gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A nuclear weapon-free zone in Europe: concept - problems - chances (2016)

"The nuclear weapon free-zone (NWFZ) concept has been explored thoroughly in the decades since its introduction, and several regions throughout the world have succeeded in the challenging task of establishing such a zone and thus promoting nuclear non-proliferation and peace.&#13;\nThe 2010 Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) called on all states to establish additional NWFZ in regions, where such zones do not exist. The possible establishment of a NWFZ in conflict areas where the threat of nuclear weapons is present, such as the Middle East or South Asia, has already been at the center of much diplomatic and research effort for some time. This study takes on a new challenge and explores the idea of establishing a NWFZ in the heart of Europe, a region least likely to be associated with this concept: three major European states (France, Russia and the UK) are official nuclear weapon states and an extra-regional nuclear weapon state (the US) is heavily present through its practice of nuclear sharing with its European NATO allies." (author's abstract)
Tunable Multiwavelength Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Laser Using Intracavity Birefringence-Induced Comb Filter (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A simple configuration for the generation of tunable multiwavelength picosecond-pulse fiber ring lasers by exploiting the intracavity birefringence-induced comb filter is demonstrated. The fiber laser is passively mode locked by using nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) technique. The polarization-dependent isolator combined with the intracavity birefringence acts as two functions: the tunable comb filter and the mode locker. Up to four-wavelength picosecond pulses were simultaneously obtained in the experiment. The mode competition of the multiwavelength lasing is suppressed by the use of NPR-induced intensity-dependent loss. In addition, the number of the lasing wavelengths, the lasing location, and the spacing between the lasing wavelengths could be flexibly tuned by properly rotating the polarization controllers. </para>
Benchmarking implementations of lazy functional languages II -- Two years later (1995)

Six implementations of different lazy functional languages are compared using a common benchmark of a dozen medium-sized programs. The experiments that were carried out two years ago have been repeated to chart progress in the development of these compilers. The results have been extended to include all three major Haskell compilers. Over the last two years, the Glasgow Haskell compiler has been improved considerably. The other compilers have also been improved, but to a lesser extent. The Yale Haskell compiler is slower than the Glasgow and Chalmers Haskell compilers. The compilation speed of the Clean compiler is still unrivalled. Another extension is a comparison of results on different architectures so as to look at architectural influences on the benchmarking procedure. A high-end architecture should be avoided for benchmarking activities, as its behaviour is uneven. It is better to use a midrange machine if possible. 1 Introduction In the previous benchmark paper [10], which wi...
Zeitaufgelöste Fluorometrie in der Wasseranalytik (1994)

Abstract Verfahren der chemischen Analytik werden heute vor allem unter zwei Gesichtspunkten entwickelt: Extrem hohe Nachweisempfindlichkeit und schnelle, kostengünstige “Vor‐Ort‐Analytik”. Zu beiden Bereichen kann die zeitaufgelöste Fluorometrie einen Beitrag leisten.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Trigger for Neovascularization (2010)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be classified into two main categories: the atrophic, dry form and the exudative, wet form. The crucial difference between dry and wet AMD is the development of choroidal neovascularization in wet AMD. One fundamental cause of the neovascularization is the increased expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Progression of AMD is linked to augmentation of cellular stress, for example, oxidative stress, proteotoxic stress, inflammation and hypoxia. All these conditions can trigger stress in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which maintains protein quality control in cells. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) via IRE1 (inositol-requiring protein-1), PERK (protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase) and ATF6 (activating transcription factor-6) transducers. UPR signaling is a double-edged sword, that is, it can restore cellular homeostasis as far as possible, but ultimately may lead to chronic, overwhelming stress that can cause apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, ER stress is a well-known inducer of angiogenesis in cancer. Moreover, stress conditions associated with the progress of AMD can induce the expression of VEGF. We discuss the role of ER stress in the regulation of neovascularization and the conversion of dry AMD to its wet, detrimental counterpart.
The role of envelope proteins in hepatitis B virus assembly. (1991)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) particles are generated by budding of preformed cytoplasmic nucleocapsids into endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing the three viral envelope proteins (L, M, and S). We have examined the contributions of the envelope proteins to virion assembly by using cultured hepatoma cells transfected with mutant HBV genomes bearing lesions in the envelope coding regions. We show here that HBV nucleocapsids are not released from cells without expression of envelope proteins, implying an active role for these proteins in viral morphogenesis. S and L but not M proteins are necessary for virion production. L protein over-expression inhibits virion release, just as it inhibits the release of subviral hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles. Mutant L proteins that are no longer capable of retaining HBsAg particles in the ER still allow virion formation, indicating that this ER retention reaction is not required for viral budding. Myristoylation of L protein is also dispensable for virion formation. A chimeric protein bearing foreign epitopes fused to the S protein can be incorporated into virions when coexpressed with the wild-type envelope proteins. Models for the dependence of virion formation on both L and S proteins are discussed.
Alarm Pheromones (1969)

With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More
Nondirected Copper-Catalyzed Sulfoxidations of Benzylic C–H Bonds (2018)

A copper-catalyzed sulfoxidation of benzylic C-H bonds by nondirected oxidative C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H activation was developed. The process proceeds via sulfenate anions, which are generated by base-triggered elimination of β-sulfinyl esters and benzyl radicals. The functional group tolerance is high, and the product yields are good.
Altered Growth Hormone, Cortisol, and Leptin Secretion in Healthy Elderly Persons With Sarcopenia and Mixed Body Composition Phenotypes (2008)

In the presence of obesity, GH secretion was depressed with a blunted and disorderly response to oral glucocorticoid suppression in SO participants. Sarcopenic participants had concomitantly elevated leptin and cortisol relative to their low body fat mass. Complex or dysregulated neuroendocrine feedback systems appear to be operating in elderly persons with specific body composition phenotypes.
Trading computation for bandwidth: reducing communication in distributed control systems using state estimators (2002)

Describes a new framework for distributed control systems in which estimators are used at each node to estimate the values of the outputs at the other nodes. The estimated values are then used to compute the control algorithms at each node. When the estimated value deviates from the true value by more than a pre-specified tolerance, the actual value is broadcast to the rest of the system; all of the estimators are then updated to the current value. By using the estimated values instead of true value at every node, a significant saving in the required bandwidth is achieved, allowing large-scale distributed control systems to be implemented effectively. The stability, performance, and expected communication frequency of the reduced communication system are analyzed in detail. Simulation and experimental results validating the effectiveness and communication savings of the framework are also presented.
Log Core Measurements of Oil in Place, San Joaquin Valley (1980)

Current oil in place in an old field was measured using cores and openhole logs. Porosities calculated from logged densities were confirmed by core measurements with restored overburden pressure. Gas saturations calculated from openhole logs were confirmed by cased-hole logs. Water saturations calculated from logs are compared with core saturation measurements. Introduction This paper describes an effort to determine oil in place made to assess the likelihood of success of a proposed tertiary recovery project. Accurate determination of oil in place was influenced by several characteristics common to relatively shallow California sands:water salinity is low and varies with depth,clays contribute significantly to electrical conductivity,sands are loosely consolidated so that restoration of overburden pressure significantly changes core-measured properties, andthe thick formation is made up of distinct thin strata. These factors complicate interpretation of each measurement method used: core measurements of saturations, irreducible water saturations, and porosities, plus log measurements of porosities and saturations using density, neutron, resistivity, pulsed neutron capture, electromagnetic propagation time, and nuclear magnetism logs. Confidence in the accuracy of measured porosity and fluid saturations is enhanced by the approximate agreement between measurements using different and independent physical properties. Coring and Core Handling Cores were obtained using a 5.2-in. (13.3-cm) drag bit in some sections of the well and a 3.625-in. (9.2-cm) conventional core bit in others. Lost circulation occurred frequently. From 563 ft (172 m) cored, 465 ft (142 m) of core was recovered. Cores were forced from the core barrel into 3-ft (0.9-m) lengths of plastic tubing and sealed with plastic caps. They then were frozen quickly to the temperature of dry ice and stored in a cold storage locker until analyzed. A slab approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm) thick cut from the core was cast in tooling plaster to enable photography and geological description and was stored to provide a permanent record.
Origin of Anisotropic Electrical Properties of 4H-SiC Trench Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors on Off-Axis Substrates (2012)

The origin of anisotropic electrical properties on 4H-SiC trench metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with large off-axis angles has been discussed from the viewpoints of charge pumping current and surface roughness. The channel mobility (µ ch ) on (112̄0) tilted toward [0001̄] was high and that on (1̄1̄20) tilted toward [0001] was low. The roughness at the SiC/SiO 2 interfaces was measured after the removal of the oxide. A rough surface was observed on (1̄1̄20). A locally thick gate oxide results in a nonuniform inversion layer, which is the main origin of the anisotropic electrical properties of the trench MOSFETs on off-axis substrates.
SOME PROPERTIES OF GUINEA PIG BRAIN GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE AND ITS INHIBITION BY THE CONVULSANT ALLYLGLYCINE (2‐AMINO‐4‐PENTENOIC ACID)1 (1974)

Abstract —Glutamate decarboxylase ( l ‐glutamate 1‐carboxy‐lyase EC 4.1.1.15; GAD) has been isolated from guinea pig brain and some of its properties studied. Many of its properties indicated that it was similar if not identical to the decarboxylase isolated from other species. It showed normal Michaelis‐Menten kinetics ( K m = 8 mM), had a pH optimum of 6.6–7.0 and was protected by sulphydryl reagents. Its activity was stimulated by pyridoxal phosphate and inhibited by a variety of anions, cations and carbonyl trapping agents. Allylglycine strongly inhibited GAD isolated from the brains of several different species. The mechanism of this inhibition has been studied kinetically and compared to chloride induced inhibition. The kinetic data presented is consistent with the idea that allylglycine inhibits the enzyme by a partially reversible inactivation rather than by reversible competitive inhibition.
Improved dynamic weighted cell scheduling algorithm based on earliest deadline first scheme for various traffics of ATM switch (2002)

We propose a new dynamic weighted cell scheduling algorithm using the earliest deadline first (DWEDF) scheme based on cells in an ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) network. Also, we analyze the performances of the proposed scheme and conventional method through simulation. The proposed algorithm can support the QoS (quality of service) of various types of traffic such as VBR (variable bit rate), CBR (constant bit rate), ABR (available bit rate) and UBR (unspecified bit rate) in an ATM multiplexer and switch. Also, the DWEDF algorithm can dynamically schedule cells and support the performance required in the outgoing link according to the QoS parameters. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can support the ABR and UBR services more efficiently due to the 'total bandwidth oriented round cycle property, and suppress incoming cells which violate the QoS parameter by setting a CLP (cell-loss priority) flag in the DWEDF-CLP method or discarding cells in the DWEDF-BLOCK method. Thus, due to reliable ABR and UBR services as well as the congestion avoidance capability, the proposed DWEDF algorithm has good performance over the conventional DWRR (dynamic weighted round robin) scheme. Furthermore, the deadline based cell transmission algorithm in the DWEDF algorithm minimizes the cell delay and requires less temporary buffer size. Thus, the DWEDF algorithm provides reliable support for the QoS of various traffic types in an ATM multiplexer and switch.
ANTI-IL-6 ANTIBODY CLAZAKIZUMAB IN LATE ANTIBODY-MEDIATED REJECTION – MOLECULAR REBOUND PHENOMENA UNDER IL-6 BLOCKADE? (2020)

Introduction: Late antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is well established as a major cause of kidney allograft failure. Targeting interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in B cell activation and development may represent a promising therapeutic strategy. One may argue that the effects of prolonged blockade of the IL-6/IL-6 receptor axis may be overcome by rebound phenomena, as earlier described for anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies, which lead to a profound accumulation of serum IL-6. In quest of a similar effect of anti-IL-6 treatment, we monitored biological samples from an ongoing bi-center, randomized controlled phase 2 pilot trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of anti-IL-6 antibody clazakizumab in late ABMR (www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03444103). Methods: In this secondary endpoint analysis of the trial, we report on 15 study subjects who have received 3 months of treatment with clazakizumab (n=7; 25 mg s.c. monthly) vs. placebo (n=8). IL-6, IL-6R and gp130 RNA was determined by real-time qPCR (peripheral blood) and microarray analysis (protocol biopsies performed after 12 weeks of treatment). For detection of total IL-6, unbound IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) measurement on a protein level, magnetic bead-based immunoassays were used. Results: After 12 weeks of clazakizumab treatment, median serum levels of total IL-6 (but not levels of unbound IL-6) increased from 2.0 pg/ml at baseline to 10,050 pg/ml (p=0.001, placebo group: 1.7 pg/ml to 1.1 pg/ml). IL-6 blockade, however, did not result in significant changes of RNA expression of IL-6, IL-6R and gp130, neither in peripheral blood nor in kidney biopsies (Fig. 1). Treatment did not have any impact on serum concentrations of soluble IL-6R. In support of effective anti-inflammatory activity of treatment, serum levels of SAP and CRP were substantially reduced. Conclusion: Our results may argue against a role of potentially harmful rebound phenomena within the IL-6/IL-6R axis under treatment with the anti-IL-6 antibody clazakizumab.
Lesional Expression of RhoA and RhoB following Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans (2004)

Inhibition of the small GTPase Rho or of its downstream target Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) has been shown to promote axon regeneration and to improve functional recovery following traumatic CNS lesions in the adult rat. In order to determine the expression pattern of RhoA and RhoB following human traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to assess whether Rho is a possible target for pharmacological intervention in humans, we investigated expression patterns of RhoA and RhoB in brain specimens from 25 patients who died after closed TBI in comparison to brain tissue derived from four neuropathologically unaffected control patients by immunohistochemistry. A highly significant lesional upregulation of both RhoA and RhoB was observed beginning several hours after the traumatic event and continuing for months after TBI. The cellular sources of both molecules included polymorphonuclear granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and reactive astrocytes. Additionally, expression of RhoA was also detected in neuronal cells in some of the cases. From our data, we conclude that inhibition of Rho is a promising mechanism for the development of new pharmacological interventions in human TBI. As the observed upregulation of RhoA and RhoB was still detectable months after TBI, we speculate that even delayed treatment with Rho inhibitors might be a therapeutic option.
Simple centromere, complex kinetochore (2002)

Although the budding yeast centromere is extremely short (125 bp) compared to those of other eukaryotes, the kinetochore that assembles on this DNA displays a rich molecular complexity. Here, we describe recent advances in our understanding of kinetochore function in budding yeast and present a model describing the attachment that is formed between spindle microtubules and centromeric DNA. This analysis may provide general principles for kinetochore function and regulation.
Acid-Catalyzed Reactions on Flexible Polycyclic Aromatic Carbon in Amorphous Carbon (2006)

Carbonization of d-glucose at 573−723 K followed by sulfonation produces a functionalized amorphous carbon material with acid catalytic activity as a solid-acid replacement for sulfuric acid. The carbon material contains phenolic hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and sulfonic acid groups and exhibits high catalytic performance for liquid-phase acid-catalyzed reactions. Carbonization at higher temperature followed by sulfonation also results in amorphous carbon, but the resultant does not exhibit catalytic activity although the amorphous carbon has sufficient amount of sulfonic acid groups. Structural and active site analyses suggest that the marked difference in catalytic activity is due to the accessibility of reactants to sulfonic acid groups in the carbon structure.
Prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression, angiogenesis, and hypoxia in melanoma brain metastases (MBM): A histopathologic analysis. (2014)

9038 Background: We have previously shown that presence of intratumoral hemorrhage and absence of immune infiltrates in craniotomy specimens of MBM are associated with shorter overall survival (OS), defined as time from craniotomy to death (Hamilton Cancer 2013). We hypothesize that immune checkpoint protein(s), angiogenic factors, cytokines, hypoxia, and the density of mature vs. immature blood vessels (MBV, IBV) are important prognostic factors. Methods: Clinicopathologically annotated craniotomy tumor specimens were stained for angiogenic/hypoxic factors (bFGF, VEGF, HIF1α), blood vessel density (CD31), PD-L1, and for vessels (>50 μm2) that are IBV (CD31+SMA—) or MBV (CD31+SMA+). The Aperio imaging system and Definiens Tissue Studio were used to analyze expression of each marker in different compartments within the tumor (tumor, reactive glia, normal brain, mononuclear cell clusters). Results: An average of 44 cases were analyzed for each of the 7 stains. When each variable was treated as continuous using Cox proportional hazards models, no variable was associated with OS. When survival information was used to define the optimal cut-point for each variable between those with long versus short OS, high tumor expression of PD-L1 and bFGF, and low tumor expression of HIF1α were associated with worse OS (unadjusted p<0.05; hazard ratios 1.92, 2.2, 2.1 respectively). PD-L1 expression was significantly higher in tumor compared to normal brain, but insignificantly different between tumor and reactive glia or immune infiltrates. There was a significant inverse association between tumor PD-L1 expression and immune infiltrate. Conclusions: This unique dataset suggests that neither the density nor the quality of blood vessels within MBM is a significant prognostic factor nor correlates with tumor hemorrhage. Tumor response to hypoxia by upregulation of HIF1α may paradoxically be a favorable prognostic factor. More important, high expression of PD-L1 in MBM is an adverse prognostic factor, and could be derived from its immunosuppressive effects in the brain microenviroment. Targeting PD1/PD-L1 pathway in patients with MBM is reasonable on the basis of these findings.
Light coupling through a plasmonic antenna integrated on an InAs/GaAs quantum dot infrared photodetector (2006)

In this work, the light coupling through a bull's eye plasmonic antenna including a subwavelength aperture which is integrated on an InAs/GaAs quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) is reported for the first time
MRI in Psychiatric Disease (2008)

Psychiatry is arguably the only medical specialty in which diagnoses are made based solely on a clinical interview. Not surprisingly, both diagnoses and treatment responses are often inconsistent. Brain imaging has been proposed as an important technology for more effectively defining pathophysiology and for tailoring therapy. This volume includes thoughtful reviews of the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, MR spectroscopy, functional MR imaging, and MR perfusion imaging by clinical neuroscience investigators who are leaders in the field. These investigators were at the forefront of psychiatric neuroimaging in the days when it was quite uncommon for MR scanners to be available to psychiatric investigators. Fortunately, the situation has improved considerably because these MR technologies have disseminated and are much more widely used by psychiatric neuroscience investigators. However, although these reviews document a great deal of progress in each area, clinically useful MR examinations have not been reduced to practice. Looking forward, continued technical advances and the combination of complementary imaging methods suggest that improved techniques for characterizing a range of psychiatric brain disorders will be developed in time. The success of such efforts will almost certainly depend on the effective interaction of investigators with both clinical and technical expertise. In addition, the development of credible "brain function tests" for psychiatric disorders will also benefit from advances in preclinical research that clarify the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders. The stakes here are enormous because mental illnesses exact a tremendous toll on patients, their families, and society. Moreover, these disorders exist in all countries and ethnic groups with relatively consistent frequencies. Further development of clinically relevant MR methodologies remains an important public health priority.