gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scaling of particle acceleration in 3D reconnection at null points (2010)

<i>Context. <i/> The strong electric fields associated with magnetic reconnection are likely to be responsible for the presence of high energy protons and electrons observed in solar flares. There is much evidence for 3D reconnection in the solar corona, and we discuss particle acceleration at 3D reconnection sites. The simplest configuration for 3D reconnection is at a 3D null point, where reconnection can take place in spine and fan modes. <i>Aims. <i/>The aim is to understand the properties of accelerated particles generated by 3D magnetic reconnection, using a test particle approach, and thus contribute to understanding the origin of high energy protons and electrons in solar flares. We analyse the properties of electrons in the magnetic configuration we previously used to study protons. In addition, we discuss the dependence of the particle properties on the parameters of the reconnection, such as strengths of electric and magnetic fields. <i>Methods. <i/>A theoretical framework is presented which can be used to interpret particle acceleration at 3D null points, and which shows how strong acceleration can arise. We also use a test particle approach to calculate particle trajectories in simple model 3D reconnecting nulls. A modified guiding-centre approach is used for electrons, whilst the full equation of motion is solved for protons. <i>Results. <i/> Most particle acceleration takes place when particles closely approach the spine or fan, and we have derived scalings for the sizes of the localised regions in which strong acceleration occurs. The energy spectra of protons and electrons are compared, and it is shown that the spatial distribution of accelerated electrons differs from protons. A significant number of trapped, high-energy particles can be generated, which may be observed as coronal HXR sources. The effectiveness of acceleration increases with the electric-field magnitude, and decreases with magnetic-field magnitude.<i>Conclusions. <i/>Both protons and electrons can be effectively accelerated at 3D reconnecting null points. The particle properties depend on the geometry and field parameters, so that, in principle, the field configuration may be inferred from observed properties of particles.
SU‐E‐T‐48: Automated Quality Assurance for XML Controlled Linacs (2014)

Purpose: To automate routine imaging QA procedures so that complying with TG 142 and TG 179 can be efficient and reliable. Methods: Two QA tests for a True Beam Linac were automatized. A Winston Lutz test as described by Lutz et al 1 using the Winston Lutz test kit from BrainLab, Germany and a CBCT Image Quality test as described in TG 179 using the EMMA phantom, Siemens Medical Physics, Germany were performed in our True Beam. For each QA procedure tested, a 3 step paradigm was used. First, the data was automatically acquired using True Beam Developer Mode and XML scripting. Second, the data acquired in the first step was automatically processed using in‐home grown Matlab GUIs. Third, Machine Learning algorithms were used to automatically classify the processed data and reports generated. Results: The Winston Luzt test could be performed by an experienced medical physicist in 29.0 ± 8.0 min. The same test, if automated using our paradigm, could be performed in 3.0 ± 0.1 min. In the same lieu, time could be substantially saved for image quality tests. In this case, the amount of time saved will depend on the phantoms used and the initial localization method. Additionally, machine learning algorithms could automatically identify the roots of the problems if any and possibly help reduce machine down time. Conclusion: Modern linear accelerators are equipped with advanced 2D and 3D imaging that are used for patient alignment substantially improving IGRT protocols. However, this extra complexity exponentially increases the number of QA tests needed. Using the new paradigm described above, not only bare minimum but best practice QA programs could be implemented with the same manpower. This work is supported by Varian, Palo Alto, CA
Excitonic fine structure and recombination dynamics in single-crystallineZnO (2004)

The optical properties of a high quality bulk $\mathrm{ZnO}$, thermally post treated in a forming gas environment are investigated by temperature dependent continuous wave and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Several bound and free exciton transitions along with their first excited states have been observed at low temperatures, with the main neutral-donor-bound exciton peak at $3.3605\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ having a linewidth of $0.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ and dominating the PL spectrum at $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. This bound exciton transition was visible only below $150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, whereas the A-free exciton transition at $3.3771\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ persisted up to room temperature. A-free exciton binding energy of $60\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ is obtained from the position of the excited states of the free excitons. Additional intrinsic and extrinsic fine structures such as polariton, two-electron satellites, donor-acceptor pair transitions, and longitudinal optical-phonon replicas have also been observed and investigated in detail. Time-resolved PL measurements at room temperature reveal a biexponential decay behavior with typical decay constants of $\ensuremath{\sim}170$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}864\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$ for the as-grown sample. Thermal treatment is observed to increase the carrier lifetimes when performed in a forming gas environment.
Arginase in Parasitic Infections: Macrophage Activation, Immunosuppression, and Intracellular Signals (2009)

A type 1 cytokine-dependent proinflammatory response inducing classically activated macrophages (CaMvarphis) is crucial for parasite control during protozoan infections but can also contribute to the development of immunopathological disease symptoms. Type 2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 antagonize CaMvarphis inducing alternatively activated macrophages (AaMvarphis) that upregulate arginase-1 expression. During several infections, induction of arginase-1-macrophages was showed to have a detrimental role by limiting CaMvarphi-dependent parasite clearance and promoting parasite proliferation. Additionally, the role of arginase-1 in T cell suppression has been explored recently. Arginase-1 can also be induced by IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or even directly by parasites or parasite components. Therefore, generation of alternative activation states of macrophages could limit collateral tissue damage because of excessive type 1 inflammation. However, they affect disease outcome by promoting parasite survival and proliferation. Thus, modulation of macrophage activation may be instrumental in allowing parasite persistence and long-term host survival.
Nickel-Free High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Produced by Metal Injection Moulding (1999)

Nickel can cause allergic reactions to human beings. In the last several years the need of nickel free stainless steels for applications at and in the human body has become more and more urgent. Such Ni-free steels have recently been developed at ETH Zurich. They are characterized by a full replacement of nickel by nitrogen. The production of Ni-free HNS through ingot metallurgy requires special high pressure facilities, while no special equipment is necessary when powder metallurgy routes are applied. The paper describes the P/M-processing of the new biocompatible Ni-free stainless steel Catamold®P.A.N.A.C.E.A. by using the metal injection moulding technique (MIM). With this process the desired nitrogen content can be added easily during consolidation. It is shown that with well balanced processing parameters (chemical composition, sintering atmosphere and temperature) a fully austenitic structure with low porosity can be achieved. The MIM components are nonmagnetic and exhibit a high corrosion resistance as well as excellent mechanical properties.
Epitope mapping of a series of human thymidylate synthase monoclonal antibodies. (1998)

We have reported previously the development and application of several monoclonal antibodies to thymidylate synthase (TS). In this study, we used a series of overlapping 17-mer peptides that spanned the entire TS protein to map the epitope recognized by three TS monoclonal antibodies (TS 106, TS 109, and TS 110). Using an ELISA, we identified two peptides (R126-F142 and L131-R147) that bound all three antibodies, which suggests that each antibody recognized a similar epitope on TS. A second set of peptides, representing sequential single-residue truncations from either the amino terminus or the carboxyl terminus starting with a G129-E145 17-mer, was synthesized. A 10-amino acid sequence P133-F142 (PVYGFQWRHF) was identified as the binding epitope for all three antibodies. Further investigation via substitution mutational analysis of each residue within this epitope revealed that residues F137, W139, R140, H141, and F142 were critical for maximal binding of TS 106 and TS 110. TS 109 showed a similar pattern except in regard to R140, with which there was no apparent loss of binding. In addition to the utility of the three antibodies in detecting and measuring TS levels, identification of the binding locus permits the potential application of these antibodies in the investigation of TS enzymatic and regulatory function.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON BONDING IN BLACK PHOSPHORUS (1979)

Abstract Bindungslängen und ‐winkel des rhombischen schwarzen Phosphors werden als Funktion des hydrostatischen Druckes bis 26.6 kbar mittels Flugzeit‐Neutronenpulverbeugung bestimmt und gezeigt, daß die bereits früher beobachtete anisotrope Kompression auf druckinduzierte Verkürzung der die Atomschichten trennenden van der Waals‐Bindungen kombiniert mit einer Scherbewegung innerhalb der Schichten zurückzuführen ist.
Virtual Activity Profiling of Bioactive Molecules by 1D Fingerprinting (2010)

Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
MIMO-OFDM channel estimation based on distributed compressed sensing and Kalman filter (2011)

MIMO-OFDM technology combines the advantage of MIMO and OFDM and is widely used in high data rate systems. Traditional channel estimation of MIMO-OFDM suffers from a high cost of large number of pilots. In this paper, we presents a method that combines Kalman filter and distributed compressed sensing (DCS), which can achieve much better performance than least square and pure DCS algorithm with less pilots.
Parasternal and external intercostal responses to various respiratory maneuvers (1992)

Recent studies suggest that the external intercostal (EI) muscles of the upper rib cage, like the parasternals (PA), play an important ventilatory role, even during eupneic breathing. The purpose of the present study was to further assess the ventilatory role of the EI muscles by determining their response to various static and dynamic respiratory maneuvers and comparing them with the better-studied PA muscles. Applied interventions included 1) passive inflation and deflation, 2) abdominal compression, 3) progressive hypercapnia, and 4) response to bilateral cervical phrenicotomy. Studies were performed in 11 mongrel dogs. Electromyographic (EMG) activities were monitored via bipolar stainless steel electrodes. Muscle length (percentage of resting length) was monitored with piezoelectric crystals. With passive rib cage inflation produced either with a volume syringe or abdominal compression, each muscle shortened; with passive deflation, each muscle lengthened. During eupneic breathing, each muscle was electrically active and shortened to a similar degree. In response to progressive hypercapnia, peak EMG of each intercostal muscle increased linearly and to a similar extent. Inspiratory shortening also increased progressively with increasing PCO2, but in a curvilinear fashion with no significant differences in response among intercostal muscles. In response to phrenicotomy, the EMG and degree of inspiratory shortening of each intercostal muscle increased significantly. Again, the response among intercostal muscles was not significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonvolatile memory thin film transistors using CdSe/ZnS quantum dot-poly(methyl methacrylate) composite layer formed by a two-step spin coating technique (2012)

The nonvolatile memory thin film transistors (TFTs) using a core/shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dot (QD)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite layer as the floating gate have been demonstrated, with the device configuration of n+-Si gate/SiO2 insulator/QD-PMMA composite layer/pentacene channel/Au source-drain being proposed. To achieve the QD-PMMA composite layer, a two-step spin coating technique was used to successively deposit QD-PMMA composite and PMMA on the insulator. After the processes, the variation of crystal quality and surface morphology of the subsequent pentacene films characterized by x-ray diffraction spectra and atomic force microscopy was correlated to the two-step spin coating. The crystalline size of pentacene was improved from 147.9 to 165.2 Å, while the degree of structural disorder was decreased from 4.5% to 3.1% after the adoption of this technique. In pentacene-based TFTs, the improvement of the performance was also significant, besides the appearances of strong memory characteristics. The memory behaviors were attributed to the charge storage/discharge effect in QD-PMMA composite layer. Under the programming and erasing operations, programmable memory devices with the memory window (Δ Vth) = 23 V and long retention time were obtained.
Mastopexy with Mesh Reinforcement: The Mechanical Characteristics of Polyester Mesh in the Female Breast (2009)

Three-dimensional knitted polyester mesh appears to possess the proper mechanical characteristics to reinforce a ptotic breast during mastopexy.
Prostamides (prostaglandin‐ethanolamides) and their pharmacology (2007)

The prostamides are part of a large and continually expanding series of pharmacologically unique neutral lipids. They are COX-2 derived oxidation products of the endocannabinoid/endovanniloid anandamide. Prostamide pharmacology is unique and, as in the case of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, bears little resemblance to that of the corresponding free acids. By virtue of its close relationship to the anti-glaucoma drug bimatoprost, prostamide F(2alpha) has received the greatest research attention. Prostamide F(2alpha) and bimatoprost effects appear independent of prostanoid FP receptor activation, according to a litany of agonist studies. Studies involving freshly isolated and separate feline iridial smooth muscle cells revealed that bimatoprost and FP receptor agonists stimulated different cells, without exception. This suggests the existence of receptors that preferentially recognize prostamide F(2alpha). The recent discovery of prostamide antagonists has provided further support for prostamide receptors as discrete entities. The prototypical prostamide antagonists, AGN 204396 and 7, blocked the effects of prostamide F(2alpha) and bimatoprost but not those of PGF(2alpha) and FP receptor agonists in the feline iris. Second generation more potent prostamide antagonists, such as AGN 211334, should allow the role of prostamides in health and disease to be elucidated. From the therapeutics standpoint, the prostamide F(2alpha) analogue bimatoprost is the most efficacious ocular hypotensive agent currently available for the treatment of glaucoma.
Planar tilings by polyominoes, polyhexes, and polyiamonds (2005)

Using computer programs, we enumerate and classify the tiling behavior of small polyominoes (n ≤ 9), polyhexes (n ≤ 7), and polyiamonds (n ≤ 10). For tiles that tile the Euclidean plane, we give diagrams illustrating how they tile. We also show several larger tiles whose minimal fundamental domain in any admitted (periodic) tiling is significantly larger than for any previously known tile.
Design of a Fluorescent Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Improved for the Quantitative and Multiple Analysis of Protein-DNA Complexes (2002)

We describe a protocol for the fluorescent electrophoretic mobility shift assay improved for the quantitative analysis of protein-DNA complexes. Fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probes incubated with nuclear proteins were followed by electrophoresis. The signals for protein-DNA complexes were measured and normalized with fluorescent-labeled marker using fragment analysis software. This assay proved reliable measurement and multiple detection of DNA binding proteins.
Cytotoxic Metabolites from the Fungal Endophyte Alternaria sp. and Their Subsequent Detection in Its Host Plant Polygonum senegalense (2008)

From the Egyptian medicinal plant Polygonum senegalense the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. was isolated. Extracts of the fungus grown either in liquid culture or on solid rice media exhibited cytotoxic activity when tested in vitro against L5178Y cells. Chromatographic separation of the extracts yielded 15 natural products, out of which seven were new compounds, with both fungal extracts differing considerably with regard to their secondary metabolites. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 showed cytotoxic activity with EC 50 values ranging from 1.7 to 7.8 microg/mL. When analyzed in vitro for their inhibitory potential against 24 different protein kinases, compounds 1- 3, 5- 8, and 15 inhibited several of these enzymes (IC 50 values 0.22-9.8 microg/mL). Interestingly, compounds 1, 3, and 6 were also identified as constituents of an extract derived from healthy leaves of the host plant P. senegalense, thereby indicating that the production of natural products by the endophyte proceeds also under in situ conditions within the plant host.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYZED DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS. THE REALIZATION OF ORIENTATION CONTROL WITH A BIFUNCTIONAL ALIPHATIC DIENOPHILE (1977)

Abstract Die Lewis‐Säure‐katalysierte Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion des 4‐Oxo‐butenoats (II) mit trans‐Piperylen (I) verläuft regio‐ und stereoselektiv zum Cyclohexen (III).
Signal amplification system for DNA hybridization assays based on in vitro expression of a DNA label encoding apoaequorin (1999)

The development of hybridization assays based on an apoaequorin-encoding DNA label is reported. The constructed label contains the T7 RNA polymerase promoter, the apoaequorin coding sequence and a downstream (dA/dT)(30). In the captured target configuration, biotinylated target DNA (233 bp) was captured on streptavidin-coated microtiter wells and hybridized to a poly(dT)-tailed detection probe. In the sandwich-type assay, the target DNA was hybridized simultaneously with an immobilized capture probe (through biotin/streptavidin) and a poly(dT)-tailed detection probe. In both configurations, the hybrids were reacted with poly(dA)-tailed apoaequorin DNA. The DNA label was subjected to in vitro transcription/translation to produce apoaequorin, which was converted to active aequorin in the reaction mixture. Generated aequorin was determined by its characteristic Ca(2+)-triggered bioluminescence. Each DNA label was estimated to produce 156 aequorin molecules. As low as 0.25 and 0.5 amol of target DNA were detected with the sandwich-type and captured target hybridization assays, respectively, with a linear range spanning four orders of magnitude. In comparison, captured target hybridization assays using photoprotein aequorin or firefly luciferase-encoding DNA labels were able to detect 25 and 20.5 amol of target DNA, respectively. The dramatic improvement in sensitivity observed with the proposed systems is attributed to amplification introduced by in vitro expression of apoaequorin DNA into multiple active aequorin molecules.
Information Dissemination in Self-Organizing Intervehicle Networks (2005)

Intervehicle communication (IVC) is an emerging topic in research and application that is getting increasing attention from all major car manufacturers. In this paper, a novel method for scalable information dissemination in highly mobile ad hoc networks is proposed: segment-oriented data abstraction and dissemination (SODAD). With SODAD, information can be distributed in an information range multiple orders of magnitude larger than the transmission range of the air interface, even if only 1%-3% of all vehicles are equipped with an IVC system, e.g., during market introduction. By restricting the method to the dissemination of map/position-based data, scalability is achieved. In the second half of this paper, an example application for the SODAD method is presented: a self-organizing traffic-information system (SOTIS). In SOTIS, a car is equipped with a satellite navigation receiver, an IVC system, and a digital map. Each individual vehicle collects traffic information for its local area. Using the digital map, the traffic information is analyzed based on road segments. By distributing the information in the ad hoc intervehicle network using the SODAD method, a decentralized traffic information system is created. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated using network simulation with vehicular mobility models. Simulation results for typical scenarios are presented. Furthermore, a prototype implementation based on commercially available standard hardware demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Thermodynamic Relation between Voltage-Concentration Dependence and Salt Adsorption in Electrochemical Cells (2012)

Electrochemical cells containing two electrodes dipped in an ionic solution are widely used as charge accumulators, either with polarizable (supercapacitor) or nonpolarizable (battery) electrodes. Recent applications include desalination ("capacitive deionization") and energy extraction from salinity differences ("capacitive mixing"). In this Letter, we analyze a general relation between the variation of the electric potential as a function of the concentration and the salt adsorption. This relation comes from the evaluation of the electrical and mechanical energy exchange along a reversible cycle, which involves salt adsorption and release by the electrodes. The obtained relation thus describes a connection between capacitive deionization and capacitive mixing. We check this relation with experimental data already reported in the literature, and moreover by some classical physical models for electrodes, including polarizable and nonpolarizable electrodes. The generality of the relation makes it very useful in the study of the properties of the electric double layer.
Effects of message Repetition on Argument Processing, Recall, and Persuasion (1989)

Abstract Previous research has suggested that message argument scrutiny is enhanced by moderate levels of message repetition, whereas tedium develops at high levels of message repetition. Such a conceptualization implies that responses to messages containing strong versus weak arguments should be affected differently by a moderate level of message repetition. This prediction was tested in a study of 102 undergraduates assigned randomly to the cells of a 2 (Argument Quality: Strong vs. Weak) x 2 (Message Repetition: One vs. Three) between-subjects factorial design. Analyses revealed the predicted interaction on the measure of postcommunication attitudes, providing convergent evidence that moderate levels of message repetition can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing argument scrutiny.