gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ADOPT ONLINE TEACHING AND LEARNING (2020)

Purpose of Study: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), deals with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has instantly spread worldwide, leading to an episode of intense irresistible pneumonia. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a phenomenal change in educational teaching-learning framework globally. Other than financial and social effects, there is a difficulty in adopting new online education systems by stakeholders of academic institutions.&#x0D; Methodology: The review presented here is based on the platinum open access literature focusing on the adoption of the online education system during the current pandemic situation. This compilation of the findings is based on a systematic review published by the scholars of the relevant field of research targeted to opportunities and challenges in adopting ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and online teaching-learning pedagogy. &#x0D; Main Findings: Specifically, school students need to deal with various sorts of ecological, electronic, and mental battles because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The whole education system from elementary to tertiary level has been imploded during the lockdown time of the COVID-19 in India and worldwide. The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has been delivered by the recently renamed Ministry of Education. The approach has given another face to the Online Education System in India.&#x0D; Applications of this study: The finding of the current investigation is a portrayal of opportunities and challenges in receiving the online teaching-learning education system by the public and private educational institutions. It will help in the planning and development of strategies to handle the challenges and opportunities of e-learning during the current global epidemic.&#x0D; Novelty of the study: The authors endeavored to address the web-based learning and teaching in the school training system in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The capacity of offered resources in academic organization effectively changed conventional education into online schooling with the help of virtual classes and other urgent online gadgets in this reliably moving instructive scene.
Low Emission Zone 2.0 Future Deployment Options (2010)

Urban air quality improvements can be achieved by changing the mobility behaviour, namely by reducing the overall car traffic. Municipalities are forced to react; they deploy a broad variety of ITS measures that range from augmenting public transport over incentives for green cars to drive bans. Low Emission Zones (LEZ) play a central role as they are the expression to change urban mobility significantly, stimulate a citizen’s value shift and also affect mobility far outside the zone. Most LEZ are regulating the access for polluting cars, though the regulations are different and act differently in changing the driver’s behaviour. In most cases, the vehicle’s pollution class is subject to the regulation, sometimes it aims at the particle matter emissions, sometimes the vehicle’s class is considered, sometimes both are combined. The access regulation is either a pure driving ban or a charge has to be paid. Driving bans cause an immediate pollution reduction, on the other hand people are forced to change their habits immediately, be it either the use of public transport or to buy new cars. Hence pure driving bans are disadvantageous for certain population groups. In order to smoothen these effects, the zones are small, the phase-in is long or only a small portion of vehicles are concerned, like commercial vehicles. Collecting charges obviously opens a more sustainable way as people are not principally excluded from entering, they can adopt according to their own capabilities, and the charging can be adopted dynamically (e.g. during congestion times, at unfavourable weather, etc.). The experience shows that charged LEZs can be larger and affect more vehicles that sooner comply with the emission targets. Charged LEZs seem to be a vital instrument to encourage transport decarbonisation.
Design of resonance grating coupler (2008)

A new integrated-optic coupler was proposed for coupling a guided wave to a free-space wave propagating vertically from the waveguide surface. The coupler consists of a grating coupler in a cavity formed by two distributed Bragg reflectors, and has a small aperture. The cavity was designed to eliminate both transmission and reflection of the incident guided wave, resulting in 100% radiation by a several-micron aperture. Design consideration was theoretically discussed based on the coupled mode analysis. Predicted performance was simulated and confirmed by the finite difference time domain method.
B cells require licensing by dendritic cells to serve as primary antigen-presenting cells for plasmid DNA (2023)

DNA vaccines have been an attractive approach for treating cancer patients, however have demonstrated modest immunogenicity in human clinical trials. Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to cross-present DNA-encoded antigens expressed in bystander cells. However, we have previously reported that B cells, and not DCs, serve as primary antigen-presenting cells (APCs) following passive uptake of plasmid DNA. Here we sought to understand the requirements for B cells to present DNA-encoded antigens, to ultimately increase the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. Using ovalbumin-specific OT-1 CD8+ T cells and isolated APC populations, we demonstrated that following passive uptake of plasmid DNA, B cells but not DC, can translate the encoded antigen. However, CD8 T cells were only activated by B cells when they were co-cultured with DCs. We found that a cell-cell contact is required between B cells and DCs. Using MHCI KO and re-purification studies, we demonstrated that B cells were the primary APCs and DCs serve to license this function. We further identified that the gene expression profiles of B cells that have been licensed by DCs, compared to the B cells that have not, are vastly different and have signatures similar to B cells activated with a TLR7/8 agonist. Our data demonstrate that B cells transcribe and translate antigens encoded by plasmid DNA following passive uptake, however require licensing by live DC to present antigen to CD8 T cells. Further study of the role of B cells as APCs will be important to improve the immunological efficacy of DNA vaccines.
Schistosomiasis PCR in Vaginal Lavage as an Indicator of Genital Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Rural Zimbabwean Women (2009)

Schistosoma real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is sensitive and specific in urine and stool. We sought to explore the relationship between genital schistosomiasis and the Schistosoma PCR in women. PCR was run on 83 vaginal lavage samples from a rural Zimbabwean population. Women underwent clinical and colposcopic investigations, analyses for sexually transmitted infections, and genital schistosomiasis. Thirty samples were positive for Schistosoma PCR: 12 were strong and 18 were weak positive. Sensitivity (67%) and specificity (83%) were best in women below the age of 25 years. A positive schistosome PCR result was associated with S. haematobium ova in genital tissue, so-called sandy patches, and bleeding. Prevalence determined by PCR were lower and real-time PCR values were weaker in older women. The presence of Schistosoma DNA may be greater in the recent lesions (e.g., in younger women). For diagnosis in rural areas and in large studies, Schistosoma PCR could become a supplement to gynecologic examinations.
The Technology of Video Laryngoscopy (2017)

Tracheal intubation via laryngeal exposure has evolved over the past 150 years and has greatly expanded in the last decade with the introduction and development of newer, more sophisticated optical airway devices. The introduction of indirect and video-assisted laryngoscopes has significantly impacted airway management as evidenced by the presence of these devices in the majority of published difficult airway algorithms. However, it is quite possible that many airway managers do not have a thorough comprehension of how these devices actually function, an understanding that is vital not only for their use but also for assessing the devices' limitations. This article discusses the development of video laryngoscopy, how the video laryngoscope works, and the impact of video laryngoscopy on difficult airway management.
The metric cursor (2002)

This paper proposes a new interaction technique for positioning or moving 3D points, which is a basic task in geometric modeling and several other applications. These systems usually make use of a 2D interface with a 2D cursor. However positioning 3D points with a 2D cursor is often done by using several windows, each window displaying a different orthographic projection of the 3D space. This paper introduces the Metric Cursor, a multi-purpose 3D cursor which moves freely in the 3D space, requires only one window and provides the user with different helpful functionalities such as grids and some measurement capabilities.
Demonstrator for adaptive SON management (2016)

This demonstrator visualises a new paradigm for the management of Self-Organising Networks (SON), and the impact of SON management decisions on a heterogeneous mobile radio network. The main aspects shown thereby cover the operability of the system from a network operator perspective, and the effects of different SON implementation options on the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of the network. In terms of operability, the demonstrator shows that even a complex definition of target values for KPIs through the operator, which may be weighted against each other and have different values depending on the operational and network context, can be deployed to the implemented SON functions in a fully automated way. Changes to the target values, the context or the implemented SON functions lead to an automated adaptation of the SON system such that the KPI targets are achieved in the best possible way.
Identifying the targets of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors by primer extension inhibition (2013)

Aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases (RS) are essential components of the cellular translation machinery and can be exploited for antibiotic discovery. Because cells have many different RS, usually one for each amino acid, identification of the specific enzyme targeted by a new natural or synthetic inhibitor can be cumbersome. We describe the use of the primer extension technique in conjunction with specifically designed synthetic genes to identify the RS targeted by an inhibitor. Suppression of a synthetase activity reduces the amount of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA in a cell-free translation system resulting in arrest of translation when the corresponding codon enters the decoding center of the ribosome. The utility of the technique is demonstrated by identifying a switch in target specificity of some synthetic inhibitors of threonyl-tRNA synthetase.
Comparison of vector finite-difference techniques for modal analysis (2005)

We compare a vector finite-difference method that correctly applies the boundary conditions at both horizontal and vertical dielectric interfaces (but not at corners or slanted interfaces) to algorithms that only approximately satisfy these boundary conditions. We find, rather unexpectedly, that for strongly guiding waveguides the boundary conditions imposed at the refractive-index discontinuities typically affect the calculated field distributions less than the procedure employed to assign the refractive index at a computational grid point. In fact, locally averaging the refractive index around each grid point transforms the precision of the most straightforward finite-difference models to that of far more sophisticated techniques. Further, H- and E-field formalisms exhibit identical accuracy.
CDK4/6 Therapeutic Intervention and Viable Alternative to Taxanes in CRPC (2017)

Resistance to second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonists and CYP17 inhibitors in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develops rapidly through reactivation of the androgen signaling axis and has been attributed to AR overexpression, production of constitutively active AR splice variants, or the selection for AR mutants with altered ligand-binding specificity. It has been established that androgens induce cell-cycle progression, in part, through upregulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression and subsequent activation of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). Thus, the efficacy of the newly described CDK4/6 inhibitors (G1T28 and G1T38), docetaxel and enzalutamide, was evaluated as single agents in clinically relevant <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models of hormone-sensitive and treatment-resistant prostate cancer. CDK4/6 inhibition (CDK4/6i) was as effective as docetaxel in animal models of treatment-resistant CRPC but exhibited significantly less toxicity. The <i>in vivo</i> effects were durable and importantly were observed in prostate cancer cells expressing wild-type AR, AR mutants, and those that have lost AR expression. CDK4/6i was also effective in prostate tumor models expressing the AR-V7 variant or the AR F876L mutation, both of which are associated with treatment resistance. Furthermore, CDK4/6i was effective in prostate cancer models where AR expression was lost. It is concluded that CDK4/6 inhibitors are a viable alternative to taxanes as therapeutic interventions in endocrine therapy-refractory CRPC.<b>Implications:</b> The preclinical efficacy of CDK4/6 monotherapy observed here suggests the need for near-term clinical studies of these agents in advanced prostate cancer. <i>Mol Cancer Res; 15(6); 660-9. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Rapid Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections by Real-Time PCR (2003)

The herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can cause life-threatening infections of the central nervous system and lead to severe infections in immunocompromised subjects and newborns. In these cases, rapid diagnosis is crucial. We developed three different real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan chemistry for the LightCycler instrument to detect HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. When the TaqMan assays were compared to our in-house nested PCR assays, the test systems had equal sensitivities of <or=10 plasmid copies per assay. When clinical samples were investigated by TaqMan PCR to detect HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV DNA, 95, 100, and 96% of the samples determined to be positive by nested PCR, respectively, were positive by the real-time PCR assays. The specificities of all PCR assays were almost 100%. Furthermore, the TaqMan PCR assays could be performed within 2.5 h, whereas nested PCR results were available after 9 h. In addition to offering more rapid results, the TaqMan PCR assays appear to be less expensive than nested PCR assays due to less hands-on time. In summary, TaqMan PCR is an excellent alternative to conventional nested PCR assays for the rapid detection of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV in clinical samples.
Sulfuryl transfer: the catalytic mechanism of human estrogen sulfotransferase (1998)

Dr. Varlamova's name was spelled incorrectly. It is correct in the author line above.
UN microspheres embedded in UO2 matrix: An innovative accident tolerant fuel (2020)

Uranium nitride (UN)-uranium dioxide (UO2) composite fuels are being considered as an accident tolerant fuel (ATF) option for light water reactors. However, the complexity related to the chemical interactions between UN and UO2 during sintering is still an open problem. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the influence of the sintering parameters on the amount and morphology of the α-U2N3 phase formed. In this study, a detailed investigation of the interaction between UN and UO2 is provided and a formation mechanism for the resulting α-U2N3 phase is proposed. Coupled with these analyses, an innovative ATF concept was investigated: UN microspheres and UO2.13 powder were mixed and subsequently sintered by spark plasma sintering. Different temperatures, pressures, times and cooling rates were evaluated. The pellets were characterised by complementary techniques, including XRD, DSC, and SEM-EDS/WDS/EBSD. The UN and UO2 interaction is driven by O diffusion into the UN phase and N diffusion in the opposite direction, forming a long-range solid solution in the UO2 matrix, that can be described as UO2-xNx. The cooling process decreases the N solubility in UO2-xNx, causing then N redistribution and precipitation as α-U2N3 phase along and inside the UO2 grains. This precipitation mechanism occurs at temperatures between 1273 K and 973 K on cooling, following specific crystallographic grain orientation patterns.
30 nm physical gate length CMOS transistors with 1.0 ps n-MOS and 1.7 ps p-MOS gate delays (2002)

Planar CMOS transistors have been fabricated to evaluate the 70 nm technology node using conventional transistor design methodologies. Conventional CMOS transistors with 30 nm physical gate length were fabricated using aggressively scaled junctions, polysilicon gate electrode, gate oxide and Ni silicide. These devices have inversion Cox exceeding 1.9 /spl mu/F/cm2, n-MOS gate delay (CV/I) of 0.94 ps and p-MOS gate delay of 1.7 ps at V/sub cc/=0.85 V. These are the smallest CV/I values ever reported for Si CMOS devices. The transistors also show good short channel control and subthreshold swings. The n-MOS and p-MOS have drive currents equal to 514 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and 285 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m respectively with I/sub off/ at or below 100 nA//spl mu/m at Vcc=0.85 V. The saturation gm is equal to 1200 mS/mm for n-MOS and 640 mS/mm for p-MOS. These are among the highest gm values ever reported. The junction edge leakage is reasonably low with less than 1 nA//spl mu/m at 1.0 V and 100 C for both n-MOS and p-MOS. These encouraging results suggest that the 70 nm technology node is achievable using conventional planar transistor design and process flow.
Stress analysis method for a clearance-fit bolt under bearing loads (1986)

In the present, simple analysis method for bolt hole clearance stresses in mechanically fastened joints, an inverse formulation is used with a finite element analysis. Conditions along the bolt hole contact arc are specified by displacement constraint equations. The method was applied to a single fastener clearance-fit joint with typical clearance values, for the cases of a rigid, frictionless bolt and a quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy laminate. Results indicate that the contact arc, as well as the peak stresses around the hole (and their locations), were strongly influenced by the clearance. After a minor initial nonlinearity, peak stresses varied linearly with applied load. Clearance levels are found to have only a minor influence on overall joint stiffness.
Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers (2002)

There is an increasing need in many chemical sensing applications ranging from industrial process control to environmental science and medical diagnostics for fast, sensitive, and selective gas detection based on laser spectroscopy. The recent availability of novel pulsed and cw quantum cascade distributed feedback (QC-DFB) lasers as mid-infrared spectroscopic sources address this need. A number of spectroscopic techniques have been demonstrated. For example, the authors have employed QC-DFB lasers for the monitoring and quantification of several trace gases and isotopic species in ambient air at ppmv and ppbv levels by means of direct absorption, wavelength modulation, cavity enhanced and cavity ringdown spectroscopy. In this work, pulsed thermoelectrically cooled QC-DFB lasers operating at ~15.6 &mu;m were characterized for spectroscopic gas sensing applications. A new method for wavelength scanning based on the repetition rate modulation was developed. A non-wavelength-selective pyroelectric detector was incorporated in the gas sensor giving an advantage of room-temperature operation and low cost. Absorption lines of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O were observed in ambient air providing information about the concentration of these species.
Criteria for Nonoperative Treatment of Significant Penetrating Renal Lacerations (1997)

Nonoperative treatment of penetrating renal lacerations is appropriate in hemodynamically stable patients without associated injuries. Grade 2 injuries can be treated nonoperatively but grades 3 and 4 injuries are associated with a significant risk of delayed bleeding if treated expectantly. Exploration should be considered if laparotomy is indicated for other injuries.
Emission from the excited state of tetraneopentyldisilene (1986)

H. Shizuka, H. Tanaka, K. Okazaki, M. Kato, H. Watanabe, Y. Nagai and M. Ishikawa, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986, 748 DOI: 10.1039/C39860000748
Metabolic channelling of carbamoyl phosphate in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: dynamic enzyme–enzyme interactions involved in the formation of the channelling complex (2004)

Protection of thermolabile metabolites and coenzymes is a somewhat neglected but essential aspect of the molecular physiology of hyperthermophiles. Detailed information about the mechanisms used by thermophiles to protect these thermolabile metabolites and coenzymes is still scarce. A case in point is CP (carbamoyl phosphate), a precursor of pyrimidines and arginine, which is an extremely labile and potentially toxic intermediate. Recently we obtained the first evidence for a physical interaction between two hyperthermophilic enzymes for which kinetic evidence had suggested that these enzymes channel a highly thermolabile and potentially toxic intermediate. By physically interacting with each other, CKase (carbamate kinase) and OTCase (ornithine carbamoyltransferase) prevent thermodenaturation of CP in the aqueous cytoplasmic environment. The CP channelling complex involving CKase and OTCase or ATCase (aspartate carbamoyltransferase), identified in hyperthermophilic archaea, provides a good model system to investigate the mechanism of metabolic channelling and the molecular basis of protein-protein interactions in the physiology of extreme thermophiles.
Band alignment of atomic layer deposited SiO2and HfSiO4with $(\bar{2}01)$ β-Ga2O3 (2017)

The valence band offset at both SiO2/β-Ga2O3 and HfSiO4/β-Ga2O3 heterointerfaces was measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both dielectrics were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto single-crystal β-Ga2O3. The bandgaps of the materials were determined by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy as 4.6 eV for Ga2O3, 8.7 eV for Al2O3 and 7.0 eV for HfSiO4. The valence band offset was determined to be 1.23 ± 0.20 eV (straddling gap, type I alignment) for ALD SiO2 on β-Ga2O3 and 0.02 ± 0.003 eV (also type I alignment) for HfSiO4. The respective conduction band offsets were 2.87 ± 0.70 eV for ALD SiO2 and 2.38 ± 0.50 eV for HfSiO4, respectively.
Frictional Properties of Confined Nanorods (2006)

Surfactant-coated nanorods, rather than bare spheres, can provide both low friction and good surface wear protection (see figure) when used as additives in fluids that are not good lubricants on their own. A combination of nanoparticle geometry, nanoparticle forces, and dynamic properties appears to be responsible for the improved lubrication.
Introduction to Shaped Charges (2007)

This report contains a presentation given at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) as a 3-hr lecture introducing and presenting the basic principles of the shaped-charge concept. The lectures were given at ARL, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, on 8 January and 16 January 2007 for ARL personnel.
Comparison of the root-end seal provided by bioceramic repair cements and White MTA (2011)

Both endodontic bioceramic repair cements displayed similar leakage results to white MTA when used as root-end fillings materials. Ceramicrete had significantly lower glucose penetration.