gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Our mum is a forensic scientist. That’s RAD! (2018)

Imagine all the cool things you could learn if your mum was a police forensic scientist! In this educational and fun book, children will learn how forensic science can be used to gather evidence to help solve crimes. From fingerprints to fabric matching and DNA – the topics in this book are sure to intrigue and inspire kids! The book includes interesting facts, cool cartoons and hands-on science activities.
Evaluation of Four Antiseptics Using a Novel Murine Norovirus (2012)

We isolated a novel murine norovirus (MNV), MT30-2 strain, from feces of conventional mice in Japan to evaluate the virucidal activity of four antiseptics. The MNV MT30-2 strain was inactivated by as little as 0.2% (w/v) povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and 0.1% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment as determined by a novel plaque assay. Importantly, PVP-I reduced the MNV titer by 4 log(10) within 15 s of exposure. The other two antiseptics, benzethonium chloride (BEC) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), did not reduce the MNV titer even when treatment lasted for 60 s. When the virus titer was reduced by PVP-I or NaOCl treatment, the amount of MNV RNA was not reduced, indicating that the presence of viral RNA was not related to the virucidal activity of the antiseptics. PVP-I and NaOCl will be useful in controlling the spread of MNV, which is a common problem in mice colonies. In this study, we isolated a novel MNV and newly revealed that two antiseptics (PVP-I and NaOCl) were able to inactivate MNV at low concentrations and in a short contact time.
1A1-I18 Phase Difference of Motion in Passive Operation and Haptic Perception Phenomenon by Skin Deformation (2008)

It is obvious that the human's arm and the shift are not mechanically and strongly connected. We grasp the shift knob by the compliant finger and through the soft skin. In this condition, the phase difference between the motion of arm and that of shift results from the move-allowance of the knob in the palm. By observing the palm over the transparent knob by using high speed camera, it has found that the skin rapidly deforms. In this study, it is hypothesized that the horizontal stretch of skin enhances the perception of the undulation.
Space-Vector Based Excitation of a Bipolar Transmitter for Wireless Power Transfer Applications (2020)

A space-vector (SV) based excitation method for wireless power transfer systems with a bipolar transmitter is introduced in this article. Unlike traditional bipolar excitation techniques that rely on fixed transmitter current distributions, this SV approach provides an elegant analytical method of redistributing a greater magnitude of current to the transmitter coil, which is closer to a misaligned receiver. This method is shown to require a smaller transmitter current vector magnitude for a required output power compared to all other bipolar coil excitation schemes over a broad range of receiver misalignments, thereby reducing conduction losses within the system. Additionally, the gradual redistribution of transmitter current as a function of receiver misalignment achieved by the SV method causes it to be less influenced by errors in receiver position sensing compared to conventional methods. Experimental results shows that the proposed method in conjunction with single coil operation at extreme misalignments was able to achieve a coil efficiency profile with minimal variation due to misalignment (93.2% at perfect alignment to 92.7% at a misalignment of 20 cm, for 2 kW power transfer into a 200 V battery load.)
Clinical outcomes of fractional flow reserve by computed tomographic angiography-guided diagnostic strategies vs. usual care in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: the prospective longitudinal trial of FFRCT: outcome and resource impacts study (2015)

Computed tomographic angiography/fractional flow reserve by CTA was a feasible and safe alternative to ICA and was associated with a significantly lower rate of invasive angiography showing no obstructive CAD.
An advanced computer model for grounding system analysis (1993)

An advanced methodology and a computer model for analysis of practical grounding systems based on the method of moments are presented. The practical methodology is applicable to both simple and complex grounding systems. The grounding system may consist of cylindrical conductors as well as rectangular earth conductors or metallic surfaces buried in earth or located on the surface of the earth. The method consists of computing an equivalent circuit model of the earth embedded electrodes and conductive soil. Uniform or two-layer soil can he accommodated. The problem of computational efficiency is addressed. Several innovations have been introduced to minimize execution time, including adaptive segmentation of grounding structures and adaptive computation of self and mutual impedances. The procedure enables accurate computation of touch and step voltages, body currents, grounding system impedance, voltage profile, etc. The method and computer program have been validated with actual system measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Varying Effects of Cyclodextrin Derivatives on Aggregation and Thermal Behavior of Insulin in Aqueous Solution. (1997)

Maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (G2-beta-CyD) suppressed the aggregation of insulin in neutral solution, while the sulfate of beta-CyD (S-beta-CyD) accelerated the aggregation. On the other hand, the sulfobutyl ether of beta-CyD (SBE-beta-CyD) showed varying effects on insulin aggregation, depending on the degree of substitution of the sulfobutyl group: i.e., the inhibition at relatively low substitution and acceleration at higher substitution. Differential scanning calorimetric studies indicate that the self-association of insulin stabilized the native conformation of the peptide, as indicated by an increase in the mean unfolding temperature (Tm). G2-beta-CyD and SBE-beta-CyD decreased the Tm value of insulin oligomers, while S-beta-CyD increased the Tm value. 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies suggest that G2-beta-CyD includes accessible hydrophobic side chains of insulin within the CyD cavity, and hence perturbs the intermolecular hydrophobic contacts between aromatic side chains across the monomer-monomer interfaces. By contrast, the electrostatic interaction between the positive charges of insulin and the concentrated negative charges of the sulfate and sulfonate groups of the anionic beta-CyDs seems to be more of a factor than the inclusion effects. These results suggest proper use of the CyD derivatives could be effective in designing rapid or long-acting insulin preparations.
Alternative Solvents through Green Chemistry Project (2014)

Components in the aerospace industry must perform with accuracy and precision under extreme conditions, and surface contamination can be detrimental to the desired performance, especially in cases when the components come into contact with strong oxidizers such as liquid oxygen. Therefore, precision cleaning is an important part of a components preparation prior to utilization in aerospace applications. Current cleaning technologies employ a variety of cleaning agents, many of which are halogenated solvents that are either toxic or cause environmental damage. Thus, this project seeks to identify alternative precision cleaning solvents and technologies, including use of less harmful cleaning solvents, ultrasonic and megasonic agitation, low-pressure plasma cleaning techniques, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Please review all data content found in the Public Data tab located at: https:techport.nasa.govview11697public
Efficient Two‐Step Synthesis of 9‐Aryl‐6‐hydroxy‐3H‐xanthen‐3‐one Fluorophores. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isolation and Identification of β-Casein A1-4P and β-Casein A2-4P in Commercial Caseinates (1998)

Caseinate contained two modified beta-casein (beta-CN) fractions that together represented from 5 to 27% of the total beta-CN depending on the type of caseinate analyzed (sodium, calcium, or potassium). Mass spectroscopy showed that the modified beta-CN fractions had molecular weights of 23 940 +/- 3 and 23 904 +/- 2, approximately 80 (or the mass of one phosphate group) less than that of the native beta-CN fractions found in milk, beta-CN A(1)-5P (24 028) and beta-CN A(2)-5P (23 988). (31)P NMR verified mass spectroscopy results showing that the modified fractions contained four instead of five phosphorylated serine residues. Molecular weight differences between the modified and unmodified fractions also indicated that the dephosphorylation was a result of enzyme, acid, or alkali hydrolysis and not alkali hydrolysis that proceeds through beta-elimination. The two modified fractions identified as beta-CN A(1)-4P and beta-CN A(2)-4P are probably present in caseinate as a result of the dephosphorylation of the main beta-CN gene products beta-CN A(1)-5P and beta-CN A(2)-5P, respectively.
Deprotection Kinetics of Alicyclic Polymer Resist Systems Designed for ArF (193 nm) Lithography (1998)

The deprotection kinetics of alicyclic polymer resist systems designed for 193 nm lithography was examined using IR and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. A kinetic model was developed that simulates the deprotection of the resists fairly well. A new, simple, and reliable method for monitoring photoinduced acid generation in polymer films and in solutions of the kind used in 193 nm and deep-UV lithography was developed. This technique could find application in the study of diffusional processes in thin polymer films.
Brain tumor patients and COVID-19 vaccines: results of an international survey (2022)

In conclusion, the majority of brain tumor patients and their caregivers have received COVID-19 vaccines with no major side effects. Patients want more information on how COVID-19 vaccines might directly impact their brain tumor and future management.
RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED, DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL OF DAILY ORAL AZITHROMYCIN IN ADULTS FOR THE PROPHYLAXIS OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX MALARIA IN WESTERN THAILAND (2005)

We assessed the prophylactic efficacy of azithromycin (250 mg/day) against malaria in 276 adults in western Thailand in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. After antimalarial suppressive treatment, volunteers were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either the azithromycin or placebo, respectively. Study medication was given for an average of 74 days. The azithromycin group (n = 179) had five endpoint parasitemias (1 Plasmodium vivax and 4 P. falciparum), and the placebo group (n = 97) had 28 endpoint parasitemias (21 P. vivax, 5 P. falciparum, and 2 mixed infections). Adverse events and compliance and withdrawal rates were similar in both groups. The protective efficacy (PE) of azithromycin was 98% for P. vivax (95% confidence interval [CI] = 88-100%). There were too few cases to reliably estimate the efficacy of azithromycin for P. falciparum (PE =71%, 95% C =-14-94%). We conclude that daily azithromycin was safe, well-tolerated, and had a high efficacy for the prevention of P. vivax malaria.
Characterization of several strains of barley yellow mosaic virus. (1989)

Twenty-three isolates of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) collected from various sites in Japan were classified into six strains, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2 and III, on the basis of pathogenicity to differential barley cultivars. Strain III was notable due to its pathogenicity to a newly developed resistant cultivar Misato Golden. These strains had similar particle-length distribution and were serologically identical. No distinct difference was observed among the strains in the MWs of RNAs and coat proteins, and the peptide patterns after limited proteolysis of coat proteins. These strains were distributed unevenly on a countrywide scale, and their occurrences were closely related to the types of barley cultivated. Strain M from West Germany had no serological relationship with any of Japanese strains, and differed from Japanese ones in its pathogenicity, MWs of RNAs and coat protein, and the peptide pattern after limited proteolysis. Strain M should be excluded from BaYMV.
A Synthesized Manganese Oxide for Easily Making Durable Manganese‐Coated IRIS Tubes (2017)

Core Ideas We developed a new synthesis of well‐crystalline birnessite for making Mn‐coated IRIS tubes. The Mn coating can be easily and quickly applied using a foam brush and lathe. The Mn coating on PVC tubes has strong adhesion and good durability. Up to 30 (50‐cm) Mn‐coated IRIS tubes can be manufactured per hour. The speed and ease of manufacturing permits broader use of Mn‐coated IRIS tubes. During the last decade, Indicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) technology has been developed whereby polyvinyl chloride (PVC) devices coated with an Fe‐oxide paint are inserted into the soil to document strongly reducing conditions. The IRIS devices are easy to use and interpret, are less prone to difficulties associated with other methods of assessing reducing soil conditions, and have been endorsed by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils. There has been longstanding interest in Mn‐oxide‐coated tubes, but until lately there have been insurmountable problems associated with poor adhesion and durability of the Mn‐oxide coating. Recently, workers have suggested an easily synthesized, poorly crystalline birnessite to make Mn‐coated PVC IRIS devices, but their manufacturing procedure for tubes with a durable Mn coating is cumbersome and time consuming. We have developed an easily synthesized crystalline birnessite paint that can be used to quickly make IRIS tubes with a strongly adhering and durable Mn‐oxide coating. The procedure requires a large excess of sodium lactate to reduce KMnO 4 quickly, followed by centrifuge washing and 3 d of dialysis. Once adjusted to the proper consistency, the birnessite can be painted onto PVC tubing using a foam brush and a lathe‐type device, such that approximately 30 tubes can be prepared in as little as 1 h. Preliminary testing conformed with other investigations suggesting that Mn‐oxide coatings become solubilized and stripped from tubes more rapidly, and under less strongly reducing conditions, than the Fe‐oxide‐coated tubes.
Thermographic Measurement and Simulation of Power Losses Due to Interlaminar Contacts in Electrical Sheets (2018)

Ferromagnetic cores of electrical machines and transformers are constructed from laminated electrical sheets to reduce eddy current losses. Burrs are formed at the edges of electrical sheets during punching and cutting. These burrs deteriorate the insulation of adjacent sheets, make interlaminar contacts and cause interlaminar currents to flow across the stack. It is essential to know the interlaminar conductivity and the size of the contacts to estimate additional losses in the electrical machine. In this paper, the size of the interlaminar contacts formed by the burrs is estimated using a novel thermographic measurement method and an analytical method. The initial temperature rise of the contacts is used in the analytical model to estimate the contact size. The electromagnetic and thermal finite element formulations validate the results obtained from the analytical method. Moreover, the results obtained from the measurement, the analytical method, and the finite element method are compared. The study shows that the initial temperature rise method can be used to estimate the interlaminar contact size and electromagnetic losses if the temperature is measured immediately after energizing the sheets.
Cerebellar Atrophy and Changes in Cytokines Associated with the CACNA1A R583Q Mutation in a Russian Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 1 Family (2017)

<b>Background:</b> Immune mechanisms recently emerged as important contributors to migraine pathology with cytokines affecting neuronal excitation. Therefore, elucidating the profile of cytokines activated in various forms of migraine, including those with a known genetic cause, can help in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. <b>Methods:</b> Here we (i) performed exome sequencing to identify the causal gene mutation and (ii) measured, using Bio-Plex technology, 22 cytokines in serum of patients with familial migraine (two with hemiplegic migraine and two with migraine with aura) from a Russian family that ethnically belongs to the Tatar population. MRI scanning was used to assess cerebellar atrophy associated with migraine in mutation carriers. <b>Results:</b> Whole-exome sequencing revealed the R583Q missense mutation in the <i>CACNA1A</i> gene in the two patients with hemiplegic migraine and cerebellar ataxia with atrophy, confirming a FHM1 disorder. Two further patients did not have the mutation and suffered from migraine with aura. Elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive IL-6 and IL-18 were found in all four patients (compared to a reference panel), whereas pro-apoptotic SCGF-β and TRAIL were higher only in the patients with the FHM1 mutation. Also, cytokines CXCL1, HGF, LIF, and MIF were found particularly high in the two mutation carriers, suggesting a possible role of vascular impairment and neuroinflammation in disease pathogenesis. Notably, some "algesic" cytokines, such as β-NGF and TNFβ, remained unchanged or even were down-regulated. <b>Conclusion:</b> We present a detailed genetic, neurological, and biochemical characterization of a small Russian FHM1 family and revealed evidence for higher levels of specific cytokines in migraine patients that support migraine-associated neuroinflammation in the pathology of migraine.
[Antibiotic resistome in farm animals and their related environments: a review]. (2018)

Overuse of antibiotics in livestock farming has enriched antibiotic-resistant genes as well as resistant bacteria in farm animals and their related environments. These antibiotic-resistant genes can spread to the natural environments by horizontal gene transfer and even to the food chain, posing a serious threat to the ecological environment, food safety and human health. With the development of genomic technology, the diversity and ecological distribution of antibiotic-resistant genes in farm animals and their related environments have been recently revealed. Here we summarized the research progress on antibiotic resistance genes in related fields, potential influence on human health, and future research needs.
Enhanced Amino Acid Selection in Fully Evolved Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase, Relative to Its Urzyme, Requires Domain Motion Sensed by the D1 Switch, a Remote Dynamic Packing Motif (2020)

We previously showed (Li, L., and Carter, C. W., Jr. (2013) J. Biol. Chem. 288, 34736–34745) that increased specificity for tryptophan versus tyrosine by contemporary Bacillus stearothermophilus tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) over that of TrpRS Urzyme results entirely from coupling between the anticodon-binding domain and an insertion into the Rossmann-fold known as Connecting Peptide 1. We show that this effect is closely related to a long range catalytic effect, in which side chain repacking in a region called the D1 Switch, accounts fully for the entire catalytic contribution of the catalytic Mg2+ ion. We report intrinsic and higher order interaction effects on the specificity ratio, (kcat/Km)Trp/(kcat/Km)Tyr, of 15 combinatorial mutants from a previous study (Weinreb, V., Li, L., and Carter, C. W., Jr. (2012) Structure 20, 128–138) of the catalytic role of the D1 Switch. Unexpectedly, the same four-way interaction both activates catalytic assist by Mg2+ ion and contributes −4.4 kcal/mol to the free energy of the specificity ratio. A minimum action path computed for the induced-fit and catalytic conformation changes shows that repacking of the four residues precedes a decrease in the volume of the tryptophan-binding pocket. We suggest that previous efforts to alter amino acid specificities of TrpRS and glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) by mutagenesis without extensive, modular substitution failed because mutations were incompatible with interdomain motions required for catalysis.
Discriminative Probabilistic Prototype Learning (2012)

In this paper we propose a simple yet pow-erful method for learning representations in supervised learning scenarios where an input datapoint is described by a set of feature vec-tors and its associated output may be given by soft labels indicating, for example, class probabilities. We represent an input data-point as a K-dimensional vector, where each component is a mixture of probabilities over its corresponding set of feature vectors. Each probability indicates how likely a feature vec-tor is to belong to one-out-of-K unknown prototype patterns. We propose a proba-bilistic model that parameterizes these pro-totype patterns in terms of hidden variables and therefore it can be trained with conven-tional approaches based on likelihood maxi-mization. More importantly, both the model parameters and the prototype patterns can be learned from data in a discriminative way. We show that our model can be seen as a probabilistic generalization of learning vector quantization (LVQ). We apply our method to the problems of shape classification, hyper-spectral imaging classification and people’s work class categorization, showing the supe-rior performance of our method compared to the standard prototype-based classification approach and other competitive benchmarks. 1.
Lipid A activation of glomerular mesangial cells: mimicry of the bioactive lipid, phosphatidic acid (1992)

Lipid A, the active component of bacterial endotoxin, stimulates multiple cell types, including glomerular mesangial cells (MC), and yet the molecular mechanisms of cell activation remain unclear. Lipid A, in its monosaccharyl form, structurally resembles the biologically active lipid phosphatidic acid (PA). Given this, it was postulated that lipid A activates cells by acting as a structural and functional mimetic of PA. Lipid A was found to specifically stimulate an MC lyso-PA acyl transferase activity, leading to enhanced synthesis of sn-2-unsaturated forms of PA. Sn-2-unsaturated PA itself, in contrast to sn-2-saturated PA, also stimulated the lyso-PA acyl transferase activity, a positive feedback feature previously noted with lyso-lecithin acyl transferase. Structure-function correlations demonstrated that the phosphate moieties in both PA and lipid A were necessary to feedback stimulation of lyso-PA acyl transferase (AT), as dephosphorylated lipid A and 2-unsaturated 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol had no stimulatory effect on lyso-PA AT. The biologic relevance of the lipid A and PA-mediated increases in lyso-PA acyl transferase activity was shown, whereby limited exposure to these lipids rapidly induced identical MC morphologic and functional alterations characteristic of cellular activation. By mimicking the stimulatory action of PA, per se, on lyso-PA acyl transferase activity, lipid A may initiate a positive feedback cycle of acylation, yielding increased amounts of PA enriched in unsaturated fatty acids. This newly synthesized PA may subsequently act as the proximal mediator of cellular activation.