gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toxin-antitoxinvapBClocus participates in formation of the dormant state inMycobacterium smegmatis (2014)

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci are widely spread in bacterial plasmids and chromosomes. Toxins affect important functions of bacterial cells such as translation, replication and cell-wall synthesis, whereas antitoxins are toxin inhibitors. Participation in formation of the dormant state in bacteria is suggested to be a possible function of toxins. Here we show that overexpression of VapC toxin in Mycobacterium smegmatis results in development of morphologically distinct ovoid cells. The ovoid cells were nonreplicating and revealed a low level of uracil incorporation and respiration that indicated their dormant status. To validate the role of VapBC in dormancy formation, we used a model of dormant, 'nonculturable' (NC) M. smegmatis cells obtained in potassium-limited conditions. Overexpression of VapB antitoxin prevented transition to dormancy, presumably due to a decreased level of the free VapC protein. Indeed, this effect of the VapB was neutralized by coexpression of the cognate VapC as a part of the vapBC operon. In summary, these findings reveal participation of vapBC products in formation of the dormant state in M. smegmatis.
MANAGEMENT AND CULTURAL PRACTICES OF IRISH POTATO AND SWEET POTATO AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOIL LOSS (1992)

The cultural and management practices for Irish Potato and Sweet Potato were monitored, along with various plant growth parameters. Data was collected on row width, plant spacing, irrigation, root mass, plant population, vegetative dry matter, canopy height, yeild, above ground biomass, root depth, canopy cover, leaf area index, and stem diameter. Climatic parameters such as rainfall, average daily temperatures, and growing degree days. The data was imputed into the erosion prediction model WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) and the annual soil loss was compared between the crops. Results suggest that Irish Potato is better crop for conserving soil.
Prostaglandin Analogs in the Treatment of Glaucoma (1999)

Prostaglandin (PG) analogs are some of the most recent additions to the list of ocular hypotensive medications. Two analogs of naturally occurring PGs are available commercially, isopropyl unoprostone (Rescula [Ciba Vision, Atlanta, GA]) and latanoprost (Xalatan [Pharmacia & Upjohn, Bridgewater, NJ]). Presently, latanoprost 0. 005% is the only PG analog commercially available in the United States. These agents have been shown to be the most effective topical medications for reducing intraocular pressure. They have a different mechanism of action than other ocular hypotensives, and act primarily by increasing uveoscleral outflow. Because of this, PGs have a substantial additive effect when used with agents that reduce aqueous production (eg, beta blockers or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) or that increase trabecular outflow facility (eg, pilocarpine). Local side effects include mild conjunctival hyperemia and local irritation, darkening of iris color, increased growth of eyelashes, and a possible association with cystoid macular edema or iritis in some patients with other risk factors. No systemic side effects have been proven to be caused by latanoprost. Recommended dosing is once daily at bedtime.
Human prostate cancer bone metastases have an actionable immunosuppressive microenvironment (2020)

Abstract Bone metastases are devastating complications of cancer. They are particularly common in prostate cancer, represent incurable disease and are refractory to immunotherapy. We sought to define distinct features of the bone marrow microenvironment by analyzing single cells from prostate cancer patients’ involved bone, uninvolved bone and distant bone sites as well as bone from cancer-free, orthopedic patients and healthy individuals. Metastatic prostate cancer was associated with multifaceted immune distortion, specifically exhaustion of distinct T cell subsets, appearance of macrophages with states specific to prostate cancer bone metastases. The chemokine CCL20 was notably overexpressed by myeloid cells, as was its cognate CCR6 receptor on T cells. Disruption of the CCL20-CCR6 axis in mice with syngeneic prostate bone metastases restored T cell reactivity and significantly prolonged animal survival. Comparative high resolution analysis of prostate cancer bone metastasis shows a targeted approach for relieving local immunosuppression for therapeutic effect.
Buoyancy-driven centripetal pumping for nested sample preparation in bioassays (2014)

In this paper we present a method of buoyancy-driven centripetal pumping utilizing a heavy, water-immiscible liquid to displace an aqueous sample radially inwards against the prevailing centrifugal force. Using formerly introduced dissolvable-film valving, we demonstrate metering and bidirectional periodical pumping of a single sample in the radial direction. We then show integrated sample discretisation, meter-ing and buoyancy-driven inward pumping in a microfluidic structure designed towards multi-parameter bioassays. This structure permits centrifugation of sample on the periphery of a disc (where the centrifugal field p) and proves a high degree of metering accuracy better than 1.2%
Total Synthesis of the Natural Product Benzo[j]fluoranthene-4,9-diol: An Approach to the Synthesis of Oxygenated Benzo[j]fluoranthenes (2013)

A synthetic sequence to the benzo[j]fluoranthene nucleus is described. Crucial steps of the procedure include a Suzuki coupling between appropriately substituted 2-bromo-acenaphthylene-1-carbaldehydes and 2-formylbenzeneboronates followed by McMurry ring closure. The synthesis represents a new approach to the benzo[j]fluoranthene ring system and specifically provides a method for the rapid preparation of differently substituted derivatives. Following this strategy, the first total synthesis of the recently isolated natural product benzo[j]fluoranthene-4,9-diol was carried out.
Enantioselective Total Syntheses of FR901464 and Spliceostatin A and Evaluation of Splicing Activity of Key Derivatives (2014)

FR901464 (1) and spliceostatin A (2) are potent inhibitors of spliceosomes. These compounds have shown remarkable anticancer activity against multiple human cancer cell lines. Herein, we describe efficient, enantioselective syntheses of FR901464, spliceostatin A, six corresponding diastereomers and an evaluation of their splicing activity. Syntheses of spliceostatin A and FR901464 were carried out in the longest linear sequence of 9 and 10 steps, respectively. To construct the highly functionalized tetrahydropyran A-ring, we utilized CBS reduction, Achmatowicz rearrangement, Michael addition, and reductive amination as key steps. The remarkable diastereoselectivity of the Michael addition was specifically demonstrated with different substrates under various reaction conditions. The side chain B was prepared from an optically active alcohol, followed by acetylation and hydrogenation over Lindlar's catalyst. The other densely functionalized tetrahydropyran C-ring was derived from readily available (R)-isopropylidene glyceraldehyde through a route featuring 1,2-addition, cyclic ketalization, and regioselective epoxidation. These fragments were coupled together at a late stage through amidation and cross-metathesis in a convergent manner. Six key diastereomers were then synthesized to probe the importance of specific stereochemical features of FR901464 and spliceostatin A, with respect to their in vitro splicing activity.
Restoration of hair growth in mice with an alopecia areata‐like disease using topical anthralin (2004)

Anthralin is a widely used topical anti-psoriatic drug that may have an immunomodulating effect on alopecia areata (AA) as it does in psoriasis. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of anthralin on hair growth in balding C3H/HeJ mice affected by an AA-like disease and to study the underlying mechanisms. Affected C3H/HeJ mice were treated daily for 10 weeks on half of the dorsal skin with 0.2% anthralin and the contra-lateral side was treated with the vehicle ointment. The percentage of surface hair coverage and hair density was graded weekly for both sides and hair growth indices were calculated using these two variables. Hair regrowth was observed in 9/14 mice on the treated sides. Four mice displayed near complete replacement of normal density and length hairs. All the vehicle-treated sides showed either no change or continued hair loss. An RNase protection assay (RPA) showed that expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and -beta were inhibited by anthralin upon successful treatment. It appears that anthralin may be an effective therapy for C3H/HeJ mice with AA and certain cytokines may be involved in the therapeutic effects of anthralin on restoring hair regrowth in AA-affected C3H/HeJ mice.
A comparison between dithienosilole and dithienogermole donor–acceptor type co-polymers for organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices (2012)

We report the synthesis of peripherally alkylated dithienosilole (DTS) and dithienogermole (DTG) monomers that possess side chains of different lengths (methyl vs. butyl) attached to a bridging heavy atom (Si or Ge) and the resulting copolymers with benzothiadiazole (BT) units. We study the optoelectronic and charge transport properties of these copolymers, with a particular focus on their use for bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices in blends with phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM). Enhanced charge carrier mobility is observed by substituting Si atom with Ge atom and better mixing of copolymers with PC70BM desirable for better charge generation is obtained by shortening the side chain length of copolymers from butyl to methyl groups. We observe a very high open circuit voltage (Voc = ∼0.94 V) in single layer blend devices (polymer:PC70BM = 1 : 4 by weight in DCB) with good device performance (PCE = 2.66%, Jsc = 6.11 mA cm−2, FF = 0.46) using Ge substituted copolymers with methyl side groups. Neither additional pre- or post-thermal annealing steps nor additives to the photoactive blend layer are needed to achieve such device performance. Based on detailed investigation including absorption, emission, charge carrier mobility and quantum chemical calculations for molecular geometry and electronic energy levels, we clarify the role of the heavy atom substitution in the donor–acceptor bridged copolymers and discuss their effects on device performance in bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells.
Factor V Leiden in patients with acute coronary syndromes. (1999)

A common mutation in coagulation factor V gene gives rise to factor V Leiden, which is resistant to the proteolytic activity of activated protein C. This mutation is known to be a major inherited risk factor for venous thrombosis. In order to investigate the possible pathogenetic role of factor V Leiden in coronary thrombosis, we screened patients with acute ischemic heart disease for this genetic mutation. We conducted a case-control study on 114 unrelated patients referred to the Cardiology Department of a University Hospital for coronary angiography. Fifty-three case patients with myocardial infarction or unstable angina were compared with 61 control patients seen for a different coronary syndrome or for stable angina pectoris. The two groups did not differ with respect to the well established risk factors for ischemic heart disease. For each patient genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood by standard techniques; the DNA region carrying the mutation was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the allele-specific restriction digestion was used in order to detect the mutation itself. The frequency of factor V Leiden was 0.028 among cases and 0.008 among controls (p = 0.5). According to the data presented, factor V Leiden cannot be considered as a risk factor for acute coronary events.
Characterization of the microtubule-activated ATPase of brain cytoplasmic dynein (MAP 1C). (1988)

We recently found that the brain cytosolic microtubule-associated protein 1C (MAP 1C) is a microtubule-activated ATPase, capable of translocating microtubules in vitro in the direction corresponding to retrograde transport. (Paschal, B. M., H. S. Shpetner, and R. B. Vallee. 1987b. J. Cell Biol. 105:1273-1282; Paschal, B. M., and R. B. Vallee. 1987. Nature [Lond.]. 330:181-183.). Biochemical analysis of this protein (op. cit.) as well as scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that MAP 1C is a brain cytoplasmic form of the ciliary and flagellar ATPase dynein (Vallee, R. B., J. S. Wall, B. M. Paschal, and H. S. Shpetner. 1988. Nature [Lond.]. 332:561-563). We have now characterized the ATPase activity of the brain enzyme in detail. We found that microtubule activation required polymeric tubulin and saturated with increasing tubulin concentration. The maximum activity at saturating tubulin (Vmax) varied from 186 to 239 nmol/min per mg. At low ionic strength, the Km for microtubules was 0.16 mg/ml tubulin, substantially lower than that previously reported for axonemal dynein. The microtubule-stimulated activity was extremely sensitive to changes in ionic strength and sulfhydryl oxidation state, both of which primarily affected the microtubule concentrations required for half-maximal activation. In a number of respects the brain dynein was enzymatically similar to both axonemal and egg dyneins. Thus, the ATPase required divalent cations, calcium stimulating activity less effectively than magnesium. The MgATPase was inhibited by metavandate (Ki = 5-10 microM for the microtubule-stimulated activity), 1 mM NEM, and 1 mM EHNA. In contrast to other dyneins, the brain enzyme hydrolyzed CTP, TTP, and GTP at higher rates than ATP. Thus, the enzymological properties of the brain cytoplasmic dynein are clearly related to those of other dyneins, though the brain enzyme is unique in its substrate specificity and in its high sensitivity to stimulation by microtubules.
Apodization method in UWB SAR imaging (2014)

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image processing involves a two dimensional (2-D) Fourier Transform (FT) and the spectrum shape introduces high intensity sidelobes. These sidelobes may severely distort the image. Apodization technique can decrease the sidelobes level while preserving the image resolution. However, in Ultra wideband (UWB) SAR imaging, we have to reduce both orthogonal and non-orthogonal sidelobes. In this paper, a new linear window function has been presented based on analysis of different linear and non-linear apodization techniques. This new linear method controls both orthogonal and non-orthogonal sidelobes better than other conventional window functions. This method has been applied and verified with a real SAR image.
Microwave Methods of measuring Changes in Lung Water (1983)

Two microwave methods for measuring changes in lung water content have been investigated. The first is based on measuring changes in the phase of an active microwave signal transmitted through the thorax, while the other is based on measuring the natural microwave radiation emitted by the body with a radiometer. The feasibility of using the active microwave method is investigated by making measurements on phantoms, on anesthetized dogs with induced pulmonary edema, and on isolated dog lungs. The obtained results clearly illustrated that the method is sensitive enough to measure small changes in lung water content. In the radiometer method, on the other hand, both calculations and preliminary measurements in phantoms indicate that the natural microwave emission changes with lung water content and that conventional radiometry systems should be able to detect as little as three to four percent change in lung water content. Initial results from both methods, therefore, indicate the soundness of the basic ideas and justify further development of these methods for clinical use.
Review—Solid Electrolytes for Safe and High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Promises and Challenges (2017)

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) offer a means to enhance the energy density and safety of the state-of-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to their high gravimetric energy density, low cost and environmental benignancy. In this work, the status of the research advances and perspectives on several types of solid electrolytes (SEs) developed for ASSLSBs are reviewed. The promises and challenges of utilizing SEs are discussed taking into account both theoretical calculation and experimental results, in hope of shedding some lights on future design of high energy density, cost competitive, and safe Li-S batteries.
Technologies for personalized medicine and smart health care networks (2012)

Personalized medicine constitutes an important paradigm shift for an improved health care system, requiring specific technologies for its implementation. Imaging modalities have to be further developed and adapted to enable combined diagnostics and targeted therapy (theranostics). Advanced sequencing technologies will be available to decipher the individual genetic profile faster, cheaper and more reliably. Microfluidics, (bio-)sensor research and lab-on-chip technologies will allow decentralized analytics of organ fluids and specimen samples (point-of-care diagnostics). Additionally, individualized sensitivity tests of drugs before administration can be conducted (e.g. anticancer drugs).
VoLTE SRVCC optimization as interim solution for LTE networks with coverage discontinuity (2015)

This paper is focused on the mobile networks with deployment of LTE offering Voice over LTE (VoLTE) services and existing WCDMA layer — in which voice call continuity is ensured through the Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) feature. SRVCC feature enables handover of voice call in LTE to WCDMA layer when users enter poor LTE coverage area. In this paper, it is envisaged that quality of call measured through Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is always better in LTE compared with WCDMA layer. Due to better call quality, maximizing the voice call duration in LTE layer is recommended through SRVCC serving cell threshold optimization. In order to properly set the optimal SRVCC threshold setting, radio condition at which uplink block error rate (UL BLER) increasing higher than 10% and the acknowledgement rate (ACK Rate) degrading below 90% is evaluated. The Transmission Time Interval (TTI) bundling feature improving the uplink VoLTE coverage is also taken into consideration. This paper proposes serving cell SRVCC threshold RSRP = −108dBm for networks without TTI bundling and RSRP = −117dBm for networks with TTI bundling deployment.
ChemInform Abstract: FRAGMENTATION REACTIONS PART 26, BECKMANN FRAGMENTATION AND REARRANGEMENT PART 6, THIAN‐3‐ONE OXIMES (1975)

Abstract Mit Hydroxylaminhydrochlorid ergibt das Keton (I) ein Gemisch des syn‐ und anti‐Oxims (IIa), aus dem sich nur das syn‐Isomere in reiner Form isolieren läßt. Es wird in das Tosylat (IIb) umgewandelt, dessen Solvolyse mit 70%igem Dioxan in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin das Thiazepinon (III) und das Methylidensulfoniumion (IV) ergibt.
Slow Folding of Cross-Linked α-Helical Peptides Due to Steric Hindrance (2010)

The folding process of a 16-residue alpha-helical peptide with an azobenzene cross-linker (covalently bound to residues Cys3 and Cys14) is investigated by 50 molecular dynamics simulations of 4 micros each. The folding kinetics at 281 K show a stretched exponential behavior but become simpler and much faster when a distance restraint is used to emulate a nonbulky cross-linker. The free-energy basin of the helical state is divided into two subbasins by a barrier that separates helical conformations with opposite orientations of the Arg10 side chain with respect to the azobenzene cross-linker. In contrast, such barrier is not present in the helical basin of the peptide with the nonbulky cross-linker, which folds with speed similar to the unrestrained peptide. These results indicate that the cross-linker slows down folding because of steric hindrance rather than its restraining effect on the two ends of the helical segment.
Excess Enthalpy of Monoethanolamine + Ionic Liquid Mixtures: How Good are COSMO-RS Predictions? (2014)

Mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) and molecular amines have been suggested for CO2 capture applications. The basic idea is to replace water, which volatilizes in the amine regeneration step and increases the parasitic energy load, with a nonvolatile ionic liquid solvent. To fully understand the thermodynamics of these systems, here experimental excess enthalpies for binary mixtures of monoethanolamine (MEA) and two ILs: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [hmim][NTf2], and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [OHemim][NTf2], were obtained by calorimetry, using a Setaram C80 calorimeter, over the whole range of compositions at 313.15 K. Since it is the temperature derivative of the Gibbs energy, enthalpy is a sensitive measure of intermolecular interactions. MEA + [hmim][NTf2] is endothermic and MEA + [OHemim][NTf2] is exothermic. The reliability of COSMO-RS to predict the excess enthalpy of the (MEA+IL) systems was tested based on the implementation of two different molecular models to define the structure of the IL: the IL as separate cation and anion [C+A] and the IL as a bonded single specie [CA]. Quantum-chemical calculations were performed to gain additional insight into the intermolecular interactions between the components of the mixture. For MEA + [hmim][NTf2] both the [C+A] and [CA] models predict endothermic behavior, but the [CA] model is in better agreement with the experimental results. For MEA + [OHemim][NTf2] the [C+A] model provides the best match to the experimental exothermic results. However, what is really surprising is that two different conformations of the cation-anion pair with nearly identical energies in the [CA] model result in completely different (exothermic vs endothermic) predictions of the excess enthalpy. Nonetheless, the results do show that the influence of the structure of the IL on the thermodynamic behavior of the mixture (endothermic vs exothermic) can be attributed to hydrogen bonding between the cation and the MEA molecule. However, this study highlights the importance of carefully selecting the molecular model and conformation in order to obtain even qualitatively correct predictions with COSMO-RS. The fact that even very slightly different conformations of the IL can drastically change the thermodynamic estimations using COSMO-RS is of significant concern. Overall, we believe the present work provides a better understanding of the behavior of mixtures involving amines and ILs, which is an important aspect to consider when evaluating the use of such solvent mixtures in CO2 capture technologies.
Preparation and reactivity of nanosized cocrystals formed by sonocrystallization (2007)

X-ray single crystal diffraction is commonly used in structural chemistry.