gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Method for the Quantification of Rhizoctonia solani and R. oryzae from Soil (2005)

Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 8 and R. oryzae are important root pathogens on wheat and barley in the dryland production areas of the inland Pacific Northwest. R. solani AG-8 is difficult to isolate from root systems and quantify in soil because of slow growth and low population densities. However, both pathogens form extensive hyphal networks in the soil and can grow a considerable distance from a food base. A quantitative assay of active hyphae was developed, using wooden toothpicks as baits inserted into sample soils. After 2 days in soil, toothpicks were placed on a selective medium, and the numbers of colonies that grew after 24 h were counted under a dissecting microscope. R. solani and R. oryzae could be distinguished from other fungi based on hyphal morphology. This method was tested in natural soils amended with known inoculum densities of R. solani AG-8 and R. oryzae. Regressions were used to compare the inoculum density or toothpick colonization curves to a predicted curve based on the volume of the toothpicks. The slopes and y intercept of log-log transformed regressions did not differ from the predicted curves in most cases. This technique was used to assess the hyphal activity of R. solani AG-8 and R. oryzae from soil cores taken from various positions in and around Rhizoctonia bare patches at two locations. Activity of R. solani was highest in the center and inside edge of the patch, but there was no effect of patch position on R. oryzae. This simple and inexpensive technique can be used for detection and diagnosis in grower fields and to study the ecology and epidemiology of Rhizoctonia spp.
A case of hemolytic anemia induced by application of .BETA.2 microglobulin adsorbent column to dialysis-related amyloidosis. (2002)

近年, 透析アミロイドーシスに対する治療法の一つとして血液吸着療法によるβ2MG除去法が推奨されている. 今回われわれはβ2MG吸着カラム (鐘淵化学社製リクセル) の使用により繰り返し貧血の増悪を認め, その機序として溶血が示唆された症例を経験した. 製造メーカーの集計では調査症例数183例のうち13例 (7.1%) に貧血が認められており, 副作用としての貧血は注目すべき問題と考えられる. しかし貧血のみならずリクセル使用に伴う副作用についての検討はまだ十分ではないと思われる. 今回のわれわれの検討では合計3期にわたるリクセルの使用により, いずれも貧血の増悪とそれに伴ってハプトグロビンの低下, 網状赤血球数の増加を認めたことから溶血性貧血の合併が強く示唆された. これまでの報告では貧血の原因として葉酸, ビタミンB12, カルニチンの欠乏などの関与が示唆されているが本症例ではこれらの血中濃度には変動が認められなかった. 溶血の原因として, 直接クームス試験陰性所見から自己免疫的機序は否定的であり, リクセルの素材と患者赤血球の間における機械的摩擦や, サイトカインの影響等が考えられるが依然不明な点が多く今後の検討課題である.
A simple, rapid, expedient and sustainable green strategy for the synthesis of benz-/naphthimidazoles (2020)

A versatile green chemical procedure for the highly selective construction of 2-aryl substituted benz-/naphthimidazoles starting from the reaction of aromatic 1,2-diamines with a series of substituted arylthioprolines with three to five drops of water under simple grinding at ambient temperature in good yields is described. The short reaction time, simplified experimental procedure, the absence of extraction and chromatographic purification steps in addition to the environment affability makes this green strategy highly attractive in view of green chemistry. The expected reaction to furnish the thiazole grafted benz-/naphthimidazole did not occur. Perhaps the arylthioprolines could be in zwitterionic form, which could react with 1,2-diamine giving dihyrobenzimidazole, which undergoes air oxidation to furnish the 2-aryl benzimidazole rather than the expected thiazole grafted imidazoles.
Detection and differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by multiplexed real-time PCR (2018)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common and important pathogen that causes human gastroenteritis worldwide. A rapid, sensitive, and specific assay is urgently required for detection and differentiation of V. parahaemolyticus strains. We designed three sets of primers and probes using groEL and two virulence genes (tdh and trh) from V. parahaemolyticus, and developed a multiplex real-time PCR protocol. The sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex assay was evaluated by environmental and clinical specimens of V. parahaemolyticus. The multiplex PCR response system and annealing temperature were optimized. The detection limits of the multiplex real-time PCR were 10<sup>4</sup> and 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/mL (or CFU/g) in pure cultures and spiked oysters, respectively. The multiplex real-time PCR specifically detected and differentiated V. parahaemolyticus from 35 Vibrio strains and 11 other bacterial strains. Moreover, this method can detect and distinguish virulent from nonvirulent strains, with no cross-reactivity observed in the bacteria tested. This newly established multiplex real-time PCR assay offers rapid, specific, and reliable detection of the total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains, which is very useful during outbreaks and sporadic cases caused by V. parahaemolyticus infection.
Three-Component Approach to Pyridine-Stabilized Ketenimines for the Synthesis of Diverse Heterocycles (2019)

Ketenimines are versatile synthetic intermediates capable of performing novel transformations in organic synthesis. They are normally generated in situ due to their inherent instability and high level of reactivity. Herein, we report pyridine-stabilized ketenimine zwitterionic salts, which are prepared through click chemistry from readily accessible alkynes and sulfonyl azides. To demonstrate their synonymous reactivity to ketenimines, these salts have been utilized in a cascade sequence to access highly functionalized quinolines including the core structures of an antiprotozoal agent and the potent topoisomerase inhibitor Tas-103.
Shear-resistant design of biaxially loaded RC beams (2007)

A method is derived to design reinforced concrete beams with rectangular cross-sections and usual side-aligned stirrups against biaxial shear forces. It is based on spatial strut and tie models that describe the increase of stirrup and concrete stresses occurring, if resultant shear forces act inclined to the principal axes of the cross-section. Interpolation factors model these increases in dependence upon related inclinations. They generalise the resistances of the tensile and of the compressive shear strut, as it is exemplarily shown for the formulae of the ‘Standard Method’ in Eurocode 2. The method is verified with experimental and numerical data and applied to a typical example. A design by components—separately treating the two principal directions—does not only misjudge the actual nonlinear physical behaviour, it also evidently overestimates resistances and makes designs unsafe.
Automatic Plant Cover Estimation with Convolutional Neural Networks (2021)

Monitoring the responses of plants to environmental changes is essential for plant biodiversity research. This, however, is currently still being done manually by botanists in the field. This work is very laborious, and the data obtained is, though following a standardized method to estimate plant coverage, usually subjective and has a coarse temporal resolution. To remedy these caveats, we investigate approaches using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically extract the relevant data from images, focusing on plant community composition and species coverages of 9 herbaceous plant species. To this end, we investigate several standard CNN architectures and different pretraining methods. We find that we outperform our previous approach at higher image resolutions using a custom CNN with a mean absolute error of 5.16%. In addition to these investigations, we also conduct an error analysis based on the temporal aspect of the plant cover images. This analysis gives insight into where problems for automatic approaches lie, like occlusion and likely misclassifications caused by temporal changes.
Energy-efficient channel estimation for MB-OFDM UWB system in presence of interferences (2010)

Interference reduces the performance of a correct data signal detection and decoding. This problem becomes severe when interferences exist during the period of channel estimation. This will destroy the accuracy of channel estimation and, will eventually result severe degradation in the performance of signal detection and decoding in the entire data packet/frame. In this article, we propose an improved channel estimation technique for multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) system in presence of interferences. In particular, we work towards a preamble-based channel estimation technique in multi-access and narrowband interfering environments. We construct two preamble symbols with opposite, both in amplitude and phase, sequences in frequency-domain. Time-domain redundancy is introduced into these preamble symbols before transmission. Based on this time-domain redundancy property, we eliminate multi-access interference (MAI) through an adaptive select and replace (ASR) scheme. We show that the use of opposite sequences in preambles leads a simple addition, subtraction and compare (ASC) scheme to cancel narrowband interference (NBI). In addition, we apply a frequency-domain filter, driven by channel's power delay profile (PDP), to get a further enhancement in the estimation accuracy. Simulation results urge that our proposed technique outperforms the conventional channel estimation methods.
The Structure of Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)tellurium(IV), Te(C6F5)4 (2007)

Abstract Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)tellurium(IV), Te(C 6 F 5 ) 4 , was prepared from the reaction of TeCl 4 and Mg(C 6 F 5 )Br. Crystallization of the crude product from n‐pentane at −25 °C gave suitable single crystals. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /c (Z = 8) with two independent molecules per unit cell.
CDC National Health Report: leading causes of morbidity and mortality and associated behavioral risk and protective factors--United States, 2005-2013. (2014)

Although not all-inclusive, this compilation highlights important health concerns, points to areas in which important success has been achieved, and highlights areas in which more effort is needed. By tracking progress, public health officials, program managers, and decision makers can better identify areas for improvement and institute policies and programs to improve health and the quality of life.
Building an audio-visual corpus of Australian English: large corpus collection with an economical portable and replicable black box (2011)

The Big Australian Speech Corpus project incorporates the strategic goals of 30 Chief Investigators from various speech science areas.Speech from 1000 geographically and socially diverse speakers is being recorded using a uniform and automated protocol plus standardized hardware and software to produce a widely applicable and extensible database -AusTalk.Here we describe the project's major components and organization; share the lessons learnt from difficulties and challenges; and present the results achieved so far.
Novel Type of Facade Window Collector-double Benefits: Good Architectural Appearance of Facade and Solving the Problems of Long Term Stability / Efficiency (2014)

S.1320-1325
Effect of Co and P doping on α-Fe2O3 photoelectrochemical catalysis water splitting (2018)

在众多光阳极材料中，纳米结构材料α-Fe2O3由于其光吸收显著、化学稳定性好、储量丰富等优势，被认为是最有前途的材料之一。利用水热法制备了具有良好光解水性能的Co和P掺杂α-Fe2O3纳米材料。经过掺杂后α-Fe2O3纳米材料仍为纳米棒状形貌，纳米棒的粒径增加。实验发现，Co掺杂α-Fe2O3制成的电极在标准光照射下的最大光生电流密度为0.453 mA/cm2，是未掺杂样品的20.6倍，P掺杂α-Fe2O3制成的电极在标准光照射下的最大光生电流密度为0.276 mA/cm2，是未掺杂样品的12.5倍，具备了高效光解水性能。同时通过SEM、TEM、XRD、UV-Vis和Mott-Schottky测试等方法，结合形貌与结构表征，研究了α-Fe2O3的光电化学分解水性能影响机理。
Let-floating (1996)

Virtually every compiler performs transformations on the program it is compiling in an attempt to improve efficiency. Despite their importance, however, there have been few systematic attempts to categorise such transformations and measure their impact.In this paper we describe a particular group of transformations --- the "let-floating" transformations --- and give detailed measurements of their effect in an optimizing compiler for the non-strict functional language Haskell. Let-floating has not received much explicit attention in the past, but our measurements show that it is an important group of transformations (at least for lazy languages), offering a reduction of more than 30% in heap allocation and 15% in execution time.
Inhibitors of proteases as anticancer drugs. (2005)

Proteolytic processes are necessary for normal physiological functions in the body. Failure in the biological control mechanisms of proteolytic activities may cause various diseases, for example, it may enable tumor invasion and metastasis. In the metastatic process, proteolytic enzymes play an important role in mediating passage of the malignant cell through the cell membrane. Tumor cell migration and invasion into the surrounding extracellular matrix is facilitated by a variety of cell surface-associated proteolytic enzymes: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cysteine proteases including cathepsins B and L, aspartic protease cathepsin D, and serine proteases including plasmin and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Many of the natural and synthetic inhibitors of the proteases prevent the dissemination of cancer cells and have also inhibitory effect on tumor growth. Thus inhibition of protease activity by low molecular weight inhibitors represents a promising strategy for anticancer and antimetastatic therapy. The review surveys low molecular inhibitors of MMPs, uPA and lysosomal proteases.
Vision-Based Classification of Mosquito Species: Comparison of Conventional and Deep Learning Methods (2019)

This study aims to propose a vision-based method to classify mosquito species. To investigate the efficiency of the method, we compared two different classification methods: The handcraft feature-based conventional method and the convolutional neural network-based deep learning method. For the conventional method, 12 types of features were adopted for handcraft feature extraction, while a support vector machine method was adopted for classification. For the deep learning method, three types of architectures were adopted for classification. We built a mosquito image dataset, which included 14,400 images with three types of mosquito species. The dataset comprised 12,000 images for training, 1500 images for testing, and 900 images for validating. Experimental results revealed that the accuracy of the conventional method using the scale-invariant feature transform algorithm was 82.4% at maximum, whereas the accuracy of the deep learning method was 95.5% in a residual network using data augmentation. From the experimental results, deep learning can be considered to be effective for classifying the mosquito species of the proposed dataset. Furthermore, data augmentation improves the accuracy of mosquito species’ classification.
Rhenium Compounds in Organic Synthesis. (1996)

Application of rhenium complexes to organic synthesis has progressed rapidly in 1990's. In this review are summarized the recent advances in synthetic reactions catalyzed or promoted by rhenium complexes.In the first half were described the reactions with high valent rhenium-oxo species. Methyltrioxorhenium catalytically promotes the oxidation of olefins, aromatic rings, and hetero atoms with hydrogen peroxide. The combined use of tetrabutylammonium perrhenate and a Brønsted acid catalyzes the 1, 3-rearrangement of allylic alcohols, the Beckmann rearrangement, and the cyclization of benzylacetone oxime derivatives.In the latter half, low valent rhenium-catalyzed reactions were summarized. A chiral rhenium cationic compound readily forms the complexes with olefins and carbonyl compounds in high enantiofacial selectivity. The asymmetric hydrocyanation of aldehydes and the alkylation of quinolines or isoquinolines are developed by diastereoselective addition of nucleophiles to these chiral complexes. Bromopentacarbonylrhenium acts as an efficient Lewis acid, realizing the catalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation of arenes with acyl chloride.
Computing Frobenius maps and factoring polynomials (1992)

A new probabilistic algorithm for factoring univariate polynomials over finite fields is presented whose asymptotic running time improves upon previous results. To factor a polynomial of degree n over Fq, the algorithm uses O((n2 + n log q)•(log n)2 log log n) arithmetic operations in Fq. The main technical innovation is a new way to compute Frobenius and trace maps in the ring of polynomials modulo the polynomial to be factored.
An endogenous glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D releases basic fibroblast growth factor-heparan sulfate proteoglycan complexes from human bone marrow cultures (1994)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that stimulates stromal and stem cell growth. It binds to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan on human bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. The bFGF- proteoglycan complex is biologically active and is released by addition of exogenous phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. In this study, we show the presence of an endogenous GPI-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) that releases the bFGF-binding heparan sulfate proteoglycan and the variant surface glycoprotein (a model GPI-anchored protein) from BM cultures. An involvement of proteases in this process is unlikely, because released proteoglycan contained the GPI anchor component, ethanol-amine, and protease inhibitors did not diminish the release. The mechanism of release is likely to involve a GPI-PLD and not a GPI-specific phospholipase C, because the release of variant surface glycoprotein did not reveal an epitope called the cross- reacting determinant that is exposed by phospholipase C-catalyzed GPI anchor cleavage. In addition, phosphatidic acid (which is specifically a product of GPI-PLD-catalyzed anchor cleavage) was generated during the spontaneous release of the GPI-anchored variant surface glycoprotein. We also detected GPI-PLD-specific enzyme activity and mRNA in BM cells. Therefore, we conclude that an endogenous GPI-PLD releases bFGF-heparan sulfate proteoglycan complexes from human BM cultures. This mechanism of GPI anchor cleavage could be relevant for mobilizing biologically active bFGF in BM. An endogenous GPI-PLD could also release other GPI-anchored proteins important for hematopoiesis and other physiologic processes.
Redefining cervical spine deformity classification through novel cutoffs (2021)

Purpose: The aim is to investigate the relationship between cervical parameters and the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scale (mJOA). Materials and Methods: Surgical adult cervical deformity (CD) patients were included in this retrospective analysis. After determining data followed a parametric distribution through the Shapiro–Wilk Normality ( P = 0.15, P &gt; 0.05), Pearson correlations were run for radiographic parameters and mJOA. For significant correlations, logistic regressions were performed to determine a threshold of radiographic measures for which the correlation with mJOA scores was most significant. mJOA score of 14 and &lt;12 reported cut-off values for moderate (M) and severe (S) disability. New modifiers were compared to an existing classification using Spearman's rho and logistic regression analyses to predict outcomes up to 2 years. Results: A total of 123 CD patients were included (60.5 years, 65%F, 29.1 kg/m 2 ). For significant baseline factors from Pearson correlations, the following thresholds were predicted: MGS (M:-12 to-9° and 0°–19°, P = 0.020; S: &gt;19° and &lt;−12°, χ 2 = 4.291, P = 0.036), TS-CL (M: 26°to 45°, P = 0.201; S: &gt;45°, χ 2 = 7.8, P = 0.005), CL (M:-21° to 3°, χ 2 = 8.947, P = 0.004; S: &lt;−21°, χ 2 = 9.3, P = 0.009), C2-T3 (M: −35° to −25°, χ 2 = 5.485, P = 0.046; S: &lt;−35°, χ 2 = 4.1, P = 0.041), C2 Slope (M: 33° to 49°, P = 0.122; S: &gt;49°, χ 2 = 5.7, P = 0.008), and Frailty (Mild: 0.18–0.27, P = 0.129; Severe: &gt;0.27, P = 0.002). Compared to existing Ames- International Spine Study Group classification, the novel thresholds demonstrated significant predictive value for reoperation and mortality up to 2 years. Conclusions: Collectively, these radiographic values can be utilized in refining existing classifications and developing collective understanding of severity and surgical targets in corrective surgery for adult CD.
Effects of Radiation on Tumor Intravascular Oxygenation, Vascular Configuration, Development of Hypoxia, and Clonogenic Survival (2001)

The underlying physiological mechanisms leading to tumor reoxygenation after irradiation have elicited considerable interest, but they remain somewhat unclear. The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of a single dose of 10 Gy gamma radiation on both tumor pathophysiology and radiobiologically hypoxic fraction. Immunohistochemical staining and perfusion markers were used to quantify tumor vasculature, uptake of the hypoxia marker EF5 to assess the distribution of hypoxia, and intravascular HbO(2) measurements to determine oxygen availability. Tumor radiosensitivity was measured by a clonogenic assay. At 24 h postirradiation, oxygen availability increased, perfused vessel numbers decreased, EF5 uptake decreased, and the radiobiologically hypoxic fraction was unchanged. Together, these results demonstrate that tumor hypoxia develops at an increased distance from perfused blood vessels after irradiation, suggesting a decrease in oxygen consumption at 24 h. By 72 h postirradiation, all physiological parameters had returned to the levels in volume-matched, nonirradiated controls. These studies clearly show that single measures of either tumor oxygenation or vascular structure are inadequate for assessing the effects of radiation on tumor clonogenicity. Although such direct measurements have previously proven valuable in predicting tumor response to therapy or oxygen manipulation, a combination of parameters is required to adequately describe the mechanisms underlying these changes after irradiation.
Synthesis of atactic polypropylene: Propylene polymerization reactions with TiCl4–Al(C2H5)2Cl/Mg(C4H9)2 catalyst (2019)

ABSTRACT The Ziegler catalyst, a combination of TiCl 4 and Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl, is a very poor catalyst for propylene polymerization. However, the addition of Mg(C 4 H 9 ) 2 to the Ziegler catalyst at a [Mg]:[Al] molar ratio &lt; 0.5 leads to the formation of a potent catalyst system for homopolymerization of propylene. Polymers produced with the TiCl 4 –Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl/Mg(C 4 H 9 ) 2 catalyst are mostly atactic and amorphous, their minor partially crystalline isotactic components constitute merely 5–10% of the combined polymer material. Principal advantages of the TiCl 4 –Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl/Mg(C 4 H 9 ) 2 catalyst for the manufacture of atactic PP include high activity, low cost, and the ease of use: the catalyst is prepared in situ from three commercially available components. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 47692.
Opportunistic Interference Alignment for Spectrum Sharing between Radar and Communication Systems (2020)

In this paper, we propose a novel opportunistic interference alignment technique for spectrum-shared radar and uplink cellular communication systems where both systems are equipped with multiple antennas. In the proposed OIA technique, the radar system sends its signal so that the radar signal is received into interference space at base stations (BSs) of the cellular system, while each uplink user (UE) generates its transmit beamforming vector so that communication signals are received within interference space at the radar receiver. Moreover, to achieve better sum-rate performance of the cellular communication system, the BS selects the UEs which results in sufficiently small interference to other cells for the uplink communication. With the proposed OIA technique, detection performance of the radar system is protected, while the communication system achieves satisfactory sum-rate performance. Through extensive computer simulations, we show that the performances of both radar and communication systems with the proposed technique significantly outperform a conventional null-space projection based spectrum sharing scheme.