gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid and cost-effective technology development using TCAD: a case study (1999)

Rapid and cost effective technology development is required in order to meet competitive time to market constraints for modern semiconductor products. TCAD tools are indispensable for meeting both time and cost targets by pinpointing the required development effort and thereby reducing the development work required. In this study, the requirement is to increase the substrate breakdown voltages and thereby reducing the development work required. In this study, the requirement is to increase the substrate breakdown voltages of both npn and pnp bipolar transistors for a complimentary vertical bipolar process from 120V to 155V. A design of experiment approach to both device layout and process technology development is used to ensure that both layout and process sensitivities are rigorously considered in designing-in the manufacturability of the technology at the development stage. TCAD tools are used to show that the increased breakdown voltages can be achieved purely by optimizing the device layout. A layout DOE is performed to guarantee that there is no marginality relating to the device layout. Monte Carlo analysis then performed to determine the process steps that the breakdown voltage is most sensitive to. A process DOE is then run to ensure that there is no marginality relating to the process.
Polarization Effects on the Surface Chemistry ofPbTiO3-Supported Pt Films (2007)

To demonstrate a new paradigm of dynamical control of surface structure and reactivity, we perform density functional theory calculations of the adsorption of several molecules and atoms to the surface of ultrathin Pt(100) films supported on ferroelectric PbTiO3. We show that reorienting the polarization direction of the substrate can dramatically change the chemisorption energies of CO, O, C, and N and alter the reaction pathways for dissociation of CO, O2, N2, and NO. We discuss the structural and electronic effects of a polarized substrate on the metal surface, and we suggest potential applications in tunable catalysis.
Broadband antireflective structures applied to high resistive float zone silicon in the THz spectral range (2009)

The optimal structural parameters for an antireflective structure in high resistive float zone silicon are deduced for a rectangular and a hexagonal structure. For this the dependence of the effective index from the filling factor was calculated for both grating types. The structures were manufactured by the Bosch-process. The required structural parameters for a continuous profile require an adaption of the fabrication process. Challenges are the depth and the slight positive slope of the structures. Starting point for the realization of the antireflective structures was the manufacturing of deep binary gratings. A rectangular structure and a hexagonal structure with period 50 mum and depth 500 mum were realized. Measurements with a THz time domain spectroscopy setup show an increase of the electric field amplitude of 15.2% for the rectangular grating and 21.76% for the hexagonal grating. The spectral analysis shows that the bandwidth of the hexagonal grating reaches from 0.1 to 2 THz.
Nanoelectromechanical Systems (2000)

Nanoelectromechanical systems, or NEMS, are MEMS scaled to submicron dimensions. In this size regime, it is possible to attain extremely high fundamental frequencies while simultaneously preserving very high mechanical responsivity (small force constants). This powerful combination of attributes translates directly into high force sensitivity, operability at ultralow power, and the ability to induce usable nonlinearity with quite modest control forces. In this overview I shall provide an introduction to NEMS and will outline several of their exciting initial applications. However, a stiff entry fee exists at the threshold to this new domain: new engineering is crucial to realizing the full potential of NEMS. Certain mainstays in the methodology of MEMS will, simply, not scale usefully into the regime of NEMS. The most problematic of issues are the size of the devices compared to their embedding circuitry, their extreme surface-to-volume ratios, and their unconventional "characteristic range of operation". These give rise to some of the principal current challenges in developing NEMS. Most prominent among these are the need for: ultrasensitive, very high bandwidth displacement transducers; an unprecedented control of surface quality and adsorbates; novel modes of efficient actuation at the nanoscale, and precise, robust, and routinely reproducible new approaches to surface and bulk nanomachining. I survey each of these aspects in turn, and conclude by describing several of the exciting prospects in this new field.
Binding of Shc to the NPXY Motif Is Mediated by Its N-terminal Domain (1995)

Shc is an SH2-containing adapter protein that binds to and is phosphorylated by a large number of growth factor receptors. Phosphorylated Shc is able to interact with the Grb2-Sos complex which is responsible for mediating nucleotide exchange on Ras. We have shown previously that binding of Shc to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like receptor, c-ErbB-3, is through an NPXY motif (Prigent, S. A., and Gullick, W. J. (1994) EMBO J. 13, 2831-2841) shared by middle T antigen, TrkA, and EGF receptor. It has recently been reported that a region distinct from the SH2 domain is able to bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. In this paper we have used fusion proteins of various Shc domains to show that it is the N-terminal domain of Shc that is primarily responsible for binding EGF receptor and c-ErbB-3. Furthermore, by competition studies with synthetic phosphopeptides we have shown that this N-terminal domain binds to the previously identified NPXY motif.
Activation of the orphan receptor COUP-TF1 by 1,1-bis(3’-indolyl)-1-(4-pyridyl)methane. (2006)

5348 Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor (COUP-TF) is an orphan nuclear receptor that can bind DNA as a homodimer or a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor or thyroid hormone receptor. COUP-TF exhibits multiple tissue-specific functions and these include silencing of other nuclear receptors and transcription factors. Ligand-dependent activation of COUP-TF has hitherto not been reported. Studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that different structural classes of triaryl methanes containing two bis-indole substituents activate several orphan receptors and a subclass of 1,1-bis(3’-indolyl)-1-(heteroaromatic)methanes were identified as COUP-TF1 activators. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with chimeric Gal4-COUP-TF1-FL (full length) expression and a pGal4 construct containing 5 tandem Gal4 response elements linked to a luciferase receptor gene, 10-20uM 1,1-bis(3’-indolyl)-1-(4-pyridyl)methane (DIM-C-Pyr-4) induced transactivation. The effect of several other analogs containing heteroaromatic rings including the 3- and 2-pyridyl isomers were also investigated and exhibited minimal activation of Gal4-COUP-TF1. We also determined the effects of DIM-C-Pyr-4 on activation of chimeric COUP-TF1-ΔC (aa 1-211) and COUP-TF1-ΔN (aa 151-423) and in which regions of the ligand binding domain E and the A/B domain were deleted respectively. DIM-C-Pyr-4 induced transactivation > 15 fold in cells transfected with COUP-TF1-ΔC (aa 1-211) whereas decreased (>3 fold) but significant transactivation was observed in cells transfected with COUP-TF1-ΔN (aa 151-423). Cotreatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor blocked the DIM-C-Pyr-4-induced transcriptional activation of COUP-TF1-ΔC (aa 1-211) by 70%. We also investigated ligand-dependent interaction of Gal4-coactivator (SRC-1, SRC-2, SRC-3, TRAP220, CARM1 and PGC-1) and VP16-COUP-TF1 (full-length) in a mammalian two-hybrid assay in LNCaP cells and SRC-1 and SRC-2 were the major COUP-TF1 interacting coactivators. This represents the first report of COUP-TF1 activation and current studies are investigating the mechanisms of this response and the effects on gene expression.
A High‐ Q Microwave Dielectric Material Based on Mg 3 B 2 O 6 (2010)

The microwave dielectric properties and microstructure of Mg 3 B 2 O 6 ceramics with the addition of 0–5 wt% Mg 2 B 2 O 5 were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy of the Mg 3 B 2 O 6 ceramics sintered at 1310°C revealed the presence of anisotropic, exaggeratedly grown grains with a crystallographic fault that extends along the direction of the anisotropy. The most pronounced, exaggerated grain growth was observed for Mg 3 B 2 O 6 with 5 wt% of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 . The anisotropic grains were examined by electron backscatter diffraction. The analysis of the Kikuchi pattern showed that the crystallographic fault is a (011) twinning plane. The duration of annealing was found to have no significant effect on the dielectric permittivity, while the Q × f values increased two times with a prolongation of the annealing from 20 to 160 h. The highest Q × f value of 240 000 GHz was measured for Mg 3 B 2 O 6 ceramics with 5 wt% of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 . These ceramics consisted of 10 times larger grains than the Mg 3 B 2 O 6 ceramics without the added Mg 2 B 2 O 5 , which also showed high Q × f values of 200 000 GHz. The decrease of the amorphous phase during the annealing could be one of the reasons for this improvement of the Q × f values.
TPV efficiency predictions and measurements for a closed cavity geometry (1997)

A thermophotovoltaic (TPV) efficiency measurement, within a closed cavity, is an integrated test which incorporates four fundamental parameters of TPV direct energy conversion. These are: (1) the TPV devices, (2) spectral control, (3) a radiation/photon source, and (4) closed cavity geometry effects. The overall efficiency of the TPV device is controlled by the TPV cell performance, the spectral control characteristics, the radiator temperature and the geometric arrangement. Controlled efficiency measurements and predictions provide valuable feedback on all four. This paper describes and compares two computer codes developed to model 16, 1 cm2 TPV cells (in a 4×4 configuration) in a cavity geometry. The first code, subdivides the infrared spectrum into several bands and then numerically integrates over the spectrum to provide absorbed heat flux and cell electrical output performance predictions (assuming infinite parallel plates). The second code, utilizes a Monte Carlo Photon Transport code that tracks photons, from birth at the radiation source, until they either escape or are absorbed. Absorption depends upon energy dependent reflection probabilities assigned to every geometrical surface within the cavity The model also has the capability of tallying above and below bandgap absorptions (as a function of location) and can support various radiator temperature profiles. The arrays were fabricated using 0.55 eV InGaAs cells with Si/SiO interference filters for spectral control and at steady state conditions, array efficiency was calculated as the ratio of the load matched power to its absorbed heat flux. Preliminary experimental results are also compared with predictions.
Pilot-Scale Demonstration of the OSCAR Process for High-Temperature Multipollutant Control of Coal Combustion Flue Gas, Using Carbonated Fly Ash and Mesoporous Calcium Carbonate (2007)

A pilot-scale study of the Ohio State Carbonation Ash Reactivation (OSCAR) process was performed to demonstrate the reactivity of two novel calcium-based sorbents toward sulfur and trace heavy metal (arsenic, selenium, and mercury) capture in the furnace sorbent injection (FSI) mode on a 0.365 m3/s slipstream of a bituminous coal-fired stoker boiler. The sorbents were synthesized by bubbling CO2 to precipitate calcium carbonate (a) from the unreacted calcium present in the lime spray dryer ash and (b) from calcium hydroxide slurry that contained a negatively charged dispersant. The heterogeneous reaction between these sorbents and SO2 gas occurred under entrained flow conditions by injecting fine sorbent powders into the flue gas slipstream. The reacted sorbents were captured either in a hot cyclone (∼650 °C) or in the relatively cooler downstream baghouse (∼230 °C). The baghouse samples indicated ∼90% toward sulfation and captured arsenic, selenium and mercury to 800 ppmw, 175 ppmw and 3.6 ppmw, respectively.
An Analysis of Wireless Network Coding for Unicast Sessions: The Case for Coding-Aware Routing (2007)

A recent approach, COPE, for improving the throughput of unicast traffic in wireless multi-hop networks exploits the broadcast nature of the wireless medium through opportunistic network coding. In this paper, we analyze throughput improvements obtained by COPE-type network coding in wireless networks from a theoretical perspective. We make two key contributions. First, we obtain a theoretical formulation for computing the throughput of network coding on any wireless network topology and any pattern of concurrent unicast traffic sessions. Second, we advocate that routing be made aware of network coding opportunities rather than, as in COPE, being oblivious to it. More importantly, our work studies the tradeoff between routing flows "close to each other" for utilizing coding opportunities and "away from each other" for avoiding wireless interference. Our theoretical formulation provides a method for computing source-destination routes and utilizing the best coding opportunities from available ones so as to maximize the throughput. We handle scheduling of broadcast transmissions subject to wireless transmit/receive diversity and link interference in our optimization framework. Using our formulations, we compare the performance of traditional unicast routing and network coding with coding-oblivious and coding-aware routing on a variety of mesh network topologies, including some derived from contemporary mesh network testbeds. Our evaluations show that a route selection strategy that is aware of network coding opportunities leads to higher end-to-end throughput when compared to coding-oblivious routing strategies.
Changing urban forms and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A case study of 30 provincial capital cities (2015)

Urban form is increasingly being recognised by scientists for the potential role it might play in the coordination of sustainable urban development and the reduction of CO2 emissions. However, despite increasing interest in the morphology of cities in climate change science, few quantitative estimates have been made of the effects of urban form on CO2 emissions. The goal of this study is to quantify this relation, using panel data for China's 30 provincial capital cities from 1990 to 2010. In order to meet this aim, we first selected a series of urban form indicators, which we quantified by applying spatial metrics to remotely sensed data. We then estimated CO2 emission levels using a unified standard method recommended by the IPCC Guidelines, and subsequently performed a panel data analysis. The results of the study demonstrated a positive correlation between the growth of urban areas and CO2 emission levels. Further, it was also found that increased "urban continuity" led to reductions in CO2 emissions and that, conversely, increased "urban shape complexity" exerted a positive influence in relation to CO2 emissions. The findings of this study indicate that measures to make existing cities in China more compact may in fact help to reduce levels of CO2 emissions, just as increasing fragmentation or increased irregularity with respect to urban form may contribute to increased CO2 emissions. If serious about achieving meaningful reductions in CO2 emissions, decision makers and planners should take urban form into consideration when developing low-carbon cities in China. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Differential modulation of κ and μ opioid antinociception by the glycine/NMDA receptor agonist D‐serine (1994)

D‐Serine, a selective agonist for the strychnine‐insensitive glycine allosteric site associated with the NMDA receptor‐ion channel complex, was found to modulate differentially the antinociception produced by κ and μ‐opioid receptor agonists in the rat formalin test. D‐Serine (100 μg, i.c.v.) attenuated the antinociception produced by the selective κ‐opioid agonist, enadoline (0.003–0.1 mg kg −1 , s.c.) against the tonic, but not acute, phase of the formalin response. Conversely, D‐serine potentiated the antinociception produced by morphine (0.3–10 mg kg −1 , s.c.) against both the acute and tonic phases. These results demonstrate an important interaction between the opioid and NMDA/glycine systems in the control of nociceptive information possibly at different levels of the neuraxis.
Heat Therapy with Relevance to the Reversal of NAFLD and Diabetes (2017)

Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1), Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1), Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)
Parallel clines in native and introduced ragweed populations are likely due to adaptation (2019)

Abstract As introduced species expand their ranges, they often encounter differences in climate which are often correlated with geography. For introduced species, encountering a geographically variable climate sometimes leads to the re-establishment of clines seen in the native range. However, clines can also be caused by neutral processes, and so it is important to gather additional evidence that population differentiation is the result of selection as opposed to non-adaptive processes. Here, we examine phenotypic and genetic differences in ragweed from the native (North America) and introduced (European) ranges. We used a common garden to assess phenotypic differentiation in size and flowering time in ragweed populations. We found significant parallel clines in flowering time in both North America and Europe. Height and branch number had significant clines in North America and, while not statistically significant, the patterns in Europe were the same. We used SNP data to assess population structure in both ranges and to compare phenotypic differentiation to neutral genetic variation. We failed to detect significant patterns of isolation by distance, geographic patterns in population structure, or correlations between the major axes of SNP variation and phenotypes or latitude of origin. We conclude that the clines seen for flowering time and size are most likely the result of adaptation.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Structural weakening of the colonic mucus barrier is an early event in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis. (2019)

OBJECTIVE: The colonic inner mucus layer protects us from pathogens and commensal-induced inflammation, and has been shown to be defective in active UC. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying compositional alterations, their molecular background and potential contribution to UC pathogenesis.DESIGN: In this single-centre case-control study, sigmoid colon biopsies were obtained from patients with UC with ongoing inflammation (n=36) or in remission (n=28), and from 47 patients without colonic disease. Mucus samples were collected from biopsies ex vivo, and their protein composition analysed by nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mucus penetrability and goblet cell responses to microbial stimulus were assessed in a subset of patients.RESULTS: The core mucus proteome was found to consist of a small set of 29 secreted/transmembrane proteins. In active UC, major structural mucus components including the mucin MUC2 (p< 0.0001) were reduced, also in non-inflamed segments. Active UC was associated with decreased numbers of sentinel goblet cells and attenuation of the goblet cell secretory response to microbial challenge. Abnormal penetrability of the inner mucus layer was observed in a subset of patients with UC (12/40; 30%). Proteomic alterations in penetrable mucus samples included a reduction of the SLC26A3 apical membrane anion exchanger, which supplies bicarbonate required for colonic mucin barrier formation.CONCLUSION: Core mucus structural components were reduced in active UC. These alterations were associated with attenuation of the goblet cell secretory response to microbial challenge, but occurred independent of local inflammation. Thus, mucus abnormalities are likely to contribute to UC pathogenesis.© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. PMID: 30914450 Funding information This work was supported by: NIAID NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: U01 AI095473
Predicting US‐ and state‐level cancer counts for the current calendar year (2012)

The current spatiotemporal prediction model is adequate to provide reasonable estimates of case counts. To project the estimated case counts ahead 4 years, the vector autoregressive model is recommended to be the best temporal projection method for producing estimates closest to the observed case counts.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Grafted-Acrylic Acid Aerogels with Superabsorbent Properties (2018)

In this work, we applied a fast and simple method to synthesize cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aerogels, via a hydrothermal strategy followed by freeze drying. The characteristics and morphology of the obtained CNC-g-AA aerogels were affected by the hydrothermal treatment time, volume of added AA (acrylic acid), and the mass fraction of the CNCs. The formation mechanism of the aerogels involved free radical graft copolymerization of AA and CNCs with the cross-linker N,N′-methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBA) during the hydrothermal process. The swelling ratio of the CNC-g-AA aerogels was as high as 495:1, which is considerably greater than that of other polysaccharide-g-AA aerogels systems. Moreover, the CNC-g-AA aerogels exhibited an excellent methyl blue (MB) adsorption capacity and the ability to undergo rapid desorption/regeneration. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CNC-g-AA aerogels for MB was greater than 400 mg/g. Excellent regeneration performance further indicates the promise of our CNC-g-AA aerogels as an adsorbent for applications in environmental remediation.
ABCD matrix for weakly apertured Gaussian beams in the far field (1991)

When a Gaussian beam is weakly diffracted by a circular aperture it can be approximated by another Gaussian beam with slightly different properties in the far field. In this Technical Note, using the relationship between these two Gaussian beams, before and after the aperture, an ABCD matrix is defined for cascaded laser systems.
Nonsteady-state surface plasmons in periodically patterned structures (2004)

The properties of nonsteady-state surface plasmon modes are analyzed for general grating structures and in particular for short pitch, high aspect ratio gratings and lamellar gratings. Numerical simulations of grating structures are described including a transformed coordinate, coupled plane wave approach known as the Chandezon method. A model of radiating light-surface plasmon coupling is then developed that allows for the extension of steady-state calculations involving time independent incident and reflected intensities to nonsteady-state situations involving no incident light but exponentially time dependent decaying emission intensity. Properties such as surface plasmon dispersion curves, electromagnetic field profiles, incident light-surface plasmon coupling efficiency, surface plasmon-radiating light coupling efficiency, overall radiation efficiency, and lifetime or decay constant are analyzed. It is seen that the surface plasmon modes of several structures couple strongly to incident and radiating light producing high surface plasmon-radiating light conversion and short lifetimes.