gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of human glutamate dehydrogenases: Implications for glutamate, ammonia and energy metabolism in brain (2001)

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD or NADP as cofactors. In mammalian brain, GDH is located predominantly in astrocytes, where it is probably involved in the metabolism of transmitter glutamate. The exact mechanisms that regulate glutamate fluxes through this pathway, however, have not been fully understood. In the human, GDH exists in heat-resistant and heat-labile isoforms, encoded by the GLUD1 (housekeeping) and GLUD2 (nerve tissue-specific) genes, respectively. These forms differ in their catalytic and allosteric properties. Kinetic studies showed that the K(m) value for glutamate for the nerve tissue GDH is within the range of glutamate levels in astrocytes (2.43 mM), whereas for the housekeeping enzyme, this value is significantly higher (7.64 mM; P < 0.01). The allosteric activators ADP (0.1-1.0 mM) and L-leucine (1.0-10.0 mM) induce a concentration-dependent enzyme stimulation that is proportionally greater for the nerve tissue-specific GDH (up to 1,600%) than for the housekeeping enzyme (up to 150%). When used together at lower concentrations, ADP (10-50 mM) and L-leucine (75-200 microM) act synergistically in stimulating GDH activity. GTP exerts a powerful inhibitory effect (IC(50) = 0.20 mM) on the housekeeping GDH; in contrast, the nerve tissue isoenzyme is resistant to GTP inhibition. Thus, although the housekeeping GDH is regulated primarily by GTP, the nerve tissue GDH activity depends largely on available ADP or L-leucine levels. Conditions associated with enhanced hydrolysis of ATP to ADP (e.g., intense glutamatergic transmission) are likely to activate nerve tissue-specific GDH leading to an increased glutamate flux through this pathway.
Small Body GN and C Research Report: G-SAMPLE - An In-Flight Dynamical Method for Identifying Sample Mass [External Release Version] (2006)

G-SAMPLE is an in-flight dynamical method for use by sample collection missions to identify the presence and quantity of collected sample material. The G-SAMPLE method implements a maximum-likelihood estimator to identify the collected sample mass, based on onboard force sensor measurements, thruster firings, and a dynamics model of the spacecraft. With G-SAMPLE, sample mass identification becomes a computation rather than an extra hardware requirement; the added cost of cameras or other sensors for sample mass detection is avoided. Realistic simulation examples are provided for a spacecraft configuration with a sample collection device mounted on the end of an extended boom. In one representative example, a 1000 gram sample mass is estimated to within 110 grams (95% confidence) under realistic assumptions of thruster profile error, spacecraft parameter uncertainty, and sensor noise. For convenience to future mission design, an overall sample-mass estimation error budget is developed to approximate the effect of model uncertainty, sensor noise, data rate, and thrust profile error on the expected estimate of collected sample mass.
Functionality and prevalence of trehalose‐based oligosaccharides as novel compatible solutes in ascospores of N eosartorya fischeri ( A spergillus fischeri ) and other fungi (2014)

Ascospores of Neosartorya, Byssochlamys and Talaromyces can be regarded as the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells. They can survive exposure at temperatures as high as 85°C for 100 min or more. Neosartorya fischeri ascospores are more viscous and more resistant to the combined stress of heat and desiccation than the ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus which contain predominantly trehalose. These ascospores contain trehalose-based oligosaccharides (TOS) that are novel compatible solutes, which are accumulated to high levels. These compounds are also found in other members of the genus Neosartorya and in some other genera within the order Eurotiales that also include Byssochlamys and Talaromyces. The presence of oligosaccharides was observed in species that had a relatively high growth temperature. TOS glasses have a higher glass transition temperature (Tg ) than trehalose, and they form a stable glass with crystallizing molecules, such as mannitol. Our data indicate that TOS are important for prolonged stabilization of cells against stress. The possible unique role of these solutes in protection against dry heat conditions is discussed.
Weak nonlinearity for strong non-normality (2022)

We propose a theoretical approach to derive amplitude equations governing the weakly nonlinear evolution of non-normal dynamical systems, when they experience transient growth or respond to harmonic forcing. This approach reconciles the non-modal nature of these growth mechanisms and the need for a centre manifold to project the leading-order dynamics. Under the hypothesis of strong non-normality, we take advantage of the fact that small operator perturbations suffice to make the inverse resolvent and the inverse propagator singular, which we encompass in a multiple-scale asymptotic expansion. The methodology is outlined for a generic nonlinear dynamical system, and four application cases highlight common non-normal mechanisms in hydrodynamics: the streamwise convective non-normal amplification in the flow past a backward-facing step, and the Orr and lift-up mechanisms in the plane Poiseuille flow.
Double Cancerand Longevity (1988)

Cases of malignant tumors of the head and neck during a period of 4 years were analyzed with respect to the relationship of double cancer between its onset in terms of age of onset, family history, smoking and immunological competence was examined. Distribution by site was low in the nasal, paranasal and lingual areas, and was high in the larynx and thyroid gland. Incidence of double cancers was fairly high (8.3%)and age at the onset was about 10 years older than that of the primary tumors of the head and neck. Of 7 patients with double cancers,5 had a family history of cancer and 2 of the 4 patients with laryngeal cancer had a smoking history.Immunological competence showed decreased activity in 2 of the 3 cases examined. One patient with triple cancer (the stomach, larynx and thyroid gland) had a history of smoking, but had no family history of cancer or decreased immunological competence.
A buffer cache architecture for smartphones with hybrid DRAM/PCM memory (2015)

Flash memory is widely used in mobile phones to store contact information, applications files and other types of data. In an operating system, the buffer cache keeps the I/O blocks in DRAM to reduce the slow flash accesses. However, in smartphones, the benefits of buffer cache are reduced due to the bulk of synchronous writes of applications for reliability issues. In this paper, we propose a buffer cache architecture with hybrid DRAM/PCM memory, which improves the I/O performance for smartphones. We use a DRAM first-level buffer cache to provide high buffer cache performance and a PCM last-level buffer cache to reduce the impact of frequent synchronous writes. Based on the proposed hierarchical buffer cache architecture, we propose a sub-dirty-block management and background flush to reduce the impact of the PCM write limitation and the dirty block writeback overhead, respectively. The experimental results show that with the proposed mechanisms, our hierarchical buffer cache can improve the I/O response time by 20% compared to the conventional buffer cache.
Selected abstracts (1996)

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Naturally Attenuated, Orally Administered Mycobacterium microti as a Tuberculosis Vaccine Is Better than Subcutaneous Mycobacterium bovis BCG (2002)

Mycobacterium microti is phylogenetically closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a member of that complex of organisms. It is a curved, acid-fast bacillus that is naturally attenuated with a narrow host range for Microtus species only. In this study, we confirm the unique susceptibility of voles to infection with M. microti and the relative resistance of mice with a significantly lower organism burden after 8 weeks of infection. In addition, histopathologic examination of lungs reveals a lack of cellular, granulomatous aggregates characteristically seen in murine M. tuberculosis infection. In the past, M. microti has been used successfully in humans as a vaccine against tuberculosis but was associated with cutaneous reactions. In an attempt to circumvent this adverse effect, we report the efficacy of aerosol and oral vaccination with M. microti. High-dose orogastric vaccination with M. microti resulted in a statistically significant improvement in protection against aerosol challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis in the murine model compared with subcutaneous M. bovis BCG Pasteur vaccination.
Time-frequency analysis of late time electromagnetic transients from radar targets (2007)

Radar target recognition based on late time target resonance detection has been widely reported in the literature. Determination of the commencement of the late time period is crucial when extracting such resonance information because including the early time components significantly degrades the accuracy of the extraction due to the time-varying behaviour in this portion of the signature. In this paper an investigation of the late time commencement point is carried out in the time-frequency domain using the example of a wire scatterer.
Pesticide Formulations (1988)

Pesticide formulators are concerned with development of physically and chemically stable pesticide compositions which can be applied uniformly by the user and which result in effective and efficient pest control. The various types of pesticide formulations and the factors which affect formulation choice have been well documented (1). Pesticide formulation ingredients include biologically active agents, clays, solvent diluents, surfactants and polymers.
Introduction to Aberrations in Optical Imaging Systems (2012)

The competent and intelligent optical design of today's state-of-the-art products requires an understanding of optical aberrations. This accessible book provides an excellent introduction to the wave theory of aberrations and will be valuable to graduate students in optical engineering, as well as to researchers and technicians in academia and industry interested in optical imaging systems. Using a logical structure, uniform mathematical notation and high quality figures, the author helps readers to learn the theory of optical aberrations in a modern and efficient manner. In addition to essential topics such as the aberration function, wave aberrations, ray caustics and aberration coefficients, this text covers pupil aberrations, the irradiance function, aberration fields and polarization aberrations. It also provides a historical perspective by explaining the discovery of aberrations and two chapters provide insight into classical image formation; these topics of discussion are often missing in comparable books.
Rat retinal pigment epithelial cells show specificity of phagocytosis in vitro. (1986)

The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell of the eye normally phagocytozes only retinal rod outer segments (ROS). The specificity of this phagocytic process was examined by incubating RPE cells with a variety of particle types. Confluent RPE cell cultures were incubated for 3 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of rat ROS, rat red blood cells (RBC), algae, bacteria, or yeast. Other cell cultures were incubated with equal numbers of ROS and one other particle type. Quantitative scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the numbers and morphology of particles bound to RPE cells, while double immunofluorescence labeling (Chaitin, M. H., and M. O. Hall, 1983, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 24:812-820) was used to quantitate particle binding and ingestion. Both assays demonstrated phagocytosis to be a highly specific process. RPE cells bound 40-250 X more ROS than RBC, 30 X more ROS than algae, and 5 X more ROS than bacteria or yeast. Ingestion was more specific than binding; RPE cells ingested 970 X more ROS than RBC, 140 X more ROS than bacteria, and 35 X more ROS than yeast. The phagocytic preference for ROS was maintained in competition experiments with other particle types. Serum was found to be essential for phagocytosis. This study demonstrates that both the binding and ingestion phases of phagocytosis are highly specific processes.
Small Hyperechoic Nodules in Chronic Liver Diseases Include Hepatocellular Carcinomas With Low Cyclin D1 and Ki–67 Expression (1999)

In spite of the importance of periodic screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by ultrasonography (US) in patients with underlying liver disease, the clinicopathological characteristics of hyperechoic nodules have not been clearly evaluated. The aim of this study was to characterize the pathological and proliferating features of small hyperechoic nodules. Tissue specimens of 55 hyperechoic and 107 hypoechoic nodules less than 20 mm in diameter in patients with chronic liver disease were obtained by echo-guided needle biopsy and examined histopathologically. Of these, 42 (76%) hyperechoic and 56 (52%) hypoechoic nodules were diagnosed as HCC, and 82% of hyperechoic HCCs contained fatty change and/or clear cell change. In addition, immunohistochemical staining using cyclin D1, p53, and Ki-67 was examined. A high-level expression of cyclin D1 was found in only 5% of hyperechoic HCCs, in contrast to 38% of hypoechoic HCCs (P <.02). The labeling index of Ki-67 in hyperechoic HCCs was lower than in hypoechoic HCCs (4.2% vs. 8.9%; P <.003). However, there was no difference on p53 staining between them. Retrospective follow-up study revealed that hyperechoic nodules showed slow growth (doubling time, median: 1,403 days) initially, and came to show rapid growth (doubling time, median: 56 days). From these results, small hyperechoic nodules in chronic liver diseases are worth notice as candidates for well-differentiated HCC with low cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression.
More results on the number of zeros of multiplicity at least r (2017)

We consider multivariate polynomials and investigate how many zeros of multiplicity at least $r$ they can have over a Cartesian product of finite subsets of a field. Here r is any prescribed positive integer and the definition of multiplicity that we use is the one related to Hasse derivatives. As a generalization of material in [2,5] a general version of the Schwartz-Zippel was presented in [8] which from the leading monomial -- with respect to a lexicographic ordering -- estimates the sum of zeros when counted with multiplicity. The corresponding corollary on the number of zeros of multiplicity at least $r$ is in general not sharp and therefore in [8] a recursively defined function $D$ was introduced using which one can derive improved information. The recursive function being rather complicated, the only known closed formula consequences of it are for the case of two variables [8]. In the present paper we derive closed formula consequences for arbitrary many variables, but for the powers in the leading monomial being not too large. Our bound can be viewed as a generalization of the footprint bound [10,6] -- the classical footprint bound taking not multiplicity into account.
A Nonlocal Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method for Rician Noise Reduction in MR Images (2009)

Postacquisition denoising of magnetic resonance (MR) images is of importance for clinical diagnosis and computerized analysis, such as tissue classification and segmentation. It has been shown that the noise in MR magnitude images follows a Rician distribution, which is signal-dependent when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. It is particularly difficult to remove the random fluctuations and bias introduced by Rician noise. The objective of this paper is to estimate the noise free signal from MR magnitude images. We model images as random fields and assume that pixels which have similar neighborhoods come from the same distribution. We propose a nonlocal maximum likelihood (NLML) estimation method for Rician noise reduction. Our method yields an optimal estimation result that is more accurate in recovering the true signal from Rician noise than NL means algorithm in the sense of SNR, contrast, and method error. We demonstrate that NLML performs better than the conventional local maximum likelihood (LML) estimation method in preserving and defining sharp tissue boundaries in terms of a well-defined sharpness metric while also having superior performance in method error.
The Application of Charge-Coupled Devices to Spread-Spectrum Systems (1980)

The application of charge-coupled device (CCD) technology to spread-spectrum systems is presented. In particular, CCD pseudonoise matched filters and recursive integrators are described functionally and as semiconductor devices. Then, applications to various modulation formats are considered in terms of integrated circuit architecture. Acquisition and synchronization for directsequence and hybrid frequency-hopping spread-spectrum systems are also covered. Finally, random time-division multiple-access acquisition and data demodulation are considered.
ChemInform Abstract: Review — Manganese‐Based P2‐Type Transition Metal Oxides as Sodium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials (2016)

Abstract Review: 129 refs.
Assessing the Performance of Compression Based Clustering for Text Mining (2016)

The nature of the human brain is to find patterns in whatever surrounds us. Thus, we are all developing models of our personal universe. In an extended form, a constant preoccupation of philosophers has been to model the universe. Clustering is one of the most useful tools in the data mining process for discovering groups and identifying patterns in the underlying data. This paper addresses the compression based clustering approach and focuses on validating this method in the context of text mining. The idea is supported by the evidence that compression algorithms provide a good evaluation of the informational content. In this context, we developed an integrated clustering platform, called EasyClustering, which incorporates 3 compressors, 4 distance metrics and 3 clustering algorithms. The experimental validation presented in this paper focuses on clustering text documents based on informational content.
Biometallorganische Chemie – Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit α-Aminosäuren und Peptiden (1998)

Ein neues interdisziplinäres Forschungsgebiet ist die Biometallorganische Chemie; sie befaßt sich mit der Einführung von metallorganischen Fragmenten in Biomoleküle (siehe z. B. Struktur rechts). Die „klassischen”︁ α-Aminosäure- und Peptidliganden haben sich dabei als besonders vielseitig erwiesen und eröffnen unter anderem einen Zugang zu stereochemisch interessanten Verbindungen. α-Aminosäuren und Peptide können durch metallorganische Verbindungen synthetisiert, markiert, stabilisiert oder aktiviert werden.
Determining the effect of ADT (Degarelix) on PSMA levels in Prostate Cancer PDXs using [18]F-DCFPyL. (2019)

10 Introduction: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is highly expressed in most prostate cancers (PCa). PSMA targeted PET scans of PCa patients have revealed differential PSMA expression levels in response to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). A better understanding of the relationship between PSMA and ADT would be beneficial to deduce more reliable information from PSMA PET scans and assist in determining the next course of the treatment plan. The purpose of current work is to evaluate the changes in PSMA levels in response to ADT in the genomically characterized LuCAP141 and LuCAP136 PDX models by using [18F] DCFPyL a PSMA PET imaging agent over the treatment paradigm. METHODS: PSMA PET imaging agent [18F]DCFPyL was synthesized by coupling the PSMA inhibitor DCFPyL with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl-6-[18F]fluoronicotinate. In vitro saturation binding studies were performed with LuCAP141 and 136 tumor membranes. For the in vivo study PDX bearing mice were randomly divided into control and ADT treated (degarelix, 25mg/Kg,) groups. Mice in both groups were imaged with [18F]DCFPyL (100 µCi, i.v, 1h post-injection) at baseline (0 days), day 7, 14, and 21 followed by caliper measurements of the tumor over the 3 weeks ADT paradigm. Tumor:muscle ratios (T:M) were determined from this images as [%injected dose/g(ID/g)tumor/(%ID/g)muscle]. At day 21 biodistribution [%injected dose/g (%ID/g)] was performed following PET imaging. Tumors were also histologically analyzed (H & E, PSMA, and AR). RESULT AND DISCUSSION: In vitro[18F]DCFPyL exhibited a high binding affinity (Kd
Production of S<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>OF<sub>10</sub>, and S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub> from Spark and Negative-Corona Discharges in SF<sub>6</sub> and SF<sub>6</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> Gas Mixtures (1996)

The rates for production of the compounds S2F10, S2OF10, and S2O2F10 have been measured both in spark and continuous, constant-current negative glow corona discharges generated using point-to-plane electrode gaps in 'pure'SF6 and SF6/O2 gas mixtures containing up to 10% oxygen by volume fraction. In the case of corona discharges in pure SF6, the S2F10 concentrations were measured as a function of time during discharge operation using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for gas pressures in the range of 100kPa to 500kPa and at discharge currents between 2μA and 80μA. The charge rate-of-production of S2F10 from negative corona is observed to drop with decreasing discharge current, and the yield curves exhibit nonlinearities in the early stages of the discharge associated with "conditioning" of the point electrode. The initial nonlinearities become more pronounced with increasing gas pressure. The absolute yields of S2OF10 and S2O2F10 were measured as a function of O2 content in SF6 for both negative glow corona (40μA and 200kPa) and spark discharge (80J/spark and 100kPa). The gas analysis in the case of spark discharges was performed after each spark using a cryogenic enrichment chromatographic technique. When O2 is added to the gas, there is a dramatic drop in the S2F10 yield from both types of discharges with a corresponding increase in S2OF10 yield from the spark and S2O2F10 yield from the corona discharge. The results can be explained within the framework of a plasma-chemical model from considerations of the competition among the reactions of SF5 radicals produced by dissociation of SF6 in the discharge with SF5 itself as well as with O2 and O, and the relative degree of O2 dissociation in the two types of discharges.