gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk/Benefit Assessment, Advantages Over Other Drugs and Targeting Methods in the Use of Deferiprone as a Pharmaceutical Antioxidant in Iron Loading and Non Iron Loading Conditions (2009)

Tissue damage caused by oxidative stress is a common characteristic of many conditions involving different major organs such as the brain, heart, liver and kidneys. The treatment of such conditions using classical antioxidants is not in most cases sufficient or effective because it lacks specificity and has a low therapeutic index. Increased evidence from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies suggest that deferiprone (L1) can be used as a potent pharmaceutical antioxidant by mobilizing labile iron and copper and/or inhibiting their catalytic activity in the formation of free radicals and oxidative stress in tissue damage. The high therapeutic index, tissue penetration, rapid iron binding and clearance of the iron complex, and the low toxicity of L1, support its application as an antioxidant pharmaceutical for adjuvant, alternative or main therapy, especially in conditions where other treatments have failed. Substantial clinical improvement and reversal in most cases of the tissue damage has been observed in cardiomyopathy in thalassemia, diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis in kidney disease, Friedreich's Ataxia and Fanconi Anemia patients. In contrast to L1, both deferoxamine (DFO) and deferasirox (DFRA) have major disadvantages in their use in non iron loading conditions due to toxicity implications. Further studies in the above and other conditions and optimization of the L1 therapy in each individual will increase the prospects of the application and role of L1 as a universal antioxidant pharmaceutical.
Doppler Spread and Coherence Time of Rural and Highway Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels at 5.9 GHz (2008)

An experimental study of the Doppler coherence time properties of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) wireless channels at 5.9 GHz in both rural and highway environments is presented. Simultaneous RF and mobility measurements were conducted in environments near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The average Doppler spread was observed to depend linearly on effective speed, defined as the square root of the sum of the squares of the ground speeds of the two vehicles. Sample spectrum is analyzed and comparisons with the double-ring models are presented. The coherence time was observed to vary inversely with effective speed, as expected. In addition, the coherence time was observed to decrease with vehicle separation out to about 100 m, followed by a relative peak at about 200 m. A possible interpretation of this peak in terms of a two-ray propagation model is presented. The observed Doppler spread should not be a problem for proposed V2V OFDM signal transmission formats, but the channel coherence time is much shorter than a typical packet suggesting that present equalization schemes may not be adequate.
Membrane Reactors Powered by Solar Energy (2016)

This chapter deals with the application of the membrane reactor technology to the production of hydrogen with solar-powered steam reforming processes. The chapter starts by introducing general aspects related to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants and their use for powering heat demanding thermochemical processes; subsequently, the focus shifts to the specific case of low-temperature steam reforming powered by solar thermal energy and the fundamental role played by hydrogen permeable membranes in such process is explained. Mathematical models of all the main components of the process are presented, with special attention to the membrane reactor, which is the less conventional among the units considered. The models presented are very simple, yet able to reproduce the significant features of each unit's behaviour, and are combined to analyse some specific process configurations. The results obtained show that, depending on the unit costs of the CSP plant and membrane, achieving complete conversion in the membrane reactor may not always be beneficial for the process economics; rather, under specific conditions an optimal conversion value may exist which provides a trade-off between the costs associated with harvesting solar power and separating hydrogen with the membrane. The main aim of the analysis presented here is to highlight some specific design and techno-economic issues that may arise when coupling emerging technologies like CSP and processes implementing membrane reactors. The results obtained can be considered the first step towards a thorough techno-economic analysis and optimization of solar-powered steam reforming processes.
ICP–MS in Drug Development: High-Throughput Analysis of Strontium and Calcium in Bone, Tissue and Plasma (2013)

Inductively coupled plasma-MS proved to be a highly sensitive, robust and efficient technique for the analysis of several different biological samples. A total of 6767 samples were analyzed, and the performance of the method was illustrated by the fact that only 0.2% of the samples had to be reanalyzed due to anomalous results and ISR for all matrices fulfilled the acceptance criteria.
Relation between River Hydraulic and Channel Migration: A Case Study on Nagar River, India and Bangladesh (2020)

Flood plain morphology is intimately related to hydraulic characteristics of channel and rate of channel migration which involves in the evolution of the flood plain as well as the channel pattern. Channel migration is a complex geomorphological process driven by the interaction between fluid flow, alluvial channel beds and banks. Channel migration in alluvial flood plains involves in continuous shifting of channel position horizontaly i.e., oscillation of channel in meander belt, which can be distinguished from abrupt changes occurred by avulsion or by tectonic and climatic events. Increasing channel sinuosity results into channel migration which inturn affect the hydraulic geometry of the channel by changing the gradient, depth and width and flow velocity. Channel interchanges its plaimetry from straight to meandering with higher to a lower discharge in alluvial flood plain. Full bank discharge may have the capacity for maximum down cuts. In the upstream direction Nagar River has an average bed to bank depth 4m and in lower reaches it increases upto 5.5 m having a water depth 30cm to 1.6m respectively during pre-monsoon. Therefore, during the monsoon discharge may increase more than 3 times, which may cause valley deeping and migration too. To understand the channel shifting behaviour hydraulic properties of the river is to be explored. This paper attempts to present a detailed account of river hydraulics and channel migration to evaluate the present scenario of the Nagar River.
Identification of miR-151a as a novel endogenous control for small extracellular vesicle cargo normalization in human cancer (2023)

Abstract Background: Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in the blood of cancer patients contain higher amounts of tumor markers than those identified as free-circulating. miRNAs have significant biomedical relevance due to their high stability and feasible detection. However, there is no reliable endogenous control available to measure sEVs-miRNA content, impairing the acquisition of standardized consistent measurements in cancer liquid biopsy. Results: In this study, we identified three miRNAs from a panel of nine potential normalizers that emerged from a comprehensive analysis comparing the sEV-miRNA profile of six lung and ovarian human cancer cell lines in the absence of or under different conditions of chemotherapy. Their relevance as normalizers was tested in 26 additional human cancer cell lines from nine different tumor types undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment. The validation cohort was comprised of 172 prospective plasma and ascitic fluid samples from three different human tumor types. Variability and normalization properties were tested in comparison to miR-16, the most used control to normalize free-circulating miRNAs in plasma. Conclusion: Our results indicate that miR-151a is consistently represented in small extracellular vesicles with minimal variability compared to miR-16, providing a novel normalizer to measure small extracellular vesicle miRNA content that will benefit liquid biopsy in cancer patients.
Numerical simulation of nonlinear wave propagation in thermoviscous fluids including dissipation (1999)

A recently developed finite element method for the numerical simulation of nonlinear sound wave propagation in thermoviscous fluids is presented. Based on the nonlinear wave equation as derived by Kuznetsov, typical effects associated with nonlinear acoustics like generation of higher harmonics and dissipation resulting from the propagation of a finite amplitude wave through a thermoviscous medium are covered. The method is verified by comparison with the well-known Fubini and Fay solutions for plane wave problems, where excellent agreement is found. As a practical application, a high intensity focused ultrasound source is considered. Measurements of the radiated pressure pulse at various distances from the source are compared with corresponding simulation results. The obtained good agreement demonstrates validity and applicability of the nonlinear finite element method.
Evaluation of the airborne contamination levels in an intensive care unit over a 24 hour period (2018)

Airborne transmission of infectious microorganisms poses a critical threat to human health, particularly in the clinical setting where it is estimated that 10-33% of nosocomial infections are spread via the air. Within the clinical environment, microorganisms originating from the human respiratory tract or skin can become airborne by coughing and sneezing, and periods of increased activity such as bed and dressing changes, movement, staff rounds and visiting hours. Current knowledge of the clinical airborne microflora is limited and there is uncertainty surrounding the contribution of airborne microorganisms to the transmission of nosocomial infection. This study aims to establish an improved understanding of the variability in the dynamics and levels of airborne microbial contamination within an operational intensive care unit (ICU). Methods Environmental monitoring of airborne contamination levels was conducted in Glasgow Royal Infirmary ICU, in the open ward and in both occupied and unoccupied patient isolation rooms. Monitoring was performed using a sieve impactor air sampler, with 500 L air samples collected every 15 minutes over 10 hour (08:00-18:00 h) and 24 hour (08:00-08:00 h) periods. Samples were collected on tryptone soya agar (TSA) plates, and the bacterial contamination levels were recorded as CFU/m3 of air. An activity log was also collated over the 10 hour and 24 hour sampling periods in order to record any activity occurring in the ward/room that might contribute to spikes in airborne contamination levels. Results Results highlight the degree of variability in levels of airborne contamination over the course of both a working day and a 24 hour period in a hospital ICU. A high degree of variability was observed across the 24 hour period, with counts ranging from 12-510 CFU/m3 in one study in an occupied patient room. Peaks in airborne contamination showed a direct relation to an increase in room activity. Monitoring found contamination levels to be lower overall during the night, and in unoccupied isolation rooms, with an average value of 20 CFU/m3. The highest counts were observed in an isolation room occupied for 10 days by a patient with C. difficile infection which generated an average microbial load of 104 CFU/m3 and a peak value of 510 CFU/m3. Discussion This study has demonstrated the degree of airborne contamination that can occur in the ICU environment over a 24 hour period. Numerous factors were found to contribute to the microbial air contamination levels, including patient status, length of room occupation, time of day and room activity, and further work is required to establish the extent to which this airborne bioburden contributes to cross-infection of patients.
Primary plasma cell leukemia with systematic amyloidosis: report of one case and review of literature (2017)

目的
分析原发性浆细胞白血病（PPCL）的临床表现及诊断，探讨其合并系统性淀粉样变性的特征、治疗及预后。


方法
回顾性分析1例PPCL合并系统性淀粉样变性患者的病例资料并复习相关文献。


结果
该例患者为PPCL合并AL淀粉样变并有多器官损害，给予VAD方案联合三氧化二砷治疗，并应用TD方案维持，初步取得了较好的临床效果，但最终因突发大面积脑梗死放弃治疗死亡。


结论
PPCL合并系统性淀粉样变性加重了多器官损害，患者常难以耐受大剂量化疗，以三氧化二砷为主联合沙利度胺的治疗方案或可改善患者生存。
Pharmacological Studies on a New Antihypertensive Agent, S-2150, a Benzothiazepine Derivative: 1. Antinecrotic and Antiarrhythmic Effects in Reperfused Rat Hearts (1996)

S-2150 is a new 1,5-benzothiazepine derivative that inhibits [3H]diltiazem and [3H]WB4101 bindings to the membrane of rat tissue. The effects of S-2150 on ischemia/ reperfusion injury were studied in anesthetized rats. S-2150 reduced the myocardial infarct size (IS) induced by 20-min coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. To evaluate reperfusion-induced ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT, VF), we occluded the coronary artery for 4 min and then reperfused it. The incidence of arrhythmia was blocked by S-2150, and this effect offered protection against cardiac death. Prazosin did not modify the IS or incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias, but combined treatment with a noneffective dose of diltiazem showed significant cardioprotective effects. We also compared the direct effects of S-2150 and diltiazem on cardiac function and coronary perfusion flow using isolated rat hearts. Both drugs decreased mechanical function and increased coronary flow, with S-2150 being less cardiodepressive and more vasodilatory. S-2150 is cardioprotective at doses comparable to hypotensive doses even though its cardiodepressant effect is much weaker than that of diltiazem. This effectiveness may be partly explained by its dual characteristics: blocking the Ca channel and the alpha 1-adrenoceptor.
Design of Small Parasitic Loaded Superdirective End-Fire Antenna Arrays (2015)

This paper presents an approach for designing parasitic loaded superdirective antenna arrays. The array current excitation coefficients calculated based on Yaghjian method are used with the array input impedance matrix to deduce the required loads for transforming the array to a parasitic one. The proposed method's practical limitations are studied via a parametric analysis on dipole-based arrays. It is also applied to design two- and three-element arrays based on an electrically small antenna (ESA). Simulation results show a very good agreement between the fully driven array's total directivity radiation pattern and the parasitic (loaded) array's one. Simulation results also show that the array end-fire total directivity is maximal at the design frequency. Measured results are in a very good agreement with the simulated ones.
Synthesis of α‐Fluoro‐β‐lactones and Their Thermal Conversion to 1‐Fluoroalkenes. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
<title>Nondestructive sensing technologies using micro-optical elements for applications in the NIR-MIR spectral regions</title> (2001)

The field of microtechnology is an important industrial and scientific resource for the 21st century. There is a great interest in spectroscopic sensors in the near and middle infrared (NIR-MIR) wavelength regions (1 - 2.5 micrometers ; 2.5 - 4.5 micrometers ; 4 - 6 micrometers ). The potential for cheap and small devices for nondestructive, remote sensing techniques at a molecular level has stimulated the design and development of more compact analyzer systems. Therefore we will try to build analyzers using micro optical components such as micromirrors and embossed micro gratings optimized for the above mentioned spectral ranges. Potentially, infrared sensors can be used for rapid nondestructive diagnostics of surfaces, liquids, gases, polymers and complex biological systems including proteins, blood, cells and cellular debris as well as body tissue. Furthermore, NIR-MIR microsensing spectroscopy will be utilized to monitor the chemical composition of petrochemical products like gasoline and diesel. In addition, miniature analyzers will be used for rapid measuring of food, in particular oil, starch and meat. In this paper we will present an overview of several new approaches for subsurface and surface sensing technologies based on the integration of optical micro devices, the most promising sensors for biomedical, environmental and industrial applications, data processing and evaluation algorithms for classification of the results. Both scientific and industrial applications will be discussed.
The Research on the Present Situation and the Developing Strategies of Competitive Track-and-Field Reserve Force of Guangdong Province (2004)

By the research methods of documentation, interview, questionnaire and statistics etc, the author researched the athletes, coaches, training and scientific research, competitions, combination of “sports and education”, funds and facilities in the perspective of sociology, analyzed the present situation and problems of reserve force's cultivation, put forward some countermeasures to promote sustainable development of Guangdong’s track-and-field movement.
Longitudinal change in the serology of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 in children residing in a trachoma area (2018)

A serologic test for antibodies to chlamydial antigen pgp3 may be a useful tool for trachoma surveillance. However, little is known about the stability of antibody status over time, or factors associated with seroreversion/conversion. A cohort of 2,111 children ages 1-9 years in Tanzania were followed for one year in the absence of mass azithromycin. At baseline and follow-up, they were evaluated for trachoma, chlamydial infection, and antibodies to chlamydial antigen pgp3. At baseline, 31% of children were seropositive for pgp3 antibodies and 6.4% seroreverted to negative over one year. Of those seronegative, 9.8% seroconverted over the year. The seroreverters had lower baseline mean fluorescence intensity (MFI-BG) values compared to the seropositives who remained positive (Odds Ratio = 0.04 for every unit increase in log<sub>10</sub>MFI-BG, 95% CI = 0.02-0.09), and were more likely to live in communities with trachoma <5% (p < 0.008). While seroconversion was expected, seroreversion was unexpected. The low seroprevalence rate reported from low endemic areas may be due to seroreversion as well as lack of exposure.
Hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide transporter and thyroid hormone receptor interplay determines cholesterol and glucose homeostasis (2011)

Our findings reveal that OATP1B-mediated hepatic thyroid hormone entry is a key determinant of cholesterol and glucose homeostasis.
Mastering Atari Games with Limited Data (2021)

Reinforcement learning has achieved great success in many applications. However, sample efficiency remains a key challenge, with prominent methods requiring millions (or even billions) of environment steps to train. Recently, there has been significant progress in sample efficient image-based RL algorithms; however, consistent human-level performance on the Atari game benchmark remains an elusive goal. We propose a sample efficient model-based visual RL algorithm built on MuZero, which we name EfficientZero. Our method achieves 194.3% mean human performance and 109.0% median performance on the Atari 100k benchmark with only two hours of real-time game experience and outperforms the state SAC in some tasks on the DMControl 100k benchmark. This is the first time an algorithm achieves super-human performance on Atari games with such little data. EfficientZero's performance is also close to DQN's performance at 200 million frames while we consume 500 times less data. EfficientZero's low sample complexity and high performance can bring RL closer to real-world applicability. We implement our algorithm in an easy-to-understand manner and it is available at https://github.com/YeWR/EfficientZero. We hope it will accelerate the research of MCTS-based RL algorithms in the wider community.
Development of Germano-Silicate Optical Fiber Incorporated with Germanium Nanoparticles and Its Optical Characteristics (2016)

The germano-silicate optical fiber incorporated with Ge nanoparticles with enhanced optical nonlinearity was developed by using modified chemical vapor deposition and drawing processes. A broad photoluminescence band obtained by pumping with the 404 nm superluminescent diode was found to appear from 540 nm to 1,000 nm. The non-resonant nonlinear refractive index, n2, of the fiber measured by the continuous wave self-phase modulation method was 4.95 x 10(-20) m2/W due to the incorporated Ge nanoparticles in the fiber core. The enhancement of the non-resonant optical non-linearity may be due to the creation of the NBOs and other defects from the incorporated Ge-NPs in the fiber core.
Association of socioeconomic status measures with physical activity and subsequent frailty in older adults (2022)

Among older individuals, multiple SES measures were positively associated with LTPA, which was a strong predictor of lower subsequent frailty risk.
Covariation of mutations in the V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein: an information theoretic analysis. (1993)

The V3 loop of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein is a highly variable region that is both functionally and immunologically important. Using available amino acid sequences from the V3 region, we have used an information theoretic quantity called mutual information, a measure of covariation, to quantify dependence between mutations in the loop. Certain pairs of sites, including non-contiguous sites along the sequence, do not have independent mutations but display considerable, statistically significant, covarying mutations as measured by mutual information. For the pairs of sites with the highest mutual information, specific amino acids were identified that were highly predictive of amino acids in the linked site. The observed interdependence between variable sites may have implications for structural or functional relationships; separate experimental evidence indicates functional linkage between some of the pairs of sites with high mutual information. Further specific mutational studies of the V3 loop's role in determining viral phenotype are suggested by our analyses. Also, the implications of our results may be important to consider for V3 peptide vaccine design. The methods used here are generally applicable to the study of variable proteins.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide receptors in the trigeminovascular system: implications for migraine (2017)

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.