gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stagnation Pressure in Liquid Needle-Free Injection: Modeling and Experimental Validation (2011)

Liquid needle-free injectors employ high-velocity liquid jets to deliver drugs and vaccines. Several parameters are critical to the injection quality: nozzle diameter, volume of drug delivered, ampoule diameter, pressure that drives liquid volume, and impact gap (distance between piston and trigger). A physical model is presented to calculate the stagnation pressure of the injection jet. Two types of the injection systems were tested: a spring-powered system and a voice-coil powered system. The calculation results show that the variation of stagnation pressure with time matches the experimental measurement under the same system conditions. The maximum stagnation pressure determines whether the jet can erode and penetrate into the skin. The maximum stagnation pressure was calculated under three conditions: different volumes, different spring rates and different ampoule diameters, and the results were compared with the experimental measurements. The experiments validated the physical model. Keywords: Liquid needle-free injection, modeling, stagnation pressure, jet, voice-coil, Resistant Force, Ring Seal
MR-Based Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Normal Pelvic Floor in Women (2000)

Muscle morphology, signal intensity, and volume is relatively uniform among healthy young women.
C(sp3)−C(sp3) Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Bromides and Ethers Mediated by Metal and Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis (2020)

Abstract We report a C( sp 3 )−C( sp 3 ) cross‐coupling of alkyl bromides and alkyl chlorides with ethers by dual photoredox‐nickel catalysis. The catalytic system comprises of the organic photocatalyst 1,2,3,5‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐4,6‐dicyanobenzene (4‐CzIPN) and bench stable nickel (II) acetylacetonate in the presence of visible‐light, providing the coupling products in up to 92% yield. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest two catalytic cycles, as well as the photogeneration of bromine or chlorine radicals from halide atoms that are present in the structures of the coupling partners. The halide radical mediates the hydrogen atom transfer event, avoiding the need of an additional HAT catalyst. magnified image
Temperature Dependence of Gas Permeability of Newton Black Films (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTTemperature Dependence of Gas Permeability of Newton Black FilmsRumen Krustev, Dimo Platikanov, and Michael NedyalkovView Author Information Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1126 Sofia, BulgariaCite this: Langmuir 1996, 12, 6, 1688–1689Publication Date (Web):March 20, 1996Publication History Received23 August 1995Revised20 November 1995Published online20 March 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la950711ohttps://doi.org/10.1021/la950711obrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views162Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Interface engineering,Permeability,Phase transitions,Surfactants,Vesicles Get e-Alerts
Palonosetron: a unique 5-HT3-receptor antagonist for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced emesis (2003)

Palonosetron (Aloxi™) is a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist antiemetic indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting following moderately emetogenic chemotherapy and for acute nausea and vomiting following highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Although it is the fourth member of this class to enter the US market, palonosetron is distinguished by distinct pharmacological characteristics. It has a higher binding affinity for the 5-HT3receptor and a terminal serum half-life at least four times greater than any other available agent of this class (∼ 40 h). The high affinity and long half-life may explain the persistence of antiemetic effect throughout the delayed emesis risk period. The indications for palonosetron are supported by one dose-ranging study and three large, randomised, Phase III studies that all demonstrated at least equivalent activity (and in some cases, superior activity) compared to other 5-HT3-receptor antagonists. In spite of the pharmacological differences, the side effect profile of palonosetron is comparable to that of other 5-HT3-receptor antagonists. Palonosetron may prove valuable in combination therapy for delayed emesis and may be an appropriate agent for clinical settings, such as multiple-day chemotherapy, where acute emesis is repeatedly induced. Palonosetron provides a convenience advantage if multiple-day 5-HT3-receptor antagonist therapy is anticipated and is a unique addition to the antiemetic armamentarium.
Delivering application-layer traffic optimization services based on public routing data at Internet eXchange points = Serviços para otimização do tráfego de aplicações a partir de informações públicas de roteamento nos Pontos de troca de tráfego na internet (2016)

Otimizacao de Trafego na Camada de Aplicacao (ALTO - Application-Layer Traffic Optimization) e um protocolo recentemente padronizado que fornece uma topologia da rede e mapa de custos abstratos, alem de servicos de informacao de endpoints que podem ser consumidos pelos aplicativos, a fim de tornar-se conscientes da rede e tomar decisoes otimizadas sobre os fluxos de trafego. Neste trabalho, propomos um servico publico baseado nas especificacoes ALTO usando informacao de roteamento publica disponivel nos Pontos de Troca de Trafego (PTTs) brasileiros. Nosso prototipo de servidor ALTO, representado pela sigla AaaS (ALTO-as-a-Service), e baseado em mais de 2,5 GB de dados BGP reais dos 25 PTTs publicos brasileiros (IX.br). Nossa proposta e avaliada em termos de comportamento funcional e desempenho atraves de experimentos de prova de conceito que apontam como potencial beneficio das aplicacoes, a capacidade de tomar decisoes inteligentes na selecao de endpoint ao consumir as APIs ALTO. 
Abstract
Separation characteristics of swirl‐tube dust separators (2004)

Abstract Experimental results for the overall efficiency, pressure drop, and grade efficiency curves (GECs) in a laboratory cylindrical swirl tube with inlet vanes are given and compared with experimental data and model predictions for a tangential‐inlet, cylinder‐on‐cone cyclone, tested in the same rig. The results show that the performance of swirl tubes is comparable with that of cyclones in spite of the simpler body shape, and also that swirl tubes are more compact than cyclones when operating at the same pressure drop and capacity and with the same cut point (efficiency). The S shape of the GEC in swirl tubes, however, differs in steepness from that of conventional cyclones. That steepness m (larger m, steeper GEC, that is, sharper cut) had values between 2.5 and 3 in the swirl tube and around 4 in the cyclone. The values found for the swirl tube are still well within the range of 2–4 often seen in industrial cyclones. The swirl tube GEC, while less steep around the 50% mark, is steeper at larger particle sizes. Using Stokesian scaling, the GECs from the laboratory swirl tube, which was working alone, are also compared with experimental GECs from a commercial swirl‐tube installation, in which the swirl tubes work in parallel. The commercial GEC is found to be slightly less steep: this, in fact, favors the separation of “microfines” (responsible for equipment fouling), while the separation of coarse particles remains sufficiently large. Underperformance of the commercial installation due to cross talk could not be detected. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:87–96, 2004
Biopsy needle characteristics assessed in the laboratory. (1983)

Radiologists are frequently called upon to perform percutaneous biopsy. Selection of the proper needle is becoming more complex as the number of types increases and reports of better results with certain needles proliferate. The authors evaluated a wide variety of needles of different caliber, cutting tip, and bevel. Using a standard biopsy technique for in vitro specimens, the samples were analyzed quantitatively by precise weight measurement and qualitatively by cytopathological means. It was concluded that large-bore needles were superior to "skinny" needles, and small-bore needles having an acute bevel angle were superior to flat-bevel needles of similar gauge in terms of specimen size and preservation.
Time course of the sodium influx in squid giant axon during a single voltage clamp pulse (1970)

1. Sodium influx measurements were carried out on internally perfused squid giant axons under conditions of membrane potential control.2. The ratio ;measured extra sodium influx/calculated ionic influx from the inward current record' is close to unity and is independent of the duration of the rectangular pulse of membrane potential.3. The variation of the sodium permeability with time during the voltage clamp pulse is obtained by subtracting the sodium influx obtained from the ;tail' current record from the measured extra sodium influx.4. Evidence was obtained indicating that the measured change in sodium permeability during a sudden decrease of the membrane potential from its resting level involves two processes, namely, a transient increase in sodium permeability (activation), and a decrease in sodium permeability (inactivation).5. The extra influx of sodium during a voltage clamp pulse is not decreased by raising the internal sodium concentration from 0 to 100 mM, supporting the validity of the independence principle.
Patient-Specific Seizure Detection from Intra-cranial EEG Using High Dimensional Clustering (2010)

Automatic seizure detection is becoming popular in modern epilepsy monitoring units since it assists diagnostic monitoring and reduces manual review of large volumes of EEG recordings. In this paper, we describe the application of machine learning algorithms for building patient-specific seizure detectors on multiple frequency bands of intra-cranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) recorded by a dense Micro-Electrode Array (MEA). The MEA is capable of recording at a very high sampling rate (30 KHz) producing an avalanche of time series data. We explore subsets of this data to build seizure detectors - we discuss several methods for extracting univariate and bivariate features from the channels and study the effectiveness of using high dimensional clustering algorithms such as K-means and Subspace clustering for constructing the model. Future work involves design of more robust seizure detectors using other features and non-parametric clustering techniques, detection of artifacts and understanding the generalization properties of the models.
Interleukin-5: an eosinophil growth and activation factor. (1988)

A mouse lymphokine stimulating eosinophil differentiation has been identified and characterized. This factor was found to be identical to B cell growth factor II, and is now called interleukin-5 (IL5). Although this murine factor stimulated human eosinophil differentiation and activation, it had no detectable activity on human B cells. Following the cloning of the mouse factor, the human gene was cloned and expressed. Like the mouse factor human IL5 stimulates the production and activation of human eosinophils. However, unlike mouse IL5 which has a readily detectable activity on murine B cells, the human factor was negative when tested in a variety of assays on human B cells.
In vitro studies on the signal transduction of thyroidal uptake of 18F-FDG and 131I-Iodide. (2006)

The effect of TSH and cAMP on 18F-FDG uptake by FRTL-5 cells is mediated by PI3-kinase and not by PKA, thus differing from the mechanism of radioiodide accumulation of this cell line. This observation is one possible explanation for the persistence of TSH-dependent 18F-FDG uptake in radioiodine-negative metastases of DTC.
Surface morphological microstructures of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) modified by excimer laser ablation (1989)

KrF excimer laser photoablation of semicrystalline poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) showed characteristic microstructures on the surface. These stable and well-defined structures were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results of TEM analysis have revealed that the debris of the microstructures is composed of a polymer with a higher density.
Adjuvant-Dependent Immunity and the Agglutinin Response of Fishes Against Aeromonas salmonicida, Cause of Furunculosis (1985)

Adjuvant-dependent immunity resulted in agglutinin activity against Aeromonas salmonicida in sera of convalescent fishes. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brown trout (Salmo salar), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that had recovered from natural furunculosis produced serum agglutinin antibodies predominately against a specific chromatographic fraction (EcF1) of the bacterium's extracellular product. EcF1 was resolved by ion-exchange chromatography from DEAE SephadexA-25. When EcF1 was emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant and injected intraperitoneally, brook trout were protected against experimental challenge; brook trout vaccinated with EcF1 only were not protected against furunculosis. EcF1, examined by immunodiffusion tests, SDS – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot immunoassays, shared certain properties with bacterial endotoxin. EcF1 and endotoxin preparations both contained immunoreactive lipopolysaccharides which indicated that adjuvant-dependent immunity to A. salmonicida is related to endotoxin.
Supplementary Figure S1 from FGFR1-Activated Translation of WNT Pathway Components with Structured 5′ UTRs Is Vulnerable to Inhibition of EIF4A-Dependent Translation Initiation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S1 describes the iFGFR1 system, mating scheme for generation of WNT/iR1 mice and alterations in the mammary glands induced by iFGFR1 activation.&lt;/p&gt;
X-ray diffraction and the deformation of metals (1941)

A brief survey is made of the principal changes in structure of a metal during deformation which are brought out by application of X-ray diffraction methods. Reference is made to the changes associated with the yield point, to the principle of the lower limiting crystallite size, and the sequence into which these structural changes fall. A brief sketch is also given of the behaviour of the atomic lattice of a metal under tensile stress, and of the characteristics of the lattice stress-strain diagram.
(1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(η5-indenyl)iridium(1) (2006)

[102525-11-1] C17H19Ir (MW 415.55)





InChI = 1S/C9H7.C8H12.Ir/c1-2-5-9-7-3-6-8(9)4-1;1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;/h1-7H;1-2,7-8H,3-6H2;/b;2-1-,8-7-;



InChIKey = YLWHBOFZCLHZHQ-GHDUESPLSA-N



Solubility: soluble in THF, CH2Cl2, toluene, and most polar solvents; insoluble in H2O.



Commercial Form: pale yellow crystalline solid; commercial reagent.



Preparative Method: indenyllithium is added to a solution of [IrCl(cod)]2 (cod = cyclooctadiene) in THF, and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent is removed at reduced pressure and the residue extracted with pentane. The extract is concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and cooled to deposit pale yellow crystals.1



Hazards: irritating to eyes, skin, nose, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. Exposure through ingestion, inhalation, skin, and eye contact.



Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the compound is air and moisture stable but must be stored in a tightly sealed bottle in a cool, dry place. Handle in an efficient fume hood. Not compatible with oxidizing agents and halogens. Detailed toxicological information is unknown.
One versus Two Venous Anastomoses in Microvascular Free Flap Surgery (2010)

When one vena comitans is occluded, blood velocity in the second vena comitans increases significantly. Venous blood velocity is significantly greater after a single venous anastomosis than in either of two veins when two venous anastomoses are performed. These results argue against routinely performing two venous anastomoses.
Rank Comparisons of Unadapted Maize Populations by Testers and Per Se Evaluation (1991)

Evaluation of the many unadapted maize ( Zea mays L.) accessions in the world's gene banks is a monumental task. This study compared rankings of unadapted accessions testcrossed to eight testers with their per se performance as sources of favorable genes that enhance grain yield and other traits. Testers included the populations BS13 and BS26, the single crosses B14 ✕ B37 and Oh43 ✕ Mo17, and the inbreds B37, B14, Oh43, and Mo17. The accessions were a diverse array of 34 populations collected from Yugoslavia. The 272 testcrosses and the 34 accessions per se were evaluated in a series of randomized complete‐block designs, with each block containing a set of either testcrosses within each tester or the accessions per se. Field experiments were conducted at three Iowa locations for 3 yr (1985–1987). Significant variation among testcrosses or accessions occurred within sets for grain yield, grain moisture, root lodging, stalk lodging, days to anthesis, plant height, and ear height. Testcrosses with B14 ✕ B37, B14, Oh43, and Mo17 did not interact with environments for grain yield. Testcrosses with B14 and Mo17 had the least root lodging, and those with B14 ✕ B37 and B14 had the least stalk lodging. Testers ranked some accessions somewhat similarly for grain yield, but extreme differences in ranking by different testers also occurred. The most extreme differences occurred comparing Oh43 with Mo17 and B14 ✕ B37 with Oh43 ✕ Mo17. Ranking of accessions per se for grain yield was different from ranking via testers. Rankings of accessions for other traits were similar for testers and per se evaluation. Due to differential ranking among testers and per se evaluation for grain yield, it is suggested that more than one tester be used to screen unadapted maize accessions. That tester should also exhibit a high frequency of favorable alleles for traits such as root and stalk lodging, to allow easier data collection.
Wavelength conversion through plasmon-coupled surface states (2021)

Surface states generally degrade semiconductor device performance by raising the charge injection barrier height, introducing localized trap states, inducing surface leakage current, and altering the electric potential. We show that the giant built-in electric field created by the surface states can be harnessed to enable passive wavelength conversion without utilizing any nonlinear optical phenomena. Photo-excited surface plasmons are coupled to the surface states to generate an electron gas, which is routed to a nanoantenna array through the giant electric field created by the surface states. The induced current on the nanoantennas, which contains mixing product of different optical frequency components, generates radiation at the beat frequencies of the incident photons. We utilize the functionalities of plasmon-coupled surface states to demonstrate passive wavelength conversion of nanojoule optical pulses at a 1550 nm center wavelength to terahertz regime with efficiencies that exceed nonlinear optical methods by 4-orders of magnitude.
Teaching and learning computing via social gaming with Pex4Fun (abstract only) (2012)

Pex4Fun (pexforfun.com) is a web-based serious gaming environment for teaching computing at many levels, from high school all the way through graduate courses. Unique to the Pex4Fun experience is a cloud-based program evaluation engine based on dynamic symbolic execution and SMT-solving, which provides customized feedback to the student and automated grading for the teacher. Thus, Pex4Fun connects teachers, curriculum authors, and students in a social experience, tracking and streaming progress updates in real time. In particular, Pex4Fun finds interesting and unexpected input values that help students understand what their code is actually doing. The real fun starts with coding duels where students write code to implement a teacher's specification. Pex4Fun finds any discrepancies in behavior between the student's code and the specification. Then based on the reported discrepancies, the student improves his or her code towards the specification. Pex4Fun can be used to develop interesting, engaging, and demanding class materials on mathematics, algorithms, programming languages, or problem solving in general. A teacher can use an integrated wiki to author these class materials for students to work through. This workshop involves creating and teaching course materials at Pex4Fun. Participants should bring a laptop computer. The intended audience includes all levels of CS educators who are interested in integrating educational technology in their teaching environments.
Ubiquitin Proteasome System Stress Underlies Synergistic Killing of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Bortezomib and a Novel HDAC6 Inhibitor (2008)

Our results suggest the elevation of both the proteasomal and alternate HDAC6-dependent proteolytic pathways in ovarian cancer and the potential of combined inhibition of proteasome and HDAC6 as a therapy for ovarian cancer.
Context-Dependent Effects of Amplified MAPK Signaling during Lung Adenocarcinoma Initiation and Progression (2017)

Expression of oncogenic Kras<sup>G12D</sup> initiates lung adenomas in a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal-dependent manner from only a subset of cell types in the adult mouse lung. Amplification of MAPK signaling is associated with progression to malignant adenocarcinomas, but whether this is a cause or a consequence of disease progression is not known. To better understand the effects of MAPK signaling downstream of Kras<sup>G12D</sup> expression, we capitalized on the ability of Braf inhibition to selectively amplify MAPK pathway signaling in Kras<sup>G12D</sup>-expressing epithelial cells. MAPK signal amplification indeed promoted the rapid progression of established adenomas to malignant adenocarcinomas. However, we observed, surprisingly, a greater number of overall tumor-initiating events after MAPK signal amplification, due to induced proliferation of cell types that are normally refractory to Kras<sup>G12D</sup>-induced transformation. Thus, MAPK signaling in the lung is thresholded not only during malignant progression but also at the moment of tumor initiation.