gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of shallow trench isolation CMP process and its application (2016)

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has been a critical enabling technology in shallow trench isolation (STI), which is used in current integrated circuit fabrication process to accomplish device isolation. Excessive dishing and erosion in STI CMP processes, however, create device yield concerns. This paper proposes characterization and modeling techniques to address a variety of concerns in STI CMP. In the past, majority of CMP publications have been addressed on interconnect layers in backend- of-line (BEOL) process. However, the number of CMP steps in front-end-of-line (FEOL) has been increasing in more advanced process techniques like 3D-FinFET and replacement metal gate, as a results incoming topography induced by FEOL CMP steps can no longer be ignored as the topography accumulates and stacks up across multiple CMP steps and eventually propagating to BEOL layers. In this paper, we first discuss how to characterize and model STI CMP process. Once STI CMP model is developed, it can be used for screening design and detect possible manufacturing weak spots. We also work with process engineering team to establish hotspot criteria in terms of oxide dishing and nitride loss. As process technologies move from planar transistor to 3D transistor like FinFet and multi-gate, it is important to accurately predict topography in FEOL CMP processes. These incoming topographies when stacked up can have huge impact in BEOL copper processes, where copper pooling becomes catastrophic yield loss. A calibration methodology to characterize STI CMP step is developed as shown in Figure 1; moreover, this STI CMP model is validated from silicon data collected from product chips not used in calibration stage. Additionally, wafer experimental setup and metrology plan are instrumental to an accurate model with high predictive power. After a model is generated, spec limits and threshold to establish hotspots criteria can be defined. Such definition requires working closely with foundry process engineering and integration team and reviewing past failure analysis (FA) to come up a reasonable metrics. Conventionally, a potential STI weak point can be found when nitride residues remains in the active region after nitride strip. Another source of STI hotspots occurs when nitride erosion is too much, and active region can suffer severe damage.
2-dimentional fiber array with reflow compatibility for high-density optical interconnection (2020)

We developed a 2-dimensional fiber array (2D-FA) as an optical interconnection device for co-packaged optics. The 2D-FA was capable of maintaining a low connection loss of &lt; 1.0 dB after reflow process at 260°C.
Buffalopox (2016)

Buffalopox is a contagious viral disease affecting milch buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) and, rarely, cows. The disease has zoonotic implications, as outbreaks are frequently associated with human infections, particularly in the milkers. Buffalopox is associated with high morbidity (80%). The clinical symptoms of the disease are characterized by wartline lesions on the udder, teats, inguinal region, base of the ears, and over the parotid. In the severe form, generalized rash is observed. Although the disease does not lead to high mortality, it has an adverse effect on the productivity and working capacity of the animals resulting in large economic losses. The outbreaks of buffalopox occurred frequently in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Iran, Egypt, and Indonesia, where buffaloes are reared as milch animals. The buffalopox is closely related with other Orthopoxviruses. In particular, it is close to the vaccinia virus. There is a view that the buffalopox virus might be derived from the vaccinia virus. It is possible that it became pathogenic to humans and animals through adaptive evolution of the genome by obtaining the virulence genes. PCR is performed for the C18L gene for the purpose of specific detection and differentiation of the buffalopox virus from other orthopoxviruses. The C18L gene encodes the ankyrin repeat protein, which determines the virus host range. The open reading frame of this gene is only 150-nucleotide long as against 453 nucleotide in the vaccinia virus, 756 - in the camelpox virus, and 759 - in the cowpox virus. It can be concluded that a systematic study based on the epidemiology of the virus, existence of reservoirs, biological transmission, and the molecular organization of the buffalopox virus from buffalo, cow, and humans may pave the way to a better understanding of the circulating virus and contribute to the control of the disease using the suitable diagnostic and prophylactic measures.
Non-invasive imaging of ventricular activation during pacing and arrhythmia: Methods and validation (2016)

Cardiovascular disease continued to be a leading killer world widely. Each year, about 400,000 cases of sudden cardiac arrest are reported in the U.S. alone. Clinically, radio-frequency ablative procedure has become widely applied in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmia. Non-invasive approaches have been demonstrated to be able to provide important information on the arrhythmogenesis and potentially assist in the clinical practice. In this work, we develop and validate a novel temporal sparse based imaging method, Cardiac Electrical Sparse Imaging (CESI). Computer simulation and animal validation results demonstrate that the CESI approach is capable of imaging with improved accuracy and robustness by exploiting the temporal sparse property underlying cellular electrophysiology. Overall, a CC of 0.8, RE of 0.2 and LE (localization error) of 7 mm has been achieved on human realistic simulation and good accuracy has been observed in canine simultaneous mapping studies. Also, the technique maintains full temporal resolution (RRE <; 0.04) in terms of the activation sequence under various disturbances and in various pathologies such as premature ventricular complex and ventricular tachycardia. Our promising results indicate the excellent performance of noninvasive imaging of cardiac activation under various arrhythmias, and its potential for aiding clinical management of lethal ventricular arrhythmia.
Comparison of Outcomes after Peripheral Blood Haploidentical versus Matched Unrelated Donor Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Retrospective Single-Center Review (2016)

Recent studies comparing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using HLA-matched unrelated donors (MUD) versus HLA-haploidentical donors in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have suggested equivalent outcomes. The graft source used in most studies of haploidentical transplants has been bone marrow. Similar comparisons between MUD and haplo-HCT using peripheral blood as a graft source have not been adequately performed. We reviewed the records of all 52 AML patients who underwent haplo-HCT (using peripheral blood and post-transplantation high-dose cyclophosphamide) between January 2010 and August 2015 at our institution and compared their outcomes with 88 patients who had a MUD transplant in the same time frame and were frequency matched (preanalysis) to the haploidentical group for conditioning intensity. Multivariate analysis found no difference in outcomes between the 2 groups with the exception of slower count recovery after haploidentical allografts (HR, .48; 95% CI, .32 to .74 for platelets, and HR, .47; 95% CI, .32 to .71 for neutrophils; P < .001 for both comparisons). Our retrospective analysis, although limited by the small sample size, suggests largely similar outcomes with peripheral blood haploidentical versus MUD transplants for AML.
A new immunomodulator, FR-900490. (1988)

FR-900490 is a new type of immunoactive substance produced by a fungus Discosia sp. F-11809. The colony forming units in culture (cfu-c) in bone marrow cells, which were suppressed by immunosuppressive factor obtained from the serum of sarcoma 180 tumor bearing mouse, was restored to normal level by the addition of FR-900490 in vitro. Furthermore, in mitomycin C (MMC)-treated mice the subsequent administration of FR-900490 caused a significant increase of cfu-c in bone marrow cells depressed by MMC.
A Smooth Converse Lyapunov Theorem for Robust Stability (1996)

This paper presents a converse Lyapunov function theorem motivated by robust control analysis and design. Our result is based upon, but generalizes, various aspects of well-known classical theorems. In a unified and natural manner, it (1) allows arbitrary bounded time-varying parameters in the system description, (2) deals with global asymptotic stability, (3) results in smooth (infinitely differentiable) Lyapunov functions, and (4) applies to stability with respect to not necessarily compact invariant sets.
Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Exacerbate Lung Fluid Imbalance Via the Formyl Peptide Receptor-1 Signaling Pathway in Acute Lung Injury (2020)

Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns exacerbate lung fluid imbalance in the experimental acute lung injury model through formyl peptide receptor-1 signaling, the inhibition of which may prevent exacerbation of lung fluid imbalance induced by mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns. Thus, formyl peptide receptor-1 is a potential therapeutic target for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Microporous {[Ni(cyclam)]3[W(CN)8]2}n affording reversible structural and magnetic conversions (2011)

Methanol adsorption into the porous 2D bimetallic coordination network {[Ni(cyclam)](3)[W(CN)(8)](2)}(n) (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) causes significant modification of its structure and magnetic properties. Fully reversible transformations between the three states of the network: anhydrous, hydrated and methanol-modified are observed with the transition to the magnetic ordered state at T(c) equal to 4.9 K, 8.3 K and 11.4 K respectively. All three phases have a metamagnetic character but the methanol-modified one most easily turns to ferromagnetic and shows a hysteresis loop with coercivity field of 250 Oe. The differences in magnetic behaviour of the anhydrous and guest-induced forms of the compound are discussed in terms of changes in the structure: CN-bridge geometry and distance between the layers.
A Developmental Study of Cognitive Problems in Learning to Program. (2003)

Much of the research into the difficulties associated with learning to program has dealt with the differences in knowledge and behaviour between experts and novices; intermediate levels of competence have often been ignored. This paper describes an ongoing study into the problems faced by a group of students undertaking a year-long programming course. The study aims to investigate the cognitive difficulties which underlie those problems and to see how they change as the course progresses. The rationale behind the approach taken to the teaching is discussed, the key aspect being to make allowance for each student&amp;apos;s individuality of understanding. The initial findings which are presented suggest that the problems faced by students can be easily misinterpreted. The students may not have learnt what the lecturer thought they were teaching, accounting for why so many students are still unable to program at the end of the course. Background Expert-novice differences It is a truth universally acknowledged, that teaching computer programming is difficult.
From simple innate biases to complex visual concepts (2012)

Early in development, infants learn to solve visual problems that are highly challenging for current computational methods. We present a model that deals with two fundamental problems in which the gap between computational difficulty and infant learning is particularly striking: learning to recognize hands and learning to recognize gaze direction. The model is shown a stream of natural videos and learns without any supervision to detect human hands by appearance and by context, as well as direction of gaze, in complex natural scenes. The algorithm is guided by an empirically motivated innate mechanism—the detection of “mover” events in dynamic images, which are the events of a moving image region causing a stationary region to move or change after contact. Mover events provide an internal teaching signal, which is shown to be more effective than alternative cues and sufficient for the efficient acquisition of hand and gaze representations. The implications go beyond the specific tasks, by showing how domain-specific “proto concepts” can guide the system to acquire meaningful concepts, which are significant to the observer but statistically inconspicuous in the sensory input.
Fuel Flexibility Study of a Compression Ignition Engine at High Loads (2019)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Engine experiments were performed on a single-cylinder heavy-duty engine at relatively high loads to investigate the regions where the combustion characteristics are unchanged regardless of the fuel octane number. Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs) and three different commercial fuels with RON values ranging from 0 to 100 were tested in this study. A sweep of net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP&lt;sub&gt;Net)&lt;/sub&gt; of 5 to 20 bar, absolute intake pressure of 1.5 to 2.8 bar, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of 0 to 40%, and fuel injection pressure of 700 to 1400 bar were performed to investigate the combustion characteristics, ignition delay time, combustion duration, efficiency, and emissions. At the highest load point (IMEP&lt;sub&gt;Net&lt;/sub&gt; = 20 bar), all the fuels burn as in conventional diesel combustion. Despite the wide range of octane numbers, all fuels had similar ignition delay time, combustion duration, indicated efficiency, and emissions at 10 to 20 bar IMEP&lt;sub&gt;Net&lt;/sub&gt;. It follows that CI mode is the only realistic option at high load and pressure points. All fuels showed similar combustion duration and emission levels behavior as a function of EGR. The present study shed light on the load threshold above which the combustion characteristics of fuels are close enough to consider the engine as ‘fuel flexible’.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Control of widely tunable SSG-DBR lasers for dense wavelength division multiplexing (2000)

This paper presents a general discussion on the control of widely tunable super structure grating distributed Bragg reflector (SSG-DBR) lasers. A feedback control scheme is presented that ensures frequency stability and accuracy (better than /spl plusmn/0.5 GHz), as well as high side mode suppression ratio (>35 dB). The active section voltage is monitored to maintain mode stability and a highly stable Fabry-Perot etalon is used as a reference to lock the laser frequency to a specific ITU channel. It is shown that stability can even be maintained when directly modulating the laser at 1.244 Gb/s. Furthermore, a characterization scheme is demonstrated that uses the voltage monitoring to generate a look-up table of operation points very efficiently and accurately. For all operation points, the frequency accuracy is better than /spl plusmn/0.5 GHz and the side mode suppression ratio is above 35 dB.
Peptide-modified chondroitin sulfate reduces coefficient of friction at articular cartilage surface (2020)

Osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease that results in pain and joint stiffness. Currently, steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and supplements aimed at restoring lubrication to the affected joint are the most successful with respect to improving patient comfort. Due to the success in lubricating therapies, there exists a keen interest to develop better therapies that mimic how lubrication occurs naturally in the joint. Here we describe the results obtained using a chondroitin sulfate chain to which is conjugated peptides that bind to either hyaluronic acid (found in high concentrations in the synovial fluid) or collagen type II (present on the cartilage surface). Our study investigates the effect of binding to the cartilage surface and interacting with hyaluronic acid on lubrication at the cartilage surface. The results described here suggest that binding to the cartilage surface is critical to supporting lubrication and did not require the addition of hyaluronic acid to reduce friction.
John Bowlby and ethology: An annotated interview with Robert Hinde (2007)

From the 1950s, John Bowlby, one of the founders of attachment theory, was in personal and scientific contact with leading European scientists in the field of ethology (e.g., Niko Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and especially Robert Hinde). In constructing his new theory on the nature of the bond between children and their caregivers, Bowlby profited highly from their new approach to (animal) behavior. Hinde and Tinbergen in their turn were influenced and inspired by Bowlby's new thinking. On the basis of extensive interviews with bowlby's colleague and lifelong friend Robert Hinde and on the basis of archival materials, both the relationship between John Bowlby and Robert Hinde and the cross-fertilization of ethology and attachment theory are described.
Sediment-associated nutrient transport in UK rivers (1997)

Monitoring programmes established to document river nutrient loads have commonly focused on quantifying total loads, without distinguishing between the dissolved and particulate components. There is now a growing recognition of the need to distinguish these two components which may exhibit contrasting behaviour and reflect different sources and controls. Few reliable data are currently available with which to assess the role of sediment-asso ciated transport in nutrient transport by British rivers and this contribution reports the results of a study aimed at assessing this role for four contrasting river basins in Britain. The study rivers were selected to embrace a range of basin characteristics and include the River Severn, the Warwickshire Avon, the River Exe and its tributary the River Dart. Detailed monitoring of the N and P loads transported by these four rivers was undertaken during the period January to December 1995, and the dissolved and sediment-associated components of the total N and P flux were determined with a view to assessing the significance of the latter component. Significant differences existed between the four rivers in terms of both specific N and P yields and the relative contribution of the particulate component. These contrasts reflected variations in the magnitude of the specific suspended sediment yields and in the relative importance of point and non-point sources as well as other basin characteristics. In the case of phosphorus, sediment-associated transport accounted for between 26.3% and 75.4% of the annual total P load of the study rivers, whereas for N the sediment-associated contribution was much less and ranged between 3.3% and 8.0%. The magnitude of the sediment-associated contribution varied through the year in response to a number of controls, including the seasonal pattern of suspended sediment transport.
Interactions ofPyricularia setariaewith Herbicides for Control of Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) (2005)

Sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, imazethapyr, quinclorac, propanil, glyphosate, and glufosinate were tested at rates below those recommended by the manufacturers with Pyricularia setariae Niskada under greenhouse conditions for control of green foxtail. At one-tenth of the recommended rate in a 100 L/ha carrier volume, only the sethoxydim– P. setariae combination achieved more effective green foxtail control when compared with the herbicide or pathogen alone. Selected herbicides at one-tenth, one-fourth, and one-half of the recommended rates showed variable interactions with the pathogen on plants with three and five leaves. Propanil (recommended rate 0.99 kg ai/ha) was more synergistic at higher rates, especially on larger plants, for which the combined treatment increased green foxtail mortality from zero in the herbicide alone to 100%. Quinclorac (recommended rate 0.10 kg ai/ha) acted similarly to propanil with slightly lower synergy effects. Sethoxydim (recommended rate 0.15 kg ai/ha) at one-tenth or one-quarter of the rate plus P. setariae often enhanced green foxtail control on larger plants. On smaller plants, the herbicide and pathogen alone were highly efficacious. Compared with tank mixes with P. setariae , propanil, quinclorac, or sethoxydim applied 6 h before the pathogen or earlier generally showed greater efficacy. Delaying a tank mix application for up to 2 h had little negative effect, but longer than 4 h often reduced efficacy. When combining the pathogen at different doses with propanil, quinclorac, or sethoxydim at one-tenth, one-quarter, and one-half of the rate, both fungal dose and herbicide rate affected the efficacy. Coapplying any of the herbicides at the one-quarter rate with the pathogen at the sublethal dose of 2 × 10 7 spores/ml achieved complete control of green foxtail.
Self-similar traffic and burst assembly algorithm analysis of an OBS edge router (2005)

In this paper, we focus on the study of the characterization of Ethernet traffic and burst assembly algorithm in OBS networks. We investigate the traffic properties before and after burstification in edge router of Ethernet over OBS network. Self-similar Hurst parameter is compared through R/S plot.
Evaluation of the North Carolina Risk Reduction Program for Smoking and Alcohol (1985)

Seventh grade students in two school systems in rural North Carolina were subjects for a program designed to reduce health risks associated with use/abuse of tobacco and alcohol. One school system was located in the central area of the state, and the other in the western mountains. Both groups were assessed before and after introduction of novel teaching programs dealing with alcohol and tobacco. Knowledge about smoking and alcohol increased in both sites (p less than .05). Attitudes toward alcohol did not change. Attitudes toward smoking eroded in both sites, with attitudes at one site showing a severe erosion (p less than .05). Smoking education in these communities may have conflicted strongly with ambient attitudes toward smoking, eliciting a "boomerang" effect.
Ground-Penetrating and Geo-Radars (2018)

Using radio-wave ground-penetrating radars is considered as the most promising direction in sub-surface detection of dielectric objects. Ground-penetrating radars, called also sub-surface or geo-radars, are widely used for archaeological purposes: for studying archaeological ground layers, searching for artifacts, and so forth. A convenient tool for investigating inhomogeneities hidden underground is the synthetic aperture radar technique in the wide frequency band. The use of ground-penetrating radars dates back to 1971, when the first measurements of sea ice thickness were performed, based on the video pulse method introduced by M. I. Finkelstein in 1969. Ground-penetrating radars are most widely used today in rail and road inspection, locating and monitoring communication lines and archaeological objects, estimating snow and ice cover, monitoring concrete structures, horizontal directional drilling and geological surveys, and searches for hidden objects.