gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single Step Oxidation of Methane to Methanol–Towards Better Understanding (2013)

The potential use of methanol as a fuel is well known. Many research scientists are working on single stage production of methanol. Currently it is being produced by a conventional two-step process which is expensive and energy intensive. Conversion of methane to a liquid fuel is a more desirable alternative to compressed natural gas due to ease of storage. The two-step process produces liquid methanol by the steam reforming of methane to synthesis gas followed by the high pressure catalytic conversion of the synthesis gas to methanol. Partial oxidation route offers the advantage of directly converting methane to methanol in a single step reaction. An economically feasible one step process could significantly reduce cost of methanol production cost saving millions of dollars. The methanol thus obtained from methane is in an energy form that is much easier to transport and is more efficient fuel. This would make methane a much more attractive and valuable energy source. Because of increasing demands for energy and environmental protection, the two-step process which includes energy intensive syngas manufacturing is incompatible; here the partial oxidation of methane through the direct synthesis of methanol has been a field of extensive research work for many decades. Nevertheless, yields of organic oxygenates are generally quite low. The methanol yield is generally no more than 5%. This article discusses about thermodynamic feasibility of reaction of direct oxidation of methane. Even thermodynamic analysis shows that at lower temperature signle step process is more favourable over two step reforming process. However, side reactions and poor selectivity possess major challenge. Even after referred first time in 1902, still it poses a major challenge for researchers. This article also describes the work already done and recent advancements in the single-step oxidation of methane to methanol to enhance selectivity of methanol.
Influence of Cross-Linking Method and Disinfection/Sterilization Treatment on the Structural, Biophysical, Biochemical, and Biological Properties of Collagen-Based Devices (2018)

Disinfection/sterilization is an essential step during the manufacturing process of any implantable medical device. Cross-linking is also required for biopolymers to control resistance to degradation and enhance mechanical integrity. To date, there is still no single disinfection/sterilization treatment and cross-linking method that can be used universally for collagen-based devices. Herein, we assessed the influence of ethylene oxide, ethanol, gamma irradiation, and gas plasma disinfection/sterilization on the structural, biophysical, biochemical, and biological properties of self-assembled collagen films cross-linked with 4-arms polyethylene glycol succinimidyl glutarate and genipin. Microscopy analysis revealed that gas plasma treatment induced the most profound differences in the non-cross-linked and 4-arms polyethylene glycol succinimidyl glutarate cross-linked collagen films. Gas plasma also significantly increased the swelling ratio of the non-cross-linked and the 4-arms polyethylene glycol succinimidyl glutarate cross-linked films. Non-cross-linked and gas plasma treated 4-arms polyethylene glycol succinimidyl glutarate collagen films exhibited the lowest resistance to collagenase degradation and denaturation temperature. Between the non-cross-linked groups, the gas plasma treatment resulted in the collagen films with the lowest stress at break, strain at break, force at break, and Young's modulus values. Within the 4-arms polyethylene glycol succinimidyl glutarate groups, the ethylene oxide treatment resulted in collagen films with the lowest stress at break, strain at break, force at break, and Young's modulus values. Within the genipin groups, the gas plasma treatment resulted in collagen films with the lowest stress at break, strain at break, force at break, and Young's modulus values. Proliferation, metabolic activity, and viability of human skin fibroblasts were not affected as a function of cross-linking method and disinfection/sterilization treatment. However, proliferation, metabolic activity, and viability of THP1 cells were significantly reduced as a function of the cross-linking method, but they were not affected as a function of the disinfection/sterilization treatment. Overall, our data illustrate that the cross-linking method and the disinfection/sterilization treatment differentially affect the structural, biophysical, biochemical, and biological properties of collagen-based devices, and thus, they should be optimized according to the clinical indication.
High selectivity in the homogeneous hydrogenation of 1-alkynes to 1-alkenes by rhodium(I) carboxylato-complexes (1975)

[Rh(cod)(PPh3)(C5H5N)]+PF6– or [RhOCOPh(cod)(PPh3)](cod = cyclo-octa-1,5-diene) in benzene containing PhCO2H and NEt3 under H2 reduce a variety of 1-alkynes with high selectivity to the corresponding 1-alkenes.
The value of intraoperative ultrasonography during the resection of relapsed irradiated malignant gliomas in the brain (2016)

During surgery performed on relapsed, irradiated, high-grade gliomas, IOUS provided a reliable method of navigating towards the core of the tumor. At borders, it did not reliably distinguish between remnants or tumor-free tissue, but hypoechoic areas seldom contained tumor tissue.
Standard enthalpy of formation kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (2019)

The standard enthalpy of kesterite formation (Cu2ZnSnS4) is calculated from the calorimetric determinations of the enthalpy of its formation from simple sulphides: 2CuS + ZnS + SnS → Cu2ZnSnS4 using literature data on the standard enthalpies of the formation of simple sulphides. As a result, the standard enthalpy of kesterite formation was determined: ΔfHo298.15 (Cu2ZnSnS4) = -(467.62±2.28) kJ mol-1.
Use of biotinylated beta-lactams and chemiluminescence for study and purification of penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria (1994)

A new reagent for the detection of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) was developed. An N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of biotin was used to tag beta-lactam antibiotics with free side chain amino groups such as ampicillin (BIO-AMP), 6-aminopenicillanic acid (BIO-APA), and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (BIO-ACA). Bacterial PBPs from cells or isolated cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were labeled with BIO-AMP, subjected to electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels, and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. Electrophoretic PBP profiles were detected on blots, using colorimetric or chemiluminescence systems, on the basis of the interaction of BIO-AMP-PBP complexes and a streptavidin-peroxidase conjugate. The chemiluminescent reaction permitted a high sensitivity of detection, and PBP profiles could be determined within seconds. All PBP profiles were similar to those obtained with a traditional PBP labeling technique with 125I-labeled penicillin V, except that an additional unidentified PBP (approximately 55,000 Da) was labeled with BIO-AMP in E. coli and H. influenzae. Differences in the intensities of labeling for specific PBPs were observed between the chemiluminescent and radioactive labeling agents and were attributed to the differences in their affinities for PBPs. Similarly, BIO-AMP, BIO-APA, and BIO-ACA produced different PBP profiles. We also investigated the use of BIO-AMP in PBP purification. BIO-AMP-PBP complexes from a mixture of H. influenzae proteins were allowed to bind to avidin immobilized on an agarose support in a microcentrifuge tube. After several washes in the presence of salts, PBPs were eluted by boiling and treatment with SDS. The eluted proteins were separated by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and biotinylated proteins were identified on blots by a chemiluminescence reaction. Biotinylation of beta-lactams is rapid, safe, and inexpensive. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using biotinylated beta-lactams as nonradioactive reagents for the study of PBPs and for the purification of these proteins.
Fabrication of a three-dimensional nanoporous polymer film as a diffuser for microcavity OLEDs (2015)

We used a nanoporous polymer film prepared by cellulose acetate butyrate with ~40% of optical haze value as a diffuser. It was fabricated by a simple spin-coating process during continuous water mist supply by a humidifier. The pores were created by the elastic bouncing mechanism (rather than the thermocapillary convection mechanism) of the supplied water droplets. The shapes and sizes of the caves formed near the polymer surface are randomly distributed, with a relatively narrow pore size distribution (300–500 nm). Specifically, we focused on controlling the surface morphology to give a three-dimensional (3D) multi-stacked nanocave structure because we had already learnt that two-dimensional nanoporous structures showed serious loss of luminance in the forward direction. Using this approach, we found that the 3D nanoporous polymer film can effectively reduce the viewing angle dependency of strong microcavity OLEDs without any considerable decrease in the total intensity of the out-coupled light. We applied this nanoporous polymer film to microcavity OLEDs to investigate the possibility of using it as a diffuser layer. The resulting nanoporous polymer film effectively reduced the viewing angle dependency of the microcavity OLEDs, although a pixel blurring phenomenon occurred. Despite its negative effects, such as the drop in efficiency in the forward direction and the pixel blurring, the introduction of a nanoporous polymer film as a scattering medium on the back side of the glass substrate eliminated the viewing angle dependency. Thus, this approach is a promising method to overcome the serious drawbacks of microcavity OLEDs.
High-resolution And Low Variance, Real-time Spectral Analysis Of Doppler Signals (2005)

The spectrum of Doppler signal reflects blood flow characteristics. However this signal is a non-stationary process mainly during the ejection portion of the cardiac cycle. A new method for real time parametric spectral estimation on short windows is worked out. It is based on a long AR modelization of the Doppler signal associated with a regularized least square parameters estimation by a fast Kalman filter. This method is compared to conventional FFT based spectral analysis used in Doppler systems both for frequency resolution and discrimination between Doppler information and background noise. Doppler spectrum is considered as a reliable image of flow velocity distribution in vessels. However, to provide reliable images of the velocity distribution in a vessel, a correct estimate of the spectrum requires :
On the Use of Magnetic Buckets for Ion Beam Profile Tailoring (1999)

No abstract prepared.
Role of intracellular pH in muscle fatigue (1987)

Intracellular pH of in vitro diaphragm preparations was determined following low- (5 Hz, 1.5 min) and high- (75 Hz, 1 min) frequency stimulation, using glass microelectrodes of the liquid membrane type (pHm). Results were compared with values obtained by the standard homogenate technique (pHh). High- and low-frequency stimulation reduced peak tetanic tension to 21 +/- 1 (SE) and 71 +/- 2% of initial values, respectively. Peak tetanic tension returned to resting values after 10- to 15-min recovery from high- or low-frequency stimulation. Resting pHm was 7.063 +/- 0.011 (n = 72), and after fatiguing stimulation declined to values as low as 6.33. During recovery pHm significantly increased and by 10 min had returned to prefatigue values. No difference was observed in the recovery of pHm between the low- and high-frequency stimulation groups (analysis of variance test, ANOVA), and in both groups pHm recovery was highly correlated to the recovery of peak tetanic tension (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001). Resting pHh was 7.219 +/- 0.023 (n = 13), which was significantly higher than the pHm value. In contrast to pHm, intracellular pHh was significantly higher during recovery from 75- vs. 5-Hz stimulation (P less than 0.05). For both groups pHh increased significantly with time and by 10 min returned to prestimulation values. The ANOVA test demonstrated that pHh values were significantly higher than pHm values during recovery from fatigue. The results from this study support our hypothesis that fatigue from both high- and low-frequency stimulation is at least partially due to the deleterious effects of intracellular acidosis on excitation-contraction coupling.
Total ionizing dose effects on flash memories (2002)

This paper presents the results of measurements performed on two different flash memory types, NOR and NAND technologies. The data suggest that the degradation is influenced by the activation of integrated charge pump circuits. The NAND type device functionally failed at lower TID level than the NOR technology, even when the NOR device was used with the charge pump activated.
Slow Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Long-Term Depotentiation, and Brain Hyperexcitability Disorders (2002)

Slow rTMS offers a new method for probing and possibly treating brain hyperexcitability syndromes. Further studies linking slow rTMS to animal models of neuroplasticity are indicated.
Udp/IP for Embedded System (2010)

The invention of wheel was a major break throw of its scientific age. Like wise we can consider internet is the one of the most influential Scientifics break throw of current age, which was only possible because of advance ever growing communication technologies. Communication between any two sources protocols can be deemed as backbone of the whole setup. Currently several protocol exist and are employed in the cutting age of the communication set up. Different protocols are invented because of different scenario of communication. UDP protocol is actively used in today's worlds of communication, in real time with data transfer which can tolerate little loss of data and accuracy. Because of ever increasing need and significance of communication system,in this book investigated the UDP software for Ethernet Lite in the embedded system by evaluated of behaviour of some important protocols UDP, IP, ICMP and ARP. One most important thing which we have done in this book that programme memory small as we can .The memory is 10KB with the UDP/IP.
Polynomial Signal Processing (2000)

Volterra Series Expansions. Realization of Truncated Volterra Filters. Multidimensional Volterra Filters. Parameter Estimation. Frequency-Domain Methods for Volterra System Identification. Adaptive Truncated Volterra Filters. Recursive Polynomial Systems. Inversion and Time Series Analysis. Applications of Polynomial Filters. Some Related Topics and Recent Developments. Appendices. References. Index.
Bis[bis(oxazolinato)] Complexes of Yttrium and Lanthanum: Molecular Structure and Use in Polymerization of (D,L)-Lactide and (D,L)-Γ-Butyrolactone (2006)

International audience
CoAP Communication with Alternative Transports (2018)

The aim of this document is to provide a way forward to best decide
upon how alternative transport information can be expressed in a CoAP
URI. This draft examines the requirements for a new URI format for
representing CoAP resources over alternative transports. Various
potential URI formats are presented. Benefits and drawbacks of
embedding alternative transport information in various ways within the
URI components are also discussed. From all listed formats, the
document finds scheme-based model to be the most technically feasible.
High-speed waveguide avalanche photodetectors (2002)

Avalanche photodetectors are becoming increasingly attractive as a means to boost sensitivity in optical communications systems. An edge-coupled waveguide configuration allows the absorption region to be thinned in order to reduce carrier transit times without compromising sensitivity. An AlGaAs/GaAs waveguide avalanche photodetector (WG-A-PD) was demonstrated with a maximum bandwidth of 32 GHz and a gain-bandwidth product of 110 GHz. An InGaAs/InAlAs waveguide avalanche photodetector was demonstrated with a bandwidth of 28 GHz at low gains and an external quantum efficiency of 16% at 1.55 /spl mu/m. The gain-bandwidth product of 320 GHz is the highest reported for an APD.
The influence of nasal airflow on respiratory and olfactory epithelial distribution in felids (2016)

The surface area of the maxilloturbinals and fronto-ethmoturbinals is commonly used as an osteological proxy for the respiratory and the olfactory epithelium, respectively. However, this assumption does not fully account for animals with short snouts in which these two turbinal structures significantly overlap, potentially placing fronto-ethmoturbinals in the path of respiratory airflow. In these species, it is possible that anterior fronto-ethmoturbinals are covered with non-sensory (respiratory) epithelium instead of olfactory epithelium. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of olfactory and non-sensory, respiratory epithelia on the turbinals of two domestic cats (Felis catus) and a bobcat (Lynx rufus). We also conducted a computational fluid dynamics simulation of nasal airflow in the bobcat to explore the relationship between epithelial distribution and airflow patterns. The results showed that a substantial amount of respiratory airflow passes over the anterior fronto-ethmoturbinals, and that contrary to what has been observed in caniform carnivorans, much of the anterior ethmoturbinals are covered by non-sensory epithelium. This confirms that in short-snouted felids, portions of the fronto-ethmoturbinals have been recruited for respiration, and that estimates of olfactory epithelial coverage based purely on fronto-ethmoturbinal surface area will be exaggerated. The correlation between the shape of the anterior fronto-ethmoturbinals and the direction of respiratory airflow suggests that in short-snouted species, CT data alone are useful in assessing airflow patterns and epithelium distribution on the turbinals.
Diabetes is associated with posttranslational modifications in plasminogen resulting in reduced plasmin generation and enzyme-specific activity (2013)

Diabetes is associated with hypofibrinolysis by mechanisms that are only partially understood. We investigated the effects of in vivo plasminogen glycation on fibrinolysis, plasmin generation, protein proteolytic activity, and plasminogen-fibrin interactions. Plasma was collected from healthy controls and individuals with type 1 diabetes before and after improving glycemia. Plasma-purified plasmin(ogen) functional activity was evaluated by chromogenic, turbidimetric, and plasmin conversion assays, with surface plasmon resonance employed for fibrin-plasminogen interactions. Plasminogen posttranslational modifications were quantified by mass spectrometry and glycation sites located by peptide mapping. Diabetes was associated with impaired plasma fibrin network lysis, which partly normalized upon improving glycaemia. Purified plasmin(ogen) from diabetic subjects had impaired fibrinolytic activity compared with controls (723 ± 16 and 317 ± 4 s, respectively; P < .01), mainly related to decreased fibrin-dependent plasmin generation and reduced protease activity (Kcat/KM 2.57 ± 1.02 × 10⁻³ and 5.67 ± 0.98 × 10⁻³ M⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively; P < .05). Nε-fructosyl-lysine residue on plasminogen was increased in diabetes compared with controls (6.26 ± 3.43 and 1.82 ± 0.95%mol, respectively; P < .01) with preferential glycation of lysines 107 and 557, sites involved in fibrin binding and plasmin(ogen) cleavage, respectively. Glycation of plasminogen in diabetes directly affects fibrinolysis by decreasing plasmin generation and reducing protein-specific activity, changes that are reversible with modest improvement in glycemic control.
Development of innovative flow visualisation methods to investigate the stages of Wet Compression Moulding (WCM) process (2020)

Abstract The WCM is a novel production technique for fibre-reinforced polymer components. This technique is increasingly adopted in industry, typically in the automotive sector for medium to large-scale production. This process reduces the cost per part significantly by reducing the number of tools and processing steps, relative to Resin Transfer Moulding. To date, the processing variables, their relations and effect on the composite quality have been established through the knowledge gained by technologists. The drive of this research is to develop a fundamental understanding of the impact of process parameters (key process timings and cavity thicknesses, mould closing speed, edge clamping frame dimensions) and material properties (fibre reinforcement compaction response, permeability, and wettability together with test fluid viscosity and surface tension) on textile wetting, impregnation, and resulting composite part quality. In this study, a 480g/m 2 non-crimp unidirectional glass fibre reinforcement has been chosen and characterised for compaction response, in-plane, and through-thickness permeability. For ease of handling, motor oil (DTE heavy VG100) has been characterised and used as a test fluid. Two experimental flow visualisation setups have been developed at the CACM to investigate the influence of process and material parameters on initial resin application and textile wetting, and the subsequent compression flow stage.
Immune protection of chickens conferred by a vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of Salmonella Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Infantis (2016)

The colonization of poultry with different Salmonella enterica serovars poses an issue throughout the world. In this study we therefore tested the efficacy of a vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Infantis against challenge with the same serovars and with S. Agona, Dublin and Hadar. We tested oral and aerosol administration of the vaccine, with or without co-administration of cecal microbiota from adult hens. The protective effect was determined by bacterial counts of the challenge strains up to week 18 of life and by characterizing the immune response using real-time PCR specific for 16 different genes. We have shown that a vaccine consisting of attenuated S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis protected chickens against challenge with the wild type strains of the same serovars and partially protected chickens also against challenge with isolates belonging to serovars Dublin or Hadar. Aerosol vaccination was more effective at inducing systemic immunity whilst oral vaccination stimulated a local immune response in the gut. Co-administration of cecal microbiota increased the protectiveness in the intestinal tract but slightly decreased the systemic immune response. Adjusting the vaccine composition and changing the administration route therefore affects vaccine efficacy.