gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance comparisons of contour extraction algorithms (1986)

Computer analysis of video images is a popular technique for noncontact measurement and inspection. These applications frequently require the identification and extraction of the contours of areas of interest in the image from which a variety of measurements can be made including location, orientation, and shape. Recent examples include detecting flaws in hot steel slabs, measuring surface defects in wood, finding growth traces in microbiology samples, and a host of applications in the area of robotics and flexible manufacturing. Several techniques for contour extraction are surveyed; a new algorithm is described and compared with previous methods in terms of number of calculations, memory requirements, and data structures. We show that the new algorithm performs significantly faster and is more robust at the expense of a small increase in memory. Due to its sequential nature, it is suitable for on-line execution during the raster scan of a TV sensor.
POS tagset design for Italian (2006)

We aim to automatically induce a PoS tagset for Italian by analysing the distributional behaviour of Italian words. To this end, we propose an algorithm that (a) extracts information from loosely labelled dependency structures that encode only basic and broadly accepted syntactic relations, namely Head/Dependent and the distinction of dependents into Argument vs. Adjunct, and (b) derives a possible set of word classes. The paper reports on some preliminary experiments carried out using the induced tagset in conjunction with state-of-the-art PoS taggers. The method proposed to design a proper tagset exploits little, if any, language-specific knowledge: hence it is in principle applicable to any language. 1.
Purification of Fluorous Mitsunobu Reactions by Liquid‐Liquid Extraction (2006)

Abstract Solvent tuning and partition coefficient measurements have identified suitable reagent and solvent combinations for the purification of fluorous Mitsunobu reaction products. The crude reaction mixtures are partitioned between 2/1 HFE‐7100/FC‐72 and DMF/10 % water to provide reagent (fluorous) and product (organic) fractions.
Ideologies, Idols (and Graven Images?): Rejoinder to Gurman and Kniskern (1978)

Three major issues raised in Gurman and Kniskern's commentary are discussed. These are (a) the suitability of established research design criteria for studying the outcome of family therapy; (b) the impact of therapist relationship factors on therapy outcome; and (c) the place of concrete or objective change measures in psychotherapy outcome research. Areas of agreement and disagreement with Gurman and Kniskern's observations are identified.
Estimation of Polymerization Conditions Needed to Make Ethylene/1-olefin Copolymers with Specific Microstructures Using Artificial Neural Networks (2015)

Two artificial neural network models (forward and inverse) are developed to describe ethylene/1-olefin copolymerization with a catalyst having two site types using training and testing datasets obtained from a polymerization kinetic model. The forward model is applied to predict the molecular weight and chemical composition distributions of the polymer from a set of polymerization conditions, such as ethylene concentration, 1-olefin concentration, cocatalyst concentration, hydrogen concentration, and polymerization temperature. The results of the forward model agree well with those from the kinetic model. The inverse model is applied to determine the polymerization conditions to produce polymers with desired microstructures. Although the inverse model generates multiple solutions for the general case, unique solutions are obtained when one of the three key process parameters (ethylene concentration, 1-olefin concentration, and polymerization temperature) is kept constant. The proposed model can be used as an efficient tool to design materials from a set of polymerization conditions.
Atomic force acoustic microscopy characterization of carbon-based materials (2007)

Different carbon-based materials were characterized by atomic force acoustic microscopy: indentation moduli of a diamondlike carbon film and glassy carbon sample were measured; the homogeneity at sub-micrometrical scale of a dispersion of carbon nanotubes into epoxy matrix has been investigated.
Synergistic Anticancer Activity of Topotecan— Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Combinations against Drug-Resistant Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Cell Lines (2013)

Extended-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) responds to platinum/vepeside-based first-line chemotherapy but relapses rapidly as drug-resistant tumor. Topotecan (TPT) is the single chemotherapeutic agent approved for second-line treatment of SCLC. However, the response to TPT is short-lived and novel treatment modalities need to be developed. Sequential treatment of cytotoxic drugs and inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) showed promising preclinical anticancer activity and, in the present work, combinations of TPT with CDK inhibitors olomoucine, roscovitine and CDK4I are shown to exhibit synergistic cytotoxic activity against SCLC cell lines. Highest activity was found against TPT-resistant NCI-H417 and DMS153 cell lines and moderate chemosensitizing effects against a primary SCLC cell line and sensitive GLC19 cells at levels of CDK inhibitors which exerted low toxicity. A combination of 0.6 μM TPT with 0.6 μM roscovitine, exhibiting no significant cytotoxicity as single agents, reduced viability of the TPT-resistant NCI-H417 line (IC50 > 10 μM) by 50%. In the TPT resistant cell lines olomoucine and roscovitine, targeting CDK1,2,5,7, were highly effective, whereas in the more sensitive cell lines CDK4I, inhibiting mainly CDK4/6, showed activity. In NCI-417 cells, preincubation with roscovitine for one day proved synergistic with TPT. Thus, in good accordance with previous findings, CDK inhibitors are able to convert SCLC cancer cells which are cell-cycle arrested by a blockade of topoisomerase I by TPT to apoptotic cells. Since nowadays several CDK inhibitors are at various phases of clinical testing their combination with TPT seems to constitute a promising approach to improve second-line chemotherapy in SCLC.
Effect of manganese on preferential degradation of lignin by Pleurotus ostreatus during solid-state fermentation (1995)

Practical utilization of the polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic complex is limited because of the high lignin content of the complex. In this study we focused on the effect of Mn on lignin and cellulose biodegradation during solid-state fermentation by the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. Preferential degradation of lignin was enhanced by the addition of Mn(II) to cotton stalks at concentrations ranging from 30 to 620 micrograms of Mn per g. This effect was most apparent when we compared mineralization rates of [14C] lignin with mineralization rates of [14C] cellulose. Enhanced selectivity was also observed when we analyzed residual organic matter at the end of the fermentation period by using crude fiber analysis. The cellulose fraction in the original material was 1.8 times larger than the cellulose fraction of lignin. The cellulose/lignin ratio increased during 32 days of solid-state fermentation from 2.5 in the control to 3.3 following the addition of Mn to the medium. The in vitro digestibility value for fermented cotton stalks was 53% of the dry matter. Addition of 600 micrograms of Mn per g to the cotton stalks resulted in a digestibility value of 65.4%. Enhancement of preferential lignin degradation could be result of either increased activity of the ligninolytic enzymes or production of Mn (III), which might preferentially degrade aromatic structures in the lignocellulosic complex.
Olives and olive oil in cancer prevention (2004)

Epidemiologic studies conducted in the latter part of the twentieth century demonstrate fairly conclusively that the people of the Mediterranean basin enjoy a healthy lifestyle with decreased incidence of degenerative diseases. The data show that populations within Europe that consume the so-called 'Mediterranean diet' have lower incidences of major illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Studies have suggested that the health-conferring benefits of the Mediterranean diet are due mainly to a high consumption of fibre, fish, fruits and vegetables. More recent research has focused on other important factors such as olives and olive oil. Obviously fibre (especially wholegrain-derived products), fruits and vegetables supply an important source of dietary antioxidants. What is the contribution from olives and olive oil? Apparently the potential is extremely high but epidemiologic studies rarely investigate consumption of these very important products in-depth, perhaps due to a lack of exact information on the types and amounts of antioxidants present. Recent studies have shown that olives and olive oil contain antioxidants in abundance. Olives (especially those that have not been subjected to the Spanish brining process) contain up to 16 g/kg typified by acteosides, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and phenyl propionic acids. Olive oil, especially extra virgin, contains smaller amounts of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, but also contains secoiridoids and lignans in abundance. Both olives and olive oil contain substantial amounts of other compounds deemed to be anticancer agents (e.g. squalene and terpenoids) as well as the peroxidation-resistant lipid oleic acid. It seems probable that olive and olive oil consumption in southern Europe represents an important contribution to the beneficial effects on health of the Mediterranean diet.
Cellular Bioenergetics in Lymphoid Neoplasia (2011)

Abstract Abstract SCI-25 Many cancer cells metabolize glucose by aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon characterized by increased glycolysis with lactate production and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. We have argued that alterations in cell metabolism associated with cancer may be selected by cancer cells to meet the distinct metabolic needs of proliferation. Unlike metabolism in differentiated cells, which is geared toward efficient ATP generation, the metabolism in cancer cells must be adapted to facilitate the accumulation of biomass. Cancer cells divert a larger fraction of their nutrient metabolism to pathways other than mitochondrial respiration regardless of oxygen availability. Nevertheless, oxygen levels still influence how nutrients are metabolized. We have found that the source of carbon used in various anabolic processes varies based on oxygen levels. Furthermore, the enzymes used to metabolize nutrients can also differ based on the cellular context. This includes regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is mutated in some cancers. There is also strong selection for use of the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PK-M2) to metabolize glucose in cancer cell lines. However, evidence from mouse models suggests that PK-M2 is dispensable for glucose metabolism by many tumors in vivo, suggesting an alternate pathway to convert phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate can be used to metabolize glucose. This regulation of pyruvate kinase also plays an important role in hematopoietic stem cell biology. Together, these findings argue that distinct metabolic phenotypes exist among proliferating cells, and both environmental and genetic factors influence how metabolism is regulated to support cell growth. Disclosures: Vander Heiden: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership.
Robust computation of image-motion and scene-depth (2002)

A new framework is described for computing image flow from time-varying imagery and recovering scene-depth from image flow. In this framework, image flow information available in the time-varying imagery is classified into two categories-conservation information and neighborhood information. Each type of information is recovered in the form of an estimate accompanied by a covariance matrix. Image flow is then computed, along with confidence measures, by fusing the two estimates on the basis of their covariance matrices. Dense depth-maps are computed from image flow using Kalman filtering.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Growth Patterns of Piriform Sinus Carcinomas (1997)

Advances in functional surgery have encouraged many head and neck surgeons to treat piriform sinus carcinomas, whenever possible, by conservation surgery. An increased understanding of the histopathologic growth pattern and spread of piriform sinus carcionomas is needed to define criteria for appropriate application of voice preservation surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of tumor spread to laryngeal and parapharyngeal structures. A total of 42 specimens obtained by laryngopharyngectomy were subjected to a whole-organ section study. Carcinomas confined to the lateral wall tended to extend laterally beyond the thyroid ala and rarely infiltrated the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. As a result, conservation surgery could be possible in many cases, including T4 carcinomas. Carcinomas confined to the medial wall or occupying the whole piriform sinus tended to infiltrate laryngeal structures early, and hemilaryngeal fixation was observed in 61% of these cases; tumor spread to the contralateral side in 64%. The hemilarynx fixation was due to an invasion of intrinsic laryngeal muscles. An isolated perineural or cricoarytenoid joint involvement was never observed. For these tumors, conservation surgery would be inadequate in most cases, as they often present extensive laryngeal involvement with spread to the contralateral side.
Crossed molecular beam studies of the reactions of methyl radicals with iodoalkanes (1988)

The I atom exchange reactions, CH3 +RI→CH3 I+R[R=CF3 , (CH3 )3 C], were investigated at a collision energy of ≈13 kcal/mol using the crossed molecular beams technique. The supersonic beam of methyl radicals was formed by pyrolyzing a mixture of ≈1% di-tert-butyl peroxide in helium in a quartz nozzle. A large fraction of the total energy available to the products from these reactions is channeled into relative translation [≈50% for R=(CH3 )3 C and ≈70% for R=CF3 ] suggesting that the dominant interaction among the products is repulsive. The CH3 I product from both reactions was observed to be entirely backward scattered with respect to the incident radical beam indicating that a roughly collinear C–I–C transition state geometry is favored. The present results are compared to those of earlier crossed beam studies of the CH3 +IY→CH3 I+Y(Y=Cl, Br, I) reactions; the differences observed among these reactions are explained with reference to the CH3 I–Y and CH3 I–R interaction potentials.
In vivo assessment of stent recoil in normal porcine arteries: Evaluation of contemporary stent designs (2001)

Acute stent recoil has been observed following balloon deflation in normal and diseased coronary arteries, and the magnitude varies by stent design. We sought to evaluate acute stent recoil in five new stents. Twenty-five stents (four Crown, five Nir Conformer Royale, five Crossflex, five SupraG, and six GFX) were implanted in six Yorkshire pigs. All stents were expanded using a noncompliant balloon (balloon:artery ratio 1.2:1.0). Continuous ultrasound imaging was performed during stepwise balloon inflation and deflation using a 0.018" imaging core. Maximum cross-section areas (CSA) and minimal luminal diameter (MLD) were measured at 12 atm and immediately following balloon deflation. Maximum stent CSA matched expected balloon CSA. Area and diameter recoil were calculated as 1 - (CSAdeflation/CSAmax) and 1 - (MLDdeflation/MLDmax), respectively. Upon deflation, all stents showed recoil from maximal CSA. Area recoil was significantly lower for slotted-tube stents than modular stents (12.6% +/- 1.6% vs. 23.2 +/- 3.5%; P < 0.05). In compliant, nonatherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries, acute stent recoil for the four slotted-tube designs ranged from 8.4% to 18.0% by area. The modular stent tested was associated with significantly greater acute recoil than the slotted-tube stents.
Probing the transition between the long-wavelength and the short-wavelength regimes of light propagation in all-dielectric metamaterials (2013)

The transition between the long-wavelength and the short-wavelength regimes of light propagation in all-dielectric metamaterials is experimentally probed using a hyperspectral near-field scanning microscope technique. Our measurements lead to an invariant quantity “&lambda;/<i>n</i>” of only 1.78 times the dielectric lattice period as the criterion for the possible application of homogenization theories.
Ultrashort Pulsed Laser Micromachining of Polycrystalline Diamond (2012)

A femtosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser was used to micromachine polycrystalline diamonds (PCD) and study the ablated microstructure characteristics under different irradiation parameters. With high laser intensity and low traverse speed, a micro cone with very smooth surface and clear edge can be obtained. There was almost no recast layer around the cone and no phase transition on the ablated surfaces was found. By contrast, the use of low laser intensity and high traverse speed could ablate only the grain boundaries without any damage to the diamond grits. These results suggest a need for further research in femtosecond laser micromachining of PCD for potential applications in fabricating new types of micro grinding wheels or diamond pencils.
Homogeneous Fluorescence Assay for Cyclic AMP (2003)

The objective of these studies was to develop a new homogeneous fluorescence assay for determining the concentrations of cAMP in biological samples. The assay is based on a novel general concept of using ligand-dependent sequence-specific DNA binding proteins as sensors for their respective ligands. CAP protein, a bacterial DNA binding protein whose DNA binding activity depends on cAMP, was used to develop the assay. In the presence of cAMP, DNA binding activity of CAP is greatly increased. Signaling of cAMP presence was achieved by detecting cAMP-dependent formation of CAP-DNA complex using a recently developed fluorescence assay for DNA binding proteins (Heyduk, T., and Heyduk, E. Nature Biotechnology 20,171-176, 2002). Both 96-well and 384-well black microplate formats of the assay were developed and used to detect cAMP in low nanomolar concentrations. The assay involves mixing of the sample with the assay solution containing all necessary components for cAMP determination followed by fluorescence intensity readout; no washing or reagent addition steps are necessary. Excellent reproducibility of fluorescence signal change as a function of cAMP concentration was observed. Experiments with HEK 293 cells stimulated with forskolin were performed to demonstrate that the assay could be used for cAMP determination in cellular extracts. In summary, the obtained data fully validated the new homogenous assay for measuring cAMP based on cAMP-dependent DNA binding activity of CAP protein. It is expected that the development of assays for many other ligands of DNA binding proteins will be possible using the same overall assay design developed for cAMP.
A New Semisynthesis of Paclitaxel from Baccatin III (1999)

A new method for the semisynthesis of paclitaxel (Taxol) from baccatin III via a dioxo-oxathiazolidine intermediate is reported.
Technique of laser confocal and Raman spectroscopy for living cell analysis (2013)

Because of the shortcomings of the main methods used to analysis single cell, the need of single living cell analysis with no damage, unmarked and in situ dynamic multi-parameter measurement is urgent in the life sciences and biomedical advanced research field. And the method of for living cells analysis is proposed. The spectral pretreatment technology of living cell is the key work of laser confocal Raman spectroscopy. To study the spectrum processing methods for Raman spectrum on single living cell and develop the pre-process techniques to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, and decrease the influence of fluorescence, elimination the cosmic rays was used to improve the spectrum. The classification, average and filtration of spectrum were applied to enhance signal-to-noise ratio. The fluorescence was depressed for quantity analysis or utilized for analysis by comparing the background and the spectrum. The results show that the proposed technique for laser confocal Raman spectrum of single cell can perform the sensitive and weak intensity peaks and reflect the information of molecules structures very well.
Superconducting Synchronous Motors for Electric Ship Propulsion (2020)

This paper develops a notional design for a 36 MW, 120 rpm motor for ship propulsion. The design exhibits high torque density (66 Nm/kg) and high efficiency (99%). This synchronous motor uses LTS (low temperature superconducting) field coils to create a minimum of 2 T magnetic field in the air gap of the motor. The motor is substantially lighter, more compact, and far more cost effective than other compared approaches. A significant feature of the LTS motor is reduction in radial forces between the field and armature by two orders of magnitude compared to a conventional motor. The motor promises significant cost and performance improvement. Conductor requirements, options, and electromagnetic features such as quench protection and cryogenic support options are discussed.
The new paradigm: retinal pigment epithelium cells generated from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells (2010)

Compared with neural crest-derived melanocytes, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in the back of the eye are pigment cells of a different kind. They are a part of the brain, form an epithelial monolayer, respond to distinct extracellular signals, and provide functions that far exceed those of a light-absorbing screen. For instance, they control nutrient and metabolite flow to and from the retina, replenish 11-cis-retinal by re-isomerizing all-trans-retinal generated during photoconversion, phagocytose daily a portion of the photoreceptors' outer segments, and secrete cytokines that locally control the innate and adaptive immune systems. Not surprisingly, RPE cell damage is a major cause of human blindness worldwide, with age-related macular degeneration a prevalent example. RPE replacement therapies using RPE cells generated from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells provide a novel approach to a rational treatment of such forms of blindness. In fact, RPE-like cells can be obtained relatively easily when stem cells are subjected to a two-step induction protocol, a first step that leads to a neuroectodermal fate and a second to RPE differentiation. Here, we discuss the characteristics of such cells, propose criteria they should fulfill in order to be considered authentic RPE cells, and point out the challenges one faces when using such cells in attempts to restore vision.