gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Building Biologically-Inspired Self-Adapting Systems Extended Abstract (2008)

Biological systems are far more complex than systems we design and build today. The human body alone has orders of magnitude more complexity than our most-intricate designed systems. Further, biological systems are decentralized in such a way that allows them to benefit from built-in error-correction, fault tolerance, and scalability. Despite added complexity, human beings are more resilient to failures of individual components and injections of malicious bacteria and viruses than engineered software systems are to component failure and computer virus infection. Other biological systems, for example worms and sea stars, are capable of recovering from such serious hardware failures as being cut in half (both worms and sea stars are capable of regrowing the missing pieces to form two nearly identical organisms), yet we envision neither a functioning desktop, half of which was crushed by a car, nor a machine that can recover from being installed with only half of an operating system. It follows that if we can extract certain properties of biological systems and inject them into our software design process, we may be able to build complex self-adaptive software systems. Biological systems ’ complexity makes them not only desirable to guide software design, but also difficult to fully understand. Thus one approach to building software similar to biological systems is by first building models of biology that we can understand. Then these models can guide the high-level design, or architecture of the software systems, resulting in systems that retain the model’s fault tolerance, scalability, and other properties. Figure 1 shows the outline of the process of using a biological system to create a software
A Variable-Order Markov-Chain-Based Model for Rayleigh Fading and Rake Receiver (2004)

The reliability of usual Markov chain models for Rayleigh fading depends strongly on the channel variation regime. In this letter, a flat Rayleigh fading channel and RAKE receiver output model for all fading variation speeds is proposed. The complex Gaussian fading and the RAKE output processes are bandlimited. A variable-order Markov chain provides the desirable discrete process with suitable correlation properties at a frequency that respects the sampling theorem. An interpolator provides samples at the transmission rate. This model is available for all fading variation speeds, and the Markov chain is built only once. High soft-output reliability with important simulation time reduction is obtained.
Underground coal gasification: status and proposed program (1984)

Technical uncertainties remaining in the UCG technology include specific criteria for site selection, large-scale burn interactions, details of process control, multiple well operation, overall system reliability, subsidence, and water quality effects. Considerable effort has been expended on understanding and controlling the process, on predicting and mitigating subsidence, and on maintaining water quality. Some data are available on site acceptability, but as yet information from large-scale field tests are not in the public domain. Commercialization of UCG will not be possible until such data become available. A program plan to commercialize UCG in an orderly, paced manner has been developed. The program would cost $200 million over seven years, some of which could be cost-shared with industry. The proposed program includes development of a more detailed program plan. The laboratory component of the program, although only a small fraction of the budget, is crucial. It contains environmental research, modeling, experimental studies, economic and system studies, instrumentation development, and materials studies. The field component includes UCG of both flat and steeply dipping coal beds as well as of less tractable bituminous coal. The field projects involve development of criteria for site selection and characterization, large block tests in bituminous coal, simple, small-scalemore » field tests, subsequent more complex and longer-running tests, and finally large scale, or pilot tests. Steam-oxygen gasification would probably be used. 48 references, 11 figures, 6 tables.« less
Activity-dependent competition regulates motor neuron axon pathfinding via PlexinA3 (2013)

The role of electrical activity in axon guidance has been extensively studied in vitro. To better understand its role in the intact nervous system, we imaged intracellular Ca(2+) in zebrafish primary motor neurons (PMN) during axon pathfinding in vivo. We found that PMN generate specific patterns of Ca(2+) spikes at different developmental stages. Spikes arose in the distal axon of PMN and were propagated to the cell body. Suppression of Ca(2+) spiking activity in single PMN led to stereotyped errors, but silencing all electrical activity had no effect on axon guidance, indicating that an activity-based competition rule regulates this process. This competition was not mediated by synaptic transmission. Combination of PlexinA3 knockdown with suppression of Ca(2+) activity in single PMN produced a synergistic increase in the incidence of pathfinding errors. However, expression of PlexinA3 transcripts was not regulated by activity. Our results provide an in vivo demonstration of the intersection of spontaneous electrical activity with the PlexinA3 guidance molecule receptor in regulation of axon pathfinding.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Ligands at the Glycine‐Binding Site of the N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate Receptor. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Identification of antibiotic and antiproliferative compounds in natural orange blossom water (2015)

Orange blossom water (Citrus aurantium L. ssp aurantium) is a hydrosol widely used in cosmetics, medicine and in the food industry. When exposed to sunlight for a few days, the hydrosol turns orange and a precipitate appears afterwards. Despite the economic importance of the orange blossom water, this phenomenon has never been studied and the chemical changes taking place have never been elucidated. This study reports on the comparative analysis of sunlight exposed and non-exposed hydrosols by UV-Visible spectroscopy, GC and HPLC. The formation of several indole derivatives (isatin, oxindole, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 3,3’-diindolylmethane, turbomycin A) induced by the exposition of orange blossom water to sunlight was observed. Two of these derivatives have already been identified as biologically active compounds: 3,3’-diindolylmethane displays an antiproliferative activity against various human cancer cell lines and turbomycin A presents a broad-range antibiotic activity. The later one was identified in this study as the compound responsible for the orange coloration of sunlight-exposed orange blossom water.
EVIDENCE THAT STIMULATOR CELL-DERIVED IL-6 AND IL-1 ARE RELEASED IN THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE BUT ARE NOT REQUISITE FOR RESPONDER T CELL PROLIFERATION (1992)

We investigated whether IL-6 and (or) IL-1 are crucial costimulatory signals in the human MLC with purified responder T cells. With allogeneic PBMC as stimulators, IL-6 and IL-1 were rapidly produced, and reached plateau values of 100-300 U/ml and 200-500 pg/ml after 24 hr, respectively. Irradiated or mitomycin-c treated PBMC could easily be induced (with LPS) to produce IL-6 and IL-1 while no activity was measured after 48 hr in the supernatant of PHA-stimulated T cells, suggesting that in the MLC the monokines were entirely produced by stimulator PBMC. In cultures of responder T cells and stimulator B cells, no IL-6 and IL-1 activity was measured in the supernatant, and only a marginal proliferative response was found. Exogenous IL-6 and IL-1 increased in a dose-dependent way the B-cell-induced alloresponse and induced significant cytotoxicity in the responder cells. Antisera to IL-6 and IL-1 totally inhibited the induced response. The proliferation was accompanied by increased IL-2 production and IL-2R expression. Preincubation of B cells with IL-6 and IL-1 did not improve the proliferation, suggesting direct effects of IL-6 and IL-1 on the T cells. The proliferative responses induced by B cells and exogenous IL-6 and IL-1 represented a fraction of those induced by PBMC. Moreover, in PBMC-stimulated cultures exogenous IL-6 and IL-1 or antisera to these lymphokines did not significantly alter proliferative responses, cytotoxicity, IL-2 levels in the supernatant, or IL-2R expression on responder T cells. We conclude that a role for IL-6 and IL-1 in allogeneic T cell stimulation can be demonstrated in conditions of suboptimal stimulation with B cells. With PBMC, neutralizing antisera to these cytokines do not seem to inhibit the proliferative response, suggesting that these cells are superior in alloantigen presentation either by producing various costimulatory signals or by the fact that due to cell-cell contact stimulator cell-derived monokines cannot be blocked. This finding makes it unlikely that antimonokine therapy will be useful in transplantation.
Pd/C-H2-Catalysed Deuterium Exchange Reaction of the Benzylic Site in D2O (2002)

Pd/C is found to catalyse efficient and chemoselective exchange of deuterium derived from D2O with hydrogens on a benzylic carbon in the presence of a catalytic amount of hydrogen at room temperature.
Assessing Knowledge and Attitudes toward Colorectal Cancer Screening in Armenia (2019)

Massoumi, Roxanne MD; Abrami, Evelyn A. MS; Torosian, Taron MS; Harutyunyan, Nika M. MD; Aboulian, Armen MD, FACS; Shekherdimian, Shant MD, FACS Author Information
3'-Hydroxy- and (.+-.)-3',11-dihydroxy-.DELTA.9-tetrahydrocannabinol: (THC) biologically active metabolites of .DELTA.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (1982)

Synthesis of 3'-hydroxy- (7) and (+/-)-3',11-dihydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11), metabolites of delta 9-THC, is described. Condensation of the monoterpene (+/-)-cis-p-menth-2-ene-1,8-diol (1) and (+/-)-3'-acetoxyolivetol (2) in the presence of fused ZnCl2 in CH2Cl2 gave a mixture from which the delta 9-THC derivative 3, containing small amounts of the delta 8-isomer 4, was isolated after column chromatography. This mixture was separated as their diacetates 5 and 6 by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Alkaline hydrolysis (5% KOH in MeOH) of 5 furnished the metabolite 7. Condensation of (+/-)-8 with 2 in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid gave 9a, which was acetylated to 9b. Treatment with HgO/BF3 X Et2O in wet THF gave the aldehyde 10. Reduction with LiAlH4 furnished the metabolite 11. These metabolites were compared with delta 9-THC for their ability to depress spontaneous activity and rectal temperature in mice and for their effects on overt behavior in dogs. 3'-Hydroxy-delta 9-THC was also compared to delta 9-THC in the mouse sympatomatology test and cardiovascular system in dogs. The metabolites produced pharmacological effects similar to those of delta 9-THC in all tests. 3'-Hydroxy-delta 9-THC was 2-3 times more effective than delta 9-THC in the behavioral tests, whereas (+/-)-3',11-dihydroxy-delta 9-THC was approximately 3 times less active than delta 9-THC.
Scattering experiments in two-dimensional systems in the presence of quantizing magnetic fields (1989)

We present magnetoresistance measurements in an ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As/GaAs heterojunction with a gate covering a small region of the sample. With this device the Landauer approach to the resistance can be directly studied. The two-dimensional electron gas preserved in the nondissipative quantum Hall regime acts as the ideal leads necessary in this approach. The behavior of the scattering region formed by the gated part in between the undisturbed parts (ideal leads) of the sample is investigated by application of different voltages to the gate. We measured the dependence of the device resistance on the gate voltage and the number of available channels within the ideal leads. It is found that a theory based on the classical drift of electrons along equipotential lines (trajectories) accompanied by two types of transitions (intra- and inter-Landau-level transitions) between them is able to explain the main features of experiments.
Isoform-specific Intermolecular Disulfide Bond Formation of Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) (2010)

Three mammalian isoforms of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), α, β, and γ, play diverse roles in gene regulation. Despite their structural similarity, the diverse functions of these isoforms imply that they are additionally regulated by post-translational modifications. Here, we have identified intermolecular disulfide bond formation of HP1 cysteines in an isoform-specific manner. Cysteine 133 in HP1α and cysteine 177 in HP1γ were involved in intermolecular homodimerization. Although both HP1α and HP1γ contain reactive cysteine residues, only HP1γ readily and reversibly formed disulfide homodimers under oxidative conditions. Oxidatively dimerized HP1γ strongly and transiently interacted with TIF1β, a universal transcriptional co-repressor. Under oxidative conditions, HP1γ dimerized and held TIF1β in a chromatin component and inhibited its repression ability. Our results highlight a novel, isoform-specific role for HP1 as a sensor of the cellular redox state.
Vilken påverkan har korruption i det politiska systemet i Brasilien för en demokratisk utveckling (2010)

Brasilien är en nation som den senaste tiden gått framåt både ekonomiskt och demokratiskt, det är ett land som har potential att få en betydande roll i världspolitiken. Trots sina framsteg kämpar de med återkommande skandaler av korruption. På T.I:s årliga lista över korrumperade länder i världen får Brasilien siffran 3,7, då siffran 10 innebär att landet är ”minst” korrupt och siffran 0 ”mest” korrupt, de hamnar på plats 75 utav 180 länder. Freedom House rankar Brasilien lågt på sin demokratiskala och deras senaste val ansågs som både fritt och rättvist, trots detta finns det fortfarande brister i både demokratin och i det politiska systemet. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilken påverkan korruption har haft under 2000-talet för den demokratiska utvecklingen, men också att närmare ta reda på vilka problem demokratin i Brasilien står inför.
Pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of a novel VEGF receptor inhibitor, SU5416 (2001)

The pharmacokinetics and allometric relationships of SU5416, a novel small anti-angiogenesis agent, were studied. The pharmacokinetics of SU5416 were examined in mice, rats, dogs, and cancer patients. The in-vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) was estimated from the in-vitro metabolism study in mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human liver microsomes. The parameters of interest were correlated across species as a function of bodyweight using an allometric approach. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vd(ss)), plasma clearance (CLs), and CLint of SU5416 were well correlated across species. The exponent of the allometric relationship (b) of the corresponding parameters was 0.92, 0.80 and 0.66, respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2) was consistent across species and independent of bodyweight. The prediction of CLs, Vd(ss), CLint, and t1/2 in humans using the data from mouse, rat, and dog, and monkey (for CLint) was reasonably good (within 4-fold of the observed values). However, an improved prediction (within 2-fold of the observed values) of the corresponding parameters in humans was obtained when extrapolation from only the rodent data was performed, suggesting that the rodent data are sufficient for the scale-up of SU5416 pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. Using allometry, it was possible to achieve reasonable predictions of the pharmacokinetic parameters of SU5416 in cancer patients with various solid tumours.
Using bandwidth data to make computation offloading decisions (2008)

We present a framework for making computation offloading decisions in computational grid settings in which schedulers determine when to move parts of a computation to more capable resources to improve performance. Such schedulers must predict when an offloaded computation will outperform one that is local by forecasting the local cost (execution time for computing locally) and remote cost (execution time for computing remotely and transmission time for the input/output of the computation to/from the remote system). Typically, this decision amounts to predicting the bandwidth between the local and remote systems to estimate these costs. Our framework unifies such decision models by formulating the problem as a statistical decision problem that can either be treated "classically" or using a Bayesian approach. Using an implementation of this framework, we evaluate the efficacy of a number of different decision strategies (several of which have been employed by previous systems). Our results indicate that a Bayesian approach employing automatic change-point detection when estimating the prior distribution is the best-performing approach.
Renal Oxygen Demand and Nephron Function: Is Glucose a Friend or Foe? (2023)

The kidney and the heart work together in balancing the body circulation and although their physiology is based on strict inter dependence, their performance fulfills different aims. While the heart can rapidly increase its own oxygen consumption to comply with the wide changes in metabolic demand linked to body function, the kidney physiology is primarily designed to maintain a stable metabolic rate and has limited capacity to cope with any steep increase in renal metabolism. In the kidneys the glomerular population filters a large amount of blood and the tubular system has been programmed to reabsorb 99% of filtrate by reabsorbing sodium together with other filtered substances including all glucose molecules. Glucose reabsorption involves the sodium-glucose cotransporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 on the apical membrane in the proximal tubular section; it also enhances bicarbonate formation so as to preserve the acid-base balance. The complex work of reabsorption in the kidney is the main factor in renal oxygen consumption; analysis of renal glucose transport in disease states is providing better understanding of the renal physiology changes that occur when clinical conditions alter the neurohormonal response leading to an increase in glomerular filtration pressure. In this circumstance glomerular hyperfiltration occurs, imposing a higher metabolic demand on kidney physiology and causing progressive renal impairment. Albumin urination is the warning signal of renal engagement over-exertion and most frequently heralds heart failure development, regardless of disease etiology. The review analyzes the mechanisms linked to renal oxygen consumption, focusing on sodium-glucose management.
Design and evaluation of matrices of Eudragit with polycarbophil and carbopol for colon-specific delivery (2008)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of incorporating pH-responsive polymers Eudragit (L100 or S100) in matrix bases composed of hydrophilic polymers polycarbophil and carbopol to design oral controlled release formulations with sigmoidal release profile for colon-specific delivery. Matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique using indomethacin as model drug and were characterized for physical parameters, in vitro drug release, release kinetics, and stability on storage. The gastrointestinal (GI) transit of selected formulations was also investigated in human subjects using gamma scintigraphy. In vitro release studies indicated that the presence of pH-sensitive polymers in hydrophilic polymer base retarded the initial release significantly (10-15% release in 6 h) followed with controlled release for the next 8-10 h in simulated GI fluid pH (without enzymes). The presence of Eudragit in hydrophilic matrix base retarded the swelling of the matrix base in acidic to weakly acidic pH, but in alkaline pH, enhancement in drug release rate was observed due to the dissolution of Eudragit from the base resulting in a porous matrix structure, resulting in around 80-90% release in 14 h of study. In vivo gamma scintigraphy studies in healthy human subjects proved that the formulations had acceptable matrix strength to withstand gastric and colonic transit. The mean colonic residence time of selected designed formulations varied between 15 and 19 h. Such a matrix design could have potential application as colon-specific drug delivery systems with pH- and time-dependent drug release profile.
Use of an energy filter to improve the spatial resolution of electron backscatter diffraction (2009)

The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analytical technique is invaluable for determining the crystallography of bulk alloys, thin films, and nanoparticles. However, our physical understanding of EBSD pattern generation is incomplete, which hinders our ability to push the limits of EBSD analysis. Here, by using an energy filter with better than 10 eV resolution, an improvement in the spatial resolution of the EBSD pattern was experimentally demonstrated. A signal depth of less than 15 nm for an aluminum film was achieved by controlling the cutoff energy of the energy filter. Additionally, a two-fold improvement in the spatial resolution across a grain boundary was observed using the energy filter.
Wavelength-tunable optical parametric regenerator (2011)

In this invited talk, we will discuss the design of our proposed wavelength-tunable optical parametric regenerator and experimentally show its operation for 43-Gb/s RZ-OOK over a 20 nm input signal wavelength range.
Alternative Method for Treating Electric Arc Furnace Dust: Simulation and Life Cycle Assessment (2022)

Abstract The technical and environmental aspects of treating electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) using a novel process including alkaline roasting and organic acid leaching were evaluated and compared to the globally applied conventional Waelz process. The global warming potentials of the roasting–organic acid leaching process (with co-product credits) and the Waelz processes were 7.48 and 4.71 kg CO 2 -eq with 33% Zn dust as the feed material. However, with decreasing Zn content, the novel process become environmentally more competitive, and with 12% Zn, the corresponding GWP values were 6.31 and 9.26 kg CO 2 -eq. Co-product recovery decreased the net environmental impacts from the processing of the dust, which gave some benefits to the novel process. The Waelz process was observed to be energy intensive; however, the high consumption of leaching and roasting chemicals was the issue in the novel process. The excess caustic soda in the roasting step was observed to be a significant factor in the overconsumption of the organic acid in the leaching stage, and therefore, optimization of the roasting step is crucial. Other ways to decrease leaching chemical consumption include investigating the possibility to reuse the raffinate in leaching, or scrubbing the leach calcine from acid-consuming alkali. Evaluating the impacts of novel processes early enables iterative and agile process development and the directing the focus on the problem areas. Graphical Abstract