gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature and chronic hypoxia on survivorship of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) (1998)

We examined the effects of four levels of chronic hypoxic stress at three temperatures on the survivorship of Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea to assess the efficacy of O 2 deprivation as a macrofouling control treatment and examine if critical hypoxia limits support reported distribution patterns. At 25°C, the hypoxia tolerance was examined at Po 2 = 7.9, 11.9, 15.9, 23.8, and 31.8 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa) or 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20% of full air O 2 saturation (Po 2 = 159 Torr). At 15°C, the hypoxia tolerance to 7.9, 11.9, and 15.9 Torr was tested and at 7.9 Torr for 5°C treatments. For both species, Po 2 and temperature influenced survivorship dramatically with increasing survivorship at higher Po 2 and decreasing temperatures. At 25°C, C. fluminea experienced mortality at 7.9, 11.9, and 15.9 Torr, with LT 50 values of 144, 216, and 216 h, respectively, versus 288, 384, and 480 h for the 15°C exposures. Dreissena polymorpha treatments had LT 50 values of 120, 216, and 216 h at 25°C for the 7.9-, 11.9-, and 15.9-Torr treatments versus 26% mortality after 600 h and 28% mortality after 720 h at 15°C. The 7.9-Torr treatments at 5°C had LT 50 values of 480 h for C. fluminea and 1056 h for D. polymorpha. This study showed that both species displayed broad seasonal variation in hypoxia tolerance and that hypoxia limits may be used to assess infestation risk.
Design of a resonant grating filter for a tunable add-drop device at oblique incidence (2002)

A reflective resonant grating filter with a full width at half maximum of 0.5nm at 1545nm for a MOEMS tunable add-drop device was investigated. The minimal filter size and the fabrication tolerances were analyzed.
Expression of Biologically Active Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor by Genetically Modified Rat Primary Skin Fibroblasts (1995)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is normally expressed as a cell-associated protein, and accordingly it is not clear how it exerts its action on target cells in vivo. It has been proposed that cells release, by death or other mechanisms, small amounts of FGF-2 that then acts in an autocrine manner. To address the question of whether it is necessary that FGF-2 remain cell associated or needs to be secreted from cells to have biological activity, we expressed the 18-kDa form of FGF-2 in primary fibroblasts as a cell-associated (FGF-2-B) or as a secreted (FGF-2-S) protein. FGF-2 protein is detected in cell lysates and membrane fractions of both cell types, whereas it is present in significant amounts only in the conditioned medium of FGF-2-S cells. No FGF-2 is detected in control (untransfected) cells. FGF-2-S cells also grow faster than the control of FGF-2-B cells. Yet, when evaluated for their ability to promote the survival of embryonic hippocampal neurons in vitro, both the cell types are active, establishing the activity of the transgene product. We conclude that FGF-2 is active when engineered to be expressed as a cell-associated form or secreted from cells.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Glycoconjugates Bearing Three Different Glycosyl Groups:  Orthogonally Protected Bis(hydroxymethyl)-N,N‘-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)malondiamide Phosphoramidite as Key Building Block (2004)

Diethyl O,O'-(methoxymethylene)bis(hydroxymethyl)malonate (3) was observed to undergo a stepwise aminolysis when treated with 3-aminopropanol. This allowed convenient preparation of bis(hydroxymethyl)-N,N'-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)malondiamide bearing orthogonal levulinyl (Lev) and tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) protections at the two N-hydroxypropyl groups (8). One of the hydroxylmethyl functions was then protected with a 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr) group, and the other one was phosphitylated to obtain a methyl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (1). This building block was used for the synthesis of oligonucleotide glycoconjugates (25 and 26) carrying three different sugar units. After conventional phosphoramidite chain assembly of the sequence containing 1, the 5'-terminal DMTr group was removed and an appropriate glycosyl 6-O-phosphoramidite was coupled. The remaining protections of the branching unit were removed in the order of Lev and TBDPS, and the exposed hydroxyl functions were reacted one after another with the desired glycosyl 6-O-phosphoramidites. Global deprotection and cleavage of the conjugate from the support were achieved by conventional ammonolysis.
Decreased Resistance of B Cell-Deficient Mice to Infection with Toxoplasma gondii Despite Unimpaired Expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (2000)

The role of B cells in resistance against Toxoplasma gondii was studied using B cell-deficient (muMT) mice. Following peroral infection with 10 cysts of the ME49 strain, all muMT mice survived the acute stage of the infection but died between 3 and 4 wk after infection. In contrast, all control mice were alive at 8 wk after infection. At the stage during which muMT animals succumbed to the infection, parasite replication and pathology were most evident in their brains; small numbers of tachyzoites were also detectable in their lungs. Significantly greater numbers of T. gondii cysts and areas of inflammation associated with tachyzoites were observed in brains of muMT than in control mice. Large areas of necrosis associated with numerous tachyzoites were observed only in brains of muMT mice. Anti-T. gondii IgG Abs were detected only in sera of control mice, whereas similar levels of IFN-gamma were detected in sera of both strains of mice. Amounts of mRNA for IFN-gamma, IL-10, and inducible NO synthase in the brain did not differ between infected muMT and control mice. Expression of mRNA for TNF-alpha was increased in brains of muMT mice. Administration of polyclonal rabbit anti-T. gondii IgG Ab prevented early mortality and pathology associated with tachyzoites in the brain in the infected muMT mice. These results indicate that B cells play an important role, most likely through their production of specific Abs, in resistance to persistent active (tachyzoite) infection with T. gondii in mice, especially in the brain and lung.
On an Umbral point of view to the Gaussian and Gaussian like functions (2022)

In this note we review the theory of Gaussian functions by exploiting a point of view based on symbolic methods of umbral nature. We introduce quasi-Gaussian functions, which are close to Gaussian distribution but have a longer tail. Their use and their link with hypergeometric function is eventually presented.
Rod Worth Minimizer (1986)

Based on reliability, efficiency and economic considerations, it was decided to design a new Rod Worth Minimizer as part of General Electric's line of microcomputer based NUclear Measurement Analysis and Control (NUMAC) instrumentation. This RWM was designed to work with new, concurrently installed process computers while using existing rod position indicating and control systems. In addition to providing a direct replacement for existing RWM functions, the new instrument has incorporated capabilities not previously found. This paper discusses the functions of a Rod Worth Minimizer, describes the configuration of a new RWM system and the hardware and software designs of the NUMAC instrument, and presents the results of the instrument's first application in an operating plant.
Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Determination Using a Well-Stirred Reactor (2003)

Abstract : Combustion generated particulates from gas turbine combustors can cause adverse effects on engine maintenance costs, plume visibility and the environment. Research is being conducted to provide understanding of the mechanisms of soot formation and identify mitigation strategies. A cooled well-stirred reactor (WSR), which simulates the primary zone of a gas turbine combustor, is used in the current study. Experiments have been completed with premixed, fuel-rich (1.9 0 2.6) ethylene-air andethylene-ethanol-air mixtures. Multiple physical characteristics, including particle number density, particle size distribution, total carbon mass, and (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) PAH content, were used to quantify the soot. A unique instrument, the Particulate Matter Characterization and Monitoring System (PMCMS), was used for the determination of the particle size distribution, and the chemical characterization of the soot and gaseous emissions. The results of the study showed that the benzene concentration in the gas phase increased monotonically with equivalence ratio while the pyrene was shown to correlate with the soot content. The results suggest that pyrene and other PAH species can be used to predict the soot formation for more complex combustion systems.For the conditions of the present study, the addition of ethanol to ethylene was shown to lower soot production compared to pure ethylene.
Fuzzy cognitive agents for personalized recommendation (2003)

There is an increasing need for various Web-service, e-commerce and e-business sites to provide personalized recommendations to on-line customers. This paper proposes a new type of personalized recommendation agents called fuzzy cognitive agents. Fuzzy cognitive agents are designed to give personalized suggestions based on the user's current personal preferences, other user's common preferences, and an expert's domain knowledge. Fuzzy cognitive agents are able to represent knowledge via extended fuzzy cognitive maps, learn users' preferences from most recent cases, and help customers make inferences and decisions through numeric computation instead of symbolic and logic deduction. A case study is included to illustrate how personalized recommendations are made by fuzzy cognitive agents in e-commerce sites. The case study demonstrates that the fuzzy cognitive agent is both flexible and effective in supporting e-commerce applications.
Development of Aromatase Inhibitors and Analysis of Their Inhibitory Aetivites (1998)

Inhibitors of aromatase are of interest in the treatment of advanced estrogen-dependent breast cancers. In addition, the inhibitors are promising to play as conformational and catalytic probes for the active site of this enzyme, aromatase. There fore, we synthesized a number of steroidal aromatase inhibitors, including suicide substrates, and also studied the mechanism for a time-dependent inactivation of aromatase by the suicide substrates. The mechanism for the aromatase inactivation by 6-oxo-androstenedione (AD) (1), one of the first discovered suicide substrates, was explored using the 19-substituted analogs 2-5 as well as stereo- and/or regio-specifically labeled [3H, 14C]-compound 1. The results indicated that the 4 beta,5 beta-epoxy-19-oxo derivative 7 is a reactive electrophile that irreversibly binds to the active site of aromatase. Studies on the aromatase inhibition by regioisomers of AD, 4-en-6-one 17, 5-en-4-one 18 and 5-en-7-one 19, revealed that the C-3 carbonyl function is not essential for the tight binding of an inhibitor to the active site. 3-Deoxy AD (22) and its 6 alpha,7 alpha-cyclopropano steroid 24 as well as some of 6-alkyl-ADs are among the most potent competitive inhibitors reported so for (K(m) for AD/Ki > 6). Structure-activity relationships of the 6-alkyl-ADs and their 3-deoxy-, delta 1-, delta 6-, and delta 1,6-analogs as aromatase inhibitors showed that aromatase has a hydrophobic binding pocket with a limited accessible volume in the active site in the region corresponding to the beta-side rather than the alpha-side of the C-6 position of the substrate. The 6-alkyl-ADs and their delta 1-analogs were converted into the corresponding estrogens with human placental aromatase, whereas the 3-deoxy steroids 22 and 25 were metabolized to the corresponding 19-oxygenated compounds. The relative apparent K(m) values for the androgens are different from the relative Ki values, indicating that there is a difference between the ability to serve as an inhibitor and that to serve as a substrate. Moreover, it seems likely that the alignment of the substrate AD analogs in the active site would be markedly different from that of the 3-deoxy steroids.
Placentomegaly in Cloned Mouse Concepti Caused by Expansion of the Spongiotrophoblast Layer1 (2001)

Hypertrophic placenta, or placentomegaly, has been reported in cloned cattle and mouse concepti, although their placentation processes are quite different from each other. It is therefore tempting to assume that common mechanisms underlie the impact of somatic cell cloning on development of the trophoblast cell lineage that gives rise to the greater part of fetal placenta. To characterize the nature of placentomegaly in cloned mouse concepti, we histologically examined term cloned mouse placentas and assessed expression of a number of genes. A prominent morphological abnormality commonly found among all cloned mouse placentas examined was expansion of the spongiotrophoblast layer, with an increased number of glycogen cells and enlarged spongiotrophoblast cells. Enlargement of trophoblast giant cells and disorganization of the labyrinth layer were also seen. Despite the morphological abnormalities, in situ hybridization analysis of spatiotemporally regulated placenta-specific genes did not reveal any drastic disturbances. Although repression of some imprinted genes was found in Northern hybridization analysis, it was concluded that this was mostly due to the reduced proportion of the labyrinth layer in the entire placenta, not to impaired transcriptional activity. Interestingly, however, cloned mouse fetuses appeared to be smaller than those of litter size-matched controls, suggesting that cloned mouse fetuses were under a latent negative effect on their growth, probably because the placentas are not fully functional. Thus, a major cause of placentomegaly is expansion of the spongiotrophoblast layer, which consequently disturbs the architecture of the layers in the placenta and partially damages its function.
ELECTROCHEMICAL SILICON MICROMACHINING: A NEW TECHNIQUE (2004)

In this paper the electrochemical silicon etching in HF-based solution is demonstrated as a new technique for silicon micromachining, alternative to commonly used methods. Electrochemical etching of silicon in HF-based electrolyte, a well known technique for regular macropore formation, is here exploited to produce a multitude of different regular silicon microstructures (microtubes, microtips, microchannels, microspirals, micropillars, microwalls, etc.). The electrochemical micromachining technique is here detailed and discussed.
Full-Duplex Random Access Networks (2017)

Traditionally, the spectrum allocation policy grants fixed spectrum bands to licensed users for exclusive access, which worked well over the past decades. However, with the proliferation of wireless services and data volume in recent years, spectrum scarcity, as a major drawback of this static spectrum allocation policy, has been unveiled. Meanwhile, it is observed that a significant amount of the licensed spectrum is rather underutilized.
Hard Times in Technical Services: How Do Academic Libraries Manage? A Survey (2004)

ABSTRACT The new century has seen particularly difficult economic circumstances for many libraries. While academic libraries in public colleges and universities may not be cut directly by government funding agencies, they are still vulnerable to budget shortfalls affecting their parent institutions. Due to the need to keep public services areas fully staffed, technical services departments may be especially hard hit by financial constraints as positions go unfilled or are shifted to other areas. A survey was sent to technical services managers at selected public universities in the Southeast to determine the impact of hard times on their staffing and operations. Over 60 percent of the respondents had lost technical services positions, with cataloging being particularly affected. Departmental reorganization and shifting of work from professional to paraprofessional positions were the predominant ways of dealing with the losses.
Measurement of the Coulomb energy loss by fast protons in a plasma target (1996)

We report measurements of the energy loss by 1-MeV protons in a plasma target created by electric discharge in the hydrogen gas. Combined with independent measurements of the mean ionization degree and the electron areal density of the plasma column, based on two-wavelength laser interferometry, the energy-loss data let us infer the value of the Coulomb logarithm: ${\mathit{L}}_{\mathit{f}\mathit{e}}$=14.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.8 for the stopping power of the free plasma electrons. This value is 3.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 times higher than that given by the Bethe formula for the neutral hydrogen and, within the experimental errors, agrees with the theoretical predictions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring antioxidant ovothiols 2. Computational and experimental approach of the radical scavenging mechanism (2000)

The radical-scavenging mechanism of fourteen 4-mercaptoimidazoles, derived from the natural family of ovothiols, was studied via a QSAR approach, cyclic voltammetry, ESR and NMR spectroscopy. A significant correlation was found between the DPPH scavenging abilities of test compounds and thermodynamic parameters like overall ease of disulphide formation. The production of a disulphide compound via thiyl radical formation is proposed. Upon DPPH scavenging, hydrogen abstraction from thiols yields transient short-lived thiyl radicals, which were characterised by ESR and rapidly dimerise to form a disulphide compound. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the best DPPH scavengers exhibit low oxidation potentials for their oxidation to disulphides.
Serum Albumin Conformational Disturbances in Melancholic Depression can be Revealed Using Time Resolved Tryptophan Fluorescence (2018)

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders and one of the main causes of disability worldwide...
Transferrin Binding Protein B and Transferrin Binding Protein A2 Expand the Transferrin Recognition Range of Histophilus somni (2020)

The bacterial bipartite transferrin receptor is an iron acquisition system that several important human and animal pathogens require for survival. It consists of the TonB-dependent transporter transferrin binding protein A (TbpA) and the surface lipoprotein transferrin binding protein B (TbpB). Curiously, the Tbps are only found in host-specific pathogens and are themselves host specific, meaning that they will bind to the transferrin of their host species but not to the transferrins of other animal species. While this phenomenon has long been established, neither the steps in the evolutionary process that led to this exquisite adaptation for the host nor the steps that could alter it are known. We sought to gain insight into these processes by studying Tbp specificity in <i>Histophilus somni</i>, an economically important pathogen of cattle. A past study showed that whole cells of <i>H. somni</i> specifically bind bovine transferrin but not transferrin from sheep and goats, two bovids whose transferrins share 93% amino acid sequence identity with bovine transferrin. To our surprise, we found that <i>H. somni</i> can use sheep and goat transferrins as iron sources for growth and that <i>Hs</i>TbpB, but not <i>Hs</i>TbpA, has detectable affinity for sheep and goat transferrins. Furthermore, a third transferrin binding protein found in <i>H. somni</i>, <i>Hs</i>TbpA2, also showed affinity for sheep and goat transferrins. Our results suggest that <i>H. somni</i> TbpB and TbpA2 may contribute to broadening the host transferrin recognition range of <i>H. somni</i><b>IMPORTANCE</b> Host-restricted pathogens infect a single host species or a narrow range of host species. <i>Histophilus somni</i>, a pathogen that incurs severe economic losses for the cattle industry, infects cattle, sheep, and goats but not other mammals. The transferrin binding proteins, TbpA and TbpB, are thought to be a key iron acquisition system in <i>H. somni</i>; however, despite their importance, <i>H. somni</i> TbpA and TbpB were previously shown to be cattle transferrin specific. In our study, we find that <i>H. somni</i> TbpB and another little-studied Tbp, TbpA2, bind sheep and goat transferrins, as well as bovine transferrin. Our results suggest that TbpB and TbpA2 may allow for host range expansion and provide a mechanism for how host specificity in Tbp-encoding pathogens can be altered.
Gigabit radio-over-fiber link for converged baseband and millimeter-wave band signal transmission using cascaded injection-locked Fabry-Pérot laser diodes (2009)

A novel scheme, for both baseband and millimeter-wave band gigabit data transmission in radio-over-fiber system, is proposed and experimentally demonstrated by using cascaded injection-locked Fabry- Pérot laser diodes. It was able to improve suppression ratio of carrier suppressed signal using the cascaded injection-locking. The suppression ratio improvement of the optical carrier suppressed signal of 20 dB was verified. Applying this mechanism, 60-GHz millimeter-wave carrier of enhanced signal quality could be accomplished. Its peak power and phase noise were obtained as -40 dBm and -103.5 dBm/Hz respectively, which was suitable for 60-GHz data transmission. In addition, a successful bidirectional transmission of 1.25-Gbps wired and wireless data was achieved by adopting remodulation technique using a gain-saturated reflective semiconductor optical amplifier for uplink.
Safe Data Collection for Offline and Online Policy Learning (2021)

Motivated by practical needs of experimentation and policy learning in online platforms, we study the problem of safe data collection. Specifically, our goal is to develop a logging policy that efficiently explores different actions to elicit information while achieving competitive reward with a baseline production policy. We first show that a common practice of mixing the production policy with randomized exploration, despite being safe, is sub-optimal in maximizing information gain. Then, we propose a safe optimal logging policy via a novel water-filling technique for the case when no side information about the actions' expected reward is available. We improve upon this design by considering side information and also extend our approaches to the linear contextual model to account for a large number of actions. Along the way, we analyze how our data logging policies impact errors in off(line)-policy learning and empirically validate the benefit of our design by conducting extensive numerical experiments with synthetic and MNIST datasets. To further demonstrate the generality of our approach, we also consider the safe online learning setting. By adaptively applying our techniques, we develop the Safe Phased-Elimination (SafePE) algorithm that can achieve optimal regret bound with only logarithmic number of policy updates.