gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Cryolysis of Melanocytes: Critical Temperature and Exposure Time to Induce Selective Pigmentary Loss in Yucatan Pig Skin (2021)

Cold-sensitivity of melanocytes can be harnessed to selectively remove melanocytes while sparing surrounding keratinocytes. The results from this study demonstrated that improved clinical treatments specifically targeting melanocytic lesions is possible using skin cooling to achieve tissue temperatures capable of inducing selective loss of melanocytes without skin necrosis or scarring. Additional studies are needed to optimize the treatment conditions to prolong the selective removal of melanocytes. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Comprehensive and Empirical Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Small Molecule LC Retention Time Prediction (2019)

Liquid chromatography is a core component of almost all mass spectrometric analyses of (bio)molecules. Because of the high-throughput nature of mass spectrometric analyses, the interpretation of these chromatographic data increasingly relies on informatics solutions that attempt to predict an analyte's retention time. The key components of such predictive algorithms are the features these are supplies with, and the actual machine learning algorithm used to fit the model parameters. Therefore, we have evaluated the performance of seven machine learning algorithms on 36 distinct metabolomics data sets, using two distinct feature sets. Interestingly, the results show that no single learning algorithm performs optimally for all data sets, with different types of algorithms achieving top performance for different types of analytes or different protocols. Our results thus show that an evaluation of machine learning algorithms for retention time prediction is needed to find a suitable algorithm for specific analytes or protocols. Importantly, however, our results also show that blending different types of models together decreases the error on outliers, indicating that the combination of several approaches holds substantial promise for the development of more generic, high-performing algorithms.
Calculating a Tortuosity Index Metric Using Machine Learning Techniques (2019)

Abstract Extremely tortuous wells pose many wellbore quality repercussions and poorly affects several well drilling and production-based operations. To date, many indices have been developed for accurate tortuosity identification, but few have had the capability to efficiently mirror and quantify micro-tortuosity in real-time. This study applies a previously-proposed novel algorithm studied by some researchers to quantify well trajectory tortuosity using simple and readily available survey data. The process is followed and validated using twenty wells located in the Permian Basin. Python code was written to identify proper inflection points at the mid-point of the curve turns and using inclination and azimuth indices, a 3D overall TI index was generated for each well. The technique is inspired from the discipline of ophthalmology, specifically a method to determine tortuosity from retinal blood vessels. The approach successfully produced a tortuosity metric with three different risk categories characterizing three ranges of the index. The indices generated were matched against operator reports of drilling incidents and NPT. The methodology matched highly tortuous wells with greater downhole tool failures rates ranking it in the high-risk zone.
Photocatalytic Dinitrogen Fixation with Water on Bismuth Oxychloride in Chloride Solutions for Solar-to-Chemical Energy Conversion (2020)

Ammonia is an indispensable chemical. Photocatalytic NH<sub>3</sub> production via dinitrogen fixation using water by sunlight illumination under ambient conditions is a promising strategy, although previously reported catalysts show insufficient activity. Herein, we showed that ultraviolet light irradiation of a semiconductor, bismuth oxychloride with surface oxygen vacancies (BiOCl-OVs), in water containing chloride anions (Cl<sup>-</sup>) under N<sub>2</sub> flow efficiently produces NH<sub>3</sub>. The surface OVs behave as the N<sub>2</sub> reduction sites by the photoformed conduction band electrons. The valence band holes are consumed by self-oxidation of interlayer Cl<sup>-</sup> on the catalyst. The hypochloric acid (HClO) formed absorbs ultraviolet light and undergoes photodecomposition into O<sub>2</sub> and Cl<sup>-</sup>. These consecutive photoreactions produce NH<sub>3</sub> with water as the electron donor. The Cl<sup>-</sup> in solution compensates for the removed interlayer Cl<sup>-</sup> and inhibits catalyst deactivation. Simulated sunlight illumination of the catalyst in seawater stably generates NH<sub>3</sub> with 0.05% solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency, thus exhibiting significant potential of the seawater system for artificial photosynthesis.
Impact of analog/digital ground design on circuit functionality and radiated EMI (2005)

Split analog/digital ground plane has been recommended as standard PCB layout guideline to isolate the sensitive analog circuits from the noisy digital circuits. The guideline is developed from years of design experience and sound engineering judgment, with little or no rigorous analysis supporting it. Through an experimental study, this paper evaluates the given guideline without prejudging its validity. In the study, instead of looking only at the impact of analog/digital ground design on circuit functionality, the effect of radiate EMI from the PCB is also investigated
Predictive Modeling of 30-Day Emergency Hospital Transport of Patients Using a Personal Emergency Response System: Prognostic Retrospective Study (2018)

Patient data collected remotely via PERS can be used to reliably predict 30-day emergency hospital transport. Clinical observations from the EHR showed that predicted high-risk patients had nearly four times higher rates of emergency encounters than did low-risk patients. Health care providers could benefit from our validated predictive model by targeting timely preventive interventions to high-risk patients. This could lead to overall improved patient experience, higher quality of care, and more efficient resource utilization.
The influence of impurities and metallic capping layers on the microstructure of copper interconnects (2014)

As copper interconnects have scaled to ever smaller dimensions on semiconductor devices, the microstructure has become increasingly detrimental for performance and reliability. Small grains persist in interconnects despite annealing at high temperatures, leading to higher line resistance and more frequent electromigration-induced failures. Conventionally, it was believed that impurities from the electrodeposition pinned grain growth, but limitations in analytical techniques meant the effect was inferred rather than observed.
Maternal body mass index and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A ghanaian cohort study (2015)

The global obesity epidemic has reached women in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) with important adverse consequences for maternal and infant health. Antenatal care in LMIC will need to anticipate this potential expansion of complications, including the development of guidelines for optimal maternity care for pregnant women with overweight and obesity.
Localization and targeting of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kre2p/Mnt1p alpha 1,2-mannosyltransferase to a medial-Golgi compartment. (1995)

The yeast Kre2p/Mnt1p alpha 1,2-mannosyltransferase is a type II membrane protein with a short cytoplasmic amino terminus, a membrane-spanning region, and a large catalytic luminal domain containing one N-glycosylation site. Anti-Kre2p/Mnt1p antibodies identify a 60-kD integral membrane protein that is progressively N-glycosylated in an MNN1-dependent manner. Kre2p/Mnt1p is localized in a Golgi compartment that overlaps with that containing the medial-Golgi mannosyltransferase Mnn1p, and distinct from that including the late Golgi protein Kex1p. To determine which regions of Kre2p/Mnt1p are required for Golgi localization, Kre2p/Mnt1p mutant proteins were assembled by substitution of Kre2p domains with equivalent sequences from the vacuolar proteins DPAP B and Pho8p. Chimeric proteins were tested for correct topology, in vitro and in vivo activity, and were localized intracellularly by indirect immunofluorescence. The results demonstrate that the NH2-terminal cytoplasmic domain is necessary for correct Kre2p Golgi localization whereas, the membrane-spanning and stem domains are dispensable. However, in a test of targeting sufficiency, the presence of the entire Kre2p cytoplasmic tail, plus the transmembrane domain and a 36-amino acid residue luminal stem region was required to localize a Pho8p reporter protein to the yeast Golgi.
Modern Semiconductor Technologies for Neuromorphic Hardware (2014)

Neuromorphic hardware is a promising tool for neuroscience and technological applications. This thesis addresses the question to what extent such systems can benefit from advances in CMOS scaling using the existing BrainScales Hardware System as a reference. A 65 nm process technology was selected and basic characteristics were evaluated using prototype chips. A system providing a large number of programmable voltage and current sources, based on capacitive storage cells, was developed. A novel scheme for refreshing the cells is presented. This system has been characterized in silicon. Two components required in a concept for synapse implementation, consisting of primarily digital circuits, were developed and tested in a prototype chip. One is an orthogonal dual-port SRAM with a specialized&#13;\nstructure where every 8 bit word stored in the memory can be accessed by a single operation from either port. The second is an 8 bit current DAC which is used for generating postsynaptic events. Finally the analog neuron implementation from the existing system was transfered to the 65 nm process technology using thick-oxide transistors. Simulations suggest that comparable performance can be achieved. In conclusion, modern process technologies will contribute to successful realization of large-scale neuromorphic hardware systems.&#13;\n
A Mechanism to Measure the Routing Metrics along a Point-to-Point Route in a Low-Power and Lossy Network (2013)

This document specifies a mechanism that enables a Routing Protocol
for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL) router to measure the
aggregated values of given routing metrics along an existing route
towards another RPL router, thereby allowing the router to decide if
it wants to initiate the discovery of a better route.
Software Longevity in the Wild: Folklore and Law (2019)

Software rejuvenation is in vogue. Articles in the news indicate that airlines are already enforcing the frequent rejuvenation of airplane software, and other industries are likely to follow the same trend. At the same time, there is a vast folklore on software longevity, appearing in online forums at websites such as Reddit. The goal of this vision paper is to present a broad perspective contrasting the expected lifetime of so called "epic" machines with very long uptimes against the purposely short uptimes enforced by recent law regulations. Our aim is to illustrate what can be learned both from forums (folklore) and from the regulations (enforced by legal agencies) about the two ends of the spectrum of software longevity, namely, very long uptimes and relatively short ones. In particular, we indicate that long uptimes typically occur at servers and that there are security concerns about such long lived routers that remain unpatched for long periods of time, whereas short uptimes typically occur due to concerns about safety and performance at critical systems wherein patching is costly but the restart of the system is less expensive. Currently, law enforcement occurs reactively after bugs are found. We envision that this paper will bring awareness to the scientific community and practitioners about the relevance of law enforcement for critical-system software rejuvenation more broadly even before the bugs are founds, given their widespread and recurrent prevalence.
On the Improper Use of Yang Preferential Etching in Determining Precipitate Densities in Crystalline Silicon (1995)

When a silicon wafer containing oxide precipitates was etched preferentially with Yang etch, the precipitate etch pit density was found to increase linearly with respect to etch depth. This indicates that the precipitate etch pits, once formed, replicate themselves and that those shown on the etched sample surface represent not just the precipitates on the surface plane, but all the precipitates in the volume of material removed by etching. Thus, the usual method of obtaining the density of volume defects, such as oxide precipitates in silicon, by raising the etch pit density to the power of is incorrect. Instead, a true volume density, which is independent of etch depth or time, should be obtained by dividing the etch pit count by the volume of the etched‐away material or by dividing the etch pit density by etch depth. For 3, 6, 9, and 12 min of etching in Yang etch, the volume densities of oxide precipitates in silicon calculated in this manner converged to within about ±20%, while the volume densities obtained by raising the etch pit densities to the power of diverged by more than an order of magnitude.
Nanostructured Surfaces: Bioinspiration for Transparency, Coloration and Wettability (2014)

Natural nanostructures rarely come with a single biological function to fulfil. Moreover, from a bio-inspiration perspective, it sounds attractive to develop multifunctional coatings, devices or sensors. Suppression of light reflection from body parts, such as the wings of insects, is useful for hiding from predators. The transparent parts of the wings of Cacostatia ossa (moth) inherit their antireflective property from non-close-packed nano-scale nipple arrays on both sides of the wings. Through modelling and optical simulations, we show that effective medium approaches, commonly used to characterize antireflection, slightly overestimate the reflectance with respect to detailed Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis calculation. Coloration due to light interference in nanostructure, on the other hand, sometimes comes with an additional, unexpected and maybe non-biologically significant function: hygrochromism, i.e. change of color with humidity. The male Hoplia coerulea (beetle), for instance, exhibits iridescent blue-violet color which turns to emerald green when the elytron is put in contact with water. Impregnation experiments with various liquids revealed intriguing color change dynamics which could be related to the wetting properties of porous chitinous cuticle. Super-hydrophobicity is another function of biological significance, which helps, for instance, insects to keep dry in humid environments. Through morphological, optical and contact angle measurements, we show the existence of entangled levels of functionality on the wings of Cicada orni, namely a superhydrophobic stage at the upper part of the nipple array corrugated surface and an antireflective stage and the lower part.
Identification of human skin bacteria attractive to the Asian Tiger mosquito (2019)

Aedes albopictus is a vector of arboviruses and filarial nematodes. Originating from Asia, this mosquito has rapidly expanded its geographical distribution and colonized areas across both temperate and tropical regions. Due to the increase in insecticide resistance, the use of environmentally friendly vector control methods is encouraged worldwide. Using methods based on semiochemicals in baited traps are promising for management of mosquito populations. Interestingly, human skin microbiota was shown to generate volatile compounds that attract the mosquito species Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. Here, we investigated the composition of skin bacteria from different volunteers and the attractive potential of individual isolates to nulliparous Ae. albopictus females. We showed that three out of 16 tested isolates were more attractive and two were more repulsive. We identified dodecenol as being preferentially produced by attractive isolates and 2-methyl-1-butanol (and to a lesser extent 3-methyl-1-butanol) as being overproduced by these isolates compared with the other ones. Those bacterial volatile organic compounds represent promising candidates but further studies are needed to evaluate their potential application for baited traps improvement.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOREARRANGEMENT OF N‐CHLOROPHOSPHORAMIDATES (1977)

Abstract Aus den Phosphoramidestern (I) entstehen mit Natriumhypochlorit die N‐Chlorverbindungen (II),bei deren Photolyse das Chlor in die Seitenkette wandert.
Homozygous GRN mutations: new phenotypes and new insights into pathological and molecular mechanisms (2019)

Homozygous mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 11 (CLN11), a rare lysosomal-storage disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, seizures, retinitis pigmentosa, and cognitive disorders, usually beginning between 13 and 25 years of age. This is a rare condition, previously reported in only four families. In contrast, heterozygous GRN mutations are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia associated with neuronal cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions. We identified homozygous GRN mutations in six new patients. The phenotypic spectrum is much broader than previously reported, with two remarkably distinct presentations, depending on the age of onset. A childhood/juvenile form is characterized by classical CLN11 symptoms at an early age at onset. Unexpectedly, other homozygous patients presented a distinct delayed phenotype of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism after 50 years; none had epilepsy or cerebellar ataxia. Another major finding of this study is that all GRN mutations may not have the same impact on progranulin protein synthesis. A hypomorphic effect of some mutations is supported by the presence of residual levels of plasma progranulin and low levels of normal transcript detected in one case with a homozygous splice-site mutation and late onset frontotemporal dementia. This is a new critical finding that must be considered in therapeutic trials based on replacement strategies. The first neuropathological study in a homozygous carrier provides new insights into the pathological mechanisms of the disease. Hallmarks of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis were present. The absence of TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions markedly differs from observations of heterozygous mutations, suggesting a pathological shift between lysosomal and TDP-43 pathologies depending on the mono or bi-allelic status. An intriguing observation was the loss of normal TDP-43 staining in the nucleus of some neurons, which could be the first stage of the TDP-43 pathological process preceding the formation of typical cytoplasmic inclusions. Finally, this study has important implications for genetic counselling and molecular diagnosis. Semi-dominant inheritance of GRN mutations implies that specific genetic counselling should be delivered to children and parents of CLN11 patients, as they are heterozygous carriers with a high risk of developing dementia. More broadly, this study illustrates the fact that genetic variants can lead to different phenotypes according to their mono- or bi-allelic state, which is a challenge for genetic diagnosis.
The Acute Effects of Twenty-Four Hours of Sleep Loss on the Performance of National-Caliber Male Collegiate Weightlifters (2007)

Currently, the degree to which sleep loss influences weightlifting performance is unknown. This study compared the effects of 24 hours of sleep loss on weightlifting performance and subjective ratings of psychological states pre-exercise and postexercise in national-caliber male collegiate weightlifters. Nine males performed a maximal weightlifting protocol following 24 hours of sleep loss and a night of normal sleep. The subjects participated in a randomized, counterbalanced design with each sleep condition separated by 7 days. Testosterone and cortisol levels were quantified prior to, immediately after, and 1 hour after the resistance training session. Additionally, profile of mood states and subjective sleepiness were evaluated at the same time points. The resistance training protocol consisted of several sets of snatches, clean and jerks, and front squats. Performance was evaluated as individual exercise volume load, training intensity and overall workout volume load, and training intensity. During each training session the maximum weight lifted for the snatch, clean and jerk, and front squat were noted. No significant differences were found for any of the performance variables. A significant decrease following the sleep condition was noted for cortisol concentration immediately after and 1 hour postexercise. Vigor, fatigue, confusion, total mood disturbance, and sleepiness were all significantly altered by sleep loss. These data suggest that 24 hours of sleep loss has no adverse effects on weightlifting performance. If an athlete is in an acute period of sleep loss, as noticed by negative mood disturbances, it may be more beneficial to focus on the psychological (motivation) rather than the physiological aspect of the sport.
On the development of low‐level auditory discrimination and deficits in dyslexia (2004)

Absolute auditory thresholds, frequency resolution and temporal resolution develop with age. It is still discussed whether low-level auditory performance is of clinical significance--specifically, for delayed maturation of central auditory processing. Recently, five new auditory tasks were used to study the development of low-level auditory discrimination. It was found that the development lasts up to the age of 16-18 years (on an average). Very similar tasks were now used with 432 controls and 250 dyslexic subjects in the age range of 7-22 years. For both groups the performance in one of the tasks was not related to the performance in another task indicating that the five tasks challenge independent subfunctions of auditory processing. Surprisingly high numbers of subjects were classified as low performers (LP), because they could not perform one or the other task at its easiest level and no threshold value could be assigned. For the dyslexics the incidence of LP was considerably increased in all tasks and age groups as compared with the age matched controls. The development of dynamic visual and optomotor functions and the corresponding deficits in dyslexia are discussed in relation to the auditory data presented here.
Selective and Controlled Synthesis of α- and β-Cobalt Hydroxides in Highly Developed Hexagonal Platelets (2005)

We report on the controlled synthesis of single-crystal platelets of alpha- and beta-Co(OH)2 via homogeneous precipitation using hexamethylenetetramine as a hydrolysis agent. The alpha- and beta-Co(OH)2 hexagonal platelets of several micrometers in width and about 15 nm in thickness were reproducibly yielded in rather dilute CoCl2 solutions in the presence and absence of NaCl at 90 degrees C, respectively. The phase and size control of the products were achieved by varying both CoCl2 and NaCl concentrations. Polarized optical microscope observations revealed clear liquid crystallinity of colloidal suspensions of these high aspect-ratio platelets. The as-prepared alpha-Co(OH)2 containing interlayer chloride ions was intercalated with various inorganic or organic anions, keeping its high crystallinity and hexagonal platelike morphology.