gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Hydrogel with Tunable pH‐Responsive Properties Produced by Rolling Circle Amplification (2017)

Recently, smart DNA hydrogels, which are generally formed by the self-assembly of oligonucleotides or through the cross-linking of oligonucleotide-polymer hybrids, have attracted tremendous attention. However, the difficulties of fabricating DNA hydrogels limit their practical applications. We report herein a novel method for producing pH-responsive hydrogels by rolling circle amplification (RCA). In this method, pH-sensitive cross-linking sites were introduced into the polymeric DNA chains during DNA synthesis. As the DNA sequence can be precisely defined by its template, the properties of such hydrogels can be finely tuned in a very facile way through template design. We have investigated the process of hydrogel formation and pH-responsiveness to provide rationales for functional hydrogel design based on the RCA reaction.
[Utility of thin-section/high-pitch helical CT for the assessment of small lung nodules]. (1999)

To determine the utility of thin-section/high-pitch CT for the assessment of small lung nodules, a lung phantom was scanned on 1 mm width collimation at variable pitches of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0. Images obtained at pitch 3.0 were degraded visually. Secondly a bead phantom was scanned on 1 mm width collimation at pitches of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0. Focus size was determined with a variable setting of small and large. We obtained maximum and full width at half maximum (FWHM) scans and performed a clinical study of small lung nodules on 1 mm width at pitch 2.0 on small focus. Thirdly, we estimated the image quality of 1 mm/2 mm helical scans in comparison with 1 mm/1 mm helical scans. Comparison was made using axial, MPR and 3D-CT (MIP) images. The axial and MIP images were almost equal qualitatively, whereas MPR images were degraded, especially in the near region of the heart and great vessels, due to motion artifacts. We emphasize the utility of 1 mm/2 mm helical CT in scanning a much larger volume with the same breath holding.
Comparative evaluation of retrospective shading correction methods (2002)

Because of the inherent imperfections of the image formation process, microscopical images are often corrupted by spurious intensity variations. This phenomenon, known as shading or intensity inhomogeneity, may have an adverse affect on automatic image processing, such as segmentation and registration. Shading correction methods may be prospective or retrospective. The former require an acquisition protocol tuned to shading correction, whereas the latter can be applied to any image, because they only use the information already present in an image. Nine retrospective shading correction methods were implemented, evaluated and compared on three sets of differently structured synthetic shaded and shading-free images and on three sets of real microscopical images acquired by different acquisition set-ups. The performance of a method was expressed quantitatively by the coefficient of joint variations between two different object classes. The results show that all methods, except the entropy minimization method, work well for certain images, but perform poorly for others. The entropy minimization method outperforms the other methods in terms of reduction of true intensity variations and preservation of intensity characteristics of shading-free images. The strength of the entropy minimization method is especially apparent when applied to images containing large-scale objects.
Imaging Compatible Electrodes for Continuous Electroencephalogram Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit (2009)

Continuous electroencephalogram in the intensive care unit is increasingly recognized as an important diagnostic and prognostic tool in critically ill patients. Metal disc electrodes or subdermal needle electrodes are neither computed tomography nor magnetic resonance imaging compatible. Their frequent replacement required for imaging purposes is time consuming and contributes to scalp breakdown. We have developed and report on two new types of imaging compatible electrodes. The subdermal wire electrode and the silver-epoxy-coated conductive plastic electrode are magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and angiogram compatible. Moreover, the subdermal wire electrode does not require any daily maintenance. The electrodes were used on a total of 24 intensive care unit patients (subdermal wire electrode = 20, conductive plastic electrodes = 4) who required continuous electroencephalogram. During an average of 62.2 +/- 44 hours of electroencephalogram recording, 54% of the patients underwent imaging procedures (nine magnetic resonance imagings, five computed tomographic scans, and two angiograms) of good quality without the need to remove/replace the electrodes. The continuous electroencephalogram revealed epileptogenic activity that was not detected on standard 20-minute recordings in 28% of patients screened, with electrographic seizures in 11%. These two types of imaging compatible electrodes offer definite advantages in clinical practice. The combined diagnostic information of continuous electroencephalogram and easy-to-plan imaging yields important results and improves the clinical management and treatment of intensive care unit patients.
Reinforcement Learning with Hierarchies of Machines (1997)

We present a new approach to reinforcement learning in which the policies considered by the learning process are constrained by hierarchies of partially specified machines. This allows for the use of prior knowledge to reduce the search space and provides a framework in which knowledge can be transferred across problems and in which component solutions can be recombined to solve larger and more complicated problems. Our approach can be seen as providing a link between reinforcement learning and &amp;quot;behavior-based&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;teleo-reactive&amp;quot; approaches to control. We present provably convergent algorithms for problem-solving and learning with hierarchical machines and demonstrate their effectiveness on a problem with several thousand states. 1 Introduction Optimal decision making in virtually all spheres of human activity is rendered intractable by the complexity of the task environment. Generally speaking, the only way around intractability has been to provide a hierarchical organization for c...
Exploring how socioeconomic status affects neighbourhood environments’ effects on obesity risks: A longitudinal study in Singapore (2022)

Research on how socioeconomic status interacts with neighbourhood characteristics to influence disparities in obesity outcomes is currently limited by residential segregation-induced structural confounding, a lack of empirical studies outside the U.S. and other ‘Western’ contexts, and an over-reliance on cross-sectional analyses. This study addresses these challenges by examining how socioeconomic status modifies the effect of accumulated exposures to obesogenic neighbourhood environments on children and mothers’ BMI, drawing from a longitudinal mother-child birth cohort study in Singapore, an Asian city-state with relatively little residential segregation. We find that increased access to park connectors was associated with a decrease in BMI outcomes for mothers with higher socioeconomic status, but an increase for those with lower socioeconomic status. We also find that increased access to bus stops was associated with an increase in BMIz of children with lower socioeconomic status, but with a decrease in BMIz of children with higher socioeconomic status, while increased access to rail stations was associated with a decrease in BMIz of children with lower socioeconomic status only. Our results suggest that urban interventions might have heterogeneous effects by socioeconomic status.
Preliminary Test of Thermionic Converter/Heat Pipe Assembly (1974)

KEYWORDS: thermionic converterheat pipedirect energy conversionheat transferceramic insulatorcesium neutralizationpotassiumtantalum emitternickel collectorvery high temperature
Analysis for the Vibration Mechanism of the Spillway Guide Wall Considering the Associated-Forced Coupled Vibration (2019)

During the flood discharge in large-scale hydraulic engineering projects, intense flow-induced vibrations may occur in hydraulic gates, gate piers, spillway guide walls, etc. Furthermore, the vibration mechanism is complicated. For the spillway guide wall, existing studies on the vibration mechanism usually focus on the vibrations caused by flow excitations, without considering the influence of dam vibration. According to prototype tests, the vibrations of the spillway guide wall and the dam show synchronization. Thus, this paper presents a new vibration mechanism of associated-forced coupled vibration (AFCV) for the spillway guide wall to investigate the dynamic responses and reveal coupled vibrational properties and vibrational correlations. Different from conventional flow-induced vibration theory, this paper considers the spillway guide wall as a lightweight accessory structure connected to a large-scale primary structure. A corresponding simplified theoretical model for the AFCV system is established, with theoretical derivations given. Then, several vibrational signals measured in different structures in prototype tests are handled by the cross-wavelet transform (XWS) to reveal the vibrational correlation between the spillway guide wall and the dam. Afterwards, mutual analyses of numeral simulation, theoretical derivation, and prototype data are employed to clarify the vibration mechanism of a spillway guide wall. The proposed mechanism can give more reasonable and accurate results regarding the dynamic response and amplitude coefficient of the guide wall. Moreover, by changing the parameters in the theoretical model through practical measures, the proposed vibration mechanism can provide benefits to vibration control and structural design.
Immunological and Virological Changes in Antiretroviral Naïve Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients Randomized to G‐CSF or Placebo Simultaneously with Initiation of HAART (2000)

To determine the efficacy of combined G-CSF and highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study was conducted. Treatment naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients were randomized to receive either placebo or G-CSF (0.3 mg/ml, 3 times a week) for 12 weeks and HAART simultaneously. The trial was terminated prematurely after interim analysis performed because of a case of severe encephalopathia in the G-CSF group. At that point 11 HIV infected patients with a CD4+ T cell count < 350/mm3 had been randomized to the G-CSF group (n = 6) or placebo group (n = 5). In both groups plasma HIV RNA decreased significantly in response to HAART. However, plasma HIV RNA changed significantly different between the two groups with the decrease being less pronounced in the G-CSF group (P = 0.02). The concentrations of CD4+ memory T cells and CD8+ naive and memory T cells increased in response to HAART, and there was a trend towards more pronounced increases in several T-cell subpopulations in the G-CSF group. The CD56+ NK cells increased significantly more in the G-CSF group compared with placebo (P = 0. 000). All patients in the G-CSF group reported bone pain. The present data do not support simultaneous administration of G-CSF with initiation of HAART in treatment naive HIV infected patients.
An Ultrahigh Performance Zinc‐Organic Battery using Poly(catechol) Cathode in Zn(TFSI)2‐Based Concentrated Aqueous Electrolytes (2021)

Abstract Aqueous zinc‐metal batteries (AZMBs) are predicted to be an attractive solutions for viable, high‐performance, and large‐scale energy storage applications, but their advancement is greatly hindered by the lack of adequate aqueous electrolytes and sustainable cathodes. Herein, an ultra‐robust Zn‐polymer AZMB is demonstrated using poly(catechol) redox copolymer (P(4VC 86 ‐ stat ‐SS 14 )) as the cathode and concentrated Zn(TFSI) 2 aqueous solution as stable electrolyte. The Zn(TFSI) 2 electrolyte shows enhanced ion‐transport properties and confers improved (electro)chemical compatibility with superior cell performance compared to traditional ZnSO 4 . The assembled Zn || P(4VC 86 ‐ stat ‐SS 14 ) (2.5 mg cm −2 polymer loading) cell simultaneously delivers remarkable capacities of 324 and 98 mAh g −1 at 1 and 450 C, respectively, and extremely high cyclability with only 0.00035% capacity fading rate/cycle over 48 000 cycles at 30 C. Interestingly, this battery can also operate at extremely low temperatures (−35 °C) still maintaining good capacity values (178 mAh g −1 ). Moreover, 352 Wh kg polymer −1 specific energy is attractive, while the high value of 72 Wh kg polymer −1 at unprecedented specific power of 150 kW kg polymer −1 is particularly intriguing. This overall performance is far superior to the state‐of‐the‐art AZMBs, making it a competitive choice for sustainable batteries without compromising performance.
Concerning the Blood Circulation Inside the Intact Skull (2014)

Abstract This chapter concerns the blood circulation inside the intact skull. The findings regarding blood circulation and volume in the patients with open skulls need to be related to the normal case of closed skulls. The author carries out experiments in the dog with particular focus on venous blood flow. The author concludes that venous blood flow inside the closed skull is under higher pressure than elsewhere in the body. Experiments in the dog also demonstrate that arterial blood flow in the brain shows variations similar to those in other body parts.
Intelligence recruitment in 1945 and ‘Peculiar Personal Characteristics’ (2019)

This chapter outlines the arrangements agreed in 1945 to recruit for the Government Communications Headquarter’s (GCHQ), skills and abilities, and their subsequent modifications. In the last months of 1945, two senior British civil servants corresponded about the size, structure and pay of the post-war signals intelligence organization that was to become GCHQ, the continuation to the pre-war Government Code and Cypher School and its greatly expanded wartime version at Bletchley Park. GCHQ devised its own tests of potential Sigint abilities for the B4’s selection, and someone sensibly suggested that they should also be taken by the A4 candidates. To return to the A and B classes and their creation in 1945 to meet GCHQ’s peacetime requirements for both flair and management: at the beginning of the 1950s, there was an important lurch in the recruitment agreed for them.
Health Canada's human vaccine lot release program: impact on the 3Rs (2011)

Health Canada (HC) is Canada's national regulatory body that oversees the review, authorization, and lot (batch) release of human vaccines. All biologic drugs, including vaccines, are subject to the Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate's Lot Release Program (LRP) before approval and sale. The LRP classifies biologics into one of four risk managed Evaluation Groups based on pre- and post-market evaluation. The extent of lot release testing conducted at HC varies for each group. All vaccines submitted for a Clinical Trial Application or as New Drug Submissions are placed in Group 1a or 1b, respectively. Generally, only Group 1b (manufacturing consistency lots) undergoes targeted testing in addition to a review of manufacturer's test protocols. Targeted testing focuses primarily on potency and can include animal studies, although in vitro assays are favoured when available. In vitro safety assays may also be conducted. Once approved, vaccines are first classified as Group 2 products for which a protocol review and targeted testing are continued. Although HC reserves the right to test all vaccine batches, the percentage of batches tested and types of assays used depends on risk evaluation. Vaccines that are well characterized and have a strong history of consistent manufacture can be placed in Group 3, in which lot release is based on a protocol review with only periodic testing. Vaccines are not placed in Group 4, which is a rapid approval without protocol review for specific biologics. Since its inception in 1995, this testing strategy has led to a significant reduction in animal use at HC. All animal testing conducted at HC for the LRP is reviewed annually by an Institutional Ethics Review Board and subject to the guidelines established by the Canadian Council on Animal Care, which includes the application of 3R principles. HC remains open to the incorporation of alternative testing strategies for vaccine lot release by (1) reviewing and adopting new assays as they become available and are validated, and (2) contributing to the development of new assays for potency and safety through an active vaccine research program.
Efficient and accurate dynamic average-value modeling of current source modular multilevel converter (2016)

Current source modular multilevel converters (CSMMCs) in high-power applications can consist of large number of submodules. Simulations of such systems using full-size traditional detailed model in electromagnetic transient-type (EMT-type) simulation tools involve computational complexity and require very large computing time. This paper presents a computationally efficient and accurate average-value model (AVM) of CSMMC. In the proposed approach, the individual arm of CSMMC is represented by a controlled current source and the dc-side of the converter is represented by the controlled voltage sources. The submodule inductances are represented by a single equivalent inductance on the dc-side. The harmonic contents of the switching events are included using the modulation function in the arm level model while the variations in the submodule inductor currents are ignored. To validate the proposed model, detailed simulation studies of CSMMC based STATCOM is carried out with the proposed AVM and the traditional model in PSCAD/EMTDC. The results of various studies, obtained from both the models, are compared. The close matching of the results proves the validity of the proposed AVM. Moreover, the comparison of simulation time of both the models clearly demonstrates very high computational efficiency of the proposed AVM.
Spherical harmonic expansion of cranial surfaces (1991)

A three-dimensional analytical technique for the representation of the cranial surface based on a spherical harmonic expansion is presented. The analytical surface representation is used in conjunction with a sample iterative ray-intersection algorithm to compute the dose calculation depth. The technique is compared to other conventional techniques and it is determined that the spherical harmonic approach of approximating the cranial surface decreases the depth calculation time by approximately a factor of 60.
On the denseness of the invertible group in Banach algebras (2002)

We examine the condition that a complex Banach algebra $A$ have dense invertible group. We show that, for commutative algebras, this property is preserved by integral extensions. We also investigate the connections with an old problem in the theory of uniform algebras.
Photothermal Absorption Correlation Spectroscopy (2009)

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a popular technique, complementary to cell imaging for the investigation of dynamic processes in living cells. Based on fluorescence, this single molecule method suffers from artifacts originating from the poor fluorophore photophysics: photobleaching, blinking, and saturation. To circumvent these limitations we present here a new correlation method called photothermal absorption correlation spectroscopy (PhACS) which relies on the absorption properties of tiny nano-objects. PhACS is based on the photothermal heterodyne detection technique and measures akin FCS, the time correlation function of the detected signals. Application of this technique to the precise determination of the hydrodynamic sizes of different functionalized gold nanoparticles are presented, highlighting the potential of this method.
Media clips: Implementation of an intuitive media linker (2011)

This paper introduces Media Clips, a novel platform that merges technology and methods ranging from near field communications (NFC) to tangible user interfaces (TUI). Media Clips will enrich the user's end experience and improve the ease of use in media data handling. Media Clips are compact, and easily manufactured. They are low cost devices with acceleration sensors and displays, while also utilizing near field communication. They can collect, transfer and share media data through intuitive user interaction by using NFC and server-client network systems. They can also merge several types of media data by shaking Media Clips together, which enables the users to feel like they are physically handling virtual media. With the server-client network solution, Media Clips transfer and store only the tag information of media data, which are very small in size. This method significantly reduces the media delivery times, compared to the traditional way of transferring the full size of the data. The architecture of Media Clips, application usage examples and its implementation results will be outlined.
Obtenção de hidrogéis de quitosana destinados ao uso tópico contendo nanocápsulas: Caracterização e estudo de liberação in vitro. (2009)

Este trabalho tem por objetivo preparar e caracterizar hidrogis de quitosana contendo capsaicina nanoencapsulada.Tal sistema une a obteno de um filme uniforme e biodegradvel sobre a pele proporcionado pela quitosana, a uma liberao controlada garantida pelas nanocpsulas (NC).Hidrogis de quitosana (3,5%) contendo suspenso de NC, ou somente gua (clssico), foram caracterizados quanto ao pH, teor de frmaco (CLAE-UV), morfologia das NC, valores de consistncia e de escoamento e comportamento reolgico (viscosmetro rotatrio).O perfil de liberao do frmaco a partir do hidrogel de quitosana contendo NC, determinado pelo mtodo do saco de dilise, foi comparado com um hidrogel contendo capsaicina no nanoencapsulada e com um hidrogel de quitosana 2% contendo NC.Os hidrogis apresentaram pH baixo, porm adequado para aplicao tpica, sem alterao durante o armazenamento.As consistncias e os ndices de escoamento medidos foram de 19 3 e 0,76 0,03 e de 13 1 e 0,82 0,01 para os gis com e sem suspenso de NC, respectivamente, demonstrando o efeito das NC no aumento da consistncia.Apenas para o gel clssico observou-se aumento da consistncia aps 30 dias de armazenamento, fato que pode estar relacionado continuidade de reticulao da quitosana, que dificultada quando h NC.O comportamento pseudoplstico dos gis de quitosana e a morfologia das NC no se alteraram aps a obteno do sistema.O teor de capsaicina no hidrogel com NC foi de 94 4 %.O estudo de liberao demonstrou que os gis de quitosana contendo NC apresentaram liberao controlada em comparao ao controle.O hidrogel de quitosana (2%) apresentou liberao mais rpida provavelmente devido a sua menor consistncia.O conjunto dos resultados demonstra que a formulao desenvolvida promissora para a administrao cutnea, especialmente se uma liberao controlada for desejada.