gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The CT features of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and its Mimics (2011)

Poster: ECR 2011 / C-0500 / The CT features of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and its Mimics by: J. C. R. Harper 1, J. Reid2, J. T. Murchison1, E. J. R. Van Beek1; 1Edinburgh/UK, 2Melrose, Roxburghshire/UK
Inhibition of thromboxane synthesis ameliorates the progressive kidney disease of rats with subtotal renal ablation. (1985)

Ablation of greater than 70% of renal mass in the rat results in hypertension, proteinuria, and glomerular sclerosis of the remnant kidney. Rats with a remnant kidney have increased excretion of thromboxane in the urine when compared with normal rats. Chronic oral administration of OKY 1581, an inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis, in rats with a remnant kidney increases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), decreases protein and thromboxane excretion in the urine, lowers blood pressure and cardiac index, and improves renal histology. The degree of hypertrophy of the remnant kidney was unaffected by administration of OKY 1581. Calculated values for single nephron plasma flow and GFR were significantly greater in rats with remnant kidneys given OKY 1581 than in rats given saline. Acute i.v. administration of OKY 1581 increased renal plasma flow and GFR in rats with a remnant kidney but not in normal rats or rats with a remnant kidney previously treated with acetylsalicyclic acid. OKY 1581 markedly inhibited platelet aggregation. We suggest that in this model of renal disease platelet aggregation and intraglomerular thrombosis play a key role in the development of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of platelet aggregation prevents development of glomerulosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. We suggest that hyperperfusion and hyperfiltration per se occurring in remnant glomeruli are not directly responsible for the development of glomerulosclerosis.
Medium-energy ion scattering spectroscopy for quantitative surface and near-surface analysis of ultrathin films (2000)

Medium-energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (MEISS) can provide non-destructive quantitative surface and near-surface composition with atomic layer depth resolution. The special features of MEISS can be utilized to improve quantification of conventional surface analysis techniques by studying preferential sputtering, which is one of the major problems in quantitative surface analysis using sputtering techniques. This phenomenon was studied in detail with MEISS, in situ and ex situ XPS analysis, RBS, and (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) for WSi2. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A highly purified vegetal fraction able to modulate HMGB1 and to attenuate septic shock in mice. (2012)

High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is an intracellular protein that may be released actively from monocytes and macrophages or passively from necrotic or damaged cells. Its inhibition in animal experiments, even in the late phase of septic shock, significantly enhanced the survival rate of rodents. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of a vegetal fraction isolated and highly purified from Helleborus purpurascens regarding the modulation of HMGB1 release either from tumor cells or human blood mononuclear cells. Our results showed that the vegetal fraction was able to down-regulate the release of HMGB1 from activated human blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor cells. By combining the purified fraction with Cyclophosphamide the release of HMGB1 from tumor cells was strongly decreased. This synergism was not noticed when the ve getal product was associated with Doxorubicin. We also studied the effect of the purified fraction in mice with septic shock induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method. The tested vegetal product increased significantly the survival rate of animals compared to the mice not treated with it. Our data suggest that the purified vegetal fraction may modulate inflammation by down-regulating the HMGB1, which can also explain its efficacy in septic shock in mice.
Time Frames for Neutralization during the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Phase, as Monitored in Synchronously Infected Cell Cultures (2007)

Characterization of the neutralizing interaction between antibody and virus is hindered by the nonsynchronized progression of infection in cell cultures. Discrete steps of the viral entry sequence cannot be discerned, and thus, the mode of antibody-mediated interference with virus infectivity remains undefined. Here, we magnetically synchronize the motion and cell attachment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to monitor the progression of neutralization, both in solution and following virus attachment to the cell. By simultaneous transfer of all viral particles from reaction solution with antibody to the cell-bound state, the precise rate of neutralization of cell-free virus could be determined for each antibody. HIV-1 neutralization by both monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations followed distinct pseudo-first-order kinetics. For all antibodies, cell types, and HIV-1 strains examined, postattachment interference served a major role in the neutralizing effect. To monitor the progression of postattachment interference, we synchronized the entry process at initiation and measured the escape of cell-bound virus from antibody. We found that different antibodies neutralized the virus over different time frames during the entry phase. Virus was observed to progress through a sequence of shifting sensitivities to different antibodies during entry, suggested here to correlate with the exposure time of the target epitope on receptor-activated viral envelope proteins. Thus, by monitoring the progression of HIV-1 entry under synchronized conditions, we identify a new and significant determinant of antibody neutralization capacity, namely, the time frames for neutralization during the course of the viral entry phase.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of N 1-Substituted 1H-Indazoles by DBU-Catalyzed Aza-Michael Reaction of Indazole with Enones (2016)

1<i>H</i>-Indazoles are important heterocycles as they are a substantial part in many drugs. Here, a DBU-catalyzed aza-Michael reaction of indazole with enones is described. A variety of aromatic and aliphatic enones are well tolerated and afford the corresponding <i>N</i> <sup>1</sup>-substituted 1<i>H</i>-indazoles in high to excellent yields with exclusive <i>N</i> <sup>1</sup>-regioselectivity. The use of a metal-free catalyst, good substrate tolerance, mild reaction conditions, and high atom economy make this procedure a direct and facile method for the preparation of <i>N</i> <sup>1</sup>-substituted 1<i>H</i>-indazoles.
Optimierung frequenzvarianter Nullbeamformer für akustische Signale mittels Statistik höherer Ordnung - Anwendungen im Kfz und in Büroräumen (2006)

Verfahren der mehrkanaligen Störgeräuschunterdrückung, wie z.B. Beamforming haben aufgrund gesunkener Kosten für die entsprechenden Hardwarekomponenten stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. In dieser Arbeit wird das Verfahren des frequenzvarianten Nullbeamforming entwickelt, das als Kombination der Konzepte Beamforming und blinde Quellentrennung verstanden werden kann. Es zeichnet sich sowohl durch einen vergleichsweise niedrigen Rechenaufwand als auch durch eine geringe Nutzsignalverzerrung aus. Um ein grundlegendes Verständnis für die Funktionsweise von Beamforming-Verfahren für Mikrofonarrays zu schaffen, werden zunächst die Prinzipien der mehrkanaligen Störgeräuschunterdrückung analysiert. Adaptive Beamformer weisen bereits einige Analogien zu den Methoden der blinden Quellentrennung konvolutiver Mischungen auf. Sie kommen im Vergleich zu fest entworfenen Arrays mit deutlich weniger Mikrofonen für die Unterdrückung gerichteter Störsignale aus. Nachteilig ist bei adaptiven Beamformern jedoch, dass bei einer fehlerhaften Adaption, insbesondere bedingt durch die feste Vorgabe der Nutzsignalrichtung, das interessierende Sprachsignal verzerrt werden kann. Verfahren, die nicht nur die räumliche Charakteristik des Stör- sondern auch des Nutzsignals nachregeln können, also alle beteiligten Signale berücksichtigen, weisen diesen Nachteil nicht auf. Ein äußerst leistungsfähiges Kriterium zur Unterscheidung von gerichteten Signalen ist durch die Analyse der statistischen Unabhängigkeit (ICA - Independent Component Analysis) gegeben. ICA-basierte Verfahren werden auch in anderen Gebieten der Signalverarbeitung für die Trennung von Signalgemischen eingesetzt. Da sie nur sehr wenig Vorwissen über die Quellsignale und deren Vermischung erfordern, hat sich in diesem Zusammenhang der Begriff blinde Quellentrennung etabliert. Durch das Kriterium der statistischen Unabhängigkeit lassen sich die intersensorischen Beziehungen der einzelnen Signalkomponenten aufdecken, deren Kenntnis für die Trennung zwingend erforderlich ist. Im Kontext von Mikrofonarrays können diese Signalabhängigkeiten als räumliche Größen interpretiert werden, da die Dämpfung eines gerichteten Signals durch das Ausnullen der entsprechenden Einfallsrichtung erreicht wird. Dies ist die Grundlage für das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Verfahren des frequenzvarianten Nullbeamforming, bei dem die Nullrichtungen mit Hilfe von Statistik höherer Ordnung so bestimmt werden, dass die Ausgangssignale statistisch unabhängig voneinander sind. Damit ist es gelungen, die Vorzüge der beiden Ansätze Beamforming und blinde Quellentrennung in einem robusten Verfahren zu vereinen, das für den Einsatz in realzeitfähigen Systemen geeignet ist. Die theoretischen Erkenntnisse werden sowohl anhand simulierter Umgebungsbedingungen eines Büroraumes mit veränderlicher Nachhallzeit als auch durch die Anwendung auf reale Sprachdaten im Kraftfahrzeug verifiziert.
Using Amino Acid Physicochemical Distance Transformation for Fast Protein Remote Homology Detection (2012)

Protein remote homology detection is one of the most important problems in bioinformatics. Discriminative methods such as support vector machines (SVM) have shown superior performance. However, the performance of SVM-based methods depends on the vector representations of the protein sequences. Prior works have demonstrated that sequence-order effects are relevant for discrimination, but little work has explored how to incorporate the sequence-order information along with the amino acid physicochemical properties into the prediction. In order to incorporate the sequence-order effects into the protein remote homology detection, the physicochemical distance transformation (PDT) method is proposed. Each protein sequence is converted into a series of numbers by using the physicochemical property scores in the amino acid index (AAIndex), and then the sequence is converted into a fixed length vector by PDT. The sequence-order information can be efficiently included into the feature vector with little computational cost by this approach. Finally, the feature vectors are input into a support vector machine classifier to detect the protein remote homologies. Our experiments on a well-known benchmark show the proposed method SVM-PDT achieves superior or comparable performance with current state-of-the-art methods and its computational cost is considerably superior to those of other methods. When the evolutionary information extracted from the frequency profiles is combined with the PDT method, the profile-based PDT approach can improve the performance by 3.4% and 11.4% in terms of ROC score and ROC50 score respectively. The local sequence-order information of the protein can be efficiently captured by the proposed PDT and the physicochemical properties extracted from the amino acid index are incorporated into the prediction. The physicochemical distance transformation provides a general framework, which would be a valuable tool for protein-level study.
Preparation of (4S)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-propynyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one by Sequential Combination of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Mitsunobu Reaction (1991)

(4S)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-propynyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one, which is an important alcohol moiety of optically active pyrethroid insecticides, was prepared from the corresponding racemic acetate by the sequential combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and Mitsunobu reaction, in an excellent optical yield.
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Acid α-D-Glucosidase for Study of Chinese Glycogenosis Type II Patients (1992)

Two monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), 8-23 and 4-6, against human acid alpha-D-glucosidase were generated to analyse the intracellular alpha-D-glucosidase from seven Chinese Pompe's disease families with the following study design: [1] Purified alpha-D-glucosidase from normal human urine was used as antigen for immunization of mice. [2] The splenic cells of immunized mice were isolated and fused with myeloma cells NS-1 for generation of hybridomas and production of anti-human alpha-D-glucosidase Mabs and detection of presence of the enzyme in skin fibroblasts obtained from the Pompe's disease families and normal controls. [3] Functional assay of acid alpha-D-glucosidase was done. Both generated Mabs were IgG1 with a kappa light chain. Mabs 8-23 and 4-6 can recognize 70 kd (kilodaltons) alpha-D-glucosidase evidenced by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP). Our results showed that alpha-D-glucosidase did exist in the skin fibroblasts of all seven Pompe's disease patients by RIP and in the hepatic cells by immunohistological study. However, functional assay of alpha-D-glucosidase of the seven patients with Pompe's disease showed that the enzyme function of alpha-D-glucosidase was defective. This finding is at variance with the results of other workers which indicated that the amount of mature enzyme was reduced or totally absent in most of the juvenile and adult Caucasian and South African patients. The discordance may imply that the cause of alpha-D-glucosidase deficiency in Chinese patients is quite different from that in Caucasian and South African patients. This needs further study to clarify.
Digital inclusion (2019)

J. C. R. Licklider, Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart, Ted Nelson, and Alan Kay optimistically and exuberantly imagined how computers could better the lives of people. Much of this has come to pass. The Internet supports learning by ‘students’ at all levels. Information on laws, procedures, diseases, and medical care may be found on the web. The Internet now provides the easiest, or in some cases the only, way to pay bills or order items such as books, groceries, and even clothing. It is a means of communication with family, friends, individuals one would like to meet, individuals with whom one could share insights, and potential employers. Music, films, and other means of entertainment stream to our digital devices. This implies that those for whom digital technology is not available are at a disadvantage. The gap between the technology-haves and the technology-have-nots became known in the 1990s as a digital divide. The concept is nuanced; we can speak of availability or scarcity of hardware, such as personal computers (PCs) and mobile phones; of infrastructure such as cellular networks; of communications bandwidth that enables a smooth media viewing experience; of expertise in using the technology; of commitment to its use; and of engagement in the process. Some only consume information; others contribute their ideas via methods such as blogging and tweeting. Yet a better way to describe digital technology widely accessible is the goal of social inclusion, to allow all individuals, regardless of socioeconomic status, location, race, gender, or ability or disability, to take advantage of the benefits of modern computing and telecommunications. To have terminology that is even more evocative, we shall use the more modern and descriptive term of digital inclusion. This has been defined by the International Telecommunications Union as ‘empowering people through information and communication technologies (ICTs)’. The term ‘people’ is meant here to imply all people throughout the world. This chapter will first examine the digital divide between the haves and the have-nots (often the rich and the poor) within several nations. Examples of the benefits of digital inclusion will be cited.
Growth Stimulation of Human Skin Fibroblasts by Elastin-Derived Peptides (1995)

Elastin-derived peptides (kappa-elastin: kappa E, mean molecular mass: 75 kDa), either coated onto plastic dishes or added to culture media (0.26 to 1.33 nM) stimulated the growth of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) strains obtained from different donors and tested at different cell passages (4 to 12). Coated 44.4 micrograms/cm2 insoluble elastin (iE) exhibited the same action; coated iE or kappa E significantly modifies the HSF morphology: after 5-6 days of culture, HSF are more elongated, and at preconfluence state, formation of HSF clusters surrounding iE were observed. Increased 3H thymidine incorporation and proliferative effect of HSF by kappa E (1.3 to 2.2 fold as compared to control cells) was observed after a lag phase period which raised with initial HSF density. Optimal proliferative effect was obtained at kappa E 8.5 10(-10) M, a value close to the dissociation constant (kD = 2.7 10(-10) M) of kappa E to HSF. Valine-glycine-valine-alanine-proline-glycine (VGVAPG), but not valine-glycine-valine (VGV) or Valine-glycine-valine-valine-glycine-alanine (VGVVGA) also significantly stimulated, optimally at 7.0 10(-10) M, HSF proliferation. It was concluded that the stimulatory influence of elastin derived peptides on HSF proliferation was mediated through a binding to plasmalemmal receptor of HSF.
Listeria monocytogenes activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: induction of non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic activity and cytokine production (1992)

Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to activate human natural killer (NK) cells. In this report, we show that the gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can also activate human NK cells with regard to non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted killing and the production of cytokines. Overnight incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells or enriched NK cell populations with live or Formalin-fixed L. monocytogenes resulted in high levels of non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic activity. Listeria-stimulated non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic activity could be achieved with pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic Listeria strains. PBM cells also produced tumor necrosis factor alpha and different interferons (IFNs) after incubation with Listeria strains. Optimal cytokine production appeared to be dependent on nylon wool- and plastic-adherent cells. Different IFNs were produced by Listeria-stimulated PBM cells obtained from different donors. IFN-gamma was always produced but was sometimes associated with IFN-alpha and/or IFN-beta. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) activity was never detected in culture supernatants obtained from Listeria-stimulated PBM cell cultures. However, IL-2 appeared to be produced by Listeria-stimulated PBM cells, since antibody to IL-2 inhibited Listeria-stimulated NK cell cytotoxic activity. Listeria activation of NK cell cytotoxic activity was also dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Antibody to IFN-gamma, IFN-beta, or IFN-alpha had no effect on Listeria-stimulated NK cell cytotoxic activity. These results demonstrate that NK cells can be activated by Listeria strains and add further evidence that NK cells may play an important role in host defense against bacterial infections.
Predicting beneficial effects of atomoxetine and citalopram on response inhibition in Parkinson's disease with clinical and neuroimaging measures (2016)

Recent studies indicate that selective noradrenergic (atomoxetine) and serotonergic (citalopram) reuptake inhibitors may improve response inhibition in selected patients with Parkinson's disease, restoring behavioral performance and brain activity. We reassessed the behavioral efficacy of these drugs in a larger cohort and developed predictive models to identify patient responders. We used a double-blind randomized three-way crossover design to investigate stopping efficiency in 34 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease after 40 mg atomoxetine, 30 mg citalopram, or placebo. Diffusion-weighted and functional imaging measured microstructural properties and regional brain activations, respectively. We confirmed that Parkinson's disease impairs response inhibition. Overall, drug effects on response inhibition varied substantially across patients at both behavioral and brain activity levels. We therefore built binary classifiers with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) to predict patients' responses in terms of improved stopping efficiency. We identified two optimal models: (1) a "clinical" model that predicted the response of an individual patient with 77-79% accuracy for atomoxetine and citalopram, using clinically available information including age, cognitive status, and levodopa equivalent dose, and a simple diffusion-weighted imaging scan; and (2) a "mechanistic" model that explained the behavioral response with 85% accuracy for each drug, using drug-induced changes of brain activations in the striatum and presupplementary motor area from functional imaging. These data support growing evidence for the role of noradrenaline and serotonin in inhibitory control. Although noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs have highly variable effects in patients with Parkinson's disease, the individual patient's response to each drug can be predicted using a pattern of clinical and neuroimaging features.
Spermidine/spermine n(1)-acetyltransferase catalyzes amantadine acetylation. (2001)

Amantadine acetylation was demonstrated to occur both in vivo and in vitro using transgenic male mice overexpressing spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT). We previously reported that neither NAT1 nor NAT2 was responsible for catalyzing acetylation of the primary amine group of amantadine. We hypothesized that the inducible polyamine-catabolizing enzyme, SSAT, was an alternate pathway for acetylating amantadine. Transgenic mice injected s.c. with 3 mg/kg amantadine excreted 4.5 +/- 1% (mean +/- S.E.) of the administered dose as acetylamantadine in 24-h urine samples while, by contrast, nontransgenic control mice failed to excrete any detectable acetylamantadine in their urine. In vitro studies with the cytosolic liver fraction from transgenic mice as the source of SSAT demonstrated spermidine acetylation catalytic activity with an apparent K(m) = 267 +/- 46 microM and V(max) = 0.009 +/- 0.002 nmol/min/mg of protein. Amantadine competitively inhibited spermidine acetylation with an apparent K(i) = 738 +/- 157 microM. Incubation of amantadine, SSAT, and an acetyl CoA-regenerating system produced modest amounts of acetylamantadine. The NAT2 substrate, sulfamethazine, inhibited spermidine acetylation with a calculated K(i) = 3.5 mM, suggesting that SSAT may be an alternate pathway for acetylation of NAT2 substrates. The NAT1 substrate, p-aminobenzoic acid, had no inhibitory effect. These results provide evidence that amantadine can be acetylated by SSAT and may be a specific drug substrate for this enzyme. Further investigation of the role of SSAT as a potential drug-metabolizing pathway is warranted.
HEVC Deblocking Filter (2012)

This paper describes the in-loop deblocking filter used in the upcoming High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard to reduce visible artifacts at block boundaries. The deblocking filter performs detection of the artifacts at the coded block boundaries and attenuates them by applying a selected filter. Compared to the H.264/AVC deblocking filter, the HEVC deblocking filter has lower computational complexity and better parallel processing capabilities while still achieving significant reduction of the visual artifacts.