gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Timing of Preventive Maintenance for Addressing Environmental Aging in Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements (2014)

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Tamoxifen induces endometrial and vaginal cancer in rats in the absence of endometrial hyperplasia (2000)

Tamoxifen was administered orally to neonatal rats on days 2-5 after birth and the subsequent effects on the uterus were characterized, morphometrically, over the following 12 months. Tamoxifen inhibited development of the uterus and glands in the endometrium, indicating a classical oestrogen antagonist action. Between 24 and 35 months after tamoxifen treatment there was a significant increase in the incidence (26%) of uterine adenocarcinomas and a 9% incidence of squamous cell carcinomas of the vagina/cervix in the absence of any oestrogen agonist effect in the uterus. This demonstrates that an oestrogen agonist effect is not an absolute requirement for the carcinogenic effect of tamoxifen in the reproductive tract of the rat. The unopposed oestrogen agonist effect of tamoxifen on the endometrium may not be the only factor involved in the development of endometrial cancers. It is possible that tamoxifen causes these tumours via a genotoxic mechanism similar to that seen in rat liver. However, using (32)P-post-labelling we failed to find evidence of tamoxifen-induced DNA adducts in the uterus. Tamoxifen may affect hormonal imprinting of oestrogen receptor responses in stem cells of the uterus, causing reproductive tract cancers to arise at a later time, in the same way as has been proposed for diethylstilbestrol. If these rodent data extrapolate to humans, then women who are taking tamoxifen as a chemopreventative may have an increased risk of vaginal/cervical cancer, as well as endometrial cancer.
Highlights of the LLL Hoe Creek No. 2 Underground Coal Gasification Experiment (1978)

The major objectives of the Hoe Creek No. 2 underground coal gasification experiments were: (1) investigate reverse combustion process in a uniform, wet, hydrologically active coal seam; (2) determine forward gasification parameters with injected air flows of 2000 to 4000 scfm; (3) conduct a short stream-oxygen burn within the Hoe Creek No. 2 air burn; (4) evaluate diagnostic instrumentation; (5) evaluate operational parameters. All of the objetives were accomplished successfully. All instrumentation worked well. All the data taken were stored on magnetic disc and tape by an HP-21 MX-E computer, which allowed instant access to both raw and processed data with a large number of plotting and tabulating routines. The reverse combustion linking phase of the test appeared to work very well. However, the production of multiple reverse burn paths, and the strong evidence that there were major forward gasification paths, some at the top of the coal as well as near the bottom, demonstrate that the reverse combustion process is not as yet well understood.
Policy Response to Technological Developments (2002)

Technological developments may require a policy response when the potential effects of such technology contribute to unwanted or unpredictable changes. The introduction of genetic modification triggered policy makers to design a framework for risk assessment and release procedures that may be linked to conventional variety release systems (Traynor & Komen, this volume). Often, technological change reaches the policy level only when problems appear after introduction. In some cases, however, discussions can start even before the technology is ready for the market. A good example of the latter is the Genetic Use Restriction Technology (GURT), which triggered a very intense debate because of its possible use in the production of ‘sterile seeds.’ This application was dubbed “terminator technology” in the popular press. GURT is thus an interesting case to analyse the link between technology and policy development. This paper heavily draws upon a study that was prepared by FAO (Visser et al., 2001).This case illustrates that a wide range of concerns and options are linked with one technological development, and that arguments arise from different policy fields. Analysis thus needs a thorough understanding of the individual opportunities and concerns as well as the linked arguments.GURT has received an extremely bad name in the international public debate. Very few, however, have seriously thought about possible policy responses and the tools that are available to the policy makers to implement their decisions. This paper intends to clarify both the complexity of such technological developments and it gives some suggestions about dealing with different concerns in the GURT's case.
Characterization of Cytosolic Calcium Oscillations Induced by Phenylephrine and Vasopressin in Single Fura-2-loaded Hepatocytes (1989)

Changes of cytosolic free Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i) in response to receptor activation were studied at the single cell level by using digital imaging fluorescence microscopy of fura-2-loaded primary cultured hepatocytes. In response to phenylephrine and vasopressin, individual hepatocytes displayed dose-dependent oscillations of [Ca2+]i similar to those observed in aequorin-injected hepatocytes by Woods et al. (Woods, N. M., Cuthbertson, K. S. R., and Cobbold, P. H. (1986) Nature 329, 719-721). With increasing agonist concentration, the frequency of oscillations increased and the latent period decreased. For a given cell, peak [Ca2+]i was independent of applied agonist concentration. However, there was considerable variation from cell to cell in the absolute value of peak [Ca2+]i. There was also marked intercellular heterogeneity in the latency, frequency, and overall pattern of the Ca2+ responses. Such asynchronous responses can be explained in part by the apparent differential agonist sensitivity of individual cells for latency and frequency. At high doses, phenylephrine maintained an oscillatory pattern, whereas vasopressin produced a complex mixture of spiking and sustained [Ca2+]i responses. Vasopressin and phenylephrine also displayed differently shaped [Ca2+]i oscillations at submaximal doses, due primarily to a slower rate of decay with vasopressin. Despite the large cell-cell variation in the patterns of [Ca2+]i oscillations, successive readditions of the same agonist elicited identical cell-specific patterns of oscillation. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+ the frequency but not the magnitude of [Ca2+]i oscillations was decreased. Buffering of [Ca2+]i by increasing the fura-2 load of single hepatocytes also decreased the frequency of oscillations without affecting the peak Ca2+ level. These data provide further support for the importance of frequency modulation in agonist-induced Ca2+ responses and suggest that Ca2+ itself plays an important role in regulating the frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations. Furthermore, the data demonstrate a broad heterogeneity in hepatocyte [Ca2+]i oscillations which may underlie the nonoscillatory responses of cell populations.
Interfacial chemistry and mechanical effects of a multifunctional processing additive on carbon black filled rubber (1994)

The interfacial effects of a multifunctional additive (MFA), the n-tallow-propane-1,3-diamine salt of carboxylic acid, on carbon black filled rubber have been studied. The surfaces of three normal-cure-rate carbon blacks, of differing nitrogen BET surface areas, were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and vapour-phase chemical derivatisation and found to contain very few functional groups. The MFA has been found to decompose at ca. 120 °C and the decomposition to generate diamine and a carboxylic acid species. Bound rubber, determined by o-xylene extraction, was found to decrease with the addition of MFA and a limiting bound rubber value was obtained at the MFA loading that corresponds to a monolayer coverage of the carbon black surface. The reduction of bound rubber with the addition of MFA is attributed to the release of rubber, immobilised within carbon black agglomerates, as a result of improved dispersion. The mechanical properties of the rubber were also found to improve with the addition of MFA and again this was attributed to the dispersing effect of the MFA on the carbon black. Optimum mechanical properties were observed at an MFA loading which approximately corresponds to a monolayer coverage of the carbon black surface.
Monolithic integration of microfluidic channels and semiconductor lasers (2006)

We present a fabrication method for the monolithic integration of microfluidic channels into semiconductor laser material. Lasers are designed to couple directly into the microfluidic channel, allowing submerged particles pass through the output beams of the lasers. The interaction between particles in the channel and the lasers, operated in either forward or reverse bias, allows for particle detection, and the optical forces can be used to trap and move particles. Both interrogation and manipulation are made more amenable for lab-on-a-chip applications through monolithic integration. The devices are very small, they require no external optical components, have perfect intrinsic alignment, and can be created with virtually any planar configuration of lasers in order to perform a variety of tasks. Their operation requires no optical expertise and only low electrical power, thus making them suitable for computer interfacing and automation. Insulating the pn junctions from the fluid is the key challenge, which is overcome by using photo-definable SU8-2000 polymer.
Salvinorin A: A Mini Review of Physical and Chemical Properties Affecting Its Translation from Research to Clinical Applications in Humans (2014)

Salvinorin A is a potent and selective agonist of kappa opioid receptors in the brain. Recent studies in several animal models have revealed that Salvinorin A has anti-addiction, anti-depression properties and exhibits pronounced neuroprotective effects against hypoxia/ischemia induced brain damage, and have raised interest in potential clinical applications in several acute pathologies involving oxygen deficiency in the brain. This review focuses on the chemical and physical properties of Salvinorin A and their impact on development of a rational formulation to enable its translation from a research compound to a novel therapeutic agent.
Tumor Endothelial Cells with Distinct Patterns of TGFβ-Driven Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (2015)

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) occurs during development and underlies the pathophysiology of multiple diseases. In tumors, unscheduled EndMT generates cancer-associated myofibroblasts that fuel inflammation and fibrosis, and may contribute to vascular dysfunction that promotes tumor progression. We report that freshly isolated subpopulations of tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) from a spontaneous mammary tumor model undergo distinct forms of EndMT in response to TGFβ stimulation. Although some TECs strikingly upregulate α smooth muscle actin (SMA), a principal marker of EndMT and activated myofibroblasts, counterpart normal mammary gland endothelial cells (NEC) showed little change in SMA expression after TGFβ treatment. Compared with NECs, SMA(+) TECs were 40% less motile in wound-healing assays and formed more stable vascular-like networks in vitro when challenged with TGFβ. Lineage tracing using ZsGreen(Cdh5-Cre) reporter mice confirmed that only a fraction of vessels in breast tumors contain SMA(+) TECs, suggesting that not all endothelial cells (EC) respond identically to TGFβ in vivo. Indeed, examination of 84 TGFβ-regulated target genes revealed entirely different genetic signatures in TGFβ-stimulated NEC and TEC cultures. Finally, we found that basic FGF (bFGF) exerts potent inhibitory effects on many TGFβ-regulated genes but operates in tandem with TGFβ to upregulate others. ECs challenged with TGFβ secrete bFGF, which blocks SMA expression in secondary cultures, suggesting a cell-autonomous or lateral-inhibitory mechanism for impeding mesenchymal differentiation. Together, our results suggest that TGFβ-driven EndMT produces a spectrum of EC phenotypes with different functions that could underlie the plasticity and heterogeneity of the tumor vasculature.
The Use of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) for the Treatment of Pediatric Aggression and Mood Disorders (2010)

Aggressive symptomatology presents across multiple psychiatric, developmental, neurological and behavioral disorders, complicating the diagnosis and treatment of the underlying pathology. Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs) have become an appealing alternative in the treatment of aggression, mood lability and impulsivity in adult and pediatric populations, although few controlled trials have explored their efficacy in treating pediatric populations. This review of the literature synthesizes the available data on ten AEDs - valproate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, topiramate, levetiracetam, zonisamide, gabapentin and tiagabine - in an attempt to assess evidence for the efficacy of AEDs in the treatment of aggression in pediatric populations. Our review revealed modest evidence that some of the AEDs produced improvement in pediatric aggression, but controlled trials in pediatric bipolar disorder have not been promising. Valproate is the best supported AED for aggression and should be considered as a first line of treatment. When monotherapy is insufficient, combining an AED with either lithium or an atypical anti-psychotic can result in better efficacy. Additionally, our review indicates that medications with predominately GABA-ergic mechanisms of action are not effective in treating aggression, and medications which decrease glutaminergic transmission tended to have more cognitive adverse effects. Agents with multiple mechanisms of action may be more effective.
Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis with parenchymal infarcts in a newborn with severe haemophilia A and subdural haematomas (2008)

The case we report has three peculiar aspects&#13;\nleading us to the following considerations:&#13;\n1 This is the first reported case of cerebral SVT in a&#13;\nhaemophilic patient, either in the presence or&#13;\nabsence of cerebral haemorrhage, unrelated to&#13;\ntherapy or presence of CVC.&#13;\n2 A complete recanalization of the venous sinuses&#13;\nwithout heparin administration was observed,&#13;\nprobably favoured by the underlying disease.&#13;\n3 MRI confirms to be the examination of choice in&#13;\nthe diagnosis of cerebral vascular diseases and in&#13;\nthe past the performance of CT alone in case of&#13;\ncerebral haemorrhage in haemophiliacs may have&#13;\nunderdiagnosed the association with cerebral&#13;\nvenous thromboses.
Probing the Paracoccus denitrificans Cytochrome c1−Cytochrome c552 Interaction by Mutagenesis and Fast Kinetics (2008)

Electron transfer (ET) between Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome (cyt) c(1) and cytochrome c(552) was studied using the soluble redox fragments cyt c(1CF) and cyt c(552F). A new ruthenium cyt c(552F) derivative labeled at C23 (Ru(z)-23-c(552F)) was designed to measure rapid electron transfer with cyt c(1CF) in the physiological direction using flash photolysis. The bimolecular rate constant k(12) decreased rapidly with ionic strength above 40 mM, consistent with a diffusional process guided by long-range electrostatic interactions between the two proteins. However, a new kinetic phase was detected at an ionic strength of <35 mM with the ruthenium photoexcitation technique in which k(12) became very rapid (3 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)) and nearly independent of ionic strength, suggesting that the reaction became so fast that it was controlled by short-range diffusion along the protein surfaces guided by hydrophobic interactions. These results are consistent with a two-step model for formation of the final encounter complex. No intracomplex electron transfer between Ru(z)-23-c(552F) and c(1CF) was observed even at the lowest ionic strength, indicating that the dissociation constant of the complex was >30 microM. On the other hand, the ruthenium-labeled yeast cytochrome c derivative Ru(z)-39-Cc formed a tight 1:1 complex with cyt c(1CF) at ionic strengths of <60 mM with an intracomplex electron transfer rate constant of 50000 s(-1). A group of cyt c(1CF) variants in the presumed docking site were generated on the basis of information from the yeast cyt bc(1)-cyt c cocrystal structure. Kinetic analysis of cyt c(1CF) mutants located near the heme crevice provided preliminary identification of the interaction site for cyt c(552F) and suggested that formation of the encounter complex is guided primarily by the overall electrostatic surface potential rather than by defined ions.
Developmental stability and predation success in an insect predator-prey system (1997)

I investigated the relationships among developmental stability (as measured by individual bilateral asymmetry values), two measures of locomotory performance and predation success in an insect predator-prey system. In this system yellow dungflies Scathophaga sttrcoraria preyed upon houseflies Musco domtstica in laboratory-controlled conditions. There was no relationship between locomotion and absolute asymmetry or mean size of two morphological traits (fourth longitudinal wing vein, foreleg tibia) in either species. Analysis of single predation trials indicated that locomotion performance and trait size are not associated with the probability of predation. However, Musca that were captured had tibia that were more asymmetric than Musca that survived. Similarly, Scathophaga that were successful predators had more symmetric forelegs than unsuccessful predators. There was no relationship between predation and wing vein asymmetry, which may indicate the importance of terrestrial-based predatory avoidance tactics in this system. There were no relationships between morphology or locomotion with predation latency, prey handling times, or the number of times a prey escaped from a predator. The mechanisms behind the relationship between tibia asymmetry and predation success are discussed. This is the first experiment to reveal direct evidence for selection for symmetric, devdopmentally stable individuals through differential predation.
Hindcasting Monthly Runoff (1984)

Research was carried out to develop relatively simple low cost procedures for estimating chronological monthly runoff for the historical period before a gaging station was installed on the river but during which precipitation and temperature records are available. The method also supplies estimates of runoff during periods of missing records. The procedures are based on the equation for the water budget of a drainage basin which shows runoff to be a function of precipitation, water losses and the change in storage. It is shown that current and antecedent precipitation and temperature can be used as independent variables to account for the water loss and storage terms. The methods were tested by calibrating the models for the more recent years of records and then hindcasting runoff for earlier periods during which measured runoff was available for comparison.
Collisions of nonlinear waves in flexible mechanical metamaterials (2022)

Flexible mechanical metamaterials are compliant structures designed to achieve desired mechanical properties via large deformation or rotation of their components. While their static properties (such as Poisson’s ratio) have been studied extensively, much less work has been done on their dynamic properties, especially nonlinear dynamic properties induced by large movement of internal components. Here, we examine the nonlinear dynamic response arising from impact loading of mechanical materials that consist of 1D and 2D arrangements of rotating squares, which leads to formation of solitons. Permanent magnets are added to the squares, which causes the metamaterial to become multistable. Rotations of the squares can thereby lead to sudden rearrangements of squares into new phases. We experimentally and numerically characterize the collisions of solitons in these flexible mechanical metamaterials, which, depending on their amplitude and chirality, can induce a variety of responses, including phase transitions.
Performance Impact of External Vibration on Consumer-Grade and Enterprise-Class Disk Drives (2005)

This paper describes a simple but effective method to generate and observe the effects of external vibration on the read and write bandwidth of a disk drive. Furthermore, it quantifies these effects as a first-order numerical approximation. This paper is not intended to rate disk drives relative to manufacturer, model, size, form factor, etc. Rather it is simply intended to answer the simple questions of "Is there a performance impact of external vibration on a disk drive?" and "How significant is that impact?" After testing several 3.5- and 2.5-inch consumer-grade and enterprise-class disk drives the conclusion is that the consumer-grade disk drives are more sensitive to external vibration. In the presence of an external vibration caused by adjacent disk drive seek operations the bandwidth performance of a consumer-grade disk drive "feeling" these vibrations will decrease about 10%-15% when reading data and about 25%-40% when writing data. The final qualitative result of this study is that disk drive packaging is likely the most significant factor in reducing the vibrational effects.
Modeling and Evaluation Framework for FMC-QE (2009)

This paper introduces a framework for the new modeling and evaluation methodology FMC-QE (Fundamental Modeling Concepts for Quantitative Evaluation). Through hierarchical modeling of service request, three dimensional representation space and separation of operational and control states, FMC-QE enables modeling and evaluation of complex systems. This paper focuses on the tool support of FMC-QE. After a short introduction an overview of related work, especially Queuing Theory and Time Augmented Petri Nets, is presented. This is followed by a description of the FMC-QE methodology and the presentation of an implementation of a FMC-QE Tool prototype. Finally, some conclusions and an outlook are given.
Ultra-high resolution electron microscopy (2016)

The last two decades have seen dramatic advances in the resolution of the electron microscope brought about by the successful correction of lens aberrations that previously limited resolution for most of its history. We briefly review these advances, the achievement of sub-Ångstrom resolution and the ability to identify individual atoms, their bonding configurations and even their dynamics and diffusion pathways. We then present a review of the basic physics of electron scattering, lens aberrations and their correction, and an approximate imaging theory for thin crystals which provides physical insight into the various different imaging modes. Then we proceed to describe a more exact imaging theory starting from Yoshioka's formulation and covering full image simulation methods using Bloch waves, the multislice formulation and the frozen phonon/quantum excitation of phonons models. Delocalization of inelastic scattering has become an important limiting factor at atomic resolution. We therefore discuss this issue extensively, showing how the full-width-half-maximum is the appropriate measure for predicting image contrast, but the diameter containing 50% of the excitation is an important measure of the range of the interaction. These two measures can differ by a factor of 5, are not a simple function of binding energy, and full image simulations are required to match to experiment. The Z-dependence of annular dark field images is also discussed extensively, both for single atoms and for crystals, and we show that temporal incoherence must be included accurately if atomic species are to be identified through matching experimental intensities to simulations. Finally we mention a few promising directions for future investigation.