gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Empirical Economic Analysis of Orphan DrugLegislation Impact on Innovation (2020)

Background: Drug development for rare diseases has been limited mainly by the prohibitive cost of investing in a novel drug with poor market potential. To encourage the development of such drugs, Orphan Drug (OD) legislation was put in place in the United States in 1983 and in the European Union in 2000. The introduction of this status has brought incentives including fee reductions and market exclusivity. However today, the increased availability of OD with their very high cost, and their use for chronic disease raises a debate about accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and reimbursement by health protection systems. Objectives: As most of the incentives are not contingent to an ultimate research success, one may wonder about the effects of such public health policy. Very little empirical research has been performed on the subject. Scholars have proposed cost/effectiveness and value-based pricing as a mean to estimate a drug price that is linked to the benefits it offers to patients and society. However one of the key components of debates on rising health care costs is the cost of R&D and the role of private sector investments. Methods: After an overview of the innovation dynamics and the industrial organization of the OD market is given, an empirical financial analysis of investment attractiveness in OD R&D will be presented focusing on the US market. First, we will explore whether disclosure of information about a firm's innovativeness through OD designation prior to Initial Public Offering (IPO), can reduce problems of asymmetric information and risk, and help firms in attracting investors. The study develops econometric models of the relationship of various metrics of firm quality prior to the IPO and the amount of cash collected at the IPO. Secondly, we will investigate the financial impact of the OD market approval announcement on firm market valuation, with an event-study methodology developed in finance, based on the efficient market hypothesis. Results: We attempted to take into account for endogeneity of OD designations prior to IPO by considering simultaneous relationship between the firm innovative outputs and IPO performance. The signaling power of OD designations is positive and statistically significant. An additional OD application prior to an IPO increases the IPO proceeds by about 10, 8% in the US stock markets. OD market approval decisions have also a significant influence on stock price movements and abnormal returns of the pharma-biotechs companies. Conclusion: These results clearly indicate that the OD financial incentives, seven-years marketing exclusivity and tax-credit, constitutes an important financial stimulus. They also suggest that this device favours future OD research via improved fund-raising capacities of the biotechnology firms.
Strain-dependent inhibition of Clostridioides difficile by commensal Clostridia encoding the bile acid inducible (bai) operon (2020)

Abstract Clostridioides difficile is one of the leading causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Gut microbiota-derived secondary bile acids and commensal Clostridia that encode the bile acid inducible ( bai ) operon are associated with protection from C. difficile infection (CDI), although the mechanism is not known. In this study we hypothesized that commensal Clostridia are important for providing colonization resistance against C. difficile due to their ability to produce secondary bile acids, as well as potentially competing against C. difficile for similar nutrients. To test this hypothesis, we examined the ability of four commensal Clostridia encoding the bai operon ( C. scindens VPI 12708, C. scindens ATCC 35704, C. hiranonis , and C. hylemonae ) to convert CA to DCA in vitro , and if the amount of DCA produced was sufficient to inhibit growth of a clinically relevant C. difficile strain. We also investigated the competitive relationship between these commensals and C. difficile using an in vitro co-culture system. We found that inhibition of C. difficile growth by commensal Clostridia supplemented with CA was strain-dependent, correlated with the production of ∼2 mM DCA, and increased expression of bai operon genes. We also found that C. difficile was able to outcompete all four commensal Clostridia in an in vitro co-culture system. These studies are instrumental in understanding the relationship between commensal Clostridia and C. difficile in the gut, which is vital for designing targeted bacterial therapeutics. Future studies dissecting the regulation of the bai operon in vitro and in vivo and how this affects CDI will be important. Importance Commensal Clostridia encoding the bai operon such as C. scindens have been associated with protection against CDI, however the mechanism for this protection is unknown. Herein, we show four commensal Clostridia that encode the bai operon effect C. difficile growth in a strain-dependent manner, with and without the addition of cholate. Inhibition of C. difficile by commensals correlated with the efficient conversion of cholate to deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid that inhibits C. difficile germination, growth, and toxin production. Competition studies also revealed that C. difficile was able to outcompete the commensals in an in vitro co-culture system. These studies are instrumental in understanding the relationship between commensal Clostridia and C. difficile in the gut, which is vital for designing targeted bacterial therapeutics.
Empathy and Gender Inequity in Engineering Disciplines (2016)

Based on analysis of published studies, we posit that the current owned identity of many engineering disciplines lacks empathy as a core element and that this may be a barrier to entry for women, especially in disciplines that are perceived as having little concern for the welfare of others. Moreover, as a consequence of this lack of empathy, the actual identity of engineering as embodied in faculty and academic programs may be in conflict with those human-centered values expressed by it's professional organizations. Therefore, to increase enrollment of women in engineering programs, a reformulation of the engineering identity to consciously incorporate empathy may be required. Our overall research efforts will be centered on first characterizing the empathetic aspects of this owned identity within some of the sub-disciplines of engineering, identifying the degree to which a perceived lack of empathy forms a barrier for women pursuing engineering as a field of study, and finally to formulate ways of transforming faculty and student attitudes in ways that will lead to the formation of an engineering identity that is more open to the concerns of women and more consistent with the values defined in the professional codes and creeds.
Optimized resource allocation for video transmission over multihop networks with end-to-end statistical delay bound (2011)

End-to-end quality of service (QoS) guarantees are required for layered video transmission over multihop networks. Due to the inherently stochastic nature of wireless channels, deterministic delay bounds are prohibitively difficult to guarantee. A common alternative is to provide statistical QoS guarantees. In this work, we model the multihop network queueing behavior using the effective capacity/bandwidth concepts to derive QoS exponents for each video layer. Based on this model, we solve the adaptive multihop resource allocation problem with end-to-end statistical delay bounds as a convex optimization problem. We analyze the impact of the number of hops and the locations of the relay nodes on the efficiency of the resource allocation process for given target quality of service requirements.
HYPERCALCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE RENAL PELVIS (1998)

No AccessJournal of UrologyClinical Urology: Case Reports1 Nov 1998HYPERCALCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE RENAL PELVIS JEFFREY A. CADEDDU and THOMAS W. JARRETT JEFFREY A. CADEDDUJEFFREY A. CADEDDU More articles by this author and THOMAS W. JARRETTTHOMAS W. JARRETT More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62414-5AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "HYPERCALCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE RENAL PELVIS." The Journal of Urology, 160(5), p. 1798 References 1 : Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. J. Urol.1987; 138: 269. Link, Google Scholar 2 : Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis associated with hypercalcemia and the presence of parathyroid hormone-like substances in the tumor. J. Urol.1985; 133: 1029. Abstract, Google Scholar 3 : Squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis. Urology1985; 25: 124. Google Scholar From the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byHolmäng S, Lele S and Johansson S (2018) Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Incidence, Symptoms, Treatment and OutcomeJournal of Urology, VOL. 178, NO. 1, (51-56), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2007.DORFINGER K, MAIER U and BASE W (2018) PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN AND CARCINOMA OF THE PENIS: PARANEOPLASTIC HYPERCALCEMIAJournal of Urology, VOL. 161, NO. 5, (1570-1570), Online publication date: 1-May-1999. Volume 160Issue 5November 1998Page: 1798 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information JEFFREY A. CADEDDU More articles by this author THOMAS W. JARRETT More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Optical-dipole trapping of Sr atoms at a high phase-space density (2000)

Employing a far-off resonance optical-dipole trap (FORT), we attained a phase-space density exceeding 0.1, or an order to quantum degeneracy. Strontium atoms were magneto-optically cooled and trapped using the spin-forbidden ${}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}{P}_{1}$ transition and then compressed into a FORT that was designed to allow simultaneous Doppler cooling. We discussed that the phase-space density was finally limited by the light-assisted collisions occurring in the optical cooling.
Influences of the Structural Design of RAFT Agents on Living Radical Polymerization Kinetics (2003)

The influence of a p-substituent on the Z-group of cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB) was investigated with respect to the rate retardation of CDB mediated RAFT polymerizations. The rate retardation is significantly decreased indicating the possible involvement of the p-position in a reversible termination reaction. CDB mediated copolymerizations of styrene and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) may indicate a change of the reactivity ratios when compared to conventional copolymerizations. The usage of Macromolecular RAFT agents showed unexpected kinetic behavior, such as acceleration.
Overview of information visualisation in science education (2016)

Developed on computer assisted instruction, visual education has become a new teaching method, which is a computer technique-based visual design for education. Based on the overview of the previous studies, this paper expounds the main features of education visualisation, outlines the theoretical basis of education visualisation, summarises the empirical study of science education visualisation, and refines the application scenarios and attention matters in the visualisation of science education by using static and dynamic visualisation as the clues for classification. Finally, it is concluded that the effect of education visualisation is remarkable depending on the students' knowledge background, visual perception and comprehension ability. Therefore, the design of educational visualisation must ensure that the objects and contents of visualisation can adapt to the specific conditions and instructional objectives.
Evaluation of Community Care Network (CCN) system in a rural health care setting. (1995)

Concurrent Engineering Research Center (CERC), under the sponsorship of NLM (National Library of Medicine) is in the process of developing a computerized patient record system for a clinical environment distributed in rural West Virginia. This realization of the CCN (Community Care Network), besides providing computer-based patient records accessible from a chain of clinics and one hospital, supports collaborative health care processes like referral and consulting. To evaluate the effectiveness of the system, a study was designed and is in the process of being executed. Three surveys were designed to provide subjective measures, and four experiments for collecting objective data. Data collection is taking place in several phases: baseline data are collected before the system is deployed; the process is repeated with minimal changes three, then six months later or as often as new versions of the system are installed. Results are then to be compared, using whenever possible matching techniques (i.e. the preliminary data collected on a provider will be matched with the data collected later on the same provider). Surveys are conducted through questionnaires distributed to providers and nurses and person-to-person interviews of the patients. The time spent on patient-chart related activities is measured by work-sampling, aided by a computer application running on a laptop PC. Information about missing patient record parts is collected by the providers, the frequency by which new features of the computerized system are used will be logged by the system itself and clinical outcome measures will be studied from the results of the clinics' own patient chart audits. Preliminary results of the surveys and plans for the immediate and distant future are discussed at the end of the paper.
2A1-G10 Behavior Discovery by a Musculoskeletal Arm with Cutaneous and Muscular Feedback (2009)

Recent trend in developing a humanoid is to mimic the human body. By having humanlike body dynamics and sensory feedback, robots is expected to be able to use the human environment and tools naturally. This paper describes the design of our new musculoskeletal robot arm with an anthropomorphic hand. The arm is driven by McKibben air muscles with strain gauges and pressure sensors to simulate muscular feedback. The hand is covered with a flexible tactile sensor to afford cutaneous sense. Experimental result shows that the robot can detect a button from these sensory feedbacks by pushing a finger on it.
Use of the LEDA Facility as an ADS High-Power Accelerator Test Bed (2003)

The Low-Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) was built to generate high-current proton beams. Its successful full-power operation and testing in 1999-2001 confirmed the feasibility of a high-power linear accelerator (linac) front end, the most technically challenging portion of such a machine. The 6.7-MeV accelerator operates reliably at 95-mA CW beam current with few interruptions orjaults, and qualiJes as one of the most powerful accelerators in the world. LEDA is now available to address the needs of other programs. LEDA can be upgraded in a staged fashion to allow for full-power accelerator demonstrations. The proposed post-h!FQ accelerator structures are 350-MHz superconducting spoke cavities developed for the AAA /APT program. The superconducting portion of the accelerator is designed for a IOO-mA proton beam current. Superconducting cavities were chosen because of the signijkant thermal issues with room-temperature structures, the larger superconducting cavity apertures, and the lower operating costs ('because of improved electrical efficiency) of a superconducting accelerator. Since high reliability is a major issue for an ADS system, the superconducting design architecture alIows operation through faults due to the failure of single magnets or superconducting cavities. The presently installed power capacity of 13 MVA of input ACpower is capable of supporting a 40-MeVproton beam at 100 mA. (The input power is easily expandable to 25 MVA, allowing up to 100-MeV operation). Operation at 40-MeV would provide a complete demonstration of all of the critical accelerator sub-systems ofa full-power ADS system.
Dc microgrid droop control based on battery state of charge balancing (2016)

This paper presents a load sharing method applied in a distributed micro grid system. The goal of this method is to balance the state-of-charge (SoC) of each parallel connected battery and make it possible to detect the average SoC of the system by measuring bus voltage for all connected modules. In this method the reference voltage for each battery converter is adjusted by adding a proportional SoC factor. Under such setting the battery with a higher SoC will output more power, whereas the one with lower SoC gives out less. Therefore the higher SoC battery will use its energy faster than the lower ones, and eventually the SoC and output power of each battery will converge. Since the reference voltage is related to SoC status, the information of the average SoC in this system could be shared for all modules by measuring bus voltage.
Lactone Enols Are Stable in the Gas Phase but Highly Unstable in Solution (2002)

2-Hydroxyoxol-2-ene (C(5)-1), the enol tautomer of gamma-butyrolactone, was generated in the gas phase as the first representative of the hitherto elusive class of lactone enols and shown by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry to be remarkably stable as an isolated species. Ab initio calculations by QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) provided the enthalpies of formation, proton affinities, and gas-phase basicities for gaseous lactone enols with four- (C(4)-1), five- (C(5)-1), and six-membered rings (C(6)-1). The acid-base properties of C(4)-C(6) lactones and enols and reference carboxylic acid enols CH(2)=C(OH)(2) (3) and CH(2)=C(OH)OCH(3) (4) were also calculated in aqueous solution. The C(4)-C(6) lactone enols show gas-phase proton affinities in the range of 933-944 kJ mol(-)(1) and acidities in the range of 1401-1458 kJ mol(-)(1). In aqueous solution, the lactone enols are 15-20 orders of magnitude more acidic than the corresponding lactones, with enol pK(a) values increasing from 5.6 (C(4)-1) to 14.5 (C(6)-1). Lactone enols are moderately weak bases in water with pK(BH) in the range of 3.9-8.1, whereas the lactones are extremely weak bases of pK(BH) in the range of -10.5 to -17.4. The acid-base properties of lactone enols point to their high reactivity in protic solvents and explain why no lactone enols have been detected thus far in solution studies.
Vardenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: an overview of the clinical evidence (2009)

Many men with erectile dysfunction (ED) also have associated underlying cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, for which they are likely to be taking medication. Therefore, cardiovascular safety and potential drug interactions are two of the major concerns when using PDE-5 inhibitors in these patients. The PDE-5 inhibitor, vardenafil, is characterized by a rapid onset of action, increased duration of erection, high rates of first-dose success and reliable efficacy that can be maintained with continued use. In both clinical trials and real-life observational studies, vardenafil has demonstrated a favorable efficacy and safety profile in men with ED, including those with associated underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Importantly, the concomitant use of medication for these conditions is not associated with any noteworthy changes in the efficacy and safety of vardenafil. The evidence presented in this review supports the use of vardenafil as a first-line treatment for men with ED, including those with underlying conditions.
Community and ecosystem responses to recent climate change (2010)

There is ample evidence for ecological responses to recent climate change. Most studies to date have concentrated on the effects of climate change on individuals and species, with particular emphasis on the effects on phenology and physiology of organisms as well as changes in the distribution and range shifts of species. However, responses by individual species to climate change are not isolated; they are connected through interactions with others at the same or adjacent trophic levels. Also from this more complex perspective, recent case studies have emphasized evidence on the effects of climate change on biotic interactions and ecosystem services. This review highlights the 'knowns' but also 'unknowns' resulting from recent climate impact studies and reveals limitations of (linear) extrapolations from recent climate-induced responses of species to expected trends and magnitudes of future climate change. Hence, there is need not only to continue to focus on the impacts of climate change on the actors in ecological networks but also and more intensively to focus on the linkages between them, and to acknowledge that biotic interactions and feedback processes lead to highly complex, nonlinear and sometimes abrupt responses.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Energy Storage and Solar PV for a Tribal Community: A Case Study for the Pueblo of Picuris, NM. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
Dimethyl ether and catalyst development for production from syngas (2010)

Dimethyl ether (DME) is manufactured from syngas using an indirect DME-synthesis method (two-step process), that consists of a methanol synthesis and dehydration process. The price of DME for this method depends on the methanol price; therefore, an economical process should be developed. A direct DME-synthesis method (one-step process) has been developed and the catalysts consist of methanol-synthesis catalysts and methanol-dehydration catalysts. Syngas, the raw material for DME, is produced from natural gas, coal and biomass for example. Currently, DME can be produced from biomass, so DME is in the spotlight as a potential biofuel. We have developed new catalysts and the Cu–Zn/Al2O3 catalysts prepared using the sol–gel methods, which are very effective for direct DME synthesis. Even if the raw gas is contaminated with oxygen, DME is effectively produced over these sol–gel catalysts. We hope that these catalysts will be widely used for economical DME synthesis from biomass, helping to solve environmental problems.
50.4: Anti‐Reflection (AR) Coating on Plastic Panels for Display Applications (2000)

Abstract Traditionally, various vacuum‐based processes have been used for producing interference‐type anti‐reflection (AR) coatings on large area substrates for different commercial applications. In this paper, the development of sol‐gel derived AR coating on large plastic substrates for display application is presented. The sol‐gel dip coating process was used to deposit thin films on large size plastic panels. By developing solutions with different refractive indices, multi‐layer thin‐film AR coating stacks were designed and fabricated. Optical constants of the coating materials were characterized by using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Optical, mechanical and environmental tests were performed on the sol‐gel derived AR coating stack. These coatings possess good uniformity and meet stringent automotive specifications. This technology has been commercialized successfully for dashboard instrument panel application in Toyota Prius, a new hybrid car. The sol‐gel derived AR coating possesses equivalent or superior properties when compared to the major commercially available AR coating products. These AR coated panels are also useful for other commercial applications.