gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous-in-Depth Neural Networks (2020)

Recent work has attempted to interpret residual networks (ResNets) as one step of a forward Euler discretization of an ordinary differential equation, focusing mainly on syntactic algebraic similarities between the two systems. Discrete dynamical integrators of continuous dynamical systems, however, have a much richer structure. We first show that ResNets fail to be meaningful dynamical integrators in this richer sense. We then demonstrate that neural network models can learn to represent continuous dynamical systems, with this richer structure and properties, by embedding them into higher-order numerical integration schemes, such as the Runge Kutta schemes. Based on these insights, we introduce ContinuousNet as a continuous-in-depth generalization of ResNet architectures. ContinuousNets exhibit an invariance to the particular computational graph manifestation. That is, the continuous-in-depth model can be evaluated with different discrete time step sizes, which changes the number of layers, and different numerical integration schemes, which changes the graph connectivity. We show that this can be used to develop an incremental-in-depth training scheme that improves model quality, while significantly decreasing training time. We also show that, once trained, the number of units in the computational graph can even be decreased, for faster inference with little-to-no accuracy drop.
Formation of a Hydrogen‐Bonded Heptazine Framework by Self‐Assembly of Melem into a Hexagonal Channel Structure (2012)

Self-assembly of melem C(6)N(7)(NH(2))(3) in hot aqueous solution leads to the formation of hydrogen-bonded, hexagonal rosettes of melem units surrounding infinite channels with a diameter of 8.9 Å. The channels are filled with strongly disordered water molecules, which are bound to the melem network through hydrogen bonds. Single-crystals of melem hydrate C(6)N(7)(NH(2))(3)⋅xH(2)O (x≈2.3) were obtained by hydrothermal treatment of melem at 200 °C and the crystal structure (R ̅3c, a=2879.0(4), c=664.01(13) pm, V=4766.4(13)×10(6) pm(3), Z=18) was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. With respect to the structural similarity to the well-known adduct between melamine and cyanuric acid, the composition of the obtained product was further analyzed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Hydrolysis of melem to cyameluric acid during syntheses at elevated temperatures could thus be ruled out. DTA/TG studies revealed that, during heating of melem hydrate, water molecules can be removed from the channels of the structure to a large extent. The solvent-free framework is stable up to 430 °C without transforming into the denser structure of anhydrous melem. Dehydrated melem hydrate was further characterized by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and sorption measurements to investigate structural changes induced by the removal of water from the channels. During dehydration, the hexagonal, layered arrangement of melem units is maintained whereas the formation of additional hydrogen bonds between melem entities requires the stacking mode of hexagonal layers to be altered. It is assumed that layers are shifted perpendicular to the direction of the channels, thereby making them inaccessible for guest molecules.
Haemodialysis (2016)

This chapter covers all aspects of haemodialysis from equipment, technical details, dialysates, and dialysis access from fistulas to lines and their complications and management; complications of dialysis ranging from hypotension to dialyser reactions, measuring dialysis adequacy, anticoagulation, prescriptions of chronic dialysis, and dry weight. It also discusses haemodialysis in various situations from peri-operatively to terminal care.
Degradation of chlorinated phenols by a pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium (1987)

A pentachlorophenol (PCP)-degrading Flavobacterium sp. was tested for its ability to dechlorinate other chlorinated phenols by using resting cells that had been grown in the presence or absence of PCP. Phenols with chlorine atoms at positions 2 and 6 of the phenol ring were dechlorinated completely by PCP-induced cells. Other chlorinated phenols were not significantly mineralized. When PCP was added to a culture growing on L-glutamate, there was a lag period before the start of PCP degradation. When similar cells were treated with chloramphenicol prior to the addition of PCP, they did not degrade added PCP, even after prolonged incubations. Thus, the enzymes necessary for PCP degradation appeared to be inducible. Suspensions of cells grown in the presence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol or 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol did not show a lag period for mineralization of PCP, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, or 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, indicating that one enzyme system probably was induced for the biodegradation of all three compounds. Nondegradable chlorophenols were toxic toward the Flavobacterium sp., probably acting as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.
Adhesion of Lactobacillus acidophilus to avian intestinal epithelial cells mediated by the crystalline bacterial cell surface layer (S‐layer) (1993)

Lactobacillus acidophilus was isolated from washed and homogenized walls of the crop and caecum of an adult fowl. A strain that adhered well in the Fuller adhesion test was subcultured until colonies on Lactobacillus Selective agar changed from rough to smooth. This coincided with a change from aggregate to planktonic growth in liquid medium and a marked loss of ability to adhere. ultrastructure of cells from both types of culture was studied by electron microscopy. An S-layer formed the outermost part of the cell wall in the strongly-adherent strain, whereas this layer was covered with polymerized material or was absent in strains that lacked the ability to adhere, or those with reduced adherence.
Dispersion-free amplification and oscillation in phase-conjugate four-wave mixing in an atomic vapor doublet (1980)

This paper presents theoretical and experimental descriptions of a novel application of the dispersion-free point associated with a pair of adjacent doublet transitions in atomic and molecular systems. At this point it is possible to observe enormous pulse amplification of a phase-conjugated wavefront and intense visible oscillation without mirror feedback in the degenerate four-wave parametric mixing in sodium vapor doublet at the characteristic wavelength of 5894 Å. At the dispersion-free point one also observes an ac Stark-free condition which permits the generation of a new type of coherent optical radiation called "cooperative phased-array radiation" (COPAR) from a phased-array system of coherently excited atoms in the medium at the wavelength.
Investigations on 3-dimensional temperature distribution in a FLATCON-type CPV module (2013)

The thermal flow in a FLATCON®-type CPV module is investigated theoretically and experimentally. For the simulation a model in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software SolidWorks Flow Simulation was established. In order to verify the simulation results the calculated and measured temperatures were compared assuming the same operating conditions (wind speed and direction, direct normal irradiance (DNI) and ambient temperature). Therefore, an experimental module was manufactured and equipped with temperature sensors at defined positions. In addition, the temperature distribution on the back plate of the module was displayed by infrared images. The simulated absolute temperature and the distribution compare well with an average deviation of only 3.3 K to the sensor measurements. Finally, the validated model was used to investigate the influence of the back plate material on the temperature distribution by replacing the glass material by aluminum. The simulation showed that it is important to consider heat dissipation by radiation when designing a CPV module.
The "Random Access Memory" Concept Applied To The Infrared Focal Plane (1988)

The circuit presented in this paper associates the classical direct injection and integration for each pixel with a random access scanning for the array. This focal plane implementation has two major advantages : i - the design of the pixel allows a larger integration capacitance in the 70 m pitch. ii - in the large arrays, the random access addressing mode allows the selection of sub-pictures for signal processing. The device is described. Performances of 32*32 pixels 70 m pitch circuits hybridized to CMT diodes arrays (cut-off wavelength : 5.5 and 10.1 m) are presented.
Metabolic Responses to Arsenite Exposure Regulated through Histidine Kinases PhoR and AioS in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A (2020)

Arsenite (As<sup>III</sup>) oxidation is a microbially-catalyzed transformation that directly impacts arsenic toxicity, bioaccumulation, and bioavailability in environmental systems. The genes for As<sup>III</sup> oxidation (<i>aio</i>) encode a periplasmic As<sup>III</sup> sensor AioX, transmembrane histidine kinase AioS, and cognate regulatory partner AioR, which control expression of the As<sup>III</sup> oxidase AioBA. The <i>aio</i> genes are under ultimate control of the phosphate stress response via histidine kinase PhoR. To better understand the cell-wide impacts exerted by these key histidine kinases, we employed <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) and liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics to characterize the metabolic profiles of Δ<i>phoR</i> and Δ<i>aioS</i> mutants of <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> 5A during As<sup>III</sup> oxidation. The data reveals a smaller group of metabolites impacted by the Δ<i>aioS</i> mutation, including hypoxanthine and various maltose derivatives, while a larger impact is observed for the Δ<i>phoR</i> mutation, influencing betaine, glutamate, and different sugars. The metabolomics data were integrated with previously published transcriptomics analyses to detail pathways perturbed during As<sup>III</sup> oxidation and those modulated by PhoR and/or AioS. The results highlight considerable disruptions in central carbon metabolism in the Δ<i>phoR</i> mutant. These data provide a detailed map of the metabolic impacts of As<sup>III</sup>, PhoR, and/or AioS, and inform current paradigms concerning arsenic-microbe interactions and nutrient cycling in contaminated environments.
Applications of microwave technology to rapid synthesis of substituted imidazoles on silica-supported SbCl3as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst (2014)

One-pot cyclo-condensation of benzil, aldehydes, ammonium acetate and primary amines were used to synthesize 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives under microwave irradiation with silica-supported SbCl3 (SbCl3/SiO2) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The operational simplicity, practicability and applicability of this protocol to various substrates make it an interesting alternative to previous procedures. From the environmental stand-point, this eco-friendly, green catalyst is stable, highly active, easy to prepare and handle.
Self-Aligned Fabrication Process of Electrode for Organic Thin-Film Transistors on Flexible Substrate Using Photosensitive Self-Assembled Monolayers (2007)

A new long-wavelength-photosensitive self-assembled-monolayer (SAM) was developed, and a process fabricating alignment-free printable electrodes for flexible organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with the SAM was proposed. The SAM was degraded and its wetability was changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by irradiating it with UV light (>350 nm). The irradiated areas of SAM became more hydrophilic with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution, which is a commercially available photoresist developer. Using the SAM and a back substrate exposure technique with TMAH rinsing, we can induce the self-alignment of solution-processed source/drain electrodes with respect to a gate electrode. A 20-µm-gap pattern of PEDOT was successfully formed by spin-coating on a plastic substrate.
AN INVESTIGATION ON FATIGUE AND FATIGUE CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF Cr-Si SPRING STEEL AFTER Zn-Ni ELECTROPLATING USING WEIBULL STATISTICAL MODEL (2015)

Compression springs were prepared from Cr-Si high strength spring steel and coated with pure Zn and ZnNi by electroplating process. The effect of baking after electroplating as well as applying an electroless nickel interlayer on the fatigue and fatigue corrosion of the springs was investigated. The results were analyzed using weibull statistical model. A considerable improvement (8%) in fatigue life of the electroplated springs with Zn-Ni was observed in the presence of Ni interlayer. In addition, baking of these electroplated springs improved fatigue life by 4%. The fatigue life under salt spraying conditions, however, has demonstrated remarkable reduction by 40%, 34% and 30% for Zn-Ni plating, backed and unbaked Zn-Ni plating containing Ni interlayer, respectively
Highly Luminescent 4′‐(4‐ethynylphenyl)‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐Terpyridine Derivatives as Materials for Potential Applications in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (2017)

Abstract Four novel derivatives of 4’‐(4‐ethynylphenyl)‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine with 7‐(N,N‐diphenylamino)‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene, 7‐(9 H ‐carbazo‐9‐yl)‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene, 9‐octyl‐9 H ‐carbazole, 6‐(9 H ‐carbazo‐9‐yl)‐9‐octylcarbazole substituents were obtained via Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction and thoroughly characterized. DSC measurements demonstrated that prepared terpyridine derivatives are molecular glasses, which exhibited high thermal stability based on TGA analysis. Since they showed high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields approaching 80% in solution, the electroluminescence ability of the compounds was tested in diodes in a guest‐host configuration. Upon dispersing in a matrix consisting of poly(9‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) (50 wt %) and (2‐tert‐butylphenyl‐5‐biphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) (PBD) (50 wt %), PL radiation with quantum yields in the range of 22–58% with maximum of emission band from 369 to 459 nm was observed, and the devices showed green or red electroluminescence. The results of the underline substantial role of the functional groups and the linker in the presented terpyridines in terms of their thermal, electrochemical, optical and electroluminescence properties. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent‐density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations were performed to provide a deeper understanding of the experimental results.
Cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation is associated with a 24‐hour relapse gap: Observations from prolonged postcardioversion rhythm monitoring (2018)

In this study on 50 patients successfully cardioverted for persistent AF, there was a relapse gap of ≥24 hours. This phenomenon has not been well appreciated before and offers an AF-free window of opportunity for electrocardiographically triggered cardiac imaging or complex electrophysiological procedures. Echocardiographic tissue velocity imaging may visualize atrial remodeling relevant to AF recurrence.
Population dynamics and dephasing of excitons and electron-hole pairs in polytype wurtzite/zinc-blende InP nanowires (2017)

We investigated the dephasing and population dynamics of electron-hole (e-h) pairs and excitons in vapor-liquid-solid grown polytype wurtzite/zinc-blende (WZ/ZB) InP nanowires (NWs) using heterodyne four-wave mixing (HFWM) in three-beam configuration at temperatures from 80 to 270 K. The photon energy of the 100 fs excitation pulses was varied to predominantly excite either mobile excitons and e-h pairs or indirect WZ/ZB excitons. The population dynamics reveal a multiexponential decay with time constants ranging over six orders of magnitude. The dynamics has been interpreted by a coupled rate equation model which considers WZ and ZB electron states, donor electron states, and band bending trapping holes to the surface. The model reproduces the essential features of the experimentally observed dynamics at different excitation energies, fluences, and lattice temperatures. Intraband thermalization is reached within 5--50 ps, after which the nonradiative recombination dominates the dynamics. Notably, the screenable surface band bending results in long-lived spatially separated carriers, causing a photogenerated, spatially separated electron and hole density which is dominating the long-lived dynamics.
ELOQUENT-2: A phase III, randomized, open-label study of lenalidomide (Len)/dexamethasone (dex) with/without elotuzumab (Elo) in patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). (2015)

8508 Background: Elo, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule F7 (SLAMF7), kills myeloma cells with minimal effect on normal tissue. Elo showed encouraging activity with Len/dex (Ld) in a phase Ib/II study in pts with RRMM. This phase III study (NCT01239797) compared efficacy and safety of Elo/Len/dex (ELd) vs Ld. Methods: Pts with RRMM, 1–3 prior therapies (not Len-refractory), were randomized 1:1 to ELd or Ld in 28-day cycles to disease progression/unacceptable toxicity: Elo (10 mg/kg intravenously) weekly cycles 1+2 then biweekly; Len (25 mg) D1–21; dex weekly (40 mg or [Elo wks] 28 mg oral + 8 mg intravenous). Response/progression was assessed by independent review committee by EBMT criteria. Primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall response rate (ORR). Results of an interim analysis are reported. Results: Six hundred and forty-six pts were randomized (321 ELd, 325 Ld; median age 66; del(17p) 32%; t[4;14] 9%; refractory to last therapy 35%). Median (range) prior therapies: 2 (1–4), including bortezomib 70%, thalidomide 48%, Len 6%. At data cut-off (4 November 2014), 35% (ELd) and 21% (Ld) of pts remained on therapy; discontinuation was mainly for disease progression (42% ELd, 47% Ld). Median follow-up was 24 months; median (95% CI) PFS: ELd 19.4 (16.6, 22.2) months, Ld 14.9 (12.1, 17.2) months (HR [95% CI] 0.70 [0.57, 0.85]; p = 0.0004). 1-year PFS was 68% ELd, 57% Ld; 2-year PFS: 41% ELd, 27% Ld. PFS benefit with ELd was consistent across key subgroups. ORR (95% CI) was 79% (74, 83) ELd, 66% (60, 71) Ld (p = 0.0002). G3–4 adverse events ≥ 15% (ELd vs Ld) were neutropenia (25%, 33%); anemia (15%, 16%). Exposure-adjusted infection rate was the same in both arms (incidence rate/100 person-years of exposure, 197). Infusion reactions (IRs) occurred in 10% of pts with ELd (mostly G1–2). There were 210 deaths (94 ELd, 116 Ld). Conclusions: A clinically relevant 30% reduction in risk of progression or death was seen with ELd vs Ld. More pts remain on ELd vs Ld and follow-up for long-term outcomes, including survival, is ongoing. IRs were manageable. Elo, a mAb with a novel immunotherapeutic mechanism of action, showed improved PFS, with minimal added toxicity in combination with Ld vs Ld alone, in pts with multiple myeloma. Clinical trial information: NCT01239797.
Knee Cartilage Reconstruction With Matrix-induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (2010)

A number of repair procedures have been used to address focal articular cartilage defects in the knee. Although traditional surgical techniques may alleviate pain and symptoms temporarily, these produce a fibrocartilage repair tissue, which is biomechanically inferior to hyaline articular cartilage. This has lead to the evolution of cell-based therapies, designed to regenerate a more biomechanically favorable hyaline-like tissue. Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation has become an established technique for the repair of full-thickness chondral defects in the knee. It is a two-stage procedure that involves an initial arthroscopic harvest of healthy cartilage, isolation and expansion of chondrocytes ex vivo, and subsequent reimplantation of the cells into the chondral defect. Over time and with an appropriate postoperative mechanical stimulus both protective and supportive of the tissue maturation process, these cells can migrate, proliferate, and produce a repair tissue that may fill the chondral defect, providing a hyaline-like tissue that can sustain the normal biomechanical demands placed on it. This study will outline our matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation surgical techniques as developed since its introduction within our group, and the relative indications and contraindications for chondrocyte implantation.
Optical nature of interface layers: a comparative study of the Si–SiO_2 interface (1982)

A comparative study is made of four methods for treating the graded nature of the Si–SiO2 interface in the analysis of ellipsometry data: (1) the stratified-media model, in which the total number of layers is large (&gt;10); (2) the three-boundary approximation, in which the interface is treated as a single, homogeneous layer; (3) the two-boundary approximation, in which the effects of the interface are incorporated into an effective oxide-layer thickness; and (4) the integral-equation method, approximated to first order, of Plieth and Naegele [ Surf. Sci.64, 484 ( 1977)]. The Si–SiO2 transition layer is assumed to have optical functions that vary monotonically between those of Si and SiO2 in six different ways. In each of the six cases, the ellipsometry parameters ψ and Δ are computed for the air–SiO2-interface bulk-Si system by using the four methods stated above. The results illustrate the sensitivity of ellipsometry to the interface layer and reveal that the interface layer must be properly taken into account for accurate analysis. It is concluded that the three-boundary approximation is not necessarily more accurate than a judiciously applied two-boundary model and that the first-order approximation of Plieth and Naegele introduces sizable errors at short wavelengths for the Si–SiO2 interface.
Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of wolframite ZnWO4nanorods (2010)

In this research, the effects of pH, reaction temperature and holding reaction time on the synthesis of one-dimensional ZnWO4 nanostructures by a hydrothermal method were studied. Phase, morphology and atomic vibration were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The pure monoclinic ZnWO4 structure was synthesized at the pH solutions of 7 and 8. By varying the pH values, the mixtures of monoclinic ZnWO4 and hexagonal ZnO as major and minor phases were detected at the pH 9 and 10 solutions, and the pure hexagonal ZnO phase at the pH 11 and 12. SEM and TEM images proved that ZnWO4 nanorods grew along the [021] direction, with the reaction temperature and time to control their morphologies. The Zn–O, Zn–O–W, and W–O stretching vibrations were detected at 474, 888, and 726 cm−1, and their corresponding bending vibrations at 430, 826, and 582 cm−1, respectively. The optical properties of ZnWO4 nanorods were also investigated by UV-visible (UV-vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The above analyses proved that the appropriate condition for synthesizing of ZnWO4 nanorods is at pH 8 by the 200 °C and 24 h hydrothermal treatment.