gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pervasive Genomic Recombination of HIV-1 in VivoSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY496645, AY496646, AY496647, AY496648, AY496649, AY496650, AY496651, AY496652, AY496653, AY496654, AY496655, AY496656, AY496657, AY496658, AY496659, AY496660, AY496661, AY496662, AY496663, AY496664, AY496665, AY496666, AY496667, AY496668, AY496669, AY496670, AY496671, AY496672, AY496673, AY496674, AY496675, AY496676, AY496677, AY496678, AY496679, AY496680, AY496681, AY496682, AY496683, AY496684. (2004)

Recombinants of preexisting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains are now circulating globally. To increase our understanding of the importance of these recombinants, we assessed recombination within an individual infected from a single source by studying the linkage patterns of the auxiliary genes of HIV-1 subtype B. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic techniques revealed evidence for recombination from topological incongruence among adjacent genes. Coalescent methods were then used to estimate the in vivo recombination rate. The estimated mean rate of 1.38 x 10(-4) recombination events/adjacent sites/generation is approximately 5.5-fold greater than the reported point mutation rate of 2.5 x 10(-5)/site/generation. Recombination was found to be frequent enough to mask evidence for purifying selection by Tajima's D test. Thus, recombination is a major evolutionary force affecting genetic variation within an HIV-1-infected individual, of the same order of magnitude as point mutational change.
Histologic Preparation for Mohs Micrographic Surgery (1993)

Small specimens are handled best by this technique; however, the size of the specimen is limited only by the size of the cryostat chuck and histologic slide. The single section method is technically more difficult for preparing specimens that contain cartilage or ones that are extremely concave or convex, such as specimens from the conch of the ear.
A Feed Serine Protease Improves Broiler Performance and Increases Protein and Energy Digestibility (2011)

Effects of a novel serine protease, RONOZYME® ProAct (RPA) on protein solubilisation, hydrolysis and digestibility were tested in a gut simulation model. Furthermore, the effects of RPA (supplemented at 15,000 PROT/kg feed) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility were tested in two in vivo broiler experiments each arranged in a 2×2 factorial design (enzyme x sex in experiment 1 and enzyme x protein level in experiment 2). Each dietary treatment had 12 replicates. In experiment 1, birds were fed 12.7 MJ ME per kg iso-energetic diets in 2 phases. Each diet was fed without or with RPA (C or C+RPA, respectively) to either males or females. In experiment 2, two diets were fed in four treatments. Diet 1 (211 and 200 g CP per kg feed in the starter and grower phases respectively) was fed without or with RPA (NP or NP+RPA, respectively). Diet 2 (200 and 190 g CP per kg feed in the starter and grower phases respectively), was fed without or with RPA (LP or LP+RPA, respectively). At the end of each experiment, eight male birds per treatment were randomly selected and used for ileal digestibility measurements. In vitro, RPA significantly increased the degree of protein hydrolysis, solu-bilisation and digestibility. In males, C+RPA was significantly better than C in WG (2,393 g vs. 2,262 g) and FCR (1.60 vs. 1.65). In females, C+RPA was better than C in FCR (1.37 vs. 1.39) in the starter phase. The FCR of LP+RPA was significantly better than LP. In experiment 1, RPA significantly increased ileal protein (82.8% vs. 76.9%) and energy (77.8% vs. 70.6%) digestibilities. In LP, RPA significantly improved energy digestibility (76.6% vs. 75.5%). These results suggest that RPA can improve broiler performance by enhancing protein and energy digestibility.
Fluorescent Poly(Arylene Ether)s with a 3,5‐Dipyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazole Pendent Group Joined by a N‐N Linkage (2006)

The synthesis and characterization of novel biphenol monomer 3,8‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2(naphthalimido)‐4(N‐3,5‐dipyridyl‐1,2,4‐tria‐zole) and homopolymers and copolymers containing this novel monomer moiety are described. The new bisphenol with a pendent 3,5‐dipyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazole was prepared by an imidization reaction of an anhydride bisphenol with 4‐amino‐3,5‐dipyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazole. Polymerization with activated difluoro compounds gave poly(aryl ether)s with a pendent 1,2,4‐triazole moiety. These polymers had high glass transition temperatures (Tg's), from 245 to 315°C. The polymers formed clear, transparent, flexible, and tough films from a CHCl3 solution. Using 4,4'‐isopropylidenediphenol (BPA) as comonomer, high molecular weight polymers were obtained in a shorter reaction time. The copolymers showed regular increases in glass transition temperatures as the content of the novel biphenol increased. All the polymers containing the novel biphenol moiety showed strong blue fluorescence in solution under UV irradiation.
Carrier lifetime versus anneal in low temperature growth GaAs (1993)

The photoexcited carrier lifetimes in ex situ-annealed low temperature growth GaAs are measured with a femtosecond transient absorption experiment. The study encompassed two low temperature growth GaAs films with approximately 0.3% and 0.9% excess arsenic incorporated during growth. The observed lifetimes are found to be a function of the spacing of arsenic precipitates formed during the 30 s anneals to temperatures between 650 and 1000 °C. The carrier lifetime for unannealed films was found to be less than ∼200 fs. The carrier lifetimes increased from ∼2 to ∼10 ps as the average precipitate spacing was increased from ∼400 to ∼900 Å. These results are in sharp contrast to recent reports of subpicosecond lifetimes in similar GaAs annealed at 600 °C.
Strategies for the Prevention of a Successful Biological Warfare Aerosol Attack (1996)

Biological warfare (BW) aerosol attacks are different from chemical attacks in that they may provide no warning/all clear signals that allow the soldier to put on or remove his M17/M40 protective mask. Methods are now being perfected to detect a BW aerosol cloud using an airborne (helicopter) pulsed laser system to scan the lower altitudes upwind from a troop concentration of corps size, and to sample and analyze the nature of the aerosol within a brief time interval. This system has certain limitations and vulnerabilities, since it is designed specifically to detect a line-type aerosol attack. Provision of, training with, and field use of a lightweight dust mist or HEPA filter respirator for each soldier is proposed for protection against undetected aerosol attacks. This particulate filter respirator would be issued in addition to the M17/M40 mask. Such a BW respirator will be able to purify the soldier's air by removing particles in the 0.3- to 15-micro m-diameter range with an efficiency of 98 to 100%. Particle size of BW aerosols is in the same range, with an optimum size for high-efficiency casualty production of 1 to 5 micro m mass median diameter. The proposed BW respirator will be lightweight; will require low inhalation pressures; will be comfortable to wear for prolonged periods; will not interfere with vision, hearing, and communication; and will not degrade overall effectiveness and performance to the degree observed with the M17/M40 masks. Such respirators would be worn as part of a contingency defense against an enemy likely to use BW agents. This respirator could be worn for prolonged periods when under threat of an undetectable BW attack during weather conditions favorable to the success of such an attack (i.e., low wind velocity and temperature inversion in the target area). In addition, tactically important assets such as command and control centers and missile batteries can also be protected continuously by air filtration systems powered by electricity (modular collective protection equipment). Vaccinations against anthrax, botulism, Q fever, plague, and tularemia are now available and immune protection against ricin and staphylococcal toxins appears feasible in the near future. Chemotherapy can also be provided for prophylaxis of infectious agents released on the battlefield. The vaccines and antibiotics can provide back-up protection against an unexpected BW attack during a period when the BW respirator is not in use or malfunctions due to a poor seal or filter leak. Enemy sites of biological weapon production, assembly, testing, and storage, and delivery vehicles can be targeted for destruction by bombs and/or missiles. An integrated, well-planned, BW defense with multiple components can decrease the likelihood of a successful enemy BW aerosol attack.
Homography-based visual servo control via an uncalibrated camera (2008)

A robust adaptive uncalibrated visual servo controller is proposed to asymptotically regulate a robot end- effector to a desired pose. A homography-based visual servo control approach is used to address the six degrees-of-freedom regulation problem. A high-gain robust controller is developed to asymptotically stabilize the rotation error, and an adaptive controller is developed to stabilize the translation error while compensating for the unknown depth information and intrinsic camera calibration parameters. A Lyapunov-based analysis is used to examine the stability of the developed controller.
A NIR fluorescent chemodosimeter for imaging endogenous hydrogen polysulfides via the CSE enzymatic pathway (2017)

Sodium polysulfides (Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>n</sub>, n > 1) as important raw materials in the chemical industry can afford hydrogen polysulfides (H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>n</sub>, n > 1) under physiological conditions. Hydrogen polysulfides are important reactive sulfide species that play crucial roles in biological systems. The simple detection of H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>n</sub> in solution and biosystems becomes very important as a consequence of the foregoing applications. Herein, we report a NIR fluorescent chemodosimeter, Cy-S<sub>n</sub>, displaying turn-on fluorescence after reaction with H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>n</sub>, which exhibits good selectivity and sensitivity in solution and biosystems. Moreover, it was applied successfully to monitor endogenous hydrogen polysulfides via the cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) enzymatic pathway during inflammation and anti-inflammation in living RAW 264.7 cells. Mouse experiments indicated that this chemodosimeter has good potential to be employed in the imaging of living biosystems.
Development of a 25 MW 30 GHz gyroklystron (2006)

A design for a 25 MW, 30 GHz coaxial cavity gyroklystron is presented. An efficiency of 54% is predicted.
Tractable Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Latent Structure Influence Models With Applications to EEG & ECoG Processing (2023)

Brain signals are nonlinear and nonstationary time series, which provide information about spatiotemporal patterns of electrical activity in the brain. CHMMs are suitable tools for modeling multi-channel time-series dependent on both time and space, but state-space parameters grow exponentially with the number of channels. To cope with this limitation, we consider the influence model as the interaction of hidden Markov chains called Latent Structure Influence Models (LSIMs). LSIMs are capable of detecting nonlinearity and nonstationarity, making them well suited for multi-channel brain signals. We apply LSIMs to capture the spatial and temporal dynamics in multi-channel EEG/ECoG signals. The current manuscript extends the scope of the re-estimation algorithm from HMMs to LSIMs. We prove that the re-estimation algorithm of LSIMs will converge to stationary points corresponding to Kullback-Leibler divergence. We prove convergence by developing a new auxiliary function using the influence model and a mixture of strictly log-concave or elliptically symmetric densities. The theories that support this proof are derived from previous studies by Baum, Liporace, Dempster, and Juang. We then develop a closed-form expression for re-estimation formulas using tractable marginal forward-backward parameters defined in our previous study. Simulated datasets and EEG/ECoG recordings confirm the practical convergence of the derived re-estimation formulas. We also study the use of LSIMs for modeling and classification on simulated and real EEG/ECoG datasets. Based on AIC and BIC, LSIMs perform better than HMMs and CHMMs in modeling embedded Lorenz systems and ECoG recordings. LSIMs are more reliable and better classifiers than HMMs, SVMs and CHMMs in 2-class simulated CHMMs. EEG biometric verification results indicate that the LSIM-based method improves the area under curve (AUC) values by about 6.8% and decreases the standard deviation of AUC values from 5.4% to 3.3% compared to the existing HMM-based method for all conditions on the BED dataset.
The MFN2 gene is responsible for mitochondrial DNA instability and optic atrophy 'plus' phenotype (2011)

MFN2 and OPA1 genes encode two dynamin-like GTPase proteins involved in the fusion of the mitochondrial membrane. They have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A and autosomal dominant optic atrophy, respectively. We report a large family with optic atrophy beginning in early childhood, associated with axonal neuropathy and mitochondrial myopathy in adult life. The clinical presentation looks like the autosomal dominant optic atrophy 'plus' phenotype linked to OPA1 mutations but is associated with a novel MFN2 missense mutation (c.629A>T, p.D210V). Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions were found in skeletal muscle and this observation makes MFN2 a novel gene associated with 'mitochondrial DNA breakage' syndrome. Contrary to previous studies in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A, fibroblasts carrying the MFN2 mutation present with a respiratory chain deficiency, a fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and a significant reduction of MFN2 protein expression. Furthermore, we show for the first time that impaired mitochondrial fusion is responsible for a deficiency to repair stress-induced mitochondrial DNA damage. It is likely that defect in mitochondrial DNA repair is due to variability in repair protein content across the mitochondrial population and is at least partially responsible for mitochondrial DNA instability.
Reticulated Nanoporous Polymers by Controlled Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation (2012)

Materials with percolating mesopores are attractive for applications such as catalysis, nanotemplating, and separations. Polymeric frameworks are particularly appealing because the chemical composition and the surface chemistry are readily tunable. We report on the preparation of robust nanoporous polymers with percolating pores in the 4- to 8-nanometer range from a microphase-separated bicontinuous precursor. We combined polymerization-induced phase separation with in situ block polymer formation from a mixture of multifunctional monomers and a chemically etchable polymer containing a terminal chain transfer agent. This marriage results in microphase separation of the mixture into continuous domains of the etchable polymer and the emergent cross-linked polymer. Precise control over pore size distribution and mechanical integrity renders these materials particularly suited for various advanced applications.
Human CYP1A1 gene: cosegregation of the enzyme inducibility phenotype and an RFLP. (1991)

The human CYP1A1 (cytochrome P1450) gene encodes an enzyme involved in the activation of procarcinogens, such as benzo[a]pyrene, to the ultimate reactive intermediate. Approximately 10% of the human population exhibit high CYP1A1 inducibility, and Kouri et al. reported that the high-inducibility phenotype might be at greater risk than low-inducibility individuals for cigarette smoke-induced bronchogenic carcinoma. In one 3-generation family of 15 individuals, we show here that the high-CYP1A1-inducibility phenotype segregates concordantly with an infrequent polymorphic site located 450 bases downstream from the CYP1A1 gene. Our findings are consistent with the study of Kawajiri et al., who demonstrated an association between this polymorphism and an increased incidence of squamous-cell lung cancer. Our data suggest that the CYP1A1 structural gene, or a region near this gene, might be correlated with the inducibility phenotype.
Methods to decrease peak power in MC systems (2007)

In this chapter, I consider methods of decreasing peak power in MC signals. The simplest method is to clip the MC signal deliberately before amplification. This method is very simple to implement and provides essential PMEPR reduction. However, it suffers some performance degradation, as estimated in Section 8.1. In selective mapping (SLM), discussed in Section 8.2, one favorable signal is selected from a set of different signals that all represent the same information. One possibility for SLM is to choose the best signal from those obtained by inverting any of the coordinates of the coefficient vector. The method of deciding which of the coordinates should be inverted is described in Section 8.3. Further, in Section 8.4 a modification of SLM is analyzed. There the favorable vector is chosen from a coset of a code of given strength. Trellis shaping, where the relevant modification is chosen based on a search on a trellis, is described in Section 8.5. In Section 8.6, the method of tone injection is discussed. Here, instead of using a constellation point its appropriately shifted version can be used. In active constellation extension (ACE), described in Section 8.7, some of the outer constellation points can be extended, yielding PMEPR reduction. In Section 8.8, a method of finding a constellation in the frequency domain is described, such that the resulting region in the time domain has a low PMEPR. In partial transmit sequences (PTS), the transmitted signal is made to have a low PMEPR by partitioning the information-bearing vector to sub-blocks followed by multiplying by a rotating factor the coefficients belonging to the same sub-block.
An extended-X-ray-absorption-fine-structure investigation of diferric transferrins and their iron-binding fragments (1986)

Iron K-edge extended-X-ray-absorption-fine-structure (e.x.a.f.s.) spectra were recorded for diferric human and rabbit serum transferrins and for diferric chicken ovotransferrin in aqueous solution; for ovotransferrin e.x.a.f.s. spectra from the N-terminal and C-terminal domain fragments were also measured. The overall spectral profiles closely resemble one another, indicating similar iron-binding sites. The simulation of the diferric ovotransferrin spectrum suggests a first co-ordination shell consisting of six low-Z ligands (nitrogen/oxygen), two ligands at a distance of approx. 0.185 nm (1.85 A) and four ligands at approx. 0.204 nm (2.04 A). The two shorter distances may correspond to Fe-O (tyrosine), whereas the longer distance is consistent with Fe-N (histidine) and Fe-O (water). Detailed analysis of the spectra of the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments indicates a difference in the short ligand distance.
Bizonyítékokon alapuló egészségpolitikai döntéshozatal az integrált ellátásban. (2021)

Several predictable barriers must be overcome to establish the Centre. Recommendations developed by representatives of relevant stakeholders could support successful implementation and societal value generation. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(45): 1818-1825.
Phosphazene Base-Catalyzed Living Ring-Opening Polymerization System for Substituted Epoxides (2015)

本報は，フォスファゼン塩基t-Bu-P4を触媒に用いた置換エポキシドのアニオン開環重合について，重合制御，モノマーの適用性，および特殊構造ポリマー合成の観点からまとめた．t-Bu-P4を触媒にブチレンオキシドの重合を行ったところ，重合は連鎖移動などの副反応なく進行し，分子量分散度の狭いポリブチレンオキシドが得られた．また，動力学的解析などにより本重合系はリビング重合であることが明らかとなった．本重合系の汎用性を確認するために，種々の置換エポキシドの精密重合を試みた．スチレンオキシドを始めとしたさまざまな置換エポキシドで精密重合が可能であった．さらに，複数のヒドロキシ基を有する開始剤の使用により星型ポリマーの精密合成を達成した．本重合系と分子内クリック反応の組合せにより環状構造を有するポリエーテルの合成にも成功した．
Harnessing Surface Wrinkle Patterns in Soft Matter (2010)

Abstract Mechanical instabilities in soft materials, specifically wrinkling, have led to the formation of unique surface patterns for a wide range of applications that are related to surface topography and its dynamic tuning. In this progress report, two distinct approaches for wrinkle formation, including mechanical stretching/releasing of oxide/PDMS bilayers and swelling of hydrogel films confined on a rigid substrate with a depth‐wise modulus gradient, are discussed. The wrinkling mechanisms and transitions between different wrinkle patterns are studied. Strategies to control the wrinkle pattern order and characteristic wavelength are suggested, and some efforts in harnessing topographic tunability in elastomeric PDMS bilayer wrinkled films for various applications, including tunable adhesion, wetting, microfluidics, and microlens arrays, are highlighted. The report concludes with perspectives on the future directions in manipulation of pattern formation for complex structures, and potential new technological applications.
Intraoperative Sentinel Node Detection Improves Nodal Staging in Invasive Bladder Cancer (2005)

SN detection is feasible in invasive bladder cancer, although the false- negative rate was 19% in this study. Extended serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry revealed micrometastases in SNs in 9 patients and radio guided surgery after the completion of lymphadenectomy identified SNs in an additional 7. We believe that the technique that we used in this study improved nodal staging in these 16 of 65 patients (25%).
Response: Commentary: Chronic SSRI Stimulation of Astrocytic 5-HT2B Receptors Change Multiple Gene Expressions/Editings and Metabolism of Glutamate, Glucose and Glycogen: A Potential Paradigm Shift (2015)

GENERAL COMMENTARY article Front. Behav. Neurosci., 13 November 2015Sec. Pathological Conditions Volume 9 - 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00308
Cyclopropanones. X. Reaction of 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanone and N-methylpyrrole. A new entry into the tropinone series (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclopropanones. X. Reaction of 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanone and N-methylpyrrole. A new entry into the tropinone seriesNicholas J. Turro and Simon S. EdelsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 16, 4499–4500Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01018a081https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01018a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views89Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts