gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mobility and Conformance Control for CO2 EOR via Thickeners, Foams, and Gels - A Literature Review of 40 Years of Research and Pilot Tests (2012)

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been used commercially to recover oil from geologic formations by enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies for over 40 years. The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and its predecessor organizations have supported a large number of laboratory and field projects over the past decades in an effort to improve the oil recovery process including investments to advanced reservoir characterization, mobility control, and conformance of CO2 flooding. Currently, CO2 EOR provides about 280,000 barrels of oil per day, just over 5 percent of the total U.S. crude oil production. Recently CO2 flooding has become so technically and economically attractive that CO2 supply, rather than CO2 price, has been the constraining developmental factor. Carbon dioxide EOR is likely to expand in the United States in upcoming years due to "high" crude oil prices, natural CO2 source availability, and possible large anthropogenic CO2 sources through carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology advances. Despite its well-established ability to recover oil, the CO2 EOR process could be improved if the high mobility of CO2 relative to reservoir oil and water can be effectively and affordably reduced. The CO2 EOR industry continues to use water-alternating-with-gas (WAG) as the technology of choice to control CO2 mobility and/or mechanical techniques (e.g., cement, packers, well control, infield drilling, and horizontal wells) to help control the CO2 flood conformance. If the "next generation" CO2 EOR target of 67 billion barrels is to be realized, new solutions are needed that can recover significantly more oil than the 10–20% of the original oil in place associated with current flooding practices. A recent literature review [Enick and Olsen, 2011] concentrates on the history and development of CO2 mobility control and profile modification technologies in the hope that stimulating renewed interest in these chemical techniques will help to catalyze new efforts to overcome the geologic and process limitations such as poor sweep efficiency, unfavorable injectivity profiles, gravity override, high ratios of CO2 to oil produced, early breakthrough, and viscous fingering. This paper is a concise overview of the recent, comprehensive literature review available on the NETL website entitled "Mobility and Conformance Control for Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR) via Thickeners, Foams, and Gels – A Detailed Literature Review of 40 Years of Research" [Enick and Olsen, 2011] that focuses on attempts to enhance carbon dioxide mobility control (in-depth, long-term processes that cause CO2 to exhibit mobility comparable to oil) and profile modification/conformance control (near-wellbore, short-term process primarily intended to greatly reduce the permeability of a thief zone) using CO2 thickeners and CO2 foams. In particular, this paper focuses on the history of CO2 thickeners.
Study of Pre-Processing Defenses Against Adversarial Attacks on State-of-the-Art Speaker Recognition Systems (2021)

Adversarial examples are designed to fool the speaker recognition (SR) system by adding a carefully crafted human-imperceptible noise to the speech signals. Posing a severe security threat to state-of-the-art SR systems, it becomes vital to deep-dive and study their vulnerabilities. Moreover, it is of greater importance to propose countermeasures that can protect the systems against these attacks. Addressing these concerns, we first investigated how state-of-the-art x-vector based SR systems are affected by white-box adversarial attacks, i.e., when the adversary has full knowledge of the system. x-Vector based SR systems are evaluated against white-box adversarial attacks common in the literature like fast gradient sign method (FGSM), basic iterative method (BIM)–a.k.a. iterative-FGSM–, projected gradient descent (PGD), and Carlini-Wagner (CW) attack. To mitigate against these attacks, we investigated four pre-processing defenses which do not need adversarial examples during training. The four pre-processing defenses–viz. randomized smoothing, DefenseGAN, variational autoencoder (VAE), and Parallel Wave-GAN vocoder (PWG) are compared against the baseline defense of adversarial training. Performing powerful adaptive white-box adversarial attack (i.e., when the adversary has full knowledge of the system, including the defense), our conclusions indicate that SR systems were extremely vulnerable under BIM, PGD, and CW attacks. Among the proposed pre-processing defenses, PWG combined with randomized smoothing offers the most protection against the attacks, with accuracy averaging 93% compared to 52% in the undefended system and an absolute improvement > 90% for BIM attacks with L∞ > 0.001 and CW attack.
Mathematical programming evaluation of intrinsic survivability in packet-path networks (2005)

In this paper, we evaluate the intrinsic survivability of packet-path networks such as ORION ones. By intrinsic survivability we refer to the ability to activate packet routing around node/link failures affecting paths. This can be considered as an automatic increase of traffic granularity (path to packet) around the failure. A distinctive feature of our model is that downstream nodes (after the failures) "catch" re-routed packets of the LSPs they recognize, and route them in path mode afterwards.
barren inflorescence2Encodes a Co-Ortholog of thePINOIDSerine/Threonine Kinase and Is Required for Organogenesis during Inflorescence and Vegetative Development in Maize (2007)

Organogenesis in plants is controlled by meristems. Axillary meristems, which give rise to branches and flowers, play a critical role in plant architecture and reproduction. Maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa) have additional types of axillary meristems in the inflorescence compared to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and thus provide an excellent model system to study axillary meristem initiation. Previously, we characterized the barren inflorescence2 (bif2) mutant in maize and showed that bif2 plays a key role in axillary meristem and lateral primordia initiation in the inflorescence. In this article, we cloned bif2 by transposon tagging. Isolation of bif2-like genes from seven other grasses, along with phylogenetic analysis, showed that bif2 is a co-ortholog of PINOID (PID), which regulates auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Expression analysis showed that bif2 is expressed in all axillary meristems and lateral primordia during inflorescence and vegetative development in maize and rice. Further phenotypic analysis of bif2 mutants in maize illustrates additional roles of bif2 during vegetative development. We propose that bif2/PID sequence and expression are conserved between grasses and Arabidopsis, attesting to the important role they play in development. We provide further support that bif2, and by analogy PID, is required for initiation of both axillary meristems and lateral primordia.
Development and Performance of a Web-Based Tool to Adjust Urine Toxicology Testing Frequency: Retrospective Study (Preprint) (2019)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Several pain management guidelines recommend regular urine drug testing (UDT) in patients who are being treated with chronic opioid analgesic therapy (COAT) to monitor compliance and improve safety. Guidelines also recommend more frequent testing in patients who are at high risk of adverse events related to COAT; however, there is no consensus on how to identify high-risk patients or on the testing frequency that should be used. Using previously described clinical risk factors for UDT results that are inconsistent with the prescribed COAT, we developed a web-based tool to adjust drug testing frequency in patients treated with COAT. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> The objective of this study was to evaluate a risk stratification tool, the UDT Randomizer, to adjust UDT frequency in patients treated with COAT. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> Patients were stratified using an algorithm based on readily available clinical risk factors into categories of presumed low, moderate, high, and high+ risk of presenting with UDT results inconsistent with the prescribed COAT. The algorithm was integrated in a website to facilitate adoption across practice sites. To test the performance of this algorithm, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients treated with COAT between June 2016 and June 2017. The primary outcome was compliance with the prescribed COAT as defined by UDT results consistent with the prescribed COAT. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> 979 drug tests (867 UDT, 88.6%; 112 oral fluid testing, 11.4%) were performed in 320 patients. An inconsistent drug test result was registered in 76/979 tests (7.8%). The incidences of inconsistent test results across the risk tool categories were 7/160 (4.4%) in the low risk category, 32/349 (9.2%) in the moderate risk category, 28/338 (8.3%) in the high risk category, and 9/132 (6.8%) in the high+ risk category. Generalized estimating equation analysis demonstrated that the moderate risk (odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% CI 0.9-5.0; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;=.10), high risk (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.8-5.0; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;=.14), and high risk+ (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.7-5.6; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;=.20) categories were associated with a nonsignificantly increased risk of inconsistency vs the low risk category. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> The developed tool stratified patients during individual visits into risk categories of presenting with drug testing results inconsistent with the prescribed COAT; the higher risk categories showed nonsignificantly higher risk compared to the low risk category. Further development of the tool with additional risk factors in a larger cohort may further clarify and enhance its performance. </sec>
Video Streaming Transmission Over Multi-Channel Multi-Path Wireless Mesh Networks (2008)

Multipath routing is one of the applied approaches in wireless mesh networks to address their limited bandwidth and high route breakage rate. Unfortunately, in wireless mesh network environments, particularly for real-time video streaming transmission, this approach may suffer greatly from channel interference due to the simultaneous transmission of packets via multiple routes. In this paper, we propose multi-channel multipath routing protocol (MM-DSR) based on dynamic source routing (DSR). In MM-DSR, all nodes are assigned two different frequency bands to eliminate interpath interference. Simulation results show that, compared with single channel SMR, MM-DSR could greatly enhance the wireless mesh network performance of video streaming transmission.
Contribution of Gln9 and Phe80 to Substrate Binding in Ribonuclease MCI from Bitter Gourd Seeds (2001)

Ribonuclease MC1 (RNase MC1) isolated from bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seeds specifically cleaves phosphodiester bonds on the 5'-side of uridine. The crystal structures of RNase MC1 in complex with 2'-UMP or 3'-UMP reveal that Gln9, Asn71, Leu73, and Phe80 are involved in uridine binding by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions [Suzuki et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 275, 572-576]. To evaluate the contribution of Gln9 and Phe80 to uridine binding, Gln9 was replaced with Ala, Phe, Glu, or His, and Phe80 with Ala by site-directed mutagenesis. The kinetic properties of the resulting mutant enzymes were characterized using cytidylyl-3',5'-uridine (CpU) as a substrate. The mutant Q9A exhibited a 3.7-fold increased K(m) and 27.6-fold decreased k(cat), while three other mutations, Q9F, Q9E, and Q9H, predominantly affected the k(cat) value. Replacing Phe80 with Ala drastically reduced the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) with a minimum K(m) value equal to 8 mM. It was further found that the hydrolytic activities of the mutants toward cytidine-2',3'-cyclic monophosphate (cCMP) were reduced. These results demonstrate that Gln9 and Phe80 play essential roles not only in uridine binding but also in hydrolytic activity. Moreover, we produced double Ala substituted mutants at Gln9, Asn71, Leu73, and Phe80, and compared their kinetic properties with those of the corresponding single mutants. The results suggest that these four residues may contribute to uridine binding in a mutually independent manner.
Accurate branch prediction for short threads (2008)

Multi-core processors, with low communication costs and high availability of execution cores, will increase the use of execution and compilation models that use short threads to expose parallelism. Current branch predictors seek to incorporate large amounts of control flow history to maximize accuracy. However, when that history is absent the predictor fails to work as intended. Thus, modern predictors are almost useless for threads below a certain length. Using a Speculative Multithreaded (SpMT) architecture as an example of a system which generates shorter threads, this work examines techniques to improve branch prediction accuracy when a new thread begins to execute on a different core. This paper proposes a minor change to the branch predictor that gives virtually the same performance on short threads as an idealized predictor that incorporates unknowable pre-history of a spawned speculative thread. At the same time, strong performance on long threads is preserved. The proposed technique sets the global history register of the spawned thread to the initial value of the program counter. This novel and simple design reduces branch mispredicts by 29% and provides as much as a 13% IPC improvement on selected SPEC2000 benchmarks.
Electrophoresis of Large DNA Molecules: Theory and Applications (1991)

A current account of the principles and practice of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Reviews the technique's biochemical and biophysical foundations and its application to the separation of DNA fragments in a variety of experimental settings. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Relaxation processes in liquid-crystal-based nanoscale heterogeneous materials (2001)

Searches for new materials for electro-optic devices has led to the creation of heterogeneous materials in which liquid crystals (LCs) are dispersed in rigid matrices (confined/dispersed LCs) or filled with Aerosil particles forming flexible network (Filled LCs). We present the results of investigations of the influence of the confinement, interface and heterogeneity on relaxations of collective and molecular origin on LCs by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (DS). The experiments show significant changes in the physical properties of LC confined in random porous medium and filled with Aerosil particles. The spatial confinement and a highly developed solid material-LC interface in these materials have a strong influence on physical properties of LC that is resulted in: appearance of at least two new dielectrically active modes, absent in the bulk LC and existence of slow glass-like relaxation process detected in both PCS and DS experiments. The collective relaxation processes due to fluctuations of director reorientations in these materials shows glass-like behavior. It is of non-Debye type and the temperature dependencies of the relaxation times obey Vogel-Fulcher law. Confinement modifies even bulk-like relaxation process due to the rotation of molecules around short axes, investigated in BDS experiment.
<title>Manufacture of the first primary mirror blank for the Very Large Telescope (VLT)</title> (1994)

The spin casting technique has proved successful in the production of several raw blanks of the 8-m category. After the solution of start-up problems several castings could be successfully cooled down to room temperature. The quality inspections showed that the high requirements set for the inner quality of ZERODUR are completely fulfilled.
Podosome expression in osteoclasts: influence of high extracellular calcium concentration. (1989)

In this study the effect of high extracellular calcium concentration has been evaluated, by immunofluorescence, on podosome expression in chicken osteoclasts. Cells were cultured in presence of 0.2 and 4 mM calcium for 90 minutes and microfilaments were detected, after fixation and permeabilization, by decoration with rodhamine conjugated phalloidin. Results showed that increased extracellular calcium concentration induces the inhibition of podosome expression indicating that these close-contact areas are capable of calcium-mediated regulation.
An evaluation of computer-based radiographic methods in estimating dental caries and periodontal diseases (1991)

Reductions in dental diseases have resulted in a need for more accurate diagnostic and monitoring methods. The purpose of this study was to 1) identify the best diagnostic technique, 2) investigate the main factors which limit its validity and reliabilty and 3) devise methods to improve its reliability and 4) investigate ways of automating its use for general dental practice. From the literature review radiography was identified as the best current method with regard to validity, reliability, production of stable objective data and ease of use. However, irradiation geometry variations between serial films and subjective measurement errors were its principle limitations. Although an accurate semi-automatic caries measuring system exists, it is unsuitable for general practice due to lengthy operator interaction. A series of computer-based experiments were devised to evaluate further the digital subtraction radiography technique (DSR); develop a new method using stored regions of interest (ROI) to reduce subjective measurement errors; investigate the feasibility of completely automatic image analysis. In addition, an in vitro caries experiment was designed to demonstrate the effects of irradiation geometry variation on lesion size and caries scores. The results demonstrated that small variations in irradiation geometry can change radiographic scores. Misalignment of subsequent films beneath a video camera can cause significant errors in the DSR technique. The stored ROI method reduced cement-enamel junction to alveolar crest measurement errors to standard deviation 0.15mm. A fully automatic method for recognising teeth and bone crests was demonstrated. It was concluded that 1) radiography is currently the technique of choice, 2) a new significant methodological error for DSR has been demonstrated, 3) the subjective ROI method produced lower intra- and inter-examiner measurement errors compared to similar methods, 4) routine use of automatic methods may be feasible and should be investigated further and 5) standardised irradiation geometry is essential.
On the existence of spurious modes in Battle-Lemarie based MRTD (2001)

A distinction between the effects of inaccuracy of the Battle-Lemarie wavelet based multiresolution time domain (W-MRTD) scheme for high spatial frequencies and spurious modes is drawn and explained. Investigating the performance of the scheme under various excitation methods, it is concluded that what was described earlier in the literature as a spurious mode effect actually corresponds to alias frequencies stemming from the excitation of higher order modes by the wavelets, given that the latter are spectrally supported at higher wavenumbers.
Real-Time Monitoring System for Workers' Behaviour Analysis on a Large-Dam Construction Site (2013)

This paper studies the feasibility of a real-time monitoring system to provide prompt analysis support of workers' behaviour on dam construction sites. The system makes use of wireless sensor tracking technology and a set of servers for the running of software, handling collected data, real-time site state visualization, and remote interaction communications. The low-level ZigBee-based tracking technology network hardware utilizing fingerprinting software technology was employed. The system was found to be able to cover a large field whilst retaining its simple and easily deployable features. The proposed system was successfully implemented on the Xiluodu arch dam construction site and ultimately helped overcome the original shortcomings in worker safety management and has advanced the means of administration and management's awareness and culture to new levels. The field tests also show that the received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based localization algorithm implemented on ZigBee devices is reliable and is accurate enough at 3 to 5 meters. In conclusion, the system proved to be very useful for the management of field safety worker behaviour analyses in the case of such a high arch dam and also for similar hydraulic projects.
Mature but not fetal or neonatal rat superior cervical ganglion transplants survive in the cortex of adult rats (1996)

The transplantation of catecholaminergic tissues is a possible therapy for parkinsonism. Central nervous tissue is suitable for transplantation only in the immature stage, whereas peripheral nervous tissue can also be transplanted when mature. The present study compares the development of fetal (17-20 embryonic day, E17-20), neonatal (1-3 postnatal day, P1-3) and mature (5-6-week-old) rat superior cervical ganglia after transplantation into the cerebral cortex of adult rats. The mature transplants survived in greater proportion and preserved their structural characteristics, although a considerable proportion of the neurons died. The perinatal transplants only survived sporadically, decreased in size and the surviving remnants failed to display a structure comparable to the adult ganglion in situ. Thus, the use of adult donors is not only a possibility but a necessity when superior cervical ganglion (probably any ganglion) is transplanted. This principle is radically different from that seen in the case of central nervous tissues, and can be understood by the analysis of the time curves of cell proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) observed during the perinatal development of sympathetic ganglia.
Physical properties of Hi'iaka from stellar occultation data (2021)

Two very bright stellar occultations by Hi'iaka, the largest satellite of the dwarf planet Haumea, were predicted to take place during in April 2021. Since the uncertainty on Hi'iaka's shadow path was large due to uncertainty on Hi'iaka's position with respect to Haumea, we performed an observational campaign using medium-sized telescopes to obtain high accuracy astrometric data of Hi'iaka's orbit around Haumea. The astrometric data allowed us to successfully observe the first stellar occultation on April 6[SUP]th[/SUP], with final path crossing North Africa. We only obtained one positive chord in this event from the TRAPPIST-North telescope at Oukaïmeden Observatory (Morocco), but thanks to this detection, we were able to obtain a more accurate path for the second event on April 16[SUP]th[/SUP]. The second shadow path was predicted to cross the continental US from East to West. We carried out a huge observational campaign involving more than 50 professional and amateur observatories across the US and southern Canada. The final path of this second stellar occultation moved slightly to the North of the predicted path and, as a result, we were able to obtain 5 positive chords and negative chords only from the south of the shadow. We also collected photometric data in order to obtain Hi'iaka's rotational light-curve and calculate its three-dimensional shape. The rotational light-curve was obtained by observing the unresolved system of Haumea-Hi'iaka and removing Haumea's rotational light-curve from the data. Using Hi'iaka's rotational light-curve we obtained the rotational phase at which each stellar occultation took place, which allowed us to obtain a three-dimensional model of the satellite. Preliminary results from the stellar occultation show that Hi'iaka, with a triaxial shape as suggested in previous publications, is larger than what has been thought before and with a similar albedo to that of Haumea. In this talk we will present our analysis and preliminary results of some of Hi'iaka's physical properties.