gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fine Structural Change of PET Film Treated with Hydrazine Hydrate in Methanol (1990)

In order to investigate the fine structural changes of poly (ethylene terephthalate) film by hydrazinolysis, PET was treated with hydrazine hydrate in methanol at for various times. Initially apparent crystallite size and degree of orientation are increased and then, gradually decreased with hydrazinolysis. According to thermoluminescence measurement, trap site decreased by dissolution and then gradually increased with growth of defect in structure. Maximum peak temperature of tan and dynamic loss modulus E upon hydrazinolysis shifted to the lower temperature in the progress of hydrazinolysis.ysis.
Response ofscidmice to establishment ofLeishmania majorinfection (1995)

The initiation of Leishmania major infection in susceptible BALB/c mice is regulated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). To examine further the mechanisms of IFN-gamma-dependent regulation of the establishment of L. major, we studied the characteristics of the infection in severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. In the first 2 weeks of infection, we observed a delay in the development of the lesions in the footpads and lower numbers of parasites in scid compared with BALB/c mice. By week 5 after infection, the size of the leishmanial lesion was similar in both strains of mice, but the number of parasites in scid mice was 100-fold higher than in BALB/c. Treatment with anti-IFN-gamma during the establishment of L. major did not alter the course of infection in scid mice, while it exacerbated lesion development in BALB/c mice. Macrophages from scid mice were unable to kill L. major when stimulated with IFN-gamma in vitro, and produced lower levels of nitric oxide compared with macrophages from susceptible BALB/c or the resistant C57Bl/6 mice. We examined whether delayed lesion development in scid mice was due to their inability to mount appropriate inflammatory responses. While significantly fewer nucleated cells were present in the footpads of scid mice compared with BALB/c, 2 and 3 weeks after infection, no difference in inflammatory response between scid and BALB/c mice was observed in response to L. major antigen in the footpads. In contrast, there was a dramatic increase in the number of cells in the popliteal lymph nodes of BALB/c mice. Decreased inflammatory responses of scid mice in the footpad (at the site of infection) may contribute to slower development of leishmanial lesions during the first 2 weeks of infection.
Carnosine Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Gastric Carcinoma Cells by Retarding Akt/mTOR/p70S6K Signaling (2014)

Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), described as an enigmatic peptide for its antioxidant, anti-aging and especially antiproliferation properties, has been demonstrated to play an anti-tumorigenic role in certain types of cancer. However, its function in human gastric carcinoma remains unclear. In this study, the effect of carnosine on cell proliferation and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in the cultured human gastric carcinoma cells. The mTOR signaling axis molecules were analyzed in carnosine treated cells. The results showed that treatment with carnosine led to proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, apoptosis increase, and inhibition of mTOR signaling activation by decreasing the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K, suggesting that proliferation inhibition of carnosine in human gastric carcinoma was through the inhibition of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, and carnosine would be a mimic of rapamycin.
Universal features of the optical properties of ultrathin plasmonic films (2017)

We study theoretically confinement related effects in the optical response of thin plasmonic films of controlled variable thickness. While being constant for relatively thick films, the plasma frequency is shown to acquire spatial dispersion typical of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, gradually shifting to the red with the film thickness reduction. The dissipative loss, while decreasing at any fixed frequency, gradually goes up at the plasma frequency as it shifts to the red with the film thickness reduced. These features offer a controllable way to tune spatial dispersion and related optical properties of plasmonic films and metasurfaces on demand, by precisely controlling their thickness, material composition, and by choosing deposition substrates and coating layers appropriately.
Principle and clinical usefulness of the infrared fluorescence endosscopy (2006)

Since there is no infrared fluorescence materials in the living body, infrared fluorescence labeling materials are very useful for making a diagnosis of a micro cancer. We have developed an infrared fluorescence endoscope (IRFE) and indocyanin green (ICG)-derivative as infrared fluorescence labeling materials to evaluate gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions. The study aims were to apply an IRFE and to demonstrate its usefulness in detecting cancerous tissue using an antibody coupled with ICG-derivative. IRFE consisted of an infrared endoscope equipped with excitation (710-790 nm) and barrier (810-920 nm) filters and an intensified CCD camera. We have developed ICG N-hydroxy sulfo succinimide ester (ICG-sulfo-OSu) and 3-ICG-acyl-1, 3-thiazolidine-2-thione (ICG-ATT) as an infrared fluorescent-labeling reagent. ICG-derivative-labeled mouse anti-human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody and MUC1 antibody were employed in this study. Moreover, we examined the ability of a reinforcement agent, octylglucoside, to intensity fluorescence from the labeled antibody. Biopsy specimens of gastric cancer were stained with anti-CEA antibody by the avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex method. Among the positive specimens, freshly resected stomach from three cases were used for the infrared (IR) imaging analysis. The incubation of freshly resected stomach specimens with ICG-anti-CEA antibody-complex resulted in positive staining of the tumor sites by IRFE, and the IR fluorescent images correlated well with the tumor sites. The immunohistochemical studies suggested that the intensity of IR fluorescence of ICG-ATT-MUC1 was stronger than that of ICG-sulfo-OSu. In tumor sections, the reinforcement agent intensified fluorescence, ever at low antibody concentrations. Therefore, we conclude that an anti-CEA (and/or MUC1) antibody with affinity for cancerous lesions and labeled with ICG-derivative can be imaged with this IRFE. Specific antibodies tagged with ICG-derivative with the reinforcement agent can label cancer cells and generate a strong enough fluorescent signal to detect small cancers when examined with an IR fluorescence endoscope.
Counterfactual diagnosis (2019)

Machine learning promises to revolutionize clinical decision making and diagnosis. In medical diagnosis a doctor aims to explain a patient's symptoms by determining the diseases \emph{causing} them. However, existing diagnostic algorithms are purely associative, identifying diseases that are strongly correlated with a patients symptoms and medical history. We show that this inability to disentangle correlation from causation can result in sub-optimal or dangerous diagnoses. To overcome this, we reformulate diagnosis as a counterfactual inference task and derive new counterfactual diagnostic algorithms. We show that this approach is closer to the diagnostic reasoning of clinicians and significantly improves the accuracy and safety of the resulting diagnoses. We compare our counterfactual algorithm to the standard Bayesian diagnostic algorithm and a cohort of 44 doctors using a test set of clinical vignettes. While the Bayesian algorithm achieves an accuracy comparable to the average doctor, placing in the top 48% of doctors in our cohort, our counterfactual algorithm places in the top 25% of doctors, achieving expert clinical accuracy. This improvement is achieved simply by changing how we query our model, without requiring any additional model improvements. Our results show that counterfactual reasoning is a vital missing ingredient for applying machine learning to medical diagnosis.
Link Management Protocol (LMP) Test Messages Extensions for Evolutive Optical Transport Networks (OTN) (2012)

This document specifies Link Management Protocol (LMP) extensions for
the support of enhanced Optical Transport Networks (OTN). In
particular it updates LMP test messages detailing the ITU-T G.709 OTN
technology specific information and extends them in order to cover
also recently introduced signal types and containers defined by the
ITU-T.
A 2.4-GHz Fully Integrated ESD-Protected Low-Noise Amplifier in 130-nm PD SOI CMOS Technology (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper reviews and analyzes a fully integrated electrostatic discharge (ESD)-protected low-noise amplifier (LNA) for low-power and narrowband applications using a cascode inductive source degeneration topology, designed and fabricated in 130-nm CMOS silicon-on-insulator technology. The designed LNA shows 13-dB power gain at 2.4 GHz with a noise figure of 3.6 dB and input return loss of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$-$</tex></formula>13 dB for power consumption of 6.5 mW. An on-chip “plug-and-play” ESD protection strategy based on diodes and a power clamp is used at the input and output of the LNA, and has an ESD protection level up to 0.8-, 0.9-, and 1.4-A transmission line pulse current. This corresponds to 1.2-, 1.4-, and 2-kV human body model stress applied at, respectively, the RF input, RF output, and <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex>$V_{\rm DD}$</tex></formula> bus. Measurement shows a minor RF performance degradation by adding the protection diodes. </para>
Time-Resolved Simultaneous Measurements of Flow Field and Surface Deformation of Turbulent Channel Flow Over a Compliant Wall (2014)

As an initial step in our effort to investigate the interaction of a turbulent channel flow with a compliant wall, this paper focuses on the measurement techniques. Two noninvasive optical techniques, namely tomographic PIV (TPIV) and Mach-Zehnder Interferometry (MZI), are integrated to simultaneously measure the time-resolved, wall-normal deformation of the compliant transparent wall and the 3D velocity field of a turbulent channel flow above it. The two systems utilize the same laser, but different cameras. The paper provides a description of the optical setup, detailed information about calibration of the MZI system, as well as sample combined 3D velocity distributions and wall deformations. The measured wall deformation can be decomposed into low frequency structure modes, and higher frequency features that appear to advect with the flow.
Pulmonary MRI of neonates in the intensive care unit using 3D ultrashort echo time and a small footprint MRI system (2016)

2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:463-471.
Socio-Economic Profile and Constraints Faced By Dairy Farmers of Wayanad District, India (2017)

Dairy farming plays a very important role in improving the economy of the country. The study was conducted to explore the socio-economic profile and constraints faced by dairy farmers of Wayanad district of Kerala. The survey was conducted to study the different patterns of rearing of dairy animals, crops grown and status of milk production. By random sampling method fifty respondents were selected for the study. Results revealed that majority of the families were nuclear families. For 80 percent of the people the main source of income is agriculture which includes livestock farming. 82 percent of the farmers had land owned up to five acres. Majority of the farmers followed mixed cropping system. 96 percent of the farmers owned cattle as livestock assets out of which 42 percent were non-descript. 66 percent of the farms produced 10-15 litres of milk per day. Ninety two percent of farmers marketed milk in milma cooperative.
Omics meets hypothesis-driven research (2008)

The emergence of omics technologies allowing the global analysis of a given biological or molecular system, rather than the study of its individual components, has revolutionized biomedical research, including cardiovascular medicine research in the past decade. These developments raised the prospect that classical, hypothesis-driven, single gene-based approaches may soon become obsolete. The experience accumulated so far, however, indicates that omic technologies only represent tools similar to those classically used by scientists in the past and nowadays, to make hypothesis and build models, with the main difference that they generate large amounts of unbiased information. Thus, omics and classical hypothesis-driven research are rather complementary approaches with the potential to effectively synergize to boost research in many fields, including cardiovascular medicine. In this article we discuss some general aspects of omics approaches, and review contributions in three areas of vascular biology, thrombosis and haemostasis, atherosclerosis and angiogenesis, in which omics approaches have already been applied (vasculomics).
Effects of rotation on the P13 mid-latency auditory evoked potential in Rat (2003)

The P13 mid-latency auditory evoked potential in Rat is a sleep state-dependent response thought to be equivalent to the human P50 potential, a measure of the output of the reticular activating system. The amplitude of these potentials can be considered a measure of level of arousal, while, using a paired stimulus paradigm, the degree of habituation of the responses also can be assessed. Different durations of rotation were found to reduce the amplitude of the P13 potential, which recovered in a duration-dependent manner. Different durations of rotation led to decreases in habituation of the P13 potential again in a duration-dependent manner. These results suggest that rotation may affect the level of arousal as well as habituation to repetitive sensory inputs. Such effects could be interpreted to imply the presence, following rotation of sufficient duration, of a deficit in sensory gating, or distractibility, and are relevant for the study of the effects of space motion sickness.
Coenzyme Specificity of Enzymes in the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway ofGluconobacter oxydans (2003)

The coenzyme specificity of enzymes in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway of Gluconobacter oxydans was investigated. By investigation of the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) in the soluble fraction of G. oxydans, and cloning and expression of genes in Escherichia coli, it was found that both G6PDH and 6PGDH have NAD/NADP dual coenzyme specificities. It was suggested that the pentose phosphate pathway is responsible for NADH regeneration in G. oxydans.
Digital insertion of advertising into a digital stream (DID) (1997)

The issues surrounding digital splicing of advertising into digital streams (DID) are many. While we in the industry must always strive to find the ideal solutions to these issues, the practical reality often dictates compromises or operational constraints which make implementation simpler, more cost effective or enable earlier implementation. Toward that end, a larger issue becomes how to integrate an effective DID solution as an element of a total digital delivery system. It is our view, therefore, that any DID implementation must be achieved through the development of sophisticated techniques that easily, transparently and gracefully integrate those competencies with existing DIA and DID operations as well as ensuring compatibility with new generations of systems as they come on-line. It is our premise that in order to achieve this objective, the migration path to DID must integrate standards-based, off-the-shelf components with software solutions and enhancements that deliver next-generation functionality while maintaining compatibility with existing technologies.
Direct Observation of Hydrogen Atom Adducts to Nitromethane and Methyl Nitrite. A Variable-Time Neutralization−Reionization Mass Spectrometric and ab Initio/RRKM Study (1999)

Variable-time neutralization−reionization mass spectrometry was used to generate elusive radicals CH3NO2H• (1), CH3O(H)−NO• (2) CH3O−N(H)−O• (3), and CH3O−N−OH• (4) that represent hydrogen atom adducts to nitromethane and methyl nitrite, respectively. Radicals 1, 3, and 4 were stable species on the 3.7 μs time scale of the experiment. Radical 2 dissociated completely to CH3OH and NO. The major unimolecular dissociations of 1 formed CH3NO + OH• and CH3• + NO2H, whereas loss of H• to form CH3NO2 was insignificant. Gaussian 2(MP2) and density functional theory calculations provided the structures and bond dissociation energies of 1−4. The relevant parts of the potential-energy surface were used for RRKM and transition-state theory calculations of unimolecular dissociation kinetics. The calculated branching ratios for 1 were in accord with experiment. The unimolecular chemistry of radicals 1−4 formed by femtosecond collisional electron transfer can be accounted for by the properties of the ground electronic states of 1−4.
Security of proximity identification systems (2021)

RFID technology is the prevalent method for implementing proximity identification in a number of security sensitive applications. The perceived proximity of a token serves as a measure of trust and is often used as a basis for granting certain privileges or services. Ensuring that a token is located within a specified distance of the reader is therefore an important security requirement. In the case of high-frequency RFID systems the limited operational range of the near-field communication channel is accepted as implicit proof that a token is in close proximity to a reader. In some instances, it is also presumed that this limitation can provide further security services. The first part of this dissertation presents attacks against current proximity identification systems. It documents how eavesdropping, skimming and relay attacks can be implemented against HF RFID systems. Experimental setups and practical results are provided for eavesdropping and skimming attacks performed against RFID systems adhering to the ISO 14443 and ISO 15693 standards. These attacks illustrate that the limited operational range cannot prevent unauthorised access to stored information on the token, or ensure that transmitted data remains confidential. The practical implementation of passive and active relay attacks against an ISO 14443 RFID system is also described. The relay attack illustrates that proximity identification should not rely solely on the physical characteristics of the communication channel, even if it could be shown to be location-limited. As a result, it is proposed that additional security measures, such as distance-bounding protocols, should be incorporated to verify proximity claims. A new method, using cover noise, is also proposed to make the backward communication channel more resistant to eavesdropping attacks. The second part of this dissertation discusses distance-bounding protocols. These protocols determine an upper bound for the physical distance between two parties. A detailed survey of current proposals, investigating their respective merits and weaknesses, identifies general principles governing secure distance-bounding implementations. It is practically shown that an attacker can circumvent the distance bound by implementing attacks at the packet and physical layer of conventional communication channels. For this reason the security of a distance bound depends not only on the cryptographic protocol, but also on the time measurement provided by the underlying communication. Distance-bounding protocols therefore require special channels. Finally, a new distance-bounding protocol and a practical implementation of a suitable distance-bounding channel for HF RFID systems are proposed.
Multi-colored dual-cured compomer. (2004)

A new polyacid-modified resin-based composite (compomer) restorative material has been introduced. Unlike other compomers, this material undergoes both chemical polymerization and photocuring hardening reactions. The new compomer is called MagicFil, and its chief attraction to children is that it is manufactured in 4 different colors, all with glitter inclusions.
Linear Optical Logical Bell State Measurements with Optimal Loss-Tolerance Threshold (2023)

17pages, 14 figures
Applications of strategically acquired gradient echo imaging to neurodegenerative diseases (2022)

Background: One major thrust in radiology today is image standardization with a focus on rapid, quantitative, multi-contrast data collection and processing.&#x0D; Methods: Strategically acquired gradient echo (STAGE) imaging1-4 is one such method that uses multiple flip angles and multiple echo times. It can provide 8 qualitative and 7 quantitative images as well as transmit field B1 transmit field and B1 receive field maps in 4-6 minutes or less on a 3T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. STAGE provides qualitative images in the form of proton density-weighted images, T1 weighted images and T2* weighted images. STAGE provides quantitative data in the form of proton spin density (PSD), T1, T2* and susceptibility maps as well as segmentation of white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid via simulated double inversion recovery (sDIR) images. STAGE has been tested using the NIST phantom and yields intrasubject errors of only 1-2% and intrasubject variation of 2 to 5%. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) measurements show that the T1WE images are comparable to the conventional T1W MP-RAGE images. Today these quantitative measures are providing new biomarkers for imaging a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (Figure 1).&#x0D; Results: During the last few years, we have focused on measuring iron content and neuromelanin (NM) in the substantia nigra (SN) for comparing idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) with healthy controls and patients with other movement disorders. We have found that the volume of NM, the iron content of the SN, the volume of the SN and the N1 sign all together can provide an area under the curve of 95% in distinguishing PD from healthy controls.5 We have developed a template of the midbrain to allow for automatic detection and quantification of these properties. We use tSWI to enhance the N1 sign visibility. We have also used STAGE to study multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. QSM can be used to map changes in white matter susceptibility and potentially correlated with demyelination. We provide a composite image using tSWI combined with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) to highlight those lesions that are purely inflammatory from inflammatory demyelinating lesions. Recently we have begun to study the use of absolute water content as a measure of lesion atrophy. Higher water content means a higher likelihood of tissue damage. This also explains why the presence of “black holes” seen in T1W images of MS patients tends to correlate with the expanded disability status score.&#x0D; Conclusions: In summary, STAGE provides a comprehensive clinical imaging protocol that, combined with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and FLAIR, can yield a standardized 10-minute (3T) o 15-minute (1.5T) imaging protocol of the entire brain across all manufacturers.