gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Analysis of Myelin Proteins in a Novel Neurological Mutant: The Taiep Rat (1997)

Hemispheres, spinal cords, and sciatic nerves were taken from taiep, carrier, and control rats at ages ranging from 1 day to 16 months. Absolute myelin yields from CNS taiep tissues peaked at approximately 2 months and then decreased until they reached a low but stable level. Myelin yield from the affected hemispheres expressed as a percentage of age-matched controls decreased continuously from 2 weeks until it reached a stable level of approximately 10-15%. The same was true for the spinal cords, but here the myelin yield reached a plateau at a slightly higher percentage of 20-25%. In comparison with control rats, isolated CNS myelin fractions from the affected rats had a greater content of high molecular weight proteins. Western blot analyses of CNS homogenates revealed that myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase were all present but decreased to levels generally consistent with the deficiencies of myelin. However myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) levels always were reduced much more than those of the other three myelin proteins, and at younger ages the apparent molecular weight for MAG was increased in the mutants. Western blot analyses of sciatic nerve homogenates showed that the levels of MBP, MAG, and P0 were not significantly different in control and mutant animals. These results suggested an early hypomyelination of the CNS, with peak levels of myelin at 2 months, followed by a prolonged period of myelin loss, until a very low but stable myelin level was reached. The consistently greater loss of MAG, in comparison with other CNS myelin proteins, is different from most other hypomyelinating mutants in which MAG is relatively preserved in comparison with the proteins of compact myelin. This might be due to microtubular abnormalities in the taiep mutant interfering with transport of myelin proteins and having the greatest effect on MAG because of its most distal location in the periaxonal oligodendroglial membranes.
Isolation and Identification of Novel Terpenoid Phytoalexins in Maize (2013)

Inducible chemical defense mechanisms are used by plants in response to insect attack and pathogen infection. The benzoxazinoid class of phytoanticipans is a well documented defense in Zea mays; however, some fungal pathogens and insects are capable of detoxifying these molecules. Recently, two acidic terpenoid phytoalexin families based on the carbon skeletons of ent-kaurane (1) and β-macrocarpene (2), termed kauralexins and zealexins, respectively, were discovered in maize. Continued efforts to identify the diversity of these phytoalexin classes have led to the discovery of surprisingly complex and unstable mixtures. We report the biological interaction between kauralexin A2 (3), and the newly characterized zealexins B3 (4), A4 (5) and A6 (6) with the toxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus.
Thermal cycling reliability of Sn-Zn lead-free solders in sensor application (2015)

There is a demand for low melting temperature solder in some applications (e.g., sensor attachment) where the components being soldered are temperature-sensitive. However, the same solder needs to meet the life cycle reliability requirements for the entire product. Among low temperature lead-free solders, eutectic Sn-9%Zn (wt.%) lead-free solder offers good mechanical reliability and low melting temperature. However, the presence of Zn makes it susceptible to oxidation especially at elevated temperatures. In this paper, the reliability of sensor attachments using Sn-9%Zn solder and capillary underfills was studied under thermal shock. Three different underfill materials were used with two of them containing fillers. The thermal shock test results showed that the underfills substantially improved the lifetime of the solder joints, and the underfills wth fillers provided the best mechanical support to the solder joints. The reliability of the Sn-9%Zn solder joints with underfills was found to be comparable to that of the Sn-Pb-2%Ag solder joints. Failure analysis revealed that a uniform distribution of the underfill was critical to achieve a reliable sensor attachment.
Introduction to the special issue (1996)

Artificial intelligence is a productive research paradigm for a variety of problems that arise in the world of investments This article provides an introduction to this special issue of Applied Artificial Intelligence - Artificial Intelligence Applications on Wall Street - which is devoted to financial AI applications The articles in this volume are derived from papers presented at the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications on Wall Street held in June 1995 in New York City
Performance-based assessment of telephone use in three patients with a major cognitive disorder (2020)

Neurocognitive Disorders (MND), cognitive deficits have considerable consequences on patients' daily living, compromising their social, professional, or leisure activities. In this context, technologies may provide innovative solutions to support home support and boost loss-making capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to design appropriate devices but also rehabilitation interventions, considered early on in order to minimize the impact of cognitive impairments on daily living. This requires undertaking a detailed assessment of autonomy. Research aim In this context, we wanted to confirm the contributions of a performance-based assessment to define the challenges faced by people with a diagnosis of MND using the telephone, the most common communication tool, and to specify their ability to benefit from hierarchical cueing. Methods We compared three patients with a diagnosis of MND to 17 elderly people aged 74 to 91, living in the community, and without any cognitive impairment. We evaluated the telephone useability in an ecological structured context with three tasks of increasing difficulty adapted from the Observed Tasks of Daily Living-R Performances were analyzed with an observation grid from the Profinteg tool Results Results highlighted that the three patients, who presented cognitive deficits and who apparently did not face obvious difficulties in telephone use assessed with a pencil-and-paper questionnaire, presented different error patterns and needed more specific aids, and in greater number. Conclusion The findings indicate a dissociation between neuropsychological tests' performances and telephone use in daily life. This result underlines the need for direct structured observation of older persons' daily activities requiring technical and technological tools, in the way to predict the practical consequences of cognitive impairments, and for designing appropriate gerontechnologies.
Prevalence of Frailty in Community‐Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review (2012)

Frailty is common in later life, but different operationalization of frailty status results in widely differing prevalence between studies. Improving the comparability of epidemiological and clinical studies constitutes an important step forward.
Atom transfer radical polymerization of lauryl methacrylate (2003)

Abstract The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) with an ethyl 2‐bromobutyrate/CuCl/ N,N,N ′ ,N ″ ,N ″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine initiation system was successfully carried out in toluene, and poly(lauryl methacrylate) with a low polydispersity (1.2 &lt; weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight &lt; 1.5) was obtained. Plots of ln ([M]) 0 /([M]) versus time and plots of the molecular weight versus conversion showed a linear dependence, indicating a constant number of propagating species throughout the polymerization. The rate of polymerization was 0.56‐order with respect to the concentration of the initiator and 1.30‐order with respect to the concentration of the Cu(I) catalyst. In addition, the effect of the solvent on the polymerization was investigated, and the thermodynamic data and activation parameters for the solution ATRP of LMA were reported. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1117–1125, 2003
A Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Cascade Annulation of Enals and Benzodi(enone)s Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (2011)

Three stereogenic centers in a row: The unconventional activation of enal compounds mediated by an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has generated three consecutive reactive carbon centers that undergo highly regio- and stereoselective annulations with di(enone)s to generate benzotricyclic products containing multiple stereogenic centers (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Lasing Characteristics of Low-Threshold GaInNAs Lasers Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (2001)

We report on the lasing characteristics of low-threshold long-wavelength GaInNAs double quantum well (DQW) lasers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). We have achieved a threshold current density of 450 A/cm 2 for a 1.28-µm-emitting laser. This is the lowest value for 1.3-µm-range GaInNAs lasers grown by MOCVD. We also observed high characteristic temperatures ( T 0 ) of 210 K and 130 K for 1.25 µm and 1.28 µm lasers, respectively. In addition, we investigated the gradual change in lasing characteristics under pulsed operation. The blue shift of an emission wavelength and a threshold current reduction were observed, which is similar to that observed in the thermal annealing of GaInNAs.
9-Vinyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (2001)

[129493-14-7] C10H17B (MW 148.08) InChI = 1S/C10H17B/c1-2-11-9-5-3-6-10(11)8-4-7-9/h2,9-10H,1,3-8H2/t9-,10+ InChIKey = BXPGUGQBTYHODY-AOOOYVTPSA-N (highly reactive and selective Diels–Alder dienophile1) Physical Data: bp 28–30 °C/0.25 mmHg.1 Preparative Method: vinylboranes are most conveniently prepared from the reaction of vinylstannanes with bromo- and chloroboranes (eq 1).1 These preparations may be carried out in situ2 for Diels–Alder reactions. (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: volatile vinylboranes are extremely pyrophoric; many problems may be avoided using the in situ procedure.2 Vinyl-9-BBN dimerizes3 extensively over the course of days at rt, and slowly in a freezer, but some other vinyldialkylboranes are much more stable.3
Photophysical properties of single core multimodal probe for imaging (SCoMPI) in a membrane model and in cells (2015)

The spectroscopic properties of two luminescent Re(i) tricarbonyl complexes conjugated with two cell-penetrating peptides were examined. Fluorescence experiments and IR quantification in membrane models and in cells showed unexpectedly strong luminescence enhancement for one of the complexes in a lipid environment.
Frequency of Genotypic and Phenotypic Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Among Therapy-Naive Patients of the German Seroconverter Study (2001)

Summary: Eight hundred and seventy-nine HIV-1-infected patients (comprising 46% of reported HIV-1/AIDS cases in Taiwan) were recruited for this study of the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Taiwan from 1988 to 1998. HIV-1 subtypes were determined using a modified peptide-enzyme immunoassay complemented with DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Of the 807 HIV-1 infected men, 68.2% were infected with HIV-1B, 29.5% with HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF)01_AE and 2.3% with other subtypes. Of the 72 HIV-1-infected women, 72.2% were infected with HIV-1 CRF01_AE, 13.9% with HIV-1B, and 13.9% with other subtypes. All of 8 foreign-born, Southeast Asian women and 6 of 7 (85.7%) Taiwan-native female commercial sex workers were infected with HIV-1 CRF01_AE. Fourteen of the 33 (42.4%) heterosexual married men with CRF01_AE had transmitted HIV-I to their wives, whereas only 1 of 17 (5.9%) men with HIV-1 B had transmitted HIV-1 to their spouses (p < .01). Of 18 heterosexual male injecting drug users, 1 of 12 (8.5%) with HIV-IB and 5 of 6 (83.3%) with HIV-1 CRF01_AE had had sexual contact with female commercial sex workers (p < .01). Therefore, in this population, CRF01_AE was preferentially associated with heterosexual risk groups, a finding compatible with differences in transmission capability between B and non-B subtypes.
Acne relapses: impact on quality of life and productivity (2019)

This real-life study first demonstrated acne relapse rates of 44%, which appeared to be generation-dependent, affecting 39.9% of ≤20-year-olds vs. 53.3% of >20-year-olds. Acne relapses were significantly associated with impaired quality of life and productivity loss/absenteeism.
DNA methylation polymorphism in a set of elite rice cultivars and its possible contribution to inter-cultivar differential gene expression. (2004)

RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) fingerprinting on HpaII/MspI-digested genomic DNA of nine elite japonica rice cultivars implies inter-cultivar DNA methylation polymorphism. Using both DNA fragments isolated from RAPD or ISSR gels and selected low-copy sequences as probes, methylation-sensitive Southern blot analysis confirms the existence of extensive DNA methylation polymorphism in both genes and DNA repeats among the rice cultivars. The cultivar-specific methylation patterns are stably maintained, and can be used as reliable molecular markers. Transcriptional analysis of four selected sequences (RdRP, AC9, HSP90 and MMR) on leaves and roots from normal and 5-azacytidine-treated seedlings of three representative cultivars shows an association between the transcriptional activity of one of the genes, the mismatch repair (MMR) gene, and its CG methylation patterns.
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy of Immune Precipitates (1948)

Summary The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of a rabbit antibody has been recorded. The spectrum does not change appreciably over a broad range of the precipitin curve. UV absorption provides an accurate, extremely sensitive method for the quantitative measurement of immune precipitates. Analysis of spectral data offers, within limits, an opportunity to determine the antigen-antibody composition of those immune precipitates whose components have significant and different UV absorption spectra.
Comparative metabolite analysis to understand lactate metabolism shift in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture process (2011)

A metabolic shift from lactate production (LP) to net lactate consumption (LC) phenotype was observed in certain Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines during the implementation of a new chemically defined medium (CDM) formulation for antibody production. In addition, this metabolic shift typically leads to process performance improvements in cell growth, productivity, process robustness, and scalability. In our previous studies, a correlation between a key media component, copper, and this lactate metabolism shift was observed. To further investigate this phenomenon, two complementary studies were conducted. In the first study, a single cell line was cultivated in two media that only differed in their copper concentrations, yet were known to generate an LP or LC phenotype with that cell line. In the second study, two different cell lines, which were known to possess inherently different lactate metabolic characteristics, were cultivated in the same medium with a high level of copper; one cell line produced lactate throughout the duration of the culture, and the other consumed lactate after an initial period of LP. Cell pellet and supernatant samples from both studies were collected at regular time intervals, and their metabolite profiles were investigated. The primary finding from the metabolic analysis was that the cells in LP conditions exhibited a less efficient energy metabolism, with glucose primarily being converted into pyruvate, sorbitol, lactate, and other glycolytic intermediates. This decrease in energy efficiency may be due to an inability of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA to progress into the TCA cycle. The lack of progression into the TCA cycle or overflow metabolism in the LP phenotype resulted in the inadequate supply of ATP for the cells. As a consequence, the glycolysis pathway remained the major source of ATP, which in turn, resulted in continuous LP throughout the culture. In addition, the accumulation of free fatty acids was observed; this was thought to be a result of phospholipid catabolism that was being used to supplement the energy produced through glycolysis in order to meet the needs of LP cells. A thorough review of the metabolic profiles indicated that the lactate metabolic shift could be related to the oxidative metabolic capacity of cells.
Drug-Induced Apoptosis: Mechanism by which Alcohol and Many Other Drugs Can Disrupt Brain Development (2013)

Maternal ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy can cause a disability syndrome termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), which may include craniofacial malformations, structural pathology in the brain, and a variety of long-term neuropsychiatric disturbances. There is compelling evidence that exposure to alcohol during early embryogenesis (4th week of gestation) can cause excessive death of cell populations that are essential for normal development of the face and brain. While this can explain craniofacial malformations and certain structural brain anomalies that sometimes accompany FASD, in many cases these features are absent, and the FASD syndrome manifests primarily as neurobehavioral disorders. It is not clear from the literature how alcohol causes these latter manifestations. In this review we will describe a growing body of evidence documenting that alcohol triggers widespread apoptotic death of neurons and oligodendroglia (OLs) in the developing brain when administered to animals, including non-human primates, during a period equivalent to the human third trimester of gestation. This cell death reaction is associated with brain changes, including overall or regional reductions in brain mass, and long-term neurobehavioral disturbances. We will also review evidence that many drugs used in pediatric and obstetric medicine, including general anesthetics (GAs) and anti-epileptics (AEDs), mimic alcohol in triggering widespread apoptotic death of neurons and OLs in the third trimester-equivalent animal brain, and that human children exposed to GAs during early infancy, or to AEDs during the third trimester of gestation, have a significantly increased incidence of FASD-like neurobehavioral disturbances. These findings provide evidence that exposure of the developing human brain to GAs in early infancy, or to alcohol or AEDs in late gestation, can cause FASD-like neurodevelopmental disability syndromes. We propose that the mechanism by which alcohol, GAs and AEDs produce neurobehavioral deficit syndromes is by triggering apoptotic death and deletion of neurons and OLs (or their precursors) from the developing brain. Therefore, there is a need for research aimed at deciphering mechanisms by which these agents trip the apoptosis trigger, the ultimate goal being to learn how to prevent these agents from causing neurodevelopmental disabilities.
Vitamin D3 Is More Potent Than Vitamin D2 in Humans (2010)

D3 is approximately 87% more potent in raising and maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations and produces 2- to 3-fold greater storage of vitamin D than does equimolar D2. For neither was there evidence of sequestration in fat, as had been postulated for doses in this range. Given its greater potency and lower cost, D3 should be the preferred treatment option when correcting vitamin D deficiency.
Temperature‐Responsive Nanoparticles Enable Specific Binding of Apolipoproteins from Human Plasma (2021)

Abstract Apolipoproteins are an important class of proteins because they provide a so‐called stealth effect to nanoparticles. The stealth effect on nanocarriers leads to a reduced unspecific uptake into immune cells and thereby to a prolonged blood circulation time. Herein, a novel strategy to bind apolipoproteins specifically on nanoparticles by adjusting the temperature during their incubation in human plasma is presented. This specific binding, in turn, allows a control of the stealth behavior of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with a well‐defined poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) shell are prepared, displaying a reversible change of hydrophobicity at a temperature around 32 °C. It is shown by label‐free quantitative liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry that the nanoparticles are largely enriched with apolipoprotein J (clusterin) at 25 °C while they are enriched with apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein E at 37 °C. The temperature‐dependent protein binding is found to significantly influence the uptake of the nanoparticles by RAW264.7 and HeLa cells. The findings imply that the functionalization of nanoparticles with temperature‐responsive materials is a suitable method for imparting stealth properties to nanocarriers for drug‐delivery.
Gamebots: A 3D Virtual World Test-Bed For Multi-Agent Research (2001)

This paper describes Gamebots, a multi-agent system infrastructure derived from an Internet-based multi-player video game called Unreal Tournament. The game allows characters to be controlled over client-server network connections by feeding sensory information to client players (humans and agents). Unlike other standard test-beds, the Gamebots domain allows both human players and agents, or bots, to play simultaneously; thus providing the opportunity to study human team behavior and to construct agents that play collaboratively with humans. The Gamebots system provides a built-in scripting language giving interested researchers the ability to create their own multi-agent tasks and environments for the simulation. Keywords Multiple Agent Systems, Agent Infrastructure, Multi-Agent Teamwork, Human-Agent Interaction, Virtual World Simulation, Video Game Bot. 1.
Performance of variable rate bit interleaved coding for high bandwidth efficiency (2002)

We propose a bandwidth efficient error correction scheme, namely the variable rate adaptive bit-interleaved coded modulation (ABICM), for wireless mobile channel. The code rate and modulation level are varied according to the current channel state to exploit the time-varying nature of the wireless channel. Design challenges to achieve symbol-by-symbol adaptation and component codes design are addressed. A multi-level puncturing scheme is proposed to solve the problem of symbol-by-symbol puncturing and interleaving. The optimal adaptation thresholds are derived. It is found that there are significant gains relative to the fixed rate coding in terms of SNR and throughput. It is also found that the ABICM scheme is essentially not degraded in small interleaving depths. This makes the ABICM very suitable for real time applications.