gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fibroadenoma of the breast: sonographic appearance. (1989)

The sonographic patterns of 100 fibroadenomas, including two giant fibroadenomas and two cystosarcoma phyllodes, were reviewed. The lesions were mostly hypoechoic (92%) and homogeneous in echotexture (72%). Twenty-seven percent of fibroadenomas showed irregular margins. Intratumoral calcifications were noted in 10% of lesions. A marked acoustic shadow without associated calcification was seen in six cases. The mean ratio of the length to the anteroposterior diameter of the tumors was 1.84 +/- 0.52 (standard deviation), indicating an elongation along the general orientation of the breast tissue planes. The ratios of length to anteroposterior diameter calculated in two matching groups of small (less than 1 cm3) fibroadenomas and carcinomas differed significantly. State-of-the-art high-frequency transducers, geometric analysis of tumors, and real-time ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy should help to distinguish between benign and malignant solid breast masses.
3-(Hydroxyimino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2(3H)-ylidene)-1-arylethanones as new red heterocyclic dyes: Synthesis, spectral studies, quantum-chemical investigations, and antibacterial activities (2019)

The synthesis, optical properties, theoretical calculations, and antibacterial activities of a series of new red heterocyclic dyes derived from imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine are presented. 3-(Hydroxyimino)imidazo[1,2- a]pyridin-2(3 H)-ylidene)-1-arylethanones are obtained from the reaction of 3-nitroimidazo[1,2- a]pyridine with substituted acetophenone derivatives in good yields (65%–72%). The structures are confirmed by spectral and analytical data, and the optical properties of the dyes are characterized by spectrophotometry. Density functional theory calculations are performed to provide the optimized geometries and relevant frontier orbitals. Calculated electronic absorption spectra are also obtained by the time-dependent density functional theory method. Moreover, the antibacterial activities (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the new dyes against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species are determined (minimum inhibitory concentration: 5–200 μg mL −1 ).
Freeze-fracture of monolayer cultures. (1977)

This paper describes a simple method for the freeze-fracturing of cells in monolayers or multi-layer tissue cultures. The method produces high quality replicas and is applicable to the study of virtually any tissue culture or organ culture system. It uses standard materials and equipment for both tissue culture and freeze-fracturing.
Design considerations of hyperabrupt varactor diodes (1971)

This paper describes the design calculations and fabrication techniques used to produce hyperabrupt varactor diodes. The computation consists of determining, the doping profile, the capacitance as a function of applied voltage, the breakdown voltage, and the series resistance; allowance is made for the nonlinear variation of mobility with doping density. Fabrication of the retrograded region was accomplished by diffusion from a doped-oxide source. Two groups of diodes were fabricated. The first group had a breakdown voltage V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</inf> of 95 V at 1 µA, a capacitance ratio of 12 over a voltage range of 1 to 40 V ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_{P1}/C_{P40}=12</tex> ), and a quality factor <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> of 60 at an operating level of 3 V and 100 MHz. The corresponding values for the second group were V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</inf> =45 V ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_{P1}/C_{P40}=4</tex> ) and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> =210. The capacitance tracking capability of these diodes was found to be within 2 percent. These measurements showed excellent correlation with calculated results.
Study on Acid/Base Formation by Using Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone/Aminated Polysulfone Bipolar Membranes in Water Splitting Electrodialysis (2016)

The sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) as a cation exchange polymer and aminated polysulfone (APSf) as an anion exchange membrane (AEM) were synthesized to prepare bipolar membranes (BPMs) through hot pressing. The water splitting electrodialysis (WSED) experiments were conducted to produce acids and bases by using the resulting SPEEK/APSf BPM. For comparative performance evaluation of the commercialized ASTOM membrane and the newly synthesized membranes in our lab, the acid/base production rate and the voltage changes according to the constant current were measured. The acid and base formation rates of the commercialized membrane from ASTOM were 2.3 and 2.7 g/L/h, respectively, whereas the rates of the membranes we developed were 1.0–2.4 and 1.5–2.7 g/L/h, respectively, depending on the amine contents in the AEM. The performance of the synthesized BPM in our lab was equivalent or higher than that of the commercialized membrane from the viewpoint of the acid/base production rates.
Predicting Antibody Developability Profiles Through Early Stage Discovery Screening (2020)

Monoclonal antibodies play an increasingly important role for the development of new drugs across multiple therapy areas. The term 'developability' encompasses the feasibility of molecules to successfully progress from discovery to development via evaluation of their physicochemical properties. These properties include the tendency for self-interaction and aggregation, thermal stability, colloidal stability, and optimization of their properties through sequence engineering. Selection of the best antibody molecule based on biological function, efficacy, safety, and developability allows for a streamlined and successful CMC phase. An efficient and practical high-throughput developability workflow (100 s-1,000 s of molecules) implemented during early antibody generation and screening is crucial to select the best lead candidates. This involves careful assessment of critical developability parameters, combined with binding affinity and biological properties evaluation using small amounts of purified material (<1 mg), as well as an efficient data management and database system. Herein, a panel of 152 various human or humanized monoclonal antibodies was analyzed in biophysical property assays. Correlations between assays for different sets of properties were established. We demonstrated in two case studies that physicochemical properties and key assay endpoints correlate with key downstream process parameters. The workflow allows the elimination of antibodies with suboptimal properties and a rank ordering of molecules for further evaluation early in the candidate selection process. This enables any further engineering for problematic sequence attributes without affecting program timelines.
Confusions over Time: An Interpretable Bayesian Model to Characterize Trends in Decision Making (2016)

We propose Confusions over Time (CoT), a novel generative framework which facilitates a multi-granular analysis of the decision making process. The CoT not only models the confusions or error properties of individual decision makers and their evolution over time, but also allows us to obtain diagnostic insights into the collective decision making process in an interpretable manner. To this end, the CoT models the confusions of the decision makers and their evolution over time via time-dependent confusion matrices. Interpretable insights are obtained by grouping similar decision makers (and items being judged) into clusters and representing each such cluster with an appropriate prototype and identifying the most important features characterizing the cluster via a subspace feature indicator vector. Experimentation with real world data on bail decisions, asthma treatments, and insurance policy approval decisions demonstrates that CoT can accurately model and explain the confusions of decision makers and their evolution over time.
Induction of mucosal immunity through systemic immunization: Phantom or reality? (2016)

Generation of protective immunity at mucosal surfaces can greatly assist the host defense against pathogens which either cause disease at the mucosal epithelial barriers or enter the host through these surfaces. Although mucosal routes of immunization, such as intranasal and oral, are being intensely explored and appear promising for eliciting protective mucosal immunity in mammals, their application in clinical practice has been limited due to technical and safety related challenges. Most of the currently approved human vaccines are administered via systemic (such as intramuscular and subcutaneous) routes. Whereas these routes are acknowledged as being capable to elicit antigen-specific systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, they are generally perceived as incapable of generating IgA responses or protective mucosal immunity. Nevertheless, currently licensed systemic vaccines do provide effective protection against mucosal pathogens such as influenza viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, whether systemic immunization induces protective mucosal immunity remains a controversial topic. Here we reviewed the current literature and discussed the potential of systemic routes of immunization for the induction of mucosal immunity.
Complete Remission of t(11;17) Positive Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Induced by All-trans Retinoic Acid and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (1999)

The combined use of retinoic acid and chemotherapy has led to an important improvement of cure rates in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Retinoic acid forces terminal maturation of the malignant cells and this application represents the first generally accepted differentiation-based therapy in leukemia. Unfortunately, similar approaches have failed in other types of hematological malignancies suggesting that the applicability is limited to this specific subgroup of patients. This has been endorsed by the notorious lack of response in acute promyelocytic leukemia bearing the variant t(11;17) translocation. Based on the reported synergistic effects of retinoic acid and the hematopoietic growth factor granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), we studied maturation of t(11;17) positive leukemia cells using several combinations of retinoic acid and growth factors. In cultures with retinoic acid or G-CSF the leukemic cells did not differentiate into mature granulocytes, but striking granulocytic differentiation occurred with the combination of both agents. At relapse, the patient was treated with retinoic acid and G-CSF before reinduction chemotherapy. With retinoic acid and G-CSF treatment alone, complete granulocytic maturation of the leukemic cells occurred in vivo, followed by a complete cytogenetical and hematological remission. Bone marrow and blood became negative in fluorescense in situ hybridization analysis and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed a profound reduction of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-retinoic acid receptor-alpha fusion transcripts. This shows that t(11;17) positive leukemia cells are not intrinsically resistant to retinoic acid, provided that the proper costimulus is administered. These observations may encourage the investigation of combinations of all-trans retinoic acid and hematopoietic growth factors in other types of leukemia.
Evaluation of the catalytic mechanism of recombinant human Csk (C-terminal Src kinase) using nucleotide analogs and viscosity effects. (1994)

Tyrosine kinases catalyze phosphoryl transfers from ATP to tyrosine residues in proteins. Despite their growing importance, their kinetic mechanism has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we have investigated the tyrosine kinase reaction catalyzed by purified human recombinant Csk (C-terminal Src kinase). Poly(Glu,Tyr) 4:1 was used as the tyrosine-containing substrate. Both ATP and poly(Glu,Tyr) were shown to be well behaved saturable substrates for recombinant Csk, with Km values that were in reasonable agreement with literature values reported for the non-recombinant enzyme and with kcat about 40 min-1. A sequential kinetic mechanism is suggested by a steady state kinetic analysis. Inhibitor studies with ADP and beta,gamma-imidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate were performed, and these results provided evidence against the possibility that ordered binding of peptide prior to ATP occurs. While a suitable competitive inhibitor of poly(Glu,Tyr) has not yet been identified, other evidence pointed to a rapid equilibrium random mechanism. Csk utilized adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) in place of ATP. The phosphorothioyl transfer occurred with a kcat about 15-20-fold lower than the ATP reaction but with similar Km values. Deuterium solvent isotope effects on kcat were small for both reactions in a pH-independent range, consistent with the possibility that proton transfer is asymmetric in the reaction transition state. Using viscosity effects, ADP product release was suggested to be partially rate determining for catalysis in the standard ATP reaction. A comparison of the Csk kinetic mechanism with that of protein kinase A is discussed.
<title>Overview Of Advances In Photomask Substrate Flatness Requirements And Flatness Measurement Techniques</title> (1977)

The continued demand by the integrated circuit industry for larger wafers and higher device densities has placed requirements in the photolithographic manufacturing system for &quot;superflat&quot; substrate glass. Superflat substrates are flatter than current master grades and are primarily used in projection printing. The accurate and consistent measurement of this glass as it relates to both the vendor/purchaser and the test/use situations is examined. This is accomplished through both an overview of the industry&apos;s status as well as specific measurement and computer generated data. The study concludes that while the industry objective of much flatter substrate glass is clearly established, the procedures and equipment used to measure this flatness have not, heretofore, been well defined.
URETEROENTERIC ANASTOMOSIS IN CONTINENT URINARY DIVERSION: LONG-TERM RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS OF DIRECT VERSUS NONREFLUXING TECHNIQUES (2000)

Nonrefluxing methods of ureterointestinal reimplantation resulted in a statistically significant higher rate of anastomotic stricture than the end-to-side direct anastomosis. This finding appears to outweigh any theoretical benefits of preventing pyelonephritis, stones or azotemia. For patients undergoing large volume, low pressure continent diversion the refluxing ureterointestinal anastomosis may be the technique of choice since it preserves renal function as well as the nonrefluxing method, is technically easier to perform and poses less risk of stricture. Delayed stricture formation years after surgery underscores the necessity for long-term radiological followup in patients following continent diversion.
Coloniality at Large: The Western Hemisphere in the Colonial Horizon of Modernity (2001)

BEFORE THE COLD WAR, THE CLOSEST THE UNITED STATES HAD EVER COME to a permanent foreign policy was in our relationship with the nations of the Western Hemisphere. In 1823 the Monroe Doctrine proclaimed our determination to insulate the Western Hemisphere from the contests over the European balance of power, by force if necessary. And for nearly a century afterward, the causes of America's wars were to be found in the Western Hemisphere: in the wars against Mexico and Spain, and in threats to use force to end Napoleon III's effort to install a European dynasty in Mexico (Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal,1999: 703). [End Page 19]
Simplified procedures for applying the polymerase chain reaction to routinely fixed paraffin wax sections. (1991)

The polymerase chain reaction was applied to the analysis of DNA contained in archival paraffin wax embedded material. DNA suitable for the reaction was obtained from these tissues by simple extraction methods, without previous dewaxing of tissue sections. When compared with unfixed material, the reaction efficiency was compromised, so that an increased number of amplification cycles were required to produce equivalent amounts of amplified product. This in turn led to an increase in amplification artefacts, which can be minimised by a simple modification of the standard reaction. Amplification of relatively large DNA fragments was not always successful, and it seems prudent to bear this in mind when designing oligonucleotide primers which are to be used for the amplification of archival material. The efficiency of the procedure can be improved by dividing the amplification cycles into two parts: this reduces the amount of reagent needed, is relatively simple and inexpensive, and can be performed in one working day.
A Versatile Compact Parahydrogen Membrane Reactor (2021)

We introduce a Spin Transfer Automated Reactor (STAR) that produces continuous parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP), which is stable for hours to days. We use the PHIP variant called signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), which is particularly well suited to produce continuous hyperpolarization. The STAR is operated in conjunction with benchtop (1.1 T) and high field (9.4 T) NMR magnets, highlighting the versatility of this system to operate with any NMR or MRI system. The STAR uses semipermeable membranes to efficiently deliver parahydrogen into solutions at nano to milli Tesla fields, which enables <sup>1</sup> H, <sup>13</sup> C, and <sup>15</sup> N hyperpolarization on a large range of substrates including drugs and metabolites. The unique features of the STAR are leveraged for important applications, including continuous hyperpolarization of metabolites, desirable for examining steady-state metabolism in vivo, as well as for continuous RASER signals suitable for the investigation of new physics.
Giant spectral transformations in plasmon-enhanced difference-frequency generation with polychromatic light (2016)

We theoretically study the generation of mid-infrared light through difference-frequency excitation using a single dual-wavelength coherent femtosecond laser source. The difference-frequency wave is generated from the surface of a thin gold film in the Kretschmann coupling geometry due to the surface nonlinearity of the film. We show a clear enhancement of the difference-frequency wave around the surface plasmon polariton coupling angle of the incident fundamental wave. We also show an enormous shift and modification of the difference-frequency spectrum near surface plasmon resonance. We discuss the discovered spectral change dependence on the source pulse duration and incidence angle of the fundamental wave. Our findings have an enormous potential for use in difference-frequency surface sensing and spectroscopy applications.
LEARNING FROM NATURE: NATURE-INSPIRED ALGORITHMS (2016)

During last decade, the nature has inspired researchers to develop new algorithms [1, 2, 3]. The largest collection of nature-inspired algorithms is biology-inspired: swarm intelligence (particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, cuckoo search, bees algorithm, bat algorithm, firefly algorithm etc.), genetic and evolutionary strategies, artificial immune systems etc. As well-known examples, the following have to be mentioned: aircraft wing design, wind turbine design, bionic car, bullet train, optimal decisions related to traffic, appropriate strategies to survive under a well-adapted immune system etc. Based on collective social behavior of organisms, researchers had developed optimization strategies taking into account not only the individuals, but also groups and environment [1]. However, learning from nature, new classes of approaches can be identified, tested and compared against already available algorithms. After a short introduction, this work review the most effective, according to their performance, nature-inspired algorithms, in the second section. The third section is dedicated to learning strategies based on nature oriented thinking. Examples and the benefits obtained from applying nature-inspired strategies in problem solving are given in the fourth section. Concluding remarks are given in the final section. References 1. G. Albeanu, B. Burtschy, Fl. Popentiu-Vladicescu, Soft Computing Strategies in Multiobjective Optimization, Ann. Spiru Haret Univ., Mat-Inf Ser., 2013, 2, http://anale-mi.spiruharet.ro/upload/full_2013_2_a4.pdf 2. H. Madsen, G. Albeanu, and Fl. Popentiu-Vladicescu, BIO Inspired Algorithms in Reliability, In H. Pham (ed.) Proceedings of the 20th ISSAT International Conference on Reliability and Quality in Design, Reliability and Quality in Design, August 7-9, 2014, Seattle, WA, U.S.A. 3. N. Shadbolt, Nature-Inspired Computing, http://www.agent.ai/doc/upload/200402/shad04_1.pdf
Supplementary Figure S6 from Combinatorial Screening of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Reveals Sensitivity to Drug Combinations Including Bromodomain Inhibitor Plus Neddylation Inhibitor (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Pairwise similarities of Yale, GDSC and CCLE datasets&lt;/p&gt;
Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow (1982)

10. Graph showing attenuation by absorption----------19 11. Graph. showj ng attenuation fran sediment
Comportement de deux virus filamenteux (Carnation Vein Mottle Virus, Carnation Streak Virus) dans deux espèces du genre Dianthus (1981)

OEillet.L'évolution de la teneur en virus de la Marbrure des Nervures de l'&OElig;illet (CVMV) au cours d'une année de culture a été étudiée dans des individus d'une variété d'oeillet de type méditerranéen naturellement infectés.Un travail identique a été réalisé dans le cas du virus de la Bigarrure (CSV) en utilisant 2 types de matériel :individus d'une autre variété d'oeillet de type méditerranéen naturellement infectés, -plants de D. caryophyllus L. et D. barbatus L. issus de semis et contaminés artificiellement.Les « pics » de teneur maximale en virus, mesurée par un dosage spectrophotométrique mensuel, sont observés pour les 2 virus en fin d'hiver et en début d'automne.Il apparaît opportun de réaliser les épreuves de contrôle d'état sanitaire à ces époques ; ceci semble particulièrement indiqué dans le cas d'individus « régénérés » par culture d'apex, pour lesquels une sensibilité optimale des méthodes de diagnostic est nécessaire, compte tenu de la faible teneur en virus qu'on y observe généralement.Deux hypothèses peuvent être envisagées, rendant compte des fluctuations de teneur en virus :importance des facteurs de l'environnement, -régulation de la synthèse virale induite par un mécanisme de défense passager.
Automotive Mechatronic Systems – General Developments and Examples (Mechatronische Systeme in Kraftfahrzeugen – Allgemeine Entwicklungen und Beispiele) (2006)

Automobiles are showing an increasing integration of mechanics with digital electronics and information processing. This integration is between the components (hardware) and by the information-driven functions (software), resulting in integrated systems called mechatronic systems. Their development involves finding an optimal balance between the basic mechanical structure, sensor and actuator implementation, communication, automatic information processing and overall control. This contribution summarizes some ongoing developments for mechatronic systems in automobiles, shows design approaches and examples and considers the various embedded control functions and systems integrity. Some examples of automotive mechatronic systems are shown in more detail. Great progress can be observed in braking systems (ABS, ESP), the first brake-by-wire electro-hydraulic brake system (EHB), steering systems (electrical power steering, active front steering) and active suspension systems.