gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical properties of Te-implanted GaAs (1976)

Tellurium was implanted into Cr-doped GaAs at 250 °C to a dose of 1013 or 1014 Te/cm2 at 120 keV. Sheet-resistivity and Hall-effect measurements were made on the samples for annealing temperatures up to 900 °C. From the temperature dependence of the sheet resistivity, the conduction mechanism of as-implanted samples was found to be due to thermally assisted tunneling in disordered semiconductors. The very small activation energy of &amp;lt;0.1 meV obtained from the sheet-resistivity curves for isochronal annealing temperatures of ≲200 °C indicates that formation of an amorphous layer has been prevented and that the samples have undergone no epitaxial recrystallization. Annealing at ?600 °C produced n-type conductivity with the maximum effective bulk concentration being ∼1018 electrons/cm3 for the 1014 Te/cm2 sample annealed at 800 °C. However, the electrical compensation remained high (NA/ND ?0.6) for annealing temperatures ranging from 600 to 900 °C, the compensating centers being of the VGaTe-complex type. The temperature dependence of the electrical characteristics for well-annealed samples resembled that of bulk material. However, a somewhat larger value of donor ionization energy (∼7 meV) was obtained for the 1013 Te/cm2 sample annealed at 800 °C; this value may arise from the profiling effects.
Phosphatidylserine Stimulation of Drs2p·Cdc50p Lipid Translocase Dephosphorylation Is Controlled by Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (2012)

Here, Drs2p, a yeast lipid translocase that belongs to the family of P(4)-type ATPases, was overexpressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae together with Cdc50p, its glycosylated partner, as a result of the design of a novel co-expression vector. The resulting high yield allowed us, using crude membranes or detergent-solubilized membranes, to measure the formation from [γ-(32)P]ATP of a (32)P-labeled transient phosphoenzyme at the catalytic site of Drs2p. Formation of this phosphoenzyme could be detected only if Cdc50p was co-expressed with Drs2p but was not dependent on full glycosylation of Cdc50p. It was inhibited by orthovanadate and fluoride compounds. In crude membranes, the phosphoenzyme formed at steady state at 4 °C displayed ADP-insensitive but temperature-sensitive decay. Solubilizing concentrations of dodecyl maltoside left this decay rate almost unaltered, whereas several other detergents accelerated it. Unexpectedly, the dephosphorylation rate for the solubilized Drs2p·Cdc50p complex was inhibited by the addition of phosphatidylserine. Phosphatidylserine exerted its anticipated accelerating effect on the dephosphorylation of Drs2p·Cdc50p complex only in the additional presence of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate. These results explain why phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate tightly controls Drs2p-catalyzed lipid transport and establish the functional relevance of the Drs2p·Cdc50p complex overexpressed here.
Current-Distance Relationships for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Localization (2010)

Cathodic stimulation may produce conduction block at close tip-to-nerve distances. In contrast, anodic stimulation elicited output characteristics that were predictable and more suitable for nerve localization. We believe anodic stimulation is a viable option at near-nerve distances, despite the increased current requirements. This hypothesis is a paradigm shift in stimulation nerve localization, which conventionally has been cathode based. The hypothesis should be clinically validated.
Apolipoprotein A-I Attenuates Palmitate-Mediated NF-κB Activation by Reducing Toll-Like Receptor-4 Recruitment into Lipid Rafts (2012)

While high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known to protect against a wide range of inflammatory stimuli, its anti-inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood. Furthermore, HDL's protective effects against saturated dietary fats have not been previously described. In this study, we used endothelial cells to demonstrate that while palmitic acid activates NF-κB signaling, apolipoprotein A-I, (apoA-I), the major protein component of HDL, attenuates palmitate-induced NF-κB activation. Further, vascular NF-κB signaling (IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α) and macrophage markers (CD68, CD11c) induced by 24 weeks of a diabetogenic diet containing cholesterol (DDC) is reduced in human apoA-I overexpressing transgenic C57BL/6 mice compared to age-matched WT controls. Moreover, WT mice on DDC compared to a chow diet display increased gene expression of lipid raft markers such as Caveolin-1 and Flotillin-1, and inflammatory Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR2, TLR4) in the vasculature. However apoA-I transgenic mice on DDC show markedly reduced expression of these genes. Finally, we show that in endothelial cells TLR4 is recruited into lipid rafts in response to palmitate, and that apoA-I prevents palmitate-induced TLR4 trafficking into lipid rafts, thereby blocking NF-κB activation. Thus, apoA-I overexpression might be a useful therapeutic tool against vascular inflammation.
The face of Noonan syndrome: Does phenotype predict genotype (2010)

The facial photographs of 81 individuals with Noonan syndrome, from infancy to adulthood, have been evaluated by two dysmorphologists (JA and MZ), each of whom has considerable experience with disorders of the Ras/MAPK pathway. Thirty-two of this cohort have PTPN11 mutations, 21 SOS1 mutations, 11 RAF1 mutations, and 17 KRAS mutations. The facial appearance of each person was judged to be typical of Noonan syndrome or atypical. In each gene category both typical and unusual faces were found. We determined that some individuals with mutations in the most commonly affected gene, PTPN11, which is correlated with the cardinal physical features, may have a quite atypical face. Conversely, some individuals with KRAS mutations, which may be associated with a less characteristic intellectual phenotype and a resemblance to Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes, can have a very typical face. Thus, the facial phenotype, alone, is insufficient to predict the genotype, but certain facial features may facilitate an educated guess in some cases.
Interferon messenger RNA content of human fibroblasts during induction, shutoff, and superinduction of interferon production (1977)

Translation of injected mRNA in oocytes of Xenopus laevis has been used as a highly sensitive and quantitative assay for interferon mRNA. Injection into oocytes of polyadenylylated RNA extracted from poly(I).poly(C)-induced human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4) leads to the synthesis of biologically active human fibroblast interferon over a period of 24-32 hr. There is a linear relationship between the amount of mRNA injected and the interferon yield obtained over a range of 1-20 ng of injected RNA. Injection of 40-80 ng of mRNA into each of 15 oocytes, homogenized in 0.3 ml of incubation medium, gave a titer of 128-256 interferon reference units/ml of homogenate.FS-4 cells at the peak of interferon production-i.e., approximately 2.5 hr after the beginning of induction with poly(I).poly(C)-gave mRNA that yielded 24-48 interferon reference units/ml in the oocyte assay (30 ng of RNA injected per oocyte). An equivalent amount of mRNA from FS-4 cells in the shutoff phase, approximately 6 hr after induction, gave </=4 interferon reference units/ml. In contrast, mRNA extracted from FS-4 cells that had been induced and maintained in the presence of 40 muM 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole for 6 hr produced 64-128 interferon reference units/ml. Polyadenylylated RNA obtained from uninduced FS-4 cells did not lead to detectable interferon synthesis (<4 interferon reference units/ml). These data provide a direct verification of the hypothesis that the shutoff of interferon production in FS-4 cells involves a regulatory event leading to the posttranscriptional inactivation or degradation of interferon mRNA. Because the inactivating mechanism is sensitive to inhibition by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a selective inhibitor of nuclear heterogeneous RNA and mRNA synthesis, it is likely that synthesis of an RNA molecule is necessary for the shutoff of interferon production.
Integrating Social Aspects and Group Work Aspects in Engineering Design Education (2003)

This paper describes two design project courses we teach at CMU, both emphasizing the importance of the social aspects of design. The first, taught collaboratively with Delft University, asks students to formulate, but never solve, a series of design problems. Students move from individually solving a series of simple problems to solving or interpreting larger problems as cross-Atlantic teams. A second product design projects course is available to all CMU students, with projects supported both technically and financially by industrial sponsors. Students learn the value of multidisciplinary teaming and of having real problems on which to work. We place emphasis on the teams discovering the `right &amp;apos; problem on which to work. Projects span two terms, with the second term team members learning first hand about the difficulties of project hand-off. In both courses, students learn from each other through weekly project presentations. Also, in both courses, everyoneÐfaculty, industrial partners and studentsÐplaces, organizes and shares all information electronically within LIREÂ, our web-based document management system. Finally, for the first course, almost all CMU lectures and student presentations for the past two years are available as web-available streaming video movies.
Growth of preterm infants at the time of global obesity (2018)

Preterm birth, 90% of which occurs between 32 and <37 weeks’ gestation,1 2 is a complex heterogeneous syndrome interlinked with the stillbirth and intrauterine growth restriction syndromes.3 4 Its phenotypes are associated with different gains in neonatal weight,5 morbidity and mortality,6 and perhaps body composition, growth and development. Preterm birth is related to several aetiologies, although nearly 30% of all preterm births are not associated with any maternal/pregnancy conditions or fetal growth restriction.6 This group is, therefore, the target population for constructing postnatal growth standards for preterm infants.7 8 There is disagreement, however, about how best to monitor the postnatal growth of such a heterogeneous group of newborns. In fact, a systematic review identified 61 existing longitudinal charts for preterm infants, many with considerable limitations in gestational age estimation, body measurement, length of follow-up and description of feeding practices and morbidities.9 

The problem requires four fundamental issues to be considered.10 

First , size at birth measures (eg, birth weight, length and head circumference), which are taken only once per infant, are a retrospective summary of fetal growth reflecting the intrauterine environment and overall efficiency of placental nutrient transfer. Postnatal growth, on the other hand, requires repeated anthropometric measures after birth, complemented by feeding practices and morbidity data. Therefore, the use of size at birth by gestational age, cross-sectional data taken only at birth to evaluate the postnatal growth of preterm infants cannot be justified either physiologically or clinically. Implicit in the concept of growth is the requirement for repeated measures over time, which can obviously not be captured with a single birth measure. Furthermore, fundamental factors determining the postnatal growth of preterm infants that change over time, such as feeding regimens and organ maturity influencing morbidity, are by definition not included in the …
From evanescent waves to specified diffraction orders (1997)

A grating was designed to convert an evanescent wave into propagating diffraction orders that fulfill a specified optical function.
Characterization of a prototype tabletop x-ray CT breast imaging system (2007)

Planar X-ray mammography is the standard medical imaging modality for the early detection of breast cancer. Based on advancements in digital flat-panel detector technology, dedicated x-ray computed tomography (CT) mammography is a modality under investigation that offers the potential for improved breast tumor imaging. We have implemented a prototype half cone-beam CT breast imaging system that utilizes an indirect flat-panel detector. This prototype can be used to explore and evaluate the effect of varying acquisition and reconstruction parameters on image quality. This report describes our system and characterizes the performance of the system through the analysis of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and Noise Power Spectrum (NPS). All CT reconstructions were made using Feldkamp's filtered backprojection algorithm. The 3D MTF was determined by the analysis of the plane spread function (PlSF) derived from the surface spread function (SSF) of reconstructed 6.3mm spheres. 3D NPS characterization was performed through the analysis of a 3D volume extracted from zero-mean CT noise of air reconstructions. The effect of varying locations on MTF and the effect of different Butterworth filter cutoff frequencies on NPS are reported. Finally, we present CT images of mastectomy excised breast tissue. Breast specimen images were acquired on our CTMS using an x-ray technique similar to the one used during performance characterization. Specimen images demonstrate the inherent CT capability to reduce the masking effect of anatomical noise. Both the quantitative system characterization and the breast specimen images continue to reinforce the hope that dedicated flat-panel detector, x-ray cone-beam CT will eventually provide enhanced breast cancer detection capability.
Estrogen diminishes postischemic hydroxyl radical production (1998)

Reperfusion of blood flow to an ischemic myocardium is imperative to survival; ironically, it may also manifest several pathophysiological conditions. The most important of these are reperfusion arrhythmias and tissue injury and/or death. The mechanisms involved in reperfusion arrhythmias remain to be fully elucidated; however, increasing evidence indicates that reperfusion-induced arrhythmias are a free radical-mediated phenomenon. Acute administration of conjugated equine estrogen to dogs attenuates ischemia- and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. The cardioprotective effect of estrogens in postmenopausal women is well documented, and recent studies suggest that estrogens possess strong antioxidant properties, with equine estrogens most potent. In this study we show that administration of conjugated equine estrogen to fully anesthetized dogs abolishes the burst of .OH radicals typically produced on reperfusion of the myocardium. This indicates that estrogen might attenuate reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias by virtue of its antioxidant properties, suggesting a novel cardioprotective effect of the hormone.
Low-Intensity Branches in theTi45Decay (1966)

The decay of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{45}$ (\ensuremath{\sim}100% electron capture and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ to the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$ ground state) has been reinvestigated with the Argonne toroidal-field beta spectrometers and with lithium-drifted germanium gamma detectors. New low-intensity branches to levels in ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$ at 725.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 [149\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35], 1238\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5 [16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6], and 1411.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9 [112\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30] keV have been found. Numbers in brackets are the intensities for ${10}^{5}$ decays. The 12.4-keV level in ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$ previously seen in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{45}$ is also populated in the ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{45}$ decay; its energy is ${12.40}_{\ensuremath{-}0.01}^{+0.02}$ keV and its intensity is [12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3]. The intensity of the first-forbidden unique decay ($\frac{7}{2}\ensuremath{-}$ to $\frac{3}{2}+$) to the 12.4-keV state is not known because of the unknown amount of gamma branching to the 12.4-keV state from higher levels in ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$, but from the observed 12.4-keV intensity, $log{f}_{1}t&gt;8.1$. No evidence was found for beta decay to the 376-keV level [60] or to the 540-keV level [9]. $\mathrm{Log}\mathrm{ft}$ values for beta decays to the three states at 725, 1238, and 1411 keV are 6.3, 6.8 and 5.6, respectively. In general, to the other states, $log\mathrm{ft}$ values are greater than 7, with the exception of the 1660-keV state for which our gamma intensity limit yields $log\mathrm{ft}5.7$. The available data are consistent with spin and parity assignments of (${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$) for the 12.4-keV state and (${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) for the 376-keV state. The end point of the positron spectrum, 1044\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 keV, indicates a total decay energy, ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{45}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$, of 2066\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 keV, 20 to 40 keV higher than earlier measurements and in better agreement with reaction data, 2062\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 keV. Our half-life measurement of 3.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 h agrees with previous measurements.
Arguments of persuasion in labour mediation (1985)

In this paper we present a process model of the reasoning underlying arguments of persuasion and its embodiment in a computer program, the PERSUAOER, which gives counsel for the resolution of impasses in collective bargaining. We show how goal trees can be searched to produce arguments involving economic quantities.
Properties of Ligno-cellulose Ficus Religiosa Leaf Fibers (2010)

The native (untreated) and alkali treated fibers from the ficus leaves were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Chemical, X-ray and Thermo gravimetric methods. The morphology of the fibers before and after alkali treatment was studied by scanning electron microscopic method. The FTIR and chemical analyses indicated lowering of hemi-cellulose content by alkali treatment of the fibers. The X-ray diffraction revealed an increase in crystallinity of the fibers on alkali treatment. The thermal stability of the fibers was found to increase slightly by alkali treatment. In order to assess the suitability of these fibers as reinforcement, their composites with styrenated polyester as matrix were prepared and their tensile and flexural moduli were determined. Though not much improvement in tensile modulus was detected, however flexural modulus of the composites was found to be enhanced more when alkali treated fibers were incorporated as reinforcement.
Family Governance (2002)

Family governance is a hot topic. Just as with countries, the families who can weather the short-term crises are those based on strong internal governance structures. Families do not achieve this by accident. The author addresses three questions. First, who are the families for whom governance is an issue (and who ‘counts’ as members of those families)? Second, what does ‘governance’ mean in the family context? Third, how can a family deliberately establish an internal governance structure to achieve its goals? She concludes with the observation that family governance works in the same way as does any other form of governance. A good governance system is one that provides fairly for its members and adapts well to changing circumstances. Each member feels consulted, respected, and treated fairly. The pride in the family can then be passed on to future generations who will be able to participate in the same flexible process. The shade from the trees that were planted long ago will protect the future generations.
Mixed-Valence Superstructure Assembled from a Mixed-Valence Host–Guest Complex (2018)

Herein, we report an unprecedented mixed-valence crystal superstructure that consists of a 2:1 host-guest complex [MV⊂(CBPQT)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2/3+</sup> [MV = methyl viologen, CBPQT = cyclobis(paraquat- p-phenylene)]. One electron is distributed statistically between three [MV⊂(CBPQT)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>•+</sup> composed of a total of 15 viologen units. The mixed-valence state is validated by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, which supports an empirical formula of [MV⊂(CBPQT)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>·(PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> for the body-centered cubic superstructure. Electron paramagnetic resonance provides further evidence of electron delocalization. Quantum chemistry calculations confirm the mixed-valence state in the crystal superstructure. Our findings demonstrate that precise tuning of the redox states in host-guest systems can lead to a promising supramolecular strategy for achieving long-range electron delocalization in solid-state devices.
Prognostic Factors for Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma After Surgery (2021)

The good news about resected distal bile duct carcinoma is that the percentage of those who achieved R0 resection has risen to 89.1%. Our multivariate analysis identified age of 70 years or older, pEM0, ne2,3 and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy as prognostic factors. In order to improve the outcome of treatment, it is necessary to improve preoperative diagnostic imaging of pancreatic invasion and lymph node metastasis, establish the optimal operation range and clarify whether aortic lymph node dissection is needed to control lymph node metastasis, and establish effective regimens of chemotherapy.
Security and Privacy in Vehicular Networks Challenges and Algorithms (2018)

By connecting the vehicles and roadside units (RSUs), vehicular networks (VANETs) enable promising applications for enhancing road safety, mitigating traffic and disseminating safety information among drivers and passengers. The advancement of cognitive radio (CR) technologies, including dynamic spectrum access and adaptive software-defined radios, can improve vehicular communication efficiency by achieving more efficient radio spectrum usage. The prevalent deployment of such vehicular networks, as well as the employment of cognitive radio technologies, raises important concerns about its security and privacy. We must design security mechanisms that ensure integrity, confidentiality, system performances and robustness against frequent and severe malicious attacks. In this survey paper, we characterize security and privacy issues in vehicular networks with cognitive radio technologies and discuss solutions in achieving secure cognitive communications in vehicular networks. We review how security threats have been raised along with new architectures of vehicular networks. Based on the understanding of potential security threats, we present some current methods that provide security services and preserve privacy. Although these methods can be leveraged to address some security problems, they do not provide a full solution. In fact, many unique challenges exist in new vehicular network architectures with cognitive radio, and remain to be addressed. We conclude the paper with a few promising future research directions towards ensuring security and privacy in vehicular networks.