gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Structure Solution of CIT-5, a New, High-Silica, Extra-Large-Pore Molecular Sieve (1998)

The synthesis, structure solution, and characterization of the high-silica molecular sieve CIT-5 (California Institute of Technology Number 5) is described. CIT-5 is synthesized at hydrothermal conditions in the presence of N(16)-methylsparteinium and preferrably lithium cations. The structural solution of CIT-5 shows that it contains one-dimensional pores circumscribed by 14 tetrahedral atoms (14 MR). Rietveld refinement of the synchrotron X-ray powder data gives a symmetry and space group assignment for the structure of Pmn21 (no. 31) with refined unit cell parameters of a = 13.6738(8) Å, b = 5.0216(3) Å, and c = 25.4883(7) Å (V = 1750.1 Å3). Electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirm the space group and the topology of the structure viewed along the [010] direction. Solid-state 29Si NMR spectroscopy results are consistent with the space group assignment. The thermal/hydrothermal stability of CIT-5 compares well to that of other large- and extra-large-pore, high-silica molecular sieves. The acid form of CIT-5 is able to perform hydrocarbon reactions such as cracking and alkylation and shows behaviors that are different from other zeolites.
QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OVER A LAYERED HALF SPACE* (1969)

A bstract The transient fields from a finite horizontal loop excited by a half sine wave current pulse have been computed numerically for a particular source receiver configuration at a height of 100 meters above a layered ground. The amplitude of the vertical component of the magnetic field has been chosen for the interpretation. Curves of apparent conductivity vs. time, plotted during the off‐time of the signal, show that layering is easily resolved, that resonance effects are present and that polarization effects are detectable for certain types of polarization.
Where to go from here? New cross layer techniques for LTE Turbo-Code decoding at high code rates (2018)

Abstract. The wide range of code rates and code block sizes supported by todays wireless communication standards, together with the requirement for a throughput in the order of Gbps, necessitates sophisticated and highly parallel channel decoder architectures. Code rates specified in the LTE standard, which uses Turbo-Codes, range up to r=0.94 to maximize the information throughput by transmitting only a minimum amount of parity information, which negatively impacts the error correcting performance. This especially holds for highly parallel hardware architectures. Therefore, the error correcting performance must be traded-off against the degree of parallel processing. State-of-the-art Turbo-Code decoder hardware architectures are optimized on code block level to alleviate this trade-off. In this paper, we follow a cross-layer approach by combining system level knowledge about the rate-matching and the transport block structure in LTE with the bit-level technique of on-the-fly CRC calculation. Thereby, our proposed Turbo-Code decoder hardware architecture achieves coding gains of 0.4–1.8 dB compared to state-of-the-art accross a wide range of code block sizes. For the fully LTE compatible Turbo-Code decoder, we demonstrate a negligible hardware overhead and a resulting high area and energy efficiency and give post place and route synthesis numbers.
Impact-ionization and noise characteristics of thin III-V avalanche photodiodes (2001)

It is, by now, well known that McIntyre's localized carrier-multiplication theory cannot explain the suppression of excess noise factor observed in avalanche photodiodes (APDs) that make use of thin multiplication regions. We demonstrate that a carrier multiplication model that incorporates the effects of dead space, as developed earlier by Hayat et al. provides excellent agreement with the impact-ionization and noise characteristics of thin InP, In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As, GaAs, and Al/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As APDs, with multiplication regions of different widths. We outline a general technique that facilitates the calculation of ionization coefficients for carriers that have traveled a distance exceeding the dead space (enabled carriers), directly from experimental excess-noise-factor data. These coefficients depend on the electric field in exponential fashion and are independent of multiplication width, as expected on physical grounds. The procedure for obtaining the ionization coefficients is used in conjunction with the dead-space-multiplication theory (DSMT) to predict excess noise factor versus mean-gain curves that are in excellent accord with experimental data for thin III-V APDs, for all multiplication-region widths.
S49. EFFICACY OF HIGH-FREQUENCY REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON PANSS FACTORS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA WITH PREDOMINANT NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS – RESULTS FROM AN EXPLORATORY RE-ANALYSIS (2018)

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the left frontal lobe is discussed to be a promising add-on treatment for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) has been used as outcome parameter in several previous rTMS trials, but studies focusing on PANSS factor analyses are lacking. For this purpose, we used the available PANSS data of the ‘rTMS for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia’ (RESIS) trial to calculate different literature-based PANSS factors and to re-evaluate the impact of rTMS on negative symptoms in this trial. In an exploratory re-analysis of published data from the RESIS study (Wobrock et al. 2015), we tested the impact of rTMS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on two PANSS factors for negative symptoms in psychotic disorders as well as on a PANSS five-factor consensus model intending to show that active rTMS treatment improves PANSS negative symptom subscores. In accordance to the original analysis, all PANSS factors showed an improvement over time in the active and, to a considerable extent, also in the sham rTMS group. However, comparing the data before and directly after the rTMS intervention, the PANSS excitement factor improved in the active rTMS group significantly more than in the sham group, but this finding did not persist if follow-up data were taken into account. These additional analyses extend the previously reported RESIS trial results showing unspecific improvements in the PANSS positive subscale in the active rTMS group. Our PANSS factor-based approach to investigate the impact of prefrontal rTMS on different negative symptom domains confirmed no overall beneficial effect of the active compared to sham rTMS. This secondary analysis of the RESIS trials has several limitations. First of all, the analysis of the primary endpoint was negative [24] and all subsequent secondary analyses showing a positive effect of the intervention (here: change in PANSS excitement factor) are of limited statistical power and therefore subject to uncertainty. On the other hand, our analyses confirm the negative finding of the original publication extends this finding to a broader negative symptom definition. Moreover, the new analysis provides a possible, but hypothetical explanation for the previously described effect of active rTMS on PANSS positive subscale. Of course, many other PANSS factor models are available and in pharmacological research the Marder factors [23, 35] have particular significance. However, the here used five-factor consensus model [21] includes the Marder factor results and our negative symptom factors overlaps with those factors. Another limitation is that it may be possible that our sham stimulation (coil tilted over one wing at an angle of 45°[24]) may still have been slightly biologically active as discussed elsewhere [24].
Unconventional CD8+ T cells (CD4dimCD8bright cells) in anti-HIV immunity and neuropathogenesis (2012)

August 20-22, 2012 C paradigm of T cell biology tells us that expression of the CD4 and CD8 molecules on mature T cells is mutually exclusive. However, my group and others have identified a unique subset of CD8+ T cells that co-express CD4 dimly on their surface. This subset is termed CD4dimCD8bright T cells or double positive (DP) T cells. DP cells represent a genuine phenotype of CD8+ T cells. They express αβTCR and αβCD8 and are not prematurely released from the thymus. Post TCR or superantigen stimulation, 15-60% of purified CD8+ T cells induce stable CD4 expression on their surface. DP cells constitute 3-5% of peripheral CD8+ T cells in healthy donors and are expanded to up to 15% among HIV long-term nonprogressors. DP cells are highly enriched in anti-viral (CMV and HIV) responses. In comparison to their CD8 single-positive T cell counterparts, DP cells constitute greater than 55% of anti-HIV and -CMV responses, as evaluated by MHC-I tetramer analysis, polyfunctional cytokine and effector molecule expression, and antigen-specific proliferation. DP cells are also highly enriched in β-catenin expression, a pro-survival transcriptional co-activator that drives CD4 induction on CD8+ T cells and may protect them from activation-induced cell death. DP cells are found in the CNS of HIV-infected NOD/SCID/IL-2rcγ-/mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes and while they are susceptible to HIV infection, they are not depleted to the same extent as CD4+ T cells. Astrocyte-conditioned media also induces CD4 expression on CD8+ T cells. Our findings identify DP cells as a potent anti-viral T cell subset; however, their contributing role to HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, whether protective or pathogenic, remains to be elucidated.
Incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol into cell surface components of Bacillus subtilis 168 and thermosensitive mutants affected in wall teichoic acid synthesis: effect of tunicamycin (2000)

A method is described for measuring the synthesis of poly(glycerol phosphate) [poly(groP)], the major wall teichoic acid (WTA), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and phospholipid (P-lipid), through fractionation of [2-3H]glycerol ([2-3H]gro)-labelled Bacillus subtilis cells. When cultures of certain temperature-sensitive mutants defective in one of several tag genes, encoding enzymes involved in WTA synthesis, were transferred to the restrictive temperature, the synthesis of WTA underwent a specific, immediate, block, while that of LTA or P-lipid proceeded unimpeded. These results, in addition to confirming the role of tag genes, demonstrated, reciprocally, the specificity of the fractionation procedure used to distinguish label in WTA from that in LTA or P-lipid. Results of analysis of other, less severely affected, tag-deficient mutants, as well as of another genetically unrelated mutant developing comparable morphological phenotypes in non-permissive conditions, are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism generating the latter phenotype. Fractionation of B. subtilis 168 cells labelled either with [2-3H]gro or with [1-14C]N-acetylglucosamine, to which tunicamycin was added at 0.5 microg ml(-1) (the MIC) revealed a specific and marked inhibition of poly(groP) as well as of poly(3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate), the minor WTA. However, for 60 min at least, the syntheses of PG, LTA and P-lipid were barely affected.
Highly tunable method to generate sinc-shaped Nyquist pulses from a rectangular frequency comb (2013)

A method to produce highly-stable optical sinc-shaped pulses is proposed based on the generation of a rectangular-spectrum frequency comb. Nyquist pulses with &lt;1% power distortion, 82-fs jitter and more than 40 dB SNR are achieved.
A Nomogram for Predicting the Benefit of Adjuvant Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Immunotherapy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2015)

The benefits of adjuvant cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain mixed among patients. Here, we constructed a prognostic nomogram to enable individualized predictions of survival benefit of adjuvant CIK cell treatment for HCC patients. Survival analysis showed that the median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for patients in the hepatectomy/CIK combination group were 41 and 16 months, respectively, compared to 28 and 12 months for patients in the hepatectomy alone group (control). Based on multivariate analysis of the entire cohort, independent factors for OS were tumor size, tumor capsule, pathological grades, total bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, alpha-fetoprotein, and tumor number, which were incorporated into the nomogram. The survival prediction model performed well, as assessed by the c-index and calibration curve. Internal validation revealed a c-index of 0.698, which was significantly greater than the c-index value of the TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) staging systems of 0.634. The calibration curves fitted well. In conclusions, our developed nomogram resulted in more accurate individualized predictions of the survival benefit from adjuvant CIK cell treatment after hepatectomy. The model may provide valuable information to aid in the decision making regarding the application of adjuvant CIK cell immunotherapy.
Improved Robustness and Safety for Pre-Adaptation of Meta Reinforcement Learning with Prior Regularization (2022)

Meta Reinforcement Learning (Meta-RL) has seen substantial advancements recently. In particular, off-policy methods were developed to improve the data efficiency of Meta-RL techniques. Probabilistic embeddings for actor-critic <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\boldsymbol{RL}$</tex> (PEARL) is a leading approach for multi-MDP adaptation problems. A major drawback of many existing Meta-RL methods, including PEARL, is that they do not explicitly consider the safety of the prior policy when it is exposed to a new task for the first time. Safety is essential for many real world applications, including field robots and Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), In this paper, we develop the PEARL PLUS (PEARL <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ) algorithm, which optimizes the policy for both prior (pre-adaptation) safety and posterior (after-adaptation) performance. Building on top of PEARL, our proposed PEARL <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> algorithm introduces a prior regularization term in the reward function and a new Q-network for recovering the state-action value under prior context assumptions, to improve the robustness to task distribution shift and safety of the trained network exposed to a new task for the first time. The performance of PEARL <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> is validated by solving three safety-critical problems related to robots and AVs, including two MuJoCo benchmark problems. From the simulation experiments, we show that safety of the prior policy is significantly improved and more robust to task distribution shift compared to PEARL.
Rate Adaptation of AMC/HARQ Systems with CQI Errors (2010)

We study the rate adaptation of a combined system with Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) in the presence of Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) errors. An average BLock Error Rate (BLER) is imposed to maintain a target error rate. We formulate a generic average throughput expression that accommodates the possible CQI errors. The generic expression is adapted to different forms according to practical scenarios. According to our results, CQI errors can significantly degrade the average throughput of a pure AMC system, especially for the CQI errors generated by user mobility. Surprisingly, we found that it is harder to recover the loss by using HARQ when the CQI errors are caused by channel estimation errors. For the CQI errors generated by user mobility, most of the loss is recovered with simply one retransmission.
Production of interleukin 3 and gamma-interferon by an antigen-specific mouse suppressor T cell clone. (1985)

An interleukin 2 (IL 2)-dependent, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific, mouse suppressor T cell clone, 3D10, was found to produce interleukin 3 (IL 3) and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) in response to T cell mitogens Con A and PHA. Different from KLH-specific suppressor factor (TsF) that was spontaneously released into the medium when cultured in IL 2-containing conditioned medium, the production of IL 3 and IFN-gamma was induced by mitogenic stimuli. IL 3, IFN-gamma, and TsF were separable by gel filtration through a Sephadex G-100 column, being recovered in fractions of m.w. 25,000 to 30,000, 45,000 to 50,000 and 60,000 to 70,000, respectively. On the other hand, minimum size of IL 3 and IFN-gamma were shown to be about 25,000 and 20,000, respectively, by determining the lymphokine activities contained in the extracts from slices of SDS gels. These results indicate that IFN-gamma was present as a homodimer or hetero-complex with another carrier protein(s), whereas IL 3 was present as a monomeric form. A highly positive correlation (a correlation coefficient r = 0.96) between the titers of IL 3 and IFN-gamma produced by seven subclones derived from 3D10 was obtained, suggesting that IL 3 and IFN-gamma are induced by a process with a common mechanism. 3D10 also produced IL 3 and IFN-gamma when cultured with its specific antigen, KLH, in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. When Con A-stimulated 3D10 cells were labeled with L-[35S]methionine, we found that at least three proteins, with m.w. of 35,000, 25,000, and 20,000, were specifically released into medium by the stimulation. The latter two may be IL 3 and IFN-gamma described above, respectively, because of the similarities in m.w.
Novel Mechanism of Attenuation of LPS-Induced NF-κB Activation by the Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, in Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells (2013)

Heat shock protein (hsp) 90 inhibition attenuates NF-κB activation and blocks inflammation. However, the precise mechanism of NF-κB regulation by hsp90 in the endothelium is not clear. We investigated the mechanisms of hsp90 inhibition by 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) on NF-κB activation by LPS in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Transcriptional activation of NF-κB was measured by luciferase reporter assay, gene expression by real-time RT-PCR, DNA binding of transcription factors by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, protein-protein interaction by coimmunoprecipitation/immunoblotting, histone deacetylase (HDAC)/histone acetyltransferase enzyme activity by fluorometry, and nucleosome eviction by partial microccocal DNase digestion. In human lung microvascular endothelial cells, 17-AAG-induced degradation of IKBα was accomplished regardless of the phosphorylation/ubiquitination state of the protein. Hence, 17-AAG did not block LPS-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity. Instead, 17-AAG blocked the recruitment of the coactivator, cAMP response element binding protein binding protein, and prevented the assembly of a transcriptionally competent RNA polymerase II complex at the κB elements of the IKBα (an NF-κB-responsive gene) promoter. The effect of LPS on IKBα mRNA expression was associated with rapid deacetylation of histone-H3(Lys9) and a dramatic down-regulation of core histone H3 binding. Even though treatment with an HDAC inhibitor produced the same effect as hsp90 inhibition, the effect of 17-AAG was independent of HDAC. We conclude that hsp90 inhibition attenuates NF-κB transcriptional activation by preventing coactivator recruitment and nucleosome eviction from the target promoter in human lung endothelial cells.
Comparison of radial maze performance of rats after ibotenate and quisqualate lesions of the forebrain cholinergic projection system (1992)

Rats with ibotenic or quisqualic acid lesions to cholinergic projections showed similar significant increases in both short-term working and long-term reference memory errors in radial maze spatial (place) and nonspatial (cue) tasks, throughout a period of 10 weeks after lesioning. All types of error were dose-relatedly reduced to a similar extent in lesioned rats after treatment with nicotine and the beta-carboline ZK93426. Performance of controls was not affected by nicotine, but errors were increased with the higher doses of ZK93426. In contrast, amphetamine increased errors in both control and lesioned rats. With extensive training, lesioned rats improved to control level, but were more disrupted than controls by a break in testing, which reinstated high error rates to an equivalent extent in lesioned groups. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity showed a comparable degree of depletion in quisqualate and ibotenate lesioned groups to around 60% of control level in cortex and 75% in hippocampus. These results indicate that at volumes and concentrations that produced an equivalent degree of ChAT depletion, detrimental effects of ibotenate and quisqualate lesions on radial maze performance were very similar. The time course of improvement with over-training and impairment after a break in training were also comparable with both lesioning agents. Reduced errors following compounds acting directly (nicotine) or possibly indirectly (ZK 93426) to enhance cholinergic function, but not after amphetamine, suggested that damage to cholinergic neurons contributed to the behavioural deficits induced by both ibotenic and quisqualic acid.
Attribution of vascular phenotypes of the murine Egfl7 locus to the microRNA miR-126 (2008)

Intronic microRNAs have been proposed to complicate the design and interpretation of mouse knockout studies. The endothelial-expressed Egfl7/miR-126 locus contains miR-126 within Egfl7 intron 7, and angiogenesis deficits have been previously ascribed to Egfl7 gene-trap and lacZ knock-in mice. Surprisingly, selectively floxed Egfl7(Delta) and miR-126(Delta) alleles revealed that Egfl7(Delta/Delta) mice were phenotypically normal, whereas miR-126(Delta/Delta) mice bearing a 289-nt microdeletion recapitulated previously described Egfl7 embryonic and postnatal retinal vascular phenotypes. Regulation of angiogenesis by miR-126 was confirmed by endothelial-specific deletion and in the adult cornea micropocket assay. Furthermore, miR-126 deletion inhibited VEGF-dependent Akt and Erk signaling by derepression of the p85beta subunit of PI3 kinase and of Spred1, respectively. These studies demonstrate the regulation of angiogenesis by an endothelial miRNA, attribute previously described Egfl7 vascular phenotypes to miR-126, and document inadvertent miRNA dysregulation as a complication of mouse knockout strategies.
Oligoarray Comparative Genomic Hybridization-Mediated Mapping of Suppressor Mutations Generated in a Deletion-Biased Mutagenesis Screen (2012)

Suppressor screens are an invaluable method for identifying novel genetic interactions between genes in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. However, traditionally this approach has suffered from the laborious and protracted process of mapping mutations at the molecular level. Using a mutagen known to generate small deletions, coupled with oligoarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we have identified mutations in two genes that suppress the lethality associated with a mutation of the essential receptor tyrosine kinase rol-3. First, we find that deletion of the Bicaudal-C ortholog, bcc-1, suppresses rol-3-associated lethality. Second, we identify several duplications that also suppress rol-3-associated lethality. We establish that overexpression of srap-1, a single gene present in these duplications, mediates the suppression. This study demonstrates the suitability of deletion-biased mutagenesis screening in combination with aCGH characterization for the rapid identification of novel suppressor mutations. In addition to detecting small deletions, this approach is suitable for identifying copy number suppressor mutations, a class of suppressor not easily characterized using alternative approaches.