gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spinal primitives and intra-spinal micro-stimulation (ISMS) based prostheses: a neurobiological perspective on the “known unknowns” in ISMS and future prospects (2015)

The current literature on Intra-Spinal Micro-Stimulation (ISMS) for motor prostheses is reviewed in light of neurobiological data on spinal organization, and a neurobiological perspective on output motor modularity, ISMS maps, stimulation combination effects, and stability. By comparing published data in these areas, the review identifies several gaps in current knowledge that are crucial to the development of effective intraspinal neuroprostheses. Gaps can be categorized into a lack of systematic and reproducible details of: (a) Topography and threshold for ISMS across the segmental motor system, the topography of autonomic recruitment by ISMS, and the coupling relations between these two types of outputs in practice. (b) Compositional rules for ISMS motor responses tested across the full range of the target spinal topographies. (c) Rules for ISMS effects' dependence on spinal cord state and neural dynamics during naturally elicited or ISMS triggered behaviors. (d) Plasticity of the compositional rules for ISMS motor responses, and understanding plasticity of ISMS topography in different spinal cord lesion states, disease states, and following rehabilitation. All these knowledge gaps to a greater or lesser extent require novel electrode technology in order to allow high density chronic recording and stimulation. The current lack of this technology may explain why these prominent gaps in the ISMS literature currently exist. It is also argued that given the "known unknowns" in the current ISMS literature, it may be prudent to adopt and develop control schemes that can manage the current results with simple superposition and winner-take-all interactions, but can also incorporate the possible plastic and stochastic dynamic interactions that may emerge in fuller analyses over longer terms, and which have already been noted in some simpler model systems.
Antibiotic Lock Technique for Prevention of Cuffed Tunnel Catheter Associated Bacteremia (2002)

1) Tricitrasol and gentamicin as an antibiotic lock reduced the incidence of catheter associated bacteremia; 2) Covering the catheter hub with a sterile bag did not provide an additional advantage; 3) The antibiotic lock improved overall survival of catheters.
Soft forwarding technique for unitary space‐time modulation (2013)

The authors propose two soft forwarding schemes for unitary space‐time modulation, namely estimate‐and‐forward (EF) and mutual information‐based forwarding (MIF), which are ideally suited for rapid piecewise‐constant fading scenarios with no channel state information both at transmitters and receivers. In the EF scheme, the relay regenerates signal via the conditional expectation of the source unitary space‐time (UST) signal given the received matrix at the relay node instead of hard decisions. The MIF scheme employs the instantaneous mutual information between the source UST signal and received matrix at the relay node as a measurement for maximum‐likelihood detection. The authors provide the relay forwarding functions, the normalisation factors, and the detection methods at the destination firstly. Above all, the generalised signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at the destination for our unitary space‐time modulated relaying system is analysed and simulated firstly. Simulation results reveal that the proposed EF and MIF schemes can outperform the existing amplify‐and‐forward (AF) and detect‐and‐forward (DF) schemes in terms of bit‐error‐rate performances in most scenarios. For a parallel relay network with two relays, the proposed EF scheme achieves 2 and 3 dB SNR gain over AF and DF schemes, respectively. Moreover, the MIF scheme can further give about 1.5 dB SNR gain.
Literature Review of Research on the Technology of Wire Rope Nondestructive Inspection in China and Abroad (2015)

As consumables in mine, wire ropes have great significance for safe operation of coal mines. The complex structure makes the nondestructive testing particularly difficult. This paper summarizes the existing methods of analysis at home and abroad from the perspective of strong magnetic and weakly magnetic; introduces the main methods of wire rope at the present, including principle and current status. At last, several critical problems in nondestructive testing of wire rope are discussed.
Directing peptide crystallization through curvature control of nanotubes (2014)

In the absence of efficient crystallization methods, the molecular structures of fibrous assemblies have so far remained rather elusive. In this paper, we present a rational method to crystallize the lanreotide octapeptide by modification of a residue involved in a close contact. Indeed, we show that it is possible to modify the curvature of the lanreotide nanotubes and hence their diameter. This fine tuning leads to crystallization because the radius of curvature of the initially bidimensional peptide wall can be increased up to a point where the wall is essentially flat and a crystal is allowed to grow along a third dimension. By comparing X-ray diffraction data and Fourier transform Raman spectra, we show that the nanotubes and the crystals share similar cell parameters and molecular conformations, proving that there is indeed a structural continuum between these two morphologies. These results illustrate a novel approach to crystallization and represent the first step towards the acquisition of an Å-resolution structure of the lanreotide nanotubes β-sheet assembly.
Supramolecular Copolymerization of Short Peptides and Polyoxometalates: toward the Fabrication of Underwater Adhesives (2017)

Peptide assembly has reached exquisite levels of efficiency in the creation of bioactive materials. However, we have not yet been able to take what we have learned from peptide assembly to develop a general strategy for the fabrication of biomimetic underwater adhesives, which retain significant advantages as medical glue for clinical treatment. Herein we report a simple approach to prepare peptide-based adhesives through the supramolecular polymerization of cationic peptides drove by polyoxometalates (PMs). Mass spectra, Fourier-transform infrared spectra and <sup>183</sup>W NMR spectra confirmed the structural integrity of peptides and PMs during the coassembly process. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the multivalent interactions between peptides and polyoxometaltes led to the formation of robust 3D network structures. The rheological study revealed that the peptide/PM assemblies exhibited mechanically rigid gel-like behavior and self-healing property. Interestingly, the assemblies showed the capacity to adhere various wet solid materials under waterline. The shear strength of the peptide-based adhesives are stronger than that of the commercially available fibrin glue. This finding is exciting and serves to expand our capability of the fabrication of peptide-based materials.
Adaptive Error Correction with Dynamic Initial Block Size in Quantum Cryptographic Key Distribution Protocols (2009)

We present an extension to the error correction facility that is at the core of classical quantum cryptographic key exchange in the spirit of the BB84 protocol. The Cascade error correction scheme proposed along with the experimental implementation of BB84 can significantly be improved by endowing it with an adaptive initial block size selection strategy that takes into account information from past protocol executions. Additionally, our model comes with learning capabilities enabling the protocol to adapt itself not only according to its past, but also to different environmental conditions which the link is subject to. At the same time, the procedure can widely be automated and can be implemented using known algorithms. We demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of our proposal using experiments, comparing the classical approach to the dynamic extension, showing a significant efficiency benefit that we gain from an adaptive initial block size choice.
Single and double frame quantization of LSF parameters using noise feedback coding (2002)

We present a scheme for single frame (20 msec) and double frame (40 msec) quantization of line spectral frequency (LSF) parameters in a code-excited linear prediction (CELP) speech coder using noise feedback coding. To improve the performance, an appropriate lattice structure is used as the quantizer in the noise feedback loop. We also consider a switched structure based on using either a double frame quantizer or two single frame quantizers for two subsequent frames where an extra bit is used to specify the choice offering a lower distortion. Numerical results are presented showing an excellent performance with very low complexity.
Dual Baseline and Frequency Along-Track Interferometry (2005)

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) airborne synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR) L-band along-track interferometer images currents and waves on the ocean surface. By modifying the operating procedure of this two antenna interferometer, a technique has been developed to enable interferometric measurements to be made simultaneously at two different baselines. The availability of such data allows measurement of the decorrelation process of the ocean in greater detail. The coherence time of the ocean surface can be measured at high resolution over large areas. In addition to the L-band interferometer, a C-band along-track interferometer has been developed. It allows C-band dual-baseline measurements to be made simultaneous with the L-band measurements. The dual-baseline technique and AIRSAR implementation are described, and some example data are presented.
Excimer-Laser-Produced Amorphous-Silicon Vertical Thin-Film Transistors (1997)

A new method has been proposed for fabricating short-channel amorphous-silicon vertical thin-film transistors (TFTs). The channel is formed at the side wall of the gate electrode, but the source and drain are formed on the flat glass and the gate electrode regions, respectively. Due to the desirable shadowing effects of the side wall, the channel remains in an amorphous state, but the source and drain are crystallized selectively by excimer-laser irradiation. The 1.5 µm-long TFTs had field-effect mobility as high as 0.7 cm 2 /(V·s) and no current crowding effects.
Patterns of mortality in a montane mixed‐conifer forest in San Diego County, California (2017)

We examine spatial patterns of conifer tree mortality and their changes over time for the montane mixed-conifer forests of San Diego County. These forest areas have recently experienced extensive tree mortality due to multiple factors. A spatial contextual image processing approach was utilized with high spatial resolution digital airborne imagery to map dead trees for the years 1997, 2000, 2002, and 2005 for three study areas: Palomar, Volcan, and Laguna mountains. Plot-based fieldwork was conducted to further assess mortality patterns. Mean mortality remained static from 1997 to 2002 (4, 2.2, and 4.2 trees/ha for Palomar, Volcan, and Laguna) and then increased by 2005 to 10.3, 9.7, and 5.2 trees/ha, respectively. The increase in mortality between 2002 and 2005 represents the temporal pattern of a discrete disturbance event, attributable to the 2002-2003 drought. Dead trees are significantly clustered for all dates, based on spatial cluster analysis, indicating that they form distinct groups, as opposed to spatially random single dead trees. Other tests indicate no directional shift or spread of mortality over time, but rather an increase in density. While general temporal and spatial mortality processes are uniform across all study areas, the plot-based species and quantity distribution of mortality, and diameter distributions of dead vs. living trees, vary by study area. The results of this study improve our understanding of stand- to landscape-level forest structure and dynamics, particularly by examining them from the multiple perspectives of field and remotely sensed data.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Intramolecular γ‐Umpolung Addition of α‐Aminoalkylallenic Esters: Facile Synthesis of 3‐Carbethoxy‐2‐alkyl‐3‐pyrrolines. (2012)

Abstract The synthesis of the title compounds is the first example of this type of addition occurring via 5‐endo cyclization.
Conductometric Immunosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Detection Based on Polyaniline/Zinc Oxide (PANI/ZnO) Nanocomposite (2021)

A conductometric immunosensor was developed for the detection of one of the most common foodborne pathogens, <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 (<i>E. coli</i> O157:H7), by conductometric sensing. The sensor was built based on a polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) nanocomposite film spin-coated on a gold electrode. Then, it was modified with a monoclonal anti-<i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 antibody as a biorecognition element. The fabricated nanostructured sensor was able to quantify the pathogens under optimal detection conditions, within 30 min, and showed a good detection range from 10<sup>1</sup> to 10<sup>4</sup> CFU/mL for <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 and a minimum detection limit of 4.8 CFU/mL in 0.1% peptone water. The sensor efficiency for detecting bacteria in food matrices was tested in ultra-heat-treated (UHT) skim milk. <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 was detected at concentrations of 10<sup>1</sup> to 10<sup>4</sup> CFU/mL with a minimum detection limit of 13.9 CFU/mL. The novel sensor was simple, fast, highly sensitive with excellent specificity, and it had the potential for rapid sample processing. Moreover, this unique technique for bacterial detection could be applicable for food safety and quality control in the food sector as it offers highly reliable results and is able to quantify the target bacterium.
Information fusion in human-robot collaboration using neural network representation (2014)

In this paper, an algorithm for hard and soft data fusion is developed for tracking moving objects using hard data from sensors on autonomous agents and soft data from human observations. Two main challenges are identified and addressed in this paper: 1. how to model the human observation, 2. how to estimate state using soft data and fuse it with the state estimates from the sensors on autonomous agents (e.g., a camera sensor). A novel approach is developed to model perceived human observations to the real physical states using artificial neural networks (ANN). A particle filter (PF) is used to estimate a moving target's state based on range and bearing observation data from a human observer and an EKF is used to estimate the target state using on-board camera sensor. The range measurement is represented using Kumaraswamy's double bounded distribution. The state estimates computed based on a model of human observation learned by an ANN are fused with the state estimates from the on-board sensors using a fast covariance intersection (CI) algorithm. The CI algorithm yields consistent fused estimates in the absence of unknown correlations between state estimates obtained using human measurements and robot sensor measurements. The performance of the developed algorithms is validated on a target tracking simulation platform.
Combining batch execution and leasing using virtual machines (2008)

As cluster computers are used for a wider range of applications, we encounter the need to deliver resources at particular times, to meet particular deadlines, and/or at the same time as other resources are provided elsewhere. To address such requirements, we describe a scheduling approach in which users request resource leases, where leases can request either as-soon-as-possible ("best-effort") or reservation start times. We present the design of a lease management architecture, Haizea, that implements leases as virtual machines (VMs), leveraging their ability to suspend, migrate, and resume computations and to provide leased resources with customized application environments. We discuss methods to minimize the overhead introduced by having to deploy VM images before the start of a lease. We also present the results of simulation studies that compare alternative approaches. Using workloads with various mixes of best-effort and advance reservation requests, we compare the performance of our VM-based approach with that of non-VM-based schedulers. We find that a VM-based approach can provide better performance (measured in terms of both total execution time and average delay incurred by best-effort requests) than a scheduler that does not support task pre-emption, and only slightly worse performance than a scheduler that does support task pre-emption. We also compare the impact of different VM image popularity distributions and VM image caching strategies on performance. These results emphasize the importance of VM image caching for the workloads studied and quantify the sensitivity of scheduling performance to VM image popularity distribution.
Translucent Polycrystalline Ceramic Compacts from Doped Alumina - Sintering Behavior and Microstructure Development (2008)

Sintered polycrystalline ceramics have complex microstructure that consist of grains, grain boundaries, second phases and pores. An important requirement to achieve transparency is the absence of pores and second phases. Fully dense alumina ceramics cannot be obtained from metastable nanosized Al2O3 powder through conventional sintering, because of the α-phase transformation at temperatures as high as 1200°C, which leads to the so called “vermicular” pore structure. Additives in metastable alumina powder can reduce the transformation temperatures of the α-phase and can prevent grain growth, avoiding the abovementioned structure. To compare the influence of different dopants in alumina is the objective of this work. Two methods of doping were used: liquid-doping technique to introduce the additive into the green body, and gas-phase synthesized powder by microwave plasma reactions to obtain nanosized Al2O3 powder with different dopant contents.
Resonant- and avalanche-ionization amplification of laser-induced plasma in air (2014)

Amplification of laser-induced plasma in air is demonstrated utilizing resonant laser ionization and avalanche ionization. Molecular oxygen in air is ionized by a low-energy laser pulse employing (2 + 1) resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) to generate seed electrons. Subsequent avalanche ionization of molecular oxygen and nitrogen significantly amplifies the laser-induced plasma. In this plasma-amplification effect, three-body attachments to molecular oxygen dominate the electron-generation and -loss processes, while either nitrogen or argon acts as the third body with low electron affinity. Contour maps of the electron density within the plasma obtained in O2/N2 and O2/Ar gas mixtures are provided to show relative degrees of plasma amplification with respect to gas pressure and to verify that the seed electrons generated by O2 2 + 1 REMPI are selectively amplified by avalanche ionization of molecular nitrogen in a relatively low-pressure condition (≤100 Torr). Such plasma amplification occurring in air could be useful in aerospace applications at high altitude.
FPGA implementation of blob detection algorithm for object detection in visual navigation (2013)

Visual navigation system is widely used in various applications such as traffic surveillance, guidance of autonomous vehicles etc. Object detection is one of the important steps which identifies obstacle and provides information about obstacle's location in the image scenario. Blob detection method has been chosen to detect object and to extract required information about the object. Implementation of blob detection algorithm on FPGA requires more hardware resources in terms of number for logic gates etc. In this paper, a modification has been proposed for effective hardware implementation of centroid and area computations while using blob detection algorithm. The proposed approach utilizes a novel way to label the connected components and leads to effective hardware implementation. The proposed algorithm utilizes fewer resources and takes less computational time. This algorithm has been implemented in Xilinx Virtex V FPGA board which operates at 100MHz. Processing time taken by the algorithm for computing area and centroid of objects along with labeling is 0.22ms for image resolution of 100 × 100. Algorithm utilizes 4% of available hardware resource and 4 block RAM for complete processing.
Tony's law (2019)

Seeking to promote regulations for reliable software for the long-term prosperity of the software industry.
Contactless micromanipulation of small particles by an ultrasound field excited by a vibrating body (2005)

A method is presented to position and displace micron-sized particles of a diameter between 10 and 100 microm without contact to solid instruments. An ultrasound field is utilized for this purpose. It is excited in a fluid-filled gap between a harmonically vibrating body and a rigid plane surface of an arbitrary other body, e.g., an object slide or a wafer. In this ultrasound field a force field is established, which acts on the particles suspended in the fluid and moves them to certain positions. The advantage of the method is that it is possible to manipulate single particles or many particles in parallel on any surface, for example, on a structured wafer. Theoretical calculations of the force field and experimental results including three principles to displace particles with micrometer accuracy are shown. The method might be used for microassembly or cell manipulation and treatment.
(Invited) DNA-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes Via Methanol-Aided Replacement of Surfactants (2020)

DNA/Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) hybrids have attracted interest due to their ability for SWCNT separation and their use as promising agents in biosensing and bioimaging applications. In order to perform such SWCNT separation and for application development, special DNA sequences are needed that have an ability to recognize specific chiral SWCNT. So far, sequence screening has relied on various methods which are costly and time-consuming. Recently, a simple new and rapid way to produce DNA-SWCNT hybrids was reported using replacement of surfactant on SWCNT by DNA, aided by methanol. However, little is known about the nature of the exchange mechanism. Here, we investigated the process of replacing surfactant by DNA. We propose a mechanistic model to analyze and extract the activation energy of the exchange process. We find that some recognition sequences have significantly different activation energy for different species of SWCNT, while some sequences do not. Hybrids obtained via the surfactant replacement route were compared with those obtained by direct sonication using ATP separation and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. We found that for some sequences, hybrids obtained by the two routes show the same separability as well as PL spectra, but for some sequences do not. Thus, it appears that the replacement process does not always produce the same structure of DNA-SWCNT as produced by traditional direct sonication. Taking all the experimental findings into consideration, we propose a free energy diagram for DNA-SWCNT hybrid formation by surfactant replacement.