gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multijunction Solar Cell Technology for Mars Surface Applications (2006)

Solar cells used for Mars surface applications have been commercial space qualified AMO optimized devices. Due to the Martian atmosphere, these cells are not optimized for the Mars surface and as a result operate at a reduced efficiency. A multi-year program, MOST (Mars Optimized Solar Cell Technology), managed by JPL Science Mission Directorate (SMD) and funded by NASA Code S, was initiated in 2004, to develop tools to modify commercial AMO cells for the Mars surface solar spectrum and to fabricate Mars optimized devices for verification. This effort required defining the surface incident spectrum, developing an appropriate laboratory solar simulator measurement capability, and to develop and test commercial cells modified for the Mars surface spectrum. This paper discusses the program, including results for the initial modified cells. Simulated Mars surface measurements of MER cells and Phoenix Lander cells (2007 launch) are provided to characterize the performance loss for those missions. In addition, the performance of the MER rover solar arrays is updated to reflect their more than two (2) year operation
<title>Measurement of individual intracellular pH and membrane potential values in living cells</title> (1999)

It was assumed that each cell is a homogeneous suspension may have a slightly different pH and membrane potential. A wide range of pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes BCECF, SNARF, FITC, carboxyfluorescein, fluorescein and pyranine have been carefully tested for the accuracy and reliability of their pH-response inside living cells. The intracellular milieu was simulated by a series of mineral buffers with addition of proteins. The pH values have been determined from the excitation ratios 490/435 nm for BCECF, FITC, carboxyfluorescein and fluorescein, and 450/400 nm for pyranine, emission ratios 518/529 nm for BCECF and 635/590 nm for SNARF. The spectrally determined values were then compared with the pH values of buffers measured by a glass electrode. Using the data from the calibration procedure, we evaluated individual intracellular pH values of a large number of cells within one cell population. The confocal ratio fluorescence microscopy revealed pH maps from which both cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH values could be determine, flow cytometry gave enormous amount of average intracellular pH values of individual cells of a whole cell population. Each cell population exhibited significant differences in both cytoplasmic pH values among individual cells. The pH distribution of a typical cell population appeared to fit a Gaussian curve. In yeast it was a Gaussian curve with half- width values around 0.4 pH unit. The men pH values depended on the growth phase, H-ATPase activity and external pH values. The preliminary result with the new membrane potential dye tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester indicated that similarly to pH values, there is a heterogeneity in membrane potential values among cell sin one cell population. The data presented above suggest that each ell behaves as an individual with an individual set up of its metabolism. This 'fine tuning' of the metabolism result in slightly higher or lower pH or membrane potential values that can be detected by fluorescence techniques.
Syntactic Theory and the Theory of Language (2001)

Abstract Radical Construction Grammar is a construction grammar, in which syntactic representation is a pairing of form and meaning. Constructions are the basic, primitive units of syntactic representation; syntactic categories are roles in constructions. The only type of syntactic relation is the role of a syntactic unit in its construction. Constructions are language-specific, though their structural properties can be mapped onto a syntactic space. Categories are mapped onto conceptual space, which represents the constraints of typological universals and reflects properties of the human mind. Radical Construction Grammar is embedded in an evolutionary theory of language. Utterances are instantiations of constructions in communicative interaction. But communication is imperfect, since we cannot read each other’s minds. Speakers are constantly reanalysing the form-meaning mapping in constructions, and this process leads to grammatical change, which can be propagated through a speech community. Grammar is thus constantly evolving as it is continually replicated in language use.
PS02.047: TARGETED SILENCING OF SOX2 BY AN ARTIFICIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SUPPRESSED THE GROWTH OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER CELLS (2018)

Abstract Background SOX2 is a transcription factor that is fundamental for early development and for the maintenance of stem cells in multiple adult tissues and also plays an important role in squamous cell differentiation. Amplification of chromosome 3q26 is the most common of the genetic alterations found in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SOX2 is a candidate oncogene present in this locus and amplification of SOX2 has been reported in lung and esophageal squamous cell SCC. In this study, we have developed a zinc finger-based artificial transcription factor (ATF) to selectively suppress SOX2 expression in cancer cells and termed the system ATF/SOX2. Methods We engineered the ATF using six zinc finger arrays designed to target a 19 bp site in the SOX2 distal promoter and a KOX transcriptional repressor domain. A recombinant adenoviral vector Ad-ATF/SOX2 that expresses ATF/SOX2 suppressed SOX2 at the mRNA and protein levels in esophageal SCC cells(TE1 and TE4) expressing SOX2. Results Ad-ATF/SOX2 decreased esophageal SCC cells proliferation and colony formation more effectively than the recombinant adenoviral vector Ad-shSOX2, which expresses SOX2 short hairpin RNA (shSOX2). Ad-ATF/SOX2 induced the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1A more strongly than Ad-shSOX2. Moreover, Ad-ATF/SOX2 effectively inhibited tumor growth in a SCC xenograft mouse model. Conclusion In this study, we have shown that the targeted down-regulation of SOX2 using ATF based technologies can be used as an effective tool for the treatment of SCC in esophageal cancers that express SOX2. Our results indicate that ATF/SOX2 would lead to the development of an effective molecular-targeted therapy for esophageal SCC. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
The complex architecture of plant transgene insertions (2018)

Abstract Over the last 35 years the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been the workhorse tool for plant genome engineering. Replacement of native tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid elements with customizable cassettes enabled insertion of a sequence of interest called Transfer DNA (T-DNA) into any plant genome. Although these T-DNA transfer mechanisms are well understood, detailed understanding of structure and epigenomic status of insertion events was limited by current technologies. To fill this gap, we analyzed transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines from three widely used collections (SALK, SAIL and WISC) with two single molecule technologies, optical genome mapping and nanopore sequencing. Optical maps for four randomly selected T-DNA lines revealed between one and seven insertions/rearrangements, and for the first time the actual length of individual transgene insertions from 27 to 236 kilobases. De novo nanopore sequencing-based genome assemblies for two segregating lines resolved T-DNA structures up to 36 kb into the insertions and revealed large-scale T-DNA associated translocations and exchange of chromosome arm ends. The multiple internally rearranged nature of T-DNA arrays made full assembly impossible, even with long nanopore reads. For the current TAIR10 reference genome, nanopore contigs corrected 83% of non-centromeric misassemblies. This unprecedented nucleotide-level definition of T-DNA insertions enabled the mapping of epigenome data. We identify variable small RNA transgene targeting and DNA methylation. SALK_059379 T-DNA insertions were enriched for 24nt siRNAs and contained dense cytosine DNA methylation. Transgene silencing via the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway was confirmed by in planta assays. In contrast, SAIL_232 T-DNA insertions are predominantly targeted by 21/22nt siRNAs, with DNA methylation and silencing limited to a reporter, but not the resistance gene. With the emergence of genome editing technologies that rely on Agrobacterium for gene delivery, this study provides new insights into the structural impact of engineering plant genomes and demonstrates the utility of state-of-the-art long-range sequencing technologies to rapidly identify unanticipated genomic changes.
In Situ Scanning Probe Microscopy of Interfacial Phenomena in Batteries (2011)

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) generates images of surfaces using a probe that scans the specimen. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an extension of SPM. Ex situ STM and AFM are now widely used to characterize the surface morphology of a variety of samples. This paper introduces some important aspects of in situ SPM observation of interfacial phenomena in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In situ SPM makes it possible to directly observe the electrode/electrolyte interface and therefore is a powerful technique for understanding interfacial phenomena in LIBs. By applying this technology to different thin film electrodes, the morphological changes of a composite electrode were studied and are described.
Sulforaphane enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the induction of DR5 expression in human osteosarcoma cells (2006)

Sulforaphane (SFN), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, is an attractive agent because of its potent anticancer effects. SFN suppresses the proliferation of various cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is also one of the most promising candidates for cancer therapeutics owing to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells. In this study, we report that SFN enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells, Saos2 and MG63. The apoptosis induced by co-treatment with SFN and TRAIL was markedly blocked by a dominant negative form of the TRAIL receptor or caspase inhibitors. The combined use of SFN and TRAIL effectively induced Bid cleavage and the activation of caspases 8, 10, 9 and 3 at ineffective concentrations for each agent. SFN upregulated the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5), a receptor for TRAIL, at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the SFN-mediated sensitization to TRAIL was reduced by DR5 siRNA, suggesting that the sensitization was at least partially mediated through the induction of DR5 expression. Furthermore, SFN sensitized TRAIL-induced apoptosis in a p53-independent manner. On the other hand, SFN neither induced DR5 protein expression or enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, combined treatment with SFN and TRAIL might be a promising therapy for osteosarcoma.
Supramolecular filaments containing a fixed 41% paclitaxel loading (2013)

We report here the self-assembly of a rationally designed paclitaxel drug amphiphile into well-defined supramolecular filaments that possess a fixed 41% paclitaxel loading. These filaments can exert effective cytotoxicity against a number of cell lines comparable to that of free paclitaxel.
Spectroscopic Models of Soil Organic Carbon in Florida, USA (2010)

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an indicator of ecosystem quality and plays a major role in the biogeochemical cycles of major nutrients and water. Shortcomings exist to estimate SOC across large regions using rapid and cheap soil sensing approaches. Our objective was to estimate SOC in 7120 mineral and organic soil horizons in Florida using visible/near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS) calibrated by committee trees and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The derived VNIRS models were validated using independent datasets and explained up to 71 and 38% of the variance of SOC in mineral and organic horizons, respectively. We stratified the mineral horizons into seven soil orders and derived PLSR models for each order, which explained from 32% (Histosols) to 75% (Ultisols) of the variance of SOC concentration in validation mode. Estimates of SOC from all models were highly scattered along the regression lines, especially for high SOC values, and the slopes of the regression lines were generally <1 because VNIRS models tended to underestimate high SOC values and overestimate low SOC. Despite the great scatter of estimates in the prediction plots, VNIRS models had reasonable explanatory power for mineral horizons, given the heterogeneity of soils and environmental conditions in Florida, and have potential for the rapid assessment of SOC, with implications for regional SOC assessments, modeling, and monitoring. However, VNIRS models for organic horizons were hampered by small sample size and had very limited explanatory power.
Dual band complementary metamaterial absorber in near infrared region (2014)

In this paper, we present the dual band absorption characteristics of complementary metamaterial absorber in near infrared (1.3–2.5 μm) region. The dual band absorption is caused by two distinct resonance mechanisms—electrical resonance and cavity resonance. Electrical resonance occurs in the metal layer—top complementary metamaterial and the cavity resonance occurs in the spacer cavity formed between the top complementary metamaterial and bottom metal reflector layers. In order to elucidate the resonant mechanisms and study the effects of geometrical variations on both the resonant absorption behaviours, two sets of experiment were performed. It was seen that with increasing complementary metamaterial pattern dimension, the electrical resonance absorption peak showed a blue shift, while the cavity resonance showed a slight red shift. However, on the other hand, for the increase in spacer thickness, the cavity resonance peak showed a strong red shift, while the electrical resonance peak remained uninfluenced. The reason for these geometrical dependencies, for both resonances, is conceptually analysed. Furthermore, the design was optimized to attain single absorption band by engineering the cavity and electrical resonances to be at the same wavelength. The single absorption band was successfully realized, however, the peak wavelength showed a red shift from the electrical resonance as in dual band absorber case. The reason for the shift was further explored to be caused due to the strong coupling of electrical and cavity resonances. This approach of utilizing different resonant mechanisms for absorption at different wavelengths provides the means to achieve multiband absorbers, using a simple design and low cost fabrication process.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with and without Diabetes in the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) Trial (2015)

Patients with DM enrolled in the STICH trial had more triple vessel disease, smaller hearts, and higher LVEF than those without DM. CABG did not exert greater benefit in patients with DM.
On the Increment of the Bandwidth of Mushroom-Type EBG Structures With Glide Symmetry (2020)

Mushroom-type electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures are known to operate as high-impedance surfaces at low-frequency bands. They are broadly used in the microwave regime. However, one of the main drawbacks of mushroom-type EBG structures is their narrow bandwidth. In this article, we propose a mushroom-type EBG structure with glide-symmetric edge vias to increase the operational bandwidth. This bandwidth increment is explained by the physical insight provided by an equivalent circuit model of the structure as well as the description of the field behavior. Simulation and measurement results show an improvement of approximately 67% over the case without glide symmetry in the structure. We conclude that applying glide symmetry to the mushroom-type EBG structures can improve their bandwidth without adding additional manufacturing costs.
Hepatotoxicity and the present herbal hepatoprotective scenario (2013)

Most of the metabolic and physiological processes of our body as well as the detoxification of various drugs and xenobiotic chemicals occur in the liver. During this detoxification process, the reactive chemical intermediates damage the liver severely. There are several commercially available drugs, consumption of which results in idiosyncratic drug reaction mediated hepatotoxicity. Drug induced hepatotoxicity is a burning problem in this regard and several drugs are withdrawn from the market due to their hepatotoxic nature. Today, worldwide search of non‑hepatotoxic drugs, especially potent hepatoprotective drugs have led towards the screening of numerous herbal products. Pharmaceutical companies and scientific communities have started to consider the therapeutic efficiency of the plant‑based hepatoprotective remedies. Different herbs are mentioned in various ethnopharmacological practices possessing hepatoprotective capacities and around the globe, such herbs are still used by people to cure certain liver diseases. Therefore, we have documented the various aspects of hepatotoxicity and an overview on the current scenario of the hepatoprotective herbal remedies. Key words: Ayurveda, drug induced hepatotoxicity, ethnopharmacology, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxicity, herbal, idiosyncratic drug reactions, liver
Toward Haptic Cinematography: Enhancing Movie Experiences with Camera-Based Haptic Effects (2014)

Haptics, the technology which brings tactile or force-feedback to users, has a great potential for enhancing movies and could lead to new immersive experiences. This article introduces haptic cinematography, which presents haptics as a new component of the filmmaker's toolkit. The authors propose a taxonomy of haptic effects and introduce new effects coupled with classical cinematographic motions to enhance the video-viewing experience. They propose two models to render haptic effects based on camera motions: the first model makes the audience feel the motion of the camera, and the second provides haptic metaphors related to the semantics of the camera effect. Results from a user study suggest that these new effects improve the quality of experience. Filmmakers can use this new way of creating haptic effects to propose new immersive audio-visual experiences.
Oblique Radial Glial Divisions in the Developing Mouse Neocortex Induce Self-Renewing Progenitors outside the Germinal Zone That Resemble Primate Outer Subventricular Zone Progenitors (2011)

Radial glia cells function as neural stem cells in the developing brain and generate self-renewing and differentiating daughter cells by asymmetric cell divisions. During these divisions, the apical process or basal process of the elongated epithelial structure is asymmetrically partitioned into daughter cells, depending on developmental contexts. However, in mammalian neurogenesis, the relationship between these subcellular structures and self-renewability is largely unknown. We induced oblique cleavages of radial glia cells to split the apical and basal processes into two daughters, and investigated the fate and morphology of the daughters in slice cultures. We observed that the more basal daughter cell that inherits the basal process self-renews outside of the ventricular zone (VZ), while the more apical daughter cell differentiates. These self-renewing progenitors, termed "outer VZ progenitors," retain the basal but not the apical process, as recently reported for the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) progenitors in primates (Fietz et al., 2010; Hansen et al., 2010); to self-renew, they require clonal Notch signaling between sibling cells. We also found a small endogenous population of outer VZ progenitors in the mouse embryonic neocortex, consistent with a low frequency of oblique radial glia divisions. Our results describe the general role of the basal process in the self-renewal of neural progenitors and implicate the loss of the apical junctions during oblique divisions as a possible mechanism for generating OSVZ progenitors. We propose that mouse outer VZ progenitors, induced by oblique cleavages, provide a model to study both progenitor self-renewal and OSVZ progenitors.
Enzastaurin hydrochloride for lymphoma: reassessing the results of clinical trials in light of recent advances in the biology of B-cell malignancies (2011)

While its continued clinical development is uncertain, enzastaurin should be regarded as a stepping stone for the development of future therapies; indeed, the recent research has provided valuable insight into the possible molecular mechanisms that explain its limited clinical activity especially in the treatment of DLBCL and MCL. It should be noted that there is still some interest in enzastaurin, in combination, for the treatment of WM.
Bildgebung des hepatozellulären Karzinoms (2016)

Das hepatozelluläre Karzinom (HCC) ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen tumorbedingter Todesfälle weltweit. Trotz der Verbesserungen in der Diagnostik und Therapie hat sich die Anzahl der Neuerkrankungen und der Todesfälle nicht verändert. Hauptrisikofaktoren des HCC sind Leberzirrhose (90 %), nicht alkoholische Fettleber und chronische Hepatitis-B-Infektion. Um HCC-verdächtige Veränderungen frühzeitig zu entdecken, sollten Risikopatienten alle 6 Monate sonografiert werden. Die Diagnose kann mit kontrastmittelunterstützten bildgebenden Verfahren wie CEUS („contrast-enhanced-ultrasound“), CE-MRI („contrast-enhanced-MRI“) und CE-CT („contrast-enhanced-CT“) gestellt werden. In diesem Artikel werden ihre charakteristischen Befunde beim HCC vorgestellt.
A model-based approach to finding tracks in SAR CCD images (2015)

Combining multiple synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images taken at different times of the same scene produces coherent change detection (CCD) images that can detect small surface changes such as tire tracks. The resulting CCD images can be used in an automated approach to identify and label tracks. Existing techniques have limited success due to the noisy nature of these CCD images. In particular, existing techniques require some user cues and can only trace a single track. This paper presents an approach to automatically identify and label multiple tracks in CCD images. We use an explicit objective function that utilizes the Bayesian information criterion to find the simplest set of curves that explains the observed data. Experimental results show that it is capable of identifying tracks under various scenes and can correctly declare when no tracks are present.
In-line rheo-optical characterisation of polymeric systems (2012)

As increasingly more sophisticated polymer systems are being developed, it is important to rapidly estimate their processability, morphology after processing and performance under service conditions, if possible using small amounts of materials. In order to accomplish this, a single I twin-screw mini-extrusion system of modular construction, with well-controlled outputs in the range 30-300 g/h, was coupled to a rheological slit die able to measure shear viscosity and normal-stress differences, as well as performing rheo-optical experiments, namely small angle light scattering (SALS) and polarized optical microscopy. In addition, the extrudate can be directly used for mechanical testing. The first normal stress difference is determined using the hole pressure method. Low and high volume fraction -dispersions of standard size particles in polydimethylsiloxane are used to map the potential of the technique for assessing in-line the size and structural arrangements of fillers in polymer melts. Application of the in-line rheo-optical characterization to a model polymer blend is also presented.