gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Process for Vertical Double-Gate (DG) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor (MOSFET) Fabrication (2003)

A novel process to fabricate a vertical double-gate (DG) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) has been proposed. The etch rate of ion-beam exposed Si in a tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution was found to be significantly retarded. By utilizing this phenomenon and the orientation-dependent etching of the Si with a TMAH solution, a 16-nm-thick Si wall for a vertical channel of the DG MOSFET was successfully fabricated on the bulk Si substrate. By applying the etchback process, symmetrical poly-Si DG was formed on each side of the Si wall. A drain contact hole was opened self-aligned to the Si wall by combining a planarization and an etchback process with an electron-beam resist.
Effectiveness of the lactococcal abortive infection systems AbiA, AbiE, AbiF and AbiG against P335 type phages (2002)

Four lactococcal abortive infection mechanisms were introduced into strains which were sensitive hosts for P335 type phages and plaque assay experiments performed to assess their effect on five lactococcal bacteriophages from this family. Results indicate that AbiA inhibits all five P335 phages tested, while AbiG affects phiP335 itself and phiQ30 but not the other P335 species phages. AbiA was shown to retard phage Q30 DNA replication as previously reported for other phages. It was also demonstrated that AbiG, previously shown to act at a point after DNA replication in the cases of c2 type and 936 type phages, acts at the level of, or prior to phage Q30 DNA replication. AbiE and AbiF had no effect on the P335 type phages examined.
Adjustable coupled two-cavity allpass filter fordispersion slope compensation of optical fibres (2000)

A novel adjustable coupled two-cavity allpass filter has been realised for the dispersion slope compensation of optical fibres. The filter gives variable compensation between –2.0 and –15.5 ps3 over a bandwidth between 3.6 and 1.2 nm, respectively. The filter performance agrees quite well with that predicted by existing theory.
KRASoncogene in lung cancer: focus on molecularly driven clinical trials (2016)

KRAS mutations are the most frequent molecular abnormalities found in one out of four nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Their incidence increases in cases of adenocarcinoma, smokers and Caucasian patients. Their negative value in terms of prognosis and responsiveness to both standard chemotherapy and targeted therapies remains under debate. Many drugs have been developed specifically for KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients. Direct inhibition of RAS activation failed to show any clinical efficacy. Inhibition of downstream targets of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) pathway is a promising strategy: phase II combinations of MEK 1/2 kinase inhibitors with chemotherapy doubled patients' clinical outcomes. One phase III trial in such a setting is ongoing. Double inhibition of MEK and epidermal growth factor receptor proteins is currently being assessed in early-phase trials. The association with mammalian target of rapamycin pathway inhibition leads to non-manageable toxicity. Other strategies, such as inhibition of molecular heat-shock proteins 90 or focal adhesion kinase are currently assessed. Abemaciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, showed promising results in a phase I trial, with a 54% disease control rate. Results of an ongoing phase III trial are warranted. Immunotherapy might be the next relevant step in KRAS-mutated NSCLC management due to the high burden of associated mutations and neo-antigens.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of a DNA Hypermethylated Gene Signature in Prostate Cancer (2014)

We aimed to identify a prostate cancer DNA hypermethylation microarray signature (denoted as PHYMA) that differentiates prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), high from low-grade and lethal from non-lethal cancers. This is a non-randomized retrospective study in 111 local Asian men (87 prostate cancers and 24 BPH) treated from 1995 to 2009 in our institution. Archival prostate epithelia were laser-capture microdissected and genomic DNA extracted and bisulfite-converted. Samples were profiled using Illumina GoldenGate Methylation microarray, with raw data processed by GenomeStudio. A classification model was generated using support vector machine, consisting of a 55-probe DNA methylation signature of 46 genes. The model was independently validated on an internal testing dataset which yielded cancer detection sensitivity and specificity of 95.3% and 100% respectively, with overall accuracy of 96.4%. Second validation on another independent western cohort yielded 89.8% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity, with overall accuracy of 88.7%. A PHYMA score was developed for each sample based on the state of methylation in the PHYMA signature. Increasing PHYMA score was significantly associated with higher Gleason score and Gleason primary grade. Men with higher PHYMA scores have poorer survival on univariate (p = 0.0038, HR = 3.89) and multivariate analyses when controlled for (i) clinical stage (p = 0.055, HR = 2.57), and (ii) clinical stage and Gleason score (p = 0.043, HR = 2.61). We further performed bisulfite genomic sequencing on 2 relatively unknown genes to demonstrate robustness of the assay results. PHYMA is thus a signature with high sensitivity and specificity for discriminating tumors from BPH, and has a potential role in early detection and in predicting survival.
The Mathematics of Star Trek — An Honors Colloquium (2010)

Abstract After the success of a course on cryptography for a general audience, based on Simon Singh's The Code Book [49 Singh, S. 1999. The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography, New York: Anchor Books, Random House, Inc. [Google Scholar]], I decided to try again and create a mathematics course for a general audience based on The Physics of Star Trek by Lawrence Krauss [32 Krauss, L. 1995. The Physics of Star Trek, New York: Harper Perennial. [Google Scholar]]. This article looks at the challenges of designing a physics- based mathematics course “from scratch,” outlines the topics chosen, and gives examples of homework and discussion questions used.
Intraocular lens power formula accuracy: Comparison of 7 formulas (2016)

None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
The Precision of the Swift Stability Test (1981)

Abstract The precision of the automated version of the oxidation stability test on oils and fats was investigated. Nine laboratories were involved in this ring test, testing 5 different oil and fat samples of the same origin according to a standard procedure. A standard graphical interpretation of the results was developed, resulting in a strict definition of the induction period. Its repeatability equals 0.99 h and the within‐laboratory standard deviation 1.45 h.
Human Cerebral Cortex: Localization, Parcellation, and Morphometry with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1992)

We describe a system of parcellation of the human brain that is based on the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex and that is applied to the analysis of magnetic resonance images. This system is designed to support investigations of hemispheric asymmetries and quantitative lesion localization studies in cognitive neuroscience. The system of cortical subdivision is a neural systems oriented model that approximates subdivisions supported by previous architectonic and functional analyses. It is based primarily on boundaries determined by "limiting fissures." It is completed by a set of coronal planes, keyed to visible anatomic landmarks, which "close" the borders of the parcellation subdivisions. The method depends on computational reconstruction of the primary image data in multiple planes so as to allow the observed pattern of limiting fissures in a given brain to be digitized. In this presentation, the method is applied in order to define the surface anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres in a normal subject. Volumetric measurements of individual cortical regions are compared as hemispheric percentiles to areal perceniiles derived from the analysis of Jouandet et al. (1989), a conceptually related though methodologically different approach. We specifically address the approach to the study of interhemispheric differences and interindividual variations in cortical anatomy.
Optical trapping of photochromic microcrystals by a dual fiber tweezers (2022)

Upon light irradiation, photochromic materials exhibit drastic changes in absorbance in addition to molecular and mechanical changes. In this study, we demonstrated optical trapping of photochromic microcrystals in a double fiber optical tweezers system combined with two external lights for photoisomerization and observed changes in the trapping force by photoisomerization. In situ photoisomerizations of the single crystal trapped in the system were performed thrice revealing a reversible change in the trapping force. The trapping stiffness for the colored crystal was one-third of that for the decolorized crystal in the axial direction, whereas almost no difference was observed in the transverse direction. Furthermore, based on the intermittent motion and asymmetry of the positional distribution of the trapped crystals, we inferred that the motion includes transitions through multiple stable sites, and the ease of the transition is related to the isomerization state of the crystals. Such switching of optical trapping indicates the possibility of revealing the physical properties of trapped materials through trapping schemes, and the nonlinearity in the trapping is also expected to be applied to advanced computing with physical phenomena.
Piglets born after transcervical transfer of embryos into recipient gilts (1993)

A method is described for the non-surgical transfer of embryos in pigs. Embryos at the 8-cell to the hatched blastocyst stage, recovered on days 4 to 7 of the oestrous cycle by flushing the oviducts and uteri of superovulated donors, were transferred transcervically into the uterine body of anaesthetised recipient gilts using a sterile disposable plastic spiral catheter and an embryo transfer cannula. Fifty-eight non-surgical transfers have been performed and six pregnancies were established. Eight and three normal fetuses were recovered from two recipients slaughtered between 35 and 45 days after embryo transfer. Three recipients came to term and gave birth to litters of two, six and seven living piglets. One recipient aborted between 45 and 60 days of gestation.
On-line broadcast archives for interactive video (1997)

Delivery of user specified interactive multimedia digital services is drawing worldwide attention. With the availability of a greater number of channels as a result of video compression and the receding geographical barriers, content providers are hard pressed to meet the programme requirements. Broadcast archives are valuable multimedia resource centres, stocking audio and video material of interest to a vast population across the globe. There is a great potential for using these archives for on-line interactive access of these material. The paper describes the system architecture and implementation issues of an on-line broadcast archives management system (OLBAMS) which entails various functions of storage and dissemination, taking advantage of emerging digital technology, viz. video servers, OODBMS, CORBA, MPI video, use of Java applets for set-tops, webTV, or computers.
[Atrial arrhythmias after surgical repair of an atrial septal defect (secundum-type). Six years follow-up in adults (author's transl)]. (1981)

Atrial arrhythmias before and after repair of an atrial septal defect (secundum-type) were analyzed in 100 patients. The mean postoperative follow-up was 5.8 years, the mean age at the last check-up was 33.4 years. Preoperatively, 10 patients showed atrial arrhythmias (6 pts atrial flutter or fibrillation [AF], 3 pts sinus node [SN] dysfunction, 1 pt atrial tachycardia). About 6 years after operation, 29 patients showed atrial arrhythmias (16 pts AF, 10 pts SN dysfunction, 3 pts atrial tachycardias). The 26 patients with AF and SN dysfunction were 10 years older and had a 3 years longer follow-up period postoperatively than those with sinus rhythm. In addition, they had a higher pulmonary artery pressure preoperatively. Especially the occurrence of AF after operation was strongly related to the age and the pulmonary artery pressure. All other factors had no significance. The data show that closure of an atrial septal defect cannot prevent the occurrence of AF in the following period. In addition, SN dysfunction is found postoperatively in a significant number of patients probably due to the intraoperative injury to the sinus node. However, it cannot be excluded that the unfavorable results may in part be due to the selection of the patients.
P2M: A Processing-in-Pixel-in-Memory Paradigm for Resource-Constrained TinyML Applications (2022)

Abstract The demand to process vast amounts of data generated from state-of-the-art high resolution cameras has motivated novel energy-efficient on-device AI solutions. Visual data in such cameras are usually captured in analog voltages by a sensor pixel array, and then converted to the digital domain for subsequent AI processing using analog-to-digital converters (ADC). Recent research has tried to take advantage of massively parallel low-power analog/digital computing in the form of near- and in-sensor processing, in which the AI computation is performed partly in the periphery of the pixel array and partly in a separate on-board CPU/accelerator. Unfortunately, high-resolution input images still need to be streamed between the camera and the AI processing unit, frame by frame, causing energy, bandwidth, and security bottlenecks. To mitigate this problem, we propose a novel Processing-in-Pixel-in-memory (P2M) paradigm, that customizes the pixel array by adding support for analog multi-channel, multi-bit convolution, batch normalization, and ReLU (Rectified Linear Units). Our solution includes a holistic algorithm-circuit co-design approach and the resulting P2M paradigm can be used as a drop-in replacement for embedding memory-intensive first few layers of convolutional neural network (CNN) models within foundry-manufacturable CMOS image sensor platforms. Our experimental results indicate that P2M reduces data transfer bandwidth from sensors and analog to digital conversions by ~21x, and the energy-delay product (EDP) incurred in processing a MobileNetV2 model on a TinyML use case for visual wake words dataset (VWW) by up to ~11x compared to standard near-processing or in-sensor implementations, without any significant drop in test accuracy.
Methane pyrolysis in a molten gallium bubble column reactor for sustainable hydrogen production: Proof of concept & techno-economic assessment (2020)

Nowadays, nearly 50% of the hydrogen produced worldwide comes from Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) at an environmental burden of 10.5 tCO2,eq/tH2, accelerating the consequences of global warming. One way to produce clean hydrogen is via methane pyrolysis using melts of metals and salts. Compared to SMR, significant less CO2 is produced due to conversion of methane into hydrogen and carbon, making this route more sustainable to generate hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced with high purity, and solid carbon is segregated and deposited on the molten bath. Carbon may be sold as valuable co-product, making industrial scale promising. In this work, methane pyrolysis was performed in a quartz bubble column using molten gallium as heat transfer agent and catalyst. A maximum conversion of 91% was achieved at 1119 °C and ambient pressure, with a residence time of the bubbles in the liquid of 0.5 s. Based on in-depth analysis of the carbon, it can be characterized as carbon black. Techno-economic and sensitivity analyses of the industrial concept were done for different scenarios. The results showed that, if co-product carbon is saleable and a CO2 tax of 50 euro per tonne is imposed to the processes, the molten metal technology can be competitive with SMR.
Using Camera Tilt to Assist with Localisation (2006)

More rigorously designed randomized clinical trials and further evidence are required to make a better decision/comparison about using PI as a suitable choice for preventing VAP among adult patients admitted to the ICU.
Site ‐specific deuteration or tritiation of benzo [b] thiophene and 1‐ methylindole analogs of biologically active indole derivatives (1) (1973)

Abstract The site‐specific deuteration and tritiation of 1‐methylindole and benzo [b] ‐thiopheme analogs of biologically active indole derivatives has been achieved by use of the facile metalation of these heterocycles with n‐butyllithium and subsequent reaction with 2 H 2 or 3 H 2 O. Metalation occurs at the 2‐position and site and extent of deuterium incorporation was determined by N. M. K. The use of similar procedures with 3 H 2 O led to ready incorporation of tritium into these heterocycles.
Evidence for Intermediate Channeling in Mitochondrial β-Oxidation (1995)

The accumulation of beta-oxidation intermediates was studied by incubating normal and beta-oxidation enzyme-deficient human fibroblasts with [2H4]linoleate and L-carnitine and analyzing the resultant acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry. Labeled decenoyl-, octanoyl-, hexanoyl-, and butyrylcarnitines were the only intermediates observed with normal cells. Intermediates of longer chain length, corresponding to substrates for the beta-oxidation enzymes associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, were not observed unless a cell line was deficient in one of these enzymes, such as very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, or electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase. Matrix enzyme deficiencies, such as medium- and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, were characterized by elevated concentrations of intermediates corresponding to their respective substrates (octanoyl- and decenoylcarnitines in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and butyrylcarnitine in short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency). These observations agree with the notion of intermediate channeling due to the organization of beta-oxidation enzymes in complexes. The only exception is the incomplete channeling from thiolase to acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the matrix. This situation may be a consequence of only one 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase being unable to interact with the several acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in the matrix.
The Activity of PPARγ in Primary Human Trophoblasts Is Enhanced by Oxidized Lipids (2002)

The ligand-dependent nuclear receptor PPAR gamma plays an important role in murine and human trophoblast differentiation. Oxidized lipids, which are implicated in the pathophysiology of placental dysfunction, have recently been identified as ligands for PPAR gamma. We therefore hypothesized that oxidized lipids activate PPAR gamma in human trophoblasts and influence placental function. To test our hypothesis, we examined the effect of 9S-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), 13S-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), and 15S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) on PPAR gamma activity in cultured term human trophoblasts. Our results demonstrate that these lipids stimulate PPAR gamma activity and that the AF-2 fragment, which harbors the ligand-binding domain of PPAR gamma, mediates this effect. Furthermore, we assessed the consequences of PPAR gamma activation by the oxidized lipids, and we found that these lipids stimulate human CG production, a measure of trophoblast differentiation. In contrast, the expression of syncytin, a marker for syncytium formation as well as the expression of the cell cycle modulators cyclin E and p27 are unchanged by the oxidized lipids. We concluded that 9-HODE, 13-HODE, and 15-HETE activate PPAR gamma in primary human trophoblasts. These PPAR gamma ligands may play a role in placental differentiation, yet they are unlikely to contribute to trophoblast dysfunction.
Compact climbing robot rolling on flexible magnetic rollers, for generator inspection with the rotor still installed (2012)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the design and prototype implementation of a compact climbing robot with magnetic adhesion, which is only 8 mm high and allows for moving in any direction on the stators or rotors of power generators. Design/methodology/approach After a brief description of the industrial environment where it is supposed to be used (inspection of generator stators with the rotor still installed), this paper describes the basic mechanical concept, pointing to the core innovation and the advantages towards previous designs. The paper concludes with a prototype implementation and some test results; and provides an outlook on future extensions in the final industrial version. Findings Thanks to a new locomotion system based on flexible magnetic rollers (= magnetic wheels fixed on motorized flexible shafts; patented technology), the robot is able to span over gaps and non‐magnetic zones, both in axial and circumferential direction, while still being flexible enough for adapting to the large curvature of the rotor/stator (∼0.5 m‐2 m). Originality/value With this new design, it is now possible, for the first time, to access all types of large power generators (&gt;100 MW) with only one device – while still keeping the mechanical complexity at a level which allows for realizing the robot in a robust way and at reasonable cost.
Intranasal exposure to a damp building mould, Stachybotrys chartarum, induces lung inflammation in mice by satratoxin‐independent mechanisms (2003)

These results indicate that lung inflammation induced by i.n. instillations of S. chartarum spores is regulated by the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and leucocyte-attracting chemokines. The data also imply that S. chartarum-derived components, other than satratoxins, are mediating the development of this inflammatory response.
One-electron oxidation-induced dimerising C–C coupling of a 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonediimine: a chemical and electrochemical investigation (2004)

The one-electron oxidation of N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraneopentyl-2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonediimine 3 has been carried out using Ag(I) as an oxidising agent and led to the formation of the postulated nitrogen-based radical cation B. This unstable species can evolve by following two competing pathways, either a hydrogen atom abstraction from a THF solvent molecule, which leads to the N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraneopentyl-2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonemonoiminemonoiminium triflate 5, or a dimerisation of two carbon-based radical cations C, which affords the new dimer 4. An X-ray diffraction study of the latter established the presence of a centre of symmetry in the middle of the newly formed Csp3–Csp3 bond. Breaking of this bond upon reduction regenerates 3 under mild conditions. This type of chemically induced formation/breaking of a C–C single bond appears to be unprecedented in quinonoid chemistry. Electrochemical studies performed in THF confirm the proposed mechanism for the one-electron oxidation process.
Chondroitin Sulfate Immobilized on a Biomimetic Scaffold Modulates Inflammation While Driving Chondrogenesis (2016)

Recently, increasing clinical evidence has highlighted the important role of proinflammatory mediators and infiltrating inflammatory cell populations inducing chronic inflammation and diseases in damaged cartilage. This work should be of broad interest because it proposes an implantable biomimetic material, which holds the promise for a variety of medical conditions that necessitate the functional restoration of damaged cartilage tissue (such as trauma, diseases, deformities, or cancer).