gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Non-Racemic Pyrazolines and Pyrazolidines by [3+2] Cycloadditions of Azomethine Imines (2017)

Asymmetric [3+2] cycloadditions of azomethine imines comprise a useful synthetic tool for the construction of pyrazole derivatives with a variable degree of saturation and up to three stereogenic centers. As analogues of pyrrolidines and imidazolidines that are abundant among natural products, pyrazoline and pyrazolidine derivatives represent attractive synthetic targets due to their extensive applications in the chemical and medicinal industries. Following the increased understanding of the mechanistic aspect of metal-catalyzed and organocatalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions of 1,3-dipoles gained over recent years, significant strides have been taken to design and develop new protocols that proceed efficiently under mild synthetic conditions and duly benefit from superior functional group tolerance and selectivity. In this review, we represent the current state of the art in this field and detailed methods for the synthesis of non-racemic pyrazolines and pyrazolidines via [3+2] metal and organocatalyzed transformations reported since the seminal work of Kobayashi et al. and Fu et al. in 2002 and 2003 up to the end of year 2017.
Roles of relSpn in stringent response, global regulation and virulence of serotype 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 (2009)

RelA/SpoT homologue (RSH) proteins have (p)ppGpp synthetase and hydrolase activities that mediate major global responses to nutrient limitation and other stresses. RSH proteins are conserved in most bacteria and play diverse roles in bacterial pathogenesis. We report here that the RSH protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rel(Spn), can be deleted and is the primary source of (p)ppGpp synthesis in virulent strain D39 under some conditions. A D39 Deltarel(Spn) mutant grew well in complex medium, but did not grow in chemically defined medium unless supplemented with the metals copper and manganese. Transcriptome analysis of D39 rel(+)(Spn) and Deltarel(Spn) strains treated with mupirocin revealed rel(Spn)-independent (translation stress), rel(Spn)-dependent (stringent response) and Deltarel(Spn)-dependent changes, suggesting that rel(Spn) and (p)ppGpp amount play wide-ranging homeostatic roles in pneumococcal physiology, besides adjusting macromolecular synthesis and transport in response to nutrient availability. Notably, the rel(Spn)-dependent response included significant upregulation of the ply operon encoding pneumolysin toxin, whereas the Deltarel(Spn)-dependent response affected expression linked to the VicRK and CiaRH two-component systems. Finally, a D39 Deltarel(Spn) mutant was severely attenuated and displayed a significantly altered course of disease progression in a mouse model of infection, which was restored to normal by an ectopic copy of rel(+)(Spn).
A new chromatic encoding for machine vision invariant to the change of illuminant (1996)

The human visual system is adapted to assign constant chromatic attributes to objects in spite of the alterations in spectral distribution of the illuminant or the spatio-chromatic arrangement of the visual field. This visual capacity is called colour constancy. However, artificial vision systems do not usually have this ability. So, when these vision systems operate outdoors for example, chromatic codification errors are usually very significant. Basing ourselves on the theories about colour constancy in the human visual system, fundamentally in the principles of the Retinex theory, in this work we have implemented an algorithm for colour constancy. For this, we propose some new colour-descriptors for a stimulus, practically invariant to the spectral change of the illuminant. Finally, we check experimentally the statistical stability of these colour-descriptors, corresponding to standard colour samples (Munsell chips), against a range of standard illuminants, as well as their validity rank.
Stress analysis of a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy plate with a hole undergoing tension: A comparison of finite element analysis, strain gages, and infrared thermography (2018)

This is the first study, to the authors' knowledge, to simultaneously perform a direct comparison of finite element analysis, strain gage measurements, and infrared thermography for stress analysis under both static and dynamics tensile loads of the classic geometry of a composite plate with a center hole. The plate was made from a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with dimensions of 250 mm length × 25 mm width × 2.2 mm thickness and a 5 mm diameter center hole. Using static tensile loads of 1000 N, 2000 N, and 3000 N, the plate Von Mises stress field was evaluated using strain gages versus finite element analysis. Using cyclic tensile loads of 1000 N and 1600 N at 5 Hz, the plate Von Mises stress field was assessed using strain gages versus infrared thermography. The strain gages versus finite element analysis line-of-best-fit showed poor agreement (slope = 2.1, R = 0.81), although the slope could easily be applied as a correction factor when comparing the two methods. The strain gages versus infrared thermography showed much better agreement (slope = 0.95, R = 0.91). Finite element analysis displayed a “butterfly” stress field around the hole with peaks of 73.5 MPa (at 1000 N), 147 MPa (at 2000 N), and 220.5 MPa (at 3000 N). Infrared thermography showed a “ring” of high stress around the hole with peaks of 74.8 MPa (at 1000 N) and 102.9 MPa (at 1600 N). All three methods showed similar relative trends for the carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy plate.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Gene Encoding Cold-Active β-Galactosidase from a Psychrotrophic and Halotolerant Planococcus sp. L4 (2007)

The gene bgaP encoding cold-active beta-galactosidase from a psychrotrophic and halotolerant Planococcus sp. L4 was cloned into Escherichia coli and sequenced. A sequence analysis of the DNA responsible for the BgaP gene revealed an open reading frame of 2031 bp encoding for a protein of 677 amino acid residues. The BgaP was heterologously expressed in E. coli and purified followed by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the native enzyme was approximately 156 kDa as determined by gel filtration. The results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the deduced amino acid sequence of the BgaP indicated molecular masses of 78 and 77.311 kDa, respectively, suggesting that the BgaP is a dimer. The purified BgaP had an isoelectric point of 4.8 and exhibited maximal activity at 20 degrees C and pH 6.8 under the assay conditions used. The enzyme is particularly thermolabile, losing all activity in only 10 min at 45 degrees C. It was able to hydrolyze lactose as a substrate, as well as o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG); the Km values with ONPG and lactose were calculated to be 5.4 and 20.4 mM at 5 degrees C, respectively. The catalytic efficiencies of BagP for lactose at 5 and 20 degrees C had 14 and 47 times more than that of E. coli beta-galactosidase at 20 degrees C, respectively. Therefore, cold-active beta-galactosidase from the psychrotrophic and halotolerant Planococcus sp. L4 could conceivably be developed to fulfill the practical requirements to enable its use for lactose removal in milk and dairy products at low temperature or a reporter enzyme for psychrophilic genetic systems.
Student preparation of alkanols from alkenes (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudent preparation of alkanols from alkenesJ. R. McKee and J. M. Kauffman Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 8, 695Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1982Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 August 1982Published inissue 1 August 1982https://doi.org/10.1021/ed059p695Request reuse permissionsArticle Views881Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (556 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Activation of the Bumetanide-sensitive Na+,K+,2Cl− Cotransporter (NKCC2) Is Facilitated by Tamm-Horsfall Protein in a Chloride-sensitive Manner (2011)

Active transport of NaCl across thick ascending limb (TAL) epithelium is accomplished by Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC2). The activity of NKCC2 is determined by vasopressin (AVP) or intracellular chloride concentration and includes its amino-terminal phosphorylation. Co-expressed Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) has been proposed to interact with NKCC2. We hypothesized that THP modulates NKCC2 activity in TAL. THP-deficient mice (THP(-/-)) showed an increased abundance of intracellular NKCC2 located in subapical vesicles (+47% compared with wild type (WT) mice), whereas base-line phosphorylation of NKCC2 was significantly decreased (-49% compared with WT mice), suggesting reduced activity of the transporter in the absence of THP. Cultured TAL cells with low endogenous THP levels and low base-line phosphorylation of NKCC2 displayed sharp increases in NKCC2 phosphorylation (+38%) along with a significant change of intracellular chloride concentration upon transfection with THP. In NKCC2-expressing frog oocytes, co-injection with THP cRNA significantly enhanced the activation of NKCC2 under low chloride hypotonic stress (+112% versus +235%). Short term (30 min) stimulation of the vasopressin V2 receptor pathway by V2 receptor agonist (deamino-cis-D-Arg vasopressin) resulted in enhanced NKCC2 phosphorylation in WT mice and cultured TAL cells transfected with THP, whereas in the absence of THP, NKCC2 phosphorylation upon deamino-cis-D-Arg vasopressin was blunted in both systems. Attenuated effects of furosemide along with functional and structural adaptation of the distal convoluted tubule in THP(-/-) mice supported the notion that NaCl reabsorption was impaired in TAL lacking THP. In summary, these results are compatible with a permissive role for THP in the modulation of NKCC2-dependent TAL salt reabsorptive function.
Minimizing the effect of 1/f noise with a MEMS flux concentrator (2006)

To address the need for reducing the effect of 1/f noise on magnetic sensor performance we have invented a novel device, the MEMS flux concentrator, that shifts the operating frequency of magnetic sensors to higher frequencies. This is done by modulating the magnetic field before it reaches the sensor. The modulation is accomplished by putting the flux concentrators often used with magnetic sensors on MEMS structures. Flux concentrators enhance the magnetic field. In our present device, the magnetic sensor, a GMR sensor, is placed between flux concentrators that have been deposited on MEMS flaps. Depending on the design, the motion of the MEMS flaps modulates the field by a factor of 3 at frequencies from 8 to 15 kHz. Thus, the device shifts the operating frequency above the frequency region where 1/f noise dominates. This should increase the sensitivity of many magnetic sensors by two to three orders of magnitude. A perhaps equally important benefit is that because it is a modulation technique, it eliminates the problem of dealing with the large DC bias of most magnetoresistive sensors.
Protecting the patient's interest. (1985)

Notwithstanding recent developments, protection of patients' rights'and the identification of potential areas of patient abuse will continue to be a complex problem.
PROBABILISTIC ALGORITHM IN FINITE FIELDS (1979)

We present probabilistic algorithms for the problems of finding an irreducible polynomial of degree n over a finite field, finding roots of a polynomial and factoring the polynomial into its irreducible factors over a finite field. All of these problems are of importance in algebraic coding theory, algebraic symbol manipulation, and number theory.
Prevalence of Factor V G1691A (Leiden), Prothrombin G20210A, and Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Thrombophilic Mutations in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2002)

The presence of genetic mutations that predispose to hypercoagulable states does not appear to correlate with the prevalence of IBD or to thromboembolic events in patients with IBD. There was no statistical difference between the proportions of the mutated allele frequency in our study patients and the general population.
The Gene calC Encodes for a Non-Heme Iron Metalloprotein Responsible for Calicheamicin Self-Resistance in Micromonospora (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTThe Gene calC Encodes for a Non-Heme Iron Metalloprotein Responsible for Calicheamicin Self-Resistance in MicromonosporaRoss E. Whitwam, Joachim Ahlert, Theodore R. Holman, Mark Ruppen, and Jon S. ThorsonView Author Information Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, Box 309, New York, New York 10021 Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 Wyeth-Ayerst Research Division of American Home Products, 401 North Middletown Road Pearl River, New York 10965 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7, 1556–1557Publication Date (Web):February 5, 2000Publication History Received8 October 1999Published online5 February 2000Published inissue 1 February 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja993612whttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja993612wrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views318Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Assays,Crystal cleavage,Genetics,Iron,Metabolism Get e-Alerts
Effects of the new cardiotonic phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1,2-dihydro-5- imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridine-carbonitrile hydrochloride monohydrate on aortic input impedance. (1991)

Beneficial effects of cardiotonic phosphodiesterase inhibitors on congestive heart failure are possibly mediated in part by a reduction of afterload. 1,2-Dihydro-5-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl-6-methyl-2-oxo-3- pyridinecarbonitrile hydrochloride monohydrate (E-1020, CAS 119615-63-3), a new cardiotonic phosphodiesterase inhibitor was evaluated for its effect on aortic input impedance in eight anesthetized open-chest dogs. First instantaneous aortic pressure and flow under random ventricular pacing before and after E-1020 infusions (10, 30, and 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) were measured. Then aortic input impedance over the frequency range of 0.024 to 20 Hz was estimated using a multichannel autoregressive model. With the infusion of E-1020, aortic input impedance was decreased in the low frequency range (below 0.1 Hz) and shifted leftward in the transitional frequency range (from 0.1 to 2 Hz), while it remained unchanged in the high frequency range (above 2 Hz). Parameterization of the aortic input impedance using a three-element Windkessel model indicated that E-1020 (at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) decreased arterial resistance by 35% (p less than 0.01) and increased arterial compliance by 12% (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that E-1020 improves cardiac performance by unloading static and dynamic afterload in addition to its cardiotonic effect.
Classical Knot Theory (2012)

This paper is a very brief introduction to knot theory. It describes knot coloring by quandles, the fundamental group of a knot complement, and handle-decompositions of knot complements.
Inclusion of Pesticide Transformation Products Is Key to Estimating Pesticide Exposures and Effects in Small U.S. Streams (2021)

Improved analytical methods can quantify hundreds of pesticide transformation products (TPs), but understanding of TP occurrence and potential toxicity in aquatic ecosystems remains limited. We quantified 108 parent pesticides and 116 TPs in more than 3 700 samples from 442 small streams in mostly urban basins across five major regions of the United States. TPs were detected nearly as frequently as parents (90 and 95% of streams, respectively); 102 TPs were detected at least once and 28 were detected in >20% samples in at least one region-TPs of 9 herbicides, 2 fungicides (chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl), and 1 insecticide (fipronil) were the most frequently detected. TPs occurred commonly during baseflow conditions, indicating chronic environmental TP exposures to aquatic organisms and the likely importance of groundwater as a TP source. Hazard quotients based on acute aquatic-life benchmarks for invertebrates and nonvascular plants and vertebrate-centric molecular endpoints (sublethal effects) quantify the range of the potential contribution of TPs to environmental risk and highlight several TP exposure-response data gaps. A precautionary approach using equimolar substitution of parent benchmarks or endpoints for missing TP benchmarks indicates that potential aquatic effects of pesticide TPs could be underestimated by an order of magnitude or more.
Adaptive attenuation correction in contrast echo (2005)

Contrast echocardiography, as a tool for quantitative evaluation of left ventricular myocardial perfusion, has been the subject of massive research in the last few years. Nevertheless, this method is not in wide clinical use. Standard procedures derive the regional blood flow from the time-dependency of the echocardiographic videointensity within the myocardium. Thus, the data acquisition protocol tends to be lengthy (at least 5-6 sec). This is a serious problem, since the imaging plane must not change during the entire data acquisition. The present study presents a novel method, correcting for the signal attenuation in both the tissue and the contrast agent. It enables direct measurement of the local blood volume within the entire myocardium, based on a single heartbeat. Up until now, our technique has been tested on seven different patients, and shows high correlation between the automatically calculated perfusion levels and the segmental contractility
A Profit Optimizing Strategy for Congestion Control in Signaling Networks (1995)

Congestion control in the signaling system number 7 (SS7) is a necessity to fulfil the requirements of a telecommunication network that satisfy customers’ requirements on quality of service. Heavy network load is an important source of customer dissatisfaction as congested networks result in deteriorated quality of service. With the introduction of a Congestion Control Mechanism (CCM), that annihilates service sessions with a predicted completion time greater than the maximum allowed com-pletion time for the session, network performance improve dramatically. Annihilation of already delayed sessions let other sessions benefit and increase the overall network throughput. This paper investigates the possibilities of using a decision theoretic approach that base the decision of annihilation on the average loss attached to each of the two possible actions, i.e. annihilate or not. Attributes are attached to each session describing the out-come of any performed CCM action, e.g. the economic loss connected with the annihila-tion of a session. The attributes are also used to calculate the network loss for a given network load. The results in this paper indicate that the decision theoretic approach can decrease the network loss up to 40% for the improved CCM (ICCM) compared to an ordinary CCM.
Smart wireless power: A wireless power and bi-directional LIN communication system (2017)

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) enables a new platform for electronic integration and system partitioning. In industrial and commercial applications, the ability to remove wired interconnect not only frees the power device from a physical connection, it can also enable improved performance. Key to supporting today's smart systems, is the need for communication and control in addition to power. In this work we present a WPT powered tail light that is able to be fully sealed to prevent any moisture or debris intrusion, while receiving full power for lighting. Communication is provided using LIN protocol through a Binary-Phase-Shift-Key (BPSK) Master and a load-modulated Slave.
Effect of Primary Care Intervention on Breastfeeding Duration and Intensity (2021)

Objectives. We determined the effectiveness of primary care–based, and pre- and postnatal interventions to increase breastfeeding. Methods. We conducted 2 trials at obstetrics and gynecology practices in the Bronx, New York, from 2008 to 2011. The Provider Approaches to Improved Rates of Infant Nutrition & Growth Study (PAIRINGS) had 2 arms: usual care versus pre- and postnatal visits with a lactation consultant (LC) and electronically prompted guidance from prenatal care providers (EP). The Best Infant Nutrition for Good Outcomes (BINGO) study had 4 arms: usual care, LC alone, EP alone, or LC+EP. Results. In BINGO at 3 months, high intensity was greater for the LC+EP (odds ratio [OR] = 2.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 6.84) and LC (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.14, 9.09) groups versus usual care, but not for the EP group alone. In PAIRINGS at 3 months, intervention rates exceeded usual care (OR = 2.86; 95% CI = 1.21, 6.76); the number needed to treat to prevent 1 dyad from nonexclusive breastfeeding at 3 months was 10.3 (95% CI = 5.6, 50.7). Conclusions. LCs integrated into routine care alone and combined with EP guidance from prenatal care providers increased breastfeeding intensity at 3 months postpartum.
Improved particle tracking system for two-phase measurement (2000)

An improved particle tracking (PTV) system has been developed at the Texas A and M Department of Nuclear Engineering for making two-phase flow measurements. Improvements include a more powerful Nd:YAG pulsed laser, a new high-resolution digital camera, and updated particle tracking software. These improvements significantly enhance the quality and amount of turbulence data that can be captured during each experiment. With the improvements in turbulence data, more accurate two-phase turbulence models will be developed for use in computational fluid dynamics simulations.