gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total-dose and single-event effects in switching DC/DC power converters (2002)

Total-dose and single-event effects in discrete switching DC/DC power converters are examined using a combination of circuit measurements and simulations. The total-dose experiments focus on the response of the power MOSFET used as the switching element for the converters. The efficiencies of two different types of converters (boost and buck) degrade with increasing total dose, leading to eventual functional failure. The single-event transient response of the converters is determined by the response of the feedback control circuitry. Radiation response is studied using both electrical measurements and simulation techniques, and issues affecting circuit failure are identified.
Using Artificial Intelligence in Mining Excavators: Automating Routine Operational Decisions (2020)

Worldwide mining operations, which account for nearly 11% of global power consumption, are 28% less productive today than a decade ago. Meanwhile, mobile equipment was present in nearly 40% of mining fatalities and more than 30% of injuries in 2017. Building intelligence into existing mining excavators improves the safety, productivity, and energy efficiency of mining. This can provide perception, monitoring, and control capabilities that produce accurate, actionable data for mines. The intelligent excavator has an in-cab monitor that provides real-time status updates and guidance to operators as well as a remote monitoring portal. Multiple sensors, including a rugged camera that overlooks the excavator bucket, high-resolution surveillance cameras, radar, arm geometry, hydraulic pressure monitoring, and electric motor power measurement, sensors are integrated. Additionally, a set of human labeled video frames is used as training inputs to train an artificial neural network (NN) to perform multiple object localization via an optimization process, which (combined with other sensory data) is used to monitor the wear and breakage of sacrificial ground engaging tools (GETs), detect foreign objects, analyze the size distribution of the material inside the bucket, measure the bucket payload, and augment the operator's skill and experience. This information is vital to mining operations aiming to optimize dig, load, and dump cycles for energy consumption, downtime, and operator efficiency. Aside from improving operational efficiency, intelligent excavator solutions enable us to develop highly perceptive shovels with decision-making modules that pave the way for fully autonomous excavator operation.
Combined AFM Nano-Machining and Reactive Ion Etching to Fabricate High Aspect Ratio Structures (2010)

In this paper, a new combined method of sub-micron high aspect ratio structure fabrication is developed which can be used for production of nano imprint template. The process includes atomic force microscope (AFM) scratch nano-machining and reactive ion etching (RIE) fabrication. First, 40 nm aluminum film was deposited on the silicon substrate by magnetron sputtering, and then sub-micron grooves were fabricated on the aluminum film by nano scratch using AFM diamond tip. As aluminum film is a good mask for etching silicon, high aspect ratio structures were finally fabricated by RIE process. The fabricated structures were studied by SEM, which shows that the grooves are about 400 nm in width and 5 microm in depth. To obtain sub-micron scale groove structures on the aluminum film, experiments of nanomachining on aluminum films under various machining conditions were conducted. The depths of the grooves fabricated using different scratch loads were also studied by the AFM. The result shows that the material properties of the film/substrate are elastic-plastic following nearly a bilinear law with isotropic strain hardening. Combined AFM nanomachining and RIE process provides a relative lower cost nano fabrication technique than traditional e-beam lithography, and it has a good prospect in nano imprint template fabrication.
Text localization, extraction and inpainting in color images (2012)

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for subtitle text detection, extraction and text inpainting in color images. The proposed algorithm includes three stages. In the first stage, we localize text blocks to extract subtitles. We then extract the text characters precisely and in the third stage, we use an inpainting algorithm to recover the original texture of the image. To localize text blocks, we use stroke filter and new segmentation and verification algorithms based on the image profiles. To extract text character precisely, we estimate background and text color in the candidate blocks using the color histogram measured in different sub-blocks of the candidate text blocks. Finally, the inpainting algorithm based on matching algorithm is utilized to reconstruct the initial image contents in text areas. Our inpainting algorithm considers priority for inpainting of pixels, which results in perfect reconstruction in areas with texture variation. We tested the proposed algorithm with different image and video frames and compared the results with those of other methods. Experimental results showed the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
GFR α2/neurturin signalling regulates noxious heat transduction in isolectin B4‐binding mouse sensory neurons (2002)

The GFR alpha2 receptor is the cognate co-receptor for the neurotrophic factor neurturin and GFR alpha2 is selectively expressed by isolectin B(4) (IB(4))-binding nociceptive sensory neurons. Here, we used two physiological approaches in combination with mice that have a targeted deletion of the GFR alpha2 gene (GFR alpha2 -/- mice) in order to determine whether GFR alpha2/neurturin signalling regulates the functional properties or the survival of IB(4)-binding nociceptors. Because 50 % of IB(4)-binding neurons respond to noxious heat and because patch clamp recordings of isolated dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons allow one to neurochemically identify subpopulations of neurons, we analysed the noxious heat responsiveness of IB(4)-positive and -negative small-diameter neurons isolated from adult GFR alpha2 -/- and littermate control mice. The percentage of IB(4)-positive neurons that had large (> 100 pA) heat-evoked inward currents was severely reduced in GFR alpha2 -/- mice (12 %) compared to wild-type littermates (47 %), and this loss in large-magnitude heat currents was accounted for by an increase in neurons with very small (< 100 pA) heat-evoked currents as well as an increase in neurons with no detectable heat current. Counts of IB(4)-positive and -negative neurons, as well as counts of unmyelinated axons in the saphenous nerve, confirmed that the loss in neurons with large-amplitude heat currents was due to a deficit in heat transduction and not a decrease in cell survival. The effect was modality specific for heat because mechanical transduction of all fibre types, including IB(4)-positive C fibres, was normal. Our data are the first to indicate a transduction-function role for GFR alpha2/neurturin signalling in a specific class of sensory neurons.
Optimization Study upon Excitation Pole Shape of a Hybrid Synchronous Generator (2008)

The paper presents a study concerning the influence of the excitation pole shape upon the output voltage of a hybrid synchronous generator. The analysis is based on FEM simulation and represents a step in the optimization process of an existent H.S.G.
STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF DIMETHYL TETRACYCLO[5.2.1.02.6.03.8]DECANE-7,8-DICARBOXYLATE (1984)

Abstract A short synthesis of the titled compound, a possible intermediate to prepare dodecahedrane, whose key-steps are the stereoselective trimethylene-annelation in the C2 and C3 positions of dimethyl 7,7-diethoxynorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylate and the high-yield intramolecular C–H insertion of a carbene generated from a 10-oxotricyclo[5.2.1.02.6]decane derivative, is described.
Evidence of Lactate Shuttling in the Human Brain with Hyperpolarized 13C-MRI (2023)

It is well known that glucose is the primary source of energy in the brain, but mounting evidence suggests that at least some of this glucose is first converted to lactate and shuttled between cellular compartments before being oxidized in the TCA cycle. In this study, the hypothesis that this &amp;rdquo;lactate shuttle&amp;rdquo; contributes to the 13 C-lactate and 13 C-bicarbonate signal observed in the awake human brain is tested using hyperpolarized 13 C MRI (HP 13 C-MRI).
Waveguide Raman spectroscopy of sol–gel Gd2O3 thin films (2003)

Abstract Gadolinium oxide films, prepared by the sol–gel process, present waveguiding properties. Their structures were studied by waveguide Raman spectroscopy (WRS) and confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structural evolution of the layers with annealing temperatures from 650 up to 900°C was investigated. The WRS results and TEM observations were correlated and revealed that crystallization started at 650°C into the cubic phase. The mean diameter of the crystallites dispersed in the amorphous phase is around 5 nm at this temperature. The film is totally crystallized into the cubic phase at 700°C. The monoclinic phase simultaneously appears at 800°C and both phases still co‐exist after heat treatment at 900°C. The films present a heterogeneous structure at 900°C with grain sizes varying from 5 up to 50 nm and as consequence their waveguiding properties strongly decrease. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Development of New Steel and Welding Procedure for Hull Structure of Ice Breaking Vessels (2 nd Report) (1985)

The steel for ice breaking vessels is required to have an excellent notch toughness at low temperatures and a good weldability and to meet the strict requirements in terms of workability and cost.The first report discussed the base-metal properties and joint performance of the 40 mm thick steel plate newly developed for ice breaking vessels.The present report discusses 75 mm thick steel plate also newly developed for the bow part, which has to meet severer requirements. The developed material is the 50 kgf/mm2 high tensile strength steel of 36 kgf/mm2 yield point manufactured by the CLC process. The test results showed that this new heavy plate has good mechanical properties, weldability and workability. It was also indicated that an ice breaking vessel to be made of this steel would be sufficiently safe against brittel fracture.
Threshold voltage calculation in ultra-thin film SOI MOSFETs using the effective potential (2003)

The success of the effective potential method of including quantum confinement effects in simulations of MOSFETs is based on the ability to calculate ahead of time the extent of the Gaussian wave-packet used to describe the electron. In the calculation of the Gaussian, the inversion layer is assumed to form in a triangular potential well, from which a suitable standard deviation can be obtained. The situation in an ultra-thin SOI MOSFET is slightly different, in that the potential well has a triangular bottom, but there is a significant contribution to the confinement from the rectangular barriers formed by the gate oxide and the buried oxide (BOX). For this more complex potential well, it is of interest to determine the range of applicability of the constant standard deviation effective potential model. In this work we include this effective potential model in 3D Monte Carlo calculations of the threshold voltage of ultra-thin SOI MOSFETs. We find that the effective potential recovers the expected trend in threshold voltage shift with shrinking silicon thickness, down to a thickness of approximately 3 nm.
Rapid Oral Mixing of Glucose and Saccharin by Rats (1976)

Within 5 minutes after initial contact rats show excessive consumption of a mixture of saccharin and glucose solutions. With a glucose solution in one bottle and the saccharin solution in another, a combination of which matches the above mixture, the rats also show large intakes. The pattern of drinking from the glucose and the saccharin bottles indicates that the rat mixes the solutions in rapid order, producing the preferred concentration of saccharin and glucose.
Topological spin models in Rydberg lattices (2017)

We show that resonant dipole–dipole interactions between Rydberg atoms in a triangular lattice can give rise to artificial magnetic fields for spin excitations. We consider the coherent dipole–dipole coupling between np and ns Rydberg states and derive an effective spin-1/2 Hamiltonian for the np excitations. By breaking time-reversal symmetry via external fields, we engineer complex hopping amplitudes for transitions between two rectangular sub-lattices. The phase of these hopping amplitudes depends on the direction of the hop. This gives rise to a staggered, artificial magnetic field which induces non-trivial topological effects. We calculate the single-particle band structure and investigate its Chern numbers as a function of the lattice parameters and the detuning between the two sub-lattices. We identify extended parameter regimes where the Chern number of the lowest band is $$C=1$$ or $$C=2$$ .
Selective Hydroalkoxylation of 1‐Hexene with 1‐Propanol and 1‐Butanol over Zeolite Beta Catalyst (2012)

Abstract Etherification of 1‐hexene with 1‐propanol and 1‐butanol representative of bioalcohols was performed in a liquid‐phase continuous‐flow process over a fixed bed of zeolite beta catalyst. Contact time and reaction temperature were optimized to maximize conversion and limit deactivation. The catalyst was stable for at least 14 h on stream. In the conversion of 1‐hexene with 1‐propanol, zeolite beta catalyst showed over 90 % selectivity for 2‐propoxyhexane. In the conversion of 1‐hexene and 1‐butanol, 2‐butoxyhexane was selectively formed. Dialkyl ether from the alcohol and dodecenes and hexanol from 1‐hexene were the main side products. As 1‐alkenes and terminal alcohols can be synthesized from biomass, this hydroalkoxylation process could be used for grading up green chemicals to high‐boiling solvents and renewable ethers for the diesel pool.
Update on protease inhibitors. (1996)

Study data are presented on the use of protease inhibitors. Indinavir shows particularly potent antiviral activity and a modest side effect profile. Three indinavir studies are highlighted. Ritonavir appears to be effective in people with advanced HIV disease by helping to stem the progression of disease. Highlights from two ritonavir studies are presented. Two small studies involving nelfinavir are discussed, showing potent antiviral activity with high doses of the drug, and better performance when used in combination with d4T. It is cautioned that use of these drugs requires careful strategic thinking.
Constitutive expression of Fas ligand in large granular lymphocyte leukaemia (1997)

The T-cell type of large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukaemia is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of CD3+ LGL, which is often associated with autoimmune disorders. Phenotypic and functional data suggest that leukaemic CD3+ LGL represent activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). One mechanism whereby CTL mediate target cell killing is through the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway. Fas ligand is expressed by CTL only after activation. In this study we examined seven patients with LGL leukaemia for expression of Fas ligand gene transcripts using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. We found constitutive expression of Fas ligand gene transcripts in each of the seven patients. Similar up-regulation of Fas ligand gene expression has been observed in mice with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes caused by Fas mutations. However, sequence analyses of the death domain of the Fas gene in LGL leukaemia patients revealed no evidence for mutations. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that leukaemic LGL are CTL activated by chronic antigenic stimulation. Constitutive expression of Fas ligand may contribute to the pathogenesis of the neutropenia observed in LGL leukaemia.
TH-D-201B-03: A Comparison of Protons versus Gamma X-Rays in Producing Patient Radiographs: A Monte Carlo Study (2010)

Purpose: To assess the imaging properties of proton radiography against X-ray radiography for both a phantom and an actual patient lung cancer case using Monte Carlo simulations. Methods and Materials: The GEANT4 Monte Carlo toolkit was used to simulate radiographs with a pure 230-MeV proton beam as well as a pure 100-keV X-ray beam both with similar dose equivalent. For those simulations a phantom was designed using a water cube in which different tissues (low density lung high density lung adipose soft tissue muscle cartilage bone) were implemented each within 10 cylinders of different sizes. The simulations were run for different phantom and tissue thicknesses. For each material spatial resolution signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were compared for the two modalities. Using an actual CT a proton radiograph of a lung cancer patient was then simulated and compared to the actual portal X-ray image. The contrast of soft-to-soft tissue (S2S) soft-to-bone tissue (S2B) and bone-to-bone (B2B) were evaluated for both radiographs. Results: X-ray radiographs present a 1-mm spatial resolution; proton radiographs show a larger 3-mm spatial resolution due to multiple coulomb scattering and halo effect of the proton beam. SNR and CNR of a radiograph using X-rays stay constant versus tissue area size (20dB). For a radiograph using protons both SNR and CNR increase from 2dB to 30dB. Proton radiographs present much better S2S and B2B contrasts but poorer S2B contrasts than X-ray radiographs. Conclusion: Preliminary results show that proton radiography presents lower spatial resolution than X-ray radiography. Conversely proton radiography is more sensitive to tissue density variations it offers better soft-to-soft and bone-to-bone tissue contrasts hence allowing for sharper edge detection and better tumor localization for specific tumor cases such as lung cancer. Furthermore proton radiography would significantly reduce the dose to the patient.
Fluorous tagged small molecule microarrays (2007)

The affinity fluorous interaction between fluorous tagged small molecules and a fluoroalkyl modified glass surface was shown to facilitate the detection of protein-ligand binding interactions in the fabrication and screening of small molecule microarrays.
in vitro ACTIVITY OF KITASAMYCIN AGAINST GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI (1974)

Kitasamycin was tested in vitro against 214 clinical isolates of gram-positive cocci and its activity compared to minocycline, cephalothin, erythromycin, clindamycin and dicloxacillin. All isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes were inhibited by 0.39μg/ml. At a concentration of 1.56μg/ml, kitasamycin inhibited all isolates of Diplococcus pneumoniae, 98% of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to penicillin G and 99% of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin G. Most of the other antibiotics were as active or more active than kitasamycin against gram-positive cocci.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOCONTROLLED HYDRATION OF 2‐BUTYNE‐1,4‐DIOL DERIVATIVES TO GIVE 4,5‐DIHYDRO‐3(2H)‐FURANONES. PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS OF BULLATENONE AND GEIPARVARIN (1981)

Abstract Durch selektive Monoacetylierung von Butindiolen, wie (I), und anschließende Ag(I )‐katalysierte Cyclisierung (unter Wanderung der Acetoxyl‐Gruppe) wurden regioselektiv Dihydroacetoxyfurane, wie (II), dargestellt, deren Hydrolyse die Dihydrofuranone (III) ergab (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
Prevention and Management of Ischemic Complications of Vein Harvest Incisions in Cardiac Surgery— Case Reports (1986)

Leg wound complications following saphenous vein harvest for coronary revascularization are uncommon. We have encountered five patients in whom unrecognized arterial occlusive disease contributed to wound necrosis. All required vascular reconstruction in addition to local wound care to achieve healing. Careful preoperative attention to symptoms of arterial insufficiency is recommended and appropriate modification of lower extremity incisions may reduce the frequency of this complication. Prompt recognition and appropriate arterial revascularization should avoid prolonged morbidity if ischemic necrosis of leg wounds does occur. If arterial reconstruction is required, PTFE is an acceptable graft material if the remaining saphenous vein is inadequate for use.
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric indices in vitamin D-deficient obese Saudi females; a randomized controlled trial (2015)

<b>Background and Aim:</b> Vitamin D (VD) is well-known for its traditional but essential role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. However, the evidence suggests that VD endocrine system is linked to obesity as well. In adults, an inverse relationship has been reported between adiposity and circulating VD. The purpose of present study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of VD supplementation on anthropometric indices in a population of VD deficient obese Saudi females. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> It was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) for which 30 vitamin D deficient obese female students were recruited from our university and divided as: 1) Vitamin D group (oral 50,000 IU cholecalciferol/week for 8 weeks and 2) Placebo group (sterile drops). Weight, height, waist and hip circumference were recorded. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio were calculated at the beginning and in the end. <b>Statistical Analysis:</b> Two sample t-test, paired t-test and Pearson correlation. <b>Results:</b> After treatment with 50,000 IU of VD weekly for 8 weeks, a significant decrease in waist circumference was observed in VD group compared to their pre-treatment measurement (100.8 ± 8.4 vs 96.7 ± 10.4; <i>P</i> = 0.04), although there was no significant change in any other variables (<i>P</i> > 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the groups in the beginning or in the end. Serum VD levels were not significantly related to any of the anthropometric variables at baseline in both groups. <b>Conclusions:</b> Correction of 25 (OH) D concentrations led to significant reduction in waist circumference in VD deficient young Saudi obese female students without affecting other anthropometric indices.
Electrical characterization of amorphous LiAlO2 thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition (2016)

Comparison of in-plane and cross-plane conductivity on ALD-deposited LiAlO<sub>2</sub> thin films.
Latent trees for estimating intensity of Facial Action Units (2015)

This paper is about estimating intensity levels of Facial Action Units (FAUs) in videos as an important step toward interpreting facial expressions. As input features, we use locations of facial landmark points detected in video frames. To address uncertainty of input, we formulate a generative latent tree (LT) model, its inference, and novel algorithms for efficient learning of both LT parameters and structure. Our structure learning iteratively builds LT by adding either a new edge or a new hidden node to LT, starting from initially independent nodes of observable features. A graph-edit operation that increases maximally the likelihood and minimally the model complexity is selected as optimal in each iteration. For FAU intensity estimation, we derive closed-form expressions of posterior marginals of all variables in LT, and specify an efficient bottom-up/top-down inference. Our evaluation on the benchmark DISFA and ShoulderPain datasets, in subject-independent setting, demonstrate that we outperform the state of the art, even under significant noise in facial landmarks. Effectiveness of our structure learning is demonstrated by probabilistically sampling meaningful facial expressions from the LT.