gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TSD: Detecting Sybil Accounts in Twitter (2014)

Fake identities and user accounts (also called "Sybils") in online communities represent today a treasure for adversaries to spread fake product reviews, malware and spam on social networks, and Astroturf political campaigns. State-of-the-art in the defense mechanisms includes Automated Turing Tests (ATTs such as CAPTCHAs) and graph-based Sybil detectors. Sybil detectors in social networks leverage the assumption that Sybils will find it hard to befriend real users which leads to Sybils being connected to each other forming strongly connected sub graphs that can be detected using graph theory. However, the large majority of Sybils are in fact successful in integrating themselves into real user communities (such as the case in Twitter and Facebook). In this paper, we first study and compare the current detection mechanisms of Sybil accounts. We also explore various types of Twitter Sybil accounts detection features with the objective of building an effective and practical classifier. In order to build and evaluate our classifier, we collect and manually label a dataset of twitter accounts, including human users, bots, and hybrid (i.e., Tweets are posted by both human and bots). We believe this Twitter Sybils corpus will help researchers in conducting sound measurement studies. We also develop a browser plug-in (that we call Twitter Sybils Detector or TSD for short) that utilizes our classifier and warns the user about possible Sybil accounts before accessing them, upon clicking on a Twitter account.
Tumor microenvironment regulates endothelial cell transformation via modulation of TRPV4 channels (2019)

Abnormal angiogenesis and hyper‐permeable vessels characterize the tumor vasculature. Together, these attributes contribute to atypical growth rate and metastasis of tumor cells. We have recently shown that the mechanosensitive ion channel, transient receptor vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) expression and activity is significantly reduced in tumor endothelial cells (TEC), and that activation of TRPV4 normalized tumor vasculature and improved cancer therapy. However, whether and how the tumor microenvironment downregulates TRPV4 and transforms normal endothelial cell phenotype remains unknown. To explore this, we repeatedly exposed normal human endothelial cells (NhEC) to human lung adenocarcinoma (tumor) cell conditioned media and measured phenotypic changes, angiogenesis, and functional expression of TRPV4. We found that treatment with cancer cell conditioned media changed NhEC to a tumor endothelial‐like phenotype (ThEC) as evidenced by; increased expression of tumor endothelial cell marker 8 (TEM8) and exhibition of abnormal angiogenesis on 2D‐Matrigels compared to normal NhEC. Mechanistically, we observed that expression and activity of TRPV4 was reduced in ThEC. Finally, we found that treatment with a Rho kinase inhibitor, Y‐27632 normalized abnormal tube formation exhibited by ThEC. Taken together, our results suggest that the tumor microenvironment transforms normal endothelial cells into tumor endothelial cell‐like phenotype through the downregulation of TRPV4. Support or Funding Information NIH (1RO1HL119705), NIH (1R15CA202847‐01), and start‐up funds from NEOMED (CKT). This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
A Construction of the High Power Laser Amplifier Using Glass and Selenium Oxychloride Doped with Nd3+ (1969)

The laser parameters such as an inversion density, a stimulated transition cross section and a loss factor in the glass laser amplifier medium were experimentally determined. Using these values, the rate equations of Baser amplifier were solved with various input pulse forms. To get extremely high output power, it is necessary to send a very steep input pulse into an amplifier. An experiment of two-stage amplifier was performed and the maximum output power obtained was 1.1 GW, which well agreed with calculations. The various problems in amplification were considered. To get larger power, the mode locked laser was prepared. The SeOCl 2 -Nd 3+ liquid laser seems to be more durable against a damage of laser rod. An experiment of laser amplifier consisting of glass and SeOCl 2 lasers was performed. The sufficient gain could be obtained even if the center spectrum of the SeOCl 2 laser was about 50 Å shorter than that of the glass Baser.
A KINEMATIC APPROACH TO SEGMENTED-TRAJECTORY GENERATION FOR THE TOTAL LOSS OF THRUST EMERGENCY (2015)

Contemporary twin-engine airliners are more vulnerable to total loss of thrust than yesterday‘s three and four engine airliners, due to reduced engine redundancy. In the event of a total loss of thrust, flight crews have only one chance for landing, because the aircraft cannot gain altitude. Therefore, there is a pressing need to explore the idea of an engines-out landing trajectory optimization for commercial jets. A few past studies addressed this safety issue for general aviation aircraft and fighter jets but not commercial jets, primarily because the essential aircraft-specific aerodynamic data are not publicly available. To fill in this gap, this study adopts a kinematic approach to aircraft trajectory optimization. Unlike conventional trajectory optimization methods, the kinematic algorithm requires minimal amount of aircraft-specific aerodynamic data that can be effortlessly collected in a full flight simulator. The paper describes the kinematic algorithm and applies it to a realistic bird strike scenario. Flight simulation tests are conducted in a full flight simulator to verify the accuracy of the algorithm. The results demonstrate that the algorithm can compute the optimum trajectory with a less than 3.0 percent error. Since the algorithm is accurate and computationally-undemanding, it is promising for real-world applications.
Imaging thrombus with radiolabelled monoclonal antibody to platelets. (1986)

Indium-111-hydroxyquinoline labelled platelets, though useful in the detection of thrombus, have not gained widespread use owing to the time and technical skill required for their preparation. A study was therefore conducted evaluating a new method of imaging thrombus with platelets radiolabelled with a 111In labelled monoclonal antibody, P256, directed to the platelet surface glycoprotein complex IIb/IIIa. When the number of receptors occupied by P256 was less than 3% of the total available on the platelet surface platelet function, as assessed by platelet aggregometry, was undisturbed. P256 was radiolabelled with 111In using diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid, which achieved a specific activity of 185 MBq (5 mCi)/mg. No impairment of immunoreactivity was detected at this specific activity. Platelets were labelled with radiolabelled monoclonal antibody in vitro in two patients at a receptor occupancy of 6% and in vivo--that is, by direct intravenous injection of P256--in six patients at a receptor occupancy of 1%. In vivo recovery and biodistribution kinetics suggested that after in vitro labelling platelets were minimally activated. The 111In kinetics recorded after intravenous P256 suggested rapid and efficient radiolabelling of platelets and gave no indication of platelet activation. Of the six patients who received intravenous P256, three had documented thrombus, two of whom gave positive results on P256 platelet scintigraphy. The third subject had chronic deep venous thrombosis and was scintigraphically negative. Imaging thrombus using a radiolabelled monoclonal antibody directed to platelets appears to offer great potential as a simple, non-invasive approach to the diagnosis of thrombosis.
Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement: Results of 118 Consecutive Cases in a District General Hospital (2013)

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is an increasingly recognised cause of hip symptoms in the young active adult and can lead to labral tears and chondral damage. FAI can be treated with open surgery or arthroscopically: aiming to stabilise labral tears and remove bony impingement. We report the results of a single surgeon series of arthroscopic labral debridement and cam resection in 118 consecutive cases during a two-year period, with a minimum follow-up of one year. Quantitative assessment was undertaken using the Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS) calculated preoperatively and at two, four and 12 months postoperatively. Mean NAHS in all patient groups at two and four months, and at one year showed improvement (p<0.05). These results compare favourably with previous patients treated with open osteochondroplasty by the same surgeon, as well as with the published results from other larger centres. The faster improvement and the shorter hospital stay and lower morbidity make arthroscopic surgery for FAI a favourable option, and a feasible treatment modality in the non-specialist setting.
Medical Image Processing (1986)

This book reviews the development and technology of nuclear medicine. Topics covered are diagnostic use of various computer technology in medicine and radiology. Various diagnostic techniques are described, particularly- CT scanning, NMR imaging and ultrasonography, and their application in various disciplines of medicine are mentioned. Emphasis is given on better quality of images, data processing and availability in time for better evaluation of patients. Two dimensional and three dimensional calculations of images for better understanding of the anatomy of lesions is also emphasized.
Surface studies of (111) facets of cBN mini-crystals (1999)

Surface analysis techniques, including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with small-spot analysis (down to 100 µm2) capabilities, field emission scanning Auger microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy in association with these two techniques and micro-Raman spectroscopy, have been used to collect surface information on specific facets of commercially available submillimetre-sized cubic boron nitride (cBN) crystals. With the freedom of choosing a specific facet with a known orientation relative to the probing beam and detector, it is possible to obtain accurate information on the surface compositional structure of a cBN crystal before and after a surface reaction. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of ablation and implosion stages in wire arrays using coupled ultraviolet and X-ray probing diagnostics (2015)

Star and cylindrical wire arrays were studied using laser probing and X-ray radiography at the 1-MA Zebra pulse power generator at the University of Nevada, Reno. The Leopard laser provided backlighting, producing a laser plasma from a Si target which emitted an X-ray probing pulse at the wavelength of 6.65 Å. A spherically bent quartz crystal imaged the backlit wires onto X-ray film. Laser probing diagnostics at the wavelength of 266 nm included a 3-channel polarimeter for Faraday rotation diagnostic and two-frame laser interferometry with two shearing interferometers to study the evolution of the plasma electron density at the ablation and implosion stages. Dynamics of the plasma density profile in Al wire arrays at the ablation stage were directly studied with interferometry, and expansion of wire cores was measured with X-ray radiography. The magnetic field in the imploding plasma was measured with the Faraday rotation diagnostic, and current was reconstructed.
Identification of potential impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities on streamflow alterations in the Tarim River Basin, China (2017)

Understanding contributions of climate change and human activities to changes in streamflow is important for sustainable management of water resources in an arid area. This study presents quantitative analysis of climatic and anthropogenic factors to streamflow alteration in the Tarim River Basin (TRB) using the double mass curve method (DMC) and the Budyko methods. The time series (1960~2015) are divided into three periods: the prior impacted period (1960~1972) and the two post impacted periods, 1973~1986 and 1987~2015 with trend analysis. Our results suggest that human activities played a dominant role in deduction in the streamflow in TRB with contribution of 144.6% to 120.68% during the post impacted period I and 228.68% to 140.38% during the post impacted period II. Climatic variables accounted for 20.68%~44.6% of the decrease during the post impacted period I and 40.38% ~128.68% during the post impacted period II. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the streamflow alteration was most sensitive to changes in landscape parameters. The aridity index and all the elasticities showed an obvious increasing trend from the upstream to the downstream in the TRB. Our study suggests that it is important to take effective measures for sustainable development of eco-hydrological and socio-economic systems in the TRB.
Bone and metabolic health in patients with non‐metastatic prostate cancer who are receiving androgen deprivation therapy (2011)

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer increases the risk of osteoporotic fractures, type 2 diabetes and, possibly, cardiovascular events. There is considerable uncertainty about the risk-benefit ratio of ADT in non-palliative treatment; the benefits of ADT in treating non-metastatic prostate cancer need to be carefully weighed against the risks of ADT-induced adverse events. Baseline assessment of bone health at the initiation of ADT should include measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and, in men with osteopaenia, a thoracolumbar spine x-ray. General measures to prevent bone loss, including regular physical activity, as well as ensuring calcium and vitamin D sufficiency, should be instituted routinely. All men with a previous minimal trauma fracture should receive pharmacological therapy unless contraindicated; for those who have not sustained a minimal trauma fracture, treatment is advised if the BMD T score is ≤ - 2.0, or if the 10-year risk of a major osteoporotic fracture exceeds 20%. Men with prostate cancer who are receiving ADT should be closely monitored for weight gain and diabetes; intensive lifestyle intervention is recommended to prevent ADT-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Management of the metabolic sequelae of ADT includes optimal reduction of cardiovascular risk factors, with particular attention to weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, smoking cessation, and glycaemic control.
Histamine-Mediated Delayed Permeability Response After Scald Burn Inhibited by Cimetidine or Cold-Water Treatment (1980)

Scald injury to one ear of the hairless mouse induced significant (P < .05) delayed edema formation in remote, uninjured skin. This remote edema formation was completely inhibited by immediate cold-water treatment of the scalded ear. Cold-water treatment significantly reduced histamine loss from the scalded ear, and the edema-inhibiting effect of the treatment could be mimicked by treating the animal prior to injury with the H2-histamine receptor antagonist cimetidine or a drug that causes histamine depletion. These observations suggest (i) that a histamine-mediated, delayed permeability response occurs after thermal injury that causes remote edema formation and (ii) that one mechanism of remote edema inhibition by cold-water treatment is the prevention of histamine release from thermally injured tissues.
The Computation of Color (1989)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 1989.
Approaches to Measure Chemical Similarity – a Review (2003)

Abstract Although the concept of similarity is a convenient for humans, a formal definition of similarity between chemical compounds is needed to enable automatic decision‐making. The objective of similarity measures in toxicology and drug design is to allow assessment of chemical activities. The ideal similarity measure should be relevant to the activity of interest. The relevance could be established by exploiting the knowledge about fundamental chemical and biological processes responsible for the activity. Unfortunately, this knowledge is rarely available and therefore different approximations have been developed based on similarity between structures or descriptor values. Various methods are reviewed, ranging from two‐dimensional, three‐dimensional and field approaches to recent methods based on “Atoms in Molecules” theory. All these methods attempt to describe chemical compounds by a set of numerical values and define some means for comparison between them. The review provides analysis of potential pitfalls of this methodology – loss of information in the representations of molecular structures – the relevance of a particular representation and chosen similarity measure to the activity. A brief review of known methods for descriptor selection is also provided. The popular “neighborhood behavior” principle is criticized, since proximity with respect to descriptors does not necessarily mean proximity with respect to activity. Structural similarity should also be used with care, as it does not always imply similar activity, as shown by examples. We remind that similarity measures and classification techniques based on distances rely on certain data distribution assumptions. If these assumptions are not satisfied for a given dataset, the results could be misleading. A discussion on similarity in descriptor space in the context of applicability domain assessment of QSAR models is also provided. Finally, it is shown that descriptor based similarity analysis is prone to errors if the relationship between the activity and the descriptors has not been previously established. A justification for the usage of a particular similarity measure should be provided for every specific activity by expert knowledge or derived by data modeling techniques.
Post‐exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long‐term adaptations in muscle to strength training (2015)

We investigated functional, morphological and molecular adaptations to strength training exercise and cold water immersion (CWI) through two separate studies. In one study, 21 physically active men strength trained for 12 weeks (2 days per week), with either 10 min of CWI or active recovery (ACT) after each training session. Strength and muscle mass increased more in the ACT group than in the CWI group (P < 0.05). Isokinetic work (19%), type II muscle fibre cross-sectional area (17%) and the number of myonuclei per fibre (26%) increased in the ACT group (all P < 0.05), but not the CWI group. In another study, nine active men performed a bout of single-leg strength exercises on separate days, followed by CWI or ACT. Muscle biopsies were collected before and 2, 24 and 48 h after exercise. The number of satellite cells expressing neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) (10-30%) and paired box protein (Pax7) (20-50%) increased 24-48 h after exercise with ACT. The number of NCAM(+) satellite cells increased 48 h after exercise with CWI. NCAM(+) - and Pax7(+) -positive satellite cell numbers were greater after ACT than after CWI (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase(Thr421/Ser424) increased after exercise in both conditions but was greater after ACT (P < 0.05). These data suggest that CWI attenuates the acute changes in satellite cell numbers and activity of kinases that regulate muscle hypertrophy, which may translate to smaller long-term training gains in muscle strength and hypertrophy. The use of CWI as a regular post-exercise recovery strategy should be reconsidered.
Coding using Gaussian mixture and generalized Gaussian models (2002)

In transform image coding, the histograms of transform coefficients can be approximately modeled by generalized Gaussian (GG) random variables. However, the GG models may not fit the DC distribution. One approach uses DPCM for the DC data, which greatly complicates bit allocation; another assumes a single Gaussian (SG) model, which may be a poor model. As an alternative, this paper proposes a finite Gaussian mixture (GM) model for the DC data. The GM approach does not require tweaking of the DPCM quantizer stepsize and can allocate bits optimally between the DC and AC data; it is also more flexible than the SG model. Experimentally, the GM method matched DPCM at medium rates and gave 1-5 dB higher PSNR at low and high rates. The GM method also matched the performance of the SG model and gave 0.5-2 dB higher PSNR when the SG assumption failed.
Steroid therapy for problematic proliferating haemangioma. (2011)

Intralesional and systemic steroid are relatively safe and effective in treating problematic proliferating haemangioma. Systemic steroid therapy is associated with few short-term side effects. A multidisciplinary management is essential. Propranolol is likely to replace steroid as the first-line treatment for problematic proliferating haemangioma.
Yb-doped Ni FUSI for the n-MOSFETs gate electrode application (2006)

In this letter, an n-type near-band edge fully silicided (FUSI) material-Yb-doped Ni FUSI is demonstrated for the first time. By doping Yb into Ni FUSI, it is shown that while maintaining the same equivalent oxide thickness and the similar device reliability, the work function of Ni FUSI (on SiON dielectrics) could be tuned from 4.72 to 4.22 eV. Yb-doped Ni FUSI is promising for the gate electrode application in n-MOSFETs.
Sensitivity and specificity of quantitative difference SPECT analysis in seizure localization. (1999)

Our data provide evidence that SPECT perfusion difference analysis has higher sensitivity and specificity than any other noninvasive localizing criterion and can localize epileptogenic regions with accuracy comparable with that of intracranial EEG. To obtain these results, one must apply knowledge of the timing of the ictal injection relative to seizure occurrence.
Geographical difference in antimicrobial resistance pattern of Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates from Indian patients: Multicentric study (2003)

In the Indian population, the prevalence of resistance of H. pylori is very high to metronidazole, moderate to clarithromycin and amoxycillin and low to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The rate of resistance was higher in southern India than in northern India. The E-test emerges as a reliable quantitative antibiotic susceptibility test. A change in antibiotic policy to provide scope for rotation of antibiotics in the treatment of H. pylori in India is a public health emergency.