gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic detection of frequency shifting in the nonequilibrium glassy state of polymers (1983)

The concept of molecular strain energy is defined. The temperature, crystallinity, molecular strain, and free volume dependence of the nonequilibrium glassy state in PVC is analyzed. Quenched PVC samples were (1) cycled between room temperature and 112 °C and (2) annealed below Tg followed by cycling to 112 °C. The measured spectra were subjected to digital subtraction and Fourier self-deconvolution routines to extract the amorphous-state results from competing effects. It was seen that heating a quenched glass to 112 °C produced a discontinuity Δξ″ in the slope of the 1100 cm−1 skeletal frequency versus temperature curve at Tg. The value of Δξ″ was essentially zero in all slow cooling experiments and after annealing below Tg. A small shift in frequency, Δνiso was observed during isothermal annealing. Theoretical considerations indicate that Δξ″ and Δνiso have both intra- and intermolecular contributions. It is believed that this observational technique might be used to monitor physical aging in the nonequilibrium glassy state of polymers.
A 2011-es választási reform kihatása az országgyűlési választásokra II. (2022)

A radical electoral reform took place in Hungray in 2011, as a consequence of the sweepingvictory of the Fidesz-KDNP coalition in 2010. The government initiated and implimenteda reform which was not based on a consensus of all political parties. Taking advantage of itspolitical position (qualified majority government), Fidesz introduced among other changes thewiner compensation, and gave voting right to non-resident Hungarians. The present paper triesto present some of the value-based and interest-oreinted arguments related to the reform of2011, showing that the real (power) interests were hushed up, while the government tried tolegitimize the electoral reform based on several value-oriented arguments.
Field Effect of the Reflectivity in Germanium (1965)

This paper reports on simultaneous measurements of the reflectivity at normal incidence between 0.7 and 4.6 eV and the field effect of the surface conductance over a wide range of different surface conditions in germanium samples. In the wavelength region of direct interband transitions, the reflectivity is a function of the surface potential. It is concluded that the electric fields in the surface potential barrier are strong enough to change the optical properties of the surface region by Franz—Keldysh effect. A theoretical estimate based on this assumption reproduces the experimental results qualitatively. Since the effect is observed in reflection rather than in transmission, the influence of an electric field on interband transitions can be studied well above the fundamental absorption edge. It is shown that they are affected by an electric field in a way similar to the transitions which produce the fundamental absorption edge. It is further concluded that the field-induced change in the absorption coefficient ``undercuts'' the field-free absorption curve in the top portion of the fundamental absorption edge as predicted by the theory of the Franz—Keldysh effect.
tert-Butylimido complexes of osmium-(VIII), -(VII) and -(VI). X-Ray crystal structures of [(ButN)2Os(µ-NBut)2Os(NBut)(µ-O)]2, [Os(NBut)2(µ-NBut)]2and [Os(NBut)2(µ-NBut)]2[BF4]2 (1991)

The interaction of OsO4 with neat NHBut(SiMe3) gives the first homoleptic osmium(VIII) imido compound, Os(NBut)41, together with the tetranuclear osmium(VI) oxo-imido complex [(ButN)2Os(µ-NBut)2Os(NBut)(µ-O)]22. Complex 1 can be reduced to the osmium(VI) dimer, [Os(NBut)2(µ-NBut)]23, by triphenylphosphine or by sodium amalgam in tetrahydrofuran; with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate an unusual reduction reaction leads to the osmium(VII) dimeric cationic complex [Os(NBut)2(µ-NBut)]2[BF4]24. The syntheses of Os(NR)3, R = 2,6-Me2C6H35, or 2,6-Pri2C6H36, by interaction of OsO4 with NHR(SiMe3) are reported. The X-ray crystal structures of 2, 3 and 4 have been determined. Compound 2 has a chain tetrameric structure with two (ButN)2Os(µ-NBut)2Os(NBut)(µ-O) units linked by a dioxo bridge. The outer Os atoms are four-co-ordinate, distorted tetrahedral, the inner Os atoms five-co-ordinate, square pyramidal. The bridging Os–N distances to the inner, five-co-ordinate osmiums are shorter than those to the outer osmiums; the terminal Os–N distances are essentially the same for both types of osmium. Compound 3 and the cation in 4 are dimers with imido bridges. The main difference between them is a significant shortening in the Os…Os distance in the osmium(VIII) compound as a result of Os–Os single bond formation. This also results in a slight shortening of the Os–N bridge distances in 4 as compared to the neutral molecule 3.
Characterization of .alpha.2-macroglobulin-plasmin complexes: complete subunit cleavage alters receptor recognition in vivo and in vitro (1987)

When human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) binds proteinases, it undergoes subunit cleavage. Binding of small proteinases such as trypsin results in proteolysis of each of the four subunits of the inhibitor. By contrast, previous studies suggest that reaction of plasmin with alpha 2M results in cleavage of only two or three of the inhibitor subunits. In this paper, we demonstrate that the extent of subunit cleavage of alpha 2M is a function of plasmin concentration. When alpha 2M was incubated with a 2.5-fold excess of plasmin, half of the subunits were cleaved; however, at a 20-fold enzyme to inhibitor ratio, greater than 90% of the subunits were cleaved with no additional plasmin binding. This increased cleavage was catalyzed by free rather than bound plasmin. It is concluded that this "nonproductive" subunit cleavage is dependent upon the molar ratio of proteinase to inhibitor. The consequence of complete subunit cleavage on receptor recognition of alpha 2M-plasmin (alpha 2M-Pm) complexes was studied. Preparations of alpha 2M-Pm with only two cleaved subunits bound to the murine macrophage receptor with a Kd of 0.4 nM and 60 fmol of bound complex/mg of cell protein. When preparations of alpha 2-M-Pm with four cleaved subunits were studied, the Kd was unaltered but ligand binding increased to 140 fmol/mg of cell protein. The receptor binding behavior of the latter preparation is equivalent to that observed when alpha 2M is treated with small proteinases such as trypsin. This study suggests that receptor recognition site exposure is not complete in the alpha 2M-Pm complex with half of the subunits cleaved. Proteolytic cleavage of the remaining subunits of the inhibitor results in a further conformational change exposing the remaining receptor recognition sites.
Monoclonal antibodies against urokinase (1981)

Hybridomas secreting antibodies against human urokinase have been produced by the cell-fusion technique (Köhler & Milstein, 1976). They belong to the IgG1 and IgG2 classes. Fixation and inhibition of the binding of 125 I-labelled urokinase, in radioimmunoassay, show that two of the monoclonal antibodies exhibit a high titer in ascitic fluids, a good sensitivity, and no cross reaction with other enzymes showing partial sequence homology with urokinase. Moreover, one of the monoclonal antibodies is able to inhibit the enzymatic activity of urokinase using a chromogenic substrate.
Preparation and Application of VE Microcapsules with Polyurethane Shell for Skin-Care Textiles (2011)

Vitamin E (VE) microcapsules with polyurethane (PU) shell are successfully prepared via interfacial polymerization of polyurethane with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) as the isocyanate, polyethylene glycol as the polyol, and 1,4-butanediol (BD) as the chain extender. In the preparation process, VE emulsion, prepolymer and microencapsulation of VE are studied using a particle size analyzer, butylamine titration, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on the present research, VE microcapsules prepared have smooth surfaces and spherical appearances, the mean particle size of about 550 nm. Vitamin E microcapsules have been glued effectively to textiles, and a kind of skin-care product has been developed.
Statistical Mechanics of Isotope Effects on the Thermodynamic Properties of Condensed Systems (1961)

Evidence for the role of molecular structure on the difference in the thermodynamic properties of isotopic molecules in the liquid and solid states is summarized. The properties considered are vapor pressure, heats of vaporization, molal volume, and transition temperatures. It is shown that the molecular structure must be taken into consideration even for small quantum effects. In the approximation of the first quantum correction the difference in thermodynamic properties of isotopic molecules in the condensed state depends upon the atomic masses and an energy parameter associated with each atom in the molecule. The results are extended to higher-order quantum corrections for a harmonic potential. The rules of the mean are obtained directly. Various frequency distributions for the lattice modes are considered. For the case where the internal frequencies in the condensed phase are similar to the free molecule, the ordered quantum corrections can be used for T&amp;gt;(hvmax/12(2)½k)mol; T&amp;gt;(hvlattice/2πk). The role of the gas imperfection and the molal volume of the condensed phase is discussed for equilibria between gaseous and condensed phases. It is shown that the difference in molal volumes of isotopic molecules is a second-order effect. The difference in molal volumes of isotopic molecules is evaluated by an extension of Gruneisen's equation of state to molecular lattices. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Photoelectromagnetic Effect in Indium Arsenide (1957)

An experimental study of the photoelectromagnetic (PEM) effect in single crystals of $n$-type and $p$-type indium arsenide at room temperature is described. For $n$-type material it is found that the PEM short-circuit current is proportional to the magnetic induction for both high and low surface recombination velocities. In contrast, the PEM short-circuit current for $p$-type material is found to be nonlinear with respect to the magnetic induction; and the degree of nonlinearity depends markedly on the surface recombination velocity. It is shown that these results are consistent with the theoretical relations proposed by Kurnick and Zitter. Values for the bulk lifetime of electrons and holes are calculated using the PEM effect and photoconductivity data and are found to be approximately 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec for $n$-type material and 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec for $p$-type material. Estimations based on experimental data indicate that the surface recombination velocity for $n$-type material is in the range from 0 to ${10}^{3}$ cm/sec for an etched surface and equal to ${10}^{5}$ cm/sec for a hand-ground surface. It is shown that large errors can be made in the measured values of the bulk lifetime when the spectral range of the exciting light includes the absorption-edge region.
Surgical Treatment For Scoliosis Associated With Rare Disease (2012)

This is a retrospective study of 11 patients, 7 females and 4 males, treated at Our Department for an early onset scoliosis (EOS) associated with rare syndromes with growing spinal implants (Growing Rod or VEPTR-like) from 2006 to 2011. Mean follow-up was 24 months (range, 12 to 36). The mean age at surgery was 7. Patients were affected by Escobar's syndrome (1), scoliosis associated to congenital heart disease (1), Arnold Chiari type 1 (1), syringomyelia (1), NF 1 (2), Prader-Willi syndrome (1), trisomy 8 (1), arthrogryposis (2) and spondylo-rib dysplasia (1). Each patient was studied from the genetic point of view, and were performed: brain-spine MRI, pulmonary function tests, Cardio-US and abdominal US, neuropsychiatric and neurological evaluation, C0-C2 CT scan. After first implant and lengthening procedures (11), the correction of the thoracic curve averaged 50%. Unfortunately, a little loss of correction of the lumbar curve occurred during the follow up. There were 8 post-operative complications, that required revision surgery in 2 cases. Our results confirmed the effectiveness and safety of growing spinal implants in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis in rare syndromes.
Accelerating ID-based Encryption based on Trapdoor DL using Pre-computation (2011)

Abstract. The existing identity-based encryption (IBE) schemes based on pairings require pairing computations in encryption or decryption algorithm and it is a burden to each entity which has restricted computing resources in mobile computing environments. An IBE scheme (MY-IBE) based on a trapdoor DL group for RSA setting is one of good alternatives for applying to mobile computing environments. However, it has a drawback for practical use, that the key generation algorithm spends a long time for generating a user’s private key since the key generation center has to solve a discrete logarithm problem. In this paper, we suggest a method to reduce the key generation time of the MY-IBE scheme, applying modified Pollard rho algorithm using significant pre-computation (mPAP). We also provide a rigorous analysis of the mPAP for more precise estimation of the key generation time and consider the parallelization and applying the tag tracing technique to reduce the wall-clock running time of the key generation algorithm. Finally, we give a parameter setup method for an efficient key generation algorithm and estimate key generation time for practical parameters from our theoretical analysis and experimental results on small parameters. Our estimation shows that it takes about two minutes using precomputation for about 50 days with 27 GB storage to generate one user’s private key using the parallelized mPAP enhanced by the tag tracing technique with 100 processors.
Component PP3 from bovine milk is a substrate for transglutaminase. Sequence location of putative crosslinking sites (1999)

As the demands for food products of high quality increase, it will become more important to be able to modify the properties of food proteins. One possibility is to use enzymic modifications to improve functional properties and nutritional values. A highly efficient class of enzymic crosslinkers are transglutaminases (TG, EC 2.3.2.13), calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyse an acyl transfer reaction between protein-bound glutaminyl residues and primary amines (for review, see Aeschlimann &amp; Paulsson, 1994). When protein-bound lysyl residues act as acyl acceptors, the reaction leads to the formation of intramolecular and/or intermolecular isopeptide bonds. Although a wide variety of amines such as putrescine, cadaverine or lysyl residues may act as amine donors in this reaction, only a limited number of glutamine residues in certain proteins will act as amine acceptors (Gorman &amp; Folk, 1980). Ikura et al . (1981, 1985) reported that TG can be used to introduce methionine into casein and soyabean proteins and lysine into wheat gluten, thereby showing that TG can also be utilized to improve the nutritional value of food proteins. There have been a number of reports concerning the TG-mediated polymerization of food proteins such as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin (Aboumahmoud &amp; Savello, 1990; Færgemand et al . 1997), soyabean proteins and casein components (Ikura et al . 1980 a , b ) and pea legumin (Larré et al . 1993). Recently, improved protein foaming capacity and stability have been demonstrated in TG-catalysed polymers of soyabean protein and whey protein isolate (Yildirim et al . 1996). Bovine PP3 (for review, see Girardet &amp; Linden, 1996) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein isolated from the proteose peptone fraction of milk (Sørensen &amp; Petersen, 1993 a ). The primary structure of PP3 has been determined (Sørensen &amp; Petersen, 1993 b ) and comprises a polypeptide backbone of 135 amino acid residues containing five phosphorylated serines, two threonine-linked O-glycosylations, and one N-glycosylation. Immunological studies have shown that PP3 is present in the milk fat globule membrane, and that PP3 forms multimeric aggregates in bovine milk (Sørensen et al . 1997). Several functions have been suggested and investigated for bovine PP3 and fractions enriched with PP3, including emulsification (Shimizu et al . 1989), inhibition of lipolysis (Girardet et al . 1993) and mitogenesis (Mati et al . 1993). Previously, we have localized the potential TG-reactive glutamines in the four bovine caseins (Christensen et al . 1996) and in milk osteopontin (Sørensen et al . 1994). In the present study we have shown that component PP3 is a substrate for guinea-pig liver TG containing both reactive glutamine and lysine residues. In addition, we have localized the glutamine residues that act as amine acceptors.
Different Effect of the Atmospheres on the Phase Formation and Performance of Li4Ti5O12 Prepared from Ball-Milling-Assisted Solid-Phase Reaction with Pristine and Carbon-Precoated TiO2 as Starting Materials (2011)

Pristine Li4Ti5O12 and Li 4Ti5O12/C composite are prepared by high-energy ball-milling (HEBM)-assisted solid-state reaction with TiO2 anatase and Li2CO3 or carbon-precoated TiO2 anatase and Li2CO3 as reactants. The influence of calcination atmosphere on the phase formation and particulate morphology of those two products are systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, O2-TPO, and TPR techniques. The optimal calcination atmospheres for the synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 and Li4Ti 5O12/C are diluted hydrogen and nitrogen atmospheres, respectively. TPR in various atmospheres demonstrates the difference in optimal atmospheres is due to the suppressing effect of hydrogen for Li 2CO3 decomposition, the reducing properties of carbon and hydrogen, and the blocking effect of carbon for the reaction between TiO 2 and Li2O. Both the pristine and carbon-coated Li 4Ti5O12 show good rate and cycling performance. A near theoretical capacity of 175 mA h g-1 is achieved for both samples at 0.5 C rate. After a total cycling number of 40 at various rates between 0.5 and 40 C, the capacity retention for Li4Ti 5O12 and Li4Ti5O12/C is 97.8 and 98.5%, respectively. The HEBM-assisted solid-state reaction in controlled atmosphere may be a practical way for the economic synthesis of both pristine and carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 as high-performance electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. © 2011 American Chemical Society.
Human dermal pericytes express 3G5 ganglioside – A new approach for microvessel histology in the skin (2001)

3G5 mAB is an excellent and so far the only reported tool for identification of dermal pericytes by fluorescent light microscopy. Moreover, this is the first report of the application of 3G5 technique to the microvasculature in tissue sections at the light microscopic level.
<title>Characterization of associative recall in a volume holographic database system for multimedia applications</title> (1998)

Multimedia applications require high capacity and data transfer rates from secondary storage. Volume holographic memories are attractive because they can satisfy these requirements in the near future. These memories use a 2D page-oriented data format and they can perform associative recall of the data stored in them which is an important operation in a database system. We have conducted a set of experiments to characterize the associative recall in a volume holographic database system set up in our laboratory. We show that associate recall is very feasible and can perform with binary and grey scale data or a combination of both. We present results from experiments in terms of three applications: a) database management, b) interactive video, and c) video indexing. We show that the search argument can be quite small, however problems with sufficient optical power arise when the search argument is too small. For this reason we have also conducted experiments with optical amplification of the output signal from an optical memory. These experiments also indicate that photorefractive amplifiers perform well in such a system and can be used to increase the associative recall signal levels.
RHEUMATIC PNEUMONITIS (1947)

CERTAIN pulmonary lesions occuring in some cases during the course of fever and designated as pneumonitis 1 have been the source of much interest in recent years. That fleeting and migrating pulmonary involvement occurs in fever has been known for some time. The historical aspects of this subject were presented by Paul. 2 Attempts to identify the lesions by study of the tissue as one of the protean inflammatory manifestations of the state seem to have been made only within relatively recent years. Rabinowitz 3 discussed the possibility that the fleeting pneumonopathy observed during fever was due to the rheumatic virus. Eiman and Gouley 4 described lesions in the lungs of 2 patients which they considered to be similar to cardiac lesions. Naish 5 presented the pulmonary symptoms in 6 cases and expressed the view that the alterations observed were similar to the changes occurring elsewhere in the body during the course
An in vivo analysis of the effect and duration of treatment with botulinum toxin type A using digital image speckle correlation (2013)

Background Use of Botulinum toxin type A ( BTX ‐ A ) for facial wrinkles is well‐documented, but current methods of subjective evaluation by clinicians and patients fail to objectively quantify the magnitude and duration of facial muscle paralysis. Objective (a) Determine the locus of facial muscular tension; (b) Quantify and monitor muscular paralysis and subsequent return; (c) Continuously correlate the appearance of wrinkles and muscular tension using non‐invasive digital image speckle correlation ( DISC ) to measure treatment efficacy; (d) Corroborate objective data with existing rating scales (subject global assessment and facial lines outcome‐11). Methods Two sequential images of slight facial motion (frowning, raising eyebrows) are taken with a camera for n = 6 patients pre‐ and post‐treatment at different time points up to 24 weeks. DISC processes the images to produce a vector map of muscular displacement to obtain spatially resolved information regarding facial tension. Results We observed maximum paralysis (≥70%) at 2 weeks, and the rate of recovery varied widely ranging from 2 to 5 months, with two patients continuing to exhibit reduced contraction at 24 weeks. Vector analysis of pre‐treatment contraction correctly predicted injection site and illustrated lines of maximum tension. Conclusions Digital image speckle correlation can precisely track the degree of contraction of different muscle groups following BTX ‐ A injection. It can help predict injection site, quantify muscle paralysis, and monitor the recovery following BTX ‐ A injection. Results were found to be reproducible across six patients.