gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid solid-state disks: Combining heterogeneous NAND flash in large SSDs (2008)

NAND-flash-based SSDs (solid-state disks) are recently used in embedded computers to replace power-hungry disks. This paper presents a hybrid approach to large SSDs, which combines MLC flash and SLC flash. The idea is to complement the drawbacks of the two kinds of NAND flash with each other’s advantages. The technical issues of the design of a hybrid SSD pertain to data placement and wear leveling over heterogeneous NAND flash. Our experimental results show that, by adding a 256 MB SLC flash to a 20 GB MLC-flash array, the hybrid SSD improves over a conventional SSD by 4.85 times in terms of average are improved by 17 % and 14%, respectively. The hybrid SSD is only 2% more expensive than a purely MLC-flash-based SSD, for which the extra cost is limited and very rewarded.
Effects of Trientine, a Metal Chelator, on Defective Endothelium-dependent Relaxation in the Mesenteric Vasculature of Diabetic Rats (2002)

Diabetes mellitus compromises endothelium-dependent relaxation of blood vessels. This has been linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which neutralise nitric oxide (NO) and interfere with vasodilator function. Experiments using chelators have emphasised the importance of ROS produced by transition metal catalysed reactions. However, particularly for the small arteries and arterioles that control microcirculatory blood flow, NO is not the only endothelium-derived mediator; endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) has a major role. EDHF-mediated vasodilation is severely curtailed by diabetes; however, little information exists on the underlying pathophysiology. Deficits in the EDHF system, alone or in combination with the NO system, are crucial for the development of diabetic microvascular complications. To further elucidate the mechanisms involved, the aim was to examine the effects of diabetes and preventive and intervention chelator therapy with trientine on a preparation that has well-defined NO and EDHF-mediated responses, the rat mesenteric vascular bed. In phenylephrine-preconstricted preparations, maximum vasodilation to acetylcholine was reduced by 35 and 44% after 4 and 8 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, respectively. Trientine treatment over the first 4 weeks gave 72% protection; intervention therapy over the final 4 weeks prevented deterioration and corrected the initial deficit by 68%. These responses depend on both NO and EDHF. When the latter mechanism was isolated by NO synthase inhibition, diabetic deficits of 53.4 (4 weeks) and 65.4% (8 weeks) were revealed, that were 65% prevented and 50% corrected by trientine treatment. Neither diabetes nor trientine altered vascular smooth muscle responses to the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Thus, the data suggest that metal catalysed ROS production makes a substantial contribution to defects in both the EDHF and NO endothelial mechanisms in diabetes, which has therapeutic implications for microvascular complications.
Optical Problems of Laser Radiation Transport in the LOTV Concept (2004)

In the scope of the LOTV concept optical problems have been considered of a laser power transport from an airborne laser, flying at a 10‐kilometer altitude, to a space “tugboat” with a laser propulsion engine (LPE), intended for payload orbital transfer from LEO to GEO. For a transmitter telescope size of 1–1.5 m the range of optimal sizes of a receiver collector as well as the range of optimal specific impulses of LPE have been determined for the radiation wavelength of 0.5 μ and 1 μ, and payloads of 3–5 t. The optimization was carried out by searching a trade‐off between propellant mass saving and the orbit transfer time reduction.
Effect of low‐temperature storage on the content of folate, vitamin B6, ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in potatoes (2019)

These results show that storage at low temperature substantially affects tuber nutritional quality and biochemical bruising potential. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Engineered receptors for human cytomegalovirus that are orthogonal to normal human biology (2020)

A trimeric glycoprotein complex on the surface of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) binds to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα) to mediate host cell recognition and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. Soluble PDGFRα potently neutralizes HCMV in tissue culture, and its potential use as an antiviral therapeutic has the benefit that any escape mutants will likely be attenuated. However, PDGFRα binds multiple PDGF ligands in the human body as part of developmental programs in embryogenesis and continuing through adulthood. Any therapies with soluble receptor therefore come with serious efficacy and safety concerns, especially for the treatment of congenital HCMV. Soluble virus receptors that are orthogonal to human biology might resolve these concerns. This engineering problem is solved by deep mutational scanning on the D2-D3 domains of PDGFRα to identify variants that maintain interactions with the HCMV glycoprotein trimer in the presence of competing PDGF ligands. Competition by PDGFs is conformation-dependent, whereas HCMV trimer binding is independent of proper D2-D3 conformation, and many mutations at the receptor-PDGF interface are suitable for functionally separating trimer from PDGF interactions. Purified soluble PDGFRα carrying a targeted mutation succeeded in displaying wild type affinity for HCMV trimer with a simultaneous loss of PDGF binding, and neutralizes trimer-only and trimer/pentamer-expressing HCMV strains infecting fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Overall, this work makes important progress in the realization of soluble HCMV receptors for clinical application.
Progressive Periodontal Disease and Risk of Very Preterm Delivery (2006)

II-2.
Recursive short-term load-forecasting algorithm (1974)

The problem of forecasting the integrated-load demand of an interconnected power system is studied. It is proposed that the harmonic-series model for the weekly load pattern be expressed in the state-variable form. This then permits the use of Kalman-filtering techniques, for load-prediction purposes. It is shown that this approach leads to an improvement in the forecasting reliability, without increasing the online computational requirements. The results of a particular study are also presented.
Chemical amplification mechanisms for microlithography (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical amplification mechanisms for microlithographyE. Reichmanis, F. M. Houlihan, O. Nalamasu, and T. X. NeenanCite this: Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 3, 394–407Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00015a009https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00015a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1383Altmetric-Citations179LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Long period grating-based refractive index sensor for chloride concentration measurement (2008)

Effective devices for the monitoring of chloride ions are required in industry this work reports on the development of a reflective long period grating-based senor for the measurement of chloride ions in solution. The device is based around a long period fibre grating (LPG)-based Michelson interferometer where the sensor was calibrated and evaluated in the laboratory using sodium chloride solutions, over a wide range of concentrations, from 0.01 M to 4.00 M. The grating response yields shifts in the spectral characteristic of the interferometer, due to the change of refractive index of the solution surrounding it. The work was stimulated by the need for the more effective measurement of the ingress water-borne ions in structural concrete. It was found that the sensitivity of the device could be enhanced over that obtained from a bare LPG by coating the LPG-based interferometer with gold nanoparticles. Devices using this approach were also evaluated and their performance cross-compared.
Modern Methods in Stereoselective Aldol Reactions. Herausgegeben von Rainer Mahrwald. (2014)

Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2013. 485 S., geb., 149.00 €.—ISBN 978-3527332052
Deformation Detection Method of Mine Tunnel Based on Mobile Detection System (2020)

Subway structure safety detection is an important method to ensure the safe operation of trains. Efficient, high-precision, and automatic tunnel clearance detection is the key to ensure safe operations. This study introduces a mobile tunnel scanning system that integrates a scanner, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and a rail car. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) time and system hardware calibration are used to synchronize time and space information of the system; the attitude and speed are corrected using the control points from the tunnel to improve the accuracy of absolute positioning. The section coordinate system is converted using the control points and system calibration parameters to complete the tunnel clearance inspection, and the distance between the nearest point of the section and the clear height of the vault is given. Taking Fengxi Road's Bashan tunnel section of Chongqing Metro Line 5 as an example, the overall system accuracy was tested. The accuracy of chord line measurements was within 1 mm, the internal coincidence accuracy of repeated measurements of the vault clear height was 1.1 mm, the internal coincidence accuracy of repeated measurements of the closest gauge point was 4.8 mm, and the system calibration accuracy was approximately 2 mm. Compared with the existing scheme, the system combines absolute measurement and relative measurement mode to judge the structural safety of tunnel section from multiple angles, high precision, and high efficiency.
The skin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2000)

It has been repeatedly noted, but never as yet fully explained, that patients with ALS do not develop bedsores even at the terminal stage. Furthermore, the skin of ALS patients feels supple, like tanned leather, and loses elasticity. When the skin is stretched, it returns only sluggishly to its original position. We termed this property of skin 'delayed return phenomenon (DRP)'; it is usually seen more than 2 1/2 years after the onset of symptoms. Though it is thought that phenomena such as DRP and the absence of bedsores are characteristic of this disease, little attention has been paid to these unique features in ALS patients. In this review we summarize recent developments in research on skin from ALS patients, which may give insight into the possible mechanisms and pathogenesis underlying this disorder.
Extended Result Reading Window in Lateral Flow Tests Detecting Exposure to Onchocerca volvulus: A New Technology to Improve Epidemiological Surveillance Tools (2013)

Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the parasite Onchocerca volvulus (Ov). An estimated 180 million people are at risk for Ov infection, and 37 million people are infected, mostly in Africa. A lateral flow-based assay to detect human IgG4 antibodies to the Ov-specific antigen Ov-16 was developed as a rapid tool to detect exposure to Ov. The test, when performed on 449 sera specimens from patients with microfiladermia and Ov-negative patients, has a sensitivity of 89.1% (95% confidence interval: 86.2%-92.0%), and specificity of 97% (95% confidence interval: 95.4%-98.6%). Because the intended use of the test is for surveillance, it is highly desirable to have a stable, long-lasting result. An extended read window is thus desirable for a high-volume, busy workflow and facilitates post-surveillance quality assurance. The main restriction on achieving an extended read window for this assay was the erythrocyte lysis that can alter the signal-to-noise ratio, especially in those with low IgG4 levels (weak positives). We describe a test housing that incorporates a user-independent feature driven by assay fluid and an expanding wick that detaches the blood separation membrane from the nitrocellulose used in the assay, but before hemolysis occurs. We demonstrated material functionality at extreme operational conditions (37°C, 80% relative humidity) and a read window of a minimum of 70 days. The fluid-driven assay device performs equally as well with whole blood as with plasma, as demonstrated with 100 spiked clinical specimens (with a correlation coefficient of 0.96). We show a novel, inexpensive, and simple approach to actuating the detachment of the blood separation membrane from the nitrocellulose test with no impact on the performance characteristics of the test.
Thermodynamic performance of Kalina cycle system 11 (KCS11): feasibility of using alternative zeotropic mixtures (2013)

With the ever increasing demand for energy, exploiting low-temperature heat sources has seen significant interest recently. The conventional organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a typical approach used to exploit low-temperature heat sources but suffers from low efficiency. The Kalina cycle is a reversed absorption cooling system that normally utilizes an ammonia-water binary mixture as the working fluid. This paper investigates, using thermodynamic modelling, the performance of Kalina cycle system 11 (KCS11) used for low-temperature heat sources below 2008C compared with the ORC based on pure ammonia and R134a. The cycle performance was investigated at various operating conditions including the evaporator pressure of 10 -50 bars, heat source temperature of 333 -473 K, heat sink temperature of 283 K and in the case of KCS11 various ammonia mass fractions at the evaporator outlet. Results show that the KCS11 can produce up to 40% increase in the efficiency compared with the ORC when using ammonia and up to 20% increase when using R134a. Although the ammonia -water working pair has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and very low global warming potential (GWP), it is toxic and needs special safety procedures against leak as ammonia is part of this binary mixture. Therefore, further investigation was carried out to explore the feasibility of using alternative working pairs that are non-toxic and outperform the ammonia-water pair for the Kalina cycle. Nineteen working pairs were investigated and results showed that propane and propylene-based mixtures have the potential to replace the ammonia -water pair in the KCS11.
Commuting by car or public transportation? A social dilemma analysis of travel mode judgements (1996)

The current paper analyses judgements regarding the decision to commute by car versus public transportation in terms of a conflict between immediate self-interest and long-term collective interest (i.e. social dilemma). Extending traditional formulations of rational choice theory, the present study revealed that preferences for public transportation (i.e. the presumed cooperative option) in a standard commuting situation were enhanced not only by the belief that public transportation provided a shorter average travel time than car (i.e. the presumed noncooperative option), but also by the belief that public transportation was at least as reliable (i.e. an equal or lower variability in travel time compared to car). Moreover, paralleling prior research on experimental social dilemmas, preferences were found to be affected by a pro-social concern—the belief regarding the impact of cars on the level of environmental pollution. Our findings indicated that any combination of two such considerations (i.e. travel time, variability, and impact of cars on pollution) was m ore effective in promoting public transportation preferences than the sum of their separate effects. Finally, we obtained evidence that commuter preferences were also shaped by individual differences in social value orientations (i.e. preferences for patterns of outcomes for self and others) in that, relative to pro-self commuters, pro-social commuters exhibited greater preference for public transportation.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptome as a mirror of phytochemical variation in complex extracts of Equisetum arvense from America, China, Europe and India (2013)

Our data show that functional genomics in S. cerevisiae may be developed as a sensitive bioassay for the scientific investigation of the interplay between phytochemical composition and transcriptional effects of complex mixtures of chemical compounds. S. cerevisiae transcriptomics may also be developed for testing of mixtures of conventional drugs ("polypills") to discover novel antagonistic or synergistic effects of those drug combinations.
A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF UNSYMMETRICAL ETHERS AND IT’S APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF ROSE OXIDE AND DIHYDRO ROSE OXIDE (1975)

Abstract Alkyl 2,4-dichlorophenyl acetals react with Grignard reagents in aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene or toluene at room temperature to afford the corresponding unsymmetrical ethers in good yields. The utility of this new procedure is demonstrated by the synthesis of rose oxide and dihydro rose oxide.
KHMDS Enhanced SmI2-Mediated Reformatsky Type α-Cyanation (2010)

A novel combination of SmI(2), KHMDS, and TsCN can be utilized to introduce a cyano group into structurally diverse and highly sensitive 2-alkyl-chroman-4-ones. Subsequent oxidation allows the formed 2-alkyl-3-cyanochromones to be isolated in yields ranging from 49 to 77%. In addition, alpha-bromoketones and esters were found to undergo equally effective alpha-cyanation.
Transient Core-Loss Simulation for Ferrites With Nonuniform Field in SPICE (2018)

A methodology to develop a subcircuit model for core loss simulation in LTspice is presented. The subcircuit implements the dynamic core loss model used in the transient solver of finite-element analysis (FEA) in order to provide equivalent results in the time domain for ferrite materials. The wipe-out rule is applied in the simulation so that the core loss during the transient behavior can be predicted. A field factor is derived from an effective flux density for a nonuniform flux distribution to simplify the relationship between the current and the field for arbitrary magnetic core shapes. The interface of the subcircuit is capable of being integrated to any power stage simulations. Simulation results of core loss equivalent to the FEA on an exemplary plate-core inductor are obtained from the subcircuit that significantly reduces computational cost.
Holographic Metrology and Basic Physics (2013)

A short pulse of light is emitted from one point followed by a short observation from another point separated in space and time from the first. Even if space is full of scattering particles no sphe ...
The relationship between spectral properties and perceptual evaluation of hypernasality in children with cleft palate—vowel /i/ (1998)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between spectral characteristics and the perceptual evaluation of hypernasality in speakers with cleft palate. Speech samples from 32 cleft palate patients (average age 9.3 years) and 5 normal subjects (average age 9.4 years) were used in this study. The isolated vowel /i/ produced by each subject was filtered using 16 one-third octave bandpass filters from 200 Hz to 6.3 kHz to obtain a 1/3 octave spectrum. These spectra were normalized using the total power level of the 16 1/3 octave bands. Three sophisticated listeners rated the speech samples using a six-point equal-appearing interval scale. Average spectra obtained from the hypernasal and the normal groups were compared. Spectral characteristics of hypernasality in the vowel /i/ were identified as a rise in power level between the first formant (F1) and the second formant (F2) and a rise in power level of F1. Multiple regression analysis revealed a high correlation (r=0.81) between the averaged perceptual scores and four levels of 1/3 octave bands: the band containing F1, the first, the second, and the fourth bands from F1. [Work supported by NIDR Grant Nos. DE07105 and DE06957.]
Zero-shot Synthesis with Group-Supervised Learning (2020)

Visual cognition of primates is superior to that of artificial neural networks in its ability to 'envision' a visual object, even a newly-introduced one, in different attributes including pose, position, color, texture, etc. To aid neural networks to envision objects with different attributes, we propose a family of objective functions, expressed on groups of examples, as a novel learning framework that we term Group-Supervised Learning (GSL). GSL allows us to decompose inputs into a disentangled representation with swappable components, that can be recombined to synthesize new samples. For instance, images of red boats &amp; blue cars can be decomposed and recombined to synthesize novel images of red cars. We propose an implementation based on auto-encoder, termed group-supervised zero-shot synthesis network (GZS-Net) trained with our learning framework, that can produce a high-quality red car even if no such example is witnessed during training. We test our model and learning framework on existing benchmarks, in addition to anew dataset that we open-source. We qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrate that GZS-Net trained with GSL outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
CGA-TSIG/e: Algorithms for Secure DNS Authentication and Optional DNS Confidentiality (2015)

This document describes a new mechanism for secure DNS authentication
and a possible mechanism for DNS data confidentiality in various
scenarios especially DNS resolvers. It also focuses on reducing human
interaction during secure authentication and DNS message encryption.
This document supports both IPv4 and IPv6 enabled networks.