gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation (2004)

The momentum produced by the sequencing of the humangenome has rapidly spilled over into the study of genetranscripts, proteins, and small molecule metabolites.The current trend in biology is no longer to study individ-ual components, but to study the cell as a whole. This trendhas not only spawned several new technologies (i.e.,cDNA and protein arrays), but also has brought aboutthe realization of unrecognized utilities possessed byexisting technologies (i.e., metabonomics analysis usingnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). One of thelargest trends is the development of methods to analyzelarge numbers of proteins in single experiments. Theseso-called “proteomics” approaches provide a powerfulmeans to examine global changes in protein levels andexpression under changing environmental conditions.
Ion Dynamics in Electrochemical Capacitors Using Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry (2014)

Electrochemical capacitors are electrical energy storage devices that are capable of providing large power densities (fast charging and discharging) and extremely long lifetimes (1 million charge-discharge cycles). Room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) electrolytes can broaden the operating voltage window and increase the energy density of electrochemical capacitors. However, a fundamental understanding of RTIL dynamics in capacitors is desired for their future commercial success. Herein, we have designed a new experimental technique, in situ infrared spectroelectrochemistry, that provides direct molecular-level measurements of the ion dynamics of RTILs in operating electrochemical capacitors with electrodes composed of RuO2 particles, porous nanosized carbide-derived carbons (CDCs), non-porous onion-like carbons (OLCs), and nanoporous carbon nanofibers. Results for RuO2 pseudocapacitors show that the cations and anions transport as aggregates and the cation dominates and dictates the direction of ion transport in these devices. Establishing an optimal proton (Nafion) / RTIL content in the electrode that allows for fast charging and high capacitance should allow these devices to function at high voltages and high temperatures, something that is not currently possible with aqueous electrolytes. For CDC electrodes, RTIL ions (both cations and anions) were directly observed entering and exiting CDC nanopores during charging and discharging of the EDLC. Conversely, for OLC electrodes, RTIL ions were observed in close proximity to the OLC surface without any change in the bulk electrolyte concentration during charging and discharging of the EDLC. For nanoporous carbon nanofibers with oxygen-rich surfaces, during charging and discharging, cations are expelled from pores before anions enter the pores; a significantly different phenomena compared to other nanoporous carbons. This work provides direct experimental confirmation of electrochemical capacitor charging/discharging mechanisms that previously were restricted to computational simulations and theories. The experimental measurements presented here also provide deep insights into the molecular level transport, migration, and adsorption of RTIL ions in electrochemical capacitor electrodes that can impact the design of the future electrode materials for electrical energy storage.
Operational Analysis of Variable-Delay Systems (1952)

An operational method of analysis of variable-delay systems such as delay modulators and variable-path communication systems is developed in this article. The output of a variable-delay system is related to its input by a delay operator which has the usual exponential form, but differs from the conventional (time-invariant) delay operators in that the time delay is a function of time. Special consideration is given to systems in which the variation in time delay is due to motion of the receiver or transmitter (source) or both. Such systems-referred to as type-R, type-S and type-RS systems, respectively-are analyzed in general terms. An operational relation is obtained for the correlation function of the output of a type-R system, and the result is applied to the determination of the correlation function of a frequency-modulated sound wave.
Low complexity bit-level soft-decision decoding for Reed-Solomon codes (1999)

Reed-Solomon codes (RS codes) are an important method for achieving error-correction in communication and storage systems. However, it has proved difficult to find a soft-decision decoding method which has low complexity. Moreover, in some previous soft-decision decoding approaches, bit-level soft-decision information could not be employed fully. Even though RS codes have powerful error correction capability, this is a critical shortcoming. This thesis presents bit-level soft-decision decoding schemes for RS codes. The aim is to design a low complexity sequential decoding method based on bit-level soft- decision information approaching maximum likelihood performance. Firstly a trellis decoding scheme which gives easy implementation is introduced, since the soft-decision information can be used directly. In order to allow bit-level soft-decision, a binary equivalent code is introduced and Wolf's method is used to construct the binary-trellis from a systematic parity check matrix. Secondly, the Fano sequential decoding method is chosen, which is sub-optimal and adaptable to channel conditions. This method does not need a large amount of storage to perform an efficient trellis search. The Fano algorithm is then modified to improve the error correcting performance. Finally, further methods of complexity reduction are presented without loss of decoding performance, based on reliability-first search decoding using permutation groups for RS codes. Compared with the decoder without permutation, those schemes give a large complexity reduction and performance improvement approaching near maximum likelihood performance. In this thesis, three types of permutation, cyclic, squaring and hybrid permutation, are presented and the decoding methods using them are implemented.
Modeling of Nonlinear Power Amplifier with Memory Effect for Wideband Application (2007)

This paper is concerned with a new time-domain modeling topology for signals which is applied to wideband power amplifiers. The memory effect will be shown using two-tone intermodulation distortion (IMD) measurement with different tone frequency spacing and power levels. The model is developed by using a memoryless nonlinearity followed by a dynamic LTI system (Hammerstein model) to consider the memory effects associated with wideband signals. For this purpose an Nth-order FIR filter is used. It is shown that the accuracy of wideband signal simulations can be improved by optimizing the model parameters based on time-domain measurements of wideband signals.
The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell growth (2008)

TSC1 and TSC2 are the tumour-suppressor genes mutated in the tumour syndrome TSC (tuberous sclerosis complex). Their gene products form a complex that has become the focus of many signal transduction researchers. The TSC1-TSC2 (hamartin-tuberin) complex, through its GAP (GTPase-activating protein) activity towards the small G-protein Rheb (Ras homologue enriched in brain), is a critical negative regulator of mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1). As mTORC1 activity controls anabolic processes to promote cell growth, it is exquisitely sensitive to alterations in cell growth conditions. Through numerous phosphorylation events, the TSC1-TSC2 complex has emerged as the sensor and integrator of these growth conditions, relaying signals from diverse cellular pathways to properly modulate mTORC1 activity. In the present review we focus on the molecular details of TSC1-TSC2 complex regulation and function as it relates to the control of Rheb and mTORC1.
Applicability of identity-based cryptography for disruption-tolerant networking (2007)

Traditional approaches for communication security do not work well in disruption- and delay-tolerant networks (DTNs). Recently, the use of identity-based cryptography (IBC) has been proposed as one way to help solve some of the DTN security issues. We analyze the applicability of IBC in this context and conclude that for authentication and integrity, IBC has no significant advantage over traditional cryptography, but it can indeed enable better ways of providing confidentiality. Additionally, we show a way of bootstrapping the needed security associations for IBC use from an existing authentication infrastructure.
IκBζ augments IL-12– and IL-18–mediated IFN-γ production in human NK cells (2011)

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes is a key component of innate and adaptive immune responses. Because inhibitor of κB-ζ (IκBζ), a Toll-like receptor (TLR)/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) inducible transcription factor, regulates IFN-γ production in KG-1 cells, we tested IκBζ's role in the classic lymphocyte pathway of IL-12/IL-18-induced IFN-γ. Upon stimulation with IL-12/IL-18, monocyte-depleted human peripheral blood lymphocytes expressed the 79-kDa form of IκBζ and released IFN-γ. CD56(+) NK cells were shown to be the IκBζ-producing lymphocyte subpopulation, which also released abundant IFN-γ in response to IL-12/IL-18. Importantly, IκBζ was undetectable in CD56(-) lymphocytes where IFN-γ release was 10-fold lower. In addition, small interfering RNA knockdown of IκBζ suppressed IFN-γ expression in CD56(+) cells. The association of IκBζ with the IFN-γ promoter was documented by chromatin immunoprecipitation. IFN-γ promoter activity from IκBζ overexpression was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Finally, IκBζ coprecipitated with p65 and p50 NF-κB in NK cells in response to IL-12/IL-18, suggesting that IκBζ's effects on IFN-γ promoter activity are coregulated by NF-κB. These results suggest that IκBζ functions as an important regulator of IFN-γ in human NK cells, further expanding the class of IκBζ-modulated genes.
Relationship between distension-contraction waveforms during esophageal peristalsis: effect of bolus volume, viscosity, and posture (2020)

High-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) in its current form assesses only the contraction phase of peristalsis. Degree of esophageal distension ahead of contraction is a surrogate of relaxation and can be measured from intraluminal esophageal impedance measurements. The characteristics of esophageal contractions, i.e., their amplitude, duration, velocity, and modulating factors, have been well studied. We studied the effect of bolus volume and viscosity and posture on swallow-induced distension and contraction and the temporal relationship between the two. HRM impedance recordings of 50 healthy subjects with no esophageal symptoms were analyzed. Eight to ten swallows of 5 and 10 mL of 0.5 N saline and a viscous bolus were recorded in the supine and Trendelenburg positions. Custom-built computer software generated the distension-contraction plots and numerical data of the amplitudes of distension (cross-sectional area) and contraction, and the temporal relationship between distension and peak contraction. The hallmarks of distension waveforms are that <i>1</i>) distension peak, similarly to contraction, travels the esophagus in a peristaltic fashion, and the amplitude of distension increases from the proximal-to-distal direction; <i>2</i>) the amplitude of distension is greater with 10 mL than with 5 mL and greater in Trendelenburg than in supine posture; and <i>3</i>) bolus viscosity increases the amplitude of distension and alters the temporal relationship between distension and contraction waveforms. We describe the characteristics of esophageal distension during peristalsis and the relationship between distension and contraction in a relatively large cohort of normal subjects. These data can be used to compare differences between normal subjects and patients with various esophageal motility disorders in future studies.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We studied esophageal distension (surrogate of inhibition) ahead of contraction during peristalsis from intraluminal esophageal impedance measurements. Esophageal distension, similarly to contraction, travels the esophagus in a sequential manner, and the amplitude of esophageal distension increases from proximal to distal direction in the esophagus. Bolus volume, viscosity and posture have significant effects on the amplitude of distension and its temporal relationship with contraction.
C-reactive protein in the prediction of cardiovascular and overall mortality in middle-aged men: a population-based cohort study (2005)

Currently, recommended cut-offs for C-reactive protein levels identify men at risk for cardiovascular and overall death independently of conventional and other risk factors in a population-based sample of middle-aged men with and without CVD at baseline. Lower cut-offs may better identify men at high risk for cardiovascular death, but improvement of current recommendations will require standardization of C-reactive protein assays.
Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]- and imidazo[4,5-b]quinoline derivatives (1984)

o -Nitrophenylpyruvic acid thiosemicarbazone ( I ) has been cyclized to 2-thio-5-( o -nitrobenzyl)-6-azauracil ( II ) which has been transformed in 5-( o -nitrobenzyl)-6-azauracil ( III ) by both oxidation, and methylation and hydrolysis of the 3-methylmercapto-6-( o -nitrobenzyl)-2,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5-one ( V ) formed. Reduction of derivative III with iron(II) hydroxide and cyclization of the amino derivative IV formed gives 2,3,4,10-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazino[5,6- b ]quinolin-3-one ( VI ). Compound VI is transformed in acid medium to 1-amino-1,2-dihydroimidazo[4,5- b ]quinolin-2-one ( VIII ) via the tautomer VII , and in boiling acetic acid it gives the acetylamino derivative IX . The N-amino derivative VIII reacts with carbonyl compounds to give the corresponding hydrazones X - XII , and its nitrosation gives 1,2-dihydroimidazo[4,5- b ]quinolin-2-one ( XIII ).
Synthesis of African swine fever (ASF) virus-specific antibodies in vitro in a porcine leucocyte system. (1987)

We have developed a system of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the synthesis of antibodies in vitro, induced by partially purified African swine fever virus particles inactivated with formaldehyde. The antibodies synthesized were detected by a radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 3 ng of immunoglobulin. Primary responses were dependent on supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with concanavalin A, macrophages and T lymphocytes. Secondary responses did not require concanavalin A-conditioned medium. The kinetics of antibody synthesis was similar in both primary and secondary responses, but the extent of synthesis was four to five times larger in the secondary than in the primary response. The antibodies synthesized in vitro were specific for African swine fever virus antigens (and did not react with viral antigen other than that from African swine fever virus particles), in contrast to pokeweed mitogen-induced antibodies, which reacted with all the antigens tested. African swine fever virus-induced antibodies did not neutralize the virus. These results and the inability of the virus to stimulate a primary response in the absence of concanavalin A supernatants indicate that inactivated African swine fever virus is not a polyclonal stimulator.
Towards Intelligent Security for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Taxonomy of Attacks, Faults, and Detection Mechanisms (2022)

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-0969.vid In this extended paper we provide two mappings using a fault taxonomy as a pivot: first, we map attacks or faults scenarios to a class of well-known error types. Then, we categorize detection mechanisms by their ability to detect error types. By combining those two tables, a designer can confidently select a detection mechanism for identified attack or fault scenarios.
Five years experience of transrectal high‐intensity focused ultrasound using the Sonablate device in the treatment of localized prostate cancer (2006)

High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy appears to be a safe and efficacious minimally invasive therapy for patients with localized prostate cancer, especially those with a pretreatment PSA level less than 20 ng/mL.
Thermal Desorption of Hydrogen Adsorbed on Copper Surface (1980)

Abstract The thermal desorption of hydrogen adsorbed on a clean surface of polycrystalline copper foil was studied under ultra high vacuum conditions. The presence of chemisorbed hydrogen in a dissociated state was verified in a temperature range between 193 and 573 K. During the desorption process, the adsorbed hydrogen atoms recombined into molecules; this follows second order kinetics. The activation energy for desorption was 68.6±8.0 kJ mol−1 and remained nearly constant in the range of surface coverage up to 1.6×1014 atom cm−2. The isotope effect on the desorption of deuterium was found to be straightforward. These findings showed a good agreement with the results obtained from the analysis of H2–D2 equilibration on copper powder catalyst. In addition, the necessary conditions to obtain the exact desorption spectra were inspected with the aid of computer simulation.
Supplementary Figure 1 from PARC and CUL7 Form Atypical Cullin RING Ligase Complexes (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from PARC and CUL7 Form Atypical Cullin RING Ligase Complexes
Ringschlussreaktionen mit Thiosemicarbaziden (1958)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung von β‐Ketocarbonsäureestern und β‐Dicarbonylverbindungen mit Thiosemicarbazid und 2‐substituierten Thiosemicarbaziden werden über die Monothiosemicarbazone unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen heterocyclische Siebenringe, 5‐Mercapto‐ 1.2.4‐triazole, Bispyrazolone und Pyrazol‐thiocarbonsäure‐(1)‐amide gewonnen. Letztere lassen sich in Pyrazolyl‐(1)‐amidine überführen.
Determination of Optimum Threshold Values for NPRACH Preamble Detection in NB-IoT Systems (2018)

In this paper, we describe the NPRACH of 3GPP NB-IoT system and propose a possible receiver algorithm for NPRACH detection and timing advance estimation. We present simulation results for the performance of the random access preamble detection and timing advance for the proposed NPRACH detection scheme. In addition, we analyze the detection performance according to the detection threshold value and derive the optimal threshold value.
Gallium Nitride Room Temperature α Particle Detectors (2010)

Gallium Nitride (GaN) room temperature α particle detectors are fabricated and characterized, whose device structure is Schottky diode. The current-voltage (I – V) measurements reveal that the reverse breakdown voltage of the detectors is more than 200 V owing to the consummate fabrication processes, and that the Schottky barrier and ideal factor of the detectors are 0.64 eV and 1.02, respectively, calculated from the thermionic transmission model. 241Am α particles pulse height spectra from the GaN detectors biased at −8 V is obviously one Gauss peak located at channel 44 with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 15.87 in channel. One of the main reasons for the relatively wider FWHM is that the air between the detectors and isotope could widen the spectrum.
Sterically Encumbered Porphyrins by Suzuki Reactions of a 5,15-Bis(4,6-dichloropyrimidin-5-yl) Derivative (2002)

The high yielding synthesis of novel four picket fence porphyrins via palladium catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of 5,15-bis(pyrimidinyl)porphyrin 1 and commercially available arylboronic acids is described.
A Taxonomy to Characterize Web Service Discovery Approaches, Looking at Five Perspectives (2016)

Web services play an important role in today's business economy, allowing the development of distributed applications and systems over the Internet. The challenge of finding the 'right' web service, which meets a consumer's functional and non-foundational requirements, has increased with the growing numbers of web services. Web service discovery initiates the process of finding, locating and retrieving existing web services based on consumer requirements. Different web service discovery approaches have been proposed by researchers, based on different techniques and strategies. To understand the different components of discovery systems, on the poster, we discuss the process of web service discovery, the challenges of web service discovery and our proposed taxonomy of web service discovery systems based on five perspectives.
FLAVOUR FROM CRYSTAL MALT (1978)

Beers brewed from grists containing between 3% and 30% of crystal malt have been examined in order to identify the volatile substances contributing to the characteristic flavour. Several oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur heterocyclic compounds together with certain fusel oil components are present at higher levels in beers brewed with crystal malt. Some of these compounds have also been isolated from the malt itself and from heat-treated model systems. The results are consistent with these compounds being derived from sugars and amino-acids via Amadori rearrangement products.
α5β1 Integrin Signaling Mediates Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein–Induced Inflammation and Early Atherosclerosis (2014)

Our data suggest that α5β1-mediated cross-talk between fibronectin and oxLDL regulates inflammation in early atherogenesis and that therapeutics that inhibit α5 integrins may reduce inflammation without adversely affecting plaque structure.
Different Brain Activation under Left and Right Ventricular Stimulation: An fMRI Study in Anesthetized Rats (2013)

This study provides the first evidence for differences in brain activation under LV and RV stimulation. These different brain processes may be associated with different clinical manifestations between anterior wall and inferoposterior wall and/or RV myocardial ischemia.
Cascode Current Mirror for a Variable Gain Stage in a 1.8 GHz Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) (2007)

A high frequency CMOS variable gain low noise amplifier (VGLNA) constructed based on an inductive source degenerated LNA and a cascode current mirror is proposed. The 'variable' concept is to prevent the unwanted saturation phenomenon due to large input signal. A cascode current mirror cell which consumes minimal voltage headroom without sacrificing the accuracy of the circuit is proposed in the circuit. With a 0.18 m CMOS technology, this technique is applied on a VGLNA operating at 1.8 GHz for GSM band application. The simulation results reveal that the maximum gain is 17.29 dB with gain tuning range of 9.56 dB. The noise ¯gure (NF) is less than 0.92 dB with the power consumption of 9.34 mW at power supply of 1.8 V. Comparison with several same operating frequency LNA circuits published show that this work demonstrated among the lowest NF and highest IIP3 with compromise on the gain.
SAMULET 5.1.7 SPF tooling development; WP12 Final report (2013)

This report (D12) summarises the work programme undertaken in the SAMULET 5.1.7 SPF tooling development project that have been contracted to the Advanced Forming Research Centre in the University of Strathclyde by the lead industry partner in this project. The nature of the research is collaborative research although the AFRC is a subcontractor to the lead industry partner BAES. The work programme as defined in the BAES’ statement of work (DOCUMENT No: BAE-WDD-WP-MIS-500615) is divided conveniently into work packages (WP) with measurable outcomes; these include a review of the state of art (WP1), tool material characterisation (WP2), surface coatings (WP3), modelling the forming process and tooling (WP4), non destructive testing (WP6) and modelling an industrial SPF tool (WP8).