gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mechanized Semantic Metalanguage for High Level Synthesis (2021)

High-level synthesis (HLS) seeks to make hardware development more like software development by adapting ideas from programming languages to hardware description and HLS from functional languages is usually motivated as a means of bringing software-like productivity to hardware development. Formalized semantics support a range of important capabilities in software languages (e.g., compositionality, comprehensibility, interoperability, formal methods, and security) that are desirable in hardware languages as well. This paper considers the formalized semantics of the Device Calculus, a typed λ-calculus with operators for constructing Mealy machines that forms a semantic substratum suitable for high-level synthesis and we demonstrate the utility of the Device Calculus as a foundation for formal methods in functional HLS with a case study specifying the semantics of an idealized subset of the FIRRTL language. FIRRTL (“Flexible Internal Representation for RTL”) is an open-source hardware intermediate representation targeted by the Chisel hardware construction language and the semantics we present is also a starting point for exploring formal methods and security within both the Chisel toolchain and any other high-level synthesis flows that target FIRRTL.
Transition from Trichel-pulse corona to dielectric barrier discharge (2002)

An investigation was undertaken to examine the influence that thin circular solid dielectric barriers placed on the planar anode surface have on the stochastic behavior of Trichel pulses. It is shown that charging of the dielectric surface by the corona discharge introduces another memory effect that becomes increasingly significant as the point-to-plane gap spacing is reduced. At a sufficiently short gap distance, the charge on the dielectric causes the field at the point electrode to drop below the level required to sustain a corona discharge and at that point Trichel pulses cease.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Skeletal muscle wasting occurs in adult rats under chronic treatment with paracetamol when glutathione-dependent detoxification is highly activated. (2014)

The use of glutathione (GSH) and sulfate for the detoxification of paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) could occur at the expense of the physiological uses of cysteine (Cys). Indeed GSH and sulfate both originate from Cys. Significant APAP-induced Cys loss could generate alterations in GSH and protein metabolisms leading to muscle wasting. The study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic treatment with APAP on whole-body and tissue homeostasis (mass, GSH, proteins, and nitrogen balance) in relation to sulfur losses through APAP-detoxification pathways. Adult male Wistar rats were fed 0% APAP, 0.5% APAP or 1% APAP diets for 17 days. APAP doses were respectively around and largely above the threshold of sulfation saturation for rats. During the last days, the rats were placed in metabolic cages in order to quantify N balance and urinary APAP metabolites. Gastrocnemius muscle mass, protein and GSH contents, N balance and plasma free cyst(e)ine were 8% (P=0.02), 7% (P=0.03), 26% (P=0.01), 37% (P=0.01), and 33% (P=0.003) lower in the 1% APAP group than in the 0% APAP group, respectively. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the 0.5% APAP group and the 0% APAP group. Muscle wasting occurred when the detoxification of APAP through the GSH-dependent pathway was highly activated. Muscle protein synthesis could have been reduced due to a shortage in Cys and/or an increase in protein degradation in response to intra-muscular oxidative stress. Hence, without dietary sulphur amino acid increase, peripheral bioavailability of Cys and muscle GSH are potential players in the control of muscle mass under chronic treatment with APAP, an analgesic medication of widespread use, especially in the elderly.
Aerosolized antibiotics in cystic fibrosis: current and future trends (2008)

Chronic bacterial infection is one of the key challenges in caring for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Effective infection control requires appropriate administration of antibiotics. Inhaled antibiotics play a pivotal role in CF management. Pathogens in CF patients target the lumen of the lung, a cavity that is difficult to access via the oral or intravenous route. Aerosolized antibiotics deliver effective local drug concentrations to the infection site and decrease the risk of systemic side effects associated with oral or intravenous antibiotics. However, effective aerosolized antibiotic therapy must ensure reliable drug delivery to the lower respiratory tract with a beneficial pharmacodynamic profile and high potency.
Pancreatitis-Associated Protein 2 Modulates Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages (2008)

Pancreatitis-associated proteins (PAP) are stress-induced secretory proteins that are implicated in immunoregulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PAP is up-regulated in acute pancreatitis and that gene knockdown of PAP correlated with worsening severity of pancreatitis, suggesting a protective effect for PAP. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PAP2 in the regulation of macrophage physiology. rPAP2 administration to clonal (NR8383) and primary macrophages were followed by an assessment of cell morphology, inflammatory cytokine expression, and studies of cell-signaling pathways. NR8383 macrophages which were cultured in the presence of PAP2 aggregated and exhibited increased expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10; no significant change was observed in IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 when compared with controls. Chemical inhibition of the NFkappaB pathway abolished cytokine production and PAP facilitated nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and phosphorylation of IkappaB alpha inhibitory protein suggesting that PAP2 signaling involves this pathway. Cytokine responses were dose dependent. Interestingly, similar findings were observed with primary macrophages derived from lung, peritoneum, and blood but not spleen. Furthermore, PAP2 activity was inhibited by the presence of serum, inhibition which was overcome with increased PAP2. Our results demonstrate a new function for PAP2: it stimulates macrophage activity and likely modulates the inflammatory environment of pancreatitis.
Open: Vedolizumab for Ulcerative Colitis: Treatment Outcomes from the VICTORY Consortium (2018)

In this large real-world cohort we observed that VDZ was well tolerated and effective in achieving key clinical outcomes.
An experimental study on the image-based atmospheric correction method for high resolution multispectral data (2005)

The atmospheric correction is prerequisite to derive both land and ocean surface properties from satellite remote sensing data. It also improves the satellite image quality and the performance of value-added image processing. The purpose of this study is to develop an image-based atmospheric correction method for the forthcoming Korea Multi-Purpose SATellite-2 (KOMPSAT-2) multi-spectral camera (MSC) data. For this purpose, we have first tested the several atmospheric correction models using the Landsat Enhanced Thermal Mapper Plus (ETM+) data that have quite similar spectral characteristics to the KOMPSAT-2 MSC data, and the in-situ measured surface reflectance data during the satellite overflight. Subsequently, we have applied the selected models to the IKONOS data with off-nadir viewing corrections because most passes of KOMPSAT-2 are subject to such viewing conditions. This presentation discusses the results of the above tests.
Same day discharge: How much less is more for TAVR patients? (2021)

Key Points In a single‐center retrospective analysis, 29 same day discharge (SDD) Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients were treated and no patient had died or had a stroke event or needed a new pacemaker and/or experienced readmission to hospital at 30 days. SDD criteria should focus on patient characteristics and procedural factors, but also on social support, tight ambulatory follow‐up, and team consensus that hospital bed is no longer required. As TAVR continues to develop, we should ask ourselves: how much less is more for the TAVR patient?
Effect of Temperature on Carbon-Black Agglomeration in Hydrocarbon Liquid with Adsorbed Dispersant (2004)

Suspensions of carbon black in oil, stabilized with adsorbed polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI) dispersant, are commonly used as model systems for investigating the soot-handling characteristics of motor oils. The structure of the carbon-black agglomerates changes dramatically with temperature; this results in a concomitant change in the suspension rheology. Linear and nonlinear rheological experiments indicate a large increase of the interparticle attractions as the temperature is raised. To elucidate the origin of this behavior, we investigate the effect of temperature on the stabilizing effect of the dispersant. Measurements of adsorption isotherms of the dispersant on carbon black indicate that there is little variation of the binding energy with temperature. Intrinsic viscosity measurements of PIBSI dispersants in solution clearly exhibit an inverse dependence of the dispersant chain dimension with temperature. These results suggest that the temperature-dependent changes in the chain conformation of the PIBSI dispersant are primarily responsible for the changes in the dispersion rheology, and we propose a simple model to account for these data.
Gepulstes Laserhärten von bauteilähnlichen Proben (2006)

Kurzfassung Das Laserstrahlhärten von Stahl ist eine lokale Wärmebehandlung, bei der eine örtliche Austenitisierung mit nachfolgender Härtung stattfindet. Eine Steigerung der Dauerfestigkeit von Proben oder Bauteilen durch das Laserstrahlhärten ist möglich, wenn die Härtezone so gelegt wird, dass die hoch beanspruchten Bereiche eine Härtesteigerung erfahren, während die Anlasszone, welche die Härtezone umgibt, in wenig beanspruchten Bereichen liegt. Dieses ist bei gekerbten oder abgesetzten Proben und Bauteilen möglich, welche in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht wurden. Im Teil 1 der Veröffentlichung wurde das experimentelle Versuchsprogramm sowie die Simulation der Eigenspannungen beschrieben [1]. Der Einfluss des partiellen gepulsten Laserstrahlhärtens von konstruktionsbedingten Kerben in Form von Bohrungen und Kehlen auf die Dauerfestigkeit ist der Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden zweiten Teils. Die Dauerfestigkeiten wurden sowohl experimentell als auch rechnerisch bestimmt. Die Basis hierfür ist das erweiterte Fehlstellenmodell, mit dem neben der Dauerfestigkeit auch Rissbildungswahrscheinlichkeiten an der Oberfläche und im Volumen von Proben und Bauteilen berechnet werden können. Da die Rissbildung fast ausschließlich an der Oberfläche beobachtet wurde, konnte die Anwendung des erweiterten Fehlstellenmodells auf die Oberfläche beschränkt werden, wobei für die Rissbildung die Schwingfestigkeitshypothese von Dang Van angewandt wurde.
A Hybrid Joining Technology for Aluminum/Zinc Coated Steels in Vehicles (2010)

在汽车的工业，当前与钢铝合金加入是要解决的一个关键问题。包括抵抗点和煤气的金属弧焊的常规加入技术不为那些应用是可接受的由于很多冶金问题。调查被执行开发联合抵抗点焊并且以铜锌金焊接的混合加入过程。在这研究，被尝试把混合过程用于加入不一样的表金属， Al-Mg-Si (6000 系列) 合金和低碳钢表。用 filler 金属的混合过程(抵抗点焊接 / 以铜锌金焊接) 被发现有效克服在铝合金和钢之间的不兼容。尽管艾尔合金表和钢表的混合加入过程没生产可接受的契约力量，如果最佳的过程条件被使用，有合理界面的契约层被证明。
Antibodies to Sm, RNP and SSB detected by solid‐phase ELISAs using recombinant antigens: A comparison study with counter immunoeloctrophoresis and immunoblotting (1993)

Sera from 64 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were tested for the presence of anti-Sm, anti-RNP, and anti-SSB antibodies using commercially available solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and recombinant nuclear proteins as substrates. The results were compared to those obtained with counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and immunoblotting (IBT) using a rabbit thymus extract (RTE) as the substrate. The ELISAs detected antibodies to Sm, RNP, and SSB in, respectively, 25%, 36%, and 15% of the SLE sera. Neither IBT-positive/ELISA-negative nor CIE-positive/ELISA-negative sera were found, regardless of the specificity considered, suggesting that ELISAs using recombinant nuclear antigens are highly sensitive. Discrepancies were observed between the results obtained with these different techniques. In addition to sera positive by both IBT and ELISA but negative by CIE, a substantial number of sera had ELISA-detectable anti-Sm, anti-RNP, and anti-SSB antibodies which failed to react with the corresponding polypeptides by IBT. The reasons for ELISA/IBT discrepancies were explored; however, no single explanation was found. Instead, a higher sensitivity of the ELISA to detect antibodies directed against certain polypeptides, the possible inability of IBT using RTE as the substrate to detect antibodies reacting with conformational antigenic determinants, and false-positive reactions in the ELISAs were suggested. Thus, it is still advisable to perform both IBT and ELISAs simultaneously in well-defined autoimmune diseases to further analyze the potential advantages of ELISAs using recombinant antigens.
Embedding overlay information in images on four color displays (2012)

A method to embed overlay information such as captions and annotations in images is proposed. The overlay information is mixed and hidden in one of the color components on a display having redundant color representation capabilities. Normal viewers do not see the hidden information since other color components are adjusted such that a resulting image has the same combination of primary colors as the original one. The hidden information could be extracted by simple filtering and would be overlaid in images on proprietary viewer screens. In this paper we assume that the display has yellow pixels in addition to the normal RGB colors which we exclusively use to transmit the overlay information. We derive a formula for the color components to keep the overlay image invisible taking into account the nonlinearity of the display characteristics. The dynamic range of the overlay channel is limited by the image contents. We compute the channel capacity for some test images. We have conducted fundamental experiments where the monitor has been emulated by a normal three color display and have verified that the hidden information can be made almost invisible if nonlinearity of the display is properly compensated.
Thermodynamic properties of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sunflower oil in high‐pressure reactors (2003)

Abstract On the basis of our previous results, where optimal conditions for the lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of sunflower oil in a high‐pressure batch stirred tank reactor were determined, some thermodynamic and kinetic properties of lipase preparation Lipolase 100T ( Aspergillus niger lipase) were established. Activation energy (32.7 kJ/mol) was determined from an Arrhenius plot. Activity of the Lipolase 100T increased between 35 and 50°C, but with further temperature increase thermal deactivation occurred. The thermal deactivation rate constant was 0.40, and the deactivation enthalpy was 123.0 kJ/mol. Because of the desirability of continuous applications of enzyme‐catalyzed reactions, a high‐pressure continuous flat‐shape membrane reactor (HP CFSMR) was designed. Hydrolysis of sunflower oil in this reactor was performed. Maximal conversion in the HP CFSMR was achieved after 1 h. A polysulfone membrane was successfully used as a separation unit, and the highest conversion of FFA was determined at 50°C, 200 bar, and a flow rate for substrates of 0.1 mL/min (each).
Role of Memory B Cells in Hemagglutinin-Specific Antibody Production Following Human Influenza A Virus Infection (2019)

When influenza A virus infects an immune individual, preexisting memory B cell (MBC) activation and rapid anamnestic antibody production plays a key role in viral clearance. The most effective neutralizing antibodies target the antigenically variable head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA); antibodies against the conserved HA stalk provide broader but less potent protection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of an adult's HA-specific antibody response to influenza virus infection. The process is followed from preexisting HA-specific MBC activation and rapid production of anti-HA antibodies, through to germinal center seeding and adaptation of the response to novel features of the HA. A major focus of the review is the role of competition between preexisting MBCs in determining the character of the HA-reactive antibody response. HA novelty modifies this competition and can shift the response from the immunodominant head to the stalk. We suggest that antibodies resulting from preexisting MBC activation are important regulators of anti-HA antibody production and play a role in positive selection of germinal center B cells reactive to novel HA epitopes. Our review also considers the role of MBCs in the effects of early-life imprinting on HA head- and stalk-specific antibody responses to influenza infection. An understanding of the processes described in this review will guide development of vaccination strategies that provide broadly effective protection.
Therapeutic Effects of Tumor Reactive CD4+ Cells Generated From Tumor-Primed Lymph Nodes Using Anti-CD3/Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibodies (2002)

T-cell activation involves multiple signaling pathways. In this report, we conducted in vitro and in vivo immune function analysis of tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) cells after anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activation versus anti-CD3 activation alone in a murine tumor model. In cytokine release assays, the doubly activated TDLN cells secreted significantly greater amounts of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF in response to specific tumor antigen compared with anti-CD3 activated cells. In adoptive immunotherapy, the doubly activated TDLN cells were more effective in mediating regression of 3-day pulmonary metastases compared with anti-CD3 activated cells. Although there was predominant proliferation of CD8+ cells after either activation procedure, the mean-fold expansion of CD4+ cells was significantly greater after anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activation than anti-CD3 activation alone. Using magnetic bead-enriched T-cell subsets, we found that either CD4+ or CD8+ doubly activated TDLN cells could independently mediate tumor regression. Furthermore, the doubly activated CD4+ cells were more effective than CD8+ cells in adoptive immunotherapy on a per-cell basis. The antitumor activity mediated by CD4+ or CD8+ cells could be significantly enhanced with the exogenous administration of IL-2. CD28 co-stimulation of tumor-primed lymphoid cells promotes the generation of potent tumor reactive effector cells, particularly CD4+ T cells, with antitumor activity in adoptive immunotherapy.
Neural correlates of auditory pattern learning in the auditory cortex (2020)

Abstract Learning of new auditory stimuli requires repetitive exposure to the stimulus. Fast and implicit learning of sounds presented at random times enables efficient auditory perception. However, it is unclear how such sensory encoding is processed on a neural level. We investigated neural responses that are developed from a passive, repetitive exposure to a specific sound in the auditory cortex of anesthetized rats, using electrocorticography. We presented a series of random sequences that are generated afresh each time, except for a specific reference sequence that remains constant and re-appears at random times across trials. We compared induced activity amplitudes between reference and fresh sequences. Neural responses from both primary and non-primary auditory cortical regions showed significantly decreased induced activity amplitudes for reference sequences compared to fresh sequences, especially in the beta band. This is the first study showing that neural correlates of auditory pattern learning can be evoked even in anesthetized, passive listening animal models.
A framework for detecting public health trends with Twitter (2013)

Traditional public health surveillance requires regular clinical reports and considerable effort by health professionals to analyze data. Therefore, a low cost alternative is of great practical use. As a platform used by over 500 million users worldwide to publish their ideas about many topics, including health conditions, Twitter provides researchers the freshest source of public health conditions on a global scale. We propose a framework for tracking public health condition trends via Twitter. The basic idea is to use frequent term sets from highly purified health-related tweets as queries into a Wikipedia article index -- treating the retrieval of medically-related articles as an indicator of a health-related condition. By observing fluctuations in frequent term sets and in turn medically-related articles over a series of time slices of tweets, we detect shifts in public health conditions and concerns over time. Compared to existing approaches, our framework provides a general a priori identification of emerging public health conditions rather than a specific illness (e.g., influenza) as is commonly done.
Protein X is the product of the recA gene of Escherichia coli. (1977)

The inducible protein X of Escherichia coli has been compared to the recA+ protein made by specialized recA transducing phages. The molecular weights and isoelectric points of these proteins are identical. Two mutations located in the recA gene that alter the electrophoretic mobility or the isoelectric point of protein X have been studied. A recA12 mutant strain, deficient in homologous recombination and repair, produces a smaller-than-normal protein X. A transducing phage carrying the recA12 allele directs the synthesis of a smaller recA protein after infection of irradiated cells. A transducing phage carrying the recA region of a tif-1 mutant strain codes for a recA protein with an isoelectric point more basic than that of the lambdaprecA+ product. The protein X of a tif-1 mutant strain shows an identical shift in its isoelectric properties. Examination of several tsl- recA- strains indicates that protein X can be induced in several missense recA mutants but is not detected in tsl- strains carrying amber or deletion mutations of the recA gene. These results demonstrate that protein X is the product of the recA gene and that the tif-1 mutation alters the properties of the recA protein. A model is suggested for autoregulation of the recA protein in the induction of functions expressed in response to DNA damage (SOS functions).
The geomorphic view of networking (2012)

The Internet is evolving away from its original architecture and toward the use of multiple, customized protocol stacks. A pluralistic architecture is best explained by the "geomorphic view" of networks, in which each layer is a microcosm of networking, and layers can be instantiated at many different levels, scopes, and purposes. Exploiting the commonalities identified by the geomorphic view, an abstract layer model can lead to architectural insights that help extend communication services, derive design principles, and generate network software.