gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Studies on the Treatment of Acid Rock Drainage at A Closed Gold-Mining Operation in California (1994)

Acid rock drainage from a closed gold-mining operation in northern California was studied first in the laboratory and then on the pilot scale to determine the technical feasibility of passive u-eatment. The drainage has a pH of 3.8, and concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn of 140, 190, 28, 0.93, and 40 mg/L respectively. The laboratory studies concentrated on the question of whether local organic and soil materials could be used to support sulfate reduction in a passive treatment system. Samples were incubated at laboratory temperatures for a period of 4 weeks. Soil and wood processing wastes from the immediate vicinity proved to be too acidic to maintain a large population of sulfate reducers. The most reasonable material for sulfate reduction was a mixture of equal amounts by weight of cow manure, planter mix soil, and limestone chips. The final solutions had pH's of 6.5 to 6.9, and average Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn concentrations of 0.02, I, 5, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/L, respectively. Based on the laboratory results, a pilot system was constructed that consisted of a lined steel container filled with a substrate volume that measured 2 by 3 by 12 m. The substrate mixture was the same as used in the laboratory tests. Raw manure from a dairy farm was mixed into the substrate for the sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) inoculum. Loading of the system was based on the estimate that 0.3 mo! sulfide per cubic meter of substrate per day would be generated, and the inflow of heavy metals should not exceed the sulfide generated. Using these principles, the flow was set at approximately 800 mL/min. Over the course of 9 months, the pilot system achieved removal of Cu and Ni below the effluent standards of 1.0 and 0. 7 mg/L. Dissolved Zn concentrations in the effluent averaged approximately 0.1 mg/L, compared with an effluent standard of 0.02 mg/L. Dissolved Fe concentrations in the effluent varied with the seasons, reaching a minimum of 1 mg/Lin the summer and rising to a maximum of 120 mg/Lin the winter. There is a significant increase in concentrations of Fe in unfiltered waters. This implies that, in a full-scale system, a settlingpolishing pond will be needed.
Antiproliferative Effect of Human Interleukin-4 in Human Cancer Cell Lines: Studies on the Mechanism (1995)

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays an important role in activating the immune system against malignant cells. The human interleukin-4 receptor (hIL-4R) is not only expressed by hematopoietic cells but also on a large number of tissue specimens which include colon, breast and lung carcinomas. In this study we report that rhIL-4 has an antiproliferative effect on 2 out of 3 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines in vitro as measured by human tumor cloning assays (HTCA). In comparison, rhIL-4 had no effect on the growth of small cell lung carcinoma cell lines (SCLC) in vitro. The response towards the cytokine is correlated with expression of at least 1500 high affinity receptors/cell for hIL-4 on the responsive cell lines. Xenotransplanting the human lung tumor cell lines into nude mice followed by 12 days of systemic treatment of the mice with rhIL-4 revealed a significant growth retardation of the IL-4R positive NSCLC cell lines when compared with the controls, whereas the growth of the IL-4R negative SCLC cell lines was unaffected also in vivo. Studies of possible mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative effect of rhIL-4 showed that rhIL-4 does not induce apoptosis or modulation of the transcription factor c myc in the responsive NSCLC cell lines. Additionally, the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is discussed as mediating autocrine/paracrine growth stimulation of NSCLC, is unaffected by rhIL-4. However, we have observed that rhIL-4 inhibited G1-S-phase cell cycle progression. We conclude that rhIL-4 has an antiproliferative effect on the growth of some NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms involved remain to be further elucidated.
Ambulatory systems for enhanced human motor control (2001)

People with impaired human motor control may be disabled in the performance of daily activities. Their motor control performance may be supported by ambulatory artificial motor control systems that are body-worn and exchange information with the human body. Exchange of information can be achieved at the level of the neural system, muscles activation, interface forces with the environment and body movements. Such motor support systems may not only be relevant in the case of impaired motor control but can also assist healthy people in performing tasks under high loading. This paper describes the general concept of these systems and several examples of applications which are investigated.
Understanding Photocapacitive and Photofaradaic Processes in Organic Semiconductor Photoelectrodes for Optobioelectronics (2021)

Abstract Photoactive organic semiconductor substrates are envisioned as a novel class of bioelectronic devices that transduce light into stimulating biological signals with relevance for retinal implants or guided cellular differentiation. The direct interface between the semiconductor and the electrolyte gives rise to different competing optoelectronic transduction mechanisms. A detailed understanding of such faradaic or capacitive processes and the underlying material science is necessary to develop and optimize future devices. Here, the problem in organic photoelectrodes is addressed based on a planar p‐n junction containing phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc) and N,N ′‐dimethyl perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI). The detailed characterization of photoelectrochemical current transients is combined with spectroscopic measurements, impedance spectroscopy, and local photovoltage measurements to establish a model that predicts quantitatively faradaic or capacitive current transients. The decisive elements of the model are the energy levels present at the interface and the voltage building up in the photoelectrode. The result of the efforts is a comprehensive model of photocapacitive and photofaradaic effects that can be applied to developing wireless bioelectronic photostimulation devices.
Immunoreactivity of bullous pemphigoid (BP) autoantibodies against the NC16A and C-terminal domains of the 180 kDa BP antigen (BP180): immunoblot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using BP180 recombinant proteins (1998)

The 180 kDa bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigen (BP180) is known to be recognized by sera from patients with BP, herpes gestationis (HG) and cicatricial pemphigoid (CP). A series of previous studies using BP180 recombinant proteins has shown that most sera from patients with BP and HG react with the NC16A domain of BP180, an extracellular non-collagenous region just adjacent to the plasma membrane. In contrast, the C-terminal region of BP180 has been reported to be one of the epitopes of CP. In the present study, we examined the immunoreactivity of 110 BP sera against the NC16A and C-terminal domains of BP180 using immunoblot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunoblot analysis revealed that 100 (91%) and 26 (23.5%) of the 110 BP sera recognized the NC16A and C-terminal domains, respectively. The results of the ELISA were correlated with those of immunoblotting. There were no specific or significant clinical features such as severe involvement of mucous membranes and scarring in BP patients whose sera reacted with the C-terminal region. These findings suggest that some BP sera react with the C-terminal region of BP180 without any association with the characteristic clinical features of CP.
Graphene Transistors and Photodetectors (2013)

Single layer graphene transistors demonstrate low ION/IOFF ratio at room temperature. While they show promising results when applied for high-speed analog circuits in the gigahertz range, their implementation for logic devices is not favorable. Opening the band gap by means of quantum confinement improves the ION/IOFF dramatically, but at the cost of decrease of device channel mobility. Therefore, graphene based FET research will be concentrated around the band-gap opening in bilayer graphene (BLG) by means of vertical electric fields. Although there are several challenging points in the realization of BLG-FET, it has a chance to demonstrate high enough ION/IOFF ratio at a moderate carrier mobility. It is reasonable to assume that future graphene device research will also keep a strong focus on the tunneling or variable-barrier configuration structures.
The effect of film thickness on the dissolution rate and hydrogen bonding behavior of photoresist polymer thin films (2005)

Previously we have reported on the film-thickness-dependent nature of the dissolution rate of a series of model photoresist polymer resins including: novolac, poly(hydroxystyrene) (PHOST), and bis-trifluoromethyl carbinol substituted polynorbornene (i.e. HFAPNB or hexafluoroalcohol substituted polynorbornene). It was found that the dissolution rate of novolac films displayed very little dependence on the initial polymer film thickness, while the dissolution rates of both PHOST and HFAPNB films displayed a strong dependence on the initial polymer film thicknesses below a critical initial film thickness. This paper presents the results of additional experimental work that was directed at determining the underlying physical cause for the observed variation in dissolution rates with initial film thickness. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies have revealed that the extent of hydrogen bonding in both PHOST and HFAPNB films exhibits a strong dependence on initial film thickness below a critical film thickness. This critical film thickness below which changes in the extent of hydrogen bonding in the film are observed correlates well with the critical film thicknesses below which changes in the film dissolution behavior are observed. In the case of novolac, no substantial dependence in the extent of hydrogen bonding in the films as a function of film thickness is observed. This new experimental evidence suggests that it is the changes in the extent of hydrogen bonding which occur as a function of the initial polymer film thickness which are responsible for the observed dissolution behavior in these materials. Further work is in progress to understand the underlying causes for these differences in the hydrogen bonding behavior of the polymer films.
PHYTOENE AS A PROTECTIVE AGENT AGAINST SUNBURN (>280nm) RADIATION IN GUINEA PIGS (1975)

Abstract— Phytoene, the colorless triene precursor of β‐carotene (17 mg/g body weight) or a placebo was given to guinea pigs by daily intraperitoneal injection for 14 days, after which the animals were exposed to radiation (&gt; 280 nm). It was found that the animals receiving phytoene developed significantly less erythema to the radiation than did the animals receiving placebo.
Solar disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age (2001)

Results confirm the usefulness of solar disinfection in reducing risk of water borne disease in children. Point of consumption solar disinfection can be done with minimal resources, which are readily available, and may be an important first line response to cholera outbreaks. Its potential in chorine resistant cholera merits further investigation.
Circular organization of the instantaneous phase in ERPs and the ongoing EEG due to selective attention (2017)

It is known that signs of early auditory selective attention are reflected in the N1-wave of auditory late potentials. In recent years, we used instantaneous phase synchronization measures related to this N1-effect to assess the attentional effort in listening. In particular, we showed that listening effort induced by task difficulty can be quantified by using this method. Subsequently, in order to not be restricted to short transient stimuli in event-related paradigms, we translated the idea of an objective listening effort estimation to the ongoing EEG activity in arbitrary, non-event-related listening tasks. Here we could again quantify effortful listening by analyzing the circular organization of the ongoing instantaneous phase. In this paper, we apply for the first time circular measures to segmented ERP and unsegmented EEG data from a repetition of the seminal dichotic tone detection experiment of Hillyard et al. who first described the N1-effect. In particular, we show that correlates of selective attention can be extracted from both data types by assessing the organization of the instantaneous phase. It is concluded that our study suggests a unified framework to analyze neural correlates of selective attention in ERPs and the ongoing EEG activity.
Properties of Laser Welded SAF 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet (2004)

High rate welding methods for sheet material can offer significant cost reduction for mass production application in comparison with more conventional arc processes. Therefore, in this research, laser welds in SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) sheets welded using different welding speeds were investigated. Metallography, texture measurements and mechanical testing were carried out on the weld joints. The corrosion properties were not evaluated. The base material was characterised by a bamboo-like morphology and a ferrite volume fraction of 53 %. For all welding speeds, the ferrite level in the weld zone was higher than 85 % and the austenite showed an acicular morphology. Whereas in the base material a clear element partitioning existed between ferrite and austenite, no partitioning was observed in the welded zone. This is due to the very high cooling rates, which limit the amount of diffusion that can take place. Electron backscattering diffraction revealed that the texture of the cold rolled material was destroyed by the welding process. While the hardness of the base material was about 265 HV, the maximal hardness in the fusion zone exceeded 310 HV and increased with an increase of the welding speed. Yield and tensile stength were however not dramatically influenced. On the other hand, the formability properties were deteriorated by an increase of the welding speed. This behaviour can also be observed on the fracture surfaces of tensile specimens. The tensile tests on the welded sheet resulted in ductile fracture surfaces, but an easier void formation was observed in the laser welds. However, it has to be pointed out that formability of the laser welded DSS sheets is acceptable when a lower welding speed is used. This is also confirmed by the crack propagation observed during the Erichsen test. Therefore, the laser welding can be used as a joining operation for DSS sheet materials providing the corrosion requirements are fulfilled.
Damage enhancement in BF2+ion-implanted silicon (1992)

The damage introduction rates of BF2+, B+ and F+ ions implanted into (100) bulk silicon have been investigated over the energy range 3 to 13 keV amu-1 at temperatures of 77 K and 300 K. The samples have been analysed using 2 MeV He+ Rutherford backscattering and channelling, and it is found that the damage created by BF2+ molecular ions is significantly greater than that created by an equivalent dose of the atomic species B+ and F+. This damage enhancement by the BF2+ ions can be separated into bulk effects, which are due to displacement spikes, and surface effects, caused by multiple collision sequences involving the constituent particles (B and F) after dissociation of the incident BF2+ ion. Similar surface damage enhancements of 1.8 and 1.9 are found at 77 K and 300 K respectively, for particle energies of 3 keV amu-1. The energy dependence of the surface enhancement factor shows a strong dependence upon ion energy reaching a maximum of 3.5 at 8 keV amu-l but approaches unity at higher energies.
Adaptive Multiscale Molecular Dynamics of Macromolecular Fluids (2010)

Until now, adaptive atomistic-coarse-grain (A/CG) molecular dynamics simulations have had very limited applicability because the on-the-fly CG → A transformation is problematic for all but those molecules whose CG representation consists of a single particle. Here, we solve this problem by combining a transitional healing region with a rotational dynamics of rigid atomistic fragments in the CG region. Error control is obtained by analysis of the A ↔ CG energy flow. We illustrate the method with adaptive multiscale simulations of liquid hexane and of a dilute polymer solution in a theta solvent.
Tryptophan metabolism and corticosteroids in breast cancer (1974)

Urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites, free cortisol, and corticosteroid sulfates, and plasma cortisol were determined in 30 breast cancer patients. Although, as a group, the patients with abnormal tryptophan metabolism excreted significantly higher levels of both free cortisol and corticosteroid sulfates than those with normal metabolism, there was no good correlation between urinary tryptophan metabolite excretion and the corticoids. Abnormal tryptophan metabolism was not accompanied by a high plasma cortisol. Patients with widespread metastases had elevated tryptophan metabolite excretions compared to those with early breast cancer or local recurrence, but the two groups did not differ in their plasma or urinary corticosteroid levels. It is concluded that increased adrenocorticosteroid secretion due to stress is not a major factor in producing abnormal tryptophan metabolism in breast cancer.
Test-strip method for measuring lactate in whole blood. (1989)

We have developed a dry reagent strip system for measuring lactate in whole blood. The test strip contains lactate oxidase (no EC number assigned), horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-m-toluidine. The system is designed to measure with a reflectometer the color that developed in the test strip, although the lactate concentration can be estimated without the reflectometer. The between-run coefficients of variation for controls at three concentrations were 2.9-5.3%. The lactate concentrations in blood samples from healthy subjects before and after exercise correlated well (r = 0.97) with the results measured by the comparison method with the use of lactate oxidase. This dry reagent strip system provides a convenient and rapid test for measuring blood lactate in clinical and sports medicine.
Knowledge transfer in project-based organisations: A dynamic granular cognitive maps approach (2021)

Motivation is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. This study aims to investigate how motivation for knowledge transfer and organisational context influence the effectiveness of knowledge transfer in project-based organisations. We further identify the key factors of motivation in an organisation context. We applied Dynamic Granular Cognitive Maps (DGCMs) to reveal the influencing mechanism of motivation and organisation context. Results show that three factors – knowledge transfer involvement, knowledge transfer satisfaction, and knowledge psychological ownership – are global controlled variables that reflect knowledge transfer performance. The motivation factors balanced reciprocity, avoiding punishment, organisational affective commitment, and achievement motivation are more important than others for knowledge transfer. Moreover, organisation context has a serious impact on knowledge transfer performance. Based on these results, a series of strategies are recommended to improve knowledge transfer in project-based organisations. This study offers a new approach to establishing crucial organisational relationships based on empirical evidence.
Efficiency of Benzoyl Peroxide‐Erythromycin Gel in Comparison with Metronidazole Gel in the Treatment of Acne Rosacea (2004)

Oral wide-spectrum antibiotics are the linchpin of rosacea treatment. Oral and topical metronidazole, topical tretinoin, and topical benzoyl peroxide may also be used in the treatment of rosacea. We aimed to show that benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin gel is efficient in the treatment of acne rosacea. Fifty-six patients with acne rosacea were enrolled in our study. We administered benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin gel to 27 patients and metronidazole gel to 29 patients. In all the patients, the intensities of erythema, telangiectasia, papules/pustules, and nodules were evaluated before, during and after the treatment. The positivity of Demodex folliculorum from skin scratches was compared between the two groups at each visit. At the end of the therapy on the third examination, in the benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin group, 91.7% of the patients showed marked clinical improvement, and 8.3% of them showed complete remission. In the metronidazole group, 73.3% showed marked clinical improvement, and 26.7% of them showed complete remission. Clinical improvement in the papular component was 65.2% for the benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin group, and 81.5% for metronidazole group. In the first examination, the clinical results of the agents were similar. Although both of the drugs were found to be effective in the second and third examinations, metronidazole gel was more effective than benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin. Both of the drugs were found to be significantly effective especially in treating the papular component of rosacea. Demodex folliculorum was found to be positive in 74.1% of the benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin group and in 62.1% of the metronidazole group at the beginning. In the benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin group, 40.7% of Demodex folliculorum positive patients, became negative by the first examination. This was 17.2% for the metronidazole group. In the benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin group, among the patients who were positive for Demodex folliculorum in the first examination, 37.5% of them became negative. This was 36.7% for the metronidazole group. Benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin gel was superior to metronidazole gel in decreasing Demodex folliculorum by the first examination, but the effect of the two drugs on Demodex folliculorum was similar by the second examination. As a result, topically applied combined benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin gel may be an alternative choice of treatment for acne rosacea.
Latitudinal distributions and temporal changes of stratospheric HCl and HF (1983)

Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are important sinks in the stratosphere for free halogens. The major sources of chlorine and fluorine in the stratosphere are anthropogenic; therefore a measurement of HCl and HF gives information about the magnitude of anthropogenic effects on stratospheric chemistry and may give some information about the stratospheric hydroxyl concentration as well. We have determined the total column amount of HCl and HF above 12 km by measuring infrared absorption spectra with a high‐resolution Fourier transform spectrometer flown on a jet aircraft. The HCl column varies from 0.7×10 15 molecules‐cm 2 near the equator to 2.7×10 15 molecules‐cm 2 at 70°N; the HF column is about a factor of 5 lower. The HCl: HF ratio is almost independent of latitude, and neither constituent shows substantial seasonal or diurnal variation. At mid‐latitudes the data from 1978 to 1982 show an annual increase of 5% per year for HCl and 12% per year for HF.
Lead Diversification through a Prins-Driven Macrocyclization Strategy: Application to C13-Diversified Bryostatin Analogues (2013)

The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel class of C13-diversified bryostatin analogues are described. An innovative and general strategy based on a Prins macrocyclization-nucleophilic trapping cascade was used to achieve late-stage diversification. In vitro analysis of selected library members revealed that modification at the C13 position of the bryostatin scaffold can be used as a diversification handle to regulate biological activity.