gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of the MRI Measurement of Diffusion in Realistic Neural Tissue Models (2006)

In principle, the sensitivity of MRI to the diffusion of water in neural tissues provides a method for inferring local characteristics of the tissue structure and physiology by sampling the spatial (diffusion tensor imaging, DTI) and spectral (q-space imaging) variations of the diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) signal and relating this to a model of the signal behavior generated by a specific pulse sequence. Unfortunately, in practice the complexity of neural tissues precludes the formulation of analytical solutions for the DWI signal behavior, making investigation of diffusion in real neural tissues problematic. In this paper we describe a novel approach using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) in combination with ray tracing and complex tissue generation using parametric curves. Initial results in a standard geometry are shown to be consistent with theory.
Discovery of a new mode of nuclear fission (1986)

We measured the mass and kinetic-energy partitioning in the spontaneous fission of /sup 258/Fm, /sup 259/Md, /sup 260/Md, /sup 258/No, and /sup 260/(104). Surprisingly, these energy distributions were skewed upward or downward from the peak in each case, except for /sup 260/(104), indicating a composite of two energy distributions. We interpret this as a new mode of fission in which there is mixture of liquid-drop-like and fragment-shell-directed symmetric fission.
Cabinet shielding inherent in standard equipment racks not designed to provide high-performance shielding (2004)

Information technology equipment is often housed in racks enclosed as cabinets that are either poorly designed as electromagnetic shields or have not been specifically designed to provide high-performance shielding. This study examines the shielding characteristics of a class of computer systems each housed in similar cabinet racks that were not designed to provide significant levels of shielding. At frequencies above a few hundred MHz, these cabinet racks can provide shielding sufficient to be important in compliance with regulatory EMC requirements on radiated emissions. At frequencies lower than a few hundred MHz, these cabinet racks do not reliably provide significant shielding. These conclusions are based on radiated emissions testing of equipment racks with and without doors and side panels.
Surgery for gastrointestinal cancer. A multidisciplinary approach. H. J. Wanebo (ed.). 285 × 218 mm. Pp. 864. Illustrated. 1997. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott-Raven. £134.25 (1997)

The volume is aimed at both the specialist coloproctologist and the family doctor, emphasizing outpatient and day-case coloproctology.Although it is fairly comprehensive in its approach, the emphasis on preferred treatments is not always in keeping with present British practice.Certain subjects, such as the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis, are clearly neither up to date nor covered in much depth.Crohn's disease only merits 17 pages whereas the chapter on intestinal parasitosis is 23 pages in length.This cannot really be recommended to general practitioners as it is too weighty, or to surgeons in training as it fails to provide the right emphasis on present day best practice.General surgeons and coloproctologists may find it of interest but they have a wide choice of alternative texts which would be more useful.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Mechanisms of Catalytic Cracking over Solid Acidic Catalysts: Alkanes and Alkenes (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Optimization of Borehole Stability Using 3D Stress Optimization (2005)

Borehole stability has played an important role in the evolution of long and deep wells in later years. Borehole collapse and circulation losses are costly problems for the entire drilling industry.It is often assumed that high borehole inclination leads to lower mud weight margins. To investigate this aspect, a study of borehole stability in 3-dimensional space was undertaken. This paper presents results and applications of the findings in this study.The in-situ stress state plays a key role for borehole instability. The stress state is usually classified as normal fault, strike/slip fault and reverse fault stress states. One major conclusion of the study was that optimum stability was obtained for a lithostatic stress state, which is where all 3 normal borehole stresses are equal. For this case the window between fracturing and collapse was maximum. Bounds on the magnitude of the in-situ stresses were also invoked, resulting in a constrained 3-dimensional model that covered both fracturing and collapse pressures.Studying both fracturing and collapse pressures, it was found that maximum hole stability could be obtained at intermediate orientations, and that they are controlled be the magnitude and directions of the in-situ stresses.Field cases are also presented in the paper. It is shown that under optimal conditions combination of wellbore inclinations and azimuths can give the highest wellbore stability.The 3-dimensional fracture and collapse model presented is an efficient tool for well path optimization. Platform placement and planning of difficult wells can be improved by using this method. It is presented as analytical equations, and can easily be implemented in a calculator.
Erasure Resilient Codes in Peer-To-Peer Storage Cloud (2006)

In this paper, we investigate the use of erasure resilient code (ERC) in a peer-to-peer storage cloud. We compare the random linear code (RLC, network coding) and the Reed-Solomon (RS) code, and study the proper ERC parameters in term of data reliability, computational efficiency and security concerns. We conclude that the use of ERC in P2P storage may greatly improve data reliability and reduce backup server cost. Because of the lack of efficient homomorphic hashing, RLC cannot be implemented efficiently and yet be effective against the malicious attack. As a result, we believe that the RS code is most suited for use in the P2P storage cloud
Retinoid receptor-dependent and independent biological activities of novel fenretinide analogues and metabolites. (2003)

Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a retinoid analogue with antitumor and chemopreventive activities. In addition to 4-HPR, there are several other new phenylretinamides bearing hydroxyl, carboxyl, or methoxyl residues on carbons 2, 3, and 4 of the terminal phenylamine ring [N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (2-HPR), N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, N-(2-carboxyphenyl)retinamide, N-(3-carboxyphenyl)retinamide, N-(4-carboxyphenyl)retinamide, and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4-MPR) ]. It is hypothesized that these agents can act independent of the nuclear retinoid receptor pathway. To test this hypothesis directly, we have analyzed the activity of these phenylretinamides in vitro on a panel of F9 murine embryonal carcinoma cell lines, which includes wild-type (F9-WT) and mutant cells that have disrupted genes for both retinoid X receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor gamma retinoid receptors (F9-KO). The F9-KO cells lack almost all measurable response to all-trans-retinoic acid, the primary biologically active retinoid. Two distinct effects of retinamides were identified. The first is a rapid, dose-dependent induction of cell growth inhibition (reduced cell viability), and the second is a slower induction of differentiation and accumulation of cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle that was observed with a concentration of 1 micro M, for only those phenylretinamides bearing charged (hydroxyl or carboxyl) groups on the terminal phenylamine ring. The induction of differentiation and G(1) accumulation was only observed in the F9-WT cells, indicating that this effect is receptor-dependent. 4-MPR, a major metabolite of 4-HPR, lacks a charged group on the terminal phenylamine ring and did not induce retinoid receptor-dependent effects, but did induce cell growth inhibition. Thus, 4-MPR may play a role in the clinical activity of 4-HPR. This study further reveals the mechanism of action of these novel phenylretinamides and supports continued investigation into their development as chemopreventive drugs.
Electronic Phenomena in Amorphous Semiconductors (1972)

Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical ...Read More
Model of thermal terahertz light emission from a two-dimensional electron gas (2007)

The spontaneous thermal emission of terahertz radiation of a two-dimensional electron gas is analyzed, including its coupling to lattice excitations and the influence of sample-vacuum interface. As a representative example, electronic intraband transitions in semiconductor quantum wells are discussed. We observe broad emission spectra in the terahertz range including enhanced emission at the optical-phonon frequencies of the barrier material.
Comparison of Three-Dimensional Datasets by Using the Generalized n-Dimensional ( n-D) Feature Selective Validation (FSV) Technique (2016)

Automatic methods to evaluate the validity of computational electromagnetics computer modeling and simulations have widespread applications. The feature selective validation (FSV) method is a heuristic technique which has been shown to give a broad agreement with a visual assessment for one-dimensional data. As a heuristic technique, extending the dimensionality is an important target for the improvement and development of FSV. One of the major challenges in the development of n-dimensional (n-D) FSV is the difficulty of obtaining visual assessment results, since, the visual comparison of three- and higher dimensional data is difficult or even impossible. This paper formulates the comparison of 3-D data based on an established generalized n -D-FSV approach. The performance of the approach is investigated by means of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering Video Quality Database which provides subjective scores of 150 distorted videos. A statistical evaluation of the relative performance of FSV and other publicly available full-reference video quality assessment algorithms is presented. Further, parameter tuning is performed to improve the agreement of 3-D FSV results and subjective scores. The proposed approach is finally applied to the self-referenced validation of an electromagnetic simulation model to identify and locate the continuous variation of electric field within a region of space.
Human B Cell Responses to Dominant and Subdominant Antigens Induced by a Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine in a Phase I Trial (2022)

Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines are safe and provide strain-specific protection against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) primarily by inducing serum bactericidal antibodies against the outer membrane proteins (OMP). To design broader coverage vaccines, knowledge of the immunogenicity of all the antigens contained in OMVs is needed. In a Phase I clinical trial, an investigational meningococcal OMV vaccine, MenPF1, made from a meningococcus genetically modified to constitutively express the iron-regulated FetA induced bactericidal responses to both the PorA and the FetA antigen present in the OMP. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from this trial, we analyzed the kinetics of and relationships between IgG, IgA, and IgM B cell responses against recombinant PorA and FetA, including (i) antibody-secreting cells, (ii) memory B cells, and (iii) functional antibody responses (opsonophagocytic and bactericidal activities). Following MenPF1vaccination, PorA-specific IgG secreting cell responses were detected in up to 77% of participants and FetA-specific responses in up to 36%. Memory B cell responses to the vaccine were low or absent and mainly detected in participants who had evidence of preexisting immunity (<i>P</i> = 0.0069). Similarly, FetA-specific antibody titers and bactericidal activity increased in participants with preexisting immunity and is consistent with the idea that immune responses are elicited to minor antigens during asymptomatic <i>Neisseria</i> carriage, which can be boosted by OMV vaccines. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are a component of the capsular group B meningococcal vaccine 4CMenB (Bexsero) and have been shown to induce 30% efficacy against gonococcal infection. They are composed of multiple antigens and are considered an interesting delivery platform for vaccines against several bacterial diseases. However, the protective antibody response after two or three doses of OMV-based meningococcal vaccines appears short-lived. We explored the B cell response induced to a dominant and a subdominant antigen in a meningococcal OMV vaccine in a clinical trial and showed that immune responses are elicited to minor antigens. However, memory B cell responses to the OMV were low or absent and mainly detected in participants who had evidence of preexisting immunity against the antigens. Failure to induce a strong B cell response may be linked with the low persistence of protective responses.
The thermally induced phase transition in 2,3,7,8‐tetramethoxythianthrene (1997)

Abstract 2,3,7,8‐Tetramethoxythianthrene is known to crystallize in orthorhombic and monoclinic polymorphs, depending on the solvent used for crystallization. Upon heating the orthorhombic form to ca. 150°C, an enantiotropic (reversible) phase transition into the monoclinic phase occurs. This phase transition has been characterized by different techniques: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature‐resolved X‐ray powder diffractometry (TXRD), and thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements (TSDC). A mechanism for this solid‐state transition is proposed based on single‐crystal X‐ray structures.
Combining Adjoint Calculations and Quasi-Newton Methods for Automatic History Matching (2006)

Abstract This work describes the combination of adjoint methods for derivative calculation with a trust-region Quasi-Newton optimization algorithm for solving history matching problems. The techniques employed allowed for the resolution of problems with a larger number of parameters, when compared to other approaches, based on derivative free optimization or the forward method for derivative calculation. Applications to both synthetic and real cases will be shown. A substantial improvement of the match was obtained in all examples. Problems with more than 250 parameters were solved efficiently. The ability to handle problems with a large number of parameters is exploited to discuss the possibility of accessing the uncertainty in the history matching process through exausting the space of possible models.
Cloning and Characterization of a Plant Defensin VaD1 from Azuki Bean (2005)

A recombinant mungbean defensin VrD1 was previously shown to exhibit antifungal and bruchid-resistant activity. To study the function and regulation of VrD1, genomic DNAs of plant defensins were isolated from Vigna radiata VC6089A and azuki bean Vigna angularis Kao Hsiung No. 6. The azuki bean defensin genomic DNA VaD1 was sequenced and converted to VaD1 cDNA. VaD1 defensin was purified from Vigna angularis Kao Hsiung No. 6 to apparent homogeneity. The complete amino acid sequence of the purified VaD1 was determined and was found to be exactly the same as the sequence deduced from VaD1 cDNA. VaD1 is a basic protein containing 46 amino acids with four conserved disulfide bonds and shares high sequence homology (78.3%) with VrD1. VaD1 inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhimurium. VaD1 also inhibited in vitro protein synthesis and bruchid larval development, but was less active than the recombinant VrD1.
Protein methylation in full length Chlamydomonas flagella (2009)

Post-translational protein modification occurs extensively in eukaryotic flagella. Here we examine protein methylation, a protein modification that has only recently been reported to occur in flagella [Schneider MJ, Ulland M, Sloboda RD.2008. Mol Biol Cell 19(10):4319-4327.]. The cobalamin (vitamin B12) independent form of the enzyme methionine synthase (MetE), which catalyzes the final step in methionine production, is localized to flagella. Here we demonstrate, using immunogold scanning electron microscopy, that MetE is bound to the outer doublets of the flagellum. Methionine can be converted to S-adenosyl methionine, which then serves as the methyl donor for protein methylation reactions. Using antibodies that recognize symmetrically or asymmetrically methylated arginine residues, we identify three highly methylated proteins in intact flagella: two symmetrically methylated proteins of about 30 and 40 kDa, and one asymmetrically methylated protein of about 75 kDa. Several other relatively less methylated proteins could also be detected. Fractionation and immunoblot analysis shows that these proteins are components of the flagellar axoneme. Immunogold thin section electron microscopy indicates that the symmetrically methylated proteins are located in the central region of the axoneme, perhaps as components of the central pair complex and the radial spokes, while the asymmetrically methylated proteins are associated with the outer doublets. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthese der 7.8‐Dihydro‐5.6‐benzochinolin‐carbonsäure‐(3) (1954)

Abstract Durch Zersetzung von Diazoniumderivaten der Verbindung III kann man in geringer Ausbeute 7.8‐Dihydro 5.6‐benzochinolin‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐äthylester (IV) gewinnen.
Charge-Sharing Models for Switch-Level Simulation (1987)

This paper addresses various timing and glitch detection issues in switch-level simulation. Particular attention is focused on charge sharing. We categorize and analyze problems caused by charge sharing. Solutions to these problems are proposed and applied to real designs. Results are reported and compared with SPICE simulation. The computational complexity of our methods is also investigated.
Ordered Mesoporous Silica Pyrolyzed from Single-Source Self-Assembled Organic–Inorganic Giant Surfactants (2021)

We report the preparation of hexagonal mesoporous silica from single-source giant surfactants constructed via dihydroxyl-functionlized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (DPOSS) heads and a polystyrene (PS) tail. After thermal annealing, the obtained well-ordered hexagonal hybrid was pyrolyzed to afford well-ordered mesoporous silica. A high porosity (e.g., 581 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and a uniform and narrow pore size distribution (e.g., 3.3 nm) were achieved. Mesoporous silica in diverse shapes and morphologies were achieved by processing the precursor. When the PS tail length was increased, the pore size expanded accordingly. Moreover, such pyrolyzed, ordered mesoporous silica can help to increase both efficiency and stability of nanocatalysts.
High-mobility transparent conducting Mo-doped In2O3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition (2004)

Highly conductive and transparent Mo-doped indium oxide (IMO) thin films were grown on glass and (100) yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) single-crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The electrical, optical, and structural properties were measured for films grown from 0, 1, 2, and 4 wt % Mo-doped targets. Films grown from the 2 wt % Mo-doped target had the best overall properties. In particular, for biaxially textured 2 wt % Mo IMO films grown on (100) YSZ, the conductivity was ∼3000 S cm−1 with a mobility greater than 95 cm2 V−1 s−1. In the visible, the optical transmittance normalized to the substrate was greater than 90%.
Ibrutinib and Aspergillus: a Btk-targeted risk (2018)

In this issue of Blood, Bercusson and colleagues report a mechanism underlying susceptibility to Aspergillus fumigatus infections in patients treated with the Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor ibrutinib.1 This drug has been paradigm-shifting in a number of B-cell malignancies, which has led to widespread use in the diseases for which Food and Drug Administration approval currently exists, and clinical trials of the drug alone and in combination in these and many other malignancies. However, although well tolerated in the majority of patients, a few troublesome toxicities have become apparent as use of the drug has expanded. One such toxicity is a relatively high rate of A fumigatus infections. Although patients with hematologic malignancies are certainly at risk for opportunistic infections, A fumigatus infections at a higher rate than expected have been noted in multiple prospective studies, most notably a rate of 39% in patients on a trial of ibrutinib in primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma who were concurrently treated with corticosteroids.2 Although the incidence in other hematologic malignancies is likely quite a bit lower (2.5% in a large institutional cohort of 566 patients treated over 1225 person-years),3 this finding has been worrisome. A previous study by this group, exploring the risk of A fumigatus in patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors, demonstrated that Btk is required for the macrophage inflammatory response that clears A fumigatus from the airways,4 and a separate study showed that Btk null mice infected with A fumigatus developed pneumonia, similar to what is seen in macrophage-deplete models.2 However, the implications for these findings in patients where Btk is present but pharmacologically inactivated were previously unknown.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxymethylation of Organic Halides. Evaluation of a Catalytic System Involving a Fluorous Tin Hydride Reagent for Radical Carbonylation. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Peak shift characteristics for barium ferrite flexible disk drive (1987)

Output waveform and peak shift characteristics for low squareness Ba-ferrite perpendicular recording flexible disk (FD), the same as used for 3.5 inch Ba-ferrite 4MB FDD, were investigated by both calculation and measurement. A simple simulation for an isolated pulse and density responses was carried out and an estimation method for the perpendicular component factor, Kp, was derived. The peak shift characteristics and Kp for a Ba-ferrite FD were investigated for various recording /reproducing conditions, such as head gap length, recording current, etc. Then, it is shown that both the Kp value and peak shift are not so large, and therefore a phase equalizer is not needed for the low squareness Ba-ferrite FD.
Finite-difference-based simulation and adjoint optimization of gas\n networks (2020)

The stable operation of gas networks is an important optimization target.\nWhile for this task commonly finite volume methods are used, we introduce a new\nfinite difference approach. With a summation by part formulation for the\nspatial discretization, we get well-defined fluxes between the pipes. This\nallows a simple and explicit formulation of the coupling conditions at the\nnode. From that, we derive the adjoint equations for the network simply and\ntransparently. The resulting direct and adjoint equations are numerically\nefficient and easy to implement. The approach is demonstrated by the\noptimization of two sample gas networks.\n