gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Polymerization of Acetonitrile in the Presence of Acidic and Basic Substances (1966)

Abstract Complexes of saturated nitriles with metal chlorides polymerize readily. In this paper, the polymerization of acetonitrile was carried out with more nitrile, than was needed to form the complex with metal chlorides. The conversion of the polymer increased in comparison with the case of the polymerization of the complex, indicating that the complex would partly dissociated in the reaction. The trimer of acetonitrile, 4-amino-2, 6-dimethylpyrimidine, was isolated, and ammonia was detected in addition to the brown polymer. The mechanism of the trimer formation in the presence of metal chlorides was illustrated through the removal of a proton from acetonitrile with the help of the chlorides, and through dimer formation. Hydrochloric acid and metaphosphoric acid were less active than metal chlorides. Ammonia itself was found to be inactive for the trimerization, bringing only acetamide. Water was also inactive in response to acetonitrile in the absence of acidic or basic substances. The derivation of ammonia was attributed to the decomposition of the pyrimidine compound and/or to the degradation of the polymer, but not to the hydrolysis of acetamide. The reaction of the polymer with propionaldehyde, the hydrolysis of the product, the carbylamine test, and a treatment of the trimer similar to that used for the complex suggested that the pyrimidine rings are involved in the polymer structure.
Value of money (1920)

Value of money Get access G. R. Driver G. R. Driver Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s12-VI, Issue 103, 3 April 1920, Page 94, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s12-VI.103.94 Published: 03 April 1920
In situ Measures of Head Impact Acceleration in NCAA Division I Men’s Ice Hockey: Implications for ASTM F1045 and Other Ice Hockey Helmet Standards (2009)

Abstract A pilot study was performed to measure head impact accelerations in collegiate men’s ice hockey during the 2005–2007 seasons using helmets instrumented with Head Impact Telemetry System technology to monitor and record linear head accelerations and impact locations in situ. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the relationship between resultant peak linear head acceleration and impact location for in situ head impacts in collegiate men’s ice hockey, (2) to quantify the frequency and severity of impacts to the facemask, and (3) to determine if in situ impacts occurred such that the peak resultant linear head acceleration was higher than the peak resultant linear headform acceleration from a 40-in. linear drop (as in ASTM F1045–99) on the same helmet at a similar impact location. Voluntary participants (n=5 and 7 for years 1 and 2, respectively) wore instrumented helmets which monitored head impact accelerations sustained by each player during all games and practices. Head impact data were grouped by impact location into five bins representing top, back, side, forehead, and facemask. Forehead impacts represented impacts to the helmet shell as distinguished from facemask impacts. Additionally, a sample instrumented helmet was impacted in the laboratory at forehead, side, rear, and top impact locations (40-in. drop, three trials per location, test setup as specified in ASTM F1045-99). The mean peak resultant linear headform acceleration for each impact location was determined for analysis. Of the 4,393 recorded head impacts, 33.2 % were to the back of the helmet. This percentage increased to 59.2 % for impacts above 70 g. Facemask impacts accounted for 12.2 % of all impacts but only 2.4 % of impacts above 70 g. Over two seasons, five in situ impacts occurred such that the peak resultant linear head acceleration was greater than the mean peak resultant linear headform acceleration for a corresponding impact location in the laboratory. This study found that the most common impact location in ice hockey, particularly for impacts with higher peak linear accelerations, was the back of the head and demonstrated that facemask impacts were typically of a lower magnitude. The five impacts or ∼0.4 per player/season that exceeded the peak linear acceleration associated with 40-in. laboratory drops suggested that the impact energy specified in ASTM F1045 may not reflect the highest energy impacts seen in situ.
RNA Biological Characteristics at the Peak of Cell Death in Different Hereditary Retinal Degeneration Mutants (2021)

<b>Purpose:</b> The present work investigated changes in the gene expression, molecular mechanisms, and pathogenesis of inherited retinal degeneration (RD) in three different disease models, to identify predictive biomarkers for their varied phenotypes and to provide a better scientific basis for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. <b>Methods:</b> Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between retinal tissue from RD mouse models obtained during the photoreceptor cell death peak period (<i>Pde6b</i> <sup><i>rd1</i></sup> at post-natal (PN) day 13, <i>Pde6b</i> <sup><i>rd10</i></sup> at PN23, <i>Prph</i> <sup><i>rd2</i></sup> at PN29) and retinal tissue from C3H wild-type mice were identified using Illumina high-throughput RNA-sequencing. Co-expression gene modules were identified using a combination of GO and KEGG enrichment analyses and gene co-expression network analysis. CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA network interactions were studied by genome-wide circRNA screening. <b>Results:</b> <i>Pde6b</i> <sup><i>rd1</i></sup> <i>, Pde6b</i> <sup><i>rd10</i></sup> <i>, and Prph</i> <sup><i>rd2</i></sup> mice had 1,926, 3,096, and 375 DEGs, respectively. Genes related to ion channels, stress, inflammatory processes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, and microglial cell activation were up-regulated, while genes related to endoplasmic reticulum regulation, metabolism, and homeostasis were down-regulated. Differential expression of transcription factors and non-coding RNAs generally implicated in other human diseases was detected (e.g., glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited retinal degeneration). CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA network analysis indicated that these factors may be involved in photoreceptor cell death. Moreover, excessive cGMP accumulation causes photoreceptor cell death, and cGMP-related genes were generally affected by different pathogenic gene mutations. <b>Conclusion:</b> We screened genes and pathways related to photoreceptor cell death. Additionally, up-stream regulatory factors, such as transcription factors and non-coding RNA and their interaction networks were analyzed. Furthermore, RNAs involved in RD were functionally annotated. Overall, this study lays a foundation for future studies on photoreceptor cell death mechanisms.
Treatment Planning and Image Guidance for Radiofrequency Ablation of Large Tumors (2013)

This article addresses the two key challenges in computer-assisted percutaneous tumor ablation: planning multiple overlapping ablations for large tumors while avoiding critical structures, and executing the prescribed plan. Toward semiautomatic treatment planning for image-guided surgical interventions, we develop a systematic approach to the needle-based ablation placement task, ranging from preoperative planning algorithms to an intraoperative execution platform. The planning system incorporates clinical constraints on ablations and trajectories using a multiple objective optimization formulation, which consists of optimal path selection and ablation coverage optimization based on integer programming. The system implementation is presented and validated in both phantom and animal studies. The presented system can potentially be further extended for other ablation techniques such as cryotherapy.
Baroreflex Resetting of Sympathetic Action Potential Subpopulations During Fatiguing Isometric Handgrip and Post‐Exercise Circulatory Occlusion (2020)

The arterial baroreflex exerts heterogeneous control over the varying‐sized action potential (AP) subpopulations active within human muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) under baseline conditions. How baroreflex control of sympathetic AP discharge becomes reset to facilitate sympathoexcitation during physical exercise remains to be investigated. Therefore, we quantified the baroreflex gain for each sympathetic AP cluster (i.e., reflecting different c‐fibres) within the MSNA filtered neurogram (microneurography and continuous wavelet transform) during baseline conditions (BSL), the last 2‐min of a 5‐min fatiguing isometric handgrip (20% of max; IHG), and during post‐exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) in six healthy young participants (3 females, 23–31 years). Baroreflex gain was measured as the slope of the linear function between AP probability (%) versus diastolic blood pressure (DBP; Finometer). We classified AP clusters based on peak‐to‐peak amplitude using the following allocations: small (clusters 1–2), medium (clusters 3–8) and large (clusters 9–15). During BSL, medium AP clusters (e.g., cluster 3: −9.4 ± 2.7 %/mmHg) expressed the greatest baroreflex gains while small (e.g., cluster 1: −1.9 ± 0.4 %/mmHg) and large (e.g., cluster 9: −2.4 ± 0.9 %/mmHg) clusters expressed lesser gains (both P &lt; 0.05 vs. cluster 3). Compared to BSL, baroreflex functions for most AP clusters during IHG and PECO were reset upwards to greater firing probabilities (both Condition‐by‐Cluster Interactions: P &lt; 0.05) and rightwards to higher DBP (BSL: 69 ± 4, IHG: 81 ± 3, PECO: 79 ± 2 mmHg; both P &lt; 0.05 vs. BSL). However, compared to BSL, the gains of the AP cluster baroreflex functions remained unchanged with IHG (e.g., cluster 1: −1.6 ± 0.4, cluster 3: −8.2 ± 2.9, cluster 9: −4.3 ± 1.8 %/mmHg, Main Effect: P &gt; 0.05). Nonetheless, AP cluster gains were augmented above BSL during PECO (e.g., cluster 1: −2.6 ± 1.0, cluster 3: −16.0 ± 4.4, cluster 9: −5.5 ± 1.8 %/mmHg; Main Effect: P &lt; 0.05). IHG (e.g., cluster 15: −1.6 ± 0.5 %/mmHg) and PECO (e.g., cluster 15: −0.6 ± 0.3 %/mmHg) recruited a subpopulation of previously silent larger and faster conducting APs that expressed weak baroreflex gains. These data suggest that during fatiguing isometric handgrip exercise the interaction between the central command feature and the skeletal muscle metaboreflex resets baroreflex control of discrete AP subpopulations to higher blood pressures and greater levels of discharge. In addition to resetting the baroreflex functions, independent activation of the muscle metaboreflex augments the strength of baroreflex control over subpopulations of previously active APs. Support or Funding Information Supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.
Identification of G protein-coupled receptor 120-selective agonists derived from PPARγ agonists (2008)

A weak, nonselective G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) agonist 10 was found by screening a series of carboxylic acids derived from the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist 3. Modification based on the homology model of GPR120 led to the first GPR120-selective agonist 12. These results provide a basis for constructing new tools for probing the biology of GPR120 and for developing new candidate therapeutic agents.
Covering your tracks to recover interference (1996)

Feynman described quantum interference in terms of summing the probability amplitudes for indistinguishable paths. As a result, interference can be destroyed by making the paths distinguishable in principle, even if we do not attempt to distinguish them in practice. This has now been illustrated in an extremely elegant experiment by Thomas Herzog, Paul Kwiat, Harald Weinfurter and Anton Zeilinger at the University of Innsbruck in Austria (T J Herzog et al. 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 3034).
Cooperation of CD86 signaling with TLR-2 in the activation of resting B cells: a novel BCR independent pathway of stimulating B cells (P1126) (2013)

Abstract The molecules of adaptive and innate immunity cooperate with each other in inducing effective immune response. It is well established fact that B cells can be activated through BCR mediated signaling. Here, we report an alternative strategy of activating resting B cells (RB cells) through concurrent engagement of CD86 and Toll like receptor-2. Concomitant signaling through CD86 and TLR-2 significantly augmented the longevity and activation profile of RB cells. Further, these cells showed enhanced pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, these cells secreted high levels of IgM and IgG1 and showed better ratio of surface IgG/IgM. Moreover, this process of activation amplifies the population of marginal zone precursors, which connect innate and adaptive arms of immune response. There was also upregulation of set of genes involved in the B cell activation, proliferation, maturation and endocytosis. The data are well in agreement with the gene expression profiles and insinuates to further decipher the molecular mechanism behind this concurrence. An insight into the detailed mechanism may pave way to design vaccines based on this signaling strategy.
Retinal microcirculation and leukocyte telomere length in the general population (2018)

Retinal arteriolar narrowing increases with age and predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Telomere length keeps track of the division of somatic cells and is a biomarker of biological age. We investigated to what extent retinal arteriolar diameters are associated with biological age, as captured by leukocyte telomere length (LTL). In 168 randomly selected Flemish participants from the family-based population study FLEMENGHO (mean age, 46.2 years) at baseline, of whom 85 underwent a follow-up examination (median, 4.1 years), we post-processed nonmydriatic retinal photographs and measured LTL. In men only, central retinal arteriolar equivalents (CRAE) and arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR) were associated with LTL with stronger associations at higher age and body mass index. In men aged 57.6 years (75th percentile) a 20% shorter LTL was associated with a decrease in CRAE of 4.57 µm. A 20% shorter LTL was associated with a decrease of 5.88 µm in CRAE at a BMI of 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (75th percentile). Similar associations were observed between AVR and LTL. In women, no retinal microvascular traits were associated with LTL. Retinal arteriolar narrowing in men but not in women is associated with biological age. Our findings support the idea that avoiding overweight contributes to maintaining a healthier microcirculation.
Raman-induced power tilt in arbitrarily large wavelength-division-multiplexed systems (2004)

By taking into account the finite Raman bandwidth of silica fibers, we study the so-called Raman-induced spectral power tilt in arbitrarily large wavelength-division-multiplexed systems. Our numerical results reveal that the Raman tilt reaches a maximum for a total optical bandwidth slightly larger than the Raman frequency shift and decreases beyond that, in contrast to what is predicted by the usual triangular approximation. A new analytical formulation of the Raman tilt is derived that is valid for an arbitrary number of channels and unlimited optical bandwidth. An excellent agreement is found with numerical simulations.
Genome scan of idiopathic generalized epilepsy: Evidence for major susceptibility gene and modifying genes influencing the seizure type (2001)

Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is a common, complex disease with an almost exclusively genetic etiology but with variable phenotypes. Clinically, IGE can be divided into different syndromes. Varying lines of evidence point to the involvement of several interacting genes in the etiology of IGE. We performed a genome scan in 91 families ascertained through a proband with adolescent-onset IGE. The IGEs included juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), and epilepsy with generalized tonic clonic seizures (EGTCS). Our linkage results support an oligogenic model for IGE, with strong evidence for a locus common to most IGEs on chromosome 18 (lod score 4.4/5.2 multipoint/two-point) and other loci that may influence specific seizure phenotypes for different IGEs: a previously identified locus on chromosome 6 for JME (lod score 2.5/4.2), a locus on chromosome 8 influencing non-JME forms of IGE (lod score 3.8/2.5), and, more tentatively, two newly discovered loci for absence seizures on chromosome 5 (lod scores 3.8/2.8 and 3.4/1.9). Our data also suggest that the genetic classification of different forms of IGE is likely to cut across the clinical classification of these subforms of IGE. We hypothesize that interactions of different combinations of these loci produce the related heterogeneous phenotypes seen in IGE families.
A low-power VLIW processor for 3GPP-LTE complex numbers processing (2011)

New generation of telecommunication applications requires highly efficient processing units to tackle with the increasing signal processing algorithmic complexity. They also need to be flexible for handling a large range of radio access technology with specifications moving very fast. As devices including telecommunication features are, per nature, mobile, the high level of flexibility must be achieved while preserving very low power consumption. In this paper, a high performance low-power application-specific processor is proposed for complex signal processing. Thanks to dedicated control architecture, this processor exhibits an average 81% utilization rate of its principal operator, a complex MAC for a 3GPP-LTE application. The main innovations are the use of a reconfigurable profile and instruction cache strategy to reduce power consumption. This leads to a 10× reduction of the control power consumption. As a result, an average 50 mW power consumption is measured after implementation in a low-power 65 nm technology while delivering 3.2 GOPS. Finally, a comparison with state-of-the-art low-power DSP shows at least 24 % gain.
Math expression retrieval using an inverted index over symbol pairs (2015)

We introduce a new method for indexing and retrieving mathematical expressions, and a new protocol for evaluating math formula retrieval systems. The Tangent search engine uses an inverted index over pairs of symbols in math expressions. Each key in the index is a pair of symbols along with their relative distance and vertical displacement within an expression. Matched expressions are ranked by the harmonic mean of the percentage of symbol pairs matched in the query, and the percentage of symbol pairs matched in the candidate expression. We have found that our method is fast enough for use in real time and finds partial matches well, such as when subexpressions are re-arranged (e.g. expressions moved from the left to the right of an equals sign) or when individual symbols (e.g. variables) differ from a query expression. In an experiment using expressions from English Wikipedia, student and faculty participants (N=20) found expressions returned by Tangent significantly more similar than those from a text-based retrieval system (Lucene) adapted for mathematical expressions. Participants provided similarity ratings using a 5-point Likert scale, evaluating expressions from both algorithms one-at-a-time in a randomized order to avoid bias from the position of hits in search result lists. For the Lucene-based system, precision for the top 1 and 10 hits averaged 60% and 39% across queries respectively, while for Tangent mean precision at 1 and 10 were 99% and 60%. A demonstration and source code are publicly available.
CRYSOL– a Program to Evaluate X-ray Solution Scattering of Biological Macromolecules from Atomic Coordinates (1995)

A program for evaluating the solution scattering from macromolecules with known atomic structure is presented. The program uses multipole expansion for fast calculation of the spherically averaged scattering pattern and takes into account the hydration shell. Given the atomic coordinates (e.g. from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank) it can either predict the solution scattering curve or fit the experimental scattering curve using only two free parameters, the average displaced solvent volume per atomic group and the contrast of the hydration layer. The program runs on IBM PCs and on the major UNIX platforms.
Formation of protein complexes in crowded environments – From in vitro to in vivo (2013)

Traditionally, biochemical studies are performed in dilute homogenous solutions, which are very different from the dense mixture of molecules found in cells. Thus, the physiological relevance of these studies is in question. This recognition motivated scientists to formulate the effect of crowded solutions in general, and excluded volume in particular, on biochemical processes. Using polymers or proteins as crowders, it was shown that while crowding tends to significantly enhance the formation of complexes containing many subunits, dimerizations are only mildly affected. Computer simulations, together with experimental evidence, indicate soft interactions and diffusion as critical factors that operate in a concerted manner with excluded volume to modulate protein binding. Yet, these approaches do not truly mimic the cellular environment. In vivo studies may overcome this shortfall. The few studies conducted thus far suggest that in cells, binding and folding occur at rates close to those determined in dilute solutions. Obtaining quantitative biochemical information on reactions inside living cells is currently a main challenge of the field, as the complexity of the intracellular milieu was what motivated crowding research to begin with.
Polarization singularity proliferation in three-dimensional ellipse fields (2005)

The classical singularities of elliptically polarized light are points of circular (linear) polarization, characterized by a half-integer (integer) topological index. On average, in any plane of a random ellipse field there is of the order of one each of these classical singularities per coherence area. It is shown that every ellipse in such a field is a multiple singularity characterized by nine different topological indices: Three indices characterize rotations of the principal axis system of the surrounding ellipses, and six indices characterize a one- or two-turn spiral precession of these axes. The nine indices can divide the field into 32,768 different volumes with different structures separated by singular surfaces (grain boundaries) on which an index becomes undefined. This unprecedented proliferation of singularities and structures can occur in other three-dimensional systems in which individual elements are described by unique principal axis systems, for example, liquid crystals, and should be sought in such systems.
Welcome Message from the New ITS Society President [President's Message] (2010)

Only 5 months have passed since I started my duty as President of the IEEE ITS Society and so many things have happened regarding our conferences and publications.
From Structure to Sequence: Identification of polyclonal antibody families using cryoEM (2021)

Abstract One of the rate-limiting steps in analyzing immune responses to vaccines or infections is the isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies. Here, we present a hybrid structural and bioinformatic approach to directly assign the heavy and light chains, identify complementarity-determining regions and discover sequences from cryoEM density maps of serum-derived polyclonal antibodies bound to an antigen. When combined with next generation sequencing of immune repertoires we were able to specifically identify clonal family members, synthesize the monoclonal antibodies and confirm that they interact with the antigen in a manner equivalent to the corresponding polyclonal antibodies. This structure-based approach for identification of monoclonal antibodies from polyclonal sera opens new avenues for analysis of immune responses and iterative vaccine design. Graphical Abstract One Sentence Summary CryoEM and next generation sequencing were used to identify monoclonal antibodies elicited by HIV Env vaccine candidates.