gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory and Practice of Supersaturatable Formulations for Poorly Soluble Drugs (2015)

Candidate compounds with high activity do not always possess adequate physicochemical properties to be developed as commercial products. Notably, the development of candidates with poor aqueous solubility has been a great challenge in the past two decades. Formulations that offer supersaturated state during the dissolution process are considered effective for increasing the oral bioavailability of such candidates. Representative supersaturatable dosage forms include amorphous solid dispersions, nanocrystal formulations and self-(micro)emulsifying drug delivery systems. This review describes the characteristics of these formulations, with emphasis on the suitability of the candidates for each type of formulation, from a physicochemical viewpoint. Influence of developmental strategy on the formulation selection is also discussed. This review aims to provide guidance for selecting formulations for poorly soluble drugs based on both academic and practical backgrounds.
Simulation of photic effects after cataract surgery for off-axis light sources (2022)

Photopsia is a phenomenon that sometimes disturbs patients after cataract surgery. To evaluate the impact of the edge design of intraocular lenses (IOL) on the location, shape and relative intensity of photic effects at the retina caused by photopsia in pseudophakic eyes, photopsia was simulated using ZEMAX software. The structural parameters of the pseudophakic eye model are based on the Liou-Brennan eye model parameters with a pupil diameter of 4.5 mm. The IOLs implanted in the eye model have a power of 21 diopter (D) with optical diameter of 6 mm and 7 mm. From the ray-tracing analysis, covering variations of incident ray angle of 50° to 90° from temporally, a photic image is detected at the fovea at specific ray angles of 77.5° (6 mm IOL) and 78.2° (7 mm IOL). This photic image disappears when a thin IOL with an edge thickness of 0 mm or a thick IOL with absorbing edges is replaced in the eye model. With an anti-reflective edge, this photic image remains, but with a fully reflecting edge it disappears at the critical angles and appears with different shapes at other angles. The intensity of this photic image can be reduced by changing the edge design to a frosted surface. Most of the photic patterns in IOLs are not observed with absorbing and thin edge designs. IOLs with anti-reflecting and fully reflecting edges generate disturbing photic effects at different angles on the fovea. IOLs with frosted edges reduce the contrast of the photic effects and make them less disturbing for patients.
Effect of cadmium chelating agents on organ cadmium and trace element levels in mice† (1998)

In experiments performed on male mice (CD-1, Charles River), the mobilizing effects of repeated administration of the carbodithioate analogue BLDTC [N-benzyl-4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucamine-N-carbodithioate+ ++] and CaDTPA (calcium trisodium pentetate) on cadmium deposits in the liver, kidneys, brain and testes were compared. The antidotes were injected alternately every 48 h over a period of 16 d (8 doses in total) following a previous loading with 20 doses of CdCl2.2.5 H2O (single doses of 3 mg kg-1 i.p.). The experiments confirmed BLDTC to be one of the most effective cadmium mobilizing agents. The administration of CaDTPA, which is known as a useful antidote in acute cadmium intoxication, increased the mobilizing effect of BLDTC. Cadmium elevated the concentration of zinc in all organs examined and the level of copper in the liver, kidneys and testes. This accumulation of trace elements was only partially corrected by the chelators. The antidotes administered alone exert only a negligible effect on the trace element levels in the organs.
Optical detection of Aflatoxins B in grained almonds using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms (2020)

Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites extensively produced by many different fungal species that may contaminate a wide range of agricultural food products. They have been studied extensively because of being associated with various chronic and acute diseases especially immunosuppression and cancer and their presence in food is strictly monitored and regulated worldwide. Aflatoxin detection and measurement relies mainly on chemical methods usually based on chromatography approaches, and recently developed immunochemical based assays that have advantages but also limitations, since these are expensive and destructive techniques. Nondestructive, optical approaches are recently being developed to assess presence of contamination in a cost and time effective way, maintaining acceptable accuracy and reproducibility. In this paper are presented the results obtained with a simple portable device for nondestructive detection of aflatoxins in almonds. The presented approach is based on the analysis of fluorescence spectra of slurried almonds under 375 nm wavelength excitation. Experiments were conducted with almonds contaminated in the range of 2.7-320.2 ng/g total aflatoxins B (AFB1 + AFB2) as determined by HPLC/FLD. After applying pre-processing steps, spectral analysis was carried out by a binary classification model based on SVM algorithm. A majority vote procedure was then performed on the classification results. In this way we could achieve, as best result, a classification accuracy of 94% (and false negative rate 5%) with a threshold set at 6.4 ng/g. These results illustrate the feasibility of such an approach in the great challenge of aflatoxin detection for food and feed safety.
Heterogeneity of the complex N‐linked oligosaccharides at specific glycosylation sites of two secreted carrot glycoproteins (1991)

The N-linked glycans from the 52/54-kDa medium protein and cell wall beta-fructosidase, two glycoproteins secreted by carrot suspension culture cells, were characterized. Carrot cells were labelled with [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose. The 52/54-kDa medium protein was isolated from the culture medium and beta-fructosidase from cell walls. The purified proteins were digested with trypsin and glycopeptides were isolated and sequenced. Glycans obtained from individual glycopeptides were separated by gel filtration chromatography and characterized by concanavalin A chromatography, by treatments with exoglycosidases and by sugar composition analysis. The 52/54-kDa medium protein and cell wall beta-fructosidase have one high-mannose-type glycan similar to those from yeast and animal glycoproteins. In addition, the 52/54-kDa medium protein has three complex-type and cell wall beta-fructosidase two complex-type glycans per polypeptide. The complex-type glycans isolated from individual glycosylation sites are fairly large and very heterogeneous. The smallest of these glycans has the structure [Xyl](Man)3[Fuc](GlcNAc]2Asn (square brackets indicating branching) whereas the larger ones carry additional sugars like terminal N-acetylglucosamine and possibly rhamnose and arabinose in the case of the 52/54-kDa medium protein and only arabinose in the case of cell wall beta-fructosidase. These terminal sugars are linked to the alpha-mannose residues of the glycan cores. The 52/54-kDa medium protein is secreted with large and homogeneous complex glycans, their heterogeneity originates from slow processing after secretion. The complex glycans from cell wall beta-fructosidase are processed before the enzyme is integrated into the cell wall.
Pt(PEt3)(κ2-P,C-PEt2CHMe)(C6Cl5): An Unexpected Intermediate in the Synthesis ofcis-Pt(PEt3)2(Cl)(C6Cl5) (2011)

Addition of 1 to 6 equiv of LiC6Cl5 to cis-Pt(PEt3)2Cl2 gives the unexpected phosphine ligand C−H bond activation product Pt(PEt3)(κ2-P,C-PEt2CHMe)(C6Cl5) (1). Aqueous HCl addition to 1 gives the previously reported product of the reaction, cis-Pt(PEt3)2(Cl)(C6Cl5) (2).
The rhizobial type III effector ErnA confers the ability to form nodules in legumes (2019)

Several <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> species nodulate the leguminous plant <i>Aeschynomene indica</i> in a type III secretion system-dependent manner, independently of Nod factors. To date, the underlying molecular determinants involved in this symbiotic process remain unknown. To identify the rhizobial effectors involved in nodulation, we mutated 23 out of the 27 effector genes predicted in <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> strain ORS3257. The mutation of <i>nopAO</i> increased nodulation and nitrogenase activity, whereas mutation of 5 other effector genes led to various symbiotic defects. The <i>nopM1</i> and <i>nopP1</i> mutants induced a reduced number of nodules, some of which displayed large necrotic zones. The <i>nopT</i> and <i>nopAB</i> mutants induced uninfected nodules, and a mutant in a yet-undescribed effector gene lost the capacity for nodule formation. This effector gene, widely conserved among bradyrhizobia, was named <i>ernA</i> for "effector required for nodulation-A." Remarkably, expressing <i>ernA</i> in a strain unable to nodulate <i>A. indica</i> conferred nodulation ability. Upon its delivery by <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> into plant cells, ErnA was specifically targeted to the nucleus, and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy approach supports the possibility that ErnA binds nucleic acids in the plant nuclei. Ectopic expression of <i>ernA</i> in <i>A. indica</i> roots activated organogenesis of root- and nodule-like structures. Collectively, this study unravels the symbiotic functions of rhizobial type III effectors playing distinct and complementary roles in suppression of host immune functions, infection, and nodule organogenesis, and suggests that ErnA triggers organ development in plants by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated.
A model of the factors affecting interstitial volume in oedema. Part I: Hierarchies, some new factors and their equations (1992)

A mathematical model has been constructed to investigate the alterations, in amount and in importance, of the Factors controlling interstitial fluid volume in a number of steady-state oedemas. There are many so-called "Safety Factors" (at least 15), including a whole group concerned with regulating the amount of protein in the tissues (and thus tissue colloidal osmotic pressure). They are often in long hierarchies (of even up to 11 Factors), each influencing the next. Sometimes a Factor is recursive, i.e., it influences itself (either positively or negatively) via a Hierarchy of other Factors. The effects of some Factors differ in different Hierarchies, i.e., an increase in the Factor will increase VI via some of the Hierarchies and decrease it via some other Hierarchies. Which effect is most important varies with the Hierarchies and conditions existing at the time. The Factors are best compared if expressed in the same units: ml/min/100g of tissue. This is possible via appropriate multiplication factors derived from the relevant equations.
Genetic ablation of cyclooxygenase-2 in keratinocytes produces a cell-autonomous defect in tumor formation (2012)

Using a mouse skin tumor model, we reported previously that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) deficiency reduced papilloma formation. However, this model did not differentiate between the effects of systemic COX-2-deficiency and keratinocyte-specific COX-2 deficiency on tumor formation. To determine whether keratinocyte-specific COX-2 deficiency reduced papilloma formation, v-H-ras-transformed COX-2+/+ and COX-2-/- keratinocytes were grafted onto nude mice and tumor development was compared. Transformed COX-2+/+ and COX-2-/- keratinocytes expressed similar levels of H-ras, epidermal growth factor receptor and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in vitro; and COX-2-deficiency did not reduce uninfected or v-H-ras infected keratinocyte replication. In contrast, tumors arising from grafted transformed COX-2+/+ and COX-2-/- keratinocytes expressed similar levels of H-ras, but COX-2 deficiency reduced phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and epidermal growth factor receptor levels 50-60% and tumor volume by 80% at 3 weeks. Two factors appeared to account for the reduced papilloma size. First, papillomas derived from COX-2-/- keratinocytes showed about 70% decreased proliferation, as measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, compared with papillomas derived from COX-2+/+ keratinocytes. Second, keratin 1 immunostaining of papillomas indicated that COX-2-/- keratinocytes prematurely initiated terminal differentiation. Differences in the levels of apoptosis and vascularization did not appear to be contributing factors as their levels were similar in tumors derived from COX-2-/- and COX-2+/+ keratinocytes. Overall, the data are in agreement with our previous observations that decreased papilloma number and size on COX-2-/- mice resulted from reduced keratinocyte proliferation and accelerated keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the data indicate that deficiency/inhibition of COX-2 in the initiated keratinocyte is an important determinant of papilloma forming ability.
Contribution a l'etude de l'impact des caracteristiques de la fibre de ligne sur la performance des transmissions optiques a tres haut debit utilisant le multiplexage en longueur d'onde (2000)

Le passage dans la societe de l'information a entraine une explosion des services et de la demande en capacite des systemes de telecommunication. Il y a aujourd'hui un reel besoin en transmissions optiques capables de vehiculer de tres hauts debits d'information. La technique du multiplexage en longueur d'onde (wdm), autrement dit la transmission simultanee de plusieurs canaux a debit donne au sein de la meme fibre, permet de repondre a ces exigences. Il reste toutefois certaines limitations, notamment l'attenuation, la dispersion chromatique et les non linearites de la fibre ainsi que le bruit des amplificateurs de la ligne, qui degradent les performances de la transmission. Il faut s'affranchir de ces effets ou tenter de les compenser. Le cadre de cette these concerne des transmissions wdm tres haut debit, avec un debit unitaire par canal de 10 gbit/s, sur des distances terrestres de quatre a cinq cents kilometres. La premiere etape a ete d'optimiser numeriquement et experimentalement la propagation en utilisant la gestion de la dispersion chromatique, technique tres efficace pour reduire l'impact des distorsions induites par la transmission. Nous avons alors pu isoler des regles originales a respecter pour parvenir aux performances ultimes d'une liaison et nous les avons appliquees a des transmissions experimentales tres haut debit sur tous les types de fibre existant. La seconde etape a concerne l'optimisation des parametres de la fibre de ligne elle-meme. Ces travaux numeriques et experimentaux ont abouti a la creation d'une nouvelle fibre, baptisee teralight, adaptee aux contraintes des transmissions haut debit. Cette fibre a alors ete au centre d'une premiere mondiale : une transmission de 150 canaux a 10 gbit/s sur 400 km, totalisant un debit global de 1,5 tbit/s. C'est un record mondial pour des distances terrestres en termes de canaux a 10 gbit/s vehicules en parallele sur la meme fibre.
Synthesis and Magnetic Characterization of Metallocene-Substituted α-Nitronyl Nitroxide Radicals (1997)

Abstract The synthesis and magnetic characterization of a series of α-metallocenyl nitronyl nitroxide monoradicals (M = Fe, Ru, Os) are reported. Intra- and intermolecular magnetic interactions in this series of compounds have been studied in detail by ESR spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. ESR spectra of monoradicals in dilute solutions under isotropic conditions show a small spin density on the metal centers. In the solid state, the radicals derived from ferrocene and ruthenocene show a paramagnetic behavior with very weak antiferromagnetic intermolecular interactions, as ascertained from magnetic susceptibility measurements. This behavior is rationalized, for the ferrocene derivative, by means of its crystal structure.
Structural Features for Functional Selectivity at Serotonin Receptors (2013)

Drugs active at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can differentially modulate either canonical or noncanonical signaling pathways via a phenomenon known as functional selectivity or biased signaling. We report biochemical studies showing that the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide, its precursor ergotamine (ERG), and related ergolines display strong functional selectivity for β-arrestin signaling at the 5-HT2B 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor, whereas they are relatively unbiased at the 5-HT1B receptor. To investigate the structural basis for biased signaling, we determined the crystal structure of the human 5-HT2B receptor bound to ERG and compared it with the 5-HT1B/ERG structure. Given the relatively poor understanding of GPCR structure and function to date, insight into different GPCR signaling pathways is important to better understand both adverse and favorable therapeutic activities.
Viewpoint selection for grasp detection (2017)

In grasp detection, the robot estimates the position and orientation of potential grasp configurations directly from sensor data. This paper explores the relationship between viewpoint and grasp detection performance. Specifically, we consider the scenario where the approximate position and orientation of a desired grasp is known in advance and we want to select a viewpoint that will enable a grasp detection algorithm to localize it more precisely and with higher confidence. Our main findings are that the right viewpoint can dramatically increase the number of detected grasps and the classification accuracy of the top-n detections. We use this insight to create a viewpoint selection algorithm and compare it against a random viewpoint selection strategy and a strategy that views the desired grasp head-on. We find that the head-on strategy and our proposed viewpoint selection strategy can improve grasp success rates on a real robot by 8% and 4%, respectively. Moreover, we find that the combination of the two methods can improve grasp success rates by as much as 12%.
Blind Multiuser Detection Over Highly Dispersive CDMA Channels (2004)

This paper addresses blind multiuser detection in a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) network in presence of both multiple-access interference and intersymbol interference. In particular, it considers a DS-CDMA system where K out of N users are transmitting; the N admissible spreading codes are known, and so is the code of the user to be demodulated. The number of interferers, the signatures of a certain number, possibly all, of the interferers, and the channel impulse response of each active user are unknown. The spreading codes of the unknown interferers are determined via a procedure that exploits the knowledge of the set of admissible transmitted codes and of the known active codes. The procedure applies to both single and multiple receiving antennas. The performance assessment of a blind decorrelating detector, implemented by resorting to the proposed identification procedure, shows that it outperforms a plain subspace-based blind decorrelator for small sizes of the estimation sample.
Graph-Based Multi-Objective Trajectory Optimization for Repeat Ground Track Orbital Transfer by Low-Thrust Propulsion (2017)

Earth observation satellites can improve the flexibility of observation sites by having “maneuverability,” and low-thrust obtained by ion thruster will be a promising method for orbital change for micro-satellites. Designing low-thrust trajectories for these satellites is a multi-revolution and multi-objective (time/fuel-optimal) optimization problem, which usually requires high computational cost to solve numerically. This paper derives an analytical and approximate optimal orbit change strategy between two circular orbits with the same semi-major axis and different local time of ascending node, and proposes a graph-based method to optimize the multi-objective criteria. The optimal control problem results in a problem to search a switching point on the proposed graph, and mission designers can design an approximate switching point on this graph, by using two heuristic and reasonable assumptions that 1) the optimal thrust direction should be tangential to orbit and 2) the optimal thrust magnitude should be bang-bang control with an intermediate coast. Finally, numerical simulation with feedback control algorithm taking thrust margin demonstrates that the proposed method can be applicable in the presence of deterministic and stochastic fluctuation of aerodynamic disturbances.
Thermal image acquisition and segmentation of human foot (2017)

Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI) or Infrared Thermography is a non-invasive, non-contact, harmless technique which measures and records the surface temperature of the skin under study as thermogram or thermal images. Segmentation of the region of interest from thermal images is a very difficult task especially with the foot because of the presentation of the ankle bones in the images and the temperature difference between the foot and background being small which interfere with the segmentation task. Our segmentation procedure is an attempt to work on these challenges and has shown promising results. In this paper, a semi-automatic segmentation algorithm is proposed and implemented in MATLAB to segment the foot from thermal images taken using Fluke TiX560 thermal imaging camera. Image Acquisition protocol plays a very important role in successful segmentation of thermal images. Images acquired using different setups at three different occasions are considered for the current study. Segmentation outcome of our method is analyzed using the three measures such as Jaccard index, False Positive Rate and False Negative Rate in comparison with the result of manual segmentation.
Differential effect of neonatal injections of anti-mu or anti-delta antibodies on the synthesis of IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c immunoglobulin classes. (1978)

The effect of neonatally initiated injections of anti-µ or anti-δ antibodies on IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c immunoglobulin subclasses are described. As in chickens and mice, anti-µ suppression was demonstrated to be effective on rat IgM, IgA, and IgG classes but also on IgD and IgE classes and on the four subclasses of IgG. The anti-δ suppression clearly affected the IgD synthesis but also that of IgE. The different IgG subclasses were more or less diminished, but, on the contrary, the IgG2c serum level from day 55 on was largely increased. The IgM and IgA synthesis both were slightly affected with respect to their serum levels but significantly at the membrane level. Rats suppressed by anti-µ or anti-δ sera were unable to build up a reaginic immune response taken as an example of T-dependent immune response. The anti-µ suppression on all the immunoglobulin classes confirms that the IgM receptors are the first to appear on the precursors of the B lymphoid cells. The IgD suppression also confirms that the majority of B lymphoid cells carry IgD receptors during their maturation. Moreover, the absence of reaginic immune response indicates that the lack of the IgD receptor can make animals unable to produce primary IgE immune response. The IgD receptor may be considered as an unspecific isotype-positive signal necessary for the majority of the B lymphoid cells to react for the first time to a specific antigen stimulation. The differential results of the anti-δ suppression, contrary to the general suppression obtained by the anti-µ inoculation, could be explained by the more or less important requirement by each isotype cell line, to be stimulated primarily by an antigen with the help of IgD class receptors.
Health related quality of life after operations of the ascending aorta and aortic arch in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade cerebral perfusion (2009)

Aims: Outcome in cardiac surgical procedures is mainly defined by mortality and morbidity. Quality of life, the patient's view, is rarely assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health related quality of life (HRQL) after complex surgery of the ascending aorta and aortic arch, and to determine factors influencing HRQL.