gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Opioid Antagonism in Humans: A Primer on Optimal Dose and Timing for Central Mu-Opioid Receptor Blockade (2022)

Abstract Non-human animal studies outline precise mechanisms of central mu-opioid regulation of pain, stress, affiliation and reward processing. In humans, pharmacological blockade with non-selective opioid antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone is typically used to assess involvement of the mu-opioid system in such processing. However, robust estimates of the opioid receptor blockade achieved by opioid antagonists are missing. Dose and timing schedules are highly variable and often based on single studies. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of central opioid receptor blockade after opioid antagonism based on existing positron emission tomography data. We also create models for estimating opioid receptor blockade with intravenous naloxone and oral naltrexone. We find that common doses of intravenous naloxone (0.10-0.15 mg/kg) and oral naltrexone (50 mg) are more than sufficient to produce full blockade of central MOR (&gt;90% receptor occupancy) for the duration of a typical experimental session (∼60 minutes), presumably due to initial super saturation of receptors. Simulations indicate that these doses also produce high KOR blockade (78-100%) and some DOR blockade (10% with naltrexone and 48-74% with naloxone). Lower doses (e.g., 0.01 mg/kg intravenous naloxone) are estimated to produce less DOR and KOR blockade while still achieving a high level of MOR blockade for ∼30 minutes. The models and simulations form the basis of two novel web applications for detailed planning and evaluation of experiments with opioid antagonists. These tools and recommendations enable selection of appropriate antagonists, doses and assessment time points, and determination of the achieved receptor blockade in previous studies.
Evaluation of the Norton equations for the development of body-centric propagation models (2012)

This paper presents a structured evaluation of the Norton equations to describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves along the human body surface. In conjunction with this theory an antenna de-embedding of dipole antennas is proposed and a simple pathloss channel model for a vertical and horizontal orientated half-wave dipole in close proximity to a homogeneous phantom is developed. Furthermore the influence of the air-phantom boundary is verified to show different physical propagation conditions which should be considered for future antenna design approaches.
Comparison of Design for Shear in Slabs by the ACI and CEB Codes (1979)

This paper compares the provisions of the American Insitute Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-71) and the Comite Europeen du Benton (hereinafter referred to as ACI and CEB respectively) as they relate to design requirements for shear in slabs. The comparisons are based on the material presented by Corley (1) and Nielsen (2). Basically, the same research has been used by both code writing bodies in formulating their provisions. Therefore, differences in the comparison are the result of interpretation of the research and/or philosophy on resistance and load factors. /Author/
Wirkung der in vivo erreichten Temperatur bei der HIPEC auf intrazelluläre Zytostatika-Akkumulation und Zytotoxizität (2014)

Einleitung: Die hypertherme intraperitoneale Chemotherapie (HIPEC) stellt in Kombination mit der Zytoreduktiven Chirurgie (CRS) eine vielversprechende Therapieoption für Patienten mit Peritonealkarzinose (PC) dar. Ziel der erhöhten Temperatur ist die Potenzierung der lokalen Chemotherapie. Ungeklärt ist bislang 1. welche Temperaturverteilung bei einer Applikation mit max. 43 °C in vivo erreicht und bis zu 60 min. gehalten werden kann. 2. welche zytotoxische Effekte bei diesen Temperaturen zu erwarten sind.
Tandem duplication and divergence of a sea urchin protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily. (1988)

The Spec1 and Spec2 proteins of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus are related to calmodulin, troponin C, and myosin light chains by sequence similarity in their four calcium binding domains. These domains, the EF-hands, are distinct helix-loop-helix structures of about 40 amino acids. The Spec1 and Spec2 genes are expressed specifically in aboral ectoderm cells of the developing embryo; however, the function of the Spec proteins in these cells is unknown. To find conserved regions of the proteins that might be important for structure and function, Spec homologues from Lytechinus pictus, a distantly related sea urchin, were sought. L. pictus embryos do not synthesize detectable amounts of the 14,000-17,000-Da Spec proteins as determined by two-dimensional gel electro-phoresis, but do synthesize three 34,000-Da proteins that cross-react with Spec1 antibodies and display a similar ontogenetic pattern of expression. cDNA clones were isolated by hybridization to a synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the EF-hand. One clone, LpS1, encodes an mRNA with developmental properties like those of the S. purpuratus Spec mRNAs. However, LpS1 contains an open reading frame for a protein of 34,000 Da rather than 17,000 Da, and antibodies raised against part of the LpS1 reading frame demonstrate that LpS1 encodes a 34,000-Da protein in L. pictus embryos. The sequence of LpS1 reveals the presence of eight EF-hand domains, which share structural homology with the Spec1 or Spec2 EF-hands; however, little else in the protein sequence is conserved. The results support the hypothesis that the LpS1 gene arose from a duplication of an ancestral Spec gene and that the overall structural features of the Spec family of proteins are more conserved than the amino acid sequences.
Infomax and Receptive Field Localization (2002)

We investigated the receptive fields of neurons in the visual cortex from a theoretical viewpoint. It was assumed that if two regions in the visual field are located far apart, local images that fall on these regions are mutually independent. An information-maximization solution was used to determine the optimal receptive field by first assuming a low signal-to-noise ratio limit. We found that the optimal receptive field is a spatially localized, Gabor-function-like receptive field, similar to that of a simple cell.
Mild mitochondrial uncoupling induces HSL/ATGL‐independent lipolysis relying on a form of autophagy in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes (2017)

Obesity is characterized by an excessive triacylglycerol accumulation in white adipocytes. Various mechanisms allowing the tight regulation of triacylglycerol storage and mobilization by lipid droplet-associated proteins as well as lipolytic enzymes have been identified. Increasing energy expenditure by inducing a mild uncoupling of mitochondria in adipocytes might represent a putative interesting anti-obesity strategy as it reduces the adipose tissue triacylglycerol content (limiting alterations caused by cell hypertrophy) by stimulating lipolysis through yet unknown mechanisms, limiting the adverse effects of adipocyte hypertrophy. Herein, the molecular mechanisms involved in lipolysis induced by a mild uncoupling of mitochondria in white 3T3-L1 adipocytes were characterized. Mitochondrial uncoupling-induced lipolysis was found to be independent from canonical pathways that involve lipolytic enzymes such as HSL and ATGL. Finally, enhanced lipolysis in response to mitochondrial uncoupling relies on a form of autophagy as lipid droplets are captured by endolysosomal vesicles. This new mechanism of triacylglycerol breakdown in adipocytes exposed to mild uncoupling provides new insights on the biology of adipocytes dealing with mitochondria forced to dissipate energy.
Capture the Feature Flag (2020)

Feature flags (a.k.a feature toggles) are a mechanism to keep new features hidden behind a boolean option during development. Flags are used for many purposes, such as A/B testing and turning off a feature more easily in case of failures. While software engineering research on feature flags is burgeoning, examples of software projects using flags rarely come from outside commercial and private projects, stifling academic progress. To address this gap, in this paper we present a novel semi-automated mining software repositories approach to detect feature flags in open-source projects, based on analyzing the projects' commit messages and other project characteristics. With our approach, we search over all open-source GitHub projects, finding multiple thousand plausible and active candidate feature flagging projects. We manually validate projects and assemble a dataset of 100 confirmed feature flagging projects. To demonstrate the benefits of our detection technique, we report on an initial analysis of feature flags in the validated sample of 100 projects, investigating practices that correlate with shorter flag lifespans (typically desirable to reduce technical debt), such as using the issue tracker and having a flag owner.
A Ratiometric Fluorescent Viscosity Sensor (2005)

The development of a dual probe that provides ratiometric measurements of fluid viscosity is described. The design is based on coupling of a primary fluorophore with viscosity-independent fluorescence emission (blue unit) with a secondary fluorophore that exhibits viscosity-sensitive fluorescent emission quantum yield (red unit). Excitation of the secondary fluorophore can be achieved via Resonance Energy Transfer. The ratio of the fluorescence emission of these fluorophores provides an accurate, ratiometric measurement of solvent viscosity.
Part inspection by developmental vision. (2004)

Online part inspection is integral to modern machining and manufacturing processes. It includes dimensional verification and surface inspection which consists of the detection and classification of surface flaws. A special challenge is introduced by a reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS), where product changes may frequently occur in the same production line. Quick adaptation of the inspection system to these changes is essential for fast ramp-up and cost effectiveness of the reconfigurable manufacturing system. Manual inspection is labor intensive and subject to human-dependent variables and errors. By contrast, machine vision inspection systems improve inspection speed and quality and reduce labor and cost. Nevertheless, an implementable artificial vision model for general and unknown environment is still illusive. As a result, existing vision systems are not capable of automatically addressing large manufacturing variations and part changes. In this dissertation we present a novel, biologically-inspired, adaptive inspection method that addresses these needs. It utilizes a developmental vision approach for automatic adaptation to training experience. It requires two processes, a developmental process and a performance process, occurring concurrently, online, in real time. The method addresses both attention and recognition problems in an unknown inspection environment. We introduce the concept of late-invariance which is achieved by a sufficiently complete set of representations. We demonstrate the adaptation of the method to different tasks by testing it on various applications: textural surface inspection, dimensional landmark detection, object setting recognition, and porosity detection. The results, showing also fast recognition and low error rate, confirm the potential industrial real-time online compatibility of this approach. The contribution of the presented inspection approach is in ramp-up time reduction in RMS, improved quality control in variable environment, and reduced inspection costs due to reduction in inspector and vision developer manpower. Specifically, we developed guidelines to the implementation of adaptive online part inspection by developmental vision, with detailed examples. This included definitions of various inspection tasks as visual recognition problems and their solutions; directions for creating invariance to a general property in industrial conditions; and instructions for matching acquisition and illumination systems with the underlined approach.
Trip Based Power Management of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Two-Scale Dynamic Programming (2007)

The plug-in HEV (PHEV), utilizing more battery power, has become the next-generation HEV with great promise of higher fuel economy. The charge-depletion mode is more appropriate for the power management of PHEV, i.e. the state of charge (SOC) is expected to drop to a low threshold when the vehicle reaches the destination of the trip. Globally optimized charge-depletion power management would be desirable. However, this has so far been hampered due to the a priori nature of the trip information and the prohibitive computational cost of global optimization techniques such as dynamic programming (DP). This situation can be changed by the current advancement of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) based on the use of on-board GPS, GIS, real-time and historical traffic flow data and advanced traffic flow modeling techniques. In this paper, charge-depletion control of PHEV is nearly globally optimized with a two-scale dynamic programming approach based on trip modeling with real-time and historical traffic data. For DP based charge-depletion control of PHEV, the SOC is desired to drop to a specific terminal value at the end of the trip. By specifying the origin and destination of a trip, the trip model, i.e. the driving cycle, is first obtained with the average of the historic traffic data, and the globally optimized SOC profile can be obtained by solving the overall or the macro-scale DP problem. The actual power management can be adapted during real-time vehicle operation with a micro-scale DP framework. The whole trip is divided into a number of segments, and for each segment, a smaller DP will be solved using the on-line traffic data transmitted to the vehicle from the traffic flow sensors within the segment. The SOC obtained in the macro-scale DP solution at the terminal location is reinforced to be the final value. Simulation study has been performed on a hybrid SUV model from ADVISOR, and a defined trip in the greater Milwaukee area. The simulation results demonstrated significant improvement in fuel economy using DP based charge-depletion control compared to rule based control, and also the benefit of adaptation using the two-scale DP method.
Performance of a Low Density Ablative Heat Shield Material (2008)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Colon cancer: p53 expression and DNA ploidy. Their relation to proximal or distal tumor site. (1999)

Overexpression of nuclear p53 and DNA ploidy were analyzed in a series of 65 colorectal adenocarcinomas and correlated with standard clinical and pathological variables (Dukes stage, tumor site, histological grade and type, and nature of the tumor margins). Immunohistochemical tests were done with the DO-7 monoclonal antibody, using formalin-fixed tissue samples and an antigen retrieval solution. Levels of p53 expression were evaluated using a semiquantitative grading system (CAS 200, BD). Nuclear staining of more than 15% of neoplastic cells was observed in 35 samples (53.8%), which were classified as p53-positive. DNA content was measured by flow cytometry in samples of fresh tissue. Tumor site had a significant direct relationship with DNA ploidy (p < 0.01) and p53 expression (p < 0.001). Proximal tumors were more frequently diploid than were distal tumors (78.6% vs 32%). Moreover, distal neoplasms showed more p53 expression than proximal tumors (64.6% vs 14.3%). However, there was no correlation between the other clinical or pathological variables and the pathological parameter p53 expression and DNA ploidy. Our data support the hypothesis that mechanisms of colorectal carcinogenesis may differ in proximal and distal neoplasms.
Two-level unit commitment and reserve level adjustment considering large-scale wind power integration (2013)

Integrating wind power generation into bulk power grids imposes significant challenging to system operations due to the stochastic variation and limited predictability of wind power generation. One of the key issues is how to optimally schedule various units and determine a proper spinning reserve level to guarantee a reliable operation of the integrated system in a robust and economic manner. In this paper, we propose a two-level unit commitment (TLUC) for power systems facing large uncertainties in the context of adjustable robust optimization. The commitment decision acts as first-stage decisions that need to be robust against uncertainty, whereas the output decision acts as adjustable decisions that is decided after uncertainty is revealed. This decision mechanism naturally decomposes a conventional unit commitment (UC) problem into two levels, the upper level provides unit working status, whereas the lower level checks if there is at least one dispatch solution under uncertainty subject to the status. Unlike conventional UC, where the reserve level is fixed from operating experiences, in TLUC, the reserve level also acts as a decision variable in the upper level that controls the robustness of UC decisions. A heuristic algorithm is developed to solve this TLUC problem, providing the robust UC decision against uncertainty as well as the minimal spinning reserve level required to maintain reliability. Numerical experiments are carried out on the IEEE 39-bus system and large-scale realistic Guangdong power grid in China and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed resource discovery (2001)

This short paper describes the construction and application of Cross-D omain Information Servers using features of the standard Z39.50 information retrieval protocol[11]. We use the Z39.50 Explain Database to determine the databases and indexes of a given server, then use the SCAN facility to extract the contents of the indexes. This information is used to build “collection documents” that can be retrieved using probabilistic retrieval algorithms.
Fully developed asymmetric flow in a plane channel (1972)

The paper presents the results of a detailed experimental examination of fully developed asymmetric flow between parallel planes. The asymmetry was introduced by roughening one of the planes while the other was left smooth; the ratio of the shear stresses at the two surfaces was typically about 4:1. The main emphasis of the research has been on establishing the turbulence structure, particularly in the central region of the channel where the two dissimilar wall flows (generated by the smooth and rough surfaces) interact. Measurements have included profiles of all non-zero double and triple velocity correlations; spectra of the same correlations at several positions in the channel; skewness and flatness factors; and lateral two-point space correlations of the streamwise velocity fluctuation. The region of greatest interaction is characterized by strong diffusional transport of turbulent shear stress and kinetic energy from the rough towards the smooth wall region, giving rise, inter alia , to an appreciable separation between the planes of zero shear stress and maximum mean velocity. The profiles of length scales of the larger-scale motion are, in contrast to the turbulent velocity field, nearly symmetric. Moreover, it appears that at high Reynolds numbers the small-scale motion may in many respects be treated as isotropic.
The Genesis of a Philosophical Poem: Sri Aurobindo, World Literature and the Writing of Savitri (2020)

Philosophical poetry has had a long and distinguished history in different cultural traditions. These traditions have always interacted to some extent, but today the barriers between them have largely broken down. Savitri, an epic in English by the early twentieth-century Indian philosopher and poet Sri Aurobindo, is a notable outcome of the confluence of Eastern and Western civilisations. Based on a creative reworking of a legend from the Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, it incorporates in its neo-Vedantic vision aspects of the worldviews represented by the great philosophical poems of ancient, medieval and modern Europe. As vast in scope as any of these works, Savitri took shape over much of the poet’s life in a way comparable to Goethe’s Faust. A study of the stages of its composition reveals much about the author’s artistic, intellectual and spiritual development and gives insight into the poem’s autobiographical dimension.
Activation and allosteric regulation of the orphan GPR88-Gi1 signaling complex (2022)

GPR88 is an orphan class A G-protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in the striatum and regulates diverse brain and behavioral functions. Here we present cryo-EM structures of the human GPR88-Gi1 signaling complex with or without a synthetic agonist (1R, 2R)-2-PCCA. We show that (1R, 2R)-2-PCCA is an allosteric modulator binding to a herein identified pocket formed by the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane segments 5, 6, and the extreme C terminus of the α5 helix of Gi1. We also identify an electron density in the extracellular orthosteric site that may represent a putative endogenous ligand of GPR88. These structures, together with mutagenesis studies and an inactive state model obtained from metadynamics simulations, reveal a unique activation mechanism for GPR88 with a set of distinctive structure features and a water-mediated polar network. Overall, our results provide a structural framework for understanding the ligand binding, activation and signaling mechanism of GPR88, and will facilitate the innovative drug discovery for neuropsychiatric disorders and for deorphanization of this receptor.
<title>Er:YAG removal of subgingival calculi: efficiency, temperature, and surface quality</title> (1996)

Aim of this study was to evaluate a handpiece with a special fiber tip for Er:YAG laser removal of subgingival calculus. The morphological changes of the treated areas were observed by light microscopy and SEM. To evaluate the efficiency, the time for complete removal of the calculi was measured. The temperature development in the pulp during laser treatment was investigated by a thermocouple inserted into a root canal. After calculi ablation, only smooth ablation traces are visible. The depth of the ablation traces is about 100 micrometers . Roughness of the treated area is similar to the untreated area. The ablation efficiency depends strongly on the shape and location of the calculi and varies between 4.6 and 20 mm<SUP>2</SUP>/min. During non stop preparation the maximum occurred temperature in pulp was 7.8 K. The results show that the Er:YAG laser with the used fiber delivery systems and handpiece is suitable for effective and sparing removal of subgingival calculus in periodontal treatment.