gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aging-Related Structural and Functional Changes in Cerebral Arteries: Caloric Restriction (CR) Intervention. (2021)

Cerebral arteries play a crucial role in the regulation of blood flow to the brain to satisfy the demand of oxygen and glucose for proper function of the organ. Physiological cerebral blood flow (CBF) is maintained within a normal range in response to changes in blood pressure a mechanism named Cerebral Blood Flow Auto Regulation (CBFAR). Structure and function of cerebral arteries have an important impact on CBFAR. Several studies in human and animals have showed significant morphological and functional changes in cerebral vessels of aged brain associated with a reduced CBF which is also impaired in cerebrovascular pathology linked to brain diseases. Interestingly, one new emergent aspect is the lifelong Calorie Restriction (CR) as a potential intervention to prevent age-related cerebral artery changes and preserve the health of aging brain. This review summarizes the recent literature on the effects of aging on cerebral artery structure and function and the potential of CR as opportunities for prevention and treatment.
CVD copper metallurgy for ULSI interconnections (2002)

Cu selective and blanket CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and film characteristics are described for filling high-aspect-ratio via and/or contact holes for future deep submicron Cu interconnections. High-quality CVD Cu film is easily formed by using H/sub 2/ reduction of the Cu complex. Excellent planarization is obtained with via and/or contact filling by Cu selective and/or blanket CVD following by an etch-back process. Also, a high-temperature Cu fine patterning method by RIE has been developed that uses a new gas system. Double-level Cu interconnections have been obtained with the Cu selective CVD and new Cu RIE technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Standardization of sampling and staining methods for the morphometric evaluation of sperm heads in the Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) using computer‐assisted image analysis (1998)

Automated sperm morphology analysis (ASMA) technology has improved the assessment of sperm morphology, but the results depend on the use of adequate and standardized procedures. In this study the Sperm‐Class Analyzer® (SCA) ASMA system was used to assess sperm head morphometry in the Cynomolgus monkey and to evaluate the influence of sample size, intraslide variation, and the use of three staining techniques on the accuracy of image processing and sperm head morphometry. Haematoxylin is the staining technique of choice for Cynomolgus spermatozoa, as optimum contrast of sperm heads with the surrounding background allows efficient segmentation, i.e. sperm head boundary detection, making the image analysis process more accurate. The analysis of 100 spermatozoa is recommended since a larger sample size did not result in more accurate sperm head morphometry. There were no differences in either the percentage of correctly binarized sperm heads or sperm head dimensions among samples obtained from different zones of the slides, although differences in stain intensity (grey level) were detected. The measurements made on Haematoxylin, Diff‐Quik and Hemacolor‐stained slides yielded different values for all of the sperm head parameters under consideration. This result demonstrates that the procedures of fixation and staining significantly affect the dimensions of sperm heads.
Fabrication of Color Changeable Film to Detect Ethylene Gas (2006)

Color indicating film to detect ethylene (C2H4) gas was fabricated by depositing SiO2 nanoparticles and the indicating solution synthesized with palladium sulfate as well as ammonium molybdate on the filter paper. The color of indicating film without SiO2 was easily changed from white to blue in air because PdSO4 remarkably accelerates the redox reaction of ammonium molybdate, which generates molybdenum blue reaction. In this study, we successfully diminished the color change of indicating film in air by controlling the amount of SiO2 on filter paper using a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly method. The color of prepared indicating film with 30 PDDA/SiO2 bilayers was maintained to be white in air. When this indicating film was exposed to C2H4 (50–150 ppm), the Hunter values (L, a, and b) were gradually decreased until 8 days and then maintained. The color of indicating film was changed from white to dark blue.
Computer simulation allows goal-oriented mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (2007)

In principle, computer simulation may be used in goal-oriented ventilation in ARDS. Further studies are needed to investigate potential benefits and limitations over extended study periods.
Dissecting the Evolutionary Development of the Species Bifidobacterium animalis through Comparative Genomics Analyses (2019)

Bifidobacteria are members of the gut microbiota of animals, including mammals, birds, and social insects. In this study, we analyzed and determined the pangenome of <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> species, encompassing <i>B. animalis</i> subsp. <i>animalis</i> and the <i>B. animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> taxon, which is one of the most intensely exploited probiotic bifidobacterial species. In order to reveal differences within the <i>B. animalis</i> species, detailed comparative genomics and phylogenomics analyses were performed, indicating that these two subspecies recently arose through divergent evolutionary events. A subspecies-specific core genome was identified for both <i>B. animalis</i> subspecies, revealing the existence of subspecies-defining genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Notably, these <i>in silico</i> analyses coupled with carbohydrate profiling assays suggest genetic adaptations toward a distinct glycan milieu for each member of the <i>B. animalis</i> subspecies, resulting in a divergent evolutionary development of the two subspecies.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The majority of characterized <i>B. animalis</i> strains have been isolated from human fecal samples. In order to explore genome variability within this species, we isolated 15 novel strains from the gastrointestinal tracts of different animals, including mammals and birds. The present study allowed us to reconstruct the pangenome of this taxon, including the genome contents of 56 <i>B. animalis</i> strains. Through careful assessment of subspecies-specific core genes of the <i>B. animalis</i> subsp. <i>animalis</i>/<i>lactis</i> taxon, we identified genes encoding enzymes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, while unveiling specific gene acquisition and loss events that caused the evolutionary emergence of these two subspecies.
Comparison of Diets for Mass-Rearing Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) as a Novelty Food, and Comparison of Food Conversion Efficiency with Values Reported for Livestock (1991)

As part of research on mass-rearing the cricket Acheta domesticus (L.) as a novelty (innovative) food, four cricket diets, two prepared in the laboratory and two commercial, were compared on the basis of cost per kilogram (wet weight) of eighth instars produced. Costs were influenced by dietary ingredients, mean cricket wet weight at time of harvest, and feed/gain ratios. For the laboratory-prepared diets, crickets grown on Patton’s diet no. 16 or on NRC reference chick diet averaged 0.443 and 0.418 g at time of harvest, with feed/gain ratios of 0.923 and 0.949, respectively. Because of the cost of ingredients, however, the cost per kilogram of live crickets produced was only $0.21 for the NRC chick diet compared with $2.55 for Patton’s no. 16; these costs exclude the cost of labor for mixing the diets. Performance of crickets on the laboratory-prepared diets was somewhat better than performance on the commercial diets. The food conversion efficiency of crickets at 30°C or higher was found to be higher than reported for broiler chicks and pigs and much higher than those reported for sheep and cattle.
On the Expressive Flexibility of Self-Attention Matrices (2023)

Transformer networks are able to capture patterns in data coming from many domains (text, images, videos, proteins, etc.) with little or no change to architecture components. We perform a theoretical analysis of the core component responsible for signal propagation between elements, i.e. the self-attention matrix. We ask the following question: Can self-attention matrix approximate arbitrary patterns? How small is the query dimension d required for such approximation? Our first result shows that the task of deciding whether approximation of a given pattern is possible or not is NP-hard for a fixed d greater than one. In practice, self-attention matrix typically exhibits two properties: it is sparse, and it changes dynamically depending on the input to the module. Motivated by this observation, we show that the self-attention matrix can provably approximate sparse matrices. While the parameters of self-attention are fixed, various sparse matrices can be approximated by only modifying the inputs. Our proof is based on the random projection technique and uses the seminal Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma. In particular, we show that, in order to approximate any sparse matrix up to a given precision defined in terms of preserving matrix element ratios, d grows only logarithmically with the sequence length n.
The Biomedical Writer: What You Need to Succeed in Academic Medicine (2018)

Co-authored by a leading ophthalmology researcher and a professor with fifteen years of experience teaching writing in the biomedical sciences, The Biomedical Writer addresses ways to use psychology and neuroscience to equip researchers and clinicians with an understanding of how effects like priming, primacy, recency, framing, and apparent paradoxes can make or break your articles and grant proposals. The Biomedical Writer covers everything from making sentences readable, effective, and memorable to working with collaborators under unforgiving deadlines. Going far beyond the basic structure and content of manuscripts and proposals, this guide to writing in biomedicine also focuses on topics that include handling negative results and the most important and neglected step in submitting manuscripts to journals.
Relationship between the total length of the stents and patients' quality of life after percutaneous coronary intervention. (2015)

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the total length of the stents and the postoperative life quality of patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Using the short-form health survey (SF-36) items, we analyzed the data on the postoperative life quality of 166 patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease who underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention in the Department of Cardiology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology from September 2011 to September 2013. Follow-up was performed 6 months later. All of the dimensionalities, except general health and mental health, showed significantly higher scores after PCI. No significant relationships were observed between the total length of the stents and the postoperative life quality of patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease who underwent PCI. PCI can effectively improve the postoperative life quality of patients; however, there was no significant relationship between the total length of the stents and postoperative life quality of patients.
Posttransplant Hyponatremia Predicts Graft Failure and Mortality in Kidney Transplantation Recipients: A Multicenter Cohort Study in Korea (2016)

Although hyponatremia is related to poorer outcomes in several clinical settings, its significance remains unresolved in kidney transplantation. Data on 1,786 patients who received kidney transplantations between January 2000 and December 2011 were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the corrected sodium values for serum glucose 3 months after their transplantations (<135 mmol/L vs. ≥135 mmol/L). Subsequently, the hazard ratios (HRs) for biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft failure, and all-cause mortality were calculated after adjustments for several immunological and non-immunological covariates. 4.0% of patients had hyponatremia. Patients with hyponatremia had higher risks for graft failure and all-cause mortality than did the counterpart normonatremia group; the adjusted HRs for graft failure and mortality were 3.21 (1.47-6.99) and 3.03 (1.21-7.54), respectively. These relationships remained consistent irrespective of heart function. However, hyponatremia was not associated with the risk of acute rejection. The present study addressed the association between hyponatremia and graft and patient outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. Based on the study results, our recommendation is to monitor serum sodium levels after kidney transplantations.
Abstract P209: Heterogeneity of Absolute/Relative Measures of Cardiovascular Mortality Among Cohorts in an Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis: An EPOCH-JAPAN Study (2018)

Introduction: Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses involve participant-level data from multiple cohort studies. However, these cohorts have different periods (years) of follow-up, target regions, and distributions of risk factors (including patient age). It remains unclear if these variations affect the heterogeneity of absolute/relative measures of mortality in cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD) among cohorts. Hypothesis: There is diverse heterogeneity in absolute measures of mortality, but negligible heterogeneity in relative measures among cohorts in IPD meta-analyses. Methods: The Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention from Observational Cohorts in Japan (EPOCH-JAPAN) study is an IPD meta-analysis of cardiovascular epidemiology. This project comprises 14 cohort studies with 105,945 Japanese subjects (total CVD deaths: 5,314). First, we examined the correlation between the follow-up periods of the baseline surveys and multivariate-adjusted mortality rates (CVD, stroke, and CHD) among the cohorts. Next, we estimated the cohort-specific mortality rates that adjusted for the stated follow-up periods, regions, age, and other risk factors using Poisson regression. Finally, we explored the heterogeneity of multivariate-adjusted mortality rates, mortality rate ratios, and rate ratios of 10-mmHg increases in systolic blood pressure using Higgins’s I 2 , which measures heterogeneity in meta-analyses. Results: High correlations were observed between the stated follow-up periods of the cohorts and their mortality rates (CVD [men, -0.70; women, -0.79], stroke [men, -0.65; women, -0.73], CHD [men, -0.24; women, -0.89]). In the multivariate-adjusted mortality rates, we observed clear heterogeneity in mortality rates among the cohorts (CVD [I 2 : men, 98.6%; women, 99.3%], stroke [I 2 : men, 98.5%; women, 98.3%], and CHD [I 2 : men, 98.2%; women 92.4%]). In the rate ratio comparison of 10-mmHg increases in systolic blood pressure, no heterogeneity was detected among the cohorts (CVD [I 2 : men, 0.0%; women, 17.9%]). Our results indicated that the ratio measure, which shows the magnitude of each risk factor, was stable even in the heterogeneity of absolute measures. Conclusions: A clear heterogeneity in mortality was observed in absolute measures, but not in relative measures, among cohorts after adjusting for the periods of follow-up, regions, and other risk factors.
Pushing the Limits of NMR Cryoporometry in Polymers from Nanometer to Micron (2020)

We report for the first time the nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry (NMRC) pore size distribution study of polypropylene homopolymer fluffs in a wide range from several nanometers up to almost one micrometer. The method, being applicable to fragile materials, provides an opportunity to employ a set of different probe molecules, such as dodecane and hexadecane in this study, to characterize the pore sizes and swelling effect of the polymers. The fluffs have been proven to be essentially macroporous with a minor mesopore part and negligible pore volume of micropores. The residual silica porosity analysis performed to understand the origin of polymer macroporosity emphasize the porosity hidden by the main mesoporosity peak of silicon oxide. This residual macroporosity would seem similar to the macroporosity of the PPH fluffs in terms of PSD. NMRC has been shown to provide robust interconsistent and reproducible pore size distributions of polymers and silicas within the range from several nanometer up to 2 micrometers.
Fabrication of a silver-ragwort-leaf-like super-hydrophobic micro/nanoporous fibrous mat surface by electrospinning (2006)

Inspired by the self-cleaning silver ragwort leaf, we have recently fabricated a biomimetic super-hydrophobic fibrous mat surface comprising micro/nanoporous polystyrene (PS) microfibres via electrospinning. The rough surface of the silver ragwort leaf fibres, with nanometre-sized grooves along the fibre axis, was imitated by forming micro- and nanostructured pores on the electrospun fibre surface. The solvent composition ratios of tetrahydrofuran (THF) to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in PS solutions were proved to be the key parameter to affect the fibre surface structures due to the various phase separation speeds of the solvents from PS fibres during electrospinning. The combination of the hierarchical surface roughness inherent in electrospun microfibrous PS mats and the low surface free energy of PS yielded a stable super-hydrophobicity with water contact angles as high as 159.5° for a 12 mg water droplet, exceeding that (147°) of the silver ragwort leaf. Moreover, the hydrophobicity of the porous PS mat surface was found to increase on increasing the surface roughness of the microfibres.
Faith values and leadership (2012)

While researching understandings of faith leadership by staff in a faith-based organization, the term ‗faith values‘ was used by respondents a number of times. The purpose of this paper is to explore what is meant by ‗faith values‘, both in the context of this research project, and also in wider literature on faith values and faith leadership.
Pressure and Power Generation During Explosive Vaporization on a Thin-Film Microheater (1998)

Abstract When a liquid is superheated above its boiling point to temperatures near or at the homogeneous nucleation limit, the energy released could create a so-called explosive vaporization, if a significant fraction of this energy is manifested in the form of vapor expansion. In this study, a thin-film microheater (100μm × 110μm) was placed on the underside of a water layer. The surface temperature of the heater was rapidly (6μs) raised electrically, well above the boiling point of water. As a result, rapid vaporization took place. Due to its rapid growth, the vapor volume performs mechanical work on its surrounding and emits acoustic pressure waves. By measuring the acoustic emission from an expanding volume, the dynamic growth of the vapor microlayer is reconstructed where a linear expansion velocity of 17 m/s was reached. Using the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, an absolute vapor pressure of 7 bar was calculated from the data of the acoustic pressure measurement. The amount of extractable mechanical energy produced from the explosive expansion of a vapor microlayer on a thin-film microheater surface, its rate of production, and the energy conversion efficiency was also quantified in this work.
Efficient Scalable Coding Scheme for Color Image with Region Representation (2002)

International audience
Tension responses of chemically skinned fibre bundles of the guinea‐pig taenia caeci under varied ionic environments (1981)

1. Thin fibre bundles (about 100 mum in width and 1.5 mm in length) were dissected from taenia caeci of the guinea-pig, and were mounted in an apparatus to record isometric tension mainly at 25 degrees C.2. Fibre bundles were chemically skinned by treating with 50 mug saponin/ml. for 20 min in a relaxing solution. Upon application of an activating solution containing 80 mum-Ca(2+) the fibre bundles rapidly developed a tension which was comparable in magnitude to that elicited with 10 mum-carbachol before the saponin treatment.3. It was confirmed that skinned fibre bundles develop active tension slowly in the virtual absence of Ca(2+) when Mg(2+) concentration was raised above 2 mm in the presence of MgATP. However, this tension was not developed in the presence of an ATP regenerating system.4. Maximum Ca(2+) activated tension and Ca sensitivity of skinned smooth muscle fibre bundles were examined using solutions in which pH, ionic strength, and the concentrations of Mg(2+) and MgATP(2-) were varied around supposedly physiological values. An ATP regenerating system was used when necessary.5. Maximum Ca(2+) activated tension changed only slightly with alteration in ionic strength (0.15-0.3 m). It decreased by 40% with increase in pH from 6.4 to 7.2, and decreased by 10-30% when Mg(2+) concentration was either lowered to 0.2 mm or raised to 2 and 10 mm from 1 mm. The tension increased by about 10-20% as MgATP(2-) concentration was raised from 0.4 to 4 or 8 mm.6. Changes in pH, ionic strength, and MgATP(2-) concentration in the above range had no important effects on the relative isometric tension-pCa relation. Decrease of Mg(2+) concentration from 1 to 0.2 mm had little effect, but increase to 2 and 10 mm shifted the curve some 0.2 and 0.6 pCa units, respectively, toward a lower pCa. There was not large difference between the relative isometric tension-pCa relation at 25 degrees C and that at 38 degrees C.7. The Ca(2+) concentration in the smooth muscle cell of taenia during physiological contraction can be estimated from the results obtained and the values for the relevant in vivo ionic constituents given in the literature; the lowest Ca(2+) concentration for detectable tension development is between 0.2 and 0.5 mum, and tension tends to level off above 10 mum-Ca(2+).
Interactions Among Genetic Variants in Apoptosis Pathway Genes, Reflux Symptoms, Body Mass Index, and Smoking Indicate Two Distinct Etiologic Patterns of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (2010)

Although a history of reflux is an important risk for EA, multifactor interactions also play important roles in EA risk. Gene-environment interaction patterns differ between patients with and without reflux symptoms.
Heparin, a powerful inhibition of type II casein kinases, stimulates the phosphorylation of some protein substrates by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (1983)

Heparin, which has been shown to behave as a very effective and specific inhibitor of type II casein kinases, exhibits a stimulatory effect on the phosphorylation rate of pyruvate kinase and phosphorylase kinase, but not of histones, by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. When pyruvate kinase is the substrate the phosphorylation rate is approximately doubled by heparin concentrations around 100 micrograms/ml, but just 2 to 4 micrograms heparin per ml are sufficient to induce a half maximal effect. No stimulation by heparin can be observed replacing the protein substrates with two synthetic peptides reproducing the phosphorylatable sites of pyruvate kinase and of the gamma subunit of phosphorylase kinase. These data support the hypothesis that heparin accelerates phosphorylation by rendering the phosphorylatable sites more readily accessible to the protein kinase.
Brain Serotonin2 Receptors in Major Depression (2000)

This study suggests that brain 5-HT(2) receptors are decreased in patients with major depression.