gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer donor–polymer acceptor (all-polymer) solar cells (2013)

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells represent an exciting class of renewable energy technology; they are lightweight and flexible, and have a low production cost. Over the last two decades, the efficiency of these devices has improved significantly, in particular through the development of solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OPV cells. While fullerenes have been the most intensively studied acceptor materials in BHJ OPVs, research is currently underway in several groups investigating non-fullerene molecular acceptors. In this review, initial breakthroughs and recent progress in the development of polymer donor-polymer acceptor (all-polymer) BHJ OPVs are highlighted.
Cystatin 10, a Novel Chondrocyte-specific Protein, May Promote the Last Steps of the Chondrocyte Differentiation Pathway (2003)

This study attempts to characterize cystatin 10 (Cst10), which we recently identified as a novel protein implicated in endochondral ossification. Expression of Cst10 was specific to cartilage, localized in the cytosol of prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the mouse growth plate. In the mouse chondrogenic cell line ATDC5, Cst10 expression preceded type X collagen expression and increased in synchrony with maturation. When we compared ATDC5 cells transfected with Cst10 cDNA with cells transfected with a mock vector, hypertrophic maturation and mineralization of chondrocytes were promoted by Cst10 gene overexpression in that type X collagen expression was observed earlier, and alizarin red staining was stronger. On the other hand, type II collagen expression and Alcian blue staining, both of which are markers of the early stage of chondrocyte differentiation, were similar in both cells. Overexpression of the Cst10 gene also caused fragmentation of nuclei, the appearance of annexin V, a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspases. These results strongly suggest that Cst10 may play an important role in the last steps of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway as an inducer of maturation, followed by apoptosis of chondrocytes.
Clinical example of complex diagnostic and treatment of patient with temporomandibular joint internal derangements with arthroscopic surgery (2021)

No complications were revealed during the surgery. Arthroscopic TMJ surgery performed according to the described protocol is an effective and safe procedure that allows quickly restore the mobility of intra-articular elements, eliminate pain and improve the patient's quality of life.
Autonomic neuroeffector mechanisms (1992)

Fine structure of post-ganglionic nerve fibres and autonomic neuroeffector junctions, G.Gabella co-transmission and neuromodulation, J.L.Morris and I.L.Gibbins electrophysiology of neuroeffector transmission in smooth muscle, J.A.Brock and T.C.Cunnane signal transduction mechanisms, C.D.Blenham transmission - acetylcholine, N.J.Buckley and M.Caulfield transmission - noradrenaline, M.Fillenz transmission - purines, C.H.V.Hoyle: transmission - peptides, G.J.Dockray transmission - GABA, 5-HT and dopamine, K.R.Jessen and J.Hills.
Bacteriological diagnosis of childhood TB: a prospective observational study (2017)

Childhood TB diagnosis is challenging. Studies in adults suggest Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) culture or the Xpert MTB/RIF assay might be used to expand bacteriological diagnosis. However data from children are more limited. We prospectively compared MODS and Xpert MTB/RIF with standard microscopy and culture using the BD MGIT 960 system among 1442 Kenyan children with suspected TB. 97 specimens from 54 children were TB culture-positive: 91 (94%) by MGIT and 74 (76%) by MODS (p = 0.002). 72 (74%) culture-positive and 7 culture-negative specimens were Xpert MTB/RIF positive. Xpert MTB/RIF specificity was 100% (99.7-100%) among 1164 specimens from 892 children in whom TB was excluded, strongly suggesting all Xpert MTB/RIF positives are true positives. The sensitivity of MGIT, MODS and Xpert MTB/RIF was 88%, 71% and 76%, respectively, among all 104 true positive (culture and/or Xpert MTB/RIF positive) specimens. MGIT, MODS and Xpert MTB/RIF on the initial specimen identified 40/51 (78%), 33/51 (65%) and 33/51 (65%) culture-confirmed pulmonary TB cases, respectively; Xpert MTB/RIF detected 5 additional culture-negative cases. The high sensitivity and very high specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay supports its inclusion in the reference standard for bacteriological diagnosis of childhood TB in research and clinical practice.
Multi-perspective question answering using the OpQA corpus (2005)

We investigate techniques to support the answering of opinion-based questions. We first present the OpQA corpus of opinion questions and answers. Using the corpus, we compare and contrast the properties of fact and opinion questions and answers. Based on the disparate characteristics of opinion vs. fact answers, we argue that traditional fact-based QA approaches may have difficulty in an MPQA setting without modification. As an initial step towards the development of MPQA systems, we investigate the use of machine learning and rule-based subjectivity and opinion source filters and show that they can be used to guide MPQA systems.
Damage Detection and Vibration Control in Smart Plates: Towards Multifunctional Smart Structures (2000)

This paper demonstrates the concept of sensitivity enhancing control (SEC) to aid in damage detection in smart structures through both experimental and simulation evaluation. Methods of implementing state estimate feedback using point measurements of strain along the structure are described, and an initial proof-of-concept laboratory experiment demonstrating enhancement of modal frequency shifts due to tip mass damage in a cantilevered beam is reported. Simulation results focus on applying state feedback control to finite-element models of a cantilevered structure with slot, through-surface crack, or surface crack damage. The simulation analysis ascertains the ability to enhance sensitivity of modal frequency shifts due to realistic damage cases that are difficult to evaluate experimentally. The simulation also ascertains the potential for using the same sensors and actuators for implementing both sensitivity enhancing control laws and vibration damping control laws that are insensitive to damage. In the control model with which SEC laws are designed, damage consists of simple reductions in thickness over a small area of the structure. Finite-element models to which control laws are applied are developed using commercial software (ABAQUS TM ) that more accurately models stiffness damage by releasing element connections or by using line spring elements to model fatigue cracks. Experimental results show that enhancement in sensitivity of modal frequencies to damage can be achieved using a single piezoceramic actuator and multiple piezoelectric strain sensors along the beam. Simulation results indicate that feedback control laws can be designed for either sensitivity enhancement or vibration suppression using identical hardware, providing for multifunctional smart structures. In addition, analysis demonstrates that commercial finite-element software is useful for model-based simulation of damaged controlled structures.
Strong enhancement of high-field critical current properties and irreversibility field of MgB2superconducting wires by coronene active carbon source addition via the new B powder carbon-coating method (2014)

We report an effective carbon-containing additive, coronene (C24H12), for MgB2 superconducting wires. We used B powder coated with C24H12 to fabricate MgB2 wires using the powder-in-tube (PIT) and internal Mg diffusion (IMD) processes. The in-field critical current properties are strongly enhanced for both PIT- and IMD-processed MgB2 wires. For PIT MgB2 wires, a critical current density (Jc) value of 1.8 × 104 A cm−2 is obtained at 4.2 K and 10 T. For IMD MgB2 wires, we obtained a Jc of 1.07 × 105 A cm−2 and an engineering Jc (Je) of 1.12 × 104 A cm−2 at 4.2 K and 10 T. These Jc and Je values are similar to the highest values reported for MgB2 wires thus far. Furthermore, the irreversibility field, Birr, determined with a current density criterion of 100 A cm−2, is strongly enhanced to 25 T at 4.2 K, which is also the highest value reported for MgB2 superconducting wires thus far. Coronene is an active carbon source for MgB2 superconducting wires because (1) coronene has a high carbon content (96 wt%) with a small amount of hydrogen (impurity), (2) the decomposition temperature for coronene is near the reaction temperature between Mg and B, and (3) uniform dispersion of coronene on the B surface can be obtained due to the melting point of coronene being lower than the decomposition temperature. Carbon substitution for B caused by the coronene active carbon source is mainly responsible for the high field critical current properties and the high Birr obtained in this work.
Immune responses in pancreatic cancer may be restricted by prevalence of activated regulatory T-cells, dysfunctional CD8+ T-cells, and senescent T-cells (2020)

Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis of any human malignancy and lymphocytes appear to be a major prognostic marker of the disease. There is a need to better characterise T-cells of pancreatic cancer in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, a multi-parameter analysis of human pancreatic cancer cases revealed three novel characteristics of T-cells. Using a T-cell focused CyTOF panel, we analysed approximately 32,000 T-cells in eight patients. Our observations show a regulatory T-cell population was characterized by a highly immunosuppressive state with high TIGIT and ICOS expression, and the CD8 T-cells were either senescent or exhausted but with lower PD1 levels. These data suggest that the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer is extremely suppressive and could be a major driver of poor prognosis. These findings have been subsequently validated in a large pancreatic cancer single-cell RNA sequencing dataset using 13,000 T cells. This work identifies potential therapeutic targets and avenues that should be further investigated through rational design of clinical trials.
Information, hierarchical model structures and forecasting: A case study of the stock of dairy cows in England and Wales (1980)

This paper suggests guidelines for ordering and utilising information (data and theory) in the construction of forecasting models. This framework leads to the notion of a threefold stratification of model structures which is seen to be hierarchical. An illustrative case-study of the approach is provided by the building of models for forecasting the stock of cows- in England and Wales.
ThermoNet (2011)

We analyze the thermal comfort and the energy efficiency of a relatively modern Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system in a large building based on building wide environmental data collected over 13 months. The paper moreover describes ThermoNet, our three-tier Wireless Sensor Network, which uses duty cycling and adaptive power control to achieve high data yield with low power consumption.
Protective and pro-inflammatory roles of intestinal bacteria (2016)

The intestinal mucosal surface in all vertebrates is exposed to enormous numbers of microorganisms that include bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. Coexistence of the host with the gut microbiota represents an active and mutually beneficial relationship that helps to shape the mucosal and systemic immune systems of both mammals and teleosts (ray-finned fish). Due to the potential for enteric microorganisms to invade intestinal tissue and induce local and/or systemic inflammation, the mucosal immune system has developed a number of protective mechanisms that allow the host to mount an appropriate immune response to invading bacteria, while limiting bystander tissue injury associated with these immune responses. Failure to properly regulate mucosal immunity is thought to be responsible for the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. The objective of this review is to present our current understanding of the role that intestinal bacteria play in vertebrate health and disease. While our primary focus will be humans and mice, we also present the new and exciting comparative studies being performed in zebrafish to model host-microbe interactions.
Syntheses of Confertifolin, Winterin and Isodrimenin Congeners From Podocarpic Acid (1990)

Podocarpic acid (11) has been converted into the congener (5) of confertifolin (4) through the o-quinone (29) formed by oxidations of the catechol monoether (15) and the 13-amine (16) with Fremy's salt. Oxidation of the methyl ether (12) afforded the p- quinone (44) which was converted into the congener (6) of winterin (7). Podocarpic acid has also been converted into the congener (8) of isodrimenin (9) through the catechol derivative (37).
Experimental Results on Cheon's Algorithm (2010)

The discrete logarithm problem (DLP) is one of the familiar problem on which cryptographic schemes rely. In 2006, Cheon proposed an algorithm for solving DLP with auxiliary input which works better than conventional algorithms. This paper firstly reports experimental results on Cheon's algorithm for DLP on a super singular elliptic curve defined over GF(3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">127</sup> ), which is used for efficient pairing computation in practice. About 8 hours and 34 MByte data-base are required for the 1st step of Cheon's algorithm, and about 6 hours and 23 MByte data-base for the 2nd step. In total, about 14 hours are required for solving the problem. Our results imply that the security evaluation from a viewpoint of Cheon's algorithm is crucial.
Effect of somatic cell count and stage of lactation on the quality of full cream milk powder (1996)

The effects of stage of lactation and bulk milk cell count (BMCC) on the quality of full cream milk powder were investigated. Powder was manufactured in a pilot-plant using milk of low BMCC from early (LE) and late (LL) lactation, and milk of high BMCC from early (HE) and late (HL) lactation. Powder made from HL milk displayed poor heat stability relative to the other powders ; this effect was attributed to changes in raw milk composition occurring in response to the stage of lactation of the cows, combined with the effects of a high somatic cell count. No differences were found between the organoleptic properties of the powders after manufacture, although an elevated BMCC during late lactation adversely affected the organoleptic properties of the powders during storage, probably due to high lipolytic and proteolytic activity.
California Verbal Learning Test: performance by patients with focal frontal and non‐frontal lesions (2003)

Although frontal lobe lesions do not cause classic amnesia, they may disrupt learning and memory in a number of ways. To investigate in finer detail the regions of frontal injury that are associated with impaired learning and to define the cognitive processing deficits specific to each region that disrupt memory, we compared 33 patients with focal frontal injury with patients with non-frontal injury and with normal controls on a standard neuropsychological instrument, the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Subgroups of patients with distinct lesion site profiles were compared in a number of learning measures. All of the subgroups of patients with frontal lesions (with one exception) had inefficient learning due to poor implementation of a strategy of subjective organization. Despite this organizational deficiency, the performance of patients with frontopolar lesions normalized across trials. Only the subgroups with lesions centred either on the left posterior dorsolateral frontal region or the posterior medial frontal region had overall impaired learning and recall. The left posterior dorsolateral frontal group was most significantly impaired on all measures. This recall impairment was secondary to a mild lexical-semantic deficit. A recognition memory deficit in the same group was due to an abnormal response bias. Several groups had a modest increase in perseverative recalls; the underlying mechanisms differed. Disruption of different cognitive processes associated with specific frontal regions underlies the varied patterns of memory impairment. This study has demonstrated even finer differentiations within the frontal region than previously known.
Study of Closely Spaced&lt;tex&gt;$rm YBa_2rm Cu_3rm O_7-delta$&lt;/tex&gt;Josephson Junction Pairs (2005)

Using electron beam lithography and ion damage, high quality YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// superconductor-normal metal-superconductor in-plane Josephson junction pairs have been fabricated. These junctions operate at temperatures between 60 and 85 K and have spacing ranging between 150 nm and 800 nm. Central electrodes connecting to the area between the two junctions were made, allowing for simultaneous measurements of the individual junctions as well as the series. Josephson junction pairs with 150 nm spacing were found to have extraordinary properties under microwave radiation with different power. At low power the structure functioned as two independent Josephson junctions in series, while at high power it behaved as one single Josephson junction. A possible origin of this behavior could be that the applied microwave radiation induces weak link behavior in the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// between the two junctions.
A Deterministic plus Stochastic Model of the Residual Signal for Improved Parametric Speech Synthesis (2019)

Speech generated by parametric synthesizers generally suffers from a typical buzziness, similar to what was encountered in old LPC-like vocoders. In order to alleviate this problem, a more suited modeling of the excitation should be adopted. For this, we hereby propose an adaptation of the Deterministic plus Stochastic Model (DSM) for the residual. In this model, the excitation is divided into two distinct spectral bands delimited by the maximum voiced frequency. The deterministic part concerns the low-frequency contents and consists of a decomposition of pitch-synchronous residual frames on an orthonormal basis obtained by Principal Component Analysis. The stochastic component is a high-pass filtered noise whose time structure is modulated by an energy-envelope, similarly to what is done in the Harmonic plus Noise Model (HNM). The proposed residual model is integrated within a HMM-based speech synthesizer and is compared to the traditional excitation through a subjective test. Results show a significative improvement for both male and female voices. In addition the proposed model requires few computational load and memory, which is essential for its integration in commercial applications.
Prediction of Familial Predisposition to Retinoblastoma (1986)

Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer, predisposition to which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. We used restriction-fragment-length and isozymic alleles of loci on chromosome 13 in five families predisposed to retinoblastoma, to provide identification before illness of persons likely to have tumors. The likelihood of disease was predicted in two cases, and freedom from disease in three. The calculated predictive accuracy was greater than 94 percent in cases with informative loci flanking the retinoblastoma (RB1) locus, and our prediction has been fulfilled in each such instance. A case that was informative at several loci indicated the occurrence of meiotic recombination, and accurate prediction was based on data obtained with DNA markers and isozymic forms of esterase D. The calculated predictive accuracy in another case, which was informative only for loci distal to the retinoblastoma locus, was about 70 percent. This patient was expected to acquire the disease but had not done so at the age of one year, illustrating the need for more markers that are also more informative and genetically closer to the retinoblastoma locus. These studies provide the basis for prenatal and postnatal prediction of susceptibility to inherited cancer using arbitrary recombinant DNA markers. Such predictions should make genetic counseling for familial retinoblastoma more accurate and lead to earlier tumor detection and more effective therapy.
Fasting-Induced Hepatic Production of DHEA is Regulated by PGC-1α, ERRα and HNF4α (2009)

ABSTRACT The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α is involved in the coordinate induction of changes in gene expression in the liver that enable a homeostatic response to alterations in metabolic state, environmental cues and nutrient availability. In exploring the specific pathways under PGC-1α regulation in the liver, we have made the surprising observation that this coactivator can induce the expression of CYP11A1 and CYP17A1, key rate limiting enzymes involved in the initial steps of steroidogenesis. Both of these enzymes function to produce C19-steroids, converting cholesterol into pregnenolone, and then to DHEA. ERRa mediates PGC-1α’s induction of CYP11A1 and binds within the first intron of the CYP11A1 gene. Both ERRa and HNF4a are required for PGC-1α-mediated induction of CYP17A1 and specific binding sites for these receptors have been identified in the regulatory regions of this gene. The potential physiological significance of these observations was highlighted in rats where fasting induced hepatic expression of PGC-1α and CYP17A1 and was associated with an increase in hepatic levels of DHEA. These data suggest that DHEA could be playing a role as an intracellular signaling molecule involved in modulating hepatic activity in response to fasting conditions.
Magnetically Assisted Filtration for Solid Waste Separation and Concentration in Microgravity and Hypogravity (2005)

Development of efficient means for the recovery of valuable resources from solid waste materials is a critical requirement for future advanced life-support systems that will be needed to support long-duration manned missions in space. Of particular importance are technologies that may be used in hypogravity and microgravity environments. Gradient magnetically assisted fluidized-bed (G-MAFB) technology, which uses magnetic forces to compensate for the absence of gravity, is under development to serve as an operating platform for fluidized-bed and related operations in the space environment. In this study, the G-MAFB is used as a renewable filter in which granular ferromagnetic filtration media are magnetically consolidated into a packed bed. The filtration media attains a substantially different structure from that of an ordinary packed bed, when consolidated under the influence of the magnetic field gradient. This directly influences filtration rates. The fully loaded bed is then regenerated by magnetically controlled fluidization, thereby releasing a concentrated slug of solids, which may be further processed by a variety of treatment schemes. Filtration experiments have shown that G-MAFB-based methods can successfully separate suspended inedible plant biomass waste particles from a recirculating liquid stream. A mathematical model that describes the filtration process in the G-MAFB is presented. Correlations for estimation of the accumulation and detachment coefficients, based on hydrodynamic conditions and geometry of the filtration system, have also been developed. Model predictions are compared with experimental results obtained in the G-MAFB while operated under Earth's gravity conditions (1 g). The experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.