gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MULTIFUNCTIONAL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR LIFE SCIENCE APPLICATIONS (2002)

INTRODUCTION: Superparamagnetic nanoparticles have a high potential as carriers for oligonucleotides and biomolecules (e.g. proteins, antibodies, enzymes, and nucleic acids) in different life science applications (e.g. immunoassays, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic cell separation, magnetic oligonucleotide and nucleic acid separation). Beside the magnetic separation and targeting of nanoparticles, different methods for their detection become more and more important. Up to now the detection of magnetic nanoparticles was mainly realized by their magnetic relaxation properties in resonance techniques. A multifunctional fluorescent superparamagnetic nanoparticle separable with a conventional permanent magnet and tagged with a biomolecule (Fig. 1) allows for magnetic separation and magnetic targeting in life science applications in combination with the sensitive method of fluorescence detection.
Violent Action Detection for Elevator (2006)

This paper presents a new critical event detection method simplified for built into elevators. We first define that the critical event is unusual action such as violent action, counteraction, etc, and introduce the violent action level (VA level). We use an optical flow based method to analyze the current state of the motion through an ITV (Industrial TeleVision) camera. After motion analysis, we calculate a normalized statistical value, which is the VA level. The statistical value is the multiple of the optical flow direction variance, the optical flow magnitude variance, and optical flow area. Our method calculates the statistical value variance and normalize it by the variance. At last we can detect critical event by thresholding the VA level. Then we implement this method on a built-in device. The device has an A/D converter with special designed frame buffer, a 400 MIPS high-performance microprocessor, dynamic memory, and flash ROM. Since we need to process the method 4Hz or faster to keep the detection performance, we shrink the images into 80 by 60 pixels, introduce recursive correlation, and analyze optical flows. The specially designed frame buffer enables us to capture two sequential images at any time. After that we achieved a processing performance of 8Hz on it. Our method detects 80% of critical events where at a maximum false acception rate of 6%.
ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF 19 COMMERCIAL ESSENTIAL OILS IN TURKEY (2009)

1st International Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference on Culinary Herbs, Antalya, Turkey, 30 April 2009
Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Pyridines Through Displacement of Iodine by in situ Generated (Trifluoromethyl)copper (2002)

A literature method reported for iodobenzene and congeners was successfully extended to the pyridine series. 2-Iodopyridines can be converted into 2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridines almost quantitatively. In contrast, yields are moderate at best if 3- and 4-iodopyridines or 2-bromopyridines are used as the starting materials.
Evolutionary Models Accounting for Layers of Selection in Protein-Coding Genes and their Impact on the Inference of Positive Selection (2011)

The selective forces acting on a protein-coding gene are commonly inferred using evolutionary codon models by contrasting the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions to the rate of synonymous substitutions. These models usually assume that the synonymous substitution rate, Ks, is homogenous across all sites, which is justified if synonymous sites are free from selection. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that the DNA and RNA levels of protein-coding genes are subject to varying degrees of selective constraints due to various biological functions encoded at these levels. In this paper, we develop evolutionary models that account for these layers of selection by allowing for both among-site variability of substitution rates at the DNA/RNA level (which leads to Ks variability among protein-coding sites) and among-site variability of substitution rates at the protein level (Ka variability). These models are constructed so that positive selection is either allowed or not. This enables statistical testing of positive selection when variability at the DNA/RNA substitution rate is accounted for. Using this methodology, we show that variability of the baseline DNA/RNA substitution rate is a widespread phenomenon in coding sequence data of mammalian genomes, most likely reflecting varying degrees of selection at the DNA and RNA levels. Additionally, we use simulations to examine the impact that accounting for the variability of the baseline DNA/RNA substitution rate has on the inference of positive selection. Our results show that ignoring this variability results in a high rate of erroneous positive-selection inference. Our newly developed model, which accounts for this variability, does not suffer from this problem and hence provides a likelihood framework for the inference of positive selection on a background of variability in the baseline DNA/RNA substitution rate.
Calcium- and cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases and their substrates in the Aplysia nervous system (1985)

Homogenates of the Aplysia nervous system contain protein kinase activities sensitive to cAMP, cGMP, and Ca2+/calmodulin. The cAMP- and cGMP-dependent activities are either soluble enzymes or are only loosely bound to membranes, since they can be detected only in crude but not in washed membrane fractions, and are present in 20,000 or 100,000 X g supernatants prepared from homogenates. In contrast there are both soluble and tightly membrane-bound Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activities. The three activities present in supernatant fractions can be separated by chromatography on DE-cellulose, indicating that they are due to distinct enzyme species. Substrates for these enzymes were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein phosphorylation within the identified Aplysia neuron R15 in vivo was measured by the intracellular injection of [gamma-32P]ATP. cAMP stimulates the phosphorylation of nine proteins and decreases phosphorylation of two proteins in this cell. This in vivo pattern was compared with in vitro phosphorylation measured in homogenates of whole ganglion. Most of the phosphoproteins affected by cAMP in neuron R15 in vivo are also substrates for cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro. Thus, the in vitro system will be a useful tool for detailed biochemical analysis of phosphoproteins which have been identified as being physiologically relevant in vivo.
Identification of protein tyrosine phosphatase-like IA2 (islet cell antigen 512) as the insulin-dependent diabetes-related 37/40K autoantigen and a target of islet-cell antibodies (1995)

The majority of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) have Abs to 40- and/or 37-kDa tryptic fragments (37/40K-Abs) deriving from an unidentified islet cell membrane protein distinct from glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). Recently, autoantibodies against ICA512, which has identity with the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein IA2, were reported. In this study we have examined whether IA2/ICA512 is the Ag specificity of 37/40K-Abs, and one of the determinants of islet cell Abs (ICA) detected by immunofluorescence. Serum from 51 of 100 new onset IDDM patients immunoprecipitated 40- and/or 37-kDa insulinoma polypeptides, and 53 immunoprecipitated in vitro translated rIA2; 49 had both 37/40K-Abs and rIA2 Abs. There were strong correlations between the levels of Abs to rIA2 and both 40 kDa (r = 0.85, p < 0.0001) and 37 kDa (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001) insulinoma polypeptides. Trypsin treatment of immunoprecipitated rIA2 yielded 40- and 37-kDa fragments, and preincubation of sera with rIA2 completely inhibited binding to the insulinoma 40- and 37-kDa polypeptides. IA2 Ab levels also correlated with ICA titer in GAD-Ab negative sera, and preincubation with rIA2 reduced ICA staining intensity in sera with ICA and IA2 Abs, but not in sera with ICA in the absence of IA2 Abs. These results provide clear evidence for the identification of IA2/ICA512 as the precursor of the islet 40- and 37-kDa polypeptide autoantigens and as one of the ICA specificities. Combined detection of Abs to IA2 and GAD65 in a single radio-binding assay identified Abs in 88 of 100 IDDM patients, and potentially facilitates population screening for IDDM risk assessment.
Improvement of short-circuit current of InP/InGaAsP/InP double heterojunction solar cells (2005)

The InP/InGaAsP double heterojunction (DH) solar cell to increase the short-circuit current is investigated. The InP/InGaAsP DH solar cell has been newly designed having a 1.12 eV InGaAsP absorption layer. Increases of 100% in short-circuit current and 50.18% in efficiency for the DH device are observed over the control sample.
Fluorescence-Tagged Monolignols: Synthesis, and Application to Studying In Vitro Lignification (2011)

Fluorescence-tagged coniferyl alcohols, coniferyl alcohol γ-coupled by ethylenediamine spacers to dimethylaminocoumarin or nitrobenzofuran fluorophores, were tested as photoprobes to study the oxidase-mediated polymerization of monolignols. The fluorescent coniferyl alcohol derivatives readily underwent peroxidase-catalyzed in vitro copolymerization with coniferyl alcohol to yield fluorescent dehydrogenation polymers, the backbone polymers of which were structurally indistinguishable from polymers formed solely from coniferyl alcohol. To illustrate the use of the photoprobes, we successfully monitored in real time the complexation of coniferyl alcohol with horseradish apoperoxidase by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) using the protein-tryptophan near the active site and a dimethylaminocoumarin moiety as donor and acceptor fluorophores. Furthermore, mixtures of fluorescence-tagged and normal coniferyl alcohols readily diffused into isolated maize cell walls and reacted with wall-bound peroxidases to form in muro artificial lignins that could be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Thus we anticipate that fluorescence-tagged monolignols will be useful for in vitro and in vivo studies of cell wall lignification.
Diffusion Scrubber-Based Field Measurements of Atmospheric Formaldehyde and Hydrogen Peroxide (1990)

Field measurements were conducted to determine atmospheric concentrations of HCHO and H2O2 with automated instrumentation that relies on diffusion-based collection of water-soluble gases by an aqueous absorber flowing through a hydrophobic porous membrane tube. These measurements were made as part of the Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study (CSMCS) at Cirrus College, Azusa, CA, during August 12–20, 1986. Both HCHO and H2O2 showed marked diurnal cycles, decreasing at night (to a minimum of 2–4 ppbv for HCHO, and near the detection limit, ∼ 30 pptv for H2O2) and increasing to a maximum in the late afternoon (15–19 ppbv for HCHO, ∼ 2 ppbv for H2O2). For the most part, the instrumentation performed unattended as designed; however, particle deposition in sampling lines and in the membrane-based diffusion scrubbers suggest that in-line losses can be significant for continued sampling of ambient air containing a relatively high concentration of particulate matter. Periodic (e.g., daily or every 2 days) cleaning of all in-line components should be part of any such measurement program.
The testing and evaluation of models (1995)

Testing and evaluation of models is an extremely important but difficult exercise. The term testing is generally taken to mean that the model is mathematically, numerically and logically correct, that is, it is free from ‘bugs’. There are several procedures that can be adopted to reduce the chances of making errors and to increase the opportunity for locating those that have occurred. These include the logical definition of variables, a modular construction of the model to enable small components to be tested independently of the remainder, precise coding rules, examination of equation predictions outside the model structure, a check of equation parameter dimensions and a check for correct balances of state variables. Model evaluation is concerned with establishing the appropriateness and accuracy of predictions over a wide range of simulated conditions. The fact that a model predicts accurately under one set of circumstances does not mean that it is valid. However, the wider the circumstances under which the model predictions are accurate, the more confidence is developed in the appropriateness of the concepts and parameters upon which it is based and the more useful will be its predictions. There are several phases to the validation process, including examining the general behaviour of the model, identifying the variables and equation parameters to which the model outputs are highly sensitive, and making direct comparisons with experimental results.
Hydrodenitrogenation – Heterogeneous (2002)

Abstract Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) is one of the most important catalytic hydrotreating reactions. Polycyclic nitrogen compounds that have a carbocycle and a five‐ or six‐membered heterocycle are the major nitrogen‐containing species in industrial feedstocks. In this review, thermodynamics, CN bond cleavage, HDN mechanisms of model compounds and reaction mixtures are discussed. Hydrotreating catalysts, kinetic modeling, and adsorption active sites are topics that are also covered.
Water‐Soluble Porphyrin Diglycosides with Photosensitizing Properties (1989)

In the presence of oxygen, tumors and viruses can be destroyed by photosensitizing porphyrins. Indispensable for clinical applications is, inter alia, a good solubility in water. It has now been possible to prepare two porphyrin diglycosides which are water‐soluble and stable as well as equally strongly photosensitizing as Rose Bengal. With these properties they ideally fulfill the demands of a wide spectrum of photomedicinal applications.
Interlaboratory Evaluation of Multiple LC–MS/MS Methods and a Commercial ELISA Method for Determination of Tetrodotoxin in Oysters and Mussels (2023)

Multiple mass spectrometric methods and a commercial ELISA have been successfully assessed through an interlaboratory study, demonstrating excellent performance.
A simple and valid method to determine thermoregulatory sweating threshold and sensitivity (2009)

Sweating threshold temperature and sweating sensitivity responses are measured to evaluate thermoregulatory control. However, analytic approaches vary, and no standardized methodology has been validated. This study validated a simple and standardized method, segmented linear regression (SReg), for determination of sweating threshold temperature and sensitivity. Archived data were extracted for analysis from studies in which local arm sweat rate (m(sw); ventilated dew-point temperature sensor) and esophageal temperature (T(es)) were measured under a variety of conditions. The relationship m(sw)/T(es) from 16 experiments was analyzed by seven experienced raters (Rater), using a variety of empirical methods, and compared against SReg for the determination of sweating threshold temperature and sweating sensitivity values. Individual interrater differences (n = 324 comparisons) and differences between Rater and SReg (n = 110 comparisons) were evaluated within the context of biologically important limits of magnitude (LOM) via a modified Bland-Altman approach. The average Rater and SReg outputs for threshold temperature and sensitivity were compared (n = 16) using inferential statistics. Rater employed a very diverse set of criteria to determine the sweating threshold temperature and sweating sensitivity for the 16 data sets, but interrater differences were within the LOM for 95% (threshold) and 73% (sensitivity) of observations, respectively. Differences between mean Rater and SReg were within the LOM 90% (threshold) and 83% (sensitivity) of the time, respectively. Rater and SReg were not different by conventional t-test (P > 0.05). SReg provides a simple, valid, and standardized way to determine sweating threshold temperature and sweating sensitivity values for thermoregulatory studies.
Protective Effects of N-acetylcysteine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in Rats (2003)

To investigate the neutralizing effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and selenium (Se) against doxorubicin (DOX) toxicity in rats, NAC (140 mg/kg, p.o.) and Se (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered for 2 days before DOX injection and then 3 times a week. Cell viability and the level of lipid peroxidation were examined in cultured-rat astrocytes. Severe morphologic changes in the kidney of DOX group; thickening of Bowmans capsule, presence of multifocal tubular casts were observed, but not in the other treated groups. Vacuoles in some hepatic cells and focal aggregation of stellate macrophages were also detected in DOX group, but not in the other treated groups. However, the severe inhibition of spermatogenesis was found in all treated groups. The cell viability of DOX (10 mg/ml) treated group and NAC (5 mM) or Se (0.001 mg/ml) combined-treated group was 52.5-/+2.0 %, 85.3-/+4.5 % and 75.5-/+1.6 %, respectively. In MDA (malondialdehyde) assay, the level of lipid peroxidation on DOX (10 mg/ml), NAC (5 mM) and Se (0.001 mg/ml) was 0.77-/+0.06, 0.35-/+0.06 and 0.54-/+0.11 nmol/mg protein, respectively. Thus, it is known that NAC and Se have protective effects in kidney and liver but not in the testes. Morphological change was not detected in brain and heart in all groups for experiment period. From this in vitro study, it is known that NAC and Se protect well the astrocytes against DOX induced-cell damage.
Checklist for Expert Evaluation of HMIs of Automated Vehicles—Discussions on Its Value and Adaptions of the Method within an Expert Workshop (2020)

Within a workshop on evaluation methods for automated vehicles (AVs) at the Driving Assessment 2019 symposium in Santa Fe; New Mexico, a heuristic evaluation methodology that aims at supporting the development of human–machine interfaces (HMIs) for AVs was presented. The goal of the workshop was to bring together members of the human factors community to discuss the method and to further promote the development of HMI guidelines and assessment methods for the design of HMIs of automated driving systems (ADSs). The workshop included hands-on experience of rented series production partially automated vehicles, the application of the heuristic assessment method using a checklist, and intensive discussions about possible revisions of the checklist and the method itself. The aim of the paper is to summarize the results of the workshop, which will be used to further improve the checklist method and make the process available to the scientific community. The participants all had previous experience in HMI design of driver assistance systems, as well as development and evaluation methods. They brought valuable ideas into the discussion with regard to the overall value of the tool against the background of the intended application, concrete improvements of the checklist (e.g., categorization of items; checklist items that are currently perceived as missing or redundant in the checklist), when in the design process the tool should be applied, and improvements for the usability of the checklist.
RHEED Studies of MBE‐grown Aluminium Layers on {111}‐Oriented Silicon Substrates (1991)

Abstract Thin Al‐layers were prepared by Knudsen‐type evaporation of Al onto {111} Si in a custom built UHV‐reactor. Epitaxial growth was found on clean substrate surfaces with (7 × 7) reconstruction. In situ RHEED provides the epitaxial relationship equation image The epitaxial films show a twelve‐fold symmetry axis according to the combination of the 4‐fold and 3‐fold symmetry of the {001} deposit plane and of the substrate surface, respectively.
Expert supervision of fuzzy learning systems for fault tolerant aircraft control (1995)

In this paper, we begin by showing that the fuzzy model reference learning controller (FMRLC) can be used to reconfigure the nominal controller in an F-16 aircraft to compensate for various actuator failures without using explicit failure information. Next, we show that the performance of the FMRLC can be significantly enhanced by exploiting failure detection and identification (FDI) information to achieve a "performance adaptive" system that seeks an appropriate performance level depending on the type of failure that occurred. We develop an expert supervision strategy for the FMRLC that uses only information about the time at which a failure occurs and show that it achieves higher performance control reconfiguration than an unsupervised FMRLC. In addition we show that similar performance can be achieved if we only use estimates of the failure time and magnitude obtained from a fuzzy estimator. We close our study with a brief assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches used in this paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Profiling of African Mimosaceae for the rapid identification of new triterpenoid electrophiles (2011)

Avicins are complex triterpenoid saponins isolated from an Australian Mimosaceae (Leguminosae), Acacia victoriae Benth. They are based on an acacic acid core, substituted by two glycosidic units and by a specific side chain at C-21 containing two monoterpene carboxylic acids and a quinovose moiety, conferring thereof particular electrophilic properties [1].
Hypoxia and oxidative stress in breast cancer Tumour hypoxia – therapeutic considerations (2001)

Conclusive research has shown that regions of acute/chronic hypoxia, which exist within the majority of solid tumours, have a profound influence on the therapeutic outcome of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy and are a strong prognostic factor of disease progression and survival. A strong argument therefore exists for assessing the hypoxic fraction of tumours, prior to patient treatment, and to tailor this treatment accordingly. Tumour hypoxia also provides a powerful physiological stimulus that can be exploited as a tumour-specific condition, allowing for the rationale design of hypoxia-activated anticancer drugs or novel hypoxia-regulated gene therapy strategies.
Power-transfer of isolated converter with integrated power sharing for LED-lighting system dependent on transformer coupling (2010)

An isolated power converter topology is presented which uses an integrated passive power-sharing network for equal brightness levels in parallel LED branches. Analyses show the dependency of the power sharing quality on transformer tolerances and highlight the influence of transformer leakage inductances on the achievable power transfer of the topology. An optimum design for minimum switch current stress at given leakage inductances is presented. A full size prototype operating from the 230 V mains supply and achieving a luminous flux of above 7000 lumens has been built and tested. Experimental results of power transfer and power sharing are in good correlation with theoretical predictions.
Evolution and Taxonomic Classification of Alphapapillomavirus 7 Complete Genomes: HPV18, HPV39, HPV45, HPV59, HPV68 and HPV70 (2013)

These data provide estimates of the maximum viral genomic heterogeneity of alpha-7 HPV type variants. The proposed taxonomic system facilitates the comparison of variants across epidemiological and molecular studies. Sequence diversity, geographic distribution and phylogenetic topology of this clinically important group of HPVs suggest an independent evolutionary history for each type.