gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Fractal Modeling to Predict Flex-Fuel Engine Combustion Process with Different Gasoline-Ethanol Blends (2014)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Combustion Modeling of Internal combustion engines is still a complex matter, requiring further developments to better simulate the performance and emissions of different fuels. In order to study the influence of gasoline-ethanol blends on a Flex-Fuel engine, a computer model was designed to simulate the experimental conditions using Fractal combustion and Woschni based heat transfer models. The simulations were validated with engine dynamometer experimental tests. In-cylinder maximum pressure, IMEP and emissions data were calculated for different gasoline-hydrous ethanol blends at different engine conditions. The computer model presented a predictive behavior and a good agreement with experimental data for in-cylinder maximum pressure and IMEP. Regarding emissions, the simulations of some pollutants could not match precisely the experimental data, showing the need for additional combustion modeling improvements.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Controlled top-down fabrication of GaN nanostructures and mechanism. (2016)

Abstract not provided.
Source enumeration in large arrays using moments of eigenvalues and relatively few samples (2012)

This study presents a method based on minimum description length criterion to enumerate the incident waves impinging on a large array using a relatively small number of samples. The proposed scheme exploits the statistical properties of eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix (SCM) of Gaussian processes. The authors use a number of moments of noise eigenvalues of the SCM in order to separate noise and signal subspaces more accurately. In particular, the authors assume a Marcenko–Pastur probability density function (pdf) for the eigenvalues of SCM associated with the noise subspace. We also use an enhanced noise variance estimator to reduce the bias leakage between the subspaces. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method estimates the true number of signals for large arrays and a relatively small number of snapshots. In particular, the proposed method requires less number of samples to achieve the same correct enumeration probability compared to the state-of-the-art methods. The authors evaluated the assumed pdf in order to justify the limitation and the behaviour of the proposed method for small number of snapshots and array sizes.
Carbazole Peripheral Poly(benzyl ether) Dendrimers at the Air−Water Interface: Electrochemical Cross-Linking and Electronanopatterning (2009)

A Langmuir film of a third-generation carbazole-terminated poly(benzyl ether) (G3-CtPBE) dendrimer was investigated at the air-water interface. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were deposited on gold substrates and investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), followed by electrochemical and electronanopatterning studies. For the G3-CtPBE dendrimer aggregates, variable concentration and surface pressure gave control over aggregate size and shape at the air-water interface. At a lower concentration C1, aggregate-spherical nanoparticles were observed with a face-on or overlapped orientation with increasing surface pressure. However, at a higher concentration C2, their surface morphologies exhibited circular and rod-shaped aggregates with respect to increasing surface pressure attributed to an edge-on configurational change. Moreover, in situ simultaneous interfacial potentiostatic electrodeposition with LB transfer at the air-water interface was employed for the first time with the G3-CtPBE dendrimers onto a hydrophilic surface under constant voltage (i.e., close to the oxidation potential of G3-CtPBE for electrochemical cross-linking). Electrochemical cross-linking on G3-CtPBE dendrimer LB films was also performed ex situ to investigate electrochemical and optical properties. Finally, as an application of a cross-linkable LB film, electronanolithography was carried out to prepare nanopatterns using the current sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM) technique.
Conservation and Grid Adaptation Enhancements to a Normal Ray Refinement Technique for Cartesian-Grid Based Navier-Stokes Solvers (2012)

The Normal Ray Refinement (NRR) technique allows for viscous fluid flow simulations using an unstructured Cartesian grid framework in a more computationally efficient manner. The NRR approach relies on the use of refined normal rays of cells emanating from the body surface and spanning the boundary layer. Separating these rays along the body surface are relatively large cells too coarse to accurately capture viscous gradients. Accuracy is maintained between the normal rays through use of an appropriate inter-ray communication technique. NRR yields a large reduction in the number of cells in the grid, thereby reducing the computational cost of simulation. Previous studies showed that the NRR has the capability to simulate viscous flows with boundary layers efficiently with far fewer cells than in a uniform Cartesian grid. In this paper, the NRR methodology is further developed and investigated. For improved efficiency, variable length NRR and adaptive length NRR capabilities have been implemented and validated for external flows. For improved accuracy, a conservation formulation have been added to the NRR technique and tested for internal and external flows.
Genetic complementation among inherited deficiencies of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity: evidence for a new class of human cobalamin mutant. (1978)

Analysis of the genetic basis for inherited metabolic disorders in man has been aided significantly by the adaptation of human diploid somatic cells to growth in cell culture. One particularly informative application of this approach has been the use of complementation testing to assess the genetic basis for the clinical and biochemical heterogeneity which characterizes many inborn errors of metabolism [111]. The methylmalonicacidemias are a heterogeneous group of rare, recessively inherited disorders of methylmalonate and cobalamin (Cbl; vitamin B12) metabolism, due most commonly to blocks in the rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This reaction is catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonyl mutase; E.C.5.4.99.2), a mitochondrial matrix enzyme requiring adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as an essential cofactor [12]. Using complementation tests in Sendai virus-induced heterokaryons of human skin fibroblasts from patients with methylmalonicacidemia, Gravel et al. [4] demonstrated that mutant cell lines deficient in mutase activity comprise four complementation groups. Available cellular and biochemical evidence [12-21] suggests that (1) one complementation group (designated mut) is characterized by a primary lesion in the mutase apoenzyme; (2) a second group (cbl C) exhibits a pleiotropic deficiency of both mutase activity and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate:homocysteine methyltransferase (5-methyltetrahydropteroyl-L-glutamate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase; E.C.2. 1.1.13) activity and is defective in the synthesis of their respective Cbl coenzymes, AdoCbl and methylcobalamin (MeCbl); and (3) two complementation groups (cbl A and cbl B) have an apparently normal mutase apoenzyme, but are characterized by distinct defects in AdoCbl synthesis only. Gravel et al. concluded that the observed complementation among these four mutant classes was very likely intergenic in nature, indicating the existence of at least four distinct gene loci, mutations at which can lead to a deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity [4].
Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Cyclic Stabilized Ylides Derived from Chiral 1,2‐Amino Alcohols (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CHEMISTRY OF ORGANOSILICON COMPOUNDS CXVI. FLUORIDE ION-PROMOTED ISOMERIZATION OF METHYL-SUBSTITUTED ALLYLSILANES. REGIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESES OF ALLYLSILANES (1978)

Abstract Fluoride ion-catalyzed isomerization of methyl-substituted allylsilanes is reported. In the reaction, a regioisomer of allylsilanes, in which the silicon atom binds to the less substituted carbon atom of the allylic group, is obtained. Accordingly, the reaction is useful as a new route to regioselective synthesis of allylsilanes.
Distributed visual analytics for collaborative emergency response management (2009)

In emergency response management, there is a large volume of incoming data and minimal time to process it before making critical decisions. Multiple experts, physicians, incident commander who are geographically distributed, collaboratively work on the collected data to make efficient and timely decisions. In this paper we introduce a distributed visualization environment that supports collaboration among geographically dispersed users. To achieve synchronized update among multiple users we introduce a group synchronization technique which employs an adaptive time adjusting algorithm to modify the output time of the visualization unit. In order to evaluate our system we have developed an interactive synchronous visualization unit, and tested our work by running it on varying network delay collaborative servers and achieve time synchronization among them.
Magnetic properties of rare-earth magnesium compounds of the type RMg2 (1978)

The magnetic and crystallographic properties of rare earth compounds of the type RMg2 were studied. The compounds in which R represents La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Gd were found to be of the cubic Laves phase structure. The remainder of compounds of this series crystallize in the hexagonal Laves phase structure. For all compounds the lattice constants were determined. Most of these compounds order ferromagnetically at temperatures well below 100 K. Exceptions are LaMg2, YbMg2 and YMg2 which exhibit Pauli paramagnetism, whereas SmMg2 and EuMg2 order antiferromagnetically. From the magnetic properties and from the lattice constants it is concluded that Eu and Yb are both divalent in these compounds. A peculiar temperature dependence of the magnetization was observed in SmMg2. A sharp peak-like rise in the magnetization occurs within a temperature range of 10 K only, the magnetization being nearly temperature-independent otherwise. Details regarding the nature of the crystal fields in the cubic RMg2 compounds were derived from specific heat measurement performed on LaMg2, CeMg2 in the temperature range 1.5–40 K.
Cough (1986)

The sections in this article are: 1 General Considerations 2 Cough Description 2.1 Inspiration 2.2 Compression 2.3 Expiration 2.4 Cessation 3 Airflow 3.1 Forced Expiration 3.2 Flow Limitation 3.3 Flow Velocities 3.4 Flow Transients 4 Two-Phase Cocurrent Flow 4.1 Mucus Properties 4.2 Two-Phase Flow Regimes 4.3 Transient and Steady Flow 4.4 Particle Generation 4.5 Airway Deformation 4.6 Particle Deposition in Expiration 5 conclusion5 Conclusions
Enteroscopy in Crohn’s Disease: Are There Any Changes in Role or Outcomes Over Time? A KASID Multicenter Study (2020)

The overall clinical indications, outcomes, and effectiveness of BAE were constant over time in CD patients with SB involvement, with the exception that the frequency of enteroscopic intervention increased remarkably.
Light‐Emitting Diodes with Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2008)

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are promising luminophores for creating a new generation of electroluminescence devices. Research on semiconductor nanocrystal based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has made remarkable advances in just one decade: the external quantum efficiency has improved by over two orders of magnitude and highly saturated color emission is now the norm. Although the device efficiencies are still more than an order of magnitude lower than those of the purely organic LEDs there are potential advantages associated with nanocrystal-based devices, such as a spectrally pure emission color, which will certainly merit future research. Further developments of nanocrystal-based LEDs will be improving material stability, understanding and controlling chemical and physical phenomena at the interfaces, and optimizing charge injection and charge transport.
Effects of Dietary Energy Level and Supplemental Protein Source on Performance of Growing Steers and Nutrient Digestibility and Nitrogen Balance in Lambs (1987)

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate three crude protein (CP) sources (urea, U; soybean meal, SBM; corn gluten meal, CGM) in diets based on corn silage (high energy) or grass hay (low energy). In Exp. 1 and 2, growing steers were fed all combinations of energy and protein source at 10.5 or 12% CP. Steers fed high energy diets or 12% CP had improved (P less than .05) daily gains and feed:gain over 84 d. Protein source had no effect (P greater than .05) on performance except that steers fed U consumed more (P less than .05) feed than those fed CGM. Steers were fed experimental diets to a common weight and switched to an 85% concentrate diet for finishing. During finishing, steers fed low energy diets in the growing period consumed more (P less than .05) feed and had increased (P less than .05) feed:gain compared with those fed high energy diets. Growing lambs were fed the same diets as steers. At 10.5% CP, lambs fed high energy diets had higher (P less than .05) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N) and fiber components, and retained more (P less than .05) N. For lambs on 12% CP, high energy diets had higher (P less than .05) DM and OM digestibilities and lower (P less than .05) N digestibilities. At 12% CP, energy level had no effect (P greater than .05) on N retained. Protein source had no effect (P greater than .05) on N retention. There appeared to be no advantage in supplementing with ruminally undegradable proteins, i.e. CGM, in these experiments.
Solution of Partial Differential Equations with a Resistance Network Analogue (1950)

It is shown in this paper that resistance networks are capable of very high accuracy in the solution of partial differential equations with given boundary conditions, as the networks possess certain averaging properties. Fairly exhaustive tests carried out on a resistance network constructed by the author gave accuracies in the range of 1 part in 1 000 to 1 part in 10 000. The design of this resistance network is described; it is of the axially symmetrical type, with 60 meshes in the z-direction and 20 meshes in the r-direction, and is surrounded by a termination strip. Fifty current feeding points for adjusting boundary conditions are provided. The boundaries of the models need not coincide with the mesh points as correction can be made by local modifications of the network. It is also possible to take measurements within a mesh of the network and to simulate the introduction of dielectric material into an electric field. The high accuracy, and simplicity and speed of operation, make the resistance network a useful tool in the investigation of field distributions in many branches of science and engineering.
Regulation, clinical and biological significance of cathepsin D in breast cancer. (1990)

The lysosomal protease, pro-cathepsin D, is overexpressed and secreted by human breast cancers. In estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell lines, estrogens and growth factors stimulate cathepsin D expression through distinct mechanisms. Clinical studies indicate that high cathepsin D concentration in primary breast cancers is correlated with an increased risk of metastasis and particularly useful to orientate node-negative tumors towards an adjuvant therapy.
Investigation of the role of 5‐HT 2 receptor subtypes in the control of the bladder and the urethra in the anaesthetized female rat (2008)

5-HT2A/2C receptors located in the sacral spinal cord activate the EUS, while central 5-HT2C receptors inhibit the micturition reflex and 5-HT2B receptors, probably at the level of the urethra, increase urethral smooth muscle tone. Furthermore, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors do not seem to play an important role in the physiological regulation of micturition.
Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide (2003)

n 1998, Mowat et al 1 delineated a syndrome with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) or severe constipation, microcephaly, mental retardation, and a distinctive facial appearance. 1 Because two of the patients had a cytogenetically visible deletion of 2q22-q23, 1 2 and all patients were sporadic cases, a contiguous gene syndrome or a dominant single gene disorder involving this locus were suggested. 1 Two similar patients with cytogenetically balanced translocation t(2;13)(q22;q22) and t(2;11)(q22.2;q21), respectively, allowed Wakamatsu et al 3 and Cacheux et al 4 to narrow down the critical interval to 5 Mb and to one single gene respectively, which led both groups independently to the detection of intragenic mutations in the gene coding for Smad interacting protein-1 (formerly SIP1, now called zinc finger homeobox 1B (ZFHX1B)) in patients with so called "syndromic HSCR". However, because HSCR is not an obligatory symptom and patients with and without HSCR can be recognised by other features, especially their distinct facial gestalt, 5 6 we suggested that "Mowat-Wilson syndrome" (MWS) is a more appropriate name. 6 Although the developmental ZFHX1B expression pattern fully explains the clinical spectrum observed in patients with Mowat-Wilson syndrome by haploinsufficiency of this gene alone, 5 7 Wakamatsu et al 3 initially stated that their deletion patient would have a more severe phenotype and therefore would have a contiguous gene syndrome. Amiel et al 8 reported that the phenotype was similar in patients with "syndromic HSCR" caused by mutations and cytogenetically non-visible large scale deletions of the ZFHX1B locus, respectively, but the deletion sizes were not delineated. We therefore analysed deletion size and genotype-phenotype correlation in four new patients with cryptic deletions of the ZFHX1B locus.
Formulation‐based approaches for dermal delivery of vaccines and therapeutic nucleic acids: Recent advances and future perspectives (2021)

A growing variety of biological macromolecules are in development for use as active ingredients in topical therapies and vaccines. Dermal delivery of biomacromolecules offers several advantages compared to other delivery methods, including improved targetability, reduced systemic toxicity, and decreased degradation of drugs. However, this route of delivery is hampered by the barrier function of the skin. Recently, a large body of research has been directed toward improving the delivery of macromolecules to the skin, ranging from nucleic acids (NAs) to antigens, using noninvasive means. In this review, we discuss the latest formulation-based efforts to deliver antigens and NAs for vaccination and treatment of skin diseases. We provide a perspective of their advantages, limitations, and potential for clinical translation. The delivery platforms discussed in this review may provide formulation scientists and clinicians with a better vision of the alternatives for dermal delivery of biomacromolecules, which may facilitate the development of new patient-friendly prophylactic and therapeutic medicines.
Microwave Synthesis of Polyetherimide-NaA/α-Al_2O_3 Supported Zeolite Membrane (2010)

The high-performance NaA zeolite membrane was synthesized on polyetherimide(PEI)-NaA zeolite/α-Al2O3 composite supports by the microwave heating method.The influence of microwave heating time on membrane synthesis was mainly investigated.The as-synthesized NaA zeolite membranes were characterized by XRD and SEM.XRD results show that only NaA zeolite emerges on the composite support surface.The SEM results show the composite support surface is fully covered by uniform and compact NaA zeolite membrane.The pervaporation properties of the as-synthesized membrane were evaluated by the dehydration of alcohol/water mixture.It was found that the flux decreased with the increment of the alcohol amount in the feed and the separation factors were the contrary.The pervaporation results present that the separation factors were as high as 13 000 at m(CH3CH2OH)/m(H2O)=95∶5.On the other hand,the fluxes were only 0.05 kg/(m2·h).
Fibrin(ogen) exacerbates inflammatory joint disease through a mechanism linked to the integrin αMβ2 binding motif (2007)

Fibrin deposition within joints is a prominent feature of arthritis, but the precise contribution of fibrin(ogen) to inflammatory events that cause debilitating joint damage remains unknown. To determine the importance of fibrin(ogen) in arthritis, gene-targeted mice either deficient in fibrinogen (Fib-) or expressing mutant forms of fibrinogen, lacking the leukocyte receptor integrin alphaMbeta2 binding motif (Fibgamma390-396A) or the alphaIIbbeta3 platelet integrin-binding motif (FibgammaDelta5), were challenged with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Fib- mice exhibited fewer affected joints and reduced disease severity relative to controls. Similarly, diminished arthritis was observed in Fibgamma390-396A mice, which retain full clotting function. In contrast, arthritis in FibgammaDelta5 mice was indistinguishable from that of controls. Fibrin(ogen) was not essential for leukocyte trafficking to joints, but appeared to be involved in leukocyte activation events. Fib- and Fibgamma390-396A mice with CIA displayed reduced local expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, which suggests that alphaMbeta2-mediated leukocyte engagement of fibrin is mechanistically upstream of the production of proinflammatory mediators. Supporting this hypothesis, arthritic disease driven by exuberant TNF-alpha expression was not impeded by fibrinogen deficiency. Thus, fibrin(ogen) is an important, but context-dependent, determinant of arthritis, and one mechanism linking fibrin(ogen) to joint disease is coupled to alphaMbeta2-mediated inflammatory processes.
Erk5 null mice display multiple extraembryonic vascular and embryonic cardiovascular defects (2002)

Erk5 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase, the biological role of which is largely undefined. Therefore, we deleted the erk5 gene in mice to assess its function in vivo. Inactivation of the erk5 gene resulted in defective blood-vessel and cardiac development leading to embryonic lethality around embryonic days 9.5-10.5. Cardiac development was retarded largely, and the heart failed to undergo normal looping. Endothelial cells that line the developing myocardium of erk5-/- embryos displayed a disorganized, rounded morphology. Vasculogenesis occurred, but extraembryonic and embryonic blood vessels were disorganized and failed to mature. Furthermore, the investment of embryonic blood vessels with smooth muscle cells was attenuated. Together, these data define an essential role for Erk5 in cardiovascular development. Moreover, the inability of Erk5-deficient mice to form a complex vasculature suggests that Erk5 may play an important role in controlling angiogenesis.