gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling False Positive/Negative Rates for Deep-Learning-Based Prostate Cancer Detection on Multiparametric MR images (2021)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death for men worldwide. Multi-parametric magnetic resonance (mpMR) imaging has emerged as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting and localising prostate tumours by specialised radiologists. These radiological examinations, for example, for differentiating malignant lesions from benign prostatic hyperplasia in transition zones and for defining the boundaries of clinically significant cancer, remain challenging and highly skill-and-experience-dependent. We first investigate experimental results in developing object detection neural networks that are trained to predict the radiological assessment, using these high-variance labels. We further argue that such a computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) system needs to have the ability to control the false-positive rate (FPR) or false-negative rate (FNR), in order to be usefully deployed in a clinical workflow, informing clinical decisions without further human intervention. This work proposes a novel PCa detection network that incorporates a lesion-level cost-sensitive loss and an additional slice-level loss based on a lesion-to-slice mapping function, to manage the lesion- and slice-level costs, respectively. Our experiments based on 290 clinical patients concludes that 1) The lesion-level FNR was effectively reduced from 0.19 to 0.10 and the lesion-level FPR was reduced from 1.03 to 0.66 by changing the lesion-level cost; 2) The slice-level FNR was reduced from 0.19 to 0.00 by taking into account the slice-level cost; (3) Both lesion-level and slice-level FNRs were reduced with lower FP/FPR by changing the lesion-level or slice-level costs, compared with post-training threshold adjustment using networks without the proposed cost-aware training.
Molecular Structure and Pasting Properties of Normal Barley Starches. (2001)

The molecular structure and pasting properties of the starches from seven normal cultivars of barley were examined and compared with those of normal maize, rice and wheat starches. The barley starches had an actual amylose content of 24.3-27.9%. The starches had different pasting properties, such as maximum viscosity and breakdown, and different amylose gelatinization. A positive correlation was found between the maximum viscosity and the gelatinization degree of amylose, suggesting that low amylose gelatinization restrains the swelling of starch granules. The amylopectins had a low iodine affinity (0.42-0.70 g/100 g) and resembled each other in chain-length distribution with the individual peaks of B 1 and A chains. The amyloses had DPn of 810-1410 with 3.6-5.2 chains per molecule, indicating that barley amyloses differed in molecular structure with the cultivars. Among the cereal starches, barley starches were similar to wheat starch in amylose content and molecular structure, especially molecular size of amylose and chain-length distribution of amylopectin.
Current-induced surface second-harmonic generation in silicon (2006)

Surafce contribution to the optical second-harmonic generation resulting from the dynamic influence of the direct electric current flowing along Si(100) surface on the electron distribution anisotropy in the surface region is observed.
Some Phenomena Caused by SAP Symbols (2002)

It is not only phenomena, it is in fact some surprises (optimistic view) and all of the evil with Wiener-Hopf operators (pessimistic view) that begins with SAP symbols.
Glycolipids in Histologically Human Different Lung Carcinoma Types<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref> (1979)

Theodore Roosevelt's secretary writes that Roosevelt thanks E. Samuel Crumbaker for his letter but is too busy to respond personally.
Residual compressive strength of plain and fiber reinforced concrete after exposure to different heating and cooling regimes (2021)

The article investigated the impact of different cooling regimes on the response of both plain and fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) after heating. A total of 256 standard concrete cylinders of normal strength concrete (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC) were tested in compression after heating at 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C. For each concrete grade, 32 specimens were prepared without fibres while 96 cylinders had fibres (steel, polypropylene (PP) and their hybrid) in the concrete mixture. The cooling regimes adopted for cooling the test specimens were water quenching and natural ambient cooling. Effect of studied parameters was evaluated for tested cylinders in terms of stress-strain characteristics, residual strength, modulus of elasticity, and failure modes. For both NSC and HSC, the reduction in strength increased significantly when the temperature was increased from 400 to 600 °C. At 600 °C, the use of steel fibres caused lower loss in compressive strength, elastic modulus and energy absorption as compared to the use of PP and hybrid fibres. The residual strength of water quenched concrete was more than the air cooled concrete because the heated specimens were kept submerged in water for 24 h, which helped in the rehydration of anhydrous cement products.
Abstract 636: Regulation of Galectin-3 Expression in Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle by Dna Methylation (2017)

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is characterized by excessive vascular cell proliferation, inward remodeling and increased stiffness and inflammation of the pulmonary blood vessels. We found that galectin-3 (Gal-3) is upregulated in PA from multiple models of PAH including monocrotaline (MCT), MCT + pneumonectomy, and SUGEN/hypoxia rats as well as in human PAH and correlated with severity of disease. Gal-3 is a β-galactoside binding lectin implicated in signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis, but its role in PAH is poorly defined. Confocal analysis revealed the majority of Gal-3 expression in the media of PA of both rodent models and humans. Selective inhibitors of Gal-3 attenuated PAH in MCT-treated rats and reduced indices of proliferation, fibrosis and increased apoptosis in PA. Overexpression of Gal-3 in PASMC increased proliferation, migration and expression of profibrotic molecules and protected from apoptosis. Acute exposure of cultured HPASMC with various mitogens and factors important in the development of PAH, failed to increase Gal-3 expression. In contrast, PASMC isolated from rats with PAH exhibited an enduring capacity for increased proliferation and expressed higher levels of Gal-3 suggesting an epigenetic mechanism regulating Gal-3 expression. We found that treatment of PASMC with inhibitors of DNA methylation robustly increased Gal-3 expression in control human and rat PASMC but not in MCT-derived PASMC. Methylation analysis of DNA isolated from PA using MeDIP-qPCR and pyrosequencing revealed hypomethylation of Gal-3 proximal promoter. Analysis of DNA methyltransferase expression in PA revealed a significant loss of only Dnmt3A expression in hypertensive PA. To assess the role of local methylation in the regulation of Gal-3 expression we used CRISPR-dCas9. Targeted Gal-3 promoter methylation using multiple RNA guides and dCas9-Dnmt3A-Dnmt3L effectively reduced Gal-3 expression in SMC isolated from MCT rat PA and reversed the excessive proliferation. These results advance an important role of methylation-dependent mechanisms in Gal-3 signaling and provide a mechanism for the enduring changes in vascular cell behavior observed in PAH.
Application of Membrane Bioreactors in the Preliminary Treatment of Early Planetary Base Wastewater for Long‐Duration Space Missions (2008)

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are the preferred technology for the preliminary treatment of Early Planetary Base Wastewater (EPBW) because of their compact configuration and promising treatment performance. For long-duration space missions, irreversible membrane biofouling resulting from the strong attachment of biomass and the formation of biofilms are major concerns for the MBR process. In this study, a MBR was operated for 230 days treating synthetic EPBW. The reactor demonstrated excellent treatment performance, in terms of chemical oxygen demand removal and nitrification. Filtration resistance is mainly caused by concentration polarization, reversible fouling, and irreversible fouling. Analysis of the microbial communities in the planktonic and corresponding sessile biomass suggested that the microbial community of the planktonic biomass was significantly different from the one of the sessile biomass. This study provides valuable information for the development of the water reuse component in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (Washington, D.C.) Advanced Life Support system for long-term space missions.
Testing of Advanced Driver Assistance Towards Automated Driving: A Survey and Taxonomy on Existing Approaches and Open Questions (2015)

In this work, we propose a novel taxonomy to partition the problem of testing advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) into three basic dimensions. These dimensions are detailed and confirmed with recent research. Our framework permits the consideration of open research questions which have to be answered to pave the way for future highly automated driving. Despite the importance of this problem, a similarly comprehensive and structured survey has to the best of the authors' knowledge not been developed before.
Role of DNA polymerase .gamma. in adenovirus DNA replication. Mechanism of inhibition by 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates (1981)

In contrast to cellular or SV40 DNA replication, adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) or type 2 (Ad2) DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei is strongly inhibited by low concentrations of 2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate (ddTTP). On the basis of differential sensitivity of cellular DNA polymerases, a role of DNA polymerase gamma in adenovirus DNA replication has been proposed. We have investigated the mechanism of inhibition of adenovirus DNA synthesis, using [alpha-32P]ddTTP and other dNTP analogues. Both ddATP and ddGTP were as inhibitory as ddTTP, while ddCTP had an even stronger effect on adenovirus DNA replication. DNA polymerase alpha was resistant to all four ddNTP's, while DNA polymerase gamma was very sensitive. The inhibition by ddTTP in isolated infected nuclei was slowly reversible. [alpha-32P]ddTTP was incorporated into Ad5 DNA as a chain-terminating nucleotide, and the analogue could be used as a substrate by DNA polymerase gamma. Under similar conditions, incorporation in cellular DNA or using DNA polymerase alpha was not observed. The nucleoside analogues ddA and ddC suppressed adenovirus. DNA replication in intact cells and reduced plaque formation. These results provide further evidence for a function of DNA polymerase gamma in adenovirus DNA synthesis.
rf induction technique for sample heating in surface science experiments (1978)

An rf induction technique, which can be used to heat most samples used in surface science experiments, is described in detail. It is shown that the technique (1) can rapidly produce high temperature (2500 K), (2) produces uniform temperature over the surface, (3) produces minimal outgassing, (4) is independent of sample shape, (5) is mechanically simple, (6) is ideal for sequentially heating a number of samples, and (7) is compatible with the types of vacuum systems often used by investigators in the field of surface science. Design and construction techniques are described with special emphasis placed on potential problems.
Joint Timing Recovery and Signal Detection for Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording (2016)

Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) is a promising technology for boosting areal densities using sophisticated signal processing algorithms within a systems framework. The channel impairments comprise of 2-D intersymbol interference (ISI), 2-D synchronization errors along with media, and electronic noise sources, making it challenging for designing optimum algorithms and architectures for read/write channels. In this paper, we propose a novel iterative joint timing and signal detection algorithm to handle synchronization errors along with the 2-D ISI for TDMR channels. Our work is novel in two aspects: 1) we develop a discrete timing error model using 2-D random walk by incorporating correlated timing drifts due to phase and frequency offsets and 2) we develop a 2-D joint timing and signal detection engine for handling 2-D ISI constraints along with timing errors toward near maximum likelihood detection. The proposed 2-D joint timing-detection algorithm can be iteratively configured and observed to achieve a significant signal-to-noise ratio gain of >1.2 dB in bit error rate performance (translating to ~10% increase in areal densities around the 1 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> regime with the grain sizes of 10 nm and the bit sizes of 25 × 25 nm) at the output of 2-D soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) as compared with a standalone timing loop coupled to a 2-D detector in an open-loop configuration. The efficacy of our proposed algorithm and system architecture is evaluated via simulations for TDMR configurations comprising of a 2-D generalized partial response equalization along the 2-D SOVA with data-dependent noise prediction capability over the Voronoi media model.
Effects of Foot Orthosis Used for Rheumatoid Arthritic Patients on Foot Pressure. (2000)

Foot pressures in RA patients during gait were measured, and the biomechanical effects of the foot orthoses for RA patients were evaluated.Twelve female RA patients who had food pain during gait were examined, and eight healthy female subjects were matched for age and weight. The foot pressures during gait were measured using the F-Scan program. The Kistler force plate was employed for accuracy. Peak pressure distributions and loading forces were measured, and the effects of the foot orthosis were evaluated.The foot pressures were significantly lower with orthoses than those without orthoses both in the RA and the control groups. Redistribution of the planter pressure was found and the pressures under the forefoot and the hindfoot were reduced with the orthoses. However, the pressures under the midfoot were found to increase with the orthoses.We conclude that significant pressure relief and redistribution are achieved by the specially designed foot orthosis, and the RA patients' suffering from foot pain during walking can be significantly alleviated when they walked with the orthoses. This type of orthosis may play an important role in treating RA patients with foot pain.
The clinical effects of modified full-mouth disinfection in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic periodontitis patients (2009)

Purpose: Full-mouth disinfection enables to reduce the probability of cross contamination from untreated pockets to treated ones, for completing the entire SRP under local anesthesia with chlorhexidine as a mouth wash in two visits within 24 hours. This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of modified full-mouth disinfection (Fdis) after 6 months with those of conventional SRP (cSRP). Methods: Thirty non-smoking chronic periodontitis subjects were randomly allocated two groups. The Fdis group underwent the entire SRP under local anesthesia in two visits within 24 hours, a week after receiving supragingival scaling. A chlorhexidine (0.1%) solution was used for rinsing and subgingival irrigation for Fdis. The cSRP group received SRP per quadrant under local anesthesia at one-week intervals, one week after they had received scaling. Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, after 1, 3 and 6 months. Results: There are significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the sulcus bleeding index, and plaque index, and the increases in gingival recession were significantly smaller with Fdis after six months compared with cSRP. There was significant improvement in the probing depth and clinical attachment level for initially medium-deep pockets (4-6mm) after Fdis compared with cSRP. Multi-rooted teeth showed significantly larger attachment gain up to six months after Fdis. Single-rooted teeth showed significantly more attachment gain, 1 and 6 months after Fdis. Conclusions: Fdis has more beneficial effects on reducing gingival inflammation, plaque level, probing depth, gingival recession and improving clinical attachment level over cSRP. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2009;39:239-251)
Template-Based Scene Classification for Baseball Videos Using Efficient Playfield Segmentation (2007)

A robust scene-classification algorithm is able to provide the ground truth for video abstraction and high- level events extraction. In this paper, an efficient playfield segmentation using learning Vector Quantization (IVQ) is introduced, which is able to adapt to the variations of field colors in diverse baseball videos, and then we propose a reduced filed map feature that possesses field-class concept rather than low-level feature and it can also accelerate retrieval performance. Finally, a template-based learning algorithm is proposed for scene classification without shot detection or keyframe extraction in advance. Experiments with the inside and outside tests show that our method is capable of classifying various scenes reliably.
The underestimated potential of the immune system in prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology (2007)

Genetic and environmental factors leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) converge in a pathogenic pathway that leads to the accumulation of mis-folded amyloid peptide (Abeta) in the brain. Removal of Abeta from the brain has thus been the focus of academic and industrial research in the last decade. The concept of immunization therapy could be proven in animal models mimicking amyloid pathology but a multicenter clinical trial in which AD patients were vaccinated with aggregated Abeta has resulted in somewhat unanticipated and partially conflicting results. The occurrence of meningoencephalitis in 6% of vaccinated individuals forced the discontinuation of the clinical study, preventing the generation of sufficient data for an unequivocal statement about the effectiveness of such a therapy approach. This study, however, clearly showed that vaccination induced the production of antibodies against Abeta in some immunized patients. Moreover, circulating anti-Abeta antibodies are found in healthy humans suggesting a protective role of such physiological antibodies. Nonetheless, the physiological role of the immune system in preventing AD is not fully understood. This article summarizes crucial animal and clinical data underscoring the potential of the immune system for AD treatment.
Comparison of methods for modelling electric vehicle chargers for harmonic studies (2016)

As a significant increase of electric vehicles (EV) is expected in the future, studies of the impact of this new technology on the harmonic levels in distribution grids are very important. Realistic simulation results require reliable and accurate models of EV chargers, which generally utilize complex circuits including control algorithms for the active PFC. As part of a research project on the impact of high EV penetrations on the harmonic levels in public low voltage networks, a time-domain and a frequency-domain approach for the design of such models have been studied and compared in terms of difficulty, development effort and accuracy. The paper discusses in detail the methodology for the development of both types of models and summarizes their specific advantages and drawbacks, for both assessing performance of individual devices and for analyzing their interactions in network simulations. Based on different objectives, the conclusions provide guidance on the preferred modelling approaches for efficient and reliable network simulations.
STUDY ON RESECTED CASES OF LUNG TUMOR SHOWING POSITIVE RESPONSE TO SMEA TEST OF ACID-FAST BACILLUS ON BRONCHOSCOPY (1995)

Eleven resected cases of lung tumor which showed positive response to smea test of acid-fast bacillus on preoperative bronchoscopy were studied. The cultivation was negative in all cases and any isolates could not be determined. The definite diagnosis of cancer was made by sponge biopsy in six cases, in which the lesions were resected 19.0±4.8 days after the examination. The lesions in the remaining five cases were suspected of cancer and the resections were significantly delayed, 57.6±34.2 days after the examination. There were two cases of cancer, one case of tuberculoma, and two cases of others. Except for the one case of tuberculoma, no histologic tuberculous lesion was found in all cases. Abluent disinfection of the bronchoscopy was done with 3.5% glutal aldehyde, and EOG sterilization was added when acid-fast bacillus smea test turned out positive. We had only one experience that bronchoscopy examination continuously gave the positive result in the same period. It is thought that infection via the bronchoscopy may hardly occur. These findings indicate that, in cultivation-negative and smea testpositive cases, contamination with atypical acid-fast bacillus might occur. In such a case caution should be employed not to follow the patient aimlessly with some tuberculostatic remedies, whose definite diagnosis of cancer is not yet established.
Stochastic Emergence of Two Distinct Self-Replicators from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library (2022)

Unraveling how chemistry can give rise to biology is one of the greatest challenges of contemporary science. Achieving life-like properties in chemical systems is therefore a popular topic of research. Synthetic chemical systems are usually deterministic: the outcome is determined by the experimental conditions. In contrast, many phenomena that occur in nature are not deterministic but caused by random fluctuations (stochastic). Here, we report on how, from a mixture of two synthetic molecules, two different self-replicators emerge in a stochastic fashion. Under the same experimental conditions, the two self-replicators are formed in various ratios over several repeats of the experiment. We show that this variation is caused by a stochastic nucleation process and that this stochasticity is more pronounced close to a phase boundary. While stochastic nucleation processes are common in crystal growth and chiral symmetry breaking, it is unprecedented for systems of synthetic self-replicators.