gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Domain-Scalable Unpaired Image Translation via Latent Space Anchoring (2023)

Unpaired image-to-image translation (UNIT) aims to map images between two visual domains without paired training data. However, given a UNIT model trained on certain domains, it is difficult for current methods to incorporate new domains because they often need to train the full model on both existing and new domains. To address this problem, we propose a new domain-scalable UNIT method, termed as latent space anchoring, which can be efficiently extended to new visual domains and does not need to fine-tune encoders and decoders of existing domains. Our method anchors images of different domains to the same latent space of frozen GANs by learning lightweight encoder and regressor models to reconstruct single-domain images. In the inference phase, the learned encoders and decoders of different domains can be arbitrarily combined to translate images between any two domains without fine-tuning. Experiments on various datasets show that the proposed method achieves superior performance on both standard and domain-scalable UNIT tasks in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods.
Goat Urine and Limestone Affect Nitrogen and Cation Distributions in an Acidic Grassland (2008)

Prior surface application of limestone may influence soil changes resulting from high rates of urine deposition occurring where goats ( Capra aegagrus hircus L.) congregate. A quantity of limestone equivalent to 0 and 6720 kg ha −1 was surface applied to vegetated 45‐cm‐deep columns of a Typic Hapludult soil collected from an abandoned Fescue spp. grassland in southern West Virginia. Eighteen weeks after lime application, one, two, or three applications of urine supplying a total of 36, 98, or 177 g m −2 of N, respectively, were made. One and two applications of urine increased vegetative growth and decreased the amount of water leaching through the column, but the third addition damaged plants. The three‐addition treatment reduced the amount of N taken up by the plants, decreased transpiration, increased leachate volume, and resulted in a 12‐fold increase in the amount of N leached from the columns compared with the one‐application treatment. Leachate Ca, Mg, and K were increased by urine. Soil pH and extractable Ca and Mg were decreased by urine and increased by limestone, and extractable Al was increased by urine and decreased by limestone applications. Net amounts of N recovered as NH 3 gas released to the atmosphere, N taken up into aboveground plant material, NH 4 + and NO 3 − extracted from soil, and NH 4 + and NO 3 − in drainage water ranged from 49 to 77% of the amount added. Surface application of limestone alleviated some of the detrimental effects of high rates of urine addition by increasing levels of pH, Ca, and Mg and reducing Al as deep as 28 cm in the profile.
Synergestic sputtering properties of binary alloys (1984)

We have found that dilute concentrations of lithium in copper produce surfaces which are nearly pure lithium when heated and subject to irradiation. In order to better understand the experimental results, we have modeled the Cu-Li system using a modified version of the TRIM computer code and an alloy segregation program developed by N.Q. Lam. The TRIM code calculates the sputtering yield and depth of origin of the sputtered atoms for materials in which the composition varies from one atomic layer to the next and the segregation program uses these sputtering yields to trace the evolution of the concentration profile. The initial result of sputtering is to preferentially deplete the surface species. Continued irradiation, however, creates a subsurface region of high displacement damage. In the Cu-Li alloy, lithium moves very rapidly through this region, resulting in subsurface lithium enrichment. The enriched region broadens and eventually reaches the surface. The exact effect on the lithium concentration in the first two atomic layers depends on the temperature, damage profile, and particle flux. Results of the calculation are presented, along with a discussion of their implications for fusion reactor materials.
Prospective Population‐Based Study of Intermittent and Continuous Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia (1999)

Intermittent and continuous convulsive SE were common in both pediatric and adult populations. Intermittent SE had a significantly lower mortality than did continuous SE. This difference in mortality was not completely explained by differences in SE duration, total ictal time, etiology, or age. Further research is needed to identify the factor(s) contributing to the significant difference in mortality between intermittent SE and continuous SE.
Effects of Imatinib on Normal Hematopoiesis and Immune Activation (2005)

The selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (Glivec; Novartis International, Basel, Switzerland, http://www.glivec.com/content/home.jsp) is increasingly used for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias and other malignancies. In principle, the drug is well tolerated and clinical side effects are mostly moderate. However, it was shown that imatinib can affect the function of normal, nonmalignant cells, resulting in myelosuppression in treated patients. Recently, it has been demonstrated that imatinib might affect mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells while leaving hematopoietic stem cells unaffected. Furthermore, in several in vitro studies and animal models, it was demonstrated that imatinib can affect the function and differentiation of antigen-presenting cells and inhibit the effector functions of T lymphocytes. Moreover, the induction of specific cytotoxic T cells seems to be impaired in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with imatinib compared with patients receiving interferon-alpha. This is of importance because some of the therapeutic effects in the treatment of patients with CML are mediated by the induction of leukemia-specific T-cell responses. Further studies investigating the effects of imatinib on normal hematopoiesis are of interest as they might lead to a better understanding of the clinically observed side effects and also might help identify new therapeutic applications of the drug, possibly in Bcr-Abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders and potentially as an immunomodulatory agent.
Effect of a converting-enzyme inhibitor on vasa recta blood flow in rat kidney (1988)

In young anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats, red cell flux (Qrbc) was measured in the vasa recta of the exposed renal papilla by means of fluorescently labeled erythrocytes. To study the vasoreactivity of the juxtamedullary vasculature and its sensitivity to converting-enzyme inhibition, measurements of Qrbc were made before and after continuous intravenous infusion of the angiotensin I converting-enzyme inhibitor captopril (3 mg.h-1.kg body wt-1). A time control group that received vehicle alone was studied in parallel. Captopril acts as a vasodilator and reduces systemic arterial pressure. Captopril treatment increased Qrbc by 40 +/- 4% (n = 9, P less than 0.001) and decreased blood pressure by 9% (P less than 0.001). In the time control group no statistically significant change occurred in either Qrbc (+6 +/- 8%, n = 10) or blood pressure (-1%). Urine samples were taken from the papillary tip. In neither of the groups did the urine osmolality show a statistically significant change. In the time control group the values before and after intravenous infusion were 1,006 +/- 61 and 1,091 +/- 70 mosmol/kg H2O, respectively, and in the captopril-treated animals the corresponding values were 1,150 +/- 85 and 1,210 +/- 60 mosmol/kg H2O, respectively. These results confirm the suggestion that there is high vasoreactivity in the juxtamedullary vasculature and that this region is sensitive to inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, the latter sensitivity implying that angiotensin II plays a role in the regulation of juxtamedullary vascular resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Paul J. Alexander (1993)

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A Study on the Legality of Royalty Collection Clauses after Expiration of Patent Rights, 15 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 213 (2016) (2016)

Whether a contract clause may permit a patent owner to continuously collect royalty payments from a licensee after the expiration of its patent rights is a highly controversial issue in practice. Some believe that because patent rights are a kind of monopoly granted by the government, it shall not be extended after expiration; otherwise, it shall be regarded as patent misuse and/or unfair competition as the case may be. Nonetheless, others believe that this kind of clause is actually beneficial to a licensee because the licensee is allowed to make royalty payments throughout the whole patent term and even after expiration, which is helpful in terms of innovation. Regarding such debate, the Supreme Court of the United States adopts the view of the former, strongly opposing the collection of royalties after a patent’s expiration. Recently in Kimble v. Marvel, the Supreme Court reviewed this issue all over again. The Supreme Court reasoned that, although its former judgment might have certain flaws, there are no special justifiable reasons to correct such former judgment, and according to the doctrine of stare decisis, a court must abide by its former judgment in order to maintain the reliability of judicial decisions. The Supreme Court leaves such issues to the hand of Congress, waiting for future amendments to the law. Hence, this issue has not yet been settled and needs further clarification by the judicial and legislative branches of the United States. The author believes that such clauses might be simultaneously good and bad for innovation and economic efficiency depending upon the circumstances and, therefore, the correct approach is to examine such clauses based on the “rule of reason” principle. The author offers suggestions regarding this issue after comparing different views and approaches adopted by the relevant authorities of the United States and Taiwan.
Deposition of Bi, Sr, Ca, and Cu Oxide Films by RF Glow Discharge Generated at Relatively High Pressure (1990)

Abstract Low temperature deposition of oxide films related to Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors has been investigated by using an apparatus originally designed for plasma chemical vapor deposition at moderately high pressures. Crystalline Bi2O3 film was obtained at a substrate temperature of 400°C from triphenylbismuth. Amorphous films as-deposited at 400°C from Ca(DPM)2, Sr(DPM)2, and Cu(DPM)2, were annealed at 400°C in air to be crystalline films of CaCO3, SrCO3, and CuO, respectively. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the crystallization of as-deposited films was examined with respect to CaCO3 film to verify the effectiveness of elevated oxygen partial pressure for improving the film crystallinity. Linear relationships were obtained between the deposition time and film thickness. Preliminary data for the preparation of superconducting film by annealing a layered oxide film are also presented.
Magneto-optical imaging of thin magnetic films using spins in diamond (2015)

Imaging the fields of magnetic materials provides crucial insight into the physical and chemical processes surrounding magnetism, and has been a key ingredient in the spectacular development of magnetic data storage. Existing approaches using the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), x-ray and electron microscopy have limitations that constrain further development, and there is increasing demand for imaging and characterisation of magnetic phenomena in real time with high spatial resolution. In this work, we show how the magneto-optical response of an array of negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy spins in diamond can be used to image and map the sub-micron stray magnetic field patterns from thin ferromagnetic films. Using optically detected magnetic resonance, we demonstrate wide-field magnetic imaging over 100x100 μm^2 with a diffraction-limited spatial resolution of 440 nm at video frame rates, under ambient conditions. We demonstrate a novel all-optical spin relaxation contrast imaging approach which can image magnetic structures in the absence of an applied microwave field. Straightforward extensions promise imaging with sub-μT sensitivity and sub-optical spatial and millisecond temporal resolution. This work establishes practical diamond-based wide-field microscopy for rapid high-sensitivity characterisation and imaging of magnetic samples, with the capability for investigating magnetic phenomena such as domain wall and skyrmion dynamics and the spin Hall effect in metals.
Joint carrier frequency offset and channel estimation for OFDM systems with two receive antennas (2015)

Summary Carrier frequency offset (CFO) in OFDM systems results in loss of channel orthogonality and hence degrades the system's performance. In this paper, we propose a new method for joint CFO/channel estimation for OFDM systems with two receive antennas. Our method avoids the complexity of full search methods in one or two dimensions. Using one training OFDM symbol and utilizing the knowledge of the structure of the inter‐channel interference that results from CFO, we develop a two‐stage estimation procedure. The first stage derives an initial CFO/channel estimate based on a one shot minimization step. The second stage refines this joint estimate by conducting a small CFO search in the vicinity of the initial estimate. This procedure provides CFO estimates over a full range of − N /2– N /2, ( N : number of subcarriers), as well as the channel estimates. Computer simulations show an excellent performance that is very close to the Cramer–Rao lower bound and superior to some existing methods. The effect of antenna correlation on performance is also investigated through computer simulations, showing small performance degradation even at medium correlation coefficients (0.3–0.6). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
In vivo nanoparticle imaging of innate immune cells can serve as a marker of disease severity in a model of multiple sclerosis (2016)

Innate immune cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Current clinical imaging is restricted to visualizing secondary effects of inflammation, such as gliosis and blood-brain barrier disruption. Advanced molecular imaging, such as iron oxide nanoparticle imaging, can allow direct imaging of cellular and molecular activity, but the exact cell types that phagocytose nanoparticles in vivo and how phagocytic activity relates to disease severity is not well understood. In this study we used MRI to map inflammatory infiltrates using high-field MRI and fluorescently labeled cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles for cell tracking. We confirmed nanoparticle uptake and MR detectability ex vivo. Using in vivo MRI, we identified extensive nanoparticle signal in the cerebellar white matter and circumscribed cortical gray matter lesions that developed during the disease course (4.6-fold increase of nanoparticle accumulation in EAE compared with healthy controls, P < 0.001). Nanoparticles showed good cellular specificity for innate immune cells in vivo, labeling activated microglia, infiltrating macrophages, and neutrophils, whereas there was only sparse uptake by adaptive immune cells. Importantly, nanoparticle signal correlated better with clinical disease than conventional gadolinium (Gd) imaging (r, 0.83 for nanoparticles vs. 0.71 for Gd-imaging, P < 0.001). We validated our approach using the Food and Drug Administration-approved iron oxide nanoparticle ferumoxytol. Our results show that noninvasive molecular imaging of innate immune responses can serve as an imaging biomarker of disease activity in autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation with potential clinical applications in a wide range of inflammatory diseases.
A wearable piezocapacitive pressure sensor with a single layer of silver nanowire-based elastomeric composite electrodes (2016)

A new approach to the fabrication of a transparent, stretchable and pressure-sensitive capacitor was developed by employing a single layer of Ag nanowire-based electrodes and a transparent, stretchable polymer.
Effect of nanodroplet ink concentration on switching response of reverse-emulsion electrophoretic displays (2013)

Reverse-emulsion electrophoretic display (REED) technology is based on an electro-responsive ink comprised of self-assembled nanodroplets dispersed in a non-polar liquid. The dye-containing nanodroplets are selectively driven toward or away from the viewing plane by patterned electrodes that define distinct pixels. In this study, experimental measurements of relative luminance were conducted to determine how ink concentration affects display performance, especially with respect to image contrast and response time. The particle size distribution of the ink was determined by dynamic light scattering and corroborated by atomic force microscopy, with average size approximately 200 nm. Concentration levels of 100%, 50%, 37.5%, 25%, 18.8%, 12.5% were tested for luminance, and the highest contrast ratio was achieved at 25%. Ink concentration was observed to have little effect on switching time, with all cases reaching steady state within approximately 2 s. Spatial variability was measured by isolating 5 mm circular zones within each tested device, and the lowest variability in relative luminance was observed for 18.8% and 25% concentration levels. The experimental observations were compared to predicted behavior based on multiphysics simulation with diluted species transport and electrostatics. The experimental test devices exhibited behavior that was similar to the saturation effects predicted by simulation, accounting for steric effects.
Feasibility of a 100 MW Installed Capacity Wind Farm for Different Climatic Conditions (2018)

Wind power is the world’s fastest-growing energy source. More power can be generated from wind energy through the use of new wind machine designs and techniques. The objective of the present work is to encourage people and governments to develop wind energy-based power plants to achieve sustainable energy infrastructures, especially in developing countries. In this paper, a feasibility study of a 100 MW grid-connected wind farm is conducted for five different cities of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The results indicate that the proposed power plant is feasible both technically and economically. All sites are found to be within the profitable range with Dhahran being the most feasible site among the others for the installation of the wind farm. A sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to find out the effects of different incentives on the payback period of the project.
Trigonal Crystal Structure of Bombyx mori Silk Incorporating a Threefold Helical Chain Conformation Found at the Air−Water Interface (1996)

A new crystalline polymorph of Bombyx mori silk, which forms specifically at the air−water interface, has been characterized. This new polymorph has a trigonal crystal structure and is distinctly different from the two previously observed silk crystal structures, silks I and II. Our identification of this new silk polymorph is based on evidence from transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, coupled with molecular modeling. Electron diffraction indicates that the crystal structure has a trigonal unit cell. This structure consists of a hexagonal packing of chains, each of which assumes a three-fold helical conformation. The resulting crystal structure is found to be similar to that observed for polyglycine II. The sterics of the alanine and serine residues in the crystallizable segments of silk fibroin strongly favor a left-handed 3/2 helix over a right-handed 3/1 helix. Electron diffraction from unoriented samples (powder-type diffraction) provides quantitative support for a left-handed polyglycine II type of 3/2 helical conformation for the silk chains in the crystals of this new polymorph. Single-crystal diffraction patterns and patterns from uniaxially oriented samples are consistent with the proposed crystal structure.
Do Thiols Merely Passivate Gold Nanoclusters? (2000)

A Comment on the Letter by H. Hakkinen, R. N. Barnett, and U. Landman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3264 (1999).
In vitro development of morulae from immature caprine oocytes (1994)

The effects of medium supplementation with oestrous goat serum and glycoprotein hormones on caprine oocyte maturation in vitro (IVM) were evidenced by proportions of resulting ova completing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and development to the morula stage. Oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) were harvested in follicular fluid from 2-5 mm diameter follicles. Oocyte maturation took place during 27 h in TCM-199 supplemented with 20% oestrous goat serum, oestradiol-17 beta (1.0 microgram/ml), and either (a) 0.5 microgram FSH/ml, (b) 100 micrograms LH/ml, (c) 100 micrograms LH + 0.5 microgram FSH/ml, (d) 100 micrograms hCG + 0.5 microgram FSH/ml, (e) 0.5 microgram TSH/ml or (f) no added glycoprotein hormone (control). Of 353 immature oocytes cultured in seven experiments, 311 (88.1%) exhibited cumulus expansion at the end of the IVM interval; all normal-appearing OCCs were inseminated. In vitro insemination was with ejaculated sperm treated with heparin (10 micrograms/ml) and caffeine (0.4 microgram/ml). Proportions (%) of inseminated ova that were fertilised (cleaved) and that reached the morula stage after IVM with (a) FSH, (b) LH, (c) LH+FSH, (d) hCG + FSH, (e) TSH and (f) no added glycoprotein hormone were (a) 22/52 (42.3%) and 9/52 (17.3%), (b) 25/54 (46.3%) and 14/54 (25.9%), (c) 52/65 (80.0%) and 26/65 (40.0%), (d) 48/78 (61.5%) and 22/78 (28.2%), (e) 14/54 (25.9%) and 4/54 (7.4%), and (f) 11/50 (22.0%) and 1/50 (2.0%), respectively. All treatments yielded better results than IVM with no added glycoprotein hormone. After IVM with added LH+FSH higher proportions of oocytes were fertilised (p < 0.05), and higher proportions reached the morula stage (p < 0.05) when compared with other treatments.
Interoperabilität auf Feldebene (2011)

Zusammenfassung Die Feldebene ist die dem technischen Prozess am nächsten gelegene Ebene der Automatisierungspyramide. Bedingt durch Fortschritte in der Mikroelektronik und der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien werden die vernetzten Feldgeräte immer “intelligenter” und übernehmen zunehmend auch Automatisierungsfunktionen, die bisher anderen Ebenen zugeordnet waren. In dem Beitrag werden die beiden Interoperabilitätsaspekte Kommunikation und Anwendung von Feldgeräten betrachtet.
Partial and full inverse compensation for hysteresis in smart material systems (2000)

Smart material transducers employing piezoceramic or magnetostrictive drive components typically exhibit constitutive nonlinearities and hysteresis at moderate to high drive levels. In this paper, we discuss two techniques to compensate for hysteresis in high performance transducers. The first is based on a complete transducer model, and the resulting compensator accommodates both the constitutive nonlinearities and hysteresis inherent to the smart material components. The second technique employs a partial inverse compensator based on anhysteretic models for the material behavior. This accommodates the constitutive nonlinearities but does not incorporate the hysteresis; the latter phenomenon is then addressed through the inclusion of a feedback loop in the controller. The performance of the partial inverse compensator is illustrated in the context of a high force Terfenol-D transducer.