gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital fundamentals (1982)

This bestseller provides thorough, up-to-date coverage of digital fundamentals, from basic concepts to microprocessors, programmable logic, and digital signal processing. Its vivid full-color format is packed with photographs, illustrations, tables, charts, and graphs; valuable visual aids that today's user needs to understand this often complex computer application. Known for its clear, accurate explanations of theory supported by superior exercises and examples, this books full-color format is packed with the visual aids todays readers/students need to grasp often complex concepts. For those in the computer industry where a knowledge of introductory digital programming is essential.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Severe Pneumonia Caused by the 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China (2020)

Abstract Background A new virus broke out in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and was later named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The clinical characteristics of severe pneumonia caused by 2019-nCoV are still not clear. Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of the severe pneumonia caused by the 2019-nCoV in Wuhan, China. Method The study included patients hospitalized at the central hospital of Wuhan who had been diagnosed with a pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus. Clinical features, chronic co-morbidities, demographic data, laboratory examinations, and chest computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed through electronic medical records. SPSS was used for data analysis to explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of the patients with the severe pneumonia. Results A total of 110 patients diagnosed with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia were included in the study, including 38 with severe pneumonia and 72 with non-severe pneumonia. Statistical analysis showed that advanced age, an increase of D-dimer, and a decrease of lymphocytes were characteristics of the patients with severe pneumonia. Moreover, in the early stage of the disease, chest CT scans of patients with the severe pneumonia showed the illness can progress rapidly. Conclusions Advanced age, lymphocyte decline, and D-dimer elevation are important characteristics of patients with severe pneumonia. Clinicians should focus on these characteristics to identify high-risk patients at an early stage.
n‐Type Organic Semiconductors in Organic Electronics (2010)

Organic semiconductors have been the subject of intensive academic and commercial interest over the past two decades, and successful commercial devices incorporating them are slowly beginning to enter the market. Much of the focus has been on the development of hole transporting, or p-type, semiconductors that have seen a dramatic rise in performance over the last decade. Much less attention has been devoted to electron transporting, or so called n-type, materials, and in this paper we focus upon recent developments in several classes of n-type materials and the design guidelines used to develop them.
In silico identification of a core regulatory network of OCT4 in human embryonic stem cells using an integrated approach (2009)

Our analysis shows how heterogeneous functional information can be integrated in order to reconstruct gene regulatory networks. As a test case we identified a core OCT4-regulated network that is important for the analysis of stem cell characteristics and cellular differentiation. Functional information is largely enriched using different experimental results. The de novo motif discovery identified well-known regulators closely connected to the OCT4 network as well as potential new regulators of pluripotency and differentiation. These results provide the basis for further targeted functional studies.
Receptors as Microprocessors: Pharmacological Nuance on Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 1α (2006)

G protein-coupled receptors have revealed themselves to be complex information-processing units that may be exploited for subtle therapeutic signaling effects. Thus, ligands may not only turn receptors on and off, but may also select from their repertoire of signaling effects to further refine drug response.
Performance Characteristics of MR Imaging in the Evaluation of Clinically Low-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study (2012)

In men with clinically low-risk prostate cancer, detection of lesions of <1 cm3 with T2-weighted imaging is significantly dependent on lesion Gleason score; detection of lesions of ≥1 cm3 is significantly better than detection of smaller lesions and is not affected by lesion Gleason score. The role of MR spectroscopic imaging alone in this population is limited.
Fosinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Combination versus Individual Components: Lack of a Pharmacokinetic Interaction (1999)

Fosinopril and HCTZ in a combination tablet display pharmacokinetic profiles similar to those achieved when either drug is administered alone or when coadministered in separate tablets. When used with HCTZ, the favorable pharmacokinetic feature of fosinopril, dual and compensatory pathways of renal and hepatic elimination, is preserved.
Preliminary study on estimating fine root growth in a naturalPinus densifloraforest using a minirhizotron technique (2012)

The minirhizotron technique was used to investigate the spatial (soil depth) and temporal (season) changes of fine roots (≤2 mm) in a mature Pinus densiflora forest. Length, production, and mortality of fine roots were measured at different depths on seven dates between March and October 2011. Average fine root length (mm cm−2), production, and mortality (μm cm−2) during the growing seasons were 2.54 ± 0.82, 84 ± 27, and 7 ± 4 at 0–20 cm depth, 0.85 ± 0.37, 39 ± 13, and 14 ± 9 at 20–40 cm depth, and 1.26 ± 0.92, 45 ± 28, and 34 ± 16 at 40–60 cm depth, respectively. There was no significant difference in length, production, or mortality of fine roots among the different seasons and depths (P > 0.05). The seasonal pattern in fine root length generally increased during the growing seasons. The fine root production was high in summer, whereas the mortality was high in autumn. This preliminary result using a minirhizotron technique can be used for quantifying and understanding the fine root dynamics in P. densiflora forests.
Complete recognition of continuous Mandarin speech for Chinese language with very large vocabulary but limited training data (2002)

This paper presents the first known results for complete recognition of continuous Mandarin speech for Chinese language with very large vocabulary but very limited training data. Although some isolated-syllable-based or isolated-word-based large-vocabulary Mandarin speech recognition systems have been successfully developed, a continuous-speech-based system of this kind has never been reported before. For successful development of this system, several important techniques have been used, including acoustic modeling of a set of sub-syllabic models for base syllable recognition and another set of context-dependent models for tone recognition, a multiple candidate searching technique based on a concatenated syllable matching algorithm to synchronize base syllable and tone recognition, and a word-class-based Chinese language model for linguistic decoding. The best recognition accuracy achieved is 88.69% for finally decoded Chinese characters, with 88.69%, 91.57%, and 81.37% accuracy for base syllables, tones, and tonal syllables respectively.
The additive prognostic value of 2D echo, chest ultrasound and C reactive protein over GRACE score in patients with acute coronary syndromes (2010)

Background: Accurate risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) continues to represent a major challenge for physicians. Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk scores and C-reactive protein (CRP) appear to be efficient prognostic indicators in this setting. The added value of 2D-echocardiography combined with chest sonography ultrasound lung comets (ULCs) assessment remains unsettled. Aim: To evaluate the incremental value, if any, of cardiac ultrasound and chest sonography data over standard clinical and biochemical risk markers. Methods: We evaluated 450 patients admitted for ACS (299 males, age 71?12 yrs). On admission, we performed clinical score with GRACE, CRP assessment, 2D-echo score and lung chest sonography (Ejection Fraction, Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and ULCs, ultrasound lung comets). Changes in global model fit, discrimination, calibration and reclassification were evaluated upon addition of CRP, ULCs and Echo score to the GRACE risk score. Results: Median follow-up was 5 months (interquartile range 1-11). During the follow-up, 62 deaths occurred (25 intra-hospital, 37 extra-hospital). Receiver operating characteristic analysis, showed an area under the curve of 0.753 for GRACE risk score (p=0.0001), of 0.713 for CRP (p=0.0001), of 0.767 for ULCs (p=0.0001) and 0.802 for Echo score (p=0.0001) in predicting intra and extra-hospital death. Addition of CRP, ULCs and Echo score in the GRACE model improved global fit, discriminatory capacity and calibration of the model (p=0.0022) (see Figure 1). Conclusions: In patients with ACS, the integration of the CRP, chest sonography and 2D cardiac echo score with the clinical GRACE risk score allows an improved risk stratification.
Borderline estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers in black and white women (2021)

Background: Some breast tumors expressing greater than 1% and less than 10% estrogen receptor (ER) positivity (ER-borderline) are clinically aggressive; others exhibit luminal biology. Prior ER-borderline studies included few black participants. Methods: Using the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (phase I: 1993-1996; 2: 1996-2001; 3: 2008-2013), a population-based study that oversampled black women, we compared ER-borderline (n = 217) to ER-positive (n = 1885) and ER-negative (n = 757) tumors. PAM50 subtype and risk of recurrence score (ROR-PT, incorporates subtype, proliferation, tumor size) were measured. Relative frequency differences (RFD) were estimated using multivariable linear regression. Disease-free interval (DFI) was evaluated by ER category and endocrine therapy receipt, overall and by race, using Kaplan Meier and Cox models. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results: ER-borderlines were more frequently basal-like (RFD = +37.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 27.1% to 48.4%) and high ROR-PT (RFD = +52.4%, 95% CI = 36.8% to 68.0%) relative to ER-positives. Having a high ROR-PT ER-borderline tumor was statistically significantly associated with black race (RFD = +26.2%, 95% CI = 9.0% to 43.3%). Compared to ER-positives, DFI of ER-borderlines treated with endocrine therapy was poorer but not statistically significantly different (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.03, 95% CI = 0.89% to 4.65%), whereas DFI was statistically significantly worse for ER-borderlines without endocrine therapy (HR = 3.33, 95% CI = 1.84% to 6.02%). However, black women with ER-borderline had worse DFI compared to ER-positives, even when treated with endocrine therapy (HR = 2.77, 95% CI = 1.09% to 7.04%). Conclusions: ER-borderline tumors were genomically heterogeneous, with survival outcomes that differed by endocrine therapy receipt and race. Black race predicted high-risk ER-borderlines and may be associated with poorer endocrine therapy response.
Novel all-optical flip-flop using semiconductor optical amplifiers in innovative frequency-shifting inverse-threshold pairs (2004)

All-optical digital sequential logic reduces the expense and bit rate constraints associated with optical-electronic-optical (OEO) conversion in telecommunications. Two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are directly coupled by connecting the output of each to the input of the other. This new configuration provides positive feedback to create a logical NOT or inverse for complete logic. An inverted optical threshold improves the quality of bit modulation. At the same time, frequency shifting allows improvement in the quality of the optical carrier. The SOA pair is analyzed in closed form to show that the positive feedback provides an output-input slope steeper than –1, allowing connection of two pairs to form a flip-flop. Two SOA pairs are cross-connected by connecting the output of each pair to the input of the other, to construct a novel R-S flip-flop. Closed form analysis shows, for the first time, that there is an unstable state and two stable states forming bistability for this configuration. Simulation demonstrates setting and resetting the reset-set (R-S) flip-flop at more than 5 Gbps. Agreement between closed form analysis and numerical simulation provides verification of the validity of the results obtained.
HMB‐45 monoclonal antibody recognizes an inducible and reversible melanocyte cytoplasmic protein (1991)

HMB-45 is a monoclonal antibody directed against human melanoma cells and which stains epidermal and dermal melanoma cells, the junctional components of common and dysplastic melanocytic nevi, and melanocytes in fetal skin. In addition, melanocytes in a variety of reactive conditions have been shown to label with HMB-45, as have dermal melanocytes within Spitz and dysplastic nevi. No melanocytes in normal adult epidermis or in the dermis of common nevi have stained with HMB-45. In order to better understand the properties of this antibody, and of the melanocytes that react with it, we stained cultured human melanocytes grown in a variety of conditions. Melanocytes from human foreskins were grown for 2-3 weeks in MCDB 153 medium supplemented with insulin, epidermal growth factor, and bovine pituitary extract as a mixed population of keratinocytes and melanocytes. Some cells were transferred to basal medium MCDB 153 (unsupplemented) for periods ranging from 3-5 days, and a subset of these were returned to growth-factor supplemented medium. In all cases, S100 staining was used to confirm the presence of melanocytes. Melanocytes grown in complete medium showed strong granular cytoplasmic staining with HMB-45. Cells transferred to basal medium showed a markedly diminished staining intensity which was reversible within 3 days upon return of the cells to complete medium. The findings suggest that expression of the protein recognized by HMB-45 may be related to a growth factor present in complete medium, but missing from basal MCDB 153.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Seizure‐related deaths in children: The expanding spectrum (2021)

Although seizures are common in children, they are often overlooked as a potential cause of death. Febrile and nonfebrile seizures can be fatal in children with or without an epilepsy diagnosis and may go unrecognized by parents or physicians. Sudden unexpected infant deaths, sudden unexplained death in childhood, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy share clinical, neuropathological, and genetic features, including male predominance, unwitnessed deaths, death during sleep, discovery in the prone position, hippocampal abnormalities, and variants in genes regulating cardiac and neuronal excitability. Additionally, epidemiological studies reveal that miscarriages are more common among individuals with a personal or family history of epilepsy, suggesting that some fetal losses may result from epileptic factors. The spectrum of seizure-related deaths in pediatrics is wide and underappreciated; accurately estimating this mortality and understanding its mechanism in children is critical to developing effective education and interventions to prevent these tragedies.
Face anti-spoofing with multifeature videolet aggregation (2016)

Biometric systems can be attacked in several ways and the most common being spoofing the input sensor. Therefore, anti-spoofing is one of the most essential prerequisite against attacks on biometric systems. For face recognition it is even more vulnerable as the image capture is non-contact based. Several anti-spoofing methods have been proposed in the literature for both contact and non-contact based biometric modalities often using video to study the temporal characteristics of a real vs. spoofed biometric signal. This paper presents a novel multi-feature evidence aggregation method for face spoofing detection. The proposed method fuses evidence from features encoding of both texture and motion (liveness) properties in the face and also the surrounding scene regions. The feature extraction algorithms are based on a configuration of local binary pattern and motion estimation using histogram of oriented optical flow. Furthermore, the multi-feature windowed videolet aggregation of these orthogonal features coupled with support vector machine-based classification provides robustness to different attacks. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach by evaluating on three standard public databases: CASIA-FASD, 3DMAD and MSU-MFSD with equal error rate of 3.14%, 0%, and 0%, respectively.
Understanding the Plumbing in your Field - Application of Reservoir Connectivity Analysis to Improve Oil and Gas Recovery (2008)

Abstract This paper describes the application, outcome and benefits of Reservoir Connectivity Analysis (RCA) in three producing fields within the ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Malaysia Inc. (EMEPMI) operated area in the Malay Basin. The reservoirs within these fields typically have complex structural and stratigraphic relationships resulting in intricate reservoir plumbing that eventually influences the distribution of reservoir fluids and pressures. The RCA technique has been useful to help explain the plumbing resulting in scenarios that can yield drilling opportunities as well as in the placement and risking of drillwells. In addition, the technique also contributes to partially arresting the declining production trend and more importantly improves hydrocarbon recovery. RCA is a work process that involves integration of diverse geologic and engineering data within a logical and rigorous framework to help predict formation fluid types, contacts and pressures in untested reservoir compartments. RCA provides a method for combining complex stratigraphic and structural models with fluid and pressure observations to define reservoir compartments and connections. Elsewhere within ExxonMobil, the approach serves as a technical basis for the understanding of geologic controls on known oil and gas distributions and contacts and their subsequent prediction. An important product of RCA is a series of consistent and permissible scenarios of non-unique field plumbing models. In recent EMEPMI drilling programs, RCA results have been used to form the technical basis to identify additional drainage points and placement of drillwells, particularly in areas with limited well control, thus optimizing the field development plan. In the area of reservoir management, RCA provides a mechanism for rationalizing historical production behavior in mature reservoirs. The technique allows EMEPMI geoscientists to better understand and help explain the underlying technical reasons behind some of the anomalous production behavior as well as drillwell results. Results of the analyses also have been used as justification for improved/enhanced oil recovery plans that ultimately lead to the capture of additional reserves. Despite its demanding and challenging work-flow, the benefits of RCA far outweigh the effort. The result is demonstrated in the three fields that went through a complete cycle of field-study, implementation of study results in drilling programs, and post-drill retrospective.
Structure of rhodanine cyanine dyes, spectroscopy and performance in photographic emulsions (1996)

The synthesis is reported of eight pyridine–, benzothiazole– and benzimidazole–rhodanine zeromethine merocyanines as blue–sensitising dyes (1–8), and of three benzoxazole-rhodanine dimethine merocyanines as green-sensitising dyes (9–11). The compounds were characterised from UV–VIS, mass spectroscopic and NMR data, and the purity of the products was analysed using HPLC. Oxidation potentials were measured using cyclic voltammetry. Ionisation potentials and electron affinities were obtained by semi-empirical MOPAC calculations. The charge-density distributions of the pyridine and benzothiazole rhodanine dyes are in agreement with assignments in NMR spectroscopy. A linear dependence is found between the oxidation potential and ionisation potential, as well as between the reduction potential and electron affinity. Reflection spectra of 6 and 7 coated on photographic emulsions showed J-aggregate absorption at λ= 450 and 465 nm, respectively. The sensitising properties of the merocyanine dyes were evaluated in actual photographic T-grain emulsions.
The involvement of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesis (2004)

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from peripheral blood CD34, VEGFR-2, or AC 133 (CD133) antigen-positive cells, which may home to site of neovascularization and differentiate into endothelial cells in situ. Endothelial cells contribute to tumor angiogenesis, and can originate from sprouting or co-option of neighbouring pre-existing vessels. Emerging evidence indicate that bone marrow-derived circulating EPCs can contribute to tumor angiogenesis and growth of certain tumors. This review article will summarize the literature data concerning this new role played by EPCs in tumor angiogenesis.
Synthesis of High-Voltage (4.5 V) Cycling Doped LiCoO2 for Use in Lithium Rechargeable Cells (2003)

High-voltage cycling doped LiCoO2 has been synthesized using the solid-state technique and it is observed that LiMn0.05C00.95O2 delivered a capacity of ∼160 mA·h/g after 50 cycles in the voltage range 3.5−4.5V.
PPARγ Modulation of Cytokine‐Stimulated MUC16 (CA125) Expression in Breast and Ovarian Cancer‐Derived Cells (2016)

CA125 is serum tumor marker consisting of an epitope carried by a portion of the extremely large (>3 MDa), heavily glycosylated cell surface transmembrane mucin, MUC16. In malignancies, membrane bound mucins lose their polarized distribution, become aberrantly over-expressed and protect tumor cells from the actions of chemotherapeutic agents as well as the immune system. Previously, we described stimulation of MUC16 expression by the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interferon γ (IFNγ), in breast and ovarian cancer cells and tissues. Herein, we show that PPARγ modulates cytokine-stimulated MUC16 in a complex manner: at low concentrations (<10 µM) rosiglitazone further potentiates cytokine-driven MUC16 expression while at high concentrations (>20 µM) rosiglitazone antagonizes cytokine stimulation. Rosiglitazone actions were fully reversible by the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated PPARγ knockdown also prevented a large portion of high dose rosiglitazone suppression of MUC16 expression indicating that rosiglitazone inhibition is largely PPARγ-dependent. Cytokines greatly (>75%) suppressed PPARγ expression. Conversely, PPARγ activation by rosiglitazone at either low or high concentrations greatly (>75%) suppressed NFκB/p65 expression. NFκB/p65 expression was largely preserved in the presence of cytokines at low, but not high, rosiglitazone concentrations accounting for the different concentration dependent effects on MUC16 expression. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that PPARγ is an important modulator of MUC16 expression. The ability to deliver high doses of PPARγ agonists to MUC16-expressing tumors offers an avenue to reduce expression of this protective glycoprotein and increase tumor sensitivity to killing by chemotherapeutic drugs and the immune system. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 163-171, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.