gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Humoral Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes: Prediction, Significance, and Detection of Distinct Disease Subtypes (2012)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease encompassing the T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells and the production of autoantibodies against islet proteins. In humoral autoimmunity in T1D, the detection of islet autoantibodies and the examination of their associations with genetic factors and cellular autoimmunity constitute major areas in both basic research and clinical practice. Although insulin is a key autoantigen and may be primus inter pares in importance among T1D autoantigens, an abundant body of research has also revealed other autoantigens associated with the disease process. Solid evidence indicates that autoantibodies against islet targets serve as key markers to enroll newly diagnosed T1D patients and their family members in intervention trials aimed at preventing or halting the disease process. The next challenge is perfecting mechanistic bioassays to be used as end points for disease amelioration following immunomodulatory therapies aimed at blocking immune-mediated β-cell injury and, in turn, preserving β-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Viewpoint: Technological access control interferes with noninfringing scholarship (2000)

article Free Access Share on Viewpoint: Technological access control interferes with noninfringing scholarship Authors: Andrew W. Appel View Profile , Edward W. Felten View Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 43Issue 9Sept. 2000pp 21–23https://doi.org/10.1145/348941.348968Published:01 September 2000Publication History 2citation554DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations2Total Downloads554Last 12 Months11Last 6 weeks6 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteView all FormatsPDF
Generating Text using Generative Adversarial Networks and Quick-Thought Vectors (2019)

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been shown to perform very well with the image generation tasks. Many advancements have been made with GANs over the past few years, which are making them more and more accurate in their generation tasks. State-of-the-art methods of natural language processing (NLP) involve word embeddings such as global vectors for word representation (GLoVe) and word2vec. These word embeddings help apply text data to a neural network by converting the textual data to numbers that the networks could use. The main focus for GANs has been image generation and in the past few years there have been research works to apply GANs to the text generation task. This paper presents a Quick-Thought GAN (QTGAN) to generate sentences by incorporating the Quick-Thought model. Quick-Thought vectors offer richer representations than prior unsupervised and supervised methods and enable a classifier to distinguish context sentences from other contrastive sentences. The proposed QTGAN is trained on a portion of the BookCorpus dataset that has been converted to Quick-Thought embeddings. The embeddings generated from the generator are then classified and used to pick a generated sentence. BLEU scores are used to test the results of the training and compared to the Skip-Thought GAN. The increases in BLEU-3 and BLEU-4 scores were achieved with the QTGAN.
Authentic data publication over the Internet1 (2003)

Integrity critical databases, such as financial information used in high-value decisions, are frequently published over the Internet. Publishers of such data must satisfy the integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation requirements of clients. Providing this protection over public data networks is an expensive proposition. This is, in part, due to the difficulty of building and running secure systems. In practice, large systems can not be verified to be secure and are frequently penetrated. The negative consequences of a system intrusion at the publisher can be severe. The problem is further complicated by data and server replication to satisfy availability and scalability requirements. To our knowledge this work is the first of its kind to give general approaches for reducing the trust required of publishers of large databases. To do this, we separate the roles of data owner and data publisher. With a few digital signatures on the part of the owner and no trust required of a publisher, we give techniques based on Merkle hash trees that publishers can use to provide authenticity and non-repudiation of the answer to database queries posed by a client. This is done without requiring a key to be held in an on-line system, thus reducing the impact of system penetrations. By reducing the trust required of the publisher, our solution is a step towards the publication of large databases in a scalable manner.
Surface properties of binary mixtures of some pulmonary surfactant components. (1980)

The dynamic surface pressure-area properties of pure and binary mixed films of rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-diocoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and cholesterol were investigated at 23 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The pure films and binary mixtures of rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine: 1,2-dioeoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine:cholesterol were characterized both for dilute surface initial concentrations of 150 Angstrom 2/molecule and for surface excess initial values of 15-50 Angstrom 2/molecule. The results show that the addition of 1,2-dioeoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or cholesterol in a binary film with rac-1,2 dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine acts to improve the surface reentry and respreading properties over those of pure rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine films upon dynamic compression past collapse. This effect is even more pronounced at 37 degrees C than at 23 degrees C, as demonstrated by the application of a collapse plateau ratio criterion. The enhanced dynamic respreading correlates with the effect of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and cholesterol in decreasing the gel to liquid crystal transition temperature of rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine water dispersons, as well as with their facilitation of post-collapse dynamic surface pressure relaxation in binary films with rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
Two-Step Surface Modification of Chemically Resistant Polymers:  Blend Formation and Subsequent Chemistry (1998)

Supercritical fluid (SCF) carbon dioxide processing has been studied as a new route to polymer surface modification. Three fluoropolymer substrates were studied: poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) using a two-step modification procedure. In the first step, blends or semiinterpenetrating networks were prepared by carrying out a free radical polymerization of styrene (or styrene with divinylbenzene or triallyl cyanurate) within the SCF-swollen polymer substrate. The second step involved sulfonating the polystyrene using heterogeneous (solution-solid) sulfonation conditions. Composition of the surfaces was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and wettability was assessed using water contact angle measurements. Depressed advancing and receding contact angles indicate increased wettability of all of the fluoropolymer samples.
The modified mitochondrial outer membrane carrier MTCH2 links mitochondrial fusion to lipogenesis (2021)

Mitochondrial function is integrated with cellular status through the regulation of opposing mitochondrial fusion and division events. Here we uncover a link between mitochondrial dynamics and lipid metabolism by examining the cellular role of mitochondrial carrier homologue 2 (MTCH2). MTCH2 is a modified outer mitochondrial membrane carrier protein implicated in intrinsic cell death and in the in vivo regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Our data indicate that MTCH2 is a selective effector of starvation-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion, a cytoprotective response to nutrient deprivation. We find that MTCH2 stimulates mitochondrial fusion in a manner dependent on the bioactive lipogenesis intermediate lysophosphatidic acid. We propose that MTCH2 monitors flux through the lipogenesis pathway and transmits this information to the mitochondrial fusion machinery to promote mitochondrial elongation, enhanced energy production, and cellular survival under homeostatic and starvation conditions. These findings will help resolve the roles of MTCH2 and mitochondria in tissue-specific lipid metabolism in animals.
The Photosystem I 5.5 kDa subunit (the psaK gene product) (1990)

Previous studies of the Photosystem I reaction center complex, the chlorophyll protein 1 complex (CPI), have shown it is a heterodimer of two high‐molecular‐mass subunits of 83000 and 82000, the psa A and psa B gene products. The present work has identified another intrinsic low‐molecular‐mass subunit of 5 500 (as determined by SDS‐PAGE) that is tightly associated with the CPI complex. This subunit can be separated from CPI after treatment with thiol agents. CPI complexes prepared either in the presence or absence of thiols show no differences in photochemical activity under steady‐state actinic illumination. A comparison of the N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the 5.5 kDa subunit with the sequence of a Chlamydomonas PSI subunit, P37, identifies this low‐molecular‐mass subunit as the PSI psa K gene product.
RemoteTouch: Enhancing Immersive 3D Video Communication with Hand Touch (2023)

Recent research advance has significantly improved the visual realism of immersive 3D video communication. In this work we present a method to further enhance this immersive experience by adding the hand touch capability ("remote hand clapping"). In our system, each meeting participant sits in front of a large screen with haptic feedback. The local participant can reach his hand out to the screen and perform hand clapping with the remote participant as if the two participants were only separated by a virtual glass. A key challenge in emulating the remote hand touch is the realistic rendering of the participant's hand and arm as the hand touches the screen. When the hand is very close to the screen, the RGBD data required for realistic rendering is no longer available. To tackle this challenge, we present a dual representation of the user's hand. Our dual representation not only preserves the high-quality rendering usually found in recent image-based rendering systems but also allows the hand to reach the screen. This is possible because the dual representation includes both an image-based model and a 3D geometry-based model, with the latter driven by a hand skeleton tracked by a side view camera. In addition, the dual representation provides a distance-based fusion of the image-based and 3D geometry-based models as the hand moves closer to the screen. The result is that the image-based and 3D geometry-based models mutually enhance each other, leading to realistic and seamless rendering. Our experiments demonstrate that our method provides consistent hand contact experience between remote users and improves the immersive experience of 3D video communication.
Partial thermal imidization of polyelectrolyte multilayer cell tethering surfaces (TetherChip) enables efficient cell capture and microtentacle fixation for circulating tumor cell analysis (2020)

The technical challenges of imaging non-adherent tumor cells pose a critical barrier to understanding tumor cell responses to the non-adherent microenvironments of metastasis, like the bloodstream or lymphatics. In this study, we optimized a microfluidic device (TetherChip) engineered to prevent cell adhesion with an optically-clear, thermal-crosslinked polyelectrolyte multilayer nanosurface and a terminal lipid layer that simultaneously tethers the cell membrane for improved spatial immobilization. Thermal imidization of the TetherChip nanosurface on commercially-available microfluidic slides allows up to 98% of tumor cell capture by the lipid tethers. Importantly, time-lapse microscopy demonstrates that unique microtentacles on non-adherent tumor cells are rapidly destroyed during chemical fixation, but tethering microtentacles to the TetherChip surface efficiently preserves microtentacle structure post-fixation and post-blood isolation. TetherChips remain stable for more than 6 months, enabling shipment to distant sites. The broad retention capability of TetherChips allows comparison of multiple tumor cell types, revealing for the first time that carcinomas beyond breast cancer form microtentacles in suspension. Direct integration of TetherChips into the Vortex VTX-1 CTC isolation instrument shows that live CTCs from blood samples are efficiently captured on TetherChips for rapid fixation and same-day immunofluorescence analysis. Highly efficient and unbiased label-free capture of CTCs on a surface that allows rapid chemical fixation also establishes a streamlined clinical workflow to stabilize patient tumor cell samples and minimize analytical variables. While current studies focus primarily on CTC enumeration, this microfluidic device provides a novel platform for functional phenotype testing in CTCs with the ultimate goal of identifying anti-metastatic, patient-specific therapies.
Adaptive critic learning with fuzzy utility (2004)

Adaptive critic methods, which approximate dynamic programming, have been used successfully for solving optimal control problems. The adaptive critic learning algorithm optimizes a secondary utility function that is the sum of the present and all future primary utility. The primary utility function measures the instantaneous cost incurred for the last action taken and the resulting state. The motivation for using a fuzzy primary utility function comes from the set of control problems for which there is only a qualitative definition of performance - for example, success or failure. Previous work in applying adaptive critic methods to this type of problem showed that a crisp definition of success resulted in solutions that met the control objective, but in an undesirable manner. An appropriate fuzzy utility function, on the other hand, is able to generate the optimal solution. Another motivation for incorporating fuzzy techniques into the utility function is to overcome measurement noise. Measurement noise has a significant adverse effect on the reliability and speed of adaptive critic learning; by incorporating fuzzy sets into the utility function, the effect of the noise can be mitigated.
Thin Film Analysis by X‐Ray Scattering (2005)

Preface. Symbols. 1 Principles of X-ray Diffraction. 1.1 The Basic Phenomenon. 1.2 The &theta /2&theta Scan. 1.3 Intensity of Bragg Ref lections. 1.4 Applications. 2 Identification of Chemical Phases. 2.1 Histogram-Based Techniques. 2.2 Linear Attenuation Coefficient &mu . 2.3 Determination and Interpretation of the &mu t Product. 2.4 Analysis of Phase Mixtures. 2.5 Amorphous Thin Films. 2.6 Accurate Determination of Lattice Parameter. 2.7 Applications. 3 Line Profile Analysis. 3.1 Model Functions and Peak Parameters. 3.2 Instrumental Line Profile. 3.3 Deconvolution by Fourier Techniques. 3.4 Ref lection Broadening by Small Crystallite Size Only. 3.5 Concomitant Occurrence of Size and Strain Broadening. 3.6 Applications. 4 Grazing Incidence Configurations. 4.1 Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD). 4.2 Penetration Depth and Information Depth. 4.3 Depth-Dependent Properties. 4.4 Refractive Index for X-rays. 4.5 Total External Ref lection and Critical Angle. 4.6 X-ray Reflectivity (XRR). 4.7 Grazing Incidence Diffraction (GID). 4.8 Applications. 5 Texture and Preferred Orientation. 5.1 Texture Factors. 5.2 Pole Figures. 5.3 Measurement of Pole Figures. 5.4 Directions, Orientations and Inverse Pole Figures. 5.5 Fiber Textures or Layer Textures. 5.6 Biaxial and Fully General Textures. 5.7 Depth Dependence of Thin-Film Textures. 5.8 Applications. 6 Residual Stress Analysis (Mario Birkholz and Christoph Genzel). 6.1 Ceiiinnosssttuv. 6.2 Fundamental Equation of XSA. 6.3 Measurement of d&Psi Distributions. 6.4 Diffraction Elastic Constants (DECs) s 1 and 1/2s 2 . 6.5 Grain Interaction Models. 6.6 The Effect of Texture. 6.7 Classification of Stresses. 6.8 Effect of Residual Stress Gradients. 6.9 Detection of Residual Stress Gradients in Thin Films. 6.10 Applications. 7 High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction (Mario Birkholz and Paul F. Fewster). 7.1 Strain, Strain Relaxation and Composition in Epitaxial Layers. 7.2 High-Resolution Rocking Curves. 7.3 Mosaicity and Extinction. 7.4 Dynamical Theory of Ewald and Extensions. 7.5 High-Resolution Rocking Curves and Profiles from Layer Structures. 7.6 Reciprocal Space Mapping. 7.7 Diffuse Scattering. 7.8 Extensions to High-Resolution Diffraction.
Semantic grammar (1977)

One of the major stumbling blocks to more effective used computers by naive users is the lack of natural means of communication between the user and the computer system. This report discusses a paradigm for constructing efficient and friendly man-machine interface systems involving subsets of natural language for limited domains of discourse. As such this work falls somewhere between highly constrained formal language query systems and unrestricted natural language under-standing systems. The primary purpose of this research is not to advance our theoretical under-standing of natural language but rather to put forth a set of techniques for embedding both semantic/conceptual and pragmatic information into a useful natural language interface module. Our intent has been to produce a front end system which enables the user to concentrate on his problem or task rather than making him worry about how to communicate his ideas or questions to the machine.
Block copolymer carrier systems for translymphatic chemotherapy of lymph node metastases. (2008)

The presence of lymph node metastases relevantly and significantly impairs disease-specific survival in patients suffering from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. In a VX2 animal tumor model, we present an interstitial translymphatic therapeutic approach using cis-diaminedichloro-platinum(II) (CDDP) conjugated to a poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(lysine) (PEO-b-PLys) block copolymer tracking systems for the successful treatment of lymph node metastases. Most effective was the application of a high cargo-load CDDP tracking system (48 wt. % CDDP) curing 90% of the animals and causing only minor local side-effects. Systems containing 1 or 10 wt. % of CDDP were less effective but still cured 50% of the animals. Moreover, the administration of 1 or 10 wt. % of CDDP consistently limited tumor growth to the draining lymph nodes (50%) and prevented systemic distribution of the metastasis even'with 1 wt. % CDDP load. The systems contained 0.25-0.003 mg/kg per body weight CDDP compared to 1 ml/kg per body weight as usually used for intravenous administration. This approach encourages further and more detailed research of a CDDP-based interstitial translymphatic administration of chemotherapy for lymphogenic metastasizing carcinomas in different body regions.
The alternatively spliced CD64 transcript FcγRIb2 does not specify a surface-expressed isoform (1999)

Three highly homologous genes (A, B and C) and six transcripts have been identified for the class I human IgG receptor (CD64). The hFcγRIa1 isoform encodes the prototypic high-affinity receptor for IgG. The alternatively spliced hFcγRIb2 transcript was postulated to exist as a second surface-expressed CD64 isoform on myeloid cells. In this report we assessed this proposed role for hFcγRIb2 in detail. As CD64 monoclonal antibodies might not recognize hFcγRIb2, we tagged the receptor with an hemagglutinin tag and transfected hFcγRIb2tag in the presence of FcR γ-chain into IIA1.6 cells. Both transcript and protein of hFcγRIb2tag were clearly present in transfectants. However, in contrast to the (control) hFcγRIa1tag, no surface expression of hFcγRIb2tag was detectable with a tag-specific monoclonal antibody. Confocal scan laser microscopy revealed hFcγRIb2tag to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in absent plasma membrane expression. These results show hFcγRIb2 neither to be surface expressed, nor to represent a separate CD64 isoform. This finding, furthermore, implicates that other FcR transcripts defined at the mRNA level may not represent true FcR isoforms either.
Gate-inducedg-factor control and dimensional transition for donors in multivalley semiconductors (2009)

The dependence of the $g$ factors of semiconductor donors on applied electric and magnetic fields is of immense importance in spin-based quantum computation and in semiconductor spintronics. The donor $g$-factor Stark shift is sensitive to the orientation of the electric and magnetic fields and is strongly influenced by the band-structure and spin-orbit interactions of the host. Using a multimillion atom tight-binding framework, the spin-orbit Stark parameters are computed for donors in multivalley semiconductors, silicon, and germanium. Comparison with limited experimental data shows good agreement for a donor in silicon. Results for gate-induced transition from three-dimensional to two-dimensional wave-function confinement show that the corresponding $g$-factor shift in Si is experimentally observable, and at modest $B$ field, O(1 T) can exceed the Stark shift of the hyperfine interaction.
Monolithically integrated green-to-orange color InGaN-based nanocolumn photonic crystal LEDs with directional radiation beam profiles (2021)

Abstract In this study, the monolithic integration of LEDs with different emission colors (wavelengths of 543, 573, and 597 nm) with the directional radiation profiles was demonstrated. InGaN/GaN nanocolumn arrays ordered in a triangular lattice were prepared side by side, changing the diameter of the n-GaN nanocolumn ( D n-GaN ). The periodic arrangement of the nanocolumns led to the photonic crystal (PC) effect. The photonic band edge wavelength ( λ B ) and the InGaN bandgap were controlled by the D n-GaN . By controlling λ B closely at the bandgap wavelength, the PC effect provided directional beam radiation from the LEDs with radiation angles of approximately ±30°.
Mobility helps peer-to-peer security (2006)

We propose a straightforward technique to provide peer-to-peer security in mobile networks. We show that far from being a hurdle, mobility can be exploited to set up security associations among users. We leverage on the temporary vicinity of users, during which appropriate cryptographic protocols are run. We illustrate the operation of the solution in two scenarios, both in the framework of mobile ad hoc networks. In the first scenario, we assume the presence of an offline certification authority and we show how mobility helps to set up security associations for secure routing; in this case, the security protocol runs over one-hop radio links. We further show that mobility can be used for the periodic renewal of vital security information (e.g., the distribution of hash chain/Merkle tree roots). In the second scenario, we consider fully self-organized security: Users authenticate each other by visual contact and by the activation of an appropriate secure side channel of their personal device; we show that the process can be fuelled by taking advantage of trusted acquaintances. We then show that the proposed solution is generic: It can be deployed on any mobile network and it can be implemented either with symmetric or with asymmetric cryptography. We provide a performance analysis by studying the behavior of the solution in various scenarios.