gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte Ca2+ Waves and Subsequent Non-Synchronized Ca2+ Oscillations Coincide with Arteriole Diameter Changes in Response to Spreading Depolarization (2021)

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a wave of mass depolarization that causes profound perfusion changes in acute cerebrovascular diseases. Although the astrocyte response is secondary to the neuronal depolarization with SD, it remains to be explored how glial activity is altered after the passage of SD. Here, we describe post-SD high frequency astrocyte Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations in the mouse somatosensory cortex. The intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> changes of SR101 labeled astrocytes and the SD-related arteriole diameter variations were simultaneously visualized by multiphoton microscopy in anesthetized mice. Post-SD astrocyte Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations were identified as Ca<sup>2+</sup> events non-synchronized among astrocytes in the field of view. Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations occurred minutes after the Ca<sup>2+</sup> wave of SD. Furthermore, fewer astrocytes were involved in Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations at a given time, compared to Ca<sup>2+</sup> waves, engaging all astrocytes in the field of view simultaneously. Finally, our data confirm that astrocyte Ca<sup>2+</sup> waves coincide with arteriolar constriction, while post-SD Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations occur with the peak of the SD-related vasodilation. This is the first in vivo study to present the post-SD astrocyte Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations. Our results provide novel insight into the spatio-temporal correlation between glial reactivity and cerebral arteriole diameter changes behind the SD wavefront.
The Use of Fabric Softener in Neurosurgical Prosections (1995)

Cadaver prosections are very important for understanding the anatomy of various neurosurgical approaches. Formaldehyde fixation is an often-used, time-tested method of preserving cadavers, but it makes dissecting difficult, as tissues are rendered very tough and rigid. The alternatives to formaldehyde fixation that are currently available to make the tissues soft and more life-like either are time-consuming or shorten the period of time for which cadavers can be stored. We examined the effect of fabric softener (methyl bis [tallow amido ethyl] 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate) on formaldehyde-fixed brains to make them soft and life-like. The deformability was measured by using a Schiotz ocular tonometer. We found that the use of fabric softener makes the brain significantly softer (P < 0.005) when compared with a standard diluted formalin solution. We also used fabric softener in neurosurgical prosections and found that the brain can be made soft enough to be able to retract. In addition, it can be used to better demonstrate the planes of tissue cleavage, making it very useful in simulating a life-like situation. We conclude that the use of fabric softener is a simple, reversible, inexpensive technique of obtaining ideal tissue texture for dissection of embalmed cadavers to demonstrate neurosurgical approaches.
A 45,000-M(r) glycoprotein in the Sendai virus envelope triggers virus-cell fusion (1997)

Sendai virus envelopes devoid of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase but containing the fusion protein (F-virosomes) were prepared. F-virosomes exhibited discernible serine protease activity at neutral pH. Electrophoretic analysis of the protein profile of the F-virosomes under nonreducing conditions, by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, led to the identification of a previously unknown glycoprotein with a relative molecular weight of 45,000 (45K protein) associated with the F protein. The identity of the 45K protein, as distinct from F protein, was established by Western blot analysis with F- and 45K-specific antibodies. This 45K protein forms a nexus with the F protein through noncovalent hydrophobic interactions, as proved by its sensitivity to urea treatment, and it is essential for the proteolytic activity of the F-virosomes as well as for the fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membrane. N-terminal sequence analysis (first 11 amino acids) of this protein showed strong homology (> 90%) to flavivirus NS3 serine proteases but no similarity to any of the Sendai viral proteins. On the basis of the N-terminal sequence, oligonucleotides were designed corresponding to the sense and antisense DNA sequences. Dot blot hybridization and primer extension with these oligonucleotides with the viral and the host genome confirmed the host origin of this protein. Further, the limited proteolytic digestion of the target membrane resulted in significant inhibition of viral fusion with it. On the basis of these results, we postulate a model for the molecular mechanism of F protein-induced membrane fusion, which may provide a rationale for other paramyxoviruses.
Advanced Super-Resolution Using Lossless Pooling Convolutional Networks (2019)

In this paper, we present a novel deep learning-based approach for still image super-resolution, that unlike the mainstream models does not rely solely on the input low resolution image for high quality upsampling, and takes advantage of a set of artificially created auxiliary self-replicas of the input image that are incorporated in the neural network to create an enhanced and accurate upscaling scheme. Inclusion of the proposed lossless pooling layers, and the fusion of the input self-replicas enable the model to exploit the high correlation between multiple instances of the same content, and eventually result in significant improvements in the quality of the super-resolution, which is confirmed by extensive evaluations.
A Bayesian approach to skin color classification in YCbCr color space (2002)

This paper addresses an image classification technique that uses the Bayes decision rule for minimum cost to classify pixels into skin color and non-skin color. Color statistics are collected from YCbCr color space. The Bayesian approach to skin color classification is discussed along with an overview of YCbCr color space. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach can achieve good classification outcomes, and it is robust against different skin colors.
Random function priors for exchangeable arrays with applications to graphs and relational data (2012)

A fundamental problem in the analysis of structured relational data like graphs, networks, databases, and matrices is to extract a summary of the common structure underlying relations between individual entities. Relational data are typically encoded in the form of arrays; invariance to the ordering of rows and columns corresponds to exchangeable arrays. Results in probability theory due to Aldous, Hoover and Kallenberg show that exchangeable arrays can be represented in terms of a random measurable function which constitutes the natural model parameter in a Bayesian model. We obtain a flexible yet simple Bayesian nonparametric model by placing a Gaussian process prior on the parameter function. Efficient inference utilises elliptical slice sampling combined with a random sparse approximation to the Gaussian process. We demonstrate applications of the model to network data and clarify its relation to models in the literature, several of which emerge as special cases.
Relationships between cortical bone properties and head wave ultrasonic velocity at 1 MHz: An in vitro investigation (2003)

The axial transmission technique provides a measurement of the velocity (SOS) of elastic waves propagating along the surface of cortical bone. Currently, SOS is derived from the time of flight of the first arriving signal. Our goal was to investigate the relationship between SOS and several bone properties that independently contribute to bone strength. One-MHz SOS measurements were performed with a proprietary probe on 41 excised human radius with soft tissue removed. Small pieces of cortical bone were removed from the site of ultrasonic testing to be investigated using synchrotron radiation microtomography (resolution 10 μm). Cortical thickness, cortical porosity, and tissue mineralization were derived from the 3-D data set. Mean SOS values were 3940 (3796–4120) m&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;s−1. The reproducibility of the SOS measurements expressed as a variation coefficient (CV) was 0.5%. The relationships between SOS and bone properties were assessed using linear regression and displayed significant correlations : R2=0.20 (p&amp;lt;10−5) for cortical thickness, R2=0.30 (p&amp;lt;10−3) for cortical porosity, R2=0.37 (p&amp;lt;10−4) for tissue mineralization. A multiple regression analysis showed that cortical porosity and tissue mineralization in the periosteal region were the most predictive variables and explained 60% of the total variance of the SOS. These results are in agreement with predictions obtained using 3-D numerical computations based on a finite-difference method.
Optimal design of a solar water heating system for multiple purposes in low energy buildings (2013)

This paper presents a systematic methodology for optimizing the key design parameters of a solar water heating (SWH) system with multiple heating purposes in low energy buildings. The methodology is achieved through two steps. In the first step, a simplified energy model of the SWH system is developed and used to estimate system dynamic characteristics and annual energy performance, which is implemented in a spreadsheet. The behavior of the system with different collector areas and storage volumes can be determined realistically through matching multiple heating loads with the solar heat gains. In the second step, the law of diminishing marginal utility is employed to optimize the sizes of the system in order to maximize the life cycle net energy saving. The law describes that the marginal energy saving of the system decreases with the increase of the system size. Therefore, the optimum values of the system size can be determined in an easy-to-understand way, i.e.: the optimization objective (the maximal net energy saving of a SWH system) is achieved when the marginal operating energy saving equals to the marginal embodied energy. A case study on the application of the proposed method in a low-energy building is presented as well.
Análisis de la formación en post-grado de los egresados de la FOLP (2013)

El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la Formación Continuada de los Egresados de la FOLP del año 2011 y 2012. La metodología aplicada en esta investigación, parte de años de investigación y estudios bibliográficos, sobre la temática a través de un proyecto institucional de evaluación y seguimiento de alumnos y egresados de la Facultad de Odontología de la UNLP, el presente es un estudio de tipo descriptivo y el universo está constituido por los egresados de la FOLP entre los años 2011-2012. La información fue recopilada a través de una encuesta estructurada elaborada ad hoc y registros documentales de la FOLP y del CeSPI. La administración de la encuesta se realizó vía telefónica, e-mail y en forma personal, para su procesamiento se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0.Las variables cuantitativas se expresan a través de la media o mediana (según si su distribución es normal o no) con su correspondiente desviación estándar o rango intercuartil y las variables cualitativas en forma de frecuencias. La magnitud de la asociación se expresa a través de la razón de prevalencia con sus intervalos de confianza al 95%.
Regulation of context-specific gene expression by posttranscriptional switches (2013)

Post-transcriptional control of mRNA is a vital step in the regulation of gene expression. Highly specific combinations of RNA-binding–proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs conjointly contribute to the complexity of post-transcriptional control of mRNAs. Post-transcriptional switches regulated by RBPs control context-specific expression of two alternative gene products from a single transcript.
The Suitability Of The Lattice Fringe Imaging Technique For Measuring Spatial Variation In Degree Of Long-Range Order In Fe-Al Alloys (1977)

A computer simulation of lattice fringe imaging of ordered Fe-Al alloys has been carried out, using the multiple beam dynamical theory of electron diffraction as formulated by Sinclair et al. for CU 3 AU (1). The object of the study was to determine the suitability of the lattice fringe imaging technique for studying spatial variations in long-range order parameter in singlephase ordered specimens. In the interest of simplicity, the results of simulations in which eight beams were excited in the (200) systematic row for an imperfectly B2-ordered alloy of composition Fe-25% aluminum will be presented. (The prototype crystal structure for the FeAl phase is CsCl.) Simulated images were obtained by combining the direct beam with the (100) superlattice reflection, for the case in which Bragg's Law was satisfied for the (100) reflection, and with both beams equidistant from the optic axis of the microscope. Image intensities as a function of distance parallel to [200] were computed for different specimen thicknesses and long-range order parameters.
From Diagnosis to Action: An Automated Failure Advisor for Human Deep Space Travel (2015)

The major goal of current space system development at NASA is to enable human travel to deep space locations such as Mars and asteroids. At that distance, round trip communication with ground operators may take close to an hour, thus it becomes unfeasible to seek ground operator advice for problems that require immediate attention, either for crew safety or for activities that need to be performed at specific times for the attainment of scientific results. To achieve this goal, major reliance will need to be placed on automation systems capable of aiding the crew in detecting and diagnosing failures, assessing consequences of these failures, and providing guidance in repair activities that may be required. We report here on the most current step in the continuing development of such a system, and that is the addition of a Failure Response Advisor. In simple terms, we have a system in place the Advanced Caution and Warning System (ACAWS) to tell us what happened (failure diagnosis) and what happened because that happened (failure effects). The Failure Response Advisor will tell us what to do about it, how long until something must be done and why its important that something be done and will begin to approach the complex reasoning that is generally required for an optimal approach to automated system health management. This advice is based on the criticality and various timing elements, such as durations of activities and of component repairs, failure effects delay, and other factors. The failure advice is provided to operators (crew and mission controllers) together with the diagnostic and effects information. The operators also have the option to drill down for more information about the failure and the reasons for any suggested priorities.
Photophysical Properties and Electronic Structure of Stable, Tunable Synthetic Bacteriochlorins: Extending the Features of Native Photosynthetic Pigments (2011)

Bacteriochlorins, which are tetrapyrrole macrocycles with two reduced pyrrole rings, are Nature's near-infrared (NIR) absorbers (700-900 nm). The strong absorption in the NIR region renders bacteriochlorins excellent candidates for a variety of applications including solar light harvesting, flow cytometry, molecular imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Natural bacteriochlorins are inherently unstable due to oxidative conversion to the chlorin (one reduced pyrrole ring) or the porphyrin. The natural pigments are also only modestly amenable to synthetic manipulation, owing to a nearly full complement of substituents on the macrocycle. Recently, a new synthetic methodology has afforded access to stable synthetic bacteriochlorins wherein a wide variety of substituents can be appended to the macrocycle at preselected locations. Herein, the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of 33 synthetic bacteriochlorins are investigated. The NIR absorption bands of the chromophores range from ∼700 to ∼820 nm; the lifetimes of the lowest excited singlet state range from ∼2 to ∼6 ns; the fluorescence quantum yields range from ∼0.05 to ∼0.25; and the yield of the lowest triplet excited state is ∼0.5. The spectroscopic/photophysical studies of the bacteriochlorins are accompanied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations that probe the characteristics of the frontier molecular orbitals. The DFT calculations indicate that the impact of substituents on the spectral properties of the molecules derives primarily from effects on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Collectively, the studies show how the palette of synthetic bacteriochlorins extends the properties of the native photosynthetic pigments (bacteriochlorophylls). The studies have also elucidated design principles for tuning the spectral and photophysical characteristics as required for a wide variety of photochemical applications.
Effects of Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy on the Frequency and Function of Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer (2013)

Highly suppressive, cisplatin-resistant Treg increase in frequency and persist after CRT and could be responsible for suppression of antitumor immune responses and recurrence in HNSCC.
A test of the hypothesis that oxalate secretion produces proximal tubule crystallization in primary hyperoxaluria type I (2013)

The sequence of events by which primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) causes renal failure is unclear. We hypothesize that proximal tubule (PT) is vulnerable because oxalate secretion raises calcium oxalate (CaOx) supersaturation (SS) there, leading to crystal formation and cellular injury. We studied cortical and papillary biopsies from two PH1 patients with preserved renal function, and seven native kidneys removed from four patients at the time of transplant, after short-term ( 2 ) or longer term ( 2 ) dialysis. In these patients, and another five PH1 patients without renal failure, we calculated oxalate secretion, and estimated PT CaOx SS. Plasma oxalate was elevated in all PH1 patients and inverse to creatinine clearance. Renal secretion of oxalate was present in all PH1 but rare in controls. PT CaOx SS was &gt;1 in all nonpyridoxine-responsive PH1 before transplant and most marked in patients who developed end stage renal disease (ESRD). PT from PH1 with preserved renal function had birefringent crystals, confirming the presence of CaOx SS, but had no evidence of cortical inflammation or scarring by histopathology or hyaluronan staining. PH1 with short ESRD showed CaOx deposition and hyaluronan staining particularly at the corticomedullary junction in distal PT while cortical collecting ducts were spared. Longer ESRD showed widespread cortical CaOx, and in both groups papillary tissue had marked intratubular CaOx deposits and fibrosis. CaOx SS in PT causes CaOx crystal formation, and CaOx deposition in distal PT appears to be associated with ESRD. Minimizing PT CaOx SS may be important for preserving renal function in PH1.
Controlled Growth (2001)

Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine or T3) is known to be involved in energy metabolism and growth, and it exerts its action through binding to specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression. Koritschoner et al. make a connection between thyroid hormone and the protein tubby, which is known to be involved in adult-onset obesity (for more on tubby, see Santagata et al., Research Article, p. 2041 and Cantley, Perspective, p. 2019, this issue). Adult rats from which the thyroid had been removed surgically displayed a spectrum of changes in the expression of tubby. For instance, there was a substantial decrease of both messenger RNA and protein in cerebellar Purkinje cells that could be reversed by injection of thyroxine (a thyroid hormone precursor that crosses the blood-brain barrier). There were no clear T3-dependent changes in tubby levels in the hypothalamic region, although the in vivo phenomena were mirrored by T3-induced changes in tubby expression in the PC12 cell line. — GJC
Brain histamine H1 receptor occupancy of orally administered antihistamines measured by positron emission tomography with 11C‐doxepin in a placebo‐controlled crossover study design in healthy subjects: a comparison of olopatadine and ketotifen (2005)

It is suggested that 5 mg oral olopatadine, with its low H(1)R occupancy and thus minimal sedation, could safely be used an antiallergic treatment for various allergic disorders. Abbreviations histamine H(1) receptor (H(1)R), histamine H(1) receptor occupancy (H(1)RO), dopamine D(2) receptor (D(2)R), positron emission tomography (PET), blood-brain barrier (BBB), binding potential ratio (BPR), distribution volume (DV).
Synergistic activity of everolimus and 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine in medullary thyroid carcinoma cell lines (2017)

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a tumor highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Drug resistance can be induced by epigenetic changes such as aberrant DNA methylation. To overcome drug resistance, we explored a promising approach based on the use of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA), a demethylating agent, in combination with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in MTC cells (MZ-CRC-1 and TT). This combined treatment showed a strong synergistic antiproliferative activity through the induction of apoptosis. The effect of everolimus and/or AZA on genome-wide expression profiling was evaluated by Illumina BeadChip in MZ-CRC-1 cells. An innovative bioinformatic pipeline identified four potential molecular pathways implicated in the synergy between AZA and everolimus: PI3K-Akt signaling, the neurotrophin pathway, ECM/receptor interaction, and focal adhesion. Among these, the neurotrophin signaling pathway was most directly involved in apoptosis, through the overexpression of NGFR and Bax genes. The increased expression of genes involved in the NGFR-MAPK10-TP53-Bax/Bcl2 pathway during incubation with AZA plus everolimus was validated by western blotting in MZ-CRC-1 cells. Interestingly, addition of a neutralizing anti-NGFR antibody inhibited the synergistic cytotoxic activity between AZA and everolimus. These results open a new therapeutic scenario for MTC and potentially other neuroendocrine tumors, where therapy with mTOR inhibitors is currently approved.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Balance between synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activity influences inclusions and neurotoxicity of mutant huntingtin. (2009)

The neurodegenerative disorder Huntington disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene, resulting in loss of striatal and cortical neurons. Although, the gene product is widely expressed, it remains unclear why neurons are selectively targeted. Here, we demonstrate the relationship between synaptic and extrasynaptic activity, inclusion formation of mutant huntingtin protein (mtHtt), and neuronal survival. Synaptic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity induces mtHtt inclusions via a TCP1 ring complex (TRiC)-dependent mechanism, rendering neurons more resistant to mtHtt-mediated cell death. In contrast, stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDARs increases vulnerability of mtHtt-neurons to cell death by impairing a neuroprotective CREB-PGC-1 cascade and increasing the small guanine nucleotide-binding protein Rhes, which is known to sumoylate and disaggregate mtHtt. Treatment of transgenic YAC128 HD mice with low-dose memantine blocks extrasynaptic (but not synaptic) NMDARs and ameliorates neuropathological and behavioral manifestations. By contrast, high-dose memantine also blocks Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/