gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Defining the Common European Way of Life (2021)

Defining the Common European Way of Life The article focuses on the interpretation of the European Way of Life and the concept of Europeanness. Ursula von der Leyen determined the Promotion of the European Way of Life as a priority of the 2019-2024 Commission. The purpose behind this was to strengthen European democracy and place the citizens into the center of decision-making. The article examines the role of European identity, European citizenship and those historical-traditional conditions that make our way of life ‘common’. The Common European Way of Life may be defined as a value system based on the established legal basis of EU citizenship that can be grasped in the pursuit of common principles and the exercise of rights guaranteed to all EU citizens, limited only under exceptional circumstances and ensuring socio-economic convergence. The article covers general conceptual issues but also focuses on the extraordinary impact of the COVID-19. Lastly, the relevant aspects of enlargement policy are also explored.
Sumatriptan: A Selective 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Agonist for the Acute Treatment of Migraine (1992)

Sumatriptan appears to represent a safe and effective alternative to the ergot alkaloids for the abortive treatment of acute migraine. However, further clinical trials, especially those yielding comparative data with current antimigraine agents, are needed to determine the full therapeutic contribution of sumatriptan.
Effect of Polyaniline Coating on “Shape Change” Phenomenon of Porous Zinc Electrode (2005)

Performance of porous zinc electrode in alkaline secondary battery systems suffers mainly from shape change and dendrite growth. Polyaniline coating in direct contact with porous zinc electrode was found to restrict zincate movement away from the test electrode, which otherwise may lead to a decrease in electrode surface area (shape change of the electrode) on repeated cycling. Constant current charge/discharge cycles of the blank and polyaniline-coated zinc electrodes have been carried out to assess the performance of the polymer film. It was found that a fibrous network of polyaniline coating allows ions and restricts the diffusion of zincate ions.
Expression of E2F‐4 in invasive breast carcinomas is associated with poor prognosis (2004)

The E2F family of transcription factors plays a key role in the control of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Some family members act as oncogenes and others act as tumour suppressor genes (TSGs), behaviour which appears to be tissue-specific. E2F-4 is a member of the E2F family, located at chromosome band 16q22.1, that shows frequent deletion in breast cancer, suggesting that it may function as a TSG in breast carcinogenesis. In the present study, the expression of E2F-4 was assessed immunohistochemically on paraffin wax sections from 265 breast carcinomas and expression was compared with both clinicopathological variables and disease outcome in an attempt to identify its possible role as a TSG and to assess its prognostic value, if any, in breast cancer. E2F-4 protein expression was detected in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. In the malignant tissues, no significant loss or decrease of expression was seen in association with any specific tumour type. There was a correlation between increased nuclear expression of E2F-4 and indicators of poor prognosis including larger tumour size (p = 0.000), grade 3 lesions (p = 0.033), lymph node stage (p = 0.037), and poorer Nottingham prognostic index group (p = 0.003). Increased immunoreactivity was also seen in association with the development of recurrent disease (p = 0.004), distant metastasis (p = 0.001), and poorer outcome including poorer overall survival time (p = 0.002) and shorter disease-free interval (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, E2F-4 was of independent prognostic significance along with grade and lymph node stage. These results suggest that E2F-4 may play a role in breast cancer progression and that increased nuclear expression is associated with more advanced tumours with poor outcomes. E2F-4 appears to have an oncogenic role rather than a tumour suppressor role in breast carcinogenesis and, hence, it is not the gene targeted by 16q22.1 loss in breast carcinoma.
Reversal of Tumoral Immune Resistance by Inhibition of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase (TDO): Design, Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel TDO Inhibitor. (2012)

Tryptophan catabolism mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase<br/>(IDO1) is an important mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance<br/>contributing to tumoral immune resistance,[1] and IDO1 inhibition is<br/>an active area of drug development.[2] Recently, the team of Benoit<br/>Van den Eynde (LICR, UCL, Belgium) has shown that tryptophan<br/>2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), an unrelated hepatic enzyme also catalyzing<br/>the first step of tryptophan degradation, is also expressed in<br/>many tumors and that this expression prevents tumor rejection by<br/>locally depleting tryptophan.[3] In this communication, a detailed<br/>structure–activity study of a series of 3-(2-(pyridyl)ethenyl)indoles<br/>as TDO inhibitors will be presented. This study led to the identification<br/>of a potent and orally available TDO inhibitor (LM10) that,<br/>upon systemic treatment, restored the ability of mice to reject TDOexpressing<br/>tumors. Our results thus describe a new mechanism of<br/>tumoral immune resistance based on TDO expression and establish<br/>proof-of-concept for the use of TDO inhibitors in cancer therapy.[4,5]
Formation of two methylenedioxy bridges by a Sesamum CYP81Q protein yielding a furofuran lignan, (+)-sesamin (2006)

(+)-Sesamin, a furofuran class lignan, is widespread in vascular plants and represented by Sesamum spp. (+)-Sesamin has been of rapidly growing interest because of its beneficial biological effects in mammals, but its biosynthesis and physiological roles in plants remain to be clarified. It is speculated to be synthesized from (+)-pinoresinol by means of (+)-piperitol by formation of two methylenedioxy bridges mediated by two distinct Sesamum indicum cytochrome P450 (SiP450) proteins. Here, we report an SiP450, CYP81Q1, that alone catalyzes (+)-sesamin biosynthesis from (+)-pinoresinol by means of (+)-piperitol by forming two methylenedioxy bridges. The CYP81Q1 gene expression profile was temporally consistent with the accumulation pattern of (+)-sesamin during seed development. The CYP81Q1-GFP chimera protein was colocalized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeting chimera protein, indicating that (+)-sesamin biosynthesis occurs on the ER cytoplasmic surface. Moreover, we isolated two CYP81Q1 homologs from other Sesamum spp. Sesamum radiatum CYP81Q2 showed dual (+)-piperitol/(+)-sesamin synthetic activity. CYP81Q2, as well as CYP81Q1, therefore, corresponds to a (+)-piperitol/(+)-sesamin synthase in lignan biosynthesis. In contrast, Sesamum alatum CYP81Q3 showed no activity, in accord with (+)-sesamin being deficient in S. alatum. Our findings not only provide insight into lignan biosynthesis but also unravel a unique mode of cytochrome P450 action.
Genetic kidney diseases disclose the pathogenesis of proteinuria (2001)

The sieving of plasma components occurs in the kidney through the glomerular capillary wall. This filter is composed of three layers: endothelium, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and podocyte foot processes connected by slit diaphragms. Defects in this barrier lead to proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. Previously, defective GBM was regarded to be responsible for proteinuria. However, recent work on genetic diseases has indicated that podocytes and the slit diaphragm are crucial in restricting protein leakage. Congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (NPHS1) is caused by mutations in a novel NPHS1 gene, which encodes for a cell adhesion protein, nephrin. This protein is synthesized by podocytes, and seems to be a major component of the slit diaphragm. In severe NPHS1, lack of nephrin leads to missing slit diaphragm. The role of nephrin in acquired kidney diseases remains unknown. In addition to nephrin, other podocyte proteins (podocin, alpha-actinin-4, CD2AP, FAT) have recently been identified and associated with the development of proteinuria. It seems that the slit diaphragm and its interplay with the podocyte cytoskeleton is critical for the normal sieving process, and defects in one of these components easily lead to proteinuria.
Explaining machine-learning models for gamma-ray detection and identification (2023)

As more complex predictive models are used for gamma-ray spectral analysis, methods are needed to probe and understand their predictions and behavior. Recent work has begun to bring the latest techniques from the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) into the applications of gamma-ray spectroscopy, including the introduction of gradient-based methods like saliency mapping and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), and black box methods like Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). In addition, new sources of synthetic radiological data are becoming available, and these new data sets present opportunities to train models using more data than ever before. In this work, we use a neural network model trained on synthetic NaI(Tl) urban search data to compare some of these explanation methods and identify modifications that need to be applied to adapt the methods to gamma-ray spectral data. We find that the black box methods LIME and SHAP are especially accurate in their results, and recommend SHAP since it requires little hyperparameter tuning. We also propose and demonstrate a technique for generating counterfactual explanations using orthogonal projections of LIME and SHAP explanations.
SU‐E‐T‐146: Beam Energy Spread Estimate Based On Bragg Peak Measurement (2015)

Purpose: ProNova is installing and commissioning a two room proton therapy system in Knoxville, TN. Beam energy out of the 230MeV cyclotron was measured on Jan 24, 2015. Cyclotron beam was delivered into a Zebra multi layered IC detector calibrated in terms of penetration range in water. The analysis of the measured Bragg peak determines penetration range in water which can be subsequently converted into proton beam energy. We extended this analysis to obtain an estimate of the beam energy spread out of the cyclotron. Methods: Using Monte Carlo simulations we established the correlation between Bragg peak shape parameters (width at 50% and 80% dose levels, distal falloff) and penetration range for a monoenergetic proton beam. For large uniform field impinging on a small area detector, we observed linear dependence of each Bragg peak parameter on beam penetration range as shown in Figure A. Then we studied how this correlation changes when the shape of Bragg peak is distorted by the beam focusing conditions. As shown in Figure B, small field size or diverging beam cause Bragg peak deformation predominantly in the proximal region. The distal shape of the renormalized Bragg peaks stays nearly constant. This excludes usage of Bragg peak width parameters for energy spread estimates. Results: The measured Bragg peaks had an average distal falloff of 4.86mm, which corresponds to an effective range of 35.5cm for a monoenergetic beam. The 32.7cm measured penetration range is 2.8cm less. Passage of a 230MeV proton beam through a 2.8cm thick slab of water results in a ±0.56MeV energy spread. As a final check, we confirmed agreement between shapes of the measured Bragg peak and one generated by Monte‐Carlo code for proton beam with 0.56 MeV energy spread. Conclusion: Proton beam energy spread can be estimated using Bragg peak analysis.
Balancing interconnect and computation in a reconfigurable computing array (or, why you don't really want 100% LUT utilization) (1999)

4. Map circuits to a range of points in the interconnect space, and assess their total area and utilization. FPGA users often view the ability of an FPGA to route designs with high LUT (gate) utilization as a feature, leading them to demand high gate utilization from vendors. We present initial evidence from a hierarchical array design showing that high LUT utilization is not directly correlated with efficient silicon usage. Rather, since interconnect resources consume most of the area on these devices (often SO-SO%), we can achieve more area efficient designs by allowing some LUTs to go unused-allowing us to use the dominant resource, interconnect, more efficiently. This extends the "Sea-ofgates" philosophy, familiar to mask programmable gate arrays, to FPGAs. Also introduced in this work is an algorithm for "depopulating" the gates in a hierarchical network to match the limited wiring resources.
Distance-Based Anomaly Detection for Industrial Surfaces Using Triplet Networks (2020)

Surface anomaly detection plays an important quality control role in many manufacturing industries to reduce scrap production. Machine-based visual inspections have been utilized in recent years to conduct this task instead of human experts. In particular, deep learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been at the forefront of these image processing-based solutions due to their predictive accuracy and efficiency. Training a CNN on a classification objective requires a sufficiently large amount of defective data, which is often not available. In this paper, we address that challenge by training the CNN on surface texture patches with a distance-based anomaly detection objective instead. A deep residual-based triplet network model is utilized, and defective training samples are synthesized exclusively from non-defective samples via random erasing techniques to directly learn a similarity metric between the same-class samples and out-of-class samples. Evaluation results demonstrate the approach's strength in detecting different types of anomalies, such as bent, broken, or cracked surfaces, for known surfaces that are part of the training data and unseen novel surfaces.
Stress-Released MBE Growth on GaAs on Si (001) with a Si-GaAs Superlattice Buffer (1989)

We investigated the GaAs heteroepitaxial layers on Si substrates by RHEED, TEM, and wafer warpage measurements. To reduce the tensile stress in thick GaAs heteroepitaxial films, Si-GaAs superlattice buffer layers were introduced pseudomorphically. The tensile stress due to thermal expansion coefficient mismatch balanced with compressive stresses due to lattice constant mismatch.
Effect of Preincubation Treatments on the Ratio of N2O/N2 Evolution (1980)

Abstract Previous investigations demonstrated that air‐dry soils incubated in the laboratory under conditions to cause denitrification had an initial high N 2 O/N 2 evolution ratio which rapidly decreased and approached zero. Two experiments were conducted to determine if the observed ratios were strictly related to using air‐dry soils. Three preincubation treatments were used in the first experiment: i) air‐dry, ii) moist to promote microbial activity under aerobic conditions, and iii) saturated to impose anoxic conditions. All soils had 15 NO 3 added and were incubated under saturated conditions following 1 week of the preincubation. Almost no N 2 O evolved during incubation of the soil preincubated under saturated conditions. Nitrous oxide evolution was generally highest during the first day of incubation and decreased thereafter for soils preincubated under air‐dry and moist conditions. During the second experiment, soils were preincubated under air‐dry and moist conditions and incubated under 0, 5, and 10% air‐filled porosity. The N 2 O and N 2 evolution patterns were similar for the two preincubation treatments except that there was a higher rate of gas evolution from the air‐dry soils presumably because of a greater energy source. The results support a previous proposal that dissimilatory NO 3 reductase develops rapidly and that dissimilatory N 2 O reductase develops more slowly following anoxic conditions. Our data provide indirect evidence that soils may act as a sink for N 2 O even in the presence of NO 3 under appropriate conditions.
Reverse path forwarding of broadcast packets (1978)

A broadcast packet is for delivery to all nodes of a network. Algorithms for accomplishing this delivery through a store-and-forward packet switching computer network include (1) transmission of separately addressed packets, (2) multidestination addressing, (3) hot potato forwarding, (4) spanning tree forwarding, and (5) source based forwarding. To this list of algorithms we add (6) reverse path forwarding, a broadcast routing method which exploits routing procedures and data structures already available for packet switching. Reverse path forwarding is a practical algorithm for broadcast routing in store-and-forward packet switching computer networks. The algorithm is described as being practical because it is not optimal according to metrics developed for its analysis in this paper, and also because it can be implemented in existing networks with less complexity than that required for the known alternatives.
Interleukin-1 Receptor-1-deficient Mice Show Attenuated Production of Ocular Surface Inflammatory Cytokines in Experimental Dry Eye (2008)

These findings indicate that IL-1 signaling is responsible in part for the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and the changes in mBDs by the ocular surface tissues in response to desiccating stress. These results show the important regulatory aspects of IL-1 on ocular surface epithelial inflammation.
Controlled Doping in Thin‐Film Transistors of Large Contorted Aromatic Compounds (2013)

Großflächige Moleküle: Das neue organische Dünnfilmmaterial Octabenzcircumbiphenyl (OBCB; siehe Schema) bildet die aktive Schicht in einem Feldeffekttransistor, der simultan mit zwei verschiedenen Eingaben geschaltet werden kann: elektrische Spannung und Protonierung. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Charge‐Specific Interactions in Segmented Conducting Polymers: An Approach to Selective Ionoresistive Responses (2004)

Springende Ladungen: Die Leitfähigkeit eines Polymers, in dem elektroaktive Segmente durch Kronenethercalix[4]aren-Einheiten verknüpft sind (siehe Bild), ändert sich bei der Bindung von Ionen drastisch. Die Leitfähigkeiten beim Einbau von K+- und von Ca2+-Ionen unterscheiden sich um mehr als drei Größenordnungen. Die elektrische Leitung lässt sich am besten mit einem Hopping-Mechanismus erklären. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2004/z53896_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Characteristics of bubble behavior inside boundary layers beneath a tilted plate. (2020)

Gas–liquid two-phase flow under tilted plates is experimentally studied to investigate effects of the slope condition which occupies a large area of the hull for BDR (Bubbly Drag Reduction). Bubbles were injected in front of a 0.4-m model ship with different tilted angle and the ship was towed in a 5-m towing tank. The negative and positive angles with the moving direction of model were selected as slope conditions, and the flat condition is also adopted for the comparison with the slope conditions. The boundary layer which is changed by slope conditions was visualized by a high-speed camera, and the bubble behaviors were observed as well. Advection velocity of bubble is increased in the negative slope condition and decreased in the positive slope condition by the buoyancy effect. The velocity of small bubbles, however, are mainly affected by liquid phase flow due to weakening of buoyancy effect. Finally, we suggested an empirical equation predicting the advection velocity of bubble in the slope conditions.
On the role of search for learning from examples (2001)

Abstract Gold (1967) discovered a fundamental enumeration technique, the socalled identification-by-enumeration, a simple but powerful class of algorithms for learning from examples (inductive inference). We introduce a variety of more sophisticated (and more powerful) enumeration techniques and characterize their power. We conclude with the thesis that enumeration techniques are even universal in that each solvable learning problem in inductive inference can be solved by an adequate enumeration technique. This thesis is technically motivated and discussed. Keywords: Learning From Examples Learning By Search Identification By Enumeration Enumeration Techniques
Reconfigurable and Concurrent Dual-Band Doherty Power Amplifier for Multiband and Multistandard Applications (2016)

This paper proposes a design scheme of concurrent dual-band Doherty power amplifier (DPA) which can be reconfigured to two different pairs of concurrent dual bands for multiband and carrier aggregation applications. In addition to the reconfiguration of frequencies of operation, the output power back-off (OPBO) region for efficiency enhancement can also be reconfigured in this DPA. As a proof of concept, a reconfigurable and concurrent dual-band DPA is designed to operate at 1500 and 2140 MHz in the first concurrent dual band, whereas on reconfiguration it will operate concurrently at 1850 and 2350 MHz. While operating in the first concurrent dual band, the DPA has an enhanced efficiency region up to 6-dB OPBO level and, after reconfiguration to the second concurrent dual band, this region extend up to 9-dB OPBO level. The proposed DPA is tested using continuous wave (CW) signals in single mode as well as in concurrent mode. Measurement results using CW signals in single mode reveal a drain efficiency of 52%-56% at 6-dB OPBO in the first concurrent dual band. Similarly, in the second concurrent dual band, a drain efficiency of 43%-48% is achieved at around 9-dB OPBO. The peak drain efficiency at saturation is better than 60% in all the four operating bands. The measured aggregated drain efficiencies are 49% and 44% in the first and second concurrent dual bands for 6 and 9 dB OPBO level, respectively. The measured carrier to the third-order intermodulation distortion is better than 17 dBc for all of the operating bands.
Web services notifications (2004)

As Web services have matured, they've also acquired the need for asynchronous push capabilities. Early Web services, such as those for getting traffic or weather reports or for performing currency exchange-rate calculations, were seemingly all remote procedure calls-oriented. In an RPC system, the receiver typically performs the requested service and sends a response back to the caller over the same connection on which the request arrived, which means the details required by the service for sending a reply are implicit in the RPC network connection. Unfortunately, these kinds of implied communication details are wholly inadequate for asynchronous push Web services.
Diagnostic accuracy of CSF Ab42 and florbetapir PET for Alzheimer's disease (2014)

The overall diagnostic accuracies of CSF Aβ42 and PET florbetapir were similar, but PET had greater specificity. This was because some CN and sMCI subjects appear pathological using CSF but not using PET, suggesting that low CSF Aβ42 not always translates to cognitive decline or brain Aβ accumulation. Other factors, including costs and side effects, may also be considered when determining the optimal modality for different applications.