gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Does size matter in females? An overview of the impact of the high variation in the ovarian reserve on ovarian function and fertility, utility of anti-Müllerian hormone as a diagnostic marker for fertility and causes of variation in the ovarian reserve in cattle (2011)

The mechanism whereby the inherently high variation in ovary size and the total number of high-quality oocytes in ovaries (ovarian reserve) impact on ovarian function and fertility, diagnostics to measure the size of the ovarian reserve and the factors that cause variation in the ovarian reserve are unknown. Our results show that cattle can be phenotyped reliably based on the number of antral follicles growing during follicular waves (antral follicle count, AFC). Young adult cattle with a consistently low v. a high AFC have smaller gonads, a markedly diminished ovarian reserve and many other phenotypic characteristics usually associated with ovarian aging and infertility. A powerful new approach based on a single measurement of serum concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is described to test the longstanding hypothesis that the size of the ovarian reserve is positively associated with fertility. Also, new evidence shows that maternal environment has a critical role in regulation of the high variation in the ovarian reserve and perhaps fertility in offspring. These results support the conclusion that the inherently high variation in the ovarian reserve, potentially caused by alterations in the maternal environment, has a negative impact on ovarian function that may result in suboptimal fertility in young adult cattle, and a single AMH measurement can be used reliably in future studies to determine if fertility is suboptimal in young adult cattle with low circulating AMH concentrations and a correspondingly diminished ovarian reserve.
Meiosis in a Bottle: New Approaches to Overcome Mammalian Meiocyte Study Limitations (2011)

The study of meiosis is limited because of the intrinsic nature of gametogenesis in mammals. One way to overcome these limitations would be the use of culture systems that would allow meiotic progression in vitro. There have been some attempts to culture mammalian meiocytes in recent years. In this review we will summarize all the efforts to-date in order to culture mammalian sperm and oocyte precursor cells.
Patterning of Organic Nanoparticles by Ink-jet Printing of Microemulsions (2002)

Direct ink-jet printing of water-insoluble organic materials may provide a new route for low-cost fabrication of various products that require fine patterning of functional molecules. However, printing by water-based, environmentally friendly inks requires significant research and development efforts aimed at achieving a dispersion of nanoparticles of the specific molecule in water. We demonstrate a concept for direct patterning of water-insoluble organic molecules in the form of nanoparticles, which can be easily adapted to a large variety of molecules such as conducting polymers and organic light-emitting diodes. The method is based on formation of a thermodynamically stable oil-in-water microemulsion in which volatile “oil” droplets contain the dissolved organic molecules. The microemulsion droplets are converted into organic nanoparticles upon impact with the substrate surface due to evaporation of the volatile solvent.
The Camera of the MAGIC-II Telescope (2007)

The MAGIC 17m diameter Cherenkov telescope will be upgraded with a second telescope within the year 2007. The camera of MAGIC-II will include several new features compared to the MAGIC-I camera. Photomultipliers with the highest available photon collection efficiency have been selected. A modular design allows easier access and flexibility to test new photodetector technologies. The camera will be uniformly equipped with 0.1 degree diamter pixels, which allows the use of an increased trigger area. Finally, the overall signal chain features a large bandwidth to retain the shape of the very fast Cherenkov signals.
Classification Methods for Remotely Sensed Data (2001)

Remote sensing is an integral part of geography, GIS and cartography, used by academics in the field and professionals in all sorts of occupations. The 1990s saw the development of a range of new methods of classifying remote sensing images and data, both optical imaging and microwave imaging. This comprehensive survey of the various techniques pul
Fingerspelling Detection in American Sign Language (2021)

Fingerspelling, in which words are signed letter by letter, is an important component of American Sign Language. Most previous work on automatic fingerspelling recognition has assumed that the boundaries of fingerspelling regions in signing videos are known beforehand. In this paper, we consider the task of fingerspelling detection in raw, untrimmed sign language videos. This is an important step towards building real-world fingerspelling recognition systems. We propose a benchmark and a suite of evaluation metrics, some of which reflect the effect of detection on the downstream fingerspelling recognition task. In addition, we propose a new model that learns to detect fingerspelling via multi-task training, incorporating pose estimation and fingerspelling recognition (transcription) along with detection, and compare this model to several alternatives. The model outperforms all alternative approaches across all metrics, establishing a state of the art on the benchmark.
Potocytosis and cellular exit of complexes as cellular pathways for gene delivery by polycations (2005)

The different pathways of complex trafficking observed in relation with complex size imply the development and study of vectors forming complexes with definite size. Moreover, the complex exit we describe may contribute to the well-established short-term efficiency of gene transfer based on synthetic vectors. It favors the engineering of vectors allowing repeated treatment.
Infection after Acute Ischemic Stroke: Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and Outcome (2011)

Background. The activation of inflammatory cascades triggered by ischemic stroke may play a key role in the development of infections. Methods. Patients admitted with ischemic stroke within 24 hours were prospectively enrolled. Biomarkers of infection were measured on days 1, 3, and 5. The patients were continuously monitored for predefined infections. Results. Patients with infection were older (OR 1.06 per year, 95% CI 1.01-1.11) and had a higher National Institute of Health Stroke Scale Score (NIHSS, OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.10-1.34), localization in the insula, and higher stroke volumes on diffusion-weighted imaging. The maximum temperature on days 1 and 3, leukocytes, interleukin-6, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein on days 1, 3, and 5, C-reactive protein on days 3 and 5, and procalcitonin on day 5 were higher and HLA-DR-expression on monocytes on days 1, 3, and 5 lower in patients with infection. Age and NIHSS predicted the development of infections. Infection was an independent predictor of poor functional outcome. Conclusions. Severe stroke and increasing age were shown to be early predictors for infections after stroke.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Series of Carboxylic Acid Modified Cerium(III) Alkoxides (2006)

Abstract A series of cerium alkoxides were synthesized from the reaction of Ce{N[Si(CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 } 3 and the appropriate alcohol: neopentyl alcohol [H–OCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 = H‐ONep], tert ‐butyl alcohol [H–OC(CH 3 ) 3 = H‐O t Bu], o ‐( tert ‐butyl)phenol {H–OC 6 H 4 [C(CH 3 ) 3 ]‐2 = H‐ o BP}, 2,6‐dimethylphenol [H–OC 6 H 3 (CH 3 ) 2 ‐2,6 = H‐DMP], 2,6‐diisopropylphenol {H–OC 6 H 3 [CH(CH 3 ) 2 ] 2 ‐2,6 = H‐DIP}, 2,6‐di‐ tert ‐butylphenol {H–OC 6 H 3 [C(CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 ‐2,6 = H‐DBP}, or 2,6‐diphenylphenol [H–OC 6 H 3 (C 6 H 5 ) 2 ‐2,6 = H‐DPP] using toluene (tol), tetrahydrofuran (THF) or pyridine (py). The precursors were characterized as [Ce(μ‐ONep) 2 (ONep)] 4 ( 1 ), Ce 4 (μ 3 ‐O t Bu) 3 (μ‐O t Bu) 4 (O t Bu) 5 ( 2 ), Ce 3 (μ 3 ‐O t Bu) 3 (μ‐O t Bu) 3 (O t Bu) 3 (H‐O t Bu) 2 ( 2a ), Ce( o BP) 3 (THF) 3 ( 3 ), [Ce(μ‐DMP)(DMP) 2 (solv) 2 ] 2 [solv = THF ( 4 ) and py ( 4a )], Ce(DIP) 3 (THF) 3 ( 5 ), Ce(DPP) 3 (THF) 2 ( 6 ). Once isolated, several of these species were further reacted with a series of sterically varied carboxylic acid modifiers including isobutyric acid [H–O 2 CCH(CH 3 ) 2 = H‐OPc] and trimethylacetic acid [H–O 2 CC(CH 3 ) 3 = H‐OBc]. The products were isolated as [Ce(OR)(μ‐ORc)(μ c ‐ORc)(py)] 2 [OR = o BP, OBc: 7 ; DMP, OPc: 8 ; DMP, OBc: 9 ; DIP, OPc: 10 ]. These compounds were identified by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and powder XRD analyses. Several novel structure types are added to the cerium alkoxide family of compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Nucleation and Boundary Layer Growth of Shear Bands in Machining (2019)

We demonstrate a novel approach to study shear banding in machining at low speeds using a low melting point alloy. In situ imaging and an image correlation method, particle image velocimetry (PIV), are used to capture shear band nucleation and quantitatively analyze the temporal evolution of the localized plastic flow around a shear band. The observations show that the shear band onset is governed by a critical shear stress criterion, while the displacement field around a freshly nucleated shear band evolves in a manner resembling the classical boundary layer formation in viscous fluids. The relevant shear band parameters, the stress at band formation, and local shear band viscosity are presented.
Divergent Effects of Peptidoglycan Carboxypeptidase DacA on Intrinsic β-Lactam and Vancomycin Resistance (2022)

Vancomycin and β-lactams are clinically important antibiotics that inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links, but their binding targets are different. The binding target of vancomycin is d-alanine-d-alanine (d-Ala-d-Ala), whereas that of β-lactam is penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). In this study, we revealed the divergent effects of peptidoglycan (PG) carboxypeptidase DacA on vancomycin and β-lactam resistance in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The deletion of DacA induced sensitivity to most β-lactams, whereas it induced strong resistance toward vancomycin. Notably, both phenotypes did not have a strong association with ld-transpeptidases, which are necessary for the formation of PG 3-3 cross-links and covalent bonds between PG and an Lpp outer membrane (OM) lipoprotein. Vancomycin resistance was induced by an increased amount of decoy d-Ala-d-Ala residues within PG, whereas β-lactam sensitivity was associated with physical interactions between DacA and PBPs. The presence of an OM permeability barrier strongly strengthened vancomycin resistance, but it significantly weakened β-lactam sensitivity. Collectively, our results revealed two distinct functions of DacA, which involved inverse modulation of bacterial resistance to clinically important antibiotics, β-lactams and vancomycin, and presented evidence for a link between DacA and PBPs. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Bacterial PG hydrolases play important roles in various aspects of bacterial physiology, including cytokinesis, PG synthesis, quality control of PG, PG recycling, and stress adaptation. Of all the PG hydrolases, the role of PG carboxypeptidases is poorly understood, especially regarding their impacts on antibiotic resistance. We have revealed two distinct functions of PG carboxypeptidase DacA with respect to antibiotic resistance. The deletion of DacA led to sensitivity to most β-lactams, while it caused strong resistance to vancomycin. Our study provides novel insights into the roles of PG carboxypeptidases in the regulation of antibiotic resistance and a potential clue for the development of a drug to improve the clinical efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics.
ChemInform Abstract: The Mechanism of the Electrodeposition of Cobalt(II) Chloride in N,N‐ Dimethylformamide (DMF) Solution (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Inhibition of Adenosine Uptake and Augmentation of Ischemia-Induced Increase of Interstitial Adenosine by Cilostazol, an Agent to Treat Intermittent Claudication (2000)

Cilostazol (Pletal), a quinolinone derivative with a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3) inhibitory activity, was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of symptoms of intermittent claudication (IC). However, the underlying mechanisms of action are not entirely clear. In this study, we showed that cilostazol inhibited adenosine uptake into cardiac ventricular myocytes, coronary artery smooth muscle, and endothelial cells with a median effective concentration (EC50) approximately 10 microM. In vivo, cilostazol increased cardiac interstitial adenosine levels after a 2-min ischemia in rabbit hearts (329 +/- 92% increase vs. 102 +/- 29% ischemia alone). The combination of cilostazol and 2-min ischemia reduced infarction from subsequent 30-min regional ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion (infarct size was 18 +/- 4% vs. 53 +/- 3% in the hearts with 2-min ischemia alone or 48 +/- 2% in the hearts treated with cilostazol alone). In contrast, milrinone had no effect on either adenosine uptake or interstitial adenosine levels. These data show that cilostazol, unlike milrinone, inhibits adenosine uptake, and thus potentiates adenosine accumulation from a 2-min ischemia. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of adenosine in the treatment of IC by cilostazol.
Comparative Experimental and EXAFS Studies in the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction with Heteroatom‐Functionalised N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Catalysts (2007)

A study on the Mizoroki-Heck coupling of selected aryl bromides with acrylates catalysed by a series of Pd complexes of bidentate pyridyl-, picolyl-, diphenylphosphinoethyl- and diphenylphosphinomethyl-functionalised N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) is reported. The observed activity is dependent on the type of solvent and base used and the nature of the "classical" donors of the mixed-donor bidentate ligand and its bite angle. A mechanistic model is presented for the pyridine-functionalised NHC complexes based on an in situ EXAFS study under dilute catalyst conditions (2 mM Pd). The model involves pre-dissociation of the pyridine functionality and oxidative addition of ArBr in the early stages of the reaction, as well as formation of monomeric and dimeric Pd species at the time of substrate conversion.
Synthesis of 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide and related 5'-deoxyimidazole ribonucleosides (1975)

5-Amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (1, AICA ribonucleoside) was converted in two steps to 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (3) which was hydrogenated in the presence of Pd/C to yield 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (4). The dehydration of 4 yielded 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carbonitrile (7). The compounds 3, 4, and 7 were deblocked with formic acid to furnish 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-5-iodo-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (6). 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (5), and 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carbonitrile (8), respectively. Compound 8 was acetylated and then deaminated to give 1-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carbonitrile (11). The compounds 8 and 11 were converted into 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-thiocarboxamide (9) and 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-thiocarboxamide (12), respectively. The synthesis of 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (13) was achieved for the first time by the treatment of 11 with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ammonium hydroxide. The compounds were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity, with 5 and 6 significantly inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus.
Distributed computation in dynamic networks (2010)

In this paper we investigate distributed computation in dynamic networks in which the network topology changes from round to round. We consider a worst-case model in which the communication links for each round are chosen by an adversary, and nodes do not know who their neighbors for the current round are before they broadcast their messages. The model captures mobile networks and wireless networks, in which mobility and interference render communication unpredictable. In contrast to much of the existing work on dynamic networks, we do not assume that the network eventually stops changing; we require correctness and termination even in networks that change continually. We introduce a stability property called T -interval connectivity (for T >= 1), which stipulates that for every T consecutive rounds there exists a stable connected spanning subgraph. For T = 1 this means that the graph is connected in every round, but changes arbitrarily between rounds.
Molecular mechanism of cytokinin-activated cell division in Arabidopsis (2021)

Mitogens trigger cell division in animals. In plants, cytokinins, a group of phytohormones derived from adenine, stimulate cell proliferation. Cytokinin signaling is initiated by membrane-associated histidine kinase receptors and transduced through a phosphorelay system. We show that in the <i>Arabidopsis</i> shoot apical meristem (SAM), cytokinin regulates cell division by promoting nuclear shuttling of Myb-domain protein 3R4 (MYB3R4), a transcription factor that activates mitotic gene expression. Newly synthesized MYB3R4 protein resides predominantly in the cytoplasm. At the G2-to-M transition, rapid nuclear accumulation of MYB3R4-consistent with an associated transient peak in cytokinin concentration-feeds a positive feedback loop involving importins and initiates a transcriptional cascade that drives mitosis and cytokinesis. An engineered nuclear-restricted MYB3R4 mimics the cytokinin effects of enhanced cell proliferation and meristem growth.
A Current-Mode, Dual Slope, Integrated Capacitance-to-Pulse Duration Converter (2007)

A capacitance-to-pulse duration converter, specifically&#13;\ndesigned for interfacing capacitive sensors, is presented. The&#13;\noperating principle is a double slope approach implemented using&#13;\ntransconductor-based Miller integrators. The main strengths of&#13;\nthe proposed circuit are: 1) intrinsically small sensitivity to temperature;&#13;\n2) simplicity of trimming offset and gain to correct the&#13;\nsensor parameter spread; and 3) fast wake-up time. The circuit&#13;\nnonidealities are analyzed in order to identify the elements responsible&#13;\nfor the residual temperature sensitivity and jitter on the&#13;\npulse duration. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by&#13;\nmeasurements performed on a prototype, designed and fabricated&#13;\nusing the 0.35 m, 3.3 V Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS process BCD6 of STMicroelectronics.
Adaptively Calibrated Critic Estimates for Deep Reinforcement Learning (2022)

Accurate value estimates are important for off-policy reinforcement learning. Algorithms based on temporal difference learning typically are prone to an over- or underestimation bias building up over time. In this letter, we propose a general method called Adaptively Calibrated Critics (ACC) that uses the most recent high variance but unbiased on-policy rollouts to alleviate the bias of the low variance temporal difference targets. We apply ACC to Truncated Quantile Critics [1], which is an algorithm for continuous control that allows regulation of the bias with a hyperparameter tuned per environment. The resulting algorithm adaptively adjusts the parameter during training rendering hyperparameter search unnecessary and sets a new state of the art on the OpenAI gym continuous control benchmark among all algorithms that do not tune hyperparameters for each environment. ACC further achieves improved results on different tasks from the Meta-World robot benchmark. Additionally, we demonstrate the generality of ACC by applying it to TD3 [2] and showing an improved performance also in this setting.
Fluid-structure interactions of fast photomechanical liquid crystal elastomers driven by light (2011)

A new class of photomechanical liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) has emerged, which generate large bending deformation and fast response times that scale with the resonance of the elastomer films.These films are classified as glassy elastomers (modulus ~1GPa) and are doped with photoresponsive azobenzene liquid crystals to provide novel light induced deformation.These materials are promising for developing propulsions systems for insect size aircraft and microfluidic devices, for example.The photomechanical efficiency of these materials in a fluid medium is of high interest to understand the performance attributes of this class of smart materials.Here, a numerical study is presented that describes the photomechanical structural dynamic behaviour in a fluid medium.We simulate the oscillation of photomechanical cantilevers excited by light while simultaneously modeling the effect of the surrounding fluid at different ambient pressures.The photoelastomer structure is modeled as a thin plate and coupled with photomechanical constitutive relations to compute the transverse displacement.For the fluid, three dimensional unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using the arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) form are used to consider dynamic mesh movement on a local mesh and boundary conditions on the elastomer material interface.The fluid equations are discretized using a conventional finite volume method (FVM) on a structured curvilinear coordinate system.Numerical examples are given which provide new insight into photomechanical material efficiencies in a fluid medium as a function of ambient pressure.
Lessons from a full-scale multihop wireless ad hoc network testbed (2001)

This article describes our experiences building a multihop wireless ad hoc network of eight nodes driving around a 700 m by 300 m site. Each node runs the dynamic source routing protocol and interfaces seamlessly with existing Internet infrastructure and the Mobile IP protocol. We present quantitative results from data collected during runs of our testbed under a composite workload including voice, bulk data, and real-time data. Based on careful analysis of our data, we highlight radio propagation issues that network protocols will need to address in the future.
Metabolic syndrome, metabolic components, and their relation to the risk of pancreatic cancer (2020)

MetS is a potential risk factor for pancreatic cancer. The presence of ≥4 metabolic components leads to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer even within categories of the MetS.
Peek Community Eye Health - mHealth system to increase access and efficiency of eye health services in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial (2019)

The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR), 201807329096632 . Registered on 8 June 2018.