gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrophilic Substitution at C(7) of a Protected 7-Deaza-2’-deoxyguanosine – The 2’-Deoxyribonucleoside Parent Analogue of Queuosine # (2007)

In this manuscript we report on the regioselective electrophilic substitution at C(7) of 7-[2-deoxy-3,5-bis-O-(2-methylpropanoyl)-ß-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-2-(formylamino)-4-methoxy-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (2) – a protected precursor of 7-deaza-2’-deoxyguanosine - using N,N-dimethyl-methyleniminium iodide (Eschenmoser’s salt) yielding the Mannich compound 4.
Magnetic Flux Compression by Magnetically Imploded Metallic Foils (1966)

A 136-kJ capacitor-bank energy source was used to implode metallic foils in a ``theta'' pinch. Aluminum foils accelerated by this scheme attained a velocity of 2.3 mm/μsec and a capacitive-to-kinetic energy conversion efficiency of 23%. An upper limit for the foil velocity depended upon the foil thickness and density, together with a parameter which accounted for electrical heating of the foil. This parameter was determined in exploding wire studies. Experiments with and without auxiliary injection of magnetic flux are described. Thick, imploding foils have been found to be capable of compressing enclosed magnetic flux to more than 2 MG.
Combined Benefits of Variable Valve Actuation and Low-Pressure EGR on SI Engine Efficiency Part 2: High Load (2019)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The abnormal autoignition of the unburned gas, namely knock, at high loads is a major challenge for modern spark ignited engines. Knock prevents the application of high compression ratios due to the increased unburned gas temperature, and it becomes increasingly severe for downsized engines with high specific powers. The current paper reports on the potential of utilizing continuously variable valve actuation (VVA) and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce knock tendency at high loads. Five speed / load points were investigated on a 1.6 L turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) response to the valve phasing and the intake valve lift was investigated with the design of experiment (DoE) approach. The DoE was conducted using a Box-Behnken surface response model. The results exhibited insensitive response of BSFC to intake valve lift and overlap. Following the DoE analysis, additional engine testing was performed at each speed / load point to confirm the engine efficiency and combustion performance when targeting different valvetrain controls and EGR strategies. The results indicated that the reduced intake valve lift and early intake valve closing reduced unburned gas temperature near top dead center (TDC). However, the benefit of reduced unburned gas temperature was offset by the degraded combustion duration, thus similar or even higher amount of unburned fuel was present at the knock onset. At the investigated operating conditions, EGR was a more effective method to reduce knock tendency.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Impact of transmission power on TCP performance in vehicular ad hoc networks (2007)

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are characterized by high velocities and relatively uniform mobility of vehicles. As a result, the dynamics of VANET are different from generic mobile ad hoc networks. The behavior of vehicles and their effect on the protocol performance has not been comprehensively investigated in the context of VANET. In this work, we analyze the performance of multi-hop TCP in a multi-lane highway environment where vehicles are configured as clients or routers trying to reach a fixed access point. In particular, we look at the effect of tuning transmission power in dense and sparse road scenarios on the TCP throughput and latency. To conduct our study, we have developed an integrated simulation tool that accurately models both the vehicular mobility and the networking protocol stack. Using our simulation tool we obtain detailed TCP statistics and correlate them with the location, velocity, and other properties of VANET nodes. We study scenarios with a single sender as well as multiple senders. In each case, results show that throughput significantly deteriorates as the number of hops from the sender to the access point increases. A higher number of hops results in higher losses due to interference and loss of connectivity, which causes TCP to throttle back the sending rate unnecessarily
Association between NPPA promoter methylation and hypertension: results from Gusu cohort and replication in an independent sample (2020)

DNA methylation levels at NPPA promoter were decreased in Chinese adults with hypertension. Aberrant DNA methylation of the NPPA gene may participate in the mechanisms of hypertension.
An Open Source Tool for Migrating Digital Records for Long-term Preservation (2005)

The National Archives of Australia, as the archives and records authority for the Government of Australia, has a requirement to ensure that high value digital records created through the business activity of Australian Government agencies are accessible indefinitely. However, indefinite preservation is extremely difficult when dealing with digital records encoded in proprietary data formats.Over the last three years the National Archives of Australia has been developing an in-house digital preservation program built around the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and open source software. This approach focuses on archival data formats as the key to ensuring long-term accessibility of &#x2018;born digital&#x2019; records. To achieve its preservation objectives the National Archives is developing or adopting a range of open data formats in XML which will be used as schema to transform original digital objects into XML data formats. To support the transformation process the National Archives is developing a software application, known as &#x2018;Xena&#x2019;, which will carry out the transformation process, which we call &#x2018;normalisation&#x2019;, and will also be able to render the XML data format into a viewable &#x2018;performance&#x2019; of the original digital object, when required by researchers.The paper will describe the software application being developed and tested by the National Archives.
Preceding Vehicle Recognition Algorithm Using Fusion Of Laser Radar And Image Processing (2005)

This paper describes a fusion system combining the properties of laser radar and image processing. The system recognizes preceding vehicle positions and measures distance data using the laser radar, and improves certainty of the recognition results. The paper presents a general structure of this fusion system, and algorithms for recognizing and chasing vehicles. Details about original fast tracking algorithms are described.
How many reconstruction methods are needed for training a numerical observer? (2008)

In medical imaging it is now established that image quality should be evaluated using task-based criteria, such as human-observer (HO) performance in a medical decision task (e.g. lesion-detection). HO studies are usually costly and time consuming, therefore the development of a numerical observer (NO) surrogate, an algorithm that mimics HO, is highly desirable. Recently, we proposed and successfully tested a supervised-learning approach for modeling HO with a machine-learning algorithm (namely a support vector machine). In the supervised-learning approach, the goal is to identify the mapping (regression) between measured image features and defect likelihood scores given to an image by an HO. To identify this mapping (training phase), the proposed methodology uses a number of images for which human observer scores are available. The number of images and reconstruction methods for which the HO scores are available are limited. Therefore, in this work we are evaluating the proposed machine-learning based numerical observer performance as a function of the number of different reconstruction methods used during the training phase. The results indicate, as would be expected, that the more reconstruction methods used, the better the NO performance, but, surprisingly, the improvement of having more than five or six reconstruction methods is not significant.
Evidence for active purine nucleoside cycles in human mononuclear cells and cultured fibroblasts. (1982)

Several aspects of purine metabolism were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and fibroblasts from a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and compared to cells from normal controls. Intact cells were incubated with radioactive purine bases and all purine metabolites were extracted and analyzed. Incubation of purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient cells with [3H]hypoxanthine and [3H]guanine resulted in the accumulation of large proportions of the incorporated radioactivity into inosine (60-80%) and to lesser extent into guanosine (15-30%), respectively, whereas normal cells accumulated only minor amounts of inosine and guanosine. This observation indicates that purine nucleoside phosphorylase, together with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and nucleoside monophosphate phosphatase, participate in remarkably active inosine and guanosine cycles. These purine nucleoside cycles may play a role in the regulation of intracellular purine nucleotide levels. The absence of these cycles in purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient patients may be detrimental to the differentiation of lymphocytes.
Stress Testing in Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis (2017)

Aortic stenosis is 1 of the most common heart valve diseases among adults. When symptoms develop, prognosis is poor, and current guidelines recommend prompt aortic valve replacement. Depending of the severity of the aortic stenosis and the presence of concomitant heart disease and medical comorbidities, stress testing represents a reasonable strategy to help better risk stratify asymptomatic patients. The present report provides a comprehensive review of the current available data on stress testing in aortic stenosis and subsequently summarizes its potential for guiding the optimal timing of aortic valve replacement.
CONCERNING cis- AND trans-3-THIOCYANOPROPENAL AND THE SYNTHESIS OF ISOTHIAZOLE (1966)

not available
Thermoelectric Properties of Rare Earth-doped SrTiO3 Using Combination of Combustion Synthesis (CS) and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) (2010)

Thermoelectric properties of combustion synthesized and spark plasma sintered rare-earth-doped (La, Sm, Gd, Dy and Y) SrTiO3 was investigated from room temperature to 870 K from viewpoint of energy and time saving without deterioration in thermoelectric properties. All single phases of rare-earth-doped SrTiO3 were successfully synthesized and sintered with high densities. With temperature increasing, the absolute value of Seebeck coefficient of all the samples increased and the electric conductivity decreased; the power factor of all the samples decreased except Y-doped sample in the considering temperature range. In all the samples, the La-doped sample and the Y-doped sample had the highest and lowest power factor, respectively. The figure of merit of La-doped samples with different doping amounts was evaluated and the maximum figure of merit 0.22 was obtained at 800 K from Sr0.92La0.08TiO3 sample. Comparing Y and La-doped samples prepared by our synthesis method with that of conventional solid-state reaction method, the thermoelectric properties of our samples were relatively higher. Thus the combination of combustion synthesis and spark plasma sintering has a potential to prepare perovskite-oxide materials with relatively higher thermoelectric properties for high-temperature application.
Phospholamban R14del disease: The past, the present and the future (2023)

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy affects significant number of patients worldwide and is characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Mutations in multiple genes with diverse functions have been reported to date including phospholamban (PLN), a key regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis and cardiac contractility. The PLN-R14del variant in specific is recognized as the cause in an increasing number of patients worldwide, and extensive investigations have enabled rapid advances towards the delineation of PLN-R14del disease pathogenesis and discovery of an effective treatment. We provide a critical overview of current knowledge on PLN-R14del disease pathophysiology, including clinical, animal model, cellular and biochemical studies, as well as diverse therapeutic approaches that are being pursued. The milestones achieved in <20 years, since the discovery of the PLN R14del mutation (2006), serve as a paradigm of international scientific collaboration and patient involvement towards finding a cure.
Modafinil Activates Cortical and Subcortical Sites in the Sleep-Deprived State (2006)

Modafinil effectively counters the adverse effects of overnight sleep deprivation on working memory but only when task difficulty is moderate, recruiting extensive areas in the executive network to do so. Interindividual differences in working-memory performance are stable trait characteristics.
Structure of the LDL Receptor Extracellular Domain at Endosomal pH (2002)

The low-density lipoprotein receptor mediates cholesterol homeostasis through endocytosis of lipoproteins. It discharges its ligand in the endosome at pH < 6. In the crystal structure at pH = 5.3, the ligand-binding domain (modules R2 to R7) folds back as an arc over the epidermal growth factor precursor homology domain (the modules A, B, beta propeller, and C). The modules R4 and R5, which are critical for lipoprotein binding, associate with the beta propeller via their calcium-binding loop. We propose a mechanism for lipoprotein release in the endosome whereby the beta propeller functions as an alternate substrate for the ligand-binding domain, binding in a calcium-dependent way and promoting lipoprotein release.
Transesterification of methylsulfate and ethylsulfate ionic liquids—an environmentally benign way to synthesize long-chain and functionalized alkylsulfate ionic liquids (2006)

A new environmentally friendly method to synthesize long-chain and functionalized alkylsulfate ionic liquids is reported. The two-step synthesis comprises the synthesis of a methylsulfate or ethylsulfate ionic liquid by direct alkylation in the first step. In the second step, this intermediate is transformed in a transesterification reaction, using different functionalized and non-functionalized alcohols, to the corresponding new alkylsulfate melts. The entire reaction sequence is halide-free and liberates methanol or ethanol as the only by-products. Moreover, it is carried out in a solvent-free manner and scale-up is straight forward.
Smoothness-constrained image recovery from block-based random projections (2013)

In this paper we address the problem of visual quality of images reconstructed from block-wise random projections. Independent reconstruction of the blocks can severely affect visual quality, by displaying artifacts along block borders. We propose a method to enforce smoothness across block borders by modifying the sensing and reconstruction process so as to employ partially overlapping blocks. The proposed algorithm accomplishes this by computing a fast preview from the blocks, whose purpose is twofold. On one hand, it allows to enforce a set of constraints to drive the reconstruction algorithm towards a smooth solution, imposing the similarity of block borders. On the other hand, the preview is used as a predictor of the entire block, allowing to recover the prediction error, only. The quality improvement over the result of independent reconstruction can be easily assessed both visually and in terms of PSNR and SSIM index.
Early Treatment of a Migraine Attack while Pain is Still Mild Increases the Efficacy of Sumatriptan (2004)

To investigate the hypothesis that early treatment of a migraine attack with sumatriptan, while pain is still mild, results in higher pain free rates in comparison to delayed treatment, when pain is at least moderate, we performed a prospective, controlled and open label study. Migraineurs with or without aura who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria recommended by the International Headache Society were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to either 'early' or 'late' treatment with sumatriptan 100 mg tablets. In the early treatment group significantly more patients were pain free at all times measured during two hours after dosing than in the late treatment group. Furthermore, patients in the early treatment group became pain free significantly sooner after dosing than patients who delayed treatment. It is concluded that migraineurs, who are able to differentiate between a migraine attack and other forms of headache, benefit from early intervention with sumatriptan 100 mg tablets.
Relationship of HIV Status and Fatigue, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Myokines, and Physical Activity (2019)

People living with HIV (PLWH) experience high rates of fatigue, which can be improved with physical activity. We examined relationships between HIV infection, fatigue, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and myokines. Twenty PLWH and 20 HIV-uninfected adults completed a fatigue assessment, a maximal cardiometabolic exercise test, serum measures of myokines, and wore an accelerometer for 7 days. Measures were completed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. At baseline, PLWH had more fatigue (4.7 ± 2.6 vs. 2.8 ± 2.5, p = .01) and higher peak ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2; 33 ± 5.5 vs. 30.2 ± 2.5; p = .06). Half of PLWH engaged in at least one 10-minute bout of physical activity in the previous week, compared with control subjects (65%). Over time, HIV infection and fibroblast growth factor 21 were associated with fatigue (p < .05). People living with HIV have more fatigue and a higher ventilatory efficiency; expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 may underpin this relationship.
Characterization of scale and sub-scale development in ultrahigh-strength steels during processing (2017)

Ductile Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS), the so-called third generation of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS), are increasingly used for automotive applications. However, the strengthening alloying additions in these steels may have consequences for the production of the final product. External and internal oxides form during coiling of the hot rolled product and can affect the formability of the steel. The work presented here focuses on the simulation of surface and subsurface reactions that lead to the formation of the internal oxides. Further it aims to establish a link between the near surface conditions and the formability of the final product. The internal oxidation depth largely depends on the temperature, atmosphere, top surface composition and alloying additions. Rolling, hot coil cooling, pickling, cold rolling and annealing were simulated under lab conditions to create a better understanding of how internal oxides develop during the whole strip steel production process. Microstructural characterization, including EDS, EBSD and STEM, were used to determine the nature of the external and internal oxides that formed throughout the steel processing.
Observations of unsteady flow arising after vortex breakdown (1970)

In rotating flow moving axially through a straight tube, a helical vortex will be generated if the angular momentum flux is sufficiently large relative to the flux of linear momentum. This paper describes an experimental study of the occurrence, frequency and peak-to-peak amplitude of the wall pressure generated by this vortex. The experimental results are displayed in dimensionless form in terms of a Reynolds number, a momentum parameter and tube geometry.
CIF, an essential cofactor for TFIID-dependent initiator function. (1996)

The core promoters for mammalian protein-coding genes often contain a TATA box, an initiator (Inr) element, or both of these control elements. The TFIID complex is essential both for TATA activity and for the activity of a common class of Inr elements characterized by an approximate consensus sequence PyPyA+1NT/APyPy. Although the complete set of proteins required for basal TATA-mediated transcription has been established, the requirements for TFIID-dependent Inr activity remain undefined. In this study we set out to reconstitute Inr activity with purified and recombinant general transcription factors. For this analysis, Inr activity was measured as the ability of an Inr to enhance the strength of a core promoter containing an upstream TATA box. Inr activity was not detected in reactions containing TFIIB, RAP30, RAP74, RNA polymerase II, and either TBP or TFIID, even though these factors were sufficient for TATA-mediated transcription from supercoiled templates. By use of a complementation assay, a factor that imparts Inr activity was identified. This factor, named CIF, stimulated Inr activity in reactions containing the TFIID complex, but activity was not detected with TBP. Further characterization of CIF suggested that it contains multiple components. Functional and immunological experiments demonstrated that one of the CIF components is the mammalian homolog of Drosophila TAF(II)150, which is not tightly associated with mammalian TFIID. These results reveal significant differences in the factor requirements for basal TATA and Inr activity. Further elucidation of these differences is likely to explain the need for the core promoter heterogeneity found within protein-coding genes.
Optimization of Jute Needle-Punched Nonwoven Fabric Properties: Part I—Tensile Properties (2009)

Needle-punched nonwoven fabrics were made from 100% jute fiber using various levels of fabric weight, punch density, and depth of needle penetration. The number of variables and their combinations in the experimental plan were selected following a statistical experimental design technique. Various tensile responses or parameters (e.g., tenacity, breaking extension, initial modulus, work of rupture, permanent set on extension cycling, and stress decay) of needle-punched jute nonwoven fabric were studied. It was observed that at any level of fabric weight, with an increase in punch density and depth of penetration, fabric tenacity, initial modulus, and work of rupture initially increases and then decreases with further increases in punch density and depth of penetration. With the increase in fabric weight, tenacity, initial modulus, and work of rupture initially increase, but at greater fabric weight, though the tenacity becomes steady, initial modulus and work of rupture show a declining trend. Elongation at break is reduced with an increase in fabric weight, punch density, and depth of penetration. Increases in fabric weight, punch density, and depth of penetration initially reduce stress decay and permanent set on extension cycling, which then show an upward trend. The tenacity of needled fabric is improved on stress relaxation, except in fabrics having low area density, very high punch density, and greater depth of penetration. Predicted results from fitted response surface equations agree well with corresponding experimental results.