gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why Intraperitoneal Delivery of Insulin With Implantable Pumps in NIDDM? (1992)

In the normal state, pancreatic secretion of insulin results in a portal/peripheral gradient with the highest concentrations of insulin in the liver. In diabetic patients with absent or insufficient pancreatic insulin secretion who require exogenous insulin, this normal gradient is lost, resulting in numerous abnormalities. This consideration led to interest in the intraperitoneal delivery of insulin, hoping to produce a therapeutic state more closely resembling normal physiology. The development of implantable insulin pumps, which can deliver insulin intraperitoneally, led to numerous studies on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients, demonstrating that insulin delivered intraperitoneally is rapidly and predictably absorbed with most of it going into the portal system, resulting in hepatic delivery of insulin. Studies in IDDM patients have demonstrated that good glucose control can be achieved with intraperitoneal delivery of insulin from implantable pumps with lesser glycemic fluctuations and, therefore, fewer episodes of hypoglycemia. Furthermore, intraperitoneal insulin results in carbohydrate and particularly lipid metabolism that more closely mimics the normal physiological state than produced by injections of insulin. Thus, implantable insulin pumps are being studied for use in IDDM. Many non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients have insufficient pancreatic secretion and require exogenous insulin. Because of alterations in hepatic sensitivity to insulin, increments in insulin delivery to the liver may be even more important in NIDDM than IDDM. Furthermore, insulin resistance, which is an integral part of NIDDM, results in higher physiological levels of insulin, which are required for glucose control, and thus significant peripheral hyperinsulinemia occurs in patients receiving exogenous insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Oligomeric flavanoids. Part 11. Structure and synthesis of the first phlobatannins related to (4α,6:4α,8)-bis-(–)-fisetinidol-(+)-catechin profisetinidin triflavanoids (1990)

Several members of the unique class of natural phlobatannins, representing the products of stereospecific pyran rearrangement of 2,3-trans-3,4-trans-flavan-3-ol units present in, e.g., (4α,6 : 4α,8)-bis-(–)-fisetinidol-(+)-catechin triflavanoid profisetinidins, have been characterized. These include the functionalized 6,7-trans-7,8-cis-10,11-trans-11,12-cis-hexahydrodipyrano[2,3-f : 2′,3′-h]chromene (3) and the 10-flavanyl-6,7-trans-7,8-cis-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-f]chromene ‘isomerization-intermediates’(6), (15), and (17). The proposed structures of compounds (3) and (6) were confirmed by synthesis via base-catalysed conversion of the 3-O(E)-methyl ether (1) of its apparent biogenetic precursor, and the relative nucleophilicity of the A- and D-ring in the ‘dimeric’ tetrahydropyrano[2,3-h]chromene (14) assessed by condensation with the flavan -3,4-diol, (+)-mollisacacidin.
Matematisk beskrivelse af dielektrisk styrke (2016)

Dielektriske elastomerer (DE) er en relativ ny type materiale, som har stort potentiale blandt andet inden for medico- og energiteknologi
Purification and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA damage-responsive protein 48 (DDRP 48). (1993)

A yeast protein was purified from wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) to near homogeneity using an ethanolamine affinity chromatography procedure. The N-terminal amino acid sequencing and the amino acid composition analyses identified this protein as the product of the second open reading frame of S. cerevisiae DNA Damage-responsive gene 48 (DDR48) (Treger, J.M., and McEntee, K. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 3174-3184) The first methionine residue encoded by the translation starting codon was not present in the mature protein which is designated as DDRP 48. DDRP 48 was found to be a negatively charged and highly hydrophilic glycoprotein. The glycosidase cleavage analyses suggested that DDRP 48 was mainly N-link-glycosylated. The apparent molecular mass of DDRP 48 was estimated to be approximately 65 kilodaltons. DDRP 48 was found able to hydrolyze ATP and GTP yielding PPi. The Km values for ATP and GTP are 0.29 mM and 0.58 mM, respectively. The Western blot analysis demonstrated that DDRP 48 was expressed to various concentrations in different S. cerevisiae strains. Increased DDRP 48 abundance was observed after yeast cells carrying the wild type RAD 52 gene were exposed to either ethylmethane sulfonate or heat shock treatments. After similar DNA-damaging treatments, however, no significant inductions of DDRP 48 were found in a rad 52 mutant strain. These observations are consistent with the predictions resulting from previous studies on transcriptional regulation of the DDR 48 gene (Maga, J.A., McClanahan, T.A., and McEntee, K. (1986) Mol. & Gen. Genet. 205, 276-284; McClanahan, T., and McEntee, K. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 90-96).
Studies of the Toxicological Potential of Capsinoids: I. Single-Dose Toxicity Study and Genotoxicity Studies of CH-19 Sweet Extract (2008)

A single-dose oral toxicity lethal-dose study was conducted to examine the toxicity of capsinoids contained in CH-19 Sweet extract. CH-19 Sweet extract was administered once by gavage to SPF (Crl:CD(SD)) Sprague-Dawley male and female rats at dose levels of 0 (vehicle), 5, 10, or 20 ml/kg of body weight (BW). The concentration of capsinoids in the CH-19 Sweet extract was 71.25 mg/ml; this resulted in administered dose levels of capsinoids of 356.25, 712.5, and 1425 mg/kg BW, respectively. The toxicity of CH-19 Sweet extract by single oral administration was low; only transient salivation or decreased spontaneous movement was observed on the day of administration at > or =10 ml/kg BW. It was concluded that the lethal dose of CH-19 Sweet extract was estimated to be higher than 20 ml/kg (1425 mg/kg as capsinoids) for both males and females since no deaths were observed at any dose in this study. A bacterial reverse mutation test of CH-19 Sweet extract was performed employing Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli and using the preincubation method. Treatment with CH-19 Sweet extract did not increase the number of revertant colonies compared with negative controls either in the presence (+S9) or absence (-S9) of metabolic activation. An in vitro chromosome aberration test was conducted using Chinese hamster lung cultured cells (CHL/IU). Treatment with CH-19 Sweet extract failed to induce chromosome aberrations in either short-term or continuous treatment scenarios, with or without metabolic activation (-S9, +S9). In an in vivo micronucleus test using BDF(1) male mice, CH-19 Sweet extract failed to increase the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) or decrease the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in any of the treatment groups. These results suggest the absence of mutagenicity as well as in vitro and in vivo clastogenicity of capsinoids contained in CH-19 Sweet extract.
Dynamic weighted discrimination power analysis: A novel approach for face and palmprint recognition in DCT domain (2010)

Although Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is widely employed to extract proper features for biometric recognition, the problem on how to select proper DCT coefficients to obtain the best discrimination effect has not been solved satisfactorily. Some approaches discard the low-frequency DCT coefficients unreasonably and rely on proper premasking window to improve performance. But there is not a uniform criterion to optimize the shape and size of the premasking window, so it is an inconvenient processing for coefficient selection.Three processes, used to enhance discriminant ability in DCT domain, and the relationship between them are summarized and discussed systematically. Furthermore, this paperexplains the phenomenon why the recognition rate is low without discarding the low-frequency DCT coefficients reasonably and then proposes dynamic weighted discrimination power analysis (DWDPA) to enhance the discrimination power (DP) of the selected DCT coefficients. DWDPA does not need premasking window and preserves more DCT coefficients with higher DP. Normalization prevents the DCT coefficients with large absolute values from destroying the DP of the other DCT coefficients that have less absolute values but high DP values. The DCT coefficients with larger DP values are given larger weights adaptively to optimize and enhance the recognition performance. The experiments on ORL, Yale and PolyU databases captured by biometric sensors prove the advantages of DWDPA obviously.

	 

	Key words: Dynamic weighted discrimination power analysis (DWDPA), discrete cosine transforms (DCT), biometric sensors, face recognition, palmprint recognition.
Security analysis of a double-image encryption technique based on an asymmetric algorithm (2018)

In this paper, we evaluate the security of a double-image encryption technique based on an asymmetric algorithm. Compared with traditional cryptosystems based on a phase-truncated Fourier transform, the technique is able to improve the security of the encryption by combining a joint transform correlator; consequently, the encryption scheme is immune to some common attacks. We propose a special attack based on a phase retrieval algorithm with median filtering and normalization operation to break the cryptosystem. Low key sensitivity of a position parameter set has been found and an additional constraint is utilized to improve the attack to simplify the process and further decrease the computational time. Numerical simulation results show that the cryptosystem is vulnerable to the proposed special attack.
Portable MRI developed at Los Alamos (2015)

Scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory are developing an ultra-low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system that could be low-power and lightweight enough for forward deployment on the battlefield and to field hospitals in the World's poorest regions. "MRI technology is a powerful medical diagnostic tool," said Michelle Espy, the Battlefield MRI (bMRI) project leader, "ideally suited for imaging soft-tissue injury, particularly to the brain." But hospital-based MRI devices are big and expensive, and require considerable infrastructure, such as large quantities of cryogens like liquid nitrogen and helium, and they typically use a large amount of energy. "Standard MRI machines just can't go everywhere," said Espy. "Soldiers wounded in battle usually have to be flown to a large hospital and people in emerging nations just don't have access to MRI at all. We've been in contact with doctors who routinely work in the Third World and report that MRI would be extremely valuable in treating pediatric encephalopathy, and other serious diseases in children." So the Los Alamos team started thinking about a way to make an MRI device that could be relatively easy to transport, set up, and use in an unconventional setting. Conventional MRI machines use very large magnetic fields that align the protons in water molecules to then create magnetic resonance signals, which are detected by the machine and turned into images. The large magnetic fields create exceptionally detailed images, but they are difficult and expensive to make. Espy and her team wanted to see if images of sufficient quality could be made with ultra-low-magnetic fields, similar in strength to the Earth's magnetic field. To achieve images at such low fields they use exquisitely sensitive detectors called Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices, or SQUIDs. SQUIDs are among the most sensitive magnetic field detectors available, so interference with the signal is the primary stumbling block. "SQUIDs are so sensitive they'll respond to a truck driving by outside or a radio signal 50 miles away," said Al Urbaitis, a bMRI engineer. The team's first generation bMRI had to be built in a large metal housing in order to shield it from interference. Now the Los Alamos team is working in the open environment without the large metal housing using a lightweight series of wire coils that surround the bMRI system to compensate the Earth’s magnetic field. In the future, the field compensation system will also function similar to noise-cancelling headphones to eradicate invading magnetic field signals on-the-fly.
Description and validation of a harmonised model of the growing pig for the optimisation of the utilisation and excretion of nutrients (2002)

The proposed model may be considered as an advance upon previous models; giving a synthesis of the contemporary information base and having a structure with maximum flexibility and minimum usage of fixed coefficients. It is distinctive in that it includes: (1) linkage from dietary nutrients to tissue retention via algorithms for main-stream biochemical processes; (2) a unified driver allowing compatible calculation of (i) the nutrient costs of energy and of protein cycling, (ii) the nutrient costs of maintenance and protein retention, and (iii) the interactions between energy and protein usage; (3) prediction of the rate and composition of tissue retention during growth, and of the cost of thermoregulation; (4) reversal of the role of conventional model parameters such that they become out-turns, rather than inputs, of the model, including (i) the metabolisability of energy, (ii) the ideality of protein and the efficiency of use of ileal digested ideal protein, (iii) the efficiency of utilisation of energy (k) for maintenance (k M ), for protein (k Pr ) and lipid (k Lr ) retention, which are accepted as variables derived from calculation of efficiencies of production of ATP.
An automatic hardness measuring method using Hough transform and fuzzy c-means algorithm (2005)

A novel automatic Vickers hardness measuring method is proposed. An algorithm called Hough fuzzy vertices detection algorithm (HFVDA) is proposed. In order to overcome the unavoidable affects of vertex detection due to surface contaminations or specimen texture, HFVDA transforms all the candidate pixels on the indentation edge lines into Hough space. Within Hough space, a weighted fuzzy c-means algorithm along with local maximum detection is proposed to find the transformed indentation edge lines. It will be shown that HFVDA is able to find the indentation vertices and calculate the hardness number with high accuracy for either specular-polished or rough-polished specimens.
Impact of serum glycosylated Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac‐2 binding protein levels on liver functional reserves and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis (2015)

Serum WFA(+) -M2BP levels were significantly correlated with both liver function reserves and liver fibrosis, and were independently associated with mortality in patients with LC.
Nitrous oxide as a primary product in base-mediated β-elimination reactions of diazeniumdiolated benzylamine derivatives (2012)

We report an unexpected β-elimination pathway by which diazeniumdiolated benzylamines of structure Bn-N(R)-N(O)=N-OR' undergo base-mediated fragmentation to generate N(2)O as the only gaseous product. The reaction is especially rapid for R = 2-hydroxyethyl, in which the hydroxyl group anchimerically assists benzylic proton removal with concomitant expulsion of PhCH=NR and R'OH.
Prostaglandins and fetal cardiac output distribution in the lamb (1985)

With the use of a triple thermodilution technique in 17 fetal lambs, combined with microsphere estimations in 7, the effects of indomethacin prostaglandin (PG) I2 and PGE2 on cardiac output and its distribution were measured. Indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg) induced a main pulmonary artery-to-aorta pressure gradient, which peaked within 45-60 min and persisted for 2-3 h. PGE2 abolished this gradient (threshold 50 ng X kg-1 X min-1), while PGI2 in doses up to 100 ng X kg-1 X min-1 increased it. Indomethacin did not change total cardiac output but altered its distribution (right ventricular output, left ventricular output) and increased the percentage of right ventricular output flowing to the lungs. Ductal flow decreased concomitantly. After indomethacin, PGI2 further decreased ductal flow, increased pulmonary flow, and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance. PGE2 restored the original right ventricular-to-total cardiac output ratio, although ductus flow did not return to base-line levels. Pulmonary resistance increased slightly, reflecting decreased pulmonary flow, associated with decreased right ventricular output. Thus PGE2 was more effective on the ductus than on the pulmonary circulation. PGI2 did not relax the ductus but was a potent pulmonary vasodilator. Neither PGI2 nor PGE2 nor indomethacin changed total cardiac output but all altered its distribution.
Prototipo de una herramienta de apoyo para la estimación de costos, en la etapa de desarrollo de un proyecto de software (2011)

En el presente articulo se analiza y se hace un enfoque sobre un tema de importancia para la Ingenieria de Software, que es la estimacion de los costos de un proyecto de software. La intencion es proponer y presentar el planteamiento y el desarrollo de una herramienta de software, que sirva de apoyo en esta tarea, tomando como base los modelos existentes y en sus versiones mas recientes, en cuanto a metricas de la Ingenieria de Sistemas Computacionales, como lo son el COCOMO II (COnstructive COst MOdel, Modelo Constructivo de Costos) y el IFPUG (International Function Point Users Group, Grupo Internacional de Usuarios de Puntos Funcion), conocido este ultimo como Metrica por Puntos de Funcion, siempre que el proyecto en cuestion se apegue a los lineamientos que fija la propia Ingenieria de software, que es mediada por organismos como la IEC/ISO (In-ternational Electro technical Commission/International Organization for Standardization) para garantizar, tanto al desarrollador como al usuario, que el proyecto se realiza bajo ciertas medidas de eficiencia y calidad
Selection of glasses for achromatic doublets with reduced secondary color (2000)

Graphical methods have been used in Engineering and Physics to speed up long numerical calculations often done by hand. Many of these methods have become obsolete with the increasing speed of digital computers. Charts for the selection of glasses for thin achromatic doublets with reduced secondary spectrum are among the graphs still in use probably because of the sizable number of possible combinations. With any of the most popular, present day, PC's all the possible combinations of all the glasses in the Schott Glass Catalog, taken a pair of glasses at a time secondary spectrum can be computed, sorted in increasing value and displayed on the monitor screen as a table in about 30 seconds. The number of acceptable solutions on the bases of magnitude of secondary spectrum only may still be huge. Further calculations of aberrations for specific cases will help reduce drastically the number of acceptable solutions. Beyond that, it will be left to the user to consider other parameters generally listed in glass catalogs data sheets to finally come out with one solution.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Domoic Acid, a Marine Neurotoxin, with Application to Shellfish and Plankton (1989)

Abstract A recent outbreak of poisoning resulting from the consumption of cultured blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from a localized area in Eastern Canada has been attributed to the presence of domoic acid (1), a relatively rare neurotoxic amino acid, previously found only in some algae of the family Rhodomelaceae. Studies on aqueous extracts of shellfish tissue indicated that the toxin and several of its isomers could be separated (and isolated in sufficient amounts for subsequent structural identification) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) diode array detection (DAD). Aqueous acetonitrile containing 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid was used as mobile phase. As the retention time and characteristic UV absorption spectrum of 1 (λmax = 242 nm) permit unequivocal identification, the HPLC-DAD procedure was refined with a microbore column to provide a rapid (5 min), sensitive (0.3 ng detection limit) and reproducible assay method for the determination of 1 in shellfish tissue. Extraction was accomplished by boiling homogenized shellfish tissue for 5 min with distilled water. Extracts were taken through an octadecylsilica solid phase extraction clean-up prior to HPLC. This method has been applied to a variety of shellfish and phytoplankton samples. BRIEF Reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet diode array detection was used to analyze shellfish tissue and phytoplankton extracts for domoic acid. A rapid (5 min) and sensitive (0.3 ng detection limit) assay is presented.
Deep Learning and Thresholding with Class-Imbalanced Big Data (2019)

Class imbalance is a regularly occurring problem in machine learning that has been studied extensively over the last two decades. Various methods for addressing class imbalance have been introduced, including algorithm-level methods, datalevel methods, and hybrid methods. While these methods are well studied using traditional machine learning algorithms, there are relatively few studies that explore their application to deep neural networks. Thresholding, in particular, is rarely discussed in the deep learning with class imbalance literature. This paper addresses this gap by conducting a systematic study on the application of thresholding with deep neural networks using a Big Data Medicare fraud data set. We use random oversampling (ROS), random under-sampling (RUS), and a hybrid ROS-RUS to create 15 training distributions with varying levels of class imbalance. With the fraudulent class size ranging from 0.03%-60%, we identify optimal classification thresholds for each distribution on random validation sets and then score the thresholds on a 20% holdout test set. Through repetition and statistical analysis, confidence intervals show that the default threshold is never optimal when training data is imbalanced. Results also show that the optimal threshold outperforms the default threshold in nearly all cases, and linear models indicate a strong linear relationship between the minority class size and the optimal decision threshold. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide statistical results that describe optimal classification thresholds for deep neural networks over a range of class distributions.
Counting near infrared photons with microwave kinetic inductance detectors (2017)

We demonstrate photon counting at 1550 nm wavelength using microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) made from TiN/Ti/TiN trilayer films with superconducting transition temperature Tc≈ 1.4 K. The detectors have a lumped-element design with a large interdigitated capacitor covered by aluminum and inductive photon absorbers whose volume ranges from 0.4 μm3 to 20 μm3. The energy resolution improves as the absorber volume is reduced. We achieved an energy resolution of 0.22 eV and resolved up to 7 photons per optical pulse, both greatly improved from previously reported results at 1550 nm wavelength using MKIDs. Further improvements are possible by optimizing the optical coupling to maximize photon absorption into the inductive absorber.
Banded-matrix high-performance algorithm and architecture (1985)

A new time- and space-integrating optical linear algebra processor is described that achieves high accuracy and high-computational rates. Attention is given to the use of this system in solving banded linear algebraic equations. This new architecture readily allows partitioning and the use of nonbinary encoding. A new LU decomposition algorithm is described that significantly simplifies the required processor. A new method for handling bipolar data is also used.