gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated CO2 reduces disease incidence and severity of a red maple fungal pathogen via changes in host physiology and leaf chemistry (2005)

Abstract Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are predicted to double within the next century. Despite this trend, the extent and mechanisms through which elevated CO 2 affects plant diseases remain uncertain. In this study, we assessed how elevated CO 2 affects a foliar fungal pathogen, Phyllosticta minima , of Acer rubrum growing in the understory at the Duke Forest free‐air CO 2 enrichment experiment in Durham, North Carolina. Surveys of A. rubrum saplings in the 6th, 7th, and 8th years of the CO 2 exposure revealed that elevated CO 2 significantly reduced disease incidence, with 22%, 27%, and 8% fewer saplings and 14%, 4%, and 5% fewer leaves infected per plant in the three consecutive years, respectively. Elevated CO 2 also significantly reduced disease severity in infected plants in all years (e.g. mean lesion area reduced 35%, 50%, and 10% in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively). To assess the mechanisms underlying these changes, we combined leaf structural, physiological and chemical analyses with growth chamber studies of P. minima growth and host infection. In vitro exponential growth rates of P. minima were enhanced by 17% under elevated CO 2 , discounting the possibility that disease reductions were because of direct negative effects of elevated CO 2 on fungal performance. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) verified that conidia germ tubes of P. minima infect A. rubrum leaves by entering through the stomata. While stomatal size and density were unchanged, stomatal conductance was reduced by 21–36% under elevated CO 2 , providing smaller openings for infecting germ tubes. Reduced disease severity under elevated CO 2 was likely due to altered leaf chemistry and reduced nutritive quality; elevated CO 2 reduced leaf N by 20% and increased the C : N ratio by 20%, total phenolics by 15%, and tannins by 14% ( P &lt;0.05 for each factor). The potential dual mechanism we describe here of reduced stomatal opening and altered leaf chemistry that results in reduced disease incidence and severity under elevated CO 2 may be prevalent in many plant pathosystems where the pathogen targets the stomata.
Catalytic Mechanism of Glyoxalase I:  A Theoretical Study (2001)

Hybrid density functional theory is used to study the catalytic mechanism of human glyoxalase I (GlxI). This zinc enzyme catalyzes the conversion of the hemithioacetal of toxic methylglyoxal and glutathione to nontoxic (S)-D-lactoylglutathione. GlxI can process both diastereomeric forms of the substrate, yielding the same form of the product. As a starting point for the calculations, we use a recent crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with a transition-state analogue, where it was found that the inhibitor is bound directly to the zinc by its hydroxycarbamoyl functions. It is shown that the Zn ligand Glu172 can abstract the substrate C1 proton from the S enantiomer of the substrate, without being displaced from the Zn ion. The calculated activation barrier is in excellent agreement with experimental rates. Analogously, the Zn ligand Glu99 can abstract the proton from the R form of the substrate. To account for the stereochemical findings, it is argued that the S and R reactions cannot be fully symmetric. A detailed mechanistic scheme is proposed.
An optically repeated SCM system with subcarrier frequency conversion (2000)

We propose use of an optically repeated SCM system with subcarrier frequency conversion for video monitoring, with the aim of realizing benefits in two areas: first, cost-effectiveness and simple design by using standardized transmission equipment and reducing preparation for lasing wavelength selection of light sources; and second, to increase the transmission length and number of terminals. In order to characterize transmission performance, we simulated CNR affected by optical beat interference derived from the simultaneous detection of multiple optical signals, and by noise accumulation in electric amplifiers. We also simulated composite distortions generated at a light source and a receiver in an optical repeater where, for the first time, we used a simulation of composite distortions depending on subcarrier frequencies in semiconductor lasers, which we previously proposed. To practically evaluate those simulations, an SCM system having two optical repeaters with subcarrier frequency conversion was set up. We confirmed that the simulated CNR and composite distortions are in good agreement with measured results. As we confirmed the validity of those simulations, we derived limits of transmission length, number of terminals, and number of optical repeats by evaluating CNR and composite distortions. We also demonstrate those results. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(1): 1–10, 2001
Poly(amido amine)-Based Mannose-Glycodendrimers As Multielectron Redox Probes for Improving Lectin Sensing (2013)

An easy-to-prepare series of electroactive poly(amido amine) (PAMAM)-based dendrimers of generations G0 to G2 having mannopyranosylferrocenyl moieties in the periphery to detect carbohydrate-protein interactions is reported. The synthesis involved the functionalization of the PAMAM surface with azidomethylferrocenyl groups and subsequent coupling of mannoside units by the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen reaction. The binding affinity of the series of electroactive glycodendrimers was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Upon complexation of the glycodendrimers conjugates with prototypical concanavalin A (Con A), voltammograms showed a decrease of the peak current. Such dendrimers showed a notable improvement of redox sensing abilities toward Con A when compared with mono- and divalent analogues, based on both the glycoside multivalent and ferrocene dendritic effects.
Graphene Nanoribbons by Chemists: Nanometer‐Sized, Soluble, and Defect‐Free (2011)

Closing the zipper: A method for the bottom-up organic synthesis of defect-free graphene nanoribbons in solution has been developed. Polyphenylene precursors with a unique kinked backbone enabled full cyclodehydrogenation in a single reaction step by an intramolecular Scholl reaction with FeCl3 (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Study on Keyhole Behavior in Twin Spot Beam Welding of Aluminum Alloys by Means of X-ray Observation - Study of Twin Spot Nd:YAG Laser Welding of Aluminum Alloys (Rep. 1) - (2003)

Welding of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys was performed using twin spot beams formed with two Nd: YAG lasers for the purpose of reducing porosities and humping caused due to unstable phenomena of weld bead during welding of aluminum alloys. The relationship between the configuration of the twin spot beam and the quality of the weld beads was investigated using X-ray and high-speed camera observations of the keyhole shapes and weld beads. X-ray observation of the weld beads showed that beam distance had a strong influence on the amount of porosities. At a shorter beam distance, porosities were apt to occurred in the weld. The amount of porosities decreased with an increase of beam distance. Beam distance affects keyhole shapes. The amount of porosities was clearly related to the ratio of keyhole depth to keyhole opening. Larger keyhole opening and/or shallower keyhole depth, smaller amount of porosities caused by instability of the weld pool.
Mathematical Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Testing of Interior-Mount LSPMSM Under Stator Inter-Turn Fault (2018)

Accurate modeling is the first step in developing a model-based diagnostics tool for different types of failures in electric motors. In this paper, a mathematical model for an interior-mount line start permanent magnet synchronous motor (LSPMSM) under the stator inter-turn fault is developed based on the principles of magnetic coupled circuit theory, electromechanical energy conversion and reference frame theory. The developed mathematical model is simulated using MATLAB and experimentally validated using a 1-hp, 4-pole, 400-V LSPMSM. To investigate the performance of the motor under the stator inter-turn fault at different loading levels, experimental and simulation results are compared and analyzed for both transient and steady-state responses of the current and speed. The simulation and experimental results are in very good agreement and show that under the stator inter-turn fault, the current magnitude and time response of the phase that contains the inter-turn are highly affected. In addition, due to asymmetry in the stator windings under this fault, the speed experiences some oscillations at steady state. Hence, the developed model can be used to detect the possibility and location of the stator inter-turn fault in an LSPMSM.
A D-Q rotating frame reactive power controller for single-phase bi-directional converters (2014)

This paper discusses a control technique that allows for controlling the bi-directional flow of active and reactive power using the DQ theory. Traditionally, this theory is used for three phase systems. Its use in single-phase converters presents a challenge due to the lack of degrees of freedom required for orthogonal systems. In this paper, a few methods for orthogonal system generation are presented and their merits are compared. A method that is most suitable for the application was chosen and the control system is derived.
Strong cycles and intersection products on good moduli spaces (2016)

We introduce conjectures relating the Chow ring of a smooth Artin stack $\mathcal{X}$ to the Chow groups of its possibly singular good moduli space $X$. In particular, we conjecture the existence of an intersection product on a subgroup of the full Chow group $A^*(X)$ coming from strong cycles on $\mathcal{X}$.
Determination of Protein Secondary Structure from Infrared Spectra Using Partial Least-Squares Regression (2016)

Infrared (IR) spectra contain substantial information about protein structure. This has previously most often been exploited by using known band assignments. Here, we convert spectral intensities in bins within Amide I and II regions to vectors and apply machine learning methods to determine protein secondary structure. Partial least squares was performed on spectra of 90 proteins in H2O. After preprocessing and removal of outliers, 84 proteins were used for this work. Standard normal variate and second-derivative preprocessing methods on the combined Amide I and II data generally gave the best performance, with root-mean-square values for prediction of ∼12% for α-helix, ∼7% for β-sheet, 7% for antiparallel β-sheet, and ∼8% for other conformations. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of 16 proteins in D2O showed that secondary structure determination was slightly poorer than in H2O. Interval partial least squares was used to identify the critical regions within spectra for secondary structure prediction and showed that the sides of bands were most valuable, rather than their peak maxima. In conclusion, we have shown that multivariate analysis of protein FTIR spectra can give α-helix, β-sheet, other, and antiparallel β-sheet contents with good accuracy, comparable to that of circular dichroism, which is widely used for this purpose.
Pyrethroid insecticides.Chapter III: Synthesis of 3-phenoxy mandelonitrile (2021)

Racemic and enantiopure 3-phenoxymandelonitrile are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of pyrethrin insecticides cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Their synthesis involves two crucial steps: the synthesis of 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde which is produced through ether coupling, and its hydrocyanation.
N° 34. — Comparaison des activités catalytiques d’un bioxyde de manganèse gamma et d’un hydroxyoxyde de manganèse dans l’oxydation de l’oxyde de carbone (1970)

L’action de. CO à 70 °C sur un bioxyde de manganèse γ d’origine électrolytique entraîne simultanément une réduction superficielle du solide, une adsorption irréversible de CO et la formation d’un carbonate stable. A 130 et 150 °C. du fait de la mobilité de l’oxygène, la réduction concerne l'ensemble du solide et le carbonate est instable.
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT7210 (B. infantis IM-1®) Displays In Vitro Activity against Some Intestinal Pathogens (2020)

Certain non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) are specifically fermented by bifidobacteria along the human gastrointestinal tract, selectively favoring their growth and the production of health-promoting metabolites. In the present study, the ability of the probiotic strain <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> subsp. <i>infantis</i> CECT7210 (herein referred to as <i>B. infantis</i> IM-1<sup>®</sup>) to utilize a large range of oligosaccharides, or a mixture of oligosaccharides, was investigated. The strain was able to utilize all prebiotics screened. However, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and GOS-containing mixtures, effectively increased its growth to a higher extent than the other prebiotics. The best synbiotic combination was used to examine the antimicrobial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Clostridium difficile</i> in co-culture experiments. <i>C. difficile</i> was inhibited by the synbiotic, but it failed to inhibit <i>E. coli</i>. Moreover, <i>Cr. sakazakii</i> growth decreased during co-culture with <i>B. infantis</i> IM-1<sup>®</sup>. Furthermore, adhesion experiments using the intestinal cell line HT29 showed that the strain IM-1<sup>®</sup> was able to displace some pathogens from the enterocyte layer, especially <i>Cr. sakazakii</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, and prevented the adhesion of <i>Cr. sakazakii</i> and <i>Shigella sonnei</i>. In conclusion, a new synbiotic (probiotic strain <i>B. infantis</i> IM-1<sup>®</sup> and GOS) appears to be a potential effective supplement for maintaining infant health. However, further studies are needed to go more deeply into the mechanisms that allow <i>B.</i><i>infantis</i> IM-1<sup>®</sup> to compete with enteropathogens.
Full Chain Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gases and Energy Demand for Canola-Derived Jet Fuel in North Dakota, United States (2016)

The success of long-term sustainable biofuel production on agricultural lands is still questionable. To this end, we investigated the effects of crop prices on the changes of agricultural land use for biofuel canola production in three wheat crop management zones in North Dakota. The effects of canola hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) production on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy demand were investigated along with different allocation methods. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) and Alternative Fuel Transportation Optimization Tool (AFTOT) models were used to simulate the life cycle assessment (LCA) inputs for two key stages of the HEFA pathway: cultivation and transportation. From the EPIC model results, the increase in canola price had a significant impact on predicted farmer decisions to displace food crops with energy crops and particularly on resulting changes in soil carbon (C). The LCA results suggested that to increase soil C sequestration, energy canola should be grown in the place of the fallow whenever possible to guarantee the long-term soil C sustainability of canola HEFA. Other possible ways to mitigate the GHG emissions included using anhydrous ammonia as the nitrogen fertilizer for cultivation and H2 integration (use of HEFA coproducts in H2 production) for HEFA conversion.
Heating and current drive on NSTX (1997)

Low aspect ratio tokamaks pose interesting new challenges for heating and current drive. The NSTX (National Spherical Tokamak Experiment) device to be built at Princeton is a low aspect ratio toroidal device that has the achievement of high toroidal beta (∼45%) and non-inductive operation as two of its main research goals. To achieve these goals significant auxiliary heating and current drive systems are required. Present plans include ECH (Electron cyclotron heating) for pre-ionization and start-up assist, HHFW (high harmonic fast wave) for heating and current drive and eventually NBI (neutral beam injection) for heating, current drive and plasma rotation.
Combining Machine Learning and Nanofluidic Technology To Diagnose Pancreatic Cancer Using Exosomes (2017)

Circulating exosomes contain a wealth of proteomic and genetic information, presenting an enormous opportunity in cancer diagnostics. While microfluidic approaches have been used to successfully isolate cells from complex samples, scaling these approaches for exosome isolation has been limited by the low throughput and susceptibility to clogging of nanofluidics. Moreover, the analysis of exosomal biomarkers is confounded by substantial heterogeneity between patients and within a tumor itself. To address these challenges, we developed a multichannel nanofluidic system to analyze crude clinical samples. Using this platform, we isolated exosomes from healthy and diseased murine and clinical cohorts, profiled the RNA cargo inside of these exosomes, and applied a machine learning algorithm to generate predictive panels that could identify samples derived from heterogeneous cancer-bearing individuals. Using this approach, we classified cancer and precancer mice from healthy controls, as well as pancreatic cancer patients from healthy controls, in blinded studies.
Development of a regional-scale pollen emission and transport modeling framework for investigating the impact of climate change on allergic airway disease (2014)

Exposure to bioaerosol allergens such as pollen can cause exacerbations of allergenic airway disease (AAD) in sensitive populations, and thus cause serious public health problems. Assessing these health impacts by linking the airborne pollen levels, concentrations of respirable allergenic material, and human allergenic response under current and future climate conditions is a key step toward developing preventive and adaptive actions. To that end, a regional-scale pollen emission and transport modeling framework was developed that treats allergenic pollens as non-reactive tracers within the WRF/CMAQ air-quality modeling system. The <b>S</b>imulator of the <b>T</b>iming <b>a</b>nd <b>M</b>agnitude of <b>P</b>ollen <b>S</b>eason (STaMPS) model was used to generate a daily pollen pool that can then be emitted into the atmosphere by wind. The STaMPS is driven by species-specific meteorological (temperature and/or precipitation) threshold conditions and is designed to be flexible with respect to its representation of vegetation species and plant functional types (PFTs). The hourly pollen emission flux was parameterized by considering the pollen pool, friction velocity, and wind threshold values. The dry deposition velocity of each species of pollen was estimated based on pollen grain size and density. An evaluation of the pollen modeling framework was conducted for southern California for the period from March to June 2010. This period coincided with observations by the University of Southern California's Children's Health Study (CHS), which included O<sub>3</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and pollen count, as well as measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in study participants. Two nesting domains with horizontal resolutions of 12 km and 4 km were constructed, and six representative allergenic pollen genera were included: birch tree, walnut tree, mulberry tree, olive tree, oak tree, and brome grasses. Under the current parameterization scheme, the modeling framework tends to underestimate walnut and peak oak pollen concentrations, and tends to overestimate grass pollen concentrations. The model shows reasonable agreement with observed birch, olive, and mulberry tree pollen concentrations. Sensitivity studies suggest that the estimation of the pollen pool is a major source of uncertainty for simulated pollen concentrations. Achieving agreement between emission modeling and observed pattern of pollen releases is the key for successful pollen concentration simulations.
Structures and stabilization of kinetoplastid-specific split rRNAs revealed by comparing leishmanial and human ribosomes (2016)

Abstract The recent success in ribosome structure determination by cryoEM has opened the door to defining structural differences between ribosomes of pathogenic organisms and humans and to understand ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Here, by direct electron-counting cryoEM, we have determined the structures of the Leishmania donovani and human ribosomes at 2.9 Å and 3.6 Å, respectively. Our structure of the leishmanial ribosome elucidates the organization of the six fragments of its large subunit rRNA (as opposed to a single 28S rRNA in most eukaryotes, including humans) and reveals atomic details of a unique 20 amino acid extension of the uL13 protein that pins down the ends of three of the rRNA fragments. The structure also fashions many large rRNA expansion segments. Direct comparison of our human and leishmanial ribosome structures at the decoding A-site sheds light on how the bacterial ribosome-targeting drug paromomycin selectively inhibits the eukaryotic L. donovani , but not human, ribosome.
A System of Secure Virtual Coupons Using NFC Technology (2007)

Coupons are a very well established way of providing a benefit to a customer for a specific activity to improve the business (e.g. looking at an advertisement). They represent a small value, but a high number of uncontrolled copies of coupons can result in a significant loss. Compared to paper based coupons, systems of virtual coupons differ significantly by the fact that unprotected data is easily copied or modified without significant costs by anyone. In this paper, we propose a system of virtual coupons (so-called mCoupons) that is protected against illicit use. NFC in combination with inexpensive passive tags is used to prevent attacks in a decentralized approach. The paper motivates the use of NFC for such a system and gives a short list of possible attacks. The underlying protocol to prevent attacks is shortly described and the requirements for all major components of such a system are defined. From a user's perspective, the system is based on the very intuitive usability of NFC, by simply touching NFC targets with a mobile device for pick-up and cash-in of mCoupons
Material Properties of Plastics (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Formation and Structure Types of Plastics Thermal Properties Optical Properties References