gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutral Beam Heating in the Princeton Large Torus (1980)

Beams of energetic atoms were injected to heat the plasma contained in the Princeton Large Torus tokamak. The plasma reached ion temperatures of about 6.5 kiloelectron volts (≈ 75 million K) and electron temperatures of about 4.0 kiloelectron volts or greater (≈ 46 million K)—both the highest yet achieved in a tokamak device. Although a new type of density fluctuation in the plasma was observed at the highest injection powers and lowest plasma densities, the energy confinement properties of the discharge did not appear to deteriorate even at the low collisionalities relevant to a thermonuclear reactor plasma. The electron energy confinement in the central plasma appeared to be enhanced during beam injection.
Spontaneous Appearance of Genetically Distinct Double-Stranded RNA Elements inRhizoctonia solani (1994)

A tuberborne sclerotium of the plant-pathogenic basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani gave rise to a culture (Rhs 1AP) that exhibited a sector (Rhs 1A1) with reduced pigmentation and growth rate. Rhs 1AP is virulent on potato, which is the only known host plant for Rhs 1AP. In contrast, Rhs 1A1 is hypovirulent or nonpathogenic on potato. The virulent isolate Rhs 1AP contains two double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of 23 and 6.54 kb, whereas the hypovirulent Rhs 1A1 possesses three dsRNAs in addition to the two found in Rhs 1AP [...]
Anticancer Drug-Incorporated Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrids and Their Enhanced Anticancer Therapeutic Efficacy in Combination Cancer Treatment (2014)

All the nanohybrids successfully accommodated intended drug molecules in their house-of-card-like structures during reconstruction reaction. It was found that the anticancer efficacy of MFL nanohybrid was higher than other nanohybrids, free drugs, or their mixtures, which means the multidrug-incorporated LDH nanohybrids could be potential drug delivery carriers for efficient cancer treatment via combination therapy.
Identification of a functional hypoxia-responsive element that regulates the expression of the egl nine homologue 3 (egln3/phd3) gene (2005)

Low oxygen levels induce an adaptive response in cells through the activation of HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factors). These transcription factors are mainly regulated by a group of proline hydroxylases that, in the presence of oxygen, target HIF for degradation. The expression of two such enzymes, EGLN1 [EGL nine homologous protein 1, where EGL stands for egg laying defective (Caenorhabditis elegans gene)] and EGLN3, is induced by hypoxia through a negative feedback loop, and we have demonstrated recently that hypoxic induction of EGLN expression is HIF-dependent. In the present study, we have identified an HRE (hypoxia response element) in the region of the EGLN3 gene using a combination of bioinformatics and biological approaches. Initially, we isolated a number of HRE consensus sequences in a region of 40 kb around the human EGLN3 gene and studied their evolutionary conservation. Subsequently, we examined the functionality of the conserved HRE sequences in reporter and chromatin precipitation assays. One of the HREs, located within a conserved region of the first intron of the EGLN3 gene 12 kb downstream of the transcription initiation site, bound HIF in vivo. Furthermore, this sequence was able to drive reporter gene expression under conditions of hypoxia in an HRE-dependent manner. Indeed, we were able to demonstrate that HIF was necessary and sufficient to induce gene expression from this enhancer sequence.
1 MHz sinusoidal gate driver for Class DE inverter operating with variable load and frequency (2002)

The subject of this paper is the refinement of a sinusoidal gate driver (SGD). This driver is devoted to the Class DE inverter as the driver of MOSFETs. The load of the inverter has variable parameters. In order to ensure the optimum mode of operation of the Class DE inverter, its switching frequency and relevant commutation angle are automatically adjusted as the load parameters change. The SGD driver is based on the Class D inverter. The driver and the inverter operate in a frequency range of 1 MHz. The PLL system, together with a relevant delay and a properly shaped amplitude-frequency characteristic of the driver's output voltage, maintain the optimum mode of the Class DE inverter. The SGD driver has been built and tested. This paper contains a short description of the Class DE inverter and the optimum conditions for its operation. Next, the concept behind the operation of the driver is presented. Then, technical data for the laboratory driver and the Class DE inverter are described. An example of measured waveforms and a photograph of the laboratory system are presented. Finally, the design considerations are given.
Fast Electrochemical Determination of Imidacloprid at an Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode (2013)

A fast and sensitive method for the determination of Imidacloprid (IMI) based on a simply pretreated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been developed. The easy activation at 2.0 V for only 30s of GCE leads to obvious catalytic property to IMI. The electrocatalytic properties and the electron-transfer kinetics of the activated GCE were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The reduction mechanism of IMI was put forward and the limit of detection (LoD) was estimated to be about 0.61 μM.
Research on VSC-HVDC system to mitigate power output fluctuation caused by wind farms (2011)

With global environment problems increasing, wind power as a renewable energy is concerned worldwide, many wind farms are designed recently, however, the power output of wind farms is fluctuant which is determined by the intermittent and random of wind speed. With the increase of wind farm capacity and the percentage of wind power in the whole power system, the influence of the power output fluctuation of wind farms for the system stability will be more remarkable. The paper describes the use of VSC-HVDC technology to mitigate power output fluctuation caused by wind farms based on doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) which dominate in large capability wind generators, stator flux oriented vector control technology and capturing maximal wind energy are adopted, the independent control of active and reactive power is realized and wind generation by capturing maximal wind energy with efficiency is also obtained. The coordinated control strategy between wind farms and VSC-HVDC system is presented, the active power and reactive power fast regulation of VSC-HVDC system keeps the injection power of AC system a stable value according to the system needs. The simulations performed in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the proposed control strategy.
Semantic Filtering (2016)

Edge-preserving image operations aim at smoothing an image without blurring the edges. Many excellent edge-preserving filtering techniques have been proposed recently to reduce the computational complexity or/and separate different scale structures. They normally adopt a user-selected scale measurement to control the detail/texture smoothing. However, natural photos contain objects of different sizes which cannot be described by a single scale measurement. On the other hand, edge/contour detection/ analysis is closely related to edge-preserving filtering and has achieved significant progress recently. Nevertheless, most of the state-of-the-art filtering techniques ignore the success in this area. Inspired by the fact that learning-based edge detectors/classifiers significantly outperform traditional manually-designed detectors, this paper proposes a learning-based edge-preserving filtering technique. It synergistically combines the efficiency of the recursive filter and the effectiveness of the recent edge detector for scale-aware edge-preserving filtering. Unlike previous filtering methods, the propose filter can efficiently extract subjectively-meaningful structures from natural scenes containing multiple-scale objects.
Causal inference in face identification, matching, and verification (2021)

Face identification, matching, and verification are fundamental tasks in daily life and are important in social, forensic, and clinical settings. Accurate performance of these tasks requires robust representations of identity that are invariant to environmental changes in lighting, viewpoint, size, etc., much like in the general case of object detection and recognition. Feature detection and comparison are important to accomplishing these tasks and are well-studied both behaviorally and neuroscientifically. However, faces themselves also change in ways that are material to identity and appearance — e.g., by wrinkling, tanning, microblading, shaving, scarring, growing out a beard, losing weight, and getting a face lift. Accurate performance of face-based tasks therefore requires not only the available face features and context, but also a robust model of face-specific causal forces. Here, we cast the tasks of face identification, matching, and verification as problems of casual inference. We model identity as a probability distribution over a metric face space and identity-based tasks as Bayesian model comparison across intuitive causal psychological models of how faces change and are sampled in identity-based tasks. The problem of face matching, for example, can be expressed as comparison between two models of how the face images were generated: (1) they were sampled from two distinct identity distributions or (2) one was sampled from an identity distribution and the other is a transformation of that sample via one or more causal mechanisms known to the observer. Through computational modeling and demonstrations, we show that observers have a rich understanding of the causal mechanisms that affect identity and appearance and can use that knowledge to make accurate inferences unattainable by approaches that rely only on feature detection and comparison.
MPPE (Multiple Pulse Propagation Experiment) results (1990)

The Multiple Pulse Propagation Experiment (MPPE) was conducted by the Beam Research Group of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from September 1989, through January 1990, using the Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA). This experiment represents the culmination of the three previous beam propagation experiments conducted at the ATA over the past half decade. Highlights of this experiment were the multiple pulse operation of ATA, and the diagnosis of the beam propagation, and channel production at the higher repetition rates. A large database was collected on beam propagation in uniform gas and channels including m = 0 beam size and net current measurements; and m = 1 hose measurements. The generation and evolution of the electron beam driven channels was well documented. A key result of this experiment was that the beam was dominated by hose instability which limited propagation ranges. This report is organized into five sections. The experimental layout and beam parameters have been detailed in previous reports. First the beam initial conditions will be discussed in detail. Since beam injection parameters are ultimately the only variables one can specify in an atmospheric application, the control and documentation of the beam at the entrance to the gas is crucial. Next the beam lead pulse propagation in gas will be reported. Lead pulse results will be compared with past experiments. The density channel production and evolution will be briefly reported; an additional reference is available. Beam propagation in the channel will then be examined. Finally, conclusions will be presented.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of a phospholipase A2from the venom of the Brazilian snakeBothrops moojeni (2001)

A phospholipase A(2) purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops moojeni has been crystallized by vapour-diffusion techniques in hanging drops at 291 K. The crystals, which were grown in the absence of Ca(2+), belong to the cubic system, space group P432, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 91.86 A, and contain one molecule in the asymmetric unit (V(M) = 2.71 A(3) Da(-1)). X-ray diffraction experiments provide data to 2.35 A resolution collected on a rotating-anode home source at cryogenic temperatures. The structure has been solved via molecular-replacement techniques using a single monomer of the crystallographic structure of the phospholipase from the Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) as a search model.
All-MOCVD-Grown Gallium Nitride Diodes with Ultra-Low Resistance Tunnel\n Junctions (2020)

We carefully investigate three important effects including postgrowth\nactivation annealing, delta ({\\delta}) dose and p+-GaN layer thickness and\nexperimentally demonstrate their influence on the electrical properties of GaN\np-n homojunction diodes with a tunnel junction (TJ)-based p-contact. The p-n\ndiodes and TJ structures were monolithically grown by metalorganic chemical\nvapor deposition (MOCVD) in a single growth step. By optimizing the annealing\ntime and temperature for magnesium (Mg) activation and introducing\n{\\delta}-doses for both donors and acceptors at TJ interfaces, a significant\nimprovement in electrical properties is achieved. For the continuously-grown,\nall-MOCVD GaN homojunction TJs, ultra-low forward voltage penalties of 158 mV\nand 490 mV are obtained at current densities of 20 A/cm2 and 100 A/cm2,\nrespectively. The p-n diode with an engineered TJ shows a record-low normalized\ndifferential resistance of 1.6 x 10-4 {\\Omega}-cm2 at 5 kA/cm2.\n
BLACK‐SCHOLES REVISITED: SOME IMPORTANT DETAILS (1988)

ABSTRACT This paper discusses some of the important details not presented in the original derivation of the Black‐Scholes option valuation model. The associated economic rationale is also discussed. A simple alternative derivation based upon risk‐neutrality arguments is presented.
Coding for the optical channel: the ghost-pulse constraint (2005)

We consider a number of constrained coding techniques that can be used to mitigate a nonlinear effect in the optical fiber channel that causes the formation of spurious pulses, called "ghost pulses". Specifically, if b/sub 1/b/sub 2/...b/sub n/ is a sequence of bits sent across an optical channel, such that b/sub k/=b/sub l/=b/sub m/=1 for some k,l,m (not necessarily all distinct) but b/sub k+l-m/=0, then the ghost-pulse effect causes b/sub k+l-m/ to change to 1, thereby creating an error. Such errors do not occur if the sequence of bits satisfies the following constraint: for all integers k,l,m such that b/sub k/=b/sub l/=b/sub m/=1, we have b/sub k+l-m/=1. We call this the binary ghost-pulse (BGP) constraint. We will show, however, that the BGP constraint has zero capacity, implying that sequences satisfying this constraint cannot carry much information. Consequently, we consider a more sophisticated coding scheme, which uses ternary sequences satisfying a certain ternary ghost-pulse (TGP) constraint. We further relax these constraints by ignoring interactions between symbols that are more than a certain distance t apart in the transmitted sequence. Analysis of the resulting BGP(t) and TGP(t) constraints shows that these have nonzero capacities, and furthermore, the TGP(t)-constrained codes can achieve rates that are significantly higher than those for the corresponding BGP(t) codes. We also discuss the design of encoders and decoders for coding into the BGP, BGP(t), and TGP(t) constraints.
Democratizing the micro-scale: A simplified, miniaturized SEM for K-12 and informal student scientists (2015)

Learners in K-12 schools and informal learning environments have historically had significantly less access to critical technologies than practicing scientists. They can observe pollen grains in basic light microscopes while studying plants, but cannot observe the surface structures that affect the pollens' dispersal. They can learn about structure-function relationships in insect anatomy, but not observe mechanosensory bristles on the eye of a fly they caught in their own classroom or learning space, nor the nanostructures enabling moths to hang upside-down on the ceiling. While today's student scientists have access to a great wealth of micro-and nano-scale images via the internet, they have so far been unable to take those images themselves. For K-12 student scientists and informal learners, direct observation of a great range of scientific phenomena has been impossible.
Platelet-rich plasma: application for interstitial cystitis and erectile dysfunction (2022)

Up-to-date, the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment method is actively used in many fields of medicine. In traumatology, PRP is used to treat bone and cartilage defects, ligamentous apparatus. In combustiology for the healing of burns, in surgery ¾ trophic ulcers. There is evidence of the feasibility of using PRP in some dermatological diseases, as well as in dental practice. For urology, the method is new and is just beginning to be studied. The article discusses the methods of treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC) and erectile dysfunction (ED) using PRP. During the review, we relied on existing data on the effectiveness of intravesical injections of PRP in the treatment of IC, as well as on the successful treatment of ED with activated, nonactivated PRP and PRP augmented phosphodiesterasetype 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors.
Viruses as Partners in Spring Bloom Microbial Trophodynamics (1990)

Population sizes of algae, bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, and viruses were observed through the 1989 spring diatom bloom in Raunefjorden in western Norway. The culmination of the diatom bloom was followed by a peak in the concentration of bacteria and an increase in the concentration of heterotrophic flagellates, a pattern consistent with the concept of a food chain from photosynthetically produced organic material, through bacteria, to bacterivorous flagellates. The concentration of viruses varied through the spring bloom from 5 x 10 in the prebloom situation to a maximum of 1.3 x 10 viruses ml 1 week after the peak of the diatom bloom. Coinciding with the collapse in the diatom bloom, a succession of bacteria and viruses was observed in the mucous layer surrounding dead or senescent diatoms, with an estimated maximum of 23% of the total virus population attached to the diatoms. The dynamic behavior observed for the virus population rules out the possibility that it is dominated by inactive species, and the viruses are suggested to be active members of the microbial food web as agents causing lysis in parts of the bacterial population, diverting part of the bacterial production from the predatory food chain.
The long tail of recommender systems and how to leverage it (2008)

The paper studies the Long Tail problem of recommender systems when many items in the Long Tail have only few ratings, thus making it hard to use them in recommender systems. The approach presented in the paper splits the whole itemset into the head and the tail parts and clusters only the tail items. Then recommendations for the tail items are based on the ratings in these clusters and for the head items on the ratings of individual items. If such partition and clustering are done properly, we show that this reduces the recommendation error rates for the tail items, while maintaining reasonable computational performance.
Laser annealing of laser assisted molecular beam deposited ZnO thin films with application to metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (2006)

We report on the effect of postdeposition laser annealing of undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films grown by laser assisted molecular beam deposition. Hall-effect measurements show that some undoped ZnO films change from n type with mobility values in the range of 200cm2V−1s−1 to p-type material with mobility value of 73cm2V−1s−1, after laser annealing. The photoconductive behavior was clearly seen on the laser-annealed samples, with values of 0.28mΩ−1. The structural and optical properties of the films were improved with laser annealing as shown by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and photoluminescence measurement. All of the nonlaser and laser annealed samples showed near-band emission at ∼3.3eV. Metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors were fabricated from the films.
Development and Application of A Membrane Inlet-Single Photon Ionization-Mass Spectrometer for On line Analysis Volatile Organic Compounds in Water (2010)

A single photon ionization time of flight mass spectrometer with membrane inlet has been described and applied for on-line measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water. Automatic sampling, enrichment and measurement of VOCs were achieved by using a polyolimethyl siloxane (PDMS) membrane with a thickness of 50 mu m, a peristaltic pump and electric switch valve. There is almost no memory effect in the membrane inlet system. Single photon ionization processes were accomplished with photons of 10.6 eV emitted from a commercial low pressure discharge krypton lamp, and almost no free fragment was found in mass spectrum. Thus, it can be used for chemical compounds identification according to their molecular weight. The response times for benzene, toluene, xylene and chlorobenzene were all shorter than 100 s. The detection limit of benzene is 3 x 10(-9) (volume fraction), and an excellent linear response was observed in the range of 10 x 10(-9) (V/V) to 1 x 10(-6) (WV). The instrument was tested to analyze VOCs in the sewerage from a chemical plant, and more than twenty compounds of VOCs with concentration in 10 x 10(-9) (V/V) level were observed in 200 s. The results indicate that the single photon time-of-flight mass spectrometer with membrane inlet has a great application potential for on-line analyzing VOCs in water.
A distinct fingerprint of inflammatory mediators and miRNAs in Plasmodium vivax severe thrombocytopenia (2020)

Abstract Background Severe thrombocytopenia can be a determinant factor in the morbidity of Plasmodium vivax ( Pv ), the most widespread human malaria. Although immune mechanisms may drive Pv -induced severe thrombocytopenia (PvST), the current data on the cytokine landscape in PvST is scarce, and often conflicting. The analysis of the bidirectional circuit of inflammatory mediators and miRNAs would lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying PvST. Methods We combined Luminex proteomics, NanoString miRNA quantification, and machine learning, to evaluate an extensive array of plasma mediators in uncomplicated Pv patients, whose blood platelet counts varied from reference values to PvST. Results Unsupervised clustering analysis identified PvST-linked signatures comprised of both inflammatory (CXCL10, CCL4, and IL-18) and regulatory (IL-10, IL-1Ra, HGF) mediators. As part of PvST signatures, IL-6 and IL-8 were critical to discriminate Pv subgroups, while CCL2 and IFN-γ from healthy controls. Supervised machine learning spotlighted IL-10 in Pv -mediated thrombocytopenia, and provided evidence for a potential signaling route involving IL-8 and HGF. Finally, we identified a set of miRNAs capable of modulating these signaling pathways. Conclusions The results place IL-10 and IL-8/HGF in the center of PvST and propose investigating these signaling pathways across the spectrum of malaria infections.
Patent for Nurse Developed Pacifier (1995)

MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing: January 1995 - Volume 20 - Issue 1 - p 13
Mechanisms for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Networks (2013)

Demands on networking infrastructure are growing exponentially; the
drivers are bandwidth hungry rich media applications, inter-data
center communications, etc. In this context, it is important to
optimally use the bandwidth in wired networks that extensively use
LAG/ECMP techniques for bandwidth scaling. This draft explores some of
the mechanisms useful for achieving this.