gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards cost-competitive middle distillate fuels from ethanol within a market-flexible biorefinery concept (2021)

Cost-competitive middle distillate production from ethanol can be achieved via a pathway that relies on one-step ethanol to butene-rich olefins. 1,3-Butadiene can be flexibly produced by varying the reaction atmosphere from hydrogen to inert.
Statistical Approach for the Determination of the Stereoregularity of Optically Active Propylene–CO Copolymers (2006)

Abstract A two‐parameter statistic model was applied to analyze the NMR spectra of a series of stereoregular propylene–CO copolymers synthesized by catalytic polymerization in the presence of various transition‐metal complexes containing chiral ligands. The concentration of the different pentads, estimated to be recognizable in the spectra, was determined. A tentative assignment of the nature of the different peaks composing the signal of the CO group in the 13 C‐NMR spectra is proposed.
Investigations of Mixture Formation and Combustion in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The spray propagation and disintegration is investigated in a pressure chamber. With Particle Image Velocimetry the direction and velocity of both, fuel droplets and induced gas flow are detected. By means of shadow photographs the spray cone geometry is visualized. To verify the predictions made of the measurements mentioned above and to rate the quality of the tuning of the parameters in-cylinder gas flow, injection pressure, position of Injector and position of spark plug under real engine conditions, a fast gas sampling valve is used in three different engines. The in-cylinder gas temperature and the soot concentration are measured crank angle resolved by means of the Two-Colour-Method in a 1-cylinder GDI-engine. The soot concentration and temperature show the influence of the injection pressure on emissions like soot and nitric oxide.&lt;/div&gt;
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in Human Visual Cortex (2004)

Stereoscopic vision relies mainly on relative depth differences between objects rather than on their absolute distance in depth from where the eyes fixate. However, relative disparities are computed from absolute disparities, and it is not known where these two stages are represented in the human brain. Using functional MRI (fMRI), we assessed absolute and relative disparity selectivity with stereoscopic stimuli consisting of pairs of transparent planes in depth in which the absolute and relative disparity signals could be independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials ("mixed" blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half ("same" blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal responses undergo adaptation and reduce their firing rate following repeated presentation of an effective stimulus, the fMRI signal reflecting activity of units selective for absolute disparity is expected to be smaller during "same" blocks as compared with "mixed" ones. Experiment 2 similarly manipulated relative disparity rather than absolute disparity. The results from both experiments were consistent with adaptation with differential effects across visual areas such that 1) dorsal areas (V3A, MT+/V5, V7) showed more adaptation to absolute than to relative disparity; 2) ventral areas (hV4, V8/V4alpha) showed an equal adaptation to both; and 3) early visual areas (V1, V2, V3) showed a small effect in both experiments. These results indicate that processing in dorsal areas may rely mostly on information about absolute disparities, while ventral areas split neural resources between the two types of stereoscopic information so as to maintain an important representation of relative disparity.
Detecting facial landmarks in the video based on a hybrid framework (2016)

To dynamically detect the facial landmarks in the video, we propose a novel hybrid framework termed as detection-tracking-detection (DTD). First, the face bounding box is achieved from the first frame of the video sequence based on a traditional face detection method. Then, a landmark detector detects the facial landmarks, which is based on a cascaded deep convolution neural network (DCNN). Next, the face bounding box in the current frame is estimated and validated after the facial landmarks in the previous frame are tracked based on the median flow. Finally, the facial landmarks in the current frame are exactly detected from the validated face bounding box via the landmark detector. Experimental results indicate that the proposed framework can detect the facial landmarks in the video sequence more effectively and with lower consuming time compared to the frame-by-frame method via the DCNN.
Bestimmung des virologischen Therapieansprechens zu Woche 24 bei der chronischen Hepatitis C: Wertigkeit eines hochsensitiven HCV RNA Nachweisverfahrens (2004)

Einleitung: Nach Bestimmung des frühen virologischen Therapieansprechens zu Woche 12 mit Hilfe des 2-log Abfalls der Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA wird ein Therapieabbruch zu Woche 24 auf der Grundlage einer qualitativen HCV RNA Detektion empfohlen. Diese Empfehlungen beruhen auf Studien mit HCV RNA Assays mit einer unteren Nachweisgrenze von 50 IU/ml. Die Wertigkeit hochsensitiver qualitativer HCV RNA Tests (z.B. TMA [Transcription-Mediated Amplification]) ist nicht bekannt.
CCDC 190072: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination (2003)

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Terahertz edge detection with antenna-coupled field-effect transistors in 0.25 &#x03BC;m AlGaN/GaN technology (2014)

Bow-tie antenna coupled field-effect transistors have been implemented in 0.25 μm AlGaN/GaN process technology and have been mounted on an aplanatic hemispherical silicon substrate lens. By asymmetric coupling of 590-GHz radiation to the channel, the transistors are used as direct power detectors, achieving system noise-equivalent power values of 166 pW/√Hz at 590 GHz (referred to the total beam power). By symmetric coupling, edge detection is achieved on a device level.
Optically addressable liquid-crystal spatial light modulators for recording hologram correctors in observational optical systems (2001)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text V. A. Berenberg and A. P. Onokhov, "Optically addressable liquid-crystal spatial light modulators for recording hologram correctors in observational optical systems," J. Opt. Technol. 68, 672- (2001) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Key Principles in Glioblastoma Therapy (2011)

Bartek Jiri Jr.1, Kimberly Ng2, Bartek Jiri Sr.3, Santosh Kesari4, Bob Carter5 and Clark C. Chen1,6 1Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 3Institute of Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen 4Department of Neurology, Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA 5Center for Theoretical and Applied Neurosurgery, UCSD, San Diego, CA 6Division of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 1Sweden 2,4,5,6USA 3Denmark
Effect of Direction and Frequency of Skull Motion on Mechanical Vulnerability of the Human Brain (2023)

Strain energy and kinetic energy in the human brain were estimated by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) during harmonic excitation of the head, and compared to characterize the effect of loading direction and frequency on brain deformation. In brain MRE, shear waves are induced by external vibration of the skull and imaged by a modified MR imaging sequence; the resulting harmonic displacement fields are typically "inverted" to estimate mechanical properties, like stiffness or damping. However, measurements of tissue motion from MRE also illuminate key features of the response of the brain to skull loading. In this study, harmonic excitation was applied in two different directions and at five different frequencies from 20 to 90 Hz. Lateral loading induced primarily left-right head motion and rotation in the axial plane; occipital loading induced anterior-posterior head motion and rotation in the sagittal plane. The ratio of strain energy to kinetic energy (SE/KE) depended strongly on both direction and frequency. The ratio of SE/KE was approximately four times larger for lateral excitation than for occipital excitation and was largest at the lowest excitation frequencies studied. These results are consistent with clinical observations that suggest lateral impacts are more likely to cause injury than occipital or frontal impacts, and also with observations that the brain has low-frequency (∼10 Hz) natural modes of oscillation. The SE/KE ratio from brain MRE is potentially a simple and powerful dimensionless metric of brain vulnerability to deformation and injury.
Structural and electronic characterization of a dissociated60°dislocation in GeSi (2000)

A dissociated $60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ misfit dislocation at the substrate interface of a ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{(1\ensuremath{-}x)}$ heterojunction has been examined using electron energy loss spectroscopy and annular dark field imaging. New spectra are obtained at the intrinsic stacking fault, at the dislocation cores, and in the strained regions on either side of the stacking fault. In-gap states are verified at the partial dislocation cores. Images resemble accepted structures except at the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} partial dislocation. Model structures for the object are considered to try to reconcile the imaging and spectral results.
Induction of p21 protein protects against sulforaphane-induced mitotic arrest in LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line (2007)

Previous studies have indicated that d,l-sulforaphane (SFN), a synthetic cancer chemopreventive analogue of cruciferous vegetable-derived isomer (-)-1-isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)-butane, activates a checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2)-dependent G(2)-M phase cell cycle arrest in p53-deficient human prostate cancer cells. Because p53 is a downstream target of Chk2 kinase and known to regulate G(2)-M transition by transcriptional regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21(Cip1/Waf1) (p21), the present study was undertaken to determine the role of p21 in SFN-induced cell cycle arrest using wild-type p53-expressing cell line LNCaP. The SFN treatment caused a modest increase in S phase fraction and a marked increase in G(2)-M fraction in LNCaP cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The SFN-induced S phase arrest correlated with a reduction in protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, Cdk4, and Cdk6, whereas activation of the G(2)-M checkpoint was accompanied by induction of cyclin B1 and down-regulation of Cdk1 and Cdc25C protein levels. The SFN-treated LNCaP cells were also arrested in mitosis as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy and increased Ser(10) phosphorylation of histone H3, a sensitive marker for mitotic cells. The SFN treatment increased activating phosphorylation of Chk2 (Thr(68)) that was accompanied by induction of p53 and p21. The SFN-induced mitotic arrest was statistically significantly increased by small interfering RNA-based knockdown of p21. However, p21 protein knockdown did not have any appreciable effect on SFN-induced cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragmentation (apoptosis). In conclusion, the present study indicates that induction of p21 protects against SFN-induced mitotic arrest in LNCaP cells.
Smooth muscle cell-specific knockout of neuropilin-1 impairs postnatal lung development and pathological vascular smooth muscle cell accumulation (2019)

Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is important for neuronal and cardiovascular development due to its role in conveying class 3 semaphorin and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, respectively. NRP1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and mediates their migration and proliferation in cell culture and is implicated in pathological SMC remodeling in vivo. To address the importance of Nrp1 for SMC function during development, we generated conditional inducible Nrp1 SMC-specific knockout mice. Induction of early postnatal SMC-specific Nrp1 knockout led to pulmonary hemorrhage associated with defects in alveogenesis and revealed a specific requirement for Nrp1 in myofibroblast recruitment to the alveolar septae and PDGF-AA-induced migration in vitro. Furthermore, SMC-specific Nrp1 knockout inhibited PDGF-BB-stimulated SMC outgrowth ex vivo in aortic ring assays and reduced pathological arterial neointima formation in vivo. In contrast, we observed little significant effect of SMC-specific Nrp1 knockout on neonatal retinal vascularization. Our results point to a requirement of Nrp1 in vascular smooth muscle and myofibroblast function in vivo, which may have relevance for postnatal lung development and for pathologies characterized by excessive SMC and/or myofibroblast proliferation.
A First Step in Learning Analytics: Pre-processing Low-Level Alice Logging Data of Middle School Students (2013)

Educational data mining can miss or misidentify key findings about student learning without a transparent process of analyzing the data. This paper describes the first steps in the process of using low-level logging data to understand how middle school students used Alice, an initial programming environment. We describe the steps that were required and the decisions that were made in building a tool to translate the low-level logging data into a form that can be used to investigate educational questions about problem solving strategies for a range of different programming tasks. This work contributes to efforts to analyze educational data, and is important for researchers and tool builders involved with the design of logging systems for other programming environments and software tools.
Non-VKA Oral Anticoagulants: Accurate Measurement of Plasma Drug Concentrations (2015)

Non-VKA oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have now widely reached the lucrative market of anticoagulation. While the marketing authorization holders claimed that no routine monitoring is required and that these compounds can be given at fixed doses, several evidences arisen from the literature tend to demonstrate the opposite. New data suggests that an assessment of the response at the individual level could improve the benefit-risk ratio of at least dabigatran. Information regarding the association of rivaroxaban and apixaban exposure and the bleeding risk is available in the drug approval package on the FDA website. These reviews suggest that accumulation of these compounds increases the risk of experiencing a bleeding complication. Therefore, in certain patient populations such as patients with acute or chronic renal impairment or with multiple drug interactions, measurement of drug exposure may be useful to ensure an optimal treatment response. More specific circumstances such as patients experiencing a haemorrhagic or thromboembolic event during the treatment duration, patients who require urgent surgery or an invasive procedure, or patient with a suspected overdose could benefit from such a measurement. This paper aims at providing guidance on how to best estimate the intensity of anticoagulation using laboratory assays in daily practice.
Max-utility wireless resource management for best-effort traffic (2005)

Due to the characteristics of wireless channels, utility-based resource management in wireless networks requires a set of mechanisms that are different from those for wireline networks. This paper explores in detail why and how the requirements are different. In particular, we analyze the wireless network performance to find out the scheduling algorithm that maximizes total utility of the system. Unlike previous studies, this paper focuses on scenarios in which wireless networks are not fully loaded and all of the users are best-effort data users, i.e., there is no streaming user. Our first key conclusion is that Kleinrock's Conservation Law provides a valuable means to accurately capture the perceived rates of best-effort users in such systems. The queueing analysis further indicates that, within periods during which channel conditions are stable for each user, albeit differ from user to user, the max-utility scheduling algorithm can be derived using queueing theorem and can be readily implemented in actual systems for utility functions that are of exponential or log format. When further taking into account the time-variant nature of wireless channel conditions, our simulation results demonstrate that dynamic weighted fair queueing, with weights adjusted according to the channel conditions, can achieve highly desirable performance with great flexibility.
Providing bandwidth guarantees to internetwork traffic in ATM networks (2002)

We study the performance of three switch implementations for the guaranteed frame rate (GFR) service category when used to provide a LAN interconnection service with a minimum guaranteed bandwidth. Our simulations show that the double-EPD implementation is sensitive to the maximum burst size (MBS) parameter of the GFR traffic contract, while an implementation based on weighted fair buffer allocation provides almost the same performance as a more complex implementation with per-VC accounting and scheduling. We also evaluate the performance of the ERICA+ algorithm with the ABR service category. Our simulations do not show a performance advantage for ERICA+ over the GFR implementations when providing a LAN interconnection service with a minimum guaranteed bandwidth.
Superconducting properties of chromium Cr-YBCO grown by pulsed laser deposition (2008)

Thin superconducting films of type Chromium incorporated YBa2Cu3CrxO6+δ have been grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). The prepared films have been characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDS) analysis. The superconducting transition temperature Tc determined from electrical resistivity measurements was found to slightly increase for low Cr-content (x) and decreases when x > 0.05. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the Cr doped and the pure YBCO films were investigated by Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM).
Detection of Nicotiana DNA in Tobacco Products Using a Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay (2016)

Establishing that a product contains tobacco is a requirement for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's regulation and/or prosecution of tobacco products. Therefore, a multiplex real-time PCR method was designed to determine if Nicotiana (tobacco) DNA is present in tobacco products. The PCR method simultaneously amplifies a 73 bp fragment of the cytochrome P450 monoxygenase CYP82E4 gene and 66 bp fragment in the nia-1 gene for nitrate reductase, which are detected using dual-labeled TaqMan probes. The assay is capable of detecting approximately 7.8 pg purified tobacco DNA, with a similar sensitivity for either gene target while incorporating an internal positive control (IPC). DNA was extracted from prepared tobacco products-including chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, and snuff-or from the cut fill (no wrapper) of cigarettes and cigars. Of the 13 products analyzed, 12 were positive for both tobacco-specific markers and the IPC. DNA was also extracted from the fill of five varieties of herbal cigarettes, which were negative for both tobacco-specific gene targets and positive for the IPC. Our method expands on current assays by introducing a multiplex reaction, targeting two sequences in two different genes of interest, incorporating an IPC into the reaction, and lowering the LOD and LOQ while increasing the efficiency of the PCR.
The Effect of Inhaled Anesthetics on the Platelet Aggregation and the Ligand-Binding Affinity of the Platelet Thromboxane A2 Receptor (1995)

The mechanism by which anesthetics suppress platelet aggregation has not been elucidated. We determined the effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, and a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) analog, and on ligand binding to the platelet TXA2 receptor. Halothane (2.6 mM) strongly suppressed ADP- and epinephrine-induced secondary aggregation of platelets, without significant alteration of primary aggregation. Platelet aggregation induced by a specific TXA2 agonist, (+)-9,11-epithia-11,12-methano-TXA2 (STA2), was suppressed by halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane in a concentration-dependent manner; the concentration of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane which induced 50% inhibition (IC50) were 3.2, 12.3, and 15.7 mM, respectively (or 4.7, 9.8, and 24 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration [MAC], respectively). The binding of a specific TXA2 receptor antagonist, 3H-S145, was significantly reduced by halothane (14-28 mM), but not by enflurane (20 mM) and isoflurane (20 mM). Scatchard analysis revealed that halothane (14 mM) increased Kd from 0.53 nM to 14.3 nM but did not alter Bmax significantly. These results indicate that halothane has a stronger suppressive effect on platelet aggregation than enflurane and isoflurane, and that the effect of halothane on platelet aggregation is due to reduction of the ligand-binding affinity of the platelet TXA2 receptor.
New insights into copper homeostasis in filamentous fungi (2019)

Copper is a metal ion that is required as a micronutrient for growth and proliferation. However, copper accumulation generates toxicity by multiple mechanisms, potentially leading to cell death. Due to its toxic nature at high concentrations, different chemical variants of copper have been extensively used as antifungal agents in agriculture and medicine. Most studies on copper homeostasis have been carried out in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian organisms. However, knowledge on filamentous fungi is less well documented. This review summarizes the knowledge gathered in the last few years about copper homeostasis in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans: The mechanism of action of copper, the uptake and detoxification systems, their regulation at the transcriptional level, and the role of copper homeostasis in fungal pathogenicity are presented.