gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Composite View of Lower Stratospheric Ozone Developed Using a Chemistry Transport Model and Observations from Airborne Lidar and Satellite (1999)

An ozone simulation from the Goddard three-dimensional chemistry and transport model for the 1995-96 northern hemisphere winter is compared with ozone observations from airborne Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), from the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM), from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), and from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE). The 3D model uses winds from the Goddard Data Assimilation System. The 3D model reproduces the latitude dependence of the horizontal and vertical ozone gradients of the subtropical DIAL observations. Comparisons with subtropical satellite observations, which lack the spatial resolution of DIAL but provide near continuous coverage throughout the subtropics, show that the model also reproduces longitude and temporal dependence in the tropical-midlatitude boundary. At polar latitudes, observations from DIAL flights on December 9 and January 30, and POAM and MLS between late December and late January are compared with the 3D model. Data from the three platforms consistently show that the observed ozone has a negative trend relative to the modeled ozone, and that the trend is uniform in time between early and mid winter, with no obvious dependence on proximity to the vortex edge.
Selenonium Polyelectrolyte Synthesis through Post-Polymerization Modifications of Poly (Glycidyl Methacrylate) Scaffolds (2020)

Atom transfer radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate monomer with poly(ethylene glycol)-based macroinitiators leads to the formation of reactive block copolymers. The epoxide side-chains of these polymers can be subjected to a regiospecific base-catalyzed nucleophilic ring-opening reaction with benzeneselenol under ambient conditions. The ß-hydroxy selenide linkages thus formed can be alkylated to access polyselenonium salts. <sup>77</sup>Se-NMR indicates the formation of diastereomers upon alkylation. In such a manner, sequential post-polymerization modifications of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) scaffolds via selenium-epoxy and selenoether alkylation reactions furnish practical access to poly(ethylene glycol)-based cationic organoselenium copolymers.
Spontaneous and induced metastasis of naturally occurring tumors in mice: analysis of cell shedding into the blood. (1984)

The lung colonization capability (after iv inoculation) of each of 77 autochthonous virus-induced mammary tumors in C3H/Avy female mice was compared with its own spontaneous metastatic behavior. Twenty-four of these neoplasms had spontaneously metastasized to the lungs of the tumor bearer. The results were interpreted in the framework of dose-response studies on experimentally induced metastasis. These results indicate that tumors of high lung colonization potential (HCP) overgrow the lungs with iv doses as low as 10(4) cells, whereas tumors of low lung colonization potential (LCP) require at least 250 times this dose to achieve the same result. No general similarity was found between spontaneous and induced metastatic capability. Although some tumors showed good correspondence, others showed discrepancies and provided new information on mechanisms of cell shedding from primary tumors and on rate-limiting steps in metastasis. For example, from the dose-response studies, nonmetastatic tumors of HCP (iv) are deduced to be shedding very few cells. These findings suggest that escape from the primary tumor is an active process or else passive leakage of cells into vessels by hemorrhage, necrosis, or palpation should have resulted in spontaneous metastasis. Spontaneously metastatic tumors of LCP corroborate the view that metastasis is effected by a highly active subpopulation with special properties; otherwise, the required scale of passive cell release into the blood would be unrealistically large. Blood bioassay and time-course studies on pulmonary deposit formation indicate that shedding of metastatic cells occurs early in mammary tumor development.
Global Landscape of Clostridioides Difficile Phylogeography, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Toxin Polymorphisms by Post-Hoc Whole-Genome Sequencing from the MODIFY I/II Studies (2021)

Our systematic characterization of a global set of clinical trial C. difficile isolates from infected individuals demonstrated the complexity of the genetic makeup of this pathogenic organism. The geographic variability of clades, variability in toxin genes, and mutations associated with antibiotic susceptibility indicate a highly complex interaction of C. difficile between host and environment. This dataset will provide a useful resource for validation of findings and future research of C. difficile.
Expression of Ghrelin and Its Functional Receptor, the Type 1a Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, in Normal Human Testis and Testicular Tumors (2004)

Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), has been primarily linked to the central neuroendocrine regulation of GH secretion and food intake, although additional peripheral actions of ghrelin have also been reported. In this context, the expression of ghrelin and its cognate receptor has been recently demonstrated in rat testis, suggesting a role for this molecule in the direct control of male gonadal function. However, whether this signaling system is present in human testis remains largely unexplored. In this study we report the expression and cellular location of ghrelin and its functional receptor, the type 1a GHS-R, in adult human testis. In addition, evaluation of ghrelin and GHS-R1a immunoreactivity in testicular tumors and dysgenetic tissue is presented. The expression of the mRNAs encoding ghrelin and GHS-R1a was demonstrated in human testis specimens by RT-PCR, followed by direct sequencing. In normal testis, ghrelin immunostaining was demonstrated in interstitial Leydig cells and, at lower intensity, in Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules. In contrast, ghrelin was not detected in germ cells at any stage of spermatogenesis. The cognate ghrelin receptor showed a wider pattern of cellular distribution, with detectable GHS-R1a protein in germ cells, mainly in pachytene spermatocytes, as well as in somatic Sertoli and Leydig cells. Ghrelin immunoreactivity was absent in poorly differentiated Leydig cell tumor, which retained the expression of GHS-R1a peptide. In contrast, highly differentiated Leydig cell tumors expressed both the ligand and the receptor. The expression of ghrelin and GHS-R1a was also detected in dysgenetic Sertoli cell-only seminiferous tubules, whereas germ cell tumors (seminoma and embryonal carcinoma) were negative for ghrelin and were weakly positive for GHS-R1a. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ghrelin and the type 1a GHS-R are expressed in adult human testis and testicular tumors. Overall, the expression of ghrelin and its functional receptor in human and rat testis, with roughly similar patterns of cellular distribution, is highly suggestive of a conserved role for this newly discovered molecule in the regulation of mammalian testicular function.
Effect of Background Pressure on the Plasma Oscillation Characteristics of the HiVHAc Hall Thruster (2014)

During a component compatibility test of the NASA HiVHAc Hall thruster, a number of plasma diagnostics were implemented to study the effect of varying facility background pressure on thruster operation.These diagnostics characterized the thruster performance, the plume, and the plasma oscillations in the thruster.Thruster performance and plume characteristics as functions of background pressure were previously published.This paper focuses on changes in the plasma oscillation characteristics with changing background pressure.The diagnostics used to study plasma oscillations include a high-speed camera and a set of high-speed Langmuir probes.The results show a rise in the oscillation frequency of the "breathing" mode with rising background pressure, which is hypothesized to be due to a shortening acceleration/ionization zone.An attempt is made to apply a simplified ingestion model to the data.The combined results are used to estimate the maximum acceptable background pressure for performance and wear testing.
Biocomposites from hydrolyzed waste proteinaceous biomass: mechanical, thermal and moisture absorption performances (2013)

The main goal of this research is maximizing the utilization of renewable materials in both the matrix and reinforcement, more importantly exploitation of waste material for biocomposite development and evaluating the mechanical, thermal and water resistance performances. Woven roving and chopped strand mat fiber glass, and hemp fiber mats are incorporated to an epoxy resin based matrix cured with novel hydrolyzed specified risk material (SRM) extracts. Aminophenyl sulphone (APS) is used as a control crosslinking agent for the epoxy resin. Results show that the biocomposites developed in this research exhibit promising flexural strength, tensile strength and tensile modulus; despite relatively poor moisture resistance. The use of waste protein hydrolyzate extracts, hydrolyzed proteins, as crosslinking agent of epoxy resins in making biocomposites is novel and promising and results can be extended to other proteinaceous biomasses as curing agent of epoxy resins.
Aufrechterhaltung der sinusförmigen Induktion bei hohen Feldstärken in Prüfjochen für Elektrobleche, Teil I (1962)

Article Aufrechterhaltung der sinusförmigen Induktion bei hohen Feldstärken in Prüfjochen für Elektrobleche, Teil I was published on December 1, 1962 in the journal tm - Technisches Messen (volume 312-323, issue JG).
The Axillary Flap Approach to the Frontal Recess (2002)

The axillary flap approach to the frontal recess provides excellent access to the frontal recess and allows clearance of cells in the recess with identification of the frontal ostium in the vast majority of cases.
Creaming of Rubber Latex (1941)

Abstract The creaming of rubber latex was first observed as far back as 1824 when Hancock, working with what was probably Castilloa latex, observed that if this latex is well shaken with three or four times its volume of water and then allowed to stand, a separation into two layers will take place which thus effects a purification of the dispersion. This phenomenon, reported again by Faraday in 1825, is a spontaneous creaming which takes place with latices of large particle size. Latex of Hevea brasiliensis will not cream spontaneously in this manner and, although other methods of inducing creaming, such as the addition of caustic alkali, were previously known, it remained for Traube in 1924 to patent the first method which would prove satisfactory for commercial concentration. Rahn had reported in 1922 that the natural creaming of milk could be greatly accelerated and made more complete if small amounts of gelatin or of similar hydrophilic colloids, such as gum tragacanth, gum arabic, peptone or albumen, were added to the milk before allowing it to stand. Recognizing the similarity between milk and rubber latex, Traube applied this knowledge to the development of the creaming of latex. He found such substances as carrageen moss, Iceland moss, and other vegetable mucilages to be effective in causing separation of the latex dispersion into two layers—the upper one rich in rubber and the lower one, generally termed serum, almost free of rubber.
The program structure tree (1994)

In this paper, we describe the program structure tree (PST), a hierarchical representation of program structure based on single entry single exit (SESE) regions of the control flow graph. We give a linear-time algorithm for finding SESE regions and for building the PST of arbitrary control flow graphs (including irreducible ones). Next, we establish a connection between SESE regions and control dependence equivalence classes, and show how to use the algorithm to find control regions in linear time. Finally, we discuss some applications of the PST. Many control flow algorithms, such as construction of Static Single Assignment form, can be speeded up by applying the algorithms in a divide-and-conquer style to each SESE region on its own. The PST is also used to speed up data flow analysis by exploiting “sparsity”. Experimental results from the Perfect Club and SPEC89 benchmarks confirm that the PST approach finds and exploits program structure.
The performance of TDD/CDMA systems using pre-RAKE combining with different diversity techniques and imperfect channel estimation (2002)

The use of pre-RAKE combing technique decreases the complexity of the portable unit in time division duplex (TDD) applications while achieving the same multipath diversity effect of the RAKE receiver. Our analysis is focused on three main issues. First a comparison of the various diversity techniques and studying the effect of the diversity order of three different diversity combining techniques. Second, studying the effect of imperfect channel estimation on the system performance and comparing it with the ideal pre-RAKE system. The obtained conditional probability of error is evaluated through Monte-Carlo integration. Third, a comparison between pre-RAKE and RAKE systems under the same conditions. Both random codes and orthogonal codes are considered in investigating the performance of the two systems.
Development of graft-versus-host disease depends upon establishment of complete donor T cell chimerism after T cell depleted, reduced intensity hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2005)

Introduction: As part of a protocol to study the influence of host immunodepletion on engraftment, in which we administered DLI after TCD-RIST, we were able to analyze the effect of donor engraftment on the development of GVHD. Methods: Eighteen patients with metastatic breast cancer were enrolled. Each received 1–2 cycles of cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2/day) and fludarabine (30 mg/m2/day) for four days, to a target CD4 count of 50 cells/μl. Pts then received fludarabine (30 mg/m2/day) and cyclophosphamide (1200 mg/m2/day) from day −6 to −3 prior to matched sibling donor allotransplantation. The allografts were TCD by sequential CD34 positive-selection and negative selection using monoclonal antibodies against CD2, CD6, and CD7, with T cell add-back to an adjusted dose 1 × 105 CD3+ cells/kg. Pts received a minimum of 5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Pts received full dose cyclosporine A (CsA) until day +28 followed by tapering over twelve days. Pts without GVHD received 1, 5, and 10 × 106 CD3+ cells/kg on days +42, +70, +98, respectively. Pts were eligible to receive additional DLI beyond day +98. Results: Two pts died before day 28 and were not included in the analysis. All remaining pts achieved complete donor T cell engraftment upon completion of scheduled DLI. Nine pts (56%) developed grade II-IV acute GVHD. Four of 14 evaluable pts (29%) developed chronic GVHD, two extensive. Development of GVHD was associated with complete (>90%) donor T cell chimerism (p<.005); only one patient with mixed T cell chimerism developed GVHD. There was no association between the absolute lymphocyte count and either GVHD or establishment of chimerism. Three of 16 pts (19%) did not receive DLI due to GVHD. Five of 16 pts (31%) received one or two of three planned DLI. Six received more than three DLI, for disease control. There was no correlation between the number or dose of DLI administered and the development of GVHD. Conclusions: In marked contrast to reports of non-myeloablative HST, we found a strong association between complete donor T cell engraftment and the development of GVHD following RIST, suggesting a suppressive effect of recipient T cells. This could be from direct cytotoxicity or the activity of a regulatory subset, controlling alloreactivity until full donor chimerism is established. While lower rates of GVHD following RIST have been reported, T cell chimerism may be confounding.
Communication-Effective Pie Charts (2007)

Pie charts are a popular and simple tool to visually compare the relative size of the parts of a numeric whole. Yet, there is more to getting a SAS/GRAPH® pie chart right than you may think. We start with an eye-opening comparison of 3D and 2D. You will see how 3D can actually undermine visual communication by distorting the apparent relative size of slices. Then we look at ordering pie slices. If you also want to control the color palette for a multi-color SAS/GRAPH pie (i.e., if you care which slice is which color), there is an unexpected challenge to meet. It is also important to consider when and how to use an “Other” slice. To maximally exploit the power of simplicity, you will be shown the author’s “Pac-man Pie Chart”. The biggest pie chart challenge is labeling. Unless creating a pie of a few slices with all of them about the same size, it may be a problem to get every slice description, value, and percent to fit around the perimeter of the pie without overlapping. SAS/GRAPH provides a legend option, but it does not necessarily eliminate the pie label overlap problem. You will learn how to build a custom legend, which will solve the problem without great difficulty. Also, this paper shows a possible SAS/GRAPH alternative to the pie chart and demonstrates that an Excel pie chart does not reliably deliver a communication-effective legend. No prior SAS/GRAPH experience is required.
Open PFLOW: Creation and evaluation of an open dataset for typical people mass movement in urban areas (2017)

Understanding people flow at a citywide level is critical for urban planning and commercial development. Thanks to the ubiquity of human location tracking devices, many studies on people mass movement with mobility logs have been conducted. However, high cost and severe privacy policy constraints still complicate utilization of these data in practice. There is no dataset that anyone can freely access, use, modify, and share for any purpose. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel dataset creation approach (called Open PFLOW) that continuously reports the spatiotemporal positions of all individual’s in urban areas based on open data. With fully consideration of the privacy protection, each entity in our dataset does not match the actual movement of any real person, so that the dataset can be totally open to public as part of data infrastructure. Because the result is shown at a disaggregate level, users can freely modify, process, and visualize the dataset for any purpose. We evaluate the accuracy of the dataset by comparing it with commercial datasets and traffic census indicates that it has a high correlation with mesh population and link-based traffic volume.
Effect of Prior Lumbar Discectomy on Outcome of Lumbar Fusion (1998)

This study prospectively measured patient-reported quality-of-life outcome in patients undergoing fusion for recurrent symptoms after prior discectomy. Analysis of SF-36 data revealed statistically significant improvement in physical function, social function, and bodily pain 1 year postoperatively. Analysis of variance revealed significant interactions based on worker's compensation, litigation status, educational level, and age. The results support the conclusion that the SF-36 is a useful and applicable tool for measuring patient perception and quality-of-life parameters after spinal surgery. SF-36 outcomes demonstrated a reasonable level of success for lumbar fusion in revision spine surgery, with the most significant improvements noted in the categories of pain, physical function, and social function.
A switched‐capacitor multilevel inverter topology employing a novel variable structure nearest‐level modulation (2021)

This article introduces a nine-level switched-capacitor multilevel inverter with twice voltage boosting feature. It also aims at proposing a novel variable structure nearest-level modulation scheme that has been implemented in the proposed topology. The proposed inverter structure possesses a reduced number of switches as compared to some of the recently proposed topologies. Moreover, the proposed arrangement also has an improvement in terms of the reverse blocking voltage (or total standing voltage) of the switch, which determines the rating of the switch requirement. The proposed topology has a voltage boosting feature along with the self-voltage balancing ability of the capacitors. A detailed analysis has been performed in the article, which contains the simulation results for different loading conditions and for varying modulation indexes. Besides, the power loss analysis of the proposed structure is carried out using PLECS software. Losses and efficiency have been explained with the help of graphical analysis. Hardware results, which are obtained using an experimental setup, are also shown and discussed in this article to validate the results obtained by simulation.
Active Contact Forces Drive Nonequilibrium Fluctuations in Membrane Vesicles (2020)

We analyze the nonequilibrium shape fluctuations of giant unilamellar vesicles encapsulating motile bacteria. Owing to bacteria-membrane collisions, we experimentally observe a significant increase in the magnitude of membrane fluctuations at low wave numbers, compared to the well-known thermal fluctuation spectrum. We interrogate these results by numerically simulating membrane height fluctuations via a modified Langevin equation, which includes bacteria-membrane contact forces. Taking advantage of the lengthscale and timescale separation of these contact forces and thermal noise, we further corroborate our results with an approximate theoretical solution to the dynamical membrane equations. Our theory and simulations demonstrate excellent agreement with nonequilibrium fluctuations observed in experiments. Moreover, our theory reveals that the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is not broken by the bacteria; rather, membrane fluctuations can be decomposed into thermal and active components.