gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor Tracking and Real-Time Volumetric Imaging via One Cone-Beam CT Projection (2015)

The 3D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstructions can be done either analytically or iteratively. An analytic approach has an explicit formula for reconstructing the 3D volumetric images from a set of x-ray projection data. In particular, the well-known Feldkamp, Davis, and Kress (FDK) algorithm [1] oers a computationally ecient approximate formula that has an advantage of obtaining fair quality 3D images without requiring excess computations. Given the excessive number of voxels to be reconstructed for a CBCT image (oen a few tens of millions of voxels), this low complexity formula has been the most commonly used CBCT reconstruction method in practice. It will be shown inCONTENTS 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 FDK Algorithm for CBCT Reconstruction 323.2.12D Filtered Back Projection 32 3.2.23D Filtered Back Projection: FDK Algorithm 363.3GPU Implementation 39 3.3.1Cosine Weighting 41 3.3.2Ramp Filtering 41 3.3.3Back Projection 423.4Examples and Performance 44 References 45Section 3.4 that, by using a currently available o-the-shelf graphics processing unit (GPU) computer, near real-time 3D CBCT reconstruction is possible. is computational advantage came from the fact that the reconstruction algorithm is derived from a simple yet neat mathematical x-ray projection model that includes an innitesimal focal spot of the x-ray source, pencil beams from the source without any scattering, no measurement noise at the detector, etc. For this reason, the analytic method is not too exible to incorporate various nonideal factors in the real system or to leverage possible additional information that can be used for further improving the image quality.
Effect of Oral Omeprazole on Fasting and Meal Stimulated Serum Gastrin and Serum Pepsinogen I Levels in Healthy Volunteers (1986)

AbstractOmeprazole is a potent, long acting inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. It acts by blocking the H+K+ATPase in the parietal cell. Intragastric neutralization causes a rise in serum gastrin levels and, after longer periods of time, hyperfunction of gastrin producing cells may result. Therefore, the effects and after-effects of oral omeprazole on fasting and meal stimulated serum gastrin and serum pepsinogen I levels were studied.
Reversibility of Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Recovery during Continuous Drug Administration (1979)

The administration of gentamicin, 40 mg/kg per day in two divided doses for 14 days, to male Fischer 344 rats, predictably resulted in acute tubular necrosis and azotemia. Gentamicin administration, in the same dosage, was continued for a total of 42 days because morphologic evidence of regeneration was observed after only 10 days. Despite the continued drug exposure, the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations returned to, and remained in, the normal range by day 21. The ability of the treated rats to produce concentrated urine improved more gradually and was within the normal range by day 34. Renal morphology progressed from acute tubular necrosis on day 10 to near normal morphology on and after day 21. The renal concentration of gentamicin went through two cycles of large increases and decreases. Since the cyclic renal concentration did not correlate with toxicity, we postulated a relationship to the turnover time of injured regenerating rat proximal tubular cells. The mechanism of gentamicin intracellular toxicity remains speculative.
<title>Effect of constraint phases on the clutter rejection performance of SDF filters</title> (1999)

Synthetic Discriminant Function (SDF) filters are characterized by hard constraints placed on correlation peak values. It is shown that we can obtain more control on the clutter rejection performance of the SDF filters by using complex constraints. Also, analytical expressions are derived that connect the average correlation peak intensity to constraint phases.
Formyl cyanide. Synthesis by retro-ene cleavage of allyloxyacetonitrile and spectroscopic properties (1990)

International audience
Direct Numerical Simulation of Ozone Injection Technology for NOxControl in Flue Gas (2006)

The ozone injection process for NO control was studied using an ozone−NOx reaction coflow jet by direct numerical simulation. A 65-step detailed kinetic mechanism for the O3−NOx reaction was developed and verified by our experiment and another published experiment. The detailed kinetic mechanism was incorporated into a 2D reaction jet flow and handled by Chemkin. The code was parallelized and run on a cluster system. The reactions between O3 and NOx are relatively slow compared to the turbulence time scale. The chemical reactions occur mostly in the core of all kinds of vortexes. The dynamics of vortexes make a great contribution to the mixing of the reactants and reactions. The vortexes begin to roll up alternately at about 7d from the root of the jet. The order of the two-line vortexes become disordered after 10d. NO2 is the main product of the O3−NO reactions, NO3 and N2O5 are the minority products. Favre averaged results show that about 45.44% of NO can be oxidized by O3 at the 30d outlet of the computational domain.
IN SITU FIXATION OF PELVIC NONUNIONS FOLLOWING PATHOLOGIC AND INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURES (2002)

In situ fixation of a nonunion of the pelvic ring following a pathologic or insufficiency fracture can result in a decrease in pelvic pain and instability along with an improvement in walking ability. A high percentage of patients complain of persistent pain, even if there is radiographic evidence of union of the pelvic ring.
Directed Evolution: Methodologies and Applications (2021)

Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library screening/selection. It has become one of the most powerful and widespread tools for engineering improved or novel functions in proteins, metabolic pathways, and even whole genomes. This review describes the commonly used gene diversification strategies, screening/selection methods, and recently developed continuous evolution strategies for directed evolution. Moreover, we highlight some representative applications of directed evolution in engineering nucleic acids, proteins, pathways, genetic circuits, viruses, and whole cells. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives in directed evolution.
Triatoma virus structural polyprotein expression, processing and assembly into virus-like particles (2014)

In contrast to the current wealth of structural information concerning dicistrovirus particle structure, very little is known about their morphogenetic pathways. Here, we describe the expression of the two ORFs encoded by the Triatoma virus (TrV) genome. TrV, a member of the Cripavirus genus of the Dicistroviridae family, infects blood-sucking insects belonging to the Triatominae subfamily that act as vectors for the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of the Chagas disease. We have established a baculovirus-based model for the expression of the NS (non-structural) and P1 (structural) polyproteins. A preliminary characterization of the proteolytic processing of both polyprotein precursors has been performed using this system. We show that the proteolytic processing of the P1 polyprotein is strictly dependent upon the coexpression of the NS polyprotein, and that NS/P1 coexpression leads to the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) exhibiting a morphology and a protein composition akin to natural TrV empty capsids. Remarkably, the unprocessed P1 polypeptide assembles into quasi-spherical structures conspicuously larger than VLPs produced in NS/P1-coexpressing cells, likely representing a previously undescribed morphogenetic intermediate. This intermediate has not been found in members of the related Picornaviridae family currently used as a model for dicistrovirus studies, thus suggesting the existence of major differences in the assembly pathways of these two virus groups.
"How Can I Stay Silent?": One Woman's Struggles for Environmental Justice in Lesotho (2008)

This article explores one woman’s activism in the context of a large scale dam and infrastructure project in Southern Africa. Since 1986, Lesotho and South Africa are building one of the largest multi-dam water schemes in the world, the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP). Local communities impacted by the LHWP face resettlement, increased risk of impoverishment, and changed access to natural resources. Much like with other projects of this type and scale (Scudder, 2006), the multidimensional costs of the $8 billion dollar World Bank funded water scheme will fall hardest on rural women. Rural Basotho women are at the front lines in negotiating a changed landscape, and lead the struggle to speak out about their experiences and organize impacted people against transnational environmental injustice. This paper privileges one woman’s activist experiences as a way to explore in depth the diversity of actions and choices that activism might entail and the contexts in which activism can take place in the everyday lives of women in Lesotho, specifically, but also throughout the world.
Cardiomyocyte-Specific Ablation of Med1 Subunit of the Mediator Complex Causes Lethal Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Mice (2016)

Mediator, an evolutionarily conserved multi-protein complex consisting of about 30 subunits, is a key component of the polymerase II mediated gene transcription. Germline deletion of the Mediator subunit 1 (Med1) of the Mediator in mice results in mid-gestational embryonic lethality with developmental impairment of multiple organs including heart. Here we show that cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Med1 in mice (csMed1-/-) during late gestational and early postnatal development by intercrossing Med1fl/fl mice to α-MyHC-Cre transgenic mice results in lethality within 10 days after weaning due to dilated cardiomyopathy-related ventricular dilation and heart failure. The csMed1-/- mouse heart manifests mitochondrial damage, increased apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis. Global gene expression analysis revealed that loss of Med1 in heart down-regulates more than 200 genes including Acadm, Cacna1s, Atp2a2, Ryr2, Pde1c, Pln, PGC1α, and PGC1β that are critical for calcium signaling, cardiac muscle contraction, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulated energy metabolism. Many genes essential for oxidative phosphorylation and proper mitochondrial function such as genes coding for the succinate dehydrogenase subunits of the mitochondrial complex II are also down-regulated in csMed1-/- heart contributing to myocardial injury. Data also showed up-regulation of about 180 genes including Tgfb2, Ace, Atf3, Ctgf, Angpt14, Col9a2, Wisp2, Nppa, Nppb, and Actn1 that are linked to cardiac muscle contraction, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and myocardial injury. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cardiac specific deletion of Med1 in adult mice using tamoxifen-inducible Cre approach (TmcsMed1-/-), results in rapid development of cardiomyopathy and death within 4 weeks. We found that the key findings of the csMed1-/- studies described above are highly reproducible in TmcsMed1-/- mouse heart. Collectively, these observations suggest that Med1 plays a critical role in the maintenance of heart function impacting on multiple metabolic, compensatory and reparative pathways with a likely therapeutic potential in the management of heart failure.
Demonstration of clonality, by X-linked DNA analysis, in chronic natural killer cell lymphocytosis and successful therapy with oral cyclophosphamide. (1992)

The expanded lymphocyte population in large granular lymphocyte (LGL)-leukemia carries the phenotypic characteristics of either cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD3+,CD8+) or natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-,CD15+). In the former subset, clonality has been demonstrated by T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies. Since NK cells do not rearrange T-cell receptor genes, the neoplastic nature of chronic NK cell lymphocytosis has not been well defined. We used X-linked DNA analysis to study the clonal nature of an expanded NK cell population in a patient with a 3-year history of relative lymphocytosis associated with anemia and neutropenia. Southern blot analysis showed no clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement. The majority of the circulating lymphocytes had a NK cell phenotype and demonstrated both direct NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, the in vitro growth characteristics of these cells did not suggest that they were polyclonal expansions of normal NK cells. To determine directly the clonal origin of these cells, we performed X-linked DNA analysis. Density gradient centrifugation methods were used to isolate mononuclear cells, and NK cells were positively selected by CD16-immunoconjugated magnetic beads. The DNA of these cells was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-methylation strategy and showed a monoclonal pattern of X-chromosome inactivation while a polyclonal pattern was obtained in corresponding skin tissue. Treatment of the patient with oral cyclophosphamide resulted in complete hematologic remission. We conclude that chronic NK lymphocytosis may be clonal and responsive to immunosuppressive therapy.
Improving the detection sensitivity of pH‐weighted amide proton transfer MRI in acute stroke patients using extrapolated semisolid magnetization transfer reference signals (2017)

The quantitative APT study using the extrapolated semisolid magnetization transfer reference signal approach enhances APT MRI sensitivity to pH compared with conventional APT-weighted MRI, allowing more reliable delineation of an ischemic acidosis in the penumbra. Magn Reson Med 78:871-880, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Inducible Proteins (2017)

Various cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer cells, and fibroblasts, express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that activate the immune system (1, 2). TLRs are type I transmembrane proteins with ectodomains containing leucine-rich repeats that mediate the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from pathogens, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from dying or injured cells. TLRs harbor transmembrane domains and intracellular Toll–interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domains in addition to leucine-rich repeat domains, and some adaptor molecules bind to them to activate the downstream signaling pathways. Various organisms express the TLR family, especially mammals, and 13 types of TLRs have been reported. TLR1 to -9 are conserved in both the mouse and human. However, in mice, a retroviral insertion has rendered the TLR10 molecule nonfunctional. TLR11, -12, and -13 do not occur in humans. The active TLRs localize differently. TLR1, -2, -4, -5, -6, and -10 are expressed on the cell surface, whereas TLR3, -7, -8, -9, -11, -12, and -13 are expressed in the endosome (3 , 4). Studies of mice deficient in each TLR have shown that each TLR has a distinct function in terms of PAMP recognition and the immune responses.
High-Temperature Capture of CO2 by Strontium Oxide Sorbents (2016)

This article reports on the use of strontium oxide (SrO)-based sorbents for chemical sorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures (>1000 °C). Two different sizes of the SrO granules were tested as potential sorbent materials through cycles of carbonation and calcination at high temperature in a fixed-bed reactor, under flux of argon (Ar) and Ar/CO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) assessed their carrying capacity and effectiveness at increasing numbers of cycles. Further investigation was dedicated to the SrO granules in combination with alumina or hydroxyapatite to prevent the material from sintering under high-temperature conditions and to improve the sorbent durability. A simple kinetic analysis was also performed on the basis of TGA data. The sorbent materials, before and after the cycling steps, were characterized through mercury intrusion porosimetry, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis to evaluate any change in the microstructure, thus including the pore-size distribution, material morphology, and crystallographic phases, which can influence the CO2 flowing ability and capture. The results showed that fine granules of SrO are not totally effective, owing to their tendency to break down and consolidate into a compact agglomerate for high-temperature carbonation. Coarse granules of SrO and SrO/Al2O3, contrarily, maintained open architectures during cycling and allowed one to obtain a similar CO2 carrying capacity of around 9.4% by weight, although showing a different compaction degree. Kinetic analysis confirms the better performance of the sorbent in the form of coarse granules.
Scalable Holey Graphene Synthesis and Dense Electrode Fabrication toward High-Performance Ultracapacitors (2014)

Graphene has attracted a lot of attention for ultracapacitor electrodes because of its high electrical conductivity, high surface area, and superb chemical stability. However, poor volumetric capacitive performance of typical graphene-based electrodes has hindered their practical applications because of the extremely low density. Herein we report a scalable synthesis method of holey graphene (h-Graphene) in a single step without using any catalysts or special chemicals. The film made of the as-synthesized h-Graphene exhibited relatively strong mechanical strength, 2D hole morphology, high density, and facile processability. This scalable one-step synthesis method for h-Graphene is time-efficient, cost-efficient, environmentally friendly, and generally applicable to other two-dimensional materials. The ultracapacitor electrodes based on the h-Graphene show a remarkably improved volumetric capacitance with about 700% increase compared to that of regular graphene electrodes. Modeling on individual h-Graphene was carried out to understand the excellent processability and improved ultracapacitor performance.
Grundbegriffe (1992)

Als phänomenologische Theorie der Materie entnimmt die Thermodynamik viele Begriffe direkt dem Experiment. Ein Teil der verwendeten Begriffe ist bereits aus der Mechanik und Elektrodynamik bekannt und bedarf keiner weiteren Erklärung, doch werden in der Thermodynamik zusätzliche Begriffe benützt, die wir kurz definieren wollen.
Review Article Current applications of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue replacement in otolaryngology -- head and neck surgery (2012)

Cellular therapy utilizing adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) may very well revolutionize the treatment of a variety of head and neck diseases through the restoration of normal structure and function. Trans- planting allogeneic or autologous MSCs into damaged tissues can serve multiple regenerative functions through their self-renewal, differentiation capacity, immune modulation and secretion of bioactive molecules. Further, tro- phic factors expressed by MSCs have been shown to influence their microenvironment through the promotion of extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis and wound healing needed to regenerate or replace injured tissues. Although clinical applications of MSC based therapies in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery are still in their infancy, efforts are being made to understand and exploit MSCs for tissue repair as well as engineering strategies. In this review, we highlight pre clinical and clinical investigations employing MSC based therapies for the reconstruc- tion of bone, cartilage, soft tissue and vocal fold defects.
Improved topic-dependent language modeling using information retrieval techniques (1999)

N-gram language models are frequently used by the speech recognition systems to constrain and guide the search. N-gram models use only the last N-1 words to predict the next word. Typical values of N that are used range from 2-4. N-gram language models thus lack the long-term context information. We show that the predictive power of the N-gram language models can be improved by using long-term context information about the topic of discussion. We use information retrieval techniques to generalize the available context information for topic-dependent language modeling. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique by performing experiments on the Wall Street Journal text corpus, which is a relatively difficult task for topic-dependent language modeling since the text is relatively homogeneous. The proposed method can reduce the perplexity of the baseline language model by 37%, indicating the predictive power of the topic-dependent language model.
Conventions and nomenclature for double diffusion encoding NMR and MRI (2015)

Stejskal and Tanner's ingenious pulsed field gradient design from 1965 has made diffusion NMR and MRI the mainstay of most studies seeking to resolve microstructural information in porous systems in general and biological systems in particular. Methods extending beyond Stejskal and Tanner's design, such as double diffusion encoding (DDE) NMR and MRI, may provide novel quantifiable metrics that are less easily inferred from conventional diffusion acquisitions. Despite the growing interest on the topic, the terminology for the pulse sequences, their parameters, and the metrics that can be derived from them remains inconsistent and disparate among groups active in DDE. Here, we present a consensus of those groups on terminology for DDE sequences and associated concepts. Furthermore, the regimes in which DDE metrics appear to provide microstructural information that cannot be achieved using more conventional counterparts (in a model-free fashion) are elucidated. We highlight in particular DDE's potential for determining microscopic diffusion anisotropy and microscopic fractional anisotropy, which offer metrics of microscopic features independent of orientation dispersion and thus provide information complementary to the standard, macroscopic, fractional anisotropy conventionally obtained by diffusion MR. Finally, we discuss future vistas and perspectives for DDE.
An Ultrasonic Catheter for Intravascular Measurement of Blood Flow: Technical Details (1980)

This unit features a cylindrical ultrasonic transducer array of six elements for detecting lumen area, along with a single element for detecting blood velocity, both located at the tip of a 2-mm diam- eter catheter. Flow is derived from the area and velocity information. Numerous technical problems associated with the ultrasonic, physio- logical, clinical, and sue considerations have been overcome. Included was the developmentof a widely applicable method to obtain small radiating surfaces (0.75 mm2) which transceive with no pattern dis- tortion or damping due to the electrical connections or mechanical mounting. Radiation sidelobes averaged -23 dB. Signal transfer for the velocity and array units, of -24 dB and-32 dB, respectively, were measured. Distinct wall echoes have been obtained from pulmonary arteries as well as ample scattering signals from the blood of dogs with the catheter, all information of use in flow measurements.
Oblique and normal incidence photometric return-path ellipsometers for isotropic and anisotropic surfaces (1978)

Photometric (autocollimation) return path ellipsometers (RPE) are described that operate at oblique and/or normal incidence for the examination of optically isotropic and anisotropic surfaces and thin films. Four automation schemes are proposed with polarizing/analyzing optics that consist of: 1) a rotating polarizer, 2) rotating polarizer and depolarizer, 3) rotating half-wave retarder and fixed polarizer, or 4) rotating polarizer and fixed polarizer. In all cases, it can be shown how the surface ellipsometric parameters ( psi and Delta ) can be retrieved from a photoelectric signal by simple Fourier analysis.