gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SPEXone, the multi-angle spectropolarimeter for PACE, adjusted and improved for new space applications (2023)

Aerosol quantification is of paramount importance for climate research, health and many other fields.The best method for measuring and characterizing aerosol from space is the application of a multi-angle polarimeter.A Dutch consortium has developed and delivered the so called SPEXone instrument for the NASA PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) mission, to be launched early 2024.SPEXone is based on the polarization modulation of the spectrum, allowing full characterization of the state of linear polarization of the incoming light.Earth is viewed under five angles, producing ten modulated spectra, projected on a single detector.A polarimetric accuracy of 0.3% is achieved, with the instrument of about 10 dm 3 volume and 10 kg mass.Based on the SPEXone design and experience, an upgraded instrument is being developed.Main change is the wider swath applied, from the 100 km swath for PACE to the present 250 km.This impacts the five telescopes, being integrated in one telescope unit.Other changes in the design are based on lessons learned, in particular the reduction and avoidance of stray light.The detector readout is adjusted for higher frame rate and more robust readout.These changes do not impact the instrument's budgets for mass, volume and power.In this paper, we will explain the principle of the SPEXone multi-angle spectropolarimeter instrument, the improvements with respect to the PACE version and its development status.The instrument can be flown as a stand-alone instrument for aerosol detection, as well as a support instrument where aerosol corrections are relevant, e.g., for high accuracy detection and quantification of methane and CO2.
The Role of Homodimers in Surfactant Protein B Function in Vivo (2000)

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is detected in the airways as a sulfhydryl-dependent dimer (M(r) approximately 16,000). To test the hypothesis that formation of homodimers is critical for SP-B function, the cysteine residue reported to be involved in SP-B dimerization was mutated to serine (Cys(248) --> Ser) and the mutated protein was targeted to the distal respiratory epithelium of transgenic mice. Transgenic lines which demonstrated appropriate processing, sorting, and secretion of human SP-B monomer were crossed with SP-B +/- mice to achieve expression of human monomer in the absence of endogenous SP-B dimer (hSP-B(mon), mSP-B-/-). In two of three transgenic lines, hSP-B(mon), mSP-B-/- mice had normal lung structure, complete processing of SP-C proprotein, well formed lamellar bodies, and normal longevity. Pulmonary function studies revealed an altered hysteresis curve for hSP-B(mon), mSP-B-/- mice relative to wild type mice. Large aggregate surfactant fractions from hSP-B(mon), mSP-B-/- mice resulted in higher minimum surface tension in vitro compared with surfactant from wild type mice. Surfactant lipids supplemented with 2% hSP-B monomer resulted in slower adsorption and higher surface tension than surfactant with 2% hSP-B dimer. Taken together, these data indicate a role for SP-B dimer in surface tension reduction in the alveolus.
Highly sensitive solid-phase immunoenzymometric assay for placental and placental-like alkaline phosphatases with a monoclonal antibody and monodisperse polymer particles. (1985)

We have used a mouse monoclonal antibody (H7) to placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP, EC 3.1.3.1) in developing an immunoenzymometric assay for PLAP and PLAP-like enzymes. The antibody is bound to sheep anti-mouse IgG (Ab2) covalently coupled to tosylated shell-and-core light (1.07 g/cm3) monodisperse polymer particles. Adding the H7-Ab2-polymer particle suspension to a PLAP-containing sample gives maximal binding of the antigen within 10 min. PLAP and PLAP-like enzymes remain active and bound to the solid-phase throughout all assay manipulations, and can thus be saved for future testing. In testing the enzymes for inhibition by L-Phe, L-Phe-Gly-Gly, L-Leu, and L-homoarginine, the effect of all the inhibitors is fully reversible. The assay is highly versatile, and its sensitivity (routinely 0.05 micrograms/L) can be increased 1000-fold by adjusting the sample volume and incubation time (sample volume is irrelevant between 50 microL and 5 mL). We have measured the basal activities of PLAP in men and women and, by using enzyme inhibitors, have characterized it as corresponding to the PLAP-like phenotypes described in normal human testis.
Spatial prior in SVM-based classification of brain images (2010)

This paper introduces a general framework for spatial prior in SVM-based classification of brain images based on Laplacian regularization. Most existing methods include spatial prior by adding a feature aggregation step before the SVM classification. The problem of the aggregation step is that the individual information of each feature is lost. Our framework enables to avoid this shortcoming by including the spatial prior directly in the SVM. We demonstrate that this framework can be used to derive embedded regularization corresponding to existing methods for classification of brain images and propose an efficient way to implement them. This framework is illustrated on the classification of MR images from 55 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 82 elderly controls selected from the ADNI database. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm enables introducing straightforward and anatomically consistent spatial prior into the classifier.
Ion Pairing as the Main Pathway for Reducing Electrostatic Repulsion among Organothiolate Self-assembled on Gold Nanoparticles in Water (2016)

Organothiol binding to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in water proceeds through a deprotonation pathway in which the sulfur-bound hydrogen (RS-H) atoms are released to solution as protons and the organothiol attach to AuNPs as negatively charged thiolate. The missing puzzle pieces in this mechanism are (i) the significance of electrostatic repulsion among the likely charged thiolates packed on AuNP surfaces, and (ii) the pathways for the ligand binding system to cope with such electrostatic repulsion. Presented herein are a series of experimental and theoretical evidence that ion pairing, the coadsorption of negatively charged thiolate and positively charged cations, is a main mechanism for the system to reduce the electrostatic repulsion among the thiolate self-assembled onto AuNP surfaces. This work represents a significant step forward in the comprehensive understanding of organothiol binding to AuNPs.
CDK12 Inhibition Reverses De Novo and Acquired PARP Inhibitor Resistance in BRCA Wild-Type and Mutated Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2016)

Although poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are active in homologous recombination (HR)-deficient cancers, their utility is limited by acquired resistance after restoration of HR. Here, we report that dinaciclib, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 1, 2, 5, and 9, additionally has potent activity against CDK12, a transcriptional regulator of HR. In BRCA-mutated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), dinaciclib ablates restored HR and reverses PARP inhibitor resistance. Additionally, we show that de novo resistance to PARP inhibition in BRCA1-mutated cell lines and a PDX derived from a PARP-inhibitor-naive BRCA1 carrier is mediated by residual HR and is reversed by CDK12 inhibition. Finally, dinaciclib augments the degree of response in a PARP-inhibitor-sensitive model, converting tumor growth inhibition to durable regression. These results highlight the significance of HR disruption as a therapeutic strategy and support the broad use of combined CDK12 and PARP inhibition in TNBC.
Convergence of Nonlinear Observers on $\BBR^{n}$ With a Riemannian Metric (Part I) (2011)

We study how convergence of an observer whose state lives in a copy of the given system's space can be established using a Riemannian metric. We show that the existence of an observer guaranteeing the property that a Riemannian distance between system and observer solutions is nonincreasing implies that the Lie derivative of the Riemannian metric along the system vector field is conditionally negative. Moreover, we establish that the existence of this metric is related to the observability of the system's linearization along its solutions. Moreover, if the observer has an infinite gain margin then the level sets of the output function are geodesically convex. Conversely, we establish that, if a complete Riemannian metric has a Lie derivative along the system vector field that is conditionally negative and is such that the output function has a monotonicity property, then there exists an observer with an infinite gain margin.
Can ride‐sharing become attractive? A case study of taxi‐sharing employing a simulation modelling approach (2014)

Improved urban mobility can be attained through more efficient vehicle usage and better road network utilisation, namely through increased vehicle occupancy and new operation modes. In this study, the authors focus on a dynamic and distributed taxi‐sharing system that takes advantage of nowadays widespread availability of communication and distributed computation to provide a cost‐efficient, door‐to‐door and flexible service, offering a quality of service similar to conventional taxis. This system has been evaluated following a simulation modelling approach, including a realistic and accurate replication of the taxi operation in the city of Porto using empirical data (real origin/destination data and average occupancy rates). Simulation results show improved performance in terms of reduced fares (up to 8%), reduced total travel distance (up to 9%) and smaller operation costs. Furthermore, they proposed that several trade‐offs (e.g. service performance against passengers’ transit times) should be considered during the system deployment and operation. In this study, it was also shown that increased system penetration rate and demand level can even further improve the system performance.
Mapping the Genetic Determinants of Pathogenicity and Plaque Phenotype in Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (1999)

A series of recombinant viruses were constructed using infectious cDNA clones of the virulent J1'73 (large plaque phenotype) and the avirulent H/3'76 (small plaque phenotype) strains of swine vesicular disease virus to identify the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype. Both traits could be mapped to the region between nucleotides (nt) 2233 and 3368 corresponding to the C terminus of VP3, the whole of VP1, and the N terminus of 2A. In this region, there are eight nucleotide differences leading to amino acid changes between the J1'73 and the H/3'76 strains. Site-directed mutagenesis of individual nucleotides from the virulent to the avirulent genotype and vice versa indicated that A at nt 2832, encoding glycine at VP1-132, and G at nt 3355, encoding arginine at 2APRO-20, correlated with a large-plaque phenotype and virulence in pigs, irrespective of the origin of the remainder of the genome. Of these two sites, 2APRO-20 appeared to be the dominant determinant for the large-plaque phenotype but further studies are required to elucidate their relative importance for virulence in pigs.
Supplementary Figure from Opposite Effects of Src Family Kinases on YAP and ERK Activation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells: Implications for Targeted Therapy (2023)

Supplementary Figure from Opposite Effects of Src Family Kinases on YAP and ERK Activation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells: Implications for Targeted Therapy
A Serological Survey of Ebola Virus Infection in Central African Nonhuman Primates (2004)

We used an ELISA to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies specific for the Zaire subtype of Ebola virus in 790 nonhuman primates, belonging to 20 species, studied between 1985 and 2000 in Cameroon, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo. The seroprevalence rate of Ebola antibody in wild-born chimpanzees was 12.9%, indicating that (1) Ebola virus circulates in the forests of a large region of central Africa, including countries such as Cameroon, where no human cases of Ebola infections have been reported; (2) Ebola virus was present in the area before recent outbreaks in humans; (3) chimpanzees are continuously in contact with the virus; and (4) nonlethal Ebola infection can occur in chimpanzees. These results, together with the unexpected detection of Ebola-specific IgG in other species (5 drills, 1 baboon, 1 mandrill, and 1 Cercopithecus), may help to narrow the search for the reservoir of Ebola virus. They also suggest that future Ebola outbreaks may occur anywhere in the central African forest region.
New electrical connection technology for microsystems using inktelligent printing® and functional nanoscaled INKS (2009)

A new electrical connection technology for highly miniaturized systems based on functional printing has been studied. INKtelligent printing <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reg</sup> with its ability to print structures in micrometer size uses electrically conductive inks with functional nanoparticles to provide MEMS devices with electrical contacts. Due to large dimensions of conventional packaging technologies like flip chip or wire bonding, INKtelligent printing <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reg</sup> will dramatically increase size of assembled systems. Here, an aerosol beam technology - also known as Maskless Mesoscale Material Deposition (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reg</sup> ) or Aerosol Jet <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reg</sup> - is presented. Tests have been done to characterize conductivity, contact resistance, long term stability and temperature dependency as also applications with flow sensors.
Active and Stable Methane Oxidation Nano-Catalyst with Highly-Ionized Palladium Species Prepared by Solution Combustion Synthesis (2018)

We report on the synthesis and testing of active and stable nano-catalysts for methane oxidation. The nano-catalyst was palladium/ceria supported on alumina prepared via a one-step solution-combustion synthesis (SCS) method. As confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HTEM), SCS preparative methodology resulted in segregating both Pd and Ce on the surface of the Al2O3 support. Furthermore, HTEM showed that bigger Pd particles (5 nm and more) were surrounded by CeO2, resembling a core shell structure, while smaller Pd particles (1 nm and less) were not associated with CeO2. The intimate Pd-CeO2 attachment resulted in insertion of Pd ions into the ceria lattice, and associated with the reduction of Ce4+ into Ce3+ ions; consequently, the formation of oxygen vacancies. XPS showed also that Pd had three oxidation states corresponding to Pd0, Pd2+ due to PdO, and highly ionized Pd ions (Pd(2+x)+) which might originate from the insertion of Pd ions into the ceria lattice. The formation of intrinsic Ce3+ ions, highly ionized (Pd2+ species inserted into the lattice of CeO2) Pd ions (Pd(2+x)+) and oxygen vacancies is suggested to play a major role in the unique catalytic activity. The results indicated that the Pd-SCS nano-catalysts were exceptionally more active and stable than conventional catalysts. Under similar reaction conditions, the methane combustion rate over the SCS catalyst was ~18 times greater than that of conventional catalysts. Full methane conversions over the SCS catalysts occurred at around 400 °C but were not shown at all with conventional catalysts. In addition, contrary to the conventional catalysts, the SCS catalysts exhibited superior activity with no sign of deactivation in the temperature range between ~400 and 800 °C.
A Detailed Examination of the Topological Constraints of Lamellae-Forming Block Copolymers (2018)

A microscopic molecular model of polymeric molecules that captures the effects of topological constraints is used to consider how microphase segregation can alter the distribution of entanglements both in space and along chain contours. Such topological constraints are obtained by using the Z1 algorithm, and it is found that for diblock copolymers in the lamellar morphology they are not homogeneously distributed, but instead exhibit a spatial dependence as a consequence of the self-organization of the polymer blocks. The specific shape of the inhomogeneous distribution is affected by the molecular weight of the copolymer. The microscopic information obtained by these calculations is then compared with the corresponding results generated from a coarser description of entangled block copolymers that includes soft intermolecular interactions and slip-springs, whose role is to incorporate the effects of entanglements that are lost during coarse-graining. Finally, this comparison is helpful for improving coarse-grained simulation approaches for use in multiscale studies of large-scale, self-assembled multicomponent polymer systems.
Seismic Performance of Square High-Strength Concrete Columns in FRP Stay-in-Place Formwork (2006)

The use of high-strength concrete (HSC) in seismically active regions poses a major concern because of the brittle nature of the material. The confinement requirements for HSC columns may be prohibitively stringent since they require proportionately greater confinement than columns of normal-strength concrete. An alternative to conventional confinement reinforcement is the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) casings, in the form of a stay-in-place formwork. This paper investigates the use of stay-in-place FRP formwork as concrete confinement reinforcement for HSC columns with square cross sections. Large scale HSC building columns, encased in FRP casings, were tested under simulated seismic loading. The columns had 270mm square sections and concrete strengths up to 90MPa. The casings were manufactured from carbon FRP and epoxy resin. The unique aspects of the test program were the introduction of the corner radius as a test parameter, and the presence of internally placed FRP crossties, integrally built with column casings, to improve the effectiveness of concrete confinement. Results indicate that the deformation capacity of HSC columns can be improved significantly by using FRP casings. The results further indicate that the confinement effectiveness of columns is significantly affected by the corner radius of casings. Additionally, the confinement efficiency can be improved with the use of FRP crossties. The columns developed inelastic drift capacities of up to 11%, demonstrating the usefulness of FRP stay-in-place formwork in improving deformability of HSC columns.
Synergistic engineering of CRISPR-Cas nucleases enables robust mammalian genome editing (2022)

The naturally occurring prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems provide valuable resources for the development of new genome-editing tools. However, the majority of prokaryotic Cas nucleases exhibit poor editing efficiency in mammalian cells, which significantly limits their utility. Here, we have developed a method termed Improving Editing Activity by Synergistic Engineering (MIDAS). This method exerts a synergistic effect to improve mammalian genome-editing efficiency of a wide range of CRISPR-Cas systems by enhancing the interactions between Cas nuclease with the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) substrate in the catalytic pocket simultaneously. MIDAS robustly and significantly increased the gene-editing efficiency of Cas12i, Cas12b, and CasX in human cells. Notably, a Cas12i variant, Cas12i <sup><i>Max</i></sup> , exhibited robust activity with a very broad PAM range (NTNN, NNTN, NAAN, and NCAN) and higher efficiency than the current widely used Cas nucleases. A high-fidelity version of Cas12i <sup><i>Max</i></sup> (Cas12i <sup><i>HiFi</i></sup> ) has been further engineered to minimize off-target effects. Our work provides an expandable and efficacious method for engineering Cas nucleases for robust mammalian genome editing.
An adaptive segmentation algorithm for time-of-flight MRA data (1999)

A three-dimensional (3-D) representation of cerebral vessel morphology is essential for neuroradiologists treating cerebral aneurysms. However, current imaging techniques cannot provide such a representation. Slices of MR angiography (MRA) data can only give two-dimensional (2-D) descriptions and ambiguities of aneurysm position and size arising in X-ray projection images can often be intractable. To overcome these problems, we have established a new automatic statistically based algorithm for extracting the 3-D vessel information from time-of-flight (TOF) MRA data. We introduce distributions for the data, motivated by a physical model of blood flow, that are used in a modified version of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. The estimated model parameters are then used to classify statistically the voxels into vessel or other brain tissue classes. The algorithm is adaptive because the model fitting is performed recursively so that classifications are made on local subvolumes of data. We present results from applying our algorithm to several real data sets that contain both artery and aneurysm structures of various sizes.
Effects of Seizures on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Function (2004)

Parial and generalized seizures often affect autonomic function during seizures as well as during the interictal and postictal periods. Activation or inhibition of areas in the central autonomic network can cause cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, pupillary, urinary, and genital manifestations. Autonomic dysfunction during or after seizures may cause cardiac and pulmonary changes that contribute to sudden unexplained death in epilepsy.
N–H related defects in GaAsN grown through chemical beam epitaxy (2014)

The local vibration modes of N–H related defects in GaAsN are studied using isotopes. When GaAsN is grown through chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) using triethylgallium/tris(dimethylamino)arsenic/monomethylhydrazine gas, there are several local vibration modes (LVMs) in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Signals with stretching mode peaks at 2952, 3098, and 3125 cm −1 are reported, along with new wagging and stretching mode peaks at 960 and 3011 cm −1 , which exist only in crystals grown through CBE. When the film is grown using deuterated MMHy as a nitrogen source, new peaks at 2206, 2302, 2318, 2245, and 714 cm −1 appear. This suggests that D related defects are created because of the deuterated MMHy. The ratios of frequencies of these new peaks to those obtained from crystals grown using MMHy are nearly 1.34. This suggests that all defects in GaAsN grown through CBE, which appear as LVMs, are N–H related defects. Especially, those with LVMs at 960 and 3011 cm −1 are new N–H defects only found in GaAsN grown through CBE.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromium Vinylidene Carbenoids: Stereospecific Synthesis of (Z)‐2‐Chloroalk‐2‐en‐1‐ols. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.