gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Avoiding losses of relevant ideas in inventive design (2014)

In all engineering design models, the very first reaction of decision makers usually has a strong impact on the result of the early evaluation/selection. This especially true in inventive design, where information is often incomplete, conflicting and permanently evolving. Consequently, many inventive ideas are abandoned based on the intuition. Our paper focuses on preventing losses of relevant ideas during the early evaluation stage and give a company additional chances to valuate inventive design process. The paper also presents an approach to handle this situation. Several steps to perform the feasibility evaluation and proof of concept will be presented and demonstrated with a real case study.
AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN CALIFORNIA PATH (1996)

This paper covers the following topics: automated highway systems intelligent control, hierarchical control, and advanced vehicle control systems. IN JAPANESE WITH SUMMARY IN ENGLISH
pH sensing via bicarbonate-regulated “soluble” adenylyl cyclase (sAC) (2013)

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a source of the second messenger cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cAMP). sAC is directly regulated by bicarbonate (HCO(-) 3) ions. In living cells, HCO(-) 3 ions are in nearly instantaneous equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) and pH due to the ubiquitous presence of carbonic anhydrases. Numerous biological processes are regulated by CO2, HCO(-) 3, and/or pH, and in a number of these, sAC has been shown to function as a physiological CO2/HCO3/pH sensor. In this review, we detail the known pH sensing functions of sAC, and we discuss two highly-studied, pH-dependent pathways in which sAC might play a role.
Midshaft clavicular fractures Operative versus nonoperative treatment (2011)

抽 样 利用MEDLINE检索发表于1999年1月至2011年1月间的关于比较手术与非手术治疗锁骨中段骨折的研究.共检出57篇文献,其中3篇随机对照研究(CoEⅡ)和1篇前瞻性性队列研究(CoE Ⅲ)符合纳入标准,证据等级为Ⅳ的研究不纳入本评价中.Midshaft clavicular fractures Operative versus nonoperative treatmentDavid L HelfetAO Publishing,Switzerland Clavadelerstrasse,CH-7270Davos Platz
Innovating immunology: an interview with Ruslan Medzhitov (2011)

Ruslan Medzhitov was inspired to become a researcher in immunology on reading a 1989 paper written by Charles Janeway that outlined a new theory for immune system activation. Just a few years later, having achieved a postdoc position in Janeway’s lab, he carried out the experiments that confirmed the theory, re-igniting interest in the field of innate immunity and launching his own career. Here, he discusses this early discovery and explains what he considers the three most important questions facing immunologists today.
Semantic Video Adaptation using a Preprocessing Method for Mobile Environment (2010)

Video adaptation is critical for video encoding and streaming in mobile environment. Semantic video adaptation takes into account the degree of relevance of different part of the image and tries to adapt video content to meet wireless channel constraint. Making assumption that only changing region of the video is important to mobile user, we propose a real-time semantic level adaptation technique based on video preprocessing. Firstly moving foreground of a video frame is segmented from background scene. Then a low-pass filter is applied to the background of the video frame before it is encoded. By this way, background is blurred and video encoder is forced to allocate more bit rate to foreground part of the frame than the background thus improves the quality of semantically significant portion of the image. To improve robustness a user feedback strategy is employed enabling user to choose the degree of background blurring according their preferences. The simulation result shows that the proposed method improves the quality of encoded video by both subjective and objective measurement.
An Air-Cooled Jacket Designed to Protect Unsteady Pressure Transducers at Elevated Temperatures in Gas Turbine Engines (2002)

Current unsteady pressure sensors have a limiting upper temperature range and with few exceptions cannot survive at the temperatures experienced in gas turbine aero-engines. This paper describes a design and development study of an air-cooled commercially available unsteady pressure transducer capable of operation at temperatures exceeding 900 °C. The research objective for this work is the following: To design a cooling adapter, using air as the cooling media, capable of protecting a standard unsteady pressure transducer, whose maximum operating temperature is around 250 °C. in a gas turbine engine environment where temperatures typically reach 800–l500 °C. In addition the provision of thermal protection must not adversely effect the measurement of unsteady pressure and the cooling adapter and transducer assembly must be small enough to access critical parts of the engine. Current transducer can operate at temperatures exceeding 250 °C; the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the additional protection offered by air-cooling. The paper describes the validation experiments conducted for this design, the level of thermal protection achieved and the frequency response of the transducer/cooling jacket assembly.
7.2 A 12nm Programmable Convolution-Efficient Neural-Processing-Unit Chip Achieving 825TOPS (2020)

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) represent a key application in data centers, which calls for accelerators that are: 1) efficient for CNN computations; 2) having high throughput to be cost-efficient; and, 3) with adequate programming flexibility for algorithm upgrades. Lacking of the availability of such a chip in the market, we designed our own. Matrix multiplication (MM) and convolution (CONV) are the top-2 deep learning (DL) operations requiring intensive computation. Most existing accelerators, like GPUs [6], [7], TPU [9], and a few new AI chips [3], [4] are architected for GEMM. Computing CONV on a GEMM engine, one needs the img2col() transformation to flatten images into general matrixes. This introduces huge data inflation, leading to unnecessary extra computation and storage, but also decreasing arithmetic intensity and bounding performance towards I/O and memory. Although some accelerators such as [5] exploit the CONV architecture directly, integrating larger but balanced computing power into a single chip is quite challenging. Moreover, with the fast evolution of DL algorithms, it is critical to design a programmable neural processing unit (NPU) instead of a dedicated ASIC for data center scenarios. To satisfy the above requirements, our NPU is architected to be CONV-efficient under the control of operation-fused coarse-grained instructions. It integrates as much computing power as possible via squeezed computation with a large SRAM-only design. Also, it delivers programming flexibility via an instruction set architecture (ISA) with coverage for anticipated forward-looking functionality.
Hypocarbia in the ventilated preterm infant and its effect on intraventricular haemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2002)

The risk of severe IVH/PVL was significantly increased by hypocarbia. There was also an association between hypocarbia and BPD, particularly when hypocarbia was prolonged. These findings suggest that avoidance of hypocarbia may reduce the incidence of severe IVH/PVL and BPD in preterm infants.
Beam-based Feedback for the NLC Linac (2004)

The NLC linac train-by-train feedback system is designed to stabilize the beam trajectory, but is also a valuable element in the strategy for emittance preservation. New simulations employ improved strategies [1], allowing beam steering to be performed significantly less often than without the feedback system. Additional simulations indicate that the linac feedback can contribute towards successful operation at noisier sites.
WiMAX Cell Level Simulation Platform Based on ns-2 and DSP Integration (2010)

WiMAX Cell Level Simulation Platform Based on ns-2 and DSP Integration The WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) system based on the IEEE 802.16 family of standards is a promising technology for last-mile access. Both IEEE 802.16 and 3GPP-LTE systems candidate for becoming the 4G network of choice. The need to evaluate multiple performance enhancing techniques like MIMO, OFDM(A), novel channel coding schemes like non-binary LDPC codes, together with development of standards like IEEE 802.21, that aims at enabling handover and interoperability between heterogeneous network types, make rapid prototyping-based simulations an important issue. This paper presents a novel approach to 4G-oriented simulation environment that integrates popular network simulator (ns-2) and a Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to enable comprehensive link layer and cell level simulations. Proposed simulation environment is intended as an evaluation platform for assessing QoS/QoE and Connection Admission Control (CAC) algorithms designed for WiMAX systems. Moreover we study ways to improve simulation time (with focus on AWGN channel simulation) by using CUDA parallel processing technology for NVIDIA graphic cards.
Contrace: Traceroute Facility for Content-Centric Network (2017)

Internet-Draft, ICN Research Group, draft-asaeda-icnrg-contrace-04
Electron Microscopic Study of the Graffi Virus in Bone Marrow of Leukemic Mice. (1966)

Bone marrow from C57BL mice with myeloid leukemia induced by Graffi virus has been studied with the electron microscope by ultrathin section and negative stain techniques. Virus particles were usually found in different types of bone marrow cells as well as in extracellular spaces. However, the highest number of particles in various stages of maturation was observed in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. Two main types of virus particle were found: the immature Al particle and the mature C particle. They were morphologically indistinguishable from other murine leukemogenic viruses. In partially purified preparations studied by negative staining, some of the particles which were not penetrated by PTA, frequently showed a tail-like structure of variable length. In ultrathin sections, particles were found to originate by budding from the cell membranes. Budding of particles was particularly evident in megakaryocytes and especially within the granules and cytoplasmic vesicles or in connection with the platelet demarcating membranes. The findings of a high number of virus particles in all stages of maturation in megakaryocytes together with a certain degree of megakaryocytosis observed in the bone marrow suggest that this type of cell is possibly one of the main source of production of the virus. A few particles resembling morphologically mycoplasma were detected within the cytoplasm of some immature bone marrow cells.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones (2009)

Ruthenium-based catalysts utilizing hybrid NH2-benzimidazole ligands were prepared and applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation of aryl ketones. The hydrogenations proceed in both protic and non-protic solvents and the product ­alcohols are obtained in high enantioselectivity, even with a substrate-to-catalyst ratio of 50000. In addition, the use of these ligands is reported to result in a reversal of the typically observed chiral induction.
Hemolglobin encapsulation in chitosan/calcium alginate beads (1994)

Abstract A mild chitosan/calcium alginate encapsulation process, as applied to encapsulation of hemoglobin, was investigated. The first procedure consisted of adding dropwise a hemoglobin‐containing sodium alginate mixture in a chitosan solution, then hardening the interior of capsules thus formed, in the presence of CaCl 2 . In the second method, the droplets were directly pulled off in a chitosan–CaCl 2 mixture. Both procedures led to beads containing a high concentration in entrapped hemoglobin as more than 90% of the initial concentration (150 g/L) were retained inside the beads provided that the chitosan concentration was great enough. The molecular weight of chitosan (M̄ u 245,000 or 390,000) and the pH of its solution (2, 4, or 5.4) had only a slight effect, the best retention being obtained with beads prepared at pH 5.4. The hemoglobin release during the bead storage in water was found to depend on the conditions of their formation and especially on the chitosan molecular weight. The best retention during storage in water was obtained with beads prepared with the high M̄ u chitosan solution at pH 2. Considering the total loss in hemoglobin during the bead formation and after 1 month of storage in water, the best results were obtained by preparing the beads in an 8 g/L solution of a 390,000 chitosan at pH 4 (less than 7% of loss with regard to the 150 mg/L initial concentration). © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
A Survey of Adversarial Machine Learning in Cyber Warfare (2018)

&lt;div class="page" title="Page 1"&gt;&lt;div class="layoutArea"&gt;&lt;div class="column"&gt;&lt;p&gt;The changing nature of warfare has seen a paradigm shift from the conventional to asymmetric, contactless warfare such as information and cyber warfare. Excessive dependence on information and communication technologies, cloud infrastructures, big data analytics, data-mining and automation in decision making poses grave threats to business and economy in adversarial environments. Adversarial machine learning is a fast growing area of research which studies the design of Machine Learning algorithms that are robust in adversarial environments. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of this emerging area and the various techniques of adversary modelling. We explore the threat models for Machine Learning systems and describe the various techniques to attack and defend them. We present privacy issues in these models and describe a cyber-warfare test-bed to test the effectiveness of the various attack-defence strategies and conclude with some open problems in this area of research.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Petrosal Bone: Coronal Reconstructions from Axial Spiral CT Data Obtained with 0.5-mm Collimation Can Replace Direct Coronal Sequential CT Scans (1999)

Coronal MPR images from axial spiral CT obtained with 0.5-mm collimation can replace direct coronal sequential CT scans.
The role of translational research in addressing health disparities: a conceptual framework. (2008)

Translational research has tremendous potential as a tool to reduce health disparities in the United States, but a lack of common understanding about the scope of this dynamic, multidisciplinary approach to research has limited its use. The term "translational research" is often associated with the phrase "bench to bedside," but the expedited movement of biomedical advances from the laboratory to clinical trials is only the first phase of the translational process. The second phase of translation, wherein innovations are moved from the bedside to real-world practice, is equally important, but it receives far less attention. Due in part to this imbalance, tremendous amounts of money and effort are spent expanding the boundaries of understanding and investigating the molecular underpinnings of disease and illness, while far fewer resources are devoted to improving the mechanisms by which those advances will be used to actually improve health outcomes. To foster awareness of the complete translational process and understanding of its value, we have developed two complementary models that provide a unifying conceptual framework for translational research. Specifically, these models integrate many elements of the National Institutes of Health roadmap for the future of medical research and provide a salient conceptualization of how a wide range of research endeavors from different disciplines can be used harmoniously to make progress toward achieving two overarching goals of Healthy People 2010--increasing the quality and years of healthy life and eliminating health disparities.
S123 Prevalence of Non-Pancreatic Incidental Findings Noted on MRI and EUS Performed for Pancreatic Cancer Screening (2021)

Introduction: National guidelines recommend EUS and MRI for pancreatic cancer screening in high-risk individuals with genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. While studies have assessed the diagnostic yield for pancreatic pathology, there are limited data on prevalence of incidental findings, which can impact cost-effectiveness of screening and patient preferences. Our goal was to determine the prevalence and clinical impact of non-pancreatic incidental findings noted on screening MRI and EUS. Methods: We searched our institutional database and identified all patients who enrolled in pancreatic cancer screening from 2015 to 2020. We then selected 100 consecutive patients who underwent MRCP and EUS for screening. For patients who underwent more than one test, the first test was used for analysis. Incidental findings were categorized as “potentially serious” or “not serious” as defined by Gibson LM et al (PMID: 30467245). We then reviewed medical records to determine clinical impact of incidental findings by categorizing further assessment as: no follow-up need, referred to specialist, non-invasive testing recommended, or invasive test/procedure recommended. Results: We identified 90 of 100 consecutive patients who underwent MRI for pancreatic cancer screening for whom complete data was available. We then identified 90 consecutive patients who underwent EUS for screening. Patient demographics and indication for screening are given in Table 1. The average age of study subjects was 62 years, and most were white and female. Patients who underwent MRI were almost 5-times more likely to have incidental findings when compared to EUS group (RR=4.9; 84% versus 20%, p< 0.001). Most findings in both groups were not serious. In the MRI group, the most common non-serious findings were liver and kidney cysts. Potentially serious findings were noted in 17% of patients undergoing MRI and 7% of patients undergoing EUS (OR=2.8, P=0.03). Clinical follow-up of incidental findings was needed in 32% in MRI group and 4% in EUS group (p< 0.001). Invasive testing for incidental findings was noted in 5.6% in MRI group versus 1% in EUS group (P=0.1). Conclusion: An almost 5-fold difference in prevalence of incidental findings was noted between patients undergoing MRI and EUS for pancreatic cancer screening. These findings should be discussed with patients when counseling them on choosing between these modalities.Table 1.: Non-pancreatic incidental findings in patients undergoing pancreatic cancer screening.
A gold glyco-nanoparticle carrying a listeriolysin O peptide and formulated with Advax™ delta inulin adjuvant induces robust T-cell protection against listeria infection (2015)

In the search for an effective vaccine against the human pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria), gold glyconanoparticles (GNP) loaded with a listeriolysin O peptide LLO91-99 (GNP-LLO) were used to immunise mice, initially using a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine approach, but subsequently using a standard parenteral immunisation approach. To enhance vaccine immunogenicity a novel polysaccharide adjuvant based on delta inulin (Advax™) was also co-formulated with the GNP vaccine. Confirming previous results, DC loaded in vitro with GNP-LLO provided better protection against listeriosis than DC loaded in vitro using free LLO peptide. The immunogenicity of GNP-LLO loaded DC vaccines was further increased by addition of Advax™ adjuvant. However, as DC vaccines are expensive and impracticable for prophylactic use, we next asked whether the same GNP-LLO antigen could be used to directly target DC in vivo. Immunisation of mice with GNP-LLO plus Advax™ adjuvant induced LLO-specific T-cell immunity and protection against Listeria challenge. Protection correlated with an increased frequency of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, NK cells and CD8α(+) DC, and Th1 cytokine production (IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MCP-1), post-challenge. Enhanced T-cell epitope recruitment post-challenge was seen in the groups that received Advax™ adjuvant. Immunisation with GNP-LLO91-99 plus Advax™ adjuvant provided equally robust Listeria protection as the best DC vaccine strategy but without the complexity and cost, making this a highly promising strategy for development of a prophylactic vaccine against listeriosis.
Identification and Synthesis of Quinolizidines with Anti-Influenza A Virus Activity (2020)

Influenza A virus infection causes a contagious respiratory illness that poses a threat to human health. However, there are limited anti-influenza A therapeutics available, which is further compounded by the emergence of drug resistant viruses. In this study, Sophora quinolizidine alkaloids were identified as a new class of anti-influenza A virus agents. Among the tested Sophora alkaloids, dihydroaloperine exhibited the most potent activity with an EC50 of 11.2 μM. The potency of the quinolizidine alkaloids was improved by approximately 5-fold with chemical modifications on the aloperine molecule. These compounds were effective against an H1N1 influenza A virus that was resistant to the two antiflu drugs oseltamivir and amantadine. The identification of the quinolizidine alkaloids as effective and novel anti-influenza A agents may aid in the development of new therapeutics.
Relationship between ciliary sulcus diameter and anterior chamber diameter and corneal diameter (2010)

Results suggest that direct measurement of the ciliary sulcus by UBM would reduce the percentage of complications related to intraocular lens sizing over the percentage when sizing is based on WTW diameter.
Gefitinib, an EGFR Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor, Prevents Smoke-Mediated Ciliated Airway Epithelial Cell Loss and Promotes Their Recovery (2016)

Cigarette smoke exposure is a major health hazard. Ciliated cells in the epithelium of the airway play a critical role in protection against the noxious effects of inhaled cigarette smoke. Ciliated cell numbers are reduced in smokers which weakens host defense and leads to disease. The mechanisms for the loss of ciliated cells are not well understood. The effects of whole cigarette smoke exposure on human airway ciliated ciliated cells were examined using in vitro cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells and a Vitrocell 1 VC 10 1 Smoking Robot. These experiments showed that whole cigarette smoke causes the loss of differentiated ciliated cells and inhibits differentiation of ciliated cells from undifferentiated basal cells. Furthermore, treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gefitinib, during smoke exposure prevents ciliated cell loss and promotes ciliated cell differentiation from basal cells. Finally, restoration of ciliated cells was inhibited after smoke exposure was ceased but was enhanced by Gefitinib treatment. These data suggest that inhibition of EGFR activity may provide therapeutic benefit for treating smoke related diseases.
Corrigendum: A reversible cell penetrating peptide-cargo linkage allows dissection of cell penetrating peptide-and cargo- dependent effects on internalization and identifies new functionalities of putative endolytic peptides (2023)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1070464.].
Bacillus cereus Causing Fulminant Sepsis and Hemolysis in Two Patients With Acute Leukemia (1999)

Bacillus cereus infection can have a fulminant clinical course that may be complicated by massive intravascular hemolysis. This pathogen should be suspected in immunosuppressed patients who experience gastrointestinal symptoms and should not be precluded by the absence of fever, especially if steroids such as dexamethasone are being given. Exchange transfusion may be lifesaving in Bacillus cereus septicemia associated with massive hemolysis.