gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drill‐bit seismic interferometry with and without pilot signals* (2009)

ABSTRACT We use different interferometry approaches to process the seismic signals generated by a drill‐bit source in one well and recorded by seismic receivers located both in a second borehole and at the surface near the source well. We compare the standard interferometry results, obtained by using the raw drill‐bit data without a pilot signal, with the new interferometry results obtained by using the drill‐bit seismograms correlated with a reference pilot signal. The analysis of the stationary phase shows that the final results have different S/N levels and are affected by the coherent noise in the form of rig arrivals. The interferometry methods are compared by using different deconvolution approaches. The analysis shows that the results agree with the conventional drill‐bit seismograms and that using the reference pilot signal improves the quality of the drill‐bit wavefields redatumed by the interferometry method.
An experimental investigation into the effect of periodic motion on proton dosimetry using polymer gel dosimeters and a programmable motion platform (2012)

Organ motion in proton therapy affects treatment dose distribution during both double-scattering (DS) and uniform-scanning (US) deliveries. We investigated the dosimetric impact of target motion using three-dimensional polymer gel dosimeters and a programmable motion platform. A simple one-beam treatment plan with 16 cm range and 6 cm modulation was generated from the treatment planning system (TPS) in both the DS and US modes. One gel dosimeter was irradiated with a stationary DS beam. Two other gel dosimeters were irradiated with the DS and US beams while they moved in the same sinusoidal motion profile using a programmable motion platform. The dose distribution of the stationary DS delivery agreed with the TPS plan. Dosimetric comparisons between DS motion delivery and the MATLAB-based motion model showed insignificant differences. Dose-volume histograms of a cylindrical target volume inside the gel dosimeters showed target coverage degradation caused by motion. A three-dimensional gamma index calculation (3% and 3 mm) confirmed different dosimetric impacts from DS and US with the same target motion. This polymer-gel-dosimeter-based study confirmed the dosimetric impact of intrafraction target motion and its interplay with temporal delivery of different energy layers in US proton treatments.
An analytical study of electronic properties of ABC-stacking multilayer graphene (2017)

We present an analytical model to study the electronic properties, including full band structure, low energy dispersions around the Dirac point and density of states of the ABC-stacking $N$-layer graphene (ABCNLG). An ABCNLG can be simulated by a linear atomic chain with $2N$ atoms. With only nearest-neighbor inter- and intra-layer hopping integrals taken into account, the Hamiltonian representation is a complex $2N \times 2N$ tridiagonal matrix $H_0$. Through a unitary transformation, we can reduce the $2N \times 2N$ Hamiltonian matrix into two real $N \times N$ tridiagonal matrices $\mathbb{H}_{s}$ and $\mathbb{H}_{a}$, i. e., $H_0=\mathbb{H}_{s} \oplus \mathbb{H}_{a} $. What's more, the two matrices satisfy the relation $\mathbb{H}_{a}=-\mathbb{H}_{s}$. As a result, energy spectrum associated with $\mathbb{H}_{s}$ and $\mathbb{H}_{s}$ have the relation $λ_{a}=-λ_{s}$. Such a characteristic is reflected on the energy dispersions and density of states. Our model can be applied to explore the basic properties of linear chain model and the eigenvalue problem of the tridiagonal matrices.
Abstract P181: Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Risk of Systemic Inflammation-induced Multimorbidity among the Elderly: Results from the Population-based KORA-Age Study (2013)

The living and working environments of spacecraft become progressively contaminated by a number of microorganisms. A large number of microorganisms, including pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are fungi, have been found in the cabins of space stations. However, it is not known how the characteristics of microorganisms change in the space environment. To predict how a microgravity environment might affect fungi, and thus how their characteristics could change on board spacecraft, strains of the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were subjected to on-ground tests in a simulated microgravity environment produced by a three-dimensional (3D) clinostat. These fungi were incubated and cultured in a 3D clinostat in a simulated microgravity environment. No positive or negative differences in morphology, asexual reproductive capability, or susceptibility to antifungal agents were observed in cultures grown under simulated microgravity compared to those grown in normal earth gravity (1 G). These results strongly suggest that a microgravity environment, such as that on board spacecraft, allows growth of potentially pathogenic fungi that can contaminate the living environment for astronauts in spacecraft in the same way as they contaminate residential areas on earth. They also suggest that these organisms pose a similar risk of opportunistic infections or allergies in astronauts as they do in people with compromised immunity on the ground and that treatment of fungal infections in space could be the same as on earth.
Enhanced Antifouling Feed Spacer Made from a Carbon Nanotube–Polypropylene Nanocomposite (2019)

Spacers are widely used in membrane technologies to reduce fouling and concentration polarization. Fouling can start from the spacer surface and grow, thereby reducing flux, selectivity, and operation lifetime. Fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin was used for fouling studies and observed during cross-flow filtration operation for up to 144 h. Here, we mixed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polypropylene (PP) to make a spacer with better antifouling than plain PP spacers. The fouling process was observed by scanning electron microscopy and monitored in situ by fluorescence microscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations show that bovine serum albumin has a lower interaction energy with the nanocomposite CNTs/PP spacer than with the plain PP. The findings are relevant for the development of spacers to improve the operation lifetime of membranes in filtration technologies.
Genome-wide copy number variation analysis of hepatitis B infection in a Japanese population (2021)

Genome-wide association studies have been performed to identify common genetic variants associated with hepatitis B (HB). However, little is known about copy number variations (CNVs) in HB. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CNV analysis between 1830 healthy controls and 1031 patients with HB infection after quality control. Using signal calling by the Axiom Analysis Suite and CNV detection by PennCNV software, we obtained a total of 4494 CNVs across all individuals. The genes with CNVs that were found only in the HB patients were associated with the immune system, such as antigen processing. A gene-level CNV association test revealed statistically significant CNVs in the contactin 6 (CNTN6) gene. Moreover, we also performed gene-level CNV association tests in disease subgroups, including hepatocellular carcinoma patients, liver cirrhosis patients, and HBV carriers, including asymptomatic carriers and patients with HBV-derived chronic hepatitis. Our findings from germline cells suggested that patient-specific CNVs may be inherent genetic risk factors for HB.
On Time-sensitive Control Dependencies (2021)

We present efficient algorithms for time-sensitive control dependencies (CDs). If statement y is time-sensitively control dependent on statement x , then x decides not only whether y is executed but also how many timesteps after x . If y is not standard control dependent on x , but time-sensitively control dependent, then y will always be executed after x , but the execution time between x and y varies. This allows us to discover, e.g., timing leaks in security-critical software. We systematically develop properties and algorithms for time-sensitive CDs, as well as for nontermination-sensitive CDs. These work not only for standard control flow graphs (CFGs) but also for CFGs lacking a unique exit node (e.g., reactive systems). We show that Cytron’s efficient algorithm for dominance frontiers [ 10 ] can be generalized to allow efficient computation not just of classical CDs but also of time-sensitive and nontermination-sensitive CDs. We then use time-sensitive CDs and time-sensitive slicing to discover cache timing leaks in an AES implementation. Performance measurements demonstrate scalability of the approach.
Isomerisierungswege bei tert‐ButylCp‐substituierten (Dien)zirconocen‐ und ‐hafnocen‐Komplexen (1987)

Abstract η 4 ‐Dienkomplexe der tert ‐ButylCp‐substituierten gewinkelten Metallocen‐Einheiten (CpCMe 3 ) 2 Zr, (CpCMe 3 ) 2 Hf und (CpC‐Me 3 )CpZr wurden durch Umsetzung der entsprechenden Metallocen‐dichloride 9, 10 und 13 mit Dien‐Magnesium‐Reagenzien des Butadiens, Isoprens und 2,3‐Dimethylbutadiens erhalten. Die ( s‐cis‐/s‐trans ‐η 4 ‐Dien)metallocen‐Gleichgewichtslage wird durch Einführung der tert ‐Butylgruppen am Cp‐Liganden z. T. erheblich zugunsten des ( s‐cis ‐Dien)‐Isomeren beeinflußt [z. B. ( s‐cis‐/s‐trans ‐η 4 ‐Butadien)Zr(η‐C 5 H 4 R) 2 : für RH: 21c/21t =55:45; für RCMe 3 : 14c/14t =94:6]. Die Aktivierungsbarriere der ( s‐trans ‐Dien)‐→ ( s‐cis ‐Dien)metallocen‐Isomerisierung erniedrigt sich durch die sperrigen tert ‐ButylCp‐Substituenten [vgl. 21t → 21c : Δ G ≢ t/c (+ 10.5°C)=22.7 kcal/mol; 14t → 14c : Δ G ≢ t/c (–10°C)=19.5 kcal/mol]. Anhand der dynamischen NMR‐Spektren läßt sich beim ( s‐cis ‐Butadien)(CpCMe 3 ) 2 Zr‐Komplex 14c außer der Dien‐Metallocen‐Topomerisierung (Δ G ≢ F (–10°C)=13.5 kcal/mol) die gehinderte Cp–M‐Rotation des tert ‐Butyl‐substituierten Cyclopentadienylliganden nachweisen (Δ G ≢ R (–80°C)=9.8 kcal/mol). Gehinderte Rotation um den M–Cp‐Vektor wurde auch für die ( s‐cis ‐η 4 ‐Dien)M(CpCMe 3 ) 2 ‐Komplexe 15c (Butadien, MHf), 18c bzw. 19c (2,3‐Dimethyl‐butadien, MZr bzw. Hf) sowie ( s‐trans ‐η 4 ‐2,3‐Dimethylbutadien)Hf(CpCMe 3 ) 2 ( 19t ) festgestellt. Nach den 1 H‐NMR‐NOE‐Differenzspektren öffnet sich im Hauptisomeren 20c des ( s‐cis ‐η 4 ‐Butadien)ZrCp(CpCMe 3 )‐Gemisches ( 20c/20c′ =88:12) der Dienligand in Richtung auf die unsubstituierte Cp‐Gruppierung. Für die gehinderte Zr–(η‐CpCMe 3 )‐Rotation in 20c (Δ G ≢ R (–75°C)=9.4 kcal/mol) ist vermutlich die Wechselwirkung des Cp‐Substituenten mit den Methingruppierungen des komplexierten Diensystems verantwortlich.
Multi-cluster protocol for ad hoc mobile underwater acoustic networks (2003)

An autonomous network of underwater vehicles is considered in which there is no central node, but the vehicles communicate in a distributed manner over multiple hops. The focus of network design is on a scalable multiple access technique which is applicable to varying coverage areas as well as varying number of vehicles. The proposed scheme relies on grouping the adjacent vehicles into clusters, and using time-division multiple access within each cluster. Interference among clusters is managed by assigning different spreading codes to adjacent clusters, while scalability is achieved by spatial reuse of the codes. Network operation begins with an initialization phase, and moves on to continuous maintenance during which mobility is managed. Performance is quantified through measures of connectivity, successful transmission rate, average delay and energy consumption. Simulation analysis is used to obtain optimal cluster size and transmission power for a network with given density of vehicles.
Dynamic Malware Detection Using API Similarity (2017)

Hackers create different types of Malware such as Trojans which they use to steal user-confidential information (e.g. credit card details) with a few simple commands, recent malware however has been created intelligently and in an uncontrolled size, which puts malware analysis as one of the top important subjects of information security. This paper proposes an efficient dynamic malware-detection method based on API similarity. This proposed method outperform the traditional signature-based detection method. The experiment evaluated 197 malware samples and the proposed method showed promising results of correctly identified malware.
New Ring-Opening Polymerization via a π-Allylpalladium Complex. 5. Multibranching Polymerization of Cyclic Carbamate To Produce Hyperbranched Dendritic Polyamine (1998)

Hyperbranched dendritic polyamine consisting of primary, secondary (a nonbranching junction), and tertiary (a branching junction) amino moieties was produced by Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative ring-opening polymerization of 5-methyleneperhydro-1,3-oxazin-2-one (2) at 25 °C with the aid of benzylamine as the initiator. The degree of branching of the product polymer was dependent on the reaction solvent (60−80%). This is an example of multibranching polymerization where propagating ends multiply with the progress of the polymerization. Monomer 2 is activated by formation of a π-allylpalladium complex, which reacts with the propagating primary or secondary amino moiety. The number of amine protons that are the propagating ends increases by one at every step of the propagation.
A randomized clinical trial of cryotherapy, laser vaporization, and loop electrosurgical excision for treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix (1998)

The data support a high success rate with all three modalities. No significant difference in success rates was observed between the three treatments in our population. Additional attention and research should be directed toward the higher risk patients identified above.
Bidirectional importance sampling for direct illumination (2005)

Image-based representations for illumination can capture complex real-world lighting that is difficult to represent in other forms. Current importance sampling strategies for image-based illumination have difficulties in cases where both the illumination and the surface BRDF contain important high-frequency detail – for example, when a specular surface is illuminated by an environment map containing small light sources.We introduce the notion of bidirectional importance sampling, in which samples are drawn from the product distribution of both the surface reflectance and the light source energy. While this approach makes the sample selection process more expensive, we drastically reduce the number of visibility tests required to obtain good image quality. As a consequence, we achieve significant quality improvements over previous sampling strategies for the same compute time.
Proposal for precise spectroscopy of high-frequency oscillating fields with a single qubit sensor (2020)

Precise spectroscopy of oscillating fields plays significant roles in many fields. Here, we propose an experimentally feasible scheme to measure the frequency of a fast-oscillating field using a single-qubit sensor. By invoking a stable classical clock, the signal phase correlations between successive measurements enable us to extract the target frequency with extremely high precision. In addition, we integrate dynamical decoupling technique into the framework to suppress the influence of slow environmental noise. Our framework is feasible with a variety of atomic and single solid-state-spin systems within the state-of-the-art experimental capabilities as a versatile tool for quantum spectroscopy.
Microstructural evolution and thermal stability of nitride‐based metal/semiconductor superlattices for thermoelectric and hard‐coating applications (2016)

A detailed analysis on the quality and microstructure of various metal/semiconductor superlattices employing HR(S)/TEM (high‐resolution (scanning)/transmission electron microscopy) imaging and energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping on as‐deposited and annealed samples is presented. Epitaxial metal/semiconductor superlattices are known to be promising candidates for compounds in electronic, photonic, and plasmonic devices, but are also of interest for applications as hard coatings, and in thermoelectric materials [1]. The crystalline quality of the superlattices, in terms of their defect density, phase purity, interface roughness, and stoichiometry of the individual layers, plays a crucial role with respect to the physical properties and thus the applicability of such superlattice stacks. It was recently shown that metal/semiconductor superlattices based on (Al,Sc)N as the semiconductor component can be grown epitaxially with low‐defect densities by magnetron sputtering on [001]MgO substrates [2]. Phase formation and thermal stability studies of as‐deposited and long‐time annealed cubic TiN/(Al,Sc)N superlattices employing a combination of HR(S)/TEM and EDX mapping revealed intermixing of the TiN and (Al,Sc)N layers by interdiffusion of the metal atoms with increased annealing time [3]. Improved (Ti,W)N/(Al,Sc)N [4] and (Hf,Zr)N/ScN [5] superlattices were grown by magnetron sputtering and analyzed with various TEM methods, and their microstructural evolution as well as thermal stability becomes presented here. An example is show in Figure 1, which shows an overview of an improved cubic (Ti,W)N/(Al,Sc)N superlattice stack in cross‐section STEM (a), and a typical HRTEM micrograph of the metal/semiconductor interface region, demonstrating the high epitaxial quality of the growth [4]. Figure 2 demonstrates the superior thermal stability of the (Zr,Hf)N‐ based systems as compared to previous TiN‐ based superlattices. EDX mapping at high‐resolution before and after annealing at 950 °C for 120 hours reveals diffusion of the metal atoms in the TiN/AlScN system (b), while the Hf0.5Zr0.5N/ScN superlattice stays intact (d). All experiments were conducted at Linköping's image‐ and probe‐corrected and monochromated FEI Titan3 60‐300 microscope equipped with a Gatan Quantum ERS GIF, high‐brightness XFEG source, and Super‐X EDX detector, operated at 300 kV [6].
Persistent spectral hole-burning materials as pulse shapers: phase analysis of a chirped coherent filter (2003)

We apply Fourier-transform spectral interferometry to complete phase and intensity characterization of a chirped filter engraved in a persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) material. The conjugated transfer function of a grating pair compressor is stored in a PSHB material as an accumulated spectral hologram that behaves as a pulse stretcher. By directing the diffracted pulse back through the compressor, we verified that the PSHB stretcher’s transfer function is indeed conjugated to that of the grating pair compressor. We have extended the spectral phase analysis to regions where the engraved structure is much narrower than the spectrometer’s resolution.
An analytical throughput model for bulk data transfers over wide area networks (2004)

This work presents an analytical queuing network model for bulk data transfers over long distances. Large scale scientific applications like climate modeling and high energy physics generate huge amounts of data that needs to be replicated across long distances for collaboration purposes. In addition, businesses need to copy critical data to remote sites for disaster recovery. The performance of these kinds of applications depends on the latency of the link due to the physical distance between the sites. The model presented in this paper uses the most prominent characteristics of remote data transfer applications and simplifies the performance prediction. This study shows that the overall throughput is mostly determined by the latency of the link, bandwidth of the link, number of round trips required for each I/O operation, and the number of simultaneously active I/O operations (asynchronous window size). Through laboratory and field experiments, we show that the model is capable of approximating the performance of remote data transfers within a very small error range.
Receptor-Specific Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids Conjugated to Three Sequentially Linked N-Acetyl Galactosamine Moieties into Hepatocytes (2020)

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are DNA analogs that bind with high affinity to DNA and RNA in a sequence-specific manner but have poor cell permeability, limiting use as therapeutic agents. The work described here is motivated by recent reports of efficient gene silencing specifically in hepatocytes by small interfering RNAs conjugated to triantennary <i>N</i>-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc), the ligand recognized by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). PNAs conjugated to either triantennary GalNAc at the N-terminus (the branched architecture) or monomeric GalNAc moieties anchored at C<sup>γ</sup> of three consecutive PNA monomers of <i>N</i>-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (<i>aeg</i>) scaffolds (the sequential architecture) were synthesized on the solid phase. These formed duplexes with complementary DNA and RNA as shown by UV and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The fluorescently labeled analogs of GalNAc-conjugated PNAs were internalized by HepG2 cells that express the ASGPR but were not taken up by HEK-293 cells that lack this receptor. The sequential conjugate was internalized about 13-fold more efficiently than the branched conjugate into HepG2 cells, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. The results presented here highlight the potential significance of the architecture of GalNAc conjugation for efficient uptake by target liver cells and indicate that GalNAc-conjugated PNAs have possible therapeutic applications.
Understanding perceived quality through visual representations (2016)

The formatting of images can be considered as an optimization problem, whose cost function is a quality assessment algorithm. There is a trade-off between bit budget per pixel and quality. To maximize the quality and minimize the bit budget, we need to measure the perceived quality. In this thesis, we focus on understanding perceived quality through visual representations that are based on visual system characteristics and color perception mechanisms. Specifically, we use the contrast sensitivity mechanisms in retinal ganglion cells and the suppression mechanisms in cortical neurons. We utilize color difference equations and color name distances to mimic pixel-wise color perception and a bio-inspired model to formulate center surround effects. Based on these formulations, we introduce two novel image quality estimators PerSIM and CSV, and a new image quality-assistance method BLeSS. We combine our findings from visual system and color perception with data-driven methods to generate visual representations and measure their quality. The majority of existing data-driven methods require subjective scores or degraded images. In contrast, we follow an unsupervised approach that only utilizes generic images. We introduce a novel unsupervised image quality estimator UNIQUE, and extend it with multiple models and layers to obtain MS-UNIQUE and DMS-UNIQUE. In addition to introducing quality estimators, we analyze the role of spatial pooling and boosting in image quality assessment.
STORAGE STABILITY of FRANKFURTERS CONTAINING CORN GERM PROTEIN (1990)

Storage stability of frankfurters containing 3% corn germ protein (CGP) defatted by supercritical CO2 or hexane was determined by sensory characteristics and chemical and microbiological tests. Meaty aroma and meaty flavors scores of control and experimental samples decreased from 46.3–49.2 points after 3 days of storage to 34.2–42.3 points after 50 days of storage. Rates of increase in values of total volatile nitrogen (TVN), nonammonia amino nitrogen (NAAN), and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were similar in control and experimental frankfurters. These results of TVN, NAAN, and TBA tests indicated chemical changes in the protein and lipid components of frankfurters during storage. the incorporation of 3% CGP (both types) did not affect the rate of bacterial growth in frankfurters or stability during 50 days of storage at 3–4°:C.