gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antagonistic Pleiotropy and Fitness Trade-Offs Reveal Specialist and Generalist Traits in Strains of Canine Distemper Virus (2012)

Theoretically, homogeneous environments favor the evolution of specialists whereas heterogeneous environments favor generalists. Canine distemper is a multi-host carnivore disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV). The described cell receptor of CDV is SLAM (CD150). Attachment of CDV hemagglutinin protein (CDV-H) to this receptor facilitates fusion and virus entry in cooperation with the fusion protein (CDV-F). We investigated whether CDV strains co-evolved in the large, homogeneous domestic dog population exhibited specialist traits, and strains adapted to the heterogeneous environment of smaller populations of different carnivores exhibited generalist traits. Comparison of amino acid sequences of the SLAM binding region revealed higher similarity between sequences from Canidae species than to sequences from other carnivore families. Using an in vitro assay, we quantified syncytia formation mediated by CDV-H proteins from dog and non-dog CDV strains in cells expressing dog, lion or cat SLAM. CDV-H proteins from dog strains produced significantly higher values with cells expressing dog SLAM than with cells expressing lion or cat SLAM. CDV-H proteins from strains of non-dog species produced similar values in all three cell types, but lower values in cells expressing dog SLAM than the values obtained for CDV-H proteins from dog strains. By experimentally changing one amino acid (Y549H) in the CDV-H protein of one dog strain we decreased expression of specialist traits and increased expression of generalist traits, thereby confirming its functional importance. A virus titer assay demonstrated that dog strains produced higher titers in cells expressing dog SLAM than cells expressing SLAM of non-dog hosts, which suggested possible fitness benefits of specialization post-cell entry. We provide in vitro evidence for the expression of specialist and generalist traits by CDV strains, and fitness trade-offs across carnivore host environments caused by antagonistic pleiotropy. These findings extend knowledge on CDV molecular epidemiology of particular relevance to wild carnivores.
In Vitro Comparison Of Aerosol Characteristics Of HFA Albuterol Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Formulation From Anti-Static Valved Holding Chambers (2011)

1) Virchow J.C., Crompton G.K., Dal Negro R., Pederson S., Magnan A., Seidenberg J., Barnes P.J. Importance of inhaler devices in the management of airway disease. Respir Med. 2008;102:10-19. 2) Heyder, J., Gebhart, J., Rudolf, G., Schiller C.F., Stahlhofen, W. Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range of 0.0005 – 15 μm. J Aerosol Sci. 1986; 17(5):811-815. Methods The valved holding chamber (VHC) has been designed to help improve and optimize delivery for those using pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs). [1] The Diamond VHC (Figure 1; Philips Respironics, Respironics New Jersey, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) is a compact, anti-static VHC designed to facilitate effective aerosol delivery to respiratory patients. The in vitro aerosol characteristics of an HFA albuterol sulfate pMDI with a preproduction Diamond VHC were compared with those of the pMDI with an AeroChamber Plus Z-Stat (Z-Stat, Monaghan Medical Corp., Plattsburgh, NY) VHC and the pMDI alone.
Effect of materials and surfaces on frictional heating resistance of high-speed high-load rolling bearings (2021)

Many engineering applications require rolling bearings to run at very high rolling speeds and under very high loads. In ball bearings, even if the rolling/sliding ratio is very low (normally below 3%) because of the very high rolling speeds (∼40 m/s) the sliding speeds between the balls and raceways can reach locally very high values (∼1.35 m/s). The combination of these high sliding speeds and high contact pressures (up to 3 GPa) can induce lubricant film failures and increase the risk of adhesive wear between the surfaces (i.e. seizure). This process can be gradual or catastrophic, depending on the operating and lubrication conditions of the contacts. In this article, an investigation is presented where the effects of the material properties and surface topography on the adhesive wear resistance are addressed. The investigation applies a recently developed model for surface damage prediction from frictional heating, compared with a to-be-published seizure resistance experimental study. Three steels are included in the research together with different surface roughness. The results show the best material and roughness combination to maximise the seizure resistance of the surfaces.
Cognitive and Psychological Reactions of the General Population Three Months After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami (2012)

The paths to QoL via negative routes (from negative cognitive appraisal, PTS, and general stress) were dominant, suggesting the importance of clinical intervention for reducing negative cognitive appraisal, and for caring for general stress and PTS to maintain QoL at an early stage of psychological adaptation to a disaster. The model also depicted the presence of a positive route where positive cognitive appraisal facilitates post-traumatic growth (PTG) to achieve a higher QoL, suggesting the potential importance of positive psychological preventive care for unexpected natural disasters.
Data from CpG Blocks Immunosuppression by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumor-Bearing Mice (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 ligand CpG has been used successfully for the immunotherapy of cancer. Chronic CpG application in tumor-free hosts leads, however, to the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which can cause T-cell suppression and may thus hamper the development of an effective immune response. Here, we investigated the effect of TLR9 activation on the function of MDSC in tumor-bearing mice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We investigated the effect of CpG treatment on the number, phenotype, and function of MDSC in mice bearing subcutaneous C26 tumors and in CEA424-TAg mice bearing autochthonous gastric tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; CpG treatment blocks the suppressive activity of MDSC on T-cell proliferation in both tumor models. Inhibition of MDSC function by CpG was particularly pronounced for a highly suppressive Ly6G&lt;sup&gt;hi&lt;/sup&gt; polymorphonuclear subset of MDSC. We further show that TLR9 activation by CpG promotes maturation and differentiation of MDSC and strongly decreases the proportion of Ly6G&lt;sup&gt;hi&lt;/sup&gt; MDSC in both tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice. We demonstrate that IFN-α produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells upon CpG stimulation is a key effector for the induction of MDSC maturation &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and show that treatment of mice with recombinant IFN-α is sufficient to block MDSC suppressivity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; We show here for the first time that TLR9 activation inhibits the regulatory function of MDSC in tumor-bearing mice and define a role for the antitumoral cytokine IFN-α in this process. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1765–75. ©2011 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Automatic disaccommodation measuring system (1987)

Magnetic after effect measurement constitutes an advantageous procedure for the investigation of point defects giving considerable information about the crystal lattice dynamics. Unfortunately, most standard measuring methods involve tedious impedance bridges which are not suitable for systematic research. Thus a new automatic measuring system, based on the use of an inductance-capacitance resistor <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCR</tex> meter, has been developed with special emphasis on soft magnetic materials. The resolution capability of our system is pointed out by measuring the disaccommodation of a ferrite sample.
A PMMA/PMGI Two Layer Resist System for Stable Lift-off Processing (1989)

A two layer resist system for the e-beam/deep-UV same-level-mixed lithography are described, which consists of PMMA (poly ( methyl methacryrate )), as a top layer and PMGI (poly ( dimethyl glutarimide )) as a bottom layer. Controlled undercut profiles are obtained both in e-beam and deep-UV lithography. Good adhesion of PMGI to the GaAs substrate during wet recess-etching prevents excessive side etching of the substrate. 0.25-0.5 um gate electrodes of GaAs FET&apos;s have been fabricated by using the two layer resist system.
UV/Nitrilotriacetic Acid Process as a Novel Strategy for Efficient Photoreductive Degradation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (2018)

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a toxic, bioaccumulative, and highly persistent anthropogenic chemical. Hydrated electrons (eaq–) are potent nucleophiles that can effectively decompose PFOS. In previous studies, eaq– are mainly produced by photoionization of aqueous anions or aromatic compounds. In this study, we proposed a new photolytic strategy to generate eaq– and in turn decompose PFOS, which utilizes nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as a photosensitizer to induce water photodissociation and photoionization, and subsequently as a scavenger of hydroxyl radical (•OH) to minimize the geminate recombination between •OH and eaq–. The net effect is to increase the amount of eaq– available for PFOS degradation. The UV/NTA process achieved a high PFOS degradation ratio of 85.4% and a defluorination ratio of 46.8% within 10 h. A pseudo-first-order rate constant (k) of 0.27 h–1 was obtained. The laser flash photolysis study indicates that eaq– is the dominant reactive species responsible for PFOS decomposition. The generation of eaq– is greatly enhanced and its half-life is significantly prolonged in the presence of NTA. The electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement verified the photodissociation of water by detecting •OH. The model compound study indicates that the acetate and amine groups are the primary reactive sites.
Associations of actigraphic sleep and circadian rest/activity rhythms with cognition in the early phase of Alzheimer’s disease (2021)

Individuals with MCI have altered circadian RARs compared to controls, including the novel RAR metric fPC3, reflecting greater nighttime activity and less activity in the morning compared to mean values. Additionally, these measures are significantly associated with cognitive performance.
Gut microbiota and undernutrition (2016)

Microbiota
Poor nutrition during the early years of life can have severe consequences for subsequent skeletal, immunological, and intellectual development. Blanton et al. review the evidence showing that undernutrition is not caused by food insecurity alone. Other factors range from the length of the breastfeeding period and the availability of milk oligosaccharides, enteropathogen exposure, and enteric dysfunction marked by villus atrophy and loss of gut barrier function. Unfortunately, the current practice of nutritional restoration with or without antibiotic treatment may not be effective in the longer term. Differences in the succession of microbial establishment and maturity might contribute to family discordances in nutritional status. Thus, microbiota-directed therapeutics could be a promising route to nutritional restoration in these children.

Science , this issue p. [1533][1]

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/352/6293/1533
Antihypertensive drugs clonidine, diazoxide, hydralazine and furosemide regulate the production of cytokines by placentas and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in normal pregnancy (2006)

Our data suggest that the antihypertensive drugs clonidine and hydralazine can stimulate production of the circulating anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas furosemide and diazoxide inhibit the production of this cytokine and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 by placentas and PBMCs.
A First Step Toward On-Chip Memory Mapping for Parallel Turbo and LDPC Decoders: A Polynomial Time Mapping Algorithm (2013)

To meet the higher data rate requirement of current and future communication standards, numerous techniques to decode Turbo and LDPC codes on hardware architecture are developed. Unfortunately, interleaving laws that are used in these codes often result in memory access conflicts when massively parallel architectures are targeted which considerably limits the throughput. In this article, the first dedicated approach that finds conflict free memory mapping for every type of codes and for every type of parallelism in polynomial time is presented. The implementation of this highly efficient algorithm shows significant improvement in terms of computational time compared to state of the art approaches. Ultimately, this could enable memory mapping algorithm to be embedded on chips and executed on the fly to support multiple block lengths and standards.
Estimating Stiffness of Subgrade and Unbound Materials for Pavement Design (2008)

The new Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) and other existing pavement design guides use resilient modulus as the primary input parameter when characterizing stiffness of subsoils and unbound bases. Resilient modulus of soils is typically determined either by using laboratory tests or field tests. This report was prepared to describe the significance of the resilient modulus property, various methods of determining this property of subsoils and unbound bases, and the application of this parameter in the MEPDG. The report will be of interest to design, geotechnical and materials engineers and technicians. Information collected in this synthesis was based on a comprehensive literature review, surveys of pavement design, materials and geotechnical engineers from state departments of transportation (DOTs), and selected interviews. Information collected also included research reports from studies conducted by several state DOTs.
Cascaded Kalman Filters for Accurate Estimation of Multiple Biases, Dead-Reckoning Navigation, and Full State Feedback Control of Ground Vehicles (2007)

This paper develops a cascaded estimation algorithm for estimating all of the biases and states for full state feedback and dead reckoning of a farm tractor through short global positioning system (GPS) outages. First, a conventional (one stage) estimation scheme is presented. The single state estimation scheme is shown to have degraded performance in bias state estimation and dead-reckoning due to vehicle model errors. However, the states for position and velocity are not highly coupled to the tractor dynamic states, allowing for separation of the estimators. Therefore, the state estimation algorithms are divided into two cascaded estimators in order to prevent the errors in the vehicle model from corrupting the navigation states. A dead reckoning (or navigation) estimator estimates all of the inertial sensor biases while GPS is available. When GPS is not available, the dead reckoning estimator integrates rate measurements to provide position and heading estimates in order to maintain continuous control of the vehicle through these GPS outages. A second estimator is then used to estimate the additional states needed for full state feedback control algorithms. Bias estimates from the dead reckoning estimator are used to correct the sensor measurement used in the second estimator. An extended kalman filter (EKF) is utilized for each of the estimators. Results are given, showing that the cascaded estimation technique provides better estimation of the vehicle states over a conventional estimation scheme, especially during a GPS outage. Results are also given which verify the ability of the estimation algorithm to estimate all of the system biases and provide continuous control of the tractor through a short GPS outage
Propagation characteristics of superconducting microstrip lines (1996)

The modified spectral-domain approach is applied to study the propagation characteristics of high temperature superconducting microstrip lines whose signal strip and ground plane are of arbitrary thickness. In this study, numerical results for effective dielectric constant, attenuation constant, and strip current distribution are presented to discuss the effects due to frequency, temperature, strip thickness, and substrate loss tangent. In particular, the conductor and dielectric attenuation constants of superconducting microstrip line are depicted separately to discuss the mechanism of the line losses. A comparison with published theoretical and experimental results is also included to check the accuracy of the new approach's results.
Plasmid Evolution and Interaction between the Plasmid Addiction Stability Systems of Two Related Broad-Host-Range IncQ-Like Plasmids (2004)

Plasmid pTC-F14 contains a plasmid stability system called pas (plasmid addiction system), which consists of two proteins, a PasA antitoxin and a PasB toxin. This system is closely related to the pas of plasmid pTF-FC2 (81 and 72% amino acid identity for PasA and PasB, respectively) except that the pas of pTF-FC2 contains a third protein, PasC. As both pTC-F14 and pTF-FC2 are highly promiscuous broad-host-range plasmids isolated from bacteria that share a similar ecological niche, the plasmids are likely to encounter each other. We investigated the relative efficiencies of the two stability systems and whether they had evolved apart sufficiently for each pas to stabilize a plasmid in the presence of the other. The three-component pTF-FC2 pas was more efficient at stabilization of a heterologous tester plasmid than the two component pas of pTC-F14 in Escherichia coli host cells (+/- 92% and +/- 60% after 100 generations, respectively). The PasA antidote of each pas was unable to neutralize the PasB toxin of the other plasmid. The pas proteins of each plasmid autoregulated their own expression as well as that of the pas of the other plasmid. The pas of pTF-FC2 was more effective at repressing the pas operon of pTC-F14 than the pas of pTC-F14 was able to repress itself or the pas of pTF-FC2. This increased efficiency was not due to the PasC of pTF-FC2. The effect of this stronger repression was that pTF-FC2 displaced pTC-F14 when the two plasmids were coresident in the same E. coli host cell. Plasmid curing resulted in the arrest of cell growth but did not cause cell death, and plasmid stability was not influenced by the E. coli mazEF genes.
Source location of the 19 February 2008 Oregon bolide using seismic networks and infrasound arrays (2010)

On 19 February 2008 a bolide traveled across the sky along a southern trajectory ending in a terminal burst above Oregon. The event was well recorded by the USArray, other seismic networks, four infrasound arrays, and several video cameras. We compare the results of locating the burst using these different sensor networks. Specifically, we reverse time migrate acoustic‐to‐seismic coupled signals recorded by the USArray out to 800 km range to image the source in 2‐D space and time. We also apply a grid search over source altitude and time, minimizing the misfit between observed and predicted arrival times using 3‐D ray tracing with a high‐resolution atmospheric velocity model. Our seismic and video results suggest a point source rather than a line source associated with a hypersonic trajectory. We compare the seismic source locations to those obtained by using different combinations of observed infrasound array signal back azimuths and arrival times. We find that all locations are consistent. However, the seismic location is more accurate than the infrasound locations due to the larger number of seismic sensors, a more favorable seismic source‐receiver geometry, and shorter ranges to the seismometers. For the infrasound array locations, correcting for the wind improved the accuracy, but implementing arrival times while increasing the precision reduced the accuracy presumably due to limitations of the source location method and/or atmospheric velocity model. We show that despite known complexities associated with acoustic‐to‐seismic coupling, aboveground infrasound sources can be located with dense seismic networks with remarkably high accuracy and precision.
A new software complexity metrics for computer communication network (2007)

A number of definitions for determining software complexity can be found in numerous papers. These definitions are applicable for large software. However, to the best of author's knowledge, no definition of software complexity has been proposed for computer communication network. While software reliability has generally been defined from zero to one, the software complexity definition has no standard and has been defined by different authors in different ways. These software complexity definitions do not give an idea while comparing their software, especially when the range of these definitions are different (e.g. the number of line of code may be entirely different from the number of loops. Lines of code may be in the thousands when loops may be few in number). In this paper, software complexity is defined to have a range between zero and one. This premise is based on the notion that more complex software is less reliable and vice versa. The software reliability has a range of zero to one; hence software complexity is also defined as to have a range of zero to one. Further, these definitions are extended so that the complexity of interconnected network can be defined. Boolean Algebra approach for the reliability communication network is utilized. These definitions are especially important because of different software used in different parts of the internet. It is hoped that these definitions will become standard for the software engineers.
Rapid screening of cellular stress responses in recombinant Pichia pastoris strains using metabolite profiling (2017)

Heterologous protein production in the yeast Pichia pastoris can be limited by biological responses to high expression levels; the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a key determinant of the success of protein production in this organism. Here, we used untargeted NMR metabolic profiling (metabolomics) of a number of different recombinant strains, carried out in a miniaturized format suitable for screening-level experiments. We identified a number of metabolites (from both cell extracts and supernatants) which correlated well with UPR-relevant gene transcripts, and so could be potential biomarkers for future high-throughput screening of large numbers of P. pastoris clones.
Flexible Sensor for Human Monitoring System by Using P(VDF/TrFE) Thin Film (2012)

Continuous monitoring of human physical and mental conditions are heavily required solving issues to realize a high QoL (quality of life) society. The human condition data especially, heartbeat, ECG (electrocardiogram), respiration and blood pressure are very important vital signs to prevent a human sudden disease, such as a heart attack. In this study, we fabricated a novel sensor to monitor the heartbeat and respiration, which is made on a flexible thin film of P(VDF/TrFE) as a sensing material and PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) as a substrate material. The PDVF (polyvinylidene fluoride) that is thin, flexible and piezoelectric material can be used for the flexible force sensor. The fabrication steps and some experimental results for human monitoring system are described.