gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of IAPAC Fuel Injection for Low Emissions Small Two-Stroke Engines (1995)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The implementation of the IFP developed Compressed Air Assisted Fuel Injection Process (named IAPAC) in a two-stroke engine allows the introduction of the fuel separately from the scavenging air, which in consequence minimizes fuel short-circuiting. The inherent mechanical principle of the IAPAC process which uses the crankcase compressed air to finely atomize the fuel, provides the advantages of direct injection but in addition uses conventional low pressure automotive type injection technology with commercially available gasoline injectors.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In earlier work we showed an example of the application of this fuel injection technology to a PIAGGIO single cylinder 125 cc scooter two-stroke engine.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this paper, an update of the results obtained with this new engine is presented and confirms the ultra-low emissions capability for two-wheeler application. This technology is also used with other IAPAC 2-stroke engines of various size and displacement to demonstrate how the application of IAPAC to marine outboard 2-stroke engines, is a good answer face to the new environmental regulations.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The EPA 2006 regulation can easily be met over the whole outboard engine power range with associated significant fuel economy benefits. The Bodensee stage 1 regulation can be met without catalyst, while the addition of a catalyst (at least for the medium to the high engine power range) will be necessary to meet the Bodensee stage 2 regulation.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It has already been reported in the previous work how careful attention has been paid to ensure that the IAPAC system remains mechanically simple and keep the additional cost as low as possible.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Finally, a brief cost impact analysis of a conversion of conventional 2-stroke engine to IAPAC is here presented. The ways of possible further cost reduction are also discussed.&lt;/div&gt;
Equivalent reactance model on shielding effectiveness analysis of high-transparent ring metallic mesh with submillimeter period and micrometer linewidth (2010)

In order to accurately and efficiently analyze the shielding effectiveness of high-transparent ring metallic mesh with submillimeter period and micrometer linewidth, an equivalent reactance model for the ring metallic mesh is proposed by using the equivalent reactance of its external and internal square meshes as well as two proportional factors. A ring metallic mesh sample was fabricated by UV-lithography and its shielding effectiveness was measured at 0° and 30° incident S-polarization microwaves. Experimental results agree well with simulated results, which proves the correctness of the equivalent reactance model proposed. So the equivalent reactance model can be used in the calculation and analysis of shielding effectiveness of high-transparent ring metallic mesh.
Warming enabled upslope advance in western US forest fires (2021)

Increases in burned area and large fire occurrence are widely documented over the western United States over the past half century. Here, we focus on the elevational distribution of forest fires in mountainous ecoregions of the western United States and show the largest increase rates in burned area above 2,500 m during 1984 to 2017. Furthermore, we show that high-elevation fires advanced upslope with a median cumulative change of 252 m (-107 to 656 m; 95% CI) in 34 y across studied ecoregions. We also document a strong interannual relationship between high-elevation fires and warm season vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The upslope advance of fires is consistent with observed warming reflected by a median upslope drift of VPD isolines of 295 m (59 to 704 m; 95% CI) during 1984 to 2017. These findings allow us to estimate that recent climate trends reduced the high-elevation flammability barrier and enabled fires in an additional 11% of western forests. Limited influences of fire management practices and longer fire-return intervals in these montane mesic systems suggest these changes are largely a byproduct of climate warming. Further weakening in the high-elevation flammability barrier with continued warming has the potential to transform montane fire regimes with numerous implications for ecosystems and watersheds.
An overview of thymidine (1980)

This review summarizes a body of information suggesting that proper metabolic modulation with certain metabolites can sensitize tumor cells to anti-metabolites, and others can de-sensitize (i.e. protect) normal cells from the toxicity of anti-metabolites. This new approach offers the possibility of increasing the selectivity of drug therapy, with the promise of a real advance in cancer chemotherapy. The metabolite thymidine (TdR), long used as a cell synchronizing agent, is known to exert this effect in vitro by metabolic modulation of a number of enzymes in the salvage pathway to DNA synthesis. Against this biochemical background, in vivo effects of TdR employed as an agent for cancer therapy are reviewed as follows: 1) TdR alone, and in combination with, 2) Methotrexate (MTX), or 3) 5-Fluorouracil (FU), or 4) Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). TdR is shown in all instances either to protect against host toxicity (eg. MTX), or to potentiate the anti-tumor effect (eg. FU and ara-C). Findings are also presented that a sequential schedule of MTX prior to TdR prior to FU is important for the optimal therapeutic activity of these drugs. The biochemical basis for the MTX leads to FU augmentation is reportedly due to increased activation of FU by MTX (acting indirectely). On the basis of this biochemical insight, a completely different chemotherapeutic agent methyl-mercaptopurine raboside (MMPR) was substituted for MTX, resulting in a dramatic potentiation of anticancer activity. Metabolic modulation with still other metabolites (UR) and a hormone (testosterone) was demonstrated to protect from host toxicity due to certain anti-cancer agents without offsetting anti-tumor activity. The ability to prevent leukopenia by these means was particularly impressive. Clinical trials have been initiated with TdR alone, TdR + MTX, and TdR + FU; the available clinical data are summarized.
The interaction of two narrow magnets and a moving conducting slip (1994)

Measurements were made of the forces experienced by two narrow but relatively long permanent magnets positioned above a moving, electrically conducting surface. The intent was to determine the accuracy of various means of computing these forces. It was found that the behavior at very high speeds can be approximated by using elementary methods and making the assumption that magnetic images are formed in the conductor. At lower speeds, a published formulation that uses Fourier transform techniques is quite reliable for the parameters of the experiments. A commercial computer code that uses a finite-element method of analysis is also in good agreement The results are relevant to the design of high-speed magnetically levitated (maglev) ground transportation vehicles having multiple magnets, where the guideway consists of a continuous-sheet conductor.
Flammability and Thermal Properties of Zeolite-Filled High-Impact Polystyrene Composites (2014)

Effect of zeolite and organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clay on flammability of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame retardant was investigated. Composites were prepared by melt blending in a twin-screw extruder, and it was found that zeolite and APP improve fire performance of HIPS with optimal concentration of 4 mass % of zeolite. Samples with MMT/APP and zeolite/APP have similar results of flammability, yet combination MMT/zeolite/APP had no additional improvement of thermal and fire properties. Mechanical properties were degraded with increasing concentration of zeolite, and improvement was visible when only MMT clay was used in combination with APP.
Quantification of Internal Stress-Strain Fields in Human Tendon: Unraveling the Mechanisms that Underlie Regional Tendon Adaptations and Mal-Adaptations to Mechanical Loading and the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Eccentric Exercise (2017)

By virtue of their anatomical location between muscles and bones, tendons make it possible to transform contractile force to joint rotation and locomotion. However, tendons do not behave as rigid links, but exhibit viscoelastic tensile properties, thereby affecting the length and contractile force in the in-series muscle, but also storing and releasing elastic stain energy as some tendons are stretched and recoiled in a cyclic manner during locomotion. In the late 90s, advancements were made in the application of ultrasound scanning that allowed quantifying the tensile deformability and mechanical properties of human tendons <i>in vivo</i>. Since then, the main principles of the ultrasound-based method have been applied by numerous research groups throughout the world and showed that tendons increase their tensile stiffness in response to exercise training and chronic mechanical loading, in general, by increasing their size and improving their intrinsic material. It is often assumed that these changes occur homogenously, in the entire body of the tendon, but recent findings indicate that the adaptations may in fact take place in some but not all tendon regions. The present review focuses on these regional adaptability features and highlights two paradigms where they are particularly evident: (a) Chronic mechanical loading in healthy tendons, and (b) tendinopathy. In the former loading paradigm, local tendon adaptations indicate that certain regions may "see," and therefore adapt to, increased levels of stress. In the latter paradigm, local pathological features indicate that certain tendon regions may be "stress-shielded" and degenerate over time. Eccentric exercise protocols have successfully been used in the management of tendinopathy, without much sound understanding of the mechanisms underpinning their effectiveness. For insertional tendinopathy, in particular, it is possible that the effectiveness of a loading/rehabilitation protocol depends on the topography of the stress created by the exercise and is not only reliant upon the type of muscle contraction performed. To better understand the micromechanical behavior and regional adaptability/mal-adaptability of tendon tissue it is important to estimate its internal stress-strain fields. Recent relevant advancements in numerical techniques related to tendon loading are discussed.
[225Ac]Ac-SibuDAB for Targeted Alpha Therapy of Prostate Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation and Comparison with [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 (2022)

In the present study, SibuDAB, an albumin-binding PSMA ligand, was investigated in combination with actinium-225 and the data were compared with those of [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-PSMA-617. In vitro, [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-SibuDAB and [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 showed similar tumor cell uptake and PSMA-binding affinities as their <sup>177</sup>Lu-labeled counterparts. The in vitro binding to serum albumin in mouse and human blood plasma, respectively, was 2.8-fold and 1.4-fold increased for [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-SibuDAB as compared to [<sup>177</sup>Lu]Lu-SibuDAB. In vivo, this characteristic was reflected by the longer retention of [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-SibuDAB in the blood than previously seen for [<sup>177</sup>Lu]Lu-SibuDAB. Similar to [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-SibuDAB was well tolerated at 30 kBq per mouse. Differences in blood cell counts were observed between treated mice and untreated controls, but no major variations were observed between values obtained for [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-SibuDAB and [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-PSMA-617. [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-SibuDAB was considerably more effective to treat PSMA-positive tumor xenografts than [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-PSMA-617. Only 5 kBq per mouse were sufficient to eradicate the tumors, whereas tumor regrowth was observed for mice treated with 5 kBq [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 and only one out of six mice survived until the end of the study. The enhanced therapeutic efficacy of [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-SibuDAB as compared to that of [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 and reasonable safety data qualify this novel radioligand as a candidate for targeted α-therapy of prostate cancer.
DNA replication machinery of the mammalian cell (1998)

The process of DNA replication in mammalian cells is highly complex and has several unique features that distinguish it from simpler prokaryotic systems. The study of mammalian DNA replication lagged behind that of prokaryotes for many years. This was because of the lack of a reliable and efficient mammalian cell-based in vitro DNA replication system. In 1984, the first mammalian-based DNA replication system that initiated DNA synthesis successfully in vitro was developed. The employment of the mammalian in vitro DNA replication system has led to the identification of several DNA replication proteins. This article describes the current knowledge regarding the proteins mediating mammalian DNA replication, as well as how they are proposed to function during DNA synthesis. There is also a discussion of the role the mammalian cell nuclear architecture plays in DNA replication. The evidence for the existence of an organized DNA replication machine in mammalian cells is also presented.
Corynebacterium equi Enteritis in Foals (1977)

Corynebacterium equi is a pathogen associated with respiratory disease in the foal. This paper discusses two cases of Corynebacterium equi infection, one acute and one chronic, in which the major damage was intestinal. Necrosis of Peyer's patches was the only lesion seen in the small intestine of both foals. The foal with acute disease had distinct green-tan focal necrosis and thickened mucosa of the large intestine. In the foal with chronic disease, the mucosa of the large intestine was thickened, rugose, and mottled red-tan. Histologically, the predominant lesions were villous atrophy, mucosal necrosis, mesenteric lymph node necrosis and large numbers of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages filled with gram-positive pleomorphic bacilli. Electron microscopy of intestinal mucosa showed bacilli undergoing binary fission in macrophages and bacilli free in the lamina propria.
A Novel Method for the Determination of Carbonyl Groups in Cellulosics by Fluorescence Labeling. 2. Validation and Applications (2002)

Fluorescence labeling with the marker carbazole-9-carboxylic acid [2-(2-aminooxyethoxy)ethoxy]amide was shown to be a promising approach toward the accurate determination of carbonyls in cellulosic materials. Combined with gel permeation chromatography in DMAc/LiCl with fluorescence/multiple-angle laser light scattering/refractive index detection, the method yields carbonyl profiles relative to the molecular weight of the cellulosic material. The derivatization procedure can be carried out either homogeneously in DMAc/LiCl or advantageously as heterogeneous derivatization in aqueous buffer. The heterogeneous carbonyl group determination, offering shorter reaction times and increased simplicity as compared to the homogeneous approach, was comprehensively validated. The carbonyl content in numerous dissolving pulps of different provenience has been determined, including pulps with carbonyl contents additionally increased by oxidative treatment. The method was also applied to follow bleaching sequences and oxidative treatments of pulps.
Modeling and fabrication of vertical pillar MOSFETs made in recrystallized Si (2002)

We report a simple analytical model for vertical pillar MOSFETs including bulk traps. The model predicts that the threshold voltage increases as the trap density increases. The analytical solution yields good agreement with MEDICI simulations confirming the model. The model is used to evaluate the electrical characteristics of devices previously fabricated (Cho et al, Symp. VLSI Tech., p. 31, 1999).
Pantethine and cystamine deplete cystine from cystinotic fibroblasts via efflux of cysteamine-cysteine mixed disulfide. (1984)

Children suffering from cystinosis, a genetic disease characterized by high levels of lysosomal cystine, are currently being treated with cysteamine to lower the cystine levels in their cells. In fibroblasts from these patients, cysteamine and its disulfide, cystamine, are equally effective in lowering cystine levels. We recently reported that pantethine, a dietary precursor of coenzyme A, depletes cystine from cultured, cystinotic fibroblasts as effectively as cystamine. To determine the mechanism of action of pantethine, and of cystamine, we have compared the fate of [35S]cystine-derived metabolites in the presence and absence of these agents. The results indicate that the ability of pantethine to deplete cystine resides in its being a metabolic precursor of cysteamine. Furthermore, both pantethine and cystamine act by generating the mixed disulfide of cysteamine and cysteine in the lysosomes, which is then rapidly excreted from the cells. The fall in intracellular [35S]cystine caused by these agents was not accompanied by a comparable increase in any intracellular metabolite; rather, it could be accounted for by the appearance of mixed disulfide in the medium. There was no accumulation of mixed disulfide in the cells. Radioactivity in cytoplasmic glutathione was, however, increased by cystamine or pantethine. Thus, cysteamine (formed intracellularly in these experiments) undergoes thiol-disulfide exchange with cystine in the lysosomes, producing cysteamine-cysteine mixed disulfide and free cysteine, which enter the cytoplasm. The free cysteine is available to several pathways, including oxidation to the disulfide or the mixed disulfide, and synthesis of glutathione. The mixed disulfide is excreted from the cell, which ultimately depletes the cell of its excess cystine.
Transradial Approach for Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2003)

We evaluated the clinical usefulness and safety of transradial approach for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with that of conventional transfemoral approach. The two groups (radial group, n = 177; femoral group, n = 150) of cases were retrospectively compared with regard to the successful rate of angiography or TACE, time required for catheterizaiton and complications. Hepatic angiography and TACE were completed in 174 (98.3%) of 177 cases in the radial group. There was no intergroup difference of time required for catheterization. Minor complications (dull pain, numbness) occurred in 8 (4.6%) patients in the radial group, and there were lower complications in the radial group compared to the femoral group. TACE by our new transradial approach was found to have therapeutic efficacy with lower complications comparable to that of the conventional transfemoral approach.
Contribution of weak localization and electron-electron interaction, in corrective term “mT1/2” of the metallic conductivity in n-type SiAs (2012)

We present measurements of the electrical conductivity of barely metallic n-type SiAs that are driven to the metal-insulator transition (MIT) by impurity concentration. The experiments were carried out at low temperature in the range (3.48 - 0.00044 K) and with impurity concentrations up to . On the metallic side of the MIT, the electrical conductivity is found to behave likedown to 0.44 mK. Physical explanation to the temperature dependence of the conductivity is given in metallic side of the MIT using a competition between two effects involved in the mechanisms of conduction, like electron-electron interaction effect, and weak localization effect.
An Improved Vascularized, Dual-Channel Microphysiological System Facilitates Modeling of Proximal Tubular Solute Secretion (2020)

A vascularized human proximal tubule model in a dual-channel microphysiological system (VPT-MPS) was developed, representing an advance over previous, single-cell-type kidney microphysiological systems. Human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cocultured in side-by-side channels. Over 24 h of coculturing, PTECs maintained polarized expression of Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase, tight junctions (ZO-1), and OAT1. HUVECs showed the absence of ZO-1 but expressed endothelial cell marker (CD-31). In time-lapse imaging studies, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran passed freely from the HUVEC vessel into the supporting extracellular matrix, confirming the leakiness of the endothelium (at 80 min, matrix/intravessel fluorescence ratio = 0.2). Dextran-associated fluorescence accumulated in the matrix adjacent to the basolateral aspect of the PTEC tubule with minimal passage of the compound into the tubule lumen observed (at 80 min, tubule lumen/matrix fluorescence ratio = 0.01). This demonstrates that the proximal tubule compartment is the rate-limiting step in the secretion of compounds in VPT-MPS. In kinetic studies with radiolabeled markers, <i>p</i>-aminohippuric acid (PAH) exhibited greater output into the tubule lumen than did paracellular markers mannitol and FITC-dextran (tubule outflow/vessel outflow concentration ratio of 7.7% vs 0.5 and 0.4%, respectively). A trend toward reduced PAH secretion by 45% was observed upon coadministration of probenecid. This signifies functional expression of renal transporters in PTECs that normally mediate the renal secretion of PAH. The VPT-MPS holds the promise of providing an <i>in vitro</i> platform for evaluating the renal secretion of new drug candidates and investigating the dysregulation of tubular drug secretion in chronic kidney disease.
High-Resolution Real-Time Sonography and MR Imaging in Assessment of Osteocartilaginous Exostoses (1991)

High-resolution real-time ultrasonography (US) and MR imaging, using both spin-echo (SE) and gradient-echo (GE) sequences, were performed prospectively in 14 patients with solitary osteocartilaginous exostoses to assess cartilage cap thickness and bursa formation. Results were compared to surgical and histopathologic findings in all cases. Both US and MR imaging were useful in evaluating exostotic cartilage cap thickness, which is supposed to be the most reliable sign of malignant transformation. Hyaline cartilage matrix had distinctive features in US and MR imaging caused by its specific histologic composition. The formation of bursae over the protruding exostoses, which results in pain and clinically could raise the suspicion of growth and malignant transformation, was demonstrated best using GE sequences. MR imaging was thus superior to US in the detection of bursa formation.
Effects of D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the ultrastructure of ascites tumor cells in vitro. (1972)

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Sarcoma 180 ascites tumor cells were treated in vitro with amino sugars, and the resulting changes were studied by light and electron microscopy. Addition of d-glucosamine or d-mannosamine to the incubation medium provoked striking cytoplasmic and nuclear changes. The earliest changes, seen after incubation for 15 min, included vacuolization of the cytoplasm and separation of the electron-lucent filamentous parts of the nucleolonema and nucleolar vacuole at the periphery of the nucleolus. As the time of incubation increased, vacuolization of the cytoplasm increased gradually, accompanied by retraction of the cytoplasm around the nucleus. After complete extrusion of its electron-lucent components, the nucleolus became condensed. At the end of 3 hr of incubation, 95% of the tumor cells had pycnotic, polymorphic, or disintegrating nuclei, and the nucleoli in nearly all the cells examined consisted almost exclusively of the compacted, granular, electron-dense nucleolonema. After 4 hr, most tumor cells exhibited various degrees of disintegration. Incubation of these tumor cell lines for 4 hr with 2-deoxyglucose resulted in no significant structural alteration in the ascites tumor cells.