gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A single amino acid substitution in influenza hemagglutinin abrogates recognition by monoclonal antibody and a spectrum of subtype‐specific L3T4+ T cell clones (1987)

A fine specificity analysis of influenza hemagglutinin-specific IAk-restricted T cell clones using natural virus variants of the H3N2 subtype, monoclonal antibody-selected variants and a synthetic peptide corresponding to a variable region of the HA1 polypeptide has provided insight on the structural basis for T cell recognition. A glycine to arginine substitution at HA1 135 abrogates recognition by a panel of T cell clones which, according to their reactivity for natural virus variants, have different antigenic specificities: three clones recognize a synthetic peptide (HA1 residues 118-138) but fail to recognize the monoclonal antibody-selected mutant (Gly135/Arg). There is no correlation, however, between differences in T cell specificity for the natural virus variants and HA1 amino acid sequences in this region. Two further clones have a reduced proliferative response to mutant recognize a completely different spectrum of natural variants, and only one of these clones recognizes the synthetic peptide. We speculate that influenza hemagglutinin employs a common strategy during antigenic drift to evade antibody recognition and effective processing/presentation to subtype-specific T cell clones.
357 Novel Osteoconductive, Bioresorbable Bone Adhesive Provides Superior Cranial Flap Fixation Strength and Reduced CSF Leak Potential in a Cadaver Model (2022)

INTRODUCTION: Plates and screws are the gold standard for cranial flap fixation. Unfortunately, hardware may be associated with loosening and migration. Osseous union of the fixated flap to the surrounding skull is typically incomplete. Furthermore, titanium plates and screws do not provide a watertight closure of the bone and cannot mitigate CSF leakage. METHODS: 64 craniotomies were performed in 16 cadavers by a single neurosurgeon. Frontal, pterional, parietal, and parieto-occipito-temporal flaps were created in each skull. The 64 bone flaps were fixated by 16 different neurosurgeons (4 flaps/surgeon). Each flap was secured with standard cranial plates and screws, then biomechanically tested using either quasi-static compression (1mm/min) or staircase impact (up to 60J impact energy at increments of 6J) to analyze mechanical strength. Next, the plates and screws were removed and the same bone flap was secured by the same neurosurgeon using a novel bone adhesive, Tetranite®(TN). The TN-secured flaps were then biomechanically tested in similar fashion. A subset of the TN-fixated flaps was subjected to hydrostatic fluid pressure (up to 40mm Hg at steps of 5mm Hg) to determine resistance to simulated CSF leakage prior to mechanical testing. RESULTS: TN fixation was approximately 41 times stiffer and 48 times stronger than metal fixation under quasi-static loading (stiffness 4216±1544N/mm and peak force 5456±1920N for TN vs. 103 ±81N/mm and 113±89N for metal hardware: n=32). At an impact energy of 6J, cranial flaps fixated using metal hardware migrated to a peak deflection 13 times greater than TN-fixated specimens; the residual plastic deformation was 30 times greater (peak elastic deflection 2.94± 0.81mm and plastic deflection of 1.69±0.93mm for metal hardware vs. 0.24±0.07mm and 0.06±0.04mm for TN; n=31). Of 16 TN-fixated specimens tested hydrostatically, none leaked under pressures up to 35mmHg held for 5 secs, and only 2 specimens leaked at 40mmHg. CONCLUSION: TN was biomechanically superior to standard cranial hardware for flap fixation. Additionally, TN acted to prevent fluid leakage. TN holds promise for improving cranial bone flap fixation biomechanically, cosmetically, and hydrostatically.
Large Scale Copy Number Variation Upregulates the Expression of MYB in Human T-ALL. (2006)

Abstract Using comparative genome hybridization (array CGH), we have discovered a small area of increased copy number on the long arm of chromosome 6 in 8 out of 20 (40%) T-ALL cell lines. The region of increased copy number is very small, containing only one gene, MYB, the cellular homolog of the avian oncogene v-myb. By performing fiber-FISH on these cell lines, we have shown that the increased copy number results from a discrete tandem duplication of the MYB gene on one allele. Although myb is a frequent target of retroviral insertional activation in screens for oncogenes whose overexpression accelerates the onset of murine T-ALL, its overexpression and increased copy number has not previously been implicated in human T-ALL. Using gene expression profiling and Western blotting, we have demonstrated that the duplication in human T-ALL results in increased levels of MYB expression. Furthermore, using quantitative PCR we have confirmed that this tandem duplication occurs in primary human T-ALL samples. In our studies to date, MYB tandem duplication and overexpression appears to occur as part of the major multistep molecular pathway in T-ALL that affects a majority of cases, in which the leukemic cells also have TAL1/SCL and LMO1/2 overexpression, and NOTCH1 gene activating mutations, together with homozygous deletion of the INK4A/ARF locus. We are currently determining the mechanism through which MYB overexpression contributes to the pathogenesis of T-ALL by siRNA knockdown in T-ALL cell lines. Our finding of MYB tandem gene duplication differs from classic forms of oncogene amplification involving double minutes or homogenously staining regions. It is possible that MYB copy number is increased through a novel somatic mechanism of allele-specific, tandem duplication of a small genomic region during the process of malignant transformation. Another possibility is suggested by recent studies documenting that inherited large-scale copy number variation (CNV) accounts for much of the phenotypic diversity within human populations. Further studies will be needed to determine whether MYB tandem duplication is present in the germline DNA of T-ALL patients, which if identified, would provide the first example of an inherited CNV functioning as a mechanism of cancer susceptibility.
Clinical significance of isometric bite force versus electrical activity in temporal and masseter muscles (1989)

Bite force and activity in temporal and masseter muscles during biting and chewing were recorded in 19 control subjects and 23 subjects with symptoms and signs of functional disorders of the craniomandibular system. The entire group comprised 13 men and 29 women, 14-63 yr of age. Maximal unilateral bite force was 480 Newton (N) in control subjects and 387 N in patients, with corresponding bilateral values of 347 N and 230 N. At predetermined levels of contraction, temporalis and masseter activity were linearly related. Correlations of bite force and activity in short static contractions were significant with respect to unilateral, but not to bilateral force measurements. Only in the masseter muscle was strength of dynamic contractions during chewing significantly correlated to bite force. With the present method it was demonstrated that unilateral bite force is a simple clinical indicator of mandibular elevator strength as a whole, but inadequate to disclose asymmetric conditions. During isometric contraction, relative strength of electromyographic activity fairly accurately imaged the output of mechanical activity.
Synthesis and study of a mixed-ligand ruthenium(II) complex in its ground and excited states: bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(dipyrido[3,2-a : 2′,3′-c]phenazine-N4N5)ruthenium(II) (1990)

The ruthenium (II) complex [Ru(bipy)2(dppz)]2+(bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a : 2′,3′-c]phenazine) was synthesized, characterized, and studied. Its oxidation and first reduction potentials are respectively 1.24 and –1.02 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode). The maxima of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer absorption and emission occur respectively at 448 and 610 nm. These data suggest that [Ru(bipy)2(dppz)]2+ is made up of two electronically independent units, one behaving as a [Ru(bipy)3]2+-like chromophore, the other as a phenazine-like electron acceptor. Excited-state absorption spectra were obtained for [Ru(bipy)2(dppz)]2+ and its parent complex [Ru(bipy)3]2+. Above 500 nm the latter shows only one maximum (at 510 nm), and the former shows two maxima (around 526 and 557 nm), whereas radical anions of both bipyridine and phenazine or dipyridophenazine show two maxima (at 512 and 552 nm for phenazine). In the case of [Ru(bipy)2(dppz)]2+ these results can be interpreted in terms of a light-induced directed charge transfer from the ruthenium to the phenazine part of the dipyridophenazine ligand, and its localization on this ligand moiety. Photochemical properties of [Ru(bipy)2(dppz)]2+ were studied in ethanol. The excited state of the complex is quenched both by an electron acceptor (methylviologen, kq= 1.37 × 109 dm3 mol–1 s–1) and an electron donor (triethanolamine, kq= 4.40 × 107 dm3 mol–1s–1).
Benzyladenine in the Priming Solution Reduces Thermodormancy of Lettuce Seeds (1991)

When lettuce seeds are imbibed and subjected to high temperature for periods of 72 h or more, dormancy known as thermodormaney is induced. Priming of three cultivars of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) seeds in 1% (w/v) K 3 P O 4 for 20 h in the dark reduced thermodormaney. Addition of 100 mg 6-benzyladenine (BA)/liter to the priming solution increased germination in petri dishes at 35C in `Green Lakes' from 65% in seeds that were primed without BA, to 92% when BA was added to the priming solution. In `South Bay' these percentages were 24% and 86%, respectively. Seedling emergence was improved in other lots of `Green Lakes' and `Montello' using soilless mix.
3D Optical Sectioning and Image Analysis of Particles in Biphasic Systems (2005)

We present a new technique to characterize the size distribution of the dispersed phase in a biphasic system. The technique is based on 3D optical sectioning of the sample through motorised microscope control. Images are digitised for off-line automated analysis, which is implemented by applying an algorithm to recognise and measure spherical inclusions. The particle size distribution is hence determined and statistical methods are used to estimate the sampling error. A 3D reconstruction of the microstructure is also performed, thus allowing one to estimate possible sample heterogeneities.
Pharmacoeconomics of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization: An Overview of Current Evidence and Gaps in the Literature (2013)

Adequate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization and collection is required prior to proceeding with high dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Cytokines such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, and peg-filgrastim, alone or in combination with plerixafor, and after chemotherapy have been used to mobilize HSCs. Studies have shown that the efficiency of HSC mobilization and collection may vary when different methods of mobilization are used. No studies have shown that survival is significantly affected by the method of mobilization, but some studies have suggested that cost and resource utilization may be different between different mobilization techniques. After the FDA approval of plerixafor with G-CSF to mobilize HSCs many transplant centers became concerned about the cost of HSC mobilization. A panel of experts was convened ant this paper reviews the current literature on the pharmacoeconomics of HSC mobilization.
Functional Testing of Digital Systems (1983)

Functional testing is testing aimed at validating the correct operation of a digital system with respect to its functional specification. We have designed and implemented a practical test generation methodology that can generate tests directly from a system's high-level specification. Solutions adopted include multi-level fault models and multi-stage test generation. Tests generated from the methodology were compared against test programs supplied by a computer manufacturer and were found to detect more faults with much better efficiency. The experiment demonstrated that functional testing can be both practical and efficient. Automatic generation of design validation tests is now closer to reality.
Effects of photoperiod on salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats (2011)

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relation between salsolinol (SAL)-induced prolactin (PRL) release and photoperiod in goats. A single intravenous (i.v.) injection of SAL was given to adult female goats under short (8 h light, 16 h dark) or long (16 h light, 8 h dark) photoperiod conditions at two different ambient temperatures (20°C or 5°C), and the PRL-releasing response to SAL was compared to that of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist, sulpiride. SAL, as well as TRH or sulpiride, stimulated the release of PRL promptly after each injection in both 8- and 16-h daily photoperiods at 20°C (P<0.05). The area under the response curve (AUC) of PRL for the 60-min period after injections of saline (controls), SAL, TRH and sulpiride in the 16-h daily photoperiod group was greater than each corresponding value in the 8-h daily photoperiod group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the AUC of PRL among the values produced after the injection of SAL, TRH and sulpiride in 16-h daily photoperiod group; however, the values produced after the injection of TRH were smallest among the three in the 8-h daily photoperiod group (P<0.05). The PRL-releasing responses to SAL, TRH and sulpiride under a short and long photoperiod condition at 5°C resembled those at 20°C. These results show that a long photoperiod highly enhances the PRL-releasing response to SAL as well as TRH or sulpiride in either medium or low ambient temperature in goats.
Information Technology Hits the Automobile? Rethinking Road Traffic as Social Interaction (2021)

Drivers fall asleep and smash head-on with an oncoming car. Wild attempts at overtaking become fatal. Cars, roads and traffic as components seem to fit well into the vocabulary of the emergent research field devoted to the study of Large Technical Systems where a distinction is made between vehicle unit, operation and network. It is apparent from May's and Kronborg's discussion that the people are unable to understand the operation of traffic simply by studying the activities of a traffic control center. The new technology would then start to play an active role in automobile driving. Thus, three paths or trajectories are visible for drivers' integration in road traffic as a cultural system, depending on different foundations for its social order: autonomous driving, centrally dependent driving and locally dependent driving. The application of Dannefer's classification of different forms of operation opens up a discussion concerning the impact of cooperative driving on the configuration of the road transport system.
PREPARATION AND TOXICITY OF SOME ALKYL THIOPYROPHOSPHATES (1956)

Several methods have been investigated for the synthesis of tetraalkyl thiopyrophosphates, including one that can be carried out very rapidly with high yield. Purification of these compounds proved exceedingly difficult, because they were sensitive to traces of acids or bases, and probably to inorganic salts at temperatures above 70 °C. All methods investigated yield only the thiono isomer, there being no evidence for the corresponding P—S—P isomer. Toxicological studies do not support the results reported by Fiszer and workers. None of the compounds is more toxic intravenously than tetraethyl pyrophosphate. The synthesis of several other related compounds for infrared study is reported.
v-Triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines (8-azapurines). Part XVI. Preparation of 6-amino-8-azapurines by heating 4-amino-1,2,3-triazole-5-carbonitrile (and its N-alkyl derivatives) with amidines (1975)

4-Amino-1,2,3-triazole-5-carbonitrile, and its 1-, 2-, and 3-methyl, and 3-benzyl derivatives (1a–e), reacted with formamidine, acetamidine, 2,2,2-trichloroacetamidine, and NN′-dibutylformamidine to give the corresponding 6-amino-, 6-amino-2-methyl-, 6-amino-2-trichloromethyl-, and 6-butylamino-8-azapurines (2), respectively. Yields were usually very good and the reaction has preparative value. 6-Amino-9-benzyl-2-methyl-8-azapurine was prepared also by the action of triethyl orthoacetate on 4-amino-3-benzyl-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamidine (3). A 2-trichloromethyl-8-azapurine was conveniently dehalogenated to the 2-dichloromethyl analogue.4-Amino-3-benzyl-1,2,3-triazole-5-carbonitrile (1e) was converted by free guanidine into 1-(4-amino-3-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylcarbonimidoyl)guanidine (7b), which could be cyclized thermally to 2,6-diamino-9-benzyl-8-azapurine (2p). The mechanisms of the amidine and guanidine reactions are compared.I.r. and 1H n.m.r. spectra are recorded and discussed.
Closed-Loop Neural Network-Based NMES Control for Human Limb Tracking (2011)

Closed-loop control of skeletal muscle is complicated by the nonlinear muscle force to length and velocity relationships and the inherent unstructured and time-varying uncertainties in available models. Some pure feedback methods have been developed with some success, but the most promising and popular control methods for neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) are neural network (NN)-based methods. Efforts in this paper focus on the use of a NN feedforward controller that is augmented with a continuous robust feedback term to yield an asymptotic result (in lieu of typical uniformly ultimately bounded stability). Specifically, an NN-based controller and Lyapunov-based stability analysis are provided to enable semi-global asymptotic tracking of a desired limb time-varying trajectory (i.e., non-isometric contractions). The developed controller is applied as an amplitude modulated voltage to external electrodes attached to the distal-medial and proximal-lateral portion of the quadriceps femoris muscle group in non-impaired volunteers. The added value of incorporating a NN feedforward term is illustrated through experiments that compare the developed controller with and without the NN feedforward component.
O papel das flutuações na biologia (2007)

As flutuações do meio ambiente, bem como flutuações aleatórias no interior de um organismo biológico participam ativamente da sua vida ou evolução. O citado ''organismo'' pode ser uma célula, um orgão multicelular, um indivíduo, uma população ou um grupo de populações, etc. Pode-se compreender muitos aspectos gerais da influência destas flutuações na vida ou na evolução destes organismos através de modelos simplificados, em particular equações dinâmicas do tipo Langevin.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Functionalized Monocyclic and Bicyclic β‐Lactams via Alkene Metathesis. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evolution equations for continuous-scale morphology (1992)

Several nonlinear partial differential equations that model the scale evolution associated with continuous-space multiscale morphological erosions, dilations, openings, and closings are discussed. These systems relate the infinitesimal evolution of the multiscale signal ensemble in scale space to a nonlinear operator acting on the space of signals. The type of this nonlinear operator is determined by the shape and dimensionality of the structuring element used by the morphological operators, generally taking the form of nonlinear algebraic functions of certain differential operators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
AutomataZoo: A Modern Automata Processing Benchmark Suite (2018)

Automata Processing is an important kernel for many application domains, and is challenging to accelerate using general purpose, von Neumann computers. New research into accelerators for automata processing motivated the creation of ANMLZoo, a standardized automata benchmark suite that reflects the many modern use-cases for automata processing. While researchers have adopted ANMLZoo as the de-facto benchmark suite to measure improvements in automata processing, certain drawbacks have emerged after years of use. In this work, we first examine opportunities for improvement over ANMLZoo's benchmarking methodology. We then propose a new benchmarking methodology that aims to generate benchmarks better suited for modern automata processing research. We then present AutomataZoo, a new automata processing benchmark suite that uses our new benchmarking methodology. AutomataZoo is composed of 24 automata processing benchmarks from well-known domains, as well as from newly published and novel use-cases for automata processing. AutomataZoo benchmarks use open-source tools to generate full automata applications and provide standard, large input stimuli. Where arbitrary choice is involved, we design multiple benchmarks that vary important design parameters in order to help architects evaluate application-level trade-offs affecting performance/power and/or chip capacity. This paper shows the advantages of these new properties by performing previously difficult-to-perform experiments and comparisons.
Quadratic Posylognomials: An Extension of Posynomial Geometric Programming (1981)

Abstract The theory of geometric programming is extended to include a new function with logarithmic exponents. The function, defined as a Quadratic Posylognomial (QPL), is a series of nonlinear product terms with positive coefficients and positive variables. A QPL may be created by adding a linear function of the logarithms of the variables to the constant exponents of a posynomial. The logarithm of each nonlinear term is a quadratic form in the logarithms of the primal variables, whereas the logarithm of a general term of a posynomial is linear in the logarithms of the variables. The primal-dual relationships and necessary conditions are developed, and special cases where sufficient conditions exist are derived. The theory is the basis for solution of a machining economics problem using a more accurate QPL tool life equation and has the potential for solution of other engineering problems where a posynomial formulation is inadequate. The extended theory may also prove useful for condensing posynomial geometric programming problems by reducing the “degree of difficulty,” a measure of the number of decision variables in the dual problem.
Isolation and sequencing of cDNAs and genomic DNAs encoding the alpha 4 chain of basement membrane collagen type IV and assignment of the gene to the distal long arm of human chromosome 2. (1992)

We cloned three overlapping cDNAs covering 2,452 base pairs encoding a new basement membrane collagen chain, alpha 4(IV), from rabbit corneal endothelial cell RNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the clones encoded a triple-helical domain of 392 1/3 amino acid residues and a carboxyl non-triple-helical (NC1) domain of 231 residues. We also isolated a genomic DNA fragment for the human alpha 4(IV) chain, which contained two exons encoding from the carboxyl end of the triple-helical domain to the amino end of the NC1 domain. Identification of the clones was based on the amino acid sequence identity between the cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence and the reported amino acid sequence obtained from a fragment of the alpha 4(IV) collagen polypeptide M28+ (Butkowski, R. J., Shen, G.-Q., Wieslander, J., Michael, A. F., and Fish, A. J. (1990) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 115, 365-373). When compared with four other type IV collagen chains, the NC1 domain contained 12 cysteinyl residues in positions identical to those of the residues in those chains. The domain demonstrated 61, 70, 55, and 60% amino acid similarity with human alpha 1, human alpha 2, bovine alpha 3, and human alpha 5 chains, respectively. The human genomic DNA fragment allowed us to map the alpha 4(IV) gene (COL4A4) to the 2q35-2q37.1 region of the human genome.