gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Performance Consensus without Duplication: Multi-pipeline Hotstuff (2022)

The state-of-the-art HotStuff operates an efficient pipeline in which a stable leader drives decisions with linear communication and two round-trips of message. However, the unifying proposing-voting pattern is not sufficient to improve the bandwidth and concurrency performance of the modern system. In addition, the delay corresponding to two rounds of message to produce a certified proposal in that scheme is a significant performance bottleneck. Thus, this study developed a new consensus protocol, Multi-pipeline HotStuff, for permissioned blockchain. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first protocol that combines multiple HotStuff instances to propose batches in order without a concurrent proposal, such that proposals are made optimistically when a correct replica realizes that the current proposal is valid and will be certified by quorum votes in the near future. Because simultaneous proposing and voting are allowed by the proposed protocol without transaction duplication, it produced more proposals in every two rounds of messages. In addition, it further boosted the throughput at a comparable latency with that of HotStuff. The evaluation experiment conducted confirmed that the throughput of Multi-pipeline HotStuff outperformed that of the state-of-the-art protocols by approximately 60\% without significantly increasing end-to-end latency under varying system sizes. Moreover, the proposed optimization also performed better when it suffers a bad network condition.
Direct and Indirect Interactions between Calcineurin-NFAT and MEK1-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Signaling Pathways Regulate Cardiac Gene Expression and Cellular Growth (2005)

MEK1, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that directly activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), induces cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. Calcineurin is a calcium-regulated protein phosphatase that also functions as a positive regulator of cardiac hypertrophic growth through a direct mechanism involving activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) transcription factors. Here we determined that calcineurin-NFAT and MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling pathways are interdependent in cardiomyocytes, where they directly coregulate the hypertrophic growth response. For example, genetic deletion of the calcineurin Abeta gene reduced the hypertrophic response elicited by an activated MEK1 transgene in the heart, while inhibition of calcineurin or NFAT in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes also blunted the hypertrophic response driven by activated MEK1. Conversely, targeted inhibition of MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling in cultured cardiomyocytes attenuated the hypertrophic growth response directed by activated calcineurin. However, targeted inhibition of MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling did not directly affect calcineurin-NFAT activation, nor was MEK1-ERK1/2 activation altered by targeted inhibition of calcineurin-NFAT. Mechanistically, we show that MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling augments NFAT transcriptional activity independent of calcineurin, independent of changes in NFAT nuclear localization, and independent of alterations in NFAT transactivation potential. In contrast, MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling enhances NFAT-dependent gene expression through an indirect mechanism involving induction of cardiac AP-1 activity, which functions as a necessary NFAT-interacting partner. As a second mechanism, MEK1-ERK1/2 and calcineurin-NFAT proteins form a complex in cardiac myocytes, resulting in direct phosphorylation of NFATc3 within its C terminus. MEK1-ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of NFATc3 directly augmented its DNA binding activity, while inhibition of MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling reduced NFATc3 DNA binding activity. Collectively, these results indicate that calcineurin-NFAT and MEK1-ERK1/2 pathways constitute a codependent signaling module in cardiomyocytes that coordinately regulates the growth response through two distinct mechanisms.
Cross-Layer Design of Opportunistic Spectrum Access in the Presence of Sensing Error (2006)

We address the design of cognitive MAC protocols for opportunistic spectrum access in the presence of sensing error. Decentralized protocols are presented for ad hoc networks where there is no central coordinator or dedicated communication/control channel. Secondary users search for and access spectrum opportunities independently without exchanging local information on spectrum availability. We assume on-demand partial spectrum monitoring subject to sensing errors. Specifically, a secondary user may not be able to simultaneously sense the whole spectrum of interest due to hardware limitation and may only monitor the spectrum when it has data to transmit in order to conserve energy. We propose two approaches to formulating opportunistic spectrum access in the presence of sensing error by considering either a constraint on the probability of colliding with primary users or a penalty imposed on each collision. Under these formulations, we address the joint design of both the spectrum sensor at the physical layer and the cognitive protocol at the MAC layer to maximize spectrum efficiency while limiting the interference to primary users.
Stable STIM1 Knockdown in Self-Renewing Human Neural Precursors Promotes Premature Neural Differentiation (2018)

Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling plays a significant role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system where it regulates neurite growth as well as synapse and neurotransmitter specification. Elucidating the role of Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling in mammalian neuronal development has been largely restricted to either small animal models or primary cultures. Here we derived human neural precursor cells (NPCs) from human embryonic stem cells to understand the functional significance of a less understood arm of calcium signaling, Store-operated Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry or SOCE, in neuronal development. Human NPCs exhibited robust SOCE, which was significantly attenuated by expression of a stable shRNA-miR targeted toward the SOCE molecule, STIM1. Along with the plasma membrane channel Orai, STIM is an essential component of SOCE in many cell types, where it regulates gene expression. Therefore, we measured global gene expression in human NPCs with and without <i>STIM1</i> knockdown. Interestingly, pathways down-regulated through <i>STIM1</i> knockdown were related to cell proliferation and DNA replication processes, whereas post-synaptic signaling was identified as an up-regulated process. To understand the functional significance of these gene expression changes we measured the self-renewal capacity of NPCs with <i>STIM1</i> knockdown. The <i>STIM1</i> knockdown NPCs demonstrated significantly reduced neurosphere size and number as well as precocious spontaneous differentiation toward the neuronal lineage, as compared to control cells. These findings demonstrate that <i>STIM1</i> mediated SOCE in human NPCs regulates gene expression changes, that <i>in vivo</i> are likely to physiologically modulate the self-renewal and differentiation of NPCs.
Potentiometry at Trace Levels in Confined Samples:  Ion-Selective Electrodes with Subfemtomole Detection Limits (2006)

We explore here for the first time the direct potentiometric detectability of calcium, lead, and silver ions in amounts on the order of 300 attomoles at 100 picomolar concentrations without any preconcentration, analyte recycling, or electrocatalytic signal enhancement. The results presented here place zero-current potentiometry among the most sensitive electrochemical methods available.
Image Steganography: A Review of the Recent Advances (2021)

Image Steganography is the process of hiding information which can be text, image or video inside a cover image. The secret information is hidden in a way that it not visible to the human eyes. Deep learning technology, which has emerged as a powerful tool in various applications including image steganography, has received increased attention recently. The main goal of this paper is to explore and discuss various deep learning methods available in image steganography field. Deep learning techniques used for image steganography can be broadly divided into three categories - traditional methods, Convolutional Neural Network-based and General Adversarial Network-based methods. Along with the methodology, an elaborate summary on the datasets used, experimental set-ups considered and the evaluation metrics commonly used are described in this paper. A table summarizing all the details are also provided for easy reference. This paper aims to help the fellow researchers by compiling the current trends, challenges and some future direction in this field.
Voice over ATM using AAL2 and bit dropping: performance and call admission control (2002)

We consider an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) adaptation layer 2 (AAL2) system similar to that described by Baldwin, Bharucha, Doshi, Dravida and Nanda (see Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol.2, no.2, p.111-31, 1997), but with the additional possibility of selectively dropping the less significant bits of voice packets during periods of congestion. Dropping less significant bits of voice for relieving congestion depends on the ability of the transport protocol to handle variable length packets, and is currently used in frame-relay networks. Because of the fixed ATM cell size, bit dropping on voice was not viable in ATM networks prior to the development of the AAL2 protocol. By allowing variable length packets within the ATM cell payload, the AAL2 protocol makes it possible to use bit dropping. AAL2 also makes it possible to take advantage of voice silence periods. We show that the combination of silence elimination and bit dropping enables high overall statistical multiplexing gain, and makes voice transmission over ATM bandwidth very efficient and economical.
Different biochemical composition of connective tissue in continent and stress incontinent women (1987)

The collagen content in biopsies from skin and ligamentum rotundum of 7 women with a long history of stress incontinence was compared with that of continent controls. The collagen was extracted with 0.5 M acetic acid, followed by digestion with pepsin and quantitated as hydroxyproline. The skin of stress incontinent women contained 40% less collagen than that of continent women. The findings for ligamentum rotundum were similar. These results suggest a deteriorated connective tissue in stress-incontinent women and cast new light on the etiology of the disease.
Correction to Effects of Glyphosate on the Mineral Content of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybeans (Glycine max) (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Effects of Glyphosate on the Mineral Content of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybeans (Glycine max)Stephen O. Duke*, Krishna N. Reddy, Kaixuan Bu, and James V. CizdzielCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 41, 10373Publication Date (Web):October 8, 2012Publication History Published online8 October 2012Published inissue 17 October 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf304190xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jf304190xcorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views312Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (118 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Effect of atropine on fetal heart rate]. (1978)

The effect of atropine on the foetal heart rate (FHR) was examined in 56 normal pregnancies. 40 mcg/kg atropine was administered. According to the results of the examinations the FHR was not effected by atropine in the 8.--13. weeks of gestation. The FHR was effected by the applied dose of atropine only after the 17th week increasing over the physiological oscillation. In the course of pregnancy FHR was increased by atropine in every case it nearly raised to FHR values observed in the 8.--13 weeks still not effected by atropine.
Supplementary Figure 1 from A Robust Algorithm for Copy Number Detection Using High-Density Oligonucleotide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Arrays (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from A Robust Algorithm for Copy Number Detection Using High-Density Oligonucleotide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Arrays
Theoretical and experimental evaluation of the radial force of self-expanding braided bioabsorbable stents (2003)

This study was carried out to evaluate if the analytical model developed by Jedwab and Clerc for calculating the mechanical properties of metallic braided stents is also valid for bioabsorbable braided stents. An analytical model could be used to shorten the development cycle of stents by reducing the amount of in vitro testing. Jedwab and Clerc derived formulae for longitudinal stiffness and radial pressure stiffness. The longitudinal stiffness was defined by measuring the stent elongation under load. The radial pressure stiffness was defined from the slope of the load-displacement curve measured with the testing method described by Agrawal and Clark where a collar is placed around the stent to compress it. The radial pressure stiffness was measured with and without lubrication to evaluate the effects of friction between the stent and collar and in the stent structure itself. Two bioabsorbable braided stents and one metallic braided stent were used in the measurements. The metal stent test results were consistent with what was reported by Jedwab and Clerc. However, the analytical model was not applicable to bioabsorbable stents. This was mainly due to the larger fibre diameter of the bioabsorbable stents, which prevents the fibres from freely collapsing when the stent diameter decreases. The analytical model is based on an assumption that the fibres behave independently. However, the testing method described by Agrawal and Clark provided a useful tool to compare the radial force of self-expanding stents.
Facile Synthesis of N-(1-Alkenyl) Derivatives of 2,4-Pyrimidinediones (2000)

N-(1-alkenyl) derivatives of 2,4-pyrimidinediones (6-9) were prepared in a one pot synthesis from aldehydes and the nucleobases using trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfOTMS) as coupling reagent. Presilylation of the above nucleobases, and N6-benzoyladenine, with excess N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) followed by addition of one mol eq. TfOTMS yielded the N-(1-trimethylsilyloxyalkyl) derivatives 1-5.
Valuation Technique of Nonlinear Parameters in Three-Element Solid Model and Its Application to Biological Soft Tissue (2009)

Due to the nonlinear viscoelasticity observed in moisture solids or polymer materials, it is generally difficult to analyze their deformation problems because the analysis requires complex constitutive equations. A typical analysis technique that employs a generalized viscoelastic model involves considerable amount of effort in the evaluation of material parameters, and it is difficult to apply the analysis technique to finite element simulation. On the other hand, fundamental constitutive models such as those proposed by R. Hooke, C. Maxwell and W. Voigt are useful in the simulation of various industrial problems. In this study, the technique for the evaluation of the nonlinear parameters in the three-element solid model, one of the fundamental models, is presented and used to analyze viscoelastic problems. The technique uses the simple tensile tests for 3 different strain rates. In one case, the strain rate is very slow and viscosity can be neglected and, while in the other two cases viscocity is not negligible and is evaluated from the strain rates. By the sequential application of the technique from a low stress level to a higher level, the nonlinear parameters of the three-element solid model, which can be defined to depend on state quantities, can be evaluated. The reliability of the technique is also examined by studying its application to the evaluation of the mechanical behavior of biological soft tissues, which are of moisture solids. In addition to the fundamental procedure of the evaluation presented in former section, the modified procedure is also shown to evaluate more precise parameters by improving the experimental condition.
Synthetic Biology: Emerging Concepts to Design and Advance Adeno‐Associated Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy (2021)

Three recent approvals and over 100 ongoing clinical trials make adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors the leading gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy. Pharmaceutical companies are investing in this small and nonpathogenic gene shuttle to increase the therapeutic portfolios within the coming years. This prospect of marking a new era in gene therapy has fostered both investigations of the fundamental AAV biology as well as engineering studies to enhance delivery vehicles. Driven by the high clinical potential, a new generation of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors is on the rise. Concepts from synthetic biology enable the control and fine-tuning of vector function at different stages of cellular transduction and gene expression. It is anticipated that the emerging field of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors can shape future gene therapeutic approaches and thus the design of tomorrow's gene delivery vectors. This review describes and discusses the recent trends in capsid and vector genome engineering, with particular emphasis on synthetic-biological approaches.
Cesare e l'alfabeto: a proposito di un contributo recente (2004)

International audience
Optics Requirements For The Generation-X X-Ray Telescope (2008)

US, European, and Japanese space agencies each now operate successful X-ray missions -- NASA s Chandra, ESA s XMM-Newton, and JAXA s Suzaku observatories. Recently these agencies began a collaboration to develop the next major X-ray astrophysics facility -- the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) -- for launch around 2020. IXO will provide an order-of-magnitude increase in effective area, while maintaining good (but not sub-arcsecond) angular resolution. X-ray astronomy beyond IXO will require optics with even larger aperture areas and much better angular resolution. We are currently conducting a NASA strategic mission concept study to identify technology issues and to formulate a technology roadmap for a mission -- Generation-X (Gen-X) -- to provide these capabilities. Achieving large X-ray collecting areas in a space observatory requires extremely lightweight mirrors.
First plastic optical fibre transmission experimentusing 520 nm LEDs with intensity modulation/direct detection (2000)

A plastic optical fibre (POF) transmission experiment utilising green LEDs at a wavelength of 520 nm is reported. The transmission loss of the 100 m POF was 10 dB, which is considerably lower than the loss for red (660 nm) and blue (470 nm) LEDs. The receiver sensitivity at 30 Mbit/s was –20.8 dB at 10-9 bit error rate, which suggests the possibility of a longer length signal transmission, 200 m or longer.
Exclusion and Verification of Remote Nuclear Reactors with a 1-kiloton Gd-Doped Water Detector (2023)

To date, antineutrino experiments built for the purpose of demonstrating a nonproliferation capability have typically employed organic scintillators situated as close to the core as possible (typically at a distance of a few meters to tens of meters) and have not exceeded a few tons in size. One problem with this approach is that proximity to the reactor core requires accommodation by the host facility. Water Cherenkov detectors located offsite, at distances of a few kilometers or greater, may facilitate nonintrusive monitoring and verification of reactor activities over a large area. As the standoff distance increases, the detector target mass must scale accordingly. This paper quantifies the degree to which a kiloton-scale gadolinium-doped water Cherenkov detector can exclude the existence of undeclared reactors within a specified distance, and remotely detect the presence of a hidden reactor in the presence of declared reactors, by verifying the operational power and standoff distance using a Feldman-Cousins-based likelihood analysis. A 1-kton scale (fiducial) water Cherenkov detector can exclude gigawatt-scale nuclear reactors up to tens of kilometers within a year. When attempting to identify the specific range and power of a reactor, the detector energy resolution is not sufficient to delineate between the two.
Quantitative analysis of phosphorus in steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in air atmosphere (2014)

The quantitative analysis of phosphorus in iron/steel in air atmosphere is considered a challenge for LIBS due to strong interference from the matrix.
Effect of Scanner Resolution and Character Selection on Source Printer Identification (2011)

In today's world of highly sophisticated technological crimes, criminals including counterfeiters, document forgers, and other parties interested in altering information have a low barrier of entry. To combat these crimes requires developing a level of forensic analysis to aid law enforcement agencies in tracing the origins of documents or materials in question. In this article, the authors use printer forensics in an effort to understand the effect of resolution and character selection on the accuracy of printer identification. Specifically, they use a multiclass ADABOOST classifier to determine which of six printers, representing several ink jet and laserjet models, were used to produce a subsequently scanned image. Their results, investigating six different English characters, show that classification accuracy continues to increase with scanning resolution up to 1200 pixels/in. The results are character dependent, suggesting that different characters may be used for different forensic purposes&#x2013;printer model, cartridge, and individual printer identification as examples.
Supporting time-sensitive applications on general-purpose operating systems (2018)

General-purpose operating systems are increasingly being used for serving time-sensitive applications. Supporting these applications requires low-latency response from the kernel and from other system-level services. This paper explores various operating systems techniques needed to support time-sensitive applications and describes the design of a time-sensitive, general-purpose Linux system. We show that a high-precision timing facility together with a well-designed preemptible kernel can be the basis for a low-latency response system and such a system can have low overhead. We evaluate the behavior of realistic time-sensitive user- and kernel-level applications on our system and show that, in practice, it is possible to properly support time-sensitive applications in a general-purpose operating system without compromising the performance of throughput-oriented applications. 1