gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid treatments in equine degenerative joint disease. A review. (1981)

Degenerative arthrosis is perhaps the most common debilitating disease of performance horses. Treatment should be based upon a knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of normal joints and upon an understanding of the processes of degeneration and repair. These topics are briefly reviewed. Although rest is probably, the most beneficial therapy, physical and pharmaceutical treatments are often employed in an effort to speed recovery. The effects and relative benefits of intrasynovial injections of corticosteroids, hyaluronica cid, and Arteparon are considered in detail. Although local corticosteroid therapy is inexpensive and is effective in reducing lameness caused by degenerative joint disease, it is rarely indicated. Septic arthritis and "steroid arthropathy" are two serious sequelae. Whereas the incidence of the former may be avoided through careful technique, the latter effect is inherent in the action of the drug. The accelerated rate of joint destruction observed in steroid arthropathy is due to suppression of chondrocyte metabolism and thus the processes of cartilage maintenance and repair. Hyaluronic acid is present in the synovial fluid and within the matrix of cartilage. The commercial preparation is no approved for use in the United States, but it is commonly obtained from other countries. Although hyaluronate apparently does not function in the lubrication of cartilage surfaces, it may improve lubrication of soft tissues thus decreasing resistance to joint movement and lessening pain. Reports substantiate the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in treating early cases of degenerative arthrosis despite the fact that the drug does not significantly promote cartilage healing. Arteparon, a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, has been used in Europe for two decades in the treatment of degeneration joint disease and is currently being tested in this country. The drug is deposited within diseased cartilage and improves the functional properties of the cartilage as well as stimulates cartilage metabolism.
Photochemical Functionalization of Gallium Nitride Thin Films with Molecular and Biomolecular Layers (2006)

We demonstrate that photochemical functionalization can be used to functionalize and photopattern the surface of gallium nitride crystalline thin films with well-defined molecular and biomolecular layers. GaN(0001) surfaces exposed to a hydrogen plasma will react with organic molecules bearing an alkene (C=C) group when illuminated with 254 nm light. Using a bifunctional molecule with an alkene group at one end and a protected amine group at the other, this process can be used to link the alkene group to the surface, leaving the protected amine exposed. Using a simple contact mask, we demonstrate the ability to directly pattern the spatial distribution of these protected amine groups on the surface with a lateral resolution of <12 mum. After deprotection of the amines, single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides were linked to the surface using a bifunctional cross-linker. Measurements using fluorescently labeled complementary and noncomplementary sequences show that the DNA-modified GaN surfaces exhibit excellent selectivity, while repeated cycles of hybridization and denaturation in urea show good stability. These results demonstrate that photochemical functionalization can be used as an attractive starting point for interfacing molecular and biomolecular systems with GaN and other compound semiconductors.
Solving Radiation Effects versus Tumor Progression (2009)

Kano, Hideyuki M.D., Ph.D.; Kondziolka, Douglas M.D., M.Sc.; Lobato, Javier M.D.; Zorro, Oscar M.D.; Flickinger, John M.D.; Lunsford, L. Dade M.D.
Asymmetrical balun design with tunable bandwidth and transmission zero (2011)

This paper reports on the design of an asymmetrical balun with a tunable transmission zero. First, a compact balun is proposed with asymmetric feeding points. The proposed balun possesses a tunable transmission zero for the harmonic suppression. The bandwidth of the proposed design can be easily regulated by the asymmetrical feeding structure. The proposed design is fabricated using ARLON 25N with thickness of 0.46 mm. The measured results agree well with the simulation. According to the measurement results, the maximum insertion loss is 1.2 dB, the maximum in-band phase imbalance is within 4 degrees, and the maximum in-band magnitude imbalance is less than 0.4 dB.
New approach for local delivery of rapamycin by bioadhesive PLGA-carbopol nanoparticles (2009)

Local delivery of antiproliferative drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles has shown promise as an experimental strategy for preventing vascular restenosis development. The general aim of this work was to develop polymeric nanoparticle carriers with bioadhesive properties, and to evaluate its adjuvant potential for local, intramural delivery of rapamycin for inhibition of restenosis. The bioadhesive rapamycin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were obtained by applying carbopol 940 of different concentrations as stabilizer and bioadhesive agent. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized concerning physicochemical properties such as morphology, particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, drug release in vitro, stability in vitro as well as the arterial uptake and retention ability in an ex-vivo model. The results revealed that carbopol could serve as a better stabilizer in the preparation of rapamycin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles compared with PVA, and the physicochemical characteristics of the obtained PLGA nanoparticles were affected by the concentration of carbopol. Furthermore, it was found that carbopol could impart the nanoparticles with bioadhesive properties, improving the rentention and uptake of nanoparticles in the arterial wall, benefiting the nanoparticles for efficient localization of therapeutic agents in restenosis site. Cell viability assay results showed that blank PLGA-carbopol nanoparticles exhibited low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility and rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles with a smaller particle size (< 200 nm) had an increased antiproliferative effect on cells in comparison to free drug. These results indicated that this research might provide a potential experimental basis for the further study of carbopol stabilized bioadhesive nanoparticles against restenosis in vivo.
Brain Activity Underlying Muscle Relaxation (2019)

Fine motor control of not only muscle contraction but also muscle relaxation is required for appropriate movements in both daily life and sports. Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and dystonia are often characterized by deficits of muscle relaxation. Neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies suggest that muscle relaxation is an active process requiring cortical activation, and not just the cessation of contraction. In this article, we review the neural mechanisms of muscle relaxation, primarily utilizing research involving transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Several studies utilizing single-pulse TMS have demonstrated that, during the relaxation phase of a muscle, the excitability of the corticospinal tract controlling that particular muscle is more suppressed than in the resting condition. Other studies, utilizing paired-pulse TMS, have shown that the intracortical inhibition is activated just before muscle relaxation. Moreover, muscle relaxation of one body part suppresses cortical activities controlling other body parts in different limbs. Therefore, the cortical activity might not only be a trigger for muscle relaxation of the target muscles but could also bring about an inhibitory effect on other muscles. This spread of inhibition can hinder the appropriate contraction of muscles involved in multi-limb movements such as those used in sports and the play of musical instruments. This may also be the reason why muscle relaxation is so difficult for beginners, infants, elderly, and the cognitively impaired.
Ultrasound properties and images of ex-vivo liver during thermal therapy (2002)

The authors have measured changes in ex-vivo bovine liver ultrasound backscatter coefficient and attenuation coefficient as a function of time at various temperatures below the vaporization threshold of water (100/spl deg/C), to predict the appearance of real-time ultrasound images of tissues during thermal therapy. The authors have also used a clinical ultrasound scanner to record B-scan images of ex-vivo bovine liver heated with an interstitial microwave antenna to mimic a clinical treatment. Image echogenicity decreased with heating, likely due to increased attenuation in the coagulated tissue.
Adaptive Manifold Regularized Matrix Factorization for Data Clustering (2017)

Data clustering is the task to group the data samples into certain clusters based on the relationships of samples and structures hidden in data, and it is a fundamental and important topic in data mining and machine learning areas. In the literature, the spectral clustering is one of the most popular approaches and has many variants in recent years. However, the performance of spectral clustering is determined by the affinity matrix, which is always computed by a predefined model (e.g., Gaussian kernel function) with carefully tuned parameters combination, and may far from optimal in practice. In this paper, we propose to consider the observed data clustering as a robust matrix factorization point of view, and learn an affinity matrix simultaneously to regularize the proposed matrix factorization. The solution of the proposed adaptive manifold regularized matrix factorization (AMRMF) is reached by a novel Augmented Lagrangian Multiplier (ALM) based algorithm. The experimental results on standard clustering datasets demonstrate the superior performance over the exist alternatives.
Editorial: Switching on arginase in M2 macrophages (2011)

Discussion on report that SOCS levels may play an important role in determining macrophage phenotype and function.
Quantification of disease progression and dropout for Alzheimers disease (2012)

This research aimed to quantitatively describe the natural progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on ADAScog scores in patients with mild-to-moderate AD. ADAS-cog data from 10 placebo-controlled clinical trials including more than 2,400 patients with up to 72 weeks of treatment were used. Different models describing the time course of ADAS-cog were evaluated. Patient characteristics potentially affect score changes were assessed. Furthermore, patient dropout patterns were characterized using parametric survival models. Covariate selection was performed to identify the risk factors associated with a higher dropout rate. ADAS-cog time course in mild-tomoderate AD patients receiving placebo was best described by a log-linear model, where the intercept represents the log-transformed ADAS-cog score at Week 10, the slope is the disease progression (i.e., natural increase of ADAS-cog score) on the log scale. Covariates influencing the intercept were baseline ADAS-cog score and baseline Mini Mental State Exam score. No covariates influenced the disease progression slope. A parametric log-normal model fit the dropout data best. Baseline ADAS-cog score and age were found to be significant predictors for dropout. AD disease and dropout models were both established. These models set up a quantitative basis for future clinical trial design and endpoint selection.
CONTENTS OF SEVERAL AMINO ACIDS IN THE CEREBELLUM, BRAIN STEM AND CEREBRUM OF THE ‘STAGGERER’, ‘WEAVER’ AND ‘NERVOUS’ NEUROLOGICALLY MUTANT MICE1 (1976)

Abstract— The content of glutamate, GABA, aspartate, glycine and alanine was determined in the cerebellum, brain stem and cerebrum of three different mutant mice which have been named ‘staggerer’, ‘weaver’ and ‘nervous’ on the basis of neurological symptoms. In the ‘staggerer’ and ‘weaver’ mutants there is an almost complete absence of granule cells in the cerebellar cortex while in the ‘nervous’ mutant there is a loss of Purkinje cells (and to a lesser extent a loss of granule cells) in the cerebellar cortex. In the cerebellum of the ‘weaver’ mutant, the content of glutamate was signficantly lower (P &lt; 0.025) than control values (8.77 ± 0.76 vs 12.0 ± 1.3 μmol/g tissue wet wt) and the contents of GABA and glycine were significantly greater than normal levels. In the cerebellum of the ‘staggerer’ mutant, the content of glutamate was significantly lower (6.62 ± 0.70 μmol/g) and the contents of glycine and alanine significantly higher than control values. In the cerebrum and brain stem regions of the staggerer mutant, weaver mutant and the normals the contents of the five amino acids were the same. The contents of glycine and alanine in the cerebellum, GARA and glycine in the brain stem and GABA and alanine in the cerebrum of the nervous mutants were higher than control values. The data are discussed in terms of a possible role for glutamate functioning as an excitatory transmitter when released from the cerebellar granule cells.
On the detection of simple points in higher dimensions using cubical homology (2006)

Simple point detection is an important task for several problems in discrete geometry, such as topology preserving thinning in image processing to compute discrete skeletons. In this paper, the approach to simple point detection is based on techniques from cubical homology, a framework ideally suited for problems in image processing. A (d-dimensional) unitary cube (for a d-dimensional digital image) is associated with every discrete picture element, instead of a point in epsilon(d) (the d-dimensional Euclidean space) as has been done previously. A simple point in this setting then refers to the removal of a unitary cube without changing the topology of the cubical complex induced by the digital image. The main result is a characterization of a simple point p (i.e., simple unitary cube) in terms of the homology groups of the (3d - 1) neighborhood of p for arbitrary, finite dimensions
Plasma glutathione in health and in patients with malignant disease. (1985)

The total glutathione concentration (oxidized plus reduced) of human plasma was investigated. Glutathione was found to disappear when added to plasma, the loss of reduced glutathione being much more rapid than the loss of oxidized glutathione. The glutathione content of plasma from normal humans was found to be 0.91 +/- 0.24 mumol/L (mean +/- 1 SD) when plasma extracts were prepared exactly 10 minutes after the blood had been drawn. The glutathione content of rat plasma was about 15 times as high as that of human plasma. Patients with a variety of malignant disorders were found to have markedly lowered plasma glutathione levels. This did not seem to be associated with chemotherapy or with type of neoplasm. The administration of acetaminophen to rabbits and to human volunteers did not affect plasma glutathione levels.
Progress Report NORSAR Phase 3 (1975)

Abstract : The report covers operation and research activities at the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in the period 1 Jul - 30 September 1974. The performance of the field instrumentation and computer installations has been stable with a normal amount of corrective maintenance. The ARPANET terminal is used routinely for data exchange. In the Event Processor a new program package which will calculate optimal beamforming weights for some selected unclear detections is in progress. In the Detection Processor a floating threshold procedure is in development. In connection with this a study of the seasonal and diurnal noise variance fluctuations and their effect on earthquake detectability has been finished. It has further been shown that the short-periodic seismic noise at NORSAR can be described by autoregressive models.
Enhancing MPEG DASH Performance via Server and Network Assistance (2017)

MPEG-Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) provides formats that are suitable to stream media content over HTTP. Typically, the DASH client adaptively requests small chunks of media based on the available bandwidth and other resources. This client-pull technology has proven to be more flexible, firewall-friendly, and CDN-scalable than server-push technologies. However, service providers have less control given the decentralized and client-driven nature of DASH, which introduces new challenges for them to offer a consistent and possibly higher quality of service for premium users. MPEG addresses this issue in a new work referred to as Server and Network-assisted DASH (SAND). The key features of SAND are asynchronous network-to-client and network-to-network communication, and the exchange of quality-related assisting information in such a way that it does not delay or interfere with the delivery of the streaming media content. MPEG has completed the work on SAND first edition and will be published as a new part of the
Establishment of LIF-Dependent Human iPS Cells Closely Related to Basic FGF-Dependent Authentic iPS Cells (2012)

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be divided into a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-dependent naïve type and a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-dependent primed type. Although the former are more undifferentiated than the latter, they require signal transduction inhibitors and sustained expression of the transgenes used for iPSC production. We used a transcriptionally enhanced version of OCT4 to establish LIF-dependent human iPSCs without the use of inhibitors and sustained transgene expression. These cells belong to the primed type of pluripotent stem cell, similar to bFGF-dependent iPSCs. Thus, the particular cytokine required for iPSC production does not necessarily define stem cell phenotypes as previously thought. It is likely that the bFGF and LIF signaling pathways converge on unidentified OCT4 target genes. These findings suggest that our LIF-dependent human iPSCs could provide a novel model to investigate the role of cytokine signaling in cellular reprogramming.
Sirtuins in Aging and Disease (2007)

Sirtuin genes function as anti-aging genes in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila. The NAD requirement for sirtuin function indicates a link between aging and metabolism, and a boost in sirtuin activity may in part explain how calorie restriction extends life span. In mammals, one of the substrates of the SIR2 ortholog, SIRT1, is a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC-1alpha. Indeed, the putative SIRT1 activator resveratrol has been shown to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and deliver health benefits in treated mice. I explore here how mitochondrial biogenesis may have beneficial effects on aging and, perhaps, diseases of aging. In particular, I speculate that SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis may reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, a possible cause of aging, and offer two possible mechanisms for this effect. An understanding of how calorie restriction works may lead to novel drugs to combat diseases of aging.
Power allocation for the multi-carrier two-user Gaussian Interference Channel (2012)

This paper studies the multi-carrier two-user Gaussian Interference Channel (G-IFC) with an adaptive strategy depending on the channel gains. The decoding strategy at each receiver is either Successive Interference Cancellation or treating interference as noise, depending on whether interference is strong or weak. The transmit strategy may also rely on FDMA when required. Then, an iterative power allocation algorithm is proposed in order to maximize the sum rate when considering all carriers jointly. By splitting power allocation at both transmitters, the initial optimization problem can be turned into a series of convex optimization problems. The proposed algorithm converges very rapidly and provides a sum rate increase compared to FDMA and to a strategy where interference is always considered as noise.
A single nanoparticle as a femtojoule photonic switch and optical memory element (2005)

We report that a nano-aperture occupied by a single polymorphic metal nanoparticle can be used as the active elements of low energy consumption nanophotonic devices if the dielectric properties of the nano-particle can be controlled using excitation-induced structural transformations, In essence, this new opportunity relies on the fact that, in contrast to bulk solids where phase transitions are characterized by abrupt transitions between different structural forms, phase transformations in polymorphic nanoparticles proceed through a dynamic coexistence of forms - making transitions continuous and reversible.&lt;br/&gt; We experimentally demonstrate this new paradigm with a gallium nanoparticle and show that using very low power laser light it can be switched between five structural phases with differing dielectric properties to provide different levels of transmission through and reflection from the nano-aperture, We also present finite element numerical modeling of light propagation through a nono-aperture blocked by a nanoparticle and analyze relevant plasmonic and scattering effects.
Phylogenetic relationships of Asian and European pig breeds determined by mitochondrial DNA D‐loop sequence polymorphism (2002)

Phylogenetic relationships among Asian and European pig breeds were assessed using 1036 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences. An unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree was constructed on the basis of maximum likelihood distances using sequences determined for three Cheju (Korea), 11 Chinese, one Westran (Australian feral origin) and two European pigs (Berkshire and Welsh), and also published sequences for four Japanese (including two Wild Boars), one Yucatan miniature, five European (including Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Swedish and Wild Boar) and two Meishan pigs. The Colombian collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) sequence was also determined and used as an outgroup. The maximum parsimony with heuristic search method was used to determine bootstrap support values. Asian-type pigs clustered together (bootstrap support 33%), but were separate from European-type pigs that also clustered together (93%). The Westran pig, derived from the feral descendants of pigs inhabiting Kangaroo Island of South Australia, clustered with Asian pigs, demonstrating Asian origin of their mitochondria. Berkshire and Large White clustered with Asian pigs, indicating that Asian pigs were involved in the development of these breeds. Our findings clearly demonstrate that pigs indigenous to China, Korea and Japan are only recently diverged from each other and distinctly different from European-type pigs. European pig breeds consist of pigs with mitochondria of Asian and non-Asian type, some of which were formed from closely related maternal ancestors, if not from a single ancestor.
The research and design of a low cost, all terrain, mechanically advantageous wheelchair for developed markets (2011)

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.