gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The evolution of robust strategies in iterated multi-player games (2014)

Multi-player games provide a general framework for studying social interactions in groups of individuals. This framework allows researchers to systematically address pervasive questions in the social and biological sciences, such as whether communities produce and maintain cooperation, or else succumb to the tragedy of the commons. As the number of players participating in a game increases, so too does the space of possible strategies the players may adopt and the corresponding space of possible outcomes for the game. This explosion of complexity is especially acute in iterated multi-player games, in which players may choose to update how they play in response to the outcomes of previous interactions. The vast array of possible strategies in iterated multi-player games makes it difficult to assess the prospects for cooperation or defection in general. 
Here we take a step towards resolving this difficulty, by constructing a theoretical framework that enables us to identify the memory-1 strategies that resist replacement by any other such strategy, for an arbitrary repeated $n$-player game, in a replicating population of $N\geq n$ players. We analyze the evolutionary robustness of strategies in such a population, under both strong selection and under weak selection. Under strong selection the notion of evolutionary robustness is equivalent to that of a Nash equilibrium -- and so our results include a complete characterization of cooperative memory-1 Nash equilibria for $n$-player games.
A prediction based control scheme for networked systems with delays and packet dropouts (2009)

We present a networked control scheme which uses a model based prediction and time-stamps in order to compensate for delays and packet dropouts in the transmission between sensor and controller and between controller and actuator, respectively. In order to analyze the properties of our scheme, we introduce the notion of prediction consistency which enables us to precisely state the network properties needed in order to ensure stability of the closed loop.
Maintaining Supersaturation of Nimodipine by PVP with or without the Presence of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sodium Taurocholate (2018)

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most versatile supersaturating drug delivery systems to improve the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. PVP based ASD formulation of nimodipine (NMD) has been marketed and effectively used in clinic for nearly 30 years, yet the mechanism by which PVP maintains the supersaturation and subsequently improves the bioavailability of NMD was rarely investigated. In this research, we first studied the molecular interactions between NMD and PVP by solution NMR, using CDCl<sub>3</sub> as the solvent, and the drug-polymer Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. No strong specific interaction between PVP and NMD was detected in the nonaqueous state. However, we observed that aqueous supersaturation of NMD could be significantly maintained by PVP, presumably due to the hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic moieties of PVP and NMD in aqueous medium. This hypothesis was supported by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and supersaturation experiments in the presence of different surfactants. DLS revealed the formation of NMD/PVP aggregates when NMD was supersaturated, suggesting the formation of hydrophobic interactions between the drug and polymer. The addition of surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or sodium taurocholate (NaTC), into PVP maintained that NMD supersaturation demonstrated different effects: SLS could only improve NMD supersaturation with concentration above its critical aggregation concentration (CAC) value while not with lower concentration. Nevertheless, NaTC could prolong NMD supersaturation independent of concentration, with lower concentration outperformed higher concentration. We attribute these observations to PVP-surfactant interactions and the formation of PVP/surfactant complexes. In summary, despite the lack of specific interactions in the nonaqueous state, NMD aqueous supersaturation in the presence of PVP was attained by hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic moieties of NMD and PVP. This hydrophobic interaction could be disrupted by surfactants, which interact with PVP competitively, thus hindering the capability of PVP to maintain NMD supersaturation. Therefore, caution is needed when evaluating such ASDs in vitro and in vivo when various surfactants are present either in the formulation or in the surrounding medium.
Simulated Human Feces for Testing Human Waste Processing Technologies in Space Systems (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Handling and processing human feces in space habitats is a major concern and needs to be addressed for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) as well as for future exploration activities. In order to ensure crew health and safety, feces should either be isolated in a dried form to prevent microbial activity, or be processed to yield a non-biohazardous product using a reliable technology. During laboratory testing of new feces processing technologies, use of “real” feces can impede progress due to practical issues such as safety and handling thereby limiting experimental investigations. The availability of a non-hazardous simulant or analogue of feces can overcome this limitation. Use of a simulant can speed up research and ensure a safe laboratory environment. At Ames Research Center, we have undertaken the task of developing human fecal simulants. In field investigations, human feces show wide variations in their chemical/physical composition. However, under controlled experimental conditions using healthy adults (e.g. astronauts) fed a standard diet, the variations are likely to be minimal and within statistically acceptable levels. We have prepared a number of simulants using organic chemicals, soy paste (“Miso”) and other materials - particularly those capable of representing the water-holding capacity (WHC) of feces. The chemical composition of this simulant was a better approximation to human feces than previously used analogues. Rheological studies of the simulant are planned to ensure that it simulates fecal material. The emphasis on rheology and WHC is based on the assumption that in space habitats feces will be compacted to reduce volume and/or the water will be removed to safen the fecal waste.&lt;/div&gt;
Development of low‐loss lead‐germanate glass for mid‐infrared fiber optics: I. glass preparation optimization (2020)

Abstract Reducing the mid‐infrared attenuation loss due to absorption of hydroxyl (OH) groups and scattering of metallic Pb species for lead‐germanate glass is essential to pave the way for their applications as low‐loss mid‐infrared fiber optics. In the first part of this study, we report the understanding of the factors that determine dehydration efficiency and metallic Pb formation during the lead‐germanate glassmelting process. Combining a dry O 2 ‐rich atmosphere containing ultra‐dry N 2 together with the use of chloride dehydration agent and nitrate oxidation agent compound was found to enable efficient dehydration effect and absence of metallic Pb scattering sources in the dehydrated glasses. This glassmelting procedure overcomes previous limitations on the preparation of similar kinds of heavy‐metal oxide glasses, where only pure O 2 atmosphere was used and/or use of fluoride dehydration agent deteriorated the glass thermal stability. This work provides guidance for developing other low‐loss mid‐infrared glasses/fibers containing multivalent heavy‐metal ions such as Pb, Bi, Te, Sb, etc
High-Precision Anchored Accumulators for Reproducible Floating-Point Summation (2017)

This paper introduces a new datatype that allows reproducible accumulation of floating-point (FP) numbers in a programmer-selectable range. The new datatype has a larger significand and a smaller range than existing FP formats and has much better arithmetic and computational properties. In particular, it is associative, parallelizable, reproducible and correct. For the modest ranges that will accommodate most problems, it is also much faster: 3 to 12 times faster on a single 256-bit SIMD implementation. The paper also describes a new instruction and associated datapath that support the proposed datatype, and discusses how a recently published software algorithm for reproducible FP summation could be implemented using the proposed approach.
A Broadband Single Balanced Diode Mixer Using a Wideband Rat-Race Hybrid with Vertical Coupling Structure (2006)

In this paper, a broadband single balanced mixer is presented using a wideband rat-race implementation by vertical coupler. Frequency is selected as 1.5/spl sim/3 GHz for RF, 1.64/spl sim/3.14 GHz for LO, and 140 MHz for IF signals. When LO signal with 6 dBm at 2.7 GHz is injected, a conversion loss of 7.5 dB and RF to LO isolation of -30 dB are obtained. Also, an average conversion loss of 10 dB and RF to LO isolation of -27 dB are obtained for frequency band of 1.5/spl sim/3 GHz.
Overview of biological database mapping services for interoperation between different 'omics' datasets (2011)

Many primary biological databases are dedicated to providing annotation for a specific type of biological molecule such as a clone, transcript, gene or protein, but often with limited cross-references. Therefore, enhanced mapping is required between these databases to facilitate the correlation of independent experimental datasets. For example, molecular biology experiments conducted on samples (DNA, mRNA or protein) often yield more than one type of 'omics' dataset as an object for analysis (eg a sample can have a genomics as well as proteomics expression dataset available for analysis). Thus, in order to map the two datasets, the identifier type from one dataset is required to be linked to another dataset, so preventing loss of critical information in downstream analysis. This identifier mapping can be performed using identifier converter software relevant to the query and target identifier databases. This review presents the publicly available web-based biological database identifier converters, with comparison of their usage, input and output formats, and the types of available query and target database identifier types.
Lightweight waveguide and antenna components using plating on plastics (2013)

We present three methods for producing lightweight waveguide- and antenna components by autocatalytic electroless copper plating on plastics. Waveguides for the Ku-band are manufactured through; 1) extrusion of ABS plastics; 2) 3D printing with Stereolithography (SLA) polymers and; 3) composite forming in Particle Pressure Chamber (PPC). The three methods covers applications from prototypes to mass production, from in house applications to space approved extremes. In previous autocatalytic methods it has been difficult to exceed 2 μm copper layer but in this work we utilize a method of autocatalytic electroless plating on plastics for unlimited thickness but here stopped at a 4-5 μm thick glossy copper layer. Measurements on conductivity and attenuation have shown that the performance is approaching that of standard aluminium waveguides with 0.0375 dB/cm loss, but with reduced weight and lower cost if made in series. Refined waveguide samples will be measured for the conference presentation.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐Allyl Ether as a New Protective Group for Oximes and Its PalladiumCatalyzed Deprotection. (1988)

Abstract The oxime allyl ethers (III), prepared from the oximes (I), are deprotected in the presence of a Pd catalyst to give the oximes (I) and propene (IV).
Interactions of EGF, Wnt and HOM-C genes specify the P12 neuroectoblast fate in C. elegans (1998)

We investigate how temporal and spatial interactions between multiple intercellular and intracellular factors specify the fate of a single cell in Caenorhabditis elegans. P12, which is a ventral cord neuroectoblast, divides postembryonically to generate neurons and a unique epidermal cell. Three classes of proteins are involved in the specification of P12 fate: the LIN-3/LET-23 epidermal growth factor signaling pathway, a Wnt protein LIN-44 and its candidate receptor LIN-17, and a homeotic gene product EGL-5. We show that LIN-3 is an inductive signal sufficient to promote the P12 fate, and the conserved EGF signaling pathway is utilized for P12 fate specification; egl-5 is a downstream target of the lin-3/let-23 pathway in specifying P12 fate; and LIN-44 and LIN-17 act synergistically with lin-3 in the specification of the P12 fate. The Wnt pathway may function early in development to regulate the competence of the cells to respond to the LIN-3 inductive signal.
Inhibition of Ras oncogenic activity by Ras protooncogenes (2004)

Point mutations in ras genes have been found in a large number and wide variety of human tumors. These oncogenic Ras mutants are locked in an active GTP-bound state that leads to a constitutive and deregulated activation of Ras function. The dogma that ras oncogenes are dominant, whereby the mutation of a single allele in a cell will predispose the host cell to transformation regardless of the presence of the normal allele, is being challenged. We have seen that increasing amounts of Ras protooncogenes are able to inhibit the activity of the N-Ras oncogene in the activation of Elk in NIH 3T3 cells and in the formation of foci. We have been able to determine that the inhibitory effect is by competition between Ras protooncogenes and the N-Ras oncogene that occurs first at the effector level at the membranes, then at the processing level and lastly at the effector level in the cytosol. In addition, coexpression of the N-Ras protooncogene in thymic lymphomas induced by the N-Ras oncogene is associated with increased levels of p107, p130 and cyclin A and decreased levels of Rb. In the present report, we have shown that the N-Ras oncogene is not truly dominant over Ras protooncogenes and their competing activities might be depending on cellular context.
Solvent effects and their relation to the E and C equation (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvent effects and their relation to the E and C equationRussell S. Drago, Lynne Burton Parr, and Craig S. ChamberlainCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 10, 3203–3209Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00452a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00452a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views283Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Flocculent and grand design spiral structure in field, binary and group galaxies (1982)

A 12-division morphological system has been developed to classify nearly all spiral galaxies according to the regularity of their spiral arm structure. This system emphasizes arm continuity, length and symmetry, and it may be related to the presence or strength of a density wave. Arm classifications were tabulated for 305 barred and non-barred spiral galaxies; 79 of these are isolated, 52 are in binary systems and 174 are in groups. The fractional occurrences of irregular versus ordered spiral structures were determined for the galaxies in each sample. Among the isolated SA galaxies, 68 ± 10 per cent were found to have irregular and fragmented spiral structures (i.e., flocculent structures); only 32 ± 10 per cent have symmetric spiral arms in the classic grand design pattern. Flocculent spirals are the most common structures found in galaxies without companions or bars. Binary or group membership increases the probability that an SA galaxy has grand design structure to 61 ± 6 per cent, while the presence of a bar (SB or SAB) in a field galaxy increases the fraction that have grand designs to 71 ± 7 per cent. This fraction is only slightly higher, 72 ± 4 per cent, for barred galaxies in groups, but it is much higher, 93 ± 5 per cent, for barred galaxies in binary systems. Since flocculent galaxies may have bars and companions and grand design galaxies may have neither bars nor companions, such perturbations are neither perfectly effective nor always necessary for driving grand design patterns.
Aerobactin iron transport genes commonly encoded by certain ColV plasmids occur in the chromosome of a human invasive strain of Escherichia coli K1 (1984)

The aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system encoded by pColV-K30 and other ColV plasmids has been associated with the ability of Escherichia coli strains to cause disease. We investigated whether the pColV-K30 aerobactin system is present in E. coli K1 VW187 isolated from a human neonate with meningitis. This strain exhibited a functional aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system, as assessed by a cross-feeding bioassay and by its sensitivity to cloacin, a bacteriocin that recognizes the outer membrane receptor for iron-aerobactin complexes. By using a variety of techniques, we could not find any plasmid harboring the aerobactin genes. Hybridization of restriction endonuclease-cleaved chromosomal DNA from strain VW187 with various clones containing subsets of the pColV-K30 aerobactin region showed that the aerobactin genes were located on a 10.5-kilobase-pair chromosomal HindIII restriction fragment which also contained IS1-like insertion sequences. The chromosomal aerobactin region showed a high degree of conservation when compared with the homologous region in plasmid pColV-K30, although it was located on a different restriction endonuclease site environment.
Exploring polymorphism: the case of benzene (2005)

A mayor obstacle for the prediction of the crystal structures of organic molecules is the discrepancy between the small size of typical lattice energy differences and the limited accuracy of force fields or pure density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We present a hybrid method for the calculation of accurate lattice energy differences that combines DFT calculations using the VASP program with empirical Van der Waals (VdW) potentials.
Deploying LIBS in Industry: Four Examples of Applied LIBS Technologies (2010)

Energy Research Company and its partners have developed LIBS for aluminum manufacturing, coal-fired power production, and other industrial applications. In this paper we review essential design aspects of the equipment and their resulting performance advantages.
Stable Genetic Alterations of β-Catenin and ROR2 Regulate the Wnt Pathway, Affect the Fate of MSCs (2013)

The Wnt pathways have been shown to be critical for the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro, but their roles in MSCs in vivo remain poorly characterized due to the lack of stable alterations in their signaling. In the present study, we constructed long-term and stable mMSCs lines with activated and inactivated β-catenin (the key molecule of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway) or ROR2 (the key molecule of the noncanonical Wnt5a/ROR2 signaling pathway) modifications with lentiviral vectors. We found that the transduction efficiencies mediated by the lentiviral vectors were 92.61-97.04% and were maintained over 20 passages of mMSCs. Transfection by lentiviral vectors not only regulated the mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin or ROR2 but also regulated nuclear β-catenin accumulation or the Wnt5a/JNK and Wnt5a/PKC pathways belonging to the canonical Wnt and noncanonical Wnt5a/ROR2 pathways, respectively. β-Catenin or ROR2 gene overexpression promoted mMSC proliferation, migration and differentiation into osteoblasts, while inhibiting the adipogenic differentiation of mMSCs. In contrast, inactivation of the β-catenin or ROR2 genes resulted in the opposite effects. Therefore, these results confirm that lentiviral vector transduction can facilitate sustained and efficient gene modification of the Wnt pathway in mMSCs. This study provides a method to investigate the effects of the Wnt pathway on the fate of mMSCs in vivo and for the further improvement of MSC-based therapies.
Understanding Large-Scale Software – A Hierarchical View (2019)

Program comprehension accounts for a large portion of software development costs and effort. The academic literature contains research on program comprehension of short code snippets, but comprehension at the system level is no less important. We claim that comprehending a software system is a distinct activity that differs from code comprehension. We interview experienced developers, architects, and managers in the software industry and open-source community, to uncover the meaning of program comprehension at the system level. The interviews demonstrate, among other things, that system comprehension is detached from code and programming language, and includes scope that is not captured in the code. It focuses on the structure of the system and less on the code itself. This is a continuous, iterative process, which mixes white-box and black-box approaches at different layers of the system, and combines both bottom-up and top-down comprehension strategies.
Unsteady Phenomena During Operation of the SSME Fuel Flowmeter (2000)

This report describes a part of the analysis carried in support of the SSME (Space Shuttle Main Engine) Fuel Flowmeter redesign, addressing an intensely researched phenomenon known as shifting of the flowmeter constant value. It consists of a sudden change in the flowmeter indication, which occurs simultaneously with the onset of an oscillatory variation of the rotor speed. The change in the flowmeter indications does not correspond to a real change in the volumetric flow through the device. Several causes have been investigated in detail, in the past, without conclusive evidence towards a cause of this phenomenon. The present analysis addresses the flow physics through the flowmeter by assembling results from 3-D CFD (computational fluid dynamics) calculations, airfoil C(sub D)/C(sub L) performance curves and mass moment of inertia characteristics of the rotor into a synergistic calculation which simulates the unsteady regime of the flowmeter operation. The results show that the 4-bladed rotor interacts with the periodic flow pattern created behind the flow straightener upstream in a manner that generates a steady, periodic fluctuation in the rotor's speed. The amplitude of this fluctuation is significantly smaller than the 0.5% of mean speed threshold which constitutes a flight operational limit. When manufacturing errors occur, however, the fluctuations are amplified and can generate a significant apparent change in the flowmeter indication. Two types of possible fabrication errors-which can occur even for parts fabricated within the accepted tolerances for the blade airfoil-are presented, together with their effect on the flowmeter operation.