gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of cation, temperature, and solvent on the stereoselectivity of the Horner-Emmons reaction of trimethyl phosphonoacetate with aldehydes (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of cation, temperature, and solvent on the stereoselectivity of the Horner-Emmons reaction of trimethyl phosphonoacetate with aldehydesScott K. Thompson and Clayton H. HeathcockCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 10, 3386–3388Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00297a076https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00297a076research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2536Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Is pegylated interferon superior to interferon, with ribavarin, in chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2/3? (2008)

Over the past decade, significant improvements have been made in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), especially with the introduction of combined therapy using both interferon and ribavarin. The optimal dose and duration of treatment is still a matter of debate and, importantly, the efficacy of this combined treatment varies with the viral genotype responsible for infection. In general, patients infected with viral genotypes 2 or 3 more readily achieve a sustained viral response than those infected with viral genotype 1. The introduction of a pegylated version of interferon in the past decade has produced better clinical outcomes in patients infected with viral genotype 1. However, the published literature shows no improvement in clinical outcomes in patients infected with viral genotypes 2 or 3 when they are treated with pegylated interferon as opposed to non-pegylated interferon, both given in combination with ribavarin. This is significant because the cost of a 24-wk treatment with pegylated interferon in less-developed countries is between six and 30 times greater than that of treatment with interferon. Thus, clinicians need to carefully consider the cost-versus-benefit of using pegylated interferon to treat CHC, particularly when there is no evidence for clinically measurable benefits in patients with genotypes 2 and 3 infections.
Bimodal signatures of germline methylation are linked with gene expression plasticity in the coral Acropora millepora (2014)

Our results support a connection between differential germline methylation and gene expression flexibility across environments and populations. Studies of phylogenetically basal invertebrates such as corals will further elucidate the fundamental functional aspects of gene body methylation in Metazoa.
ILLUMINATION BOX FOR COLOUR VISION TESTS (1972)

An arrangement for the appropriate illumination of colour vision tests is described. It is intended for clinical and laboratory use.
Role of Th17 and Treg during the Chronic Infection of Hepatitis C Virus (2015)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of liver disease. 1~2% of the Korean people has been reported to be infected by HCV. Although HCV is less infectious than hepatitis B virus (HBV), it is more prone to develop chronic infection (~ 80%) which may link to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinogenesis. In addition, prevalence of hepatitis caused by HCV infection is gradually increased every year in Korea. Recently, a large number of clinical trials using direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs have been shown efficient therapeutic results for chronic HCV infections and some of them are on the market. However, there is still a concern on viral evasion to the DAAs and the effective mechanisms of immunological clearance of HCV remains to be elucidated. Here, we introduce the recent findings on the role of Th17-Treg axis which may play a critical role of the viral pathogenesis and/or immunological defense against HCV infection. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of Th17-Treg axis might be a potential candidate for the better control of HCV chronic infections.
Coxeter Groups and Asynchronous Cellular Automata (2010)

The dynamics group of an asynchronous cellular automaton (ACA) relates properties of its long term dynamics to the structure of Coxeter groups. The key mathematical feature connecting these diverse fields is involutions. Group-theoretic results in the latter domain may lead to insight about the dynamics in the former, and vice-versa. In this article, we highlight some central themes and common structures, and discuss novel approaches to some open and open-ended problems. We introduce the state automaton of an ACA, and show how the root automaton of a Coxeter group is essentially part of the state automaton of a related ACA.
A Silylated C–H Acid Catalyst for Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reactions of Cinnamates (2016)

Key words C–H acids - Lewis acids - catalysis - Diels–Alder reaction - cinnamates
<title>Multiscale shape analysis: beyond the normality and independence of noise</title> (1999)

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for extracting a non smooth shape from its noisy observation. The key ideal is to project the noisy shape onto a set of orthogonal subspaces at different resolutions, and construct scale space representation gleaned from the locally smoothed shape. Using the curvature we proceed to filter the high resolution scale subspace by projecting it onto the scale which is in turn used for the reconstruction. Inspired by the conjugate mirror filter and the wavelet decomposition synergy, we propose a curvature based filter operating at different scales and with minimal knowledge about the noise statistics.
Quantitive limitations of laser-induced incandescence in practical combustion environments (1998)

Soot mass concentrations were measured with laser-induced incandescence in a nonreacting flow. The behavior of the LII signal with respect to soot concentration, particle size, and temperature was isolated with the use of a controlled soot generating device. This device was also intended to simulate an environment similar to a jet engine exhaust. Reduction of inteference signals and high detection sensitivity was achieved with the use of a Nd:YAG laser at its fundamental wavelength and broadband detection from 570 to 850 run. The technique yielded LII signals nearly proportional to soot concentration over 4 orders of magnitude, with promise of detecting soot concentration to 1 part per trillion. The detection setup was designed, according to a model of the LII process, to reduce dependence on local gas temperature and soot particle size. Experimental results agreed with the model predictions in terms of particle size dependence. Also, LII signals were observed for gas temperatures from 70 to 300 °C, the latter approaching temperatures typical of an engine exhaust. No dependence on temperature was found over this range.
The effects of dietary supplementation with Yucca schidigera extract or fractions thereof on nitrogen metabolism and gastrointestinal fermentation processes in the rat (1998)

Yucca schidigera was fractionated with butan-1-ol, yielding a butanol-extractable (BE) fraction, containing all the in vitro antimicrobial activity, and the aqueous, non-butanol-extractable (NBE) fraction. Four groups of five female rats (12 weeks old) were allowed ad libitum access to diets supplemented with water (control) or 200 mg kg−1 total Y schidigera (TOT) or its fraction equivalent of NBE or BE for 64 days. The effects of the fractions and their interactions in the TOT treatment were analysed according to the factorial experimental structure by two-way ANOVA. NBE reduced serum urea (-50%, P=0·019) and ammonia (-46%, P=0·037) concentrations, serum/urine concentration quotients of urea (-79%, P=0·009) and ammonia (-57%, P=0·002). NBE also reduced hindgut acetate/propionate (-12%, P=0·007) but increased faecal ammonia concentration (+87%, P=0·039). BE reduced hindgut indoles (-25%, P=0·023) and interacted synergystically with NBE in the TOT treatment to further reduce hindgut acetate/propionate by 6% (P=0·006). NBE increased (+27%, P=0·002) and BE decreased (-57%, P=0·005) hindgut urease activity levels, resulting in essentially no change (+4%) in the TOT treatment. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Y schidigera is an unlikely explanation for most of its effects in vivo because these are caused by NBE and in vitro antimicrobial activity is exclusive to BE. Sarsasapogenin and smilagenin were also exclusive (>98%) to BE and cannot account for the effects of Y schidigera on N metabolism. © 1998 SCI.
Paper 217: Posterior Stabilized TKA's are Less Sensitive to Implantation Tightness than PCL‐Retaining Designs: A Biomechanical Study (2012)

Restricted range of motion or excessive laxity are potential complications of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In contrast patients demand more function for daily activities. To achieve a good function after TKA is important but the aim for all patients should be a better flexion to kneel, work and live without restrictions. Hence the present study was to investigate the effects of implantation tightness on soft tissue strain during passive range of motion.
Salt Tolerance in the Triticeae: The Contribution of the D Genome to Cation Selectivity in Hexaploid Wheat (1987)

Journal Article Salt Tolerance in the Triticeae: The Contribution of the D Genome to Cation Selectivity in Hexaploid Wheat Get access S. H. SHAH, S. H. SHAH 1Centre for Arid Zone Studies, Department of Biochemistry and Soil ScienceUniversity College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, Wales, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. GORHAM, J. GORHAM 3 1Centre for Arid Zone Studies, Department of Biochemistry and Soil ScienceUniversity College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, Wales, U.K. 3To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. P. FORSTER, B. P. FORSTER 2Plant Breeding InstituteMaris Lane, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 2LQ, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. G. WYN JONES R. G. WYN JONES 1Centre for Arid Zone Studies, Department of Biochemistry and Soil ScienceUniversity College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, Wales, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 38, Issue 2, February 1987, Pages 254–269, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/38.2.254 Published: 01 February 1987 Article history Received: 25 May 1986 Published: 01 February 1987
Purification and characterization of the IM-2-binding protein from Streptomyces sp. strain FRI-5 (1995)

IM-2 [(2R,3R,1'R)-2-(1'-hydroxybutyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)butanolide] of Streptomyces sp. strain FRI-5 is one of the butyrolactone autoregulators of Streptomyces species and triggers production of blue pigment as well as the nucleoside antibiotics showdomycin and minimycin. A tritium-labeled IM-2 analogue, 2,3-trans-2(1'-beta-hydroxy-[4',5'-3H]pentyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)butano lide ([3H]IM-2-C5; 40 Ci/mmol), was synthesized for a competitive binding assay, and an IM-2-specific binding protein was found to be present in the crude cell extract of Streptomyces sp. strain FRI-5. During cultivation for 24 h, the specific IM-2-binding activity increased rapidly, reached a plateau at 10 to 14 h, and declined sharply thereafter, showing only 6% activity after 24 h of cultivation. A Scatchard plot of the binding data demonstrated that the dissociation constant (Kd) for [3H]IM-2-C5 was 1.3 nM, while the Kd for a 3H-labeled virginiae butanolide (VB) analogue, 2-(1'-alpha-hydroxy-[6',7'-3H]heptyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)butanolide ([3H]VB-C7), another butyrolactone autoregulator possessing the opposite configuration at C-1' was 35 nM. Furthermore, at a 15-fold molar excess, the effectiveness of several autoregulators as nonlabeled competitive ligands against [3H]IM-2-C5 was IM-2 type > VB-C type >> A-factor type, indicating that the binding protein in Streptomyces sp. strain FRI-5 is highly specific toward IM-2. Ultracentrifugation showed that the IM-2-binding protein is present almost exclusively in the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction, indicating that the binding protein is a cytoplasmic soluble protein. The binding protein was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, Sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration, DEAE-5PW high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and phenyl-5PW HPLC. The apparent Mr of the native IM-2-binding protein as determined by molecular sieve HPLC was about 60,000 in the presence of 0.5, 0.3, or 0.1 M KCl, while by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was about 27,000, suggesting that the native binding protein is present in the form of a dimer.
New Approach for Modeling Progressive Cavity Pumps Performance (2003)

Abstract Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) performance has been traditionally modeled as a composition of Couette flow and Poiseuille flow, represented by pump displacement and internal slip respectively. Pump displacement can be easily calculated from pump components geometry, but calculating internal slip is not a trivial problem. Previous studies have proposed to use Hagen-Poiseuille equation for modeling internal slip flow, assuming a constant interference value. In these studies slippage gap area is not clearly defined, so great results have not been reached. This study introduces a new approach for modeling single lobe PCP performance. Slip flow is modeled as the result of two components, one of them due to the movement of the rotor and the other one due to the differential pressure between cavities, assuming that slippage gap area depends on the stator material. This assumption is based on the analysis of metallic, elastomer and PTFE stator PCP characteristic curves, obtained from experimental data of previous works. The existence of a strong relationship between slippage gap area and differential pressure, related to mechanical properties of stator material, is demonstrated. Thus, internal deformation of stator is identified as the main parameter to be understood before predicting PCP performance. For a polymer stator PCP this relationship approximates to a quadratic form, while in a metallic stator PCP a constant gap area can be assumed. Although the proposed model is not able to fit data for any PCP models, its results agree with the ideas proposed above and documented PCP performance theory. In order to obtain a definitive model, future investigation is needed to improve expressions for calculating friction factor inside the pump and also to define a procedure for obtaining gap area relationships for any type of stator material.
Screening properties of four mesoscale smoothed charge models, with application to dissipative particle dynamics (2014)

We extend our previous study [J. Chem. Phys. 138, 204907 (2013)] to quantify the screening properties of four mesoscale smoothed charge models used in dissipative particle dynamics. Using a combination of the hypernetted chain integral equation closure and the random phase approximation, we identify regions where the models exhibit a real-valued screening length, and the extent to which this agrees with the Debye length in the physical system. We find that the second moment of the smoothed charge distribution is a good predictor of this behaviour. We are thus able to recommend a consistent set of parameters for the models.
Progressive Volume Loss and White Matter Degeneration in Cstb-Deficient Mice: A Diffusion Tensor and Longitudinal Volumetry MRI Study (2014)

Unverricht-Lundborg type progressive myoclonus epilepsy (EPM1, OMIM 254800) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by onset at the age of 6 to 16 years, incapacitating stimulus-sensitive myoclonus and tonic-clonic epileptic seizures. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cystatin B. Previously, widespread white matter changes and atrophy has been detected both in adult EPM1 patients and in 6-month-old cystatin B-deficient mice, a mouse model for the EPM1 disease. In order to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the brain atrophy and white matter changes in EPM1, we conducted longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging accompanied with tract-based spatial statistics analysis to compare volumetric changes and fractional anisotropy in the brains of 1 to 6 months of age cystatin B-deficient and control mice. The results reveal progressive but non-uniform volume loss of the cystatin B-deficient mouse brains, indicating that different neuronal populations possess distinct sensitivity to the damage caused by cystatin B deficiency. The diffusion tensor imaging data reveal early and progressive white matter alterations in cystatin B-deficient mice affecting all major tracts. The results also indicate that the white matter damage in the cystatin B-deficient brain is most likely secondary to glial activation and neurodegenerative events rather than a primary result of CSTB deficiency. The data also show that diffusion tensor imaging combined with TBSS analysis provides a feasible approach not only to follow white matter damage in neurodegenerative mouse models but also to detect fractional anisotropy changes related to normal white matter maturation and reorganisation.
SDHA Loss-of-Function Mutations in KIT-PDGFRA Wild-Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Identified by Massively Parallel Sequencing (2011)

Approximately 10%-15% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in adults do not harbor any mutation in the KIT or PDGFRA genes (ie, KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs). Recently, mutations in SDHB and SDHC (which encode succinate dehydrogenase subunits B and C, respectively) but not in SDHA and SDHD (which encode subunits A and D, respectively) were identified in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs. To search for novel pathogenic mutations, we sequenced the tumor transcriptome of two young adult patients who developed sporadic KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs by using a massively parallel sequencing approach. The only variants identified as disease related by computational analysis were in SDHA. One patient carried the homozygous nonsense mutation p.Ser384X, the other patient was a compound heterozygote harboring a p.Arg31X nonsense mutation and a p.Arg589Trp missense mutation. The heterozygous nonsense mutations in both patients were present in germline DNA isolated from peripheral blood. Protein structure analysis indicates that all three mutations lead to functional inactivation of the protein. This is the first report, to our knowle dge, that identifies SDHA inactivation as a common oncogenic event in GISTs that lack a mutation in KIT and PDGFRA.
Anovel power management strategies inPV‐wind‐based grid connected hybrid renewable energy system using proportional distribution algorithm (2021)

This paper proposes a new management algorithm and operation of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) connected to the power system. The whole hybrid system is managed in such a manner that it can produce as much needed by the grid system. The proposed algorithm is used to distribute proportionally the active and reactive power references to the PV source and wind generators according to their ability contribution. Based on the available active powers and the ability on reactive power of each sub-system, the references are calculated using a proportional distribution algorithm and sent individually by the principal controller to each auxiliary controller. The analysis of the simulation results obtained under Matlab/Simulink shows the effectiveness of the proposed management algorithm and the flexibility of the hybrid renewable energy system studied.
Do We Really Understand Quantum Mechanics? (2012)

Quantum mechanics is a very successful theory that has impacted on many areas of physics, from pure theory to applications. However, it is difficult to interpret, and philosophical contradictions and counterintuitive results are apparent at a fundamental level. In this book, Laloë presents our current understanding of the theory. The book explores the basic questions and difficulties that arise with the theory of quantum mechanics. It examines the various interpretations that have been proposed, describing and comparing them and discussing their success and difficulties. The book is ideal for researchers in physics and mathematics who want to know more about the problems faced in quantum mechanics but who do not have specialist knowledge in the subject. It will also interest philosophers of science, as well as all scientists who are curious about quantum physics and its peculiarities.
Toxic Proteins Inhibiting Protein Synthesis (2020)

This chapter describes the toxins are proteins produced by plants or microrganisms, and they share the property of inhibiting protein synthesis by acting catalytic ally, although the mechanisms sometimes differ. The native molecule is higly toxic for animals and cultured cells. It catalytically inhibits protein synthesis in cultured cells, but has no enzymatic activity in a cell-free system. The protein is produced as a single polypeptide chain, devoid of enzymatic activity in a cell-free system. Activation occurs with mild denaturating agents that are able to unfold the protein chain, or as a result of limited proteolysis and thiol reduction as for diphtheria toxin. A single-chain protein with antiviral properties isolated from the leaves of Phytolacca americana and designated “pokeweed antiviral protein” inhibits protein synthesis by a mechanism identical to that of ricin A-chain. Ricin and related toxins inhibit protein synthesis in both intact animal cells and cell-free systems.
Recognition of the True and False Resonance Raman Optical Activity (2021)

Resonance Raman optical activity (RROA) possesses all aspects of a sensitive tool for molecular detection, but its measurement remains challenging. We demonstrate that reliable recording of RROA of chiral colorful compounds is possible, but only after considering the effect of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) on the ROA spectra induced by the dissolved chiral compound. We show RROA for a number of model vitamin B<sub>12</sub> derivatives that are chemically similar but exhibit distinctively different spectroscopic behavior. The ECD/ROA effect is proportional to the concentration and dependent on the optical pathlength of the light propagating through the sample. It can severely alter relative band intensities and signs in the natural RROA spectra. The spectra analyses are supported by computational modeling based on density functional theory. Neglecting the ECD effect during ROA measurement can lead to misinterpretation of the recorded spectra and erroneous conclusions about the molecular structure.
Diagnosis of Plus Disease in Retinopathy of Prematurity Using Retinal Image multiScale Analysis (2005)

The strong performance of RISA parameters in this sample suggests that RISA may be useful for diagnosing plus disease in preterm infants with ROP.