gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers as Nanocontainers for Functional Hydrophilic Molecules (2003)

We report on the introduction of small organic hydrophilic molecules (fluorescein, rhodamine B, and two coumarin-based dyes) in multilayers of strong polyelectrolytes, studied by X-ray reflectometry, UV/visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence measurements. Very low diffusion coefficients (about 10-17 cm2·s-1) were found for the inward diffusion of fluorescein in preformed multilayers. In addition, diffusion was accompanied by substantial variations of the thickness of the multilayer (up to 300%), ruling out the practical significance of inward diffusion as a tool to dope multilayers. We then attempted to coadsorb the fluorophores simultaneously with the polyions during the construction of the multilayer. However, displacement of small molecules by polyions of identical charge and outward diffusion of the fluorophores during the rinsing step resulted in very limited inclusion of the dye by this procedure. This issue was solved by introducing the fluorophore in all baths, including the rinsing ones. Then, the concentration of the multilayers in dye is directly related to the concentration of the dipping solutions and is dependent on the nature of the dye and of the multilayer. The outward diffusion of the fluorophores from these multilayers was studied, and very low diffusion coefficients were again determined, depending on the net charge of the dye. The ability to load rapidly polyelectrolyte multilayers with a variety of hydrophilic organic molecules of small molar mass, in tunable concentration, is a major outcome of the present study. It offers new opportunities to use these multilayers as templates for the confinement of active molecules in functional devices.
Hybrid random walk-linear discriminant analysis method for unwrapping quantitative phase microscopy images of biological samples (2015)

Standard algorithms for phase unwrapping often fail for interferometric quantitative phase imaging (QPI) of biological samples due to the variable morphology of these samples and the requirement to image at low light intensities to avoid phototoxicity. We describe a new algorithm combining random walk-based image segmentation with linear discriminant analysis (LDA)-based feature detection, using assumptions about the morphology of biological samples to account for phase ambiguities when standard methods have failed. We present three versions of our method: first, a method for LDA image segmentation based on a manually compiled training dataset; second, a method using a random walker (RW) algorithm informed by the assumed properties of a biological phase image; and third, an algorithm which combines LDA-based edge detection with an efficient RW algorithm. We show that the combination of LDA plus the RW algorithm gives the best overall performance with little speed penalty compared to LDA alone, and that this algorithm can be further optimized using a genetic algorithm to yield superior performance for phase unwrapping of QPI data from biological samples.
Overview of Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Protocols and Standards (2013)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) series of standards for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) is currently considered as the most promising technology for vehicular networks. It aims to support interoperability and robust safety communications in a vehicular environment. The first trial version of WAVE standard was released in 2006, Most of the published review studies were done on the old trail versions. This study reviews the latest released version of the IEEE WAVE standard, reflects the state of art in WAVE technology, and presents the status of each standard in the IEEE 1609 series of standards. IEEE 1609 series contains four standards that are under development, three are published and one is already withdrawn. Then the study discusses the technical details of IEEE 1609.4 for multi-channel operation and highlights the new features of WAVE Media Access Control (MAC) layer. The study also describes the services and protocols that are provided by IEEE 1609.3 as a network service standard. Frame format that is used in standards are also exposed. Keywords: VANET, IEEE WAVE, IEEE 1609.3, IEEE 1609.4, Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS, WSMP
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY. 37. SOLUTION PHASE PHOTODIMERIZATION OF TETRAMETHYLURACIL. FURTHER STUDIES ON THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF GROUND‐STATE AGGREGATES (1977)

Abstract Die Quantenausbeuten der Photolyse von Tetramethyluracil (TMU) zu cis‐ und trans‐anti‐ Dimeren betragen in Wasser 0,015, in organischen Lösungsmitteln O,OO4‐0,007.
Receptors in the management of breast cancer. (1985)

Assay of breast cancers for oestrogen receptors helps to select advanced cases (about 30%) who will benefit from milder (endocrine) therapy, and, in early disease, gauge overall survival and likelihood of benefit from adjuvant endocrine therapy. A reliable immunocytochemical assay for receptor, now available, should extend the usefulness of such measurements.
Influence of vertical stratification on motion in a differentially heated rotating annulus (1988)

Abstract Understanding the influence of vertical stratification on large scale motions is of prime geophysical interest for both the stable and unstable cases. Here we present a generalization of the Lorenz (1962) model which includes externally imposed stratifications of either sign. Various flow regimes are determined, according to the values of the thermal Rossby number RoT the nondimensional rotation rate Ω and the ratio of temperature differences in the vertical, δ, and horizontal directions, δT. It is found that the stability curve in the RoT,R plane, while preserving its general shape which was found by Hide (1953,1969) for δT=0, moves towards the lower right with increasing δT>0, other conditions being equal, and to the upper left for the slightly unstable case. The curve separates the Hadley axisymmetrical regimes from the Rossby wave regimes. Introduction of a bulk Richardson number helps to separate regular and irregular wave regimes for the case of unstable stratification. Laboratory experiments with a differentially heated (both horizontally and vertically) rotating annulus confirm qualitatively all the main conclusions of the theoretical analysis for a broad range of the parameter space in which the experiments were performed. The results obtained here may also explain the damping of cyclones in the Martian atmosphere after the onset of global dust storms (Ryan and Henry, 1979) and the attenuation of synoptic activity in numerical experiments modelling the atmospheric consequences of nuclear war (Schneider, 1985). The results are also related to the nature of the stable stratification of the majority of planetary atmospheres even for conditions when the prime radiative equilibrium temperature gradient is unstable.
Clustering nuclei using machine learning techniques (2010)

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women. Meanwhile, cervical cancer could be largely preventable and curable with regular Pap tests. Nuclei changes in the cervix could be found by this test. Accurate nuclei detection is extremely critical as it is the previous step of analysing nuclei changes and diagnosis afterwards. Recently, computer-aided nuclei segmentation has increased dramatically. Although such algorithms could be utilised in the situation for sparse nuclei since they are intuitively detected, the segmentation for the complicated nuclei clusters is still challenging task. This paper presents a new methodology for the detection of cervical nuclei clusters. We first detect all the nuclei from the cervical microscopic image by an ellipse fitting algorithm. Second, we chose some high-relevant features from all the features we obtained in last step via F-score, which is based on to what extent one feature attributes to results. All the ellipses are then classified into single ones and cluster ones by C4.5 decision tree with selected features. We evaluated the performance of this method by the classification accuracy, sensitivity, and cluster predictive value. With the 9 selected features from the original 13 features, we came by the promising classification accuracy (97.8%).
A platform technology for metrology, manipulation and automation at the nanoscale (2017)

We present a platform technology for nanometer-scale metrology, manipulation, automation and robotics that consists of ultra-precise actuators, sensors, and electronics on a single CMOS chip. A conventional CMOS process is adopted to manufacture MEMS devices that can position payloads with sub-nanometer resolution and dynamically detect forces in the piconewton range. One example of an aggressively scaled device that has been designed, fabricated, characterized and commercialized in the present platform is a single-chip atomic force microscope (sc-AFM) that achieves atomic lattice resolution in the vertical direction. The modeling and design of sc-AFMs to optimize their distortion-free scan range, speed of operation, and robustness to ambient fluctuations are presented as example applications of the CMOS-MEMS technology platform.
Mechanisms of Pyrazinamide Action and Resistance (2014)

PZA is a unique anti-tuberculosis drug that plays a key role in shortening the TB therapy. PZA kills non-replicating persisters that other TB drugs fail to kill, and thus making it an essential drug for inclusion in any drug combinations for treating drug susceptible and drug-resistant TB such as MDR-TB. PZA acts differently from common antibiotics by inhibiting multiple targets such as energy production, trans-translation and perhaps pantothenate /coenzyme A required for persister survival. Resistance to PZA is mostly caused by mutations in the pncA gene encoding pyrazinamidase involved in conversion of the prodrug PZA to the active form POA. Mutations in the drug target RpsA are also found in some PZA-resistant strains. The recent finding that panD mutations are found in some PZA-resistant strains without pncA or rpsA mutations may suggest a third PZA resistance gene and a potential new target of PZA. Current phenotype based PZA susceptibility testing is not reliable due to false resistance, and sequencing of the pncA gene represents a more rapid, cost-effective and more reliable molecular test for PZA susceptibility testing and should be used for guiding improved treatment of MDR/XDR-TB. Finally, the story of PZA has important implications for not only TB therapy but also chemotherapy in general. PZA serves as a model prototype persister drug and hopefully a 'tipping point' that inspires new efforts at developing a new type of antibiotics or drugs that target non-replicating persisters for improved treatment of not only TB but also other persistent bacterial infections.
An investigation of density measurement method for yarn-dyed woven fabrics based on dual-side fusion technique (2016)

Yarn density is always considered as the fundamental structural parameter used for the quality evaluation of woven fabrics. The conventional yarn density measurement method is based on one-side analysis. In this paper, a novel density measurement method is developed for yarn-dyed woven fabrics based on a dual-side fusion technique. Firstly, a lab-used dual-side imaging system is established to acquire both face-side and back-side images of woven fabric and the affine transform is used for the alignment and fusion of the dual-side images. Then, the color images of the woven fabrics are transferred from the RGB to the CIE-Lab color space, and the intensity information of the image extracted from the L component is used for texture fusion and analysis. Subsequently, three image fusion methods are developed and utilized to merge the dual-side images: the weighted average method, wavelet transform method and Laplacian pyramid blending method. The fusion efficacy of each method is evaluated by three evaluation indicators and the best of them is selected to do the reconstruction of the complete fabric texture. Finally, the yarn density of the fused image is measured based on the fast Fourier transform, and the yarn alignment image could be reconstructed using the inverse fast Fourier transform. Our experimental results show that the accuracy of density measurement by using the proposed method is close to 99.44% compared with the traditional method and the robustness of this new proposed method is better than that of conventional analysis methods.
Efficacy of ZM16 10 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 25840) as a feed additive for weaned piglets and minor porcine species (2019)

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the efficacy of ZM16 10 for weaned piglets and minor porcine species. The additive is a preparation containing viable spores of a strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (DSM 25840). This product is available in two forms, ZM16 and ZM16 10, which contain the bacterium in concentrations of 1.25 × 109 CFU/g additive and 1.25 × 1010 CFU/g additive, respectively. In a previous opinion, the FEEDAP Panel assessed the safety and the efficacy of the product when used in weaned piglets. The Panel concluded that the active agent fulfils the requirements of the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to the assessment of safety. Consequently, the additive is presumed safe for the target animals, consumers of products from animals fed with the additive and the environment. Regarding the safety for the user, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the potential of the additive to be irritant to skin and eyes or its dermal sensitisation due to the lack of data. However, it concluded that the additive should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. The data provided in the previous assessment to support the efficacy of the additive was not sufficient to conclude on the efficacy of the additive in weaned piglets or minor weaned porcine species. The applicant provided supplementary information to complement the data, including a statistical analysis pooling data from different studies. Based on the newly submitted data, the Panel concluded that the additive has a potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive in weaned piglets at a level of 5 × 108 CFU/kg complete feed or in water for drinking at 1.7 × 108 CFU/L. This conclusion was extrapolated to minor porcine species at the same developmental stage.
Solvolysen von 4‐Alkylidenbicyclo[3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐6‐olen. Synthese von 1‐Vinylfulvenen und 8,8‐Diphenylheptafulven (1985)

Solvolysis of 4‐Alkydenbicyclo[3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐6‐oles. Synthesis of 1‐Vinylfulvenes and 8,8‐Diphenylheptafulvene Four 4‐alkylidenebicyclo[3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐6‐ones 2–5 , obtained via ketene cycloaddition to fulvenes, were reduced to separated mixtures of the ‘ endo ’ ‐alcohols ‘ endo ’‐ 6 to ‘ endo ’‐ 9 (68–73%) and ‘ exo ’‐ 6 to ‘ exo ’‐ 9 (3–20%). Treatment of some of these alcohols with (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 O in CH 2 Cl 2 /pyridine caused a spontaneous solvolysis to yield unsaturated 7‐membered rings as pyridinium triflates 10–12 or 1‐vinylfulvenes 13 and 14 , a new class of reactive tetraenes: Both ‘ endo ’‐ 9 and ‘ exo ’‐ 9 , having two methyl groups at C(7), were converted into the vinylfulvene 13 (≈ 80%). The alcohols with two H‐atoms at C(7) exhibited a stereochemically controlled reaction selectivity, inasmuch as ‘ endo ’‐ 6 to ‘ endo ’‐ 8 afforded only the corresponding 7‐membered‐ring pyridinium salts 10–12 (66–79%), while ‘ exo ’‐ 6 produced only the vinylfulvene 14 (77%). A stereoelectronic control argument explains the C(1), C(5)‐bond cleavage with ‘ endo ’‐ B and ‘ endo ’– 6 ‐‘ endo ’‐ 8 , as well as the C(1), C(7)‐bond cleavage with ‘ exo ’‐ B , ‘ exo ’‐ 6 , and with both ‘ endo ’‐ and ‘ exo ’‐ 9 . Thermolysis (120°) of the pyridinium triflates 10 and 11 yielded the 3‐isopropenyl‐cycloheptatrienes 18 and 19 , respectively (≈90%); similar conditions (145°) applied to the triflate 12 produced the doubly cyclized fluorene derivative 21 (60%). When the iodide 22 derived from the triflate 12 with Nal was heated in refluxing toluene, 8,8‐diphenylheptafulvene ( 23 , 86%) was obtained.
An online feature selection architecture for Human Activity Recognition (2017)

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) must currently face up to the challenge of rethinking analytics from the perspective of real-time operation, wherein biophysical sensing streams are efficiently intertwined at close vicinity to the point of sensing. As such, feature selection techniques, traditionally employed for off-line data processing, should be evaluated with respect to their ability to filter out redundant information in real-time. In this work, we propose an online architecture for implementing feature selection on mobile devices, and we evaluate popular feature selection methods against constantly alternating activity labels. We perform a qualitative analysis to determine the dominant sensing modality that dictates the activities of a certain time duration. The results indicate that online feature selection performance changes among consecutive data partitions, leading to the conclusion that the type of available activity influences significantly the feature selection procedure.
The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate's Hand: A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment, 1890-1913 (2009)

For over 125 years, from the ratification of the Constitution to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, the voting public did not elect U.S. senators. Instead, as a result of careful planning by the Founding Fathers, state legislatures alone possessed the authority to elect two senators to represent their respective interests in Washington. It did not take long for second and third generation Americans to question the legitimacy of this process. To many observers, the system was in dire need of reform, but the stimulus for a popular elections amendment was controversial and not inevitable. This essay examines why reform came in 1911 with the Senate’s unexpected passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, which was ratified twenty-four months later in the first year of Woodrow Wilson’s presidency.
The Synthesis of 7-Substituted-2,3-dihydropyrido [4,3-d]pyridazine-1,4-diones and 1,4-Dioxo-7-substituted- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyridazine 6-Oxides from Methyl Ketones (2017)

A general four-step transformation of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl methyl ketones via 3-(dimethylamino)-1-substituted-prop-2-en-1-ones, followed by microwave [2+2] cycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, cyclization of (2E,3E)-2-[(dimethylamino)methylene]-3-(2-substituted)succinates with ammonia or hydroxylamine hydrochloride into 2-substituted-pyridine-4,5-dicarboxylates and their N-oxides and final cyclization with hydrazine hydrate into of 7-substituted-2,3-dihydropyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4-diones and 1,4-dioxo-7-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyridazine 6-oxides is shown.
System Identification with Quantized Observations (2010)

This book concerns the identi?cation of systems in which only quantized output observations are available, due to sensor limitations, signal quan- zation, or coding for communications. Although there
Semiconductor photonic waveguide structures made by a reactive beam etching technique (2002)

A Br/sub 2/-N/sub 2/ reactive beam etching technique that produces smooth and vertical sidewall etching shapes has been developed and applied to the construction of semiconductor photonic waveguide devices. The low-loss and polarization-insensitive deep-ridge waveguides made by the etching technique have been used to form high performance multimode interference couplers and arrayed waveguide grating filters. Deeply etched submicrometer wide grooves were demonstrated as the surface grating for DFB lasers, which were made without a regrowth process.
Anterior Segment Dysgenesis and Early-Onset Glaucoma inneeMice with Mutation ofSh3pxd2b (2011)

Eyes of nee mice exhibit anterior segment dysgenesis and early-onset glaucoma. Because SH3PXD2B is predicted to be a podosome adaptor protein, these findings implicate podosomes in normal development of the iridocorneal angle and the genes influencing podosomes as candidates in glaucoma. Because of the early-onset, high-penetrance glaucoma, nee mice offer many potential advantages as a new mouse model of the disease.
Identification of FIR Systems With Binary Input and Output Observations (2016)

This article considers the identification of finite-impulse response systems, where information about the inputs and outputs of the system undergoes quantization into binary values before transmission to the estimator. In the case where the thresholds of the input and output quantizers can be adapted, we propose identification schemes that are strongly consistent for Gaussian distributed inputs and noises. The algorithms are based on the idea that certain joint probabilities of the unquantized signals can be estimated from the binary signals, and the system parameters can then be inferred from these estimates. The algorithms and their properties are illustrated in simulation examples.
Influence of the Coulomb Force on Spray Cooling (2007)

Effects of the Coulomb electrical body force on heat transfer performance of an instrumented spray cooling experiment are reported. Heat transfer performance is documented for a range of spray volume flow rates and heater power levels using the dielectric liquids, FC‐72 and HFE‐7000, sprayed onto a Thick Film Resistor (TFR) heater; along with flow visualization results using a transparent Indium‐Tin Oxide (ITO) heater. Two Coulomb force electrode geometries show modest but consistent improvements in heat transfer (order of 5–15%), but only at heat fluxes where boiling of the liquid film occurs. Flow visualization shows a highly contorted liquid film forming on the heater surface. These flow visualization results are used to aid in the estimation of characteristic time scales governing the effects of surface tension, gravity, heating of the liquid film, and vaporization of the film. For the present dense liquid sprays, it is concluded that none of these time scales are as short as the average time between droplet impacts into a heater surface area equal to the estimated size of the thin, crater‐like liquid films formed by a previous droplet impact.
DNA containing CpG motifs induces angiogenesis (2002)

New blood vessel formation in the cornea is an essential step in the pathogenesis of a blinding immunoinflammatory reaction caused by ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). By using a murine corneal micropocket assay, we found that HSV DNA (which contains a significant excess of potentially bioactive "CpG" motifs when compared with mammalian DNA) induces angiogenesis. Moreover, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs attract inflammatory cells and stimulate the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which in turn triggers new blood vessel formation. In vitro, CpG DNA induces the J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line to produce VEGF. In vivo CpG-induced angiogenesis was blocked by the administration of anti-mVEGF Ab or the inclusion of "neutralizing" oligodeoxynucleotides that specifically oppose the stimulatory activity of CpG DNA. These findings establish that DNA containing bioactive CpG motifs induces angiogenesis, and suggest that CpG motifs in HSV DNA may contribute to the blinding lesions of stromal keratitis.