gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dimensionality Reduction for Sum-of-Distances Metric (2019)

We give a dimensionality reduction procedure to approximate the sum of distances of a given set of $n$ points in $R^d$ to any "shape" that lies in a $k$-dimensional subspace. Here, by "shape" we mean any set of points in $R^d$. Our algorithm takes an input in the form of an $n \times d$ matrix $A$, where each row of $A$ denotes a data point, and outputs a subspace $P$ of dimension $O(k^{3}/ε^6)$ such that the projections of each of the $n$ points onto the subspace $P$ and the distances of each of the points to the subspace $P$ are sufficient to obtain an $ε$-approximation to the sum of distances to any arbitrary shape that lies in a $k$-dimensional subspace of $R^d$. These include important problems such as $k$-median, $k$-subspace approximation, and $(j,l)$ subspace clustering with $j \cdot l \leq k$. Dimensionality reduction reduces the data storage requirement to $(n+d)k^{3}/ε^6$ from nnz$(A)$. Here nnz$(A)$ could potentially be as large as $nd$. Our algorithm runs in time nnz$(A)/ε^2 + (n+d)$poly$(k/ε)$, up to logarithmic factors. For dense matrices, where nnz$(A) \approx nd$, we give a faster algorithm, that runs in time $nd + (n+d)$poly$(k/ε)$ up to logarithmic factors. Our dimensionality reduction algorithm can also be used to obtain poly$(k/ε)$ size coresets for $k$-median and $(k,1)$-subspace approximation problems in polynomial time.
A visible-light-excited fluorescence method for imaging protein crystals without added dyes (2016)

Fluorescence microscopy methods have seen an increase in popularity in recent years for detecting protein crystals in screening trays. The fluorescence-based crystal detection methods have thus far relied on intrinsic UV-inducible tryptophan fluorescence, nonlinear optics or fluorescence in the visible light range dependent on crystals soaked with fluorescent dyes. In this paper data are presented on a novel visible-light-inducible autofluorescence arising from protein crystals as a result of general stabilization of conjugated double-bond systems and increased charge delocalization due to crystal packing. The visible-light-inducible autofluorescence serves as a complementary method to bright-field microscopy in beamline applications where accurate crystal centering about the rotation axis is essential. Owing to temperature-dependent chromophore stabilization, protein crystals exhibit tenfold higher fluorescence intensity at cryogenic temperatures, making the method ideal for experiments where crystals are cooled to 100 K with a cryostream. In addition to the non-damaging excitation wavelength and low laser power required for imaging, the method can also serve a useful role for differentiating protein crystals from salt crystals in screening trays.
Ground Freezing in Construction (1968)

Artificial ground freezing is a valuable aid, and at times may be the only means possible, for excavation. The soil becomes stabilized to give shear strength for a retaining structure and a water stop. Design includes strength and deformation of a viscoelastic material in a structure, and of heat flow in a material in which water changes to ice causing radical changes in thermal parameters. Examples show how the rheological parameters of strain, temperature, stress and time for typical soils are related. Techniques and design data are given for the structural design of a cylindrical cofferdam. Thermal parameters and techniques, with assumptions and consequent equations for design, are provided with examples of two typical soils, straight and curved walls, for computing time of freezing, temperatures, energy and refrigeration-load from which cost estimates may be made for a particular job. Construction practices are discussed, with special attention to the hazards of the ground freezing technique.
Mechanisms of myocyte and capillary growth in the infarcted heart (1990)

To identify the structural mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy following myocardial infarction, the changes in the dimensional characteristics of the spared myocytes were measured 40 days after coronary occlusion. Further, to determine whether tissue oxygenation in the hypertrophied ventricle was supported by a proportional growth of the capillary network, morphometric analysis was used to measure capillary luminal volume and surface densities, and the diffusion distance for oxygen. Large infarcts of the ventricle (50%) produced a 10% increase in myocyte diameter and a 38% increase in myocyte length. Small infarcts (23%) induced 6% and 15% expansions of cellular diameter and length. After large infarcts, there was a 22% decrease in capillary numerical density that resulted in an 18% reduction in capillary surface and a 16% increase in the diffusion distance for oxygen. The 15% reduction in capillary numerical density seen with small infarcts was associated with a 10% decrease in surface and a 9% increase in diffusion distance. In conclusion, cardiac hypertrophy following myocardial infarction is consistent with cellular shape changes characteristic of a combination of concentric and eccentric hypertrophic growth. The relatively inadequate adaptation of the capillary vasculature suggests that the injured ventricle is more vulnerable to additional ischaemic episodes.
The Expression of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (2013)

TAMs were identified in primary PTC tumors with LN metastasis and higher TAM densities were related to larger tumor sizes, suggesting a tumorigenic role of TAMs in human PTCs.
Low Relaxation Rate in Epitaxial Vanadium-Doped Ultrathin Iron Films (2007)

The longest relaxation time and sharpest frequency content in ferromagnetic precession is determined by the intrinsic (Gilbert) relaxation rate G. For many years, pure iron (Fe) has had the lowest known value of G = 57 MHz for all pure ferromagnetic metals or binary alloys. We show that an epitaxial iron alloy with vanadium (V) possesses values of G which are significantly reduced to 35 +/- 5 MHz at 27% V. The result can be understood as the role of spin-orbit coupling in generating relaxation, reduced through the atomic number Z.
Ground penetrating radar investigations at North Ballachulish Moss, Highland, Scotland (1999)

Ground-penetrating radar was used to map the underlying topography of North Ballachulish Moss. Ground-truthing, in the form of sediment coring and test-pitting, provided corroborative evidence for the peat depths as defined by the radar survey. Trial trenching revealed that a suite of radar anomalies identified during the course of the survey related to a buried prehistoric surface with an associated abundance of wooden stakes and twigs. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Performance of CGMS in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Treated by Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Using Insulin Analogs (2003)

CGMS could be useful in routine clinical practice to provide much more information on the glucose profile than intermittent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). However, CGMS cannot be used as a replacement for glucose meters because it does not satisfy the conventional performance goals set down for in vitro glucose measurements and could therefore lead to clinically incorrect treatment decisions.
Experimental Characterisation of Swirl Stabilized Annular Stratified Flames (2007)

A burner for investigating lean stratified premixed flames propagating in intense&#13;\nisotropic turbulence has been developed. Lean pre-mixtures of methane at different&#13;\nequivalence ratios are divided between two concentric co-flows to obtain annular&#13;\nstratification. Turbulence generators are used to control the level of turbulence intensity&#13;\nin the oncoming flow. A third annular weakly swirling air flow provides the flame&#13;\nstabilization mechanism. A fundamental characteristic is that flame stabilization does&#13;\nnot rely on flow recirculation. The flames are maintained at a position where the local&#13;\nmass flux balances the burning rate, the result is a freely propagating turbulent flame&#13;\nfront. The absence of physical surfaces in the vicinity of the flame provides free access&#13;\nfor laser diagnostics.&#13;\nStereoscopic Planar Image Velocimetry (SPIV) has been applied to obtain the three&#13;\ncomponents of the instantaneous velocity vectors on a vertical plane above the burner&#13;\noutlet where the flames propagate. The instantaneous temperature fields have been&#13;\ndetermined through Laser Induced Rayleigh (LIRay) scattering. Planar Laser Induced&#13;\nFluorescence (PLIF) on acetone has been used to calculate the average equivalence ratio&#13;\ndistributions. Instantaneous turbulent burning velocities have been extracted from SPIV&#13;\nresults, while flame curvature and flame thermal thickness values have been calculated&#13;\nusing the instantaneous temperature fields. The probability distributions of these&#13;\nquantities have been compared considering the separate influence of equivalence ratio&#13;\nstratification and turbulence. It has been observed that increased levels of turbulence&#13;\ndetermine higher turbulent burning velocities and flame front wrinkling. Flames&#13;\ncharacterized by stronger fuel stratification showed higher values in turbulent burning&#13;\nvelocities. From the curvature analysis emerged that increased fuel concentration&#13;\ngradients favour flame wrinkling, especially when associated with positive small radius&#13;\nof curvature. This determines an increased surface area available for reaction that&#13;\npromotes a faster propagation of the flame front in the oncoming combustible mixtures.
Prediction Defaults for Networked-guarantee Loans (2018)

Networked-guarantee loans may cause the systemic risk related concern of the government and banks in China. The prediction of default of enterprise loans is a typical extremely imbalanced prediction problem, and the networked-guarantee make this problem more difficult to solve. Since the guaranteed loan is a debt obligation promise, if one enterprise in the guarantee network falls into a financial crisis, the debt risk may spread like a virus across the guarantee network, even lead to a systemic financial crisis. In this paper, we propose an imbalanced network risk diffusion model to forecast the enterprise default risk in a short future. Positive weighted k-nearest neighbors (p-wkNN) algorithm is developed for the stand-alone case - when there is no default contagious; then a data-driven default diffusion model is integrated to further improve the prediction accuracy. We perform the empirical study on a real-world three-years loan record from a major commercial bank. The results show that our proposed method outperforms conventional credit risk methods in terms of AUC. In summary, our quantitative risk evaluation model shows promising prediction performance on real-world data, which could be useful to both regulators and stakeholders.
Financial Crisis Warning Model based on BP Neural Network (2005)

The paper uses the BP artificial neural network to establish a model of financial crisis warning for the purpose of testing the accuracy of the methods used for financial crisis warning. The model's sample is consisted of the cross section financial indexes of 120 listed companies of which 60 companies is used as a testing sample. After repeated training and studying of the samples, we got a distinguishing-positive rates of 90.8% to the sample model setting and 90% to the testing sample.. This is a large improvement to the predicting precisions,in comparison with main-composition analysis which has got a percentage of 90 to the first sample and 81.7 to the later by using the same samples. The study indicates that BP neural network is a model without linear mapping, high in correlation among indexes, changing non-line and that a relatively satisfying outcome can be gotten even if the data are not complete or lacking. So it's a relatively optimum method used for forecasting, with wide applying area and high value of popularizing.
New method for the detection of micro-organisms in blood: application of quantitative interpretation model to aerobic blood cultures (2009)

The physical and chemical changes occurring in blood that has been inoculated into a blood culture bottle can be used as means to detect the presence of microorganisms in blood cultures. These changes include primarily the conversion of oxy- to deoxyhemoglobin within the red blood cells (RBCs) and changes in the cell number densities. These changes in the physical and chemical properties of blood can be readily detected using spectrophometric methods thus enabling the continuous monitoring of blood culture vials to provide quantitative information on the growth behavior of the microorganisms present. This paper reports on the application of spectrophotometric information obtained from diffuse reflectance measurements of aerobic blood cultures to detect microbial growth and compares the results to those obtained using the standard blood culture system.
Measurement of lymphedema using ultrasonography with the compression method. (2011)

Lymphedema is swelling of soft tissues by accumulation of lymphatic fluid due to failure of the lymphatic drainage system. Although most measures for lymphedema focus on change of volume or size of the extremity, the physical properties of the tissue such as resistance to compression are also of clinical importance because they affect the quality of life of lymphedema patients. In this study, we aimed to compare the thickness and resistance to compression of the skin and subcutis between the affected and unaffected arms of patients with lymphedema by using ultrasonography together with the compression technique, and we also investigated the factors that have an influence on the results. Thirty-nine patients with post-mastectomy lymphedema participated in this study. All ultrasonographically-assessed thicknesses of skin and subcutaneous tissue in affected upper arms and forearms were significantly larger than the contralateral (p < 0.05) while all resistances to compression values were significantly lower (p < 0.05). These results suggest that measuring the resistance to compression and thickness using the compression method with ultrasonography may be a valuable tool for evaluating lymphedema after breast cancer surgery.
Kinetics of Hg(II) Exchange between Organic Ligands, Goethite, and Natural Organic Matter Studied with an Enriched Stable Isotope Approach (2014)

The mobility and bioavailability of toxic Hg(II) in the environment strongly depends on its interactions with natural organic matter (NOM) and mineral surfaces. Using an enriched stable isotope approach, we investigated the exchange of Hg(II) between dissolved species (inorganically complexed or cysteine-, EDTA-, or NOM-bound) and solid-bound Hg(II) (carboxyl-/thiol-resin or goethite) over 30 days under constant conditions (pH, Hg and ligand concentrations). The Hg(II)-exchange was initially fast, followed by a slower phase, and depended on the properties of the dissolved ligands and sorbents. The results were described by a kinetic model allowing the simultaneous determination of adsorption and desorption rate coefficients. The time scales required to reach equilibrium with the carboxyl-resin varied greatly from 1.2 days for Hg(OH)2 to 16 days for Hg(II)-cysteine complexes and approximately 250 days for EDTA-bound Hg(II). Other experiments could not be described by an equilibrium model, suggesting that a significant fraction of total-bound Hg was present in a non-exchangeable form (thiol-resin and NOM: 53-58%; goethite: 22-29%). Based on the slow and incomplete exchange of Hg(II) described in this study, we suggest that kinetic effects must be considered to a greater extent in the assessment of the fate of Hg in the environment and the design of experimental studies, for example, for stability constant determination or metal isotope fractionation during sorption.
Both Systemic and Intra-articular Immunization with Citrullinated Peptides Are Needed to Induce Arthritis in the Macaque (2017)

This two-hit model of prolonged mono-arthritis mimics what could happen in RA. Despite the limited number of joints with disease in the macaque model, the model appears unique to study the events occurring during the preclinical phase of RA, from immunization against citrullinated peptides to the clinical appearance of disease.
2,6‐hexadecadiynoic acid and 2,6‐nonadecadiynoic acid: Novel synthesized acetylenic fatty acids as potent antifungal agents (2006)

The hitherto unknown 2,6-hexadecadiynoic acid, 2,6-nonadecadiynoic acid, and 2,9-hexadecadiynoic acid were synthesized in two steps and in 11-18% overall yields starting from either 1,5-hexadiyne or 1,8-nonadiyne. Among all the compounds 2,6-hexadecadiynoic acid displayed the best overall antifungal activity against both the fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains ATCC 14053 and ATCC 60193, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC of 11 microM), and against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 66031 (MIC < 5.7 microM). 2,9-Hexadecadiynoic acid did not display any significant cytotoxicity against the fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains, but it showed fungitoxicity against C. neoformans ATCC 66031 with a MIC value of < 5.8 microM. Other FA, such as 2-hexadecynoic acid, 5-hexadecynoic acid, 9-hexadecynoic acid, and 6-nonadecynoic acid were also synthesized and their antifungal activities compared with those of the novel acetylenic FA. 2-Hexadecynoic acid, a known antifungal FA, exhibited the best antifungal activity (MIC = 9.4 microM) against the fluconazole-resistant C. albicans ATCC 14053 strain, but it showed a MIC value of only 100 microM against C. albicans ATCC 60193. 2,6-Hexadecadiynoic acid and 2-hexadecynoic acid also displayed a MIC of 140-145 microM toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in Middlebrook 7H12 medium. In conclusion, 2,6-hexadecadiynoic acid exhibited the best fungitoxicity profile compared with other analogues. This diynoic FA has the potential to be further evaluated for use in topical antifungal formulations.
STEREOCHEMISTRY OF SUBSTITUTION AT SILICON. REACTIONS OF THE SILICON-OXYGEN BOND WITH INVERSION AND RETENTION OF CONFIGURATION (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSTEREOCHEMISTRY OF SUBSTITUTION AT SILICON. REACTIONS OF THE SILICON-OXYGEN BOND WITH INVERSION AND RETENTION OF CONFIGURATIONLeo H. Sommer and Cecil L. FryeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 14, 3796Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01499a089https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01499a089research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views175Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of glycophorin A. (1980)

Glycophorin A isolated from human erythrocytes contains one asparagine-linked sugar chain in one molecule. This sugar chain was successfully released as an oligosaccharide fraction by hydrazinolysis. The oligosaccharide fraction was separated into four components (N, A-1, A-2', and A-2) by paper electrophoresis. Complete structures of the major acidic oligosaccharides (A-1 and A-2) were elucidated by sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation study and periodate oxidation as follows: NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(3) [Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3(6)] (GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc and NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3) (GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6) GlcNAc. The abbreviations used are: NeuAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; Fuc, fucose.
<title>Application study on aircraft structures of CFRP laminates with embedded SMA foils</title> (2002)

This paper reports some research results for the application study of the smart materials an structural using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) foils. First, the authors acquired the recovery strain of CFRP laminates generated by the recovery stress of the pre-strained SMA foils. Then, the quasi-static load-unload tests were conducted using several kinds of quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates with embedded SMA foils. Micro-mechanics of damage behavior due to the effects of the recovery strain and the first transverse crack strain were discussed. The improvement of maximum 40 percent for the onset strain of the transverse cracks and maximum 60 percent for the onset strain of delamination were achieved for CFRP laminates with embedded pre-strained SMA foils compared with standard CFRP laminates. Furthermore, the authors conducted the structural element test for application to actual structures. Testing technique and the manufacturing technique of the structural element specimen were established.
Reducing Address Bus Transitions for Low Power Memory Mapping (1996)

We present low power techniques for mapping arrays in behavioral specifications to physical memory, specifically for memory intensive behaviors that exhibit regularity in their memory access patterns. Our approach exploits this regularity in memory accesses by reducing the number of transitions on the memory address bus. We study the impact of different strategies for mapping arrays in behaviors to physical memory, on power dissipation during memory accesses. We describe a heuristic for selecting a memory mapping strategy to achieve low power, and present an evaluation of the architecture that implements the mapping techniques to study the transition count overhead. Experiments on several image processing benchmarks indicate power savings of upto 63 % through reduced transition activity on the memory address bus.
Characterization of Abnormal Thyroglobulin in a Transplantable Rat Thyroid Tumor (1977)

The soluble iodoproteins in a transplantable rat thyroid tumor (Wollman Line 1–8) were studied after in vivo labeling with 125I and were partially purified by affinity chromatography on anti-thyroglobulin-agarose. A major fraction (“Peak A”) was excluded from gels of large pore size, but had a low sedimentation rate (∼8S) and did not appear to contain aggregates. It had a high density (∼1.4) which was possibly due to a high content of carbohydrate, since treatment with a crude glycosidase mixture lowered the density to ∼1.3. A second fraction (“Peak B”) had a similar sedimentation coefficient (6–9S) but penetrated the same gels and had a lower density (∼1.3). Both proteins formed soluble complexes with antibodies against normal rat thyroglobulin, and had other properties somewhat similar to those of thyroglobulin. After hydrolysis, mono- and diiodotyrosine were the only iodoamino acids liberated. These iodoproteins appear to represent abnormal forms of thyroglobulin synthesized by the tumor. (Endocrinology100:1448, 1977)