gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting Click-Through Rate Using Keyword Clusters (2006)

Click-through rate is a quantity of interest to online advertisers, search engine optimizers, and sponsored search providers alike. The rate at which users click on advertisements presented to them serves as both a metric for evaluating advertising effectiveness and a financial tool for cost and revenue projection. To predict future click-through rate, investigators typically use historical click information since it provides tangible examples of user behavior. In some cases plentiful historical data are available and this method provides a reliable estimate. More often, however, insufficient historical data exists and creative aggregation must fill the gap. In this work, we hypothesize that different terms have an inherently different likelihood of receiving a sponsored click. For example, the search terms “digital camera ” and “brain structure ” clearly express more and less shoppingoriented intent, respectively. We seek to estimate a termlevel click-through rate (CTR) reflecting these inherent differences. At times even aggregation to the term level leaves us with insufficient historical data for a confident estimate, so we also propose the use of clusters of related terms for less frequent, or even completely novel, terms. We reviewed other broad estimates of CTR (rank CTR and query-volume decile CTR) and compared them to the estimates computed using hierarchical clusters of related terms. We found that using historical data aggregated by cluster leads to more accurate estimates on average of term-level CTR for terms with little or no historical data.
Comparison of the Slip of a PDMS Melt on Weakly Adsorbing Surfaces Measured by a New Photobleaching-Based Technique (2017)

We present an experimental method allowing to quantify slip at the wall in viscous polymer fluids, based on the observation of the evolution under simple shear flow of a photobleached pattern within a fluorescent labeled polymer melt. This straightforward method provides access to slip length at top and bottom interfaces in the 1 μm to 1 mm range and to the actual shear rate experienced by the fluid. Based on simple optical imaging and image analysis techniques, this method affords an improvement compared to previously reported methods in which the photobleached fluorescence intensity profiles before and after shear were compared and measured by scanning a photomultiplier. The present method relies on a direct determination of the displacement profile inside the polymer fluid from an analysis of the 3D evolution of the whole photobleached pattern. We demonstrate the potential of this method with measurements of the slip length for an entangled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) melt, as a function of the shear rate, in contact with several weakly adsorbing surfaces, i.e., end-tethered PDMS or polystyrene (PS) chains, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of trimethoxy(octadecyl)silane (OTS), and a glassy PS thin film.
Microstructures in Complex Perovskite (Li1/2Ln1/2)TiO3(Ln= Pr, Nd, Sm) (2004)

Microstructural characterizations of (Li1/2Ln1/2)TiO3 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm) systems were carried out using transmission electron microscopy. Cuboidal grains of ∼2.5 µm mean size with internal fine structures are dominant. Antiphase boundaries (APBs) and ferroelastic domains are found among the internal fine structure. The APBs originate from the superlattice reflections of (1/2)(001) observed in three systems and (1/2)(111) NaCl-type ordering of Pr3+ or Nd3+ and Li1+ or vacancy in LPT and LNT. However, in LST, (1/2)(111) ordering is absent. The ferroelastic domains are formed by the antiphase and in-phase tilting of oxygen octahedra and the antiparallel shifts of A-site cations. Also, more complex structural changes such as spinodal decomposition are involved in the phase transitions in these systems.
Perturbation-induced morphological transformations in vector-field singularities (2020)

In this paper, we report the morphological transformations of vector-field singularities (V-points) under symmetric and asymmetric perturbation using a diamond-shaped diffracting aperture. The number of null intensity points in the diffraction pattern depicts the magnitude of the polarization singularity index. Also, under symmetric perturbation, a higher-order V-point singularity disintegrates into <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>η</mml:mi><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> number of unit-index singularities following the index conservation rule. Asymmetric perturbations, realized by laterally shifting the aperture, lead to the formation of pairs of generic elliptic-field singularities (C-points) that are more fundamental and stable. In this process, the helicity and polarization singularity index are both conserved. This may find application in the context of singularimetry, where weak fields are measured by considering them as perturbations of unstable optical beams [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 , 183903 ( 2012 ) PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.053904 ].
The UNIX companion (1995)

From the Publisher:
This comprehensive yet easy-to-follow book details everything readers need to understand about Unix,including the online Unix manual,the command syntax,and the shell. Readers also learn about networks and addressing,electronic mail,redirection and pipes,filters,the Unix file system,and the vi editor. The book includes a multitude of examples and hints,plus clear descriptions of the most important Unix features.
An Empirical Study for Security of Windows DLL Files Using Automated API Fuzz Testing (2008)

Fuzz testing is a method that inserts an unexpected data into input of a software system and finds defects of it in order to perform security testing. In this paper , We proposed a novel methodology that performed API fuzz testing automatically and evaluated it for Windows system that most of people in the world used. We implemented an automated API fuzz testing tool that our methodology applied to. Using this tool, we experimented on 1,182 DLL files and 6,117 API functions in a system fold of Windows XP SP2. We found 177 faults in them. Among faults, 10 faults are related to control flow of a program.
論1949年以後國民黨政權的僑務政策：從流亡政權、在地知識與國際脈絡談起 (2005)

長期以來，「僑務政策」不是被視為國民黨為延續與海外華人的革命情感、「反共復國」的重要號召力量；便是將之看作是國民黨為了保衛政權、合法化其為正統中國的主要手段。然而，這樣的看法如果不是重述了官方所認定的政策說辭；便是誇大了海外華僑在國際政治秩序中的影響力。本論文試圖跳脫長期以來的論述視域，分別從「流亡政權的內部消費」與「冷戰結構下的族群性管理」兩個分析角度，試圖回答：僑務政策，對於國民黨政權來說，具有何種象徵秩序上的功能，其又在什麼樣的結構脈絡下，得以完成？為了回答上述的問題，本文可分兩大部分，首先說明政策的研究背景，其後在針對特定時期的政策發展進行分析。
 首先，第二章和第三章乃是以交代僑務政策的歷史背景，第二章的部分乃是將研究視域上溯至十九世紀中期以降，說明大量的移民現象與海外的政治活動如何促發了僑務政策的誕生，而其又留下了什麼樣的海外政治遺產。第三章則把焦點集中在國民黨在1949年前後，如何將僑務組織與相關政策移植到台灣之上，其經歷了什麼樣的調整，又擁有什麼樣的基本特性。
 其次第二部分則分別討論上述的兩個分析角度。第四章乃從「流亡政權下的內部消費」出發，試圖論證：僑務政策對於遷台之後的國民黨政權來說，只是一個歷史所遺留下來的方便手段。由於長時期處在不確定的變動情境之下，流亡政權握著手中的權杖，大量地複製種種過去與未來式的象徵符碼，用來抓住混亂的真實，建立可預期和掌握的象徵秩序，因此形成了流亡情境下一種特殊的補償與防禦機制，並提供政權「內部消費」為主。到了第五章則進一步將僑務政策放在更大的國際脈絡下來檢視，以「冷戰結構下的族群性管理」的角度，試圖說明：即便國民黨與華僑具革命歷史的淵源，但「華僑為革命之母」並不能解釋戰後僑務政策何以能夠推行成功，而必須同時參照海外僑社的「在地知識」如何銜接了祖國的政治，並且應該對照當時的「冷戰結構」，如何在意識型態的圍堵策略與族群性的原生不滿之間，取得了國際間的巧妙平衡。
Domain formation in Fe–N multilayers (2000)

We prepared a series of sputtered FeN single layer films, and bilayer and multilayer films laminated with alumina, in which both the Fe–N thickness and the alumina interlayer thickness varied. The films were characterized by quantitative magneto-optical Kerr-microscopy and inductive measurements. We found a strong influence of interlayer coupling and FeN thickness on the domain formation in these layers. For single layers a transition from cross-tie walls to Bloch-type walls for increasing ferromagnetic layer thickness was observed. The multilayer films displayed a wide range of different types of coupled Neel walls depending on interlayer thickness. These include superimposed, compensated, and 360° walls. The change in domain wall structure strongly influences the coercivity of the thin film systems. The relative coupling strength between the magnetic films is calculated from the domain wall width of the superimposed Neel walls. Magnetic in-plane deviation strongly depends on the sign of magnetostriction. The observed magnetic dispersion leads to an increase in the minimum magnetic switching time. The observed micromagnetic structures result in unwanted irregular domain patterns in structured samples. Both are indicating limitations for applications in thin film recording heads.
Oral implant treatment in posterior partially edentulous jaws: a 5-year follow-up report. (1993)

Sixty-seven partially edentulous patients with Applegate-Kennedy Class I or II situations were consecutively treated with freestanding implant-supported prostheses and followed up for 5 years. A total of 70 jaws were provided with 94 prostheses supported by 259 implants. During the report period, seven patients were lost to follow-up. Seven implants were found to be loose and were subsequently removed, which did not influence prosthesis stability. Thus, the overall cumulative survival rate was 97.2% and 100% for implants and prostheses, respectively. On average, 0.8 mm of marginal bone was lost around implants in maxillae, as compared to 0.6 mm in mandibles. The major clinical problem was related to fatigue fractures of the resin veneer material. Loose gold alloy screws were also observed.
Preferred lattice misorientations in rolled aluminium: tracking experiments and crystal plasticity simulations (2015)

The microstructural heterogeneities developed in the grains of hot deformed Al have been quantified by applying the microtexture tracking technique to hot plane strain compressed Al-0.1%Mn. By successive EBSD measurements over the same (internal) surface at different strains, a large data set of lattice orientation and disorientation development has been obtained in over 150 grains up to strains of 1.2. Simultaneously, high resolution finite element simulations have been carried out to large strains with the same grain orientations; both experiments and simulations focus on the orientation distributions developed within individual grains. It is shown that 15-20% of the grains undergo orientation splitting, usually when the orientation is both symmetrical with respect to the loading and divergent in terms of potential lattice rotations. An analysis of the reorientation velocity field predicted for hot PSC provides a first order indication of the particular grain orientations expected to undergo orientation splitting together with their splitting modes. In the majority of grains which simply undergo orientation spreading, a detailed analysis of the disorientation axes within grains has been carried out. At low strains, there is a very high density of near TD disorientation axes which progressively evolve with plastic strain towards RD. A similar, although faster, evolution to both RD and ND is predicted by the FECP simulations. Original explanations for these low and high strain disorientation axes are proposed, based first on the influence of random local stress variations on lattice rotations and then on the reorientation velocity field.
biao gan guan li zai qi ye zhong de shi shi (2016)

标杆管理作为管理企业的管理工具之一,是对企业全流程经营过程中的各种投入产出指标进行筛选、归集和分类,选择重点项目和关键指标,对照竞争对手指标进行比较,深入查找和分析自身存在的差距与不足,进而改进现有经营模式、生产工艺、管理制度和作业流程,追赶或超越标杆企业的一种管理方法。标杆管理的过程是模仿、学习和创新的过程。标杆管理从本质上看是一种思维方式,促使企业自我提高、自我检讨,进而促使企业加强成本控制,提高竞争力。
Molecular characterization of high affinity, high capacity clays for the equilibrium sorption of ergotamine (1999)

Ergot alkaloids (mycotoxins) produced by Claviceps and Neotyphodium species of fungi may contaminate animal feedstuffs and results in disease in livestock. In this study, diverse phyllosilicate clays and other adsorbent materials, differing in chemical and structural characteristics, were tested for their ability to sorb ergotamine, a prevalent ergot mycotoxin, from acidic solution. Results indicated minimal binding to those sorbents possessing low surface area, cation exchange capacity and inaccessible interlayer regions. Cetyl pyridinium-exchanged montmorillonite (organoclay) exhibited decreased propensity for ergotamine in acidic solution as compared with the unexchanged hydrophilic parent clay. The highest ergotamine sorption was observed with cation exchanged montmorillonite clays; whereas, when collapsed, these same clays sorbed very little ligand. Based on initial binding experiments, calcium and sodium montmorillonite clays were prioritized for further characterization, including: capacity, affinity, and heat (enthalpy) of adsorption. Computer models of energy-minimized ergotamine isomers and clay were used to illustrate possible mechanisms of ergot alkaloid sorption at interlayer sites. Additional studies are warranted to assess the stability of ergot alkaloid/clay complexes under alkaline conditions to further understand the mechanism of adsorption.
Generalization of 3D Building Data (2002)

Today, more and more (semi-) automatic tools and techniques are getting available, that allow for an efficient capture of more and more detailed 3D city models. With the availability of such data, the question rises, how these typically huge data sets can efficiently be handled, manipulated, analysed and visualized. Concerning visualization, the Level of Detail (LOD) concept from Computer Graphic provides a mechanism to only present that information, that is currently visible in an adequate resolution level. The problem, however, is how such a multi-scale representation of buildings can be automatically gained. This generation is a generalization problem. In the paper a concept is sketched, that relies on the representation of buildings in terms of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG). Firstly, the complex building shape has to be transformed into CSG, which involves a segmentation of the building into its relevant parts. Secondly, generalization mechanisms can operate on the CSG-tree. Finally, the transition between neighbouring generalization levels is achieved using a differential scheme, where only the differences between adjacent generalization levels are stored, instead of the whole models.
Advanced Therapy in Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1st Edition (2007)

Journal of the American College of Surgeons 205(2):p 390, August 2007. | DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.04.022
A novel combination of methods to assess sarcopenia and muscle performance in mice. (2005)

A novel combination of assays was developed to assess sarcopenia and muscle performance. Three techniques were tested to assess muscle function both during and upon termination of treatments designed to induce sarcopenia. In unsuspended (US) and hindlimb suspended (HS) mice, a Hindlimb Exertion Force Test (HEFT), cage wheel running, and in vitro muscle electrophysiology were performed. Twelve-week old, mature male C57BL/6J mice were HS (n = 24) for two weeks, or served as US controls (n = 26). Both groups were subjected to a HEFT on day 13; that is, the maximum force exerted against a beam force transducer (2 lb. linear range, Transducer Techniques, Temecula CA) following applied tail shock stimulus (0.15 mA, 300 msec). This test primarily evaluated the hindlimb muscles used for an escape response (i.e., hamstrings, quadriceps and calf muscles). Mice (n = 10-11/group) were given voluntary access to running wheels for 7 days post treatment to evaluate muscle endurance. On day 13, HS mice showed a mean 18.9% (p = 0.002) decrease in the maximum force exerted compared to US mice. After 7 days of wheel running, HS running distance tended to decrease (13.2%, p = 0.084). HS mice ran an average of 2.0 km/day less than US control mice, with similar running patterns: distance declined on day 2 following completion of HS but increased steadily thereafter. With in vitro testing, the maximum soleus tetanus response decreased by 31.8% (p = 0.01) with HS, in agreement with the changes observed by the other assays. These three assays, combined, appear to provide effective and complementary ways to measure muscle performance and functional differences.
The Effect of Magnesium Ions and Chelants on Peroxide Bleaching (2003)

Summary We recently reported that during peroxide bleaching, magnesium is substantially more effective when in a complex form with either pulp or a chelant. We also speculated that different magnesium forms affected the catalytic activity of transition metals towards peroxide decomposition to different degrees. As oxygen-delignified pulps still containing lignin were used, it was impossible to separate the catalytic peroxide decomposition by transition metals from the peroxide reaction with lignin, and thus to determine where in the pulp-liquor system magnesium or chelants, or both, were deactivating transition metals. In this paper, we studied the peroxide decomposition kinetics with different modes of addition of the P-stage chemicals in the presence of fully-bleached kraft pulps which are virtually lignin-free, in alkaline filtrates, in P-stage filtrate and in water. We found that most of the peroxide decomposition occurring during a P-stage applied to chemical pulps takes place through interaction with transition metals in the pulp rather than with transition metals in the soluble bulk phase. We also concluded that in any component of a peroxide bleaching system, magnesium is extremely efficient at reducing the rate of peroxide decomposition, while a chelant becomes more valuable when complexing magnesium.
Un modèle d’argumentation pour l’aide à la décision dans les filières céréalières. (2012)

Food chain analysis is a highly complex procedure since it relies on numerous criteria of various types: environmental, economical, functional, sanitary, etc. Quality objectives imply different stakeholders, industrial partners, professional organizations, consumers, public authorities, etc. Since the goals of the implied stakeholders may be divergent, decision-making raises arbitration issues. Arbitration can be done through a compromise – a solution that satisfies, at least partially, all the actors – or favor some of the actors, depending on the decision-maker’s priorities. Several questions are open to support arbitration in food chains: what kind of representation and reasoning model is suitable to allow for contradictory viewpoints? How can stakeholders’ divergent priorities be taken into account? How can the conflicts be solved to achieve a tradeoff within a decision-support system? This paper proposes an artificial intelligence-based approach to formalize available knowledge as elements for decision-making. It develops an argumentation-based approach to support decision in food chains and presents an analysis of a case study concerning risks/benefits within the wheat to bread chain. It concerns the controversy about the possible change in the ash content of the flour used for commonly consumed French bread, and implies several stakeholders of the chain.
Acute esophageal necrosis syndrome. The 2021 update from an Italian survey and personal experience. (2022)

Acute necrotizing esophagitis, Black esophagus, Ischemia.
The Synthesis and Polymerization of Glycolipid-Based Monomers (2001)

Enzymatic-synthesis of well-defined sophorolipid-analogs for evaluation of their bioactivities and as new building blocks for the preparation of glycolipid-based amphiphilic polymers is described. This work describes a route to prepare a novel glycolipid containing polymers. Specifically, the synthesis of a 6-O-acryl sophorolipid derivative, its homopolymerization, and copolymerization with acrylic acid and acrylamide are presented. The alkyl esters of sophorolipids, produced by Torulopsis bombicola were subjected to Novozym 435 catalyzed acylation in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) with vinyl acrylate and vinyl acetate to diacyl derivatives. A chemo-enzymatic synthetic strategy was used that exploits advantageous characteristics of both chemical and enzymatic transformations. The regioselective synthesis of 6'-O-acryl sophorolipid derivative was accomplished by a lipase-catalyzed acrylation reaction in dry organic solvent. Of the lipases PPL, CCL, PS-30, AK, MAP-10, Novozym-435 and Lipozyme IM screened to catalyze this transformation, Novozym-435 was found to be the biocatalyst of choice. Subsequent homopolymerization of the C-6' monoacryl sophorolipid derivative and its copolymerization with acrylamide and acrylic acid by AIBN afforded glycolipid containing acrylate polymers. This is the first report of any attempt towards incorporation of these biosurfactant analogs into polymers.
Tight-binding model for the x-ray absorption and emission spectra of diluteGaNxAs1−xat the nitrogenKedge (2004)

X-ray absorption and fluorescence spectra have been measured at the nitrogen K edge of dilute ${\mathrm{GaN}}_{x}{\mathrm{As}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ alloys. The x-ray spectra are in good agreement with an ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}{s}^{*}$ tight-binding model in which nitrogen is included in a supercell configuration and the disorder in the nitrogen distribution is neglected. A strong peak in the x-ray absorption spectrum is interpreted as a nitrogen resonant state in the conduction band rather than as an electron-hole exciton. The tight-binding calculation is also in good agreement with the observed nitrogen concentration dependence of the optical band gap.
Proton Translocation in Proteins (1989)

The active transport of protons across the low dielectric barrier imposed by biological membranes is accomplished by a plethora of proteins that span the ca. 40 Å of the phospholipid bilayer. The free energy derived from the proton electrochemical potential established by the translocation of these protons can subsequently be used to drive vital chemical reactions of the cell, such as ATP synthesis and cell locomotion. Membrane-bound proton translocating proteins have now been found for a variety of organisms and tissues (1). The driving force for proton pumping in these proteins is supplied by numerous mechanisms, including light absorption (e.g. bacteriorhodopsin) (2a,b), ligand binding (e.g. ATPase) (3), and electrochemistry (e.g. electron transfer through cytochrome c oxidase) (4). Thus nature has devised a variety of methods for supplying the energy required for proton pumping by these proteins. Such diversity notwithstanding, the proteins most likely share some common elements of structure and mechanism that allow them to function as proton pumps. A number of theoretical mechanisms have been put forth for both general proton translocation (5-7) and for energy coupling in specific proton pumps. However, despite almost three decades of intensive research, the details of the mechanism(s) and structural requirements for proton pumping remain largely unresolved. To some extent this is the result of the paucity of structural information available for integral membrane proteins. This situation may soon improve as a result of advances in protein methodologies that have allowed several integral membrane proteins to be successfully crystalized (8), and the increased use of genetic engineering to obtain recombinant proton translocating proteins that will offer an opportunity to assess the importance of specific amino acids for the proton translocation process (9).