gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Right to Priority in Article 4A (1) of the Paris Convention and Article 87 (1) of the European Patent Convention (2019)

Article 4 A (1) of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (PC) and Article 87 (1) of the European Patent Convention (EPC) regulate the entitlement to the so-called priority right. Article 4 A (1) PC provides that ‘Any person who has duly filed an application for a patent, …, in one of the countries of the Union, or his successor in title, shall enjoy for the purpose of filing in other countries, a right of priority during the periods hereinafter fixed’. According to Article 4 C (1), (2) PC that period is 12 months starting from the date of the first application. However, the exercise of the priority right under the PC is controlled by a complex set of rules laid down in Articles 4 A-4H PC. Article 87 (1) EPC by and large mirrors Articles 4 A (1) and 4 C (1) of the PC. Thereunder ‘Any person who has duly filed, in or for (a) any State party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property or (b) any Member of the World Trade Organization, an application for a patent, …, or his successor in title, shall enjoy, for the purpose of filing a European patent application in respect of the same invention, a right of priority during a period of twelve months from the date of filing of the first application’.
Suzuki Polycondensation (2017)

This chapter discusses the most important features of the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, which include mechanistic aspects, synthesis and reactivity of reagents, catalysts, supporting compounds, and modifications of the reaction. It explains specific issues associated with Suzuki polycondensation - i.e., the use of Suzuki coupling in polymer synthesis. The chapter also discusses the effect of different types of solvents and bases, as well as the effect of water on Suzuki cross-coupling reactions in general. Suzuki polycondensation (SPC) is a polymer-forming derivative of the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, in which a continuous sequence of Suzuki couplings occurs between the monomers to form a polymer. This has become a major route to the synthesis of conjugated polymers, especially polyphenylenes. SPC has become one of the most important tools available for connecting aromatic units directly to form conjugated polymers, which have potential applications in emerging technologies such as organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic photovoltaics.
Surface Modifications Enhance Nanoiron Transport and NAPL Targeting in Saturated Porous Media (2006)

Rapid in situ degradation of chlorinated solvents present as nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) can be accomplished using reactive zerovalent nanoiron particles. Prior studies have shown that nanoiron transport in the subsurface is limited, and successful delivery of the nanoiron is essential for effective remediation. Here, the physical properties of bare and modified nanoiron are measured, and laboratory column reactors are used to compare the transport of three types of surface-modified nanoiron; triblock polymer-modified, surfactant-modified, and a commercially available polymer-modified nanoiron. The effect of particle concentration and solution ionic strength on the transport of each modified nanoiron is evaluated, and the filtration mechanisms for bare and modified particles are determined in microfluidic flow cells and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) experiments that probe the particle–collector grain interaction. The effect of surface modification on nanoiron reactivity is evaluated in batch experiments. Transport of modified nanoiron does not directly correlate with ζ-potential or colloidal stability, but rather correlates to particle– grain interactions. Filtration of bare nanoiron is caused by straining and subsequent clogging rather than by deposition to clean sand grains, suggesting that filter ripening models rather than clean bed filtration models should be used to describe nanoiron transport at high particle concentrations. Surface modification decreased nanoiron reactivity by two to four times, but as high as a factor of nine depending on the modifier used. Amphiphilic triblock copolymer modified nanoiron with a high hydrophobe/hydrophile ratio shows promise for in situ targeting of NAPL, but requires further optimization.
Prethermal Phases of Non-equilibrium Matter in Long-range Interacting Systems (2019)

We prove the existence of non-equilibrium phases of matter in the prethermal regime of periodically-driven, long-range interacting systems, with power-law exponent $\alpha > d$, where $d$ is the dimensionality of the system. In this context, we predict the existence of a disorder-free, prethermal discrete time crystal in one dimension -- a phase strictly forbidden in the absence of long-range interactions. Finally, using a combination of analytic and numerical methods, we highlight key experimentally observable differences between such a prethermal time crystal and its many-body localized counterpart.
Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Amino‐cyclobutanones (2008)

Abstract A series of weakly nucleophilic nitrogen derivatives including carbamates, amides, sulfonamides, and anilines were reacted with 1,2‐bis(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclobutene under acidic conditions to afford various substituted 2‐aminocyclobutanone derivatives 3a–i in modest to excellent yields.
Dwarfing Difference: Deformity at the Threshold of the Visible in Bemberg’s I Don’t Want to Talk About It (1999)

Dans le film I Don’t Want to Talk About It, de María Luisa Bemberg, la difformité et le carnavalesque convergent pour offrir un portrait de l’Autre qui est à la fois sensible et potentiellement habilitant au niveau politique. A l’intersection des dynamiques du regard et de l’inscription de la difformité, le film dénonce les insuffisances inhérentes aux taxonomies traditionnelles du grotesque. Le film invite le spectateur à relativiser la notion de différence et à chercher de nouveaux paradigmes reliés à la difformité qui ne se limitent pas aux idées d’homogénéité et d’idéal essentialiste.
Dendritic cell-based vaccine: the state-of-the-art vaccine platform for COVID-19 management (2022)

With existing knowledge of the virus, and the nature of DC, DC-based vaccines may be proven to be effective in inducing long-lasting protective immunity, especially T cell responses.
Capacity Design–Based Seismic Forces in Floor-to-Beam Connections of Precast Concrete Frames (2014)

The stiffness and strength of roof units and their connections to supporting beams are fundamental parameters to define the diaphragm behavior of precast structures. In this paper, an analytical method for the calculation of actions in floor-to-beam connections of roof systems without topping slab and without floor-to-floor connections is presented. The proposed procedure can be applied to rectangular single-story precast concrete frames of industrial buildings. One-span, multi-bays regular frames, characterized by symmetry of stiffness and mass distributions are analyzed by assuming floor-to-beam connections with infinite stiffness and strength. The procedure is applied in the perspective of capacity design approach by providing practical formulations for the design and retrofitting of floor-to-beam connections. This approach aims at concentrating the critical regions, where energy dissipation of the structure occurs, at the base of columns designed to fail in bending. An over-resisting behavior of the connections is achieved by over-proportioning them with respect to the resistance of the critical regions. To check the effectiveness of the presented approach, the results obtained with the analytical method are compared with the results of finite element analyses.
Novel synthesis of holey reduced graphene oxide (HRGO) by microwave irradiation method for anode in lithium-ion batteries (2016)

In this work, holey reduced graphene oxide (HRGO) was synthesized by the deposition of silver (Ag) nanoparticles onto the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets followed by nitric acid treatment to remove Ag nanoparticles by microwave irradiation to form a porous structure. The HRGO were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy. These novel HRGO exhibited high rate capability with excellent cycling stability as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The results have shown an excellent electrochemical response in terms of charge/discharge capacity (423 mAh/g at 100 mA/g). The cyclic performance was also exceptional as a high reversible capacity (400 mAh/g at 100 mA/g) was retained for 100 charge/discharge cycles. This fascinating electrochemical performance can be ascribed to their specific porous structure (2-5 nm pores) and high surface area (457 m(2)/g), providing numerous active sites for Li(+) insertion, high electrical conductivity, low charge-transfer resistance across the electrolyte-electrode interface, and improved structural stability against the local volume change during Li(+) insertion-extraction. Such electrodes are envisioned to be mass scalable with relatively simple and low-cost fabrication procedures, thereby providing a clear pathway toward commercialization.
Systematic Review and Meta–Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Fibrosis Marker Panels in Patients with HIV/Hepatitis C Coinfection (2008)

Available fibrosis marker panels have acceptable performance for identifying significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients but are not yet adequate to replace liver biopsy. Additional studies are necessary to identify the optimal measure.
Enrichment of nitrogen-15 by the direct laser photolysis of ammonia-d3 in the transition (1979)

Ammonia-d3 of differing 14N/15N ratios has been photolysed in the transition using a narrow-band-width, frequency-doubled, pulsed dye laser. At specific excitation wavelengths, chosen by absorption spectroscopy, the product nitrogen is enriched in 15N, a maximum enrichment factor of 4.8 being attained. The initial isotopic selectivity of excitation is largely retained in the nitrogen product, even though the primary photodissociation forms free radicals and N2 is formed only after a sequence of secondary reactions. Quantum yields of nitrogen and hydrogen formation have been measured at very low conversions as a function of the time of irradiation. The initial yield of nitrogen appears to be zero and that of hydrogen 0.25.
Near-Infrared Luminescence from Small Gold Nanocrystals (2000)

A novel photoluminescence is reported for small metal nanocrystals in the near-infrared region (1.1−1.6 μm). Near-infrared photoluminescence spectra were measured at room temperature for 1.1 and 1.7 nm Au nanocrystals using a 1.06 μm excitation source. This photoluminescence is attributed to sp to sp-like transitions, analogous to intraband transitions in bulk gold; however, the exact mechanism is unknown. A conservative estimate for the quantum yield for the 1.7 nm gold nanocrystals is (4.4 ± 1.5) × 10-5 at room temperature, more than 5 orders of magnitude greater than that of bulk gold.
Effect of Glycosphingolipids Purified fromLeishmania (Leishmania) amazonensisAmastigotes on Human Peripheral Lymphocytes (2003)

The effect of purified glycosphingolipids from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis on human lymphoproliferation, on expression of human lymphocyte and monocyte markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19, and CD45), and on lymphocyte protein kinase C activity was analyzed.
CHSH inequality test via disturbance-free measurement (2018)

We propose disturbance-free measurement (DFM) using a 'weak-value' scheme, in which a weakly measured quantum system is post-selected (to the initial state) to confirm that there is no disturbance. The probability of obtaining the non-disturbed state is asymptotically close to unity. We theoretically show that outcomes of the DFM for a two-qubit state satisfy the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt inequality. We experimentally demonstrate the test for a typical (maximally entangled) two-qubit state based on a linear optical system. In experiments, polarization-entangled photon-pairs generated by the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process are measured by instruments such as strength-variable polarization-measurement apparatuses and a fiber-based Bell-state analyzer.
Treatment of Femoral Fractures After Irradiation (1998)

Twelve fractures of the femur occurred after irradiation in 12 patients during the past 15 years. All 12 patients had excision of a soft tissue sarcoma of the thigh. The periosteum was stripped in every case. The fractures had a deceptively innocuous radiographic appearance, which showed minimal comminution, displacement, and shortening. Treatment of the fractures was difficult and demanding. At a mean followup of 37 months, bony union was achieved in only four patients, and in all four cases union was delayed beyond 12 months. Because fracture healing typically is delayed, a loadsharing device such as an intramedullary nail may be preferable in treating these fractures. Primary or delayed bone grafting may be necessary, for no fracture united without bone graft. For elderly patients with low supracondylar fractures, primary endoprosthetic replacement may effect quicker rehabilitation. The possibility of local recurrence of tumor should be ruled out before definitive surgical treatment of the fracture. Closed, antegrade nailing in the presence of recurrent tumor may contaminate the flap for a salvage procedure such as hemipelvectomy and may compromise chances for cure.
Flow Cytometry Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Pathogenic Yeasts other than Candida albicans and Comparison with the NCCLS Broth Microdilution Test (2000)

Candida species other than Candida albicans frequently cause nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients. Some of these pathogens have either variable susceptibility patterns or intrinsic resistance against common azoles. The availability of a rapid and reproducible susceptibility-testing method is likely to help in the selection of an appropriate regimen for therapy. A flow cytometry (FC) method was used in the present study for susceptibility testing of Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans based on accumulation of the DNA binding dye propidium iodide (PI). The results were compared with MIC results obtained for amphotericin B and fluconazole using the NCCLS broth microdilution method (M27-A). For FC, the yeast inoculum was prepared spectrophotometrically, the drugs were diluted in either RPMI 1640 or yeast nitrogen base containing 1% dextrose, and yeast samples and drug dilutions were incubated with amphotericin B and fluconazole, respectively, for 4 to 6 h. Sodium deoxycholate and PI were added at the end of incubation, and fluorescence was measured with a FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). The lowest drug concentration that showed a 50% increase in mean channel fluorescence compared to that of the growth control was designated the MIC. All tests were repeated once. The MICs obtained by FC for all yeast isolates except C. lusitaniae were in very good agreement (within 1 dilution) of the results of the NCCLS broth microdilution method. Paired t test values were not statistically significant (P = 0.377 for amphotericin B; P = 0.383 for fluconazole). Exceptionally, C. lusitaniae isolates showed higher MICs (2 dilutions or more) than in the corresponding NCCLS broth microdilution method for amphotericin B. Overall, FC antifungal susceptibility testing provided rapid, reproducible results that were statistically comparable to those obtained with the NCCLS method.
A temporal thermography system for supporting longitudinal building energy audits (2017)

With advances in thermal sensor technology and falling costs, energy auditors are increasingly using thermography to detect thermal defects and analyze building energy efficiency. However, collecting thermal imagery is laborious and results can be misleading or ineffective if environmental conditions for conducting a proper scan are not met. In this abstract, we present a novel sensor kit for collecting and analyzing temporal thermography data, which reduces manual labor and enables new types of thermographic analyses. To gather initial user reactions and better understand the potential of this temporal data, we conducted a usability pilot study and a small field study deployment. We describe initial results, drawbacks, and enumerate directions forward for this emerging area.
Comparison of Submerged Aerator Effectiveness (2001)

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of three different submerged aerators (diffusers), a membrane diffuser, a coarse bubble diffuser, and a soaker hose, is compared by analyzing their performance parameters at varying gas flow rates and water depths of up to 10 meters. The type of diffuser chosen for a specific application depends on aeration characteristics such as the total mass transfer coefficient, standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR), standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE), and standard aeration efficiency (SAE). From experimental data, the effects of the gas flow rate and submerged depth on the total mass transfer coefficient and SOTR are determined up to a 10 meter depth. As the flow rate and diffuser depth are increased, the mass transfer coefficient and the SOTR increase for all three diffusers. At low gas flow rates, the segment of soaker hose transfers oxygen at the highest rate. The coarse bubble diffuser transfers oxygen at a lesser rate than the soaker hose but is capable of performing at higher gas flow rates. The membrane diffuser performance resembles the high transfer of a soaker hose before approaching the transfer behavior of the coarse bubble diffuser at higher flow rates. Relationships are also defined for the SOTE and SAE. Non-dimensional parameter correlations quantify the dependence of the performance parameters on the gas flow rate and depth and provide a means of predicting diffuser behavior for specified system applications.
Assembly and Release of Hepatitis B Virus (2015)

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is a dynamic and versatile protein that directs many viral processes. During capsid assembly, core protein allosteric changes ensure efficient formation of a stable capsid that assembles while packaging viral RNA-polymerase complex. Reverse transcription of the RNA genome as well as transport of the capsid to multiple cellular compartments are directed by dynamic phosphorylation and structural changes of core protein. Subsequently, interactions of the capsid with the surface proteins and/or host proteins trigger envelopment and release of the viral capsids or the transport to the nucleus. Held together by many weak protein-protein interactions, the viral capsid is an extraordinary metastable machine that is stable enough to persist in the cellular and extracellular environment but dissociates to allow release of the viral genome at the right time during infection.
Nanostructured Polyaniline/Graphene/Fe2O3 Composites Hydrogel as a High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitor Electrode Material (2020)

In recent years, the demand for high-performance flexible and portable electronics with high power/energy density has increased rapidly. Currently, the flexible devices have seized the interest of researchers in energy storage especially, supercapacitors and batteries. Working on the same line, ternary nanostructured polyaniline/Fe2O3-decorated graphene (PGF) composite hydrogel coated on carbon cloth has been prepared as a potential electrode material for flexible supercapacitor. Different compositions of aniline to Fe2O3-decorated graphene have been synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The ternary composite hydrogel on carbon cloth exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1124 F/g at a current density of 0.25 A/g in 1 M H2SO4. The symmetrical supercapacitor has shown high rate capability (∼82.2% at 7.5 A/g) as well as excellent cycling stability. The excellent electrochemical performance of ternary composites hydrogel have been realized because of the well-designed cross-linked hydrogel structure, high surface area, and synergistic effects among all three constituents. This outstanding performance holds great potential for next-generation flexible supercapacitors.
Reducing electrocoagulation harvesting costs for practical microalgal biodiesel production (2013)

Electrocoagulation has shown potential to be a primary microalgae harvesting technique for biodiesel production. However, methods to reduce energy and electrode costs are still necessary for practical application. Electrocoagulation tests were conducted on Nannochloris sp. and Dunaliella sp. using perforated aluminium and iron electrodes under various charge densities. Aluminium electrodes were shown to be more efficient than iron electrodes when harvesting both algal species. Despite the lower harvesting efficiency, however, the iron electrodes were more energy and cost efficient. Operational costs of less than $0.03/L oil were achieved when harvesting Nannochloris sp. with iron electrodes at 35% harvest efficiency, whereas aluminium electrodes cost $0.75/L oil with 42% harvesting efficiency. Increasing the harvesting efficiencies for both aluminium and iron electrodes also increased the overall cost per litre of oil, therefore lower harvesting efficiencies with lower energy inputs was recommended. Also, increasing the culturing salinity to 2 ppt sodium chloride for freshwater Nannochloris sp. was determined practical to improve the electrocoagulation energy efficiency despite a 25% reduction in cell growth.
Gastric Cancer: Descriptive Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, and Prevention (2014)

Less than a century ago, gastric cancer was the most common cancer in the United States and perhaps throughout the world. Despite its worldwide decline in incidence over the past century, gastric cancer remains a major killer across the globe. This article reviews the epidemiology, screening, and prevention of gastric cancer. We first discuss the descriptive epidemiology of gastric cancer, including its incidence, survival, mortality, and trends over time. Next, we characterize the risk factors for gastric cancer, both environmental and genetic. Serologic markers and histological precursor lesions of gastric cancer and early detection of gastric cancer using these markers are reviewed. Finally, we discuss prevention strategies and provide suggestions for further research.
Suitability Analysis of Probabilistic Proactive Routing for Dynamic Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks (2009)

We first propose a new proactive routing framework based on probabilistic decisions and a generic model to compute the existence probabilities of nodes and links. Then, we present a distributed algorithm to collect the cartography of the network. This cartography is used to instantiate the existence probabilities. Conducted simulations show that our proposal yields substantially better routing validity. Nonetheless, it amounts to much longer routes. We proposed then a bounding technique to overcome this side effect and defined two probabilistic proactive routing variants. Conducted simulations show that our proposed bounded probabilistic proactive routing schemes outperform conventional routing protocols and yield up to 66 percent increase in throughput.