gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Neural Network with Layer-wise Relevance Propagation for Interpretable Multiclass Neural State Classification (2021)

Multiclass machine learning classification has many potential applications for both clinical neuroscience and data-driven biomarker discovery. However, to be applicable in these contexts, the machine learning methods must provide a degree of insight into their decision-making processes during training and deployment phases. We propose the use of a hierarchical architecture with layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) for explainable multiclass classification of neural states. This approach provides both local and global explainability and is suitable for identifying neurophysiological biomarkers, for assessing models based on established domain knowledge during development, and for validation during deployment. We develop a hierarchical classifier composed of multilayer perceptrons (MLP) for sleep stage classification using rodent electroencephalogram (EEG) data and compare this implementation to a standard multiclass MLP classifier with LRP. The hierarchical classifier obtained explainability results that better aligned with domain knowledge than the standard multiclass classifier. It identified α (10-12 Hz), 0 (5-9 Hz), and β (13-30 Hz) and 0 as key features for discriminating awake versus sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) versus non-REM (NREM), respectively. The standard multiclass MLP did not identify any key frequency bands for the NREM and REM classes, but did identify δ (1-4 Hz), 0, and α as more important than β, slow-y (31-55 Hz), and fast-y (65-100Hz) oscillations. The two methods obtained comparable classification performance. These results suggest that LRP with hierarchical classifiers is a promising approach to identifying biomarkers that differentiate multiple neurophysiological states.
Inductive Coupled Plasma Etching of High Aspect Ratio Silicon Carbide Microchannels for Localized Cooling (2015)

High aspect ratio microchannels using high thermal conductivity materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) have recently been explored to locally cool micro-scale power electronics that are prone to on-chip hot spot generation. Analytical and finite element modeling shows that SiC-based microchannels used for localized cooling should have high aspect ratio features (above 8:1) to obtain heat transfer coefficients (300 to 600 kW/m2·K) required to obtain gallium nitride (GaN) device channel temperatures below 100°C. This work presents experimental results of microfabricating high aspect ratio microchannels in a 4H-SiC substrate using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching. Depths of 90 μm and 80 μm were achieved with a 5:1 and 12:1 aspect ratio, respectively. This microfabrication process will enable the integration of microchannels (backside features) with high-power density devices such as GaN-on-SiC based electronics, as well as other SiC-based microfluidic applications.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Secondary to Right Ventricular Myxoma: A Novel Presentation of an Unusual Tumor (2018)

A 14-month-old male presented with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and grade III/VI systolic ejection murmur at the upper left sternal border with an S4 gallop and was subsequently found to have a right ventricular cardiac myxoma. Prior presentations of these tumors have been with exertional syncope and murmur, asymptomatic murmur, or exertional dyspnea; the presentation of such a tumor with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is novel.
Correction of disfluencies in spontaneous speech using a noisy-channel approach (2003)

In this paper we present a system which automatically corrects disfluencies such as repairs and restarts typically occurring in spontaneously spoken speech.The system is based on a noisy-channel model and its development requires no linguistic knowledge, but only annotated texts.Therefore, it has large potential for rapid deployment and the adaptation to new target languages.The experiments were conducted on spontaneously spoken dialogs from the English VERBMOBIL corpus where a recall of 77.2% and a precision of 90.2% was obtained.To demonstrate the feasibility of rapid adaptation additional experiments on the spontaneous Mandarin Chinese CallHome corpus were performed achieving 49.4% recall and 76.8% precision.
Feedback Regulated Drug Delivery Vehicles: Carbon Dioxide Responsive Cationic Hydrogels for Antidote Release (2010)

A possible approach to handling the harmful side effects of an analgesic overdose, without losing its therapeutic potential, involves feedback regulated delivery of an antidote. For example, overdose of morphine causes hypoventilation, an inadequate ventilation to perform gas exchanges in lungs leading to increased CO2 concentration in the blood. Taking advantage of CO2 as a toxicity marker, a hydrogel-based delivery vehicle containing dimethylamino groups [poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) cross-linked by trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate] was designed. Stimulus controlled swelling of these hydrogels in naloxone delivery is discussed. A remarkable control over naloxone release was achieved against the concentration of the biomarker. The overall stimuli response of the gel could be enhanced further by encapsulating carbonic anhydrase, a metalloenzyme known to catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2. Thus, a feedback regulated drug delivery vehicle based on toxicity biomarker strategy was modeled successfully, which has the potential to mitigate risks associated with drug overdose.
Termination and Transfer Kinetics of Butyl Acrylate Radical Polymerization Studied via SP-PLP-EPR (2010)

Butyl acrylate (BA) solution polymerization (1.5 M in toluene) was investigated via single-pulse pulsed laser polymerization in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (SP-PLP-EPR) with emphasis on the termination and transfer kinetics of the system in which two distinctly different types of radicals, secondary chain-end radicals (SPRs) and midchain radicals (MCRs), are present. MCRs are produced by intramolecular hydrogen transfer (backbiting). They may react back to SPRs by monomer addition. The evolution of SPR and MCR concentrations after photoinitiation with an intense laser pulse was measured via highly time-resolved EPR at temperatures between −40 and +60 °C. At very low temperatures the MCR concentration is negligible, enabling the chain-length-dependent rate coefficient of SPR termination, ktss(i,i), to be directly determined. At higher temperatures it was necessary to use PREDICI simulation of the radical concentration vs time traces, a process which yields the chain-length-dependent rate coefficient of SPR termination for monomeric radicals, ktss(1,1), as well as the rate coefficients for backbiting, kbb, for monomer addition to an MCR, kpt, and for SPR-MCR cross-termination, ktst. The composite model adequately represents ktss(i,i), with the power-law exponents αs = 0.85 ± 0.09 and αl = 0.16 ± 0.07 for short-chain and long-chain radicals, respectively, and a crossover chain length between short-chain and long-chain behavior at around ic = 30. The activation energy for both ktss(1,1) and ktst(1,1) is found to be as one would expect for translational diffusion of small molecules.
Selective oxidation technologies for high density MOS (1981)

Selective oxidation technologies using various thicknesses of silicon nitride formed by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), plasma assisted nitridation in ammonia, and by nitrogen ion implantation were investigated. The transition region ("bird's beak") profiles were found to be related to the rigidity of the nitride film and also the oxidation underneath the nitride film via the buffer oxide or even a native oxide. With complete elimination of any oxide between Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> and Si achieved by implanting with nitrogen ions or nitriding in an ammonia plasma, a very abrupt transition region was achieved. This new sealed interface localized oxidation (SILO) technology appears to have low crystal defect density suitable for VLSI MOS technology.
Automatically Controlled Isothermal-Adiabatic Calorimeter (1962)

A calorimeter has been constructed to measure specific heats, heats of solution, heats of reaction, and other thermal changes in liquid systems. For endothermic processes the calorimeter jacket is maintained at constant temperature while heat is supplied to the reaction chamber at a rate sufficient to keep the temperature of chamber and jacket equal. During exothermic processes, including specific heat determinations, the jacket temperature is raised at a rate sufficient to maintain temperature equality between chamber and jacket. The recording and controlling of temperature in the calorimeter are continuous and largely automatic. The heat input to the calorimeter is also automatically recorded by means of an integrating watt-second meter. Experimental specific heat data are presented to illustrate the performance of the calorimeter. The results of specific heat measurements on toluene and water agree with previously reported values within 1% over a temperature range from approximately 20–40°C. The temperature difference between jacket and reaction chamber during these experiments was automatically controlled within 0.05°C and no oscillation of the control was apparent.
Semantics-based Question Generation and Implementation (2012)

This paper presents a question generation system based on the approach of semantic rewriting. The state-of-the-art deep linguistic parsing and generation tools are employed to convert (back and forth) between the natural language sentences and their meaning representations in the form of Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). By carefully operating on the semantic structures, we show a principled way of generating questions without ad-hoc manipulation of the syntactic structures. Based on the (partial) understanding of the sentence meaning, the system generates questions which are semantically grounded and purposeful. And with the support of deep linguistic grammars, the grammaticality of the generation results is warranted. Further, with a specialized ranking model, the linguistic realizations from the general purpose generation model are further refined for our the question generation task. The evaluation results from QGSTEC2010 show promising prospects of the proposed approach.
Strategies of A Potential Importance, Making Lead-Free Piezoceramics Truly Alternative to PZTs (2017)

Active search for lead-free piezoceramics over the last decade has harvested a considerable amount of achievements both in theory and in practice. Few would deny that those achievements are highly beneficial, but agree that this quest of developing the lead-free piezoceramics in replace for PZTs is successfully completed. Nevertheless, few would clearly state where this quest should be directed in our next move. A source of this uncertainty may originate from the fact that it is still not clear how good is good enough to beat PZTs. In this short review, we analyzed the existing literature data to clearly locate the current state of the art of lead-free piezoceramics in comparison to PZT-based piezoceramics. Four strategies of a potential importance were suggested and discussed to help researchers plan and design their future research on lead-free piezoceramics with a recently reported exemplary work.
Characterization of a Novel Monoclonal Antibody (27H2) Recognizing Human CD34 Class III Epitope (2010)

A novel murine mAb recognizing class III epitope of human CD34 with high affinity, which is useful for flow cytometric diagnosis of leukemia, was developed.
Preparation of poly(acrylic acid) modified polyurethane membrane for biomaterial by UV radiation without degassing (1999)

Poly(acrylic acid) modified polyurethane (AA/PU) membranes were prepared by UV radiation without degassing. The chemical composition of the AA/PU membrane was studied by IR spectroscopy. In addition to those absorption peaks associated with pure PU, the absorption peak at 2400 cm-1 of poly(AA) was also found. The morphology of AA/PU membrane was studied by optical polarizing microscopy. We also measured the glass transition temperature and the decomposition temperature of the AA/PU membrane by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. A significant domain was found in the AA/PU membrane, which resulted in different glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature between AA/PU and pure PU membrane. The effect of AA content on the contact angle and water absorption of the AA/PU membrane was determined. It was found that the water content of AA/PU membrane increased with increasing AA content, whereas the contact angle decreased. By using Kaeble's equation and the contact angle data, the surface free energy of AA/PU membrane was determined. The increase of surface free energy resulted from the increase of the dispersion (gammad) term and polar (gammap) term. In order to evaluate the biocompatibility of these membranes, a cytotoxicity test and a cell adhesion and proliferation assay were conducted in cell culture. Immortal cells and primary lymphocytes were both used in this study. The results showed that these AA/PU membranes exhibited very low cytotoxicity and could support cell adhesion and growth. An animal primary test was also done in this study. It was found that the AA/PU membrane could possibly be employed in the treatment of bowel defect.
Threaded insert for compact cryogenic-capable pressure vessels (2023)

An insert for a cryogenic capable pressure vessel for storage of hydrogen or other cryogenic gases at high pressure. The insert provides the interface between a tank and internal and external components of the tank system. The insert can be used with tanks with any or all combinations of cryogenic, high pressure, and highly diffusive fluids. The insert can be threaded into the neck of a tank with an inner liner. The threads withstand the majority of the stress when the fluid inside the tank that is under pressure.
Discovering What Dimensionality Reduction Really Tells Us About RNA-Seq Data (2015)

Biology is being inundated by noisy, high-dimensional data to an extent never before experienced. Dimensionality reduction techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) are common approaches for dealing with this onslaught. Though these unsupervised techniques can help uncover interesting structure in high-dimensional data they give little insight into the biological and technical considerations that might explain the uncovered structure. Here we introduce a hybrid approach--component selection using mutual information (CSUMI)--that uses a mutual information--based statistic to reinterpret the results of PCA in a biologically meaningful way. We apply CSUMI to RNA-seq data from GTEx. Our hybrid approach enables us to unveil the previously hidden relationship between principal components (PCs) and the underlying biological and technical sources of variation across samples. In particular, we look at how tissue type affects PCs beyond the first two, allowing us to devise a principled way of choosing which PCs to consider when exploring the data. We further apply our method to RNA-seq data taken from the brain and show that some of the most biologically informative PCs are higher-dimensional PCs; for instance, PC 5 can differentiate the basal ganglia from other tissues. We also use CSUMI to explore how technical artifacts affect the global structure of the data, validating previous results and demonstrating how our method can be viewed as a verification framework for detecting undiscovered biases in emerging technologies. Finally we compare CSUMI to two correlation-based approaches, showing ours outperforms both. A python implementation is available online on the CSUMI website.
SCW 2009 Invited Keynote (2010)

Provides an abstract of the keynote presentation and a brief professional biography of the presenter. The complete presentation was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.
Ice Detection Systems: A Historical Perspective (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Ice protection systems were installed on DC-3s, B-29s and other aircraft during World War II. Initially ice detection was not considered a requirement for aircraft safety.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;One of the earliest ice detectors installed on a production aircraft (C-130) was pneumatic. Subsequently many other technologies have been applied to detect the presence of meteorological icing. Ice detectors employing visible light, infrared light, alpha radiation, natural resonance frequency, capacitance, speed of sound, heat of fusion, and microwaves have all been developed over the years.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper will review the different ice detection technologies and explore some of the similarities, differences, benefits and drawbacks for the purposes of performing their intended function.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;One of the drivers for developing new ice detection technology has been aircraft icing accidents and incidents. For example, a number of MD-80 accidents caused by engine flame-outs during take-off have prompted development of surface-based ice detection solutions that could detect ice accretion on wing surfaces prior to take-off. Other accidents such as the Comair CRJ crash in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada and the American Eagle ATR-42/72 crash in Roselawn, Indiana have spurred research into different ice detection technologies related to the Ludlam Limit and Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) respectively. This paper will review various aircraft accidents and incidents that have had an impact on ice detection technology.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;While no Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) exist today which deal specifically with ice detection systems, there has been some industry guidance material published which provides information on the design of ice detection systems. Due to the increased industry awareness of aircraft icing issues, a number of industry committees such as EUROCAE and IPHWG have been established to develop new guidance material and proposed regulation changes related to ice detection systems. The release of the ED-103/104 Minimum Operational Performance Specifications and other guidance material such as the recent updates to AC 20 73 published by the FAA have had an impact on the development and certification of ice detection systems.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper will review the regulation changes that impact ice detection system design and certification, including a discussion regarding the ability of ice detection technologies to meet these requirements and to be certified as a Primary system.&lt;/div&gt;
Immunogenicity of Childhood Vaccines after Pediatric Cancer. (2020)

Children treated for cancer do not retain full immunity from previous vaccinations; therefore, it is likely beneficial for children who survive cancer to be revaccinated six to 12 months after immunosuppressive therapy.
Process and device reliability characterization techniques for advanced CMOS technology: the issues and methodologies (2004)

This paper will give an overview of more advanced charge pumping and Gated-Diode techniques for the process and reliability characterization of advanced CMOS devices. Its potential use for the device hot carrier reliability study and process characterization, e.g., oxide quality monitor, plasma-induced oxide damage, and STI effects will be presented. More recent developments for 1nm range ultra-thin gate oxide CMOS device applications will also be demonstrated. Further development and the road-blocks of these techniques will be addressed.
Learning Hybrid Algorithms for Vehicle Routing Problems (2004)

This paper presents a generic technique for improving hybrid algorithms through the discovery of and tuning of meta-heuristics. The idea is to represent a family of push/pull heuristics that are based upon inserting and removing tasks in a current solution, with an algebra. We then let a learning algorithm search for the best possible algebraic term, which represents a hybrid algorithm for a given set of problems and an optimization criterion. In a previous paper, we described this algebra in detail and provided a set of preliminary results demonstrating the utility of this approach, using vehicle routing with time windows (VRPTW) as a domain example. In this paper we expand upon our results providing a more robust experimental framework and learning algorithms, and report on some new results using the standard Solomon benchmarks. In particular, we show that our learning algorithm is able to achieve results similar to the best-published algorithms using only a fraction of the CPU time. We also show that the automatic tuning of the best hybrid combination of such techniques yields a better solution than hand tuning, with considerably less effort.
Estimating surface carbon fluxes based on a local ensemble transform Kalman filter with a short assimilation window and a long observation window: an observing system simulation experiment test in GEOS-Chem 10.1 (2019)

Abstract. We developed a carbon data assimilation system to estimate surface carbon fluxes using the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) and atmospheric transport model GEOS-Chem driven by the MERRA-1 reanalysis of the meteorological field based on the Goddard Earth Observing System model, version 5 (GEOS-5). This assimilation system is inspired by the method of Kang et al. (2011, 2012), who estimated the surface carbon fluxes in an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) as evolving parameters in the assimilation of the atmospheric CO2, using a short assimilation window of 6 h. They included the assimilation of the standard meteorological variables, so that the ensemble provided a measure of the uncertainty in the CO2 transport. After introducing new techniques such as “variable localization”, and increased observation weights near the surface, they obtained accurate surface carbon fluxes at grid-point resolution. We developed a new version of the local ensemble transform Kalman filter related to the “running-in-place” (RIP) method used to accelerate the spin-up of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation (Kalnay and Yang, 2010; Wang et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2012). Like RIP, the new assimilation system uses the “no cost smoothing” algorithm for the LETKF (Kalnay et al., 2007b), which allows shifting the Kalman filter solution forward or backward within an assimilation window at no cost. In the new scheme a long “observation window” (e.g., 7 d or longer) is used to create a LETKF ensemble at 7 d. Then, the RIP smoother is used to obtain an accurate final analysis at 1 d. This new approach has the advantage of being based on a short assimilation window, which makes it more accurate, and of having been exposed to the future 7 d observations, which improves the analysis and accelerates the spin-up. The assimilation and observation windows are then shifted forward by 1 d, and the process is repeated. This reduces significantly the analysis error, suggesting that the newly developed assimilation method can be used with other Earth system models, especially in order to make greater use of observations in conjunction with models.