gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review: membrane materials for the removal of water from industrial solvents by pervaporation and vapor permeation (2018)

Organic solvents are widely used in a variety of industrial sectors. Reclaiming and reusing the solvents may be the most economically and environmentally beneficial option for managing spent solvents. Purifying the solvents to meet reuse specifications can be challenging. For hydrophilic solvents, water must be removed prior to reuse, yet many hydrophilic solvents form hard-to-separate azeotropic mixtures with water. Such mixtures make separation processes energy intensive and cause economic challenges. The membrane processes pervaporation (PV) and vapor permeation (VP) can be less energy intensive than distillation-based processes and have proven to be very effective in removing water from azeotropic mixtures. In PV/VP, separation is based on the solution-diffusion interaction between the dense permselective layer of the membrane and the solvent/water mixture. This review provides a state-of-the-science analysis of materials used as the selective layer(s) of PV/VP membranes in removing water from organic solvents. A variety of membrane materials, such as polymeric, inorganic, mixed matrix, and hybrid, have been reported in the literature. A small subset of these are commercially available and highlighted here: poly(vinyl alcohol), polyimides, amorphous perfluoro polymers, NaA zeolites, chabazite zeolites, T-type zeolites, and hybrid silicas. The typical performance characteristics and operating limits of these membranes are discussed. Solvents targeted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for reclamation are emphasized and ten common solvents are chosen for analysis: acetonitrile, 1-butanol, <i>N,N</i>-dimethyl formamide, ethanol, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and 2-propanol.
Method and apparatus for using compression to improve performance of low voltage caches (2023)

A method of operating a cache in a computing device includes, in response to receiving a memory access request at the cache, determining compressibility of data specified by the request, selecting in the cache a destination portion for storing the data based on the compressibility of the data and a persistent fault history of the destination portion, and storing a compressed copy of the data in a non-faulted subportion of the destination portion, wherein the persistent fault history indicates that the non-faulted subportion excludes any persistent faults.
Thermal Radiation Fundamentals (2004)

This new publication is intended primarily as the chief resource for a graduate course in thermal radiation heat transfer in engineering. The book should also be very useful for researchers and designers of heat transfer equipment. In contrast to existing books, the text takes a holistic view, treating radiation as a volumetric phenomenon, and then treating surface radiation as a special case.<br><br> A CD containing a popular engineering software package is included for the expeditious solving of radiation problems, and the smoothed-band model is introduced for handling gaseous exchange. <br><br><br><br> 341 pages, <big> &copy; 2004</big><br> <br><br>
Study of the Long-Term Results of Decompressive Craniectomy after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Based on a Series of 60 Consecutive Cases (2014)

Despite the discordant results in the literature, this study demonstrates that decompressive craniectomy is useful for the management of refractory intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury.
A current view on Tau protein phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease (2021)

The functions of the neuronal microtubule-associated protein Tau in the central nervous system are regulated by manifold posttranslational modifications at more than 50 sites. Tau in healthy neurons carries multiple phosphate groups, mostly in its microtubule assembly domain. Elevated phosphorylation and aggregation of Tau are widely considered pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies, triggering the quest for Tau posttranslational modifications in the disease context. However, the phosphorylation patterns of physiological and pathological Tau are surprisingly similar and heterogenous, making it difficult to identify specific modifications as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD. We present a concise summary of - and view on - important previous and recent advances in Tau phosphorylation analysis in the context of AD.
Hospital Treatment of Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Using the “Get With The Guidelines” Program (2008)

Statistically and clinically significant improvement in 11 of 13 quality improvement measures for the treatment of patients hospitalized for cerebrovascular disease was seen in hospitals participating in the Get With The Guidelines program.
Sensors for Mobile Robots: Theory and Application (1995)

The author compiles everything a student or experienced developmental engineer needs to know about the supporting technologies associated with the rapidly evolving field of robotics. From the table of contents: Design Considerations * Dead Reckoning * Odometry Sensors * Doppler and Inertial Navigation * Typical Mobility Configurations * Tactile and Proximity Sensing * Triangulation Ranging * Stereo Disparity * Active Triangulation * Active Stereoscopic * Hermies * Structured Light * Known Target Size * Time of Flight * Phase-Shift Measurement * Frequency Modulation * Interferometry * Range from Focus * Return Signal Intensity * Acoustical Energy * Electromagnetic Energy * Optical Energy * Microwave Radar * Collision Avoidance * Guidepath Following * Position-Location Systems * Ultrasonic and Optical Position-Location Systems * Wall, Doorway, andCeiling Referencing * Application-Specific Mission Sensors
Differences in Dynamic Performance of Molded Polyurethane Foam as a Function of Pad Thickness and Supported Load (2001)

Comfort and durability have evolved into essential performance requirements for the polyurethane foam used in automotive seating. A great variety of tests have been developed in an attempt to measure and predict these properties, both for the foam and the assembled seat. However, the results from these various tests can be quite different depending on the test conditions employed. Furthermore, most tests measure comfort properties at some standard deflection, or pressure, which is nominally designed to represent the average population that will be riding on the seat. Missing from these tests is a recognition that foam comfort properties are not the same at all deflections, and thus performance and perceived comfort will change as a result of the size and shape of the person riding the seat. This research presents information demonstrating the dependence of comfort properties, such as vibrational transmissivity and quasi-static hysteresis, on foam thickness and foam chemistry. In addition, the effect of pressure is demonstrated using various masses for the transmissivity testing. This work will be analyzed and discussed from the perspective that comfort properties may need to be defined relative to the sitting pressure of the person riding on the vehicle seat.
PHOTOANODIC ENGRAVING OF HOLOGRAMS ON SILICON (1970)

Holograms have been recorded on the surface of Si by means of a photoanodic reaction. Resolution better than 2500 lines/mm have been achieved in holographically recorded gratings. Diffuse object holograms with reconstruction efficiencies as high as 10% have also been obtained.
Hybrid Biomimetic Materials from Silica/Carbonate Biomorphs (2019)

The formation of a polymer protection layer around fragile mineral architectures ensures that structures stay intact even after treatments that would normally destroy them going along with a total loss of textural information. Here we present a strategy to preserve the shape of silica-carbonate biomorphs with polymers. This method converts non-hybrid inorganic-inorganic composite materials such a silica/carbonate biomorphs into hybrid organic/carbonate composite materials similar to biominerals.
Volume rendering of segmented image objects (2002)

This paper describes a new method of combining ray-casting with segmentation. Volume rendering is performed at interactive rates on personal computers, and visualizations include both "superficial" ray-casting through a shell at each object's surface and "deep" ray-casting through the confines of each object. A feature of the approach is the option to smoothly and interactively dilate segmentation boundaries along all axes. This ability, when combined with selective "turning off" of extraneous image objects, can help clinicians detect and evaluate segmentation errors that may affect surgical planning. We describe both a method optimized for displaying tubular objects and a more general method applicable to objects of arbitrary geometry. In both cases, select three-dimensional points are projected onto a modified z buffer that records additional information about the projected objects. A subsequent step selectively volume renders only through the object volumes indicated by the z buffer. We describe how our approach differs from other reported methods for combining segmentation with ray-casting, and illustrate how our method can be useful in helping to detect segmentation errors.
Modulation of Macrophage Cytokine Production by ES-62, a Secreted Product of the Filarial Nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae (2001)

Parasite survival and host health may depend on the ability of the parasite to modulate the host immune response by the release of immunomodulatory molecules. Excretory-secretory (ES)-62, one such well-defined molecule, is a major secreted protein of the rodent filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, and has homologues in human filarial nematodes. Previously we have shown that ES-62 is exclusively associated with a Th2 Ab response in mice. Here we provide a rationale for this polarized immune response by showing that the parasite molecule suppresses the IFN-gamma/LPS-induced production, by macrophages, of bioactive IL-12 (p70), a key cytokine in the development of Th1 responses. This suppression of the induction of a component of the host immune response extends to the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha, but not NO. The molecular mechanism underlying these findings awaits elucidation but, intriguingly, the initial response of macrophages to ES-62 is to demonstrate a low and transient release of these cytokines before becoming refractory to further release induced by IFN-gamma/LPS. The relevance of our observations is underscored by the finding that macrophages recovered from mice exposed to "physiological" levels of ES-62 by the novel approach of continuous release from implanted osmotic pumps in vivo were similarly refractory to release of IL-12, TNF-alpha, IL-6, but not NO, ex vivo. Therefore, our results suggest that exposure to ES-62 renders macrophages subsequently unable to produce Th1/proinflammatory cytokines. This likely contributes to the generation of immune responses with an anti-inflammatory Th2 phenotype, a well-documented feature of filarial nematode infection.
In vitro propagation methods of the succulent plant Euphorbia resinifera and quantification of its major compounds (2014)

Being native from Morocco and found mostly on the slopes of the Atlas, Euphorbia resinifera, a succulent Euphorbiaceae, was used in antiquity as a medicinal plant by applying its dried latex (Euphorbium) against snake bites and during poisoning. More recently, this plant was shown to contain the strongest “spice” found in nature so far, the diterpenoid resiniferatoxin (RTX) [1]. This complex molecule is 1000 more potent on the Scoville scale than pure capsaicin and RTX, which strongly activate TRPV1 receptors in neurons, is now being tested in Phase II clinical trials to manage pain in terminally ill cancer patients [2]. The NIH is also trying to develop new analgesics based on RTX. Additionally, some triterpenoids present in the latex have been shown to be potent cytotoxics [3 – 4], therefore highlighting the pharmaceutical interest in this plant species. The endemic location of Euphorbia resinifera and its slow growth are a bottleneck for the large-scale production of active ingredients based on this plant species. Here we described for the first time the in-vitro propagation methods for the production of undifferentiated (callus and cell suspension cultures) as well as the micropropagation of Euphorbia resinifera. Moreover, quantification of major metabolites Euphol, Euphorbol and RTX, in the ex vivo and in vitro plants as well as in the cell suspensions was performed by HPLC-DAD and the identity of the compounds was confirmed by LC-MS. The impact of plant tissue differentiation is discussed in relation to the production of complex diterpenoids and triterpenoids in Eurphorbia resinifera plants and latex-free cell suspensions.
Design and analysis of algorithm-based fault-tolerant systems under the extended graph-theoretic model (1994)

Algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) is a low cost technique which improves the reliability of a multiprocessor system by providing concurrent error detection and location capability to it. It encodes data at the system level and modifies the algorithm to operate on the encoded data. Checks are placed on the encoded output data to expose both transient and permanent faults in the system. This thesis presents a new model for representing and designing ABFT systems. This model overcomes the shortcomings of the previous models. It considers the processors performing the checking operations to be a part of the system and allows for faults in these processors too. The thesis attacks various problems in ABFT using this new model.
This work presents both deterministic and randomized methods for design of fault detecting and fault locating ABFT systems under the new model. Randomized approaches have been found to be very powerful in the design process. They give quick and easy solutions, even for those design problems for which no deterministic techniques exist. The work also gives methods for determining the fault detection and location capability of a given ABFT system, under the new model. It gives a simple diagnosis procedure for locating a single fault and a general, though more complex, diagnosis algorithm for locating more than one faults. Finally, the thesis presents deterministic as well as randomized methods for the design of such ABFT systems whose fault tolerance capabilities degrade gracefully with the occurrence of faults in the system.
Semantic similarity applied to spoken dialogue summarization (2004)

We present a novel approach to spoken dialogue summarization. Our system employs a set of semantic similarity metrics using the noun portion of WordNet as a knowledge source. So far, the noun senses have been disambiguated manually. The algorithm aims to extract utterances carrying the essential content of dialogues. We evaluate the system on 20 Switchboard dialogues. The results show that our system outperforms LEAD, RANDOM and TF*IDF baselines.
Examination of the Shape Variation and Stress Distribution of Vibration Elements Using Giant Magnetostrictive Material. (1994)

Acoustic vibration elements using giant magnetostrictive material (AVEG) are used as vibration sources for undersea acoustic propagation over distances of 1000[km] and more. In this paper the magnetic circuit of the drive unit was analyzed using the-finite element method. The flux density distribution is nonuniform in the magnetostrictive vibrator. Converting flux density B[T] to magnetostriction E, we examine the difference in the shape variation and stress distribution of the vibrator. We also show the magnetic coupling influence of magnetostrictive vibrators when the AVEG consists of octagonal units.
Rapid Discovery of the Potential Toxic Compounds in Polygonum multiflorum by UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-Based Metabolomics and Correlation Analysis (2019)

The dry roots of <i>Polygonum multiflorum</i> (PM), involving both the raw and processed materials, are widely used as the traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases in China. Hepatotoxicity has been occasionally reported in patients who consume PM. Unfortunately, no definite criteria are currently available regarding the processing technology of PM for reduction the toxicity. In this work, we aimed to investigate the variations of PM metabolite profiles induced by different processing technologies by UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS and multivariate statistical analysis, and to discover the potential toxic compounds by correlating the cytotoxicity of L02 cell with the contents of metabolites in raw and processed PM samples. We could identify two potential toxic compounds, emodin-8-<i>O</i>-glucoside and torachrysone-<i>O</i>-hexose, which could be selected as the toxic markers to evaluate different processing methods. The results indicated all processed PM samples could decrease the cytotoxicity on L02 cell. The best processing technology for PM process was to steam PM in black soybean decoction (BD-PM) for 24 h.
Distortion induced effects on the finesse of high-performance large-aperture Fabry-Perot etalon filters (2006)

The effect of thickness uniformity and distortion on the performance of large-aperture Fabry-Perot etalon filters is investigated. It is shown that for etalons currently being used for solar observation it is important to consider the effect of distortion due to mounting and to gravity when in use. It is further shown that the effects of distortion can be largely avoided by operating the etalon at or near normal incidence.
Industrialization and Deindustrialization (1985)

Why and how did cottage industry become metamorphized into modern factory industry? According to Mendels [64] there were five links between the first and second stages of industrialization.
Identification of Pyrus single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and evaluation for genetic mapping in european pear and interspecific Pyrus hybrids (2012)

Genomic resources are becoming increasingly available for Rosaceae crops, including pears. We have used next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from three European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars to develop a set of high throughput markers useful for large‐scale genotyping in the genus Pyrus. A set of 1096 pear SNPs was chosen and combined with 7867 apple SNPs in an Infinium II® array (Illumina). The 9K Infinium II array was evaluated using a segregating population of European pear parents (‘Old Home’ x ‘Louise Bon Jersey’) and three inter‐specific families derived from Asian (P. pyrifolia and P. x bretschneiderii) and European pear. In total, 806 polymorphic pear markers were used for the construction of the first SNP‐based genetic maps for pear. In addition, 785 SNP markers derived from apple (10% of the total apple SNPs included in the array) were polymorphic, including markers with null alleles. The study is first to assess SNP transferability across the genera Malus and Pyrus. The construction of high density SNPbased and gene‐based genetic maps represents an important step in the process of identifying chromosomal regions associated with horticultural characters, such as pest and disease resistance, fruit yield and quality.
Synthesis of Cytosine Derivatives and Study of their Alkylation under Mild Conditions (2009)

The isolation of cytosine from the hydrolysis of calf thymus tissue in 1894 and its structure determination in 1903, 1 followed by its first synthesis from 2-ethylthiopyrimidin-4(3H)-one are a few ...
The synthesis of pyrido(2,3,4-<i>kl</i>)acridine unit of some marine alkaloids (2000)

A simple and convenient synthesis of pyrido(2,3,4-kl)acridine (1), the main skeleton of some marine alkaloids, via cyclization and intramolecular nitrene insertion, is described. The importance of the planarity of the molecule during the nitrene insertion is explained.Key words: pyridoacridine, marine alkaloids, nitrene insertion, quinoline, quinolinone.
Synthesis of 9Z,11E;13-Tetradecatrienal, the Major Component of the Sex Pheromone of the Carob Moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). (1990)

9Z,11E,13-Tetradecatrienal, a component of the sex pheromone of the carob moth, was synthesized by a short and efficient route, with a high degree of stereoselectivity. Key steps included the Pd-catalyzed construction of a conjugated dienynol intermediate from E-1,2-dichloroethylene, and stereo- and regiospecific reduction of the dienynol with activated zinc in aqueous alcohol.
Photoluminescence Optimization of Luminescent Nanocomposites Fabricated by Spray Pyrolysis of a Colloid-Solution Precursor (2007)

Spherical luminescent nanocomposite particles have been synthesized by spray pyrolysis of the precursor with colloidal silica nanoparticles and gadolinium and europium nitrate solutions. The as-prepared particles were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the content of silica nanoparticles has a strong effect on the size, morphology, crystallinity, and PL properties of the composite particles. By adding colloidal silica nanoparticles into the precursors, dense luminescent particles with improved characteristics were produced because the silica nanoparticles as seeds promote heterogeneous nucleation during the pyrolysis of . The effect of the size of silica nanoparticles on the characteristics of the composites was investigated as well. The PL intensity and crystallinity increased with increasing silica nanoparticle size and reached optimum conditions using silica nanoparticles with an average size of for a similar volume percentage of silica. In this case, the number and the surface area of silica nanoparticles play roles in determining the characteristics.
Study of Nd 3+ , Pd 2+ , Pt 4+ , and Fe 3+ dopant effect on photoreactivity of TiO 2 nanoparticles (2002)

The metallorganic chemical vapor deposition method was successfully used to synthesize pure TiO(2) and Nd(3+)-, Pd(2+)-, Pt(4+)-, and Fe(3+)-doped TiO(2) nanoparticles. Polycrystalline TiO(2) structure was verified with x-ray diffraction, which showed typical characteristic anatase reflections without any separate dopant-related peaks. Transmission electron microscopy observations confirmed the existence of homogeneously distributed 22 +/- 3 nm TiO(2) nanoparticles. The particle size remained the same for the doped samples. The doping level of transition metals was kept at approximately 1 atomic percent, which was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectra and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The effects of different types of dopants on the photocatalytic activity were revealed by the degradation of 2-chlorophenols with an UV light source. The photocatalytic efficiency was remarkably enhanced by the introduction of Pd(2+) and Nd(3+). Nd(3+)-doped TiO(2) showed the largest enhancement. However, Pt(4+) changed the 2-chlorophenol degradation rate only slightly, and Fe(3+) was detrimental to this process. These effects were related to the position of the dopants in the nanoparticles and the difference in their ionic radii with respect to that of Ti(4+).