gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of long‐range repulsive forces in organizing axonal neurofilament distributions: Evidence from mice deficient in myelin‐associated glycoprotein (2002)

When the axon of a motor neuron is sectioned and visualized by electron microscopy, a two-dimensional distribution of neurofilaments (NFs) with nonrandom spacing is revealed; this ordered arrangement implies the presence of physical interactions between the NFs. To gain insight into the molecular basis of this organization, we characterized NF distributions from mouse sciatic nerve cross sections using two statistical mechanical measures: radial distribution functions and occupancy probability distributions. Our analysis shows that NF organization may be described in terms of effective pairwise interactions. In addition, we show that these statistical mechanical measures can detect differences in NF architecture between wild-type and myelin-associated glycoprotein null mutant mice. These differences are age dependent, with marked contrast between the NF distributions by 9 months of age. Finally, using Monte Carlo simulations, we compare the experimental results with predictions for models in which adjacent NFs interact through rigid cross bridges, deformable cross bridges, and long-range repulsive forces. Among the models tested, a model in which the filaments interact through a long-range repulsive force is most consistent with the results of our analysis.
Changes in FDG-PET in response to rapamycin (R) correlated with Akt pathway inhibition and not with clinical outcome (2008)

3511 Background. FDG-PET is increasingly been used to measure antitumor effects in clinical trials with novel agents. Here we investigated the role of FDG-PET in predicting response to R in refractory solid tumor (RST) patients (pts) and the basis for the observed results in a preclinical cancer model (PCM). Methods. RST pts were treated with R (2 to 9 mg daily) in a phase I trial. FDG-PET/CTs were done at baseline and after 8 weeks of R. Five areas with the highest FDG uptake at baseline (SUVmax) were selected as target lesions. Percent change in mean SUVmax between baseline and after 8 weeks of R were compared for each patient, categorized by EORTC (1999) PET response criteria and correlated with tumor response by RECIST criteria. Tumors from 4 pts with pancreatic cancer were xenografted onto nude mice, expanded and treated with the R analog temsirolimus (TEM). Preclinical FDG-PET scans were obtained on day 0 and after 1 week of TEM. Drug efficacy was determined on day 28 by the T/C ratio. Changes in the Akt activation and glycolytic pathway were studied by Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. Results. Serial FDG-PETs were evaluated in 19 pts with gastrointestinal, uterine, and neuroendocrine carcinomas and sarcomas. Ten (53%) had partial metabolic response (PMR) and 9 (47%) had stable metabolic response (SMR). There was no relationship between R dose and FDG-PET response. In the PMRs, 5 had progressive disease (PD) and 5 had stable disease (SD). In the SMRs, 4 had PD and 5 had SD. Puzzled by the disconnection between FDG-PET and objective response, we studied TEM’s effects in a PCM. In the 4 TEM-resistant (T:C ratio ≥ 50%) xenograft models, 2 had stable/increased SUVmax (PET-R) and 2 had reduced SUVmax (PET-S) from baseline, similar to the clinical observation. Biomarkers studied indicated suppressed Akt and glycolitic pathway in the TEM-treated PET-Ss but persistence in the PET-Rs. Conclusions. FDG-PET response does not predict tumor proliferative response to mTOR inhibitor therapy in ST pts. PCMs suggest that FDG-PET is a pharmacodynamic marker for Akt activity in this setting. We hypothesized that, in a subset of tumors, R suppresses TORC2 complex resulting in inhibition of Akt and glycolysis, thus FDG-PET response, but this is independent of the effects on tumor proliferation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Reverse Phase HPLC Determination OF 5,6-Dihydro-5-azacytidine in Biological Fluids (1984)

Abstract A sensitive and specific reverse phase HPLC method which allows measurement of the new antitumor agent 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine (DHAC) in biological fluids at concentrations as low as 50 ng/ml (2 × 10−7 M) has been developed. After addition of 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy-5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine as an internal standard, sequential ultrafiltration, boronate gel affinity chromatography and cation exchange chromatography are employed to isolate DHAC from plasma or urine. DHAC is then reacted with N,N-dimethylformamide diethylacetal to form a dimethylaminomethylene derivative with enhanced UV detectability (λmax = 264 nm, log ε = 4.3) and better retention on a reverse phase column. Isocratic separation is then accomplished on a fully loaded and end-capped ODS column with 0.050 M formic acid in 20% acetonitrile/water. This assay has been used to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of DHAC in rats given a single i.v. bolus dose of 50 mg/kg. Analysis of the drug in human plasma indicates that this method is suitable for determining DHAC disposition and pharmacokinetics in human subjects.
New high-performance electroelastomer based on interpenetrating polymer networks (2006)

This paper describes new electroelastomer films that exhibit high actuation performance at zero to minimal mechanical prestrain. Prestrain is generally required for electroelastomers, also known as dielectric elastomers, such as the VHB 4910 acrylic elastomer, to obtain high electromechanical strain and high elastic energy density. However, the prestrain can cause several serious problems, including the use of a prestrain-supporting structure, a large performance gap between the active materials and packaged actuators, instability at interfaces between the elastomer and prestrain-supporting structure, and stress relaxation. We have introduced a polymerizable and closslinkable liquid additive into highly prestrained acrylic films and subsequently cured the additive to form the second elastomeric network. In the as-obtained Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN), the additive network can effectively support the prestrain of the acrylic films and consequently eliminate the external prestrain- supporting structure. The IPN composite films without external prestrain exhibit electrically-induced strains up to 233% in area, comparable to the VHB 4910 films under high prestrain.
An ultrasonic Gaussian transducer with a curved back electrode (1991)

An ultrasonic Gaussian transducer with a curved back electrode has been designed and fabricated. A theoretical principle of the design based on electromagnetic theory is developed. The experimental results show that the sound fields generated by the Gaussian transducers fabricated based on the design agree well with the theoretical predictions.
A Nonlinear Transmission Line Based Harmonic RF Tag (2017)

This paper describes the design and development of a nonlinear transmission line based passive RFID tag. When the tag receives a signal from the interrogator, it generates harmonics which are transmitted back to interrogator. The reflected signal is distorted in time domain due to the harmonic contents. Hence, a change in the rise time would be observed in the received signal. Experimentally, a decrease in rise time by 14% is demonstrated using the wireless tag at a distance of 100mm from the interrogator. The tag was designed to operate in the range of 100 MHz to 500 MHz with Bragg's cutoff frequency of 1.2 GHz. This circuit will find applications in tagging, tracking and sensing.
Risks and benefits of phase I trials: Eighteen-year experience from a single institution. (2017)

e18146 Background: Phase I trials are a critical component of drug development; yet are considered non-therapeutic. This leads to recruitment barriers due to provider and patient discomfort. The largest meta-analysis of phase I studies has previously shown a response rate (RR) of 10.6%. Herein we report the results from our institution. Methods: Records of patients enrolled on phase I trials at our institution from January 1999 to December 2016 were reviewed. Recorded data included adverse events (AE); treatment related responses and deaths. Kaplan-Meier analysis and t-test were performed on the reviewed data. Results: During this period 774 patients were accrued on 64 phase I trials [43.8% cytotoxic, 45.3% biological, 6.2% both and 4.7% viral agents]. Primary cancer diagnoses included colorectal (25.2%), ovarian (17.6%), lung (7.8%), uterine (6.6%) and breast (6.1%). In total, 609 patients were evaluable for response, 41.1% had stable disease (SD) and overall RR was 7.7% (complete RR = 1.0%). Patients with overall clinical benefit (SD+response) had lower mean baseline WBC (4.83 vs 5.94 k/uL, p = 0.0008), ANC (2.92 vs 4.12 k/uL, p = 0.00007), platelets (209 vs 246 k/uL, p = 0.00007), LDH (280 vs 346 U/L, p = 0.0055) and higher serum albumin (3.97 vs 3.86 g/dL, p = 0.011) as compared to patients with progressive disease. Grade 3/4 non-hematological and hematological AE were seen in 28.5% and 19.9% patients, respectively. Treatment-related mortality was 0.8%. Patients with baseline LDH below the median (247 U/L) for the cohort had a higher median survival (312 days vs 201 days, p &lt; 0.001, HR 0.61 95% CI 0.51-0.73). The median and mean duration on study were 56 and 87 days, respectively. Conclusions: This is one of the largest single-institution series of phase I oncology trials. Our RR of 7.7% [95% CI 5.9-10.1%] falls within the 95% CI of the RR of a majority of third line (and greater) chemotherapy regimens for solid tumors. Thus, the concept of 'non-therapeutic' nature of phase I studies needs reconsideration.
Measurement techniques for drop size distributions in stirred and fast coalescing liquid–liquid systems (2008)

Complete models in stirred tanks for the drop size distribution as a function of power-input, material and process parameters are rare and relatively inaccurate. Furthermore industrial applications, like e.g. suspension polymerization processes, require a distinct average drop diameter and a small standard deviation of the distribution. An overview is given for already existing measurement technique: sound, laser and photo based techniques. The Lasentec FBRM&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; [22], which gives online, and in-situ information and an in house developed endoscope technique [21] will be discussed in detail. It is clearly shown, that the laser based method gives only qualitatively good but fast results for the tested system toluene/water. The quantitatively accurate experimental results of the endoscope technique gave a good base for testing and developing numerical models for even transient behavior of drop size distributions.
2150 Successful Endoscopic Closure of a Pyeloduodenal Fistula Using the Over-the-Scope Clip System (2019)

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 100 cases of pyeloduodenal fistula (PDF) have been reported in the literature. PDF most often results from pyelonephritis due to nephrolithiasis, when inflammation extends to the duodenum given its relative immobility and lack of posterior peritoneal covering. Diagnosis of a PDF is usually made with computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen with contrast. The mainstay of therapy for PDF is nephrectomy and primary closure of the duodenum. We are presenting the second documented case of endoscopic closure of a PDF using the over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system and the third case of endoscopically treated PDF. This method provides an alternative to open surgery. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 62 year old female presented with sharp, severe abdominal pain. She denied back pain, hematuria, fever, and dysuria. She had no significant past medical history and did not take any medications. CT abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a large right-sided staghorn calculus extending into the renal pelvis. The patient underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which was complicated by perforation of the renal pelvis and abdominal compartment syndrome. Subsequently, a proximal ureteral stricture was refractory to stenting and balloon dilation. CT urography demonstrated a PDF (Image 1). After placement of a metallic ureteral stent and nephrostomy tube, a nephrostogram was negative for extravasation, so the patient underwent EGD to evaluate for the resolution of the PDF. During the procedure, iohexol contrast and methylene blue were inserted via nephrostomy tube, and fluoroscopic imaging showed contrast in the right kidney and bladder without extravasation. However, on endoscopy, methylene blue extravasation led to identification of two mucosal defects in the anterior duodenal sweep (Image 2). The larger defect was closed using the helix tissue retractor and OTSC system (12/6 t-type) (Image 3). The smaller defect was closed with 2 hemostasis clips. Follow-up renal scan and CT imaging showed no evidence of contrast extravasation. DISCUSSION: The OTSC is an innovative endoscopic technique most often used for hemostasis and for treatment of endoscopic or surgical complications (e.g., fistula, leakage, or perforation). Most reports document successful OTSC use for fistula closure including gastrocutaneous and esophageal fistulas. Our case is, to our knowledge, the second ever documented PDF closure using the OTSC system.
Antenna design methodology for ear-to-ear/ear-to-remote communications (2017)

The new generation of wireless headphones has demonstrated the increasing interests in designing wireless products for ear-to-ear and/or ear-to-remote communications at 2.4-2.5 GHz Bluetooth band. To this end, we outline a design methodology of candidate differential compact dipole antennas featuring lumped reactance loading. The impedances of the designed antennas and the coupling between them at the presence of a human head model are optimized by applying a multi-port co-simulation approach. The feasibility of the overall system design is verified through measurements.
GPS on Every Roof, GPS Sensor Network for Post-seismic Building-wise Damage Identification (2013)

Development of wireless sensor network equipped with GPS for post-seismic building-wise damage identification is presented in this paper. This system is called GPS on Every Roof. Sensor node equipped with GPS antenna and receiver is installed on the top of the roof of each and every building. The position of this sensor node is measured before and after earthquake. The final goal of this system is to i) identify the displacement of the roof of each house and ii) collect the information of displacement of the roof of the houses through wireless communication. Superposing this information on GIS, building-wise damage distribution due to earthquake can be obtained. The system overview, hardware and some of the key components of the system such as on-board GPS relative positioning algorithm to achieve the accuracy in the order of several centimeters are described in detail. Also, the results from a field experiment using a wireless sensor network with 39 sensor nodes are presented.
Bridging the Gap Between Electrochemistry and Microscopy: Electrochemical IL-TEM and In Situ Electrochemical TEM Study (2014)

Generally, in order to make the water and carbon energy cycles economi-cally competitive in terms of today’s fossil and nuclear energy, energy con-versionmaterialshavetobefurtheroptimizedandthereforestudiedinmoredetail. More specifically, the fundamental details of platinum-based protonexchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) catalyst degradation are still notclear (Mayrhofer et al. , 2008; Meier et al. , 2012). Missing insights can onlybe gained with an introduction of new advance characterization techniqueslike identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) andin situ electrochemical TEM. A generally accepted technique, besides elec-trochemistry, used to study the structure of nanoparticles is a vacuum TEMequipped with numerous detectors enabling many characterizationmethods, such as electron diffraction, high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM),scanning TEM (STEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), whichprovide a complete description of studied nanomaterial characteristics. Thisinformation is commonly used to interpret nanoparticle activity and stabil-ity. However, the concerns still remain whether the surface structure andmorphology change of random spots is representative for the whole sampleand if the structure and morphology integrity get disrupted whennanoparticles come in contact with the atmosphere or get immersed inthe liquid electrolyte. It can reconstruct or deconstruct the metal surfacedepending on the interaction energy of thermodynamic driving forces. Itcan also change unevenly across the sample. In order to access the informa-tion of real surface structure at relevant conditions, identical locations and,more important, in situ observations are mandatory. Before IL-TEM wasthe only technique showing degradation on the same nanoparticle(Hodnik et al. , 2014; Mayrhofer et al. , 2008; Meier et al. , 2012). Combina-tion of this approach with conventional electrochemistry provides a com-plete description of the catalytic activity and stability in relation to thesurface structural characteristics.
Effectively surface‐passivated aluminium‐doped p+ emitters for n‐type silicon solar cells (2009)

Abstract We present a detailed study on surface‐passivated screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed emitters for back junction n ‐type silicon solar cells. We investigated (i) two different commercially available aluminium pastes and (ii) two passivation layers both well suited for highly doped p + silicon: plasma‐enhanced‐chemical‐vapour‐deposited amorphous silicon (a‐Si) and atomic‐layer‐deposited aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ). We show that for the formation of a homogeneous, non‐shunted emitter, a careful choice of the alloying conditions is essential. Moreover, for a most effective surface passivation, low emitter thicknesses have to be used. Combining these two aspects, we have achieved extraordinary high implied open‐circuit voltages of 673 mV for a‐Si‐ and 685 mV for Al 2 O 3 ‐passivated Al‐alloyed emitters, corresponding to emitter saturation current densities of 128 and 55 fA/cm 2 , respectively.
Geophone ground coupling (1985)

Geophysicists often ascribe the cause of poor data quality to geophone ground coupling. To accurately record ground motions for a seismic survey, the geophones must be coupled firmly to the ground. Certainly, the geophone hanging in a bush or loosely placed in a crack will not accurately record ground motions. Even though the well-planted geophone can follow ground motions at lower frequencies, it may fail at higher frequencies. Generally, coupling is not a problem for conventional recording in favorable terrain, but it is a crucial factor in high resolution and shear wave recordings.
Through-Flow Drying of Tufted Textile Materials (1964)

It is shown in this investigation that by forcing heated air through the material, tufted carpet can be dried in approximately one-fifth the time required in present industrial dryers. An experimental study showed that the variables which influence the pressure drop across the carpets tested can be correlated with two dimension-less groups. This correlation can then be used to predict the drying time for the constant-rate period.
Experimental determination of optical properties in turbid medium by TCSPC technique (2007)

In this article, we briefly described a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) system specifically designed for extracting the optical properties in turbid medium. This system was evaluated by use of two sets of liquid tissue-simulating phantoms containing different concentrations of Intralipid-10% as scatters and India ink as absorbers. With the distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons measured by the TCSPC system, some featured parameters, such as the mean time of flight and the variance of DTOF were calculated. Based on these parameters, we developed a simple and fast method to obtain the absorption coefficient &mgr;<sub>a</sub> and reduced scattering coefficient &mgr;<sub>s</sub>' of the turbid medium. Furthermore, the accuracy of the method was validated using the Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that the optical properties could be extracted with this method, which was much faster than the conventional curve-fitting procedure. Our method could be useful in on-line monitoring of optical properties and of the oxygen saturation (SaO<sub>2</sub>) in forearm muscle.
Author response: A persistent behavioral state enables sustained predation of humans by mosquitoes (2022)

Brief fictive carbon dioxide sensation induced by optogenetics in the female mosquito induces long-lasting arousal and probing, explaining the persistent predatory behavior of this dangerous disease-vectoring insect.
Polyacryloyl hydrazide based injectable & stimuli responsive hydrogels with tunable properties (2014)

The synthesis and characterization of a series of injectable and stimuli responsive hydrogels based on polyacryloyl hydrazide have been accomplished using dimethyl 2,2'-thiodiacetate, acrylic acid (AA), diethyl malonate and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as cross-linkers through a chemical or dual cross-linking pathway. The cross-linking reactions were carried out at room temperature or 70 °C to synthesize uniform and transparent gels. The swelling ratios ≈ 10-800% of the hydrogels depended on the type and concentration of the cross-linker, temperature and pH of the medium. A suitable combination of chemical and physical cross-linking was necessary to achieve optimum storage modulus of the gels. The yield stress of the gels synthesized using cross-linker concentrations up to 0.7 mol L<sup>-1</sup> was observed above 10% strain and the viscosity decreased by at least two orders of magnitude upon increasing the shear rate by 1000 times suggesting that the gels may be smoothly injected through the needle. The gels released up to 10-84% of the total encapsulated Rhodamine B in a controlled manner over a period of 120 h under physiological conditions. The gels prepared using cross-linker concentrations up to 1.3 mol L<sup>-1</sup> exhibited excellent water retention capacity (>95%) up to 40 days. Samples synthesized using AA and PEGDA as cross-linkers exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and are potential candidates for controlled delivery as well as non-evasive biomedical applications.
Protocols for Identifying, Enumerating, and Assessing Mouse Eosinophils (2013)

Eosinophils are prominent in allergic diseases, and their effector functions are studied in numerous gene-deleted and transgenic mouse models. However, mouse eosinophils and human eosinophils are not structurally or functionally equivalent, and assays designed to evaluate the properties of human eosinophils may or may not be reliable or effective in experiments targeting their murine counterparts. In this chapter, we emphasize methods focused on detection, isolation, and functional assessment of eosinophils from mouse tissue and present a protocol that promotes the growth and differentiation of eosinophils from unselected mouse bone marrow progenitors. Overall, these protocols provide a scaffold on which the relative contributions of mouse eosinophils can be evaluated.