gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visual Tuning for Perceptual Animacy and its Influence on Multiple Object Tracking (2015)

The ability to distinguish animate from inanimate entities arises very early in human development and is fundamental to our understanding of the physical and social worlds. However, two important questions remain unknown: what spatio-temporal properties in the visual stimuli play an essential role in inducing the impression of animacy, and how animacy perception interacts with other visual processes. To address the first question, subjects were asked to provide animacy ratings for moving displays comprised of Gabor disks that varied in terms of spatial frequency (SF), relative orientation, and global movement patterns. Results revealed bandpass tuning curves across these three dimensions. Animacy was highest for elements with intermediate SF (peak at 0.4 cpd), and reduced for low SF’s in which the oriented structure was not evident. Elements changed direction randomly over time as determined by a Gaussian distribution, where standard deviation represented the extent of directional changes. Animacy peaked at intermediate levels of directional change (s.d. = 32 deg). Finally orientation was either co-aligned with the element’s heading direction or offset to varying degrees. Animacy was highest with co-alignment and decreased monotonically with increasing offsets up to 90 deg. Importantly, these results enable the generation of displays that vary substantially in the degree of perceptual animacy, but that are well-matched in terms of local stimulus properties. To address the second question, we conducted a multiple-object-tracking experiment using the stimuli and parameters derived from the previous experiments. We found that tracking performance was impaired for visual elements with high levels of animacy. This effect was primarily due to interference from animate distracters in the background, presumably because they instinctively pulled attention away from the tracked targets. These results illustrate the spatio-temporal tuning of human vision to perceptual animacy and the tracking results indicate a significant influence of animacy on attentional processes. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
ChemInform Abstract: The Opening of the Cyclohexane Ring of Pinanones Using Baeyer‐Villiger Conditions. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Single-Back and Double-Front Gate-Controlled IGBT for Achieving Low Turn-Off Loss (2023)

Reducing turn-off loss (<tex>$E_{\text{off}\_\text{total}}$</tex>) in insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) improves the power consumption of high-power converter systems. Multi-gate IGBTs can reduce <tex>$E_{\text{off}\_\text{total}}$</tex> because stored carriers are reduced by adding independently controllable gates that switch just before the turn-off period. The proposed single-back and double-front gate-controlled IGBT (SDG-IGBT) successfully reduces <tex>$E_{\text{off}\_\text{total}}$</tex> when both the control gate (CG) on the emitter side and the back gate (BG) on the collector side are operated simultaneously. When the drift layer is thick in high-voltage IGBTs (e.g., the 3-kV-class), the control design of SDG-IGBTs is simple because the CG and BG carrier reduction regions do not interfere with each other. The optimum switching timings of CG and BG can be decided by evaluating <tex>$E_{\text{off}\_\text{total}}$</tex> in mode-2 (CG only operation) and mode-3 (BG only operation). SDG-IGBTs have the potential to greatly reduce <tex>$E_{\text{off}\_\text{total}}$</tex> while maximally utilizing the capabilities of both CG and BG because <tex>$E_{\text{off}\_\text{total}}$</tex> reduction rate is represented by the sum of the values for mode-2 and mode-3.
Interaktion Strasse Hangstabilitaet: Monitoring und Rueckwaertsrechnung (2009)

Dieses Pilotprojekt hatte zum Ziel, an ausgewaehlten Kriechhaengen der Schweiz die Methoden fuer die Langzeitstabilitaet zu identifizieren, die dafuer noetigen Daten zu sammeln sowie den Einfluss auf die Infrastruktur Strasse zu untersuchen. Es zeigte sich im Verlauf, dass der Fokus dieses Pilotprojektes auf die Entwicklung von neuartigen Geraeten und Methoden zur Analyse und Ueberwachung sowie auf Techniken zu Labor- und Feldversuchen gerichtet werden musste, um die fehlenden Informationen zur Rueckrechnung der Langzeitstabilitaet und zu Verschiebungen von Kriechhaengen zu sammeln. Diese Entwicklungen wurden in zahlreichen wissenschaftlichen Publikationen praesentiert und von der internationalen geotechnischen Gemeinschaft gut aufgenommen. Als Folgearbeit zu diesem Pilotprojekt schlagen die Autoren ein vollstaendiges Projekt vor, bei dem die neuen Geraete zur Datensammlung angewendet und diese Informationen zur Berechnung der Langzeitstabilitaet und der Verschiebungen sowie zur Untersuchung von moeglichen Stabilisierungsmassnahmen in den betrachteten Kriechhaengen verwendet werden.
Refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: state-of-the-art treatment. (2002)

Nonresponse to treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder is common, associated with substantial impairment, and understudied. Little practical advice is available to clinicians on next-step treatment strategies for patients who have not responded well to 2 trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Available options include continuation of SSRI treatment, switching to another SSRI or selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, augmenting with atypical neuroleptics or cognitive-behavioral therapy, or utilizing novel treatment approaches. The authors synthesize state-of-the-art treatment and give practical advice for clinicians.
A cold-cathode glow discharge electron gun for high-pressure CO2laser ionisation (1979)

The design and performance of the gun are discussed. Studies of small versions of the gun with a beam area of 1500 mm*30 mm provide design data for devices with beams covering 1 m in length and 25-100 mm in width. At beam energies up to 160 keV, the current density range is 1-2000 A m-2 and pulse lengths vary from 100 to 10 mu s. Main features which contribute to the convenient use of these guns are the robust, demountable accelerating stages and the auxiliary discharge system.
Ce3+:LuLiF4 as an Excimer-Laser-Pumped Ultraviolet Tunable Solid-State Amplifier (2004)

Ce3+:LuLiF4 is shown to have a broad gain spectrum, which is attractive for short pulse applications. Sufficient small signal gain over 6 dB/cm was observed. Furthermore in a confocal 4-pass amplifier configuration, the gain can be enhanced to 20- dB for a cw He-Cd laser light and 17-dB for picosecond pulses.
Deterioration of Graphene Nanocoated Optical Taper Saturable Absorber at High Power (2019)

International audience
50 nm vertical replacement-gate (VRG) nMOSFETs with ALD HfO/sub 2/ and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ gate dielectrics (2001)

We have integrated HfO/sub 2/ and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ gate dielectrics grown by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALD) with poly-Si gate electrodes in the vertical replacement-gate (VRG) MOSFET geometry. These transistors are among the first reported with ALD HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics, and have HfO/sub 2/ target equivalent oxide thicknesses (tEOT's) down to 13 /spl Aring/. The poly-crystalline HfO/sub 2/ films in these VRG nMOSFETs exhibit extremely low gate leakage (GL) current densities of J/sub G/ /spl sim/ 10/sup -7/ A/cm/sup 2/ at V/sub G/-V/sub T,Long/ = 0.6 V for 15 /spl Aring/ tEOT devices. This indicates that amorphous gate dielectrics may not be necessary to meet GL requirements. HfO/sub 2/ devices with 50 nm gate length L/sub G/ exhibit drive currents [normalized by the coded width W/sub C/] of 490 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m for 1 V operation (overdrive V/sub GS/-V/sub T/ = 0.6 V) with good short-channel performance. These results demonstrate that ALD is compatible with the demanding VRG geometry, thereby illustrating that it should be well-suited to essentially any novel device structure built with Si-compatible materials.
A low power and high accuracy MEMS sensor based activity recognition algorithm (2014)

Wearable sensors and smart phones have been used in human activity recognitions and can achieve relative high accuracy however the power consumption is also high. In this paper, we propose an activity recognition approach that can achieve high accuracy with low power consumption. Two strategies have been applied to reduce the power consumption. The first strategy is using the hierarchical support vector machine classification algorithm to reduce the computational complexity. The second strategy is to reduce the sensor data sampling rates. Data collected from sensors in low sampling rate were processed using a wider time window for the feature extraction. The experiment results show that the average recognition accuracy of human activities (sitting, standing, walking, and running) in 1 Hz sampling rate can reach 98.50%. It indicates that the proposed approach can effectively extend the battery lifetime while maintaining high prediction accuracy in activity recognition.
Predictors of biochemical recurrence in pT3b prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy (2015)

pT3b prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease commonly associated with several high-risk features. Stratifying men with SVI by prognostic features (i.e., Gleason, PSA, node status, surgical margin status) and using these features to augment the CAPRA score will improve identification of those at higher risk for BCR that should be strongly considered for adjuvant XRT.
Quick Response Observed in Solid-State Electrochromic Device with Interfacial Barrier Structure (2006)

A novel structure is proposed for a solid-state electrochromic (EC) device to improve its dynamic response. The proposed device is composed of an indium–tin-oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate, an amorphous thin WO3 film, a very thin SiO2 film, an electrolytic thin Ta2O5 film, and a semitransparent top electrode. The experimental results show that the EC response significantly improves compared with the conventional device with no SiO2 films, and that the response time decreases to 100 ms at a bias voltage of 3 V. This value is close to a practical level for actual applications. This improvement is interpreted to be a result of carrier accumulation produced by the SiO2 film followed by an increase in the proton generation rate leading to fast EC coloration. The observed quick response is also discussed in relation to the EC efficiency. The charge accumulation approach is very useful for development of a fast and reliable solid-state EC device.
Adaptive Array Principles (1981)

Adaptive arrays are a radical departure from conventional thinking in antenna design, offering substantial improvements in performance over fixed pattern antennas in environments that include severe interference and jamming. They achieve this because they are designed to steer nulls automatically at noise sources of unknown or variable direction and generally to modify their beampatterns to optimise performance. Adaptive array processing is applicable in most systems that exploit wave propagation; typical uses being radar, active and passive sonar, radio communication links, and radio monitoring. Although sensors and hardware for different applications vary, the same optimality criteria are used throughout and similar algorithms may be employed. This book develops the concepts underlying the design of adaptive arrays from first principles and is directed at research workers and designers whose mathematical background requires refurbishment in the special techniques that have accumulated around the field, often to the obscuration of the simple basic ideas. The topics treated include: single multiple null steering; derivation of the weighting coefficients in an array that maximises signal to noise ratio; online algorithms for achieving these coefficients using gradient methods based on correlators and coefficient peterbation; direct estimation of optimum coefficients by covariance matrix inversion and recursive techniques; prevention of null steering at the desired source and control over the main lobe shape; minimisation of the number of variable coefficients in suboptimal implementations.
Titelbild: Fluorous Synthesis of 18F Radiotracers with the [18F]Fluoride Ion: Nucleophilic Fluorination as the Detagging Process (Angew. Chem. 3/2009) (2008)

Der Faktor Zeit spielt eine ganz wesentliche Rolle bei der Synthese von 18F-markierten Radiotracern, da die Halbwertszeit von 18F 109.7 Minuten beträgt. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 594 ff. berichten V. Gouverneur et al. über die Radiosynthese verschiedener prosthetischer Gruppen und 18F-Radiotracer ausgehend von fluorierten Vorstufen. Der Ansatz ermöglicht die schnelle und bequeme Reinigung des 18F-markierten Materials (FSPE=fluorige Festphasenextraktion). Graphik: Dr. Karl Harrison, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford.
Highly Efficient Small Organic Molecules for Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reaction in Organic and Aqueous Media (2009)

A series of highly efficient organocatalysts have been derived from naturally available amino acids for carrying out enantioselective direct aldol reaction in both organic and aqueous medium. The aldol products were obtained in high diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1) and enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) for a broader range of substrates using 1 mol % of a catalyst. The results demonstrate that the structural features of organocatalysts play a crucial role in obtaining high optical purity of aldol adducts in an aqueous medium. Further, the role of water in increasing the rate and enantioselectivity of the reaction has been illustrated. Moreover, the aldol products have been employed in the synthesis of chiral amino alcohols which act as useful intermediates for building up complex natural products.
Influence of Cotton Height on Injury from Flumioxazin and Glyphosate Applied POST-Directed (2007)

In 2004 and 2005, glyphosate diuron and flumioxazin MSMA were applied POST-directed to cotton at 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm in height. Herbicides were directed to either the lower 2 cm of the cotton stem or to the lower 50% of the cotton stem to determine the impact of application timing and placement on cotton response. Glyphosate diuron resulted ≤ 22% injury when applied high on the stem and ≤ 8% injury when applied low on the stem. Regardless of application placement or timing, no yield reductions were observed as a result of glyphosate diuron application. Conversely, flumioxazin MSMA applications resulted in 93 and 64% injury when applied high POST-directed (HPD) to 20- and 30-cm cotton, respectively. Low POST-directed (LPD) applications caused 33 and 23% injury to 20- and 30-cm cotton, respectively. In both years, HPD applications of flumioxazin MSMA on 20-cm cotton resulted in excessive yield loss (94 to 87%), whereas yield loss was only noted in 30-cm cotton in 2004. No yield loss was observed in 40- or 50-cm cotton. Additionally, LPD applications of flumioxazin MSMA, though causing significant visual injury, did not result in a yield reduction at any application timing. Although cotton became more tolerant to flumioxazin MSMA as the season progressed, the research suggests that applications of flumioxazin should be made with precision or delayed until cotton reaches 40 cm in height.Nomenclature: Diuron, flumioxazin, glyphosate, MSMA, Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DPL 555’, GOSHI
Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in Dairy Cattle: Possible Role of Clostridium perfringens Type A in the Disease Complex (2006)

A survey based on clinical, pathological and microbiological investigations was performed on 11 Brown Swiss cattle affected with depression, anorexia, agalaxia, ruminal hypomotility, abdominal pain and melaena. In eight animals, macroscopical lesions consisted in haemorrhagic enteritis in the small intestine. Seven of eight isolates from tissue samples were identified as Clostridum perfringens type A, and four were identified as C. perfringens type A with the beta2 toxin gene. Based on these observations, animals were considered affected with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome.
Transurethral Multi-Sectored Ultrasound Applicators for Conformal Thermal Therapy of the Prostate with MR Temperature Monitoring (2006)

were sectored into three 120 o partitions by cutting a small notch in the outer electrode and part of the ceramic. Each transducer sector was powered individually at independent frequencies and power levels. A 2-D finite difference acoustic and biothermal model was used to evaluate the theoretical performance of the applicators. The model was based on the Pennes bioheat equation, incorporating dynamic changes in attenuation and perfusion as a function of temperature and thermal dose. The heating distribution of the tri-sectored transurethral applicators was evaluated within three in vivo canine prostates in a 0.5T interventional scanner. A multiple channel radio frequency amplifier system was located directly outside the MR suite and supplied power to an applicator. Filters were used to reduce RF noise from the amplifier cables and prevent degradation of the MR images. MR temperature monitoring during the treatment was accomplished using the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift method. The applied imaging parameters (TE/TR/flip/BW/FOV/slice = 21.4ms/150ms/60 o /12.5kHz/20x12cm/5mm) allowed the temperature map to be updated about every 15s. 4 Multiple experiments were carried out with three slices monitored and displayed continuously, either along the length of the applicator (coronal) or orthogonal to the applicator (axial). Results The in vivo experiments with multi-sectored transurethral ultrasound applicators displayed that the applicators could create continuous thermal lesions in a short amount of time (10min) and could be controlled with MR thermometry. Coronal MR temperature images of a tri-sectored transurethral applicator with two active sectors and two transducers are shown in Fig. 1. The applicator power levels were controlled to fit the 52 o
Cross SAGD (XSAGD)—An Accelerated Bitumen Recovery Alternative (2007)

Summary Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) (Butler 1991) has become the preferred in-situ recovery concept for Athabasca bitumen. However, to maintain steam-trap control, rates are limited by the close vertical spacing between the parallel horizontal wells. In Cross SAGD (XSAGD), the injection wells are perpendicular to the producing wells. Sections of the wells near the crossing points are either restricted from the start or later plugged to achieve a significant rate and thermal efficiency advantage over SAGD. This numerical-simulation study shows XSAGD especially advantageous in cases in which low pressure is required.
ForCES Applicability to SDN-Enhanced NFV (2014)

Networking has seen lately a surge in research and innovation with the re-emergence of network programmability in the form of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), a new approach for network data path configuration. SDN provides an abstraction model of the Forwarding Plane and separates it from the Control Plane using open APIs. In parallel, major telecom operators have embarked on an effort to bring the advantages of virtualization to carrier network infrastructures. Part of this effort was invested in establishing the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) Industry Specification Group (ISG) at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The NFV goal is to define how Network Functions (ranging from firewalls and load-balancers to routers and access elements) can be virtualized and run as software on high-volume servers instead of specialized hardware. This paper treats SDN and NFV as complementary concepts that together form a bigger picture in the domain of future carrier networks and discusses the complete lifecycle of such a network. In this context we present how ForCES can be used as the foundation for SDN-enhanced NFV and describe the blueprint for the Proof of Concept (PoC) prototype which has been introduced to the NFV ISG. A key goal of this paper is to concisely position carrier NFV and SDN activities under a unified framework.
Measurable Concepts for the Usability of Software Components (2011)

While usability has proven to be an important software quality attribute, its application to APIs is still rather uncommon. Available methods for measuring software usability show significant disadvantages when applied to APIs, like the need for test users and experienced evaluators. This makes it difficult to evaluate the usability of software components, as well as to compare different software components. An API usability measurement method is needed that is both machine-computable and objective. This paper takes a first step in the direction of such a measure by identifying measurable concepts for the usability of software components, and validating these concepts against existing studies and guidelines for usability and API design.
A Formation Mechanism for Catalytically Grown Helix-Shaped Graphite Nanotubes (1994)

The concept of a spatial-velocity hodograph is introduced to describe quantitatively the extrusion of a carbon tubule from a catalytic particle. The conditions under which a continuous tubular surface can be generated are discussed in terms of this hodograph, the shape of which determines the geometry of the initial nanotube. The model is consistent with all observed tubular shapes and explains why the formation process induces stresses that may lead to "spontaneous" plastic deformation of the tubule. This result is due to the violation of the continuity condition, that is, to the mismatch between the extrusion velocity by the catalytic particle, required to generate a continuous tubular surface, and the rate of carbon deposition.
Effects of pulse crop types and extrusion parameters on the physicochemical properties, in vitro and in vivo starch digestibility of pet foods (2022)

Abstract Background and objectives This study aimed to tackle the research gaps regarding how different pulse types and extrusion conditions influenced starch digestibility and quality attributes of extruded dry pet foods. Flours of round pea, lentil, faba bean, wrinkled pea, and rice (control) were selected to extrude dry pet foods under “mild” (C1) and “extreme” (C2) conditions. Physicochemical properties, in vitro and in vivo starch digestibility of the resulting pet foods were characterized. Findings Under both conditions, wrinkled pea pet foods showed significantly lower damaged/gelatinized‐starch contents and less molecular breakdown than other samples. For all the formulations, the C2 condition gelatinized and degraded starch to greater extents than C1. Consistent with the structural and physicochemical properties of the extrudates, wrinkled pea pet foods exhibited notably lower digestibility in both in vitro and in vivo studies than other formulations. Conclusions Both pulse types and extrusion parameters effectively impacted the quality and starch digestibility of the extruded pet foods. Wrinkled pea flours showed high amylose contents and could be a promising ingredient for producing pet foods rich in resistant starch. Significance and novelty This study revealed the interrelationships among the structures, physicochemical properties, and starch digestibility of extruded pet foods formulated with normal and high‐amylose pulse flours.