gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiplexed temporally focused light shaping for high-resolution multi-cell targeting (2017)

Abstract Patterning light at the single-cell level over multiple neurons in the brain is crucial for optogenetic photostimulation that can recapitulate natural activity patterns and, thereby, determine the role of specific components of brain activity in behavior. To this end we have developed a method for projecting three-dimensional, 2-photon excitation patterns that are confined to many individual neurons. The new versatile optical scheme generates multiple extended excitation spots in a large volume with micrometric lateral and axial resolution. Two-dimensional temporally focused shapes are multiplexed several times over selected positions, thanks to the precise spatial phase modulation of the pulsed beam. This permits, under multiple configurations, the generation of tens of axially confined spots in an extended volume, spanning a range in depth of up to 500 μm. We demonstrate the potential of the approach by performing multi-cell volumetric excitation of photoactivatable GCaMP in the central nervous system of Drosophila larvae, a challenging structure with densely arrayed and small diameter neurons, and by photoconverting the fluorescent protein Kaede in zebrafish larvae. Our technique paves the way for the optogenetic manipulation of a large number of neurons in intact circuits.
Local Buckling Assessments for the Medgaz Pipeline (2007)

Medgaz is a consortium of leading international energy companies, with the aim of designing, building and operating an Algerian-European gas pipeline via Spain. The offshore section of this pipeline will be 210 km long, traversing the Mediterranean Sea floor at a maximum depth of 2160 metres. The 24-inch diameter, grade X70 line will provide up to 8 billion cubic metres of natural gas per year, with first gas flow expected in 2009. To support the technical issues surrounding such an ultra-deepwater pipelay, a number of full scale local buckling tests and detailed finite element analyses were undertaken at the C-FER facility in Edmonton, Canada. Local buckling conditions of concern included buckling of the pipe section at the pipe-buckle arrestor interface and collapse of the plain pipe under high external pressure. These conditions may arise during various phases of pipeline installation and operation, but the primary focus was to evaluate the local buckling integrity of the pipe during installation using the S-lay method. These conditions were assessed for both as-fabricated pipe and pipe that was heat treated to simulate a pipe coating process. This paper describes the Medgaz pipeline, its current state of development, the installation challenges that necessitated the buckling assessments, and some of the work performed throughout the study, including full scale tests, finite element analyses, and regression analyses. Collapse and critical bending strain predictive equations were developed and are also presented, and are compared to other well known collapse and critical bending strain equations. The results of these assessments have suggested that, for the local buckling conditions presented herein, the S-lay method can be successfully employed for ultra-deep water pipelay. The results demonstrated that the proposed pipe-buckle arrestor connection design will not cause premature buckling as the pipe traverses along the stinger during installation. In addition, potentially high bending strains in the overbend will not significantly influence the collapse strength of the pipe. The regression equations presented in this paper have also been shown to provide an accurate means of predicting pipe local buckling and collapse.
Validated front contact grid simulation for GaAs solar cells under concentrated sunlight (2010)

Abstract In a common approach, the electric behavior of a solar cell is modeled by dividing it into smaller sub‐circuits and solving the resulting network by a circuit simulator. In this paper detailed network simulations are presented for a GaAs single‐junction solar cell. All resistive losses and losses influencing the diode saturation currents, such as recombination in the depletion region or at the perimeter are taken into account. With this model the maximum power point of a solar cell can be calculated for one‐sun and for higher illumination intensities. The results were validated experimentally using suitable test structures. This includes solar cell devices with varying dimensions, grid finger spacing and lengths. An excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental results was obtained. The network simulation model allows determining the optimum size and concentration ratio at which a solar cell operates at its maximum efficiency. In the case of a GaAs single‐junction solar cell this global efficiency maximum was found for an area of 1 mm 2 and at a concentration ratio of 450 suns. Under these conditions the largest loss mechanisms are the finger shading with 36.1% and the emitter resistance losses with 21.5% of the total power losses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Supplemental Figure legends from Regulatory T Cells in Ovarian Cancer Are Characterized by a Highly Activated Phenotype Distinct from that in Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Legends to supplemental figures 1-6&lt;/p&gt;
The relationship between three measures of L2 vocabulary knowledge and L2 listening and reading (2016)

This study explores the constructs that underpin three different measures of vocabulary knowledge and investigates the degree to which these three measures correlate with, and are able to predict, measures of second language (L2) listening and reading. Word frequency structured vocabulary tests tapping receptive/orthographic (RecOrth) vocabulary knowledge, productive/orthographic (ProOrth) vocabulary knowledge and productive/phonological (ProPhon) vocabulary knowledge and tests measuring L2 listening and L2 reading were administered to 250 tertiary-level Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). Results showed that ProPhon vocabulary knowledge correlated most strongly with L2 listening ( r = .71) and ProOrth vocabulary knowledge correlated most strongly with L2 reading ( r = .57). Factor analysis indicated that all subcomponents of the ProPhon vocabulary knowledge test loaded onto one factor and those of the RecOrth and ProOrth vocabulary knowledge tests loaded onto another. Regression modelling showed that ProPhon vocabulary knowledge explained 51% of the variance in L2 listening scores and that ProOrth vocabulary knowledge explained 33% of the variance in the L2 reading scores. Discussion addresses the varying importance of different dimensions of vocabulary knowledge in L2 listening and reading.
Mechanistic basis of Rho GTPase-induced extracellular matrix synthesis in trabecular meshwork cells (2009)

Elevated intraocular pressure arising from impaired aqueous humor drainage through the trabecular pathway is a major risk factor for glaucoma. To understand the molecular basis for Rho GTPase-mediated resistance to aqueous humor drainage, we investigated the possible interrelationship between actomyosin contractile properties and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells expressing a constitutively active form of RhoA (RhoAV14). TM cells expressing RhoAV14 exhibited significant increases in fibronectin, tenascin C, laminin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) levels, and matrix assembly in association with increased actin stress fibers and myosin light-chain phosphorylation. RhoAV14-induced changes in ECM synthesis and actin cytoskeletal reorganization were mimicked by lysophosphatidic acid and TGF-beta(2), known to increase resistance to aqueous humor outflow and activate Rho/Rho kinase signaling. RhoAV14, lysophosphatidic acid, and TGF-beta(2) stimulated significant increases in Erk1/2 phosphorylation, paralleled by profound increases in fibronectin, serum response factor (SRF), and alpha-SMA expression. Treatment of RhoA-activated TM cells with inhibitors of Rho kinase or Erk, on the other hand, decreased fibronectin and alpha-SMA levels. Although suppression of SRF expression (both endogenous and RhoA, TGF-beta(2)-stimulated) via the use of short hairpin RNA decreased alpha-SMA levels, fibronectin was unaffected. Conversely, fibronectin induced alpha-SMA expression in an SRF-dependent manner. Collectively, data on RhoA-induced changes in actomyosin contractile activity, ECM synthesis/assembly, and Erk activation, along with fibronectin-induced alpha-SMA expression in TM cells, reveal a potential molecular interplay between actomyosin cytoskeletal tension and ECM synthesis/assembly. This interaction could be significant for the homeostasis of aqueous humor drainage through the pressure-sensitive trabecular pathway.
Long-Lived Positron Emitters Zirconium-89 and Iodine-124 for Scouting of Therapeutic Radioimmunoconjugates with PET (2003)

Antibody-PET imaging might be of value for the selection of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) candidates to confirm tumor targeting and to estimate radiation doses to tumor and normal tissues. One of the requirements to be set for such a scouting procedure is that the biodistributions of the diagnostic and therapeutic radioimmunoconjugates should be similar. In the present study we evaluated the potential of the positron emitters zirconium-89 ((89)Zr) and iodine-124 ((124)I) for this approach, as these radionuclides have a relatively long half-life that matches with the kinetics of MAbs in vivo (t(1/2) 3.27 and 4.18 days, respectively). After radiolabeling of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)-selective chimeric antibody (cMAb) U36, the biodistribution of two diagnostic (cMAb U36-N-sucDf-(89)Zr and cMAb U36-(124)I) and three therapeutic radioimmunoconjugates (cMAb U36-p-SCN-Bz-DOTA-(88)Y-with (88)Y being substitute for (90)Y, cMAb U36-(131)I, and cMAb U36-MAG3-(186)Re) was assessed in mice with HNSCC-xenografts, at 24, 48, and 72 hours after injection. Two patterns of biodistribution were observed, one pattern matching for (89)Zr- and (88)Y-labeled cMAb U36 and one pattern matching for (124)I-, (131)I-, and (186)Re-cMAb U36. The most remarkable differences between both patterns were observed for uptake in tumor and liver. Tumor uptake levels were 23.2 +/- 0.5 and 24.1 +/- 0.7%ID/g for the (89)Zr- and (88)Y-cMAb U36 and 16.0 +/- 0.8, 15.7 +/- 0.79 and 17.1 +/- 1.6%ID/g for (124)I-, (131)I-, and (186)Re-cMAb U36-conjugates, respectively, at 72 hours after injection. For liver these values were 6.9 +/- 0.8 ((89)Zr), 6.2 +/- 0.8 ((88)Y), 1.7 +/- 0.1 ((124)I), 1.6 +/- 0.1 ((131)I), and 2.3 +/- 0.1 ((186)Re), respectively. These preliminary data justify the further development of antibody-PET with (89)Zr-labeled MAbs for scouting of therapeutic doses of (90)Y-labeled MAbs. In such approach (124)I-labeled MAbs are most suitable for scouting of (131)I- and (186)Re-labeled MAbs.
Vegetative and Reproductive Response of Olive Cultivars to Moderate Saline Water Irrigation (2008)

Selected superior olive cultivars cultivated on a large scale in various countries in the Mediterranean region were tested in a special saline irrigation experimental plot established in 1997 in the center of the semiarid Israeli Negev area. The plot comprised two subplots containing the same 12 olive cultivars in a mirror image design. One subplot was drip-irrigated with tap water (1.2 dS·m −1 ) and the second with moderate saline water (4.2 dS·m −1 ). All cultivation practices applied to the two subplots were similar in terms of fertilization, irrigation, soil leaching, and so on. The present study summarizes the vegetative and reproductive response of the tested olive cultivar trees during the 5 years after they reached maturation and full yield. Evaluation of trunk growth, olive yield, oil percentage, olive oil yield, and fatty acid composition of the oil, sodium and chloride leaf levels, and soil fractions up to 90 cm enabled characterization and comparison of the horticultural performance of the various olive cultivars intensively cultivated with the two tested irrigation treatments. The data clearly showed a significant difference between the tested cultivars in terms of growth, yield, and oil parameters. Grouping the tested cultivars in terms of olive oil production yielded the following three groups: Group A—‘Barnea’, ‘Maalot’, and ‘Picholin’—their average oil yield ranged from 8 to 10 kg/tree; Group B—‘Souri’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Arbequina’, ‘Picual’, ‘Kalamata’, ‘Koroneiki’, and ‘Picholin di Morroco’—their average oil yield ranged from 5 to 8 kg/tree; and Group C—‘Picudo’—ranged from 3 to 4 kg/tree. Saline irrigation treatment at 4.2 dS·m −1 demonstrated only a low rate of retardation effect on growth or yield of olive trees compared with water at 1.2 dS·m −1 of the same cultivar in each subplot. The data obtained from the present study suggest that efficient productive cultivation of mature olive cultivars in Israeli Negev semiarid conditions, irrigated with moderate saline water, is closely related to proper soil leaching methodology and maintaining the soil electrical conductivity level in the root zone in a range lower than 6 dS·m −1 .
Effect of load on detecting mechanical faults in small induction motors (2003)

Mechanical conditions, such as load unbalance and shaft misalignment in induction motors can be detected by monitoring specific components in the stator current frequency spectrum. Previous work tested these mechanical conditions for the cases of no-load and full-load conditions in small induction motors, assuming that the effect of load on the detection scheme between these two conditions is linear. This paper examines the effect of changing the load of the motor on detecting these mechanical conditions in both the current and vibration spectra. The paper shows that the spectral components associated with mechanical conditions do not always linearly change as the load varies. It shows that other factors, such as mechanical resonance in the coupled systems, affect these spectral components. Experimental results for testing different types of mechanical faults, with the load changing from no-load to full-load, are shown.
Dual-parabolic modeling of the superior and the inferior temporal arcades in fundus images of the retina (2011)

Monitoring the openness of the inferior and the superior temporal arcades (ITA and STA) in retinal fundus images and how they change over time can facilitate improved diagnosis and optimized treatment of myopia and retinopathy of prematurity. We propose methods for the detection and modeling of the ITA and the STA, including Gabor filters to detect retinal vessels, and the generalized Hough transform to detect and parameterize semi-parabolic forms. Results obtained with 40 images of the DRIVE database, compared with traces of the temporal arcade drawn by an expert ophthalmologist, indicate a low mean distance to the closest point error of 12.33 pixels (0.25 mm). The proposed methods should facilitate quantitative analysis of the ITA and the STA and overcome limitations associated with subjective manual analysis.
Efficiency Enhancement of Single Junction GAAS Solar Cells using Strain-Balanced Quantum Well Structures Under Concentration (2006)

GaAs based strain-balanced quantum well solar cells (SB-QWSCs) have been shown to enhance efficiency compared to a bulk control cell, if the overall photocurrent increase is not offset by the reduction in open-circuit voltage. Here we demonstrate the performance of QWSC in light fluxes of up to 400 suns equivalent. The QWSC maintains additivity (the total current is the sum of dark current and the photocurrent) at these concentration levels and we demonstrate an efficiency of 27.0% at 328 suns for a SB-QWSC under the low aerosol optical density spectrum (AOD). The SB-QWSC is a p-i-n structure with 50 In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.1</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.9</sub> As wells in the i-region and a 20 period staircase distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) optimized to reflect light in the stop-band range of (880-930) nm. The entire device is grown monolithically in a robot-loading 7times2 Thomas Swan Shower-Head Reactor recently commissioned at the University of Sheffield
Re-Engineering Simulation: Managing Complexity and Complexification in Reservoir Projects (1998)

Summary Managing complexity and technological complexification is a necessity in today's business environment. This paper outlines a method to increase value addition significantly by multidisciplinary reservoir studies. In this context, value addition refers to a positive impact on a business decision. The approach ensures a level of complexification in line both with business questions at hand and the realities of reservoirs. Sparse well control, seismic uncertainties, imperfect geologic models, time constraints, software viruses, and computing hardware limitations represent some common reservoir realities. The process model detailed in the paper uses these apparent shortcomings to moderate (i.e., guide) the level of complexification. Several project examples illustrate the implementation of the process model. The paper is an extension of three previous investigations1–3 that deal with issues of method and uncertainty in reservoir-performance forecasting.
Development of primers for amplifying genes encoding CprA- and PceA-like reductive dehalogenases in anaerobic microbial consortia, dechlorinating trichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichloropropane (2001)

Gene sequence alignments of the reductive dehalogenases PceA (Dehalospirillum multivorans) and CprA (Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans) were used to develop specific PCR primers binding to conserved regions of these sequences. These primers enabled us to amplify and subsequently sequence cprA-like gene fragments from the chlororespiring species Dehalobacter restrictus, Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE1, and D. hafniense. No specific amplicons were obtained from the chlororespiring species D. frappieri, D. chlororespirans, and Desulfomonile tiedjei. Furthermore, we were able to amplify and sequence cprA/pceA-like gene fragments from both trichlorobenzene (TCB)- and 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP)-dechlorinating microbial consortia using the novel primers. Subsequent sequence analysis of the fragments obtained from the microbial consortia revealed a group of four clusters (I-IV). Of these, clusters I and II showed the highest similarities to the cprA-like gene of Dehalobacter restrictus (79.0 and 96.2%, respectively). Cluster III comprised cprA-like sequences found in both the TCB- and the DCP-dechlorinating consortia, whereas sequences of cluster IV were most similar to the pceA gene of Dehalospirillum multivorans (97.8%). Our detection of genes encoding reductive dehalogenases, the key enzymes of chlororespiration, supports the hypothesis that reductive dechlorination of TCB and DCP occurs via a respiratory pathway.
Application of ultrasound in distinguishing the incipient microtumor from inherent lymph nodes of the parotid glands (2023)

US and USFNA can be helpful in classifying the origins of parotid microtumors. US-FNA carries the risk of producing false negative results specifically for microtumors originating from salivary glands, but not lymphoid tissue. The diagnostic workflow, which incorporates both US and USFNA, assists in determining the clinical decision for diagnosing and managing parotid microtumors.
A GpC-Rich Oligonucleotide Acts on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells To Promote Immune Suppression (2012)

Short synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) rich in CpG or GpG motifs have been considered as potential modulators of immunity in clinical settings. In this study, we show that a synthetic GpC-ODN conferred highly suppressive activity on mouse splenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells, demonstrable in vivo in a skin test assay. The underlying mechanism involved signaling by noncanonical NF-κB family members and TGF-β-dependent expression of the immunoregulatory enzyme IDO. Unlike CpG-ODNs, the effects of GpC-ODN required TLR7/TRIF-mediated but not TLR9/MyD88-mediated events, as do sensing of viral ssRNA and the drug imiquimod. Induction of IDO by a GpC-containing ODN could also be demonstrated in human dendritic cells, allowing those cells to assist FOXP3+ T cell generation in vitro. Among potentially therapeutic ODNs, this study identifies GpC-rich sequences as novel activators of TLR7-mediated, IDO-dependent regulatory responses.
Studies on the syntheses of analgesics. XLVI. An abnormal hofmann degradation of N-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-benzazocinium halides (Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. DCLXVIII). (1976)

N-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)-3-benzazocine (II) and its similar compounds (I, III, and IV) were prepared by two routes, and selective N-debenzylation of the quaternary salts (II and III) of the benzazocines (VIII and IX) was achieved under a Hofmann degradation condition to give pentazocine (V). A normal Hofmann degradation is also described.
Effect of rare-earth atomic radius on the devitrification of Al88RE8Ni4amorphous alloys (2000)

Abstract To find a suitable Al-rich (>80 at.%) Al—RE—TM (RE = rare-earth, TM = transition metal) amorphous alloy for nucleation and growth studies, a series of Al88(GD1—x Er x )8Ni4 and Al88(La1—x Gd x )8Ni4alloys has been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The alloys containing the smaller radius rare-earth atoms (≤ 1.8013 Å, i.e., Al88(Gd1—x Er x )8Ni4 for all x) produce fcc Al nanocrystals on devitrification. However, they do not show a glass transition temperature (T g), although they appear to be amorphous by XRD and show a peak in isothermal DSC during devitrification, characteristics of a transformation by nucleation and growth. By contrast, the alloys containing the larger radius rare-earth atoms (≥1.811 Å) show a well-defined T g and a peak in isothermal DSC, characteristics of a true amorphous alloy. However, only over a limited radius range (1.811 Å ≤ average rare-earth radius ≤ 1.821 A, corresponding to Al88La1Gd7Ni4 and Al88La2Gd6Ni4, respectively), do they produce fcc Al nanocrystals; for the larger radius rare-earth atoms. metastable intermetallic phases are formed. These results demonstrate an unambiguous correlation between the average rare-earth atomic radius, glass formation, and the devitrification behaviour of Al—RE—TM alloys.
Optimizing Aircraft Trajectories with Multiple Cruise Altitudes in the Presence of Winds (2014)

This study develops a trajectory-optimization algorithm for approximately minimizing aircraft travel time and fuel burn by combining a method for computing minimum-time routes in winds on multiple horizontal planes and an aircraft fuel burn model for generating fuel-optimal vertical profiles. It is applied to assess the potential benefits of flying user-preferred routes for commercial cargo flights operating between Anchorage, Alaska and major airports in Asia and the contiguous United States. Flying wind-optimal trajectories with a fuel-optimal vertical profile reduces average fuel burn of international flights cruising at a single altitude by 1–3%. The potential fuel savings of performing en route step climbs are not significant for many shorter domestic cargo flights that have only one step climb. Wind-optimal trajectories reduce fuel burn and travel time relative to the flight-plan route by up to 3% for the domestic cargo flights. However, for transoceanic traffic, the fuel burn savings could be as much as 10%. The actual savings in operations will vary from the simulation results due to differences in the aircraft models and user-defined cost indices. In general, the savings are proportional to trip length, and depend on the en route wind conditions and aircraft types.