gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Pore Size on Carbon Dioxide Diffusion in Two Isoreticular Metal–Organic Frameworks (2020)

The rapid diffusion of molecules in porous materials is critical for numerous applications including separations, energy storage, sensing, and catalysis. A common strategy for tuning guest diffusion rates is to vary the material pore size, although detailed studies that isolate the effect of changing this particular variable are lacking. Here, we begin to address this challenge by measuring the diffusion of carbon dioxide in two isoreticular metal–organic frameworks featuring channels with different diameters, Zn2(dobdc) (dobdc4– = 2,5-dioxidobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate) and Zn2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4− = 4,4′-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3′-dicarboxylate), using pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy. An increase in the pore diameter from 15 Å in Zn2(dobdc) to 22 Å in Zn2(dobpdc) is accompanied by an increase in the self-diffusion of CO2 by a factor of 4 to 6, depending on the gas pressure. Analysis of the diffusion anisotropy in Zn2(dobdc) reveals that the self-diffusion coefficient for motion of CO2 along the framework channels is at least 10,000 times greater than for motion between the framework channels. Our findings should aid the design of improved porous materials for a range of applications where diffusion plays a critical role in determining performance.
The Polyserine Tract of Herpes Simplex Virus ICP4 Is Required for Normal Viral Gene Expression and Growth in Murine Trigeminal Ganglia (1998)

ICP4 of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is essential for productive infection due to its central role in the regulation of HSV transcription. This study identified a region of ICP4 that is not required for viral growth in culture or at the periphery of experimentally inoculated mice but is critical for productive growth in the trigeminal ganglia. This region of ICP4 encompasses amino acids 184 to 198 and contains 13 nearly contiguous serine residues that are highly conserved among the alphaherpesviruses. A mutant in which this region is deleted (DeltaSER) was able to grow on the corneas of mice and be transported back to the trigeminal ganglia. DeltaSER did not grow in the trigeminal ganglia but did express low levels of several immediate-early (ICP4 and ICP27) and early (thymidine kinase [tk] and UL42) genes. It expressed very low levels of the late gC gene and did not appear to replicate DNA. This pattern of gene expression was similar to that observed for a tk mutant, dlsptk. Both DeltaSER and dlsptk expressed higher levels of the latency-associated transcript (LAT) per genome earlier in infected ganglia than did the wild-type virus, KOS. However, infected ganglia from all three viruses accumulated the same level of LAT per genome at 30 days postinfection (during latency). The data suggest that the polyserine tract of ICP4 provides an activity that is required for lytic infection in ganglia to progress to viral DNA synthesis and full lytic gene expression. In the absence of this activity, higher levels of LAT per genome accumulate earlier in infection than with wild-type virus.
Nonlinear system identification for autonomous systems via functional equations methods (2016)

The problem of identifying an autonomous nonlinear system, that is, the problem of finding a state-space description of a given sequence generated by sampling the output of an unknown autonomous nonlinear system, is studied. A theoretical framework which combines the use of the Schröder functional equation with realization-theoretic techniques is developed.
The structure of ingot castings (1969)

AbstractAbstractThe chemical and physical phenomena which interact to determine the structure of cast materials are described from the basis of current solidification theory. A treatment of conductive and convective heat flow is followed by a discussion of solute transport and solute build-up at a solid-liquid interface. Macro and micro structural features of both pure and alloy ingots are then discussed, and the effects of the usual casting variables on structure are considered. This is followed by a discussion of the three forms in which segregation is encountered in ingots, macro-, micro- and grain boundary segregation. The columnar-equiaxed transition is described, and the three current hypotheses for the origin of equiaxed grains, namely, constitutional supercooling, steady-state nucleation and dendrite detachment, are related through an interaction of fluid motion with solidification. Techniques of modifying ingot structure by solute additions and external fields are then discussed. The presentation is concluded with a discussion on ingot defects and methods for their elimination. Résumé L'auteur souligne les phénomènes chimiques et physiques qui influent sur la structure de solidification en faisant appel aux théories courantes de solidification. Il traite tour à tour du transport de chaleur par conduction et convection; du transport du soluté et de son accumulation à l'interface solide-liquide; des structures grossières et fmes de lingots de métaux purs et d'alliages ainsi que de l'influence des variables ordinaires sur la structure; de la ségrégation aux échelles du grain et du lingot, et de celle des joints de grains; de la transition grain basaltique à grain convexe et des trois hypothèses de formation de grains convexes: la surfusion constitutionnelle, la germination en régime stationnaire, le détachement de dendrites, le tout en fonction du déplacement du liquide; des techniques de la modification des structures par des solutés et des champs externels; enfin des défauts de lingots et de leur élimination.
Intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering in cardiovascular disease prevention: opportunities and challenges (2021)

Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) were updated in late 2019 in light of recent intervention trials involving the use of innovative lipid-lowering agents in combination with statins. The new guidelines advocate achieving very low LDL-C levels in individuals at highest risk, within the paradigm of 'lower is better'. With the advent of combination therapy using ezetimibe and/or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors in addition to statins, the routine attainment of extremely low LDL-C levels in the clinic has become a reality. Moreover, clinical trials in this setting have shown that, over the 5-7 years of treatment experience to date, profound LDL-C lowering leads to further reduction in cardiovascular events compared with more moderate lipid lowering, with no associated safety concerns. These reassuring findings are bolstered by genetic studies showing lifelong very low LDL-C levels (<1.4 mmol/L; <55 mg/dL) are associated with lower cardiovascular risk than in the general population, with no known detrimental health effects. Nevertheless, long-term safety studies are required to consolidate the present evidence base. This review summarises key data supporting the ESC/EAS recommendation to reduce markedly LDL-C levels, with aggressive goals for LDL-C in patients at highest risk, and provides expert opinion on its significance for clinical practice.
Targeting regulatory T cells in tumors (2016)

Regulatory T (Treg ) cells play a crucial role in maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. However, they also represent a major barrier to effective antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in developing approaches that can selectively or preferentially target Treg cells in tumors, while not impacting their capacity to maintain peripheral immune homeostasis. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the recruitment, expansion, and suppressive activity of tumor-associated Treg cells, and discuss the approaches used and the challenges encountered in the immunotherapeutic targeting of Treg cells. In addition, we summarize the primary clinical targets and some emerging data on exciting new potential Treg cell-restricted targets. We propose that discovering and understanding mechanisms that are preferentially used by Treg cells within the tumor microenvironment will lead to strategies that selectively target Treg cell-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity while maintaining peripheral immune tolerance.
Characterization of the Interaction Between Endostatin Short Peptide and VEGF Receptor 3 (2012)

Corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are induced by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) signaling through its receptors VEGFR-1, -2, and -3. Endostatin is a peptide antagonist of these receptors that causes inhibition of bFGF-induced corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Here we show that binding of VEGF-C and endostatin to recombinant VEGFR-3 is competitive. Alignments of the primary amino acid sequences of VEGF-C and the C-terminal endostatin peptide (mEP: LEQKAASCHNSYIVLCIENSFMTSFSK) identified two conserved cysteine residues separated by seven amino acids. Peptides of VEGF-C and mEP containing these conserved residues bound to VEGFR-3. However, substitution of alanine for either of the cysteines in the mEP peptide perturbed the secondary structure, and this mutated peptide was unable to bind to VEGFR-3. Analysis by surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that the binding of the mEP peptide for recombinant VEGFR-3 had a Ka of 1.41 x 10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, Kd of 0.6718 s⁻¹, and a KD of 4.78 x 10⁻⁸ M. Characterization of the mechanism of endostatin binding to VEGFR-3 may lead to the development of novel therapies for lymphangiogenesis-related disorders, such as transplant rejection, lymphedema, and cancer metastasis.
Nuclear OsFKBP20‐1b maintains SR34 stability and promotes the splicing of retained introns upon ABA exposure in rice (2023)

Alternative splicing (AS) is a critical means by which plants respond to changes in the environment, but few splicing factors contributing to AS have been reported and functionally characterized in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we explored the function and molecular mechanism of the spliceosome-associated protein OsFKBP20-1b during AS. We determined the AS landscape of wild-type and osfkbp20-1b knockout plants upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment by transcriptome deep sequencing. To capture the dynamics of translating intron-containing mRNAs, we blocked transcription with cordycepin and performed polysome profiling. We also analyzed whether OsFKBP20-1b and the splicing factors OsSR34 and OsSR45 function together in AS using protoplast transfection assays. We show that OsFKBP20-1b interacts with OsSR34 and regulates its stability, suggesting a role as a chaperone-like protein in the spliceosome. OsFKBP20-1b facilitates the splicing of mRNAs with retained introns after ABA treatment; some of these mRNAs are translatable and encode functional transcriptional regulators of stress-responsive genes. In addition, interacting proteins, OsSR34 and OsSR45, regulate the splicing of the same retained introns as OsFKBP20-1b after ABA treatment. Our findings reveal that spliceosome-associated immunophilin functions in alternative RNA splicing in rice by positively regulating the splicing of retained introns to limit ABA response.
Antitrust for Internet Giants (2018)

There can be no doubt that the FANG companies – Facebook, Amazon, Netflix and Google, as well as Twitter – have transformed society since their emergence. Like all social transformations, the changes wrought by their services have had ripple effects that are both positive and negative. On the positive side, soaring consumer access to information, news, social networks, and entertainment has been stimulated by the ever-more ubiquitous and falling prices of broadband fixed and mobile bandwidth. E-government has transformed the delivery of public services. However, negative effects have likewise been stark. Certainly, there have been huge disruptions caused by e-commerce. Retail industries, industrial supply chains, banking and publishing are just a few obvious examples. State tax collectors are fighting the loss of sales tax collections. These problems tend to get highlighted by the losers from the process of "creative destruction." Because Facebook and Google are two-sided markets, their economic rents are "hidden" from the public . On the user side of the market, prices are zero – "free." The other side, advertising rate are "hidden." Facebook's and Google's revenues are derived from advertising which appear when you go to their sites. They can extract exorbitant prices for ads, since they are virtually the only source that can target ads directly to potential clients. Because these companies can identify you, the ads can be targeted to your specific wants and needs, even creating "wants and needs" based on your profile. So, what the "customer" – you – perceived as free is not. Indeed, you are the commodity being sold to the advertisers. While Facebook and Google Herfindahl-Hirschman indices (HHI) are high, indicating a concentrated market or highly concentrated market by several different definitions of their markets. For example, Google has 93 percent of the search market. Combined Google and Facebook currently control over half of digital advertising and one-third of total advertising. Nevertheless, no serious antitrust case or legislation has addressed this monopoly power. This paper examines the antitrust cases against Facebook and Google. In this paper, we attempt to go back to first principles to discern whether there is a more appropriate approach to examine the underlying economics of these industries in the hopes that tools can be applied that more directly address the problems.
Remarks on exactness notions pertaining to pushouts (2012)

We call a finitely complete category diexact if every Mal'cev relation admits a pushout which is stable under pullback and itself a pullback. We prove three results relating to diexact categories: firstly, that a category is a pretopos if and only if it is diexact with a strict initial object; secondly, that a category is diexact if and only if it is Barr-exact, and every pair of monomorphisms admits a pushout which is stable and a pullback; and thirdly, that a small category with finite limits and pushouts of Mal'cev spans is diexact if and only if it admits a full structure-preserving embedding into a Grothendieck topos.
USING GRAPH CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE ORGANIZATION OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS (2007)

Complex networks are universal, arising in fields as disparate as sociology, physics and biology. In the past decade, extensive research into the properties and behaviors of complex systems has uncovered surprising commonalities among the topologies of different systems. Attempts to explain these similarities have led to the ongoing development and refinement of network models and graph-theoretical analysis techniques with which to characterize and understand complexity. In this tutorial, we demonstrate through illustrative examples, how network measures and models have contributed to the elucidation of the organization of complex systems.
Chronic Wound Repair and Healing in Older Adults: Current Status and Future Research (2015)

Older adults are more likely to have chronic wounds than younger people, and the effect of chronic wounds on quality of life is particularly profound in this population. Wound healing slows with age, but the basic biology underlying chronic wounds and the influence of age-associated changes on wound healing are poorly understood. Most studies have used in vitro approaches and various animal models, but observed changes translate poorly to human healing conditions. The effect of age and accompanying multimorbidity on the effectiveness of existing and emerging treatment approaches for chronic wounds is also unknown, and older adults tend to be excluded from randomized clinical trials. Poorly defined outcomes and variables; lack of standardization in data collection; and variations in the definition, measurement, and treatment of wounds also hamper clinical studies. The Association of Specialty Professors, in conjunction with the National Institute on Aging and the Wound Healing Society, held a workshop, summarized in this article, to explore the current state of knowledge and research challenges, engage investigators across disciplines, and identify research questions to guide future study of age-associated changes in chronic wound healing.
Voltammetric determination of ultratraces of albumin, cysteine and cystine at the hanging mercury drop electrode (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVoltammetric determination of ultratraces of albumin, cysteine and cystine at the hanging mercury drop electrodeI. M. Kolthoff and Sorin. KiharaCite this: Anal. Chem. 1977, 49, 13, 2108–2109Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50021a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50021a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and curing of liquid crystalline epoxy resin based on naphthalene mesogen (1999)

Aromatic liquid crystalline epoxy resin (LCE) based on naphthalene mesogen was synthesized and cured with aromatic diamines to prepare heat-resistant LCE networks. Diaminodiphenylester (DDE) and diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) were used as curing agents. The curing reaction and liquid crystalline phase of LCE were monitored, and mechanical and thermal properties of cured LCE network were also investigated. Curing and postcuring peaks were observed in dynamic DSC thermogram. LCE network cured with DDE displayed liquid crystalline phase in the curing temperature range between 183 and 260°C, while that cured with DDS formed one between 182 and 230°C. Glass transition temperature of cured LCE network was above 240°C, and crosslinked network was thermally stable up to 330°C. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 419–425, 1999
Fundamental Study of Hierarchical Optimization Methods for Product Systems Using Reinforcement Learning (2022)

As product systems become larger and more complex, their design space is increasing, and it is becoming more difficult to optimize them. In the past, hierarchical optimization methods have been proposed to solve this problem by decomposing the entire system into several subsystems and dividing and reducing the design space. However, they are ineffective for problems with strong dependencies among many subsystems. On the other hand, it has become clear that reinforcement learning can be used to efficiently search for optimal solutions to optimization problems such as solving small-scale games. If we try to apply reinforcement learning to large-scale optimization problems, the learning space of reinforcement learning increase, and optimization become difficult. Therefore, in this study, we used multi-agent reinforcement learning to reduce the learning space handled by reinforcement learning at a time. In this method, we propose an algorithm that reduces the learning space by allowing each agent to learn only the priority of a subsystem based on the relationship between the design variables and the evaluation values of each subsystem. The proposed method reduced the number of evaluations to less than 10% of the conventional number while maintaining the solution quality of the optimization.
Prospective LCA and LCC applied on different Power-to-Gas technologies (2022)

Power-to-Gas technologies enable the integration of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources into several sectors and help decarbonize and transform them. This study investigates to which extent an increase in Power-to-Gas technology applications affects their prospective environmental and economic performance. A first combined prospective LCA and LCC for different Power-to-Gas technologies based on the learning curve concept is presented. For the considered case study of future electrolysis and methanation, the applicability of the concept is demonstrated and prospective LCA and LCC results are obtained. Under assumed conditions, highest decreases in environmental impacts and costs occur between the years 2025 and 2030. Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis shows prospective advantages over alkaline water electrolysis. All results indicate that an extension of Power-to-Gas deployment and accompanying learning effects until the year 2050 can lead to significant reductions of more than 70 % in terms of environmental impacts and life cycle costs.
Chemical and mechanical interactions of interstitials in V-5%Cr-5%Ti (1995)

A vanadium alloy structure with liquid lithium is the favored concept for an advanced breeding blanket for ITER. The objective of this task is to determine the kinetics of reactions of vanadium alloys with hydrogen and oxygen as a function of alloy composition and TMT. Gas-metal reaction studies of V-5Cr-5Ti were conducted to determine the kinetics of reactions with H{sub 2} and O{sub 2}, respectively, at 450-500{degree}C. Reaction rates were determined through wieght change measurements and chemical analyses, and effects on mechanical properties were evaluated by room temperature tensile tests.
Automated Highway Systems Operating Strategies and Events: A Driver’s Perspective (1997)

Automated Highway Systems (AHS) have the potential for offering large capacity and safety gains without requiring significant amounts of additional right-of-way. Since the general public will be the users of the AHS, human factors must play a pivotal role in the research and development of AVCS technologies and AHS operation. This paper focuses on fully automated AHS.To ensure the identification of all major human factors issues, we have identified major options for operating fully automated AHS. These options are categorized in the following four dimensions: separation of traffic, transitions between manual and automated driving, normal automated driving and emergency response. Attributes critical to AHS human factors include (i) possible isolation of automated traffic from the manual traffic, (ii) possible separations among automated traffic by lane barriers, and (iii) the vehicle-following rule. We propose six scenarios featuring variations in these attributes. To ensure the identification of all major compounding attribute combinations, detailed operational events, from the perspective of the driver, are identified. The AHS scenarios proposed in this paper are designed for the study of human factors in fully automated AHS. Further scrutiny into these scenarios is required for other studies.