gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Material-Dependent Reliability Characteristics of Lead-Free Solder Joints (2006)

Solder joints of lead-free electronic assemblies are characterized by a high material diversity due to different finish types of component terminations and also pad finishes of PCB's used. Besides this various lead-free solder alloys are available. During the soldering process all the different materials interacting with each other in relation the soldering conditions forming intermetallic layers at the interface. Thus different material qualities of solder joints are generated and the reliability is material-dependent. Varying intermetallics have different brittle properties. Therefore the materials used have significant influence on the reliability besides certainly constructive properties of the packages and boards especially in the case of miniaturized solder joints. The selection or modification of the materials used is important to affect the metallurgical properties of solder joints including the intermetallic formation, i.e. type and quantity of intermetallics. Application-related development results within the research project InnoLot regarding high temperature applications are presented. Results of board level reliability are shown
Formation of 6-Shogaol of Ginger Oil Under Different Drying Conditions (2011)

Ginger (Zingiber officinalis, Roscoe) is a common ingredient in various foods and beverages. It contains potent anti-inflammatory agents and oleoresin, in which 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are major active compounds. Studies show that 6-shogaol has stronger anti-inflammatory effects. The objectives of this study were to investigate the yield of ginger oils obtained by freeze drying at −80°C, solar drying at atmospheric conditions, and hot air drying at temperatures ranging from 40–80°C and to study the effect of temperature on the transformation of 6-gingerol into 6-shogaol. Dehydrated ginger samples obtained using the drying methods mentioned above were subjected to grinding and the powder was then subjected to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to extract ginger oils. The results showed that drying temperatures lower than 70°C resulted in a higher yield of ginger oil (2.4–2.6%, p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that high drying temperatures caused starch gelatinization during the drying process and thus reduced the yields of extracted ginger oil. However, drying temperatures lower than 70°C did not promote the transformation of 6-gingerol (113.31 mg/mL, with a peak at 12.01 min) to 6-shogaol (6.05 mg/mL, with a peak at 29.85 min). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that drying temperatures higher than 80°C could induce the transformation, and the amount of 6-gingerol was as high as 12.73% compared to 3.5–5.5% using other methods with temperatures lower than 80°C (p < 0.05). In addition, this study revealed that solar drying had no effect on the transformation process, probably because of the low temperatures in solar drying.
A new method for achieving enhanced dielectric response over a wide temperature range (2015)

We report a novel approach for achieving high dielectric response over a wide temperature range. In this approach, multilayer ceramic heterostructures with constituent compositions having strategically tuned Curie points (T(C)) were designed and integrated with varying electrical connectivity. Interestingly, these multilayer structures exhibited different dielectric behavior in series and parallel configuration due to variations in electrical boundary conditions resulting in the differences in the strength of the electrostatic coupling. The results are explained using nonlinear thermodynamic model taking into account electrostatic interlayer interaction. We believe that present work will have huge significance in design of high performance ceramic capacitors.
Integration and Testing of the Nanosatellite Optical Downlink Experiment (2017)

CubeSat sensor performance continues to improve despite the limited size, weight, and power (SWaP) available on the platform. Missions are evolving into sensor constellations, demanding power-efficient high rate data downlink to compact and cost-effective ground terminals. SWaP constraints onboard nanosatellites limit the ability to accommodate large high gain antennas or higher power radio systems along with high duty cycle sensors. With the growing numbers of satellites in upcoming scientific, defense, and commercial constellations, it is difficult to place the high-gain burden solely on the ground stations, given the cost to acquire, maintain, and continuously operate facilities with dish diameters from 5 meters to 20 meters. In addition to the space and ground terminal hardware challenges, it is also increasingly difficult and sometimes not possible to obtain radio frequency licenses for CubeSats that require significant bandwidth. Free space optical communications (lasercom) can cost-effectively support data rates higher than 10 Mbps for similar space terminal SWaP as current RF solutions and with more compact ground terminals by leveraging components available for terrestrial fiber optic communication systems, and by using commercial amateur-astronomy telescopes as ground stations. We present results from the flight unit development, integration, and test of the Nanosatellite Optical Downlink Experiment (NODE) space terminal and ground station, scheduled for completion by summer of 2017. NODE’s objective is to demonstrate an end-to-end solution based on commercial telecommunications components and amateur telescope hardware that can initially compete with RF solutions at >10 Mbps and ultimately scale to Gbps. The 1550 nm NODE transmitter is designed to accommodate platform pointing errors < 3 degrees. The system uses an uplink beacon from the ground station and an onboard MEMS fine steering mirror to precisely point the 0.12 degree (2.1 mrad) 200 mW transmit laser beam toward the ground telescope. We plan to downlink to an estalblished ground terminal at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) ground station as well as the new low-cost 30 cm amateur telescope ground station design to reduce overall mission risk. Moving beyond our initial laboratory prototyping captured in Clements et al. 2016 we discuss recent progress developing and testing the flight electronics, opto-mechanical structures, and controls algorithms, including demonstration of a hardware-in-the-loop test of the fine pointing system, for both the space and ground terminals. We present results of over-the-air testing of the NODE system, as we advance from benchtop to hallway to rooftop demonstrations. We will present thermal and environmental test plans and discuss experimental as well as expected results.
<title>Evolution Of An Automatic Target Cueing System</title> (1978)

Automatic target cueing systems are reaching advanced stages of development. As now envisioned, they could provide the operator of a FLIR or TV system aboard an aircraft with an audible warning of targets in his field of view, show their class and location on his display, and add a priority assignment to aid in his response. The result of this machine assistance is expected to improve his target acquisition rate and to decrease his reaction time, thereby improving his chances for survival. Acceptance of cueing systems for aircraft use will require demonstration of adequate performance, physical characteristics, and cost. As demonstrated in the laboratory, performance has achieved levels of interest to potential users. Testing aboard an aircraft, with man in the loop, is the next crucial step in the acceptance process. It is anticipated that several such tests will begin within 2 years. For the aircraft or combat vehicle application, the constraints of size, weight, power consumption, and cost are vital considerations. Westinghouse is currently involved with three distinct generations of hardware development for cueing systems. These include a real-time breadboard system, assembled in 1974 for the Army&apos;s ARRADCOM; an engineering model cuer, which will provide improvements in both performance and physical characteristics, and the beginnings of the large-scale integration of cueing circuits using charge-coupled devices. The breadboard system is being used to measure and improve performance statistics, and as a means for determining appropriate system parameter values. The system consists of an equipment rack containing an analog scan converter for selecting video frames, a digitizer, a hardwired digital image preprocessor for extraction of key image features, and a minicomputer to collect the data associated with individual targets (segmentation) and perform classification. Targets are indicated by characters grouped on the edge of the video display. The speed of the minicomputer limits the breadboard field of view to an area of 100 by 100 image elements, which is processed approximately twice per second. The engineering model will include a digital input buffer for full frame operation at rates up to 10 frames per second. It will also include a fully redesigned preprocessor, special-purpose segmentation hardware, and a militarized general-purpose computer. Audible warnings will be provided to the operator intercom system, and visible cues will be added to his sensor display. Redesign of the preprocessor has resulted in size reductions relative to the breadboard unit by six times, and power reductions by ten times. Various operations and thresholds can be adjusted under software control on a frame-by-frame basis.
Feasibility Study of Vascular-Endoscopic Valvuloplasty (1994)

Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is generally accepted, but post procedural complications limit its efficacy and reduce long-term success. To eliminate these risks, the authors explored the feasibility of cardioscopy guided percutaneous laser valvuloplasty in an experimental setting. The combined working model consisted of a separate balloon tipped thin fiber optic endoscope, laser balloon catheter, and a Nd-YAG laser transmitter. A porcine pulmonary valve was used as our in vivo target of laser ablation in a beating heart. Under general anesthesia, the endoscopic catheter is delivered into the pulmonary valve area through either the internal jugular or femoral vein under fluoroscopy. Positioning the pulmonary apparatus coaxial to the endoscopic visual field by manipulation of the catheter allowed for targeting and ablation of the commissure of the pulmonary valve under endoscopic view through the balloon filled with saline solution. The ablation energy was 15-30 W, 0.5-1.0 sec, and 2,000-3,000 J total. The animal was then killed and histopathologic study of the ablated area was done. The commissure of the pulmonary valve was smoothly ablated in 4 cases, and the entire ablation procedure was successfully witnessed through endoscopy. The authors encountered some difficulty in laser targeting, limitations to the endoscopic field of vision, and difficulty in holding the position of the apparatus in the beating heart. These are the barriers to overcome for future clinical application of this procedure. However, these results indicate the clear possibility of future use of cardioscopy guided percutaneous laser valvuloplasty in a clinical setting.
Parathyroidectomy vs Cinacalcet Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis (2022)

PTx compared with cinacalcet is associated with a lower risk of mortality, particularly among patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Mechanisms of autophagy and pexophagy in yeasts (2011)

Autophagy is a process of recycling of the intracellular constituents using vacuoles (lysosomes). General autophagy occurs due to involvement of highly conservative components found in all eukaryotes, from yeasts to higher plants and humans. Autophagy also could be a selective process and be involved in regulation of the cellular number of organelles, including that of peroxisomes. The process of specific autophagic peroxisome degradation is known as pexophagy. Yeasts appear to be convenient model for studying molecular mechanisms of pexophagy, and most known ATG genes (from the term AuTophaGy) were identified in yeast studies. This review examines characteristics of general autophagy, other types of autophagy as well as pexophagy, in particular, functions of Atg proteins in general autophagy and in macro- and micropexophagy. Special attention is given to mechanisms of phagophore assembly, the role of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate in pexophagy, the role of peroxines (proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis) in pexophagy, as well as properties of Atg proteins specifically involved in micropexophagy.
UNIX Time-Sharing System: A Retrospective† (1978)

UNIX∗ is a general-purpose, interactive, time-sharing operating system for the DEC PDP-11 and Interdata 8/32 computers. Since it became operational in 1971, it has become quite widely used. This paper discusses the strong and weak points of the UNIX system and some areas where we have expended no effort. The following areas are touched on: (i) The structure of files: a uniform, randomly-addressable sequence of bytes. The irrelevance of the notion of “record.” The efficiency of the addressing of files. (ii) The structure of file system devices: directories and files. (iii) I/O devices integrated into the file system. (iv) The user interface: fundamentals of the shell, I/O redirection, and pipes. (v) The environment of processes: system calls, signals, and the address space. (vi) Reliability: crashes, losses of files. (vii) Security: protection of data from corruption and inspection; protection of the system from stoppages. (viii) Use of a high-level language — the benefits and the costs. (ix) What UNIX does not do: “real-time,” interprocess communication, asynchronous I/O. (x) Recommendations to system designers.
Augmentation of Tendon Healing with Butyric Acid‐Coated Suture: Biomechanical Evaluation in a Rabbit Model (SS‐09) (2010)

Butyric acid (BA), in the appropriate concentration, has been shown to be angiogenic and to enhance transcriptional activity in tissue. These properties of BA have the potential to augment biologic healing in a repaired tendon. The purpose of this study is to evaluate this possibility through the comparison of biomechanical properties of healing tendons repaired with BA-coated suture versus control suture.
Participation and Efficacy: Aspects of Peasant Involvement in Political Mobilization (1972)

The important questions appear to be how and under what conditions peasants participate significantly in politics and what difference such participation makes to them. Although there can be many possible consequences of participation focus in this disucession is on national political efficacy. The general definition of political is feeling that an individual political action does have or can have an impact upon the political process . Data has been collected in an effort to clarify this subject particularly the relationship between political participation and political efficacy. Attention has been concentrated on 2 countries which have experienced an upsurge in rural political activity since World War 2 - Colombia and Venezuela. The data for both countries reveal that peasant political participation if of a high order particularly in Venezuela. The surveys also showed the existence of a rather high level of political efficacy. What most differentiates Colombia and Venezuela in the data is the fact that there has been a revolution in Venezuela which has lifted up the lowest stratum of peasants and in Colombia there has not meaning that most participating peasants are efficacious in Venezuela while tends to accrue only to high-status peasants in Colombia. Between the 2 countries there are 2 types of national political efficacy: direct - the feeling that an individual can influence national government decisions directly by himself or herself - and mediated political efficacy - a person feels that he or she can influence government because of an instrumental relationship with a network of mediators who are influential in the local and national political systems. There is a need for further research; researchers must work to understand the significance of the response and its meaning within its particular sociocultural matrix.
Rapports Generaux au Ixe Congres International de Droit Compare (1980)

Journal Article Rapports Généraux au IXe Congrès International de Droit Comparé Get access J.G.F J.G.F Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Journal of Comparative Law, Volume 28, Issue 1, Winter 1980, Page 147, https://doi.org/10.2307/839750 Published: 01 January 1980
Collaborative learning : cognitive and computational approaches (1999)

Acknowledgement. Contributors. Introduction: what do you mean by 'collaborative learning'? (P. Dillenbourg). Learning together: understanding the processes of computer-based collaborative learning (K. Littleton, P. Hakkinen). The role of grounding in collaborative learning tasks (M. Baker et al.). What is multi in multi-agent learning? (G. Weiss, P. Dillenbourg). Comparing human-human and robot-robot interactions (R. Joiner et al.). Learning by explaining to oneself and to others (R. Ploetzner et al.). Knowledge transformations in agents and interactions: a comparison of machine learning and dialogue operators (E. Mephu Nguifo et al.). Can analytic models support learning in groups? (H.U. Hoppe, R. Ploetzner). Using telematics for collaborative knowledge construction (T. Hansen et al.). The productive agency that drives collaborative learning (D. Schwatrtz). References. Index.
Conductive Plastic Materials (1950)

A new class of plastic materials has been developed. The outstanding characteristic of these materials resides in the fact that they have substantial and predeterminable electrical conductivities, and yet possess the desirable general mechanical and fabrication properties of ordinary plastics. Thermosetting, thermoplastic and elastomeric variants have been produced. Representative data for one type are presented in tabular form. Particular attention is called to the significant thermal and electrical conductivities; the latter is approximately 10 <su xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12 times that of a general purpose phenolic. The material follows Ohm's Law at low and moderate current densities and appears to be free of frequency variation effects. The range of resistivities covered by these conductive plastic materials is indicated. The range extends roughly from the resistivity of distilled water to values approaching that of mercury.</su>
Clock-aware ultrascale FPGA placement with machine learning routability prediction (2017)

As the complexity and scale of circuits keep growing, clocking architectures of FPGAs have become more complex to meet the timing requirement. In this paper, to optimize wirelength and meanwhile meet emerging clocking architectural constraints, we propose several detailed placement techniques, i.e., two-step clock constraint legalization and chain move. After integrating these techniques into our FPGA placement framework, experimental results on ISPD 2017 benchmarks show that our proposed approach yields 2.3% shorter routed wirelength and the running time is 2x faster compared to the first place winner in the ISPD 2017 contest. Moreover, we explore the possibilities to use machine learning-based methods to predict routing congestion in UltraScale FPGAs. Experimental results on both ISPD 2016 and ISPD 2017 benchmarks show that our proposed congestion estimation model is a good approximation to the one obtained from Vivado and can lead to good placement results compared to the previous methods.
Laser surface nitriding of NiTi shape memory alloy for biomedical applications (2001)

The release of Nickel ions into the human body from NiTi implants is a concern for its long term biomedical applications. This paper will investigate the release rate of Nickel ions in Hanks solution after the NiTi shape memory alloy has been laser surface melted in a nitrogen rich environment. The laser surface nitriding process as well as the rapid quenching effect have altered the chemistry and microstructure of the NiTi surface. The change in microstructure as well as the corrosion resistance of the laser surface nitrided samples will also be reported.
Signal Reconstruction from the Output Phases and Magnitudes of Two-Dimensional Filters (1983)

Algorithms are presented for reconstruction of a two-dimensional complex signal by knowing the phases and magnitudes of different filtered versions of the signal for a special class of filters. The algorithms have simple geometric interpretation and are easily extended to N-dimensional systems.
Reproducibility assessment of dynamically deforming DEFGEL in a respiratory motion phantom (2015)

Conducting four-dimensional deforming dosimetry with a deformable gel dosimeter presents several challenges for implementation and interpretation of results. In this work, we describe a modification to a respiratory motion phantom to accommodate the DEFGEL dosimeter, and an evaluation of the reproducibility of the setup and deformation cycle. Setup errors are sub-mm while deformation reproducibility is typically less than half the CT voxel size (1 mm AP and LR; 3 mm SI). 4DCT confirms the absence of hysteresis.
Understanding handicapping for balancing exertion games (2013)

Balancing play can be important for engaging people in games since it allows players with different skills to play together and still feel challenged. Balancing play in exertion games has previously been explored by altering the physical effort. To further our understanding of how to design more balanced experiences, we extend this prior work by studying the affect on play of using a score handicap, which gives the less skilled player an initial score advantage. A performance handicap was also studied by asking the most skilled player to play with the non-dominant hand. We studied digital and non-digital table tennis games, which provide different game interactions, as examples of non-parallel, competitive games. Our results show that these different game interactions influenced the impact that the different handicaps had on player's scores. Therefore, we suggest that the game interaction is a key element to understand the suitability of score and performance balancing methods.
A two-fingered force feedback glove using soft actuators (2018)

Existing force feedback gloves mainly adopt rigid actuators such as electric motors and pneumatic cylinders, which have limitations including safety issues, heavyweight, and complex transmission mechanisms. In this paper, we introduce a light-weighted force-feedback glove using pneumatic-driven soft actuators. Based on the unilateral deformable features of the strain-limiting layer in the soft actuator, the dorsal-side mounting solution along with a light-weighted linkage mechanism is proposed to produce fingertip force feedback. We applied a pre-deformation of the soft actuator to enable the back drivability and the free space sensation. We then implemented a physical prototype of a two-fingered glove. Experimental results show that the glove could achieve considerable performance in free space with small frictional force (0.58N in maximum). While simulating the constrained space, the fingertip force reaches up to 2.1N. For the future work, we plan to improve the current solution to five fingers with finger position tracking and distributed tactile sensing on the palm.