gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of gate-last and gate-first process on deep submicron inversion-mode InGaAs n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (2011)

Recently, encouraging progress has been made on surface-channel inversion-mode In-rich InGaAs NMOSFETs with superior drive current, high transconductance and minuscule gate leakage, using atomic layer deposited (ALD) high-k dielectrics. Although gate-last process is favorable for high-k/III–V integration, high-speed logic devices require a self-aligned gate-first process for reducing the parasitic resistance and overlap capacitance. On the other hand, a gate-first process usually requires higher thermal budget and may degrade the III–V device performance. In this paper, we systematically investigate the thermal budget of gate-last and gate-first process for deep-submicron InGaAs MOSFETs. We conclude that the thermal instability of (NH4)2S as the pretreatment before ALD gate dielectric formation leads to the potential failure of enhancement-mode operation and deteriorates interface quality in the gate-first process. We thus report on the detailed study of scaling metrics of deep-submicron self-aligned InGaAs MOSFET without sulfur passivation, featuring optimized threshold voltage and negligible off-state degradation.
A 40 GS/s SiGe track-and-hold amplifier (2008)

An ultra-high-speed SiGe track-and-hold amplifier (THA) using a switched-emitter-follower (SEF) configuration is presented. Operating off a +5.5 V power supply, this THA exhibits -32.4 dBc of total harmonic distortion (THD) when sampling a 10 GHz input signal at the rate of 40 GS/s, and reaches -50.5 dBc of THD when sampling a 2 GHz input at 12 GS/s. Compared to the THAs published in the literature with an operational range from 10 GS/s to 20 GS/s, the present THA demonstrates a THD comparable to the best one achieved to date to our knowledge for Si technology, with much improved high-frequency characteristics. On the other hand, in the operational range of 30 GS/s and above, the present SiGe THA still exhibits robust characteristics compared to the fastest THAs in terms of linearity, power consumption, and sampling rate.
Boroacetylation of carbohydrates. Correlations between structure and mass spectral behavior in monoacetylhexose cyclic boronic esters (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBoroacetylation of carbohydrates. Correlations between structure and mass spectral behavior in monoacetylhexose cyclic boronic estersJacek Wiecko and William R. ShermanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 24, 7631–7637Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00440a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00440a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views176Altmetric-Citations73LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Long-term stability of cefuroxime and cefazolin sodium in intravenous infusions (1996)

Cefazolin and cefuroxime sodium are often used as antibiotic infusions for hospitalized patients. Because advance preparation of these intravenous solutions is efficient, the stability of both antibiotics stored at 4 degrees C in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags was studied. Five bags of solutions containing either 1 g of cefazolin sodium or 1.5 g of cefuroxime sodium per 100 ml of 5% dextrose were studied for 1 month by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), visual inspection and pH measurement. No colour change or precipitation was observed. The pH values of both drugs increased significantly over the period of study. Based on a shelf-life of 90% residual potency, the cefuroxime sodium concentration was stable for 13 days when stored at 4 degrees C, and the cefazolin sodium concentration was stable for at least 30 days at 4 degrees C. Within these limits, both antibiotics may be prepared in advance by a centralized intravenous admixture service.
HUGS: Combining Exact Inference and Gibbs Sampling in Junction Trees (2013)

Dawid, Kjaerulff and Lauritzen (1994) provided a preliminary description of a hybrid between Monte-Carlo sampling methods and exact local computations in junction trees. Utilizing the strengths of both methods, such hybrid inference methods has the potential of expanding the class of problems which can be solved under bounded resources as well as solving problems which otherwise resist exact solutions. The paper provides a detailed description of a particular instance of such a hybrid scheme; namely, combination of exact inference and Gibbs sampling in discrete Bayesian networks. We argue that this combination calls for an extension of the usual message passing scheme of ordinary junction trees.
CRACK DETECTION IN HISTORICAL STRUCTURES BASED ON CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK (2018)

: Regular inspection and maintenance work is required to ensure the structural integrity of historicstructures, especially the masonry structures which are deteriorating due to ageing and man-made activities.The structures are typically examined by visual inspection, which is a costly and laborious procedure, and often,the inspection results are subjective. In this study, an automatic image-based crack detection system usingConvolutional Neural Network (CNN) for masonry structures is proposed to aid the inspection procedure.Previous crack detection systems generally involve handcrafted features, which are then classified byclassification algorithms. This approach relies heavily on feature extraction stage, which may not offer accurateresults as some hidden features may not be extracted. In this paper, the feature extraction process is done byCNN from RGB images, and then the softmax layer is replaced by other classifiers to improve classificationaccuracy. Three classifiers are studied, namely the CNN itself, Support Vector Machines (SVM) and RandomForest (RF). A dataset containing images of cracks from masonry structures was created using a digital cameraand an unmanned aerial vehicle. The images were used in training and validating the proposed system. Thecollected images were also used to build a 3D model using the technique based on Structure from Motion(SFM), which allowed images containing cracks to be located in 3D world coordinates. It was found that thecombined CNN and SVM model performs the best among other methods with the detection accuracy ofapproximately 86% in the validation stages and 74% in the testing stage. As shown in this paper, the integrationof CNN and other classifiers can improve detection accuracy. In addition, it was shown that the system can beused to detect cracks automatically for the images of masonry structures, which is useful for the inspection ofheritage structures.
Sulfur-Promoted Redox Cyclization of 2,2′-Dinitrodiphenyl Disulfides and Benzylamines (2021)

Abstract This study aims to develop green and sustainable advanced synthetic methods based on redox cyclization. Elemental sulfur is shown to promote the efficient synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles from 2,2′-dinitrodiphenyl disulfides and benzylamines via redox cyclization in the absence of transition-metal catalysts and solvents. The 2-substituted benzothiazoles are obtained in good to excellent yields. This synthetic methodology is highly atom-economical and does not require any external oxidizing and/or reducing agents.
Leydig Cell Tumor of the Testis (1998)

Leydig cell tumors of the testis are rare and account for a small proportion of testicular neoplasms. The objective of this study was to identify clinical and morphologic features predictive of metastasis in a large series of Leydig cell tumors, and to determine whether ploidy or proliferative activity were predictive of malignancy. Thirty cases of Leydig cell tumor of the testis (23 tumors that had not metastasized and 7 that had metastasized) were studied. Clinical history and follow-up were collected in all cases. The morphologic features examined included tumor size, mitotic index (mitotic figures/10 high-power fields), necrosis, angiolymphatic invasion, cell type, tumor-testicle interface, presence of extension beyond the testicular parenchyma, and presence of lipochrome and Reinke crystals. Most patients (93%) had a testicular mass. Patients with Leydig cell tumors that metastasized were diagnosed at a mean age of 62 years (range, 39-70 years) compared with 48 years (range, 9-79 years) in patients with nonmetastasizing tumors (p = 0.25). Leydig cell tumors that metastasized were significantly larger than nonmetastasizing tumors (mean, 4.7 versus 2.6 cm, respectively; p = 0.008), and had a significantly higher mitotic index (mean, 13.9 versus 1.9, respectively; p < 0.0001). Metastasizing Leydig cell tumors were significantly associated with atypical mitotic figures (p < 0.0001), nuclear variation (p = 0.0025), necrosis (p < 0.0001), angiolymphatic invasion (p = 0.009), infiltrative margins (p < 0.0001), high grade (p = 0.0004), and invasion into rete testis, epididymis, or tunica (p = 0.001) when compared with nonmetastasizing tumors. There was no significant difference between metastasizing and nonmetastasizing tumors in regard to cell type, lipochrome content, presence of Reinke crystals, or nuclear inclusions. All Leydig cell tumors that metastasized and 7 of 18 (38.9%) nonmetastasizing tumors were DNA aneuploid by static image analysis (p = 0.02). Metastasizing Leydig cell tumors had a significantly higher mean MIB-1 activity of 18.6% (range, 5.8-33.6) compared with 1.2% (range, 0.04-8.2) in nonmetastasizing tumors (p = 0.001). In this study, the presence of cytologic atypia, necrosis, angiolymphatic invasion, increased mitotic activity, atypical mitotic figures, infiltrative margins, extension beyond the testicular parenchyma, DNA aneuploidy, and increased MIB-1 activity were significantly associated with metastatic behavior in Leydig cell tumors.
Expanding the Polymer Mechanochemistry Toolbox through Surface-Initiated Polymerization (2015)

Surface-initiated polymerizations represent a versatile toolbox to generate densely grafted assemblies of chain end-tethered polymers. At sufficiently short interchain distances, surface-grafted polymers are forced into an extended chain conformation, which forms the basis of several unique properties, including their ability to withstand efficiently biofouling or to act as low friction coatings. While the effect on materials properties is well-established, only relatively recently first reports have appeared describing that chain stretching in surface-grafted polymer films also impacts chemical stability/reactivity. This Viewpoint presents surface-initiated polymerization as an alternative polymer mechanochemical tool. The absence of an external force field to induce chain elongation and the possibility to modulate chain stretching by varying brush molecular weight and grafting density, in conjunction with electrostatic interactions and nanoinclusions that may be present inside the polymeric grafts, make surface-initiated polymerization an attractive tool to both study and understand the effects of polymer chain conformation on the stability/reactivity of surface-grafted polymers.
Use of Insect Repellents for Maximum Efficacy (1974)

Many individuals claim that insect repellents offer them little protection. This article explains the factors that lead alternatively either to longer or to shorter protection times. In most instances, those factors leading to shorter protection times can be overcome by more generous and frequent applications of commercially available repellents.
Multipath in Space Station Freedom S-band single access forward link (2002)

The Space Station Freedom (SSF) S-band multipath effect varies dynamically during an orbital pass because of the relative SSF structure movements to the antenna pointing direction. The received signal envelope fluctuation can cause serious degradation on the communication link. In the paper, dynamic geometrical information about the SSF structures and the antenna pointing direction for any SSF orbital passes is generated. Then, the received signal envelope fluctuation including the multipath effects is computed by combining an extended uniform geometrical theory of diffraction with the dynamic SSF geometrical information. Finally, the bit error rate degradation due to the multipath is analyzed, and compared with that of the typical Rician or Rayleigh fading multipath channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Establishment of a Real-Time, Quantitative, and Reproducible Mouse Model of Staphylococcus Osteomyelitis Using Bioluminescence Imaging (2011)

Osteomyelitis remains a serious problem in the orthopedic field. There are only a few animal models in which the quantity and distribution of bacteria can be reproducibly traced. Here, we established a real-time quantitative mouse model of osteomyelitis using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) without sacrificing the animals. A bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into the femurs of mice. The bacterial photon intensity (PI) was then sequentially measured by BLI. Serological and histological analyses of the mice were performed. The mean PI peaked at 3 days, and stable signals were maintained for over 3 months after inoculation. The serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in the infected mice than in the control mice on day 7. The serum monocyte chemotactic protein 1 level was also significantly higher in the infected group at 12 h than in the control group. A significantly higher proportion of granulocytes was detected in the peripheral blood of the infected group after day 7. Additionally, both acute and chronic histological manifestations were observed in the infected group. This model is useful for elucidating the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic osteomyelitis and to assess the effects of novel antibiotics or antibacterial implants.
Recommended Research on Artificial Gravity (2007)

Based on the summaries presented in the above sections of what is still to be learned on the effects of artificial gravity on human functions, this chapter will discuss the short- and long-term steps of research required to understand fundamentals and to validate operational aspects of using artificial gravity as an effective countermeasure for long-duration space travel.
Supplementary Figure 6 from Elucidation of Tumor-Stromal Heterogeneity and the Ligand-Receptor Interactome by Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Real-world Pancreatic Cancer Biopsies (2023)

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Achieving Consensus of Euler–Lagrange Agents With Interconnecting Delays and Without Velocity Measurements via Passivity-Based Control (2017)

This paper deals with the problem of achieving consensus of multiple Euler-Lagrange (EL) systems using the energy shaping plus damping injection principles of passivity-based control. It proposes a novel decentralized controller that is capable of solving the leaderless and the leader-follower consensus problems in networks of fully actuated EL-systems with interconnecting time-varying delays and without employing velocity measurements. This paper also presents a comparative simulation study with different controllers and provides experimental evidence of the performance of the novel controller.
Time‐Resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy of short restriction fragments: The friction factor for rotation of DNA about its symmetry axis (1987)

Abstract The time‐resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) of ethidium dye intercalated in 43 and 69 base pair (bp) restriction fragments is measured, and the friction factor per bp for rotation of DNA about its symmetry axis is determined. The same value of the hydrodynamic radius, a = 12.0 ± 0.6 Å, is obtained for both the 43‐ and 69‐bp fragments, but only when (1) the twisting correlation functions appropriate for such short filaments are used: (2) the correct amplitude is employed for the uniform tumbling mode decays: and (3) the data analysis is restricted to times after the internal bending modes have died away leaving just reduced amplitudes of the exponentially decaying uniform tumbling modes. The present value of the hydrodynamic radius is significantly larger than that implied by the cross‐sectional area perpendicular to the symmetry axis. This strongly suggests that a significant fraction of water in the major and minor groves is rotating more or less rigidly with the DNA on this time scale. The correct expression for the amplitude D n (∞) of the uniform mode decay of the tumbling correlation function, including the average over all sites to which the dye could bind, is derived in the appendix. The present theory for D n (∞) is compared with that of Barkley and Zimm [(1979) J. Chem. Phys. 70 , 2991–3007], and with recent Brownian simulations of discrete wormlike chains by Allison and co‐workers [S. A. Allison and J. A. McCammon (1984) Biopolymers 23 , 363–375; S. A. Allison (1986) Macromolecules 19 , 118–124].
Pneumocephalus and headache following craniotomy during the immediate postoperative period (2022)

Pneumocephalus may be a causative factor for post-craniotomy pain and headache with surgical injuries.
A Comparative Study of O3 and P2 Phases in Some Oxides for Na Batteries (2014)

Na-ion batteries have attracted growing attention due to the high abundance and low cost of Na compared with Li. As a promising category of cathode materials for Na-ion batteries, layered oxides have been widely studied. Among the rich diversity of structure, emphasis has been mainly focused on O3 and P2-phases (in Delmas’ denotion 1 . ) Several layered oxides have been studied recently, NaMnO 2 2 , NaNiO 2 3 , Na x CoO 2 4 , Na 2/3 Mn 1/2 Fe 1/2 O 2 5 , etc. For most O3-type oxides, the reversible capacity is limited to 120 mAh/g, corresponding to 0.5 Na per formula unit, while for most P2-type oxides, the reversible capacity is about 160 mAh/g which is equivalent to ≈ 0.67Na extracted and intercalated during cycling. We synthesized a series of O3- and P2-type compounds with the same transition metal components via solid-state reaction and carried out a comparative study between the O3 and P2 structure. Besides performance, we evaluated the structure/valence transition and Na + mobility. The structural transitions during Na + intercalation/deintercalation are similar for most reported O3-type oxides with an O3-P3 transition, while the P2 phases usually experience more reversible phase transitions, accompanied by stacking faults. We carried out in-situ XRD observation to study the structure evolution of our new O3- and P2-type materials. The valence evolution of the transition metals in O3- and P2-type materials was evaluated. A good understanding of the valence evolution of transition metals in layered oxides will benefit the design and tailoring of this category of materials.
Defining and Conceptualising Rural Enterprise (2014)

Abstract Purpose The objective of this chapter is to lay the foundation for the edited collection of contemporary research contributions contained in this book. Specifically, the chapter is concerned with defining and conceptualising rural entrepreneurship. Methodology The chapter seeks to explore why and how a rural enterprise can be defined, and determines whether rural entrepreneurship is a distinctive category of entrepreneurship theory and practice. Building on descriptive rural enterprise taxonomies proposed in previous studies, the chapter considers the drivers and barriers impacting on firm start-up, growth and decline in rural environments. Findings The authors argue that there is little difference between a rural and non-rural enterprise in terms of structure, that is how the business is organised or managed, or how the characteristics of the individual entrepreneur are exhibited. Thus, it would appear that there is no specific category for, nor definition of a rural entrepreneur beyond that of ‘an individual who manages a venture in a rural setting’. Research limitations The chapter is based mainly on a review of extant literatures. Originality/value The chapter concludes that it is the exogenous factors that differentiate rural from non-rural ventures, and it is these factors that will have a significant impact on start-up, growth and failure rates.
Oct4 is a reliable marker of liver tumor propagating cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. (2015)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 6th most common cancer worldwide and the 2nd most common cause of cancer related mortality. The poor prognosis is largely due to the difficulty in early diagnoses and eradication of stem-like cells within HCC, which are termed liver tumor propagating cells (LTPCs). These LTPCs are involved in all stages of tumorigenesis including tumor initiation, progression, and treatment failure. The greatest challenge in understanding these LTPCs is finding effective ways in isolating and characterizing these cells with current methods showing large inter-tumor variability in isolating these cells. Oct4 is a stem cell gene associated with LTPCs and has been shown to be involved in regulating a range of functions in HCC cells associated with LTPC features. In this study we determined the efficacy and reliability in utilizing Oct4 to isolate and characterize LTPCs. We have shown that Oct4 is ubiquitously expressed in all HCC tumors tested whereas other traditional LTPC markers had high intratumor variability in their expression. We then utilized a human Oct4 promoter driving an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter which showed that Oct4+ cells had all the classic features of LTPCs including increased sphere formation in vitro, tumor forming potential in immunocompromised mice, expression of stemness associated genes, and resistance to Sorafenib which is the major drug used to treat advanced HCC. Based on our findings we have identified Oct4 as a reliable marker of LTPCs and discovered a novel way to isolate and characterize LTPCs.