gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Base doping effects in InGaAs/InP double heterostructure bipolar transistors (1986)

We have studied the performance characteristics of InGaAs/InP double heterostructure bipolar transistors grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy. In particular the relationships between the current gain and the base doping level and the emitter junction surface to perimeter ratio were investigated in detail. For a base doping level as high as p∼3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> we find B∼100. Furthermore, we find no decrease in B with an increase in the perimeter to area ratio. The best frequency of unity current gain (f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> ) measured in small area devices is 18GHz.
Effective-index method with built-in perturbation correction for integrated optical waveguides (1996)

It is well known that the conventional effective-index method for the analysis of rectangular-core waveguides can in general produce accurate results only when the modes of the waveguides are operated in the far-from-cutoff region. In this paper, an improved effective-index method, called the effective-index method with built-in perturbation correction, is described. This method is as efficient as the conventional method pet produces much more accurate results. Numerical examples for single waveguides and directional couplers are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the method with results obtained from an improved Fourier decomposition method as the references.
Functional requirements and design issues for a socially assistive robot for elderly people with mild cognitive impairments (2013)

It is well known that there is a worldwide increase in both the number of elderly people and the number of elderly people with mild cognitive impairments [1], [2] and thus in need of assistance in the execution of activities of daily living. Socially Assistive Robotics is a novel research field, aiming at the design of robots relying on social means to interact with people and with a well-defined assistive purpose. The contribution of the article is three-fold: (i) a detailed analysis of the requirements of a socially assistive robot helping elderly people in the execution of everyday activities; (ii) the outline of the design principles for socially assistive robots; (iii) a first proposal for a wearable robot able to engage humans at the cognitive level.
Prospectively defined murine mesenchymal stem cells inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced acute lung injury and improve pneumonia survival (2015)

In this study we demonstrated for the first time the feasibility and in vivo immunomodulatory capacity of prospectively defined MSC in pneumonia.
A high-power light-activated thyristor (1976)

A 2000V, 800A light-activated thyristor, suitable for use in high power circuitry of the type required by the electric utility industry is described. Unlike a conventional thyristor which is turned on by an electrical signal to the gate electrode, this device is turned on by an optical pulse, from a solid state light-source, that is conveyed to the silicon device via a light pipe. The key design objectives were to create a device structure capable of being fired by a low energy light pulse in a reliable manner, while maintaining a short and uniform delay time and a dV/dt rating in excess of 300V/µsec. A design approach is described that has resulted in a better understanding of the physics of firing a high power thyristor with a small light energy. Considered are gate amplification, the area of illuminated silicon, the duration of the light pulse and the conductivity type and the surface preparation of the light sensitive area. Evaluation data shows that a light pulse with only 0.3 µJ of energy can be used to fire the thyristor, reliably and with low switching loss, with uniform delay times of < 1 µsec and turn-on times of < 3.5 µsec. A quantity of these devices is being produced for use in an experimental power electronics system.
Ga for Zn Cation Exchange Allows for Highly Luminescent and Photostable InZnP-Based Quantum Dots (2017)

In this work, we demonstrate that a preferential Ga-for-Zn cation exchange is responsible for the increase in photoluminescence that is observed when gallium oleate is added to InZnP alloy QDs. By exposing InZnP QDs with varying Zn/In ratios to gallium oleate and monitoring their optical properties, composition, and size, we conclude that Ga<sup>3+</sup> preferentially replaces Zn<sup>2+</sup>, leading to the formation of InZnP/InGaP core/graded-shell QDs. This cation exchange reaction results in a large increase of the QD photoluminescence, but only for InZnP QDs with Zn/In ≥ 0.5. For InP QDs that do not contain zinc, Ga is most likely incorporated only on the quantum dot surface, and a PL enhancement is not observed. After further growth of a GaP shell and a lattice-matched ZnSeS outer shell, the cation-exchanged InZnP/InGaP QDs continue to exhibit superior PL QY (over 70%) and stability under long-term illumination (840 h, 5 weeks) compared to InZnP cores with the same shells. These results provide important mechanistic insights into recent improvements in InP-based QDs for luminescent applications.
FXR activation by obeticholic acid or nonsteroidal agonists induces a human-like lipoprotein cholesterol change in mice with humanized chimeric liver (2018)

Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist that regulates bile acid and lipid metabolism. FXR activation induces distinct changes in circulating cholesterol among animal models and humans. The mechanistic basis of these effects has been elusive because of difficulties in studying lipoprotein homeostasis in mice, which predominantly package circulating cholesterol in HDLs. Here, we tested the effects of OCA in chimeric mice whose livers are mostly composed (≥80%) of human hepatocytes. Chimeric mice exhibited a human-like ratio of serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) at baseline. OCA treatment in chimeric mice increased circulating LDL-C and decreased circulating HDL-C levels, demonstrating that these mice closely model the cholesterol effects of FXR activation in humans. Mechanistically, OCA treatment increased hepatic cholesterol in chimeric mice but not in control mice. This increase correlated with decreased SREBP-2 activity and target gene expression, including a significant reduction in LDL receptor protein. Cotreatment with atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol, rescued LDL receptor protein levels, and normalized serum LDL-C. Treatment with two clinically relevant nonsteroidal FXR agonists elicited similar lipoprotein and hepatic changes in chimeric mice, suggesting that the increase in circulating LDL-C is a class effect of FXR activation.
Erecting Prism Attachment for Indirect Ophthalmoscopes (1970)

Prismatic inverters are used to erect the inverted image of indirect ophthalmoscopy. Binocular and monocular indirect ophthalmoscopes can be equally well adapted to yield upright imagery. The inverter fits only to the central area of field that is congruous with the handheld lens. With the lens in place for indirect ophthalmoscopy, the image and the surrounding field yield upright imagery.
Bi2O3 monolayers from elemental liquid bismuth (2018)

Atomically thin layers of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> are isolated from liquid bismuth, allowing the development of ultrafast 2D-enabled UV photo-detectors.
Deep Learning-based Localization in Limited Data Regimes (2022)

As demand for radio spectrum increases with the widespread use of wireless devices, effective spectrum allocation requires more flexibility in terms of time, space, and frequency. In order to protect users in next-generation wireless networks from interference, spectrum managers must have the ability to efficiently and accurately locate transmitters. We present TL;DL, a practical deep-learning based technique for multiple transmitter localization on crowdsourced data where all sensors and transmitters may be mobile and transmit with unknown power. We map sensor readings to an image representing the sensor location, then use a convolutional neural network to learn to generate a target image of transmitter locations. We also introduce a novel data-augmentation technique to drastically improve generalization and enable accurate localization on limited data. In our evaluation, TL;DL outperforms previous approaches on small real-world datasets with low sensor density, in terms of both accuracy and detection.
[Application of integra for reconstruction of burn scar contracture]. (2006)

Integra with large sheets of epidermal grafts applied for scar contracture disformities is an effective and useful method, especially the epidermal grafts offered a satisfying result in the donor healing.
Highly Active Trialkoxymolybdenum(VI) Alkylidyne Catalysts Synthesized by a Reductive Recycle Strategy. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pattern switching compact patch antenna for on-body and off-body communications at 2.45 GHz (2009)

The ability to switch between propagating modes is important for body-centric applications such as medical body area networks where a single node may need to be able to optimise communications for either on-body sensor links or off-body links to the wider network. Therefore, we present a compact 2.45 GHz active mode-switching wearable antenna for both on-body and off-body wireless communications. The single-layer patch antenna was pattern-switched using shorting pins and had an impedance bandwidth of 253 MHz and 217 MHz for the on-body and off-body radiating modes, respectively. An efficiency of 57 % and 56.8 % was obtained for on-body and off-body mode respectively when placed in close proximity to a phantom that represents a muscle issue at 2.45 GHz.
Dynamic heterogeneity of proteomic expression in human cancer cells does not affect Cdk1/Cdk4 co-expression. (2008)

Tumour heterogeneity is becoming increasingly important as an obstacle to genomic and proteomic technologies designed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of human cancer. In a panel of 19 human in-vitro cancer cell lines, we show marked heterogeneity of proteomic expression of key genes responsible for the control of cell division and death. Patterns of expression of these proteins were unique for each cell line. In addition, dynamic heterogeneity of proteomic expression of Cyclin D1, Cdk1, Cdk4 and even actin was detected. The relative levels of each protein fluctuated independently from experiment to experiment separated only by short passages in tissue culture. Cdk1 and Cdk4 proteomic co-expression (Seabra, 2007) was not, however, affected by dynamic heterogeneity, or, in 4 cell lines, by treatment with D0.1 doses of CDDP. Cdk1/Cdk4 may thus provide a complex molecular target for anti-cancer drug development which is unaffected by tumour heterogeneity and is not disrupted by conventional chemotherapy.
New Methods for the Analysis of Heartbeat Behavior in Risk Stratification (2011)

Developing better methods for risk stratification for tachyarrhythmic sudden cardiac remains a major challenge for physicians and scientists. Since the transition from sinus rhythm to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation happens by different mechanisms in different people, it is unrealistic to think that a single measure will be adequate to provide a good index for risk stratification. We analyze the dynamical properties of ventricular premature complexes over 24 h in an effort to understand the underlying mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias and to better understand the arrhythmias that occur in individual patients. Two dimensional density plots, called heartprints, correlate characteristic features of the dynamics of premature ventricular complexes and the sinus rate. Heartprints show distinctive characteristics in individual patients. Based on a better understanding of the natures of transitions from sinus rhythm to sudden cardiac and the mechanisms of arrhythmia prior to cardiac arrest, it should be possible to develop better methods for risk stratification.
Multiple Functional Elements Comprise a Mammalian Chromosomal Replicator (2003)

The structure of replication origins in metazoans is only nominally similar to that in model organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By contrast to the compact origins of budding yeast, in metazoans multiple elements act as replication start sites or control replication efficiency. We first reported that replication forks diverge from an origin 5' to the human c-myc gene and that a 2.4-kb core fragment of the origin displays autonomous replicating sequence activity in plasmids and replicator activity at an ectopic chromosomal site. Here we have used clonal HeLa cell lines containing mutated c-myc origin constructs integrated at the same chromosomal location to identify elements important for DNA replication. Replication activity was measured before or after integration of the wild-type or mutated origins using PCR-based nascent DNA abundance assays. We find that deletions of several segments of the c-myc origin, including the DNA unwinding element and transcription factor binding sites, substantially reduced replicator activity, whereas deletion of the c-myc promoter P1 had only a modest effect. Substitution mutagenesis indicated that the sequence of the DNA unwinding element, rather than the spacing of flanking sequences, is critical. These results identify multiple functional elements essential for c-myc replicator activity.
Self-assembled supramolecular rigid rods (1994)

The self-assembly of the complementary components AP2 and AU2, through hydrogen bonding via uracil and 2,6-diacylaminopyridine groups, yields polymeric supramolecular rigid rods (AP2, AU2)n that present a lyotropic mesophase.
Grape pruning—The spur and long cane systems compared (1914)

Grape pruning experiments carried on near Council Bluffs during the season of 1914 for a comparison of the “spur” with the "long cane and spur renewal” system, showed that the vines pruned alter the long cane system yielded, on the average, 41 per cent more grapes than the spur pruned vines. These results indicate that the long cane system is of value for the southwestern and other sections of Iowa where grapes are grown. However, it must be recognized that these results are for one year only. Further experiment with the two systems must be carried on before the long cane system can be recomended unreservedly.
Interaction between the C‐terminal domains of measles virus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein: A tight complex implying one binding site (2012)

The intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain (N(TAIL) ) of the measles virus (MeV) nucleoprotein undergoes α-helical folding upon binding to the C-terminal X domain (XD) of the phosphoprotein. The N(TAIL) region involved in binding coupled to folding has been mapped to a conserved region (Box2) encompassing residues 489-506. In the previous studies published in this journal, we obtained experimental evidence supporting a K(D) for the N(TAIL) -XD binding reaction in the nM range and also showed that an additional N(TAIL) region (Box3, aa 517-525) plays a role in binding to XD. In striking contrast with these data, studies published in this journal by Kingston and coworkers pointed out a much less stable complex (K(D) in the μM range) and supported lack of involvement of Box3 in complex formation. The objective of this study was to critically re-evaluate the role of Box3 in N(TAIL) -XD binding. Since our previous studies relied on N(TAIL) -truncated forms possessing an irrelevant Flag sequence appended at their C-terminus, we, herein, generated an N(TAIL) devoid of Box3 and any additional C-terminal residues, as well as a form encompassing only residues 482-525. We then used isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize the binding reactions between XD and these N(TAIL) forms. Results effectively argue for the presence of a single XD-binding site located within Box2, in agreement with the results by Kingston et al., while providing clear experimental support for a high-affinity complex. Altogether, the present data provide mechanistic insights into the replicative machinery of MeV and clarify a hitherto highly debated point.
A Survey on Blockchain for Big Data: Approaches, Opportunities, and Future Directions (2020)

Big data has generated strong interest in various scientific and engineering domains over the last few years. Despite many advantages and applications, there are many challenges in big data to be tackled for better quality of service, e.g., big data analytics, big data management, and big data privacy and security. Blockchain with its decentralization and security nature has the great potential to improve big data services and applications. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on blockchain for big data, focusing on up-to-date approaches, opportunities, and future directions. First, we present a brief overview of blockchain and big data as well as the motivation behind their integration. Next, we survey various blockchain services for big data, including blockchain for secure big data acquisition, data storage, data analytics, and data privacy preservation. Then, we review the state-of-the-art studies on the use of blockchain for big data applications in different vertical domains such as smart city, smart healthcare, smart transportation, and smart grid. For a better understanding, some representative blockchain-big data projects are also presented and analyzed. Finally, challenges and future directions are discussed to further drive research in this promising area.
Structured optimal transmission control in network-coded two-way relay channels (2015)

This paper considers a transmission control problem in network-coded two-way relay channels (NC-TWRC), where the relay buffers randomly arrived packets from two users, and the channels are assumed to be fading. The problem is modeled by a discounted infinite horizon Markov decision process (MDP). The objective is to find an adaptive transmission control policy that minimizes the packet delay, buffer overflow, transmission power consumption and downlink error rate simultaneously and in the long run. By using the concepts of submodularity, multimodularity and L ♮ -convexity, we study the structure of the optimal policy searched by dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. We show that the optimal transmission policy is nondecreasing in queue occupancies and/or channel states under certain conditions such as the chosen values of parameters in the MDP model, channel modeling method, and the preservation of stochastic dominance in the transitions of system states. Based one these results, we propose to use two low-complexity algorithms for searching the optimal monotonic policy: monotonic policy iteration (MPI) and discrete simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (DSPSA). We show that MPI reduces the time complexity of DP, and DSPSA is able to adaptively track the optimal policy when the statistics of the packet arrival processes change with time.
Imaging performance of finite uniaxial metamaterials with large anisotropy (2014)

Metamaterials with extreme anisotropy overcome the diffraction limit by supporting the propagation of otherwise evanescent waves. Recent experiments in slabs of wire media have shown that images deteriorate away from the longitudinal Fabry-Perot resonances of the slab. Existing theoretical models explain this using nonlocality, surface waves, and additional boundary conditions. We show that image aberrations can be understood as originating from cavity resonances of uniaxial media with large local axial permittivity. We apply a simple cavity resonator model and a transfer matrix approach to replicate salient experimental features of wire media hyperlenses. These results offer avenues to reduce observed imaging artefacts, and are applicable to all uniaxial media with large magnitude of the axial permittivity, e.g., wire media and layered media.
Nanocatalytic Tumor Therapy by Single-Atom Catalysts (2019)

Initiating localized catalytic chemical reactions in tumor microenvironment (TME) can achieve appealing tumor-therapeutic efficacy concurrently with high specificity and desirable biosafety, which is mainly dependent on the high performance of biomedical nanocatalysts. This report demonstrates that PEGylated single-atom Fe-containing nanocatalysts (PSAF NCs) could effectively trigger the in situ tumor-specific Fenton reaction to generate abundant toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) selectively under the acidic TME. Based on density functional theory, it has been theoretically uncovered that the nanocatalysts could specifically catalyze the heterogeneous Fenton reaction via a proton-mediated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-homolytic pathway. These generated radicals could not only lead to the apoptotic cell death of malignant tumors, but also induce the accumulation of lipid peroxides, causing tumor cell ferroptosis, which synergistically lead to an impressive tumor suppression outcome. In the meantime, the favorable biodegradability and biocompatibility of PSAF NCs also guarantee their desirable biosafety both in vivo and in vitro.
Relationships Between Cerebral Perfusion and Reversibility of Acute Diffusion Lesions in DEFUSE (2009)

Acute ischemic lesions with restricted diffusion are most likely to recover if reperfusion occurs within 6 hours of symptom onset, and reversibility is associated with early recanalization and favorable clinical outcome. We propose the term RADAR (Reversible Acute Diffusion lesion Already Reperfused) to describe regions of acute restricted diffusion with normal perfusion.
Thermo-Physical Properties of HR3C and P92 Steels at High-Temperature (2019)

Austenitic HR3C and ferritic-martensitic P92 steels are the materials of interest from a mechanical standpoint for the manufacturing of thermal exchangers of the next generation of steam power plants. In order to evaluate their capacity to transfer heat, thermal conductivity calculations have been conducted through the measurements of thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and density. It will be shown that the heat capacity, density, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal diffusivity evolve continuously with temperature in the HR3C material but not in the P92 steel. The heterogeneous thermal behaviour appears to be associated with its ferromagnetic transition rather than to the microstructural evolution. Nevertheless, the results for both steels did not exhibit significant differences between thermal conductivities at the intended temperature of service.
[Comments on certain issues of breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer]. (2009)

乳腺癌的保乳手术(BCS)即在保持满意的乳房外观的前提下,完整切除乳腺肿瘤(浸润性乳腺癌或导管原位癌)及其周围一定范围的正常乳腺组织,已成为当今广泛开展治疗乳腺癌的手术方式.其实早在1954年Mustakallio就报道了肿瘤切除术后加放射治疗,对临床未扪及腋窝淋巴结的乳腺癌病例取得了较好的疗效,但直至20世纪80年代才逐渐被人们广泛接受 [1]。
Traffic condition monitoring by laser radar for advanced safety driving (2002)

This paper describes the accurate and detailed estimation of traffic conditions around our vehicle on road by the incomplete laser radar signals. The conventional laser radar system monitors only one vehicle that runs just in front of the our vehicle. Careful observation of the laser radar signals includes more information than that required. This research aims at developing a new traffic condition monitoring system that monitors 8 to 10 vehicles that run around our vehicle by fully using the signals from the radar.