gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Standalone real-time navigation algorithm for single-frequency ionosphere-free positioning based on dynamic ambiguities (DARTS-SF) (2006)

ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates that compensation of ionosphere delays can be achieved in a purely standalone real-time mode, even if only one frequency is available and no additional information is used. The algorithm presented in this paper is based on the combination of two ideas: the use of an iono-free single-frequency range observable (code + phase)/2 and the concept of phase processing with dynamic ambiguities. The concept of DARTS ( D ynamic A mbiguities R eal- T ime S tandalone) was described in detail in a previous paper presented at this conference in 2003 [1]. DARTS is based on joint processing of code with phase by the Kalman filter, where floating phase ambiguities are modeled not as constants, but as slowly changing values. The original DARTS was a dual-frequency algorithm, where ionosphere delays were fully compensated due to the use of iono-free code and iono-free phase observables. The main result achieved with DARTS was the reduction of the positional errors owing to system biases by a factor of about two. Direct application of the DARTS processing to the single-frequency case is feasible, but a straightforward single-frequency version of DARTS, which is based on the combined processing of the C/A code and L1 phase, suffers from uncompensated ionosphere delays. The central idea of the new algorithm, the DARTS-SF (DARTS-Single Frequency), is to use an iono-free single-frequency combination, (code+phase)/2 as iono-free phase. This combination has the same geometrical behaviour as phase. Due to a well-known fact that the contributions of ionosphere delays to phase and code measurements have the same values but an opposite sign, this combination contains no ionosphere delays. In DARTS-SF, the (code+phase)/2 observable is used in the Kalman filter in the place of iono-free phase. The measurement noise model must be modified appropriately in order to take into account the higher noise of this “iono-free quasi-phase” observable as compared to normal phase measurement. The error budget and positional performance of DARTS-SF are in fact similar to these of the original dual-frequency DARTS (DARTS-DF). The DARTS-SF shows almost complete compensation of ionosphere delays and about the same reduction of system biases as DARTS-DF. The multipath noise is reduced by a factor of 2 as compared to standard C/A code processing. In benign ionospheric conditions, the standard deviation of computed heights with DARTS-SF is around 1.5 m, which is even lower than the typical accuracy level of standard dual-frequency positioning and is comparable to the performance of dual-frequency DARTS. DARTS-SF shows its best when high ionospheric activity is present. For the data collected during the well-known storm of November 20 2003, the gains in positional accuracy are by a factor of 5-10 as compared to standard single-frequency code-based processing. DARTS-SF is designed having in mind its application in single-frequency GNSS receivers. It uses only the data available to a standalone L1-only receiver in real time.
Non‐cholinergic transmission by post‐ganglionic motor neurones in the mammalian bladder (1970)

1. In mucosa-free preparations of the detrusor muscle electrical stimulation with 0.1 msec pulses has been utilized to reveal the non-cholinergic nature of most, if not all, of the post-ganglionic motor neurones in the guinea-pig bladder.2. The twitches elicited by 0.1 msec pulses were abolished by tetrodotoxin, but were not reduced by dimethyltubocurarine or by hexamethonium. Hexamethonium was nevertheless present in all the experiments in order to restrict acetylcholine action to ;muscarinic' receptors in the muscle fibres.3. There was little or no diminution in the twitches after prolonged exposure to atropine, 10(-8)-10(-5) g/ml., although the twitch-matching dose of acetylcholine was raised 1000-2500 times. Hence, there was no anomalous refractoriness to atropine in these ;muscarinic' receptors.4. Despite massive atropinization, the recruitment of unoccupied transmitter-receptors by means of extra pulses remained unaffected.5. Eserine failed to potentiate the atropine-resistant twitches.6. The twitches were not depressed by morphine.7. Noradrenaline produced relaxation and twitch reduction. The twitches persisted after alpha + beta adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine + pronethalol and were unaffected by the monoamine oxidase and catecholamine-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, tranylcypromine and pyrogallol.8. Rapid contractions were elicited by 5-HT and by histamine but the twitches remained unaltered after antagonism of 5-HT by methysergide and of histamine by mepyramine.9. The twitches could be mimicked by injections of ATP, but after desensitization of the preparation to ATP the response to electrical stimulation remained unaltered.10. Prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha), only in large doses, produced delayed, sluggish contractions which persisted after the wash; these contractions were quite different from the responses to electrical stimulation, which were immediate, sharp and brief.11. The non-cholinergic nature of the post-ganglionic motor neurones was confirmed in the bladder of two other species, the cat and the rabbit.
Biochemical and genetic characterization of PpcA, a periplasmic c-type cytochrome in Geobacter sulfurreducens (2002)

A 9.6 kDa periplasmic c -type cytochrome, designated PpcA, was purified from the Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens and characterized. The purified protein is basic (pI 9.5), contains three haems and has an N-terminal amino acid sequence closely related to those of the previously described trihaem c (7) cytochromes of Geobacter metallireducens and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The gene encoding PpcA was identified from the G. sulfurreducens genome using the N-terminal sequence, and encodes a protein of 71 amino acids (molecular mass 9.58 kDa) with 49% identity to the c (7) cytochrome of D. acetoxidans. In order to determine the physiological role of PpcA, a knockout mutant was prepared with a single-step recombination method. Acetate-dependent Fe(III) reduction was significantly inhibited in both growing cultures and cell suspensions of the mutant. When ppcA was expressed in trans, the full capacity for Fe(III) reduction with acetate was restored. The transfer of electrons from acetate to anthraquinone 2,6-disulphonate (AQDS; a humic acid analogue) and to U(VI) was also compromised in the mutant, but acetate-dependent reduction of fumarate was not altered. The rates of reduction of Fe(III), AQDS, U(VI) and fumarate were also the same in the wild type and ppcA mutant when hydrogen was supplied as the electron donor. When taken together with previous studies on other electron transport proteins in G. sulfurreducens, these results suggest that PpcA serves as an intermediary electron carrier from acetate to terminal Fe(III) reductases in the outer membrane, and is also involved in the transfer of electrons from acetate to U(VI) and humics.
Folk Classification and Factor Rotations: Whales, Sharks, and the Problems with HiTOP (2021)

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) uses factor analysis to group people with similar self-reported symptoms (i.e., like-goes-with-like). It is hailed as a significant improvement over other diagnostic taxonomies. However, the purported advantages and fundamental assumptions of HiTOP have received little, if any scientific scrutiny. We critically evaluated five fundamental claims about HiTOP. We conclude that HiTOP does not demonstrate a high degree of verisimilitude and has the potential to hinder progress on understanding the etiology of psychopathology. It does not lend itself to theory-building or taxonomic evolution, and it cannot account for multifinality, equifinality, or developmental and etiological processes. In its current form, HiTOP is not ready to use in clinical settings and may result in algorithmic bias against underrepresented groups. We recommend a bifurcation strategy moving forward in which the DSM is used in clinical settings while researchers focus on developing a falsifiable theory-based classification system.
Security Checkers: Detecting processor malicious inclusions at runtime (2011)

To counter the growing threat of malicious subversions to the design of a microprocessor, there is a great need for simple, automated methods for detecting such malevolent changes. Based on the adoption of the Property Specification Language (PSL) for behavioral verification, and the advent of tools for automatically generating synthesizable hardware design language (HDL) constructs for verifying a PSL assertion, we propose a new method called Security Checkers, which uses security-focused PSL assertions to create hardware design units for detecting malicious inclusions at runtime. We describe the process flow for creating Security Checkers and demonstrate by example how they can be used to detect malicious inclusions in a processor design. Because the checkers can be used in simulation, FPGA emulation, or as part of a fabricated design, we illustrate how this technique can be used to detect malicious inclusions over a much broader segment of the processor development lifecycle, compared to existing methods.
In patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome innate-like MAIT cells display upregulated IL-7R, IFN-γ, and IL-21 expression and have increased proportions of CCR9 and CXCR5-expressing cells (2022)

Circulating CD161+ and IL-18Rα+ MAIT cell numbers are decreased in pSS patients. Given their enriched CCR9/CXCR5 expression this may facilitate migration to inflamed salivary glands known to overexpress CCL25/CXCL13. Given the pivotal role of IL-7 and IL-21 in inflammation in pSS this indicates a potential role for MAIT cells in driving pSS immunopathology.
Proximity effects and the generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation (1975)

A computer program has been developed which finds solutions of the generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation subject to de Genne's boundary conditions. The resulting information on the spatially varying order parameter is then interpreted vis-\`a-vis experimental data on both superconductor-insulator-normal-metal-superconductor Josephson tunneling systems, and ultrasonic-surface-wave attenuation.
Evolution of the AID/APOBEC Family of Polynucleotide (Deoxy)cytidine Deaminases (2004)

The AID/APOBEC family (comprising AID, APOBEC1, APOBEC2, and APOBEC3 subgroups) contains members that can deaminate cytidine in RNA and/or DNA and exhibit diverse physiological functions (AID and APOBEC3 deaminating DNA to trigger pathways in adaptive and innate immunity; APOBEC1 mediating apolipoprotein B RNA editing). The founder member APOBEC1, which has been used as a paradigm, is an RNA-editing enzyme with proposed antecedents in yeast. Here, we have undertaken phylogenetic analysis to glean insight into the primary physiological function of the AID/APOBEC family. We find that although the family forms part of a larger superfamily of deaminases distributed throughout the biological world, the AID/APOBEC family itself is restricted to vertebrates with homologs of AID (a DNA deaminase that triggers antibody gene diversification) and of APOBEC2 (unknown function) identifiable in sequence databases from bony fish, birds, amphibians, and mammals. The cloning of an AID homolog from dogfish reveals that AID extends at least as far back as cartilaginous fish. Like mammalian AID, the pufferfish AID homolog can trigger deoxycytidine deamination in DNA but, consistent with its cold-blooded origin, is thermolabile. The fine specificity of its mutator activity and the biased codon usage in pufferfish IgV genes appear broadly similar to that of their mammalian counterparts, consistent with a coevolution of the antibody mutator and its substrate for the optimal targeting of somatic mutation during antibody maturation. By contrast, APOBEC1 and APOBEC3 are later evolutionary arrivals with orthologs not found in pufferfish (although synteny with mammals is maintained in respect of the flanking loci). We conclude that AID and APOBEC2 are likely to be the ancestral members of the AID/APOBEC family (going back to the beginning of vertebrate speciation) with both APOBEC1 and APOBEC3 being mammal-specific derivatives of AID and a complex set of domain shuffling underpinning the expansion and evolution of the primate APOBEC3s.
Differential Immunogenicity of Epstein-Barr Virus Latent-Cycle Proteins for Human CD4+T-Helper 1 Responses (2001)

Human CD4(+) T-helper 1 cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are likely to be important in the maintenance of virus-specific CD8(+) memory and/or as antiviral effectors in their own right. The present work has used overlapping peptides as stimulators of gamma interferon release (i) to identify CD4(+) epitopes within four EBV latent-cycle proteins, i.e., the nuclear antigens EBNA1 and EBNA3C and the latent membrane proteins LMP1 and LMP2, and (ii) to determine the frequency and magnitude of memory responses to these proteins in healthy virus carriers. Responses to EBNA1 and EBNA3C epitopes were detected in the majority of donors, and in the case of EBNA1, their antigen specificity was confirmed by in vitro reactivation and cloning of CD4(+) T cells using protein-loaded dendritic cell stimulators. By contrast, responses to LMP1 and LMP2 epitopes were seen much less frequently. EBV latent-cycle proteins therefore display a marked hierarchy of immunodominance for CD4(+) T-helper 1 cells (EBNA1, EBNA3C >> LMP1, LMP2) which is different from that identified for the same proteins with respect to CD8(+)-T-cell responses (EBNA3C > EBNA1 > LMP2 >> LMP1). Furthermore, the range of CD4(+) memory T-cell frequencies in peripheral blood of healthy virus carriers was noticeably lower and narrower than the corresponding range of latent antigen-specific CD8(+)-T-cell frequencies.
Experimental Studies of Vapor-Deposited Water−Ice Films Using Grazing-Angle FTIR-Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (1997)

Grazing-angle Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the free OH stretch (or “dangling bond”) in vapor-deposited H2O−ice films between 94 and 120 K. Ice film thicknesses and the sensitivity of our instrument to water−ice molecules were determined by optical interference using a helium−neon laser. These calibrations indicate that the dangling bond signals observed in the present study are indicative of the surfaces of micropores present within the amorphous ice bulk. The largest dangling bond signal (corresponding to the largest number of micropores) was observed at 94 K under conditions of fast ice growth while the smallest signal was observed at 120 K under conditions of slow growth. The temperature and pressure dependence of the dangling bond signal during film growth was used to estimate a barrier to diffusion (Edif) for H2O on amorphous ice. We measured an upper limit of Edif = 4.2 (±0.5) kcal mol-1, consistent with a theoretically derived value of Edif = 2.5−3 kcal mol-1. The decay of the dangling bond over time (corresponding largely to the collapse of the micropores) was monitored in ice films roughly 100 nm thick. With initial deposition rates of 2 nm s-1, the decay took 125 and 175 min at 118 and 112 K, respectively. Faster deposition rates and colder temperatures decreased the decay rate.
Up-regulation of Borrelia-specific IL-4- and IFN-γ-secreting cells in cerebrospinal fluid from children with Lyme neuroborreliosis (2005)

The clinical course and outcome of several infectious diseases are dependent on the type of immune response elicited against the pathogen. In adults with neuroborreliosis (NB), a type 1 response with high production of Borrelia-specific IFN-gamma, but no IL-4, has been reported. Since children have a more benign course of NB than adults, we wanted to investigate type 1 and type 2 responses in children with NB. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood were collected from children during the acute stage of 'confirmed NB' (n = 34), 'possible NB' (n = 30) and 'non-NB' (n = 10). The number of Borrelia-specific IL-4- and IFN-gamma-secreting cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Borrelia-specific secretion of both IL-4 and IFN-gamma was increased in CSF in confirmed (P < 0.05) and possible (P < 0.01) NB, when compared with non-NB controls. Furthermore, children with NB had significantly higher Borrelia-specific IL-4 secretion in CSF than an adult reference material with NB (P < 0.05). There were no differences in cytokine secretion in relation to onset or recovery of neurological symptoms. Since IL-4 is known to down-regulate the pro-inflammatory and possibly harmful effects of prolonged IFN-gamma responses, the prominent IL-4 response observed in the central nervous system compartment might contribute to the more benign disease course seen in children with Lyme NB.
Static accommodation in congenital nystagmus. (1993)

We speculate that the primary component contributing to the anomalous accommodative behavior was the increased depth-of-focus, with this perhaps being related to abnormal fixational eye movements and eccentric fixation, and more generally related to overall reduced sensitivity resulting from the early abnormal visual experience.
A New Routing-Based Admission Control for MPLS Networks (2007)

In this paper, we propose a routing-based admission control mechanism for the IP traffic flows in MPLS networks. This mechanism is based on solving exactly a mathematical programming model including end-to-end delay constraints for all traffic flows. The numerical results show that considering end-to-end delay constraints for already admitted flows has not an important impact on the blocking rate but significantly reduces the mean end-to-end delay of each flow
A Mobile Mapping System for Road Data Capture via A Single Camera (2003)

The development or road telematics requires the management of continuously growing road databases. Mobile mapping systems can acquire this information, while offering an unbeatable productivity with the combination of navigation and videogrammetry tools.
Catalytic Technology for Soot and Gaseous Pollution Control (2010)

Abstract In this chapter, stationary and automotive technologies for gaseous and particulate pollution abatement are discussed. Stationary pollution abatement technologies involve the reduction of NO x emissions from the exhaust gases of power plants, industrial boilers, and gas turbines, and are based on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) using ammonia. In automotive pollution control, internal combustion engines represent the major source for the emission of NO x , CO, and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs), whereas diesel engines contribute to the emission of soot and NO x . These gaseous pollutants can be minimized with primary measures, for example, modification of the combustion process, and with additional secondary measures (exhaust purification by catalysts). The most frequent type of catalytic converter in automobiles is the three‐way catalyst (TWC) in stoichiometric operated gasoline engines, which simultaneously converts NO x , CO, and HCs. NO x emissions from lean‐operated engines can be removed by urea‐SCR and NO x storage reduction catalysts (NSC). Catalytic CO oxidation is an essential reaction of the TWC and NSC, and is also applied in diesel engines using the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) that can oxidize gaseous HCs as well as HCs adsorbed onto soot particles. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are used to remove soot from diesel exhaust by filtration of the particles through the porous walls of the filter. The DPF application requires regeneration; that is, oxidation of the stored soot particles, which is accomplished by indirect (NO 2 ‐assisted) and direct (redox metal oxide‐based) catalytic oxidation of the accumulated soot particles in the DPF.
De Novo Ceramide Synthesis Is Required for N-Linked Glycosylation in Plasma Cells (2009)

Plasma cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes responsible for the synthesis and secretion of Igs. The differentiation of B cells into PCs involves a remarkable expansion of both lipid and protein components of the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite their importance in many signal transduction pathways, the role of ceramides, and of complex sphingolipids that are derived from ceramide, in PC differentiation has never been directly studied. To assess their putative role in PC differentiation, we blocked ceramide synthesis with fumonisin B1, a specific inhibitor of ceramide synthase. Under fumonisin B1 treatment, N-linked glycosylation was severely impaired in LPS-activated, but not in naive, B cells. We also show that ceramide synthesis is strongly induced by XBP-1 (X box-binding protein-1). In the absence of ceramide synthesis, ER expansion was dramatically diminished. Our results underscore ceramide biosynthesis as a key metabolic pathway in the process of PC differentiation and reveal a previously unknown functional link between sphingolipids and N-linked glycosylation in PCs.
Influence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack on brain natriuretic peptide secretion. (2004)

These results suggest that elevated amounts of BNP during Af are released from secretory granules in the atrium, and BNP elevation of unknown cause may be attributed to the presence of asymptomatic Af. Cardiac function evaluation using BNP during Af requires special consideration, unlike during sinus rhythm, even in patients with PAf or chronic Af, because BNP during Af is the sum of the BNP values from the ventricle (reflecting left ventricular function) and the atrium (due to Af).
Broad‐Spectrum Enantioselective Diels—Alder Catalysis by Chiral, Cationic Oxazaborolidines. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multifrequency Inductive Power Transfer (2014)

This paper presents a generalized analysis of an inductive power transfer system where multiple frequencies are used to transfer power through the magnetic link. Specifically, we consider a system that amplifies both the fundamental and the third harmonic generated by a full-bridge inverter in order to transfer power to a receiver at both frequencies. The system is analyzed in a generalized manner, by looking at the transconductance function at the transmitter and the receiver for each of the harmonics. Using this approach, the emitted field strength, inverter losses, combined transmitter and receiver coil conduction losses, and VA ratings are compared to a reference single-frequency system. The analysis shows that the dual-frequency system can outperform the single-frequency equivalent for all metrics considered; however, in practice, a tradeoff between the performance criteria is necessary, since the optimal operation points for each criterion cannot be attained with a single design.
Kidney Glomerulonephritis and Renal Ischemia (2010)

A 64-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and known mild renal insufficiency (chronic kidney disease, stage 2) presented with fevers and chills, and worsening of kidney function (baseline plasma creatinine 1.5, increased to 1.8 mg/dL). His standing medications were modified and renal function was noted to return to baseline. One month later at follow up he reported fever, his renal function had deteriorated further with plasma creatinine level of 3.0 mg/dL, and he was found to be anemic. He received a blood transfusion and a course of antibiotics for presumed upper respiratory tract bacterial infection but one month later returned with lethargy, oliguria, and further deterioration in renal function with creatinine 4.4 mg/dL. At this point, he was referred to a nephrologist for further assessment.