gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SYNFORM ISSUE 2008/08 (2008)

August is holiday time for many colleagues, particularly in the south of Europe, but SYNFORM is still fully operative and eager to inform you about the latest trends and the most exciting achievements in organic chemistry.Certainly exciting is the total synthesis of the complex natural structure pinnatoxin A that was elegantly synthesized by the group of Professor A. Zakarian (USA).Another important work covered in this issue of SYNFORM is the use of an abundantly available building block like ethylene for catalytic enantioselective synthesis, as described by Professor T. V. RajanBabu (USA).For the first time, SYNFORM presents a report on a symposium, specifically the Second European Workshop in Drug Synthesis, recently held in Siena (Italy).The organizers of conferences who are interested in having their event covered by SYNFORM are invited to get in touch (synform@chem.polimi.it)well in advance.
Highly Electron‐Rich β‐Diketiminato Systems: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Amino‐Functionalized “N‐nacnac” Ligands (2017)

The synthesis of a class of electron-rich amino-functionalized β-diketiminato (N-nacnac) ligands is reported, with two synthetic methodologies having been developed for systems bearing backbone NMe<sub>2</sub> or NEt<sub>2</sub> groups and a range of N-bound aryl substituents. In contrast to their (Nacnac)H counterparts, the structures of the protio-ligands feature the bis(imine) tautomer and a backbone CH<sub>2</sub> group. Direct metalation with lithium, magnesium, or aluminium alkyls allows access to the respective metal complexes through deprotonation of the methylene function; in each case X-ray structures are consistent with a delocalized imino-amide ligand description. Transmetalation using lithium N-nacnac complexes is then exploited to access p- and f-block metal complexes, which allow for like-for-like benchmarking of the N-nacnac ligand family against their more familiar Nacnac counterparts. In the case of Sn<sup>II</sup> , the degree of electronic perturbation effected by introduction of the backbone NR<sub>2</sub> groups appears to be constrained by the inability of the amino group to achieve effective conjugation with the N<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub> heterocycle. More obvious divergence from established structural norms is observed for complexes of the harder Yb<sup>II</sup> ion, with azaallyl/imino and even azaallyl/NMe<sub>2</sub> coordination modes being demonstrated by X-ray crystallography.
Forecasting supply and demand with reliable facts and figures (1995)

One activity of the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) is the annual compilation of electric utilities' forecast relating to electricity supply and demand. The author describe how this data is available to the industry in a database and software package known as ES&D, which provides data in a concise and useful format to satisfy the needs of a wide variety of industry audiences. From the mid-1970s to 1993, ES&D was published as a printed report. Since 1994, it has been published only in electronic format, with each publication including the current forecast data set and the four most recent data sets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Training improves visual processing speed and generalizes to untrained functions (2014)

Studies show that manipulating certain training features in perceptual learning determines the specificity of the improvement. The improvement in abnormal visual processing following training and its generalization to visual acuity, as measured on static clinical charts, can be explained by improved sensitivity or processing speed. Crowding, the inability to recognize objects in a clutter, fundamentally limits conscious visual perception. Although it was largely considered absent in the fovea, earlier studies report foveal crowding upon very brief exposures or following spatial manipulations. Here we used GlassesOff's application for iDevices to train foveal vision of young participants. The training was performed at reading distance based on contrast detection tasks under different spatial and temporal constraints using Gabor patches aimed at testing improvement of processing speed. We found several significant improvements in spatio-temporal visual functions including near and also non-trained far distances. A remarkable transfer to visual acuity measured under crowded conditions resulted in reduced processing time of 81 ms, in order to achieve 6/6 acuity. Despite a subtle change in contrast sensitivity, a robust increase in processing speed was found. Thus, enhanced processing speed may lead to overcoming foveal crowding and might be the enabling factor for generalization to other visual functions.
Anion-activated, thermoreversible gelation system for the capture, release and visual monitoring of CO2 (2014)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important green house gas. This is providing an incentive to develop new strategies to detect and capture CO2. Achieving both functions within a single molecular system represents an unmet challenge in terms of molecular design and could translate into enhanced ease of use. Here, we report an anion-activated chemosensor system, NAP-chol 1, that permits dissolved CO2 to be detected in organic media via simple color changes or through ratiometric differences in fluorescence intensity. NAP-chol 1 also acts as a super gelator for DMSO. The resulting gel is transformed into a homogeneous solution upon exposure to fluoride anions. Bubbling with CO2 regenerates the gel. Subsequent flushing with N2 or heating serves to release the CO2 and reform the sol form. This series of transformations is reversible and can be followed by easy-to-discern color changes. Thus, NAP-chol 1 allows for the capture and release of CO2 gas while acting as a three mode sensing system. In particular, it permits CO2 to be detected through reversible sol-gel transitions, simple changes in color, or ratiometric monitoring of the differences in the fluorescence features.
Studies towards the functionalization of light alkanes: Facile C-H bond activation by a neutral Pt(II) alkyl complex (2001)

Recently our group and the Tilset group reported the activation of R-H bonds by&#13;\nelectrophilic platinum cations of the type [(N-N)PtMe]+ (N-N= α-diimine) to&#13;\ngenerate [(N-N)PtR]+ and methane, a model for the initial step in the so-called&#13;\nShilov system. The next step involves the oxidation of the resulting Pt(II) alkyl&#13;\ncomplex. Unfortunately, cationic Pt(II) alkyls are incompatible with the mild&#13;\noxidizing agents necessary for catalytic turnover. Therefore, a neutral Pt(II)&#13;\ncomplex which could activate C-H bonds was desirable. The activation of C-H&#13;\nbonds by a neutral Pt(II) complex was achieved by replacing the a-diimine&#13;\nancillary ligands with mono-anionic X-L type ligands. The addition of pyrrole-2-&#13;\nimines to [(SMe_2)PtMe_2]_2 in benzene results in the formation of a Pt(II) phenyl&#13;\ncomplex concomitant with evolution of methane (eq. 1). The scope and&#13;\nlimitations of the C-H activation step and the subsequent oxidation chemistry&#13;\nwill be discussed.
Determination of chlorine and bromine in automotive shredder residues by oxygen bomb and ion chromatography (2002)

An analytical procedure, oxygen bomb combustion-ion chromatography (IC), has been developed for the determination of total chlorine in Automotive Shredder Residues (ASR). Samples of these residues are fired under elevated oxygen pressure (30 atm) and the combustion products are transferred into a Na2CO3/NaHCO3 absorbent solution containing 1% of H2O2; the chlorine contents are then evaluated by ion chromatography. The use of the non-suppressed IC determination with a conductivity detector provides a rapid, sensitive and selective method for chlorine determination in ASR, allowing determinations of this heteroatom at levels below 1% in the presence of bromine and sulfur. Moreover, the proposed method allows the simultaneous determination of chlorine, bromine and sulfur which are potential environmental hazards.
Numerical simulation of an over-expanded supersonic and subsonic industrial nozzle flow relevant to flaring system (2019)

Flaring in oil and gas production is the controlled burning of unwanted exhaust gases to enhance safety. To improve flare combustion, gas flares are equipped with air nozzles that introduce extra oxygen and improve mixing in the combustion zone. These nozzles are operated in the subsonic, sonic, or supersonic regimes. In this paper, we are concerned with turbulence modeling of the jet flow exiting from a particular convergent–divergent nozzle used in flare systems. That nozzle has convergent and divergent sections that are connected via a throat section with a finite length and constant diameter. The Realizable k – ε and SST k – ω models are used to study the compressible flow within the nozzle. The velocity profiles, turbulent kinetic energy, Mach number profiles, and entrainment rate coefficients predicted by both turbulence models are compared for nozzle pressure ratios in the range 1.18 ≤ NPR ≤ 1.78. It is shown that both turbulence models predict nearly identical flow evolution along the nozzle. When the flow becomes supersonic, the shock surface, and consequently nozzle outlet velocity profiles, predicted by the SST k – ω model deviates slightly from the other model. The differences, however, become negligible a couple of diameters downstream of the nozzle outlet.
Comment est réalisée, en Australie, l'assimilation des immigrants et des réfugiés — Le rôle de la Croix-Rouge (1959)

En 1946, après la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale, la population de l'Australie s'élevait à sept millions d'habitants. En 1957, elle était de neuf millions 750.000 et elle a atteint, en 1959, dix millions. Et le fait qu'elle soit relativement faible, en comparaison de la vaste étendue du territoire, constitue pour l'Australie un problème majeur. Il y a lieu d'ajouter aux 7.704.164,79 km 2 de son territoire ceux de la Papouasie, soit 234.498,60 km 2 et — pour la durée du mandat qui lui a été confié par les Nations Unies — une superficie supplémentaire de 240.870 km 2 pour la partie de la Nouvelle Guinée dont l'Australie assume l'administration. Ces chiffres représentent un total global de plus de 8 millions de km 2 , couvrant un territoire qui mesure 3.218.620 km. d'est en ouest et 4.023.275 km. Du nord au sud.
Dynamic programming algorithms for restriction map comparison (1992)

For most sequence comparison problems there is a corresponding map comparison algorithm. While map data may appear to be incompatible with dynamic programming, we show in this paper that the rigor and efficiency of dynamic programming algorithms carry over to the map comparison algorithms. We present algorithms for restriction map comparison that deal with two types of map errors: (i) closely spaced sites for different enzymes can be ordered incorrectly, and (ii) closely spaced sites for the same enzyme can be mapped as a single site. The new algorithms are a natural extension of a previous map comparison model. Dynamic programming algorithms for computing optimal global and local alignments under the new model are described. The new algorithms take about the same order of time as previous map comparison algorithms. Programs implementing some of the new algorithms are used to find similar regions within the Escherichia coli restriction map of Kohara et al.
Effect of Phase Noise on Spectral Efficiency for Utra Long Term Evolution (2006)

In this paper, the effects of phase noise on the spectral efficiency of the next generation of OFDM based mobile systems with channel estimation is investigated. The simulation context and parameter settings are taken from the 3GPP Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) study item, focusing on an OFDM downlink single antenna system in 20 MHz bandwidth. Phase noise is modeled as a Wiener-Levy process and several phase noise powers are evaluated. The OFDM coherent detection method is based on pilot assisted channel estimation (PACE) with Wiener based frequency domain interpolation and second order Gaussian interpolation for the time domain interpolation. The cell level spectral efficiency is also evaluated for micro and macro-cell scenarios. The simulation results indicate that the phase noise effect in E-UTRA downlink can be reduced by using high performance local oscillator or by placing pilots in every OFDM symbols
Intermittent Aortic Valve Opening and Risk of Thrombosis in Ventricular Assist Device Patients (2017)

The current study evaluates quantitatively the impact that intermittent aortic valve (AV) opening has on the thrombogenicity in the aortic arch region for patients under left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy. The influence of flow through the AV, opening once every five cardiac cycles, on the flow patterns in the ascending aortic is measured in a patient-derived computed tomography image-based model, after LVAD implantation. The mechanical environment of flowing platelets is investigated, by statistical treatment of outliers in Lagrangian particle tracking, and thrombogenesis metrics (platelet residence times and activation state characterized by shear stress accumulation) are compared for the cases of closed AV versus intermittent AV opening. All hemodynamics metrics are improved by AV opening, even at a reduced frequency and flow rate. Residence times of platelets or microthrombi are reduced significantly by transvalvular flow, as are the shear stress history experienced and the shear stress magnitude and gradients on the aortic root endothelium. The findings of this device-neutral study support the multiple advantages of management that enables AV opening, providing a rationale for establishing this as a standard in long-term treatment and care for advanced heart failure patients.
Microstructures and creep properties of heat-resistant Mg-Al-Nd/Sr alloys (2010)

By single addition of Nd or Sr,and combined addition of Nd and Sr into Mg-6Al matrix alloys,heat-resistant Mg-6Al-6Nd,Mg-6Al-2Sr and Mg-6Al-2Sr-2Nd were obtained by water cooled technology,respectively.The microstructures and creep properties of water-cooled Mg-6Al-2Sr-2Nd alloys were analyzed and compared to reveal the effects of addition means.The results show that when the Nd and Sr elements are added into the Mg-6Al matrix alloy together,there occur the complicated compound named Al4(Sr,Nd) with part Sr substituted by Nd and the complicated compound named Al11(Nd,Sr)3 with part Nd substituted by Sr precipitate besides the compound Al11Nd3 and Al2Nd formed in the Mg-6Al-6Nd alloy and Al4Sr formed in the Mg-6Al-2Sr alloy.In the Mg-6Al-2Sr alloy,the addition of 2%Nd not only refines its grains and dendrite spacing but also improves the distribution density of all precipitates,which leads to the stronger interaction between the dislocation and precipitates in the creep process and improves its creep properties.
Speed Optimizations in Bitcoin Key Recovery Attacks (2016)

Abstract In this paper, we study and give the first detailed benchmarks on existing implementations of the secp256k1 elliptic curve used by at least hundreds of thousands of users in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Our implementation improves the state of the art by a factor of 2.5 with a focus on the cases, where side channel attacks are not a concern and a large quantity of RAM is available. As a result, we are able to scan the Bitcoin blockchain for weak keys faster than any previous implementation. We also give some examples of passwords which we have cracked, showing that brain wallets are not secure in practice even for quite complex passwords.
Data from SHON Is a Novel Estrogen-Regulated Oncogene in Mammary Carcinoma That Predicts Patient Response to Endocrine Therapy (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Endocrine therapies are the primary systemic intervention for patients with estrogen receptor–positive (ER&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) breast cancer. However, a significant proportion of initially responsive ER&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; tumors develop resistance, with relapses occurring in up to 50% of patients. Lack of reliable predictive biomarkers remains an unfilled need for enhanced clinical management of this disease. In this study, we address this need in identifying a novel estrogen-regulated gene called SHON (secreted hominoid-specific oncogene). Enforced expression of SHON in breast cancer cells increased their proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. Furthermore, SHON enhanced the oncogenicity of these cells in xenograft models of human breast cancer and was also sufficient to oncogenically transform MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells. Conversely, SHON attenuation mediated by RNA interference- or antibody-based methods reduced the oncogenicity of breast cancer cells. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the oncogenic transforming properties of SHON were mediated by BCL-2 and NF-κB. In primary clinical specimens, SHON was immunohistochemically detected in 62% of breast cancers, in which its expression was positively correlated with ER expression. In this setting, SHON expression predicted a favorable response to endocrine therapy in high-risk patients with ER&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; breast cancer. Taken together, our findings identify SHON as a novel human oncogene with predictive utility in ER&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; breast cancer, perhaps offering a simple biomarker to predict the therapeutic efficacy of antiestrogen therapy in patients with breast cancer. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 73(23); 6951–62. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
p-Type Quasi-Mono Silicon Solar Cell Fabricated by Ion Implantation (2013)

The p-type quasi-mono wafer is a novel type of silicon material that is processed using a seed directional solidification technique. This material is a promising alternative to traditional high-cost Czochralski (CZ) and float-zone (FZ) material. Here, we evaluate the application of an advanced solar cell process featuring a novel method of ion implantation on p-type quasi-mono silicon wafer. The ion implantation process has simplified the normal industrial process flow by eliminating two process steps: the removal of phosphosilicate glass (PSG) and the junction isolation process that is required after the conventional thermal POCl 3 diffusion process. Moreover, the good passivation performance of the ion implantation process improves<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>oc</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>. Our results show that, after metallization and cofiring, an average cell efficiency of 18.55% can be achieved using 156 × 156 mm p-type quasi-mono silicon wafer. Furthermore, the absolute cell efficiency obtained using this method is 0.47% higher than that for the traditional POCl 3 diffusion process.
Example-based skeleton extraction (2007)

We present a method for extracting a hierarchical, rigid skeleton from a set of example poses. We then use this skeleton to not only reproduce the example poses, but create new deformations in the same style as the examples. Since rigid skeletons are used by most 3D modeling software, this skeleton and the corresponding vertex weights can be inserted directly into existing production pipelines. To create the skeleton, we first estimate the rigid transformations of the bones using a fast, face clustering approach. We present an efficient method for clustering by providing a Rigid Error Function that finds the best rigid transformation from a set of points in a robust, space efficient manner and supports fast clustering operations. Next, we solve for the vertex weights and enforce locality in the resulting weight distributions. Finally, we use these weights to determine the connectivity and joint locations of the skeleton.
Thermal Stability of Human Albumin Measured byDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (1984)

Thermal stability of undefatted human albumin preparations at 5% concentration and neutral pH in 145 mMNa^+ was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. At 30 and 4 mM N-acetyltryptophanate, the thermogram for previously unheated albumin monomer is independent of the stereochemistry of this ligand; thus, the affinity of the protein must be the same for the L- and D-isomers in the temperature range of thermal denaturation (62-86°C). 26 mM L-tryptophanate bestows a slight increase in stability on previously unheated monomer, whereas 27 mM D-tryptophanate has no effect, a result consistent with the reported weaker binding of the D-isomer. Previously unheated albumin monomer shows slightly greater thermal stability at pH 6.4 than at pH 7.4. The tracing of differential heat capacity versus temperature (thermogram) for monomer from once heated albumin, i.e. once processed and once heated normal serum albumin (NSA), is almost identical to that for previously unheated monomer. Monomer prepared from outdated, multiply reprocessed, multiply reheated NSA (old monomer) has the same corresponding denaturation temperatures as previously unheated monomer; the corresponding dimer (old dimer) is slightly less stable. Thermograms for old monomer and old dimer, like those for previously unheated monomer, comprise two dénaturation peaks (endotherms). Their endotherms, however, are very broad, reflecting the great heterogeneity of the old proteins. The thermogram for old monomer remains broad even in the presence of N-acetyltryptophanate and/or caprylate. Old dimer does not dissociate when undergoing thermal denaturation.
Road direction detection based on vanishing-point tracking (2012)

We present a novel approach for vision-based road direction detection for autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). The proposed method utilizes only monocular vision information similar to human perception to detect road directions with respect to the vehicle. The algorithm searches for a global feature of the roads due to perspective projection (so-called vanishing point) to distinguish road directions. The proposed approach consists of two stages. The first stage estimates the vanishing-point locations from single frames. The second stage uses a Rao-Blackwellised particle filter to track initial vanishing-point estimations over a sequence of images in order to provide more robust estimation. Simultaneously, the direction of the road ahead of the vehicle is predicted, which is prerequisite information for vehicle steering and path planning. The proposed approach assumes minimum prior knowledge about the environment and can cope with complex situations such as ground cover variations, different illuminations, and cast shadows. Its performance is evaluated on video sequences taken during test run of the DARPA Grand Challenge.
A Survey on Uplink Resource Allocation in OFDMA Wireless Networks (2011)

OFDMA has been selected as the multiple access scheme for state-of-the-art wireless communication systems. Efficient resource allocation in OFDMA wireless networks is essential in order to meet the quality of service requirements of emerging services. In this paper, a survey of resource allocation and scheduling schemes in OFDMA wireless networks is presented. The focus is on the uplink direction. Resource allocation is surveyed in various scenarios: centralized and distributed, instantaneous and ergodic, optimal and suboptimal, single cell and multicell, cooperative and non-cooperative, in addition to different combinations of these variants. Directions for future research are outlined.