gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in Composite Material (2017)

A composite
material (also called a composition material) is a material made from two or
more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical
properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics
different from the individual components. The individual components remain
separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be
preferred for many reasons: common examples include materials which are
stronger, lighter, or less expensive when compared to traditional materials.
More recently, researchers have also begun to actively include sensing,
actuation, computation and communication into composites, which are known as
Robotic Materials. Composite materials are generally used for buildings,
bridges, and structures such as boat hulls, swimming pool panels, race car
bodies, shower stalls, bathtubs, storage tanks, imitation granite and cultured
marble sinks and countertops. The most advanced examples perform routinely on
spacecraft and aircraft in demanding environments. 


	In the present
book, fifteen typical literatures about composite material published on
international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the worldwide
newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on material
science, technical fabrics, industrial products, composition material, ect.
We hope this book can demonstrate advances in composite material as well as
give references to the researchers, students and other related people.
Lunar radar measurements of the Earth's magnetospheric wake (1966)

During the period from December 1963 to April 1964, a large number of combined Faraday polarization and Doppler frequency measurements were made on lunar radar echoes at Stanford, California. The results of the measurements taken while the moon was in the antisolar quadrant show a large spatial variation of the electron content beyond the ionosphere. A first-order model of the earth's magnetospheric wake is deduced, having the following characteristics: (1) the electron density inside the wake is about 200 cm−3 greater than the solar wind electron density; (2) the wave extends at least to the orbit of the moon; and (3) the wake intersects the lunar orbit at about 120° from the earth-sun line.
Fine-structure resolved photoionization of metastable Be-like ions C III, N IV, and O V (2007)

High-resolution photoionization experiments were carried out with beams of C III, N IV, and O V containing roughly equal amounts of ground-state and metastable ions. The energy scales of the experiments are calibrated with uncertainties of 1 to 10 meV depending on photon energy. These data favorably compare with state-of-the-art R-matrix calculations carried out on an energy grid with a spacing of 13.6 μeV.
Optimization of Bi2Te3 thin films for microintegrated Peltier heat pumps (1997)

Bismuth telluride films were deposited by coevaporation at various Te/Bi flux ratios to optimize their resistivity and their Seebeck coefficients for use in a thin film Peltier heat pump. Bismuth telluride films deposited at a flux ratio of Te/Bi=2.3 were found to possess optimal characteristics. Using these coatings, microintegrated Peltier heat pumps were fabricated on micromachined oxide bridges using standard semiconductor patterning and etching techniques. Chrome–gold and bismuth telluride metallizations were used to form the thermoelectric junctions. A maximum heat pumping rate of −30 μW was achieved by the device when operating in the cooling mode. A temperature reduction of 1.5 °C was attained, with an initial thermal response time in the cooling mode of 10 ms/°C.
Intrinsic Geometric Flows on Manifolds of Revolution (2010)

An intrinsic geometric flow is an evolution of a Riemannian metric by a two-tensor. An extrinsic geometric flow is an evolution of an immersion of a manifold into Euclidean space. An extrinsic flow induces an evolution of a metric because any immersed manifold inherits a Riemannian metric from Euclidean space. In this paper we discuss the inverse problem of specifying an evolution of a metric and then seeking an extrinsic geometric flow which induces the given metric evolution. We limit our discussion to the case of manifolds that are rotationally symmetric and embeddable with codimension one. In this case, we reduce an intrinsic geometric flow to a plane curve evolution. In the specific cases we study, we are able to further simplify the evolution to an evolution of a function of one variable. We provide soliton equations and give proofs that some soliton metrics exist.
Fabrication of a Cyanide-Bridged Coordination Polymer Electrode for Enhanced Electrochemical Ion Storage Ability (2012)

Host frameworks with the ability to store guest ions are very important in a wide range of applications including electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. In this report, we demonstrate that the ion storage ability of the cyanide-bridged coordination polymer (Prussian blue analogue, PBA) can be enhanced by suppressing vacancy formation. K-ions in the vacancy-suppressed PBA framework K1.72Mn[Mn(CN)6]0.93·□0.07·0.65H2O (□: a [Mn(CN)6]4– defect) were electrochemically extracted. The open circuit voltages (OCVs) during K-ion extraction exhibited two specific plateaus at 3.0 and 3.7 V vs Li/Li+. Ex situ X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy revealed drastic structural and electronic changes during K-ion extraction. Furthermore, after K-ion extraction, the vacancy-suppressed PBA framework was applied to the cathode material for a Li-ion battery. The charge/discharge experiments revealed that the framework can accommodate a large amount of Li-ions.
Neuromechanical sensor fusion yields highest accuracies in predicting ambulation mode transitions for trans-tibial amputees (2013)

Advances in battery and actuator technology have enabled clinical use of powered lower limb prostheses such as the BiOM Powered Ankle. To allow ambulation over various types of terrains, such devices rely on built-in mechanical sensors or manual actuation by the amputee to transition into an operational mode that is suitable for a given terrain. It is unclear if mechanical sensors alone can accurately modulate operational modes while voluntary actuation prevents seamless, naturalistic gait. Ensuring that the prosthesis is ready to accommodate new terrain types at first step is critical for user safety. EMG signals from patient's residual leg muscles may provide additional information to accurately choose the proper mode of prosthesis operation. Using a pattern recognition classifier we compared the accuracy of predicting 8 different mode transitions based on (1) prosthesis mechanical sensor output (2) EMG recorded from residual limb and (3) fusion of EMG and mechanical sensor data. Our findings indicate that the neuromechanical sensor fusion significantly decreases errors in predicting 10 mode transitions as compared to using either mechanical sensors or EMG alone (2.3±0.7% vs. 7.8±0.9% and 20.2±2.0% respectively).
Experimental field study of problem‐solving using tools in free‐ranging capuchins (Sapajus nigritus, formerlyCebus nigritus) (2011)

Some populations of capuchins are reported to use tools to solve foraging problems in the wild. In most cases, this involves the act of pounding and digging. The use of probing tools by wild capuchins is considerably less common. Here we report on the results of an experimental field study conducted in southern Brazil designed to examine the ability of wild black-horned capuchins (Sapajus nigritus) to use a wooden dowel as a lever or a probe to obtain an embedded food reward. A group of eight capuchins was presented with two experimental platforms, each housing a clear Plexiglas box containing two bananas on a shelf and four inserted dowels. Depending on the conditions of the experiment, the capuchins were required either to pull (Condition I) or push (Conditions II and III) the dowels, in order to dislodge the food reward from the shelf so that it could be manually retrieved. In Condition I, four individuals spontaneously solved the foraging problem by pulling the dowels in 25% (72/291) of visits. In Conditions II and III, however, no capuchin successfully pushed the dowels forward to obtain the food reward. During these latter two experimental conditions, the capuchins continued to pull the dowels (41/151 or 27% of visits), even though this behavior did not result in foraging success. The results of these field experiments are consistent with an identical study conducted on wild Cebus capucinus in Costa Rica, and suggest that when using an external object as a probe to solve a foraging problem, individual capuchins were able to rapidly learn an association between the tool and the food reward, but failed to understand exactly how the tool functioned in accomplishing the task. The results also suggest that once a capuchin learned to solve this tool-mediated foraging problem, the individual persisted in using the same solution even in the face of repeated failure (slow rate of learning extinction).
Find out what your people really think (2009)

Purpose This paper aims to describe the ways in which employers can maximize responses to their employee‐satisfaction surveys. Design/methodology/approach The paper deals, in turn, with each of the factors that determine response rates: engagement; involvement; relevance; experience; expectation; method; convenience; anonymity/confidentiality; the questionnaire itself; contentment; despair; incentives; urgency; reminders; and coercion. Findings The paper provides examples of good and bad practice, while revealing that there is no single “best way”. Practical implications The paper looks, in particular, at the differences between web‐based and paper questionnaires. Originality/value The paper provides plenty of useful information for employers to gain an accurate picture of employees' feelings about their experience at work.
Comparison of Anterior Segment Structures in Two Rat Glaucoma Models: An Ultrasound Biomicroscopic Study (2008)

Despite apparently higher IOP exposure, eyes in the EVC rat model of glaucoma do not undergo changes in the AC. In contrast, eyes subjected to HSEVS display deepening of the AC and reduction in size of the ciliary body within 5 to 6 weeks. These changes correlate to IOP exposure and may be the result of specific changes induced by the experimental intervention. These models are likely to rely on different mechanisms of pressure elevation and cannot be used interchangeably.
Immunotherapeutic approaches to leukemia: the use of the Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia model system. (1990)

We have developed a model system to study immunologically mediated regression of leukemia based on Friend virus-induced erythroleukemias. This system has been used to evaluate the immunotherapeutic activity of macrophages, specifically reactive T-cells (CTL/RFB), lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon-gamma. In the present studies, CTL/RFB were evaluated for their ability to prevent disease recurrence. Animals with the regressing strain of Friend virus at Day 39 post virus were treated with either one or two injections of 5 x 10(6) CTL/RFB. Animals given one or two injections of CTL/RFB had a significantly lower rate of recurrence than did untreated animals. The helper T-cell component of CTL/RFB was implicated in causing leukemia regression. Interleukin 1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha, multifunctional cytokines with similar biological activities, were evaluated for their ability to suppress leukemic erythroid colony-forming cells and induce regression. Interleukin 1 alpha suppressed the conventional strain of, but not the polycythemia-inducing strain of, Friend virus-leukemic late erythroid colony-forming units and caused only a temporary regression of disease, while tumor necrosis factor alpha suppressed both forms of the disease and with multiple inoculations could cause permanent disease regressions. This system provides an excellent model for examining the efficacy of immunotherapy of leukemias with various mediators and effector mechanisms.
Coupled Simulations of Cooling and Engine Systems for Unsteady Analysis of the Benefits of Thermal Engine Encapsulation (2015)

A well-designed engine encapsulation can extend engine cool-down time significantly - on the order of 500 - 700%. This is expected to have a sensitive influence on the fuel consumption due to the increased probability for high oil temperatures at the following engine start, reduced length of the initial warm-up period and consequently, reduced friction losses. This work aims to set up and develop a simulation platform for investigations of the potential effect of thermal engine encapsulation on fuel consumption of commercial and passenger vehicles. It documents the development and validation of the methods and tools used for this purpose, and apply them to estimate the effect of various initial oil temperatures on the fuel consumption of a commercial vehicle during a cold start drive cycle. Presented is a comprehensive 1D unsteady model verified against experimental data and supported with parallel 3D simulations. The model contains predictive representations of engine, cooling system, oil circuit and utilizes a temperature dependent model of engine friction losses.A number of steady-state and transient simulations are performed for a 13L Volvo FM commercial vehicle and results are compared with physical measurements.The developed 1D and 3D methodologies were validated and achieved satisfactory accuracy both in steady and unsteady mode of operation.Predictions of oil sump temperature development were compared to measured values to conclude that the model is fit for further use in a temperature dependent friction model.As a last step all models were unified to perform a complete vehicle simulation of a cold start drive cycle at different initial oil temperatures in order to evaluate the influence of reduced warm-up phase on fuel consumption.The simulations indicated that there is a potential of up to approx. 3% decrease of fuel consumption as a result of increased initial engine temperatures.
Sensor Relocation with Mobile Sensors: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation (2007)

Mobile sensors are useful in many environments because they can move to increase the sensing coverage. In this paper, we present a mobile sensor prototype in which the Mica2 sensor node is used to control the movement of the robot built with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. We use a sensor relocation application to demonstrate the feasibility of our design. In the sensor relocation application, after a sensor node failure creates a coverage hole, a mobile sensor node is relocated to cover the hole in a timely and energy-efficient way. We present a distributed sensor relocation algorithm and provide novel solutions to implement this algorithm in our mobile sensor platform. Experimental results show that our relocation algorithm can reduce the sensor relocation time and balance the energy consumption of the mobile nodes.
l-Selectin and Chemotaxis Throughout Bone Marrow Granulocyte Maturation in the Bovine (2004)

Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNL) play a pivotal role during inflammation. Bone marrow (BM) reserves are depleted as cells are released into circulation for recruitment to infection sites. Expression of L-selectin on the cell membrane allows neutrophils to roll along the activated endothelium. Whereas mechanisms leading to recruitment to infection sites are well established, expression of BM adhesion molecules in cows is limited. In this study, we assessed L-selectin expression and chemotactic response to zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) in bovine BM cells and in circulating neutrophils. Isolated blood PMNL and BM cells were used from 9 dairy cows, for quantifying L-selectin expression using flow cytometry, and from 12 dairy cows for chemotaxis studies. All granulocytic maturation stages expressed L-selectin. The percentage of cells fluorescing increased significantly in BM band and mature granulocytes and reached maximal expression on circulating neutrophils. Bone marrow band and segmented cells showed the highest L-selectin density. Chemotaxis through micropore filters in response to zymosan-activated fetal bovine serum was first observed in the myelocytic and metamyelocytic stages, and it increased with maturation and release into the blood stream. From these results, we conclude that L-selectin expression varies among stages of granulocytic maturation within the BM and differs from circulating PMNL. Further, BM cells are capable of migration starting at the metamyelocytic stage, and compared with BM cells, circulating neutrophils are more chemotactively active.
γ-Ray-associated XBP-1+ macrophages as an inducer of M2 macrophages (117.3) (2012)

Abstract The susceptibility of mice to infections with opportunistic pathogens is strongly influenced by M2MΦ appeared in association with whole body γ-irradiation. Therefore, in this study, we investigated why M2MΦ were predominantly generated in mice exposed to whole body γ-irradiation. F4/80+ MΦ were isolated from peritoneal exudates of mice 6-24 h after 5 Gy of γ-irradiation. The expressions of XBP-1 in these MΦ preparations were detected by Western Blot. The production and intracellular CCL2 expression by XBP-1+ MΦ were assayed by ELISA and flow cytometry. In some experiments, resident MΦ were cultured with media supplemented with culture fluids of XBP-1+ MΦ (33%, v/v). MΦ with the ability to produce IL-10 and not produce IL-12 were considered as M2MΦ. In the results, XBP-1+ MΦ were demonstrated in peritoneal MΦ preparations isolated from mice irradiated with 5 Gy of γ-rays. CCL2 was detected in culture fluids of XBP-1+ MΦ. Also, intracellular CCL2 was detected in XBP-1+ MΦ by flow cytometry. The conversion of MΦ from resident MΦ to M2MΦ was demonstrated when resident MΦ were cultured with media supplemented with the culture fluids of XBP-1+ MΦ. Resident MΦ did not change to M2MΦ when they were cultured with XBP-1+ MΦ culture fluids previously depleted of CCL2. These results indicate that the MΦ conversion from resident MΦ to M2MΦ is stimulated by CCL2 released from XBP-1+ MΦ that appear in association with whole body γ-irradiation.
Batch Mode Query by Committee for Motor Imagery-Based BCI (2018)

Although brain-computer interface (BCI) has potential application in the rehabilitation of neural disease and performance improvement of the human in the loop system, it is restricted in the laboratory environment. One of the hindrances behind this restriction is the requirement of a long training data collection session for the user prior to operation of the system at each time. Several approaches have been proposed including the reduction of training data maintaining the robust performance. One of them is active learning (AL) which asks for labeling the training samples and it has the potential to reach robust performance using reduced informative training set. In this paper, one of the AL methods, query by committee (QBC), is applied by forming the committee in heterogeneous and homogeneous feature space. In heterogeneous feature space, three state-of-the-art feature extraction methods are coupled with linear discriminant analysis classifier. For homogeneous feature space, random K -fold sampling is applied after extracting the features using a single method to form the committee of K -members. The joint accuracy by QBC-heterogeneous has obtained the baselines using maximum 35% of the whole training set. It also shows a significant difference at the 5% significance level from QBC-homogeneous selection as well as other contemporary AL methods and random selection method. Thus, QBC-heterogeneous has reduced the labeling effort and the training data collection effort significantly more than that of random labeling process. It infers that QBC is a potential candidate for abridging overall calibration time of BCI systems.
Experimentally realized in situ backpropagation for deep learning in photonic neural networks (2023)

Integrated photonic neural networks provide a promising platform for energy-efficient, high-throughput machine learning with extensive scientific and commercial applications. Photonic neural networks efficiently transform optically encoded inputs using Mach-Zehnder interferometer mesh networks interleaved with nonlinearities. We experimentally trained a three-layer, four-port silicon photonic neural network with programmable phase shifters and optical power monitoring to solve classification tasks using "in situ backpropagation," a photonic analog of the most popular method to train conventional neural networks. We measured backpropagated gradients for phase-shifter voltages by interfering forward- and backward-propagating light and simulated in situ backpropagation for 64-port photonic neural networks trained on MNIST image recognition given errors. All experiments performed comparably to digital simulations ([Formula: see text]94% test accuracy), and energy scaling analysis indicated a route to scalable machine learning.
Bispidines for Dual Imaging (2014)

The efficient transformation of the hexadentate bispidinol 1 into carbamate derivatives yields functional bispidines enabling convenient functionalization for targeted imaging. The BODIPY-substituted bispidine 3 combines a coordination site for metal ions, such as radioactive (64) Cu(II) , with a fluorescent unit. Product 3 was thoroughly characterized by standard analytical methods, single crystal X-ray diffraction, radiolabeling, and photophysical analysis. The luminescence of ligand 3 was found to be strongly dependent on metal ion coordination: Cu(II) quenches the BODIPY fluorescence, whereas Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions do not affect it. It follows that, in imaging applications with the positron emitter (64) Cu(II) , residues of its origin from enriched (64) Ni and the decay products (64) Ni(II) and (64) Zn(II) , efficiently restore the fluorescence of the ligand. This allows for monitoring of the emitted radiation as well as the fluorescence signal. The stability of the (64) Cu(II) 3 complex is investigated by transmetalation experiments with Zn(II) and Ni(II) , using fluorescence and radioactivity detection, and the results confirm the high stability of (64) Cu(II) 3. In addition, metal complexes of ligand 3 with the lanthanide ions Tb(III) , Eu(III) , and Nd(III) are shown to exhibit emission of the BODIPY ligand and the lanthanide ion, thus enabling dual emission detection.
El no-Magreb: Implicaciones económicas para (y más allá de) la región (2005)

Los cinco países que integran el Magreb (Argelia, Libia, Marruecos, Mauritania y Túnez) tienen un PIB conjunto de unos 150 millardos de dólares, una superficie mayor de 11 veces la de España y más de 80 millones de habitantes que alcanzan una renta per cápita (ajustada por poder adquisitivo) de 5.300 dólares. Estas economías presentan un grado diverso de desarrollo e integración en la economía mundial.
Effect of UV-A light on the chaperone-like properties of young and old lens alpha-crystallin. (2000)

alpha-Crystallin obtained from old lenses is more affected by irradiation than alpha-crystallin derived from young lenses. Moreover, it appeared that alphaB-crystallin from UV-treated old lenses compared with control lenses was less susceptible to UV-A than alphaA-crystallin. It may well be that alphaB-crystallin protects alphaA-crystallin in vivo.
Effects of training on collagen fibril populations in the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of young Thoroughbreds (1998)

Loading of the DDFT as a result of this exercise regimen was not sufficient to stimulate collagen fibril hypertrophy, in keeping with current data that indicate this tendon, compared with the SL and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), is subjected to low loads. Microtrauma, in terms of reduction in fibril MAD, may have occurred in the SL at a site different from that sampled. Another possibility is that, between the trot and the gallop, loading of the SL does not increase to the same extent as that of the SDFT.