gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NMR line shapes of tunneling methyl groups in enclathrated molecules (1978)

1H NMR line shapes, obtained at low temperatures (T&amp;lt;5 K), are reported for CH3Br, CH3CD2Cl, and CH3CD2Br molecules enclathrated in the heavy water clathrate hydrates, and for CH3CD2I and CH3CCl3 molecules enclathrated together with D2S, in the heavy water double clathrate hydrates. Line shapes for CH3Br and CH3CCl3 are characteristic of very fast and slow tunneling, respectively. Those obtained for the ethyl halides indicated intermediate tunneling rates. To account for the latter line shapes it is necessary to include a distribution in tunneling frequencies in the Apaydin and Clough line shape calculation. Satisfactory simulated spectra are given by a log-normal distribution. The methyl group rotational barrier heights derived from the tunneling frequencies for a threefold sinusoidal barrier can be correlated with the guest molecule dimensions relative to the size of the clathrate hydrate cage.
A Clinical Study of 77 Cases of Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISSNHL) with Diabetes Mellitus (2011)

In a study of 677 patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) between January 2005 and December 2008, we found 77 with diabetes mellitus. An analysis of the 77 yielded the following results: 1) No significant difference was seen in cures between diabetic (36.4%) and nondiabetic (30.0%) groups. Diabetes mellitus did not influence ISSNHL prognosis. 2) Those treated with steroids had significantly better cures than those not treated with steroids. 3) Those with lower HbA1c generally showed better cures. 4) To avoid complications due to diabetes mellitus, ISSNHL patients with diabetes mellitus should be treated under strict control in the hospital.
Performance of OFDM carrier and sampling frequency synchronization on stationary and mobile channels (2002)

All-digital automatic frequency control (AFC) for consumer applications must be both simple and effective in all kinds of environments. This paper presents the AFC synchronization strategy adopted for a COFDM receiver chip previously developed and gives results on the tracking performance in both stationary and mobile environments.
Major adverse cardiovascular events after diagnosis of myocardial injury and types 1 and 2 myocardial infarction (2022)

Among unselected US ED patients undergoing hs-cTnT measurement, most increases are due to myocardial injury, and type 2 MI is more frequent than type 1 MI. Patients with myocardial injury and type 2 MI have morbid outcomes, in large part due to death and HF.
Dysglycemia and a History of Reproductive Risk Factors (2008)

Reproductive factors, particularly GDM, are associated with dysglycemia in middle-aged women from many ethnicities. Reproductive factors can be used to counsel young women about their future risk of dysglycemia, whereas in middle age they may help screen for dysglycemia.
Bloodstream Infections and Clinical Significance of Healthcare-associated Bacteremia: A Multicenter Surveillance Study in Korean Hospitals (2010)

Recent changes in healthcare systems have changed the epidemiologic paradigms in many infectious fields including bloodstream infection (BSI). We compared clinical characteristics of community-acquired (CA), hospital-acquired (HA), and healthcare-associated (HCA) BSI. We performed a prospective nationwide multicenter surveillance study from 9 university hospitals in Korea. Total 1,605 blood isolates were collected from 2006 to 2007, and 1,144 isolates were considered true pathogens. HA-BSI accounted for 48.8%, CA-BSI for 33.2%, and HCA-BSI for 18.0%. HA-BSI and HCA-BSI were more likely to have severe comorbidities. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate in CA-BSI (47.1%) and HCA-BSI (27.2%). In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus (15.2%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (15.1%) were the common isolates in HA-BSI. The rate of appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy was the highest in CA-BSI (89.0%) followed by HCA-BSI (76.4%), and HA-BSI (75.0%). The 30-day mortality rate was the highest in HA-BSI (23.0%) followed by HCA-BSI (18.4%), and CA-BSI (10.2%). High Pitt score and inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy were the independent risk factors for mortality by multivariate analysis. In conclusion, the present data suggest that clinical features, outcome, and microbiologic features of causative pathogens vary by origin of BSI. Especially, HCA-BSI shows unique clinical characteristics, which should be considered a distinct category for more appropriate antibiotic treatment.
ICT Reference Architecture Design Based on Requirements for Future Energy Marketplaces (2010)

Today's Smart Grid initiatives propose highly decentralized power supplies with an increased number of providers utilizing renewable energy resources. This idea is driven by the imminent requirement for improved sustainability of power industries and also by the legislative demand for more competitive energy market structures. Due to these intentions the number of regional market participants will be increasing dramatically over the next few years. In order to coordinate and balance energy supply and demand under these new circumstances, major ICT related challenges need to be addressed. This paper introduces a reference architecture design offering a set of extensibility points to existing solutions for increased flexibility in moving energy markets. The architecture design is based on the idea for open energy marketplaces in regional power distribution networks enabling load management and transfer. By defining flexible high level interfaces, it respects potentially upcoming requirements, new evolving services, and - resulting from these services - integration and mediation of future market roles. Furthermore the architecture presented in this paper also considers various regulative requirements resulting in different operational modes for provisioning of clearing, monitoring and controlling data.
Relativity and Criteria (1997)

This chapter characterizes several types of relativism and examines how they apply to the fact of relativity in relation to the philosophical views about the existence of God. It explains the differences between relativism and relativity and provides an account of the implications of relativity by discussing certain key notions of philosophers who have responded to it. This chapters aims to illustrate the relativity of criteria, to show the authority of criteria, and to distinguish between situations in which there are common criteria and situations in which there is none.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ultrathin TaN and Ternary Ta1-XAlXNy Films for Cu Diffusion Barrier Applications in Advanced Interconnects (2015)

Ultrathin TaN and Ta 1-x Al x N y films were deposited by ALD using metallorganic precursors and were evaluated for their effectiveness in Cu diffusion barrier applications compared to a PVD TaN control. Ta 1-x Al x N y films with x = 0.21-0.88 were deposited by varying Ta:Al cycle ratios. The effectiveness of the barrier layers against Cu diffusion was investigated using in-situ-ramp-anneal-synchrotron-XRD on stacks with 1.8 nm layers between 50 nm PVD Cu and Si. The kinetics of Cu 3 Si formation was assessed by performing a Kissinger-like analysis to determine the effective activation energy (E a ) for Cu silicidation. Compared to the stack with a PVD TaN barrier, the stacks with the ALD films exhibited a higher crystallization temperature for Cu silicidation. Based on the estimated E a values, grain boundary and lattice diffusion of Cu were identified as the dominant failure mechanisms for the ALD and PVD films, respectively. For 3 nm films, GIIXRD showed evidence of nanocrystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix with broad peaks corresponding to cubic phase for the ALD films and hexagonal phase for the PVD film. The superior performance of the ALD barriers has been attributed to the formation of a higher density cubic phase in the ALD films as compared to the lower density hexagonal phase in the PVD film. The study further elucidates the difference in initial failure mechanisms due to differences in barrier crystallinity and associated phase. Additionally, incorporation of Al in ALD Ta 1-x Al x N y (x=0.33) seems to aid the formation of a barrier film which is closer to amorphous than the case of ALD TaN.
Ambient-conditions spinning of functional soft fibers via engineering molecular chain networks and phase separation (2023)

Producing functional soft fibers via existing spinning methods is environmentally and economically costly due to the complexity of spinning equipment, involvement of copious solvents, intensive consumption of energy, and multi-step pre-/post-spinning treatments. We report a nonsolvent vapor-induced phase separation spinning approach under ambient conditions, which resembles the native spider silk fibrillation. It is enabled by the optimal rheological properties of dopes via engineering silver-coordinated molecular chain interactions and autonomous phase transition due to the nonsolvent vapor-induced phase separation effect. Fiber fibrillation under ambient conditions using a polyacrylonitrile-silver ion dope is demonstrated, along with detailed elucidations on tuning dope spinnability through rheological analysis. The obtained fibers are mechanically soft, stretchable, and electrically conductive, benefiting from elastic molecular chain networks via silver-based coordination complexes and in-situ reduced silver nanoparticles. Particularly, these fibers can be configured as wearable electronics for self-sensing and self-powering applications. Our ambient-conditions spinning approach provides a platform to create functional soft fibers with unified mechanical and electrical properties at a two-to-three order of magnitude less energy cost under ambient conditions.
<title>Recognition of poorly printed text by direct extraction of features from gray scale</title> (1992)

Omnifont optical character recognition proceeds by computing features on the input image and then classifying the image. Past omnifont optical character recognition techniques that use features have always binarized the image by comparing the brightness of an input pixel with a threshold level and then labeling it as `black'' or `white'' and then computing the features for each character. However, for poorly printed text such binarization results into broken or merged characters and consequently incorrect features. We propose a method for the direct computation of geometrical features, such as strokes, directly from the gray scale image. To this aim we use a model of the image forming process, namely the convolution of the original binary image with the point spread function of the digitizer. We also estimate how printing distortions and noise affect the result so that we can deduce how different parts of a printed character should appear under those conditions. Detected features are then clustered for each set of samples of the training set. The clustering guides the selection of prototypes and the final classification is made by graph matching between prototypes and new (unknown) characters.
Evaluation of plasma levels of NFL, GFAP, UCHL1 and tau as Parkinson's disease biomarkers using multiplexed single molecule counting (2023)

Objective biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease (PD) could aid early and specific diagnosis, effective monitoring of disease progression, and improved design and interpretation of clinical trials. Although alpha-synuclein remains a biomarker candidate of interest, the multifactorial and heterogenous nature of PD highlights the need for a PD biomarker panel. Ideal biomarker candidates include markers that are detectable in easily accessible samples, (ideally blood) and that reflect the underlying pathological process of PD. In the present study, we explored the diagnostic and prognostic PD biomarker potential of the SIMOA neurology 4-plex-A biomarker panel, which included neurofilament light (NFL), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), tau and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL-1). We initially performed a serum vs plasma comparative study to determine the most suitable blood-based matrix for the measurement of these proteins in a multiplexed assay. The levels of NFL and GFAP in plasma and serum were highly correlated (Spearman rho-0.923, p < 0.0001 and rho = 0.825, p < 0.001 respectively). In contrast, the levels of tau were significantly higher in plasma compared to serum samples (p < 0.0001) with no correlation between sample type (Spearman p > 0.05). The neurology 4-plex-A panel, along with plasma alpha-synuclein was then assessed in a cross-sectional cohort of 29 PD patients and 30 controls. Plasma NFL levels positively correlated with both GFAP and alpha-synuclein levels (rho = 0.721, p < 0.0001 and rho = 0.390, p < 0.05 respectively). As diagnostic biomarkers, the control and PD groups did not differ in their mean NFL, GFAP, tau or UCHL-1 plasma levels (t test p > 0.05). As disease state biomarkers, motor severity (MDS-UPDRS III) correlated with increased NFL (rho = 0.646, p < 0.0001), GFAP (rho = 0.450, p < 0.05) and alpha-synuclein levels (rho = 0.406, p < 0.05), while motor stage (Hoehn and Yahr) correlated with increased NFL (rho = 0.455, p < 0.05) and GFAP (rho = 0.549, p < 0.01) but not alpha-synuclein levels (p > 0.05). In conclusion, plasma was determined to be most suitable blood-based matrix for multiplexing the neurology 4-plex-A panel. Given their correlation with motor features of PD, NFL and GFAP appear to be promising disease state biomarker candidates and further longitudinal validation of these two proteins as blood-based biomarkers for PD progression is warranted.
The History of the Discovery of Ectopic Epithelial Cells in Lower Peritoneal Organs: The So-Called Mucosal Invasion (2021)

Through microscopy, early researchers identified the epithelium on the inner surfaces of the uterus, cervix and Fallopian tubes. The identification of ectopic epithelium was gradual, starting from the gross pathology study of unusual cystic lesions. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, attention focused on the epithelium as a critical component. The term ‘adenomyoma’ was coined around eighteen eighty to designate the majority of mucosa-containing lesions. Several theories were advanced to explain its aetiology. In the main, lesions were considered to arise from invasion from uterine epithelium; implantation of endometrium through retrograde menstruation; hematogenous or lymphatic spread; or from embryonic remnants. Although initially widely rejected, around 1920, an almost unanimous consensus formed on the endometrial nature of epithelial invasions. During the following years, adenomyosis and endometriosis came to be used to distinguished lesions within or outside the uterus. Adenomyosis was attributed to direct infiltration of uterine mucosa into the myometrium, and endometriosis to the implantation of endometrial cells and stroma into the peritoneal cavity through retrograde menstruation. Around the same time, ovarian lesions, initially described as ovarian hematomas or chocolate cysts, were regarded as a form of endometriosis. Three variants of endometriosis were thus described: superficial peritoneal, deep nodular and ovarian endometriomas. Ectopic epithelium has long been recognised as having similarities to tubal, or cervical epithelium. Lesions containing mixed epithelium are often termed Müllerianosis. This article demonstrates the stepwise evolution of knowledge, the role of the pioneers and the difficulties that needed to be overcome. It also demonstrates the value of collaboration and the inter-connected nature of the scientific endeavour.
A snail tale and the chicken embryo (2018)

Some 25 years ago, a clone was identified that contained the chicken Slug sequences (now called Snail2 ). How could we anticipate at that time how much the chick embryo would help us to understand the ins and outs of cell migration during development and in disease? Indeed, the chick embryo helped us identify Snail2 as the first transcription factor that could induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), key for the migration of embryonic and cancer cells.
Performance Analysis of Korean WADGPS Algorithms with NDGPS Data (2004)

To provide more accurate and reliable positioning and timing services to Korean nationwide users, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Korea is implementing Korean NDGPS (Nationwide DGPS), which is operational partly. And it also has a plan to construct WADGPS (Wide Area Differential GPS) system using sites and equipments of the NDGPS reference stations. For that, Seoul National University GNSS Laboratory is implementing and testing prototypes of WRS (Wide-area Reference Station) and WMS (Wide-area Master Station). Until now, because there are not enough installed WRSs to be used for computing wide area correction information, we cannot test algorithms of WMS with the data processed actually in WRSs. Therefore to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, we made a MATLAB program which can process RINEX (Receiver INdependent Exchange) format data with WADGPS algorithm. Using that program which consists of WRS, WMS and USER modules, we processed the data collected at NDGPS reference stations, which are saved in RINEX format. In WRS module, we eliminate the atmospheric delay error from the pseudorange measurement, smooth the measurement by hatch filter and calculate pseudorange corrections for each satellite. WMS module collects the processed data from each reference stations to generate the wide area correction information including estimated satellite ephemeris errors, ionospheric delays at each grid point, UDRE (User Differential Range Error), GIVE (Grid Ionosphere Vertical Error) and so on. In USER part, we use the measurements of reference stations as those of users and estimate the corrected users' positions and protection levels (HPL, VPL). With the results of estimation, we analyzed the performance of the algorithms. We assured the estimated UDRE /GIVE values and the protection levels bound the corresponding errors effectively. In this research, we can expect the possible performance of WADGPS in Korea, and the developed modules will be useful to implementation and improvement of the algorithms.
PHOSPHORYLATION OF ENAMINEHYDRAZONES AS AN EFFICIENT ROUTE TO DIAZAPHOSPHOLINES AND DIAZAPHOSPHOLES (1997)

Abstract 1,2,3-diazaphospholines of new type containing an enamine residue, conjugated with the diazaphospholine cycle, were synthesized by phosphorylation of N,N-dimethyl- and N-substituted hydrazones of ω-fomyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-methyleneindolines using phosphorus(III) halides. Reversible ionization of the P-Br bond was observed for a 2-N-methyl-3-P-bromodiazaphospholine in polar solvents. The ionization is caused by stabilization of the phosphenium ion by electrondonating methyl and enamine group. Analogously, 2-N-phenyl-3-P-bromo- as well as 3-P-chloro-1,2,3-diazaphospholines give stable phosphenium ions only after treatment of sodium tetraphenylborate or trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
A Proposed Method for Retuning an RF Coil by Changing the Shield Radius for Multinuclear Imaging (2023)

This study investigates the feasibility of changing the shield radius of an RF coil to shift the resonant frequency from 1 H to 19 F for multinuclear imaging. The method proposed in this investigation was verified by changing the resonant frequency of a 129 Xe RF Coil a total of 1.18 MHz by changing the shield radius, allowing it to be used in a 2.9T Siemens MRI and a 3.0T GE MRI. It was found that altering the shield radius had similar effects on the resonant frequency as using a variable tuning capacitor, allowing for one coil to be compatible with multiple scanners.
Scalable Coherent Interface (2002)

The Scalable Coherent Interface Project (IEEE P1596) is establishing an interface standard for very-high-performance multiprocessors, supporting a cache-coherent-memory model scalable to systems with up to 64K nodes. The P1596 Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) will supply a peak bandwidth per node of 1 Gb/s. The SCI standard should facilitate assembly of processor, memory, I/O and bus bridge cards from multiple vendors into massively parallel systems with throughput far above what is possible today. The SCI standard encompasses two levels of interface, a physical level and a logical level. The physical level specifies electrical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of connectors and cards that meet the standard. The logical-level describes the address space, data transfer protocols, cache coherence mechanisms, synchronization primitives and error recovery. Logical-level issues such as packet formats, packet transmission, transaction handshake, flow control, and cache coherence are addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Comparison of Transurethral Resection to Radical Therapies for Stage B Bladder Tumors (1988)

We evaluated the survival rate and time to recurrence for 114 patients in whom an initial histological diagnosis of stage B1 or B2 bladder tumor was made between 1974 and 1983. The 5-year survival rates for stages B1 and B2 disease, respectively, were 63 and 38 per cent in 43 patients treated by transurethral resection alone, 48 and 54 per cent in 40 treated by preoperative radiation and radical cystectomy, 33 and 25 per cent in 15 treated by radical cystectomy alone, and 53 and 11 per cent in 16 treated by definitive radiation therapy alone. Similar results were found among the groups with regard to time to development of metastases. The distribution of stage, grade and number of tumors was not significantly different among the treatment groups. Patients in the transurethral resection group were older, and had smaller tumors and more medical problems. Comparing transurethral resection of muscle invasive bladder tumors to standard radical surgery with or without radiotherapy yielded comparable long-term survival and time to distant recurrence.
Role of the proline residues on the immunogenic properties of a P. falciparum circumsporozoite peptide linked to a carrier protein. (1989)

The circumsporozoite (CS) protein of P. falciparum contains an immunodominant epitope, NADP, that is repeated 37 times in the native molecule. The presence of proline in the coat proteins of the Plasmodium parasite at various developmental stages and strains is a frequent occurrence. In this study we evaluate the influence of substitution of proline residues by glycine on the immunogenic behavior of two tandemly repeated peptides linked via glutaraldehyde to a protein carrier: The (NANP)4 P. falciparum circumsporozoite peptide and its glycine-substitute analog, (NANG)4. The results obtained show that the (NANP)4 induces antibodies which recognize the peptide free in solution, bound on a solid phase, and linked to a carrier protein. It has been previously reported that such antibodies recognize the antigenic sites of the peptide in the native protein on the surface of the sporozoite. Antibodies raised against (NANG)4 in the same experimental conditions as (NANP)4, cannot recognize the peptide free in solution or bound to the solid phase. However, these antibodies can react with the peptide when it is linked to a protein carrier. The coupling of a glycine-containing analog to a carrier results in a significant shift in its conformation, allowing it to be recognized by the antibodies.