gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Utilization and characterization of corn -based by -products from the ethanol production facilities (2008)

The current US production of ethanol relies predominantly on starch-based material which primarily uses corn as the raw material. There are two distinct processes for the conversion of corn to ethanol, dry grind and wet milling. Distillers’ grains and corn fiber are the by-products of the dry grind and wet corn milling industries, respectively. Availability of distillers’ grains and corn fiber at the ethanol plant and their high levels of lignocellulosic material, oil and protein make them attractive feedstock for conversion to ethanol and other value-added products. Dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of distillers’ grains and corn fiber to monomeric sugars was investigated. Formation of furfural, an inhibitor to the fermentation process, from the decomposition of monomeric sugars was monitored. The results provided a range of experimental conditions for the pretreatment of distillers’ grains and corn fiber and examined the suitability of these pretreated substrates for enzyme hydrolysis step. Stagewise dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis for the conversion of DDG, defatted DDG, WS, and corn fiber to monomeric sugars were investigated to increase the concentration of monomeric sugars in the hydrolyzate which in turn is expected to increase ethanol concentration in the fermentation products. In this scheme, after the completion of the first-stage of the pretreatment, the liquid substrate was separated and reused in the succeeding pretreatment stage with fresh substrate. The substrate from each stage was also subjected to enzyme hydrolysis in a separate experiment. Experiments were also performed to study the effect of removing oil from the samples prior to the pretreatment step. The formation of the inhibitory products was monitored during the course of the stagewise pretreatment process. Another objective of this research was to explore the potential for the extraction and characterization of proteins from by-products as they contain significant amounts of proteins along with carbohydrates. Experiments were performed to fractionate and quantify the four major classes of corn proteins in the DDG, WS, and corn kernel samples based on their solubility in selected solvents. Extraction and characterization of zein proteins from DDG, WS, and corn kernel was investigated using aqueous ethanol. The effects of pH, temperature, and reducing agents on the extraction yield were examined. The extracted zein protein was characterized using HPLC, SDS-Page, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to study its functional properties. The properties of extracted zein proteins were compared with a commercial zein protein to determine any changes to the chemical and/or molecular structure that may have occurred during the course of the dry grind process.
Pelvic malignancies undergoing exenteration. (2011)

579 Background: Pelvic exenteration is reserved for patients with locally invasive and recurrent pelvic malignancies. The literature demonstrates a high morbidity and mortality associated with this operation. At our institution, a high volume of pelvic exenterations are undertaken and their outcomes have been studied. Methods: The medical records of 53 patients with varying pelvic pathologies who underwent pelvic exenteration between 2004 and 2010 were reviewed. Demographics, histologies, periprocedural events, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Patients were divided into a colorectal (n = 37) and noncolorectal (n = 16) group for analysis based on histology. The two groups were similar in demographics, perioperative events, and length of stay. Resection status, chemotherapy use, and intraoperative radiation therapy showed no statistical difference. Complications showed a difference in perineal abscesses in the colorectal group. The colorectal group showed a survival difference when comparing R0 resection versus R1/R2, however no difference was seen in primary versus recurrent tumors. The median survival was 20.3 months in the colorectal group and 4.8 months in the noncolorectal group. Conclusions: Patients undergoing exenteration for colorectal histology have improved survival when compared to pelvic malignancies of other origins. The greatest effect on long term survival is seen in the colorectal group undergoing a R0 resection. Despite pelvic exenterations carrying a high morbidity and mortality, careful patient selection can optimize outcomes. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Photonic crystal microcavities for chip‐based cavity QED (2005)

Abstract The suitability of recently demonstrated high quality factor ( Q ), ultra‐small mode volume ( V eff ) graded square lattice photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED experiments is discussed. In addition to the basic importance of the Q and V eff of such cavities, other issues of both practical and fundamental relevance are considered. Included amongst these are the robustness of the cavity's performance to fabrication errors and the ability to efficiently source and collect light from the cavity through conventional fiber optics. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microbes and the Next Nitrogen Revolution (2017)

The Haber Bosch process is among the greatest inventions of the 20th century. It provided agriculture with reactive nitrogen and ultimately mankind with nourishment for a population of 7 billion people. However, the present agricultural practice of growing crops for animal production and human food constitutes a major threat to the sustainability of the planet in terms of reactive nitrogen pollution. In view of the shortage of directly feasible and cost-effective measures to avoid these planetary nitrogen burdens and the necessity to remediate this problem, we foresee the absolute need for and expect a revolution in the use of microbes as a source of protein. Bypassing land-based agriculture through direct use of Haber Bosch produced nitrogen for reactor-based production of microbial protein can be an inspiring concept for the production of high quality animal feed and even straightforward supply of proteinaceous products for human food, without significant nitrogen losses to the environment and without the need for genetic engineering to safeguard feed and food supply for the generations to come.
2D and 3D Characterization of Metal Foams Using X-ray Tomography (2002)

International audience
Grifola frondosa (Maitake) Extract Reduces Fat Accumulation and Improves Health Span in C. elegans through the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/NRF2 Signalling Pathways (2021)

In recent years, food ingredients rich in bioactive compounds have emerged as candidates to prevent excess adiposity and other metabolic complications characteristic of obesity, such as low-grade inflammation and oxidative status. Among them, fungi have gained popularity for their high polysaccharide content and other bioactive components with beneficial activities. Here, we use the <i>C. elegans</i> model to investigate the potential activities of a <i>Grifola frondosa</i> extract (GE), together with the underlying mechanisms of action. Our study revealed that GE represents an important source of polysaccharides and phenolic compounds with in vitro antioxidant activity. Treatment with our GE extract, which was found to be nongenotoxic through a <i>SOS/umu</i> test, significantly reduced the fat content of <i>C. elegans</i>, decreased the production of intracellular ROS and aging-lipofuscin pigment, and increased the lifespan of nematodes. Gene expression and mutant analyses demonstrated that the in vivo anti-obesity and antioxidant activities of GE were mediated through the <i>daf-2/daf-16</i> and <i>skn-1/nrf-2</i> signalling pathways, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that our GE extract could be considered a potential functional ingredient for the prevention of obesity-related disturbances.
Contrast Ultrasonography: Necessity of Linear Data Processing for the Quantification of Tumor Vascularization (2010)

In conclusion, the use of linear data is the only mathematically valid methodology for determining a tumor's time-intensity curve and, in practice, it allows earlier demonstration of responses to antivascular drugs.
Therapeutic Monitoring of Vancomycin in Adults (2009)

Vancomycin is a commonly used antibiotic due to its effectiveness in treating serious gram-positive infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. As commercial drug assays and a multitude of pharmacokinetic data from a variety of patient populations are widely available, therapeutic monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations is frequently performed by clinicians, with the expectation that targeting the concentrations within a relatively narrow range can minimize toxicity yet still achieve therapeutic success. Much debate exists, however, over the value of routine therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin levels because of conflicting evidence regarding the ability of serum concentrations to predict effectiveness or prevent toxicity. In addition, studies have suggested that the potential for nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity with vancomycin monotherapy is minimal at conventional dosages of 1 g (15 mg/kg) every 12 hours. However, increased rates of nephrotoxicity have recently been reported with doses of 4 g/day or higher. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists published a consensus statement on therapeutic monitoring of serum vancomycin levels in adults. These organizations established an expert panel to review the scientific data and controversies associated with vancomycin monitoring and to make recommendations based on the available evidence. As the members of this panel, we summarize the conclusions and highlight the recommendations from the consensus statement. We determined that the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC): minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio is the most useful pharmacodynamic parameter to predict vancomycin effectiveness and suggested a target ratio of 400 or greater to eradicate S. aureus. In addition, trough serum concentration monitoring is the most accurate and practical method to monitor vancomycin serum levels. Increasing trough concentrations to 15-20 mg/L to attain the target AUC:MIC ratio may be desirable but is currently not supported by clinical trials. Alternative therapies should be considered in patients with S. aureus infections that demonstrate a vancomycin MIC of 2 mg/L or greater because the target AUC:MIC ratio ( 400) is unlikely to be achieved in this setting. Increasing the dosage to result in higher trough concentrations may increase the potential for toxicity; however additional clinical experience is required to determine the extent.
Emerging data transfer technologies for factory communication (2002)

The paper deals with the replacement of prevailing legacy data communication networks for factory automation by new technologies. The special requirements for data transmission in the area of automation do not allow simple adoption of standard solutions developed for home or office environments. The problems of providing an application interface that frees the user from dealing with network specific parameters are highlighted. Furthermore different data transfer technologies, like ATM and Gigabit Ethernet are introduced and their suitability for the factory communication environment is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: DESIGN AND REACTIVITY OF TOPOLOGICALLY UNIQUE, CHIRAL PHOSPHONAMIDES. REMARKABLE DIASTEREOFACIAL SELECTIVITY IN ASYMMETRIC OLEFINATION AND ALKYLATION (1985)

Abstract Die Umsetzung des K‐Salzes des chiralen Phosphonamids (II), das ausgehend vom ′Diamin (I) dargestellt wird, bzw. des analog zugänglichen Isomeren (IV) mit den Cyclohexanonen (V) liefert mit den angegebenen Stereoselektivitäten die Produkte (VI) und (VII).
A Case Report of Primary Vitrectomy in Multiple Bilateral Retinal Capillary Hemangiomas Accompanying Epiretinal Membrane (2014)

Purpose: To report the clinical result of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) as the primary treatment in a patient with multiple bilateral retinal capillary hemangiomas (RCH) accompanying epiretinal membrane (ERM). Case summary: A 17-year-old female patient visited our clinic for decreased bilateral vision 4 days in duration. At the first visit, the vision in her right eye was 20/25 and, 20/100 in her left eye. Bilateral multiple retinal capillary hemangiomas were observed at the peripheral retina in both eyes on fundus examination, fluorescein angiography (FAG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). ERM and associated macular edema (ME) were noted in her left eye. For her left eye, focal laser photocoagulation (PC) was performed 6 times. ME was decreased and her vision improved to 20/25. However, 3 months after the initial visit, her vision decreased to 20/400 accompanied with exacerbated ERM and ME. Therefore, PPV was performed in her left eye. ERM and associated ME were decreased and her vision improved to 20/25 after 18 months. PPV was performed in the right eye immediately after her vision worsened (best corrected visual acuity, BCVA 20/40) and ERM occurred. After 15 months later, vision in her right eye improved to 20/20 and ERM was also decreased.
Structural and Chemical Characterization of Monofluoro-Substituted Oligo(phenylene−ethynylene) Thiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold (2004)

Monolayers of oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) molecules have exhibited promise in molecular electronic test structures. This paper discusses films formed from a novel molecule within this class, 2-fluoro-4-phenylethynyl-1-[(4-acetylthio)phenylethynyl]benzene (F-OPE). The conditions of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation were systematically altered to fabricate reproducible high-quality molecular monolayers from the acetate-protected F-OPE molecule. Detailed characterization of the F-OPE monolayers was performed by using an array of surface probes, including reflection absorbance infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), contact angle (CA) measurements, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XPS and RAIRS established that the SAM formed without removal of the F substituent and without oxidation of the thiol. The monolayer thickness, determined from SE and AFM based nanolithography, was consistent with the formation of a densely packed monolayer. The valence electronic structure of the SAM was consistent with an aromatic structure shifted by the electron-withdrawing fluorine substituent and intermolecular coupling within an oriented array of molecules.
Alcoholysis of Benzotrichloride Studied by Liquid Beam - Multiphoton Ionization Technique (1997)

Abstract Chemical reactions of benzotrichloride in an alcohol solution initiated by multiphoton ionization were observed by irradiation of a tightly focused laser beam at wavelength of 274 nm. The product ions ejected from the liquid surface were analyzed by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra of the ions indicate that alcoholysis occurs between PhCCl2+ produced by multiphoton ionization and alcohol molecules, ROH, giving PhCCl(OR)+ and PhC(OR)2+.
A Survey on Aerial Swarm Robotics (2018)

The use of aerial swarms to solve real-world problems has been increasing steadily, accompanied by falling prices and improving performance of communication, sensing, and processing hardware. The commoditization of hardware has reduced unit costs, thereby lowering the barriers to entry to the field of aerial swarm robotics. A key enabling technology for swarms is the family of algorithms that allow the individual members of the swarm to communicate and allocate tasks amongst themselves, plan their trajectories, and coordinate their flight in such a way that the overall objectives of the swarm are achieved efficiently. These algorithms, often organized in a hierarchical fashion, endow the swarm with autonomy at every level, and the role of a human operator can be reduced, in principle, to interactions at a higher level without direct intervention. This technology depends on the clever and innovative application of theoretical tools from control and estimation. This paper reviews the state of the art of these theoretical tools, specifically focusing on how they have been developed for, and applied to, aerial swarms. Aerial swarms differ from swarms of ground-based vehicles in two respects: they operate in a three-dimensional space and the dynamics of individual vehicles adds an extra layer of complexity. We review dynamic modeling and conditions for stability and controllability that are essential in order to achieve cooperative flight and distributed sensing. The main sections of this paper focus on major results covering trajectory generation, task allocation, adversarial control, distributed sensing, monitoring, and mapping. Wherever possible, we indicate how the physics and subsystem technologies of aerial robots are brought to bear on these individual areas.
Potency of Individual Bile Acids to Regulate Bile Acid Synthesis and Transport Genes in Primary Human Hepatocyte Cultures (2014)

Bile acids (BAs) are known to regulate their own homeostasis, but the potency of individual bile acids is not known. This study examined the effects of cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on expression of BA synthesis and transport genes in human primary hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocytes were treated with the individual BAs at 10, 30, and 100μM for 48 h, and RNA was extracted for real-time PCR analysis. For the classic pathway of BA synthesis, BAs except for UDCA markedly suppressed CYP7A1 (70-95%), the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, but only moderately (35%) down-regulated CYP8B1 at a high concentration of 100μM. BAs had minimal effects on mRNA of two enzymes of the alternative pathway of BA synthesis, namely CYP27A1 and CYP7B1. BAs increased the two major target genes of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), namely the small heterodimer partner (SHP) by fourfold, and markedly induced fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) over 100-fold. The BA uptake transporter Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide was unaffected, whereas the efflux transporter bile salt export pump was increased 15-fold and OSTα/β were increased 10-100-fold by BAs. The expression of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3; sixfold), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G5 (ABCG5; sixfold), multidrug associated protein-2 (MRP2; twofold), and MRP3 (threefold) were also increased, albeit to lesser degrees. In general, CDCA was the most potent and effective BA in regulating these genes important for BA homeostasis, whereas DCA and CA were intermediate, LCA the least, and UDCA ineffective.
Capping layers, cleaning method, and rapid thermal processing temperature on cobalt silicide formation (1999)

The effect of some key variables such as rapid thermal processing (RTP) temperature, substrate cleaning method and capping layers, on cobalt silicide formation has been investigated. The in-situ RF sputter etch is found to give a post RTP2 R<SUB>sh</SUB> that is equivalent to a wet cleaned wafer. The temperature transformation curve of cobalt films, analyzed with R<SUB>sh</SUB> data and XRD, reveal the formation of Co<SUB>2</SUB>Si-CoSi-CoSi<SUB>2</SUB> phases in that order. The transformation curves of TiN capped films match those of blanket cobalt but the Ti capped films show the CoSi phase to be stable over a broader temperature range. There is no effect of dopants on the final cobalt disilicide R<SUB>sh</SUB> values for either the single of polycrystalline substrates. Controlled oxygen leak studies in the RTP ambient reveal that the R<SUB>sh</SUB> after RTP1 is degraded if a capping layer is not present. Electrical test results confirm the need for capping layers. This is indicated by lower R<SUB>sh</SUB> and R<SUB>c</SUB> values on both n+ and p+ junctions and poly structures. Furthermore the electrical results are comparable for Ti and TiN layers used as the cap films although the R<SUB>sh</SUB>/R<SUB>c</SUB> values are in general lower for the TiN capped films. Poly gate length vs R<SUB>sh</SUB> plots show the extendibility of the capped cobalt silicide process to the 0.18 um node.
Conformational stability and activity analysis of two hydroxymethylbilane synthase mutants, K132N and V215E, with different phenotypic association with acute intermittent porphyria (2013)

The autosomal dominantly inherited disease AIP (acute intermittent porphyria) is caused by mutations in HMBS [hydroxymethylbilane synthase; also known as PBG (porphobilinogen) deaminase], the third enzyme in the haem biosynthesis pathway. Enzyme-intermediates with increasing number of PBG molecules are formed during the catalysis of HMBS. In this work, we studied the two uncharacterized mutants K132N and V215E comparative with wt (wild-type) HMBS and to the previously reported AIP-associated mutants R116W, R167W and R173W. These mainly present defects in conformational stability (R116W), enzyme kinetics (R167W) or both (R173W). A combination of native PAGE, CD, DSF (differential scanning fluorimetry) and ion-exchange chromatography was used to study conformational stability and activity of the recombinant enzymes. We also investigated the distribution of intermediates corresponding to specific elongation stages. It is well known that the thermostability of HMBS increases when the DPM (dipyrromethane) cofactor binds to the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme is formed. Interestingly, a decrease in thermal stability was measured concomitant to elongation of the pyrrole chain, indicating a loosening of the structure prior to product release. No conformational or kinetic defect was observed for the K132N mutant, whereas V215E presented lower conformational stability and probably a perturbed elongation process. This is in accordance with the high association of V215E with AIP. Our results contribute to interpret the molecular mechanisms for dysfunction of HMBS mutants and to establish genotype-phenotype relations for AIP.
Varmosa : just-in-time binary translation of operating system kernels (2009)

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.
Display system and method for generating a display: Patent Application (2013)

A display system and method for providing a display. A display system includes a computer processor, the computer processor being configured to receive information from a plurality of sensors. The computer processor is further configured to detect an abnormal situation, based on information received from the plurality of sensors. The display system further includes a database including abnormal situation response procedures in operable communication with the processor, wherein the database is configured to provide the processor with the abnormal situation response procedures upon the detection of an abnormal situation. The display system further includes a display device in operable communication with the processor, wherein the display device is configured to display information from the sensors regarding the abnormal situation and the abnormal situation response procedures.