gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extend Data Exclusivity to Save Drug Development (2013)

In his Perspective Can intellectual property save drug development? (26 October 2012, p. [483][1]), G. A. FitzGerald points out that the vertically integrated pharmaceutical companies—those that encompass everything from discovery through marketing—are disappearing because they are not able
Experimental Design of NCSLI 2005 Josephson Voltage Standard Interlaboratory Comparison (2006)

(2006). Experimental Design of NCSLI 2005 Josephson Voltage Standard Interlaboratory Comparison. NCSLI Measure: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 36-40.
Translation of Neurological Biomarkers to Clinically Relevant Platforms (2009)

Like proteomics more generally, neuroproteomics has recently been linked to the discovery of biochemical markers of central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. Although neuroproteomics has enjoyed considerable success in discovery of candidate biomarkers, there are a number of challenges facing investigators interested in developing clinically useful platforms to assess biomarkers for damage to the CNS. These challenges include intrinsic physiological complications such as the blood-brain barrier. Effective translation of biomarkers to clinical practice also requires development of entirely novel pathways and product development strategies. Drawing from lessons learned from applications of biomarkers to traumatic brain injury, this study outlines major elements of such a pathway. As with other indications, biomarkers can have three major areas of application: (1) drug development; (2) diagnosis and prognosis; (3) patient management. Translation of CNS biomarkers to practical clinical platforms raises a number of integrated elements. Biomarker discovery and initial selection needs to be integrated at the earliest stages with components that will allow systematic prioritization and triage of biomarker candidates. A number of important criteria need to be considered in selecting clinical biomarker candidates. Development of proof of concept assays and their optimization and validation represent an often overlooked feature of biomarker translational research. Initial assay optimization should confirm that assays can detect biomarkers in relevant clinical samples. Since access to human clinical samples is critical to identification of biomarkers relevant to injury and disease as well as for assay development, design of human clinical validation studies is an important component of translational biomarker research platforms. Although these clinical studies share much in common with clinical trials for assessment of drug therapeutic efficacy, there are a number of considerations unique to these efforts. Finally, platform selection and potential assay commercialization need to be considered. Decisions regarding whether or not to seek FDA approval also significantly influence translational research structures.
Research, technology transfer, and dentistry (1995)

The periodontal discipline illustrates the need for dentists to be doctors specializing in oral medicine. Research findings are tending toward more complex and possibly lengthy treatment with drugs and/or growth factors, necessitating a curriculum with more emphasis on pharmacology, medical management, critical review of clinical trial results, and evaluation of risk-benefit ratios.
Achieving the ultimate optical resolution (2022)

The accurate estimation of the separation between two signals is at the core of many modern technologies. We show new quantum-inspired schemes able to estimate that separation at the quantum limit. The method works in the spatial, temporal, and frequency domains. The question of whether the optical coherence brings any metrological advantage to mode projections is discussed.
Microglial Activation by Citrobacter koseri Is Mediated by TLR4- and MyD88-Dependent Pathways (2009)

Citrobacter koseri is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause a highly aggressive form of neonatal meningitis, which often progresses to establish multifocal brain abscesses. Despite its tropism for the brain parenchyma, microglial responses to C. koseri have not yet been examined. Microglia use TLRs to recognize invading pathogens and elicit proinflammatory mediator expression important for infection containment. In this study, we investigated the importance of the LPS receptor TLR4 and MyD88, an adaptor molecule involved in the activation of the majority of TLRs in addition to the IL-1 and IL-18 receptors, for their roles in regulating microglial activation in response to C. koseri. Proinflammatory mediator release was significantly reduced in TLR4 mutant and MyD88 knockout microglia compared with wild-type cells following exposure to either live or heat-killed C. koseri, indicating a critical role for both TLR4- and MyD88-dependent pathways in microglial responses to this pathogen. However, residual proinflammatory mediator expression was still observed in TLR4 mutant and MyD88 KO microglia following C. koseri exposure, indicating a contribution of TLR4- and MyD88-independent pathway(s) for maximal pathogen recognition. Interestingly, C. koseri was capable of surviving intracellularly in both primary microglia and macrophages, suggesting that these cells may serve as a reservoir for the pathogen during CNS infections. These results demonstrate that microglia respond to C. koseri with the robust expression of proinflammatory molecules, which is dictated, in part, by TLR4- and MyD88-dependent signals.
On the Optimality of the Kautz-Singleton Construction in Probabilistic Group Testing (2018)

The following topics are dealt with: optimisation; computational complexity; probability; graph theory; learning (artificial intelligence); channel coding; convex programming; channel capacity; Markov processes; stochastic processes.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Fosphenytoin Loading in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2015)

Rapid intravenous loading of fosphenytoin was well tolerated and effective in promptly achieving the therapeutic level of free phenytoin, but most patients experienced overshoot of free phenytoin at the end of infusion. Because increased serum concentrations may increase the risk of cardiovascular complications, additional studies are needed to determine the optimal dose and infusion rate of fosphenytoin in SAH patients.
Wafer edge uniformity considering ion inertia in single- and dual-frequency capacitively coupled discharges (2006)

Summary form only given. Uniformity and edge effects (the perturbation of features near the edge of the wafer) are of increasing concern in low pressure plasma processing. Edge effects are usually caused by perturbation of reactant and ion fluxes produced by wafer termination and matching to tool materials. Very often these perturbations result from subtle geometrical features, such as the spacing between the edge of the wafer and focus rings. In capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs), and dual frequency systems in particular, these issues are intrinsically coupled with ion inertia as ions are typically able to follow the variation in the low frequency electric field but not the high frequency source. In this paper, we discuss results from a computational investigation of the consequences of tool design on edge effects in CCP reactors. The effects of the focus ring height and methods of terminating the wafer will be discussed with respect to the uniformity and directionality of the ion fluxes near the edge of the wafer. Examples will be taken from single and dual frequency systems (tens to hundreds of mtorr) in Ar and Ar/Cl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> chemistries. As these effects are sensitive functions of the geometry and ion inertia, improvements were made to a 2-dimensional plasma hydrodynamics model that is implemented on an unstructured mesh capable of capturing a large dynamic range in scale length. The effects of ion inertia are captured by solving the full momentum equations for ions. The coupling between the dynamics of the charged and neutral transport is through the species resolved collision terms in the momentum equations for charged and neutral species. The numerical implementation of these algorithms on an unstructured mesh will be briefly described
Unveiling Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Promoters: Sequence Definition and Genomic Distribution (2012)

Several Mycoplasma species have had their genome completely sequenced, including four strains of the swine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Nevertheless, little is known about the nucleotide sequences that control transcriptional initiation in these microorganisms. Therefore, with the objective of investigating the promoter sequences of M. hyopneumoniae, 23 transcriptional start sites (TSSs) of distinct genes were mapped. A pattern that resembles the σ(70) promoter -10 element was found upstream of the TSSs. However, no -35 element was distinguished. Instead, an AT-rich periodic signal was identified. About half of the experimentally defined promoters contained the motif 5'-TRTGn-3', which was identical to the -16 element usually found in Gram-positive bacteria. The defined promoters were utilized to build position-specific scoring matrices in order to scan putative promoters upstream of all coding sequences (CDSs) in the M. hyopneumoniae genome. Two hundred and one signals were found associated with 169 CDSs. Most of these sequences were located within 100 nucleotides of the start codons. This study has shown that the number of promoter-like sequences in the M. hyopneumoniae genome is more frequent than expected by chance, indicating that most of the sequences detected are probably biologically functional.
Adapting medical guidelines to be patient-centered using a patient-driven process for individuals with sickle cell disease and their caregivers (2018)

Individuals with SCD and their caregivers want access to guidelines through multiple channels, including technology. Guidelines written for health care providers can be adapted to be patient-centered using Community-engaged research involving providers and patients. These patient-centered guidelines provide a framework for patients to discuss their medical care with their health care providers.
SR Proteins Induce Alternative Exon Skipping through Their Activities on the Flanking Constitutive Exons (2010)

SR proteins are well known to promote exon inclusion in regulated splicing through exonic splicing enhancers. SR proteins have also been reported to cause exon skipping, but little is known about the mechanism. We previously characterized SRSF1 (SF2/ASF)-dependent exon skipping of the CaMKIIδ gene during heart remodeling. By using mouse embryo fibroblasts derived from conditional SR protein knockout mice, we now show that SR protein-induced exon skipping depends on their prevalent actions on a flanking constitutive exon and requires collaboration of more than one SR protein. These findings, coupled with other established rules for SR proteins, provide a theoretical framework to understand the complex effect of SR protein-regulated splicing in mammalian cells. We further demonstrate that heart-specific CaMKIIδ splicing can be reconstituted in fibroblasts by downregulating SR proteins and upregulating a RBFOX protein and that SR protein overexpression impairs regulated CaMKIIδ splicing and neuronal differentiation in P19 cells, illustrating that SR protein-dependent exon skipping may constitute a key strategy for synergism with other splicing regulators in establishing tissue-specific alternative splicing critical for cell differentiation programs.
Non-Malignant Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Among Chinese Workers Exposed to Silica (2000)

The objective of this study was to explore whether a medical history for non-malignant respiratory disease contributes to an increased lung cancer risk among workers exposed to silica. We analyzed data from a nested case-control study in 29 dusty workplaces in China. The study population consisted of 316 lung cancer cases and 1356 controls matched to cases by facility type and decade of birth who were alive at the time of diagnosis of the index case and who were identified in a follow-up study of about 68,000 workers. Age at first exposure and cigarette smoking were accounted for in the analysis. Smoking was the main risk factor for both lung cancer and chronic bronchitis. Lung cancer risk showed a modest association with silicosis and with cumulative silica exposure, which did not vary by history of previous pulmonary tuberculosis. Among subjects without a medical history for chronic bronchitis or asthma, lung cancer risk was associated with silicosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 2.2), and it was increased in each quartile of cumulative silica exposure. However, risk was not elevated in the highest quartile (OR, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 1.4). Among subjects with a medical history for chronic bronchitis or asthma, lung cancer risk was associated with neither silicosis (subjects with chronic bronchitis: OR, 0.6; subjects with asthma: OR, 0.4) nor with silica exposure. In this study population, we observed a modest association of both silicosis and cumulative exposure to silica with lung cancer among subjects who were not previously diagnosed with chronic bronchitis or asthma, but not among subjects who had a medical history for either disease. Risk of lung cancer associated with silicosis or cumulative exposure to silica did not vary by previous medical history of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Supraorbital Edema Induced by Electroconvulsive Therapy (2005)

This is a case report of an unusual side effect-unilateral supraorbital edema occurring immediately after electroconvulsive therapy ECT during each treatment occasion-in a depressed patient who was otherwise well. The affected upper eyelid appeared normal before ECT with no history of injury or abnormality. Trauma during ECT, allergic reaction to anesthetic agents, and complications of manual ventilation were found to be unlikely causes. The supraorbital edema occurred as an isolated, benign, complication of ECT and resolved spontaneously.
Contribution of hot-melt extrusion technology to advance drug delivery in the 21st century (2015)

Challenges faced by pharmaceutical companies to produce efficient drug formulations may be partly overcome by HME's advantages - high drug-loading capacity, good content uniformity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of processing scale-up. Nevertheless, HME's high processing temperatures may be an obstacle if adequate knowledge about the product's formulation is lacking.
Dinuclear zinc(II) complex of a new acyclic phenol-based dinucleating ligand with four methoxyethyl chelating arms: first dizinc model with aminopeptidase function (1999)

A new end-off type acyclic ligand with four methoxyethyl chelating arms, 2,6-bis[bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminomethyl]-4-methylphenol (Hbomp), formed a dinuclear zinc(II) complex [Zn2(bomp)(MeCO2)2]BPh4 1. X-Ray analysis revealed that the complex 1·CHCl3 contains two zinc ions bridged by the phenolic oxygen and two acetate groups, forming a µ-phenoxo-bis(µ-acetato)dizinc(II) core. The aminopeptidase function of complex 1 was estimated using N-p-nitrophenyl-L-leucine as substrate. The release of p-nitroaniline as the result of the substrate hydrolysis is first order in both complex and substrate concentrations with k = 2.3(1) × 10–3 dm3 mol–1 s–1.
The first fully photonics-based radar demonstrator: concept and field trial (2014)

We report the first fully photonics-based radar demonstrator. Photonics enables flexibility, wide bandwidth, precision, leading to a fully digital radar paradigm. Field trial results targeting commercial airplanes prove its effectiveness as a proof of concept.
High‐Density Organic Electro‐Optic Crystals for Ultra‐Broadband THz Spectroscopy (2021)

Abstract Ultra‐broadband THz photonics covering the 0.3–20 THz range provides a very attractive foundation for a wide range of basic research and industrial applications. However, the lack of ultra‐broadband THz devices has yet to be overcome. In this work, high‐density organic electro‐optic crystals are newly developed for efficient THz wave generation in a very broad THz spectral range and are successfully used for a broadband THz time‐domain spectroscopy. The new organic THz generator crystals, namely the OHP‐TFS crystals, have very low void volume, high density, and are shown to cover the ultra‐broadband THz spectrum up to about 15 THz, which cannot be easily accessed with the more widely used inorganic‐based THz generators. In addition to the very favorable broadband properties, the generated THz electric‐field amplitude at the pump wavelength of 1560 nm is about 40 times higher than that generated by a commercial inorganic THz generator (ZnTe crystal). By using the newly developed OHP‐TFS as generation crystal in a compact table‐top all‐organic THz time‐domain spectrometer based on a low‐cost telecom fiber laser, the optical characteristics of a model material are successfully determined in the broad 1.5–12.5 THz range with high accuracy.
Status of Leaky Mode Holography (2021)

It will soon be a decade since leaky mode waveguide devices were presented as a solution for holographic video displays. This paper seeks to provide a brief, topical review of advances made during that time. Specifically, we review the new methods and architectures that have been developed over this period. This work draws primarily from papers seeking to present dynamic holographic patterns using mode coupling from indiffused waveguides on lithium niobate. The primary participants during this time period have been groups from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brigham Young University, and Draper. We also describe the challenges that remain. The body of work reviewed speaks to the need for further development, but it also reaffirms that leaky mode waveguides continue to hold a unique place within spatial light modulation for holographic video displays.
Applying mobile agents to intrusion detection and response (1999)

Admittedly, the IDS products themselves produce many false positives and do not detect all known attacks. However, the development of IDS products is likely to parallel the past development of anti-virus software. Original anti-virus software created an alarm every time users created new files. However, over several years the anti-virus software has progressed to the point that few users even notice that the anti-virus software is running and they have confidence that it detects all known viruses.
Association Between the Use of Antibiotics and New Diagnoses of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (2011)

Subjects diagnosed with IBD were more likely to have been prescribed antibiotics 2-5 years before their diagnosis. This possibly implicates antibiotic use as a predisposing factor in IBD etiology.
Guidelines for wheat yield loss (2017)

In most cases there is more than one constraint to dryland or rainfed crop production in the field. However, relative impact of the limiting factors varies according to nature and intensity of the constraint. In order to rank constraints according to the predicted level of potential yield loss due to given constraints present in a given season in a given field, a new decision tool named 'MyPaddock' has been developed and released in Western Australia. It has been primarily developed for retrospective analysis of yield loss although majority guidelines can be equally well used in making pre-season predictions. Output of this decision tool, is a colour coded display similar to a typical traffic light system. The decision tool uses a range of models and guidelines for calculating likely yield loss under the input level of biophysical variables. This paper documents such background information, guidelines, models and critical intervals used in the wheat module of this decision tool. The information contained in this paper is potentially useful for understanding and interpreting model outputs and as a teaching tool.
Use of SiO2 nanoparticles as etch mask to generate Si nanorods by reactive ion etch (2006)

Silicon nanorods 20nm in diameter are fabricated by reactive ion etch (RIE) to study anisotropy and damage profile in decananometer scale. RIE of gas mixture of SF6∕O2 and SF6∕CHF3 is tuned to achieve high anisotropy. The gas specie of SF6∕O2 can reach 90% anisotropy, 84° taper angle, and 10:1 selectivity when SiO2 is used as the etching mask. The gas species of SF6∕CHF3 can reach 95% anisotropy, 87° taper angle, and 10:1 selectivity with Cr as the mask. The fabrication technique of nanorods uses a monolayer of silicon dioxide nanoparticle as the etching mask. The nanorods uniformly cover up the entire 2in. wafers with high density of 2×1011cm−2. Surface damageafter the etching process of nanostructures is monitored using the microwave-reflectance photoconductance decay with KOH removal-and-probe technique. Highly damaged silicon is found within a depth of 30nm and the lightly damaged part extends more than 100nm.
Dynamics of Water Absorption and Evaporation During Methanol Droplet Combustion in Microgravity (2012)

The combustion of methanol droplets is profoundly influenced by the absorption and evaporation of water, generated in the gas phase as a part of the combustion products. Initially there is a water-absorption period of combustion during which the latent heat of condensation of water vapor, released into the droplet, enhances its burning rate, whereas later there is a water-evaporation period, during which the water vapor reduces the flame temperature suffciently to extinguish the flame. Recent methanol droplet-combustion experiments in ambient environments diluted with carbon dioxide, conducted in the Combustion Integrated Rack on the International Space Station (ISS), as a part of the FLEX project, provided a method to delineate the water-absorption period from the water-evaporation period using video images of flame intensity. These were obtained using an ultra-violet camera that captures the OH* radical emission at 310 nm wavelength and a color camera that captures visible flame emission. These results are compared with results of ground-based tests in the Zero Gravity Facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center which employed smaller droplets in argon-diluted environments. A simplified theoretical model developed earlier correlates the transition time at which water absorption ends and evaporation starts. The model results are shown to agree reasonably well with experiment.
Design of Thin‐Gap Channel Flow Cells (1987)

A model for predicting the current, concentration, and potential distributions in a thin‐gap channel flow is presented. The model does not invoke the thin diffusion layer assumption or the assumption of straight current lines, and it allows for multiple reactions. The model, however, does not include the effect of migration; thus, it is only valid for systems with excess supporting electrolyte. This model can be used for the design and scale‐up of channel flow electrochemical reactors. Results are presented for a single reaction to show the effects of interacting diffusion boundary layers and of the axial component of current.