gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gynecological considerations on the participation of females in future space flights (1976)

The NASA Space Shuttle Program in connection with the European Spacelab will provide the opportunity for women to participate in space flight as scientist crew members within the 1980's and 1990's. It is, therefore, necessary to examine gynecologic problems which might have to be considered in connection with these activities. Possible problem areas are related to aspects of menstrual cycle, hormone production disturbances, conception, pregnancy, and delivery. Psychological factors concerning the employment of mixed male-female crews must also be taken into account. Approaches for investigating these problems are discussed, giving attention to the conduction of experiments with female animals.
Quantifying Transient States in Materials with the Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (2009)

The Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM) offers a means of capturing rapid evolution in a specimen through in-situ microscopy experiments by allowing 15 ns electron micrograph exposure times. The rapid exposure time is enabled by creating a burst of electrons at the emitter by ultraviolet pulsed laser illumination. This burst arrives a specified time after a second laser initiates the specimen reaction. The timing of the two Q-switched lasers is controlled by high-speed pulse generators with a timing error much less than the pulse duration. Both diffraction and imaging experiments can be performed, just as in a conventional TEM. The brightness of the emitter and the total current control the spatial and temporal resolutions. We have demonstrated 7 nm spatial resolution in single 15 ns pulsed images. These single-pulse imaging experiments have been used to study martensitic transformations, nucleation and crystallization of an amorphous metal, and rapid chemical reactions. Measurements have been performed on these systems that are possible by no other experimental approaches currently available.
Role of the CD6 glycoprotein in antigen-specific and autoreactive responses of cloned human T lymphocytes. (1996)

CD6 is a 130 000 MW T-cell surface glycoprotein that can deliver coactivating signals to mature T lymphocytes. Studies using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have defined at least four epitopes on CD6, and distinct functional responses are elicited by mAb to the different epitopes. The function of CD6 is unknown. Multiple CD6 ligands are predicted, based on data that a soluble CD6 fusion protein precipitates at least three peptides. A cDNA clone for one of these ligands, termed activated leucocyte-cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) has recently been isolated. In order to further characterize the role of CD6 in cell-cell interactions, we have examined the role of CD6 in a variety of responses by tetanus toxoid (TT) specific human T-cell clones. Anti-CD6 mAb UMCD6 (epitope 3) inhibits antigen-specific responses of such clones to TT, but not to the superantigen SEA. Responses of clones to nominal antigen are CD6-dependent using either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or macrophage-depleted E rosette negative cells as the antigen-presenting cell (APC) population. Furthermore, these clones made autoreactive with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors express increased CD6, and autoreactivity is inhibited by UMCD6. Taken together, the data suggests the existence of a functional CD6 ligand in peripheral blood which is expressed by APC, including cells other than macrophages. Interactions between CD6 and CD6 ligands may regulate both antigen specific and autoreactive responses of human T lymphocytes.
The effect of using components from different manufacturers on the rate of wear and corrosion of the head–stem taper junction of metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties (2016)

The use of stems with heads of another manufacturer does not appear to affect the amount of metal lost from the surfaces between these two components at total hip arthroplasty. Other surgical, implant and patient factors should be considered when determining the mechanisms of failure of large diameter metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:917-24.
2-Methoxy-2-phenylacetic acid (2003)

2-Methoxy-2-phenyl­acetic acid, C9H10O3, forms helical columns of single enantiomers linked by hydrogen bonding between the acidic proton of one mol­ecule and the methoxy O atom of a neighbouring mol­ecule, to give an overall racemic structure.
In vitro release kinetics of biologically active transforming growth factor-β1 from a novel porous glass carrier (1997)

Sol-gel silica-based porous glass (xerogel) was used as a novel carrier material for recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). Room temperature synthesis procedures included sol preparation, the addition of TGF-beta 1 solution to the sol, subsequent gelation and drying. After determination of optimal synthesis parameters, the material was assayed in vitro for its ability to release biologically active TGF-beta 1 in a controlled manner. Sustained release of TGF-beta 1 over a 7-day period was demonstrated. On the basis of published TGF-beta 1 potency, the amount released is capable of eliciting bone tissue reactivity. These findings suggest that this novel glass-growth factor composite may serve as an effective bone graft material for the repair of osseous defects.
Heritability for Alzheimer's Disease: The Study of Dementia in Swedish Twins (1997)

Findings indicate a substantial genetic effect for these predominantly late-onset Alzheimer's disease cases. At the same time, structural modeling results and large intra-pair differences in age of onset suggest that environmental factors are also important in determining whether and when an individual may develop dementia.
Prevention of autoimmune disease by induction of tolerance to Toll-like receptor 7 (2009)

Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR) contributes to the initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases, yet repeated exposure to a TLR agonist can induce hyporesponsiveness to subsequent TLR stimulation. Here, we used a synthetic TLR7 agonist, 9-benzyl-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy) adenine (SM360320, 1V136) to study TLR7 induced attenuation of inflammatory responses and its application to autoimmune diseases. Repeated low dose administration of this TLR7 agonist induced hyporesponsiveness or tolerance to TLR2, -7, and -9 activators and limited the course of neural inflammation in an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model. The hyporesponsiveness did not depend on T or B lymphocytes, but did require bone marrow derived cells. In addition, TLR7 tolerance reduced inflammation in a passive antibody mediated arthritis model. TLR7 tolerance did not cause global immunosuppression, because susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection was not altered. The mechanism of TLR7 tolerance involved the up-regulation of 2 inhibitors of TLR signaling: Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase (IRAK) M, and Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (SHIP)-1. These findings suggest that induction of TLR7 tolerance might be a new therapeutic approach to subdue inflammation in autoimmune diseases.
Analysis of Phosphorus Behavior for Carbon and Phosphorus Cycles System using Giant Reed (2008)

Macrophyte-cultivated wetland has high potential not only to purify the eutrophicated water but also to produce biomass resource. Among a variety of macrophytes, we focused on giant reed (Arundo donax), and its properties of phosphorus uptake, accumulation and translocation were clarified in this study. Phosphorus uptake experiments using outdoor hydroponic culture showed the seasonal variation of phosphorus uptake by giant reed. Furthermore, two kinetic parameters describing the phosphorus uptake by giant reed were obtained. Phosphorus accumulation experiments using radioactive phosphorus suggested that giant reed accumulated the absorbed phosphorus once in rhizomes, and it was distributed for leaves if needed. Phosphorus translocation experiment using radioactive phosphorus indicated that the decreasing of phosphorus in leaves was occurred in the order of location from the bottom to the top, which is relevant to the apparent dying down of the plant. Based on these outcomes, a desirable management method for giant reed cultivated wetland is proposed.
Precision of Iodine Quantification in Hepatic CT: Effects of Iterative Reconstruction With Various Imaging Parameters (2013)

ASIR blended with 50% of FBP indicated a moderate gain in quantitative precision compared with FBP but could achieve more with a higher percentage. A higher gain was achieved by MBIR. These findings may be used to reduce the dose required for reliable quantification and may further serve as a basis for protocol optimization in terms of iodine quantification.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Oxidative Addition of Chloride to Rh2(μ‐dppm)2(CO)2Cl2. (1988)

Abstract Electrochemical oxidation of the title complex (I) in the presence of chloride affords the new unsym. Rh(II) complex (II), which is readily converted to the complex (III).
Nitric oxide contributes to the rise in forearm blood flow during mental stress in humans. (1994)

1. Our aim was to determine whether the vasodilating substance nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the rise in forearm blood flow observed during mental stress in humans. We also determined whether the NO might be released as a result of cholinergic stimulation of the vascular endothelium. 2. Blood flow was measured in both forearms using plethysmography during several 3-5 min bouts of a colour word test. In one forearm the nitric oxide synthase blocker NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and other drugs were infused via a brachial artery catheter. The contralateral forearm served as a control. 3. When L-NMMA was given prior to mental stress it blunted the rise in blood flow in the treated forearm almost completely. The normal blood flow response returned during a second bout of stress conducted after a wash-out period. During a third bout of mental stress, administration of more L-NMMA again blunted the blood flow responses to mental stress. 4. When atropine was given prior to mental stress, the increases in blood flow were reduced in the treated forearm. Subsequent administration of both atropine and L-NMMA caused a somewhat greater reduction in the blood flow responses than those observed with atropine alone. 5. These data demonstrate that NO plays a role in forearm vasodilatation during mental stress in humans. It is likely that most of the NO is released by cholinergic stimulation of the vascular endothelium.
Activity And Enantioselectivity Of Modified Lipases In Organic Solvents (2000)

Lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Candida antarctica component B (CalB), and cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi were chemically modified with tresyl activated polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MPEG). The enantioselectivity of the native and the modified lipases in the transesterification reaction of three different chiral alcohols was measured in o-xylene and tert-butyl methyl ether at the optimal water activities. Both activity and enantioselectivity changed upon modification of the enzymes. To study the effect of the hydrophobicity of the modifier and degree of modification on the activity and enantioselcctivity of CalB in more depth, this lipase was chemically modified with MPEG, polyethylene glycol monooctyl ether (OPEG) and n-octanol (OCT). The hydrophobicity of the modifier had a profound effect on the enantioselectivity. Whereas MPEG modification increased the cnantioselectivity of CalB, modification with OPEG and OCT decreased the enantioselectivity as compared to native CalB. With higher degrees of modification both activity and enantioselectivity increased. The enthalpic and en tropic contributions to the enantioselectivity, ΔΔH#R-S, and ΔΔS#R-S, were calculated from the E-values measured at various temperatures. No clear correlation was observed between ΔΔH#R-S or ΔΔS#R-S, and the degree of modification, structure or hydrophobicity of the modifier. Linear enthalpy-entropy compensation was observed for the different CalB spccies.The present results indicate that, in order to increase enzyme activity and enantioselectivity, a modifier should be used which positively affects the porosity of the enzyme aggregates or enzyme flexibility. Also higher degrees of modification are preferred.
Metalation of Water-Soluble Octabromoporphyrin with Lithium(I), Cadmium(II), and Mercury(II) (1996)

Abstract A water-soluble porphyrin, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2obtpps4−; H2P4−) was synthesized and the equilibrium constants have been determined for the reaction of H2obtpps4− with lithium(I), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) at 25 °C in I = 0.1 mol dm−3 (NaNO3). The protonation constants of H2obtpps4− were found to be 104.83 ± 0.04 mol−1 dm3, 101.96 ± 0.06 mol−1 dm3, and 10−10.02 ± 0.02 mol dm−3 for K1 = [H3P3−][H+]−1[H2P4−]−1, K2 = [H4P2−][H+]−1[H3P3−]−1, and K−1 = [HP5−][H+][H2P4−]−1, respectively. The porphyrin reacted with lithium(I) in alkaline aqueous solution to form LiP5−, of which formation constant was 10−18.81 ± 0.02 mol dm−3 for KLiP = [LiP5−][H+]2[Li+]−1[H2P4−]−1. Sodium and potassium ions did not form their complexes under the same experimental conditions. The equilibrium constants for the formation of cadmium(II) and mercury(II) porphyrins defined by KMP = [MP4−][H+]2[M2+]−1[H2P4−]−1, M = Cd2+; Hg2+, were 10−8.60 ± 0.13 mol dm−3 and 100.12 ± 0.06 mol dm−3 for KCdP and KHgP, respectively. Mercury(II) also forms homodinuclear porphyrin, Hg2P, and the value was 103.57 ± 0.03 mol−1 dm3 for KHg2P = [Hg2P2−][Hg2+]−1[HgP4−]−1. The octabromo groups lower the basicity of the porphyrin, which results in the formation of lithium(I) porphyrin.
Plasma corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) in abnormal pregnancy (1988)

Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) was measured directly in maternal plasma using an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). In the first and second trimester CRF levels were within the non-pregnant range (mean 15 pg/ml). A total of 72 women was followed sequentially from 28 weeks until delivery and CRF levels rose from a median of 20 pg/ml at 28 weeks to 1320 pg/ml at 40 weeks and 1732 pg/ml during labour. There was a strong correlation (rs = 0.81, P less than 0.001) between gestational age and CRF levels. The rate of rise of CRF (pg/ml) per week was associated with weight gain (rs = 0.36, P less than 0.05) but with no other obstetric variable. There was an association between umbilical cord and maternal plasma CRF levels (rs = 0.54, P less than 0.01).
The Pierre Auger Observatory III: Other Astrophysical Observations (2011)

Astrophysical observations of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory
Optimal scheduling for multiple serially concatenated codes (2003)

In this paper an algorithm is proposed that\nfinds the optimal activation schedule for the component\ndecoders for iterative decoding of systems with three or\nmore serially concatenated codes. It is optimal in terms\nof minimizing the total decoding complexity required to\nreach the convergence point. It is also demonstrated that\nthe convergence threshold can be found by combining\nseveral three-dimensional extrinsic information transfer\n(EXIT) surfaces into one two-dimensional EXIT chart.
Methacrylated Kraft lignin as a double-edged sword: a quantitative analysis of Kraft lignin-containing objects printed by stereolithography (2023)

Finding an alternative to fossil-based resins which is renewable, sustainable, and affordable is an important step to enable large-scale industrial manufacturing using stereolithography. Lignin has shown some potential to fulfil these requirements. However, examples that contain Kraft lignin, which is produced industrially at a rate of 70 million tons per year, are relatively scarce compared to examples using organosolv lignin or lignin model compounds. In this work, we fractionated and modified Kraft lignin and blended it with a commercially available stereolithography resin produce 3D printed objects. We thoroughly characterized the lignin, the resins, and the 3D printed objects, and conclude that while our modification scheme allows for smooth incorporation of large amounts Kraft lignin into resins (up to 10% (w/w), or 10 times the amount previously demonstrated as possible), and the lignin itself aids in the photopolymerization process (Ec = 662(2) mJ·cm-2 for the base case, Ec = 0.763(1) mJ·cm-2 for resins containing 10% (w/w) lignin), the printed objects are weaker (σ = 20(1) MPa) and more brittle (ε = 1.12(5)%) than the control that contains no Kraft lignin (σ = 46.3(5) MPa, ε = 3.95(9)%). Together, these results demonstrate the importance of lignin modifications to create miscible blends for stereolithography resins but highlight the need for further understanding how these modifications can simultaneously enhance photo- and mechanical properties of printed objects. These are an important first step towards creating 3D printable objects that contain industrially relevant lignin.
Laboratory-Scale Synthesis of Nitriles by Catalysed Dehydration of Amides and Oximes under Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis (FVP) Conditions (2007)

Dehydration of amides and oximes can be catalysed by 3 Å molecular sieves or by tungsten trioxide under flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) conditions. This provides a convenient synthesis of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic nitriles, generally in excellent yields under mild, neutral, and short contact time conditions.
Computer-aided diagnostic scheme for distinction between benign and malignant nodules in thoracic low-dose CT by use of massive training artificial neural network (2005)

Low-dose helical computed tomography (LDCT) is being applied as a modality for lung cancer screening. It may be difficult, however, for radiologists to distinguish malignant from benign nodules in LDCT. Our purpose in this study was to develop a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for distinction between benign and malignant nodules in LDCT scans by use of a massive training artificial neural network (MTANN). The MTANN is a trainable, highly nonlinear filter based on an artificial neural network. To distinguish malignant nodules from six different types of benign nodules, we developed multiple MTANNs (multi-MTANN) consisting of six expert MTANNs that are arranged in parallel. Each of the MTANNs was trained by use of input CT images and teaching images containing the estimate of the distribution for the "likelihood of being a malignant nodule," i.e., the teaching image for a malignant nodule contains a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution and that for a benign nodule contains zero. Each MTANN was trained independently with ten typical malignant nodules and ten benign nodules from each of the six types. The outputs of the six MTANNs were combined by use of an integration ANN such that the six types of benign nodules could be distinguished from malignant nodules. After training of the integration ANN, our scheme provided a value related to the "likelihood of malignancy" of a nodule, i.e., a higher value indicates a malignant nodule, and a lower value indicates a benign nodule. Our database consisted of 76 primary lung cancers in 73 patients and 413 benign nodules in 342 patients, which were obtained from a lung cancer screening program on 7847 screenees with LDCT for three years in Nagano, Japan. The performance of our scheme for distinction between benign and malignant nodules was evaluated by use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Our scheme achieved an Az (area under the ROC curve) value of 0.882 in a round-robin test. Our scheme correctly identified 100% (76/76) of malignant nodules as malignant, whereas 48% (200/413) of benign nodules were identified correctly as benign. Therefore, our scheme may be useful in assisting radiologists in the diagnosis of lung nodules in LDCT.
An orthonormal class of exact and simple DFT eigenvectors with a high degree of symmetry (2003)

The paper presents a novel orthonormal class of eigenvectors of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) whose order N is factored as N=rM/sup 2/. The DFT eigenvectors have the form e=E/spl alpha/, where /spl alpha/ are eigenvectors of some /spl lscr/ /spl times//spl lscr/ matrices, given by, or related to, the DFT matrix of order r, with /spl lscr/ = r, 2r, or 4r, and the matrix E expands /spl alpha/ to the full DFT size N=rM/sup 2/. In particular, when N is an arbitrarily large power of 2, r may be 1 or 2. The resulting eigenvectors are expressed exactly with simple exponential expressions, have a considerable number of elements constrained to 0, and show a high degree of symmetry. The derivation of such a class is based on a partition of the N-dimensional linear space into subspaces of very small dimension (r, 2r or 4r).
Dominant distribution of mitochondrial DNA from recipient oocytes in bovine embryos and offspring after nuclear transfer (1999)

In the process of nuclear transfer, heteroplasmic sources of mitochondrial DNA from a donor cell and a recipient oocyte are mixed in the cytoplasm of the reconstituted embryo. The distribution of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in nuclear transfer bovine embryos and resultant offspring was investigated by measuring polymorphism in the displacement loop region of mitochondrial DNA using PCR-mediated single-strand conformation polymorphism. Most offspring (20 of 21 calves) from recipient oocytes of undefined mitochondrial DNA genotypes showed different genotypes from the mitochondrial DNA of donor cells. The single calf that was an exception showed heteroplasmy, including the donor mitochondrial DNA genotype. Six cloned calves were produced from oocytes of a defined mitochondrial DNA genotype. All of these clonal members and various tissues showed only the mitochondrial DNA genotype derived from the oocyte. The mitochondrial DNA from donor cells appeared to be eliminated during early embryonic development; it gradually decreased at the early cleavage stages and was hardly detectable by the blastocyst stage. These results indicate that the genotype of mitochondrial DNA from recipient oocytes may become the dominant category of mitochondrial DNA in calves resulting from nuclear transfer.
Nitric oxide mediates vasodilatation in response to activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in brain. (1993)

Neurons release nitric oxide (NO) in response to activation of receptors for the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). We examined the hypothesis that activation of receptors for NMDA produces dilatation of the cerebral microcirculation that is mediated by NO. Diameters of cerebral arterioles were measured using a closed cranial window in anesthetized rabbits. Under control conditions, topical NMDA produced concentration-related dilatation of pial arterioles. Dilatation in response to NMDA was inhibited selectively by MK-801 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) and tetrodotoxin, suggesting that responses to NMDA were receptor mediated and dependent on neuronal activation. Increases in arteriolar diameter in response to NMDA were not affected by L-arginine but were inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine, suggesting that the vasodilatation was mediated by NO. Dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to NMDA was not inhibited by indomethacin, suggesting that cyclooxygenase products do not mediate the response. Using isolated cerebral arteries, we also examined whether NMDA elicited direct cerebral vascular effects. In intact arteries studied in vitro, NMDA had no effect on vascular tone, suggesting that cerebral arteries lack receptors for NMDA. These findings suggest that NO generated in response to activation of receptors for NMDA in vivo is neuronally derived and not due to a direct vascular effect. Thus, NO may mediate increases in local blood flow during increases in neuronal activity in response to excitatory amino acids.