gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Table-top transient collisional excitation x-ray lasers (1998)

Recent transient collisional excitation x-ray laser experiments are reported using the COMET tabletop laser driver at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Ne-like and Ni-like ion x-ray laser schemes have been investigated with a combination of long 600 ps and short {approximately}1 ps high power laser pulses with 5-10 J total energy. We show small signal gain saturation for x-ray lasers when a reflection echelon traveling wave geometry is utilized. A gain length product of 18 has been achieved for the Ni-like Pd 4d{r_arrow}4p J=0-1 line at 147 {angstrom}, with an estimated output of {approximately}10{micro}J. Strong lasing on the 119 {angstrom} Ni-like Sn line has also been observed. To our knowledge this is the first time gain saturation has been achieved on a tabletop laser driven scheme and is the shortest wavelength tabletop x-ray laser demonstrated to date. In addition, we present preliminary results of the characterization of the line focus uniformity for a Ne-like ion scheme using L-shell spectroscopy.
PKCδ activated by c-MET enhances infiltration of human glioblastoma cells through NOTCH2 signaling (2015)

Poor prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) is attributable to the propensity of tumor cells to infiltrate into the brain parenchyma. Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are highly expressed or aberrantly activated in GBM. However, how this signaling node translates to GBM cell invasiveness remains unknown. Here, we report that among PKC isoforms, PKCδ is strongly associated with infiltration of GBM cells. Notably, PKCδ enhanced Tyr418 phosphorylation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC, which in turn activated STAT3 and subsequent NOTCH2 signaling, ultimately leading to GBM cell invasiveness. Furthermore, we showed that PKCδ was aberrantly activated in GBM cells by c-MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase hyperactivated in GBM. In agreement, inhibition either component in the c-MET/PKCδ/SRC/STAT3 signaling axis effectively blocked the NOTCH2 signaling and invasiveness of GBM cells. Taken together, our findings shed a light on the signaling mechanisms behind the constitutive activation of PKCδ signaling in GBM.
Five Principles for the Successful Teaching of Singing (1996)

This chapter discusses five principles for the successful teaching of the art of singing: teacher and student rapport, diagnosis and prescription, specificity of language, efficient use of time, and measurable results. Any singer who has been admitted to a program of study at a reputable institution of music, or for study with a private teacher who maintains high professional standards, exhibits some degree of potential and at least minimal singing skills, or he or she would not be there. It is the job of the teacher to identify which sounds are most favorable and to improve those that are not. The successful teacher of singing will go beyond attempting to pass on to his or her students empirical performance sensations and experiences. She or he will find modes of instruction that develop rapport, that permit the diagnosis of problems, and that supply prescriptions for corrections through specific and communicable language, thereby saving time and producing measurable results. These five principles should form the structure of every lesson.
Authenticity in textbooks : A comparative study of authentic spoken language in textbook dialogues (2001)

Textbooks still play an important role in language teaching. During the 80th and 90th both textbook researchers and textbook writers claimed to move away from teaching a constructed, non-authentic spoken language in these textbooks. However, both teachers and students criticise language textbooks still for their inability to teach the spoken language in a satisfactory way. So the aim of this essay was to look closer at what an authentic text dialogue in teaching material constituted and if it could be measures by using type-token ratio, lexical density. From the results of the investigation an analysis was made to see if spoken authentic language had been given more attention as researchers textbook writers claimed. However the result of this study shows the limitations of statistically measuring authenticity in the textbook dialogues.
Verification of the optimal backscatter for an aSi electronic portal imaging device (2005)

Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs), currently used for determining proper patient placement during irradiation in a radiotherapy treatment, can also be used as dosimeters. However, the Varian aS500 portal imager exhibits dosimetric artefacts caused by non-uniform backscatter from mechanical support structures located behind the imager. Monte Carlo simulations predict that adding 5 mm of Pb behind the imaging cassette will reduce the non-uniform backscatter to <1% for 6 MV and to <1.5% for 18 MV photon beams. This study experimentally tested this hypothesis by comparing images using an unmodified test imager and an imager modified by adding 3 and 5 mm of Pb behind the imaging cassette. Using the modified imager containing 5 mm of Pb, the non-uniform backscatter was reduced to <0.5% for 6 MV and <0.6% for 18 MV beams. Addition of the 5 mm of Pb increased the detector contrast by 3.5% +/- 0.5% at 6 MV and 5.0% +/- 0.7% at 18 MV, and increased the resolution by 0.9% +/- 0.2% at 6 MV and 0.5% +/- 0.12% at 18 MV.
Canadian fertility trends: a further test of the Easterlin Hypothesis (1987)

Selon Richard Easterlin, le taux de fertilite d'une cohorte est inversement proportionnel a sa taille relative. C'est principalement aux Etats‐Unis qu'on a trouve des donnees peut‐itre pas a ce pays. En general, il semble qu'au Canada les taux de fertilite relatifs de grosses cohortes sont plus Pleves que ceux de cohortes plus petites, et ceci malgre le fait que les taux de fertilite ont diminue pour toutes les cohortes au cours des dernieres annees. Lorsque I'on examine la taille relative des cohortes en contrdant les effets d'ige et de periode, la relation entre la taille de la cohorte et son taux de fertilitP disparait completernent ce qui reduit plus encore la validite de I'hypothPse de Easterlin Richard Easterlin has argued that the fertility rate of a cohort is inversely related to the relative size of that cohort. Evidence to support this proposition has been derived primarily from studies in the United States. A breakdown of Canadian fertility trends to decompose age, period and cohort effects suggests that Easterlin's hypothesis may not hold for the Canadian situation. Overall, larger Canadian cohorts appear to have higher relative fertility rates than do smaller cohorts, despite the fact that fertility rates have declined across all cohorts in recent years. Focusing on relative cohort size, and controlling for age and period effects, the relationship between cohort size and fertility disappears completely further minimizing the validity of the Easterlin Hypothesis. supportant cette these. Une analyse de la fertilite au Canada, qui distingue entre les effets d'ige, de periode et de cohorte indique que I'hypothese de Easterlin ne s'applique
The Entropy of Lithium Intercalation into Disordered Carbonaceous Materials (2006)

Abstract not Available.
In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts, fractions and a substance isolated from the Amazonian plant Tachia grandiflora (Gentianaceae) (2013)

Tachia sp. are used as antimalarials in the Amazon Region and in vivo antimalarial activity of a Tachia sp. has been previously reported. Tachia grandiflora Maguire and Weaver is an Amazonian antimalarial plant and herein its cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity were investigated. Spectral analysis of the tetraoxygenated xanthone decussatin and the iridoid aglyone amplexine isolated, respectively, from the chloroform fractions of root methanol and leaf ethanol extracts was performed. In vitro inhibition of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum Welch was evaluated using optical microscopy on blood smears. Crude extracts of leaves and roots were inactive in vitro. However, chloroform fractions of the root and leaf extracts [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 10.5 and 35.8 µg/mL, respectively] and amplexine (IC50= 7.1 µg/mL) were active in vitro. Extracts and fractions were not toxic to type MRC-5 human fibroblasts (IC50> 50 µg/mL). Water extracts of the roots of T. grandiflora administered by mouth were the most active extracts in the Peters 4-day suppression test in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. At 500 mg/kg/day, these extracts exhibited 45-59% inhibition five to seven days after infection. T. grandiflora infusions, fractions and isolated substance have potential as antimalarials.
Hollow Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Polymer Nanobeads as MRI Contrast Agents (2015)

Magnetic nanobeads are synthesized by coprecipitation of hollow iron oxide nanoparticles and an amphiphilic polymer. The resulting nanobeads can be tuned in diameter and nanoparticle content. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and superconducting quantum interferometer device (SQUID) characterization of the nanobeads reveal that they exhibit an increased effective magnetic anisotropy as compared to the individual nanoparticles, despite that no structural changes of the particles had occurred during the embedding process into the polymer. The spin–spin relaxation times of the pristine hollow nanoparticles and of the final magnetic nanobeads reveal a high R2 relaxivity of 206 s–1 mM–1 for the magnetic nanobeads. This result should enable their application as negative contrast enhancing agents in magnetic resonance imaging.
The β′ Subunit of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Is Not Required for Interaction with Initiating Nucleotide but Is Necessary for Interaction with Rifampicin (2001)

Using a modification of a highly selective affinity labeling protocol, we demonstrated that the alpha(2)beta subassembly of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase efficiently and specifically interacts with the initiating purine nucleotide. Isolated beta is also active in this reaction. In contrast, neither beta nor alpha(2)beta is able to interact with a chimeric molecule composed of rifampicin attached to an initiation substrate. Based on these results, we conclude that the RNA polymerase initiation site, specific for purine nucleotides, which ultimately become the 5'-end of the transcript, is essentially complete in the absence of the largest subunit, beta'. However, the rifampicin binding center is formed only in the alpha(2)betabeta' core enzyme. We interpret our results in light of the high resolution structure of core RNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus.
North America: The News about the News (2006)

Paul Knox, North America: The News about the News, International Journal, Vol. 61, No. 3, North American Security and Prosperity: Annual John W. Holmes Issue on Canadian Foreign Policy (Summer, 2006), pp. 633-647
Reactions of 2′-Hydroxyisoflavone and 2′-Hydroxy-2-methylisoflavones with Metal Salts (1979)

Abstract Reactions of four 2′-hydroxy-2-methylisoflavones with lead(IV) acetate gave the corresponding l0b-acetoxy-5a-methyl-5a,10b-dihydrobenzofuro[2,3-b][1]benzopyran-11-ones in 21–25% yields and 2-(2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)-p-benzoquinones in 27–46% yields. Reactions of the isoflavones with manganese(III) acetate gave the ketones in 1–25% yields. Reaction of 2′-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyisoflavone with lead(IV) acetate gave 10b-acetoxy-3,8-dimethoxy-5a,10b-dihydrobenzofuro[2,3-b][1]benzopyran-11-one, and 3,8-dimethoxybenzofuro[2,3-b][1] benzopyran-11-one.
Potential antitumor agents. 22. Latentiated congeners of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilides (1977)

N1-Acyl derivatives of the tumor inhibitory 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilide agents act as prodrugs undergoing deacylation to liberate the core agents on incubation with pH 7.5 buffer or mouse blood. Against L1210 tumor implanted remotely from the drug administration site, lower acyl derivatives often provide enhanced effects over that obtained with nonacylated precursor alone. In certain homologous series of acyl derivatives, toxicity first increased with increasing lipophilic character, until greater than that of the core agent alone, and then at higher lipophilic levels decreased. Tumor inhibitory properties of the acyl derivatives in such series appeared inversely related to their toxicity. Several 3-(3,3-dialkyl-1-triazeno)acridine-substituted congeners provided excellent L1210 activity. Contrasting with most other tumor-active triazenes, one alkyl group need not be a methyl group of antileukemic activity to be observed. 3-Methyl-3-propyl-1-triazene and 3,3-diethyl-1-trazene analogues had comparable lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, toxicity, and antileukemic effectiveness; usual metabolic activation of the triazene N-methyl group may make little contribution to antitumor properties in the examples presented. Prepared as a nonalkylated triazene analogue, a 3-azidoacridine congener had high L1210 activity.
Use of the gel agglutination technique for determination of fetomaternal hemorrhage (1998)

The GAT is suited for routine screening. It provides rapid and specific detection of D-positive red cells at clinically relevant concentrations. The test may (rarely) yield false-negative results due to insufficient administration of Rh immune globulin before testing.
Canalizing Boolean Functions Maximize the Mutual Information (2012)

The ability of information processing in biologically motivated Boolean networks is of interest in recent information theoretic research. One measure to quantify this ability is the well known mutual information. Using Fourier analysis we show that canalizing functions maximize the mutual information between an input variable and the outcome of the function. We proof our result for Boolean functions with uniform distributed as well as product distributed input variables.
A Case of Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Influenza, and a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor (2023)

A subclass of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is euglycemic DKA, characterized by the same traits of ketoacidosis and low bicarbonate levels. However, the condition differs from classic DKA because of its normoglycemic levels. Euglycemic DKA was once thought to be incredibly rare, but its incidence has been on the rise with the widespread use of sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and other newer anti-diabetic medications. The disorder is not fully understood and is often missed when presenting because of the non-elevated blood sugars. Common triggers for euglycemic DKA include infection, fasting, pregnancy, and medications such as SGLT2 inhibitors. This case report involves a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus on sitagliptin that presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath, cough, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and tested influenza positive with blood glucose levels of 209 mg/dl. He was started on IV fluids and subcutaneous insulin but developed worsening acidosis. The following day, he was transferred to the ICU for DKA protocol and diagnosed with euglycemic DKA.
Low-temperature glass bonding for sensor application using boron oxide thin films (1991)

Low-temperature glass bonding of silicon, silicon dioxide and silicon nitride is described. Boron oxide was used as the intermediate glass layer at a bonding temperature of 450°C. First experiments indicate that due to reflow and deformation of the molten glass layer, bonding over metal patterns is possible, e.g. aluminium or chromium/gold. No voids are observed by examination of cleaved cross sections using optical microscopy or by IR transmission of bonded wafers. Scanning acoustic tomography, however, revealed regions of good, as well as regions of bad bonding quality. Bonding at low temperatures, with less critical demands for surface flatness, and the possibility of metalized electrical feedthrough will offer more process flexibility in the fabrication of sensors and actuators.
HIV-1 Matrix Protein p17 Prevents Loss of CD28 Expression During IL-2–Induced Maturation of Naïve CD8 + T Cells (2008)

Naïve CD8(+) T cells differentiate into effectors secreting various cytokines that modulate immune functions. A striking finding for most HIV-1-infected patients is that they accumulate CD8(+) T cells belonging to early and intermediate differentiated elements. Structural HIV-1 proteins, and among these the matrix protein p17, have been associated with loss of functional competence by different immune cells. We therefore evaluated the influence of p17 on naïve CD8(+) T-cell activation and maturation. Anti-CD3 mAb preactivation and subsequent IL-2 stimulation are able to drive human naive CD(+) T cells to an effector phenotype characterized, among other features, by downregulation of the co-stimulatory molecule CD28. Strikingly, however, IL-2-induced downmodulation of CD28 was completely prevented by p17, and cells derived from p17-stimulated cultures showed a strong Tc1 polarization that was fourfold higher than that observed in IL-2-stimulated cultures.Moreover, p17 preserved a markedly high proportion of CD8(+) T cells that were able to respond to CD28 triggering with a proinflammatory cytokine storm. Our evidence suggests that p17 has important effects on cytokine polarization and phenotype of terminally differentiated CD8(+) T cells, and that new p17-based therapeutic approaches could control or prevent HIV-1-related immune disorders.
Design and Synthesis of 2-Nitroimidazoles with Variable Alkylating and Acylating Functionality (2014)

The synthesis of a small series of 2-nitroimidazoles in which the β-amino alcohol side chain was amidated with a range of alkylating/acylating functionality is described. Synthetic methodologies were developed that generally provided for selective N-acyl versus N,O-bisacyl products. In vitro, target analogs showed minimal radiosensitization activity, with only a few exhibiting a sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) >2.0 and C(1.6) values comparable to reference agents RB-6145 and RSU-1069. In an assay to determine potential to alkylate biomolecules, representative analogs showed <1% of the alkylating activity of RSU-1069. In vivo, one analog showed an enhancement ratio of 1.6 relative to vehicle control when tested in B6C3F1 mice with an implanted KHT sarcoma. The data reinforce prior findings that there is a correlation between alkylation potential and in vivo activity.
Knowledge-aware Leap-LSTM: Integrating Prior Knowledge into Leap-LSTM towards Faster Long Text Classification (2021)

While widely used in industry, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are known to have deficiencies in dealing with long sequences (e.g. slow inference, vanishing gradients etc.). Recent research has attempted to accelerate RNN models by developing mechanisms to skip irrelevant words in input. Due to the lack of labelled data, it remains as a challenge to decide which words to skip, especially for low-resource classification tasks. In this paper, we propose Knowledge-AwareLeap-LSTM (KALL), a novel architecture which integrates prior human knowledge (created either manually or automatically) like in-domain keywords, terminologies or lexicons into Leap-LSTM to partially supervise the skipping process. More specifically, we propose a knowledge-oriented cost function for KALL; furthermore, we propose two strategies to integrate the knowledge: (1) the Factored KALL approach involves a keyword indicator as a soft constraint for the skip-ping process, and (2) the Gated KALL enforces the inclusion of keywords while maintaining a differentiable network in training. Experiments on different public datasets show that our approaches are1.1x~2.6x faster than LSTM with better accuracy and 23.6x faster than XLNet in a resource-limited CPU-only environment.
Humic substances in the Suwannee River, Georgia: Interactions, properties, and proposed structures (1994)

This Water-Supply Paper is concerned with state-of-the-science chemistry of humic and fulvic acids from the Suwannee River in Georgia. Humic and fulvic acids are specific entities in the broad category of humic substances. Although the broad subject in the chapters that follow concerns humic substances, the primary focus will be on fulvic acids from the Suwannee River. After a decade of study, there is an improved understanding of the interactions, properties, and structures of fulvic acids that comprise the major fraction of dissolved organic substances in water.
Membranes with Surface-Enhanced Antifouling Properties for Water Purification (2017)

Membrane technology has emerged as an attractive approach for water purification, while mitigation of fouling is key to lower membrane operating costs. This article reviews various materials with antifouling properties that can be coated or grafted onto the membrane surface to improve the antifouling properties of the membranes and thus, retain high water permeance. These materials can be separated into three categories, hydrophilic materials, such as poly(ethylene glycol), polydopamine and zwitterions, hydrophobic materials, such as fluoropolymers, and amphiphilic materials. The states of water in these materials and the mechanisms for the antifouling properties are discussed. The corresponding approaches to coat or graft these materials on the membrane surface are reviewed, and the materials with promising performance are highlighted.
State Tobacco Excise Taxes and Adolescent Smoking Behaviors in the United States (2004)

The objective of the study described in this article was to examine the association between state cigarette excise taxes and smoking behaviors among youth in the United States. A survey was nationally mailed to adolescents in the Growing Up Today Study, an ongoing cohort of offspring of participants in the Nurses' Health Study II. A volunteer sample of 10,981 adolescent boy and girl participated in the Growing Up Today Study, who were 12 to 18 years old in 1999. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between state cigarette excise taxes (in quartiles) and experimentation (ever smoked) and established smoking (smoked at least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime). State tax levels in 1999 ranged from 2.5 to 100 cents. In a model that adjusted for age, gender, peer smoking, parental smoking, state clustering, state poverty level, and possession of tobacco promotional items, higher tax rates were associated with decreased odds of experimentation (test for trend p < 0.01). The highest quartile of tax (60-100 cents) was significantly associated with lower odds of experimentation (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64-0.98) and appeared protective against established smoking (OR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.49-1.29). This study provides recent evidence that higher state cigarette excise taxes are associated with decreased experimental smoking among adolescent boys and girls. Higher state cigarette taxes may also be associated with lower odds of established smoking in this age group, although the association appears to be attenuated by peer and parental smoking. These results support the inclusion of tobacco taxes in state tobacco control programs.
A survey method for assessing perceptions of a game: The consumer playtest in game design. (2005)

The computer and video game industry has only relatively recently burgeoned into one that rivals the film industry in terms of consumer spending. In the United States alone, the games industry reported about $6.9 billion in sales in 2002, and sales increased to $7 billion in 2003 and $7.3 billion in 2004 [1]. Increased sales have also led to increased competition among games developers, as they vie for a share of the growing wealth. Because higher-quality games tend to sell better, game developers are increasingly looking for ways to improve their games.