gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Error of Treating Functions as Objects (2016)

In his late fragment, ‘Sources of Knowledge of Mathematics and Natural Sciences’ Frege laments the tendency to confuse functions with objects and says, ‘It is here that the tendency of language by its use of the definite article to stamp as an object what is a function and hence a non-object, proves itself to be the source of inaccurate and misleading expressions and also of errors of thought. Probably most of the impurities that contaminate the logical source of knowledge have their origins in this.’ This paper applies Frege’s logical insights to a series of influential modal arguments for the existence of souls or minds, in order to demonstrate that they hinge on the error of treating functions as objects. Related arguments have also resulted in the claim that identity statements are necessary, and that apparent identities ‘really’ involve relations of constitution. Here it is argued that once we recognise that all these arguments involve the assimilation of objects and concepts (which Frege identifies with functions) they can be seen to be defective.
Supplementary figure 1 from Spectrum of Response to Platinum and PARP Inhibitors in Germline <i>BRCA</i>–Associated Pancreatic Cancer in the Clinical and Preclinical Setting (2023)

&lt;p&gt;In vivo growth kinetics and EVOC efficacy in acquired resistance model&lt;/p&gt;
Nosocomial Outbreak Due to Enterococcus faecium Highly Resistant to Vancomycin, Penicillin, and Gentamicin (1993)

In October 1990, Enterococcus faecium that was highly resistant to glycopeptides, penicillins, and aminoglycosides was isolated from the peritoneal dialysis fluid from a patient in an intensive care unit. Over the following 6 months, multiresistant E. faecium organisms were isolated from cultures of blood, urine, or surgical wound specimens from eight additional patients. Surveillance cultures of groin and/or rectal swabs were positive for eight of 37 patients and four of 62 employees at risk. Restriction endonuclease digestion of chromosomal DNA from outbreak isolates was consistent with dissemination of a single strain throughout the intensive care unit. Strict infection control interventions contained the outbreak after several weeks. Review of patient charts suggested that renal insufficiency, length of hospital stay, duration of antibiotic treatment, and prior treatment with vancomycin were risks for infection due to multiresistant E. faecium. The emergence of multiple-drug-resistant enterococci presents serious infection control and therapeutic dilemmas.
Characterization of N-doped multilayer graphene grown on 4H-SiC (0001) (2015)

Large-area graphene film doped with hetero-atoms is of great interest for a wide spectrum of nanoelectronics applications, such as field effect devices, super capacitors, fuel cells among many others. Here, we report the structural and electronic properties of nitrogen doped multilayer graphene on 4H-SiC (0001). The incorporation of nitrogen during the growth causes an increase in the D band on the Raman signature indicating that the nitrogen is creating defects. The analysis of micro-Raman mapping of G, D, 2D bands shows a predominantly trilayer graphene with a D band inherent to doping and inhomogeneous dopant distribution at the step edges. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) indicates an n type work function (WF) of 4.1 eV. In addition, a top gate FET device was fabricated showing n-type I-V characteristic after the desorption of oxygen with high electron and holes mobilities.
A comparison study of the degradative effects and safety implications of UVC and 405 nm germicidal light sources for endoscope storage (2016)

Storage of flexible endoscopes under germicidal ultraviolet (UVC) light has been associated with degradation of device material leading to failure and increased risk to patients. 405 nm germicidal light presents a possible alternative, potentially providing effective bacterial inactivation without material damage. Samples of endoscope material were exposed to UVC and 405 nm germicidal light sources and a broad spectrum light source control. Material properties were monitored using FTIR, AFM, contact angle and confocal microscopy. Significant changes were observed with samples exposed to the UVC source, with variations in FTIR spectra indicative of side chain scission, a decrease in contact angle from 82.6° to 61.4°, an increase in average surface roughness from 2.34 nm to 68.7 nm and visible cracking of the surface. In contrast samples exposed to the 405 nm light source showed little to no changes, with any variations being comparable to those seen on samples exposed to the broad spectrum control. Bacterial adhesion tests on samples showed an 86.8% increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion on UVC exposed samples and no significant increase in adhesion with samples exposed to the other light sources. 405 nm germicidal light therefore potentially represents a safer alternative to UVC light for use in flexible endoscope storage.
Extra Heavy Oil Production Using Dilution: Viscosity Measurement and Modeling (2018)

Abstract A viable method to produce a deep extra heavy oil reservoir with an in-situ viscosity in excess of 1000 cp is viscosity reduction with dilution, and where steam flooding may be an unlikely option. The objective of this study is to determine viscosity reduction of an extra heavy oil sample as a function of pressure, temperature and composition, where composition refers to addition of different amounts of diluents. Results of this study and modeling of the mixture viscosity can be used to guide future operational decision making to develop large heavy oil resources, where steam flood is not economical. An extensive experimental test matrix was carried out in this study. A high-pressure capillary tube viscometer was used for viscosity measurements, which is the preferred measurement method for extra heavy oil systems. Potential compatibility issues such as wax and asphaltene formation due to changes in composition and/or temperature were considered during the design and execution of experimental work. In excess of 90 viscosity data points were measured for mixtures of an extra heavy oil sample and two diluents (a diesel sample and a light crude oil sample). The system pressure varied up to 4000 psia, the temperature varied in the range of 80-200 °F, and amount of diluents changed up to 40% by volume. Data QC protocols were implemented and quality of measured viscosities were assessed. Some measurements were repeated to ensure high quality of generated viscosity data. Three to four orders of magnitude of viscosity reduction were observed with changes in pressure, temperature and composition. On average and for studied fluid systems, every 50 °F change, or 20% increase by volume in diluent concentration, reduced the mixture viscosity by almost an order of magnitude. The impact was less significant at higher temperatures and concentration of diluents. Viscosity data were used to develop specific mixture viscosity correlations for the systems of interest, representing measured viscosities with an average absolute deviation (AAD) of less than 3%. Furthermore, a large number of viscosity mixing rules were evaluated to represent measured viscosity data in this study. Some mixing rules predicted the viscosity data with 15-20 % deviation and an average standard deviation of 14%. A new mixing rule (Modified Ratcliff &amp; Khan) was developed with an AAD of 11% and a standard deviation of 5% (at least 50% improvement in the performance). Currently, universal viscosity mixing rules are not available, particularly for extra heavy oil and diluent mixtures. The novelty of this study is to provide a high-quality database of heavy oil and diluent viscosity data, together with the development of a new general mixing rule applicable to the type of oils and diluents investigated in this study.
Application of Penning discharge to the deposition of amorphous silicon (1981)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films (a-Si:H) have been successfully prepared by a Penning glow discharge of silane, in which both the electric and magnetic fields are applied. A stable discharge has been observed between electrodes in a wide pressure range (0.005–0.5 Torr). It was found that the plasma was nearly confined between electrodes, thus reducing the quartz tube-plasma interaction. Optical and electrical properties have been studied in correlation with SiH4/SiH4+H2 ratio. The photoconductivity of the a-Si:H films show highest value when the ratio is 0.2. The photoconductivity of the a-Si:H films deposited at 0.07 Torr is as high as 5.2×10−4 (Ω cm)−1 under simulated AM 1 (100 mW/cm2) and the corresponding normalized photoconductivity ημτ is 4.6×10−5 cm2/V under 1.9-eV illumination (3×1014 photons/ sec cm2). The films predominantly show the absorption peak due to Si:H stretch mode at 2000 cm−1. The potential features of this technique over conventional ones are described.
Developing Moving Horizon Estimation Based Ranging Measurement for Supporting Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation System (2017)

The objective of this paper is to develop an advanced Vision-and-Ranging-aided Inertial Navigation System (VRINS), which combines a Vision-aided Inertial Navigation System (VINS) with Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) based ranging measurement update. The traditional VINS estimate suffers the error accumulation from the camera observation, which makes the system diverge and fails to track the vehicle trajectory in long-term operation. Hence, a ranging sensor is integrated with VINS in the sequential-sensor-update structure, which allows the filter to operate for longer duration. The ranging measurement update is developed with the MHE, which directly incorporates the system constraints into the optimization process. The VINS is developed with Cubature Multi-State Constraint Kalman Filter (MSCKF), which has 30-dimension filter state, tight constraints of state transition and observability. Those elements need to be considered in the design of MHE optimization. The implementation of MHE is conducted with CASADI library. The proposed VRINS will be validated using KITTI dataset and compared against the VINS.
Fundamentals of Efficient Spectrum Access and Co-existence with Receiver Nonlinearity (2018)

RF front-ends are nonlinear systems that have nonlinear frequency response and, hence, can impair receiver performance by harmful adjacent channel interference in non-intuitive ways. Next generation wireless networks will see unprecedented diversity across receiver and radio technologies accessing the same band of spectrum in spatio-temporal proximity. Ensuring adjacent channel co-existence is of prime importance for successful deployment and operations of next generation wireless networks. Vulnerabilities of receiver front-end can have a severe detrimental effect on network performance and spectrum co-existence. This dissertation addresses the technological challenges in understanding and accounting for receiver sensitivities in the design of next generation wireless networks. The dissertation has four major contributions. In the first contribution, we seek to understand how receiver nonlinearity impacts performance. We propose a computationally efficient framework to evaluate the adjacent channel interference in a given radio/spectrum environment. We develop novel tractable representation of receiver front-end nonlinearity to specify the adjacent channel signals that contribute to the interference at the desired channel and the total adjacent channel interference power at a given desired channel. In the second contribution, we seek to understand how the impact of receiver nonlinearity performance can be quantified. We quantify receiver performance in the presence of adjacent channel interference using information theoretic metrics. We evaluate the limits on achievable rate accounting for RF front-end nonlinearity and provide a framework to compare disparate receivers by forming generalized metrics. In the third contribution, we seek to understand how the impact of receiver nonlinearity can be managed at the network level. We develop novel and comprehensive wireless network management frameworks that account for the RF nonlinearity, impairments, and diversity of heterogeneous wireless devices. We further develop computationally efficient algorithms to optimize the proposed framework and examine network level performance. We demonstrate through extensive network simulations that the proposed receiver-centric frameworks provide substantially high spectrum efficiency gains over receiver-agnostic spectrum access in dense and diverse next generation wireless networks. In the fourth contribution, we seek to understand how scalable interference networks are with receiver nonlinearity. We propose practical achievable schemes for interference avoidance and assess the scalability of the next generation wireless networks with interference due to receiver nonlinearity. Further, we develop an algorithmic scheme to evaluate the upper bound on scalability of nonlinear interference networks. This provides valuable insights on scalability and schemes for nonlinear adjacent channel interference avoidance in next generation shared spectrum networks.
Kinematics and Tracking Control of a Four Axis Antenna for Satcom on the Move (2018)

In this paper, we propose a 4 axis antenna which is capable of tracking satellites, through the precise real-time control of azimuth, cross-level, elevation and polarization angles. Due to the well-known gimbal lock problem in 2-3 axis antenna systems, our design has a redundant degree of freedom, and this redundancy is utilised to solve the issue of inverse kinematics around singularities. In the paper, we derive the kinematics of the 4 DOF redundant orientation mechanism and propose a method to avoid the gimbal lock issue. Also, utilising satellite position data (from TLE Database) and GPS localisation, we derive the necessary kinematics equations to position the antenna towards any visible satellite from any position on earth. Furthermore, we propose a PI-based cascade controller for tracking the satellites. To verify our analytical results we present experimental results on a 4 axis antenna test platform that we have built and compare our results with the feedback from a satellite in the form of guidance RF signals. The proposed system can find and track satellites with a 1-degree error without satellite signal feedback.
Mechanical properties of bone cement: A review (1984)

Many authors have examined the mechanical properties of bone cement and the various factors that affect its mechanical behavior. This article presents a comprehensive survey on the reported mechanical properties of bone cement. Variables that influence the mechanical properties, such as handling characteristics, strain rate, loading modes, additives, porosity, blood inclusion, in vivo environment, temperature, etc. have also been reviewed. The importance of specifying these variables in reporting test results on the mechanical properties of bone cement is pointed out. Previous attempts to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement are also summarized. Future research areas important for fully characterizing the physical properties of PMMA are also suggested.
Novel methods for the identification and control of Culicoides midges as vectors of emerging diseases (2007)

Two factors requiring research in the emerging scenario of exotic diseases entering Europe relate to (1) the identification of Culicoides vectors and (2) methods for their control. Classical morphological identification of members of the Culicoides obsoletus and Culicoides pulicaris families, in which vector competence has been shown, is not possible in all cases and new methods of identification are required. DNA-based approaches as an efficient means of pursuing the systematics and identification of animal species are described. The development of multiplex rapid throughput DNA-barcoding assays together with classical taxonomy will provide survey tools for mapping midge distribution across Europe. Linking such tools with vector competence studies in individual specimens will provide direct evidence of competence within species. In addition, the use of molecular techniques in the field will identify larval habitats at farms that may be linked to control. Control of midges as vectors of disease has not been examined at any level within the EU. Classical control methods by insecticide use and changes in husbandry practise are now being looked at again. However new approaches are required to create an integrated pest management strategy. Research into the use of semiochemicals is revealing their potential. The use of pheromones and host kairomones in traps together with exploitation of the phenomenon of ‘differential attractiveness’ between animals in the same herd will provide new push-pull approaches for midge vector monitoring and control.
Single-Layer Graphenes Functionalized with Polyurea: Architectural Control and Biomolecule Reactivity (2013)

The nondestructive, covalent reactivity of single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) and hydrazine-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in relation to its 3-dimensional geometry has been previously considered for various chemical reactions. However, the capability of the modified system to undergo additional chemistry is now demonstrated through an in-situ polycondensation reaction resulting in various linear or hyperbranched condensed polymers [e.g., polyureas, polyurethanes, and poly(urea–urethane)-bonded graphenes]. The use of aliphatic diisocyanates as the anchor molecule initially forms star-like clusters of SLGO and rGO, and on in-situ polycondensation reaction with aliphatic diamines, the underlying graphene architecture is further modified into scroll-like domains with extensive intersheet bridging. The use of aromatic isocyanates as bridging molecules keeps the graphene structure flat and is maintained throughout the polycondensation reaction with aromatic diamines. Critical point drying of the graphene–polymer composites shows that changes to the architecture of the composite occur in the solution phase and not through surface tension effects on drying. According to TGA analysis, the aliphatic systems have higher grafted polymer weight proportions of polyurea than the aromatic counterparts and the rGO systems are found to be greater than the SLGO composites. In all experiments, the external surface of the graphene–polyurea macrostructure is demonstrated to be reactive toward biomolecules such as ferritin and is therefore useful toward a solution chemistry development of morphology-controlled graphene-based bio-nano applications.
Technology and Modeling of Submicron Contacts (1987)

A major limitation for future scaling of CMOS is the rapidly increasing contact resistance [1]. An improved understanding of the behavior of the submicron contacts that will be used by the next decade requires experimental data and useful theoretical models. No experimental data are available in the literature to date for the resistance of sub-halfmicron contacts. This paper reports new findings on contacts of Al, TiN, PtSi, and CVD W to Si with sizes as small as 0.25 μm, The measured resistance values are compared to that obtained using a 2-D model and the discrepencies are discussed.
High power tests of an electroforming cavity operating at 11.424 GHz (2016)

The achievement of ultra high accelerating gradients is mandatory in order to fabricate compact accelerators at 11.424 GHz for scientific and industrial applications. An extensive experimental and theoretical program to determine a reliable ultra high gradient operation of the future linear accelerators is under way in many laboratories. In particular, systematic studies on the 11.424 GHz frequency accelerator structures, R&D on new materials and the associated microwave technology are in progress to achieve accelerating gradients well above 120 MeV/m. Among the many, the electroforming procedure is a promising approach to manufacture high performance RF devices in order to avoid the high temperature brazing and to produce precise RF structures. We report here the characterization of a hard high gradient RF accelerating structure at 11.424 GHz fabricated using the electroforming technique. Low-level RF measurements and high power RF tests carried out at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory on this prototype are presented and discussed. In addition, we present also a possible layout where the water-cooling of irises based on the electroforming process has been considered for the first time.
Extracorporeal liver support: a continuing challenge. (2007)

Given that liver failure continues to pose an enormous clinical challenge, the concept of hepatic dialysis has enjoyed significant interest. In particular, many investigations have examined the therapeutic mechanisms and efficacy of artificial albumin dialysis based systems in acute on chronic liver failure, the results of which have been conflicting. Albumin dialysis systems do not appear to significantly decrease serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in severe acute on chronic liver failure. Thus, if these treatments do result in clinical improvement, then other therapeutic mechanisms must be involved.
Clinical manifestation and natural course of late-onset Pompe's disease in 54 Dutch patients (2005)

Late-onset Pompe's disease (acid maltase deficiency, glycogen storage disease type II) is a slowly progressive myopathy caused by deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase. Current developments in enzyme replacement therapy require detailed knowledge of the kind and severity of symptoms and the natural course of the disease in the patient population. A detailed questionnaire covering the patients' medical history and current situation was developed and information was gathered from 54 Dutch patients. The mean age of the participants was 48.6 +/- 15.6 years. The first complaints started at a mean age of 28.1 +/- 14.3 years and were mostly related to mobility problems and limb-girdle weakness. Fifty-eight percent of the adult patients indicated the presence of mild muscular symptoms during childhood. Twenty-eight percent of the patients waited >5 years for the final diagnosis after the first visit to a physician for disease-related complaints. At the time of questionnaire completion, 48% of the study population used a wheelchair and 37% used artificial ventilation. Movements such as rising from an armchair, taking stairs or getting upright after bending over were difficult or impossible for more than two-thirds of the respondents. The age at onset, the rate of disease progression and the sequence of respiratory and skeletal muscle involvement varied substantially between patients. Seventy-six percent of the participants indicated being troubled by fatigue and 46% by pain. This survey has mapped the age at onset, presenting symptoms, heterogeneity in progression and range of disease severity in a large group of Dutch patients. We conclude that early manifestations in childhood require proper attention to prevent unnecessary delay of the diagnosis. The follow-up of patients with late-onset Pompe's disease should focus on respiratory and limb-girdle muscle function, the capacity to perform daily activities, and the presentation of fatigue and pain.