gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting Scans at the ISP Level (2006)

Abstract : Scans are often used by adversaries to determine the potential weaknesses in a target network or system prior to an intrusion attempt. In other eases, exploits are packaged with the scans themselves. This report presents a novel approach to detecting scans (including very stealthy scans) against, or passing through, very large networks. It meets operational requirements that are particular to detecting scans in ISP level networks. This scan-detection approach performs an ongoing, incremental analysis of flow-level data regarding traffic inbound to a network. It is multi-dimensional and flexible, based on up to 21 characteristics describing traffic collected from any single source. The report describes in detail a method developed to provide a probability that a particular traffic sample contains a scan. In validation testing using a manual analysis of traffic collected from a high-volume network, this method correctly classified 99.3% of TCP traffic samples. This report also compares this new approach to other scan approaches, particularly a naive scan approach, based on simple thresholding, and a modified version of the threshold random walk approach, to which it performed comparably. Combining the radom walk approach with the new approach produced very good results, reducing the number of false negatives to zero.
Chromosomal rearrangement segregating with adrenoleukodystrophy: a molecular analysis. (1993)

The relationship between X chromosome-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and the red/green color pigment gene cluster on Xq28 was investigated in a large kindred. The DNA in a hemizygous male showed altered restriction fragment sizes compatible with at least a deletion extending from the 5' end of the color pigment genes. Segregation analysis using a DNA probe within the color pigment gene cluster showed significant linkage with adrenoleukodystrophy (logarithm of odds score of 3.19 at theta = 0.0). These data demonstrate linkage, rather than association, between a unique molecular rearrangement in the color pigment gene cluster and adrenoleukodystrophy. The DNA changes in this region are thus likely to be helpful for determining the location and identity of the responsible gene.
Band Excitation in Scanning Probe Microscopy: Recognition and Functional Imaging (2014)

Field confinement at the junction between a biased scanning probe microscope's tip and solid surface enables local probing of various bias-induced transformations, such as polarization switching, ionic motion, and electrochemical reactions. The nanoscale size of the biased region, smaller or comparable to that of features such as grain boundaries and dislocations, potentially allows for the study of kinetics and thermodynamics at the level of a single defect. In contrast to classical statistically averaged approaches, this approach allows one to link structure to functionality and deterministically decipher associated mesoscopic and atomistic mechanisms. Furthermore, responses measured as a function of frequency and bias can serve as a fingerprint of local material functionality, allowing for local recognition imaging of inorganic and biological systems. This article reviews current progress in multidimensional scanning probe microscopy techniques based on band excitation time and voltage spectroscopies, including discussions on data acquisition, dimensionality reduction, and visualization, along with future challenges and opportunities for the field.
Low-complexity rake reception and equalization for MBOK DS-UWB systems (2005)

This paper describes low-complexity rake reception and Viterbi equalization techniques for M-ary bi-orthogonal keying direct sequence UWB (MBOK DS-UWB) systems, which have been considered a type of PHY suitable for high-speed WPANs in IEEE802.15.3a. In MBOK DS-UWB systems, rake reception and equalization are essential to compensate interpulse interference generated by multipath fading. For rake reception, we derive a novel technique to reduce its implementation complexity by setting a limit on the number of delay devices. For Viterbi equalization, we provide a reduced-state sequence estimation algorithm that reduces the computation complexity for MBOK DS-UWB systems. By employing the proposed rake reception and Viterbi equalization techniques, the complexity can be reduced to less than half of ordinary rake and equalization techniques. Simulation results show that our rake reception and Viterbi equalization techniques enable almost the same performance as existing techniques despite the lower complexity.
A New, General Synthetic Method for the Preparation of Linear Poly‐p‐xylylenes (1966)

Abstract A new, general synthetic route to poly‐ p ‐xylylene and substituted poly‐ p ‐xylylenes is described. The key intermediate in the new process is di‐ p ‐xylylene [(2,2) p ‐cyclophane]. It has been found that di‐ p ‐xylylene is quantitatively cleaved by vacuum vapor‐phase pyrolysis at 600°C. to two molecules of p ‐xylylene. p ‐Xylylene spontaneously polymerizes on condensation to form high molecular weight, linear poly‐ p ‐xylylene. The conversion of di‐ p ‐xylylene to poly‐ p ‐xylylene is quantitative. The process is adaptable to the preparation of a wide variety of substituted poly‐ p ‐xylylenes by pyrolysis of ring‐substituted di‐ p ‐xylylenes and polymerization of the resultant substituted p ‐xylylenes. Many of these polymers are not attainable by any other route. All are linear and free of crosslinking. Evidence supporting the proposed mechanism of pyrolytic cleavage of every molecule of di‐ p ‐xylylene to two molecules of p ‐xylylene is presented. Tough, transparent polymeric films are obtained from the process when the polymerization of the p ‐xylylenes is conducted on glass or metal surfaces. Outstanding combinations of physical, electrical, and chemical properties are displayed by poly‐ p ‐xylylene, polychloro‐ p ‐xylylene, and other substituted polymers. A comparison of the relative merits of the original Szwarc route and the new di‐ p ‐xylylene route to poly‐p‐xylylenes is presented.
Cost-Effective, Flexible, and Colorful Dynamic Displays: Removing Underlying Conducting Layers from Polymer-Based Electrochromic Devices (2021)

Electrochromic (EC) materials and devices provide a user-controlled, dynamic way of displaying information using low power, making them interesting for a range of applications in numerous markets, including logistics, retail, consumer goods, and health care. To optimize the cost while simplifying the production, expanding the color space, and enhancing the contrast and vibrancy of EC displays aimed for cost-sensitive products, we sought to reduce the number of layers as well as remove the underlying conducting layer that accounts for a substantial fraction of the cost of a printed label. Here, we show how conjugated electrochromic polymers, which are inherently semiconducting, can be used to accomplish this goal and afford printable EC displays with a flexible form factor. Using a combination of electrochemical probes, in situ spectroscopy, solid-state conductivity, and in situ conductance measurements, we have studied and compared five different EC polymers with conductivities spanning multiple orders of magnitude and colors that span most of the visible range, identifying polymers and properties that allow for switching from the colored to the clear state without an underlying conducting layer. Finally, we incorporate these EC polymers into optimized flexible devices without an underlying conductor and demonstrate that they are able to provide on-demand, reversible colored-to-clear switching on the order of seconds to minutes, with operating voltages below ±1 V, optical memories exceeding 60 min, and a shelf-life exceeding 12 months.
Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels (2009)

This report presents an overview of the major perspectives toward and problems of biofuels use and sustainable production. First generation biofuels are the major focus. The report recognizes regional differences; however, it emphasizes the global situation. Alternatives for more sustainable and efficient production of biomass fuels are explored. Specific attention is paid to biomass utilized to generate power, heat, and liquid biofuels for transportation. These areas of utilization are also related to the use of biomass for material and food.
Repetitive use of levosimendan in advanced heart failure: need for stronger evidence in a field in dire need of a useful therapy (2017)

Patients in the latest stages of heart failure are severely compromised, with poor quality of life and frequent hospitalizations. Heart transplantation and left ventricular assist device implantation are viable options only for a minority, and intermittent or continuous infusions of positive inotropes may be needed as a bridge therapy or as a symptomatic approach. In these settings, levosimendan has potential advantages over conventional inotropes (catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors), such as sustained effects after initial infusion, synergy with beta-blockers, and no increase in oxygen consumption. Levosimendan has been suggested as a treatment that reduces re-hospitalization and improves quality of life. However, previous clinical studies of intermittent infusions of levosimendan were not powered to show statistical significance on key outcome parameters. A panel of 45 expert clinicians from 12 European countries met in Rome on November 24-25, 2016 to review the literature and envision an appropriately designed clinical trial addressing these needs. In the earlier FIGHT trial (daily subcutaneous injection of liraglutide in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction) a composite Global Rank Score was used as primary end-point where death, re-hospitalization, and change in N-terminal-prohormone-brain natriuretic peptide level were considered in a hierarchical order. In the present study, we tested the same end-point post hoc in the PERSIST and LEVOREP trials on oral and repeated i.v. levosimendan, respectively, and demonstrated superiority of levosimendan treatment vs placebo. The use of the same composite end-point in a properly powered study on repetitive levosimendan in advanced heart failure is strongly advocated.
EFFECTS OF SAMPLING DATES ON ESTIMATES OF STALK QUALITY IN MAIZE (1978)

Rind puncture values were obtained at 1 wk preflowering and then at 2-wk intervals in six single crosses of known stalk quality. On the same dates, stalk samples were obtained for determining crushing strength mechanically. Rind puncture values were lowest for the first sampling date, highest for the second sampling date, and lower again for the third and fourth dates. They were highly correlated (0.79, 0.68, 0.87, and 0.89, respectively) with crushing strength at each of the four sampling dates. We concluded that the rind puncture method would be useful in identifying S 0 plants or S 1 families with superior stalk quality prior to flowering. The method would enhance a cyclic breeding program by permitting the completion of one cycle per generation.
[Analysis of factors related to length of stay in the hospital in a hepato-gastroenterology unit]. (1983)

Because hospital length of stay is the most important determinant of cost of hospitalization, this study was performed to analyse factors contributing to hospital length of stay in an hepato-gastroenterology unit. Prospectively collected computerized files of the first 750 patients admitted in 1982 were analyzed according to primary diagnosis, age and sex. Ten primary diagnosis categories were established. By multivariate analysis, alcoholic liver disease and the non-digestive diseases correlated best with the hospital length of stay. Variables most predictive of an hospital length of stay greater than 14 days were diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, patient age and diagnosis of non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Analyses of this kind are essential in making policy decisions regarding hospital cost reduction.
Motivation for hyperlink creation using inter-page relationships (2013)

Using raw hyperlink counts for webometrics research has been shown to be unreliable and researchers have looked for alternatives. One alternative is classifying hyperlinks in a website based on the motivation behind the hyperlink creation. The method used for this type of classification involves manually visiting a webpage and then classifying individual links on the webpage. This is time consuming, making it infeasible for large scale studies. This paper speeds up the classification of hyperlinks in UK academic websites by using a machine learning technique, decision tree induction, to group web pages found in UK academic websites into one of eight categories and then infer the motivation for the creation of a hyperlink in a webpage based on the linking pattern of the category the webpage belongs to.
A generalized streamline method to predict reservoir flow (1996)

We present a generalized streamline method to model flow in porous media, including the effects of gravity and dispersion. We first describe the theory and discuss the approximations of the method, and then compare the predictions using the streamline technique against two-dimensional numerical simulations of incompressible miscible flow. In the cases we studied, the streamline method predicts recovery with an average error of at most 5%, where the principal flow directions are governed by the pattern of permeability, and for gravity numbers less than or equal to 1 and mobility ratios of 10 or less. The streamline method does not suffer from numerical dispersion and is more than 100 times faster than conventional simulation.
Magnetic and Superconducting Properties of CeRhGe2and CePtSi2 (2011)

We synthesized a new compound of CeRhGe 2 with the orthorhombic CeNiSi 2 -type structure. By measuring the electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, specific heat, and neutron scattering for single crystals, CeRhGe 2 was found to order antiferromagnetically below T N = 7.6 K with an ordered moment of 1.3 µ B /Ce oriented along the magnetic easy-axis of the c -axis. Similar measurements were also carried out for CePtSi 2 single crystals. From the experimental results of anisotropic magnetic susceptibility and magnetization, the crystalline electric field (CEF) scheme was obtained for CeRhGe 2 and CePtSi 2 , together with the similar compound CeNiGe 2 . Furthermore, we carried out pressure experiments by measuring the electrical resistivity of CePtSi 2 and CeRhGe 2 . In the quantum critical region where the Néel temperature becomes zero, we observed superconductivity in CePtSi 2 and most likely CeRhGe 2 , at 1.5 and 7.1 GPa, respectively. The upper critical field of CePtSi 2 was found to be highly anisotropic with respect to the three principal field directions.
Extracellular micro RNA 130b‐3p inhibits eCIRP ‐induced inflammation (2019)

Although microRNAs regulate mRNA expression intracellularly, they are often released into the circulation in inflammatory diseases. During sepsis, secreted extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), inducing tissue damage by elevating inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Here, we report that the circulating microRNA 130b-3p inhibits eCIRP-mediated sterile and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced non-sterile inflammation. We find that levels of miR-130b-3p are increased in the serum of septic mice and patients and that it strongly interacts with recombinant murine (rm) CIRP in vitro and with eCIRP in the serum of septic mice in vivo. Combining a miR-130b-3p mimic with rmCIRP significantly decreases TNF-α release by macrophages compared to only rmCIRP-treated cells. This combined treatment also dose-dependently decreases the affinity of rmCIRP with its receptor TLR4/MD2. Finally, injection of a miR-130b-3p mimic significantly reduces rmCIRP- or CLP-induced systemic inflammation and acute lung injury in mice. These data show that extracellular miR-130b-3p functions as a novel endogenous inhibitor of eCIRP and point to an innovative therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory diseases.
Novel prognostic classification predicts overall survival of patients receiving salvage whole-brain radiotherapy for recurrent brain metastasis from breast cancer: A recursive partitioning analysis (KROG 16-12) (2021)

In our RPA classification according to the control of both primary BC and extracranial metastasis and the dose of salvage WBRT, significant differences in OS were observed. The subsequent use of a systemic treatment showed better OS.
SINGLE-PORT TRANSUMBILICAL LIVE DONOR NEPHRECTOMY (2009)

You have accessJournal of Urology1 Apr 2009SINGLE-PORT TRANSUMBILICAL LIVE DONOR NEPHRECTOMY Sebastien Crouzet, David A Goldfarb, Georges-Pascal Haber, David Canes, Andre Berger, Monish Aron, Mihir M Desai, and Inderbir S Gill Sebastien CrouzetSebastien Crouzet More articles by this author , David A GoldfarbDavid A Goldfarb More articles by this author , Georges-Pascal HaberGeorges-Pascal Haber More articles by this author , David CanesDavid Canes More articles by this author , Andre BergerAndre Berger More articles by this author , Monish AronMonish Aron More articles by this author , Mihir M DesaiMihir M Desai More articles by this author , and Inderbir S GillInderbir S Gill More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(09)62059-0AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "SINGLE-PORT TRANSUMBILICAL LIVE DONOR NEPHRECTOMY." The Journal of Urology, 181(4S), pp. 737–738 © 2009 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 181 Issue 4S April 2009 Page: 737-738 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2009 by American Urological AssociationMetrics Author Information Sebastien Crouzet More articles by this author David A Goldfarb More articles by this author Georges-Pascal Haber More articles by this author David Canes More articles by this author Andre Berger More articles by this author Monish Aron More articles by this author Mihir M Desai More articles by this author Inderbir S Gill More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Controlling Conditional Language Models with Distributional Policy Gradients (2021)

Machine learning is shifting towards general-purpose pretrained generative models, trained in a self-supervised manner on large amounts of data, which can then be applied to solve a large number of tasks. However, due to their generic training methodology, these models often fail to meet some of the downstream requirements (e.g. hallucination in abstractive summarization or wrong format in automatic code generation). This raises an important question on how to adapt pre-trained generative models to a new task without destroying its capabilities. Recent work has suggested to solve this problem by representing task-specific requirements through energy-based models (EBMs) and approximating these EBMs using distributional policy gradients (DPG). Unfortunately, this approach is limited to unconditional distributions, represented by unconditional EBMs. In this paper, we extend this approach to conditional tasks by proposing Conditional DPG (CDPG). We evaluate CDPG on three different control objectives across two tasks: summarization with T5 and code generation with GPT-Neo. Our results show that fine-tuning using CDPG robustly moves these pretrained models closer towards meeting control objectives and -- in contrast with baseline approaches -- does not result in catastrophic forgetting.
Exploration of Earth-Abundant Transition Metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) as Catalysts in Unreactive Chemical Bond Activations (2015)

Activation of inert chemical bonds, such as C-H, C-O, C-C, and so on, is a very important area, to which has been drawn much attention by chemists for a long time and which is viewed as one of the most ideal ways to produce valuable chemicals. Under modern chemical bond activation logic, many conventionally viewed "inert" chemical bonds that were intact under traditional conditions can be reconsidered as novel functionalities, which not only avoids the tedious synthetic procedures for prefunctionalizations and the emission of undesirable wastes but also inspires chemists to create novel synthetic strategies in completely different manners. Although activation of "inert" chemical bonds using stoichiometric amounts of transition metals has been reported in the past, much more attractive and challenging catalytic transformations began to blossom decades ago. Compared with the broad application of late and noble transition metals in this field, the earth-abundant first-row transition-metals, such as Fe, Co, and Ni, have become much more attractive, due to their obvious advantages, including high abundance on earth, low price, low or no toxicity, and unique catalytic characteristics. In this Account, we summarize our recent efforts toward Fe, Co, and Ni catalyzed "inert" chemical bond activation. Our research first unveiled the unique catalytic ability of iron catalysts in C-O bond activation of both carboxylates and benzyl alcohols in the presence of Grignard reagents. The benzylic C-H functionalization was also developed via Fe catalysis with different nucleophiles, including both electron-rich arenes and 1-aryl-vinyl acetates. Cobalt catalysts also showed their uniqueness in both aromatic C-H activation and C-O activation in the presence of Grignard reagents. We reported the first cobalt-catalyzed sp(2) C-H activation/arylation and alkylation of benzo[h]quinoline and phenylpyridine, in which a new catalytic pathway via an oxidative addition process was demonstrated to be much preferable. Another interesting discovery was the Co-catalyzed magnesiation of benzylic alcohols in the presence of different Grignard reagents, which proceeded via Co-mediated selective C-O bond activation. In C-O activation, Ni catalysts were found to be most powerful, showing the high efficacy in different kinds of couplings starting form "inert" O-based electrophiles. In addition, Ni catalysts exhibited their power in C-H and C-C activation, which have been proven by us and pioneers in this field. Notably, our developments indicated that the catalytic efficacy in cross coupling between aryl bromides and arenes under mild conditions was not the privilege of several noble metals; most of the transition metals exhibited credible catalytic ability, including Fe, Co, and Ni. We hope our studies inspire more interest in the development of first row transition metal-catalyzed inert chemical bond functionalization.
Applying the policy concept to avoid logical race conditions in multilayer network restoration (2003)

Protection switching interactions in wide-area networks need to interoperate with each other in order to restore a wide variety of service types, provide survivability to mission-critical applications and accommodate an evolving network infrastructure. Without some coordination between restoration mechanisms, an outage duration would be lengthened as methods assigned to each layer interfere with each other or the network would be locked up in a deadlocked state that never converges to a new topology. A set of control policies can be specified to coordinate between restoration mechanisms in a network that spans multiple layers and regions. These control policies are expressed as rules, and are collectively denoted as the escalation strategy. The escalation strategy can be provisioned by a network manager and is implemented as a distributed coordination protocol between peer recovery agents in the nodes. As rules for coordinating between restoration mechanisms are formalized, a mathematical proof could be provided to prove that the network does indeed converge to a new topology.