gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Determining the Vulcanization Characteristics of Rubber Compounds (1958)

Abstract The complete course of the vulcanization curve is obtained by measuring the values of the dynamic shear modulus during a period while the test sample is held at the vulcanization temperature. The measurements are made about the position of zero distortion. The curves are in good agreement with those obtained by a step-cure method, and scorch data agree well with those obtained with the Mooney apparatus. The method has the following advantages and disadvantages. A. Advantages 1) The course of the vulcanization curve is established on a single sample without curing in stages. 2) Minimum material is required. 3) The test is quickly performed. 4) Good reproducibility is observed. 5) The unit lends itself readily to automatic recording so that one man can easily operate several instruments. B. Disadvantages 1) The apparatus should be operated by trained workers. 2) The cost of the apparatus is rather high.
Estimation of the carnosine content of different fibre types in the middle gluteal muscle of the thoroughbred horse. (1992)

1. Skeletal muscle samples were obtained by needle biopsy from one of two depths of the m. gluteus medius in a group of twenty race-trained thoroughbred horses. 2. The content of carnosine was determined in each muscle sample, part of which was used for histochemical analysis. Fibres were classified as type I, type IIA or type IIB on the basis of the pH dependent lability of the myosin ATPase reaction. 3. Muscle samples with a higher type II fibre section area (FSA) have a higher carnosine content than those with a higher type I FSA. 4. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the mean carnosine content of individual fibre types. The results estimated a mean carnosine content in type I fibres of 54 mmol (kg dry muscle (DM))-1, in type IIA fibres 85 mmol (kg DM)-1 and in type IIB fibres 180 mmol (kg DM)-1. 5. Based on the estimated values of single fibre carnosine content, there was close concordance between the estimated and the measured carnosine content of mixed fibre samples. 6. It would appear from this and other studies that carnosine has an important role as a physico-chemical buffer in equine middle gluteal muscle and that this is greatest in type IIB fibres, where it may account for up to 50% of physico-chemical buffering of H+ produced by muscle in the pH range 7.1-6.5.
A new hybrid promoter and its expression vector in Escherichia coli. (1988)

A new hybrid promoter, "pac", comprising the '-35' region of the bacteriophage T5 P25 gene promoter and the '-10' and the operator regions of the lacUV5 promoter, was chemically synthesized and used to construct a new expression vector. The activity of the hybrid promoter was compared with that of the tac (trp: lac fusion) promoter, which is widely used as a strong and controllable promoter. The activity of the pac promoter was found to be stronger by about 3-fold than that of tac when assayed with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) system. The pac promoter, however, was not repressed as efficiently as the tac promoter
Managing short bowel syndrome: making the most of what the patient still has. (2005)

Short bowel syndrome (severe malabsorption after resection of the small bowel) is characterized clinically by chronic diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition. The severity and management depend on the site and extent of the intestinal resection, whether the ileocecal valve remains, whether there is disease in the residual bowel, and the degree of adaptation of the remaining bowel.
Die Chemie des Honigs (1989)

Abstract Der Honig war eines der ersten Süßungsmittel des Menschen. Während alte Kulturen ihm magisch‐religiöse, ja göttliche Eigenschaften zugeschrieben haben, wird er eigentlich erst seit der Zeit der Griechen und Römer als Nahrungsmittel verwendet. Doch auch bei ihnen steht sein Gebrauch als Heilmittel und Gewürz noch im Vordergrund. Bis heute – bei einem Pro‐Kopf‐Verbrauch des Bundesbürgers von 1,3 kg (im Jahre 1986) – hat der Honig etwas von seinem besonderen Charakter behalten. Viele Menschen schreiben ihm besondere Heilwirkungen zu oder preisen ihn zumindest – im Gegensatz zum normalen Haushaltszucker – als besonders „gesund”︁. Die Fragen nach dem ernährungsphysiologischen Wert und den Heilwirkungen seien vorerst dahingestellt. Der vorliegende Artikel will unter anderem auch diesen Sachverhalten auf den Grund gehen. Vor allem aber möchte er die Inhaltsstoffe des Honigs vorstellen und sich mit den chemischen Vorgängen beschäftigen, die bei seiner Entstehung ablaufen.
Pancreatic Neoplasm in 2011: An Update (2015)

Pancreatic cancer still is a significant, unresolved therapeutic challenge with nearly similar incidence and mortality rates. It is the most lethal type of digestive cancer with a 5-year survival rate of 5%. Adjuvant chemotherapy remains to be gemcitabine alone or combined with infusional 5-fluorouracil with radiation therapy. Nevertheless, only a few patients survive for at least 5 years after R0 resection and adjuvant therapy. Most patients need palliative treatment. Once pancreatic cancer becomes metastatic, it is uniformly fatal with an overall survival of typically 6 months from diagnosis. Chemotherapy is an important component of palliative care but must be administered as a part of a multidisciplinary approach, including palliation of pain, managing weight loss, and deterioration in functional status. Gemcitabine has been the standard in both locally advanced and metastatic disease. The addition of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib prolongs median survival for only 2 weeks. While gemcitabine-based regimens are currently accepted as the standard first-line treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, there is no consensus regarding treatment in the second-line setting. It will not be untrue to say that there are no real medical breakthroughs with regards to improving the prognosis of pancreatic cancer as of 2011. On the other hand, we have made some progress in patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These patients have a 5-year survival that can range from 97% in benign insulinomas to as low as 30% in non-functional metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Treatment options may include surgery, transarterial chemoembolization of liver metastases, and cytotoxic therapy such as streptozotocin, 5-fluorouracil or doxorubicin. Somatostatin analogues, like octreotide, have been proven to prolong progression-free survival in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors of midgut origin. In 2011, two targeted agents, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib and mTOR inhibitor everolimus have been approved by FDA for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. With these approvals, U.S. physicians can now offer their patients with progressive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Patients with any stage of pancreatic cancer should be considered candidates for clinical trials.
The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800 (2022)

<JATS1:p>From the seventh century onwards the population of the Near East gradually became Muslim. Nevertheless, other religious communities continued to exist, maintaining an enduring presence in the region, despite being surrounded by Muslims and by people becoming Muslims.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>This book argues that the causes that led to the conversion of most of the Holy Land’s population, as well as the survival of some religious communities, are essentially social and geographic in nature, rather than theological, and that two parallel processes were the main catalysts of Islamization: de-urbanization and urbanization.</JATS1:p>
Magnetron sputtering (1988)

Sputtering, once no more than a scientific curiosity, is increasingly widely used to produce thin coatings. Magnetron sputtering, in particular, shows how the application of simple physical principles has led to a successful commercial technology.
A novel optical imaging method for the early detection, quantitative grading, and mapping of cancerous and precancerous lesions of cervix (2001)

This paper describes a novel optical imaging method for the in vivo early detection, quantitative staging, and mapping of cervical cancer and precancer. A multispectral imaging system was developed, which is capable of performing time-resolved imaging spectroscopy. The system was used in order to assess quantitatively the alterations in the light scattering properties of the cervix, induced selectively and reversibly in cervical neoplasias, after the application of acetic acid solution. Spectral imaging and analysis of cervix show that the maximum contrast between acetic acid responsive and nonresponsive areas is obtained at 525 +/- 15 nm, which is further enhanced by cutting off the regular component of tissue reflection, with the aid of two linear cross polarizers. Successive snapshot imaging at this spectral band enables the quantitative assessment of the temporal alterations in the intensity of the backscattered light, in any spatial location of the examined area. Initial clinical trials show that optical contrast enhancement results in a notable improvement of the sensitivity in detecting incipient lesions. It was also shown that the measured temporal characteristics of the phenomenon contain specific information, which enables the differentiation between neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions, as well as between neoplasias of different grade. The demonstrated improved sensitivity and specificity highlight the potential of the method in both clinical research and noninvasive diagnosis.
Correlation of enhanced cell turnover with prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: Relevance of cellularity and p27Kip1 (2006)

The aim of the present study was to determine whether expression of molecules associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis might reflect tumor grade and patients' prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Forty-nine cases of gastric GIST were divided into three grades; low, intermediate, and high risk. Ki-67, cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E, p16(Ink4), p21(Waf1), p27(Kip1), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)2, cdk4 and single-strand DNA (ssDNA) were immunohistochemically stained and assessed. Ki-67, ssDNA, cyclin A and cdk2 had higher labeling indices (LI) in high-risk than in low-risk cases. Cyclin E expression was greater in the intermediate- than in the low-risk grade. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, tumor size, necrosis, cellularity, Ki-67, ssDNA, and cyclin A LI were significantly correlated with disease-free survival. Necrosis, cellularity, and Ki-67 LI were significant as prognostic factors on univariate, and Ki-67 LI on multivariate Cox hazard tests. Within the high-risk grade, high cellularity and low p27(Kip1) subgroups had the worst prognosis. The histological grade is related to cell turnover, assessed in terms of Ki-67, ssDNA, cyclin A, cyclin E, and cdk2 levels. Ki-67, ssDNA, and cyclin A are useful for prediction of prognosis, with cellularity and p27(Kip1) expression as further prognostic factors in high-risk cases.
Best‐answer selection criteria in a social Q&A site from the user‐oriented relevance perspective (2007)

Abstract As an attempt to better understand how people seek, share, and evaluate information in a social Q&amp;A environment, this study identifies the selection criteria people employ when they select best answers in Yahoo! Answers in the context of relevance research. Using content analysis, we analyzed the comments people left upon the selection of best answers to their own questions. From 1,200 samples of comments, only 465 mentioned the specific reasons for their selection, thus becoming eligible for analysis. Through an iterative process of evaluating the types of comments, the best‐answer selection criteria were inductively derived and grouped into seven value categories: Content value, Cognitive value, Socio‐emotional value, Information source value, Extrinsic value, Utility, and General statement. While many of the identified criteria overlap with those found in previous relevance studies, the Socio‐emotional value was particularly prominent in this study, especially when people ask for opinions and suggestions. These findings reflect the characteristics of a social Q&amp;A site and extend our understanding of the relevance of an electronic environment where people bring their every day problem‐solving and decision‐making tasks.
Off-Line Learning and the Primary Motor Cortex (2005)

We are all familiar with acquiring skills during practice, but skill can also continue to develop between practice sessions. These "off-line" improvements are frequently supported by sleep, but they can be time dependent when a skill is acquired unintentionally. The magnitude of these over-day and overnight improvements is similar, suggesting that a similar mechanism may support both types of off-line improvements. However, here we show that disruption of the primary motor cortex with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation blocks off-line improvements over the day but not overnight. This suggests that a memory may be rescued overnight and subsequently enhanced or that different aspects of a skill, with differential dependencies on the primary motor cortex, are enhanced over day and overnight. Off-line improvements of similar magnitude are not supported by similar mechanisms; instead, the mechanisms engaged may depend on brain state.
Assessment of attitudes and practices of rural women towards malaria in Western Region, Cameroon: Strategic implications for prevention programs (2014)

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, a child under 5 years dies of malaria every minute. These results, though still alarming are better than in the past where a fatal case was recorded every 30 seconds. However, the elimination of this endemic disease remains a major challenge in the tropics particularly in Cameroon. Therefore, identification of community factors especially in rural areas in order to strengthen prevention strategies in the country would be of great asset. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted from July to August 2011 among rural women in the health district of Dschang, West Cameroon. Data were collected by interview by the use of a questionnaire. Epi Info Version 3.5.3 was used for the analysis and Chi squared test (at α = 0.05) for the comparison of proportions. Results: 517 women, with median age 40 years were enrolled. On average, there were seven people per household with a child ratio (<5 years)/household 3/2. 4.9% of women were pregnant, with 32% having attended no antenatal care. 80% of women (93% of pregnant women), did not sleep under an insecticide impregnated bed net, the main reasons being: non-availability (46%), and non-acceptance (19%). Furthermore, among women complaining of fever (64%), no significant difference (p > 0.9) was observed between those who used the insecticide impregnated bed net and those who did not make use of it. Finally, the presence of the ceiling in some homes (45.2%) proved important as there was a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) among women complaining of fever who dwelled in houses with a ceiling and those whose homes did not have. Conclusion: The non-use of insecticide impregnated bed nets in rural areas resulted primarily from the non-availability and its non-acceptance. Therefore, a wide distribution of these insecticide impregnated bed nets combined with awareness campaigns, will not only promote accessibility and acceptability, but also their proper use, which will surely aim at achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 6.
Nonlinear Piezoelectric Material Properties and Non-Uniform Poling in a Flexible Electro-Active Composite Finite Element Model (2016)

Active Fiber Composites (AFCs) are piezoelectric devices comprised of long cylindrical fibers, typically made of ceramic lead zirconate titanate (PZT), embedded in an epoxy polymer. AFCs use interdigitated electrodes to produce electric field lines parallel to the fibers (33-mode) rather than across the diameter, exploiting the stronger out-of-plane electromechanical coupling. Nonlinear piezoelectric and dielectric terms and non-uniform poling are often neglected in modeling AFCs due to the added complexity, however including the terms improves accuracy for strong electric fields and where the electrode geometry causes non-uniform electric fields. For that reason, a new finite element model of the AFC is developed which includes the effect of nonlinearities in piezoelectric strain constants and electric permittivity due to a non-uniform applied electric field resulting from two sets of interdigitated electrodes. The methods used to apply the nonlinear constitutive equations and poling are described. A comparison of the AFC response with linear and nonlinear material properties, with non-uniform poling, is shown for increasing applied electric fields. The difference in AFC response illustrates the necessity to include Rayleigh Law terms and non-uniform poling in the model.
Isolierbare, neutrale Analoga des [B2H5]−‐Ions als vielseitige und stark bindende η2‐Donorliganden (2018)

Abstract Zwei isolierbare, neutrale, Basen‐stabilisierte Diborane(5) sind dazu in der Lage, ausschließlich durch ihre B‐B‐Bindung stark an mehrere Kupfer(I)‐Komplexe zu binden. Die resultierenden Komplexe repräsentieren die ersten bekannten Komplexe mit neutralen, ungeschützten σ B‐B ‐Diboranliganden. Die Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalysen dieser Komplexe zeigen, dass die X‐Cu‐Einheit (X=Cl, OTf, C 6 F 5 ) gegenüber vom verbrückenden Wasserstoffatom des Diborans liegt und annähernd senkrecht zur B‐B‐Bindung steht. Dabei wechselwirkt diese nahezu gleichermaßen mit beiden Boratomen, woraus eine Verlängerung der B‐B‐Bindung resultiert. DFT‐Studien belegen, dass sowohl σ‐Donor‐ als auch π‐Akzeptor‐Effekte der B‐B‐Bindung für die Bildung dieser Produkte verantwortlich sind. Erstaunlicherweise zeigen sich diese Kupfer‐σ B‐B ‐Komplexe inert gegen thermisch oder photolytisch induzierten Ligandenaustausch mit Pyridin.
Tartrolon D, a Cytotoxic Macrodiolide from the Marine-Derived ActinomyceteStreptomycessp. MDG-04-17-069 (2009)

Exploration of marine-derived actinomycetes as a source of antitumor compounds has led to the isolation of a new member of the tartrolon series, tartrolon D (4). This new compound was obtained from Streptomyces sp. MDG-04-17-069 fermentation broths and displayed strong cytotoxic activity against three human tumor cell lines. Additionally, the known compound ikarugamycin (5) was also found in the culture broths of the same microorganism. The structure of this new tartrolon was established by a combination of spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, HRMS, and UV) as well as by comparison with published data for similar compounds.
Atomic-Scale Derivatives of Solid-State Materials (2015)

There has been an expanding library of materials in which the framework connectivity of prevalent solid-state crystal structure types is terminated with ligands along specific axes to produce robust, crystalline, single- and few-atom/polyhedral thick fragments. The abrupt termination of the ionic/covalent inorganic framework along a particular direction, gives these materials fundamentally different electronic, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties, which can be manipulated via the design of the organic component. These new materials often exhibit advantageous electronic and optoelectronic behavior, making them viable platforms for applications ranging from light emitting phosphors, to thin film field effect transistors, to photovoltaics. This Perspective highlights our current understanding and future opportunities in the synthesis, properties, and applications of these atomic-scale derivatives of solid-state materials.
Bacterial RNA polymerase: a promising target for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. (2007)

Prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a multi-subunit enzyme responsible for transcription in bacteria. It is an important target for antibacterial chemotherapy because it is essential for bacterial growth and survival, and possesses features that distinguish it from mammalian counterparts. The rifamycins are currently the only class of RNAP inhibitors that have been approved for clinical use, and consequently bacterial RNAP remains relatively underexploited as an antibacterial drug target. However, improved understanding of the molecular basis of rifamycin action, revealed by X-ray crystallographic studies, has resulted in the development of new rifamycins, such as the benzoxazinorifamycins, with improved properties. Structural studies on other RNAP inhibitors have also been described, and a number of older inhibitors now await detailed investigation to provide molecular explanations for their modes of action. New approaches have also resulted in the discovery of inhibitors of RNAP assembly. This review discusses various RNAP inhibitors in the context of their modes of action and potential development for therapeutic application. Opportunities for the discovery of new inhibitors are also discussed.
Point and contextual anomaly detection in building load profiles of a university campus (2020)

The increasing use of smart meters enables the monitoring and diagnostics of underlying systems. The application of data analysis methods can help to automate monitoring and diagnostics such that human intervention is limited to the situations where and when it is necessary. In a smart grid, diagnostics can relate to faulty smart meters and unusual consumption, corresponding to point anomalies and contextual anomalies. This work compares a Deep Neural Network Regression, an Autoencoder with reconstruction, and the encoder of the Autoencoder as anomaly detection methods. The three models are evaluated on real-world building load profiles of a university campus containing such anomalies. The results demonstrate that the proposed models have superior detection accuracies over benchmarks and differ in their discrimination between anomalies and normal electrical load profiles. At the same time, the models correctly identify different anomalous electrical load profiles that were wrongly labeled as normal.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATIVE ROUTES TO 4‐AMINO‐4‐DEOXY‐D‐GALAKTOSE (1974)

Abstract Aus dem geschützten Glucopyranosid (Ia) erhält man über das Mesylat (II) und dessen selektive Umwandlung in das Monomesylat (III) mit Azidionen unter Umkehr der Konfiguration das Azid (IVa), das zu (IVb) und (IVc) umgesetzt wird.
STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL AND ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM (2015)

A simple, rapid, and precise, stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) and Atorvastatin (ATR) in bulk has been developed and validated. The analytes were separated by using a Waters symmetry C18 analytical column (250mm × 4.6mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile and 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer containing 0.1% heptanesulphonic acid sodium (pH 3.0, adjusted with o-phosphoric acid) in the ratio of 55:45 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2mL/min. The chromatographic separation was monitored at 253 nm with a run time of 10 min. A volume of 20 μL was injected into the system. Olmesartan medoxomil and Atorvastatin were eluted with approximate retention times of 4.15min and 7.36 min respectively. Calibration plots were linear over the concentration ranges 0.5 to 10μg mL−1 for both the drugs. The high recovery and low coefficients of variation confirms the suitability of the method for simultaneous analysis of the two drugs in formulations also.