gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operating Room Fires: Optimizing Safety (2007)

The authors' study demonstrates a significant reduction in oxygen concentration, to levels consistent with ambient air, even at points extremely close to the oxygen source, when the nasopharyngeal tube system was used.
Neuroprotective effects of MK‐801 on l‐2‐chloropropionic acid‐induced neurotoxicity (2001)

L-2-Chloropropionic acid is selectively toxic to the cerebellum in rats; the granule cell necrosis observed within 48 h can be prevented by prior administration of MK-801. Short-term treatment (2 h) with L-2-chloropropionic acid has also been shown to activate the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in fasted adult rats. This study aimed to investigate the effect of prior exposure to MK-801 on the biochemical and neurotoxicological effects of L-2-chloropropionic acid. Extracts were prepared from the forebrain and cerebellum of animals that had been treated with L-2-chloropropionic acid, with and without prior treatment with MK-801, and were analysed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and amino acid analysis. Glucose metabolism was studied by monitoring the metabolism of [1-(13)C]-glucose using GC/MS. L-2-Chloropropionic acid caused increased glucose metabolism in both brain regions 6 h after administration, confirming activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which was not prevented by MK-801. After 48 h an increase in lactate and a decrease in N-acetylaspartate was observed only in the cerebellum, whereas phosphocreatine and ATP decreased in both tissues. MK-801 prevented the changes in lactate and N:-acetylaspartate, but not those on the energy state. These studies suggest that L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity is only partly mediated by the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor.
Possibilities for methanol content reduction in plum brandy (2005)

Several methods for reducing the methanol content of plum brandies were tried: possibilities for its reduced forming during fruit must alcohol fermentation, and employing effective and rational methods in order to decrease the already existing amount of methanol by applying demethanolization column. Apart from numerous valued components, plum brandy also contains some undesirable ingredients, among which methanol has a special place. It appears during hydrolysis of pectin substances under the influence of the specific pectolytic enzymes, pectyn-methyl-esterasis in particular. A certain amount still has to be present in natural brandies in order to maintain the authentic fruit origin. Reduction of the existing methanol amounts by applying demethanolization column was most effective and came to 43-77% in comparison to the starting amount.
Origins and Early Evolution of the Mevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in the Three Domains of Life (2010)

Isoprenoids are a very diverse family of organic compounds widespread in the three domains of life. Although they are produced from the condensation of the same precursors in all organisms (isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate), the evolutionary origin of their biosynthesis remains controversial. Two independent nonhomologous metabolic pathways are known: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in eukaryotes and archaea and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in bacteria and several photosynthetic eukaryotes. The MVA pathway is also found in a few bacteria, what has been explained in previous works by recent acquisition by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from eukaryotic or archaeal donors. To reconsider the question of the evolutionary origin of the MVA pathway, we have studied the origin and the evolution of the enzymes of this pathway using phylogenomic analyses upon a taxon-rich sequence database. On the one hand, our results confirm the conservation in archaea of an MVA pathway partially different from eukaryotes. This implies that each domain of life possesses a characteristic major isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway: the classical MVA pathway in eukaryotes, a modified MVA pathway in archaea, and the MEP pathway in bacteria. On the other hand, despite the identification of several HGT events, our analyses support that the MVA pathway was ancestral not only in archaea and eukaryotes but also in bacteria, in contradiction with previous claims that the presence of this pathway in bacteria was due to HGT from other domains. Therefore, the MVA pathway is likely an ancestral metabolic route in all the three domains of life, and hence, it was probably present in the last common ancestor of all organisms (the cenancestor). These findings open the possibility that the cenancestor had membranes containing isoprenoids.
Design of Pre-Emphasis Pulses for Large Memory Arrays with Minimal Word-Line Delay Time (2019)

This paper formulates minimal word-line (WL) delay time with pre-emphasis pulses to design the pulse width as a function of the overdrive voltage for large memory arrays such as 3D NAND. The theory is validated with a nominal error of 5% in comparison with SPICE simulation for single WL line and three WL line models. The theory can take a finite series resistance of WL driver and decoding transistors into consideration as well. The impact of RC variation in WL and its compensation method are also discussed.
PRCESS1: approximate precession of equatorial coordinates & PRCESS2: rigorous precession of equatorial coordinates (1990)

The right ascension and declination of a celestial body change slowly with time because of luni-solar precession, a gyrating motion of the Earth's axis caused by the gravitational effects of the Sun and the Moon on the equatorial bulge of the Earth. The Earth's axis describes a cone about a line perpendicular to the ecliptic through the centre of the Earth with half-angle approximately 23.5 degrees, completing one circuit in about 25 800 years. The change is thus about 50 arcseconds per year and this must be allowed for when comparing equatorial coordinates at two different epochs.
In-situ 1-D and 2-D mapping of soil core and rock samples using the LIBS long spark (2024)

LIBS is being developed for stand-off interrogation of samples up to 20 m from a lander or rover. Stand-off capability is important to access targets not conveniently located for in-situ analysis. On the other hand, in-situ techniques are still important and are being developed for future missions such as MSL. Retrieved samples may consist of loose soils, subsurface soil cores, drilled rock cores, and ice cores. For these sample types, it is possible to employ LIBS analysis and take advantage of LIBS capabilities. These include: (1) rapid analysis, (2) good detection sensitivity for many elements, (3) good spatial resolution (3-100 microns), and (4) ability to clean a surface prior to analysis. Using LIBS, it is possible to perform a 1-dimensional analysis, for example, determining element concentrations along a soil core, or a 2-dimensional mapping of the sample surface using a unique 'long' spark. Two-dimensional sampling has been developed previously by focusing the laser pulses as small spots on the sample and then moving the sample a short distance between sampling locations. Although demonstrated, this method is time consuming, requiring a large number of shots to span even a small region (for 3 micron resolution, an area 600 x 480 microns sampled in {approx} 30 min using a 20 Hz laser). For a spacecraft instrument, the ability to more rapidly prepare a 2D elemental spatial map will be desirable. Here they discuss the use of LIBS for sampling along a core in 1D (detection of carbon) and for 2D mapping of a rock face.
Semiconductor nanostructures defined with self-organizing polymers (2002)

We describe a technique to create very small semiconductor nanostructures, with sizes far beyond the limit of conventional optical lithography processes, by the use self-assembling diblock copolymers as nanolithographic masks. Quantum structures with very high aspect ratio of 1:10 were fabricated by dry etching. In a first step, so-called diblock copolymer micelles were generated in a toluene solution. These micelles were loaded by a noble-metal salt. After dipping a substrate into this solution, a monolayer of ordered micelles is generated, covering almost the complete surface. After treatment in a hydrogen plasma all of the organic components are removed and only crystalline metal clusters of ≈12 nm size remain. This metal cluster mask can be used directly in a chlorine dry etching process to etch cylinders in GaAs and its alloys of In and Al. It is also possible to etch through a quantum well layer underneath the surface in order to produce quantum dots. The resulting nanostructures were investigated by scanning force microscopy, by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and also by low temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Characterization of Structural Defects in (Cd,Zn)Te Crystals Grown by the Travelling Heater Method (2021)

Structural defects and compositional uniformity remain the major problems affecting the performance of (Cd, Zn)Te (CZT) based detector devices. Understanding the mechanism of growth and defect formation is therefore fundamental to improving the crystal quality. In this frame, space experiments for the growth of CZT by the Travelling Heater Method (THM) under microgravity are scheduled. A detailed ground-based program was performed to determine experimental parameters and three CZT crystals were grown by the THM. The structural defects, compositional homogeneity and resistivity of these ground-based crystals were investigated. A ZnTe content variation was observed at the growth interface and a high degree of stress associated with extensive dislocation networks was induced, which propagated into the grown crystal region according to the birefringence and X-ray White Beam Topography (XWBT) results. By adjusting the growth parameters, the ZnTe variations and the resulting stress were efficiently reduced. In addition, it was revealed that large inclusions and grain boundaries can generate a high degree of stress, leading to the formation of dislocation slip bands and subgrain boundaries. The dominant defects, including grain boundaries, dislocation networks and cracks in the interior of crystals, led to the resistivity variation in the crystals. The bulk resistivity of the as-grown crystals ranged from 109 Ωcm to 1010 Ωcm.
Influence of anionic concentration and water hardness on foaming properties of a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (1993)

Foam height and foam stability of solutions of a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) were measured according to the Ross‐Miles test to establish their relationship with ionic concentrations in the solution. The anionic concentration and water hardness were varied alternatively. The results obtained show different behavior for both parameters depending on the concentration of LAS and calcium. However, the results are in line with the proposed theoretical model based on the LAS‐calcium precipitation boundary diagram. These tests were aimed at providing a scientific explanation to the complex foaming phenomena. Also, these tests emphasize how essential it is to know the position of the points tested within the LAS‐calcium solubility diagram when evaluating the foam properties of an anionic surfactant.
Light trapping in a 30-nm organic photovoltaic cell for efficient carrier collection and light absorption (2012)

We describe surface patterning strategies that permit high photon-collection efficiency together with high carrier-collection efficiency in an ultra-thin planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell. Optimized designs reach up to 50% photon collection efficiency in a P3HT layer of only 30 nm, representing a 3- to 5-fold improvement over an unpatterned cell of the same thickness. We compare the enhancement of light confinement in the active layer with an ITO top layer for TE and TM polarized light, and demonstrate that the light absorption can increase by a factor of 2 due to a gap-plasmon mode in the active layer.
Attenuation of β‐cell death by P2Y 6 receptor agonist: A novel drug target for diabetes (2010)

Apoptosis plays a key role in the reduction of β‐cell mass and has been proposed to mediate β‐cell reduction in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Hence drugs which decrease blood glucose as well as protect β‐cells are required. In this context, we are evaluating the insulin secreting efficacy and cytoprotective nature of P2Y 6 receptor agonists in the present study. MIN6 cells grown to 80% confluency, were induced for insulin secretion in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose, with or without P2Y 6 agonists such as UDP, Up 3 U, and other novel P2Y 6 agonists. MIN6 cells were treated with 50 ng/ml TNF‐α for 24 h to induce apoptosis in the presence of P2Y 6 agonists. The efficacy of P2Y 6 agonist to attenuate apoptosis was determined by cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry. DNA fragmentation was detected by TUNEL assay based on 5‐bromo‐2’‐deoxyuridine(BrdU) labeling. Insulin secretion in MIN6 cells was significantly potentiated by P2Y 6 agonists. Also P2Y 6 agonists significantly mitigated TNF‐α induced cell death. These P2Y 6 agonists that are both insulin secretagogues and cytoprotective could be developed as a therapeutic intervention for diabetes mellitus. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA.
Amorphous silicon thin film transistor image sensors (2009)

Amorphous silicon thin film transistors (TFT) are the underlying technology for flat panel displays and medical X-ray imaging. We describe some recent developments in TFT technology for high performance detectors and flexible image sensors. X-ray detectors with high gain now make it possible to detect the ionization tracks of individual X-rays and provide a new approach to neutron imaging. Development of the amorphous silicon deposition process makes it possible to fabricate image sensor arrays on plastic substrates.
Comparative Clinical study of CS-807 and Cefaclor for Chronic Respiratory Tract Infections by a Double-Blind Method (1988)

Efficacy, safety and usefulness of CS-807, a new oral cephem, in the treatment of chronic respiratory tract infection, were evaluated by the double blind comparative method using cefaclor (CCL) as a reference drug.Patients were treated by oral administration of either 200 mg of CS-807 twice a day or 500 mg of CCL three times a day for 14 days.The following results were obtained:1) Out of a total of 199 patients, 170 patients(84 with CS-807: 86 with CCL) were used for comparative evaluation of clinical efficacy. As for the background of patients, patients in the CCL group were significantly more severe in the severity of infection than those in the CS-807 group.2) The clinical efficacy rate judged by committee members was 75.0%(63/84) for the CS-807 group and 76.7%(66/86) for the CCL group, respectively. The rate judged by doctors in charge was 75.6%(62/82) and 70.9%(61/86), respectively. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in both analyses. The efficacy rate of CS-807 was significantly higher in the moderate severity of infection and in monomicrobial infection by H. influenzae than that of CCL.3) As for the bacteriological effect, the eradication rate was 81.0%(34/42) for the CS-807 group and 60.0%(18/30) for the CCL group, respectively and there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups.When the bacteriological effect was analysed by causative organisms, the eradication rate of CS-807(95.0%, 19/20) in the infection by H. influenzae was significantly higher than that of CCL(50.0%, 8/16).4) The incidence of side effects was 4.3%(4/93) for the CS-807 for the CS-807 group and 4.2%(4/96) for the CCL group, respectively. The incidence of abnormalities in laboratory findings was noted in 11 of 79 cases(13.9%) for the CS-807 group and 21 of 80 cases(26.3%) for the CCL group. In both analyses, these were no significant differences between the two groups.5) The utility rate judged by committee members was 74.1%(63/85) for the CS-807 group and 76.7%(66/86) for the CCL group, respectively. The rate by doctors in charge was 73.2%(60/85) and 69.8%(60/86), respectively. There were no differences between the two treatment groups in both analyses.As described above, the clinical efficacy of CS-807 at a daily dose of 400 mg was superior to that of CCL at a daily dose of 1500 mg in the moderate infection and the infection by H. influenzae. Any significant difference and was not found between the two groups in their safety. From these results, it is concluded that CS-807 is a oral antibiotics with high usefulness in the treatment of chronic respiratory tract infection.
Blood microRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers in cerebral ischemic injury (2016)

MicroRNAs are a family of small, genome-encoded endogenous RNAs that are transcribed but are not translated into proteins. They serve essential roles in virtually every aspect of brain function, including neurogenesis, neural development, and cellular responses leading to changes in synaptic plasticity. They are also implicated in neurodegeneration and neurological disorders, in responses to hypoxia and ischemia, and in ischemic tolerance induced by ischemic preconditioning. In recent developments, miRNA expression profiling has been examined in stroke, and these studies indicate that miRNAs have emerged as key mediators in ischemic stroke biology. Both increased and decreased miRNA levels may be needed either as prevention or treatment of stroke. Novel approaches are being developed to get miRNA related therapeutics into the brain across an intact blood-brain barrier, including chemical modification, use of targeting molecules and methods to disrupt the blood-brain barrier.
Gadolinium scandate thin films as an alternative gate dielectric prepared by electron beam evaporation (2006)

Gadolinium scandate thin films deposited on silicon substrates using electron beam evaporation were investigated. Measurements with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, high temperature x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectometry, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were performed. A stoichiometric transfer of material from the source to the substrate in high vacuum could be demonstrated. Homogeneous, amorphous, and smooth films (root mean square surface roughness &amp;lt;1Å) stable up to 1000°C were obtained. Electrical characterization of capacitor stacks revealed a dielectric constant of ≈23, C-V curves with small hysteresises and low leakage current densities (770μA∕cm2 for a capacitance equivalent thickness of 1.5nm).
Effect of Polymer Capping on Photonic Multi-Core–Shell Quantum Dots CdSe/CdS/ZnS: Impact of Sunlight and Antibacterial Activity (2020)

The highly luminescent CdSe/CdS/ZnS core–multi-shell quantum dots (QDs) were prepared without a protective atmosphere through the precursor injection method (phosphine free) in paraffin liquid and oleic acid. Polymers (PEG, PVA, PVP, and PAA) were coated to CdSe/CdS/ZnS core–multi-shell quantum dots to increase stability. However, core–multi-shell structured QDs reveal enhanced emission in the range 355–410 nm by suppressing the defect sensitive cores and nonradioactive recombination in PL spectra. The cubic zinc blended quantum dots with crystallite size in the range 22–44 nm, as confirmed by XRD, were obtained. The resultant absorption spectra of all the samples showed that the samples were absorbent in the UV region over the 302–380 nm range. In the FT-IR spectrum 712, 731, and 400–700 cm–1 band values were assigned to CdSe, CdS, and ZnS band stretching, respectively. Images of CdSe, CdSe/CdS, and CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots obtained from the SEM were spherical whereas QDs capped with different polymers (PEG, PVA, PVP, and PAA) showed nanofibers that were linear and homogeneous size ranged between 12 and 38 nm. These as prepared QDs were placed under visible light for 48 h. After absorbing UV light, the range of UV–vis intensity was enhanced until 389–464 nm and emission intensity enhanced until 492–509 nm, which was confirmed by UV and PL spectra. CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs with organic ligands revealed antibacterial activity over a broad range against Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Supplementary Tables from Circulating Tumor Cells Exhibit Metastatic Tropism and Reveal Brain Metastasis Drivers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Includes supplementary tables S1, S2, S5, S6, S7 and S9&lt;/p&gt;
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The development and in vivo function of T helper 9 cells. (2017)

The specialized cytokine secretion profiles of T helper (TH) cells are the basis for a focused and efficient immune response. On the twentieth anniversary of the first descriptions of the cytokine signals that promote the differentiation of interleukin-9 (IL-9)-secreting T cells, this Review focuses on the extracellular signals and the transcription factors that promote the development of what we now term TH9 cells, which are characterized by the production of this cytokine. We summarize our current understanding of the contribution of TH9 cells to both effective immunity and immunopathological disease, and we propose that TH9 cells could be targeted for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune disease. PMID: 25848755 Funding information This work was supported by: NIAID NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 AI057459 NIAID NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: T32 AI060519 NIAID NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: AI060519 NIAID NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: AI057459 NIAMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: AR062495
Reactions of the vicinal dianion of di-(-)-menthyl succinate with carbonyl compounds and benzyl bromide (2012)

The diastereoselective reaction of the vicinal dianion, generated from di-(-)-menthyl succinate, with electrophiles, i.e. symmetrical ketones, aldehydes, and benzyl bromide was examined. The reactions with ketones and benzyl bromide gave products in good yields, however, with poor diastereoselectivities. The reaction with aldehydes in the presence of ZnCl2 preferably gave the anti-aldol adducts, which subsequently led to cis-paraconic esters again with moderate diastereoselectivity.
Kinetics and mechanisms of water sorption in hydrophobic, ionizable copolymer gels (1991)

Abstract The aqueous kinetic swelling properties of a class of cross‐linked hydrophobic polyamine copolymer gels based on n ‐alkyl esters of methacrylic acid ( n AMA) and N,N ‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMA) have been studied as a function of solution ionic composition (pH, ionic strength, and buffer content), gel composition, and temperature. Water uptake and swelling in these gels are driven by ionization of the DMA amine groups, which overcomes the hydrophobic tendency of these gels to exclude water in the unionized state. Sorption kinetics in initially glassy gel disks are generally biphasic, characterized by an initial phase of relatively slow water uptake followed by an accelerated phase during which significant volume expansion of the gel occurs. This sorption/swelling behavior strongly suggests a moving penetrant front mechanism. The initial rate of water sorption increases markedly as (1) solution pH decreases, (2) gel n AMA comonomer content decreases, (3) gel n AMA side‐chain length decreases, and (4) temperature increases. Furthermore, the initial phase of sorption in initially glassy gels is generally non‐Fickian and approaches zero‐order behavior as (1) pH increases, (2) n AMA content increases, and (3) temperature decreases. In direct contrast, sorption in initially dry, rubbery gels is monophasic, but non‐Fickian, and approaches zero‐order behavior as temperature increases. This behavior is contrary to the Fickian sorption behavior normally observed in polymers above their glass transition temperatures. Finally, sorption kinetics critically depend upon the nature of the ions in solution: Kinetics are significantly faster in the presence of weak electrolytes than that of strong electrolytes. We discuss the importance of the rate of ion transport in determining the overall sorption kinetics and how sorption kinetics can be non‐Fickian in rubbery gels. Also, we propose a mechanism for the observed enhanced kinetics in the presence of weak electrolytes.