gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanically assisted 3D ultrasound with geometrically variable imaging for minimally invasive focal liver tumor therapy (2019)

Liver cancer is the second and sixth most frequent cause of cancer mortality worldwide in men and women, respectively, with high prevalence in under developed and developing countries. Minimally invasive focal ablation of liver tumors is an alternative technique to resection and transplantation for early-stage cancer and is focused on reducing patient complications and recovery times. Although promising, the therapeutic benefits are currently present with high local cancer recurrence. One potential source of error arises when performing therapy applicator guidance with 2D ultrasound (US) since the field-of-view is limited and requires the physician to build a mental image of the anatomy. Our solution to this limitation has been the development of a novel mechanically assisted 3D US imaging and guidance system capable of providing geometrically variable images. A three-motor mechanical mover was designed to provide linear, tilt, and hybrid geometries with adjustable ranges of motion for variable 3D US fields-of-view. This mover can manipulate any clinically available 2D US transducer via transducer-specific 3D-printed holders to guide applicator insertions intraoperatively. This mover is held by a counterbalanced mechanical “arm and wrist”, which contain electromagnetic brakes and five encoders to track the position of the transducer. This mechanical support is mounted on a portable cart with coarse adjustable height to accommodate gross differences in patient sizes. This work represents the design, construction, software implementation, preliminary 3D volume reconstruction evaluation, and the first qualitative human volunteer scans. Geometric errors performed on a grid phantom were &lt;3% and human volunteer images were clinically applicable.
Instantaneous speckle reduction? Yes, but there is no free lunch! (2018)

We are motivated by the question if scanning laser projection with low speckle noise is possible. Scanning laser projection requires “instantaneous” speckle reduction, within a few nanoseconds – meaning that no moving diffusors can be used. We will argue that instantaneous speckle reduction is possible by conversion of spatial coherence to spatial incoherence - but nature demands for a compensation. The cost can be estimated via the information theoretical concept “channel capacity”, which incorporates the etendue as well as the signal-to-noise ratio. We will show that an optical system with low spatial coherence (=low speckle noise) must provide significantly more degrees of freedom than a coherent imaging system. The consequence for the technical optical system is serious: significant speckle reduction can only be achieved by an excessively large projection aperture. This is not just a sophistic consideration, it seriously restricts the design of scanning laser projectors.
Studies in Phosphinemethylene Chemistry. I. Nucleophilic Displacement of Halide Ion in Metal Halides by Triphenylphosphinemethylene. A New Synthesis of Organometallic-substituted Phosphonium Salts1 (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in Phosphinemethylene Chemistry. I. Nucleophilic Displacement of Halide Ion in Metal Halides by Triphenylphosphinemethylene. A New Synthesis of Organometallic-substituted Phosphonium Salts1Dietmar Seyferth and Samuel O. GrimCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 7, 1610–1613Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01468a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01468a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views260Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pax‐5 and EBF are Expressed in Committed B‐Cell Progenitors Prior to the Colonization of the Embryonic Bursa of Fabricius* (2000)

The committed B-cell precursors developing from hemopoietic stem cells have been considered to differentiate through a common lymphoid progenitor stage in the mouse. In the chicken B-cell system, however, the committed B-cell progenitors burst as a single wave prior to the bursal colonization and most likely as direct descendants of hemopoietic stem cells. In the present report we show that prebursally committed B-cell progenitors specifically express early B-cell factor (EBF) and Pax-5 transcription factors. In addition we show that the expression of these and other B-lineage-associated transcription factors starts early in the chicken ontogeny. Altogether our findings strongly support the model of early delineation of B- and T-cell development and do not support the existence of common lymphoid stem cells.
The Influence of Ash Impurities on Interfacial Reactions between Carbonaceous Materials and EAF Slag at 1550°C (2009)

Carbon/slag interactions have been investigated between two carbonaceous materials, metallurgical coke (18.3% ash) and natural graphite (2.1% ash), and an EAF slag (34.8% Fe2O3) using a sessile drop arrangement at 1550°C to determine the role played by carbonaceous materials in carbon/slag interactions and interfacial phenomena. Gaseous emissions from metallurgical coke in the presence of slag were much higher than those from coke alone indicating significant carbon/slag interactions with the system exhibiting extensive/rapid iron oxide reduction, very high rates of gas generation but poor gas entrapment within the slag phase. High levels of gas generation led to a strong likelihood of convective transport of reactants and products across the metallurgical coke/slag interface with oxides present in coke ash partially dissolving in molten slag and modifying slag composition. Natural graphite on the other hand showed slow rates of gas generation, slow reduction of iron oxide and excellent gas entrapment. Gases generated from graphite alone were comparable to those generated in the presence of slag and were an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding emissions from metallurgical coke/slag system. Slag interactions with metallurgical coke resulted in lower surface tension due to pickup of silica from coke ash and small droplet volumes; slag interactions with natural graphite gave rise to minor changes in slag properties due to low ash levels and increases in droplet volumes. The rate of gas generation was found to be an important parameter in carbon/slag interactions and needs to be maintained at optimum levels for sustaining gas entrapment within slag over extended periods. This study highlights significant differences in the carbon/slag interactions of two carbonaceous materials with an EAF slag, and the important role played by ash impurities.
Generation-Dependent Energy Dissipation in Rigid Dendrimers Studied by Femtosecond to Nanosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy (2001)

Intramolecular kinetic processes in a series of second-generation polyphenyl dendrimers with multiple peryleneimide chromophores attached to the para position of the outer phenyl ring were investigated by steady-state and femtosecond to nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained were compared to the ones of the corresponding first-generation dendrimer series. The energy-hopping rate constant, khopp, observed from anisotropy decay times was found to be 5 times smaller than that of the first-generation series and scales well with the difference in average distance between the chromophores. In addition to the processes observed in first-generation dendrimers in the ultrafast time domain by fluorescence up-conversion, a second annihilation process is found in the second-generation multichromophoric dendrimer. The observation of two singlet−singlet annihilation processes in this compound can be explained by the presence of a mixture of constitutional isomers leading to a broader distribution of distances between neighboring chromophores compared to first-generation multichromophoric dendrimers.
Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of 3‐phytase produced by Komagataella phaffii (CECT 13171) (FSF10000/FLF1000) for poultry species, pigs for fattening and minor porcine species (FERTINAGRO BIOTECH S.L.) (2022)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 3-phytase produced by <i>Komagataella phaffii</i> (CECT 13171) (FSF10000/FLF1000) as a zootechnical additive for poultry species, pigs for fattening and minor porcine species. The production strain (CECT 13171) is genetically modified and was developed from a strain that had been previously assessed by the FEEDAP Panel. The genetic modifications present in <i>K. phaffii</i> CECT 13171 do not raise safety concerns and no recombinant DNA was detected in the final formulations of the additive (FSF10000/FLF1000). However, the Panel could not conclude on the identity of the production strain and uncertainty remained on the possible presence of viable cells of the production strain in the final formulations. Owing to these uncertainties, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the safety of the additive regarding the production strain. The additive in either form is not irritant to eyes and skin, the liquid formulation is not a dermal sensitiser but the solid formulation is, and the two formulations should be considered potential respiratory sensitisers. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the 3-phytase present in the additive is safe for the target species at a level of 1,000 FTU/kg feed and that would not raise safety concerns for the environment. However, considering the uncertainties on the identification of the production strain and the possible presence of viable cells in the final formulations, the Panel could not conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species, consumer, users, and the environment. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is efficacious at 500 FTU/kg feed in poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding, pigs for fattening and minor porcine species and at 1,000 FTU/kg feed in laying hens.
Enantioselective Cyanosilylation of Ketones with Amino Acid/BINAP/Ruthenium(II)‐Lithium Phenoxide Catalyst Systems (2012)

Abstract Enantioselective reactions of simple ketones, α,α‐ and β,β‐dialkoxy ketones, and α‐alkoxy ketones with trimethylsilyl cyanide catalyzed by the bimetallic systems of amino acid/BINAP/ruthenium(II) complexes and lithium phenoxide have been studied [BINAP=2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl]. The Ru(PhGly) 2 (BINAP)‐lithium phenoxide system showed high enantioselectivity for the reaction of acetophenone derivatives to afford the cyanated products in up to 90% ee [PhGly=phenylglycinate]. For the cyanosilylation of dialkoxy ketones and α‐alkoxy ketones, the Ru( t ‐Leu) 2 (BINAP)‐lithium phenoxide system exhibited the best catalyst performance to produce the cyanohydrin derivatives in up to 99% ee and 98% ee , respectively [ t ‐Leu= tert ‐leucinate]. The excellent catalytic activity resulted in complete conversion in the reaction with a substrate‐to‐catalyst molar ratio (S/C) of 10,000 in the best cases.
Molecular genetic analysis of phosphomannomutase genes in Triticum monococcum (2014)

In higher plants, phosphomannomutase (PMM) is essential for synthesizing the antioxidant ascorbic acid through the Smirnoff–Wheeler pathway. Previously, we characterized six PMM genes (TaPMM-A1, A2, B1, B2, D1 and D2) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD). Here, we report a molecular genetic analysis of PMM genes in Triticum monococcum (AmAm), a diploid wheat species whose Am genome is closely related to the A genome of common wheat. Two distinct PMM genes, TmPMM-1 and TmPMM-2, were found in T. monococcum. The coding region of TmPMM-1 was intact and highly conserved. In contrast, two main TmPMM-2 alleles were identified, with TmPMM-2a possessing an intact coding sequence and TmPMM-2b being a pseudogene. The transcript level of TmPMM-2a was much higher than that of TmPMM-2b, and a bacterially expressed TmPMM-2a recombinant protein displayed relatively high PMM activity. In general, the total transcript level of PMM was substantially higher in accessions carrying TmPMM-1 and TmPMM-2a than those harboring TmPMM-1 and TmPMM-2b. However, total PMM protein and activity levels did not differ drastically between the two genotypes. This work provides new information on PMM genes in T. monococcum and expands our understanding on Triticeae PMM genes, which may aid further functional and applied studies of PMM in crop plants.
Of Aging Mice and Men: Gait Speed Decline Is a Translatable Trait, With Species-Specific Underlying Properties (2019)

In the last two decades, great strides were made in our ability to extend the life span of model organisms through dietary and other manipulations. Survival curves provide evidence of altered aging processes but are uninformative on what lead to that increase in life span. Longitudinal assessments of health and function during intervention studies could help in the identification of predictive biomarkers for health and survival. Comparable biomarkers of healthspan are necessary to effectively translate interventions into human clinical trials. Gait speed is a well-established predictive biomarker of healthspan in humans for risk of disability, health outcomes and mortality, and is relatively simple to assess noninvasively in rodents. In this study, we assessed and compared gait speed in males from two species (mice and humans), from young adulthood to advanced old age. Although gait speed decreases nonlinearly with age in both species, the underlying drivers of this change in gait speed were different, with humans exhibiting a shortened step length, and mice displaying a decrease in cadence. Future longitudinal and interventional studies in mice should examine the predictive value of longitudinal declines in gait speed for health and survival.
HVOF Spraying of Fine Ceramic Powders and Characteristics of the Coatings (2003)

It is quite difficult to spray fine powders with particle size of -5 micrometers, using conventional HVOF or plasma spraying. A new type of HVOF, referred to as θ-gun, has recently made it possible to spray fine powders of ceramics, as well as metals and cermets without clogging or spitting troubles. The ceramic coatings indicate phenomenally unique microstructures and mechanical properties, such as much higher wear resistance, due to higher cohesive strength between particles and less thermal deterioration during spraying, compared with those of the coatings prepared by conventional plasma spraying.
Edits - Data Cleansing at the Data Entry to assert semantic Consistency of metric Data (2006)

It is a matter of fact that the input of numeric data into databases needs careful screening to avoid semantic incoherency with respect to the knowledge at hand. In nearly all real applications such knowledge exists as models, i.e. as balance equations, behavioral equations or simply as definitions. The representation of those objects is possible by validation rules ("edits"), which are roughly speaking specially tailored tests. The methodology is presented, recent work in progress is shown, and a business application is presented.
DynaSOAr: A Parallel Memory Allocator for Object-Oriented Programming on GPUs with Efficient Memory Access (2018)

Object-oriented programming has long been regarded as too inefficient for SIMD high-performance computing, despite the fact that many important HPC applications have an inherent object structure. On SIMD accelerators, including GPUs, this is mainly due to performance problems with memory allocation and memory access: There are a few libraries that support parallel memory allocation directly on accelerator devices, but all of them suffer from uncoalesed memory accesses. We discovered a broad class of object-oriented programs with many important real-world applications that can be implemented efficiently on massively parallel SIMD accelerators. We call this class Single-Method Multiple-Objects (SMMO), because parallelism is expressed by running a method on all objects of a type. To make fast GPU programming available to average programmers, we developed DynaSOAr, a CUDA framework for SMMO applications. DynaSOAr consists of (1) a fully-parallel, lock-free, dynamic memory allocator, (2) a data layout DSL and (3) an efficient, parallel do-all operation. DynaSOAr achieves performance superior to state-of-the-art GPU memory allocators by controlling both memory allocation and memory access. DynaSOAr improves the usage of allocated memory with a Structure of Arrays data layout and achieves low memory fragmentation through efficient management of free and allocated memory blocks with lock-free, hierarchical bitmaps. Contrary to other allocators, our design is heavily based on atomic operations, trading raw (de)allocation performance for better overall application performance. In our benchmarks, DynaSOAr achieves a speedup of application code of up to 3x over state-of-the-art allocators. Moreover, DynaSOAr manages heap memory more efficiently than other allocators, allowing programmers to run up to 2x larger problem sizes with the same amount of memory.
Neurological profile of low-risk children at 3–4 years of age (2021)

Background. Nervous system diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders are detected in children of preschool and school age approximately thrice as frequently as nervous system disorders in neonates. To investigate this dynamic, we admitted the necessity of standard neurological assessment of children in the interim period, that is at the age of 3–4 years old. Objective. The aim of the present research is practical testing of standard neurological assessment method for children at the approximate age of 3.5 years old. Design and methods. We studied neurological status characteristics in 26 low-risk children at the age 31–48 months with the adapted standard Neurological Profile of B. C. L. Touwen. Results. It is shown that in neurological status of children of the specified age, qualified as «neurologically healthy», not less than two deviations from optimal values were detected. The most common deviations were impaired sitting up from supine position, reduction of reaction to push in sitting position and passive muscle tone changes. The average neurological profile for these children was received. The detected neurological status deviations have correlation with speech development disorders (speech development milestones and phrase speech) (r = 0.69–0.74). At the same time, we noted dissociation between values of some neurological functions and development, and that may suggest individual of development. Conclusion. Comparison of neurological morbidity in neonatal period and in early preschool age, data about influence of neurological deviations at the approximate age of 3.5 years old on the future cognitive and behavioral disorders, as well as the findings obtained in the present research about prevalence and character of individual deviations in low-risk children, may suggest a probable mechanism of neurological, cognitive, and behavioral disorders increase in elder children.
Content Services Network: The Architecture and Protocols (2001)

Content delivery networks (CDNs) can be viewed as application-specific overlay networks that make web caching an infrastructure service accessible to any content provider. As the Internet continues to evolve with increasing diversity and heterogeneity, we see a growing demand for extending the capabilities of network intermediaries to provide additional services such as content adaptation, personalization, watermarking and location-aware data insertion.
'Over-use Syndrome' affecting musicians : teaching aspects (2004)

Certain medical ailments occur with increased frequency among musicians, affecting musicians of all ages and ability (Steven & Hayden 2002). As Dawson (1997) suggests, 'Music, by its very nature, consists of moving tones - in many cases moving extremely rapidly and for prolonged periods. The repetitive physical motions and forces required to play such music may at times exceed the body's capabilities and thus become the source of physical problems.' With regards to medical issues, Jameson (1998) states that the most common complaints in musicians are hand, forearm, and arm pain. The muscles in the forearm may fatigue, strain, and weaken from injuries induced by continuous playing.
On the Controllability of Matrix-weighted Networks (2020)

This letter examines the controllability of consensus dynamics on matrix-weighed networks from a graph-theoretic perspective. Unlike the scalar-weighted networks, the rank of weight matrix introduces additional intricacies into characterizing the dimension of controllable subspace for such networks. Specifically, we investigate how the definiteness of weight matrices influences the dimension of the controllable subspace. In this direction, graph-theoretic characterizations of the lower and upper bounds on the dimension of the controllable subspace are provided by employing, respectively, distance partition and almost equitable partition of matrix-weighted networks. Furthermore, the structure of an uncontrollable input for such networks is examined. Examples are then provided to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Impact of hot compressed water pretreatment on the structural changes of woody biomass for bioethanol production (2011)

As an initial step in an alternative use of woody biomass to produce bioethanol, this work was aimed at investigating the effect of hot compressed water (HCW) pretreatment within the temperature range 100 to 200 °C in a batch-type reactor on the structural changes of Tamarix ramosissima. The untreated and pretreated solid residues were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), r transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), solid-state cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS), 13C NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as chemical methods. The results showed that HCW pretreatment solubilized mainly hemicelluloses and resulted in enriched cellulose and lignin content in the pretreated solids. It was found that the deposition of lignin droplets on the residual surfaces was produced during pretreatment under the hot water conditions above 140 °C. In addition, the removal of hemicelluloses and lignin re-localisation as a result of condensation reactions under the severe pretreatment condition may lead to an increase in cellulose crystallinity and thermal stability of biomass solid residues, thus consequently influencing the downstream digestibility of biomass for sugars and bioethanol production.
Valence and conduction band offsets of a ZrO2/SiOxNy/n‐Si CMOS gate stack: A combined photoemission and inverse photoemission study (2004)

Abstract The densities of states above and below the Fermi energy for the ZrO 2 /SiO x N y /n‐Si system are examined by photoemission and inverse photoemission and compared with results from first principles calculations. The measured band gap of ZrO 2 is 5.68 eV and the valence and conduction band offsets relative to silicon are 3.40 and 1.16 eV respectively. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)