gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface chemistry of the WF 6 -based chemical vapor deposition of tungsten (1990)

This paper is an overview of work at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center on chemical aspects of the WF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> -based chemical vapor deposition of tungsten. The focus is on two deposition processes. In the first process, tungsten deposition occurs through the chemical reduction of WF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> by a silicon substrate. The thickness of the tungsten film thus grown is limited by the transport of silicon through the deposited film. In the second process, deposition occurs in a WF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> -silane mixture by the following reactions: reduction of adsorbed WF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> by a surface layer of silicon to form tungsten, and the concurrent dehydrogenation of the adsorbed silane to replenish the silicon. This process permits the deposition of tungsten on any substrate, provided the initial reaction of the substrate with the WF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> -silane mixture can provide a tungsten or silicon “seed” layer to initiate the reaction cycle. Furthermore, the process is not limited by tungsten film thickness and hence permits the deposition of relatively thick films. Although surface selectivity is possible with regard to materials such as high-quality SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , on which such a seed layer cannot be formed, the selectivity is adversely affected by the presence of particulates.
Ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio of MRI surface coils for a lossy dielectric elliptical cylinder model (2018)

The theoretical framework in MRI applications of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculation is formulated for 1) SNR within a lossy elliptical cylinder excited by arbitary surface coils using dyadic Green functions and, 2) ideal current distribution corresponding to Ultimate Intrinsic SNR. The scattering problem of the infinite cylinder is solved by eigenfunction expansions.
Incorporation of gene-specific variability improves expression analysis using high-density DNA microarrays (2003)

The strategy of incorporating probe set-specific variability is superior to analysis based on arbitrary fold-change thresholds. We recommend its incorporation to any computation of gene expression changes using high-density DNA microarrays. A Java application implementing our T-score is available at http://www.sadovsky.wustl.edu/tscore.html.
A Guide to Computed Tomography System Specifications (1990)

Abstract : The sensitivity to feature and anomaly detection in industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) systems is a function of CT system operating parameters. Established as a part of the envelope that strikes a balance between sensitivity, inspection time and cost. These parameter choices eventually find their way into CT system attributes: configurations, components and procedures. CT system users are concerned with sensitivity requirements for specific instruction purposes, while CT system manufacturers are concerned with their implications for the system's physical constituents, assembly and control. This report discusses the attributes and the conversion to system constituents that must occur for a useful CT system specification to be prepared. The effect of attribute specification on CT system constituent costs are addressed. Understanding these issues is critical to the successful acquisition and implementation of a new CT system. Guidelines for the preparation and evaluation of CT specifications are provided.
Free-standing membranes made of activated boron nitride for efficient water cleaning (2015)

Developing membranes with excellent mechanical strength and chemical stability is a practically important issue for efficient removal of pollutants from wastewater.
Keratinocyte degeneration in human facial skin: Documentation of new ultrastructural markers for photodamage and their improvement during topical tretinoin therapy (1995)

We examined epidermal impairment in photodamaged Caucasian skin by light and electron microscopy and observed two types of degeneration of the basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. The first was an electron-lucent degeneration predominantly seen in the periphery of the cells. The marked lucent degeneration occurred in 14% of the basal and suprabasal keratinocytes, predominantly in cells immediately adjacent to melanocytes. In skin specimens with a large number of such damaged keratinocytes, bleb-like keratinocytic protrusions or electron-lucent intercellular structures were also seen. Many vacuolar structures were observed just under the dermoepidermal junction, occupying 9% of the junction length. These structures were produced by herniation of the degenerative portion of the basal and suprabasal keratinocytes, and appeared to be phagocytized by dermal macrophages. The vacuolar alterations in the basal layer and dermoepidermal junction previously reported at the light microscopic level probably represent these intercellular lucent structures, bleb-like protrusions and vacuole-like structures at the electron microscopic level. The second type, dark-staining keratinocytes, probably representing an extensive degenerative process, constituted 4% of the basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. After 12 months of topical tretinoin treatment, dramatic improvement of both degenerative processes of the keratinocytes was noted.
Robotic navigation and ablation. (2010)

Robotic technologies have been developed to allow optimal catheter stability and reproducible catheter movements with the aim of achieving contiguous and transmural lesion delivery. Two systems for remote navigation of catheters within the heart have been developed; the first is based on a magnetic navigation system (MNS) Niobe, Stereotaxis, Saint-Louis, Missouri, USA, the second is based on a steerable sheath system (Sensei, Hansen Medical, Mountain View, CA, USA). Both robotic and magnetic navigation systems have proven to be feasible for performing ablation of both simple and complex arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation. Studies to date have shown similar success rates for AF ablation compared to that of manual ablation, with many groups finding a reduction in fluoroscopy times. However, the early learning curve of cases demonstrated longer procedure times, mainly due to additional setup times. With centres performing increasing numbers of robotic ablations and the introduction of a pressure monitoring system, lower power settings and instinctive driving software, complication rates are reducing, and fluoroscopy times have been lower than manual ablation in many studies. As the demand for catheter ablation for arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation increases and the number of centres performing these ablations increases, the demand for systems which reduce the hand skill requirement and improve the comfort of the operator will also increase.
Glucose Effects on Skin Keratinocytes (2001)

Altered skin wound healing is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby diabetes alters skin physiology have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the relative roles of hyperglycemia, insulin, and IGF-I, all of which are abnormal in diabetes, in primary murine skin keratinocytes. These cells proliferate and differentiate in vitro in a manner similar to skin in vivo. It was found that in the presence of high glucose (20 mmol/l), the glucose transport rate of primary proliferating or differentiating keratinocytes was downregulated, whereas at 2 mmol/l glucose, the transport rate was increased. These changes were associated with changes in the GLUT1 expression and with changes in the affinity constant (K(m)) of the transport. Exposure to high glucose was associated with changes in cellular morphology, as well as with decreased proliferation and enhancement of Ca(2+)-induced differentiation of keratinocytes. Furthermore, in the presence of high glucose, ligand-induced IGF-I receptor but not insulin receptor (IR) autophosphorylation was decreased. Consequently, in high glucose, the effects of IGF-I on glucose uptake and keratinocyte proliferation were inhibited. Interestingly, lack of IR expression in IR-null keratinocytes abolished insulin-induced glucose uptake and partially decreased insulin- and IGF-I-induced proliferation, demonstrating the direct involvement of the IR in these processes. Our results demonstrate that hyperglycemia and impaired insulin signaling might be directly involved in the development of chronic complications of diabetes by impairing glucose utilization of skin keratinocytes as well as skin proliferation and differentiation.
Transmission Electron Microtomography (TEMT) of Nanostructured Polymers under Dynamically Evolving Conditions (2006)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Evidence of the Existence of Micelles in the Fibrillogenesis of β-Amyloid Peptide (2005)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of fibrillar deposits formed by the amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide. The most widely accepted model of fibrillogenesis of Abeta affirms that fibrillogenesis occurs in two distinct stages, nucleation and elongation. A modification of the model includes the formation of micelles. We have demonstrated with accurate experimental determinations the existence of aggregates with micellar properties (namely, the critical micellar concentration, CMC, and aggregation number). Values of the CMC were obtained by analysis of surface tension (17.5 microM) and changes in the fluorescence of pyrene (17.6 microM), respectively. The average aggregation number determined by fluorescence quenching was 25, and it was independent of peptide concentration. The presence of micelles implies that above the CMC all excess peptide is incorporated into micelles, and consequently, the monomer concentration is kept almost constant. Thus, micelles act as a peptide reservoir. Micelles are located on-pathway, since they serves as nucleation centers. Experimental data support the model, since above 17.7 microM the time of half-aggregation is independent of peptide concentration, and the overall reaction of the conversion of monomer peptide into fibril can be treated as an apparent first-order reaction.
Metabolism of a novel skepinone l-like p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (2014)

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a key mediator in cytokine-induced signaling events and is activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli such as stress factors, UV-light and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the p38 MAP kinase plays an integral role in disease states including oncogenesis, immune disorders and inflammatory processes. Recently a novel class of highly selective p38α inhibitors was described and characterized as tools and probes for in vivo studies. The objective of the current study was the preclinical characterization of 3-((2,4-difluorophenyl)amino)dibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H)-one, a potent p38α MAP kinase inhibitor. In rat and human hepatic microsomal incubations, the examined compound is completely inactivated (concerning the inhibitory potency of the isolated p38α enzyme) by a CYP2B6 mediated phase 1 metabolism. The dehalogenation and subsequent hydroxylation in the para position of the 2,4-difluorophenyl residue was found to be the predominant transformation. The metabolite was detected in different quantities in both species. In a consecutive reaction the phase 1 metabolite conjugates with glucuronic acid in terms of a phase 2 metabolism. The responsible isoenzymes were identified to be UGT1A3, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10. In this reaction UGT1A10 is the predominant driver of the conversion. Similar to the phase 1 metabolite, the conjugate could also be found in different amounts in both examined species.
InsertionNet - A Scalable Solution for Insertion (2021)

Complicated assembly processes can be described as a sequence of two main activities: grasping and insertion. While general grasping solutions are common in industry, insertion is still only applicable to small subsets of problems, mainly ones involving simple shapes in fixed locations and in which the variations are not taken into consideration. Recently, RL approaches with prior knowledge (e.g., LfD or residual policy) have been adopted. However, these approaches might be problematic in contact-rich tasks since interaction might endanger the robot and its equipment. In this letter, we tackled this challenge by formulating the problem as a regression problem. By combining visual and force inputs, we demonstrate that our method can scale to 16 different insertion tasks in less than 10 minutes. The resulting policies are robust to changes in the socket position, orientation or peg color, as well as to small differences in peg shape. Finally, we demonstrate an end-to-end solution for 2 complex assembly tasks with multi-insertion objectives when the assembly board is randomly placed on a table.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Pharmacodynamic Markers of the Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor 17-Allylamino,17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) in Human Colon Cancer Models (2003)

Inhibition of Hsp90 by 17AAG resulted in altered phospholipid metabolism in cultured tumor cells and in tumor xenografts. The increases observed in phosphocholine and phosphomonoester levels suggest that these metabolites may have the potential to act as noninvasive pharmacodynamic markers for analyzing tumor response to treatment with 17AAG or other Hsp90 inhibitors.
Synthesis and twisted intramolecular charge transfer(TICT)‐fluorescence of 8,8′‐bi‐naphtho[1,2,3,4‐def]chrysenyl (1986)

Abstract Upon irradiation of naphtho[1,2,3,4‐ def ]chrysene ( 3 ) in chlorobenzene a symmetric biaryl, 8,8′‐bi‐naphtho[1,2,3,4‐ def ]chrysenyl ( 4 ), is formed. Fluorescence studies of 4 reveal that the emission originates from a TICT state.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of Indolo-Imidazolone HybridMolecules (2015)

A series of hybrid molecules comprising of indole and imidazolone moieties (4a-g and 5a,b) was synthesized with a view to obtain promising anticonvulsant molecules. Anticonvulsant activity of the title compounds was determined in MES and scPTZ animal models. Neurotoxicity studies were also performed to estimate the undesired effects of the compounds. Majority of the compounds showed appreciable activity against both the animal models whereas compounds 5a and 5b showed good activity and could be considered as leads for further investigations
T cell subsets in allograft rejection. In situ characterization of T cell subsets in human skin allografts by the use of monoclonal antibodies. (1982)

We have provided evidence that both major T cell subsets, T4-positive (helper/inducer) and T8-positive (cytotoxic/suppressor), infiltrate human skin allografts. Overall, and in the graft dermis and graft bed, T4-positive cells were predominant (1.5 to 3 times more numerous than T8-positive cells). In contrast, T8-positive cells were relatively more numerous in the epidermis and hair follicles. Rejection probably proceeded by two apparently independent pathways: 1) direct contact killing of graft epithelial cells, presumably by immunologically specific T8-positive cytotoxic cells, and 2) injury of microvascular endothelium of both the graft and graft bed with secondary graft infarction. Although important in first set skin allograft rejection, the mechanism of the second type of killing is uncertain. T4-positive cells were probably involved, as evidenced by their greater numbers; furthermore, studies in mice have shown that transfused helper/inducer cells are able to effect first-set skin graft rejection. It remains to be determined whether T4-positive cells act alone or cooperate with other cells to destroy vessels and bring about graft rejection. Langerhans cells were recognized in epithelial and dermal compartments of both allografts and autografts by their reactivity with anti-T6 and anti-Ia antibodies. We could not determine whether such cells in allografts were of host or donor origin.
Surface Segregation of Ti in a V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy and Its Influence on the Surface Reaction Rates of Hydrogen Isotopes (2005)

The change in the chemical surface state of a V-4Cr-4Ti alloy after heat treatments in vacuum at temperatures from 573 to 1273 K was investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Before heating, the surface of the as-polished alloy was covered with a V oxide film. Diffusion of oxygen into the bulk started at around 673 K, and the alloy surface gradually became metallic. Oxygen, however, did not disappear from the surface completely. Surface segregation of Ti was observed as the temperature increased. The concentration of Ti reached 20 at% at 1273 K. No significant segregation of Cr or other impurities were observed. This surface segregation of Ti significantly reduced the surface reaction rates of H2 and D2. The isotope effect on the surface reaction rates of H2 and D2 was not observed under the present experimental conditions.
OCT angiography for the evaluation of macular ischemic micro‐angiopathies (2015)

Summary The management of maculopathies related to the retinal vascular micro‐angiopathies, has been significantly improved since the initiation of intravitreal therapeutical approaches. A detailed evaluation of the vascular abnormalities by Optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) angiography offers an accurate evaluation of the therapeutical indications and their beneficial anatomical effects. OCT angiography has several advantages, such as 3D visualization of retinal and choroidal circulations (including the choriocapillaris). Using this non‐invasive alternative method, ischemia, microaneurysms, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities and the detection of neovascularization can be clearly visualized by a closer observation of each layer of the retinal capillaries. As an alternative to dye‐based angiography, in addition to the 3D tomographic macular imaging, OCT angiography may be clinically useful to evaluate the microvascular status and therapeutic effect of treatments for macular ischemic microangiopathies.
Water‐dispersible nanocolloids and higher temperatures promote the release of carbon from riparian soil (2020)

Abstract Increasing temperatures in alpine regions accompanied by glacial retreat is occurring rapidly due to climate change. This may affect riparian soils by increasing weathering rates, resulting in greater organic carbon (OC) release to rivers via movement of iron‐containing colloids and nanominerals. Increased concentrations of iron‐ or silcate‐nanominerals would result in higher surface area for OC adsorption. To test the influence of temperature on OC leaching, we examined mineral weathering and nanocolloid facilitated release of OC through a series of controlled laboratory batch and column experiments using sediment from the banks of the Nisqually River, Mount Rainier in Washington State (USA). Additional experiments were conducted using the same sediments, but with an illite amendment added to test the influence of additional surface area and nanominerals that many sediments along the Nisqually River contain. These higher‐ and lower‐surface‐area sediments (i.e., sediments with and without the illite amendment) were incubated for 90 d at 4 or 20 °C, followed by batch and column OC leaching tests. Results show that OC leaching rates for 20 °C were two to three times greater than for 4 °C. Further, our results suggest that nanocolloids are responsible for moving this increased OC load from these sediments. When hydrologically connected, OC is released from bank sediments to rivers faster than presently anticipated in fluvial environments experiencing climate change‐induced glacial retreat. Further, a one‐dimensional, finite‐element computational model developed for this study estimates that a 1 °C increase in temperature over a 90‐d summer runoff period increases the OC release rate from sediments by 79%.
Table Detection and Extraction using OpenCV and Novel Optimization Methods (2021)

Information Retrieval from scanned documents and images is a challenging task as there can be varying templates or document structures available. The amount of data is thus increasing exponentially leading to a rise in scanned and digital documents like PDFs, resumes, invoices, mark-sheets, medical reports, Demat receipts, etc. One of the major challenges faced is when trying to extract information from the tabular structure as it is can be uniform or non uniform in nature, meaning unequal number of rows and columns. There have been many approaches suggesting to extract tables from a digitized pdf document but none of the existing approaches have a unified approach to extract all tables from any kind of a scanned document. In this paper, the focus is on extracting information from tables with various layouts, maintaining their structure, and processing them into textual data from images. Our algorithm achieved an average accuracy of 95% tested over more than 100 images outperforming many state of the art models.
Sharing secret keys along a Eulerian circuit (2000)

A method for sharing secret keys that is information-theoretically secure is an important problem in the area of cryptography. By randomly distributing cards to players, it is possible to provide random information with which information-theoretically secure secret keys can be shared by players. This paper formulates sharing secret keys along a Eulerian circuit for information transmission for which the receipt can be confirmed and provides a protocol for its realization. The conditions for the success of the protocol for sharing secret keys along a Eulerian circuit are identified. Further, under the natural assumption that the same numbers of cards are distributed to each player, it is shown that the number of cards distributed is a minimum. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 83(4): 33–42, 2000
Diagnostic Algorithm for Glycogenoses and Myoadenylate Deaminase Deficiency Based on Exercise Testing Parameters: A Prospective Study (2015)

The present algorithm provides a non-invasive test to accurately predict absent and decreased MAD activity, facilitating the selection of patients for muscle biopsy and target appropriate histochemical analysis.
In vitro amoebicidal activity of S-nitrosoglutathione and S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine against trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii (2010)

Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Chem, Campinas, SP, Brazil
External and Intralesional Photocoagulation of Hemangioma in Children with the Use of Infrared Diode Laser (2005)

1060 nм diode laser was applied in treatment of 163 children with 221 hemangiomas. Capillary hemangiomas were exposured externally, cavernous hemangiomas - both externally and interstitionally. Good results were achieved in 96 % of patients.
The Structure of Legumin ofVicia fabaL.—a Reappraisal (1981)

Two-dimensional electrophoretic studies have shown a wide range of heterogeneity in the subunits of legumin isolated from seeds of Vicia faba L. As many as 10 disulphide-linked subunit pairs in the mol. wt. range 37 000–79 000 have been observed. Each subunit pair separated on reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol into a large acidic and a small basic subunit, each of which was shown to be heterogeneous in charge by isoelectric focusing. More heterogeneity was found in the large subunits (mol. wt. range 23 000–58 000; pl range 4.6–6.1) than in the small subunits (mol. wt. range 21 000–23 000; pl range 8.2–8.5). Most legumin molecules seemed to be formed by random association of subunit pairs, although one subunit pair associated only with itself to give a molecular type separable under non-dissociating conditions.