gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental dissolution of carbonaceous materials in water at 1 GPa and 550°C: Assessing the role of carbon forms and redox state on COH fluid production and composition during forearc subduction of organic matter (2023)

Biogenic carbonaceous material (CM) is the main carrier of organic carbon in the subduction zone and contributes to COH fluid production and volcanic arc gaseous emissions. Here we investigated the effect of the structural, textural and chemical heterogeneity of CM on its reactivity and redox dissolution by conducting short-lived (1 h) experiments, where synthetic analogues of CM [ordered graphite, graphite oxide (GO), mesoporous carbon (MC), Vulcan® carbon (VC) and glass-like carbon (GC)], are reacted with water at p = 1GPa and T = 550°C–conditions typical of a warm forearc subduction–and fO 2 buffered from ▵FMQ ≈ +4 to −7. We show that the amount of dissolved CM (CM dissolved ) and the proportion of volatile carbon species (C volatile ) in the fluid is related both to the structure and the peculiar surficial properties of the carbon forms, such as carbon sp 2 -and sp 3 -hybridization, amount of oxygen heteroatoms, presence of oxygenated functional groups (OFGs) and of active sites. MC and graphite (C( sp 2 ) &amp;gt; 94 at%, O &amp;lt; 1 at%, OFGs &amp;lt; 2.2 at %, high proportion of active sites) are relatively inert (CM dissolved &amp;lt; 0.4 mol%) but the former reacts more extensively at extreme redox conditions (producing CO 2 + CO and CO 2 + CH 4 C volatile mixtures at ▵FMQ ≈ +4 and −7, respectively), while the latter has a maximum of C volatile production (CO 2 + CH 4 ) at ▵FMQ ≈ 0, which is not observed in a 10-day long run; partly-ordered GO (C( sp 3 ) ∼ 92 at%, O ∼31 at%, OFGs ∼41 at%) is the most reactive material at all redox conditions (CM dissolved &amp;lt; 2.6 mol%) and produces CO 2 as the dominant C volatile species; disordered GC, and VC (C( sp 3 ) &amp;lt; 18 at%, O &amp;lt; 8 at%, OFGs &amp;lt; 30 at%) are more reactive at ▵FMQ ≈ +4 (CM dissolved ∼ 1mol%) and ▵FMQ ≈ −7 (CM dissolved &amp;lt; 1 mol%), where C volatile is dominantly CO 2 and CH 4 , respectively. Besides the significant deviations from thermodynamically predicted graphite-saturated COH fluid composition and speciation, our results suggests that: 1) immature CM [disordered, rich in C( sp 3 ), O, OFGs] is preferentially dissolved under high fluid fluxes and may buffer fluids to rather oxidizing conditions; 2) a descending flux of oxygen (and hydrogen) bond to CM may exist.
DDG: An Efficient Prefetching Algorithm for Current Web Generation (2006)

Web prefetching is one of the techniques proposed to reduce user's perceived latencies in the World Wide Web. The spatial locality shown by user's accesses makes it possible to predict future accesses based on the previous ones. A prefetching engine uses these predictions to prefetch the Web objects before the user demands them. The existing prediction algorithms achieved an acceptable performance when they were proposed but the high increase in the amount of embedded objects per page has reduced their effectiveness in the current Web. In this paper we show that most of the predictions made by the existing algorithms are useless to reduce the user's perceived latency because these algorithms do not take into account how current Web pages are structured, i.e., an HTML object with several embedded objects. Thus, they predict the accesses to the embedded objects in an HTML after reading the HTML itself. For this reason, the prediction advance is not enough to prefetch the objects and therefore there is no latency reduction. As a result of a wide analysis of the behaviour of the most commonly used algorithms, in this paper we present the DDG algorithm that distinguishes between container objects (HTML) and embedded objects to create a new prediction model according to the structure of the current Web. Results show that, for the same amount of extra requests to the server, DDG always outperforms the existing algorithms by reducing the perceived latency between 15% and 150% more without increasing the computing complexity
Performance of a compact, continuous-wave terahertz source based on a quantum-cascade laser (2010)

We report on the development of a compact, easy-to-use terahertz radiation source, which combines a quantum-cascade laser (QCL) with a compact, low-input-power Stirling cooler. The QCL, which is based on a two-miniband design, has been developed for high output and low electrical pump power. Special care has been taken to achieve a good thermal coupling between the QCL and the cold finger of the cooler. The whole system weighs less than 15 kg including the cooler and power supplies. The maximum output power is 8 mW at 3.1 THz. With an appropriate optical beam shaping, the emission profile of the laser is fundamental Gaussian. The applicability of the system is demonstrated by imaging and molecular-spectroscopy experiments.
Gross type‐matched study of clinicopathologic features of advanced gastric carcinoma with replication error (1999)

Sporadic gastric carcinomas with replication error (RER) have been described and have distinct clinicopathological features, such as: older age group, predominant antral location, elevated gross type, near-diploidy, expanding pattern (Ming's classification), intestinal type, low desmoplastic response, and less frequent lymph node metastasis. Previous study revealed that replication error-positive (RER+) advanced gastric carcinomas (AGC) had a preponderance of Borrmann type 2. Regardless of RER status, AGC of Borrmann type 2 usually exhibit expanding pattern (Ming's classification), intestinal type, and low desmoplastic reaction. Therefore, to better characterize the clinicopathological features of RER+ gastric carcinomas, gross type-matched analysis would be necessary. We analyzed 53 cases of Borrmann type 2 AGC for RER status using polymerase chain reaction analysis of eight microsatellite loci and compared the clinicopathological features between RER+ and RER-negative (RER-) tumors. Sixteen (30.2%) out of 53 cases were RER+ phenotype which had a significant association with female sex, older age, expanding pattern, small and uniform nuclei, and low DNA index (P < 0.05). However, RER status was not significantly associated with histological differentiation, histological type (Lauren's classification), desmoplastic response, intratumoral lymphoid infiltration, and tumor location. Most of the previously known clinicopathological features of RER+ AGC were related to Borrmann type 2, except for female sex, older age, expanding pattern, and low DNA index.
Large ring molecules (1996)

Synthetic Cyclic Polymers Circular DNA Cyclic Peptides and Loops in Protein Cyclic Polysaccharides Catenanes and Knots Rotaxanes Crown Ethers and Cryptands Calixarenes Macrolides Cycloalkanes and Related Oligomers and Polymers Cyclodextrins Cyclic Molecules Formed by Self-Assembly Molecular Recognition by Large Ring Molecules Carceplexes and Hemicarceplexes Large Inorganic Ring Molecules Macromolecular Cyclisation Theory of Macromolecular Rings.
Suppression of Ferromagnetic Double Exchange by Vibronic Phase Segregation (2006)

From Raman spectroscopy, magnetization, and thermal expansion on the system La(2/3)(Ca(1-x)Sr(x))(1/3)MnO3, we have been able to provide a quantitative basis for the heterogeneous electronic model for manganites exhibiting colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). We construct a mean-field model that accounts quantitatively for the measured deviation of T(C)(x) from the T(C) predicted by de Gennes double-exchange in the adiabatic approximation and predicts the occurrence of a first-order transition for a strong coupling regime, in accordance with the experiments. The existence of a temperature interval T(C) < T < T*, where CMR may be found, is discussed in connection with the occurrence of an idealized Griffiths phase.
Expression of the Insulin-Like Peptide 3 (INSL3) Hormone-Receptor (LGR8) System in the Testis1 (2006)

The new peptide hormone insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a member of the insulin-relaxin family, yet, unlike insulin, it signals through a new G-protein coupled receptor, LGR8, distantly related to the receptors for LH and FSH. INSL3 is produced in large amounts by the Leydig cells of the testis in both fetal and adult mammals. Using a combination of mRNA analysis by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, ligand-binding, and/or bioactivity assays, the distribution of LGR8 expression was assessed in testicular tissues and cells and in the epididymis. There was consistent agreement that LGR8 was expressed in meiotic and particularly postmeiotic germ cells and in Leydig cells, though not in Sertoli or peritubular cells. Leydig cells appear to express only a low level of the LGR8 gene product; other transcripts may be present, representing nonfunctional products. Messenger RNA analysis suggested that LGR8 transcripts in germ cells represented mostly full-length forms. LGR8 mRNA was also expressed in the epididymis, though no function can yet be ascribed to this expression. Therefore, the INSL3/LGR8 system represents a further paracrine hormone-receptor system in the testis, which conveys information about Leydig cell status to germ cells, and possibly as part of an autocrine feedback loop.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (2016)

Dieser Einführungstext in die mittelalterliche Philosophie bemüht sich, ihre Haupteinsichten herauszustellen, die das antike Erbe erweitern und im Lichte des christlichen Glaubens eine neue Gesamtsicht der Philosophie bieten. Horst Seidl zeigt weiter auf, dass die mittelalterliche Philosophie von der sie ablösenden neuzeitlichen nicht überholt worden ist, vielmehr gegenüber moderner Kritik an ihr verteidigt werden kann, und dass sie auf die tiefen Fragen nach dem Menschen, der Welt und Gott überzeugende Antworten gibt. Seidls Hauptinteresse richtet sich nicht auf philosophiegeschichtliche Fragen, sondern systematisch auf die zentralen Probleme und ihre Lösungen. Er beschränkt sich auf eine kleine Auswahl von Texten mit beispielhafter Bedeutung und zeigt, dass sich aus den Überlegungen verschiedener Denker zu bestimmten Themen zusammenhängende Lehrstücke ergeben, die uns berechtigen, umfassend von einer Philosophie des Mittelalters zu sprechen. Neben den besonders wirkmächtigen Philosophen Augustinus und Thomas von Aquin werden Texte von Boethius, Dionysius Areopagita, Anselm von Canterbury, Peter Abaelard, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, Meister Eckhart, Wilhelm von Ockham, Nikolaus von Kues und vielen anderen mittelalterlichen Theologen und Philosophen ausgewählt und in ihrer Bedeutung gewürdigt.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for Silylation of Hydroxylic Compounds: Reaction of Phenols and Alcohols with Silanols Mediated by Diethyl Azodicarboxylate and Triphenylphosphine. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Review of the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Chemotherapy (2013)

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life. The emetogenicity of the chemotherapeutic agents, repeated chemotherapy cycles and patient risk factors significantly influence CINV. The use of a combination of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists, dexamethasone and a neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist has significantly improved the control of acute and delayed emesis in single-day chemotherapy. Palonosetron, a second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with a unique mechanism of action, appears to be the most effective agent in its class. Aprepitant, the only agent clinically available in the drug class of NK-1 receptor antagonists, has been used effectively as an additive agent to the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and dexamethasone. Despite the control of emesis, nausea has not been well controlled by current agents. Olanzapine, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved antipsychotic, has emerged in recent trials as effective for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced emesis and nausea and for the treatment of breakthrough emesis and nausea. Additional studies are necessary for the control of nausea and for the control of CINV in the clinical settings of multi-day chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.
Use of gold nanoshells to mediate heating induced perfusion changes in prostate tumors (2008)

This study investigates the potential of using gold nanoshells to mediate a thermally induced modulation of tumor vasculature in experimental prostate tumors. We demonstrate that after passive extravasation and retention of the circulating nanoshells from the tumor vasculature into the tumor interstitium, the enhanced nanoshells absorption of near-infrared irradiation over normal vasculature, can be used to increase tumor perfusion or shut it down at powers which result in no observable affects on tissue without nanoshells. Temperature rise was monitored in real time using magnetic resonance temperature imaging and registered with perfusion changes as extrapolated from MR dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) imaging results before and after each treatment. Results indicate that nanoshell mediated heating can be used to improve perfusion and subsequently enhance drug delivery and radiation effects, or be used to shut down perfusion to assist in thermal ablative therapy delivery.
Antimicrobial Bacillus velezensis HC6: production of three kinds of lipopeptides and biocontrol potential in maize (2019)

Bacillus velezensis HC6 shows obvious antimicrobial activity to important crops pathogenic fungi which usually produce mycotoxins that are harmful to animal and human health. We demonstrate that three different types of lipopeptides produced by B. velezensis contributed to the antimicrobial activity. Bacillus velezensis HC6 has the potential to be effective biocontrol agent in crops.
Simultaneous measurement of secondary and tertiary tricyclic antidepressants by GC/MS chemical ionization mass fragmentography. (1977)

We present a method for measuring seven commonly used tricyclic antidepressants in plasma. This method is suitable for monitoring therapeutic concentrations and for screening drug overdoses in cases where the identity of the abused tricyclic antidepressant may not be known. Drugs from alkalinized plasma are extracted into hexane in one step; two injections into the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer follow. The tertiary amines (amitriptyline, doxepin, and imipramine) are analyzed by direct injection; the secondary amines (nortriptyline, desmethyldoxepin, desipramine, and protriptyline) are analyzed after derivitization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Clomipramine and desmethyltrimipramine are suitable internal standards. Chemical ionization mass fragmentography, with methane as the reactant gas, is used. While maintaining specificity for these drugs, concentrations in human plasma ranging from 5 to 500 microng/liter can be measured. The coefficients of variation are about 4 to 11%.
185 JEWELFISH: Safety, pharmacodynamic and exploratory efficacy data in non-naïve patients with SMA receiving risdiplam (2022)

Risdiplam (EVRYSDI®) is an oral survival of motor neuron 2 ( SMN2 ) pre-mRNA splicing modifier approved by the EMA and MHRA for the treatment of patients aged ≥2 months, with a clinical diagnosis of Type 1, 2 or 3 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) or 1–4 SMN2 copies. JEWELFISH ( NCT03032172 ) is an open-label study of risdiplam in patients with SMA who previously received RG7800 (RO6885247), nusinersen (SPINRAZA®), olesoxime or onasemnogene abeparvovec (ZOLGENSMA®). JEWELFISH assesses the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship of risdiplam in a broad range of ages (1–60 years), SMA types (1–3), SMN2 copy numbers (1–4) and motor function (nonsitters, sitters and walkers). We previously presented safety data from 173 patients (data cut-off: 31 July 2020): 13 previously received RG7800, 76 received nusinersen, 70 received olesoxime and 14 received onasemnogene abeparvovec. Risdiplam led to a rapid and sustained &gt;2-fold increase in SMN protein (data cut-off: 1 June 2020), consistent with data from treatment-naïve patients with Types 2/3 SMA (SUNFISH; NCT02908685 ). No drug-related safety findings leading to withdrawal were reported for any patients in JEWELFISH. The safety profile of risdiplam was consistent with observations in treatment-naïve patients. Here we present 12-month safety, PD and exploratory efficacy data.
Editor's Introduction (2000)

The history of American religions does not begin on the North American continent. On the contrary, it is a complex tale of the transplantation, interaction, and transformation of diverse imported religious traditions that hailed from a host of geographical locations on the Asian, European, and African continents alongside new religious movements that arose in the context of the Americas. This complexity creates a challenge for all who wish to understand the religious world in the United States, which is an astonishingly diverse, complex, and powerful reality in the opening decades of the twenty-fi rst century. What follows is an anticipation of some of the insights that authors of the essays in this fi rst volume of The Cambridge History of Religions in America provide regarding the early history of American religions.
A physical mechanism of magnetoreception: Extension and analysis (2016)

Proposed is a general physical mechanism of magnetoreception of weak magnetic fields (MFs). The mechanism is based on classical precessional dynamics of a magnetic moment in a thermally disturbed environment and includes a minimum of necessary parameters-the gyromagnetic ratio, thermal relaxation time, and rate of downstream events generated by changes in the state of the magnetic moment. The mechanism imposes general restrictions on the probability of initial biophysical magnetic transduction event before the involvement of specific biophysical and biochemical mechanisms-i.e., regardless of the nature of an MF target and the subsequent cascade of events. It is shown that biological effects of weak MFs have, in certain cases, nonlinear and frequency selective properties. The observation of these characteristics provides information not only on the target's gyromagnetic ratio, but also on the parameters of its interaction with the immediate environment. This enables one to develop experimental strategies for identifying the biophysical mechanisms of magnetoreception including the specific case of effects of a near-zero MF exposure. The mechanism is universally applicable to magnetic moments of different nature, in particular, of electron and proton orbital motion and of spins. Experimental exposure conditions are derived which would lead to validation of the proposed mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:41-52, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genome-wide association study of circulating levels of glucagon during an oral glucose tolerance test (2021)

A type 2 diabetes risk variant in the EYA2 locus was associated with higher plasma glucagon levels at 30 min. Ten additional variants were suggestively associated with reduced glucagon suppression without conferring increased type 2 diabetes risk.
TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Native Cellulose. The Effect of Oxidation Conditions on Chemical and Crystal Structures of the Water-Insoluble Fractions (2004)

Cellulose cotton linter was oxidized with sodium hypochlorite with catalytic amounts of sodium bromide and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) under various conditions. After this TEMPO-mediated oxidation, water-insoluble fractions were collected and characterized in terms of carboxylate and aldehyde contents, crystallinities and crystal sizes, degrees of polymerization, morphology, and water retention values. Carboxylate and aldehyde groups were introduced into the water-insoluble fractions up to about 0.7 and 0.3 mmol/g, respectively, by the oxidation, where recovery of the water-insoluble fractions were generally higher than 80%. Crystallinities and crystal sizes of cellulose I were nearly unchanged during the oxidation, and thus, carboxylate and aldehyde groups were introduced selectively on crystal surfaces and in disordered regions of the water-insoluble fractions. Water retention values of cotton linter can be increased from 60% to about 280% through the introduction of hydrophilic carboxylate groups and morphological changes from fibrous forms to short fragments by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation.
The Structure, Location, and Function of Perlecan, a Prominent Pericellular Proteoglycan of Fetal, Postnatal, and Mature Hyaline Cartilages (2006)

The aim of this study was to immunolocalize perlecan in human fetal, postnatal, and mature hyaline cartilages and to determine information on the structure and function of chondrocyte perlecan. Perlecan is a prominent component of human fetal (12-14 week) finger, toe, knee, and elbow cartilages; it was localized diffusely in the interterritorial extracellular matrix, densely in the pericellular matrix around chondrocytes, and to small blood vessels in the joint capsules and perichondrium. Aggrecan had a more intense distribution in the marginal regions of the joint rudiments and in para-articular structures. Perlecan also had a strong pericellular localization pattern in postnatal (2-7 month) and mature (55-64 year) femoral cartilages, whereas aggrecan had a prominent extracellular matrix distribution in these tissues. Western blotting identified multiple perlecan core protein species in extracts of the postnatal and mature cartilages, some of which were substituted with heparan sulfate and/or chondroitin sulfate and some were devoid of glycosaminoglycan substitution. Some perlecan core proteins were smaller than intact perlecan, suggesting that proteolytic processing or alternative splicing had occurred. Surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation experiments demonstrated that chondrocyte perlecan bound fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and -9 less efficiently than endothelial cell perlecan. The latter perlecan supported the proliferation of Baf-32 cells transfected with FGFR3c equally well with FGF-1 and -9, whereas chondrocyte perlecan only supported Baf-32 cell proliferation with FGF-9. The function of perlecan therefore may not be universal but may vary with its cellular origin and presumably its structure.
Blind and semiblind MIMO channel estimation (2001)

The goal of this chapter is to expose a number of key ideas in blind and, especially, semiblind (SB) channel estimation (CE), and attract attention to various considerations that should be kept in mind in this context. As will become clear, the topic considered is vast. Due to space limitations, the inclusion and discussion of references is far from exhaustive. See also de Carvalho and Slock (2001) for an overview of semiblind single-input multiple-output (SIMO) channel estimation approaches. The use of blind information in digital communications is motivated by a desire to limit capacity loss due to training. Such capacity loss potentially increases with increasing time variation, occupied bandwidth, and number of transmitters. In other applications, blind techniques may be the only option (e.g., acoustic dereverberation). A particularity of digital communications, however, is that the sources are discrete time, white, and finite alphabet.