gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal Analytical Investigation of Biopolymers and Humic- and Carbonaceous-Based Soil and Sediment Organic Matter (2007)

Improved understanding of the physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of soil and sediment organic matter (SOM) is crucial in elucidating sorption mechanisms of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soils and sediments. In this study, several thermoanalytical techniques, including thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC), and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) were applied to 13 different organic materials (three woods, two humic acids, three kerogens, and five black carbons) representing a spectrum of diagenetic and/or thermal histories. Second-order thermal transition temperatures (T(t)) were identified in most materials, where the highest observed T(t) values (typically characterized as glass transition temperatures (T(g were shown to closely relate to chemical characteristics of the organic samples as influenced by diagenetic or thermal alteration. Results further suggest a positive correlation between glass transition temperature and a defined diagenetic/thermal index, where humic-based SOM (e.g., humic and fulvic acids) possess lowertransition temperatures than more "mature" carbonaceous-based SOM (i.e., kerogens and black carbons). The observed higher thermal transition temperature of aliphatic-rich Green River shale kerogen (approximately 120 degrees C) relative to that of aromatic-rich humic acids suggests that a sole correlation of aromaticity to thermal transition temperature may be inappropriate.
The effect of an acute increase in central blood volume on hypercapnia‐induced attenuation in dynamic cerebral autoregulation (2015)

It is well established that hypercapnia attenuates dynamic cerebral autoregulation. The impact of central blood volume on cerebral blood flow is controversial. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether hypercapnia‐induced attenuation in dynamic cerebral autoregulation is modified by acute central hypervolemia. Nine young healthy subjects voluntarily participated in this study. In order to measure dynamic cerebral autoregulation during normocapnic and hypercapnic (5%) conditions, the change in middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity (MCA V mean ) was analyzed during acute hypotension caused by two methods: 1) thigh‐cuff occlusion release (without change in central blood volume) and 2) lower body negative pressure (‐50 mmHg, LBNP) release (with acute increase in central blood volume). As expected, hypercapnia decreased the rate of regulation, as an index of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (0.236±0.053 and 0.167±0.074 sec ‐1 , respectively, P=0.025). In contrast, this attenuation was disappeared during central hypervolemia (P=0.574). This phenomenon may be associated with hypervolemia‐induced attenuation of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (P=0.009). These findings suggest that an acute change in central blood volume modifies carbon dioxide‐induced changes in dynamic cerebral autoregulation.
Nonadiabatic geometric quantum gates that are insensitive to qubit-frequency drifts (2021)

Quantum manipulation based on geometric phases provides a promising way towards robust quantum gates. However, in the current implementation of nonadiabatic geometric phases, operational and/or random errors tend to destruct the conditions that induce geometric phases, thereby smearing their noise-resilient feature. In a recent experiment [Y. Xu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 230503 (2020)], high-fidelity universal geometric quantum gates have been implemented in a superconducting circuit, which are robust to different types of errors under different configurations of the geometric evolution paths. Here, we apply the path-design strategy to explain in detail why both configurations can realize universal quantum gates in a single-loop way. Meanwhile, we purposefully induce our geometric manipulation by selecting the path configuration that is robust against the qubit-frequency-drift-induced error, which is the dominant error source on realistic superconducting circuits and has not been deliberately addressed. Moreover, our proposal can further integrate with the composite scheme to enhance the gate robustness, which is verified by numerical simulations. Therefore, our scheme provides a promising way towards practical realization of high-fidelity and robust nonadiabatic geometric quantum gates.
Systemic Hyalinosis: A Distinctive Early Childhood–Onset Disorder Characterized by Mutations in the Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 Gene (ANTRX2) (2006)

Although some aspects of systemic hyalinosis may resemble lysosomal storage disorders, the clinical features of systemic hyalinosis are distinctive, and detection of an ANTRX2 mutation can confirm the diagnosis. Early recognition of affected individuals should allow for aggressive pain control and expectant management of the multiple associated problems, including gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Novel CYP11B-ligand [123/131I]IMAZA as promising theranostic tool for adrenocortical tumors: comprehensive preclinical characterization and first clinical experience (2021)

We developed the new radiopharmaceutical [<sup>123/131</sup>I]IMAZA with superior properties compared to the reference compound IMTO and promising first experiences in humans.
Towards a hierarchical contour description via dominant point detection (1994)

An algorithm for the detection of dominant points and for building a hierarchical approximation of a digital curve is proposed. The algorithm does not require any parameter tuning and is shown to perform well for a wide variety of shapes, including scaled and rotated ones. Dominant points are first located by a coarse-to-fine detector scheme. They constitute the vertices of a polygon closely approximating the curve. Then, a criterion of perceptual significance is used to repeatedly remove suitable vertices until a stable polygonal configuration, the contour sketch, is reached. A highly compressed hierarchical description of the shape also becomes available.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Regulation of scavenger receptor class B type I in hamster liver and Hep3B cells by endotoxin and cytokines (2001)

Multiple changes in HDL metabolism occur during infection and inflammation that could potentially impair the antiatherogenic functions of HDL. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) promotes cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells and mediates selective uptake of cholesteryl ester into hepatocytes, thereby playing a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport. We studied the effect of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1)] on hepatic SR-BI mRNA and protein levels in Syrian hamsters. LPS significantly decreased SR-BI mRNA levels in hamster liver. This effect was rapid and sustained, and was associated with a decrease in hepatic SR-BI protein levels. High cholesterol diet did not change hepatic SR-BI mRNA levels, and LPS was able to decrease SR-BI mRNA levels during high cholesterol feeding. TNF and IL-1 decreased SR-BI mRNA levels in the liver, and the effects of TNF and IL-1 were additive. TNF and IL-1 also decreased SR-BI levels in Hep3B hepatoma cells. More importantly, TNF and IL-1 decreased the uptake of HDL cholesteryl ester into Hep3B cells. In addition, we studied the effect of LPS on SR-BI mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line. LPS rapidly decreased SR-BI mRNA levels in RAW 264.7 cells, but the effect was not sustained and did not lead to a reduction in SR-BI protein levels. Our results suggest that the decrease in hepatic SR-BI levels due to LPS and cytokines during infection and inflammation may decrease selective uptake of cholesteryl ester into the liver and result in impaired reverse cholesterol transport.
Optical coherence tomography speckle reduction by a partially spatially coherent source (2005)

Speckle in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images originates in the high spatial coherence of incident light that enables interference of light backscattered from spatially heterogenous tissue specimens. We report results of a numerical simulation and an experiment to test speckle reduction using a partially spatially coherent source. A Gaussian-Schell model for a partially spatially coherent source is used in the OCT simulation. For the experiment, such a source was generated by a spatially coherent boardband light source and a multimode fiber. The advantage of using a multimode fiber in combination with a broadband source is the large number of photons per coherence volume. To illustrate speckle reduction with a partially spatially coherent source, we record low-coherence interferograms of a scattering surface using single-mode and multimode source fibers. Interferograms recorded using a single-mode source fiber are indicative of those observed using conventional OCT. Speckle in OCT images recorded using a multimode source fiber is substantially reduced.
<title>Calibration and upgrades of the XMM vertical EUV/X test facility: FOCAL X</title> (1997)

The x-ray multi-mirror mission is the second of the four cornerstone projects of the ESA long term Program for Space Science. The payload comprises three co-aligned high throughput imaging telescopes called mirror modules. The 'Centre Spatial de Liege' (CSL) is in charge of optical and environmental qualification test of each of these MMs. To perform optical tests, a vertical test facility (FOCAL X) has been developed by CSL. An EUV channel providing an 800 mm diameter collimated beam is used. A trade-off leading to the selection of an electron cyclotron resonance EUV source is presented. Impact of the coating on the microroughness of the EUV optics is assessed and its homogeneity across the optical surfaces is measured. Another feature of the facility is an x- ray channel providing a 50 (DOT) 8 mm<SUP>2</SUP> collimated beam. It has been characterized for x-ray effective area measurement. It is the first time that an off-axis parabolic mirror is used for this purpose.
The Use of Broadband Microseisms for Hydraulic-Fracture Mapping (1995)

Summary We conducted a series of hydraulic-fracture experiments to examine improvements in seismic-fracture diagnostic technology that are available with the application of advanced receiver capabilities. We present characteristics of the microseisms, tool response behavior, and the results of the tests.
Finite element analysis of basement construction at the British Museum (2019)

The Courtyard of the British Museum is being redeveloped as a result of the relocation of the British Library. This paper concentrates on aspects of the basement design. In particular attention is focussed on procedures undertaken to ensure the integrity of the Reading Room, which is an important component of London’s architectural heritage. The latter part of the paper refers to the jet grouting and monitoring that has already been undertaken on site (November 1998) and indicates how problems encountered in grouting in the London Clay have been overcome.
Quantum Computing and Phase Transitions in Combinatorial Search (1996)

We introduce an algorithm for combinatorial search on quantum computers that is capable of significantly concentrating amplitude into solutions for some NP search problems, on average. This is done by exploiting the same aspects of problem structure as used by classical backtrack methods to avoid unproductive search choices. This quantum algorithm is much more likely to find solutions than the simple direct use of quantum parallelism. Furthermore, empirical evaluation on small problems shows this quantum algorithm displays the same phase transition behavior, and at the same location, as seen in many previously studied classical search methods. Specifically, difficult problem instances are concentrated near the abrupt change from underconstrained to overconstrained problems.
CT-Less Attenuation Correction in Image Space Using Deep Learningfor Dedicated Cardiac SPECT: A Feasibility Study (2020)

223 Introduction: Dedicated cardiac SPECT scanners (e.g., GE Discovery NM 530c) with cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) cameras have shown capabilities of shortened scan times or reduced radiation doses as well as improved image quality. Since most of the dedicated scanners do not have an integrated CT, image quantification with attenuation correction (AC) is challenging and artifacts are routinely encountered in daily clinical practice. In this work, we demonstrate a CT-less attenuation correction technique using deep learning (DL) for dedicated cardiac SPECT.
 Methods: In an IRB-approved study, 100 cardiac SPECT/CT datasets with 99mTc-Tetrofosmin using a GE Discovery NM 570c SPECT/CT scanner were retrospectively collected at the Yale New Haven Hospital. A U-Net-based network was used for generating attenuation-corrected SPECT (SPECTDL) directly from non-corrected SPECT (SPECTNC) without undergoing an additional image reconstruction step. Quality of the DL-generated images (SPECTDL) was evaluated by the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM). Statistical analyses were performed using joint and error histograms, demonstrating voxel-wise correlation between SPECTDL and SPECTCTAC (SPECT with CT-based AC). The clinical value of this DL-based CT-less AC was illustrated through comparison of polar bull’s eye plots.
 Results: In comparison to reference SPECTCTAC, NRMSEs were 0.232 ± 0.077 and 0.148 ± 0.095; PSNRs 31.3 ± 2.8 and 36.2 ± 4.1; SSIMs 0.984 ± 0.008 and 0.993 ± 0.006 for SPECTNC and SPECTDL, respectively. These results were consistent with the joint histograms that showed the voxel-wise correlations of 92.2% ± 3.7 (slope = 0.87; R2 = 0.81) for SPECTNC and 97.7% ± 1.8 (slope = 0.94; R2 = 0.91) for SPECTDL, which was consistent with the comparison of their error histograms. Review of polar bull’s eye plots revealed successful demonstration of reduced attenuation artifacts; however, the performance of SPECTDL was not consistent for all subjects likely because of patient-specific acquisition geometries and uptake patterns.
 Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility of CT-less AC using deep learning for potential clinical applications in dedicated cardiac SPECT not combined with CT. Furthermore, the results showed that CT-less AC could provide similar quantification accuracy as compared to the conventional CTAC for dedicated cardiac SPECT imaging.
Acknowledgements: The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health under grants R01HL135490, R01EB026331, R01HL123949, and American Heart Association award 18PRE33990138.
Highly Efficient Ru−Pseudohalide Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis (2005)

Ruthenium alkylidene complexes containing one aryloxide "pseudohalide" ligand catalyze ring-closing metathesis of diene and ene-yne substrates with exceptionally high efficiency. Chromatographic removal of Ru residues is unexpectedly facile, offering a convenient means of isolating pure organic products in high yields.
Bone metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. A report of five cases and a review of the literature. (2006)

Hepatocarcinoma occurs frequently throughout the world. Bone metastases are rare although incidence has increased because of progress in diagnosis and treatment. The authors report 5 cases of bone metastases and review the literature. The spine is the most frequent localization of bone metastases. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for this lesion. Surgery should be used to prevent and treat complications such as nerve compression and pathologic fracture, only if the coagulative pattern and the conditions of the patient allow it. The authors recommend the use of long intramedullary nailing when localization of the disease is in the femur, with prophylactic stabilization of the neck in diaphyseal metastasis.
Safety of vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2009)

Live vaccines are not safe for immuno-compromised patients and should not be given to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, all vaccines are not recommended for systemic lupus erythematosus patients when their disease is very active and mainly for patients with very active lupus nephritis. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients with quiescent or mildly active disease should be encouraged to receive vaccination according the recommendations given by the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Among this group of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, vaccines are safe and they do not affect the clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus including renal features, disease activity, or the requirement for steroids or cytotoxic drugs. However, vaccines may trigger the generation of autoantibodies which is usually short term and has no clinical significance. In individual cases vaccines exacerbate systemic lupus erythematosus; however, no specific clinical or laboratory variables have been identified to be associated with flare of systemic lupus erythematosus following vaccination.
Gray Hausdorff distance measure for medical image comparison in dermatology: Evaluation of treatment effectiveness by image similarity (2012)

Objective evidence of 'no further change' situation may provide (a) intuitive clinical decision support to dermatologists in assessing aggressive skin conditions, where the timely evaluation of treatment response is of vital importance and (b) a versatile end-point measure for corresponding therapeutic clinical trials.
Zirconocene-Mediated Cyclization of 2-Bromo α,ω-Dienes (1997)

When it is first treated with n-butyllithium at −78 °C, zirconocene dichloride is an effective reagent for the cyclization of some 2-bromo α,ω-dienes at 25 °C. The products are carbo- and heterocyclic five-membered rings with adjacent methylene and methyl substituents. Reductive cyclization to form zirconacyclopentanes, followed by β-bromo elimination, is indicated as the order of steps in the reaction mechanism. Use of catalytic zirconocene dichloride with excess butylmagnesium chloride in diethyl ether at 25 °C is effective only for cyclization of 2-bromo-1,6-heptadiene.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Part 34. Intramolecular Friedel‐Crafts Acylation of N‐Phthaloyl‐Substituted Arylalanyl and Homophenylalanyl Chlorides. (1988)

Abstract The acid chlorides derived from (I) undergo intramolecular cyclization to yield the indanones (IIa)‐(IIc) and the tetralone (IId) without racemization.
On the Correlation of Lignocellulosic Filler Composition with the Performance Properties of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Based Biocomposites (2018)

In this work, three types of agricultural waste: olive stones (OS), date seed (DS) and wheat bran (WB) were applied as potential lignocellulosic fillers in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based biocomposites. Differences in composites’ performance were related to the higher content of proteins, noted for WB comparing to other fillers applied, which enhanced plasticization of PCL matrix. The mechanical properties of biocomposites were significantly affected by the agricultural waste fillers. Use of WB caused an obvious, even 25% decrease of tensile strength and hardness, which could be explained on account of glass transition temperature depletion and weaker matrix–filler interfacial interactions. Such phenomenon also increased water uptake of PCL/WB composites by more than 100%, while for PCL/OS and PCL/DS systems only for about 50%. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that all investigated composites can be effectively processed without thermal decomposition. Generally, the outcome of this work demonstrated that OS, DS, and WB could be applied as promising lignocellulosic fillers used in manufacturing of high-performance polymer biocomposites.
Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Milled Fractions of Different Wheat Varieties (2005)

The health-promoting effects of whole-grain consumption have been attributed in part to their unique phytochemical contents and profiles that complement those found in fruits and vegetables. Wheat is an important component of the human diet; however, little is known about the phytochemical profiles and total antioxidant activities of milled fractions of different wheat varieties. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution of phytochemicals (total phenolics, flavonoids, ferulic acid, and carotenoids) and to determine hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activity in milled fractions (endosperm and bran/germ) of three different wheat varieties, two of which were grown in two environments. Grain samples of each of the wheat varieties were milled into endosperm and bran/germ fractions. Each fraction was extracted and analyzed for total phenolics, ferulic acid, flavonoids, carotenoid contents, and hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities. Total phenolic content of bran/germ fractions (2867-3120 micromol of gallic acid equiv/100 g) was 15-18-fold higher (p < 0.01) than that of respective endosperm fractions. Ferulic acid content ranged from 1005 to 1130 micromol/100 g in bran/germ fractions and from 15 to 21 micromol/100 g in the endosperm fractions. The bran/germ fraction flavonoid content was 740-940 micromol of catechin equiv/100 g. On average, bran/germ fractions of wheat had 4-fold more lutein, 12-fold more zeaxanthin, and 2-fold more beta-cryptoxanthin than the endosperm fractions. Hydrophilic antioxidant activity of bran/germ samples (7.1-16.4 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g) was 13-27-fold higher than that of the respective endosperm samples. Similarly, lipophilic antioxidant activity was 28-89-fold higher in the bran/germ fractions (1785-4669 nmol of vitamin E equiv/g). Hydrophilic antioxidant activity contribution to the total antioxidant activity (hydrophilic + lipophilic) was >80%. In whole-wheat flour, the bran/germ fraction contributed 83% of the total phenolic content, 79% of the total flavonoid content, 51% of the total lutein, 78% of the total zeaxanthin, 42% of the total beta-cryptoxanthin, 85% of the total hydrophilic antioxidant activity, and 94% of the total lipophilic antioxidant activity. Our results showed that different milled fractions of wheat have different profiles of both hydrophilic and lipophilic phytochemicals. These findings provide information necessary for evaluating contributions to good health and disease prevention from whole-wheat consumption.
Chiral Separation of Novel α ‐Aminophosphonates Containing a Benzothiazole Moiety by Liquid Chromatography Using an Amylose Stationary Phase (2008)

Abstract The present report describes a chiral HPLC method for the enantiomeric separation of α ‐aminophosphonate derivatives using two new coated and immobilized amylose‐based chiral stationary phases (CSP, Chiralpak IA and Chiralpak AD‐H). The chromatographic parameters such as retention factor ( k ), separation factor ( α ), and resolution ( R s ) of the solutes were investigated on these two CSPs. Reasonably good baseline separation for these compounds was achieved using Chiralpak IA column. The influences of temperature, content of ethanol modifier and the structure of analyte were also studied. THF, EtOAc and CH 2 Cl 2 were used as eluents on analytical and semi‐preparative columns. Highly enriched enantiomers with purities of up to 96.4% –100% ( ee ) and yields of 90.2% –95.5% were obtained, respectively. The proposed methods were found to be suitable and accurate for rapid separation and semi‐preparation of enantiomeric α ‐aminophosphonate derivatives available.