the term clustering and semantic clustering methods. The accuracy and efficiency factors were analyzed in the performance analysis.
Associations between sleep and eye diseases: The concurrent promotion of sleep health and tackling knowledge gaps is key for better public health outcomes (2023)

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Novel optical frequency comb synthesis using optical feedback (1990)

An optical frequency synthesiser configured as a loop comprising a frequency translator and an amplifier, is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. Generated comb spectra show that the number of teeth observed increases dramatically as the loop losses approach zero.
Pseudorabies Virus and Brucella abortus from an Expanding Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) Population in Southern Oklahoma, USA (2016)

Wild pigs ( Sus scrofa ) are causing increasing ecologic and economic damage at a global scale. Because wild pigs can carry ≥65 diseases that affect livestock, their widespread expansion threatens native wildlife and livestock. We screened wild pigs from south-central Oklahoma, US for antibodies against Brucella abortus , pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS). These pathogens were chosen because they are part of eradication programs in the US and could have large economic impacts on domestic livestock if transmitted from wild animals. We tested 282 serum samples during spring 2010 (n=149) and 2011 (n=133) and found an overall exposure rate to PRV of 24.1% (n=68); PRV was detected at two of three study sites. Two wild pigs had detectable antibody to B. abortus , and one had detectable antibody to PRRS. On average, 27% of wild pigs within a sounder were positive for PRV antibody, with 44% of the sounders (16/36) having at least one positive individual. These data highlight that wild pigs could carry pathogens that affect domestic livestock. Because the US is free of these pathogens in commercial livestock operations, continued surveillance and vaccination of domestic livestock are needed. Commercial livestock producers at the wildlife-livestock interface may benefit from spatial prioritization of risk zones to facilitate strategic control efforts.
Epitaxial growth and ferrimagnetic behavior of MnFe2O4(111) ultrathin layers for room-temperature spin filtering (2011)

We report on the epitaxial growth and physical properties of spinel MnFe${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$(111) thin films with thicknesses down to 2 nm. The thin films, grown on $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Al${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$(0001) single crystals or Pt(111) buffer layers by oxygen-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, exhibit high structural order with sharp interfaces and low roughness. The electrical and magnetic properties are carefully investigated and it is shown that MnFe${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$(111) ultrathin films keep an insulating and ferrimagnetic behavior at room temperature. Special attention is given to the iron/manganese valence state and the cationic ordering. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism measurements reveal that thin films contain mainly Fe${}^{3+}$ and Mn${}^{2+}$ cations, distributed predominantly in a normal spinel structure. This study proves the high potential of MnFe${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ to be used as a magnetic tunnel barrier for spin filtering applications at room temperature.
Sensitivity advantage of a two- over one-compartment diffusion model for studying aging: An analytic demonstration (2023)

Recent diffusion modeling studies aim to distinguish age-related degenerative processes specific to white matter fibers, such as axonal myelination and dispersion, from age-related elevated isotropic diffusivity, resulting from, e.g., enlargement of the extracellular space. Here we analytically investigate the relationship between two single-shell approaches for distinguishing these effects, respectively based on a one- and two-compartment model. We derive a nonlinear relationship between the models that renders a sensitivity advantage to the two-compartment model, and find that a linear elevation of an isotropic compartment with age explains the well-documented phenomenon of accelerated MD elevations (faster radially than axially) in aging.
Study on the quantity and age structure of rural surplus labor force in China. (2009)

Based on the data from the Second National Agriculture Census in 2006,this paper analyzed the absolute quantity and age structure of China rural surplus labor force by the classical approach. It showed that the migration of rural labor force was still far away from Lewis turning point,and mingong huang( shortage of peasant workforce) appearing in coastal areas could be explained with the location separation between the labor-intensive industries and rural labor force. It was a feasible and an effective way to push forward the transfer of labor-intensive industries from the east coast to central and Western China to absorb the abundant supply of rural labor force.
Auction-based power allocation for relay communication (2010)

In this paper, the auction theory based power allocation is investigated for relay communications, wherein all relays bid for the transmit power from a server. A target BER at the destination is introduced as the power-bidding criterion to guarantee the received signal's availability. For maximizing the revenue, all relay nodes compete for the limit power resource and attain the Nash equilibrium. Given the local information, we develop a dynamic updating algorithm to adjust the allocation. Moreover, the stability of the dynamic algorithm is demonstrated and analyzed.
Initial ion equatorial pitch angle distributions from medium and high energy neutral atom images obtained by IMAGE (2001)

Examples of the extraction of equatorial ion pitch angle distributions from energetic neutral atom images taken by the HENA instrument on June 10, 2000 between 1200 and 1600 UT and MENA on August 12, 2000 at about 1000 UT on board the IMAGE satellite are presented. The extraction is performed using a method of deconvolution that expands the unknown equatorial ion pitch angle distribution in terms of tri‐cubic splines, and then finds the expansion coefficients by requiring that the result fit the data and be as smooth as possible.
Incidence and potentiation of external and internal fetal anomalies resulting from chlordiazepoxide and amitriptyline alone and in combination (1984)

The teratogenic potential of a combination of chlordiazepoxide (Cdz) and amitriptyline (Amt) was examined with regard to both internal and external anomalies. Timed pregnant golden hamsters were given a single intraperitoneal injection on day 8 of gestation of one of the following: chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (28.5 mg/kg), amitriptyline hydrochloride (70.3 mg/kg), Cdz-Amt combination (28.5 mg/kg Cdz + 70.3 mg/kg Amt, in order to retain the 1:2.5 dose ratio utilized in a clinically-used preparation of these agents), or saline vehicle (control). Fetuses were recovered on gestation day 15 following maternal sacrifice. Cranial malformations were analyzed in Bouin's-fixed fetuses by making 1-mm coronal sections through each head, whereas visceral anomalies were examined following general dissection of each body. Amt alone produced a significant (P less than 0.05) incidence of bent tail and encephalocele, whereas Cdz significantly (P less than 0.05) altered the male:female ratio of surviving fetuses when compared with saline-injected controls. The Cdz-Amt combination caused significant increases in cranial malformations, open eye, bent tail, abnormal lung, and urogenital anomalies. The teratogenic effects of potentiation between the components of this combination are discussed in terms of external and internal malformations.
Two-color nanoscopy of organelles for extended times with HIDE probes (2019)

Abstract Performing multi-color nanoscopy for extended times is challenging due to the rapid photobleaching rate of most fluorophores. Here we describe a new fluorophore (Yale-595) and a bio-orthogonal labeling strategy that enables both super-resolution (STED) and 3D confocal imaging of two organelles simultaneously for extended times using high-density environmentally sensitive (HIDE) probes. Because HIDE probes are small, cell-permeant molecules, they can visualize organelle pairs (ER + mitochondria, ER + plasma membrane) in hard-to-transfect cell lines at super-resolution for up to 7 minutes. The extended time domain possible using these new tools reveal novel dynamic nanoscale targeting between organelles.
FIB-4 Score as a Useful Screening Test for Diagnosing Liver Fibrosis (2017)

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