gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The incidence and distribution of viruses infecting lettuce, cultivated Brassica and associated natural vegetation in Spain (2004)

Summary A virus survey was conducted during the spring and autumn of 2001 and 2002 to determine the presence, prevalence and distribution in Spain of the viruses that are most commonly found infecting lettuce and Brassica worldwide. Crop plants showing virus symptoms from the principal lettuce and Brassica ‐growing regions of Spain, and some samples of the annual and perennial flora nearby, were tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays using specific commercial antibodies against the following viruses: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Broad bean wilt virus 1 (BBWV‐1), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), Pea seed‐borne mosaic virus (PSbMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Samples were also tested with a Potyvirus genus antibody. Virus incidence was much lower in spring than in autumn, especially in 2001. In spring 2002, CMV and LMV were the most prevalent viruses in lettuce, while CaMV was the most important virus present in Brassica crops grown in Navarra, followed by CMV and BWYV. In the autumn, the spectrum of viruses was different; potyviruses were widespread in lettuce grown in Madrid, but TSWV and BWYV were predominant in the Murcia region. The prevalent Potyvirus detected in lettuce fields was LMV, but none of the samples collected were positive for PSbMV or TuMV. In Brassica crops, TSWV was the most abundant in autumn‐sown crops, especially in the Navarra region. All of the viruses present in lettuce and Brassica were also frequently detected in their associated natural vegetation at the same time, suggesting that they probably play an important role as virus reservoirs. Sonchus spp. were particularly common and were frequently infected with CMV, LMV and BWYV. Another common species, Chenopodium album , was often infected with TSWV and BWYV. Multiple infections were common, especially in non‐crop plants, and the most common combination was BWYV and TSWV. The role of weeds in the epidemiology of viruses that infect lettuce and Brassica crops in Spain is discussed.
Physical Logic Bombs in 3D Printers via Emerging 4D Techniques (2021)

Rapid prototyping makes additive manufacturing (or 3D printing) useful in critical application domains such as aerospace, automotive, and medical. The rapid expansion of these applications should prompt the examination of the underlying security of 3D printed objects. In this paper, we present Mystique, a novel class of stealthy attacks on printed objects that leverage the fourth dimension of emerging 4D printing technology to introduce embedded logic bombs through manufacturing process manipulation. Mystique enables visually benign objects to behave maliciously upon the activation of the logic bomb during operation. It leverages the manufacturing process to embed a physical logic bomb that can be triggered with specific stimuli to change the physical and mechanical properties of the printed objects. These changes in properties can potentially cause catastrophic operational failures when the objects are used in critical applications such as drones, prosthesis, or medical applications.
Comparison of Workplace Protection Factors for Different Biological Contaminants (2011)

This study compared workplace protection factors (WPFs) for five different contaminants (endotoxin, fungal spores, (1→3)-β-D-glucan, total particle mass, and total particle number) provided by an N95 elastomeric respirator (ER) and an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR). We previously reported size-selective WPFs for total particle numbers for the ER and FFR, whereas the current article is focused on WPFs for bioaerosols and total particle mass. Farm workers (n = 25) wore the ER and FFR while performing activities at eight locations representing horse farms, pig barns, and grain handling facilities. For the determination of WPFs, particles were collected on filters simultaneously inside and outside the respirator during the first and last 15 min of a 60-min experiment. One field blank per subject was collected without actual sampling. A reporting limit (RL) was established for each contaminant based on geometric means (GMs) of the field blanks as the lowest possible measurable values. Depending on the contaminant type, 38-48% of data points were below the RL. Therefore, a censored regression model was used to estimate WPFs (WPF(censored)). The WPF(censored) provided by the two types of respirators were not significantly different. In contrast, significant differences were found in the WPF(censored) for different types of contaminants. GMs WPFs(censored) for the two types of respirators combined were 154, 29, 18, 19, and 176 for endotoxin, fungal spore count, (1→3)-β-D-glucan, total particle mass, and total particle number, respectively. The WPF(censored) was more strongly associated with concentrations measured outside the respirator for endotoxin, fungal spores, and total particle mass except for total particle number. However, when only data points with outside concentrations higher than 176×RL were included, the WPFs increased, and the association between the outside concentrations and the WPFs became weaker. Results indicate that difference in WPFs observed between different contaminants may be attributed to differences in the sensitivity of analytical methods to detect low inside concentrations, rather than the nature of particles (biological or non-biological).
Characterization of Metallurgical Transformations in Multi-Phase High Strength Steels by Barkhausen Noise Measurement (2007)

The potentialities of using the magnetic Barkhausen noise measurement in characterization of metallurgical transformations have been highlighted in multi-phase High Strength (HS) steels. This kind of steels are composed of different metallurgical constituents, such as ferrite, bainite, martensite or residual austenite. Recently, we found that it was possible to assess the proportion of phases in ferrite-martensite steels and in industrial Dual-Phase steels too. In this work, we show that the Barkhausen noise measurements can be also suitable to follow bainitic transformation in a TRIP steel.
Three-Component Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines (2007)

Reported is a mild CAN-catalyzed reaction between anilines and two equivalents of vinyl ethers affording 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines 1 (cis) and 2 (trans) in good to excellent yields with commonly 9:1 cis/trans diastereoselectivity. Isomers 1 were dehydrogenatively aromatized to yield 2-methylquinoline derivatives 3 accompanied, in some cases, by the corresponding 4-ethers 4. Further studies to optimize formation of derivatives 4 were not reported. The overall process is similar to a stepwise Povarov reaction whose mechanism is discussed (O. Jiménez, G. de la Rosa, R. Lavilla Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6521-6525).
A dynamic study of viraemia in chronic hepatitis C infection (1994)

The dynamics of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), anti-hepatitis C virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in six cases with chronic HCV infection were studied for 3-7 years. Two of the six cases showed continued elevation of ALT, and three showed intermittent elevation. All cases were persistently positive for anti-HCV after initial seroconversion. Five of the six cases were persistently positive for HCV RNA detected by nested polymerase chain reaction, and one was positive intermittently. Thus hepatitis C virus replicates continually in a majority of patients with chronic hepatitis C, although some cases may show intermittent replication, and replication of hepatitis C virus does not always correlate with elevated ALT.
Subsets of GABA Neurons in the Human Cerebellum in Normal Controls and Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Patients Detected by Glutamate Decarboxylase, GABA<sub>A</sub>/Benzodiazepine Receptor Protein, Calbindin D-28k and Parvalbumin Immunocytochemistry (Part 1 of 2) (1990)

The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons in the postmortem human cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus was studied using antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and two different cytoplasmic calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k (CaBP), and the alpha-subunit of the GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;/benzodiazepine receptor protein. The cerebellum of normal controls was compared to those of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) in order to determine the involvement of these neurons in the dementing disorder. In the normal human cerebellar cortex all neuronal types except granule cells were GAD-labeled. Immunoreactivity was found predominantly in axonal structures, particularly in basket plexus around Purkinje cell somata. Antibodies against CaBP specifically stained all Purkinje cells in their entirety including axons and dendritic spines. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity was found in a subpopulation of Purkinje cells, basket and stellate cells but not in Golgi and granule cells. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive basket plexuses were found around Purkinje cell somata. The most intense labeling with the GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;/benzodiazepine receptor antibody was found on the surface of granule cells. Purkinje, basket and stellate cells showed only a weak labeling of their surface. In the dentate nucleus only small neurons showed GAD immunoreactivity. Large neurons were densely covered with labeled axons and varicosities. No cell somata were stained with antibodies against CaBP and parvalbumin. All types of large and small dentate neurons showed immunoreactivity against GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;/benzodiazepine receptor protein on the surface of their soma and dendrites. SDAT is accompanied by some changes in neurons belonging to the GABA subset. Fewer spines were found on the dendrites of Purkinje cells and on large dentate neurons. In the granular layer, more Purkinje axonal deformations ('torpedoes') and a hypertrophic network of Purkinje axon collaterals were found.
Observation of large low field magnetoresistance and large magnetocaloric effects in polycrystalline Pr0.65(Ca0.7Sr0.3)0.35MnO3 (2008)

Magnetotransport and magnetocaloric properties of polycrystalline Pr0.65(Ca0.7Sr0.3)MnO3 have been studied. Large low field magnetoresistance (∼100% at 75K for 1T field) with high magnetic field sensitivity (∼5000%T−1) has been observed due to the melting of charge ordered state. The system also shows large magnetocaloric effect at ∼215 and 90K. The magnetic entropy change is ∼8 and 5.5J∕kgK, respectively, around these temperatures for a field change from 0to7T. Such huge low field magnetoresistance along with large magnetocaloric effect exhibited by the material is interesting from the application point of view.
Different Inactivation Behaviors of MS-2 Phage and Escherichia coli in TiO 2 Photocatalytic Disinfection (2005)

Despite a wealth of experimental evidence concerning the efficacy of the biocidal action associated with the TiO(2) photocatalytic reaction, our understanding of the photochemical mechanism of this particular biocidal action remains largely unclear. It is generally accepted that the hydroxyl radical (.OH), which is generated on the surface of UV-illuminated TiO(2), plays the main role. However, our understanding of the exact mode of action of the hydroxyl radical in killing microorganisms is far from complete, and some studies report that other reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H(2)O(2) and O(2).(-), etc.) also play significant roles. In particular, whether hydroxyl radicals remain bound to the surface or diffuse into the solution bulk is under active debate. In order to examine the exact mode of action of ROS in inactivating the microorganism, we tested and compared the levels of photocatalytic inactivation of MS-2 phage and Escherichia coli as representative species of viruses and bacteria, respectively. To compare photocatalytic microbial inactivation with the photocatalytic chemical degradation reaction, para-chlorobenzoic acid, which rapidly reacts with a hydroxyl radical with a diffusion-limited rate, was used as a probe compound. Two different hydroxyl radical scavengers, tert-butanol and methanol, and an activator of the bulk phase hydroxyl radical generation, Fe(2+), were used to investigate their effects on the photocatalytic mode of action of the hydroxyl radical in inactivating the microorganism. The results show that the biocidal modes of action of ROS are very different depending on the specific microorganism involved, although the reason for this is not clear. It seems that MS-2 phage is inactivated mainly by the free hydroxyl radical in the solution bulk but that E. coli is inactivated by both the free and the surface-bound hydroxyl radicals. E. coli might also be inactivated by other ROS, such as O(2).(-) and H(2)O(2), according to the present results.
Multivariate Analysis of Antioxidant Power and Polyphenolic Composition in Red Wines (2001)

It has been demonstrated that the dietary intake of compounds having antioxidant activity is very important, and various chemical, biological, and electrochemical methods have been proposed to evaluate the antioxidant power of compounds such as polyphenols. Wine, although nonessential, has a high polyphenol content up to 2-3 g/L in red wines obtained by traditional maceration. The polyphenol content of wines is usually evaluated by the Folin reagent, which provides an appropriate response to the requirements of wine manufacturers. Because the presence of individual polyphenols may be evaluated by HPLC, more or less selective methods toward the various chemical classes of polyphenols have been developed. An HPLC method set up recently was applied to evaluate how individual polyphenols contributed to the overall antioxidant power (AOP) of 60 Italian red wines, trying to identify the effect that individual compounds may have on the total AOP. Application of the multivariate analysis allowed us to detect some determining compounds such as gallic acid and some flavonols. On the basis of the correlation between two traditional chemical methods, namely the total polyphenol determination by the Folin reagent and the flavanol determination by the condensation reaction with p-(dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde, it was shown that the use of these two merely chemical methods is well correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.87) to an AOP evaluation of red wines.
Review of Scientific Instruments New Products (2021)

In order to supplement manufacturers' information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials, which supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.
A randomized clinical trial comparing a novel 5.3% hydrogen peroxide whitening strip to 10%, 15%, and 20% carbamide peroxide tray-based bleaching systems. (2000)

A randomized and controlled, parallel-group clinical trial compared the whitening benefits of a novel 5.3% hydrogen peroxide bleaching strip to 10%, 15%, and 20% carbamide peroxide tray-based bleaching systems. A total of 36 healthy adults were randomized to a 14-day regimen in which both arches were whitened for 1 hour per day in the whitening-strip group or 2 hours per day in the tray groups. Efficacy was measured objectively using digital images of the anterior teeth at baseline and after 14 days of treatment. Overall tooth color (L*a*b*) was derived from individual pixel values, and then mean levels of delta b*, delta L*, and composite color (delta E*) were compared using analysis of covariance. After 14 days of treatment, all groups experienced a greater than 1-unit mean improvement in delta b*, delta L*, and delta E* relative to baseline. For the primary study variable, reduction of yellow (delta b*) outcomes after 14 hours of using the experimental strip were comparable to those observed with the 10% tray group after 28 hours of use. These two treatment groups did not differ statistically with respect to any of the color measurements used in this study. For the tray groups, there was a reasonable dose relationship for the primary end point, delta b*, with the 15% and 20% tray groups averaging 17% and 68% improvements in yellow, respectively, over the 10% group. Except for the 20% carbamide peroxide system, where sensitivity was relatively common, all test products were well tolerated. In this first comparative evaluation vs marketed controls, use of the whitening strips twice daily for 14 days yielded a highly significant improvement in tooth color vs baseline.
Nitrogen actinometry for measurement of nitrogen radical spatial distribution in large-area plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (2013)

Density distributions of radicals in the large-area silicon nitride (Si3N4) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process were measured using a spatially resolvable optical emission spectrometer (SROES). To determine the qualitative distribution of a target radical, the authors used optical actinometry with nitrogen (N2) gas as an actinometer. To compare the SROES data and process results, the thickness of the deposited Si3N4 thin films using an ellipsometer was measured. By introducing nitrogen-based optical actinometry, the authors obtained very good agreement between the experimental results of the distributions of atomic nitrogen radical and the deposited thicknesses of Si3N4 thin films. Based on these experimental results, the uniformity of the process plasma in the PECVD process at different applied radio frequency powers was analyzed.
Abstract WP97: A Novel Behavioral Neuroscore Survey Improves Characterization of Experimental Ischemic Stroke in Mice (2018)

Stroke remains the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S, highlighting a pressing need to improve the translatability of experimental stroke studies. To more reproducibly mimic clinical assessments in animal stroke models, we developed and tested a novel behavioral Neuroscore assessment designed to serve as an experimental analog to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Our Neuroscore measured discrepancies in visual, sensorimotor, and fatigue-related performances over five tasks while generating a numerical score ranging from zero to eleven (zero representing normal). Once administered, the resulting score was used as a predictor for determining the severity of stroke. The Neuroscore was designed and administered on C57Bl/6 mice. To mimic the NIH Stroke Scale, the Neuroscore used similar, but mouse-appropriate components over five-minute administrations: Level of Consciousness, Gaze and Visual Field, Sensory-Limb testing in response to stimuli, and a motor component assessed with Paralysis-Paw Hang tasks. Inter-rater reliability assessments were also performed. For this initial experiment, the MCAo model (tandem common carotid/middle cerebral artery occlusion model) was tested. Neuroscore effectively and significantly increased on post-stroke day (PSD) 1 after MCAo (N=36) compared to shams (N=25, p&lt;0.001). Upon analyzing inter-rater reliability, a significant intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.707 was calculated (N=3, p&lt;0.001). In conclusion, we developed a novel Neuroscore evaluation to mimic the NIH Stroke Scale for mice. The Neuroscore appropriately changed after experimental stroke, and significant reliability findings indicated similar scoring across experimenters. Future testing in other stroke models, as well as in rats is indicated to further evaluate this tool as a universal post-stroke translational assessment.
Barriers to Successful Health Information Exchange Systems in Canada and the USA (2019)

Background: Despite the potential benefits of health information exchange (HIE) and the two decades of efforts from the Canadian and the American governments to promote health exchange projects, failures far outnumber successes. Objective: To better understand the barriers influencing the adoption and implementation of inter-organization HIE systems in Canada and the USA. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted to examine English-language studies that identified barriers to HIE in Canada and the USA between 1995 and 2016. Electronic databases, backward searching and expert consultations were used. Results: 31 articles have been included. There is a dearth of publications reported on the HIE barriers in Canada. A total of 33 barriers have been identified. Conclusion: There are noticeable differences in the barriers reported in these countries. Privacy concerns and a lack of stakeholder buy-in are recurring barriers over time in the USA. Low adoption of electronic medical records is the main barrier in Canada.
Fermionic transformation rules for spatially filtered light beams in conical refraction (2011)

In conical refraction, when a collimated light beam passes along the optic axis of a biaxial crystal it refracts conically giving rise to a characteristic conical refraction (CR) ring. At each point of the CR ring the light electric field is linearly polarized with the polarization plane rotating along the ring such that every two opposite points of the ring present orthogonal linear polarizations. With a pinhole we have spatially filtered a small part of the CR ring and experimentally reported that this filtered light does not yield a ring pattern when it refracts along the optic axis of a second biaxial crystal, called the CR-analyzer in what follows. Instead, after crossing the CR-analyzer the filtered beam splits into two beams with orthogonal linear polarizations that correspond to two opposite points of the otherwise expected CR ring. We have experimentally derived the transformation rules of the filtered beam. For a CR-analyzer rotated by an angle &omega; around the optic axis, the filtered beam splits in two beams with intensities following the fermionic transformation rule cos<sup>2</sup> (&omega; / 2) , in contrast to the Malus law of cos <sup>2</sup>&omega; followed by double refraction.
Isolation and Chemical Characterization of the Peptidyl Factor Controlling Mating Tube Formation inRhodosporidium toruloides (1977)

Journal Article Isolation and Chemical Characterization of the Peptidyl Factor Controlling Mating Tube Formation in Rhodosporidium toruloides Get access Yuji Kamiya, Yuji Kamiya The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Akira Sakurai, Akira Sakurai The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Saburo Tamura, Saburo Tamura The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Keiko Abe, Keiko Abe The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, SaitamaThe Institute of Applied Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Eiko Tsuchiya, Eiko Tsuchiya The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, SaitamaThe Institute of Applied Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sakuzo Fukui Sakuzo Fukui The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, SaitamaThe Institute of Applied Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 41, Issue 6, 1 June 1977, Pages 1099–1100, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1977.10862636 Published: 01 June 1977 Article history Received: 30 March 1977 Published: 01 June 1977