gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary disease in HIV-infected African children. (2001)

Childhood human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is common in most regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. They represent a significant added burden in a region where diagnostic capabilities are limited and management decisions are often made on the basis of clinical guidelines alone. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is now recognised as an important cause of acute severe pneumonia and death in HIV-infected infants. However, there are few data on incidence and aetiology for more treatable conditions such as bacterial pneumonia. The association of pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection is uncertain, and the diagnosis is further confused by the presence of lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and other chronic HIV-related pulmonary disease. This article reviews the literature and highlights the urgent need for further research in order to improve clinical management and appropriate interventions.
Modeling and Pareto Optimization of On-Chip Switched Capacitor Converters (2016)

The operation and efficiency of on-chip switched-capacitor (SC) converters are highly affected by the parasitic bottom plate capacitor present in on-chip capacitor technologies. Existing modeling frameworks do not in a comprehensive manner take the effect of the bottom plate capacitor on converter operation and efficiency into account. This paper extends an existing SC state space modeling framework to include the bottom plate capacitor. The developed model is used in a Pareto optimization procedure to optimally select the component values of a 2:1 on-chip SC converter. Implemented in a 32 nm SOI CMOS technology that features the high-density deep trench capacitor, the on-chip converter achieves 86% maximum efficiency at 4.6 W/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> power density while converting from a 1.8 V input voltage to 830 mV output voltage.
Preclinical Chemotherapeutic Tumor Models of Common Childhood Cancers: Solid Tumors, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, and Disseminated Neuroblastoma (2007)

This unit presents three models used in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for preclinical testing of new chemical entities (NCEs), along with appropriate methods for data analysis. The first is the classical subcutaneous xenograft model used for many solid tumors, the second is the disseminated human leukemia model established by Lock and colleagues, and the third is a disseminated model of neuroblastoma that recapitulates many of the characteristics of advanced clinical disease.
Development of a bench scale test to evaluate lubricants for use with methanol-fueled engines (1996)

A total of 65 free-living carnivores collected on Honshu Island, Japan were examined for muscular Sarcocystis species infections. Among them, 12 Japanese raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), one Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica), three Japanese martens (Martes melampus melampus), and two Japanese badgers (Meles meles anakuma) were found to have sarcocysts in their muscles. No inflammatory reactions associated with sarcocysts were observed. Ultrastructurally, the sarcocysts detected in the Japanese raccoon dogs, Japanese red fox, and Japanese martens were similar to each other, with the sarcocyst wall being thin and exhibiting minute undulations. On the other hand, the sarcocysts detected in the Japanese badgers had a thick cyst wall with numerous finger-like protrusions which contained microtubules. The species of Sarcocystis in Japanese carnivores remain to be determined. This is the first published report on muscular sarcocystosis in Japanese carnivores.
Design of a Nanosecond High Voltage Surface Discharge Switch (2007)

In this paper, we propose a concept for a novel high voltage low impedance surface discharge switch. The mechanism of surface discharges in gas was investigated on the nanosecond scale by Mesyats (2005). The important parameters which determine the switching performance of a pulsed-charged surface discharge switch, namely breakdown voltage, breakdown jitter and multi-channelling behaviour are controlled by dimensions of the discharge gap, the characteristics of the dielectric, the type and pressure of the gas and the rise time of the applied voltage pulse. The number of channels formed in a surface discharge switch is mainly a function of the applied voltage pulse (dV/dt > 1 kV/ns <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">)2</sup> . The breakdown mechanism of a surface discharge switch was investigated by Reinovsky and Goforth (2004). A novel design of high voltage low impedance surface discharge switch was simulated in CST Microwave Studio. The basic design parameters were 2 nanosecond pulse length, very low characteristics impedance (2 Omega) and 1 nanosecond rise time. A high dielectric constant causes a low impedance, while keeping the distance between the powered electrode and the grounded base plate large enough to prevent breakdown. The switch has been constructed and the first results of the experiments will be presented.
Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pd-Based Alloys (Pd-M, M=Ni, Co) Surfaces Using Density Functional Theory Calculations (2009)

A periodic model of the close-packed (111) surfaces of Pd-based alloys, based on (2x2x4) or (4x2x4) unit cell, was constructed with various possible atomic configurations. Two alloying elements, Ni and Co, with compositions of 25 and 50 atomic %, respectively, were considered in this study. The first two or three atomic layer compositions were systematically permuted to model the surface segregation phenomena of Pd and to find the most stable structures. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were used to obtain the oxygen binding energy on these Pd-based alloys' surfaces. Oxygen binding energy, an important descriptor for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity on the transition metals, was used to estimate trends in the activities of these alloys' surfaces.
Determination of the volatiles from tobacco by capillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection and mass spectrometry (2011)

A new gas chromatograph-atomic emission detector (GC-AED) coupled with Deans switching technique for analyzing volatiles from tobaccos were developed. The detector operating parameters (reagent gas pressure and make-up gas flow rate) were optimized. The detection limits for the elements carbon (193 nm), hydrogen (486 nm) and oxygen (171 nm) ranged 0.05-0.2, 0.05-0.3 and 1-11 ng, respectively, depending on the compound. The sensitivity and linearity for the elements carbon (193 nm), hydrogen (486 nm) and oxygen (171 nm) decreased in the order O>H>C. Calibration curves were obtained by plotting peak area versus concentration, and the correlation coefficients relating to linearity were at least 0.9359. Elemental response factors measured on these channels, relative to the carbon 193-nm channel, were hydrogen, 0.38-0.48 (mean %RSD=5.64), and oxygen, 0.085-0.128 (mean %RSD=14.9). The evaluation was also done for the new technique and for an established GC-MS technique for the same real samples. The results of GC-AED and GC-MS showed that there was a relatively good agreement between the two sets of data.
OP5 Impact of diabetes mellitus on the quantitative assessment of coronary atherosclerosis in scot-heart trial (2022)

<h3>Objective</h3> We aimed to assess the impact of diabetes mellitus on quantitatively assessed plaque burden in patients with and without diabetes mellitus in the Scottish COmputed Tomography of the HEART (SCOT-HEART) trial. <h3>Methods</h3> Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score was assessed on non-contrast computed tomography (CT). Coronary stenoses, visually assessed high-risk plaque and quantitative plaque burdens (Autoplaque, V2.5) were assessed on coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Multivariable analyses were performed to assess the impact of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk score on quantitatively assessed plaque, and survival analysis was performed. <h3>Results</h3> Images of 1769 patients were assessed (56% male, 58 ± 9 years). Diabetes mellitus was present in 196 (11%) of patients, with Type 1 in 14 (0.8%) and Type 2 in 169 (9.6%). Patients with diabetes mellitus had higher 10-year cardiovascular risk score (29 [interquartile range 21, 40] versus 15 [9, 21], p&lt;0.001) and CAC score (71 [1, 447] versus 17 [0, 209] Agatston units; p&lt;0.001), but were not more likely to have obstructive disease or high-risk plaques. Patients with diabetes mellitus had higher burdens of all plaque types. Diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of total (p=0.002), non-calcified (p=0.002) and low attenuation plaque burden (p=0.03), but not of calcified plaque burden. During the 4.7 years follow-up, diabetes mellitus was not associated with fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction (hazard ratio: 1.37, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 1.37; p=0.474). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of quantitatively assessed plaque burden, including low attenuation plaque, but not of myocardial infarction.
Limited Redundancy of Survival Signals from the Type 1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor (2001)

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) is effective in protecting cells from a variety of apoptotic injuries. In 32D murine hemopoietic cells, the IGF-IR sends three separate survival signals, through insulin receptor substrate-1, Shc, and mitochondrial Raf translocation. We report here that these three pathways for survival have a limited redundancy. If one of these pathways is blocked, the IGF-IR can still protect 32D cells from apoptosis induced by interleukin-3 withdrawal. However, when two of the three pathways are inactivated, the receptor is no longer capable to protect cells from apoptosis. The survival signal can use any two pathway combinations.
Hardward and algorithm architectures for real-time additive synthesis (2005)

Additive synthesis is a fundamental computer music synthesis paradigm tracing its origins to the work of Fourier and Helmholtz. Rudimentary implementation linearly combines harmonic sinusoids (or <i>partials</i>) to generate tones whose perceived timbral characteristics are a strong function of the partial amplitude spectrum. Having evolved over time, additive synthesis describes a collection of algorithms each characterised by the time-varying linear combination of basis components to generate temporal evolution of timbre. Basis components include exactly harmonic partials, inharmonic partials with time-varying frequency or non-sinusoidal waveforms each with distinct spectral characteristics. Additive synthesis of polyphonic musical instrument tones requires a large number of independently controlled partials incurring a large computational overhead whose investigation and reduction is a key motivator for this work. <br><br>The thesis begins with a review of prevalent synthesis techniques setting additive synthesis in context and introducing the <i>spectrum modelling</i> paradigm which provides baseline spectral data to the additive synthesis process obtained from the analysis of natural sounds. We proceed to investigate recursive and phase accumulating digital sinusoidal oscillator algorithms, defining specific metrics to quantify relative performance. The concepts of <i>phase accumulation</i>, <i>table lookup phase-amplitude mapping</i> and <i>interpolated fractional addressing</i> are introduced and developed and shown to underpin an additive synthesis subclass - <i>wavetable lookup synthesis</i> (WLS). WLS performance is simulated against specific metrics and parameter conditions peculiar to computer music requirements. We conclude by presenting processing architectures which accelerate computational throughput of specific WLS operations and the sinusoidal additive synthesis model. In particular, we introduce and investigate the concept of <i>phase domain processing</i> and present several “pipeline friendly” arithmetic architectures using this technique which implement the additive synthesis of sinusoidal partials.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity in Anatase/TiO2(B) Core−Shell Nanofiber (2008)

A bicrystalline titanium dioxide nanofiber with enhanced photocatalytic activity was synthesized from potassium titanate K2Ti2O5 via ion exchange and calcination. The nanofiber has a core−shell crystalline structure with a thin TiO2(B) phase sheathing the anatase core, as characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM). From HRTEM and local electron diffraction patterns, the two crystalline phases form a coherent interface with the 0.34-nm spacing between the (102) planes of TiO2(B) matching that between the anatase (101) lattice planes. The core−shell anatase/TiO2(B) nanofiber shows enhanced photocatalytic activity in iodine oxidation reaction with a 20−50% increase in extent of reaction compared to either single-crystal anatase or single-crystal TiO2(B) nanofibers. Anatase and TiO2(B) have the same band gap value of 3.2 eV, while theoretical calculations show the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) energies in anatase are both lower than the corresponding CB and VB energies in TiO2(B). The enhanced photocatalytic property may be due to enhanced and concerted charge mobility toward or away from the anatase/TiO2(B) interface. The special structure−property relationship can provide a new strategy to design and fabricate efficient photocatalytic and photovoltaic materials.
Tritium retention and removal on TFTR (2002)

Tritium retention and removal are critical issues for the success of ITER or any DT fusion reactor. The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, TFTR, is the first fusion facility to afford the opportunity to study the tritium retention and removal over an extended period. In TFTR, tritium accumulates on all surfaces with line of sight to the plasma by codeposition of tritium with carbon. Measurements of both deuterium and tritium retention fractions have yielded retention between 0.2 and 0.6 of the injected fuel in the torus. Tritium has been successfully removed from TFTR by glow discharge cleaning and by air purges. The in-vessel inventory was reduced by a factor of 2, facilitating machine maintenance. In TFTR, the amount of dust recovered from the TFTR vacuum vessel has varied from several grams to a few kilograms.
Outcomes and Patterns of Healthcare Utilization After Hospitalization for Pediatric Critical Illness Due to Respiratory Failure* (2018)

After critical illness, children have significant new healthcare burdens heretofore unrecognized. Abnormal functional status at hospital discharge was associated with increased healthcare utilization up to 2 years thereafter.
Toward a Molecular Understanding of Adaptive Immunity: A Chronology, Part III (2014)

Early reports on T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling uncovered a rapid increase in intracellular calcium concentration and the activation of calcium-dependent protein kinase as necessary for T cell activation. Cytolytic T cell clones were instrumental in the discovery of intracellular cytolytic granules, and the isolation of the perforin and granzyme molecules as the molecular effectors of cell-mediated lysis of target cells via apoptosis. Cytolytic T cell clones and TCR cDNA clones were also instrumental for the generation of TCR transgenic animals, which provided definitive evidence for negative selection of self-reactive immature thymocytes. In addition, studies of TCR complex signaling of immature thymocytes compared with mature T cells were consistent with the interpretation that negative selection occurs as a consequence of the incapacity of immature cells to produce IL-2, resulting in cytokine deprivation apoptosis. By comparison, taking advantage of cloned TCRs derived from T cell clones reactive with male-specific molecules, using TCR transgenic mice it was possible to document positive selection of female thymocytes when the male-specific molecules were absent. Focusing on the molecular mechanisms of T cell "help" for the generation of antibody-forming cells following the path opened by the elucidation of the IL-2 molecule, several groups were successful in the identification, isolation, and characterization of three new interleukin molecules (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6) that promote the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. In addition, the identification of a B cell surface molecule (CD40) that augmented B cell antigen receptor-stimulated proliferation and differentiation led to the discovery of a T cell activation surface molecule that proved to be the CD40-ligand, thus finally providing a molecular explanation for "linked or cognate" recognition when T cells and B cells interact physically. Accordingly, the decade after the generation of the first T cell clones saw the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of T cell cytotoxicity and T cell help, thereby expanding the number of molecules responsible for adaptive T cell immunity.
How Hybrid Work Will Make Work More Intelligent (2022)

We are in the middle of the most significant change to work practices in generations. For hundreds of years, physical space was the most important technology people used to get things done. The coming Hybrid Work Era, however, will be shaped by digital technology. The recent rapid shift to remote work accelerated the digital transformation already underway at many organizations, and new types of work-related data are now being generated at an unprecedented rate. For example, the average Microsoft Teams user spends 252% more time in the application now than they did in February 2020.
Serum Levels of M2BPGi as Short-Term Predictors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Untreated Chronic Hepatitis B Patients (2017)

This study examines the role of M2BPGi, a novel seromarker for chronic hepatitis, in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among untreated chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. In this nested case-control study, 1070 samples were assayed for M2BPGi, including 357 samples from HCC cases, and 713 samples from non-HCC controls, collected at various times throughout follow-up. HCC case samples were stratified according to years prior to diagnosis. Associations between M2BPGi and HCC were examined with multivariate logistic regression. M2BPGi, α-fetoprotein (AFP), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels were significant independent short-term predictors of HCC, while M2BPGi was insignificant in long-term analyses. Compared to M2BPGi levels <1.0 cut-off index (COI), those with levels ≥2.0 COI had multivariate odds ratios (95% CI) for HCC of 7.40 (2.40-22.78), 6.46 (2.58-16.18), and 2.24 (0.97-5.15), respectively, for prediction of HCC within 1-2, 2-5, and ≥5 years. Higher proportions of individuals had M2BPGi levels ≥2.0 COI in samples closer to HCC diagnosis. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for models with M2BPGi, AFP, and HBsAg levels predicting HCC within 1-2, 2-5, and >5 years were 0.84, 0.81, and 0.75. M2BPGi is a strong and independent short-term predictor of HCC in CHB patients.
Noninvasive and Minimally Invasive Methods for Transdermal Glucose Monitoring (2005)

Noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques for monitoring glucose via the skin are reviewed. These approaches rely either on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the tissue or on the extraction of fluid across the barrier. The structure and physiology of the skin make the technical realization of transdermal glucose monitoring a difficult challenge. The techniques involving transdermal fluid extraction circumvent and/or compromise the barrier function of skin's outermost and least permeable layer, the stratum corneum, by the application of physical energy. While sonophoresis and microporation methods, for example, are in relatively early-stage development, a device using reverse iontophoresis [the GlucoWatch Biographer (Cygnus, Inc., Redwood City, CA)] is already commercially available. Optical techniques to monitor glucose are truly noninvasive. The tissue is irradiated, the absorbed or scattered radiation is analyzed, and the information is processed, to provide a measure proportional to the concentration of glucose in the dermal tissue. These techniques include near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy, polarimetry, light scattering, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. By contrast, impedance spectroscopy measures changes in the dielectric properties of the tissue induced by blood glucose variation. Large-scale studies in support of efficacy of these methodologies are as yet unavailable. At present, therefore, transdermal fluid extraction technologies are offering greater promise in terms of practical and realizable devices for patient use. The truly noninvasive allure of the optical approach assures continued and intense research activity--for the moment, however, an affordable, efficient, and portable system is not on the immediate horizon.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 8-Expressing Nerve Terminals Target Subsets of GABAergic Neurons in the Hippocampus (2005)

Presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) show a highly selective expression and subcellular location in nerve terminals modulating neurotransmitter release. We have demonstrated that alternatively spliced variants of mGluR8, mGluR8a and mGluR8b, have an overlapping distribution in the hippocampus, and besides perforant path terminals, they are expressed in the presynaptic active zone of boutons making synapses selectively with several types of GABAergic interneurons, primarily in the stratum oriens. Boutons labeled for mGluR8 formed either type I or type II synapses, and the latter were GABAergic. Some mGluR8-positive boutons also expressed mGluR7 or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Interneurons strongly immunopositive for the muscarinic M2 or the mGlu1 receptors were the primary targets of mGluR8-containing terminals in the stratum oriens, but only neurochemically distinct subsets were innervated by mGluR8-enriched terminals. The majority of M2-positive neurons were mGluR8 innervated, but a minority, which expresses somatostatin, was not. Rare neurons coexpressing calretinin and M2 were consistently targeted by mGluR8-positive boutons. In vivo recording and labeling of an mGluR8-decorated and strongly M2-positive interneuron revealed a trilaminar cell with complex spike bursts during theta oscillations and strong discharge during sharp wave/ripple events. The trilaminar cell had a large projection from the CA1 area to the subiculum and a preferential innervation of interneurons in the CA1 area in addition to pyramidal cell somata and dendrites. The postsynaptic interneuron type-specific expression of the high-efficacy presynaptic mGluR8 in both putative glutamatergic and in identified GABAergic terminals predicts a role in adjusting the activity of interneurons depending on the level of network activity.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated γ‐Butyrolactones via N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Conjugated Umpolung of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes (2008)

Abstract The N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed conjugate umpolung of differently substituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is described. Coupling of these compounds with a variety of trifluoromethylated ketones results in the selective formation of fluorinated γ‐butyrolactones. Using thiazolium‐derived N‐heterocyclic carbenes, the unlike stereoisomers are formed predominantly, whereas the imidazol‐2‐ylidene IMes results in lower selectivities and the preferred formation of the like isomer.