gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Meeting ISO 8178 Requirements for the Measurement of Diesel Particulates with Partial-Flow Dilution Systems (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The ISO 8178 Draft for Particulate Measurement of Off-Highway Diesel engines specifies partial-flow dilution systems as the preferred measurement equipment. Two critical points of such systems are presented in this paper:&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;First, the correct implementation and/or determination of exhaust sampling and dilution ratio within the accuracy limits of ISO 8178.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Second, the influence of size, length and temperature conditioning of the transfer tube and tunnel on particulate formation, deposition and re-entrainment.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;As a result of our investigations, recommendations for the proper layout of a partial-flow dilution system are given. Such a system will yield particulate emission values closely following the values obtained with a full-flow CVS system, where engine size permits the comparison. Where the engine size precludes the full-flow dilution, a particulate test equipment with proven correlation to a CVS system should be used&lt;/div&gt;
Switchable wettability of vertical Si nanowire array surface by simple contact-printing of siloxane oligomers and chemical washing (2012)

The wettability of a vertical Si nanowire (SiNW) array surface, prepared by a metal-assisted chemical etching technique, has been systematically investigated. The simple contact printing of siloxane oligomers has converted a SiNW array surface from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic. In addition to the contact-printing time of siloxane oligomers, the nanowire length and its aggregation or bundling state have been found to have a profound effect on the wettability. The superhydrophobic state of the SiNWs with printed siloxane oligomers has shown long-term stability, even after prolonged dipping in water. Furthermore, the wettability could be switched reversibly many times, i.e., from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic or vice versa, by the simple contact printing of siloxane oligomers and chemical washing with sulfuric acid repeatedly. The demonstrated reversible switching of the SiNWs’ surface wettability may be very helpful in many applications.
Cholesterol Mass Efflux Capacity, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and Progression of Carotid Plaque (2018)

Objective- To assess the role of HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-mediated cholesterol mass efflux capacity (CMEC) in incident cardiovascular disease and carotid plaque progression. Approach and Results- We measured CMEC in 2 cohorts aged 45 to 84 years at baseline derived from the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Cohort 1 comprised 465 cases with incident cardiovascular disease events during 10 years of follow-up and 465 age- and sex-matched controls; cohort 2 comprised 407 cases with progression of carotid plaque measured by ultrasonography at 2 exams >10 years and 407 similarly matched controls. Covariates and outcome events were ascertained according to the MESA protocol. CMEC level was modestly correlated with HDL cholesterol ( R=0.13; P<0.001) but was not associated with age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use, smoking status, or statin use. Higher CMEC level was significantly associated with lower odds of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio, 0.82 per SD of CMEC [95% CI, 0.69-0.98; P=0.031] in the fully adjusted model) in cohort 1 but higher odds of carotid plaque progression (odds ratio, 1.24 per SD of CMEC [95% CI, 1.04-1.48; P=0.018] in the fully adjusted model) in cohort 2 but without dose-response effect. In subgroup analysis within cohort 1, higher CMEC was associated with lower risk of incident coronary heart disease events (odds ratio, 0.72 per SD of CMEC (95% CI, 0.5-0.91; P=0.007) while no association was found with stroke events. Conclusions- These findings support a role for HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux in an atheroprotective mechanism for coronary heart disease but not stroke.
“MRI Stealth” robot for prostate interventions (2007)

The paper reports an important achievement in MRI instrumentation, a pneumatic, fully actuated robot located within the scanner alongside the patient and operating under remote control based on the images. Previous MRI robots commonly used piezoelectric actuation limiting their compatibility. Pneumatics is an ideal choice for MRI compatibility because it is decoupled from electromagnetism, but pneumatic actuators were hardly controllable. This achievement was possible due to a recent technology breakthrough, the invention of a new type of pneumatic motor, PneuStep 1, designed for the robot reported here with uncompromised MRI compatibility, high-precision, and medical safety. MrBot is one of the "MRI stealth" robots today (the second is described in this issue by Zangos et al.). Both of these systems are also multi-imager compatible, being able to operate with the imager of choice or cross-imaging modalities. For MRI compatibility the robot is exclusively constructed of nonmagnetic and dielectric materials such as plastics, ceramics, crystals, rubbers and is electricity free. Light-based encoding is used for feedback, so that all electric components are distally located outside the imager's room. MRI robots are modern, digital medical instruments in line with advanced imaging equipment and methods. These allow for accessing patients within closed bore scanners and performing interventions under direct (in scanner) imaging feedback. MRI robots could allow e.g. to biopsy small lesions imaged with cutting edge cancer imaging methods, or precisely deploy localized therapy at cancer foci. Our robot is the first to show the feasibility of fully automated in-scanner interventions. It is customized for the prostate and operates transperineally for needle interventions. It can accommodate various needle drivers for different percutaneous procedures such as biopsy, thermal ablations, or brachytherapy. The first needle driver is customized for fully automated low-dose radiation seed brachytherapy. This paper gives an introduction to the challenges of MRI robot compatibility and presents the solutions adopted in making the MrBot. Its multi-imager compatibility and other preclinical tests are included. The robot shows the technical feasibility of MRI-guided prostate interventions, yet its clinical utility is still to be determined.
Nonlinear vibration and radiation from a panel with transition to chaos (1992)

The dynamic response of an aircraft panel forced at resonance and off-resonance by plane acoustic waves at normal incidence is investigated experimentally and numerically. Linear, nonlinear (period doubling), and chaotic responses are obtained by increasing the sound pressure level of the excitation. The response time history is sensitive to the input level and to the frequency of excitation. The change in response behavior is due to a change in input conditions, triggered either naturally or by modulation of the bandwidth of the incident waves. Off-resonance bifurcation is diffused and difficult to maintain; thus the panel response drifts into a linear behavior. The acoustic pressure emanated by the panel is either linear or nonlinear as is the vibration response. The nonlinear effects accumulate during the propagation with distance. Results are also obtained on the control of the panel response using damping tape on an aluminum panel and a graphite epoxy panel having the same size and weight. Good agreement is obtained betwen the experimental and numerical results.
Polylactones, 56. ABA Triblock Copolymers Derived fromɛ-Caprolactone orL-Lactide and a Central Polysiloxane Block (2001)

A commercial oligosiloxane having two γ-hydroxypropyl endgroups and a number-average molecular weight (M̄n) around 1 000 Da was condensed with Bu2Sn(OMe)2 yielding tin-containing macrocycles but no polymers. These macrocycles reacted with γ-thiobutyrolactone by insertion of one thiolactone per Sn—O bond. When ε-caprolactone was added a ring-expansion polymerization was initiated, so that the M̄n could be controlled via the monomer/initiator (M/I) ratio. Triblock copolymers with free OH endgroups were obtained by removal of the Bu2Sn group from the cyclic polymers with 1,2-dimercaptoethane or methanol. Analogous cyclic and linear triblockcopolymers were prepared from L-lactide.
Proteins in Synthetic Biology with Agricultural and Environmental Applications (2022)

Synthetic biology tools have become increasingly prevalent as we look to nature for biological approaches to complex problems. With an ever-growing global population, issues of food safety and security, as well as addressing pollution and striving for sustainability are of the utmost importance. In this review, we first highlight synthetic biology techniques such as directed evolution as a toolset for protein engineering and show direct applications for food safety and security. Moreover, we offer an introduction to creative approaches for biosensor design and development and spotlight a few innovative examples. Finally, we address biomanufacturing with direct applications, as well as biomanufacturing to improve natural processes.
Radical Chemistry and Cytotoxicity of Bioreductive 3-Substituted Quinoxaline Di-N-Oxides (2016)

The radical chemistry and cytotoxicity of a series of quinoxaline di-N-oxide (QDO) compounds has been investigated to explore the mechanism of action of this class of bioreductive drugs. A series of water-soluble 3-trifluoromethyl (4-10), 3-phenyl (11-19), and 3-methyl (20-21) substituted QDO compounds were designed to span a range of electron affinities consistent with bioreduction. The stoichiometry of loss of QDOs by steady-state radiolysis of anaerobic aqueous formate buffer indicated that one-electron reduction of QDOs generates radicals able to initiate chain reactions by oxidation of formate. The 3-trifluoromethyl analogues exhibited long chain reactions consistent with the release of the HO(•), as identified in EPR spin trapping experiments. Several carbon-centered radical intermediates, produced by anaerobic incubation of the QDO compounds with N-terminal truncated cytochrome P450 reductase (POR), were characterized using N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) and 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO) spin traps and were observed by EPR. Experimental data were well simulated for the production of strongly oxidizing radicals, capable of H atom abstraction from methyl groups. The kinetics of formation and decay of the radicals produced following one-electron reduction of the parent compounds, both in oxic and anoxic solutions, were determined using pulse radiolysis. Back oxidation of the initially formed radical anions by molecular oxygen did not compete effectively with the breakdown of the radical anions to form oxidizing radicals. The QDO compounds displayed low hypoxic selectivity when tested against oxic and hypoxic cancer cell lines in vitro. The results from this study form a kinetic description and explanation of the low hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of QDOs against cancer cells compared to the related benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (BTO) class of compounds.
Intelligent Tracking Teaching System based on monocular active vision (2013)

Teacher detection and tracking is the most important and fundamental functionality in the implementation of the Intelligent Tracking Teaching System (ITTS). In order to track teacher's movement in real-time, face tracking in rostrum region is initiated by the normalized size face adaboost detection followed with the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm based on HSV color space and prediction of face position. The split line and position-based visual servo were adopted to realize the tracking strategy, which is trying to keep the teacher in the middle of image by controlling pan/tilt/zoom monocular camera in either rostrum region or classroom region. Furthermore, the student camera will adaptive pan/tilt during the interaction process between teacher and students, and a real-time display on the GUI window is given. The experiment results demonstrated fast and extremely smooth pursuit for teacher's motion despite time-varying variation in illumination, with sustained robustness to the change of pose (e.g., from frontal face to nearly back of head).
A new familial disease of saccadic oscillations and limb tremor provides clues to mechanisms of common tremor disorders (2007)

Tremor disorders pose fundamental questions about disease mechanisms, and challenges to successful neurotherapeutics: What causes motor circuits to oscillate in disorders in which the central nervous system otherwise seems normal? How does inheritance 'determine' the clinical phenotype in familial tremor disorders? Here, we address these questions. Analogies between the neural circuits controlling rapid eye movements (saccades) and those controlling limb movements allow us to translate the interpretations from the saccadic systems to the limb movement system. Moreover, the relatively well understood neurophysiology of the ocular motor system offers a unique opportunity to test specific hypotheses about normal and abnormal motor control of both eye and limb movements. We describe a new familial disorder--'micro-saccadic oscillations and limb tremor (microSOLT)'--in a mother and daughter who had tiny saccadic oscillations of the eyes and tremor of the hands. This unique oscillatory movement disorder resembles other common tremor disorders (such as essential tremor) that occur in patients who have an otherwise normally functioning central nervous system. We hypothesize that microSOLT is caused by an inherited abnormality that results in abnormal membrane properties causing reduced external inhibition in the premotor neurons that generate the high-frequency discharge (burst) for saccades and for ballistic limb movements. To test this hypothesis, we recorded hand tremor and eye movements in two patients with microSOLT and particularly during natural circumstances when inhibition of the premotor saccadic burst neurons is removed (e.g. eye closure). We then simulated a conductance-based model for the premotor commands which included excitatory and reciprocally inhibitory burst neurons. The structure of this physiologically realistic model was based upon known cell types and anatomical connections in the brainstem (for saccades) and the thalamus (for limb movements). The physiological phenomenon of post-inhibitory rebound in premotor burst neurons makes the circuit inherently unstable and prone to oscillate unless prevented by external inhibition. Indeed, with simulated reduction of external inhibition (in this case glycinergic), saccadic oscillations and limb tremor were reproduced. Our results suggest that a single-inherited deficit can alter membrane properties, which impairs inhibition in an inherently unstable neural circuit causing the eye and limb oscillations in microSOLT. This concept has broad implications for understanding the mechanism and designing rationale pharmacotherapy for abnormal oscillations and may be applicable to other common disorders in which there are no structural abnormalities in the brain such as essential tremor.
Neuroimaging of a novel mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease: The hAβKI mouse. (2023)

Mouse models of Alzheimer&amp;rsquo;s disease (AD) currently do not recapitulate accurately the human disease. The MODEL-AD consortium has recently developed new mouse models of AD, including the human amyloid &amp;beta; knockin (hA&amp;beta;KI) mouse. Using high resolution diffusion MRI (dMRI) we examined regional changes in the hA&amp;beta;KI male and female mouse across its lifespan (4-18mo). Sex and regional differences were apparent with age, including reduced diffusion metrics in the hippocampus, that mirrored altered learning and memory. Preclinical MR phenotyping allows for cross-species comparisons for biomarker identification.
QoS-enabled distributed access on optical Burst-Switched networks (2010)

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) has been proposed as an efficient technology to cope with the ever increasing bursty traffic on the Internet. The emergence of a broad range of network-driven applications (e.g. multimedia, online gaming) introduces the need for a network environment able to provide service with different Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. Burst loss probability, as one of the main QoS metrics on bufferless OBS networks, plays a considerable role on providing a network service with a particular level of QoS. In this paper, a novel MAC based protocol is proposed to support multiple QoS levels on OBS networks without wavelength conversion. It has been evaluated through extensive simulations and its simplistic form makes it very promising. Results indicate that the protocol can clearly provide a relative differentiation of services and guarantee null (or negligible) burst loss probability for a wide network (or offered) load range and, finally, low access delay for the highest priority traffic.
Growth Response of Metarhizium anisopliae to Two Formosan Subterranean Termite Nest Volatiles, Naphthalene and Fenchone (2000)

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin was investigated as a control agent against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Metarhizium anisopliae is a known insect pathogen and its effectiveness against termite species has been demonstrated. Use of this fungus in an integrated pest management scheme may be effective. In order to function in this manner, M. anisopliae must withstand the environment of a Formosan subterranean termite nest, including the presence of the volatile chemicals naphthalene and fenchone. These chemicals have been identified from Formosan termite nests, but their significance, if any, in a termite society is unknown. In this study M. anisopliae strain ESC1 was exposed to several concentrations of naphthalene, (+)fenchone and (-)fenchone to determine when significant inhibition of growth occurs. Fungi were exposed to the specified amount of volatile chemical in individual Petri dishes, and incubated in sealed environmental chambers. Metarhizium anisopliae grown in Petri dishes containing 0.1 mg, 1 mg and 10 mg of naphthalene exhibited 0%, 30% and 80% inhibition of radial growth, respectively, when compared to an unexposed control. Exposure to 1 μL, 10 μL and 100 μL of (-)fenchone resulted in 6%, 28% and 100% inhibition, respectively. Exposure to 1 μL, 10 μL and 100 μL of (+)fenchone resulted in 17%, 22% and 100% inhibition, respectively. Once inhibition rates were established for the individual chemicals, M. anisopliae was exposed to combinations of naphthalene and fenchone. These combinations did not result in significantly more inhibition than the individual volatiles.
Copolymerization of Ethylene and 1-Hexene via Polymethylene Bridged Cationic Dinuclear Constrained Geometry Catalysts (2007)

We have prepared the dinuclear half-sandwich CGC(constrained geometry catalyst) with polymethylene bridge (Zr((η 5 :η 1 -C9H5SiMe2NCMe3)Me2)2 ((CH2)n) (n=6(4), 9(5), 12(6)) by treating 2 equivalents of MeLi with the corresponding dichlorides compounds. To study the catalytic behavior of the dinuclear catalysts we conducted copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene in the presence of three kinds of boron cocatalysts, Ph3C + (B(C6F5)4) - (B1), B(C6F5)3 (B3), and Ph3C + ((C6F5)3B-C6F4- B(C6F5)3) 2- (B2). It turned out that all active species formed by the combination of three dinuclear CGCs with three cocatalyst were very efficient catalysts for the polymerization of olefins. The activities increase as the bridge length of the dinuclear CGCs increases. At the same time the dinuclear cocatalyst exhibited the lowest activity among three cocatalysts. The prime observation is that the dinuclear cocatalyst gave rise to the formation of the copolymers with the least branches on the polyethylene backbone.
Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation (2004)

Conventional power distribution system is radial in nature, characterized by a single source feeding a network of down-stream feeders. Protection scheme for distribution system, primarily consisting of fuses and reclosers and in some cases, relays, has traditionally been designed assuming the system to be radial. After connecting distributed generation (DG), part of the system may no longer be radial, which means the coordination might not hold. The effect of DG on coordination will depend on size, type and placement of DG. This paper explores the effect of high DG penetration on protective device coordination and suggests an adaptive protection scheme as a solution to the problems identified. Results of implementation of this scheme on a simulated actual distribution feeder are reported.
Applying phase retrieval techniques to infrared spectrometer alignment (2006)

We have developed a test method using parametric phase retrieval to estimate the wavefront of a cryogenic infrared spectrometer. The phase retrieval algorithm accounts for optical system obscurations, apodization, noisy detector pixels, polychromatic sources, and spectrometer dispersion. This tool was used in establishing the optimal alignment and focus for a two channel infrared spectrometer operating in a cryogenic environment. This paper provides an overview of the technique and test implementation.
Intracellular pH regulation in the S3 segment of the rabbit proximal tubule in HCO3- -free solutions. (1988)

We used the absorbance spectrum of 4',5'-dimethyl-5-(and 6) carboxyfluorescein to measure intracellular pH (pHi) in the isolated, perfused S3 segment of the rabbit proximal tubule. Experiments were conducted in HCO3- -free solutions. pHi recovered from an acid load imposed by an NH4+ prepulse, indicating the presence of one or more active acid-extrusion mechanisms. Removal of Na+ from bath and lumen caused pHi to decrease by approximately 0.6, whereas Na+ readdition caused complete pHi recovery. Removal of Na+ from the bath caused only a slow pHi decrease that was enhanced about fourfold when Na+ was subsequently removed from the lumen also. Similarly, the pHi recovery produced by the readdition of Na+ to the bath and lumen was about ninefold faster than when Na+ was returned to the bath only. Amiloride (1-2 mM) inhibited the pHi recovery that was elicited by returning 15 or 29 mM Na+ to lumen by only approximately 30%. However, in the absence of external acetate (Ac-), 1 mM amiloride inhibited approximately 66% of the pHi recovery induced by the readdition of 29 mM Na+ to the lumen only. The removal of external Ac- reduced the pHi recovery rate from an NH4+-induced acid load by approximately 47%, and that elicited by Na+ readdition, by approximately 67%. Finally, when bilateral removal of Na+ was maintained for several minutes, pHi recovered from the initial acidification, slowly at first, and then more rapidly, eventually reaching a pHi approximately 0.1 higher than the initial one. This Na+-independent pHi recovery was not significantly affected by lowering [HEPES]o from 32 to 3 mM or by adding N'N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (10(-4) M) to the lumen, but it was reduced approximately 57% by iodoacetate (0.5 mM) plus cyanide (1 mM). We conclude that in the nominal absence of HCO3-, three transport systems contribute to acid extrusion by S3 cells: (a) a Na+-independent mechanism, possibly an H+ pump; (b) a Na-H exchanger, confined primarily to the luminal membrane; and (c) an Ac- and luminal Na+-dependent mechanism. The contribution of these three mechanisms to total acid extrusion, assessed by the rapid readdition of Na+, was approximately 13, approximately 30, and approximately 57%, respectively.