gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of sleepiness in drivers: Combination of caffeine with a short nap (1997)

Previous research has shown that caffeine and a < 15-min nap effectively and separately reduce sleepiness in drivers for 1 hr. In the present study, we examined in 12 sleepy individuals the treatments combined, taken during a 30-min break, prior to a longer (2 hr) continuous monotonous afternoon drive in a car simulator. Nonnap comparisons were 200 mg caffeine only and placebo. For placebo, driving incidents, subjective and electroencephalographic measures of sleepiness all reflected a mid-afternoon peak. This peak was significantly reduced by caffeine and eliminated by the combined treatment, which reduced incidents to 9% of placebo levels versus 34% of placebo levels for caffeine alone. Naps comprising "nonsleep dozing" were still effective.
Renal cell carcinoma: An update for the practicing urologist (2015)

Systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has evolved drastically, with agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) now representing a standard of care. The present paper is to review the current status of relevant clinical trials that were either recently completed or ongoing. (1) Though observation remains a standard of care following resection of localized disease, multiple trials are underway to assess VEGF- and mTOR-directed therapies in this setting. (2) While the preponderance of retrospective data favors cytoreductive nephrectomy in the context of targeted agents, prospective data to support this approach is still forthcoming. (3) The first-line management of mRCC may change substantially with multiple studies exploring vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and novel targeted agents currently underway. In general, prospective studies that will report within the next several years will be critical in defining the role of adjuvant therapy and cytoreductive nephrectomy. Over the same span of time, the current treatment paradigm for first-line therapy may evolve.
Similar-shape retrieval in shape data management (1995)

Addresses the problem of similar-shape retrieval, where shapes or images in a shape database that satisfy specified shape-similarity constraints with respect to the query shape or image must be retrieved from the database. In its simplest form, the similar-shape retrieval problem can be stated as, "retrieve or select all shapes or images that are visually similar to the query shape or the query image's shape". We focus on databases of 2D shapes-or equivalently, databases of images of flat or almost flat objects. (We use the terms "object" and "shape" interchangeably). Two common types of 2D objects are rigid objects, which have a single rigid component called a link, and articulated objects, which have two or more rigid components joined by movable (rotating or sliding) joints. An ideal similar-shape retrieval technique must be general enough to handle images of articulated as well as rigid objects. It must be flexible enough to handle simple query images, which have isolated shapes, and complex query images, which have partially visible, overlapping or touching objects. We discuss the central issues in similar-shape retrieval and explain how these issues are resolved in a shape retrieval scheme called FIBSSR (Feature Index-Based Similar-Shape Retrieval). This new similar-shape retrieval system effectively models real-world applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Meaning on the web (2006)

It is a truism that as the Web grows in size and scope, it becomes harder to find what we want, to identify like-minded people and communities, to find the best ads to offer, and to have applications work together smoothly. Services don't interoperate; queries yield long lists of results, most of which seem to miss the point. If the Web were a person, we would expect richer and more successful interactions with it - interactions that were, quite literally, more meaningful. That's because in human discourse, it is shared meaning that gives us real communication. Yet with the current Web, meaning cannot be found.Much recent work has aspired to change this, both for human-machine interchange and machine-machine synchronization. Certainly the "semantic web" looks to add meaning to our current simplistic matching of mere strings of characters against mere "bags" of words. But can we legislate meaning from on high? Isn't meaning organic and determined by use, a moving and context-dependent target? But if meaning is an evolving organic soup, how are humans able to get anything done with one another? Don't we love to "define our terms"? But then again, is real definition even possible?These questions have daunted philosophers for years, and we probably won't solve them here. But we'll try to understand what's at the root of our own current religious debate: should meaning on the Web be evolutionary, driven organically through the bottom-up human assignment of tags? Or does it need to be carefully crafted and managed by a higher authority, using structured representations with defined semantics? Without picket signs or violence (we hope), our panelists will explore the two extreme ends of the spectrum - and several points in between.
Impaired sulphation of phenol by the colonic mucosa in quiescent and active ulcerative colitis. (1991)

Substantial amounts of phenols are produced in the human colon by bacterial fermentation of protein. In the colonic mucosa of animals, phenols are inactivated predominantly by conjugation with sulphate. The purpose of this study was to confirm sulphation of phenols by isolated colonocytes from man and to evaluate mucosal sulphation in inflammatory bowel disease using the phenol, paracetamol, in rectal dialysis bags. The incubation of paracetamol with colonocytes isolated from resected colon specimens (n = 7) yielded a mean (SE) value of 7.0 (0.9) mumols/g dry weight of paracetamol sulphate after 60 minutes but virtually undetectable values of paracetamol glucuronide. Paracetamol sulphate was detected in rectal dialysates from all control subjects, with a mean (SE) value of 4.2 (0.8) nmol/hour. Sulphation was significantly impaired (p less than 0.01) in 19 patients with active ulcerative colitis (0.6 (0.2) nmol/hour) and in 17 patients with ulcerative colitis in remission (1.1 (0.4) nmol/hour). Sulphation in eight patients with Crohn's colitis (4.3 (2.1) nmol/hour) was similar to that in control subjects. Impairment of the capacity of the mucosa to sulphate phenols in quiescent and active ulcerative colitis may pose a metabolic burden on colonic epithelial cells, which are continuously exposed to endogenous phenols from the colonic lumen.
Demonstration of the occurrence of inactive fatty acid synthetase in rat liver by immunotitration and its in vitro partial activation. (1981)

Direct immunotitrations of rat liver fatty acid synthetase in crude tissue homogenates with monospecific rabbit anti-rat liver fatty acid synthetase antibody enabled us to make a comparison of fatty acid synthetase protein and activity (percentage of maximal activity) as a function of the nutritional state in normal, diabetic, and insulin- and glucagon-insulin treated animals. Previous results, in which large changes in fatty acid synthetase activity were related to protein synthesis and degradation rather than to enzyme activation, were confirmed. It was also shown that fatty acid synthetase activation does not occur immediately on synthesis but follows the synthesis of fatty acid synthetase protein. In order to characterize the enzymatically inactive protein found on immunotitration and to develop an in vitro system for fatty acid synthetase activation, conditions were sought to obtain large amounts of fatty acid synthetase protein free from, or low in, activity. It was found that treatment of hypophysectomized rats with triiodothyronine meets these requirements, yielding milligram quantities of inactive fatty acid synthetase protein with less than 2% of maximal activity. A part of the inactive fatty acid synthetase was found to be the apoenzyme as indicated by beta-ketoreductase and thioesterase activities, by its ability to incorporate label from [G3H]CoA, and by its partial in vitro activation, which led to an increase in overall synthetase activity in crude and partially purified cell-free systems. The components required for activation include magnesium ion and a transferase fraction prepared from livers of 48-h fasted, 12-h refed rats.
Short Quantum Accumulate Codes with High Rate and Multiple Error Corrections Capability (2021)

This paper proposes short but high rate quantum codes, derived from the classical accumulate codes, having capability of correcting multiple errors simultaneously. The high coding rate is obtained from k = 2 with minimum blocklength n, but still satisfying both Singletone and Hamming bounds to have error correction capability of t = 2 qubits, We perform an intensive computer search to find the best matrix of parity check that match with the accumulator matrix to provide zero simplectic inner product (SIP) mod 2. We found that it is difficult to obtain a perfect parity check matrix that provide zero diagonal element in SIP to guarantee completely unique syndromes. However, since it may be difficult, we also present in this paper a theoretical quantum word error rate (QWER), when some syndromes do not have unique values to identify the quantum errors of X, Z, and Y. The results in this paper are expected to provide groundbreaking foundation on the development of high rate quantum codes with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$k\geq 2$</tex> , especially for short blocklength.
Development of an evaluation model for the design of fault-tolerant solid state mass memory (2002)

The use of Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) devices for space applications is growing due the higher cost and lower performance of corresponding dedicated devices. The needed reliability is achieved at the architectural level. This paper faces this problem in the design of a Solid State Mass Memory (SSMM). High-energy particles induce soft and hard errors in DRAMs devices. In our approach, these errors are mitigated at system level rather than at device level. In particular our SSMM is based on a suitable Error Control Code (ECC) and on memory redundancy in order to improve the tolerance with respect to DRAM induced errors. Accurate space environment models and decisional models are important to optimize the SSMM overhead, the amount of radiation shielding, the overall mass, and could suggest, if possible, the selection of a better orbit with a more benign environment. In this paper we describe the methodology used to select the parameter design for a class of memory architectures.
<title>Parsytec HTS-2: defect detection and classification through software vs. dedicated hardware</title> (1999)

Existing techniques have been limited in terms of throughput and classification capabilities. This paper presents a radically new approach of handling the fastest of steel mill line speeds, while surface imaging is done using standard video cameras and defect analysis is done entirely in software on mass market PCs. This analysis involves the use of consumer electronics technology such as video cameras and multimedia PCs. Advances in multi-media PC technology, such as MMX, have made it possible to do all image processing in software versus the use of dedicated hardware. Among the topics to be presented are, the system architecture made up of arrays of inexpensive cameras and the corresponding processing units. Innovative illumination concepts guarantee outstanding image quality at any line speed. Intelligent pre-processing has been introduced to compensate various environmental effects. Sophisticated defect analysis provides highest quality data for the final classification step. As a result, steel surface inspection systems can be built today as software solutions - rather than a configuration of dedicated hardware.
The Scalable Adapter Design Pattern: Enabling Interoperability Between Educational Software Tools (2008)

For many practical learning scenarios, the integrated use of more than one learning tool is educationally beneficial. In these cases, interoperability between learning tools - getting the pieces to talk to one another in a coherent, well-founded manner - is a crucial requirement that is often hard to achieve. This paper describes a re-usable software design that aims at the integration of independent learning tools into one collaborative learning scenario. We motivate the usefulness and expressiveness of combining several learning tools into one integrated learning experience. Based on this we sketch software design principles that integrate several existing components into a joint technical framework. The feasibility of the approach, which we name the "Scalable Adapter" design pattern, is shown with several implementation examples from different educational technology domains, including Intelligent Tutoring Systems and collaborative learning environments.
Cold-induced dishabituation in rodents exposed to recurrent hypoglycaemia (2021)

Non-diabetic rodents exhibit two cardinal features of habituation, namely stimulus generalisation and dishabituation. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that suppressed counterregulatory responses following exposure to recurrent hypoglycaemia in diabetes result from habituation.
Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Development, Progress and Constraints (2011)

The workshop Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Development, Progress and Constraints was organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, under the umbrella of the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, a joint initiative of FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health. The workshop was supported by the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation, and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; other participants included the World Health Organization and the International Atomic Energy Agency. The meeting occurred January 19–21, 2011, at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy, and was attended by 34 leading scientists in Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) vaccine development, representatives of international organizations, and policy makers. Stakeholders from industry were represented by the International Federation for Animal Health. The main objective of the meeting was to gain consensus about desired characteristics of novel veterinary RVFV vaccines and to discuss how incentives can be established to ensure that these vaccines come to market.
An architecture for content routing support in the internet (2001)

The primary use of the Internet is content distribution | the delivery of web pages, audio, and video to client applications | yet the Internet was never architected for scalable content delivery. The result has been a proliferation of proprietary protocols and ad hoc mechanisms to meet growing content demand. In this paper, we describe a content routing design based on name-based routing as part of an explicit Internet content layer. We claim that this content routing is a natural extension of current Internet directory and routing systems, allows ecient content location, and can be implemented to scale with the Internet. 1 Introduction With the emergence of the World Wide Web, the primary use of the Internet is content distribution, primarily in the form of web pages, but increasingly audio and video streams as well. Some measurements indicate that 70 to 80 percent of wide-area Internet trac is HTTP trac. Much of the remainder consists of RealAudio streams and DNS[4, 12]. That is, ...
Label-Free Photonic Crystal Biosensor Integrated Microfluidic Chip for Determination of Kinetic Reaction Rate Constants (2009)

We demonstrate a photonic crystal integrated microfluidic chip that is compatible with a 384-well microplate format for measuring kinetic reaction rate constants in high-throughput biomolecular interaction screening applications. The device enables low volume kinetic analysis of protein-protein interactions with low flow latency, and control of five analyte flow channels with a single control point. The structure is fabricated with a replica molding process that produces the submicron photonic crystal structure simultaneously with the micrometer-scale fluid channel structure. The device significantly reduces the kinetic assay time required compared with a conventional biosensor microplate in which reagents reach the active detection surface by diffusion. Using the photonic crystal sensor fluid network system, we demonstrate determination of the kinetic association/dissociation rate constants between immobilized ligands and analytes in the flow stream, using the heparin/lactoferrin system as an example.
Preparation of Cellulose Nanoparticles from Foliage by Bio-Enzyme Methods (2021)

There are vast reserves of foliage in nature, which is an inexhaustible precious resource. In this study, the chemical components of five foliage types (pine needles, black locust tree leaves, bamboo leaves, elm leaves and poplar leaves) were analyzed, including cellulose content, hemicellulose content, and lignin content. The bio-enzymatic method was then used to prepare cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) from these five kinds of leaves, and the prepared CNPs were analyzed using TEM, FTIR, FESEM, and XRD. The results showed that the content of hemicellulose in bamboo leaves was the highest, and the lignin content in the other four leaves was the highest. The cellulose content in the five kinds of foliage was arranged from large to small as pine needles (20.5%), bamboo leaves (19.5%), black locust leaves (18.0%), elm leaves (17.6%), and poplar leaves (15.5%). TEM images showed that the CNPs prepared by the five kinds of foliage reached the nanometer level in width and the micrometer level in length; therefore, the CNPs prepared in this study belonged to cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The results of FTIR and XRD showed that CNFs prepared by the enzyme treatment exhibited a typical crystalline structure of cellulose II. The degree of crystallinity (<i>DOC</i>) of CNFs prepared from pine needle, poplar leaves, and bamboo leaves are 78.46%, 77.39%, and 81.51%, respectively. FESEM results showed that the CNFs prepared from pine needles, poplar leaves and bamboo leaves by enzymatic method presents a three-dimensional (3D) network structure, and their widths are 31 nm, 36 nm, and 37 nm, respectively. This study provides a meaningful reference for broadening the use of foliage types and improving their added value.
Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung im Mehrphasensystem ionische Flüssigkeit und überkritisches Kohlendioxid (2011)

The development and optimization of chemical processes and synthesis methods, aiming for better environmental sustainability, simplified processing and lower energy and material consumption, is one of the major research areas of Technical Chemistry. This work, which was done at the Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry of the University of Technology Aachen, belongs to the above described category. It deals with the development of a new continuous process for the Friedel-Crafts-Acylation of aromatic compounds. The basic concept of this process is based on the immobilization of the FC-Catalyst, a Lewis acid, in an ionic liquid (IL) as a stationary phase. A second mobile phase, consisting of super critical carbon dioxide (scCO2), transports the substrates into the stationary phase, where they get in contact with the catalyst and the reaction takes place. The formed products get extracted and carried out of the reactor by the mobile phase. In This way a homogenous, monophase and discontinuous reaction which normally is done in an organic solvent like nitrobenzene, becomes a biphasic continuous reaction which does not need the use of any organic solvent. For this concept many metal salts and compounds, which all have Lewis-acid properties and are all well known as FC-catalysts that can be applied in catalytic quantities, were tested. Also different ionic liquids (IL) were synthesised and tested as stationary phase, different substrates were deployed and the influence of pressure and temperature on the process was observed. The new and remarkable in this work is that the above mentioned tests and examinations all take place in a biphasic system under continuous conditions. This was realized in an apparatus, which was built and developed specially for this work.
High-resolution optical study of a point-contact-induced phonon hot spot in ruby (1991)

A phonon hot spot is generated in ruby at 1.5 K by a micrometer-sized whisker-film W-W point contact, and subsequently studied by means of high-resolution optical techniques. The phonon distribution in the immediate vicinity of the point contact is imaged directly with micrometer spatial resolution. The method used is to observe the ${\mathit{R}}_{1}$ luminescence following optical excitation of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ to E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}${(}^{2}$E), where advantage is taken of the temperature dependence of the frequency and width of the $^{4}$${\mathit{A}}_{2}$-E\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}${(}^{2}$E) optical transition. A model description of the propagating phonon distribution is presented in terms of classical heat conduction close to the point contact and of quasiballistic propagation further away. Results of numerical calculations of the space- and frequency-dependent phonon distribution agree well with experiment.
Cryptophycins: A Novel Class of Potent Antimitotic Antitumor Depsipeptides (2001)

The antitumor cryptophycins are synthetic derivatives of the desipeptide cryptophycins isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Cryptophycin 52 that is currently in clinical trial in solid tumors, is prepared by total synthesis of four key fragments that are coupled to form the final product. The mechanism of anticancer activity of the cryptophycins has been associated with their destabilization of microtubules and with their induction of bcl-2 phosphorylation leading to apoptosis. The cryptophycins maintain activity against ovarian and breast carcinoma cells that overexpress the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein. Cryptophycin 52 has demonstrated a broad range of antitumor activity against both murine and human tumors. In the human MX-1 breast carcinoma xenograft cryptophycin 55 produced greater-than- additive tumor response in combination with 5-fluorouracil. In human non-small cell lung carcinoma and human small cell carcinoma xenografts, administration of the cryptophycins along with gemcitabine, cisplatin or carboplatin resulted in antitumor activity greater than either agent alone. The cryptophycins appear to be additive with fractionated radiation therapy in the human H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma. In the human HCT116 colon carcinoma, the cryptophycins resulted in a greater than additive tumor response when administered sequentially with 5-fluorouracil or irinotecan. Treatment of animals bearing intraperitoneal human OVCAR-2 ovarian carcinoma with cryptophycin 52 resulted in survival times that were greater than those achieved with docetaxel or paclitaxel. Cryptophycin 52 is currently in early clinical testing.