gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micromachined L-switching matrix (2003)

Explosion in Internet applications has stimulated active research activities in expanding the capability of the current telecommunication networks. These activities include implementing faster electronics to process the higher data bit rates, or developing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques, and novel optical networks components to increase the information carrying capacity of the optical networks. As the data bit rates increases, it will become increasingly difficult to implement an electronic switching fabric solution. It is known that the information carrying laser beams should be dealt with at the optical level. One of most promising optical network components is micromachined optical cross connect switches. We present a new crossbar switching design methodology that decreases the number of mirrors and electrodes needed while maintaining the same non-blocking port switching capability. More importantly, this new architecture also reduces the distance of free-space propagation of light beams, thus reducing the loss due to Guassian-beam divergence during free-space propagation of light.
Catalyst Characterization Science (1985)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Mössbauer emission spectroscopy (MES), and activity tests show that arsenic poisons hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts by affecting the chemical nature of the sulfided catalyst. Activity tests show that Co-Mo/ Al2O3 and Mo/Al2O3 catalysts are deactivated when arsenic is added to the catalyst, either as a contaminant from the reactor feed or as As2O5 by laboratory impregnation. XPS shows one form of arsenic, As+5, on the calcined catalyst and two forms, probably As+3 and Aso, on the sulfided catalyst. XPS also shows sintering of the molybdenum on the sulfided catalyst. We have used MES to study the effect of arsenic on the Co-Mo-S phase (believed to be active for HDS). Arsenic does not destroy this structure, but alters its electronic state. The arsenic appears to be interacting strongly with the cobalt, possibly filling the anion vacancies with atoms or clusters.
MHC Class I–Presented Tumor Antigens Identified in Ovarian Cancer by Immunoproteomic Analysis Are Targets for T-Cell Responses against Breast and Ovarian Cancer (2011)

Mixtures of specific peptides identified as naturally presented on cancer cells and capable of activating tumor-specific T cells in vitro also initiate or augment immune responses toward solid tumors in cancer patients.
Refractive microlens array for wave-front analysis in the medium to hard x-ray range (2004)

We report an alternative approach to x-ray wave-front analysis that uses a refractive microlens array as a Shack-Hartmann sensor. The sensor was manufactured by self-assembly and electroplating techniques and is suitable for high-resolution wave-front analysis of medium to hard x rays. We demonstrate its effectiveness at an x-ray energy of 3 keV for analysis of x-ray wave-front perturbations caused by microscopic objects. The sensor has potential advantages over other methods for x-ray phase imaging and will also be useful for the characterization of x-ray beams and optics.
Distinct roles for phosphoinositide 3-kinases γ and δ in malignant B cell migration (2018)

The PI 3-kinases (PI3K) are essential mediators of chemokine receptor signaling necessary for migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and their interaction with tissue-resident stromal cells. While the PI3Kδ-specific inhibitor idelalisib shows efficacy in treatment of CLL and other B cell malignancies, the function of PI3Kγ has not been extensively studied in B cells. Here, we assess whether PI3Kγ has non-redundant functions in CLL migration and adhesion to stromal cells. We observed that pharmaceutical PI3Kγ inhibition with CZC24832 significantly impaired CLL cell migration, while dual PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor duvelisib had a greater impact than single isoform-selective inhibitors. Knockdown of PI3Kγ reduced migration of CLL cells and cell lines. Expression of the PI3Kγ subunits increased in CLL cells in response to CD40L/IL-4, whereas BCR cross-linking had no effect. Overexpression of PI3Kγ subunits enhanced cell migration in response to SDF1α/CXCL12, with the strongest effect observed within ZAP70 + CLL samples. Microscopic tracking of cell migration within chemokine gradients revealed that PI3Kγ functions in gradient sensing and impacts cell morphology and F-actin polarization. PI3Kγ inhibition also reduced CLL adhesion to stromal cells to a similar extent as idelalisib. These findings provide the first evidence that PI3Kγ has unique functions in malignant B cells.
Looking for the Lost Lithium: Lithium Trapping and Its Effect on Capacity Losses in Li-Ion Batteries (2020)

Rechargeable lithium batteries are well-known to exhibit progressive capacity decays upon cycling, leading to loss of cell voltage, power and energy. However, the origins of capacity losses are still not fully understood and are largely attributed to the formation of a solid electrolyte interface layer and volume expansion. Another largely overlook capacity decay mechanism is lithium trapping 1–4 . Lithium trapping, caused by incomplete delithiation, is here demonstrated to be the main source of capacity losses in high energy density anodes (e.g. Si) while SEI formation and dissolution affect the accumulated capacity loss due to decreased coulombic efficiency. In the following paper we will present our findings on capacity losses in standard and optimized Si-Li half cells and how these systems affect lithium trapping inside the active electrode material. We will discuss how the cycling protocol (e.g. full capacity cycling vs coulombic limited cycling) can mask signs of Li trapping and temporarily delay capacity decay in half-cells. We will highlight the importance of lithium-trapping induced capacity or voltage decays effect in lithium-based batteries, explain the mechanism for lithium-trapping and establish diffusion-controlled lithium-trapping models. Approaches toward identifying and circumventing lithium-trapping problem will also be discussed as well as challenges and proposed future research directions within this exciting and important research field. Figure 1. Capacity evolution for an optimized nano-Silicon composite electrode in a half-cell configuration during coulombic limited cycling (i.e. 1200 mAh/g). Critical capacity decay is observed when the accumulated trapped lithium has saturated the electrode core and counteracts the deposited Li layer 1 . References 1. Lindgren, F. et al. On the Capacity Losses Seen for Optimized Nano‐Si Composite Electrodes in Li‐Metal Half‐Cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 9 , 1901608 (2019). 2. Rehnlund, D . et al. Lithium trapping in alloy forming electrodes and current collectors for lithium based batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 10 , 1350–1357 (2017). 3. Rehnlund, D. , Pettersson, J., Edström, K. &amp; Nyholm, L. Lithium Trapping in Microbatteries Based on Lithium- and Cu 2 O-Coated Copper Nanorods. ChemistrySelect 3 , 2311–2314 (2018). 4. Zhu, B. et al. Minimized lithium trapping by isovalent isomorphism for high initial Coulombic efficiency of silicon anodes. Sci. Adv. 5 , eaax0651 (2019). Figure 1
A near optimal approach to quality of service data replication scheduling (2004)

This paper describes an approach to real-time decision-making for quality of service based scheduling of distributed asynchronous data replication. The proposed approach addresses uncertainty and variability in the quantity of data to replicate over low bandwidth fixed communication links. A dynamic stochastic knapsack is used to model the acceptance policy with dynamic programming optimization employed to perform offline optimization. The obtained optimal values of the input variables are used to build and train a multi-layer neural network. The obtained neural network weights and configuration can be used to perform near optimal accept/reject decisions in real-time. Off-line processing is used to establish the initial acceptance policy and to verify that the system continues to perform near-optimally. The proposed approach is implemented via simulation enabling the evaluation of a variety of scenarios and refinement of the scheduling portion of the model. The preliminary results are very promising.
Compact 10 GHz loopback arrayed-waveguide grating for high-fidelity optical arbitrary waveform generation (2008)

We demonstrate a high-performance optical arbitrary waveform shaper based on a single 10 GHz arrayed-waveguide grating with 64 loopback waveguides and integrated amplitude and phase modulators on each waveguide. The design is compact and self-aligning and allows for bidirectional operation. The device's complex transfer function is manipulated and measured over the full 640 GHz passband. To demonstrate optical arbitrary waveform shaping, high-fidelity 15-line shaped waveforms are measured with cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating.
Presbyfagie: de invloed van het primair verouderingsproces op de slikfunctie (2014)

PRESBYPHAGIA: THE INFLUENCE OF PRIMARY AGING ON SWALLOWING FUNCTION: Elderly often get confronted with swallowing difficulties. It is important to differentiate between presbyphagia, which describes the influence of primary aging on swallow function and dysphagia, which is a pathological swallowing disorder caused by age related diseases and their treatment. In this literature overview the focus is on presbyphagia. The influence of primary aging on the oropharyngeal swallowing function and on other body functions that are indirectly related to swallowing will be discussed. From the literature we learn that in primary aging a number of functions stay preserved, a number of functions deteriorate, and some compensatory mechanisms are evident. The swallow safety as such however, stays preserved. To conclude with we discuss some clinical implications concerning both the detection of swallowing disorders in the elderly and the establishment of preventive action for the healthy elderly.
Hybrid Support Vector Machine for imbalanced data in multiclass arrhythmia classification (2010)

Automatically classifying ECG recordings for arrhythmia is difficult since even normal ECG signals exhibit irregularities, and learning algorithms suffer from class imbalance. We propose a hybrid SVM to combat class imbalance rampant in biomedical signals. Consequently, we significantly reduce the number patients falsely classified as normal. The Hybrid SVM is suitable for a variety of multiclass problems; here, we used the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database, and the position and magnitude of local singularities as features. We enhance relevant singularity-driven Holder features proposed earlier; while the use of these features results in higher accuracy, using the Hybrid SVM shows even more gains.
Meso-aryl-ß-pyrrolic positions interactions in meso-tetraarylporphyrins: Flat arylporphyrins and building blocks for oligoporphyrins (2004)

Aryl groups bound to the meso positions of porphyrins often react with neighboring groups, in particular ß-acyl groups to give highly diversified monomeric and dimeric new functionalized porphyrins. The products, whose meso-aryl ring approaches coplanarity with the porphyrin macrocycle, show large shifts of UV-visible absorption bands and various potentialities for building external chelating moieties and assembling oligoporphyrins.
The carriage and delivery of substances to lymphatic tissues by recirculating lymphocytes. I. The concentration of ricin in lymphocyte traffic areas. (1985)

Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) were loaded in vitro with ricin before intravenous injection into syngeneic rats. TDL that had been incubated at 10 micrograms of ricin/5 X 10(7) cells/ml migrated from the blood into the spleen and lymph nodes (LN) according to the physiological pattern, and TDL incubated at 10 times that concentration were only slightly impaired in their ability to enter LN. The transfer of cells to recipients with thoracic duct fistulae indicated that very few ricin-treated lymphocytes left the LN to recirculate back to lymph. Most of the ricin-loaded lymphocytes died within the lymphatic tissues, probably between 7 and 15 hr after injection. The ricin toxicity was transferred locally, causing selective damage to the cell population within the traffic areas of the lymphatic tissues without disrupting the tissue architecture. This pattern of intensive cell destruction was not seen after a lethal dose of free ricin, which caused more diffuse and less severe damage to the spleen and LN, proving that lymphocytes are effective carriers of ricin. The surviving host lymphocytes were distributed abnormally, presumably because of the obvious damage to small blood vessels in LN and elsewhere. Lymphocytes accumulated especially in the red pulp of the spleen. Although the method described has drawbacks, it might be developed in order to concentrate ricin in the vicinity of neoplastic cells in diffuse lymphomas and leukaemias.
Modeling Temperatures and Spectral Properties of Phobos and Deimos from CRISM and OMEGA Data (2010)

The spectral radiances of Phobos and Deimos measured by the CRISM and OMEGA instruments are composed of both reflected solar and thermally emitted contributions. Thermal emission is controlled by surface temperature, and becomes increasingly important at longer wavelengths (> 2.5μm). Here we present a method to estimate surface temperatures using pairs of spectra from locations with the same emissivity but different temperatures. Knowing the surface temperature allows us to model the reflected and emitted contributions to the total radiance, retrieve spectral reflectance, and interpret important mineralogical information.
Fast approximate reciprocal approximations for iterative algorithms (2020)

The reciprocal function, 1/x, is important for many real-time algorithms. It is used in a large variety of algorithms from areas ranging from iterative estimation to machine learning. Many of these algorithms are iterative in nature and require the online computation of the reciprocal. Such an iterative structure often prevents effective use of pipelining for implementation of the reciprocal. For this reason, a reciprocal algorithm requiring only a low amount of clock cycles is desired. Many real-time algorithms, often being of approximate nature, can tolerate the use of only an approximate solution of the reciprocal. For this reason, we present a low complexity non-iterative approximation of the reciprocal function. This approximation can be calculated using only combinatorial logic. We present synthesis results showing that the proposed approach can be implemented with low area requirements at high clock frequencies. We analytically describe the error of the approximation and show that by optimizing a constant value used in the approximation, different variants with different error behaviors can be obtained. We furthermore present performance results of application examples that, when using our proposed method, show only negligible performance degradation compared to when using the exact reciprocal function, demonstrating the versatility of our proposed approach.
Structural characterization of a novel class of glycophosphosphingolipids from the protozoan Leptomonas samueli. (1992)

Aqueous phenol extraction of the lower trypanosomatid Leptomonas samueli released into the aqueous layer a chloroform/methanol/water-soluble glycophosphosphingolipid fraction. Alkaline degradation and purification by gel filtration chromatography resulted in a tetrasaccharide (phosphatidylinositol (PI)-oligosaccharide A), and a pentasaccharide (PI-oligosaccharide B), each containing 2 mol of 2-aminoethylphosphonate and 1 mol of phosphate. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry suggested that the structure of PI-oligosaccharide A is [formula: see text] and that of PI-oligosaccharide B is as shown. [formula: see text] Both compounds contain an inositol unit linked to ceramide via a phosphodiester bridge. The major aliphatic components of the ceramide portion are stearic acid, lignoceric acid, and C20-phytosphingosine. These novel glycolipids fall within the glycosylated phosphatidylinositol (GPI) family, since they contain the core structure Man alpha (1-->4)GlcNH2 alpha (1-->6)myo-inositol-1-PO4, which is also found in the glycoinositolphospholipids and lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania spp., the L. major promastigote surface protease, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein, and the lipopeptidophosphoglycan of Trypanosoma cruzi. The glycophosphosphingolipids of Leptomonas have features in common with the glycolipids of both Leishmania and T. cruzi, resembling the former by the alpha (1-->3) linkage of mannose to the GPI core, while the 2-aminoethylphosphonate substituent on O-6 of glucosamine and the presence of ceramide in place of glycerol lipids is more reminiscent of T. cruzi. Thus these data lend some support to the hypothesis that both T. cruzi and Leishmania evolved from a Leptomonas-like ancestor.
Magnetoreflectivity study of type I - type II transition in CdTe/(Cd, Mn)Te quantum wells (1993)

The magnetic field induced type I - type II transition in a 20-Å-thick CdTe/Cd0.875Mn0.125Te single quantum well has been documented by the resonance light reflection measurements. The pronounced splitting of the lower Zeeman-component exciton resonance has been observed to appear at 1.5T and to increase at higher fields, which manifests the formation of direct and indirect exciton states in the type II quantum well.
Fundamental Properties of Coal for Its Utilization (1985)

石炭は本来高分子有機化合物であるからその構造が解析されれば,利用技術における変化過程は化学反応としてとらえられるはずである.しかし石炭があまりにも複雑すぎるため,このような研究の進め方があまり行われてこなかつたのではないかと思う.そこで著者らなりの石炭研究の進め方を述べてみる.まず石炭の組織成分ごとの化学構造の解析を一歩一歩と着実に進め,知見の深化をしていくことではないだろうか.近年,固体状態でも測定できるような有機分析装置の開発が進んでおり,それらをとり入れながら確実に行つていく必要がある.次にそれと並行して石炭利用技術ごとにその変化過程を化学反応の観点から調べていくことである.たとえばくり返しになるが,石炭を風化させるとそのコークス化性,流動性は著しく変化する.これを化学反応の観点から調べていけば,ある特定のかつ微量の成分が反応に決定的な影響を与えていることが見いだされるかも知れない.このような研究の進め方により,各利用技術ごとにばらばらに得られていた経験的な特性値がどの技術にも共通なかつ科学的な特性値としてまとめられていくであろう.ある日,工場長が反応炉内の温度を見ながら,今度は少し芳香族性の高い石炭を装入しようといい,決して石炭銘柄名を言わない時代がくるであろうか.道は遠いが一歩一歩進んでいくしかないであろう.
Gain characteristics of a MAGPIE coaxial CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;laser system (1987)

Gain coefficient measurements of a MAGPIE (magnetically stabilized, photoinitiated, impulse-enhanced, electrically excited) coaxial CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser discharge are presented. The effects of gas composition, input power, pulser ionization, and magnetic field on gain are examined. Measurements of the radial gain profile and saturation intensity are also discussed. A maximum small-signal gain of 0.30 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> is observed, along with a saturation intensity of 190 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Suppression of proliferation of two independent NF1 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell lines by the pan-ErbB inhibitor CI-1033 (2008)

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of neuroectodermal tissues and the development of certain tumors, particularly neurofibromas, which may progress into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Effective pharmacological therapy for the treatment of NF1 tumors is currently unavailable and the prognosis for patients with MPNSTs is poor. Loss of neurofibromin correlates with increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB2 tyrosine kinases and these kinases have been shown to promote NF1 tumor-associated pathologies in vivo. We show here that while NF1 MPNST cells have higher EGFR expression levels and are more sensitive to EGF when compared to a non-NF1 MPNST cell line, the ability of the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib to selectively inhibit NF1 MPNST cell proliferation is marginal. We also show that NF1 MPNST proliferation correlates with activated ErbB2 and can be suppressed by nanomolar concentrations of the pan-ErbB inhibitor CI-1033 (canertinib). Consequently, targeting both EGFR and ErbB2 may prove an effective strategy for suppressing NF1 MPNST tumor growth in vivo.
Dentin Loss and Surface Alteration Through Chemical and Chemomechanical Challenge after Initial Root Instrumentation. (2023)

Dentin pretreatment with erythritol powder airflow resulted in a higher resistance to chemomechanical challenge than did dentin treated ultrasonically or with the hand scaler.
Coherent arrays of thin-film Josephson microbridges (1981)

We have investigated two different methods of coupling between the Josephson oscillations in arrays of superconducting microbridges made of Sn and In in order to establish a single free-running coherent state. We report on experiments involving a broadband inductive coupling between pairs of microbridges, each pair constituting a dc-SQUID; and a narrow hand coupling between microbridges via resonant structures in transmission lines consisting of microstrip or slot lines. We discuss the properties of these two ways of long range coupling of Josephson weak links and evaluate their potential for high-frequency applications.
Risk of injury to restrained children from passenger airbags. (2002)

The number of children killed by passenger airbags (PAB) has declined dramatically in recent years. However, little is known about how commonly children are exposed to PAB, and their risk of nonfatal injuries. Data between 12/1/98 and 11/30/01 from the Partners for Child Passenger Safety study, a unique child-focused crash surveillance system, were used to determine the risk of nonfatal injuries to restrained children in frontal impact crashes. Nearly 1% of all children in crashes were exposed to a deploying PAB. A specific pattern of facial, chest, and upper extremity injuries were found to be significantly more likely in airbag -exposed children. These real-world data may be of use to vehicle manufacturers and restraint suppliers as they face design decisions with regard to child passengers.
APPARENT MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FROM FIRMTECH 2 FIRMNESS MEASUREMENTS OF BLUEBERRIES (2006)

The firmness of blueberries and other small fruits can be measured rapidly with a FirmTech 2 Fruit FirmnessTester. The output of the instrument is the slope of a chord joining selected minimum and maximum forces on aforce/deformation curve. The overall objective of this study was to improve the firmness measurements obtained with the FirmTech 2. In this study, both simulations and tests with rubber balls showed that firmness measurements of a single ball increasedas minimum or maximum force was increased. If repeatable results are to be obtained from the FirmTech instrument, standardvalues for the force settings must be established. Equations from ASABE Standard S368.4 were adapted for calculating theapparent modulus of elasticity (Ea) for both parallel plate and single plate compression using FirmTech 2 output. Ea valuesfor a simulated force/deformation curve with deformation taken to the 3/2 power were the same when calculated using theASABE equations and when calculated using the equations developed, regardless of which combination of minimum andmaximum force was selected. When rubber balls with three diameters were compressed with a universal testing machine, theEa values calculated from the ASABE equations were similar to those calculated using the equations developed in this study.The firmness of blueberries was measured using both the FirmTech 2 and the universal testing machine. The Ea values werecalculated using the equations developed in this article and compared to values calculated from the universal testing machinecurves using the ASABE equations. Results indicated the loading applied by the FirmTech 2 support plate was somewherebetween a parallel plate and a single plate compression test. Additional research could show benefits from using the equationsdeveloped in this study for calculating Ea from loading curves obtained using universal testing machines.