gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A singularly perturbed stochastic delay system with a small parameter (1993)

A singularly perturbed stochastic delay system with wideband noise perturbations is considered in this paper. Asymptotic properties are developed. The basic mathernatical methods which are used are the martingale averaging and the techniques of the theory of weak convergence. It is shown that the limit averaged system is a diffusion process which satisfies a stochastic differential delay equation and that the correct limits hold independent of the way in which these parameters go to their limits.
Application of Electrically Invisible Antennas to the Modulated Scatterer Technique (2015)

The modulated scatterer technique (MST) has shown promise for applications in microwave imaging, electric field mapping, and materials characterization. Traditionally, MST scatterers are dipoles centrally loaded with an element capable of modulation (e.g., a p-i-n diode). By modulating the load element, signals scattered from the MST scatterer are also modulated. However, due to the small size of such scatterers, it can be difficult to reliably detect the modulated signal. Increasing the modulation depth (MD; a parameter related to how well the scatterer modulates the scattered signal) may improve the detectability of the scattered signal. In an effort to improve the MD, the concept of electrically invisible antennas is applied to the design of MST scatterers. This paper presents simulations and measurements of MST scatterers that have been designed to be electrically invisible during the reverse bias state of the modulated element (a p-i-n diode in this case), while producing detectable scattering during the forward bias state (i.e., operate in an electrically visible state). The results using the new design show significant improvement to the MD of the scattered signal as compared with a traditional MST scatterer (i.e., dipole centrally loaded with a p-i-n diode).
E-Cadherin Can Replace N-Cadherin during Secretory-Stage Enamel Development (2014)

The E- to N-cadherin switch at the secretory stage is not essential for enamel development or for forming the decussating enamel rod pattern. E-cadherin can substitute for N-cadherin during these developmental processes. Bmp2 expression may compensate for the loss of N-cadherin by inducing or maintaining E-cadherin expression when E-cadherin is normally down-regulated. Notably, this is the first demonstration of a natural endogenous increase in E-cadherin expression due to N-cadherin ablation in a healthy developing tissue.
Double dq control strategy of DFIG based on passivity theory under unbalanced grid voltage (2013)

The paper analyzed the mathematical model of the converters of the DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage. A nonlinear control strategy based on passivity theory was advanced under the positive and negative sequence synchronously rotating frame which could achieve the different control targets by controlling the positive and negative sequence dq currents. The simulation results suggested that the nonlinear controller based on passivity theory could reject the 2nd harmonic pulsations of the magnetic torque, active power and the DC voltage. The changes of the parameters had little influence on the controller. It showed that the controller had robustness It improved the ability to ride through the unbalanced grid voltage.
Viral phenotype and host-cell susceptibility to HIV-1 infection as risk factors for mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission (1995)

Our findings strongly suggest that mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission is influenced by both monocyte-macrophage tropism of the maternal isolate and susceptibility of the child's target cells, in particular monocyte-macrophages, to HIV-1 infection.
Fault-Tolerant Control of a Dual Three-Phase Interior PMSM Under Open-Phase Faults (2022)

Conventional three-phase machines are being substituted by multi-phase ones in certain applications due to their improved fault-tolerant capability, which is typically achieved through a modified control strategy. Dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (DT-PMSMs) with isolated neutral points are advantageous from the point of view of control simplicity as they avoid the flow of zero-sequence currents. Fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategies under open-phase faults have been already proposed for surface DT-PMSMs, but the extension of these techniques to flux-weakening (FW) and maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) operation of interior DT-PMSMs (DT-IPMSMs) is not possible. This paper will both extend a previous FTC strategy and propose a novel one, both of them allowing FW and MTPA operation in a DT-IPMSM after an open-phase fault. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>
A two-terminal spin valve device controlled by spin-orbit torques (2021)

We report on the combination of current-induced spin-orbit torques and giant magnetoresistance in a single device to achieve all-electrical write and read out of the magnetization The device consists of perpendicularly magnetized TbCo and Co layers separated by a Pt spacer. Current injection through such layers exerts spin-orbit torques and switches the magnetization of the Co layer between the up and down states while the TbCo magnetization remains fixed. Subsequent current injection of lower amplitude senses the relative orientation of the magnetization of the Co and TbCo layers, which results in two distinct resistance levels for parallel and antiparallel alignment due to the current-in-plane giant magnetoresistance effect. This device offers a novel route to a two terminal spintronic memory that can be fabricated with moderate effort.
Regioselective Lithiation of Pyridine Rings (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Resonator-Based Suppressor for Mitigating the Noise Transfer on Metal Plates for Control of Electromagnetic Interference (2016)

This letter introduces a novel resonator-based suppressor to mitigate the noise transfer on the metal plates inside electronic devices. Compared with the traditional method using ferrite-based absorbers, which is inadequate to fully eliminate gigahertz (GHz) noise, the proposed solution can achieve a high-level noise rejection within the desired frequency band in GHz range. The unit cell of the suppressor is composed of multiple quarter-wavelength (λ /4) strip resonators. By simply cascading unit cells in series, a higher-order suppressor can be implemented with wider bandwidth and deeper suppression level. In this letter, a third-order example is demonstrated with the center frequency at 2.48 GHz. Its ability to reduce the amount of noise transfer is experimentally verified, where the maximum suppression level is about 20 dB. Lastly, for a complete demonstration of noise mitigation, the near-field intensity on the test board attached with the noise suppressor is measured.
Optical heating in semiconductors: Laser damage in Ge, Si, InSb, and GaAs (1980)

A comprehensive theory developed previously for optical heating in semiconductors is applied to the calculation of laser damage thresholds in Ge, Si, InSb, and GaAs. The calculated thresholds agree well with the experimental values over a broad range of laser wavelengths and pulse durations. The results demonstrate that the dynamic nature of the material’s optical and transport properties with changing temperature and laser-generated carrier density has a significant effect on the heating process, particularly at short pulse durations.
Solving pose ambiguity of planar visual marker by wavelike two-tone patterns (2017)

Visual markers are useful tools that aid autonomous robots in object recognition and pose measurement; however, conventional markers have two fundamental problems in orientation estimation: (1) inaccurate estimation in the frontal direction and (2) pose ambiguity. We previously developed a visual marker “LentiMark” that solves problem (1). In this paper, we propose a solution to problem (2) by improving LentiMark. For this purpose, we use two wavelike slices that change two-tone patterns according to the angle of visual line. The new marker enables stable and robust pose estimation without pose ambiguity. We solve the two biggest problems of visual markers in the framework of small planar markers. We verify the efficiency of our method through experiments.
Diversity of enterobacteria associated with tomato (Lycopersicum sculentum Mill) fruits and greenhouse soils (2012)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of Enterobacteriaceae present in soil and tomato fruits from three greenhouses with fertirigation system. These crop systems are an important alternative for production in protected agriculture; however, there is little information about the microbiological quality of the fruit and its relationship with chemical soil characteristics. Soil evaluations consisted of analyzing organic matter content and pH. In the microbiological analysis were isolated and identified enterobacterias organisms from composite samples of soil and fruits at different stages of maturity (0, 50 and 100%). Culture media used was selective, differential and confirmatory testing with VITEK system. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were characterized genotypically, amplifying the lngA and bfpA genes by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Diversity index (Simpson (D), Shannon-Wiener (H') and Chao estimator (SChao1) were calculated with the identified species. The species Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii and C. brakii had a higher frequency of isolation, EPEC and ETEC were identified in soil samples and in fruits with 100% maturity. In soil, H' indices were positively correlated with the highest organic matter percentages. In fruit, although H 'and D showed less diverse bacterial communities, the isolation of ETEC and Shigella boydii on the fruit surface compromise their safety because they are usually consumed raw.
Multi‐centre study found that strict adherence to guidelines led to computed tomography scans being overused in children with minor head injuries (2019)

Strict adherence to the Dutch national guidelines resulted in CT overuse. New guidelines are needed to safely reduce CT scan indications.
New IM torque control with implicit rotor field tracking (2004)

The paper proposes an IM torque control based on the stator current vector reference frame. The introduced control concept rejects the paradigm of decoupled control with constant rotor flux vector. Instead of this widespread assumption the proposed control is derived from the augmented dynamic equilibrium conditions assuring the existence and uniqueness of the inverse mapping between the required torque end stator current vector. By manipulating simultaneously the magnitude and the rotation speed of the stator current vector in an appropriate way the rotor flux trajectories are forced to change only inside the globally stable sector under all operating conditions. Additional features as maximal torque per ampere steady state ratio, almost perfect command tracking at non-zero rotor flux and insensitivity to the bounded perturbation of the rotor time constant, characterize introduced control. Implementation of this control requires estimation of the machine torque and cascaded current controllers. Experimental results confirm the key expectations and show the potential and benefits of the proposed control.
Identification of genes down-regulated during lung cancer progression: A cDNA array study (2008)

Comparative hybridization by means of cDNA arrays assisted in identifying a series of novel progression-associated changes in gene expression, confirming, at the same time, a number of previously described results.
Focusing Attention: Towards Accurate Text Recognition in Natural Images (2017)

Scene text recognition has been a hot research topic in computer vision due to its various applications. The state of the art is the attention-based encoder-decoder framework that learns the mapping between input images and output sequences in a purely data-driven way. However, we observe that existing attention-based methods perform poorly on complicated and/or low-quality images. One major reason is that existing methods cannot get accurate alignments between feature areas and targets for such images. We call this phenomenon “attention drift”. To tackle this problem, in this paper we propose the FAN (the abbreviation of Focusing Attention Network) method that employs a focusing attention mechanism to automatically draw back the drifted attention. FAN consists of two major components: an attention network (AN) that is responsible for recognizing character targets as in the existing methods, and a focusing network (FN) that is responsible for adjusting attention by evaluating whether AN pays attention properly on the target areas in the images. Furthermore, different from the existing methods, we adopt a ResNet-based network to enrich deep representations of scene text images. Extensive experiments on various benchmarks, including the IIIT5k, SVT and ICDAR datasets, show that the FAN method substantially outperforms the existing methods.
<title>Microwave properties of monolithic Y-Ba-Cu-O transmission line devices fabricated by the laser-writing patterning technique</title> (1994)

We report on the microwave characteristics of coplanar strip transmission line devices fabricated in epitaxial YBaCuO thin films deposited on LaAlO<SUB>3</SUB> substrates using the novel laser-writing patterning technique. This technique uses laser heating to selectively anneal regions of an oxygen depleted YBaCuO thin film to form local superconducting phases. In this manner, superconductive coplanar strip transmission line structures surrounded by the semiconducting YBaCuO phase were patterned with no photomasks, surface contamination or edge degradation.
Size‐Exclusion HPLC Separation of Bitter and Astringent Fractions from Cheddar Cheese Made with Added Lactobacillus Strains to Accelerate Ripening (1989)

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus strains were added as an adjunct to the regular lactic starter in Cheddar cheese manufacture in order to accelerate ripening. Microbial cheese proteolysis resulted in the release of free amino acids which were extracted with the astringent and bitter fractions and separated by size‐exclusion and reversed‐phase HPLC chromatography. Lactobacillus strains generally increased the degree of proteolysis. L. plantarum and L. brevis produced off‐flavors possibly due to an accumulation of medium‐size peptides. The control cheese (without lactobacilli) had the most peptides with a mean molecular‐ weight of &lt; 1000 daltons and had a flavor described as slightly bitter. Addition of L. casei‐casei L2A accelerated ripening and yielded a well‐aged Cheddar cheese without any bitterness even after 7 months at 6°C.
Spectral and threshold performance of patterned quantum dot lasers (2006)

Semiconductor quantum dots have been widely researched as a means of improving the performance of optoelectronic devices. Self-assembly has been the dominant method of fabricating quantum dots because of its relative ease compared to more explicit techniques. We have developed a method for fabricating quantum dots in a more explicit manner using electron beam lithography and selective-area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition crystal growth. By eliminating the dependence on strain-driven self-assembly, we can avoid the size distribution and resulting inhomogeneously broadened emission spectrum associated with self-assembled quantum dot ensembles. We report on the threshold and spectral properties of patterned quantum dot lasers. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ChemInform Abstract: PHASENTRANSFER‐KATALYSIERTE ZWEIPHASENREAKTIONEN IN DER PRAEPARATIVEN ORGANISCHEN CHEMIE (1974)

Abstract Quartäre Ammonium‐ und Phosphoniumsalze katalysieren Reaktionen zwischen Substanzen, die sich teilweise in wäßriger, teilweise in organischer Phase befinden.
On the linear cross-field instability problem (1975)

A re-examination of the linear E x B instability problem for infinite stratified media gives results differing from those published. The main point is to warn against the application to inhomogeneous media of the usual instability criterion, as developed for homogeneous media. The fact that the dispersion relation gives complex values of ω for real k does not always indicate the existence of an instabifity. It could also describe propagation of a constant wave energy through an inhomogeneous medium. It is demonstrated that in certain situations it is possible to choose dependent variables in such a way that these two effects disentangle, allowing for a definite solution of the instability problem. In this paper the linear stability' problem for an infinite inhomogeneous, partially ionized gas penetrated by crossed electric and magnetic fields, is re-examined. Several authors (e.g. Reid 1968; Whitehead 1967, 1971; Cunnold 1969; Chimonas 1969; Linson &amp; Workman 1970; looper &amp; Walker 1971; Sato 1971; Sato &amp; Tsuda 1972; Kato 1972) have considered the possibility that the so-called cross-field instability exists in the ionosphere. Our reason for treating the problem again is to point out a deficiency in the literature.
Application of biostatistics in research by teaching faculty and final-year postgraduate students in colleges of modern medicine: A cross-sectional study (2012)

Biostatistics is well recognized as an essential tool in medical research, clinical decision making, and health management. Deficient basic biostatistical knowledge adversely affects research quality. Surveys on this issue are uncommon in the literature.To study the use of biostatistics in research by teaching faculty and postgraduate students from colleges of modern medicine.Cross-sectional study in colleges of modern medicine.A pretested proforma was used to collect information about the use of biostatistics by teaching faculty and final-year postgraduate students from colleges of modern medicine. The study period was 6 months.Chi-square test, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, and multivariate analysis were used for analysis of data.With this questionnaire, the maximum possible score for appropriate use of biostatistics in research was 20. The range of scores obtained by the study subjects was 1-20 and the median was 11. Appropriate use of biostatistics was independent of sex, designation, and education (P>.05). Spearman coefficient showed low-but significant-correlation between the score and the number of papers presented and published (P=.002 and P=.000, respectively).The study showed that nearly half of the respondents were not using statistics appropriately in their research. There was also lack of awareness about the need for applying statistical methods from the stage of planning itself.
Genetic diversity and evolution of human metapneumovirus fusion protein over twenty years (2009)

HMPV F protein remains conserved over decades. HMPV appears to have diverged from AMPV-C fairly recently.
Optical mapping of DNA: Single‐molecule‐based methods for mapping genomes (2011)

Abstract The technologies associated with DNA sequencing are rapidly evolving. Indeed, single‐molecule DNA sequencing strategies are cheaper and faster than ever before. Despite this progress, every sequencing platform to date relies on reading the genome in small, abstract fragments, typically of less than 1000 bases in length. The overarching aim of the optical map is to complement the information derived from DNA sequencing by providing long‐range context on which these short sequence reads can be built. This is typically done using an enzyme to target and modify at short DNA sequences of, say, six bases in length throughout the genome. By accurately placing these short pieces of sequence on long genomic DNA fragments, up to several millions of bases in length, a scaffold for sequence assembly can be obtained. This review focuses on three enzymatic approaches to optical mapping. Optical mapping was first developed using restriction enzymes to sequence‐specifically cleave DNA that is immobilized on a surface. More recently, nicking enzymes have found application in the sequence‐specific fluorescent labeling of DNA for optical mapping. Such covalent modification allows the DNA to be imaged in solution, and this, in combination with developing nanofluidic technologies, is enabling new high‐throughput approaches to mapping. And, finally, this review will discuss the recent development of mapping with subdiffraction‐limit precision using methyltransferase enzymes to label the DNA with an ultrahigh density. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 298–311, 2011.
Aspect-Based Opinion Extraction from Customer reviews (2014)

Text is the main method of communicating information in the digital age. Messages, blogs, news articles, reviews, and opinionated information abound on the Internet. People commonly purchase products online and post their opinions about purchased items. This feedback is displayed publicly to assist others with their purchasing decisions, creating the need for a mechanism with which to extract and summarize useful information for enhancing the decision-making process. Our contribution is to improve the accuracy of extraction by combining different techniques from three major areas, named Data Mining, Natural Language Processing techniques and Ontologies. The proposed framework sequentially mines products aspects and users opinions, groups representative aspects by similarity, and generates an output summary. This paper focuses on the task of extracting product aspects and users opinions by extracting all possible aspects and opinions from reviews using natural language, ontology, and frequent (tag) sets. The proposed framework, when compared with an existing baseline model, yielded promising results.
Opportunistic primary-secondary spectrum sharing with a rotating radar (2012)

This paper considers opportunistic primary-secondary spectrum sharing when the primary is a rotating radar. A secondary device is allowed to transmit when its resulting interference will not exceed the radar's tolerable level, perhaps because the radar's directional antenna is currently pointing elsewhere, in contrast to current approaches that prohibit secondary transmissions if radar signals are detected at any time. We consider the case where a secondary system provides point-to-multipoint communications utilizing OFDMA technology in non-contiguous cells, as might occur with a broadband hotspot service, or a cellular system that uses spectrum shared with radar to supplement its dedicated spectrum. We show that even at a fairly small distance to a radar, extensive secondary transmissions are possible, although with some interruptions as the radar rotates. For example, at 35% of the distance at which secondary transmissions will not affect radar, on average, the achievable secondary data rates in down-and upstream are around 100% and 46% of the rate that will be achieved in dedicated spectrum, respectively. By evaluating quality of service, we find that spectrum shared with radar could be used efficiently for applications such as non-interactive video on demand, peer-to-peer file sharing, large file transfers, automatic meter reading, and web browsing, but not for applications such as real-time transfers of small files and VoIP.