gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classical boson sampling data (2017)

Openly available data for the Nature Physics paper "Classical boson sampling algorithms with superior performance to near-term experiments" by Alex Neville et al.
Appendix F: Solutions to the problems (2003)

This appendix deals with various solutions of the problems given in all the chapters of the book. The book is based on standard codecs, image compression, video coding. Inspec keywords: video codecs; video coding; data compression Other keywords: standard codecs; image compression; video coding Subjects: Image and video coding
Hg2+Sensor Development Based on (E)-N′-Nitrobenzylidene-Benzenesulfonohydrazide (NBBSH) Derivatives Fabricated on a Glassy Carbon Electrode with a Nafion Matrix (2017)

Three novel derivatives of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-nitrobenzylidene-benzenesulfonohydrazide (NBBSH) were synthesized by a condensation method from nitrobenzaldehyde and benzenesulfonylhydrazine reactants in low to moderate yields, which crystallized in methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. NBBSH derivatives were totally characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H NMR), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>13</sup>C NMR) spectroscopy. The molecular structure of the NBBSH derivates was confirmed by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method and used for potential detection of a selective heavy metal ion, mercury (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), by a reliable <i>I</i>-<i>V</i> method. A thin coating of NBBSH derivatives was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (surface area = 0.0316 cm<sup>2</sup>) with a binder (nafion) coating to modify a sensitive and selective Hg<sup>2+</sup> sensor with a short response time in phosphate buffer. The modified cationic sensor exhibited enhanced chemical performances, such as higher sensitivity, linear dynamic range, limit of detection (LOD), reproducibility, and long-term stability toward Hg<sup>2+</sup>. The calibration curve was found to be linear over a wide range of Hg<sup>2+</sup> concentrations (100.0 pM-100.0 mM). The sensitivity and LOD were considered to be ∼949.0 pA μM<sup>-1</sup>cm<sup>-2</sup> and 10.0 ± 1.0 pM (S/N = 3), respectively. The sensor was applied to the selective measurement of Hg<sup>2+</sup> in spiked water samples to give acceptable and satisfactory results.
Robots: Why Don't They Call Anymore (2013)

Lora Weiss from the Georgia Tech Research Institute joins us to discuss autonomous robot systems and what makes them work and think for themselves.
Suppression of Residual Single-Photon Absorption Relative to Two-Photon Absorption in High Finesse Planar Microcavities (2008)

Suppression of residual single-photon absorption (SPA) relative to two-photon absorption (TPA) in a high finesse GaAs planar microcavity is explored. The TPA photocurrent becomes larger than the SPA photocurrent as long as the incident continuous-wave optical power exceeds 0.09 mW. An optical power of 5 mW would be required if the relative SPA suppression did not exist.
Identification of Pantoea ananatis gene encoding membrane pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and pqqABCDEF operon essential for PQQ biosynthesis (2011)

Pantoea ananatis accumulates gluconate during aerobic growth in the presence of glucose. Computer analysis of the P. ananatis SC17(0) sequenced genome revealed an ORF encoding a homologue (named gcd) of the mGDH (EC 1.1.99.17) apoenzyme from Escherichia coli and a putative pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) biosynthetic operon homologous to pqqABCDEF from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Construction of Δgcd and Δpqq mutants of P. ananatis confirmed the proposed functions of these genetic elements. The P. ananatis pqqABCDEF was cloned in vivo and integrated into the chromosomes of P. ananatis and E. coli according to the Dual In/Out strategy. Introduction of a second copy of pqqABCDEF to P. ananatis SC17(0) doubled the accumulation of PQQ. Integration of the operon into E. coli MG1655ΔptsGΔmanXY restored the growth of bacteria on glucose. The obtained data show the essential role of pqqABCDEF in PQQ biosynthesis in P. ananatis and E. coli. We propose that the cloned operon could be useful for an efficient phosphoenolpyruvate-independent glucose consumption pathway due to glucose oxidation and construction of E. coli strains with the advantage of phosphoenolpyruvate-derived metabolite production.
Targeting oxidative stress for the treatment of ischemic stroke: Upstream and downstream therapeutic strategies (2016)

Excessive oxygen and its chemical derivatives, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS), produce oxidative stress that has been known to lead to cell injury in ischemic stroke. ROS can damage macromolecules such as proteins and lipids and leads to cell autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis to the cells. This review describes studies on the generation of ROS, its role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, and recent development in therapeutic strategies in reducing oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.
Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids from a Chiral Masked Form of Glyoxal (1998)

Enantiopure acyclic and cyclic α-amino acids were synthesized from glyoxal. This dialdehyde was desymmetrized by condensing it with various (R)-phenylglycinol-derived β-amino alcohols and was thus used as a chiral masked form which allows chemo and stereoselective reactions to be carried out. When the β-amino alcohol was N-methyl (R)-phenylglycinol, an amino thioether precursor affords an iminium ion whose reaction with nucleophiles led either to saturated acyclic amino esters (nucleophiles: organozinc reagents) or to unsaturated α-amino acids (nucleophiles: silyl and silyloxy derivatives). On the other hand, the use of β-amino alcohol derivatives with an olefinic chain linked to the amino moiety provides access to cyclic α-amino acids. An intramolecular ene-iminium reaction between the transient iminium ion and the ene component of the substrate eventually afforded pipecolic acid and proline derivatives. On the other hand, substituted prolines were the result of aza-Cope/ene-iminium or aza-Cope/Mannich tandem reactions. An illustrative example of the latter methodology is the enantioselective synthesis of (-)-allokainic acid.
Electron Beam Curing of Monomer/Liquid Crystal Blends (2019)

This chapter focuses on a comparison of two polymerization/crosslinking methods to produce polymer/liquid crystal (LC) systems: rapid UV-visible irradiation and high voltage accelerated electron beams (EB), with comparable exposure times. The comparison was performed in terms of some physical properties such as phase diagrams, polymerization and phase separation kinetics, morphologies, and electro-optical responses. During polymerization and crosslinking, the longer the spacing between the two acrylic double bonds or the higher the molecular weight, the more rapid was the monomer conversion under UV-light; however, the reverse was found for EB-curing. The PDLC films produced by EB curing had more homogenous and regular morphologies. The electro-optical responses of various PDLC systems showed significant differences between the UV-cured samples and those cured by EB. It was found that the driving voltages considerably increased in the case of the UV-cured systems. For the contrast ratios, which are important for applications, EB-cured systems confirm their higher quality. Moreover, EB curing leads to considerable monomer conversions without a photoinitiator which may act as an impurity that might have negative impact on the electro-optical performance of the obtained PDLC films.
3D interconnection for ultra-dense multichip modules (2002)

The increasing density of the interconnection of ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) and memories is discussed. It is demonstrated that the interconnections of ASICs require the utilization of thin-film multilayers. However, since ASICs are interconnected in an extremely dense manner, the relative area occupied by the memories increases substantially, and currently amounts to approximately 50%. The 3-D interconnection technology allows reduction of the occupied area by a factor of 7 or 8 and thus yielded ultradense multichip modules. This interconnection approach consists of interconnecting the bare chips not in the xy plane but along the z axis. The interconnection process entails interconnecting the four sides of the cube formed by stacking n chips (n=8 by 10) on top of one another. To do so, the chips are individually interconnected on a thin film identical to a TAB (tape automated bonding) film by means of gold wires prior to cubing. This technique also substantially improves the high-frequency behavior of ICs. An application consisting of a cube of eight stacked 256-kb static random-access memories is being developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Atomic-scale origin of the low grain-boundary resistance in perovskite solid electrolyte Li0.375Sr0.4375Ta0.75Zr0.25O3 (2023)

Oxide solid electrolytes (OSEs) have the potential to achieve improved safety and energy density for lithium-ion batteries, but their high grain-boundary (GB) resistance generally is a bottleneck. In the well-studied perovskite oxide solid electrolyte, Li<sub>3x</sub>La<sub>2/3-x</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> (LLTO), the ionic conductivity of grain boundaries is about three orders of magnitude lower than that of the bulk. In contrast, the related Li<sub>0.375</sub>Sr<sub>0.4375</sub>Ta<sub>0.75</sub>Zr<sub>0.25</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (LSTZ0.75) perovskite exhibits low grain boundary resistance for reasons yet unknown. Here, we use aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy, along with an active learning moment tensor potential, to reveal the atomic scale structure and composition of LSTZ0.75 grain boundaries. Vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy is applied for the first time to reveal atomically resolved vibrations at grain boundaries of LSTZ0.75 and to characterize the otherwise unmeasurable Li distribution therein. We find that Li depletion, which is a major reason for the low grain boundary ionic conductivity of LLTO, is absent for the grain boundaries of LSTZ0.75. Instead, the low grain boundary resistivity of LSTZ0.75 is attributed to the formation of a nanoscale defective cubic perovskite interfacial structure that contained abundant vacancies. Our study provides new insights into the atomic scale mechanisms of low grain boundary resistivity.
A comparison of mpcp and msrp when sharing resources in the janus multiple-processor on a chip platform (2004)

The new generation of embedded systems for automotive applications can take advantage of low-cost multiprocessor system-on a chip architectures. The real-time software applications running on these systems require realtime processor scheduling, and also require the management of the communication and synchronization of tasks executing on different processors with limited blocking time. Conventional real-time technologies, like the Rate Monotonic scheduling algorithm together with the Multiprocessor Priority Ceiling Protocol (MPCP) can be used to this purpose. In earlier work, we proposed the Multiprocessor Stack Resource Policy (MSRP) for scheduling tasks and sharing resources in multiprocessor on a chip architectures. In this paper we present an experimental evaluation that compares the performance of our algorithm with a solution based on Rate Monotonic and MPCP in the con text of the Janus multiple processor architecture. The evaluation of the algorithm has been triggered by our ongoing research in the automotive domain. We report on two sets of experiments: the first addresses a range of generic task configurations to see if one of the algorithms can clearly outperform the other The results show MSRP to be better for random task periods but are probably not conclusive. Later we focus on a more application-specific (also more restrictive) architecture design representing a typical automotive application: a power-train controller In this case, MSRP clearly performs better The performance gap between the two policies can be further increased when considering that MSRP is much simpler to implement, it has a lower overhead, and it allows RAM memory optimization.
Real-Time Software-Defined Multiformat Transmitter Generating 64QAM at 28 GBd (2010)

We demonstrate a software-defined real-time optical multiformat transmitter. Here, eight different modulation formats are shown. Data rate and modulation formats are defined through software accessible look-up tables enabling format switching in the nanosecond regime without changing the transmitter hardware. No data are lost during the switching process. SP-64 quadrature amplitude modulation at 28 Gbd has been generated and tested. This allows us to generate a 336-Gb/s real-time pseudorandom bit sequence in a dual polarization setup.
Persistence of Robust Humoral Immune Response in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Individuals Over 12 Months After Infection (2021)

Coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent individuals have robust humoral immunity even at 12 months after infection albeit that the medical history and background of patients could affect the function and dynamics of antibody response to the VOCs.
Robotic tactile sensor array fabricated from a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride film (2002)

A robotic tactile sensor comprised of 25 discrete sensor electrodes arranged in a 5*5 grid was designed and fabricated from a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film coupled to an integrated circuit (IC). Each of the 25 sensing electrodes in the IC grid were connected to metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) amplifiers which provided sufficient gain to generate usable response signal levels. Sensors fabricated from varying thicknesses of PVDF film are evaluated. The sensor based on the 25- mu m-thick PVDF film was considered to be the optimal sensor configuration, based on its bias-time performance and its linear response over the loading range tested (0/8 to 76.0 grams). There was no detectable coupling between the nearest-neighbor sensing elements in any of the sensor configurations. As a demonstration, the optimal sensor configuration is used to recognize a toroidal-shaped load.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nafamostat protects against early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice (2021)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nafamostat, a serin protease inhibitor, in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in male mice. Nafamostat was administered intraperitoneally four times immediately after SAH induction. Cerebral blood flow, neurological behavior tests, SAH grade and protein expression were evaluated at 24 h after SAH induction. In the in vitro model, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs), HBVECs were exposed to thrombin and hypoxia for 24 h; nafamostat was administered and the protein expression was evaluated. Eighty-eight mice were included in the in vivo study. Fifteen mice (17%) were excluded because of death or procedure failure. Nafamostat exerted no significant effect on the SAH grade or cerebral blood flow; however, it improved the neurological behavior and suppressed the thrombin and MMP-9 expression. In addition, nafamostat suppressed the ICAM-1 expression and p38 phosphorylation in the in vitro study. Nafamostat has a protective effect against HBMVEC after exposure to thrombin and hypoxia, suggesting its role in improving the neurological outcomes after SAH. These findings indicate that nafamostat has the potential to be a novel therapeutic drug in the management of SAH.
Characterization of in-flight performance of ion propulsion systems (1993)

In-flight measurements of ion propulsion performance, ground test calibrations, and diagnostic performance measurements were reviewed. It was found that accelerometers provided the most accurate in-flight thrust measurements compared with four other methods that were surveyed. An experiment has also demonstrated that pre-flight alignment of the thrust vector was sufficiently accurate so that gimbal adjustments and use of attitude control thrusters were not required to counter disturbance torques caused by thrust vector misalignment. The effects of facility background pressure, facility enhanced charge-exchange reactions, and contamination on ground-based performance measurements are also discussed. Vacuum facility pressures for inert-gas ion thruster life tests and flight qualification tests will have to be less than 2 mPa to ensure accurate performance measurements.
Small synthetic ligands of the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor can mimic the function of endogenous peptide hormones. (1999)

The gastric cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor (CCK-BR) is a key regulator of enterochromaffin-like cell function and proliferation. Over the last decade, a number of small non-peptide CCK-BR "antagonists" have been discovered. Here, we demonstrate that some of these non-peptide ligands in fact possess significant ability to activate the human CCK-BR, and are, therefore, more properly categorized as partial agonists. When tested in COS-7 cells transiently expressing the recombinant human CCK-BR, saturating concentrations of the small "peptoid" ligands PD 135,158 and PD 136,450 stimulated inositol phosphate formation to 23 and 43 percent, respectively, of the maximum response induced by a considerably larger endogenous peptide agonist, cholecystokinin octapeptide. In contrast, the benzodiazepine-derived CCK-BR ligand, YM022, acted as a "true" high-affinity antagonist of cholecystokinin-induced inositol phosphate formation (pA2 = 9.69). Consistent with recent findings in animal experiments, our data reveal that small synthetic ligands have the potential to function as either CCK-BR agonists or antagonists. These dual properties of synthetic molecules must be considered when evaluating candidate drugs for human disease.
Hepatitis C virus p7 protein is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum when it is encoded by a replication-competent genome (2006)

p7 protein is a small protein encoded by Hepatitis C virus (HCV) that functions as an ion channel in planar lipid bilayers. The function of p7 is vital for the virus life cycle. In this study, the p7 protein of genotype 2a (strain JFH1; the only strain that replicates and produces virus progeny in vitro) was tagged with either an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or a haemagglutinin (HA) epitope to facilitate tracking of the protein in the intracellular environment. The tagged viral polyprotein was expressed transiently in the cells after transfection with the recombinant RNA transcripts. Confocal microscopy revealed that the tagged p7 protein was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but not associated with mitochondria. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the p7 localization data and, moreover, showed that intracellular virus-like particles formed in the cells transfected with the wild-type, but not the recombinant, transcripts. Following a few passages of the transfected cells, the recombinant genome with the HA tag reverted to wild-type and the entire tag was deleted. Therefore, in this study, it has been demonstrated that the p7 protein in the context of the full-length polyprotein encoded by a replication competent genome is only localized to the ER and has a possible role in HCV particle formation.
Deep ultraviolet mapping of intracellular protein and nucleic acid in femtograms per pixel (2011)

By using imaging spectrophotometry with paired images in the 200- to 280-nm wavelength range, we have directly mapped intracellular nucleic acid and protein distributions across a population of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. A broadband 100× objective with a numerical aperture of 1.2 NA (glycerin immersion) and a novel laser-induced-plasma point source generated high-contrast images with short (∼100 ms) exposures and a lateral resolution nearing 200 nm that easily resolves internal organelles. In a population of 420 CHO-K1 cells and 477 nuclei, we found a G1 whole-cell nucleic acid peak at 26.6 pg, a nuclear-isolated total nucleic acid peak at 11.4 pg, and, as inferred by RNase treatment, a G1 total DNA mass of 7.4 pg. At the G1 peak, we found a whole-cell protein mass of 95.6 pg, and a nuclear-isolated protein mass of 39.3 pg. An algorithm for protein quantification that senses peptide-bond (220-nm) absorbance was found to have a higher signal-to-noise ratio and to provide more reliable nucleic acid and protein determinations when compared to more classical 280/260-nm algorithms when used for intracellular mass mapping. Using simultaneous imaging with common nuclear stains (Hoechst 33342, Syto-14, and Sytox Orange), we have compared staining patterns to deep-UV images of condensed chromatin and have confirmed bias of these common nuclear stains related to nuclear packaging. The approach allows absolute mass measurements with no special sample preparation or staining. It can be used in conjunction with normal fluorescence microscopy and with relatively modest modification of the microscope.
Upper bounds for mixed H/sup 2//H/sup ∞/ control (2002)

We consider the mixed H/sup 2//H/sup /spl infin// control problem of choosing a controller to minimize the H/sup 2/ norm of a given closed-loop map, subject to the H/sup /spl infin// norm of another closed-loop map being less than a prescribed value /spl gamma/. Let d/sub 2/ and /spl gamma//sub 2/ denote the H/sup 2/ and H/sup /spl infin// norms for the pure H/sup 2/-optimal solution (without any H/sup /spl infin// constraint), and let d/sub c/ and /spl gamma//sub c/</spl gamma/ denote the H/sup 2/ and H/sup /spl infin// norms for any solution that yields an H/sup /spl infin// norm strictly less than /spl gamma/ (such as, say, the central solution). Then if d/sub m/ denotes the optimal H/sup 2/ norm that can be achieved in the mixed H/sup 2//H/sup /spl infin// control problem, we show that d/sub m//sup 2/-d/sub 2//sup 2//d/sub c//sup 2/-d/sub 2//sup 2//spl les/(/spl gamma//sub 2/-/spl gamma///spl gamma//sub 2/-/spl gamma//sub c/)/sup 2/<(/spl gamma//sub 2//sup 2/-/spl gamma//sup 2///spl gamma//sub 2//sup 2/-/spl gamma//sub c//sup 2/)/sup 2/<1.