gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dose-dependent immune response in milk cells and mammary tissue after intramammary administration of lipopolysaccharide in dairy cows (2007)

The immune response in milk cells and the status of mammary tight junctions (TJ) in response to intramammary (IM) infusion of different doses of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Experiment I: Seven German Braunvieh cows were IM infused into one quarter with 1 μg (LPS-1) and 3 μg (LPS-3) of LPS, respectively, and the contralateral control quarter with saline (9 g/l; C). Milk samples were taken immediately before and 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 84 and 108 h after infusion and analysed for somatic cell counts (SCC), lactose, sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions, and electrical conductivity (EC). Milk cell mRNA expression of various inflammatory factors was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Blood samples were taken immediately after milking for the analysis of leukocytes (WBC), polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), Na and Cl. Milk SCC, lactose, Na, Cl and EC did not differ significantly between LPS-1 and C quarters after the challenge. In LPS-3 quarters SCC levels increased within the first 12 h, reached peak levels between 12 and 36 h (P ≤ 0.001) and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) thereafter to reach baseline at 108 hours. Lactose in LPS-3 quarters decreased (P ≤ 0.05) to a minimum at 24 h and increased slightly thereafter while EC, Na, and Cl increased transiently in response to LPS-3. WBC and PMN levels in both groups decreased numerically within 24 h after LPS administration. In LPS-1, WBC at 24, 48 and 108 h were significantly lower whereas in LPS-3 they were significantly higher than at time 0. TNFα-mRNA expression in both groups did not change in response to IM LPS-challenge. IL-1β-mRNA expression at 12, 24 and 36 h in LPS-1 quarters increased significantly as compared to time 0. In LPS-3 quarters the mRNA expression values of all tested ILs increased significantly as compared to time 0 within 12 h after LPS-challenge. IL-1β-mRNA expression decreased (P ≤ 0.05) at 48 and 84 h in LPS quarters. IL-8 mRNA was significantly decreased at 84 h after challenge in LPS-3 quarters. COX-2-mRNA expression in LPS-1 quarters decreased significantly as compared to time 0 at 48, 84 and 108 h, with a minimum at 84 h (P ≤ 0.05). In LPS-3 quarters COX-2-mRNA levels increased (P ≤ 0.05) within 48 h after the LPS-challenge. Experiment II: Six cows (5 German Braunvieh, 1 Brown Swiss) were injected in one quarter with 100 μg LPS and in the contralateral quarter with saline (9 g/l; C). Mammary biopsy samples of both quarters were taken immediately before and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after infusion and mRNA expression of TJ proteins occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens (ZO-) 1, 2 and 3 were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. OCLN-mRNA expression did not change in response to the IM infusion while that of ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3 decreased significantly within six hours. In conclusion, a dose of 1 μg LPS did not initiate a immune response in the mammary gland. Furthermore the dose of 100 μg of LPS enhanced TJ permeability by reducing TJ plaque proteins density.
Selective Allylic Oxidation of Cyclohexene Catalyzed by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes (2014)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nitrogen-doped CNTs (NCNTs) were systematically investigated as metal-free catalysts in the selective allylic oxidation of cyclohexene using molecular oxygen as oxidant in the liquid phase. High cyclohexene conversion (up to 59.0%) and 620.1 mmol g–1 h–1 mass-normalized activity were obtained for NCNTs, competing with the state-of-the-art metal catalysts. The positive effect of nitrogen dopant on the performance of CNTs was demonstrated, with respect to the aspects of enhancing activity and increasing selectivity of 2-cyclohexen-1-one, allowing for a ketone/alcohol ratio of 3.7 at 59% conversion. The unique catalytic role of NCNTs was attributed to their capability to promote the radical chain propagation via stabilizing peroxyl and cycloxyl radicals, which boosted the further conversion of 2-cyclohexen-1-ol toward 2-cyclohexen-1-one as well.
Streptococcus pneumoniae fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase, a protein vaccine candidate, elicits Th1/Th2/Th17-type cytokine responses in mice (2016)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a major pathogen worldwide. The currently available polysaccharide-based vaccines significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. However, the inherent disadvantages of the currently available polysaccharide-based vaccines have motivated the search for other bacterial immunogens capable of eliciting a protective immune response against S. pneumoniae. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a glycolytic enzyme, which was found to localize to the bacterial surface, where it functions as an adhesin. Previously, immunizing mice with recombinant FBA (rFBA) in the presence of alum elicited a protective immune response against a lethal challenge with S. pneumoniae. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the cytokine responses that are indicative of protective immunity following immunization with rFBA. The protective effects against pneumococcal challenge in mice immunized with rFBA with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the initial immunization and with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) in booster immunizations surpassed the protective effects observed following immunization with either rFBA + alum or pVACfba. CD4+ T-cells obtained from the rFBA/CFA/IFA/IFA-immunized mice co-cultured with rFBA-pulsed antigen-presenting cells (APCs), exhibited a significantly greater proliferative ability than CD4+ T-cells obtained from the adjuvant-immunized mice co-cultured with rFBA‑pulsed APCs. The levels of the Th1-type cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-12, the Th2-type cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, and the Th17-type cytokine, IL-17A, significantly increased within 72 h of the initiation of co-culture with CD4+ T-cells obtained from the rFBA‑immunized mice, in comparison with the co-cultures with CD4+ T-cells obtained from the adjuvant-immunized mice. Immunizing mice with rFBA resulted in an IgG1/IgG2 ratio of 41, indicating a Th2 response with substantial Th1 involvement. In addition, rabbit and mouse anti-rFBA antisera significantly protected the mice against a lethal S. pneumoniae challenge in comparison with preimmune sera. Our results emphasize the mixed involvement of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 arms of the immune system in response to immunization with pneumococcal rFBA, a potential vaccine candidate.
Wideband, High Efficiency, High Power GaN Amplifiers, Using MIC and Quasi-MMIC Technologies, in the 1-4GHz range. (2014)

25 pages
Simulation of the specific surface area of snow using a one-dimensional physical snowpack model: implementation and evaluation for subarctic snow in Alaska (2009)

Abstract. The specific surface area (SSA) of the snow constitutes a powerful parameter to quantify the exchange of matter and energy between the snow and the atmosphere. However, currently no snow physics model can simulate the SSA. Therefore, two different types of empirical parameterizations of the specific surface area (SSA) of snow are implemented into the existing one-dimensional snow physics model CROCUS. The parameterizations are either based on diagnostic equations relating the SSA to parameters like snow type and density or on prognostic equations that describe the change of SSA depending on snow age, snowpack temperature, and the temperature gradient within the snowpack. Simulations with the upgraded CROCUS model were performed for a subarctic snowpack, for which an extensive data set including SSA measurements is available at Fairbanks, Alaska for the winter season 2003/2004. While a reasonable agreement between simulated and observed SSA values is obtained using both parameterizations, the model tends to overestimate the SSA. This overestimation is more pronounced using the diagnostic equations compared to the results of the prognostic equations. Parts of the SSA deviations using both parameterizations can be attributed to differences between simulated and observed snow heights, densities, and temperatures. Therefore, further sensitivity studies regarding the thermal budget of the snowpack were performed. They revealed that reducing the heat conductivity of the snow or increasing the turbulent fluxes at the snow surfaces leads to a slight improvement of the simulated thermal budget of the snowpack compared to the observations. However, their impact on further simulated parameters like snow height and SSA remains small. Including additional physical processes in the snow model may have the potential to advance the simulations of the thermal budget of the snowpack and, thus, the SSA simulations.
Inducing regulated necrosis and shifting macrophage polarization with anti-EMMPRIN antibody (161-pAb) and complement factors (2020)

Treatment of solid tumors is often hindered by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that prevents effector immune cells from eradicating tumor cells and promotes tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting components of the TME to restore the ability of immune cells to drive anti-tumoral responses has become an important goal. One option is to induce an immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells that would trigger an adaptive anti-tumoral immune response. Here we show that incubating mouse renal cell carcinoma (RENCA) and colon carcinoma cell lines with an anti-extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer polyclonal antibody (161-pAb) together with complement factors can induce cell death that inhibits caspase-8 activity and enhances the phosphorylation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed-lineage kinase-like domain (MLKL). This regulated necrotic death releases high levels of dsRNA molecules to the conditioned medium (CM) relative to the necrotic death of tumor cells induced by H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> or the apoptotic death induced by etoposide. RAW 264.7 macrophages incubated with the CM derived from these dying cells markedly enhanced the secretion of IFNβ, and enhanced their cytotoxicity. Furthermore, degradation of the dsRNA in the CM abolished the ability of RAW 264.7 macrophages to secrete IFNβ, IFNγ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and TRAIL. When mice bearing RENCA tumors were immunized with the 161-pAb, their lysates displayed elevated levels of phosphorylated RIPK3 and MLKL, as well as increased concentrations of dsRNA, IFNβ, IP-10, and TRAIL. This shows that an antigen-targeted therapy using an antibody and complement factors that triggers ICD can shift the mode of macrophage activation by triggering regulated necrotic death of tumor cells.
Molecular Mechanism Underlying Lymphatic Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer (2014)

As the most challenging human malignancies, pancreatic cancer is characterized by its insidious symptoms, low rate of surgical resection, high risk of local invasion, metastasis and recurrence, and overall dismal prognosis. Lymphatic metastasis, above all, is recognized as an early adverse event in progression of pancreatic cancer and has been described to be an independent poor prognostic factor. It should be noted that the occurrence of lymphatic metastasis is not a casual or stochastic but an ineluctable and designed event. Increasing evidences suggest that metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) and the microenvironments may act as a double-reed style in this crime. However, the exact mechanisms on how they function synergistically for this dismal clinical course remain largely elusive. Therefore, a better understanding of its molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in pancreatic lymphatic metastasis is urgently required. In this review, we will summarize the latest advances on lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer.
Experimental CC stretching phonon dispersion curves and electron phonon coupling in polyene derivatives (2004)

We analyze the infrared and Raman spectra (both experimentally and with the aid of quantum chemical calculations) of a series of polyenals which provide us with the fortunate case of a set of polyene chains with one of the end groups consisting of a C=O group which not only does take part in the conjugation but also pulls electrons from the chain making the whole system highly polar, thus affecting the vibrational transition moments. In the following we show, for the first time, that it is possible to derive experimental phonon dispersion curves and these prove to be different for each chain length. We support our experimental findings with Density Functional Theory quantum chemical calculations which reproduce with sufficient accuracy the IR and Raman spectral pattern and at the same time help in disentangling the assignment of the fine structure observed in the experimental spectra.
Sphingolipid-enriched Membrane Domains from Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells Differentiated in Culture (2000)

Sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains, characterized by a particular protein and lipid composition, have been detected in a variety of cells. However, limited data are available concerning these domains in neuronal cells. We analyzed the lipid and protein composition of a sphingolipid-enriched membrane fraction prepared from primary rat cerebellar granule cells differentiated in culture. Although the protein content of this fraction was only 1.4% of total cellular protein, 60% of the gangliosides, 67% of the sphingomyelin, 50% of the ceramide, and 40% of the cholesterol were located in this fraction. The protein pattern of the sphingolipid-enriched domain fraction was dramatically different from that associated with the cell homogenate. This fraction contained 25% of the tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and was enriched in two proteins with apparent molecular masses of 135 and 15 kDa. 12% of cellular glycerophospholipids were located in the fraction, with phosphatidylcholine having the highest enrichment. The molar ratio between proteins, glycerophospholipids, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, ceramide and gangliosides in cerebellar granule cells was 1.6:41.6:6. 1:1.3:0.3:1 in the cell homogenate and 0.04:8.3:4.0:1.4:0.2:1 in the sphingolipid-enriched membrane fraction. These data indicate that selected proteins segregate with sphingolipids in specialized domains in the membrane of cultured neurons.
Nasal tolerance induces antigen-specific CD4+CD25- regulatory T cells that can transfer their regulatory capacity to naive CD4+ T cells (2003)

The mucosal immune system is uniquely adapted to elicit immune responses against pathogens but also to induce tolerogenic responses to harmless antigens. In mice, nasal application of ovalbumin (OVA) leads to suppression of both T(h)1 and T(h)2 responses. This tolerance can be transferred to naive mice by CD4(+) T(r) cells from the spleen. Using the allotypic Ly5 system, we were able to demonstrate in vivo that T(r) cells not only suppress naive CD4(+) T cells, but also induce them to differentiate into T(r) cells. The effector function of these mucosal T(r) cells is not restricted by cytokine polarization, since T(r) cells from T(h)1-tolerant mice can suppress a T(h)2 response and vice versa. Transfer of splenic CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell subsets from OVA-tolerized mice revealed that both subsets were equally able to suppress a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in acceptor mice. In contrast to the CD25(-) T cell subset, the CD25(+) cells were not specific for the antigen used for tolerization. Together, these findings demonstrate a role for CD4(+)CD25(-) T(r) cells in mucosal tolerance, which suppresses CD4(+) T cells in an antigen-specific fashion, irrespective of initial T(h)1/T(h)2 skewing of the immune response. This offers a major advantage in the manipulation of mucosal tolerance for the treatment of highly cytokine-polarized disorders such as asthma and autoimmune diseases.
Chitosan Packing for Epistaxis in Coagulopathy Set‐up (2011)

Objective The management of refractory epistaxis in the context of coagulation disorders can be challenging for the physician and agonizing for the patient. This study investigates the efficacy of chitosan, a hemostatic polysaccharide that forms a coherent seal when it comes in contact with red blood cells, on these difficult‐to‐treat cases. Method The study population comprised 35 patients with bleeding diathesis (warfarin administration in 10 cases, antiplatelets in 18, both anticoagulants in 6, thrombocytopenia in 1) and persistent epistaxis despite aggressive tamponade. Treatment consisted of outpatient placement of a light packing with chitosan dressing supported by a polyvinyl acetal sponge for 48 hours. Results Immediate control of epistaxis was successfully achieved on an outpatient basis in 32 patients (91%) within a mean time of 3.5 minutes. Three patients (9%) continued to bleed despite the chitosan pack and required further treatment (two had repacking and one had electro‐coagulation of the spheno‐palatine artery). Upon packing removal, mild self‐limited sero‐sanguinous oozing was noted in 17 cases (48%). On the 1‐week follow‐up, no rebleeding was reported. Conclusion Chitosan‐based nasal packing is an effective outpatient method for the management of refractory epistaxis in the setting of coagulopathy due to its unique hemostatic properties, which are independent of clotting factors and/or platelets.
Systematic Reliability Study of Top-Gate p- and n-Channel Organic Field-Effect Transistors (2014)

We report on a systematic investigation on the performance and stability of p-channel and n-channel top-gate OFETs, with a CYTOP/Al2O3 bilayer gate dielectric, exposed to controlled dry oxygen and humid atmospheres. Despite the severe conditions of environmental exposure, p-channel and n-channel top-gate OFETs show only minor changes of their performance parameters without undergoing irreversible damage. When correlated with the conditions of environmental exposure, these changes provide new insight into the possible physical mechanisms in the presence of oxygen and water. Photoexcited charge collection spectroscopy experiments provided further evidence of oxygen and water effects on OFETs. Top-gate OFETs also display outstanding durability, even when exposed to oxygen plasma and subsequent immersion in water or operated under aqueous media. These remarkable properties arise as a consequence of the use of relatively air stable organic semiconductors and proper engineering of the OFET structure.
Lack of antibody formation during long-term subcutaneous treatment with the somatostatin analogue octreotide in acromegaly (1990)

Serum samples from 13 patients with active acromegaly on long-term sc treatment with octreotide (SMS 201-995, 1-36 months, mean daily dose 285 micrograms) were taken 12 h after the injection of their regular evening doses. Octreotide assay was performed using 125I-Tyr-SMS and a polyclonal rabbit anti-serum. For assessment of antibody formation both serum coated charcoal adsorption (adsorption of free octreotide) and polyethylene glycol precipitation (precipitation of IgG complexes) were used. The mean binding percentage in the patients proved to be similar to that of 5 healthy volunteers (p greater than 0.10). No specific binding was detected, whatever method used. No correlation was found between the binding percentages and octreotide serum levels, duration of octreotide treatment or daily octreotide dose (p greater than 0.10). These results strongly suggest that clinically relevant endogenous antibody formation is not a frequent event during long-term sc treatment of acromegalic patients with octreotide.
EDTA: the chelating agent under environmental scrutiny (2003)

The chelating agent EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a compound of massive use world wide with household and industrial applications, being one of the anthropogenic compounds with highest concentrations in inland European waters. In this review, the applications of EDTA and its behavior once it has been released into the environment are described. At a laboratory scale, degradation of EDTA has been achieved; however, in natural environments studies detect poor biodegradability. It is concluded that EDTA behaves as a persistent substance in the environment and that its contribution to heavy metals bioavailability and remobilization processes in the environment is a major concern.
In situ hybridisation and direct fluorescence antibodies for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial tissue from patients with reactive arthritis. (1998)

Detection of chlamydial DNA by in situ DNA hybridisation may be a better way to identify chlamydial infection in synovial tissue than phenotype targeting with FITC conjugated antibodies, which is used as a standard procedure for screening clinical specimens for chlamydia.
Role of protein kinase C α in calcium induced keratinocyte differentiation: Defective regulation in squamous cell carcinoma (2003)

Calcium induces both involucrin and transglutaminase-K in normal keratinocytes (NHK) but not in squamous carcinoma cell lines (SCC). The protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol myristoyl acetate potentiates and the PKC antagonist Ro31-8220 blocks the ability of calcium to stimulate the involucrin promoter in normal human keratinocytes but not in SCC4. We thus examined the ability of calcium to regulate the levels of five PKC isozymes in NHK and two SCC. In the normal keratinocytes, the levels of PKC [alpha], PKC [delta], PKC [eta], and PKC [zeta] increased over the first one to two weeks in a calcium-and time-dependent manner. PKC [epsilon] decreased in a time-and calcium-dependent fashion over the three-week period. All five isozymes showed little change during culture in SCC4 at any calcium concentration. Calcium and time of culture had partial effects on SCC12B2, a carcinoma that shows partial differentiation characteristics. Since PKC [alpha] is the only calcium responsive PKC isozyme in keratinocytes and most likely to be directly involved in calcium induced differentiation, we evaluated the effect of inhibiting its production with antisense oligonucleotides on calcium-regulated markers of differentiation. We found that the PKC [alpha] specific antisense oligonucleotide blocked calcium stimulated involucrin promoter activity as well as PKC [alpha], involucrin, and transglutaminase protein production, whereas the sense oligonucleotide control did not. We conclude that although a number of PKC isozymes are regulated during calcium-induced differentiation, PKC [alpha] plays a necessary role in mediating calcium-induced differentiation. Failure to regulate PKC [alpha] in SCC4 may underlie at least part of the failure of calcium to promote differentiation in these cells.
Solvability of bivariate polynomial systems under perturbation (2011)

No abstract available.