gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dorsal ruffles enhance activation of Akt by growth factors (2018)

In fibroblasts, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulate the formation of actin-rich, circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent phosphorylation of Akt. To test the hypothesis that CDRs increase synthesis of phosphorylated Akt1 (pAkt), we analyzed the contributions of CDRs to Akt phosphorylation in response to PDGF and EGF. CDRs appeared within several minutes of growth factor addition, coincident with a peak of pAkt. Microtubule depolymerization with nocodazole blocked CDR formation and inhibited phosphorylation of Akt in response to EGF but not PDGF. Quantitative immunofluorescence showed increased concentrations of Akt, pAkt and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP<sub>3</sub>), the phosphoinositide product of PI3K that activates Akt, concentrated in CDRs and ruffles. EGF stimulated lower maximal levels of pAkt than did PDGF, which suggests that Akt phosphorylation requires amplification in CDRs only when PI3K activities are low. Accordingly, stimulation with low concentrations of PDGF elicited lower levels of Akt phosphorylation, which, like responses to EGF, were inhibited by nocodazole. These results indicate that when receptor signaling generates low levels of PI3K activity, CDRs facilitate local amplification of PI3K and phosphorylation of Akt.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Establishing Lagrangian connections between observations within air masses crossing the Atlantic during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation experiment (2006)

The ITCT‐Lagrangian‐2K4 (Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation) experiment was conceived with an aim to quantify the effects of photochemistry and mixing on the transformation of air masses in the free troposphere away from emissions. To this end, attempts were made to intercept and sample air masses several times during their journey across the North Atlantic using four aircraft based in New Hampshire (USA), Faial (Azores) and Creil (France). This article begins by describing forecasts from two Lagrangian models that were used to direct the aircraft into target air masses. A novel technique then identifies Lagrangian matches between flight segments. Two independent searches are conducted: for Lagrangian model matches and for pairs of whole air samples with matching hydrocarbon fingerprints. The information is filtered further by searching for matching hydrocarbon samples that are linked by matching trajectories. The quality of these “coincident matches” is assessed using temperature, humidity and tracer observations. The technique pulls out five clear Lagrangian cases covering a variety of situations and these are examined in detail. The matching trajectories and hydrocarbon fingerprints are shown, and the downwind minus upwind differences in tracers are discussed.
RxNav: Providing Standard Drug Information. (2006)

RxNav1 is a browser for RxNorm2, the NLM repository of standard names for clinical drugs. RxNav displays links from clinical drugs, both branded and generic, to their active ingredients, drug components and related brand names. The current dataset (July 11, 2006) comprises 5,591 ingredients, 10,998 brand names, 13,913 clinical drug components, 17,788 clinical drugs, 13,850 branded drugs, 13,253 branded drug component, 8,296 clinical drug forms, 10,862 branded drug forms and 140 dose forms. RxNorm is one of a suite of designated standards for use in U.S. Federal Government systems for the electronic exchange of clinical health information.

Since its introduction at Medinfo 2004, RxNav has been successfully deployed for almost two years, with an average of about 20 users per day. Based on the feedback from the community, RxNav makes constant improvements. Today, it provides a variety of features that facilitates browsing standard drug information.
Identification of a pharmacologically distinct prostaglandin H synthase in cultured epithelial cells. (1992)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the action of prostaglandin H synthase (PGH synthase), and this effect may constitute the basis for therapeutic and idiosyncratic responses to these agents. We found that aspirin treatment of cultured ovine tracheal epithelial cells blocked PGH synthase-catalyzed formation of PG as expected but also caused a dose-dependent increase in 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) production from arachidonic acid. In contrast, aspirin caused only inhibition of PG production without enhancing 15-HETE formation in ovine seminal vesicle and other tissues. The 15-HETE formed by aspirin-treated ovine tracheal epithelial cells was generated by a PGH synthase-dependent mechanism because: (i) the 15-HETE forming activity was just as sensitive as PG forming activity to selective inhibition by indomethacin; (ii) both 15-HETE and PG forming activities were quantitatively immunoprecipitated (depleted from supernatants and recovered in immune complex pellets) by a specific anti-PGH synthase antiserum. Additional immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that anti-PGH synthase monoclonal antibodies (cyo-1 and cyo-5) raised against the aspirin-inhibited form of the enzyme (contained in seminal vesicle) did not recognize the aspirin-stimulated 15-HETE-forming PGH synthase (contained in cultured epithelial cells). Thus, sequential immunoprecipitation of cultured epithelial cell material first with excess cyo-1 followed by anti-PGH synthase antiserum indicated that two isoforms of PGH synthase were expressed in these cells. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated PGH synthase from cultured epithelial cells revealed distinct protein bands for each form of the enzyme (M(r) = 70,000 and 72,000). The identification of a distinct PGH synthase which may be modified by aspirin so that selective oxygenation of fatty acid substrate is enhanced (while PG formation is inhibited) indicates that isozymes of PGH synthase exist which are pharmacologically distinct.
A Multiband Antenna for Satellite Communications on the Move (2006)

The design of a multiband reflector antenna for an on-the-move satellite communications terminal is presented. This antenna was designed to operate with numerous modern and future military communications satellites, which in turn requires the antenna to be capable of operation at multiple frequencies and polarizations while maintaining high aperture efficiency. Several feed antenna concepts were developed to accomplish this task, and are discussed in detail. Multiple working prototypes based on this design have been realized, with excellent performance. Measured data of individual antenna components and the complete assembly is also included
Improved HTLO Algorithm for On-Line Fountain Codes with Limited Feedback (2021)

Recently, online fountain codes attract much attention as the online property is enhanced by introducing feedback. In this paper, we propose two improvements to Heuristic Table Lookup based on Overhead (HTLO), i.e., Integration based Overhead Calculation (IO) and Flexible Selection Strategy (FSS), and introduce our new feedback strategy IO-FSS-HTLO. In the proposed scheme, the degree of coded symbols and corresponding feedback points are selected to achieve lower overhead when the number of feedback transmissions is limited. Results show that IO-FSS-HTLO could achieve better overhead performance under limited feedback scenarios compared to HTLO.
Genetics of affective disorders (2006)

Vjeruje se da su afektivni poremecaji uzrokovani vecim brojem gena s malim efektom cija ekspre­sija ovisi o faktorima okoline Afektivni poremecaji spadaju u složene genske poremecaje, a to znaci da se poremecaj ne može pripisati pojedinacnim dominantnim ili recesivnim genima u opcoj populaciji. Vrlo je vjerojatno da je podložnost razvoju afektivnog poremecaja uvjetovana varijacijama na velikom broju gena. Da bi poremecaj postao manifestan, nuždan je i utjecaj vanjskih faktora okoline. Nakon nekoliko rijeci o potencijalno odgovor­nim genima, genetickim markerima i rezultatima linkage i asocijacijskih studija, autori opisuju svoj projekt kojem je cilj testiranje hipoteze da li bi geni na kromosimima 18, 21, 4, 5, 11 i X mogli bili odgovorni za nastanak afektivnih pore­mecaja. Autori nadalje nasiroko opisuju metode rada. U zakljucku navode da je istraživanje genetike afektivnih poremecaja u trendu interesa u svije­tu u traženja gena odgovornih za nasljedne bolesti s pomocu metoda molekularne genetike. Da bi doslo do napretka u podrucju genetickih istraživanja potreban je multidisciplinarni pristup između klinickih centara, molekularnih geneti­ckih laboratorija, statisticara i informaticara. Usprkos rezultatima epidemioloskih studija, koji upucuju na utjecaj gena na nastanak afektivnih poremecaja, linkage i asocijacijske studije jos uvijek istražuju predisponirajuce gene. U etiologiji afektivnih poremecaja znacajnu ulogu imaju i faktori okoline koji do sada nisu istraživani na primjeren nacin. Napredak u psihijatrijskoj genetici usporen je zbog teskoca da se ponove i potvrde rezultati razlicitih studija. Nada za napredak je u napretku psihijatrijske dijagnostike, molekularnih i statistickih metoda za istraživanje kompleksnih genskih poremecaja u koje spadaju i afektivni poremecaji.
Localized spatial structures in a titanium-sapphire laser (2012)

EOSAM = European Optical Society Annual Meeting
Hardware/software-cosimulation for mechatronic system design (1996)

This paper is about a new electro-mechanical modeling paradigm based on hardware description languages which paves the way to mechatronical HW/SW-Cosimulation. The strategy is illustrated by an example from automotive system design: a processor-controlled wheel suspension following BMW's electronic damper control. Its suitability in function and performance is shown by system simulation.
Regioselective Aromatic Borylation in an Inert Solvent (2001)

[reaction: see text]. A protocol for performing Rh catalyzed aromatic borylations in cyclohexane has been devised. Borylation at the 5-position of several 1,3-substituted aromatic species ranging from electron-rich (1,3-(NMe(2))(2)C(6)H(4)) to electron-deficient (1,3-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(4)) yields the corresponding aryl boronate esters. Veratrole was selectively borylated at the 4-position, thus extending regioselectivity to 1,2-substituted benzenes. Selective borylation at the 3-position of an N-protected pyrrole has also been demonstrated, providing a valuable reagent for cross-coupling reactions in a single step.
Melting Pad: An Efficiently Decodable Coding Scheme for Information Theoretic Confidentiality (2013)

We introduce Melting Pad, an algebraic coding scheme with potentially strong information theoretic security. Melting Pad mixes n source data blocks into n + 1 protected data blocks, which can be decoded separately. Melting Pad supports flexible modes of secrecy, with either distinct secret keys protecting each source block, or one common secret key protecting all source blocks. It provides a lightweight approach to encrypting content for applications of wide dissemination or persistent storage, so that the content may be securely broadcast, hosted in untrusted storage, or hosted with diminished liability. Melting Pad's efficient decodability is derived from interference alignment concepts.
Nicotinic Acid: Treatment for the Hyperchloremic Acidosis Following Urinary Diversion through Intestinal Segments (1985)

The syndrome of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis following urinary diversion through intestinal segments has posed a problem for urologists for more than 50 years. Recent work demonstrates that chlorpromazine, an intestinal cyclic-AMP inhibitor, partially corrects the metabolic derangements associated with this syndrome. Nicotinic acid has also been shown to be a potent inhibitor of intestinal cyclic-AMP. The present investigation employs nicotinic acid in a rat vesico-cecostomy model to examine its efficacy in the management of this syndrome. Rats with vesico-cecostomies treated with nicotinic acid are compared to untreated rats, rats with intestinal but not urinary diversions and non-operative controls. Nicotinic acid in a dose of 50 mg./kg./day corrects the hyperchloremia (p less than 0.02), elevated serum osmolality (p less than 0.0001), hyperammoniumemia (p less than 0.05) and acidosis (p less than 0.001). Results compare favorably to those obtained in an identical model with the use of chlorpromazine.
Relationship between depressive severity and demographics in youth with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2009)

There is a higher prevalence of depression in youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), compared to healthy controls and to those with other chronic illnesses. 1) Confirm the association between depression and IBD activity; 2) Investigate relationship between demographic factors and depression in youth with inflammatory bowel disease. 358 youths (aged 9-17 years) with IBD were assessed consecutively for depression and disease activity in gastroenterology clinics over a one year period at the Children's Hospitals of Pittsburgh and Boston. Disease activity was measured by the PCDAI (Crohn's Disease; CD) or PUCAI (ulcerative colitis,) and depression identified with a self-report screen, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Youth with CDI scores≥9 (n= 92) underwent a structured psychiatric interview (KSADS) and objective clinician rating of depressive severity (CDRS). Demographics were collected in the depressed populations which included: patient gender, age, and race, as well as caregiver age, education, income, employment status and marital status. The relationship between depressive severity and these demographics were assessed in the total screened and depressed cohorts. Of the total sample, 74% had CD, 49% were male, 89% were Caucasian, and mean age was 13.8 years. In the total population (n= 358), there was a significant positive correlation of depressive severity with patient age (r= 0.126, p= 0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between depressive severity and both caregiver education (r= -0.125, p= 0.05) and income (r= -0.153, p= 0.01). Non-Caucasian youth had significantly greater depressive severity (p= .025). No differences were seen in gender, or caregiver employment status. In the CD patients, a strong correlation was again seen between depressive severity and disease severity (r= 0.324, p= 0.01). In a regression model, the variables with significant correlations above explained 15% of the variance in depressive severity, with IBD severity and child's age having largest unique contributions. Of the total sample 26% screened positive for depression; of these, 93.9% had syndromal depression. In the syndromal depression cohort (n= 92), the mean age was 13.6 years, 52% male, and 85% were Caucasian. The only significant positive correlation was between depressive severity and patient age (r= 0.254, p= 0.05). These data suggest that IBD severity, child's age and race, caregiver education level and family income serve as predictors of depression in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. The overwhelming majority of patients who screen positively for depression met criteria for major or minor depression. Within the depressed cohort, patient age is the only the demographic factor that has a significant association with depressive severity. These data support screening for depression during medical visits, particularly in youth with active IBD and those who are older and have lower socio-economic class.
P4–014: Divergent cytotoxic mechanisms of soluble and fibrillar forms of AAY in human cortical neurons (2006)

A number of studies indicate that fibrillar and soluble forms of beta–amyloid have deleterious effects on neuronal function and viability. To understand the role of different conformations of beta–amyloid in the disease process, we analyzed the neurotoxic features of well characterized fibrillar (Grace et al., 2002), and soluble oligomeric (Demuro et al., 2005) and ADDL (Lacor et al., 2004) forms of beta–amyloid in primary human cortical neurons in culture. The results show that different preparations of soluble beta–amyloid exert dissimilar effects on neuronal viability. Soluble beta–amyloid species appear to be targeted preferentially to synaptic sites as evident from triple colocalization of synaptophysin, PSD–95, and beta–amyloid oligomer/ADDLs. Soluble beta–amyloid preparations induced a rapid reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP levels, and increased levels of activated caspase 3/7. These rapid changes are absent in fibrillar beta–amyloid treated cells. Oligomers induced significant cell loss by 24 hrs, while ADDLs at similar concentrations induced equivalent toxic changes over 5 to 7 days (5uM). Soluble beta–amyloid neurotoxicity was characterized by dramatic neuritic fragmentation and shrinking of cell bodies, consistent with neurotoxicity induced by sudden calcium influx (Demuro et al., 2005), possibly as a result of pore forming structures by soluble beta–amyloid species (Kayed et al., 2004). In contrast, the effect of fibrils was slower, requiring higher concentrations to produce a comparable effect on viability (20uM). Fibrils induced chronic dystrophic changes and neuritic retraction leading to progressive synaptic loss, consistent with the aberrant activation of focal adhesion signals involved in adaptive plasticity (Grace and Busciglio, 2003). These results indicate that beta–amyloid may promote neuronal dysfunction and degeneration by multiple mechanisms in the AD brain, therefore suggesting the development of a multi–modal therapeutic approach to reduce beta–amyloid–mediated neurotoxicity.
Stamp Scrip: Money People Paid to Use (2008)

Substitutes for government-issued money are produced and used from time to time even in countries like the United States. Understanding why people turn to these substitutes and to what degree they are successful?or not?can teach us a lot about the elements essential to a well-functioning currency.
Heavily doped GaAs:Se. I. Photoluminescence determination of the electron effective mass (1990)

A systematic study of the photoluminescence (PL) of Se-doped n-type GaAs grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is reported. A new method is presented to determine the electron effective mass of n+-direct-gap semiconductors from the PL spectrum. GaAs samples with electron densities from 1015 to 8×1018 cm−3 were investigated over the temperature range of 13 to 353 K. The PL spectra of n+-GaAs are analyzed using a physical model which for the first time explains in a consistent manner both the energy of the peak and the full width at half-maximum, and accounts for the electron density. An accurate fit of the PL spectra is obtained by invoking band-to-band transitions without k selection. The electron exchange and correlation interactions account for all the observed band shrinkage, which reaches 48 meV for n=8.0×1018 cm−3. No significant density of band-tail states is observed. The Fermi energy is obtained directly from the PL fitting and is used with the measured Hall electron density n to determine the energy-dependent effective mass m*. An increase in m* beyond the value expected from the nonparabolicity of the conduction band in pure GaAs is observed. The mass at the minimum of the conduction band m*0 increases from 0.0636 me for pure GaAs to 0.073 me for n=8.0×1018 cm−3, where me is the free electron mass. The increase in m*0 is given empirically as m*0/me =0.0635+2.06×10−22n+1.16×10−40n2. The change in m* is interpreted as a distortion of the conduction band produced by the impurities. The small dilation of the lattice, 0.0035% at n=8.0×1018 cm−3, indicates that this distortion is not mechanical, but electrical in nature. Also, the PL linewidth is abnormally small for samples in which inhomogeneities are believed to exist.
Consistency in macroscopic human brain responses to noisy time-varying visual inputs (2019)

Abstract It is an open question as to whether macroscopic human brain responses to repeatedly presented external inputs show consistent patterns across trials. We here provide experimental evidence that human brain responses to noisy time-varying visual inputs, as measured by scalp electroencephalography (EEG), show a signature of consistency. The results indicate that the EEG-recorded responses are robust against fluctuating ongoing activity, and that they respond to visual stimuli in a repeatable manner. This consistency presumably mediates robust information processing in the brain. Moreover, the EEG response waveforms were discriminable between individuals, and were invariant over a number of days within individuals. We reveal that time-varying noisy visual inputs can harness macroscopic brain dynamics and can manifest hidden individual variations.
Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion (2008)

Note from the Series Editor. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Electric Propulsion Background. 1.2 Electric Thruster Types. 1.3 Ion Thruster Geometry. 1.4 Hall Thruster Geometry. 1.5 Beam/Plume Characteristics. References. Chapter 2: Thruster Principles. 2.1 The Rocket Equation. 2.2 Force Transfer in Ion and Hall Thrusters. 2.3 Thrust. 2.4 Specific Impulse. 2.5 Thruster Efficiency. 2.6 Power Dissipation. 2.7 Neutral Densities and Ingestion in Electric Thrusters. References. Problems. Chapter 3: Basic Plasma Physics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Maxwell's Equations. 3.3 Single Particle Motions. 3.4 particle Energies and Velocities. 3.5 Plasma as a Fluid. 3.6 Diffusion in Partially Ionized Gases. 3.7 Sheaths at the Boundaries of Plasmas. References. Problems. Chapter 4: Ion Thruster Plasma Generators. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Idealized Ion Thruster Plasma Generator. 4.3 DC Discharge Ion Thruster. 4.4 Kaufman Ion Thrusters. 4.5 rf Ion Thrusters. 4.6 Microwave Ion Thrusters. 4.7 2-D Computer Models of the Ion Thruster Discharge Chamber. References. Problems. Chapter 5: Ion Thruster Accelerator Grids. 5.1 Grid Configurations. 5.2 Ion Accelerator Basics. 5.3 Ion Optics. 5.4 Electron Backstreaming. 5.5 High-Voltage Considerations. 5.6 Ion Accelerator Grid Life. References. Problems. Chapter 6: Hollow Cathodes. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Cathode Configurations. 6.3 Thermionic Electron Emitter Characteristics. 6.4 Insert Region Plasma. 6.5 Orifice Region Plasma. 6.6 Hollow cathode Thermal Models. 6.7 Cathode Plume-Region Plasma. 6.8 Hollow Cathode Life. 6.9 Keeper Wear and Life. 6.10 Hollow Cathode Operation. References. Problems. Chapter 7: Hall Thrusters. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Thruster Operating Principles and Scaling. 7.3 Hall Thruster Performance Models. 7.4 Channel Physics and Numerical Modeling. 7.5 Hall Thruster Life. References. Problems. Chapter 8: Ion and Hall Thruster Plumes. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Plume Physics. 8.3 Plume Models. 8.4 Spacecraft Interactions. 8.5 Interactions with Payloads. References. Problems. Chapter 9: Flight Ion and Hall Thrusters. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Ion Thrusters. 9.3 Hall Thrusters. References. Appendices. A: Nomenclature. B: Gas Flow Unit Conversions and Cathode Pressure Estimates. C: Energy Loss by Electrons. D: Ionization and Excitation Cross Sections for Xenon. E: Ionization and Excitation Reaction Rates for Xenon in Maxwellian Plasmas. F: Electron Relaxation and Thermalization Times. G: Clausing Factor Monte Carlo Calculation. Index..