gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of combination of chlorhexidine and protamine sulphate against device-associated pathogens (2008)

The synergistic, broad-spectrum and durable in vitro activity of the CHX + PS combination and the robust in vivo efficacy of catheters coated with this unique composition encourage clinical evaluation of this innovative approach.
A molecular substitutional disorder case study suitable for instruction: L 2CrII(THF)/L 2[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]CrIII (L is 2,5-bis{[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]methyl}pyrrol-1-ide) (2022)

A solution of Cr<sup>II</sup> and Cr<sup>III</sup> complexes, bis(2,5-bis{[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]methyl}pyrrol-1-ido)(tetrahydrofuran)chromium(II)-bis(2,5-bis{[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]methyl}pyrrol-1-ido)[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]chromium(III) (0.88/0.12), [Cr(C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O)]<sub>0.88</sub>[Cr(C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>11</sub>Si)]<sub>0.12</sub> or L<sub>2</sub>Cr<sup>II</sup>(THF)/L<sub>2</sub>[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]Cr<sup>III</sup> (L = 2,5-bis{[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]methyl}pyrrol-1-ide and THF is tetrahydrofuran), in pentane crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2<sub>1</sub>/c. The structure obtained shows most of the atoms coincident but with THF disordered with the (trimethylsilyl)methyl ligand. Structures with this disorder, involving more than two or three atoms, seem to appear rarely in the literature; however, in this case, the data set is ideal for the crystallographic instruction of molecular substitution disorder.
A Model To Simulate Matrix-Acid Stimulation for Wells in Dolomite Reservoirs with Vugs and Natural Fractures (2019)

Summary Designing matrix-acid stimulation treatments in vuggy and naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs is a challenging problem in the petroleum industry. It is often difficult to physically model this process, and current mathematical models do not consider vugs or fractures. There is a significant gap in the literature for models that design and evaluate matrix-acid stimulation in vuggy and naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs. The objective of this work is to develop a new model to simulate matrix acidizing under field conditions in vuggy and naturally fractured carbonates. To obtain accurate and reliable simulation parameters, acidizing coreflood experiments were modeled using a reactive-flow simulator. A 3D radial field-scale model was used to study the flow of acid in the presence of vugs (pore spaces that are significantly larger than grains) and natural fractures (breaks in the reservoir that were formed naturally by tectonic events). The vugs’ size and distribution effects on acid propagation were studied under field conditions. The fracture length, conductivity, and orientation, and the number of fractures in the formation, were studied by the radial model. The results of the numerical simulation were used to construct Gaussian-process (GP)-based surrogate models for predicting acid propagation in vuggy and naturally fractured carbonates. Finally, the acid propagation in vuggy/naturally fractured carbonates was evaluated, as well.The simulation results of vuggy carbonates show that the presence of vugs in carbonates results in faster and deeper acid propagation in the formation when compared with homogeneous reservoirs at injection velocities lower than 8×10–4 m/s. Results also revealed that the size and density of the vugs have a significant impact on acid consumption and the overall performance of the acid treatment. The output of the fracture model illustrates that under field conditions, fracture orientations do not affect the acid-propagation velocity. The acid does not touch all of the fractures around the well. The GP model predictions have an accuracy of approximately 90% for both vuggy and naturally fractured cases. The vuggy/naturally fractured model simulations reveal that fractures are the main reason behind the fast acid propagation in these highly heterogeneous reservoirs.
A Combination of Different Spectroscopic Techniques to Monitor the “in situ” Solid‐phase Synthesis of Organic Molecules (2004)

Abstract The efficacy, limitations and scope of different spectroscopic techniques to monitor solid‐phase syntheses are discussed. The total solid‐phase synthesis of a natural product derivative, 3,17‐di‐ O ‐acetyllamellarin U, has been monitored by gel‐phase NMR and HR‐MAS NMR as appropriate. FT‐IR and colorimetric tests also proved to be valuable tools for monitoring the progress of reactions. While the data obtained by FT‐IR provided valuable information on some functional groups, the NMR data provided more specific structural information that allowed the progress of reactions to be monitored. After several reaction steps the “ aging ” of the resin only allowed the product covalently anchored to the resin to be investigated using an HR‐MAS probe, a situation that severely limited the depth of analysis available.
Comparison of FTIR, FT‐Raman, and NIR Spectroscopy in a Maple Syrup Adulteration Study (2002)

ABSTRACT: Maple syrup is prone to adulteration with cheaper sugars, such as corn syrup, due to its simplicity in chemical composition. The adulterated samples were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the region of 400 to 4000 cm ‐1 . Other techniques used for detection and in characterization of samples were the near infrared (NIR; 600 to 1700nm) and Fourier Transform‐Raman (FT‐Raman; 400 to 4000cm ‐1 ) spectroscopy. Quantifying and classifying adulterants using chemometrics shows that all spectroscopic methods adopted were efficient, but FTIR and FT‐Raman were superior to NIR in quantitative characterization of adulterants in maple syrup.
Nanoparticle PET-CT Imaging of Macrophages in Inflammatory Atherosclerosis (2007)

This report establishes the capability of a novel trimodality nanoparticle to directly detect macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Advantages include improved sensitivity; direct correlation of PET signal with an established biomarker (CD68); ability to readily quantify the PET signal, perform whole-body vascular surveys, and spatially localize and follow the trireporter by microscopy; and clinical translatability of the agent given similarities to magnetic resonance imaging probes in clinical trials.
Quantum shell game: Finding the hidden pea in a single attempt (2004)

Abstract A quantum search of a database of four elements can be carried out in a single run with unit success probability. The classical analogy is to finding a pea hidden under one of four nut shells in a single attempt. We consider the algorithm in a system composed of two qubits, and show how the one and two-qubit search transforms are related to Pauli spin operators. The key search operation, the inversion about the mean, appears as a spatially rotated two-qubit phase shift, which provides some physical intuition for how it is implemented.
Wall pressure fluctuations beneath a transitional boundary layer (1988)

Up to now, different models have been developed to describe wall pressure fluctuations beneath a fully developed turbulent boundary layer [G. M. Corcos, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 192 (1963); D. M. Chase, J. Sound Vib. 70, (1)]. Recent]y, the total field pressure in the transition zone was described in different papers [G. C. Lauchle, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 158–168 (1980); M. Laglet and D. Sornette, Acustica 61, 116–124]. These works show that intermittent processes induce monopole sources whose radiation could be dominant. The present paper is devoted to the development and numerical analysis of a formulation based on these new models and fitted to wall pressure fluctuations calculation (local field). In this case, the wall pressure fluctuation is the sum of two terms: one associated with the turbulent content of intermittent spots and the other associated with the spot boundaries (monopole radiation). The relative contribution of each kind of sources to the transitional boundary layer wall pressure fluctuation can be investigated. Successful comparisons wth experimental results [Ph. Dufoureq, these Docteur Ingénieur, Ecole Centrale de Lyon (1984)] prove, in many cases, the dominance of monopole sources induced by intermittency. Noise generated by the transition region could be dominant at low frequency and could even disturb the upstream laminar flow.
All-trans retinoic acid inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells by up-regulating ICAM-1 expression. (1999)

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is currently used in clinical trials for breast cancer, in virtue of its ability to inhibit cell growth and to promote cell differentiation. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the pleiotropic pharmacological activity of ATRA is of fundamental relevance for an effective use of the compound in clinics. This paper reports on the effects of ATRA treatment on the cell surface expression of a panel of adhesion molecules known to regulate the interactions between the effectors of the immune system and tumor targets. Results indicate that breast cancer (BC) cell lines exposed to ATRA selectively up-modulate the surface expression of ICAM-1/CD54, a molecule regulating cell/cell contacts. Such effect could be reproduced in all the BC cell lines analyzed, independently of their hormone receptor status, indicating that estrogens and progesterone are irrelevant in this process. The regulatory effects on ICAM-1 expression are time- and dose-dependent and reversible. Moreover, other differentiating and proliferating agents comparatively tested, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide, estradiol or dexamethas one, are ineffective, indicating that ICAM-1 up-modulation is uniquely featured by ATRA. A second observation is that ATRA treated cells are, only apparently, less sensitive to lysis by lymphocytes activated by IL-2, as determined by means of a standard 51Cr release assay. In fact, notwithstanding this effect, a marked reduction in the ability to form colonies was highlighted in ATRA treated versus control lines after incubation with LAK. Finally, the clonogenic killing effect could be reversed using anti-CD54 mAbs as blocking tools, indicating that ICAM-1 plays a key role in the phenomena.
Sensitivity analysis in. multilinear systems† (1976)

The primary objective of this study is to examine tho sensitivity properties of a multilinear plant embedded in a feedback structure. As a prelude tho existing linear theory ia summarized and extended. Tho bilinear case is then treatod in detail. Extrapolation to the multilinear ease has been carried out by Porter and DeSantis (1974 a). New results includo the following : (i) the use of causality structure as a component of sensitivity analysis in closed-loop linear and non-linear systems, (ii) the establishment of terminal equivalence conditions for multilinear plants and multilinear compensators, (iii) the development of a sensitivity operator in the multilinear setting including existence conditions, (iv) extensions of linear results to largo parameter perturbations.
Quantum tunneling from a critical state in small antiferromagnetic particle (1997)

The magnetic relaxation in small (of order of hundreds nanometers) antiferromagnetic particle is considered. To explain very small tunneling (activated) volume in the particle exhibiting a single-domain behavior, we propose to account for the role of defects. The relaxation process is considered as a sequence of small jumps in a potential created by defects. Kinetics of this process is considered.
Residual Stress of a-Si1-xNx:H Films Prepared by Afterglow Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique (1992)

Relationships between residual stress and other film properties of amorphous silicon nitride films deposited by microwave afterglow plasma of NH 3 and by photochemical vapor deposition have been studied. There are differences in the dependence of N-H and Si-H bond density and residual stress on the film composition between the films deposited by the two methods. The residual tensile stresses in both films, however, reach a maximum value of 7-9×10 9 dyn/cm 2 when the N-H bond density is nearly equal to the Si-H bond density. The residual stress can be reduced by adjusting the N-H and Si-H bond density while maintaining the high breakdown field strength and high resistivity.
Pentafluorophenol (2009)

[771-61-9] C6HF5O (MW 184.07) InChI = 1S/C6HF5O/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h12H InChIKey = XBNGYFFABRKICK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (preparation of pentafluorophenyl active esters for peptide synthesis;1 formylating agent; preparation of aromatic fluoro derivatives) Physical Data: white solid, mp 34–36 °C; bp 143 °C; fp >72 °C; nd 1.4263. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents, particularly aprotic ones. Form Supplied in: available commercially. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxic and irritant. Harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, bases, acid chlorides, and anhydrides. Keep away from heat and naked flames: combustible solid/liquid. Store in a cool, dry place.
Identification of signal transduction pathways involved in the formation of platelet subpopulations upon activation (2012)

Platelets are formed elements of blood. Upon activation, they externalize phosphatidylserine, thus accelerating membrane-dependent reactions of blood coagulation. Activated platelets form two subpopulations, only one of which expresses phosphatidylserine. This study aimed to identify signalling pathways responsible for this segregation. Gel-filtered platelets, intact or loaded with calcium-sensitive dyes, were activated and labelled with annexin V and antibodies, followed by flow cytometric analysis. Calcium Green and Fura Red dyes were compared, and only the latter was able to detect calcium level differences in the platelet subpopulations. Phosphatidylserine-positive platelets produced by thrombin had stably high intracellular calcium level; addition of convulxin increased and stabilized calcium level in the phosphatidylserine-negative subpopulation. PAR1 agonist SFLLRN also induced calcium rise and subpopulation formation, but the resulting platelets were not coated with alpha-granule proteins. Adenylatecyclase activator forskolin inhibited phosphatidylserine-positive platelets formation several-fold, while its inhibitor SQ22536 had no effect. This suggests that adenylatecyclase inactivation is necessary, but not rate-limiting, for subpopulation segregation. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (U0126) and glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (Monafram(®)) was without effect, whereas inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (wortmannin) and Src tyrosine kinase (PP2) decreased the procoagulant subpopulation threefold. These data identify the principal signalling pathways controlling platelet heterogeneity.
Transport Measurement of Energy Gaps of Symmetry-Broken Landau Levels in Bilayer Graphene (2013)

Landau level gaps are important parameters for understanding electronic interactions and symmetry-broken processes in bilayer graphene (BLG). Here we present transport spectroscopy measurements of LL gaps in double-gated suspended BLG with high mobilities in the quantum Hall regime. By using bias as a spectroscopic tool, we measure the gap {\Delta} for the quantum Hall (QH) state at filling factor {\nu}=4, -2 and -1. {\Delta} of {\nu}=4 scales linearly with magnetic field B and is independent of the out-of-plane electric field E_perp. {\Delta} of {\nu}=-2 and {\Delta}{\nu}=-1 also scale linearly with B, but are strongly E_perp-dependent -- upon application of E_perp, the gap sizes increase by an order of magnitude. Our studies provide the first measurements of the gaps of the broken symmetry QH states in BLG with well-controlled E_perp, and suggest that there are at least 2 distinct QH states at {\nu}=2, stabilized by electric and magnetic fields, respectively.
Millimeter-wave high temperature processing of powders (2006)

The millimeter-wave (mm-wave) specific feature which is volumetric heating has been applied to various powder materials. Since powder materials are distinguished by an extremely low thermal conductivity, conventional heating methods are difficult and extremely time consuming. This paper gives the recent results obtained by mm-wave processing of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and kaolinite powder materials.
Probe-Specific Procedure to Estimate Sensitivity and Detection Limits for 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2016)

Due to low fluorine background signal in vivo, 19F is a good marker to study the fate of exogenous molecules by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using equilibrium nuclear spin polarization schemes. Since 19F MRI applications require high sensitivity, it can be important to assess experimental feasibility during the design stage already by estimating the minimum detectable fluorine concentration. Here we propose a simple method for the calibration of MRI hardware, providing sensitivity estimates for a given scanner and coil configuration. An experimental "calibration factor" to account for variations in coil configuration and hardware set-up is specified. Once it has been determined in a calibration experiment, the sensitivity of an experiment or, alternatively, the minimum number of required spins or the minimum marker concentration can be estimated without the need for a pilot experiment. The definition of this calibration factor is derived based on standard equations for the sensitivity in magnetic resonance, yet the method is not restricted by the limited validity of these equations, since additional instrument-dependent factors are implicitly included during calibration. The method is demonstrated using MR spectroscopy and imaging experiments with different 19F samples, both paramagnetically and susceptibility broadened, to approximate a range of realistic environments.
High ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase expression in hepatocellular carcinoma denotes a poor prognosis with highly malignant potential (2013)

We previously reported the increased serum mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mostly due to the increase in ubiquitous MtCK (uMtCK), and high uMtCK mRNA expression in HCC cell lines. We explored the mechanism(s) and the relevance of high uMtCK expression in HCC. In hepatitis C virus core gene transgenic mice, known to lose mitochondrial integrity in liver and subsequently develop HCC, uMtCK mRNA and protein levels were increased in HCC tissues but not in non-tumorous liver tissues. Transient overexpression of ankyrin repeat and suppressor of cytokine signaling box protein 9 (ASB9) reduced uMtCK protein levels in HCC cells, suggesting that increased uMtCK levels in HCC cells may be caused by increased gene expression and decreased protein degradation due to reduced ASB9 expression. The reduction of uMtCK expression by siRNA led to increased cell death, and reduced proliferation, migration and invasion in HCC cell lines. Then, consecutive 105 HCC patients, who underwent radiofrequency ablation with curative intent, were enrolled to analyze their prognosis. The patients with serum MtCK activity >19.4 U/L prior to the treatment had significantly shorter survival time than those with serum MtCK activity ≤ 19.4 U/L, where higher serum MtCK activity was retained as an independent risk for HCC-related death on multivariate analysis. In conclusion, high uMtCK expression in HCC may be caused by hepatocarcinogenesis per se but not by loss of mitochondrial integrity, of which ASB9 could be a negative regulator, and associated with highly malignant potential to suggest a poor prognosis.
Octarepeat region flexibility impacts prion function, endoproteolysis and disease manifestation (2015)

The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) comprises a natively unstructured N-terminal domain, including a metal-binding octarepeat region (OR) and a linker, followed by a C-terminal domain that misfolds to form PrP(S) (c) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PrP(C) β-endoproteolysis to the C2 fragment allows PrP(S) (c) formation, while α-endoproteolysis blocks production. To examine the OR, we used structure-directed design to make novel alleles, 'S1' and 'S3', locking this region in extended or compact conformations, respectively. S1 and S3 PrP resembled WT PrP in supporting peripheral nerve myelination. Prion-infected S1 and S3 transgenic mice both accumulated similar low levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectious prion particles, but differed in their clinical presentation. Unexpectedly, S3 PrP overproduced C2 fragment in the brain by a mechanism distinct from metal-catalysed hydrolysis reported previously. OR flexibility is concluded to impact diverse biological endpoints; it is a salient variable in infectious disease paradigms and modulates how the levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectivity can either uncouple or engage to drive the onset of clinical disease.
Heterogeneous technology mapping for FPGAs with dual-port embedded memory arrays (2000)

It has become clear that on-chip storage is an essential component of high-density FPGAs. These arrays were originally intended to implement storage, but recent work has shown that they can also be used to implement logic very efficiently. This previous work has only considered single-port arrays. Many current FPGAs, however, contain dual-port arrays. In this paper we present an algorithm that maps logic to these dual-port arrays. Our algorithm can either optimize area with no regard for circuit speed, or optimize area under the constraint that the combinational depth of the circuit does not increase. Experimental results show that, on average, our algorithm packs between 29% and 35% more logic than an algorithm that targets single-port arrays. We also show, however, that even with this algorithm, dual-port arrays are still not as area-efficient as single-port arrays when implementing logic.
Histology determination of lung cancers: A report on genomic profiling of lung cancer of mixing histology. (2017)

8570 Background: Histopathology, largely determined by morphology, plays a critical role in choosing appropriate treatment for lung cancer. The understanding of molecular determination of lung cancer histology is rudimentary. Our recently published data (Zhang, Science, 2014 and Liu, Nature Communications, 2016) have demonstrated that within the same patients with identical genetic background and identical exposure, tumor regions with different morphologic appearances may have very similar genomic profiles while tumors with the same morphology may have distinct genomic landscape. Methods: We collected 12 lung cancers of mixing histology with 2 to 4 histologic components within each tumor. In total, 26 tumor regions including 9 adenocarcinomas, 6 large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 6 small cell carcinomas and 4 squamous cell carcinomas and one poorly differentiated lung carcinoma were microdissected and subjected to whole exome sequencing. Results: A substantial number of identical mutations were shared between different histologic components within the same tumor in all 12 patients. However, the proportion of shared mutations varies in different patients ranging from as little as 4% to as much as 99%. Mutation spectrum is also similar between different histologic components within the same tumors suggesting similar mutational process in place. Identical canonical cancer gene mutations including TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, SOS1 and STK11 are generally shared between different histologic components within the same tumors. Canonical mutations in FBXW7 and MTHFR were detected in squamous component, but not small-cell component in one patient. Conclusions: Different histologic components of lung cancers of mixing histology are likely derived from the same progenitor cells, but the molecular timing of branch separation of subclones giving rise to different histologic components varies in different tumors. Although genomic aberrations may play a role in a subset of tumors, histologic features may not be determined at genomic level for most lung cancers. Gene expression and methylation analyses from these tumors are underway.