gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical scattering analysis for two dimensional dense random media (2002)

In microwave and millimeter wave remote sensing of the environment and target classification, modeling of radar backscatter from, and propagation into random media is of great importance. The article considers the volume scattering aspect of the scattering process. A Monte-Carlo simulation of scattering from a two dimensional random medium is discussed. This numerical model is capable of serving three purposes: (1) to establish a benchmark for determining the range of validity for existing theoretical scattering models, (2) to derive intermediate parameters used in theoretical models for the purpose of extending their range of validity, and (3) to derive empirical models for specific problems of interest.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dihydrobenzofuran Analogues of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamines. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A New Class of Detail-Preserving Filters for Image Processing (1987)

A new class of median type filters for image processing is proposed. In the filters, linear FIR substructures are used in conjunction with the median operation. The root signals and noise attenuation properties of the FIR-median hybrid filters are analyzed and compared to representative edge preserving filtering operations. The concept of multilevel median operation is introduced to improve the detail preserving property of conventional median and the FIR-median hybrid filters. In the multilevel filters there exists a tradeoff between noise attenuation and detail preservation. The analysis and examples indicate that FIR-median hybrid filters preserve details better and are computationally much more efficient than the conventional median and the K-nearest neighbor averaging filters.
Passively Q-switched Nd:YLF laser in a D-rod configuration (2008)

We have developed a compact, efficient, passively Q-switched, solid-state-laser, producing 7-mJ, < 10 ns pulses, and a near TEM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">00</sub> beam. The cross section of the laser crystal was D-shaped and it was side pumped.
Synergistic UV-Ozone Effects on the Treatment of Pathogens in Secondary Effluent (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light have been shown to be effective in treating emerging pathogens that are not affected by the current standard treatment of chlorine. The hypothesis of this study was that a combined treatment of UV light and ozone would result in greater pathogen reduction than a large dose of either one individually. In the one-way studies for ozone and UV light, the ozone treatments took at least twice as long as the UV treatments to achieve the same extent of reduction in the microbial population. Specifically, 60 min for ozone and 30 min for UV light for a 4-log reduction in Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC's); 10 min for ozone and 3 min for UV light for a 3-log reduction in total coliforms and fecal coliforms; and, 6 min for ozone and 3 min for UV light for a 2-log reduction in coliphage. The ozone treatments, however, unlike the UV treatments, resulted in no positive re-growth in bacteria after treatment. Ozone and UV light acting simultaneously exhibited not merely additive, but synergistic effects, in reducing the microbial populations, with the exception of when low levels (2 min UV and 1 min ozone) of both factors were used. Specifically, the following treatment combinations yielded the maximum microbial reductions: low level of UV (1 min) and high level of ozone (4 min) for HPC's; high level of UV (2 min) and high level of ozone (4 min) for total Coliforms and fecal coliforms; and either one of the foregoing treatments for the overall microbial population. The synergistic effects between UV light and ozone allowed for lower UV and ozone levels to achieve the same extent of microbial reduction achieved by either factor acting separately. Thus, 2 min of ozone and 2 min of UV light applied simultaneously was just as effective as 6-8 min of ozone only or 2.5 min of UV light only. This synergistic effect should lead to reduced energy consumption while maintaining the level of disinfection required. If UV light and ozone were to be applied successively, the most effective sequence of application would be ozone first followed by UV light.&lt;/div&gt;
Giant surfactants provide a versatile platform for sub-10-nm nanostructure engineering (2013)

The engineering of structures across different length scales is central to the design of novel materials with controlled macroscopic properties. Herein, we introduce a unique class of self-assembling materials, which are built upon shape- and volume-persistent molecular nanoparticles and other structural motifs, such as polymers, and can be viewed as a size-amplified version of the corresponding small-molecule counterparts. Among them, "giant surfactants" with precise molecular structures have been synthesized by "clicking" compact and polar molecular nanoparticles to flexible polymer tails of various composition and architecture at specific sites. Capturing the structural features of small-molecule surfactants but possessing much larger sizes, giant surfactants bridge the gap between small-molecule surfactants and block copolymers and demonstrate a duality of both materials in terms of their self-assembly behaviors. The controlled structural variations of these giant surfactants through precision synthesis further reveal that their self-assemblies are remarkably sensitive to primary chemical structures, leading to highly diverse, thermodynamically stable nanostructures with feature sizes around 10 nm or smaller in the bulk, thin-film, and solution states, as dictated by the collective physical interactions and geometric constraints. The results suggest that this class of materials provides a versatile platform for engineering nanostructures with sub-10-nm feature sizes. These findings are not only scientifically intriguing in understanding the chemical and physical principles of the self-assembly, but also technologically relevant, such as in nanopatterning technology and microelectronics.
Lymph Node and Bone Marrow Micrometastases Define the Prognosis of Patients with pN0 Esophageal Cancer (2020)

This study indicates that routine pathological staging of EC is insufficient. Micrometastases in lymph nodes and the bone marrow seem to be the main reason for tumor recurrence and they are a strong prognosticator following curative treatment of pN0 EC.
Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys. II. Copper (1974)

The elastic properties of copper have been compiled and reviewed. Polycrystalline elastic constants included are: Young's modulus, the shear modulus, the bulk modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Single-crystal constants of second-, third-, and fourth-order are included. Over 200 references to the experimental literature are given. A few theoretical numbers are included. When sufficient data exist, best values are recommended together with their standard errors. Effects on the elastic constants of temperature, pressure, and mechanical (plastic) deformation are included. The Cauchy (central-force) relationships and the single-crystal—polycrystal relationship are also discussed.
Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy on Single-crystal Surfaces in the Presence of Gaseous Molecules: Cancellation of Absorption Bands of Gaseous Molecules using a Synchronized Revolving Polarizer and Application to the Study of Reversible Adsorption of Ethylene on a Pt(111) Surface. (1997)

In-situ observation of the adsorbates on single-crystal metal surfaces in the presence of gaseous molecules at ca. 103 Pa has become possible by using a synchronously revolving polarizer with Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). The IRAS spectra demonstrated excellent elimination of the absorption peaks of gaseous species, and the absorption bands of the adsorbates on the surface were clearly visible. An ultra-high vacuum system equipped with a small high-pressure cell was designed for application from the ultra-high vacuum condition to atmospheric pressures. The length of the optical path in the cell was set as short as possible to restrict the absorption by gaseous molecules. The study of adsorption of ethylene in the presence of gaseous ethylene at around 103 Pa was demonstrated as an example of the application.
Nozzleless droplet formation with focused acoustic beams (1989)

We report the use of focused acoustic beams to eject discrete droplets of controlled diameter and velocity from a free-liquid surface. No nozzles are involved. Droplet formation has been experimentally demonstrated over the frequency range of 5–300 MHz, with corresponding droplet diameters from 300 to 5 μm. The physics of droplet formation is essentially unchanged over this frequency range. For acoustic focusing elements having similar geometries, droplet diameter has been found to scale inversely with the acoustic frequency. A simple model is used to obtain analytical expressions for the key parameters of droplet formation and their scaling with acoustic frequency. Also reported is a more detailed theory which includes the linear propagation of the focused acoustic wave, the coupling of the acoustic fields to the initial surface velocity potential, and the subsequent dynamics of droplet formation. This latter phase is modeled numerically as an incompressible, irrotational process using a boundary integral vortex method. For simulations at 5 MHz, this numerical model is very successful in predicting the key features of droplet formation.
Non-grid based elements positioning for optimal 2D array beams (2012)

International audience
What Is Quality? (2019)

Unlike standard factors, such as value, momentum, and size, “quality” lacks a commonly accepted definition. Practitioners, however, are increasingly gravitating to this style factor. They define quality to be various signals or combinations of signals—some that have been thoroughly explored in the academic literature and others that have received limited attention. Among a comprehensive group of the quality categories used by practitioners, we find that profitability, accounting quality, payout/dilution, and investment tend to be associated with a return premium whereas capital structure, earnings stability, and growth in profitability show little evidence of a premium. Profitability and investment-related characteristics tend to capture most of the quality return premium.Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Editor’s Note Submitted 11 July 2018Accepted 25 October 2018 by Stephen J. Brown
Estimation of molecular clocks for ITS and 28S rDNA in Erysiphales (2004)

Based on a comparative phylogenetic analysis of Goloviomyces and their host tribes of the Asteraceae, we speculate that Golovinomyces first acquired parasitism to the Asteraceae after migration of the family into the Northern Hemisphere and before the divergence of the tribe Carduaeae. The divergence time of the Carduaeae is estimated to be 25.2 Myr ago based on the molecular clock of rbcL sequences of the Asteraceae. When 25.2Myr is given at the node of the first split of the phylogenetic tree of Golovinomyces, nucleotide substitution rates of the Erysiphales are calculated to be 2.52 × 10−9 per site per year (0.01D = 3.97 Myr) in the ITS region and 6.5 × 10−10 per site per year (0.01D = 15.4 Myr) in the D1 and D2 regions of the 28 S rDNA.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Tambjamines and B-Ring Functionalized Prodiginines as Potent Antimalarials (2015)

Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 94 novel bipyrrole tambjamines (TAs) and a library of B-ring functionalized tripyrrole prodiginines (PGs) against a panel of Plasmodium falciparum strains are described. The activity and structure-activity relationships demonstrate that the ring-C of PGs can be replaced by an alkylamine, providing for TAs with retained/enhanced potency. Furthermore, ring-B of PGs/TAs can be substituted with short alkyl substitutions at either 4-position (replacement of OMe) or 3- and 4-positions without impacting potency. Eight representative TAs and two PGs have been evaluated for antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant P. yoelii in mice in the dose range of 5-100 mg/kg × 4 days by oral administration. The KAR425 TA offered greater efficacy than previously observed for any PG, providing 100% protection to malaria-infected mice until day 28 at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg × 4 days, and was also curative in this model in a single oral dose (80 mg/kg). This study presents the first account of antimalarial activity in tambjamines.
Sonographic Evaluation and Sonographic-Guided Therapeutic Options of Lateral Ankle Pain: Peroneal Tendon Pathology Associated with the Presence of an Os Peroneum (2010)

Clinical implications of acute injuries of the os peroneum have been described, with the recommendation in some cases being the excision of the bone fragments. We describe the spectrum of sonographic appearances associated with pain in the region of the os peroneum, document associated peroneal tendon pathology, and describe the use of sonography to direct and guide therapeutic and/or diagnostic injections. All sonographic examinations in our ultrasound database from Jan 1, 2001-Jan 30, 2007 with the words "os peroneum" were reviewed. Patients were cross-referenced in our radiology database to find relevant foot or ankle radiographs for correlation. There were 47 patients (18 men and 29 women, age range 16 to 83) referred for sonographic evaluation of lateral foot and/or ankle pain who had an os peroneum identified during the sonographic evaluation. Eighteen patients were referred specifically for targeted injection of the lateral ankle, including peroneal tendon sheath injections (N = 10), calcaneocuboid joint injections (N = 1), and injections around symptomatic os peroneum (N = 7). All 47 patients had tendinosis of the peroneus longus, in varying degrees of severity. Radiographs were available for correlation in 28 patients. The causes of lateral ankle pain with a co-existent os peroneum are multifactorial and may not directly relate to the presence of an os peroneum. Ultrasound can be of value in separating out the specific etiology for pain, as well as provide a method for problem solving by the performance of targeted diagnostic or therapeutic injections in the lateral ankle.
Congenital Visual Impairment and Progressive Microcephaly Due to Lysyl–Transfer Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Synthetase (KARS) Mutations (2014)

Aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthetases (ARSs) are a group of enzymes required for the first step of protein translation. Each aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase links a specific amino acid to its corresponding transfer RNA component within the cytoplasm, mitochondria, or both. Mutations in ARSs have been linked to a growing number of diseases. Lysyl-transfer RNA synthetase (KARS) links the amino acid lysine to its cognate transfer RNA. We report 2 siblings with severe infantile visual loss, progressive microcephaly, developmental delay, seizures, and abnormal subcortical white matter. Exome sequencing identified mutations within the KARS gene (NM_005548.2):c.1312C>T; p.Arg438Trp and c.1573G>A; p.Glu525Lys occurring within a highly conserved region of the catalytic domain. Our patients' phenotype is remarkably similar to a phenotype recently reported in glutaminyl-transfer RNA synthetase (QARS), another bifunctional ARS gene. This finding expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in KARS and draws attention to aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase as a group of enzymes that are increasingly being implicated in human disease.
Nano Grained Structure in KOBO Extruded Bulk Products (2010)

There are several known severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods, which allow receiving nano-grained structure of materials. One of the methods is called the KOBO method (the name is composed of the first two letters of the surnames of the inventors: KOrbel and BOchniak). The method was used for extrusion of copper alloys at room temperature to manufacture thin-wall tubes. During the KOBO extrusion, reversible cyclic torsion of the material results in multiple changing the deformation path. Hence, a heavy localized plastic flow leads to shear bands development that reduces the total strain hardening effect and results in effective structure refinement. In particular, thin-wall tubes produced from single-phase copper alloys, intensively cooled close to the die outlet, had homogeneous structure consisting of fine grains/subgrains of a few hundreds nanometers in size. The final structure of the material is practically independent on the initial structure of processed billets. If the accelerated cooling of extruded material was omitted, grain coarsening to the size of dozens of micrometers was observed. In multi-phase copper alloys, the grain refinement was limited to about 1 μm, both for intensively cooled and air-cooled products.
Hepatic resection is associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement (2016)

Patients undergoing open hepatic resection had a significantly lower opioid requirement in comparison with patients undergoing open pancreaticoduodenectomy. A multicenter prospective evaluation should be performed to confirm these findings.
Development of domain refined grain-oriented silicon steel by grooving (1993)

Recently a heat-proof magnetic domain refining technique has been developed which is characterized by the introduction of grooves on a surface of steel sheet after final cold rolling. In this paper, magnetic properties and the domain refining effect of grooving are investigated. A grooving process is constituted by resist printing on the surface of steel sheets after final cold rolling and succeeding electrolytic etching. The grooves were introduced almost perpendicular to the rolling direction of steel sheets. The width and depth of each grove are about 200 and 20 μm, respectively. With this newly developed method, about 10% reduction in iron loss was achieved and less than 0.34 W/lb at 1.5 T, 60 Hz was obtained. Using this new material, the iron loss of wound core transformers can be reduced by about 10% as compared with nongrooved material. Domain width was dramatically reduced by grooving, which caused the reduction of eddy current loss. This reduction is considered to be caused by the demagnetizing field effect due to free poles in the vicinity of grooves. It was clarified that in grooved sheets the magnetization on the ungrooved surfaces proceeded faster than on the grooved surfaces and therefore, hysteresis loss and magnetizing characteristics did not deteriorate by grooving.
A Concise Synthesis of Atipamezole (1995)

Atipamezole (1), a potent α 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, was synthesized in four steps from dibromide 2 and 2,4-pentanedione.
In vivo imaging of molecular targets and their function in endocrinology (2008)

Imaging is one of the fastest growing fields of study. New technologies and multimodal approaches are increasing the application of imaging to determine molecular targets and functional processes in vivo. The identification of a specific target, transporter, or biological process using imaging has introduced major breakthroughs to the field of endocrinology primarily utilizing computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and optical imaging. This review provides a general background to the specific developments in imaging that pertains to in vivo function and target identification in endocrine-based diseases.
Structural Studies of NaPO3−MoO3 Glasses by Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Raman Spectroscopy (2007)

Vitreous samples were prepared in the (100 - x)% NaPO(3)-x% MoO(3) (0 <or= x <or= 70) glass-forming system by a modified melt method that allowed good optical quality samples to be obtained. The structural evolution of the vitreous network was monitored as a function of composition by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman scattering, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for (31)P, (23)Na, and (95)Mo nuclei. Addition of MoO(3) to the NaPO(3) glass melt leads to a pronounced increase in the glass transition temperatures up to x = 45, suggesting a significant increase in network connectivity. For this same composition range, vibrational spectra suggest that the Mo(6+) ions are bonded to some nonbridging oxygen atoms (Mo-O- or Mo=O bonded species). Mo-O-Mo bond formation occurs only at MoO(3) contents exceeding x = 45. (31)P magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra, supported by two-dimensional J-resolved spectroscopy, allow a clear distinction between species having two, one, and zero P-O-P linkages. These sites are denoted as Q(2)(2Mo), Q(2)(1Mo), and Q(2)(0Mo), respectively. For x < 0.45, the populations of these sites can be described along the lines of a binary model, according to which each unit of MoO(3) converts two Q(2)(nMo) sites into two Q(2)((n+1)Mo) sites (n = 0, 1). This structural model is consistent with the presence of tetrahedral Mo(=O)2(O(1/2))2 environments. Indeed, (95)Mo NMR data suggest that the majority of the molybdenum species are four-coordinated. However, the presence of additional six-coordinate molybdenum in the MAS NMR spectra indicates that the structure of these glasses may be more complicated and may additionally involve sharing of network modifier oxide between the network formers phosphorus and molybdenum. This latter hypothesis is further supported by (23)Na{(31)P} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) data, which clearly reveal that the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions between (31)P and (23)Na are increasingly diminished with increasing molybdenum content. The partial transfer of modifier from the phosphate to the molybdate network former implies a partial repolymerization of the phosphate species, resulting in the formation of Q(3)(nMo) species and accounting for the observed increase in the glass transition temperature with increasing MoO(3) content that is observed in the composition range 0 <or= x <or= 45. Glasses with MoO(3) contents beyond x = 45 show decreased thermal and crystallization stability. Their structure is characterized by isolated phosphate species [most likely of the P(OMo)4 type] and molybdenum oxide clusters with a large extent of Mo-O-Mo connectivity.
Class‐specific variable selection in high‐dimensional discriminant analysis through Bayesian Sparsity (2018)

Abstract Although the ongoing digital revolution in fields such as chemometrics, genomics, or personalized medicine gives hope for considerable progress in these areas, it also provides more and more high‐dimensional data to analyze and interpret. A common usual task in those fields is discriminant analysis, which however may suffer from the high dimensionality of the data. The recent advances, through subspace classification or variable selection methods, allowed to reach either excellent classification performances or useful visualizations and interpretations. Obviously, it is of great interest to have both excellent classification accuracies and a meaningful variable selection for interpretation. This work addresses this issue by introducing a subspace discriminant analysis method which performs a class‐specific variable selection through Bayesian sparsity. The resulting classification methodology is called sparse high‐dimensional discriminant analysis (sHDDA). Contrary to most sparse methods which are based on the Lasso, sHDDA relies on a Bayesian modeling of the sparsity pattern and avoids the painstaking and sensitive cross‐validation of the sparsity level. The main features of sHDDA are illustrated on simulated and real‐world data. In particular, an exemplar application to cancer characterization based on medical imaging using radiomic feature extraction is proposed.