gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid oxidation modulates the eating response to the fructose analogue 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (1996)

The fructose analogue 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (2,5-AM) stimulates feeding behavior in rats apparently through its effects on hepatic energy metabolism, where it reduces glucose utilization, traps phosphate, and decreases ATP. The extent to which the magnitude and duration of the eating response are dependent on the ability of the liver to switch to fat oxidation for energy production was investigated by manipulating substrate availability through dietary and pharmacological means. Rats adapted to a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet preferentially use fat fuels for hepatic energy production and were insensitive to the effects of 2,5-AM on food intake. The lack of an eating response occurred despite similar changes in plasma fuels and liver glycogen compared with rats fed a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. In contrast, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation with methyl palmoxirate, which blocks transport of long-chain fatty acids to the mitochondria, potentiated the ability of 2,5-AM to stimulate feeding without altering its effects on plasma and liver fuels. These data demonstrate that the eating response to 2,5-AM is modulated by the availability of fat fuels and implicate a mechanism for initiation of feeding that is not dependent on inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism per se but rather integrates information about the use of both types of fuels.
A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Shows that Coadministration of Minocycline with Colistin in Critically Ill Patients Is Associated with Reduced Frequency of Acute Renal Failure (2017)

Nonclinical studies have suggested that oxidative damage, caspase-mediated apoptosis, and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels may be involved in the pathogenesis of colistin (CST)-associated acute renal failure. MIN inhibits caspase 1, caspase 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, leading to the hypothesis that coadministration of CST with MIN (CST-MIN) may reduce the incidence of acute renal failure as well as produce additive or synergistic antimicrobial effects. A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Premier Research database to examine the impact of CST-MIN on acute renal failure. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age of ≥18 years, intensive care unit admission at CST initiation, primary International Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD-9) diagnosis of pneumonia or sepsis, nondialysis at hospital admission, and discharge between January 2010 and December 2015. ICD-9 code 584.XX or ICD-10 code N17 was used to define acute renal failure. Baseline comparisons, 1:8 propensity score matching, and confirmatory logistic regression analyses were conducted. In total, 4,817 patients received CST and met inclusion criteria; 93 received CST-MIN. Unadjusted frequency of acute renal failure was significantly lower in patients receiving CST-MIN than CST (11.8% versus 23.7%, <i>P</i> = 0.007). Similar results were seen in propensity score matching (12.0% versus 22.3%, <i>P</i> = 0.031) and logistic regression analyses (odds ratio of 0.403, <i>P</i> = 0.006). Mortalities and 30-day readmission rates were similar between groups. The acute renal failure rate was not impacted by prevalence of baseline renal disease. CST-MIN in critically ill patients may reduce CST-associated acute renal failure. Further evaluation of this combination in prospective clinical studies is warranted.
Novel ferroelectric mixtures for fast switching devices (1998)

Abstract A new series of ferroelectric mixtures has been prepared, and are reported in terms of their transition temperatures, spontaneous polarisation (Ps) and tilt angle (θ) as function of temperature, and switching time and contrast ratio as a function of applied field. The achiral host mixtures utilised for these studies are based on known and novel systems, incorporating difluoroterphenyl compounds(1) which exhibit high levels of dielectric biaxiality(2) and low viscosity. The maximum value of Ps recorded was > 20 nC cm−2, with contrast ratios of > 200:1, switching time of <0.04 ms and tilt angles >25[ddot].
Electrochemical upgrading of depolymerized lignin: a review of model compound studies (2021)

This review addresses advancements and challenges in the use of electrochemical methods as a means of upgrading lignin-derived model compounds to value-added products.
Estimation of urban commuting patterns using cellphone network data (2012)

Commuting matrices are key for a variety of fields, including transportation engineering and urban planning. Up to now, these matrices have been typically generated from data obtained from surveys. Nevertheless, such approaches typically involve high costs which limits the frequency of the studies. Cell phones can be considered one of the main sensors of human behavior due to its ubiquity, and as a such, a pervasive source of mobility information at a large scale. In this paper we propose a new technique for the estimation of commuting matrices using the data collected from the pervasive infrastructure of a cell phone network. Our goal is to show that we can construct cell-phone generated matrices that capture the same patterns as traditional commuting matrices. In order to do so we use optimization techniques in combination with a variation of Temporal Association Rules. Our validation results show that it is possible to construct commuting matrices from call detail records with a high degree of accuracy, and as a result our technique is a cost-effective solution to complement traditional approaches.
Lysosomal Proteins as a Therapeutic Target in Neurodegeneration (2017)

Several proteins that are mutated in lysosomal storage diseases are linked to neurodegenerative disease. This review focuses on some of these lysosomal enzymes and transporters, as well as current therapies that have emerged from the lysosomal storage disease field. Given the deeper genetic understanding of lysosomal defects in neurodegeneration, we explore why some of these orphan disease drug candidates are also attractive targets in subpopulations of individuals with neurodegenerative disease.
Selection of a PD‐1 blocking antibody from a novel fully human phage display library (2022)

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immunoregulatory target which is recognized by different monoclonal antibodies, approved for the therapy of multiple types of cancer. Different anti-PD-1 antibodies display different therapeutic properties and there is a pharmaceutical interest to generate and characterize novel anti-PD-1 antibodies. We screened multiple human antibody phage display libraries to target novel epitopes on the PD-1 surface and we discovered a unique and previously undescribed binding specificity (termed D12) from a new antibody library (termed AMG). The library featured antibody fragments in single-chain fragment variable (scFv) format, based on the IGHV3-23*03 (V<sub>H</sub> ) and IGKV1-39*01 (Vκ) genes. The D12 antibody was characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), cross-reacted with the Cynomolgus monkey antigen and bound to primary human T cells, as shown by flow cytometry. The antibody blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in vitro with an EC<sub>50</sub> value which was comparable to the one of nivolumab, a clinically approved antibody. The fine details of the interaction between D12 and PD-1 were elucidated by x-ray crystallography of the complex at a 3.5 Å resolution, revealing an unprecedented conformational change at the N-terminus of PD-1 following D12 binding, as well as partial overlap with the binding site for the cognate PD-L1 and PD-L2 ligands which prevents their binding. The results of the study suggest that the expansion of antibody library repertoires may facilitate the discovery of novel binding specificities with unique properties that hold promises for the modulation of PD-1 activity in vitro and in vivo.
Underwater Acoustic Communication Using Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output Doppler-Resilient Orthogonal Signal Division Multiplexing (2019)

In this paper, we propose a novel underwater acoustic (UWA) communication scheme that achieves energy and spectrum efficiency simultaneously by combining Doppler-resilient orthogonal signal division multiplexing (D-OSDM) and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) signaling. We present both the transmitter processing and the receiver processing for MIMO D-OSDM. We evaluate the performance of MIMO D-OSDM in simulations with a large intersymbol interference of 25 symbols and a Doppler spread with a maximum Doppler shift of 8 Hz. In addition, the sea trial is performed in Suruga Bay, where the receiver is mounted on a barge and a research vessel with the transmitter makes round trips along a line with a speed of 4 kn. In the experiments, we obtain an intersymbol interference of 3.6-29.7 symbols and a Doppler spread of several Hertz (leading to a spread of over two to three subcarrier spacings). The simulation results suggest that MIMO D-OSDM has an advantage over normal D-OSDM, Doppler-resilient MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO D-OFDM), and classical OFDM with MIMO signaling (MIMO OFDM)-MIMO D-OSDM achieves better bit error rate performance than the benchmarks. The sea trial results also support the advantage of MIMO D-OSDM-it achieves a coded block error rate of 3.2% while normal D-OSDM and MIMO D-OFDM achieve a coded block error rate of 9.7% and 9.3%, respectively. We conclude that MIMO D-OSDM can become a viable technique that achieves reliable and effective UWA communication.
IoT Botnet Detection Using an Economic Deep Learning Model (2023)

The rapid progress in technology innovation usage and distribution has increased in the last decade. The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) systems worldwide has increased network security challenges created by malicious third parties. Thus, reliable intrusion detection and network forensics systems that consider security concerns and IoT systems limitations are essential to protect such systems. IoT botnet attacks are one of the significant threats to enterprises and individuals. Thus, this paper proposed an economic deep learning-based model for detecting IoT botnet attacks along with different types of attacks. The proposed model achieved higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art detection models using a smaller implementation budget and accelerating the training and detecting processes.
Cyclic polar codes (2015)

Arikan introduced polar codes in 2009 and proved that they achieve the symmetric capacity, under low-complexity successive cancellation decoding, of any binary-input discrete memoryless channel. Arikan's construction is based on the Kronecker product of 2-by-2 matrices and it was extended to larger matrices by ŗaşoğlu et al. in 2010. In this paper, we construct cyclic polar codes based on a mixed-radix Cooley-Tukey decomposition of the Galois field Fourier transform. Ignoring the twiddle factors between stages, the derived fast Fourier transform is essentially a Kronecker product of small Fourier transform matrices. Thus, one can define a successive cancellation decoder and observe that the coordinate channels polarize. Choosing the locations of the frozen symbols in the resulting polar code is identical to choosing the locations of zeros in the Fourier transform of the codewords and, thus, the code is cyclic.
The Prevention of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis in Mice by Disulfiram (1982)

Cyclophosphamide administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg caused a dose related increase in urinary bladder weight within 48 hours of treatment. Disulfiram effectively prevented cyclophosphamide-induced increase in bladder weight when disulfiram was administered by either the oral or intraperitoneal route. Disulfiram (125 mg/kg) was most effective when given within one hour of cyclophosphamide treatment. These results suggest that disulfiram, unlike other putative protectants, is effective when administered orally.
A Spontaneous Missense Mutation in Branched Chain Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase in the Rat Affects Both the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (2016)

A novel mutation, causing a phenotype we named frogleg because its most obvious characteristic is a severe splaying of the hind limbs, arose spontaneously in a colony of Sprague-Dawley rats. Frogleg is a complex phenotype that includes abnormalities in hind limb function, reduced brain weight with dilated ventricles and infertility. Using micro-satellite markers spanning the entire rat genome, the mutation was mapped to a region of rat chromosome 1 between D1Rat131 and D1Rat287. Analysis of whole genome sequencing data within the linkage interval, identified a missense mutation in the branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase kinase (Bckdk) gene. The protein encoded by Bckdk is an integral part of an enzyme complex located in the mitochondrial matrix of many tissues which regulates the levels of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine and valine. BCAAs are essential amino acids (not synthesized by the body), and circulating levels must be tightly regulated; levels that are too high or too low are both deleterious. BCKDK phosphorylates Ser293 of the E1α subunit of the BCKDH protein, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the catabolism of the BCAAs, inhibiting BCKDH and thereby, limiting breakdown of the BCAAs. In contrast, when Ser293 is not phosphorylated, BCKDH activity is unchecked and the levels of the BCAAs will decrease dramatically. The mutation is located within the kinase domain of Bckdk and is predicted to be damaging. Consistent with this, we show that in rats homozygous for the mutation, phosphorylation of BCKDH in the brain is markedly decreased relative to wild type or heterozygous littermates. Further, circulating levels of the BCAAs are reduced by 70-80% in animals homozygous for the mutation. The frogleg phenotype shares important characteristics with a previously described Bckdk knockout mouse and with human subjects with Bckdk mutations. In addition, we report novel data regarding peripheral neuropathy of the hind limbs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sandwich Dimer Complexes of Zinc Porphyrins Bearing Three‐Dimensionally Oriented Redox‐Active π‐Conjugated Pendant Groups. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Diffuse and Nonlinear Imaging for In Vivo Monitoring of Tumor Vascular Structure and Function (2020)

We present a novel preclinical imaging technique called Diffuse and Nonlinear Imaging (DNI), which combines Multiphoton Microscopy (MPM) with Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) to provide spatially coregistered datasets of tumor vascular structure and function.
Immediate postoperative inflammatory response predicts long-term outcome in lung-transplant recipients (2012)

An elevation in interleukin (IL)-6 concentration immediately following lung transplantation is associated with a trend towards development of bronchiolitis obliterans, rejection and significantly decreased survival time. Further studies are warranted to confirm the correlation between the immediate inflammatory response, PGD and BOS. Identification of patients at risk for BOS based on the cytokine response after surgery may allow for early intervention.
Oral and intestinal mucositis — causes and possible treatments (2003)

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, whilst highly effective in the treatment of neoplasia, can also cause damage to healthy tissue. In particular, the alimentary tract may be badly affected. Severe inflammation, lesioning and ulceration can occur. Patients may experience intense pain, nausea and gastro-enteritis. They are also highly susceptible to infection. The disorder (mucositis) is a dose-limiting toxicity of therapy and affects around 500 000 patients world-wide annually. Oral and intestinal mucositis is multi-factorial in nature. The disruption or loss of rapidly dividing epithelial progenitor cells is a trigger for the onset of the disorder. However, the actual dysfunction that manifests and its severity and duration are greatly influenced by changes in other cell populations, immune responses and the effects of oral/gut flora. This complexity has hampered the development of effective palliative or preventative measures. Recent studies have concentrated on the use of bioactive/growth factors, hormones or interleukins to modify epithelial metabolism and reduce the susceptibility of the tract to mucositis. Some of these treatments appear to have considerable potential and are at present under clinical evaluation. This overview deals with the cellular changes and host responses that may lead to the development of mucositis of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, and the potential of existing and novel palliative measures to limit or prevent the disorder. Presently available treatments do not prevent mucositis, but can limit its severity if used in combination. Poor oral health and existing epithelial damage predispose patients to mucositis. The elimination of dental problems or the minimization of existing damage to the alimentary tract, prior to the commencement of therapy, lowers their susceptibility. Measures that reduce the flora of the tract, before therapy, can also be helpful. Increased production of free radicals and the induction of inflammation are early events in the onset of mucositis. Prophylactic administration of scavengers or anti-inflammatories can partially counteract or limit some of these therapy-mediated effects, as can the use of cryotherapy. The regular use of mouthwashes, mouth coatings, antibiotics and analgesics is essential, prior to and during loss and ablation of the epithelial layer. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or the use of laser light therapy may aid restitution and repair. Glutamine supplements may be beneficial in the repair/recovery phase.
Demystifying Self-healing Property of Accelerating Beams for Obstacles Circumvention in Communication Applications (2022)

This paper deals with the application of self-accelerating beams for obstacle circumvention in communication applications. Particularly, although recent research works have proposed to take advantage of the self-healing property of self-accelerating beams like the Airy beam to circumvent obstacles and enable data transmission in non-line-of-sight (non-LOS) scenarios, the analysis presented in this paper shows that this is not a viable approach, at least when the transmission aperture dimension is comparable or smaller than that of the obstacle. Ray-optics interpretation, equivalent point source propagation models which take into account the presence of obstacles of different sizes, and full-electromagnetic wave simulation results will be provided to confirm this fact.
Iontophoresis for Enhancing Penetration of Dermatologic and Antiviral Drugs (1995)

Iontophoresis is the process of introducing ionic drugs into the body for therapeutic purposes. Although iontophoresis has the potential for systemic therapy, it has mainly been used for local therapy at body surfaces. Many ionic drugs are available including lidocaine, epinephrine, methylprednisolone succinate, dexamethasone phosphate, several antivirals, various antibiotics, and other specific drugs. The use of an indicated ionic drug by iontophoresis offers a broad potential for promoting the development of more effective therapies in dermatology. Iontophoresis of ionized drugs provided a 20-60 fold increase in penetration over topical application. Iontophoresis for dermatological use requires that: a) a charged drug be placed at an electrode having a polarity the same charge as the drug, b) the condition or disease under treatment be at or near the body surface, and c) a modern, sophisticated source of direct current, with appropriate accessories, be used. The current source must have features that make it not only effective, but also safe for application to the patient. Modern systems for application of drugs by iontophoresis have features that make the process simple and efficient for use in practice. Iontophoresis has a long history of use, having been suggested for various therapies for many years in medicine, physical therapy and dentistry. Pilocarpine iontophoresis is a preferred method for cystic fibrosis detection. Also, lidocaine iontophoresis has been advocated to anesthetize the tympanic membrane before myringotomy. Anesthesia of the skin to a depth of 1.0 cm or more has been reported in double-blind studies of human volunteers. Local anesthesia by iontophoresis was reported to be effective for: 1) cutaneous cutdowns in patients requiring kidney dialysis, 2) delicate eyelid surgery, as the sole anesthetic, 3) preinjection topical anesthesia, and 4) shave biopsies of skin lesions. The use of iontophoresis for treating difficult cases of hyperhydrosis is quite popular among dermatologists. The present report emphasizes uses of iontophoresis in dermatology and is divided into discussion of studies using iontophoresis for postherpetic neuralgia, local anesthesia, antiviral therapy, and for corticosteroid therapy of nonspecific inflammatory lesions. Over 1250 patients have been treated for postherpetic neuralgia by corticosteroid iontophoresis at 6 medical centers with 60-80% of patients showing a major therapeutic response with return to a tolerable pain level. Double-blind studies of varicella zoster (active and postherpetic) and herpes simplex have proven that iontophoresis is a valuable modality for treating viral diseases of the skin. Many other uses for iontophoresis have been proposed in the literature that involve several hundred research papers, several textbooks and many book chapters. Review of the literature supports the concept that iontophoresis provides an optimal method for drug application in therapy of surface tissues.
In Memoriam: James D. Hardy (2003)

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated in 9 large-billed crows that died in Kyoto and Osaka prefectures in Japan from March to April in 2004. We studied 3 of the 9 crows using standard histologic methods, immunohistochemistry, and virus isolation. The most prominent lesions were gross patchy areas of reddish discoloration in the pancreas. The consistent histologic lesions included severe multifocal necrotizing pancreatitis, focal degeneration and necrosis of neuron and glial cells in the central nervous system, and focal degeneration of cardiac myocytes. All of these tissues contained immunohistochemically positive influenza viral antigens. The virus was isolated from the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney of the crows examined. Thus we concluded that highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was associated with clinical disease, severe pathologic changes, and death in the 3 crows.
Melanocyte‐specific expression of dopachrome tautomerase is dependent on synergistic gene activation by the Sox10 and Mitf transcription factors (2003)

Sox10 regulates melanocyte development at least partly through its stimulatory effect on Mitf gene expression. Here, we characterize the gene for dopachrome tautomerase (Dct/Trp2) as the second direct Sox10 target in melanocytes, arguing for the existence of Sox10 functions in melanocytes that are independent of its epistatic relationship to Mitf. Sox10 responsiveness was mediated by multiple binding sites within the proximal Dct/Trp2 promoter which display varying affinities and bind Sox10 monomers or dimers. Mitf synergistically enhanced Sox10-dependent activation of the Dct/Trp2 promoter. Synergy appears mechanistically complex and requires both direct binding of Sox10 to the promoter and the protein's transactivation domain.