gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prospects rise and fall in COM market (1982)

The viability and marketability of coal-oil mixtures (COM) as fuel are outlined. The main problems are the instability of the mixtures, which can be partly redressed by forming emulsions, and the variability of the cost of the oil used. Advantages include the relative ease of retrofitting, and the prospect of ultimate lower cost of production than cokes.
Using “unsuitable” hearts for transplantation (1994)

Donor availability is the single most limiting factor in heart transplantation. From a consecutive series of 100 heart donors, there were 21 which fell well outside our minimum criteria on initial inspection: mean arterial pressure (MAP) more than 60 mm Hg, central venous pressure (CVP) less than 12 mm Hg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) less than 12 mm Hg, left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) more than 15 g.m. on inotropes less than 5 mcg/kg per min. Of these 13 out of 21 had a MAP less than 55 mm Hg, 6 out of 21 a CVP more than 15 mm Hg and 2 out of 21 were on inotropes at more than 20 mcg/kg per min. Following full invasive monitoring another 14 donors fell outside our criteria; 5 had a mean LVSWI of 12.4 g.m. and 9 had a mean PCWP of 19.6 mm Hg. Following the institution of our hormone-based pharmacological resuscitation regime 30 of these donors yielded 19 transplantable hearts and 11 transplantable heart-lung blocks. The other five were not used due to left ventricular hypertrophy (2), inotrope dependency (2) and persistent poor function (1). Twenty-five of the 30 recipients of these organs (83.3%) are alive and well, 4-25 months post transplant. Four early deaths occurred; one arrhythmia (heart), one acute respiratory distress syndrome (heart), one cerebrovascular accident (heart lung) and one infection (heart, lung and liver). One death occurred at 90 days from tamponade (heart). Aggressive and focussed donor management has helped us to maintain our levels of transplant activity, without compromising the outcome--a 30-day mortality of 16.2% in 1989, 11.8% in 1990 and 6.8% in 1991.
Novel Chemical Modification of Myoglobin by an Alcohol-Responsive Phenylboronic Acid Function (1994)

Abstract A novel method for modification of myoglobin by an alcohol-responsive phenylboronic acid function has been developed. A modified myoglobin can form a stable complex with poly(vinyl alcohol) in high pH region. The spectroscopic examination indicates that the complexation makes the modified myoglobin more stable against some denaturing factors than native myoglobin.
Protective effects of IL-1 on human hematopoietic progenitor cells treated in vitro with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. (1989)

Based on recently published data, IL-1 has been shown to provide radioprotective effects when given to mice 20 h before a lethal dose of irradiation and to enhance granulocyte recovery in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. In this study, we have investigated whether IL-1 can provide protection for human bone marrow colony-forming cells treated with high doses of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC), a potent derivative of cyclophosphamide. We have established an in vitro model system which demonstrates that prior incubation with IL-1 protects early human hematopoietic progenitor cells from the lethal effects of high doses of 4-HC. These early progenitors give rise to blast cell colonies which appear late in the culture and are characterized by their ability to give rise to different types of secondary colonies when replated. Furthermore, prior incubation with IL-1 was shown not to protect HL-60 or K562 leukemic cells from the lethal effects of 4-HC. We conclude that IL-1 is able to protect early human hematopoietic progenitors from a non-cell cycle-specific chemotherapeutic agent such as 4-HC, whereas providing no protection for the leukemic cell lines HL-60 and K562.
Debatiendo sobre la democracia y la ciudadanía (2013)

En este trabajo se analiza la construcción teórica de la democracia y la ciudadanía. Para tal fin, se efectuó una revisión documental y bibliográfica de diversos filósofos y cientistas del ámbito político, quienes delinean aspectos relacionados a repensar la categoría de la democracia formal y liberal por modelos más abiertos e incluyentes, vale decir democracia participativa. Se concluye, que los constructos teóricos versan en torno a cómo el sistema económico, político, social y cultural ha colocado ataduras ideológicas y racionales que no han permitido un develamiento total de ese universalismo abstracto en el cual se ha desarrollado la democracia. De igual manera, la democracia ha avanzado con un sentido de legitimación institucional, congelándola en una dimensión jurídico-política, generando un retroceso e involución, ya que los gobiernos hacen que estos mecanismos se conviertan únicamente en afirmaciones o declaraciones recogidas en los órganos constitucionales y jurídicos.
A Generic and Portable Image Processing Environment for Computer Vision (1985)

Computer Vision research is flourishing although its growth has been hindered by the lack of good image processing systems. Existing systems are neither general nor portable despite various attempts at establishing standard image representations and software. Issues of hardware architecture and processing efficiency have frequently dominated system design. Often standard representations are primarily data formats for exchanging data among researchers working at affiliated laboratories using similar equipment. We argue that generality, portability and extensibility are the important criteria for developing image processing systems. The system described here, called {\em PIPS}, is based on these principles. An abstract image datatype is defined which is capable of representing a wide variety of imagery. The representation makes few assumptions about the spatial resolution, intensity resolution, or type of information contained in the image. A simple set of primitive operations are defined for direct and sequential access of images. These primitives are based on a bit stream access method that considers files and devices to be a long contiguous stream of bits that can be randomly read and written. Bit streams allow the word boundaries and file system architecture of the host computer system to be completely ignored and require only standard byte-wide direct-access I/O support. The standard image representation has encouraged the development of a library of portable generic image operators. These operators support interactive experimentation and make it easy to combine existing functions into new more complex operations. Finally, graphics device interfaces are defined in order to isolate graphics hardware from image processing algorithms. The system has been implemented under the Unix operating system.
Effects of potato dextrose broth and gelatin on germination and efficacy ofPhoma exigua, a potential biocontrol agent for salal (Gaultheria shallon) (2005)

The role of a combination of four gelatin concentration levels (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.8%) and eight potato dextrose broth (PDB) concentration levels (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%) on water evaporation, water absorption, conidial germination, and biocontrol efficacy of conidia of Phoma exigua isolate PFC2705 for salal was evaluated. PDB and gelatin reduced water evaporation. After 3 h of evaporation at 23 °C and 22% RH, the water content of gelatin–PDB combinations increased compared with PDB alone. The relationships between the amounts of absorbed water and PDB concentration at all gelatin concentration levels were linear (p < 0.001) after 60 min in a 100% RH environment. After 240 min, the mass of absorbed water was 11.8 times the dry mass of the 0.5% gelatin and 1.5% PDB combination, and this relationship did not change significantly over the following 16 h. PDB and gelatin increased conidial germination and might have provided nutrition for conidia of P. exigua PFC2705 at different RH environments. Conidia of PFC2705 did not germinate in sterilized ion-free water, germinated somewhat (4% to 10%) in gelatin suspensions, and germinated well (average 89%) in suspensions of different concentrations of PDB or gelatin–PDB combinations after 24 h at 23 °C. The average conidial germination at 24 h was 76% in 100% RH, 12% in 97.5% RH, and 0.0% at 92.5% RH; at 48 h it was 44.4% in 97.5% RH and 20% in 92.5% RH. No conidia germinated when RH was lower than 92.5% over 48 h. Conidia in the gelatin–PDB combinations smeared on slides stored for 4 weeks at 23 °C with 22% RH had an average conidial germination rate of 20% after 16 h incubation at 100% RH. Gelatin–PDB combinations with 0.5% gelatin and 1.5% to 2.5% PDB caused significantly larger lesions on detached young salal leaves (20 to 25 days old) than other gelatin–PDB combinations.
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of neutral phospha(iii)guanidines. Formation of 1-aza-3-phospha-4-metallacyclobut-1-ene rings at group 6 metalsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: an ORTEP representation and bond lengths and angles for 3a; crystal structure and refinement data, bond lengths and angles and an ORTEP representation of the molecular structure of Mo(CO)4(pip)2. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/dt/b3/b302554c/ (2003)

The neutral phospha(III)guanidine compounds, Ph2PC{NR}{NHR} (1a, R = Cy; 1b, R = iPr), are reported. NMR spectroscopic data indicated the presence of the Esyn isomer in solution and structural studies confirmed this in the solid-state. Reaction of 1a with M(CO)4(pip)2 [M = Mo, W; pip = piperidine] proceeded via displacement of the piperidine ligands to generate the complexes M[Ph2PC{NCy}{NHCy}](CO)4 (2a, M = Mo; 3a, M = W). The X-ray structure of 2a and 3a were solved, showing the first structurally characterised examples of 1-aza-3-phospha-4-metallacyclobut-1-ene rings.
Tandem mobility mass spectrometry study of electrosprayed tetraheptyl ammonium bromide clusters (2005)

Multiply charged electrospray ions from concentrated solutions of Heptyl4N+Br- (designated A+B- hereafter) in formamide are analyzed mass spectrometrically (MS) following mobility selection in ambient air in a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). Most of the sharp mobility peaks seen are identified as (AB)(n)A+ clusters, with 0 < or = n < ot = 5. One anomalously abundant and mobile ion is identified as NH4+(AB)4. Six ions in the (AB)n(A+)2 series are also identified, completing and correcting earlier mobility data for singly and doubly charged ions up to masses of almost 9000 Da. The more mobile of two broad humps seen in the mobility spectrum includes m/z values approximately from 2500 up to 12,000 Da. It is formed primarily by multiply charged (AB)n(A+)z clusters with multiple ammonium bromide adducts. Because of overlapping of many peaks of different m/z and charge state z, only a few individual species can be identified by MS alone in this highly congested region. However, the spectral simplification brought about by mobility selection upstream of the MS reveals a series of broad modulations in m/z space, with all ions resolved in the second, third, ...sixth modulation being in charge states z = 2, 3, ...6, respectively. Extrapolation of this trend beyond the sixth wave fixes the ion charge state (in some cases up to z = 15) and mass (beyond m = 175,000 u). This wavy structure had been previously observed and explained in terms of ion evaporation kinetics from volatile drops, though without mass identification. All observations indicate that the clusters are formed as charged residues, but their charge state is fixed by the Iribarne-Thomson ion evaporation mechanism. Consequently, the measured curve of cluster diameter versus z yields the two parameters governing ion evaporation kinetics. Clusters with z > 1 and electrical mobility Z > 0.495 cm2/V/s are metastable and evaporate a singly charged cluster, probably (AB)2A+, between the DMA and the MS. Plotting the electrical mobilities Z of the clusters in the form (z/Z)1/2 versus m(1/3) (both proportional to cluster diameter) collapse the data for all cluster sizes and charge states into one single straight line for Z below 0.495 cm2/V/s. This linear relation reveals a uniform apparent cluster density of 0.935 g/cm3 and an effective hard-sphere diameter of the air molecules of 0.44 nm. An anomalous mobility increase is observed at diameters below 3 nm.
The Role of Iron Chelation in Cancer Therapy (2003)

This review focuses on advances and strategies in the use of iron chelators as anti-tumor therapies. Although the development of iron chelators for human disease has focused primarily on their use in the treatment of secondary iron overload, chelators may also be useful anti-tumor agents. They can deplete iron or cause oxidative stress in the tumor due to redox perturbations in its environment. Iron chelators have been tested for their anti-tumor activity in cell culture experiments, animal models and human clinical trials. Largely for pragmatic reasons, clinical studies of the anti-tumor activity of iron chelators have generally focused on desferrioxamine (DFO), a drug approved for the treatment of iron overload. These studies have shown that DFO can retard tumor growth in many different experimental contexts. However, the activity of DFO is modest, and advances in the use of chelators as anti-cancer agents will require the development of new chelators based on new paradigms. Examples of iron chelators that have shown promising anti-tumor activity (in various stages of development) include heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones, analogs of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, tachpyridine, O-trensox, desferrithiocin, and other natural and synthetic chelators. Apart from their use as single agents, chelators may also synergize with other anti-cancer therapies. The development of chelators as anticancer agents is largely an unexplored field, but one with extraordinary potential to impact human cancer.
Multiple sclerosis: Re‐expression of a developmental gene in chronic lesions correlates with remyelination (1997)

Central nervous system tissue from multiple sclerosis and non-multiple sclerosis subjects was studied for the expression of exon 2 myelin basic protein gene products at the protein and message levels by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. The exon 2-encoded protein sequence is normally expressed during development (myelination) within the 21.5- and 20.2-kd isoforms of myelin basic protein and is downregulated in the adult central nervous system where the 18.5- and 17.2-kd isoforms predominate, the latter devoid of exon 2 owing to alternative splicing. Exon 2 myelin basic protein gene products were readily demonstrable in multiple sclerosis samples, the highest levels correlating with remyelination in chronic lesions while normal adult central nervous system and non-multiple sclerosis material showed very low levels and fetal human central nervous system tissue (a positive control) showed high levels. We conclude that recapitulation of ontogenetic events during myelin repair accounts for the increased expression of the exon 2-encoded protein sequence in the adult central nervous system during multiple sclerosis, an event that might underly the previously observed T-cell activation to this protein sequence during relapses.
Herpes simplex virus infects most cell types in vitro: clues to its success (2011)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1 and type-2 have evolved numerous strategies to infect a wide range of hosts and cell types. The result is a very successful prevalence of the virus in the human population infecting 40-80% of people worldwide. HSV entry into host cell is a multistep process that involves the interaction of the viral glycoproteins with various cell surface receptors. Based on the cell type, HSV enter into host cell using different modes of entry. The combination of various receptors and entry modes has resulted in a virus that is capable of infecting virtually all cell types. Identifying the common rate limiting steps of the infection may help the development of antiviral agents that are capable of preventing the virus entry into host cell. In this review we describe the major features of HSV entry that have contributed to the wide susceptibility of cells to HSV infection.
Synthesis of a Series of Functionalized Bis-Crown Ethers (1991)

A new series of bis-crown ethers bearing either acid, alcohol and amine side chains as well as imide and lactam functions have been synthesized.
Anomalous liquid imbibition at the nanoscale: the critical role of interfacial deformations (2015)

We observed that imbibition of various Rhodamine B-doped wetting liquids in an array of different-sized, horizontal, two-dimensional silica nanochannels terminated within the channels as a function of hydraulic diameter and liquid type. This front termination is not predicted by the classic Washburn equation for capillary flow, which establishes diffusive dynamics in horizontal channels. Various explanations for the anomalous static imbibition measurements were negated; hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, surface chemistry and mechanics were all taken into consideration for this analysis. The atypical imbibition data are explained by deformed menisci and decreased effective channel diameters. These occurrences are due to the enhanced influence of the following phenomena at the nanoscale: surface forces at fluid-solid boundaries, the presence of quasi-crystalline thin films or boundary regions, and potential solid surface or boundary layer deformation due to meniscus-induced negative pressures (suction). We introduce a phenomenological model which demonstrates how van der Waals forces, common to all interfaces, lead to local menisci deformation and an average reduction in capillary pressure. An expression for the approximate capillary pressure of a symmetric nanoscale meniscus in a cylindrical pore space is derived; its difference from the macroscopic capillary pressure can be expressed by an effective contact angle. Precursor films, adsorbed films and elastocapillary deformation decrease effective diameter, exacerbating meniscus deformation and increases in effective viscosity; we also describe local models and effective values for these phenomena. The findings can be scaled to imbibition and two-phase flow in nanoporous media.
Design and formulation of a topical hydrogel integrating lemongrass-loaded nanosponges with an enhanced antifungal effect: in vitro/in&nbsp;vivo&nbsp;evaluation (2015)

Lemongrass oil (LGO) is a volatile oil extracted from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus that has become one of the most important natural oils in the pharmaceutical industry because of its diverse pharmacologic and clinical effects. However, LGO suffers from low aqueous solubility, which could lead to a reduced effect. Moreover, the instability of its major active constituent, citral, could lead to volatilization, reaction with other formulation ingredients, and consequently, skin irritation. To surmount these problems, this research aims to formulate lemongrass-loaded ethyl cellulose nanosponges with a topical hydrogel with an enhanced antifungal effect and decreased irritation. The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicidal concentration of LGO against Candida albicans strain ATC 100231, determined using the broth macrodilution method, were found to be 2 and 8 μL/mL, respectively. The emulsion solvent evaporation technique was used for the preparation of the nanosponges. The nanosponge dispersions were then integrated into carbopol hydrogels (0.4%). Nine formulations were prepared based on a 32 full factorial design employing the ethyl cellulose:polyvinyl alcohol ratio and stirring rate as independent variables. The prepared formulations were evaluated for particle size, citral content, and in vitro release. Results revealed that all the nanosponge dispersions were nanosized, with satisfactory citral content and sustained release profiles. Statistical analysis revealed that both ethyl cellulose:polyvinyl alcohol ratio and stirring rate have significant effects on particle size and percentage released after 6 hours; however, the effect of the stirring rate was more prominent on both responses. The selected hydrogel formulation, F9, was subjected to surface morphological investigations, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, where results showed that the nanosponges possess a spherical uniform shape with a spongy structure, the integrity of which was not affected by integration into the hydrogel. Furthermore, the selected formulation, F9, was tested for skin irritation and antifungal activity against C. albicans, where results confirmed the nonirritancy and the effective antifungal activity of the prepared hydrogel.
The potential of natural products for targeting PPARα (2017)

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) <i>α</i>, -<i>γ</i> and -<i>β</i>/<i>δ</i> are ligand-activated transcription factors and members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptor. These receptors play key roles in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis by modulating gene expression. PPARs constitute a recognized druggable target and indeed several classes of drugs used in the treatment of metabolic disease symptoms, such as dyslipidemia (fibrates, <i>e.g.</i> fenofibrate and gemfibrozil) and diabetes (thiazolidinediones, <i>e.g.</i> rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) are ligands for the various PPAR isoforms. More precisely, antidiabetic thiazolidinediones act on PPAR<i>γ</i>, while PPAR<i>α</i> is the main molecular target of antidyslipidemic fibrates. Over the past few years, our understanding of the mechanism underlying the PPAR modulation of gene expression has greatly increased. This review presents a survey on terrestrial and marine natural products modulating the PPAR<i>α</i> system with the objective of highlighting how the incredible chemodiversity of natural products can provide innovative leads for this "hot" target.
Effective interventions for reducing diabetes distress: systematic review and meta-analysis (2015)

Aims: To identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which diabetes distress (DD) was assessed in adults under experimental conditions and to undertake meta-analysis of intervention components to determine effective interventions for reducing DD.Methods: Systematic review searching Medline, Psychinfo and Embase to March 2013 for studies measuring DD. Two reviewers assessed citations and full papers for eligibility based on RCT design and Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale or Diabetes Distress Scale outcome measure. Interventions were categorised by content and medium of delivery. Meta-analyses were undertaken by intervention category where ≥7 studies were available. Standardised mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were computed and combined in a random effects meta-analysis.Results: Of 16 627 citations reviewed, 41 RCTs involving 6650 participants were included. Twenty-one a priori meta-analyses were undertaken. Effective interventions were psycho-education (−0.21 [−0.33, −0.09]), generalist interventionist (−0.19 [−0.31, −0.08]), ≥6 sessions (−0.14 [−0.26, −0.03]) and ≥3 months duration (−0.14 [−0.24, −0.03]). Motivational interviewing reduced DD (−0.09 [−0.18, −0.00]) and improved baseline elevated glycaemia (−0.16 [−0.28, −0.04]). Although statistical significance was observed most effect sizes were below 0.2.Conclusion: The review signposts interventions likely to reduce elevated DD in Type 1 and Type 2 and across the age profile. Interventional research is needed and warranted targeting elevated distress.