gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypolipidaemic and Antioxidant Activity of Diallyl Disulphide in Rats (1999)

The efficacy of diallyl disulphide (DADS), a constituent of garlic oil, as a hypolipidaemic and antioxidant agent was evaluated in rats.



In normolipidaemic rats DADS, at doses ranging from 10 to 50 mg kg−1, decreased plasma triglyceride without affecting cholesterolaemia and fast-or noradrenaline-induced lipolysis. DADS proved effective in reducing fructose-induced hypertriglyceridaemia and dietary hypercholesterolaemia in rats, in the latter model DADS significantly raised both the HDL cholesterol and the HDL/VLDL + LDL cholesterol ratio. DADS proved ineffective on triton induced hyperlipidaemia.



To gain insight into the antioxidant effect of DADS, hepatic and cardiac antioxidant enzyme activity and glutathione content were studied in rats fed on a high diet and DADS. The antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly enhanced whereas glutathione content was markedly restored in rats fed on a high fat diet simultaneously with DADS.



Thus, it appears that DADS exert antioxidant protection by activating the associated antioxidant enzymes.
Critical processes in drug release from HPMC controlled release matrices (2009)

This study has investigated the drug release mechanisms from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hydrophilic matrices. A hypothesis was developed from interpretation of a previous study that drug surface activity has an influence on drug liberation. The validity of the hypothesis was tested by studying the interactions between HPMC and the two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac Na and meclofenamate Na, using tensiometry, rheology, NMR, neutron scattering and turbimetry. Meclofenamate Na was found to interact with HPMC, resulting in detectable changes in drug diffusion coefficients and polymer structure in solution. There were increases in HPMC solution solubility and changes in viscoelasticity, which suggested drug solubilisation of the methoxyl-rich regions of the polymer chains. Diclofenac Na did not show evidence of an interaction and exhibited changes consistent with a 'salting out' of the polymer. A confocal microscopy technique was used to image the drug effects on early gel layer development. The presence of drugs affected gel layer development, depending on the level of drug in the matrix and the concentration of sodium chloride in the hydration medium. Diclofenac Na matrices became increasingly susceptible to disintegration, while meclofenamate Na matrices exhibited resistance to the effects of sodium chloride. The influence of incorporated diluents on the gel layer was also investigated and it was found that lactose had a disruptive effect, whereas microcrystalline cellulose was relatively benign. When co-formulating drugs and diluents in the matrix, lactose acted to antagonise the effect of meclofenamate, but acted synergistically with diclofenac to reduce gel layer integrity and accelerate matrix disintegration. In contrast, MCC was found to have a relatively neutral effect on drug-mediated effects. HPMC particle swelling and coalescence are critical processes in gel layer formation extending drug release. Drug surface activity and capability of interacting with HPMC appears to influence particle swelling processes, affecting gel layer formation and provides a mechanistic explanation for the differing release profiles of diclofenac and meclofenamate Na.
A predictive DC voltage control scheme for back-to-back converters based on energy balance modeling (2011)

This paper presents a predictive control scheme of DC-link voltage for back-to-back converters based on energy balance modeling. Since the variation of DC-link voltage is affected by the energy mismatch between rectifier and inverter, the energy distribution in a rectifier-inverter is analyzed. Moreover, in order to calculate the input and output energy in one control period accurately, the grid current is regulated by predictive control and the instantaneous active power consumed by the induction motor is estimated. Then, an equation based on energy balance in one control period is established, and the DC-link voltage can be controlled by solving it. Finally, simulation results show that with the proposed control scheme, the back-to-back converter exhibits both good dynamic and steady-state performances.
Corrigendum: Nasal Administration of Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody (Foralumab) Reduces Lung Inflammation and Blood Inflammatory Biomarkers in Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study (2022)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709861.].
Demoting Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection (2020)

In current hate speech datasets, there exists a high correlation between annotators' perceptions of toxicity and signals of African American English (AAE). This bias in annotated training data and the tendency of machine learning models to amplify it cause AAE text to often be mislabeled as abusive/offensive/hate speech with a high false positive rate by current hate speech classifiers. In this paper, we use adversarial training to mitigate this bias, introducing a hate speech classifier that learns to detect toxic sentences while demoting confounds corresponding to AAE texts. Experimental results on a hate speech dataset and an AAE dataset suggest that our method is able to substantially reduce the false positive rate for AAE text while only minimally affecting the performance of hate speech classification.
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 Exerts Protective and Pathogenic Cell Type-Specific Effects in Alzheimer’s Disease (2007)

The proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a novel family of G protein-coupled receptors, and their effects in neurodegenerative diseases remain uncertain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder defined by misfolded protein accumulation with concurrent neuroinflammation and neuronal death. We report suppression of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) expression in neurons of brains from AD patients, whereas PAR2 expression was increased in proximate glial cells, together with up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and reduced IL-4 expression (p < 0.05). Glial PAR2 activation increased expression of formyl peptide receptor-2 (p < 0.01), a cognate receptor for a fibrillar 42-aa form of beta-amyloid (Abeta(1-42)), enhanced microglia-mediated proinflammatory responses, and suppressed astrocytic IL-4 expression, resulting in neuronal death (p < 0.05). Conversely, neuronal PAR2 activation protected human neurons against the toxic effects of Abeta(1-42) (p < 0.05), a key component of AD neuropathogenesis. Amyloid precursor protein-transgenic mice, displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein and IL-4 induction (p < 0.05) in the absence of proinflammatory gene up-regulation and neuronal injury, whereas PAR2 was up-regulated at this early stage of disease progression. PAR2-deficient mice, after hippocampal Abeta(1-42) implantation, exhibited enhanced IL-4 induction and less neuroinflammation (p < 0.05), together with improved neurobehavioral outcomes (p < 0.05). Thus, PAR2 exerted protective properties in neurons, but its activation in glia was pathogenic with secretion of neurotoxic factors and suppression of astrocytic anti-inflammatory mechanisms contributing to Abeta(1-42)-mediated neurodegeneration.
CCDC 717459: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination (2010)

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATIONS AND REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED POLYFLUOROBENZENES. I. NEW PREPARATIVE METHOD OF TETRACHLOROTEREPHTHALONITRILE (1978)

Abstract Durch Halogenierung des Tetrachlorbenzols (I) in rauchender Schwefelsäure zu (II) und dessen Umsetzung mit CuCN wird das Terephthalodinitril (III) erhalten.
Ecological and evolutionary processes (1992)

P. Feeny, The Evolution of Chemical Ecology: Contributions From the Study of Herbivorous Insects. E. St~adadler, Behavioral Responses of Insects to Plant Secondary Compounds. J.L. Frazier, How Animals Perceive Secondary Plant Compounds. F. Slansky, Jr. , Allelochemical-Nutrient Interactions in Herbivore Nutritional Ecology. L.B. Brattsten, Metabolic Defenses against Plant Allelochemicals. M. Rowell-Rahier and J.M. Pasteels, Third Trophic Level Influences of Plant Allelochemicals. P.L.Phelan and B.R. Stinner, Microbial Mediation of Plant-Herbivore Ecology. J.T. Arnason, B.J.R. PhilogSne, and G.H.N. Towers, Phototoxins in Plant-Insect Interactions. J.P. Bryant, P.B. Reichardt, T.P. Clausen, F.D. Provenza, and P.J. Kuropat, Woody Plant-Mammal Interactions. M.E. Hay and P.D. Steinberg, The Chemical Ecology of Plant-Herbivore Interactions in Marine Versus Terrestrial Communities. M.R. Berenbaum and A.R. Zangerl, Genetics of Secondary Metabolism and Herbivore Resistance in Plants. D.J. Futuyma and M.C. Keese, Evolution and Coevolution of Plants and Phytophagous Arthropods. Each chapter includes references. Index.
Stable Synthetic Cationic Bacteriochlorins as Selective Antimicrobial Photosensitizers (2010)

Photodynamic inactivation is a rapidly developing antimicrobial treatment that employs a nontoxic photoactivatable dye or photosensitizer in combination with harmless visible light to generate reactive oxygen species that are toxic to cells. Tetrapyrroles (e.g., porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins) are a class of photosensitizers that exhibit promising characteristics to serve as broad-spectrum antimicrobials. In order to bind to and efficiently penetrate into all classes of microbial cells, tetrapyrroles should have structures that contain (i) one or more cationic charge(s) or (ii) a basic group. In this report, we investigate the use of new stable synthetic bacteriochlorins that have a strong absorption band in the range 720 to 740 nm, which is in the near-infrared spectral region. Four bacteriochlorins with 2, 4, or 6 quaternized ammonium groups or 2 basic amine groups were compared for light-mediated killing against a gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), a gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli), and a dimorphic fungal yeast (Candida albicans). Selectivity was assessed by determining phototoxicity against human HeLa cancer cells under the same conditions. All four compounds were highly active (6 logs of killing at 1 microM or less) against S. aureus and showed selectivity for bacteria over human cells. Increasing the cationic charge increased activity against E. coli. Only the compound with basic groups was highly active against C. albicans. Supporting photochemical and theoretical characterization studies indicate that (i) the four bacteriochlorins have comparable photophysical features in homogeneous solution and (ii) the anticipated redox characteristics do not correlate with cell-killing ability. These results support the interpretation that the disparate biological activities observed stem from cellular binding and localization effects rather than intrinsic electronic properties. These findings further establish cationic bacteriochlorins as extremely active and selective near-infrared activated antimicrobial photosensitizers, and the results provide fundamental information on structure-activity relationships for antimicrobial photosensitizers.
Branches of the splenic artery and splenic arterial segments (2003)

In 200 adult autopsy specimens, the arterial supply to the pancreas and spleen was studied radiologically and by manual dissection. The splenic artery divided into two or three lobar arteries, which supplied its corresponding lobe; each lobar artery subsequently divided into two to four lobular branches. Six to twelve lobular branches were observed entering the splenic substance at the hilum. Lobar arteries did not anastomose with each other, hence, the lobes of the spleen are also termed segments. The lobules, however, were not found to be independent segments and the arteries of one lobule anastomosed with those of other lobules. The branching pattern of the splenic artery varied from one specimen to another, so much so that a prevailing pattern could not be identified. Polar arteries, particularly to the superior pole, arose quite proximal to the hilum in 51% of cases and were occasionally missed. In 45% of males and 40% of females, the posterior gastric artery arose from about the middle of the splenic artery. The splenic artery was not found to be tortuous in fetuses, newborns, and young children. Tortuosity was seen in only 10% of adults; thus, the characteristic tortuosity of the splenic artery appears to develop with age.
Water losses investigation and evaluation in water distribution system – the case of SA city in China (2014)

Faced with the severe leakage and chaotic water management situation in developing countries, this research is committed to provide an appropriate and practical water audit calculation method for most water companies so as to guide their leakage control management. It prepares a recommended basic standard terminology for calculation of real and apparent losses, which can be consistent with practice in China. Due to more detailed subdivision of unmetered water along with water component analysis, the water consumption of SA city can be calculated more accurately. The proportion of water loss in SA is 18.02%, while unbilled authorized consumption contributes no more than 1% to the total water consumption. Meanwhile, the “Neighbourhood Metering Area (NMA)” project in SA city also suggests that metering inaccuracies and leakage on service connections up to the point of customer metering can be prioritized for active leakage control in China.
Swarm Control of Magnetically Actuated Millirobots (2021)

Small-size robots offer access to spaces that are inaccessible to larger ones. This type of access is crucial in applications such as drug delivery, environmental detection, and collection of small samples. However, there are some tasks that are not possible to perform using only one robot including assembly and manufacturing at small scales, manipulation of micro- and nano- objects, and robot-based structuring of small-scale materials. The solution to this problem is to use a group of robots as a system. Thus, we focus on tasks that can be achieved using a group of small-scale robots. These robots are typically externally actuated due to their size limitation. Yet, one faces the challenge of controlling a group of robots using a single global input. We propose a control algorithm to position individual members of a swarm in predefined positions. A single control input applies to the system and moves all robots in the same direction. We also add another control modality by using different length robots. An electromagnetic coil system applied external force and steered the millirobots. This millirobot can move in various modes of motion such as pivot walking and tumbling. We propose two new designs of these millirobots. In the first design, the magnets are placed at the center of body to reduce the magnetic attraction force. In the second design, the millirobots are of identical length with two extra legs acting as the pivot points. This way we vary pivot separation in design to take advantage of variable speed in pivot walking mode while keeping the speed constant in tumbling mode. This paper presents a general algorithm for positional control of n millirobots with different lengths to move them from given initial positions to final desired ones. This method is based on choosing a leader that is fully controllable. Simulations and hardware experiments validate these results.
Cardiac involvement in hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure (2016)

Wellcome Trust (101876/Z/13/Z, 096919Z/11/Z), Medical Research Council (UK) (G0601943), Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit (MC_UP_1501/2).
A General Chemical Method for the Stereochemical Analysis of Nucleoside-5′ [16o,18o] Phosphorothioates (1987)

Abstract A simple chemical method of configurational analysis is presented which will facilitate stereochemical investigation of any restriction endonuclease enzyme reaction.
BALLOON KYPHOPLASTY USING KYPHOSTMFS(R) CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR THE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC VERTEBRAL BODY FRACTURES (2010)

Introduction: Traumatic vertebral compression fractures (VCF) should be distinguished from fragility fractures, occurring as a result of decreased bone strength due to osteoporosis or cancer. Polymethylmethacrylate cement (PMMA), as standard in fragility fractures, does not have the capacity to undergo remodeling. Therefore in young patients, a bio-compatible/–resorbable alternative would be preferable. KyphOs FS(R), a calcium magnesium hydroxyapatite cement has been developed for use during Balloon Kyphoplasty (BKP), a minimal invasive therapy. This single-arm multicenter study evaluates the safety and effectiveness of this cement during BKP in young patients with stable VCFs. We describe the clinical results up to 3mo of the ongoing 1-year follow-up study. Methods: Male and female patients, aged 50 years or less, with up to 3 VCFs of type A1.1, A1.2 or A3.1, according to the Magerl/AO classification were included. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in the 24 point Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score at seven days. Secondary endpoints included the quality of life as measured by EuroQol-5 Domain questionnaire (EQ-5D), the 10 point self-rated back pain (VAS) and device and/or procedure related adverse events. Based on the standard deviation in the Wood study, up to 100 patients had to be enrolled to detect the minimal clinical important difference (MCID) of 2–3 pts on the primary endpoint. Results: 50 patients out of 51 enrolled were eligible. The mean age was 36.4 years, 64% were male. 80% of the patients were treated for 1 VCF, 14% for 2 VCFs and 6% for 3 VCFs. At 3 mo, data of 45 patients were available. Mean RMDQ score at baseline was 20.29pts. The change from baseline in RMDQ at 7d was 9.42pts(95%CI 7.50–11.34, p Discussion: The MCID on the RMDQ is 2–3pts. In this study we obtained a difference of 9.42 points at 7 days. The recruitment was terminated earlier because of the highly significant results. The results on RMDQ were confirmed on all the other secondary endpoints with further improvement up to 3 mo. Conclusion: The use of KyphOs FS(R) during BKP, appears to be a safe and effective method to treat traumatic VCFs in young patients. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the results at 1 year.
Implementation Approach of Affective Interaction for Caregiver Support Robot (2013)

This paper describes a series of our studies for developing functions for robots to better interact with humans, especially in the welfare field. The caregiver support robot is proposed to help caregivers in the welfare field and functions related to realizing affective behavior were studied. We believe such robotmust understand human emotion state, have own virtual emotion state and be able to express emotion in order to behave affectively. The Virtual Kansei (VK) was proposed to answer this set of requirements and various elements of VK were developed. The VK consists of three parts; the Kansei detector, the Kansei generator and the Kansei expressive regulator. The Kansei detector detects human partner’s emotion state using facial images, voice sounds and body movements. The Kansei generator generates human-like virtual emotion for robots. We devised a mimicking approach in developing the generator where emotion distances are defined and are used in learning and evaluating the generator. The Kansei expressive regulator makes the robot behave emotionally in executing everyday tasks. It modulates the basic robot motion according to the generated virtual emotion. This paper focuses on the concept and the relationship of these elements.
Haemangiopericytoma of nose and paranasal sinuses. (1990)

Haemangiopericytomas are uncommon vascular tumours found in almost every region of the body. The common sites are the soft tissues of limbs and head and neck. The incidence in head and neck ranges from 15 to 25% of all haemangiopericytomas. The uncertainty of the tumours is because of difficult histopathological nature and unpredictable biological behaviour. Its origin from the pericytes was described earlier by Stout and Murray who described these tumours clinically to be originating from the pericytes.
DNA Microarray Wet Lab Simulation Brings Genomics into the High School Curriculum (2006)

We have developed a wet lab DNA microarray simulation as part of a complete DNA microarray module for high school students. The wet lab simulation has been field tested with high school students in Illinois and Maryland as well as in workshops with high school teachers from across the nation. Instead of using DNA, our simulation is based on pH indicators, which offer many ideal teaching characteristics. The simulation requires no specialized equipment, is very inexpensive, is very reliable, and takes very little preparation time. Student and teacher assessment data indicate the simulation is popular with both groups, and students show significant learning gains. We include many resources with this publication, including all prelab introductory materials (e.g., a paper microarray activity), the student handouts, teachers notes, and pre- and postassessment tools. We did not test the simulation on other student populations, but based on teacher feedback, the simulation also may fit well in community college and in introductory and nonmajors' college biology curricula.
Shock Waves in Nanomechanical Resonators (2008)

We study the formation of shock waves in a nanomechanical resonator with an embedded two-dimensional electron gas using surface acoustic waves. The mechanical displacement of the nanoresonator is read out via the induced acoustoelectric current. Applying acoustical standing waves, we are able to determine the so-called anomalous acoustocurrent. This current is found only in the regime of shock wave formation.
Studies on the Constituents of Guang-Dou-Gen (the Root of Sophora subprostrata CHUN et T.CHEN). (5). Isolation of Two New Flavanones and Daidzein (1973)

Two new flavanones, I and VII, and daidzein were isolated from Guang-Dou-Gen (the root of Sophora subprostrata CHUN et T.CHEN). Fom the spectral data and comparison with sophoranochromene and its derivative, the structure of I was established as 2-[{3'-hydroxy-2', 2'-dimethyl-8'-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)} chroman-6'-yl]-7-hydroxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) chroman-4-one. The structure of VII was formulated from the spectral data and biogenetic speculation as 2-[{2'-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-7'-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2'3'-dihydrobenzofuran}-5'-yl]-7-hydroxy-8-(3-mehtyl-2-butenyl) chroman-4-one.
Challenges of the digital transformation: The role of sensors, sensor networks, IoT-devices, and 5G : Invited Paper (2019)

We describe the importance of sensors and sensing concepts for digitalization of large automation systems. Process industries have been adopted as a starting point. Two recent developments in temperature sensing are given as examples for sensor innovations with a potentially strong impact. Non-invasive and model-based sensing have been identified as trends. Advanced concepts for power supply and communication of sensors are discussed. An attempt is made to identify and interpret recent component developments, standards and systematic ideas, which may be relevant for large sensor systems in many areas.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Increased Adipose Tissue Oxygen Tension in Obese Compared With Lean Men Is Accompanied by Insulin Resistance, Impaired Adipose Tissue Capillarization, and Inflammation” (2012)

We thank Drs Lecoultre and Tam