gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidermal transformation leads to increased perlecan synthesis with heparin-binding-growth-factor affinity (2001)

Perlecan, a proteoglycan of basement membrane and extracellular matrices, has important roles in both normal biological and pathological processes. As a result of its ability to store and protect growth factors, perlecan may have crucial roles in tumour-cell growth and invasion. Since the biological functions of different types of glycosaminoglycan vary with cellular origin and structural modifications, we analysed the expression and biological functions of perlecan produced by a normal epidermal cell line (JB6) and its transformed counterpart (RT101). Expression of perlecan in tumorigenic cells was significantly increased in both mRNA and protein levels. JB6 perlecan was exclusively substituted with heparan sulphate, whereas that of RT101 contained some additional chondroitin sulphate. Detailed structural analysis of the heparan sulphate (HS) chains from perlecan of both cell types revealed that their overall sulphation and chain length were similar (≈ 60kDa), but the HS chains of tumour-cell-derived perlecan were less sulphated. This resulted from reduced 2-O- and 6-O-sulphation, but not N-sulphation, and an increase in the proportion of unsulphated disaccharides. Despite this, the heparan sulphate of RT101- and JB6-derived perlecan bound fibroblast growth factor-1, -2, -4 and -7 and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor with similar affinity. Therefore abundant tumour-derived perlecan may support the angiogenic responses seen in vivo and be a key player in tumorigenesis.
Control in the Rate-Determining Step Provides a Promising Strategy To Develop New Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation: A Local Pair Natural Orbital Coupled Cluster Theory Study (2015)

The development of efficient catalysts with base metals for CO2 hydrogenation has always been a major thrust of interest. A series of experimental and theoretical work has revealed that the catalytic cycle typically involves two key steps, namely, base-promoted heterolytic H2 splitting and hydride transfer to CO2, either of which can be the rate-determining step (RDS) of the entire reaction. To explore the determining factor for the nature of RDS, we present herein a comparative mechanistic investigation on CO2 hydrogenation mediated by [M(H)(η(2)-H2)(PP3(Ph))](n+) (M = Fe(II), Ru(II), and Co(III); PP3(Ph) = tris(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)phosphine) type complexes. In order to construct reliable free energy profiles, we used highly correlated wave function based ab initio methods of the coupled cluster type alongside the standard density functional theory. Our calculations demonstrate that the hydricity of the metal-hydride intermediate generated by H2 splitting dictates the nature of the RDS for the Fe(II) and Co(III) systems, while the RDS for the Ru(II) catalyst appears to be ambiguous. CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by the Fe(II) complex that possesses moderate hydricity traverses an H2-splitting RDS, whereas the RDS for the high-hydricity Co(III) species is found to be the hydride transfer. Thus, our findings suggest that hydricity can be used as a practical guide in future catalyst design. Enhancing the electron-accepting ability of low-hydricity catalysts is likely to improve their catalytic performance, while increasing the electron-donating ability of high-hydricity complexes may speed up CO2 conversion. Moreover, we also established the active roles of base NEt3 in directing the heterolytic H2 splitting and assisting product release through the formation of an acid-base complex.
Carbon and nitrogen sources differently influence Penicillium sp. HC1 conidiation in solid and liquid culture (2015)

This work evaluates the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on conidiophore and conidia formation in Penicillium sp. HC1, a cellulolytic and xylanolytic fungi arousing industrial interest. A factorial design was used having two variables: A carbon source (glucose, sucrose, cassava starch, wheat bran, and rice flour) and a nitrogen source (tryptose, yeast extract, (NH4)2HPO4, and KNO3). The resulting 20 combinations were evaluated in both solid and liquid medium. Different C:N ratios (5:1, 10:1, 20:1, and 40:1) were also evaluated for one of the combinations. The results revealed the influence of both carbon and nitrogen sources on conidiophore and conidia morphology and the amount of conidia produced; however, this depended on culture condition. A particular culture&rsquo;s condition could also influence conidia tolerance to stressful conditions; conidia having close to 100% tolerance were obtained in liquid media having complex carbon sources and inorganic nitrogen sources. Regarding the C:N ratio, it was found out that nitrogen limitation increased conidia tolerance for both conditions (solid, liquid), the effect being more noticeable in submerged conditions. Understanding the effects of nutrition on conidia production and quality in fungi having industrial interest is a key issue when developing large-scale production. Key words: Complex carbon source, conidia, conidiophore, inorganic nitrogen source, medium conditions.
State Calculation of Power Systems From Line Flow Measurements (1970)

This paper describes a new and efficient method for computing a real-time load flow solution of a power system network. The use of line flow measurements is proposed and it is shown that this measurement scheme shows superiority in speed, accuracy and numerical behavior together with advantages in error detection and identification.
Automatic test case generation from relational algebra queries (2003)

The authors: develop mapping rules from the relational algebra to linear predicates defining relations in the (output) domain; describe how these predicates can be interpreted in the (input) domain using f/sub Q/, a specified query relation; describe a translation from these predicates to sets of systems of linear inequalities; and discuss the use of a set of systems of linear inequalities to generate complete test cases, inputs, and expected outputs from the queries using the domain testing theory. The proposed techniques support software development based on specification testing, specification-directed testing, and rapid prototyping.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Study of Frictional Forces Between Rotating Pipe and Wellbore in Horizontal Wells: Experimental and Modeling (2018)

Downhole torque measurements have become an inherent part of MWD (measurement while drilling) systems. It allows drilling engineers to estimate the downhole friction and detect the presence of obstructions, for instance, cuttings bed caused by insufficient cuttings transport. The latter is a big concern when drilling horizontal and extended-reach wells. This paper describes a method of well friction analysis as a function of adjustable drilling parameters and parameters that describe moving cuttings dune. Experiments are performed in a pipe with an internal diameter of 0.04 m and 5° inclination from the horizon, which represents a wellbore. An inside rotating pipe with an outer diameter of 0.025 m simulates a drillpipe, with a possibility of rotating speed from 0 to 1000 RPM (revolutions per minute). Glass pellets are used to simulate and display cuttings behavior in the wellbore. An electric motor is used to provide rotation of the drillpipe, supplied with an encoder to measure the electric current associated with the torque. The measurements are used to calculate the torque loss over the studied pipe length. A high-speed camera installed outside the outer pipe allows capturing images of the height of the particle bed as well as the pipe eccentricity, which increases with distance from the origin (rotating mechanism) due to the pipe’s weight and inclination. The combined effect of these factors on the kinetic friction between the outer and inner pipes is investigated in this paper. Ultimately, the friction factor is calculated by equating measured motor torque to the theoretical torque. The main objective of the study is a development of a methodology to express the friction factor in terms of adjustable drilling parameters in an environment, complicated with the presence of moving cuttings bed and varying pipe eccentricity. This study can supplement other research that is aimed to improve understanding of the intricate phenomenon of the wellbore friction.
The single translation product of the FUM1 gene (fumarase) is processed in mitochondria before being distributed between the cytosol and mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1994)

The yeast mitochondrial and cytosolic isoenzymes of fumarase, which are encoded by a single nuclear gene (FUM1), follow a unique mechanism of protein subcellular localization and distribution. Translation of all FUM1 messages initiates only from the 5'-proximal AUG codon and results in a single translation product that contains the targeting sequence located within the first 32 amino acids of the precursor. All fumarase molecules synthesized in the cell are processed by the mitochondrial matrix signal peptidase; nevertheless, most of the enzyme (80 to 90%) ends up in the cytosol. The translocation and processing of fumarase are cotranslational. We suggest that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the single type of initial translation product of the FUM1 gene is first partially translocated, and then a subset of these molecules continues to be fully translocated into the organelle, whereas the rest are folded into an import-incompetent state and are released by the retrograde movement of fumarase into the cytosol.
Development and Cellular Applications of Fiber Optic Nitric Oxide Sensors Based on a Gold-Adsorbed Fluorophore (1998)

A new design for optochemical sensors has been applied to the development of a nitric oxide selective fiber optic sensor. This sensor is composed of a fluorescein derivative dye attached to colloidal gold. The fluorescein dye rearranges as nitric oxide adsorbs onto the gold, inducing a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the dye. This mechanism has allowed preparation of fiber optic dye-based nitric oxide sensors, which have been made ratio-metric by addition of reference dye microspheres. Previously developed fast, selective optical sensors for detection of aqueous nitric oxide involved a protein, such as cytochrome c'. The new fluorescein derivative chemical sensors have characteristics similar to those of the protein-based biosensors, including fast response times, excellent selectivity, and complete reversibility. In addition, the chemical sensors have advantages such as greater stability and commercially available components. These sensors were utilized to measure nitric oxide production by BALB/c mouse macrophages.
EXPLICIT STRONG SOLUTIONS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (2000)

Herein, we characterize strong solutions of multidimensional stochastic differential equations (formula) that can be represented locally as (formula) where W is an multidimensional Brownian motion and U, (symbole) are continuous functions. Assuming that (symbole) is continuously differentiable, we find that (symbole) must satisfy a commutation relation for such explicit solutions to exist and we identify all drift terms b as well as U and (symbole) that will allow X to be represented in this manner. Our method is based on the existence of a local change of coordinates in terms of a diffeomorphism between the solutions X and the strong solutions to a simpler Ito integral equation.
A Review of the Development in the Field of Fiber Optic Communication Systems (2014)

Abstract—This paper presents a review of the latest research and development in the field of fibre optic communication system. Remarkable developments can be seen in the field of optical fibre communication in the last decade. Wide-bandwidth signal transmission with low latency is emerging as a key requirement in a number of applications, including the development of future exaflopscale supercomputers, financial algorithmic trading and cloud computing. Optical fibres provide unsurpassed transmission bandwidth, Optical fibre is now the transmission medium of &amp;apos; choice for long distance and high bit rate transmission in telecommunications networks.
A simple switching loss model for buck voltage regulators with current source drive (2008)

A review of switching loss mechanisms for synchronous buck voltage regulators is presented. Following the review, a new simple analytical switching loss model is proposed for voltage regulators with current source drive. The model includes the impact of common source inductance and parasitic inductance on switching loss. It uses simple equations to calculate the rise and fall times and piecewise linear approximations of the MOSFET voltage and current waveforms to allow quick and accurate calculation of switching loss. Spice is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the model operating in a 1MHz synchronous buck voltage regulator at 12V input, 1.3V output. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model.
Barack Obama and the White Problem (2011)

This paper will exam some of the difficulties of, or resistance to, Barack Obama's presidency so far in relation to what Richard Wright and James Baldwin called the white problem in the US. As Wright said of the US race problem, it is a white problem because it is the whites [as the dominant racialized group] who impose it every day. The white problem continues to be evident despite the fact that Obama's election gave rise to new talk of a post-racial moment (even though a majority of white Americans voted in 2008 for his Republican Party opponent). In light of recent work in critical whiteness studies, I will explore have the white problem has been evident not only in the Tea Party movement, but also in broader and more subtle ways as many white Americans who supported Obama have apparently withdrawn their support for his policies.
The Synthesis of Aminoiminoethanenitriles, 5-Aminotetrazoles, N-Cyanoguanidines, and N-Hydroxyguanidines from Aminoiminomethanesulfonic Acids (1990)

Abstract Examples of the reactions of aminoiminometh-anesulfonic acids with cyanide, azide, cyanamide and hydroxylamine as nucleophiles are reported.
Comparative genomic analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates reveals extensive genomic variation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants (2014)

Our comparative genomic analysis revealed that extensive genomic variation exists in the A. baumannii genome. Transposons, genomic islands and point mutations are the main contributors to the plasticity of the A. baumannii genome and play critical roles in facilitating the development of antibiotic resistance in the clinical isolates.
Novel Drug Targets in Malaria Parasite with Potential to Yield Antimalarial Drugs with Long Useful Therapeutic Lives (2012)

The status of chemotherapy as the main strategy in malaria control is rapidly being eroded by development of drug resistant Plasmodia, causing malaria to be dubbed a "re-emerging disease". To counter this misfortune, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimalarial drugs capable of delaying resistance, or circumventing it altogether. Mode of action of antimalarial drugs, inter alia, has a bearing on their useful therapeutic lives (UTLs), with single target drugs having short UTLs compared with drugs which possess pleiotropic action. Quinolines and artemisinins are the two classes of drugs with pleiotropic action and subsequently long UTLs. All other antimalarials are single-target drugs, and have been rendered ineffective within 1 to 5 years of their introduction for clinical use. This strongly underlines the need for development of new antimalarial therapies possessing long UTLs. The present review explores novel drug targets within the malaria parasite that may be exploited in the search for novel drugs that possess long and UTLs.
Fast garbage collection without a long wait (2003)

General purpose garbage collectors have yet to combine short pause times with fast throughput. Collectors such as reference counting attain short pause times with significant performance penalties. Pure and hybrid generational collectors can achieve high throughput and have modest average pause times, but occasionally collect the whole heap and consequently incur long pauses. This paper introduces RC-hybrid, which combines copying nursery collection and reference counting the older generation to achieve both goals. Key to our algorithm is a generalization of deferred reference counting which allows RC-hybrid to safely ignore mutations to nursery objects. RC-hybrid thus restricts copying and reference counting to the objects for which they perform well. Copying collectors’ bump pointer allocation is extremely fast, and collection time is proportional to the live objects whose survival rates are low and bounded in a fixed size nursery. Reference counting time is proportional to object mutations and the number of dead objects, both of which are typically low for older objects. We further bound time spent reference counting with collection triggers and buffering. We compare RC-hybrid with pure reference counting, a stateof-the-art copying and mark-sweep hybrid, and a number of other collectors. We show that RC-hybrid combines fast throughput, and low average and maximum pause times.
Extent of the problem (2003)

One in six couples have an unwanted delay in conception. Roughly half of these couples will conceive either spontaneously or with relatively simple advice or treatment. The other half remain subfertile and need more complex treatment, such as in vitro fertilisation and other assisted conception techniques; about half of these will have primary subfertility.

Most couples presenting with a fertility problem do not have absolute infertility (that is, no chance of conception), but rather relative subfertility with a reduced chance of conception because of one or more factors in either or both partners. Most couples with subfertility will conceive spontaneously or will be amenable to treatment, so that only 4% remain involuntarily childless. As each couple has a substantial chance of conceiving without treatment, relating the potential benefit of treatment to their chances of conceiving naturally is important to give a realistic appraisal of the added benefit offered by treatment options.

Conception is most likely to occur in the first month of trying (about a 30% conception rate). The chance then falls steadily to about 5% by the end of the first year. Cumulative conception rates are around 75% after six months, 90% after a year, and 95% at two years. Subfertility is defined as a failure to conceive after one year of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. It is usually investigated after a year, although for some couples it may be appropriate to start investigations sooner. The likelihood of spontaneous conception is affected by age, previous pregnancy, duration of subfertility, timing of intercourse during the natural cycle, extremes of body mass, and pathology present. A reasonably high spontaneous pregnancy rate still occurs even after the first year of trying.

### Age

A strong association exists between subfertility and increasing female age. The reduction in fertility is greatest in women in their late …
Modeling and dimensioning of High Voltage pulse transformers for klystron modulators (2012)

In linear particle accelerators, klystrons operating in synchronized pulsed mode are used for RF power production and their power supply is provided by modulators that are high voltage and high power pulse generators. One solid state topology of klystron modulator is using a monolithic High Voltage pulse transformer. Future electron-positron linear colliders like the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) will need a huge number of klystron modulators with tight dynamical specifications and high efficiency for minimizing their power consumption. With such new complex specifications, the feasibility of the modulator topology needs the development of an accurate methodology for the design of High Power & High Voltage Pulse Transformers. This paper presents the first development steps of an optimal design environment of these devices in terms of modeling & dimensioning tools and its applications.
The flux measure of influence in engineering networks (2009)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Wrist Pulse Rate Monitor Using Self-Injection-Locked Radar Technology (2016)

To achieve sensitivity, comfort, and durability in vital sign monitoring, this study explores the use of radar technologies in wearable devices. The study first detected the respiratory rates and heart rates of a subject at a one-meter distance using a self-injection-locked (SIL) radar and a conventional continuous-wave (CW) radar to compare the sensitivity versus power consumption between the two radars. Then, a pulse rate monitor was constructed based on a bistatic SIL radar architecture. This monitor uses an active antenna that is composed of a SIL oscillator (SILO) and a patch antenna. When attached to a band worn on the subject's wrist, the active antenna can monitor the pulse on the subject's wrist by modulating the SILO with the associated Doppler signal. Subsequently, the SILO's output signal is received and demodulated by a remote frequency discriminator to obtain the pulse rate information.
Incidence of Different Types of Intracanal Fracture of Nickel–Titanium Rotary Instruments: A Systematic Review (2021)

This systemic review found that flexural fatigue is the most relevant mechanical stress that induces intracanal separation <i>in vivo</i>. Moreover, in clinical practice, the fragment length might be an excellent indicator of the type of fracture.
Towards Reassigning the Rare AGG Codon in Escherichia coli (2014)

The rare AGG codon in Escherichia coli has been reassigned to code non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) by using the PylRS-tRNA(Pyl)(CCU) pair. When N(ε) -alloc-lysine was used as a PylRS substrate, almost quantitative occupancy of N(ε) -alloc-lysine at an AGG codon site was achieved in minimal medium. ncAAs can be potentially incorporated at the AGG codon with varying efficiencies, depending on their activities towards corresponding enzymes. As AGG is a sense codon, the approach reported here resolves the typical low ncAA incorporation issue that has been associated with ncAA mutagenesis and therefore allows bulk preparation of proteins with site-selectively incorporated ncAAs for applications such as therapeutic protein production.
Effects of Poly-N-acetyl Glucosamine (pGlcNAc) Patch on Wound Healing in db/db Mouse (2008)

In addition to its hemostatic properties, the pGlcNAc material also appears to accelerate wound closure in healing-impaired genetically diabetic mice. This material, with its combination of hemostatic and wound healing properties, has the potential to be effective agent for the treatment of complicated wounds.
Optical coherence tomography for guidance of distal cell recrossing in bifurcation stenting: choosing the right cell matters (2012)

The rate of strut malapposition was significantly reduced when OCT was used to confirm that wire recrossing was performed in a distal cell of the SB ostium.