gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical evaluation of microbubble behavior: effect of transmitted phase and bubble size (2000)

Ultrasound contrast agents provide new opportunities to image vascular volume and flow rate directly. To accomplish this goal, new pulse sequences can be developed to detect specifically the presence of a microbubble or group of microbubbles. We consider a new scheme to detect the presence of contrast agents in the body by examining the effect of transmitted phase on the received echoes from single bubbles. In this study, three tools are uniquely combined to aid in the understanding of the effects of transmission parameters and bubble radius on the received echo. These tools allow for optical measurement of radial oscillations of single bubbles during insonation, acoustical study of echoes from single contrast agent bubbles, and the comparison of these experimental observations with theoretical predictions. A modified Herring equation with shell terms is solved for the time-dependent bubble radius and wall velocity, and these outputs are used to formulate the predicted echo from a single encapsulated bubble. The model is validated by direct comparison of the predicted radial oscillations with those measured optically. The transient bubble response is evaluated with a transducer excitation consisting of one-cycle pulses with a center frequency of 2.4-MHz. The experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement and predict that the transmission of two pulses with opposite polarity will yield similar time domain echoes with the first significant portion of the echo generated when the rarefactional half-cycle reaches the bubble.
Pharmacogenetics of Anticoagulation and Clinical Events in Warfarin-Treated Patients: A Register-Based Cohort Study with Biobank Data and National Health Registries in Finland (2021)

NCT04001166.
Chiral Phosphinooxazolines with a Pentamethylferrocene BackboneSynthesis and Use as Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis (2006)

Novel phosphinooxazolines, containing a unit of central and a unit of planar chirality in a matched case combination, have been successfully tested in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution with cycloalkenyl acetates as substrates.
New azo-decorated N-pyrrolidinylthiazoles: synthesis, properties and an unexpected remote substituent effect transmission (2016)

New 5-azo substituted thiazole derivatives have been obtained, under mild conditions and in good yields, by the reaction between 2-N-pyrrolidinylthiazole and a series of aryldiazonium salts bearing, mainly in the para position, groups with different electronic effects. The NMR spectra of the products show broad signals of the methylene groups in the alpha position to the pyrrolidinyl nitrogen, suggesting a hindered rotation around the C2-N bond, of which a double bond character was also evidenced by X-ray diffraction analyses. The free energies of activation for the rotational processes have been obtained from (1)H NMR experiments and computer simulations at different temperatures and provided good correlation with the σ constants of the substituents on the 'remote' benzene ring. This represents an unexpected and peculiar result since the restricted rotation around the C2-N bond was shown to be influenced by a substituent situated very far away. 2,4-Di-N-pyrrolidinylthiazole showed a much greater reactivity than 2-N-pyrrolidinylthiazole with aryldiazonium salts.
Differences in residual lignin properties between Betula verrucosa and Eucalyptus urograndis kraft pulps (2008)

By comparing the ultrastructural features of two oxygen delignified hardwood kraft pulps (Eucalyptus urograndis and Betula verrucosa), we have demonstrated a marked difference in their residual lignin properties. In this study, properties such as crystallinity and crystal size of cellulose, molecular weights, carboxyl group contents, and carbohydrate compositions of the two kraft pulps were compared. The examined pulps were in our observations relatively similar. A significant difference, however, was observed in the size exclusion chromatography measurements, which indirectly suggested that a significant portion of residual lignin in eucalyptus pulp was associated with cellulose. Birch pulp, in contrast, exhibited a more conventional tendency for hardwood pulps: lignin mainly associated with hemicelluloses.
Analysis of the impact of data compression on condition monitoring algorithms for ball screws (2021)

The overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a management ratio to evaluate the added value of machine tools. Unplanned machine downtime reduces the operational availability and therefore, the OEE. Increased machine costs are the consequence. An important cause of unplanned machine downtimes is the total failure of ball screws of the feed axes due to wear. Therefore, monitoring of the condition of ball screws is important. Common concepts rely on high-frequency acceleration sensors from external control systems to detect a change of the condition. For trend and detailed damage analysis, large amounts of data are generated and stored over a long time period (>5 years), resulting in corresponding data storage costs. Additional axes or machine tools increase the data volume further, adding to the total storage costs. To minimize these costs, data compression or source coding has to be applied. To achieve maximum compression ratios, lossy coding algorithms have to be used, which introduce distortion in a signal. In this work, the influence of lossy coding algorithms on a condition monitoring algorithm (CMA) using acceleration signals is investigated. The CMA is based on principal component analysis and uses 17 features such as standard deviation to predict the preload condition of a ball screw. It is shown that bit rate reduction through lossy compression algorithms is possible without affecting the condition monitoring - as long as the compression algorithm is known. In contrast, an unknown compression algorithm reduces the classification accuracy of condition monitoring by about 20 % when coding with a quantizer resolution of 4 bit/sample.
Role of the C-terminal chain in human interferonγ stability: An electrostatic study (2001)

Electrostatic interactions in two structures of human interferon gamma (hIFNγ), corresponding to interferon molecule alone and bound to its receptor, were analyzed on the basis of a continuum dielectric model. It was found that a number of titratable groups, mainly basic, show large pK shifts and remain in their neutral forms at physiologically relevant pH. The fact that these groups are largely common to both structures and that most of them belong to the set of most conserved sites suggests that this is a property inherent to the hIFNγ molecule rather than an artifact of the crystal packing. His111 was also found deprotonated at neutral pH. It was concluded that receptor recognition involving His111 is driven by aromatic coupling of His111 and Tyr52 from the receptor rather than by electrostatic interactions. The structure corresponding to hIFNγ in complex with its receptor shows a reduction in number and in degree of desolvation of the buried titratable sites. This finding suggested that on receptor binding, hIFNγ adopts energetically more favorable, relaxed, conformation. It was experimentally shown that in contrast to the full-size hIFNγ, the construct having 21 amino acid residues deleted from the C-terminus is soluble. The hydrophobicity profile analysis suggested that factors other than the exposure of hydrophobic parts of the molecule are responsible for the low stability and propensity for aggregation. On the basis of these results, it was assumed that the electrostatic influence of the C-terminal part contributes particularly to the low solvent exposure of the titratable groups, and hence to the low structural stability and propensity for aggregation of the recombinant hIFNγ. Proteins 2001;43:125–133. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microscale Assembly: Microscale Assembly Directed by Liquid‐Based Template (Adv. Mater. 34/2014) (2014)

The assembly of microscale materials offers unique opportunities for tissue engineering, material science, microelectronics, and microphotonics. U. Demirci and co-workers show on page 5936 that liquid surfaces established by standing waves can be used as dynamically reconfigurable templates for assembling diverse symmetric and periodic structures from microscale hydrogels, cells, and cell spheroids, to neuron-seeded microcarrier beads.
Dendritic Cell Immunization Breaks Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Tolerance in Hepatitis B Virus Transgenic Mice (1998)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice that are immunologically tolerant to HBV-encoded Ags represent a model of chronic HBV infection suitable for the development of therapeutic immunization strategies before testing in humans. Five lineages of HBV transgenic mice were immunized with plasmid DNA that encodes hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) or with cytokine-activated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in an attempt to break tolerance to HBsAg at the B and T cell levels. DNA immunization stimulated an Ab response but not a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to HBsAg in two of the five transgenic lineages studied. In contrast, infusion of activated transgenic or nontransgenic DCs stimulated a splenic CTL response in all three transgenic lineages immunized in this manner at precursor frequencies comparable to those in nontransgenic mice, indicating that DC function is normal, and HBsAg-specific CTLs are present but functionally silent in these transgenic animals. Importantly, none of the animals developed hepatitis or displayed suppressed viral gene expression or replication following either DNA immunization or DC administration even in the presence of anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs) Abs and HBs-specific CTLs. These results indicate that Ag presentation by cytokine-activated DCs can break tolerance and trigger an anti-viral CTL response in HBV transgenic mice, and they suggest that this strategy is more efficient than DNA immunization in this setting. Nonetheless, more efficient immunization strategies are needed to stimulate an immune response of sufficient quality and magnitude to achieve an immunotherapeutic antiviral effect.
Criteria for selecting software process models (2002)

Guidelines are presented for selecting the most appropriate process model for a particular project. To facilitate selection, the authors have organized the software process models into a three-level hierarchy. After applying all the criteria a relative rating of the process models is generated to guide the selection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Overmodulation of an Inverter (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Overmodulation Region Naturally Sampled Overmodulation of One Phase Leg of an Inverter Regular Sampled Overmodulation of One Phase Leg of an Inverter Naturally Sampled Overmodulation of Single- and Three-Phase Inverters PWM Controller Gain during Overmodulation Space Vector Approach to Overmodulation Summary This chapter contains sections titled: References 
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Neutron range spectrometer (2020)

A neutron range spectrometer and method for determining the neutron energy spectrum of a neutron emitting source are disclosed. Neutrons from the source are collimnated along a collimation axis and a position sensitive neutron counter is disposed in the path of the collimated neutron beam. The counter determines positions along the collimation axis of interactions between the neutrons in the neutron beam and a neutron-absorbing material in the counter. From the interaction positions, a computer analyzes the data and determines the neutron energy spectrum of the neutron beam. The counter is preferably shielded and a suitable neutron-absorbing material is He-3. The computer solves the following equation in the analysis: ##EQU1## where: N(x).DELTA.x=the number of neutron interactions measured between a position x and x+.DELTA.x, A.sub.i (E.sub.i).DELTA.E.sub.i =the number of incident neutrons with energy between E.sub.i and E.sub.i +.DELTA.E.sub.i, and C=C(E.sub.i)=N .sigma.(E.sub.i) where N=the number density of absorbing atoms in the position sensitive counter means and .sigma. (E.sub.i)=the average cross section of the absorbing interaction between E.sub.i and E.sub.i +.DELTA.E.sub.i.
Data from IFNγ-induced Chemokines Are Required for CXCR3-mediated T-Cell Recruitment and Antitumor Efficacy of Anti-HER2/CD3 Bispecific Antibody (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;The response to cancer immune therapy is dependent on endogenous tumor-reactive T cells. To bypass this requirement, CD3-bispecific antibodies have been developed to induce a polyclonal T-cell response against the tumor. Anti-HER2/CD3 T-cell–dependent bispecific (TDB) antibody is highly efficacious in the treatment of HER2-overexpressing tumors in mice. Efficacy and immunologic effects of anti-HER2/CD3 TDB were investigated in mammary tumor model with very few T cells prior treatment. We further describe the mechanism for TDB-induced T-cell recruitment to tumors.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;The immunologic effects and the mechanism of CD3-bispecific antibody-induced T-cell recruitment into spontaneous HER2-overexpressing mammary tumors was studied using human HER2 transgenic, immunocompetent mouse models.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;Anti-HER2/CD3 TDB treatment induced an inflammatory response in tumors converting them from poorly infiltrated to an inflamed, T-cell abundant, phenotype. Multiple mechanisms accounted for the TDB-induced increase in T cells within tumors. TDB treatment induced CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T-cell proliferation. T cells were also actively recruited post-TDB treatment by IFNγ-dependent T-cell chemokines mediated via CXCR3. This active T-cell recruitment by TDB-induced chemokine signaling was the dominant mechanism and necessary for the therapeutic activity of anti-HER2/CD3 TDB.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;In summary, we demonstrate that the activity of anti-HER2/CD3 TDB was not dependent on high-level baseline T-cell infiltration. Our results suggest that anti-HER2/CD3 TDB may be efficacious in patients and indications that respond poorly to checkpoint inhibitors. An active T-cell recruitment mediated by TDB-induced chemokine signaling was the major mechanism for T-cell recruitment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Electron-electron scattering in far-infrared quantum cascade lasers (1996)

A large depolarization shift indicates a strong nonequilibrium intersubband electron-electron scattering (\ensuremath{\Gamma}) in tunneling structure. For a far-infrared subband separation \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sim}10 meV, the rate \ensuremath{\Gamma} scales with the upper-subband occupation and is never significantly reduced by screening. Despite this nonradiative decay a finite population inversion can be maintained. Finally, the applied bias changes the wave-function symmetry so as to cause a dramatic variation of the electron-electron scattering rate. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
An Optical In‐Situ Method to Study Redox‐Kinetics in SrTiO3 (1993)

Abstract The optical absorption properties of Fe‐impurity centers in SrTiO 3 can be used to probe in‐situ the oxygen activity in the sample. The response of the absorbance upon a sudden change the oxygen partial pressure allows the precise investigation of the kinetics of oxygen incorporation (excorporation). In contrast to electrical measurements no auxiliary contact phases (electrodes) are necessary and also — as shown — valence changes of the impurity ion do not complicate the evaluation. The investigations indicate a change from diffusion control to surface control when lowering the temperature or decreasing the sample thickness. Effective rate constants and chemical diffusion coefficients are determined. It is shown that the chemical diffusion coefficient cannot be understood in terms of charge carrier mobilities and concentrations unless the effect of internal defect‐chemical reactions (here valence changes of the Fe‐ions) is taken into account as previously described by one of us. Using this approach, however, the values can be quantitatively described without any adjustable parameter.
Contrasting carbon cycle responses of the tropical continents to the 2015–2016 El Niño (2017)

The 2015-2016 El Niño led to historically high temperatures and low precipitation over the tropics, while the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) was the largest on record. Here we quantify the response of tropical net biosphere exchange, gross primary production, biomass burning, and respiration to these climate anomalies by assimilating column CO<sub>2</sub>, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbon monoxide observations from multiple satellites. Relative to the 2011 La Niña, the pantropical biosphere released 2.5 ± 0.34 gigatons more carbon into the atmosphere in 2015, consisting of approximately even contributions from three tropical continents but dominated by diverse carbon exchange processes. The heterogeneity of the carbon-exchange processes indicated here challenges previous studies that suggested that a single dominant process determines carbon cycle interannual variability.
Distortion-product otoacoustic emission fine structure as an indicator of combination-tone-mediated masking release (2015)

During simultaneous masking, when the probe (fp) is higher in frequency than the masker (fm), the cubic difference tone (CDT; fcdt = 2fm-fp) can provide masking release. Given their shared origin, the 2f1-f2 distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) may be a physiological correlate of CDT-mediated masking release [McFadden et al. (2012). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 968–983]. To test this hypothesis, masking release and DPOAEs were measured in normal-hearing listeners for 2 and 4 kHz probes. Probe threshold was measured in the presence of a masker (fp/fm = 1.2) and masker-suppressor pair. The suppressor was designed to mask detection of the CDT. Masking release was calculated as the change in masked-probe threshold resulting from presentation of the suppressor. DPOAEs were measured for an f2 (f2/f1 = 1.2) between 1.8 and 2 kHz (6-Hz intervals) and between 3.6 and 4.4 kHz (12-Hz intervals). Masking release was associated with DPOAE fine structure. Listeners without masking release lacked DPOAE fine structure. Fine structure was due to wave interference between distortion- and reflection-source components; the reflection-source component is thought to originate from the place of CDT detection. Findings suggest a similar underlying cochlear mechanism for the perceptual and acoustical effects. [Work supported by NIH-NIDCD grants 1F32DC014175-01A1, 5R01DC002251-18, 2R01DC008318-06A1, and 5P30DC004662-13.]
Connectomics of the Octopus vulgaris vertical lobe provides insight into conserved and novel principles of a memory acquisition network (2023)

Here, we present the first analysis of the connectome of a small volume of the <i>Octopus vulgaris</i> vertical lobe (VL)<i>,</i> a brain structure mediating the acquisition of long-term memory in this behaviorally advanced mollusk. Serial section electron microscopy revealed new types of interneurons, cellular components of extensive modulatory systems, and multiple synaptic motifs. The sensory input to the VL is conveyed via~1.8 × 10<sup>6</sup> axons that sparsely innervate two parallel and interconnected feedforward networks formed by the two types of amacrine interneurons (AM), simple AMs (SAMs) and complex AMs (CAMs). SAMs make up 89.3% of the~25 × 10<sup>6</sup>VL cells, each receiving a synaptic input from only a single input neuron on its non-bifurcating primary neurite, suggesting that each input neuron is represented in only~12 ± 3.4SAMs. This synaptic site is likely a 'memory site' as it is endowed with LTP. The CAMs, a newly described AM type, comprise 1.6% of the VL cells. Their bifurcating neurites integrate multiple inputs from the input axons and SAMs. While the SAM network appears to feedforward sparse 'memorizable' sensory representations to the VL output layer, the CAMs appear to monitor global activity and feedforward a balancing inhibition for 'sharpening' the stimulus-specific VL output. While sharing morphological and wiring features with circuits supporting associative learning in other animals, the VL has evolved a unique circuit that enables associative learning based on feedforward information flow.
Improvement of Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis after Systemic Treatment with Rituximab in a Patient with B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2013)

Limbic encephalitis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by diverse neurologic symptoms including mnestic disturbances, hallucinations, and seizures as well as behavioral symptoms like depression, personality changes, and acute confusional states resembling dementia. Several antibodies have been described in the pathogenesis of limbic encephalitis. It is often a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or Hodgkin's lymphoma among others. Here, we report a patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), presenting with otherwise unexplained neurologic symptoms consistent with limbic encephalitis. Despite intensive diagnostic procedures, no causing agent could be identified. Pleocytosis consisting of T cells was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We initiated anti-B-cell therapy with Rituximab for B-CLL with quick and durable resolution of symptoms. We speculate that disruption of interaction between autoreactive T and malignant B cells is responsible for the therapeutic effect of Rituximab.
Efficacy and safety of 8-week combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C with protease inhibitor narlaprevir (2020)

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A Sustainable Catalyst for the Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas: Ni/Ca1‐xSrxTiO3, Prepared In Situ from Perovskite Precursors (1996)

High activity and negligible coke formation in the course of the catalytic partial oxidation of CH 4 to syngas are characteristics of the Ni/Ca 4‐ x Sr x TiO 3 catalyst, which is readily accessible by the citrate method from nickel nitrate, alkaline earth metal carbonates, and tetraisopropoxidotitanium. The properties and efficiency of the catalyst are normally only associated with catalysts that contain considerably more expensive metals such as Rh, Ir, and Ru.
Development of Sheet-Stamping Simulatorfor Distributed Blank Holder Force Control (2007)

A sheet stamping simulator with a segment blank holder is developed to carry out the variable control of distributed blank holder force (BHF) for forming irregular-shape parts. This simulator is designed to study the in-process intelligent control of BHF distribution in sheet stamping experimentally. The blank holder has 108 segments and is composed of 36 hydraulic actuator modules, which can be flexibly assembled with each other to easily construct a blank holder for forming a wide variety shapes. In this paper, basic performances with regard to the response and the accuracy of the hydraulic BHF control system are evaluated in a square-cup deep-drawing process. It is suggested that the in-process control of sheet stamping can be conducted in the simulator considering flange draw-in as a process variable. In conclusion, the stamping simulator developed possesses a fundamental performance that can realize distributed BHF control. The application of the module blank holder to nonaxisymmetric stamping is also suggested.
Determinants of long-term clinical outcomes in patients with angina but without obstructive coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2018)

Angina without obstructive CAD has a heterogeneous prognosis. A main determinant of major adverse events is the presence of 'some' coronary atherosclerosis, with unequivocal myocardial ischaemia being associated with worse clinical outcomes. Patients' quality of life is also worsened by the high incidence of hospitalization, angina recurrence, and repeated coronary angiography.