gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrocyanation by Homogeneous Catalysis (2005)

Abstract The homogeneous catalysis of hydrocyanation is discussed with particular reference to the hydrocyanation of butadiene to adiponitrile, as employed in the commercial synthesis of nylon. Nickel complexes with bulky phosphite ligands are most effective and the mechanism is discussed. Asymmetric versions of the reaction are also discussed.
Minimizing stand-by leakage power in static CMOS circuits (2001)

In this paper we concern ourselves with the problem of minimizing leakage power in CMOS circuits consisting of AOI (and-or-invert) gates as they operate in stand-by mode or an idle mode waiting for other circuits to complete their operation. It is known that leakage power due to sub-threshold leakage current in transistors in the OFF state is dependent on the input vector applied. Therefore, we try to compute an input vector that can be applied to the circuit in stand-by mode so that the power loss due to sub-threshold leakage current is the minimum possible. We employ a integer linear programming (ILP) approach to solve the problem of minimizing leakage by first obtaining a good lower bound (estimate) on the minimum leakage power and then rounding the solution to actually obtain an input vector that causes low leakage. The chief advantage of this technique as opposed to others in the literature is that it invariably provides us with a good idea about the quality of the input vector found.
Expression of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase 5 mRNA and Protein in the Human Brain Following Acute Ischemic Stroke (2007)

Neuronal cell death after brain ischemia may be regulated by activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). In this study, expression of Cdk5 and its activator p35/p25 was examined in human post-mortem stroke tissue and in human cerebral cortical fetal neurons and human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deficiency and reperfusion. The majority of patients demonstrated increased expression of Cdk5 and p-Cdk5 in stroke-affected tissue, with about a third showing increased p35 and p25 cleaved fragment as determined by Western blotting. An increase in Cdk5-, p-Cdk5- and p35-positive neurons and microvessels occurred in stroke-affected regions of patients. Staining of neurons became irregular and clumped in the cytoplasm, and nuclear translocation occurred, with colocalization of p35 and Cdk5. Association of Cdk5 with nuclear damage was demonstrated by coexpression of nuclear Cdk5 in TUNEL-positive neurons and microvessels in peri-infarcted regions. In vitro studies showed up-regulation and/or nuclear translocation of Cdk5, p-Cdk5 and p35 in neurons and endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deficiency, and strong staining was associated with propidium iodide positive nuclei, an indicator of cellular damage. These results provide new evidence for a role of Cdk5 in the events associated with response to ischemic injury in humans.
Oxidation and Hot Corrosion of Superalloys (1984)

The oxidation, mixed gas corrosion and hot corrosion of nickel-, cobaltand iron-base superalloys at temperatures above about 6OOC are examined. It is shown that the superalloys develop resistance to corrosion by forming either alumina or chromia scales upon their surfaces. The times for which such oxide reaction product barriers are stable upon the surfaces of superalloys is discussed by first considering how these oxide scales are formed and then how they are destroyed in use. It is shown for oxidation environments that these oxide scales are degraded primarily via cracking and spalling. When mixed gas environments are encountered, the degradation is also affected by the other reactants in the gas phase. The most severe conditions are shown to be those inducing hot corrosion attack where the oxide scales are subjected to not only mixed gas conditions but also the fluxing action of molten deposits. The behavior of nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base superalloys are compared and the effects of the various alloying elements are discussed.
Liquid-Crystalline Dendrimers 1 (2001)

The state of the art in the field of molecular design, synthesis, and characterization of the structure and properties of liquid-crystalline (LC) dendrimers is reviewed. The first classification of LC dendrimers tak- ing into account both the arrangement of their functional elements (mesogens) in macromolecules and the mechanism of mesophase formation (mesogen interaction versus microphase separation) is suggested. The LC dendrimers with terminal mesogens are also classified with respect to the nature of their dendritic matrices into siloxane, polyurethane, poly(propylene imine), poly(amidoamine), polyester, and carbosilane types. The effects of various structural factors (spacer length, mesogen chemistry, and the nature of dendritic matrix) and the LC dendrimer generation number on the phase behavior and physicochemical properties of LC dendrimers are con- sidered. General regularities of the mesophase formation in dendritic macromolecules are formulated.
NOVEL X-BAND WAVEGUIDE DUAL CIRCULAR POLARIZER (2016)

Novel types of dual circular polarizer are developed to convert TE10 mode into two different polarized TE11 modes in a circular waveguide. These designs have MHz bandwidth and high power transmission capability.They can be used for broadcasting and receiving circular polarized signals.
An indirect matrix converter based 97%-efficiency on-board level 2 battery charger using E-mode GaN HEMTs (2015)

Most of the present EV on-board chargers utilize a three-stage design, e.g., AC/DC rectifier, DC to high-frequency AC inverter, and AC to DC rectifier, which limits the wall-to-battery efficiency to ~94%. Instead of using the regular three-stage design, a matrix converter could directly convert grid AC to high-frequency AC thereby saves one stage and potentially increases the system efficiency, however, the control will be more complex and the high cost of building the back-to-back switches is inevitable. This paper adopts the 650V E-mode GaN HEMTs to build a level-2 on-board charger. The input voltage is 80~260VAC, the battery voltage is 200~500VDC and the rated power is 7.2kW with the bidirectional power-flow capability. Such design saves the bulky DC-bus capacitor. Variable switching frequency is combined with phase-shift control to realize the zero-voltage switching. An active filter is employed to choke the 120Hz output current ripple if needed. To further increase the system efficiency, four GaN HEMTs are paralleled to form one switching module. The overall system efficiency is >97% and the power density is 2.5kW/L with the active filter and 3.3kW/L without the active filter.
Interframe-Dependent Rate-QP-Distortion Model For Video Coding And Transmission (2021)

In this paper, we propose a new inter-dependent Rate-QP-Distortion model. This model predicts the size of the picture after compression based on the distortion (D) of the reference frame and the current Quantization parameter (QP). This model is particularly useful when adjusting the QP of the picture according to the allocated bitrate budget. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other models in the literature. In the video sequence Tango, up to 90% of all prediction errors are inferior to 8.6% when using constant QP encoding, and 90% of all prediction errors are inferior to 12% when using variable QP encoding. One application of this model is in low latency video streaming, where each frame of the video sequence needs to be coded with a specific target bitrate, due to variations of the instantaneous transmission rate.
A System of Automatic Keywords Extraction and Related Data Collection for Japanese Text (1997)

近年、放送や通信の発展によって、一般ユーザに提供される情報の量が急増している。特にマルチメディア情報を扱えるようになってきた現代においても、インターネット、文字多重放送などではテキスト情報が内容の主要部分を占めている。テキスト情報の量が多くなれば、ユーザは大量の文章を読まなければならず、情報利用が非常に困難になる。このような状況においては、大量のテキスト情報から要点を抽出し、興味のある情報だけを選択的に取り出す情報要約・検索手法が求められる。この要求に対して、従来より、自然言語処理の分野において、いくつかの手法が提案されている。これらの手法では、文章の意味的側面まで捉えることができ、より高度な要約・検索が実現できる。しかしながら、形態素解析や文脈理解を行うために、類似語辞書、文法知識、意味辞書など、大規模な辞書的情報を必要とするため、固有名詞など新たな表現の出現に対して柔軟に対応できない。一方、これらの辞書的情報を用いずに、単語の出現頻度などから要約・検索を実現する手法がある。この手法は適用範囲が広く、固有名詞など新たな単語の出現に柔軟に対応できる反面、例えば、頻出単語が要約結果として単に提供されるなど、結果がユーザにとって分かりにくい。また、検索が単純なキーワード文字列の照合で行うため、要約・検索能力が低いといった問題がある。若者らは実用面から考えた適用範囲の広さに重点を置くために後者の立場をとり、大量の日本語テキスト情報からホットな話題を抽出して要約するシステムKEIFIS(Keyword Extract and Information FIltering System)を開発した。KEIFISでは、より高い要約・検索能力を実現する以下の特徴を持っている。(1)ホットな話題を特徴付ける関連単語を抽出し、関連単語を組み合せることにより要約結果を表現。(2)ユーザの興味ある情報を話題単位で検索し、新たな関連情報の到着を監視。また、KEIFISの実問題への適用例として、実際に放送されている文字多重放送のニュース番組に適用し、適切にホットな話題を抽出できることを確かめた。
Measuring Atomic Emission from Beacons for Long-Distance Chemical Signaling (2013)

In an effort to exploit chemistry for information science, we have constructed a system to send a message powered by a combustion reaction. Our system uses the thermal excitation of alkali metals to transmit an encoded signal over long distances. A message is transmitted by burning a methanol-soaked cotton string embedded with combinations of high, low, or zero levels of potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium ions. By measuring the intensities at the characteristic emission wavelengths of each metal in the near-infrared, 19 unique signals can be distinguished. We have built a custom telescope to detect these signals from 1 km away for nearly 10 min. The signal is isotropic, is self-powered, and has a low background. A potential application of this platform is for search and rescue signaling where another layer of information can be transmitted, in addition to the location of the beacon. This work, which seeks to encode and transmit information using chemistry instead of electronics, is part of the new field of "infochemistry".
A novel human-mouse chimeric death receptor (DR5) molecule mediates TRA-8 induced apoptosis in mouse cell lines (41.9) (2009)

Abstract DR5 is a pro-apoptotic protein considered as a target for cancer and autoimmune therapy. An anti-human DR5 antibody, TRA-8, has been shown to induce apoptosis in various cells. The purpose of this study is to generate a humanized mouse DR5 molecule that can be used to study the DR5 mediated apoptosis and immune responses using TRA-8 in a mouse. A chimeric DR5 consisting of a human extracellular domain, a mouse transmembrane and intracellular domain was subcloned downstream of a 1kb, 3kb putative promoters, and a 3 kb first intron of mouse DR5. Transfection was performed by using Lipofectamine and nucleofection. Chimeric DR5 expression was determined by FACS and Western blotting. Cell viability was estimated by the ATPLite. Maximal cell surface expression was seen with the 1 kb promoter in NIH3T3 and 4T1 cells. Longer promoter with first intron conferred authentic expression. TRA-8 enhanced apoptosis with efficacy varying from 15% (shorter promoter, high DR5 expression, high cell death with/without TRA-8) to 60% (longer promoter plus the first intron, authentic DR5 expression, low cell death without TRA-8, high cell death with TRA-8). This novel DR5 molecule with regulatory elements confers its authentic expression and enables TRA-8 induced apoptosis in mouse cells. It will lead to the generation of a transgenic mouse for analysis of the TRA-8 apoptotic mechanism, therapeutic response in both autoimmune diseases and cancer.
Simulation of Anti-malware User Support System Using Queuing Network Model (2011)

With the increasing number of new malware programs, traditional malware detection approaches depending on signature files have been less effective, as it is quite difficult for anti-virus vendors to keep up with the frequent appearance of new malware programs. To address this problem, a system called Anti-malware User Support System, which detects malware files using dynamic analysis and remove them from user PCs, is developed. In this paper, we model this system as a queuing network model. Then, using this model, we evaluate the performance of Anti-malware User Support System against the large scale malware epidemics.
Sustainable Winter-Tourism: the Project Snow-Cloud (2019)

This article describes an experimental and multidisciplinary project with the goal to provide an ecological alternative to the existing winter tourism in alpine regions. The project emerged from the fusion of new snowmaking technology, based on the principle of natural snowflake evolution and the spatial conception of wooden Cloud structures, which are placed in the local environments in a sense of functional land-art.
The economic benefits of health information exchange interoperability for Australia (2007)

Benefits to both providers and society will accrue from the implementation of interoperability. Standards are needed for the semantic content of clinical messages, in addition to message exchange standards, for the full benefits of interoperability to be realised. An Australian Government policy position supporting such standards is recommended.
Two concomitant polymorphs and two isomorphous forms with different chemical compositions, which transform into the same substance upon thermal treatment (2002)

The organometallic cationic acid [CoIII(η5-C5H4COOH)2]+ (AC) is crystallised from hydrochloric acid solutions in two polymorphic modifications of the salt [CoIII(η5-C5H4COOH)2]Cl·H2O, ACCl·H2Ocube and ACCl·H2Osword. On the other hand, ACCl·H2Osword is isomorphous with the triply-hydrated zwitterion [CoIII(η5-C5H4COOH)(η5-C5H4COO)], ZW·3H2O. ACCl·H2Osword, ACCl·H2Ocube and ZW·3H2O are all converted into the anhydrous form [CoIII(η5-C5H4COOH)(η5-C5H4COO)], ZW, upon thermal treatment. The structural relationship between the ionic and neutral systems and their interconversion have been investigated with a combination of solid-state techniques (single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectrometry and solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR).
Vitamin E suppression of microglial activation is neuroprotective (2001)

Neurotoxic microglial-neuronal interactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and vitamin E has been shown to have direct neuroprotective effects. To determine whether vitamin E also has indirect neuroprotective effects through suppression of microglial activation, we used a microglial-neuronal coculture. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of a microglial cell line (N9) induced a time-dependent activation of both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB), with consequent increases in interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO) production. Differentiated neuronal cells (PC12 cells treated with nerve growth factor) exhibited marked loss of processes and decreased survival when cocultured with LPS-activated microglia. Preincubation of microglia with vitamin E diminished this neurotoxic effect, independently of direct effects of the antioxidant on the neuronal cells. Microglial NO production and the induction of IL-1alpha and TNFalpha expression also were attenuated by vitamin E. Such antiinflammatory effects of vitamin E were correlated with suppression of p38 MAPK and NFkappaB activation and were mimicked by an inhibition of either p38 MAPK (by SB203580) or NFkappaB (by decoy oligonucleotides). These results suggest that, in addition to the beneficial effects of providing direct antioxidant protection to neurons reported by others, vitamin E may provide neuroprotection in vivo through suppression of signaling events necessary for microglial activation.
Block and Random Living, Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of Functionally Differentiated Carbazole-Containing Norbornene Monomers (2002)

The synthesis of novel diblock polymers containing both a potential charge transport and a non-linear optic block has been accomplished. The synthesis exploits the living, ring-opening metathesis block copolymerization of two norbornene type monomers, one of which contains an unsubstituted N-carbazolyl ring while the other has a bromo substituent at the 3-position of the carbazole ring. Conversion of the bromo functionality to a 2,2-dicyanovinyl group introduces the non-linear optic property. The first monomer was prepared by the previously reported efficient cation radical Diels–Alder cycloaddition of N-trans-1-propenylcarbazole to 1,3-cyclopentadiene, while the second was obtained by N-bromosuccinimide bromination of the first monomer. For purposes of comparison, the corresponding random copolymer was also synthesized.
Dark Spatial Soliton Stripe Instability (1996)

The dynamics of spatial solitons in two transverse dimensions has recently become a topic of considerable interest[1]. The “extra” transverse dimensionality permits a greater degree of freedom in soliton behaviour, as seen in experiments demonstrating nonlinear rotation of optical vortex solitons in a self-defocusing medium[2]. In self-focusing media, the conservation of transverse angular momentum was shown to influence the dynamics of bright spatial solitons interaction[3]. The increased dimensionality also changes the stability properties of solitons from their counterpart solitons of a single transverse dimension. We report here on the first experimental investigation of instability associated with dark soliton stripe propagation through a saturable self-defocusing medium. These instabilities were shown to be an effective mechanism for the generation of optical vortex soliton pairs of opposite topological charge.
Pregnancy outcome among HIV-infected women in the Helsinki metropolitan area (2005)

Background. Antiretroviral medication and good obstetric practice have greatly reduced the rate of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The incidence of HIV infection has remained low in Finland. Universal antenatal screening has been offered to all pregnant women since 1998. Methods. We analyzed the outcomes of 52 pregnancies among 45 HIV-infected mothers delivering at our department during 1993–2003. A multidisciplinary team planned the management strategy individually and supported the mother's adherence to treatment. Results. The incidence of HIV infection among women delivering in our hospital district increased from 0.6/10 000 (95% CI 0–1.6) to 4.8/10 000 (95% CI 1.4–8.2) between 1993 and 2002. HIV infection was diagnosed during pregnancy in 40% (18/45) of the mothers. Antiretroviral medication was used prior to pregnancy in 17 (33%) cases; in 34 (66%) cases of the pregnancies, medication was started during the pregnancy. A good virological response (i.e. HIV RNA load <1000/ml during the last trimester) to antiretroviral medication was achieved in 90% (36/40) of the patients; in 60% (24/40) of cases, the HIV RNA load was below the assay detection limit. One mother with advanced HIV infection succumbed to pneumonia shortly after delivery. Of the infants, 92% were born at term, and their mean (±SD) birth weight was 3350 ± 395 g. The Caesarean section (CS) rate was 25% (13/52). All newborns were in good condition, and their mean umbilical pH was 7.23. All newborns received antiretroviral medication. One infant was infected with HIV, the mother was found HIV-positive postpartum. None of the infants born to mothers known to be HIV positive were infected. Conclusions. A combination of universal antenatal screening and multidisciplinary management allows individualized treatment and prevents vertical transmission of HIV infection.
Epimerization at C-5 of brassinolide with sodium methoxide and the biological activity of 5-epi-brassinolide in the rice lamina inclination test (1998)

Brassinolide 1 easily epimerized at C-5 by treatment with sodium methoxide in refluxing methanol via two intermediary methyl esters, and the subsequent re-lactonization with acid led to the formation of 5-epi-brassinolide 2 (42%) and 6(6a→3a)abeo-5-epi-brassinolide 3 (18%), along with recovery of 1 (37%); 3 was quantitatively converted to a 94∶6 equilibrium mixture of 2 and 3 by prolonged treatment with acidic resin at 60 °C. The NMR experiments allowed the conformations of the A/B ring moiety of 1 and 2 and the corresponding part of 3 in solution to be elucidated. Biological activity of 2 in the rice lamina inclination test was less than 1/1000 compared with 1, providing clear evidence that the A/B trans fused ring junction of brassinosteroids is an essential structural factor for high biological activity.
Vaccine- and natural infection-induced mechanisms that could modulate vaccine safety (2020)

A degraded/dysfunctional immune system appears to be the main determinant of serious/fatal reaction to viral infection (for COVID-19, SARS, and influenza alike). There are four major approaches being employed or considered presently to augment or strengthen the immune system, in order to reduce adverse effects of viral exposure. The three approaches that are focused mainly on augmenting the immune system are based on the concept that pandemics/outbreaks can be controlled/prevented while maintaining the immune-degrading lifestyles followed by much of the global population. The fourth approach is based on identifying and introducing measures aimed at strengthening the immune system intrinsically in order to minimize future pandemics/outbreaks. Specifically, the four measures are: 1) restricting exposure to virus; 2) providing reactive/tactical treatments to reduce viral load; 3) developing vaccines to prevent, or at least attenuate, the infection; 4) strengthening the immune system intrinsically, by a) identifying those factors that contribute to degrading the immune system, then eliminating/reducing them as comprehensively, thoroughly, and rapidly as possible, and b) replacing the eliminated factors with immune-strengthening factors. This paper focuses on vaccine safety. A future COVID-19 vaccine appears to be the treatment of choice at the national/international level. Vaccine development has been accelerated to achieve this goal in the relatively near-term, and questions have arisen whether vaccine safety has been/is being/will be compromised in pursuit of a shortened vaccine development time. There are myriad mechanisms related to vaccine-induced, and natural infection-induced, infections that could adversely impact vaccine effectiveness and safety. This paper summarizes many of those mechanisms.
Clinical features of Sjögren's syndrome patients with autoantibodies against interferons (2019)

Overall, these findings demonstrate that a subset of SS patients (16%) harbor autoantibodies against GMCSF, interferon-γ, interferon-ω, and interferon-α. These data support the observation that high levels of interferon-α autoantibodies may attenuate disease symptoms in SS.
Long-term outcome after atrioventricular valve surgery following modified Fontan operation (2010)

Atrioventricular valve surgery after Fontan procedure is associated with substantial late morbidity and mortality. Atrioventricular valve surgery in this cohort of patients portends poor long-term outcome and is associated with a high incidence of protein-losing enteropathy. Reduced ventricular function and development of protein-losing enteropathy were associated with decreased survival.
A six-legged climbing robot for high payloads (2002)

This paper describes the design and control concepts of a wall-climbing robot. It has an hexapod configuration and it is able to manoeuvre on vertical surfaces carrying high payloads. Configuration and leg design criteria specific for climbing tasks are discussed. The controller architecture showing decentralised parallel control and hard real-time performance is outlined. New stability criteria for wall locomotion are introduced and a climbing gait using force distribution shows the working of our control scheme for wall gait generation. We call this four phase discontinuous sawing gait. This prototype is an example of a climber specifically tailored for industrial applications.