gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Live vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis: infection and immunity in mice (1991)

The live vaccine strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis caused lethal disease in several mouse strains. Lethality depended upon the dose and route of inoculation. The lethal dose for 50% of the mice (LD50) in four of six mouse strains (A/J, BALB/cHSD, C3H/HeNHSD, and SWR/J) given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation was less than 10 CFU. For the other two strains tested, C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J, the i.p. log LD50 was 1.5 and 2.7, respectively. Similar susceptibility was observed in mice inoculated by intravenous (i.v.) and intranasal (i.n.) routes: in all cases the LD50 was less than 1,000 CFU. Regardless of the inoculation route (i.p., i.v., or i.n.), bacteria were isolated from spleen, liver, and lungs within 3 days of introduction of bacteria; numbers of bacteria increased in these infected organs over 5 days. In contrast to the other routes of inoculation, mice injected with LVS intradermally (i.d.) survived infection: the LD50 of LVS by this route was much greater than 10(5) CFU. This difference in susceptibility was not due solely to local effects at the dermal site of inoculation, since bacteria were isolated from the spleen, liver, and lungs within 3 days by this route as well. The i.d.-infected mice were immune to an otherwise lethal i.p. challenge with as many as 10(4) CFU, and immunity could be transferred with either serum, whole spleen cells, or nonadherent spleen cells (but not Ig+ cells). A variety of infectious agents induce different disease syndromes depending on the route of entry. Francisella LVS infection in mice provides a model system for analysis of locally induced protective effector mechanisms.
Adaptive modulation and scheduling of IP traffic over fading channels (2005)

In future packet based wireless communication systems, transmission in the downlink will often dominate the traffic load. An obstacle in this context is the time-variability of the channel. To achieve a high throughput also over fading channels, adaptive methods for adjustment of, for example, the modulation alphabet, and the coding complexity, can be used. We investigate the effect of adaptive modulation, along with time-slot scheduling of IP-like traffic in a scenario involving several types of mobile hosts and one base station. We extend a study of the impact of adaptive modulation and scheduling on the bit error rate, to include models for packet length and packet inter-arrival, to find the queueing delay imposed by our proposed scheduling algorithm. Our scheduler keeps the bit error rate at attractively low, prespecified levels, well suited for forward error correction (FEC) codes. Moreover, the scheduler splits the bandwidth between different types of traffic in a desirable way, according to the traffic situation.
Seabed classification from merchant ship-radiated noise using a physics-based ensemble of deep learning algorithms (2021)

Merchant ship-radiated noise, recorded on a single receiver in the 360-1100 Hz frequency band over 20 min, is employed for seabed classification using an ensemble of deep learning (DL) algorithms. Five different convolutional neural network architectures and one residual neural network are trained on synthetic data generated using 34 seabed types, which span from soft-muddy to hard-sandy environments. The accuracy of all of the networks using fivefold cross-validation was above 97%. Furthermore, the impact of the sound speed and water depth mismatch on the predictions is evaluated using five simulated test cases, where the deeper and more complex architectures proved to be more robust against this variability. In addition, to assess the generalizability performance of the ensemble DL, the networks were tested on data measured on three vertical line arrays in the Seabed Characterization Experiment in 2017, where 94% of the predictions indicated that mud over sand environments inferred in previous geoacoustic inversions for the same area were the most likely sediments. This work presents evidence that the ensemble of DL algorithms has learned how the signature of the sediments is encoded in the ship-radiated noise, providing a unified classification result when tested on data collected at-sea.
Intracellular pathogens convert macrophages from death traps into hospitable homes (2016)

Intracellular pathogens - bacteria, parasites and fungi - frequently infect macrophages in addition to other cells. They turn these deadly cells into harmless hosts to multiply and paralyze immunity. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying this phenomenon may have a strong impact to identify new targets belonging to the pathogens but also to the host, thereby allowing the design of new therapeutic strategies.
The specification and implementation of a virtual university software system (2002)

Distance learning is one of the interesting research topics of distributed computing. This paper discusses a joint research project between the University of Aizu in Japan and Tamkang University in Taiwan. A software system supporting virtual university operations is proposed. The software architecture is designed based on three criteria of virtual university operations: administration, awareness and assessment. Specifications of each tools in the system are proposed, with some implementation details and solutions being discussed. We also point out some interesting research directions in the realization of a virtual university.
Pseudomonas Cytochrome c Peroxidase. XIII. pH-Denaturation of the Enzyme. (1977)

The effect of pH on the oxidized Pseudomonas cytochrome c peroxidase molecule was studied by measuring the peroxidatic activity, the sedimentation velocity, the circular dichroic spectra in the far UV and Soret regions, and the optical absorption spectra of the enzyme in the pH range 2.5-13.0 at a constant ionic strength (micron = 0.1). The enzyme was stable in a narrow pH region, pH 6.0 - 7.4. In the low pH range the gross tertiary structure was observed to change quite simultaneously with the enzymatic activity and secondary structure. The optical absorption spectra indicated that there were no coordinated internal protein liqands in the 6th coordination positions of the heme prosthetic groups at the lowest pH studied. In the high pH range the secondary structure and the protein environment of hemes were observed to remain stable after the tertiary structure had changed and the activity had decreased. According to the optical absorption spectra the 6th internal protein ligands of hemes were retained at the highest pH studied.
An approach of cancer cells diagnosis using biophotonic chip (2005)

This paper reports a novel method for measuring the effective refractive index (RI) of single living cell with a small integrated chip. This microchip is able to determine the RI of living cell in real time without extra requirements of fluorescence labeling and chemical treatments, offering low cost and high accuracy meanwhile. It might provide an efficient approach for diseases or cancer diagnosis. The measurement system integrates laser diode, microlenses, and microfluidic channels onto a monolithic chip. In the experiments, two standard polystyrene beads with nominal RIs are employed to calibrate the system and five types of cancerous cells are subsequently measured. The results indicate that the RI of the tested cells ranges from 1.392 to 1.401, which is larger than typical value 1.35-1.37 for normal cells.
Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Black Silicon Substrates for Mass Spectrometry Imaging Applications (2020)

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is widely used in proteomics. However, matrix-free technologies are gaining popularity for detecting low molecular mass compounds. Small molecules were analyzed with nanostructured materials as ionization promoters, which produce low-to-no background signal, and facilitate enhanced specificity and sensitivity through functionalization. We investigated the fabrication and the use of black silicon and gold-coated black silicon substrates for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (SALDI-MSI) of animal tissues and human fingerprints. Black silicon was created using dry etching, while gold nanoparticles were deposited by sputtering. Both methods are safe for the user. Physicochemical characterization and MSI measurements revealed the optimal properties of the substrates for SALDI applications. The gold-coated black silicon worked considerably better than black silicon as the LDI-MSI substrate. The substrate was also compatible with imprinting, as a sample-simplification method that allows efficient transference of metabolites from the tissues to the substrate surface, without compound delocalization. Moreover, by modifying the surface with hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, specific interactions were stimulated between surface and sample, leading to a selective analysis of molecules. Thus, our substrate facilitates targeted and/or untargeted <i>in situ</i> metabolomics studies for various fields such as clinical, environmental, forensics, and pharmaceutical research.
Supraleitung (1993)

Bevor wir die mikroskopische Theorie der Supraleitung darlegen, fragen wir uns, was von einer derartigen Theorie überhaupt erwartet wird. Hierzu erinnern wir uns kurz an einige experimentelle Tatsachen.
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: Computer-assisted Retrograde Drilling—Feasibility and Accuracy in Initial Experiences (2001)

The authors developed a minimally invasive method with computer-assisted navigation for retrograde drilling of osteochondral lesions of the talus. Planning of the pathway and adjustment of the targeting device were performed outside the operating room. In 10 cadavers and four patients, accuracy of pin placement was in the range of 1.0-3.5 mm.
Recanalization and reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke (2010)

Revascularization remains the most intuitive strategy to reverse ischemic injury associated with arterial occlusion in acute stroke. Revascularization may lead to opening of an occluded artery, or recanalization, yet restoration of downstream flow, or reperfusion, may not ensue. Revascularization strategies and novel devices continue to broaden options for the treatment of acute stroke, but it is increasingly apparent that selection criteria to identify ideal cases are needed to refine triage and minimize adverse events. The results of recent work on reperfusion may rapidly alter routine clinical practice for evolving ischemia in the brain.
Ultrafast current and field driven domain-wall dynamics in van der Waals antiferromagnet MnPS3 (2020)

The discovery of magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has flourished a new endeavour of fundamental problems in magnetism as well as potential applications in computing, sensing and storage technologies. Of particular interest are antiferromagnets, which due to their intrinsic antiferromagnetic exchange coupling show several advantages in relation to ferromagnets such as robustness against external magnetic perturbations. This property is one of the cornerstones of antiferromagnets and implies that information stored in antiferromagnetic domains is invisible to applied magnetic fields preventing it from being erased or manipulated. Here we show that, despite this fundamental understanding, the magnetic domains of recently discovered vdW MnPS3 antiferromagnet can be controlled via external magnetic fields and currents. We realize ultrafast domain-wall dynamics with velocities up to 1500 m/s and 3000 m/s respectively to a broad range of fields and current densities. Both domain wall dynamics are determined by the edge terminations which generated uncompensated spins following the underlying symmetry of the honeycomb structure. We find that edge atoms belonging to different magnetic sublattices function as geometrical constrictions preventing the displacement of the wall, whereas having atoms of the same sublattice at both edges of the material allows for the field-driven domain wall motion which is only limited by the spin-flop transition of the antiferromagnet beyond 25 T. Conversely, electric currents can induce motion of domain walls in most of the edges except those where the two sublattices are present at the borders (e.g. armchair edges). Our results indicate that the implementation of 2D vdW antiferromagnets in real applications requires the engineering of the layer edges which enables an unprecedented functional feature in ultrathin device platforms.
Postural Control as Assessed with Virtual Reality (2001)

We studied the use of virtual reality technology as a stimulus in balance examinations. A pilot study was made using a small group of healthy subjects to investigate the effect of alcohol and virtual reality stimulus on the subjects' balance. The tests showed that blood alcohol concentration accounted for almost 50% of the increased lateral body sway velocity. The new stimulus technique based on virtual reality technology seems to be effective and flexible for postural investigations.
Platelet factor 4 triggers thrombo‐inflammation by bridging innate and adaptive immunity (2023)

Platelet factor 4 (PF4, synonym: CXCL4) is an evolutionary old chemokine with proposed roles in hemostasis and antimicrobial defense. In addition, PF4 has attracted considerable attention as a crucial mediator of one of the most prothrombotic adverse drug effects affecting blood cells, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Interest in PF4 substantially increased in 2021 when it was identified as the target antigen in the life-threatening adverse effect, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). We address the concept that a major biological function of PF4-a strongly cationic chemokine-is to bind to negatively-charged prokaryotic microorganisms, resulting in structural changes in PF4 that trigger a danger signal recognized by the adaptive immune system. Application of biophysical tools has provided substantial insights into the molecular mechanisms by which PF4 becomes immunogenic, providing insights into a new mechanism of autoimmunity. Binding of autoantibodies with high affinity induces conformational change(s) in the endogenous protein, which are then recognized as foreign antigen, as exemplified by the prothrombotic disorders, autoimmune HIT and VITT. The final part of our review summarizes current assays for HIT and VITT, explaining how structural aspects of anti-PF4 pathobiology relate to assay design and performance characteristics. Currently, functional (platelet activation) assays using washed platelets detect HIT antibodies when heparin is added, and VITT antibodies when PF4 is added. Solid-phase PF4-dependent immunoassays using microtiter plates are sensitive for both HIT and VITT antibodies, while rapid immunoassays, in which the PF4/heparin antigen is coated on beads, are sensitive and specific for HIT, but not for VITT antibodies.
Inquiring into Inquiry: Two Opposing Views (1976)

For what specific purposes might we wish to limit
inquiry? Do we wish to curb only the means or even the
ends of inquiry? Let me advance some suggestions.
One is the preservation of human dignity. We should
not do experiments that involuntarily make of man a
means rather than an end. The ethics of human experimentation
are, I think, now rather well accepted, even
though it must be recognized that such restraints blunt
pure inquiry.
Production of Aflatoxin on Wheat and Oats: Measurement with a Recording Densitometer (1967)

A method has been developed for the production of aflatoxin by growing Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3145 on solid substrate wheat. Optimal yields of 900 μg of aflatoxin G1 and 900 μg of aflatoxin B1 per g of substrate were obtained in 4 to 5 days at 28 C. A study of aflatoxin production on hulls and groats of oats and on whole oats by A. flavus strains NRRL 2999, NRRL 3000, and NRRL 3145 revealed that aflatoxin was produced on all three substrates, although production was very slight on hulls. Strain NRRL 3145 grown on solid substrate groats produced the largest amounts of aflatoxin: 580 μg of B1 and 450 μg of G1 per g of substrate. A densitometric method for reading thin-layer chromatographic plates is described; this is more objective and more accurate than the visual methods previously used for the determination of all four aflatoxins.
Concepts (2012)

This chapter provides empirical and theoretical understanding of cognition. Today localizationism dominates neuroscience, ranging from single cell recording to functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), while anti-localizationism has a new home in dynamical systems modeling. Cognitive science encompasses both. It is sometimes said that the cognitive revolution stemmed from seizing on a new technology, the digital computer, as a metaphor for the mind. Artificial neural network represents a counterpoint to discrete computation. Symbolic architectures share a commitment to representations whose elements are symbols and operations on those representations that typically involve moving, copying, deleting, comparing, or replacing symbols. The chapter highlights just two trends: the expansion of inquiry down into the brain (cognitive neuroscience) and out into the body and world (embedded and extended cognition). The expansion outward has been more diverse, but the transitional figure clearly is James J. Gibson.
RETRACTED: Surgical Treatment of Subtalar Joint Instability With Reconstruction of the Interosseous Talocalcaneal Ligament: Safety and Accuracy of a New Technique in a Cadaver Model (2020)

Introduction: New surgical strategies to treat symptomatic subtalar joint (STJ) instability are evolving. Most reconstruction options focus on the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ITCL.) We mod...
Analysis: Immobilized Glucose Oxidase in Implantable Glucose Sensor Technology (2000)

Glucose oxidase has had a central role in previous glucose sensing methods and is key to the development of certain new glucose sensors. The immobilized enzyme is specific for glucose and sufficiently long-lived for many sensor applications, but new glucose sensing applications may place increased demands on the enzyme.
Patch loaded tri-monopole wideband antenna for mobile applications (2009)

A novel 3D monopole antenna is proposed for wide band handset application. A tri-monopole technique is employed to increase the impedance bandwidth, and patch loading is introduced to improve impedance matching. The measured and simulation impedance bandwidths are from 0.8 to 1.0 GHz, 1.7 to 2.5 GHz. It can be worked at GSM 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, UMTS 2200 MHz and WIFI 2450 MHz. The measured radiation patterns are relatively stable at GSM 900 MHz, 1800 MHz. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a lower SAR, lower profile, lightweight and ease of fabrication for mobile applications.
Compact and low power operation polymer MMI photonic switch (2008)

We present a compact polymer-based photonic switch with low power operation of 9 mW and a low switching crosstalk of -23 dB. Additional designs have shown lower power consumption less than 4 mW and crosstalk less than -40 dB.
MCI conversion to dementia and the APOE genotype (2004)

Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-PET measures may improve prediction of the conversion to Alzheimer disease, especially in combination with the APOE genotype.
Aging effect on balance of carrier injection in polymer light-emitting diodes (2005)

We propose an approach to study the oxidation effect on the degradation process of phenyl-substituted polymer based light emitting diodes (LEDs) using acceleration aging of device in air. The poly(styrene sulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is used as hole transporting layer. We have made conventional balanced electron-hole injection together with electron and hole injection dominant devices. The acceleration aging of these devices in air was performed at a fixed current density that produces the maximum electroluminescence (EL) efficiency of the corresponding LEDs. The results show that the fast decrease of electron current in these devices with regard to the aging in air was mainly responsible for reduction of EL efficiency. This implies that the degradation of the polymer LED is due to the deterioration of the cathode contact for carrier injection.
A Mutation of the Mitochondrial ABC Transporter Sta1 Leads to Dwarfism and Chlorosis in the Arabidopsis Mutant starik (2001)

Sergei Kushnir, Elena Babiychuk, Sergei Storozhenko, Mark W. Davey, Jutta Papenbrock, Riet De Rycke, Gilbert Engler, Udo W. Stephan, Heike Lange, Gyula Kispal, Roland Lill, Marc Van Montagu, A Mutation of the Mitochondrial ABC Transporter Sta1 Leads to Dwarfism and Chlorosis in the Arabidopsis Mutant starik, The Plant Cell, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jan., 2001), pp. 89-100
Dimer Biphenyl Liquid Crystals with Trisiloxane-Containing Spacers (2007)

Dimeric biphenyl liquid crystals with trisiloxane containing spacers were studied. Both the tail lengths and the spacer lengths to a central hexamethyltrisiloxane group were varied. In most cases a SmC-phase was found with an anticlinic interlayer relation. One of the compounds appears to have a SmA-phase, which could be a de Vries SmA-phase. A few other compounds show liquid crystalline polymorphism. X-ray diffraction experiments show that the smectic layers are strongly interdigitated. The thickness of the layers is mainly dependent on the length of the spacers. The length of the terminal alkyl chains hardly influences the smectic layer thickness.
Differentially Expressed Genes in Bordetella pertussis Strains Belonging to a Lineage Which Recently Spread Globally (2014)

Pertussis is a highly contagious, acute respiratory disease in humans caused by the Gram-negative pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis has resurged in the face of intensive vaccination and this has coincided with the emergence of strains carrying a particular allele for the pertussis toxin promoter, ptxP3, which is associated with higher levels of pertussis toxin (Ptx) production. Within 10 to 20 years, ptxP3 strains have nearly completely replaced the previously dominant ptxP1 strains resulting in a worldwide selective sweep. In order to identify B. pertussis genes associated with the selective sweep, we compared the expression of genes in ptxP1 and ptxP3 strains that are under control of the Bordetella master virulence regulatory locus (bvgASR). The BvgAS proteins comprise a two component sensory transduction system which is regulated by temperature, nicotinic acid and sulfate. By increasing the sulfate concentration, it is possible to change the phase of B. pertussis from virulent to avirulent. Until recently, the only distinctive phenotype of ptxP3 strains was a higher Ptx production. Here we identify additional phenotypic differences between ptxP1 and ptxP3 strains which may have contributed to its global spread by comparing global transcriptional responses under sulfate-modulating conditions. We show that ptxP3 strains are less sensitive to sulfate-mediated gene suppression, resulting in an increased production of the vaccine antigens pertactin (Prn) and Ptx and a number of other virulence genes, including a type III secretion toxin, Vag8, a protein involved in complement resistance, and lpxE involved in lipid A modification. Furthermore, enhanced expression of the vaccine antigens Ptx and Prn by ptxP3 strains was confirmed at the protein level. Identification of genes differentially expressed between ptxP1 and ptxP3 strains may elucidate how B. pertussis has adapted to vaccination and allow the improvement of pertussis vaccines by identifying novel vaccine candidates.