gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Drowsy Driver's through Eye State (2014)

The increasing number of traffic accidents due to a driver's diminished vigilance level has become a serious problem for society. Some of these accidents are the result of the driver's medical condition. However, a majority of these accidents are related to driver fatigue, drowsiness of drivers. Car accidents associated with driver fatigue are more likely to be serious, leading to serious injuries and deaths. In this paper, an algorithm for drivers' drowsiness detection based on eye states tracking is presented. I use a database which contains 150 images captured from different people in various conditions for better results. These images are captured using a camera located in a car in front of the driver. These images are used for tracking as input of the proposed method. In first step I use color space for drivers' face detection and crop the face from background. In the next step, I estimate the area of the eyes and crop image from this region. Then top and bottom coordinates of the eyes are located using retrench the face pixels from this area and canny operator for edge detection. In the last step I count the number of white and black pixels and compare the distance between these coordinates for recognition of the driver's fatigue.
Correlation of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 Levels with Response to Infliximab Therapy in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (2009)

Our results suggest that the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 system in patients with active RA may be sensitive to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy, and confirm that CX3CL1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RA.
Detailed analysis of latencies in image‐based dynamic MLC trackinga) (2010)

A method for detailed time analysis of each individual real-time position signal for DMLC tracking has been developed and applied to image-based tracking. The method allows identification of the major contributors to latency and therefore a focus for reducing this latency. The method could be an important tool for the reconstruction of the delivered target dose during DMLC tracking as it provides synchronization between target motion and MLC motion.
Effects of Cations on Complexation of Naphthalene by Water‐Soluble Organic Carbon (1989)

An error was discovered in the above article. The fluorescence lifetime of naphthalene was incorrectly cited as 9.6 x lO-"s. The correct value is 41.7 x lo-* s. This new value and a molecular weight for water-soluble organic carbon of 3500 (the nominal cutoff of the dialysis tubing used in this experiment) provides a revised bimolecular quenching rate of 1.86 x 10" M-' s-'. The authors regret any inconvenience caused by the error and thank
Arthroscopic Treatment of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Involving Bilateral Shoulders (2010)

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a lesion of benign proliferative synovium that invades joint, tendon sheath, and bursa. It mainly occurs in 1 joint, the knee joint or hand, and multi-joint invasion is reported to be <1%. Rare cases have been reported of PVNS occurring in the shoulder joint. Generally, total synovectomy is a standard treatment of PVNS. However, complete synovectomy is sometimes impossible because of difficulty of visualization and access to the whole joint and subacromial space. Therefore, recurrence of the disease is always of concern. This article presents a case of 64-year-old patient with pain and swelling of bilateral shoulder joints of 4 months' duration. Physical examination showed atrophy of the deltoid and infraspinatus and a mass-like protrusion on the anterior portion of left shoulder. Active forward elevation was limited to 30 degrees on the right and 90 degrees on the left. Overall synovial hyperplasia and nodular mass was observed on magnetic resonance imaging. Massive rotator cuff tear and invasion of the lesion toward the subacromial space and deltoid muscle was noted as well. Arthroscopic examination revealed a typical finding of PVNS: yellowish brown pigmentation over the overall joint capsule and subacromial space. Arthroscopic total synovectomy without rotator cuff repair was performed for both shoulders. Clinical outcomes showed good pain relief and no recurrence of the disease, although range of motion and muscle strength was not significantly improved, possibly due to accompanied massive rotator cuff tear. Arthroscopic total synovectomy in the treatment of PVNS of the shoulder joint is a minimally invasive and effective method, which makes it possible to access the whole joint space and subacromial space.
The Endocannabinoid, Anandamide, Augments Notch-1 Signaling in Cultured Cortical Neurons Exposed to Amyloid-β and in the Cortex of Aged Rats (2012)

Aberrant Notch signaling has recently emerged as a possible mechanism for the altered neurogenesis, cognitive impairment, and learning and memory deficits associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). Recently, targeting the endocannabinoid system in models of AD has emerged as a potential approach to slow the progression of the disease process. Although studies have identified neuroprotective roles for endocannabinoids, there is a paucity of information on modulation of the pro-survival Notch pathway by endocannabinoids. In this study the influence of the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, on the Notch-1 pathway and on its endogenous regulators were investigated in an in vitro model of AD. We report that AEA up-regulates Notch-1 signaling in cultured neurons. We also provide evidence that although Aβ(1-42) increases expression of the endogenous inhibitor of Notch-1, numb (Nb), this can be prevented by AEA and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Interestingly, AEA up-regulated Nct expression, a component of γ-secretase, and this was found to play a crucial role in the enhanced Notch-1 signaling mediated by AEA. The stimulatory effects of AEA on Notch-1 signaling persisted in the presence of Aβ(1-42). AEA was found to induce a preferential processing of Notch-1 over amyloid precursor protein to generate Aβ(1-40). Aging, a natural process of neurodegeneration, was associated with a reduction in Notch-1 signaling in rat cortex and hippocampus, and this was restored with chronic treatment with URB 597. In summary, AEA has the proclivity to enhance Notch-1 signaling in an in vitro model of AD, which may have relevance for restoring neurogenesis and cognition in AD.
Radiopharmaceuticals for targeted radiotherapy of cancer (2000)

Targeted radiotherapy is the administration of a radiolabelled molecule designed to deliver therapeutic doses of radiation to malignant tumours with high specificity. Radionuclides that are used to label radiopharmaceuticals for cancer therapy generally decay by particle emission, i.e., α, -, +, Auger or conversion electrons. Bifunctional chelators have been designed to attach metal radionuclides to biological molecules that target tumours. Four types of targeted radiotherapy agents are discussed: small molecules, carrier particles, receptor-targeted agents and pre-targeting agents. Human trials of targeted radiotherapy for radiolabelled somatostatin analogues and pre-targeting agents are encouraging. This review focuses on selected disclosures in the patent literature, primarily between 1993 and 1999, for radionuclide production, bifunctional chelators and radiopharmaceuticals, which may prove successful in the development of future agents for cancer radiotherapy.
The random contact hole solutions for future technology nodes (2007)

The authors will explore the possible contact hole lithography solutions for the future technology nodes, from 90 nm down to 32 nm half-pitch (HP) in this paper. The special emphasis will be on the logic application because of the lack of a strong resolution enhancement technique (RET) for the random hole layouts. The use of illumination optimization, focus drilling can extend the projection optical lithography down to near 60 nm HP. The adoption of pitch split double exposure technique is needed to provide a robust manufacturing process window to further extend to around 50 nm HP. To further shrinking the design rule, a double patterning is need after the pitch split. The pitch split double patterning technique reaches its limit around 40 - 45 nm HP. The desire to not limit the integrated circuit (IC) design requires the lithography process k1 to be as high as possible. The random logic contact hole application is well suited for EUV lithography for 35 nm HP and below because of the high k1 process and a potential for high productivity of a mask based lithography. The pattern density of contact hole masks would not require a stringent mask defect requirement, and moreover, the EUV's relatively higher system flare does not have a significant impact on imaging. Actual EUV data and calibrated simulations will be used to demonstrate that EUV can provide a robust process window.
Increasing Field Efficiency of Farm Machinery Using GPS (2010)

AE466, a 3-page illustrated fact sheet by Reza Ehsani, shows how Global Positioning Systems data can provide very useful information about the efficiency of agricultural equipment. Published by the UF Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, August 2010.
DNA and RNA Synthesis:  Antifolates (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDNA and RNA Synthesis: AntifolatesIvan M. Kompis, Khalid Islam, and Rudolf L. ThenView Author Information ARPIDA Ltd, Dammstrasse 36, 4142 Münchenstein, Switzerland Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2, 593–620Publication Date (Web):January 20, 2005Publication History Received7 June 2004Published online20 January 2005Published inissue 1 February 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr0301144https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0301144research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2950Altmetric-Citations184LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Inhibition,Inhibitors,Nutrition,Organic compounds,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
An efficient Generalized Geometry Contact algorithm including modal reduction flexible bodies (2017)

In the MFBD (Multi-Flexible-Body Dynamics) (RecurDyn, 2017), the contact analysis is very important. To develop the general purpose contact algorithm for rigid and flexible bodies, the Generalized Geometry Contact algorithm, which is called ‘Geo Contact', has been developed by Choi's (Choi et al., 2013), (Choi and Choi, 2012), (Choi, 2009) for the contact problems between the rigid and flexible bodies with the general shaped geometries. In the previous researches, the nodal approach for flexible body was considered. But, the flexible body is classified as two types. The one is a nodal flexible body based on the Finite Element Method and the other is a modal reduction flexible body. The modal reduction flexible body is widely used in the MFBD system for the efficient analysis for small deformation problems. In order to get a flexible body of modal reduction, the CMS (Component Mode Synthesis) analysis of Craig-Bampton's (Craig and Bampton, 1965) is widely used. Therefore, in this study, we will expand the existing contact algorithm to the modal reduction flexible body. The node of the modal reduction flexible body can be deformed like as the nodal flexible body. Therefore, the contact algorithm is similar to the nodal flexible body. We made two interface functions in pre and post processing in the previous Generalized Geometry Contact (Geo Contact) algorithm in order to support the contact for the modal reduction flexible body. Consequentially, this method can be applied for various contact cases with three types of bodies. There are total six cases using three types of bodies such as (1) rigid-rigid body, (2) rigid-nodal flexible body, (3) rigid-modal reduction flexible body, (4) nodal flexible-modal reduction flexible body, (5) nodal flexible-nodal flexible body, and (6) modal reduction flexible-modal reduction flexible body. We will show that whole contact cases work well with Generalized Geometry Contact algorithm with some examples.
Microaneurysms detection with the radon cliff operator in retinal fundus images (2010)

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the industrialized world. Early detection is the key in providing effective treatment. However, the current number of trained eye care specialists is inadequate to screen the increasing number of diabetic patients. In recent years, automated and semi-automated systems to detect DR with color fundus images have been developed with encouraging, but not fully satisfactory results. In this study we present the initial results of a new technique for the detection and localization of microaneurysms, an early sign of DR. The algorithm is based on three steps: candidates selection, the actual microaneurysms detection and a final probability evaluation. We introduce the new <i>Radon Cliff</i> operator which is our main contribution to the field. Making use of the Radon transform, the operator is able to detect single noisy Gaussian-like circular structures regardless of their size or strength. The advantages over existing microaneurysms detectors are manifold: the size of the lesions can be unknown, it automatically distinguishes lesions from the vasculature and it provides a fair approach to microaneurysm localization even without post-processing the candidates with machine learning techniques, facilitating the training phase. The algorithm is evaluated on a publicly available dataset from the Retinopathy Online Challenge.
Quantum Motion of Muonium in GaAs and CuCl (1992)

Vanadium, substituting for silicon in SiC-polytypes, has been identified as an amphoteric deep level defect. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is observed for the neutral state Vhigh4plus (3dhigh1), S is equal to 1/2 and for the Ahighminus-state Vhigh3plus(3dhigh2), S is equal to 1. By photo-ESR, the position of the (0/plus) donor level is found to occur near midgap in 6H-SiC. Near-infrared, 1.3 - 1.5 Mym, photoluminescence and absorption, arising from internal 3d-shell transitions, high2Tsub2 &lt;-&gt; high2E, are observed for the neutral state Vhigh4plus (3dhigh1) . These sharp-line spectra were found to be very specific for a given SiC-polytype. Isoelectronic, electrically inactive, titanium impurities have been found, by ESR, to complex preferentially with shallow nitrogen donors. The resulting TisubSi-Nsubc pair then acts as deep donor, Esubc - 0.6 eV, in 6H-SiC. The isolated titanium defect forms a deep acceptor state in 4H-SiC, but not in the 6Hpolytype.
General model of sodium desorption and diffusion during electron bombardment of glass (1982)

A general model for alkali Auger signal decay during electron beam analysis has been developed. All previous models were based on diffusion into the bulk, but alkali ions were shown to be first converted to a new state in the solid by electron bombardment, then either diffusion or desorption could occur. Using an analytic mathematical description of these effects, the relative contribution of desorption and diffusion to decay of the Auger or desorbed ion signal were calculated. The desorption cross section of sodium was evaluated to be about 10−19 cm2 and electron stimulated desorption became important at beam current densities ≳10−3 A/cm2. Utilizing the concept of an electron‐induced surface complex, the experimental observation of an incubation time (during which the Auger signal remained constant) was explained and reasonable agreement between experimental data and model calculations was achieved.
Exposure Geometry and Spectral Environment Determine Photobiological Effects on the Human Eye¶† (2005)

ABSTRACT Photobiological effects upon the human retina, cornea and lens are highly dependent on the optical exposure geometry as well as spectral characteristics of the exposure. The organ of sight is exquisitely sensitive to light because it performs well in very low nighttime illumination levels and yet it also must adapt to extremely bright environments where light exposures are greater by many orders of magnitude. The eye has evolved to protect itself reasonably well against excessive exposure in bright environments. The retina is minimally exposed in extremely bright environments and the cornea and lens are surprisingly well protected in harsh environments. Although these protective mechanisms are good, they are not perfect and adverse changes from both acute and chronic exposures to sunlight still exist. The geometrical protective factors must be understood and appreciated whenever assessing potential adverse effects of environmental UV radiation and light on ocular structures. These natural ocular protective factors also work with the ever‐changing spectrum of sunlight and the different spectral distribution of light and UV radiation across the eye's field of view. Spectral characteristics of the ocular media are also important. One can visualize a series of intraocular color filters that progressively filter shorter wavelengths and thereby aid in color vision, reduce the impact of chromatic aberrations and significantly reduce the optical radiation hazards to the lens and retina.
Neural LiDAR Fields for Novel View Synthesis (2023)

We present Neural Fields for LiDAR (NFL), a method to optimise a neural field scene representation from LiDAR measurements, with the goal of synthesizing realistic LiDAR scans from novel viewpoints. NFL combines the rendering power of neural fields with a detailed, physically motivated model of the LiDAR sensing process, thus enabling it to accurately reproduce key sensor behaviors like beam divergence, secondary returns, and ray dropping. We evaluate NFL on synthetic and real LiDAR scans and show that it outperforms explicit reconstruct-then-simulate methods as well as other NeRF-style methods on LiDAR novel view synthesis task. Moreover, we show that the improved realism of the synthesized views narrows the domain gap to real scans and translates to better registration and semantic segmentation performance.
Distribution and Replication of the Pathogenicity Plasmid pPATH in Diverse Populations of the Gall-Forming Bacterium Pantoea agglomerans (2007)

Pantoea agglomerans has been transformed from a commensal bacterium into two related gall-forming pathovars by acquisition of pPATH plasmids containing a pathogenicity island (PAI). This PAI harbors an hrp/hrc gene cluster, type III effectors, and phytohormone biosynthetic genes. DNA typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed two major groups of P. agglomerans pv. gypsophilae and one group of P. agglomerans pv. betae. The pPATH plasmids of the different groups had nearly identical replicons (98% identity), and the RepA protein showed the highest level of similarity with IncN plasmid proteins. A series of plasmids, designated pRAs, in which the whole replicon region (2,170 bp) or deleted derivatives of it were ligated with nptI were generated for replicon analysis. A basic 929-bp replicon (pRA6) was sufficient for replication in Escherichia coli and in nonpathogenic P. agglomerans. However, the whole replicon region (pRA1) was necessary for expulsion of the pPATH plasmid, which resulted in the loss of pathogenicity. The presence of direct repeats in the replicon region suggests that the pPATH plasmid is an iteron plasmid and that the repeats may regulate its replication. The pPATH plasmids are nonconjugative but exhibit a broad host range, as shown by replication of pRA1 in Erwinia, Pseudomonas, and Xanthomonas. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses indicated that the PAIs in the two groups of P. agglomerans pv. gypsophilae are similar but different from those in P. agglomerans pv. betae. The results could indicate that the pPATH plasmids evolved from a common ancestral mobilizable plasmid that was transferred into different strains of P. agglomerans.
Toll-Like Receptor 8 Ligands Activate a Vitamin D Mediated Autophagic Response that Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (2012)

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are important in recognizing microbial pathogens and triggering host innate immune responses, including autophagy, and in the mediation of immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection. We report here that TLR8 activation in human macrophages induces the expression of the human cathelicidin microbial peptide (CAMP), the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP27B1), which 1α-hydroxylates the inactive form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, into its biologically active metabolite. Moreover, we demonstrate using RNA interference, chemical inhibitors and vitamin D deficient media that TLR8 agonists inhibit HIV through a vitamin D and CAMP dependent autophagic mechanism. These data support an important role for vitamin D in the control of HIV infection, and provide a biological explanation for the benefits of vitamin D. These findings also provide new insights into potential novel targets to prevent and treat HIV infection.
Performance of quadratic and exponential multiuser chirp spread spectrum communication systems (2013)

A novel non-linear chirp spread spectrum modulation (CSSM) is introduced for binary data transmission in a multi-user (MU) environment. Two subclasses of non-linear signals namely quadratic (Q-CSSM) and exponential (E-CSSM) modulations are described and their properties are given. The chirp rates in these modulations are varied as a function of user in an MU environment using the orthogonal structure inherent in non-linear chirp signals. A generic MU communication system model that employs non-linear chirp signals is presented and its bit error rate (BER) performance is analyzed in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading environments as a function of the number of users in the system, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and multiple access interference (MAI). An investigation of the trade off between bandwidth and the number of users in the system is provided for both Q- and E-CSSM. Numerical results demonstrate that these proposed modulations with proper chirp rate assignment are very effective in reducing MAI.
Commentary On Byrd (2013)

I agree with the substance of Prof. Byrd’s argument, that what she calls ‘summoners’ are to be found in supposedly ‘early’ as well as supposedly ‘middle’ dialogues and that this serves to undermine the strong Vlastos thesis of a radical difference between those groups. But Vlastosian and other forms of developmentalism have been in retreat for some time. I think the term παρακαλοῦντα is better translated as ‘provocations’; and I would argue that they are to be found in all of Plato’s dialogues and that their presence supports a more deeply uni-tarian approach than Byrd explicitly offers here. On the other hand, provocation is only a pedagogical strategy and, although its presence constitutes a kind of unity across the Platonic corpus, the problem developmentalism was intended to solve—apparent inconsistencies and contradictions between views apparently asserted in various dialogues—remains in need of solution.