gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Midazolam and its metabolites in brain death diagnosis (2005)

In each of the 4 patients studied, the elimination of midazolam and/or midazolam metabolites was delayed. As long as brain death diagnosis requires that drugs interfering with the clinical assessment must be at levels below the therapeutic range, monitoring of midazolam and metabolites appears mandatory.
Expression of NMNAT1 in the Photoreceptors is Sufficient to Prevent NMNAT1 -Associated Disease (2022)

Abstract Nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme involved in nuclear NAD + production throughout the body. However, mutations in the NMNAT1 gene lead to retina-specific disease with few reports of systemic effects. We have previously demonstrated that AAV-mediated gene therapy using self-complimentary AAV (scAAV) to ubiquitously express NMNAT1 throughout the retina prevents retinal degeneration in a mouse model of NMNAT1 -associated disease. We aimed to develop a better understanding of the cell types in the retina that contribute to disease pathogenesis in NMNAT1 -associated disease, and to identify the cell types that require NMNAT1 expression for therapeutic benefit. To achieve this goal, we treated Nmnat1 V9M/V9M mice with scAAV using cell type-specific promoters to restrict NMNAT1 expression to distinct retinal cell types. We hypothesized that photoreceptors are uniquely vulnerable to NAD + depletion due to mutations in NMNAT1 . Consistent with this hypothesis, we identified that treatments that drove NMNAT1 expression in the photoreceptors led to preservation of retinal morphology. These findings suggest that gene therapies for NMNAT1 -associated disease should aim to express NMNAT1 in the photoreceptor cells.
Atpg and dft algorithms for delay fault testing (2004)

With ever shrinking geometries, growing metal density and increasing clock rate on chips, delay testing is becoming a necessity in industry to maintain test quality for speed-related failures. The purpose of delay testing is to verify that the circuit operates correctly at the rated speed. However, functional tests for delay defects are usually unacceptable for large scale designs due to the prohibitive cost of functional test patterns and the difficulty in achieving very high fault coverage. Scan-based delay testing, which could ensure a high delay fault coverage at reasonable development cost, provides a good alternative to the at-speed functional test. 
This dissertation addresses several key challenges in scan-based delay testing and develops efficient Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) and Design-for-testability (DFT) algorithms for delay testing. In the dissertation, two algorithms are first proposed for computing and applying transition test patterns using stuck-at test vectors, thus avoiding the need for a transition fault test generator. The experimental results show that we can improve both test data volume and test application time by 46.5% over a commercial transition ATPG tool. Secondly, we propose a hybrid scan-based delay testing technique for compact and high fault coverage test set, which combines the advantages of both the skewed-load and broadside test application methods. On an average, about 4.5% improvement in fault coverage is obtained by the hybrid approach over the broad-side approach, with very little hardware overhead. Thirdly, we propose and develop a constrained ATPG algorithm for scan-based delay testing, which addresses the overtesting problem due to the possible detection of functionally untestable faults in scan-based testing. The experimental results show that our method efficiently generates a test set for functionally testable transition faults and reduces the yield loss due to overtesting of functionally untestable transition faults. Finally, a new approach on identifying functionally untestable transition faults in non-scan sequential circuits is presented. We formulate a new dominance relationship for transition faults and use it to help identify more untestable transition faults on top of a fault-independent method based on static implications. The experimental results for ISCAS89 sequential benchmark circuits show that our approach can identify many more functionally untestable transition faults than previously reported.
Microstructure Evolution and Competitive Reactions during Quenching and Partitioning of a Model Fe–C–Mn–Si Alloy (2020)

The mechanisms behind the carbon enrichment of austenite during quenching and partitioning are still a matter of debate. This work investigates the microstructural evolution during the quenching and partitioning of a model Fe–C–Mn–Si alloy by means of in situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) atom probe tomography, and image analysis. The ultra-fast time-resolved quantitative information about phase transformations coupled with image analysis highlights the formation of carbide-free BCT bainite, which is formed within a very short range during the reheating and partitioning step. Its transformation rate, which is a better indicator than the intrinsic volume fraction, depends on the quenching temperature (QT). It is shown to decrease with decreasing QT, from 45% at QT = 260 °C to 20% at QT = 200 °C. As a consequence, a significant part of the carbon enrichment observed in austenite can be attributed to bainite transformation. Furthermore, a large part of carbon was shown to be trapped into martensite. Both the formation of Fe2.6C iron carbides and the segregation of carbon on lath boundaries in martensite were highlighted by atom probe tomography. The energy for carbon segregation was determined to be 0.20 eV, and the carbon concentration on the lath boundaries was obtained to be around 25 at %. Therefore, the carbon enrichment of austenite is the result of competitive reactions such as carbon partitioning from martensite, bainite transformation, and carbon trapping in martensite.
Geo-heat center (1983)

A summary is presented of the Geo-Heat Center from its origin in 1974. The GHC has been involved in a number of studies and projects. A few of these are: construction of a greenhouse based on geothermal applications, an aquaculture project raising freshwater Malaysian prawns, an investigation of ground water characteristics and corrosion problems associated with the use of geothermal waters, and the assessment of the potential utilization of direct-heat applications of geothermal energy for an agribusiness.
Microsatellite Instability in Japanese vs European American Patients With Gastric Cancer (2002)

Advanced gastric cancers from Japan are more likely to demonstrate MSI. These data warrant a study of larger numbers of patients to assess whether differences in MSI expression correlates with prognostic differences between gastric carcinoma in patients in Japan vs the United States.
The Feet in Human--Computer Interaction (2015)

Foot-operated computer interfaces have been studied since the inception of human--computer interaction. Thanks to the miniaturisation and decreasing cost of sensing technology, there is an increasing interest exploring this alternative input modality, but no comprehensive overview of its research landscape. In this survey, we review the literature on interfaces operated by the lower limbs. We investigate the characteristics of users and how they affect the design of such interfaces. Next, we describe and analyse foot-based research prototypes and commercial systems in how they capture input and provide feedback. We then analyse the interactions between users and systems from the perspective of the actions performed in these interactions. Finally, we discuss our findings and use them to identify open questions and directions for future research.
A Bounded Rationality Account of Wishful Thinking (2014)

People tend towards wishful thinking, in which they overesti-mate the probability of favorable outcomes and underestimate the probability of unfavorable outcomes. Many explanations for this phenomenon focus on its irrationality. We explore whether wishful thinking could actually help people make bet-ter decisions given that they have limited cognitive resources. We consider a situation in which multiple decisions must be made over a period of time, where the consequences of these decisions are not fully determined. We model this situation as a Markov decision process, and incorporate limited cognitive resources by varying the amount of time in the future that the agent considers the consequences of its decisions. Through simulations, we show that with limited cognitive resources, this model can exhibit better performance by incorporating a bias towards wishful thinking. This advantage occurs across a range of decision-making environments, suggesting that the same effect could be applicable to many real life scenarios.
Mitogenic Signaling via Platelet-Derived Growth Factor β in Metanephric Mesenchymal Cells (2007)

Mice deficient in either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain or PDGF receptor (PDGFR) beta lack mesangial cells. PDGF stimulates proliferation and migration of metanephric mesenchymal cells, from which mesangial cells are derived. Binding of PDGF to PDGFR-beta induces autophosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues and activates various effector proteins, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K). This study explored the role of PI 3-K and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PDGF-mediated signaling using cells established from wild-type and PDGFR-beta -/- metanephric blastemas at 11.5 days post-conception. PDGF-induced effects that were dependent on PI3-K activation were determined using PDGFR-beta -/- cells made to express "add-back" mutant PDGFR-beta capable of binding PI3-K. We found that PDGF is mitogenic for mesenchymal cells expressing PDGFR-beta, and PI3-K is an important regulator of PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. Activation of ERK1/2 is partially dependent on PI3-K, and both the PI3-K and MEK-ERK1/2 pathways contribute to PI3-K-dependent mitogenesis. In addition, PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in wild-type cells was found to be dependent on ROS that are generated downstream of PI3-K activation. Using antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA, we determined that the NAD(P)H oxidase Nox4 produces these ROS that activate Akt and the MEK-ERK1/2 mitogenic cascade. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates Nox4 involvement in PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in metanephric mesenchymal cells and provides the first evidence that PDGF-induced PI3-K activity enhances production of ROS by Nox4.
Stress field and seismotectonics of northern South America (2003)

We have integrated in situ stress, neotectonic, and Global Positioning System data to investigate the complex interactions among the South American, Caribbean, and Nazca plates and the Costa Rica–Panama microplate and to examine different seismotectonic models that have been proposed for the region. The resulting data set was used to generate an integrated stress map of the region that shows that the stress field in northern South America varies systematically in both orientation and relative magnitude. In the southwestern part of the study area, the Ecuadorian Andes stress province exhibits strong E-W compression resulting from the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. In the North Andes stress province, the observed NW-SE compression may result from the convergence between the Caribbean and the South American plates and/or the negative buoyancy of the already subducted Caribbean plate beneath northwestern South America. Possible convergence between the Costa Rica–Panama microplate with respect to northwestern South America may also be a source of compression in this region. In north and northeastern Venezuela, normal and strike-slip faulting with a NE-SW direction of extension characterizes the San Sebastian–El Pilar stress province.
Reducing Extrinsic Performance- LimitingFactorsinGrapheneGrownby Chemical Vapor Deposition (2012)

raphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Cu provides a promising pathway for the fabrica- tion of graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) on a large scale. 1 However, the per- formanceofCVDgrapheneFETsreportedto date is degraded relative to FETs fabricated using exfoliated graphene. CVD graphene FETs often exhibit strong hysteresis accom- panied with low mobility, large Vmin, and high n0. It has been reported that the pre- ABSTRACT Field-effect transistors fabri- cated on graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) often exhibit large hysteresis accompanied by low mobility, high positive backgate voltage corresponding to the minimum conductivitypoint(Vmin),andhighintrinsiccarrier concentration (n0 ). In this report, we show that the mobility reported to date for CVD graphene devices on SiO2 is limited by trapped water between the graphene and SiO2 substrate, impurities introduced during the transfer process and adsorbates acquired from the ambient. We systematically study the origin of the scattering impurities and report on a process which achieves the highest mobility (μ )r eported to date on large-area devices for CVD graphene on SiO2 :m aximum mobility (μmax )o f 7800 cm 2 /(V3s) measured at room temperature and 12700 cm 2 /(V3s) at 77 K. These mobility values are close to those reported for exfoliated graphene on SiO2and can be obtained through the careful control of device fabrication steps including minimizing resist residue and non-aqueous transfer combined
The Art of Immobilization Using Biopolymers, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology (2011)

1.1 Some important definitions a. Definition of biotechnology The European Federation of Biotechnology defined biotechnology as “the integration of natural sciences and engineering in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services (Buyukgungor and Gure, 2009). In other words, Biotech applications can be divided into 5 key sectors: biomedicine, bioagriculture, industrial biotechnology, bioenergy, and bioenvironment. b. Definition of immobilization An immobilized molecule is one whose movement in space has been restricted either completely or to a small limited region by attachment to a solid structure. In general the term immobilization refers to the act of the limiting movement or making incapable of movement i.e., retard the movement (Yu-Qung et al., 2004).
Luminescent Si Nanoparticles in Sol−Gel Matrices Stabilized by Amino Acids (1997)

The preparation and properties of silica sol−gels incorporating luminescent Si nanocrystallites stabilized by an amino acid such as alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan are described.These results suggest that incorporation of a photophysically active functional group permits modulation of the Si nanocrystallite luminescence.
A 2×2 Cross-Point Switch fabricated on the Passive Active Resonant Coupler (PARC) Platform (2000)

We demonstrate the fabrication of a 2×2 cross-point switch monolithically fabricated on the Passive Active Resonant Coupler (PARC) platform. PARC utilized vertical coupling between an active and a passive waveguide using “resonance” over a taper. The coupling taper was 100 µm long with less than 0.15 dB coupling loss. By pushing the mode up and down as and when required, we are able to integrate passive waveguides and electroabsorption modulators on one chip. The static performance of the switch has been tested, and a modulation depth of 30 dB has been achieved at the wavelength of 1.57 µm for an applied bias of 2.5 V.
Modeling and Convergence Analysis of Distributed Coevolutionary Algorithms (2004)

A theoretical foundation is presented for modeling and convergence analysis of a class of distributed coevolutionary algorithms applied to optimization problems in which the variables are partitioned among p nodes. An evolutionary algorithm at each of the p nodes performs a local evolutionary search based on its own set of primary variables, and the secondary variable set at each node is clamped during this phase. An infrequent intercommunication between the nodes updates the secondary variables at each node. The local search and intercommunication phases alternate, resulting in a cooperative search by the p nodes. First, we specify a theoretical basis for a class of centralized evolutionary algorithms in terms of construction and evolution of sampling distributions over the feasible space. Next, this foundation is extended to develop a model for a class of distributed coevolutionary algorithms. Convergence and convergence rate analyzes are pursued for basic classes of objective functions. Our theoretical investigation reveals that for certain unimodal and multimodal objectives, we can expect these algorithms to converge at a geometrical rate. The distributed coevolutionary algorithms are of most interest from the perspective of their performance advantage compared to centralized algorithms, when they execute in a network environment with significant local access and internode communication delays. The relative performance of these algorithms is therefore evaluated in a distributed environment with realistic parameters of network behavior.
Theoretical calculations of photoabsorption of molecules in the vacuum ultraviolet region (2000)

The theoretical design of transparent materials for use as photoresist materials for F<SUB>2</SUB> lithography (157 nm) requires molecular orbital calculations of the photoabsorption of molecules in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region. To predict photoabsorption, this study employed ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the level of single-excitation configuration interaction (CIS) combined with an empirical correction to the calculated peak position. This method was used to calculate the photoabsorption spectra of various functional groups, such as alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid and ester groups, as well as several polymers and alicyclic groups. On the basis of the calculation results, the applicability of these functional groups to photoresists for F<SUB>2</SUB> lithography is discussed.
Investigation of the Shear Thickening Fluid Encapsulation in an Orifice Coagulation Bath (2019)

The orifice coagulation bath method is proposed to encapsulate shear thickening fluid (STF) to form STF capsules, in an attempt to improve the combination of STF and the matrix as well as strengthen the flexibility and stability of the STF composites. By varying the calcium chloride concentration (10, 20 mg/mL), sodium alginate concentration (5, 7, 10 mg/mL) and the surfactant dosage (10%, 20%, 30%), optimal preparation conditions were studied, considering the capsule strength and encapsulation rate. The capsules were also characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results show that the optimal solution for the preparation of the capsules is composed of 30% surfactant, 10 mg/mL mass concentration of CaCl₂, and 10 mg/mL mass concentration of sodium alginate. The rough surface and porous interior was observed by SEM. The average diameter of the capsules was 1.93 mm. The TGA curves indicate an improvement on the capsule thermal stability. This study thus provides a promising STF capsule preparation method.
Spatial Resolution and Noise Tradeoffs in Pinhole Imaging System Design: A Density Estimation Approach (1998)

This paper analyzes the tradeo between spatial resolution and noise for simple pinhole imaging systems with photon-counting detectors. We consider image recovery algorithms based on density estimation methods using kernels that are based on apodized inverse filters. This approach allows a continuous-object, continuous-data treatment of the problem. The analysis shows that the pinhole size that minimizes the estimate variance for a specied reconstructed spatial resolution is directly proportional to that spatial resolution. For a Gaussian pinhole, the variance-minimizing full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the pinhole equals the desired object spatial resolution divided by p2. Simulation results confirm this conclusion empirically. The general approach is a potentially useful addition to the collection of tools available for imaging system design.
Pilot-Assisted Fine Frequency Synchronization for OFDM-Based DVB Receivers (2009)

After coarse synchronization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, there might still be a residual frequency offset (RFO) and a sampling clock frequency offset (SFO), which seriously degrade the performance of the systems. This paper proposes a simple way of jointly estimating the RFO and SFO by using a continual pilot (CP) defined in an OFDM-based digital video broadcasting (DVB) system. For deriving an unbiased joint RFO and SFO estimator in the current DVB system, a CP subset is selected to simultaneously remove the effect of RFO and SFO. We can observe by simulation that the proposed frequency estimator endowed with a properly selected CP subset is unbiased and performs robustly.
A New Technique for Venous Anastomosis of Pancreatic Allografts (1990)

Venous thrombosis is still a frequent cause of graft loss after pancreas transplantation where the portal vein is used for revascularisation. It is known that an increase in velocity of venous flow decreases the incidence of thrombosis. According to the equation of continuity, the flow velocity in the portal vein should decrease to 25% as compared with that in the splenic vein. Based on the rheological considerations we started to use the superior mesenteric vein, the diameter of which is similar to that of the splenic vein, for revascularisation of pancreas transplants after sewing the portal vein closed at its origin. This technique has been applied in 12 consecutive pancreatic transplants. Two patients died of a cerebrovascular accident and myocardial infarction, respectively. The only single pancreatic graft was lost due to rejection. The remaining 9 patients are alive and well between 2 and 23 months with normally functioning grafts. Another advantage of this technique is that a full-length portal vein can be left with the liver graft in the event of simultaneous liver and pancreas procurement.
Transient ischaemic attacks - assessment and management. (2010)

Transient ischaemic attacks can be a trap for the unwary, with difficulty in making a diagnosis and varied assessment and management pathways. There is a significant risk of subsequent stroke. Early assessment and initiation of treatment, which can take place in the general practice setting, could lower the risk of stroke. Liaising with regional stroke care centres is required to establish an optimal pathway of care.
PRMT5 Is Involved in Spermatogonial Stem Cells Maintenance by Regulating Plzf Expression via Modulation of Lysine Histone Modifications (2021)

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) catalyzes the formation of mono- or symmetric dimethylarginine residues on histones and non-histone substrates and has been demonstrated to play important roles in many biological processes. In the present study, we observed that PRMT5 is abundantly expressed in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and that <i>Prmt5</i> deletion results in a progressive loss of SSCs and male infertility. The proliferation of <i>Prmt5</i>-deficient SSCs cultured <i>in vitro</i> exhibited abnormal proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and a significant increase in apoptosis. Furthermore, PLZF expression was dramatically reduced in <i>Prmt5</i>-deficient SSCs, and the levels of H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 were increased in the proximal promoter region of the <i>Plzf</i> gene in <i>Prmt5</i>-deficient SSCs. Further study revealed that the expression of lysine demethylases (JMJD1A, JMJD1B, JMJD1C, and KDM6B) was significantly reduced in <i>Prmt5</i>-deficient SSCs and that the level of permissive arginine methylation H3R2me2s was significantly decreased at the upstream promoter region of these genes in <i>Prmt5</i>-deficient SSCs. Our results demonstrate that PRMT5 regulates spermatogonial stem cell development by modulating histone H3 lysine modifications.