gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Particle Deposition in a Douglas-fir Canopy: A Wind Tunnel Simulation of Aerial Spraying (1978)

ABSTRACT A wind tunnel study was performed to simulate the aerial spraying of pesticides. A Douglas-fir canopy containing more than 50 trees approximately 0.76 m in height was established in a wind tunnel having cross-sectional dimensions of 3.65 m x 2.44 m and an effective test section length of 17.42 m. Drop-lets, tagged with uranine dye and generated using two vibrating orifice atomizers, were injected into the wind tunnel through the ceiling. Sections of the foliage and actual Tussock moth insect larvae placed within the foliage were analyzed fluoroscopically to assess the flux distribution which occurred during tests. The tests were conducted using three different monodis-perse particle sizes (nominally 35 /^m, 60 ^m, 140 fim) at three different approach flow velocities (0.45, 2.24, and 4.03 m/s). Results were presented as a function of STK number based upon a characteristic length of 5.65 x 10-2 cm, which is one-half the needle width of Douglas-fir. A critical STK number of ~4 was iden-tified, which if exceeded, would not improve the over-all average flux distribution. This is not to imply that one should necessarily calculate a particle size for efficient spraying based upon an STK value >4 as there does exist a mass bias on the upstream crown of the tree for larger STK values. The results in this study apply to those nominal aerodynamic sizes quoted above which are introduced at a canopy height corres-ponding to z/H = 1.0.
Probing the Folding and Unfolding of Wild-Type and Mutant Forms of Bacteriorhodopsin in Micellar Solutions:  Evaluation of Reversible Unfolding Conditions (1999)

Wild-type and mutant forms of bacteriorhodopsin (sbR) from Halobacterium salinarium, produced by Escherichia coli overexpression of a synthetic gene, were reversibly unfolded in 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylamino]-2-hydroxyl-1-propane (CHAPSO), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixed micelles. To study the effect on protein stability by substitutions on the hydrophobic surface with polar residues, the unfolding behavior of a G113Q, G116Q mutant [sbR(Q2)] was compared to the wild-type sbR [sbR(WT)]. sbR(Q2) was more sensitive to SDS-induced unfolding than sbR(WT) under equilibrium conditions, and kinetic experiments showed that sbR(Q2) was more sensitive to acid-induced denaturation and thermal unfolding than sbR(WT). Since the mutations in sbR(Q2) were on the detergent-embedded hydrophobic surface of sbR, protein destabilization by these mutations supports the concept that the membrane-embedded segments are important for the stability of sbR. Our experiments provide the basis for studying the thermodynamic stability of sbR by evaluating reversible folding and unfolding conditions in DMPC/CHAPSO/SDS mixed micelles.
Prolonged duration of blood pressure response to enalkiren, the novel dipeptide renin inhibitor, in essential hypertension. (1990)

The effects of sustained renin inhibition by repeated administration of enalkiren (A-64662), the novel dipeptide renin inhibitor, were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 32 inpatients (eight per group) with essential hypertension who were maintained on a diet containing 60 meq/day sodium. Three different dosage regimens of enalkiren were studied: 1) 1.2 mg/kg quotid., 2) 0.3 mg/kg q.i.d., and 3) 0.1 mg/kg q.i.d. Each patient received an intravenous infusion every 6 hours for 1 week. Placebo infusions were used to mimic the 4 times/day dosing schedule. Blood pressure was measured periodically via 24-hour automated monitoring equipment. Mean plasma renin activity in the patient groups ranged from 1.58 to 2.68 ng angiotensin I/ml/hr. Plasma renin activity was promptly suppressed in all groups receiving enalkiren. Prolonged duration of plasma renin activity suppression (greater than or equal to 24 hours) was demonstrated after the administration of 1.2 mg/kg enalkiren. The 0.3 mg/kg q.i.d. and 1.2 mg/kg quotid. regimens produced statistically significant reductions (p less than or equal to 0.05) in systolic and diastolic blood pressures with clear evidence of persistent antihypertensive activity for 12 hours or more when compared with the placebo group. Despite relatively large reductions in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean pulse rates were essentially unchanged. The prolonged reduction in blood pressure with enalkiren without evidence of tachyphylaxis after 1 week of treatment suggests that renin inhibitors may emerge as useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of hypertension.
Orthopaedic-Induced Anemia (2005)

Total knee arthroplasty is associated with significant blood loss. Despite the initiation of various blood conservation modalities, allogeneic transfusion has yet to be eliminated. One hundred forty-eight patients who had unilateral primary total knee arthroplasties during a 3-year period were evaluated retrospectively for blood loss and transfusion rates. The patients were prescribed one unit of preoperative autologous donation that was to be transfused automatically on postoperative Day 1. Allogeneic transfusion was based on symptoms, and no numerical transfusion triggers were used. The preoperative autologous donation program resulted in increased preoperative anemia. Whereas only 26.2% of patients were in the high transfusion-risk group (hemoglobin >10 g/dL and < or = 13 g/dL) before surgery, 55.7% of patients were in this high-risk category after preoperative autologous donation. The patients did not recover from the autologous donations that occurred 4 weeks before surgery. A mean hemoglobin level of 14.0 g/dL was seen before donation, whereas the mean preoperative hemoglobin level decreased to 12.6 g/dL. We think that a preoperative autologous donation program leads to an increased risk of anemia before surgery.
Isoform-specific loss of dystonin causes hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (2020)

These findings introduce a novel human phenotype, axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth, of recessive <i>DST</i> mutations, and provide further evidence that BPAG1 plays an essential role in axonal health.
Breast density quantitative measures and breast cancer risk among screened Black women (2023)

Mammographic density is a strong predictor of breast cancer but only slightly increased the discriminatory ability of existing risk prediction models in previous studies with limited racial diversity. We assessed discrimination and calibration of models consisting of the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT), Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System density and quantitative density measures. Patients were followed up from the date of first screening mammogram until invasive breast cancer diagnosis or 5-year follow-up. Areas under the curve for White women stayed consistently around 0.59 for all models, whereas the area under the curve increased slightly from 0.60 to 0.62 when adding dense area and area percent density to the BCRAT model for Black women. All women saw underprediction in all models, with Black women having less underprediction. Adding quantitative density to the BCRAT did not statistically significantly improve prediction for White or Black women. Future studies should evaluate whether volumetric breast density improves risk prediction.
Proteasome Inhibition Up-regulates p53 and Apoptosis-Inducing Factor in Chondrocytes Causing Severe Growth Retardation in Mice (2007)

Proteasome inhibitors (PI), a novel class of anticancer drugs, are relatively well tolerated and have recently been introduced into the clinic for the treatment of multiple myeloma. The tumor selectivity and low toxicity of PIs are surprising, given the crucial role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in a multitude of cellular processes. Here, we show that systemic administration of PIs specifically impairs the ubiquitin/proteasome system in growth plate chondrocytes. Importantly, young mice displayed severe growth retardation during treatment as well as 45 days after the cessation of treatment with clinically relevant amounts of MG262 (0.2 micromol/kg body weight/injection) or bortezomib (1.0 mg/kg body weight/injection). Dysfunction of the ubiquitin/proteasome system was accompanied by the induction of apoptosis of stem-like and proliferative chondrocytes in the growth plate. These results were recapitulated in cultured fetal rat metatarsal bones and chondrocytic cell lines (rat, human). Apoptosis was associated with up-regulation of the proapoptotic molecules, p53 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to the observation that AIF is expressed in the growth plate, we also provide evidence that AIF serves as a direct target protein for ubiquitin, thus explaining its prominent up-regulation upon proteasome inhibition. Suppression of p53 or AIF expression with small interfering RNAs partly rescued chondrocytes from proteasome inhibition-induced apoptosis (35% and 41%, respectively). Our observations show that proteasome inhibition may selectively target essential cell populations in the growth plate causing significant growth failure. These findings could have important implications for the use of proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of childhood cancer.
Impact of overexpression of metallothionein-1 on cell cycle progression and zinc toxicity (2008)

Metallothioneins (MTs) have an important role in zinc homeostasis and may counteract the impact of oversupply. Both intracellular zinc and MT expression have been implicated in proliferation control and resistance to cellular stress, although the interdependency is unclear. The study addresses the consequences of a steady-state overexpression of MT-1 for intracellular zinc levels, cell cycle progression, and protection from zinc toxicity using a panel of cell lines with differential expression of MT-1. The panel comprised parental Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells with low endogenous expression of MT and transfectants with enhanced expression of mouse MT-1 on an autonomously replicating expression vector with a noninducible promoter. Cell cycle progression, determined by flow cytometry and time-lapse microscopy, revealed that enhanced cytoplasmic expression of MT-1 does not impact on normal cell cycle operation, suggesting that basal levels of MT-1 expression are not limiting for background levels of oxidative stress. MT-1 overexpression correlated with a steady-state increase in cytoplasmic free Zn(2+), assessed using the fluorescent zinc-sensor Zinquin, particularly at high levels of overexpression, further suggesting that zinc availability is normally not limiting for cell cycle progression. Enhanced MT-1 expression, over a 10-fold range, had a clear impact on resistance to Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) toxicity. In the case of Zn(2+), the degree of protection afforded was less, indicating that MT-1 has a limited range and saturable capacity for effecting resistance. The results have implications for the use of cellular stress responses to exogenously supplied zinc and zinc-based systemic therapies.
Rencontre de langues et francisation : l'exemple du Pilat (2001)

La premiere partie de cette etude decrit la situation de diglossie entre le francais et les parlers occitans ou francoprovencaux du Pilat (France). Des enquetes effectuees sur dix ans dans 25 villages permettent de proposer une evaluation de la proportion des dialectophones dans les differentes parties du domaine. Les processus de remplacement des parlers locaux par le francais au cours du XXe siecle sont retraces. La description de l'usage actuel de la langue locale indique que son emploi est aujourd'hui tres limite. Une typologie des locuteurs est ensuite etablie, a partir de leur degre d'acquisition et d'exposition a la langue locale, de leurs competences et de leur taux d'utilisation de cette langue. L'analyse de la conscience linguistique des differents types de locuteurs, leurs evaluations du nombre de dialectophones, de leurs propres competences ou de celles d'autrui montrent de profonds desaccords. Ils revelent la desagregation de la communaute linguistique, un morcellement qui accelere encore l'abandon des parlers locaux. L'etude dialectologique, basee sur plusieurs caracteristiques phonetiques, morphologiques ou lexicales et illustree par la cartographie, permet de decrire la rencontre ancienne entre l'occitan et le francoprovencal dans cette region, ainsi que l'influence recente du francais. Cette influence plus ou moins importante selon les regions du domaine etudie peut etre mise en relation avec la date du renversement linguistique entre parlers locaux et francais dans chacune de ces regions.
Induction of Primary Response Genes by Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Agonists in Primary Astroglial Cultures (1993)

We have characterized the genomic response of astroglial cells to excitatory amino acids by using selective agonists and antagonists for the various receptor subtypes and by analyzing different primary response genes, such as members of the Fos (c-fos and fosB) and Jun (c-jun, junB, and junD) families, zif/268, and c-myc. A rapid and transient elevation of mRNA levels for c-fos, fosB, c-jun, junB, and zif/268 was observed after addition of glutamate to cultured astrocytes, whereas junD and c-myc expression was not affected. The level of AP-1 DNA binding activity, as measured by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, also increased after addition of glutamate to cultured astrocytes. Glutamate-induced c-fos expression was not affected by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists MK-801 and D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, by the kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), or by the broad-spectrum antagonist kynurenate. Kainate and AMPA were also effective in inducing primary response gene expression, and their actions were antagonized by kynurenate and DNQX but not by MK-801. 1S,3R-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, a selective agonist for the metabotropic glutamate receptor, induced primary response gene expression, but its action was not antagonized by different glutamate antagonists, including L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate. In conclusion, our data suggest that cultured astrocytes express both kainate/AMPA ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors coupled to the rapid and coordinated activation of different classes of transcriptional factor genes.
Optoacoustic tomography: time-gated measurement of pressure distributions and image reconstruction (2001)

Optoacoustic imaging is a potential novel medical imaging technology to image structures in turbid media to depths of several millimeters with a resolution of some tens of micrometers. Thereby short laser pulses generate thermoelastic pressure waves inside a tissue, which are detected on the surface with a wideband ultrasonic transducer. Image reconstruction has the goal of calculating the distribution of the absorbing structures in the tissue. We present a method in which the acoustic field distribution is captured as a two-dimensional snapshot at the sample surface, using an optical-reflectance-based detection principle with a detection resolution of 20 mum. A new image reconstruction is accomplished by backprojection of the detected two-dimensional pressure distributions into the sample volume by use of the delay between the laser pulse and the time the snapshot was taken. Two-dimensional pressure-wave distribution and image reconstruction are demonstrated by simulations and experiments, in which small objects are irradiated with laser pulses of 6-ns duration. The method opens the possibility to irradiate the sample hidden in a light-scattering medium directly through the detector plane, thus enabling front-surface detection of the optoacoustic signals, which is especially important if structures close to the tissue surface have to be imaged. Reconstructed tomography images with a depth resolution of 20 mum and a lateral resolution of 200 mum are presented.
Biotransformation of 1‐nitropyrene to 1‐aminopyrene and N‐formyl‐1‐aminopyrene by the human intestinal microbiota (1986)

The nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) is an environmental pollutant, a potent bacterial and mammalian mutagen, and a carcinogen. The metabolism of 1-NP by the human intestinal microbiota was studied using a semicontinuous culture system that simulates the colonic lumen. [3H]-1-Nitropyrene was metabolized by the intestinal microbiota to 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and N-formyl-1-aminopyrene (FAP) as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. Twenty-four hours after the addition of [3H]-1-NP, the formylated compound and 1-AP accounted for 20 and 80% of the total metabolism, respectively. This percentage increased to 66% for FAP after 24 h following 10 d of chronic exposure to unlabeled 1-NP, suggesting metabolic adaptation to 1-NP by the microbiota. Both 1-AP and FAP have been shown to be nonmutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium TA98, which indicates that the intestinal microflora may potentially detoxify 1-NP.
Complex band structure calculations based on the overbridging boundary matching method without using Green's functions (2018)

A complex band structure describes the dispersion relation not only of propagating bulk states but also of evanescent ones, both of which are together referred to as generalized Bloch states and are important for understanding the electronic nature of solid surfaces and interfaces. On the basis of the real-space finite-difference formalism within the framework of the density functional theory, we formulate the Kohn-Sham equation for generalized Bloch wave functions as a generalized eigenvalue problem without using any Green's function matrix. By exploiting the sparseness of the coefficient matrices and using the Sakurai-Sugiura projection method, we efficiently solve the derived eigenvalue problem for the propagating and slowly decaying/growing evanescent waves, which are essential for describing the physics of surface/interface states. The accuracy of the generalized Bloch states and the computational efficiency of the present method in solving the eigenvalue problem obtained are compared with those by other methods using the Green's function matrix. In addition, we propose two computational techniques to be combined with the Sakurai-Sugiura projection method and achieve further improvement in the accuracy and efficiency. Complex band structures are calculated with the present method for single- and multiwall carbon nanotubes, and the interwall hybridization and branch points of evanescent electronic states observed in the imaginary parts of the band structures are also discussed.
Nonlinear Time Series Analysis of Stock Return Variation (2009)

We tested for the days-of-the-week eect on stock retum variation using NIKKEI 225 stock index data ranging from the 4th of January in 1989 to the 29th of August in 2003. Nonlinear time series analysis with the surrogate method suggests that there may be a particular weekly pattem in stock return variation such that stock retum is significantly lower on Monday.
Electrochemical, spectroscopic and SPM evidence for the controlled formation of self-assembled monolayers and organised multilayers of ferrocenyl alkyl thiols on Au(111) (2001)

Organised multilayers were formed from the controlled self-assembly of ferrocene alkyl thiols on Au(111) surfaces. The control was accomplished by increasing the concentration of the thiol solutions used for the assembly. Cyclic voltammetry, ellipsometry, scanning probe microscopy (STM and AFM) and in situ FTIR spectroscopy were used to probe the differences between mono- and multilayers of the same compounds. Electrochemical desorption studies confirmed that the multilayer structure is attached to the surface ia one monolayer. The electrochemical behaviour of the multilayers indicated the presence of more than one controlling factor during the oxidation step, whereas the reduction was kinetically controlled which contrasts with the behaviour of monolayers, which exhibit kinetic control for the oxidation and reduction steps. Conventional and imaging ellipsometry confirmed that multilayers with well-defined increments in thickness could be produced. However, STM indicated that at the monolayer stage, the thiols used promote the mobility of Au atoms on the surface. It is very likely that the multilayer structure is held together through hydrogen bonding. To the best of out knowledge, this is the first example of a controlled one-step growth of multilayers of ferrocenyl alkyl thiols using self-assembly techniques.
Receiver performance of broadband data delivery on WDM systems using spectrally sliced spontaneous emission sources (2002)

Spectral slicing of spontaneous emission sources has been proposed to deliver broadcast services on WDM passive optical networks. Recent advances in ultrahigh power LEDs makes spectral slicing a more promising solution for FTTH broadband access systems. However, the output from a spontaneous emission source contains spontaneous-spontaneous emission beat noise, also called excess intensity noise. The signal to spontaneous-spontaneous emission beat noise ratio is proportional to the ratio of the optical bandwidth of the optical source to the electrical detection bandwidth. With the new requirements of delivering high speed broadband data in access networks and the introduction of closer and narrower bandwidth optical wavelength channels, the effects of spontaneous-spontaneous emission beat noise becomes more pronounced in spectrally sliced WDM systems. In this paper, we experimentally study the performance of broadband data delivery on WDM systems using spectrally sliced spontaneous emission sources.
Analysis and compensation of control valve stiction-induced limit cycles (2016)

In this paper time-domain analysis is performed for limit cycles in control loops that are induced by control valve stiction, and an analytical relationship between the proportional-integral controller parameters and the oscillation amplitude and period of process output is established. Based on this relationship, a novel controller design approach is proposed to achieve the desired oscillation amplitude. Compared with the qualitative controller tuning methods in the literature, the proposed approach is quantitative, and it avoids tuning the controller parameters in a trial-and-error manner for compensation of control valve stiction. The validity of the limit cycle analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed compensation approach are illustrated with numerical examples.
A Gate-Controlled Bidirectional Spin Filter Using Quantum Coherence (2003)

We demonstrate a quantum coherent electron spin filter by directly measuring the spin polarization of emitted current. The spin filter consists of an open quantum dot in an in-plane magnetic field; the in-plane field gives the two spin directions different Fermi wavelengths resulting in spin-dependent quantum interference of transport through the device. The gate voltage is used to select the preferentially transmitted spin, thus setting the polarity of the filter. This provides a fully electrical method for the creation and detection of spin-polarized currents. Polarizations of emitted current as high as 70% for both spin directions (either aligned or anti-aligned with the external field) are observed.