gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The 2019–2020 novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic: A joint american college of academic international medicine-world academic council of emergency medicine multidisciplinary COVID-19 working group consensus paper (2020)

What started as a cluster of patients with a mysterious respiratory illness in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, was later determined to be coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel <i>Betacoronavirus</i>, was subsequently isolated as the causative agent. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by respiratory droplets and fomites and presents clinically with fever, fatigue, myalgias, conjunctivitis, anosmia, dysgeusia, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea. In most critical cases, symptoms can escalate into acute respiratory distress syndrome accompanied by a runaway inflammatory cytokine response and multiorgan failure. As of this article's publication date, COVID-19 has spread to approximately 200 countries and territories, with over 4.3 million infections and more than 290,000 deaths as it has escalated into a global pandemic. Public health concerns mount as the situation evolves with an increasing number of infection hotspots around the globe. New information about the virus is emerging just as rapidly. This has led to the prompt development of clinical patient risk stratification tools to aid in determining the need for testing, isolation, monitoring, ventilator support, and disposition. COVID-19 spread is rapid, including imported cases in travelers, cases among close contacts of known infected individuals, and community-acquired cases without a readily identifiable source of infection. Critical shortages of personal protective equipment and ventilators are compounding the stress on overburdened healthcare systems. The continued challenges of social distancing, containment, isolation, and surge capacity in already stressed hospitals, clinics, and emergency departments have led to a swell in technologically-assisted care delivery strategies, such as telemedicine and web-based triage. As the race to develop an effective vaccine intensifies, several clinical trials of antivirals and immune modulators are underway, though no reliable COVID-19-specific therapeutics (inclusive of some potentially effective single and multi-drug regimens) have been identified as of yet. With many nations and regions declaring a state of emergency, unprecedented quarantine, social distancing, and border closing efforts are underway. Implementation of social and physical isolation measures has caused sudden and profound economic hardship, with marked decreases in global trade and local small business activity alike, and full ramifications likely yet to be felt. Current state-of-science, mitigation strategies, possible therapies, ethical considerations for healthcare workers and policymakers, as well as lessons learned for this evolving global threat and the eventual return to a "new normal" are discussed in this article.
Connectivity monitoring in wireless sensor networks (2008)

Connectivity monitoring is useful in practical deployment of wireless sensor network. In order to understand the behavior and performance bottleneck, knowledge of the network connectivity is crucial. In this paper, we propose a flexible and efficient connectivity monitoring algorithm (H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> CM) that has three components and operates in a divide and conquer manner. The components include hop vector distance based filtering, Bloom filters and signature hashing and are designed to work with different combinations of network and neighbor set sizes. In simulation, communication cost reduction of H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> CM compare to maximal compression of neighborhood information varies from 65% to 85% for large networks (> 1000 nodes) and from 40% to 70% for a medium size network (a few hundred nodes). We have also implemented the algorithm in TinyOS and evaluated its performance on a testbed with 34 motes.
MicroRNA-133a, downregulated in osteosarcoma, suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis by targeting Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 (2013)

Deregulated microRNAs and their roles in cancer development have attracted much attention. Although miR-133a has been shown to be important in osteogenesis, its roles in osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and progression remain unknown. Hence, we focused on the expression and mechanisms of miR-133a in osteosarcoma development in this study. We found that miR-133a was downregulated in osteosarcoma cell lines and primary human osteosarcoma tissues, and its decrease was significantly correlated with tumor progression and prognosis of the patients. Functional studies revealed that restoration of miR-133a could reduce cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis, and suppress tumorigenicity in osteosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, bioinformatic prediction and experimental validation were applied to identify target genes of miR-133a, and the results revealed that the anti-tumor effect of miR-133a was probably due to targeting and repressing of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 expression. Taken together, our data elucidate the roles of miR-133a in osteosarcoma pathogenesis and implicate its potential in cancer therapy.
Mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that move backwards only. (1984)

Mutations at three independent loci in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii result in a striking alteration of cell motility. Mutant cells representing the three mbo loci move backwards only, propelled by a symmetrical "flagellar" type of bending pattern. The characteristic asymmetric "ciliary" type of flagellar bend pattern responsible for forward movement that predominates in wild-type cells is seldom seen in the mutants. This defect in motility was found to be a property of the mutant axonemes themselves: the isolated axonemes, reactivated by addition of ATP, showed exclusively the symmetrical wave form, and the protein composition of these axonemes differed from the wild-type composition. Axonemes obtained from mbo1 , mbo2 , and mbo3 cells were found to be deficient in six polypeptides regularly present in wild type. The mbo2 axonemes were deficient in two additional polypeptides. The polypeptides were identified in autoradiograms of two-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms of 35S- or 32P-labeled axonemes. One of the six polypeptides has previously been identified; it is a component missing in a mutant deficient for inner dynein arms. Of the five axonemal polypeptides newly identified by the mbo mutants, four were shown to be present as phosphoproteins in wild-type axonemes. One of the additional polypeptides deficient in mbo2 axonemes was also shown to be phosphorylated in wild-type axonemes. Detailed ultrastructural analysis of the mbo1 flagella and the mbo1 , mbo2A , and mbo3 axonemes revealed that the mutants specifically lack the beak-like projections found within the B-tubules of outer doublets 5 and 6.
Modeling the Effects of Auxiliary Gas Injection on Diesel Engine Combustion and Emissions (2000)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The effect of auxiliary gas injection on diesel engine combustion and emissions was studied using KIVA, a multidimensional computational fluid dynamics code. Auxiliary gas injection (AGI) is the injection of gas, in addition to the fuel injection, directly into the combustion chamber of a diesel engine. The objective of AGI is to influence the diesel combustion via mixing to reduce the emissions of pollutants (soot and NO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;). In this study, the accuracy of modeling high-speed gas jets on very coarse computational grids was addressed. KIVA was found to inaccurately resolve jet flows near walls. The cause of this inaccuracy was traced to the RNG &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt; - &lt;i&gt;ϵ&lt;/i&gt; turbulence model with the law-of-the-wall boundary condition used by KIVA. By prescribing the length scale near the nozzle exit, excellent agreement between computed and theoretical jet penetration was obtained for a transient jet into a quiescent chamber at various operating conditions. The effect of AGI on diesel engine combustion and emissions was then studied by incorporating the coarse grid gas jet model into a detailed multidimensional simulation of a Caterpillar 3401 heavy-duty diesel engine. The effects of AGI timing, composition, amount, orientation, and location were investigated. The effects of AGI and split fuel injection were also investigated. AGI was found to be effective at reducing soot emissions by increasing mixing within the combustion chamber. AGI of inert gas was found effective at reducing emissions of NO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by depressing the combustion peak temperatures. The use of split fuel injection with AGI was found to be very beneficial for reducing the rapid pressure rise rates seen with single injection, and led to simultaneous NO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and soot reductions. Finally, comparison of AGI simulations with available experimental data were conducted for a TACOM-Labeco engine. The results showed that AGI improved soot oxidation throughout the engine cycle, with a slight NO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; penalty.&lt;/div&gt;
Prostaglandin E2 regulates murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells directly via EP4 receptor and indirectly through mesenchymal progenitor cells (2013)

Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) regulates hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) activity. However, the receptor(s) responsible for PGE(2) signaling remains unclear. Here, we identified EP4 as a receptor activated by PGE(2) to regulate HSPCs. Knockdown of Ep4 in HSPCs reduced long-term reconstitution capacity, whereas an EP4-selective agonist induced phosphorylation of GSK3β and β-catenin and enhanced long-term reconstitution capacity. Next, we analyzed the niche-mediated effect of PGE(2) in HSPC regulation. Bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) expressed EP receptors, and stimulation of MPCs with PGE(2) significantly increased their ability to support HSPC colony formation. Among the EP receptor agonists, only an EP4 agonist facilitated the formation of HSPC colonies after the coculture with MPCs. PGE(2) up-regulated the expression of cytokine-, cell adhesion-, extracellular matrix-, and protease-related genes in MPCs. We also examined the function of PGE(2)/EP4 signaling in the recovery of the HSPCs after myelosuppression. The administration of PGE(2) or an EP4 agonist facilitated the recovery of HSPCs from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced myelosuppression, indicating a role for PGE(2)/EP4 signaling in this process. Altogether, these data suggest that EP4 is a key receptor for PGE(2)-mediated direct and indirect regulation of HSPCs.
A Comparison of Four Fluorescent Antibody-Based Methods for Purifying, Detecting, and Confirming Cryptosporidium parvum in Surface Waters (2001)

H. D. Alan Lindquist, Michael Ware, Ronald E. Stetler, Larry Wymer, Frank W. Schaefer, III, A Comparison of Four Fluorescent Antibody-Based Methods for Purifying, Detecting, and Confirming Cryptosporidium parvum in Surface Waters, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 87, No. 5 (Oct., 2001), pp. 1124-1131
Prostaglandins: a novel synthesis of ±-PGF1αvia cyclopentane-1,3-dione derivatives (1985)

An efficient synthesis of PGF1 αvia cyclization of an easily available acyclic precursor is described. Thus, alkylation of ethyl acetoacetate with ethyl α-iodo-oleate to give (1), followed by cyclization with LDA, provided an expeditious route to the cyclopentanedione (2). Sequential protection by means of ethylene glycol and selective deprotection of (2) afforded the monoacetal (4) in good yield. Stereospecific reduction of (4) by L-Selectride, followed by deacetalization and stereospecific reduction with NaBH4, efficiently furnished the derivative (8). Oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of (8) after protection of the hydroxy group with dihydropyran led in good yield to compound (10), which was converted into PGF1α according to literature procedures
Stresses Occurring during Joining of Ceramics Using Preceramic Polymers (2001)

This paper reviews the current literature and describes issues related to using preceramic polymer precursors for joining ceramics for high‐temperature applications. In particular, the effects of precursor yield, temperature, and heating rate on the maximum stress due to shrinkage associated with conversion of preceramic precursors to covalently bonded network structures are discussed. Conditions where the joint material viscosity and the shrinkage rates are high must be avoided. Fillers and prepyrolysis of the precursor can be used to decrease the stresses that occur during processing of joints.
Novel esthetic bonded retainers: a blend of art and science (1999)

Novel esthetic S2-glass fiber-reinforced composite wires were fabricated in round (0.022 in.) and rectangular (0.021 x 0.028 in.) profiles, with flexural moduli comparable to martensitic nickel titanium and flexural strengths comparable to beta titanium wires. These wires were bonded clinically to the facial surfaces of teeth in three situations in which flexible-bonded retainers are conventionally used: the retention of a closed median diastema, the retention of space closure following premolar extraction, and the retention of a canine that had been severely malpositioned. These bonded esthetic wires were monitored clinically up to 12 months to ascertain patient's acceptance and structural integrity of the retainer. No clinically observable defects were noted during the study, and no patient described any adverse intraoral effects from the retainer's presence. In this report and on the site http://++www.clinorthodres.com/cor99-c-056, the indications for, and the present design philosophy of, flexible-bonded retainers are discussed, along with the wire properties necessary to achieve optimal stability of tooth position. In addition to demonstrating excellent esthetic characteristics, these photo-pultruded composite wires satisfy the flexural requirements necessary to achieve physiologic stability when used for flexible-bonded retention.
Compact Electrostatic Separation Process (2008)

Abstract Crude oils from mature fields are routinely associated with high water cuts and high operating costs. High water cuts increase the process heat requirements, chemical requirements, overall vessel volumes, equipment footprints and weights. If a significant quantity of water can be removed at lower temperatures, the subsequent production equipment size, weight and cost can be reduced or eliminated. A method to accomplish this ambitious separation goal is being developed by NATCO. This separation process includes a compact treatment vessel that combines electrostatic coalescence and separation in either a series or parallel process. The vessel design permits both capacity expansions as well as performance improvement by the addition of more coalescing / separating stages. The overall oil-water separation process includes a series of processing steps for:Free gas removalPreliminary free-water separationElectrostatic water coalescenceOil dehydration, andSeparated water treatment. This paper will concentrate on steps 3 and 4 of this 5-part scheme. In laboratory equipment using a pipe vessel, NATCO has processed up to 3000 bfpd/ft2 of fluids and achieved an 85 - 95% water removal from oil streams containing as much as 40% water. This compact separation technology has the potential to be applied to either surface or subsea facilities. Using this compact electrostatic separation technology in a subsea environment can provide huge process and economic advantages in deep water applications. Introduction Weight and space are at a premium in the offshore environment. The compact electrostatic separator combines several advantages to work well offshore. The separator vessel is " pipe size??; therefore it has a small footprint and weight. In addition the operation is simple with minimal and conventional controls. Description of Electrostatic Technologies Evaluated Alternating Current (AC) Alternating Current (AC) is an older Electrostatic Dehydration technology. The AC process used here applies an alternating electric field at 60 Hz. The voltage can be varied to optimize the emulsion oscillation, which causes the water droplets to deform and accelerates their coalescence. See Figure 1. Bimodal AC Bimodal AC is a newer technology that utilizes a higher AC carrier frequency. The potential is modulated between lower and higher voltages at a slower frequency. This additional modulation facilitates additional drop coalescence.
Long Range Reception with Combined Crystal Detector and Audion Amplifier (1915)

If an audion bulb is used as an ordinary receiver, across the "stopping" condenser in series with a galena detector, an amplification of signals of about ten times is attained. The audion bulb used, to be effective for this purpose, must have certain definite voltage-current characteristics, which are described. The circuit diagram is given. Working with an antenna of an approximate fundamental wave length of 1,200 meters, a number of observations on stations up to 8,000 km. away were made.
An integrative population pharmacokinetics approach to the characterization of the effect of hepatic impairment on clobazam pharmacokinetics (2015)

An integrative population pharmacokinetics (PPK)-based approach was used to characterize the effect of hepatic impairment on clobazam PK and its major metabolite in systemic circulation, N-desmethylclobazam (N-CLB). At therapeutic clobazam dosages, N-CLB plasma concentrations are 3-5 times greater than the parent compound. PK data from clinical trials in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS; OV-1002 and OV-1012), healthy participants (OV-1016), and participants with and without renal impairment (OV-1032), as well as those from a publication describing the effects of hepatic impairment on clobazam PK, were merged to create the PPK model. Individual patient clobazam PK parameters from the publication were used to generate patient plasma-concentration data. Clobazam PK was linear and the formation of N-CLB was elimination-rate limited. Hepatic impairment did not affect the total apparent clearance of clobazam but may affect the PK of N-CLB. Because the formation of N-CLB is elimination-rate limited and the total apparent clearance of clobazam is unaffected by hepatic impairment, the PPK model suggests that patients with LGS and hepatic impairment may not require clobazam dosage modification.
An analog electronic cochlea (1988)

An analog electronic cochlea has been built in CMOS VLSI technology using micropower techniques. The key point of the model and circuit is that a cascade of simple, nearly linear, second-order filter stages with controllable Q parameters suffices to capture the physics of the fluid-dynamic traveling-wave system in the cochlea, including the effects of adaptation and active gain involving the outer hair cells. Measurements on the test chip suggest that the circuit matches both the theory and observations from real cochleas.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
CVD of Nonmetals (1996)

Introduction superconductors structural materials optical materials conducting materials semiconducting materials insulating materials other materials.
The anti-caspase 1 inhibitor VX-765 reduces immune activation, CD4 + T cell depletion, viral load and total HIV-1 DNA in HIV-1 infected humanized mice (2022)

Abstract Background HIV-1 infection results in the activation of inflammasome involving NLRP3, IFI16, caspase-1 and release of IL-1 β and IL-18. Early inflammasome activation may facilitate viral spread and establishment of the viral reservoir. We evaluated the effect of the caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 on virological and immunological parameters after HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Methods NSG mice were engrafted with human CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells and were infected with HIV-1 JRCSF. 15 mice were first sacrificed serially to investigate kinetics of the HIV-1 related inflammasome activation. Infected mice (n=24) were then treated with VX-765 or vehicle from day 1 post infection for 21 days. Blood and organs were collected at different time points, and analysed for inflammasome genes expression, cytokines levels, viral load, CD4 cell count, and total HIV-1 DNA. Results Expression of caspase-1, NLRP3 and IL1-β was increased in lymph nodes and bone marrow on day 1 and 3 post infection (mean fold change (FC) of 2.08, 3.23, and 6.05, p&lt; 0.001 respectively between day 1 and 3). IFI16 expression peaked at D24 in lymph node and bone marrow (FC 1.49 and 1.64, p&lt;0.05) and coincides with increased IL-18 levels in plasma (6.89 vs. 83.19 pg/ml, p=0.004). AIM2 and IFI16 expression correlated with increased viral load in tissues (p&lt;0.005 for the spleen) and loss of CD4 + T cells percentage in blood (p&lt;0.0001 for the spleen). Treatment with VX-765 significantly reduced TNF-α at day 11 (0.47 vs. 2.2 pg/ml, p=0.045), IL-18 at day 22 (7.8 vs 23.2 pg/ml, p=0.04), CD4 + T cells (44.3% vs 36,7%, p=0.01) and the CD4/CD8 ratio (0.92 vs 0.67, p=0.005) in plasma. Importantly, viral load (4.26 vs. 4.89 log 10 copies/ml, p=0.027) and total HIV-1 DNA (1 054 vs. 2 889 copies /10 6 cells, p=0.029) were decreased in VX-765-treated mice as compared to vehicle-treated mice. Discussion we report here an early inflammasome activation before detectable viral dissemination in humanized mice. We demonstrated that targeting inflammasome activation early after HIV-1 infection may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent CD4 + T cell depletion as well as to reduce immune activation, viral load and the HIV-1 reservoir formation.
New Approach for Implantable Hearing Aids: A Feasibility Study (2004)

The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a new kind of implantable hearing device based on a cerebrospinal fluid hydroacoustic pathway by which sound waves are conducted from the dura mater to the inner ear by cerebrospinal fluid. In this prospective animal study, a piezoelectric bimorph was implanted into 2 guinea pigs and 1 dog between the skull bone and the dura at the parietal area. The bimorph was connected transdermally by wires to a click generator. The auditory brain stem response was recorded after stimulation of the piezoelectric device by the click generator. In the 3 animals, the auditory brain stem response could be recorded in response to a stimulus intensity of 135 dB peak equivalent (pe) sound pressure level (SPL; instrument setting), corresponding to 3.8 V activating the device. The auditory brain stem response disappeared during white noise masking, proving that the origin of the response was in the inner ear. The threshold was 125 and 115 dB pe SPL in the 2 guinea pigs and 135 dB pe SPL in the dog (instrument setting). We conclude that transmission of sound waves by a cerebrospinal fluid hydroacoustic pathway to the inner ear is possible. Such a device would have advantages over more traditional implantable hearing devices: it would not be necessary to couple it to the ossicular chain, and it could be used in patients with infected middle ears.