gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Framework for Managing and Analyzing Multiply Imputed Data in Stata (2008)

A new set of tools is described for performing analyses of an ensemble of datasets that includes multiple copies of the original data with imputations of missing values, as required for the method of multiple imputation. The tools replace those originally developed by the authors. They are based on a simple data management paradigm in which the imputed datasets are all stored along with the original data in a single dataset with a vertically stacked format, as proposed by Royston in his ice and micombine commands. Stacking into a single dataset simplifies the management of the imputed datasets compared with storing them individually. Analysis and manipulation of the stacked datasets is performed with a new prefix command, mim, which can accommodate data imputed by any method as long as a few simple rules are followed in creating the imputed data. mim can validly fit most of the regression models available in Stata to multiply imputed datasets, giving parameter estimates and confidence intervals computed according to Rubin's results for multiple imputation inference. Particular attention is paid to limiting the available postestimation commands to those that are known to be valid within the multiple imputation context. However, the user has flexibility to override these defaults. Features of these new tools are illustrated using two previously published examples.
A Compelling Need (2011)

It is a … truism that human beings are moulded and formed by their cultures. Control of what is taught and preached is vital in any society and has been the root cause of crucial conflicts in many countries (Perry, in Hughes: 1993).
Discovering Chemically Novel, High-TemperatureSuperconductors (2023)

One of the biggest unsolved problems in condensed matter physics is what mechanism causes high-temperature superconductivity and if there is a material that can exhibit superconductivity at both room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Among the many important properties of a superconductor, the critical temperature (Tc) or transition temperature is the point at which a material transitions into a superconductive state. In this implementation, machine learning is used to predict the critical temperatures of chemically unique compounds in an attempt to identify new chemically novel, high-temperature superconductors. The training data set (SuperCon) consists of known superconductors and their critical temperatures, and the testing data set (NOMAD) consists of around 700,000 novel chemical formulae. The chemical formulae in these data sets are first passed through a collection of rapid screening tools, SMACT, to check for chemical validity. Next, the DiSCoVeR algorithm is used to train on the SuperCon data to form a model, and then screens through batches of the formulae in the NOMAD data set. Having a combination of a chemical distance metric, density-aware dimensionality reduction, clustering, and a regression model, the DiSCoVeR algorithm serves as a tool to identify and assess these superconducting compositions [1]. This research and implementation resulted in the screening of chemically novel compositions exhibiting critical temperatures upwards of 150 K, which correlates to superconductors in the cuprate class. This implementation demonstrates a process of performing machine learning-assisted superconductor screening (while exploring chemically distinct spaces) which can be utilized in the materials discovery process.
Abstract 4199: Riluzole modulates the production of exosomes in melanoma cells (2014)

Abstract Exosomes are naturally occurring small membrane enclosed microvesicles generated constitutively and released by various cell types and more frequently released by tumor cells. It was postulated that exosomes may facilitate communication within the local microenvironment and the primary tumor, supporting melanoma cell dissemination and early events in metastasis. A gain-of-function mutation of a neuronal receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1), when ectopically expressed in melanocytes, was sufficient to induce in vitro melanocytic transformation and spontaneous malignant melanoma development in vivo in a transgenic mouse model. Normal mouse melanocytes transformed with an expression vector containing GRM1 showed production and secretion of exosomes confirmed by electron microscopy, while the parental normal melanocytes showed no detectable presence of exosomes. In light of this data, It was hypothesized that over-expression of GRM1 in melanoma cells normally expressing a moderate amount of the protein, may promote elevated levels of exosome formation, while inhibitors to the receptor or limiting the levels of available ligand may suppress exosome production. Preliminary results demonstrated the working hypothesis is correct. Our earlier studies showed that inhibitors of the receptor modulated GRM1-mediated signaling events interfere with downstream effectors resulting in a decrease in both cell proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in vivo. It is not known if GRM1 acts directly, via its signaling cascade, or by another route, on exosome production regulation, this will be investigated. In addition to the pharmacological inhibitors we will also use a genetic approach with silencing RNA to modulate GRM1 expression levels. Citation Format: Allison L. Isola, Yvonne Wen, James Goydos, Suzie Chen. Riluzole modulates the production of exosomes in melanoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4199. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4199
Dimmable AC LED Driver Based on Series Drive (2016)

In this paper, a dimmable ac LED driving circuit with high power factor and low total harmonic distortion is presented, which takes series driving via the basic unit mainly constructed by the base of the BJT connected with the drain of the MOSFET. By doing so, the problem in floating driving can be removed, i.e., no additional isolated gate drivers are needed, and furthermore, if any one of LED strings opens, then turning on the corresponding switch can still make this LED system work. Finally, a prototype circuit is established and controlled by the field programmable gate array. Via experimental results, the effectiveness of the proposed topology can be demonstrated.
Structure, domain organization, and different conformational states of stem cell factor-induced intact KIT dimers (2014)

Using electron microscopy and fitting of crystal structures, we present the 3D reconstruction of ligand-induced dimers of intact receptor tyrosine kinase, KIT. We observe that KIT protomers form close contacts throughout the entire structure of ligand-bound receptor dimers, and that the dimeric receptors adopt multiple, defined conformational states. Interestingly, the homotypic interactions in the membrane proximal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region differ from those observed in the crystal structure of the unconstrained extracellular regions. We observe two prevalent conformations in which the tyrosine kinase domains interact asymmetrically. The asymmetric arrangement of the cytoplasmic regions may represent snapshots of molecular interactions occurring during trans autophosphorylation. Moreover, the asymmetric arrangements may facilitate specific intermolecular interactions necessary for trans phosphorylation of different KIT autophosphorylation sites that are required for stimulation of kinase activity and recruitment of signaling proteins by activated KIT.
Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) genes from the rumen: protozoal or bacterial origins? (2004)

Concerns and Responses to Food Safety, Health and Environmental Issues
Synthesis, Resolution, and VCD Analysis of an Enantiopure Diazaoxatricornan Derivative (2008)

Using simple organic synthetic transformations, a novel diazaoxatricornan derivative, the 12 c-methyl-12-phenyl-8-propyl-12,12 c-dihydro-8 H-4-oxa-8,12-diazadibenzo[ cd, mn]pyrene ( 6a), was prepared. This novel chiral cup-shaped molecule was isolated in racemic form and in excellent yield after the addition of methyl lithium to the BF 4 salt of a novel unsymmetrical diazaoxatriangulenium cation. Compound 6a was found to be stable under classical laboratory conditions-something not obvious considering the extreme stability of the carbenium ion precursor, the electron-rich nature of the core, and the strain induced by the pyramidalization of the central carbon. The enantiomers were readily separated by chiral stationary phase chromatography, and the absolute configuration of (-)-( S)- 6a was determined by a comparison of the experimental and theoretical vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra. This isolation of (-)-( S)- 6a and (+)-( R)- 6a constitutes thus the first report of a nonracemic closed-capped chiral bowl molecule for which the chirality is due to the intrinsic dissymmetry of the central core of the structure only.
Advances in soft X-ray performance of microchannel plate detectors (1984)

This thesis discusses the design and improvement of microchannel plate (MCP) chevron detectors for imaging soft X-ray astronomy. Particular attention is focused on the MCP quantum detection efficiency and output pulse height distribution. Graded density electrodes are shown to be a suitable two dimensional image encoding system for MCP's. Details are given of a specially constructed vacuum system for testing chevron MCP detectors. Significant reductions in output pulse height distribution FWHM are demonstrated by applying an accelerating potential between the two MCP's of a chevron. Preliminary work on the development of a curved surface MCP detector, for use with grazing incidence optics, is reported and recommendations given for future development. The rational behind using CsI reflection photocathodes to improve the MCP's quantum detection efficiency is examined. Existing CsI photocathode techniques are reviewed and extended to allow the deposition of 14,000 A thick layers.;A detailed set of efficiency measurements is presented. Increased high angle efficiencies are obtained by using a repeller grid with a CsI coated MCP. The results of attempting to produce an MCP with an input electrode that does not penetrate into the channels are also described. The overall usefulness of a repeller grid is discussed. Significant intrinsic energy resolution is achieved, for the first time, from a CsI coated MCP chevron. The resolution is sufficient to allow two colour photometry, separating energies above and below 1 keV. One attempt to improve the energy resolution is documented together with suggestions for further ways in which this might be achieved.h.
Synchronized phasor measurements of a power system event (1994)

The paper describes one of the first field measurements of positive sequence voltage phasors at key system buses during a switching operation at Plant Scherer of the Georgia Power Company. The phasor measurements were synchronized using time transmissions from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The data show the first ever observation of power swings recorded via synchronized phasors at several points on an integrated power network. Measurements were made on the Georgia Power Company (GPC) system, the Florida Power and Light (FPL) system, and on the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system. The disturbance was also simulated on a stability program. Results of the simulation, and a comparison with the observed field data are also included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Selective Laser Sintering of Nylon 12-PEEK Blends Formed by Cryogenic Mechanical Alloying (2000)

Cryogenic mechanical alloying (CMA) has been shown to be an effective means for producing composite powders with co-continuous phases throughout each particle. Consolidation of these composite particles via SLS presents the possibility of forming parts with a co-continuous microstructure. In this work the effects of milling time and PEEK volume fraction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser sintered Nylon 12-PEEK blends is studied. In both blends, the PEEK phase is incorporated to increase mechanical strength, stiffness and heat deflection temperature. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy is utilized to investigate the microstructure of the CMA powder and laser sintered parts.
A survey of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Chesapeake Bay and adjacent upper tributaries (2019)

In recent years, the rise in antimicrobial resistance (AR) in the healthcare setting as well as the environment has been recognized as a growing public health problem. The Chesapeake Bay (CB) and its upper tributaries (UT) is a large and biologically diverse estuary. This pilot study evaluated the presence of AR of gram-negative bacteria isolated from water samples collected at various sites of the Chesapeake Bay. Bacterial organisms were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Ninety-two distinctly different gram-negative bacteria were identified; Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Escherichia coli were most often isolated. Serratia marcescens was more frequently isolated in samples from the UT compared to the CB. Antimicrobial resistance was more frequently detected in organisms from the CB by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin, imipenem, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol were the most frequently observed resistance patterns. ACT-1, CMY, and SHV genes were the most frequently detected resistance genes, with predominance in organism isolated from the CB. The results from this study emphasize the importance for further developing comprehensive surveillance programs of AR in bacterial isolates in the various environments, such as recreational and other water systems.
Latent Weights Do Not Exist: Rethinking Binarized Neural Network Optimization (2019)

Optimization of Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) currently relies on real-valued latent weights to accumulate small update steps. In this paper, we argue that these latent weights cannot be treated analogously to weights in real-valued networks. Instead their main role is to provide inertia during training. We interpret current methods in terms of inertia and provide novel insights into the optimization of BNNs. We subsequently introduce the first optimizer specifically designed for BNNs, Binary Optimizer (Bop), and demonstrate its performance on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet. Together, the redefinition of latent weights as inertia and the introduction of Bop enable a better understanding of BNN optimization and open up the way for further improvements in training methodologies for BNNs. Code is available at: https://github.com/plumerai/rethinking-bnn-optimization
257 Development of a diagnostic platform which matches therapies to the tumor microenvironment dominant biology (2020)

<h3>Background</h3> Tumor microenvironment (TME)-targeting agents such as anti-angiogenic therapies and check-point inhibitors (CPIs), have shown both promise and variability in effectiveness depending on the tumor type. For immune-targeting agents like CPIs, efforts to identify features or biomarkers that predispose responding patients include but are not limited to genomic stability, tumor mutation burden, and PD-L1 expression. Oncologie is developing a RNA-based platform that identifies subsets of patients based on multiple aspects of the biological processes (dominant biology) existing within the tumor microenvironment. <h3>Methods</h3> RNA data from publicly available sources including microarray, RNASeq exome and whole RNA were analyzed with respect to gene signatures that describe four different microenvironmental phenotypes. Phenotypes were then evaluated for relationships to clinical efficacy endpoints. From these RNA signatures and driven by machine learning methodologies, drug-specific algorithms were developed and applied to retrospectively to clinical data. Comparative analyses were explored between gene signatures, commonly used biomarkers (eg. presence of microsatellite DNA, expression levels of PD-L1, etc) and within-patient metadata to better understand better how this approach can be utilized in prospective clinical studies. <h3>Results</h3> Attributes in RNA expression identified using Oncologie’s platform have retrospectively characterized responders to CPIs or anti-angiogenic drugs, demonstrating a relationship between clinical response and biomarker positive and negative patient populations. Exploratory data summarizing the use of the this platform demonstrates its utility for enriching response to both immune- and angiogenesis-targeting drugs. Relative expression changes between archival and fresh biopsies demonstrate changes in the TME with time and/or following targeted therapy. Lastly, cross-tumor comparisons support a tumor-agnostic utility of this approach. Detailed comparisons of this biomarker approach relative to other available biomarkers will be presented for standard of care drugs and those in the Oncologie pipeline based on retrospective analyses. <h3>Conclusions</h3> RNA based descriptors of biology may be a useful approach to enrich for response to targeted therapies whose mechanism of action is to modify the TME biology.
LASER INTENSITY-BASED OBSTACLE DETECTION AND TRACKING (1999)

One of the major challenges in designing intelligent vehicles capable of autonomous travel on highways is reliable obstacle detection. Highways present an unknown and dynamic environment with real-time constraints. In addition, the high speeds of travel force a system to detect objects at long ranges. Because of its necessity for mobile robot platforms and intelligent vehicles, there has been a great amount of research devoted to the obstacle detection problem. Although there are a number of methods that can successfully detect moving vehicles, the more difficult problem of detecting animals or small, static road debris such as tires, boxes, or crates remains unsolved. Laser range scanners, or ladars, have been used for many years for obstacle detection. Laser scanners operate by sweeping a laser across a scene and at each angle, measuring the range and returned intensity. Past researchers have ignored the intensity signal while focusing on the range returned from the laser,...
A Symmetric Key Cryptographic Algorithm (2010)

Any communication in the language that you and I speak-that is the human language, takes the form of plain text or clear text. That is, a message in plain text can be understood by anybody knowing the language as long as the message is not codified in any manner. So, now we have to use coding scheme to ensure that information is hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended, even those who can see the coded data.
Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody–β2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers (2008)

Treatment with the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been associated with reduced risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid (aPL) syndrome (APS) and, in an animal model of APS, with reduction of experimentally induced thrombosis. Recognition of beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) by aPL antibodies appears to play a major role in the disease process. We therefore used the techniques of ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate whether HCQ directly affects the formation of aPL IgG-beta2GPI complexes on phospholipid bilayers. HCQ, at concentrations of 1 mug/mL and greater, significantly reduced the binding of aPL-beta2GPI complexes to phospholipid surfaces and THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) monocytes. The drug also reduced the binding of the individual proteins to bilayers. This HCQ-mediated reduction of binding was completely reversed when the HCQ-protein solutions were dialyzed against buffer. HCQ also caused modest, but statistically significant, reductions of clinical antiphospholipid assays. In conclusion, HCQ reduces the formation of aPL-beta2GPI complexes to phospholipid bilayers and cells. This effect appears to be due to reversible interactions between HCQ and the proteins and may contribute to the observed reduction of thrombosis in human and experimental APS. These results support the possibility that HCQ, or analogous molecules, may offer novel nonanticoagulant therapeutic strategies for treating APS.
Thermal effects in doped fibers (1998)

A theoretical analysis of the pump-induced temperature change and associated thermal phase shift occurring in a pumped doped fiber is presented. Although the primary devices targeted are all-optical switches based on doped fibers, where such effects can be detrimental, this analysis is also applicable to lasers, amplifiers, and other doped fiber devices. The effects of a single pump pulse, multiple pulses and continuous wave (CW) pumping are investigated, both in the dynamic and steady-state regimes. Simple expressions are derived for the thermal relaxation time constant of a fiber, and for its steady-state temperature rise and thermal phase shift under CW pumping. This study predicts that in all-optical fiber switches utilizing a reasonably good dopant the thermal effect due to a single short pulse is negligible in all interferometers, while the steady-state effect can be sizable in a standard fiber Mach-Zehnder but is negligible in a twin-core fiber, a two-mode fiber, and a specially designed Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Programmable responsive shaping behavior induced by visible multi-dimensional gradients of magnetic nanoparticles (2012)

Herein, we report a new ‘programmable’ responsive shaping behavior induced by the visible multi-dimensional gradient of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP): the materials exhibit different local curvatures and a sequence of responsive shapes during the responsive process; the sequence and the local curvature are accurately defined by ‘programmed instructions’—MNP gradients in the materials.
LOX/GOX SENSITIVITY OF FLUOROELASTOMERS (1973)

The effect of formulation components and the addition of fire retardants on the impact sensitivity of Viton B fluoroelastomer in liquid oxygen was studied with the objective of developing a procedure for reliably reducing this sensitivity. Component evaluation, carried out on more than 40 combinations of components and cure cycles, showed that almost all the standard formulation agents, including carbon, MgO, Diak-3, and PbO2, will sensitize the Viton stock either singly or in combinations, some combinations being much more sensitive than others. Cure and postcure treatments usually reduced the sensitivity of a given formulation, often dramatically, but no formulated Viton was as insensitive as the pure Viton B stock. Coating formulated Viton with a thin layer of pure Viton gave some indication of reduced sensitivity, but additional tests are needed. It is concluded that sensitivity in formulated Viton arises from a variety of sources, some physical and some chemical in origin. Elemental analyses for all the formulated Vitons are reported as are the results of a literature search on the subject of LOX impact sensitivity.
Pressure control system for low rates at high pressure (1982)

Good pressure control is necessary for processes that are pressure dependent (i.e., miscible recovery). A pressure control system for low rate flooding at high pressure is described. The use of some similar pressure control system is recommended to persons needing precision pressure control for low rate, high pressure flow. A pressure control system for low rate, high pressure flow has been developed and used successfully. The system can maintain flowing pressures with + 0.1% of the desired pressure, even with flowing fluid velocity changes of more than a factor of 10.