gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Putting ATR performance on an equal basis: the measurement of knowledge base distortion and relevant clutter</title> (2000)

Many different automatic target recognition (ATR) approaches have had their performance quantified for over twenty years typically by plotting a receiver operating curve (ROC) of probability of detection and/or recognition versus some measure of false alarm or false alarm rate. These ROCs have been generated on static sets of test and training data. This data, in some cases, has had significantly varying levels of difficulty, however, the quantification of the data set difficulty has typically only been coarsely partitioned based on the time of day, the target operational state, the meteorological environment, and sometimes the terrain or location. In addition, there has been no generally useful comparative measure of the target signature knowledge base provided for ATR system 'training' versus the signatures of the same targets in the data used for test. In this paper, we illustrate the quantification of two 'information content' data metrics with an associated ATR performance. The first metric is a signal to clutter measure (SC), and the second is a knowledge base signature distortion measure (KBSD) of the 'closest' target training signature versus the target test signature. These metrics provide a new basis for truly objective ATR performance comparison.
A Review on Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of 316L Stainless Steel (2019)

Binder jet additive manufacturing enables the production of complex components for numerous applications. Binder jetting is the only powder bed additive manufacturing process that is not fusion-based, thus manufactured parts have no residual stresses as opposed to laser-based additive manufacturing processes. Binder jet technology can be adopted for the production of various small and large metallic parts for specific applications, including in the biomedical and energy sectors, at a lower cost and shorter lead time. One of the most well-known types of stainless steels for various industries is 316L, which has been extensively manufactured using binder jet technology. Binder jet manufactured 316L parts have obtained near full density and, in some cases, similar mechanical properties compared to conventionally manufactured parts. This article introduces methods, principles, and applications of binder jetting of SS 316L. Details of binder jetting processes, including powder characteristics (shape and size), binder properties (binder chemistry and droplet formation mechanism), printing process parameters (such as layer thickness, binder saturation, drying time), and post-processing sintering mechanism and densification processes, are carefully reviewed. Furthermore, critical factors in the selection of feedstock, printing parameters, sintering temperature, time, atmosphere, and heating rate of 316L binder jet manufactured parts are highlighted and summarized. Finally, the above-mentioned processing parameters are correlated with final density and mechanical properties of 316L components to establish a guideline on feedstock selection and process parameters optimization to achieve desired density, structure and properties for various applications.
Increased thrombin generation in persons with echogenic carotid plaques (2008)

Echolucent carotid plaques are associated with higher risk for future ischemic cerebrovascular events (CVE) than echogenic plaques independent of the degree of stenosis. Elevated markers of thrombin generation are associated with atherosclerotic plaques and are increased in the acute and chronic phases of CVE. The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of plaque morphology on thrombin generation in persons with carotid stenosis. One hundred twenty-eight persons with carotid stenosis (>or=35% lumen diameter reduction) and 136 matched controls without stenosis were recruited from the health survey of the Tromsø Study. Blood samples were collected and plaque morphology determined by ultrasonography. Thrombin generation was assessed by thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) and by prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2). Persons with echogenic plaques (n = 63) had significantly higher levels of TAT (5.24 microg/l, 4.33-6.14) (mean, 95%CI) than persons with echolucent plaques (n = 65) (3.44 microg/l, 2.91-3.96, p < 0.001) and controls (n = 136) (3.33 microg/l, 3.06-3.60, p < 0.001). They also had significantly higher levels of F1+2 (2.14 nM, 1.83-2.45) than persons with echolucent plaques (1.54 nM, 1.38-1.71, p < 0.001) and controls (1.49 nM, 1.40-1.58, p < 0.001). TAT and F1+2 increased linearly with plaque echogenicity (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively) independent of the degree of stenosis. Increased thrombin generation was associated with a significant increase in plasma factor V levels among persons with echogenic plaques compared to echolucent plaques (p = 0.049) and controls (p = 0.025). The present findings indicate that increasing plaque echogenicity, rather than plaque echolucency and the degree of stenosis, is associated with thrombin generation in persons with carotid stenosis.
Effects of Burn Injury on Markers of Hypermetabolism in Rats (2009)

The basic metrics of hypermetabolism have not been thoroughly characterized in rat burn injury models. We examined three models expected to differ in sensitivity to burn injury to identify that which group(s) exhibited the most clinically relevant metabolic response. Six and 12 weeks old male CD (6 week mCD and 12 week mCD) rats, and 12 weeks old female Fischer (12 week fFI) rats received a 20% total body surface area burn, followed by saline resuscitation. Activity, core body temperature, heart rate (via implanted telemetry devices), body weight, food and water intake, and fecal output were measured daily for 1 week before and after burn. Rats lost weight initially postburn but resumed weight gain by 1 week, except for 12 week mCD rats. Core body temperature increased above normal 2 days postburn and returned to baseline by 1 week. Food intake, normalized to body weight, remained unchanged postburn for 12 week mCD rats, but decreased in 6 week mCD rats and increased in 12 week fFI rats. Heart rate in the 12 week mCD and 12 week fFI rats remained at 10 to 15% above baseline, whereas, in 6 week mCD, heart rates returned to baseline after 4 days. Activity levels were unchanged for 12 week fFI and 6 week mCD rats postburn, but decreased for 12 week mCD rats. Postburn hypermetabolism was most significant and sustained in 12 week mCD rats, of least consequence and brief in 6 week mCD rats, and intermediate in 12 week fFI rats. The disparate responses indicate that the choice of animal model should be carefully considered in hypermetabolism studies.
Ueber die Einwirkung von Phosphorpentachlorid auf β‐ Oxynaphtoësäure (1889)

81. H. Babe: Ueber die Einwirkung von Phosphorpentachlorid auf /-I-Oxynaphto&eslure. (Eingegangen am 12
Unified Model of Heat Transfer in Gas/Liquid Pipe Flow (2006)

Summary A unified model of multiphase heat transfer is developed for different flow patterns of gas/liquid pipe flow at all inclinations −90° to +90° from horizontal. The required local flow parameters are predicted by use of the unified hydrodynamic model for gas/liquid pipe flow recently developed by Zhang et al. (2003a, 2003b). The model prediction of the pipe inside convective-heat-transfer coefficients are compared with experimental measurements for a crude-oil/natural-gas system in horizontal and upward-vertical flows, and good agreement is observed.
Estudios sobre la lengua de los hechos apócrifos de Pedro y Pablo (1994)

ESTA TESIS ES UN ANALISIS DESDE LAS PERSPECTIVAS GRAMATICAL Y LEXICA DE LOS TEXTOS GRIEGOS DE LOS HECHOS APOCRIFOS DE PEDRO Y PABLO. SE COMPONE DE UNA INTRODUCCION GENERAL Y DOS PARTES. LA PRIMERA ESTA DESTINADA AL ESTUDIO DE LA FONETICA, MORFOLOGIA Y SINTAXIS DE ESTAS OBRAS, PRESTANDO GRAN ATENCION A LOS PROBLEMAS DE TRANSMISION QUE ESOS TEXTOS TIENEN PLANTEADOS. LA SEGUNDA ES UN ESTUDIO DE LEXICO, EN DONDE SE ESTABLECEN PORCENTAJES DE LOS USOS LEXICOS Y SE ESTUDIA LA APARICION DE ESTOS USOS EN OTROS TEXTOS (INSCRIPCIONES, PAPIROS, NUEVO TESTAMENTO, SEPTUAGINTA, LITERATURA PATRISTICA, OTROS TEXTOS LITERARIOS Y TECNICOS); HAY SENDOS CAPITULOS DESTINADOS A LOS ATICISMOS, A TERMINOS COLOQUIALES Y SU TRADICION LITERARIA, A LATINISMOS Y A NOMBRES PROPIOS. ACABA LA TESIS CON UNAS AMPLIAS CONCLUSIONES, INDICE DE TERMINOS ESTUDIADOS, TEXTOS Y AUTORES.
Role of platelets in neuroinflammation: a wide-angle perspective (2010)

The final section summarizes evidence of platelet involvement in MS. The general conclusion is that platelets may be key players in MS and related disorders, and warrant more attention in neurological research.
The Choline-binding Protein PspC of Streptococcus pneumoniae Interacts with the C-terminal Heparin-binding Domain of Vitronectin (2013)

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae is directly mediated by interactions of adhesins with eukaryotic cellular receptors or indirectly by exploiting matrix and serum proteins as molecular bridges. Pneumococci engage vitronectin, the human adhesive glycoprotein and complement inhibitor, to facilitate attachment to epithelial cells of the mucosal cavity, thereby modulating host cell signaling. In this study, we identified PspC as a vitronectin-binding protein interacting with the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of vitronectin. PspC is a multifunctional surface-exposed choline-binding protein displaying various adhesive properties. Vitronectin binding required the R domains in the mature PspC protein, which are also essential for the interaction with the ectodomain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and secretory IgA. Consequently, secretory IgA competitively inhibited binding of vitronectin to purified PspC and to PspC-expressing pneumococci. In contrast, Factor H, which binds to the N-terminal part of mature PspC molecules, did not interfere with the PspC-vitronectin interaction. Using a series of vitronectin peptides, the C-terminal heparin-binding domain was shown to be essential for the interaction of soluble vitronectin with PspC. Binding experiments with immobilized vitronectin suggested a region N-terminal to the identified heparin-binding domain as an additional binding region for PspC, suggesting that soluble, immobilized, as well as cellularly bound vitronectin possesses different conformations. Finally, vitronectin bound to PspC was functionally active and inhibited the deposition of the terminal complement complex. In conclusion, this study identifies and characterizes (on the molecular level) the interaction between the pneumococcal adhesin PspC and the human glycoprotein vitronectin.
Rupture of the patellar tendon. (1985)

Five patients with closed rupture of the patellar tendon, treated without delay with end-to-end suture, were reviewed. The suture line was reinforced with a steel wire in only one case. The follow-up time was at least three years in all patients. No reruptures were seen. The functional result was considered good in three and satisfactory in two patients.
The DNA Pol ϵ stimulatory activity of Mrc1 is modulated by phosphorylation (2017)

DNA replication checkpoint (Mec1-Mrc1-Rad53 in budding yeast) is an evolutionarily conserved surveillance system to ensure proper DNA replication and genome stability in all eukaryotes. Compared to its well-known function as a mediator of replication checkpoint, the exact role of Mrc1 as a component of normal replication forks remains relatively unclear. In this study, we provide in vitro biochemical evidence to support that yeast Mrc1 is able to enhance the activity of DNA polymerase ϵ (Pol ϵ), the major leading strand replicase. Mrc1 can selectively bind avidly to primer/template DNA bearing a single-stranded region, but not to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Mutations of the lysine residues within basic patch 1 (BP1) compromise both DNA binding and polymerase stimulatory activities. Interestingly, Mrc1-3D, a mutant mimicking phosphorylation by the Hog1/MAPK kinase during the osmotic stress response, retains DNA binding but not polymerase stimulation. The stimulatory effect is also abrogated in Mrc1 purified from cells treated with hydroxyurea (HU), which elicits replication checkpoint activation. Taken together with previous findings, these results imply that under unperturbed condition, Mrc1 has a DNA synthesis stimulatory activity, which can be eliminated via Mrc1 phosphorylation in response to replication and/or osmotic stresses.
Reflectarray Antenna (2005)

Abstract This article gives an overview of the development history and key design methodologies for the reflectarray antenna, in particular the printed reflectarray. A reflectarray is an array antenna similar to a parabolic reflector, but with its reflecting surface capable of being designed either flat or slightly curved. On the reflecting surface, there are many isolated (not physically combined by power division lines) antenna elements, which are illuminated by a feed antenna located at the vicinity of a focal point. These isolated elements are each predesigned with a particular electrical phase delay to compensate for the phase differences due to different pathlengths from the feed. The illuminating electrical field from the feed will then be scattered from these isolated elements and form a cophasal concentrated beam in the far‐field distance.
Eliminating Unnecessary Urine Microscopy: Results and Performance Characteristics of an Algorithm Based on Chemical Reagent Strip Testing (1989)

The ability of a urinalysis reagent strip to predict the presence of formed elements in the sediment was evaluated. The sensitivity of individual biochemical analytes varies from 0.51 to 0.85; however, the combined sensitivity of positive reactions for either protein, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, and/or hemoglobin is 0.95. Leukocyte esterase activity becomes detectable at a concentration of 15 white blood cells per high-power field (WBCs/HPF). Proteinuria is nonspecifically related to pyuria and detects a minimum concentration of 6 WBCs/HPF, and the hemoglobin reaction detects 6 red blood cells/HPF. Most false negative reactions are associated with bacteriuria. A positive chemical reagent strip test can be safely and effectively used as a prerequisite for routine urine microscopic examination.
Rat Brain Synaptosomal ATP:AMP‐Phosphotransferase Activity (1989)

Adenylate kinase activity (ATP:AMP-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.4.3) was studied in various subcellular fractions of rat brain tissues. Because of the presence of other adenosine nucleotide-utilizing enzymes, adenylate kinase activity was assayed in both the forward and reverse directions by using coupled enzyme systems and by using a specific adenylate kinase inhibitor, P1,P5-di(adenosine-5') pentaphosphate. As expected, the highest specific adenylate kinase activity (2.89 mumol/min/mg of protein) was detected in the cytosolic brain fraction. However, substantial enzyme activity (0.68 mumol/min/mg) was also found in the intact synaptosomal fraction isolated on Percoll/sucrose gradients. The increased specific enzyme activity of purified synaptosomes and the differences found between the kinetic parameters of the membrane-bound and cytosolic enzyme forms suggest that the synaptosomal adenylate kinase activity cannot be attributed to the small amount of contaminating cytosol present in our preparations. The adenylate kinase enzyme adhered to purified synaptic plasma membranes and was not released by washings with isoosmotic sucrose medium. The facts that the adenylate kinase enzyme activity could be measured in intact synaptosomal preparations and that both its substrates and its inhibitors do not cross intact plasma membranes support the possibility that the synaptosomal adenylate kinase is an ecto-enzyme.
Interactions of the Major Cold Shock Protein of Bacillus subtilis CspB with Single-stranded DNA Templates of Different Base Composition (1999)

CspB is a small acidic protein of Bacillus subtilis, the induction of which is increased dramatically in response to cold shock. Although the exact functional role of CspB is unknown, it has been demonstrated that this protein binds single-stranded deoxynucleic acids (ssDNA). We addressed the question of the effect of base composition on the CspB binding to ssDNA by analyzing the thermodynamics of CspB interactions with model oligodeoxynucleotides. Combinations of four different techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy, gel shift mobility assays, isothermal titration calorimetry, and analytical ultracentrifugation, allowed us to show that: 1) CspB can preferentially bind poly-pyrimidine but not poly-purine ssDNA templates; 2) binding to T-based ssDNA template occurs with high affinity (K(d(25 degrees C)) approximately 42 nM) and is salt-independent, whereas binding of CspB to C-based ssDNA template is strongly salt-dependent (no binding is observed at 1 M NaCl), indicating large electrostatic component involved in the interactions; 3) upon binding each CspB covers a stretch of 6-7 thymine bases on T-based ssDNA; and 4) the binding of CspB to T-based ssDNA template is enthalpically driven, indicating the possible involvement of interactions between aromatic side chains on the protein with the thymine bases. The significance of these results with respect to the functional role of CspB in the bacterial cold shock response is discussed.
Selectivity of Poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) Columns (1986)

Macroporous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) copolymer, PRP-1, columns were used as the stationary phase in the reverse-phase HPLC of the synthetic β-lactam antibiotic aztreonam [2S-[2α,3β(Z)]]-3-[[(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)-imino]acetyl]amino]-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-azetidinesulfonic acid and related compounds. Aztreonam was separated better from its precursors and therefore could be assayed more accurately. In most cases, the elution order of compounds tested on a PRP-1 column followed that in conventional reverse-phase, suggesting a similar separation mechanism. For various separations investigated, PRP-1 was found to be more suitable for our applications than the silica-based reversed-phase columns.
Regulation of T Cell Homeostasis and Cell Cycling in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. (2005)

Abstract Background and Aims: Although leukemic cells express tumor-associated antigens, suppression of an effective T cell immune response is a well known phenomenon in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In principle, the malignant cells may escape immune surveillance by (1) incomplete T cell activation due to the absence of costimulatory molecules on the leukemic cell types, (2) secretion of soluble immunosuppressive factors, which may lead among others to (3) induction of anergic and/or regulatory T cell phenotypes. A better understanding of the underlying mechanism would have important implications for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Methods: CD3+ T cells were analyzed for activation, proliferation and Th1 cytokine production after coculturing with primary AML cells or leukemic cell supernatant. In addition, self-developed human Treg microarrays were used to reveal a gene expression profile of CD4+ T cells isolated from untreated AML patients (n=7) in comparison to CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers (n=6) and AML patients after achieving a complete remission (n=4). The specific regulation of selected canditate genes was confirmed by realtime RT-PCR. Based on microarray results cell-cycle analyses were performed in order to study the effect of primary AML cells on the cell-cycle progression of stimulated T-cells. Results: Our studies could show that primary AML cells suppress T cell activation, proliferation and Th1 cytokines production mainly in a cell-contact dependent manner and to a minor degree via soluble factors. Nevertheless, cell-cycle analyses demonstrated that soluble factors from leukemic cell supernatants may inhibit the cell-cycle entry of T cells after mitogenic stimulation with an arrest in G0/G1 phase. Interestingly, the molecular profile of CD4+ T cells isolated from untreated AML patients could identify a profound dysregulation of molecules involved in the regulation of cell-cycle (i.e., CDK4, Vav2, Egr-1, Id2) and apoptosis (i.e., Bcl-2, Bax). In addition, genes important for the immune response (i.e., IL2R, CTLA-4), especially various chemokines/-receptors (i.e., RANTES, CXCL10, CCR2) were dysregulated, whereas the expression pattern of genes specific for regulatory T cells (i.e., FoxP3, PD-1, GITR) were broadly unaffected. Conclusion: AML cells (in-)/directly modulate normal T cell function such as activation, proliferation, cytokine/chemokine production and cell-cycle regulation. One might speculate that the lack of an effective anti-tumor response is associated with a cell-cycle arrest resulting in T cell anergy. Cell-cycle regulators may serve as potential targets for novel immunotherapeutic strategies to eradicate minimal residual disease in patients with AML.
Signal Classification in Quotient Spaces via Globally Optimal Variational Calculus (2017)

A ubiquitous problem in pattern recognition is that of matching an observed time-evolving pattern (or signal) to a gold standard in order to recognize or characterize the meaning of a dynamic phenomenon. Examples include matching sequences of images in two videos, matching audio signals in speech recognition, or matching framed trajectories in robot action recognition. This paper shows that all of these problems can be aided by reparameterizing the temporal dependence of each signal individually to a universal standard timescale that allows pointwise comparison at each instance of time. Given two sequences, each with N timesteps, the complexity of the algorithm has a cost of O(N), which is an improvement on the most common method for matching two signals, i.e., dynamic time warping. The core of the approach presented here is that the universal standard timescale is found by solving a variational calculus problem related to differential geometry.
Results from a patient survey to assess gastrointestinal burden of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy contrasted with a review of data from EVA to determine satisfaction with rofecoxib (2002)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have frequently been linked with unpleasant gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects such as dyspepsia and ulcers. The present study investigated the burden of NSAID therapy from a patient perspective and also reviewed previously published data on satisfaction with a less gastrotoxic anti-inflammatory drug, rofecoxib. A questionnaire was sent to > 6000 members of the Norwegian Rheumatism Association requesting information on use and toxicity of NSAID therapy and requirements for supplementary gastroprotective and analgesic medication. The questionnaire confirmed a high incidence of NSAID use. About two-thirds of users changed brands of NSAIDs at least once, usually because of adverse effects and poor efficacy. Supplementary over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription analgesics were required by 72 and 59% of patients, respectively, while OTC and prescription gastroprotective agents to treat NSAID toxicity were required by 35 and 30%. This new patient-focused survey showed that treatment with conventional NSAIDs was unsatisfactory in terms of GI toxicity and sub-optimal pain relief. Reviewing EVA (Experience with VIOXX in Arthritis) data showed that there was a high level of approval for rofecoxib, with > 80% of 74,192 osteoarthritis (OA) patients expressing a preference for continuing such therapy. Preference for rofecoxib was significantly higher among patients with prior experience of conventional NSAIDs or other OA-specific medication. In EVA, the reduced GI toxicity of rofecoxib previously reported in other studies appeared to translate into a strong preference to continue this therapy in a large sample of patients. This is not surprising, given the poor satisfaction with NSAIDs highlighted by the Norwegian survey.