gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the Immune System - Early Nutrition and Consequences for Later Life (2012)

Human milk contains several immunological active compounds which protect the infant from infection. Many of them such as antibodies are individually adapted to the maternal environment which is similar to the environment of the infant thus providing individual protection to the infant. Apart from this protection activated immediately after birth, human milk modulates also the described developmental processes. Although the mechanisms of this modulation are not fully understood there is evidence that human milk can transfer "immunological memory of the mother" to the infant. This concept of the role of human milk underlines the importance of quality of nutrition during first months of life for total development of the immune system. Individual human milk analyses will provide insight in components that are important modulators. Immunologic active peptides, long chain www.intechopen.com Recent Advances in Immunology to Target Cancer, Inflammation and Infections 316 polyunsaturated fatty acids, several glycolipids and non-digestible oligosaccharides have already been identified as such modulators. The interaction of these active components with different parts of the immune system is very complex allowing a graduate and balanced development of the immune system.
Double EGFR mutants containing rare EGFR mutant types show reduced in vitro response to gefitinib compared with common activating missense mutations (2009)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are common in lung adenocarcinomas, especially from nonsmoking women of Asian descent. We have previously shown EGFR mutations occur in >70% of lung adenocarcinoma from nonsmokers in our population with a complex mutational profile, including 13% of EGFR double mutations. In this study, we investigated the in vitro gefitinib response of four EGFR double mutants identified in untreated patients, including Q787R+L858R, E709A+G719C, T790M+L858R, and H870R+L858R. The phosphorylation profiles of EGFR and downstream effectors AKT, STAT3/5, and ERK1/2 were compared by immunoblot analyses among the single and double mutants transfected into H358 cells. Results showed that mutants responded to in vitro gefitinib treatment with different sensitivities. The G719C and L858R single mutants showed the highest gefitinib sensitivity compared with the corresponding coexisting single mutants E709A, Q787R, H870R, and T790M. The double mutants E709A+G719C, Q787R+L858R, and H870R+L858R showed attenuated responses to gefitinib in the EGFR and downstream effector phosphorylation profiles compared with G719C or L858R alone. T790M+L858R showed strong resistance to gefitinib. Clinically, the patient whose tumor contained H870R+L858R showed tumor stabilization by 250 mg oral gefitinib daily but cerebral metastasis developed 6 months later. Correlation with the in vitro phosphorylation profile of H870R+L858R suggested that treatment failure was probably due to inadequate suppression of EGFR signaling by the drug level attainable in the cerebrospinal fluid at the given oral dosage. Overall, the findings suggested that rare types of EGFR substitution mutations could confer relative gefitinib resistance when combined with the common activating mutants.
Role of oxygen radicals in induction of DNA damage by metabolites of benzene. (1988)

Benzene is strongly suspected of being an animal and human carcinogen, but the mechanisms by which benzene induces tumors of lymphoid and hematopoietic organs are unknown. Binding studies in vivo suggest a very low level of covalent binding to the DNA of bone marrow elements. Since several metabolites of benzene have the potential to undergo autooxidation and thereby generate reactive oxygen intermediates, we have tested the hypothesis that benzene metabolites can induce DNA damage through the generation of oxygen radicals. Hydroquinone (HQ), benzoquinone (BQ), catechol, and 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT) were first tested for their ability to generate O2-. at a physiological pH. BT, and to a lesser extent HQ, were autooxidized and produced significant quantities of O2-.. No detectable O2-. was produced by catechol or BQ. Similarly, BT was very efficient at degrading DNA, and this degradation was inhibited by scavengers of O2-., H2O2 and .OH. HQ did not degrade DNA but did induce single- and double-strand breaks. In contrast to the action of BT, the breakage of DNA by HQ was not inhibited by scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates. The metabolites which did not produce O2-. (catechol and BQ) did not induce significant breakage of DNA. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that certain benzene metabolites can induce DNA damage through the production of oxygen radicals; they further suggest that other metabolites may act, via another mechanism, to damage DNA.
Best Policy Identification in discounted MDPs: Problem-specific Sample Complexity (2020)

We investigate the problem of best-policy identification in discounted Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with finite state and action spaces. We assume that the agent has access to a generative model and that the MDP possesses a unique optimal policy. In this setting, we derive a problem-specific lower bound of the sample complexity satisfied by any learning algorithm. This lower bound corresponds to an optimal sample allocation that solves a non-convex program, and hence, is hard to exploit in the design of efficient algorithms. We provide a simple and tight upper bound of the sample complexity lower bound, whose corresponding nearly-optimal sample allocation becomes explicit. The upper bound depends on specific functionals of the MDP such as the sub-optimal gaps and the variance of the next-state value function, and thus really summarizes the hardness of the MDP. We devise KLB-TS (KL Ball Track-and-Stop), an algorithm tracking this nearly-optimal allocation, and provide asymptotic guarantees for its sample complexity (both almost surely and in expectation). The advantages of KLB-TS against state-of-the-art algorithms are finally discussed.
A pilot study of chest tube versus pigtail catheter drainage of acute hemothorax in swine (2015)

We found no statistically significant difference in the volume of blood drained by a 14 Fr pigtail catheter compared with a 32 Fr chest tube.
Lévy noise-induced phenomena in CO oxidation on Ir(111) surfaces (2017)

The influences of external Lévy noise in CO oxidation on the Ir(111) surfaces are numerically examined. Depending on the control parameters, such as the temperature T and the CO fraction Y in the total reactant input gas flux, the reaction exhibits one or two stable stationary states in the absence of noise. Lévy noise is introduced in the reaction by randomly varying the quality of the influx mixture. We then observe a large variety of different types of behaviors depending on the initial CO fraction Y, in particular, the phenomenon of noise-induced shifts of the steady state in the monostable regime is regarded. We also show how the stationary probability density changes in terms of stochastic bifurcation when Lévy noise is applied in the bistable regime. The results provide a strong evidence for noise-induced transitions. We concentrate on the effects of the stability index α, the skewness parameter β, and the noise intensity D that emphasize the differences with Gaussian fluctuations.
Additive Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D Supplementation (with and without Calcium) on Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023)

Exercise is a recognized component in the prevention and therapy of osteoporosis. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of Vitamin D (Vit-D) added to exercise versus exercise alone on bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS) or hip in older adults. A systematic review based on six literature databases according to PRISMA included (a) exercise trials, with an exercise (EX) and a combined exercise + Vit-D group (EX + Vit-D), (b) intervention ≥ 6 months, and (c) BMD assessments at LS or hip. Effects sizes (MD) and 95%-confidence intervals (95%-CI) were calculated using a random-effect model that includes the inverse heterogeneity model (IVhet). Five studies with 281 participants in the EX and 279 participants in the EX + Vit-D were included. No significant differences between EX versus EX + Vit-D were observed for BMD-LS (MD: 0.002, 95%-CI: -0.033 to 0.036) or BMD-hip (MD: 0.003, 95%-CI: -0.035 to 0.042). Heterogeneity between the trial results was moderate-substantial for LS (<i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 0%) and moderate for hip-BMD (<i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 35%). The funnel plot analysis suggests evidence for a publication/small study bias for BMD-LS and hip results. In summary, this present systematic review and meta-analysis were unable to determine significant positive interaction of exercise and Vit-D on LS- or hip-BMD. We predominately attribute this finding to (1) the less bone-specific exercise protocols of at least two of the five studies and (2) the inclusion criteria of the studies that did not consequently focus on Vit-D deficiency. This issue should be addressed in more detail by adequately powered exercise trials with promising exercise protocols and participants with Vit-D deficiency. This trial is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) ID: CRD42022309813.
Voice and telephony over ATM (VTOA) to the desktop (1996)

This paper describes the direction the ATM Forum (ATMF) is adopting for the support of voice and telephony over ATM (VTOA) to the desktop. The goals of the ATMF are clearly outlined, along with the functional requirements of VTOA. The areas of access and interworking are both covered, in addition to the services and features supported.
An Evaluation and Ranking of Different Voting Schemes for Improved Visual Place Recognition (2023)

Visual Place Recognition has recently seen a surge of endeavours utilizing different ensemble approaches to improve VPR performance. Ideas like multi-process fusion or switching involve combining different VPR techniques together, utilizing different strategies. One major aspect often common to many of these strategies is voting. Voting is widely used in many ensemble methods, so it is potentially a relevant subject to explore in terms of its application and significance for improving VPR performance. This paper attempts to looks into detail and analyze a variety of voting schemes to evaluate which voting technique is optimal for an ensemble VPR set up. We take inspiration from a variety of voting schemes that exist and are widely employed in other research fields such as politics and sociology. The idea is inspired by an observation that different voting methods result in different outcomes for the same type of data and each voting scheme is utilized for specific cases in different academic fields. Some of these voting schemes include Condorcet voting, Broda Count and Plurality voting. Voting employed in any aspect requires that a fair system be established, that outputs the best and most favourable results which in our case would involve improving VPR performance. We evaluate some of these voting techniques in a standardized testing of different VPR techniques, using a variety of VPR data sets. We aim to determine whether a single optimal voting scheme exists or, much like in other fields of research, the selection of a voting technique is relative to its application and environment. We also aim to propose a ranking of these different voting methods from best to worst according to our results as this will allow for better selection of voting schemes.
80μm-core graded-index MMF for consumer electronic devices (2012)

In this paper, we present the realization and the characterization of high-bandwidth 80&mu;m-core MMFs. Insertion loss, modal bandwidth and its assessment by Differential Mode Delay (DMD) measurements and macro-bend-loss measurements will be particularly detailed. System performances at 10Gbps and 20Gbps over 10s of meters are investigated using the IEEE Spreadsheet model and a more complete physical.
Some pyrrolopyrimidine chemistry directed to the synthesis of tricyclic purine analogues (1995)

Chemistry directed to the synthesis of the tricyclic ring system 3, a purine analogue with degenerate hydrogen-bonding potential, has been investigated and has resulted in the synthesis of several novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potential precursors. The known analogue 2-amino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (7-deazaguanine) is converted by the Vilsmeier reagent into 4-chloro-2-dimethylaminomethyleneamino-6-formyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 10. Formylation at the α-position of the pyrrole ring was determined by the comparison of 13C NMR data of the corresponding alcohol and the unsubstituted derivative and is in agreement with the regiospecificity reported for the Mannich reaction of this compound. In contrast, base-catalysed hydroxymethylation of 4-chloro-2-methylsulfanyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine with formaldehyde in aqueous THF occurs at the desired β-position to afford the 5-hydroxymethyl product 17. 7-Methylation of the ButMe2Si-protected alcohol 17 led to several potential precursors of the desired tricyclic structure. The 5-phthalimidooxymethyl derivatives of either 2-methylsulfanyl- or 4-chloro-7-methyl-2-methylsulfonyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine with ammonia gave the aminooxymethyl derivatives but these subsequently failed to cyclise. Several approaches to cyclise 4-hydroxyamino-5-hydroxymethyl-7-methyl-2-methylsulfonyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 27 afforded the corresponding 4-amino compound as the major component. Both the experimental and modelling results show that considerable strain is associated with the formation of 3.
Fragment-to-Lead Medicinal Chemistry Publications in 2017 (2018)

This Miniperspective is the third in a series reviewing fragment-to-lead publications from a given year. Following our reviews for 2015 and 2016, this Miniperspective provides tabulated summaries of relevant articles published in 2017 along with some general observations. In addition, we discuss insights obtained from analysis of the combined data set of 85 examples from all three years of publications.
Characterization of Threading Dislocations in Strained-Si/SiGe Heterostructures Using Preferential Two-Step Etching and MOS-EBIC (2005)

Epitaxial strained Si/Si1−xGex wafers with 14% to 41% Ge were used in this study. A two‐step etching procedure was optimized to selectively delineate threading dislocations (TDs) exiting the top strained Si (sSi) layer. The first step is a short duration etch in a diluted Secco or Schimmel solution to enable a pipe to form preferentially at TDs on the top sSi layer, while allowing a thin sSi layer to remain as a cap on the underlying SiGe layer. After the TDs have been opened‐up, the sample is further etched in HF(49%):H2O2(30%):HAc =1:2:3, which selectively etches the underlying SiGe in the vicinity of TD pipes, but essentially does not attack the Si cap. Thus, the TD etch pit contrast is enhanced and well resolved under an optical microscope. We have also applied low‐temperature MOS‐EBIC to electrically examine TDs under accumulation mode bias, which allows separation of MDs and TDs, and selective imaging of electrically active TDs up to the top oxidized sSi layer.
Rat choroid plexus specializes in the synthesis and the secretion of transthyretin (prealbumin). Regulation of transthyretin synthesis in choroid plexus is independent from that in liver. (1986)

Synthesis of total protein and of transthyretin in rat choroid plexus was studied by measuring the incorporation of radioactive leucine into proteins in choroid plexus tissue incubated in vitro. About 20% of the protein newly synthesized in choroid plexus and about 50% of the newly synthesized protein secreted into the medium was transthyretin. Evidently, the choroid plexus is very active in the biosynthesis of this carrier protein for thyroid hormones and could be an important link in the chemical communication between the body and the central nervous system. Acute inflammation, which leads to a profound rearrangement of the pattern of plasma protein synthesis rates in the liver, produced distinct changes in the levels for plasma protein mRNAs in the liver. The levels of the mRNAs for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and major acute phase alpha 1-protein increased more than 30-fold, those for transthyretin and albumin decreased to 27 and 57% of normal, respectively. The pattern of the observed changes in the levels of mRNAs for plasma proteins in the liver was independent of whether the acute inflammation was produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine or intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of talcum. However, levels of transthyretin mRNA in choroid plexus were affected only very slightly, or not at all. Apparently, transthyretin synthesis in liver and choroid plexus is regulated independently during the acute phase response. No mRNA was detected in choroid plexus for albumin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and major acute phase alpha 1-protein under any conditions.
The ontogenesis of lithium‐induced effects on suckling: Inhibition and facilitation (1989)

The ontogenesis of the effect of lithium on suckling behavior was assessed by administering lithium carbonate directly and acutely to 15-, 20-, 30-, and 35-day-old rat pups. Lithium significantly interfered with nipple attachment in 15-day-old rat pups in a dose-dependent pattern, but it facilitated attachment at some doses (40, 60, 80 mg/kg) in weanling-age rat pups. Furthermore, lithium pretreatment reversed quipazine-induced interference of attachment in weanling-age rats. These effects are similar to those previously reported with serotonergic antagonists, suggesting a similar mechanism, perhaps via the inositol phosphate second messenger system.
US Space Acquisition: Is the US Loosing the Race? (2010)

Symposium Presentation (for Acquisition Research Program)
Psychosocial Factors Influencing Parental Interest in Genomic Sequencing of Newborns (2016)

This hypothetical survey study suggests that previous experiences leading to worrisome health information and parenting stress need to be considered when GS is offered. Additional research, currently underway, is exploring factors associated with real-life parental choices around whether to obtain GS of their newborns.
Crystal structure of ethyl 2-methyl-5,10-dioxo-4-phenyl-5,10-dihydro-4H-11-thia-1,4a-diazabenzo[b]fluorene-3-carboxylate (2018)

The title compound, C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>18</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>S, crystallizes in the ortho-rhom-bic <i>P</i>2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub> space group, indicating the existence of only one enanti-omer with an <i>S</i> configuration of the chiral center in the crystal phase. The di-hydro-pyrimidine ring adopts a twist-boat conformation while the quinone ring is slightly non-planar. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions. In addition, a short inter-molecular S⋯N contact of 3.250 (3) Å indicates an inter-action between the S atom and the π-system of the thia-zole ring.
Contrôle du tritium dans les couvertures à matériau tritigène plomb-lithium pour des réacteurs à fusion (1993)

Du fait de sa faible reactivite avec l'eau et l'air et sa forte capacite a generer du tritium, l'alliage liquide pb-17 li (17% lithium, 83% plomb) est un candidat attractif comme materiau tritigene d'une couverture d'un reacteur a fusion. La faible solubilite du tritium dans pb-17 li est un inconvenient majeur a l'utilisation de cet alliage car elle entraine des pertes importantes de tritium par permeation au travers des materiaux de structure. Deux moyens d'abaisser la permeation du tritium sont envisages: l'application de barrieres de permeation sur les aciers de structure et le developpement d'un systeme d'extraction du tritium de pb-17 li suffisamment performant pour maintenir la pression partielle de tritium dans pb-17 li toujours faible. L'etude de ces deux moyens d'abaisser la permeation a fait l'objet d'experiences en pile et hors pile. La barriere de permeation presentant la meilleure efficacite est un revetement obtenu par aluminisation. Sous irradiation et/ou en presence de pb-17 li elle permet de reduire la permeation du tritium par un facteur compris entre 3 et 15 comparee a celle observee sans barriere de permeation. La presence de pb-17 li modifie les mecanismes regissant le transport du tritium. Aussi, les resultats obtenus dans ces conditions different de ceux obtenus en presence de phase gazeuse uniquement. L'efficacite d'une barriere depend de son mode de fabrication et des defauts crees par les contraintes thermomecaniques presentes pendant les experiences, ce qui peut expliquer la dispersion des resultats obtenus. Un extracteur de type colonne a plateaux a ete etudie en utilisant de l'hydrogene pour simuler le tritium et l'argon comme gaz extracteur. Des resultats ont deduit un coefficient de transfert de masse de l'ordre de 10##6 m/s a 350c. L'efficacite maximale de l'extracteur teste est de 2,4% meme avec des pressions partielles d'hydrogene dans pb-17 li atteignant 460 pa. Un extracteur de type colonne a bulles a ete concu afin d'optimiser l'extraction
Synthesis and Secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor and Its Binding Protein by the Perfused Rat Liver: Dependence on Growth Hormone Status* (1983)

Isolated livers of normal and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats with or without GH replacement therapy were perfused in an erythrocyte-free recirculating perfusion system for 4 h in the presence of [35S]cysteine. Albumin secretion and synthesis increased in a parallel and linear fashion over 4 h. The albumin secretion rates were 0.53 and 0.21 mg/g liver h-1 in normal and hypox animals, respectively. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) secretion, measured as insulin equivalents in the fat cell assay as well as in a competitive protein binding assay, and IGF synthesis, as determined from [35S]cysteine incorporation into immunoprecipitable IGF, likewise increased linearly and in parallel throughout the perfusion time. The IGF secretion rate was 50 microU/g liver h-1. The secreted IGF had a molecular weight of approximately 7700 daltons. Secretion and synthesis of IGF were reduced to 11% in hypox rats and were largely restored by human GH replacement therapy (to 86% of normal). A single specific binding protein with an approximate molecular weight of 35,000 was detected in the perfusate. The binding protein was measured by covalent cross-linkage to [125I]IGF I by dimethylsuberimidate. The secretion of this binding protein was 62% of normal in hypox animals and 79% in GH-treated hypox rats. The data suggest that IGF is continuously synthesized and released by the liver. Assuming a half-life for IGF of 3 h in the normal rat, a plasma volume of 8 ml, and a liver weight of 8.5 g, the rate of IGF production by the perfused normal rat liver (50 microU/g liver h-1) would be sufficient to maintain serum IGF at the concentration determined in normal rat serum (approximately 130 microU/ml). This suggests that the liver is the major site of IGF production in the rat.
Raumsimulation (1997)

Unter dem Begriff Raumsimulation versteht man die künstliche Erzeugung einer Raumakustik. Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Raumakustik finden sich in [Cre78, Kut91]. Die Raumsimulation wird hauptsächlich zur Nachbearbeitung von Signalen benutzt, bei denen sich das Mikrofon im Nahbereich eines Instrumentes oder einer Stimme befindet. Das zunächst direkte Signal ohne zusätzlichen Raumeindruck soll in einen bestimmten akustischen Raum, wie z. B. einen Konzertsaal oder eine Kirche, abgebildet werden. Im systemtheoretischen Sinn entspricht die Nachbearbeitung eines Audiosignals mittels einer Raumsimulation der Faltung des Audiosignals mit einer entsprechenden Raumimpulsantwort. Die Raumimpulsantwort zwischen zwei Punkten innerhalb eines Raumes läßt sich gemäß Bild 6.1 in das Direktsignal, erste Reflexionen von Wänden und den diffusen Nachhall aufspalten.