gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Turn-on, Knee, and Offset Voltages of InAlGaP/GaAs HBTs Using $\delta$-Doping in the InAlGaP Emitter (2010)

In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> (Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> ) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> P/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are demonstrated as an alternative to AlGaAs/GaAs and InGaP/GaAs HBTs for microwave applications. The effects of δ -doping in the InAlGaP emitter on both electron transport and transistor performance are systemically explored. For comparison, a reference HBT with an identical epilayer design to that of the δ-doped HBT, except for the absence of a δ-doping layer, is processed at the same time. The two design options are established to yield comparable dc current gains β . InAlGaP can be selectively etched over GaAs, making the device etching routine. Notably, δ-doping simultaneously reduces the knee voltage <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">knee</sub> , the offset voltage <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">offset</sub> , and the turn-on voltage <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BE, on</sub> of the HBTs of interest. This paper also sheds light on the behavior of the offset voltage for these devices. An unexpected attribute of the investigated devices is the effect of the base current on the offset voltage. The offset voltage is analyzed using a modified large-signal model. A further important inference of this paper is that the β of the transistor is flat across a large range of currents at room temperature. The use of InAlGaP as the emitter layer substantially decreases the variation of β with substrate temperature in the HBTs. The stability of the dc current gain with varying temperature is attributable to the inherent characteristics of this material system. The results make InAlGaP/GaAs δ-HBTs viable contenders for millimeter-wave application.
Generic Object Recognition by Inference of 3-D Volumetric Parts (2009)

Recognizing 3-D objects from a single 2-D image is one of the most challenging problems in computer vision; it requires solving complex tasks along multiple axes. Humans perform this task effortlessly, and have no problems describing objects in a scene, even if they have never seen these objects before. This is illustrated in Figure 5.1. The first task is to extract a set of features from the image, thus producing descriptions of the image different from an array of pixel values. A second task involves defining a model description, and producing a database of such models. One must then establish correspondences between descriptions of the image and those of the models. The last task consists of learning new objects, and adding their descriptions to the database. If the database is large, then an indexing scheme is required for efficiency.
DNA and aspects of molecular biology (2002)

Thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleic acid association/dissociation and folding processes, G.E. Plum et al. probing DNA structure by NMR, C. de los Santos molecular probes of DNA structure, J.T. Millard oligonucleotide synthesis, R.P. Iyer, S.L. Beaucage attachment of reporter and conjugate groups to DNA, S.L. Beaucage use of nucleoside analogues to probe biochemical processes, L.W. McLaughlin et al. DNA with altered backbones in antisense applicationsm, Y.S. Sanghvi DNA with altered bases, G.R. Revankar, T. Sudhakar Rao topological modification of DNA - circles, loops, knots, and branches, E.T. Kool chemistry of DNA damage, M.M. Greenberg DNA intercalators. W.D. Wilson DNA minor groove binders, T.C. Jenkins DNA-binding peptides, J. Chmielewski et al. covalent modification of DNA by natural products, K.S. Gates DNA-damaging enediyne compounds, Z. Xi, I.H. Goldberg DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, T.L. MacDonald et al. DNA selection and amplification, D. Sen cloning as a tool for organic chemists, B.L. Miller, J.D. Pickert.
Identification of Legionella pneumophila genes required for growth within and killing of human macrophages (1993)

Legionella pneumophila was mutagenized with Tn903dIIlacZ, and a collection of mutants was screened for defects in macrophage killing (Mak-). Of 4,564 independently derived mutants, 55 (1.2%) showed a reduced or complete lack in the ability to kill HL-60-derived human macrophages. Forty-nine of the Mak- mutants could be assigned to one of 16 DNA hybridization groups. Only one group (9 of the 10 members) could be complemented for macrophage killing by a DNA fragment containing icm and dot, two recently described L. pneumophila loci that are required for macrophage killing. Phenotypic analysis showed that none of the mutants were any more sensitive than the wild type to human serum, oxidants, iron chelators, or lipophilic reagents nor did they require additional nutrients for growth. The only obvious difference between the Mak-mutants and wild-type L. pneumophila was that almost all of the Mak- mutants were resistant to NaCl. The effects of LiCl paralleled the effects of NaCl but were less pronounced. Resistance to salt and the inability to kill human macrophages are linked since both phenotypes appeared when Tn903dIIlacZ mutations from two Mak- strains were transferred to wild-type backgrounds. However, salt sensitivity is not a requisite for killing macrophages since a group of Mak- mutants containing a plasmid that restored macrophage killing remained resistant to NaCl. Mak- mutants from groups I through IX associated with HL-60 cells similarly to wild-type L. pneumophila. However, like the intracellular-multiplication-defective (icm) mutant 25D, the Mak- mutants were unable to multiply within macrophages. Thus, the ability of L. pneumophila to kill macrophages seems to be determined by many genetic loci, almost all of which are associated with sensitivity to NaCl.
Geographical Variability in Paromomycin Pharmacokinetics Does Not Explain Efficacy Differences between Eastern African and Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients (2021)

The developed model provides detailed insight into the pharmacokinetic differences among Eastern African countries and India, however the resulting differences in paromomycin exposure do not seem to explain the geographical differences in paromomycin efficacy in the treatment of VL patients.
The CNES Real-time PPP with Undifferenced Integer Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator (2011)

Integer ambiguity resolution on undifferenced GPS phase data has made a lot of progress in recent years. By combining pseudo-range and phase information, it is possible to fix integer ambiguities on zero-difference phase measurements, for dual-frequency problems, without any atmospheric models. Phase measurements then become pseudo-range-like measurements with millimeter noise level. Using these measurements, and precise satellite ephemerides, it is possible to perform the synchronization of a regional network, to compute satellite clocks. These clocks have an interesting property: they allow the positioning of independent receivers using a PPP-like method, with integer ambiguity fixing. The achieved positioning accuracy is at the centimeter level. This method can also be applied to real-time positioning [ION NTM 2008, ION ITM 2009 and ION GNSS 2010 meetings]. The core of the real-time implementation is a Kalman Filter working with both real- and integer-valued phase ambiguities. The filter produces satellite orbits and clocks compatible with integer ambiguity fixing. These products are then ingested by algorithms developed for user receivers to perform real-time positioning with accuracy comparable to standard RTK. To demonstrate that this processing strategy is compatible with the latency constraints imposed by real-time applications, and with the level of performance typical of common personal computers, CNES has developed a complete real-time ‘integer PPP’ demonstrator. The paper presents the architecture of the demonstrator. It also presents results obtained within the framework of the Real-Time IGS Pilot project, as well as results from a stand-alone experiment. In order for users to assess the potential offered by this new approach to real-time positioning, CNES provides a free user test package containing all the tools needed to perform PPP with ambiguity resolution. This test package includes an access to the CNES caster, documentation to understand the nature of the ambiguity resolution parameters, and a modified version of the BNC software which handles ambiguity fixing. This material is available on a dedicated web site (www.ppp-wizard.net).
Wavelet Based Feed Forward Wind Gust Control of Wind Turbines (2013)

Interest in using LIDARs for control of wind turbines have in the last couple of years dramatically increased. Purposes have been to improve control of fatigue and extreme load cases. It is clearly beneficial if the wind field can be known in advance before the wind field meets the wind turbine rotor. However, most works have assumed a frozen turbulence; basically meaning that the wind field would change from the measurement at the LIDAR to it hits the wind turbine rotor. Some work have been published on using extracted features from the LIDAR measurement, which describes e.g. the general trends of the mean wind speed, which can be used for control of the wind turbine in case of a wind gust. The point is that if a wind gust is measured in front of the wind turbine is quite certain that it will hit the wind turbine in short given time, however, the amplitude and shape of the wind gust might changes a bit especially if the spatial distribution of the wind field considered as well. The features are selected to describing the general trends of the wind gust, which can be expected to be seen at the wind turbine as well. A wind gust is something which has a compact support both in time and frequency; it is therefore very relevant to use a joint time and frequency basis to extract these relevant features. Wavelet basis is such a joint time and frequency basis, which is often used to extract and support features in signals with properties similar to a mean wind speed measurement with wind gusts. An additional advantage of using a wavelet basis for the feature extraction is that the basis vectors can be scale in length according to the time length of the wind gust. In this work a scheme which extracts features using a wavelet basis from a mean wind speed measurement from a LIDAR in front of a wind turbine is proposed, the extracted features are used in a feed forward control scheme which provides and add on pitch control signal to the standard power and speed controller. The proposed scheme is applied the to the 5MW NREL reference turbine using a FAST implementation of the turbine, for the simulations. These simulations show the potential of the proposed scheme.
Fabrication of an all-oxide thermoelectric power generator (2001)

An oxide thermoelectric device was fabricated using Gd-doped Ca3Co4O9 p-type legs and La-doped CaMnO3 n-type legs on a fin. The power factors of p legs and n legs were 4.8×10−4 Wm−1 K−2 and 2.2×10−4 Wm−1 K−2 at 700 °C in air, respectively. With eight p–n couples the device generated an output power of 63.5 mW under the thermal condition of hot side temperature Th=773 °C and a temperature difference ΔT=390 °C. This device proved to be operable for more than two weeks in air showing high durability.
Advances in spoken dialogue systems development (2003)

The paper describes some aspects of previous developments of spoken dialogue systems. Furthermore, some of the services that are most attractive for applications of spoken dialogue systems are given. The development of a robust dialogue manager is discussed and open problems of robust speech recognition are described. Current trends in spoken dialogue systems development and automatic speech recognition and synthesis are also outlined.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 Predicts Quantity of Hepatic Steatosis Independent of Insulin Resistance and Body Weight (2015)

Hepatic steatosis in children is positively associated with circulating levels of PAI-1 independent of body mass index, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential role of PAI-1 as a therapeutic target in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Using a commercial software for patient pre-treatment and during treatment QA. (2013)

The aim of this study is the evaluation of the accuracy of the dose calculation algorithm available in the&#13;\nDosimetryCheck quality control system used for patient QA. Dosimetry Check allows for both pretreatment&#13;\nQA and in vivo dose verification. In vivo dose allows the clinician to see the dose delivered to the&#13;\npatient, so treatments can be assessed and modified in the remaining fractions if necessary. The software&#13;\nuses the EPID measured fluences of the treatment fields to reconstuct the dose distribution in the CT&#13;\nplanning model of the patient. Since the dose calculation algorithm is different from that used by Pinnacle&#13;\nand Monaco planning system, this provides an independent check of planning accuracy as well as treatment&#13;\ndelivery.
Racial Differences In Outcome After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation For Multiple Myeloma: Influence Of Time To Referral To Transplant Center (2010)

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is considered a key component of the management of newly diagnosed, transplant eligible, multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Survival after diagnosis of multiple myeloma is inferior in African-American (AA) patients when compared to Caucasian patients. Whether this difference persists in patients treated with AHSCT is unknown and conflicting results have arisen from different series. We analyzed the differences in outcome between Caucasian (C) and non-Caucasian (NC-predominantly AA) patients undergoing AHSCT for MM at our institution inquiring if differences in time to referral to the transplant center would translate into differences in outcome. Retrospective analysis of the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) MM transplant database with particular attention to time from diagnosis to transplant (surrogate for time to referral) and survival after transplantation. Between 1999 and 2009, 102 patients underwent a first AHSCT for MM at MUSC. Sixty two patients (61%) were C and 40 (39%) NC (38 were AA). Median age at the time of diagnosis was 58 (39-70) for C and 56 (34-69) for NC (p=n.s.). Fifty four (53%) were female. There was no difference between C and NC in hemoglobin, calcium, creatinine or B2 microglobulin prior to AHSCT. Nine three (91%) patients received conditioning chemotherapy with Melphalan 200 mg/m2. Day 100 mortality was 4% (4.8% for C vs. 2.5% for NC, P=n.s.). Median interval from diagnosis to transplant, a surrogate of access to care, was 10 months (range 3-57) for C and 10 months (range 5-42) for NC (p=n.s.). There was no difference between racial groups in overall survival from the time of diagnosis (median 59.3 months for C vs. 53.3 months for NC, P=n.s) or from the time of first AHSCT (median 51.8 months for C vs 36.5 months for NC, P=n.s.). In a setting where caucasian and non-caucasian patients have similar access to AHSCT, no race-associated discrepancy in outcome was identified. Inferior outcome for AA patients with MM reported in prior series may have resulted exclusively from differences in access to treatments, including AHSCT.
From LATEX to HTML and back (1995)

Both L A T E X and HTML are languages that can express the structure of a document, and similarities between these two systems are shown. A detailed study is made of the LaTeX2HTML program, written by Nikos Drakos, that is today the most complete utility for translating L A T E X code into HTML, providing a quasi-automatic translation for most elements. A discussion of a few other tools for translating between HTML and L A T E X concludes the article. 1 Similarities between L A T E X and HTML HTML and L A T E X are both generic markup systems, and a comparison between tags for structural elements in both cases is shown in Table 1. In most cases the differences are trivial, seeming to indicate that, at first approximation, translating between these two systems should not prove too difficult. The translation programs described in this article use these similarities, but in order to exploit the richness of the L A T E X language as compared to HTML (especially HTML2, whic...
The Frequency of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease by Age, Ethnic Group, and Sex in Northern Manhattan, 1988–1993 (1995)

Sex and ethnic differences in the frequency of Parkinson's disease have become increasingly important, because putative genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified. The authors estimated the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in a culturally diverse community in New York City over a 4-year period (January 1, 1988-December 31, 1991) using a disease registry substantiated, for older individuals, by a subsequent survey of a random sample of Medicare recipients between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1993. The prevalence rate was 107 per 100,000 persons, and over a 3-year period the average incidence rate was 13 per 100,000 person-years. Age-adjusted prevalence rates were lower for women than for men in each ethnic group and were lower for blacks than for whites and Hispanics. Incidence rates were highest among black men, but they were otherwise comparable across the sex and ethnic groups. The estimated cumulative incidence of Parkinson's disease up to age 90 years was lower for women than for men, which could partially explain the lower prevalence rate. By ethnic group, the cumulative incidence was higher for blacks than for whites and Hispanics, but more deaths occurred among incident black cases. Discrepant prevalence and incidence rates of Parkinson's disease among blacks and women warrant further investigation. While selective mortality could partially account for this paradox, it is also possible that a delay in diagnosis due to limited access to appropriate health services among these individuals could have resulted in the observed discordant rates of disease.
Preclinical pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and docetaxel (1998)

The taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel represent a novel class of antineoplastic agents. A major problem of both drugs is their low aqueous solubility and the design of suitable formulations has been a difficult step in the process of therapeutic development. The formulations currently used are mixtures of Cremophor EL:ethanol for paclitaxel (Taxol) and Tween 80:ethanol for docetaxel (Taxotere), but many new approaches have been tested or are under investigation. Paclitaxel and docetaxel have a similar mechanism of action, which is based on promotion of tubulin assembly and inhibition of microtubule disassembly. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a marked non-linearity of paclitaxel in mice, which appeared to result exclusively from Cremophor EL, the major component present in the pharmaceutical formulation. An almost linear pharmacokinetic behavior was observed in the case of docetaxel. The reported plasma protein binding of both compounds ranged from 76 to 97% in different animal species. Paclitaxel and docetaxel widely distribute into most tissues of mice and rats, including tumor tissue, but only low concentrations were detected in the central nervous system. Despite the great similarity in the chemical structures of paclitaxel and docetaxel, their metabolic profile is very distinct. Furthermore, whereas paclitaxel metabolism is largely species dependent, docetaxel metabolism is similar across species in both isolated hepatic microsomal fractions and in vivo models. For both taxanes, hepatobiliary excretion is the major pathway of elimination and a major fraction of the dose is excreted in feces as parent drug or hydroxylated metabolites.
Resonance tuning behavior in closely spaced inhomogeneous bilayer metamaterials (2011)

We have measured the interaction between closely spaced bilayer split ring resonators (SRRs) by varying separation layer and orientation. Terahertz time domain measurements match closely to simulations for arrays separated by a thin micron-scale polyimide layer. Experimental results indicate that bilayer SRRs resonances strongly depend on interlayer coupling tunable by separation and orientation. Simulation shows a relatively high Q resonance (Q≈30) is associated with the “antialigned” SRR pair at separations of λ/500. Metamaterials tuned through interlayer coupling allows resonances at frequencies lower than the natural resonance of individual SRRs which has implications for electrically small antenna design.
High thermoelectric performance enabled by convergence of nested conduction bands in Pb7Bi4Se13 with low thermal conductivity (2021)

Thermoelectrics enable waste heat recovery, holding promises in relieving energy and environmental crisis. Lillianite materials have been long-term ignored due to low thermoelectric efficiency. Herein we report the discovery of superior thermoelectric performance in Pb<sub>7</sub>Bi<sub>4</sub>Se<sub>13</sub> based lillianites, with a peak figure of merit, zT of 1.35 at 800 K and a high average zT of 0.92 (450-800 K). A unique quality factor is established to predict and evaluate thermoelectric performances. It considers both band nonparabolicity and band gaps, commonly negligible in conventional quality factors. Such appealing performance is attributed to the convergence of effectively nested conduction bands, providing a high number of valley degeneracy, and a low thermal conductivity, stemming from large lattice anharmonicity, low-frequency localized Einstein modes and the coexistence of high-density moiré fringes and nanoscale defects. This work rekindles the vision that Pb<sub>7</sub>Bi<sub>4</sub>Se<sub>13</sub> based lillianites are promising candidates for highly efficient thermoelectric energy conversion.
A description of a laboratory model magnetic suspension test fixture with large angular capability (2003)

The Large-Angle Magnetic Suspension Test Fixture (LAMSTF) research project is reviewed. In the LAMSTF, a cylindrical element containing a permanent magnet core is levitated above a planar array of electromagnets, permitting demonstration of stability and control in five degrees of freedom, and of controlled rotation of the model in one degree of freedom over a range of 360 degrees. The air-gap is around 0.1 m. The objectives of the research effort and the hardware involved are reviewed, and the control problem and the approaches used are described. Two mathematical models have been developed to assist in the design and evaluation of controllers, a linearized and a full nonlinear model. Control approaches demonstrated so fast have included analog and digital phase-advance compensators with static decoupling and a digital linear-quadratic regulator. A digital linear-quadratic-Gaussian controller is under development.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>