gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bottom grating asymmetry-induced inaccuracy in diffraction-based overlay measurement (2022)

Background: Overlay (OV) is a very important indicator for characterizing the pattern position accuracy between two layers in an integrated circuit in the manufacturing industry. The self-aligned double-patterning (SADP) process, which is limited to the resolution of deep ultraviolet lithography, is being extensively used for the volume manufacturing of integrated circuits. However, compared to the planar process, the SADP process poses new challenges for OV control.Aim: We investigate the bottom grating asymmetry of a microdiffraction-based overlay (μDBO) target in the SADP process and its effect on OV measurement.Approach: The bottom grating of the OV metrology target is analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The imbalance of the −1st- and +1st-order diffraction light intensities of the asymmetrical bottom OV target is characterized. Finally, the effects of light polarization and wavelength on the OV accuracy are simulated.Results: Asymmetric behavior of bottom OV grating is identified. OV dependency on the measurement-light polarization is determined. The simulation results indicate that wavelength and polarization affect the OV accuracy simultaneously.Conclusions: We studied the bottom grating asymmetry-induced inaccuracy in DBO measurement and can assist in understanding the mechanism of measurement light-interaction with the OV grating to enhance the DBO accuracy to a new level.
Investigation of a Novel Aid for Cold Starting of Diesels (1989)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;An experimental investigation of the use of an engine coolant exchange system for prewarming diesel engines before cold starting is discussed. This coolant exchange system involves connecting the coolant system of a fully warmed-up and running engine (e.g., a spark ignition engine) to that of the cold diesel to be started using hydraulic hoses with quick connect fittings and an auxiliary pump. The investigation was performed using a 4,3 liter V6 indirect injection diesel engine since this represents a difficult case for cold starting. The starting characteristics using the coolant exchange technique are compared to those using the production glow plug system, which includes a fuel heater and afterglow. It is shown that the coolant exchange system allows this engine to be started down to −26 °C, much colder than the −13°C limit for the production glow plug system. It is believed that the coolant exchange process will allow starting at even lower temperatures if the problem of fuel waxing encountered at −26 °C is overcome. It is also shown that the coolant exchange process results in lower opacity of the diesel exhaust during the cold start transient. Also, based upon indirect evidence, it appears that the exhausthydrocarbon emissions may be improved, the wear rate may be decreased significantly, and the torque loss normal for diesel acceleration during the cold transient may be decreased significantly. Thus, the coolant exchange system addresses all of the problems normally associated with diesel cold start operation. Advantages of the coolant exchange system in comparison to other starting aids are discussed.&lt;/div&gt;
Personalising Speech-To-Speech Translation in the EMIME Project (2010)

In the EMIME project we have studied unsupervised cross-lingual speaker adaptation. We have employed an HMM statistical framework for both speech recognition and synthesis which provides transformation mechanisms to adapt the synthesized voice in TTS (text-to-speech) using the recognized voice in ASR (automatic speech recognition). An important application for this research is personalised speech-to-speech translation that will use the voice of the speaker in the input language to utter the translated sentences in the output language. In mobile environments this enhances the users' interaction across language barriers by making the output speech sound more like the original speaker's way of speaking, even if she or he could not speak the output language. © 2010 Association for Computational Linguistics.
Motivation: A Central Factor in Foreign Language Learning (2005)

Based on a survey and some language experts' points of view about the motivation of Chinese university students, this article tries to deal with two issues: what kind of motivation does Chinese University students have and how can a teacher positively affect the motivation of his or her students?
Gene expression microarrays (2002)

Molecular biology and genetics have advanced a lot in recent years, thanks to technological advances in this field. Now, the focus in genomic research is shifting from "structural genomics" (sequencing) towards "functional genomics" (using the sequences to understand gene function). The author discusses the principle of the microarray technique, target labelling and hybridization, data analysis and management, unsupervised and supervised analysis, application of microarrays and their future, cancer research and toxicology.
Complexation of zinc(II) and other divalent metal ions by the fluorophore 2-methyl-8-(toluene-p-sulfonamido)-6-quinolyloxyacetic acid in 50% aqueous ethanol (1997)

A potentiometric and fluorescence study of the complexation of divalent metal ions (M2+) by the fluorophore 2-methyl-8-(toluene-p-sulfonamido)-6-quinolyloxyacetic acid (H2L) in 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol at 298.2 K and I = 0.10 mol dm–3 (NaClO4) showed that the [ML] and [ML2]2– complexes are characterised by log(β1/dm3 mol–1) and log(β2/dm6 mol–2) values of 8.12 ± 0.20 and 17.06 ± 0.11, respectively, when M2+ = Co2+ and corresponding values of < 8 and 15.73 ± 0.03 when M2+ = Ni2+, 11.96 ± 0.02 and 21.40 ± 0.03 when M2+ = Cu2+, 9.65 ± 0.02 and 19.11 ± 0.06 when M2+ = Zn2+ and 8.44 ± 0.50 and 15.38 ± 0.40 when M2+ = Cd2+. In the cobalt(II) system, [CoL3]4–, where log(β3/dm9 mol–3) = 25.56 ± 0.11, was also detected. The pKa values for H3L+ are 1.87 ± 0.10, 3.72 ± 0.03 and 10.01 ± 0.02. These data are discussed together with the fluorescence characteristics of HL–, [ZnL] and [ZnL2]2–.
Scenario-driven search for pedestrians aimed at triggering non-reversible systems (2009)

This paper presents the results of an innovative approach to pedestrian detection for automotive applications in which a non-reversible system is used; therefore the aim is to reach a very low false detection rate, ideally zero, by searching for pedestrians in specific areas only. The great advantages of such an approach are that pedestrian recognition is performed on limited image areas - therefore boosting its timing performance - and no assessment on the danger level is finally required before providing the result to either the driver or an on-board computer for automatic manoeuvres. This system has been extensively tested on two prototype vehicles equipped with one laser scanner, one camera, and brake-by-wire technology both in Italy and Korea; this paper describes the extensive tests and shows performance measurements.
Neuron‐specific caveolin‐1 overexpression improves motor function and preserves memory in mice subjected to brain trauma (2017)

Studies <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> demonstrate that membrane/lipid rafts and caveolin (Cav) organize progrowth receptors, and, when overexpressed specifically in neurons, Cav-1 augments neuronal signaling and growth and improves cognitive function in adult and aged mice; however, whether neuronal Cav-1 overexpression can preserve motor and cognitive function in the brain trauma setting is unknown. Here, we generated a neuron-targeted Cav-1-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mouse [synapsin-driven Cav-1 (SynCav1 Tg)] and subjected it to a controlled cortical impact model of brain trauma and measured biochemical, anatomic, and behavioral changes. SynCav1 Tg mice exhibited increased hippocampal expression of Cav-1 and membrane/lipid raft localization of postsynaptic density protein 95, NMDA receptor, and tropomyosin receptor kinase B. When subjected to a controlled cortical impact, SynCav1 Tg mice demonstrated preserved hippocampus-dependent fear learning and memory, improved motor function recovery, and decreased brain lesion volume compared with wild-type controls. Neuron-targeted overexpression of Cav-1 in the adult brain prevents hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits, restores motor function after brain trauma, and decreases brain lesion size induced by trauma. Our findings demonstrate that neuron-targeted Cav-1 can be used as a novel therapeutic strategy to restore brain function and prevent trauma-associated maladaptive plasticity.-Egawa, J., Schilling, J. M., Cui, W., Posadas, E., Sawada, A., Alas, B., Zemljic-Harpf, A. E., Fannon-Pavlich, M. J., Mandyam, C. D., Roth, D. M., Patel, H. H., Patel, P. M., Head, B. P. Neuron-specific caveolin-1 overexpression improves motor function and preserves memory in mice subjected to brain trauma.
A DELTA-DISTRIBUTION DERIVATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN THE SOURCE REGION (1982)

ABSTRACT The sequential approach to distribution theory is used to rigorously derive the expression, which remains valid in the source region, for electric field in terms of the electric dyadic Green's function. Sufficient conditions for the behavior of the current density that insure that the electric field obeys Maxwell's equations are determined explicitly.
Is spectral reflectance of the face a reliable biometric? (2015)

Over a decade ago, Pan et al. [IEEE TPAMI 25, 1552 (2003)] performed face recognition using only the spectral reflectance of the face at six points and reported around 95% recognition rate. Since their database is private, no one has been able to replicate these results. Moreover, due to the unavailability of public datasets, there has been no detailed study in the literature on the viability of facial spectral reflectance for person identification. In this study, we introduce a new public database of facial spectral reflectance profiles measured with a high precision spectrometer. For each of the 40 subjects, spectral reflectance was measured at the same six points as Pan et al. [IEEE TPAMI 25, 1552 (2003)] in multiple sessions and with time lapse. Furthermore, we sample the facial spectral reflectance from two public hyperspectral face image datasets and analyzed the data using state of the art face classification techniques. The best performing classifier achieved the maximum rank-1 identification rate of 53.8%. We conclude that facial spectral reflectance alone is not a reliable biometric for unconstrained face recognition.
Atomically resolved amplitude modulation dynamic force microscopy with a high-frequency and high-quality factor cantilever (2006)

We demonstrate atomically resolved amplitude modulation ultrahigh vacuum dynamic force microscopy at room temperature. A feasible time response was obtained with 1.8MHz second resonance frequency of a commercially available silicon cantilever while keeping a high mechanical quality factor. Enhanced detection sensitivity due to small amplitude, high mechanical quality factor, and high resonance frequency enabled imaging of the Si(111)-7×7 surface at the attractive region. Three kinds of atomic contrast were obtained with same imaging parameters. Towards fast imaging, a constant amplitude shift image of 128×128pixels with atomic resolution was obtained within 4.75s.
Facile synthesis of near-monodisperse Ag@Ni core–shell nanoparticles and their application for catalytic generation of hydrogen (2011)

Magnetically recyclable Ag-Ni core-shell nanoparticles have been fabricated via a simple one-pot synthetic route using oleylamine both as solvent and reducing agent and triphenylphosphine as a surfactant. As characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the as-synthesized Ag-Ni core-shell nanoparticles exhibit a very narrow size distribution with a typical size of 14.9 ± 1.2 nm and a tunable shell thickness. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy study shows that the formation of a Ni shell on Ag core can damp the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the Ag core and lead to a red-shifted SPR absorption peak. Magnetic measurement indicates that all the as-synthesized Ag-Ni core-shell nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature, and their blocking temperatures can be controlled by modulating the shell thickness. The as-synthesized Ag-Ni core-shell nanoparticles exhibit excellent catalytic properties for the generation of H(2) from dehydrogenation of sodium borohydride in aqueous solutions. The hydrogen generation rate of Ag-Ni core-shell nanoparticles is found to be much higher than that of Ag and Ni nanoparticles of a similar size, and the calculated activation energy for hydrogen generation is lower than that of many bimetallic catalysts. The strategy employed here can also be extended to other noble-magnetic metal systems.
Roles of 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and ras in Regulating Translocation of GLUT4 in Transfected Rat Adipose Cells (1995)

Insulin stimulates glucose transport in insulin target tissues by recruiting glucose transporters (primarily GLUT4) from an intracellular compartment to the cell surface. Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and subsequent phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) contribute to mediating the effect of insulin on glucose transport. We have now investigated the roles of 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and ras, two signaling proteins located downstream from tyrosine phosphorylation. Rat adipose cells were cotransfected with expression vectors that allowed transient expression of epitope-tagged GLUT4 and the other genes of interest. Overexpression of a mutant p85 regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase lacking the ability to bind and activate the p110 catalytic subunit exerted a dominant negative effect to inhibit insulin-stimulated translocation of epitope-tagged GLUT4 to the cell surface. In addition, treatment of control cells with wortmannin (an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase) abolished the ability of insulin to recruit epitope-tagged GLUT4 to the cell surface. Thus, our data suggest that PI 3-kinase plays an essential role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 recruitment in insulin target tissues. In contrast, over-expression of a constitutively active mutant of ras (L61-ras) resulted in high levels of cell surface GLUT4 in the absence of insulin that were comparable to levels seen in control cells treated with a maximally stimulating dose of insulin. However, wortmannin treatment of cells overexpressing L61-ras resulted in only a small decrease in the amount of cell surface GLUT4 compared with that of the same cells in the absence of wortmannin. Therefore, while activated ras is sufficient to recruit GLUT4 to the cell surface, it does so by a different mechanism that is probably not involved in the mechanism by which insulin stimulates GLUT4 translocation in physiological target tissues.
Targeting ErbB3-mediated stromal–epithelial interactions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2011)

Cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived NRG-1 promote PDAC tumourigenesis via ErbB3-AKT signalling and overcomes single-agent EGFR inhibition. Disruption of this stromally mediated tumourigenic mechanism is best obtained through combined EGFR-ErbB3 inhibition with both erlotinib and MM-121. We have identified the NRG-1/ErbB3 axis as an attractive molecular target for the interruption of tumourigenic stromal-epithelial interactions within the PDAC microenvironment.
Mechanism of aortic injury in nearside left lateral automotive crashes: A finite element accident injury reconstruction approach (2011)

Traumatic rupture of the aorta (TRA) remains the second most common cause of death associated with motor vehicle crashes (MVC), only less prevalent than brain injury. On an average, nearly 8,000 people die annually in the United States due to blunt injury to the aorta. It is observed that over 80% of occupants who suffer an aortic injury die at the scene due to exsanguination into the chest cavity. There have been numerous hypotheses for aortic injury in the literature but it is imperative to draw a distinction between the injury mechanisms in different directions of impact. Eight real world crashes were reconstructed in two stages using a combination of accident investigation data from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database, finite element (FE) vehicle models, and Wayne State Human Body Model (WSHBM). Further, 16 design of computer experiments (DOCE) simulations were carried out to understand the effect of key factors (Principle Direction of Force (PDOF), impact position, impact angle, velocity of impact, and the bumper profile of striking vehicle) on average maximum principal strain (AMPS) and maximum pressure in the aorta. In order to get a better understanding of the mechanism of TRA, a sensitivity study was performed using a combination of WSHBM and a variation of PDOF. The AMPS and maximum pressure due to longitudinal stretch of the thoracic aorta was the highest at a PDOF of 270 degrees of impact and the occupant seated adjacent to the B-pillar. As the PDOF increased from 250 degrees to 310 degrees, the aortic arch transitioned from a caudomedial motion of the thoracic spine relative to the sternum (owing to thoracic deformation from the intruding B-pillar) to posterior-anterior motion of the thoracic aorta relative to the ascending aorta due to thoracic compression (greater than 300-degree impact).
Regioselective, efficient and scalable syntheses of 1,2-thiaselenanes (2022)

We develop the first regioselective syntheses of 1,2-thiaselenane-4-amine (TSA4) and 1,2-thiaselenane-5-amine (TSA5): redox-active motifs with high value in chemical biology, that until now were hindered by tedious synthesis. We leverage an aziridine intermediate and a kinetically controlled S-acylation for regioselective chalcogen installations. We optimise short, fast sequences with just one or two chromatographic steps that cheaply deliver these motifs on scale for high-throughput inhibitor screening, and provide a robust methodology for assembling other selenenylsulfides.
Retroperitoneal decortication of simple renal cysts vs decortication with wadding using perirenal fat tissue: results of a prospective randomized trial (2009)

OBJECTIVES To evaluate, in a pilot prospective randomized trial, the safety, effectiveness and radiological recurrence of retroperitoneal renal cyst decortication compared with retroperitoneal decortication with wadding using perirenal pedicled fat tissue. PATIENTS AND METHODS From March 2004 to December 2007, 40 patients with simple renal cysts were enrolled and randomized; 22 (group A) had a simple retroperitoneal decortication (SRD) and 18 (group B) a decortication with wadding of the cyst using perirenal fat tissue (RDCW). The following variables were recorded: age, gender, side, size on ultrasonography/computed tomography (CT), location, operative duration, blood loss, complications, pathology, presence or absence of flank pain, hypertension, urinary tract compression or urinary infection. The primary endpoint of this trial was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of both treatments. Secondary endpoints were safety and pain, hypertension and the resolution of urinary tract obstruction. RESULTS In all, 40 cysts were treated; there were no bilateral cysts. The mean (sd) size on CT was 11.9 (1.84) cm in group A and 12.8 (1.25) cm in group B (P = 0.1). All the procedures were completed laparoscopically and no conversion was necessary. There were no intraoperative complications. The mean (range) hospital stay was 3.4 (3-6) days. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for all variables assessed. There was a radiological recurrence in three patients (14%) in group A, but none in group B (all successful). CONCLUSION To be completely successful, with maximum safety and to prevent recurrences in the treatment of renal cysts, RCDW is recommended when a retroperitoneal approach is chosen, especially if the cyst is located anteriorly. When symptom relief is considered, RCDW duplicates the results obtained with SRD.
Proteomics of glycoproteins (2000)

The objective of the work presented in this thesis was to test the concept that tryptic peptides may be used as analytical surrogates of the protein from which they were derived. Proteins in complex mixtures were digested with trypsin and classes of peptide fragments selected by affinity chromatography and lectin columns were employed to select glycopeptides. For detecting known glycoproteins in a mixture, affinity-selected glycopetpide mixtures were directly transferred to a high resolution reversed-phase chromatography column and further resolved into fractions that were collected and subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The presence of human transferrin in human serum was detected by matching the glycopeptide mass fingerprints from standard human transferrin to the mass fingerprint of the glycopeptide in the human serum. For identifying unknown N-glycoproteins, affinity-selected peptides were deglycosylated in order to measure the molecular weight of these peptides. Both enzymatic deglycosylation and mild chemical deglycosylation methods were tested. Carboxypeptidase was used to obtain partial sequences of the peptides. In addition, specific structure—NXS(T)—was used with molecular weights and partial sequences to identify proteins from a database employing a computer search procedure. O-GlcNac modified glycopeptides in nuclear extract were also examined.