gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Temperature and Fuel-N-Content on Fuel-Staged Combustion with Coal Pyrolysis Gas (1996)

At an experimental facility of the Stuttgart University, the process of fuel splitting and staging is investigated with a view to lower NOx, emissions. Raw coal is introduced into either an electrically heated, entrained flow reactor or a fluidized bed reactor where it is split into pyrolysis gas and residual char. In a following staged combustion, the remaining char or raw coal is used as primary fuel and the pyrolysis gas as reburn fuel. The test facility allows a systematic study to evaluate the effect of different parameters on NOx reduction independently of each other. Pyrolysis experiments, combustion studies, and calculations have been performed to explain the effective NOx reduction with coal pyrolysis gas. To compare the results and show the advantage of this process, investigations with fuel staging were carried out. With gaseous reburn fuels and residence times higher than 1.5 s, minimum NOx emissions below 200 mg/m(3) at 6
Increasing efficiency though flexibility in airport resource allocation (2014)

When the scheduled demand at an airport exceeds the forecast capacity, the available capacity needs to be allocated among airlines in an efficient and equitable manner. The first stage of this two-step allocation process is a centralized optimization to determine the initial allocation among airlines. In the second stage, airlines cancel flights or modify their schedules based on flight-specific delay costs, which they hold private. The overall objective is to increase efficiency (that is, reduce total delay costs) to the extent possible. This paper demonstrates an inherent trade-off between the ability of the first-stage optimization to dynamically adapt to updates of the capacity forecast, and the flexibility available to airlines in the second stage. A new stochastic optimization model that balances this tradeoff is proposed. In addition to increasing the flexibility available to the airlines and the resultant delay reduction, the proposed formulation is shown to have attractive computational properties.
Carbon Nanotubes with Enhanced Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for CCD-Based Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food (2008)

Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection can significantly enhance the sensitivity of immunoassays but often requires expensive and complex detectors. The need for these detectors limits broader use of ECL in immunoassay applications. To make ECL more practical for immunoassays, we utilize a simple cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) detector combined with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for primary antibody immobilization to develop a simple and portable point-of-care immunosensor. This combination of ECL, CNT, and CCD detector technologies is used to improve the detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in food. Anti-SEB primary antibodies were immobilized onto the CNT surface, and the antibody-nanotube mixture was immobilized onto a polycarbonate surface. SEB was then detected by an ELISA assay on the CNT-polycarbonate surface with an ECL assay. SEB in buffer, soy milk, apple juice, and meat baby food was assayed with a LOD of 0.01 ng/mL using our CCD detector, a level similar to the detection limit obtained with a fluorometric detector when using the CNTs. This level is far more sensitive than the conventional ELISA, which has a LOD of approximately 1 ng/mL. Our simple, versatile, and inexpensive point-of-care immunosensor combined with the CNT-ECL immunoassay method described in this work can also be used to simplify and increase sensitivity for many other types of diagnostics and detection assays.
Structure, Function, and Regulation of a Subfamily of Mouse Zinc Transporter Genes (2003)

Zinc is an essential metal for all eukaryotes, and cells have evolved a complex system of proteins to maintain the precise balance of zinc uptake, intracellular storage, and efflux. In mammals, zinc uptake appears to be mediated by members of the Zrt/Irt-like protein (ZIP) superfamily of metal ion transporters. Herein, we have studied a subfamily of zip genes (zip1, zip2, and zip3) that is conserved in mice and humans. These eight-transmembrane domain proteins contain a conserved 12-amino acid signature sequence within the fourth transmembrane domain. All three of these mouse ZIP proteins function to specifically increase the uptake of zinc in transfected cultured cells, similar to the previously demonstrated functions of human ZIP1 and ZIP2 (Gaither, L. A., and Eide, D. J. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5560-5564; Gaither, L. A., and Eide, D. J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 22258-22264). No ZIP3 orthologs have been previously studied. Furthermore, this first systematic comparative study of the in vivo expression and dietary zinc regulation of this subfamily of zip genes revealed that 1) zip1 mRNA is abundant in many mouse tissues, whereas zip2 and zip3 mRNAs are very rare or moderately rare, respectively, and tissue-restricted in their accumulation; and 2) unlike mouse metallothionein I and zip4 mRNAs (Dufner-Beattie, J., Wang, F., Kuo, Y.-M., Gitschier, J., Eide, D., and Andrews, G. K. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 33474-33481), the abundance of zip1, zip2, and zip3 mRNAs is not regulated by dietary zinc in the intestine and visceral endoderm, tissues involved in nutrient absorption. These studies suggest that all three of these ZIP proteins may play cell-specific roles in zinc homeostasis rather than primary roles in the acquisition of dietary zinc.
Hierarchically porous materials: synthesis strategies and structure design (2016)

Owing to their immense potential in energy conversion and storage, catalysis, photocatalysis, adsorption, separation and life science applications, significant interest has been devoted to the design and synthesis of hierarchically porous materials. The hierarchy of materials on porosity, structural, morphological, and component levels is key for high performance in all kinds of applications. Synthesis and applications of hierarchically structured porous materials have become a rapidly evolving field of current interest. A large series of synthesis methods have been developed. This review addresses recent advances made in studies of this topic. After identifying the advantages and problems of natural hierarchically porous materials, synthetic hierarchically porous materials are presented. The synthesis strategies used to prepare hierarchically porous materials are first introduced and the features of synthesis and the resulting structures are presented using a series of examples. These involve templating methods (surfactant templating, nanocasting, macroporous polymer templating, colloidal crystal templating and bioinspired process, i.e. biotemplating), conventional techniques (supercritical fluids, emulsion, freeze-drying, breath figures, selective leaching, phase separation, zeolitization process, and replication) and basic methods (sol-gel controlling and post-treatment), as well as self-formation phenomenon of porous hierarchy. A series of detailed examples are given to show methods for the synthesis of hierarchically porous structures with various chemical compositions (dual porosities: micro-micropores, micro-mesopores, micro-macropores, meso-mesopores, meso-macropores, multiple porosities: micro-meso-macropores and meso-meso-macropores). We hope that this review will be helpful for those entering the field and also for those in the field who want quick access to helpful reference information about the synthesis of new hierarchically porous materials and methods to control their structure and morphology.
Catalytic transformation of dinitrogen into ammonia and hydrazine by iron-dinitrogen complexes bearing pincer ligand (2016)

Synthesis and reactivity of iron-dinitrogen complexes have been extensively studied, because the iron atom plays an important role in the industrial and biological nitrogen fixation. As a result, iron-catalyzed reduction of molecular dinitrogen into ammonia has recently been achieved. Here we show that an iron-dinitrogen complex bearing an anionic PNP-pincer ligand works as an effective catalyst towards the catalytic nitrogen fixation, where a mixture of ammonia and hydrazine is produced. In the present reaction system, molecular dinitrogen is catalytically and directly converted into hydrazine by using transition metal-dinitrogen complexes as catalysts. Because hydrazine is considered as a key intermediate in the nitrogen fixation in nitrogenase, the findings described in this paper provide an opportunity to elucidate the reaction mechanism in nitrogenase.
Some Mathematical Models for Longevity Risk in the Annuity Market and Pension Funds (2014)

Abstract Lately, life insurance companies and pension funds confront with longevity risk, namely increased life expectancy. This risk (hazard) and the decrease in the number of employee taxpayers represent major difficulties on the annuity market and pension funds. Therefore, these institutions must provide efficient and suitable means in order to cross-hedge or to transfer part of the longevity risk to reinsurance companies or to financial markets. The markets for longevity derivatives progress, as the insurance industry must satisfy specific requirements related to longevity risk. This paper develops some models for mortality rates and pricing given the longevity risk. As regard forecasting mortality rates, we make some remarks based on various models for the Romanian population. In addition, this paper expands some models for the securitization of longevity bonds or loans. We provide a numerical illustration of the above models.
Approximate Joins for Data-Centric XML (2008)

In data integration applications, a join matches elements that are common to two data sources. Often, however, elements are represented slightly different in each source, so an approximate join must be used. For XML data, most approximate join strategies are based on some ordered tree matching technique. But in data-centric XML the order is irrelevant: two elements should match even if their subelement order varies. In this paper we give a solution for the approximate join of unordered trees. Our solution is based on windowed pq-grams. We develop an efficient technique to systematically generate windowed pq-grams in a three-step process: sorting the unordered tree, extending the sorted tree with dummy nodes, and computing the windowed pq-grams on the extended tree. The windowed pq-gram distance between two sorted trees approximates the tree edit distance between the respective unordered trees. The approximate join algorithm based on windowed pq-grams is implemented as an equality join on strings which avoids the costly computation of the distance between every pair of input trees. Our experiments with synthetic and real world data confirm the analytic results and suggest that our technique is both useful and scalable.
Effects of atmosphere and heating rate during processing of a ceramic superconductor (1991)

Properties of ceramic superconductors depend strongly on the temperature, heating rate, pressure, and atmosphere used during synthesis and fabrication. We have developed a process for synthesizing orthorhombic YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} (123) superconducting powders by calcining the precursor powders under reduced total oxygen pressure. The resultant 123 powders are mixed with organics, and wires and coils are fabricated by extrusion. The wires and coils are fired at a reduced total pressure in flowing O{sub 2} to reduce the concentrations of CO{sub 2}, CO, and H{sub 2}O and thus prevent decomposition of the 123. Transport critical current density of the superconductor decreases drastically with increasing concentrations of CO{sub 2} in the gas mixture. Transmission electron microscopy of materials sintered in O{sub 2} atmospheres containing various levels of CO{sub 2} clearly shows the extent of grain boundary degradation. 29 refs., 9 figs., 2 tabs.
Developing technology to meet psychosocial needs (2009)

This section aims to provide a channel of two-way communication between researchers and practitioners in the expanding field of social, psychological and nursing research in dementia care, including all aspects of nursing and care practice, communication and the environment.
Attitude determination framework by globally and asymptotically stable bias error estimation with disturbance attenuation and rejection (2011)

This paper presents a new methodology of attitude determination for cost-effective and small-size inertial measurement units, consisting of tri-axial gyroscope sensors, accelerometers and geo-magnetometers. Introduced for the algorithm development is a quaternion feedback structure, where bias terms in the gyroscope rate information, appearing in the phase-locked loop, are identified with the theoretical guarantee of the global and asymptotical stability. The bias-term identification and modification process is performed continuously without the influence of the disturbance by combining the proposed disturbance evaluation scheme and the conventional vector matching method. Practical validity of the presented framework is fully evaluated by experiments. The evaluation result shows that the approach in this paper can offer drift-free performance with property of disturbance attenuation and rejection under arbitrary high-frequency attitude test motion of spatial rotation and translation.
Correction: Consensus Analysis of Whole Transcriptome Profiles from Two Breast Cancer Patient Cohorts Reveals Long Non-Coding RNAs Associated with Intrinsic Subtype and the Tumour Microenvironment (2018)

There is information missing from the Competing
Higher-order photon correlations in pulsed photonic crystal nanolasers (2011)

We report on the higher-order photon correlations of a high-$β$ nanolaser under pulsed excitation at room temperature. Using a multiplexed four-element superconducting single photon detector we measured g$^{(n)}(\vec{0})$ with $n$=2,3,4. All orders of correlation display partially chaotic statistics, even at four times the threshold excitation power. We show that this departure from coherence and Poisson statistics is due to the quantum fluctuations associated with the small number of dipoles and photons involved in the lasing process.
Crustal collapse, mantle upwelling, and Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera (1998)

Gravitational collapse has been suggested as the major cause of Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera and many other orogenic belts. Although both crustal thickening and mantle upwelling may have contributed to the Cordilleran extension, previous models of gravitational collapse have focused on the former; the cause of mantle upwelling and its relationship to crustal collapse remain obscure. Here we attempt to address the question of whether gravitational collapse of an overthickened crust could induce major mantle upwelling and whole‐lithosphere extension. Thermal‐rheological calculations indicate that crustal collapse may decouple from the mantle lithosphere, because the extensional forces arising from an overthickened crust are limited to the crust, while the rheology of continental lithosphere is intrinsically stratified. Even when the mantle lithosphere is mechanically coupled to the crust, thermomechanical modeling indicates that strain is localized in the weak lower crust during crustal collapse, and no significant (&lt;10 km) thinning of the mantle lithosphere may be induced at the absence of extensional forces from plate boundaries. Crustal collapse of the Sevier‐Laramide orogen seems adequate to account for much of the mid‐Tertiary extension in the Cordillera, including formation of many core complexes, but it is unlikely to have been the major cause of the more recent basin‐and‐range extension. We suggest that a strong pulse of mantle upwelling in the mid‐Tertiary, as indicated by the “ignimbrite flare‐up,” may have triggered basin‐and‐range extension by weakening the lithosphere and providing excess gravitational potential energy. The cause of mantle upwelling remains uncertain, but the continued extension and volcanism since mid‐Miocene in the northern Basin and Range province favor an active mantle upwelling with internal convective heating.
Psychological help for pregnant women with sickle cell disease (2009)

Veronica Thomas and colleagues describe the role of the health psychology team in the management of pregnant women with sickle cell disease
Total parenteral nutrition in obstetrics (1985)

Total parenteral nutrition was provided to ten patients during pregnancy. No obstetrical or fetal complications attributable to the nutrition therapy occurred. All infants were at or above the tenth percentile in weight for gestational age. Total parenteral nutrition appears to be safe for the mother and fetus when given after the first trimester; the safety of total parenteral nutrition in the first trimester requires further study. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:2073-2075)
Effect of Source and Amount of Supplemental Fat on Lactation and Digestion in Cows (1994)

Thirty Holstein cows averaging 50 DIM were assigned to five dietary treatments for 75 d to determine the effects of source and amount of supplemental fat on milk yield, milk composition, and nutrient digestibilities. Diets were 1) control, 2) diet 1 plus 12% whole cotton-seed, 3) diet 2 plus 2.2% safflower oil, 4) diet 2 plus 2.2% prilled tallow fatty acids, and 5) diet 2 plus 4.4% prilled tallow fatty acids. Milk yield was increased an average of 2.1 kg/d by addition of 2.2% prilled tallow fatty acids or safflower oil to the diet (7% fatty acids) containing 12% whole cottonseed. However, when fatty acids were increased to 9.1% with additional prilled tallow fatty acids, milk yield, DMI, and fatty acid digestibility decreased. Whole cottonseed alone and in combination with all fat additions decreased milk protein concentrations. Safflower oil increased C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 fatty acids in milk. Digestibilities of OM, NDF, and ADF were not affected by diet. Supplementation of a saturated or unsaturated fat source to increase fatty acid content to 7.0% of dietary DM increased milk yield, but a further increase in fat to 9.1% with the saturated source appeared excessive for cows yielding 30 to 35 kg/d of milk.
Partially cystic thyroid cancer on conventional and elastographic ultrasound: a retrospective study and a machine learning—assisted system (2020)

US features of PCTC exhibited unique characteristics. Wreath-shaped partially cystic nodules, especially with the appearance of micro-calcifications and larger SR value, are more likely to be malignant. The random forest classifier might be useful to diagnose PCTC.
Dansyl and Dabsyl Analytical Constructs as Tools for the Accurate Estimation of Compounds in Solid-Phase Synthesis (2001)

The presence of dansyl or dabsyl chromogenic moieties in a solid-phase analytical construct, an assembly of linkers/spacers/sensitizers for improving analytical characterization, allows the accurate estimation of products from solid-phase synthesis by UV detection during liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in the cleavage solution. The spectroscopic properties of dansylated molecules have been evaluated to verify the "compound-independent UV absorption" necessary for using the chromophore in the accurate estimation. First, measurements on commercial dansylated compounds were made, then a series of construct-like molecules were prepared by solution-phase synthetic procedures and their UV properties were determined. Compound calibration curves were determined, and UV absorption was shown to be both proportional to the compound concentration and compound-independent. An example of a dansyl construct derivative was then prepared on a polymeric matrix, and an accurate estimation using the calibration curves was carried out in the cleavage solution. Good agreement was found between the calculated amount of released compound using the UV calibration curves and the calculated amount using both (1)H NMR and LC/chemiluminescent nitrogen detection quantitative techniques. Preliminary studies using the dabsyl moiety as an improved chromophore with higher wavelength and extinction coefficient are also reported.
Activity of growth hormone peptides bGH 96–133 and hGH 95–133 in 3T3-F442A cells (1994)

Chemically synthesized bovine growth hormone (bGH) bGH 96-133 and its human homologue, hGH 95-133, have similar in vitro biological activities. Unlike native GH, bGH 96-133 and hGH 95-133 were completely without adipogenic or anti-insulin activity at doses up to 10 microM. bGH 96-133 had insulin-like activity, with a 100% increase in glucose uptake at 10 microM. bGH was anti-mitogenic and bGH 96-133 and hGH 95-133 were mitogenic (EC50 approximately 180 nM and maximal response at 1-2 microM). Only bGH 96-133 and hGH 95-133 displaced [125I]hGH 95-133 binding from 3T3-F442A fibroblasts with a Kd between 60-120 nM. bGH, hGH, insulin and IGF-I were without effect on [125I]hGH 95-133 binding. bGH 96-133 and hGH 95-133 did not significantly inhibit [125I]hGH or [125I]IGF-I binding. These experiments indicate that GH containing peptides bGH 96-133 and hGH 95-133 have mitogenic and insulin-like activity without the adipogenic, anti-insulin or anti-mitogenic activity of bGH. These peptides have a specific binding site which appears to be distinct from the GH, insulin and IGF-I receptors.
Response to Environmental Stimulus Change in Young Opossums (1968)

The presence of a response to stimulus change was investigated in a litter of 10 young opossums, 90 days of age. Ss were exposed to but not allowed to enter the arms of a T-maze, one of which was white and the other black. By this procedure Ss were thus satiated for both black and white. On a second trial Ss were presented with 2 black or 2 white arms. Novelty hypotheses predicted that Ss would enter the maze arm changed in color. In the current experiment, no significant preference for the changed arm was found. The results were interpreted as being either the result of maturational or arousal factors or a combination of both.
A New Approach to Keyboard Inputting Error Prevention and Increasing Inputting Productivity (2018)

This article describes the initial concept and developments of a new approach to reducing the number of inputting errors that are made in working with computers and decreasing the time the inputter must spend correcting errors. The approach involves intercepting and correcting errors before they are designated as such by Spell Check and eliminating the need for the time and effort of Spell Check. The operating principles and concepts of this approach, called Super ErrorCorrect™, is described, along with a software suite, that enables the implementation and the testing of the approach. This paper reports on the changes and evolution that resulted from analysis and limited Beta Testing. The preliminary data shows that not only is the Super ErrorCorrect™ approach feasible, but substantial time is saved while error rates are reduced markedly. Some data also suggests that in addition to the time saved in not using Spell Check, there is a tendency for users to type faster as they do not get negative reinforcement when they type faster and make errors as the software fixes the error in real time. Researchers are invited to collaborate in further research and licenses to the technology and software are provided at no cost if research results will be publicly disclosed.
Luminescence spectra of an n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor at breakdown (1990)

Photon emission occurs from the drain gate boundary of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor when drain bias exceeds the drain-to-source breakdown value. Spectral measurement of luminescence has been carried out over a wide range 0.7–3.1 eV in order to understand the origin of the emission. Three different types of detectors are used to measure the luminescence spectrum. A continuous broad spectrum is observed with a peak near 1.0 eV. The emission intensity decreases almost exponentially in the higher energy range.