gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stress Effects on Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve: Equipment Development and Experimental Results (2019)

Core Ideas A triaxial apparatus is developed to measure stress‐dependent SFCC. Unfrozen water content of clay and sand increases with increasing confining stress. Stress effects on the SFCC of clay are more significant than sand. The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) defines the relationship between soil temperature and unfrozen water content. This curve is important for predicting water flow and heat conduction in frozen soils, as well as freezing heave and thawing settlement. So far, SFCCs reported in the literature were usually determined at zero stress. To investigate stress effects on SFCC, a stress‐ and temperature‐controlled triaxial apparatus was developed in this study. The unfrozen volumetric water content was measured using a newly developed noninvasive time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe. The new apparatus was used to measure SFCCs of two typical soils (i.e., clay and sand) at different stress conditions (i.e., 30, 100, and 200 kPa). Each specimen was subjected to compression, and then a cycle of freezing and thawing. As expected, for both soils, the saturated water content prior to freezing was smaller at higher stresses because of compression. During the subsequent freezing and thawing, the soil specimen at a higher stress was able to retain more liquid water than that at a lower stress. The higher unfrozen water retention capacity at higher stresses is mainly because the pore size of a soil specimen becomes smaller during compression. Hence, more water can retain a liquid state due to the enhanced capillarity. On the other hand, stress effects on the SFCC were found to be more significant for clay than for sand. This is likely because the stress‐induced change in pore size distribution is larger in clay due to its higher compressibility.
Synthesis of 5-Substituted 5-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidones, Metabolites of the Antipsychotic Benzamide Remoxipride. (1989)

This paper describes the synthesis of 5-[(3-bromo-2,6-dimethoxybenzamido)-methyl]-5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidon e (3) and its 1-ethyl analogue 2, two urinary metabolites of the dopamine D-2 antagonist remoxipride [1, (S)-3-bromo-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-2, 6-dimethoxybenzamide]. Two synthetic schemes leading to a common intermediate, 5-benzamido-4-oxopentanoic acid 4, were developed. This key intermediate permits conversion into either metabolite. Reaction of 4 with isobutyl chloroformate furnished a mixed carbonic anhydride, which upon treatment with ethylamine or ammonia gave the 4-oxopentanamides 5 and 6, respectively. Ring-closure afforded the corresponding 5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidones 2 and 3.
Practical Considerations for Electron Holography on Doped Semiconductor Devices (2002)

Journal Article Practical Considerations for Electron Holography on Doped Semiconductor Devices Get access Alexander Thesen, Alexander Thesen EM Facility, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 and High Temperatures Materials Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road 1, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bernhard G Frost, Bernhard G Frost EM Facility, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 and High Temperatures Materials Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road 1, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David C Joy David C Joy EM Facility, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 and High Temperatures Materials Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road 1, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 8, Issue S02, 1 August 2002, Pages 516–517, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927602105149 Published: 01 August 2002
N incorporation in GaP and band gap bowing of GaNxP1−x (1996)

We report a study on the N incorporation in GaP grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy using a N radical beam source. Contrary to theoretical predictions under thermoequilibrium conditions, GaNP with N concentration as high as 16% has been obtained without showing any phase separation, but increasing the growth temperature will result in a decrease of N incorporation. These results indicate that using nonequilibrium growth techniques can achieve GaNP alloys with a N concentration far greater than the thermal equilibrium solubility limit. Optical absorption measurements reveal that although the band gap energy of GaNxP1−x decreases with increasing N concentration, it is still positive for x up to 16%, indicating that the material is not a semimetal but a semiconductor, contrary to theoretical predictions based on the Van Vechten’s quantum dielectric model.
Theoretical Calculation of Accurate Absolute and Relative Gas- and Liquid-Phase O−H Bond Dissociation Enthalpies of 2-Mono- and 2,6-Disubstituted Phenols, Using DFT/B3LYP (2003)

DFT/B3LYP is used to calculate the gas-phase absolute and relative phenolic O−H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) in hydroxy/methoxy ortho substituted phenols. The PCM and SCIPCM continuum models are applied to calculate the liquid-phase BDEs. This is the first theoretical determination of liquid-phase BDEs of phenols, the corresponding experimental data of which is rare. The solvated-phase optimized structures of both the parent phenols and their respective radicals are also presented for the first time. A systematic study on a series of 17 different basis sets on phenol, 2-hydroxyphenol (catechol), and 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) leads to the optimum 6-31+G(,3pd) basis set. Derived BDEs are among the most accurate of any gas-phase ones (deviations of the absolute gas-phase BDEs do not exceed 0.20 kcal/mol, relative to experiment, and those of the relative ones do not exceed 0.24 kcal/mol). Use of the optimum basis set to obtain the absolute gas-phase BDEs of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol) and 2,6-dihydroxyphenol (pyrogallol), the liquid-phase BDEs, the solvent, and substituent effects of phenols shows the usefulness of this approach. Seven solvents, differing in their H-bonding ability and polarity, n-heptane, benzene, acetone, acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, and water, are used to model different environmental situations. Only the PCM model describes well the “bulk” solvent effects, which, depending on the and/or α polarity parameter values of the solvent, modify the structure of the solute. Calculated liquid-phase BDEs are in close agreement with the experimental ones, where available, exceeding those in the gas-phase by as much as ca. 8 kcal/mol in some media. Solvent effects are common for catechol and phenol and different for guaiacol. Close agreement is derived between the theoretical and the experimental solvent effects for known phenolic antioxidants, namely, ubiquinols and flavonoids. The different ortho groups in catechol and guaiacol lead to different substituent effects in accordance with experimental findings.
Effects of Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides on superoxide dismutase activities in mice. (1996)

CVP exerted the favorable effects on SOD activities in mice. Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides (CVP) exert inhibitory effects on experimental and clinical tumors. These effects are presumed to be mediated mainly by host-defence mechanism, especially immunological responeses. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in protecting cells against superoxide radical (O2-.) damages and over-production of O2-. or SOD abnormities exist in many diseases. The present study was to investigate if the CVP could exert some favorable effects on SOD activities in vivo.
The effect of objectively collected medication adherence information on bipolar I and major depressive disorder treatment decisions: A randomized case vignette study of psychiatric clinicians (2022)

Adherence to antipsychotic medications is critical for treatment and relapse prevention in serious mental illness. Accurate assessment of medication adherence can be difficult, clinicians frequently overestimate patient adherence, and new accurate methods assessing medication adherence are needed. This study estimated the influence of antipsychotic medication adherence information on clinician treatment decisions among patients with bipolar I (BD) and major depressive (MDD) disorders. This study was a cross-sectional, random assignment survey of psychiatric clinicians who prescribe medication for the treatment of BD and/or MDD. Clinicians (N = 180) were recruited using national association lists and were presented with either BD or MDD case vignettes that described symptoms, level of functioning, and self-reported medication adherence. Cases were randomly assigned to vignettes that presented subjective (self-report) or objective adherence (from refill rates and MEMS caps data) information. Respondents were asked to recommend adjustments in medication regimen. A total of 180 clinicians participated. In the BD arm (N = 90), participants were primarily female (55.5%), and specialized in psychiatry (97.8%). In the MDD arm (N = 90), participants were primarily female (64.4%) and specialized in psychiatry (98.9%). The BD arm was more likely to modify antipsychotic treatment as opposed to mood stabilizers and the MDD arm was more likely to modify antidepressant treatment as opposed to antipsychotic prescriptions. Among vignettes indicating non-adherence, cases that reviewed objective adherence data were more likely to adopt medication adherence enhancing interventions including long-acting injectable antipsychotics. As expected, the rate of LAI choice overall was greater for cases reviewing BD compared to those reviewing MDD vignettes. This study utilized a convenience sample and synthetic vignettes. The survey response arrays do not cover the full array of treatment options available to all clinicians. These data suggest the presence of objective adherence data may help clinicians distinguish between medication nonresponse and medication nonadherence as illustrated by the relationship between the presence of objective adherence information and selection of treatment modifications.
Efficient gene delivery to pancreatic islets with ultrasonic microbubble destruction technology (2006)

This study describes a method of gene delivery to pancreatic islets of adult, living animals by ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). The technique involves incorporation of plasmids into the phospholipid shell of gas-filled microbubbles, which are then infused into rats and destroyed within the pancreatic microcirculation with ultrasound. Specific delivery of genes to islet beta cells by UTMD was achieved by using a plasmid containing a rat insulin 1 promoter (RIP), and reporter gene expression was regulated appropriately by glucose in animals that received a RIP-luciferase plasmid. To demonstrate biological efficacy, we used UTMD to deliver RIP-human insulin and RIP-hexokinase I plasmids to islets of adult rats. Delivery of the former plasmid resulted in clear increases in circulating human C-peptide and decreased blood glucose levels, whereas delivery of the latter plasmid resulted in a clear increase in hexokinase I protein expression in islets, increased insulin levels in blood, and decreased circulating glucose levels. We conclude that UTMD allows relatively noninvasive delivery of genes to pancreatic islets with an efficiency sufficient to modulate beta cell function in adult animals.
Difluprednate for inflammatory eye disorders (2011)

Uveitis is the third leading cause of preventable blindness in the U.S. Topical administration of corticosteroids remains the mainstay in the management of acute autoimmune anterior uveitis. Difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion is a potent new topical corticosteroid that exhibits enhanced penetration, better bioavailability, rapid local metabolism and strong efficacy, with a low incidence of adverse effects. In June 2008, difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% gained FDA approval in the U.S. for the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation and pain. Recently, a multicenter, randomized clinical trial showed difluprednate to be noninferior to prednisolone acetate 1% dosed twice as often, the current standard of care for the acute management of endogenous uveitis in the U.S. Furthermore, difluprednate proved to have a comparable safety profile. Here, we review difluprednate pharmacokinetics, ocular indications, animal studies, as well as the results of the clinical trials conducted to date in the U.S.
Suppressive effects of entecavir on hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma (2011)

First-line entecavir monotherapy is comparably effective in CHB patients with and without HCC, and improves hepatic function in HBV-related HCC patients. An early virological response to entecavir is prognostic of improved survival following curative therapy against HBV-related HCC.
E. coli: shiga toxin methods and protocols. (2003)

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and its isolated cytotoxin (Stx), also known as "hamburger E. coli" are continuing sources of significant-and sometime fatal-human and animal infections. In E. coli: Shiga Toxin Methods and Protocols, a multidisciplinary panel of leading experimentalists details the key protocols for the diagnosis and study of STEC and Stx pathogenesis. Described in step-by-step detail, these readily reproducible techniques range from those for the diagnosis and detection of STEC bacteria in patient and animal samples, to those for studying the cellular microbiology of STEC infections, especially host-pathogen interactions and the hemolysin of STEC. There are also protocols for studying the details of Shiga toxin (Stx) biology-from the purification of the toxin to the effects of Stx on various host cell functions-and for exploring STEC-mediated disease in various animal models. Each protocol has been thoroughly tested and optimized to produce robust and successful experimental results, and includes troubleshooting tips, advice on avoiding pitfalls, and alternate methods. Comprehensive and up-to-date, E. coli: Shiga Toxin Methods and Protocols offers bacteriologists and medical microbiologists today's most powerful tools for illuminating the molecular and cellular microbiology of STEC's bacterial pathogenesis, as well as the mechanisms of its toxicity
Stabilizing effect of reduced cultivation temperature on human x mouse hybridomas. (1985)

Interspecies hybridomas, such as human X mouse hybrid cells, usually show a high degree of unstability for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. We investigated growth and specific rate of mAb-production during a period of 52 days after recloning human-mouse hybridomas at cultivation temperatures of 37 degrees C and 32 degrees C respectively. The lower cultivation temperature stabilized the overall IgM-mAb-production rate (IgM/ml) over the total cultivation period. At 37 degrees C incubation temperature the overall IgM-mAb-production was reduced to 1/3 due to loss of heavy chain production. This is visible from an increase of the kappa/mu-chain ratio. At 32 degrees C incubation temperature the specific IgM-mAb-production rate (IgM/cell X time) was stabilized, whereas at 37 degrees C incubation temperature a decrease of 80% was observed.
Carbocyclic Analogues of Nucleosides from bis‐(Hydroxymethyl)cyclopentane: Synthesis, Antiviral and Cytostatic Activities of Adenosine, Inosine and Uridine Analogues. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Characterization of direct contact condensation of steam jets discharging into a subcooled water (2000)

Direct contact condensation of steam jets discharging into a subcooled pool water has been experimentally investigated using five different sizes of horizontal nozzle over a wide range of steam mass flux and pool temperature conditions. Condensation phenomena have been observed visually and by taking pictures of steam jets using a video camera. Three kinds of steam jet shape were typically observed, which are dependent on the steam mass flux and pool temperature. The jet expansion ratio and the jet length as well as the condensation heat transfer coefficients were determined. The effect of steam mass flux, pool temperature, and nozzle diameter on these parameters were also discussed. The axial and radial temperature distributions in steam jet and in surrounding pool water as well as the dynamic pressure at the tank wall were measured under various test conditions. In addition, the relation between steam condensation and dynamic pressure at the tank wall was also discussed, which is dependent also on the steam mass flux and pool temperature. (author)
Pulmonary function over 2 years in diabetic patients treated with prandial inhaled Technosphere insulin or usual antidiabetes treatment: A randomized trial (2013)

Aims: Development of inhaled insulin has increased the need to understand its pulmonary safety. This study evaluated pulmonary function changes in diabetes patients receiving inhaled Technosphere Insulin (TI) or usual antidiabetes treatment (usual care).



Methods: This randomized, open-label study was conducted at 220 sites (25 July 2005 to 29 August 2008). Pulmonary function tests [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), total lung capacity (TLC) and lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO)] were prospectively followed over 2 years in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes receiving TI (n = 730) or usual care (n = 824), along with a cohort without diabetes not receiving any specific therapy (n = 145).



Results: Baseline demographics and pulmonary function were similar between diabetes treatment groups. Lung function declined from baseline in all groups. TI was non-inferior to usual care for mean change in FEV1 from baseline to month 24 [mean (s.e.m.) 0.037 (0.0119) l; 95% CI 0.014 to 0.060] using mixed-model repeated-measure with a pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 50 ml/year. After a greater initial decline at month 3 with TI, rate of change (slope) in FEV1, FVC and DLCO (months 3–24) was not statistically different between treatment groups. TI was well tolerated; no serious safety concerns emerged. The most common respiratory event associated with TI was mild, transient cough, occurring within minutes of inhalation.



Conclusions: Observed changes in lung function with TI were small, occurred early after therapy initiation, remained non-progressive over 2 years and were unlikely to be clinically meaningful.
Enhanced Graphene Mechanical Properties through Ultrasmooth Copper Growth Substrates (2016)

The combination of extraordinary strength and stiffness in conjunction with exceptional electronic and thermal properties in lightweight two-dimensional materials has propelled graphene research toward a wide array of applications including flexible electronics and functional structural components. Tailoring graphene's properties toward a selected application requires precise control of the atomic layer growth process, transfer, and postprocessing procedures. To date, the mechanical properties of graphene are largely controlled through postprocess defect engineering techniques. In this work, we demonstrate the role of varied catalytic surface morphologies on the tailorability of subsequent graphene film quality and breaking strength, providing a mechanism to tailor the physical, electrical, and mechanical properties at the growth stage. A new surface planarization methodology that results in over a 99% reduction in Cu surface roughness allows for smoothness parameters beyond that reported to date in literature and clearly demonstrates the role of Cu smoothness toward a decrease in the formation of bilayer graphene defects, altered domain sizes, monolayer graphene sheet resistance values down to 120 Ω/□ and a 78% improvement in breaking strength. The combined electrical and mechanical enhancements achieved through this methodology allows for the direct growth of application quality flexible transparent conductive films with monolayer graphene.
Neuromuscular Training Improves Performance and Lower-Extremity Biomechanics in Female Athletes (2005)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a comprehensive neuromuscular training program on measures of performance and lower-extremity movement biomechanics in female athletes. The hypothesis was that significant improvements in measures of performance would be demonstrated concomitant with improved biomechanical measures related to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Forty-one female basketball, soccer, and volleyball players (age, 15.3 +/- 0.9 years; weight, 64.8 +/- 9.96 kg; height, 171.2 +/- 7.21 cm) underwent 6 weeks of training that included 4 main components (plyometric and movement, core strengthening and balance, resistance training, and speed training). Twelve age-, height-, and weight-matched controls underwent the same testing protocol twice 6 weeks apart. Trained athletes demonstrated increased predicted 1 repetition maximum squat (92%) and bench press (20%). Right and left single-leg hop distance increased 10.39 cm and 8.53 cm, respectively, and vertical jump also increased from 39.9 +/- 0.9 cm to 43.2 +/- 1.1 cm with training. Speed in a 9.1-m sprint improved from 1.80 +/- 0.02 seconds to 1.73 +/- 0.01 seconds. Pre- and posttest 3-dimensional motion analysis demonstrated increased knee flexion-extension range of motion during the landing phase of a vertical jump (right, 71.9 +/- 1.4 degrees to 76.9 +/- 1.4 degrees ; left, 71.3 +/- 1.5 degrees to 77.3 +/- 1.4 degrees ). Training decreased knee valgus (28%) and varus (38%) torques. Control subjects did not demonstrate significant alterations during the 6-week interval. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the combination of multiple-injury prevention-training components into a comprehensive program improves measures of performance and movement biomechanics.
Inferring the Evolutionary Reduction of Corm Lobation in Isoëtes using Bayesian Model-Averaged Ancestral State Reconstruction (2017)

ABSTRACT Inferring the evolution of characters in Isoëtes has been problematic, as these plants are morphologically conservative and yet highly variable and homoplasious within that conserved base morphology. However, molecular phylogenies have given us a valuable tool to test hypothesis of character evolution within the genus. One such hypothesis is that extant Isoëtes have undergone a morphological reduction from larger arborescent lycophyte ancestors. In this work we examine the reduction in lobe numbers on the underground trunk, or corm, over evolutionary time. Using reversible-jump MCMC and Bayesian inference, our results support the hypothesis of a directional reduction in lobe number in Isoëtes , with the best-supported model of character evolution being one of irreversible reduction. Furthermore, the most probable ancestral corm lobe number of extant Isoëtes is three, and a reduction to two lobes has occurred at least six times. From our results, we can infer that corm lobation, like many other traits in Isoëtes , shows a degree of homoplasy, yet also shows ongoing evolutionary reduction.