gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma and cellular markers of 3′‐azido‐3′‐dideoxythymidine (AZT) metabolism as indicators of DNA damage in cord blood mononuclear cells from infants receiving prepartum NRTIs (2007)

Several systemic and cellular markers of 3'-azido-3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) metabolism and AZT incorporation into nuclear DNA were measured in cord blood from uninfected infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers receiving prepartum therapies based on AZT or AZT in combination with 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC). In addition, the relationships among these pharmacological end points, levels of AZT-DNA incorporation, and the previously reported mutagenic responses in these infants were evaluated. AZT- and 3TC-specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs), or HPLC coupled with AZT-RIA, were used to measure plasma levels of AZT and the AZT-glucuronide, and cellular levels of AZT, phosphorylated AZT, and DNA incorporation of AZT or 3TC in cord blood mononuclear cells from treated infants compared with unexposed controls born to HIV-uninfected mothers. Fewer infants had detectable AZT-DNA incorporation levels in the group exposed to AZT (71%; n = 7) compared with those receiving AZT-3TC (100%; n = 21), and the mean AZT-DNA incorporation for AZT-exposed infants (14.6 +/- 6.3 AZT/10(6) nucleotides) was significantly lower than that in AZT-3TC exposed infants (51.6 +/- 10.2 AZT/10(6) nucleotides; P = 0.028). Low levels of 3TC-DNA incorporation found in a few AZT-3TC-exposed newborns correlated with AZT-DNA incorporation values in the same samples. Among the metabolites studied, there were positive correlations between levels of AZT-diphosphate and AZT-triphosphate, and AZT-triphosphate and AZT-DNA incorporation, in nucleoside analog-exposed infants. Levels of AZT-DNA incorporation, however, did not correlate well with the reported frequencies of somatic mutations in the same population of nucleoside analog-treated children. While these data support the continued use of AZT-based therapies during pregnancy, infants receiving prepartum AZT should be monitored long-term for adverse health effects.
Absolute atomic hydrogen densities in a radio frequency discharge measured by two-photon laser induced fluorescence imaging (1999)

Absolute atomic hydrogen densities were measured in the gaseous electronics conference reference cell parallel plate reactor by Doppler-free two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TALIF) at λ=205 nm. The capacitively coupled radio frequency discharge was operated at 13.56 MHz in pure hydrogen under various input power and pressure conditions. The Doppler-free excitation technique with an unfocused laser beam together with imaging the fluorescence radiation by an intensified charge coupled device camera allows instantaneous spatial resolution along the radial direction. Absolute density calibration is obtained with the aid of a flow tube reactor and titration with NO2. The influence of spatial intensity inhomogenities along the laser beam and subsequent fluorescence are corrected by TALIF in xenon. A full mapping of the absolute density distribution between the electrodes was obtained. The detection limit for atomic hydrogen amounts to about 2×1018 m−3. The dissociation degree is of the order of a few percent.
A measurement system for capacitive PUF-based security enclosures (2018)

Battery-backed security enclosures that are permanently monitored for penetration and tampering are common solutions for providing physical integrity to multi-chip embedded systems. This paper presents a well-tailored measurement system for a batteryless PUF-based capacitive enclosure. The key is derived from the PUF and encrypts the underlying system. We present a system concept for combined enclosure integrity verification and PUF evaluation. The system performs differential capacitive measurements inside the enclosure by applying stimulus signals with a 180° phase shift that isolate the local variation in the femtofarad range. The analog circuitry and corresponding digital signal processing chain perform precise PUF digitization, using a microcontroller-based digital lock-in amplifier. The system's measurement range is approximately ±73 fF, the conversion time per PUF node is less than 0.6 ms, and the raw data shows a measurement noise of 0.3 fF. This is the base for a high-entropy key generation while enabling a short system startup time. The system is scalable to the enclosure size and has been experimentally verified to extract information from 128 PUF nodes, using a system prototype. The results show that our concept forms a cornerstone of a novel batteryless PUF-based security enclosure.
Methods that remove batch effects while retaining group differences may lead to exaggerated confidence in downstream analyses (2015)

Removal of, or adjustment for, batch effects or center differences is generally required when such effects are present in data. In particular, when preparing microarray gene expression data from multiple cohorts, array platforms, or batches for later analyses, batch effects can have confounding effects, inducing spurious differences between study groups. Many methods and tools exist for removing batch effects from data. However, when study groups are not evenly distributed across batches, actual group differences may induce apparent batch differences, in which case batch adjustments may bias, usually deflate, group differences. Some tools therefore have the option of preserving the difference between study groups, e.g. using a two-way ANOVA model to simultaneously estimate both group and batch effects. Unfortunately, this approach may systematically induce incorrect group differences in downstream analyses when groups are distributed between the batches in an unbalanced manner. The scientific community seems to be largely unaware of how this approach may lead to false discoveries.
Isolation, characterisation and identification of a potyvirus from Dioscorea alata L. (water yam) in Nigeria (1999)

Summary A yam potyvirus was isolated from Dioscorea alata samples collected in Nigeria. The virus was not transmissible mechanically but was transmitted by Aphis craccivora to four cowpea cultivars (Ife Brown, IT84S‐2114, IT82E‐10 and TVu2657), and from which it could be mechanically transmitted between the cowpea cultivars. In infectivity‐ tests using cowpea extracts, the virus had a dilution end point of 10 ‐4 , a thermal inactivation point of 60–65°C and longevity in vitro of 2 days at room temperature. The virus coat protein had an estimated molecular weight of 32 100 daltons. The virus was identified as an isolate of Dioscorea alata virus (DAV; syn. yam virus 1) due to its biological characteristics and its serological reaction with antiserum raised against DAV. The virus is not related to yam mosaic virus, but distantly related to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus.
Practical Applications of On the Valuation of Performance Fees and Their Impact on Asset Managers’ Incentives (2021)

<b>In</b><b><i>On the Valuation of Performance Fees and Their Impact on Managers’ Incentives</i></b>, from the Summer 2021 issue of <b><i>The Journal of Alternative Investments</i></b>, <b>Wei Dai</b> and <b>Savina Rizova,</b> both at <b>Dimensional Fund Advisors</b>,and <b>Robert C. Merton</b> at the <b>MIT Sloan School of Management</b>, remind investors that performance fees can be valued using option pricing theory. Several researchers have applied an option-based approach to the valuation of hedge fund fees and other alternative investments’ performance fees, but few, if any, have done so for long-only systematic managers. The lack of research in that space is mostly because US legislation in the early 1970s banned mutual funds from charging asymmetric incentive fees. Recently, however, more managers of long-only, systematic, separately managed accounts are charging performance fees. The authors, therefore, focus on these types of accounts while illustrating how to use option pricing theory to value a wide variety of performance fee structures. Increased adoption of performance fees in long-only managed accounts coincides with investors’ increased interest in long-only systematic strategies. <b>TOPICS:</b>Real assets/alternative investments/private equity, manager selection, options, performance measurement
Integrating analog-to-digital converter with digital self-calibration (1976)

With dual-slope integrating analogue-to-digital (A/D) converters, which are most frequently used for relatively low-speed conversion, the drift of the operational amplifier is a very critical factor in limiting their performance. The newly discovered digital self-calibration method which completely eliminates the drift problem, is more readily adaptable to ratiometric conversion, where the input and the reference voltages are of the same polarity. Some of the advantages are: no necessity of manual adjustments, the use of inexpensive operational amplifiers instead of costly units with no performance degradation for the temperature range limited only by digital circuits, and the possibility of A/D converters operating on a single power supply. As is the case with the basic dual-slope converters, no precision components of high absolute or relative accuracy are required.
Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of 2,5-Disubstituted- Indazolo[4,3-gh]isoquinolin-6(2H)-ones (9-Aza-anthrapyrazoles) (1998)

The synthesis and antitumor evaluation of 2, 5-disubstituted-indazolo[4,3-gh]isoquinolin-6(2H)-ones (9-aza-APs) are described. The key intermediates in the synthesis are benz[g]isoquinoline-5,10-diones which are substituted at positions 6 and 9 with groups of different nucleofugacity for SNAr displacements. The initial displacement of fluoride by a substituted hydrazine leads to the pyrazole analogues. Substitution of the remaining leaving group by an amine or BOC-protected amines leads to the 9-aza-APs 12. These analogues were converted into their maleate or hydrochloride salts 13. In two cases, namely, 13x and 13z, sidearm buildup was also employed in the synthetic pathway. In vitro evaluation of 9-aza-APs against the human colon tumor cell line LoVo uncovered for most of the compounds a cytotoxic potency lower than that of DuP-941 or mitoxantrone and comparable to that of doxorubicin. Only analogues 13c, 13n, and 13ff were as cytotoxic as DuP-941. Interestingly, while DuP-941 was highly cross-resistant in the LoVo cell line resistant to doxorubicin (LoVo/Dx), the 9-aza-APs carrying a distal lipophilic tertiary amine moiety in both chains were capable of overcoming the MDR resistance induced in this cell line. The 9-aza-APs show outstanding in vivo antitumor activity against both systemic P388 murine leukemia and MX-1 human mammary carcinoma transplanted in nude mice. At their optimal dosages, congeners 13a-c, 13f, 13n, 13q, 13x, and 13dd were highly effective against P388 leukemia with T/C% of 200-381, while the T/C% value of DuP-941 was 147. In the MX-1 tumor model, 24 compounds elicited percentages of tumor weight inhibitions (TWI) ranging from 50% to 99%. Congeners 13d, 13k, 13l, 13x, 13z, and 13ee emerged as the most effective ones, with TWI% 96, simliar to that of DuP-941 (TWI% = 95). On the basis of their efficacy profile in additional experimental tumors and lack of cardiotoxicity in preclinical models, two congeners have surfaced as potential clinical candidates.
A new buried-oxide isolation for high-speed high-density MOS integrated circuits (1978)

The BO-MOS has an extensive oxide-isolated structure which isolates not only the sidewall but also the bottom of the source and drain diffusions, similar to SOS-MOS, and yet it retains high carrier mobility and low-leakage junction properties. A 1024-bit static NMOS RAM is successfully fabricated using photomasks of a redesigned high-density bulk NMOS RAM (Fujitsu MBM8115). The ring oscillator circuit fabricated using existing SOS-CMOS photomasks shows an equivalent speed-power performance to the original SOS device. The fabrication sequence for the BO-MOS requires the same number of photomasks as for the conventional MOS devices.
Graded Carbon Dioxide Laser–Induced Subglottic Injury in the Rabbit Model (2007)

Carbon dioxide laser-induced injury to the subglottis caused localized scarring, lamina propria thickening, and increased vascularity, which resolved with time and was not associated with significant airway obstruction. This model describes a systematic, controlled, and reproducible method of investigating subglottic injury.
Effect of l-cysteine and l-ascorbic acid addition on properties of meat analogues (2022)

Currently, studies are underway to use pea protein isolate (PPI) for the production of meat analogues because it is considered as a more sustainable alternative to soy. The potential of PPI has been demonstrated in extrusion and PPI in combination with wheat gluten has been studied in the shear cell. To enlarge the possibilities to make meat analogues with a broader range of properties, the effects of l-cysteine (CYS) and l-ascorbic acid (AA) on PPI and wheat gluten (WG) blends were examined at different concentrations (0, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm). The results showed that both CYS and AA altered the properties of the products formed by the high-temperature shear cell (HTSC). Both additives altered the fibrousness and the mechanical properties of the products obtained after processing. Especially CYS revealed an increase in tensile stress, tensile strain and Young's modulus as its concentration increased. However, products containing CYS depicted a relatively stable anisotropic index of 1, which corresponded to a densely packed matrix that was observed by microstructural analysis. A small elevated anisotropic index (>1) of products containing AA at concentrations of 500–2000 ppm could be attributed to the formation of pores parallel to the shear flow direction in these samples visualized by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the products containing 2000 ppm of AA and 2000 ppm CYS, small and large fibers were formed, respectively. Therefore, this research pointed out the potential application of CYS and AA to alter and control the textural attributes of products. This application could aid in improving the consumer acceptance of meat analogues and, thus, contribute to being able to feed the increasing population of the world.
A one-shot configurable-cache tuner for improved energy and performance (2007)

We introduce a new non-intrusive on-chip cache-tuning hardware module capable of accurately predicting the best configuration of a configurable cache for an executing application. Previous dynamic cache tuning approaches change the cache configuration several times as part of the tuning search process, executing the application using inferior configurations and temporarily causing energy and performance overhead. The introduced tuner uses a different approach, which non-intrusively collects data on addresses issued by the microprocessor, analyzes that data to predict the best cache configuration, and then updates the cache to the new best configuration in one-shot, without ever having to examine inferior configurations. The result is less energy and less performance overhead, meaning that cache tuning can be applied more frequently. We show through experiments that the one-shot cache tuner can reduce memory-access related energy for instructions by 35% and comes within 4% of a previous intrusive approach, and results in 4.6 times less energy overhead and a 7.7 times speedup in tuning time compared to a previous intrusive approach, at the main expense of 12% larger size.
A flexible and scalable methodology for GHz-speed structural test (2006)

At-speed test of integrated circuits is becoming critical to detect subtle delay defects. Simulation-based functional test is difficult because low-cost testers are unable to supply multiple asynchronous clocks to the IC. Moreover, low-cost testers simply cannot operate at chip speed. Existing structural at-speed test methods are inadequate because they are unable to supply sufficiently-varied functional clock sequences to test complex sequential logic. Moreover, they require tight restrictions on the circuit design. In this paper, we present a new method for GHz-speed structural test of ASICs having no tight restrictions on the circuit design. In the present implementation, any complex at-speed functional clock waveform for 16 cycles can be applied. We also describe a method to test asynchronous clock domains simultaneously. Experimental results for two multi-million gate ASICs demonstrate high at-speed coverage.
Data driven adaptation for QoS aware embedded vision systems (2014)

We present a data driven method for high efficiency in a neuro-inspired vision pipeline. Our goal is to reduce low-utility computation arising from duplicated processing. In this paper, we examine two forms of redundant information in image data, spatiotemporal redundancy and channel redundancy. To maximize efficiency, the paper presents a dynamic, configurable approach that limits the computational cost of hardware by reusing previous results and sharing data paths. Our technique reduces redundant computation from both spatiotemporal and channel redundancy.
Ultrasonic Vibrations (2014)

Ultrasonic vibrations have often been used in the past on various structures without any real understanding of the impact of a loading function on structural resonances or resulting vibrational patterns at different frequencies. The method was used to obtain an ultrasonic signal signature of a part being inspected, most often in quality control after manufacture. A purpose of this chapter is therefore to establish an understanding of the ultrasonic vibration as a superposition of guided wave modes traveling in a structure and ways to optimize sensitivity to certain defects by way of loading function choice. In more traditional low-frequency modal analysis, the loading function choice is not so critical; results depend primarily on excitation frequency. With ultrasonic vibration, we will see that the choice of a loading function plays a major role in the design of an inspection system for developing various quality control and in-service inspection solutions.
Functionalized Graphitic Nanoreinforcement for Cement Composites (2014)

Physical and mechanical properties of graphitic nanomaterials, in particular multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) make them promising candidates for nanoreinforcement of cement composites. The two key challenges associated with the incorporation of MWCNTs and GNPs are to attain uniform dispersion and interfacial bonding within the composite matrix. The effects of three main-stream dispersion techniques (namely, ultrasonication, acid-etching, and surfactant-coating) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of MWCNT- and GNP-cement composites were experimentally studied. Compressive strength tests and different characterization techniques including dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the dispersion and embedment of nanoreinforcement in cement mortar and paste. As a result of significant and consistent compressive strength enhancements, further supported with material characterization results, acid-etching and surfactantcoating were selected as suitable functionalization techniques to manufacture MWCNTand GNP-cement composites, respectively. The validity of the selected functionalization techniques was further investigated through bending tests on single-edge notched cement paste beams. The results were studied with respect to flexural strength and stiffness. In addition, the effects of incorporating well-dispersed acid-etched MWCNTs on the fracture behavior of cement paste were studied through bending tests on notched beam samples. This research contributes to filling the gap in understanding whether dispersibility of MWCNTs and GNPs in aqueous solutions by means of well-known dispersion and functionalization techniques results in good dispersion and embedment (i.e., resulting in consistent and repeatable enhancement in relevant mechanical properties) in cement matrices. This gap is addressed by presenting new experimental evidence on improved mechanical properties as well as supporting evidence from material characterization tests, in particular for the case of GNP-reinforced mortar and cement paste. A novel contribution of this work is offered by the results of digital image correlation measurements aimed at visualizing full-field strain maps from the area surrounding the notch in cement paste beams. These results provide insight into the morphology and evolution of the fracture process zone in nanoreinforced cement paste vis-à-vis unreinforced counterparts, and constitute new evidence on the potential fracture toughening effect of MWCNTs.
Viewing Angle Compensators for Liquid Crystal Displays based on Layers with a Positive Birefringence (2000)

New compensators to enhance the viewing angle dependence of active matrix twisted nematic displays are designed. In contrast to the well-known discotic compensation films, these compensators are based on layers with a positive birefringence. It is shown that by combining layers with a positive birefringence, the optical properties of layers with a negative birefringence can be mimicked. Expressions are derived that relate the optical properties of the stacks of positively birefringent layers to those of negatively birefringent layers. Calculated conoscopic plots confirmed the correspondence. Two compensator configurations are experimentally tested: the combination of two positively birefringent layers with a tilted optical axis, referred to as T×T configuration, and the combination of a positively birefringent layer with a planar optical axis and a layer with a tilted optical axis, referred to as the P×T configuration. In both cases the projections of the optical axes onto the plane of the layers are crossed with respect to each other. It is demonstrated that the compensator based on the T×T configuration already results in a substantial improvement of the viewing angle of the active matrix display. The contrast values, the linearity of the grey scales, and the color purity of the compensated display for oblique viewing angles are all improved with respect to the non-compensated display. The contrast as a function of viewing angle is further improved by using compensators based on two P×T layer stacks.
A New Tripodal Receptor for Molecular Recognition of Monosaccharides. A Paradigm for Assessing Glycoside Binding Affinities and Selectivities by 1H NMR Spectroscopy (2004)

A new tripodal receptor for the recognition of monosaccharides is described. The prototypical host 1 features a 1,3,5-substituted 2,4,6-triethylbenzene scaffold bearing three convergent H-bonding units. The binding ability of the t-octyl derivative 1a toward a set of octylglycosides of biologically relevant monosaccharides, including Glc, Gal, Man, and GlcNAc, was investigated by 1H NMR in CDCl3. A protocol for the correct evaluation of binding affinities was established, which can be generally applied for the recognition of monosaccharides by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A three-constant equilibrium model, including 1:1 and 2:1 host−guest association and dimerization of the receptor, was ascertained for the interaction of 1a with all the investigated glycosides. An affinity index, which we defined median binding concentration BC50 in analogy to the IC50 parameter, intended to address the general issue of comparing dimensionally heterogeneous binding data, and a limiting quantity describing intrinsic binding affinities were developed for evaluating the results. values for 1a range from 1 to 6 mM, indicating an intrinsic binding affinity in the millimolar range and a selectivity factor of 5 toward the investigated glycosides. The treatment has been extended to include any generic host−guest system involved in single or multiple binding equilibria.