gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlating Plasma Emissivity And Etch Depth* (2005)

The control and monitoring of plasma properties during the dry etch process remains important in Si-based technology. The authors will discuss how plasma emissivity and etch uniformity are related by carefully controlling the plasma conditions. Spatially resolved optical imaging experiments were performed in a parallel plate reactor known as the Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) RF Reference Cell. With 4 inch diameter Al electrodes and a 1 inch spacing separating them, the Reference Cell was designed and constructed as a standardized etching system, the results of which are intended to be used to compare theoretical models. In this work, the authors examine the plasma uniformity simultaneously to etching single 3 inch silicon wafers with a simple test pattern in a 30 sccm CF{sub 4}/15 sccm Ar plasma for several discharge conditions. With real-time process uniformity control as the goal, by monitoring the SR-OES during the etch process, the relationship between plasma emissivity and etch uniformity can be determined.
All-optical power and data transfer in catheters using an efficient LED (2015)

Diagnostic value of minimally invasive medical devices can be improved by putting electronic functionality at the tip. At the same time the device should remain slim, flexible and affordable. We show transfer of high power and data over a catheter by a single optical fiber and LED. We find that simultaneous photovoltaic power conversion and data communication can be achieved via Photo-Induced Electro Luminescence (PEL), but only in case the LED has a high bidirectional conversion efficiency (η&lt;0.3). This eliminates the necessity of using thin electrical wires with fragile interconnects that compromise bandwidth as well as RF and MRI compatibility.
Conceptual study of AC-powered switched non-polarized-capacitors based solid-state bipolar Marx pulse generator (2017)

The conventional unipolar Marx generator can be employed for bipolar pulsed electric field by adding a high-voltage H-bridge at the load side which necessitates stacked switches. Alternatively, bipolar Marx generator with low-voltage switches can be employed. The existing bipolar Marx generators are typically fed from dc supplies, where polarized capacitors are employed. The capacitance of involved capacitors is selected such that the total energy stored in the generator's capacitors is higher than the bipolar pulse energy. As a result, polarized capacitors with relatively high capacitances are required. In addition, a high number of controlled switches per stage are required (at least four switches per stage). In this paper, a new solid-state bipolar Marx pulse generator with only three controlled switches per stage is proposed. The proposed generator is fed from sinusoidal/square ac voltage and non-polarized capacitors with low capacitance are employed. The proposed bipolar Marx-generator can be used effectively with resistive loads for exponential pulse generation. A detailed illustration of the proposed approach is presented and a discussion, to elucidate the differences between the proposed pulse generator and the other existing ones, are presented. Simulation results for the proposed pulse generator are presented to validate the concept. Finally, experimental results have been obtained from a low-voltage model of the proposed generator.
A practical toolset for TERS experiments and analysis (2020)

This work proposes a set of hardware and software tools to improve the usability of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) systems. TERS is capable of providing optical images with resolution beyond the light’s diffraction limit while also providing chemical and structural information, which makes it a technique of interest for nanoscience and nanotechnology applications. Specifically, this work aims to develop hardware and software solutions to better understand the TERS probe’s interaction with an electromagnetic field, providing insights on: optical probe alignment methods, optimization of probe’s constructive parameters and super-resolution.
Aside from the development of the necessary instruments, this task also comprehends the study of TERS probe’s interaction with light via Finite Element Method simulations in addition to TERS experiments with graphene under a series of environmental conditions that affect the local electromagnetic field in a controlled manner. 
Furthermore, the work also comprehends the use of data analysis techniques, specifically Spectral Unmixing and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), with the objective of efficiently extracting information from hyperspectral images in a non supervised manner via dimensionality reduction.
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) (2022)

This paper extends frequency domain quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) methods pursuing higher sensitivity to detect Brain Developmental Disorders. Prior qEEG work lacked integration of cross-spectral information omitting important functional connectivity descriptors. Lack of geographical diversity precluded accounting for site-specific variance, increasing qEEG nuisance variance. We ameliorate these weaknesses. (i) Create lifespan Riemannian multinational qEEG norms for cross-spectral tensors. These norms result from the HarMNqEEG project fostered by the Global Brain Consortium. We calculate the norms with data from 9 countries, 12 devices, and 14 studies, including 1564 subjects. Instead of raw data, only anonymized metadata and EEG cross-spectral tensors were shared. After visual and automatic quality control, developmental equations for the mean and standard deviation of qEEG traditional and Riemannian DPs were calculated using additive mixed-effects models. We demonstrate qEEG "batch effects" and provide methods to calculate harmonized z-scores. (ii) We also show that harmonized Riemannian norms produce z-scores with increased diagnostic accuracy predicting brain dysfunction produced by malnutrition in the first year of life and detecting COVID induced brain dysfunction. (iii) We offer open code and data to calculate different individual z-scores from the HarMNqEEG dataset. These results contribute to developing bias-free, low-cost neuroimaging technologies applicable in various health settings.
Femtosecond laser 3D micromachining: a powerful tool for the fabrication of microfluidic, optofluidic, and electrofluidic devices based on glass (2014)

Femtosecond lasers have unique characteristics of ultrashort pulse width and extremely high peak intensity; however, one of the most important features of femtosecond laser processing is that strong absorption can be induced only at the focus position inside transparent materials due to nonlinear multiphoton absorption. This exclusive feature makes it possible to directly fabricate three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic devices in glass microchips by two methods: 3D internal modification using direct femtosecond laser writing followed by chemical wet etching (femtosecond laser-assisted etching, FLAE) and direct ablation of glass in water (water-assisted femtosecond laser drilling, WAFLD). Direct femtosecond laser writing also enables the integration of micromechanical, microelectronic, and microoptical components into the 3D microfluidic devices without stacking or bonding substrates. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art femtosecond laser 3D micromachining for the fabrication of microfluidic, optofluidic, and electrofluidic devices. A new strategy (hybrid femtosecond laser processing) is also presented, in which FLAE is combined with femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization to realize a new type of biochip termed the ship-in-a-bottle biochip.
Growth factors regulate cell survival by controlling nutrient transporter expression (2005)

Growth factors provide permission signals that allow mammalian cells to grow, proliferate and survive. One mechanism by which growth factors maintain this control is through the regulation of cell surface nutrient transporter expression. Following growth factor withdrawal, nutrient transporters are endocytosed and degraded in the lysosome, effectively terminating the cell's ability to obtain nutrients. This results in a state of pseudostarvation in which cells atrophy and initiate a catabolic metabolic programme in the midst of abundant extracellular nutrients. Oncogenic forms of Akt can support growth factor-independent nutrient transporter expression through a mechanism that depends upon mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). The ability of activated Akt to support nutrient transporter expression is an essential component of its prosurvival function. When the destruction of nutrient transporters is inhibited, cells are capable of long-term growth-factor-independent cell survival in the absence of receptor-dependent signal transduction. These results imply that proteins involved in nutrient transporter turnover in response to growth factor withdrawal are components of a novel tumour suppressor pathway. Preliminary data suggest that Rab7, a GTPase required for transporter degradation, functions as a tumour suppressor protein, as inhibiting Rab7 activity promotes colony formation in soft agar. These studies indicate that drugs affecting this pathway might have utility as anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
Homopolar Motor Generator for Inexpensive Inertial Energy Storage (2016)

The Homopolar Motor-Generator Bench Model machine designed and fabricated during the summer and early fall of 1972 has been upgraded with several modifications and successfully tested during this progress period. During this same progress period the design for the 50 Mega-joule Homopolar Motor-Generator was completed and preliminary cost data compiled on major components. A review of the design criteria for the 50 Mega-joule Homopolar Motor-Generator revealed a change in design would be necessary to meet the changing requirements for such a machine and preliminary design alternatives have been conceived.
Safety Planning: Analysis of the Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics of At-Risk Driver Residential Areas in South Carolina (2016)

This research was initially conducted to assist in safety planning at the state level. In particular, the goal of the research was to assess the potential of down selecting geographic areas in the state using spatial and statistical tools to optimize expenditure of scarce safety funds on safety program implementations to improve driver safety in South Carolina. Addressing safety issues at high crash incidence locations through crash countermeasures or better geometric design helps to make roadways safer; however, the most influential and ever-present factor in most crashes, the human factor, is not directly addressed. This paper investigates the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of residential locations (found using 9-digit zip codes) of drivers who were reported as having contributed to either fatal and/or injury crashes (at-risk drivers) in South Carolina. The analysis unit is at the census block group level of geography. The results of the spatial analysis and statistical analysis conducted in this research demonstrate significance in relationships between high and low density clusters of at-risk drivers and the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the residential areas where these at-risk drivers live. For example, the median household income variable showed a negative correlation to the at-risk driver clusters meaning that areas with high median household income were more likely to have fewer at-risk drivers than other areas. The spatial and statistical analysis methods used in this research are readily transferable and use widely available census data and are dependent only on the availability of information to associate crash involved drivers to at least a nine-digit zip code boundary.
Self-Controlled Variable Resistance Heating System (1975)

The use of a variable resistance heating element to monitor the temperature of work and control heat input to the element is described. A solid-state controller that measures the element temperature by continuous monitoring of the element resistance i used to control the voltage input to the element. This eliminates separate temperature measuring device such as thermostat, thermo couple, or thermistor and associated wiring. In addition, the average temperature of the work is measured rather than the temperature of a single location.
In silico prediction of SARS-CoV-2 main protease and polymerase inhibitors: 3D-Pharmacophore modelling (2021)

The outbreak of the second severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has caused global concern. No effective vaccine or treatment to control the virus has been approved yet. Social distancing and precautionary protocols are still the only way to prevent person-to-person transmission. We hope to identify anti-COVID-19 activity of the existing drugs to overcome this pandemic as soon as possible. The present study used HEX and AutoDock Vina softwares to predict the affinity of about 100 medicinal structures toward the active site of 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3Clpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), separately. Afterwards, MOE software and the pharmacophore-derived query methodology were employed to determine the pharmacophore model of their inhibitors. Tegobuvir (<b>19</b>) and compound <b>45</b> showed the best binding affinity toward RdRp and 3Clpro of SARS-CoV-2 in silico, respectively. Tegobuvir -previously applied for hepatitis C virus- formed highly stable complex with uncommon binding pocket of RdRp (E total: -707.91 Kcal/mol) in silico. In addition to compound <b>45</b>, tipranavir (<b>28</b>) and atazanavir (<b>26</b>) as FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitors were tightly interacted with the active site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease as well. Based on pharmacophore modelling, a good structural pattern for potent candidates against SARS-CoV-2 main enzymes is suggested. Re-tasking or taking inspiration from the structures of tegobuvir and tipranavir can be a proper approach toward coping with the COVID-19 in the shortest possible time and at the lowest cost.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Infection and Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (2015)

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), although initially believed to be exclusively associated with bisphosphonates, has been implicated in recent reports with additional drugs, especially the bone antiresorptive denosumab. The pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated, and no causal association between bone antiresorptive regimens and MRONJ has yet been established. However, reduced bone turnover and infection, an almost universal finding, are thought to be central to the pathogenesis of MRONJ. Both bisphosphonates and denosumab, through different pathways of action, significantly reduce the rate of bone turnover and potentially reduce the efficacy of the host defense against infection. Recent evidence questions the simplified etiology of low bone turnover causing MRONJ and offers evidence on the prominent role of infection instead. The management of MRONJ remains a significant clinical challenge, with little progress having been made on treatment. The aim of this article is to explore the current theories on the etiology of MRONJ and to emphasize the importance of infection in the development of this devastating pathology.
Enhanced and suppressed spontaneous emission from a buried heterostructure photonic crystal cavity (2013)

We study spontaneous emission control in a buried-heterostructure (BH) photonic crystal (PhC) cavity in which InGaAsP quantum wells (QWs) are embedded in an InP PhC. Spontaneous emission from QW-PhC cavities have been extensively investigated, but they suffer from poor carrier confinement and surface non-radiative recombination. Therefore, the clear spontaneous emission control has been only observed in quantum dots PhC cavities. The present study shows that the BH-QW-PhC cavities can exhibit distinctive spontaneous emission control in QW-PhCs. We observed large emission-rate ratio between the on- and off-resonant conditions of 30:1. This is the highest ratio reported for QW-PhCs.
Changes in hydration structure are necessary for collective motions of a multi-domain protein (2016)

Conformational motions of proteins are necessary for their functions. To date, experimental studies measuring conformational fluctuations of a whole protein structure have revealed that water molecules hydrating proteins are necessary to induce protein functional motions. However, the underlying microscopic mechanism behind such regulation remains unsolved. To clarify the mechanism, multi-domain proteins are good targets because it is obvious that water molecules between domains play an important role in domain motions. Here, we show how changes in hydration structure microscopically correlate with large-amplitude motions of a multi-domain protein, through molecular dynamics simulation supported by structural analyses and biochemical experiments. We first identified collective domain motions of the protein, which open/close an active-site cleft between domains. The analyses on changes in hydration structure revealed that changes in local hydration in the depth of the cleft are necessary for the domain motion and vice versa. In particular, 'wetting'/'drying' at a hydrophobic pocket and 'adsorption'/'dissociation' of a few water molecules at a hydrophilic crevice in the cleft were induced by dynamic rearrangements of hydrogen-bond networks, and worked as a switch for the domain motions. Our results microscopically demonstrated the importance of hydrogen-bond networks of water molecules in understanding energy landscapes of protein motions.
Role of Xanthurenic Acid 8-O-β-d-Glucoside, a Novel Fluorophore that Accumulates in the Brunescent Human Eye Lens¶ (2002)

We have been able to identify a blue fluorophore from the low-molecular weight soluble fraction of human adult nondiabetic brunescent cataract lenses as xanthurenic acid 8-O-beta-D-glucoside (XA8OG) (excitation = 338 nm and emission = 440 nm). To determine the role of this fluorophore in the lens, we have examined its photophysical and photodynamic properties. We found XA8OG to have a fluorescence quantum yield (phi) of 0.22 and a major emission lifetime of 12 ns. We found it to be a UVA-region sensitizer, capable of efficiently generating singlet oxygen species but little of superoxide. We also demonstrated that XA8OG oxidizes proteins when irradiated with UVA light, causing photodynamic covalent chemical damage to proteins. Its accumulation in the aging human lens (and the attendant decrease of its precursor O-beta-D-glucoside of 3-hydroxykynurenine) can, thus, add to the oxidative burden on the system. XA8OG, thus, appears to be an endogenous chromophore in the lens, which can act as a cataractogenic agent.
Activity of imipenem/relebactam against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae with high colistin resistance (2019)

Imipenem/relebactam was the most potent agent tested against CPE in this study and may be a useful addition to the antimicrobial armamentarium to treat infections caused by these pathogens.
Electroventilation--a missed opportunity? (1998)

"Electroventilation" identifies the many techniques used to produce artificial respiration by the application of trains of stimuli to strategically placed body-surface electrodes. The author reviews the efficacy and safety of electroventilation and traces its history and present status. The theoretical and practical bases for the method are presented, along with numerous examples of its use in man and animals. The article concludes with the indications and contraindications for electroventilation.
Form vision from melanopsin in humans (2019)

Detection and discrimination of spatial patterns is thought to originate with photoreception by rods and cones. Here, we investigated whether the inner-retinal photoreceptor melanopsin could represent a third origin for form vision. We developed a 4-primary visual display capable of presenting patterns differing in contrast for melanopsin vs cones, and generated spectrally distinct stimuli that were indistinguishable for cones (metamers) but presented contrast for melanopsin. Healthy observers could detect sinusoidal gratings formed by these metamers when presented in the peripheral retina at low spatial (≤0.8 cpd) and temporal (≤0.45 Hz) frequencies, and Michelson contrasts ≥14% for melanopsin. Metameric gratings became invisible at lower light levels (<10<sup>13</sup> melanopsin photons cm<sup>-2</sup> sr<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) when rods are more active. The addition of metameric increases in melanopsin contrast altered appearance of greyscale representations of coarse gratings and a range of everyday images. These data identify melanopsin as a new potential origin for aspects of spatial vision in humans.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanoid Metal Ions as Cornerstones in Functional Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Complexes (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Heparan Sulfate Binding Sequence of Interferon-γ Increased the On Rate of the Interferon-γ-Interferon-γ Receptor Complex Formation (1998)

Interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), in common with a number of growth factors, binds both to heparan sulfate or heparin-related molecules and to a specific high affinity receptor (IFNgammaR). Using surface plasmon resonance technology, kinetic analysis of the IFNgamma. IFNgammaR complex formation was performed with the extracellular part of IFNgammaR immobilized on a sensor chip. At the sensor chip surface, IFNgamma was bound by two IFNgammaR molecules with an affinity in the nanomolar range (0.68 nM). This binding was characterized by an important on rate, kon = 7.3 x 10(6) M-1.s-1, and an off rate, koff = 5 x 10(-3).s-1. This binding assay was used to investigate a possible role of heparin in the IFNgamma.IFNgammaR complex formation. In contrast to growth factors for which binding to heparin is usually required for high affinity receptor interaction, we found in this study that IFNgamma bound to heparin displayed a strongly reduced affinity for its receptor. This is consistent with the fact that a cluster of basic amino acids (KTGKRKR, called the C1 domain) in the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the cytokine was involved both in heparin and receptor recognition. To understand how a single domain of IFNgamma could be implicated in two discrete functions (i.e. binding to heparin and to IFNgammaR), we also analyzed in a detailed manner the role of the IFNgamma carboxyl-terminal sequence in receptor binding. Using forms of IFNgamma, with carboxyl terminus truncations of defined regions of the heparin binding sequence, we found that the C1 domain functioned by increasing the on rate of the IFNgamma.IFNgammaR binding reaction but was not otherwise required for the stability of the complex. Interactions between the IFNgamma carboxyl-terminal domain and IFNgammaR could increased the association rate of the reaction either by increasing the number of encounters between the two molecules or by favoring productive collisions. The mechanisms by which heparan sulfate regulates IFNgamma activity may thus include both control of selective protease cleavage events, which directly affect the cytokine activity, and also an ability to modulate the interaction of IFNgamma with the IFNgammaR via competitive binding to the C1 domain.