gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A roadmap to high quality chemically prepared graphene (2010)

Graphene was discovered half a decade ago and proved the existence of a two-dimensional system which becomes stable as a result of 3D corrugation. It appeared very quickly that this exceptional material had truly outstanding electronic, mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Consequently a broad range of applications appeared, as the graphene science speedily moved forward. Since then, a lot of effort has been devoted not only to the study of graphene but also to its fabrication. Here we review the chemical approaches to graphene production, their advantages as well as their downsides. Our aim is to draw a roadmap of today's most reliable path to high quality graphene via chemical preparation.
Dry etching endpoint monitor by scribe-line detection method. (1988)

Due to the recent trend toward the use of thinner underlayers in VLSI chips, more precise endpoint monitoring is needed for etching processes. An endpoint monitoring method has been developed, which uses scribe-line detection through direct observation of film thickness. This procedure determines the endpoint by detecting the reflection intensity from scribe-lines on a wafer surface during etching processes. The special feature of this system is to detect the intensity of reflected light with a continuous spectrum, which uses a tungsten-lamp for irradiation, and an ND filter and a CCD sensor for detection. For Poly-Si etching, the detection of reflected light with a continuous spectrum (wave length : 350 to 1050 nm) from Poly-Si is able to decide two points of residual thickness (600±50 Å, 200±50 Å), which are very close to the endpoint.
Global mapping of meiotic recombination hotspots and coldspots in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2000)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, meiotic recombination is initiated by double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Meiotic DSBs occur at relatively high frequencies in some genomic regions (hotspots) and relatively low frequencies in others (coldspots). We used DNA microarrays to estimate variation in the level of nearby meiotic DSBs for all 6,200 yeast genes. Hotspots were nonrandomly associated with regions of high G + C base composition and certain transcriptional profiles. Coldspots were nonrandomly associated with the centromeres and telomeres.
Contrast-induced acute renal injury: multi-factor analysis to establish risks and associations (2020)

Background: Contrast-induced acute kidney Injury (CIAKI) also called nephropathy is one of the recurrent complications with very high mortality and morbidity rate amongst the patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The purpose of this research was to validate the incidence, risk factors, and correlation of various comorbidities with CIAKI.Methods: The study was conducted on 308 patients who had undergone PCI procedures. All patients were recruited following all ethical guidelines. All patients were treated as per the hospital protocol. All patients were followed up for 7 days post PCI. Out of 308 patients, 35 developed CIKAI while remaining was classified as control for post-hoc analysis comparison. Evaluation of the patients was done using Mehran’s risk score, ODD analysis and RADHIKa method.Results: The incidence of CIAKI was found in 35 (11.37%) out of 308 patients. No patients required dialysis within 1 week of the procedure. The use of the ionization optimized contrast medium (IOCM) is linked with the reduction of +CIAKI. The obvious relationship between the volume of contrast media, MRS, and CIAKI was reestablished. Post-hoc analysis of CIAKI and non-CIAKI revealed that the CIAKI is closely linked with heart failure as a risk factor. Congestive heart failure (CHF) increases the risk of CIAKI and that results in an increased risk of heart failure.Conclusion: In conclusion, the pre-existing multiple co-morbidities, volume, and ionization value of the contrast media were found to be directly associated with CIAKI.
Real-Time Hybrid Hair Rendering (2019)

Rendering hair is a challenging problem for real-time applications. Besides complex shading, the sheer amount of it poses a lot of problems, as a human scalp can have over 100,000 strands of hair, with animal fur often surpassing a million. For rendering, both strand-based and volume-based techniques have been used, but usually in isolation. In this work, we present a complete hair rendering solution based on a hybrid approach. The solution requires no pre-processing, making it a drop-in replacement, that combines the best of strand-based and volume-based rendering. Our approach uses this volume not only as a level-of-detail representation that is raymarched directly, but also to simulate global effects, like shadows and ambient occlusion in real-time.
Mercapturic acid formation from 2-aminopyrazine in rats (1992)

1. The compound 2-aminopyrazine was given by oral gavage to normal rats and their urine collected. 2. A mercapturic acid containing the 2-aminopyrazine moiety was isolated from this urine. This represents the first example of this type of a metabolite from a pyrazine.
Hands-Free User Interface for VR Headsets Based on In Situ Facial Gesture Sensing (2020)

The typical configuration of virtual reality (VR) devices consists of a head-mounted display (HMD) and handheld controllers. As such, these units have limited utility in tasks that require hand-free operation, such as in surgical operations or assembly works in cyberspace. We propose a user interface for a VR headset based on a wearer's facial gestures for hands-free interaction, similar to a touch interface. By sensing and recognizing the expressions associated with the in situ intentional movements of a user's facial muscles, we define a set of commands that combine predefined facial gestures with head movements. This is achieved by utilizing six pairs of infrared (IR) photocouplers positioned at the foam interface of an HMD. We demonstrate the usability and report on the user experience as well as the performance of the proposed command set using an experimental VR game without any additional controllers. We obtained more than 99% of recognition accuracy for each facial gesture throughout the three steps of experimental tests. The proposed input interface is a cost-effective and efficient solution that facilitates hands-free user operation of a VR headset using built-in infrared photocouplers positioned in the foam interface. The proposed system recognizes facial gestures and incorporates a hands-free user interface to HMD, which is similar to the touch-screen experience of a smartphone.
Prunella vulgaris extract and rosmarinic acid suppresse lipopolysaccharide-induced alteration in human gingival fibroblasts (2008)

Periodontitis is a chronic disease associated with inflammation of tooth supporting tissues. Dental plaque is one of the most contaminated materials and major contributor to the development of inflammatory reactions in the marginal parodont. Usually it contains more then 300 different bacterial species rendering a microbial count of up to 1011 organisms per gram. These express a number of irritating agents including a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which plays a key role in periodontal disease development. Plant extracts with anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties have been shown to inhibit bacterial plaque formation and thus to prevent chronic gingivitis. In this study we tested effects of Prunella vulgaris L. (Labiatae) ethanolic extract (PVE) and its main phenolic component rosmarinic acid (RA) on LPS-induced oxidative damage and inflammation markers in human gingival fibroblasts.
Resilient Model Free Adaptive Distributed LFC for Multi-Area Power Systems Against Jamming Attacks (2021)

This article is concerned with distributed resilient load frequency control (LFC) for multi-area power interconnection systems against jamming attacks. First, considering uncertainties and high dimension nonlinearity, the model-free adaptive control (MFAC) model is adopted for the power system, in which only input and output (I/O) data are used. Second, jamming attacks are modeled in a stochastic process, and a multistep predictive compensation algorithm is developed to mitigate the impact of jamming attacks. Then, the distributed MFAC protocol with predictive compensation algorithm is designed such that the frequency tracking errors under the predictive compensation algorithm of multi-area power interconnection systems converge consensually into a small neighborhood of origin in the mean square sense. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the approach.
Filamentous Fungi Fermentation (2014)

Filamentous fungi (including microorganisms such as Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) represent an enormously important platform for industrial fermentation. Two particularly valuable features are the high yield coefficients and the ability to secrete products. However, the filamentous morphology, together with non-Newtonian rheological properties (shear thinning), result in poor oxygen transfer unless sufficient energy is provided to the fermentation. While genomic research may improve the organisms, there is no doubt that to enable further application in future it will be necessary to match such research with studies of oxygen transfer and energy supply to high viscosity fluids. Hence, the implementation of innovative solutions (some of which in principle are already possible) will be essential to ensure the further development of such fermentations.
Blocking activity of rat monoclonal antibodies in experimental schistosomiasis. (1984)

Rat IgG2c monoclonal antibodies have been produced after fusion of spleen cells from LOU/C rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni for 5 wk and IRF983F nonsecreting rat myeloma. The cell supernatant of an IgG2c-producing clone (IPLSm3), as well as ascitic fluids induced by this clone, revealed anti-S. mansoni activity detected by immunofluorescence on schistosomula sections. Antigenic analysis performed with IPLSm3 IgG2c antibody allowed to isolate onto the S. mansoni schistosomula surface a 38,000 dalton antigen previously characterized with the protective IPLSm1 IgG2a monoclonal antibody. Although IPLSm3 IgG2c did not exhibit any killing activity in vitro against schistosomula in the presence of complement, macrophages, or eosinophils, it was shown to strongly inhibit the eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by IPLSm1 IgG2a antibodies. The blocking activity of IgG2c antibody was further demonstrated in vitro by the use of F(ab')2 fragments and in vivo by the inhibition of passively transferred immunity conferred by the IgG2a protective monoclonal antibody. These results indicate that blocking antibodies could play an important role in the expression of protective immunity during schistosome infection.
Face anti-spoofing with local difference network and binary facial mask supervision (2022)

Face anti-spoofing (FAS) is crucial for safe and reliable biometric systems. In recent years, deep neural networks have been proven to be very effective for FAS as compared with classical approaches. However, deep learning-based FAS methods are data-driven and use learning-based features only. It is a legitimate question to ask whether hand-crafted features can provide any complementary information to a deep learning-based FAS method. To answer this question, we propose a two-stream network that consists of a convolutional network and a local difference network. To be specific, we first build a texture extraction convolutional block to calculate the gradient magnitude at each pixel of an input image. Our experiments demonstrate that additional liveness cues can be captured by the proposed method. Second, we design an attention fusion module to combine the features obtained from the RGB domain and gradient magnitude domain, aiming for discriminative information mining and information redundancy elimination. Finally, we advocate a simple binary facial mask supervision strategy for further performance boost. The proposed network has only 2.79M parameters and the inference speed is up to 118 frames per second, which makes it very convenient for real-time FAS systems. The experimental results obtained on several well-known benchmarking datasets demonstrate the merits and superiority of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art approaches.
Neurons and Sensory Receptors (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Nervous System Neurons and Sensory Receptors Transport Within Neurons Classification of Neurons Synapses Neuronal Populations Receptors and Senses Receptor Types Topographic Organization Receptive Fields The Senses and Evolution of the Central Nervous System
Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for liver metastases from gastric cancer: an analysis in Western patients. (2011)

Chemotherapy by hepatic arterial infusion is modestly effective in heavily pretreated gastric cancer patients. Hepatic arterial infusion has a very favorable toxicity profile and can be safely administered even in elderly patients. It might be an additional therapeutic option and should be further investigated. The literature on hepatic arterial infusion in gastric cancer patients is reviewed.
The Effect of Mechanical and Chemical Modification of Tio2 Nanoparticles on the Surface Chemistry, Structure and Fouling Performance of PES Ultrafiltration Membrane (2010)

Recently, the potential for titania nanoparticles blended within polymeric membranes to yield improvements in fouling performance have been shown. However, the agglomeration of nanoparticles is one of the major obstacles for generating a uniform surface, and also the mechanisms for improved fouling performance has yet to be elucidated. In this study, mechanical and chemical modifications were applied on Degussa P25 titania nanoparticles to avoid agglomerations. Afterward, modified titania nanoparticles were incorporated into polyethersulfone membranes and their effects on structure, surface chemistry, and fouling performance using bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated. Different techniques such as SEM, EDX, TGA, AFM, Contact angle goniometry, molecular weight cut-off, static protein absorption and surface free energy measurement were applied to characterize and clarify the effects of different factors on fouling performance. The results showed that good dispersion of nanoparticles in the membrane was achieved after modifications of particles. The degree of dispersion was found to have significant effects on surface free energy, roughness, and surface pore size and protein absorption resistance as well as hydrophilicity. While previous researchers believe that the increase in hydrophilicity is the most likely reason for improvement in fouling performance, these other parameters may contribute just as much to the observed improvement in fouling resistance.
Critical temperature of a trapped Bose gas: Mean-field theory and fluctuations (1997)

We investigate the possibilities of distinguishing the mean-field and fluctuation effects on the critical temperature of a trapped Bose gas with repulsive interatomic interactions. Since in a direct measurement of the critical temperature as a function of the number of trapped atoms these effects are small compared to the ideal gas results, we propose to observe Bose-Einstein condensation by adiabatically ramping down the trapping frequency. Moreover, analyzing this adiabatic cooling scheme, we show that fluctuation effects can lead to the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate at frequencies which are much larger than those predicted by the mean-field theory.
Acute Portal Vein Thrombosis Diagnosed with Point-of-care Ultrasonography (2017)

Abdominal pain is the most common presenting complaint to the emergency department (ED);1 however, acute portal vein thrombosis is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain. In the following case report, we present a patient who presented to the ED with symptoms of gastroenteritis but was ultimately diagnosed with acute portal vein thrombosis by point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS).
Cell-Free XL-MIMO Meets Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Architectures, Challenges, and Future Directions (2023)

Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) and extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) are regarded as promising innovations for the forthcoming generation of wireless communication systems. Their significant advantages in augmenting the number of degrees of freedom have garnered considerable interest. In this article, we first review the essential opportunities and challenges induced by XL-MIMO systems. We then propose the enhanced paradigm of cell-free XL-MIMO, which incorporates multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to provide a distributed strategy for tackling the problem of high-dimension signal processing and costly energy consumption. Based on the unique near-field characteristics, we propose two categories of the low-complexity design, i.e., antenna selection and power control, to adapt to different cell-free XL-MIMO scenarios and achieve the maximum data rate. For inspiration, several critical future research directions pertaining to green cell-free XL-MIMO systems are presented.
Monoclonal antibody as a probe for structure and function of an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein. (1982)

Eight independently derived monoclonal antibodies directed against the LamB protein were produced and characterized. By using these antibodies as probes, we identified four distinct topological and functional regions in the LamB molecule. Four monoclonal antibodies recognize antigenic determinants of the protein exposed on the outer side of the membrane. Two of these have their binding sites located in a region involved in maltose transport. One monoclonal antibody presumably binds to a determinant which is normally hidden in the membrane and three monoclonal antibodies recognize determinants facing the periplasmic space.
Learner Translation Corpus: CELTraC (Czech-English Learner Translation Corpus) (2014)

Tato prace se zabýva kompilaci a naslednou chybovou anotaci studentskeho překladatelskeho korpusu nazvaneho CELTraC (Czech-English Learner Translation Corpus), který byl sestaven z původnich ceských textů a jejich překladů do anglictiny. Cilem tohoto pilotniho projektu je otestovat možnosti Hypalu (korpusový nastroj pro automaticke zarovnavani paralelnich textů a manualni anotovani chyb) a popsat samotne anotovani chyb, předevsim pak jejich kategorizaci. Prace se nejdřive zaměřuje na paralelni a žakovske překladatelske korpusy, přicemž největsi pozornost je věnovana průzkumu doposud vytvořených žakovských překladatelských korpusů a jejich anotacnich systemů. Prakticka cast prace se potom zabýva samotnou kompilaci a chybovou anotaci CELTraCu, pro kterou byla převzata nejvhodnějsi dostupna typologie chyb, ktera byla vytvořena v ramci projektu MeLLANGE. V zavěru se prace věnuje analýze překladových chyb, ktera byla provedena na zakladě dat z CELTraCu.
Simulation of a computational winding filament model with an exponential spring to represent titin (2014)

The goal of developing high fidelity simulation of muscle force is of considerable interest for the biomedical community. Traditionally Hill models have been incorporated. However, feasible scope of the Hill model is inherently limited, especially in light of the growing relevance of muscle history dependence. History dependence is considered to be significant for motor control and stability. Attempts have been made to augment the Hill model to emulate history dependence. The titin winding filament model best elucidates history dependence of muscle force including force enhancement. The recent version of the titin winding filament model accounts for the functionality of titin through a pulley linked with the contractile element and a linear spring to represent the elastic properties of titin. A new and more realistic amendment to the winding filament model is incorporation of an exponential spring to characterize the elastic properties of titin. A sensitivity study as a function of the titin exponential spring constant is presented. Overall the amalgamation of the titin exponential spring to the winding filament model improves the respective force enhancement characteristics with a relatively more optimal exponential spring constant that provides a maximal averaged coefficient of determination.
Inhalation of a pulmonary irritant modulates activity of lumbosacral spinal neurons receiving colonic input in rats (2007)

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether an intraspinal nociceptive pathway from the lungs modulated activity of spinal neurons that also received afferent input from the colon. Extracellular potentials of single lumbosacral (L6-S2) spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital-anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated male rats. The lower airways and lungs were irritated by injecting ammonia vapor over a 30% NH(4)OH solution into the inspiratory line of the ventilator (0.5 ml, 20 s). Graded colorectal distension (CRD; 20-60 mmHg, 20 s) was produced by air inflation of a balloon. Inhaled ammonia (IA) altered activity of 31/51 (61%) lumbosacral spinal neurons responding to noxious CRD (60 mmHg, 20 s). In contrast, IA changed activity of 3/30 (10%) spinal neurons with somatic fields that did not respond to colorectal inputs. IA decreased activity of 16/31 (52%) spinal neurons and increased activity of the other 15 neurons with colorectal input. Multiple patterns of viscerovisceral convergent spinal neurons with excitatory and inhibitory responses to CRD and IA were observed; 87% (27/31) of the viscerovisceral convergent neurons also responded to innocuous and/or noxious stimuli of somatic fields. Bilateral cervical vagotomy abolished responses to IA in 2/8 tested neurons, indicating that the remaining 6 neurons had input originating from sympathetic afferent fibers. Rostral C1 spinal transection did not abolish inhibitory responses to IA in 4/4 neurons, but L2 transection eliminated inhibitory responses to IA in 3/3 neurons. These results indicated that irritation of the lower airways modulated activity of lumbosacral spinal neurons with colorectal input. It might contribute to intraspinal cross talk between the colon and lungs.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Propylene Selective Oxidation and Ammoxidation over β-Bi2Mo2O9 Catalyst under Anaerobic Condition (2005)

A random walk Monte Carlo (RWMC) simulation model of catalytic particle was established on the basis of the structures of bismuth molybdate catalysts and mechanisms of catalytic reactions with propylene selective oxidation and ammoxidation. The simulation results show that rationality of the RWMC model is proved on the basis of pulse experimental data. One of the most remarkable factors affecting catalytic behavior is the transfer of bulk lattice oxygen, which decides the rate of ammonia-consuming and propylene-consuming. The selectivity of main products reaches the maximum after the reduction of catalysts to a certain degree. It is inferred that catalytic performance improves greatly if the ratio of capacity for dehydrogenation from adsorbed propylene molecule on catalytically active site of molybdenum metal-imido group (Mo＝NH) to that on catalytically active site of molybdenum metal-oxo group (Mo＝O) becomes much higher.