gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer Processing and Rheology (2013)

Rheological properties like linear viscoelasiticity, temperature dependence, shear rate dependence of viscosity and extensional viscosity are closely related to processability of polymer processing. In this article, relationship between rheological properties of polymer melt and their flow behavior in polymer processing devices especially for film and sheet extrusion, pipe and profile extrusion and calendaring are discussed.
Novel Tumor-Specific Isoforms of BEHAB/Brevican Identified in Human Malignant Gliomas (2005)

Malignant gliomas are deadly brain tumors characterized by diffuse invasion into the surrounding brain tissue. Understanding the mechanisms involved in glioma invasion could lead to new therapeutic strategies. We have previously shown that BEHAB/brevican, an extracellular matrix protein in the central nervous system, plays a role in the invasive ability of gliomas. The mechanisms that underlie BEHAB/brevican function are not yet understood, due in part to the existence of several isoforms that may have different functions. Here we describe for the first time the expression of BEHAB/brevican in human brain and characterize two novel glioma-specific isoforms, B/b(sia) and B/b(Deltag), which are generated by differential glycosylation and are absent from normal adult brain and other neuropathologies. B/b(sia) is an oversialylated isoform expressed by about half the high- and low-grade gliomas analyzed. B/b(Deltag) lacks most of the carbohydrates typically present on BEHAB/brevican and is the major up-regulated isoform of this protein in high-grade gliomas but is absent in a specific subset of low-grade, indolent oligodendrogliomas. B/b(Deltag) is detected on the extracellular surface, where it binds to the membrane by a mechanism distinct from the other BEHAB/brevican isoforms. The glioma-specific expression of B/b(Deltag), its restricted membrane localization, and its expression in all high-grade gliomas tested to date suggest that it may play a significant role in glioma progression and make it an important new potential therapeutic target. In addition, its absence from benign gliomas prompts its use as a diagnostic marker to distinguish primary brain tumors of similar histology but different pathologic course.
Information Spectrum Approach to the Source Channel Separation Theorem (2013)

A source-channel separation theorem for a general channel has recently been shown by Aggrawal et. al. This theorem states that if there exist a coding scheme that achieves a maximum distortion level d_{max} over a general channel W, then reliable communication can be accomplished over this channel at rates less then R(d_{max}), where R(.) is the rate distortion function of the source. The source, however, is essentially constrained to be discrete and memoryless (DMS). In this work we prove a stronger claim where the source is general, satisfying only a "sphere packing optimality" feature, and the channel is completely general. Furthermore, we show that if the channel satisfies the strong converse property as define by Han &amp; verdu, then the same statement can be made with d_{avg}, the average distortion level, replacing d_{max}. Unlike the proofs there, we use information spectrum methods to prove the statements and the results can be quite easily extended to other situations.
Microaggregates in Frozen and Saline Washed Red Blood Cells (1974)

The microaggregates which accumulate in stored blood have been implicated in the development of posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency. These particles are known to be composed of degenerated leukocytes and platelets. Because frozen and saline washed red blood cells contain small numbers of leukocytes and platelets, they were studied as a possible source of microaggregate-free red blood cells. Using a Model T Coulter Counter to quantitate all particles 13-80 microns in size, it was shown that freezing and deglycerolization, or simple saline washing (manual or automated), could reduce the number of microaggregates in stored blood by 80 to 90 per cent. These findings add to a growing list of potential advantages in the routine use of frozen red cells for patients requiring transfusion.
Chemical structures of edelfosine, miltefosine, perifosine and erucylphosphocholine. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Chemical structures of edelfosine, miltefosine, perifosine and erucylphosphocholine.&lt;/p&gt;
Hero (2005)

Abstract: Is Hero just another martial-arts film? Who is the hero in Hero? Does the film suggest a justification for the despotism in Chinese history, as many Chinese critics have charged? Is there any connection between Hero and Zhang Yimou's previous works? This review focuses on these challenging questions as it explores the intricacies of Hero.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ81 with Yttrium (2010)

The effects of yttrium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ81 have been investigated by alloy preparation, microstructure analysis and tensile tests. The results show that proper content of yttrium addition can obviously refine the microstructure of magnesium alloy AZ81, reduce the amount of β-Mg17Al12 phase, lead to the precipitation of Al2Y phase and improve the mechanical properties. After solid solution and aging treatment, the tensile strength and elongation of the alloy increase at first and then decrease with the increase of yttrium content, and reach the maxima at 2%Y. At room temperature, the maxima are 277MPa and 10.9% respectively. At 150 , the maxima are 220MPa and 12.4% respectively.
Learning Robust Visual-Semantic Embeddings (2017)

Many of the existing methods for learning joint embedding of images and text use only supervised information from paired images and its textual attributes. Taking advantage of the recent success of unsupervised learning in deep neural networks, we propose an end-to-end learning framework that is able to extract more robust multi-modal representations across domains. The proposed method combines representation learning models (i.e., auto-encoders) together with cross-domain learning criteria (i.e., Maximum Mean Discrepancy loss) to learn joint embeddings for semantic and visual features. A novel technique of unsupervised-data adaptation inference is introduced to construct more comprehensive embeddings for both labeled and unlabeled data. We evaluate our method on Animals with Attributes and Caltech-UCSD Birds 200-2011 dataset with a wide range of applications, including zero and few-shot image recognition and retrieval, from inductive to transductive settings. Empirically, we show that our frame-work improves over the current state of the art on many of the considered tasks.
Continuous ARMA spectral estimation from irregularly sampled observations (2004)

In a previous paper we introduced the pseudo correlation vector concept which extends the classical correlation vector to the non uniform sampling context (A. Rivoira et al., IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustic Speech and Sigpro., vol.11, p.1725-1728, 2002). The dependence relations between the pseudo correlation vector and the parameters of a CAR signal were established. An analytical inversion procedure was carried out for CAR models of order 2. As many applications require CARMA models, or CAR models but of higher orders, the purpose of the present paper is to deal with spectral estimation of such modelled signals. The performance of the numerical method proposed here is evaluated and compared with those of the slotting method, commonly used for laser Doppler anemometry data.
Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella involves immediate membrane depolarization followed by slower rate of DNA destruction which differs from that observed for Gram‐positive bacteria (2011)

We have reported previously that copper I and II ionic species, and superoxide but not Fenton reaction generated hydroxyl radicals, are important in the killing mechanism of pathogenic enterococci on copper surfaces. In this new work we determined if the mechanism was the same in non-pathogenic ancestral (K12) and laboratory (DH5α) strains, and a pathogenic strain (O157), of Escherichia coli. The pathogenic strain exhibited prolonged survival on stainless steel surfaces compared with the other E. coli strains but all died within 10 min on copper surfaces using a 'dry' inoculum protocol (with approximately 10(7) cfu cm(-2) ) to mimic dry touch contamination. We observed immediate cytoplasmic membrane depolarization, not seen with enterococci or methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and loss of outer membrane integrity, inhibition of respiration and in situ generation of reactive oxygen species on copper and copper alloy surfaces that did not occur on stainless steel. Chelation of copper (I) and (II) ionic species still had the most significant impact on bacterial survival but protection by d-mannitol suggests hydroxyl radicals are involved in the killing mechanism. We also observed a much slower rate of DNA destruction on copper surfaces compared with previous results for enterococci. This may be due to protection of the nucleic acid by the periplasm and the extensive cell aggregation that we observed on copper surfaces. Similar results were obtained for Salmonella species but partial quenching by d-mannitol suggests radicals other than hydroxyl may be involved. The results indicate that copper biocidal surfaces are effective for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but bacterial morphology affects the mechanism of toxicity. These surfaces could not only help to prevent infection spread but also prevent horizontal gene transmission which is responsible for the evolution of virulent toxin producing and antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Role of lipids in calcification of cartilage (1989)

This review addresses the role of lipids and membranes in biologic calcification and examines their regulation during endochondral ossification. The close association of lipids with mineral deposition has been well established. Early observations indicated that lipids, particularly phospholipids, can not be totally extracted from calcified tissues until the tissues are decalcified. Phospholipids associated with mineral are also enriched in extracellular membrane vesicles, called matrix vesicles. Numerous studies indicate that mineral deposits in calcifying cartilage are first seen in these phosphatidylserine and alkaline phosphatase enriched vesicles and that the process of endochondral calcification of epiphyseal growth plate is possibly mediated by them. Matrix vesicles, and the phospholipids present in them, appear to be involved in initial formation of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals via the interaction of calcium and phosphate ions with phosphatidylserine to form phospholipid:Ca:Pi complexes (CPLX). CPLX is present in tissues which are undergoing initial mineral deposition but are absent from nonmineralizing tissues. Evidence suggests that CPLX resides in the interior of matrix vesicles where the earliest mineral crystals are formed in association with the vesicle membrane. More recently, it has been determined that specific membrane proteins, called proteolipids, participate in CPLX formation and hydroxyapatite deposition, in part by structuring phosphatidylserine in an appropriate conformation. Phosphatidylserine involvement in the initiation of mineralization has been extensively investigated because of its extremely high binding affinity for Ca2+. In addition to structuring a specific phospholipid environment, proteolipids may also act as ionophores, promoting export of protons and import of calcium and phosphate, both requirements of biologic calcification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Edge-modulated perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in [Co/Pd]n and L10-FePt thin film wires (2015)

Thickness modulation at the edges of nanostructured magnetic thin films is shown to have important effects on their perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Thin film wires with tapered edges were made from [Co/Pd]20 multilayers or L10-FePt films using liftoff with a double layer resist. The effect of edge taper on the reversal process was studied using magnetic force microscopy and micromagnetic modeling. In [Co/Pd]20 the anisotropy was lower in the tapered edge regions which switched at a lower reverse field compared to the center of the wire. The L10-FePt wires showed opposite behavior with the tapered regions exhibiting higher anisotropy.
Ensembl 2007 (2006)

The Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) project provides a comprehensive and integrated source of annotation of chordate genome sequences. Over the past year the number of genomes available from Ensembl has increased from 15 to 33, with the addition of sites for the mammalian genomes of elephant, rabbit, armadillo, tenrec, platypus, pig, cat, bush baby, common shrew, microbat and european hedgehog; the fish genomes of stickleback and medaka and the second example of the genomes of the sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) and the mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Some of the major features added during the year include the first complete gene sets for genomes with low-sequence coverage, the introduction of new strain variation data and the introduction of new orthology/paralog annotations based on gene trees.
Stretchable EMI Measurement Sheet With 8 $\times$ 8 Coil Array, 2 V Organic CMOS Decoder, and 0.18$\ \mu$m Silicon CMOS LSIs for Electric and Magnetic Field Detection (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A stretchable <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$12\times 12\ {\hbox {cm}}^{2}$</tex></formula> electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurement sheet is developed to enable the measurement of EMI distribution on the surface of electronic devices by wrapping the devices in the sheet. The sheet consists of an 8 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\times$</tex></formula> 8 coil array, a 2 V organic CMOS row decoder and a column selector, 40% stretchable interconnects with carbon nanotubes, and 0.18 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\hbox {m}}$</tex></formula> silicon CMOS circuits for electric and magnetic field detection. The sheet detects the total power of an electric field in the band up to 700 MHz and that of a magnetic field up to 1 GHz. The minimum detectable powers of the electric and magnetic fields are <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex></formula>60 and <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex></formula>70 dBm, respectively. </para>
Profiling of Escherichia coli Chromosome Database (2008)

The Profiling of Escherichia coli Chromosome (PEC) database (http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/ecoli/pec/) is designed to allow E. coli researchers to efficiently access information from functional genomics studies. The database contains two principal types of data: gene essentiality and a large collection of E. coli genetic research resources. The essentiality data are based on data compilation from published single-gene essentiality studies and on cell growth studies of large-deletion mutants. Using the circular and linear viewers for both whole genomes and the minimal genome, users can not only gain an overview of the genome structure but also retrieve information on contigs, gene products, mutants, deletions, and so forth. In particular, genome-wide exhaustive mutants are an essential resource for studying E. coli gene functions. Although the genomic database was constructed independently from the genetic resources database, users may seamlessly access both types of data. In addition to these data, the PEC database also provides a summary of homologous genes of other bacterial genomes and of protein structure information, with a comprehensive interface. The PEC is thus a convenient and useful platform for contemporary E. coli researchers.
Reconstruction algorithms for photoacoustic tomography in heterogenous\n damping media (2018)

In this article, we study several reconstruction methods for the inverse\nsource problem of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) with spatially variable sound\nspeed and damping. The backbone of these methods is the adjoint operators,\nwhich we thoroughly analyze in both the $L^2$- and $H^1$-settings. They are\ncasted in the form of a nonstandard wave equation. We derive the well-pawedness\nof the aforementioned wave equation in a natural functional space, and also\nprove the finite speed of propagation. Under the uniqueness and visibility\ncondition, our formulations of the standard iterative reconstruction methods,\nsuch as Landweber's and conjugate gradients (CG), achieve a linear rate of\nconvergence in either $L^2$- or $H^1$-norm. When the visibility condition is\nnot satisfied, the problem is severely ill-posed and one must apply a\nregularization technique to stabilize the solutions. To that end, we study two\nclasses of regularization methods: (i) iterative, and (ii) variational\nregularization. In the case of full data, our simulations show that the CG\nmethod works best; it is very fast and robust. In the ill-posed case, the CG\nmethod behaves unstably. Total variation regularization method (TV), in this\ncase, significantly improves the reconstruction quality.\n
The norepinephrine transporter gene and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (2002)

The adrenergic system plays a known role in attentional systems and a suspected causal role in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), based on evidence from pharmacological interventions and animal models. The efficacy of the highly selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, tomoxetine, in treating ADHD symptoms supports the system's role in ADHD and points to the norephinephrine transporter as a candidate gene. This study tested the gene for the norepinephrine transporter (NET1) as a susceptibility factor in ADHD using three polymorphisms located in exon 9, intron 9, and intron 13. We examined the inheritance of these polymorphisms in a sample of 122 families with a total of 155 children with ADHD identified through an ADHD proband. Use of the transmission disequilibrium test failed to show significant evidence for biased transmission of any of the alleles or the haplotypes of these polymorphisms. We further investigated this gene by screening the probands for five known amino acid variants to determine if they contributed to the ADHD phenotype but observed only one (Thr99Ile) in our sample. Since the frequency of this variant (1.8%) was similar to that previously reported in a control sample (2.2%), it is unlikely that this variant is related to the ADHD phenotype. Our results do not support the NET1 gene as a major genetic susceptibility factor in ADHD.
Changes in Blood Circulation of the Tendons and Heart Rate Variability During and After Acupuncture (2020)

<b>Objective:</b> The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in blood circulation of tendons and heart rate variability (HRV) during and after acupuncture in order to elucidate the mechanisms of acupuncture-induced changes in tendon blood circulation. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> During 10 minutes of acupuncture treatment and a recovery period of 40 minutes, blood volume (THb) and oxygen saturation (StO<sub>2</sub>) of treated and nontreated tendons were measured using red laser lights. In addition, HRV was also measured during the experimental period. <b>Results:</b> THb and StO<sub>2</sub> of the treated tendons significantly increased during acupuncture, and then remained high during the recovery period. THb and StO<sub>2</sub> of the nontreated tendons did not change during acupuncture but gradually increased during the recovery period. In addition, the increase in THb of the nontreated tendons were significantly correlated with that of the treated tendons during the latter half of the recovery period. Heart rate (HR) continued to decrease during acupuncture and suddenly returned to the initial level after removal of the needle. The low-frequency (LF)/high-frequency (HF) ratio tended to increase during the recovery period. During the latter half of the recovery period, the changes in THb for both the treated and nontreated tendons were negatively correlated with the change in HR but not with changes in the LF/HF ratio. <b>Conclusions:</b> These results suggest that changes in blood circulation of tendons after acupuncture treatment were controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which could not be detected by HRV analysis.
Arene-ruthenium(ii) complexes with hydrophilic P-donor ligands: versatile catalysts in aqueous media (2014)

In the last few years there has been increasing interest in the use of water as a reaction medium for catalysis, and therefore in designing water-soluble transition-metal catalysts. Half-sandwich (η(6)-arene)-ruthenium(ii) complexes are a versatile and well-known family of ruthenium compounds that exhibit a rich catalytic and coordination chemistry. This Perspective article focuses on the catalytic applications in aqueous media of (η(6)-arene)-ruthenium(ii) complexes containing water-soluble phosphines, and related hydrophilic P-donor ligands.
Targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway in renal cell carcinoma (2015)

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway is involved in driving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-independent tumor angiogenesis, as a compensatory mechanism to escape VEGF-targeted therapies. Therefore, targeting FGF/FGFR axis seems to be a promising strategy in order to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and reduce resistance to VEGF receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This editorial is focused on the role of FGF/FGFR pathway in renal cell carcinoma and on the ongoing trials of emerging agents targeting this axis.
Medullary sites for TRH analogue stimulation of gastric contractility in the rat (1989)

Medullary sites at which the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, RX 77368 (p-Glu-His-[3,3'-dimethyl]-Pro-NH2), stimulates gastric contractility were investigated in rats under urethan anesthesia. The peptide analogue was microinjected in 50-100 nl of volume unilaterally into various brain stem nuclei using glass micropipettes (50 microns). Gastric contractility was recorded continuously with acutely implanted strain-gauge force transducers and traces analyzed by computer. RX 77368 (2.6-77 pmol) microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) dose dependently stimulated gastric contractility. Peptide action (77 pmol) had a rapid onset with a peak response at 15 min, continued for 45 min after the microinjection, and was blocked by vagotomy. TRH microinjected into the DVC had a shorter duration of action. RX 77368 (0.7-77 pmol) microinjected into the nucleus ambiguus also dose dependently stimulated gastric contractions. In contrast, microinjection of RX 77368 (77 pmol) into the hypoglossal nucleus had no effect. These findings demonstrate that the DVC and nucleus ambiguus are sites of action for TRH-induced stimulation of gastric contractility in the rat. The effect is dose dependent, long lasting, site specific, and vagally mediated. These results are consistent with a possible physiological role for medullary TRH in the vagal regulation of gastric contractility.
Interactions of Zero Net-Mass Flow Actuators the Flow over NACA 4412 Foils (2006)

An investigation of the global effects of the actuation system on the flow field over the NACA-4412 foils has been done as part of our effort to implement real time closed loop separation control using zero net-mass flow actuators. Our approach involves an application to the NACA-4412 foils of the method develop by Honohan et al. (2003) in which Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data coupled with the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations to obtain the effect of the flow control actuation on the averaged pressure field. We have demonstrated (Andino et al.2005) the utility of this approach on the NACA-4412 hydrofoil to help us understand the global effects of flow control. A major effect of the actuation on the mean pressure field was backed out from the PIV/RANS approach.