gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Alternate Transcripts Direct the Biosynthesis of Microcystin, a Cyanobacterial (2002)

The mcyABCDEFGHIJ gene cluster of Microcystis aeruginosa encodes the mixed polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase (microcystin synthetase) which is responsible for biosynthesis of the potent liver toxin microcystin. The sequence and orientation of the mcy genes have previously been reported, but no transcriptional analysis had been performed prior to this study. The mcyABCDEFGHIJ genes are transcribed as two polycistronic operons, mcyABC and mcyDEFGHIJ, from a central bidirectional promoter between mcyA and mcyD. Two transcription start sites were detected for both mcyA and mcyD when cells were exposed to light intensities of 68 and 16 micromol of photons m(-2) s(-1). The start sites, located 206 and 254 bp upstream of the translational start for mcyD under high and low light conditions, respectively, indicate long untranslated leader regions. Putative transcription start sites were also identified for mcyE, mcyF, mcyG, mcyH, mcyI, and mcyJ but not for mcyB and mcyC. A combination of reverse transcription-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends was employed throughout this work, which may have been one of the first transcriptional analyses of a large nonribosomal polyketide gene cluster.
Time Synchronization Mechanisms for the Industrial Marketplace (2016)

This paper investigates heavy industry power distribution systems and identifies a need for time synchronization within the network. Various methods of time synchronization are presented with pros and cons to each method. The goal of this paper is to educate the reader of various forms of time synchronization and how they can be applied in their industrial application.
Recent applications of ring-rearrangement metathesis in organic synthesis (2015)

Ring-rearrangement metathesis (RRM) involves multiple metathesis processes such as ring-opening metathesis (ROM)/ring-closing metathesis (RCM) in a one-pot operation to generate complex targets. RRM delivers complex frameworks that are difficult to assemble by conventional methods. The noteworthy point about this type of protocol is multi-bond formation and it is an atom economic process. In this review, we have covered literature that appeared during the last seven years (2008–2014).
Permeability of the murine blood-brain barrier to some octapeptide analogs of somatostatin. (1990)

Analogs of somatostatin are being investigated clinically for the treatment of various malignancies, including brain tumors. We studied the ability of three therapeutically promising radioactively labeled somatostatin octapeptide analogs, RC-160, RC-121, and RC-161, to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after peripheral or central injection. After i.v. injection, intact RC-160 was recovered from the blood and the brain. The entry rates were different from each compound but were generally low. By contrast, entry across the intact BBB increased 220 times when RC-160 was given in a serum-free perfusate. This suggests that some serum-related factor, probably the previously described protein binding or an aggregation-promoting factor, is the main determinant in limiting the blood-to-brain passage of somatostatin analogs. Entry into the brain was not inhibited by the addition of unlabeled analog to the perfusate, showing that passage was probably by diffusion across the membranes that comprise the BBB rather than by saturable transport. By contrast, a saturable system was found to transport peptide out of the central nervous system (CNS). The clearance from the CNS of RC-160 and RC-121, but not RC-161, was faster than could be accounted for by reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Transport of radioactively labeled RC-160 out of the CNS was inhibited by unlabeled RC-160 or somatostatin but was not affected by some other peptide known to cross the BBB by their own transport systems. More than 80% of the radioactivity recovered from the blood after intracerebroventricular injection of RC-160 was eluted by HPLC at the position of the labeled analog, showing that the peptide had crossed the BBB in intact form. Our results indicate the presence of a saturable transport system in one direction across the BBB for some superactive analogs of somatostatin.
Event-Triggered Safe Stabilizing Boundary Control for the Stefan PDE System with Actuator Dynamics (2022)

This paper proposes an event-triggered boundary control for the safe stabilization of the Stefan PDE system with actuator dynamics. The control law is designed by applying Zero-Order Hold (ZOH) to the continuous-time safe stabilizing controller developed in our previous work. The event-triggering mechanism is then derived so that the imposed safety conditions associated with high order Control Barrier Function (CBF) are maintained and the stability of the closed-loop system is ensured. We prove that under the proposed event-triggering mechanism, the so-called ``Zeno" behavior is always avoided, by showing the existence of the minimum dwell-time between two triggering times. The stability of the closed-loop system is proven by employing PDE backstepping method and Lyapunov analysis. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated in numerical simulation.
Preparation and gas separation performance of zeolite T membrane (2004)

Zeolite T membranes were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis on porous mullite tubes seeded with zeolite T crystals, using milk-like aluminosilicate gel with a molar composition of SiO2∶Al2O3∶Na2O∶K2O∶H2O = 1∶0.05∶0.26∶0.09∶14. A zeolite T crystal layer of about 20 µm in thickness was formed on the outer surface of the support after the synthesis at 373 K for 30 h. Single-gas and mixed-gas permeation experiments through zeolite T membranes were carried out by a vacuum method at 303∼473 K using He, H2, CO2, O2, N2, CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 single-component gases and CO2/N2, CO2/CH4 and other CO2/hydrocarbon mixtures, respectively. In single-gas permeation experiments, with increasing kinetic diameter from 0.33 nm for CO2 to 0.43 nm for C3H8, the gas permeance decreased by four orders in magnitude, indicating a kind of molecular sieving behavior for the zeolite T membranes prepared in this study, that is, they had little defects and their permeation behavior was controlled by zeolitic pores of erionite. Permeance of CO2 was much higher than those of N2 and CH4 and the ideal selectivities for CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 were 31 and 266 at 343 K, respectively. In mixed-gas permeation experiments, zeolite T membranes showed the high selectivities for CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 pairs of 107 and 400, respectively, at 308 K. The selectivity α decreased with an increase in temperature, but was still in a high level of 20 and 52 for CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4, respectively, even at 473 K. This is due to the synergetic effects of competitive adsorption of CO2 and molecular sieving of zeolitic pores. Because of the increasing effect of single file diffusion, the selectivities for CO2/C2H6 (α = 61) and CO2/C3H8 (α = 17) were rather low.
A neural network algorithm using wavelets and autoregressive inputs for system identification (2002)

A novel algorithm is presented for the determination of a wavelet neural network architecture with the addition of autoregressive external input. The network is constructed on the basis of a multiresolution grid and refined using a modified Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. The network was tested against a one dimensional test function of varying frequency, an eight dimensional sunspot series, and a transfer function model of a U-tube heat exchanger.
Episodic Memory in Minicolumn Associative Knowledge Graphs (2019)

A generalization of active neural associative knowledge graphs (ANAKGs) to their minicolumn form is presented in this paper. Each minicolumn represents a single symbol, and the activation of an individual neuron in a minicolumn depends on the context of the activation of the presynaptic neuron. The implemented memory model combines the ANAKG associative spiking neuron idea with the idea of the hierarchical temporal memory. This new associative memory organization preserves all properties of ANAKG memories, such as storage of knowledge based on the association of spatiotemporal input sequences, self-organization, quick learning, and recall of the sequential memories, while increasing the recall quality and the memory capacity. The recall quality advantage of the new approach over ANAKG increases with the length of the recalled episodes and the number of neurons used in each minicolumn. We introduced a new distance measure to compare the recalled sequences and defined a recall quality to determine the memory capacity. Performed tests confirmed our claims. Additional tests were performed to illustrate the computational complexity and the efficiency of the developed approach.
Review of Recent Progress in Micromilling Process Research (2012)

Recently, micromilling process has been progressed to meet the variety of the industry demands in micromolds and precision components. As a result, more and more commercialized micro tools and machines become available during last few years. This paper reviews the recent progress of micromilling technology in last five years. The results in process, machine tools, and micro tool fabrications are discussed.
Molecules involved in the adhesion and cytotoxicity of activated monocytes on endothelial cells (1992)

Our study was designed to investigate the surface molecules involved in the adhesion and cytotoxicity of activated human monocytes on resting and IL-1-stimulated endothelial cells (EC). Monocytes, exposed to the prototypic activating stimuli IFN-gamma and LPS, showed increased binding to resting and IL-1-treated EC. Activated monocytes were cytotoxic for resting and IL-1-treated EC in a 24- to 48-h [3H]TdR release assay. Anti-CD18 mAb significantly inhibited binding of monocytes on EC: in particular they caused 59 and 22% inhibition of adhesion of activated monocytes to resting and IL-1-stimulated EC, respectively. Anti-VLA4 mAb had little or no effect on binding when used alone, but combined use with anti-CD18 revealed an important role for this adhesion pathway: in particular, VLA4-dependent adhesion accounted for 40% of the binding of activated monocytes on IL-1-treated EC. Anti-CD18 mAb caused similar inhibition (77 and 81%) of the cytotoxicity of activated monocytes on resting and IL-1-treated EC in spite of the fact that this pathway accounted for only 22% of binding to activated EC. Moreover, anti-VLA4 mAb, alone or in combination with anti-CD18, had no effect on cytotoxicity. These results suggest that adhesion of activated monocytes to activated EC involves the CD18- and VLA4-dependent pathways, but that the former is dominant for the expression of cytotoxicity. Thus, in the ensemble of adhesion molecules available for interaction between endothelium and activated monocytes, the hierarchy of their importance may vary for different functions.
Differential signalling by muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle: m2-mediated inactivation of myosin light chain kinase via Gi3, Cdc42/Rac1 and p21-activated kinase 1 pathway, and m3-mediated MLC20 (20 kDa regulatory light chain of myosin II) phosphorylation via Rho-associated kinase/myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 and protein kinase C/CPI-17 pathway (2003)

Signalling via m3 and m2 receptors in smooth muscles involved activation of two G-protein-dependent pathways by each receptor. m2 receptors were coupled via Gbetagammai3 with activation of phospholipase C-beta3, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Cdc42/Rac1 (where Cdc stands for cell division cycle) and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), resulting in phosphorylation and inactivation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Each step was inhibited by methoctramine and pertussis toxin. PAK1 activity was abolished in cells expressing both Cdc42-DN (where DN stands for dominant negative) and Rac1-DN. MLCK phosphorylation was inhibited by PAK1 antibody, and in cells expressing Cdc42-DN and Rac1-DN. m3 receptors were coupled via Galpha(q/11) with activation of phospholipase C-beta1 and via RhoA with activation of Rho-associated kinase (Rho kinase), phospholipase D and protein kinase C (PKC). Rho kinase and phospholipase D activities were inhibited by C3 exoenzyme and in cells expressing RhoA-DN. PKC activity was inhibited by bisindolylmaleimide, and in cells expressing RhoA-DN; PKC activity was also inhibited partly by Y27632 (44+/-5%). PKC-induced phosphorylation of PKC-activated 17 kDa inhibitor protein of type 1 phosphatase (CPI-17) at Thr38 was abolished by bisindolylmaleimide and inhibited partly by Y27632 (28+/-3%). Rho-kinase-induced phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1) and was abolished by Y27632. Sustained phosphorylation of 20 kDa regulatory light chain of myosin II (MLC20) and contraction were abolished by bisindolylmaleimide Y27632 and C3 exoenzyme and in cells expressing RhoA-DN. The results suggest that Rho-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of MYPT1 and PKC-dependent phosphorylation and enhancement of CPI-17 binding to the catalytic subunit of MLC phosphatase (MLCP) act co-operatively to inhibit MLCP activity, leading to sustained stimulation of MLC20 phosphorylation and contraction. Because Y27632 inhibited both Rho kinase and PKC activities, it could not be used to ascertain the contribution of MYPT1 to inhibition of MLCP activity. m2-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of MLCK precluded its involvement in sustained MLC20 phosphorylation and contraction.
Everlasting bubbles and liquid films resisting drainage, evaporation, and nuclei-induced bursting (2022)

Soap bubbles are by essence fragile and ephemeral. Depending on their composition and environment, bubble bursting can be triggered by gravity-induced drainage and/or the evaporation of the liquid and/or the presence of nuclei. In this paper, we design bubbles made of a composite liquid film able to neutralize all these effects and keep their integrity for more than one year in a standard atmosphere.
As REMS Requirements Simplify, Participants Need To Catch Up. (2012)

For more than three years, regulators at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration worked to hammer out a common risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) program for extended-release and long-acting opioids. These pain medications have a long history of abuse and each has had a REMS of its own. Now, with the FDA’s release of a comprehensive REMS program in July, 20 manufacturers have a common approach to education support for physicians who prescribe these drugs.





John Carroll



The umbrella REMS program for pain therapies fits neatly into the FDA’s revised approach to safety requirements with an eye to simplifying the rules of the game — this is important as new complex biologics hitting the market qualify for detailed REMS programs.

Congress established the REMS requirement in 2007 when drug-related safety issues prompted legislators to mandate that the FDA require a REMS every time a manufacturer needed to go beyond labeling requirements to help healthcare professionals and patients manage potential serious risks. Some product-specific REMSs were simple. Others came with a host of steps that challenged even the best compliance efforts of physicians and patients.

Under the new REMS program requirements, the FDA may simply want a medication guide added to the prescribing information to help patients understand how the drug works, how to take the drug, and what the side effects could be. More complex medications will require a program in which conditions of safe use must be tracked (e.g., blood levels or pregnancy test results), and product distribution tied to those conditions. To evaluate whether a REMS is achieving its intended goals will require assessments that involve surveying stakeholders and tracking communications outreach and other metrics specific to the design and goals of the REMS program.

For example, when phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia) was approved — the first new weight-loss drug in more than a decade — the FDA spelled out an exacting REMS. The drug is available only through certified mail order pharmacies, which are required to hand out detailed medication guides that highlight risks. The drug is linked to deformities in newborns, so doctors who prescribe it to women of child-bearing age must have a negative pregnancy test in hand before they prescribe the first dose. And physicians are given careful instructions on how to counsel patients.
Miscible Fluids in Microgravity (MFMG): A Zero Upmass Experiment on the International Space Station (2005)

Four runs of the zero-upmass investigation, Miscible Fluids in Microgravity (MFMG), were performed on the ISS. The goal of MFMG is to determine if interfacial phenomena seen with immiscible fluids could be seen with miscible fluids. The experiments had to be performed with existing materials on the ISS. Honey and water were chosen as the fluids, and urine collection syringes were used as the vessels in which the experiments were performed. In March (Increment 8) Dr. Michael Foale performed four experiments under isothermal conditions to determine: If a stream of honey injected into water would exhibit the Rayleigh-Tomotika instability and break into small drops. If an aspherical drop of water in honey would spontaneously assume a spherical shape. The experiments were performed successfully. No behavior beyond simple diffusion was observed, which is allowing us to estimate the maximum possible value of the square gradient parameter in our model with the Navier-Stokes equations plus a Korteweg stress term. During Increment 9, Mike Fiske performed two runs in which a stream of honey was injected into water while the syringe was attached to the surface of the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) at approximately 31 ˚C. Preliminary analysis indicates that some fluid motion occurred. It is possible that the apparent migration of the stream was not caused by residual buoyancy-induced convection and therefore may be an indication that Korteweg stresses can be important in miscible fluids.
Compressive OCT based on spectral domain random encoding (2018)

Here we describe a compressive optical coherence tomography (OCT) system based on spectral domain random encoding (SDRE). To achieve random modulation of OCT signal for compressive sensing using hardware, SDRE disperses the broadband light, imposes spectral random modulation by a digital micromirror device, and enables full reconstruction of OCT signal that is undersampled by an electronic digitizer. Our experimental results demonstrated that CS allows information in OCT signal beyond Nyquist limit to be extracted.
Pharmacological management of behavioral symptoms associated with dementia (2014)

Dementia is a clinical syndrome with features of neurocognitive decline. Subtypes of dementia include Alzheimer's, frontotemporal, Parkinson's, Lewy body disease, and vascular type. Dementia is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms that may include agitation, psychosis, depression, and apathy. These symptoms can lead to dangerousness to self or others and are the main source for caregiver burnout. Treatment of these symptoms consists of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions. However, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Pharmacological interventions are used off-label. This article reviews the current evidence supporting or negating the use of psychotropic medications along with safety concerns, monitoring, regulations, and recommendations.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETISCHE METHODE ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER ALKYLIERUNGSSTELLUNG IN POLYAZAHETEROCYCLEN, SUBSTITUIERTE PYRAZINE (1971)

Abstract Die Quaternisierung 2‐substituierter Pyrazine mit Methyljodid in Dimethylsulfoxid bei Raumtemperatur wird untersucht.
Laboratory demonstration of lightning strike pattern on different roof tops installed with Franklin Rods (2017)

Protection against lightning is always a challenging job for the researcher. The consequences due to lightning on different building shapes needs a comprehensive knowledge in order to provide the information to the common man. This paper is mainly concern with lightning pattern when it strikes on the building with different shape. The work is based on the practical experimental work in high voltage laboratory. Different shapes of the scaled structures have been selected in order to investigate the equal distribution of lightning voltage. The equal distribution of lightning voltage will provide the maximum probability of lightning strike on air terminal of the selected shapes. Building shapes have a very important role in lightning protection. The shapes of the roof tops have different geometry and the Franklin rod installation is also varies with changing the shape of the roof top. According to the ambient weather condition of Malaysia high voltage impulse is applied on the lightning rod installed on different geometrical shape. The equal distribution of high voltage impulse is obtained as the geometry of the scaled structure is identical and the air gap for all the tested object is kept the same. This equal distribution of the lightning voltage also proves that the probability of lightning strike is on the corner and the edges of the building structure.
Recovery of Electron Sheath Current in Magnetically Self-Insulated Transmission Lines (1983)

Magnetically self-insulated lines operating at high electric field stress have a high percentage of the current flow in an electron sheath adjacent to the cathode. Recovery of the current in this sheath is desirable for efficient power transport. The Sandia National Laboratories HydraMITE accelerator has a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) which has a 7.6-Ω geometric impedance and operates at 4.8 Ω, indicating that approximately 40 percent of the current flows in the electron sheath. If this line is terminated in a section of higher impedance line, theory and simulations indicate that the electron sheath current will be lower at the output. This higher impedance section, however, is effectively an inductance across which there is a voltage drop during the rising part of the pulse. An experiment was conducted on the HydraMITE machine in which input and output currents were measured on a section of line which the impedance changed smoothly from 7.6 Ω to 20 Ω. At the output the electron current was a few percent of the total current. Measurements were made with a range of inductive and resistive loads. The input and output currents were then compared to lumped circuit line simulations to separate losses related to inductance from electron sheath losses. The measurements indicate that a percentage of the electron sheath is recovered which depends on the load impedance and that the recovery is more efficient after the pulse voltage peak where potential drop along the increased impedance line aids retrapping of electrons.