gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low power response of all-optical crossbar networks in quantum well heterostructures (1992)

A new device configuration has been examined for its potential as a compact, all-optical modulator, operating at low input powers (~ 3 mW). This device utilizes the large optical nonlinearities of Al(x)Ga(1-x)As/GaAs multiple quantum well heterostructures to modulate a low power-guided wave test beam with an orthogonally propagating control beam. This configuration has the advantage of maximizing the packing density of nonlinear modulators having interaction lengths of only ~ 5 microm. Several modes of device operation are possible, including thermal modulation, optical limiting, bistable switching, and multiple-input logic. We present experimental results for the throughput of single and multiple waveguide beams, as well as for the operation of this device as a waveguide modulator array. A theoretical model is compared with the experimental results for input pulse lengths ranging from ~ 300 ns to 1 s and input powers up to ~ 3 mW. Several optical nonlinearities are experimentally observed, including an electronic nonlinearity and two thermal effects, which are classified as either local or global in origin, with time constants of ~ 30 ns, ~ 4 micros, and ~ 40 ms, respectively. For an optimized waveguide geometry, the intrinsic optical device described herein should be suitable for use in systems requiring fast, high-density waveguide arrays for optical computing and serial/parallel data-processing applications.
Measurement of a three-dimensional photonic band gap in a crystal structure made of dielectric rods (1994)

We have designed, fabricated, and tested a three-dimensional photonic-band-gap structure. The structure is built by an orderly stacking of dielectric rods. A network analyzer is used to measure the transmission and dispersion relations of electromagnetic waves along several crystal directions. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The structure is different from that previously suggested, as it is already used to improve the midgap frequency by almost two orders of magnitude, and it offers a viable geometry to extend the photonic band gap to optical regimes.
Expert curation of the human and mouse olfactory receptor gene repertoires identifies conserved coding regions split across two exons. (2020)

BACKGROUND:Olfactory receptor (OR) genes are the largest multi-gene family in the mammalian genome, with 874 in human and 1483 loci in mouse (including pseudogenes). The expansion of the OR gene repertoire has occurred through numerous duplication events followed by diversification, resulting in a large number of highly similar paralogous genes. These characteristics have made the annotation of the complete OR gene repertoire a complex task. Most OR genes have been predicted in silico and are typically annotated as intronless coding sequences. RESULTS:Here we have developed an expert curation pipeline to analyse and annotate every OR gene in the human and mouse reference genomes. By combining evidence from structural features, evolutionary conservation and experimental data, we have unified the annotation of these gene families, and have systematically determined the protein-coding potential of each locus. We have defined the non-coding regions of many OR genes, enabling us to generate full-length transcript models. We found that 13 human and 41 mouse OR loci have coding sequences that are split across two exons. These split OR genes are conserved across mammals, and are expressed at the same level as protein-coding OR genes with an intronless coding region. Our findings challenge the long-standing and widespread notion that the coding region of a vertebrate OR gene is contained within a single exon. CONCLUSIONS:This work provides the most comprehensive curation effort of the human and mouse OR gene repertoires to date. The complete annotation has been integrated into the GENCODE reference gene set, for immediate availability to the research community.
Supplemental putrescine reverses ethanol-associated inhibition of liver regeneration (1990)

Biosynthesis of the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, is required for DNA synthesis and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Chronic ethanol consumption impairs polyamine synthesis during the prereplicative phase after partial hepatectomy. To determine whether this delay in polyamine synthesis contributes to ethanol's inhibition of liver regeneration, the ability of supplemental putrescine to improve regeneration in ethanol-fed rats was tested. Chronically ethanol-fed rats and isocalorically maintained controls underwent partial hepatectomy and were injected intraperitoneally with saline or putrescine (0.03 or 0.30 mmol/kg) at 0, 4, 8 and 12 hr after partial hepatectomy. Rats were killed at 24, 48 or 72 hr, 1 hr after exposure to [3H]thymidine, so that DNA synthesis could be estimated. DNA synthesis was significantly inhibited in ethanol-fed rats treated with saline compared with saline-treated pair-fed controls. Supplemental putrescine did not affect DNA synthesis in pair-fed rats. In contrast, putrescine significantly improved [3H]thymidine incorporation 24 to 72 hr after partial hepatectomy in ethanol-fed rats. Intraperitoneal injection of putrescine (1.2 mmol/kg) at the time of partial hepatectomy increased hepatic polyamine concentrations for the first 6 hr after partial hepatectomy despite significantly inhibiting the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine synthesis, in both groups. Hepatic polyamine levels after putrescine injection were greater in ethanol-fed rats than in similarly treated controls. These data suggest that putrescine treatment triggers events that normalize DNA synthesis in ethanol-fed rats. These results confirm the hypothesis that ethanol's antiregenerative mechanism intimately involves inhibition of putrescine synthesis.
TP53 Mutants and Non-HPV16/18 Genotypes are Poor Prognostic Factors for Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer (2021)

Abstract Targeted sequencing for somatic mutations across the hotspots of 50 cancer-related genes was performed using biopsy specimens to investigate whether clinicopathological factors and genomic alterations correlated with prognosis in locally advanced cervical cancer. Seventy patients diagnosed with International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) stage III to IVA cervical cancer underwent radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy at the National Cancer Center Hospital between January 2008 and December 2017. Mutations were detected in 47 of 70 (67% of cases; frequency of genetic alterations was as follows: PIK3CA (51%), FBXW7 (10%), PTEN (7.1%), and TP53 (5.7%). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets showed a similar distribution of somatic mutations, but PIK3CA mutation frequency was significantly higher in our cohort than in TCGA datasets ( P = 0.028). Patients with TP53 mutation were significantly related to poor progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.53, P = 0.042). Patients with tumor diameters &gt;70 mm were associated with poor prognosis (HR = 2.96, P = 0.0048). Patients with non-HPV16/18 genotypes had worse prognosis than those with HPV16/18 genotypes (HR = 2.15, P = 0.030). Hence, patients with locally advanced cervical cancer, TP53 mutation, large tumor diameter, and non-HPV16/18 genotype were independently correlated with poor PFS, despite concurrent chemoradiotherapy.
Compact, Thermally-Tuned Resonant Ring Muxes in CMOS with Integrated Backside Pyramidal Etch Pit (2011)

We present add-drop filters manufactured as ring resonators in commercial 130 nm SOI CMOS technology with thermal tuning. Their thermal impedance has been dramatically increased by the selective removal of the substrate resulting in a 20, 12× increase in tuning efficiency for 100, 30 micron radius device.
RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) TEST MONITORING AND DATA PUBLICATION-RESULTS OF EUROPEAN PERFORMANCE AND HANDLING TEST ON THE CALSPAN RSV (1979)

Performance and handling tests on the Calspan RSV were performed in Italy by the Istituto Sperimentale Auto E Motori (ISAM) and in West Germany by Volkswagenwerk AG Wolfsburg. The ISAM tests evaluated the Calspan RSV in the areas of fuel economy, vehicle response, braking and handling, and driver environment. The Volkswagen tests evaluated the Calspan RSV in the areas of braking, steering, handling, and overturning immunity. The ISAM tests are unlike any previously used to evaluate American vehicles. Therefore, the Calspan RSV results are compared to those of ten European cars which had undergone identical tests. The Volkswagen test procedures were identical to those specified in the Research Safety Vehicle program. The Calspan RSV results are compared to the RSV specifications for these tests.
Particle size and cholesterol content of circulating HDL correlate with cardiovascular death in chronic heart failure (2021)

Abstract Evidence regarding any association of HDL-particle (HDL-P) derangements and HDL-cholesterol content with cardiovascular (CV) death in chronic heart failure (HF) is lacking. To investigate the prognostic value of HDL-P size (HDL-Sz) and the number of cholesterol molecules per HDL-P for CV death in HF patients. Outpatient chronic HF patients were enrolled. Baseline HDL-P number, subfractions and HDL-Sz were measured using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The HDL-C/P ratio was calculated as HDL-cholesterol over HDL-P. Endpoint was CV death, with non-CV death as the competing event. 422 patients were included and followed-up during a median of 4.1 (0–8) years. CV death occurred in 120 (30.5%) patients. Mean HDL-Sz was higher in CV dead as compared with survivors (8.39 nm vs. 8.31 nm, p &lt; 0.001). This change in size was due to a reduction in the percentage of small HDL-P (54.6% vs. 60% for CV-death vs. alive; p &lt; 0.001). HDL-C/P ratio was higher in the CV-death group (51.0 vs. 48.3, p &lt; 0.001). HDL-Sz and HDL-C/P ratio were significantly associated with CV death after multivariable regression analysis (HR 1.22 [95% CI 1.01–1.47], p = 0.041 and HR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01–1.07], p = 0.008 respectively). HDL-Sz and HDL-C/P ratio are independent predictors of CV death in chronic HF patients.
Optimum Conditions for Baking of Indium (1983)

Calculations of partial pressure over an indium melt with dissolved silicon in a moist hydrogen atmosphere are reported. The results are given as a function of temperature, water vapor pressure, and concentration of silicon in the melt, both with and without present. The influence of the total pressure in the baking system is considered, and the calculations indicate that by using a pressure lower than atmospheric, the efficiency of the baking should be significantly increased. The time constant of the baking process is, furthermore, shown to be critically dependent on water vapor partial pressure. These results should be valuable when one wants to find the optimum baking procedure to remove residual silicon from indium.
Correlation of In Vitro Autofluorescence Endoscopy Images with Histopathologic Findings in Stomach Cancer (2000)

Mucosal thickening as a result of cancer cell invasion had a large impact on the detection rate of the LIFE-GI system. As a result, this method may not be useful for the detection of undifferentiated cancer, which may invade in a more dispersed manner, without altering the mucosal thickness.
A Nucleus-Localized Long Non-Coding RNA Enhances Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance (2017)

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect gene expression through a wide range of mechanisms and are considered as important regulators in many essential biological processes. A large number of lncRNA transcripts have been predicted or identified in plants in recent years. However, the biological functions for most of them are still unknown. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis (<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>) lncRNA, <i>DROUGHT INDUCED lncRNA</i> (<i>DRIR</i>), as a novel positive regulator of the plant response to drought and salt stress. <i>DRIR</i> was expressed at a low level under nonstress conditions but can be significantly activated by drought and salt stress as well as by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. We identified a T-DNA insertion mutant, <i>drir<sup>D</sup></i> , which had higher expression of the <i>DRIR</i> gene than the wild-type plants. The <i>drir<sup>D</sup></i> mutant exhibits increased tolerance to drought and salt stress. Overexpressing <i>DRIR</i> in Arabidopsis also increased tolerance to drought and salt stress of the transgenic plants. The <i>drir<sup>D</sup></i> mutant and the overexpressing seedlings are more sensitive to ABA than the wild type in stomata closure and seedling growth. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the expression of a large number of genes was altered in <i>drir<sup>D</sup></i> and the overexpressing plants. These include genes involved in ABA signaling, water transport, and other stress-relief processes. Our study reveals a mechanism whereby <i>DRIR</i> regulates the plant response to abiotic stress by modulating the expression of a series of genes involved in the stress response.
The Structure Elucidation of Pseudothiocolchicine (1985)

Abstract A colchicine derivative, previously isolated from the reaction of isocolchicine with sodium thiomethoxide in aqueous MeOH, was now identified as 11‐(methylthio)isocolchicine on the basis of 1 H‐, 13 C‐NMR spectra and chemical correlation. This reaction represents the first example of abnormal nucleophilic displacement (telesubstitution) in the colchicine chemistry.
Intramolecular Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions:  The Effect of Polarization on Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation (2007)

The ability of intramolecular anodic olefin coupling reactions to form new carbon−carbon bonds has been shown to depend on the polarization of the intermediate radical cation rather than how electron-rich it is. A series of substrates was studied that allowed for a direct comparison of these two parameters. The successful cyclizations led to the formation of highly functionalized bicyclic molecules containing four contiguous stereogenic atoms, one of which was tetrasubstituted. For the first time, an ene diol ether derivative was shown to be compatible with the cyclization reaction.
Blue Electroluminescence from Novel Silicon-Containing Poly(Cyanoterephthalylidene) Copolymers (1998)

A new class of silicon-containing poly(cyanoterephthalylidene) copolymers with a uniform π-conjugated segment was synthesized using the Knoevenagel reaction between the dialdehyde monomer and the appropriate diacetonitrile. The incorporation of organosilicon units with the flexible alkyl side group into the polymer rigid backbone would afford processable electroluminescent materials and interrupt the regular π-conjugated chains. The resulting polymers were highly soluble in common organic solvents. The Mn and Mw of the resulting polymers are in the range 3800−4200 and 5400−6000 with a polydispersity index range of 1.38−1.43, respectively. Their glass transition temperature was in the range of 82−87 °C. According to the molecular mechanical calculations for single chain models of SiBuPPV and SiBuCNPPV, trans conformations are more stable than cis conformations. The UV−visible absorbance of present polymers show strong absorption bands around 340−360 nm, since the π-conjugated system is regulated by organosilicon units. Their photoluminescence spectra appeared around 460−470 nm in the blue region. The threshold voltage of the SiHMCNPPV was about 7 V. Surprisingly, these polymers exhibit blue light-emitting diodes in the EL emissive band at 480 nm in the blue region, instead of red light-emitting diodes, when an operating voltage of higher than 7 V is applied. These copolymers show a relatively low operating voltage compared with a block copolymer having well-defined structures because the incorporation of electron-withdrawing cyano groups into the π-conjugated system increased the electron affinity of those polymers and decreased the LUMO energy level.
In-depth agglomeration of d-metals at Si-on-Mo interfaces (2009)

Reflective Si/Mo multilayer mirrors with protective d-metal surfaces onto a range of upper Mo and Si layer thicknesses have been grown with physical vapor deposition and investigated on diffusion and in-depth compound formation. Laterally inhomogeneous upward Si and downward d-metal diffusion occurs through Mo layers up to 2 nm thickness. Especially Ru and Rh agglomerate and form silicides such as Ru2Si3 and Rh2Si not in the midst of the Si layer but at the Si/Mo interface. This appears to be mediated by MoSi2 presence at the Si/Mo interface that acts as precursor via better lattice compatibility and lowering of formation energy.
The RAR-RXR as well as the RXR-RXR pathway is involved in signaling growth inhibition of human CD34+ erythroid progenitor cells (1996)

Previous studies have shown that retinoic acid (RA), similar to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), can act as a bifunctional regulator of the growth of bone marrow progenitors, in that it can stimulate granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)- or interleukin-3 (IL-3)-induced GM colony formation, but potently inhibit G-CSF-induced growth. The present study, using highly enriched human CD34+ as well as Lin- murine bone marrow progenitor cells, demonstrates a potent inhibitory effect of 9-cis-RA on burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) colony formation regardless of the cytokine stimulating growth. Specifically, 9-cis-RA potently inhibited the growth of BFU-E response to erythropoietin (Epo) (100%), stem cell factor (SCF) + Epo (92%), IL-3 + Epo (97%), IL-4 + Epo (88%), and IL-9 + Epo (100%). Erythroid colony growth was also inhibited when CD34+ progenitors were seeded at one cell per well, suggesting a direct action of RA. Using synthetic ligands to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that selectively bind and activate RAR-RXR or RXR-RXR dimers, respectively, we dissected the involvement of the two retinoid response pathways in the regulation of normal myeloid and erythroid progenitor cell growth. Transactivation studies showed that both the RAR (Ro 13-7410) and RXR (Ro 25-6603 and Ro 25-7386) ligands were highly selective at 100 nmol/L. At this concentration, Ro 13-7410 potently inhibited G-CSF-stimulated myeloid as well as SCF + Epo-induced erythroid colony growth. At the same concentration, Ro 25-6603 and Ro 25-7386 had little or no effect on G-CSF-induced colony formation, whereas they inhibited 75% and 53%, respectively, of SCF + Epo-stimulated BFU-E colony growth. Thus, the RAR-RXR response pathway can signal growth inhibition of normal bone marrow myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells. In addition, we demonstrate a unique involvement of the RXR-RXR pathway in mediating growth inhibition of erythroid but not myeloid progenitor cells.
Carrier capture processes in semiconductor superlattices due to emission of confined phonons (1995)

Carrier capture times due to the emission of confined longitudinal optical phonons via electron–phonon (Fröhlich) interaction are calculated for GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs and In0.47Ga0.53As-InP superlattices. A dielectric continuum model is used to describe the confined phonon modes and we use a Kronig–Penney type calculation for the electron envelope functions. We compare our results with capture times measured by several optical techniques and we discuss the importance of a knowledge of the carrier excitation details in order to obtain an appropriate interpretation of the experimental results. We show that electrons excited into confined states with a large kinetic energy strongly influence the overall capture times.
Shanxi Piaohao and Shanghai Qianzhuang: a comparison of the two main banking systems of nineteenth-century China (2016)

We investigate the creation, development, and main business strategies of Shanxi Piaohao banks and Shanghai Qianzhuang banks. We also detail the characteristics associated with governance and family involvement in these different banking systems, and compare the two systems to illustrate differences in business practices. Piaohao banks had very conservative business practices, and Qianzhuang banks had very risky business practices. These differences arose from different intermediation needs in the two regions, and they were associated with different governance and ownership structures, which led to substantially different methods for dealing with potential agency problems.
Detection of upset induced execution errors in microprocessors (2003)

The authors discuss the types of errors in a radiation environment and propose fault models for instruction execution errors. A scheme is suggested for detecting execution errors through the online monitoring of the system. The theoretical estimate for the error coverage of the proposed scheme is about 85% of all single-bit errors in an instruction word. The exact error coverage will vary as it depends on the nature of program under execution on the microprocessor. At present the design of the watchdog processor hardware is in progress.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Photopatterning of Cross‐Linkable Epoxide‐Functionalized Block Copolymers and Dual‐Tone Nanostructure Development for Fabrication Across the Nano‐ and Microscales (2015)

The self-assembly of block copolymers in thin films provides an attractive approach to patterning 5-100 nm structures. Cross-linking and photopatterning of the self-assembled block copolymer morphologies provide further opportunities to structure such materials for lithographic applications, and to also enhance the thermal, chemical, or mechanical stability of such nanostructures to achieve robust templates for subsequent fabrication processes. Here, model lamellar-forming diblock copolymers of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) with an epoxide functionality are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. We demonstrate that self-assembly and cross-linking of the reactive block copolymer materials in thin films can be decoupled into distinct, controlled process steps using solvent annealing and thermal treatment/ultraviolet exposure, respectively. Conventional optical lithography approaches can also be applied to the cross-linkable block copolymer materials in thin films and enable simultaneous structure formation across scales-micrometer scale patterns achieved by photolithography and nanostructures via self-assembly of the block copolymer. Such materials and processes are thus shown to be capable of self-assembling distinct block copolymers (e.g., lamellae of significantly different periodicity) in adjacent regions of a continuous thin film.