gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
K-TanH: Efficient TanH For Deep Learning (2019)

We propose K-TanH, a novel, highly accurate, hardware efficient approximation of popular activation function TanH for Deep Learning. K-TanH consists of parameterized low-precision integer operations, such as, shift and add/subtract (no floating point operation needed) where parameters are stored in very small look-up tables that can fit in CPU registers. K-TanH can work on various numerical formats, such as, Float32 and BFloat16. High quality approximations to other activation functions, e.g., Sigmoid, Swish and GELU, can be derived from K-TanH. Our AVX512 implementation of K-TanH demonstrates $&gt;5\times$ speed up over Intel SVML, and it is consistently superior in efficiency over other approximations that use floating point arithmetic. Finally, we achieve state-of-the-art Bleu score and convergence results for training language translation model GNMT on WMT16 data sets with approximate TanH obtained via K-TanH on BFloat16 inputs.
Gasdynamic laser with thermal-nonequilibrium heating of the active medium by an electric arc (1979)

The possibility is considered of constructing a gasdynamic laser with thermal-nonequilibrium electric-arc heating of the energy-carrying component of the active medium and with selective excitation of the optically active component by mixing it into the hot gas in the region of the throat of the nozzle channel. Results are given of experimental detection of a lack of vibrational equilibrium in nitrogen when it is heated in a high-current high-pressure arc discharge, stabilized by intense injection of gas through a porous discharge-channel wall. For the parameters realized in the experiments, I = 100-300 A and p = (1-2)×105 Pa, the vibrational temperature of the ground state of the nitrogen molecule exceeded the translational temperature of the gas by 1000-3000°K. The possible advantages of gasdynamic (CO2) lasers with thermal-nonequilibrium electric-arc heating over traditional gasdynamic lasers with equilibrium heating of the active medium are indicated.
Introduction (2022)

summarize the results of the 2019 and 2020 expeditions to study the winter ecology of Pacific salmon in the Gulf of Alaska. Virtual presentations were made in an international conference from April 20 -22, 2021 and are available at sites listed in Table 1. The preliminary results of the expeditions are summarized in cruise reports by Pakhomov et al. (2019) and Somov et al. (2020). The two expeditions were privately funded and organized by Drs. Richard Beamish and Brian Riddell with the help of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission and the Pacific Salmon Foundation. Donors to these expeditions are too numerous to list, but range from individual
Learning acoustic frame labeling for speech recognition with recurrent neural networks (2015)

We explore alternative acoustic modeling techniques for large vocabulary speech recognition using Long Short-Term Memory recurrent neural networks. For an acoustic frame labeling task, we compare the conventional approach of cross-entropy (CE) training using fixed forced-alignments of frames and labels, with the Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) method proposed for labeling unsegmented sequence data. We demonstrate that the latter can be implemented with finite state transducers. We experiment with phones and context dependent HMM states as acoustic modeling units. We also investigate the effect of context in acoustic input by training unidirectional and bidirectional LSTM RNN models. We show that a bidirectional LSTM RNN CTC model using phone units can perform as well as an LSTM RNN model trained with CE using HMM state alignments. Finally, we also show the effect of sequence discriminative training on these models and show the first results for sMBR training of CTC models.
Design of high homogeneity inside-notch-corrected superconducting solenoids (1969)

A graphical technique is described which facilitates the design of high homogeneity solenoids corrected to sixth order by a notch on the inner surface of the coil.
Safety and Tolerability of the Lidocaine Patch 5%, a Targeted Peripheral Analgesic: A Review of the Literature (2003)

The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the lidocaine patch 5% (Lidoderm), a targeted peripheral analgesic with an FDA-approved indication for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, has been well established. Recent case reports and studies have suggested potential efficacy in other neuropathic and nonneuropathic pain conditions. Several pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated minimal systemic absorption with 12-, 18-, and 24-hour/day dosing. Mean maximum plasma concentrations have shown the lidocaine patch to possess a minimal risk for systemic toxicities or drug-drug interactions. The most common adverse events generally involve mild skin reactions. There have been no drug-drug interactions noted in clinical trials. Recent evidence suggests that extended application does not result in A-beta-mediated sensory loss at the application site, which is particularly important in patients who already have a degree of sensory loss due to their underlying condition. The lidocaine patch provides a treatment option that carries a relatively low systemic adverse event and drug-drug interaction risk burden, even with continuous application of up to four patches per day.
Bluetongue virus, an exceptionally potent interferon inducer in mice (1978)

The attenuated American BT-8 strain of bluetongue virus is 5 to 10 times more potent an interferon inducer than any other viral or nonviral agent reported to date, including as much as 600,000 units/ml of plasma by 8 h after intravenous injection.
Performance degradation of OFDM systems due to Doppler spreading (2006)

The focus of this paper is on the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in mobile radio applications, such as 802.11a and digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, e.g., DVB-CS2. The paper considers the evaluation of the error probability of an OFDM system transmitting over channels characterized by frequency selectivity and Rayleigh fading. The time variations of the channel during one OFDM symbol interval destroy the orthogonality of the different subcarriers and generate power leakage among the subcarriers, known as inter-carrier interference (ICI). For conventional modulation methods such as phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM), the bivariate probability density function (pdf) of the ICI is shown to be a weighted Gaussian mixture. The large computational complexity involved in using the weighted Gaussian mixture pdf to evaluate the error probability serves as the motivation for developing a two-dimensional Gram-Charlier representation for the bivariate pdf of the ICI. It is demonstrated that its truncated version of order 4 or 6 provides a very good approximation in the evaluation of the error probability for PSK and QAM in the presence of ICI. Based on Jakes' model for the Doppler effects, and an exponential multipath intensity profile, numerical results for the error probability are illustrated for several mobile speeds.
Antepartum stillbirth rates during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Austria: A population‐based study (2021)

In Austria, there has been an overall increase in the incidence of aSB during the pandemic with a significant peak during the first lockdown.
Studies on fungal products. Part 8. Isolation and structure of emestrin, a novel antifungal macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine from Emericella striata. X-Ray molecular structure of emestrin (1986)

Together with ergosterol, sterigmatocystin, and emericellin, a new compound designated emestrin (1), C27H22H2O10S2, was isolated from the mycelial extract of Emericella striata. Violaceic acid (6) was also isolated from the culture filtrate. The structure of emestrin (1), including the absolute configuration, was determined on the basis of a spectroscopic investigation of some derivatives and X-ray crystallography of emestrin methanol solvate. Emestrin is a new macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine, derived from two molecules of phenylalanine and one molecule of benzoic acid, and has strong antifungal activity.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION‐METAL METHYLENE COMPLEXES. 14. REACTIONS OF AN ELECTRON‐RICH DIMETALLACYCLOPROPANE WITH PROTIC ACIDS: SYNTHESIS AND X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF NOVEL RHODIUM‐METHYL AND ‐METHYLIDYNE COMPLEXES (1981)

Abstract Die u‐Methylen‐dirhodium‐ Komplexe (I) reagieren mit HX in Ether bei Temp. unter 0°C reversibel zu den kationischen u‐Methylen‐u‐hydrido‐Komplexen (II).
Role of the β1-integrin cytoplasmic tail in mediating invasin-promoted internalization of Yersinia (2002)

Invasin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis binds to beta1-integrins on host cells and triggers internalization of the bacterium. To elucidate the mechanism behind the beta1-integrin-mediated internalization of Yersinia, a beta1-integrin-deficient cell line, GD25, transfected with wild-type beta1A, beta1B or different mutants of the beta1A subunit was used. Both beta1A and beta1B bound to invasin-expressing bacteria, but only beta1A was able to mediate internalization of the bacteria. The cytoplasmic region of beta1A, differing from beta1B, contains two NPXY motifs surrounding a double threonine site. Exchanging the tyrosines of the two NPXYs to phenylalanines did not inhibit the uptake, whereas a marked reduction was seen when the first tyrosine (Y783) was exchanged to alanine. A similar reduction was seen when the two nearby threonines (TT788-9) were exchanged with alanines. It was also noted that cells affected in bacterial internalization exhibited reduced spreading capability when seeded onto invasin, suggesting a correlation between the internalization of invasin-expressing bacteria and invasin-induced spreading. Likewise, integrins defective in forming peripheral focal complex structures was unable to mediate uptake of invasin-expressing bacteria.
Nicotine-Mediated Regulation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma by E2F1 and STAT1 Transcription Factors (2016)

Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 80% of all lung cancers. Nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco smoke, can induce proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and survival in NSCLC cell lines, as well as growth and metastasis of NSCLC in mice. This nicotine-mediated tumor progression is facilitated through activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), specifically the α7 subunit; however, how the α7 nAChR gene is regulated in lung adenocarcinoma is not fully clear. Here we demonstrate that the α7 nAChR gene promoter is differentially regulated by E2F and STAT transcription factors through a competitive interplay; E2F1 induces the promoter, while STAT transcription factors repress it by binding to an overlapping site at a region -294 through -463bp upstream of the transcription start site. Treatment of cells with nicotine induced the mRNA and protein levels of α7 nAChR; this could be abrogated by treatment with inhibitors targeting Src, PI3K, MEK, α7 nAChR, CDK4/6 or a disruptor of the Rb-Raf-1 interaction. Further, nicotine-mediated induction of α7 nAChR was reduced when E2F1 was depleted and in contrast elevated when STAT1 was depleted by siRNAs. Interestingly, extracts from e-cigarettes, which have recently emerged as healthier alternatives to traditional cigarette smoking, can also induce α7 nAChR expression in a manner similar to nicotine. These results suggest an autoregulatory feed-forward loop that induces the levels of α7 nAChR upon exposure to nicotine, which enhances the strength of the signal. It can be imagined that such an induction of α7 nAChR contributes to the tumor-promoting functions of nicotine.
X-ray structures of the high-affinity copper transporter Ctr1 (2019)

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for growth and development and abnormal Cu levels are associated with anemia, metabolic disease and cancer. Evolutionarily conserved from fungi to humans, the high-affinity Cu<sup>+</sup> transporter Ctr1 is crucial for both dietary Cu uptake and peripheral distribution, yet the mechanisms for selective permeation of potentially toxic Cu<sup>+</sup> ions across cell membranes are unknown. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of Ctr1 from Salmo salar in both Cu<sup>+</sup>-free and Cu<sup>+</sup>-bound states, revealing a homo-trimeric Cu<sup>+</sup>-selective ion channel-like architecture. Two layers of methionine triads form a selectivity filter, coordinating two bound Cu<sup>+</sup> ions close to the extracellular entrance. These structures, together with Ctr1 functional characterization, provide a high resolution picture to understand Cu<sup>+</sup> import across cellular membranes and suggest therapeutic opportunities for intervention in diseases characterized by inappropriate Cu accumulation.
Wide Operating Temperature Range Electrolytes for High Voltage and High Specific Energy Li-Ion Cells (2013)

A number of electrolyte formulations that have been designed to operate over a wide temperature range have been investigated in conjunction with layered-layered metal oxide cathode materials developed at Argonne. In this study, we have evaluated a number of electrolytes in Li-ion cells consisting of Conoco Phillips A12 graphite anodes and Toda HE5050 Li 1.2 Ni 0.15 Co 0.10 Mn 0.55 O 2 cathodes. The electrolytes studied consisted of LiPF 6 in carbonate-based electrolytes that contain ester co-solvents with various solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) promoting additives, many of which have been demonstrated to perform well in 4V systems. More specifically, we have investigated the performance of a number of methyl butyrate (MB) containing electrolytes (i.e., LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) + ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) + MB (20:20:60 v/v %) that contain various additives, including vinylene carbonate, lithium oxalate, and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB). When these systems were evaluated at various rates at low temperatures, the methyl butyrate-based electrolytes resulted in improved rate capability compared to cells with all carbonate-based formulations. It was also ascertained that the slow cathode kinetics govern the generally poor rate capability at low temperature in contrast to traditionally used LiNi 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 -based systems, rather than being influenced strongly by the electrolyte type.
Splenectomy in Mediterranean anemia. (1955)

Although the primary defect in Mediterranean anemia is an inability to synthesize adequate amounts of hemoglobin, a hemolytic component eventually supervenes, associated with splenomegaly which in turn is augmented by the necessary transfusions. When the disease bias been evident for some time, the spleen is greatly enlarged and the transfusion requirement is big, splenectomy may be effective in greatly reducing the frequency of transfusions to 25 to 50 per cent of the pre-splenectomy need. Secondary benefits following splenectomy have included improvement in disposition, appetite and activity and lessened fatiguability. Overloading with iron is diminished, a feature theoretically diesirable in view of the ever-present hemochromatosis. Psychic trauma to the child and expenditure of the physician9s time in transfusions are proportionately decreased. Failure to benefit from splenectomy may be expected if the organ is removed early in the course of the disease before it has greatly enlarged and the transfusion need is great. It is also possible that the operation will accomplish little in the terminal phase of the disease when the liver is huge and the marrow over-extended. Optimum time for splenectomy and the best criteria for the selection of patients remain to be evolved but we are convinced that removal of the spleen under appropriate circumstances is of substantial benefit to these patients. The procedure has been well tolerated in our small series. Complications have not been encountered, though thrombosis remains a threat in view of the high platelet counts encountered postoperatively. Early ambulation and even anticoagulant therapy (not yet employed by us) may be useful. Platelet counts should be followed closely.
Serum IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with periodontitis (2006)

Both IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies recognised a dominant antigen of 47 kDa, probably Arg-gingipain. Much of the response to carbohydrate antigen is of the IgG2 subclass. Neither the level of IgG1 nor the IgG2 antibody specific to P. gingivalis was related to the total serum concentration of that antibody.
Facile Preparation of 2-Imino-1,3-selenazolidin-4-one Derivatives by Reaction of N,N’-Disubstituted Selenoureas with α-Haloacyl Halides (2002)

2-Imino-1,3-selenazolidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of N,N’-disubstituted selenoureas with α-haloacyl halides in the presence of pyridine.
Variant Base Excision Repair Genes (hOGG1, APE1, XRCC1) and Prostate Cancer Risk in African‐American Men (2007)

DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species may be repaired by a complex network of base excision repair (BER) enzymes. BER enzymes ( hOGG1 , APE1 and XRCC1) are involved in sequential reactions that recognize and repair the damage resulting from oxidative stress. This study evaluated the individual and joint modifying effects of three highly variant BER genes in relation to prostate cancer risk within a large and unique prostate cancer case‐control study of 918 African‐American (AA) men. We hypothesize individuals who possess at least one variant hOGG1 326Cys allele in combination with one or more variant BER alleles (APE1 148Glu, XRCC1 399Glu) will have an increased prostate cancer risk, presumably due to reduced DNA repair capacity. Genetic alterations detected in germ‐line DNA collected from 220 incident PCA cases and 698 healthy age matched controls were assessed using TaqMan real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The intricate gene‐gene interaction was analyzed using logistic regression analysis models, adjusted for age and PSA levels. We did not observe a significant role for individual BER high‐risk alleles alone (P ≥ 0.215) or combined (P ≥ 0.509) in relation to prostate cancer risk among AA men. To expand our current efforts, future studies will consider the complex genetic architecture of prostate cancer, involving additional BER genes (e.g., XRCC3, XRCC4, MBD4, UNG ). Bales Medical Research Fund
Acoustics as a physical science (1973)

In late 1969, the National Academy of Sciences created a committee, chaired by D. Allan Bromley of Yale University, to survey the state of physics. In due course, Bromley organized a set of panels, dividing physics into such recognizable areas as nuclear physics, elementary particles, condensed matter and the like. The first part of the report of this committee has now appeared, and more will follow.
Lightweight and Flexible Reduced Graphene Oxide/Water-Borne Polyurethane Composites with High Electrical Conductivity and Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance (2014)

In this study, we developed a simple and powerful method to fabricate flexible and lightweight graphene-based composites that provide high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. Electrospun waterborne polyurethane (WPU) that featured sulfonate functional groups was used as the polymer matrix, which was light and flexible. First, graphene oxide (GO)/WPU composites were prepared through layer-by-layer (L-b-L) assembly of two oppositely charged suspensions of GO, the cationic surfactant (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, DDAB)-adsorbed GO and intrinsic negatively charged GO, depositing on the negatively charged WPU fibers. After the L-b-L assembly cycles, the GO bilayers wrapped the WPU fiber matrix completely and revealed fine connections guided by the electrospun WPU fibers. Then, we used hydroiodic acid (HI) to obtain highly reduced GO (r-GO)/WPU composites, which exhibited substantially enhanced electrical conductivity (approximately 16.8 S/m) and, moreover, showed a high EMI-shielding effectiveness (approximately 34 dB) over the frequency range from 8.2 to 12.4 GHz.
User scheduling and beam allocation for massive MIMO systems with two-stage precoding (2016)

In this paper, we propose a user scheduling and beam allocation algorithm for massive MIMO frequency-division-duplexing (FDD) systems by using a two-stage precoding method. We demonstrate that the precoding in beam domain is optimal when different users transmit data in non-overlapping beams. To satisfy the condition of optimality, a greedy algorithm with low complexity is proposed to select users and allocate beams for transmission based on statistical channel state information (CSI) by maximizing the deterministic equivalent approximation of the average sum rate. Simulations demonstrate the near-optimal performance of the proposed two-stage precoding method.
Hollow Co0.85Se Nanowire Array on Carbon Fiber Paper for High Rate Pseudocapacitor (2014)

A supercapacitor electrode is fabricated with Co0.85Se hollow nanowires (HNW) array, which is synthesized by wet chemical hydrothermal selenization of initially grown cobalt hydroxyl carbonate nanowires on conductive CFP. The dense self-organized morphology of Co0.85Se HNWs is revealed by scanning/transmission electron microscopy. The as-synthesized Co0.85Se HNWs possess high pseudocapacitive property with high capacitance retention and high durability. The areal capacitance value is seen to vary from 929.5 to 600 mF cm(-2) (60% retention) as the current density is increased from 1 to 15 mA cm(-2), an increase of a factor of 15. Based on mass loading, this corresponds to a very high gravimetric capacitance of 674 (for 2 mA cm(-2) or 1.48 Ag(-1)) and 444 Fg(1-) (for 15 mA cm(-2) or 11 A g(-1)) in a full-cell configuration with the Co0.85Se HNWs as cathode and activated carbon as anode (asymmetric configuration) promising results are obtained.
Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines (2012)

The risk and the size of an outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) could be restricted by vaccination of poultry. A vaccine used for rapid intervention during an AIV outbreak should be safe, highly effective after a single administration and suitable for mass application. In the case of AIV, aerosol vaccination using live virus is not desirable because of its zoonotic potential and because of the risk for virus reassortment. The rational design of novel mucosal-inactivated vaccines against AIV requires a comprehensive knowledge of the structure and function of the lung-associated immune system in birds in order to target vaccines appropriately and to design efficient mucosal adjuvants. This review addresses our current understanding of the induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken. Furthermore, possible mucosal vaccination strategies for AIV are highlighted.
Modal analysis of stacked gratings using B-splines basis (2018)

We analyse stacked rotated 1D gratings. Although the whole structure is bi-periodic, introducing non orthogonal coordinates allows to formulate the problem in each layer grating in terms of a sole 1D spectral problem. The numerical solution is then obtained by using the Galerkin method with B-splines basis.
16-μm generation by CO_2-pumped rotational Raman scattering in H_2 (1978)

We have generated 50 mJ of 16.9-microm radiation by stimulated rotational Raman scattering in 3 atm of H(2) gas pumped by a CO(2) TEA-laser source. Threshold was reached by injection of a few microjoules of 16.9-microm radiation generated by four-wave mixing. We achieved 25% peak power, or 40% peak photon conversion efficiency.