gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arginine-Vasopressin Induces Differentiation of Skeletal Myogenic Cells and Up-Regulation (1995)

The neurohypophyseal nonapeptide arginine8- vasopressin (AVP) induces phosphoinositide turnover and calcium and pH changes in skeletal myogenic cells in culture. In order to investigate the effect of AVP on skeletal myogenesis, we examined the effect of this hormone on proliferating mononucleated L6 myoblast cultures. Addition of AVP to the medium resulted in the formation of much larger myotubes than those formed in its absence and in a significant increase (2.2-fold) of the percentage of fusion within 3-4 days of treatment. The effect of AVP was dose dependent, in the 10 flM to 1 �M range, and was observed also in primary cultures of mouse satellite cells. The rate of growth of L6 cells was not affected by AVP treatment. The induction of morphological differentiation by AVP correlated with an increased expression of muscle-specific gene products, such as myosin, and an increased number of acetylcholine receptor sites. The accumulation of mRNA transcripts of the acetylcholine receptor subunits was also enhanced by AVP. The mechanism involved in the myogenic action of AVP was investigated. Using AVP- related peptides and antagonists, we found that a specific chemical structure is required and that Vi receptors probably mediate the effect on myogenesis. Expression of muscle-specific transcription factor genes Myf-5 and myogenin and their products are strongly up- regulated by AVP. Our findings support the hypothesis that AVP may represent a novel physiological modulator of skeletal muscle differentiation through its action on muscle regulatory genes.
WiMAX in the Classroom: Designing a Cellular Networking Hands-On Lab (2013)

Wireless networking has recently gained tremendous attention in research and education. Since the concepts taught in wireless courses are difficult to acquire only through lectures, hands-on lab experience is indispensable. While Wi-Fi based networking labs have been introduced before, to the best of our knowledge, labs that use a cellular technology have not been designed yet. Therefore, we present a WiMAX hands-on lab designed for a graduate course in wireless and mobile networking. The lab is based on the mobile WiMAX hardware and software developed and deployed within the GENI WiMAX project. We provide a brief overview of the course and of the main concepts taught in the WiMAX lecture. Then, we describe in detail our WiMAX network and the structure of the lab experiment. The effectiveness in achieving the learning objectives is evaluated via the lab reports submitted by the students. Finally, we review some of the lessons we learned during design and implementation of this lab. These can provide important insights to designers of similar labs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation in the Synthesis of Cyclopentanoid and Cycloheptanoid Core Structures Bearing All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters. (2012)

Abstract The key transformation is the palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative alkylation of seven‐membered β‐ketoesters (I) to form quaternary vinylogous esters (II).
Enhancement of enzyme activity through three-phase partitioning: crystal structure of a modified serine proteinase at 1.5 Å resolution (2001)

Three-phase partitioning is fast developing as a novel bioseparation strategy with a wide range of applications including enzyme stability and enhancement of its catalytic activity. Despite all this, the enzyme behaviour in this process still remains unknown. A serine proteinase, proteinase K, was subjected to three-phase partitioning (TPP). A 3 ml volume of proteinase K solution (3 mg/ml in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 6.0) was brought to 30% (w/v) ammonium sulphate saturation by addition of saturated ammonium sulphate. tert-Butanol (6 ml) was added to this solution and the mixture was incubated at 25 degrees C for 1 h. The precipitated protein in the mid-layer was dissolved in 3 ml of 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 6.0. The specific activity of the processed enzyme was estimated and was found to be 210% of the original enzyme activity. In order to understand the basis of this remarkable enhancement of the enzyme activity, the structure of the TPP-treated enzyme was determined by X-ray diffraction at 1.5 A resolution. The overall structure of the TPP-treated enzyme is similar to the original structure in an aqueous environment. The hydrogen bonding system of the catalytic triad is intact. However, the water structure in the substrate binding site has undergone a rearrangement as some of the water molecules are either displaced or completely absent. Two acetate ions were identified in the structure. One is located in the active site and seems to mimic the role of water in the enzyme activity and stability. The other is located at the surface of the molecule and is involved in stabilizing the local structure of the enzyme. The most striking observation in respect of the present structure pertains to a relatively higher overall temperature factor (B = 19.7 A(2)) than the value of 9.3 A(2) in the original enzyme. As a result of a higher B-factor, a number of residues, particularly their side chains, were found to adopt more than one conformation. It appears that the protein exists in an excited state which might be helping the enzyme to function more rapidly than the original enzyme in aqueous media. Summarily, the basis of increased enzymatic activity could be attributed to (i) the presence of an acetate ion at the active site and (ii) its excited state as reflected by an overall higher B-factor.
Segregating Reciprocal (4;21) (q21;q21) Translocation with Proposita Trisomic for Parts of 4q and 21 (1973)

The segregation of a balanced reciprocal (4;21)(q21;q21) translocation is described. The family was ascertained through a clinically abnormal proposita with an unbalanced karyotype 47,XX,+der(21),t(4;21)(q21;q21)mat. The proposita was trisomic for regions 4q2, 4q3, 21p, and 21q1. Symptoms that might be attributed to the partial trisomy for parts of 4q were narrow bird face with slanting forehead, prominent nasal bridge and small mandible, downward pointing corners of the mouth, deformed ears, palpebral ptosis, and bushy eyebrows. Similar symptoms occur in other trisomy and deletion syndromes.
Controversies in Cardiovascular MR Imaging: T2-weighted Imaging Should Not Be Used to Delineate the Area at Risk in Ischemic Myocardial Injury (2012)

The use of T2-weighted MR imaging to delineate the area at risk and subsequently quantify myocardial salvage is problematic on many levels. The validation studies available thus far are inadequate. Unlike the data validating DE MR imaging, in which pathologic analysis has shown the precise shape and contour of the bright region exactly match the infarcted area, this level of validation does not exist for T2-weighted MR imaging. Technical advances have occurred, but image contrast between abnormal and normal regions remains limited, and in this situation, measured size differences between MR imaging data sets should not be overinterpreted. Moreover, with any T2 technique, there remains the key issue that there is no physiologic basis for the apparent T2 findings. Indeed, a homogeneously bright area at risk on T2-weighted MR images is incompatible with the known levels of edema that occur in infarcted and salvaged myocardium, and the finding that the lateral borders of T2 hyperintense regions frequently extend far beyond that of infarction is contrary to the wavefront phenomenon. Even if T2-weighted MR imaging provided an accurate measure of myocardial edema, the level of edema within the area at risk is dependent on multiple variables, including infarct size, age, reperfusion status, reperfusion injury, and therapies that could have an antiedema effect. The area at risk is a coronary perfusion territory. There is a fundamental limitation with defining the area at risk by using a nonperfusion-based indicator that can vary with different postreperfusion therapies. There are several applications for T2 myocardial imaging, including differentiation of acute from chronic MI and identification of acute myocarditis. On the basis of the currently available data; however, we conclude that T2-weighted MR imaging should not be used to delineate the area at risk in patients with ischemic myocardial injury.
Characterization of YDR036C From Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2011)

Beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA) hydrolases are found ubiquitously in eukaryotes where they function in the catabolism of valine.A homologous enzyme (YDR036C) is also present in yeast where valine catabolism is distinctly different and does not require a HIBYL-CoA hydrolase.Like the other eukaryotic hydrolases, the yeast hydrolase is a member of the crotonase super-family which catalyzes various reactions using CoA thioester substrates.Crotonases typically function in fatty acid degradation which is peroxisomal in yeast while YDR036C is found strictly in mitochondria.Like other HIBYL-CoA hydrolases the yeast enzyme demonstrated activity toward beta-hydroxyacyl-CoAs, but unlike the other HIBYL-CoA hydrolases the yeast activity is greatest with beta-hydroxypropionyl-CoA (3-HP-CoA).Further characterization of the active site has determined that the preference of the hydrolases for 3-HP-CoA or HIBYL-CoA is dependent upon the residue at position 177.The glutamate at position 121 is responsible for the coordination with the beta-hydroxyl group and replacement with valine renders the enzyme non-specific for a hydroxyl group.Another unique feature to yeast hydrolases is the presence of a C-terminal tail of 80 amino acids, which when removed renders the enzyme inactive, suggesting that it may play a role in substrate binding.Serial truncation of the enzyme demonstrated that the tail residues between 472 and 500 are critical for the proper hydrolase activity.Similarly the enzyme can be inactivated by placing a phosphate ester-mimic in place of serine 428.Although the active site seems optimized for 3-HP-CoA this compound is not a known metabolite of yeast.This suggests that YDR036C may be serving a unique function in yeast.High-throughput studies have identified a mild phenotype in fluid-phase endoyctosis in ydr036c mutants.The same phenotype is observed in knockouts of ergosterol synthesis enzymes.Ergosterol quantification in the ydr036c knockout showed reduced total cellular ergosterol when compared to wild-type.Ergosterol was subsequently docked to a model of the enzyme and shown to bind at the active site pocket.Since the storage mechanism for yeast sterols is sterol esters, this study proposes that YDR036C is not a HIBYL-CoA hydrolase, but instead may function as a mitochondrial sterol esterase.
Carbon Deprivation-Driven Transcriptome Reprogramming in Detached Developmentally Arresting Arabidopsis Inflorescences (2012)

Senescence is genetically controlled and activated in mature tissues during aging. However, immature plant tissues also display senescence-like symptoms when continuously exposed to adverse energy-depleting conditions. We used detached dark-held immature inflorescences of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to understand the metabolic reprogramming occurring in immature tissues transitioning from rapid growth to precocious senescence. Macroscopic growth of the detached inflorescences rapidly ceased upon placement in water in the dark at 21°C. Inflorescences were completely degreened by 120 h of dark incubation and by 24 h had already lost 24% of their chlorophyll and 34% of their protein content. Comparative transcriptome profiling at 24 h revealed that inflorescence response at 24 h had a large carbon-deprivation component. Genes that positively regulate developmental senescence (ARABIDOPSIS NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN92) and shade-avoidance syndrome (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 [PIF4] and PIF5) were up-regulated within 24 h. Mutations in these genes delayed degreening of the inflorescences. Their up-regulation was suppressed in dark-held inflorescences by glucose treatment, which promoted macroscopic growth and development and inhibited degreening of the inflorescences. Detached inflorescences held in the dark for 4 d were still able to reinitiate development to produce siliques upon being brought out to the light, indicating that the transcriptional reprogramming at 24 h was adaptive and reversible. Our results suggest that the response of detached immature tissues to dark storage involves interactions between carbohydrate status sensing and light deprivation signaling and that the dark-adaptive response of the tissues appears to utilize some of the same key regulators as developmental senescence.
Morphology of Extreme and Far Ultraviolet Martian Airglow Emissions Observed by the EMUS Instrument on Board the Emirates Mars Mission (2022)

Abstract We present the first continuous observations of the extreme and far ultraviolet (EUV and FUV) dayglow emissions measured by Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS) onboard the Emirates Mars Mission. We found excellent agreement between the previous observations from the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope and recent observations by EMUS both in shape and magnitude. We presented the average disk brightness of major EUV and FUV emissions for about 10 months of data from April 2021 to February 2022. The solar activity was mild/minimum during the first half of the period presented in this study, but we noticed significant day‐to‐day variations in the major dayglow emissions independent of solar activity, indicating possible coupling from the lower atmosphere via waves/tides. The solar activity increased significantly during the second half of the study period. Our analysis showed that all major EUV and FUV emissions are highly correlated with solar forcing as well as seasonal changes.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New 1,8-Naphthyridin-4(1H)-on-3-carboxamide and Quinolin-4(1H)-on-3-carboxamide Derivatives as CB2Selective Agonists (2006)

On the basis of docking studies carried out using the recently published cannabinoid receptor models,35 new 1,8-naphthyridin-4(1H)-on-3-carboxamide and quinolin-4(1H)-on-3-carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested for their affinities toward the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Compound 10, which presented p-fluorobenzyl and carboxycycloheptylamide substituents bound in the 1 and 3 positions of the 1,8-naphthyiridine-4-one nucleus, showed a high CB2 affinity with a Ki of 1.0 nM. The substitution of the naphthyridine-4-one nucleus with the quinoline-4-one system determined a general increase in CB2 affinity. In particular, the N-cyclohexyl-7-chloro-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)quinolin-4(1H)-on-3-carboxamide (40) possessed a remarkable affinity, with Ki of 3.3 nM, which was also accompanied by a high selectivity for the CB2 receptor (Ki(CB1)/Ki(CB2) ratio greater than 303). Moreover, the [35S]GTPgamma binding assay and functional studies on human basophils indicated that the 1,8-naphthyridin-4(1H)-on-3-carboxamide derivatives behaved as CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists.
Toward Operando Structural, Chemical, and Electrochemical Analyses of Solid-State Batteries Using Correlative Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging (2023)

The global transition from fossil fuels to green energy underpins the need for efficient and reliable energy storage systems. Advanced analysis and characterization of battery materials is not only important to understand fundamental battery properties but also crucial for their continued development. A deep understanding of these systems is often difficult to obtain through only pre- and/or post-mortem analyses, with the full complexity of a battery being hidden in its operational state. Thus, we have developed an <i>operando</i> methodology to analyze solid-state batteries (SSBs) structurally as well as chemically before, during, and after cycling. The approach is based on a specially designed sample holder, which enables a variety of electrochemical experiments. Since the entire workflow is performed within a single focused ion beam scanning electron microscope equipped with an in-house developed magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectrometer, we are able to pause the cycling at any time, perform analysis, and then continue cycling. Microstructural analysis is performed via secondary electron imaging, and the chemical mapping is performed using the secondary ion mass spectrometer. In this proof-of-concept study, we were able to identify dendrites in a short-circuited symmetric cell and to chemically map dendritic structures. While this methodology focuses on SSBs, the approach can directly be adapted to different battery systems and beyond. Our technique clearly has an advantage over many alternatives for battery analysis as no transfer of samples between instruments is needed and a correlation between the microstructure, chemical composition, and electrochemical performance is obtained directly.
Haptics using a smart material for eyes free interaction in mobile devices (2012)

We present a proof of concept (POC) for haptic interaction when audio or visual feedback is not practical. The POC includes addressable arrays of two-way Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) springs which can operate at a lower voltage and temperature compatible with mobile devices. They will form different shapes due to the thermal effect as current travels through the springs. The POC can simultaneously realize multiple methods for conveying haptic information such as dimension, force, texture and temperature due to the flexible array design. The haptic interface can go back to the original shape by itself after the current is off due to the advance of two way SMA. We are developing applications with different POC designs for tangible interactions.
High-Frequency Ultrasound: A Useful Tool for Evaluating the Abdominal Wall following Free TRAM and DIEP Flap Surgery (2006)

This is the first study to establish a standardized ultrasound protocol as an adjunct diagnostic tool to clinical examination for the dynamic evaluation of postoperative hernia and abdominal wall laxity.
The impact of cow's milk-mediated mTORC1-signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer (2012)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on androgen receptor signaling and aberrations of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediating excessive and sustained growth signaling. The nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 is upregulated in nearly 100% of advanced human PCas. Oncogenic mTORC1 signaling activates key subsets of mRNAs that cooperate in distinct steps of PCa initiation and progression. Epidemiological evidence points to increased dairy protein consumption as a major dietary risk factor for the development of PCa. mTORC1 is a master regulator of protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and autophagy pathways that couple nutrient sensing to cell growth and cancer. This review provides evidence that PCa initiation and progression are promoted by cow´s milk, but not human milk, stimulation of mTORC1 signaling. Mammalian milk is presented as an endocrine signaling system, which activates mTORC1, promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses autophagy. Naturally, milk-mediated mTORC1 signaling is restricted only to the postnatal growth phase of mammals. However, persistent consumption of cow´s milk proteins in humans provide highly insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) provided by milk´s fast hydrolysable whey proteins, which elevate postprandial plasma insulin levels, and increase hepatic IGF-1 plasma concentrations by casein-derived amino acids. BCAAs, insulin and IGF-1 are pivotal activating signals of mTORC1. Increased cow´s milk protein-mediated mTORC1 signaling along with constant exposure to commercial cow´s milk estrogens derived from pregnant cows may explain the observed association between high dairy consumption and increased risk of PCa in Westernized societies. As well-balanced mTORC1-signaling plays an important role in appropriate prostate morphogenesis and differentiation, exaggerated mTORC1-signaling by high cow´s milk consumption predominantly during critical growth phases of prostate development and differentiation may exert long-term adverse effects on prostate health. Attenuation of mTORC1 signaling by contemporary Paleolithic diets and restriction of dairy protein intake, especially during mTORC1-dependent phases of prostate development and differentiation, may offer protection from the most common dairy-promoted cancer in men of Western societies.
The AUV Location and Location Error Analysis Based on Binocular Stereo Vision (2013)

Abstract: In the AUV binocular vision navigation, in order to improve the AUV positioning accuracy, optimizing the stereo vision imaging system structure and weighted least-square method is proposed. The principle of AUV location is analyzed, and that the AUV location accuracy depends on the measurement precision of the three dimensional space point is proposed. Based on the analysis of stereo vision measurement principle, it is puts forward that the baseline, the focal length, and the object distance directly affect the stereoscopic vision measurement precision, and mathematical relation model was established for the measurement error. The simulation results show that the model can optimize stereo vision system structure and imaging parameters, and the positioning accuracy of AUV can be effectively controlled. Because measurement error of space point is different with the imaging position, the weighted least squares method is proposed. Measurement data is selectively used according to the measurement error, the positioning. An accuracy of AUV is improved. Copyright © 2013 IFSA.
Multilingual e-mail text processing for speech synthesis (2004)

An integrated method of text pre-processing and language identification is introduced to deal with the problem of mixed-language e-mail messages in a speech-enabled e-mail reading system. Our method can confidently distinguish between the supported languages and switch between several TTS engines or languages to read the portions of the text in the appropriate language. This is achieved by making use of the combined information from a text pre-processor and a language identifier that relies on both statistical information and linguistic features indicative of a particular language.
Functional complementation in mouse — human radiation hybrids assigns the putative murine scid gene to the pericentric region of human chromosome 8 (1993)

Fragments of human chromosome 8 were introduced into cells derived from murine scid mice via X-irradiation and somatic cell fusion. The resulting hybrid clones contained human DNA fragment(s) which complemented the hyper-radiosensitivity of the scid cells. Alu-PCR products from these hybrids were used for chromosome painting using the technique of chromosome in situ suppression hybridization, allowing assignment of the human HYRC (hyper-radiosensitivity of murine scid mutation, complementing) gene, a candidate for a V(D)J recombinase gene, to human chromosome 8q11.
Effects of Small-Scale Fluctuations of Neutrino Flux in Supernova Explosions (2003)

We examine effects of small-scale fluctuations with angle in the neutrino radiation in core-collapse supernova explosions. As the mode number of fluctuations increases, the results approach those of spherical explosion. We conclude that global anisotropy of the neutrino radiation is the most effective mechanism of increasing the explosion energy when the total neutrino luminosity is given.