gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of DMDs for astrophysical research (2009)

A long-standing problem of astrophysical research is how to simultaneously obtain spectra of thousands of sources randomly positioned in the field of view of a telescope. Digital Micromirror Devices, used as optical switches, provide a most powerful solution allowing to design a new generation of instruments with unprecedented capabilities. We illustrate the key factors (opto-mechanical, cryo-thermal, cosmic radiation environment,...) that constrain the design of DMD-based multi-object spectrographs, with particular emphasis on the IR spectroscopic channel onboard the EUCLID mission, currently considered by the European Space Agency for a 2017 launch date.
Continuous B-cell epitopes in Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 60 (1993)

B-cell peptide epitopes in chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) were elucidated with antisera from 13 rabbits immunized with Chlamydia trachomatis serovars B, C, and L2 and antisera from eight women with C. trachomatis-associated ectopic pregnancies. Thirteen major epitopes were identified with the human sera, 10 of which were also observed with rabbit antisera. Seven of the 13 epitopes recognized by human antisera exhibited cross-reactive antibody binding to homologous peptide sequences in human hsp60. Self-reactive B-cell immunity to hsp60 may contribute to chlamydial disease pathogenesis.
The chemistry of terpenes. Part XVII. Synthesis of (+)-cis-homocaronic acid (cis-3-carboxymethyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid) and some related compounds (1974)

Ozonolysis, in methanol, of (+)-4α-actoxymethylcar-2-ene (7), decomposition of the ozonide with alkaline hydrogen peroxide, and esterification of the acidic products with diazomethane gave principally dimethyl (+)-cis-homocaronate (methyl-cis-3-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate)(4; R = Me) and (+)-cis-1-methoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(3-oxobutyl)cyclopropane (9). Also formed were (+)-cis-1-methoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(1-acetylcyclopropyl)methyl]cyclopropane (10), (+)-cis-1-methoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methoxymethyl-3-oxobutyl)cyclopropane (11) as a pair of epimers, and (+)-cis-1-methoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylene-3-oxobutyl)cyclopropane (12). (+)-cis-1-Methoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(2-acetyloxiran-2-yl)methyl]cyclopropane (18) is a precursor of (+)-cis-homocaronic ester. Ozonolysis, in methanol, of (+)-4α-acetylcar-2-ene (8) and treatment of the product as described for (7) also yielded (+)-cis-homocaronic ester, but the principal product was (+)-cis-1-methoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methoxycarbonlypropyl)cyclopropane (27). Ozonolysis of the ketone (8) in acetic acid or in pyridine gave (+)-cis-1-methoxycarbonyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-diacetylethyl)cyclopropane (28), which was oxidised with alkaline hydrogen peroxide to (+)-cis-homocaronic acid.
Bacterial scaffold directs pole-specific centromere segregation (2014)

Bacteria use partitioning systems based on the ParA ATPase to actively mobilize and spatially organize molecular cargoes throughout the cytoplasm. The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus uses a ParA-based partitioning system to segregate newly replicated chromosomal centromeres to opposite cell poles. Here we demonstrate that the Caulobacter PopZ scaffold creates an organizing center at the cell pole that actively regulates polar centromere transport by the ParA partition system. As segregation proceeds, the ParB-bound centromere complex is moved by progressively disassembling ParA from a nucleoid-bound structure. Using superresolution microscopy, we show that released ParA is recruited directly to binding sites within a 3D ultrastructure composed of PopZ at the cell pole, whereas the ParB-centromere complex remains at the periphery of the PopZ structure. PopZ recruitment of ParA stimulates ParA to assemble on the nucleoid near the PopZ-proximal cell pole. We identify mutations in PopZ that allow scaffold assembly but specifically abrogate interactions with ParA and demonstrate that PopZ/ParA interactions are required for proper chromosome segregation in vivo. We propose that during segregation PopZ sequesters free ParA and induces target-proximal regeneration of ParA DNA binding activity to enforce processive and pole-directed centromere segregation, preventing segregation reversals. PopZ therefore functions as a polar hub complex at the cell pole to directly regulate the directionality and destination of transfer of the mitotic segregation machine.
Unilateral dorsal column and rubrospinal tract injuries affect overground locomotion in the unrestrained rat (2003)

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of the rubrospinal pathway and the ascending components of the dorsal column for overground locomotion in adult, unrestrained rats. The dorsal column (excluding the corticospinal tract), the rubrospinal tract or both were damaged unilaterally in rats at the level of the upper cervical spinal cord. Behavioural analysis consisted of skilled locomotion (an evaluation of footslips during ladder walking), a paw usage task and the assessment of ground reaction forces during unrestrained locomotion. All lesioned animals used the forepaw ipsilateral to the lesions less while rearing. Animals with dorsal column injuries used the forelimb contralateral to the spinal injury significantly more while rearing compared with uninjured animals. All lesioned animals produced more footfalls while crossing the ladder compared with uninjured animals. All injuries, regardless of the pathway affected, resulted in significant alterations in body weight support and reduced braking forces from the forelimb ipsilateral to the injury during overground locomotion. Animals typically bore less weight on the hindlimb ipsilateral to the lesion compared with the hindlimb contralateral to the spinal injury. Taken together with previously published work, our data indicate that the rubrospinal and dorsal column pathways are important for forelimb support while rearing and for skilled locomotion. Additionally, the ascending dorsal column pathways and the rubrospinal tract play a role during flat surface overground locomotion and combined damage to these pathways does not alter the acquired gait.
Wizard of Wikipedia: Knowledge-Powered Conversational agents (2018)

In open-domain dialogue intelligent agents should exhibit the use of knowledge, however there are few convincing demonstrations of this to date. The most popular sequence to sequence models typically "generate and hope" generic utterances that can be memorized in the weights of the model when mapping from input utterance(s) to output, rather than employing recalled knowledge as context. Use of knowledge has so far proved difficult, in part because of the lack of a supervised learning benchmark task which exhibits knowledgeable open dialogue with clear grounding. To that end we collect and release a large dataset with conversations directly grounded with knowledge retrieved from Wikipedia. We then design architectures capable of retrieving knowledge, reading and conditioning on it, and finally generating natural responses. Our best performing dialogue models are able to conduct knowledgeable discussions on open-domain topics as evaluated by automatic metrics and human evaluations, while our new benchmark allows for measuring further improvements in this important research direction.
Nonsurgical orthodontic treatment of a hypodivergent adult patient with bilateral posterior scissors bite and excessive overjet (2018)

This report illustrates successful nonsurgical orthodontic treatment of a hypodivergent adult patient with bilateral posterior scissors bite (Brodie bite) and excessive overjet. A 26-year-old woman primarily reported maxillary incisor protrusion. She was diagnosed with Class ll division 1 malocclusion with skeletal Class I, short face, low mandibular plane angle and bilateral posterior scissors bite. A lingual arch with anterior bite block and posterior miniscrews with preadjusted edgewise appliances were used to improve the bilateral scissors bite. After achieving molar occlusion, the maxillary first premolars were extracted, and six miniscrews were used to improve the anterior-posterior and vertical discrepancies. After active treatment for 56 months, the convex facial profile with excessively protruded lips was improved and good interdigitation with ideal incisor relationship was achieved. Additionally, the irregular movements of the incisal path and the bilateral condyles during lateral excursion were improved. At 13 months of retention, a satisfactory facial profile, occlusion, and jaw movements were maintained. The treatment results suggest that miniscrews and fixed bite blocks were effective and efficient to facilitate correction of the bilateral scissors bite, excessive overjet, and vertical relationship correction in this nonsurgical orthodontic treatment.
Genetic dissection of mammalian ERAD through comparative haploid and CRISPR forward genetic screens (2016)

The application of forward genetic screens to cultured human cells represents a powerful method to study gene function. The repurposing of the bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 system provides an effective method to disrupt gene function in mammalian cells, and has been applied to genome-wide screens. Here, we compare the efficacy of genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-mediated forward genetic screens versus gene-trap mutagenesis screens in haploid human cells, which represent the existing 'gold standard' method. This head-to-head comparison aimed to identify genes required for the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of MHC class I molecules. The two approaches show high concordance (>70%), successfully identifying the majority of the known components of the canonical glycoprotein ERAD pathway. Both screens also identify a role for the uncharacterized gene TXNDC11, which we show encodes an EDEM2/3-associated disulphide reductase. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-mediated screens together with haploid genetic screens provide a powerful addition to the forward genetic toolbox.
Yet Another Accelerated SGD: ResNet-50 Training on ImageNet in 74.7 seconds (2019)

There has been a strong demand for algorithms that can execute machine learning as faster as possible and the speed of deep learning has accelerated by 30 times only in the past two years. Distributed deep learning using the large mini-batch is a key technology to address the demand and is a great challenge as it is difficult to achieve high scalability on large clusters without compromising accuracy. In this paper, we introduce optimization methods which we applied to this challenge. We achieved the training time of 74.7 seconds using 2,048 GPUs on ABCI cluster applying these methods. The training throughput is over 1.73 million images/sec and the top-1 validation accuracy is 75.08%.
Microalgae harvesting techniques: updates and recent technological interventions (2022)

Microalgal biomass has garnered attention as a renewable and sustainable resource for producing biodiesel. The harvesting of microalgal biomass is a significant bottleneck being faced by the industries as it is the crucial cost driver in the downstream processing of biomass. Bioharvesting of microalgal biomass mediated by: microbial, animal, and plant-based polymeric flocculants has gained a higher probability of utility in accumulation due to: its higher dewatering potential, less toxicity, and ecofriendly properties. The present review summarizes the key challenges and the technological advancements associated with various such harvesting techniques. The economic and technical aspects of different microalgal harvesting techniques, particularly the cationic polymeric flocculant-based harvesting of microalgal biomass, are also discussed. Furthermore, interactions of flocculants with microalgal biomass and the effects of these interactions on metabolite and lipid extractions are discussed to offer a promising solution for suitability in selecting the most efficient and economical method of microalgal biomass harvesting for cost-effective biodiesel production.
Influence of Transcriptional Activator RamA on Expression of Multidrug Efflux Pump AcrAB and Tigecycline Susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae (2005)

Tigecycline is an expanded broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is active against many clinically relevant species of bacterial pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae. The majority of K. pneumoniae isolates are fully susceptible to tigecycline; however, a few strains that have decreased susceptibility have been isolated. One isolate, G340 (for which the tigecycline MIC is 4 microg/ml and which displays a multidrug resistance [MDR] phenotype), was selected for analysis of the mechanism for this decreased susceptibility by use of transposon mutagenesis with IS903phikan. A tigecycline-susceptible mutant of G340, GC7535, was obtained (tigecycline MIC, 0.25 microg/ml). Analysis of the transposon insertion mapped it to ramA, a gene that was previously identified to be involved in MDR in K. pneumoniae. For GC7535, the disruption of ramA led to a 16-fold decrease in the MIC of tigecycline and also a suppression of MDR. Trans-complementation with plasmid-borne ramA restored the original parental phenotype of decreased susceptibility to tigecycline. Northern blot analysis revealed a constitutive overexpression of ramA that correlated with an increased expression of the AcrAB transporter in G340 compared to that in tigecycline-susceptible strains. Laboratory mutants of K. pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to tigecycline could be selected at a frequency of approximately 4 x 10(-8). These results suggest that ramA is associated with decreased tigecycline susceptibility in K. pneumoniae due to its role in the expression of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump.
The Heart‐Hemopump Interaction: A Study of Hemopump Flow as a Function of Cardiac Activity (1996)

The Hemopump is a useful left ventricular assist device. Because it is a rotary blood pump, the pump performance is not constant and is dependent on the cardiac cycle. We measured the static flow delivered by the pump at varying pressure heads (ΔP) in a mock circulation. These data are compared to the pump performance in vivo. On the basis of these results, 5 sheep were instrumented for continuous Hemopump flow measurement as well as left ventricular and aortic pressure measurements. The Hemopump flow was relayed instantaneously to the pressure head. Low filling and ventricular failing (through intravenous administration of a beta-blocker) conditions were applied. The in vivo measured flows also are pressure head dependent, but the flow curve shows hysteresis resulting in a loop during each cardiac cycle. The in vivo peak flows (AP = 0) are similar to the in vitro data. The in vivo means flows (A 50 mm Hg) are similar to the in vitro data for the lower pump speeds but are less than that at the higher pump speeds (3.74 ± 0.55 L/min in vivo at Speed 7 versus 4.6 L/min in vitro). Low filling interrupts the AP-flow loop and reduces flow. In the failing ventricle, AP increases and flow is reduced. The cannula leaks and results in aortic insufficiency (0.36 ± 0.05 L/min) when the pump is turned off. Several conclusions have been drawn from these tests: Cardiac activity is beneficial for the pump performance as well as when the aortic pressure curve is nonpulsatile; the longer the systolic phase, the higher the pump flow; the pump should never be turned off in clinical use; and filling is important for the pump's performance.
Electrical characteristics of n‐type diamond Schottky diodes and metal/diamond interfaces (2006)

Abstract Electrical characteristics of n‐type diamond Schottky diodes and metal/diamond interfaces have been systematically investigated for phosphorus (P)‐doped homoepitaxial diamond layers. The current–voltage ( I–V ) characteristics of the Ni/n‐type diamond Schottky diode show excellent rectification properties from 297 K to 773 K. The ideality factor and the rectification ratio were 1.0 and ∼10 6 at +10 V at 573 K, respectively. The rectifying properties deteriorated with increasing P concentration in the diamond layers. Temperature‐dependent capacitance–frequency ( C–f ) and conductance–frequency ( G–f ) measurements on the Schottky diodes have shown that the capacitance is reduced at high frequency due to the inability of deep centers to maintain an equilibrium ionization state under a high‐frequency modulation. C–V measurements deduced that the P electrical activity (the ratio of the net donor concentration to the P concentration) was nearly 1 from low concentration (1.6 × 10 16 cm –3 ) to high concentration (2.7 × 10 18 cm –3 ) of P. The Schottky barrier height was found to be almost constant at ∼4.3 eV independent of the metal work function (Ni, Pt, Al and Ti). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Animals in Disasters, House Hearing, 116th Congress (Hearing 116-54) (2020)

The Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management will meet on Wednesday, February 12, 2020, at 10:00 a.m. in 2167 Rayburn House Office Building, to receive testimony on ‘‘Animals in Disasters.’’ At the hearing, Members will receive testimony regarding several matters concerning animals in disasters. The Subcommittee will hear from the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; the Texas AM and Fairfax County, Virginia’s Fire & Rescue Department, the sponsoring agency of Virginia Task Force 1, a member team of the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Urban Search & Rescue System.
Differential gene expression in non‐malignant tumour microenvironment is associated with outcome in follicular lymphoma patients treated with rituximab and CHOP (2006)

Rituximab in combination with chemotherapy (immunochemotherapy) is one of the most effective treatments available for follicular lymphoma (FL). This study aimed to determine whether differences in gene expression in FL tissue correlate with outcome in response to rituximab and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) chemotherapy (R-CHOP). We divided 24 patients into long- [time to treatment failure (TTF) >35 months] and short-term (TTF <23 months) responders, and analysed the gene expression profiles of lymphoma tissue using oligonucleotide microarrays. We used a supervised learning technique to identify genes correlating with outcome, and confirmed the expression of selected genes with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Among the transcripts with a high correlation between microarray and qPCR analyses, we identified EPHA1, a tyrosine kinase involved in transepithelial migration, SMAD1, a transcription factor and a mediator of bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor-beta signalling, and MARCO, a scavenger receptor on macrophages. According to Kaplan-Meier estimates, high EPHA1, and low SMAD1 and MARCO expression were associated with better progression-free survival (PFS). Immunohistochemistry showed that EphA1 was primarily localised in granulocytes. In addition, both EphA1 and Smad1 were expressed in vascular endothelia. However, no difference in vasculature was detected between long- and short-term responders. In a validation set of 40 patients, a trend towards a better PFS was observed among patients with high EphA1 expression. We conclude that gene expression in non-malignant cells contributes to clinical outcome in R-CHOP-treated FL patients.
Evaluation of safety and efficacy of supirocin-B (mupirocin 2% + betamethasone dipropionate 0.05%) in infected dermatoses--a post marketing study. (2000)

The aim of the present post marketing study was to study the safety and efficacy of supirocin-B ointment (mupirocin 2% + betamethasone dipropionate 0.05%) in the treatment of infected dermatoses. For this purpose physicians from different parts of India were requested to keep the clinical records prospectively as per a specially designed proforma over a follow-up period of 7 days, whenever they prescribed supirocin-B ointment (mupirocin 2% + betamethasone dipropionate 0.05%) for local application, three times a day, to their patients having either primary infection complicated by dermatoses or dermatoses infected secondarily. From the analysis of 251 clinical records contributed by 27 physicians, it was evident that in clinical practice, supirocin-B ointment (mupirocin 2% + betamethasone dipropionate 0.05%) was found to be safe and very effective by physicians in the treatment of infected dermatoses in 94.8% of the patients. Similarly 92.4% of the patients reported more than 70% improvement in their symptoms after 7 days of treatment. No adverse effects were reported during the treatment period by any of the patients except worsening of skin lesions by one patient. Thus from this study, supirocin-B ointment (mupirocin 2% + betamethasone dipropionate 0.05%) seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of infected dermatoses.
The 2011 Tohoku (Japan) Tsunami Inundation and Liquefaction Investigated Through Optical, Thermal, and SAR Data (2012)

We studied the disastrous effects of the tsunami triggered by the Mw 9.0 earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011, offshore the Honshu island (Japan). The tsunami caused a huge amount of casualties and severe damage along most of the eastern coastline of the island. The data set used is composed of images from ASTER, visible and thermal, and ENVISAT SAR sensors. The processing and the analysis of data from different sources were performed in order to obtain the tsunami inundation map of the Sendai coastal area, to analyze inland factors driving the tsunami inundation, and to detect the liquefaction effects in the Chiba bay area as well. The obtained inundation line, with a maximum value of about 6 km, has been jointly analyzed with digital elevation model providing the run-up values, which are generally below 21 m in the ca. 60-km-long study area of Sendai. Moreover, from SAR coherence and intensity correlation, a wide area of subsidence is mapped at Chiba bay, which is reasonably related to strong ground shaking and pervasive liquefaction.
Antigen specificity of dual reactive T hybridomas determines the requirement for CD40 ligand-CD40 interactions (1997)

CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression on T cells is known to play a crucial role in B cell responses. Some evidence also supports a role for CD40L-CD40 interactions in T cell responses, at least in vivo. Whether the T cell requirement for these interactions is an invariable finding, however, is less clear. Here, we provide evidence that the Ag specificity of T cells influences the requirement for CD40L. T cell hybridomas with dual reactivity for two different Ags, allo-H2-Ap and Mls(a) superantigens, display a differential requirement for CD40L expression. Whereas the response to splenic APC expressing Mls(a) Ags requires CD40L expression, the response to alloantigen-bearing APC does not. The requirement for CD40L expression for the Mls(a) response appears to reflect a strong dependence of this response on ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and the ability of CD40-mediated signals to regulate ICAM-1 expression. These findings demonstrate that CD40L-CD40-mediated cross-talk is important for some but not all T cell responses and is influenced by both the type of Ag recognized and the type of APC.