gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modes of action of Freund's adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune diseases (2001)

Freund's adjuvants are irreplaceable components of induction protocols of many experimental animal models of autoimmune disease. Apart from the early studies done in the 1950s and 1960s, no further direct investigation on the mode of action of these adjuvants has been undertaken. It is generally assumed that incomplete (IFA) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) act by prolonging the lifetime of injected autoantigen, by stimulating its effective delivery to the immune system and by providing a complex set of signals to the innate compartment of the immune system, resulting in altered leukocyte proliferation and differentiation. Here, we review evidence collected from various types of studies that provide more insight in the specific alterations of the immune response caused by IFA and CFA. Early events include rapid uptake of adjuvant components by dendritic cells, enhanced phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes, and transient activation and proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes. The mycobacterial components within CFA signal T lymphocytes to assume a Th1 profile so that strong delayed-type hypersensitivity against autoantigens develops. In the absence of mycobacteria, T-lymphocyte differentiation tends to assume a Th2 profile with strong antibody production only. The mycobacterial component also accounts for a morphologic and functional remodeling of the haemopoietic system that develops over a period of several weeks and that is characterized by a drastic expansion of Mac-1+ immature myeloid cells. These cells have been found to be associated with enhanced disease in some models but with reduced disease in others. Thus, in experimental autoimmune diseases, CFA-mediated activation of the innate immune compartment is important not only by regulating the early induction phase but also by providing a surplus of effector and regulator cells in the late phase.
ConvS2S-VC: Fully convolutional sequence-to-sequence voice conversion (2018)

This paper proposes a voice conversion (VC) method using sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq or S2S) learning, which flexibly converts not only the voice characteristics but also the pitch contour and duration of input speech. The proposed method, called ConvS2S-VC, has three key features. First, it uses a model with a fully convolutional architecture. This is particularly advantageous in that it is suitable for parallel computations using GPUs. It is also beneficial since it enables effective normalization techniques such as batch normalization to be used for all the hidden layers in the networks. Second, it achieves many-to-many conversion by simultaneously learning mappings among multiple speakers using only a single model instead of separately learning mappings between each speaker pair using a different model. This enables the model to fully utilize available training data collected from multiple speakers by capturing common latent features that can be shared across different speakers. Owing to this structure, our model works reasonably well even without source speaker information, thus making it able to handle any-to-many conversion tasks. Third, we introduce a mechanism, called the conditional batch normalization that switches batch normalization layers in accordance with the target speaker. This particular mechanism has been found to be extremely effective for our many-to-many conversion model. We conducted speaker identity conversion experiments and found that ConvS2S-VC obtained higher sound quality and speaker similarity than baseline methods. We also found from audio examples that it could perform well in various tasks including emotional expression conversion, electrolaryngeal speech enhancement, and English accent conversion.
On the Performance of an Automatic Frequency Control Loop in Dissimilar Fading Channels in the Presence of Interference (2011)

Two effects of a single interference on the performance of an automatic frequency control (AFC) loop are explained, and two measures, average switching rate and mean time to loss of lock, are presented to capture the impact of each effect. These measures are derived in closed-form expressions and single integral formulas in dissimilar fading channels with Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m distributions. The general case of modulated carriers as well as different special cases are considered. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effects of different fading scenarios on the performance of an AFC. The effect of maximum Doppler frequency on the performance of the AFC is also investigated.
The inhibition of the corrosion of iron in the pH range 6–9 (1965)

AbstractAbstractPreviously it was shown that upon immersion the air-formed film on iron broke down by a two-stage process, the first step being the cathodic reduction of ferric ions to ferrous. This breakdown was retarded by dissolved oxygen.It has now been found that inhibitive ions in neutral solution stimulate the oxidation of ferrous ions by dissolved oxygen and thereby impede the first step in the breakdown process.
Management of Refractory Eosinophilic Esophagitis (2014)

As the scope of esophageal eosinophilia continues to evolve, the clinical and molecular characterization of new clinical phenotypes will be important so that new therapeutic targets can be identified.
50 Years Tribune of Economic Thought (2006)

The state of economic thought in the contemporary world is presented in brief, as well as its prospects related to the development of science and technology. With regard to the anniversary of the Economic Thought Journal it is pointed out: how the Journal started; its development, activities and impact on the economic society in Bulgaria; purposefulness and main themes of publications; reviews of authors and readers.
Effects of Phonemic Processes on Word Reading and Spelling (1994)

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to examine the contribution of specific phonemic processes to beginning word reading and spelling. Forty kindergarten children were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: instruction either in blending spoken phonemes into words, segmenting spoken words into phonemes, both blending and segmenting processes, or a control condition that involved no instruction in phonemic manipulations. Afterward, all of the children learned to associate a small set of letters and sounds; then they were tested for phonemic generalizations and transfer to word reading and spelling analog tasks. Results on phonemic generalization tests indicated that children tended to acquire the particular generalizations that they were taught but performed poorly on uninstructed generalizations. The seg-menting-only and segmenting-plus-blending groups showed significant transfer on two analog word-reading tasks and on an analog spelling task.
The Value of Preoperative Doppler Sonography for Planning Free Perforator Flaps (2000)

The individual perforating vessels have a high degree of anatomical variation, therefore it is desirable to conduct a careful examination of them before undertaking a perforator flap operation. Because locating the vessels beforehand makes performing the operative procedure much easier, the aim of the present study was to assess the value of using simple acoustic Doppler sonography to plan a perforator flap operation. The vessel examinations were carried out before taking 46 free microvascular flaps from either the lower abdominal wall or the buttock for reconstructive breast surgery. The perforating vessels located were marked, and their position relative to the umbilicus or the most cranial point of the rima ani recorded using a coordinate system. In 40 patients, a perforator flap operation (deep inferior epigastric perforator flap, n = 32; superior gluteal artery perforator flap, n = 8) was actually carried out; in six of these patients, a myocutaneous flap was used because of the insufficient availability of perforating vessels. Before the operation, perforating vessels were marked for each patient, with an average of 7.3 for the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap and 6.5 for the superior gluteal artery perforator flap. Out of 286 vessels marked for later perforator flaps, 162 were identified during the operation. A preoperatively marked vessel was used in 37 of 40 patients. In the remaining patients, a vessel was used that had not been previously marked. The vertical and horizontal distance between the perforating vessels identified during the operation and the preoperative marks averaged 0.8 cm. The results show preoperative Doppler sonography to be useful for locating the position of individual perforating vessels, making it much easier to find them during the operation.
Variación de los genes accesorios y su implicación en la biología del VIH-1 (2012)

Esta tesis se ha encaminado al estudio de la importancia de los genes accesorios y su implicacion en la biologia del VIH-1. Para ello se han realizado dos tipois de estudios: A,- Analisis filogenetico de aislados naturales, cuya principal caracteristica era la imposibilidad de ser cocultivados, y un posterior estudio de posibles alteraciones en el gen accesorio NEF que pudiesen estar influyendo en este fenotipo. B,- Estudio y caracterizacion del establecimiento de infecciones persistentes con un mismo aislado en tres lineas celulares diferentes y participacion de los genes accesorios en este proceso. Para ello se han analizado los genomas completos de los provirus obtenidos de las celulas persistentemente infectadas. Se han observado numerosas alteraciones en el gen accesorio NEF en el caso de los virus no cocultivables, estableciendose una correlacion entre alterciones en este gen y el fenotipo de cocultivo negativo. Del mismo modo se ha encontrado una relacion entre alteraciones en los genes accesorios VPR, VPU y VIF y el fenotipo de virus persistente
Conformation and Physical Structure of Tropoelastin from Human Vascular Cells: Influence of Cells Lipid Loading (2014)

Aggregated low density lipoproteins (agLDL) contribute to massive intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Our aim was to determine the conformational and physical structure of agLDL and elastic material produced either by control human VSMC or by agLDL-loaded human VSMC (agLDL-VSMC). At the conformational level scanned by FTIR spectroscopy, a new undefined, probably non-H-bonded, structure for tropoelastin produced by agLDL-VSMC is revealed. By differential scanning calorimetry, a decrease of water affinity and a drop of the glass transition associated with aggregated tropoelastin (from 200°C to 159°C) in the supernatant from agLDL VSMC are evidenced. This second phenomenon is due to an interaction between agLDL and tropoelastin as detected by the weak specific FTIR absorption band of agLDL in supernatant from agLDL-loaded VSMC.
Effects of Steel Scalpel, Ultrasonic Scalpel, CO2Laser, and Monopolar and Bipolar Electrosurgery on Wound Healing in Guinea Pig Oral Mucosa (2003)

Use of the ultrasonic scalpel produced faster re-epithelialization and greater tensile strength than laser or electrosurgical instruments, with results comparable to those seen with the steel scalpel.
Recovery of Soluble Sheep Erythrocyte Receptor from the T Lymphocyte Surface by Proteolytic Cleavage (1977)

Abstract Proteolytic digestion of the human T lymphoblastoid cell line (Molt-4) and of peripheral blood lymphocytes by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase results in a progressive, time- and dose-dependent diminution of T lymphocyte — sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosette formation, whereas thrombin, plasmin, collagenase, DNAse, and phospholipase have no effect. Complete abrogation of SRBC binding is achieved when lymphocytes (1 × 108/ml) are incubated with either trypsin or chymotrypsin at 10 μag/ml for 30 min, and τ;50% abrogation is observed between 3 to 10 min. Preincubation of SRBC with the 10 min and 20 min lymphocyte digest supernatants inhibited their subsequent binding by normal T lymphocytes by as much as 64%. Thirty-minute digests were less inhibitory. Equivalent digests from several human B lumphoblastoid cell lines and from a non-rosetting clone of Molt-4 cells were not inhibitory. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution of serial gel slices revealed four distinct inhibitory bands (I–IV) in the 20-min digest supernatant whereas only bands I–III and band IV were present in the 10-min and 30-min digest supernatants, respectively, suggesting progressive proteolysis of a distinct receptor. These experiments indicate that the binding of SRBC by human T lymphocytes represents a receptor-ligand interaction rather than a nonspecific electrical charge phenomenon and that the receptor is a discrete molecular species which can be isolated from the surface of T but not B lymphocytes by limited enzymatic proteolysis.
Optimization of tin dioxide nanosticks faceting for the improvement of palladium nanocluster epitaxy (2002)

Semispherical palladium nanoclusters have been epitaxed on {110} facets of tin dioxide nanosticks. The synthesis of tin dioxide nanoparticles has been optimized to obtain a crystallite shape with a maximum surface area lying on the rutile structure {110} planes, which are the most active for gas sensing. For this purpose, we describe a microwave method, which allowed us to obtain monocrystalline stick-like tin dioxide nanoparticles (so-called nanosticks) with rectangular prism shape. These nanosticks present long lateral {110} faces, squared cross-section 5–25 nm wide, and lengths of up to 0.5 μm.
Structure of (S)-(+)-ibuprofen (1993)

(S)-(+)-Ibuprofen, α-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid, crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit to form a cyclic hydrogenbonded dimer. Within the dimer each molecule shows subtle conformational differences via rotations about the acetic C(1)-C(2) and C(10)-C(11) bonds. Bond distances and angles for (S)-(+)-ibuprofen are in close agreement with those found for the structure of the racemic compound [McConnell (1914). Cryst. Struct. Commun. 3, 13-15]
A Theory of the Corrosion of Substrates with Protective Metallic Coatings (1988)

A theory of corrosion of substrate materials with protective coatings is presented and applied to uranium. This theory assumes that the coating is adherent and acts as a barrier to the corrodent and that galvanic interactions between the coating and substrate are neglected. Corrosion of the substrate is assumed to be uniform and isotropic. Under these conditions, corrosion occurs at defects present in the coating. Based on the theory of phase transformation kinetics, an equation is derived that predicts the extent of substrate corrosion, given the number of defects per unit area and knowledge of the corrosion kinetics of the bare substrate material. This equation is used to predict the behavior of coated substrate materials that exhibit linear and parabolic corrosion kinetics. Accelerated corrosion tests of uranium with protective metallic coatings are shown to be in good agreement with this model of substrate corrosion.
Capturing Personal and Crowd Behavior with Wi-Fi Analytics (2016)

We present a solution for analysing crowds at events such as conferences where people have networking opportunities. Often, potential social relations go unexploited because no business cards were exchanged or we forget about interesting people we met earlier. We created a solution built on top of ubiquitous Wi-Fi signals that is able to create a memory of human trajectories and touch points. In this paper we elaborate on the technological assets we designed to perform crowd anlaytics. We present small wearable Wi-Fi badges that last for the duration of an event (up to 3 days) with a single charge, as well as network equipment that senses the signals radiating from these badges and contemporary mobile devices.
Carbon Nanotube Micro-Electrode Array (2007)

A novel class of micro electrodes, specifically designed to interface with neuronal systems, is presented. The electrodes were fabricated by synthesizing high density carbon nanotube islands on lithographically defined, passivated titanium nitride conductors on a silicon dioxide substrate. Here we show that these novel bio-compatible electrodes facilitate two special functions: neuronal tissue patterning as well as recording of the cell's electrical activity. High fidelity extra-cellular recordings from cultured neurons was performed and analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the fabricated electrodes.
ThePseudomonas aeruginosa algCgene product participates in rhamnolipid biosynthesis (1999)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces exoproducts correlated with its pathogenicity. One of these virulence-associated traits is the surfactant rhamnolipid. The production of alginate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are also of importance for P. aeruginosa virulence. The product of the algC gene (which is involved in alginate production through its phosphomannomutase activity and in LPS synthesis through its phosphoglucomutase activity) participates in rhamnolipid production, presumably catalyzing the first step in the deoxy-thymidine-diphospho-L-rhamnose (dTDP-L-rhamnose) pathway, the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate. Other structural alg genes, encoded in the alg operon, are not involved in rhamnolipid nor LPS production. These results show that the AlgC protein plays a central role in the production of the three P. aeruginosa virulence-associated saccharides: alginate, LPS and rhamnolipid.
Self-Calibration of Pseudolite Arrays Using Self-Differencing Transceivers (1999)

developing a GPS-based pseudolite navigation system for Mars exploration. Previously, he developed an integrated GPS/computer-vision navigation system for the Stanford HUMMINGBIRD autonomous helicopter.
Synthesis and Functionalities of Poly(N-vinylalkylamide). 13. Synthesis and Properties of Thermal and pH Stimuli-Responsive Poly(vinylamine) Copolymers (2001)

The thermoresponsive and pH-responsive intelligent copolymers of N-vinylformamide (NVF) and N-vinylisobutyramide (NVIBA), and their derivatives with primary amino groups, were synthesized. Hydrolysis of poly(NVF), poly(NVIBA), and poly(NVF-co-NVIBA) to obtain poly(vinylamine) [poly(VAm)] was carried out under acidic conditions, at 30 °C in a transparent homogeneous solution system below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly(NVIBA). Poly(NVIBA)'s chemical structure was not affected at all by dissolution in 2 N HCl for 3 weeks, with complete retention of the side chains, whereas poly(NVF) was completely hydrolyzed after 2 weeks in 2 N HCl. The NVF unit of poly(NVF-co-NVIBA) was able to hydrolyze selectively, and it has become feasible to make poly(VAm-co-NVIBA). Aqueous hydrolyzed copolymer solutions (0.2 wt %) did not show LCSTs below pKa = 10.0, although they became slightly turbid, whereas in the pH 12.0 (above pKa), the copolymers clearly exhibited LCSTs. Above pKa, the LCST increased successively depending on the poly(VAm) content of the copolymer. Hydrogels with stimuli-responsive property were prepared by hydrolysis of poly(NVF-co-NVIBA) hydrogel (NVF content; 30 mol %) in 2N HCl solution at 30 °C for 12 h. The hydrolyzed copolymers were found to exhibit thermal and/or pH responsiveness. The primary amine-containing polymers are intelligent polymers and can act as chemical modifiers.
Immunodominant surface epitopes power immune evasion in the African trypanosome (2021)

Abstract The African trypanosome survives the immune response of its mammalian host by antigenic variation of its major surface antigen (the Variable Surface Glycoprotein, or VSG). Here we describe the antibody repertoires elicited by different VSGs. We show that the repertoires are highly restricted, and are directed predominantly to distinct epitopes on the surface of the VSGs. They are also highly discriminatory: minor alterations within these exposed epitopes confer antigenically-distinct properties to these VSGs and elicit different repertoires. We propose that the patterned and repetitive nature of the VSG coat focuses host immunity to a restricted set of immunodominant epitopes per VSG, eliciting a highly stereotyped response, minimizing cross reactivity between different VSGs and facilitating prolonged immune evasion through epitope variation.
Slope-intercept analysis of M-H curves for samples with mixed ferromagnetic and paramagnetic regions (1987)

Rigid disks for magnetic recording usually employ an aluminum alloy substrate coated with a Ni-P film of 10–15 μm thickness prepared by electroless chemical deposition, followed by the ferromagnetic recording film deposited chemically or by sputtering. Depending on the bath composition and the method of preparation, it is possible for the Ni-P underlayer to consist of intermixed ferromagnetic and paramagnetic regions. Furthermore, the magnetic structure of the Ni-P underlayer may change significantly with subsequent heat treatments experienced during the sputter deposition of the ferromagnetic layer and other protective layers such as chromium and carbon. The presence of a ferromagnetic component in the Ni-P underlayer is, of course, undesirable and detrimental to the recording performance of the disk. Furthermore, in order to measure correctly the magnetic characteristics of the recording films, it is necessary to subtract out all the magnetic effects of the substrate and underlayer. Subtracting out a straight line M vs H curve can lead to incorrect results if the Ni-P underlayer has a significant ferromagnetic component. In this paper, we show that a good estimate of the magnitude of the ferromagnetic part of the underlayer can be obtained by extrapolating the slope of the raw M vs H curve of the Ni-P plus aluminum composite to the intercept at H=0 (slope intercept). Several examples of this are given for Ni-P films exposed to different heat treatments.
Synthesis and functional evaluation of a peptide derivative of 1-.beta.-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (1992)

We have synthesized a peptidyl prodrug derivative of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (1) designed to be a selective substrate of plasmin. D-Val-Leu-Lys-ara-C (2) was obtained by coupling the protected peptide Cbz-D-Val-Leu-(N6-Cbz)Lys-OH and ara-C (1) by a water-soluble carbodiimide (EDCI), followed by the removal of the Cbz groups by using catalytic hydrogenolysis over Pd/C. The kinetic constant of hydrolysis of 2 in the presence of plasmin demonstrated effective release of 1. The amino group of 1, which is sensitive to the removal by cytidine deaminase, is protected in 2 by the formation of the amide bond resulting in a prolonged half-life of 2 in biological milieu. The antiproliferative efficiency of 2 against L1210 leukemic cells was significantly higher than that of 1. The activity of 2 was abolished in the presence of serine proteinase inhibitor, (4-amidinopheny)methanesulfonyl fluoride. These data indicate that 2 is a prodrug form of 1 in systems generating plasmin.