gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review of Urban Air Pollution Monitoring and Exposure Assessment Methods (2017)

The impact of urban air pollution on the environments and human health has drawn increasing concerns from researchers, policymakers and citizens. To reduce the negative health impact, it is of great importance to measure the air pollution at high spatial resolution in a timely manner. Traditionally, air pollution is measured using dedicated instruments at fixed monitoring stations, which are placed sparsely in urban areas. With the development of low-cost micro-scale sensing technology in the last decade, portable sensing devices installed on mobile campaigns have been increasingly used for air pollution monitoring, especially for traffic-related pollution monitoring. In the past, some reviews have been done about air pollution exposure models using monitoring data obtained from fixed stations, but no review about mobile sensing for air pollution has been undertaken. This article is a comprehensive review of the recent development in air pollution monitoring, including both the pollution data acquisition and the pollution assessment methods. Unlike the existing reviews on air pollution assessment, this paper not only introduces the models that researchers applied on the data collected from stationary stations, but also presents the efforts of applying these models on the mobile sensing data and discusses the future research of fusing the stationary and mobile sensing data.
Detecting Anomalous and Unknown Intrusions against Programs in Real-Time. (1997)

Abstract : This report discusses the research and results discovered under a Phase I SBIR program awarded by DARPA and the U.S. Missile Command contract number DAAH01-97-C-R095. The main objective of this Phase I research grant is to study the feasibility in using connectionist approaches to detecting the existence of anomalous or unknown intrusions against programs in real-time. The research resulted in the development of a prototype that can be used to train a neural network on both normal and anomalous usage and behavior of programs. The prototype was applied to the usage of Web-based applications as well as to the usage and behavior of a system utility program. Initial results demonstrate the viability of this approach to detecting unknown attacks against systems through misuse and anomalous behavior of software programs. In addition to presenting the empirical results, we discuss theoretical issues in the constraints of this approach, as well as the commercial potential we see in this approach. Though many avenues of research, development, and commercialization still exist, the initial results from this Phase I project demonstrate the feasibility of using connectionist networks to detecting anomalous usage and behavior in programs.
Adaptive array processing for wideband nulling in GPS systems (2002)

Military GPS systems must operate in the presence of hostile jamming. Vast power differences between nearby jammers and distant satellite sources makes the spread-spectrum gain of the GPS signal inadequate for anti-jamming (A/J) protection. Adaptive antenna nulling systems have been proposed for additional A/J protection, but current systems, such as the AE-1, fail to address the near-field multipath associated with arrays mounted on a real aircraft. We examine the design of a space-time-adaptive (STAP) beamformer for GPS nulling, including the effects the STAP processor has on the GPS position calculation via the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements from different satellites. Two novel architectures are proposed, and their performance quantified via a simulation driven by measurements taken on a 1/4 scale F-16.
No receptor stands alone: IgG B-cell receptor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms contribute to antibody memory (2014)

Acquired immunological memory is a striking phenomenon. A lethal epidemic sweeps through a naïve population, many die but those who survive are never "attacked twice - never at least fatally", as the historian Thucydides observed in 430 BCE. Antibody memory is critical for protection against many human infectious diseases and is the basis for nearly all current human vaccines. Antibody memory is encoded, in part, in isotype-switched immunoglobulin (Ig)G-expressing memory B cells that are generated in the primary response to antigen and give rise to rapid, high-affinity and high-titered antibody responses upon challenge with the same antigen. How IgG-B-cell receptors (BCRs) and antigen-induced IgG-BCR signaling contribute to memory antibody responses are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize exciting new advances that are revealing the cellular and molecular mechanisms at play in antibody memory and discuss how studies using different experimental approaches will help elucidate the complex phenomenon of B-cell memory.
Low-power, low-noise adder design with pass-transistor adiabatic logic (2002)

In this paper, the efficiency of a fully adiabatic logic circuit is compared with its combinational and pipelined static CMOS counterparts. The performance of each circuit is studied in terms of the maximum operating frequency, the minimum operating voltage, the circuit energy consumption, and the switching noise generated by the circuit. An 8-bit carry look-ahead adder is designed using a 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology for all three logic styles. Based on the post-layout simulation results, the adiabatic adder exhibits energy savings of 76% to 87% and 87% to 90% compared to its combinational and pipelined static CMOS counterparts, respectively. It also exhibits a considerable reduction in switching noise compared to its static CMOS counterparts.
Terrain-aware rollover prediction for ground vehicles using the zero-moment point method (2010)

Rollover accidents are one of the leading causes of death in highway accidents due to their very high fatality rate. A key challenge in preventing rollover via chassis control is that the prediction of the onset of rollover can be quite difficult, especially in the presence of terrain features typical of roadway environments. These road features include superelevation of the road (e.g road bank), the median slope, and the shoulder down-slope. This work develops a vehicle rollover prediction algorithm that is based on a kinematic analysis of vehicle motion, a method that allows explicit inclusion of terrain effects. The solution approach utilizes the concept of zero-moment point (ZMP) that is typically applied to walking robot dynamics. This concept is introduced in terms of a lower-order model of vehicle roll dynamics to measure the vehicle rollover propensity, and the resulting ZMP prediction allows a direct measure of a vehicle rollover threat index. Simulation results using a complex multi-body vehicle simulation show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm during different road geometry scenarios and driver excitations.
In vivo viability of red blood cells stored in CPDA‐2 (1982)

The marginal viability of erythrocytes stored for 35 days as red blood cell concentrates in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine-one (CPDA-1) was attributed to inadequate nutrient support with adenine and glucose. In an effort to improve the viability of red blood cells following extended storage, a new CPD-adenine and 1.4 times more glucose than CPDA-1. The efficacy of CPDA-2 was evaluated in vivo by measurement of 24-hour postinfusion recovery of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes which had been stored as whole blood or red blood cell concentrates for 5 to 8 weeks. All red blood cell concentrates, and the whole blood units stored for 35 and 42 days, were held at room temperature for 8 hours prior to processing and/or refrigeration. CPDA-2 yielded significantly higher 51Cr survivals than CPDA-1 and exceeded the accepted criterion for anticoagulant preservative efficacy of 70 percent postinfusion survival of red blood cells after storage for a period of 42 days. Preliminary data supports possible usage to 49 days. Plasma glucose and red blood cell ATP concentration were maintained better in CPDA-2 than in CPDA-1. When compared to historical controls for CPD and CPDA-1 the data suggest that red blood cells stored in CPDA-02 will have superior viability throughout the entire storage period. CPDA-2 is a candidate to replace CPDA-1 as the anticoagulant-preservative solution of choice for red blood cell concentrates.
Space-Time Codes with Block-Orthogonal Structure and Their Simplified ML and Near-ML Decoding (2010)

Existing high-rate full diversity space-time codes (STC) always have high decoding complexity with traditional ML (maximum-likelihood) or near-ML decoding. Hence the decoding scheme with reduced complexity is required. In this paper, block-orthogonal structure is introduced for the first time, and most of the existing STC do have such structure. A simplified decoding is proposed to exploit the block-orthogonal structure of the code and reduce the complexity drastically without any extra loss in decoding performance.
New Two-Dimensional Niobium and Vanadium Carbides as Promising Materials for Li-Ion Batteries (2013)

New two-dimensional niobium and vanadium carbides have been synthesized by selective etching, at room temperature, of Al from Nb2AlC and V2AlC, respectively. These new matrials are promising electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, demonstrating good capability to handle high charge-discharge rates. Reversible capacities of 170 and 260 mA·h·g(-1) at 1 C, and 110 and 125 mA·h·g(-1) at 10 C were obtained for Nb2C and V2C-based electrodes, respectively.
The E46K mutation modulates α-synuclein prion replication in transgenic mice (2022)

In multiple system atrophy (MSA), the α-synuclein protein misfolds into a self-templating prion conformation that spreads throughout the brain, leading to progressive neurodegeneration. While the E46K mutation in α-synuclein causes familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), we previously discovered that this mutation blocks in vitro propagation of MSA prions. Recent studies by others indicate that α-synuclein adopts a misfolded conformation in MSA in which a Greek key motif is stabilized by an intramolecular salt bridge between residues E46 and K80. Hypothesizing that the E46K mutation impedes salt bridge formation and, therefore, exerts a selective pressure that can modulate α-synuclein strain propagation, we asked whether three distinct α-synuclein prion strains could propagate in TgM47 +/- mice, which express human α-synuclein with the E46K mutation. Following intracranial injection of these strains, TgM47 +/- mice were resistant to MSA prion transmission, whereas recombinant E46K preformed fibrils (PFFs) transmitted neurological disease to mice and induced the formation of phosphorylated α-synuclein neuropathology. In contrast, heterotypic seeding following wild-type (WT) PFF–inoculation resulted in preclinical α-synuclein prion propagation. Moreover, when we inoculated TgM20 +/- mice, which express WT human α-synuclein, with E46K PFFs, we observed delayed transmission kinetics with an incomplete attack rate. These findings suggest that the E46K mutation constrains the number of α-synuclein prion conformations that can propagate in TgM47 +/- mice, expanding our understanding of the selective pressures that impact α-synuclein prion replication.
Ed. von STACKELBERG. - Ueber Lösungs- und Verdünnungswärmen (Sur les chaleurs de dissolution et de dilution). — Zeitschrift für physik. Chemie, XXVI, 3; 1898 (1899)

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Characterization of anodic bonding (2004)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2004.
Solution/gelation of arsenic trisulfide in amine solvents (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolution/gelation of arsenic trisulfide in amine solventsTheresa A. Guiton and Carlo G. PantanoCite this: Chem. Mater. 1989, 1, 5, 558–563Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00005a018https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00005a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views333Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A logic to unify semantic network knowledge systems with object-oriented database models (1992)

In recent years, coupling knowledge-based systems with existing database systems has gained tremendous attention in both artificial intelligence and database communities. However, many existing approaches suffer from (1) poor support of the semantic modeling capabilities in the underlying relational database systems that is required by the coupled knowledge systems; (2) inadequate performance due to the separation of inference engines from database engines; (3) weak knowledge consistency due to the separation of data and knowledge stored in different domains. The author takes a novel approach by tightly coupling semantic-network based knowledge systems with object-oriented database models. In order to support the highly semantic knowledge-based system, he augments existing object-oriented data models with extra modeling capabilities, such as the interaction of generalization/specialization with aggregation and other association relationships in semantic nets. All semantic information is transformed and encoded into first-order logic representation for efficient reasoning.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Power-efficient and high-performance block I/O framework for mobile virtualization systems (2015)

This paper proposes an efficient block I/O framework for mobile virtualization environments containing a few CPU cores. We improve the block I/O layer of a virtual machine (VM) so that it can provide higher I/O performance and lower CPU usage. Generally, virtualized systems suffer from I/O performance degradation due to inherent virtualization overheads. Recently suggested polling-based I/O virtualization techniques can achieve high performance improvement. However, it has a drawback in CPU utilization, so it is difficult for embedded or mobile systems to adopt the polling mechanism because they do not have sufficient CPU cores. The proposed block I/O framework in this paper monitors the status of I/O requests and CPU utilization in order to dynamically switch the I/O process mode between exit mode and polling mode, and change the polling interval depending on the amount of current I/O requests. It can achieve both higher I/O performance and lower CPU utilization. The experimental results show that our proposed framework outperformed existing exit-based mechanism by achieving 18.8% better throughput and 15.1% lower CPU usage. Moreover, in comparison with the system using only polling mechanism, it can reduce the CPU usage by 10% with almost no throughput degradation.
Tetherin is an exosomal tether. (2016)

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released when endosomes fuse with the plasma membrane. They have been implicated in various functions in both health and disease, including intercellular communication, antigen presentation, prion transmission, and tumour cell metastasis. Here we show that inactivating the vacuolar ATPase in HeLa cells causes a dramatic increase in the production of exosomes, which display endocytosed tracers, cholesterol, and CD63. The exosomes remain clustered on the cell surface, similar to retroviruses, which are attached to the plasma membrane by tetherin. To determine whether tetherin also attaches exosomes, we knocked it out and found a 4-fold reduction in plasma membrane-associated exosomes, with a concomitant increase in exosomes discharged into the medium. This phenotype could be rescued by wild-type tetherin but not tetherin lacking its GPI anchor. We propose that tetherin may play a key role in exosome fate, determining whether they participate in long-range or short-range interactions.
Synthesis and enzymatic activity of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate analogs. (1979)

2-Mono-and 2, 6-di-substituted cAMP (cAMP : adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic phosphate) were derived from the corresponding adenosine analogs via the 5'-phosphates. 2-Substituted cAMP and aristeromycin 3', 6'-cyclic phosphate were led to the 8-bromo derivatives. 8-(3, 5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-cAMP was derived from 8-hydrazinoadenosine. 8-(2-Hydroxypropyl-2)-cAMP was prepared by a γ-ray irradiation of cAMP in isopropanol. N6-Butyl-2-phenyl-cAMP was derived from 2-phenylinosine. 2-or 8-Substituted cAMP was led to its dibutyryl derivative. The activities of these new analogs were assessed with cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PK) and cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDE). 8-Bromo-2-chloro-, 2-chloro-, 2-bromo-, 2-phenylthio-, 8-carbamoyl- and 8-carboxy-cAMP were better activators of PK than cAMP, while 2-substituted analogs were significant substrates and inhibitors of PDE. 2-Phenyl-, benzyl-, phenoxy-, chloro- and bromo-cAMP or aristeromycin 3', 6'-cyclic phosphate had an inhibitory effect on the binding of cAMP to PK equal to or more than cAMP.
Contractile Responses to Histamine, Serotonin, and Angiotensin II Are Impaired by 17&beta;-Estradiol in Human Internal Mammary Arteries in vitro (1997)

There is accumulating evidence that estrogen replacement therapy protects against the development of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. The mechanism of this protective effect is uncertain. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether 17 beta-estradiol acutely modifies vascular smooth muscle contractile responses to various agonists in human arteries in vitro. Human mammary artery rings were obtained during aortocoronary bypass operations. Rings were suspended in organ baths for isometric tension measurements. Concentration response curves induced by serotonin (0.01-30 mumol/l), histamine (0.01-300 mumol/l), and angiotensin II (0.1-100 nmol/l) were generated after pre-incubation for 30 min with either 17 beta-estradiol (3 mumol/l) or solvent (0.2% ethanol). The presence of 17 beta-estradiol significantly reduced the maximal contractile effects induced by histamine, serotonin, and angiotensin II, but not by 80 mmol/l potassium chloride. It is concluded that short-term incubation with 17 beta-estradiol reduces the maximal contractile responses to serotonin, histamine, and angiotensin II. These modulating effects of estrogen on vascular tone may contribute to the proposed beneficial role of estrogen replacement therapy on the incidence of myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women.
Side effects of antidepressants: an overview. (2006)

Adverse effects of antidepressant drugs can decrease compliance and delay recovery. It is therefore crucial to consider potential side effects when choosing an antidepressant. Although there is no perfect antidepressant that works quickly and is completely free of adverse reactions, newer antidepressants are safer, better tolerated, and associated with a lower rate of noncompliance.
Low-profile flat pack: a high-power fiber coupled laser diode package for low-cost high-reliability applications (2004)

In recent years, high power diode lasers have become established in many applications like material processing, fiber laser and amplifier pumping, free space communication, direct printing and medical diagnosis and procedures. In particular, advances in laser diode packaging have resulted in devices with high wall-plug efficiency, enhanced reliability and low cost of ownership. Despite the advances of recent years, packaging, testing and reliability assurance still account for a majority of the cost of a fiber coupled laser diode. At MKPA-Panasonic, we are developing new fiber coupled laser diode package designs to enable low cost, high reliability assemblies that are amenable to high volume manufacturing. In this paper, we present a new low-profile, uncooled package for single-emitter high power laser diode packaging applications. Detailed design information, thermal modeling and reliability data for this small footprint, low profile optical flat package (OFP) with 4W output power in a 0.15NA, 100 micron core fiber is presented. The unique packaging technology resulting in good thermal and reliability performance in uncooled environments is discussed. All the assembly processes for the package are performed in a flux-free environment. The package is devoid of epoxy and can be hermetically sealed for high reliability operation. A reduced bill of materials and assembly steps result in significant cost savings. The design eliminates all non-vertical assembly processes for ease of assembly. Other features include passive die attach and integrated fiber mount. This package is specifically designed to address the fiber laser pump, industrial material processing, solid state laser pumping, printing and medical application markets.
A PD-L1-Based Cancer Vaccine Elicits Antitumor Immunity in a Mouse Melanoma Model (2019)

Engagement of programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1/2 induces a signal transduction pathway that inhibits the activity of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Antibodies blocking PD-1 or PD-L1 can restore antitumor T cell responses and cause long-term remission in a subset of cancer patients with advanced or refractory tumors. In this study, we asked whether PD-L1 vaccination could confer tumor control in mouse tumor models. To address the central tolerance toward self-molecules, we fused the extracellular domain of PD-L1 (PD-L1E) to the C-terminal of the translocation domain of diphtheria toxin (DTT). DTT is able to elicit CD4+ T cell responses required for inducing robust immune responses against self-molecules. The fusion molecule is called DPDL1E. When formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), DPDL1E elicited robust immune responses biased toward the Th1 type and inhibited tumor growth in both preventive and therapeutic mouse tumor models. We further showed that the anti-DPDL1E sera blocked PD-L1 binding to PD-1 <i>in vitro</i>. The DPDL1E vaccination increased the levels of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) and reduced the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as well as exhausted LAG3+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells. All of these data suggest that DPDL1E vaccination reverses the suppressive phenotype of the tumor microenvironment and that it is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.