gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RCAS1 protein is expressed in multiple normal tissues and localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus. (2004)

3296 Previous reports on RCAS1 (also known as EBAG9) have shown expression and upregulation in multiple human cancers. A number of these reports have indicated a positive correlation with the level of RCAS1 expression on the tumor cells and their clinical stage. In this work, we show that RCAS1 is also expressed in multiple normal human tissues. These include spleen, lung, kidney, testis, stomach, pancreas and liver at levels seen similar to those of the RCAS1 positive cancers. Expression of RCAS1 is almost all confined to the inside of the cell from the staining pattern of intact and permeabilized cells. Furthermore, there is no increased apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes in RCAS1-positive mass of tumor cells as measured by TUNEL staining. The reported increase of soluble RCAS1 (in the form of RCAS1-GST) binding to activated T lymphocytes is only in the order of 5 to 10 percent over the level of resting cells and the same lymphocyte population seems to express its own endogenous RCAS1. The role of RCAS1 in cancer and normal cells merits a closer examination.
Design criteria for uniform reaction rates in an oxygen plasma (1977)

The physical conditions necessary to obtain uniform and reproducible chemical reaction rates in an oxygen plasma are investigated by stripping photoresist from silicon wafers. An oxygen plasma was selected due to its simplicity and the availability of a simple technique for measuring the concentration of atomic oxygen which is the reagent of importance. However, many of the considerations will apply to the design of other plasmas for other chemical reactions. Due to the electrical Skin effect at 13.56 MHz, the atomic oxygen is created near the Walls in a cylindrical reactor. However, at flow rates corresponding to residence times in the range of 1-10 s, diffusion makes the concentration uniform within a few percent except near the walls. Under conditions such that there is no by-product inhibition, the chemical reaction rate is determined bythe atomic oxygen concentration and the temperature of the silicon substrate and the reactor walls. The rate is independent of the conbination of pressure and power used to produce the atomic oxygen concentration.
A Practical Viscoplastic Damage Model for Lead-Free Solder (2005)

This paper summarizes the results of a program to construct an internal variable viscoplastic damage model to characterize 95.5Sn–3.9Ag–0.6Cu (wt.%) lead-free solder under cyclic thermomechanical loading conditions. A unified model is enhanced to account for a deteriorating microstructure through the use of an isotropic damage evolution equation. Model predictions versus experimental data are given for constant strain-rate tests that were conducted at strain rates of 4.2×10−5s−1 and 8.3×10−4s−1 over a temperature range from −25°Cto160°C; cyclic shear tests; and elevated-temperature creep tests. A description is given of how this work supports larger ongoing efforts to develop a predictive capability in materials aging and reliability, and solder interconnect reliability.
Global interconnect sizing and spacing with consideration of coupling capacitance (1997)

The paper presents an efficient approach to perform global interconnect sizing and spacing (GISS) for multiple nets to minimize interconnect delays with consideration of coupling capacitance, in addition to area and fringing capacitances. We introduce the formulation of symmetric and asymmetric wire sizing and spacing. We prove two important results on the symmetric and asymmetric effective fringing properties which lead to a very effective bound computation algorithm to compute the upper and lower bounds of the optimal wire sizing and spacing solution for all nets under consideration. Our experiments show that in most cases the upper and lower bounds meet quickly after a few iterations and we actually obtain the optimal solution. To our knowledge, this is the first in depth study of global wire sizing and spacing for multiple nets with consideration of coupling capacitance. Experimental results show that our GISS solutions lead to substantially better delay reduction than existing single net wire sizing solutions without consideration of coupling capacitance.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor-induced Ectodomain Shedding of Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 (2004)

The L1 cell adhesion molecule and its soluble form are tumor-associated proteins and potential markers for tumor staging as well as targets for therapeutic intervention. Soluble L1 is produced by metalloprotease-mediated ectodomain shedding of L1. We investigated effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a growth factor shown to increase invasiveness of renal carcinoma cells, on ectodomain shedding of L1 from these cells. All of the tested L1-positive renal carcinoma cell lines released a 180-kDa form of L1 into the medium. In the presence of serum, addition of HGF led to a dose-dependent increase in L1 shedding with a maximum reached at 5 ng/ml. In contrast, L1 shedding was inhibited by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor Genistein reduced basal and HGF-stimulated L1 shedding, indicating that protein phosphorylation is involved. To investigate the role of the L1 intracellular domain, two mutants of the L1 cytoplasmic part were constructed. L1trun lacking the complete intracellular domain showed enhanced basal shedding. In a L1YH mutant, containing the mutation tyrosine 1229 to histidine that deletes the ankyrin binding motif of L1, basal shedding was reduced. Disruption of actin assembly by cytochalasin D also reduced shedding of L1. These results indicate that the cytoplasmic domain regulates basal shedding of L1, and association with the cytoskeleton through the L1 ankyrin binding site is involved. HGF stimulated L1 shedding in both mutants, indicating that receptor-mediated phosphorylation in the L1 cytoplasmic domain is not required for HGF-stimulated shedding.
Age specific trends in asthma mortality in England and Wales, 1983-95: results of an observational study (1997)

There are downward trends in asthma mortality in Britain, which may be due to increased use of prophylactic treatment.
Environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease (2010)

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 25: 325–333
Does acute sensorineural deafness befall to urgent conditions? (2009)

These results suggest that it is not critical to begin the treatment of ISSHL immediately as an emergency, but within seven days.
A Handheld Electrostatic Precipitator for Sampling Airborne Particles and Nanoparticles (2010)

Researchers at NIOSH are developing methods for characterizing ultrafine aerosols in workplaces. One method includes the detailed analysis of collected particles using electron microscopy (EM). In order to collect samples for EM at remote workplaces including mining and manufacturing facilities, researchers have developed a handheld electrostatic precipitator (ESP) particle sampler capable of collecting airborne particles including nanoscale materials, for subsequent EM analysis. The handheld ESP has been tested in the laboratory and is currently undergoing beta testing in the field. Gross collection efficiencies were measured with a CPC and net efficiencies by EM analysis of collected samples. Using laboratory-generated NaCl aerosols in the 30–400 nm size range at a flow rate of 55 cc/min and ESP operating voltages between 5.6–6.8 kV, both gross and net efficiencies were measured and showed a similar correlation with voltage, with maximum efficiency of approximately 86% at 6.4 kV. EM images from samples were also used to estimate particle size distributions of the original aerosols and the size-dependent deposition was evaluated for upstream versus downstream locations on the sample media. Results suggest that the number concentration and particle size distribution of sampled aerosols may potentially be estimated from a single ESP sample, but that the accuracy and repeatability of such quantification need to be investigated and refined. NIOSH is planning to license the ESP sampler for commercial manufacturing.
A novel interaction between the proto‐oncogene Evi1 and histone methyltransferases, SUV39H1 and G9a (2008)

The transcription factor ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Evi1) is associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in patients due to chromosomal aberration of chromosome 3. Here we show that Evi1 interacts with the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1. The interaction requires the N-terminal part of Evi1 and the H3-specific histone methyltransferase domain, SET, of SUV39H1 without Evi1 having an inhibitory effect on SUV39H1 methyltransferase activity. Presence of SUV39H1 enhances Evi1 transcriptional repression in a dose dependent manner. In addition, Evi1 also interacts with another histone methyltransferase, G9a, but not with SET9. Our data establish an epigenetic role of Evi1 in cell transformation by recruiting higher order chromatin remodeling complexes.
Cytokinin Sensing Systems Using Microorganisms (2008)

The cytokinin class of plant hormones is perceived by transmembrane His-kinases (His-kinases) of the two-component system, otherwise known as the His-Asp phosphorelay system. When cytokinin receptors perceive cytokinins, they are autophosphorylated at a conserved His residue. The phosphoryl group is then transferred to downstream components of the His-Asp phosphorelay system. When the gene for a cytokinin receptor is introduced into yeast or Escherichia coli, the corresponding receptor feeds the phosphoryl group to the phosphorelay system of the host, in a cytokinin-dependent manner. Therefore, these microorganisms can be used as convenient cytokinin sensors, and can also be used to understand the properties of cytokinin-receptors. Furthermore, they may be used to screen for cytokinin agonists and antagonists, which would potentially be useful to regulate the growth of crops.
Toward secure public-key blockwise fragile authentication watermarking (2002)

The authors describe some weaknesses of public-key blockwise fragile authentication watermarkings and the means to make them secure. Wong&apos;s original algorithm as well as a number of its variant techniques are not secure against a mere block cut-and-paste or the well known birthday attack. To make them secure, some schemes have been proposed to make the signature of each block depend on the contents of its neighbouring blocks. The authors attempt to maximise the change localisation resolution using only one dependency per block with a scheme they call hash block chaining version 1 (HBC1). They then show that HBC1, as well as any neighbour content-dependent scheme, are susceptible to another forgery technique that they have named a transplantation attack. They also show a new kind of birthday attack that can be effectively mounted against HBC1. To thwart these attacks, they propose using a nondeterministic digital signature together with a signature-dependent scheme (HBC2). Finally, they discuss the advantages of using discrete logarithm signatures instead of RSA for watermarking.
Standard reference for instrument response function in fluorescence lifetime measurements in visible and near infrared (2015)

Allura red (AR) fluorophore, a common dye in the food industry, displays a broad emission spectrum in water (visible-to-near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum) and has a remarkably short fluorescence lifetime of about 10 ps. This short lifetime does not depend on the emission (observation) wavelength. We examined time responses of AR fluorescence across emission wavelengths from 550 nm to 750 nm and found that it is an ideal candidate for impulse response functions in fluorescence lifetime measurements.
Survey of Polyphenol Constituents in Grapes and Grape-Derived Products (2011)

A rapid and comprehensive qualitative method has been developed to characterize the different classes of polyphenols, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, and flavanols/proanthocyanidins, in grape products. The detection was achieved by two runs with the same LC gradient in different MS ionization modes and mobile phase modifiers (positive ionization mode and 0.4% trifluoroacetic acid for anthocyanins and flavonols; negative ionization mode and 0.1% formic acid for phenolic acids and flavanols). From an analysis of the MS and UV data and in comparison with the authenticated standards, a total of 53 compounds were identified, including 33 anthocyanins, 12 flavonols, 4 phenolic acids, and 4 flavanols/proanthocyanidins. With the method developed, a survey was then conducted to qualitatively assess the composition of polyphenols among 29 different grape products including original grape, grape juice, grape wine, and grape-derived dietary supplements, and their chemical profiles were systematically compared. This method provided a comprehensive qualitative insight into the composition of polyphenols in grape-derived products.
Magnetostructural transition inHo5Ge4 (2009)

First-principles calculations predict that, in the antiferromagnetic state, ${\text{Ho}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$ should adopt a unique monoclinic structure with an unusual distortion in the $ac$ plane, making it a unique member of a broadly researched ${R}_{5}{T}_{4}$ family of compounds that are best known for their giant magnetocaloric, magnetoresistive, and magnetostrictive effects. Experiments prove that, in ${\text{Ho}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$, the magnetic transition from the paramagnetic to the antiferromagnetic state is indeed accompanied by a structural transformation from the ${\text{Sm}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$-type orthorhombic to the predicted monoclinic structure. Surprisingly, a magnetic field can partially reconstruct the high-temperature paramagnetic ${\text{Sm}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$-type structure of ${\text{Ho}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$ when applied to the magnetically ordered compound.
Effects of bond pad probing for Cu wire bond packages (2013)

While copper or palladium coated copper wire bonding in IC packaging have shown tremendous surge recently driven by huge cost saving and competitiveness across OSAT and IDM, there are new challenges when trying to qualify copper wire bond packages especially for fine pitch devices. This paper will study on the probe mark and its effects for copper wire bond integrity and stress test reliability performances. The increased probe touchdowns on bond pad exhibited greater risk resulting to deeper probe depth. Recent studies using gold wire bonding have reported that the limit for probe mark area damage should be limited to maximum of 30% [1] for 45μm ball size whilst other paper suggested maximum of 20% [2] of the probe mark area in order to achieve reliable gold ball bonding. While this paper focused on palladium coated copper (PdCu) wire bonding, the 10% ~ 50% range of probe mark area studied did not exhibit any related wire bonding failures across all legs during assembly. Failure analysis data results i.e intermetallic (IMC), pad crater test and ball bond cross-section for aluminum remains did not show much significant difference. Remarkably stress reliability test followed by destructive test did show some degradation results from unbiased HAST while HTS and temp cycle test did not reveal any failure during ball pull test. Reliability test data analysis concluded that the probe mark area should be limited to max of 30% for 35±2μm ball bond size while probe depth maximum at 80% from the original Al pad thickness or 20% of the Al thickness remains after probe as shown in figure 5 in order to achieve a reliable copper wire bonding process. This paper will share those probe marks criteria for considerations, challenges and recommendations when qualifying new packages for copper wire bonding process.
Avalanche Effects in Silicon p—n Junctions. II. Structurally Perfect Junctions (1963)

The fabrication of a planar guard ring diode which exhibits uniform microplasma-free breakdown is described. Discrepancies are discussed between the behavior of these junctions and those reported by Batdorf et al. and Chynoweth, including results showing extremely hard V-I characteristics associated with uniform avalanche breakdown. Experimental evidence is presented which confirms Shockley's theory in which the breakdown behavior is predicted from the Poisson distribution of impurities within the space-charge layer. The photomultiplication technique as described in Paper I is applied to uniform p—n junctions. The linearity of 1/M vs V, as predicted by theory, was verified for values of M between 1.6 and 500. For higher values, the multiplication curves deviate from a straight line. In this higher range they are in good agreement with the pulse-multiplication model developed in Paper I. Light emission patterns from these junctions are shown and a correlation between these patterns and crystal properties is discussed. The effects of resistivity striations in the silicon single crystals is shown to have a strong effect on breakdown areas and no effects of dislocations and oxygen on uniformity are found. From capacity and multiplication measurements a value for the breakdown field of EB=445±25 kV/cm was obtained for a 32-V junction.
The age of the target cell affects B-cell leukaemia malignancy (2010)

The incidence, malignancy and treatment resistance of many types of human B-cell leukaemias (B-ALL) are directly related to patient age. A major obstacle to elucidate the contribution of age to the development and evolution of leukaemias is the lack of appropriate mouse models where precise control of the timing of oncogene expression is possible. Here we present proof-of-principle experiments showing how a conditional transgenic mouse model of BCR-ABLp190-driven B-ALL offers the opportunity to test the hypothesis that the age of the leukemic cells-of-origin of B-ALL influences B-ALL malignancy. B-ALLs generated from 12- and 20-month-old progenitors gave rise to a more invasive B-ALL than the one developed from 4-month old precursors. This was evidenced by survival analysis revealing the increased malignancy of B-ALLs generated from 20 or 12-month-old transformed progenitors compared with the 4-month equivalents (median survival of 88 days versus 50.5 and 33 days, respectively). Our study shows that the age of target cells at the time of transformation affects B-ALL malignancy.
On amplitude modulation for monaural speech segregation (2003)

We propose a computational auditory scene analysis (CASA) model for monaural speech segregation. It deals with low-frequency and high-frequency signals differently. For high-frequency signals, it generates segments based on the common amplitude modulation (AM) and groups them according to AM repetition rates. This model performs substantially better than previous CASA systems.
Free choline in human plasma analysed by simple radio-enzymatic procedure: Age distribution and effect of a meal (1977)

Ultrafiltration of plasma was shown to be a simple and rapid method to obtain a stable sample for direct measurement of free choline (Ch) in plasma by a radioenzymatic procedure. Free Ch was analysed in plasma from healthy volunteers fasted 12-15 h and 1 h after a meal. The free Ch concentration was found within narrow limits with a mean of 10.6 +/- 0.4 mumol/l in the fasted subjects and 11.5 +/- 0.3 mumol/l 1 h after a meal. The difference is significant (paired t test, P less than 0.01, n = 23). Dietary influence on the free Ch concentration in human plasma is suggested. In three newborn infants (1-3 min post partum) the Ch concentration in plasma from the umbilical vein was 24.5 +/- 1.9 mumol/l.
Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Biotransesterified β-Cyclodextrins: Supramolecular Structure of Nanoparticles and Surface Properties (2017)

A series of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) amphiphilic derivatives with varying degrees of substitution were prepared by acylating βCDs on their secondary face using thermolysin to catalyze the transesterification. After dissolution in acetone, the βCD-C<sub>n</sub> derivatives (n = 8, 10, 12, 14) were nanoprecipitated in water, where they self-organized into structured particles that were characterized using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) images and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. Two types of morphologies and ultrastructures were observed depending on the total degree of substitution (TDS) of the parent derivative. The molecules with TDS < 5 formed nanospheres with a multilamellar organization, whereas those with TDS > 5 self-assembled into barrel-like (n = 8, 10, 12) or more tortuous (n = 14) particles with a columnar inverse hexagonal structure. In particular, faceted βCD-C<sub>14</sub> particles (TDS = 7) appeared to be composed of several domains with different orientations that were separated by sharp interfaces. Ultrastructural models were proposed on the basis of cryo-TEM images and the analysis of the contrast distribution in different projections of the lattice. Complementary compression isotherm experiments carried out at the air-water interface also suggested that differences in the molecular conformation of the series of derivatives existed depending on whether TDS was lower or higher than 5.
Correction to: Catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose in sulfolane with some acidic catalysts (2018)

The article Catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose in sulfolane with some acidic catalysts.
On the Mechanism of Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyltrichlorosilanes Catalyzed by QUINOX, a Chiral Isoquinoline N-Oxide (2008)

Allylation of aromatic aldehydes 1a-m with allyl- and crotyl-trichlorosilanes 2- 4, catalyzed by the chiral N-oxide QUINOX (9), has been found to exhibit a significant dependence on the electronics of the aldehyde, with p-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde 1g and its p-methoxy counterpart 1h affording the corresponding homoallylic alcohols 6g, h in 96 and 16% ee, respectively, at -40 degrees C. The kinetic and computational data indicate that the reaction is likely to proceed via an associative pathway involving neutral, octahedral silicon complex 22 with only one molecule of the catalyst involved in the rate- and selectivity-determining step. The crotylation with (E) and (Z)-crotyltrichlorosilanes 3 and 4 is highly diastereoselective, suggesting the chairlike transition state 5, which is supported by computational data. High-level quantum chemical calculations further suggest that attractive aromatic interactions between the catalyst 9 and the aldehyde 1 contribute to the enantiodifferentiation and that the dramatic drop in enantioselectivity, observed with the electron-rich aldehyde 1h, originates from narrowing the energy gap between the (R)- and (S)-reaction channels in the associative mechanism (22). Overall, a good agreement between the theoretically predicted enantioselectivities for 1a and 1h and the experimental data allowed to understand the specific aspects of the reaction mechanism.
A Review of Current Knowledge for X-ray Energy in CT: Practical Guide for CT Technologist (2022)

In computed tomography (CT) systems, the optimal X-ray energy in imaging depends on the material composition and the subject size. Among the parameters related to the X-ray energy, we can arbitrarily change only the tube voltage. For years, the tube voltage has often been set at 120 kVp. However, since about 2000, there has been an increasing interest in reducing radiation dose, and it has led to the publication of various reports on low tube voltage. Furthermore, with the spread of dual-energy CT, virtual monochromatic X-ray images are widely used since the contrast can be adjusted by selecting the optional energy. Therefore, because of the renewed interest in X-ray energy in CT imaging, the issue of energy and imaging needs to be summarized. In this article, we describe the basics of physical characteristics of X-ray attenuation with materials and its influence on the process of CT imaging. Moreover, the relationship between X-ray energy and CT imaging is discussed for clinical applications.