gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visible‐Light, Metal‐Free α‐Amino C(sp3)–H Activation through 1,5‐Hydrogen Migration: A Concise Method for the Preparation of Bis(indolyl)alkanes (2015)

Abstract A photoredox catalytic, metal‐free method for C–H functionalization α to amines directly leads to the formation of bis(indolyl)alkane products in good to excellent yields. This transformation hinges on a smooth 1,5‐hydrogen migration to an aryl radical intermediate.
Postnatal development of the amygdala: A stereological study in macaque monkeys (2011)

Abnormal development of the amygdala has been linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. However, the postnatal development of the amygdala is not easily explored at the cellular level in humans. Here we performed a stereological analysis of the macaque monkey amygdala in order to characterize the cellular changes underlying its normal structural development in primates. The lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei exhibited the same developmental pattern, with a large increase in volume between birth and 3 months of age, followed by slower growth continuing beyond 1 year of age. In contrast, the medial nucleus was near adult size at birth. At birth, the volume of the central nucleus was half of the adult value; this nucleus exhibited significant growth even after 1 year of age. Neither neuronal soma size, nor neuron or astrocyte numbers changed during postnatal development. In contrast, oligodendrocyte numbers increased substantially, in parallel with an increase in amygdala volume, after 3 months of age. At birth, the paralaminar nucleus contained a large pool of immature neurons that gradually developed into mature neurons, leading to a late increase in the volume of this nucleus. Our findings revealed that distinct amygdala nuclei exhibit different developmental profiles and that the amygdala is not fully mature for some time postnatally. We identified different periods during which pathogenic factors might lead to the abnormal development of distinct amygdala circuits, which may contribute to different human neurodevelopmental disorders associated with alterations of amygdala structure and functions.
Actual usage of biological nomenclature and its implications for data integrators; a national, regional and global perspective (2008)

Biological names play an important role in resource identification and as anchors for all sorts of associated information. This is borne out in ever-expanding online resources but the ways in which names are stored and presented give rise to challenges and pitfalls that can lead to missed or misinterpreted information. These resources must serve a variety of users and keep abreast of changes in nomenclature and systematics. Observations on the use of biological names are presented and some solutions to the challenges are offered.
A generic simulator for continuous flow manufacturing (1988)

The incorporation of concepts such as flexible manufacturing (FMS), computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), just-in-time (JIT), and total quality control (TQC) in modern manufacturing environments render simulation modeling of such systems a complex and time consuming task. Continuous flow manufacturing (CFM) is a manufacturing strategy that employs the above concepts. This paper describes a generic simulator for modeling CFM systems. The simulator allows the details of the system to be represented parametrically, following a “core” modeling approach to represent the manufacturing logic. The focus in developing the simulator has been to represent the complex physical and operational characteristics of CFM systems in a realistic manner. In addition, quick and easy model development without involving repetitive programming for similar CFM systems has been an important consideration.
Molecular basis for the lack of enantioselectivity of human 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (2008)

Non-natural L-nucleoside analogues are increasingly used as therapeutic agents to treat cancer and viral infections. To be active, L-nucleosides need to be phosphorylated to their respective triphosphate metabolites. This stepwise phosphorylation relies on human enzymes capable of processing L-nucleoside enantiomers. We used crystallographic analysis to reveal the molecular basis for the low enantioselectivity and the broad specificity of human 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK), an enzyme responsible for the last step of phosphorylation of many nucleotide derivatives. Based on structures of hPGK in the absence of nucleotides, and bound to L and d forms of MgADP and MgCDP, we show that a non-specific hydrophobic clamp to the nucleotide base, as well as a water-filled cavity behind it, allows high flexibility in the interaction between PGK and the bases. This, combined with the dispensability of hydrogen bonds to the sugar moiety, and ionic interactions with the phosphate groups, results in the positioning of different nucleotides so to expose their diphosphate group in a position competent for catalysis. Since the third phosphorylation step is often rate limiting, our results are expected to alleviate in silico tailoring of L-type prodrugs to assure their efficient metabolic processing.
Measurement of solution viscosity by atomic force microscopy (2001)

We report on studies aimed at employing the atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure the viscosity of aqueous solutions. At ambient temperature, the AFM cantilever undergoes thermal fluctuations that are highly sensitive to the local environment. Here, we present measurements of the cantilever’s resonant frequency in aqueous solutions of glycerol, sucrose, ethanol, sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, and bovine plasma albumin. The measurements revealed that variations in the resonant frequency of the cantilever in the different solutions are largely dependent on the viscosity of the medium. An application of this technique is to monitor the progression of a chemical reaction where a change in viscosity is expected to occur. An example is demonstrated through monitoring of the hydrolysis of double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid by DNase I.
Research on the Strength Check of Sub-caliber Fragment Gun Barrel (2023)

Abstract In order to consider the strength of gun barrel more accurately in the design of gun barrel, a virtual prototype of fragment gun barrel is established in this paper. The finite element simulation model of the strength of gun barrel considering the axial force and temperature change is established, and the finite element simulation model of the strength of gun barrel considering the axial force, temperature change and dynamic load is established. Through numerical calculation and finite element simulation, the changes of strength of barrel under axial force, temperature and dynamic loading of bore pressure were analysed. The results show that the maximum stress of the barrel decreases when considering the axial force, and the maximum stress of the barrel increases when considering the temperature change and the dynamic loading of the chamber pressure. The axial force has little effect on the strength of the barrel, and the dynamic load has a significant effect on the strength of the barrel. Through verification, it is found that the designed fragment gun barrel is reasonable and meets the strength requirement.
Carbocationic Polymerization in Supercritical CO2. IV.* the Isomerization Polymerization of 3-Methyl-1-Butene and 4-Methyl-1-Pentene (1995)

Abstract The first carbocationic isomerization polymerization of 3-methyl-1-butene and 4-methyl-1-pentene in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC°CO2) has been demonstrated. The use of the "H2O"/AlCl3 initiating system at 32.5°C readily gives ∼40% conversions of poly(3-methyl-1-butene) of Mn = 1000 (Mw/Mn = 1.41), and ∼70% conversions of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) of Mn = 1700 (Mw/Mn = 2.16). According to IR spectroscopy the degrees of isomerization in SC°CO2 at 32.5°C are similar to those occurring in conventional liquid systems at much lower temperatures. The nature and mechanism of side reactions are discussed.
BOTTOM ASH AND BOILER SLAG (1973)

This paper presents the results of laboratory studies conducted at West Virginia University to determine the physical, chemical, and engineering properties of bottom ash and boiler slag. The identification tests consisted of a determination of (1) the shape and surface texture of the particle with the use of photomicrographs, (2) grain size distribution, and (3) specific gravity, as well as (4) a complete chemical analysis of each bottom ash. Tests to evaluate the bottom ash as an aggregate and construction material included (1) sulfate soundness, (2) Los Angeles abrasion, (3) relative density, (4) standard Proctor compaction, (5) constant head permeability, (6) one-dimensional compression, and (7) shear strength. The various test values and properties are compared to the properties of representative granular soils or to appropriate specifications. Also included in the paper is a review of experience accumulated during the past 3 years on the utilization of bottom ash and boiler slag in actual construction in West Virginia and the surrounding States. It is concluded from the data presented that the properties of most bottom ashes and boiler slags compare favorably with those of conventional natural aggregates, and that these materials can be successfully utilized in one form or another in the construction industry.
Monitoring early tumor response to vascular targeted therapy using super-resolution ultrasound imaging (2017)

The standard-of-care for evaluating breast tumor response to chemotherapeutic drug treatment remains the assessment of a tumor size change weeks after therapy begins. However, the tumor microenvironment is known to change drastically before any detectable change in physical size manifests. New clinical tools that can help determine early tumor response are urgently needed so we can both maximize the benefit of an effective therapeutic strategy and minimize the use of drugs that do not improve patient prognosis. To that end, the goal of this research project was to evaluate the utility of super-resolution ultrasound (SR-US) imaging for detecting the early tumor response (or lack thereof) to antiangiogenic-targeted therapy.
Sensitization to aluminium by aluminium‐precipitated dust and pollen extracts (1988)

We report 2 cases of aluminium sensitivity in adults. Each time, the means of sensitization was the inoculation of aluminium-precipitated pollen or dust extracts for hyposensitization. We conclude that aluminium allergy is not exceptional and that in these cases one can observe allergic reactions to the Finn Chamber tests.
Abstract 3744: High-throughput in vitro screening of glioma stem cell lines: Evaluation of over 350 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2014)

Abstract Despite the availability of hundreds of drugs, there is little data on the efficacy of these agents in the extremely heterogeneous populations of tumor cells observed in glioblastoma. A high-throughput compound-screening assay was used to identify drug sensitivities in a panel of glioma stem cell (GSC) lines to 350 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (GSK PKIS1) with varying cellular targets and mechanisms of kinase inhibition. Twelve glioma stem cell lines, which are representative of the classic TCGA molecular subtypes, were screened. Cell lines were screened in 384-well plates at a density of 1000 cells/well with drug concentrations of either 5 or 0.5 µM. Cell viability measurements were taken using Cell-Titer Glo five days after drug treatment and compared to control wells to calculate percentage inhibition. Compounds were defined as highly active (&amp;gt;90 % inhibition at 5µM; &amp;gt; 50% inhibition at 0.5µM), moderately active (&amp;gt;70% inhibition at 5µM; &amp;gt;30% inhibition at 0.5µM), or weakly active (&amp;gt;50% inhibition at 5µM; &amp;gt;15% inhibition at 0.5µM.) We identified three compounds that were highly active against eleven cell lines, three more compounds that were highly effective against at least seven cell lines, and seven additional compounds that were highly effective against at least four cell lines. The compounds in the screen were further analyzed by testing their inhibition efficacy against 220 kinases. A separate set of compounds containing molecularly targeted agents to TGF-beta, STAT3, PI3K and Notch were used for comparison of drug efficacy. Ongoing experiments are being performed to fully characterize the molecular phenotypes of the different GSC's by analyzing RNAseq, miRNA, the whole exome, the proteome, DNA methylation, and copy number variation. Integrating this information with the kinase and growth inhibition data will allow us to have a complete picture of the underlying mechanisms which drive resistance/sensitivity in GSC's. After determining which kinases are the most effective targets for the treatment of glioblastoma, promising compounds will be validated in intracranial in vivo xenograft models. Citation Format: Craig Thomas, Ji Liang, Yuji Piao, Nghi Nguyen, Erik Sulman, Clifford Stephan, Alfred Yung, John F. de Groot. High-throughput in vitro screening of glioma stem cell lines: Evaluation of over 350 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3744. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3744
Impairment of synaptic transmission by transient hypoxia in hippocampal slices: Improved recovery in glutathione peroxidase transgenic mice (2000)

There is increasing evidence that oxygen free radicals contribute to ischemic brain injury. It is unclear, however, to what extent specific antioxidant enzymes can prevent or reverse the impairment of synaptic function caused by transient hypoxia. In this study, we investigated in transgenic (Tg) mice whether a moderate increase in glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1) may improve the capacity of CA1 pyramidal cells to recover synaptic transmission after a short period of hypoxia in vitro. In control hippocampal slices, transient hypoxia (7-9 min) produced irreversible loss of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Complete recovery of synaptic transmission was observed with homozygous Tg-MT-GPx-6 mice after reoxygenation, and, after repeated episodes of hypoxia, synaptic transmission was still viable in most Tg slices, in contrast to non-Tg slices. Moreover, hypoxic episodes abolished the capacity of hippocampal slices to generate long-term potentiation in area CA1 of control mice, whereas a significant extent of long-term potentiation expression was still preserved in Tg tissues. We also demonstrated that susceptibility to N-methyl-d-aspartate-mediated oxidative injury was reduced in Tg hippocampal slices. In conclusion, our results suggest that a moderate GPx increase can be sufficient to prevent irreversible functional damage produced by transient hypoxia in the hippocampus and to help maintain basic electrophysiological mechanisms involved in memory formation.
Effect of continuous or intermittent radiation on sweet potato plantlets in vitro (2006)

SummarySingle-node cuttings of sweet potato [(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 'Beniazuma')] were cultured in vitro for 35 d under intermittent blue light (IB), intermittent red light (IR) and intermittent blue-plus-red light (IBR) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) flashing for 10 s three-times min–1. Growth was compared with cuttings cultured under continuous blue (B), red (R) or blue-plus-red (BR) light, or cool-white fluorescent lamps (FL) with a 16 h photoperiod. Dry weights, leaf areas and carbohydrate contents were greater under the IB and IBR treatments than in the FL treatment. Our results show that a novel light source during in vitro culture of sweet potato plantlets may provide an opportunity to improve plant yield in large-scale greenhouses for commercial purposes.
Sensitivity of different machine learning algorithms to noise (2011)

Noise in data is an effective cause of concern for many machine learning techniques that are used in modeling data. Researchers have studied the impact of noise only on some particular learning algorithm, but only very few attempted to analyze the effect of noise on different ones. In this work, we study the noise sensitivity of four different learning algorithms under different intensities of noise. Particularly, we compare the noise sensitivity of decision tree, naive bayes, support vector machine, and logistic regression. The algorithms are tested on different datasets that are artificially injected with different degrees of noise. The study helps us understand the impact of different levels of noise on the learning algorithms mentioned above. Furthermore, it also guides of choosing the learning algorithms. In general, naive bayes is the most resistant to noise. However, it performs also the worst. The other algorithms perform much better than naive bayes especially after the noisy level is lower than 40%. When we have approaches to improve the data quality (reduce the noise level), decision tree is the most preferred one, followed by support vector machine and logistic regression, not naive bayes.
Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of paclitaxel after a three-hour infusion: comparison of two preparations (2003)

The clinical pharmacokinetics (PHK) of paclitaxel (PACLI) and its hydroxylated metabolites after three hours IV infusion (200 mg/m 2 ) of two preparations were investigated in 13 patients receiving chemotherapy against breast cancer. Standard TaxolÒ was purchased from Bristol Myers Squibb and a test preparation ebetaxel (containing additional 2 mg/mL citric acid) was provided by Ebewe Pharma Austria. In the first cycle, either standard or test preparation was administered, then its alternative preparation in the second cycle (latin square, paired crossover design). In both treatment schedules the peak concentrations of PACLI occurred at the end of infusion after three hours. Mean peak concentration of PACLI was c max 5 505191131 ng/mL for the test preparation and c max 5 526991109 ng/mL for the standard preparation. No statistically significant differences in these plasma concentrations could be calculated. Mean t max of metabolites was between 3.00 and 3.25 hours, their plasma concentrations were very similar: 6-OH-PACLI: c max 4689266 ng/mL versus 4529212 ng/mL, 3Í-OH-PACLI: c max 85938 ng/mL versus 90944 ng/mL, 3Í,6-DiOH-PACLI: c max 87927 ng/mL versus 76931 ng/mL. The PHK parameters of PACLI (AUC, Cl tot , Vd) and its metabolites (AUC, t 1/2 dis, t 1/2 el) did not differ significantly between both preparations. Biotransformation of PACLI into its three hydro-xylated metabolites (expressed as their appearance in blood) was not affected by the content of citric acid in the test preparation.
Investigation of a 12-cavity rising-sun relativistic magnetron with diffraction output using particle-in-cell simulation (2014)

A 12-cavity rising-sun relativistic magnetron with diffraction output (MDO) driven by transparent cathode is investigated with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is shown that its electronic efficiency can be as high as 78% with gigawatt level of radiation power when applied voltage is 400 kV. The peak efficiency around 70% of the 12-cavity rising-sun relativistic MDO occurs at the voltage (V≈400kV±50kV). In simulations all deep cavities are continued axially along the wall of a conical horn antenna whose cross section exceeds cutoff for the radiated wave and all shallow cavities are tapered to the output. When choosing the depth ratio of the cavities as 0.84, an output power of 1.8 GW for 12-cavity rising-sun relativistic magnetron MDO with 400 kV applied voltage can be obtained. Also, when increasing the transparent azimuthal thickness and optimizing the length of transparent cathode, the axial leakage current can be reduced by 50%.
ChemInform Abstract: A GENERAL, SELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF THIOL ESTERS (1976)

Abstract Eine allgemeine Methode zur Synthese von Thiolestern mit Hilfe von Diäthylphosphorchloridat (II) und Tl(I)‐ mercaptiden unter milden Bedingungen wird beschrieben.
Isolation of a Lactobacillus salivarius Strain and Purification of Its Bacteriocin, Which Is Inhibitory to Campylobacter jejuni in the Chicken Gastrointestinal System (2006)

We evaluated anti-Campylobacter jejuni activity among >1,200 isolates of different lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus salivarius strain NRRL B-30514 was selected for further study. The cell-free, ammonium sulfate precipitate from the broth culture was termed the crude antimicrobial preparation. Ten microliters of the crude preparation created a zone of C. jejuni growth inhibition, and growth within the zone resumed when the crude preparation was preincubated with proteolytic enzymes. Bacteriocin OR-7, derived from this crude preparation, was further purified using ion-exchange and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. The determined amino acid sequence was consistent with class IIa bacteriocins. Interestingly, OR-7 had sequence similarity, even in the C-terminal region, to acidocin A, which was previously identified from L. acidophilus and had activity only to gram-positive bacteria, whereas OR-7 had activity to a gram-negative bacterium. Bacteriocin activity was stable following exposure to 90 degrees C for 15 min, also consistent with these types of antibacterial peptides. The purified protein was encapsulated in polyvinylpyrrolidone and added to chicken feed. Ten day-of-hatch chicks were placed in each of nine isolation units; two groups of birds were challenged with each of four C. jejuni isolates (one isolate per unit). At 7 days of age, one group of birds was treated with bacteriocin-emended feed for 3 days, and one group was left untreated. At 10 days of age, the birds were sacrificed and the challenge strain was enumerated from the bird cecal content. Bacteriocin treatment consistently reduced colonization at least one millionfold compared with levels found in the untreated groups. Nonchallenged birds were never colonized by C. jejuni. Bacteriocin from L. salivarius NRRL B-30514 appears potentially very useful to reduce C. jejuni in poultry prior to processing.
Broad spectrum directional control of thermal emission (2022)

We experimentally realize broad spectrum directional thermal emitters by developing subwavelength photonic film consisting of multiple oxides, as well as graded doped III-V semiconductors, that exhibit epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) regions at long-wave infrared wavelengths.
Première année sur la Terre (2003)

Raconte les premieres decouvertes d'un renardeau tout de suite apres sa naissance : la premiere seconde, l'odeur de l'air, les couleurs, la lumiere, la peur, la faim... Avec des pastels panoramiques de Zau ou l'on ne voit aucun personnage, sauf a la derniere page, mais des decors qui evoquent des paysages, des saisons et des emotions.