gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influences of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic plume on air quality in the northern Alpine region (2011)

Abstract. A series of major eruptions of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland started on 14 April 2010 and continued until the end of May 2010. The volcanic emissions moved over nearly the whole of Europe and were observed first on 16 April 2010 in Southern Germany with different remote sensing systems from the ground and space. Enhanced PM10 and SO2 concentrations were detected on 17 April at mountain stations (Zugspitze/Schneefernerhaus and Schauinsland) as well as in Innsbruck by in situ measurement devices. On 19 April intensive vertical mixing and advection along with clear sky-conditions facilitated the entrainment of volcanic material down to the ground. The subsequent formation of a stably stratified lower atmosphere with limited mixing near the ground during the evening of 19 April led to an additional enhancement of near-surface particle concentrations. Consequently, on 19 April and 20 April exceedances of the daily threshold value for particulate matter (PM10) were reported at nearly all monitoring stations of the North Alpine foothills as well as at mountain and valley stations in the northern Alps. The chemical analyses of ambient PM10 at monitoring stations of the North Alpine foothills yielded elevated Titanium concentrations on 19/20 April which prove the presence of volcanic plume material. Following this result the PM10 threshold exceedances are also associated with the volcanic plume. The entrainment of the volcanic plume material mainly affected the concentrations of coarse particles (&gt;1 μm) – interpreted as volcanic ash – and ultrafine particles (&lt;100 nm), while the concentrations of accumulation mode aerosol (0.1–1 μm) were not changed significantly. With regard to the occurrence of ultrafine particles, it is concluded that their formation was triggered by high sulphuric acid concentrations which are necessarily generated by the photochemical processes in a plume rich in sulphur dioxide under high solar irradiance. It became evident that during the course of several days, the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic emissions influenced the near-surface atmosphere and thus the ambient air quality. Following knowledge about health effects of air pollutants and volcanic plume compounds, it is assumed that the volcanic plume contributed to the overall exposure of the population and therefore may have had minor effects on the exacerbation of respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms.
Pressure dependence of thermal fluctuation effects on the order–disorder transition of diblock copolymer solutions (2003)

We have investigated the pressure dependence of the order-disorder transition behavior, which is characterized by the strength of thermal fluctuation effects and the order-disorder transition temperature (T ODT ), for compositionally nearly symmetric polystyrene- block -polyisoprene diblock copolymer solution and the bulk with the small-angle X-ray scattering method. In the solution, thermal fluctuation effects and T ODT increases with pressure. On the other hand, in the bulk, T ODT increases with pressure, while thermal fluctuations effects decrease with pressure. Concentration fluctuations between polymers and solvent are considered to cause the difference between these results for the solution and the bulk.
Extraction of the photon spectra from measured beam parameters (1998)

Knowledge of the photon spectrum of a radiotherapy beam is often needed for three-dimensional (3-D) dose calculations using Monte Carlo methods and/or algorithms employing energy deposition kernels. Direct measurement of the x-ray energy fluence spectrum is not feasible for the high-energy photon beams used clinically. In this paper, the spectrum is extracted from basic beam data that are readily obtained for a clinical beam. We describe the photon spectrum using just two parameters. One parameter, which determines the high-energy part of the spectrum, is obtained using the measured dose in the buildup region for a small field, where electron contamination of the beam can be neglected. The other parameter is extracted from the photon beam attenuation in water. The results compare favorably to spectra generated from Monte Carlo simulations.
Optical functions for microwave signal processing in radar, communications and surveillance systems (2009)

The optical-microwave technologies have appeared as promising for the next generations of radar, communications and surveillance systems. The new concepts and demonstrations show the improvements of optoelectronic links and the capability to perform processing functions, in the optical domain, like the local oscillator distribution for both ground/ship based and airborne radars, or the radar receive mode processing with optical architecture dedicated to radar beamforming and to down/frequency mixing.
Review of techniques for single molecule detection in biological applications. (2001)

This report reviews various experimental techniques that have the potential to detection single molecules and highlights their possible application to the detection of biomolecules. These have been grouped into two categories within the report; Scanning Probe Microscopies (SPMs), those methods yielding force and current data, and Applied Optical Spectroscopies, those techniques providing optical and spectroscopic information. The theory of each technique is described along with relevant current research and the requirements that each technique might generate for further measurement research.
Mechanism of Nickel, Magnesium, and Iron Recovery from Olivine Bearing Ore during Leaching with Hydrochloric Acid Including a Carbonation Pre-Treatment (2020)

This work continues on from previous studies showing that mineral sequestration by carbonation of magnesium or calcium silicates under high pressure and high temperature can be successfully carried out by processing in an autoclave. The paper is focused on the influence of experimental parameters on avoiding scale formation during pre-treatment in an autoclave and a subsequent leaching. Amorphous silica and magnesite, respectively, were the main reaction products in a carbonation of olivine under high pressure conditions in an autoclave. In addition, the examined peridotites may be accompanied by small to medium amounts of nickel or other metals, the recovery of which will be investigated in the present study: Extraction of metals such as nickel, iron, and magnesium from olivine bearing ore using hydrochloric acid under atmospheric pressure was studied between 50 and 90 °C in 1 h. The obtained results have shown maximal leaching efficiency of about 35% for Ni, Fe, and Mg under atmospheric pressure, in comparison to more than 60% obtained under the same conditions after a carbonation pre-treatment in an autoclave. Silica gel was formed during leaching without a pre-treatment of peridotite blocking the leaching process, which is not the case for the pre-treated material. The influence of temperature, reaction time, particle size and pre-treatment of peridotite in an autoclave during carbonation at 175 °C and 71.5 bar was studied. A new mechanism model for metal extraction from olivine-bearing ore by avoiding silica gel formation during leaching with hydrochloric acid including a carbonation pre-treatment is proposed. This study explains additionally a behavior of metals such as nickel, magnesium, and iron during a carbonation of olivine bearing ore and leaching of a carbonated solid product.
Injectable reactive biocomposites for bone healing in critical-size rabbit calvarial defects (2012)

Craniofacial injuries can result from trauma, tumor ablation, or infection and may require multiple surgical revisions. To address the challenges associated with treating craniofacial bone defects, an ideal material should have the ability to fit complex defects (i.e. be conformable), provide temporary protection to the brain until the bone heals, and enhance tissue regeneration with the delivery of biologics. In this study, we evaluated the ability of injectable lysine-derived polyurethane (PUR)/allograft biocomposites to promote bone healing in critical-size rabbit calvarial defects. The biocomposites exhibited favorable injectability, characterized by a low yield stress to initiate flow of the material and a high initial viscosity to minimize the adverse phenomena of extravasation and filter pressing. After injection, the materials cured within 10-12 min to form a tough, elastomeric solid that maintained mechanical integrity during the healing process. When injected into a critical-size calvarial defect in rabbits, the biocomposites supported ingrowth of new bone. The addition of 80 µg mL(-1) recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) enhanced new bone formation in the interior of the defect, as well as bridging of the defect with new bone. These observations suggest that injectable reactive PUR/allograft biocomposites are a promising approach for healing calvarial defects by providing both mechanical stability as well as local delivery of rhBMP-2.
Per-Arnt-Sim domain-dependent association of cAMP-phosphodiesterase 8A1 with IκB proteins (2004)

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 8A1 is a cAMP-specific PDE isozyme characterized by the presence of a Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain. However, the function(s) of the PAS domain has remained unknown. In this study, using a lysate of HEK293 cells overexpressing recombinant human PDE8A1, we detected a physical association between PDE8A1 and endogenous IkappaBbeta by an antibody array technique. The association was specific for PDE8A1 and depended on the presence of the PAS domain. Subsequent coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that, in addition to IkappaBbeta, other IkappaB family members examined (p105, p100, and IkappaBalpha) also associated with PDE8A1. Furthermore, it was found that PDE8A1 competed with the p65/p50 NF-kappaB for IkappaBbeta binding. Taken together, these data indicate that PDE8A1, through its PAS domain, may bind with IkappaB proteins in a region containing their ankyrin repeats. Functionally, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the association with IkappaB greatly enhanced the enzyme activity of PDE8A1. However, the PDE8A1-IkappaB association did not affect NF-kappaB activation. The biological role of the PDE8A1-IkappaB association remains to be elucidated.
The IDOL–UBE2D complex mediates sterol-dependent degradation of the LDL receptor (2011)

We previously identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL as a sterol-dependent regulator of the LDL receptor (LDLR). The molecular pathway underlying IDOL action, however, remains to be determined. Here we report the identification and biochemical and structural characterization of an E2-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for LDLR degradation. We identified the UBE2D family (UBE2D1-4) as E2 partners for IDOL that support both autoubiquitination and IDOL-dependent ubiquitination of the LDLR in a cell-free system. NMR chemical shift mapping and a 2.1 Å crystal structure of the IDOL RING domain-UBE2D1 complex revealed key interactions between the dimeric IDOL protein and the E2 enzyme. Analysis of the IDOL-UBE2D1 interface also defined the stereochemical basis for the selectivity of IDOL for UBE2Ds over other E2 ligases. Structure-based mutations that inhibit IDOL dimerization or IDOL-UBE2D interaction block IDOL-dependent LDLR ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, expression of a dominant-negative UBE2D enzyme inhibits the ability of IDOL to degrade the LDLR in cells. These results identify the IDOL-UBE2D complex as an important determinant of LDLR activity, and provide insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of cholesterol uptake.
The complete genome sequence of Ethanoligenens harbinense reveals the metabolic pathway of acetate-ethanol fermentation: A novel understanding of the principles of anaerobic biotechnology (2019)

Ethanol-type fermentation is one of three main fermentation types in the acidogenesis of anaerobic treatment systems. Non-spore-forming Ethanoligenens is as a typical genus capable of ethanol-type fermentation in mixed culture (i.e. acetate-ethanol fermentation). This genus can produce ethanol, acetate, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub> using carbohydrates, and has application potential in anaerobic bioprocesses. Here, the complete genome sequences and methylome of Ethanoligenens harbinense strains with different autoaggregative and coaggregative abilities were obtained using the PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing platform. The genome size of E. harbinense strains was about 2.97-3.10 Mb with 55.5% G+C content. 3020-3153 genes were annotated, most of which were methylated at specific sites or motifs. The methylation types included 6mA, 4mC, and unknown types. Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated low levels of genetic similarity between E. harbinense and other well-known hydrogen-producing bacteria (i.e., Clostridium and Thermoanaerobacter) in phylogenesis. Hydrogen production of E. harbinense was catalyzed by genes that encode [FeFe]‑hydrogenases and that were synthesized by three maturases of [FeFe]-H<sub>2</sub>ase. The metabolic mechanism of H<sub>2</sub>-ethanol co-production fermentation, catalyzed by pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase was proposed. This study provides genetic and evolutionary information of a model genus for the further investigation of the metabolic pathway and regulatory network of ethanol-type fermentation and anaerobic bioprocesses for waste or wastewater treatment.
A Review of Neurofeedback Treatment for Pediatric ADHD (2011)

Based on the results and methodologies of published studies, this review concludes that NF for pediatric ADHD can be currently considered as "probably efficacious."
Efficient support of circuit-mode and packet-mode services in micro-VSAT networks (1995)

This paper studies the provision of low data rate services in micro-VSAT networks such as the bandlimited quasisynchronous CDMA VSAT system currently being developed by ESA. It presents the results of a simulation study intended to evaluate the performance impact of several system design choices. The simulated network (which is a generalization of the first-generation system planned by ESA) is required to support voice, fax, electronic mail, and other data services, both in circuit and packet mode, which have different requirements in terms of data rate, symmetric or asymmetric data flow, etc. These services have to be supported with a very limited number of communication channels, resulting in a potentially high call blocking probability. In this context, the paper evaluates the call blocking reduction that can be obtained, firstly by sending user packets and acknowledgements via signalling channels instead of via traffic channels, and secondly by dynamically sharing traffic channels among several networks coordinated by a central control station. The impact of these design choices on other performance indicators, for example the call setup delay and the signalling channel load, is also evaluated.
A wideband spatial beamformer employing a rectangular array of planar monopoles (2005)

The paper presents a wideband spatial beamformer which employs a rectangular antenna array with real valued signal weighting coefficients to steer beam in azimuth. A modified IDFT technique is used to obtain the weighting coefficients for an assumed radiation pattern. The operation of this wideband beamformer is demonstrated in an example of a 4times4 array constituted by wideband planar monopoles
Quantum Fluctuations and the Closing of the Coulomb Gap in a Correlated Insulator (2002)

The "switchable mirror" yttrium hydride is one of the few strongly correlated systems with a continuous Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition. We systematically map out the low temperature electrical transport from deep in the insulator to the quantum critical point using persistent photoconductivity as a drive parameter. Both activated hopping over a Coulomb gap and power-law quantum fluctuations must be included to describe the data. Collapse of the data onto a universal curve within a dynamical scaling framework (with corrections) requires znu=6.0+/-0.5, where nu and z are the static and dynamical critical exponents, respectively.
MR Imaging of Individual Perfusion Reorganization Using Superselective Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin-Labeling in Patients with Complex Extracranial Steno-Occlusive Disease (2017)

Superselective pseudocontinuous arterial spin-labeling is a robust technique for regional brain perfusion imaging, suitable for the noninvasive diagnostics of individual perfusion patterns in patients with complex cerebrovascular disease.
The Packaging of Implantable Integrated Sensors (1986)

Integrated sensors are being designed for long-term implantation for physiological research using animal models and for permanent implantation for various types of prostheses in clinical applications. The problem of packaging these implantable integrated sensors outside of hermetically sealed hybrid packages is described. The electrolytic corrosion of cable conductors and integrated circuit metallizations is the principal danger. The published performance of the materials which have been used to date to encapsulate nonintegrated sensors and conductors is evaluated, and found to be unreliable for these applications. So, too, are the metals which have been used as electrical conductors. New techniques being developed in the attempt to achieve "hermeticity on a chip" are described. Finally, a critical, residual aspect of the overall problem is identified: how to make a mechanically rugged and inherently noncorrodible connection between a cable and a thin film on a silicon chip. No solution to this problem has been demonstrated.
Indirect Current Source Inverter with Regenerative Snubber Circuit (2014)

This paper introduces a high efficient circuit for feeding back regenerative power from frequency inverters into the grid. The circuit essentially consists of a synchronous rectifier and a buck converter with an additional regenerative snubber circuit. Due to the regenerative snubber circuit a high switching frequency can be achieved without the disadvantage of high switching losses. The circuit can be connected between the DC link and the mains to control the regenerative power. As a major advantage compared to active front end converters the uncontrolled rectifier of the frequency inverter can be preserved.
Sequencing and Diversity Analyses Reveal Extensive Similarities between Some Epsilon-Toxin-Encoding Plasmids and the pCPF5603Clostridium perfringensEnterotoxin Plasmid (2008)

Clostridium perfringens type B and D isolates produce epsilon-toxin, the third most potent clostridial toxin. The epsilon-toxin gene (etx) is plasmid borne in type D isolates, but etx genetics have been poorly studied in type B isolates. This study reports the first sequencing of any etx plasmid, i.e., pCP8533etx, from type B strain NCTC8533. This etx plasmid is 64.7 kb, carries tcp conjugative transfer genes, and encodes additional potential virulence factors including beta2-toxin, sortase, and collagen adhesin but not beta-toxin. Interestingly, nearly 80% of pCP8533etx open reading frames (ORFs) are also present on pCPF5603, an enterotoxin-encoding plasmid from type A isolate F5603. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and overlapping PCR indicated that a pCP8533etx-like etx plasmid is also present in most, if not all, other type B isolates and some beta2-toxin-positive, cpe-negative type D isolates, while other type D isolates carry different etx plasmids. Sequences upstream of the etx gene vary between type B isolates and some type D isolates that do not carry a pCP8533etx-like etx plasmid. However, nearly all type B and D isolates have an etx locus with an upstream IS1151, and those etx loci typically reside near a dcm ORF. These results suggest that pCPF5603 and pCP8533etx evolved from insertion of mobile genetic elements carrying enterotoxin or etx genes, respectively, onto a common progenitor plasmid.
Relationship of Dapagliflozin With Serum Sodium (2022)

Baseline serum sodium concentration was prognostically important, but did not modify the benefits of dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. (Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [DAPA-HF]: NCT03036124).
[Rapid detection and identification of human adenovirus directly from conjunctival scrapings by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis]. (1996)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were combined for detection and identification of adenovirus (Ad), a common agent of conjunctivitis in Japan. Nested-PCR with two primer sets that hybridize to the conserved region for hexon protein of 14 prototypes of Ad serotype 1 to 8, 11, 14, 19, 37, 40, and 41, amplified 956 bps DNA fragment. The amplified fragments from 14 prototypes were completely differentiated with the combination of three restriction endonucleases, Eco T14I, Hae III, and Hin fI. We applied this new method to 70 conjunctival scrapings from patients with conjunctivitis, and compared the results with those of the combination of culture isolation and neutralization test. PCR was positive in 38 out of 70 samples (54.3%), whereas 33 of 70 samples (47.1%) were positive by cell culture. Compared with cell culture isolation, the PCR method had a sensitivity of 100% (33 of 33). Positive PCR samples were further classified into Ad 37 (44.7%), 3 (39.5%), 11 (7.9%), 8 (5.3%), and 4 (2.6%) by PCR-RFLP analysis. Of five samples that were PCR positive and cell culture negative, three samples were Ad 37 and two were Ad 8 by PCR-RFLP analysis. These differentiations of cell culture positive samples were identical to the results of the neutralization test. It took only about three days to detect and identify Ad by PCR-RFLP analysis, whereas it took at least two weeks by culture isolation and neutralization test. Our newly developed method of detecting and typing human Ad by PCR-RFLP analysis is more sensitive, accurate, and prompt than the conventional cell culture isolation and neutralization test.
High resolution laser range detection using extremely chirped pulses from a mode-locked semiconductor laser (2007)

Spectral interferometry is used in conjunction with pairs of time reversed, extremely chirped femtosecond pulses to demonstrate high energies with simultaneous high resolution range measurements using a femtosecond mode-locked semiconductor laser.