gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA–inorganic hybrid nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy (2016)

Cancer evolves to evade or compromise the surveillance of the immune system, and cancer immunotherapy aims to harness the immune system in order to inhibit cancer development. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotide-containing oligonucleotides (CpG), a class of potent adjuvants that activate the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) located in the endolysosome of many antigen-presenting cells (APCs), are promising for cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical application of synthetic CpG confronts many challenges such as suboptimal delivery into APCs, unfavorable pharmacokinetics caused by limited biostability and short in vivo half-life, and side effects associated with leaking of CpG into the systemic circulation. Here we present DNA-inorganic hybrid nanovaccines (hNVs) for efficient uptake into APCs, prolonged tumor retention, and potent immunostimulation and cancer immunotherapy. hNVs were self-assembled from concatemer CpG analogs and magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg2PPi). Mg2PPi renders hNVs resistant to nuclease degradation and thermal denaturation, both of which are demanding characteristics for effective vaccination and the storage and transportation of vaccines. Fluorophore-labeled hNVs were tracked to be efficiently internalized into the endolysosomes of APCs, where Mg2PPi was dissolved in an acidic environment and thus CpG analogs were exposed to hNVs. Internalized hNVs in APCs led to (1) elevated secretion of proinflammatory factors, and (2) elevated expression of co-stimulatory factors. Compared with molecular CpG, hNVs dramatically prolonged the tissue retention of CpG analogs and reduced splenomegaly, a common side effect of CpG. In a melanoma mouse model, two injections of hNVs significantly inhibited the tumor growth and outperformed the molecular CpG. These results suggest hNVs are promising for cancer immunotherapy.
Isolation and Laboratory Maintenance of Treponema pallidum (2007)

The spirochetal bacteria that cause syphilis, yaws, and bejel cannot be cultivated in vitro. This unit describes methods for the isolation of subspecies of Treponema pallidum and other pathogenic treponemes from clinical specimens, the propagation of these isolates in rabbits, isolation of clonal populations of T. pallidum, and techniques for maintenance of frozen stocks of these treponemes.
Molecular Imaging of Mesothelioma withT99mc-ECG andG68a-ECG (2012)

We have developed ethylenedicysteine-glucosamine (ECG) as an alternative to (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) for cancer imaging. ECG localizes in the nuclear components of cells via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. This study was to evaluate the feasibility of imaging mesothelioma with (99m)Tc-ECG and (68)Ga-ECG. ECG was synthesized from thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-D-glucopyranose, followed by reduction in sodium and liquid ammonia to yield ECG (52%). ECG was chelated with (99m)Tc/tin (II) and (68)Ga/(69)Ga chloride for in vitro and in vivo studies in mesothelioma. The highest tumor uptake of (99m)Tc-ECG is 0.47 at 30 min post injection, and declined to 0.08 at 240 min post injection. Tumor uptake (%ID/g), tumor/lung, tumor/blood, and tumor/muscle count density ratios for (99m)Tc-ECG (30-240 min) were 0.47 ± 0.06 to 0.08 ± 0.01; 0.71 ± 0.07 to 0.85 ± 0.04; 0.47 ± 0.03 to 0.51 ± 0.01, and 3.49 ± 0.24 to 5.06 ± 0.25; for (68)Ga-ECG (15-60 min) were 0.70 ± 0.06 to 0.92 ± 0.08; 0.64 ± 0.05 to 1.15 ± 0.08; 0.42 ± 0.03 to 0.67 ± 0.07, and 3.84 ± 0.52 to 7.00 ± 1.42; for (18)F-FDG (30-180 min) were 1.86 ± 0.22 to 1.38 ± 0.35; 3.18 ± 0.44 to 2.92 ± 0.34, 4.19 ± 0.44 to 19.41 ± 2.05 and 5.75 ± 2.55 to 3.33 ± 0.65, respectively. Tumor could be clearly visualized with (99m)Tc-ECG and (68)Ga-ECG in mesothelioma-bearing rats. (99m)Tc-ECG and (68)Ga-ECG showed increased uptake in mesothelioma, suggesting they may be useful in diagnosing mesothelioma and also monitoring therapeutic response.
Heterotrophic nitrification in add forest soils (1978)

Ninety cultures of heterotrophic organisms were isolated from soils of four acid Norwegian forest sites, which were active in nitrifying. The isolates were tested for ability to form nitrite in a glucose‐ammonium‐inorganic salts medium. Eleven cultures were found capable of oxidizing ammonium to nitrite. The nitrifying organisms consist of 4 bacteria and 7 fungi.
Bespoke map customization behavior and its implications for the design of multimedia cartographic tools (2017)

While popular digital maps support an unprecedented number of use cases, new reference map customization tools have been created for purposes for which those maps fall short. With the goal of informing the design of this new class of cartographic tools, we present the first study of naturalistic ("bespoke") map customization behavior. Through a mixed methods and mixed-media approach involving a survey, the analysis of a corpus of customized maps, and an interview with a power user, we find that bespoke map customization is a relatively common activity and identify frequent use cases as well as map customization strategies. We discuss these use cases and strategies in detail, and propose design implications for future customization tools, such as the use of templates for common use cases, adaptability for various customization styles and the support of multimedia interaction.
Agar gel electrophoresis of amylases (1969)

This enzyme methodology is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol14/iss1/25 Fclrr, D. N. Agar gel electrophoreris of Nevrorporo omylaser.
Cats and toxoplasmosis risk in HIV-infected adults (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To establish the prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis in an adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population, and to determine if cat ownership contributes to the risk of toxoplasmosis. <h3>Design.</h3> —Retrospective record and laboratory review, coupled with a patient survey. <h3>Setting.</h3> —A tertiary-care military hospital HIV program. <h3>Patients.</h3> —A total of 723 HIV-infected adults, all former or current US military personnel. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Prevalence and incidence of serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis infection. <h3>Results.</h3> —A total of 723 HIV-infected patients had serial<i>Toxoplasma</i>IgG antibody determinations. Seventy patients (9.7%) were positive on their initial screen; the seronegative patients were tested annually for 1 to 5 years (mean duration of follow-up, 2.1 years). Only 13 patients (2.0%) who were initially seronegative acquired antibodies to<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>. None of the patients who seroconverted developed clinical disease. A pet history was available on 12 of 13 patients who seroconverted; only one (8.3%) had owned or lived in a household with a cat during the period of seroconversion. The calculated attributable risk of cat ownership/ exposure for toxoplasmosis seroconversion in this population is -2.9 per 100 persons annually. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —<i>Toxoplasma</i>antibody seroconversion in an adult HIV-infected population is unusual and appears unrelated to cat ownership or exposure. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;269:76-77)
Swarming Behavior of <I>Aedes polynesiensis</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) and Characterization of Swarm Markers in American Samoa (2013)

We characterize the swarming behavior of male Aedes polynesiensis (Marks) in American Samoa. Instead of swarming around a blood host, males used the base of certain trees as a marker. Repeated sampling proved nondestructive and allowed us to investigate the impact of static (e.g., tree species) and dynamic (e.g., barometric pressure) characters on the likelihood of swarm presence and intensity. Tree circumference and oviposition activity (number of Ae. polynesiensis reared from oviposition cups) were significant positive predictors of the number of males in a swarm. Tree circumference and diameter were significantly positively associated, and canopy height was significantly negatively associated, with swarm occurrence. Comparisons between males swarming early and late during the swarming period allowed for insight into swarm composition in terms of male size and the amount of putative fluid (e.g., nectar) in the crop, indicators of energetic reserves. Males collected during the late period had significantly larger wings and less crop contents than did males of the early cohort. Because the ecology of male Ae. polynesiensis remains understudied, we consider how the current results could facilitate further studies related to applied autocidal strategies as well as the evolution of host-based mating behavior.
Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide bleaching of ALCELL® derived pulp (1997)

Abstract In this study, a kinetic model of the final bleaching stage with hydrogen peroxide in a totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequence for ALCELL® processed pulp was developed. The model was based on the rate of chromophore destruction characterized by the decrease in the light absorption coefficient of bleached pulp at 457 nm, C K . Based on the fact that the chromophore destruction proceeds rapidly in an initial phase followed by a much slower reaction during which a “floor‐level” chromophore concentration is approached asymptotically, we propose that the hydrogen peroxide stage of the ALCELL® derived pulp in the studied TCF sequence consists of two distinct phases. The initial phase is a very fast reaction. The rate equation of the second phase was determined as: which is valid in a pH range of 10.5 to 11.5 and a temperature range of 60 to 92.5°C.
The Role of Ligands in the Chemical Synthesis and Applications of Inorganic Nanoparticles (2019)

The design of nanoparticles is critical for their efficient use in many applications ranging from biomedicine to sensing and energy. While shape and size are responsible for the properties of the inorganic nanoparticle core, the choice of ligands is of utmost importance for the colloidal stability and function of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the selection of ligands employed in nanoparticle synthesis can determine their final size and shape. Ligands added after nanoparticle synthesis infer both new properties as well as provide enhanced colloidal stability. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on the role of the ligands with respect to the nanoparticle morphology, stability, and function. We analyze the interaction of nanoparticle surface and ligands with different chemical groups, the types of bonding, the final dispersibility of ligand-coated nanoparticles in complex media, their reactivity, and their performance in biomedicine, photodetectors, photovoltaic devices, light-emitting devices, sensors, memory devices, thermoelectric applications, and catalysis.
Intercomparison of MR‐informed PET image reconstruction methods (2019)

For the reconstruction of noisy data, multiple MR-informed methods produce favorable whole brain vs PET-unique region trade-off in terms of the image quality metrics of SSIM and NRMSE, comfortably outperforming the whole image denoising of postsmoothed MLEM.
Application of shape memory alloys to develop a massive actuator for rock splitting (2003)

status: Published
Illumination compensation and normalization for robust face recognition using discrete cosine transform in logarithm domain (2006)

This paper presents a novel illumination normalization approach for face recognition under varying lighting conditions. In the proposed approach, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) is employed to compensate for illumination variations in the logarithm domain. Since illumination variations mainly lie in the low-frequency band, an appropriate number of DCT coefficients are truncated to minimize variations under different lighting conditions. Experimental results on the Yale B database and CMU PIE database show that the proposed approach improves the performance significantly for the face images with large illumination variations. Moreover, the advantage of our approach is that it does not require any modeling steps and can be easily implemented in a real-time face recognition system.
Spalling of steam-grown oxide from superheater and reheater tube steels. Technical planning study 76-655. Final report (1978)

This technical planning study examines world experience outside the U.S. on the spalling of steam-side oxide scale from austenitic and ferritic superheater and reheater tube materials with special emphasis on the study of this problem being conducted in the U.K. The physical properties of the oxide scales are reviewed and expansion coefficient data are used to estimate the cooling strains in the oxide for various alloys. Other contributory sources of strain are discussed and models are presented for the failure behavior of oxide layers both in tension and in compression. A method of predicting quantities of debris release is described. The hydrodynamic behavior of spalled oxide flakes in steam circuits is considered analytically and the conclusions are used to construct a method for assessing the risk of tube blockages. Attention is drawn to the importance of the kinetic energy of the debris particles in affecting wear rates on the eroded circuit components. The concluding sections of the study examine the various palliative operational and design solutions to prevent turbine erosion and tube blocking, and highlight the areas where further study of the problem are required.
Theoretical Insight into the Ambiguous Endohedral Metallofullerene Er3C74: Covalent Interactions among Three Lanthanide Atoms (2015)

All of C74-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are found to be monometallofullerenes with the same D3h(14246)-C74 cage so far. An opening question is whether other C74 cages could survive during the production of some novel C74-EMFs. Theoretically, we studied the trimetallic endohedral fullerene Er3C74, the existence of which had been proven without any further characterizations. Two thermodynamically stable Er3C74 isomers were obtained, both of which could be expressed as Er3@C74, meaning that previously synthesized Er3C74 is indeed an endohedral trierbium fullerene. Besides the isomer with well-known D3h(14246)-C74 cage which obeys isolated pentagon rule (IPR), another one possesses the C1(13771)-C74 cage with two adjacent pentagons. Notably, it is the first time an endohedral metallofullerene containing the C1(13771)-C74 cage has been reported. Frontier orbitals analysis, bonding analysis in terms of quantum theory of atoms-in-molecule (QTAIM) and Mayer bond order, together with two-dimensional maps of electron localization function (ELF) and Laplacian of electron density of Er3@D3h(14246)-C74 and Er3@C1(13771)-C74 show obvious covalent interactions not only between metallic atoms and carbon cage but also among three erbium atoms. Finally, simulated IR spectra of Er3@D3h(14246)-C74 and Er3@C1(13771)-C74 were simulated, which should be useful to distinguish those two isomers.
Psychophysiological responses to win and loss events during electronic gaming machine (EGM) play: A pilot investigation (2009)

The pilot study used state-of-the art psychophysiological equipment to monitor, on a second-bysecond basis, skin conductance level (SCL) and heart rate (HR) of university students (n = 12) in response to win and loss events while playing an electronic gaming machine (EGM). Each win and loss event was recorded and physiological changes associated with these events sorted and averaged based on event type (win/loss) and time (pre and post events). Compared to pre-event baselines, both SCL and HR increased following the occurrence of a win but not to a loss event. SCL was the more sensitive of the two measures, yielding a robust and reliable response for wins but not for losses. These results have potentially valuable clinical implications and future research should attempt to capture and compare physiological changes to win and loss events in field settings in both problem and non-problem gamblers.
Characterization of proteolytic fragments of the laminin‐nidogen complex and their activity in ligand‐binding assays (1988)

Some 12 new nidogen and laminin fragments were purified from elastase, thrombin and trypsin digests and characterized by their sizes (22 kDa to greater than 300 kDa), subunit patterns on electrophoresis, partial amino acid sequences, content of specific epitopes and their binding to laminin or nidogen structures in radioligand assays. This permitted the various fragments to be ordered along the dumbbell-shaped structure of nidogen and to compare them with previously described nidogen fragments arising by endogenous proteolysis. Two nidogen fragments (E-50, E-90; 50 kDa and 90 kDa) remain associated with a large laminin fragment in elastase digests of the complex and could be dissociated with 2 M guanidine.HCl. Recombination studies demonstrated Kd = 10-20 nM for this interaction. Nidogen fragments devoid of binding activity included the tryptic peptide T-40 (40 kDa) corresponding to the rod-like domain and several larger fragments extending more to the N-terminus of nidogen. An N-terminal thrombin fragment of about 50 kDa was also inactive. Together the data show a lack of laminin binding to the N-terminal globule and rod of nidogen and provide indirect evidence that this activity is located within or close to its C-terminal globular domain. Nidogen-binding structures of laminin were obtained as two large fragments (greater than 300 kDa), P1X and E1X. They correspond to the short arm structure of laminin with one (E1X) or two (P1X) arms decreased in size to the inner rod-like segment. Shortening in E1X is mainly due to the B1 chain segment including the central globular domain which was identified as a new laminin fragment E10. Binding of E1X and P1X to nidogen was comparable to that of laminin while much lower activity was found for other laminin fragments. A 10-fold lower binding potential was also observed for the laminin-nidogen complex whose structure can now be defined in more precise molecular terms.
Transcriptional Changes Associated with Lack of Lipid Synthesis in Parasitoids (2012)

Phenotypic regression of morphological, behavioral, or physiological traits can evolve when reduced trait expression has neutral or beneficial effects on overall performance. Studies on the evolution of phenotypic degradation in animals have concentrated mostly on the evaluation of resulting phenotypes, whereas much less research has been dedicated to uncovering the molecular mechanisms that underlie phenotypic regression. The majority of parasitoids (i.e., insects that develop on or inside other arthropods), do not accumulate lipid reserves during their free-living adult life-stage and represent an excellent system to study phenotypic regression in animals. Here, we study transcriptional patterns associated with lack of lipogenesis in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. We first confirmed that N. vitripennis does not synthesize lipids by showing a reduction in lipid reserves despite ingestion of dietary sugar, and a lack of incorporation of isotopic labels into lipid reserves when fed deuterated sugar solution. Second, we investigated transcriptional responses of 28 genes involved in lipid and sugar metabolism in short- and long-term sugar-fed females relative to starved females of N. vitripennis. Sugar feeding did not induce transcription of fatty acid synthase (fas) or other key genes involved in the lipid biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, several genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism had a lower transcription in fed than in starved females. Our results reveal that N. vitripennis gene transcription in response to dietary sugar deviates markedly from patterns typically observed in other organisms. This study is the first to identify differential gene transcription associated with lack of lipogenesis in parasitoids and provides new insights into the molecular mechanism that underlies phenotypic regression of this trait.
Targeted Molecular Imaging (2003)

Molecular imaging aims to visualize the cellular and molecular processes occurring in living tissues, and for the imaging of specific molecules in vivo, the development of reporter probes and dedicated imaging equipment is most important. Reporter genes can be used to monitor the delivery and magnitude of therapeutic gene transfer, and the time variation involved. Imaging technologies such as micro-PET, SPECT, MRI and CT, as well as optical imaging systems, are able to non-invasively detect, measure, and report the simultaneous expression of multiple meaningful genes. It is believed that recent advances in reporter probes, imaging technologies and gene transfer strategies will enhance the effectiveness of gene therapy trials.
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIFEEDANTS (1982)

Certain chemicals of plant origin may inhibit food intake in phytophagous insects. Such antifeedants act at low concentrations and are perceived by specialized deterrent receptors or by their modifying effect on normal chemosensory input. In some cases habituation to the presence of antifeedants occurs. When we want to find more chemicals which fulfill all requirements of true and effective antifeedants more research on plant chemistry and insect behaviour is needed. Large scale application only becomes feasible when a number of biological as well as technical problems will be solved. RÉSUMÉ Aspects biologiques des phagodissuadants Certaines substances d'origine végétale peuvent inhiber la prise de nourriture par les insectes phytophages. De tels phagodissuadants agissent à de faibles concentrations et sont perçus par des récepteurs spécialisés aux dissuadants, ou par leur effet modificateur sur les entrées d'informations chimiques. Dans quelques cas il se produit une habituation à la présence de phagodissuadants. Pour parvenir à trouver plus de substances chimiques qui réunissent toutes les exigences de véritables phagodissuadants efficaces, il faut plus de recherches sur la chimie végétale et le comportement des insectes. Des applications à grande échelle ne deviendront possibles que quand de nombreux problèmes, tant biologiques que techniques, auront été résolus.
A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme (2021)

In this work, we investigate the implementation of a neuromorphic digit classifier based on NOR Flash memory arrays as artificial synaptic arrays and exploiting a pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme. Its performance is compared in presence of various noise sources against what achieved when a classical pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme is employed. First, by modeling the cell threshold voltage (VT) placement affected by program noise during a program-and-verify scheme based on incremental step pulse programming (ISPP), we show that the classifier truthfulness degradation due to the limited program accuracy achieved in the PWM case is considerably lower than that obtained with the PAM approach. Then, a similar analysis is carried out to investigate the classifier behavior after program in presence of cell VT instabilities due to random telegraph noise (RTN) and to temperature variations, leading again to results in favor of the PWM approach. In light of these results, the present work suggests a viable solution to overcome some of the more serious reliability issues of NOR Flash-based artificial neural networks, paving the way to the implementation of highly-reliable, noise-resilient neuromorphic systems.