gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of nitrogen gas pressure during heat treatment on the morphology of silicon nitride fibers synthesized by carbothermal nitridation (2018)

The effects of N2 gas pressure on the diameter and morphology of Si3N4 fibers obtained via carbothermal nitridation were investigated. Sol–gel-derived precursors containing a silica and carbon mixture were placed in an Al2O3 crucible and heat-treated under various N2 pressures from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa at 1500ºC. The heat-treated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) spectrometer, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Various nitride fibers with α- and β-phase Si3N4 were formed. The fiber diameter decreased with increases in N2 pressure, and nanometer-scale fibers of around 200 nm in diameter were obtained at a N2 pressure of 0.5 MPa. It was found that silicon oxynitride Si2N2O or its Al-doped form, O′-SiAlON, was produced due to high N2 pressure and doping with Al originating from the Al2O3 crucible. This oxynitride was considered to act as a template for Si3N4 fiber growth by the direct phase transformation mechanism. It was shown that the diameter of the Si3N4 fibers decreased for two reasons: decreased partial pressure of SiO gas due to high N2 pressure and increased formation of the silicon oxynitride templates.
The use of greater omentum vascularized free flaps for neurosurgical disorders requiring reconstruction (1984)

The heterotopic transfer of composite tissue, with microvascular anastomosis of an arterial supply and venous drainage to locally existing vessels, has received considerable attention in the plastic surgical literature. The use of latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous free flaps has been reported in the repair of large defects of the scalp, cranium, and dura following resection of invasive neoplasms or trauma. When the defect involves primarily subcutaneous tissue loss resulting in abnormal contour, omental free flaps provide effective coverage and restoration of contour. In addition, the inherent capability of the omentum to combat infection and form an ideal bed for the establishment of skin or bone grafts provides further indications for its use. The authors have used omental free flaps in nine cases to reconstruct gunshot wounds of the head, orbit, and face, heal chronic cavitating frontal sinus infections, form a base over exposed dura for reconstruction of the skull with rib grafts, and cover large defects after resection of invasive tumors or infected scalp. These wounds of neurosurgical interest were reconstructed with acceptable structural and aesthetic results. The indications, surgical techniques, results, alternative procedures, and potential complications of this procedure are discussed. The authors believe that omental free flaps should be considered an option in the armamentarium of reconstructive approaches for skull, dural, scalp, orbital, and facial wounds.
Nonlinear wavelength conversion and pulse manipulation in photonic crystal fibres (2010)

The tutorial will review the mechanisms of nonlinear wavelength conversion, pulse delivery and pulse compression in fibres in general, and will consider the practical implementation in photonic crystal fibres (PCFs). Chromatic dispersion in fibres is a key parameter which must be tuned to achieve the desired nonlinear effects. It is control of dispersion that allows some relatively old and well understood physics to give new and surprising light sources. The particular benefits of PCF for dispersion control in the visible and near-infrared will be discussed to show the regions where PCFs or step index fibres are appropriate for nonlinear optics. Wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing and supercontinuum generation will be considered in detail, with particular reference to the limits to the short and long wavelengths achievable by these processes. The current status of high energy ultrashort pulse compression and delivery in hollow-core PCF will be presented.
Advice for medical students interested in dermatology: Perspectives from fourth year students who matched (2009)

We present perspectives from four fourth year medical students who matched into dermatology that highlight the factors they believed helped them most. The purpose is to offer advice to medical students interested in dermatology. We divide the paper into four areas of discussion: academics, extracurricular activities, research, and mentorship. All four factors are crucial for a strong dermatology application. We believe the paper provides valuable suggestions and guidance to students considering a career in dermatology.
Effect of maternal ketoacidosis on the ovine fetus. (2015)

Ketoacidosis during pregnancy carries significant risk of intrauterine fetal demise, but little is known about the impact of ketoacids on the ovine fetus. We report a case series of maternal ketoacidosis in ewes. Maternal ketoacidosis may result in biochemical and acid-base fetal abnormalities associated with changes in feto-placental unit perfusion.
Surface-Micromachined Microfluidic Devices (2023)

Microfluidic devices are disclosed which can be manufactured using surface-micromachining. These devices utilize an electroosmotic force or an electromagnetic field to generate a flow of a fluid in a microchannel that is lined, at least in part, with silicon nitride. Additional electrodes can be provided within or about the microchannel for separating particular constituents in the fluid during the flow based on charge state or magnetic moment. The fluid can also be pressurized in the channel. The present invention has many different applications including electrokinetic pumping, chemical and biochemical analysis (e.g. based on electrophoresis or chromatography), conducting chemical reactions on a microscopic scale, and forming hydraulic actuators. Microfluidic devices are disclosed which can be manufactured using surface-micromachining. These devices utilize an electroosmotic force or an electromagnetic field to generate a flow of a fluid in a microchannel that is lined, at least in part, with silicon nitride. Additional electrodes can be provided within or about the microchannel for separating particular constituents in the fluid during the flow based on charge state or magnetic moment. The fluid can also be pressurized in the channel. The present invention has many different applications including electrokinetic pumping, chemical and biochemical analysis (e.g. based on electrophoresis or chromatography), conducting chemical reactions on a microscopic scale, and forming hydraulic actuators.
Supplementary Figure 5 from Alpha-Melanocyte–Stimulating Hormone Suppresses Oxidative Stress through a p53-Mediated Signaling Pathway in Human Melanocytes (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 364K, Down-regulation of p53 by shRNA and its effect on the expression of p21 in primary cultures of human melanocytes&lt;/p&gt;
Ferric iron and water incorporation in wadsleyite under hydrous and oxidizing conditions: A XANES, Mossbauer, and SIMS study (2012)

International audience
Experimental results on the enhanced backscatter phenomenon and its dynamics (2014)

Enhanced backscatter effects have long been predicted theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. The reciprocity of a turbulent channel generates a group of paired rays with identical trajectory and phase information that leads to a region in phase space with double intensity and scintillation index. Though simulation work based on phase screen models has demonstrated the existence of the phenomenon, few experimental results have been published describing its characteristics, and possible applications of the enhanced backscatter phenomenon are still unclear. With the development of commercially available high powered lasers and advanced cameras with high frame rates, we have successfully captured the enhanced backscatter effects from different reflection surfaces. In addition to static observations, we have also tilted and pre-distorted the transmitted beam at various frequencies to track the dynamic properties of the enhanced backscatter phenomenon to verify its possible application in guidance and beam and image correction through atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, experimental results will be described, and discussions on the principle and applications of the phenomenon will be included. Enhanced backscatter effects are best observed in certain levels of turbulence (C<sub>n</sub> <sup>2</sup>&asymp;10<sup>-13</sup> m<sup>-2/3</sup>), and show significant potential for providing self-guidance in beam correction that doesn’t introduce additional costs (unlike providing a beacon laser). Possible applications of this phenomenon include tracking fast moving object with lasers, long distance (&gt;1km) alignment, and focusing a high-power corrected laser beam over long distances.
Recent progress in marine mycological research in different countries, and prospects for future developments worldwide (2023)

Abstract Early research on marine fungi was mostly descriptive, with an emphasis on their diversity and taxonomy, especially of those collected at rocky shores on seaweeds and driftwood. Subsequently, further substrata (e.g. salt marsh grasses, marine animals, seagrasses, sea foam, seawater, sediment) and habitats (coral reefs, deep-sea, hydrothermal vents, mangroves, sandy beaches, salt marshes) were explored for marine fungi. In parallel, research areas have broadened from micro-morphology to ultrastructure, ecophysiology, molecular phylogenetics, biogeography, biodeterioration, biodegradation, bioprospecting, genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics. Although marine fungi only constitute a small fraction of the global mycota, new species of marine fungi continue to be described from new hosts/substrata of unexplored locations/habitats, and novel bioactive metabolites have been discovered in the last two decades, warranting a greater collaborative research effort. Marine fungi of Africa, the Americas and Australasia are under-explored, while marine Chytridiomycota and allied taxa, fungi associated with marine animals, the functional roles of fungi in the sea, and the impacts of climate change on marine fungi are some of the topics needing more attention. In this article, currently active marine mycologists from different countries have written on the history and current state of marine fungal research in individual countries highlighting their strength in the subject, and this represents a first step towards a collaborative inter- and transdisciplinary research strategy.
A Unified Model of Pattern-Matching Circuit Architectures (2005)

There has been a significant volume of recent work on FPGA designs for pattern matching. Although various pattern-matching architectures have been presented, attempts to compare different designs have been inconclusive, or even misleading, due to the lack of a common evaluation framework. In this paper, we present an analytical model of FPGA pattern-matching architectures that quanti-tatively expresses the relationships between pattern properties, circuit area, and circuit delay. We derive equations that show how the performance of each architecture is dependent on the properties of the pattern set. This model enables many different pattern-matching architectures to be compared in order to determine the optimal design for a given pattern-matching application.
Ultrafast spectroscopy of super high frequency mechanical modes of doubly clamped beams (2013)

We use ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy to study the mechanical vibrations in the time domain of doubly clamped silicon nitride beams. Beams with two different clamping conditions are investigated. Finite element method calculations are performed to analyse the mode spectra of both structures. By calculating the strain integral on the surface of the resonators, we are able to reproduce the effect of the detection mechanism and identify all the measured modes. We show that our spectroscopy technique combined with our modelling tools allow the investigation of several different modes in the super high frequency range (3-30 GHz) and above, bringing more information about the vibration modes of nanomechanical resonators.
Hepatitis C virus‐RNAs in plasma and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hemophiliacs with chronic hepatitis C: Evidence for viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1994)

Hemophiliacs who have been exposed to unheated and/or dry heated pooled clotting factor concentrates are at high risk of chronic hepatitis C. Although the mechanism and site of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication are not yet known, HCV is thought to replicate through a complementary negative RNA strand, as has been shown for flaviviruses. The detection of negative RNA strands has therefore been regarded as a marker of replication. We investigated the prevalence of HCV-RNA and of negative HCV-RNA strands in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma of hemophiliacs. Forty-three of 47 patients studied (91%) had anti-HCV antibodies and in 36 patients HCV-RNA was detectable in PBMC. In one group of 20 patients negative HCV-RNA strands were present in PBMC and 10 of these patients also had negative HCV-RNA strands in plasma. In another group of nine patients HCV-RNA was detected in PBMC, although cDNA synthesis was carried out in the absence of primers. Only in two of these nine patients negative and positive HCV-RNA strands were demonstrated specifically in PBMC using a modified reverse transcription step. If the presence of negative HCV-RNA strands can be considered as marker of viral replication, the findings indicate that HCV can replicate in PBMC. Furthermore, in certain patients it is impossible to use the currently available technique to detect selectively positive or negative HCV-RNA strands.
Real-time Upper Body Articulation of Humans in a Networked Interactive Virtual Environment (1995)

With the recent introduction of realistic human entities into large-scale networked virtual environments, there exists a requirement for dynamic, real-time human motion. The future for distributed virtual environments will include upwards of 100,000 participants capable of participating from anywhere in the world, interacting with any entity that exists in the environment. In order to attain a high level of realism in the virtual world, the user must be able to dynamically interact with his environment. For the lower body, we find that scripted locomotive motion is adequate. However, the same is not true for upper body motion because humans by their nature interact with their environment largely with their hands. The focus of this research is the development of an interactive interface which will achieve dynamic upper body motion currently not possible with scripted systems. We present the basics of ongoing work involving the representation of realistic, realtime upper body motion of a...
A transmission line filled with fast switched periodic plasma as a wide-band frequency transformer (2001)

An adiabatic theory is first presented to show the enhancing effects of a periodic structure and a magnetic field on wave frequency-shifting process by rapidly produced plasma. A device having a cylindrical coaxial line configuration and featuring with a periodic cusp magnetic field is then constructed to study the theoretically predicted time-domain wave phenomena. The magnetic field is introduced by ring-shaped permanent magnets installed outside the outer cylinder of the coax in an arrangement with alternating polarities. A rapid discharge by a rectangular voltage pulse between the center conductor and the outer cylinder of the coax generates periodically distributed plasma inside the coax. As an x-band test wave is introduced to propagate through the line, it is shown that the wave frequency is shifted both upward and downward by suddenly created periodically distributed plasma. The effectiveness of the magnetic field (periodic as well as uniform distribution) on broadening the power spectra of frequency-shifted waves is demonstrated by comparing the spectra for the magnetized cases with that for the unmagnetized case.
Tunable-Porosity Membranes From Discrete Nanoparticles (2015)

Thin film composite membranes were prepared through a facile single-step wire-wound rod coating procedure in which internally crosslinked poly(styrene-co-butadiene) polymer nanoparticles self-assembled to form a thin film on a hydrophilic ultrafiltration support. This nanoparticle film provided a defect-free separation layer 130-150 nm thick, which was highly permeable and able to withstand aggressive pH conditions beyond the range of available commercial membranes. The nanoparticles were found to coalesce to form a rubbery film when heated above their glass transition temperature (Tg). The retention properties of the novel membrane were strongly affected by charge repulsion, due to the negative charge of the hydroxyl functionalized nanoparticles. Porosity was tuned by annealing the membranes at different temperatures, below and above the nanoparticle Tg. This enabled fabrication of membranes with varying performance. Nanofiltration properties were achieved with a molecular weight cut-off below 500 g mol(-1) and a low fouling tendency. Interestingly, after annealing above Tg, memory of the interstitial spaces between the nanoparticles persisted. This memory led to significant water permeance, in marked contrast to the almost impermeable films cast from a solution of the same polymer.
Regularisierungsverfahren (1989)

In der Literatur ist eine Vielzahl von Regularisierungsverfahren vorgeschlagen worden. Die wichtigsten sollen hier vorgestellt und ihre gemeinsamen Aspekte analysiert werden. Die dabei benutzten Zusatzinformationen sind immer von der Form ∥g ε - g∥≤ ε und ∥f∥ ν ≤ ρ für v > 0.
Trajectory Matching and Classification of Video Moving Objects (2005)

Trajectory matching is an important way to describe and classify behaviors of moving objects in a computer visual system. In this paper, we present two trajectory description methods, time-sampling sequence and space-sampling sequence, which can be used in different matching applications. We then propose two general trajectory matching schemes based on Levenshtein distance and relaxation matching respectively. Trajectory Levenshtein distance scheme is a good way to compare the topological shapes and directions of trajectories, and can be performed quickly. Trajectory relaxation matching scheme can gain the statistical optimal matching. Finally, we propose a top-to-bottom hierarchical clustering algorithm to classify trajectories, and several experiments demonstrate that our schemes are efficient in matching and classifying different shape and direction trajectories
Identifying trends and descriptors for selective CO2 conversion to CO over transition metal carbides (2015)

Catalytic reduction of CO2 requires active, selective and low-cost catalysts. Results of this study show that transition metal carbides are a class of promising catalysts and their activity is correlated with oxygen binding energy and reducibility as shown by DFT calculations and in situ measurements.
A human monoclonal antibody Fabreactive to oxidized LDL and carbamylated LDL recognizes human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions (2011)

This study was undertaken to produce a Fab fragment of a human monoclonal antibody reactive to oxidized and carbamylated low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL and cLDL) using phage display technology. An analysis of DNA sequences of this Fab, termed plaque 15,16-46 Fab, revealed that the rearranged VH was highly mutated. Complementarity-determining regions of the VH showed a very high R/S ratio and contained many positively charged amino acids. In direct binding and competitive ELISA, the Fab reacted strongly with both MDA-LDL and Cu-oxLDL forms of oxLDL, and also showed high affinity for cLDL. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses showed that this Fab positively stained atherosclerotic aortic plaques in ApoE−/− mice as well as those in patients with atherosclerosis. The Fab also showed positive staining in placental decidua from patients with preeclampsia. It is suggested that the plaque 15,16-46 Fab against oxLDL and cLDL might possibly be applicable for developing a diagnostic reagent for both human and rodent animal research to detect and characterize atherosclerotic disease progression in atherosclerotic lesions as well as exploring the pathogenesis of atherogenic diseases such as preeclampsia.
Serum levels of interleukin-6 and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in response to either fasting or a ketogenic diet in rheumatoid arthritis patients. (2000)

Both fasting and a ketogenic diet significantly increased serum DHEAS concentrations in RA patients. Only fasting significantly decreased serum IL-6 levels and improved disease activity. As the increases in serum DHEAS were similar in response to both fasting and a ketogenic diet, it is unlikely that the fall in serum IL-6 or clinical improvements after fasting were directly related to increases in serum DHEAS. The fasting-induced fall in serum IL-6 may underlie the fall in CRP and ESR observed in RA patients in response to a 7-day fast.
A two‐layer compact electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure and its applications in microstrip filter design (2003)

Abstract This paper presents a compact electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure and its applications in microstrip bandstop filter designs in the S band. The proposed EBG cell is constructed in a two‐layer dielectric substrate, which saves the lateral sizes due to a multi‐layer topology. A lumped‐LC equivalent circuit is extracted from EM simulation. By adjusting the patch dimensions and positions of the shorting pins, the center frequency and equivalent L , C parameters can meet design requirements. Based on the proposed structure and its equivalent circuit, a wideband 3‐pole notch filter is designed. The simulation and measurement show its promising applications in microwave and RF systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 62–64, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/mop.10825
Hierarchical vehicle management for battery-electric vehicles with decentralized drives (2015)

In the context of a BMBF joint project an electric vehicle with decentralized direct drives was developed at Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences. In order to enable energy-optimized operation as well as maximum driving safety while factoring in the interactions between electrical traction and vehicle-dynamics controls, an electronic vehicle management was laid out in a model-based manner. This vehicle management integrates the functionalities of drive-, chassis and energy management and is structured hierarchically. It comprises two subordinated control structures: a chassis management and an electrical energy management, each of them comprising other local information-processing units. The focus of the present paper is on the model-based function layout of the cooperative braking system with the hierarchically subordinated control of the traction machines and friction brakes.