gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid-Phase Oxychlorination of Ethylene To Produce Vinyl Chloride (1974)

A new technology for producing 1,2-dichloroethane from ethylene, wet or dry hydrogen chloride, and oxygen uses a promoted aqueous solution of copper salts as the catalyst. The process features a selectivity better than 96%, flexibility in the use of HCl or Cl2 in any proportion, moderate temperature, direct heat removal by vaporization of water and the use of recognized materials of construction. Extensive pilot-plant studies were carried out to determine the mass transfer, chemical kinetics, heat removal and scale-up characteristics of the process and to determine selectivity and the stability of the system as well as appropriate materials of construction. These results, together with extensive engineering design studies provide the basis of the new process for producing dichloroethane. Economics of the process for a commercial size plant are described.
Integrative Bioinformatic Analysis of Transcriptomic Data Identifies Conserved Molecular Pathways Underlying Ionizing Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects (RIBE)&nbsp; (2017)

Ionizing radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) encompass a number of effects with potential for a plethora of damages in adjacent non-irradiated tissue. The cascade of molecular events is initiated in response to the exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), something that may occur during diagnostic or therapeutic medical applications. In order to better investigate these complex response mechanisms, we employed a unified framework integrating statistical microarray analysis, signal normalization and translational bioinformatics functional analysis techniques. This approach was applied to several microarray datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) related to RIBE. The analysis produced lists of differentially expressed genes, contrasting bystander and irradiated samples versus sham-irradiated controls. Furthermore, comparative molecular analysis through BioInfoMiner, which integrates advanced statistical enrichment and prioritization methodologies, revealed discrete biological processes, at the cellular level. For example, negative regulation of growth, cellular response to Zn2+- Cd2+, Wnt and NIK/NF-kappaB signalling, which refine the description of the phenotypic landscape of RIBE. Our results provide a more solid understanding of RIBE cell-specific response patterns, especially in the case of high-LET radiations like &amp;alpha;-particles and carbon-ions.
Improved Visual Results after Surgical Repair of Cytomegalovirus-related Retinal Detachments (1994)

Earlier intervention, absence of preoperative optic atrophy, and macular CMV correlate with better postoperative visual acuity results. Pars plana vitrectomy combined with silicone oil for eyes with macula-off RDs can result in improved visual acuity.
Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves IV : 20-23 July 1998, San Diego, California (1998)

This text presents papers from SPIE's annual meeting, focusing on millimetre and sub millimetre waves. Topics covered include millimetre wave sources, antennas and radars, and recievers, propagation and applications.
Distinct Structural Requirements for Interaction of the Integrins α5β1, αvβ5, and αvβ6 with the Central Cell Binding Domain in Fibronectin (1996)

At least 10 different members of the integrin family have been reported to bind to fibronectin, and eight of these interact with the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) site in the tenth type III repeat. However, studies utilizing recombinant fibronectin fragments have shown that for three of these, alpha 5 beta 1, alpha IIb beta 3, and alpha v beta 3, the structural requirements for binding to fibronectin differ. In the present study, we report that two additional integrins, alpha v beta 6, and alpha v beta 5 also demonstrate unique requirements for interaction with recombinant fibronectin fragments, alpha v beta 6, like alpha v beta 3, can support cell adhesion to the RGD-containing tenth repeat alone, and does not require the presence of a synergy site in the adjacent ninth repeat. In the cells used in this study, alpha v beta 5 only minimally supported adhesion to intact fibronectin, but did support adhesion to fragments composed of the eighth, ninth and tenth repeats or the tenth repeat, alone. Mutant fragments in which the eighth and tenth repeats were adjacent to one another enhanced adhesion mediated by alpha v beta 5, as well as adhesion mediated by alpha v beta 6. alpha v beta 5 and alpha v beta 6-mediated adhesion to all fibronectin fragments required interaction with the RGD site, as inferred by inhibition of adhesion with an RGD-containing peptide. These data suggest that each integrin that interacts with the RGD site in fibronectin has unique structural requirements for this interaction.
The Tragedy of the Microarray Anticommons (2010)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.154740
A mining algorithm for frequent closed pattern on data stream based on sub-structure compressed in prefix-tree (2016)

The knowledge embedded in data stream has the property of decaying with time, so people are more interested in the new data stream. This paper proposes a method for mining the frequent closed patterns in a sliding window to capture information timely and accurately when new data stream arrives. Data stream is divided into several basic windows. All possible frequent closed patterns are mined in each basic window and be stored in Closed Pattern-tree in the form of node compression to save space; As the data in sliding window updates, Closed Pattern-tree can be incrementally updated and the infrequent or unclosed patterns will be deleted from the tree. The experimental results of the simulation show that the method for mining the frequent closed patterns in a sliding window is efficient in time and space.
Automated Layout Synthesis in the YASC Silicon Compiler (1986)

In this paper, we present algorithms and experimental results for an automated layout synthesis procedure that is used in a high-level silicon compiler. The techniques consist of a unique approach to generalized cell synthesis, together with a novel solution of the placement and routing problem. Our algorithms take advantage of a larger space of possible solutions than is available in conventional, fixed-cell approaches to achieve compact and efficient layouts. First, our techniques for cell synthesis are presented. Then, we describe our placement algorithm, in which the locations of the cells are determined by signal-flow considerations. Next, our pin permutation procedure is described. These permutations are not limited to the relatively few cases of logically equivalent pins, but rather, can exploit a much larger set of transformations involving the re-arrangement of the inner structure of the cells themselves. Finally, our techniques for both global and channel routing are discussed. Experimental results for a complete chip layout are included.
Raman-probing the local ultrastrong coupling of vibrational plasmon-polaritons on metallic gratings (2023)

Strong coupling of molecular vibrations with light creates polariton states, enabling control over many optical and chemical properties. However, the near-field signatures of strong coupling are difficult to map as most cavities are closed systems. Surface-enhanced Raman microscopy of open metallic gratings under vibrational strong coupling enables the observation of spatial polariton localization in the grating near-field, without the need for scanning probe microscopies. The lower polariton is localized at the grating slots, displays a strongly asymmetric lineshape, and gives greater plasmon-vibration coupling strength than measured in the far-field. Within these slots, the local field strength pushes the system into the ultrastrong coupling regime. Models of strong coupling which explicitly include the spatial distribution of emitters can account for these effects. Such gratings form a new system for exploring the rich physics of polaritons and the interplay between their near- and far-field properties through polariton-enhanced Raman scattering (PERS).
Neonatal convulsions associated with primary disturbance of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism. (1973)

of Disease in Childhood, 48, 99. Neonatal convulsions associated with primary disturbance of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism. The biochemical relations in 75 newborn infants suffering from convulsions considered to be due to a primary disturbance of mineral metabolism have been studied.
Breath Ammonia Depletion and Its Relevance to Acidic Aerosol Exposure Studies (1992)

It is thought that gaseous ammonia in breath neutralizes acidic air pollution and thereby potentially mitigates the pulmonary effects of pollution. The efficacy of breath ammonia depletion methods reported in recent acid aerosol exposure-health response studies was investigated. Fourteen subjects (21 to 54 y of age) performed one or more of the following hygiene maneuvers: (a) acidic oral rinse (pH 2.5); (b) tooth brushing, followed by acidic oral rinse; (c) tooth brushing, followed by distilled water rinse; and (d) distilled water rinse. Initial ammonia levels ranged from 120 to 1,280 ppb (147-1,570 micrograms/m3). Acidic rinsing resulted in an immediate 90% reduction in exhaled ammonia in all subjects, and a return to 50% of baseline levels occurred within 1 h. Depletion that resulted from tooth brushing or distilled water alone was not significant. It was concluded that acidic oral rinsing is an effective method of reducing airway ammonia, but repeated oral rinsing may be required to maintain consistent, low-breath-ammonia conditions during acid aerosol exposure studies.
Assessment of viscous energy loss and the association with three‐dimensional vortex ring formation in left ventricular inflow: In vivo evaluation using four‐dimensional flow MRI (2016)

Altered vortex ring formation during LV filling is associated with increased viscous energy loss. Magn Reson Med 77:794-805, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Accurate reconstruction of a known HIV-1 transmission history by phylogenetic tree analysis. (1996)

Phylogenetic analyses are increasingly used in attempts to clarify transmission patterns of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but there is a continuing discussion about their validity because convergent evolution and transmission of minor HIV variants may obscure epidemiological patterns. Here we have studied a unique HIV-1 transmission cluster consisting of nine infected individuals, for whom the time and direction of each virus transmission was exactly known. Most of the transmissions occurred between 1981 and 1983, and a total of 13 blood samples were obtained approximately 2-12 years later. The p17 gag and env V3 regions of the HIV-1 genome were directly sequenced from uncultured lymphocytes. A true phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the knowledge about when the transmissions had occurred and when the samples were obtained. This complex, known HIV-1 transmission history was compared with reconstructed molecular trees, which were calculated from the DNA sequences by several commonly used phylogenetic inference methods [Fitch-Margoliash, neighbor-joining, minimum-evolution, maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony, unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), and a Fitch-Margoliash method assuming a molecular clock (KITSCH)]. A majority of the reconstructed trees were good estimates of the true phylogeny; 12 of 13 taxa were correctly positioned in the most accurate trees. The choice of gene fragment was found to be more important than the choice of phylogenetic method and substitution model. However, methods that are sensitive to unequal rates of change performed more poorly (such as UPGMA and KITSCH, which assume a constant molecular clock). The rapidly evolving V3 fragment gave better reconstructions than p17, but a combined data set of both p17 and V3 performed best. The accuracy of the phylogenetic methods justifies their use in HIV-1 research and argues against convergent evolution and selective transmission of certain virus variants.
A New Technique for the Three-Dimensional Study of the Spine In Vitro and In Vivo by Using a Motion-Analysis System (1997)

We introduce a new method with a motion-analysis system (MAS) to study the vertebral model in vitro. Compared with the currently most accurate technique, roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA), the difference between the RSA and the MAS is 0.12 degree +/- 1.64 degrees. An accuracy with an error of 0.08 degree +/- 1.15 degrees is determined by means of an angle gauge. Although a significant difference between the MAS and the goniometer (p = 0.04) is found around the X-axis (theta; transverse plane), it is limited to < 1 degree. The MAS provides an in-depth insight into the mechanism of the three-dimensional rotation at each vertebra in vivo. The backward inclination of the apical vertebra (AV) and forward inclination of the upper-end vertebra (UEV) around the Y-axis (phi) results in a correction of the hypokyphosis shown by the Cobb angle in the sagittal plane. The clockwise rotation of the UEV in the Z-axis (psi) leads to a reduction of the Cobb angle in the frontal plane. Additionally, the MAS as an intraoperative alternative shows different results of the derotation maneuver by the Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation (CDI) compared with the computed tomography (CT) scan. Our method gives more direct details of the derotation not influenced by patient posture, as observed in the CT scan.
Management of Malignant Polyps (2013)

The management of malignant polyps represents a unique challenge for the colonoscopist. Careful intra- and post-procedural decision-making promotes the likelihood of cure with minimal morbidity. In certain instances, colonoscopic polypectomy will represent the treatment of choice, whereas in others surgical resection is favored. Careful collaboration among colonoscopist, surgeon, pathologist, and patient is mandatory.
Reacting and non-reacting, three-dimensional shear layers with spanwise stretching (2022)

A three-dimensional, steady, laminar shear-layer flow spatially developing under a boundary-layer approximation with mixing, chemical reaction, and imposed normal strain is analyzed. The purpose of this study is to determine conditions by which certain stretched vortex layers appearing in turbulent combustion are the asymptotic result of a spatially developing shear flow with imposed compressive strain. The imposed strain creates a counterflow that stretches the vorticity in the spanwise direction. Equations are reduced to a two-dimensional form for three velocity components. The non-reactive and reactive cases of the two-dimensional form of the governing equations are solved numerically, with consideration of several parameter inputs, such as the Damköhler number, the Prandtl number, chemical composition, and free-stream velocity ratios. The analysis of the non-reactive case focuses on the mixing between hotter gaseous oxygen and cooler gaseous propane. The free-stream strain rate κ* is predicted by ordinary differential equations based on the imposed spanwise pressure variation. One-step chemical kinetics are used to describe diffusion flames and multi-flame structures. The imposed normal strain rate has a significant effect on the width of downstream mixing layers as well as the burning rate. Asymptotically in the downstream direction, a constant width of the shear layer is obtained if the imposed normal strain rate is constant. The one-dimensional asymptotic result is an exact solution to the multicomponent Navier–Stokes equation for both reacting and non-reacting flows, although it was obtained using the boundary-layer approximation. A similar solution with the layer width growing with the square root of downstream distance is found when the imposed strain rate decreases as the reciprocal of downstream distance. The reduced-order asymptotic solutions can provide useful guidance in developing flamelet models for simulations of turbulent combustion.
High quality SiO/sub 2//Si interfaces of poly-crystalline silicon thin film transistors by annealing in wet atmosphere (1995)

A new post-metallization annealing technique was developed to improve the quality of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices using SiO/sub 2/ films formed by a parallel-plate remote plasma chemical vapor deposition as gate insulators. The quality of the interface between SiO/sub 2/ and crystalline Si was investigated by capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. An H/sub 2/O vapor annealing at 270/spl deg/C for 30 min efficiently decreased the interface trap density to 2.0/spl times/10/sup 10/ cm/sup -2/ eV/sup -1/, and the effective oxide charge density from 1/spl times/10/sup 12/ to 5/spl times/10/sup 9/ cm/sup -2/. This annealing process was also applied to the fabrication of Al-gate polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors (poly-Si TFT's) at 270/spl deg/C. In p-channel poly-Si TFT's, the carrier mobility increased from 60-400 cm/sup 2/ V/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ and the threshold voltage decreased from -5.5 to -1.7 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Restless legs syndrome and leg cramps in fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled study: Table 1 (1996)

Restless legs syndrome is characterised by an unpleasant, difficult-to-describe sensation in the legs that produces an invariable urge to move them frequently.1 2 3 This symptom typically occurs at rest or before sleep and is alleviated by activity.1 2 3 Restless legs syndrome may occur without or with an associated condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis.1 3 We investigated the prevalence of restless legs syndrome and of leg cramps in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome, a common condition with widespread musculoskeletal aching and tender points,2 4 and in controls.

One hundred and thirty five consecutive new female patients referred with primary fibromyalgia, 54 women with rheumatoid arthritis without concomitant fibromyalgia, and 87 healthy, pain free women acting as controls were studied at our outpatient rheumatology clinic. All patients with fibromyalgia …
Term graph rewriting as a specification and implementation framework for concurrent object-oriented programming languages (2002)

The usefulness of the generalised computational model of Term Graph Rewriting Systems (TGRS) for designing and implementing concurrent object-oriented languages, and also for specifying and reasoning about the interaction between concurrency and object-orientation (such as concurrent synchronisation of methods or interference problems between concurrency and inheritance), is examined in this paper by mapping a state-of-the-art functional object-oriented language onto the MONSTR computational model, a restricted form of TGRS specifically designed to act as a point of reference in the design and implementation of declarative and semi-declarative programming languages especially suited for distributed architectures.
Heterocycles and Photosynthesis (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Chlorophyll: Sunlight-Receiving Antenna and Energy Carrier What Daylight can Achieve Photosynthesis Without Light Problems Suggested Reading
Design and Optical Characterization of Passive Pixel with Sensitivity-Improved InGaAs/InP Phototransistors Considering Light-Dependent Shunt Resistance for Near Infrared Imaging Applications (2007)

In this study, a InGaAs/InP passive unit pixel with an optical-sensitivity-improved heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) for array imaging applications has been designed and characterized for low-light signal detection considering light-dependent shunt resistance. Using the proposed devices, a 1×256 highly sensitive linear array chip with suitable shunt resistance has been fabricated and characterized. The designed passive unit pixel consists of one photodetector and one select transistor with a collector–base terminal tied configuration for a wide dynamic range. We also present epitaxial structures and an equivalent model to optimize optical gain and shunt resistance characteristics. The device operation mechanism and experimental results are discussed. The experimental results show that our device has an optical sensitivity of 118 A/W, which is significantly higher than that of a conventional PIN photodetector with the same light-absorbing area. This high sensitivity originates from the optical gain-enhanced device structure. A typical optical gain is approximately 236, which means HPTs are 236-fold more sensitive than PIN photodetectors. The proposed HPT also has tens of kΩ shunt resistance with high optical sensitivity under low illumination, which is sufficient for effective signal conversion through a transimpedance amplifier circuit.
SceneFlowFields: Dense Interpolation of Sparse Scene Flow\n Correspondences (2017)

While most scene flow methods use either variational optimization or a strong\nrigid motion assumption, we show for the first time that scene flow can also be\nestimated by dense interpolation of sparse matches. To this end, we find sparse\nmatches across two stereo image pairs that are detected without any prior\nregularization and perform dense interpolation preserving geometric and motion\nboundaries by using edge information. A few iterations of variational energy\nminimization are performed to refine our results, which are thoroughly\nevaluated on the KITTI benchmark and additionally compared to state-of-the-art\non MPI Sintel. For application in an automotive context, we further show that\nan optional ego-motion model helps to boost performance and blends smoothly\ninto our approach to produce a segmentation of the scene into static and\ndynamic parts.\n
[Rehabilitation of the hollow cavities using bone reconstruction and biomaterials]. (1988)

The joint use of biocompatible ceramic granules coated with a thin layer of bone dust and temporalis fascia would appear to the authors to offer a solution in the rehabilitation of the radical mastoidectomy cavity. The practical simplicity and the plasticity of the system, as well as the excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity of the materials used, combine to make this a highly satisfactory procedure.
Hyperspectral imaging for colon cancer classification in surgical specimens: towards optical biopsy during image-guided surgery (2020)

The main curative treatment for localized colon cancer is surgical resection. However when tumor residuals are left positive margins are found during the histological examinations and additional treatment is needed to inhibit recurrence. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) can offer non-invasive surgical guidance with the potential of optimizing the surgical effectiveness. In this paper we investigate the capability of HSI for automated colon cancer detection in six ex-vivo specimens employing a spectral-spatial patch-based classification approach. The results demonstrate the feasibility in assessing the benign and malignant boundaries of the lesion with a sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.78. The results are compared with the state-of-the-art deep learning based approaches. The method with a new hybrid CNN outperforms the state-of the-art approaches (0.74 vs. 0.82 AUC). This study paves the way for further investigation towards improving surgical outcomes with HSI.