gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adalimumab maintains long-term remission through 2 years in patients with moderate to severe Crohnʼs Disease (2008)

Adalimumab, a fully human antibody targeting tumor necrosis factor (TNF), is approved for treatment of adults with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD). Adalimumab has shown efficacy in the induction and maintenance of remission in CD for patients naive to and experienced with TNF-antagonist therapy. This analysis assessed the maintenance of remission in adalimumab-treated patients from the end of the 56-week Crohn's Trial of the Fully Human Antibody Adalimumab for Remission Maintenance (CHARM) through an additional year in an ongoing open-label extension (OLE) study (total treatment, 2 years). As previously reported,1 854 patients enrolled in CHARM received OL induction adalimumab at Weeks 0 and 2. At Week 4, 778 of these patients were randomized to placebo, adalimumab 40 mg every other week (eow), or adalimumab 40 mg weekly. At/after Week 12, patients with flares (increase in CD Activity Index [CDAI] greater than or equal to 70 points compared with Week 4 and CDAI >220) or nonresponse (CDAI decrease <70 points from baseline) could receive OL adalimumab 40 mg eow and could subsequently change to OL weekly. At the end of CHARM (56 weeks), patients were eligible to enroll in an OLE, during which randomized patients received OL adalimumab 40 mg eow, and patients receiving OL adalimumab eow or weekly continued their regimens. Patients could switch to weekly dosage for flares/nonresponse. Posthoc analyses of maintenance of remission (CDAI <150) and response (decrease in CDAI greater than or equal to 70 [CR-70] or greater than or equal to 100 [CR-100] points) [data not shown] were performed for patients initially randomized to adalimumab who were in remission at CHARM Week 56. Both intention-to-treat (ITT) and randomized responder (RR; CR-70 at Week 4) populations were evaluated. Patients randomized to placebo were not analyzed. Remission rates were calculated using nonresponder imputation (NRI) and last observation carried forward (LOCF). A total of 467 patients enrolled in the OLE. Remission results are summarized in the table below. Of the 145 ITT patients initially randomized to adalimumab who were in remission at the end of CHARM, 111 (77%) remained in remission 2 years after CHARM enrollment (12-month OLE visit), and 97 (79%) of 123 RRs maintained remission at 2 years (NRI). Remission Rates for Adalimumab-Treated Patients Through 2 Years Remission Rates for Adalimumab-Treated Patients Through 2 Years Adalimumab demonstrated sustained efficacy in maintaining CD remission through 2 years of therapy. The vast majority of adalimumab-treated patients in remission after 1 year in CHARM maintained remission for an additional year in an OLE.
Body-Mind Centering: An Exploration in Achieving Somatic Awareness for the Classical Ballet Dancer (2016)

With each step and each breath a ballet dancer takes the body acts as a compass, guiding each internal discovery. The ability to maintain one’s bearings can be achieved through the process and balance of Body-Mind Centering. This technique, founded by theorist Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen, journeys into the ever-changing territory of the human body by exploring thoughts, feelings, energy, and movement. Specifically, somatic awareness is reached through the exploration of bones, muscles, and organs. The method of research was generated in the following ways: Extensive research conducted in the field of anatomy and kinesiology, and an anatomy document created for future dancers to utilize prior to in-studio work. Next, a combination of Cohen’s previously devised exercises and newly crafted exercises were put into practice in a studio setting. Both solo and group work was conducted, targeting specific groups of bones, muscles, or organs. Lastly, a journal was kept with all practical observations discovered, and a final document was generated to reveal and collaboratively synthesize the observations made. Numerous discoveries were made regarding the differences in the quality of movement alterations (internal vs. external), the movement of a trained ballet-body (urges and inclinations), as well as the methods of exercise exploration (improvisation vs. structure), and how each affected the types of movement generated by the dancer. Through both the discoveries and difficulties that arose during the research process, future options for study were generated, such as, in-studio workshops that explore the interaction and dialogue between multiple bodies.
The set covering machine (2003)

We extend the classical algorithms of Valiant and Haussler for learning compact conjunctions and disjunctions of Boolean attributes to allow features that are constructed from the data and to allow a trade-off between accuracy and complexity. The result is a general-purpose learning machine, suitable for practical learning tasks, that we call the set covering machine. We present a version of the set covering machine that uses data-dependent balls for its set of features and compare its performance with the support vector machine. By extending a technique pioneered by Littlestone and Warmuth, we bound its generalization error as a function of the amount of data compression it achieves during training. In experiments with real-world learning tasks, the bound is shown to be extremely tight and to provide an effective guide for model selection.
Oxidative Activation of Thiacetazone by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Flavin Monooxygenase EtaA and Human FMO1 and FMO3 (2006)

Thiacetazone (TAZ) and ethionamide (ETA) are, respectively, thiourea- and thioamide-containing second line antitubercular prodrugs for which there is an extensive clinical history of cross-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EtaA, a recently identified flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), is responsible for the oxidative activation of ETA in M. tuberculosis. We report here that EtaA also oxidizes TAZ and identify a sulfinic acid and a carbodiimide as the isolable metabolites. Both of these metabolites are derived from an initial sulfenic acid intermediate. Oxidation of TAZ by EtaA at basic pH favors formation of the carbodiimide, whereas neutral or acidic conditions favor formation of the sulfinic acid. The same metabolites are formed from TAZ by human FMO1 and FMO3. The sulfenic acid and carbodiimide metabolites, but not the sulfinic acid product, readily react with glutathione, the first to regenerate the parent drug and the second to give a glutathione adduct. These reactions may contribute to the antitubercular activity and/or toxicity of TAZ.
Aqueous Au-Pd colloids catalyze selective CH 4 oxidation to CH 3 OH with O 2 under mild conditions (2017)

The selective oxidation of methane, the primary component of natural gas, remains an important challenge in catalysis. We used colloidal gold-palladium nanoparticles, rather than the same nanoparticles supported on titanium oxide, to oxidize methane to methanol with high selectivity (92%) in aqueous solution at mild temperatures. Then, using isotopically labeled oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) as an oxidant in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>,</sub> we demonstrated that the resulting methanol incorporated a substantial fraction (70%) of gas-phase O<sub>2</sub> More oxygenated products were formed than the amount of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> consumed, suggesting that the controlled breakdown of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> activates methane, which subsequently incorporates molecular oxygen through a radical process. If a source of methyl radicals can be established, then the selective oxidation of methane to methanol using molecular oxygen is possible.
TRPV1 controls acid‐ and heat‐induced calcitonin gene‐related peptide release and sensitization by bradykinin in the isolated mouse trachea (2009)

Chronic cough derives from inflammatory hypersensitivity of tracheobronchial nerve endings, most of which express the polymodal capsaicin receptor-channel transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) type 1 and the secretory neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). An isolated mouse trachea preparation was established to measure chemically and thermally stimulated CGRP release as an index for sensory transduction of potential cough-inducing stimuli. TRPV1 knockout mice were employed to assess the TRPV1 contribution to tracheal responsiveness and sensitization. Graded heat-induced CGRP release depended entirely on extracellular calcium and partly on TRPV1; knockout mice showed 60% less CGRP release at 45 degrees C (for 5 min) than wild-types. This heat response was facilitated by the TRPV1 agonist ethanol and the TRPV1-3 agonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, effects that were reduced or absent in TRPV1(-/-), respectively. The TRPV1 antagonists ruthenium red and N-(4-t-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl) tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide were ineffective on the basal heat response. A step increase of temperature from 22 to 40 degrees C caused a TRPV1-independent CGRP release that was doubled by bradykinin in wild-types but not TRPV1(-/-). Proton stimulation resulted in a bell-shaped concentration-response curve with threshold at pH 6.7 and a maximum at pH 5.7; responses were greatly reduced but not abolished in TRPV1(-/-). Coadministration of amiloride (30 microm), the blocker of acid-sensing ion channels, was ineffective in both TRPV1 genotypes. The data suggest that tracheal acid sensing mainly involves TRPV1 but not acid-sensing ion channels, whereas noxious heat responsiveness partly depends and (inflammatory) sensitization to heat largely depends on the capsaicin receptor in tracheal nerve endings. Lowering of their heat threshold to near body temperature may sustain hypersensitivity and neurogenic inflammation of the upper airways.
The influence of lexical selection disruptions on articulation. (2018)

Interactive models of language production predict that it should be possible to observe long-distance interactions; effects that arise at one level of processing influence multiple subsequent stages of representation and processing. We examine the hypothesis that disruptions arising in non-form based levels of planning – specifically, lexical selection – should modulate articulatory processing. A novel automatic phonetic analysis method was used to examine productions in a paradigm yielding both general disruptions to formulation processes and, more specifically, overt errors during lexical selection. This analysis method allowed us to examine articulatory disruptions at multiple levels of analysis, from whole words to individual segments. Baseline performance by young adults was contrasted with young speakers’ performance under time pressure (which previous work has argued increases interaction between planning and articulation) and performance by older adults (who may have difficulties inhibiting non-target representations, leading to heightened interactive effects). The results revealed the presence of interactive effects. Our new analysis techniques revealed these effects were strongest in initial portions of responses, suggesting that speech is initiated as soon as the first segment has been planned. Interactive effects did not increase under response pressure, suggesting interaction between planning and articulation is relatively fixed. Unexpectedly, lexical selection disruptions appeared to yield some degree of facilitation in articulatory processing (possibly reflecting semantic facilitation of target retrieval) and older adults showed weaker, not stronger interactive effects (possibly reflecting weakened connections between lexical and form-level representations).
Receptor‐Mediated Hepatocarcinogenesis: Role of Hepatocyte Proliferation and Apoptosis (2002)

The rodent liver is a target organ for the action of several non-genotoxic carcinogens. These include dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenobarbital, peroxisome proliferators and organochlorine pesticides. These chemicals disrupt the homeostasis of the liver by perturbing hepatocyte cell death and proliferation, causing hyperplasia leading to tumour formation. Significant progress has been made towards elucidating the mechanisms of action of these toxicants since the discovery of receptors that bind specific classes of xenobiotics. Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, phenobarbital binds to the constitutive androstane receptor and peroxisome proliferators act via the their activated receptor alpha. These three receptors have ligand-dependent transcription activities and therefore mediate changes in gene expression in response to toxicant exposure. The development of transgenic mouse strains where the genes for these receptors are disrupted has demonstrated that receptor activity is essential for the toxicity of these carcinogens. This implies that changes in the expression of key target genes control proliferation and apoptosis in the xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte phenotype.
An Interpenetrating Porous Organic Polymer as a Precursor for FeP/Fe2P‐Embedded Porous Carbon toward a pH‐Universal ORR Catalyst (2018)

Interpenetrating porous organic polymers (PNFc-POP) inspired by the structure of DNA were synthesized through a two-stage polymerization method under catalyst-free conditions. A ferrocene-rich hyper-crosslinked polymer (Fc-melamine) was interwoven with cyclotriphosphazene-based conjugated porous polymer (PN-CMP) to obtain an interconnected polymer network (PNFc-POP). The sequential interpenetrating polymer network contained a diverse range of heteroatoms (P, N, O and Fe) and exhibited a large BET surface area. Simple pyrolysis of the dual polymer interweaved skeletons at 900 °C afforded nanocrystalline FeP/Fe<sub>2</sub> P-embedded N and P codoped porous carbon composites. The optimal catalyst obtained by the pyrolysis of PNFc-POP at 900 °C (PNFc-900) exhibited hierarchical porosity and large BET surface areas. It also exhibited excellent oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activities over the entire pH range. The onset potential (E<sub>onset</sub> =1.01 V) and half-wave potential (E<sub>1/2</sub> =0.86 V) of PNFc-900 exceeded those of commercial Pt/C (E<sub>onset</sub> =0.99 V and E<sub>1/2</sub> =0.84 V) in alkaline conditions. The obtained catalysts with a four-electron transfer pathway for the reduction of oxygen also displayed excellent long-term stability and methanol tolerance.
Use of HDLs in teaching of computer hardware courses (2003)

A modern treatment of an introductory course on the design of logic circuits should include an early introduction of a hardware description language (HDL). This can done without sacrificing the emphasis on fundamental concepts of logic circuit design. An example of how this may be achieved is given.
New species of Triviidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from South Africa, Namibia and the Philippines (2001)

Three new species of triviid gastropods are described. Galeatrivia Cate, 1979 is synonymized with Triviella Jousseaume, 1884. Thirteen species named as Trivia or Galeatrivia are transferred to Triviella.Species novae: Trivellona bealsi (from the Philippines), Triviella immelmani (from South Africa), Trivia marlowi (from Namibia).
Early respiratory dysfunction as a biomarker for epileptic encephalopathy (2013)

Our results show that there is a clear dysfunction in autonomic respiratory control in patients with West syndrome, in between the typical ictal epileptic spasms, compared to control subjects. Respiration is more fixed and contains a higher risk of apneas.
Prostate-Specific Antigen: Its Role in Early Detection, Staging, and Monitoring of Prostatic Carcinoma (1989)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a significant improvement over prostatic acid phosphatase as a tumor marker. PSA has established utility immunohistochemically to confirm or refute the prostate as the site of origin for an undifferentiated neoplasm. It also is an excellent tool for monitoring patients after definitive therapy. The role of PSA in early detection of prostatic carcinoma and in staging of established neoplasm remains controversial. The salient features of PSA biochemistry and immunohistochemistry, the serum assays, and the relationship of the antigen to prostatic carcinoma and nonmalignant prostatic pathology are reviewed. The use of PSA in conjunction with other detection modalities such as prostatic ultrasound are discussed.
Dynamic plowing nanolithography on polymethylmethacrylate using an atomic force microscope (2001)

We present dynamic plowing nanolithography on polymethylmethacrylate films, performed with a scan-linearized atomic force microscope able to scan up to 250 μm with high resolution. Modifications of the surface are obtained by plastically indenting the film surface with a vibrating tip. By changing the oscillation amplitude of the cantilever, i.e., the indentation depth, surfaces can be either imaged or modified. A program devoted to the control of the scanning process is also presented. The software basically converts the gray scale of pixel images into voltages used to control the dither piezo driving cantilever oscillations. The advantages of our experimental setup and the dependence of lithography efficiency on scanning parameters are discussed. Some insights into the process of surface modifications are presented.
Metamaterial Mechanisms (2016)

Recently, researchers started to engineer not only the outer shape of objects, but also their internal microstructure. Such objects, typically based on 3D cell grids, are also known as metamaterials. Metamaterials have been used, for example, to create materials with soft and hard regions.
Application of artificial neural network to forecast geotechnical parameters and seismic wave velocity (2021)

Non-destructive geophysical seismic methods are effective for investigating soils without affecting the inherent mechanical properties. The current research is focused on developing models to forecast seismic wave velocity and geotechnical parameters using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. Published seismic wave velocity, liquid limit, plastic limit, water content, and dry density from in field and laboratory measurements are used to develop ANN models. Several ANN models are developed using data from the field and lab separately and jointly. Models are developed to predict seismic wave velocity using geotechnical parameters, predict water content using seismic wave (plus additional geotechnical parameters) and predicting dry density using seismic wave (plus additional geotechnical parameters) Performance of the ANN models are assessed based on mean absolute relative error (MARE), average squared error (ASE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Multilinear regression analysis is also performed. The results indicate that ANN performs better than multilinear regression analysis.
Magnesium deficiency: a possible cause of thiamine refractoriness in Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy (1974)

The determination of blood transketolase before and serially after thiamine administration, and the response of clinical symptomatology after thiamine are reported in two normomagnesaemic patients and one hypomagnesaemic patient with acute Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy. The response of the depressed blood transketolase and the clinical symptoms was retarded in the hypomagnesaemic patient. Correction of hypomagnesaemia was accompanied by the recovery of blood transketolase activity and total clearing of the ophthalmoplegia in this patient, suggesting that hypomagnesaemia may be a cause of the occasional thiamine refractoriness of these patients.
Evidence of an association between the scavenger receptor class B member 2 gene and Parkinson's disease (2012)

Lysosomal protein 2 (LIMP2), the product of the scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) gene, is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein that is the mannose-6-phosphate-independent receptor for glucocerebrosidase (β-GCase); a deficiency in this protein causes Gaucher disease. Several studies have shown a link between mutations in the β-GCase gene and diseases characterized clinically by Parkinsonism and by the presence of Lewy body-related pathology. We hypothesized that genetic variants in the SCARB2 gene could be risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). A candidate-gene study of 347 Greek patients with sporadic PD and 329 healthy controls was conducted to investigate the association between 5 polymorphisms in the SCARB2 gene (rs6824953, rs6825004, rs4241591, rs9991821, and rs17234715) and the development of PD. The single-locus analysis for the 5 polymorphisms revealed an association only for the rs6825004 polymorphism: the generalized odds ratio (OR(G) ) was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.90), and the OR for the allelic test was OR = 0.71 (95% CI, 0.56-0.90). Haplotype analysis showed an association for the GCGGT haplotype (P < .01). Our study supports a genetic contribution of the SCARB2 locus to PD; future studies in larger cohorts are necessary to verify this finding.
Multivariate Analysis of Factors Influencing Stomatitis in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Stomatitis in allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients sometimes causes serious complications. Stomatitis causes disturbances in oral functioning thus diminishing quality of life (QOL) in transplant patients; these include such simple tasks such as feeding, swallowing and speaking. However, given this serious complication, little information is available regarding the prophylactic effect of oral intervention in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the incidence and severity of stomatitis after allogeneic HSCT with or without oral intervention among 96 consecutive patients in our hospital between January 1988 and March 2006. Inclusion criteria were conditioning regarding both conventional (CST) and reduced-intensity regimens (RIST), donor source that included both bone marrow and peripheral blood omitting cord blood, HLA disparity eligible to one or two locus mismatched related or unrelated donor. We used a combination following two strategies; one is cryotherapy which has applied since 2003, and another is oral health care which has been used since 2004. The incidence and severity of stomatitis was evaluated during the start of chemotherapy until day 100 after transplantation. Stomatitis was evaluated according to NCI CTCAE v3.0. ‘Cryotherapy’ is defined as the use of cold to treat an injury. Generally, an ice tip is used to make the mucosa cold. ‘Oral health care’ is defined as a prevention or treatment, including that administered by oneself, encompassing any of the immunologic, sensory, neuromuscular and structural functions of the mouth and craniofacial complex. Results: The mean age was 42.7 years. Among 96 patients, 41 patients were treated by CST and 55 by RIST. The incidence of stomatitis was 30.9% (17/55) in RIST, which was significantly lower than the 90.2% (37/41) in CST (P &lt; 0.001). Among these 96 patients, severe stomatitis (grade 3 to 4) was observed in 19 (46.3%) CST cases and in 6 (10.9%) RIST cases (P&lt;0.001). The occurrence of stomatitis apparently decreased after oral health care was started. The incidence of overall grade was from 71.1% to 25.6%, and severe grade was from39.6% to 9.3%, at one year. Multiple logistic analysis revealed that both the conditioning regimen as well as the oral health care were independent risk factors for the incidence of stomatitis. Conclusion: We concluded that although cryotherapy could not prevent oral stomatitis in patients who had undergone CST or RIST, the oral health care improved tissue damage due to an overall upgrade in oral hygiene during chemotherapy.